It is a replica of the grotto at Lourdes , France where the Virgin Mary reputedly appeared to Saint Bernadette Soubirous in 1858 .	Saint Bernadette Soubirous	To whom did the Virgin Mary allegedly appear in 1858 in Lourdes France ?
Immediately in front of the Main Building and facing it , is a copper statue of Christ with arms upraised with the legend `` Venite Ad Me Omnes '' .	a copper statue of Christ	What is in front of the Notre Dame Main Building ?
Next to the Main Building is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart .	the Main Building	The Basilica of the Sacred heart at Notre Dame is beside to which structure ?
Immediately behind the basilica is the Grotto , a Marian place of prayer and reflection .	a Marian place of prayer and reflection	What is the Grotto at Notre Dame ?
Atop the Main Building 's gold dome is a golden statue of the Virgin Mary .	a golden statue of the Virgin Mary	What sits on top of the Main Building at Notre Dame ?
Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876 , the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States .	September 1876	When did the Scholastic Magazine of Notre dame begin publishing ?
The other magazine , The Juggler , is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork .	twice	How often is Notre Dame 's the Juggler published ?
The newspapers have varying publication interests , with The Observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news , and staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary 's College .	The Observer	What is the daily student paper at Notre Dame called ?
The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers , both a radio and television station , and several magazines and journals .	three	How many student news papers are found at Notre Dame ?
In 1987 , when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias , a liberal newspaper , Common Sense was published .	1987	In what year did the student paper Common Sense begin publication at Notre Dame ?
The university is the major seat of the Congregation of Holy Cross -LRB- albeit not its official headquarters , which are in Rome -RRB- .	Rome	Where is the headquarters of the Congregation of the Holy Cross ?
Its main seminary , Moreau Seminary , is located on the campus across St. Joseph lake from the Main Building .	Moreau Seminary	What is the primary seminary of the Congregation of the Holy Cross ?
Old College , the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of St. Mary lake , houses undergraduate seminarians .	Old College	What is the oldest structure at Notre Dame ?
Retired priests and brothers reside in Fatima House -LRB- a former retreat center -RRB- , Holy Cross House , as well as Columba Hall near the Grotto .	Retired priests and brothers	What individuals live at Fatima House at Notre Dame ?
While not Catholic , Buechner has praised writers from Notre Dame and Moreau Seminary created a Buechner Prize for Preaching .	Buechner Prize for Preaching	Which prize did Frederick Buechner create ?
Today the college , housed in the Fitzpatrick , Cushing , and Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering , includes five departments of study -- aerospace and mechanical engineering , chemical and biomolecular engineering , civil engineering and geological sciences , computer science and engineering , and electrical engineering -- with eight B.S. degrees offered .	eight	How many BS level degrees are offered in the College of Engineering at Notre Dame ?
The College of Engineering was established in 1920 , however , early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s .	1920	In what year was the College of Engineering at Notre Dame formed ?
The College of Engineering was established in 1920 , however , early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s .	the College of Science	Before the creation of the College of Engineering similar studies were carried out at which Notre Dame college ?
Today the college , housed in the Fitzpatrick , Cushing , and Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering , includes five departments of study -- aerospace and mechanical engineering , chemical and biomolecular engineering , civil engineering and geological sciences , computer science and engineering , and electrical engineering -- with eight B.S. degrees offered .	five	How many departments are within the Stinson-Remick Hall of Engineering ?
The College of Engineering was established in 1920 , however , early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s .	the 1870s	The College of Science began to offer civil engineering courses beginning at what time at Notre Dame ?
The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time management , collaborative learning , and subject tutoring .	Learning Resource Center	What entity provides help with the management of time for new students at Notre Dame ?
All of Notre Dame 's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the First Year of Studies program .	five	How many colleges for undergraduates are at Notre Dame ?
The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major .	The First Year of Studies program	What was created at Notre Dame in 1962 to assist first year students ?
This program has been recognized previously , by U.S. News & World Report , as outstanding .	U.S. News & World Report	Which organization declared the First Year of Studies program at Notre Dame `` outstanding ? ''
This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees , including offering Doctorate -LRB- PhD -RRB- degrees .	1924	The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame ?
Most of the departments from the College of Arts and Letters offer PhD programs , while a professional Master of Divinity -LRB- M.Div . -RRB-	Master of Divinity	What type of degree is an M.Div . ?
Additionally , the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic elementary schools , middle schools , and high schools across the Southern United States for two school years .	Alliance for Catholic Education	Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree ?
The university first offered graduate degrees , in the form of a Master of Arts -LRB- MA -RRB- , in the 1854 -- 1855 academic year .	1854	In what year was a Master of Arts course first offered at Notre Dame ?
All of the departments in the College of Science offer PhD programs , except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies .	Department of Pre-Professional Studies	Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program ?
The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame is dedicated to research , education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace .	Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies	What institute at Notre Dame studies the reasons for violent conflict ?
The institute was inspired by the vision of the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC , President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame .	President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame	What is the title of Notre Dame 's Theodore Hesburgh ?
It was founded in 1986 through the donations of Joan B. Kroc , the widow of McDonald 's owner Ray Kroc .	1986	In what year was the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies founded ?
It was founded in 1986 through the donations of Joan B. Kroc , the widow of McDonald 's owner Ray Kroc .	Ray Kroc	To whom was John B. Kroc married ?
It was founded in 1986 through the donations of Joan B. Kroc , the widow of McDonald 's owner Ray Kroc .	McDonald's	What company did Ray Kroc own ?
The main building is the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library , completed in 1963 , which is the third building to house the main collection of books .	Theodore M. Hesburgh Library	What is the name of the main library at Notre Dame ?
The main building is the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library , completed in 1963 , which is the third building to house the main collection of books .	1963	In what year was the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame finished ?
The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life mural designed by artist Millard Sheets .	Millard Sheets	Which artist created the mural on the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library ?
This mural is popularly known as `` Touchdown Jesus '' because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus ' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown .	Touchdown Jesus	What is a common name to reference the mural created by Millard Sheets at Notre Dame ?
Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions , with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 -LRB- 19.7 % -RRB- .	3,577	How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015 ?
Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions , with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 -LRB- 19.7 % -RRB- .	19.7%	What percentage of students were admitted to Notre Dame in fall 2015 ?
The academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities .	the top 10 to 15 in the nation	Where does Notre Dame rank in terms of academic profile among research universities in the US ?
1,400 of the 3,577 -LRB- 39.1 % -RRB- were admitted under the early action plan .	39.1%	What percentage of students at Notre Dame participated in the Early Action program ?
Admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to Notre Dame , making it arguably the most representative university in the United States .	more than 750 miles	How many miles does the average student at Notre Dame travel to study there ?
In 2015-2016 , Notre Dame ranked 18th overall among `` national universities '' in the United States in U.S. News & World Report 's Best Colleges 2016 .	18th overall	Where did U.S. News & World Report rank Notre Dame in its 2015-2016 university rankings ?
Forbes.com 's America 's Best Colleges ranks Notre Dame 13th among colleges in the United States in 2015 , 8th among Research Universities , and 1st in the Midwest .	8th	Forbes.com placed Notre Dame at what position compared to other US research universities ?
BusinessWeek ranks Mendoza College of Business undergraduate school as 1st overall .	1st overall	The undergrad school at the Mendoza College of Business was ranked where according to BusinessWeek ?
In 2014 , USA Today ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities based on data from College Factual .	USA Today	In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities ?
Additionally , the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation , with 57.6 % of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries .	57.6%	What percentage of Notre Dame students decide to study abroad ?
Father Joseph Carrier , C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874 .	Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.	What person was the Director of the Science Museum at Notre Dame in the late 19th century ?
One of Carrier 's students was Father John Augustine Zahm -LRB- 1851 -- 1921 -RRB- who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist .	1851–1921	What was the lifespan of John Augustine Zahm ?
One of Carrier 's students was Father John Augustine Zahm -LRB- 1851 -- 1921 -RRB- who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist .	the Science Department	What program did John Augustine Zahm come to co-direct at Nore Dame ?
His book Evolution and Dogma -LRB- 1896 -RRB- defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true , and argued , moreover , that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it .	Evolution and Dogma	What book did John Zahm write in 1896 ?
Father Joseph Carrier , C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874 .	Professor of Chemistry and Physics	What professorship did Father Josh Carrier hold at Notre Dame ?
In 1882 , Albert Zahm -LRB- John Zahm 's brother -RRB- built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models .	1882	In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame ?
Around 1899 , Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message .	Professor Jerome Green	Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA ?
Around 1899 , Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message .	Around 1899	In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message ?
In 1931 , Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene .	Father Julius Nieuwland	Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene ?
In 1882 , Albert Zahm -LRB- John Zahm 's brother -RRB- built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models .	an early wind tunnel	What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame ?
The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928 .	The Lobund Institute	Work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which Notre Dame institute ?
In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute .	the 1940s	Around what time did Lobund of Notre Dame become independent ?
In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute .	1950	In what year did Lobund at Notre Dame become an Institute ?
In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department , but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics .	1958	The Lobund Institute was merged into the Department of Biology at Notre Dame in what year ?
The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928 .	1928	When did study of a germ-free-life begin at Notre Dame ?
The Review of Politics was founded in 1939 by Gurian , modeled after German Catholic journals .	The Review of Politics	Gurian created what in 1939 at Notre Dame ?
The Review of Politics was founded in 1939 by Gurian , modeled after German Catholic journals .	German Catholic journals	What was the Review of Politics inspired by ?
For 44 years , the Review was edited by Gurian , Matthew Fitzsimons , Frederick Crosson , and Thomas Stritch .	44	Over how many years did Gurian edit the Review of Politics at Notre Dame ?
The Review of Politics was founded in 1939 by Gurian , modeled after German Catholic journals .	Review of Politics	Thomas Stritch was an editor of which publican from Notre Dame ?
The university president , John Jenkins , described his hope that Notre Dame would become `` one of the pre -- eminent research institutions in the world '' in his inaugural address .	John Jenkins	Who was the president of Notre Dame in 2012 ?
The university president , John Jenkins , described his hope that Notre Dame would become `` one of the pre -- eminent research institutions in the world '' in his inaugural address .	Notre Dame	The Kellogg Institute for International Studies is part of which university ?
The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields , including the Medieval Institute , the Kellogg Institute for International Studies , the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies , and the Center for Social Concerns .	International Peace studies	What does the Kroc Institute at Notre Dame focus on ?
As of 2013 , the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt .	2013	In what year did Notre Dame begin to host the Global Adaptation Index ?
As of 2013 , the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt .	climate change	What threat does the Global Adaptation Index study ?
In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students , with 8,448 undergraduates , 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional -LRB- Law , M.Div. , Business , M.Ed . -RRB-	8,448	How many undergrads were attending Notre Dame in 2014 ?
Around 21 -- 24 % of students are children of alumni , and although 37 % of students come from the Midwestern United States , the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries .	21–24%	What percentage of students at Notre Dame are the children of former Notre Dame students ?
The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year , while the Notre Dame Men 's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh .	over 700	How many teams participate in the Notre Dame Bookstore Basketball tournament ?
The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year , while the Notre Dame Men 's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh .	the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh	For what cause is money raised at the Bengal Bouts tournament at Notre Dame ?
In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students , with 8,448 undergraduates , 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional -LRB- Law , M.Div. , Business , M.Ed . -RRB-	12,179	How many students in total were at Notre Dame in 2014 ?
About 80 % of undergraduates and 20 % of graduate students live on campus .	80%	What percentage of undergrads live on the Notre Dame campus ?
The majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus , while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls .	four	How many student housing areas are reserved for Notre Dame 's graduate students ?
Because of the religious affiliation of the university , all residence halls are single-sex , with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms .	15	How many dorms for males are on the Notre Dame campus ?
About 80 % of undergraduates and 20 % of graduate students live on campus .	20%	What amount of the graduate student body at Notre Dame live on the campus ?
Because of the religious affiliation of the university , all residence halls are single-sex , with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms .	14	There are how many dorms for females at Notre Dame ?
The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross -LRB- Latin : Congregatio a Sancta Cruce , abbreviated postnominals : `` CSC '' -RRB- .	Congregatio a Sancta Cruce	What is Congregation of Holy Cross in Latin ?
While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission , more than 93 % of students identify as Christian , with over 80 % of the total being Catholic .	more than 93%	What percentage of Notre Dame students feel they are Christian ?
Collectively , Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus , and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community .	over 100 times	How often is Catholic mass held at Notre Dame in a week ?
Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus .	Fifty-seven	How many chapels are on the Notre Dame campus ?
While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission , more than 93 % of students identify as Christian , with over 80 % of the total being Catholic .	over 80%	What amount of the student body of Notre Dame identifies as Catholic ?
Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall , it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school .	Washington Hall	What was the music hall at Notre Dame called ?
This Main Building , and the library collection , was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879 , and the school closed immediately and students were sent home .	1879	In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire ?
Sorin and the president at the time , the Rev. William Corby , immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University .	Rev. William Corby	Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879 ?
Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879 .	17th of May	On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous ?
By 1880 , a science program was established at the university , and a Science Hall -LRB- today LaFortune Student Center -RRB- was built in 1883 .	LaFortune Student Center	What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as ?
In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame , and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university 's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis .	scholastic and classical	What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards ?
By 1921 , with the addition of the College of Commerce , Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school .	College of Commerce	Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921 ?
In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame , and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university 's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis .	Father James Burns	In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named , who was it ?
In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame , and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university 's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis .	three years	Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place ?
Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason .	Harvard Law School	Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution ?
Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918 .	Knute Rockne	The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918 , who was it ?
Under Rockne , the Irish would post a record of 105 wins , 12 losses , and five ties .	105	What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach ?
During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships , had five undefeated seasons , won the Rose Bowl in 1925 , and produced players such as George Gipp and the `` Four Horsemen '' .	1925	In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl ?
During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships , had five undefeated seasons , won the Rose Bowl in 1925 , and produced players such as George Gipp and the `` Four Horsemen '' .	13	How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame ?
During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships , had five undefeated seasons , won the Rose Bowl in 1925 , and produced players such as George Gipp and the `` Four Horsemen '' .	three	How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame ?
Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio , especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America -- Harvard , Yale , Princeton , and Army .	the Protestant establishment	Catholic people identified with Notre Dame , what religious group did people feel Yale represented ?
The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924 .	the Ku Klux Klan	Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group ?
The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend .	a week-long Klavern	What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924 ?
The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend .	South Bend	Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter ?
Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara was elected vice-president in 1933 and president of Notre Dame in 1934 .	Father John Francis O'Hara	Which person became vice-president of Notre Dame in 1933 ?
Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara was elected vice-president in 1933 and president of Notre Dame in 1934 .	Father John Francis O'Hara	Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1934 ?
During his tenure at Notre Dame , he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus ; he selected Frank H. Spearman , Jeremiah D. M. Ford , Irvin Abell , and Josephine Brownson for the Laetare Medal , instituted in 1883 .	Laetare Medal	Irvin Abell was given what award by Notre Dame ?
During his tenure at Notre Dame , he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus ; he selected Frank H. Spearman , Jeremiah D. M. Ford , Irvin Abell , and Josephine Brownson for the Laetare Medal , instituted in 1883 .	1883	Which year was the Laetare Medal first given out at Notre Dame ?
He wrote , `` Notre Dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of God and of his Blessed Mother .	God	For whos glory did Father O'Hara believed that the Notre Dame football team played ?
Cavanaugh 's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census , undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half , and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold .	more than half	Around the time that Rev. Cavanaugh became president of Notre Dame by how much did the undergrad student body of Notre Dame increase ?
Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame 's Medieval Institute .	Lobund Institute for Animal Studies	Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame ?
Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall , Fisher Hall , and the Morris Inn , as well as the Hall of Liberal Arts -LRB- now O'Shaughnessy Hall -RRB- , made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy , at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university .	Hall of Liberal Arts	What is O'Shaughnessy Hall of Notre Dame formerly known as ?
The Rev. John J. Cavanaugh , C.S.C. served as president from 1946 to 1952 .	Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C.	Which president did Notre Dame have in 1947 ?
Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame 's Medieval Institute .	Medieval Institute	Outside of an institute studying animals , what other institute did Cavanugh create at Notre Dame ?
The Rev. Theodore Hesburgh , C.S.C. , -LRB- 1917 -- 2015 -RRB- served as president for 35 years -LRB- 1952 -- 87 -RRB- of dramatic transformations .	1917–2015	What was the lifespan of Theodore Hesburgh ?
In that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $ 9.7 million to $ 176.6 million , and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $ 9 million to $ 350 million , and research funding by a factor of 20 from $ 735,000 to $ 15 million .	18	In the time that Hesburgh was president of Notre Dame by what factor did the operating budget increase ?
In that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $ 9.7 million to $ 176.6 million , and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $ 9 million to $ 350 million , and research funding by a factor of 20 from $ 735,000 to $ 15 million .	$9 million	What was the size of the Notre Dame endowment when Theodore Hesburgh became president ?
The Rev. Theodore Hesburgh , C.S.C. , -LRB- 1917 -- 2015 -RRB- served as president for 35 years -LRB- 1952 -- 87 -RRB- of dramatic transformations .	1952–87	During what years was Theodor Hesburgh president of Notre Dame ?
Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,600 , faculty more than doubled 389 to 950 , and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500 .	950	How many faculty members were at Notre Dame when Hesburgh left the role of president ?
Hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of Notre Dame by making it a coeducational institution .	coeducational	What type of educational institute is Hesburgh given credit for creating at Notre Dame ?
`` In American college education , '' explained the Rev. Charles E. Sheedy , C.S.C. , Notre Dame 's Dean of Arts and Letters , `` certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place ... .	Dean of Arts and Letters	Which role did Charles Sheedy have at Notre Dame ?
Thomas Blantz , C.S.C. , Notre Dame 's Vice President of Student Affairs , added that coeducation `` opened up a whole other pool of very bright students . ''	Vice President of Student Affairs	What title did Thomas Blantz have at Notre Dame ?
In 1971 Mary Ann Proctor became the first female undergraduate ; she transferred from St. Mary 's College .	1971	In what year did Notre Dame have its earliest undergraduate that was female ?
In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary 's College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution , an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools .	Saint Mary's College	With what institute did Notre Dame agree to an exchange program in the 1960s ?
In the 18 years under the presidency of Edward Malloy , C.S.C. , -LRB- 1987 -- 2005 -RRB- , there was a rapid growth in the school 's reputation , faculty , and resources .	1987–2005	During what years was Edward Malloy president of Notre Dame ?
He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors ; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically , with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360 ; the number of minority students more than doubled ; the endowment grew from $ 350 million to more than $ 3 billion ; the annual operating budget rose from $ 177 million to more than $ 650 million ; and annual research funding improved from $ 15 million to more than $ 70 million .	1240	What was the SAT score , on average , at Notre Dame when Edward Malloy became president ?
He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors ; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically , with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360 ; the number of minority students more than doubled ; the endowment grew from $ 350 million to more than $ 3 billion ; the annual operating budget rose from $ 177 million to more than $ 650 million ; and annual research funding improved from $ 15 million to more than $ 70 million .	$350 million	When Malloy became president of Notre Dame what was the size of the endowment ?
He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors ; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically , with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360 ; the number of minority students more than doubled ; the endowment grew from $ 350 million to more than $ 3 billion ; the annual operating budget rose from $ 177 million to more than $ 650 million ; and annual research funding improved from $ 15 million to more than $ 70 million .	more than $70 million	When Malloy reached the end of his time as president how much annuals funding for research did Notre Dame have ?
He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors ; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically , with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360 ; the number of minority students more than doubled ; the endowment grew from $ 350 million to more than $ 3 billion ; the annual operating budget rose from $ 177 million to more than $ 650 million ; and annual research funding improved from $ 15 million to more than $ 70 million .	500	The amount of professors at Notre Dame increased by what amount under Malloy ?
Since 2005 , Notre Dame has been led by John I. Jenkins , C.S.C. , the 17th president of the university .	2005	When did John Jenkins become the president of Notre Dame ?
Since 2005 , Notre Dame has been led by John I. Jenkins , C.S.C. , the 17th president of the university .	17th	In terms of the amount of presidents Notre Dame has had , where is John Jenkins on the list ?
Jenkins took over the position from Malloy on July 1 , 2005 .	Malloy	Who was the Notre Dame president that preceded John Jenkins ?
During his tenure , Notre Dame has increased its endowment , enlarged its student body , and undergone many construction projects on campus , including Compton Family Ice Arena , a new architecture hall , additional residence halls , and the Campus Crossroads , a $ 400m enhancement and expansion of Notre Dame Stadium .	Compton Family Ice Arena	Which arena was constructed under Jenkins at Notre Dame ?
During his tenure , Notre Dame has increased its endowment , enlarged its student body , and undergone many construction projects on campus , including Compton Family Ice Arena , a new architecture hall , additional residence halls , and the Campus Crossroads , a $ 400m enhancement and expansion of Notre Dame Stadium .	$400m	How much money was spent on enhancing Notre Dame Stadium under John Jenkins ?
The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross .	Congregation of Holy Cross	Which congregation is in charge of the Old College at Notre Dame ?
The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr .	Basilica of the Sacred Heart	What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame ?
It is built in French Revival style and it is decorated by stained glass windows imported directly from France .	French Revival	In which architectural style is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame made ?
The interior was painted by Luigi Gregori , an Italian painter invited by Fr .	Luigi Gregori	Which individual painted the inside of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame ?
The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes , which was built in 1896 , is a replica of the original in Lourdes , France .	1896	In what year was the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes at Notre Dame constructed ?
Zahm , but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Center , after Joseph LaFortune , an oil executive from Tulsa , Oklahoma .	1950	In what year did the student union building at Notre Dame get renamed to LaFortune Center ?
Zahm , but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Center , after Joseph LaFortune , an oil executive from Tulsa , Oklahoma .	Joseph LaFortune	After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named ?
Commonly known as `` LaFortune '' or `` LaFun , '' it is a 4-story building of 83,000 square feet that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social , recreational , cultural , and educational activities .	83,000 square feet	How large in square feet is the LaFortune Center at Notre Dame ?
LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff and 29 full-time non-student staff and has an annual budget of $ 1.2 million .	$1.2 million	What is the annual budget of Notre Dame 's LaFortune Center ?
Over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel .	29	How many halls are at Notre Dame that house students ?
Many academic building were added together with a system of libraries , the most prominent of which is the Theodore Hesburgh Library , built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books .	Theodore Hesburgh Library	Which library was built at Notre Dame in 1963 ?
Many academic building were added together with a system of libraries , the most prominent of which is the Theodore Hesburgh Library , built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books .	almost 4 million	How many books are housed at the Theodore Hesburgh Library ?
Additionally , a new residence for men , Duncan Hall , was begun on March 8 , 2007 , and began accepting residents for the Fall 2008 semester .	Duncan Hall	Construction for which hall started on March 8th 2007 at Notre Dame ?
Also , there are many outdoor fields , as the Frank Eck Stadium for baseball .	Frank Eck Stadium	Which baseball stadium is found at Notre Dame ?
The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission , creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation , design and construction , waste reduction , procurement , food services , transportation , and water.As of 2012 -LSB- update -RSB- four building construction projects were pursuing LEED-Certified status and three were pursuing LEED Silver .	2008	In what year did Notre Dame create the Office of Sustainability ?
Notre Dame 's dining services sources 40 % of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic , fair-trade , and vegan options .	40%	What percentage of the food served at Notre Dame is locally grown ?
On the Sustainable Endowments Institute 's College Sustainability Report Card 2010 , University of Notre Dame received a `` B '' grade .	Sustainable Endowments Institute	Notre Dame got a `` B '' for its sustainability practices from which entity ?
The university also houses the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies .	Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies	Gustavo Gutierrez is faculty of which institute ?
The university has had a presence in London , England , since 1968 .	1968	In what year did Notre Dame first have a facility in England ?
Since 1998 , its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square .	1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square	At which location is the London Center operated by Notre Dame found ?
Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing , Chicago , Dublin , Jerusalem and Rome .	Global Gateways	Notre Dame has a center in Beijing , what is it referred to as ?
Since 1998 , its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square .	1998	In what year did the Suffolk Street location start to house a Notre Dame facility ?
The College of Arts and Letters was established as the university 's first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849 .	The College of Arts and Letters	What was Notre Dame 's first college ?
The College of Arts and Letters was established as the university 's first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849 .	1842	In what year was the The College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame created ?
The College of Arts and Letters was established as the university 's first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849 .	1849	In what year did the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame grant its first degree ?
The university 's first academic curriculum was modeled after the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum from Saint Louis University .	Saint Louis University	On which university did Notre Dame base its curriculum on ?
Today the college , housed in O'Shaughnessy Hall , includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts , humanities , and social sciences , and awards Bachelor of Arts -LRB- B.A. -RRB- degrees in 33 majors , making it the largest of the university 's colleges .	33	How many BA majors does the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame offer ?
The College of Science was established at the university in 1865 by president Father Patrick Dillon .	Father Patrick Dillon	Which president at Notre Dame created the College of Science ?
The College of Science was established at the university in 1865 by president Father Patrick Dillon .	1865	In what year was the Notre Dame College of Science formed ?
Dillon 's scientific courses were six years of work , including higher-level mathematics courses .	six years	How many years long was a scientific course under Patrick Dillon at Notre Dame ?
Today the college , housed in the newly built Jordan Hall of Science , includes over 1,200 undergraduates in six departments of study -- biology , chemistry , mathematics , physics , pre-professional studies , and applied and computational mathematics and statistics -LRB- ACMS -RRB- -- each awarding Bachelor of Science -LRB- B.S. -RRB- degrees .	Jordan Hall of Science	Which hall at Notre Dame contains the current College of Science ?
Today the college , housed in the newly built Jordan Hall of Science , includes over 1,200 undergraduates in six departments of study -- biology , chemistry , mathematics , physics , pre-professional studies , and applied and computational mathematics and statistics -LRB- ACMS -RRB- -- each awarding Bachelor of Science -LRB- B.S. -RRB- degrees .	over 1,200	How many undergrad students attend the College of Science at Notre Dame today ?
The School of Architecture was established in 1899 , although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898 .	School of Architecture	In 1899 Notre Dame formed which college ?
Today the school , housed in Bond Hall , offers a five-year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree .	Bond Hall	In what building is the current School of Architecture housed at Notre Dame ?
Today the school , housed in Bond Hall , offers a five-year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree .	five-year	What length is the course of study at the Notre Dame School of Architecture ?
All undergraduate students study the third year of the program in Rome .	Rome	In which location do students of the School of Architecture of Notre Dame spend their 3rd year ?
It also awards the renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize .	Driehaus Architecture Prize	Which prestigious prize does the School of Architecture at Notre Dame give out ?
A theology library was also opened in fall of 2015 .	2015	In what year did the opening of a theology library at Notre Dame occur ?
Located on the first floor of Stanford Hall , it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in a dorm room .	the first floor of Stanford Hall	Where is the theology library at Notre Dame ?
The library system holds over three million volumes , was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion , and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country .	over three million volumes	How many books are held by the Notre Dame libraries ?
The library system holds over three million volumes , was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion , and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country .	one of the 100 largest	Currently where does Notre Dame 's library rank in the nation ?
The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe ; president John O'Hara brought many to Notre Dame .	The rise of Hitler and other dictators	What caused many intellectual Catholics to leave europe in the 1930s ?
From Germany came Anton-Hermann Chroust -LRB- 1907 -- 1982 -RRB- in classics and law , and Waldemar Gurian a German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent .	Germany	From where did Anton-Hermann Chroust come to reach Notre Dame ?
From Germany came Anton-Hermann Chroust -LRB- 1907 -- 1982 -RRB- in classics and law , and Waldemar Gurian a German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent .	classics and law	What field of study did Anton-Hermann Chroust specialize in ?
Positivism dominated American intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast , Gurian received a German Catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under Max Scheler .	Max Scheler	Who did Waldemar Gurian receive his tutelage under while seeking his doctorate ?
Ivan Meštrović -LRB- 1883 -- 1962 -RRB- , a renowned sculptor , brought Croatian culture to campus , 1955 -- 62 .	a renowned sculptor	What was Ivan Meštrović known for being ?
The University of Notre Dame du Lac -LRB- or simply Notre Dame / ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm / NOH-tər-DAYM -RRB- is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend , Indiana , in the United States .	University of Notre Dame du	The school known as Notre Dame is known by a more lengthy name , what is it ?
The University of Notre Dame du Lac -LRB- or simply Notre Dame / ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm / NOH-tər-DAYM -RRB- is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend , Indiana , in the United States .	Catholic research university	What type of institution is the Notre Dame ?
In French , Notre Dame du Lac means `` Our Lady of the Lake '' and refers to the university 's patron saint , the Virgin Mary .	Our Lady of the Lake	The French words Notre Dame du Lac translate to what in English ?
In French , Notre Dame du Lac means `` Our Lady of the Lake '' and refers to the university 's patron saint , the Virgin Mary .	the Virgin Mary	Who is the patron saint of Notre Dame ?
The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the Golden Dome , the `` Word of Life '' mural -LRB- commonly known as Touchdown Jesus -RRB- , and the Basilica .	1,250	How large is Notre Dame in acres ?
Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team , especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne .	its Fighting Irish football team	What caused Notre Dame to become notable in the early 20th century ?
Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team , especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne .	Knute Rockne	Which 20th century Notre Dame football coach is most notable ?
The university 's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish .	NCAA Division I	Which athletic association are the student athletes at Notre Dame a part of ?
The football team , an Independent , has accumulated eleven consensus national championships , seven Heisman Trophy winners , 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history .	seven	How many students at Notre Dame received the Heisman Trophy ?
The football team , an Independent , has accumulated eleven consensus national championships , seven Heisman Trophy winners , 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history .	13	There were multiple students from Notre Dame who entered the Pro Football Hall of Fame , how many ?
Besides its prominence in sports , Notre Dame is also a large , four-year , highly residential research University , and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the United States and as a major global university .	among the top twenty	Where among US universities does Notre Dame rank ?
The undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges -LRB- Arts and Letters , Science , Engineering , Business -RRB- and the Architecture School .	four	How many individual colleges are part of Notre Dame ?
The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize .	Driehaus Architecture Prize	Which prize does the Architecture School at Notre Dame give out ?
Notre Dame 's graduate program has more than 50 master 's , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools , with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with IU medical School .	more than 50	How many doctorate and masters programs are available at Notre Dame ?
It maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art .	Snite Museum of Art	Which art museum does Notre Dame administer ?
In 1842 , the Bishop of Vincennes , Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière , offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross , on the condition that he build a college in two years .	1842	In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college ?
In 1842 , the Bishop of Vincennes , Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière , offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross , on the condition that he build a college in two years .	Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière	Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin ?
In 1842 , the Bishop of Vincennes , Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière , offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross , on the condition that he build a college in two years .	the Congregation of the Holy Cross	Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing ?
Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26 , 1842 , and began the school using Father Stephen Badin 's old log chapel .	November 26, 1842	On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame ?
Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26 , 1842 , and began the school using Father Stephen Badin 's old log chapel .	Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel	Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college ?
The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849 .	1849	In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame ?
The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger `` Main Building '' in 1865 , which housed the university 's administration , classrooms , and dormitories .	1865	In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced ?
Beginning in 1873 , a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier .	Father Lemonnier	Which individual began a library at Notre Dame ?
By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building .	1879	In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books ?
Beginning in 1873 , a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier .	1873	In what year was the library at Notre Dame started ?
The television station , NDtv , grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24-hour channel with original programming by September 2006 .	NDtv	Which television station finds its home at Notre Dame ?
The television station , NDtv , grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24-hour channel with original programming by September 2006 .	one show	How many programs did NDtv feature in 2002 ?
WSND-FM serves the student body and larger South Bend community at 88.9 FM , offering students a chance to become involved in bringing classical music , fine arts and educational programming , and alternative rock to the airwaves .	WSND-FM	Which radio station provides radio to the students of Notre Dame at 88.9 FM ?
More recently , however , WVFI has been airing independently and is streamed on the Internet .	WVFI	Which internet radio station of Notre Dame is served as an internet stream ?
The first phase of Eddy Street Commons , a $ 215 million development located adjacent to the University of Notre Dame campus and funded by the university , broke ground on June 3 , 2008 .	$215 million	How much is Eddy Street Commons at Notre Dame expected to cost ?
The first phase of Eddy Street Commons , a $ 215 million development located adjacent to the University of Notre Dame campus and funded by the university , broke ground on June 3 , 2008 .	June 3, 2008	When was ground broke on the Eddy Street Commons Project of Notre Dame ?
The developer , Kite Realty out of Indianapolis , has made agreements with major national chains rather than local businesses , a move that has led to criticism from alumni and students .	Kite Realty	Who is the developer of Eddy Street Commons ?
The Eddy Street Commons drew union protests when workers hired by the City of South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non-union workers .	the City of South Bend	Which entity did Notre Dame hire to build a parking structure outside of Eddy Street Commons ?
The Eddy Street Commons drew union protests when workers hired by the City of South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non-union workers .	non-union workers	There were protested as a part of the construction at Eddy Street Commons , they came due tot he hiring of whom ?
They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association -LRB- NCAA -RRB- Division I , primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference -LRB- ACC -RRB- for all sports since the 2013 -- 14 school year .	National Collegiate Athletic Association	What does the acronym NCAA stand for ?
The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982-83 to 1985-86 , and again from 1987-88 to 1994-95 , and then in the Big East Conference through 2012 -- 13 .	Horizon League	Which league did Notre Dame Fighting Irish teams participate in in 1982 ?
Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference , and the men 's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East .	Midwest Fencing Conference	What when conference do the Notre Dame fencing teams take part in ?
Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference , and the men 's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East .	Hockey East	There is a conference that the male hockey team of Notre Dame competes in , what is it ?
The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982-83 to 1985-86 , and again from 1987-88 to 1994-95 , and then in the Big East Conference through 2012 -- 13 .	Big East Conference	In what conference did the Fighting Irish take part in in 2012 ?
The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East ; while they maintain their football independence , they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents .	the ACC	To what conference did the Fighting Irish go after the Big East ?
The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East ; while they maintain their football independence , they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents .	five	How many teams in each season do the Fighting Irish commit to play against ACC opponents ?
In ice hockey , the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference 's decision to add the sport in 2013 -- 14 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school 's former hockey home , the Central Collegiate Hockey Association , after the 2012 -- 13 season .	Central Collegiate Hockey Association	Where did the Fighting Irish hockey team compete prior to a move to Hockey East , in terms of conference ?
The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams .	Navy Blue and Gold Rush	What colors are the official ones used by Notre Dame in sport competition ?
The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams .	Leprechaun	What type of mascot do the Notre Dame sport teams have ?
On July 1 , 2014 , the University of Notre Dame and Under Armour reached an agreement in which Under Armour will provide uniforms , apparel , equipment , and monetary compensation to Notre Dame for 10 years .	Under Armour	Who currently provides uniforms to Notre Dame sport teams ?
This contract , worth almost $ 100 million , is the most lucrative in the history of the NCAA .	almost $100 million	What is the value of the contract between Under Armour and Notre Dame ?
The band , which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States , was honored by the National Music Council as a `` Landmark of American Music '' during the United States Bicentennial .	1846	When did the Notre Dame marching band form ?
The band , which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States , was honored by the National Music Council as a `` Landmark of American Music '' during the United States Bicentennial .	oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States	What is notable about the Notre Dame marching band ?
The band regularly plays the school 's fight song the Notre Dame Victory March , which was named as the most played and most famous fight song by Northern Illinois Professor William Studwell .	Notre Dame Victory March	What is the Notre Dame fight song ?
The Notre Dame football team has a long history , first beginning when the Michigan Wolverines football team brought football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students .	Michigan Wolverines football team	Which team did Notre Dame 's football team find inspiration from ?
The Notre Dame football team has a long history , first beginning when the Michigan Wolverines football team brought football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students .	1887	In what year did Notre Dame football begin ?
Additionally , the program has the most members in the College Football Hall of Fame , is tied with Ohio State University with the most Heisman Trophies won , and have the highest winning percentage in NCAA history .	Ohio State University	What university is Notre Dame tied with in terms of most Heisman Trophy winners ?
With the long history , Notre Dame has accumulated many rivals , and its annual game against USC for the Jeweled Shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country .	USC	Against which team does Notre Dame compete for the Jeweled Shillelagh ?
Additionally , the program has the most members in the College Football Hall of Fame , is tied with Ohio State University with the most Heisman Trophies won , and have the highest winning percentage in NCAA history .	the most	In terms of Notre Dame students in the College Football Hall of Fame the amount of students named is what ?
George Gipp was the school 's legendary football player during 1916 -- 20 .	George Gipp	What notable football player played at Notre Dame from 1916 to 1920 ?
It was in 1928 that famed coach Knute Rockne used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and `` win one for the Gipper . ''	the Army team	Against which opponent did Knute Rockne tell his team to `` win one for the Gipper ? ''
The 1940 film , Knute Rockne , All American , starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp .	Pat O'Brien	Which person portrayed Knute Rockne in the 1940 movie `` Knute Rockne ? ''
The 1940 film , Knute Rockne , All American , starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp .	Gipp	Ronald Reagan played the role of whom in 1940 's `` Knute Rockne ? ''
Football gameday traditions During home games , activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item -LRB- e.g. Zahm House 's two-story banner -RRB- .	two-story banner	What is displayed at Zahm House for football home games at Notre Dame ?
Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers ' Circle .	the Drummers' Circle	What occurs at midnight preceding a football home game at Notre Dame ?
The band entire will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall , from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium , leading fans and students alike across campus to the game .	the steps of Bond Hall	From where does the Band of the Fighting Irish lead a march to the Notre Dame Stadium for football home games ?
Later that day , the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome .	the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater	What songs does the trumpet section of the Band of the Fighting Irish play preceding home football games ?
This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday .	Saturday	On what day do Notre Dame home football games occur ?
The men 's basketball team has over 1,600 wins , one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark , and have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments .	over 1,600	How many wins does the Notre Dame men 's basketball team have ?
The men 's basketball team has over 1,600 wins , one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark , and have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments .	12	How many schools have a similar men 's basketball record to Notre Dame in terms of wins ?
The men 's basketball team has over 1,600 wins , one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark , and have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments .	28	How many NCAA tournaments did the Notre Dame men 's basketball team take part in ?
Former player Austin Carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61 .	Austin Carr	Which Notre Dame men 's basketball player has the record for more points in one game ?
The team is coached by Mike Brey , who , as of the 2014 -- 15 season , his fifteenth at Notre Dame , has achieved a 332-165 record .	Mike Brey	Who was the Notre Dame men 's basketball coach in 2014 ?
The Rev. Michael J. Shea , a 1904 graduate , wrote the music , and his brother , John F. Shea , who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908 , wrote the original lyrics .	John F. Shea	Who wrote the original lyrics to the Notre Dame Victory March ?
The Rev. Michael J. Shea , a 1904 graduate , wrote the music , and his brother , John F. Shea , who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908 , wrote the original lyrics .	1904	In what year did Michael J. Shea graduate from Notre Dame ?
The Rev. Michael J. Shea , a 1904 graduate , wrote the music , and his brother , John F. Shea , who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908 , wrote the original lyrics .	Rev. Michael J. Shea	Who is responsible for writing the music for `` Notre Dame Victory March ? ''
The lyrics were revised in the 1920s ; it first appeared under the copyright of the University of Notre Dame in 1928 .	1928	In what year did `` Notre Dame Victory March '' get copyrighted ?
While her loyal sons are marching , onward to victory ! ''	onward to victory	To where are the loyal sons in `` Notre Dame Fight Song '' marching ?
George Gipp was played by Ronald Reagan , whose nickname `` The Gipper '' was derived from this role .	The Gipper	Ronald Reagan had a nickname , what was it ?
This scene was parodied in the movie Airplane !	Airplane!	In what film did a parody of the `` Win one for the Gipper '' speech appear ?
The song also was prominent in the movie Rudy , with Sean Astin as Daniel `` Rudy '' Ruettiger , who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles .	Sean Astin	Who starred as Daniel Ruettiger in the film Rudy ?
with the same background music , only this time honoring George Zipp , one of Ted Striker 's former comrades .	George Zipp	Which person was a former comrade to Ted Striker in the film Airplane !?
In the film Knute Rockne , All American , Knute Rockne -LRB- played by Pat O'Brien -RRB- delivers the famous `` Win one for the Gipper '' speech , at which point the background music swells with the `` Notre Dame Victory March '' .	Knute Rockne	Pat O'Brien portrayed which person in the film Knute Rockne ?
Alumni working in political fields include state governors , members of the United States Congress , and former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice .	Condoleezza Rice	Which Secretary of State attended Notre Dame ?
A notable alumnus of the College of Science is Medicine Nobel Prize winner Eric F. Wieschaus .	Eric F. Wieschaus	Which Notre Dame alum from the College of Science won a Nobel Prize ?
A number of university heads are alumni , including Notre Dame 's current president , the Rev. John Jenkins .	Rev. John Jenkins	Who is the current president of Notre Dame ?
With the university having high profile sports teams itself , a number of alumni went on to become involved in athletics outside the university , including professional baseball , basketball , football , and ice hockey players , such as Joe Theismann , Joe Montana , Tim Brown , Ross Browner , Rocket Ismail , Ruth Riley , Jeff Samardzija , Jerome Bettis , Brett Lebda , Olympic gold medalist Mariel Zagunis , professional boxer Mike Lee , former football coaches such as Charlie Weis , Frank Leahy and Knute Rockne , and Basketball Hall of Famers Austin Carr and Adrian Dantley .	Olympic gold	Mariel Zagunis is notable for winning what ?
Other notable alumni include prominent businessman Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr. and astronaut Jim Wetherbee .	Jim Wetherbee	Which notable astronaut is known to have attended Notre Dame ?
Born and raised in Houston , Texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny 's Child .	in the late 1990s	When did Beyonce start becoming popular ?
Born and raised in Houston , Texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny 's Child .	singing and dancing	What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up ?
Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé 's debut album , Dangerously in Love -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Baby Boy '' .	2003	When did Beyonce leave Destiny 's Child and become a solo singer ?
Born and raised in Houston , Texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny 's Child .	Houston, Texas	In what city and state did Beyonce grow up ?
Born and raised in Houston , Texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny 's Child .	late 1990s	In which decade did Beyonce become famous ?
Born and raised in Houston , Texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny 's Child .	Destiny's Child	In what R&B group was she the lead singer ?
Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé 's debut album , Dangerously in Love -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Baby Boy '' .	Dangerously in Love	What album made her a worldwide known artist ?
Managed by her father , Mathew Knowles , the group became one of the world 's best-selling girl groups of all time .	Mathew Knowles	Who managed the Destiny 's Child group ?
Born and raised in Houston , Texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny 's Child .	Houston	In what city did Beyonce grow up ?
Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé 's debut album , Dangerously in Love -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Baby Boy '' .	Dangerously in Love	What was the name of Beyonce 's first solo album ?
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter -LRB- / biːˈjɒnseɪ / bee-YON-say -RRB- -LRB- born September 4 , 1981 -RRB- is an American singer , songwriter , record producer and actress .	September 4, 1981	On what date was Beyonce born ?
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter -LRB- / biːˈjɒnseɪ / bee-YON-say -RRB- -LRB- born September 4 , 1981 -RRB- is an American singer , songwriter , record producer and actress .	Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter	What is Beyonce 's full name ?
Born and raised in Houston , Texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny 's Child .	late 1990s	When did Beyoncé rise to fame ?
Born and raised in Houston , Texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny 's Child .	lead singer	What role did Beyoncé have in Destiny 's Child ?
Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé 's debut album , Dangerously in Love -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Baby Boy '' .	Dangerously in Love	What was the first album Beyoncé released as a solo artist ?
Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé 's debut album , Dangerously in Love -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Baby Boy '' .	2003	When did Beyoncé release Dangerously in Love ?
Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé 's debut album , Dangerously in Love -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Baby Boy '' .	five	How many Grammy awards did Beyoncé win for her first solo album ?
Born and raised in Houston , Texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child , and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny 's Child .	lead singer	What was Beyoncé 's role in Destiny 's Child ?
Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé 's debut album , Dangerously in Love -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Baby Boy '' .	Dangerously in Love	What was the name of Beyoncé 's first solo album ?
Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé 's debut album , Dangerously in Love -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Baby Boy '' .	2003	When did Beyoncé release her first solo album ?
Beyoncé also ventured into acting , with a Golden Globe-nominated performance in Dreamgirls -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , and starring roles in The Pink Panther -LRB- 2006 -RRB- and Obsessed -LRB- 2009 -RRB- .	acting	After her second solo album , what other entertainment venture did Beyonce explore ?
Her marriage to rapper Jay Z and portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records -LRB- 2008 -RRB- influenced her third album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , which saw the birth of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 , including Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' .	Jay Z	Which artist did Beyonce marry ?
Her marriage to rapper Jay Z and portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records -LRB- 2008 -RRB- influenced her third album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , which saw the birth of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 , including Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' .	six	To set the record for Grammys , how many did Beyonce win ?
Beyoncé also ventured into acting , with a Golden Globe-nominated performance in Dreamgirls -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , and starring roles in The Pink Panther -LRB- 2006 -RRB- and Obsessed -LRB- 2009 -RRB- .	Dreamgirls	For what movie did Beyonce receive her first Golden Globe nomination ?
Her marriage to rapper Jay Z and portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records -LRB- 2008 -RRB- influenced her third album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , which saw the birth of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 , including Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' .	2010	When did Beyonce take a hiatus in her career and take control of her management ?
Beyoncé also ventured into acting , with a Golden Globe-nominated performance in Dreamgirls -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , and starring roles in The Pink Panther -LRB- 2006 -RRB- and Obsessed -LRB- 2009 -RRB- .	Beyoncé	Which album was darker in tone from her previous work ?
Her marriage to rapper Jay Z and portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records -LRB- 2008 -RRB- influenced her third album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , which saw the birth of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 , including Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' .	Cadillac Records	After what movie portraying Etta James , did Beyonce create Sasha Fierce ?
Following the disbandment of Destiny 's Child in June 2005 , she released her second solo album , B'Day -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , which contained hits `` Déjà Vu '' , `` Irreplaceable '' , and `` Beautiful Liar '' .	June 2005	When did Destiny 's Child end their group act ?
Following the disbandment of Destiny 's Child in June 2005 , she released her second solo album , B'Day -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , which contained hits `` Déjà Vu '' , `` Irreplaceable '' , and `` Beautiful Liar '' .	B'Day	What was the name of Beyoncé 's second solo album ?
Beyoncé also ventured into acting , with a Golden Globe-nominated performance in Dreamgirls -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , and starring roles in The Pink Panther -LRB- 2006 -RRB- and Obsessed -LRB- 2009 -RRB- .	Dreamgirls	What was Beyoncé 's first acting job , in 2006 ?
Her marriage to rapper Jay Z and portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records -LRB- 2008 -RRB- influenced her third album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , which saw the birth of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 , including Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' .	Jay Z	Who is Beyoncé married to ?
Her marriage to rapper Jay Z and portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records -LRB- 2008 -RRB- influenced her third album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , which saw the birth of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 , including Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' .	Sasha Fierce	What is the name of Beyoncé 's alter-ego ?
A self-described `` modern-day feminist '' , Beyoncé creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment .	love, relationships, and monogamy	In her music , what are some recurring elements in them ?
Time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 .	influential	Time magazine named her one of the most 100 what people of the century ?
Forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 .	Forbes	Which magazine declared her the most dominant woman musician ?
The Recording Industry Association of America recognized her as the Top Certified Artist in America during the 2000s decade .	2000s	In which decade did the Recording Industry Association of America recognize Beyonce as the The Top Certified Artist ?
Forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 .	Forbes	What magazine rated Beyonce as the most powerful female musician in 2015 ?
A self-described `` modern-day feminist '' , Beyoncé creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love , relationships , and monogamy , as well as female sexuality and empowerment .	modern-day feminist	How did Beyonce describe herself as a feminist ?
Time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014 .	2013 and 2014	In which years did Time rate Beyonce in the 100 most influential people in the world ?
Throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with Destiny 's Child , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time .	118 million	How many records has Beyonce sold in her 19 year career ?
Throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with Destiny 's Child , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time .	60 million	How many records did Beyoncé sell as part of Destiny 's Child ?
Throughout a career spanning 19 years , she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with Destiny 's Child , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time .	118 million	After leaving Destiny 's Child , how many records did Beyoncé release under her own name ?
She has won 20 Grammy Awards and is the most nominated woman in the award 's history .	20	How many Grammy awards has Beyoncé won ?
Forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015 .	Forbes	What magazine named Beyoncé as the most powerful female musician for 2015 ?
Beyoncé 's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former member of Destiny 's Child .	Destiny's Child	Beyonce 's younger sibling also sang with her in what band ?
Beyoncé 's name is a tribute to her mother 's maiden name .	her mother's maiden name	Where did Beyonce get her name from ?
Mathew is African-American , while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent -LRB- with African , Native American , French , Cajun , and distant Irish and Spanish ancestry -RRB- .	African-American	What race was Beyonce 's father ?
She was raised in a Methodist household .	Methodist	Beyonce 's childhood home believed in what religion ?
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born in Houston , Texas , to Celestine Ann `` Tina '' Knowles -LRB- née Beyincé -RRB- , a hairdresser and salon owner , and Mathew Knowles , a Xerox sales manager .	Xerox	Beyonce 's father worked as a sales manager for what company ?
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born in Houston , Texas , to Celestine Ann `` Tina '' Knowles -LRB- née Beyincé -RRB- , a hairdresser and salon owner , and Mathew Knowles , a Xerox sales manager .	hairdresser and salon owner	Beyonce 's mother worked in what industry ?
Beyoncé 's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former member of Destiny 's Child .	Solange	What younger sister of Beyonce also appeared in Destiny 's Child ?
Through her mother , Beyoncé is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard .	Joseph Broussard	Beyonce is a descendent of what Arcadian leader ?
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born in Houston , Texas , to Celestine Ann `` Tina '' Knowles -LRB- née Beyincé -RRB- , a hairdresser and salon owner , and Mathew Knowles , a Xerox sales manager .	Xerox	What company did Beyoncé 's father work for when she was a child ?
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born in Houston , Texas , to Celestine Ann `` Tina '' Knowles -LRB- née Beyincé -RRB- , a hairdresser and salon owner , and Mathew Knowles , a Xerox sales manager .	salon	What did Beyoncé 's mother own when Beyoncé was a child ?
Beyoncé 's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former member of Destiny 's Child .	Solange	What is the name of Beyoncé 's younger sister ?
Through her mother , Beyoncé is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard .	Joseph Broussard.	Beyoncé is a descendant of which Acadian leader ?
She was raised in a Methodist household .	Methodist	Beyoncé was raised in what religion ?
Beyoncé attended St. Mary 's Elementary School in Fredericksburg , Texas , where she enrolled in dance classes .	Fredericksburg	What town did Beyonce go to school in ?
Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high-pitched notes .	Darlette Johnson	Who was the first person to notice Beyonce 's singing ability ?
In fall of 1990 , Beyoncé enrolled in Parker Elementary School , a music magnet school in Houston , where she would perform with the school 's choir .	Houston	Beyonce moved to which town after she left her first elementary school ?
Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high-pitched notes .	dance instructor Darlette Johnson	Which of her teachers discovered Beyonce 's musical talent ?
Beyoncé was also a member of the choir at St. John 's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years .	St. John's United Methodist Church	I which church was Beyonce a member and soloist in the choir ?
In fall of 1990 , Beyoncé enrolled in Parker Elementary School , a music magnet school in Houston , where she would perform with the school 's choir .	music magnet school	What type of school was Parker Elementary School ?
Beyoncé 's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' to beat 15/16-year-olds .	Imagine	Which song did Beyonce sing to win a competition at age 7 ?
Beyoncé attended St. Mary 's Elementary School in Fredericksburg , Texas , where she enrolled in dance classes .	Fredericksburg	What city was Beyoncé 's elementary school located in ?
Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it , able to hit the high-pitched notes .	Darlette Johnson	What was the name of Beyoncé 's first dance instructor ?
Beyoncé 's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven , singing John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' to beat 15/16-year-olds .	seven	How old was Beyoncé when she won a school talent show ?
Beyoncé was also a member of the choir at St. John 's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years .	St. John's United Methodist Church	What choir did Beyoncé sing in for two years ?
After seeing the group , R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search , the largest talent show on national TV at the time .	Arne Frager	Who decided to place Beyonce 's group in Star Search the talent show ?
In 1995 Beyoncé 's father resigned from his job to manage the group .	Beyoncé's father	In 1995 , who decided to manage the girls singing group ?
The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records , moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company .	Elektra Records	Who was the first record label to give the girls a record deal ?
After seeing the group , R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search , the largest talent show on national TV at the time .	Arne Frager	Who brought Beyonce to California and enter her group in Star Search ?
In 1995 Beyoncé 's father resigned from his job to manage the group .	1995	In what year did Beyonce 's father quit his job to manage her group ?
In 1996 , the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music , the Knowles family reunited , and shortly after , the group got a contract with Columbia Records .	Sony Music	What large record company recorded Beyonce 's group 's first album ?
The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records , moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording , only to be cut by the company .	Elektra Records	What record company first signed Beyonce 's group and later cut them ?
At age eight , Beyoncé and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while in an audition for an all-girl entertainment group .	age eight	At what age did Beyonce meet LaTavia Robertson ?
At age eight , Beyoncé and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while in an audition for an all-girl entertainment group .	eight	How old was Beyoncé when she met LaTavia Roberson ?
They were placed into a group with three other girls as Girl 's Tyme , and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston .	Girl's Tyme	What was the name of the first group Beyoncé was a part of ?
After seeing the group , R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search , the largest talent show on national TV at the time .	Arne Frager	Who placed Girl 's Tyme in Star Search ?
In 1995 Beyoncé 's father resigned from his job to manage the group .	1995	When did Beyoncé begin to manage the girl group ?
On October 5 , 1995 , Dwayne Wiggins 's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group .	Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment	Who signed the girl group on October 5 , 1995 ?
In 1997 , Destiny 's Child released their major label debut song `` Killing Time '' on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , Men in Black .	Men in Black	Which film featured Destiny 's Child 's first major single ?
The record features some of the group 's most widely known songs such as `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' , the group 's first number-one single , `` Jumpin ' Jumpin ' '' and `` Say My Name '' , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs .	"Say My Name"	For which song , did Destiny 's Child take home the grammy award for best R&B performance ?
During this time , Beyoncé recorded a duet with Marc Nelson , an original member of Boyz II Men , on the song `` After All Is Said and Done '' for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , The Best Man .	Marc Nelson	Who did Beyonce record with for the movie `` The Best Man ? ''
The group changed their name to Destiny 's Child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah .	1996	Beyonce 's group changed their name to Destiny 's Child in what year ?
The group changed their name to Destiny 's Child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah .	Book of Isaiah	The name Destiny 's Child was based on a quote in which book of the Bible ?
In 1997 , Destiny 's Child released their major label debut song `` Killing Time '' on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , Men in Black .	Men in Black	Debut song , `` Killing Time '' was featured on what movie 's sound track ?
The record features some of the group 's most widely known songs such as `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' , the group 's first number-one single , `` Jumpin ' Jumpin ' '' and `` Say My Name '' , which became their most successful song at the time , and would remain one of their signature songs .	Say My Name	What song won Best R&B Performance in the 43 Annual Grammy Awards ?
During this time , Beyoncé recorded a duet with Marc Nelson , an original member of Boyz II Men , on the song `` After All Is Said and Done '' for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , The Best Man .	Marc Nelson	What singer did Beyonce record a song with for the movie , '' The Best Man '' ?
The group changed their name to Destiny 's Child in 1996 , based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah .	Book of Isaiah.	Where did Destiny 's Child get their name from ?
In 1997 , Destiny 's Child released their major label debut song `` Killing Time '' on the soundtrack to the 1997 film , Men in Black .	Men in Black.	Destiny 's Child song , Killing Time , was included in which film 's soundtrack ?
The following year , the group released their self-titled debut album , scoring their first major hit `` No , No , No '' .	No, No, No	What was Destiny 's Child 's first major song hit ?
The group released their multi-platinum second album The Writing 's on the Wall in 1999 .	1999	When did Destiny 's Child release their second album ?
During this time , Beyoncé recorded a duet with Marc Nelson , an original member of Boyz II Men , on the song `` After All Is Said and Done '' for the soundtrack to the 1999 film , The Best Man .	Marc Nelson	Who did Beyoncé sing a duet with for `` The Best Man '' film ?
Beyoncé experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause .	depression	What mental health issue did Beyonce go through ?
Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time .	boyfriend left her	What event occured after she was publicly criticized ?
Beyoncé would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it .	her mother	Who supported Beyonce through her depression ?
The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years , during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything .	a couple of years	How long was Beyonce depressed ?
Beyoncé would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it .	her mother	Who helped Beyonce fight her depression the most ?
LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew 's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams .	Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.	Who replaced Luckett and Roberson in Destiny 's Child ?
Beyoncé experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media , critics , and blogs for its cause .	Beyoncé	Who was blamed for Luckett and Roberson leaving Destiny 's Child ?
Beyoncé would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it .	her mother	Who helped Beyoncé overcome her depression during the years following the Destiny 's Child split ?
LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew 's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams .	Farrah Franklin	Which newest member was removed from Destiny 's Child ?
The remaining band members recorded `` Independent Women Part I '' , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , Charlie 's Angels .	Independent Women Part I	`` Charlie 's Angels '' featured which single from the band members ?
It became their best-charting single , topping the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks .	eleven	How many weeks did their single `` Independent Women Part I '' stay on top ?
In early 2001 , while Destiny 's Child was completing their third album , Beyoncé landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film , Carmen : A Hip Hopera , starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer .	MTV	For what network , did Beyonce land a major movie role in ?
The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold .	663,000 copies	Their third album , Survivor , sold how many during its first week ?
Set in Philadelphia , the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera Carmen by French composer Georges Bizet .	Georges Bizet	What French composer wrote the original opera '' Carmen '' in the 19th century ?
When the third album Survivor was released in May 2001 , Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them .	Survivor	What album caused a lawsuit to be filed in 2001 ?
The remaining band members recorded `` Independent Women Part I '' , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film , Charlie 's Angels .	Charlie's Angels.	Independent Women Part I was on which 2000 film 's soundtrack ?
In early 2001 , while Destiny 's Child was completing their third album , Beyoncé landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film , Carmen : A Hip Hopera , starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer .	Carmen: A Hip Hopera	Which film did Beyoncé star in 2001 with Mekhi Phifer ?
When the third album Survivor was released in May 2001 , Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them .	Survivor	What was the name of Destiny Child 's third album ?
When the third album Survivor was released in May 2001 , Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them .	Luckett and Roberson	Who filed a lawsuit over Survivor ?
After releasing their holiday album 8 Days of Christmas in October 2001 , the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers .	October 2001	When did Destiny 's Child announce their hiatus ?
In July 2002 , Beyoncé continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film , Austin Powers in Goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $ 73 million .	Mike Myers	Who did Beyonce star with in the movie , `` Austin Powers in Goldmember '' ?
Beyoncé released `` Work It Out '' as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK , Norway , and Belgium .	UK, Norway, and Belgium	Which three countries did Beyonce 's song `` Work It Out '' achieve top ten status ?
In 2003 , Beyoncé starred opposite Cuba Gooding , Jr. , in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly , a single mother whom Gooding 's character falls in love with .	The Fighting Temptations	Beyonce starred with Cuba Gooding Jr. in which film ?
The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the U.S. Beyoncé released `` Fighting Temptation '' as the lead single from the film 's soundtrack album , with Missy Elliott , MC Lyte , and Free which was also used to promote the film .	Missy Elliott	Who did Beyonce record the lead single with in the movie `` The Fighting Temptations '' ?
Another of Beyoncé 's contributions to the soundtrack , `` Summertime '' , fared better on the US charts .	Summertime	Which other song from the soundtrack did better in the charts ?
In July 2002 , Beyoncé continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film , Austin Powers in Goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $ 73 million .	Austin Powers in Goldmember	What film did Beyonce appear in with Mike Myers ?
In July 2002 , Beyoncé continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film , Austin Powers in Goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $ 73 million .	73 million	What large amount did the movie `` Goldmember '' gross ?
In 2003 , Beyoncé starred opposite Cuba Gooding , Jr. , in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly , a single mother whom Gooding 's character falls in love with .	musical comedy	What genre of movie did Beyonce star in with Cuba Gooding , Jr ?
In 2003 , Beyoncé starred opposite Cuba Gooding , Jr. , in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly , a single mother whom Gooding 's character falls in love with .	Fighting Temptations	What song was the lead single from the film 's sound track ?
The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $ 30 million in the U.S. Beyoncé released `` Fighting Temptation '' as the lead single from the film 's soundtrack album , with Missy Elliott , MC Lyte , and Free which was also used to promote the film .	mixed reviews	How did the critics view the movie , '' The Fighting Temptations '' ?
In July 2002 , Beyoncé continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film , Austin Powers in Goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $ 73 million .	Austin Powers in Goldmember	What film did Beyoncé star in with Mike Myers in 2002 ?
In July 2002 , Beyoncé continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film , Austin Powers in Goldmember , which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $ 73 million .	Foxxy Cleopatra	What was Beyoncé 's character called in Austin Powers in Goldmember ?
Beyoncé released `` Work It Out '' as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK , Norway , and Belgium .	Work It Out	Which song did Beyoncé release as the lead single for Austin Powers in Goldmember 's soundtrack ?
In 2003 , Beyoncé starred opposite Cuba Gooding , Jr. , in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly , a single mother whom Gooding 's character falls in love with .	The Fighting Temptations	What musical comedy did Beyoncé star in along with Cuba Gooding , Jr. in 2003 ?
In 2003 , Beyoncé starred opposite Cuba Gooding , Jr. , in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly , a single mother whom Gooding 's character falls in love with .	Fighting Temptations	What song did Beyoncé release as the lead single from The Fighting Tempations ?
Beyoncé 's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z 's '' '03 Bonnie & Clyde '' that was released in October 2002 , peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart .	number four	What was the highest Beyonce 's first solo recording achieved in the Billboard Hot 100 ?
Her first solo album Dangerously in Love was released on June 24 , 2003 , after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts .	Dangerously in Love	Beyonce 's first album by herself was called what ?
The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week , debuted atop the Billboard 200 , and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide .	11 million	How many has `` Dangerously in Love '' sould worldwide since its debut ?
The album 's lead single , `` Crazy in Love '' , featuring Jay Z , became Beyoncé 's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US .	Crazy in Love	Beyonce 's first number one song was which song ?
Beyoncé 's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z 's '' '03 Bonnie & Clyde '' that was released in October 2002 , peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart .	four	How many top five singles came from her first album ?
Beyoncé 's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z 's '' '03 Bonnie & Clyde '' that was released in October 2002 , peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart .	Jay Z	Beyonce 's first solo album in the U.S. with what artist in the lead single ?
Her first solo album Dangerously in Love was released on June 24 , 2003 , after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts .	Dangerously in Love	What solo album did Beyonce release in 2003 ?
Beyoncé 's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z 's '' '03 Bonnie & Clyde '' that was released in October 2002 , peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart .	number four	The album , Dangerously in Love achieved what spot on the Billboard Top 100 chart ?
The album earned Beyoncé a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards ; Best Contemporary R&B Album , Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' , Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for `` Crazy in Love '' , and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for `` The Closer I Get to You '' with Luther Vandross .	Luther Vandross	`` The Closer I get to You '' was recorded with which artist ?
Beyoncé 's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z 's '' '03 Bonnie & Clyde '' that was released in October 2002 , peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart .	Jay Z	Which artist was associated with Beyoncé 's premiere solo recording ?
Her first solo album Dangerously in Love was released on June 24 , 2003 , after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts .	June 24, 2003	When did Beyoncé release her first solo album ?
The album 's lead single , `` Crazy in Love '' , featuring Jay Z , became Beyoncé 's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US .	Crazy in Love	What is the lead single on Beyoncé 's first album ?
The album earned Beyoncé a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards ; Best Contemporary R&B Album , Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' , Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for `` Crazy in Love '' , and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for `` The Closer I Get to You '' with Luther Vandross .	Luther Vandross.	Who helped Beyoncé earn a Grammy award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group at the 46th annual Grammy Awards ?
However , this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording Destiny Fulfilled , the final studio album by Destiny 's Child .	Destiny Fulfilled	Destiny 's Child 's final album was named what ?
The group released their first compilation album Number 1 's on October 25 , 2005 , in the US and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006 .	2006	Destiny 's Child got a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year ?
In November 2003 , she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America .	November 2003	In what year did Beyonce embark on her Dangerously in Love tour of Europe ?
Released on November 15 , 2004 , in the US and peaking at number two on the Billboard 200 , Destiny Fulfilled included the singles `` Lose My Breath '' and `` Soldier '' , which reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	Destiny Fulfilled	What was the name of the final album of Destiny 's Child ?
Destiny 's Child embarked on a worldwide concert tour , Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It and during the last stop of their European tour , in Barcelona on June 11 , 2005 , Rowland announced that Destiny 's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour .	Barcelona	It was announced that Destiny 's Child would disban in what European city ?
The group released their first compilation album Number 1 's on October 25 , 2005 , in the US and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006 .	March 2006	When did Destiny 's Child get their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ?
In November 2003 , she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America .	Dangerously in Love Tour	What was the name of Beyoncé 's European start that started in November 2003 ?
In November 2003 , she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America .	Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys	Who did Beyoncé tour with for the Verizon Lades First Tour ?
On February 1 , 2004 , Beyoncé performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII , at the Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas .	Super Bowl XXXVIII	What major event did Beyoncé perform at on February 1 , 2004 ?
It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 , becoming Beyoncé 's second consecutive number-one album in the United States .	541,000	How many albums did Beyonce sell in the first week when she released her second album ?
The album 's lead single `` Déjà Vu '' , featuring Jay Z , reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	Déjà Vu	The lead single from the album was which song ?
The album 's lead single `` Déjà Vu '' , featuring Jay Z , reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	five	How many countries did her song `` Irreplaceable '' get number one status in ?
The album 's lead single `` Déjà Vu '' , featuring Jay Z , reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	five	How many singles did her second album produce ?
Beyoncé 's second solo album B'Day was released on September 5 , 2006 , in the US , to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday .	twenty-fifth birthday	What birthday did Beyonce 's album B'Day celebrate ?
The album 's lead single `` Déjà Vu '' , featuring Jay Z , reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	Jay Z	What artist did Beyonce duet with in the single , `` Deja Vu '' ?
The album 's lead single `` Déjà Vu '' , featuring Jay Z , reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	top five	How high did '' Deja Vu '' climb on the Billboard chart ?
Beyoncé 's second solo album B'Day was released on September 5 , 2006 , in the US , to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday .	B'Day	What is the name of Beyoncé 's second album ?
It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 , becoming Beyoncé 's second consecutive number-one album in the United States .	541,000	How many copies did B'Day sell during the first week of its release ?
The album 's lead single `` Déjà Vu '' , featuring Jay Z , reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	Jay Z	Who collaborated with Beyoncé on the single , Deja Vu ?
B'Day also produced three other singles ; `` Ring the Alarm '' , `` Get Me Bodied '' , and `` Green Light '' -LRB- released in the United Kingdom only -RRB- .	Green Light	Which single from B'Day was only released in the U.K. ?
Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin , grossing $ 158.8 million at the box office worldwide .	The Pink Panther	What movie did Beyonce act in 2006 ?
Her second film Dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally .	Dreamgirls	Her second movie Beyonce did was what film ?
Her second film Dreamgirls , the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes , received acclaim from critics and grossed $ 154 million internationally .	Dreamgirls	The single , `` Listen '' was featured in which movie ?
In April 2007 , Beyoncé embarked on The Beyoncé Experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million .	2007	Beyonce 's first world tour was when ?
In April 2007 , Beyoncé embarked on The Beyoncé Experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million .	24 million	How much money did Beyonce 's tour make in 2007 ?
Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin , grossing $ 158.8 million at the box office worldwide .	158.8 million	How many millions of dollars did '' The Pink Panther '' gross world-wide ?
In April 2007 , Beyoncé embarked on The Beyoncé Experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million .	The Beyoncé Experience	What did Beyonce call her first concert tour ?
At the same time , B'Day was re-released with five additional songs , including her duet with Shakira `` Beautiful Liar '' .	Shakira	Who was Beyonce 's duet with in '' Beautiful Liar '' ?
Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin , grossing $ 158.8 million at the box office worldwide .	The Pink Panther	Which film did Beyoncé star with Steve Martin in ?
In it , she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson , Jamie Foxx , and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross .	Diana Ross.	Beyoncé 's role in Dreamgirls was based on what pop singer ?
To promote the film , Beyoncé released `` Listen '' as the lead single from the soundtrack album .	Listen	What was the lead single for the Dreamgirls soundtrack ?
In April 2007 , Beyoncé embarked on The Beyoncé Experience , her first worldwide concert tour , visiting 97 venues and grossed over $ 24 million .	The Beyoncé Experience	What was the name of Beyoncé 's first international tour ?
At the same time , B'Day was re-released with five additional songs , including her duet with Shakira `` Beautiful Liar '' .	Shakira	What pop singer did a duet with Beyoncé on Beautiful Liar ?
On April 4 , 2008 , Beyoncé married Jay Z .	Jay Z	Beyonce got married in 2008 to whom ?
I Am ... Sasha Fierce was released on November 18 , 2008 in the United States .	November 18, 2008	Her third album , `` I am ... Sasha Fierce '' was released when ?
Achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest-running Hot 100 single in her career , `` Halo '' 's success in the US helped Beyoncé attain more top-ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s .	2000s	For which decade , did Beyonce have more top ten songs than any other woman ?
Its failure to win the Best Female Video category , which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift 's `` You Belong with Me '' , led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyoncé improvising a re-presentation of Swift 's award during her own acceptance speech .	Taylor Swift	Which singer beat out Beyonce for best video performance ?
In March 2009 , Beyoncé embarked on the I Am ... World Tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119.5 million .	119.5 million	In 2009 , Beyonce started her second world tour and grossed how much money ?
She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce , in Manhattan 's Sony Club on October 22 , 2008 .	in a video montage	How did she reveal the marriage ?
In March 2009 , Beyoncé embarked on the I Am ... World Tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119.5 million .	March 2009	When did Beyonce begin her second world tour ?
Its failure to win the Best Female Video category , which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift 's `` You Belong with Me '' , led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyoncé improvising a re-presentation of Swift 's award during her own acceptance speech .	Taylor Swift	Who beat out Beyonce for Best Female Video ?
In March 2009 , Beyoncé embarked on the I Am ... World Tour , her second headlining worldwide concert tour , consisting of 108 shows , grossing $ 119.5 million .	119.5 million	How much did the second world tour make in dollars ?
On April 4 , 2008 , Beyoncé married Jay Z .	April 4, 2008	When did Beyoncé get married ?
On April 4 , 2008 , Beyoncé married Jay Z .	Jay Z.	Who did Beyoncé marry ?
She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce , in Manhattan 's Sony Club on October 22 , 2008 .	Sasha Fierce	Who is Beyoncé 's alter ego ?
The album featured the number-one song `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' and the top-five songs `` If I Were a Boy '' and `` Halo '' .	Single Ladies	The video for what song won Beyoncé the 2009 MTV Video of the Year award ?
Its failure to win the Best Female Video category , which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift 's `` You Belong with Me '' , led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyoncé improvising a re-presentation of Swift 's award during her own acceptance speech .	Kanye West	Which prominent star felt the 2009 Female Video of the Year award should have went to Beyoncé instead of Taylor Swift ?
Beyoncé further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic , Cadillac Records .	Etta James	Beyonce portrayed which character in the film , Cadillac Records ?
Beyoncé donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country .	Phoenix House	Beyonce gave her entire salary from Cadillac Records to which organization ?
On January 20 , 2009 , Beyoncé performed James ' `` At Last '' at the First Couple 's first inaugural ball .	At Last	Which song did Beyonce sing at the first couple 's inaugural ball ?
Beyoncé starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller , Obsessed .	thriller	What genre of film was the movie , Obsessed , in which Beyonce starred in ?
The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight .	MTV Movie Award for Best Fight	A fight scene from the movie , Obsessed , won which award for Beyonce ?
Beyoncé donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country .	Phoenix House	Where did Beyonce donate her salary from the movie Cadillac Records ?
Beyoncé starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller , Obsessed .	Obsessed	What thriller film did Beyonce star in ?
She played Sharon Charles , a mother and wife who learns of a woman 's obsessive behavior over her husband .	Sharon Charles	What was the name of the woman she played in Obsessed ?
Although the film received negative reviews from critics , the movie did well at the US box office , grossing $ 68 million -- $ 60 million more than Cadillac Records -- on a budget of $ 20 million .	60 million	How much more that the buget did the film gross ?
Beyoncé further expanded her acting career , starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic , Cadillac Records .	Etta James	Which singer did Beyoncé portray in Cadillac Records ?
Beyoncé donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House , an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country .	Phoenix House	Which organization received Beyoncé 's entire Cadillac Records salary ?
On January 20 , 2009 , Beyoncé performed James ' `` At Last '' at the First Couple 's first inaugural ball .	the First Couple's first inaugural ball.	Where did Beyoncé perform on January 20 , 2009 ?
Beyoncé starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller , Obsessed .	Obsessed.	Which thriller film did Beyoncé star in with Ali Larter ?
At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards , Beyoncé received ten nominations , including Album of the Year for I Am ... Sasha Fierce , Record of the Year for `` Halo '' , and Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' , among others .	ten	How many awards was Beyonce nominated for at the 52nd Grammy Awards ?
She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist .	Lauryn Hill	Beyonce tied with which artist for most nominations by a female artist ?
In 2010 , Beyoncé was featured on Lady Gaga 's single `` Telephone '' and its music video .	Lady Gaga	In 2010 , Beyonce worked with which other famous singer ?
The song topped the US Pop Songs chart , becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyoncé and Gaga , tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 .	Mariah Carey	Beyonce tied who for most number one singles by a female ?
At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards , Beyoncé received ten nominations , including Album of the Year for I Am ... Sasha Fierce , Record of the Year for `` Halo '' , and Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' , among others .	ten nominations	Beyonce received how many nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards ?
In 2010 , Beyoncé was featured on Lady Gaga 's single `` Telephone '' and its music video .	Telephone	What song was the sixth first place song for Beyonce ?
In 2010 , Beyoncé was featured on Lady Gaga 's single `` Telephone '' and its music video .	Lady Gaga	Who else appeared with Beyonce in Telephone ?
The song topped the US Pop Songs chart , becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyoncé and Gaga , tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 .	Mariah Carey	Who did they tie with for six top songs ?
She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist .	Lauryn Hill	Who did Beyonce tie with for the most nominations in a year ?
At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards , Beyoncé received ten nominations , including Album of the Year for I Am ... Sasha Fierce , Record of the Year for `` Halo '' , and Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' , among others .	ten	How many nominations did Beyoncé receive at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony ?
She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist .	Lauryn Hill	Who did Beyoncé tie with for the most Grammy nominations for female artists ?
In 2010 , Beyoncé was featured on Lady Gaga 's single `` Telephone '' and its music video .	Lady Gaga	Beyoncé was a featured artist on which singer 's hit , Telephone ?
The song topped the US Pop Songs chart , becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyoncé and Gaga , tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 .	Mariah Carey	Who did Beyoncé and Lady Gaga tie with for the most number one hits since 1992 ?
Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010 , heeding her mother 's advice , `` to live life , to be inspired by things again '' .	2010	Beyonce would take a break from music in which year ?
Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010 , heeding her mother 's advice , `` to live life , to be inspired by things again '' .	2010	Which year did Beyonce and her father part business ways ?
Beyoncé 's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities , the Great Wall of China , the Egyptian pyramids , Australia , English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances .	the Great Wall of China	Which famous landmark did Beyonce see in China ?
Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010 , heeding her mother 's advice , `` to live life , to be inspired by things again '' .	2010	In what year did Beyonce have her hiatus ?
Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010 , heeding her mother 's advice , `` to live life , to be inspired by things again '' .	her mother	Who inspired this hiatus ?
During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners .	During the break	When did she stop using her father as a manager ?
Beyoncé 's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities , the Great Wall of China , the Egyptian pyramids , Australia , English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances .	nine months	How long did the hiatus last ?
Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010 , heeding her mother 's advice , `` to live life , to be inspired by things again '' .	a hiatus	What did Beyoncé announce in January 2010 ?
Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010 , heeding her mother 's advice , `` to live life , to be inspired by things again '' .	her mother	Who suggested the hiatus for Beyoncé ?
During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners .	her father	Who did Beyoncé part ways with during her hiatus ?
Beyoncé 's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities , the Great Wall of China , the Egyptian pyramids , Australia , English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances .	nine months	How long did her hiatus last ?
In 2011 , documents obtained by WikiLeaks revealed that Beyoncé was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi .	2011	In which year was reports about Beyonce performing for Muammar Gaddafi surface ?
Rolling Stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for Beyoncé later confirmed to The Huffington Post that she donated the money to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund .	Clinton Bush Haiti Fund	Who did Beyonce donate the money to earned from her shows ?
Later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest-paid performer in the world per minute .	the 2011 Glastonbury Festival	Beyonce became the first female artist to perform solo in 20 years at which stage ?
Rolling Stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for Beyoncé later confirmed to The Huffington Post that she donated the money to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund .	The Huffington Post	Which organization did Beyonce 's spokespeople confirm her donations to ?
Later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest-paid performer in the world per minute .	minute	Beyonce was listed in 2011 as the highest paid performer per what ?
In 2011 , documents obtained by WikiLeaks revealed that Beyoncé was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi .	documents obtained by WikiLeaks	Hoe did everyone learn that Beyonce performed for Kaddafi ?
In 2011 , documents obtained by WikiLeaks revealed that Beyoncé was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi .	2011	When did this leak happen ?
Rolling Stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for Beyoncé later confirmed to The Huffington Post that she donated the money to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund .	The Huffington Post	Who did she tell about the donation ?
Later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest-paid performer in the world per minute .	Glastonbury Festival	Where did Beyonce perform in 2011 ?
In 2011 , documents obtained by WikiLeaks revealed that Beyoncé was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi .	Muammar Gaddafi.	Who did Beyoncé perform privately for in 2011 ?
In 2011 , documents obtained by WikiLeaks revealed that Beyoncé was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi .	WikiLeaks	Who released the information about Beyoncé 's performance for the Libyan ruler ?
Rolling Stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts ; a spokesperson for Beyoncé later confirmed to The Huffington Post that she donated the money to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund .	Clinton Bush Haiti Fund.	Which organization did Beyoncé donate her pay for the private performance to ?
Later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years , and was named the highest-paid performer in the world per minute .	Pyramid stage	Beyoncé was the first female singer to headline what at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival ?
Her fourth studio album 4 was released on June 28 , 2011 in the US .	2011	Beyonce 's fourth album debuted in what year ?
The fourth single `` Love on Top '' was a commercial success in the US .	Love on Top	Which single had the most success from that album ?
`` Eat , Play , Love '' , a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists .	writing	Beyonce won an award for which activity in 2011 ?
In late 2011 , she took the stage at New York 's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only .	New York's Roseland Ballroom	in 2011 , Beyonce performed for four nights where ?
Her fourth studio album 4 was released on June 28 , 2011 in the US .	June 28, 2011	When was Beyonce 's forth album released ?
4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart , giving Beyoncé her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US .	310,000 copies	How many copies did the album sell in its first week ?
`` Eat , Play , Love '' , a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists .	New York Association of Black Journalists	Who awarded Beyonce and award for writing ?
Her fourth studio album 4 was released on June 28 , 2011 in the US .	2011	When did she perform at the Roseland ballroom ?
Her fourth studio album 4 was released on June 28 , 2011 in the US .	4	What is the name of Beyoncé 's fourth studio album ?
Her fourth studio album 4 was released on June 28 , 2011 in the US .	June 28, 2011	When was 4 released ?
4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart , giving Beyoncé her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US .	310,000	How many copies of 4 sold in the first week ?
`` Eat , Play , Love '' , a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break , won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists .	Essence	What magazine did Beyoncé write a story for about her earlier hiatus ?
In late 2011 , she took the stage at New York 's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances : the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only .	New York's Roseland Ballroom	Where did Beyoncé perform for four nights of standing room only concerts in 2011 ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to her first child , a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York .	January 7, 2012	When did Beyonce have her first child ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to her first child , a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York .	Lenox Hill Hospital	Where did Beyonce give birth to her first child ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to her first child , a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York .	Blue Ivy Carter	Beyonce 's first child is named what ?
Five months later , she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City 's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort 's opening , her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy .	Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall	Her first appearance performing since giving birth was where ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to her first child , a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York .	Blue Ivy Carter	What was the child 's name ?
Five months later , she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City 's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort 's opening , her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy .	Five months	How long was it after the birth of her child before she performed again ?
Five months later , she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City 's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort 's opening , her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy .	four nights	How many nights did she perform at Atlantic City ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to her first child , a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York .	January 7, 2012	When did Beyoncé give birth to a daughter ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to her first child , a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York .	Blue Ivy Carter	What did Beyoncé name her daughter ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to her first child , a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York .	Lenox Hill Hospital in New York.	Where was Blue Ivy born ?
Five months later , she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City 's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort 's opening , her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy .	Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall	Where was Beyoncé 's first public performance after giving birth ?
Five months later , she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City 's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort 's opening , her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy .	four	How many nights did Beyoncé play at the resort ?
Her feature-length documentary film , Life Is But a Dream , first aired on HBO on February 16 , 2013 .	Life Is But a Dream	Beyonce 's documentary movie was called what ?
In February 2013 , Beyoncé signed a global publishing agreement with Warner/Chappell Music , which would cover her future songwriting and then-upcoming studio album .	global publishing agreement	What did Beyonce sign in 2013 ?
In January 2013 , Destiny 's Child released Love Songs , a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , `` Nuclear '' .	January 2013	When did Destiny 's Child release its album `` Love Songs '' ?
In January 2013 , Destiny 's Child released Love Songs , a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , `` Nuclear '' .	Nuclear	What was the title of the added track in Love Songs ?
Beyoncé performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama 's second inauguration in Washington , D.C. .	President Obama	At whose inauguration did she perform the National Anthem ?
The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute .	268,000 tweets per minute	How many Tweets per minute did the half time show get ?
In January 2013 , Destiny 's Child released Love Songs , a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , `` Nuclear '' .	January 2013	When did Destiny 's Child release Love Songs ?
In January 2013 , Destiny 's Child released Love Songs , a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track , `` Nuclear '' .	Nuclear	What was the new track for Love Songs ?
Beyoncé performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama 's second inauguration in Washington , D.C. .	the American national anthem	What did Beyoncé sing at President Obama 's second inauguration ?
The following month , Beyoncé performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show , held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans .	Super Bowl XLVII halftime show	What event did Beyoncé perform at one month after Obama 's inauguration ?
Her feature-length documentary film , Life Is But a Dream , first aired on HBO on February 16 , 2013 .	Life Is But a Dream	What is the name of Beyoncé 's documentary film ?
Beyoncé embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade , Serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014 .	132	How many dates did Beyonce 's `` The Mrs. Carter Show '' entail ?
Beyoncé embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade , Serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014 .	The Mrs. Carter Show	One of Beyonce 's most successful tours yet was which one ?
Beyoncé voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film , Epic , released by 20th Century Fox on May 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , `` Rise Up '' , co-written with Sia .	Rise Up	Beyonce wrote which song for the movie `` Epic '' ?
Beyoncé voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film , Epic , released by 20th Century Fox on May 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , `` Rise Up '' , co-written with Sia .	Epic	Beyonce voiced a character in which animated film ?
Beyoncé embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade , Serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014 .	April 15	When did the tour begin ?
She was also honorary chair of the 2013 Met Gala .	2013 Met Gala	Of what event was Beyonce honorary chair ?
Beyoncé voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film , Epic , released by 20th Century Fox on May 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , `` Rise Up '' , co-written with Sia .	Queen Tara	What part did she voice for the movie Epic ?
Beyoncé voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film , Epic , released by 20th Century Fox on May 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , `` Rise Up '' , co-written with Sia .	Rise Up	What song did Beyonce record for the film Epic ?
Beyoncé embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade , Serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014 .	The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour	What was the name of Beyoncé 's tour that she started on April 15 ?
Beyoncé embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade , Serbia ; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014 .	132	How many dates did the Mrs. Carter Show World Tour have ?
In May , Beyoncé 's cover of Amy Winehouse 's `` Back to Black '' with André 3000 on The Great Gatsby soundtrack was released .	Back to Black	Which Amy Winehouse song did Beyoncé cover and release in May 2014 ?
She was also honorary chair of the 2013 Met Gala .	Met Gala.	Beyoncé was an honorary chair of the 2013 what ?
Beyoncé voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film , Epic , released by 20th Century Fox on May 24 , and recorded an original song for the film , `` Rise Up '' , co-written with Sia .	Queen Tara	Which character in the film , Epic , was voiced by Beyoncé ?
On December 13 , 2013 , Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion .	the iTunes Store	Where did Beyonce release her 5th album to a huge surprise ?
On December 13 , 2013 , Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion .	December 13, 2013	When did Beyonce get her fifth consecutive number one hit album ?
On December 13 , 2013 , Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion .	the iTunes Store	Where was the album released ?
The single `` Drunk in Love '' , featuring Jay Z , peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	Jay Z	Who joined Beyonce on her On The Run Tour ?
In November , Forbes reported that Beyoncé was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row -- earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 .	Forbes	Who reported Beyonce to e the top earning woman in music ?
In November , Forbes reported that Beyoncé was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row -- earning $ 115 million in the year , more than double her earnings in 2013 .	more than double her earnings	How much more were her earnings that the year before ?
On December 13 , 2013 , Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion .	December 13, 2013	When did Beyoncé release her fifth studio album ?
Beyoncé received critical acclaim and commercial success , selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days ; The New York Times noted the album 's unconventional , unexpected release as significant .	one million	How many digital copies of her fifth album did Beyoncé sell in six days ?
The single `` Drunk in Love '' , featuring Jay Z , peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	Drunk in Love	What song on Beyoncé 's fifth studio album featured her husband ?
In April 2014 , after much speculation in the weeks before , Beyoncé and Jay Z officially announced their On the Run Tour .	On the Run Tour.	What was the name of the tour featuring both Beyoncé and Jay Z ?
At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015 , Beyoncé was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for `` Drunk in Love '' , and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyoncé .	three	How many awards did Beyonce take home with her at the 57th Grammy Awards ?
She was nominated for Album of the Year but the award was won by Beck for his Morning Phase album .	Beck	Which artist beat Beyonce out for Album of the year ?
In August , the cover of the September issue of Vogue magazine was unveiled online , Beyoncé as the cover star , becoming the first African-American artist and third African-American woman in general to cover the September issue .	Vogue	Which magazine did Beyonce pose on the cover for in August of 2015 ?
Beyoncé made an uncredited featured appearance on the track `` Hymn for the Weekend '' by British rock band Coldplay , on their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , which saw release in December .	Coldplay	Beyonce would perform with who at Superbowl 50 ?
At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015 , Beyoncé was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for `` Drunk in Love '' , and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyoncé .	three	Beyonce took home how many awards at the 57th Grammy Awards ?
She was nominated for Album of the Year but the award was won by Beck for his Morning Phase album .	Beck	Beyonce lost to which artist for Album of the year ?
Beyoncé made an uncredited featured appearance on the track `` Hymn for the Weekend '' by British rock band Coldplay , on their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , which saw release in December .	Coldplay	Who did Beyonce perform next to during Superbowl 50 ?
At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015 , Beyoncé was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for `` Drunk in Love '' , and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyoncé .	six awards	If Beyonce won three Grammies in 2015 , how many was she nominated for ?
In August , the cover of the September issue of Vogue magazine was unveiled online , Beyoncé as the cover star , becoming the first African-American artist and third African-American woman in general to cover the September issue .	Vogue	On what magazine was she the cover model ?
Beyoncé made an uncredited featured appearance on the track `` Hymn for the Weekend '' by British rock band Coldplay , on their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , which saw release in December .	Coldplay	Who would she perform with at Superbowl 50 ?
Beyoncé made an uncredited featured appearance on the track `` Hymn for the Weekend '' by British rock band Coldplay , on their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , which saw release in December .	Coldplay	With what British band did Beyonce perform on their album ?
At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015 , Beyoncé was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for `` Drunk in Love '' , and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyoncé .	six	How many awards was Beyoncé nominated for at the 57th annual Grammys ?
At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015 , Beyoncé was nominated for six awards , ultimately winning three : Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for `` Drunk in Love '' , and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyoncé .	three	How many awards did Beyoncé win at the 57th Annual Grammys ?
She was nominated for Album of the Year but the award was won by Beck for his Morning Phase album .	Beck	Beyoncé lost the Album of the Year award to which entertainer ?
In August , the cover of the September issue of Vogue magazine was unveiled online , Beyoncé as the cover star , becoming the first African-American artist and third African-American woman in general to cover the September issue .	Vogue	Which magazine did Beyoncé pose for the cover , making her the first black female artist to do so ?
Beyoncé made an uncredited featured appearance on the track `` Hymn for the Weekend '' by British rock band Coldplay , on their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , which saw release in December .	Coldplay	Who did Beyonce perform with at Super Bowl 50 ?
On February 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the Super Bowl , Beyoncé released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called `` Formation '' .	Tidal	Beyonce released the song `` Formation '' on which online music service ?
On February 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the Super Bowl , Beyoncé released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called `` Formation '' .	Formation	Beyonce 's new single released before the super bowl was called what ?
On February 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the Super Bowl , Beyoncé released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called `` Formation '' .	February 6, 2016	What day did Beyonce release her single , Formation ?
On February 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the Super Bowl , Beyoncé released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called `` Formation '' .	exclusively	How was the single released ?
On February 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the Super Bowl , Beyoncé released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called `` Formation '' .	Tidal	What was the name of the streaming service ?
On February 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the Super Bowl , Beyoncé released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called `` Formation '' .	music streaming	What kind of platform was the song released ?
On February 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the Super Bowl , Beyoncé released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called `` Formation '' .	February 6, 2016	When did Beyoncé release Formation ?
On February 6 , 2016 , one day before her performance at the Super Bowl , Beyoncé released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called `` Formation '' .	Tidal	Where did Beyoncé exclusively release her single , Formation ?
As of April 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together .	300 million	As of April 2014 , how many albums have Jay Z and Beyonce sold together ?
In April 2011 , Beyoncé and Jay Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris .	Paris	Where did Beyonce become pregnant ?
Beyoncé suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as `` the saddest thing '' she had ever endured .	miscarriage	Beyonce described what as the `` hardest thing she had to endure '' ?
Beyoncé is believed to have first started a relationship with Jay Z after a collaboration on '' '03 Bonnie & Clyde '' , which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse -LRB- 2002 -RRB- .	Jay Z	Who did Beyonce have a relationship with ?
On April 4 , 2008 , Beyoncé and Jay Z were married without publicity .	April 4, 2008	When were Beyonce and Jay Z married ?
As of April 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together .	300 million	Together how records have they sold ?
She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss .	wrote music	How did Beyonce deal with the miscarriage of her child ?
In April 2011 , Beyoncé and Jay Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris .	Paris	Where was Beyonce when she became pregnant ?
Beyoncé is believed to have first started a relationship with Jay Z after a collaboration on '' '03 Bonnie & Clyde '' , which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse -LRB- 2002 -RRB- .	'03 Bonnie & Clyde	In which music video did Beyoncé star as Jay Z 's girlfriend , creating speculation about their relationship ?
On April 4 , 2008 , Beyoncé and Jay Z were married without publicity .	April 4, 2008	When were Beyoncé and Jay Z married ?
As of April 2014 , the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together .	300 million	How many records combined have Beyoncé and Jay Z sold ?
Beyoncé suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011 , describing it as `` the saddest thing '' she had ever endured .	miscarriage	What did Beyoncé describe as the saddest thing in her life ?
In April 2011 , Beyoncé and Jay Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4 , and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris .	Paris.	Where did Beyoncé get pregnant ?
In August , the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , at which Beyoncé performed `` Love on Top '' and started the performance saying `` Tonight I want you to stand up on your feet , I want you to feel the love that 's growing inside of me '' .	MTV Video Music Awards	Jay Z and Beyonce attended which event together in August of 2011 ?
At the end of the performance , she dropped her microphone , unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach , confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening .	her pregnancy	Beyonce confirmed what after performing one of her songs ?
Her appearance helped that year 's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history , pulling in 12.4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for `` most tweets per second recorded for a single event '' on Twitter , receiving 8,868 tweets per second and `` Beyonce pregnant '' was the most Googled term the week of August 29 , 2011 .	12.4 million	How many people watched the 2011 MTV Music Awards ?
In August , the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , at which Beyoncé performed `` Love on Top '' and started the performance saying `` Tonight I want you to stand up on your feet , I want you to feel the love that 's growing inside of me '' .	2011 MTV Video Music Awards	Where did she announce her pregnancy ?
Her appearance helped that year 's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history , pulling in 12.4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for `` most tweets per second recorded for a single event '' on Twitter , receiving 8,868 tweets per second and `` Beyonce pregnant '' was the most Googled term the week of August 29 , 2011 .	Her appearance	Why was the broadcast the most-watched in history ?
Her appearance helped that year 's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history , pulling in 12.4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for `` most tweets per second recorded for a single event '' on Twitter , receiving 8,868 tweets per second and `` Beyonce pregnant '' was the most Googled term the week of August 29 , 2011 .	most tweets per second	What even was recorded in the Guinness World Records ?
Her appearance helped that year 's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history , pulling in 12.4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for `` most tweets per second recorded for a single event '' on Twitter , receiving 8,868 tweets per second and `` Beyonce pregnant '' was the most Googled term the week of August 29 , 2011 .	Beyonce pregnant	What was the most searched term in week of Aug 29 , 2011 ?
In August , the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , at which Beyoncé performed `` Love on Top '' and started the performance saying `` Tonight I want you to stand up on your feet , I want you to feel the love that 's growing inside of me '' .	Love on Top	What song did she perform at the MTV Awards ?
In August , the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , at which Beyoncé performed `` Love on Top '' and started the performance saying `` Tonight I want you to stand up on your feet , I want you to feel the love that 's growing inside of me '' .	2011 MTV Video Music Awards	Where did Beyoncé announce her pregnancy ?
In August , the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , at which Beyoncé performed `` Love on Top '' and started the performance saying `` Tonight I want you to stand up on your feet , I want you to feel the love that 's growing inside of me '' .	Love on Top	What song did Beyoncé sing prior to announcing her pregnancy ?
Her appearance helped that year 's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history , pulling in 12.4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for `` most tweets per second recorded for a single event '' on Twitter , receiving 8,868 tweets per second and `` Beyonce pregnant '' was the most Googled term the week of August 29 , 2011 .	12.4 million	How many people watched the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards ?
Her appearance helped that year 's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history , pulling in 12.4 million viewers ; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for `` most tweets per second recorded for a single event '' on Twitter , receiving 8,868 tweets per second and `` Beyonce pregnant '' was the most Googled term the week of August 29 , 2011 .	Beyonce pregnant	What was the most searched term on Google for the week of August 29 , 2011 ?
Two days later , Jay Z released `` Glory '' , a song dedicated to their child , on his website Lifeandtimes.com .	Lifeandtimes.com	Jay Z has a website called what ?
Two days later , Jay Z released `` Glory '' , a song dedicated to their child , on his website Lifeandtimes.com .	Glory	Which song by Jay Z talked about the pregnancy struggles ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York under heavy security .	Blue Ivy Carter	What was the name of Beyonce 's daughter ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York under heavy security .	Lenox Hill Hospital	At what hospital was the baby delivered ?
Two days later , Jay Z released `` Glory '' , a song dedicated to their child , on his website Lifeandtimes.com .	Glory	What was the named of the song dedicated to the child ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York under heavy security .	Blue Ivy Carter	What does B.I.C. stand for ?
Blue Ivy 's cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as `` B.I.C. '' on it .	B.I.C.	Who was credited for her cries on the song ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York under heavy security .	January 7, 2012	When did Beyoncé give birth to her daughter ?
On January 7 , 2012 , Beyoncé gave birth to a daughter , Blue Ivy Carter , at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York under heavy security .	Blue Ivy Carter	What did Beyoncé and Jay Z name their daughter ?
Two days later , Jay Z released `` Glory '' , a song dedicated to their child , on his website Lifeandtimes.com .	Glory	What song did Jay Z release two days after Blue Ivy was born ?
Blue Ivy 's cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as `` B.I.C. '' on it .	Blue Ivy's cries	What is included at the end of Glory ?
Blue Ivy 's cries are included at the end of the song , and she was officially credited as `` B.I.C. '' on it .	B.I.C.	How was Blue Ivy credited on Glory ?
In July 2013 , Beyoncé and Jay-Z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the shooting of Trayvon Martin .	George Zimmerman	Beyonce and Jay-Z went to a rally for the acquittal of whom ?
She performed `` America the Beautiful '' at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as `` At Last '' during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later .	America the Beautiful	Beyonce sang which song during the 2009 presidential inauguration ?
Beyoncé and Jay Z held a fundraiser at the latter 's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for Obama 's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $ 4 million .	4 million	How much did Beyonce raise for Obama at the 40/40 Club ?
She publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26 , 2013 , after the Supreme Court debate on California 's Proposition 8 .	same sex marriage	What did she endorse on March 26 , 2013 ?
In July 2013 , Beyoncé and Jay-Z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the shooting of Trayvon Martin .	a rally	What did they attend in July 2013 ?
She performed `` America the Beautiful '' at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as `` At Last '' during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later .	America the Beautiful	What did she sing at the 2009 Presidential Inauguration ?
She performed `` America the Beautiful '' at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as `` At Last '' during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later .	America the Beautiful	What song did Beyoncé perform at the 2009 inauguration of Obama ?
She performed `` America the Beautiful '' at the 2009 presidential inauguration , as well as `` At Last '' during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later .	At Last	What song did Beyoncé perform at the first inaugural dance for the Obamas .
Beyoncé uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on Tumblr , confirming she had voted in support for the Democratic Party and to encourage others to do so .	Tumblr	What social media platform did Beyoncé upload a picture of her paper ballot on ?
She publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26 , 2013 , after the Supreme Court debate on California 's Proposition 8 .	same sex marriage	When did Beyoncé endorse on March 26 , 2013 ?
In an interview published by Vogue in April 2013 , Beyoncé was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , `` that word can be very extreme ... But I guess I am a modern-day feminist .	Vogue	Beyonce did an interview with which magazine and was asked about feminism ?
She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls .	Ban Bossy campaign	Beyonce supported which campaign that encourages leadership in girls ?
In an interview published by Vogue in April 2013 , Beyoncé was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , `` that word can be very extreme ... But I guess I am a modern-day feminist .	Vogue	Where was Beyonce quoted as saying that she is a modern-day feminist ?
In an interview published by Vogue in April 2013 , Beyoncé was asked if she considers herself a feminist , to which she said , `` that word can be very extreme ... But I guess I am a modern-day feminist .	April 2013	When did she say the she is a feminist ?
She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls .	Ban Bossy	What campaign did she contribute to ?
She would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling `` We should all be feminists '' , a speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDxEuston conference in April 2013 , in her song `` Flawless '' , released later that year .	Flawless	What song did she release in 2013 in response to a speech ?
She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls .	leadership in girls	What does Ban Bossy encourage ?
She would later align herself more publicly with the movement , sampling `` We should all be feminists '' , a speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDxEuston conference in April 2013 , in her song `` Flawless '' , released later that year .	Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie	Beyoncé used words from which Nigerian author in her song , Flawless ?
She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign , which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls .	Ban Bossy	Which campaign does Beyoncé contribute to that encourages leadership in females ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	the ONE Campaign	Beyonce signed a letter with who in 2015 ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	September 2015	An important UN summit took place when ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	women	The letter Beyonce signed focused on what issue ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	priorities	What had to be set in developing funding ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	2015	When did Beyonce sign a letter for ONE Campaign ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma	To whom was the letter addressed ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	head of the G7 in Germany	Who are these women ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	September 2015	When will they meet ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	the ONE Campaign	Who did Beyoncé sign a letter for in 2015 ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma	Who was the letter addressed to ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	the head of the G7 in Germany	What was Angela Merkel serving as in relation to the letter ?
In 2015 Beyoncé signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .	women	What did the letter want the two recipients to focus on ?
Following the death of Freddie Gray , Beyoncé and Jay-Z , among other notable figures , met with his family .	Freddie Gray	Beyonce along with Jay Z met with whom 's family after their death ?
After the imprisonment of protesters of Gray 's death , Beyoncé and Jay-Z donated thousands of dollars to bail them out .	protesters	Beyonce with Jay Z gave lots of money to bail who out of prison ?
Following the death of Freddie Gray , Beyoncé and Jay-Z , among other notable figures , met with his family .	Freddie Gray	Who 's death caused this protest ?
After the imprisonment of protesters of Gray 's death , Beyoncé and Jay-Z donated thousands of dollars to bail them out .	thousands of dollars	How much bail money did they spend ?
Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyoncé 's earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world 's best-paid music personality at the time , above Madonna and Celine Dion .	Madonna and Celine Dion	Beyonce beat out which musical artists for most paid between June 2007 and June 2008 ?
The couple made it into the previous year 's Guinness World Records as the `` highest-earning power couple '' for collectively earning $ 122 million in 2009 .	highest-earning power couple	Beyonce and Jay Z got a Guinness World record for what in 2009 ?
MTV estimated that by the end of 2014 , Beyoncé would become the highest-paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in April 2014 .	2014	Beyonce became the highest-paid black musician in which year ?
As of May 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million .	250 million	Up until May of 2015 , how much is Beyonce 's total worth ?
Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyoncé 's earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world 's best-paid music personality at the time , above Madonna and Celine Dion .	Madonna and Celine Dion	Between 2008 and 2009 , which entertainers did Beyonce beat in earnings ?
Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyoncé 's earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world 's best-paid music personality at the time , above Madonna and Celine Dion .	Forbes	In 2012 who placed Beyonce at 16 in the Celebrity List ?
For the years 2009 to 2011 , Beyoncé earned an average of $ 70 million per year , and earned $ 40 million in 2012 .	2011	When did she and Jay Z become the highest paid black celebrity couple ?
In June 2014 , Beyoncé ranked at # 1 on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list , earning an estimated $ 115 million throughout June 2013 -- June 2014 .	115 million	How much did she earn in 2014 ?
As of May 2015 , her net worth is estimated to be $ 250 million .	250 million	What is Beyonce 's net worth in 2015 ?
Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyoncé 's earnings in 2008 , calculating that the $ 80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008 , for her music , tour , films and clothing line made her the world 's best-paid music personality at the time , above Madonna and Celine Dion .	Forbes	Who began reporting Beyoncé 's annual earnings , starting in 2008 ?
MTV estimated that by the end of 2014 , Beyoncé would become the highest-paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in April 2014 .	April 2014.	When did Beyoncé become the highest paid black musician , ever ?
MTV estimated that by the end of 2014 , Beyoncé would become the highest-paid black musician in history ; she succeeded to do so in April 2014 .	MTV	Who predicted that Beyoncé would become the highest paid black entertainer ?
In 2013 , Beyoncé 's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay Z the world 's first billion dollar couple in the music industry .	2013	When did Jay Z and Beyoncé become the first music couple worth over a billion dollars ?
Beyoncé 's vocal range spans four octaves .	four	Beyonce 's range in singing is how many octaves ?
Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive , describing her voice as `` one of the most compelling instruments in popular music '' .	Jody Rosen	who talked about Beyonce 's tone and timbre as distinctive ?
The Daily Mail calls Beyoncé 's voice `` versatile '' , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop .	The Daily Mail	Which critic called Beyonce 's voice `` versatile '' ?
The Daily Mail calls Beyoncé 's voice `` versatile '' , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop .	hip hop	Which era was credited to have influenced Beyonce 's singing style by Jody Rosen ?
Beyoncé 's vocal range spans four octaves .	four octaves	How many octaves does Beyonce have ?
The Daily Mail calls Beyoncé 's voice `` versatile '' , capable of exploring power ballads , soul , rock belting , operatic flourishes , and hip hop .	versatile	What did the Daily Mail say about Beyonce 's voice ?
Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Beyoncé 's strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto .	hip hop	What does Rosen claim influenced Beyonce 's style ?
Other critics praise her range and power , with Chris Richards of The Washington Post saying she was `` capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars . ''	praise her range and power	What do other critics claim ?
Beyoncé 's vocal range spans four octaves .	four	How many octaves does Beyoncé 's voice span ?
Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny 's Child .	Her vocal abilities	Why is Beyoncé known as the centerpiece of Destiny 's Child ?
Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that her voice is `` velvety yet tart , with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting '' .	tart	New York Times ' Jon Pareles calls Beyoncé 's voice velvety yet what ?
Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Beyoncé 's strange rhythmic vocal style , but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry , gospel and falsetto .	the hip hop era	What does Jody Rosen say influenced Beyoncé 's vocal style ?
Beyoncé 's music is generally R&B , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs .	R&B	Music from Beyonce is generally categorized as what genre ?
Beyoncé 's music is generally R&B , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs .	pop, soul and funk	Besides R&B , which genres does Beyonce dabble in ?
While she almost exclusively releases English songs , Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable -LRB- re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience -RRB- , and the re-release of B'Day .	Spanish	Beyonce mostly releases English songs , but what other language did she release songs ?
While she almost exclusively releases English songs , Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable -LRB- re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience -RRB- , and the re-release of B'Day .	re-release of B'Day	Spanish songs Beyonce released were for what ?
To record these , Beyoncé was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez .	Rudy Perez	Beyonce was coached for her Spanish songs by which American ?
Beyoncé 's music is generally R&B , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs .	R&B	What kind of music does Beyonce do ?
While she almost exclusively releases English songs , Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable -LRB- re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience -RRB- , and the re-release of B'Day .	English	What language does she mainly sing ?
While she almost exclusively releases English songs , Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable -LRB- re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience -RRB- , and the re-release of B'Day .	Spanish	What other language has she sung ?
While she almost exclusively releases English songs , Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable -LRB- re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience -RRB- , and the re-release of B'Day .	B'Day	What album did she re-release in Spanish ?
Beyoncé 's music is generally R&B , but she also incorporates pop , soul and funk into her songs .	R&B	What style of music does Beyoncé usually perform ?
While she almost exclusively releases English songs , Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable -LRB- re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience -RRB- , and the re-release of B'Day .	Spanish	What language did Beyoncé release several songs in ?
To record these , Beyoncé was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez .	Rudy Perez.	Who coached Beyoncé for her Spanish recordings ?
While she almost exclusively releases English songs , Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable -LRB- re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience -RRB- , and the re-release of B'Day .	B'Day.	What album did the Spanish songs come from ?
However , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers .	beats	Beyonce does not create which aspect of her music ?
Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like `` Independent Women '' and `` Survivor '' , but after the start of her relationship with Jay Z she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as `` Cater 2 U '' .	Cater 2 U	An example of a song aimed towards a male audience is what ?
Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like `` Independent Women '' and `` Survivor '' , but after the start of her relationship with Jay Z she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as `` Cater 2 U '' .	female-empowerment	What theme was Beyonce 's early music ?
Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like `` Independent Women '' and `` Survivor '' , but after the start of her relationship with Jay Z she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as `` Cater 2 U '' .	man-tending anthems	With Jay Z what were her new themes ?
Beyoncé has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts .	co-producing credits	What does she get credits for in her music ?
However , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers .	melodies	What part of production does she do ?
Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like `` Independent Women '' and `` Survivor '' , but after the start of her relationship with Jay Z she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as `` Cater 2 U '' .	Women	Beyoncé 's early recordings empowered who ?
Beyoncé has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved , especially during her solo efforts .	co-producing	In addition to co-writing credits , Beyoncé also got what credits for most of her albums ?
However , she does not formulate beats herself , but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production , sharing them with producers .	melodies and ideas	Rather than beats , what two things does Beyoncé usually come up with for producers ?
Beyoncé was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs -LRB- `` Irreplaceable '' , `` Grillz '' and `` Check on It '' -RRB- in the same year , after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991 .	Beyoncé	Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001 was awarded to whom ?
In 2001 , she became the first African-American woman and second woman songwriter to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers Pop Music Awards .	American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards	Beyonce received the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at which event ?
She is tied with American songwriter Diane Warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number-one singles .	Diane Warren	Beyonce has the same number of writing credits on number one singles as whom ?
In May 2011 , Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the `` Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters '' , for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters	Beyonce joined 2 other women on what list from Billboard magazine in 2011 ?
In 2001 , she became the first African-American woman and second woman songwriter to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers Pop Music Awards .	2001	When did Beyonce become the first African American woman to win Pop songwriter of the year ?
Beyoncé was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs -LRB- `` Irreplaceable '' , `` Grillz '' and `` Check on It '' -RRB- in the same year , after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991 .	third	What place is she tied for in songwriting credits ?
In May 2011 , Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the `` Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters '' , for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	Billboard magazine	Who listed her at number 17 in their list of Top 20 hot 100 Songwriters ?
Beyoncé was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs -LRB- `` Irreplaceable '' , `` Grillz '' and `` Check on It '' -RRB- in the same year , after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991 .	third woman	Where does she place in writing credits for three number one songs ?
In 2001 , she became the first African-American woman and second woman songwriter to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers Pop Music Awards .	Pop Songwriter of the Year award	What did Beyoncé win in 2001 , making her the first black woman to do so ?
In 2001 , she became the first African-American woman and second woman songwriter to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers Pop Music Awards .	the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.	Who gave Beyoncé the Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001 ?
Beyoncé was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs -LRB- `` Irreplaceable '' , `` Grillz '' and `` Check on It '' -RRB- in the same year , after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991 .	three	Beyoncé was one of how many women on Billboard magazine 's 2011 `` Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters '' list .
In May 2011 , Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the `` Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters '' , for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .	17	What number was Beyoncé on the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters list ?
Beyoncé names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence .	Michael Jackson	To whom did Beyonce credit as her major influence on her music ?
Aged five , Beyoncé attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose .	five	How old was Beyonce when she went to her first Michael Jackson concert as a kid ?
Beyoncé names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence .	Michael Jackson	Beyonce gave a tribute award to who in 2006 ?
She credits Mariah Carey 's singing and her song `` Vision of Love '' as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child .	vocal runs	Beyonce cites Mariah Carey to making her want to start doing what ?
Beyoncé names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence .	Michael Jackson	Who influenced Beyonce ?
She credits Mariah Carey 's singing and her song `` Vision of Love '' as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child .	Vision of Love	What song by Mariah Carey influenced her ?
Beyoncé names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence .	Michael Jackson	Who is Beyoncé 's biggest musical influence ?
Beyoncé names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence .	Michael Jackson	What was Beyoncé 's first concert ?
She admires Diana Ross as an `` all-around entertainer '' and Whitney Houston , who she said `` inspired me to get up there and do what she did . ''	Diana Ross	Who does Beyoncé feel is an all-around entertainer ?
She admires Diana Ross as an `` all-around entertainer '' and Whitney Houston , who she said `` inspired me to get up there and do what she did . ''	Whitney Houston	Who does she credit for the inspiration to `` get up there and do what she did '' ?
She credits Mariah Carey 's singing and her song `` Vision of Love '' as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child .	Vision of Love	What song caused Beyoncé to practice runs as a child ?
The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé 's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker .	feminism and female empowerment	What themes were influenced by her acting role in Dreamgirls ?
The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé 's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker .	Josephine Baker	Which singer did Beyonce honor by entertaining with her song `` Deja Vu '' ?
Beyoncé 's third solo album I Am ... Sasha Fierce was inspired by Jay Z and especially by Etta James , whose `` boldness '' inspired Beyoncé to explore other musical genres and styles .	Etta James	Who motivated Beyonce to explore other areas of music ?
The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé 's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker .	Dreamgirls	What movie influenced Beyonce towards empowerment themes ?
Beyoncé 's third solo album I Am ... Sasha Fierce was inspired by Jay Z and especially by Etta James , whose `` boldness '' inspired Beyoncé to explore other musical genres and styles .	boldness	How did Etta James influence her ?
Beyoncé paid homage to Baker by performing `` Déjà Vu '' at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker 's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas .	2006 Fashion Rocks concert	Where did she perform wearing Baker 's hula skirt ?
The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé 's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker .	Josephine Baker.	What singer inspired Beyoncé 's B'Day album ?
Beyoncé paid homage to Baker by performing `` Déjà Vu '' at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker 's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas .	Déjà Vu	What song did Beyoncé sing at a 2006 concert to honor Josephine Baker ?
Beyoncé has stated that she is personally inspired by US First Lady Michelle Obama , saying `` She proves you can do it all '' and she has described Oprah Winfrey as `` the definition of inspiration and a strong woman '' .	Michelle Obama	Beyonce has noted which first lady with saying `` She proves you can do it all '' ?
In February 2013 , Beyoncé said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career .	February 2013	Which month and year did Beyonce credit Madonna for inspiring her to take control of her career ?
Beyoncé has stated that she is personally inspired by US First Lady Michelle Obama , saying `` She proves you can do it all '' and she has described Oprah Winfrey as `` the definition of inspiration and a strong woman '' .	Oprah Winfrey	Beyonce has said that who embodies the `` definition of inspiration and a strong woman '' ?
Beyoncé has stated that she is personally inspired by US First Lady Michelle Obama , saying `` She proves you can do it all '' and she has described Oprah Winfrey as `` the definition of inspiration and a strong woman '' .	Michelle Obama	Who personally influences Beyonce ?
Beyoncé has stated that she is personally inspired by US First Lady Michelle Obama , saying `` She proves you can do it all '' and she has described Oprah Winfrey as `` the definition of inspiration and a strong woman '' .	a strong woman	Hoe does she describe Oprah Winfrey ?
Beyoncé has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat , posting in a letter `` what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat , I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw '' .	lyrical and raw	How does she describe Jean - Michel Basquiat ?
In February 2013 , Beyoncé said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career .	to take control of her own career	How does Madonna influence her ?
She has also discussed how Jay Z is a continuing inspiration to her , both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life .	continuing inspiration	How does she describe Jay Z ?
Beyoncé has stated that she is personally inspired by US First Lady Michelle Obama , saying `` She proves you can do it all '' and she has described Oprah Winfrey as `` the definition of inspiration and a strong woman '' .	First Lady Michelle Obama	Who inspires Beyoncé because `` she does it all ? ''
Beyoncé has stated that she is personally inspired by US First Lady Michelle Obama , saying `` She proves you can do it all '' and she has described Oprah Winfrey as `` the definition of inspiration and a strong woman '' .	Oprah Winfrey	Who does Beyoncé describe as the definition of inspiration ?
Beyoncé has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat , posting in a letter `` what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat , I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw '' .	Jean-Michel Basquiat	Who does Beyoncé describe as lyrical and raw ?
In February 2013 , Beyoncé said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career .	Madonna	Who inspired Beyoncé to take control of her career ?
In 2006 , Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama -LRB- also the name of a song in B'Day -RRB- which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists .	Suga Mama	Beyonce had an all-female tour band whose name was what ?
Her background singers , The Mamas , consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell , Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick .	The Mamas	Beyonce had singers in the background known by the name as ?
Her background singers , The Mamas , consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell , Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick .	Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick	The Mamas members included which 3 musicians ?
In 2006 , Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama -LRB- also the name of a song in B'Day -RRB- which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists .	2006	The Mamas first appearance was when ?
In 2006 , Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama -LRB- also the name of a song in B'Day -RRB- which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists .	Suga Mama	What band did Beyonce introduce in 2006 ?
In 2006 , Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama -LRB- also the name of a song in B'Day -RRB- which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists .	Suga Mama	What song name does the band Suga Mama and a song on the B'Day album share ?
They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for `` Irreplaceable '' and `` Green Light '' .	2006 BET Awards	Where did Suga Mama band make their first appearance ?
In 2006 , Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama -LRB- also the name of a song in B'Day -RRB- which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists .	Suga Mama	What band supports Beyonce in her tours ?
In 2006 , Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama -LRB- also the name of a song in B'Day -RRB- which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists .	Suga Mama	What is the name of Beyoncé 's female tour band ?
In 2006 , Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama -LRB- also the name of a song in B'Day -RRB- which includes bassists , drummers , guitarists , horn players , keyboardists and percussionists .	B'Day	Suga Mama is also a song on which Beyoncé album ?
Her background singers , The Mamas , consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell , Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick .	The Mamas	What are Beyoncé 's backup singers called ?
They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for `` Irreplaceable '' and `` Green Light '' .	the 2006 BET Awards	When did The Mamas make their debut ?
Beyoncé has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances .	stage presence and voice	What characteristics has Beyonce received acclaim for ?
The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyoncé as the greatest entertainer alive .	L.A. Reid	Which former president of Def Jam called Beyonce the greatest entertainer alive ?
Beyoncé has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances .	stage presence	For what does Beyonce receive praise ?
Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers .	Jarett Wieselman	Who chose her as number one on his list of Best singers / Dancers ?
The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyoncé as the greatest entertainer alive .	greatest entertainer alive	How has L.A. Reid described her ?
According to Barbara Ellen of The Guardian Beyoncé is the most in-charge female artist she 's seen onstage , while Alice Jones of The Independent wrote she `` takes her role as entertainer so seriously she 's almost too good . ''	she's almost too good	How does Alice Jones describe her ?
Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers .	Jarett Wieselman	Who has Beyoncé at number one on her Five Best Singer/Dancers ?
The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyoncé as the greatest entertainer alive .	L.A. Reid	Who has said that Beyoncé is the best entertainer alive ?
Described as being `` sexy , seductive and provocative '' when performing on stage , Beyoncé has said that she originally created the alter ego `` Sasha Fierce '' to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is .	Sasha Fierce	Beyonce self proclaimed alter ego is named what ?
Sasha was conceived during the making of `` Crazy in Love '' , and Beyoncé introduced her with the release of her 2008 album I Am ... Sasha Fierce .	making of "Crazy in Love"	Her alter ego was born when according to Beyonce ?
In February 2010 , she announced in an interview with Allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce .	2010	What year did Beyonce do away with Sasha Fierce ?
However , Beyoncé announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live shows later that month .	Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live	Beyonce brought back Sasha Fierce during which event ?
She described Sasha as being `` too aggressive , too strong , too sassy -LSB- and -RSB- too sexy '' , stating , `` I 'm not like her in real life at all . ''	too aggressive, too strong	How does she describe Sasha ?
However , Beyoncé announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live shows later that month .	she would bring her back	Later what did she say about Sasha ?
Sasha was conceived during the making of `` Crazy in Love '' , and Beyoncé introduced her with the release of her 2008 album I Am ... Sasha Fierce .	Sasha Fierce.	What is the name of Beyoncé 's alter ego ?
Sasha was conceived during the making of `` Crazy in Love '' , and Beyoncé introduced her with the release of her 2008 album I Am ... Sasha Fierce .	2008	When did Beyoncé introduce Sasha Fierce ?
Sasha was conceived during the making of `` Crazy in Love '' , and Beyoncé introduced her with the release of her 2008 album I Am ... Sasha Fierce .	Crazy in Love	Sasha Fierce was created during the making of what song ?
In February 2010 , she announced in an interview with Allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce .	Allure magazine	Who did Beyoncé tell in February 2010 that Sasha Fierce was no longer needed ?
Beyoncé has been described as a having a wide-ranging sex appeal , with music journalist Touré writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love , she has `` become a crossover sex symbol '' .	wide-ranging	Beyonce 's sex appeal is characterized as what ?
Beyoncé has been described as a having a wide-ranging sex appeal , with music journalist Touré writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love , she has `` become a crossover sex symbol '' .	Touré	Which music journalist described Beyonce as a `` crossover sex symbol ? ''
Due to her curves and the term 's catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term `` Bootylicious '' -LRB- a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious -RRB- to describe Beyoncé , the term popularized by Destiny 's Child 's single of the same name .	Bootylicious	Which word spawned from a term used to describe Beyonce in 2006 ?
Due to her curves and the term 's catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term `` Bootylicious '' -LRB- a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious -RRB- to describe Beyoncé , the term popularized by Destiny 's Child 's single of the same name .	Destiny's Child	Bootylicious was a song from which act that Beyonce performed with ?
Due to her curves and the term 's catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term `` Bootylicious '' -LRB- a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious -RRB- to describe Beyoncé , the term popularized by Destiny 's Child 's single of the same name .	Bootylicious	Oxford Dictionary added which word from the 2000s dedicated to Beyonce ?
Due to her curves and the term 's catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term `` Bootylicious '' -LRB- a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious -RRB- to describe Beyoncé , the term popularized by Destiny 's Child 's single of the same name .	Bootylicious	What word is often used to describe Beyonce /
In 2006 , it was added to the Oxford English Dictionary .	2006	When was the term added to the dictionary ?
Beyoncé has been described as a having a wide-ranging sex appeal , with music journalist Touré writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love , she has `` become a crossover sex symbol '' .	Touré	What journalist wrote that Beyoncé was a `` sex symbol '' ?
Due to her curves and the term 's catchiness , in the 2000s , the media often used the term `` Bootylicious '' -LRB- a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious -RRB- to describe Beyoncé , the term popularized by Destiny 's Child 's single of the same name .	Bootylicious	Because of Beyoncé 's physical shape , what slang term has been used to describe her ?
In 2006 , it was added to the Oxford English Dictionary .	2006	In what year was the slang term from a title of a Destiny 's Child song that is also used to describe Beyoncé put in the dictionary ?
Offstage Beyoncé says that while she likes to dress sexily , her onstage dress `` is absolutely for the stage . ''	sexily	How does Beyoncé say she likes to dress off-stage ?
In September 2010 , Beyoncé made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford 's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show .	modelling	in September 2010 , what career area did Beyonce start exploring ?
In September 2010 , Beyoncé made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford 's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show .	Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show	Beyonce 's first modelling event was at where ?
She was named `` World 's Most Beautiful Woman '' by People and the `` Hottest Female Singer of All Time '' by Complex in 2012 .	People	`` World 's Most Beautiful woman '' was declared to Beyonce by which national magazine ?
In January 2013 , GQ placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its `` 100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century '' list .	January 2013	Which month and year did GQ feature Beyonce on its cover ?
VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list .	VH1	What TV network listed Beyonce as number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list ?
She was named `` World 's Most Beautiful Woman '' by People and the `` Hottest Female Singer of All Time '' by Complex in 2012 .	People	Who called Beyonce the World 's most Beautiful Woman ?
She was named `` World 's Most Beautiful Woman '' by People and the `` Hottest Female Singer of All Time '' by Complex in 2012 .	Complex	Who called her Hottest Female Singer of all Time ?
In January 2013 , GQ placed her on its cover , featuring her atop its `` 100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century '' list .	2013	When did she appear on the cover of GQ ?
VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list .	number 1	VH1 listed her at what number on their 100 Sexiest Artists list ?
In September 2010 , Beyoncé made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford 's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show .	2010	What year did Beyoncé first model for Tom Ford ?
She was named `` World 's Most Beautiful Woman '' by People and the `` Hottest Female Singer of All Time '' by Complex in 2012 .	People	What magazine said Beyoncé was the `` World 's Most Beautiful Woman '' ?
She was named `` World 's Most Beautiful Woman '' by People and the `` Hottest Female Singer of All Time '' by Complex in 2012 .	Hottest Female Singer of All Time	What title did Complex award Beyoncé ?
Several wax figures of Beyoncé are found at Madame Tussauds Wax Museums in major cities around the world , including New York , Washington , D.C. , Amsterdam , Bangkok , Hollywood and Sydney .	Madame Tussauds Wax Museums	What museum has made several models of Beyoncé in wax ?
Her mother co-wrote a book , published in 2002 , titled Destiny 's Style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio 's success .	Her mother	Which parent of Beyonce 's help co-write a book ?
In 2007 , Beyoncé was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue , becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks , and People magazine recognized Beyoncé as the best-dressed celebrity .	Tyra Banks	Which African-American woman before Beyonce had posed for SI Swimsuit issue ?
Her mother co-wrote a book , published in 2002 , titled Destiny 's Style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio 's success .	Destiny's Style	What was the title of Beyonce 's mother 's book ?
In 2007 , Beyoncé was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue , becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks , and People magazine recognized Beyoncé as the best-dressed celebrity .	2007	When was she on the Sports Illustrated cover ?
In 2007 , Beyoncé was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue , becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks , and People magazine recognized Beyoncé as the best-dressed celebrity .	Tyra Banks	Who was she the second African American on the cover after ?
In 2007 , Beyoncé was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue , becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks , and People magazine recognized Beyoncé as the best-dressed celebrity .	Tyra Banks	Beyoncé was the second African American woman featured as a swimsuit cover on the magazine , who was first ?
In 2007 , Beyoncé was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue , becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks , and People magazine recognized Beyoncé as the best-dressed celebrity .	People	What magazine said Beyoncé was the `` best-dressed celebrity '' ?
The Bey Hive is the name given to Beyoncé 's fan base .	The Bey Hive	Beyonce has a fan base that is referred to as what ?
Fans were previously titled `` The Beyontourage '' , -LRB- a portmanteau of Beyoncé and entourage -RRB- .	The Beyontourage	Before the Bey Hive , fans of Beyonce were called what ?
The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive , purposely misspelled to resemble her first name , and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions .	Twitter	Which social media company proclaimed Beyonce fans are know as the Bey Hive ?
The Bey Hive is the name given to Beyoncé 's fan base .	Bey Hive	What is Beyonce 's fan base called ?
Fans were previously titled `` The Beyontourage '' , -LRB- a portmanteau of Beyoncé and entourage -RRB- .	Beyontourage	What did the fans used to be called ?
The Bey Hive is the name given to Beyoncé 's fan base .	Bey Hive	What is the latest term used to describe Beyoncé fans ?
Fans were previously titled `` The Beyontourage '' , -LRB- a portmanteau of Beyoncé and entourage -RRB- .	Beyontourage	What was the former word given to Beyoncé fans ?
The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive , purposely misspelled to resemble her first name , and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions .	beehive	What word does `` Bey Hive '' derive from ?
In 2006 , the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals -LRB- PETA -RRB- , criticized Beyoncé for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon .	House of Deréon	Beyonce has a clothing line known as what ?
In 2011 , she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media .	L'Officiel	Which French magazine did Beyonce show up on the cover of ?
In 2011 , she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media .	blackface and tribal makeup	Beyonce was seen wearing what on the french magazine that caused controversy ?
In 2006 , the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals -LRB- PETA -RRB- , criticized Beyoncé for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon .	2006	Which year did PETA spark controversy with Beyonce ?
In 2006 , the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals -LRB- PETA -RRB- , criticized Beyoncé for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon .	for wearing and using fur	What did PETA criticize Beyonce for in 2006 ?
In 2011 , she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media .	L'Officiel	What French Magazine cover did the media criticize ?
In 2011 , she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media .	in blackface and tribal makeup	How was she dressed on the cover of L'Officiel ?
In 2011 , she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media .	L'Officiel	What French magazine did Beyoncé appear in wearing blackface and tribal makeup ?
In 2006 , the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals -LRB- PETA -RRB- , criticized Beyoncé for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon .	House of Deréon.	What clothing line of Beyoncé drew PETA criticism ?
In 2011 , she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel , in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media .	French fashion magazine	What type of magazine is L'Officiel ?
Beyoncé 's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community .	African-American	Which racial community gave criticism to Beyonce ?
Emmett Price , a professor of music at Northeastern University , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments .	Emmett Price	Which professor from Northeastern University wrote about how race correlates with these criticisms of Beyonce ?
In 2008 , L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements , responding that `` it is categorically untrue '' , and in 2013 , Beyoncé herself criticized H&M for their proposed `` retouching '' of promotional images of her , and according to Vogue requested that only `` natural pictures be used '' .	L'Oréal	Which company was accused of coloring Beyonce 's hair ?
In 2008 , L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements , responding that `` it is categorically untrue '' , and in 2013 , Beyoncé herself criticized H&M for their proposed `` retouching '' of promotional images of her , and according to Vogue requested that only `` natural pictures be used '' .	natural pictures be used	What did Vogue request ?
In 2008 , L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements , responding that `` it is categorically untrue '' , and in 2013 , Beyoncé herself criticized H&M for their proposed `` retouching '' of promotional images of her , and according to Vogue requested that only `` natural pictures be used '' .	it is categorically untrue	How did L'Oreal respond to accusations of changing pictures ?
Beyoncé 's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community .	costuming	In addition to her light skin color , what else has made part of the African American community criticize Beyoncé ?
Emmett Price , a professor of music at Northeastern University , wrote in 2007 , that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms , saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments .	Emmett Price	In 2007 , which music professor said he believes this criticism does involve race as well ?
In 2008 , L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements , responding that `` it is categorically untrue '' , and in 2013 , Beyoncé herself criticized H&M for their proposed `` retouching '' of promotional images of her , and according to Vogue requested that only `` natural pictures be used '' .	L'Oréal	Who was accused of lightening Beyoncé 's skin for an advertisement ?
In 2008 , L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements , responding that `` it is categorically untrue '' , and in 2013 , Beyoncé herself criticized H&M for their proposed `` retouching '' of promotional images of her , and according to Vogue requested that only `` natural pictures be used '' .	Feria hair color advertisements	What advertisement was Beyoncé 's skin supposedly lightened in ?
In 2008 , L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements , responding that `` it is categorically untrue '' , and in 2013 , Beyoncé herself criticized H&M for their proposed `` retouching '' of promotional images of her , and according to Vogue requested that only `` natural pictures be used '' .	H&M	Who did Beyoncé tell in 2013 to only use natural pictures of her rather than retouched images ?
When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade , Llewyn-Smith wrote , `` Why Beyoncé ?	The Guardian	Artist of the Decade was bestowed upon Beyonce from which magazine ?
In 2013 , Beyoncé made the Time 100 list , Baz Luhrmann writing `` no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does ... When Beyoncé does an album , when Beyoncé sings a song , when Beyoncé does anything , it 's an event , and it 's broadly influential .	2013	Whats the first year that Beyonce appear on the Time 100 list ?
In 2014 , Beyoncé was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue .	2014	Beyonce than appeared again on the Time 100 list in what year ?
When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade , Llewyn-Smith wrote , `` Why Beyoncé ?	Artist of the Decade	What did the Guardian name her ?
In 2013 , Beyoncé made the Time 100 list , Baz Luhrmann writing `` no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does ... When Beyoncé does an album , when Beyoncé sings a song , when Beyoncé does anything , it 's an event , and it 's broadly influential .	2013	When did Beyonce first make the Time 100 List ?
In 2014 , Beyoncé was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue .	2014	When was she again on the Time 100 List and on the cover ?
In 2013 , Beyoncé made the Time 100 list , Baz Luhrmann writing `` no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does ... When Beyoncé does an album , when Beyoncé sings a song , when Beyoncé does anything , it 's an event , and it 's broadly influential .	Baz Luhrmann	Who said that she is the reigning national voice ?
In The New Yorker music critic Jody Rosen described Beyoncé as `` the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century ... .	Jody Rosen	Who stated that Beyoncé is the most important musician of the 21st century ?
When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade , Llewyn-Smith wrote , `` Why Beyoncé ?	The Guardian	Which publication named Beyoncé the Artist of the Decade ?
In 2013 , Beyoncé made the Time 100 list , Baz Luhrmann writing `` no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does ... When Beyoncé does an album , when Beyoncé sings a song , when Beyoncé does anything , it 's an event , and it 's broadly influential .	Time 100 list	What list did Beyoncé make in 2013 ?
In 2013 , Beyoncé made the Time 100 list , Baz Luhrmann writing `` no one has that voice , no one moves the way she moves , no one can hold an audience the way she does ... When Beyoncé does an album , when Beyoncé sings a song , when Beyoncé does anything , it 's an event , and it 's broadly influential .	Baz Luhrmann	Who said Beyoncé is the heir-apparent diva of the United States ?
In 2014 , Beyoncé was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue .	2014	What year was Beyoncé featured both on the Time 100 list as well as the cover of the issue ?
American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong .	White Rabbits	Which rock band cited Beyonce on their third album ?
American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong .	Gwyneth Paltrow	Which friend learned from Beyonce while preparing for the film , `` Country Strong ? ''
Nicki Minaj has stated that seeing Beyoncé 's Pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company 's 2012 global campaign .	Pepsi	Nicky Minaj became a spokesperson for which brand of soda after seeing Beyonce involved with it ?
Nicki Minaj has stated that seeing Beyoncé 's Pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company 's 2012 global campaign .	Beyoncé's Pepsi commercial	What influenced Nicki Minaj to join the Pepsi global campaign ?
American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong .	White Rabbits	Which band listed Beyonce as an inspiration on their latest album ?
Beyoncé 's work has influenced numerous artists including Adele , Ariana Grande , Lady Gaga , Bridgit Mendler , Rihanna , Kelly Rowland , Sam Smith , Meghan Trainor , Nicole Scherzinger , Rita Ora , Zendaya , Cheryl Cole , JoJo , Alexis Jordan , Jessica Sanchez , and Azealia Banks .	work	What about Beyonce has influenced many entertainers ?
American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong .	Country Strong	For what film was Paltrow studying Beyonce ?
American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong .	White Rabbits	Which Indie band said Beyoncé was an inspiration for one of hteir albums ?
American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong .	Milk Famous	What was the name of the White Rabbits ' album ?
American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong .	Gwyneth Paltrow	Who studied Beyoncé during live concerts for research for a film 's music role ?
American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong .	Country Strong.	What was the name of the film that Gwyneth Paltrow starred in as a musician ?
Nicki Minaj has stated that seeing Beyoncé 's Pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company 's 2012 global campaign .	Nicki Minaj	Beyoncé 's Pepsi commercial inspired which star to join Pepsi 's global campaign in 2012 ?
Her debut single , `` Crazy in Love '' was named VH1 's `` Greatest Song of the 2000s '' , NME 's `` Best Track of the 00s '' and `` Pop Song of the Century '' , considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies .	Crazy in Love	VH1 declared what song the `` Greatest song of the 2000s ? ''
Her debut single , `` Crazy in Love '' was named VH1 's `` Greatest Song of the 2000s '' , NME 's `` Best Track of the 00s '' and `` Pop Song of the Century '' , considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies .	two	How many Grammy awards did `` Crazy in Love '' win ?
Her debut single , `` Crazy in Love '' was named VH1 's `` Greatest Song of the 2000s '' , NME 's `` Best Track of the 00s '' and `` Pop Song of the Century '' , considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies .	8 million	How many did Crazy in Love sell to become one of the greatest selling singles in history ?
In January 2012 , research scientist Bryan Lessard named Scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland , Australia after Beyoncé due to the fly 's unique golden hairs on its abdomen .	fly	What type of organism was named after Beyonce in 2012 ?
In July 2014 , a Beyoncé exhibit was introduced into the `` Legends of Rock '' section of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .	July 2014	A place for Beyonce in the Rock and Roll Hall of fame was awarded when ?
Her debut single , `` Crazy in Love '' was named VH1 's `` Greatest Song of the 2000s '' , NME 's `` Best Track of the 00s '' and `` Pop Song of the Century '' , considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies .	Crazy in Love	Which of Beyonce 's songs was called Greatest Song of the 2000s ?
Her debut single , `` Crazy in Love '' was named VH1 's `` Greatest Song of the 2000s '' , NME 's `` Best Track of the 00s '' and `` Pop Song of the Century '' , considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies .	earned two Grammy Awards	How many Grammy awards did Crazy in Love get ?
Her debut single , `` Crazy in Love '' was named VH1 's `` Greatest Song of the 2000s '' , NME 's `` Best Track of the 00s '' and `` Pop Song of the Century '' , considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies .	around 8 million copies	How many copies did Crazy in Love sell ?
In 2013 , Drake released a single titled `` Girls Love Beyoncé '' , which featured an interpolation from Destiny Child 's `` Say My Name '' and discussed his relationship with women .	Drake	Who released the single Girls Love Beyonce ?
Her debut single , `` Crazy in Love '' was named VH1 's `` Greatest Song of the 2000s '' , NME 's `` Best Track of the 00s '' and `` Pop Song of the Century '' , considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time , earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies .	Rolling Stone	Which publication considers Crazy in Love to be one of the top 500 songs of all time ?
In 2013 , Drake released a single titled `` Girls Love Beyoncé '' , which featured an interpolation from Destiny Child 's `` Say My Name '' and discussed his relationship with women .	Drake	Who sang `` Girls Love Beyoncé '' in 2013 ?
In January 2012 , research scientist Bryan Lessard named Scaptia beyonceae , a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland , Australia after Beyoncé due to the fly 's unique golden hairs on its abdomen .	a species of horse fly	What did Bryan Lessard name after Beyoncé ?
As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US , and over 118 million records worldwide -LRB- a further 60 million additionally with Destiny 's Child -RRB- , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time .	15 million	How many copies of her albums as Beyonce sold in the US ?
As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US , and over 118 million records worldwide -LRB- a further 60 million additionally with Destiny 's Child -RRB- , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time .	118 million	Totaling worldwide , how many records as Beyonce sold ?
The Recording Industry Association of America -LRB- RIAA -RRB- listed Beyoncé as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications .	64	How many certifications was Beyonce awarded by the RIAA ?
As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US , and over 118 million records worldwide -LRB- a further 60 million additionally with Destiny 's Child -RRB- , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time .	60 million	When Beyonce was with Destiny 's Child , how many albums did she manage to sell ?
Beyoncé has received numerous awards .	Beyoncé	Who was the first female to achieve the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards ?
As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US , and over 118 million records worldwide -LRB- a further 60 million additionally with Destiny 's Child -RRB- , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time .	15 million	How many albums has Beyonce as a solo artist sold in the U.S ?
As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US , and over 118 million records worldwide -LRB- a further 60 million additionally with Destiny 's Child -RRB- , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time .	118 million	How many has she sold worldwide ?
As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US , and over 118 million records worldwide -LRB- a further 60 million additionally with Destiny 's Child -RRB- , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time .	60 million	How many records has she sold with Destiny 's Child ?
She has also received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards and the Billboard Millennium Award at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards .	2008 World Music Awards	When did she receive the Legend Award ?
The Recording Industry Association of America -LRB- RIAA -RRB- listed Beyoncé as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications .	64 certifications	How many music certifications has she received in the 2000s ?
As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US , and over 118 million records worldwide -LRB- a further 60 million additionally with Destiny 's Child -RRB- , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time .	over 15 million	How many records has Beyoncé sold in the United States ?
As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US , and over 118 million records worldwide -LRB- a further 60 million additionally with Destiny 's Child -RRB- , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time .	over 118 million	How many records has Beyoncé sold throughout the world ?
The Recording Industry Association of America -LRB- RIAA -RRB- listed Beyoncé as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications .	The Recording Industry Association of America	Who cited Beyoncé as being the top certified artist of the 2000s ?
The Recording Industry Association of America -LRB- RIAA -RRB- listed Beyoncé as the top certified artist of the 2000s , with a total of 64 certifications .	64	How many certifications did RIAA give Beyoncé ?
She has also received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards and the Billboard Millennium Award at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards .	the 2008 World Music Awards	When did Beyoncé receive the Legend Award ?
Beyoncé has won 20 Grammy Awards , both as a solo artist and member of Destiny 's Child , making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys , behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations .	20	How many Grammys has Beyonce won total with and without Destiny 's Child ?
Beyoncé has won 20 Grammy Awards , both as a solo artist and member of Destiny 's Child , making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys , behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations .	Alison Krauss	Who is the only other woman with more Grammy awards than Beyonce ?
Beyoncé has won 20 Grammy Awards , both as a solo artist and member of Destiny 's Child , making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys , behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations .	52	Beyonce has been awarded how many Grammy nominations ?
Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys , Norah Jones , Alison Krauss , and Amy Winehouse , with Adele equaling this in 2012 .	six	Beyonce holds the record for how many wins in one night by a female ?
Beyoncé won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006 ; Best Song for `` Listen '' and Best Original Soundtrack for Dreamgirls : Music from the Motion Picture .	two	How many awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards in 2006 did Beyonce bring home ?
Beyoncé has won 20 Grammy Awards , both as a solo artist and member of Destiny 's Child , making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys , behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations .	20 Grammy Awards	How many Grammies has Beyonce won ?
Beyoncé has won 20 Grammy Awards , both as a solo artist and member of Destiny 's Child , making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys , behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations .	52 nominations	How many Grammy nominations does Beyonce have ?
`` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' won Song of the Year in 2010 while `` Say My Name '' and `` Crazy in Love '' had previously won Best R&B Song .	2010	When did she set the record for most Grammy awards won in one night ?
Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards , breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys , Norah Jones , Alison Krauss , and Amy Winehouse , with Adele equaling this in 2012 .	Adele	Who tied her record for most Grammies won in one night in 2012 ?
Beyoncé has won 20 Grammy Awards , both as a solo artist and member of Destiny 's Child , making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys , behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations .	20	How many Grammys has Beyoncé won ?
Beyoncé has won 20 Grammy Awards , both as a solo artist and member of Destiny 's Child , making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys , behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations .	52	How many Grammy nominations has Beyoncé had ?
`` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' won Song of the Year in 2010 while `` Say My Name '' and `` Crazy in Love '' had previously won Best R&B Song .	"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"	What Beyoncé song was song of the year on 2010 ?
Following her role in Dreamgirls she was nominated for Best Original Song for `` Listen '' and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards , and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards .	Dreamgirls	What movie had Beyoncé nominated as Best Actress for Golden Globe Awards ?
Beyoncé has worked with Pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears , Pink , and Enrique Iglesias .	Pepsi	Which soda company has Beyonce partnered with since 2002 ?
In 2012 , Beyoncé signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse Pepsi .	50 million	Pepsi paid Beyonce how much in 2012 for her endorsement ?
The Center for Science in the Public Interest -LRB- CSPINET -RRB- wrote Beyoncé an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation .	The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)	Which organization wrote a letter to Beyonce after her Pepsi endorsement deal ?
Nevertheless , NetBase found that Beyoncé 's campaign was the most talked about endorsement in April 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads .	70	What percentage of people were positive about Beyonce 's endorsement of Pepsi ?
Beyoncé has worked with Pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears , Pink , and Enrique Iglesias .	2002	When did Beyonce begin doing Pepsi advetisments ?
Beyoncé has worked with Pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears , Pink , and Enrique Iglesias .	Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias	Who was in the commercial with Beyonce in 2004 ?
In 2012 , Beyoncé signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse Pepsi .	endorse Pepsi	What did she agree to do for 50 million dollars in 2012 ?
The Center for Science in the Public Interest -LRB- CSPINET -RRB- wrote Beyoncé an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation .	Center for Science in the Public Interest	Who sent her a letter asking that she reconsider the Pepsi deal ?
Beyoncé has worked with Pepsi since 2002 , and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears , Pink , and Enrique Iglesias .	Pepsi	What soft drink company has Beyoncé worked with since 2002 ?
In 2012 , Beyoncé signed a $ 50 million deal to endorse Pepsi .	$50 million	How much did Beyoncé get for a deal with a soft drink company in 2012 ?
The Center for Science in the Public Interest -LRB- CSPINET -RRB- wrote Beyoncé an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation .	The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)	Who asked her to change her mind about the soft drink deal due to the nature of the product ?
Nevertheless , NetBase found that Beyoncé 's campaign was the most talked about endorsement in April 2013 , with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads .	NetBase	What organization discovered that the advertisements Beyoncé did for the soft drink company were 70 % positive ?
Beyoncé has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star -LRB- singing a cover version of `` Wishing on a Star '' -RRB- and True Star Gold ; she also promoted Emporio Armani 's Diamonds fragrance in 2007 .	Tommy Hilfiger	Beyonce worked with who on her perfumes , True Star and True Star Gold ?
Beyoncé has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star -LRB- singing a cover version of `` Wishing on a Star '' -RRB- and True Star Gold ; she also promoted Emporio Armani 's Diamonds fragrance in 2007 .	Beyoncé	The world 's best selling celebrity perfume line belongs to whom ?
Beyoncé launched her first official fragrance , Heat in 2010 .	Heat	Beyonce 's first fragrance had what name ?
In 2013 , The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released .	2013	The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition was released in what year ?
The six editions of Heat are the world 's best-selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million .	400 million	How much money did The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition fragrance make ?
Beyoncé launched her first official fragrance , Heat in 2010 .	Heat	What was Beyonce 's 2010 perfume called ?
In February 2011 , Beyoncé launched her second fragrance , Heat Rush .	2011	When was her second perfume , Heat Rush , released ?
Beyoncé 's third fragrance , Pulse , was launched in September 2011 .	Pulse	What was Beyonce 's third perfume named ?
The six editions of Heat are the world 's best-selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million .	six editions	How many editions of Heat have been launched ?
Beyoncé has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star -LRB- singing a cover version of `` Wishing on a Star '' -RRB- and True Star Gold ; she also promoted Emporio Armani 's Diamonds fragrance in 2007 .	Diamonds	Which Emporio Armani fragrance did Beyoncé promote in 2007 ?
Beyoncé launched her first official fragrance , Heat in 2010 .	2010.	What year did Beyoncé introduce her first fragrance ?
Beyoncé launched her first official fragrance , Heat in 2010 .	Heat	What was Beyoncé 's first fragrance called ?
The six editions of Heat are the world 's best-selling celebrity fragrance line , with sales of over $ 400 million .	six	How many editions of Heat exist ?
Beyoncé also has had deals with American Express , Nintendo DS and L'Oréal since the age of 18 .	18	How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal ?
The release of a video-game Starpower : Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $ 100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development .	Starpower: Beyoncé	What was the name of the video game that was cancelled for Beyonce ?
Beyoncé also has had deals with American Express , Nintendo DS and L'Oréal since the age of 18 .	since the age of 18	When did Beyonce begin her deals with name brands ?
The release of a video-game Starpower : Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $ 100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development .	70 staff	How many people lost jobs when Beyonce left the video game deal ?
It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost its financial backers .	out of court	How was the suit settled ?
The release of a video-game Starpower : Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $ 100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development .	Starpower: Beyoncé	What was the name of the video game ?
The release of a video-game Starpower : Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $ 100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development .	Starpower: Beyoncé	What video game did Beyoncé back out of ?
The release of a video-game Starpower : Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $ 100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development .	GateFive	What company was producing the video game ?
The release of a video-game Starpower : Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $ 100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development .	70	How many people lost their jobs over Beyoncé backing out of the deal ?
It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost its financial backers .	June 2013	When was the disagreement settled out of court ?
In October 2014 , it was announced that Beyoncé with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop , in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. .	fashion retailer Topshop	Who did Bayonce 's management go into business with in 2014 ?
In October 2014 , it was announced that Beyoncé with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop , in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. .	Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd	After their agreement together , Beyonce 's and Topshop '' new business was called what ?
The new division was created for Topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced .	activewear	What type of clothing does Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd produce ?
The company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 .	fall of 2015	The company and products were set to be in stores when ?
In October 2014 , it was announced that Beyoncé with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop , in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. .	Topshop	Who did Beyonce partner with in London ?
The company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015 .	2015	When will the new line launch ?
In October 2014 , it was announced that Beyoncé with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop , in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. .	Parkwood Entertainment	What is the name of Beyoncé 's management company ?
In October 2014 , it was announced that Beyoncé with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop , in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. .	Topshop	Who did Beyoncé and Parkwood Entertainment partner with in October 2014 ?
The new division was created for Topshop to break into the activewear market , with an athletic , street wear brand being produced .	activewear	What was the new division of Topshop because of the partnership ?
On March 30 , 2015 , it was announced that Beyoncé is a co-owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service Tidal .	March 30, 2015	When was it discovered Beyonce was a co-owner of the music service , Tidal ?
Beyoncé 's husband Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal , Aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 .	Jay Z	The parent company of Tidal became under the ownership of whom in 2015 ?
On March 30 , 2015 , it was announced that Beyoncé is a co-owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service Tidal .	March 30, 2015	When was it announced that Beyonce was a co-owner in Tidal ?
On March 30 , 2015 , it was announced that Beyoncé is a co-owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service Tidal .	music streaming service	What kind of service is Tidal ?
The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties .	low payout of royalties	What is a criticism of other streaming services ?
On March 30 , 2015 , it was announced that Beyoncé is a co-owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service Tidal .	Tidal.	What music streaming system is Beyoncé part owner of ?
Beyoncé 's husband Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal , Aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 .	Aspiro	What is the parent company of the music service Beyoncé owns part of ?
Beyoncé 's husband Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal , Aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 .	Jay Z	Who acquired the parent company of the music service Beyoncé owns part of ?
The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties .	Spotify	What music service is accused of providing low royalty amounts ?
Beyoncé and her mother introduced House of Deréon , a contemporary women 's fashion line , in 2005 .	her mother	House of Dereon became known through Beyonce and which of Beyonce 's relatives ?
The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to Beyoncé 's grandmother , Agnèz Deréon , a respected seamstress .	Agnèz Deréon	Beyonce 's grandma 's name was ?
Beyoncé and her mother founded their family 's company Beyond Productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Deréon , and its junior collection , Deréon .	Beyond Productions	Beyonce 's family 's company name is what ?
The collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada .	sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear	What types of garments are sold by Beyonce 's clothing line ?
The collection features sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear , and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada .	US and Canada	Which two countries can you purchase Beyonce 's clothing line ?
Beyoncé and her mother introduced House of Deréon , a contemporary women 's fashion line , in 2005 .	her mother	Who partnered with Beyonce to start the clothing line , Dereon ?
Beyoncé and her mother introduced House of Deréon , a contemporary women 's fashion line , in 2005 .	2005	When did Beyonce and her mother start Dereon ?
The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family , the name paying tribute to Beyoncé 's grandmother , Agnèz Deréon , a respected seamstress .	grandmother, Agnèz Deréon	Who was the business named for in Beyonce 's family ?
House of Deréon pieces were exhibited in Destiny 's Child 's shows and tours , during their Destiny Fulfilled era .	in Destiny's Child's shows and tours	Where were items from the clothing line displayed ?
Beyoncé and her mother introduced House of Deréon , a contemporary women 's fashion line , in 2005 .	her mother	Who shares in the House of Deréon fashion line introduction with Beyoncé ?
Beyoncé and her mother founded their family 's company Beyond Productions , which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Deréon , and its junior collection , Deréon .	Deréon.	What is the name of the House of Deréon junior collection ?
In 2005 , Beyoncé teamed up with House of Brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for House of Deréon .	shoe	What type of accessory company did Beyonce partner with in 2005 ?
On May 27 , 2010 , Beyoncé teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Deréon by Beyoncé at their stores in Brazil .	Brazil	In 2010 , Beyonce released Dereon to what country ?
In July 2009 , Beyoncé and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , Sasha Fierce for Deréon , for back-to-school selling .	2009	Back-to-school shopping was introduced in what year of Beyonce 's clothing line ?
In January 2008 , Starwave Mobile launched Beyoncé Fashion Diva , a `` high-style '' mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the House of Deréon collection .	House of Deréon collection	What did Beyonce 's Fashion Diva feature ?
In July 2009 , Beyoncé and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , Sasha Fierce for Deréon , for back-to-school selling .	Sasha Fierce for Deréon	What new idea did Beyonce and her mother launch in 2009 ?
On May 27 , 2010 , Beyoncé teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Deréon by Beyoncé at their stores in Brazil .	May 27, 2010	When did Beyonce partner with C&A to sell fashion in Brazil ?
In 2005 , Beyoncé teamed up with House of Brands , a shoe company , to produce a range of footwear for House of Deréon .	House of Brands	What company did Beyoncé get together with in 2005 to add shoes to her fashions ?
In January 2008 , Starwave Mobile launched Beyoncé Fashion Diva , a `` high-style '' mobile game with a social networking component , featuring the House of Deréon collection .	Beyoncé Fashion Diva	What was the name of the game put out by Starwave Mobile in 2008 that featured Beyoncé fashions ?
In July 2009 , Beyoncé and her mother launched a new junior apparel label , Sasha Fierce for Deréon , for back-to-school selling .	Sasha Fierce for Deréon	What was the name of the junior fashions launched in 2009 by Beyoncé and her mother ?
On May 27 , 2010 , Beyoncé teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Deréon by Beyoncé at their stores in Brazil .	C&A	Who did Beyoncé team up with in 2010 to get her fashions into Brazil ?
It was available at department stores including Macy 's and Dillard 's , and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds .	Dillard's	Sasha Fierce for Deréon fashions were sold at stores that included Macy 's and what other store ?
In October 2014 , Beyoncé signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop .	Topshop	Beyonce , during October 2014 , partnered with whom to produce an outdoor line of clothing ?
The 50-50 venture is called Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance , fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015 .	autumn 2015	Beyonce and Topshops first products were to be sold in stores when ?
The 50-50 venture is called Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance , fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015 .	Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd	What is the new business called ?
The line will launch in April 2016 .	April 2016	When will the full line appear ?
In October 2014 , Beyoncé signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop .	Topshop	What company did Beyoncé contract with to sell clothing in England ?
The 50-50 venture is called Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance , fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015 .	Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd	What is the name of the equal partnership 's fashion line between Beyoncé and the British company to come out in 2016 ?
In October 2014 , Beyoncé signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop .	activewear	What type of clothing does the British partnership with Beyoncé sell ?
After Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area , to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $ 250,000 .	Hurricane Katrina	What national disaster caused Beyonce to create the Survivor Foundation ?
After Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area , to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $ 250,000 .	250,000	How much cash did Beyonce put into the venture , the Survivor Foundation at startup ?
The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later .	Ike	What hurricane years later after Katrina did the organization provide support for ?
After Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area , to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $ 250,000 .	the Survivor Foundation	What did Beyonce and Rowland found in 2005 ?
After Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area , to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $ 250,000 .	$250,000	How much did Beyonce initially contribute to the foundation ?
The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later .	expanded to work with other charities	How has this foundation changed in recent years ?
After Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area , to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $ 250,000 .	Survivor Foundation	What foundation did Beyoncé start after Hurricane Katrina ?
After Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area , to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $ 250,000 .	$250,000.	How much money did Beyoncé contribute at the beginning of her Hurricane Katrina foundation ?
The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city , and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later .	Hurricane Ike	What other hurricane did Beyoncé 's foundation help with ?
Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean 's Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA `` Fashion For Haiti '' T-shirt , made by Theory which raised a total of $ 1 million .	George Clooney and Wyclef Jean	Who did Beyonce participate with in the Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit ?
On March 5 , 2010 , Beyoncé and her mother Tina opened the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House , offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women .	Brooklyn Phoenix House	Beyonce opened a cosmetology center in what location ?
Following the death of Osama bin Laden , Beyoncé released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song `` God Bless the USA '' , as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows ' and Children 's Benefit Fund .	God Bless the USA	After Osama Bin Laden 's death , what single did Beyonce cover ?
Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean 's Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA `` Fashion For Haiti '' T-shirt , made by Theory which raised a total of $ 1 million .	$1 million	How much did the T-shirt with Beyonce 's image on it make ?
On March 5 , 2010 , Beyoncé and her mother Tina opened the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House , offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women .	Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House	What enterprise did Beyonce and her mother start on March 5 , 2010 ?
Following the death of Osama bin Laden , Beyoncé released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song `` God Bless the USA '' , as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows ' and Children 's Benefit Fund .	New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund	What charity benefited from the release of the song , God Bless the USA ?
Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean 's Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA `` Fashion For Haiti '' T-shirt , made by Theory which raised a total of $ 1 million .	Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit	What did she participate in with George Clooney ?
Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean 's Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA `` Fashion For Haiti '' T-shirt , made by Theory which raised a total of $ 1 million .	George Clooney and Wyclef Jean	Which two stars did Beyoncé help with their Haiti Earthquake organization ?
On March 5 , 2010 , Beyoncé and her mother Tina opened the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House , offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women .	Beyoncé Cosmetology Center	What did Beyoncé open at the Brooklyn Phoenix House in 2010 ?
Following the death of Osama bin Laden , Beyoncé released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song `` God Bless the USA '' , as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows ' and Children 's Benefit Fund .	God Bless the USA	What Lee Greenwood song did Beyoncé cover after Osama bin Laden was killed ?
In December , Beyoncé along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for `` Demand A Plan '' , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting .	Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting	Which national event caused Beyonce to produce `` Demand a Plan ? ''
Beyoncé became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign donating her song `` I Was Here '' and its music video , shot in the UN , to the campaign .	I Was Here	What song did Beyonce contribute to the campaign ?
Beyoncé is also taking part in `` Miss a Meal '' , a food-donation campaign , and supporting Goodwill charity through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S.	Miss a Meal	Beyonce is contributing to which food-donation campaign ?
A concert for the cause took place on June 1 , 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding , Florence and the Machine , and Rita Ora .	London	On June 1 , 2013 where was the concert held for `` a Chime for Change '' ?
Beyoncé said about her mother Tina Knowles that her gift was `` finding the best qualities in every human being . ''	her mother	Beyonce was speaking about whom when she said her gift was `` finding the best qualities in every human being . '' ?
In December , Beyoncé along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for `` Demand A Plan '' , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting .	Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.	The Demand a Plan video campaign followed what tragic event ?
In 2013 , it was announced that Beyoncé would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci `` Chime for Change '' campaign that aims to spread female empowerment .	spread female empowerment	What was the focus of the Gucci Chime for Change campaign ?
With help of the crowdfunding platform Catapult , visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls .	Catapult	What crowdfunding platform was used in the concert ?
In December , Beyoncé along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for `` Demand A Plan '' , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting .	Demand A Plan	What is the name of the campaign that Beyoncé and others are involved in that deals with gun control ?
In December , Beyoncé along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for `` Demand A Plan '' , a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws , following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting .	Sandy Hook Elementary School	What school shooting prompted the creation of Demand A Plan ?
Beyoncé became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign donating her song `` I Was Here '' and its music video , shot in the UN , to the campaign .	I Was Here	What song did Beyoncé donate to the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign ?
In 2013 , it was announced that Beyoncé would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci `` Chime for Change '' campaign that aims to spread female empowerment .	Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini	Who did Beyoncé work with in 2013 on the Chime for Change campaign ?
The state 's name is derived from the Spanish word montaña -LRB- mountain -RRB- .	Spanish word montaña (mountain)	Where does the state 's name come from ?
Montana is ranked 4th in size , but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States .	4th	What is the states rank in size ?
Montana is ranked 4th in size , but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States .	44th	What is its rank in popularion ?
In total , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains .	77	How many ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains ?
The state 's name is derived from the Spanish word montaña -LRB- mountain -RRB- .	from the Spanish word montaña	Where does the state 's name come from ?
The state tree , the ponderosa pine , was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908 .	1908	What year was the state tree selected ?
However , the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949 , when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs , with the support of the state forester , lobbied for formal recognition .	1949	When was the state tree actually assigned ?
Similarly , the secretary of state sponsored a children 's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal , and after 74 animals were nominated , the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2 -- 1 margin .	1981	What year was the state animal selected ?
Similarly , the secretary of state sponsored a children 's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal , and after 74 animals were nominated , the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2 -- 1 margin .	grizzly bear	What is the state animal of Montana ?
The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the Maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985 .	Maiasaura	What is the state fossil
The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood , when a musical troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910 .	1910	When was the state song composed ?
Montana 's motto , Oro y Plata , Spanish for `` Gold and Silver '' , recognizing the significant role of mining , was first adopted in 1865 , when Montana was still a territory .	Oro y Plata	What is Montana 's motto ?
Montana 's motto , Oro y Plata , Spanish for `` Gold and Silver '' , recognizing the significant role of mining , was first adopted in 1865 , when Montana was still a territory .	"Gold and Silver"	What does Montana 's motto mean ?
Montana 's motto , Oro y Plata , Spanish for `` Gold and Silver '' , recognizing the significant role of mining , was first adopted in 1865 , when Montana was still a territory .	1865	When was the motto adopted ?
The state flower , the bitterroot , was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association , which formed after Montana 's Women 's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization 's state flower .	1895	WHen was the state flower adopted ?
The state flower , the bitterroot , was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association , which formed after Montana 's Women 's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization 's state flower .	bitterroot	What is the state flower for Montana ?
Based on 2013 census numbers , they collectively contain 35 percent of Montana 's population .	35 percent	How much of the states population does the `` Big 7 '' have ?
Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana 's contains 364 `` places '' , broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places .	56	How many counties does Montana have ?
Montana has one city , Billings , with a population over 100,000 ; and two cities with populations over 50,000 , Missoula and Great Falls .	Billings	What city in Montana has over 100,000 people ?
Montana has one city , Billings , with a population over 100,000 ; and two cities with populations over 50,000 , Missoula and Great Falls .	Missoula and Great Falls	What two cities have a population over 50,000 ?
The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña , meaning `` mountain '' , or more broadly , `` mountainous country '' .	"mountain"	Where does the state 's name mean ?
Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west .	Montaña del Norte	What did the Spanish call this region ?
With a total area of 147,040 square miles -LRB- 380,800 km2 -RRB- , Montana is slightly larger than Japan .	147,040 square miles	What is the total area of Montana ?
It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , Wyoming to the south and Idaho to the west and southwest .	Wyoming	What state does Montana border to the south ?
It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , Wyoming to the south and Idaho to the west and southwest .	Idaho	What state does it border to the west ?
Most of Montana 's 100 or more named mountain ranges are concentrated in the western half of the state , most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains .	western half of the state	Where are most of the states mountain ranges ?
About 60 percent of the state is prairie , part of the northern Great Plains .	About 60 percent	How much of the state is prarie ?
It causes the Waterton River , Belly , and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta , Canada .	north	Which direction do the rivers flow near the Triple Divide Peak ?
There they join the Saskatchewan River , which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay .	Hudson Bay.	Where does the Saskatchewan River empty into ?
The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet -LRB- 3,000 m -RRB- high in the continental United States .	over 10,000 feet	How high is the Beartooth Plateau ?
It contains the highest point in the state , Granite Peak , 12,799 feet -LRB- 3,901 m -RRB- high .	Granite Peak	What is thie highest point in the state ?
It contains the highest point in the state , Granite Peak , 12,799 feet -LRB- 3,901 m -RRB- high .	12,799 feet	How high is Granite Peak ?
Democrats currently hold one of the state 's U.S. Senate seats , as well as four of the five statewide offices -LRB- Governor , Superintendent of Public Instruction , Secretary of State and State Auditor -RRB- .	one	How many seats do Democrats hold in the state US Senate 's seats ?
The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state 's Senate seats for the GOP .	1996	How long has the single congressional district been Republican ?
The state Senate is , as of 2015 , controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21 , and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41 .	59 to 41.	What is the split in the State House of Representatives ?
The state Senate is , as of 2015 , controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21 , and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41 .	29 to 21	What is the split in the state Senate controller by the Republicans ?
In presidential elections , Montana was long classified as a swing state , though the state has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present .	a swing state	In elections , what is Montana considered ?
The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992 , when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory .	1992	What year was the last Democrat for president supported ?
Overall , since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time , with these numbers being 40/60 for Republican candidates .	60 percent	How often has Montana voted for a Democratic governor ?
Overall , since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time , with these numbers being 40/60 for Republican candidates .	40 percent	How often does Montana voted for a Democratic president ?
Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana , surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013 .	Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport	What is the name of the busiest airport in Montana ?
Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana , surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013 .	2013	When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana ?
Today , the BNSF Railway is the state 's largest railroad , its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state .	BNSF Railway	What is the states largest railway ?
Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s .	1880s	How long have railroads been important since in Montana
Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition .	Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation	What is the name of the big game hunting foundation in Montana ?
There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years , limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed .	spring	What season is black bear hunting allowed ?
Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions .	wolves and mountain lions	What two predators can be hunted in specific numbers ?
Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s .	1930s	Since when has Montana been a destination for trout fisheries ?
Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves .	Federation of Fly Fishers	What fishing organization has its home here ?
The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west , walleye can be found in many parts of the state , while northern pike , smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana .	trout and kokanee salmon fisheries	What type of fisheries does the state have ?
Robert Redford 's 1992 film of Norman Mclean 's novel , A River Runs Through It , was filmed in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state .	A River Runs Through It	What Robert Redford movie was shot here in 1002 ?
The Montana Territory was formed on April 26 , 1864 , when the U.S. passed the Organic Act .	April 26, 1864	When was the Montana Territory formed ?
The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862 .	1862	When was the first formal school on record ?
In this school students were charged $ 1.75 per week .	$1.75	How much were students charged per week ?
Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in Virginia City in 1886 .	1886	When did the first public school in Virginia City formed ?
Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks , 450 miles -LRB- 720 km -RRB- of which are known for `` blue-ribbon '' trout fishing .	450	How many miles of rivers are known for high class trout ?
Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean , the Gulf of Mexico , and Hudson Bay .	Hudson Bay	What Bay do rivers from Montana feed ?
The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park .	Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.	Where do the watersheds divide at ?
Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean , the Gulf of Mexico , and Hudson Bay .	Pacific Ocean	What ocean do rivers flow into from Montana ?
East of the divide the Missouri River , which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson , Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks , flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls .	Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers	What rivers form the Missouri River ?
East of the divide the Missouri River , which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson , Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks , flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls .	Three Forks	Near where do the rivers form up for the Missouri river merging ?
East of the divide the Missouri River , which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson , Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks , flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls .	north	Which direction does the water flow in this area ?
The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976 .	1976	Which year was the Fort Peck Reservoir designated a National Scenic River ?
It flows north through Yellowstone National Park , enters Montana near Gardiner , and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston .	north	Which direction does the Yellowstone River flow through the national park ?
The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union .	North Dakota	Where does the Yellowstone meet the Missouri river ?
There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana , including Flathead Lake , the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States .	at least 3,223	How many named lakes are there in Montana ?
There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana , including Flathead Lake , the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States .	Flathead Lake	What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in western United States ?
The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river , which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world .	Fort Peck Reservoir	What is the name of the largest reservoir in the state ?
The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river , which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world .	Missouri river	What river is the Fort Peck Reservoir on ?
Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state .	approximately 25 percent	About how much area do forests cover the state ?
Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian , 90 fish , 117 mammal , 20 reptile and 427 bird species .	90	How many different types of fish are diverse to Montana ?
Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states .	grizzly bear	What type of bear does Montana have the highest population of ?
Montana hosts five federally endangered species -- black-footed ferret , whooping crane , least tern , pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear , Canadian lynx and bull trout .	five	How many endangered species are in Montana ?
The Montana Department of Fish , Wildlife and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout , walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant , grey partridge , elk , pronghorn antelope , mule deer , whitetail deer , gray wolf and bighorn sheep .	at least 17	How many species of game fish have hunting seasons ?
Average annual precipitation is 15 inches -LRB- 380 mm -RRB- , but great variations are seen .	15 inches	What is the annual precipitation ?
Heron , in the west , receives the most precipitation , 34.70 inches -LRB- 881 mm -RRB- .	34.70 inches	How much precipitation does Heron recieve ?
The mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches -LRB- 2,500 mm -RRB- , for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches -LRB- 2,700 mm -RRB- .	105 inches	How much precipitation does the Grinnell Glacier recieve ?
Montana 's personal income tax contains 7 brackets , with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent .	7	How many tax brackets does Montana have ?
Montana 's personal income tax contains 7 brackets , with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent .	6.9 percent	What is the highest tax bracket in Montana ?
Montana has no sales tax .	no	Does Montana have a sales tax ?
Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana .	Approximately 66,000	About how many Native Americans live in Montana ?
Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation , including the Indian Appropriations Act -LRB- 1851 -RRB- , the Dawes Act -LRB- 1887 -RRB- , and the Indian Reorganization Act -LRB- 1934 -RRB- , seven Indian reservations , encompassing eleven tribal nations , were created in Montana .	1851	When was the Indian Appropriations Act passed ?
Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation , including the Indian Appropriations Act -LRB- 1851 -RRB- , the Dawes Act -LRB- 1887 -RRB- , and the Indian Reorganization Act -LRB- 1934 -RRB- , seven Indian reservations , encompassing eleven tribal nations , were created in Montana .	1887	What year was the Dawes act passed ?
A twelfth nation , the Little Shell Chippewa is a `` landless '' people headquartered in Great Falls , recognized by the state of Montana but not by the U.S. Government .	Great Falls	Where are the Little Shell Chippewa headquartered ?
Approximately 63 % of all Native people live off the reservations , concentrated in the larger Montana cities with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls .	63%	About what percentage of the Native Americans in Montana live off the reservation ?
While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German , pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions , parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota .	German	What is the largest European-American race in Montana ?
The nearby city of Helena , also founded as a mining camp , had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown .	a mining camp	What was Helena originally founded as ?
Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state 's total population , the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states .	6.5 percent	What percentage of the population in Montana are Native peoples ?
Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority : Big Horn , Glacier , and Roosevelt .	Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt	What three counties are Native Americans a majority ?
The state 's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 -LRB- at a time when Montana 's entire population rose just 1.6 percent -RRB- , and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010 .	1980 and 1990	Between what years did the Native population increase by 27.9 %
Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007 , the hottest month ever recorded in Montana .	2007	In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records ?
Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007 , the hottest month ever recorded in Montana .	July	What month was the hottest ever recorded ?
The combination of warmer weather , attack by beetles , and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana .	forest fires	What problem has substantially increased in its severity ?
In 1855 , Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish , Pend d'Oreille , and the Kootenai people of western Montana , which established boundaries for the tribal nations .	1855	What year was the Hellgate treaty formed ?
In 1855 , Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish , Pend d'Oreille , and the Kootenai people of western Montana , which established boundaries for the tribal nations .	Isaac Stevens	Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty ?
The treaty was ratified in 1859 .	1859	What year was the treaty ratified ?
While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation , trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement , but the tribal nations disputed those provisions .	Flathead Indian Reservation	What did the treaty establish ?
The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton , Montana .	Camp Cooke	What was the name of the first US Army post ?
The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton , Montana .	on the Missouri River	Where was Camp Cooke situated ?
Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud 's War , the Great Sioux War of 1876 , the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet .	1876	What year was the Great Sioux War ?
The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre -LRB- 1870 -RRB- , Battle of the Little Bighorn -LRB- 1876 -RRB- , Battle of the Big Hole -LRB- 1877 -RRB- and Battle of Bear Paw -LRB- 1877 -RRB- .	1877	What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen ?
English is the official language in the state of Montana , as it is in many U.S. states .	English	What is the official language of Montana ?
According to the 2000 U.S. Census , 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home .	94.8 percent	What percentage of the population in Montana speak English ?
Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English .	Spanish	What is the second most common language spoken in Montana ?
There were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state -LRB- 1.4 percent of the population -RRB- in 2011 .	13,040	How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state ?
Other languages spoken in Montana -LRB- as of 2013 -RRB- include Assiniboine -LRB- about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada -RRB- , Blackfoot -LRB- about 100 speakers -RRB- , Cheyenne -LRB- about 1,700 speakers -RRB- , Plains Cree -LRB- about 100 speakers -RRB- , Crow -LRB- about 3,000 speakers -RRB- , Dakota -LRB- about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota -RRB- , German Hutterite -LRB- about 5,600 speakers -RRB- , Gros Ventre -LRB- about 10 speakers -RRB- , Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille -LRB- about 64 speakers -RRB- , Kutenai -LRB- about 6 speakers -RRB- , and Lakota -LRB- about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota , South Dakota -RRB- .	about 1,700	ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne ?
According to the 2010 Census , 89.4 percent of the population was White -LRB- 87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White -RRB- , 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native , 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race , 0.6 percent Asian , 0.4 percent Black or African American , 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 0.6 percent from Some Other Race , and 2.5 percent from two or more races .	89.4 percent	What percent of the state is White ?
According to the 2010 Census , 89.4 percent of the population was White -LRB- 87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White -RRB- , 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native , 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race , 0.6 percent Asian , 0.4 percent Black or African American , 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 0.6 percent from Some Other Race , and 2.5 percent from two or more races .	6.3 percent	What percent of the state is Native American Indian ?
According to the 2010 Census , 89.4 percent of the population was White -LRB- 87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White -RRB- , 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native , 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race , 0.6 percent Asian , 0.4 percent Black or African American , 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 0.6 percent from Some Other Race , and 2.5 percent from two or more races .	2.9	Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population ?
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1 , 2015 , a 4.40 % increase since the 2010 United States Census .	1,032,949	What was the population of the state in 2015 ?
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1 , 2015 , a 4.40 % increase since the 2010 United States Census .	4.40%	How much did the population increase since 2010 ?
During the first decade of the new century , growth was mainly concentrated in Montana 's seven largest counties , with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County , which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010 .	Gallatin County	What county saw the largest growth ?
The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent , and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010 .	Kalispell	What city saw the largest growth ?
In 1940 , Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress , and in 1941 , as she did in 1917 , she voted against the United States ' declaration of war .	1917	What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time ?
In 1940 , Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress , and in 1941 , as she did in 1917 , she voted against the United States ' declaration of war .	1941	When did she vote a second time against war ?
Many individuals from throughout the U.S. who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties .	smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.	What were conscientious objectors sent to Montana to do ?
Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870 .	over 13 million	About how many bison were in Montana in 1870 ?
By 1884 , commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction ; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States .	about 325	In 1884 about how many bison remained ?
In 1875 , General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food .	General Philip Sheridan	Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison ?
In 1875 , General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food .	1875	What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison ?
Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad -LRB- NPR -RRB- reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882 .	1881	When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west ?
Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad -LRB- NPR -RRB- reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882 .	1882	When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east ?
Jay Cooke , the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871 , 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull .	1871, 1872 and 1873	What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull ?
Surveys in 1874 , 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876 .	1876	What year was the Great White Sioux War ?
The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8 , 1883 , at Gold Creek .	1883	When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished ?
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher , Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood .	1866	When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana ?
Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher , Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood .	bid for statehood	Why was this constitutional convention held ?
A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884 .	1884	When was the second constitutional convention held ?
Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted .	1889	What year was Montana 's statehood approved ?
Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted .	North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington	What other three states were approved in the same year ?
The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and `` prove-up '' 160 acres -LRB- 0.65 km2 -RRB- of federal land in the midwest and western United States .	1862	What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers ?
The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and `` prove-up '' 160 acres -LRB- 0.65 km2 -RRB- of federal land in the midwest and western United States .	160 acres	How much land did the Homestead Act allow ?
The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868 .	1868	What year was the first homestead claim claimed ?
The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres -LRB- 2.6 km2 -RRB- to settlers for a fee of $ .25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land .	1877	When was the Desert Land Act passed ?
The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres -LRB- 2.6 km2 -RRB- to settlers for a fee of $ .25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land .	640 acres	How much land did the Desert Land Act allot ?
The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres -LRB- 2.6 km2 -RRB- to settlers for a fee of $ .25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land .	$.25	How much was the charge per acre at first ?
In the early 1900s , James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods .	James J. Hill	Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s
In 1902 , the Reclamation Act was passed , allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana 's eastern river valleys .	1902	In what year was the Reclamation Act passed ?
In 1909 , Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres -LRB- 0.6 to 1.3 km2 -RRB- per family and in 1912 reduced the time to `` prove up '' on a claim to three years .	1909	What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed ?
In 1909 , Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres -LRB- 0.6 to 1.3 km2 -RRB- per family and in 1912 reduced the time to `` prove up '' on a claim to three years .	320 acres	How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act ?
In June 1917 , the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918 , enacted in May 1918 .	1917	When did Congress pass the Espionage Act ?
In June 1917 , the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918 , enacted in May 1918 .	1918	When was the Sedition Act passed ?
In combination , these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government , military , or symbols through speech or other means .	criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means	What were these acts make do to laws ?
The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78 , mostly of German or Austrian descent .	200	How many people were arrested from the Montana Act ?
The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78 , mostly of German or Austrian descent .	78	How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted ?
Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war , and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended .	40,000-plus	How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war ?
Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war , and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended .	over 57,000	How many Montanans joined the military in the war total ?
At least 1500 Montanans died in the war .	At least 1500	About how many Montanans died in the war ?
Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or `` Devil 's Brigade , '' a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment .	First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade,"	Who trained at the military grounds in Montana ?
Air bases were built in Great Falls , Lewistown , Cut Bank and Glasgow , some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union .	Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow	Where were air bases built in Montana ?
The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups , and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole . ''	entire human groups	In the judgement , it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention , at its most simplest , is preventing the destruction of which victims ?
In Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic -- Appeals Chamber -- Judgment -- IT-98-33 -LRB- 2004 -RRB- ICTY 7 -LRB- 19 April 2004 -RRB- paragraphs 8 , 9 , 10 , and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that `` the part must be a substantial part of that group .	that group	In addressing the issue of `` in part , '' the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what ?
The phrase `` in whole or in part '' has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law .	"in whole or in part"	Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law ?
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic -- Trial Chamber I -- Judgment -- IT-98-33 -LRB- 2001 -RRB- ICTY8 -LRB- 2 August 2001 -RRB- that Genocide had been committed .	Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic	What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia -LRB- ICTY -RRB- ?
The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion .	opinions of respected commentators	Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion ?
It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation , that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide .	that biological-physical destruction was necessary	Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide ?
The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement , apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view , that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that `` There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide '' .	the type of group destruction	A definition of what , by the States , was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law ?
The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement , apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view , that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that `` There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide '' .	Germany	Which country 's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws ?
The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement , apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view , that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that `` There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide '' .	Convention States municipal laws	The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction , despite what factor ?
In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements .	the judgements of several international and municipal courts	In its preparations , what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR ?
In 1948 , the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide -LRB- CPPCG -RRB- which defined the crime of genocide for the first time .	the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide	In 1948 , what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act ?
After the Holocaust , which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II , Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides .	Nazi Germany	In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized ?
After the Holocaust , which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II , Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides .	Lemkin	Following World War II , whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide ?
In 1946 , the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that `` affirmed '' that genocide was a crime under international law , but did not provide a legal definition of the crime .	United Nations General Assembly	Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946 ?
In 1946 , the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that `` affirmed '' that genocide was a crime under international law , but did not provide a legal definition of the crime .	provide a legal definition of the crime	While recognizing genocide , what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution ?
The first draft of the Convention included political killings , but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries , including the USSR , a permanent security council member .	political killings	Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed ?
The first draft of the Convention included political killings , but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries , including the USSR , a permanent security council member .	USSR	What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention ?
Other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics .	international intervention in domestic politics	What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide ?
However leading genocide scholar William Schabas states : `` Rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some Soviet machination .	William Schabas	Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention ?
The USSR argued that the Convention 's definition should follow the etymology of the term , and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own Great Purge .	its own Great Purge	What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention ?
In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights -LRB- ECHR -RRB- , noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that `` intent to destroy '' in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion .	majority of legal scholars	Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide ?
But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national , racial , religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide .	national, racial, religious or ethnic	What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide ?
In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights -LRB- ECHR -RRB- , noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that `` intent to destroy '' in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion .	Jorgic v. Germany	In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide ?
But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national , racial , religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide .	biological-physical	What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts ?
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming , genocide was defined as `` a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group 's basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . ''	as a descriptive term	Prior to being a formal legal term , how was the word `` genocide '' used in an indictment scenario ?
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming , genocide was defined as `` a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group 's basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . ''	Lemming	Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group ?
He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society .	international relations and community	Lemming 's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm ?
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term `` ritualcide '' to describe the destruction of a group 's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members .	Australian	What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine ?
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term `` ritualcide '' to describe the destruction of a group 's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members .	"ritualcide"	What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction , without the death of its members ?
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term `` ritualcide '' to describe the destruction of a group 's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members .	ritualcide	What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture ?
Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term `` ritualcide '' to describe the destruction of a group 's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members .	anthropologist	What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine ?
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming , genocide was defined as `` a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group 's basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . ''	language, culture, and economic infrastructure	What elements of group existence , other than people themselves , can be targets of genocide ?
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term .	legal aspect of the term	What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide ?
By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations .	a crime	In prosecuting genocide , what must the act be formally acknowledged as ?
When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group .	the deliberate killing of a certain group	In a general aspect , what is genocide viewed as ?
Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area .	officials in power of a state or area	In trials of genocidal crimes , what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute ?
In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups .	the Peace of Westphalia	Long before genocide was established as a legal term , what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings ?
Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area .	genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power	Why does genocide often go unpunished ?
In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups .	ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups	Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect ?
In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups .	1648	What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed ?
The word genocide was not in use before 1944 .	1944	When was the word `` genocide '' first used ?
The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno - -LRB- meaning tribe or race -RRB- and caedere -LRB- the Latin word for to kill -RRB- .	The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).	What is the etymology of the term `` genocide '' ?
The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them .	a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them	What is the definition of genocide ?
In that year , a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide .	Raphael Lemkin	Who coined the term `` genocide '' ?
Before this , in 1941 , Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as `` a crime without a name '' .	Winston Churchill	Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941 ?
The word genocide was not in use before 1944 .	1944	The word `` genocide '' was unknown until what year ?
Before this , in 1941 , Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as `` a crime without a name '' .	as "a crime without a name"	In 1941 , how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war ?
In that year , a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide .	Raphael Lemkin	What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as `` genocide ? ''
The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno - -LRB- meaning tribe or race -RRB- and caedere -LRB- the Latin word for to kill -RRB- .	Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)	What is the etymological basis of the word `` genocide ? ''
The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them .	to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them	As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups , what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide ?
The judges continue in paragraph 12 , `` The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations .	when the targeted part is substantial enough	Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what ?
The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point , though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry .	The numeric size	What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry ?
The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms , but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group .	absolute terms	The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what ?
In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion , its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration .	prominence within the group	In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group , what other consideration was useful to the ICTY ?
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : `` The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators ' activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered .	perpetrators' access to the victims	The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13 ?
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : `` The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators ' activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered .	historical examples of genocide	What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered ?
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : `` The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators ' activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered .	possible extent of their reach	The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control ?
... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him .	the opportunity presented to him	What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator 's intent to destroy ?
While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial , it can -- in combination with other factors -- inform the analysis . ''	inform the analysis	While the factor can not independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial , it can do what ?
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties .	12 January 1951	On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective ?
The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties .	20	What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties ?
At that time however , only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty : France and the Republic of China .	only two	Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council , how many were parties to the treaty ?
The Soviet Union ratified in 1954 , the United Kingdom in 1970 , the People 's Republic of China in 1983 -LRB- having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971 -RRB- , and the United States in 1988 .	the United Kingdom	What member ratified in 1970 ?
This long delay in support for the Convention by the world 's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades .	four	The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades ?
Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise .	a diplomatic compromise	In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise ?
As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool , and although it is used for this purpose , as it has an international legal credibility that others lack , other definitions have also been postulated .	a research tool	Rather than a definition , the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool ?
As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool , and although it is used for this purpose , as it has an international legal credibility that others lack , other definitions have also been postulated .	international legal credibility	What does the treaty possess that others lack ?
Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons .	alternative definitions	The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what ?
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events .	Jonassohn and Björnson	What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide ?
Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events .	their focus	The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events ?
For example , Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and Helen Fein , Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events .	Frank Chalk	What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history ?
For example , Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and Helen Fein , Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events .	R. J. Rummel	With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works ?
For example , Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and Helen Fein , Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events .	Ted Gurr	Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events ?
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response , 1979 -- 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn : `` Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . ''	social and political groups	Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide ?
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response , 1979 -- 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn : `` Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . ''	The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response	In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow ?
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response , 1979 -- 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn : `` Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . ''	political groups	Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group ?
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response , 1979 -- 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn : `` Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . ''	Genocide	In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn , what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing ?
The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response , 1979 -- 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn : `` Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . ''	intends to destroy a group	In further elaborating on the definition , how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator ?
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as `` the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ... -LSB- when -RSB- the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i.e. , ethnicity , religion or nationality . ''	policies	Harff and Gurr 's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what , by a state or its agents ?
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as `` the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ... -LSB- when -RSB- the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i.e. , ethnicity , religion or nationality . ''	victimized groups	Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity , religion or nationality ?
Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state .	politicides	What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides ?
In genocides , the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics , i.e. , ethnicity , religion or nationality .	nationality	Along with ethnicity and and religion , what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group ?
Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates , Jr. state that '' ... we follow Harff 's distinction between genocides and ` pogroms , ' which she describes as ` short-lived outbursts by mobs , which , although often condoned by authorities , rarely persist . '	pogroms	What did Harff define as `` short-lived outbursts by mobs ... ? ''
The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership .	murder by government	In the writings of Rummel , what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide ?
The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership .	religious group	Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national , ethnic , racial and which other membership ?
The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty , the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide .	Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide	The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty ?
This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group .	eliminate the group	Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end ?
This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group .	preventing births	In the interpretation of non-killings , the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor ?
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as ` When a source of collective power -LRB- usually a state -RRB- intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group -LRB- as defined by the perpetrator -RRB- , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' .	Adrian Gallagher	In terms of failed states and non-state actors , the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer ?
Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as ` When a source of collective power -LRB- usually a state -RRB- intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group -LRB- as defined by the perpetrator -RRB- , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' .	collective power	In Gallagher 's definition of genocide , a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group ?
The definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide -LRB- dependent on relative group size -RRB- .	intent	Gallagher 's definition upholds the centrality of what ?
The definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide -LRB- dependent on relative group size -RRB- .	group identity	The centrality of intent broadens what definition , beyond the 1948 one ?
The definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide -LRB- dependent on relative group size -RRB- .	destroyed	In order for a genocide classification to happen , a major part of a group has to be what ?
All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult .	acts of genocide	Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what ?
All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult .	both in peace and wartime	During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged ?
In particular , some of the signatories -- namely , Bahrain , Bangladesh , India , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , the United States , Vietnam , Yemen , and former Yugoslavia -- signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent .	no claim of genocide could be brought against them	In enforcing a charge of genocide , what loophole do many of the signatories possess ?
In particular , some of the signatories -- namely , Bahrain , Bangladesh , India , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , the United States , Vietnam , Yemen , and former Yugoslavia -- signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent .	the United States	What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself ?
Despite official protests from other signatories -LRB- notably Cyprus and Norway -RRB- on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations , the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time , as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War .	Norway	Along with Cyprus , what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide ?
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide -LRB- CPPCG -RRB- , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder .	Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide	In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty ?
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide -LRB- CPPCG -RRB- , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder .	humanity	Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what ?
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide -LRB- CPPCG -RRB- , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder .	crimes like murder	An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what ?
Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide -LRB- CPPCG -RRB- , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder .	the Holocaust	After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort ?
Nevertheless , the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term , that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin , appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders , Count 3 , which stated that all the defendants had `` conducted deliberate and systematic genocide -- namely , the extermination of racial and national groups ... ''	Raphael Lemkin	Who is notable for coining the term `` Holocaust ? ''
On 12 July 2007 , European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court -LRB- Jorgic v. Germany -RRB- noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases .	European Court of Human Rights	Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic 's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court ?
On 12 July 2007 , European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court -LRB- Jorgic v. Germany -RRB- noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases .	wider interpretation of genocide	In Jorgic v. Germany , what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases ?
The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century `` Amongst scholars , the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing , in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes , did not constitute genocide .	ethnic cleansing	The ECHR noted that among certain academics , what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide ?
The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century `` Amongst scholars , the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing , in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes , did not constitute genocide .	expel Muslims and Croats from their homes	The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind ?
However , there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide , and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reu , of genocide was met in Prijedor `` With regard to the charge of genocide , the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide '' .	the ICTY	Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs ' acts as constituting genocide , were backed up by what Tribunal ?
About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia .	About 30	In the 1990s , how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide ?
To date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , Radislav Krstić and Drago Nikolić , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide .	several plea bargains	Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action ?
To date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , Radislav Krstić and Drago Nikolić , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide .	conspiracy to commit genocide	Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge ?
To date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , Radislav Krstić and Drago Nikolić , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide .	aiding and abetting genocide	Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what ?
Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts , one of whom Nikola Jorgić lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights .	German courts	Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country 's courts ?
He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina , so no verdict was returned .	He died	What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic 's trial ?
On 21 July 2008 , Karadžić was arrested in Belgrade , and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes .	Belgrade	Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested ?
In 1995 , the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on several charges including genocide .	Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić	With Milosevic dead , who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995 ?
He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina , so no verdict was returned .	genocide or complicity in genocide	Had Milosevic not died , what charges might he have been convicted of ?
Slobodan Milošević , as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia , was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY .	Slobodan Milošević	Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY ?
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda -LRB- ICTR -RRB- is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994 , commencing on 6 April .	International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)	What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda ?
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda -LRB- ICTR -RRB- is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994 , commencing on 6 April .	April 1994	The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period ?
The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda , or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 January and 31 December 1994 .	the Security Council of the United Nations	the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN ?
The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda , or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 January and 31 December 1994 .	serious violations of the international law	The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges ?
The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda , or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 January and 31 December 1994 .	Rwandan citizens	The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people ?
There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide .	situation in Darfur	What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan ?
The ongoing conflict in Darfur , Sudan , which started in 2003 , was declared a `` genocide '' by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee .	Colin Powell	In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide ?
The ongoing conflict in Darfur , Sudan , which started in 2003 , was declared a `` genocide '' by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee .	the Senate Foreign Relations Committee	In front of which committee did Powell testify ?
In fact , in January 2005 , an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur , authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004 , issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that `` the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide . ''	an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur	What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004 ?
Nevertheless , the Commission cautioned that `` The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities , directly or through the militias under their control , should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region .	genocidal policy	Despite some concessions , what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued ?
In March 2005 , the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court , taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes .	Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court	To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur ?
In March 2005 , the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court , taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes .	the Commission report	What was taken into account , without mentioning specific crimes ?
Two permanent members of the Security Council , the United States and China , abstained from the vote on the referral resolution .	the United States	China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution ?
As of his fourth report to the Security Council , the Prosecutor has found `` reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified -LSB- in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593 -RSB- have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes , '' but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide .	his fourth report	In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient ?
Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide .	structural conditions	In the build-up to genocide , what have other authors focused on ?
Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide .	psychological and social	What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide ?
Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing .	Ervin Staub	Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion ?
A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim , past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds , authoritarian cultures and political systems , and the passivity of internal and external witnesses -LRB- bystanders -RRB- all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide .	devaluation of the group	A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide ?
The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention , such as humanizing a devalued group , creating ideologies that embrace all groups , and activating bystander responses .	humanizing a devalued group	What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide ?
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon .	resistance of bacteria	What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics ?
For example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria -- Delbrück experiment .	1943	When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment ?
Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains .	penicillin and erythromycin	Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now ?
Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy .	evolutionary processes	What does emergence of resistance reflect ?
The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics .	survive high doses of antibiotics	What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment ?
For example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria -- Delbrück experiment .	1943	When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated ?
For example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria -- Delbrück experiment .	Luria–Delbrück	Who made the demonstration in 1943 ?
Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial .	concentration	What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon ?
These findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection .	bacterial infection	What does this eliminate ?
A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells .	bacterial growth phase	What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what ?
A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells .	division of bacterial cells	What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity ?
Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial .	concentration	What does the activity of antibacterials depends on ?
These include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial .	host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial	What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail ?
To predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy .	several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy	How do you predict the clinical result ?
Most target bacterial functions or growth processes .	bacterial functions or growth processes	What do anitibiotics mostly target ?
Those that target the bacterial cell wall -LRB- penicillins and cephalosporins -RRB- or the cell membrane -LRB- polymyxins -RRB- , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes -LRB- rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides -RRB- have bactericidal activities .	penicillins and cephalosporins	Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall ?
Those that target the bacterial cell wall -LRB- penicillins and cephalosporins -RRB- or the cell membrane -LRB- polymyxins -RRB- , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes -LRB- rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides -RRB- have bactericidal activities .	polymyxins	Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane ?
Those that target protein synthesis -LRB- macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines -RRB- are usually bacteriostatic -LRB- with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides -RRB- .	(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines	What 3 types go after protein synthesis ?
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity .	mechanism of action	Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure , how can antibacterial antibiotics classified ?
Those that target the bacterial cell wall -LRB- penicillins and cephalosporins -RRB- or the cell membrane -LRB- polymyxins -RRB- , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes -LRB- rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides -RRB- have bactericidal activities .	penicillins and cephalosporins	What is another name used for bacterial cell wall ?
Those that target the bacterial cell wall -LRB- penicillins and cephalosporins -RRB- or the cell membrane -LRB- polymyxins -RRB- , or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes -LRB- rifamycins , lipiarmycins , quinolones , and sulfonamides -RRB- have bactericidal activities .	polymyxins	whats another word for cell membrane ?
Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds , four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s : cyclic lipopeptides -LRB- such as daptomycin -RRB- , glycylcyclines -LRB- such as tigecycline -RRB- , oxazolidinones -LRB- such as linezolid -RRB- , and lipiarmycins -LRB- such as fidaxomicin -RRB- .	four	How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000 's /
Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity .	mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity	What three ways are antibiotics classified ?
With advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds .	semisynthetic modifications	What are antibiotics in chemical terms ?
These include , for example , the beta-lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins -LRB- produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium -RRB- , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems .	beta-lactam antibiotics	What type of antibiotics include penicilin ?
Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials -- for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones -- are produced solely by chemical synthesis .	aminoglycosides	What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things ?
Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials -- for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones -- are produced solely by chemical synthesis .	synthesis	How are the slufonamides , quinolones , and oxazolidinones created ?
With advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds .	various natural compounds	Besides semisytetic modifications , what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials ?
Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units .	2000 atomic mass units	What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds ?
These include , for example , the beta-lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins -LRB- produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium -RRB- , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems .	penicillins	What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics ?
These include , for example , the beta-lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins -LRB- produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium -RRB- , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems .	fungi	What is penicillins produced by ?
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world .	tuberculosis	What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics ?
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance .	overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance	What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics ?
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a `` serious threat -LSB- that -RSB- is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country '' .	World Health Organization	What organization called antimicrobial resistance a ` serious threat ? '
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world .	20th century	In which century were antibiotics first introduced ?
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a `` serious threat -LSB- that -RSB- is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country '' .	anyone, of any age, in any country	What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics ?
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance .	develop resistance	What does there medicines do for livestock ?
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a `` serious threat -LSB- that -RSB- is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country '' .	World Health Organization	What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world ??
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world .	20th	In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine ?
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a `` serious threat -LSB- that -RSB- is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country '' .	antibiotic resistance	Besides antimicrobial , what did the overused medicine cause ?
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world .	vaccination	What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis ?
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world .	20th century	When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine ?
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance .	develop resistance	What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock ?
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a `` serious threat -LSB- that -RSB- is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country '' .	World Health Organization	What organization stated that the world has this serious problem ?
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a `` serious threat -LSB- that -RSB- is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country '' .	every region of the world	What regions in the world does this apply in ?
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world .	20th century	When were antibiotics created ?
This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a `` serious threat -LSB- that -RSB- is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country '' .	antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance	What is a common problem in antibiotic use ?
Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance .	livestock raising	Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry ?
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world .	tuberculosis	What disease did antibiotics help eliminate ?
In empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified .	empirical therapy	What is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection , but it has not been identified ?
Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory .	laboratory	Where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing ?
While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic .	broad spectrum antibiotic	What kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy ?
While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic .	While the microorgainsim is being identified	At what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy ?
Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory .	several days	How long does the identification process take ?
While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic .	broad spectrum antibiotic	What happens when a doctor does n't know the microorganism yet ?
In empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified .	a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified	What happens in empirical therapy ?
Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory .	before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim	When is empirical started ?
Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis .	fever and nausea	What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics ?
Common side-effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as Clostridium difficile .	disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora	What causes diarrhea ?
Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area .	yeast	What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area ?
Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid .	a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid	What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage ?
Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease .	alter the host microbiota	What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics ?
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated .	negative effects	What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans ?
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated .	clinical use	What do antibiotics need approval for ?
Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used , the microbial organisms targeted , and the individual patient .	microbial organisms	What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used ?
Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis .	Adverse effects	Photodermatitis , nausea , allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect ?
Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease .	host microbiota	What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics ?
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use , and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated .	negative effects on humans or other mammals	Why are antibiotics checked before use ?
Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis .	fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis	Name some adverse effects ?
Common side-effects include diarrhea , resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora , resulting , for example , in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria , such as Clostridium difficile .	diarrhea	Name some side-effects ?
Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora , and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area .	overgrowth of yeast	What can happen to vaginal flora ?
Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs , such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid .	Additional side-effects	What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs ?
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models .	increased body mass	What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age ?
Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment -LRB- STAT -RRB- -- with either penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities .	subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment	What does STAT stand for ?
Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment -LRB- STAT -RRB- -- with either penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities .	penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline	What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT ?
However , it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans .	unclear	Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans ?
Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity , the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy .	weighed against the beneficial effects	Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven ?
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models .	increased body mass	What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age ?
Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development .	Early life	When do intestinal microbiota develop ?
However , it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans .	unclear	Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans ?
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low -LRB- about 1 % -RRB- .	The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills	Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills ?
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low -LRB- about 1 % -RRB- .	about 1%	What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics ?
Effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial .	reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon	What are the potential effects on intestinal flora ?
Effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial .	inconclusive and controversial	Have these potential effects been proven through testing ?
Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives .	extra contraceptive measures	What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue ?
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low -LRB- about 1 % -RRB- .	contraceptive pills	What do antibiotics interfere with ?
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low -LRB- about 1 % -RRB- .	about 1%	What percent is the failure rate of contraceptive pills ?
Effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial .	absorption of estrogens	Whhat does intestinal flora reduce ?
Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives .	oral contraceptives	In therapy , what does the antibacterial interact with ?
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low -LRB- about 1 % -RRB- .	antibiotics do interfere	Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills ?
Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives .	extra contraceptive measures	What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills ?
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low -LRB- about 1 % -RRB- .	about 1%	What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics ?
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy .	decreased effectiveness	What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics ?
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects .	moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics	Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol ?
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects .	there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects	Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic ?
Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread .	widespread	How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed ?
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy .	decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy	What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause ?
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects .	alcohol consumption	What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics ?
Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread .	alcohol and antibiotics	What belief should bever be mixed widespread ?
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy .	alcohol	What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness ?
While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects .	specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects	What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol ?
Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread .	alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed	Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics ?
Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains .	Intrinsic antibacterial resistance	What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains ?
For instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes .	antibacterial resistance genes	What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance ?
For example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome .	antibiotic target	What can be absent from the bacterial genome ?
The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange .	vertical transmission	When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs /
Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA .	mutation	What does some resistance come from ?
The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange .	vertical transmission of mutations	What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance ?
Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials .	carry several different resistance genes	What do plasmids do in resistance ?
Antibacterial-resistant strains and species , sometimes referred to as `` superbugs '' , now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled .	superbugs	What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes ?
For example , emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis -LRB- TB -RRB- that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges .	tuberculosis	What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance ?
Every year , nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis -LRB- MDR-TB -RRB- are estimated to occur worldwide .	half a million	How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year ?
Every year , nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis -LRB- MDR-TB -RRB- are estimated to occur worldwide .	MDR-TB	What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB ?
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria .	Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse	What are the two biggest reasons for resistance ?
Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse .	Self prescription	What is a common method of misuse ?
The overuse of antibiotics , like penicillin and erythromycin , has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s .	overuse of antibiotics	What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance ?
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient 's weight and history of prior use .	prophylactic antibiotics	What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling ?
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient 's weight and history of prior use .	failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage	What can happen if a doctor does n't prescribe to a person 's weight and prior use ?
Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery .	failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery	What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices ?
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment , for example , is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold .	Inappropriate antibiotic treatment	What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics ?
One study on respiratory tract infections found `` physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them '' .	prescribe antibiotics	What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right ?
The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance .	US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance	What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics ?
This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance , and is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the Food and Drug Administration -LRB- FDA -RRB- , and the National Institutes of Health -LRB- NIH -RRB- , as well as other US agencies .	US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)	Which agencies control this task force ?
In France , an `` Antibiotics are not automatic '' government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions , especially in children .	2002	When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics ?
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 -LRB- Swann report 1969 -RRB- , and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003 .	2003	When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth ?
The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 -LRB- Swann report 1969 -RRB- , and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003 .	Swann report 1969	What report caused the UK to worry about resistance ?
Moreover , several organizations -LRB- e.g. , The American Society for Microbiology -LRB- ASM -RRB- , American Public Health Association -LRB- APHA -RRB- and the American Medical Association -LRB- AMA -RRB- -RRB- have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses .	American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)	What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals ?
Two federal bills -LRB- S. 742 and H.R. 2562 -RRB- aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed , but have not passed .	S.742 and H.R. 2562	Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production ?
These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations , including the American Holistic Nurses ' Association , the American Medical Association , and the American Public Health Association -LRB- APHA -RRB- .	American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)	What 3 medical associations supported the bills ?
There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry .	animal husbandry	What besides sick people are antibiotics used for ?
In the United States , the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration -LRB- FDA -RRB- in 1977 .	1977	When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals ?
In March 2012 , the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York , ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others , ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock , which violated FDA regulations .	March 2012	When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals ?
Before the early 20th century , treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore .	medicinal folklore	What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections ?
Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago .	over 2000 years ago	When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used ?
Many ancient cultures , including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks , used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections .	mold and plant materials and extracts	What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use ?
The term ` antibiosis ' , meaning `` against life '' , was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs .	against life	What does antibiosis mean ?
The term ` antibiosis ' , meaning `` against life '' , was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs .	Jean Paul Vuillemin	Who came up with the term antibiosis ?
The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history -LRB- see : History of penicillin -RRB- .	mold	What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections ?
In 1928 , Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish , where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium .	Alexander Fleming	Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold ?
Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin , and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy .	penicillin	What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties ?
Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin , and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy .	chemotherapy	What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it ?
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial , Prontosil , was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany .	Prontosil	What was the first available antibiotic ?
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial , Prontosil , was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany .	IG Farben	What company developed Prontosil ?
The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial , Prontosil , was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany .	Gerhard Domagk	Who led the team that came up with Prontosil ?
Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts .	1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine	What prize did Domagk get for his work ?
In 1939 , coinciding with the start of World War II , Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic , tyrothricin , a compound of 20 % gramicidin and 80 % tyrocidine , from B. brevis .	tyrothricin	What was the first antibiotic developed from nature ?
In 1939 , coinciding with the start of World War II , Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic , tyrothricin , a compound of 20 % gramicidin and 80 % tyrocidine , from B. brevis .	1939	When was tyrothricin created ?
In 1939 , coinciding with the start of World War II , Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic , tyrothricin , a compound of 20 % gramicidin and 80 % tyrocidine , from B. brevis .	start of World War II,	What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin ?
In 1939 , coinciding with the start of World War II , Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic , tyrothricin , a compound of 20 % gramicidin and 80 % tyrocidine , from B. brevis .	Rene Dubos	Who discovered tyrothricin ?
It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II .	wounds and ulcers	What was tyrothricin used for during the war ?
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin , penicillin G , in 1942 , but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945 .	1942	When was penicillin G first purified ?
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin , penicillin G , in 1942 , but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945 .	1945	When did penicillin G become available outside of military use ?
Later , Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk .	Norman Heatley	Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin ?
The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945 .	1945	When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered ?
The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945 .	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin ?
Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation .	immune modulation or augmentation	What do vaccines need to work ?
Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases .	Antibacterial vaccines	What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives ?
Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic , cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components , including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates , to protein carriers , as well as inactivated toxins -LRB- toxoids -RRB- and proteins .	Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates	What types of vaccines have been phased out ?
Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria .	Phage therapy	What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria ?
The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses , more specifically , bacteriophages .	infecting pathogenic bacteria	How have researchers been doing this ?
One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect `` good '' bacteria , or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings .	phages will infect "good" bacteria	What is a worry of using phages ?
Since 2009 , only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States .	2	How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years ?
The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli -LRB- GNB -RRB- currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials .	seven	How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB ?
In April 2013 , the Infectious Disease Society of America -LRB- IDSA -RRB- reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria 's increasing ability to develop resistance .	2013	What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance ?
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA .	FDA	Who regulates antibiotic approval ?
Furthermore , appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor .	economic incentives	What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics ?
Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment -LRB- ADAPT -RRB- Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of ` superbugs ' .	superbugs	What are resistant bacteria called in the media ?
According to Allan Coukell , senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts , `` By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets , and clarifying FDA 's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation , ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible . ''	Allan Coukell,	Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	Polish and French	What was Frédéric 's nationalities ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	Romantic era	In what era was Frédéric active in ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	solo piano	For what instrument did Frédéric write primarily for ?
Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw , and grew up in Warsaw , which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland .	Duchy of Warsaw	In what area was Frédéric born in ?
A child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising .	20	At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	1810	What year was Chopin born ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	Romantic era	What era was Chopin active during ?
Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw , and grew up in Warsaw , which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland .	Warsaw	Where did Chopin grow up ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	solo piano	What instrument did he mostly compose for ?
A child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising .	20	At what age did Chopin leave Poland ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	17 October 1849	When did Chopin die ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin	What was Chopin 's full name ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	solo piano	The majority of Chopin 's compositions were for what instrument ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	Romantic era	Chopin was active during what era ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	1810	In what year was Chopin born ?
Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw , and grew up in Warsaw , which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland .	Warsaw	In what city was Chopin born and raised ?
A child prodigy , he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20 , less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising .	20	How old was Chopin when he left Poland ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	Romantic	In what era of music did Chopin compose ?
Frédéric François Chopin -LRB- / ˈʃoʊpæn / ; French pronunciation : -LSB- fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃ -RSB- ; 22 February or 1 March 1810 -- 17 October 1849 -RRB- , born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- was a Polish and French -LRB- by citizenship and birth of father -RRB- composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era , who wrote primarily for the solo piano .	1849	What year did Chopin die ?
At the age of 21 he settled in Paris .	21	At what age did Frédéric move to Paris ?
Thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon .	30	How many public performances was Frédéric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life ?
In 1835 he obtained French citizenship .	1835	In what year did Frédéric obtain citizenship in France ?
A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838 -- 39 was one of his most productive periods of composition .	Majorca	In what area had Frédéric 's most productive period of composition taken place ?
He died in Paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis .	tuberculosis	What was Frédéric 's most likely cause of death ?
At the age of 21 he settled in Paris .	Paris	Where did he end up living when he was 21 ?
Thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon .	30	How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life ?
Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries , including Robert Schumann .	Franz Liszt	What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with ?
In 1835 he obtained French citizenship .	1835	What year did he gain citizenship in France ?
After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska , from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer George Sand .	Maria Wodzińska	What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847 ?
At the age of 21 he settled in Paris .	21	At what age did Chopin move to Paris ?
Thereafter , during the last 18 years of his life , he gave only some 30 public performances , preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon .	30	During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public ?
In 1835 he obtained French citizenship .	1835	What year did Chopin become a citizen of France ?
In his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling , who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848 .	Jane Stirling	In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially ?
In 1835 he obtained French citizenship .	1835	In what year did Chopin become a French citizen ?
In his last years , he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling , who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848 .	Jane Stirling	Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life ?
He died in Paris in 1849 , probably of tuberculosis .	tuberculosis	What was the likely cause of death for Chopin ?
All of Chopin 's compositions include the piano .	piano	What instrument did every composition by Frédéric include ?
Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade .	instrumental ballade	What concept was Frédéric credited with creating ?
Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music , the classical tradition of J. S. Bach , Mozart and Schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest .	J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert	Whose music did Frédéric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work ?
His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity .	nuance and sensitivity	What features marked Frédéric 's performance style and made them unique ?
Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music , the classical tradition of J. S. Bach , Mozart and Schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest .	Paris salons	What establishments did Frédéric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career ?
All of Chopin 's compositions include the piano .	piano	Which instrument do every one of his compositions include ?
Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade .	instrumental ballade	What concept did Chopin create ?
His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity .	nuance and sensitivity	What are two things Chopin 's performances were known for ?
Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music , the classical tradition of J. S. Bach , Mozart and Schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest .	J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert	What three composers influenced Chopin 's work ?
Most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to Polish lyrics .	Polish	Chopin wrote some music to lyrics , what language were the lyrics ?
All of Chopin 's compositions include the piano .	piano	What instrument is involved in all of Chopin 's work ?
Most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to Polish lyrics .	Polish	Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language ?
His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding ; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity .	nuance and sensitivity	Chopin 's performances were known for what ?
Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music , the classical tradition of J. S. Bach , Mozart and Schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest .	J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert	What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from ?
All of Chopin 's compositions include the piano .	piano	What instrument was all of Chopin 's compositions written for ?
Most are for solo piano , though he also wrote two piano concertos , a few chamber pieces , and some songs to Polish lyrics .	Polish	What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for ?
Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music , the classical tradition of J. S. Bach , Mozart and Schubert , the music of all of whom he admired , as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest .	Paris salons	Of what venue was Chopin an often invited guest ?
In his native Poland , in France , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , Chopin 's music , his status as one of music 's earliest superstars , his association -LRB- if only indirect -RRB- with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the Romantic era .	indirect	What was the degree of Frédéric 's association with political insurrection ?
In his native Poland , in France , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , Chopin 's music , his status as one of music 's earliest superstars , his association -LRB- if only indirect -RRB- with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the Romantic era .	his love life and his early death	What parts of Frédéric 's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era ?
In his native Poland , in France , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , Chopin 's music , his status as one of music 's earliest superstars , his association -LRB- if only indirect -RRB- with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the Romantic era .	Romantic era	In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol ?
His works remain popular , and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy .	films and biographies	In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of ?
In his native Poland , in France , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , Chopin 's music , his status as one of music 's earliest superstars , his association -LRB- if only indirect -RRB- with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the Romantic era .	France	Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions ?
In his native Poland , in France , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , Chopin 's music , his status as one of music 's earliest superstars , his association -LRB- if only indirect -RRB- with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the Romantic era .	Poland	Chopin is a native of what country ?
In his native Poland , in France , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , Chopin 's music , his status as one of music 's earliest superstars , his association -LRB- if only indirect -RRB- with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the Romantic era .	political insurrection	He had a non-direct association with what ?
In his native Poland , in France , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , Chopin 's music , his status as one of music 's earliest superstars , his association -LRB- if only indirect -RRB- with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the Romantic era .	Romantic era	Chopin is closely associated with what era ?
In his native Poland , in France , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , Chopin 's music , his status as one of music 's earliest superstars , his association -LRB- if only indirect -RRB- with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the Romantic era .	France	Where did Chopin create most of his works ?
In his native Poland , in France , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , Chopin 's music , his status as one of music 's earliest superstars , his association -LRB- if only indirect -RRB- with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the Romantic era .	political insurrection	Chopin was indirectly related to what ?
In his native Poland , in France , where he composed most of his works , and beyond , Chopin 's music , his status as one of music 's earliest superstars , his association -LRB- if only indirect -RRB- with political insurrection , his love life and his early death have made him , in the public consciousness , a leading symbol of the Romantic era .	Romantic era	Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what ?
Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola , 46 kilometres -LRB- 29 miles -RRB- west of Warsaw , in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw , a Polish state established by Napoleon .	Żelazowa Wola	In what village was Frédéric born in ?
The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810 , and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus -LRB- in Polish , he was Fryderyk Franciszek -RRB- .	22 February 1810	On what date was Frédéric born on ?
However , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March , -LSB- n 2 -RSB- which is now generally accepted as the correct date .	1 March	Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal , what date is given by the composer and his family instead ?
The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810 , and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus -LRB- in Polish , he was Fryderyk Franciszek -RRB- .	Fridericus Franciscus	What was the latin form of Frédéric 's full name ?
Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola , 46 kilometres -LRB- 29 miles -RRB- west of Warsaw , in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw , a Polish state established by Napoleon .	29	How many miles was the village Frédéric born in located to the west of Warsaw ?
Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola , 46 kilometres -LRB- 29 miles -RRB- west of Warsaw , in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw , a Polish state established by Napoleon .	Żelazowa Wola	Where was Chopin born ?
Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola , 46 kilometres -LRB- 29 miles -RRB- west of Warsaw , in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw , a Polish state established by Napoleon .	Napoleon	Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw ?
The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810 , and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus -LRB- in Polish , he was Fryderyk Franciszek -RRB- .	22 February 1810	When was his birthday recorded as being ?
However , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March , -LSB- n 2 -RSB- which is now generally accepted as the correct date .	1 March	What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday ?
The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810 , and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus -LRB- in Polish , he was Fryderyk Franciszek -RRB- .	Fridericus Franciscus	Chopin 's given names in Latin are what ?
Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola , 46 kilometres -LRB- 29 miles -RRB- west of Warsaw , in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw , a Polish state established by Napoleon .	Napoleon	The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom ?
The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810 , and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus -LRB- in Polish , he was Fryderyk Franciszek -RRB- .	22 February 1810	Chopin 's birth is recorded as when ?
However , the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March , -LSB- n 2 -RSB- which is now generally accepted as the correct date .	1 March	What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin ?
The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810 , and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus -LRB- in Polish , he was Fryderyk Franciszek -RRB- .	Fridericus Franciscus	What is the Latin form of Chopin 's name ?
Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola , 46 kilometres -LRB- 29 miles -RRB- west of Warsaw , in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw , a Polish state established by Napoleon .	Żelazowa Wola	Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location ?
Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola , 46 kilometres -LRB- 29 miles -RRB- west of Warsaw , in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw , a Polish state established by Napoleon .	Napoleon	What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time ?
Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married Justyna Krzyżanowska , a poor relative of the Skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked .	Justyna Krzyżanowska	Who did Frédéric 's father marry in 1806 ?
Fryderyk was baptized on Easter Sunday , 23 April 1810 , in the same church where his parents had married , in Brochów .	23 April 1810	On what date was Frédéric baptised ?
Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married Justyna Krzyżanowska , a poor relative of the Skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked .	Polish	What language did Frédéric 's father , Nicolas , insist on using in the household ?
Fryderyk 's father , Nicolas Chopin , was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen .	Nicolas	What was the given name of Chopin 's father ?
Fryderyk 's father , Nicolas Chopin , was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen .	Lorraine	Where was Chopin 's father from ?
Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy , and in 1806 married Justyna Krzyżanowska , a poor relative of the Skarbeks , one of the families for whom he worked .	Justyna Krzyżanowska	Chopin 's father married who ?
His eighteen-year-old godfather , for whom he was named , was Fryderyk Skarbek , a pupil of Nicolas Chopin .	Fryderyk Skarbek	What is the name of Chopin 's godfather ?
Fryderyk was the couple 's second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , Ludwika -LRB- 1807 -- 55 -RRB- , and two younger sisters , Izabela -LRB- 1811 -- 81 -RRB- and Emilia -LRB- 1812 -- 27 -RRB- .	Ludwika	What is the name of Chopin 's eldest sister ?
Fryderyk 's father , Nicolas Chopin , was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen .	Nicolas	What was Chopin 's father 's first name ?
Fryderyk 's father , Nicolas Chopin , was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen .	Lorraine	From where id Chopin 's father emigrate from ?
Fryderyk was the couple 's second child and only son ; he had an elder sister , Ludwika -LRB- 1807 -- 55 -RRB- , and two younger sisters , Izabela -LRB- 1811 -- 81 -RRB- and Emilia -LRB- 1812 -- 27 -RRB- .	Ludwika	What is Chopin 's older sister 's name ?
In October 1810 , six months after Fryderyk 's birth , the family moved to Warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum , then housed in the Saxon Palace .	October	During what month did Frédéric move to Warsaw with his family ?
In October 1810 , six months after Fryderyk 's birth , the family moved to Warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum , then housed in the Saxon Palace .	French	What language did Frédéric 's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw ?
Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds .	the Palace grounds	Where did Frédéric live with his family while they were in Warsaw ?
The father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept .	flute and violin	What two instruments did Frédéric 's father play during this time ?
Chopin was of slight build , and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses .	illnesses	What was Frédéric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build ?
In October 1810 , six months after Fryderyk 's birth , the family moved to Warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum , then housed in the Saxon Palace .	October 1810	When did Chopin 's family move to Warsaw ?
In October 1810 , six months after Fryderyk 's birth , the family moved to Warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum , then housed in the Saxon Palace .	Warsaw Lyceum	Where did Chopin 's father get a teaching position ?
The father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept .	flute and violin	What instruments did Chopin 's father play ?
The father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept .	piano	What instrument did Chopin 's mother teach ?
In October 1810 , six months after Fryderyk 's birth , the family moved to Warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum , then housed in the Saxon Palace .	six months	How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw ?
In October 1810 , six months after Fryderyk 's birth , the family moved to Warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum , then housed in the Saxon Palace .	French	What language did Chopin 's father teach ?
The father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept .	flute and violin	What two instruments did Chopin 's father play ?
The father played the flute and violin ; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept .	piano	What instrument did Chopin 's mother teach at the boarding house ?
In October 1810 , six months after Fryderyk 's birth , the family moved to Warsaw , where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum , then housed in the Saxon Palace .	Saxon Palace.	Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw ?
Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny .	Wojciech Żywny	Who was Frédéric 's first professional teacher in music ?
His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother .	Ludwika	Which sister did Frédéric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time ?
By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in G minor and B-flat major .	two polonaises	What did Frédéric compose during the year of 1817 ?
His next work , a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821 , dedicated to Żywny , is his earliest surviving musical manuscript .	a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821	What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Frédéric ?
Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny .	Wojciech Żywny	Who was Chopin 's initial piano teacher ?
His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother .	Ludwika	Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with ?
By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts , and in 1817 he composed two polonaises , in G minor and B-flat major .	1817	What year did Chopin compose his first work ?
Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny .	1816 to 1821	During what years did Chopin receive instruction from Żywny ?
Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny .	Wojciech Żywny	What is the name of Chopin 's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician ?
His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny , and occasionally played duets with her brother .	Ludwika	Which of Chopin 's sisters would play music with him ?
Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother , but his first professional music tutor , from 1816 to 1821 , was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny .	Wojciech Żywny	Who was Chopin 's earliest piece of music , that there is a record of , dedicated to ?
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw 's Russian governor for military use , and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace -LRB- today the rectorate of Warsaw University -RRB- .	1817	In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military ?
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw 's Russian governor for military use , and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace -LRB- today the rectorate of Warsaw University -RRB- .	Warsaw University	What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time ?
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw 's Russian governor for military use , and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace -LRB- today the rectorate of Warsaw University -RRB- .	Kazimierz Palace	What building was Frédéric 's new home adjacent to ?
During this period , Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland , Grand Duke Constantine ; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him .	Belweder Palace	What palace was Frédéric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler 's son ?
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , `` Nasze Przebiegi '' -LRB- `` Our Discourses '' , 1818 -RRB- , attested to `` little Chopin 's '' popularity .	Nasze Przebiegi	What short poem spoke of Frédéric 's popularity as a child ?
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw 's Russian governor for military use , and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace -LRB- today the rectorate of Warsaw University -RRB- .	1817	The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year ?
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw 's Russian governor for military use , and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace -LRB- today the rectorate of Warsaw University -RRB- .	Kazimierz Palace	The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where ?
During this period , Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland , Grand Duke Constantine ; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him .	Grand Duke Constantine	As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom ?
During this period , Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland , Grand Duke Constantine ; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him .	a march	What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine ?
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , `` Nasze Przebiegi '' -LRB- `` Our Discourses '' , 1818 -RRB- , attested to `` little Chopin 's '' popularity .	Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz	In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child ?
During this period , Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland , Grand Duke Constantine ; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him .	Belweder Palace	What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler 's son ?
During this period , Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland , Grand Duke Constantine ; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him .	Grand Duke Constantine	What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with ?
During this period , Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland , Grand Duke Constantine ; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him .	a march	What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend 's ruling father ?
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , in his dramatic eclogue , `` Nasze Przebiegi '' -LRB- `` Our Discourses '' , 1818 -RRB- , attested to `` little Chopin 's '' popularity .	Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz	Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin ?
From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year .	1823 to 1826	During what years did Frédéric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons ?
In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition .	Józef Elsner	Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826 ?
He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the `` eolomelodicon '' , and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles .	eolomelodicon	What was the name of the mechanical organ Frédéric performed on during 1825 ?
The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I , who was visiting Warsaw ; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring .	Alexander I	Which tsar did Frédéric perform for due to his success in previous concerts ?
At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825 , Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1 .	10 June 1825	On what date was Frédéric 's first performance that earned international esteem ?
From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year .	Wilhelm Würfel	Who taught Chopin to play the organ ?
In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition .	Józef Elsner	Chopin had three years of lessons with whom ?
He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the `` eolomelodicon '' , and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles .	eolomelodicon	What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I ?
The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I , who was visiting Warsaw ; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring .	diamond ring	What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin ?
At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825 , Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1 .	Rondo Op. 1	What was the first of Chopin 's works to gain international renown ?
From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum , where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year .	Wilhelm Würfel	Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ ?
In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory , studying music theory , figured bass and composition .	Józef Elsner	What was the name of the teacher of Chopin 's three year course that began in the fall of 1826 ?
He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ , the `` eolomelodicon '' , and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles .	eolomelodicon	What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825 ?
The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I , who was visiting Warsaw ; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring .	a diamond ring.	What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin ?
At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825 , Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1 .	Rondo Op. 1.	What is the title of his first commercially successful work ?
-LSB- n 4 -RSB- In 1824 and 1825 , at Szafarnia , he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate .	Dominik Dziewanowski	Who was Frédéric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825 ?
-LSB- n 4 -RSB- In 1824 and 1825 , at Szafarnia , he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate .	Szafarnia	In which village did Frédéric first experience rural Polish folk music ?
His letters home from Szafarnia -LRB- to which he gave the title `` The Szafarnia Courier '' -RRB- , written in a very modern and lively Polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster 's literary gift .	his family	To whom did Frédéric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia ?
His letters home from Szafarnia -LRB- to which he gave the title `` The Szafarnia Courier '' -RRB- , written in a very modern and lively Polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster 's literary gift .	Warsaw newspapers	What did Frédéric write parodies of in his letters ?
-LSB- n 4 -RSB- In 1824 and 1825 , at Szafarnia , he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate .	Dominik Dziewanowski	During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with ?
Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music .	Polish rural folk music	What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia ?
-LSB- n 4 -RSB- In 1824 and 1825 , at Szafarnia , he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate .	Dominik Dziewanowski	What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music ?
His letters home from Szafarnia -LRB- to which he gave the title `` The Szafarnia Courier '' -RRB- , written in a very modern and lively Polish , amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster 's literary gift .	The Szafarnia Courier	What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote ?
-LSB- n 4 -RSB- In 1824 and 1825 , at Szafarnia , he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski , the father of a schoolmate .	Szafarnia	Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825 ?
In 1827 , soon after the death of Chopin 's youngest sister Emilia , the family moved from the Warsaw University building , adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście , -LSB- n 5 -RSB- where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830 .	1827	During what year did Frédéric 's youngest sister , Emilia , pass away ?
In 1827 , soon after the death of Chopin 's youngest sister Emilia , the family moved from the Warsaw University building , adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście , -LSB- n 5 -RSB- where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830 .	Krakowskie Przedmieście	What street did Frédéric 's family move to after the death of his youngest sister ?
In 1827 , soon after the death of Chopin 's youngest sister Emilia , the family moved from the Warsaw University building , adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście , -LSB- n 5 -RSB- where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830 .	1830	What year did Frédéric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasiński Palace ?
-LSB- n 6 -RSB- Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the Chopin Family Parlour -LRB- Salonik Chopinów -RRB- became a museum in the 20th century .	a museum	What did the Chopin 's family business become in the 20th century ?
In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer .	Ambroży Mieroszewski	Which artist created the first known portrait of Frédéric ?
In 1827 , soon after the death of Chopin 's youngest sister Emilia , the family moved from the Warsaw University building , adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście , -LSB- n 5 -RSB- where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830 .	1827	What year did Chopin 's sister Emilia die ?
In 1827 , soon after the death of Chopin 's youngest sister Emilia , the family moved from the Warsaw University building , adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście , -LSB- n 5 -RSB- where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830 .	1830	What year did Chopin leave Warsaw ?
-LSB- n 6 -RSB- Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the Chopin Family Parlour -LRB- Salonik Chopinów -RRB- became a museum in the 20th century .	boarding house for male students	What was the Chopin family 's business ?
In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer .	Ambroży Mieroszewski	What artist painted the Chopin family ?
In 1827 , soon after the death of Chopin 's youngest sister Emilia , the family moved from the Warsaw University building , adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace , to lodgings just across the street from the university , in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście , -LSB- n 5 -RSB- where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830 .	sister Emilia	Who in Chopin 's family died shortly before they moved in 1827 ?
-LSB- n 6 -RSB- Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the Chopin Family Parlour -LRB- Salonik Chopinów -RRB- became a museum in the 20th century .	Chopin Family Parlour	What was the Chopin boarding house called in English ?
In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members , including the first known portrait of the composer .	Ambroży Mieroszewski	What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829 ?
-LSB- n 6 -RSB- Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students ; the Chopin Family Parlour -LRB- Salonik Chopinów -RRB- became a museum in the 20th century .	male	Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students ?
Four boarders at his parents ' apartments became Chopin 's intimates : Tytus Woyciechowski , Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki , Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana ; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu .	Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana	Of the individuals that became intimate with Frédéric during their stay at the family apartments , which two became part of Frédéric 's social environment in Paris ?
He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja Gładkowska .	Konstancja Gładkowska	Which singer was cited specifically as someone Frédéric was attracted to ?
Four boarders at his parents ' apartments became Chopin 's intimates : Tytus Woyciechowski , Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki , Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana ; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu .	Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana	What four boys from his family 's boarding house became friends with Chopin ?
He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja Gładkowska .	Konstancja Gładkowska	Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with ?
In letters to Woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement -LRB- Larghetto -RRB- of his Piano Concerto No. 1 -LRB- in E minor -RRB- was secretly dedicated to her -- `` It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime -- by moonlight . ''	Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)	Which of Chopin 's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska ?
His final Conservatory report -LRB- July 1829 -RRB- read : `` Chopin F. , third-year student , exceptional talent , musical genius . ''	July 1829	When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report ?
Four boarders at his parents ' apartments became Chopin 's intimates : Tytus Woyciechowski , Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki , Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana ; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu .	Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana	Which two of Chopin 's friends became part of his Paris milieu ?
He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja Gładkowska .	Konstancja Gładkowska	What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to ?
Four boarders at his parents ' apartments became Chopin 's intimates : Tytus Woyciechowski , Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki , Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana ; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu .	Tytus Woyciechowski	To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with ?
In letters to Woyciechowski , he indicated which of his works , and even which of their passages , were influenced by his fascination with her ; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement -LRB- Larghetto -RRB- of his Piano Concerto No. 1 -LRB- in E minor -RRB- was secretly dedicated to her -- `` It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime -- by moonlight . ''	Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)	What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with ?
Four boarders at his parents ' apartments became Chopin 's intimates : Tytus Woyciechowski , Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki , Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana ; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu .	Four	How many boarders of his family 's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin ?
In September 1828 Chopin , while still a student , visited Berlin with a family friend , zoologist Feliks Jarocki , enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter , Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities .	Feliks Jarocki	Who did Frédéric visit Berlin with in September 1828 ?
In September 1828 Chopin , while still a student , visited Berlin with a family friend , zoologist Feliks Jarocki , enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter , Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities .	Gaspare Spontini	Which opera director did Frédéric see works of during his stay in Berlin ?
On an 1829 return trip to Berlin , he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł , governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen -- himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist .	Prince Antoni Radziwiłł	Who was Frédéric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829 ?
For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda , he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano , Op. 3 .	Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3	What piece did Frédéric create specifically for the prince and the prince 's daughter , Wanda ?
In September 1828 Chopin , while still a student , visited Berlin with a family friend , zoologist Feliks Jarocki , enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter , Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities .	September 1828	When did Chopin visit Berlin ?
In September 1828 Chopin , while still a student , visited Berlin with a family friend , zoologist Feliks Jarocki , enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter , Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities .	Feliks Jarocki	With whom did Chopin go to Berlin ?
In September 1828 Chopin , while still a student , visited Berlin with a family friend , zoologist Feliks Jarocki , enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter , Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities .	Gaspare Spontini	While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who ?
On an 1829 return trip to Berlin , he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł , governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen -- himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist .	Prince Antoni Radziwiłł	In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who ?
For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda , he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano , Op. 3 .	Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3	What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni ?
In September 1828 Chopin , while still a student , visited Berlin with a family friend , zoologist Feliks Jarocki , enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter , Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities .	1828	What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student ?
In September 1828 Chopin , while still a student , visited Berlin with a family friend , zoologist Feliks Jarocki , enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter , Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities .	Feliks Jarocki	Who did Chopin go to Berlin with ?
In September 1828 Chopin , while still a student , visited Berlin with a family friend , zoologist Feliks Jarocki , enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter , Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities .	zoologist	What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work ?
In September 1828 Chopin , while still a student , visited Berlin with a family friend , zoologist Feliks Jarocki , enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter , Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities .	Gaspare Spontini	Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin ?
On an 1829 return trip to Berlin , he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł , governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen -- himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist .	1829	What year did Chopin return to Berlin ?
Back in Warsaw that year , Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , Souvenir de Paganini .	Souvenir de Paganini	What did Frédéric compose after hearing Niccolò Paganini perform on the violin ?
On 11 August , three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory , he made his debut in Vienna .	August	During what month did Frédéric make his first appearance in Vienna ?
He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews -- in addition to some commenting -LRB- in Chopin 's own words -RRB- that he was `` too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists '' .	two	How many piano concerts did Frédéric perform in Vienna during this time ?
He returned to Warsaw in September 1829 , where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor , Op. 21 on 17 March 1830 .	17 March 1830	On what date did Frédéric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor , Op. 21 ?
Back in Warsaw that year , Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , Souvenir de Paganini .	Souvenir de Paganini	What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini ?
On 11 August , three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory , he made his debut in Vienna .	Vienna	Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies ?
He returned to Warsaw in September 1829 , where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor , Op. 21 on 17 March 1830 .	Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21	What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw ?
He returned to Warsaw in September 1829 , where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor , Op. 21 on 17 March 1830 .	September 1829	When did Chopin return to Warsaw ?
He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews -- in addition to some commenting -LRB- in Chopin 's own words -RRB- that he was `` too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists '' .	accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists	Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate ?
Back in Warsaw that year , Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin , and composed a set of variations , Souvenir de Paganini .	Niccolò Paganini	Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition ?
On 11 August , three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory , he made his debut in Vienna .	Vienna	Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education ?
He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews -- in addition to some commenting -LRB- in Chopin 's own words -RRB- that he was `` too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists '' .	two	How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education ?
On 11 August , three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory , he made his debut in Vienna .	three	How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut ?
Chopin 's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him , and on 2 November 1830 , he set out , in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki , `` into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . ''	2 November 1830	On what date did Frédéric begin his journey into Western Europe ?
With Woyciechowski , he headed for Austria , intending to go on to Italy .	Austria	Which country did Frédéric go to first after setting out for Western Europe ?
Later that month , in Warsaw , the November 1830 Uprising broke out , and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist .	1830	In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw ?
Chopin 's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him , and on 2 November 1830 , he set out , in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki , `` into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . ''	Zdzisław Jachimecki	What historian commented that the events involving Frédéric 's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing ?
Chopin 's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him , and on 2 November 1830 , he set out , in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki , `` into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . ''	Zdzisław Jachimecki	Who said that Chopin set out `` into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever ? ''
With Woyciechowski , he headed for Austria , intending to go on to Italy .	Woyciechowski	Who did Chopin leave for Austria with ?
With Woyciechowski , he headed for Austria , intending to go on to Italy .	Italy	Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria ?
Later that month , in Warsaw , the November 1830 Uprising broke out , and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist .	the November 1830 Uprising	Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what ?
Chopin 's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him , and on 2 November 1830 , he set out , in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki , `` into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . ''	western Europe	What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances ?
With Woyciechowski , he headed for Austria , intending to go on to Italy .	Woyciechowski	When Chopin started to take his music to the world , what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria ?
Chopin 's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him , and on 2 November 1830 , he set out , in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki , `` into the wide world , with no very clearly defined aim , forever . ''	1830	What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw ?
Chopin , now alone in Vienna , was nostalgic for his homeland , and wrote to a friend , `` I curse the moment of my departure . ''	"I curse the moment of my departure."	What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick ?
When in September 1831 he learned , while travelling from Vienna to Paris , that the uprising had been crushed , he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal : `` Oh God !	1831	What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed ?
Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831 ; he would never return to Poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration .	the Polish Great Emigration	What event was Frédéric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831 ?
In France he used the French versions of his given names , and after receiving French citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a French passport .	French	What version of Frédéric 's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France ?
In France he used the French versions of his given names , and after receiving French citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a French passport .	1835	In what year did Frédéric officially acquire French citizenship ?
However , Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French .	friends and confidants	What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Frédéric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile ?
Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831 ; he would never return to Poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration .	Polish	What nationality is stated as the one Frédéric felt most identified by ?
Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831 ; he would never return to Poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration .	September 1831	When did Chopin reach Paris ?
Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831 ; he would never return to Poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration .	Polish Great Emigration	By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what ?
In France he used the French versions of his given names , and after receiving French citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a French passport .	1835	In what year did Chopin become a French citizen ?
Chopin 's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French , despite his father 's French origins , and always saw himself as a Pole .	Adam Zamoyski	What is the name of Chopin 's biographer ?
Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831 ; he would never return to Poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration .	Poland	After 1831 , what country did Chopin never return to ?
In France he used the French versions of his given names , and after receiving French citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a French passport .	France	What country 's passport did he have from 1835 ?
In France he used the French versions of his given names , and after receiving French citizenship in 1835 , he travelled on a French passport .	French	What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking ?
Chopin 's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French , despite his father 's French origins , and always saw himself as a Pole .	Adam Zamoyski	What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French ?
Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831 ; he would never return to Poland , thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration .	Polish Great Emigration	Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising , what did it become to be known as ?
In Paris , Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures , and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity .	Paris	In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status ?
Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz , principal of the Polish Literary Society , some of whose verses he set as songs .	Adam Mickiewicz	Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with ?
Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz , principal of the Polish Literary Society , some of whose verses he set as songs .	songs	What did Frédéric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz ?
Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz , principal of the Polish Literary Society , some of whose verses he set as songs .	Adam Mickiewicz	What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs ?
During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with , among many others , Hector Berlioz , Franz Liszt , Ferdinand Hiller , Heinrich Heine , Eugène Delacroix , and Alfred de Vigny .	Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny	What people did Chopin meet while in Paris ?
Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz , principal of the Polish Literary Society , some of whose verses he set as songs .	Adam Mickiewicz	What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris ?
Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz , principal of the Polish Literary Society , some of whose verses he set as songs .	principal of the Polish Literary Society	What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold ?
His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory , Julian Fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England ; Albert Grzymała , who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as Chopin 's adviser and `` gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in -LSB- his -RSB- life . ''	Julian Fontana	Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England ?
His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory , Julian Fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England ; Albert Grzymała , who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as Chopin 's adviser and `` gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in -LSB- his -RSB- life . ''	Albert Grzymała	Who was Frédéric 's trusted adviser while in Paris ?
His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory , Julian Fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England ; Albert Grzymała , who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as Chopin 's adviser and `` gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in -LSB- his -RSB- life . ''	elder brother	What familial role was Albert Grzymała compared to in regards to Frédéric ?
His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory , Julian Fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England ; Albert Grzymała , who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as Chopin 's adviser and `` gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in -LSB- his -RSB- life . ''	Julian Fontana	Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Frédéric ?
Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin 's life there .	Polish	What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Frédéric 's life while in Paris ?
His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory , Julian Fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England ; Albert Grzymała , who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as Chopin 's adviser and `` gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in -LSB- his -RSB- life . ''	England	Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris ?
His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory , Julian Fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England ; Albert Grzymała , who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as Chopin 's adviser and `` gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in -LSB- his -RSB- life . ''	England	Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established ?
His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory , Julian Fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England ; Albert Grzymała , who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as Chopin 's adviser and `` gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in -LSB- his -RSB- life . ''	Albert Grzymała	Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris ?
His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory , Julian Fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England ; Albert Grzymała , who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as Chopin 's adviser and `` gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in -LSB- his -RSB- life . ''	Albert Grzymała	Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him ?
His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory , Julian Fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England ; Albert Grzymała , who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as Chopin 's adviser and `` gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in -LSB- his -RSB- life . ''	Julian Fontana	Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist ?
His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory , Julian Fontana , had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England ; Albert Grzymała , who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure , often acted as Chopin 's adviser and `` gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in -LSB- his -RSB- life . ''	Warsaw Conservatory	Where were Chopin and Fontana students together ?
At the end of 1831 , Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann , reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung -LRB- his first published article on music -RRB- , declared : `` Hats off , gentlemen !	Robert Schumann	Who gave Frédéric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions ?
On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration .	26 February 1832	On what date did Frédéric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel ?
The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale : `` Here is a young man who ... taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ... '' After this concert , Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces .	intimate keyboard technique	What is stated as a hindrance for Frédéric 's ability to perform in large concert spaces ?
He no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe .	his father	Who did Frédéric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works ?
At the end of 1831 , Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann , reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung -LRB- his first published article on music -RRB- , declared : `` Hats off , gentlemen !	Robert Schumann	From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement ?
On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration .	26 February 1832	When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?
Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family , whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons -LRB- social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite -RRB- .	Rothschild	What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from ?
At the end of 1831 , Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann , reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung -LRB- his first published article on music -RRB- , declared : `` Hats off , gentlemen !	1831	When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann ?
The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale : `` Here is a young man who ... taking no model , has found , if not a complete renewal of piano music , ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ... '' After this concert , Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces .	keyboard technique	What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris ?
He no longer depended financially upon his father , and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe .	publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students	Once Chopin stopped performing concerts , how did he earn his income ?
He played more frequently at salons , but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends .	his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends	What was Frédéric 's favorite environment to perform in ?
Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833 , in which Chopin , Liszt and Hiller performed -LRB- on pianos -RRB- a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 March 1838 , a concert in which Chopin , his pupil Adolphe Gutmann , Charles-Valentin Alkan , and Alkan 's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan 's arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from Beethoven 's 7th symphony .	pianos	What instrument did Frédéric play in a performance on 23 March 1833 ?
In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel , a venue that seated three hundred .	Salle Pleyel	Chopin gave a yearly performance where ?
Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt 's Hexameron ; he wrote the sixth -LRB- and final -RRB- variation on Bellini 's theme .	Hexameron	Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece ?
Chopin 's music soon found success with publishers , and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger , who arranged for it to be published not only in France but , through his family connections , also in Germany and England .	Maurice Schlesinger	In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published ?
Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833 , in which Chopin , Liszt and Hiller performed -LRB- on pianos -RRB- a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 March 1838 , a concert in which Chopin , his pupil Adolphe Gutmann , Charles-Valentin Alkan , and Alkan 's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan 's arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from Beethoven 's 7th symphony .	Adolphe Gutmann	What is the name of Chopin 's pupil who performed with him ?
He played more frequently at salons , but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends .	apartment	Where did Chopin prefer to play for people ?
Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833 , in which Chopin , Liszt and Hiller performed -LRB- on pianos -RRB- a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards ; and , on 3 March 1838 , a concert in which Chopin , his pupil Adolphe Gutmann , Charles-Valentin Alkan , and Alkan 's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan 's arrangement , for eight hands , of two movements from Beethoven 's 7th symphony .	Liszt and Hiller	On March 23 , 1833 , who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert ?
Chopin 's music soon found success with publishers , and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger , who arranged for it to be published not only in France but , through his family connections , also in Germany and England .	Maurice Schlesinger	Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music ?
In the spring of 1834 , Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller , and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn .	Felix Mendelssohn	Who did Frédéric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival ?
They spent what Mendelssohn described as `` a very agreeable day '' , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow , director of the Academy of Art , and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing , Bendemann , Hildebrandt and Sohn .	playing and discussing music	What two activities did Frédéric do while visiting for a day in Düsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller ?
They spent what Mendelssohn described as `` a very agreeable day '' , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow , director of the Academy of Art , and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing , Bendemann , Hildebrandt and Sohn .	Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow	Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Frédéric met while in Düsseldorf ?
In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them .	Carlsbad	Where were Frédéric 's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835 ?
In the spring of 1834 , Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller , and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn .	the Lower Rhenish Music Festival	Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn ?
In the spring of 1834 , Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller , and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn .	Hiller	Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with ?
In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad , where he spent time with his parents ; it was the last time he would see them .	Carlsbad	In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit ?
In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family , and in September he proposed to Maria , whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle .	July 1836	When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodziński ?
In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family , and in September he proposed to Maria , whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle .	Countess Wodzińska	Who was Maria 's mother ?
In the spring of 1834 , Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller , and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn .	Felix Mendelssohn	Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834 ?
After the festival , the three visited Düsseldorf , where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director .	Düsseldorf	Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834 ?
They spent what Mendelssohn described as `` a very agreeable day '' , playing and discussing music at his piano , and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow , director of the Academy of Art , and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing , Bendemann , Hildebrandt and Sohn .	director of the Academy of Art	What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position ?
He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier , when she was eleven .	Maria	What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to ?
Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris , on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that `` I have met Rossini , Cherubini , Baillot , etc. -- also Kalkbrenner .	Woyciechowski	Who was the recipient of Frédéric 's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831 ?
You would not believe how curious I was about Herz , Liszt , Hiller , etc. '' Liszt was in attendance at Chopin 's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel , which led him to remark : `` The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician , who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art . ''	Herz, Liszt, Hiller	What are the three names stated in Frédéric 's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in ?
Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris , on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that `` I have met Rossini , Cherubini , Baillot , etc. -- also Kalkbrenner .	Liszt	Who is stated as being in attendance of Frédéric 's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832 ?
You would not believe how curious I was about Herz , Liszt , Hiller , etc. '' Liszt was in attendance at Chopin 's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel , which led him to remark : `` The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician , who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art . ''	26 February 1832	What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform ?
Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris , on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that `` I have met Rossini , Cherubini , Baillot , etc. -- also Kalkbrenner .	Woyciechowski	Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt ?
You would not believe how curious I was about Herz , Liszt , Hiller , etc. '' Liszt was in attendance at Chopin 's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel , which led him to remark : `` The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician , who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art . ''	the Salle Pleyel	Where was Chopin 's first concert in Paris held ?
The two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris , Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin , and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte , a few blocks away .	38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin	What address did Frédéric live at during his stay in Paris ?
The two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris , Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin , and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte , a few blocks away .	a few blocks	How far down the road did Liszt live from Frédéric during this time ?
They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 .	seven	How many times did Frédéric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841 ?
The first , on 2 April 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson , during which they played George Onslow 's Sonata in F minor for piano duet .	Harriet Smithson	For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833 ?
Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn , held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841 .	Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory	At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841 ?
The first , on 2 April 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson , during which they played George Onslow 's Sonata in F minor for piano duet .	2 April 1833	When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together ?
Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn , held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841 .	the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn	What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for ?
Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn , held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841 .	Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory	Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together ?
The two became friends , and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris , Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin , and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte , a few blocks away .	the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte	When Liszt lived close to Chopin , where did he call home ?
They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841 .	seven	How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public ?
The first , on 2 April 1833 , was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson , during which they played George Onslow 's Sonata in F minor for piano duet .	Harriet Smithson	Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit ?
Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other , their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship .	love-hate relationship	What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Frédéric and Liszt ?
Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a `` tinge of jealousy and spite '' towards Liszt 's virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt 's theatricality , showmanship and success .	theatricality, showmanship and success	What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Frédéric ?
However , Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments , at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all , forcing an apology .	an apology	What did Frédéric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added ?
Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other , although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as `` my friend Liszt '' .	my friend Liszt	What did Frédéric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848 ?
Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin 's Op. 10 Études , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller , `` I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . ''	Op. 10 Études	What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt ?
Some commentators point to events in the two men 's romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult 's obsession with Chopin , while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt 's growing relationship with George Sand .	Marie d'Agoult	What was the name of Liszt 's mistress ?
Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a `` tinge of jealousy and spite '' towards Liszt 's virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt 's theatricality , showmanship and success .	Liszt	Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 Études to ?
Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a `` tinge of jealousy and spite '' towards Liszt 's virtuosity on the piano , and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt 's theatricality , showmanship and success .	Liszt	Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin ?
Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin 's Op. 10 Études , and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller , `` I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies . ''	Hiller	Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music ?
Some commentators point to events in the two men 's romantic lives which led to a rift between them ; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult 's obsession with Chopin , while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt 's growing relationship with George Sand .	George Sand	What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt 's growing relationship with ?
In 1836 , at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult , Chopin met the French author George Sand -LRB- born -LSB- Amantine -RSB- Aurore -LSB- Lucile -RSB- Dupin -RRB- .	Marie d'Agoult	Who was the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand ?
Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in Polish , `` My tragedy '' .	My tragedy	What did Frédéric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother 's letters about the unlikely marriage ?
Sand , in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin ; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin 's relationship with Maria Wodzińska , without realising that the affair , at least from Maria 's side , was over .	Grzymała	Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Frédéric ?
In 1836 , at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult , Chopin met the French author George Sand -LRB- born -LSB- Amantine -RSB- Aurore -LSB- Lucile -RSB- Dupin -RRB- .	George Sand	What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult ?
It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand .	his poor health	What was a possible reason for Chopin 's failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska ?
Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in Polish , `` My tragedy '' .	My tragedy	What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother ?
In 1836 , at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult , Chopin met the French author George Sand -LRB- born -LSB- Amantine -RSB- Aurore -LSB- Lucile -RSB- Dupin -RRB- .	Marie d'Agoult	Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand ?
However , by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska 's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed .	1837	What year did Maria Wodzińska 's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter ?
Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote , in Polish , `` My tragedy '' .	My tragedy	What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother ?
Sand , in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838 , admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin ; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin 's relationship with Maria Wodzińska , without realising that the affair , at least from Maria 's side , was over .	Grzymała	Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June , 1838 ?
In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood .	London	What city did Frédéric visit in June 1837 ?
On his return to Paris , his association with Sand began in earnest , and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers .	his association with Sand began in earnest	What event occurred on Frédéric 's return to Paris ?
Sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : `` I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ... '' The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca -LRB- 8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839 -RRB- , where , together with Sand 's two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand 's 15-year-old son Maurice , and also to escape the threats of Sand 's former lover Félicien Mallefille .	six	How many years older was George Sand compared to Frédéric ?
Sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : `` I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ... '' The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca -LRB- 8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839 -RRB- , where , together with Sand 's two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand 's 15-year-old son Maurice , and also to escape the threats of Sand 's former lover Félicien Mallefille .	miserable	What adjective is used to describe Frédéric and Sand 's time together during the winter of 1838 ?
This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather .	Valldemossa	Where did Frédéric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married ?
In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood .	Camille Pleyel	With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837 ?
In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood .	piano maker	What was James Broadwood 's occupation ?
Sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : `` I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ... '' The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca -LRB- 8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839 -RRB- , where , together with Sand 's two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand 's 15-year-old son Maurice , and also to escape the threats of Sand 's former lover Félicien Mallefille .	six years	How much older was George Sands than Chopin ?
Sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : `` I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ... '' The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca -LRB- 8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839 -RRB- , where , together with Sand 's two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand 's 15-year-old son Maurice , and also to escape the threats of Sand 's former lover Félicien Mallefille .	Félicien Mallefille	During Sands and Chopin 's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing ?
This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather .	a former Carthusian monastery	After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter ?
On his return to Paris , his association with Sand began in earnest , and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers .	June 1838	When did Chopin and Sand become lovers ?
Sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : `` I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ... '' The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca -LRB- 8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839 -RRB- , where , together with Sand 's two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand 's 15-year-old son Maurice , and also to escape the threats of Sand 's former lover Félicien Mallefille .	Majorca	Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839 ?
Sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : `` I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ... '' The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca -LRB- 8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839 -RRB- , where , together with Sand 's two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand 's 15-year-old son Maurice , and also to escape the threats of Sand 's former lover Félicien Mallefille .	Sand's two children	Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca ?
Sand , who was six years older than the composer , and who had had a series of lovers , wrote at this time : `` I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment , and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ... '' The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca -LRB- 8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839 -RRB- , where , together with Sand 's two children , they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand 's 15-year-old son Maurice , and also to escape the threats of Sand 's former lover Félicien Mallefille .	Félicien Mallefille.	One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who ?
This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa , which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather .	a former Carthusian monastery	Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa ?
On 3 December , Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca : `` Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead ; the second said I was dying ; and the third said I was about to die . ''	Three	How many doctors saw Frédéric by the 3rd of December ?
He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him .	piano	What did Frédéric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness ?
I finished them on your little piano , which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea , the bad weather and the Palma customs . ''	best possible condition	What condition did Frédéric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles ?
On 3 December , Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca : `` Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead ; the second said I was dying ; and the third said I was about to die . ''	3	How many doctors visited Chopin ?
On 3 December , Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca : `` Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead ; the second said I was dying ; and the third said I was about to die . ''	December	What month did Chopin 's piano arrive ?
On 3 December , Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca : `` Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead ; the second said I was dying ; and the third said I was about to die . ''	his bad health	What did Chopin compalin about ?
He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him .	his Pleyel piano	What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca ?
On 3 December , Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca : `` Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead ; the second said I was dying ; and the third said I was about to die . ''	December	What month did Chopin 's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca ?
He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him .	Pleyel	Who did Chopin send his Preludes to ?
Although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin 's health that Sand determined to leave the island .	bad weather	What is stated as having a negative effect on Frédéric 's health during this productive time ?
To avoid further customs duties , Sand sold the piano to a local French couple , the Canuts .	Canuts	What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to ?
-LSB- n 8 -RSB- The group traveled first to Barcelona , then to Marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced .	Marseilles	What city did the group travel to in order to help Frédéric recover ?
In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand 's estate at Nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 .	Nohant	Where was Sand 's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846 ?
In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orléans , living in adjacent buildings .	Square d'Orléans	Where did Frédéric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other ?
To avoid further customs duties , Sand sold the piano to a local French couple , the Canuts .	the Canuts	Who did Sand sell Chopin 's piano to ?
-LSB- n 8 -RSB- The group traveled first to Barcelona , then to Marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced .	Marseilles	Where did the group travel to after Barcelona ?
In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand 's estate at Nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 .	Nohant	Where was Sand 's home ?
In autumn they returned to Paris , where Chopin 's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand 's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle .	5 rue Tronchet	After returning to Paris where was Chopin 's apartment ?
In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orléans , living in adjacent buildings .	Square d'Orléans	In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move ?
Although this period had been productive , the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin 's health that Sand determined to leave the island .	the bad weather	What had a negative effect on Chopin 's health ?
To avoid further customs duties , Sand sold the piano to a local French couple , the Canuts .	the Canuts.	Who did Sand sell the piano to ?
-LSB- n 8 -RSB- The group traveled first to Barcelona , then to Marseilles , where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced .	Marseilles	Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona ?
In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orléans , living in adjacent buildings .	Square d'Orléans	Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842 ?
In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand 's estate at Nohant , where they spent most summers until 1846 .	Nohant	Where did they spend most summers until 1846 ?
On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz 's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution .	Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale	What event were Chopin and Sand at on 26 July 1840 ?
On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz 's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution .	tenth	What anniversary was the July Revolution that Sand and Chopin were present at a dress rehearsal for ?
At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839 , Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of Franz Schubert 's lied Die Gestirne .	Adolphe Nourrit	At whose funeral did Chopin play in 1839 ?
At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839 , Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of Franz Schubert 's lied Die Gestirne .	organ	What instrument did Chopin play at Adolphe Nourrit 's funeral ?
At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839 , Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of Franz Schubert 's lied Die Gestirne .	Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne	What piece did Chopin play at Adolphe Nourrit 's funeral ?
At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839 , Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of Franz Schubert 's lied Die Gestirne .	Adolphe Nourrit	Chopin attended the funeral of who in 1839 ?
At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839 , Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ , playing a transcription of Franz Schubert 's lied Die Gestirne .	Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne.	What did Chopin play at the funeral ?
On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz 's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution .	Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale	What was the dress rehearsal for ?
On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz 's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale , composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution .	the July Revolution.	It was in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of what ?
During the summers at Nohant , particularly in the years 1839 -- 43 , Chopin found quiet , productive days during which he composed many works , including his Polonaise in A-flat major , Op. 53 .	Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53	What is the example given of a work produced by Frédéric during calm summers at Nohant ?
Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot , whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition .	Pauline Viardot	Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano ?
Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842 :	7 June 1842	On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant ?
Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot , whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition .	piano technique and composition	What did Chopin help Pauline Viardot with ?
Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot , whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition .	Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot	Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant ?
Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot , whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition .	piano technique and composition.	What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on ?
Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot , whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition .	Delacroix	Who wrote a letter on June 7 , 1842 about a stay in Nohant ?
From 1842 onwards , Chopin showed signs of serious illness .	1842	In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health ?
After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842 , he wrote to Grzymała : `` I have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . ''	Grzymała	To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain ?
He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard 's on 1 March 1843 .	Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's	What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health ?
Late in 1844 , Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him `` hardly able to move , bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain '' , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor .	piano	What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hallé when the latter visited him ?
Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy .	temporal lobe epilepsy	What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses ?
From 1842 onwards , Chopin showed signs of serious illness .	1842	Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health ?
He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard 's on 1 March 1843 .	Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement	What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play ?
Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy .	temporal lobe epilepsy	What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having ?
From 1842 onwards , Chopin showed signs of serious illness .	From 1842 onwards	When did Chopin show signs of serious illness ?
After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842 , he wrote to Grzymała : `` I have to lie in bed all day long , my mouth and tonsils are aching so much . ''	mouth and tonsils	Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much ?
He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard 's on 1 March 1843 .	Alkan	Chopin had to decline who 's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard 's ?
Late in 1844 , Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him `` hardly able to move , bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain '' , although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor .	Charles Hallé	Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move ?
Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses , he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy .	temporal lobe epilepsy.	Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition ?
Chopin 's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange 's fiancé , the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger .	Auguste Clésinger	What was the name of Sand 's daughter 's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin ?
Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand 's radical political pursuits , while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain .	radical political pursuits	What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards ?
As the composer 's illness progressed , Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin , whom she called her `` third child '' .	third child	What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse ?
In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani , whose main characters -- a rich actress and a prince in weak health -- could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer 's galleys .	Lucrezia Floriani	What was the name of Sand 's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin ?
In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani , whose main characters -- a rich actress and a prince in weak health -- could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer 's galleys .	1847	In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close ?
Chopin 's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange 's fiancé , the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger .	1846	When did Chopin 's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate ?
Chopin 's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange 's fiancé , the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger .	Auguste Clésinger	Whom did Sand 's daughter Solange become engaged to ?
In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani , whose main characters -- a rich actress and a prince in weak health -- could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer 's galleys .	Lucrezia Floriani	What novel did Sand write in 1847 ?
Chopin 's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange 's fiancé , the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger .	Auguste Clésinger.	Who was the fortune hunter engaged to Sand 's daughter ?
As the composer 's illness progressed , Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin , whom she called her `` third child '' .	nurse	What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed ?
In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani , whose main characters -- a rich actress and a prince in weak health -- could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer 's galleys .	Lucrezia Floriani	What was the name of Sand 's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin ?
In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani , whose main characters -- a rich actress and a prince in weak health -- could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin ; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin , who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer 's galleys .	1847	When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand ?
In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata .	Op. 58 sonata	What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844 ?
Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions , Zamoyski opines that `` his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish , both emotional and intellectual . ''	more refined than many of his earlier compositions	What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less ?
Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 .	a dozen	How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841 ?
Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 .	six	How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842 ?
In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata .	Op. 58 sonata	What piece did Chopin compose in 1844 ?
Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 .	six	How many works did Chopin write in 1842 ?
Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works , only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843 .	six shorter pieces	How many works did Chopin write in 1843 ?
1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas -LRB- Op. 59 -RRB- .	three mazurkas	How many works did Chopin write in 1845 ?
In February 1848 , with the cellist Auguste Franchomme , he gave his last Paris concert , which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65 .	February 1848	In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance ?
In February 1848 , with the cellist Auguste Franchomme , he gave his last Paris concert , which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65 .	Auguste Franchomme	With whom did Chopin perform his final concert ?
In February 1848 , with the cellist Auguste Franchomme , he gave his last Paris concert , which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65 .	February 1848	When did Chopin last perform ?
In February 1848 , with the cellist Auguste Franchomme , he gave his last Paris concert , which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65 .	Auguste Franchomme	Who did Chopin last perform with ?
Chopin 's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane , as did the number of his pupils , and this , together with the political strife and instability of the time , caused him to struggle financially .	struggle financially.	Plitical strife , popularity decline , instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what ?
In February 1848 , with the cellist Auguste Franchomme , he gave his last Paris concert , which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65 .	Auguste Franchomme	Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848 ?
In February 1848 , with the cellist Auguste Franchomme , he gave his last Paris concert , which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65 .	Cello	What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play ?
Chopin 's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin -- The Women Behind The Music -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television .	BBC	What television station made a documentary on Chopin ?
Chopin 's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin -- The Women Behind The Music -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television .	Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda	What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv ?
Chopin 's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin -- The Women Behind The Music -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television .	The Women Behind The Music	What was the title of the documentary the BBC released ?
Chopin 's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin -- The Women Behind The Music -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television .	BBC	What television station released a documentary on Chopin ?
Chopin 's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin -- The Women Behind The Music -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television .	Chopin – The Women Behind The Music	What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC ?
Chopin 's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin -- The Women Behind The Music -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television .	Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda	What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision ?
Chopin 's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin -- The Women Behind The Music -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television .	Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda	Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin 's life ?
The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer .	A Song to Remember	What was the name of the 1945 movie released about Chopin ?
The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer .	Cornel Wilde	What is the name of the actor who received and Oscar nomination for his role as Chopin ?
Other film treatments have included : La valse de l'adieu -LRB- France , 1928 -RRB- by Henry Roussel , with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin ; Impromptu -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , starring Hugh Grant as Chopin ; La note bleue -LRB- 1991 -RRB- ; and Chopin : Desire for Love -LRB- 2002 -RRB- .	1928	What year was La valse de l'adieu released ?
Other film treatments have included : La valse de l'adieu -LRB- France , 1928 -RRB- by Henry Roussel , with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin ; Impromptu -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , starring Hugh Grant as Chopin ; La note bleue -LRB- 1991 -RRB- ; and Chopin : Desire for Love -LRB- 2002 -RRB- .	Hugh Grant	Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu ?
Chopin 's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films .	George Sand	Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies ?
The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer .	A Song to Remember	What 1945 film was a fictionalized accounting of the relationship between Chopin and Sand ?
The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer .	Cornel Wilde	Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember ?
Other film treatments have included : La valse de l'adieu -LRB- France , 1928 -RRB- by Henry Roussel , with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin ; Impromptu -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , starring Hugh Grant as Chopin ; La note bleue -LRB- 1991 -RRB- ; and Chopin : Desire for Love -LRB- 2002 -RRB- .	Pierre Blanchar	Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film , La valse de l'adieu ?
Other film treatments have included : La valse de l'adieu -LRB- France , 1928 -RRB- by Henry Roussel , with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin ; Impromptu -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , starring Hugh Grant as Chopin ; La note bleue -LRB- 1991 -RRB- ; and Chopin : Desire for Love -LRB- 2002 -RRB- .	Hugh Grant	Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film , Impromptu ?
Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901 .	1901	When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin 's life ?
Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901 .	Milan	Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin 's life created ?
Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901 .	Giacomo Orefice	Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin 's life ?
Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin 's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events .	Chopin	What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin ?
Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901 .	Giacomo Orefice	Who wrote the fictionalized `` Chopin ? ''
Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901 .	1901.	When was the fictionalized `` Chopin '' produced ?
Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901 .	Milan	Where was the fictionalized `` Chopin '' produced ?
The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich .	Leon Ulrich	An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man ?
French writers on Chopin -LRB- apart from Sand -RRB- have included Marcel Proust and André Gide ; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak .	Marcel Proust and André Gide	Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin ?
The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich .	sonnet	Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format ?
The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich .	sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich	What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature ?
The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich .	1830	When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin ?
There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English -LRB- see bibliography for some of these -RRB- .	English	In addition to Polish and French , what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin ?
The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings , held every five years .	every five years.	The Warsaw Chopin Society holds the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin how often ?
The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings , held every five years .	Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin	What is the name of the event that The Warsaw Chopin Society holds ?
On the occasion of the composer 's bicentenary , the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists -LRB- among many others -RRB- : Martha Argerich , Vladimir Ashkenazy , Emanuel Ax , Evgeny Kissin , Murray Perahia , Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman .	The New York Times	On Chopin 's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin 's work ?
The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings , held every five years .	The Warsaw Chopin Society	Who organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings ?
The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings , held every five years .	every five years.	How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held ?
On the occasion of the composer 's bicentenary , the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists -LRB- among many others -RRB- : Martha Argerich , Vladimir Ashkenazy , Emanuel Ax , Evgeny Kissin , Murray Perahia , Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman .	The New York Times	Upon Chopin 's bicentenary , who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin ?
The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2 .	1895	What year was the earliest Chopin recording created ?
The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2 .	Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2	What is the title of the earliest known recording of Chopin 's work ?
The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2 .	Paul Pabst	Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin 's work ?
The British Library notes that `` Chopin 's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era . ''	The British Library	What has stated that every pianist in the recording era has used Chopin 's music ?
The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2 .	1895	When did Pabst record his Chopin performance ?
A select discography of recordings of Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions .	Methuen-Campbell	Who has given a discography of pianists ' representation of Chopin 's pedagogic style ?
The world 's oldest monographic music competition , the International Chopin Piano Competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in Warsaw .	International Chopin Piano Competition	What is the name of the oldest music essay competition ?
The world 's oldest monographic music competition , the International Chopin Piano Competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in Warsaw .	1927	What year was the International Chopin Piano Competition founded ?
The world 's oldest monographic music competition , the International Chopin Piano Competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in Warsaw .	Warsaw	Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held ?
The world 's oldest monographic music competition , the International Chopin Piano Competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in Warsaw .	every five years	How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held ?
The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of January 2014 .	1,500	The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin 's work from Youtube ?
The world 's oldest monographic music competition , the International Chopin Piano Competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in Warsaw .	the International Chopin Piano Competition	What is the world 's oldest monographic music competition ?
The world 's oldest monographic music competition , the International Chopin Piano Competition , founded in 1927 , is held every five years in Warsaw .	1927	When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established ?
The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty societies world-wide devoted to the composer and his music .	The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland	There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who ?
The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of January 2014 .	nearly 1,500	How many known works of Chopin 's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014 ?
Chopin 's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana , choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov .	Chopiniana	What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin 's work ?
Chopin 's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana , choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov .	Michel Fokine	Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin 's work ?
Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations -- from Stravinsky , Anatoly Lyadov , Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin -- for later productions , which used the title Les Sylphides .	Les Sylphides	Chopiniana later went by a different name , what is that name ?
Chopin 's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana , choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov .	Alexander Glazunov	Who orchestrated Chopiniana ?
Chopin 's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana , choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov .	1909	What year was the Chopiniana released ?
Chopin 's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana , choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov .	Chopiniana	Which 1909 ballet used Chopin 's music ?
Chopin 's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana , choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov .	Michel Fokine	Who choreographed Chopiniana ?
Chopin 's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana , choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov .	Alexander Glazunov.	Who orchestrated Chopiniana ?
Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations -- from Stravinsky , Anatoly Lyadov , Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin -- for later productions , which used the title Les Sylphides .	Les Sylphides.	Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions , using which title ?
In April , during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris , he left for London , where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses .	London	Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848 ?
This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister .	Jane Stirling	Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London ?
In April , during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris , he left for London , where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses .	London	Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848 ?
This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister .	Jane Stirling and her elder sister	What two people suggested the 1848 tour ?
This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister .	Jane Stirling	Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin ?
In April , during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris , he left for London , where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses .	Revolution	What was happening in April 1848 in Paris ?
This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister .	Scottish	What was Jane Stirling 's national heritage ?
In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street , where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano .	Dover Street	Where did Chopin stay while in London ?
In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street , where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano .	Broadwood	What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London ?
At his first engagement , on 15 May at Stafford House , the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert .	Stafford House	Where was Chopin 's initial performance ?
At his first engagement , on 15 May at Stafford House , the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert .	Queen Victoria and Prince Albert	What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House ?
At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts .	7 July	What date did he perform with Viardot ?
In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street , where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano .	Dover Street	What steet did Chopin stay on in London ?
In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street , where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano .	a grand piano.	What did Broadway provide for Chopin ?
At his first engagement , on 15 May at Stafford House , the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert .	Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.	What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London ?
Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons , for which he charged the high fee of one guinea -LRB- # 1.05 in present British currency -RRB- per hour , and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas .	piano lessons	In addition to hearing him play , what else did people seek from Chopin in London ?
At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot , who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts .	Viardot	Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London ?
In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland , where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire , both owned by members of Stirling 's family .	Scotland	Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin ?
In late October 1848 , while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam Łyszczyński , he wrote out his last will and testament -- `` a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future , if I should drop dead somewhere '' , he wrote to Grzymała .	Adam Łyszczyński	What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will ?
In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland , where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire , both owned by members of Stirling 's family .	Scotland	Where was Chopin invited to in late summer ?
He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September , and another in Edinburgh , at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street -LRB- now Erskine House -RRB- on 4 October .	Glasgow	What city did Chopin perform at on September 27 ?
In late October 1848 , while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam Łyszczyński , he wrote out his last will and testament -- `` a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future , if I should drop dead somewhere '' , he wrote to Grzymała .	will	What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam Łyszczyński ?
Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London 's Guildhall on 16 November 1848 , when , in a final patriotic gesture , he played for the benefit of Polish refugees .	16 November 1848	When did Chopin last appear in public ?
Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London 's Guildhall on 16 November 1848 , when , in a final patriotic gesture , he played for the benefit of Polish refugees .	Guildhall	Where was Chopin 's last public performance ?
Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London 's Guildhall on 16 November 1848 , when , in a final patriotic gesture , he played for the benefit of Polish refugees .	Polish refugees.	Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert ?
By this time he was very seriously ill , weighing under 99 pounds -LRB- i.e. less than 45 kg -RRB- , and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage .	terminal	What was the diagnosis of Chopin 's health condition at this time ?
Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London 's Guildhall on 16 November 1848 , when , in a final patriotic gesture , he played for the benefit of Polish refugees .	London's Guildhall	Where was Chopin 's last public performance ?
Occasionally he played , or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka , for his friends .	Delfina Potocka	Who did Chopin play for while she sang ?
During the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , Princess Obreskoff .	Chaillot	In 1849 where did Chopin live ?
During the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , Princess Obreskoff .	Princess Obreskoff	Who was anonymously paying for Chopin 's apartment ?
At the end of November , Chopin returned to Paris .	November	When did Chopin return to Paris ?
Occasionally he played , or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka , for his friends .	Delfina Potocka	Chopin accompanied which singer for friends ?
During the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , Princess Obreskoff .	Chaillot	Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849 ?
During the summer of 1849 , his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot , out of the centre of the city , for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer , Princess Obreskoff .	Princess Obreskoff.	Who paid for Chopin 's apartment in Chaillot ?
Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind .	June 1849	When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin ?
In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter , and in September , supported by a loan from Jane Stirling , he took an apartment at Place Vendôme 12 .	June 1849	When did his sister come to stay with Chopin ?
In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter , and in September , supported by a loan from Jane Stirling , he took an apartment at Place Vendôme 12 .	Place Vendôme 12	In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence ?
In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter , and in September , supported by a loan from Jane Stirling , he took an apartment at Place Vendôme 12 .	his sister	Which family member came to Paris in June 1849 ?
In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter , and in September , supported by a loan from Jane Stirling , he took an apartment at Place Vendôme 12 .	her husband and daughter	Who accompanied Chopin 's sister to Paris ?
In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter , and in September , supported by a loan from Jane Stirling , he took an apartment at Place Vendôme 12 .	Jane Stirling	Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment ?
After 15 October , when his condition took a marked turn for the worse , only a handful of his closest friends remained with him , although Viardot remarked sardonically that `` all the grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room . ''	to faint	What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin 's room ?
Chopin requested that his body be opened after death -LRB- for fear of being buried alive -RRB- and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross .	fear of being buried alive	Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death ?
`` No longer '' , he replied .	"No longer"	What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering ?
Later that morning , Solange 's husband Clésinger made Chopin 's death mask and a cast of his left hand .	Clésinger	Who made Chopin 's death mask ?
Chopin requested that his body be opened after death -LRB- for fear of being buried alive -RRB- and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross .	fear of being buried alive	Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died ?
Later that morning , Solange 's husband Clésinger made Chopin 's death mask and a cast of his left hand .	a cast of his left hand.	What did Solange 's husband make hours after Chopin 's death along with his death mask ?
His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis , and his physician , Jean Cruveilhier , was then the leading French authority on this disease .	tuberculosis	What is listed as Chopin 's official cause of death ?
His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis , and his physician , Jean Cruveilhier , was then the leading French authority on this disease .	Jean Cruveilhier	What was the name of Chopin 's doctor ?
Permission for DNA testing , which could put the matter to rest , has been denied by the Polish government .	DNA testing	What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death ?
His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis , and his physician , Jean Cruveilhier , was then the leading French authority on this disease .	tuberculosis	What was the cause of death on Chopin 's death certificate ?
His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis , and his physician , Jean Cruveilhier , was then the leading French authority on this disease .	Jean Cruveilhier	Who was Chopin 's physician ?
Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis , cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency .	cystic fibrosis	Other possiblities for Chopin 's death include cirrhosis , alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency , and what ?
Permission for DNA testing , which could put the matter to rest , has been denied by the Polish government .	the Polish government.	Who has denied testing Chopin 's DNA to determine the actual cause of death ?
The funeral , held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris , was delayed almost two weeks , until 30 October .	Church of the Madeleine	Where was Chopin 's funeral held ?
The funeral , held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris , was delayed almost two weeks , until 30 October .	two weeks	How long was Chopin 's funeral delayed ?
Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations , from as far as London , Berlin and Vienna , and were excluded .	Over 3,000	How many people arrived for Chopin 's funeral ?
The funeral , held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris , was delayed almost two weeks , until 30 October .	the Church of the Madeleine in Paris	Where was Chopin 's funeral held ?
Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations , from as far as London , Berlin and Vienna , and were excluded .	Over 3,000	How many people arrived without an invitation ?
Mozart 's Requiem was sung at the funeral ; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan , the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot , the tenor Alexis Dupont , and the bass Luigi Lablache ; Chopin 's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played .	Mozart's Requiem	What song was sung at Chopin 's funeral ?
The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély .	Louis Lefébure-Wély	Who was the organist at Chopin 's funeral ?
The funeral procession to Père Lachaise Cemetery , which included Chopin 's sister Ludwika , was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski .	Prince Adam Czartoryski	Who led Chopin 's funeral procession ?
At the graveside , the Funeral March from Chopin 's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played , in Reber 's instrumentation .	Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2	What was played at his graveside ?
Mozart 's Requiem was sung at the funeral ; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan , the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot , the tenor Alexis Dupont , and the bass Luigi Lablache ; Chopin 's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played .	Mozart's Requiem	What Mozart song was sung at Chopin 's funeral ?
The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély .	Louis Lefébure-Wély	Who was the organist for Chopin 's funeral ?
The funeral procession to Père Lachaise Cemetery , which included Chopin 's sister Ludwika , was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski .	Père Lachaise Cemetery	Which cemetery was Chopin buried in ?
The funeral procession to Père Lachaise Cemetery , which included Chopin 's sister Ludwika , was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski .	Prince Adam Czartoryski	Who led the funeral procession ?
At the graveside , the Funeral March from Chopin 's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played , in Reber 's instrumentation .	the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2	What was played at Chopin 's graveside ?
Chopin 's tombstone , featuring the muse of music , Euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by Clésinger .	Clésinger	Who sculpted Chopin 's tombstone ?
Chopin 's tombstone , featuring the muse of music , Euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by Clésinger .	Euterpe	What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin 's tombstone ?
The expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5,000 francs , were covered by Jane Stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer 's sister Ludwika to Warsaw .	5,000 francs	How much did Chopin 's funeral cost ?
The expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5,000 francs , were covered by Jane Stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer 's sister Ludwika to Warsaw .	Jane Stirling	Who paid for Chopin 's funeral ?
Ludwika took Chopin 's heart in an urn , preserved in alcohol , back to Poland in 1850 .	alcohol	Chopin 's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what ?
Chopin 's tombstone , featuring the muse of music , Euterpe , weeping over a broken lyre , was designed and sculpted by Clésinger .	Clésinger.	Who designed Chopin 's tombstone ?
The expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5,000 francs , were covered by Jane Stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer 's sister Ludwika to Warsaw .	5,000 francs	How much did Chopin 's funeral and monument cost ?
The expenses of the funeral and monument , amounting to 5,000 francs , were covered by Jane Stirling , who also paid for the return of the composer 's sister Ludwika to Warsaw .	sister	Who took Chopin 's heart to Poland ?
-LSB- n 9 -RSB- She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin ; after 1851 these were returned to Sand , who seems to have destroyed them .	Sand	Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin ?
Over 230 works of Chopin survive ; some compositions from early childhood have been lost .	Over 230	How many of Chopin 's works still exist ?
All his known works involve the piano , and only a few range beyond solo piano music , as either piano concertos , songs or chamber music .	piano	All of his pieces include what instrument ?
Over 230 works of Chopin survive ; some compositions from early childhood have been lost .	Over 230	How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived ?
All his known works involve the piano , and only a few range beyond solo piano music , as either piano concertos , songs or chamber music .	chamber music.	Only a few of Chopin 's pieces involve more than the piano , including piano concertos , songs and what ?
Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven , Haydn , Mozart and Clementi ; he used Clementi 's piano method with his own students .	Clementi	Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students ?
Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven , Haydn , Mozart and Clementi ; he used Clementi 's piano method with his own students .	Clementi	Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students ?
He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook .	Bach and Mozart	Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences ?
Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven , Haydn , Mozart and Clementi ; he used Clementi 's piano method with his own students .	Haydn	Chopin looked to Beethoven , Mozart , Clementi and who for his own music education ?
Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne , invented by the Irish composer John Field , to a deeper level of sophistication .	John Field	Who is credited with creating the nocturne ?
He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces .	ballades and scherzi	Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces ?
Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne , invented by the Irish composer John Field , to a deeper level of sophistication .	nocturne	What new genre di John Field invent ?
He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces .	ballades and scherzi	Chopin was first in writing what for concerts ?
He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude , already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt , Clementi and Moscheles , in his two sets of studies -LRB- Op. 10 published in 1833 , Op. 25 in 1837 -RRB- .	concert étude	What musical concept did Chopin exploit ?
He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude , already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt , Clementi and Moscheles , in his two sets of studies -LRB- Op. 10 published in 1833 , Op. 25 in 1837 -RRB- .	Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles	What three other musicians were developing the new genre ?
The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime -LRB- another nine were published posthumously -RRB- , beginning with the Op. 26 pair -LRB- published 1836 -RRB- , set a new standard for music in the form .	seven	How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived ?
The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime -LRB- another nine were published posthumously -RRB- , beginning with the Op. 26 pair -LRB- published 1836 -RRB- , set a new standard for music in the form .	nine	How many polonaises were published after Chopin died ?
Chopin 's mazurkas , while originating in the traditional Polish dance -LRB- the mazurek -RRB- , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; `` it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map . ''	mazurkas	Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known ?
His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents .	faster tempos	What is different about Chopin 's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz ?
Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression .	greater range of melody and expression.	What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era ?
Chopin 's mazurkas , while originating in the traditional Polish dance -LRB- the mazurek -RRB- , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; `` it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map . ''	concert hall	Chopin 's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall ?
Chopin 's mazurkas , while originating in the traditional Polish dance -LRB- the mazurek -RRB- , differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall ; `` it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map . ''	the mazurka	What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans ?
The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime -LRB- another nine were published posthumously -RRB- , beginning with the Op. 26 pair -LRB- published 1836 -RRB- , set a new standard for music in the form .	nine	How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death ?
His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents .	waltzes	What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms ?
Some of Chopin 's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles , such as the Revolutionary Étude -LRB- Op. 10 , No. 12 -RRB- , and the Minute Waltz -LRB- Op. 64 , No. 1 -RRB- .	the Revolutionary Étude	What is another title Op. 10 , No. 12 has garnered ?
However , with the exception of his Funeral March , the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number , leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener ; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others .	Funeral March	What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to ?
The Funeral March , the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 -LRB- Op. 35 -RRB- , the one case where he did give a title , was written before the rest of the sonata , but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it .	Sonata No. 2	The Funeral March was written as part of what piece ?
The Funeral March , the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 -LRB- Op. 35 -RRB- , the one case where he did give a title , was written before the rest of the sonata , but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it .	one	How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to ?
Some of Chopin 's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles , such as the Revolutionary Étude -LRB- Op. 10 , No. 12 -RRB- , and the Minute Waltz -LRB- Op. 64 , No. 1 -RRB- .	Revolutionary Étude	What descriptive name was Op. 10 , No. 12 given ?
Some of Chopin 's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles , such as the Revolutionary Étude -LRB- Op. 10 , No. 12 -RRB- , and the Minute Waltz -LRB- Op. 64 , No. 1 -RRB- .	Minute Waltz	What descriptive name was Op. 64 , No. 1 given ?
The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65 , allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor .	65	What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus ?
At the request of the composer 's mother and sisters , however , his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers -LRB- Opp .	Julian Fontana	Who was Chopin 's musical executor ?
At the request of the composer 's mother and sisters , however , his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers -LRB- Opp .	23	How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers ?
In 1857 , 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74 , though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition .	17	Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs ?
The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65 , allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor .	65	What is the last opus number that Chopin used ?
At the request of the composer 's mother and sisters , however , his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers -LRB- Opp .	Julian Fontana	Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp . 66-73 in 1855 ?
In 1857 , 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74 , though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition .	1857	When was Op. 74 published ?
The present standard musicological reference for Chopin 's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue -LRB- usually represented by the initials ` KK ' -RRB- , named for its compiler , the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska .	Krystyna Kobylańska	The Kobylańska Catalogue was named for who ?
Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers .	1857	Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers ?
Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers .	alternative catalogue designations	What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers ?
The present standard musicological reference for Chopin 's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue -LRB- usually represented by the initials ` KK ' -RRB- , named for its compiler , the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska .	the Kobylańska Catalogue	What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin 's pieces ?
The present standard musicological reference for Chopin 's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue -LRB- usually represented by the initials ` KK ' -RRB- , named for its compiler , the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska .	KK	What is the shortened reference for the Kobylańska Catalogue ?
The present standard musicological reference for Chopin 's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue -LRB- usually represented by the initials ` KK ' -RRB- , named for its compiler , the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska .	Krystyna Kobylańska.	Who compiled the Kobylańska Catalogue ?
The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel -LRB- 1878 -- 1902 -RRB- .	Breitkopf & Härtel	Who released the first collection of Chopin 's works ?
Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin 's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish `` National Edition '' , edited by Jan Ekier , both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources .	Jan Ekier	Who edited the Polish `` National Edition '' of Chopin 's works ?
Chopin 's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel .	original publishers	Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin ?
His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies .	popular 19th-century piano anthologies.	Where did Chopin 's work start t oshow up ?
Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin 's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish `` National Edition '' , edited by Jan Ekier , both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources .	Paderewski	What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin 's work form 1937 to 1966 ?
Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin 's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish `` National Edition '' , edited by Jan Ekier , both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources .	Jan Ekier	Who edited the Polish National Edition ?
Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin 's creative processes .	Improvisation	What is central to Chopin 's process ?
Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin 's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit .	the four-bar phrase	Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin 's uniqueness is how he handles what ?
Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin 's creative processes .	Improvisation	What is central to Chopin 's creativeness ?
However , this does not imply impulsive rambling : Nicholas Temperley writes that `` improvisation is designed for an audience , and its starting-point is that audience 's expectations , which include the current conventions of musical form . ''	Nicholas Temperley	Who wrote that `` improvisation is designed for an audience '' ?
Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin 's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit .	his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.	What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin 's personality ?
J. Barrie Jones suggests that `` amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use , the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme '' , and adds that `` the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin 's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody . ''	the Barcarolle Op. 60	What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin 's palette ?
J. Barrie Jones suggests that `` amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use , the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme '' , and adds that `` the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin 's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody . ''	the four ballades and four scherzos	What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin 's concert pieces ?
Temperley opines that these works , which contain `` immense variety of mood , thematic material and structural detail '' , are based on an extended `` departure and return '' form ; `` the more the middle section is extended , and the further it departs in key , mood and theme , from the opening idea , the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes . ''	departure and return	What form does Temperley feel that Chopin 's ballades and scherzos are based on ?
The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works , sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses .	folk features	Chopin 's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions ?
Chopin 's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form , sometimes with a coda .	straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.	What form are Chopin 's mazurkas and waltzes in ?
Chopin 's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form , sometimes with a coda .	mazurkas	Which of Chopin 's works shows more folk aspects ?
However , some also show unusual sophistication , for example Op. 63 No. 3 , which includes a canon at one beat 's distance , a great rarity in music .	a canon at one beat's distance	What does Chopin 's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare ?
As with the traditional polonaise , Chopin 's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies , accompaniments and cadences .	triple time	What time are Chopin 's polonaises written in ?
Chopin 's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form -LRB- who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner -RRB- .	Elsner	Chopin 's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers , Zywny and who ?
As with the traditional polonaise , Chopin 's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies , accompaniments and cadences .	martial	Chopin 's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies ?
Unlike most of their precursors , they also require a formidable playing technique .	formidable	Chopin 's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique ?
The 21 nocturnes are more structured , and of greater emotional depth , than those of Field -LRB- whom Chopin met in 1833 -RRB- .	21	How many nocturnes did Chopin compose ?
Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression -LRB- and often making very difficult demands on the performer -RRB- which heightens their dramatic character .	agitated expression	What is it about the middle of Chopin 's nocturnes that increases their drama ?
The 21 nocturnes are more structured , and of greater emotional depth , than those of Field -LRB- whom Chopin met in 1833 -RRB- .	Field	Chopin 's nocturnes were more structured than who ?
The 21 nocturnes are more structured , and of greater emotional depth , than those of Field -LRB- whom Chopin met in 1833 -RRB- .	1833	What year did Chopin meet Field ?
The 21 nocturnes are more structured , and of greater emotional depth , than those of Field -LRB- whom Chopin met in 1833 -RRB- .	nocturnes	Which type of Chopin 's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections ?
Chopin 's études are largely in straightforward ternary form .	études	What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique ?
Chopin 's études are largely in straightforward ternary form .	straightforward ternary	What form are most of Chopin 's études in ?
Chopin 's études are largely in straightforward ternary form .	études	Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote ?
Inspired by J.S. Bach 's The Well-Tempered Clavier , Chopin 's preludes move up the circle of fifths -LRB- rather than Bach 's chromatic scale sequence -RRB- to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality .	The Well-Tempered Clavier	What piece of Bach 's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes ?
The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group , and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces , or even to music by other composers , as Kenneth Hamilton suggests : he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922 , in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the Étude Op. 10 No. 5 .	Kenneth Hamilton	Who suggested that Chopin 's preludes were not intended to be played as a group ?
The preludes , many of which are very brief -LRB- some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure -RRB- , were described by Schumann as `` the beginnings of studies '' .	The preludes	What was described as `` the beginning of studies '' by Schumann ?
Inspired by J.S. Bach 's The Well-Tempered Clavier , Chopin 's preludes move up the circle of fifths -LRB- rather than Bach 's chromatic scale sequence -RRB- to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality .	J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier	What inspired Chopin for his preludes ?
The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group , and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces , or even to music by other composers , as Kenneth Hamilton suggests : he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922 , in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the Étude Op. 10 No. 5 .	generic preludes to others of his pieces	Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what ?
The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group , and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces , or even to music by other composers , as Kenneth Hamilton suggests : he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922 , in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the Étude Op. 10 No. 5 .	Ferruccio Busoni	Who did a recording where Étude Op. 10 No. 5 . follows relude Op. 28 No. 7 ?
The two mature piano sonatas -LRB- No. 2 , Op. 35 , written in 1839 and No. 3 , Op. 58 , written in 1844 -RRB- are in four movements .	four	How many movements are No. 2 , Op. 35 and No. 3 , Op 58 in ?
The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition , including many passages of complex counterpoint , `` worthy of Brahms '' according to the music historians Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson .	Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson	What two people claimed that Op 58 was `` worthy of Brahms '' ?
The two mature piano sonatas -LRB- No. 2 , Op. 35 , written in 1839 and No. 3 , Op. 58 , written in 1844 -RRB- are in four movements .	four	How many movements are in No. 2 , Op. 35 and No. 3 , Op 58 ?
The last movement , a brief -LRB- 75-bar -RRB- perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout , was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries , including Schumann .	The last movement	Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann ?
The two mature piano sonatas -LRB- No. 2 , Op. 35 , written in 1839 and No. 3 , Op. 58 , written in 1844 -RRB- are in four movements .	Op. 58	According to music historians , which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms ?
Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as Claude Debussy , as does Chopin 's use of modal harmony .	Claude Debussy	Chopin 's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer ?
Chopin 's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique .	harmonic innovations	What likely arose due to Chopin 's technique with keyboards ?
Temperley says that in his works `` novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment '' , and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key -LRB- neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths -RRB- , or by sudden shifts to remote keys .	Temperley	Who wrote about Chopin 's `` novel harmonic effects '' ?
His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique .	independent finger technique	What was Chopin 's style based upon ?
In 1841 , Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year , `` One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition .	Léon Escudier	Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital ?
In his Projet de méthode he wrote : `` Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand , the wrist , the forearm and the upper arm . ''	his Projet de méthode	What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering ?
Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski , but , in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones , his `` one worthy successor '' among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski -LRB- 1882 -- 1937 -RRB- .	Karol Szymanowski	According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin ?
Edvard Grieg , Antonín Dvořák , Isaac Albéniz , Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff , among others , are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin 's use of national modes and idioms .	national modes and idioms	Many people were considered influenced by Chopin 's what ?
Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin , and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas , as well as numerous études and preludes ; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin 's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer .	Nikolai Zverev	Who was Alexander Scriabin 's teacher ?
Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski , but , in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones , his `` one worthy successor '' among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski -LRB- 1882 -- 1937 -RRB- .	Karol Szymanowski	Who was Chopin 's worthy successor according to Jones ?
Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin , and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas , as well as numerous études and preludes ; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin 's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer .	Alexander Scriabin	Who was devoted to the music of Chopin ?
Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style -- set in the `` conservatory '' tradition of late 19th - and 20th-century music schools , and suitable for large auditoria or recordings -- militates against what is known of Chopin 's more intimate performance technique .	Jonathan Bellman	Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin 's preference of intimate performances ?
Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance , Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him , such as `` always crescendo to a high note '' , but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing , rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring .	rigid procedures	What did Chopin tend to avoid ?
Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance , Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him , such as `` always crescendo to a high note '' , but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing , rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring .	"always crescendo to a high note"	What has been falsely credited to Chopin ?
The composer himself said to a pupil that `` concerts are never real music , you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art . ''	hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art	What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts ?
Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin `` has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn '' .	Berlioz	Who wrote about Chopin 's `` chromatic embroidery '' ?
Hiller wrote that `` What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment , in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers . ''	Hiller	Who wrote that Chopin 's music , when played by him , became a `` colorful wreath of flowers '' ?
Chopin 's music is frequently played with rubato , `` the practice in performance of disregarding strict time , ` robbing ' some note-values for expressive effect '' .	rubato	Chopin 's compositions are often played with what ?
Chopin 's music is frequently played with rubato , `` the practice in performance of disregarding strict time , ` robbing ' some note-values for expressive effect '' .	the practice in performance of disregarding strict time	What does rubato mean ?
Chopin 's music is frequently played with rubato , `` the practice in performance of disregarding strict time , ` robbing ' some note-values for expressive effect '' .	rubato	In Chopin 's music where strict timing is disregarded , what is it called ?
Charles Rosen comments that `` most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... -LSB- where -RSB- the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note ; according to Chopin 's pupil , Karol Mikuli , Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice . ''	mazurkas	What type of Chopin 's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen ?
Friederike Müller , a pupil of Chopin , wrote : '' -LSB- His -RSB- playing was always noble and beautiful ; his tones sang , whether in full forte or softest piano .	Friederike Müller	According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm ?
Friederike Müller , a pupil of Chopin , wrote : '' -LSB- His -RSB- playing was always noble and beautiful ; his tones sang , whether in full forte or softest piano .	Friederike Müller	Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato , cantabile style of playing ?
He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm .	rhythm.	According to Friederike Müller , Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what ?
With his mazurkas and polonaises , Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism .	sense of nationalism	Chopin was noted as introducing music to what ?
Schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer 's strong feelings for his native Poland , writing that `` Now that the Poles are in deep mourning -LSB- after the failure of the November 1830 rising -RSB- , their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north -LSB- i.e. Nicholas I of Russia -RSB- could know that in Chopin 's works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music .	1836	What year did Schumann review Chopin 's piano concertos ?
Schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer 's strong feelings for his native Poland , writing that `` Now that the Poles are in deep mourning -LSB- after the failure of the November 1830 rising -RSB- , their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north -LSB- i.e. Nicholas I of Russia -RSB- could know that in Chopin 's works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music .	Poland	In his review Schumann made note of Chopin 's emotions for what ?
Schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer 's strong feelings for his native Poland , writing that `` Now that the Poles are in deep mourning -LSB- after the failure of the November 1830 rising -RSB- , their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north -LSB- i.e. Nicholas I of Russia -RSB- could know that in Chopin 's works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music .	the failure of the November 1830	Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning ?
The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt -LRB- but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein -RRB- claims that Chopin `` must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation . ''	Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein	A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt 's name was likely written by who ?
With his mazurkas and polonaises , Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism .	polonaises	Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what ?
Schumann , in his 1836 review of the piano concertos , highlighted the composer 's strong feelings for his native Poland , writing that `` Now that the Poles are in deep mourning -LSB- after the failure of the November 1830 rising -RSB- , their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north -LSB- i.e. Nicholas I of Russia -RSB- could know that in Chopin 's works , in the simple strains of his mazurkas , there lurks a dangerous enemy , he would place a ban on his music .	Schumann	Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin 's love for his country through his music in 1836 ?
Chopin 's works are cannon buried in flowers ! ''	flowers	Schumann described Chopin 's music as cannons buried in what ?
The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt -LRB- but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein -RRB- claims that Chopin `` must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation . ''	Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein	Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin 's 1863 biography , who probably actually wrote it ?
Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin 's experience of Polish music came more from `` urbanised '' Warsaw versions than from folk music , and that attempts -LRB- by Jachimecki and others -RRB- to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis .	Barbara Milewski	Who said that Chopin 's familiarity with Polish music was more `` urbanised '' than true folk music ?
George Golos refers to earlier `` nationalist '' composers in Central Europe , including Poland 's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel , who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms .	Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel	George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin 's nationalism was overrated ?
Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann 's attitude toward Chopin 's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin `` felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely '' but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach , Beethoven , Schubert and Field .	Richard Taruskin	Who said Chopin 's works were modeled after Bach , Beethoven , Schubert and Field ?
A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood : `` Undoubtedly -LSB- Chopin 's -RSB- use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in -LSB- them -RSB- , others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom .	freedom	A modern commentator , William Atwood , feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin 's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what ?
A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood : `` Undoubtedly -LSB- Chopin 's -RSB- use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in -LSB- them -RSB- , others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom .	Europe and the New World	Where were Poles scattered to ?
While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism , the rarity of his public recitals -LRB- as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées -RRB- led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that `` his lack of Byronic flamboyance -LSB- and -RSB- his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional '' among his romantic contemporaries , such as Liszt and Henri Herz .	Byronic flamboyance	Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin 's lack of what made him special ?
While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism , the rarity of his public recitals -LRB- as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées -RRB- led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that `` his lack of Byronic flamboyance -LSB- and -RSB- his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional '' among his romantic contemporaries , such as Liszt and Henri Herz .	Liszt and Henri Herz	Who were two of Chopin 's contemporaries ?
He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831 -- `` the artistic environment , the publishers who were willing to print his music , the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons '' -- and these factors , as well as his musical genius , also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation .	Paris	What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons ?
While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism , the rarity of his public recitals -LRB- as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées -RRB- led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that `` his lack of Byronic flamboyance -LSB- and -RSB- his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional '' among his romantic contemporaries , such as Liszt and Henri Herz .	Arthur Hutchings	Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz ?
Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval , and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann .	Carnaval	In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin ?
Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval , and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann .	Ballade No. 2 in F major	What piece of Chopin 's work was dedicated to Schumann ?
Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin 's Polish songs .	six	How many of Chopin 's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano ?
A less fraught friendship was with Alkan , with whom he discussed elements of folk music , and who was deeply affected by Chopin 's death .	Alkan	With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with ?
Chopin 's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians .	qualities as a pianist and composer	What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers ?
Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval , and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann .	Carnaval	What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin ?
Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval , and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann .	Ballade No. 2 in F major	What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann ?
Elements of Chopin 's music can be traced in many of Liszt 's later works .	Liszt	What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work ?
Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano Études to the memory of Chopin ; he frequently played Chopin 's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire , and undertook the editing of Chopin 's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand .	Debussy	Who dedicated his 1915 piano Études to Chopin ?
Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano Études to the memory of Chopin ; he frequently played Chopin 's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire , and undertook the editing of Chopin 's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand .	Jacques Durand	For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin 's music for ?
Two of Chopin 's long-standing pupils , Karol Mikuli -LRB- 1821 -- 1897 -RRB- and Georges Mathias , were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students , some of whom -LRB- such as Raoul Koczalski -RRB- were to make recordings of his music .	Raoul Koczalski	Who was a student of Chopin 's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music ?
Two of Chopin 's long-standing pupils , Karol Mikuli -LRB- 1821 -- 1897 -RRB- and Georges Mathias , were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students , some of whom -LRB- such as Raoul Koczalski -RRB- were to make recordings of his music .	Chopin's	What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire ?
Some Mainland Chinese scholars , such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain , assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet , pointing to the Ming court 's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders , Tibetans ' full acceptance of these titles , and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital .	Mainland Chinese scholars	Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain ?
Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship , noting the Ming dynasty 's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet .	horse trade	What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet ?
In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan -LRB- r. 1260 -- 1294 -RRB- and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa -LRB- 1235 -- 1280 -RRB- of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism , the Yongle Emperor -LRB- r. 1402 -- 1424 -RRB- made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa -LRB- 1384 -- 1415 -RRB- , the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school .	1402–1424	During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule ?
In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan -LRB- r. 1260 -- 1294 -RRB- and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa -LRB- 1235 -- 1280 -RRB- of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism , the Yongle Emperor -LRB- r. 1402 -- 1424 -RRB- made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa -LRB- 1384 -- 1415 -RRB- , the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school .	Deshin Shekpa	Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with ?
In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan -LRB- r. 1260 -- 1294 -RRB- and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa -LRB- 1235 -- 1280 -RRB- of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism , the Yongle Emperor -LRB- r. 1402 -- 1424 -RRB- made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa -LRB- 1384 -- 1415 -RRB- , the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school .	the Karma Kagyu school	Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school ?
Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal .	Nepal	The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state ?
At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays .	armed resistance	What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays ?
By the late 16th century , the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama , after increasing their presence in the Amdo region .	the Mongols	Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama ?
This culminated in Güshi Khan 's -LRB- 1582 -- 1655 -RRB- conquest of Tibet from 1637 -- 1642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help .	the Ganden Phodrang	Which regime did Güshi Khan help establish ?
The Wanli Emperor -LRB- r. 1572 -- 1620 -RRB- made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578 , which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty -LRB- 1644 -- 1912 -RRB- of China in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school .	1578	When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started ?
Until the Tibetan Empire 's collapse in the 9th century , it was the Tang 's major rival in dominating Inner Asia .	the 9th century	In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall ?
The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang , culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China .	The Yarlung rulers of Tibet	Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang ?
The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang , culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China .	the borders between Tibet and China	What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix ?
Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China -LRB- 618 -- 907 -RRB- .	Tibet	Who was the Tangs biggest rival ?
The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang , culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China .	821	What year did Tang and Tibet sign a treaty to fix the borders ?
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China -LRB- 907 -- 960 -RRB- , while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray , there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations .	907–960	When did the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China take place ?
Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty -LRB- 960 -- 1279 -RRB- .	960–1279	When did the Song dynasty take place ?
Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty -LRB- 960 -- 1279 -RRB- .	Song dynasty	What dynasty was concerned with countering northern enemy states ?
In 1207 , the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan -LRB- r. 1206 -- 1227 -RRB- conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia -LRB- 1038 -- 1227 -RRB- .	Genghis Khan	Which ruler took Western Xia under their control ?
However , when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan 's death , his successor Ögedei Khan -LRB- r. 1229 -- 1241 -RRB- launched an invasion into Tibet .	Ögedei Khan	Who was Genghis Khan 's successor ?
However , when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan 's death , his successor Ögedei Khan -LRB- r. 1229 -- 1241 -RRB- launched an invasion into Tibet .	1229–1241	What years did Ögedei Khan rule ?
However , when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan 's death , his successor Ögedei Khan -LRB- r. 1229 -- 1241 -RRB- launched an invasion into Tibet .	Ögedei Khan	Who invaded Tibet ?
The Mongol prince Godan , a grandson of Genghis Khan , raided as far as Lhasa .	Godan	Who was the Mongol prince ?
During his attack in 1240 , Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita -LRB- 1182 -- 1251 -RRB- , leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism , to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China .	Sakya Pandita	Who was the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism ?
With Sakya Pandita 's submission to Godan in 1247 , Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of Töregene Khatun -LRB- 1241 -- 1246 -RRB- .	Töregene Khatun	Who was the regent of the Mongol Empire ?
With Sakya Pandita 's submission to Godan in 1247 , Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of Töregene Khatun -LRB- 1241 -- 1246 -RRB- .	1241–1246	In what years was Töregene Khatun the regent of the Mongol Empire ?
Kublai also made Drogön Chögyal Phagpa the director of the government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and the ruling priest-king of Tibet , which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies .	thirteen	How many states were ruled by myriarchies ?
Starting in 1236 , the Mongol prince Kublai , who later ruled as Khagan from 1260 -- 1294 , was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior , Ögedei Khan .	Khagan	What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294 ?
Starting in 1236 , the Mongol prince Kublai , who later ruled as Khagan from 1260 -- 1294 , was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior , Ögedei Khan .	Ögedei Khan	Who was the superior of prince Kublai ?
Karma Pakshi , 2nd Karmapa Lama -LRB- 1203 -- 1283 -RRB- -- the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism -- rejected Kublai 's invitation , so instead Kublai invited Drogön Chögyal Phagpa -LRB- 1235 -- 1280 -RRB- , successor and nephew of Sakya Pandita , who came to his court in 1253 .	Karma Pakshi	Who became the second Karmapa Lama ?
Kublai instituted a unique relationship with the Phagpa lama , which recognized Kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the Phagpa lama as the senior instructor to Kublai in religious affairs .	the Phagpa lama	With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with ?
Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279 , so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty -LRB- 1271 -- 1368 -RRB- .	1279	When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty ?
Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279 , so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty -LRB- 1271 -- 1368 -RRB- .	1271–1368	When did the Yuan dynasty rule ?
Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279 , so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty -LRB- 1271 -- 1368 -RRB- .	the Yuan dynasty	Which dynasty ruled all of china ?
Though he had , by the early 1260s , become closely identified with China , he still , for a time , claimed universal rule '' , and yet `` despite his successes in China and Korea , Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan '' .	universal rule	What did Khubilai claim for a while ?
Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279 , so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty -LRB- 1271 -- 1368 -RRB- .	China	Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor ?
In 1358 , the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen -LRB- 1302 -- 1364 -RRB- .	1358	What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated ?
In 1358 , the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen -LRB- 1302 -- 1364 -RRB- .	the Mongols in Tibet	Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority ?
In 1358 , the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen -LRB- 1302 -- 1364 -RRB- .	the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen	Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime ?
The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy , and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors , the Phagmodrupa Dynasty , gained de facto rule over Tibet .	the Phagmodrupa Dynasty	Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet ?
Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty , ruling as the Hongwu Emperor -LRB- r. 1368 -- 1398 -RRB- .	Zhu Yuanzhang	Who created the Ming Dynasty ?
In 1368 , a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China .	the Red Turban Rebellion	Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall ?
Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty , ruling as the Hongwu Emperor -LRB- r. 1368 -- 1398 -RRB- .	Zhu Yuanzhang	Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor ?
Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty , ruling as the Hongwu Emperor -LRB- r. 1368 -- 1398 -RRB- .	1368–1398	What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor ?
Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler , the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet , sending envoys out in the winter of 1372 -- 1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court .	Yuan officeholders	Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to ?
Rolpe Dorje , 4th Karmapa Lama -LRB- 1340 -- 1383 -RRB- rejected the Hongwu Emperor 's invitation , although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing .	Rolpe Dorje	Who was the fourth Karmapa Lama ?
Rolpe Dorje , 4th Karmapa Lama -LRB- 1340 -- 1383 -RRB- rejected the Hongwu Emperor 's invitation , although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing .	Rolpe Dorje	Who rejected an invitation by the Hongwu Emperor ?
As evident in his imperial edicts , the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it .	the Buddhist link between Tibet and China	What did the the Hongwu Emperor want to continue to promote ?
Rolpe Dorje , 4th Karmapa Lama -LRB- 1340 -- 1383 -RRB- rejected the Hongwu Emperor 's invitation , although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing .	disciples	Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing ?
However , the early Ming government enacted a law , later rescinded , which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism .	Ming government	Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism ?
Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor , Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor -LRB- r. 1402 -- 1424 -RRB- `` was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with Tibet . ''	1402–1424	What years did the Yongle Emperor reign ?
Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor , Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor -LRB- r. 1402 -- 1424 -RRB- `` was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with Tibet . ''	the Yongle Emperor	Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet ?
According to the official Twenty-Four Histories , the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty -LRB- 1644 -- 1912 -RRB- , the Ming dynasty established the '' É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office '' -LRB- Chinese : 俄力思軍民元帥府 -RRB- in western Tibet and installed the '' Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery '' and `` Amdo-Kham Itinerant High Commandery '' to administer Kham .	1644–1912	What years did the Qing dynasty rule ?
According to the official Twenty-Four Histories , the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty -LRB- 1644 -- 1912 -RRB- , the Ming dynasty established the '' É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office '' -LRB- Chinese : 俄力思軍民元帥府 -RRB- in western Tibet and installed the '' Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery '' and `` Amdo-Kham Itinerant High Commandery '' to administer Kham .	1739	what year was the history of Ming produced ?
According to the official Twenty-Four Histories , the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty -LRB- 1644 -- 1912 -RRB- , the Ming dynasty established the '' É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office '' -LRB- Chinese : 俄力思軍民元帥府 -RRB- in western Tibet and installed the '' Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery '' and `` Amdo-Kham Itinerant High Commandery '' to administer Kham .	É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office	What did the Ming dynasty create ?
The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies , including one Itinerant Commandery , three Pacification Commissioner 's Offices , six Expedition Commissioner 's Offices , four Wanhu offices -LRB- myriarchies , in command of 10,000 households each -RRB- and seventeen Qianhu offices -LRB- chiliarchies , each in command of 1,000 households -RRB- .	seventeen Qianhu offices	How many Qianhu offices were there ?
According to the official Twenty-Four Histories , the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty -LRB- 1644 -- 1912 -RRB- , the Ming dynasty established the '' É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office '' -LRB- Chinese : 俄力思軍民元帥府 -RRB- in western Tibet and installed the '' Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery '' and `` Amdo-Kham Itinerant High Commandery '' to administer Kham .	western Tibet	where was the É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office established ?
The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma -LRB- 法王 -RRB- and five Princes -LRB- 王 -RRB- , and granted many other titles , such as Grand State Tutors -LRB- 大國師 -RRB- and State Tutors -LRB- 國師 -RRB- , to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism , including the Karma Kagyu , Sakya , and Gelug .	three	How many princes of Dharma were assigned by the Ming court ?
Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old Imperial Tibetan traditions .	Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen	Who established the Tibetan law code ?
Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old Imperial Tibetan traditions .	Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen	Who was the Phagmodru ruler ?
The late Turrell V. Wylie , a former professor of the University of Washington , and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable , in the light of modern scholarship .	Turrell V. Wylie	who was a professor of the University of Washington ?
Morris Rossabi also writes that `` Tibet , which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan , scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming . ''	Morris Rossabi	Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming ?
The historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa supports van Praag 's position .	historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa	Who supported van Praag 's beliefs ?
However , Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are `` fallacies '' .	Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain	Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa ?
Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty , and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court .	Wang and Nyima	Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet ?
They note that at the same time , the Mongol Prince Punala , who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet , went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court , bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court .	1371	What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing ?
They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of `` prince '' had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title , and since lamas called themselves princes , the Ming court therefore had `` full sovereignty over Tibet . ''	princes	What did the lamas called themselves ?
They state that the Ming dynasty , by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding , won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas , and thereby incorporated Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court .	imperial edicts	What edicts did the Ming issue ?
Journalist and author Thomas Laird , in his book The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama , writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People 's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China 's Tibet , and fail to realize that China was `` absorbed into a larger , non-Chinese political unit '' during the Mongol Yuan dynasty , which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming .	Journalist and author Thomas Laird	Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet ?
Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories , comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand , yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence .	the British	who colonized India and New Zealand ?
Journalist and author Thomas Laird , in his book The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama , writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People 's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China 's Tibet , and fail to realize that China was `` absorbed into a larger , non-Chinese political unit '' during the Mongol Yuan dynasty , which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming .	the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China	Who 's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present ?
It describes the Yuan dynasty as `` A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368 , and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols .	A Mongol dynasty of China	How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty ?
The Encyclopedia Americana describes the Yuan dynasty as `` the line of Mongol rulers in China '' and adds that the Mongols `` proclaimed a Chinese-style Yüan dynasty at Khanbaliq -LRB- Beijing -RRB- . ''	the line of Mongol rulers in China	How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty ?
The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty `` adopted Chinese political and cultural models ; ruling from their capitals in Dadu , they assumed the role of Chinese emperors , '' although Tibetologist Thomas Laird dismissed the Yuan dynasty as a non-Chinese polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics .	a non-Chinese polity	What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as ?
In his Kublai Khan : His Life and Times , Rossabi explains that Kublai `` created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones '' , and he `` wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a Chinese ruler '' .	Rossabi	Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan ?
It describes the Yuan dynasty as `` A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368 , and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols .	1271 to 1368	When did the yuan dynasty start and end ?
Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China 's civil service legacy , which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan 's reign -LRB- 1311 -- 1320 -RRB- .	1311–1320	When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign ?
Van Praag writes that `` Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it , '' citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan .	a licensed border market	During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet ?
Nevertheless , the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority .	the Mongols and other ethnicities	Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority ?
The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs , granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet .	the Ming	Who abolished the policy council ?
For example , an edict of the Hongwu Emperor in 1373 appointed the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs as the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office , stating :	the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office	What was the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs appointed as ?
The State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic states that the Ming dynasty 's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet .	Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office	Who governed most areas of Tibet ?
Chen Qingying , Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing , writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions .	Beijing	Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located ?
Chen Qingying , Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing , writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions .	Chen Qingying	Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute ?
The official posts that the Ming court established in Tibet , such as senior and junior commanders , offices of Qianhu -LRB- in charge of 1,000 households -RRB- , and offices of Wanhu -LRB- in charge of 10,000 households -RRB- , were all hereditary positions according to Chen , but he asserts that `` the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor , '' while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the Ming court for renewal .	1,000 households	How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of ?
The official posts that the Ming court established in Tibet , such as senior and junior commanders , offices of Qianhu -LRB- in charge of 1,000 households -RRB- , and offices of Wanhu -LRB- in charge of 10,000 households -RRB- , were all hereditary positions according to Chen , but he asserts that `` the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor , '' while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the Ming court for renewal .	10,000 households	How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of ?
According to Tibetologist John Powers , Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials .	John Powers	What was the name of the Tibetologist ?
The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas , but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves , and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming .	ruling lamas	Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to ?
The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas , but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves , and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming .	subordinates	When the lamas received an invite from the emperors , who did they send instead ?
Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty -LRB- 202 BCE -- 220 CE -RRB- , the Han Chinese government `` maintained the fiction '' that the foreign officials administering the various `` Dependent States '' and oasis city-states of the Western Regions -LRB- composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan -RRB- were true Han representatives due to the Han government 's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them .	the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan	What was the western regions composed of ?
Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty -LRB- 202 BCE -- 220 CE -RRB- , the Han Chinese government `` maintained the fiction '' that the foreign officials administering the various `` Dependent States '' and oasis city-states of the Western Regions -LRB- composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan -RRB- were true Han representatives due to the Han government 's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them .	foreign officials	Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives ?
Wang and Nyima state that after the official title `` Education Minister '' was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen -LRB- 1302 -- 1364 -RRB- by the Yuan court , this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts , while his Tibetan title `` Degsi '' -LRB- sic properly sde-srid or desi -RRB- is seldom mentioned .	Education Minister	What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?
Wang and Nyima state that after the official title `` Education Minister '' was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen -LRB- 1302 -- 1364 -RRB- by the Yuan court , this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts , while his Tibetan title `` Degsi '' -LRB- sic properly sde-srid or desi -RRB- is seldom mentioned .	Degsi	What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?
Wang and Nyima take this to mean that `` even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty , the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation . ''	Phagmodrupa Dynasty	What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court ?
Wang and Nyima state that after the official title `` Education Minister '' was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen -LRB- 1302 -- 1364 -RRB- by the Yuan court , this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts , while his Tibetan title `` Degsi '' -LRB- sic properly sde-srid or desi -RRB- is seldom mentioned .	Wang and Nyima	What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen 's name in Tibetan texts ?
The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will : `` In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east .	The Tai Situpa	Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east ?
However , Lok-Ham Chan , a professor of history at the University of Washington , writes that Changchub Gyaltsen 's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty , to build `` nationalist sentiment '' amongst Tibetans , and to `` remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty . ''	Changchub Gyaltsen	Who divided Central Tibet into districts ?
Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen 's ambitions were to `` restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age '' by reinstating secular administration , promoting `` national culture and traditions , '' and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century .	Van Praag	Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet ?
However , Lok-Ham Chan , a professor of history at the University of Washington , writes that Changchub Gyaltsen 's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty , to build `` nationalist sentiment '' amongst Tibetans , and to `` remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty . ''	the University of Washington	What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at ?
However , Lok-Ham Chan , a professor of history at the University of Washington , writes that Changchub Gyaltsen 's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty , to build `` nationalist sentiment '' amongst Tibetans , and to `` remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty . ''	all traces of Mongol suzerainty	What did Lok-Ham Chan claim Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove ?
According to the Records of the Founding Emperor , the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting the title `` Initiation State Master '' to Sagya Gyaincain , while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin , statues of the Buddha , Buddhist scriptures , and sarira .	Sagya Gyaincain	Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to ?
According to Chen , the Ming officer of Hezhou -LRB- modern day Linxia -RRB- informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang `` was under control , '' and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler , Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen , an official title .	the Ming officer of Hezhou	Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler ?
According to Chen , the Ming officer of Hezhou -LRB- modern day Linxia -RRB- informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang `` was under control , '' and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler , Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen , an official title .	Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen	Who was the second Phagmodru ruler ?
According to Chen , the Ming officer of Hezhou -LRB- modern day Linxia -RRB- informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang `` was under control , '' and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler , Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen , an official title .	the Ming officer of Hezhou	Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control ?
According to the Records of the Founding Emperor , the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting the title `` Initiation State Master '' to Sagya Gyaincain , while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin , statues of the Buddha , Buddhist scriptures , and sarira .	to the Ming court	Where were the envoys sent ?
Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434 , several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama 's effective hegemony over Tibet .	the Phagmodrupa	Who lost their power over Tibet ?
Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434 , several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama 's effective hegemony over Tibet .	1434	What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet ?
Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434 , several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama 's effective hegemony over Tibet .	1642	What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet ?
Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434 , several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama 's effective hegemony over Tibet .	hegemonies	What did the other families fail to establish ?
The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu , but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles .	the Karmapa Kargyu	The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools ?
The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu , but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles .	Mongol	Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations ?
When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa -LRB- 1357 -- 1419 -RRB- , founder of the Gelug school , to come to the Ming court and pay tribute , the latter declined .	Je Tsongkhapa	Who was the founder of the Gelug school ?
When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa -LRB- 1357 -- 1419 -RRB- , founder of the Gelug school , to come to the Ming court and pay tribute , the latter declined .	the Ming Yongle Emperor	Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute ?
When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa -LRB- 1357 -- 1419 -RRB- , founder of the Gelug school , to come to the Ming court and pay tribute , the latter declined .	Tsongkhapa	Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor 's invitation ?
This first request by the Ming was made in 1407 , but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413 , this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian -LRB- 候顯 ; fl .	1407	When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court ?
This first request by the Ming was made in 1407 , but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413 , this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian -LRB- 候顯 ; fl .	1413	When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa ?
Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court , so he sent his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf , and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of `` State Teacher '' -- the same title earlier awarded the Phagmodrupa ruler of Tibet .	his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes	Who did Tsongkhapa send in his place to Nanjing ?
Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court , so he sent his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf , and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of `` State Teacher '' -- the same title earlier awarded the Phagmodrupa ruler of Tibet .	1414	When was Chosrje Shākya Yeshes sent to Nanjing ?
Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner .	Dawa Norbu	Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet ?
Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes , and that `` these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet , '' despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet .	eastern Tibetan princes	Who did the Ming appoint titles to ?
Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes , and that `` these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet , '' despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet .	an army	What did n't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet ?
Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes , while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet .	Yang Sanbao	What was the name of the eunuch ?
Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes , while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet .	Tibet	Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao ?
Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes , while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet .	1413	When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet ?
Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes , while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet .	the allegiance of various Tibetan princes	Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet ?
Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes , while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet .	to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states	Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts ?
Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s , the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu .	the Ming court	Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with ?
Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s , the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu .	1430s	Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming ?
Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s , the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu .	the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu	What was the Gelug not mentioned in ?
Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations , while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions .	various lamas	Regardless of their sectarian affiliations , who did the Ming grant titles to ?
Wylie argues that Ming titles of `` King '' granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices , since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed .	the Phagmodru myriarchy	Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by ?
Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet , as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had .	Melvyn C. Goldstein	Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet ?
Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families , the Phagmodru -LRB- 1354 -- 1435 -RRB- , Rinpungpa -LRB- 1435 -- 1565 -RRB- , and Tsangpa -LRB- 1565 -- 1642 -RRB- .	1435–1565	What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end ?
Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet , as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had .	Melvyn C. Goldstein	Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority ?
Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families , the Phagmodru -LRB- 1354 -- 1435 -RRB- , Rinpungpa -LRB- 1435 -- 1565 -RRB- , and Tsangpa -LRB- 1565 -- 1642 -RRB- .	1565–1642	What years did the Tsangpa start and end ?
In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor -LRB- r. 1398 -- 1402 -RRB- , the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao , and like his father , the Hongwu Emperor , the Yongle Emperor was `` well-disposed towards Buddhism '' , claims Rossabi .	1398–1402	What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end ?
In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor -LRB- r. 1398 -- 1402 -RRB- , the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao , and like his father , the Hongwu Emperor , the Yongle Emperor was `` well-disposed towards Buddhism '' , claims Rossabi .	the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao	Who aided the Yongle Emperor ?
In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor -LRB- r. 1398 -- 1402 -RRB- , the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao , and like his father , the Hongwu Emperor , the Yongle Emperor was `` well-disposed towards Buddhism '' , claims Rossabi .	the Hongwu Emperor	Who was Yongle Emperor 's father ?
On March 10 , 1403 , the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa , 5th Karmapa Lama -LRB- 1384 -- 1415 -RRB- , to his court , even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor .	March 10, 1403	When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court ?
In order to seek out the Karmapa , the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang -LRB- d. 1435 -RRB- to Tibet .	Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang	Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet ?
In order to seek out the Karmapa , the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang -LRB- d. 1435 -RRB- to Tibet .	to seek out the Karmapa	Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet ?
Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan , Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407 .	1407	When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing ?
Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan , Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407 .	through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan	Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa ?
During his travels beginning in 1403 , Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10 , 1407 .	1403	When did Deshin Shekpa travels start ?
During his travels beginning in 1403 , Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10 , 1407 .	Nanjing	Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa ?
The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal .	the Karmapa	Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to ?
Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama , writing that Kublai would `` sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric '' when receiving religious instructions from him .	Kublai	Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric ?
Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor , following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas , showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa .	the Yongle Emperor	Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa ?
At Linggu Temple in Nanjing , he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor 's deceased parents , while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor 's seal .	Linggu Temple	At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor 's deceased parents take place ?
At Linggu Temple in Nanjing , he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor 's deceased parents , while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor 's seal .	Nanjing	Where was the Linggu Temple located ?
During his stay in Nanjing , Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title `` Great Treasure Prince of Dharma '' by the Yongle Emperor .	Great Treasure Prince of Dharma	What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing ?
In fact , this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama , but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects .	religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects	Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to ?
Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done .	the Mongols	Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past ?
However , Hok-Lam Chan states that `` there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor 's intention '' and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes .	religious purposes	Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose ?
Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet , the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him .	to send a military force into Tibet	What was said to be the Yongle Emperor plans ?
Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet , the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him .	to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools	Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet ?
Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done .	Deshin Shekpa	Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet ?
Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa 's miracles `` testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor 's problematic succession to the throne , '' referring to the Yongle Emperor 's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor .	Jianwen Emperor	Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with ?
Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa 's miracles `` testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor 's problematic succession to the throne , '' referring to the Yongle Emperor 's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor .	Deshin Shekpa	Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor 's rule ?
Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa 's miracles `` testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor 's problematic succession to the throne , '' referring to the Yongle Emperor 's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor .	Deshin Shekpa's miracles	What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor 's succession to the throne ?
With the example of the Ming court 's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders , Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship .	Chinese Communist historians	According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship ?
He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized `` the religious nature of the relationship . ''	Buddhist artifacts	What were the items of tribute ?
Josef Kolmaš writes that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet , content with their tribute relations that were `` almost entirely of a religious character . ''	Josef Kolmaš	Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet ?
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor -LRB- r. 1435 -- 1449 -RRB- addressed to the Karmapa in 1445 , written after the latter 's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court .	1435–1449	What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign ?
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor -LRB- r. 1435 -- 1449 -RRB- addressed to the Karmapa in 1445 , written after the latter 's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court .	The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC	Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor ?
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor -LRB- r. 1435 -- 1449 -RRB- addressed to the Karmapa in 1445 , written after the latter 's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court .	the Karmapa	Who was the edict addressed to ?
Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma , the Karmapa :	Great Treasure Prince of Dharma	Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong ?
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor -LRB- r. 1435 -- 1449 -RRB- addressed to the Karmapa in 1445 , written after the latter 's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court .	after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court	When was the edict written ?
Despite this glowing message by the Emperor , Chan writes that a year later in 1446 , the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs .	the Karmapa hierarchs	Who did the Ming cut off all relations with ?
Despite this glowing message by the Emperor , Chan writes that a year later in 1446 , the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs .	1446	What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs ?
Until then , the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415 .	1415	When did Deshin Shekpa die ?
Despite this glowing message by the Emperor , Chan writes that a year later in 1446 , the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs .	the Karmapa	Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by ?
Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa , the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea , horses , and salt .	to facilitate trade with Tibet	Why did Yongle order the construction ?
Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa , the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea , horses , and salt .	tea, horses, and salt	What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet ?
The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan .	through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan	where did the trade route pass through ?
Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses .	to secure urgently needed horses	Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet ?
Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography .	Silk workshops	What shops were catered to the Tibetan market ?
Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography .	Tibetan Buddhist	What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops ?
Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses .	the Ming	who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by ?
Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all , that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials , that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory `` corvée '' tax , and therefore Tibetans were `` undertaking domestic affairs , not foreign diplomacy '' .	a mandatory "corvée" tax	Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax ?
While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet , it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north , which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to `` drive them from the frontiers of China . ''	Tibet	Who did the Ming trade horses with ?
However , after Altan Khan -LRB- 1507 -- 1582 -RRB- -- leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation 's hegemony over the steppes -- made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571 , he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573 .	Altan Khan	Who was the leader of the Tümed Mongols ?
However , after Altan Khan -LRB- 1507 -- 1582 -RRB- -- leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation 's hegemony over the steppes -- made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571 , he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573 .	the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony	Who did Altan Khan overthrow ?
While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet , it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north , which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to `` drive them from the frontiers of China . ''	the Ming dynasty	Who did Altan Khan make peace with ?
However , after Altan Khan -LRB- 1507 -- 1582 -RRB- -- leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation 's hegemony over the steppes -- made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571 , he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573 .	Altan Khan	Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573 ?
However , there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet .	the 14th century	When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet ?
John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan , which the Marquis Mu Ying -LRB- 沐英 -RRB- was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu .	November 1378	When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell ?
Langlois notes that by October 1379 , Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals .	30,000	How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture ?
Langlois notes that by October 1379 , Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals .	200,000	How many animals did Mu Ying capture ?
Yet invasion went both ways ; the Ming general Qu Neng , under the command of Lan Yu , was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390 .	Ming general Qu Neng	Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan ?
Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region , which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China .	recovery of the Ordos region	What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on ?
Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region , which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China .	the Mongols	Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids ?
Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region , which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China .	Ming China	Where were the Mongols trying to raise ?
P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court 's patronage of high Tibetan lamas `` was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes . ''	to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes	Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas ?
Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a `` divide-and-rule '' policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen .	divide-and-rule	What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet ?
Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a `` divide-and-rule '' policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen .	after the Sakya regime had fallen	When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy ?
Rossabi also discounts the `` divide-and-rule '' theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor 's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa -- one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan 's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama .	fifth Karmapa	Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with ?
Instead , the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa 's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas .	many different Tibetan lamas	Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to ?
The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa , yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of Ü-Tsang .	the Phagmodrupa	Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to ?
The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers , the most important event in the Gelug .	1498	When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa ?
The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers , the most important event in the Gelug .	New Years ceremonies and prayers	What was the most important event to the Gelug ?
However , it was not until 1518 that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung , and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer .	1518	When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer ?
The Zhengde Emperor -LRB- r. 1505 -- 1521 -RRB- , who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate , had heard tales of a `` living Buddha '' which he desired to host at the Ming capital ; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje , 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa .	1505–1521	When did the Zhengde Emperor rule ?
The Zhengde Emperor -LRB- r. 1505 -- 1521 -RRB- , who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate , had heard tales of a `` living Buddha '' which he desired to host at the Ming capital ; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje , 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa .	the company of lamas	Who 's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy ?
The Zhengde Emperor -LRB- r. 1505 -- 1521 -RRB- , who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate , had heard tales of a `` living Buddha '' which he desired to host at the Ming capital ; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje , 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa .	Mikyö Dorje	Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama ?
He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century .	Chinese writers of the early 20th century	Who said Tibet was n't an integral part of of China ?
Sperling states that this is because `` Tibet was ruled as such , within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus '' and also that `` China 's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet . ''	China's intervening Ming dynasty	What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet ?
Elliot Sperling , a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University 's Department of Central Eurasia Studies , writes that `` the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction . ''	the 13th century	Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet 's relation being problematic for China ?
He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century .	the 18th century	When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion ?
Josef Kolmaš , a sinologist , Tibetologist , and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , writes that it was during the Qing dynasty `` that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China , both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government . ''	the Qing dynasty	During Which dynasty does Josef Kolmaš claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China ?
Josef Kolmaš , a sinologist , Tibetologist , and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , writes that it was during the Qing dynasty `` that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China , both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government . ''	the Chinese central government	Josef Kolmaš states that Tibet became subject to what government ?
According to him , the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a `` mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron , '' respectively .	the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans	Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate ?
He adds that `` Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans , Ming and Qing emperors , it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state . ''	the Republic of China and its Communist successors	Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries ?
P. Christiaan Klieger , an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco , writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism .	the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco	Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work ?
P. Christiaan Klieger , an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco , writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism .	the Mongols	Who was the vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by ?
P. Christiaan Klieger , an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco , writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism .	patron and priest relationship	The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts ?
China Daily , a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981 , states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty 's China in the 13th century , `` Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China . ''	the 13th century	When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty 's China ?
It also states that the Ming dynasty `` inherited the right to rule Tibet '' from the Yuan dynasty , and repeats the claims in the Mingshi about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet .	the Ming dynasty	Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet ?
China Daily , a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981 , states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty 's China in the 13th century , `` Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China . ''	1981	When was China Daily started ?
It also states that the Ming dynasty `` inherited the right to rule Tibet '' from the Yuan dynasty , and repeats the claims in the Mingshi about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet .	the Ming	Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet ?
China Daily , a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981 , states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty 's China in the 13th century , `` Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China . ''	the central government of China	According to article Tibet has remained under what jurisdiction ?
During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor -LRB- r. 1521 -- 1567 -RRB- , the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court , while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed .	1521–1567	When did the Jiajing Emperor reign ?
During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor -LRB- r. 1521 -- 1567 -RRB- , the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court , while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed .	the native Chinese ideology of Daoism	What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court ?
Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point .	the Tibetan lamas	Who stopped their trips to Ming China ?
Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era , an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet .	Yang Tinghe	Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing ?
Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era , an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet .	Yang Tinghe	Who broke the eunuch influence at court ?
With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing , the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade -LRB- d. 1523 -RRB- , but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas .	Jiajing	Who was Zhengde 's successor ?
With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing , the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade -LRB- d. 1523 -RRB- , but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas .	Neo-Confucian establishment	What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of ?
With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing , the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade -LRB- d. 1523 -RRB- , but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas .	the Portuguese embassy	Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject ?
With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing , the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade -LRB- d. 1523 -RRB- , but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas .	Tibetan Buddhism and lamas	Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards ?
With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing , the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade -LRB- d. 1523 -RRB- , but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas .	Jiajing	Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming 's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who 's reign ?
Meanwhile , the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region -LRB- modern Qinghai -RRB- , raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan -LRB- 1507 -- 1582 -RRB- .	the Kokonor region	What region did the Tumed Mongols move into ?
Meanwhile , the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region -LRB- modern Qinghai -RRB- , raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan -LRB- 1507 -- 1582 -RRB- .	the Ming Chinese frontier	Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid ?
Meanwhile , the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region -LRB- modern Qinghai -RRB- , raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan -LRB- 1507 -- 1582 -RRB- .	the Ming	The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence ?
After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571 , he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug -- Sönam Gyatso -LRB- 1543 -- 1588 -RRB- -- to meet him in Amdo -LRB- modern Qinghai -RRB- in 1578 , where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama -- `` Ocean Teacher '' .	1571	When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty ?
After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571 , he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug -- Sönam Gyatso -LRB- 1543 -- 1588 -RRB- -- to meet him in Amdo -LRB- modern Qinghai -RRB- in 1578 , where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama -- `` Ocean Teacher '' .	the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso	Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo ?
Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice , while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism -- or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways .	the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice	What practice did Altan Khan put to an end ?
Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice , while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism -- or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways .	the Mongol princes and subjects	Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism ?
Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice , while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism -- or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways .	execution	What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert ?
Committed to their religious leader , Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them , which demonstrated `` the unique fusion of religious and political power '' wielded by the Dalai Lama , as Laird writes .	the Dalai Lama	Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles ?
Committed to their religious leader , Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them , which demonstrated `` the unique fusion of religious and political power '' wielded by the Dalai Lama , as Laird writes .	Committed to their religious leader	Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles ?
Rawski writes that Altan Khan 's conversion to the Gelug `` can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior , Tümen Khan . ''	Tümen Khan	Who was Altan Khan 's nominal superior ?
To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance , the great-grandson of Altan Khan -- the 4th Dalai Lama -LRB- 1589 -- 1616 -RRB- -- was made the fourth Dalai Lama .	the great-grandson of Altan Khan	To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama ?
In 1642 , the 5th Dalai Lama -LRB- 1617 -- 1682 -RRB- became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet .	the 5th Dalai Lama	Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet ?
In 1642 , the 5th Dalai Lama -LRB- 1617 -- 1682 -RRB- became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet .	In 1642	When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet ?
Sonam Gyatso , after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan , departed for Tibet .	Sonam Gyatso	Who was given the grandiose title ?
Sonam Gyatso , after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan , departed for Tibet .	Altan Khan	Who granted Sonam Gyatso the title of grandiose ?
Before he left , he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng -LRB- 1525 -- 1582 -RRB- , which arrived on March 12 , 1579 .	Zhang Juzheng	Who did Sonam Gyatso send gifts to ?
Before he left , he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng -LRB- 1525 -- 1582 -RRB- , which arrived on March 12 , 1579 .	Zhang Juzheng	Who was the Ming Chinese official ?
Although not recorded in any official Chinese records , Sonam Gyatso 's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588 , and invited him to Beijing for a second time , but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan 's son to further the spread of Buddhism .	Mongolia	Where did Sonam Gyatso die ?
Of the third Dalai Lama , China Daily states that the `` Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute . ''	the third Dalai Lama	Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to ?
Of the third Dalai Lama , China Daily states that the `` Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute . ''	pay tribute	What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do ?
China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 -LSB- sic ! -RSB-	the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama	What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587 ?
Without mentioning the role of the Mongols , China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet : `` In 1653 , the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713 , officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni , and their political and religious status in Tibet . ''	the fifth Dalai Lama	In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to ?
Without mentioning the role of the Mongols , China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet : `` In 1653 , the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713 , officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni , and their political and religious status in Tibet . ''	the fifth Panchen Lama	In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to ?
Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title `` Master of Vajradhara '' and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616 .	Master of Vajradhara	What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted ?
Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title `` Master of Vajradhara '' and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616 .	Yonten Gyatso	Who was the fourth Dalai Lama ?
Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title `` Master of Vajradhara '' and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616 .	1616	When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso ?
Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title `` Master of Vajradhara '' and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616 .	Yonten Gyatso	Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616 ?
The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616 , but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey .	he died	Why did n't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing ?
He adds that the Ming court 's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and `` fill once more the political vacuum in that country . ''	the Mongols	Who 's presence increased in Tibet ?
He adds that the Ming court 's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and `` fill once more the political vacuum in that country . ''	their old vassal of Tibet	What were the Mongols trying to reclaim ?
Kolmaš writes that , as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased , culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642 , the Ming emperors `` viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet . ''	1642	When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak ?
He adds that the Ming court 's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and `` fill once more the political vacuum in that country . ''	the Ming court	Who 's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet ?
In 1565 , the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers , Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa , `` the one of Tsang '' , and established his base of power at Shigatse .	1565	When were the Rinbung princes overthrown ?
The second successor of this first Tsang king , Karma Phuntsok Namgyal , took control of the whole of Central Tibet -LRB- Ü-Tsang -RRB- , reigning from 1611 -- 1621 .	Karma Phuntsok Namgyal	Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet ?
The second successor of this first Tsang king , Karma Phuntsok Namgyal , took control of the whole of Central Tibet -LRB- Ü-Tsang -RRB- , reigning from 1611 -- 1621 .	1611–1621	When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign ?
Despite this , the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug , while the Ü-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa .	the Karmapa	Who did Ü-Tsang king have an alliance with ?
The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the Ü-Tsang king , which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries .	The fourth Dalai Lama	Who refused an audience with the Ü-Tsang king ?
When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again , the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan -LRB- 1582 -- 1655 -RRB- , leader of the Khoshut -LRB- Qoshot -RRB- tribe of the Oirat Mongols , who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa .	the Mongol prince Güshi Khan	Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from ?
Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector , and from 1637 -- 1640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas ' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions , but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo .	protector	What role did Güshi Khan take on ?
When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again , the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan -LRB- 1582 -- 1655 -RRB- , leader of the Khoshut -LRB- Qoshot -RRB- tribe of the Oirat Mongols , who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa .	the Gelugpas	Which enemies did Güshi Khan defeat ?
Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector , and from 1637 -- 1640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas ' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions , but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo .	Amdo	Where did Güshi Khan resettle his tribe ?
In 1642 , after a year 's siege of Shigatse , the Ü-Tsang forces surrendered .	1642	When did the Ü-Tsang forces surrender ?
Soon after the victory in Ü-Tsang , Güshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day 's ride from Shigatse , presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama .	Lozang Gyatso	Who did Güshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for ?
Soon after the victory in Ü-Tsang , Güshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day 's ride from Shigatse , presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama .	his conquest of Tibet	What did Güshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama ?
Soon after the victory in Ü-Tsang , Güshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day 's ride from Shigatse , presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama .	the Dalai Lama	Who did Güshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet ?
In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress , Güshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet , but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Chöpel .	the regent Sonam Chöpel	Who did Güshi Khan grant the governing authority to ?
Soon after the victory in Ü-Tsang , Güshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day 's ride from Shigatse , presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama .	Güshi Khan	The title of ` King of Tibet belonged to whom ?
Meanwhile , the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng -LRB- 1606 -- 1645 -RRB- in 1644 , yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui -LRB- 1612 -- 1678 -RRB- .	the rebellion of Li Zicheng	Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to ?
However , Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642 , before the Ming collapsed .	the Dalai Lama	According to Kolmaš who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden ?
Dawa Norbu , William Rockhill , and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor -LRB- r. 1644 -- 1661 -RRB- of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652 , Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet .	Shunzhi	Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet ?
When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet , the Kangxi Emperor -LRB- r. 1661 -- 1722 -RRB- responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet , occupying Lhasa in 1720 .	the Dzungar Mongols	Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet ?
When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet , the Kangxi Emperor -LRB- r. 1661 -- 1722 -RRB- responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet , occupying Lhasa in 1720 .	the Kangxi Emperor	Who helped the Tibetan ?
When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet , the Kangxi Emperor -LRB- r. 1661 -- 1722 -RRB- responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet , occupying Lhasa in 1720 .	1720	When did the Kangxi Emperor occupy Lhasa ?
By 1751 , during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor -LRB- r. 1735 -- 1796 -RRB- , a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet .	1751	When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet ?
By 1751 , during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor -LRB- r. 1735 -- 1796 -RRB- , a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet .	1735–1796	When did the Qianlong Emperor reign ?
The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. .	Apple	Which company produces the iPod ?
The first line was released on October 23 , 2001 , about 8 1/2 months after iTunes -LRB- Macintosh version -RRB- was released .	October 23, 2001	When was the original iPod released ?
There are three current versions of the iPod : the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle , the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch .	three	How many different types of iPod are currently available ?
The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. .	portable media players	What kind of device is the iPod ?
There are three current versions of the iPod : the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle , the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch .	touchscreen	The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface ?
The first line was released on October 23 , 2001 , about 8 1/2 months after iTunes -LRB- Macintosh version -RRB- was released .	2001	In what year was the first iPod released ?
The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. .	Apple	What company manufactures the iPod ?
There are three current versions of the iPod : the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle , the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch .	Shuffle	Which is the smallest version of the iPod ?
The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15 , 2015 .	2015	In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned ?
Like other digital music players , iPods can serve as external data storage devices .	data storage	In addition to playing music , what other function can the iPod perform ?
Storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch -LRB- previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic , which is now discontinued -RRB- .	2 GB	What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product ?
Storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch -LRB- previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic , which is now discontinued -RRB- .	128 GB	What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product ?
Storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch -LRB- previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic , which is now discontinued -RRB- .	iPod Shuffle	Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity ?
Storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch -LRB- previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic , which is now discontinued -RRB- .	iPod Touch	Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity ?
Storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch -LRB- previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic , which is now discontinued -RRB- .	2 GB	What 's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle ?
Storage capacity varies by model , ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch -LRB- previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic , which is now discontinued -RRB- .	128 GB	What 's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch ?
Apple 's iTunes software -LRB- and other alternative software -RRB- can be used to transfer music , photos , videos , games , contact information , e-mail settings , Web bookmarks , and calendars , to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems .	iTunes	What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices ?
Apple 's iTunes software -LRB- and other alternative software -RRB- can be used to transfer music , photos , videos , games , contact information , e-mail settings , Web bookmarks , and calendars , to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems .	Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows	Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes ?
Apple 's iTunes software -LRB- and other alternative software -RRB- can be used to transfer music , photos , videos , games , contact information , e-mail settings , Web bookmarks , and calendars , to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems .	iTunes	What 's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices ?
Before the release of iOS 5 , the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad , a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch .	iPhone	In mid-2010 , which Apple device had higher sales than iPod ?
Before the release of iOS 5 , the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad , a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch .	iOS 5	With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products ?
During the middle of 2010 , iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod .	2010	In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods ?
As of iOS 5 , separate apps named `` Music '' and `` Videos '' are standardized across all iOS-powered products .	"Music" and "Videos"	What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices ?
The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen .	A8	What processor model is used in the iPod Touch ?
The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen .	sixth	Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015 ?
The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen .	sixth	What 's the most recent generation of iPod Touch ?
The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen .	A8	What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use ?
Though the iPod was released in 2001 , its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 .	2001	In what year was the iPod first introduced ?
Though the iPod was released in 2001 , its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 .	2004	In what year did iPod sales show improvement ?
As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs , Apple 's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line , including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey , and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive .	Jon Rubinstein	Which Apple engineer led original iPod design group ?
The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams , while the wheel based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen 's BeoCom 6000 telephone .	Braun T3 transistor radio	What radio was the primary inspiration for the look of the iPod ?
Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put `` 1,000 songs in your pocket . ''	5 GB	What was the storage capacity of the first iPod ?
Though the iPod was released in 2001 , its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004 .	2001	in what year was the original iPod released ?
Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put `` 1,000 songs in your pocket . ''	5 GB	How large was the hard drive on the original iPod ?
The product -LRB- `` the Walkman of the twenty-first century '' -RRB- was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23 , 2001 .	the Walkman	What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to ?
As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs , Apple 's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line , including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey , and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive .	Jon Rubinstein	What is the name of Apple 's hardware engineering chief who helped design the iPod ?
Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan , and purchased the rights to it for Apple , and had also already worked out how the screen , battery , and other key elements would work .	Toshiba	Who manufactured the hard drives for the first iPods ?
Apple contracted another company , Pixo , to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs .	Pixo	Which company worked with Apple in creating the user interface for the iPod ?
Starting with the iPod Mini , the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans .	Chicago	What was the name of the font used prior to the release of the iPod Mini ?
In 2007 , Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and , in most cases , splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork , photos , or videos on the right -LRB- whichever was appropriate for the selected item -RRB- .	2007	In what year was the 6th gen iPod Classic released ?
In 2007 , Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and , in most cases , splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork , photos , or videos on the right -LRB- whichever was appropriate for the selected item -RRB- .	Helvetica	The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font ?
Apple contracted another company , Pixo , to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs .	Steve Jobs	Who supervised the design and implementation of the iPod user interface ?
Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house , instead using PortalPlayer 's reference platform based on two ARM cores .	PortalPlayer	What software did Apple use as the basis for their iPod software ?
In 2007 , Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and , in most cases , splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork , photos , or videos on the right -LRB- whichever was appropriate for the selected item -RRB- .	Helvetica	What typeface does the current iPod use ?
In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2 .	2006	In what year was a special edition of the iPod produced ?
In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2 .	U2	For what musical group was a special edition of the iPod first made ?
Like its predecessor , this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back , but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal -LRB- not silver but black -RRB- .	black	What color was the metal on the U2 version of the iPod ?
The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2 , downloadable from the iTunes Store .	video	What type of media was included with purchase of the U2 version of the iPod ?
In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2 .	U2	Of what band did Apple present a special edition iPod 5G ?
Like its predecessor , this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back , but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal -LRB- not silver but black -RRB- .	black	What color was the special U2 iPod model ?
In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2 .	2006	In what year did apple release the special U2 model of the iPod ?
In September 2007 , during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com , Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979 .	Burst.com	Apple was involved in a lawsuit with which company in 2007 ?
Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a `` plastic music box '' in 1981 , which he called the IXI .	Kane Kramer	Who previously applied for a patent for an iPod-like device ?
Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a `` plastic music box '' in 1981 , which he called the IXI .	UK	In what country did Kane Kramer apply for his patent ?
Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a `` plastic music box '' in 1981 , which he called the IXI .	1981	In what year did Kane Kramer apply for his patent ?
Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a `` plastic music box '' in 1981 , which he called the IXI .	IXI	What did Kane Kramer call the device for which he wanted a patent ?
In September 2007 , during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com , Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979 .	Burst.com	What patent holding company sued Apple in 2007 ?
Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a `` plastic music box '' in 1981 , which he called the IXI .	IXI	What was the name of the previously-patented music player from 1981 ?
Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a `` plastic music box '' in 1981 , which he called the IXI .	Kane Kramer	Who was the holder of the previous patent for the `` plastic music box '' ?
The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco , a freelance copywriter , who -LRB- with others -RRB- was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public .	Vinnie Chieco	Who came up with the name for Apple 's portable mp3 player ?
The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco , a freelance copywriter , who -LRB- with others -RRB- was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public .	freelance copywriter	What was Vinnie Chieco 's profession ?
After Chieco saw a prototype , he thought of the movie 2001 : A Space Odyssey and the phrase `` Open the pod bay door , Hal ! ''	2001: A Space Odyssey	What film inspired the name of the iPod ?
Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an `` iPod '' trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office -LRB- USPTO -RRB- in July 2000 for Internet kiosks .	Joseph N. Grasso	Who first trademarked the iPod name ?
The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003 , and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer , Inc. in 2005 .	2005	In what year was Apple given rights to the iPod name ?
After Chieco saw a prototype , he thought of the movie 2001 : A Space Odyssey and the phrase `` Open the pod bay door , Hal ! ''	2001: A Space Odyssey	What movie inspired the iPod name ?
The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco , a freelance copywriter , who -LRB- with others -RRB- was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public .	Vinnie Chieco	What was the name of the copywriter that proposed the name `` iPod '' ?
Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an `` iPod '' trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office -LRB- USPTO -RRB- in July 2000 for Internet kiosks .	Joseph N. Grasso	Who held the original trademark for the iPod name ?
In mid-2015 , several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes , 12.2 .	mid-2015	When were images of new iPod colors leaked ?
Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time , and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont .	Pierre Dandumont	Who leaked the photos of new iPod colors ?
In mid-2015 , several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes , 12.2 .	12.2	What version of iTunes contained the leaked photos of new iPod colors ?
In mid-2015 , several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes , 12.2 .	12.2	What was the latest version of iTunes as of mid-2015 ?
Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time , and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont .	Pierre Dandumont	Who first leaked the photos of the new iPod color scheme ?
The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response , as shown in audio tests .	weak bass response	What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods ?
The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance -LRB- line level -RRB- loads , such as an external headphone amplifier .	high-impedance	What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods ?
The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance -LRB- line level -RRB- loads , such as an external headphone amplifier .	external headphone amplifier	What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods ?
The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response , as shown in audio tests .	bass	What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods ?
The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter , which attenuates the low-frequency bass output .	undersized DC-blocking capacitors	What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod ?
This would happen for EQ settings like R&B , Rock , Acoustic , and Bass Booster , because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software 's limit , causing distortion -LRB- clipping -RRB- on bass instruments .	Bass	What acoustic element could be distorted by different audio settings in iPods prior to 2007 ?
This would happen for EQ settings like R&B , Rock , Acoustic , and Bass Booster , because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software 's limit , causing distortion -LRB- clipping -RRB- on bass instruments .	R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster	Name four sound profiles that would result in bass distortion on pre-2007 iPods .
This would happen for EQ settings like R&B , Rock , Acoustic , and Bass Booster , because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software 's limit , causing distortion -LRB- clipping -RRB- on bass instruments .	clipping	What specific problem caused the issue with bass distortion ?
For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier , some equalizer -LRB- EQ -RRB- sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily , even on undemanding songs .	2006	iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass ?
This would happen for EQ settings like R&B , Rock , Acoustic , and Bass Booster , because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software 's limit , causing distortion -LRB- clipping -RRB- on bass instruments .	R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster	What EQ settings were known to have issues with bass distortion ?
From the fifth-generation iPod on , Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss .	hearing loss	What type of sensory issue was a concern prior to the release of 5th gen iPods ?
Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod , the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets .	EU	In what markets did 6th gen iPods limit the highest volume of the player ?
Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod , the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets .	100 dB	What was the limit imposed on how loud the iPod could play sounds in the EU ?
Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit .	France	In what country did Apple have to recall iPods ?
Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod , the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets .	100 dB	What is the highest volume output level of European 6th-generation iPods ?
Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit .	France	What country originally pulled iPods due to higher-than-allowed volume levels ?
Originally , a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery .	FireWire	What was the first type of connection used by the iPod to charge and transfer files ?
The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations .	power adapter	What was an alternate method of charging the iPod ?
Originally , a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery .	FireWire	What type of connector was originally required to upload songs or recharge the iPod ?
The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector , allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity .	third generation	In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB ?
The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector , allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity .	30-pin dock connector	What iPod feature allowed for USB connections with the device ?
The second - , third - , and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock .	3.5 mm minijack	What kind of connection is provided on the iPod Shuffle for both audio output and file transfer ?
The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector , allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity .	third generation	Which generation iPod was the first to include the 30-pin dock connector ?
The second - , third - , and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock .	Shuffle	Which model of iPod combined the headphone jack and data port ?
The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector , allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity .	FireWire	What interface was gradually phased out for both charging and data transfer ?
The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector , allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity .	USB	What interface replaced FireWire in later iterations of the iPod ?
Apple sells a few accessories , such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin .	iPod Hi-Fi	Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced ?
Apple sells a few accessories , such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin .	Belkin and Griffin	What are two companies that make iPod accessories ?
The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories , which often supplement the iPod 's music , video , and photo playback .	dock connector	What part of the iPod is needed to communicate with peripherals ?
Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface , the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple .	paying royalties	What is the condition for third parties using the dock connector ?
Apple sells a few accessories , such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin .	third parties	The majority of peripherals for iPod are produced by what kinds of companies ?
Apple sells a few accessories , such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi , but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin .	iPod Hi-Fi	What 's the name of the now-discontinued accessory manufactured by Apple , that connected via the iPod 's dock connector ?
Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector , named Lightning , on September 12 , 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5 , the fifth generation iPod Touch , and the seventh generation iPod Nano , which all feature it .	Lightning	What new connector did Apple unveil on September 12 , 2012 ?
Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector , named Lightning , on September 12 , 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5 , the fifth generation iPod Touch , and the seventh generation iPod Nano , which all feature it .	seventh generation iPod Nano	What other Apple product was unveiled on September 12 , 2012 ?
Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up .	both sides	On how many sides of the Lightning connector are the pins located ?
Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector , named Lightning , on September 12 , 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5 , the fifth generation iPod Touch , and the seventh generation iPod Nano , which all feature it .	Lightning	What 's Apple 's code name for the newer 8-pin dock connector ?
Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector , named Lightning , on September 12 , 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5 , the fifth generation iPod Touch , and the seventh generation iPod Nano , which all feature it .	fifth generation	What was the first iPod Touch generation to feature the Lightning connector ?
A large number are made by third party companies , although many , such as the iPod Hi-Fi , are made by Apple .	iPod Hi-Fi	What is the name of an Apple-produced iPod accessory ?
Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike + iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector .	Nike+iPod pedometer	What is an example of an iPod accessory made work exercise ?
Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology , Belkin , JBL , Bose , Monster Cable , and SendStation .	Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation	What are six companies that made some of the first peripherals for the iPod ?
Some accessories add extra features that other music players have , such as sound recorders , FM radio tuners , wired remote controls , and audio/visual cables for TV connections .	TV	What can A/V cables be used to connect the iPod to ?
Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike + iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector .	Nike	Who manufactures a pedometer accessory for the iPod ?
A large number are made by third party companies , although many , such as the iPod Hi-Fi , are made by Apple .	Apple	Which company manufactures the iPod Hi-Fi accessory ?
BMW released the first iPod automobile interface , allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons .	BMW	What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile ?
Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands , including Mercedes-Benz , Volvo , Nissan , Toyota , Alfa Romeo , Ferrari , Acura , Audi , Honda , Renault , Infiniti and Volkswagen .	2005	In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers ?
Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars .	Scion	Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles ?
BMW released the first iPod automobile interface , allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons .	BMW	Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod ?
Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars .	Scion	Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line ?
Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC , Pioneer , Kenwood , Alpine , Sony , and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions .	JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon	What companies have developed iPod interfacing for their stereo systems ?
Alternative connection methods include adapter kits -LRB- that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port -RRB- , audio input jacks , and FM transmitters such as the iTrip -- although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries .	FM	What type of transmitter is used in the iTrip ?
Alternative connection methods include adapter kits -LRB- that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port -RRB- , audio input jacks , and FM transmitters such as the iTrip -- although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries .	audio input jacks	What has become a standard inclusion in cars for several different auto companies ?
Alternative connection methods include adapter kits -LRB- that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port -RRB- , audio input jacks , and FM transmitters such as the iTrip -- although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries .	FM transmitters	Which type of iPod car integration product is illegal in certain countries ?
Alternative connection methods include adapter kits -LRB- that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port -RRB- , audio input jacks , and FM transmitters such as the iTrip -- although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries .	audio input jacks	What audio integration feature has become standard on many car models ?
Beginning in mid-2007 , four major airlines , United , Continental , Delta , and Emirates , reached agreements to install iPod seat connections .	United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates	In 2007 , which airlines made deals to include iPod connections on their planes ?
The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod , and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays .	individual seat-back displays	Where can people using iPods on planes view the device 's interface ?
Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple , but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems .	KLM and Air France	What are two airlines that considered implementing iPod connections but did not join the 2007 agreement ?
Beginning in mid-2007 , four major airlines , United , Continental , Delta , and Emirates , reached agreements to install iPod seat connections .	United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates	Which airlines first agreed to install seat connections for iPods ?
The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3 , AAC/M4A , Protected AAC , AIFF , WAV , Audible audiobook , and Apple Lossless .	Apple Lossless	What is the name of an audio format developed by Apple ?
The iPod photo introduced the ability to display JPEG , BMP , GIF , TIFF , and PNG image file formats .	iPod photo	Which product enabled users to view images on the device ?
Unlike most other media players , Apple does not support Microsoft 's WMA audio format -- but a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management -LRB- DRM -RRB- is provided with the Windows version of iTunes .	WMA	What Microsoft media format is not natively supported by Apple devices ?
Unlike most other media players , Apple does not support Microsoft 's WMA audio format -- but a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management -LRB- DRM -RRB- is provided with the Windows version of iTunes .	Digital Rights Management	What does DRM stand for ?
Originally , iPod software only worked with Mac OS ; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second generation model .	Mac OS	What computer OS did iPod software exclusively work with at launch ?
The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3 , AAC/M4A , Protected AAC , AIFF , WAV , Audible audiobook , and Apple Lossless .	MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless	What are some examples of audio formats supported by the iPod ?
The iPod photo introduced the ability to display JPEG , BMP , GIF , TIFF , and PNG image file formats .	iPod photo	What was the first model to support JPEG and other still image formats ?
During installation , an iPod is associated with one host computer .	one	How many hosts are recognized by an iPod the first time they 're used ?
Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library , and vice versa .	library	What will be erased if an iPod is set to sync with a different computer ?
During installation , an iPod is associated with one host computer .	host computer	What must an iPod be connected to before iTunes can synchronize ?
All iPods -LRB- except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano , and iPod Touch -RRB- have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel -- an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface .	five	How many buttons do most iPods use ?
All iPods -LRB- except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano , and iPod Touch -RRB- have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel -- an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface .	click wheel	On what part of newer iPods can you find the buttons ?
The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player ; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable , with volume-up and - down buttons and a single button for play and pause , next track , etc. .	earphone cable	Where are the controls located on the 3rd gen iPod Shuffle ?
The iPod Touch has no click-wheel ; instead it uses a 3.5 '' touch screen along with a home button , sleep/wake button and -LRB- on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch -RRB- volume-up and - down buttons .	touch screen	What kind of interface does the iPod touch use instead of the click wheel ?
The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the iPhone .	iPhone	What other device shares the interface used by the iPod Touch ?
All iPods -LRB- except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano , and iPod Touch -RRB- have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel -- an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface .	five	Most iPods feature how many buttons ?
All iPods -LRB- except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle , the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano , and iPod Touch -RRB- have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel -- an innovation that gives an uncluttered , minimalist interface .	Shuffle	The 3rd generation of which iPod model had its controls only on the earphone cable ?
The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the iPhone .	iPhone	Which other Apple product does the iPod Touch share an interface and OS with ?
The iTunes Store -LRB- introduced April 29 , 2003 -RRB- is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes .	April 29, 2003	When was the Apple iTunes Store launched ?
The iTunes Store -LRB- introduced April 29 , 2003 -RRB- is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes .	iTunes	What program is required to access the iTunes Store ?
The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12 , 2005 .	October 12, 2005	When were videos made available through the iTunes store ?
Full-length movies became available on September 12 , 2006 .	September 12, 2006	When did Apple begin selling entire films through the iTunes store ?
The iTunes Store -LRB- introduced April 29 , 2003 -RRB- is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes .	2003	In what year was the iTunes store established ?
The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12 , 2005 .	2005	In what year did videos first become available on iTunes ?
Full-length movies became available on September 12 , 2006 .	2006	When were full-length moved added to the iTunes store ?
At the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption , based on the FairPlay DRM system .	AAC	When the iTunes store was launched , what type of file format was used ?
Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files .	five	How many computers were allowed to play files that used the FairPlay DRM system ?
However , in a deal with Apple , EMI began selling DRM-free , higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores , in a category called `` iTunes Plus . ''	iTunes Plus	In what category could files without digital rights management be found on the iTunes store ?
On January 6 , 2009 , Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009 .	January 6, 2009	When did Apple reveal that most of the iTunes selection was free from DRM ?
On January 6 , 2009 , Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009 .	April 2009	By what time did Apple project its entire catalog would be free of DRM ?
At the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption , based on the FairPlay DRM system .	AAC	What was the original format for purchased audio files on iTunes ?
At the time the store was introduced , purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption , based on the FairPlay DRM system .	FairPlay	What was the name of the DRM system originally used by Apple and iTunes ?
However , in a deal with Apple , EMI began selling DRM-free , higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores , in a category called `` iTunes Plus . ''	iTunes Plus	What was the name of the premium service that offered higher quality and DRM-free songs ?
On January 6 , 2009 , Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80 % of the music catalog , and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009 .	2009	In what year was DRM completely eliminated from the iTunes offerings ?
Example stores include Napster and MSN Music .	Napster and MSN Music	What are two stores which sell files with DRM not compatible with iPods ?
iPods can not play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft 's protected WMA or RealNetworks ' Helix DRM .	iPods	For what device 's sales does Apple leverage the iTunes store ?
Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3 , 2007 .	Universal Music Group	What company ended its deal with Apple 's music store in July of 2007 ?
Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3 , 2007 .	iTunes Store	What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007 ?
Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3 , 2007 .	2007	In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse ?
Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5 , 2007 , in its Media Event entitled `` The Beat Goes On ... '' .	The Beat Goes On...	What was the name of the event at which the iTunes Wi-Fi store was launched ?
Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5 , 2007 , in its Media Event entitled `` The Beat Goes On ... '' .	September 5, 2007	On what date was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store launched ?
Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5 , 2007 , in its Media Event entitled `` The Beat Goes On ... '' .	2007	In what year was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store introduced ?
This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user 's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection , or , in the case of an iPhone , the telephone network .	iPhone	Which Apple device has the ability to sync with iTunes via the phone network ?
Video games are playable on various versions of iPods .	iPods	On what devices can video games be used ?
The original iPod had the game Brick -LRB- originally invented by Apple 's co-founder Steve Wozniak -RRB- included as an easter egg hidden feature ; later firmware versions added it as a menu option .	Brick	What was included on the first iPod ?
The original iPod had the game Brick -LRB- originally invented by Apple 's co-founder Steve Wozniak -RRB- included as an easter egg hidden feature ; later firmware versions added it as a menu option .	Steve Wozniak	Who created Brick ?
Later revisions of the iPod added three more games : Parachute , Solitaire , and Music Quiz .	Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz	What are three games , in addition to Brick , which have been included with the iPod ?
The original iPod had the game Brick -LRB- originally invented by Apple 's co-founder Steve Wozniak -RRB- included as an easter egg hidden feature ; later firmware versions added it as a menu option .	easter egg	What is another phrase meaning hidden feature ?
The original iPod had the game Brick -LRB- originally invented by Apple 's co-founder Steve Wozniak -RRB- included as an easter egg hidden feature ; later firmware versions added it as a menu option .	Brick	What was the first , hidden game included with the original iPod ?
Later revisions of the iPod added three more games : Parachute , Solitaire , and Music Quiz .	Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz	What other games were later added to the original iPod ?
In September 2006 , the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later .	2006	In what year did the iTunes store begin allowing users to buy video games ?
In September 2006 , the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later .	iTunes 7	Which version of iTunes was introduced with the ability to purchase games ?
These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano .	5th generation	What was the first generation of iPod Classic on which games like Mahjong and Tetris could be played ?
These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano .	4th generation	On which generation of iPod Nano can games be played ?
In September 2006 , the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later .	2006	In what year did iTunes 7 launch , along with a plethora of additional games ?
In September 2006 , the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7 , compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later .	fifth	Which generation iPod was required to enjoy the new games available on iTunes 7 ?
With third parties like Namco , Square Enix , Electronic Arts , Sega , and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod , Apple 's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market .	Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft	What are the names of companies producing video games for Apple 's MP3 player ?
With third parties like Namco , Square Enix , Electronic Arts , Sega , and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod , Apple 's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market .	video game handheld console market	What market can Apple participate in now that it has a variety of games available for iPod ?
Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late .	GamePro and EGM	What two publications have covered iPod games ?
Apple has not publicly released a software development kit -LRB- SDK -RRB- for iPod-specific development .	software development kit	What does SDK stand for ?
Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone , which can not run clickwheel-based games .	iOS	What is the only operating system on which iPhone SDK-made games can be played ?
Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone , which can not run clickwheel-based games .	iPod Touch and iPhone	An app produced with the iPhone SDK can only run on what devices ?
Apple has not publicly released a software development kit -LRB- SDK -RRB- for iPod-specific development .	not	Is the Apple SDK available to third-party game publishers ?
Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod , though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms .	iTunes	What kind program is commonly used to move files between iTunes and an iPod ?
Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod , though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms .	third-party	What kind of other applications enable communication between iTunes and an iPod ?
Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod , though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms .	iTunes	Rather than copying media files directly to it , what software must be used for this purpose so that they are accessible ?
iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer , provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it .	DRM	What kind of security determines if files moved to a computer can be played ?
iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer , provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it .	iTunes 7	What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer ?
Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder , along with a proprietary database file .	hidden	In what kind of folder are files located in the iPod ?
The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown .	host	On what kind of operating system can hidden iPod files be accessed ?
In 2005 , Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies : Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a `` music jukebox '' , while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple 's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse .	2005	In what year did Apple face multiple intellectual property lawsuits ?
In 2005 , Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies : Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a `` music jukebox '' , while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple 's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse .	patent infringement	What did the 2005 lawsuits accuse Apple of doing ?
The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony , RealNetworks , Napster , and Musicmatch as defendants .	Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch	What other companies were named in the suit filed by Pat-rights ?
In 2005 , Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies : Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a `` music jukebox '' , while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple 's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse .	Ho Keung Tse	On whose behalf did Pat-rights take Apple to court ?
In 2005 , Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies : Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a `` music jukebox '' , while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple 's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse .	Advanced Audio Devices	Which company sued Apple for breach of a `` music jukebox '' patent in 2005 ?
In 2005 , Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies : Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a `` music jukebox '' , while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple 's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse .	FairPlay	Which Apple technology did Pat-rights complain breached their patent in a lawsuit ?
Apple 's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on `` rotational user inputs '' , as used on the iPod interface , received a third `` non-final rejection '' -LRB- NFR -RRB- in August 2005 .	rotational user inputs	What interface component did Apple attempt to patent in 2005 ?
Apple 's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on `` rotational user inputs '' , as used on the iPod interface , received a third `` non-final rejection '' -LRB- NFR -RRB- in August 2005 .	August 2005	When did Apple receive a decision on its attempt to patent rotational user inputs ?
Also in August 2005 , Creative Technology , one of Apple 's main rivals in the MP3 player market , announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line , which Creative Technology dubbed the `` Zen Patent '' , granted on August 9 , 2005 .	Creative Technology	Which competitor sued Apple over rights to part of the software user interface ?
Also in August 2005 , Creative Technology , one of Apple 's main rivals in the MP3 player market , announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line , which Creative Technology dubbed the `` Zen Patent '' , granted on August 9 , 2005 .	Zen Patent	What was the name of the patent over which Creative asserted its ownership ?
Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States .	United States International Trade Commission	From which entity did Creative request an investigation into Apple importing their devices to the US ?
Apple 's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on `` rotational user inputs '' , as used on the iPod interface , received a third `` non-final rejection '' -LRB- NFR -RRB- in August 2005 .	rotational user inputs	What interface feature did Apple unsuccessfully try to patent ?
Also in August 2005 , Creative Technology , one of Apple 's main rivals in the MP3 player market , announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line , which Creative Technology dubbed the `` Zen Patent '' , granted on August 9 , 2005 .	Creative Technology	Which rival company sued Apple in 2005 and 2006 ?
On August 24 , 2006 , Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes .	August 24, 2006	When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues ?
Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program .	Made for iPod	What program did Creative join in order to make iPod peripherals ?
Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program .	the Made for iPod program	What 's the name of the program by which 3rd parties sell iPod accessories ?
Since October 2004 , the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States , with over 90 % of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70 % of the market for all types of players .	90%	What share of the US digital music player market does iPod hold ?
Since October 2004 , the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States , with over 90 % of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70 % of the market for all types of players .	2004	When did iPod become the leader in digital music device sales ?
In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7 % according to Bloomberg Online .	72.7%	How much of the market did iPod claim as of January 2007 ?
In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7 % according to Bloomberg Online .	Bloomberg Online	Who reported Apple 's market share in 2007 ?
Since October 2004 , the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States , with over 90 % of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70 % of the market for all types of players .	90%	Approximately what percentage of the hard drive-based music player sales does iPod have since 2004 ?
Since October 2004 , the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States , with over 90 % of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70 % of the market for all types of players .	70%	Approximately what percentage of the overall music player market does the iPod line have ?
During the year from January 2004 to January 2005 , the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31 % to 65 % and in July 2005 , this market share was measured at 74 % .	74%	What did the iPod 's US market share peak at in 2005 ?
On January 8 , 2004 , Hewlett-Packard -LRB- HP -RRB- announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple .	January 8, 2004	When did HP unveil their own edition of the iPod ?
On January 8 , 2004 , Hewlett-Packard -LRB- HP -RRB- announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple .	Hewlett-Packard	What does HP stand for ?
Several new retail channels were used -- including Wal-Mart -- and these iPods eventually made up 5 % of all iPod sales .	Wal-Mart	What major retailer sold HP-branded iPod devices ?
Several new retail channels were used -- including Wal-Mart -- and these iPods eventually made up 5 % of all iPod sales .	5%	HP-branded iPods accounted for what share of iPod purchases ?
In July 2005 , HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple .	unfavorable	What kind of terms and conditions led HP to leave the iPod market ?
On January 8 , 2004 , Hewlett-Packard -LRB- HP -RRB- announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple .	HP	Which computer company sold iPods from 2004-05 as part of a license agreement with Apple ?
In April 2007 , Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$ 5.2 billion , of which 32 % was made from iPod sales .	32%	How much of Apple 's revenue was generated by iPod purchases in Q2 of 2007 ?
Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers .	Mac computers	What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase ?
On April 9 , 2007 , it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod , making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time .	2007	In which year did Apple top sales of 100,000,000 iPods ?
In April 2007 , Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$ 5.2 billion , of which 32 % was made from iPod sales .	32%	As of 2007 , what percentage of Apple 's revenue came from iPod sales ?
On October 22 , 2007 , Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$ 6.22 billion , of which 30.69 % came from Apple notebook sales , 19.22 % from desktop sales and 26 % from iPod sales .	19.22%	Desktop computers made up how much of Apple 's revenue in the third quarter of 2007 ?
On January 22 , 2008 , Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple 's history so far .	January 22, 2008	When did Apple reveal it had achieved its highest quarterly earnings to date ?
42 % of Apple 's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales , followed by 21 % from notebook sales and 16 % from desktop sales .	21%	How much of Apple 's revenue resulted from purchases of laptop computers in Q1 2008 ?
42 % of Apple 's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales , followed by 21 % from notebook sales and 16 % from desktop sales .	42%	What percentage of Apples revenue in 1Q08 came from iPods , more than doubling the percentage of notebook sales ?
The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the Apple corporation , as Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009 : `` We expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone . ''	Peter Oppenheimer	Who was Chief Financial Officer of Apple in July of 2009 ?
At the September 9 , 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event , Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million .	2009	From what year did iPod purchases begin to continuously decline ?
On October 21 , 2008 , Apple reported that only 14.21 % of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods .	14.21%	How much revenue did iPod sales account for in Q4 2008 ?
At the September 9 , 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event , Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million .	220 million	Approximately how many total iPods had been sold by late 2009 ?
Since 2009 , the company 's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market .	2013	Which was the first year since iPod 's introduction that no new model was released ?
iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence , -LSB- not in citation given -RSB- to most innovative audio product , to fourth best computer product of 2006 .	fourth	What rank did iPod achieve among various computer products in 2006 ?
iPods often receive favorable reviews ; scoring on looks , clean design , and ease of use .	favorable	What kind of reviews do iPods tend to get ?
Examples include CD copy-protection schemes , and mobile phones , such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia , which play AAC files rather than WMA .	Sony Ericsson and Nokia	What two companies use the AAC format for music files ?
Examples include CD copy-protection schemes , and mobile phones , such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia , which play AAC files rather than WMA .	WMA	What file format is not supported by Sony Ericsson and Nokia ?
PC World says that iPod line has `` altered the landscape for portable audio players '' .	PC World	Which publication praised iPods for revolutionizing the industry ?
Examples include CD copy-protection schemes , and mobile phones , such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia , which play AAC files rather than WMA .	Sony Ericsson and Nokia	Which phone manufacturers adopted the AAC file format to become better iPod-compatible ?
PC World says that iPod line has `` altered the landscape for portable audio players '' .	PC World	Which PC magazine praised the iPod for having `` altered the landscape for portable audio players '' ?
Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device , the iPod has also been accepted as a business device .	business	Aside from recreational use , in what other arena have iPods found use ?
Government departments , major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training , such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow , Scotland , where iPods are used to train new staff .	communication and training	What are two purposes for which iPods are used in business ?
Government departments , major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training , such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow , Scotland , where iPods are used to train new staff .	Royal and Western Infirmaries	What is the name of a company that uses iPods as part of its training ?
Government departments , major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training , such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow , Scotland , where iPods are used to train new staff .	Glasgow, Scotland	Where is Royal and Western Infirmaries located ?
Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004 , and the iPod program continues today with modifications .	Duke	What University gave an iPod to first year students in 2004 ?
Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade , `` best-of '' list , saying , `` Yes , children , there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets .	Entertainment Weekly	What publication lauded the iPod for enabling people to listen to thousands of songs on a portable player ?
Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004 , and the iPod program continues today with modifications .	Duke	Which major university began issuing iPods to all incoming freshmen starting in 2004 ?
Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade , `` best-of '' list , saying , `` Yes , children , there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets .	Entertainment Weekly	Which magazine placed the iPod on its Best of the Decade list for the 00 's ?
The iPod 's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music .	the Album Era	What period of music did the iPod help bring to a close ?
The iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry .	music industry	In which industry did the iPod have a major impact ?
The iPod 's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music .	digital music storage	What did the iPod promote that prompted a big change in the music industry ?
The iPod 's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music .	the Album Era	The ease of collecting singles with the iPod and iTunes is credited with ending what `` era '' in pop music ?
For example , the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback .	14 hours	How long were 5th generation iPods marketed as being able to function before needing to be charged ?
An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions , with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod .	MP3.com	Which website criticized Apple 's battery life claims ?
In 2003 , class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time .	2003	In what year was Apple sued for issues relating to its battery life ?
The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life .	battery life	Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003 ?
An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions , with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod .	8 hours	How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at , compared to its advertised 14 hours ?
iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user , although some users have been able to open the case themselves , usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries .	third-party vendors	Whose directions can be followed to interact with iPod batteries ?
The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod , at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one .	refurbished replacement iPod	What did Apple originally tell consumers to purchase when their iPod batteries no longer worked ?
All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use -LRB- guidelines are available for prolonging life-span -RRB- and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits .	lithium-ion	What kind of battery does the iPod use ?
iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user , although some users have been able to open the case themselves , usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries .	batteries	Which iPod component did Apple somewhat inconveniently made non-replaceable ?
All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use -LRB- guidelines are available for prolonging life-span -RRB- and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits .	lithium-ion	What type of rechargeable battery does Apple use in its iPods ?
Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14 , 2003 , a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers .	battery replacement program	What did Apple launch on November 14 , 2003 ?
For the iPod Nano , soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board .	soldering tools	What was needed to replace an iPod Nano battery ?
Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive .	Fifth generation	What generation saw iPod batterys being affixed with glue ?
Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14 , 2003 , a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers .	2003	In what year did Apple begin a formal battery replacement program ?
For the iPod Nano , soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board .	Nano	Which iPod model has its battery soldered into the unit ?
This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer .	battery	What part of the iPod Nano was the cause of the overheating issue ?
Under an Apple product replacement program , affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge .	Apple product replacement program	What program allowed users to exchange iPod Nanos which suffered from overheating problems with new safe models ?
iPods have been criticized for alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives .	short life-span and fragile hard drives	What are two subjects of criticism of iPods ?
A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7 % -LRB- although they note that comments from respondents indicate that `` the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears '' -RRB- .	MacInTouch	What website ran a survey to learn how often iPods ceased working ?
A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7 % -LRB- although they note that comments from respondents indicate that `` the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears '' -RRB- .	13.7%	How often did MacInTouch discover iPods stopped working , according to their survey ?
In late 2005 , many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily , rendering the screen unusable .	late 2005	When did iPod owners take issue with the fragility of the iPod screen ?
Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect , but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves .	protective sleeves	What did Apple include with the iPod to resolve the screen problem ?
In particular , failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20 % while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10 % .	flash memory	Which type of iPod storage proved more reliable than hard drive storage ?
In late 2005 , many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily , rendering the screen unusable .	screen	The first generation nano suffered from which component getting damaged easily ?
On June 11 , 2006 , the British tabloid The Mail on Sunday reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$ 50 per month and work 15-hour shifts .	The Mail on Sunday	What publication revealed information about the working conditions of iPod labor ?
Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that , while some of the plant 's labour practices met Apple 's Code of Conduct , others did not : employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35 % of the time , and worked more than six consecutive days for 25 % of the time .	Apple's Code of Conduct	What governs iPod manufacturers ' labor policies ?
Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that , while some of the plant 's labour practices met Apple 's Code of Conduct , others did not : employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35 % of the time , and worked more than six consecutive days for 25 % of the time .	25	What percentage of the time did The Mail on Sunday claim workers labored for at least seven straight days ?
On June 11 , 2006 , the British tabloid The Mail on Sunday reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$ 50 per month and work 15-hour shifts .	The Mail	Which British tabloid accused Apple of unfair worker conditions in 2006 ?
Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that , while some of the plant 's labour practices met Apple 's Code of Conduct , others did not : employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35 % of the time , and worked more than six consecutive days for 25 % of the time .	35%	What percentage of Apple 's manufacturing employees worked over 60 hour weeks ?
Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company , Verité , and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures .	Verité	Who did Apple partner with to monitor its labor policies ?
Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company , Verité , and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures .	Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group	What organization did Apple join to monitor its labor policies ?
Foxconn , Apple 's manufacturer , initially denied the abuses , but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law , they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed .	Foxconn	What company was found to be violating Apple 's labor policies ?
On December 31 , 2006 , workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua , Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions , the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization .	Longhua, Shenzhen	Where was the Foxconn plant located ?
Foxconn , Apple 's manufacturer , initially denied the abuses , but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law , they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed .	Foxconn	What was the name of Apple 's manufacturing company that was accused of overworking its employees ?
Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company , Verité , and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures .	Verité	What auditor company did Apple hire to oversee worker conditions following the controversy ?
On December 31 , 2006 , workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua , Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions , the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization .	2006	In what year did Foxconn workers first unionize ?
In 2010 , a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China .	2010	In what year did Chinese Foxconn emplyees kill themselves ?
Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing , and claimed in messages to friends , that he had been beaten and interrogated .	Apple prototype	What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee ?
In 2010 , a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China .	2010	In what year did several Foxconn workers commit suicide ?
One interpretation of this result is that U.S. innovation can create more jobs overseas than domestically .	innovation	What attribute of the United States could be thought to lead more international and less domestic employment opportunities ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS computer , it uses the HFS + file system format , which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a Mac computer .	HFS+	To work as a boot disk for a Mac , what file system must an iPod be formatted with ?
If it is formatted on Windows , the FAT32 format is used .	FAT32	If connected to a Windows PC when first set up , what file system will an iPod be formatted with ?
is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii home video game consoles .	action-adventure	What category of game is Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess ?
is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii home video game consoles .	GameCube and Wii	What consoles can be used to play Twilight Princess ?
The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006 , and in Japan , Europe , and Australia the following month .	November 2006	When was Twilight Princess launched in North America ?
The GameCube version was released worldwide in December 2006 .	December 2006	When could GameCube owners purchase Twilight Princess ?
is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii home video game consoles .	Nintendo	What company developed Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess ?
Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005 , Twilight Princess was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game , add more content , and port it to the Wii .	2005	What year was the Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess originally planned for release ?
The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006 , and in Japan , Europe , and Australia the following month .	2006	What year was the Wii version of Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess released ?
The story focuses on series protagonist Link , who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm .	Link	Who is the main character of the story ?
The story focuses on series protagonist Link , who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm .	Hyrule	What land does Link serve to protect ?
To do so , he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf , and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna .	Midna	What character helped Link in Twilight Princess ?
The story focuses on series protagonist Link , who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm .	Link	Who is the protagonist is Legend of Zelda ?
To do so , he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf , and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna .	Midna	What is the name of the mysterious creature that assists Link ?
The game takes place hundreds of years after Ocarina of Time and Majora 's Mask , in an alternate timeline from The Wind Waker .	The Wind Waker	This storyline takes place alternate from what storyline ?
It received several Game of the Year awards , and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006 .	Game of the Year	What accolade did Twilight Princess receive after its release ?
In 2011 , the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label .	Nintendo Selects	Under which brand was Twilight Princess for the Nintendo Wii published ?
A high-definition port for the Wii U , The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD , will be released in March 2016 .	March 2016	When is the HD version of Twilight Princess slated for launch ?
At the time of its release , Twilight Princess was considered the greatest entry in the Zelda series by many critics , including writers for 1UP .	Twilight Princess	At the time of release which episode of the Legend of Zelda series was considered the greatest entry ?
It received several Game of the Year awards , and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006 .	several	How many Game of the Year awards did Twilight Princess receive ?
It received several Game of the Year awards , and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006 .	2006	What year was Twilight Princess the most critically acclaimed game ?
A high-definition port for the Wii U , The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD , will be released in March 2016 .	2016	What year will the game release a high-definition port for the Wii U console ?
The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat , exploration , and item collection .	combat, exploration, and item collection	What are the three main activities in The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess ?
It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time , including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting -LRB- Z-targeting on the Wii -RRB- , a system that allows the player to keep Link 's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking .	Ocarina of Time	Twilight Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game ?
It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time , including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting -LRB- Z-targeting on the Wii -RRB- , a system that allows the player to keep Link 's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking .	L-targeting	What can be used to shoot without the need to manually target enemies ?
-LSB- c -RSB- Link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the Clawshot -LRB- similar to the Hookshot introduced earlier in the The Legend of Zelda series -RRB- .	sword	What is Link 's main weapon ?
-LSB- c -RSB- Link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the Clawshot -LRB- similar to the Hookshot introduced earlier in the The Legend of Zelda series -RRB- .	Clawshot	What secondary weapon in Twilight Princess is analogous to a weapon featured in previous games ?
The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat , exploration , and item collection .	action-adventure	What genre of game is Twilight Princess ?
It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time , including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting -LRB- Z-targeting on the Wii -RRB- , a system that allows the player to keep Link 's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking .	Ocarina of Time	Twilight Princess follows the control scheme introduced in what game ?
-LSB- c -RSB- Link uses a sword and shield in combat , complemented with secondary weapons and items , including a bow and arrows , a boomerang , bombs , and the Clawshot -LRB- similar to the Hookshot introduced earlier in the The Legend of Zelda series -RRB- .	sword and shield	What 2 main weapons does Link use in combat ?
It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time , including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting -LRB- Z-targeting on the Wii -RRB- , a system that allows the player to keep Link 's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking .	L-targeting	What control can be used while targeting that allows the player to forego manual targeting ?
The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions , such as talking , opening doors , and pushing , pulling , and throwing objects .	one	Many different types of interaction can be controlled by how many buttons ?
-LSB- e -RSB- The on-screen display shows what action , if any , the button will trigger , determined by the situation .	on-screen display	Where can players see what action will be performed in different scenarios ?
For example , if Link is holding a rock , the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy , or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still .	on the ground	If Link is not moving , where will he put the projectile he 's carrying ?
The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions , such as talking , opening doors , and pushing , pulling , and throwing objects .	context-sensitive button mechanic	What mechanic allows one button to serve many functions ?
-LSB- e -RSB- The on-screen display shows what action , if any , the button will trigger , determined by the situation .	on-screen display	What shows what action the button will trigger ?
The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote .	Wii Remote	Where is the speaker located on the Wii console ?
The speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow , Midna 's laugh when she gives advice to Link , and the series ' trademark `` chime '' when discovering secrets .	chime	What sound do users here when uncovering secrets in the game ?
The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote .	Wii Remote	What part of the Wii is employed to use weapons ?
Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk .	Nunchuk	Aside from the sword , what is another weapon that Link can use ?
Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely , without entering a special `` lookaround '' mode required by the Wii ; however , in the GameCube version , only two of Link 's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time , as opposed to four in the Wii version .	two	How many weapons can be equipped by Link if playing Twilight Princess on a GameCube ?
The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote .	motion	The Wii version makes use of what kind of sensors ?
The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote .	Wii Remote	What device on the Wii allows for sounds of a bowstring to be heard ?
The game features nine dungeons -- large , contained areas where Link battles enemies , collects items , and solves puzzles .	nine	How many dungeon instances are provided in Twilight Princess ?
The game features nine dungeons -- large , contained areas where Link battles enemies , collects items , and solves puzzles .	enemies	What does Link fight in dungeons ?
The dungeons are connected by a large overworld , across which Link can travel on foot ; on his horse , Epona ; or by teleporting .	overworld	What provides a bridge between the different dungeons ?
The dungeons are connected by a large overworld , across which Link can travel on foot ; on his horse , Epona ; or by teleporting .	Epona	What is the name of Link 's steed ?
The game features nine dungeons -- large , contained areas where Link battles enemies , collects items , and solves puzzles .	puzzles	What must Link solve throughout the game ?
Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot .	boss	Who must Link fight at the end of a dungeon level ?
The dungeons are connected by a large overworld , across which Link can travel on foot ; on his horse , Epona ; or by teleporting .	overworld	What connects the dungeons ?
However , `` Wolf Link '' gains several key advantages in return -- he moves faster than he does as a human -LRB- though riding Epona is still faster -RRB- and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items , and has improved senses , including the ability to follow scent trails .	Wolf	What form does Link take in the Twilight Realm ?
As a wolf , Link loses the ability to use his sword , shield , or any secondary items ; he instead attacks by biting , and defends primarily by dodging attacks .	biting	What is Link 's main form of offense in wolf form ?
-LSB- j -RSB- Using Link 's wolf senses , the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight , as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes .	Poes	Hostile spirits are also known as what ?
-LSB- i -RSB- He also carries Midna , a small imp-like creature who gives him hints , uses an energy field to attack enemies , helps him jump long distances , and eventually allows Link to `` warp '' to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld .	Midna	Who provides helpful information to Link ?
However , `` Wolf Link '' gains several key advantages in return -- he moves faster than he does as a human -LRB- though riding Epona is still faster -RRB- and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items , and has improved senses , including the ability to follow scent trails .	human	Link 's wolf form is faster than what other form ?
However , `` Wolf Link '' gains several key advantages in return -- he moves faster than he does as a human -LRB- though riding Epona is still faster -RRB- and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items , and has improved senses , including the ability to follow scent trails .	Wolf	What does Link transform into when he enters the Twilight Realm ?
-LSB- i -RSB- He also carries Midna , a small imp-like creature who gives him hints , uses an energy field to attack enemies , helps him jump long distances , and eventually allows Link to `` warp '' to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld .	small imp-like creature	Who is Midna ?
-LSB- j -RSB- Using Link 's wolf senses , the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight , as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes .	enemy ghosts	What are Poes ?
The artificial intelligence -LRB- AI -RRB- of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker .	artificial intelligence	What does AI stand for ?
The artificial intelligence -LRB- AI -RRB- of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker .	The Wind Waker	What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Princess ?
Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by , and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games .	react	What do enemies do to defeated companions ?
The artificial intelligence -LRB- AI -RRB- of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker .	artificial intelligence	What feature of the enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced ?
Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by , and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games .	Link	Who can enemies detect from a greater distance than in previous games ?
His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions .	nods and facial expressions	Through what can Link 's reaction and mood can be discerned ?
The character of Midna has the most voice acting -- her on-screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of English phrases -LSB- better source needed -RSB- sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kōmoto .	Midna	Which person has the most spoken dialogue in the game ?
The character of Midna has the most voice acting -- her on-screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of English phrases -LSB- better source needed -RSB- sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kōmoto .	Akiko Kōmoto	Who provided the basis for Midna 's voice ?
Link remains silent in conversation , but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised .	grunts	What does Link say when attacking ?
His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions .	nods and facial expressions	How does Link express emotions ?
The character of Midna has the most voice acting -- her on-screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of English phrases -LSB- better source needed -RSB- sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kōmoto .	Midna	What character has the most voice acting ?
The character of Midna has the most voice acting -- her on-screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech , which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of English phrases -LSB- better source needed -RSB- sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kōmoto .	Akiko Kōmoto	Who does the voice of Midna ?
Twilight Princess takes place several centuries after Ocarina of Time and Majora 's Mask , and begins with a youth named Link who is working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village .	ranch hand	What is Link 's job at the start of Twilight Princess ?
One day , the village is attacked by Bulblins , who carry off the village 's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight .	children	What do the Bulbins take from Ordon ?
Link is soon freed by an imp-like Twilight being named Midna , who dislikes Link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally .	Midna	Who releases Link from the Realm of Twilight ?
He must do this by collecting the multiple `` Tears of Light '' ; once all the Tears of Light are collected for one area , he restores that area 's Light Spirit .	Tears of Light	What does Link have to gather in order to complete each area ?
Twilight Princess takes place several centuries after Ocarina of Time and Majora 's Mask , and begins with a youth named Link who is working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village .	Ordon Village	Where is Link working as a ranch hand ?
One day , the village is attacked by Bulblins , who carry off the village 's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight .	Bulblins	Who attacks the village ?
He must do this by collecting the multiple `` Tears of Light '' ; once all the Tears of Light are collected for one area , he restores that area 's Light Spirit .	Tears of Light	What must Link collect ?
During this time , Link also helps Midna find the Fused Shadows , fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic .	Fused Shadows	What does Link assist Midna in collection ?
Once Link has restored the Light Spirits and Midna has all the Fused Shadows , they are ambushed by Zant .	Zant	Who attacks Link and Midna when they 've finished their collection tasks ?
Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda , Link learns he needs the Master Sword to return to human form .	Master Sword	What weapon can transform Link back to his original self ?
Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda , Link learns he needs the Master Sword to return to human form .	Zelda	Who saves Midna ?
In return , she helps Link find Ordon Village 's children while helping the monkeys of Faron , the Gorons of Eldin , and the Zoras of Lanayru .	Lanayru	Where do the Zoras come from ?
During this time , Link also helps Midna find the Fused Shadows , fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic .	Fused Shadows	What does Link help Midna find ?
Once Link has restored the Light Spirits and Midna has all the Fused Shadows , they are ambushed by Zant .	Zant	Who ambushes Link and Midna ?
Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda , Link learns he needs the Master Sword to return to human form .	Master Sword	What does Link discover he needs to find to return to human form ?
Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda , Link learns he needs the Master Sword to return to human form .	Zelda	Who sacrifices herself to save Midna ?
After gaining the Master Sword , Link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the Shadow Crystal .	Shadow Crystal	What does Link obtain that gives him control over his transformations ?
Now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , Link is led by Midna to the Mirror of Twilight located deep within the Gerudo Desert , the only known gateway between the Twilight Realm and Hyrule .	Mirror of Twilight	Where does Midna take Link after he acquires the Master Sword ?
They also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish Ganondorf , the Gerudo leader who attempted to steal the Triforce , to the Twilight Realm when executing him failed .	Ganondorf	Who was the Mirror of Twilight used to fight prior to Zant ?
Returning to Hyrule , Link and Midna find Ganondorf in Hyrule Castle , with a lifeless Zelda suspended above his head .	Hyrule Castle	Where is Ganondorf located after Zant 's defeat ?
Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda 's body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but Link defeats him and Midna is able to resurrect Zelda .	Zelda's	Whose body is used as a proxy by Ganondorf in order to fight Link ?
After gaining the Master Sword , Link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form , obtaining the Shadow Crystal .	Shadow Crystal	What allows Link to switch between his two forms ?
Now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , Link is led by Midna to the Mirror of Twilight located deep within the Gerudo Desert , the only known gateway between the Twilight Realm and Hyrule .	Gerudo Desert	What is the only known gateway between Twilight Realm & Hyrule ?
Now able to use it to switch between both forms at will , Link is led by Midna to the Mirror of Twilight located deep within the Gerudo Desert , the only known gateway between the Twilight Realm and Hyrule .	Midna	Who is revealed as the true ruler of Twilight Realm ?
They also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish Ganondorf , the Gerudo leader who attempted to steal the Triforce , to the Twilight Realm when executing him failed .	Ganondorf	Who did Zant form a pact with ?
Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda 's body and eventually by transforming into a beast , but Link defeats him and Midna is able to resurrect Zelda .	beast	What does Ganondorf transform into ?
However , as Hyrule Castle collapses , it is revealed that Ganondorf was victorious as he crushes Midna 's helmet .	helmet	What possession of Midna does Ganondorf destroy ?
Near the end , as Hyrule Castle is rebuilt , Link is shown leaving Ordon Village heading to parts unknown .	Ordon Village	Where does Link depart from at the end of the game ?
Ganondorf then revives , and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows .	Zelda	Which character helps Link get Ganondorf off of his horse ?
Ganondorf engages Link on horseback , and , assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits , Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest .	chest	To what part of his body does Link deliver the killing blow to Ganondorf ?
Ganondorf engages Link on horseback , and , assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits , Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest .	Light Spirits	Who resurrects Midna after the fight with Ganondorf ?
Ganondorf then revives , and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows .	Link and Zelda	Who does Midna teleport ?
However , as Hyrule Castle collapses , it is revealed that Ganondorf was victorious as he crushes Midna 's helmet .	Midna's helmet	What does Ganondorf crush ?
After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda , Midna returns home before destroying the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm .	Mirror of Twilight	What does Midna destroy ?
In 2003 , Nintendo announced that a new The Legend of Zelda game was in the works for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded The Wind Waker .	2003	In what year did Nintendo reveal the start of development on what would become Twilight Princess ?
At the following year 's Game Developers Conference , director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game 's sequel was in development under the working title The Wind Waker 2 ; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor .	Game Developers Conference	At what event was a potential follow-up to The Wind Waker mentioned ?
Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience .	North American	What region of the world did Nintendo want to design the next Legend of Zelda game for ?
He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in Ocarina of Time , particularly horseback combat .	horseback combat	What was one feature that could not be implemented in Ocarina of Time ?
In 2003 , Nintendo announced that a new The Legend of Zelda game was in the works for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded The Wind Waker .	2003	What year did Nintendo announce a new Legend of Zelda was in the works for Gamecube ?
At the following year 's Game Developers Conference , director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game 's sequel was in development under the working title The Wind Waker 2 ; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor .	Eiji Aonuma	Who was the director that unintentionally announced a Zelda game was in the works ?
He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in Ocarina of Time , particularly horseback combat .	horseback combat	What was the specific area of gameplay that had not been done in Ocarina of Time ?
In four months , Aonuma 's team managed to present realistic horseback riding , -LSB- l -RSB- which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004 .	four	How long did it take to implement riding horses in a believable manner ?
In four months , Aonuma 's team managed to present realistic horseback riding , -LSB- l -RSB- which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004 .	Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004	Where did Nintendo preview the horseback riding feature ?
The game was scheduled to be released the next year , and was no longer a follow-up to The Wind Waker ; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007 , in the form of Phantom Hourglass .	Nintendo DS	What console was home to the sequel for The Wind Waker ?
The game was scheduled to be released the next year , and was no longer a follow-up to The Wind Waker ; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007 , in the form of Phantom Hourglass .	Phantom Hourglass	What was the name of the second Wind Waker game ?
In four months , Aonuma 's team managed to present realistic horseback riding , -LSB- l -RSB- which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004 .	2004	When did the company release a trailer of the horseback riding aspect ?
It was suggested that Link transform into a wolf , much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the Dark World of A Link to the Past .	rabbit	What does Link morph into in A Link to the Past ?
Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he directed The Minish Cap for the Game Boy Advance .	The Minish Cap	Aonuma left the Twilight Princess development team to work on which other game ?
At the same time , the Wii was under development with the code name `` Revolution '' .	Revolution	What was the working name for the Wii prior to release ?
Miyamoto thought that the Revolution 's pointing device , the Wii Remote , was well suited for aiming arrows in Zelda , and suggested that Aonuma consider using it .	Miyamoto	Who proposed that the Wii Remote be used in the control scheme for Twilight Princess ?
-LSB- m -RSB- The story of the game was created by Aonuma , and later underwent several changes by scenario writers Mitsuhiro Takano and Aya Kyogoku .	Mitsuhiro Takano	Who created the script for the story scenes ?
Miyamoto thought that the Revolution 's pointing device , the Wii Remote , was well suited for aiming arrows in Zelda , and suggested that Aonuma consider using it .	Wii Remote	What device seemed well-suited for Link 's arrow shooting ability ?
His team began work developing a pointing-based interface for the bow and arrow , and Aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel , just like the DS control scheme for Phantom Hourglass .	pointing-based	What kind of interface was used for in-game archery ?
Developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release , still disappointing the consumer .	2005	What was the originally-planned launch year for Twilight Princess ?
Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end , even though they would have to wait for the finished product .	Satoru Iwata	Which Nintendo employee was confident in the potential of developing two versions of Twilight Princess ?
Developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release , still disappointing the consumer .	2005	What was the original release date for Gamecube ?
Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple , since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube .	GameCube	What console boasted compatibility with the Wii ?
-LSB- o -RSB- At E3 2005 , Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess .	E3 2005	Where did Nintendo provide a limited number of Twilight Princess previews ?
Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple , since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube .	Wii	At E3 in 2005 , what console did Nintendo reveal the next Zelda game would be developed for ?
-LSB- o -RSB- At E3 2005 , Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess .	At E3 2005	When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the Wii ?
A prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first-person viewpoint , but was unable to show the variety of Link 's movements .	swinging gesture	What kind of movement interfaced with the sword in Twilight Princess ?
-LSB- p -RSB- Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution , it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller .	NGC Magazine	Who provided information about the game 's controls in December of 2005 ?
However , support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release .	Wii controller	What ended up not being supported in the GameCube version of Twilight Princess ?
At E3 2006 , Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch , and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii .	2006	In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as the Wii ?
-LSB- p -RSB- Later , the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii .	a month	How long was the GameCube version of Twilight Princess delayed ?
-LSB- p -RSB- Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution , it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller .	NGC Magazine	What magazine mentioned players would be able to use the Revolution controller ?
At E3 2006 , Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch , and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii .	E3 2006	When did Nintendo announce both versions of Twilight Princess would be available at the Wii launch ?
Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme .	control scheme	What did early users find hard to use about the game ?
-LSB- r -RSB- In addition , the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword .	sword	Using items in the game took over the controls used for what weapon ?
To solve this , sword controls were transferred back to gestures -- something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see .	E3 attendees	Who wanted gestures implemented for sword control ?
He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease .	comfort and ease	What features did Aonuma work to improve after the demo complaints ?
The game 's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta , with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor .	Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta	Who wrote the music for Twilight Princess ?
The game 's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta , with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor .	Koji Kondo	Who was in charge of overseeing audio production ?
Michiru Ōshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions , later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Yasuzo Takemoto .	Michiru Ōshima	Who worked adapting the score for performance by an orchestra ?
The game 's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta , with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor .	Koji Kondo	Who wrote the music used in the game 's trailer and demo ?
Michiru Ōshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions , later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Yasuzo Takemoto .	Michiru Ōshima	Who created orchestral arrangements for the game ?
Michiru Ōshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions , later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Yasuzo Takemoto .	Yasuzo Takemoto	Who was to conduct the ensemble that would perform the pieces ?
Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well , a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments .	live	What kind of instruments are favored by Kondo ?
Both six - and seven-track versions of the game 's soundtrack were released on November 19 , 2006 , as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield .	November 19, 2006	When was the soundtrack of Twilight Princess made available ?
Both six - and seven-track versions of the game 's soundtrack were released on November 19 , 2006 , as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield .	Nintendo Power	Which publication was associated with the soundtrack release ?
Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well , a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments .	Media	Who made the requests for Kondo to use orchestral music throughout the game ?
Both six - and seven-track versions of the game 's soundtrack were released on November 19 , 2006 , as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield .	November 19, 2006	When were track versions of the game 's sountrack released ?
Both six - and seven-track versions of the game 's soundtrack were released on November 19 , 2006 , as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield .	soundtrack	What were replicas of the Master Sword and Hylian Shield bundled with ?
Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess , an exploit known as the `` Twilight Hack '' was developed , allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital -LRB- SD -RRB- card on the console .	buffer overflow vulnerability	What kind of error was found in Twilight Princess for Wii ?
A properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code , which could include Executable and Linkable Format -LRB- ELF -RRB- programs and homebrew Wii applications .	Executable and Linkable Format	What does ELF stand for ?
Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered , and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability .	4.0	Which issue of the Wii Menu fixed the issue with Twilight Princess ?
Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess , an exploit known as the `` Twilight Hack '' was developed , allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital -LRB- SD -RRB- card on the console .	Twilight Hack	What was the name of the hack discovered ?
Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered , and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability .	3.3 and 3.4	What versions of the Wii Menu prevented copying the exploited files ?
Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered , and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability .	4.0	What version of the Wii patched the hack vulnerability ?
A high-definition remaster of the game , The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD , is being developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Officially announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality .	Tantalus Media	Which company is responsible for the HD version of Twilight Princess ?
A high-definition remaster of the game , The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD , is being developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Officially announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality .	November 12, 2015	When were plans for Twilight Princess HD revealed ?
The game will be released in North America and Europe on March 4 , 2016 ; in Australia on March 5 , 2016 ; and in Japan on March 10 , 2016 .	March 5, 2016	On what date is Twilight Princess HD scheduled for Australian release ?
A high-definition remaster of the game , The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD , is being developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Officially announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality .	The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD	What is the name of the remastered game ?
A high-definition remaster of the game , The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD , is being developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Officially announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality .	Tantalus Media	What company is developing the remaster ?
A high-definition remaster of the game , The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess HD , is being developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Officially announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12 , 2015 , it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality .	Amiibo	What kind of functionality will the remaster feature ?
The game will be released in North America and Europe on March 4 , 2016 ; in Australia on March 5 , 2016 ; and in Japan on March 10 , 2016 .	March 4, 2016	When will the game be released in America ?
Special bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine , which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the `` Cave of Shadows '' and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 Zelda game .	Wolf Link Amiibo figurine	What special item is included with certain versions of Twilight Princess HD ?
Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions : Link and Toon Link replenish arrows , Zelda and Sheik restore Link 's health , and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage .	Link and Toon Link	Which two Amiibo figures reload Link 's stock of arrows ?
Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions : Link and Toon Link replenish arrows , Zelda and Sheik restore Link 's health , and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage .	Zelda and Sheik	Which two Amiibo figures heal Link ?
Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions : Link and Toon Link replenish arrows , Zelda and Sheik restore Link 's health , and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage .	Ganondorf	Which Amiibo figure makes Link lose more health when attacked ?
Special bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine , which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the `` Cave of Shadows '' and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 Zelda game .	Cave of Shadows	What is the name of the area that players with the Wolf Link Amiibo can access ?
Special bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine , which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the `` Cave of Shadows '' and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 Zelda game .	Wolf Link Amiibo	What will special bundles of the game contain ?
Special bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine , which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the `` Cave of Shadows '' and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 Zelda game .	Cave of Shadows	What is the level called that the special Amiibo will unlock ?
Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions : Link and Toon Link replenish arrows , Zelda and Sheik restore Link 's health , and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage .	Link and Toon	What characters will be able to replenish arrows ?
Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions : Link and Toon Link replenish arrows , Zelda and Sheik restore Link 's health , and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage .	Zelda and Sheik	What figures restore health ?
A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in the United States ; it is included in all bundles in Japan , Europe , and Australia .	GameStop	What company included the soundtrack as a reward for ordering the game prior to release ?
A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in the United States ; it is included in all bundles in Japan , Europe , and Australia .	20	How many tracks were recorded on the preorder CD ?
A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in the United States ; it is included in all bundles in Japan , Europe , and Australia .	Japan, Europe, and Australia	In what areas is the content of the GameStop bonus CD provided for all versions of the game ?
A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in the United States ; it is included in all bundles in Japan , Europe , and Australia .	CD	What was included as a Gamestop preorder item ?
It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP .	perfect	What kind of scores did Twilight Princess receive from many video game review sources ?
On the review aggregators GameRankings and Metacritic , Twilight Princess has average scores of 95 % and 95 for the Wii version and scores of 95 % and 96 for the GameCube version .	GameRankings and Metacritic	Which sites gave the Wii copy of Twilight Princess scores of 95 % and 95 ?
GameTrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created .	GameTrailers	Who counted the game among the best ever made ?
Twilight Princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success .	universal critical acclaim	What was the reception of Twilight Princess ?
It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP .	perfect	What scores did it receive from major game publications ?
On the review aggregators GameRankings and Metacritic , Twilight Princess has average scores of 95 % and 95 for the Wii version and scores of 95 % and 96 for the GameCube version .	95	What is the average score of Twilight Princess on Metacritic ?
GameTrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created .	GameTrailers	What reviewer called Twilight Princess `` One of the greatest games ever created '' ?
Both IGN and GameSpy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low-resolution characters .	IGN and GameSpy	Which publications reported some issues with the graphics of Twilight Princess ?
Regarding the Wii version , GameSpot 's Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt `` tacked-on '' , although 1UP .	Jeff Gerstmann	Which journalist criticized the Wii version for its controls ?
Regarding the Wii version , GameSpot 's Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt `` tacked-on '' , although 1UP .	GameSpot	Which game publication does Jeff Gerstmann work for ?
Hyper 's Javier Glickman commended the game for its `` very long quests , superb Wii controls and being able to save anytime '' .	Javier Glickman	Which game journalist was perturbed by a lack of voiced dialogue ?
Hyper 's Javier Glickman commended the game for its `` very long quests , superb Wii controls and being able to save anytime '' .	Hyper	Which publication does Javier Glickman write for ?
Both IGN and GameSpy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low-resolution characters .	IGN and GameSpy	What 2 critics suggested the game had blurry textures and low resolution ?
Gaming Nexus considered Twilight Princess 's soundtrack to be the best of this generation , though IGN criticized its MIDI-formatted songs for lacking `` the punch and crispness '' of their orchestrated counterparts .	Gaming Nexus	What critic considered the CD to be the best of the generation ?
Hyper 's Javier Glickman commended the game for its `` very long quests , superb Wii controls and being able to save anytime '' .	Javier Glickman	Who specifically commended the game for the very long quests ?
Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design , Best Original Score , and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version .	GameCube	The version of Twilight Princess fo which console won three IGN awards ?
The game placed 16th in Official Nintendo Magazine 's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time .	16th	What was Twilight Princess 's rank among all Nintendo games according to Nintendo Magazine ?
Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story .	IGN and Nintendo Power	What 2 critics gave Twilight Princess awards for Best Graphics and Best Story ?
The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and GameSpy .	Best Console Game	What award did Game Critics Awards and GameSpy give Twilight Princess ?
The game placed 16th in Official Nintendo Magazine 's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time .	16th	What place did the game take in Nintendo 's Official list of 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time ?
In the PAL region , which covers most of Africa , Asia , Europe , and Oceania , Twilight Princess is the best-selling entry in the Zelda series .	PAL	What is the name of the area which includes most countries not located in North , Central or South America ?
The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31 , 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- , and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31 , 2007 -LSB- update -RSB- .	5.82 million	How many units of the Wii version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2011 ?
The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31 , 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- , and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31 , 2007 -LSB- update -RSB- .	1.32 million	How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007 ?
In the PAL region , which covers most of Africa , Asia , Europe , and Oceania , Twilight Princess is the best-selling entry in the Zelda series .	PAL region	What region is Twilight Princess the best - selling Zelda entry ?
The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31 , 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- , and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31 , 2007 -LSB- update -RSB- .	5.82 million	How many copies of the game had been sold as of March 2011 ?
The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31 , 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- , and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31 , 2007 -LSB- update -RSB- .	1.32 million	How many copies of the game had been sold on Gamecube as of March 2007 ?
A Japan-exclusive manga series based on Twilight Princess , penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa , was first released on February 8 , 2016 .	Akira Himekawa	Who wrote and provided art for a Twilight Princess comic book series ?
The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan 's MangaOne mobile application .	Shogakukan	Who published the Twilight Princess comic book series ?
The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan 's MangaOne mobile application .	mobile	What kind of device can access the Twilight Princess manga ?
Spectre -LRB- 2015 -RRB- is the twenty-fourth James Bond film produced by Eon Productions .	Eon Productions	Which company made Spectre ?
It features Daniel Craig in his fourth performance as James Bond , and Christoph Waltz as Ernst Stavro Blofeld , with the film marking the character 's re-introduction into the series .	Daniel Craig	Who is the star of Spectre ?
Spectre -LRB- 2015 -RRB- is the twenty-fourth James Bond film produced by Eon Productions .	James Bond	What role does Daniel Craig play in Spectre ?
It was directed by Sam Mendes as his second James Bond film following Skyfall , and was written by John Logan , Neal Purvis , Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth .	Skyfall	What 007 movie did Sam Mendes previously direct ?
With a budget around $ 245 million , it is the most expensive Bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made .	$245	How much money did it take to make Spectre ?
Spectre -LRB- 2015 -RRB- is the twenty-fourth James Bond film produced by Eon Productions .	Spectre	Which Bond film was the most expensive ever made ?
It is distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures .	Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures	Which two movie studios distributed the James Bond film Spectre ?
It was directed by Sam Mendes as his second James Bond film following Skyfall , and was written by John Logan , Neal Purvis , Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth .	Sam Mendes	Who directed Spectre ?
The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre , marking the group 's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971 's Diamonds Are Forever , -LSB- N 2 -RSB- and tying Craig 's series of films together with an overarching storyline .	Spectre	What group is the enemy of the protagonist ?
The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre , marking the group 's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971 's Diamonds Are Forever , -LSB- N 2 -RSB- and tying Craig 's series of films together with an overarching storyline .	Diamonds Are Forever	Which movie was Spectre originally featured in ?
Several recurring James Bond characters , including M , Q and Eve Moneypenny return , with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann , Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx , Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra .	M, Q and Eve Moneypenny	Which three personalities from previous films appear in Spectre ?
Several recurring James Bond characters , including M , Q and Eve Moneypenny return , with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann , Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx , Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra .	Dave Bautista	Which actor plays the role of Mr. Hinx ?
Several recurring James Bond characters , including M , Q and Eve Moneypenny return , with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann , Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx , Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra .	Lucia Sciarra	What role is performed by Monica Bellucci ?
Several recurring James Bond characters , including M , Q and Eve Moneypenny return , with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann , Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx , Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra .	M, Q and Eve Moneypenny	Which recurring James Bond characters appear in Spectre ?
Several recurring James Bond characters , including M , Q and Eve Moneypenny return , with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann , Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx , Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra .	Léa Seydoux	What actress portrays Dr. Madeleine Swann in Spectre ?
Several recurring James Bond characters , including M , Q and Eve Moneypenny return , with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann , Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx , Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra .	Dave Bautista	What actor portrays Mr. Hinx in Spectre ?
The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre , marking the group 's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971 's Diamonds Are Forever , -LSB- N 2 -RSB- and tying Craig 's series of films together with an overarching storyline .	1971	When was Diamonds are Forever released ?
Spectre was released on 26 October 2015 in the United Kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the Royal Albert Hall in London , followed by a worldwide release .	26 October 2015	On what date was Spectre first shown in the UK ?
Spectre was released on 26 October 2015 in the United Kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the Royal Albert Hall in London , followed by a worldwide release .	Royal Albert Hall in London	Where was the first screening of Spectre ?
It was released in the United States on 6 November 2015 .	6 November 2015	What was the US release date for Spectre ?
Spectre received mixed reviews upon its release ; although criticised for its length , lack of screen time for new characters , and writing , it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography .	action sequences and cinematography	What were two subjects of accolades for Spectre ?
The theme song , `` Writing 's on the Wall '' , received mixed reviews , particularly compared to the previous theme ; nevertheless , it won the Golden Globe for Best Original Song and was nominated for the Academy Award in the same category .	Best Original Song	For what category did Spectre receive a Golden Globe award ?
It became the second James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues after Skyfall , although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras .	Skyfall	What was the first James Bond film to be screened at IMAX theaters ?
The theme song , `` Writing 's on the Wall '' , received mixed reviews , particularly compared to the previous theme ; nevertheless , it won the Golden Globe for Best Original Song and was nominated for the Academy Award in the same category .	Writing's on the Wall	What was the theme song for the James Bond film Spectre ?
Following Garreth Mallory 's promotion to M , on a mission in Mexico City unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous M , 007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead and gives chase to Marco Sciarra , an assassin who survived the attack .	Day of the Dead	On what holiday do insurgents plan to detonate a bomb ?
C campaigns for Britain to form alongside 8 other countries `` Nine Eyes '' , a global surveillance and intelligence co-operation initiative between nine member states , and uses his influence to close down the ' 00 ' section , believing it to be outdated .	Nine Eyes	What group does C support England joining ?
Following Garreth Mallory 's promotion to M , on a mission in Mexico City unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous M , 007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead and gives chase to Marco Sciarra , an assassin who survived the attack .	Garreth Mallory	Which character is promoted to M ?
Following Garreth Mallory 's promotion to M , on a mission in Mexico City unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous M , 007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead and gives chase to Marco Sciarra , an assassin who survived the attack .	Day of the Dead	Which holiday was the terrorist bombing planned for ?
Upon returning to London , Bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by M , who is in the midst of a power struggle with C , the head of the privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service , consisting of the recently merged MI5 and MI6 .	MI5 and MI6	Which two intelligence groups merged to form Joint Intelligence Service ?
In the ensuing struggle , Bond steals his ring , which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus , and then kills Sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter .	his ring	What does Bond take from Marco Sciarra ?
Bond disobeys M 's order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra 's funeral .	Rome	Where does Bond go after his suspension ?
That evening he visits Sciarra 's widow Lucia , who tells him about Spectre , a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged .	Spectre	What group did Sciarra belong to ?
Bond infiltrates a Spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , Franz Oberhauser .	Franz Oberhauser	Who is the head of Spectre ?
When Oberhauser addresses Bond by name , he escapes and is pursued by Mr. Hinx , a Spectre assassin .	assassin	What is Mr. Hinx 's job ?
Moneypenny informs Bond that the information he collected leads to Mr. White , former member of Quantum , a subsidiary of Spectre .	Moneypenny	Who performs research for Bond ?
Bond disobeys M 's order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra 's funeral .	Rome	Where does Sciarra 's funeral take place ?
Bond infiltrates a Spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , Franz Oberhauser .	Franz Oberhauser	Who is the leader of Spectre ?
When Oberhauser addresses Bond by name , he escapes and is pursued by Mr. Hinx , a Spectre assassin .	Mr. Hinx	What is the name of the Spectre assassin who tracks Bond ?
Bond infiltrates a Spectre meeting , where he identifies the leader , Franz Oberhauser .	Franz Oberhauser	Which member of Spectre had been presumed to be dead ?
Bond travels to Austria to find White , who is dying of thallium poisoning .	thallium poisoning	What is White suffering from when Bond finds him ?
He admits to growing disenchanted with Quantum and tells Bond to find and protect his daughter , Dr. Madeline Swann , who will take him to L'Américain ; this will in turn lead him to Spectre .	Dr. Madeline Swann	Who is White 's daughter ?
White then commits suicide .	commits suicide	How does White deal with his condition ?
Bond locates Swann at the Hoffler Klinik , but she is abducted by Hinx .	Hoffler Klinik	Where does JAmes find Dr. Swann ?
Swann reveals that L'Américain is a hotel in Tangier .	Tangier	Where is L'Americain located ?
Bond travels to Austria to find White , who is dying of thallium poisoning .	thallium poisoning.	What is Mr. White dying of ?
He admits to growing disenchanted with Quantum and tells Bond to find and protect his daughter , Dr. Madeline Swann , who will take him to L'Américain ; this will in turn lead him to Spectre .	his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann	Who does Mr. White ask James Bond to protect ?
Swann reveals that L'Américain is a hotel in Tangier .	Tangier.	Where is the L'Americain hotel ?
Bond locates Swann at the Hoffler Klinik , but she is abducted by Hinx .	Hinx.	Who kidnaps Dr. Swann ?
They travel by train to the nearest station , but are once again confronted by Hinx ; they engage in a fight throughout the train in which Mr Hinx is eventually thrown off the train by Bond with Swann 's assistance .	train	What method of transportation is used to get to Oberhauser 's base ?
Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history : after the younger Bond was orphaned , Oberhauser 's father , Hannes , became his temporary guardian .	Hannes	Who is the link between Oberhauser and Bond ?
Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son , Oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death , subsequently adopting the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld and going on to form Spectre .	Ernst Stavro Blofeld	What did Oberhauser call himself after he faked his death ?
Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son , Oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death , subsequently adopting the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld and going on to form Spectre .	Ernst Stavro Blofeld	After staging his own death , what name did Hanz Oberhauser begin to use ?
Meanwhile , Bond is taken to the old MI6 building , which is scheduled for demolition , and frees himself .	the old MI6 building	Where is Bond brought after he is kidnapped ?
Moving throughout the ruined labyrinth , he encounters a disfigured Blofeld , who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save Swann .	Blofeld	Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building ?
Bond shoots down Blofeld 's helicopter , which crashes onto Westminster Bridge .	Westminster Bridge	Where does Blofeld get arrested ?
Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M , Bill Tanner , Q , and Moneypenny ; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes from going online .	C	Who does M fight with ?
Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M , Bill Tanner , Q , and Moneypenny ; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes from going online .	Q	Who prevents Nine Eyes from going online ?
Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M , Bill Tanner , Q , and Moneypenny ; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes from going online .	C	Which characters falls to their death , M or C ?
The ownership of the Spectre organisation -- originally stylised `` SPECTRE '' as an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence , Terrorism , Revenge and Extortion -- and its characters , had been at the centre of long-standing litigation starting in 1961 between Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory over the film rights to the novel Thunderball .	SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion	What did SPECTRE originally stand for ?
The ownership of the Spectre organisation -- originally stylised `` SPECTRE '' as an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence , Terrorism , Revenge and Extortion -- and its characters , had been at the centre of long-standing litigation starting in 1961 between Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory over the film rights to the novel Thunderball .	Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory	Who fought over the movie rights for Thunderball ?
In 1963 , Fleming settled out of court with McClory , in an agreement which awarded McClory the film rights .	1963	In what year did McClory and Fleming reach an agreement ?
This enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film Thunderball -- with Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman as executive producers -- and the non-Eon film Never Say Never Again , an updated remake of Thunderball , in 1983 .	Never Say Never Again	Which movie was a modern version of Thunderball ?
-LSB- N 3 -RSB- A second remake , entitled Warhead 2000 A.D. , was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned .	Warhead 2000 A.D.	What was the name of a proposed remake of Thunderball that was never made ?
In 1963 , Fleming settled out of court with McClory , in an agreement which awarded McClory the film rights .	1963	In what year did Fleming settle with McClory ?
This enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film Thunderball -- with Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman as executive producers -- and the non-Eon film Never Say Never Again , an updated remake of Thunderball , in 1983 .	Never Say Never Again	What was the name of the remake of Thunderball ?
The ownership of the Spectre organisation -- originally stylised `` SPECTRE '' as an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence , Terrorism , Revenge and Extortion -- and its characters , had been at the centre of long-standing litigation starting in 1961 between Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory over the film rights to the novel Thunderball .	Thunderball.	Which Bond novel first featured Spectre ?
In November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq , LLC -- sister company of Eon Productions -- with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it .	MGM	Who ended up with ownership of Spectre ?
With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation 's re-introduction to the series ' continuity , the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as `` Spectre '' .	SPECTRE	What was Spectre 's original name ?
In November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq , LLC -- sister company of Eon Productions -- with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it .	Eon Productions	Which company is Danjaq , LLC associated with ?
In November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq , LLC -- sister company of Eon Productions -- with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it .	2013	In what year were rights to Spectre worked out ?
In November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq , LLC -- sister company of Eon Productions -- with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it .	MGM	Which film studio won the full copyright film rights to Spectre ?
In November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq , LLC -- sister company of Eon Productions -- with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it .	Spectre	How was the Spectre acronym originally written ?
In November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq , LLC -- sister company of Eon Productions -- with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it .	Danjaq	What is the name of the LLC sister company of Eon Productions ?
In November 2014 , Sony Pictures Entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e-mails between Sony executives regarding several high-profile film projects .	Sony Pictures Entertainment	What company was targeted by leaks of company information ?
In November 2014 , Sony Pictures Entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e-mails between Sony executives regarding several high-profile film projects .	hackers	Who was responsible for leaks of Sony movie projects ?
Included within these were several memos relating to the production of Spectre , claiming that the film was over budget , detailing early drafts of the script written by John Logan , and expressing Sony 's frustration with the project .	John Logan	Which film writer 's work was included in leaks of Spectre information ?
Eon Productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called `` an early version of the screenplay '' .	Eon Productions	Which company verified contents of the leaked information ?
In November 2014 , Sony Pictures Entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e-mails between Sony executives regarding several high-profile film projects .	November 2014	When did hackers get into the Sony Pictures e-mail system ?
Included within these were several memos relating to the production of Spectre , claiming that the film was over budget , detailing early drafts of the script written by John Logan , and expressing Sony 's frustration with the project .	John Logan	Who wrote the early drafts of the script for Spectre ?
Eon Productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called `` an early version of the screenplay '' .	Eon Productions	What company confirmed that an early version of the Spectre script had been leaked ?
Despite being an original story , Spectre draws on Ian Fleming 's source material , most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser , played by Christoph Waltz .	Christoph Waltz	Which actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser ?
Oberhauser shares his name with Hannes Oberhauser , a background character in the short story `` Octopussy '' from the Octopussy and The Living Daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young Bond in 1983 .	1983	In what year was Hannes Oberhauser identified as a guardian of James Bond ?
With the acquisition of the rights to Spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters Neal Purvis and Robert Wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the Quantum organisation alluded to in Casino Royale and introduced in Quantum of Solace reimagined as a division within Spectre rather than an independent organisation .	Neal Purvis and Robert Wade	Who were the writers of Spectre ?
With the acquisition of the rights to Spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters Neal Purvis and Robert Wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the Quantum organisation alluded to in Casino Royale and introduced in Quantum of Solace reimagined as a division within Spectre rather than an independent organisation .	Quantum	Which group in previous Bond films was changed to be a part of Spectre instead of its own entity ?
Oberhauser shares his name with Hannes Oberhauser , a background character in the short story `` Octopussy '' from the Octopussy and The Living Daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young Bond in 1983 .	Octopussy	What is the name of the short story in which Hannes Oberhauser appeared ?
Similarly , Charmian Bond is shown to have been his full-time guardian , observing the back story established by Fleming .	Charmian Bond	Who was Bond 's full time guardian ?
Oberhauser shares his name with Hannes Oberhauser , a background character in the short story `` Octopussy '' from the Octopussy and The Living Daylights collection , and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young Bond in 1983 .	Octopussy	In which Bond story did the name Oberhauser first appear ?
Despite being an original story , Spectre draws on Ian Fleming 's source material , most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser , played by Christoph Waltz .	Christoph Waltz.	What actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser ?
With the acquisition of the rights to Spectre and its associated characters , screenwriters Neal Purvis and Robert Wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films , with the Quantum organisation alluded to in Casino Royale and introduced in Quantum of Solace reimagined as a division within Spectre rather than an independent organisation .	Quantum of Solace	In which movie was the Quantum organization first introduced ?
Despite being an original story , Spectre draws on Ian Fleming 's source material , most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser , played by Christoph Waltz .	Spectre	Quantum is a division of what other organization ?
Further references to Fleming 's material can be found throughout the film ; an MI6 safehouse is called `` Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques '' , a reference to the short story `` The Hildebrand Rarity '' from the For Your Eyes Only short story collection .	Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques	What is the name of a location in Spectre which draws its inspiration from an Ian Fleming short story ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Bond 's torture by Blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of Kingsley Amis ' continuation novel Colonel Sun .	Kingsley Amis	Who wrote the book Colonel Sun ?
Further references to Fleming 's material can be found throughout the film ; an MI6 safehouse is called `` Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques '' , a reference to the short story `` The Hildebrand Rarity '' from the For Your Eyes Only short story collection .	The Hildebrand Rarity	What short story inspired the name Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques ?
Further references to Fleming 's material can be found throughout the film ; an MI6 safehouse is called `` Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques '' , a reference to the short story `` The Hildebrand Rarity '' from the For Your Eyes Only short story collection .	For Your Eyes Only	`` The Hildebrand Rarity '' is from what short story collection ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Bond 's torture by Blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of Kingsley Amis ' continuation novel Colonel Sun .	Blofeld	Which character tortures Bond ?
Further references to Fleming 's material can be found throughout the film ; an MI6 safehouse is called `` Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques '' , a reference to the short story `` The Hildebrand Rarity '' from the For Your Eyes Only short story collection .	Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques	What is the name of the MI6 safehouse ?
The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios .	December 2014	When were the actors in Spectre announced ?
Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond , while Ralph Fiennes , Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M , Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively , having been established in Skyfall .	Ralph Fiennes	Which actor portrayed M ?
Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond , while Ralph Fiennes , Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M , Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively , having been established in Skyfall .	Naomie Harris	Which actress portrayed Eve Moneypenny ?
Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond , while Ralph Fiennes , Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M , Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively , having been established in Skyfall .	Ben Whishaw	Which actor portrayed Q ?
Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series .	Rory Kinnear	Which actor portrayed Bill Tanner ?
Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series .	Rory Kinnear	Which actor portrays Bill Tanner ?
Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond , while Ralph Fiennes , Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M , Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively , having been established in Skyfall .	Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw	Which three actors reprised supporting roles for Spectre ?
Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser , though he refused to comment on the nature of the part .	Franz Oberhauser	Who did Christoph Waltz portray in Spectre ?
It was later revealed with the film 's release that he is Ernst Stavro Blofeld .	Ernst Stavro Blofeld	What is Franz Oberhauser 's other name ?
After casting Bérénice Lim Marlohe , a relative newcomer , as Sévérine in Skyfall , Mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of Madeleine Swann , ultimately casting Léa Seydoux in the role .	Bérénice Lim Marlohe	Who played Severine in the previous Bond film ?
In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman , Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace .	Quantum of Solace	In what movie was Mr. White originally supposed to die ?
Monica Bellucci joined the cast as Lucia Sciarra , becoming , at the age of fifty , the oldest actress to be cast as a Bond girl .	fifty	How old was Monica Bellucci when she filmed Spectre ?
After casting Bérénice Lim Marlohe , a relative newcomer , as Sévérine in Skyfall , Mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of Madeleine Swann , ultimately casting Léa Seydoux in the role .	Bérénice Lim Marlohe	Which actress was cast in the role of Severine in Skyfall ?
In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman , Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace .	Quantum of Solace.	In what movie was it originally planned to kill the character Mr. White ?
In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico , though they were duplicated in the film , giving the effect of around ten thousand extras .	fifteen hundred	How many actual people were used for the opening sequence of Spectre ?
In addition to the principal cast , Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra , Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella , and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria .	Alessandro Cremona	Which actor portrayed Marco Sciarra ?
In addition to the principal cast , Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra , Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella , and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria .	Stephanie Sigman	Estrella was played by which actress ?
In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico , though they were duplicated in the film , giving the effect of around ten thousand extras .	February 2015	When was the opening scene of Spectre filmed ?
In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico , though they were duplicated in the film , giving the effect of around ten thousand extras .	Mexico	Where was the pre-title scene in Spectre filmed ?
In addition to the principal cast , Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra , Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella , and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria .	Austria.	In which country were the scenes with Detlef Bothe shot ?
In addition to the principal cast , Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra , Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella , and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria .	Alessandro Cremona	Who was cast as Marco Sciarra ?
In addition to the principal cast , Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra , Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella , and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria .	Estrella	What character did Stephanie Sigma portray ?
In directing Skyfall and Spectre , Mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive Bond films since John Glen directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill in 1987 and 1989 .	John Glen	Who was the last person to direct two James Bond movies in a row before Mendes ?
Dennis Gassner returned as the film 's production designer , while cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema took over from Roger Deakins .	Dennis Gassner	Who served as production designer for Spectre ?
Dennis Gassner returned as the film 's production designer , while cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema took over from Roger Deakins .	Roger Deakins	Who did Hoyte van Hoytema replace as cinematographer ?
In directing Skyfall and Spectre , Mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive Bond films since John Glen directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill in 1987 and 1989 .	Skyfall and Spectre	Which two consecutive Bond films did Mendes direct ?
In directing Skyfall and Spectre , Mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive Bond films since John Glen directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill in 1987 and 1989 .	Spectre	Which film had a larger production staff , Spectre or Skyfall ?
In directing Skyfall and Spectre , Mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive Bond films since John Glen directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill in 1987 and 1989 .	Spectre	Which Bond film is Daniel Craig listed as a co-producer ?
In directing Skyfall and Spectre , Mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive Bond films since John Glen directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill in 1987 and 1989 .	John Glen	Who directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill ?
Mendes also confirmed several filming locations , including London , Mexico City and Rome .	London, Mexico City and Rome	What were three sites used for filming Spectre ?
Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock .	Kodak 35 mm	What kind of film was used to shoot the movie ?
Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios , with filming taking seven months .	Pinewood Studios	Where did initial shoots for the film take place ?
Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios , with filming taking seven months .	seven months.	How long did it take to film Spectre ?
Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock .	Kodak 35 mm film stock	What type of film was used ?
Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios , with filming taking seven months .	Pinewood Studios	In what film studio was some of the film shot ?
Filming started in Austria in December 2014 , with production taking in the area around Sölden -- including the Ötztal Glacier Road , Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station -- and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee , before concluding in February 2015 .	December 2014	When did Spectre begin production in Austria ?
Filming started in Austria in December 2014 , with production taking in the area around Sölden -- including the Ötztal Glacier Road , Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station -- and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee , before concluding in February 2015 .	February 2015	When did the Austrian filming of Spectre finish ?
Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant , standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik , a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps .	Ice Q Restaurant	What location was the focus of the Austrian leg of Spectre 's production ?
Production was temporarily halted first by an injury to Craig , who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene , and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured , at least one of them seriously .	knee	What part of his body did Craig injure ?
Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant , standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik , a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps .	Ice Q Restaurant	What building was used in the film as the Hoffler Klinik ?
Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant , standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik , a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps .	Austrian Alps.	Where was the Hoffler Klinik supposed to be located ?
Filming started in Austria in December 2014 , with production taking in the area around Sölden -- including the Ötztal Glacier Road , Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station -- and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee , before concluding in February 2015 .	Rettenbach glacier	Near what glacier in Austria was filming done ?
Filming temporarily returned to England to shoot scenes at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in Rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five-week shoot across the city , with locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum .	Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum	What are two landmarks in Rome used in filming Spectre ?
The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams , who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar .	Williams	Which group was responsible for the C-X75s featured in Spectre ?
A car chase scene set along the banks of the Tiber River and through the streets of Rome featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75 .	Jaguar	For which auto maker did Williams first develop the C-X75 ?
The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines , before the project was cancelled .	four	How many engines did the C-X75 originally have ?
Filming temporarily returned to England to shoot scenes at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in Rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five-week shoot across the city , with locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum .	Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire	Where in England were scenes shot that represented a location in Rome ?
Filming temporarily returned to England to shoot scenes at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire , which stood in for a location in Rome , before moving on to the city itself for a five-week shoot across the city , with locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum .	the Ponte Sisto bridge	What bridge in Rome was a filming location ?
A car chase scene set along the banks of the Tiber River and through the streets of Rome featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75 .	Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75	What two cars were featured in a chase scene along the banks of the Tiber River ?
The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams , who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar .	Williams	Which Formula One racing team developed the C-X75 's used for filming .
The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams , who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar .	Jaguar.	What company did the Williams Formula One team originally build the C-X75 prototype for ?
With filming completed in Rome , production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film 's opening sequence , with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district .	Mexico City	Where did Spectre filming take place after Rome ?
With filming completed in Rome , production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film 's opening sequence , with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district .	Day of the Dead	Which celebration was featured in the Mexico City part of the production ?
With filming completed in Rome , production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film 's opening sequence , with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district .	the Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district	Which areas were shown in the Day of the Dead scene in Spectre ?
This particular scene in Mexico required 1,500 extras , 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers .	1,500	How many additional actors were needed for the shoot in Mexico City ?
Reports in the Mexican media added that the film 's second unit would move to Palenque in the state of Chiapas , to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area .	Palenque	Where were the scenes featuring planes shot ?
With filming completed in Rome , production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film 's opening sequence , with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district .	the Day of the Dead festival	What festival was included in the scenes shot in Mexico ?
The planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot Chuck Aaron , which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage .	a Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter	What type of helicopter was used for the flight scenes ?
With filming completed in Rome , production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film 's opening sequence , with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district .	Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district	Where in Mexico were the Day of the Dead scenes shot ?
Following filming in Mexico , and during a scheduled break , Craig was flown to New York to undergo minor surgery to fix his knee injury .	New York	Where did Craig go to deal with his injury ?
It was reported that filming was not affected and he had returned to filming at Pinewood Studios as planned on 22 April .	22 April	When did Craig go back to work ?
Following filming in Mexico , and during a scheduled break , Craig was flown to New York to undergo minor surgery to fix his knee injury .	New York	In what city did Daniel Craig have minor surgery to repair his knee ?
Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night , with filming temporarily closing both Westminster and Lambeth Bridges .	Westminster and Lambeth Bridges	Which bridges were shut down because of filming ?
The London Fire Brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming .	London Fire Brigade	Which organization provided water for weather effects ?
On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London .	Thames	Which river was used in some of the shoots taking place in London ?
Scenes were also shot on the river near MI6 's headquarters at Vauxhall Cross .	Vauxhall Cross	Where is MI6 based ?
Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night , with filming temporarily closing both Westminster and Lambeth Bridges .	Westminster and Lambeth Bridges	Filming closed which two bridges in London ?
The London Fire Brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming .	The London Fire Brigade	Who helped the filmakers simulate rain while shooting in London ?
Prior to this , scenes involving Fiennes were shot at a restaurant in Covent Garden .	Covent Garden.	Where were the scenes of Ralph Fiennes in a restaurant shot ?
Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night , with filming temporarily closing both Westminster and Lambeth Bridges .	night	Where stunt scenes on the Thames shot during the day or the night ?
After wrapping up in England , production travelled to Morocco in June , with filming taking place in Oujda , Tangier and Erfoud , after preliminary work was completed by the production 's second unit .	Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud	Which three locations in Morocco were used in filming ?
An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the `` Largest film stunt explosion '' in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer Chris Corbould .	Largest film stunt explosion	What Guinness record was set during the filming of Spectre ?
An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the `` Largest film stunt explosion '' in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer Chris Corbould .	Chris Corbould	Who was the Guinness record attributed to ?
Filming took 128 days .	128 days	How long did it take to shoot Spectre ?
After wrapping up in England , production travelled to Morocco in June , with filming taking place in Oujda , Tangier and Erfoud , after preliminary work was completed by the production 's second unit .	Morocco	Where did production go to after leaving London ?
An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the `` Largest film stunt explosion '' in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer Chris Corbould .	Largest film stunt explosion	What Guinness World Record does the film hold ?
Filming took 128 days .	128 days.	How many day did filming take
An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the `` Largest film stunt explosion '' in cinematic history , with the record credited to production designer Chris Corbould .	Chris Corbould	The Guinness World record was credited to which production designer ?
Whilst filming in Mexico City , speculation in the media claimed that the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of Mexican authorities -- reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters , casting choices , and modifying the script in order to portray the country in a `` positive light '' -- in order to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $ 20 million for the film .	$20 million	How much money were possible changes to the Mexico City section of the film rumored to have saved the production ?
This was denied by producer Michael G. Wilson , who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in Mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the Day of the Dead , and that the script had been developed from there .	Michael G. Wilson	Which Bond producer would not confirm that the film had been changed to accommodate Mexican authorities ?
Production of Skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film 's pre-title sequence in India before moving to Istanbul .	India	In what other country , besides Mexico , did the film experience administrative issues with local authorities ?
Production of Skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film 's pre-title sequence in India before moving to Istanbul .	Istanbul	Which country did Skyfall move its pre-title sequence filming to ?
Thomas Newman returned as Spectre 's composer .	Thomas Newman	Who wrote the music for Spectre ?
The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the USA on the Decca Records label .	23 October 2015	When was the soundtrack of Spectre first available for purchase in the UK ?
The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the USA on the Decca Records label .	Decca Records	What company published the Spectre soundtrack ?
Thomas Newman returned as Spectre 's composer .	Thomas Newman	Who composed the score for the film ?
The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the USA on the Decca Records label .	Decca Records	Which record label was the soundtrack album released on ?
Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production , Newman worked during filming .	during filming.	Did Thomas Newman compose the score after filming or during filming ?
The theatrical trailer released in July 2015 contained a rendition of John Barry 's On Her Majesty 's Secret Service theme .	July 2015	When was the theatrical trailer of the movie released ?
In September 2015 it was announced that Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes had written the film 's title theme , `` Writing 's on the Wall '' , with Smith performing it for the film .	Writing's on the Wall	What was the name of the song played during the opening credits ?
Smith said the song came together in one session and that he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo .	one	How many recording sessions did it take to complete the song ?
Smith said the song came together in one session and that he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo .	demo	Which version of the theme was used in the actual movie ?
In September 2015 it was announced that Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes had written the film 's title theme , `` Writing 's on the Wall '' , with Smith performing it for the film .	Sam Smith	Who is the vocalist on Writing 's on the Wall ?
The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015 .	25 September 2015	When was the main theme of Spectre made available in digital format ?
It received mixed reviews from critics and fans , particularly in comparison to Adele 's `` Skyfall '' .	Skyfall	What song was the Spectre theme comapred to unfavorably ?
The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released .	Shirley Bassey	What former Bond theme singer was the subject of extensive activity on Twitter when the Spectre theme was released ?
The English band Radiohead also composed a song for the film , which went unused .	Radiohead	What group wrote music for the film that ended up not being used ?
It received mixed reviews from critics and fans , particularly in comparison to Adele 's `` Skyfall '' .	Adele	What artist performed the theme song for Skyfall ?
The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released .	Shirley Bassey	The release of Writing 's on the Wall caused what name to trend on Twitter ?
The English band Radiohead also composed a song for the film , which went unused .	Radiohead	Which English band also composed a song for the film ?
During the December 2014 press conference announcing the start of filming , Aston Martin and Eon unveiled the new DB10 as the official car for the film .	Aston Martin and Eon	Which companies revealed Spectre 's official car ?
After modifying the Jaguar C-X75 for the film , Williams F1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix , with the team playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the Mexican premiere of the film .	Williams F1	Which team displayed the Bond logo during the Mexican Grand Prix ?
Only eight of those 10 were used for the film , however ; the remaining two were used for promotional work .	promotional work	What were the two DB10s that were not needed for filming used for ?
After modifying the Jaguar C-X75 for the film , Williams F1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix , with the team playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the Mexican premiere of the film .	007	What logo did the Williams race team have on their cars for the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix ?
To promote the film , production continued the trend established during Skyfall 's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon 's official social media accounts .	clapperboards	Images of what item were posted by Eon while the movie was being made ?
To promote the film , production continued the trend established during Skyfall 's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon 's official social media accounts .	Skyfall	For what film did Eon first use this method of promotion ?
To promote the film , production continued the trend established during Skyfall 's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon 's official social media accounts .	Eon's official social media accounts.	On which social media accounts was the film promoted ?
To promote the film , production continued the trend established during Skyfall 's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon 's official social media accounts .	Skyfall	What other Bond film was promoted on social media ?
On 13 March 2015 , several members of the cast and crew , including Craig , Whishaw , Wilson and Mendes , as well as previous James Bond actor , Sir Roger Moore , appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief 's Red Nose Day on BBC One .	Comic Relief's Red Nose Day	What comedy production did Spectre actors appear in ?
On 13 March 2015 , several members of the cast and crew , including Craig , Whishaw , Wilson and Mendes , as well as previous James Bond actor , Sir Roger Moore , appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief 's Red Nose Day on BBC One .	BBC One	On what TV station did Red Nose Day appear ?
The first teaser trailer for Spectre was released worldwide in March 2015 , followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October .	July	In what month was the preview of Spectre released in movie theaters ?
On 13 March 2015 , several members of the cast and crew , including Craig , Whishaw , Wilson and Mendes , as well as previous James Bond actor , Sir Roger Moore , appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief 's Red Nose Day on BBC One .	March 2015	When was the first teaser trailer of Spectre released ?
On 13 March 2015 , several members of the cast and crew , including Craig , Whishaw , Wilson and Mendes , as well as previous James Bond actor , Sir Roger Moore , appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief 's Red Nose Day on BBC One .	Comic Relief's Red Nose Day	What show did several members of the cast and crew appear on in March 2015 ?
On 13 March 2015 , several members of the cast and crew , including Craig , Whishaw , Wilson and Mendes , as well as previous James Bond actor , Sir Roger Moore , appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief 's Red Nose Day on BBC One .	David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers	Who wrote the comedy sketch for the cast and crew ?
Spectre had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall , the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland .	Royal Albert Hall	Where was the first showing of Spectre held ?
Spectre had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall , the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland .	26 October 2015	On what date was Spectre first shown for general audiences ?
In March 2015 IMAX corporation announced that Spectre would be screened in its cinemas , following Skyfall 's success with the company .	Skyfall	What movie prompted IMAX to show Spectre ?
Following the announcement of the start of filming , Paramount Pictures brought forward the release of Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre .	Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation	What film opening was changed so it did n't compete with Spectre ?
Following the announcement of the start of filming , Paramount Pictures brought forward the release of Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre .	Spectre.	Which film had a wider release in the UK , Skyfall or Spectre ?
As of 21 February 2016 -LSB- update -RSB- Spectre has grossed $ 879.3 million worldwide ; $ 138.1 million of the takings have been generated from the UK market and $ 199.8 million from North America .	$879.3 million	How much money had Spectre made by 2/21/2016 ?
As of 21 February 2016 -LSB- update -RSB- Spectre has grossed $ 879.3 million worldwide ; $ 138.1 million of the takings have been generated from the UK market and $ 199.8 million from North America .	$199.8 million	How much revenue did Spectre generate from the United States , Mexico and Canada by 2/21/2016 ?
As of 21 February 2016 -LSB- update -RSB- Spectre has grossed $ 879.3 million worldwide ; $ 138.1 million of the takings have been generated from the UK market and $ 199.8 million from North America .	$138.1 million	How much revenue did Spectre produce from the British , Scottish , and Irish market by 2/21/2016 ?
In the film 's first seven days it grossed # 41.7 million -LRB- $ 63.8 million -RRB- , breaking the UK record for highest first-week opening , set by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 's # 23.88 million -LRB- $ 36.9 million -RRB- in 2004 .	£41.7 million ($63.8 million)	How much did Spectre make in its first week ?
In the film 's first seven days it grossed # 41.7 million -LRB- $ 63.8 million -RRB- , breaking the UK record for highest first-week opening , set by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 's # 23.88 million -LRB- $ 36.9 million -RRB- in 2004 .	Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban	Which movie previously had the highest earnings for its first seven days ?
In the U.K. , it surpassed Avatar to become the country 's highest-grossing IMAX release ever with $ 10.09 million .	Avatar	What movie did Spectre unseat as having the highest earnings for IMAX screenings in the UK ?
It grossed # 6.3 million -LRB- $ 9.2 million -RRB- on its opening day and then # 5.7 million -LRB- $ 8.8 million -RRB- on Wednesday , setting UK records for both days .	$9.2 million	How much money did Spectre gross on it 's opening day in the UK ?
In the film 's first seven days it grossed # 41.7 million -LRB- $ 63.8 million -RRB- , breaking the UK record for highest first-week opening , set by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 's # 23.88 million -LRB- $ 36.9 million -RRB- in 2004 .	Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban	What film previously held the UK record for highest first week opening gross ?
In the U.K. , it surpassed Avatar to become the country 's highest-grossing IMAX release ever with $ 10.09 million .	Avatar	Spectre passed which movie to become the highest grossing IMAX release in the UK ?
The film also broke the record for the best per-screen opening average with $ 110,000 , a record previously held by The Dark Knight with $ 100,200 .	The Dark Knight	Spectre passed which movie to have the largest per screen opening average ?
Despite the 13 November Paris attacks , which led to numerous theaters being closed down , the film opened with $ 14.6 million -LRB- including $ 2 million in previews -RRB- in France .	Paris	Terrorist activity in what French city impacted Spectre 's earnings ?
In India , it opened at No. 1 with $ 4.8 million which is 4 % above the opening of Skyfall .	4%	How much more did Spectre earn compared with Skyfall in the Indian market ?
In Paris , it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $ 4.1 million tickets sold only behind Spider-Man 3 which sold over $ 6.32 million tickets in 2007 .	Spider-Man 3	In Paris , what movie has generated more ticket revenue than Spectre ?
Spectre opened in Germany with $ 22.45 million -LRB- including previews -RRB- , which included a new record for the biggest Saturday of all time , Australia with $ 8.7 million -LRB- including previews -RRB- and South Korea opened to $ 8.2 million -LRB- including previews -RRB- .	$8.2 million	How much did Spectre make in its opening in South Korea ?
In Paris , it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $ 4.1 million tickets sold only behind Spider-Man 3 which sold over $ 6.32 million tickets in 2007 .	Spider-Man 3	What is the only film to have a higher ticket sale in Paris than Spectre ?
It topped the German-speaking Switzerland box office for four weeks and in the Netherlands , it has held the No. 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped Minions to become the top movie of the year .	Minions	What movie did Spectre beat to become top movie of the year in Switzerland ?
IMAX generated $ 9.1 million for Spectre at 374 screens , premium large format made $ 8 million from 429 cinemas , reaping 11 % of the film 's opening , which means that Spectre earned $ 17.1 million -LRB- 23 % -RRB- of its opening weekend total in large-format venues .	374	How many Imax screens showed Spectre on its opening weekend in the US and Canada ?
The film ended up grossing $ 70.4 million in its opening weekend -LRB- about $ 20 million less than Skyfall 's $ 90.6 million debut , including IMAX previews -RRB- , but nevertheless finished first at the box office .	$70.4 million	How much money did Spectre make in its first weekend in the US and Canada ?
However , after grossing $ 5.25 million from its early Thursday night showings and $ 28 million on its opening day , weekend projections were increased to $ 75 -- 80 million .	$5.25	How much money did preview showings generate in the US and Canada ?
The film ended up grossing $ 70.4 million in its opening weekend -LRB- about $ 20 million less than Skyfall 's $ 90.6 million debut , including IMAX previews -RRB- , but nevertheless finished first at the box office .	Skyfall	Which film grossed more money for its opening weekend in the North American market , Skyfall or Spectre ?
IMAX generated $ 9.1 million for Spectre at 374 screens , premium large format made $ 8 million from 429 cinemas , reaping 11 % of the film 's opening , which means that Spectre earned $ 17.1 million -LRB- 23 % -RRB- of its opening weekend total in large-format venues .	374	How many IMAX screens was Spectre shown on in North America ?
However , after grossing $ 5.25 million from its early Thursday night showings and $ 28 million on its opening day , weekend projections were increased to $ 75 -- 80 million .	Thursday	What day of the week was Spectre released in North America ?
In China , it opened on 12 November and earned $ 15 million on its opening day , which is the second biggest 2D single day gross for a Hollywood film behind the $ 18.5 million opening day of Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation and occupying 43 % of all available screens which included $ 790,000 in advance night screenings .	12 November	On what day and month was Spectre released to the Chinese market ?
Through its opening weekend , it earned $ 48.1 million from 14,700 screens which is 198 % ahead of Skyfall , a new record for a Hollywood 2D opening .	198%	How much more money did Spectre make during its first weekend in China than Skyfall ?
In its second weekend , it added $ 12.1 million falling precipitously by 75 % which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major Hollywood release in China of 2015 .	75%	By the weekend after its China release , how much had revenue decreased ?
It grossed a total of $ 84.7 million there after four weekends .	$84.7 million	How much had Spectre made in its first month in China ?
In China , it opened on 12 November and earned $ 15 million on its opening day , which is the second biggest 2D single day gross for a Hollywood film behind the $ 18.5 million opening day of Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation and occupying 43 % of all available screens which included $ 790,000 in advance night screenings .	Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation	Spectre came in second in opening day gross in China behind what movie ?
It grossed a total of $ 84.7 million there after four weekends .	$84.7 million	How much money did Spectre gross after four weekends in China ?
On Metacritic , the film has a rating of 60 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' .	60 out of 100	What was Metacritics score for Spectre ?
On Metacritic , the film has a rating of 60 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' .	48	How many individual ratings contributed to Metacritics score ?
Rotten Tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64 % of the critiques to be positive , saying that the film `` nudges Daniel Craig 's rebooted Bond closer to the glorious , action-driven spectacle of earlier entries , although it 's admittedly reliant on established 007 formula . ''	64%	What percentage of Spectre reviews did Rotten Tomatoes find to be in favor of the film ?
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A + to F scale .	Audiences	Who did CinemaScore ask for input on the film ?
Rotten Tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64 % of the critiques to be positive , saying that the film `` nudges Daniel Craig 's rebooted Bond closer to the glorious , action-driven spectacle of earlier entries , although it 's admittedly reliant on established 007 formula . ''	64	What percentage of review on Rotten Tomatoes were positive ?
On Metacritic , the film has a rating of 60 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' .	60 out of 100	What was the movie 's rating on Metacritic ?
In another five star review , The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin described Spectre as `` a swaggering show of confidence ' '' , lauding it as `` a feat of pure cinematic necromancy . ''	Robbie Collin	Who gave Spectre a perfect rating in The Daily Telegraph ?
In an otherwise positive , but overall less enthusiastic review , IGN 's Chris Tilly considered Spectre `` solid if unspectacular '' , and gave the film a 7.2 score -LRB- out of a possible 10 -RRB- , saying that `` the film falls frustratingly short of greatness . ''	IGN	A writer for which publication rated the film 7.2 / 10 ?
Mark Kermode , writing in The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars , observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by Skyfall , but was able to tap into audience expectations .	four out of five stars	What score did Mark Kermode give Spectre ?
Mark Kermode , writing in The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars , observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by Skyfall , but was able to tap into audience expectations .	four out of five	How many stars did Mark Kermode of the Guardian aware Spectre prior to its release ?
Forbes ' Scott Mendelson also heavily criticised the film , denouncing Spectre as `` the worst 007 movie in 30 years '' .	Scott Mendelson	Which journalist considered Spectre the worst James Bond movie in three decades ?
Other positive reviews from Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle , gave it a perfect 100 score , stating : `` One of the great satisfactions of Spectre is that , in addition to all the stirring action , and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone 's personal information , we get to believe in Bond as a person . ''	Mick LaSalle	Which writer for the San Francisco Chronicle awarded Spectre with a perfect score ?
Richard Roeper from the Chicago Sun-Times , gave it a 75 grade .	75	What score did the writer from the Chicago Tribune give to Spectre ?
Guy Lodge from Variety , gave it a 70 score , stating : `` What 's missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of `` Skyfall , '' as the film sustains its predecessor 's nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent . ''	Skyfall	The reviewer from Variety compares Spectre to which other Bond movie ?
Christopher Orr , writing in The Atlantic , also criticised the film , saying that Spectre `` backslides on virtually every -LSB- aspect -RSB- '' .	Christopher Orr	Which Atlantic writer gave a negative review of Spectre ?
Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer called Craig 's performance `` Bored , James Bored . ''	Bored	What adjective did Lawrence Toppman use to describe Craig 's portrayal of James Bond ?
Alyssa Rosenberg , writing for The Washington Post , stated that the film turned into `` a disappointingly conventional Bond film . ''	The Washington Post	What publication does Alyssa Rosenberg write for ?
Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer called Craig 's performance `` Bored , James Bored . ''	Bored, James Bored	What was the catch phrase Lawrence Toppman of the Charlotte Observer used for the film ?
In India , it was reported that the Indian Central Board of Film Certification -LRB- CBFC -RRB- censored kissing scenes featuring Monica Bellucci , Daniel Craig , and Léa Seydoux .	Indian Central Board of Film Certification	Whic organization is responsible for filtering movie content in India ?
This prompted criticism of the board online , especially on Twitter .	Twitter.	Which social media site was used for complaining about the Indian censoring ?
Christoph Waltz has signed on for two more films in the series , but his return depends on whether or not Craig will again portray Bond .	Craig	Christoph Waltz 's appearance in future Bond movies is contingent on the appearance of which other actor ?
A sequel to Spectre will begin development in spring 2016 .	spring 2016	When will work being on the follow-up to Spectre ?
A sequel to Spectre will begin development in spring 2016 .	spring 2016.	When will the sequel to Spectre being development ?
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake , measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw , and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter -LRB- 06:28:01 UTC -RRB- on May 12 in Sichuan province , killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing .	2008	In what year did the earthquake in Sichuan occur ?
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake , measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw , and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter -LRB- 06:28:01 UTC -RRB- on May 12 in Sichuan province , killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing .	the Great Sichuan earthquake	What was the earthquake named ?
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake , measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw , and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter -LRB- 06:28:01 UTC -RRB- on May 12 in Sichuan province , killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing .	69,197	How many people were killed as a result ?
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake , measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw , and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter -LRB- 06:28:01 UTC -RRB- on May 12 in Sichuan province , killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing .	2008	What year did the Sichuan earthquake take place ?
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake , measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw , and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter -LRB- 06:28:01 UTC -RRB- on May 12 in Sichuan province , killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing .	8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw	What did the quake measure ?
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake , measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw , and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter -LRB- 06:28:01 UTC -RRB- on May 12 in Sichuan province , killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing .	May 12	What day did the earthquake occur ?
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake , measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw , and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter -LRB- 06:28:01 UTC -RRB- on May 12 in Sichuan province , killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing .	02:28:01 PM China Standard Time	What time of the day did the quake happen ?
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake , measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw , and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter -LRB- 06:28:01 UTC -RRB- on May 12 in Sichuan province , killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing .	69,197	How many people died ?
The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai -- 1,500 km -LRB- 930 mi -RRB- and 1,700 km -LRB- 1,060 mi -RRB- away -- where office buildings swayed with the tremor .	Beijing and Shanghai	Which far away cities in other countries could feel the earthquake ?
The epicenter was 80 kilometres -LRB- 50 mi -RRB- west-northwest of Chengdu , the provincial capital , with a focal depth of 19 km -LRB- 12 mi -RRB- .	19 km	What was the focal depth of the earthquake ?
Strong aftershocks , some exceeding magnitude 6 , continued to hit the area even months after the main quake , causing new casualties and damage .	months after	How long after the earthquake were aftershocks felt ?
It is also known as the Wenchuan earthquake -LRB- Chinese : 汶川大地震 ; pinyin : Wènchuān dà dìzhèn ; literally : `` Great Wenchuan earthquake '' -RRB- , after the location of the earthquake 's epicenter , Wenchuan County , Sichuan .	the Wenchuan earthquake	What is another name for the earthquake in Sichuan ?
It is also known as the Wenchuan earthquake -LRB- Chinese : 汶川大地震 ; pinyin : Wènchuān dà dìzhèn ; literally : `` Great Wenchuan earthquake '' -RRB- , after the location of the earthquake 's epicenter , Wenchuan County , Sichuan .	Wenchuan County, Sichuan	Where was the epicenter of the earthquake ?
The epicenter was 80 kilometres -LRB- 50 mi -RRB- west-northwest of Chengdu , the provincial capital , with a focal depth of 19 km -LRB- 12 mi -RRB- .	80 kilometres	How far was it from Chengdu ?
The epicenter was 80 kilometres -LRB- 50 mi -RRB- west-northwest of Chengdu , the provincial capital , with a focal depth of 19 km -LRB- 12 mi -RRB- .	19 km	What was the focal depth of the quake ?
Official figures -LRB- as of July 21 , 2008 12:00 CST -RRB- stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead , including 68,636 in Sichuan province , and 374,176 injured , with 18,222 listed as missing .	69,197	How many people were confirmed dead ?
Official figures -LRB- as of July 21 , 2008 12:00 CST -RRB- stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead , including 68,636 in Sichuan province , and 374,176 injured , with 18,222 listed as missing .	68,636	How many people were confirmed dead only in the Sichuan province ?
The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million .	4.8 million	How many people were left homeless because of the earthquake ?
Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area .	15 million	How many people lived in the affected area ?
On November 6 , 2008 , the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB -LRB- about US $ 146.5 billion -RRB- over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake , as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program .	1 trillion RMB	How much money was dedicated to rebuild ravaged areas ?
Official figures -LRB- as of July 21 , 2008 12:00 CST -RRB- stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead , including 68,636 in Sichuan province , and 374,176 injured , with 18,222 listed as missing .	68,636	How many people died in Sichuan Province ?
Official figures -LRB- as of July 21 , 2008 12:00 CST -RRB- stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead , including 68,636 in Sichuan province , and 374,176 injured , with 18,222 listed as missing .	374,176	How many were injured in Sichuan ?
Official figures -LRB- as of July 21 , 2008 12:00 CST -RRB- stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead , including 68,636 in Sichuan province , and 374,176 injured , with 18,222 listed as missing .	18,222	How many people are listed as missing ?
The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million .	4.8 million	How many people are homeless because of the quake ?
The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless , though the number could be as high as 11 million .	11 million	How high could the homeless number possibly go ?
The epicenter was in Wenchuan County , Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture , 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu , with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time -LRB- 06:28:01.42 UTC -RRB- , on May 12 , 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes , in the quake almost 80 % of buildings were destroyed .	Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture	Where was the epicenter ?
The epicenter was in Wenchuan County , Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture , 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu , with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time -LRB- 06:28:01.42 UTC -RRB- , on May 12 , 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes , in the quake almost 80 % of buildings were destroyed .	2 minutes	How long did the earthquake last ?
The epicenter was in Wenchuan County , Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture , 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu , with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time -LRB- 06:28:01.42 UTC -RRB- , on May 12 , 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes , in the quake almost 80 % of buildings were destroyed .	80%	What percentage of buildings were destroyed ?
The earthquake had a magnitude of 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw .	8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw	What was the magnitude of the earthquake ?
The epicenter was in Wenchuan County , Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture , 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu , with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time -LRB- 06:28:01.42 UTC -RRB- , on May 12 , 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes , in the quake almost 80 % of buildings were destroyed .	2 minutes	How long did the main tremor last ?
The epicenter was in Wenchuan County , Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture , 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu , with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time -LRB- 06:28:01.42 UTC -RRB- , on May 12 , 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes , in the quake almost 80 % of buildings were destroyed .	almost 80%	What percentage of buildings were destroyed during the quake ?
According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration -LRB- CEA -RRB- , the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault , a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate .	Longmenshan fault	On what fault did the earthquake occur ?
According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration -LRB- CEA -RRB- , the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault , a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate .	along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate	Where is the Longmenshan fault located ?
The rupture lasted close to 120 sec , with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec .	120 sec	How long did the rupture last ?
The focus was deeper than 10 km .	10 km	How deep was the focus of the earthquake ?
According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration -LRB- CEA -RRB- , the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault , a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate .	Longmenshan fault	Along what fault line did the quake happen ?
Seismic activities concentrated on its mid-fracture -LRB- known as Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture -RRB- .	Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture	On which fracture did the quake focus ?
The rupture lasted close to 120 sec , with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec .	first 80 sec.	When wasmost of the energy released during the initial eruption ?
Maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters .	9 meters	What was the most displacement caused by the earthquake ?
Malaysia-based Yazhou Zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo -LRB- 耿庆国 -RRB- , in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30 , 2008 , warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8 , with a range of 10 days before or after the quake .	April 30, 2008	When was the confidential written report sent to the State Seismological Bureau ?
Geng 's drought-earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972 , and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 Haicheng and 1976 Tangshan earthquakes .	1972	When was Geng 's drought-earthquake correlation theory released ?
Malaysia-based Yazhou Zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo -LRB- 耿庆国 -RRB- , in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30 , 2008 , warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8 , with a range of 10 days before or after the quake .	written report	What did researcher Geng Qingguo say was sent to the State Seismological Bureau ?
Malaysia-based Yazhou Zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo -LRB- 耿庆国 -RRB- , in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30 , 2008 , warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8 , with a range of 10 days before or after the quake .	significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture	What did this report warn about ?
Malaysia-based Yazhou Zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo -LRB- 耿庆国 -RRB- , in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30 , 2008 , warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8 , with a range of 10 days before or after the quake .	around May 8	What was the predicted time of the quake ?
Geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes ; Premier Zhou Enlai reportedly took an interest in Geng 's work .	droughts	What did Geng long try to establish as a relationship with earthquakes ?
The official also denied that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake .	reports predicting the earthquake	What did an official with the Seismological Bureau deny receiving ?
In a United States Geological Survey -LRB- USGS -RRB- study , preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep .	up to 9 meters	How large was the displacement ?
On May 20 , USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is `` high risk '' of a major M > 7 aftershock over the next weeks or months .	Tom Parsons	Who warned of possible seismic activity in the area beforehand ?
In a United States Geological Survey -LRB- USGS -RRB- study , preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep .	9 meters	What did the United States Geological Survey show as the amount of displacement ?
In a United States Geological Survey -LRB- USGS -RRB- study , preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep .	240 km long	How long was the fault where the quake occurred ?
In a United States Geological Survey -LRB- USGS -RRB- study , preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep .	20 km deep	How deep is the fault ?
The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress -LRB- and probability of occurrence of future events -RRB- at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault .	northeastern and southwestern ends	Where on the fault is the possibility of future earthquakes increased ?
On May 20 , USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is `` high risk '' of a major M > 7 aftershock over the next weeks or months .	high risk	What did Tom Parsons consider as the risk factor for strong future quakes ?
His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan , which killed over 6,000 people .	6,000 people	How many people were killed in the Hanshin earthquake ?
Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages : `` The 155-mile Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections , the first one ripping about seven yards , followed by a second one that sheared four yards . ''	in two stages	How did Yuji Yagi say the quake happened ?
Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages : `` The 155-mile Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections , the first one ripping about seven yards , followed by a second one that sheared four yards . ''	Longmenshan Fault	What fault tore in two places ?
He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake .	shallowness of the epicenter	Besides the population density , what else contributed to the severity of the quake ?
His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan , which killed over 6,000 people .	30 times	How much greater was the energy of this quake than that released in the earthquake of 1995 in Japan ?
Teruyuki Kato , a seismologist at the University of Tokyo , said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China .	firmness of the terrain	Why did the seismic waves travel so far ?
Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake .	Between 64 and 104	How many aftershocks were there ?
Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake .	within 72 hours of the main quake.	When were the aftershocks recorded ?
According to Chinese official counts , `` by 12:00 CST , November 6 , 2008 there had been 42,719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS , 34 from 5.0 MS to 5.9 MS , and 8 from 6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS ; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 MS. '' The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5 , 2008 .	on August 5, 2008	When did the latest magnitude 6 aftershock occur ?
Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks , ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1 , were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake .	Between 64 and 104	How many aftershocks were there within 72 hours ?
According to Chinese official counts , `` by 12:00 CST , November 6 , 2008 there had been 42,719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS , 34 from 5.0 MS to 5.9 MS , and 8 from 6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS ; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 MS. '' The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5 , 2008 .	42,719	What do the Chinese say is the total number of shocks after the quake ?
According to Chinese official counts , `` by 12:00 CST , November 6 , 2008 there had been 42,719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS , 34 from 5.0 MS to 5.9 MS , and 8 from 6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS ; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 MS. '' The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5 , 2008 .	6.4 MS	What did the strongest aftershock measure ?
According to Chinese official counts , `` by 12:00 CST , November 6 , 2008 there had been 42,719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS , 34 from 5.0 MS to 5.9 MS , and 8 from 6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS ; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 MS. '' The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5 , 2008 .	246	How many shocks ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS ?
According to Chinese official counts , `` by 12:00 CST , November 6 , 2008 there had been 42,719 total aftershocks , of which 246 ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS , 34 from 5.0 MS to 5.9 MS , and 8 from 6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS ; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 MS. '' The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5 , 2008 .	August 5, 2008	At what date did the most recent aftershock above 6 MS occur ?
-LRB- The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30 , 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault .	August 30, 2008	When did this earthquake occur ?
-LRB- The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30 , 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault .	southern Sichuan	Where did this earthquake occur ?
-LRB- The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30 , 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault .	because it was caused by a different fault.	Why was it not included in the series ?
See 2008 Panzhihua earthquake for details . -RRB-	2008 Panzhihua earthquake	Where should you look for more details ?
-LRB- The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30 , 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault .	southern Sichuan	Where was the August 30 , 2008 quake ?
-LRB- The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30 , 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault .	Ms 6.1	What was the magnitude of the southern Sichuan quake ?
See 2008 Panzhihua earthquake for details . -RRB-	Panzhihua earthquake	What earthquake happened in southern Sichuan ?
The map of earthquake intensity published by CEA after surveying 500,000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of XI on the China Seismic Intensity Scale -LRB- CSIS -RRB- , described as `` very destructive '' on the European Macroseismic Scale -LRB- EMS -RRB- from which CSIS drew reference .	CEA	Who published the map of the earthquakes intensity ?
The map of earthquake intensity published by CEA after surveying 500,000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of XI on the China Seismic Intensity Scale -LRB- CSIS -RRB- , described as `` very destructive '' on the European Macroseismic Scale -LRB- EMS -RRB- from which CSIS drew reference .	XI	What was the intensity scaled at ?
The map of earthquake intensity published by CEA after surveying 500,000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of XI on the China Seismic Intensity Scale -LRB- CSIS -RRB- , described as `` very destructive '' on the European Macroseismic Scale -LRB- EMS -RRB- from which CSIS drew reference .	very destructive	What does the China Seismic Intensity Scale call the earthquake ?
-LRB- USGS , using the Modified Mercalli intensity scale -LRB- CC -RRB- , also placed maximum intensity at XI , `` very disastrous '' . -RRB-	very disastrous	How did the USGS rate the earthquake ?
Two south-west-north-east stripes of liedu XI are centered around Yingxiu , Wenchuan -LRB- the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake -RRB- and Beichuan -LRB- the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering MS 6.1 on Aug 1 , 2008 -RRB- , both in Sichuan Province , occupying a total of 2,419 km2 .	Yingxiu, Wenchuan	What town was closest to the main epicenter ?
The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults .	the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau	Where is the Longmenshan Fault located ?
In the epicentral area , the average slip in Beichuan Fault was about 3.5 metres -LRB- 11 ft -RRB- vertical , 3.5 metres -LRB- 11 ft -RRB- horizontal-parallel to the fault , and 4.8 metres -LRB- 16 ft -RRB- horizontal-perpendicular to the fault .	3.5 metres	What is the average slip in the Beichuan Fault ?
In the area about 30 kilometres -LRB- 19 mi -RRB- northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on Beichuan Fault was almost purely dextral strike-slip up to about 3 metres -LRB- 9.8 ft -RRB- , while the average slip in Guanxian -- Anxian Fault was about 2 metres -LRB- 6 ft 7 in -RRB- vertical and 2.3 metres -LRB- 7 ft 7 in -RRB- horizontal .	3 metres	How large was the slip 30 km northeast of the fault ?
In the area about 30 kilometres -LRB- 19 mi -RRB- northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on Beichuan Fault was almost purely dextral strike-slip up to about 3 metres -LRB- 9.8 ft -RRB- , while the average slip in Guanxian -- Anxian Fault was about 2 metres -LRB- 6 ft 7 in -RRB- vertical and 2.3 metres -LRB- 7 ft 7 in -RRB- horizontal .	2 metres	What was the vertical average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault ?
In the area about 30 kilometres -LRB- 19 mi -RRB- northeast of the epicenter , the surface slip on Beichuan Fault was almost purely dextral strike-slip up to about 3 metres -LRB- 9.8 ft -RRB- , while the average slip in Guanxian -- Anxian Fault was about 2 metres -LRB- 6 ft 7 in -RRB- vertical and 2.3 metres -LRB- 7 ft 7 in -RRB- horizontal .	2.3 metres	What was the horizontal average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault ?
The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults .	Tibetan Plateau	Where is the Longmen shan fault located ?
The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults .	Longmen Shan Fault System	Where are the Beichuan and Guanxian-Anxian Faults ?
In the epicentral area , the average slip in Beichuan Fault was about 3.5 metres -LRB- 11 ft -RRB- vertical , 3.5 metres -LRB- 11 ft -RRB- horizontal-parallel to the fault , and 4.8 metres -LRB- 16 ft -RRB- horizontal-perpendicular to the fault .	3.5 metres	What was the average vertical slip in the Beichaun Fault ?
In the epicentral area , the average slip in Beichuan Fault was about 3.5 metres -LRB- 11 ft -RRB- vertical , 3.5 metres -LRB- 11 ft -RRB- horizontal-parallel to the fault , and 4.8 metres -LRB- 16 ft -RRB- horizontal-perpendicular to the fault .	3.5 metres	What was the horizontal slippage in the Beichuan Fault at the epicenter ?
In the epicentral area , the average slip in Beichuan Fault was about 3.5 metres -LRB- 11 ft -RRB- vertical , 3.5 metres -LRB- 11 ft -RRB- horizontal-parallel to the fault , and 4.8 metres -LRB- 16 ft -RRB- horizontal-perpendicular to the fault .	4.8 metres	What was the horizontal slippage perpendicular to the fault ?
Office buildings in Shanghai 's financial district , including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower , were evacuated .	Shanghai's financial district	Where were office buildings evacuated ?
A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were `` calm '' after the hotel evacuated its guests .	calm	How did a receptionist describe the atmosphere after the evacuation ?
Meanwhile , workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes .	10 minutes	How long were workers in Ford Plant evacuated for ?
Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down , and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated .	Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport	Which airport was shut down ?
Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12 , offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations .	May 12	When did the airport re-open ?
A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were `` calm '' after the hotel evacuated its guests .	evacuated	What happened to office buildings in Shanghai ?
Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services .	disruption in air traffic services	Why were flights delayed and diverted ?
Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12 , offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations .	relief operations	What were they using the airport to stage for ?
Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas , but no buildings collapsed .	in Chengdu	Where did the reporters say they saw cracks on walls of some buildings ?
Many Beijing office towers were evacuated , including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics .	Beijing	Where were office towers evacuated ?
Meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County , Gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted .	Hui County, Gansu	Where did a cargo train derail as a result ?
Meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County , Gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted .	caught on fire	What happened to the cargo train ?
Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas , but no buildings collapsed .	cracks on walls	What was reported in Chengdu ?
Many Beijing office towers were evacuated , including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics .	office towers	What was evacuated in Beijing ?
None of the Olympic venues were damaged .	venues	What part of the Olympic area was not damaged ?
Meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County , Gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted .	Hui County, Gansu	Where did a cargo train derail ?
Meanwhile , a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County , Gansu , and caught on fire after the rail was distorted .	rail was distorted	Why did the train catch fire ?
All of the highways into Wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops .	All of the highways	How many highways leading into Wenchuan were damaged ?
In Beichuan County , 80 % of the buildings collapsed according to Xinhua News .	80%	What percentage of building collapsed in Beichuan ?
In the city of Dujiangyan , south-east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived .	Dujiangyan	Where did two chemical plants collapse ?
In the city of Dujiangyan , south-east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived .	60	How many students out of the 900 in the school , survived the collapse ?
All of the highways into Wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops .	All of the highways	What highways into Wenchuan were damaged ?
All of the highways into Wenchuan , and others throughout the province , were damaged , resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops .	delayed arrival	What did the damaged roadways cause to the rescue operations ?
In Beichuan County , 80 % of the buildings collapsed according to Xinhua News .	80%	How many of the buildings in Beichuan collapsed ?
In the city of Shifang , the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia , with hundreds of people reported buried .	two chemical plants	What leaked liquid ammonia in Shifang ?
In the city of Dujiangyan , south-east of the epicenter , a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived .	fewer than 60	How many of the 900 students buried in a Dujiangyan school collapse survived ?
Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China .	southwestern China	Where were the exchanges based ?
Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected , and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall .	Copper	What metal rose in value ?
Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected , and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall .	oil	What natural resource dropped in value ?
Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China .	suspended trading	What did the Shanghai Stock Exchange do ?
Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China .	southwestern China	Where were companies located that had their stock trading suspended ?
Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected , and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall .	Copper	What metal rose due to speculation ?
Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China .	Shenzhen Stock Exchange	Besides the Shanghai Stock Exchange , what other exchange suspended trading of southwestern China stock ?
Immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too .	mobile and terrestrial	What kinds of telecommunications were cut ?
Immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too .	internet	What capabilities were cut to the entire Sichuan area ?
Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved .	months	How long did it take for these capabilities to be restored ?
Immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too .	telecommunications	What was cut after the earthquake ?
Immediately after the earthquake event , mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area , with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too .	Sichuan area	Where were the internet cut ?
Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved .	the government	Who restored communications over a period of months ?
Eventually , a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region , albeit with dramatically pared back webpages .	news and media websites	What internet services were decreased in the area ?
Eventually , a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region , albeit with dramatically pared back webpages .	major news and media	What services were finally online again ?
China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion .	2,300	How many base stations did China Mobile have suspended ?
China Unicom 's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off , with more than 700 towers suspended .	more than 700	How many Unicom towers were suspended ?
China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion .	2,300	How many China Mobile base stations stopped working ?
China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion .	traffic congestion	Besides power disruption , what caused telecommunications to be suspended ?
Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province .	Half	How many wireless communications failed in Sichuan ?
China Unicom 's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off , with more than 700 towers suspended .	China Unicom	Whose service in Wenchuan was cut off ?
China Unicom 's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off , with more than 700 towers suspended .	700	How many of China Unicom 's towers were cut ?
Initially , officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve , home to around 280 giant pandas .	the Wolong National Nature Reserve	What place could officials not contact ?
Initially , officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve , home to around 280 giant pandas .	around 280	How many pandas live at the Reserve ?
However , the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong Panda Reserve in the quake-hit area returned safe and uninjured to Chengdu .	31	How many British visitors to the Reserve left unharmed ?
Initially , officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve , home to around 280 giant pandas .	Wolong National Nature Reserve	What nature center was cutoff ?
Six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged .	Six	How many pandas escaped the reserve ?
Nine-year-old Mao Mao , a mother of five at the breeding center , was discovered on Monday , her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure .	five	How many security guards died at the reserve ?
Nine-year-old Mao Mao , a mother of five at the breeding center , was discovered on Monday , her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure .	Mao Mao	What famous panda was killed under the rubble ?
The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant -LRB- simplified Chinese : 紫坪铺水库 ; traditional Chinese : 紫坪鋪水庫 -RRB- located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged .	Hydropower Plant	What power plant was damaged ?
The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant -LRB- simplified Chinese : 紫坪铺水库 ; traditional Chinese : 紫坪鋪水庫 -RRB- located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged .	20 km east	How far away was the plant located from the epicenter ?
About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu , trying to release the pressure through spillway .	2,000	How many troops were allocated to Zipingpu ?
In total , 391 dams , most of them small , were reported damaged by the quake .	391	How many dams were damaged ?
The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant -LRB- simplified Chinese : 紫坪铺水库 ; traditional Chinese : 紫坪鋪水庫 -RRB- located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged .	Zipingpu Hydropower Plant	What power plant was damaged by the earthquake ?
The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant -LRB- simplified Chinese : 紫坪铺水库 ; traditional Chinese : 紫坪鋪水庫 -RRB- located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged .	20 km	How near to the epicenter was the power plant ?
A recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared , and it remains structurally stable and safe .	less severe	What has a recent inspection found about the damage to the power plant ?
The Tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse .	Tulong reservoir	What might possibly collapse upstream from the power plant ?
In total , 391 dams , most of them small , were reported damaged by the quake .	391	What is the total number of dams damaged ?
According to Chinese state officials , the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province ; 18,498 people are listed as missing , and 374,176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in .	69,180	How many deaths were reported ?
According to Chinese state officials , the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province ; 18,498 people are listed as missing , and 374,176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in .	68,636	How many deaths were reported only in the Sichuan province ?
According to Chinese state officials , the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province ; 18,498 people are listed as missing , and 374,176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in .	18,498	How many people were listed as missing ?
According to Chinese state officials , the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province ; 18,498 people are listed as missing , and 374,176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in .	374,176	How many people were injured ?
-LSB- dated info -RSB- This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads .	158	How many earthquake relief workers were killed ?
According to Chinese state officials , the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province ; 18,498 people are listed as missing , and 374,176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in .	68,636	How many died in Sichuan ?
According to Chinese state officials , the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province ; 18,498 people are listed as missing , and 374,176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in .	69,180	What is the total tally of known deaths caused by the earthquake ?
According to Chinese state officials , the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province ; 18,498 people are listed as missing , and 374,176 injured , but these figures may further increase as more reports come in .	18,498	What is the number of missing persons ?
-LSB- dated info -RSB- This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads .	tried to repair roads	What were the 158 relief workers doing when they were killed ?
One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County , out of a total population of about 9,000 .	2,300	How many survivors were there from Yingxiu ?
One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County , out of a total population of about 9,000 .	in Wenchuan	Where is Yingxiu located ?
One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County , out of a total population of about 9,000 .	9,000	How many people in total lived in Yingxiu ?
3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan County , Sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10,000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed .	3,000 to 5,000	How many people were killed in Beichuan County ?
3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan County , Sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10,000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed .	10,000	How many people were injured in Beichuan County ?
One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County , out of a total population of about 9,000 .	2,300	How many survivors were there in the town of Yingxiu ?
One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County , out of a total population of about 9,000 .	about 9,000	What was the previous population of Yingxiu ?
3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan County , Sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10,000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed .	3,000 to 5,000	How many residents were killed in Beichuan County ?
3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan County , Sichuan alone ; in the same location , 10,000 people were injured and 80 % of the buildings were destroyed .	10,000	How large was the number of injured in Beichuan County ?
Eight schools were toppled in Dujiangyan .	Eight schools	What is the number of schools that collapsed in Dujiangyan ?
Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan , highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people .	Health care	What is poor about inland areas such as Sichuan ?
Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the `` public health care system in China is insufficient . ''	Gao Qiang	Who was the Vice Minister of Health ?
Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the `` public health care system in China is insufficient . ''	public health care system in China is insufficient	What did Gao Qiang tell reporters in Beijing ?
Experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China 's economic rise .	neglected and untouched	How economically forward has this area been ?
Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan , highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people .	inland areas	Where is health care poor in China ?
Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the `` public health care system in China is insufficient . ''	insufficient	What did the Vice Minster of Health call the public health system in China ?
The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims , many of whom have little or no insurance : `` The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them , '' he said .	medical treatment	What should the government of China be responsible for providing to earthquake survivors ?
In terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction .	thousands	How many school children died due to shoddy construction ?
In Mianyang City , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1,700 people .	seven	How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City ?
In Mianyang City , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1,700 people .	1,700	How many people were buried in the collapsed schools ?
At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed .	7,000	How many school buildings collapsed in the province ?
In terms of school casualties , thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction .	shoddy construction	What caused the deaths of many school children ?
In Mianyang City , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1,700 people .	seven	How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City
In Mianyang City , seven schools collapsed , burying at least 1,700 people .	1,700	How many people were buried under rubble in Mianyang City ?
At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed .	7,000	How many school buildings fell in the entire province ?
At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School .	600	How many were killed at the Juyuan Elementary School ?
Details of school casualties had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei , who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009 .	December 2008	When did an investigation occur under school casualties ?
The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7 , 2009 , almost a year after the earthquake .	May 7, 2009	When was the official tally of students killed in the earthquake released ?
According to the state-run Xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled .	5,335	How many students were killed in Xinhua ?
According to the state-run Xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled .	546	How many students were disabled in Xinhua ?
The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7 , 2009 , almost a year after the earthquake .	May 7, 2009	What date were the official numbers of students killed in the earthquake released ?
Details of school casualties had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei , who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009 .	Ai Weiwei	Who kept a blog about the school deaths ?
According to the state-run Xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled .	5,335	What is the total of school children killed ?
According to the state-run Xinhua news agency , the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled .	546	How many children are disabled ?
In the aftermath of the earthquake , the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities .	fertility clinics	Where did the Chinese government decide that parents who had lost children could go for free treatment ?
The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million .	5 million	How many people were left without housing ?
The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million .	11 million	How many people could be potentially without housing ?
Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed , including 12.5 million animals , mainly birds .	12.5 million	How many animals were killed ?
The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million .	at least 5 million	Because of the earthquake , how many people did not have housing ?
The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing , although the number could be as high as 11 million .	11 million	How many people might actually be homeless ?
Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed , including 12.5 million animals , mainly birds .	12.5 million animals	How much livestock was lost ?
In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total .	a million	How many pigs died from the earthquake in Sichuan ?
Reginald DesRoches , a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech , pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake .	Reginald DesRoches	Who was a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech ?
Reginald DesRoches , a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech , pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake .	professor of civil and environmental engineering	What is the profession of Reginald DesRoches ?
Reginald DesRoches , a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech , pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake .	1976	When did China create a seismic design code for building ?
Reginald DesRoches , a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech , pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake .	Tangshan earthquake	What catastrophe inspired them to make a building design code /
In the days following the disaster , an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings .	an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region	What happened days following the disaster ?
In the days following the disaster , an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings .	make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings	What did the team of engineers do ?
Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake .	a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.	What did their findings show ?
In the days following the disaster , an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings .	team of engineers	After the quake what kind of international team was sent to the area ?
In the days following the disaster , an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings .	survey of damaged buildings	What was the team sent to China to make ?
Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake .	variety of reasons	What kind of reasons do their findings show ?
News reports indicate that the poorer , rural villages were hardest hit .	the poorer, rural villages	What areas were the hardest hit ?
Swaminathan Krishnan , assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said : `` the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China .	Swaminathan Krishnan	Who was an assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology ?
Swaminathan Krishnan , assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said : `` the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China .	rural part	What part of China did the earthquake occur in ?
Presumably , many of the buildings were just built ; they were not designed , so to speak . ''	not designed	What did Swaminathan Krishnan mean when he said the buildings were just built ?
Swaminathan Krishnan further added : `` There are very strong building codes in China , which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues .	very strong	What manner of building codes are there in China ?
But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them . ''	regulations	What were many of these old buildings built without ?
Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake , some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$ 75 billion , making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history .	minor damage	What damage did the major Sichuan cities have ?
Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake , some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$ 75 billion , making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history .	US$75 billion	What is an estimate of losses to economics ?
Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake , some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$ 75 billion , making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history .	Chinese history	Whose is this one of the costliest disasters in history of ?
Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake , some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$ 75 billion , making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history .	five largest cities	Which cities in Sichuan had minor damage ?
On May 27 , two aftershocks , one 5.2 Mw in Qingchuan County and one 5.7 Mw in Ningqiang County , Shaanxi , led to the collapse of more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people .	420,000	How many buildings collapsed as a result of the May 27th aftershocks ?
On May 25 , an aftershock of 6.0 Mw -LRB- 6.4 Ms according to CEA -RRB- hit northeast of the original earthquake 's epicenter , in Qingchuan County , Sichuan , causing eight deaths , 1000 injuries , and destroying thousands of buildings .	6.0 Mw	How strong was the May 25 aftershock in Qingchuan county ?
On May 25 , an aftershock of 6.0 Mw -LRB- 6.4 Ms according to CEA -RRB- hit northeast of the original earthquake 's epicenter , in Qingchuan County , Sichuan , causing eight deaths , 1000 injuries , and destroying thousands of buildings .	1000	How many people were injured in the May 25 aftershock ?
On May 27 , two aftershocks , one 5.2 Mw in Qingchuan County and one 5.7 Mw in Ningqiang County , Shaanxi , led to the collapse of more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people .	more than 420,000	How many homes were destroyed because of the May 27 aftershocks ?
On May 27 , two aftershocks , one 5.2 Mw in Qingchuan County and one 5.7 Mw in Ningqiang County , Shaanxi , led to the collapse of more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people .	63	During the May 27 aftershock , how many people were injured ?
As late as August 5 , yet another aftershock of 6.1 Ms -LRB- 6.2 Mw according to USGS -RRB- hit Qingchuan , Sichuan , causing 1 death , 32 injuries , telecommunication interruptions , and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway .	Qingchuan, Sichuan	Where was the aftershock of August 5 that caused widespread hill slides ?
Executive vice governor Wei Hong confirmed on November 21 , 2008 that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake .	Wei Hong	Who was the executive vice governor ?
He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685,000 were under reconstruction , but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter .	200,000	How many homes were rebuilt ?
He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685,000 were under reconstruction , but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter .	1.94 million	How many homes were left without permanent shelter ?
1,300 schools had been reconstructed , with initial relocation of 25 townships , including Beichuan and Wenchuan , two of the most devastated areas .	1,300	How many schools were reconstructed ?
Executive vice governor Wei Hong confirmed on November 21 , 2008 that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake .	Wei Hong	Who spoke about the dead and missing people on November 21 , 2008 ?
Executive vice governor Wei Hong confirmed on November 21 , 2008 that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake .	90,000	How many people did Wei Hong say were dead or missing ?
He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685,000 were under reconstruction , but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter .	200,000	How many homes had been rebuilt ?
He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685,000 were under reconstruction , but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter .	685,000	How many houses were still under construction ?
He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt , and 685,000 were under reconstruction , but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter .	1.94 million	How many families were still without permanent homes ?
Just 90 minutes after the earthquake , Premier Wen Jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work .	Premier Wen Jiabao	Who flew to the earthquake area 90 minutes after it hit ?
Just 90 minutes after the earthquake , Premier Wen Jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work .	geomechanics	What was Premier Wen Jiabao 's background in ?
Just 90 minutes after the earthquake , Premier Wen Jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work .	the rescue work	What did Jiabao oversee in the region ?
On the same day , the Chengdu Military Region Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County .	50,000	How many troops were dispatched by the Chengdu military ?
Just 90 minutes after the earthquake , Premier Wen Jiabao , who has an academic background in geomechanics , flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work .	90 minutes after	How soon after the earthquake was Premier Wen Jiabao on his way to the area ?
Soon afterward , the Ministry of Health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County .	ten	How many medical teams were sent to Wenchuan county ?
On the same day , the Chengdu Military Region Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County .	50,000	How many troops were sent to the area for relief work ?
However , due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake 's epicenter , the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province .	proximity of the quake's epicenter	Besides the rough terrain , why was it difficult to get to the area ?
The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a `` Level II emergency contingency plan '' , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters .	Level II emergency contingency plan	What did the National Disaster Relief Commission initiate ?
The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a `` Level II emergency contingency plan '' , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters .	the most serious class of natural disasters	What does a Level II emergency contingency plan cover ?
The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST , May 12 .	at 22:15 CST, May 12	When did the plan rise to Level I ?
The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a `` Level II emergency contingency plan '' , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters .	Level II emergency	What level alert was instated for the quake ?
The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a `` Level II emergency contingency plan '' , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters .	most serious	What class of disasters is a level II emergency ?
The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a `` Level II emergency contingency plan '' , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters .	Level II	What level was the disaster set at 22:15 CST , May 12 ?
The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a `` Level II emergency contingency plan '' , which covers the most serious class of natural disasters .	National Disaster Relief Commission	What department initiated the emergency contingency plan ?
An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people -LRB- consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau , 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command , and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital -RRB- left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County .	184	How many people were in the earthquake emergency relief team ?
An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people -LRB- consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau , 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command , and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital -RRB- left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County .	12	How many of the relief team were from the State Seismological Bureau ?
An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people -LRB- consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau , 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command , and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital -RRB- left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County .	150	How many of the team were from the military ?
An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people -LRB- consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau , 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command , and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital -RRB- left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County .	22	How many of the team were from the police ?
An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people -LRB- consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau , 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command , and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital -RRB- left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County .	earthquake emergency relief	What kind of team left Beijing to go to Wenchuan ?
An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people -LRB- consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau , 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command , and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital -RRB- left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County .	184	How many people comprised the relief team ?
An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people -LRB- consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau , 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command , and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital -RRB- left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County .	150	How many soldiers were from the Beijing Military ?
An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people -LRB- consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau , 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command , and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital -RRB- left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County .	Armed Police General Hospital	Where did 22 of the relief team come from ?
An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people -LRB- consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau , 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command , and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital -RRB- left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County .	in two military transport planes	How did the relief team travel to Wenchuan county ?
In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as `` Book Blade '' -LRB- 书剑子 -RRB- , who stated :	a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer	What did the China Digital Times report ?
In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as `` Book Blade '' -LRB- 书剑子 -RRB- , who stated :	Book Blade	Who was the construction engineer known as ?
In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as `` Book Blade '' -LRB- 书剑子 -RRB- , who stated :	China Digital Times	Where was an article reported about the scandal ?
In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as `` Book Blade '' -LRB- 书剑子 -RRB- , who stated :	Book Blade	What was the name of the person who published a report in the China Digital Times ?
On Children 's Day , June 1 , 2008 , many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children .	Children's Day	What was June 1 , 2008 called ?
The surviving children , who were mostly living in relief centres , performed ceremonies marking the special day , but also acknowledging the earthquake .	living in relief centres	Where were most of the surviving children ?
The surviving children , who were mostly living in relief centres , performed ceremonies marking the special day , but also acknowledging the earthquake .	performed ceremonies	What did these children do on that day ?
On Children 's Day , June 1 , 2008 , many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children .	rubble of schools	Where did parents go to mourn their children ?
On Children 's Day , June 1 , 2008 , many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children .	June 1	When is Children 's Day ?
The surviving children , who were mostly living in relief centres , performed ceremonies marking the special day , but also acknowledging the earthquake .	in relief centres	Where were surviving children living ?
Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $ 48.6 million .	more than $48.6 million	How much did central state-owned enterprises donate ?
China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area .	10 million yuan	How much did China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donate ?
Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $ 48.6 million .	48.6 million	How much have Central state enterprises donated ?
China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area .	10 million yuan each	How much did China National Petroleum and Sinopec donate ?
On May 16 China stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations .	$457 million	How much did China receive in donated money and goods ?
On May 16 China stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations .	19 countries	How many countries donated ?
On May 16 China stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations .	four	How many international organizations donated ?
Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China , providing close to $ 40,000,000 in financial assistance , and an additional $ 8,000,000 worth of relief materials .	Saudi Arabia	What country was the largest aid donor to China ?
Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China , providing close to $ 40,000,000 in financial assistance , and an additional $ 8,000,000 worth of relief materials .	€40,000,000	How much financial assistance did Saudi Arabia give China ?
On May 16 China stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations .	83 million	How much money was donated from foreign sources ?
On May 16 China stated it had also received $ 457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far , including $ 83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations .	four	How many international organizations made donations ?
In 2008 , State Council established a counterpart support plan -LRB- 《 汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案 》 -RRB- .	a counterpart support plan	What did the State Council establish in 2008 ?
The plan spanned 3 years , and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality 's budget .	3 years	How long did the plan last ?
In 2008 , State Council established a counterpart support plan -LRB- 《 汶川地震灾后恢复重建对口支援方案 》 -RRB- .	counterpart support plan	What did the state council set up in 2008 ?
The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central province and municipalitie to help 18 counties , on `` one province to one affected county '' basis .	one province to one affected county	What is the basis for this plan ?
The plan spanned 3 years , and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality 's budget .	3 years	How long is the plan due to last ?
The plan spanned 3 years , and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality 's budget .	one percent	What is the cost per province 's budget ?
The chief engineer of the Sichuan Geology and Mineral Bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault , allowing them to move apart , and could have increased the direct pressure on it , causing a violent rupture .	that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture	What was concluded about the construction ?
An article in Science suggested that the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake .	Zipingpu Dam	What structure did an article contemplate could have caused the quake ?
The effect was `` 25 times more '' than a year 's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement .	25 times more	What was the affect of the dam on the stresses in that area ?
The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area .	The government	Who disregarded warnings about dams in the area ?
The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area .	seismically active	What type of area is Sichuan ?
Researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further .	access to seismological and geological data	What have researchers been denied ?
The earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions .	opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions	What did the earthquake allow ?
Using this method , they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of ± 1 day .	the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake	What did the professors predict ?
Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a `` time prediction method '' through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential .	time prediction method	What did they try to establish ?
Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a `` time prediction method '' through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential .	statistics	What did they collect to use in this method ?
In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake , geologist Zhang Xiaodong , deputy director of CEA 's Seismic Monitoring Network Center , restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue , in the sense that no proven methods exist , and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake .	that earthquake prediction was a global issue	What was stated in the press conference ?
In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake , geologist Zhang Xiaodong , deputy director of CEA 's Seismic Monitoring Network Center , restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue , in the sense that no proven methods exist , and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake .	no proven methods exist	What do many geologists believe about earthquake prediction ?
In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake , geologist Zhang Xiaodong , deputy director of CEA 's Seismic Monitoring Network Center , restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue , in the sense that no proven methods exist , and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake .	a global issue	What kind of issue is earthquake prediction ?
In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake , geologist Zhang Xiaodong , deputy director of CEA 's Seismic Monitoring Network Center , restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue , in the sense that no proven methods exist , and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake .	no prediction notification	What was received before the quake occurred ?
Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having ` predicted ' the earthquake 's occurrence .	did not see anything	What did seismologist Gary Gibson have to say about the prediction of the quake ?
In 2002 , Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003 , attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region .	In 2002	When was a Seismic Risk Analysis published ?
In 2002 , Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003 , attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region .	Chen Xuezhong	Who published the Seismic Risk Analysis ?
In 2002 , Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003 , attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region .	Chen Xuezhong	Who published a Seismic Risk Analysis Study ?
In 2002 , Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003 , attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region .	2002	In what year did Chen Xuezhong publish an earthquake study ?
In 2002 , Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003 , attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region .	over 7.0	What strength did he predict the next quake in Sichuan to be ?
The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years .	over 30 years	How long had it been since an earthquake of similar magnitude ?
The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years .	30 years	How long since the Sichuan area has had a severe quake ?
Earthquake prediction is not yet established science ; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake `` prediction '' is possible .	no consensus	Does the scientific community agree that earthquake prediction is possible ?
Following the quake , experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance , and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future .	statistics	People wanted to know if the study of what math could produce better predictions ?
Earthquake prediction is not yet established science ; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake `` prediction '' is possible .	Earthquake prediction	What is not an established science ?
Many rescue teams , including that of the Taipei Fire Department from Taiwan , were reported ready to join the rescue effort in Sichuan as early as Wednesday .	the Taipei Fire Department	What department was ready to join the rescue effort by Wednesday ?
The extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation , and over 300 of the Tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain .	over 300	How many Tibetan villagers were stranded ?
However , the Red Cross Society of China said that -LRB- on May 13 -RRB- `` it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter . ''	the traffic problem	What was the reason that many rescue teams could not join the relief efforts ?
The Red Cross Society of China also stated that the disaster areas need tents , medical supplies , drinking water and food ; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items , as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides .	donating cash	What action did the Red Cross recommend ?
The Red Cross Society of China also stated that the disaster areas need tents , medical supplies , drinking water and food ; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items , as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides .	landslides	What problem continued to stop rescue teams from reaching affected areas ?
Landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men , each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies , from a motorized infantry brigade under commander Yang Wenyao , as they tried to reach the ethnically Tibetan village of Sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in Pingwu county .	Tibetan village of Sier	Where were the soldiers under commander Yang Wenyao trying to go ?
Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts .	landslides	What natural disasters were occurring in Wenchuan County ?
At the start of rescue operations on May 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas .	20	How many helicopters were deployed ?
By 17:37 CST on May 13 , a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas .	15,600	How many militia reservists joined in on rescue efforts ?
A commander reported from Yingxiu Town , Wenchuan , that around 3,000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants -LRB- around 9,000 -RRB- remained unclear .	around 3,000	How many survivors were found ?
Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts .	heavy rain and landslides	What were the biggest difficulties in reaching affected areas ?
At the start of rescue operations on May 12 , 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food , water , and emergency aid , and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas .	20	How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas ?
By 17:37 CST on May 13 , a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas .	15,600	By May 13 , how many troops had been added to the rescue efforts ?
A commander reported from Yingxiu Town , Wenchuan , that around 3,000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants -LRB- around 9,000 -RRB- remained unclear .	around 3,000	How people were reported to be survivors in Yingxiu Town ?
A commander reported from Yingxiu Town , Wenchuan , that around 3,000 survivors were found , while the status of the other inhabitants -LRB- around 9,000 -RRB- remained unclear .	around 9,000	How many persons were still unaccounted for in Yingxiu ?
By May 15 , Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People 's Liberation Army history .	the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters	What did Premier Wen Jiabao order ?
By May 15 , Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People 's Liberation Army history .	60	How many helicopters were provided by the PLAAF ?
By May 15 , Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People 's Liberation Army history .	30	How many helicopter were to be provided by the civil aviation industry ?
By May 15 , Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People 's Liberation Army history .	over 150	How many aircraft were there in total ?
By May 15 , Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People 's Liberation Army history .	over 150	What is the total number of aircraft used in the relief operation ?
By May 15 , Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People 's Liberation Army history .	60	How many helicopters came from the PLAAF ?
By May 15 , Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People 's Liberation Army history .	civil aviation industry	Who provided the other 30 helicopters ?
By May 15 , Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters , of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF , and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry , bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force , army , and civil aviation to over 150 , resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People 's Liberation Army history .	non-combat airlifting	What kind of operation did this massing of aircraft produce ?
Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13 .	the Tzu Chi Foundation	What Foundation wanted to aid Beijing ?
Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13 .	Taiwan	Where was the foundation based ?
Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13 .	late on May 13	When did Beijing agree to aid from Taiwan ?
Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13 .	Tzu Chi Foundation	What was the first group from outside China to join in the relief operation ?
China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake .	international help	What did China say they would accept ?
China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake .	cope with the quake	What did China need help for ?
A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas .	China Airlines	Who made a direct chartered cargo flight ?
Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought , and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST , May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST .	May 15	What date did the cargo flight leave ?
A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16 .	May 16	When did a rescue team depart ?
A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas .	chartered cargo flight	How did the move the relief supplies from Taiwan to the stricken area ?
A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas .	Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport	From what airport did the chartered flight leave ?
A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas .	Chengdu	Where did the chartered flight from Taiwan land ?
A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16 .	rescue team	What Red Cross team left Taipei on May 16
A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas .	Chengdu	Where did the Red Cross team from Taiwan land ?
The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities .	satellite images of the quake-stricken areas	What did the US share ?
The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities .	Chinese authorities	Who did the US share the satellite images with ?
Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities .	135,000	How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts ?
On May 16 , rescue groups from South Korea , Japan , Singapore , Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort .	May 16	When did groups from South Korea , Japan , and others arrive in China ?
The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities .	satellite images	What did the U.S. share with China ?
During the weekend , the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17 's carrying supplies , which included tents and generators .	tents and generators	What was included in the the Air Force C-17 supplies ?
Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities .	135,000	How many Chinese troops and medics were involved in the relief efforts ?
The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts .	The Internet	What was extensively used to pass information to aid rescue and recovery efforts ?
For example , the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery .	an online rescue request center	What did the Xinhua news agency set up ?
For example , the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery .	to find the blind spots of disaster recovery	What was the purpose of this online rescue request center ?
After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan , a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters -LSB- not in citation given -RSB- .	Wenchuan	Where did rescue helicopters have trouble landing ?
The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts .	The Internet	What was used as a communications aid in the relief efforts ?
For example , the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery .	news agency Xinhua	Who set up an online site to focus on blind spots in recovery ?
After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan , a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters -LSB- not in citation given -RSB- .	a student	What person suggested a landing spot for helicopters near the epicenter ?
Volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees .	contact information	What kind of information were websites set up to store ?
On May 31 , a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in Wenchuan county .	May 31	On what date did a rescue helicopter crash with no survivors ?
On May 12 , 2009 , China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead .	a moment of silence	What was done for the anniversary ?
The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days , after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum , to remind people of the terrible disaster .	the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat	Where did the government open access to ?
The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days , after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum , to remind people of the terrible disaster .	three days	How long was it opened for ?
On May 12 , 2009 , China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead .	a moment of silence	What did China do to mark the first anniversary of the quake ?
The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days , after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum , to remind people of the terrible disaster .	earthquake relic museum	What will the Beichuan county seat be used for ?
There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake .	several concerts	What kind of event were given to raise money for quake survivors ?
The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days , after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum , to remind people of the terrible disaster .	the terrible disaster	What is the Beichuan museum meant to remind people of ?
People also donated blood , resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities .	blood	What was also donated ?
Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By May 16 , the Chinese government had allocated a total of $ 772 million for earthquake relief so far , up sharply from $ 159 million from May 14 .	China Unicom and China Mobile	What companies received the money ?
Following the earthquake , donations were made by people from all over mainland China , with booths set up in schools , at banks , and around gas stations .	all over mainland China	After the quake , people from where in China made donations ?
People also donated blood , resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities .	donated blood	What caused long lines in most major cities ?
Following the earthquake , donations were made by people from all over mainland China , with booths set up in schools , at banks , and around gas stations .	booths	What were the Chinese setting up to take in donations ?
Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By May 16 , the Chinese government had allocated a total of $ 772 million for earthquake relief so far , up sharply from $ 159 million from May 14 .	text messaging	How did a lot of people donate using mobile phones ?
Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By May 16 , the Chinese government had allocated a total of $ 772 million for earthquake relief so far , up sharply from $ 159 million from May 14 .	$772 million	How much had the Chinese government designated by May 16 ?
The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan -LRB- US$ 113,000 -RRB- to Wenchuan County .	557	How many tents were flown to the region ?
The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan -LRB- US$ 113,000 -RRB- to Wenchuan County .	2,500	How many quilts were flown to the region ?
The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan -LRB- US$ 113,000 -RRB- to Wenchuan County .	788,000 yuan	How much were both supplies worth ?
The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan -LRB- US$ 113,000 -RRB- to Wenchuan County .	Wenchuan County	What county were the supplies flown to ?
The Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless .	30,000	How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry provide for the homeless ?
The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan -LRB- US$ 113,000 -RRB- to Wenchuan County .	Red Cross Society of China	What group took tents and quilts to Wenchuan county ?
The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$ 143,000 for disaster relief .	US$143,000	How much has the Amity Foundation designated for disaster relief ?
The Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless .	30,000	How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry of Affairs provide ?
The Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless .	those left homeless	What were all these tents and quilts for ?
The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$ 143,000 for disaster relief .	The Amity Foundation	What foundation had already begun relief work in the area ?
The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake .	7,000	How many schoolrooms collapsed in the quake ?
Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase : `` tofu-dregs schoolhouses '' -LRB- Chinese : 豆腐渣校舍 -RRB- , to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children .	tofu-dregs schoolhouses	What catch-phrase was invented as a result of collapsed schools ?
The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake .	inadequately engineered	Why did so many schools collapse during the earthquake ?
The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake .	over 7,000	What are the estimations of how many schoolrooms collapsed ?
Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase : `` tofu-dregs schoolhouses '' -LRB- Chinese : 豆腐渣校舍 -RRB- , to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children .	tofu-dregs schoolhouses	What has the citizenry started calling these type of schools ?
So-called `` illegal children '' under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings ; if the dead child was illegal , no further outstanding fines would apply .	legal replacements	What can illegal children be registered as in place of their dead siblings ?
On the evening of May 18 , CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love -LRB- simplified Chinese : 爱的奉献 ; traditional Chinese : 愛的奉獻 -RRB- , hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year 's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong .	four-hour program called The Giving of Love	What did CCTV-1 host on the evening of May 18th ?
On the evening of May 18 , CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love -LRB- simplified Chinese : 爱的奉献 ; traditional Chinese : 愛的奉獻 -RRB- , hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year 's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong .	Bai Yansong	Who was the show hosted by ?
Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan -LRB- ~ US$ 208 million -RRB- .	Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan	How large were the donations from the program ?
In June , Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan , who donated $ 1.57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled `` Promise '' ; the song was composed by Andy Lau .	$1.57 million	How much did Jackie Chan donate to support ?
In June , Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan , who donated $ 1.57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled `` Promise '' ; the song was composed by Andy Lau .	Promise	What was the name of the music video that Jackie Chan made for the event ?
On the evening of May 18 , CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love -LRB- simplified Chinese : 爱的奉献 ; traditional Chinese : 愛的奉獻 -RRB- , hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year 's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong .	The Giving of Love	What was the program that CCTV-1 hosted ?
Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan -LRB- ~ US$ 208 million -RRB- .	US$208 million	What did the donations total for the program ?
In June , Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan , who donated $ 1.57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled `` Promise '' ; the song was composed by Andy Lau .	1.57 million	How much did actor Jackie Chan donate ?
In June , Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan , who donated $ 1.57 million to the victims , made a music video alongside other artists entitled `` Promise '' ; the song was composed by Andy Lau .	Promise	What was the name of Chan 's music video ?
China 's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake led a professor at the Peking University to say , `` This is the first time -LSB- that -RSB- the Chinese media has lived up to international standards '' .	This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards	What did a professor at the Peking University say about the handling of the earthquake ?
Rescue efforts performed by the Chinese government were praised by western media , especially in comparison with Myanmar 's blockage of foreign aid during Cyclone Nargis , as well as China 's previous performance during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake .	foreign aid	What did Myanmar block after Cyclone Nargis ?
China 's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake led a professor at the Peking University to say , `` This is the first time -LSB- that -RSB- the Chinese media has lived up to international standards '' .	up to international standards	What did a Peking professor say about Chinese media coverage ?
Los Angeles Times praised China 's media coverage of the quake of being `` democratic '' .	Los Angeles Times	Who praised Chinese media coverage as being democratic ?
Rescue efforts performed by the Chinese government were praised by western media , especially in comparison with Myanmar 's blockage of foreign aid during Cyclone Nargis , as well as China 's previous performance during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake .	1976 Tangshan earthquake	In which previous catastrophe not live up to international standards ?
As a result of the magnitude 7.9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of `` quake lakes '' behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream .	quake lakes	What formed behind blockages ?
As of May 27 , 2008 , 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers , and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people .	34	How many quake lakes formed ?
As of May 27 , 2008 , 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers , and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people .	28	How many of the lakes were a danger to people ?
As a result of the magnitude 7.9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of `` quake lakes '' behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream .	7.9	What was the magnitude of the Sichuan earthquake ?
As a result of the magnitude 7.9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of `` quake lakes '' behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream .	large landslides	What blocked many of the area 's rivers ?
As a result of the magnitude 7.9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks , many rivers became blocked by large landslides , which resulted in the formation of `` quake lakes '' behind the blockages ; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass , potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream .	quake lakes	What formed behind the blocked rivers ?
As of May 27 , 2008 , 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers , and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people .	34	By May 27 , how many earthquake lakes had formed up behind landslide debris ?
Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding .	Entire villages	What had to be evacuated due to potential flooding ?
The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County , Sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location .	Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan	Where was the most precarious quake lake located ?
The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County , Sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location .	by foot or air	How could you only get to this quake lake ?
The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County , Sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location .	tractors	What machinery was airlifted into the location ?
Downstream , more than 200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting .	200,000	How many people were evacuated downstream ?
Downstream , more than 200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting .	the dam bursting	What was the fear that caused 200,000 people to be evacuated from Mianyang ?
The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County , Sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location .	Mount Tangjia	Where was the worst of the quake lakes located ?
The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County , Sichuan , accessible only by foot or air ; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location .	Beichuan County, Sichuan	Where is Mount Tangjia ?
This operation was coupled with the work done by PLAAF Mi-17 helicopters bringing in PLA engineering corps , explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1,200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot .	1,200	How many soldiers had to travel to the area by foot ?
The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19 , 2008 ; the PRC 's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast .	The State Council	Who declared the mourning period ?
The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19 , 2008 ; the PRC 's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast .	national mourning	What did the State Council declare a period of ?
It was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader , and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao Zedong .	Mao Zedong	This was the biggest display of mourning since the death of who ?
The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19 , 2008 ; the PRC 's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast .	May 19, 2008	When did the Chinese hold a moment of silence ?
Cars and trucks on Beijing 's roads also came to a halt .	Cars and trucks	What came to a halt during the moment of silence ?
The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19 , 2008 ; the PRC 's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast .	three-day period	How long was the national mourning for the quake victims to last ?
The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay , scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning , would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period .	Olympic torch relay	What was suspended for the duration of the mourning period ?
The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay , scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning , would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period .	Ningbo	Where was the relay scheduled to take place ?
The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay , scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning , would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period .	Beijing Olympic torch relay	What was suspended during the period of mourning ?
The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay , scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning , would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period .	in Ningbo	Where was the torch relay supposed to take place ?
The route of the torch through the country was scaled down , and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of Ruijin , Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake .	The route	What part of the relay did they change ?
The route of the torch through the country was scaled down , and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of Ruijin , Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake .	Ruijin, Jiangxi	Where was there a minute of silence during the relay ?
Many websites converted their home page to black and white ; Sina.com and Sohu , major internet portals , limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements .	black and white	What colors did many websites convert their home pages to ?
Many websites converted their home page to black and white ; Sina.com and Sohu , major internet portals , limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements .	all advertisements	What did internet portals remove from their home pages ?
Other entertainment websites , including various gaming sites , such as the Chinese servers for World of Warcraft , had shut down altogether , or had corresponding links to earthquake donations .	various gaming sites	Many of what shut down completely ?
After the moments of silence , in Tiananmen Square , crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans , including `` Long Live China '' .	burst out cheering	What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence ?
Casinos in Macau closed down .	Casinos	What business closed in Macau ?
Ye Zhiping , the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao , one of the largest in An County , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened .	Ye Zhiping	Who was the principal of Sangzao Middle School ?
Ye Zhiping , the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao , one of the largest in An County , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened .	proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened	What was the principal credited with ?
Ye Zhiping , the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao , one of the largest in An County , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened .	2,323	How many students attended the school ?
During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan -LRB- US$ 60,000 -RRB- from the county education department , money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school , as well as secure its concrete floors .	400,000 yuan	How much money was used to strengthen the construction of the school ?
Ye Zhiping , the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao , one of the largest in An County , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened .	Ye Zhiping	What school principal strengthened his school ?
Ye Zhiping , the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao , one of the largest in An County , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened .	Sangzao	Where is the Sangzao Middle School ?
Ye Zhiping , the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao , one of the largest in An County , has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened .	An County	The Sangzao school is one of the biggest in what county ?
During a three-year period that ended in 2007 , he oversaw a major overhaul of his school .	three-year period	How many years was Ye Zhiping involved in the school overhaul ?
However , Reuters reported in June that , to date , Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May 's devastating earthquake to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools , launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime .	to gain first-hand material of construction quality	Why were the schools inspected ?
It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month 's earthquake .	safety checks	What was to be carried out at schools after the quake ?
However , Reuters reported in June that , to date , Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May 's devastating earthquake to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools , launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime .	Chinese prosecutors	Who has joined an official inquiry into the school scandal ?
However , Reuters reported in June that , to date , Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May 's devastating earthquake to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools , launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime .	professional crime	What investigation are the prosecutors pursuing ?
It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month 's earthquake .	schools across China	Where are the Chinese going to perform safety checks ?
However , Reuters reported in June that , to date , Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May 's devastating earthquake to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools , launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime .	Reuters	What group reported that Chinese prosecutors were involved in investigating the schoolhouse collapses ?
To limit protests , officials pushed parents to sign a document , which forbade them from holding protests , in exchange of money , but some who refused to sign were threatened .	money	What was given in exchange of signing the document ?
Furthermore , officials used other methods of silencing : riot police officers broke up protests by parents ; the authorities set up cordons around the schools ; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses .	riot police	What other methods were used to break up protests ?
The New York Times reported that `` government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses .	government officials	Who did the New York Times report was investigating the school collapses ?
To limit protests , officials pushed parents to sign a document , which forbade them from holding protests , in exchange of money , but some who refused to sign were threatened .	limit protests	What are officials seeking to do about protesting parents ?
To limit protests , officials pushed parents to sign a document , which forbade them from holding protests , in exchange of money , but some who refused to sign were threatened .	money	What are officials offering parents in exchange of protests ?
To limit protests , officials pushed parents to sign a document , which forbade them from holding protests , in exchange of money , but some who refused to sign were threatened .	were threatened	What has happened to some who refuse to agree to not protest ?
Furthermore , officials used other methods of silencing : riot police officers broke up protests by parents ; the authorities set up cordons around the schools ; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses .	on school collapses	What did officials order Chinese news media to stop reporting ?
Besides parents , Liu Shaokun -LRB- 刘绍坤 -RRB- , a Sichuan school teacher , was detained on June 25 , 2008 for `` disseminating rumors and destroying social order '' about the Sichuan earthquake .	Liu Shaokun	Who was a Sichuan school teacher ?
Liu 's family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion .	that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion	What was Liu 's family told ?
Besides parents , Liu Shaokun -LRB- 刘绍坤 -RRB- , a Sichuan school teacher , was detained on June 25 , 2008 for `` disseminating rumors and destroying social order '' about the Sichuan earthquake .	Sichuan school teacher	What was Liu Shaokun 's profession ?
Liu 's family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion .	crime of inciting subversion	Why was he investigated ?
Liu had travelled to the Shifang , taken photos of collapsed school buildings , and put them online .	put them online	What did Liu Shankun do with the pictures he took of collapsed schools ?
He had also expressed his anger at `` the shoddy tofu-dregs buildings '' -LRB- 豆腐渣工程 -RRB- in a media interview .	in a media interview	Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy ?
He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor -LRB- RTL -RRB- .	one year of re-education	What was his assigned punishment ?
In January 2010 , Hong Kong-based English newspaper The Standard reported that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools , was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989 .	in 2007	When did the sentencing occur ?
In January 2010 , Hong Kong-based English newspaper The Standard reported that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools , was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989 .	January 2010	When was the article published about the case ?
In January 2010 , Hong Kong-based English newspaper The Standard reported that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools , was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989 .	massive casualties	What did he think that the poor construction led to ?
On May 14 , UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families .	that China formally requested the support of the international community	What did UNICEF report ?
Because of the magnitude of the quake , and the media attention on China , foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance .	condolences and assistance	What did foreign nations offer China because of the severity of the quake ?
On May 14 , UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families .	May 14	When did China formally ask for help from the international community ?
On May 14 , UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families .	UNICEF	What organization reported that China asked for help ?
Because of the magnitude of the quake , and the media attention on China , foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance .	magnitude of the quake	Why did the world community notice the need for help ?
Houston Rockets center Yao Ming , one of the country 's most popular sports icons , gave $ 214,000 and $ 71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China .	$214,000 and $71,000	How much did Yao Ming donate ?
The association has also collected a total of $ 26 million in donations so far .	$26 million	How much did the Red Cross collect in donations ?
By May 14 , the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7 billion yuan -LRB- approximately US$ 1.5 billion -RRB- had been donated by the Chinese public .	10.7 billion yuan	How much money had been donated by May 14 ?
By May 14 , the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7 billion yuan -LRB- approximately US$ 1.5 billion -RRB- had been donated by the Chinese public .	the Chinese public	What group donated the 10.7 yuan ?
Houston Rockets center Yao Ming , one of the country 's most popular sports icons , gave $ 214,000 and $ 71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China .	Yao Ming	What famous basketball player made two large donations to the crisis ?
The association has also collected a total of $ 26 million in donations so far .	26 million	How much has the Red Cross Society collected ?
Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as `` swift and very efficient '' in Beijing on Tuesday .	swift and very efficient	What did Francis Marcus say of the Chinese relief effort ?
The Economist noted that China reacted to the disaster `` rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness '' , contrasting it with Burma 's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis , which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake .	openness	What uncharacteristic attitude did China display ?
The Economist noted that China reacted to the disaster `` rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness '' , contrasting it with Burma 's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis , which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake .	secretive	What kind of attitude did Burma display in response to a cyclone a few days earlier ?
The Economist noted that China reacted to the disaster `` rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness '' , contrasting it with Burma 's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis , which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake .	10 days	How long before the quake did Cyclone Nargis strike Burma ?
Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as `` swift and very efficient '' in Beijing on Tuesday .	International Federation of the Red Cross	What organization did Francis Marcus represent ?
All Mainland Chinese television stations -LRB- along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities -RRB- cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming , displayed their logo in grayscale , and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake .	live earthquake footage	What did stations replace programming with ?
All Mainland Chinese television stations -LRB- along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities -RRB- cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming , displayed their logo in grayscale , and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake .	CCTV-1	What was the source of the live feeds ?
Even pay television channels -LRB- such as Channel V -RRB- had their programmes suspended .	programmes suspended	What about pay TV channels ?
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake -LRB- especially in comparison to Myanmar 's ruling military junta 's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis -RRB- , it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal .	Myanmar	What government blocked aid after Cyclone Nargis ?
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake -LRB- especially in comparison to Myanmar 's ruling military junta 's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis -RRB- , it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal .	school construction scandal	Over what scandal did the Chinese government lose in public opinion ?
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake -LRB- especially in comparison to Myanmar 's ruling military junta 's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis -RRB- , it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal .	response to the quake	What was the Chinese government first praised for ?
Thousands of parents around the province have accused local officials and builders of cutting corners in school construction , citing that after the quake other nearby buildings were little damaged .	cutting corners	What did parents accuse builders of doing ?
In the aftermath of the quake , many local governments promised to formally investigate the school collapses , but as of July 17 , 2008 across Sichuan , parents of children lost in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports .	any reports	As of July 17 , 2008 what did parents complain of not receiving ?
Furthermore , censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away .	poorly built schools	What kind of stories were being censored in the media ?
The AP reported that `` The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue , apparently under the propaganda bureau 's instructions .	state-controlled media	Who has ignored the school issue ?
The AP reported that `` The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue , apparently under the propaganda bureau 's instructions .	propaganda bureau	Who gave instructions to ignore the school issue ?
The AP reported that `` The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue , apparently under the propaganda bureau 's instructions .	The AP	What media source has reported this happening ?
On May 15 , 2008 Geoffery York of the Globeandmail.com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called `` tofu buildings '' because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement ; using inferior grade cement , if any at all ; and using fewer bricks than they should .	builders cut corners	Why are the buildings so shoddily built ?
On May 15 , 2008 Geoffery York of the Globeandmail.com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called `` tofu buildings '' because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement ; using inferior grade cement , if any at all ; and using fewer bricks than they should .	thin iron wires	What did builder 's use in place of steel rods as re-inforcement ?
One local was quoted in the article as saying that `` the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards . ''	supervising agencies	Who was supposed to inspect building to see if they met national standards ?
However questions still remain , as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice , while the many families who lost their only child , are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened .	corrupt government officials	Who has not been brought to justice ?
However questions still remain , as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice , while the many families who lost their only child , are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened .	many families	Who is still looking for compensation and justice ?
According to the Times , many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest .	threat of arrest	What has the government threatened people with to keep them from protesting ?
According to the Times , many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest .	the Times	What media reported the threat of arrest ?
However questions still remain , as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice , while the many families who lost their only child , are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened .	their only child	What did many families lose in the earthquake ?
New York -- often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York , of which it is a part -- is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world .	New York	What city in the United States has the highest population ?
New York -- often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York , of which it is a part -- is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world .	New York	In what city is the United Nations based ?
New York -- often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York , of which it is a part -- is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world .	New York	What city has been called the cultural capital of the world ?
New York -- often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York , of which it is a part -- is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world .	New York	What American city welcomes the largest number of legal immigrants ?
New York -- often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York , of which it is a part -- is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world .	New York City	The major gateway for immigration has been which US city ?
New York -- often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York , of which it is a part -- is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area , the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world .	New York City	The most populated city in the United States is which city ?
Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of New York State .	five	How many boroughs comprise New York City ?
The five boroughs -- Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , the Bronx , and Staten Island -- were consolidated into a single city in 1898 .	1898	In what year were the five boroughs combined into one city ?
With a census-estimated 2014 population of 8,491,079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles -LRB- 790 km2 -RRB- , New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States .	8,491,079	In 2014 , what did the census estimate the population of New York City to be ?
With a census-estimated 2014 population of 8,491,079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles -LRB- 790 km2 -RRB- , New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States .	305	What is the size of New York City in square miles ?
By 2014 census estimates , the New York City metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States , as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area -LRB- 20.1 million residents -RRB- and the Combined Statistical Area -LRB- 23.6 million residents -RRB- .	23.6 million	What is the population of New York 's Combined Statistical Area ?
Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of New York State .	five	How man boroughs does New York City contain ?
The five boroughs -- Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , the Bronx , and Staten Island -- were consolidated into a single city in 1898 .	Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island	The five boroughs of New York City are named what ?
The five boroughs -- Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , the Bronx , and Staten Island -- were consolidated into a single city in 1898 .	1898	All five boroughs of New York City formed into one city on what date ?
With a census-estimated 2014 population of 8,491,079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles -LRB- 790 km2 -RRB- , New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States .	8,491,079	What is the population of New York City as of 2014 ?
As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world .	800	How many languages are spoken by the people of New York City ?
New York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626 .	New Amsterdam	What was the trading post that preceded New York City called ?
New York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626 .	the Dutch Republic	What nation founded New Amsterdam ?
New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790 .	1790	In what year did New York become the largest city in the United States ?
The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 .	1664	When did the English take over the area from the Dutch ?
New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790 .	1790	In what year did New York cease the be the capital of the United States ?
New York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626 .	1624	When was New York City established ?
New York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626 .	1626	New Amsterdam became the title of New York City in what past date ?
The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 .	1664	The English occupied New York City beginning on what date ?
New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790 .	1790	New York City is the biggest city in the United States since what historical date ?
Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known , and the city received a record 56 million tourists in 2014 , hosting three of the world 's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 .	56 million	How many tourists visited New York in 2014 ?
Providing continuous 24/7 service , the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with 469 stations in operation .	469	How many stations are operated by the New York City Subway ?
Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ .	Manhattan	In what borough is Wall Street located ?
New York City 's higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities , including Columbia University , New York University , and Rockefeller University , which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world .	120	How many school and universities are in NYC ?
Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ .	New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ	NYC has the two largest stock exchanges in the world which are called what ?
Later on , the ice sheet would help split apart what are now Long Island and Staten Island .	Staten Island	What island was once a part of Long Island ?
During the Wisconsinan glaciation , the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth .	the Wisconsinan glaciation	During what period was the area around New York City located at the edge of an ice sheet 1,000 feet deep ?
During the Wisconsinan glaciation , the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth .	ice sheet	Long Island and Staten Island were split in half by what geographical phenomenon ?
In the precolonial era , the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian tribes of Native Americans , including the Lenape , whose homeland , known as Lenapehoking , included Staten Island ; the western portion of Long Island , including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens ; Manhattan ; the Bronx ; and the Lower Hudson Valley .	Lenapehoking	What was the name of the Lenape homeland ?
The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano , a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown , who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor .	1524	In what year did the first European arrive in the New York area ?
The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano , a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown , who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor .	Giovanni da Verrazzano	What was the name of the first European who arrived in the New York area ?
The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano , a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown , who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor .	La Dauphine	What was the name of Giovanni da Verrazzano 's ship ?
He claimed the area for France and named it `` Nouvelle Angoulême '' -LRB- New Angoulême -RRB- .	France	What nation did Giovanni da Verrazzano serve ?
He claimed the area for France and named it `` Nouvelle Angoulême '' -LRB- New Angoulême -RRB- .	Nouvelle Angoulême	What did Giovanni da Verrazzano call the area when he staked claim on it ?
The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano , a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown , who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor .	1524	When was the first European to visit the area of NYC ?
The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano , a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown , who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor .	La Dauphine	Giovanni da Verrazzano 's ship that sailed to New York was named what ?
He claimed the area for France and named it `` Nouvelle Angoulême '' -LRB- New Angoulême -RRB- .	France	Giovani da Verrazzano was an explorer from which country ?
A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes , a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V , arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel `` La Anunciada '' and charted the mouth of the Hudson River , which he named Rio de San Antonio .	1525	In what year did a Spanish expedition visit New York Harbor ?
A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes , a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V , arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel `` La Anunciada '' and charted the mouth of the Hudson River , which he named Rio de San Antonio .	Estêvão Gomes	Who commanded the Spanish expedition ?
A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes , a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V , arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel `` La Anunciada '' and charted the mouth of the Hudson River , which he named Rio de San Antonio .	Portuguese	What was the nationality of Estêvão Gomes ?
A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes , a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V , arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel `` La Anunciada '' and charted the mouth of the Hudson River , which he named Rio de San Antonio .	Charles V	What monarch did Estêvão Gomes serve ?
A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes , a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V , arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel `` La Anunciada '' and charted the mouth of the Hudson River , which he named Rio de San Antonio .	La Anunciada	What was the name of Estêvão Gomes 's ship ?
A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes , a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V , arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel `` La Anunciada '' and charted the mouth of the Hudson River , which he named Rio de San Antonio .	Rio de San Antonio	The front of the Hudson River was named what by Estevao Gomes ?
The first scientific map to show the North American East coast continuously , the 1527 world map known as the Padrón Real , was informed by Gomes ' expedition , and labeled the Northeast as Tierra de Esteban Gómez in his honor .	Padrón Real	What was the first map to show the whole North American East coast ?
In 1609 , English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen -LRB- `` Half Moon '' in Dutch -RRB- into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer , the Dutch East India Company .	Henry Hudson	What was the name of the explorer who visited the area in 1609 ?
In 1609 , English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen -LRB- `` Half Moon '' in Dutch -RRB- into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer , the Dutch East India Company .	Dutch East India Company	Who was Henry Hudson working for ?
In 1614 , the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland -LRB- New Netherland -RRB- .	1614	In what year did the Netherlands claim the area between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod ?
He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River , also called the Mauritis River , and now known as the Hudson River , to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary .	North River	What did Henry Hudson call the river that is now called the Hudson River ?
In 1609 , English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen -LRB- `` Half Moon '' in Dutch -RRB- into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer , the Dutch East India Company .	Dutch East India Company	Henry Hudson worked for which company in the 1600s ?
In 1614 , the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland -LRB- New Netherland -RRB- .	1614	In what year was the land between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay claimed by the Dutch ?
In 1609 , English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen -LRB- `` Half Moon '' in Dutch -RRB- into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer , the Dutch East India Company .	Henry Hudson	Which explorer sailed his ship into New York harbor in 1609 ?
Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent , he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613 -- 1614 , trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch .	Santo Domingo	Where was Juan Rodriguez born ?
The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez -LRB- transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues -RRB- .	Jan Rodrigues	What did the Dutch call Juan Rodriguez ?
The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez -LRB- transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues -RRB- .	trader	What was Juan Rodriguez 's occupation ?
Broadway , from 159th Street to 218th Street , is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor .	Juan Rodriguez Way	What is the street that is named after Juan Rodriguez ?
Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent , he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613 -- 1614 , trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch .	winter	During what season did Juan Rodriguez first come to New York ?
The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez -LRB- transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues -RRB- .	Juan Rodriguez	Who was the first non-Indian person to live in what is now NYC ?
Broadway , from 159th Street to 218th Street , is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor .	Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street	Which street in NYC today is now named after Juan Rodriguez ?
A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 -- making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States -- with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island .	Governors Island	On what island did the Dutch set up a settlement to trade furs ?
In 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island , later called New Amsterdam -LRB- Nieuw Amsterdam -RRB- .	Manhattan Island	On what island was Fort Amsterdam built ?
In 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island , later called New Amsterdam -LRB- Nieuw Amsterdam -RRB- .	1625	In what year did construction begin on Fort Amsterdam ?
The Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie , a small band of the Lenape , in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders -LRB- about $ 1000 in 2006 -RRB- ; a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads .	Peter Minuit	What person bought Manhattan from the Canarsie for the Dutch ?
The Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie , a small band of the Lenape , in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders -LRB- about $ 1000 in 2006 -RRB- ; a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads .	1626	In what year did the Dutch buy Manhattan ?
A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 -- making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States -- with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island .	1624	New Netherland established a permanent European presence in what year ?
In 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island , later called New Amsterdam -LRB- Nieuw Amsterdam -RRB- .	1625	What year did building begin of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island ?
The Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie , a small band of the Lenape , in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders -LRB- about $ 1000 in 2006 -RRB- ; a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads .	glass beads	What was the myth that Manhattan was bought for by General Peter Minuit ?
The English promptly renamed the fledgling city `` New York '' after the Duke of York -LRB- later King James II -RRB- .	New York	What did the English call New Amsterdam after its capture ?
The English promptly renamed the fledgling city `` New York '' after the Duke of York -LRB- later King James II -RRB- .	James II	What was the regnal name of the Duke of York ?
In 1664 , Peter Stuyvesant , the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland , surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed .	Peter Stuyvesant	What person gave up New Amsterdam to the English ?
In 1664 , Peter Stuyvesant , the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland , surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed .	Director-General	What was Peter Stuyvesant 's title ?
In 1664 , Peter Stuyvesant , the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland , surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed .	1664	In what year did the English take over New Amsterdam ?
In 1664 , Peter Stuyvesant , the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland , surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed .	Peter Stuyvesant	Who gave up New Amsterdam to the English without a fight in 1664 ?
On August 24 , 1673 , Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it `` New Orange '' to honor the Prince of Orange , King William III .	William III	What was the regnal name of the Prince of Orange ?
On August 24 , 1673 , Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it `` New Orange '' to honor the Prince of Orange , King William III .	August 24, 1673	What was the date of Anthonio Colve 's capture of New York ?
On August 24 , 1673 , Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it `` New Orange '' to honor the Prince of Orange , King William III .	New Orange	What did Colve call New York after he captured it ?
However , facing defeat from the British and French , who had teamed up to destroy Dutch trading routes , the Dutch returned the island to England in 1674 .	1674	In what year did the Dutch give New York back to the English ?
On August 24 , 1673 , Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it `` New Orange '' to honor the Prince of Orange , King William III .	Anthonio Colve	August 24 , 1673 is when which Dutch officer took control of NYC ?
On August 24 , 1673 , Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it `` New Orange '' to honor the Prince of Orange , King William III .	England	The Dutch gave back the island to which country in 1674 after their trade routes had been destroyed ?
On August 24 , 1673 , Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it `` New Orange '' to honor the Prince of Orange , King William III .	King William III	New York was called New Orange for a period based off which historical figure ?
At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War , the English gained New Amsterdam -LRB- New York -RRB- in North America in exchange for Dutch control of Run , an Indonesian island .	Second Anglo-Dutch War	After what war did the English receive New Amsterdam ?
By 1700 , the Lenape population had diminished to 200 .	200	How many Lenape lived in the area in 1700 ?
At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War , the English gained New Amsterdam -LRB- New York -RRB- in North America in exchange for Dutch control of Run , an Indonesian island .	Run	What was the name of the island the English traded to the Dutch in return for New Amsterdam ?
By 1700 , the Lenape population had diminished to 200 .	200	In 1700 , the Lenape Native American population had dwindled to how many ?
At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War , the English gained New Amsterdam -LRB- New York -RRB- in North America in exchange for Dutch control of Run , an Indonesian island .	Second Anglo-Dutch War	After which war did England gain New York in exchange for Run , an Indonesian island ?
It also became a center of slavery , with 42 % of households holding slaves by 1730 , more than any other city other than Charleston , South Carolina .	42%	In 1730 , what percentage of New York households were slave-holding ?
It also became a center of slavery , with 42 % of households holding slaves by 1730 , more than any other city other than Charleston , South Carolina .	Charleston, South Carolina	In 1730 , what American city had the highest percentage of slaveholders ?
Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s , during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square , revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years .	Foley Square	Near what square was the African Burial Ground unearthed ?
Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s , during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square , revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years .	courthouse	What was being built that resulted in the discovery of the African Burial Ground ?
It also became a center of slavery , with 42 % of households holding slaves by 1730 , more than any other city other than Charleston , South Carolina .	Charleston, South Carolina	Which city in North America held the most slaves in the 1700s ?
Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s , during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square , revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years .	1990s	When was as African burial ground discovered after the building of new courthouse ?
The trial in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America .	1735	In what year was John Peter Zenger tried ?
The trial in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America .	Manhattan	On what island did Zenger 's trial occur ?
In 1754 , Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King 's College in Lower Manhattan .	1754	In what year was Columbia University chartered ?
In 1754 , Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King 's College in Lower Manhattan .	George II	Under what king did the founding of Columbia University occur ?
In 1754 , Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King 's College in Lower Manhattan .	King's College	What was the original name of Columbia University ?
The trial in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America .	John Peter Zenger	Which trial in Manhatten helped establish the right of freedom of the press ?
In 1754 , Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King 's College in Lower Manhattan .	1754	Columbia University of New York was founded in what year ?
The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city , skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there .	New York	The Stamp Act Congress had a meeting in 1765 in which US city ?
The Battle of Long Island , the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War , was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn .	Battle of Long Island	What was the biggest battle of the American Revolution ?
The Battle of Long Island , the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War , was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn .	Brooklyn	In what borough did the Battle of Long Island occur ?
The Battle of Long Island , the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War , was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn .	August 1776	In what month and year was the Battle of Long Island fought ?
As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation .	10,000	About how many escaped slaves were in New York during the time the British occupied it ?
When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia .	1783	In what year did the American Revolutionary War end ?
The Battle of Long Island , the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War , was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn .	The Battle of Long Island	Which battle was the largest battle of the American Revolutionary war ?
The Battle of Long Island , the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War , was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn .	Brooklyn	Which borough of New York was the Battle of Long Island fought ?
When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia .	1783	When did the English army start to retreat and evacuate NYC during the Battle of Long Island ?
The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates , including Benjamin Franklin , and British general Lord Howe on September 11 , 1776 .	September 11, 1776	On what date did the peace conference on Staten Island occur ?
The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates , including Benjamin Franklin , and British general Lord Howe on September 11 , 1776 .	Lord Howe	Who was the British representative at the Conference House meeting ?
Shortly after the British occupation began , the Great Fire of New York occurred , a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including Trinity Church .	Great Fire of New York	What notable catastrophe took place under the British occupation ?
Shortly after the British occupation began , the Great Fire of New York occurred , a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including Trinity Church .	Manhattan	In what modern-day borough did the Great Fire happen ?
Shortly after the British occupation began , the Great Fire of New York occurred , a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including Trinity Church .	Trinity Church	What noted religious building was destroyed in the Great Fire ?
The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates , including Benjamin Franklin , and British general Lord Howe on September 11 , 1776 .	Lord Howe	Who was the English general who met with Benjamin Franklin on Septermber 11 , 1776 ?
Shortly after the British occupation began , the Great Fire of New York occurred , a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including Trinity Church .	the Great Fire of New York	Which natural disaster happened after English occupation of Lower Manhattan ?
In 1785 , the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war .	1785	In what year did New York become the United States capital ?
In 1789 , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was inaugurated ; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time , and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted , all at Federal Hall on Wall Street .	George Washington	Who was the United States ' first President ?
In 1789 , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was inaugurated ; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time , and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted , all at Federal Hall on Wall Street .	Federal Hall	In what building did the Supreme Court of the United States first sit ?
In 1789 , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was inaugurated ; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time , and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted , all at Federal Hall on Wall Street .	Wall Street	On what street did the writing of the Bill of Rights occur ?
By 1790 , New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States .	Philadelphia	What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790 ?
In 1785 , the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war .	Congress of the Confederation	Which organization made New York the national capital in 1785 ?
In 1785 , the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war .	capital	New York City became the first what under the new Constitution of the United States ?
In 1789 , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was inaugurated ; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time , and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted , all at Federal Hall on Wall Street .	1789	The first president , George Washington , took office in what year ?
By 1790 , New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States .	1790	By which year , did New York City become the largest city in the United States ?
Under New York State 's gradual abolition act of 1799 , children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties .	1799	In what year did the state of New York pass a law to free the slaves ?
Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves , a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan .	Manhattan	What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans ?
Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay , the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children .	Alexander Hamilton	Along with John Jay , who founded the New York Manumission Society ?
It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state , and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination .	1827	In what year did the state of New York eliminate slavery ?
The city 's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840 .	16,000	In 1840 , about how many African-Americans lived in New York City ?
Under New York State 's gradual abolition act of 1799 , children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties .	1799	The gradual abolition act in New York was formed in what year ?
It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state , and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination .	1827	When was slavery completely outlawed in the state of New York ?
The city adopted the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 , which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan .	Commissioners' Plan	What plan of 1811 spread a grid of streets across Manhattan ?
The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes .	1825	In what year did the Erie Canal finish building ?
Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall , a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants .	Tammany Hall	What political machine controlled New York politics in this era ?
Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall , a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants .	Irish	Along with German immigrants , immigrants of what nationality supported Tammany Hall ?
The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes .	1825	The Erie Canal was finished being built in what year ?
Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park , which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city .	Central Park	What was the name of the first urban landscaped park in the United States ?
Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park , which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city .	1857	In what year was Central Park founded ?
Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park , which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city .	first landscaped	Central park , in 1857 , became the first park in America to become what ?
The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants .	Great Irish Famine	What event brought many Irish immigrants to the United States ?
Over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city 's population .	200,000	In 1860 , approximately how many people of Irish extraction were in New York ?
Over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city 's population .	a quarter	In 1860 , what fraction of the city population was composed of Irish immigrants ?
There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces , where revolutions had disrupted societies , and Germans comprised another 25 % of New York 's population by 1860 .	25%	In 1860 , what percentage of the city population was composed of German immigrants ?
There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces , where revolutions had disrupted societies , and Germans comprised another 25 % of New York 's population by 1860 .	revolutions	What events provoked the immigration of people from Germany ?
The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants .	Great Irish Famine	Which event brought upon a lot of Irish immigrants to NYC ?
Over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city 's population .	Over 200,000	How many immigrants that were Irish were living in New York in 1860 ?
In 1861 , Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded , but his proposal was not acted on .	Fernando Wood	Who was the mayor of New York City in 1861 ?
Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War -LRB- 1861 -- 1865 -RRB- , which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $ 300 -LRB- equivalent to $ 5,766 in 2016 -RRB- commutation fee to hire a substitute , led to the Draft Riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class .	$300	What was the commutation fee to avoid being conscripted during the American Civil War ?
Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War -LRB- 1861 -- 1865 -RRB- , which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $ 300 -LRB- equivalent to $ 5,766 in 2016 -RRB- commutation fee to hire a substitute , led to the Draft Riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class .	Irish	People of what ethnicity most visibly participated in the Draft Riots of 1863 ?
According to historian James M. McPherson -LRB- 2001 -RRB- , at least 120 people were killed .	120	About how many people died during the Draft Riots of 1863 ?
In all , eleven black men were lynched over five days , and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg , Brooklyn , as well as New Jersey ; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865 , which it had last been in 1820 .	10,000	What was the approximate African-American population of New York City in 1865 ?
Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground , but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the New York City Police Department , which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants .	Colored Orphan Asylum	The Draft Riots caused which building to burn down in 1863 ?
In 1898 , the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn -LRB- until then a separate city -RRB- , the County of New York -LRB- which then included parts of the Bronx -RRB- , the County of Richmond , and the western portion of the County of Queens .	1898	In what year was the modern City of New York founded ?
The opening of the subway in 1904 , first built as separate private systems , helped bind the new city together .	1904	In what year did the subway begin operation ?
In 1898 , the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn -LRB- until then a separate city -RRB- , the County of New York -LRB- which then included parts of the Bronx -RRB- , the County of Richmond , and the western portion of the County of Queens .	the Bronx	Portions of what modern-day borough were included in the County of New York ?
The opening of the subway in 1904 , first built as separate private systems , helped bind the new city together .	1904	The subway of New York was first available in what year ?
In 1904 , the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River , killing 1,021 people on board .	1904	In what year did the General Slocum disaster occur ?
In 1904 , the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River , killing 1,021 people on board .	1,021	How many people died on the General Slocum ?
In 1911 , the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire , the city 's worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies ' Garment Workers ' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards .	Triangle Shirtwaist Factory	In what building did the city 's deadliest industrial disaster occur ?
In 1911 , the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire , the city 's worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies ' Garment Workers ' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards .	146	How many people died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire ?
In 1911 , the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire , the city 's worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies ' Garment Workers ' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards .	International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union	The growth of what organization was prompted by the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire ?
In 1911 , the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire , the city 's worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies ' Garment Workers ' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards .	Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire	A catastrophe in 1911 that killed 146 workers was called what ?
New York 's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890 .	36,620	How many non-white people lived in New York in 1890 ?
The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition .	Harlem Renaissance	What was the name of the Prohibition-era African-American cultural flourishing in New York ?
New York 's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890 .	36,620	What was the population of people in New York that were not Caucasian in 1890 ?
New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s , overtaking London .	London	In the early 1920s , what was the second most highly populated city in the world ?
The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s , becoming the first megacity in human history .	megacity	What is the term for a city with a population of over 10 million ?
The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance .	Fiorello La Guardia	Who was mayor of New York during the Great Depression ?
The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance .	eighty	For about how many years did Tammany Hall control New York political life ?
The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s , becoming the first megacity in human history .	megacity	In the 1930s , New York City had more than 10 million people becoming the first what in history ?
The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952 , solidifying New York 's global geopolitical influence , and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York 's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world .	1952	When was construction finished on the United Nations Headquarters ?
The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952 , solidifying New York 's global geopolitical influence , and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York 's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world .	Paris	Prior to New York , what city was the center of the world of art ?
The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952 , solidifying New York 's global geopolitical influence , and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York 's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world .	abstract expressionism	What artistic movement caused New York to overtake Paris as the global art center ?
The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952 , solidifying New York 's global geopolitical influence , and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York 's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world .	United Nations	The headquarters what organization was done being build in 1952 in New York ?
The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 , 1969 , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan .	the Stonewall Inn	The Stonewall riots are named after what building ?
The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 , 1969 , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan .	Greenwich Village	In what neighborhood did the Stonewall riots occur ?
The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 , 1969 , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan .	June 28, 1969	On what date did the Stonewall riots take place ?
The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 , 1969 , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan .	Manhattan	In what borough did the Stonewall riots happen ?
The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 , 1969 , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan .	a police raid	What event provoked the Stonewall riots ?
The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 , 1969 , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan .	Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan	Where did the Stonewall riots happen ?
New York 's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census .	2000	In what year did the population of New York first reach an all-time high in this period ?
New York 's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census .	2010	In what year did the population of New York reach an all-time high for the second time in this period ?
Important new sectors , such as Silicon Alley , emerged in the city 's economy .	Silicon Alley	What was the name of a new sector of the New York economy that appeared in the 1990s ?
While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city 's economic health in the 1980s , New York 's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s .	1990s	In what decade did the crime rate drop significantly ?
In the 1970s , job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates .	1970s	In what decade was there a significant decline in industrial jobs ?
In the 1970s , job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates .	1970s	Which decade did massive job losses happen in NYC due to industrial issues ?
The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center , and later destroyed them , killing 2,192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area .	American Airlines Flight 11	What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center 's North Tower on September 11 , 2001 ?
The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center , and later destroyed them , killing 2,192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area .	United Airlines Flight 175	What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center 's South Tower on September 11 , 2001 ?
The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center , and later destroyed them , killing 2,192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area .	343	How many firefighters died in the World Trade Center attack ?
The World Trade Center PATH station , which opened on July 19 , 1909 as the Hudson Terminal , was also destroyed in the attack .	July 19, 1909	On what date did the World Trade Center PATH begin operation ?
The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the fourth-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height , with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet -LRB- 541.3 m -RRB- in reference to the year of American independence .	541.3	How tall is One World Trade Center in meters ?
The World Trade Center PATH station , which opened on July 19 , 1909 as the Hudson Terminal , was also destroyed in the attack .	1909	The Hudson Terminal which was also demolished was build in what year ?
The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center , and later destroyed them , killing 2,192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area .	10	How many leader terrorists of Al Quada were involved with the 9/11 attacks directly that day ?
The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center , and later destroyed them , killing 2,192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area .	American Airlines Flight 11	What was the plane named that crashed into the World Trade Center ?
The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide .	September 17, 2011	On what date did the Occupy Wall Street protests commence ?
The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide .	Zuccotti Park	In what park did the Occupy Wall Street protests occur ?
The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide .	Manhattan	In what borough did the Occupy Wall Street protests take place ?
The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide .	Financial District	In what district of Manhattan were the Occupy Wall Street protests ?
The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide .	September 17, 2011	The Occupy Wall Street protests that took place in Zuccotti Park was on which date ?
The National Review , a conservative magazine published in the city since its founding by William F. Buckley , Jr. in 1955 , commented , `` By hearkening back to New York 's heart after 9/11 , for a moment Trump transcended politics .	William F. Buckley, Jr.	What individual established the National Review ?
The National Review , a conservative magazine published in the city since its founding by William F. Buckley , Jr. in 1955 , commented , `` By hearkening back to New York 's heart after 9/11 , for a moment Trump transcended politics .	1955	In what year was the National Review founded ?
When one Republican presidential candidate for the 2016 election ridiculed the liberalism of `` New York values '' in January 2016 , Donald Trump , leading in the polls , vigorously defended his city .	Donald Trump	What public figure defended New York in January 2016 ?
When one Republican presidential candidate for the 2016 election ridiculed the liberalism of `` New York values '' in January 2016 , Donald Trump , leading in the polls , vigorously defended his city .	Republican	A presidential candidate from what party derided the city for its liberalism ?
New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States , in southeastern New York State , approximately halfway between Washington , D.C. and Boston .	Northeastern	In what geographical region of the United States is New York City located ?
New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States , in southeastern New York State , approximately halfway between Washington , D.C. and Boston .	southeastern	In what geographical region of New York state is New York City located ?
New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States , in southeastern New York State , approximately halfway between Washington , D.C. and Boston .	Boston	New York City is about half the distance between Washington DC and what city ?
The location at the mouth of the Hudson River , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port .	Atlantic	New York City is adjacent to what ocean ?
The location at the mouth of the Hudson River , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port .	Hudson River	What river is New York City located on ?
The location at the mouth of the Hudson River , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port .	Hudson	New York City is at the base of which American river ?
The location at the mouth of the Hudson River , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port .	Atlantic Ocean	The Hudson River flows into which body of water ?
Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island , Manhattan , and Staten Island .	Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.	The three islands that make up New York city are named what ?
The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey .	New Jersey	The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state ?
The Harlem River , another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers , separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx .	Harlem River	What river flows between the Hudson and East Rivers ?
The Bronx River , which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city .	Bronx River	What is the city 's sole fresh water river ?
The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay .	New York Bay	Into what body of water does the Hudson River terminate ?
Between New York City and Troy , New York , the river is an estuary .	Troy, New York	Between New York City and what city is the Hudson River an estuary ?
The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey .	New Jersey	The Hudson River separates NYC from which US state ?
The Bronx River , which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city .	The Bronx River	The single only freshwater river in NYC is what river ?
The Harlem River , another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers , separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx .	The Harlem River	Which river seperates The Bronx from Manhatten ?
The city 's land has been altered substantially by human intervention , with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times ; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan , with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s .	Battery Park City	What Manhattan development is the product of land reclamation ?
The city 's total area is 468.9 square miles -LRB- 1,214 km2 -RRB- .	468.9	What is the total area of New York City in square miles ?
164.1 sq mi -LRB- 425 km2 -RRB- of this is water and 304.8 sq mi -LRB- 789 km2 -RRB- is land .	164.1	In square miles , how much of the city 's total area is composed of water ?
164.1 sq mi -LRB- 425 km2 -RRB- of this is water and 304.8 sq mi -LRB- 789 km2 -RRB- is land .	304.8	In square miles , how much of the city 's total area is land ?
The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island , which , at 409.8 feet -LRB- 124.9 m -RRB- above sea level , is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine .	Todt Hill	What is the name of New York City 's highest point ?
The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island , which , at 409.8 feet -LRB- 124.9 m -RRB- above sea level , is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine .	Staten Island	On what island is New York City 's highest point located ?
The city 's total area is 468.9 square miles -LRB- 1,214 km2 -RRB- .	468.9	How many square miles in NYC ?
164.1 sq mi -LRB- 425 km2 -RRB- of this is water and 304.8 sq mi -LRB- 789 km2 -RRB- is land .	164.1	How many square miles are water in NYC ?
164.1 sq mi -LRB- 425 km2 -RRB- of this is water and 304.8 sq mi -LRB- 789 km2 -RRB- is land .	304.8	How many square miles are land in NYC ?
The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island , which , at 409.8 feet -LRB- 124.9 m -RRB- above sea level , is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine .	Todt Hill	The highest peak in the city is what location ?
The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island , which , at 409.8 feet -LRB- 124.9 m -RRB- above sea level , is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine .	409.8	How many feet above sea level is Todt Hil ?
New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern One World Trade Center , the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world .	Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House	What structure is an example of saltbox architecture ?
New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern One World Trade Center , the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world .	Brooklyn	In what borough is the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House located ?
New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern One World Trade Center , the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world .	One World Trade Center	What building is the priciest office tower in the world ?
New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern One World Trade Center , the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world .	Manhattan	In what borough is One World Trade Center located ?
New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern One World Trade Center , the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world .	1656	In what year did construction on the oldest part of Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House begin ?
New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern One World Trade Center , the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world .	One World Trade Center	The most expensive office tower built in the world today is what ?
As of 2011 , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet -LRB- 100 m -RRB- high , both second in the world after Hong Kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet -LRB- 200 m -RRB- .	5,937	How many high-rises were present in New York City in 2011 ?
As of 2011 , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet -LRB- 100 m -RRB- high , both second in the world after Hong Kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet -LRB- 200 m -RRB- .	Hong Kong	What city has the most high-rise buildings in the world ?
As of 2011 , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet -LRB- 100 m -RRB- high , both second in the world after Hong Kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet -LRB- 200 m -RRB- .	550	How many structures in New York City are over 100m tall ?
These include the Woolworth Building -LRB- 1913 -RRB- , an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing .	1913	In what year was the Woolworth Building completed ?
As of 2011 , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet -LRB- 100 m -RRB- high , both second in the world after Hong Kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet -LRB- 200 m -RRB- .	Hong Kong	NYC has the highest quantity of skyscrapers after which other world city ?
As of 2011 , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet -LRB- 100 m -RRB- high , both second in the world after Hong Kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet -LRB- 200 m -RRB- .	550	How many buildings located in NYC are at least 330 feet in height ?
The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building -LRB- 1930 -RRB- and Empire State Building -LRB- 1931 -RRB- , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements .	1931	In what year was the Empire State Building completed ?
The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building -LRB- 1930 -RRB- and Empire State Building -LRB- 1931 -RRB- , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements .	Art Deco	The Chrysler Building reflects what architectural style ?
The buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style .	61st	What floor of the Chrysler Building has sculptures of eagles at its corners ?
A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building -LRB- 1957 -RRB- , distinctive for its façade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building 's structure .	Seagram Building	What building known for its bronze-tinted I-beams was completed in 1957 ?
The Condé Nast Building -LRB- 2000 -RRB- is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects as well as AIA New York State for its design .	American Institute of Architects	What is the full name of the organization known by the acronym AIA ?
The buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style .	eagles	Which animal decorates the corners of the Chrysler Building ?
The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building -LRB- 1930 -RRB- and Empire State Building -LRB- 1931 -RRB- , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements .	1931	When was the Empire State Building constructed ?
The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building -LRB- 1930 -RRB- and Empire State Building -LRB- 1931 -RRB- , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements .	1930	When was the Chrysler building built in NYC ?
In neighborhoods such as Riverdale -LRB- in the Bronx -RRB- , Ditmas Park -LRB- in Brooklyn -RRB- , and Douglaston -LRB- in Queens -RRB- , large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian .	the Bronx	In what borough is the Riverdale neighborhood located ?
In neighborhoods such as Riverdale -LRB- in the Bronx -RRB- , Ditmas Park -LRB- in Brooklyn -RRB- , and Douglaston -LRB- in Queens -RRB- , large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian .	Brooklyn	In what borough is the Ditmas Park neighborhood located ?
In neighborhoods such as Riverdale -LRB- in the Bronx -RRB- , Ditmas Park -LRB- in Brooklyn -RRB- , and Douglaston -LRB- in Queens -RRB- , large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian .	Queens	In what borough is the Douglaston neighborhood located ?
The character of New York 's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930 .	1930	Brownstone rowhouse construction is most often associated with the period beginning in 1870 and ending in what year ?
In neighborhoods such as Riverdale -LRB- in the Bronx -RRB- , Ditmas Park -LRB- in Brooklyn -RRB- , and Douglaston -LRB- in Queens -RRB- , large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian .	Victorian	Along with Tudor Revival , what is a common architectural style of single-family houses in New York ?
The character of New York 's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930 .	brownstone rowhouses	What type of housing structure makes up most of the large residential districts of NYC ?
Stone and brick became the city 's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835 .	the Great Fire of 1835	What event led to the decline in wooden construction in New York City ?
In the 1800s , the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations , which could break municipal water pipes .	six	In the 19th century , New York city required water towers in the roofs of buildings that were more than how many stories tall ?
Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas , such as Jackson Heights .	Jackson Heights	What area was known for its garden apartments ?
Stone and brick became the city 's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835 .	Stone and brick	After the Great Fire of 1835 , what became the most widespread building materials ?
A distinctive feature of many of the city 's buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water towers .	wooden roof-mounted water towers	To prevent high water pressures at lower elevations what were built on many of the city 's buildings ?
According to the United States Geological Survey , an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a `` slightly lower hazard for tall buildings '' in New York City than previously assessed .	July 2014	When did the United States Geological Survey released its seismic hazard analysis ?
If the boroughs were each independent cities , four of the boroughs -LRB- Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , and the Bronx -RRB- would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States .	four	How many of New York 's boroughs would be counted among the United States ' ten most populated cities if they were independent ?
There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City , many with a definable history and character to call their own .	five	How many boroughs does New York City have ?
If the boroughs were each independent cities , four of the boroughs -LRB- Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , and the Bronx -RRB- would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States .	Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx	Which four boroughs of NYC would be among the the most populous cities in the US if they were independent cities ?
Under the Köppen climate classification , using the 0 °C -LRB- 32 °F -RRB- coldest month -LRB- January -RRB- isotherm , New York City itself experiences a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Cfa -RRB- and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization .	humid subtropical	What is the name of New York City 's climate using the Köppen climate classification ?
The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum .	234	How many sunny days does New York average each year ?
The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum .	2,535	How many hours of sunshine does New York receive every year ?
The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical -LRB- Cfa -RRB- to a humid continental climate -LRB- Dfa -RRB- .	humid continental	The suburbs of the city lie between the humid subtropical and what other climate zone ?
Under the Köppen climate classification , using the 0 °C -LRB- 32 °F -RRB- coldest month -LRB- January -RRB- isotherm , New York City itself experiences a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Cfa -RRB- and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization .	January	What month in New York City is the coldest ?
Under the Köppen climate classification , using the 0 °C -LRB- 32 °F -RRB- coldest month -LRB- January -RRB- isotherm , New York City itself experiences a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Cfa -RRB- and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization .	humid subtropical	What type of climate does NYC possess ?
The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum .	234	How many days on average does NYC get sunshine annually ?
The city falls under USDA 7b Plant Hardiness zone .	USDA 7b	What planting zone does the city land in ?
Winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean ; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh , Cincinnati , and Indianapolis .	Appalachians	What mountains serve as a barrier to keep New York City comparatively warmer in the winter ?
The daily mean temperature in January , the area 's coldest month , is 32.6 °F -LRB- 0.3 °C -RRB- ; however , temperatures usually drop to 10 °F -LRB- − 12 °C -RRB- several times per winter , and reach 50 °F -LRB- 10 °C -RRB- several days each winter month .	0.3	What is New York City 's daily January mean temperature in degrees celsius ?
Summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 °F -LRB- 24.7 °C -RRB- in July and an average humidity level of 72 % .	72%	What is the average humidity in July as a percentage ?
Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °F -LRB- 38 °C -RRB- .	17	On average , how often do New York temperatures exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit each year ?
Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 15 °F -LRB- − 26 °C -RRB- , recorded on February 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °F -LRB- 41 °C -RRB- on July 9 , 1936 .	July 9, 1936	On what date did New York record its highest temperature ever ?
Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 15 °F -LRB- − 26 °C -RRB- , recorded on February 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °F -LRB- 41 °C -RRB- on July 9 , 1936 .	106	What is the highest temperature recorded in NYC ?
Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 15 °F -LRB- − 26 °C -RRB- , recorded on February 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °F -LRB- 41 °C -RRB- on July 9 , 1936 .	1934	When was the lowest temperature recorded in NYC ?
Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 15 °F -LRB- − 26 °C -RRB- , recorded on February 9 , 1934 , up to 106 °F -LRB- 41 °C -RRB- on July 9 , 1936 .	1936	The highest temperature ever recorded in NYC was in what year ?
The city receives 49.9 inches -LRB- 1,270 mm -RRB- of precipitation annually , which is fairly spread throughout the year .	1,270	In millimeters , how much precipitation does New York receive a year ?
Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches -LRB- 66 cm -RRB- , but this varies considerably from year to year .	66	In centimeters , what is the average winter snowfall ?
Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29 , 2012 , flooding numerous streets , tunnels , and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs .	October 29, 2012	When did Hurricane Sandy strike New York ?
The city receives 49.9 inches -LRB- 1,270 mm -RRB- of precipitation annually , which is fairly spread throughout the year .	49.9	How many inches of precipitation does NYC get in a year ?
Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29 , 2012 , flooding numerous streets , tunnels , and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs .	Hurricane Sandy	Which natural disaster occurred on October 29 , 2012 in NYC ?
Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches -LRB- 66 cm -RRB- , but this varies considerably from year to year .	25.8	The mean snowfall between 1981 and 2010 in NYC has been how many inches ?
The City of New York has a complex park system , with various lands operated by the National Park Service , the New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation , and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation .	New York City Department of Parks and Recreation	What is the name of the New York City department that operates the park system ?
The City of New York has a complex park system , with various lands operated by the National Park Service , the New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation , and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation .	New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation	What is the state office that operates New York City parks ?
The City of New York has a complex park system , with various lands operated by the National Park Service , the New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation , and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation .	National Park Service	What federal service operates New York City parks ?
In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities , behind the park system of Minneapolis .	Minneapolis	What city was rated as having the best park system by The Trust for Public Land ?
In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities , behind the park system of Minneapolis .	New York City	What city had the second highest ParkScore rating ?
In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities , behind the park system of Minneapolis .	Minneapolis	The 2013 ParkScore rating for NYC made NYC second in best park system to what other US city ?
Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres -LRB- 10,521.83 ha -RRB- in total , most of it surrounded by New York City , including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens , over 9,000 acres -LRB- 36 km2 -RRB- of salt marsh , islands , and water , including most of Jamaica Bay .	10,521.83	How large is the Gateway National recreation Area in hectares ?
Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres -LRB- 10,521.83 ha -RRB- in total , most of it surrounded by New York City , including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens , over 9,000 acres -LRB- 36 km2 -RRB- of salt marsh , islands , and water , including most of Jamaica Bay .	9,000	About how large is the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in acres ?
Also in Queens , the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula , most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden .	Fort Tilden	What fort is located on the Rockaway Peninsula ?
Also in Queens , the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula , most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden .	Jacob Riis Park	What park is located on the Rockaway Peninsula ?
Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres -LRB- 10,521.83 ha -RRB- in total , most of it surrounded by New York City , including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens , over 9,000 acres -LRB- 36 km2 -RRB- of salt marsh , islands , and water , including most of Jamaica Bay .	Jamaica Bay	What body of water is Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge adjacent to ?
Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres -LRB- 10,521.83 ha -RRB- in total , most of it surrounded by New York City , including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens , over 9,000 acres -LRB- 36 km2 -RRB- of salt marsh , islands , and water , including most of Jamaica Bay .	over 26,000	How many acres of land does Gateway Nation Recreation contain ?
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey .	National Park Service	What body administers the Ellis Island Immigration Museum ?
Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument ; Federal Hall National Memorial ; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site ; General Grant National Memorial -LRB- `` Grant 's Tomb '' -RRB- ; African Burial Ground National Monument ; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial .	Grant's Tomb	What is the common name for the General Grant National Memorial ?
Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as , for example , the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement .	Greenwich Village	In what neighborhood is the Stonewall Inn located ?
Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as , for example , the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement .	gay rights movement	What movement is the Stonewall Inn most famously associated with ?
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey .	National Park Service	The Statue of Liberty is taken care of by what organization ?
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey .	New Jersey	The Statue of Liberty is also in what other US state ?
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey .	New Jersey	Ellis Island is considered in New York state and which other ?
Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as , for example , the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement .	Stonewall Inn	Which landmark is considered the spark for LGBT rights ?
Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument ; Federal Hall National Memorial ; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site ; General Grant National Memorial -LRB- `` Grant 's Tomb '' -RRB- ; African Burial Ground National Monument ; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial .	Grant's Tomb	The landmark , General Grant National Memorial , is also called what ?
There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City , including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve , a natural area which includes extensive riding trails , and Riverbank State Park , a 28-acre -LRB- 110,000 m2 -RRB- facility that rises 69 feet -LRB- 21 m -RRB- over the Hudson River .	seven	How many state parks exist in New York City ?
There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City , including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve , a natural area which includes extensive riding trails , and Riverbank State Park , a 28-acre -LRB- 110,000 m2 -RRB- facility that rises 69 feet -LRB- 21 m -RRB- over the Hudson River .	21	How many meters is Riverbank State Park elevated above the Hudson River ?
There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City , including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve , a natural area which includes extensive riding trails , and Riverbank State Park , a 28-acre -LRB- 110,000 m2 -RRB- facility that rises 69 feet -LRB- 21 m -RRB- over the Hudson River .	seven	How many New York state parks are within New York City ?
There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City , including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve , a natural area which includes extensive riding trails , and Riverbank State Park , a 28-acre -LRB- 110,000 m2 -RRB- facility that rises 69 feet -LRB- 21 m -RRB- over the Hudson River .	69 feet	Riverbank State park 's highest point is how high above the Hudson River ?
New York City has over 28,000 acres -LRB- 110 km2 -RRB- of municipal parkland and 14 miles -LRB- 23 km -RRB- of public beaches .	28,000	New York has approximately how many acres of parks ?
New York City has over 28,000 acres -LRB- 110 km2 -RRB- of municipal parkland and 14 miles -LRB- 23 km -RRB- of public beaches .	14	How many miles of public beach are located in New York City ?
The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park with 2,700 acres -LRB- 1,093 ha -RRB- .	Pelham Bay Park	What is the biggest public park in the city ?
The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park with 2,700 acres -LRB- 1,093 ha -RRB- .	1,093	How large is Pelham Bay Park in hectares ?
New York City has over 28,000 acres -LRB- 110 km2 -RRB- of municipal parkland and 14 miles -LRB- 23 km -RRB- of public beaches .	over 28,000	New York City has how many acres of land dedicated to parks ?
New York City has over 28,000 acres -LRB- 110 km2 -RRB- of municipal parkland and 14 miles -LRB- 23 km -RRB- of public beaches .	14	How long are all the public beaches together in miles ?
The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park with 2,700 acres -LRB- 1,093 ha -RRB- .	Pelham Bay Park	What is the largest park in New York City ?
The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park with 2,700 acres -LRB- 1,093 ha -RRB- .	2,700	How many acres of land does Pelham Bay park have ?
New York City is home to Fort Hamilton , the U.S. military 's only active duty installation within the city .	Fort Hamilton	What is the name of the military base in New York City ?
Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution , it is one of America 's longest serving military forts .	1825	In what year was Fort Hamilton founded ?
Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution , it is one of America 's longest serving military forts .	Brooklyn	In what borough is Fort Hamilton located ?
Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers as well as for the New York City Recruiting Battalion .	North Atlantic Division	What division is based at Fort Hamilton ?
It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade , the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron , and a military entrance processing station .	1179th Transportation Brigade	What brigade is headquartered at Fort Hamilton ?
New York City is home to Fort Hamilton , the U.S. military 's only active duty installation within the city .	Fort Hamilton	The U.S. military has only one active location in NYC named what ?
Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution , it is one of America 's longest serving military forts .	1825	When was Fort Hamilton built ?
Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution , it is one of America 's longest serving military forts .	Brooklyn	Which borough can Fort Hamilton be found ?
Other formerly active military reservations still utilized for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens .	Queens	Fort Wadsworth and Fort Totten are located in which area of New York City ?
New York City is the most-populous city in the United States , with an estimated record high of 8,491,079 residents as of 2014 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census .	8,491,079	What was the population of New York City in 2014 ?
More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city -LRB- Los Angeles -RRB- , and within a smaller area .	Los Angeles	What is the US city with the second largest population ?
New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 -LRB- 316,000 -RRB- than any other U.S. city .	316,000	How many people moved to New York City between April 2010 and July 2014 ?
New York City 's population amounts to about 40 % of New York State 's population and a similar percentage of the New York metropolitan area population .	40%	Approximately what percentage is New York City 's population of the entire state 's population ?
New York City 's population amounts to about 40 % of New York State 's population and a similar percentage of the New York metropolitan area population .	40%	About what percentage is New York City 's population of the New York metropolitan area 's population ?
New York City is the most-populous city in the United States , with an estimated record high of 8,491,079 residents as of 2014 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census .	8,491,079	What is the population of NYC as of 2014 ?
More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city -LRB- Los Angeles -RRB- , and within a smaller area .	Los Angeles	The second largest city in the US is what ?
New York City 's population amounts to about 40 % of New York State 's population and a similar percentage of the New York metropolitan area population .	40	What percentage of people that live in the state of New York live in New York City ?
In 2014 , the city had an estimated population density of 27,858 people per square mile -LRB- 10,756 / km ² -RRB- , rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United States ; however , several small cities -LRB- of fewer than 100,000 -RRB- in adjacent Hudson County , New Jersey are more dense overall , as per the 2000 Census .	27,858	How many people live in a square mile of New York City ?
Geographically co-extensive with New York County , the borough of Manhattan 's population density of 71,672 people per square mile -LRB- 27,673 / km ² -RRB- makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city .	27,673	What is the population density of Manhattan per square kilometer ?
In 2014 , the city had an estimated population density of 27,858 people per square mile -LRB- 10,756 / km ² -RRB- , rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United States ; however , several small cities -LRB- of fewer than 100,000 -RRB- in adjacent Hudson County , New Jersey are more dense overall , as per the 2000 Census .	Hudson County	Some cities in what county have a higher population density than New York City ?
The city 's population in 2010 was 44 % white -LRB- 33.3 % non-Hispanic white -RRB- , 25.5 % black -LRB- 23 % non-Hispanic black -RRB- , 0.7 % Native American , and 12.7 % Asian .	44%	What percentage of the city 's population is Caucasian ?
The city 's population in 2010 was 44 % white -LRB- 33.3 % non-Hispanic white -RRB- , 25.5 % black -LRB- 23 % non-Hispanic black -RRB- , 0.7 % Native American , and 12.7 % Asian .	25.5%	What percentage of the city 's population is African-American ?
Hispanics of any race represented 28.6 % of the population , while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city 's population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the Civil War , the number of blacks declined over a decade .	Asians	What ethnicity is growing the quickest in New York City ?
Hispanics of any race represented 28.6 % of the population , while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city 's population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the Civil War , the number of blacks declined over a decade .	28.6%	What percentage of the population identifies as Hispanic ?
The city 's population in 2010 was 44 % white -LRB- 33.3 % non-Hispanic white -RRB- , 25.5 % black -LRB- 23 % non-Hispanic black -RRB- , 0.7 % Native American , and 12.7 % Asian .	44	As of 2010 , what percentage made up white people in NYC ?
Hispanics of any race represented 28.6 % of the population , while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city 's population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the Civil War , the number of blacks declined over a decade .	the Civil War	Since what event did the first time black people decline in living in NYC ?
Hispanics of any race represented 28.6 % of the population , while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city 's population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the Civil War , the number of blacks declined over a decade .	Asians	Which race of people made it the highest growing ethnicity between 2000-2010 in NYC ?
The city 's population in 2010 was 44 % white -LRB- 33.3 % non-Hispanic white -RRB- , 25.5 % black -LRB- 23 % non-Hispanic black -RRB- , 0.7 % Native American , and 12.7 % Asian .	25.5	What percentage of Africans make up NYC ?
Throughout its history , the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the United States ; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924 .	12 million	How many immigrants arrived at Ellis Island from 1892 to 1924 ?
The term `` melting pot '' was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side .	Lower East Side	` Melting pot ' was first used to describe neighborhoods in what area of the city ?
By 1900 , Germans constituted the largest immigrant group , followed by the Irish , Jews , and Italians .	Germans	What ethnicity comprised the largest number of immigrants at the beginning of the twentieth century ?
In 1940 , whites represented 92 % of the city 's population .	92%	What percentage of the population was Caucasian in 1940 ?
By 1900 , Germans constituted the largest immigrant group , followed by the Irish , Jews , and Italians .	Irish	What was the ethnicity of the second largest group of immigrants in 1900 ?
Throughout its history , the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the United States ; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924 .	more than 12 million	Between 1892-1924 , how many immigrants came through Ellis Island ?
Approximately 37 % of the city 's population is foreign born .	37%	What percentage of the population was born outside the United States ?
The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic , China , Mexico , Guyana , Jamaica , Ecuador , Haiti , India , Russia , and Trinidad and Tobago , while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city , counting over 74,000 by 2013 .	Dominican Republic	From what country did the largest number of foreign-born immigrants originate as of 2011 ?
The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic , China , Mexico , Guyana , Jamaica , Ecuador , Haiti , India , Russia , and Trinidad and Tobago , while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city , counting over 74,000 by 2013 .	74,000	About how many immigrants from Bangladesh lived in the city in 2013 ?
The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic , China , Mexico , Guyana , Jamaica , Ecuador , Haiti , India , Russia , and Trinidad and Tobago , while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city , counting over 74,000 by 2013 .	China	What country was the second largest source of foreign-born New Yorkers in 2011 ?
Approximately 37 % of the city 's population is foreign born .	37	What percentage of the population of NYC was born in another country ?
The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state 's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean -LRB- Colombian , Ecuadorian , Peruvian , and Bolivian -RRB- populations in the United States , and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world .	Queens	What New York borough contains the highest population of Asian-Americans ?
The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State ; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown -LRB- 紐約華埠 -RRB- , in Brooklyn -LRB- 布鲁克林華埠 -RRB- , and around Flushing , Queens -LRB- 法拉盛華埠 -RRB- , are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves , while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County -LRB- 拿騷縣 -RRB- on Long Island -LRB- 長島 -RRB- , as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants , respectively , and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas .	Manhattan	What borough housed the first Chinatown in New York ?
In 2012 , 6.3 % of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity , with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn , geographically on Long Island .	6.3%	As of 2012 , what percentage of the New York City population was ethnically Chinese ?
The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state 's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean -LRB- Colombian , Ecuadorian , Peruvian , and Bolivian -RRB- populations in the United States , and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world .	Queens	What borough is home to a large Tibetan population ?
Koreans made up 1.2 % of the city 's population , and Japanese 0.3 % .	0.3%	What percentage of the New York City population is Japanese ?
At 2.7 million in 2012 , New York 's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles -LRB- 1.1 million -RRB- , Chicago -LRB- 865,000 -RRB- , and Houston -LRB- 550,000 -RRB- combined .	2.7 million	How many non-Hispanic whites lived in New York City in 2012 ?
At 2.7 million in 2012 , New York 's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles -LRB- 1.1 million -RRB- , Chicago -LRB- 865,000 -RRB- , and Houston -LRB- 550,000 -RRB- combined .	550,000	What is the non-Hispanic white population of Houston ?
According to 2012 Census estimates , there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans , 385,000 Irish Americans , 253,000 German Americans , 223,000 Russian Americans , 201,000 Polish Americans , and 137,000 English Americans .	201,000	How many New Yorkers are of Polish ancestry ?
Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx .	the Bronx	What borough has the largest population of ethnic Albanians ?
At 2.7 million in 2012 , New York 's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles -LRB- 1.1 million -RRB- , Chicago -LRB- 865,000 -RRB- , and Houston -LRB- 550,000 -RRB- combined .	2.7 million	NYC has the largest white population by how many people ?
The wider New York City metropolitan area , with over 20 million people , about 50 % greater than the second-place Los Angeles metropolitan area in the United States , is also ethnically diverse .	20 million	About how many people live in New York City 's metropolitan area ?
It is home to the largest Jewish as well as Israeli communities outside Israel , with the Jewish population in the region numbering over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe .	1.5 million	As of 2012 , how many Jewish people lived in the New York metropolitan area ?
The metropolitan area is also home to 20 % of the nation 's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves , as well as 15 % of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns ; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere ; the largest Russian American , Italian American , and African American populations ; the largest Dominican American , Puerto Rican American , and South American and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States , numbering 4.8 million ; and includes at least 6 established Chinatowns within New York City alone , with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 779,269 overseas Chinese as of 2013 Census estimates , the largest outside of Asia .	20%	What percentage of the total Indian-American population of the United States lives in the New York metropolitan area ?
The metropolitan area is also home to 20 % of the nation 's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves , as well as 15 % of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns ; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere ; the largest Russian American , Italian American , and African American populations ; the largest Dominican American , Puerto Rican American , and South American and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States , numbering 4.8 million ; and includes at least 6 established Chinatowns within New York City alone , with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 779,269 overseas Chinese as of 2013 Census estimates , the largest outside of Asia .	4.8 million	How many Hispanic people live in the New York metropolitan area ?
The metropolitan area is also home to 20 % of the nation 's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves , as well as 15 % of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns ; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere ; the largest Russian American , Italian American , and African American populations ; the largest Dominican American , Puerto Rican American , and South American and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States , numbering 4.8 million ; and includes at least 6 established Chinatowns within New York City alone , with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 779,269 overseas Chinese as of 2013 Census estimates , the largest outside of Asia .	6	Approximately how many Chinatowns exist in New York City ?
Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City , this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013 .	1.3 million	In 2013 , how many people of Puerto Rican ancestry lived in New York City ?
Ecuador , Colombia , Guyana , Peru , and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013 ; the Dominican Republic , Jamaica , Haiti , and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean ; Egypt , Ghana , and Nigeria from Africa ; and El Salvador , Honduras , and Guatemala in Central America .	the Dominican Republic	What nation provided the most legal immigrants to New York City in the Caribbean ?
Ecuador , Colombia , Guyana , Peru , and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013 ; the Dominican Republic , Jamaica , Haiti , and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean ; Egypt , Ghana , and Nigeria from Africa ; and El Salvador , Honduras , and Guatemala in Central America .	Egypt	Out of all African nations , which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013 ?
Ecuador , Colombia , Guyana , Peru , and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013 ; the Dominican Republic , Jamaica , Haiti , and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean ; Egypt , Ghana , and Nigeria from Africa ; and El Salvador , Honduras , and Guatemala in Central America .	El Salvador	Out of all nations in Central America , which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013 ?
Ecuador , Colombia , Guyana , Peru , and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013 ; the Dominican Republic , Jamaica , Haiti , and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean ; Egypt , Ghana , and Nigeria from Africa ; and El Salvador , Honduras , and Guatemala in Central America .	Ecuador	Of all the countries in South America , which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013 ?
The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals , the largest in the United States and one of the world 's largest .	568,903	How many self-identified LGB people live in the New York metropolitan area ?
Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter .	June 24, 2011	On what date did New York legalize gay marriage ?
Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter .	30	How many days after gay marriage was legalized were gay marriages allowed to take place ?
The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals , the largest in the United States and one of the world 's largest .	568,903	How many people identify as gay or bisexual in NYC ?
Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter .	June 24, 2011	Same-sex marriage became legal on what date in New York ?
Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter .	30	Since Gay marriage became legal , how many days did people have to wait to marry ?
Christianity -LRB- 59 % -RRB- , particularly Catholicism -LRB- 33 % -RRB- , was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014 , followed by Judaism , with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City , over half living in Brooklyn .	59%	What percentage of New Yorkers are Christians ?
Christianity -LRB- 59 % -RRB- , particularly Catholicism -LRB- 33 % -RRB- , was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014 , followed by Judaism , with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City , over half living in Brooklyn .	33%	What percentage of New Yorkers follow the Catholic faith ?
Christianity -LRB- 59 % -RRB- , particularly Catholicism -LRB- 33 % -RRB- , was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014 , followed by Judaism , with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City , over half living in Brooklyn .	1.1 million	About how many Jews live in New York City ?
Christianity -LRB- 59 % -RRB- , particularly Catholicism -LRB- 33 % -RRB- , was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014 , followed by Judaism , with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City , over half living in Brooklyn .	Brooklyn	What borough has the largest population of Jewish people ?
Islam ranks third in New York City , with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers and including 10 % of the city 's public schoolchildren , followed by Hinduism , Buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism .	Islam	What is the third most popular faith in New York City ?
Christianity -LRB- 59 % -RRB- , particularly Catholicism -LRB- 33 % -RRB- , was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014 , followed by Judaism , with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City , over half living in Brooklyn .	Christianity	What was the most prominent religion in New York as of 2014 ?
Christianity -LRB- 59 % -RRB- , particularly Catholicism -LRB- 33 % -RRB- , was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014 , followed by Judaism , with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City , over half living in Brooklyn .	Judaism	The second most prominent religion in New York is what ?
Christianity -LRB- 59 % -RRB- , particularly Catholicism -LRB- 33 % -RRB- , was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014 , followed by Judaism , with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City , over half living in Brooklyn .	Brooklyn	Half the population of Jews live in what borough of New York City ?
In 2014 , 24 % self-identified with no organized religious affiliation .	24	What percentage of people in 2014 had no religion ?
Islam ranks third in New York City , with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers and including 10 % of the city 's public schoolchildren , followed by Hinduism , Buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism .	Islam	The third most popular religion in NYC is what ?
New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan .	0.5	What is New York City 's Gini Coefficient ?
New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan .	Manhattan	What borough has a Gini Coefficient of 0.6 ?
In 2013 , New York City had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , higher than the next five U.S. cities combined , including former Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg .	Michael R. Bloomberg	What previous mayor of New York is a billionaire ?
New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014 , at 4.6 % of residents .	4.6%	In 2014 , millionaires made up what percentage of New York City 's population ?
In the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in New York County -LRB- Manhattan -RRB- was $ 2,749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the United States .	$2,749	What is the average weekly wage in Manhattan ?
In the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in New York County -LRB- Manhattan -RRB- was $ 2,749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the United States .	2,749	The average weekly earnings for a worker in NYC was what in 2014 ?
New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan .	New York City	By 2013 , which city had the most billionaires living in the city ?
The city is a major center for banking and finance , retailing , world trade , transportation , tourism , real estate , new media as well as traditional media , advertising , legal services , accountancy , insurance , theater , fashion , and the arts in the United States ; while Silicon Alley , metonymous for New York 's broad-spectrum high technology sphere , continues to expand .	Silicon Alley	What is the common name for New York 's high technology sector ?
In 2012 , New York City topped the first Global Economic Power Index , published by The Atlantic -LRB- to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the Martin Prosperity Institute -RRB- , with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities .	The Atlantic	Who created the Global Economic Power Index that ranked New York first ?
The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a major economic engine , handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014 .	2014	In what year did the Port of New York and New Jersey deal with unprecedented cargo volume ?
In 2012 , New York City topped the first Global Economic Power Index , published by The Atlantic -LRB- to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the Martin Prosperity Institute -RRB- , with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities .	2012	In what year was New York ranked first on the Global Economic Power Index ?
One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company .	One out of ten	What fraction of New Yorkers in the private sector are employed by foreign companies ?
This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013 .	FDi Magazine	What publication ranked New York first in the 2013 American Cities of the Future rankings ?
Real estate is a major force in the city 's economy , as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$ 914.8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year .	US$914.8 billion	What was the 2015 assessed value of all the property in New York ?
The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city , at US$ 1.1 billion in 2006 .	US$1.1 billion	How much was Time Warner Center worth in 2006 ?
450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2 , 2007 for US$ 510 million , about $ 1,589 per square foot -LRB- $ 17,104 / m ² -RRB- , breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $ 1,476 per square foot -LRB- $ 15,887 / m ² -RRB- set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue .	$1,589	What was the price per square foot of 450 Park Avenue when it sold in July 2007 ?
450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2 , 2007 for US$ 510 million , about $ 1,589 per square foot -LRB- $ 17,104 / m ² -RRB- , breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $ 1,476 per square foot -LRB- $ 15,887 / m ² -RRB- set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue .	$15,887	What was the price per square meter of 660 Madison Avenue in June 2007 ?
According to Forbes , in 2014 , Manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the United States by median housing price .	six	Of the top 10 zip codes with the most expensive housing prices in the United States , how many are in Manhattan ?
The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city , at US$ 1.1 billion in 2006 .	Time Warner Center	Which building has the highest market value in NYC ?
450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2 , 2007 for US$ 510 million , about $ 1,589 per square foot -LRB- $ 17,104 / m ² -RRB- , breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $ 1,476 per square foot -LRB- $ 15,887 / m ² -RRB- set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue .	660 Madison Avenue	The previous record beaten by Park Avenue was for what real estate ?
As of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group , both based in Manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately US$ 21 billion , reflecting New York City 's role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as `` Madison Avenue '' .	Madison Avenue	What is the popular name of New York 's advertising industry ?
The city 's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $ 11 billion in annual wages .	180,000	About how many people work in the New York fashion industry ?
The city 's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $ 11 billion in annual wages .	$11 billion	About how much does it cost per year to pay workers in the New York fashion industry ?
As of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group , both based in Manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately US$ 21 billion , reflecting New York City 's role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as `` Madison Avenue '' .	Omnicom Group	With Interpublic Group , what company has a combined annual revenue of roughly US$ 21 billion ?
The city 's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $ 11 billion in annual wages .	180,000	NYC 's fashion industry employs how many people ?
As of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group , both based in Manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately US$ 21 billion , reflecting New York City 's role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as `` Madison Avenue '' .	Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group	The Two highest advertising agencies in the world located in NYC are called what ?
Food processing is a US$ 5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents .	19,000	How many New Yorkers work in the food processing field ?
Food processing is a US$ 5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents .	US$5 billion	What is the annual revenue of the food processing industry ?
Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment , although the city 's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn .	Brooklyn	In what borough is the garment business prominent ?
Chocolate is New York City 's leading specialty-food export , with up to US$ 234 million worth of exports each year .	US$234 million	What dollar amount of chocolate does New York export annually ?
Entrepreneurs were forming a `` Chocolate District '' in Brooklyn as of 2014 , while Godiva , one of the world 's largest chocolatiers , continues to be headquartered in Manhattan .	Brooklyn	Where is the `` Chocolate District '' located ?
Entrepreneurs were forming a `` Chocolate District '' in Brooklyn as of 2014 , while Godiva , one of the world 's largest chocolatiers , continues to be headquartered in Manhattan .	Manhattan	In what borough is Godiva based ?
Chocolate is New York City 's leading specialty-food export , with up to US$ 234 million worth of exports each year .	Chocolate	What is the number one specialty food export of New York ?
Chocolate is New York City 's leading specialty-food export , with up to US$ 234 million worth of exports each year .	Chocolate	What type of food is NYC 's leading food export ?
Entrepreneurs were forming a `` Chocolate District '' in Brooklyn as of 2014 , while Godiva , one of the world 's largest chocolatiers , continues to be headquartered in Manhattan .	Godiva	Which one of the world 's largest chocolate makers is stationed in Manhattan ?
The city 's securities industry , enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city 's financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city 's private sector jobs , 8.5 percent -LRB- US$ 3.8 billion -RRB- of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city 's total wages , including an average salary of US$ 360,700 .	163,400	As of 2013 , how many people worked for a securities business in New York ?
The city 's securities industry , enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city 's financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city 's private sector jobs , 8.5 percent -LRB- US$ 3.8 billion -RRB- of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city 's total wages , including an average salary of US$ 360,700 .	5	What percentage of New York private sector jobs are in the securities industry ?
The city 's securities industry , enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city 's financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city 's private sector jobs , 8.5 percent -LRB- US$ 3.8 billion -RRB- of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city 's total wages , including an average salary of US$ 360,700 .	US$3.8 billion	How much tax revenue does the securities industry generate ?
The city 's securities industry , enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city 's financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city 's private sector jobs , 8.5 percent -LRB- US$ 3.8 billion -RRB- of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city 's total wages , including an average salary of US$ 360,700 .	US$360,700	What is the average income in the New York securities industry ?
The city 's securities industry , enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city 's financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city 's private sector jobs , 8.5 percent -LRB- US$ 3.8 billion -RRB- of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city 's total wages , including an average salary of US$ 360,700 .	22	What percentage of the city 's wages does the securities industry provide ?
The city 's securities industry , enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city 's financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city 's private sector jobs , 8.5 percent -LRB- US$ 3.8 billion -RRB- of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city 's total wages , including an average salary of US$ 360,700 .	The city's securities	22 Percent of NYC 's total wages are from what industry ?
Lower Manhattan is the third-largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange , on Wall Street , and the NASDAQ , at 165 Broadway , representing the world 's largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 .	Wall Street	On what street is the New York Stock Exchange headquartered ?
Lower Manhattan is the third-largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange , on Wall Street , and the NASDAQ , at 165 Broadway , representing the world 's largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 .	165 Broadway	What is the street address of NASDAQ ?
Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $ 40 billion in 2012 , while in 2013 , senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $ 324,000 annually .	$40 billion	In 2012 , how many investment banking fees were paid out to Wall Street ?
In fiscal year 2013 -- 14 , Wall Street 's securities industry generated 19 % of New York State 's tax revenue .	19%	In 2013-4 , what percentage of New York state tax revenues came from the securities business on Wall Street ?
New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets , driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy. :31 -- 32 In July 2013 , NYSE Euronext , the operator of the New York Stock Exchange , took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association .	British Bankers Association	Who was the previous overseer of the London interbank offered rate ?
Lower Manhattan is the third-largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange , on Wall Street , and the NASDAQ , at 165 Broadway , representing the world 's largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 .	Wall Street	The New York Stock exchange is located where in NYC ?
Lower Manhattan is the third-largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange , on Wall Street , and the NASDAQ , at 165 Broadway , representing the world 's largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 .	165 Broadway	The NASDAQ is located on what street in NYC ?
Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet -LRB- 46.5 million m2 -RRB- of office space in 2015 , making it the largest office market in the United States , while Midtown Manhattan , with nearly 400 million square feet -LRB- 37.2 million m2 -RRB- in 2015 , is the largest central business district in the world .	46.5 million	How many square meters of office space does Manhattan have ?
Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet -LRB- 46.5 million m2 -RRB- of office space in 2015 , making it the largest office market in the United States , while Midtown Manhattan , with nearly 400 million square feet -LRB- 37.2 million m2 -RRB- in 2015 , is the largest central business district in the world .	400	About how many million square feet of office space is present in Midtown Manhattan ?
Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet -LRB- 46.5 million m2 -RRB- of office space in 2015 , making it the largest office market in the United States , while Midtown Manhattan , with nearly 400 million square feet -LRB- 37.2 million m2 -RRB- in 2015 , is the largest central business district in the world .	500 million square feet	How much office space did Manhatten possess in 2015 ?
Silicon Alley , centered in Manhattan , has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region 's high technology industries involving the Internet , new media , telecommunications , digital media , software development , biotechnology , game design , financial technology -LRB- `` fintech '' -RRB- , and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments .	Manhattan	In what borough is Silicon Alley located ?
Verizon Communications , headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan , was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$ 3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City .	140 West Street	What is the street address of the headquarters of Verizon Communciations ?
Verizon Communications , headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan , was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$ 3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City .	US$3 billion	How much did Verizon spend on fiber optic upgrades in New York City ?
As of 2014 , New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector .	300,000	Approximately how many tech sector jobs are in New York City ?
As of 2014 , New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector .	300,000	The technology sector of work in NYC has how many employees in its service ?
On December 19 , 2011 , then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$ 2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world 's premier technology capital .	Technion-Israel Institute of Technology	Along with Cornell University , what institution is involved in the building of Cornell Tech ?
On December 19 , 2011 , then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$ 2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world 's premier technology capital .	US$2 billion	What is the cost to build Cornell Tech ?
On December 19 , 2011 , then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$ 2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world 's premier technology capital .	Roosevelt Island	On what island is Cornell Tech located ?
By mid-2014 , Accelerator , a biotech investment firm , had raised more than US$ 30 million from investors , including Eli Lilly and Company , Pfizer , and Johnson & Johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science , which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet -LRB- 65,000 m2 -RRB- on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic , medical , and research institutions .	US$30 million	About how much capital did Accelerator raise as of the middle of 2014 ?
By mid-2014 , Accelerator , a biotech investment firm , had raised more than US$ 30 million from investors , including Eli Lilly and Company , Pfizer , and Johnson & Johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science , which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet -LRB- 65,000 m2 -RRB- on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic , medical , and research institutions .	65,000	How large is the Alexandria Center for Life Science in square meters ?
On December 19 , 2011 , then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$ 2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world 's premier technology capital .	Cornell Tech	In 2011 , what school was built on Roosevelt Island ?
Tourism is a vital industry for New York City , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists -- receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011 , 54 million in 2013 , and a record 56.4 million in 2014 .	51 million	How many tourists visited New York in 2011 ?
Tourism is a vital industry for New York City , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists -- receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011 , 54 million in 2013 , and a record 56.4 million in 2014 .	54 million	How many people came to visit New York in 2013 ?
Tourism is a vital industry for New York City , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists -- receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011 , 54 million in 2013 , and a record 56.4 million in 2014 .	56.4 million	What is the record number of tourists that have visited New York in a year ?
Tourism generated an all-time high US$ 61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014 .	US$61.3 billion	How much money did tourism create for New York in 2014 ?
Tourism is a vital industry for New York City , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists -- receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011 , 54 million in 2013 , and a record 56.4 million in 2014 .	56.4 million	How many tourists that visited NYC in 2014 broke the record ?
Tourism is a vital industry for New York City , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists -- receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011 , 54 million in 2013 , and a record 56.4 million in 2014 .	54 million	How many tourists visited NYC in 2013 ?
I Love New York -LRB- stylized I ❤ NY -RRB- is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City , and later to promote New York State as well .	I Love New York	What English phrase does I ❤ NY represent ?
I Love New York -LRB- stylized I ❤ NY -RRB- is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City , and later to promote New York State as well .	1977	When was I ❤ NY first used in advertisements ?
The trademarked logo , owned by New York State Empire State Development , appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state , some licensed , many not .	New York State Empire State Development	Who owns the trademark to I ❤ NY ?
I Love New York -LRB- stylized I ❤ NY -RRB- is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City , and later to promote New York State as well .	I Love New York	What is the state song of New York ?
I Love New York -LRB- stylized I ❤ NY -RRB- is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City , and later to promote New York State as well .	1977	I Love New York was established as advertising in what year ?
Major tourist destinations include Times Square ; Broadway theater productions ; the Empire State Building ; the Statue of Liberty ; Ellis Island ; the United Nations Headquarters ; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art ; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park ; Rockefeller Center ; the Manhattan Chinatown ; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues ; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village ; the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade ; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree ; the St. Patrick 's Day parade ; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime ; the Tribeca Film Festival ; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage .	Greenwich Village	In what neighborhood does the Halloween Parade take place ?
Major tourist destinations include Times Square ; Broadway theater productions ; the Empire State Building ; the Statue of Liberty ; Ellis Island ; the United Nations Headquarters ; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art ; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park ; Rockefeller Center ; the Manhattan Chinatown ; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues ; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village ; the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade ; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree ; the St. Patrick 's Day parade ; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime ; the Tribeca Film Festival ; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage .	Macy's	What company sponsors the Thanksgiving Day parade ?
Major tourist destinations include Times Square ; Broadway theater productions ; the Empire State Building ; the Statue of Liberty ; Ellis Island ; the United Nations Headquarters ; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art ; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park ; Rockefeller Center ; the Manhattan Chinatown ; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues ; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village ; the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade ; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree ; the St. Patrick 's Day parade ; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime ; the Tribeca Film Festival ; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage .	Rockefeller Center	At what location is a Christmas tree famously lit every year ?
Major tourist destinations include Times Square ; Broadway theater productions ; the Empire State Building ; the Statue of Liberty ; Ellis Island ; the United Nations Headquarters ; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art ; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park ; Rockefeller Center ; the Manhattan Chinatown ; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues ; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village ; the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade ; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree ; the St. Patrick 's Day parade ; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime ; the Tribeca Film Festival ; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage .	Summerstage	Where in Central Park are performances offered at no cost ?
Major attractions in the boroughs outside Manhattan include Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens ; the Bronx Zoo ; Coney Island , Brooklyn ; and the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx .	Queens	In what borough is the Unisphere located ?
Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 .	90,000	About how many hotel rooms are there in Manhattan ?
Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 .	10%	What was the percentage increase of Manhattan hotel rooms between 2013 and 2014 ?
In October 2014 , the Anbang Insurance Group , based in China , purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$ 1.95 billion , making it the world 's most expensive hotel ever sold .	Anbang Insurance Group	Who owns the Waldorf Astoria ?
In October 2014 , the Anbang Insurance Group , based in China , purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$ 1.95 billion , making it the world 's most expensive hotel ever sold .	US$1.95 billion	What was the October 2014 purchase price of the Waldorf Astoria ?
In October 2014 , the Anbang Insurance Group , based in China , purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$ 1.95 billion , making it the world 's most expensive hotel ever sold .	Waldorf Astoria New York	The hotel that sold for the most money in 2014 was which in NYC ?
Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 .	90,000	How many hotel rooms are located in NYC as of the end of 2014 ?
In October 2014 , the Anbang Insurance Group , based in China , purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$ 1.95 billion , making it the world 's most expensive hotel ever sold .	Anbang Insurance Group	Who bought the Waldorf Astoria hotel in NYC in 2014 ?
In October 2014 , the Anbang Insurance Group , based in China , purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$ 1.95 billion , making it the world 's most expensive hotel ever sold .	1.95 billion	The Waldorf Astoria hotel sold for how many dollars ?
As of 2012 , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States , producing about 200 feature films annually , employing 130,000 individuals , and generating an estimated $ 7.1 billion in direct expenditures , and by volume , New York is the world leader in independent film production ; one-third of all American independent films are produced in New York City .	200	Approximately how many feature films are made in New York City every year ?
As of 2012 , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States , producing about 200 feature films annually , employing 130,000 individuals , and generating an estimated $ 7.1 billion in direct expenditures , and by volume , New York is the world leader in independent film production ; one-third of all American independent films are produced in New York City .	130,000	How many New Yorkers work in the television and film industry ?
As of 2012 , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States , producing about 200 feature films annually , employing 130,000 individuals , and generating an estimated $ 7.1 billion in direct expenditures , and by volume , New York is the world leader in independent film production ; one-third of all American independent films are produced in New York City .	$7.1 billion	How much money does the New York film and television industry create every year ?
In the first five months of 2014 alone , location filming for television pilots in New York City exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013 , with New York surpassing Los Angeles as the top North American city for the same distinction during the 2013/2014 cycle .	Los Angeles	What United States city is the second most popular for pilot episode location filming ?
Two of the top three record labels ' headquarters are in New York : Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group .	Sony Music Entertainment	Along with Warner Music Group , what top three record label is based in New York City ?
New York City is additionally a center for the advertising , music , newspaper , digital media , and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America .	New York City	What city is North America 's biggest media market ?
Seven of the world 's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York .	Seven	Out of the top eight advertising agency networks in the world , how many are based in New York ?
More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people .	25,000	How many people work in the New York publishing industry ?
Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers : The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times , which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism .	The New York Times	Which New York-based newspaper has won the Pulitzer Prize for journalism ?
Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers : The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times , which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism .	The Wall Street Journal	Along with the New York Times , what national daily newspaper is based in New York ?
Major tabloid newspapers in the city include : The New York Daily News , which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and The New York Post , founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton .	1919	What was the founding year of the New York Daily News ?
Major tabloid newspapers in the city include : The New York Daily News , which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and The New York Post , founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton .	Alexander Hamilton	Who was the founder of the New York Post ?
More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people .	More than 200	How many newspaper offices are located in New York ?
More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people .	350	How many magazines can call NYC home ?
Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers : The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times , which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism .	The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times	Which two national newspapers are located in New York ?
Major tabloid newspapers in the city include : The New York Daily News , which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and The New York Post , founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton .	1919	When was the New York Daily News founded ?
The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York : ABC , CBS , and NBC .	CBS	Along with ABC and NBC , what other major broadcaster is based in New York ?
The City of New York operates a public broadcast service , NYCTV , that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government .	NYCTV	What is the name of the city 's public television service ?
Many cable networks are based in the city as well , including MTV , Fox News , HBO , Showtime , Bravo , Food Network , AMC , and Comedy Central .	Comedy Central	What comedy channel on cable television is headquartered in New York ?
Many cable networks are based in the city as well , including MTV , Fox News , HBO , Showtime , Bravo , Food Network , AMC , and Comedy Central .	Fox News	What cable news channel is based in New York ?
The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network , founded in 1971 .	Manhattan Neighborhood Network	What is the name of the first public-access TV channel in the country ?
The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network , founded in 1971 .	1971	In what year did the Manhattan Neighborhood Network begin ?
WNET is the city 's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service -LRB- PBS -RRB- television programming .	WNET	What is the primary public television station in New York ?
WNYC , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the United States .	WNYC	What is the largest public radio station in the US by audience size ?
WNYC , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the United States .	1997	In what year did the city cease to own WNYC ?
The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network , founded in 1971 .	Manhattan Neighborhood Network	The public-assess TV channel that has been around the longest in the US in what ?
The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network , founded in 1971 .	1971	When was the Manhattan Neighborhood Network created ?
WNYC , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the United States .	WNYC	The largest public radio station by listeners is what in New York ?
The New York City Public Schools system , managed by the New York City Department of Education , is the largest public school system in the United States , serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools .	New York City Department of Education	What city department runs the public school system ?
The New York City Public Schools system , managed by the New York City Department of Education , is the largest public school system in the United States , serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools .	1.1 million	How many students are in New York City public schools ?
The New York City Public Schools system , managed by the New York City Department of Education , is the largest public school system in the United States , serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools .	1,700	About how many public schools are there in New York City ?
The city 's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students .	nine	How many high schools for gifted students does New York City have ?
The New York City Public Schools system , managed by the New York City Department of Education , is the largest public school system in the United States , serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools .	1.1 million	How many students regularly attend schools in NYC ?
The city 's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students .	nine	How many highschools are specialized in NYC ?
The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools .	New York City Charter School Center	What institution aids in the creation of charter schools in New York ?
There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city .	900	About how many private schools does New York have ?
Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City 's over 120 higher education institutions , the highest number of any city in the United States , including over half million in the City University of New York -LRB- CUNY -RRB- system alone in 2014 .	half million	About how many students attend schools in the City University of New York system ?
In 2005 , three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates , and one out of four had a postgraduate degree , forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city .	three out of five	What fraction of Manhattan residents graduated from college ?
In 2005 , three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates , and one out of four had a postgraduate degree , forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city .	one out of four	What fraction of Manhattan residents have graduate degrees ?
The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation , comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs : senior colleges , community colleges , and other graduate/professional schools .	24	The City University of New York system consists of how many institutions ?
Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City 's over 120 higher education institutions , the highest number of any city in the United States , including over half million in the City University of New York -LRB- CUNY -RRB- system alone in 2014 .	600,000	How many students in New York partcipate in higher education ?
The New York Public Library , which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States , serves Manhattan , the Bronx , and Staten Island .	The New York Public Library	What is the largest library in the United States ?
Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library , the nation 's second largest public library system , while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn .	Queens Borough Public Library	What is the second largest library in the US ?
Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library , the nation 's second largest public library system , while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn .	Queens Borough Public Library	What is the name of the library system in Queens ?
Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library , the nation 's second largest public library system , while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn .	Brooklyn Public Library	What is Brooklyn 's public library system called ?
The New York Public Library , which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States , serves Manhattan , the Bronx , and Staten Island .	Manhattan	Along with Staten Island and the Bronx , what borough is served by the New York Public Library ?
The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation -LRB- HHC -RRB- operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City .	New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation	The largest municipal healthcare in the US is what ?
HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals , five nursing homes , six diagnostic and treatment centers , and more than 70 community-based primary care sites , serving primarily the poor and working class .	11	How many hospitals does HHC operate ?
A public benefit corporation with $ 6.7 billion in annual revenues , HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients , including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents .	$6.7 billion	What is the yearly revenue of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation ?
A public benefit corporation with $ 6.7 billion in annual revenues , HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients , including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents .	1.4 million	How many patients are served annually by HHC ?
A public benefit corporation with $ 6.7 billion in annual revenues , HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients , including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents .	475,000	How many uninsured New Yorkers take advantage of HHC ?
HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation -LRB- Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969 -RRB- .	1969	In what year was the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation founded ?
HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals , five nursing homes , six diagnostic and treatment centers , and more than 70 community-based primary care sites , serving primarily the poor and working class .	five	How many nursing homes does HHC operate ?
The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital , the oldest public hospital in the United States .	Bellevue Hospital	The public hospital that has been around the longest in the US is what ?
The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju , MD , a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois .	Ramanathan Raju	Who is the president of HHC ?
The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital , the oldest public hospital in the United States .	Bellevue Hospital	What was the first public hospital founded in the United States ?
The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital , the oldest public hospital in the United States .	Bellevue Hospital	If the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom becomes sick in New York City , what hospital does he go to ?
The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju , MD , a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois .	Ramanathan Raju, MD	Who is the HHC president ?
The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju , MD , a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois .	Illinois	In what state did the president of HHC previously work ?
The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju , MD , a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois .	CEO	What was the president of HHC 's previous job title ?
The New York City Police Department -LRB- NYPD -RRB- has been the largest police force in the United States by a significant margin , with over 35,000 sworn officers .	35,000	The largest police presence in the US is NYPD with how many people ?
Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians , the media , and their own police cars by the nickname , New York 's Finest .	New York's Finest	NYPD officers have a nickname that is known as what ?
The New York City Police Department -LRB- NYPD -RRB- has been the largest police force in the United States by a significant margin , with over 35,000 sworn officers .	New York City Police Department	What does the acronym NYPD stand for ?
The New York City Police Department -LRB- NYPD -RRB- has been the largest police force in the United States by a significant margin , with over 35,000 sworn officers .	35,000	About how many police work for the NYPD ?
Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians , the media , and their own police cars by the nickname , New York 's Finest .	New York's Finest	What is the nickname given to New York City Police Department officers ?
New York experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major American cities .	328	What was the low record for homicides in 2014 in NYC ?
Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75 % from 1993 to 2005 , and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases .	75%	What percentage decrease in violent crime did the city see between 1993 and 2005 ?
By 2002 , New York City 's crime rate was similar to that of Provo , Utah , and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000 .	Provo, Utah	As of 2002 , to what city did New York have a comparable crime rate ?
In 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966 , and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963 .	2007	In what year did the city have less than 500 homicides ?
New York experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major American cities .	328	How many homicides were there in New York City in 2014 ?
In the first six months of 2010 , 95.1 % of all murder victims and 95.9 % of all shooting victims in New York City were black or Hispanic ; additionally , 90.2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96.7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or Hispanic .	95.9%	In the first half of 2010 , what percentage of shooting victims were African-American or Hispanic ?
Organized crime has long been associated with New York City , beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s .	Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards	The first major crime groups in NYC were in the 1820s known as what ?
The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia , dominated by the Five Families , as well as in gangs , including the Black Spades .	the Five Families	What group controlled the Mafia in New York in the 20th century ?
Organized crime has long been associated with New York City , beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s .	the Five Points	The Forth Thieves and Roach Guards were two gangs that operated in what area of New York in the 1820s ?
The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia , dominated by the Five Families , as well as in gangs , including the Black Spades .	the Black Spades	What was a notable 20th century gang in New York ?
The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department .	Tokyo Fire Department	What is the largest fire department force in the world ?
The New York City Fire Department -LRB- FDNY -RRB- , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City .	The New York City Fire Department	What is the second largest fire department force in the world ?
The FDNY 's motto is New York 's Bravest .	New York's Bravest	What is the The New York City Fire Department 's motto ?
The New York City Fire Department -LRB- FDNY -RRB- , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City .	New York City Fire Department	What does FDNY stand for ?
The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department .	Tokyo	What city is home to the largest municipal fire department in the world ?
The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs and paramedics .	11,080	How many firefighters work for the New York City Fire Department ?
The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs and paramedics .	3,300	The FDNY employs about how many paramedics and EMTs ?
The FDNY 's motto is New York 's Bravest .	New York's Bravest	What is the motto of the New York City Fire Department ?
New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world , consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track .	subway systems	New York is home to what largest transportation system in the world ?
In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures , there are many secluded bridges and tunnels , as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires .	brush fires	What types of fires can start in parks and woodlands ?
The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn , and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island .	9 MetroTech Center	What is the address for The New York City Fire Department headquarters ?
The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn , and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island .	Randalls Island	Which island is home to the Fire academy in NYC ?
The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn , and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island .	Brooklyn	Which borough of NYC is home to the The New York City Fire Department headquarters ?
The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn , and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island .	9 MetroTech Center	What is the street address of the New York Fire Department headquarters ?
The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn , and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island .	Brooklyn	In what borough is the FDNY headquartered ?
The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn , and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island .	Randalls Island	Where is the fire department 's training academy located ?
One office , at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn , houses Manhattan/Citywide , Brooklyn , and Staten Island Fire Communications .	11 Metrotech Center	What is the street address of the Bureau of Fire Communications alarm office in Brooklyn ?
The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s .	1940s	Jazz became popular during which decade in NYC ?
The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s .	1970s	Which decade did hip hop start to surface in NYC ?
Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city , such as the Harlem Renaissance , which established the African-American literary canon in the United States .	the Harlem Renaissance	What was the name of the cultural development that defined the black American literary canon ?
The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s .	jazz	What musical style was prominent in New York in the 1940s ?
The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s .	abstract expressionism	What artistic style was prominent in New York in the 1950s ?
The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s .	hip hop	What was the name of the new musical style that emerged from New York in the 1970s ?
New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world .	New York City	The fashion capital of the world is what city in the US ?
New York Fashion Week is one of the world 's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media .	New York Fashion Week	One of the biggest fashion shows in the world is named what in New York ?
The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements , including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art ; abstract expressionism -LRB- also known as the New York School -RRB- in painting ; and hip hop , punk , salsa , disco , freestyle , Tin Pan Alley , and Jazz in music .	the New York School	By what other name is abstract expressionism known ?
New York Fashion Week is one of the world 's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media .	New York Fashion Week	What is the name of the prominent fashion event that occurs in New York ?
New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor .	the Global Language Monitor	Who ranked New York as the fashion capital of the world ?
The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions , and in the 1880s , New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical .	1880s	The Broadway Musical began in what decade ?
New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes .	500	Approximately how many galleries of art are in New York City ?
The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions , and in the 1880s , New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical .	42nd Street	Along with Broadway , what New York thoroughfare is associated with Broadway musicals ?
Strongly influenced by the city 's immigrants , productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart , George M. Cohan , and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition .	Harrigan	Who was Hart 's writing partner ?
New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes .	2,000	About how many cultural and artistic organizations are in New York City ?
The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions , and in the 1880s , New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical .	electric lighting	What technological development led resulted in elaborate stage productions ?
Attendance in 2013 -- 2014 stood at 12.21 million , representing a 5.5 % increase from the 2012 -- 2013 season 's 11.57 million .	12.21 million	How many people attended Broadway shows during the 2013-2014 season ?
Forty of the city 's theaters , with more than 500 seats each , are collectively known as Broadway , after the major thoroughfare that crosses the Times Square Theater District , sometimes referred to as `` The Great White Way '' .	The Great White Way	What is the nickname of the Times Square Theater District ?
According to The Broadway League , Broadway shows sold approximately US$ 1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013 -- 2014 season , an 11.4 % increase from US$ 1.139 billion in the 2012 -- 2013 season .	US$1.27 billion	What was the dollar amount of the tickets sold on Broadway in 2013-14 ?
According to The Broadway League , Broadway shows sold approximately US$ 1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013 -- 2014 season , an 11.4 % increase from US$ 1.139 billion in the 2012 -- 2013 season .	11.4%	What was the percentage increase in the Broadway ticket revenue from 2012-3 to 2013-4 ?
Attendance in 2013 -- 2014 stood at 12.21 million , representing a 5.5 % increase from the 2012 -- 2013 season 's 11.57 million .	12.21 million	How many people attended a Broadway show in the 2013-4 season ?
Attendance in 2013 -- 2014 stood at 12.21 million , representing a 5.5 % increase from the 2012 -- 2013 season 's 11.57 million .	11.57 million	In 2012-3 , what number of people saw a show on Broadway ?
The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city 's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection results .	24,000	How many restaurants are there in NYC ?
Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city , many immigrant-owned , have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs popular examples of modern New York street food .	4,000	How many mobile food vendors operate in New York City ?
The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city 's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection results .	24,000	How many restaurants is New York home to ?
The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city 's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection results .	New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene	What public department inspects the restaurants of New York ?
The city is also home to nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world , according to Michelin .	one thousand	According to Michelin , about how many fine dining restaurants exist in New York ?
Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues , and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882 .	1882	The Brooklyn Dodgers were created in what year ?
Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide -LRB- MetLife Stadium , the new Yankee Stadium , Madison Square Garden , and Citi Field -RRB- are located in the New York metropolitan area .	MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field	Which four of the world 's most expensive stadiums are located in NYC ?
Madison Square Garden , its predecessor , as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field , are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world , the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps .	the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field	Which two sports stadiums of New York City were featured on US stamps ?
Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues , and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882 .	1882	In what year were the Brooklyn Dodgers founded ?
New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League , Major League Baseball , the National Basketball Association , the National Hockey League , and Major League Soccer .	Major League Soccer	What professional soccer organization is headquartered in New York ?
The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues .	five	How many professional sports leagues have their headquarters in New York ?
The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues , both current and historic .	forty	About how many major professional sports teams have been based at one time or another in New York ?
New York has been described as the `` Capital of Baseball '' .	Baseball	NYC is known as the Capital of which sport ?
There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams .	35	How many Major League Baseball World Series has NYC teams won ?
New York has been described as the `` Capital of Baseball '' .	Baseball	It is one of only five areas to contain two teams of what sport ?
It is one of only five metro areas -LRB- Los Angeles , Chicago , Baltimore -- Washington , and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others -RRB- to have two baseball teams .	two	How many minor league baseball teams are there in NYC ?
There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams .	35	How many World Series have New York teams won ?
There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams .	73	How many Major League baseball league pennants have New York teams won ?
It is one of only five metro areas -LRB- Los Angeles , Chicago , Baltimore -- Washington , and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others -RRB- to have two baseball teams .	two	How many professional baseball teams are located in New York ?
Additionally , there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other , known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000 .	14	How many times have two teams from New York played against each other in the World Series ?
Additionally , there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other , known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000 .	Subway Series	What is the nickname for a World Series where two New York teams play against each other ?
The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets , although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford , New Jersey , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 .	MetLife Stadium	The New York Giants and the New York Jets place at which stadium in NYC ?
The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets , although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford , New Jersey , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 .	2014	When was the most recent superbowl held in NYC for football ?
The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets , although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford , New Jersey , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 .	New York Giants	Along what the New York Jets , what NFL team is based in New York ?
The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets , although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford , New Jersey , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 .	MetLife Stadium	What stadium do the New York Jets call home ?
The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets , although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford , New Jersey , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 .	East Rutherford, New Jersey	What city is MetLife Stadium located in ?
The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets , although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford , New Jersey , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 .	Super Bowl XLVIII	What Super Bowl took place at MetLife Stadium ?
The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets , although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford , New Jersey , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 .	2014	In what year did a Super Bowl occur at MetLife Stadium ?
The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League .	The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers	There are two hockey teams located in NYC . What are they ?
Also within the metropolitan area are the New Jersey Devils , who play in nearby Newark , New Jersey .	Newark	Which town do the New Jersey Devils hockey team play ?
Also within the metropolitan area are the New Jersey Devils , who play in nearby Newark , New Jersey .	Newark, New Jersey	In what city are the New Jersey Devils located ?
The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League .	Hockey	What sport do the New York Rangers play ?
The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League .	New York Islanders	Along with the New York Rangers , what NHL franchise is based in New York ?
The city 's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks , while the New York Liberty is the city 's Women 's National Basketball Association .	the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks	Which two national basketball teams play in NYC ?
The city 's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks , while the New York Liberty is the city 's Women 's National Basketball Association .	New York Liberty	New York City 's women 's basketball team is called what ?
The first national college-level basketball championship , the National Invitation Tournament , was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city .	1938	The first college basketball championship took place in NYC in what year ?
The city 's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks , while the New York Liberty is the city 's Women 's National Basketball Association .	New York Liberty	What Women 's National Basketball Association team is based in New York ?
The first national college-level basketball championship , the National Invitation Tournament , was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city .	National Invitation Tournament	What is the name of the collegiate basketball championship that takes place in New York ?
The first national college-level basketball championship , the National Invitation Tournament , was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city .	1938	In what year was the inaugural National Invitation Tournament ?
The city 's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks , while the New York Liberty is the city 's Women 's National Basketball Association .	New York Knicks	Along with the Brooklyn Nets , what NBA team is based in New York ?
The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world 's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park , Queens .	Queens	Which borough of New York hosts the US Open Tennis championships ?
The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile .	Millrose Games	The Wanamaker Mile is an event by which annual track and field meeting ?
The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing 's Triple Crown races , held just over the city 's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June .	Belmont Stakes	The oldest , longest horse races in the US are located in NYC called what ?
The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club .	1930 and 1939	Which years did NYC host the PGA golf championships ?
Boxing is also a prominent part of the city 's sporting scene , with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year .	Madison Square Garden	The Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves are held at which location in NYC ?
The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world 's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park , Queens .	Queens	In what borough is the National Tennis Center located ?
The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world 's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park , Queens .	United States Open Tennis Championships	What tennis Grand Slam event is held at the National Tennis Center ?
The New York Marathon is one of the world 's largest , and the 2004 -- 2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37,866 finishers in 2006 .	37,866	How many people completed the New York Marathon in 2006 ?
The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile .	Millrose Games	What annual sporting competition features the Wanamaker Mile ?
Boxing is also a prominent part of the city 's sporting scene , with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year .	Madison Square Garden	At what venue does the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves take place ?
Stickball , a street version of baseball , was popularized by youths in the 1930s , and a street in the Bronx was renamed Stickball Boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this .	Stickball	A version of baseball played in city streets was nicknamed was in the 1930s ?
Stickball , a street version of baseball , was popularized by youths in the 1930s , and a street in the Bronx was renamed Stickball Boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this .	Stickball Boulevard	What street was renamed in the late 2000s to commemorate the street version of baseball ?
Stickball , a street version of baseball , was popularized by youths in the 1930s , and a street in the Bronx was renamed Stickball Boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this .	the Bronx	In what borough is Stickball Boulevard located ?
The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation , with 469 , and by length of routes .	New York City Subway system	Which subway system is considered the largest in the world ?
The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation , with 469 , and by length of routes .	469	How many stations does the New York City Subway system contain ?
The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere , with 1.75 billion passengers rides in 2014 , while Grand Central Terminal , also popularly referred to as `` Grand Central Station '' , is the world 's largest railway station by number of train platforms .	Grand Central Station	Which station is known as the world 's biggest railroad station ?
The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere , with 1.75 billion passengers rides in 2014 , while Grand Central Terminal , also popularly referred to as `` Grand Central Station '' , is the world 's largest railway station by number of train platforms .	1.75 billion	How many people rode the New York City Subway in 2014 ?
The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere , with 1.75 billion passengers rides in 2014 , while Grand Central Terminal , also popularly referred to as `` Grand Central Station '' , is the world 's largest railway station by number of train platforms .	Grand Central Station	What is the nickname given to Grand Central Terminal ?
According to the US Census Bureau , New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day getting to work , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities .	38.4	How many minutes does it take the average New Yorker to get to work ?
54.6 % of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit .	54.6	What percentage of New Yorkers use public transportation to get to work ?
New York is the only US city in which a majority -LRB- 52 % -RRB- of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of Manhattanites own a car .	22	What percentage of people living in Manhattan own a car ?
54.6 % of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit .	54.6%	In 2005 , what percentage of New York residents used mass transit to get to work ?
This is in contrast to the rest of the United States , where about 90 % of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace .	90%	What percentage of Americans drive cars to work ?
According to the US Census Bureau , New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day getting to work , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities .	38.4	In minutes , how long does it take for the average New Yorker to get to work ?
New York is the only US city in which a majority -LRB- 52 % -RRB- of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of Manhattanites own a car .	52%	What percentage of New York households do n't own an automobile ?
New York is the only US city in which a majority -LRB- 52 % -RRB- of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of Manhattanites own a car .	22%	What percentage of Manhattan residents own an automobile ?
New York City 's public bus fleet is the largest in North America , and the Port Authority Bus Terminal , the main intercity bus terminal of the city , serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily , making it the busiest bus station in the world .	Port Authority Bus Terminal	The busiest bus station in the world in the world is called what ?
New York City 's public bus fleet is the largest in North America , and the Port Authority Bus Terminal , the main intercity bus terminal of the city , serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily , making it the busiest bus station in the world .	7,000	How many buses visit the Port Authority Bus Terminal each day ?
New York City 's public bus fleet is the largest in North America , and the Port Authority Bus Terminal , the main intercity bus terminal of the city , serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily , making it the busiest bus station in the world .	200,000	How many New Yorkers ride the bus on a daily basis ?
New York City 's public bus fleet is the largest in North America , and the Port Authority Bus Terminal , the main intercity bus terminal of the city , serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily , making it the busiest bus station in the world .	Port Authority Bus Terminal	What is New York 's primary bus terminal ?
The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport , Newark Liberty International Airport , and LaGuardia Airport ; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012 , and the city 's airspace is the busiest in the nation .	John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport	The three airports that have the most people come through them in NYC are which ?
The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport , Newark Liberty International Airport , and LaGuardia Airport ; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012 , and the city 's airspace is the busiest in the nation .	Newark Liberty International Airport	What is the second busiest airport in the New York metro area ?
The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport , Newark Liberty International Airport , and LaGuardia Airport ; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012 , and the city 's airspace is the busiest in the nation .	John F. Kennedy International Airport	In 2011 , what airport did the most international travelers in North America visit ?
Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport , Stewart International Airport near Newburgh , New York , by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey .	Newburgh, New York	What city is Stewart International Airport located close to ?
The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport , Newark Liberty International Airport , and LaGuardia Airport ; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012 , and the city 's airspace is the busiest in the nation .	109 million	How many travelers visited JFK , LaGuardia and Newark Liberty in 2012 ?
The Staten Island Ferry is the world 's busiest ferry route , carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5.2-mile -LRB- 8.4 km -RRB- route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day .	The Staten Island Ferry	The world 's most popular ferry route is which in NYC ?
The Staten Island Ferry is the world 's busiest ferry route , carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5.2-mile -LRB- 8.4 km -RRB- route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day .	24	How many hours a day does the The Staten Island Ferry run ?
The Staten Island Ferry is the world 's busiest ferry route , carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5.2-mile -LRB- 8.4 km -RRB- route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day .	8.4	In kilometers , how long is the Staten Island Ferry route ?
The Staten Island Ferry is the world 's busiest ferry route , carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5.2-mile -LRB- 8.4 km -RRB- route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day .	Manhattan	Staring in State Island , in what borough does the Staten Island Ferry 's route terminate ?
The Staten Island Ferry is the world 's busiest ferry route , carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5.2-mile -LRB- 8.4 km -RRB- route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day .	20 million	How many passengers ride the Staten Island Ferry annually ?
The George Washington Bridge is the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting Manhattan to Bergen County , New Jersey .	The George Washington Bridge	Which bridge in NYC is the busiest in the world ?
The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world 's longest .	The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge	The biggest suspension bridge in the US is what ?
The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself .	The Brooklyn Bridge	The bridge made with steel-wire is which in NYC ?
This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge .	1903	The Brooklyn Bridge was the worlds largest until what date ?
The George Washington Bridge is the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting Manhattan to Bergen County , New Jersey .	George Washington Bridge	What is the busiest bridge for cars in the world ?
The George Washington Bridge is the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting Manhattan to Bergen County , New Jersey .	Bergen	Starting in Manhattan , the George Washington Bridge terminates in what New Jersey county ?
The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world 's longest .	Verrazano-Narrows Bridge	What is the longest suspension bridge in the United States ?
The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone , granite , and Rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo-Gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers .	neo-Gothic	What style of architecture was used to design the Brooklyn Bridge ?
This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge .	1903	In what year did the Brooklyn Bridge cease to be the world 's longest suspension bridge ?
The Lincoln Tunnel , which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world .	The Lincoln Tunnel	Which tunnel do 120,000 vehicles travel through a day in NYC ?
The Holland Tunnel , connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City , New Jersey , was the world 's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 .	1927	The Holland Tunnel opened in what year ?
The Queens-Midtown Tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn , was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 .	1940	The Queens-Midtown Tunnel was finished in what year ?
President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it .	President Franklin D. Roosevelt	Who was the first person to drive through The Queens-Midtown Tunnel ?
The Lincoln Tunnel , which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world .	120,000	How many vehicles utilize the Lincoln Tunnel daily ?
The Lincoln Tunnel , which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world .	Hudson River	What body of water is above the Lincoln Tunnel ?
Manhattan Island is linked to New York City 's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several tunnels as well .	Manhattan	What borough is connected to New Jersey via the Lincoln Tunnel ?
The Holland Tunnel , connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City , New Jersey , was the world 's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 .	Jersey City	In what New Jersey city does the Holland Tunnel terminate ?
President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it .	Franklin D. Roosevelt	Who drove through the Queens-Midtown Tunnel before anyone else ?
New York 's high rate of public transit use , over 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014 , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States .	200,000	How many daily bicycle riders are there in NYC ?
New York 's high rate of public transit use , over 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014 , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States .	200,000	Each day , about how many New Yorkers bike ?
Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21 % of all modes for trips in the city ; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8 % .	21%	About what percentage of New York City travel is done by bike or on foot ?
Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city 's bike-share project in the summer of 2013 .	Citibank	What company paid for 10,000 bikes for the city 's bicycle sharing program ?
Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative .	Quinnipiac University	Research by what institution of higher learning showed that most New Yorkers support bicycle sharing ?
In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings , Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States .	Walk Score	Who ranked New York as the most walkable large US city in 2015 ?
New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed .	Catskill Mountains watershed	Who supplies NYC with drinkable water ?
New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed .	Catskill Mountains	From what mountain range does New York 's drinking water come from ?
The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$ 3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City 's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city 's current availability of water .	US$3.2 billion	How much is being spent on a water purification plant at the Croton Watershed ?
The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$ 3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City 's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city 's current availability of water .	290 million gallons	After the water purification plant at the Croton Watershed is built , how much more water will be added to the city 's supply each day ?
The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$ 3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City 's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city 's current availability of water .	20%	What percent increase in water supply will the city see after the Croton Watershed plant is finished ?
The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$ 3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City 's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city 's current availability of water .	north	In what geographical direction would a New Yorker travel to reach the Croton Watershed ?
The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries .	51	How many members are on the NYC city council ?
Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit , but can resume after a four-year break .	three	How many terms can the mayjor of NYC serve in total ?
The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms .	four-year	What is the duration of a New York City councilperson 's term ?
The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries .	51	How many councilors sit on the City Council ?
Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit , but can resume after a four-year break .	three	How many terms in a row can a person serve as mayor ?
The New York City Administrative Code , the New York City Rules , and the City Record are the code of local laws , compilation of regulations , and official journal , respectively .	the City Record	What is the official journal of New York City ?
As of November 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are Democrats .	Democrats	Which political party holds the majority of most office terms in NYC ?
As of November 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are Democrats .	67	In 2008 , what percentage of voters were democrats ?
In 2012 , Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in New York City , sweeping all five boroughs .	Barack Obama	Which US president became the first to receive over 80 percent of NYC votes ?
New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 .	1924	What was the last year that a republican candidate won all four boroughs of NYC ?
New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 .	Calvin Coolidge	Which president won all of NYC in 1924 ?
The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices .	Democratic Party	What party are most public officials of New York members of ?
As of November 2008 , 67 % of registered voters in the city are Democrats .	67%	In November 2008 , how many New Yorkers were registered as Democrats ?
New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 .	1924	In what year was the last presidential election when a Republican won New York City ?
New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 .	five	How many boroughs did Barack Obama win in the 2012 presidential election ?
New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 .	Republican	What political party was Calvin Coolidge a member of ?
New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States , with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2004 ; while in 2012 , 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City .	43,523	As of 2012 , how many physicians were working in New York City ?
Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan -- Kettering Cancer Center , Rockefeller University , SUNY Downstate Medical Center , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Mount Sinai School of Medicine , and Weill Cornell Medical College , being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island .	Roosevelt Island	Where is the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology located ?
New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States , with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2004 ; while in 2012 , 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City .	127	As of 2004 , how many Nobel Prize winners had roots in New York institutions ?
Each year HHC 's facilities provide about 225,000 admissions , one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to New Yorkers .	225,000	How many people are admitted to HHC institutions annually ?
Each year HHC 's facilities provide about 225,000 admissions , one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to New Yorkers .	one million	How many people visit HHC emergency rooms every year ?
Each year HHC 's facilities provide about 225,000 admissions , one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to New Yorkers .	five million	How many people visit HHC clinics annually ?
HHC facilities treat nearly one-fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room and hospital-based clinic visits in New York City .	one-fifth	What fraction of general hospital discharges receive treatment at HHC ?
HHC facilities treat nearly one-fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room and hospital-based clinic visits in New York City .	one third	What fraction of emergency room visits receive treatment at HHC ?
Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust , which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels , incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century , most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York .	lead	Being exposed to what type of pollution has been theorized to increase aggression ?
Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes , including from immigration .	crack	The decrease in crime in New York is sometimes attributed to the decline of what street drug ?
In describing New York , author Tom Wolfe said , `` Culture just seems to be in the air , like part of the weather . ''	Tom Wolfe	Who commented on New York that `` culture just seems to be in the air , like part of the weather '' ?
A book containing a series of essays titled New York , culture capital of the world , 1940 -- 1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia .	the National Library of Australia	In what library can the book New York , culture capital of the world , 1940 -- 1965 be found ?
New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York 's Baruch College .	Baruch College	What institution of higher education has described New York as the cultural capital of the world ?
New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York 's Baruch College .	Iceland	Along with Latvia , the consulate of what country has called New York the cultural capital of the world ?
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts , anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , is home to numerous influential arts organizations , including the Metropolitan Opera , New York City Opera , New York Philharmonic , and New York City Ballet , as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater , the Juilliard School , Jazz at Lincoln Center , and Alice Tully Hall .	Manhattan	In what borough is the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts located ?
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts , anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , is home to numerous influential arts organizations , including the Metropolitan Opera , New York City Opera , New York Philharmonic , and New York City Ballet , as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater , the Juilliard School , Jazz at Lincoln Center , and Alice Tully Hall .	Upper West Side	In what part of Manhattan can you find Lincoln Square ?
The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square , and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University , while Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park .	Union Square	In what square is the theater named after Lee Strasberg located ?
The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square , and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University , while Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park .	New York University	At what institution of higher education is the Tisch School of the Arts located ?
The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square , and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University , while Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park .	Central Park	In what New York park can one find performances at no cost ?
Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill .	Fifth Avenue	What New York thoroughfare is Museum Mile located on ?
Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill .	Manhattan	In what borough is Museum Mile located ?
The tenth museum , the Museum for African Art , joined the ensemble in 2009 , however its Museum at 110th Street , the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959 , opened in late 2012 .	1959	When was the Guggenheim built ?
The tenth museum , the Museum for African Art , joined the ensemble in 2009 , however its Museum at 110th Street , the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959 , opened in late 2012 .	2012	In what year was the grand opening of the Museum for African Art on 110th Street ?
Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill .	Upper East Side	In what part of Manhattan is the Museum Mile located ?
The New York area is home to a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect , alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese .	Brooklynese	Along with New Yorkese , what is another name for the New York dialect ?
The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom All in the Family -LRB- played by Carroll O'Connor -RRB- was a notable example of having used this pattern of speech , which continues to fade in its overall presence .	All in the Family	What sitcom did the Archie Bunker character feature in ?
The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom All in the Family -LRB- played by Carroll O'Connor -RRB- was a notable example of having used this pattern of speech , which continues to fade in its overall presence .	Carroll O'Connor	What actor performed the role of Archie Bunker ?
The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic , so that the sound -LSB- ɹ -RSB- does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant ; hence the pronunciation of the city name as `` New Yawk . ''	New Yawk	What is the transliteration of the way in which New Yorkers are perceived to pronounce the name of their city ?
In soccer , New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer , who play their home games at Yankee Stadium .	New York City FC	What Major League Soccer franchise is based in New York ?
In soccer , New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer , who play their home games at Yankee Stadium .	Yankee Stadium	What stadium does the New York City FC call home ?
The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison , New Jersey .	Harrison, New Jersey	In what city are the New York Red Bulls based ?
Historically , the city is known for the New York Cosmos , the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pelé , one of the world 's most famous soccer players .	Pelé	What famous soccer player played for the New York Cosmos ?
The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University , just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead , New York .	Hofstra University	At what institution of higher education is James M. Shuart Stadium located ?
Mass transit in New York City , most of which runs 24 hours a day , accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States , and two-thirds of the nation 's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area .	two-thirds	What fraction of United States rail riders call the New York City Metropolitan Area home ?
The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines .	20	How many rail lines are there on New York City 's commuter rail network ?
The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines .	250	About how many stations does New York City 's commuter rail network have ?
In Queens , the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road ; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems .	JFK International Airport	The AirTrain has a station at what airport ?
The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines .	Pennsylvania Station	What Amtrak station in New York sees the most use ?
For intercity rail , New York City is served by Amtrak , whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan , from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston , Philadelphia , and Washington , D.C. along the Northeast Corridor , as well as long-distance train service to other North American cities .	Manhattan	In what borough is Pennsylvania Station located ?
Like the New York City Subway , the PATH operates 24 hours a day ; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York -LRB- the others are a portion of the Chicago ` L' , the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia , and the Copenhagen Metro -RRB- .	three	How many 24-hour rapid transit systems are located in New York ?
Like the New York City Subway , the PATH operates 24 hours a day ; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York -LRB- the others are a portion of the Chicago ` L' , the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia , and the Copenhagen Metro -RRB- .	PATCO Speedline	What 24-hour rapid transit system is in Philadelphia ?
Like the New York City Subway , the PATH operates 24 hours a day ; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York -LRB- the others are a portion of the Chicago ` L' , the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia , and the Copenhagen Metro -RRB- .	Copenhagen Metro	What 24-hour rapid transit system is outside the United States ?
The Port Authority Trans-Hudson -LRB- PATH train -RRB- links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey , primarily Hoboken , Jersey City , and Newark .	Port Authority Trans-Hudson	What does the acronym PATH stand for ?
Multibillion US$ heavy-rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway , the East Side Access project , and the 7 Subway Extension .	the Second Avenue Subway	Along with the East Side Access project and 7 Subway Extension , what heavy-rail project is being built in New York City ?
Other features of the city 's transportation infrastructure encompass more than 12,000 yellow taxicabs ; various competing startup transportation network companies ; and an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island .	12,000	About how many yellow cabs operate in New York ?
Other features of the city 's transportation infrastructure encompass more than 12,000 yellow taxicabs ; various competing startup transportation network companies ; and an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island .	Manhattan Island	Where does the aerial tramway that starts on Roosevelt Island terminate ?
Several of the city 's streets and avenues , like Broadway , Wall Street , Madison Avenue , and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there : the theater , finance , advertising , and fashion organizations , respectively .	the theater	What industry is Broadway associated with ?
Several of the city 's streets and avenues , like Broadway , Wall Street , Madison Avenue , and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there : the theater , finance , advertising , and fashion organizations , respectively .	finance	What industry is Wall Street associated with ?
Several of the city 's streets and avenues , like Broadway , Wall Street , Madison Avenue , and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there : the theater , finance , advertising , and fashion organizations , respectively .	advertising	What industry is Madison Avenue associated with ?
Several of the city 's streets and avenues , like Broadway , Wall Street , Madison Avenue , and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there : the theater , finance , advertising , and fashion organizations , respectively .	Seventh Avenue	What New York street is associated with fashion ?
Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan , it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence , particularly during rush hour .	rush hour	At what time are drivers in New York most likely to experience traffic jams ?
New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways , which link the city 's boroughs to each other as well as to northern New Jersey , Westchester County , Long Island , and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels .	southwestern	What geographical portion of Connecticut is linked to New York via highway ?
New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways , which link the city 's boroughs to each other as well as to northern New Jersey , Westchester County , Long Island , and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels .	northern	What part of New Jersey can be reached from New York by taking the expressway ?
New York City is located on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are -LRB- primarily -RRB- coterminous with islands of the same names , while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island , and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State 's mainland .	Long Island	What island is the borough of Brooklyn located on ?
New York City is located on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are -LRB- primarily -RRB- coterminous with islands of the same names , while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island , and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State 's mainland .	the west end	Queens is located on what part of Long Island ?
New York City is located on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are -LRB- primarily -RRB- coterminous with islands of the same names , while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island , and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State 's mainland .	Staten Island	The borough of Staten Island is primarily located on what island ?
The Manhattan Bridge , Throgs Neck Bridge , Triborough Bridge , and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism .	Structural Expressionism	What architectural style does the Throgs Neck Bridge reflect ?
The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture .	cantilever	The Queensboro Bridge utilized what type of construction ?
Also , by 2010 , the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles , representing around 28 % of New York 's taxi fleet in service , the most of any city in North America .	3,715	How many clean diesel and hybrid taxicabs did New York City have in 2010 ?
Also , by 2010 , the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles , representing around 28 % of New York 's taxi fleet in service , the most of any city in North America .	28%	What percentage of the New York City cab fleet was clean diesel or hybrid in 2010 ?
Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city 's contributions to climate change , beginning with a comprehensive `` Green Buildings '' plan .	80%	What percent reduction of greenhouse gases does Mayor de Blasio want to see by 2050 ?
The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings , including the Hearst Tower among others .	Hearst Tower	What is the name of a notable green office building in New York ?
The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants .	Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency	What legal case sought to compel the Environmental Protection Agency to regular greenhouse gases ?
One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey , it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country , containing years of discarded toxins , an estimated 30 million US gallons -LRB- 110,000 m3 -RRB- of spilled oil , including the Greenpoint oil spill , raw sewage from New York City 's sewer system , and other accumulation .	110,000	How many cubic meters of oil is supposed to be in Newtown Creek ?
One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey , it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country , containing years of discarded toxins , an estimated 30 million US gallons -LRB- 110,000 m3 -RRB- of spilled oil , including the Greenpoint oil spill , raw sewage from New York City 's sewer system , and other accumulation .	the Greenpoint oil spill	What notable accidental fossil fuel discharge occurred at Newtown Creek ?
New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government since its consolidation in 1898 .	mayor-council	What type of government does New York City have ?
New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government since its consolidation in 1898 .	1898	In what year did New York City adopt the mayor-council form of government ?
Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court , Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department .	Second	What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in Brooklyn ?
Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court , Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department .	Manhattan	In what borough is the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court located ?
There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts , which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System .	executive	What branch of government are the administrative courts a part of ?
Uniquely among major American cities , New York is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different US district courts : the District Court for the Southern District of New York , whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx , and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York , whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn , Queens , and Staten Island .	Manhattan	In what borough is the main courthouse of the District Court for the Southern District of New York located ?
Uniquely among major American cities , New York is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different US district courts : the District Court for the Southern District of New York , whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx , and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York , whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn , Queens , and Staten Island .	the Eastern District of New York	What federal district court has its main courthouse in Brooklyn ?
Uniquely among major American cities , New York is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different US district courts : the District Court for the Southern District of New York , whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx , and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York , whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn , Queens , and Staten Island .	Foley Square	What square is home to the US Court of International Trade ?
Uniquely among major American cities , New York is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different US district courts : the District Court for the Southern District of New York , whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx , and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York , whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn , Queens , and Staten Island .	the District Court for the Eastern District of New York	What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island ?
Uniquely among major American cities , New York is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different US district courts : the District Court for the Southern District of New York , whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx , and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York , whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn , Queens , and Staten Island .	Manhattan	In what borough is the New York City Hall found ?
New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States , as four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan .	Manhattan	Four-fifths of the ZIP codes that provide the highest amount of political contributions in the United States are located in what borough ?
The top ZIP code , 10021 on the Upper East Side , generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry .	10021	What ZIP code was responsible for the greatest amount of contributions in the 2004 presidential election for both candidates ?
It receives 83 cents in services for every $ 1 it sends to the federal government in taxes -LRB- or annually sends $ 11.4 billion more than it receives back -RRB- .	83	How much money in cents does New York City receive for every dollar paid in federal taxes ?
The city also sends an additional $ 11 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back .	$11 billion	How much more money does the city give to the state of New York annually than it receives ?
It receives 83 cents in services for every $ 1 it sends to the federal government in taxes -LRB- or annually sends $ 11.4 billion more than it receives back -RRB- .	$11.4 billion	Each year , how much more money does New York City give to the federal government than it gets back ?
In 2006 , the Sister City Program of the City of New York , Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners .	New York City Global Partners	What is the new name of the Sister City Program of the City of New York , Inc. . ?
In 2006 , the Sister City Program of the City of New York , Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners .	2006	In what year did the Sister City Program of the City of New York , Inc. have its name changed ?
To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 .	1960	When did To Kill a Mockingbird first get circulated ?
It was immediately successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature .	Pulitzer Prize	What prize did To Kill a Mockingbird win ?
To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 .	Harper Lee	Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird ?
To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 .	Harper Lee	Who wrote the novel To Kill a Mockingbird ?
To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 .	1960	What year was To Kill a Mockingbird first published ?
The plot and characters are loosely based on the author 's observations of her family and neighbors , as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936 , when she was 10 years old .	her family and neighbors	Whom did Lee base the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird on ?
The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice .	United States	To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools ?
As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman , the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence .	Southern Gothic novel	What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird ?
As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman , the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence .	racial injustice and the destruction of innocence	Some of the central themes of the book are what exactly ?
Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the American Deep South .	Deep South	Which region of America was the novel set in ?
Despite its themes , To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets .	racial epithets	What has caused the use of the novel in classrooms to be challenged ?
Author Mary McDonough Murphy , who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book , `` an astonishing phenomenon '' .	Mary McDonough Murphy	Who gathered impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird from other authors and famous people ?
In 2006 , British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one `` every adult should read before they die '' .	2006	In which year did British librarians rank To Kill a Mockingbird ahead of the Bible ?
It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan , with a screenplay by Horton Foote .	1962	When was To Kill a Mockingbird made into a movie ?
Since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee 's hometown of Monroeville , Alabama .	1990	When did a play for the book begin to perform every year in Monroeville , Alabama ?
It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan , with a screenplay by Horton Foote .	Robert Mulligan	Who was the director of the adaptation of the movie ?
In 2006 , British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one `` every adult should read before they die '' .	Bible	British librarians in 2006 ranked the book ahead of what famous volume ?
It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan , with a screenplay by Horton Foote .	Horton Foote	Who wrote the screenplay for the 1962 film ?
It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan , with a screenplay by Horton Foote .	Robert Mulligan	Who directed the 1962 film ?
Since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee 's hometown of Monroeville , Alabama .	Monroeville, Alabama	What is Harper Lee 's hometown ?
Lee continued to respond to her work 's impact until her death in February 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 .	February 2016	When did Harper Lee pass away ?
To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee 's only published book until Go Set a Watchman , an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , was published on July 14 , 2015 .	Go Set a Watchman	What is the only other work Harper Lee published ?
To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee 's only published book until Go Set a Watchman , an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , was published on July 14 , 2015 .	Go Set a Watchman	What is the name of Lee 's second published work ?
To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee 's only published book until Go Set a Watchman , an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , was published on July 14 , 2015 .	July 14, 2015	When was the second book published ?
Lee continued to respond to her work 's impact until her death in February 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 .	February 2016	When did Lee die ?
Born in 1926 , Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville , Alabama , where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote .	Truman Capote	Who did Harper Lee become childhood friends with ?
In 1950 , Lee moved to New York City , where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville .	1950	What year did Harper Lee pack up to go live in New York City ?
In 1950 , Lee moved to New York City , where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville .	reservation clerk	What job did Harper Lee start in New York City ?
Born in 1926 , Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville , Alabama , where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote .	Alabama	Which state did Harper Lee spend her childhood ?
Born in 1926 , Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville , Alabama , where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote .	1926	What year was Harper Lee born ?
Born in 1926 , Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville , Alabama , where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote .	Truman Capote	Who was the famous writer Lee became close friends with ?
She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery -LRB- 1944 -- 45 -RRB- , and then studied law at the University of Alabama -LRB- 1945 -- 49 -RRB- .	Huntingdon College	Where did Lee attend college ?
She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery -LRB- 1944 -- 45 -RRB- , and then studied law at the University of Alabama -LRB- 1945 -- 49 -RRB- .	University of Alabama	Where did Lee attend law school ?
An editor at J. B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing .	J. B. Lippincott	What publishing company bought To Kill a Mockingbird ?
After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled `` Go Set a Watchman '' , fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey -- known professionally as Tay Hohoff -- a small , wiry veteran editor in her late 50s .	Go Set a Watchman	The first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird was named what ?
After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled `` Go Set a Watchman '' , fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey -- known professionally as Tay Hohoff -- a small , wiry veteran editor in her late 50s .	Tay Hohoff	Who was the editor who got their hands on the first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird ?
After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled `` Go Set a Watchman '' , fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey -- known professionally as Tay Hohoff -- a small , wiry veteran editor in her late 50s .	Therese von Hohoff Torrey	What was the name of the editor who helped Lee finish her book ?
Lee had lost her mother , who suffered from mental illness , six years before she met Hohoff at Lippincott 's offices .	mental illness	What ailment did Harper Lee 's mother suffer from ?
Her father , a lawyer on whom Atticus was modeled , would die two years after the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird .	lawyer	What profession did Harper Lee 's father hold ?
Her father , a lawyer on whom Atticus was modeled , would die two years after the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird .	Her father	Lee modeled the character Atticus after what laywer ?
The book was published on July 11 , 1960 .	July 11, 1960	What date did To Kill a Mockingbird begin to circulate ?
Ultimately , Lee spent over two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird .	over two and a half years	How long did Lee spend writing the book ?
Instead of a `` quick and merciful death '' , Reader 's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part , which gave it a wide readership immediately .	Reader's Digest Condensed Books	What publication 's partial reprinting gave the book wide public exposure ?
The story takes place during three years -LRB- 1933 -- 35 -RRB- of the Great Depression in the fictional `` tired old town '' of Maycomb , Alabama , the seat of Maycomb County .	Maycomb, Alabama	Where is the setting for To Kill a Mockingbird ?
The story takes place during three years -LRB- 1933 -- 35 -RRB- of the Great Depression in the fictional `` tired old town '' of Maycomb , Alabama , the seat of Maycomb County .	three	How many years does the story of To Kill a Mockingbird take place ?
After two summers of friendship with Dill , Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place .	two	How many children does the protagonist , Atticus Finch , have ?
Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill , who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer .	Dill	Atticus Finch 's children make friends with whom during the story ?
The story takes place during three years -LRB- 1933 -- 35 -RRB- of the Great Depression in the fictional `` tired old town '' of Maycomb , Alabama , the seat of Maycomb County .	Maycomb, Alabama	What is the name of the town the story takes place in ?
The story takes place during three years -LRB- 1933 -- 35 -RRB- of the Great Depression in the fictional `` tired old town '' of Maycomb , Alabama , the seat of Maycomb County .	the Great Depression	In what historical era does the book take place ?
It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise Finch -LRB- Scout -RRB- , who lives with her older brother , Jem , and their widowed father , Atticus , a middle-aged lawyer .	Jean Louise Finch (Scout)	Who is the main character of the book ?
Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell .	Mayella Ewell	What was the name of the woman who was allegedly raped in the book ?
Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell .	Tom Robinson	What is the name of Atticus ' client in the rape trial ?
This danger is averted when Scout , Jem , and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus ' and Tom 's points of view .	Scout, Jem, and Dill	Who stopped the mob by shaming them ?
Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson 's trial .	Jem and Scout	What are the names of Atticus Finch 's children in the book ?
No seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of Rev. Sykes , Jem , Scout , and Dill watch from the colored balcony .	balcony	Where do Jem , Scout , and Dill observe the trial of Tom Robinson ?
No seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of Rev. Sykes , Jem , Scout , and Dill watch from the colored balcony .	the colored balcony	Where do the three children watch the trial ?
Jem 's faith in justice becomes badly shaken , as is Atticus ' , when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison .	shot and killed	What happens to Tom when he attempts to escape prison ?
Finally , he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant .	Jem and Scout	Who did Bob Ewell attack during the story ?
Finally , he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant .	Halloween pageant	What event did Jem and Scout attend right before they were attacked at night ?
The mysterious man carries Jem home , where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley .	Boo Radley	Who saved Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell ?
Despite Tom 's conviction , Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , Atticus explaining that he `` destroyed -LSB- Ewell 's -RSB- last shred of credibility at that trial . ''	Bob Ewell	Who attacked Scout and Jem ?
The mysterious man carries Jem home , where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley .	Boo Radley	Who rescued Scout and Jem ?
Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight .	Sheriff Tate	What was the name of the police officer who discovered Bob Ewell 's body ?
Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff 's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife .	fell on his own knife	According to Sheriff Tate 's story , how did Ewell die ?
Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography , but rather an example of how an author `` should write about what he knows and write truthfully '' .	autobiography	Harper Lee has stated that To Kill a Mockingbird is not what genre of book ?
Lee 's father , Amasa Coleman Lee , was an attorney , similar to Atticus Finch , and in 1919 , he defended two black men accused of murder .	1919	What year did Harper Lee 's father represent two black men accused of murder ?
Though Scout 's mother died when she was a baby , Lee was 25 when her mother , Frances Cunningham Finch , died .	25	At what age did Harper Lee 's mother die ?
Lee 's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper .	editor and publisher	What titles did Lee 's father maintain at the local newspaper ?
Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer , Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City .	next door	Where did Truman Capote live in relation to Lee ?
In 1960 , Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote 's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood .	1960	What year did Lee and Capote go to Kansas together ?
In 1960 , Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote 's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood .	In Cold Blood	Murders were the base for which story that Capote wrote ?
Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend , Truman Capote , known then as Truman Persons .	Truman Capote	Who was the character Dill modeled after ?
She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter Lee 's father gave them .	old Underwood typewriter	What did Lee and Capote write their childhood stories on ?
They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; Capote called the two of them `` apart people '' .	apart people	What term did Capote use to describe Lee and himself ?
When Lee was 10 years old , a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her .	10	At what age was Lee when a white woman accused a black guy of rape ?
When Lee was 10 years old , a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her .	Walter Lett	What was the name of the black man who was accused of rape in Lee 's town when she was 10 ?
Emmett Till , a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement , is also considered a model for Tom Robinson .	Emmett Till	What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on ?
Emmett Till , a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement , is also considered a model for Tom Robinson .	Civil Rights Movement	Emmett Till 's death sparked which political movement in the '50s ?
However , in 2005 , Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the Scottsboro case served `` the same purpose '' to display Southern prejudices .	display Southern prejudices	What purpose did Tom Robinson 's trial serve in the book ?
Emmett Till , a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement , is also considered a model for Tom Robinson .	Emmett Till	Who 's death was a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement ?
Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier-Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book 's title : Lee is doing the mocking -- of education , the justice system , and her own society by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval .	Satire and irony	What two forms of humor are most found in To Kill a Mockingbird ?
To address complex issues , however , Tavernier-Courbin notes that Lee uses parody , satire , and irony effectively by using a child 's perspective .	parody, satire, and irony	Lee uses which writing styles to express humor in a tragic story ?
When Atticus is out of town , Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach .	church basement	Where does Jem trap a fellow peer of school in the story ?
This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church , which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life , as well as Tom Robinson 's .	Calpurnia	What is the name of the maid who works in the Finch 's household ?
She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume , which saves her life .	distracted and embarrassed	How does Scout respond to the audience ?
She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume , which saves her life .	ham costume	What saves Scout 's life ?
Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel .	Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel	What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird typically called ?
Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel .	Gothic	What term did Lee use to describe the town 's courthouse ?
Despite challenging the town 's systems , Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others , because he believes that following one 's conscience is the highest priority , even when the result is social ostracism .	Atticus	Who does Scout revere above everyone else ?
Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial , `` It 's like bein ' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon ... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world , least that 's what they seemed like '' .	Miss Maudie	What was the name of the neighbor that Jem speaks too after Tom Robinson 's trial ?
This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class .	separations of race and class	What des Jem struggle to understand ?
Claudia Durst Johnson considers it `` reasonable to believe '' that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama : Rosa Parks ' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person , which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott , and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted -LRB- Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled , but reinstated in 1980 -RRB- .	1955	When did the Montgomery Bus Boycott take place ?
In the years following its release , many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations .	race relations	Many reviewers consider the second part of the book to be about what issue ?
Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused .	white	The main jurors in Tom Robinson 's trial were all which race ?
Although Tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , shot seventeen times .	shot seventeen times	How did Tom Robinson die in the novel ?
Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused .	death	At the time of the novel 's setting , what punishment was often received by black males for percieved sexual contact with a white woman ?
Tom Robinson 's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence , as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury 's decision .	poor white farmers	Who comprised Tom 's jury ?
Although Tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , shot seventeen times .	seventeen	How many times was Tom shot ?
For example , Atticus must shoot a rabid dog , even though it is not his job to do so .	a rabid dog	Atticus is tasked with killing what animal in the novel ?
Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb , and Atticus , who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog , must fight against the town 's racism without help from other white citizens .	fight against the town's racism	What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of ?
When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , Walter Cunningham , at the Finch home one day , Calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so .	Calpurnia	Who does the cooking at the Finch 's house ?
Atticus respects Calpurnia 's judgment , and later in the book even stands up to his sister , the formidable Aunt Alexandra , when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia .	Aunt Alexandra	Who is Atticus Finch 's sibling ?
When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , Walter Cunningham , at the Finch home one day , Calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so .	Walter Cunningham	Who does Scout Tease and humiliate at their house ?
In a 1964 interview , Lee remarked that her aspiration was `` to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama . ''	Jane Austen	Which author did Lee aspire to be like ?
Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing .	individual worth	Both authors valued what over social standing ?
Scholars argue that Lee 's approach to class and race was more complex `` than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ` poor white trash ' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice , silence the voices that might challenge the existing order , and greatly complicate many Americans ' conception of the causes of racism and segregation . ''	poor	Are the Ewell 's considered rich or poor ?
Scholars argue that Lee 's approach to class and race was more complex `` than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ` poor white trash ' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice , silence the voices that might challenge the existing order , and greatly complicate many Americans ' conception of the causes of racism and segregation . ''	gender and class	What two factors did Lee demonstrate intensified prejudice ?
The children internalize Atticus ' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person 's skin , gaining a greater understanding of people 's motives and behavior .	people's motives and behavior	The children 's non-judgmental attitude gave them a greater understanding of what ?
In a statement that foreshadows Atticus ' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose , who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction , Atticus tells Jem that courage is `` when you 're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what '' .	morphine	Mrs. Dubose suffers from an addiction to what ?
Scout 's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him .	Atticus	Who is the moral center of the novel ?
The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage .	courage	The novel explores various forms of what trait ?
Charles Shields , who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date , offers the reason for the novel 's enduring popularity and impact is that `` its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal '' .	Charles Shields	Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee ?
Charles Shields , who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date , offers the reason for the novel 's enduring popularity and impact is that `` its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal '' .	Charles Shields	Who wrote the only book length - biography of Harper Lee ?
Charles Shields , who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date , offers the reason for the novel 's enduring popularity and impact is that `` its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal '' .	human dignity and respect for others	According to Shields , which of the books lessons are fundamental and universal ?
She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell 's testimony .	Mayella Ewell	Who does Scout think could be lonelier than Boo Radley ?
By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie , one scholar writes , `` Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South , for with the use of first-person narration , she indicates that Scout / Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child . ''	Calpurnia and Miss Maudie	Who are the main female role models for Scout during the story ?
By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie , one scholar writes , `` Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South , for with the use of first-person narration , she indicates that Scout / Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child . ''	Calpurnia and Miss Maudie	Who are Scout 's two primary female models ?
For example , Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole , and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so , in addition to insulting Atticus ' intentions to defend Tom Robinson .	Mrs. Dubose	Who chastis Scout for the way she dresse and accuses her of ruining her family name ?
By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie , one scholar writes , `` Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South , for with the use of first-person narration , she indicates that Scout / Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child . ''	feminist	Tomboy Scout grows up tto become what ?
Bob Ewell , it is hinted , molested his daughter , and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house until Boo is remembered only as a phantom .	Bob Ewell	In the book , which character was expected of molesting their child ?
Apart from Atticus , the fathers described are abusers .	Atticus	Who was the only non-abusive father mentioned ?
Many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms : Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common-law wife and having interracial children ; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson ; by being turned into a non-person , Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him .	Dolphus Raymond	Which character is chastised in the book for marrying a black woman ?
The opening quote by the 19th-century essayist Charles Lamb reads : `` Lawyers , I suppose , were children once . ''	Lawyers	Who does Charles Lamb speculate were once children ?
For example , she refuses to wear frilly clothes , saying that Aunt Alexandra 's `` fanatical '' attempts to place her in them made her feel `` a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on -LSB- her -RSB- '' .	frilly clothes	What is another name for Scout 's pink cotton penitentiary ?
Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel .	Songbirds	Which animal serves as a symbol throughout the book ?
The family 's last name of Finch also shares Lee 's mother 's maiden name .	Finch	Harper Lee 's mother 's maiden name was what ?
The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when Atticus , having given his children air-rifles for Christmas , allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot .	mockingbird	Which bird does Atticus Finch say is a `` sin to kill ? ''
The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when Atticus , having given his children air-rifles for Christmas , allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot .	mockingbird	According to Atticus , which bird is it a sin to shoot ?
The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when Atticus , having given his children air-rifles for Christmas , allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot .	mockingbird	According to Miss Maudie , which bird is never harmful ?
Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , '' ` To kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless -- like Tom Robinson . ''	that which is innocent and harmless	Symbolically , killing a mockingbird is killing what according to Edwin Bruell ?
The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader 's Digest Condensed Books .	Book of the Month Club	Reader 's Digest included To Kill a Mockingbird in what program of theirs ?
The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader 's Digest Condensed Books .	Book of the Month Club	The book 's availablity increased through inclusion in what book service ?
One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages .	ten	After one year when To Kill a Mockingbird first came out , how many languages has it been printed in ?
In the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages .	40	Up til today , how many languages has To Kill a Mockingbird been printed in ?
In the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages .	30 million	How many copies has To Kill a Mockingbird sold since it first came out ?
In the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages .	more than 30 million	How many copies of the book have been sold ?
In the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages .	more than 40	How many languages has the book been translated into ?
Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey , Rosanne Cash , Tom Brokaw , and Harper 's sister Alice Lee , who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout , Atticus , and Boo .	Scout, Atticus, and Boo	Public figure 's impressions of the novel were formed into a book called what ?
Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey , Rosanne Cash , Tom Brokaw , and Harper 's sister Alice Lee , who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout , Atticus , and Boo .	Alice Lee	Who was Harper Lee 's sister ?
Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey , Rosanne Cash , Tom Brokaw , and Harper 's sister Alice Lee , who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout , Atticus , and Boo .	Scout, Atticus, and Boo	What book compiled Adults ' impressions and their impressions as children about the novel ?
Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer , and Richard Matsch , the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial , counts Atticus as a major judicial influence .	lawyer	Atticus Finch 's integrity has become a model for which job ?
One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch 's model of integrity for the legal profession .	integrity	Atticus Finch is a model of what for legal professionals ?
However , in 1997 , the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville , marking his existence as the `` first commemorative milestone in the state 's judicial history '' .	1997	What year was a statue of Atticus build in Alabama ?
However , in 1997 , the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville , marking his existence as the `` first commemorative milestone in the state 's judicial history '' .	Alabama State Bar	Harper Lee was given a membership to what in 2008 ?
In 2008 , Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who `` has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor '' .	honorary special membership	What did the Alabama State Bar bestow on Lee in 2008 ?
To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963 .	1963	To Kill a Mockingbird was first studied in American schools in what year ?
The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000 -- 2009 .	21	The American Library Associated ranked To Kill a Mockingbird where on its most frequently challenged books of 2000-2009 ?
To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963 .	1963	In what year did the book become a subject of classroom study ?
The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000 -- 2009 .	21	According to The American Library Association , what rank did the book have among the most frequently challenged books from 2000 to 2009 ?
One of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in Hanover , Virginia , in 1966 : a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral .	1966	When was the first major controversy that surfaced from the book ?
One of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in Hanover , Virginia , in 1966 : a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral .	rape	What event in the novel was heavily criticized for being a plot device ?
Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers , which ranged from amusement to fury ; those letters expressing the most outrage , however , complained about Mayella Ewell 's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape .	Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson	In letters to local newspapers , what subplot in the book received the most complaints ?
The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations -- after Little Black Sambo .	Little Black Sambo	According to the National Education Association , what was the only book to receive more complaints in 1968 ?
The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s , however , in that it `` arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions -LRB- of -RRB- the accelerating civil rights movement '' .	civil rights movement	What movement in the '60s did the novel help spark ?
Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War .	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Which book was credited with sparking the US Civil War ?
Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War .	Uncle Tom's Cabin	What other book did Mark Childress compare it to ?
In 2003 , a Tuscaloosa newspaper quoted Capote 's biological father , Archulus Persons , as claiming that Capote had written `` almost all '' of the book .	Archulus Persons	Who was Truman Capote 's father ?
Lee 's childhood friend , author Truman Capote , wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition , `` Someone rare has written this very fine first novel : a writer with the liveliest sense of life , and the warmest , most authentic sense of humor .	Truman Capote	Who was speculated to have wrote the book instead of Harper Lee ?
Lee 's older sister , Alice , responded to the rumor , saying : `` That 's the biggest lie ever told . ''	Alice	What was the name of Harper Lee 's sister ?
Lee 's childhood friend , author Truman Capote , wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition , `` Someone rare has written this very fine first novel : a writer with the liveliest sense of life , and the warmest , most authentic sense of humor .	Truman Capote	Who was rumored to have written the book instead of Lee ?
Extensive notes between Lee and her editor at Lippincott also refute the rumor of Capote 's authorship .	her editor	Lee 's notes to whom help disclaim this rumor ?
In 1961 , when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize , stunning Lee .	1961	Which year did To Kill a Mockingbird win the Pulitzer Prize ?
It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year , and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962 .	1962	Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine was awarded when ?
Starting in 1964 , Lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought .	1964	When did Harper Lee begin refusing interviews and questions about the book ?
In 1961 , when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize , stunning Lee .	the Pulitzer Prize	What major award did the book receive in 1961 ?
Starting in 1964 , Lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought .	1964	In what year did Lee stop giving interviews about the book ?
In 2001 , Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor .	2001	Which year was Lee awarded an induction into the Alabama Academy of Honor ?
By 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel .	25	In 2004 , the novel as been picked by how many communities for citywide reading programs more than any other book ?
In the same year , Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city 's libraries , and chose his favorite book , To Kill a Mockingbird , as the first title of the One City , One Book program .	Chicago	In 2001 , what city 's mayor picked To Kill a Mockingbird as their favorite book ?
In the same year , Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city 's libraries , and chose his favorite book , To Kill a Mockingbird , as the first title of the One City , One Book program .	Chicago	Which city 's mayor initiated a reading program with the book ?
By 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel .	25	By 2004 , how many communities were using the book as part of their reading programs ?
In 2006 , Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame .	University of Notre Dame	Which school granted Lee an honory doctorate in 2006 ?
-LSB- note 5 -RSB- Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5 , 2007 by President George W. Bush .	George W. Bush	Which president of the US awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom ?
-LSB- note 5 -RSB- Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5 , 2007 by President George W. Bush .	2007	When did Lee receive a Presidential Medal of Freedom ?
In 2006 , Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame .	Notre Dame	What university awarded Lee an honorary doctorate in 2006 ?
-LSB- note 5 -RSB- Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5 , 2007 by President George W. Bush .	George W. Bush	In 2007 , which president awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom ?
The book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title , starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch .	1962	A movie adaptation of the book was released in what year ?
The book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title , starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch .	Gregory Peck	Who played Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the same title ?
The book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title , starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch .	Gregory Peck	Which actor received An Oscar for his role of Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the book ?
Lee 's father died before the film 's release , and Lee was so impressed with Peck 's performance that she gave him her father 's pocketwatch , which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for best actor .	father's pocketwatch	What item did Lee give the actor Gregory Peck after portraying Atticus Finch ?
Peck 's grandson was named `` Harper '' in her honor .	grandson	Which one of Gregory Peck 's relatives was named after Harper Lee ?
Lee 's father died before the film 's release , and Lee was so impressed with Peck 's performance that she gave him her father 's pocketwatch , which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for best actor .	her father's pocketwatch	What personal effect did Lee give to Peck ?
Peck 's grandson was named `` Harper '' in her honor .	grandson	Which one of Peck 's relatives was named Harper in honor of Lee ?
In May 2005 , Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck 's widow Veronique , who said of Lee : `` She 's like a national treasure .	May 2005	When did Lee randomly show up at the Los Angeles Public Library ?
In May 2005 , Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck 's widow Veronique , who said of Lee : `` She 's like a national treasure .	a national treasure	What did Peck 's widow call Lee ?
The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel .	Christopher Sergel	Who turned the novel into a play ?
It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville , a town that labels itself `` The Literary Capital of Alabama '' .	1990	When was the play for To Kill a Mockingbird first performed ?
It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville , a town that labels itself `` The Literary Capital of Alabama '' .	Monroeville	What town labeled itself `` The Literary Capital of Alabama '' ?
The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast .	townspeople	Who makes up the cast of the annual play based on the book performed in Monroeville ?
During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated .	racially segregated	During the courtroom scene , what happens to the audience ?
Sergel 's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006 , and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal , both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch .	the UK	What country did Sergel 's play tour around in and perform in 2006 ?
The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch , his first London appearance in 22 years .	Regent's Park Open Air Theatre	The play was the opening act for the starting of the 2013 season at which location ?
Sergel 's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006 , and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal , both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch .	Duncan Preston	Who played Atticus Finch in the UK theater productions of the film in 2006 and 2011 ?
An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , titled Go Set a Watchman , was controversially released on July 14 , 2015 .	July 14, 2015	When was Go Set a Watchman introduced to the public ?
This draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative .	1957	Go Set a Watchman was finished in what year ?
The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee 's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it ; although this claim has been widely disputed .	Tonja Carter	Who was Harper Lee 's lawyer ?
An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , titled Go Set a Watchman , was controversially released on July 14 , 2015 .	Go Set a Watchman	What is the earlier draft of the book titled ?
This draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative .	1957	What year was Watchman completed ?
The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor , despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality .	rape and racial inequality	What two serious moral issues are dealt with in the novel ?
The narrator 's father , Atticus Finch , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers .	Atticus Finch	Who is the protagonist of the novel ?
The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee 's talent for narration , which in an early review in Time was called `` tactile brilliance '' .	narration	What is Lee 's strongest style of writing ?
Lee combines the narrator 's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman 's reflecting on her childhood , using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives .	flashback	What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult 's perspective with the child 's observations ??
However , she gave some insight into her themes when , in a rare letter to the editor , she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused : `` Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct , Christian in its ethic , that is the heritage of all Southerners . ''	all Southerners	According to Lee , her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom ?
The first part of the novel concerns the children 's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood .	the neighborhood	Besides the children 's fascination with Boo , the first part of the book was concerned about their feelings for what ?
One writer was so impressed by Lee 's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism .	Southern romantic regionalism	Lee 's detailed explanations of the characters ' behaviors caused one writer to catagorize the book as what ?
This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell 's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson , and Scout 's definition of `` fine folks '' being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have .	fine folks	Scout defined people doing the best they could with what they had as who ?
The South itself , with its traditions and taboos , seems to drive the plot more than the characters .	The South itself	What drives the plot of the book more than the characters ?
Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel .	Tom Robinson	Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel ?
However , scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley : `` Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun -LRB- as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history -RRB- , Scout comes to see him as a ` mockingbird ' -- that is , as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished . ''	Boo Radley	What does Scout see symbollically as a mockingbird ?
The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her , and in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson states about a character who was misunderstood , `` when they finally saw him , why he had n't done any of those things ... Atticus , he was real nice , '' to which he responds , `` Most people are , Scout , when you finally see them . ''	real nice	According to Atticus , most people are how when you truly view them ?
The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R. A. Dave claims that because every character has to face , or even suffer defeat , the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy .	classical tragedy	Reviewer R. A. Dave classified the novel how ?
The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even-handed approach to the narration of the novel 's events , writing : `` This is in no way a sociological novel .	The Chicago Sunday Tribune	What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance ?
Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners , and one-dimensional black victims , and Granville Hicks labeled the book `` melodramatic and contrived '' .	Granville Hicks	Which reviewer called the book melodramatic and contrived ?
When the book was first released , Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented , `` I think for a child 's book it does all right .	Flannery O'Connor	Which Southern writer deemed it a child 's book ?
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee , rare among American novelists , writes with `` a fiercely progressive ink , in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question '' , comparing her to William Faulkner , who wrote about racism as an inevitability .	William Faulkner	Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom ?
Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland 's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen , stating the book 's central theme , that `` one 's moral convictions are worth fighting for , even at the risk of being reviled '' is eloquently discussed .	Jane Austen	Rosemary Goring connected Lee to whom ?
Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a `` repository of cracker-barrel epigrams '' and the novel represents a `` sugar-coated myth '' of Alabama history .	Allen Barra	Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal ?
-LSB- note 2 -RSB- Defending the book , Akin Ajayi writes that justice `` is often complicated , but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all . ''	Akin Ajayi	Who wrote that the book forces readers to question issues without resolving them ?
In its use of racial epithets , stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks , and Calpurnia , who to some critics is an updated version of the `` contented slave '' motif and to others simply unexplored , the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters .	Calpurnia	Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave ?
A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students , but that black students found it `` demoralizing '' .	black students	According to one consultant , which group found the book demoralizing ?
Another criticism , articulated by Michael Lind , is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural `` white trash '' .	poor rural "white trash"	Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom ?
Diane McWhorter , Pulitzer Prize-winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign , asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists , and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality .	the harsh reality of inequality	According to Diane McWhorter , every child in the South had to face what ?
McWhorter writes of Lee , `` for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual -- by its very existence an act of protest . ''	an act of protest	McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what ?
According to a National Geographic article , the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture ; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances , because `` she abhors anything that trades on the book 's fame '' .	like Scripture	How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book ?
Local residents call them `` Mockingbird groupies '' , and although Lee was not reclusive , she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic `` Hell , no ! ''	Mockingbird groupies	What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town ?
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis .	the Sun	Where does solar energy come from ?
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis .	Solar energy	What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun ?
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis .	solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis	What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun ?
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis .	radiant light and heat from the Sun	What is solar energy ?
The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts -LRB- TW -RRB- of incoming solar radiation -LRB- insolation -RRB- at the upper atmosphere .	174,000	How many terawatts of solar radiation does the Earth receive ?
Approximately 30 % is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds , oceans and land masses .	30%	What percentage of solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere ?
Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day .	3.5 to 7.0	The areas that people live in typically receive what range of kWh/m2 per day ?
The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts -LRB- TW -RRB- of incoming solar radiation -LRB- insolation -RRB- at the upper atmosphere .	174,000	How many terrawatts of radiation does the earth receive ?
Approximately 30 % is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds , oceans and land masses .	Approximately 30%	How much of the solar radiation is reflected back into space ?
Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day .	150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day	What are the insolation levels of most populated areas ?
Approximately 30 % is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds , oceans and land masses .	clouds, oceans and land masses	Where is the solar radiation not reflected back to space absorbed ?
Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth 's land surface , oceans -- which cover about 71 % of the globe -- and atmosphere .	71	The Earth 's oceans cover what percentage of the globe ?
Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C .	14	What is the average temperature of the Earth 's surface in Celsius ?
By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy , which produces food , wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived .	photosynthesis	What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy ?
Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth 's land surface , oceans -- which cover about 71 % of the globe -- and atmosphere .	about 71%	How much of the earth is covered by oceans ?
Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises , causing atmospheric circulation or convection .	Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises	What is the cause of atmospheric circulation ?
When the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds , which rain onto the Earth 's surface , completing the water cycle .	When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds	How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds ?
The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection , producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind , cyclones and anti-cyclones .	The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection	What creates wind , cyclones and anti-cyclones ?
By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy , which produces food , wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived .	photosynthesis	What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called ?
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth 's atmosphere , oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules -LRB- EJ -RRB- per year .	3,850,000	Each year the Earth absorbs how much solar energy in exajoules ?
In 2002 , this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year .	one year	In 2002 , the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time ?
Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass .	3,000	How much energy in exajoules does photosynthesis capture each year ?
In 2002 , this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year .	one year	Twice the amount of energy obtainable by all the non-renewable sources on Earth can be provided by the Sun in what span of time ?
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth 's atmosphere , oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules -LRB- EJ -RRB- per year .	approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year	What is the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth ?
Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass .	approximately 3,000 EJ per year	How much solar energy is captured by photosynthesis ?
The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth 's non-renewable resources of coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined ,	coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined	The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources ?
Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends , all renewable energies , other than geothermal and tidal , derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way .	the Sun	Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from ?
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world , mostly depending on distance from the equator .	passive or active	How are solar technologies defined ?
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world , mostly depending on distance from the equator .	depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight	What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active ?
Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends , all renewable energies , other than geothermal and tidal , derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way .	geothermal and tidal	Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun ?
Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends , all renewable energies , other than geothermal and tidal , derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way .	direct or indirect	How do renewable energies acquire energy from the sun ?
Active solar techniques use photovoltaics , concentrated solar power , solar thermal collectors , pumps , and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs .	Active	Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive ?
Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties , designing spaces that naturally circulate air , and referencing the position of a building to the Sun .	Passive	Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive ?
Active solar techniques use photovoltaics , concentrated solar power , solar thermal collectors , pumps , and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs .	solar thermal collectors	What is an active solar technique used to generate energy ?
Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties , designing spaces that naturally circulate air , and referencing the position of a building to the Sun .	designing spaces that naturally circulate air	What is an active solar technique used to generate energy ?
Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies , while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies .	increase the supply of energy	What does an active solar technique do ?
Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies , while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies .	reduce the need for alternate resources	What does a passive solar technique do ?
In 1897 , Frank Shuman , a U.S. inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine .	Frank Shuman	What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897 ?
In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants .	1908	In what year was the Sun Power Company formed ?
Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water , enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912 .	1912	Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year ?
In 1897 , Frank Shuman , a U.S. inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine .	a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer	Who is Frank Shuman ?
In 1897 , Frank Shuman , a U.S. inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine .	1897	In what year did solar engine build his solar engine ?
In 1897 , Frank Shuman , a U.S. inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine .	steam engine	What was the solar engine used to power ?
In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants .	1908	In what year was the Sun Power Company established ?
Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water , enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912 .	1912	In what year did Frank Shuman patent his solar engine ?
Shuman built the world 's first solar thermal power station in Maadi , Egypt , between 1912 and 1913 .	Maadi, Egypt	Where did Shuman build the world 's first solar thermal power station ?
Shuman 's plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 -- 52 kilowatts -LRB- 60 -- 70 hp -RRB- engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres -LRB- 4,800 imp gal ; 5,800 US gal -RRB- of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields .	22,000	How many liters of water per minute did Shuman 's engine pump in litres ?
Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , Shuman 's vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy .	the 1970s	In what decade were Shuman 's ideas about solar energy revived ?
Shuman built the world 's first solar thermal power station in Maadi , Egypt , between 1912 and 1913 .	Maadi, Egypt	Where was the first solar thermal power plant built ?
Shuman 's plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 -- 52 kilowatts -LRB- 60 -- 70 hp -RRB- engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres -LRB- 4,800 imp gal ; 5,800 US gal -RRB- of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields .	parabolic troughs	What was used to power the plants engine ?
Shuman 's plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 -- 52 kilowatts -LRB- 60 -- 70 hp -RRB- engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres -LRB- 4,800 imp gal ; 5,800 US gal -RRB- of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields .	Nile River	From what river did the engine pump water ?
Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , Shuman 's vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy .	the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil	What slowed down the growth of solar energy ?
Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , Shuman 's vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy .	the 1970s	When was the interest in solar energy restored ?
In low geographical latitudes -LRB- below 40 degrees -RRB- from 60 to 70 % of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems .	70	According to Shuman , up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be provided by solar heating systems ?
Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water .	sunlight	What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water ?
In low geographical latitudes -LRB- below 40 degrees -RRB- from 60 to 70 % of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems .	60 to 70% of the domestic hot water	How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes ?
The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors -LRB- 44 % -RRB- and glazed flat plate collectors -LRB- 34 % -RRB- generally used for domestic hot water ; and unglazed plastic collectors -LRB- 21 % -RRB- used mainly to heat swimming pools .	evacuated tube collectors	What is a common type of solar water heater ?
The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors -LRB- 44 % -RRB- and glazed flat plate collectors -LRB- 34 % -RRB- generally used for domestic hot water ; and unglazed plastic collectors -LRB- 21 % -RRB- used mainly to heat swimming pools .	unglazed plastic collectors	What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools ?
As of 2007 , the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt -LRB- GWth -RRB- .	154	What was the total capacity of solar hot water systems in 2007 in gigawatts ?
Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90 % of homes using them .	Israel and Cyprus	Over 90 % of homes use solar hot water systems in which two countries ?
As of 2007 , the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt -LRB- GWth -RRB- .	approximately 154 thermal gigawatt	What is the capacity of a solar hot water system ?
China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GWth installed as of 2006 and a long-term goal of 210 GWth by 2020 .	China	What country is the leader in the implementation of solar powered hot water systems ?
Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90 % of homes using them .	over 90%	What percentage of households use solar hot water systems in Israel and Cyprus ?
In the United States , Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GWth as of 2005 .	United States, Canada and Australia	In what countries is the use to solar hot water used mainly for w = swimming pools ?
In the United States , heating , ventilation and air conditioning -LRB- HVAC -RRB- systems account for 30 % -LRB- 4.65 EJ/yr -RRB- of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50 % -LRB- 10.1 EJ/yr -RRB- of the energy used in residential buildings .	50	What percentage of energy in commercial buildings comes from HVAC systems ?
In the United States , heating , ventilation and air conditioning -LRB- HVAC -RRB- systems account for 30 % -LRB- 4.65 EJ/yr -RRB- of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50 % -LRB- 10.1 EJ/yr -RRB- of the energy used in residential buildings .	30% (4.65 EJ/yr)	How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations ?
In the United States , heating , ventilation and air conditioning -LRB- HVAC -RRB- systems account for 30 % -LRB- 4.65 EJ/yr -RRB- of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50 % -LRB- 10.1 EJ/yr -RRB- of the energy used in residential buildings .	50% (10.1 EJ/yr)	How much energy does an HVAC system use in residential locations ?
Solar heating , cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy .	Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies	What can be used to balance out a portion of the energy used by HVAC systems ?
Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat -- heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy .	Thermal	Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass ?
Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat -- heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy .	any material that can be used to store heat	What is thermal mass ?
Common thermal mass materials include stone , cement and water .	stone, cement and water	What are typical thermal mass material ?
Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night .	by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night	How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool ?
Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night .	climates	What is a something that determines the size of thermal mass ?
When properly incorporated , thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment .	auxiliary heating and cooling equipment	What does thermal mass reduce the need for ?
A solar chimney -LRB- or thermal chimney , in this context -RRB- is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building .	passive solar ventilation	What kind of system is a solar chimney ?
A solar chimney -LRB- or thermal chimney , in this context -RRB- is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building .	a passive solar ventilation system	What is a solar chimney ?
A solar chimney -LRB- or thermal chimney , in this context -RRB- is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building .	a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building	What is a solar chimney made of ?
Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses .	by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses	How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved ?
When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere , their leaves provide shade during the summer , while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter .	winter	The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season ?
Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling .	trees and plants	What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling ?
Since bare , leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation , there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating .	1/3 to 1/2	How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees ?
In climates with significant heating loads , deciduous trees should not be planted on the Equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability .	they will interfere with winter solar availability	Why should trees not be planted on the side of a building facing the equator ?
They can , however , be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain .	east and west	What side of a building should trees be planted without greatly affecting solar gain in the winter ?
The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767 .	1767	Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year ?
These cookers reach temperatures of 315 °C -LRB- 599 °F -RRB- and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun .	315	Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what ?
Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking , drying and pasteurization .	cooking, drying and pasteurization	What are solar cookers used for ?
They can be grouped into three broad categories : box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers .	box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers	What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers ?
The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767 .	Horace de Saussure	Who created the box cooker ?
It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90 -- 150 °C -LRB- 194 -- 302 °F -RRB- .	90–150 °C (194–302 °F)	What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker ?
These cookers reach temperatures of 315 °C -LRB- 599 °F -RRB- and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun .	direct light	What do reflector cookers require to function ?
The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project -LRB- STEP -RRB- in Shenandoah , Georgia , USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50 % of the process heating , air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory .	114	The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes ?
The short payback period of transpired collectors -LRB- 3 to 12 years -RRB- makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems .	more	Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems ?
Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish , trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications .	parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors	What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies ?
The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project -LRB- STEP -RRB- in Shenandoah , Georgia , USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50 % of the process heating , air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory .	Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA	What was the first commercial solar concentrating system ?
The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy .	use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water	What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy ?
Clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas .	Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks	What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity ?
Unglazed transpired collectors -LRB- UTC -RRB- are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air .	perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air	What are Unglazed transpired collectors ?
A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas .	1872	In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas ?
Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable .	Solar distillation	What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable ?
The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists .	16th-century Arab alchemists	By who was the first record of solar distillation done by ?
A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas .	1872	When was the first large solar distillation plant created ?
The plant , which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 -LRB- 51,000 sq ft -RRB- , could produce up to 22,700 L -LRB- 5,000 imp gal ; 6,000 US gal -RRB- per day and operate for 40 years .	22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day	How much water was produced by the plant ?
Individual still designs include single-slope , double-slope -LRB- or greenhouse type -RRB- , vertical , conical , inverted absorber , multi-wick , and multiple effect .	single-slope	What is an example of a solar distillation design ?
It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage .	the World Health Organization	Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization ?
Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions .	a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions	How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection ?
It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage .	a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage	What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection ?
Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water .	Over two million people in developing countries	How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water ?
A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis , although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable .	toxic chemicals	What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds ?
Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity .	to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity	For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond ?
A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis , although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable .	algae may produce toxic chemicals	What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable ?
Solar power is anticipated to become the world 's largest source of electricity by 2050 , with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption , respectively .	2050	By what year is solar power expected to become the world 's greatest source of electricity ?
Solar power is anticipated to become the world 's largest source of electricity by 2050 , with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption , respectively .	2050	When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity ?
Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation , in the Mojave Desert of California , is the largest solar power plant in the world .	the Mojave Desert	The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert ?
In 2013 solar generated less than 1 % of the worlds total grid electricity .	2013	Less than 1 % of the world 's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year ?
Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation , in the Mojave Desert of California , is the largest solar power plant in the world .	354 MW SEGS CSP	What is the largest solar power plant in the world ?
Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation , in the Mojave Desert of California , is the largest solar power plant in the world .	Mojave Desert of California	Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located ?
The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project , in the United States , and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India , are the world 's largest photovoltaic plants .	The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India	What are the largest photovoltaic solar power plants ?
The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s .	Charles Fritts	In the 1880s , who constructed the first solar cell ?
Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s , researchers Gerald Pearson , Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954 .	1954	In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed ?
In the last two decades , photovoltaics -LRB- PV -RRB- , also known as solar PV , has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source .	evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source	What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years ?
A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect .	a device that converts light directly into electricity	What is a solar cell ?
The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s .	Charles Fritts	Who created the first solar cell ?
In 1931 a German engineer , Dr Bruno Lange , developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide .	Dr Bruno Lange	Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide ?
Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s , researchers Gerald Pearson , Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954 .	Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin	Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell ?
In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage .	a working fluid	In all the different CSP systems , concentrated sunlight is used to heat what ?
Concentrating Solar Power -LRB- CSP -RRB- systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam .	lenses or mirrors and tracking systems	What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use ?
The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant .	a heat source for a conventional power plant	What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for ?
A wide range of concentrating technologies exists ; the most developed are the parabolic trough , the concentrating linear fresnel reflector , the Stirling dish and the solar power tower .	the Stirling dish	What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies ?
In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage .	a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight	What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common ?
Socrates ' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design .	Megaron House	Socrate 's what is a classic example of passive solar design ?
The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun , compact proportion -LRB- a low surface area to volume ratio -RRB- , selective shading -LRB- overhangs -RRB- and thermal mass .	orientation relative to the Sun	What is a common feature of passive solar architecture ?
When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range .	well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range	What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment ?
Socrates ' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design .	Socrates' Megaron House	What is an example of passive solar design ?
Active solar equipment such as pumps , fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance .	pumps, fans and switchable windows	What kind of equipment can improve system performance ?
Urban heat islands -LRB- UHI -RRB- are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment .	Urban heat islands	UHI is an abbreviation of what ?
Using these methods , a hypothetical `` cool communities '' program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °C at an estimated cost of US$ 1 billion , giving estimated total annual benefits of US$ 530 million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings .	3	A program in Los Angeles believes that with $ 1 billion , city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius ?
Urban heat islands -LRB- UHI -RRB- are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment .	Urban heat islands	What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called ?
The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete , which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment .	asphalt and concrete	What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials ?
A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees .	paint buildings and roads white and plant trees	What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands ?
During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age , French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy .	fruit walls	During the Little Ice Age , what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy ?
More recently the technology has been embraced by vinters , who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses .	power grape presses	Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what ?
Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants .	to optimize the productivity of plants	Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured ?
Techniques such as timed planting cycles , tailored row orientation , staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields .	timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties	What are some techniques used to improve crop production ?
During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age , French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy .	employed fruit walls	What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy ?
These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm .	acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm	What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers ?
Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius .	Roman times	When were the first greenhouses used ?
The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad .	the 16th	In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed ?
Greenhouses convert solar light to heat , enabling year-round production and the growth -LRB- in enclosed environments -RRB- of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate .	convert solar light to heat	What do greenhouses do with solar energy ?
Greenhouses convert solar light to heat , enabling year-round production and the growth -LRB- in enclosed environments -RRB- of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate .	enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops	What is one purpose of a greenhouse ?
Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius .	produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius	What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse ?
The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad .	Europe	Where were the first modern greenhouses built ?
The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race , where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres -LRB- 1,877 mi -RRB- across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide .	The World Solar Challenge	What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years ?
In 1987 , when it was founded , the winner 's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour -LRB- 42 mph -RRB- and by 2007 the winner 's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour -LRB- 56.46 mph -RRB- .	90.87	What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge 's average speed in 2007 in km/h ?
The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race , where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres -LRB- 1,877 mi -RRB- across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide .	a biannual solar-powered car race	What is The World Solar Challenge ?
In 1987 , when it was founded , the winner 's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour -LRB- 42 mph -RRB- and by 2007 the winner 's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour -LRB- 56.46 mph -RRB- .	1987	When was The World Solar Challenge started ?
In 1987 , when it was founded , the winner 's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour -LRB- 42 mph -RRB- and by 2007 the winner 's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour -LRB- 56.46 mph -RRB- .	67 kilometres per hour (42 mph)	What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987 ?
In 1987 , when it was founded , the winner 's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour -LRB- 42 mph -RRB- and by 2007 the winner 's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour -LRB- 56.46 mph -RRB- .	90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)	What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007 ?
The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles .	The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge	What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles ?
In 1975 , the first practical solar boat was constructed in England .	1975	The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year ?
In 1975 , the first practical solar boat was constructed in England .	1975	When was the first solar powered boat made ?
In 1996 , Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean , and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006 -- 2007 .	Kenichi Horie	Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat ?
In 1996 , Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean , and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006 -- 2007 .	the sun21 catamaran	What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean ?
On 29 April 1979 , the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered , fully controlled , man carrying flying machine , reaching an altitude of 40 feet -LRB- 12 m -RRB- .	40	What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet ?
As of 2015 , Solar Impulse , an electric aircraft , is currently circumnavigating the globe .	Solar Impulse	What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power ?
In 1974 , the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight .	1974	When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made ?
On 29 April 1979 , the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered , fully controlled , man carrying flying machine , reaching an altitude of 40 feet -LRB- 12 m -RRB- .	29 April 1979	When was the first solar powered manned flight made ?
This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981 .	July 1981	When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel ?
In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power .	California to North Carolina	Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990 ?
The designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours .	36 hours	How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air ?
The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels -LRB- such as methanol -RRB- from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging ; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons , though use of water as the source of electrons -LRB- as plants do -RRB- requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen .	hydrogen production from protons	What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide ?
Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions .	Solar chemical processes	What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels ?
A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis .	artificial photosynthesis	What solar process can be used to produce different fuels ?
The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide -LRB- ZnO -RRB- at temperatures above 1,200 °C -LRB- 2,200 °F -RRB- .	The Solzinc process	What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute ?
This initial reaction produces pure zinc , which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen .	pure zinc	The Solznic process produces what ?
Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s .	Hydrogen production technologies	What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s ?
One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures -LRB- 2,300 -- 2,600 °C or 4,200 -- 4,700 °F -RRB- .	uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures	What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis ?
The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide -LRB- ZnO -RRB- at temperatures above 1,200 °C -LRB- 2,200 °F -RRB- .	Solzinc process	What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute ?
Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations .	heat	In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy ?
Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations .	Thermal mass systems	What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat ?
Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water , earth and stone .	water, earth and stone	What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems ?
Well-designed systems can lower peak demand , shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements .	reduce overall heating and cooling requirements	What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system ?
Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber 's salt are another thermal storage media .	thermal	Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media ?
The `` Dover House '' -LRB- in Dover , Massachusetts -RRB- was the first to use a Glauber 's salt heating system , in 1948 .	The "Dover House"	The first Glauber 's salt heating system was first used where ?
Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber 's salt are another thermal storage media .	paraffin wax and Glauber's salt	What are some examples of phase change materials ?
These materials are inexpensive , readily available , and can deliver domestically useful temperatures -LRB- approximately 64 °C or 147 °F -RRB- .	64 °C or 147 °F	What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials ?
The `` Dover House '' -LRB- in Dover , Massachusetts -RRB- was the first to use a Glauber 's salt heating system , in 1948 .	Dover House	What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber 's salt ?
Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems .	they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems	Why are salts good for thermal storage ?
The Solar Two used this method of energy storage , allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules -LRB- 400,000 kWh -RRB- in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99 % .	1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)	How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts ?
Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity .	rechargeable batteries	Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity ?
Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity .	rechargeable batteries	What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity ?
Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid .	Net metering programs	What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called ?
This is handled by ` rolling back ' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes .	by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes	How is the credit to households accomplished ?
Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions , making a second meter unnecessary .	Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions	Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use ?
The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water , with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator .	a hydroelectric power generator	When water is released due to high demand , the pump become swhat ?
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one .	water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one	Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form ?
The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water , with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator .	by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator	How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered ?
The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies .	1973	The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies ?
The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies .	The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis	What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s ?
Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan .	the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan	What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology ?
Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US -LRB- SERI , now NREL -RRB- , Japan -LRB- NEDO -RRB- , and Germany -LRB- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE -RRB- .	SERI, now NREL	What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US ?
Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US -LRB- SERI , now NREL -RRB- , Japan -LRB- NEDO -RRB- , and Germany -LRB- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE -RRB- .	NEDO	What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan ?
Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US -LRB- SERI , now NREL -RRB- , Japan -LRB- NEDO -RRB- , and Germany -LRB- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE -RRB- .	Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE	What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany ?
These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels .	the 1920s	The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period ?
Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20 % per year since 1999 .	20% per year	Since 1999 , what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at ?
Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s .	in the 1890s	When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin ?
As with photovoltaics , solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices .	falling petroleum prices	Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s ?
Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20 % per year since 1999 .	20%	Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999
Although generally underestimated , solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007 .	154 GW	What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007 ?
The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces :	The International Energy Agency	Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues ?
The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces :	The International Energy Agency	Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world ?
For example , ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters .	glass in building	ISO 9050 relates to standards for what ?
For example , ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters .	materials used in solar water heaters	ISO 10217 relates to standards for what ?
For example , ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters .	ISO 9050	What is the name of the standard related to glass in building ?
For example , ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters .	ISO 10217	What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters ?
It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power .	passive solar or active solar	What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as ?
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems , concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy .	photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating	What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy ?
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties , and designing spaces that naturally circulate air .	orienting a building to the Sun	What is an example of a passive solar technique ?
This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption , which was 559.8 EJ in 2012 .	559.8 EJ	What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012 ?
The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575 -- 49,837 exajoules -LRB- EJ -RRB- .	1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)	What is solar energy 's yearly potential ?
The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity .	The large magnitude of solar energy available	What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity >
The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575 -- 49,837 exajoules -LRB- EJ -RRB- .	The United Nations Development Programme	Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000 ?
It will increase countries ' energy security through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource , enhance sustainability , reduce pollution , lower the costs of mitigating global warming , and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise .	through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource	How will solar energy increase energy security ?
It will increase countries ' energy security through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource , enhance sustainability , reduce pollution , lower the costs of mitigating global warming , and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise .	the costs of mitigating global warming	What costs will solar energy lower ?
Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments ; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared '' .	learning investments	What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered ?
It will increase countries ' energy security through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource , enhance sustainability , reduce pollution , lower the costs of mitigating global warming , and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise .	keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise	What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels ?
The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography , time variation , cloud cover , and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire .	geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans	Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface ?
Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation .	areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation	Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available ?
However , the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator .	photovoltaics	What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth 's equator ?
Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb .	during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb	Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy ?
Cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells .	clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells	What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available ?
In addition , land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels .	solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels	Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy ?
Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells , as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way .	many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way	Why are roofs a good place for solar panels ?
In 2000 , the United Nations Development Programme , UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs , and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation , cloud cover , and the land that is usable by humans .	insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans	What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy ?
The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575 -- 49,837 EJ per year -LRB- see table below -RRB- .	1,575–49,837 EJ per year	What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate ?
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics -LRB- PV -RRB- , or indirectly using concentrated solar power -LRB- CSP -RRB- .	conversion of sunlight into electricity	What is solar power ?
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics -LRB- PV -RRB- , or indirectly using concentrated solar power -LRB- CSP -RRB- .	either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)	How is sunlight converted into electricity ?
CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam .	lenses or mirrors and tracking systems	What does a concentrated solar power system use ?
CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam .	focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam	What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system ?
PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect .	photoelectric effect	What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity ?
Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history .	Sunlight	What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history ?
Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese , who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth .	Greeks and Chinese	Who first utilized solar architecture ?
Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese , who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth .	toward the south	In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing ?
A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air .	a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air	What is a solar balloon ?
As sunlight shines on the balloon , the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force , much like an artificially heated hot air balloon .	the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force	What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon ?
Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight , but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high .	the toy market	What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to ?
Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight , but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high .	the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high	Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market ?
The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce .	driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce	Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s ?
However , development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability , economy , and utility of coal and petroleum .	increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum	What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century ?
In 2011 , a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics , solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world 's energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change .	2060	According to a report in 2011 , by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world 's energy ?
The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters .	could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters	What could the sun 's energy do to help limit climate change ?
The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Achaemenid Empire , Sassanian Empire , Hephthalite Empire , Samanid Empire , Mongol Empire , Timurid dynasty , and the Russian Empire .	Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire	What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land ?
The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the Oxus civilization , Andronovo culture , Buddhism , Nestorian Christianity , Zoroastrianism , and Manichaeism .	Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism	What other culutres has ruled the area ?
The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the Oxus civilization , Andronovo culture , Buddhism , Nestorian Christianity , Zoroastrianism , and Manichaeism .	city of Sarazm	What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age ?
As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union , Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991 .	1991	When did Tajikistan become an independent nation ?
A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 .	1992 to 1997	What years did the civil war take place ?
The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the Oxus civilization , Andronovo culture , Buddhism , Nestorian Christianity , Zoroastrianism , and Manichaeism .	Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism	What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home ?
The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Achaemenid Empire , Sassanian Empire , Hephthalite Empire , Samanid Empire , Mongol Empire , Timurid dynasty , and the Russian Empire .	the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire	What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane ?
As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union , Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991 .	1991	What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation ?
A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 .	1992 to 1997	What years did the war last through ?
Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany , Finland and Japan .	1939	When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army ?
Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany , Finland and Japan .	260,000 Tajik	How many Tajik troops fought against Germany , Finland and Japan during WWII ?
Between 60,000 -LRB- 4 % -RRB- and 120,000 -LRB- 8 % -RRB- of Tajikistan 's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II .	Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)	What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war ?
During 1957 -- 58 Nikita Khrushchev 's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan , where living conditions , education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics .	living conditions, education and industry	What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics ?
The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another ; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties .	by clan loyalties	How were the different factions distinguished from eachother ?
The ceasefire guaranteed 30 % of ministerial positions would go to the opposition .	30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition	What did the ceasefire guaranteed ?
Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992 , defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58 % of the vote .	Emomali Rahmon	Who came into power in 1992 ?
More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution , increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics .	because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities	Why did more than half a million people flee ?
Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik -- Afghan border until summer 2005 .	Russian border troops	Who was stationed along the boarder ?
Since the September 11 , 2001 attacks , French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO 's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan .	at the Dushanbe Airport	Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11 , 2001 ?
United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration .	to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.	Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often ?
In 2010 , there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August , an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September , and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers , followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead .	28 Tajik soldiers	How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped ?
In 2015 Russia will send more troops to Tajikistan , as confirmed by a report of STRATFOR -LRB- magazine online -RRB-	2015	When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan ?
To date the country 's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country 's east , and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010 .	November 2010	When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley ?
In 2010 , there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August , an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September , and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers , followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead .	that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August	Why was there concerns in 2010 ?
Tajikistan is officially a republic , and holds elections for the presidency and parliament , operating under a presidential system .	a republic	What type of government does Tajikistan have ?
The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda , the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova .	Kokhir Rasulzoda	Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan ?
The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda , the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova .	Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova	Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers ?
Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994 .	November 1994	When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president ?
It is , however , a dominant-party system , where the People 's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament .	where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament	What kind of system is a dominant-party system ?
Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government , but independent press outlets remain restricted , as does a substantial amount of web content .	independent press outlets remain restricted	Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press , what is the problem with it ?
In practice , no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media .	no public criticism of the regime is tolerated	What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media ?
In practice , no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media .	all direct protest is severely suppressed	What is not covered by local media ?
According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting , access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj , Tjknews.com , ferghana.ru , centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events .	access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru	What access is blocked ?
Tajikistan is landlocked , and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area .	Tajikistan	What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area ?
It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range , and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters -LRB- 9,800 ft -RRB- above sea level .	the Pamir range	What mountian range runs through Tajikistan ?
Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley .	on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley	Where is Dushanbe located ?
It lies mostly between latitudes 36 ° and 41 ° N -LRB- a small area is north of 41 ° -RRB- , and longitudes 67 ° and 75 ° E -LRB- a small area is east of 75 ° -RRB- .	between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)	Where exactly is Tajikistan ?
The only major areas of lower land are in the north -LRB- part of the Fergana Valley -RRB- , and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys , which form the Amu Darya .	in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys	What area is under sea level ?
The suffix '' - stan '' -LRB- Persian : ـستان - stān -RRB- is Persian for `` place of '' or `` country '' and Tajik is , most likely , the name of a pre-Islamic -LRB- before the seventh century A.D. -RRB- tribe .	the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe	Where did the word Tajik come from ?
Tajikistan means the `` Land of the Tajiks '' .	"Land of the Tajiks"	What does Tajikistan mean ?
The suffix '' - stan '' -LRB- Persian : ـستان - stān -RRB- is Persian for `` place of '' or `` country '' and Tajik is , most likely , the name of a pre-Islamic -LRB- before the seventh century A.D. -RRB- tribe .	"place of" or "country"	What does the suffix - stan mean ?
According to the Library of Congress 's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan , it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word `` Tajik '' because the term is `` embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia . ''	because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."	Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik ?
It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650 -- 680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710 .	650–680	When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese ?
It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650 -- 680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710 .	Umayyads	Who took control of the regin in 710 ?
The Samanid Empire , 819 to 999 , restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara -LRB- both cities are today part of Uzbekistan -RRB- which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan .	The Samanid Empire,	Who restored Persian control of the region ?
The Samanid Empire , 819 to 999 , restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara -LRB- both cities are today part of Uzbekistan -RRB- which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan .	Khorasan	What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran ?
It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650 -- 680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710 .	650–680	When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese ?
It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650 -- 680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710 .	710	When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl ?
The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania -LRB- which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan -RRB- and ruled between 999 -- 1211 .	The Kara-Khanid Khanate	Who conquered Tansaxania ?
The Samanid Empire , 819 to 999 , restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara -LRB- both cities are today part of Uzbekistan -RRB- which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan .	The Samanid Empire	When did the Samanid Empire rule the land ?
Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire 's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century 's Imperial Era .	during the late 19th century's Imperial Era	When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia ?
Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan , the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand .	the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand	Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan ?
Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton -LRB- a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets -RRB- .	gaining access to a supply of cotton	What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for ?
Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan , the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand .	Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan	What did Russia do between 1864-1885 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- By 1885 Tajikistan 's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state , the Emirate of Bukhara , nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence .	the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara	In 1885 , who was ruling the Tajikistan area ?
During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region .	an Islamic social movement throughout the region	What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century ?
Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat .	Russians	Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913 .	between 1910 and 1913	When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand ?
After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia , known as basmachi , waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence .	guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi	Who went to war against Bolshevick armies ?
After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia , known as basmachi , waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence .	to maintain independence	What did they go to war against Bolshevick ?
The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war , in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed .	The Bolsheviks	Who won the war ?
Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization , practicing Islam , Judaism , and Christianity was discouraged and repressed , and many mosques , churches , and synagogues were closed .	Islam, Judaism, and Christianity	What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed ?
In 1924 , the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan , but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic -LRB- Tajik SSR -RRB- was made a separate constituent republic , however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR .	Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	In 1924 , what was created as part of Uzbekistan ?
Between 1927 and 1934 , collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place , especially in the southern region .	in the southern region	Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly ?
Between 1927 and 1934 , collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place , especially in the southern region .	collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place	What happeded between 1927-1934 ?
Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan .	Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement	What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan ?
Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow -LRB- 1927 -- 1934 and 1937 -- 1938 -RRB- resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people , from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan .	Moscow	Who directed the purges of Soviets ?
Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow -LRB- 1927 -- 1934 and 1937 -- 1938 -RRB- resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people , from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan .	nearly 10,000 people	How many people were expelled ??
Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels , including the top position of first secretary .	Ethnic Russians	Who were sent to replace the expelled positions ?
Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan 's population grew from less than 1 % to 13 % .	grew from less than 1% to 13%	What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959 ?
Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels , including the top position of first secretary .	subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary	What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced ?
The most recent elections , in February 2010 , saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament , yet still maintain a comfortable majority .	PDPT lose four seats in Parliament	What happened in the Feb 2010 election ?
The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment .	accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment	Why were parties upset in the 2005 election ?
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling `` failed to meet many key OSCE commitments '' and that `` these elections failed on many basic democratic standards . ''	"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."	What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did ?
The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred , which would not affect the will of the Tajik people .	The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people	What was the Tajikistan governments response ?
Tajikistan -LRB- i/t ɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn / , / təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; Persian : تاجيكستان Тоҷикистон -LSB- tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Tajikistan -LRB- Persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان Tajik : Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон , Çumhuriji Toçikiston / Jumhuriyi Tojikiston ; Russian : Респу́блика Таджикистан , Respublika Tadzhikistan -RRB- , is a mountainous , landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143,100 km2 -LRB- 55,300 sq mi -RRB- .	in Central Asia	Where is Tajikistan located ?
Tajikistan -LRB- i/t ɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn / , / təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; Persian : تاجيكستان Тоҷикистон -LSB- tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Tajikistan -LRB- Persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان Tajik : Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон , Çumhuriji Toçikiston / Jumhuriyi Tojikiston ; Russian : Респу́блика Таджикистан , Respublika Tadzhikistan -RRB- , is a mountainous , landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143,100 km2 -LRB- 55,300 sq mi -RRB- .	8 million people	How many people are living in Tajikistan ?
Tajikistan -LRB- i/t ɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn / , / təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; Persian : تاجيكستان Тоҷикистон -LSB- tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Tajikistan -LRB- Persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان Tajik : Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон , Çumhuriji Toçikiston / Jumhuriyi Tojikiston ; Russian : Респу́блика Таджикистан , Respublika Tadzhikistan -RRB- , is a mountainous , landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143,100 km2 -LRB- 55,300 sq mi -RRB- .	area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)	What is the area of Tajikistan ?
It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south , Uzbekistan to the west , Kyrgyzstan to the north , and China to the east .	China	What country lies to Tajikistans east ?
Pakistan lies to the south , separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor .	Wakhan Corridor	What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan ?
It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south , Uzbekistan to the west , Kyrgyzstan to the north , and China to the east .	China	What country borders Tajikistan to the east ?
Tajikistan -LRB- i/t ɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn / , / təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; Persian : تاجيكستان Тоҷикистон -LSB- tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Tajikistan -LRB- Persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان Tajik : Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон , Çumhuriji Toçikiston / Jumhuriyi Tojikiston ; Russian : Респу́блика Таджикистан , Respublika Tadzhikistan -RRB- , is a mountainous , landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143,100 km2 -LRB- 55,300 sq mi -RRB- .	8 million	How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan ?
Tajikistan -LRB- i/t ɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn / , / təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn / , or / tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn / ; Persian : تاجيكستان Тоҷикистон -LSB- tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Tajikistan -LRB- Persian : جمهورى تاجيكستان Tajik : Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон , Çumhuriji Toçikiston / Jumhuriyi Tojikiston ; Russian : Респу́блика Таджикистан , Respublika Tadzhikistan -RRB- , is a mountainous , landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013 , and an area of 143,100 km2 -LRB- 55,300 sq mi -RRB- .	143,100 km2	What is the area of Tajikistan ?
It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south , Uzbekistan to the west , Kyrgyzstan to the north , and China to the east .	Afghanistan	What country borders Tajikistan to the south ?
It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south , Uzbekistan to the west , Kyrgyzstan to the north , and China to the east .	Uzbekistan	What country borders Tajikistan to the west ?
The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much , if not all , of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire .	about 500 BCE	What was the first recorded history of this region ?
The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much , if not all , of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire .	the Achaemenid Empire	What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE ?
After the region 's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom , a successor state of Alexander 's empire .	Alexander the Great	Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire ?
The Kushan Empire , a collection of Yuezhi tribes , took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism , Nestorian Christianity , Zoroastrianism , and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region .	Yuezhi tribes	What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE ?
Later the Hephthalite Empire , a collection of nomadic tribes , moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century .	in the early eighth century	When was Islam brought to the region ?
Later the Hephthalite Empire , a collection of nomadic tribes , moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century .	Hephthalite Empire,	What empire brought Islam practices with them ?
The Kushan Empire , a collection of Yuezhi tribes , took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism , Nestorian Christianity , Zoroastrianism , and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region .	Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism	What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE ?
The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6 % over the period of 2000 -- 2007 according to the World Bank data .	an average rate of 9.6%	What was the rate that the GDP expanded ?
The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production , cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers .	aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers	What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan ?
Cotton accounts for 60 % of agricultural output , supporting 75 % of the rural population , and using 45 % of irrigated arable land .	60%	What accounts for 60 % of the agricultural output ?
The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company -- the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world .	Tajik Aluminum Company	What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium ?
Tajikistan 's rivers , such as the Vakhsh and the Panj , have great hydropower potential , and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports .	the government	Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan ?
Tajikistan 's rivers , such as the Vakhsh and the Panj , have great hydropower potential , and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports .	hydropower potential	What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for ?
Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam , the highest dam in the world .	Nurek Dam	What is the highest dam in the world ?
A planned project , CASA 1000 , will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan .	CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan	What will the project named CASA 1000 do ?
According to some estimates about 20 % of the population lives on less than US$ 1.25 per day .	US$1.25 per day	What is the average amount lived on per day ?
In 2010 , remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $ 2.1 billion US dollars , an increase from 2009 .	estimated $2.1 billion US dollars	What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans ?
Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid -LRB- of which it by now receives only negligible amounts -RRB- , and by purely market-based means , simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage -- cheap labor .	by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor	How did Tajikistan change their economy ?
The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan 's robust economic growth during the past several years , have increased incomes , and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty .	remittances	What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan 's robust economic growth ?
Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and , to a lesser extent , Western European markets ; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market .	opium poppy	What is raised locally for the domestic market ?
However , with the increasing assistance from international organizations , such as UNODC , and cooperation with the US , Russian , EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved .	with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities	What all has helped with the fight against drugs ?
Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations -LRB- 1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006 -RRB- .	heroin and raw opium confiscations	Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations ?
As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads , air , and rail .	via roads, air, and rail.	What are the majority of transportation options ?
In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan .	Iran and Pakistan	What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports ?
In 2009 , an agreement was made between Tajikistan , Pakistan , and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km -LRB- 810 mi -RRB- highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan 's ports .	Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan	What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way ?
And in 2012 , the presidents of Tajikistan , Afghanistan , and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil , gas , and water pipelines to connect the three countries .	2012	What year was the agreement signed ?
In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports , 18 of which had paved runways , of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters .	26 airports	How many airports does Tajikistan have ?
The country 's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015 , had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia , Central Asia , as well as Delhi , Dubai , Frankfurt , Istanbul , Kabul , Tehran , and Ürümqi amongst others .	Dushanbe International Airport	What is the country 's main airport ?
The country 's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015 , had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia , Central Asia , as well as Delhi , Dubai , Frankfurt , Istanbul , Kabul , Tehran , and Ürümqi amongst others .	Russia	Where are the international flights maining going to ?
Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country .	Khorog Airport	What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country ?
Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 -LRB- July 2009 est. -RRB- of which 70 % are under the age of 30 and 35 % are between the ages of 14 and 30 .	7,349,145	What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009 ?
Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 -LRB- July 2009 est. -RRB- of which 70 % are under the age of 30 and 35 % are between the ages of 14 and 30 .	70%	What percent of the population is under 30 years old ?
Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 -LRB- July 2009 est. -RRB- of which 70 % are under the age of 30 and 35 % are between the ages of 14 and 30 .	35%	What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old ?
Tajiks who speak Tajik -LRB- a dialect of Persian -RRB- are the main ethnic group , although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians , whose numbers are declining due to emigration .	Tajik	What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak ?
All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis .	Tajikistanis	What are the citizens of Tajikistan called ?
The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast , bordering Afghanistan and China , though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity , nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks .	The Pamiri people	What people live in the southeast area of the country ?
The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast , bordering Afghanistan and China , though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity , nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks .	distinct linguistically and culturally	How are they different than most Tajiks ?
Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains , they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country .	Pamir Mountains	What mountians do the Pamiri people call home ?
Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009 .	Sunni Islam of the Hanafi	What school has been recognized by the government ?
Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion .	a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion	What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as ?
The Government has declared two Islamic holidays , Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon , as state holidays .	Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon	What are the two national Islamic holidays ?
According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group , the population of Tajikistan is 98 % Muslim .	98%	What percent of the population is muslim ?
that minority religious groups undermine national unity .	minority religious groups undermine national unity	What type of religions concerns are there ?
There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere .	a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere	What concerns for the religions institutions are there ?
Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir , a militant Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state , is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment .	Hizb ut-Tahrir	What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan ?
Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir , a militant Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state , is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment .	aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state	What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for ?
By law , religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs -LRB- SCRA -RRB- and with local authorities .	State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities	What do religions communities have to register with ?
Registration with the SCRA requires a charter , a list of 10 or more members , and evidence of local government approval prayer site location .	a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location	What does the SCRA require ?
Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer .	a physical structure	What do you have to have to gather for public prayer ?
Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship .	can result in large fines and closure of place of worship	What can happen if you do not register ?
Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor , with severe shortages of medical supplies .	, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies	What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan ?
The state 's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan -LRB- 2000 -RRB- .	104,272	How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan ?
Public expenditure on health was at 1 % of the GDP in 2004 .	1%	What percent of the GDP was spent on health ?
The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank 's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper .	World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper	What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with ?
Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016 .	11 years of primary and secondary education	How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system ?
Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016 .	a 12-year system	What do they want to impliment in 2016 ?
There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties , Tajikistan State University of Law , Business , & Politics , Khorugh State University , Agricultural University of Tajikistan , Tajik State National University , and several other institutions .	Khujand State University	What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions ?
As of 2008 -LSB- update -RSB- tertiary education enrollment was 17 % , significantly below the sub-regional average of 37 % .	17%	What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment ?
Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present .	humans and their societies	What is anthropology a study of ?
Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology , which describes the workings of societies around the world , linguistic anthropology , which investigates the influence of language in social life , and biological or physical anthropology , which concerns long-term development of the human organism .	social	What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world ?
Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology , which describes the workings of societies around the world , linguistic anthropology , which investigates the influence of language in social life , and biological or physical anthropology , which concerns long-term development of the human organism .	linguistic anthropology	What investigates the influence of language in social life ?
Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology , which describes the workings of societies around the world , linguistic anthropology , which investigates the influence of language in social life , and biological or physical anthropology , which concerns long-term development of the human organism .	physical	What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism ?
Archaeology , which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence , is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States , while in Europe , it is viewed as a discipline in its own right , or grouped under other related disciplines such as history .	United States	Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology ?
Similar organizations in other countries followed : The American Anthropological Association in 1902 , the Anthropological Society of Madrid -LRB- 1865 -RRB- , the Anthropological Society of Vienna -LRB- 1870 -RRB- , the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology -LRB- 1871 -RRB- , and many others subsequently .	1870	Vienna created it 's society in what year ?
One notable exception was the Berlin Society of Anthropology -LRB- 1869 -RRB- founded by Rudolph Virchow , known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists .	1869	When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow ?
Similar organizations in other countries followed : The American Anthropological Association in 1902 , the Anthropological Society of Madrid -LRB- 1865 -RRB- , the Anthropological Society of Vienna -LRB- 1870 -RRB- , the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology -LRB- 1871 -RRB- , and many others subsequently .	1902	When was the American Anthropological Association founded ?
Similar organizations in other countries followed : The American Anthropological Association in 1902 , the Anthropological Society of Madrid -LRB- 1865 -RRB- , the Anthropological Society of Vienna -LRB- 1870 -RRB- , the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology -LRB- 1871 -RRB- , and many others subsequently .	1865	When did Madrid get it 's own anthropological society ?
Not religious himself , he insisted that Darwin 's conclusions lacked empirical foundation .	empirical foundation	What did Virchow feel Darwin 's conclusions lacked ?
During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred , most independent , most publishing their own journals , and all international in membership and association .	anthropological societies	What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century ?
During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred , most independent , most publishing their own journals , and all international in membership and association .	international	What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be ?
The major theorists belonged to these organizations .	The major theorists	Who belonged to these proliferating organizations ?
By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology .	48	How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898 ?
By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology .	13	How many countries were the institutions teaching anthropology located in ?
Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons , long-term in-depth examination of context , and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research .	late 19th and early 20th centuries	When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work ?
This has been particularly prominent in the United States , from Boas ' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology , through Margaret Mead 's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation , to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism .	gender equality and sexual liberation	What did Margaret Mead advocate for ?
Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons , long-term in-depth examination of context , and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research .	cross-cultural comparisons	What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing ?
This has been particularly prominent in the United States , from Boas ' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology , through Margaret Mead 's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation , to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism .	19th-century racial ideology	What did Boas ' argue against ?
Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism , holism , and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques .	cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques	What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized ?
Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities , social , and natural sciences are forced to confront one another .	humanities, social, and natural sciences	What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology ?
Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences , including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens , human physical traits , human behavior , the variations among different groups of humans , how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture , and from social sciences , including the organization of human social and cultural relations , institutions , social conflicts , etc. .	Anthropology	What builds upon natural and social sciences ?
Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities , social , and natural sciences are forced to confront one another .	global	What type of discipline is anthropology ?
Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity .	Greece and Persia	Where did early anthropology originate ?
As such , anthropology has been central in the development of several new -LRB- late 20th century -RRB- interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science , global studies , and various ethnic studies .	cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies	What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of ?
Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories , as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies .	structuralist and postmodern theories	What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by ?
During the 1970s and 1990s , there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline .	During the 1970s and 1990s	When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- During this shift , enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology .	nature and production of knowledge	What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology ?
In contrast , archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist .	archaeology and biological anthropology	What two fields remained largely positivist ?
Due to this difference in epistemology , the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades .	cohesion	What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades ?
Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology .	Sociocultural anthropology	What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology ?
Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them , while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups .	social	Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups ?
in that it helps develop understanding of social structures , typically of others and other populations -LRB- such as minorities , subgroups , dissidents , etc. -RRB- .	social structures,	What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of ?
There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them , and these categories overlap to a considerable degree .	hard-and-fast	What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology ?
Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them , while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups .	Cultural anthropology	What studies the way people make sense of the world around them ?
Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism , the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values .	cultural relativism	What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms ?
Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research , i.e. an ethnographic monograph .	Ethnography	What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research ?
Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology .	Participant observation	What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology ?
The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic -LRB- conceptual , vs. etic , or technical -RRB- point of view .	emic	What is a needlessly complicated word which means `` conceptual '' ?
Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison .	reductionism in cross-cultural comparison	What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate ?
Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization , law and conflict resolution , patterns of consumption and exchange , material culture , technology , infrastructure , gender relations , ethnicity , childrearing and socialization , religion , myth , symbols , values , etiquette , worldview , sports , music , nutrition , recreation , games , food , festivals , and language -LRB- which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology -RRB- .	Sociocultural	Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of ?
Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization , law and conflict resolution , patterns of consumption and exchange , material culture , technology , infrastructure , gender relations , ethnicity , childrearing and socialization , religion , myth , symbols , values , etiquette , worldview , sports , music , nutrition , recreation , games , food , festivals , and language -LRB- which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology -RRB- .	consumption and exchange	What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about ?
The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology , as kinship is a human universal .	kinship	What is a human universal ?
Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization , law and conflict resolution , patterns of consumption and exchange , material culture , technology , infrastructure , gender relations , ethnicity , childrearing and socialization , religion , myth , symbols , values , etiquette , worldview , sports , music , nutrition , recreation , games , food , festivals , and language -LRB- which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology -RRB- .	language	What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology ?
Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization , law and conflict resolution , patterns of consumption and exchange , material culture , technology , infrastructure , gender relations , ethnicity , childrearing and socialization , religion , myth , symbols , values , etiquette , worldview , sports , music , nutrition , recreation , games , food , festivals , and language -LRB- which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology -RRB- .	resolution	Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in ?
Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains .	Archaeology	What field studies human 's past through material remains ?
Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices .	human behavior and cultural practices	What can archaeologists deduce from material remains ?
Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups , who are presumed to have lived in similar ways .	past human groups	What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups ?
Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups , who are presumed to have lived in similar ways .	in similar ways	How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations ?
Artifacts , faunal remains , and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies .	cultural and material lives of past societies	What are artifacts , faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of ?
It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems , linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes .	anthropological	What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on ?
It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems , linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes .	interpretation of sociocultural processes	What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to ?
Linguistic anthropology -LRB- also called anthropological linguistics -RRB- seeks to understand the processes of human communications , verbal and non-verbal , variation in language across time and space , the social uses of language , and the relationship between language and culture .	Linguistic	What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications ?
Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics , pragmatics , cognitive linguistics , semiotics , discourse analysis , and narrative analysis .	sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis	What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on ?
One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of ` art ' as a cultural phenomenon .	art	What is a cultural phenomenon ?
Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of ` painting ' , ` sculpture ' , or ` literature ' , conceived as independent artistic activities , do not exist , or exist in a significantly different form , in most non-Western contexts .	do not exist	What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts ?
To surmount this difficulty , anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which , without exclusively being ` artistic ' , have certain evident ` aesthetic ' qualities .	evident 'aesthetic' qualities	What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on ?
Boas ' Primitive Art , Claude Lévi-Strauss ' The Way of the Masks -LRB- 1982 -RRB- or Geertz 's ` Art as Cultural System ' -LRB- 1983 -RRB- are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of ` art ' into an anthropology of culturally specific ` aesthetics ' .	1983	When was Art as Cultural System penned ?
Boas ' Primitive Art , Claude Lévi-Strauss ' The Way of the Masks -LRB- 1982 -RRB- or Geertz 's ` Art as Cultural System ' -LRB- 1983 -RRB- are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of ` art ' into an anthropology of culturally specific ` aesthetics ' .	culturally specific 'aesthetics'	What is the trend to transform the anthropology of ` art ' into an anthropology of ?
Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently , such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history , or paleontology , of man , based on comparative anatomy , and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History -LRB- France -RRB- by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau .	Étienne Serres	Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man ?
Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently , such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history , or paleontology , of man , based on comparative anatomy , and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History -LRB- France -RRB- by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau .	1838	When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy ?
Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently , such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history , or paleontology , of man , based on comparative anatomy , and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History -LRB- France -RRB- by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau .	1850	When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History ?
Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently , such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history , or paleontology , of man , based on comparative anatomy , and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History -LRB- France -RRB- by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau .	France	Where is the National Museum of Natural History located ?
The Société Ethnologique de Paris , the first to use Ethnology , was formed in 1839 .	Société Ethnologique de Paris	What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery ?
Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century .	comparative methods	What is anthropology the intellectual results of ?
Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy , linguistics , and Ethnology , making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters , were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals , languages , and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then .	similarities	What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages ?
Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy , linguistics , and Ethnology , making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters , were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals , languages , and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then .	processes or laws unknown to them then	What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of ?
For them , the publication of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect .	epiphany	What was Darwin 's On The Origin of Species for theorists ?
Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild .	comparison of species	How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions ?
Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s .	late 1850s.	When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution ?
There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences .	bring it into the social sciences	What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution ?
Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies , the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris , meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859 .	Paris	Where did Paul Broca reside ?
Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies , the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris , meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859 .	Société de biologie	What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from ?
-LSB- n 4 -RSB- When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme , as the French called evolutionism .	Transformisme	What did the French call evolutionism ?
Broca , being what today would be called a neurosurgeon , had taken an interest in the pathology of speech .	neurosurgeon	If Broca were alive today , what would his profession be ?
Broca , being what today would be called a neurosurgeon , had taken an interest in the pathology of speech .	the pathology of speech	What particularly interested Broca ?
He discovered the speech center of the human brain , today called Broca 's area after him .	speech center	What did Broca discover in the human brain ?
His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology , but a German philosopher specializing in psychology , Theodor Waitz , took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work , entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker , 1859 -- 1864 .	psychology	What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in ?
Waitz defined anthropology as `` the science of the nature of man '' .	the science of the nature of man	How did Waitz define anthropology ?
By nature he meant matter animated by `` the Divine breath '' ; i.e. , he was an animist .	an animist	What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold ?
Following Broca 's lead , Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field , which would gather material from other fields , but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy , physiology , and psychology to differentiate man from `` the animals nearest to him '' .	comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology	What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him ?
He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical , gathered by experimentation .	empirical	What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be ?
The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison .	civilization	What history was to be brought into the comparison ?
Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists .	British ethnologists	Who was Waitz influential among ?
In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London , which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology .	1863	In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London ?
In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London , which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology .	anthropology	What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow ?
Representatives from the French Société were present , though not Broca .	French Société	Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London ?
In his keynote address , printed in the first volume of its new publication , The Anthropological Review , Hunt stressed the work of Waitz , adopting his definitions as a standard .	Waitz	Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review ?
This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world 's higher educational institutions , many thousands in number .	majority of the world's higher educational institutions	What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into ?
Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more .	subdivisions	What was anthropology diversified into dozens of ?
Practical anthropology , the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems , has arrived ; for example , the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene .	Practical	What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems ?
Practical anthropology , the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems , has arrived ; for example , the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene .	recreate the final scene	What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims ?
For example , the World Council of Anthropological Associations -LRB- WCAA -RRB- , `` a network of national , regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology '' , currently contains members from about three dozen nations .	about three dozen	From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from ?
Media anthropology -LRB- also known as anthropology of media or mass media -RRB- emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers , audiences , and other cultural and social aspects of mass media .	Media anthropology	What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media ?
The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production -LRB- e.g. , ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers , journalists in the field , film production -RRB- to contexts of media reception , following audiences in their everyday responses to media .	ethnographic	Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context ?
This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts , where media such as radio , the press , new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s .	early 1990s	Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years ?
The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production -LRB- e.g. , ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers , journalists in the field , film production -RRB- to contexts of media reception , following audiences in their everyday responses to media .	media reception	Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context ?
Other types include cyber anthropology , a relatively new area of internet research , as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media , such as development work , social movements , or health education .	cyber	What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search ?
Visual anthropology is concerned , in part , with the study and production of ethnographic photography , film and , since the mid-1990s , new media .	Visual	What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film ?
While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film , visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation , including areas such as performance , museums , art , and the production and reception of mass media .	visual representation	What are performances , art , and the production of mass media grouped under ?
Visual representations from all cultures , such as sandpaintings , tattoos , sculptures and reliefs , cave paintings , scrimshaw , jewelry , hieroglyphics , paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology .	all	What cultures ' visual representations are included in visual anthropology ?
While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film , visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation , including areas such as performance , museums , art , and the production and reception of mass media .	ethnographic film	What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with ?
Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic , geographic and cultural scope .	Economic	Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior ?
Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic , geographic and cultural scope .	historic, geographic and cultural	Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior ?
It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics , of which it is highly critical .	discipline of economics	What is economic anthropology highly critical of ?
Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology , Bronislaw Malinowski , and his French compatriot , Marcel Mauss , on the nature of gift-giving exchange -LRB- or reciprocity -RRB- as an alternative to market exchange .	Bronislaw Malinowski	Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology ?
Economic Anthropology remains , for the most part , focused upon exchange .	exchange	What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon ?
Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology , including , but not limited to , non-capitalist societies .	traditional concerns	What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to ?
Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture .	history and colonialism	What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture ?
Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the ` original affluent society ' did much to dissipate that image .	Hunter-gatherers	Who were the original affluent society ?
The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world 's population at the time , the peasantry , many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam .	population	What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world ?
More recently , these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial -LRB- and post-industrial -RRB- capitalism around the world .	industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism	What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of ?
Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems .	Applied	What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems ?
It is a , `` complex of related , research-based , instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data , initiation of direct action , and/or the formulation of policy '' .	change or stability	What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce ?
It is a , `` complex of related , research-based , instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data , initiation of direct action , and/or the formulation of policy '' .	direct	What type of action does applied anthropology initiate ?
More simply , applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research ; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community .	the practical side	What side of anthropology is applied anthropology ?
More simply , applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research ; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community .	participating	Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities ?
Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective .	critical	What perspective does development anthropology view development from ?
The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why , if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty , is poverty increasing ?	pondering	What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of ?
The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why , if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty , is poverty increasing ?	increasing	Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty , that poverty is doing what ?
Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes ?	gap	When it comes to plans and outcomes , what do development anthropologists look at between them ?
In short why does so much planned development fail ?	fail	What does a lot of planned development apparently do ?
Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures , or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves .	Kinship	What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures ?
Over its history , anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms , such as `` descent '' , `` descent groups '' , `` lineages '' , `` affines '' , `` cognates '' , and even `` fictive kinship '' .	anthropology	What has developed a number of related concepts and terms ?
Over its history , anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms , such as `` descent '' , `` descent groups '' , `` lineages '' , `` affines '' , `` cognates '' , and even `` fictive kinship '' .	Over its history	When has anthropology developed related terms ?
Broadly , kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent -LRB- one 's social relations during development -RRB- , and also relatives by marriage .	one's social relations during development	What does it mean if people are related by descent ?
Broadly , kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent -LRB- one 's social relations during development -RRB- , and also relatives by marriage .	marriage	Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry ?
Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology -LRB- archeological , biological , cultural , linguistic -RRB- that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings , anthropological hiring practices , and the scholarly production of knowledge .	Feminist	What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science ?
Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology -LRB- archeological , biological , cultural , linguistic -RRB- that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings , anthropological hiring practices , and the scholarly production of knowledge .	male bias	What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings ?
Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory .	systematic bias	What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct ?
Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies .	gender	What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about ?
Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization .	birth anthropology	What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in ?
Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems , nutritional status and food security , and how changes in the former affect the latter .	Nutritional	What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security ?
Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems , nutritional status and food security , and how changes in the former affect the latter .	food security	Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what ?
If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food , food security , and dietary health , then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization .	globalization	If environmental changes in a community affect access to food , then there is an eventual connection to what ?
Nutritional status affects overall health status , work performance potential , and the overall potential for economic development -LRB- either in terms of human development or traditional western models -RRB- for any given group of people .	Nutritional status	What affects overall health status ?
Nutritional status affects overall health status , work performance potential , and the overall potential for economic development -LRB- either in terms of human development or traditional western models -RRB- for any given group of people .	economic	What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of ?
Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes .	Psychological	What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes ?
This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans ' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group -- with its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories -- shape processes of human cognition , emotion , perception , motivation , and mental health .	humans' development and enculturation	What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group ?
This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans ' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group -- with its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories -- shape processes of human cognition , emotion , perception , motivation , and mental health .	its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories	What aspects define a cultural group ?
This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans ' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group -- with its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories -- shape processes of human cognition , emotion , perception , motivation , and mental health .	cultural group	What shapes processes of human cognition ?
It also examines how the understanding of cognition , emotion , motivation , and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes .	understanding	Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what ?
Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge , cultural innovation , and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences -LRB- especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology -RRB- often through close collaboration with historians , ethnographers , archaeologists , linguists , musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms .	Cognitive	What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge ?
Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge , cultural innovation , and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences -LRB- especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology -RRB- often through close collaboration with historians , ethnographers , archaeologists , linguists , musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms .	cognitive sciences	What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation ?
Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge , cultural innovation , and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences -LRB- especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology -RRB- often through close collaboration with historians , ethnographers , archaeologists , linguists , musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms .	experimental psychology and evolutionary biology	What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science ?
Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them .	implicit knowledge	Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what ?
Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems , looked at from the basis of the structure of societies .	Political	What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems ?
Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems , looked at from the basis of the structure of societies .	structure of societies	From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems ?
Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies , a new development started from the 1960s , and is still unfolding : anthropologists started increasingly to study more `` complex '' social settings in which the presence of states , bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena .	the 1960s	When did the new development of a stateless society come about ?
Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies , a new development started from the 1960s , and is still unfolding : anthropologists started increasingly to study more `` complex '' social settings in which the presence of states , bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena .	"complex"	The presence of states , bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting ?
Geertz ' comparative work on `` Negara '' , the Balinese state is an early , famous example .	Geertz	Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state ?
Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association 's annual meeting in 1993 .	Cyborg	What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group ?
Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association 's annual meeting in 1993 .	1993	When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate ?
The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science .	the Society for the Social Studies of Science	What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to , in addition to STS ?
Donna Haraway 's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term .	Donna Haraway	Who published a Cyborg Manifesto ?
Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built , specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings .	its relations	What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built ?
Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time .	Environmental	Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment ?
The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology , and arguably at least the backdrop , if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today , is political ecology .	political ecology	What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today ?
Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture , politics and power , globalization , localized issues , and more .	culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.	What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with ?
The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy , and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land .	corporate	The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation ?
Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park .	people of Hyde Park	Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with ?
Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records .	by examining historical records	How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs ?
It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today .	ethnic	Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today ?
Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation .	its foundation	What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as ?
Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts .	documents and manuscripts	What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of ?
Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps , music , paintings , photography , folklore , oral tradition , site exploration , archaeological materials , museum collections , enduring customs , language , and place names .	Practitioners	Who recognizes the utility of music , folkore and language ?
Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization , poverty , and neoliberalism .	Urban	What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty ?
Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were `` a notoriously agoraphobic lot , anti-urban by definition '' .	Ulf Hannerz	Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s ?
Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were `` a notoriously agoraphobic lot , anti-urban by definition '' .	notoriously agoraphobic	What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists ?
There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology : by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities .	two	How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology ?
By directly looking at the different social issues , one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city .	social issues	One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what ?
Anthrozoology -LRB- also known as `` human -- animal studies '' -RRB- is the study of interaction between living things .	human–animal studies	What is Anthrozoology also known as ?
Anthrozoology -LRB- also known as `` human -- animal studies '' -RRB- is the study of interaction between living things .	Anthrozoology	What is the study of interaction between living things ?
It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines , including anthropology , ethology , medicine , psychology , veterinary medicine and zoology .	number of other disciplines	What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with ?
A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions .	positive	What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research ?
It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields , including anthropology , sociology , biology , and philosophy .	anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy	What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from ?
Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates .	Evolutionary	What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates ?
Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science , combining the human development with socioeconomic factors .	natural science and social science	What is evolutionary anthropology based in ?
Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans , past and present .	past and present	Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of ?
It is based on a scientific approach , and brings together fields such as archaeology , behavioral ecology , psychology , primatology , and genetics .	scientific	What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on ?
It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field , drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience , past and present .	many lines	What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience ?
Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide , infanticide , racism , mutilation -LRB- including circumcision and subincision -RRB- , and torture .	Ethical	What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide ?
Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide , infanticide , racism , mutilation -LRB- including circumcision and subincision -RRB- , and torture .	mutilation	What is the proper term for circumcision ?
Topics like racism , slavery , and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed , not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man 's inhumanity to man .	racism, slavery, and human sacrifice	What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist ?
Topics like racism , slavery , and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed , not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man 's inhumanity to man .	man	Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man 's inhumanity towards whom ?
To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach , one can take just one of these topics , such as `` racism '' and find thousands of anthropological references , stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields .	depth of an anthropological approach	Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics ?
But by the 1940s , many of Boas ' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the `` Axis '' -LRB- Nazi Germany , Fascist Italy , and Imperial Japan -RRB- .	active in the allied war effort	What were Boas ' peers doing in the 1940s ?
But by the 1940s , many of Boas ' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the `` Axis '' -LRB- Nazi Germany , Fascist Italy , and Imperial Japan -RRB- .	Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan	What groups formed the Axis forces ?
Many served in the armed forces , while others worked in intelligence -LRB- for example , Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information -RRB- .	the armed forces	What did many anthropologists serve in ?
Many served in the armed forces , while others worked in intelligence -LRB- for example , Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information -RRB- .	intelligence	The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War ?
At the same time , David H. Price 's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies .	communist sympathies.	Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs , according to David H. Price ?
Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state .	the state	What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of ?
Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings .	secret	What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give ?
The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth -LRB- ASA -RRB- has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous .	certain scholarship	What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous ?
The AAA 's current ` Statement of Professional Responsibility ' clearly states that `` in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research , no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given . ''	The AAA	Who penned a `` Statement of Professional Responsibility '' ?
The AAA 's current ` Statement of Professional Responsibility ' clearly states that `` in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research , no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given . ''	given	Secret research and reports are things which should never be what ?
Anthropologists , along with other social scientists , are working with the US military as part of the US Army 's strategy in Afghanistan .	the US military	Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists ?
Anthropologists , along with other social scientists , are working with the US military as part of the US Army 's strategy in Afghanistan .	US Army's strategy in Afghanistan	What are the anthropologists part of ?
The Christian Science Monitor reports that `` Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs '' in Afghanistan , under the Human Terrain System -LRB- HTS -RRB- program ; in addition , HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq .	Counterinsurgency	What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan ?
The Christian Science Monitor reports that `` Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs '' in Afghanistan , under the Human Terrain System -LRB- HTS -RRB- program ; in addition , HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq .	Iraq	Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan ?
In summary , while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible , CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of `` anthropology '' within DoD . ''	ethics	What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military ?
Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals -LRB- behaviors , ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures -RRB- .	Biological	What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation ?
Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals -LRB- behaviors , ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures -RRB- .	human universals	What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered ?
They use many different methods of study , but modern population genetics , participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists `` into the field , '' which means traveling to a community in its own setting , to do something called `` fieldwork . ''	into the field	Where can participant observation take an anthropologist ?
They use many different methods of study , but modern population genetics , participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists `` into the field , '' which means traveling to a community in its own setting , to do something called `` fieldwork . ''	a community in its own setting	To be able to do fieldwork , an anthropologist must first travel to what ?
On the biological or physical side , human measurements , genetic samples , nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs .	genetic	Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken ?
Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis , anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions .	relevant time periods and geographic regions	How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world ?
Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material , such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic , of particular use in archaeology .	cultural traditions based on material	How has human time on Earth been divided up ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types , such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past .	tool	Olduwan , Mousterian , and Levalloisian are all types of what ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well , since mapping cultures is central to both sciences .	geographers	Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else ?
By making comparisons across cultural traditions -LRB- time-based -RRB- and cultural regions -LRB- space-based -RRB- , anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method , a central part of their science .	comparative method	What is a central part of the science of anthropology ?
Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of `` other cultures '' , both in terms of time -LRB- past societies -RRB- and space -LRB- non-European/non-Western societies -RRB- .	"other cultures	What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of ?
Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of `` other cultures '' , both in terms of time -LRB- past societies -RRB- and space -LRB- non-European/non-Western societies -RRB- .	time	A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect ?
Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of `` other cultures '' , both in terms of time -LRB- past societies -RRB- and space -LRB- non-European/non-Western societies -RRB- .	non-European/non-Western societies	What other cultures are said to be separated by space , what is actually meant ?
For example , the classic of urban anthropology , Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City : Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the `` Third World '' had habitually received most of attention ; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in `` other cultures '' looked for them far away and started to look `` across the tracks '' only in late 1960s .	Ulf Hannerz	Who published a book with unnecessarily long title , `` Exploring the City : Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology '' ?
For example , the classic of urban anthropology , Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City : Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the `` Third World '' had habitually received most of attention ; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in `` other cultures '' looked for them far away and started to look `` across the tracks '' only in late 1960s .	only in late 1960s	When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to `` look across the tracks '' ?
Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region , frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale .	set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region	What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s ?
Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region , frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale .	research to a single locale	Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what ?
There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people ; increasingly , research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories , social movements , governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses .	daily life of ordinary people	What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond ?
There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people ; increasingly , research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories , social movements , governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses .	scientific laboratories	What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently ?
There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people ; increasingly , research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories , social movements , governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses .	research	Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in ?
In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination .	wounded in an attempted assassination	What happened to Joseph I in 1758 ?
The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial .	The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro	Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I ?
The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown .	The Jesuits	Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I ?
Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759 .	1759	In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras ?
Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved , even women and children .	Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children	What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy ?
Made `` Marquis of Pombal '' in 1770 , he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I 's death in 1779 .	1770	In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal ?
Made `` Marquis of Pombal '' in 1770 , he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I 's death in 1779 .	until Joseph I's death in 1779	How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal ?
However , historians also argue that Pombal 's `` enlightenment , '' while far-reaching , was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition , suppressing criticism , and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit .	autocracy	What did Pombal 's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty ?
Following the Távora affair , the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition .	knew no opposition	Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair ?
However , historians also argue that Pombal 's `` enlightenment , '' while far-reaching , was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition , suppressing criticism , and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit .	crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation	What was Pombal 's `` enlightenment '' an apparatus for ?
With the occupation by Napoleon , Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century .	Napoleon	Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline ?
This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country 's largest colonial possession , Brazil .	1822	In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal ?
In 1807 , as Napoleon 's army closed in on Lisbon , the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire .	Brazil	To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court ?
In 1815 , Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it , forming a pluricontinental State , the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves .	United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves	What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815 ?
With the occupation by Napoleon , Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century .	until the 20th century	How long did Portugal 's decline last ?
Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon .	French	Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country ?
However , the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820 , which started in Porto , demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821 .	until the Liberal Revolution of 1820	Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil ?
However , the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820 , which started in Porto , demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821 .	Porto	Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin ?
Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon .	1815	By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon ?
As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family , Brazilian administrative , civic , economical , military , educational , and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized .	the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family	What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative , civic , economical , military , educational , and scientific apparatus ?
Even before the turn of the 20th century , railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola , and the Beira railway in Mozambique , started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions .	before the turn of the 20th century	When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa ?
With the Conference of Berlin of 1884 , Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa .	1884	When was the Conference of Berlin held ?
With the Conference of Berlin of 1884 , Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa .	Scramble for Africa	During what period were the Portugese Africa 's cities founded or redeveloped ?
With the Conference of Berlin of 1884 , Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa .	to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa	Why were the Portugese Africa territories ' borders formally established ?
New coastal towns like Beira , Moçâmedes , Lobito , João Belo , Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded .	Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia	What new Portugese Africa 's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa ?
On 1 February 1908 , the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent , Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe , Duke of Braganza , were murdered in Lisbon .	1 February 1908	On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir , Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe , Duke of Braganza , murdered ?
Under his rule , Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt -- on 14 June 1892 , and again on 10 May 1902 -- causing social turmoil , economic disturbances , protests , revolts and criticism of the monarchy .	on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902	Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I , on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt ?
Manuel II of Portugal became the new king , but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution , which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal .	Manuel II of Portugal	Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king ?
Manuel II of Portugal became the new king , but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution , which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal .	5 October 1910	On what day was King Manuel II overthrown ?
Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic .	Political instability and economic weaknesses	During the Portuguese First Republic , what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest ?
This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933 .	António de Oliveira Salazar	Who led the Estado Novo ?
This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933 .	1933	In what year was the Estado Novo established ?
Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II .	five	How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II ?
Gradually , new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated , with Angola and Mozambique , as the largest and richest overseas territories , being the main targets of those initiatives .	relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa	What action affirmed Portugal 's status as a transcontinental nation ?
It is a member of numerous international organizations , including the United Nations , the European Union , the Eurozone , OECD , NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries .	United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries	What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to ?
Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy , and a high living standard , having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world , putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France , Spain and Italy .	unitary semi-presidential republican	What form of government does Portugal maintain ?
Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy , and a high living standard , having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world , putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France , Spain and Italy .	18th highest	What is Portugal 's Social Progress ranking ?
Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy , and a high living standard , having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world , putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France , Spain and Italy .	France, Spain and Italy	Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal ?
Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001 , the first country in the world to do so .	decriminalized the usage of all common drugs	In 2001 , Portugal was the first country in the world to do what ?
Pelayos ' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors .	to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors	What was Pelayos ' plan ?
He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula 's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors .	Moors	Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting ?
In the process , after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD , Pelayos was proclaimed king , thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã .	Battle of Covadonga	In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors ?
In the process , after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD , Pelayos was proclaimed king , thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã .	722 AD	In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king ?
In the process , after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD , Pelayos was proclaimed king , thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã .	Reconquista Cristã	What was the war of Christian reconquest , started by Pelayos , known as in Portugese ?
Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring .	dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring	Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided ?
After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias , King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres , in 868 AD , as the First Count of Portus Cale -LRB- Portugal -RRB- .	King Alfonso III	Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias ?
After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias , King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres , in 868 AD , as the First Count of Portus Cale -LRB- Portugal -RRB- .	868 AD	In which year was Vimara Peres knighted ?
After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias , King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres , in 868 AD , as the First Count of Portus Cale -LRB- Portugal -RRB- .	First Count of Portus Cale	What was Vimara knighted as ?
The region became known as Portucale , Portugale , and simultaneously Portugália -- the County of Portugal .	Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália	What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted ?
Throughout this period , the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture -LRB- Galician-Portuguese -RRB- from the Leonese culture , whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon .	maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture	During the internecine struggles , what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with ?
As a result of political division , Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia -LRB- a dependent kingdom of Leon -RRB- to establish the Kingdom of Portugal .	the Kingdom of Portugal	The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what ?
The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths .	Galician	Portugese diverged from which language ?
This began occurring when the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile united and the Castilian Language -LRB- known as Spanish -RRB- slowly over the centuries began influencing the Galician Language and then trying to replace it .	Spanish	What is the Castilian Lanugage known as ?
The same thing happened to Astur-Leonese Language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the Castilian -LRB- Spanish Language -RRB- .	Castilian (Spanish Language)	By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced ?
The Queen consort of Portugal , Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria , was fond of Melo ; and after his first wife died , she arranged the widowed de Melo 's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef , Count von Daun .	the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun	Who was de Melo 's second marriage to ?
In 1738 , Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo , 1st Marquis of Pombal , began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna .	Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo	Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal ?
The Queen consort of Portugal , Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria , was fond of Melo ; and after his first wife died , she arranged the widowed de Melo 's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef , Count von Daun .	Queen consort of Portugal	What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold ?
The Queen consort of Portugal , Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria , was fond of Melo ; and after his first wife died , she arranged the widowed de Melo 's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef , Count von Daun .	Queen consort of Portugal	Who arranged the widow de Melo 's second marriage ?
King John V of Portugal , however , was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749 .	King John V of Portugal	Who was not pleased by de Melo 's second marriage ?
The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes .	earthquakes	What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist ?
Architectural models were built for tests , and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models .	marching troops around the models	How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models ?
Despite the calamity and huge death toll , Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt .	Lisbon suffered no epidemics	Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity ?
The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon 's tourist attractions .	The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre	What are some of Lisbon 's tourist attractions ?
Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country .	by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country	How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology ?
Portugal -LRB- Portuguese : -LSB- puɾtuˈɣaɫ -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Portuguese Republic -LRB- Portuguese : República Portuguesa -RRB- , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula , in Southwestern Europe .	Portuguese Republic	What is the official name of Portugal ?
Portugal -LRB- Portuguese : -LSB- puɾtuˈɣaɫ -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Portuguese Republic -LRB- Portuguese : República Portuguesa -RRB- , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula , in Southwestern Europe .	Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe	Where is Portugal located ?
It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe , being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east .	Atlantic Ocean	Which ocean does Portugal border ?
The Portugal -- Spain border is 1,214 km -LRB- 754 mi -RRB- long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union .	1,214 km (754 mi)	How long is the Portugal-Spain border ?
The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments .	Azores and Madeira	What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal ?
It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe , being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east .	Spain	What other country does Portugal border ?
It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe , being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east .	Atlantic Ocean	What ocean does Portugal border ?
The Portugal -- Spain border is 1,214 km -LRB- 754 mi -RRB- long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union .	Portugal–Spain	What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union ?
The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples , who were themselves later invaded by the Moors .	The Celts and the Romans	Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal ?
The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples , who were themselves later invaded by the Moors .	Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples	Which two groups followed the first inhabitants ?
By 1139 , Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from León .	1139	By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom ?
In the 15th and 16th centuries , as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery , Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers .	Age of Discovery	What age did Portugal pioneer ?
In the 15th and 16th centuries , as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery , Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers .	15th and 16th centuries	In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire ?
Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , occupation during the Napoleonic Wars , and the independence of Brazil , its wealthiest colony , in 1822 .	Lisbon	In Portugal , which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake ?
Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , occupation during the Napoleonic Wars , and the independence of Brazil , its wealthiest colony , in 1822 .	1822	In which year did Brazel become independent ?
After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy , the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established , later being superseded by the `` Estado Novo '' right-wing authoritarian regime .	1910	In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed ?
Shortly after , independence was granted to all its colonies , with the exception of Macau , which was handed over to China in 1999 .	Macau	Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999 ?
This marked the end of the longest-lived European colonial empire , leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today .	250 million	How many Portugese speakers are there today ?
The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale .	Portus Cale	From what name is Portugal derived ?
The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts , giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci , Lusitanians , Celtici and Cynetes , visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians , incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia , after 45 BC until 298 AD , settled again by Suebi , Buri , and Visigoths , and conquered by Moors .	Pre-Celts and Celts	By what group was the Portugal region settled ?
The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts , giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci , Lusitanians , Celtici and Cynetes , visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians , incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia , after 45 BC until 298 AD , settled again by Suebi , Buri , and Visigoths , and conquered by Moors .	Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes	To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise ?
The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts , giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci , Lusitanians , Celtici and Cynetes , visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians , incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia , after 45 BC until 298 AD , settled again by Suebi , Buri , and Visigoths , and conquered by Moors .	45 BC until 298 AD	During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic ?
Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement , which were found in Alenquer -LRB- old Germanic Alankerk , from Alan + kerk ; meaning church of the Alan -LRB- people -RRB- , Coimbra and Lisbon .	Alankerk	From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate ?
In 27 BC , Lusitania gained the status of Roman province .	27 BC	In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province ?
Later , a northern province of Lusitania was formed , known as Gallaecia , with capital in Bracara Augusta , today 's Braga .	Gallaecia	What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as ?
Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal , some urban remains are quite large , like Conímbriga and Mirobriga .	Conímbriga and Mirobriga	What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal ?
There are still many ruins of castros -LRB- hill forts -RRB- all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture .	hill forts	What are castros ?
Conímbriga lies 16 km from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient Aeminium -RRB- .	16 km	How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra ?
After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months , the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula .	a few months	How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths ?
Beginning in 711 , the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate 's empire of Damascus , which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent -LRB- now Pakistan -RRB- up to the South of France , until its collapse in 750 .	711	In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate 's empire ?
Beginning in 711 , the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate 's empire of Damascus , which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent -LRB- now Pakistan -RRB- up to the South of France , until its collapse in 750 .	750	In which year did Umayyad Caliphate 's empire collapse ?
That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba .	Abd-ar-Rahman	Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate 's empire gain its independence ?
After almost two centuries , the Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929 , until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms , called Taifa kingdoms .	almost two centuries	How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba ?
The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north .	Emir	What were the governors of the taifas called ?
The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north .	the Christian kingdoms of the north	Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations ?
Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty , and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022 , fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets .	Taifa of Badajoz	To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into ?
The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas , followed a century later in 1147 , after the second period of Taifa , by the Almohads , also from Marrakesh .	1086	In which year did the taifa period end ?
The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas , followed a century later in 1147 , after the second period of Taifa , by the Almohads , also from Marrakesh .	Battle of Sagrajas	Which battle took place in 1147 ?
The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam -LRB- the so-called Muwallad or Muladi -RRB- and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs .	Muwallad or Muladi	What are converts to Islam called ?
The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman ; and though few in numbers , they constituted the elite of the population .	noblemen from Oman	Who did the Arabs principally consist of ?
The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads .	Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa	Where were the Berbers originally from ?
In Portugal , the Muslim population -LRB- or `` Moors '' -RRB- , relatively small in numbers , stayed in the Algarve region , and south of the Tagus .	Algarve region, and south of the Tagus	In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay ?
Today , there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin .	800	How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins ?
The eldest son , García , became king of León .	García, became king of León	Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of ?
The second son , Ordoño , reigned in Galicia , while the third , Fruela , received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital .	Ordoño, reigned in Galicia	Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of ?
The second son , Ordoño , reigned in Galicia , while the third , Fruela , received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital .	Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital	Who was Alfonso III 's third son and what area did he receive ?
Alfonso died in Zamora , probably in 910 .	910	In which year did Alfonso III likely die ?
It continued under that name -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230 , after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms .	1230	In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed ?
In 1348 and 1349 Portugal , like the rest of Europe , was devastated by the Black Death .	1348 and 1349	Which years were plagued by the Black Death ?
In 1373 , Portugal made an alliance with England , which is the longest-standing alliance in the world .	England	In 1373 , Portugal made an alliance with which country ?
In 1373 , Portugal made an alliance with England , which is the longest-standing alliance in the world .	Portugal made an alliance with England	What is the longest standing alliance in the world ?
This alliance served both nations ' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO .	NATO	The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what ?
Particularly in the Oporto region , there is visible English influence to this day .	Oporto region	In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence ?
Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery .	the Age of Discovery	What European age did Portugal spearhead ?
Prince Henry the Navigator , son of King João I , became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour .	King João I	Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator ?
During this period , Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean , discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores , Madeira , and Cape Verde , explored the African coast , colonized selected areas of Africa , discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope , discovered Brazil , explored the Indian Ocean , established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia , and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan .	Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde	Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover ?
During this period , Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean , discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores , Madeira , and Cape Verde , explored the African coast , colonized selected areas of Africa , discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope , discovered Brazil , explored the Indian Ocean , established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia , and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan .	Cape of Good Hope	By which path did Portugal discover a route to India ?
During this period , Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean , discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores , Madeira , and Cape Verde , explored the African coast , colonized selected areas of Africa , discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope , discovered Brazil , explored the Indian Ocean , established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia , and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan .	Brazil	What South American country did Portugal discover ?
As the King 's confidence in de Melo increased , the King entrusted him with more control of the state .	increased	Did the King 's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease ?
By 1755 , Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister .	Prime Minister	What title was given to de Melo in 1755 ?
Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador , he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal .	British	With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with ?
By 1755 , Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister .	Sebastião de Melo	Who abolished slavery in Portugal ?
By 1755 , Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister .	Sebastião de Melo	Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal ?
But Sebastião de Melo 's greatest reforms were economic and financial , with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity .	economic and financial	What were de Melo 's greatest reforms ?
He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine 's quality , and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe .	to ensure the wine's quality	Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port ?
These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes , especially among the high nobility , who despised him as a social upstart .	especially among the high nobility	Among which class did de Melo 's reforms gain him the most enemies ?
But Sebastião de Melo 's greatest reforms were economic and financial , with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity .	Sebastião de Melo	Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine 's quality in Portugal ?
He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class , along with a widespread review of the country 's tax system .	upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class	Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people ?
The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974 , when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon , known as the Carnation Revolution , led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia , as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC -LRB- Processo Revolucionário Em Curso -RRB- .	April 1974	Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories ?
The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974 , when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon , known as the Carnation Revolution , led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia , as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC -LRB- Processo Revolucionário Em Curso -RRB- .	left-wing military coup in Lisbon	What was the Carnation Revolution ?
This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left - and right-wing political forces .	social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces	By what was the PREC characterized by ?
The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976 .	Junta de Salvação Nacional	What entity governed Portugal until 1976 ?
It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party -LRB- PS -RRB- and Mário Soares , its leader , became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July .	Socialist Party	Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976 ?
It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party -LRB- PS -RRB- and Mário Soares , its leader , became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July .	Mário Soares	Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976 ?
Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985 .	1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985	Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister ?
The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model .	socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model	Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between ?
Land reform and nationalizations were enforced ; the Portuguese Constitution -LRB- approved in 1976 -RRB- was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles .	1976	In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved ?
Land reform and nationalizations were enforced ; the Portuguese Constitution -LRB- approved in 1976 -RRB- was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles .	to accommodate socialist and communist principles	For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten ?
Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate -LRB- Csa in the South , interior , and Douro region ; Csb in the North , Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo ; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate -LRB- BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South -RRB- according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification -RRB- , and is one of the warmest European countries : the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8 -- 12 °C -LRB- 46.4 -- 53.6 °F -RRB- in the mountainous interior north to 16 -- 19 °C -LRB- 60.8 -- 66.2 °F -RRB- in the south and on the Guadiana river basin .	Mediterranean	What type of climate does Portugal have ?
Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate -LRB- Csa in the South , interior , and Douro region ; Csb in the North , Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo ; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate -LRB- BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South -RRB- according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification -RRB- , and is one of the warmest European countries : the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8 -- 12 °C -LRB- 46.4 -- 53.6 °F -RRB- in the mountainous interior north to 16 -- 19 °C -LRB- 60.8 -- 66.2 °F -RRB- in the south and on the Guadiana river basin .	8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F)	In the mountainous interior north of Portugal , between what degrees is the average temperature ?
Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate -LRB- Csa in the South , interior , and Douro region ; Csb in the North , Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo ; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate -LRB- BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South -RRB- according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification -RRB- , and is one of the warmest European countries : the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8 -- 12 °C -LRB- 46.4 -- 53.6 °F -RRB- in the mountainous interior north to 16 -- 19 °C -LRB- 60.8 -- 66.2 °F -RRB- in the south and on the Guadiana river basin .	16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)	In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin , between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate ?
The Algarve , separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres -LRB- 3,000 ft -RRB- in Alto de Fóia , has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia .	900 metres (3,000 ft)	How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach ?
Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate , although variations between islands exist , making weather predictions very difficult -LRB- owing to rough topography -RRB- .	subtropical	What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have ?
Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate , although variations between islands exist , making weather predictions very difficult -LRB- owing to rough topography -RRB- .	rough topography	What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region ?
Consequently , the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate -LRB- both Csa and Csb types -RRB- , while some islands -LRB- such as Flores or Corvo -RRB- are classified as Maritime Temperate -LRB- Cfb -RRB- and Humid subtropical -LRB- Cfa -RRB- , respectively , according to Köppen-Geiger classification .	Mediterranean	What type of climate does the island of the Azores have ?
In Gerês both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found , an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arrábida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest , dating back to the Tertiary period , covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island .	deciduous and coniferous	What two types of forests can be found in Geres ?
In Gerês both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found , an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arrábida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest , dating back to the Tertiary period , covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island .	the Tertiary period	To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to ?
Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus , Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas .	Pyrenean	What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal ?
Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas , like in Setubal .	Boars	What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal ?
Protected areas of Portugal include one national park -LRB- Portuguese : Parque Nacional -RRB- , 12 natural parks -LRB- Portuguese : Parque Natural -RRB- , nine natural reserves -LRB- Portuguese : Reserva Natural -RRB- , five natural monuments -LRB- Portuguese : Monumento Natural -RRB- , and seven protected landscapes -LRB- Portuguese : Paisagem Protegida -RRB- , which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês , the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila .	12	How many national parks does Portugal have ?
Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world : in the Azores , and in particular on the island of Madeira , there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests -LRB- the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve -RRB- .	a unique type of subtropical rainforest	What is Laurisilva ?
There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna , including the fox , badger , iberian lynx , iberian wolf , wild goat -LRB- Capra pyrenaica -RRB- , wild cat -LRB- Felis silvestris -RRB- , hare , weasel , polecat , chameleon , mongoose , civet , brown bear -LSB- citation needed -RSB- -LRB- spotted near Rio Minho , close to Peneda-Gerês -RRB- and many others .	fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear	What are some examples of mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests ?
Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds , in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains , where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring -LRB- return migration -RRB- .	migratory birds	What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn ?
There are more than 100 freshwater fish species , varying from the giant European catfish -LRB- in the Tagus International Natural Park -RRB- to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes -LRB- along the western portion of country , for example -RRB- .	more than 100	How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal ?
There are more than 100 freshwater fish species , varying from the giant European catfish -LRB- in the Tagus International Natural Park -RRB- to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes -LRB- along the western portion of country , for example -RRB- .	in the Tagus International Natural Park	In Portugal , where can you find the giant European catfish ?
Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss , pollution and drought .	because of habitat loss, pollution and drought	Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal ?
Bioluminescent species are also well represented -LRB- including species in different colour spectrum and forms -RRB- , like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches .	plankton	What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal ?
The President , who is elected to a five-year term , has an executive role : the current President is Aníbal Cavaco Silva .	Aníbal Cavaco Silva	Who is the current president of Portugal ?
The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term .	230	How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic ?
The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term .	four-year	For how long of a term are deputies elected ?
The Assembly of the Republic , Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes , are dominated by two political parties , the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party , in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition -LRB- Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party `` The Greens '' -RRB- , the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre -- People 's Party , which garner between 5 and 15 % of the vote regularly .	Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party	What two political parties dominate Portugal 's government ?
Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national - , regional - and local-levels .	national-, regional- and local-levels	At what three levels does the Portugal government operate ?
The Assembly of the Republic , Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes , are dominated by two political parties , the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party , in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition -LRB- Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party `` The Greens '' -RRB- , the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre -- People 's Party , which garner between 5 and 15 % of the vote regularly .	Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party	What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones ?
The Assembly of the Republic , Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes , are dominated by two political parties , the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party , in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition -LRB- Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party `` The Greens '' -RRB- , the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre -- People 's Party , which garner between 5 and 15 % of the vote regularly .	5 and 15%	What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get ?
The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic , elected to a five-year term by direct , universal suffrage .	President of the Republic	Who is the Head of State of Portugal ?
The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic , elected to a five-year term by direct , universal suffrage .	by direct, universal suffrage	By what means is the President of the Republic elected ?
The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic , elected to a five-year term by direct , universal suffrage .	President of the Republic	Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister ?
The Council of Ministers -- under the presidency of the Prime Minister -LRB- or the President of Portugal at the latter 's request -RRB- and the Ministers -LRB- may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers -RRB- -- acts as the cabinet .	The Council of Ministers	What group acts as the presidential cabinet ?
Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme , and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate .	define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate	What process is required of each government 's policies ?
The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office .	an absolute majority of deputies	What is needed to reject a cabinet 's policy ?
Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries .	former colonies and territories	Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what ?
Portugal 's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana -- GNR -LRB- National Republican Guard -RRB- , a gendarmerie ; the Polícia de Segurança Pública -- PSP -LRB- Public Security Police -RRB- , a civilian police force who work in urban areas ; and the Polícia Judiciária -- PJ -LRB- Judicial Police -RRB- , a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry .	a civilian police force who work in urban areas	What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP -LRB- Public Security Police -RRB- ?
Portugal 's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana -- GNR -LRB- National Republican Guard -RRB- , a gendarmerie ; the Polícia de Segurança Pública -- PSP -LRB- Public Security Police -RRB- , a civilian police force who work in urban areas ; and the Polícia Judiciária -- PJ -LRB- Judicial Police -RRB- , a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry .	a highly specialized criminal investigation police	What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ -LRB- Judicial Police -RRB- ?
Portugal 's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana -- GNR -LRB- National Republican Guard -RRB- , a gendarmerie ; the Polícia de Segurança Pública -- PSP -LRB- Public Security Police -RRB- , a civilian police force who work in urban areas ; and the Polícia Judiciária -- PJ -LRB- Judicial Police -RRB- , a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry .	the Public Ministry.	Which entity oversees the Judicial Police ?
In 2001 , Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including , but not limited to , cannabis , cocaine , heroin , and LSD .	2001	In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession ?
While possession is legal , trafficking and possession of more than `` 10 days worth of personal use '' are still punishable by jail time and fines .	10 days worth of personal use	How much of a drug is legal to possess ?
People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility , and may refuse treatment without consequences .	go to a rehab facility	What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs ?
Despite criticism from other European nations , who stated Portugal 's drug consumption would tremendously increase , overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases , which had dropped 50 percent by 2009 .	50 percent	By 2009 , by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased ?
Administratively , Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities -LRB- Portuguese : municípios or concelhos -RRB- , which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes -LRB- Portuguese : freguesia -RRB- .	308	How many municipalities is Portugal divided into ?
Administratively , Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities -LRB- Portuguese : municípios or concelhos -RRB- , which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes -LRB- Portuguese : freguesia -RRB- .	3,092	How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into ?
Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts , while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions ; the largest units , established since 1976 , are either mainland Portugal -LRB- Portuguese : Portugal Continental -RRB- and the autonomous regions of Portugal -LRB- Azores and Madeira -RRB- .	18	How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into ?
The armed forces have three branches : Navy , Army and Air Force .	three	How many branches make up the Portuguese armed forces ?
The armed forces have three branches : Navy , Army and Air Force .	Navy, Army and Air Force	What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces ?
They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad .	primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security	What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces ?
As of 2008 , the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women .	7,500	How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008 ?
Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $ 5.2 billion , representing 2.1 percent of GDP .	$5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP	How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009 ?
The Army -LRB- 21,000 personnel -RRB- comprises three brigades and other small units .	21,000	What is the number of personnel in the army ?
An infantry brigade -LRB- mainly equipped with Pandur II APC -RRB- , a mechanized brigade -LRB- mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC -RRB- and a Rapid Reaction Brigade -LRB- consisting of paratroopers , commandos and rangers -RRB- .	Pandur II APC	With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with ?
An infantry brigade -LRB- mainly equipped with Pandur II APC -RRB- , a mechanized brigade -LRB- mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC -RRB- and a Rapid Reaction Brigade -LRB- consisting of paratroopers , commandos and rangers -RRB- .	Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC	What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with ?
An infantry brigade -LRB- mainly equipped with Pandur II APC -RRB- , a mechanized brigade -LRB- mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC -RRB- and a Rapid Reaction Brigade -LRB- consisting of paratroopers , commandos and rangers -RRB- .	paratroopers, commandos and rangers	What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of ?
The Navy -LRB- 10,700 personnel , of which 1,580 are marines -RRB- has five frigates , seven corvettes , two submarines , and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels .	10,700	How many personnel does the Navy have ?
In the 20th century , Portugal engaged in two major conflicts : World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War -LRB- 1961 -- 1974 -RRB- .	World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War	In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century ?
In the 20th century , Portugal engaged in two major conflicts : World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War -LRB- 1961 -- 1974 -RRB- .	1961–1974	During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought ?
After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975 , the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor , Bosnia , Kosovo , Afghanistan , Somalia , Iraq -LRB- Nasiriyah -RRB- and Lebanon .	East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon	In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions ?
Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad , as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts .	Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998	What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad ?
After the bailout was announced , the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the State 's financial situation , including tax hikes , a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3 % , on top of the government 's spending cuts .	Pedro Passos Coelho	Who headed the government after the bailout was announced ?
After the bailout was announced , the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the State 's financial situation , including tax hikes , a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3 % , on top of the government 's spending cuts .	improve the State's financial situation	What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout ?
After the bailout was announced , the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the State 's financial situation , including tax hikes , a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3 % , on top of the government 's spending cuts .	tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts	How was the Portuguese bailout implemented ?
In 2012 , all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20 % relative to their 2010 baseline , with cuts reaching 25 % for those earning more than 1,500 euro per month .	20%	Between 2010 and 2012 , by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut ?
A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias and published in Portugal by Gradiva , had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010 , the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public -- private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms .	1974	In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place ?
A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias and published in Portugal by Gradiva , had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010 , the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public -- private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms .	unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms	Between 1974 and 2010 , how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles ?
A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias and published in Portugal by Gradiva , had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010 , the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public -- private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms .	Diário de Notícias	By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles ?
After the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 , it was known in 2008 -- 2009 that two Portuguese banks -LRB- Banco Português de Negócios -LRB- BPN -RRB- and Banco Privado Português -LRB- BPP -RRB- -RRB- had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments , embezzlement and accounting fraud .	2007–08	In what two years was there a financial crisis ?
After the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 , it was known in 2008 -- 2009 that two Portuguese banks -LRB- Banco Português de Negócios -LRB- BPN -RRB- and Banco Privado Português -LRB- BPP -RRB- -RRB- had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments , embezzlement and accounting fraud .	Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)	Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years ?
After the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 , it was known in 2008 -- 2009 that two Portuguese banks -LRB- Banco Português de Negócios -LRB- BPN -RRB- and Banco Privado Português -LRB- BPP -RRB- -RRB- had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments , embezzlement and accounting fraud .	bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud	What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses ?
The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size , market share , and the political implications - Portugal 's then current President , Cavaco Silva , and some of his political allies , maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO , who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes .	its size, market share, and the political implications	Why was the case of BPN more serious ?
The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size , market share , and the political implications - Portugal 's then current President , Cavaco Silva , and some of his political allies , maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO , who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes .	fraud	On what charge was BPN 's CEO arrested ?
The Portuguese currency is the euro -LRB- $ -RRB- , which replaced the Portuguese Escudo , and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone .	the euro (€)	What currency does Portugal use ?
The Portuguese currency is the euro -LRB- $ -RRB- , which replaced the Portuguese Escudo , and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone .	Portuguese Escudo	What currency did the euro replace in Portugal ?
Portugal 's central bank is the Banco de Portugal , an integral part of the European System of Central Banks .	Banco de Portugal	What is the name of Portugal 's central bank ?
Most industries , businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas -- the Setúbal , Aveiro , Braga , Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas .	Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas	In what two areas are most Portuguese industries , businesses , and financial institutions concentrated ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- According to World Travel Awards , Portugal is the Europe 's Leading Golf Destination 2012 and 2013 .	Golf	According to World Travel Awards , for what activity is Portugal known as Europe 's leading destination ?
Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974 , which culminated in the end of one of Portugal 's most notable phases of economic expansion -LRB- that started in the 1960s -RRB- , a significant change has occurred in the nation 's annual economic growth .	1974	In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period , Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy , a process that continues in 2013 .	PREC period	What period followed the Carnation Revolution ?
Since the 1990s , Portugal 's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports , private investment and the development of the high-tech sector .	changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector	Since the 90 's , how has Portugal 's economic development model been changing ?
Consequently , business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles , clothing , footwear and cork -LRB- Portugal is the world 's leading cork producer -RRB- , wood products and beverages .	textiles, clothing, footwear and cork	What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal ?
Consequently , business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles , clothing , footwear and cork -LRB- Portugal is the world 's leading cork producer -RRB- , wood products and beverages .	cork	What is Portugal the world 's leading producer of ?
In the second decade of the 21st century the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission , European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund .	European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund	By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out ?
The bailout , agreed to in 2011 , required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of $ 78 billion .	2011	In what year was the economic bailout agreed to ?
The bailout , agreed to in 2011 , required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of $ 78 billion .	€78 billion	How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout ?
In May 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum .	May 2014	When did Portugal exit the bailout ?
At the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0.7 % in the first quarter of 2014 , however unemployment , while still high had fallen to 15.3 percent .	15.3 percent	By the time Portugal exited the bailout , to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen ?
Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units .	small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units	Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based ?
However , the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies -LRB- like Grupo RAR 's Vitacress , Sovena , Lactogal , Vale da Rosa , Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro -RRB- .	Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro	What types of companies back more large scale , export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal ?
The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products , including tomatoes , citrus , green vegetables , rice , corn , barley , olives , oilseeds , nuts , cherries , bilberry , table grapes , edible mushrooms , dairy products , poultry and beef .	tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms	What types of crops does Portugal produce ?
The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products , including tomatoes , citrus , green vegetables , rice , corn , barley , olives , oilseeds , nuts , cherries , bilberry , table grapes , edible mushrooms , dairy products , poultry and beef .	dairy products, poultry and beef	What types of livestock products does Portugal produce ?
Portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies , under a number of different brands and registered trademarks , such as Ramirez -LRB- the world 's oldest active canned fish producer -RRB- , Bom Petisco , Nero , Combate , Comur , General , Líder , Manná , Murtosa , Pescador , Pitéu , Tenório , Torreira and Vasco da Gama .	Ramirez	Which company is the world 's oldest canned fish producer ?
Portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies , under a number of different brands and registered trademarks , such as Ramirez -LRB- the world 's oldest active canned fish producer -RRB- , Bom Petisco , Nero , Combate , Comur , General , Líder , Manná , Murtosa , Pescador , Pitéu , Tenório , Torreira and Vasco da Gama .	Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Líder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vasco da Gama	What are the names of various companies that produce and export fish products ?
Traditionally a sea-power , Portugal has had a strong tradition in the Portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita .	fish	What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of ?
Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe 's leading copper producers .	copper	What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of ?
The nation is also a notable producer of tin , tungsten and uranium .	tin, tungsten and uranium	What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of ?
However , the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium , a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal 's mining and metallurgy sectors .	hydrocarbon	What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for ?
Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves -- mainly in the north -- after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization , low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals .	north	In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal ?
Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves -- mainly in the north -- after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization , low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals .	1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization	What event triggered a decrease in the extraction of Portugal 's natural resources ?
Industry is diversified , ranging from automotive -LRB- Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen -RRB- , aerospace -LRB- Embraer and OGMA -RRB- , electronics and textiles , to food , chemicals , cement and wood pulp .	Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen	What automotive brands exist in Portugal ?
Industry is diversified , ranging from automotive -LRB- Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen -RRB- , aerospace -LRB- Embraer and OGMA -RRB- , electronics and textiles , to food , chemicals , cement and wood pulp .	Embraer and OGMA	What aerospace companies exist in Portugal ?
Volkswagen Group 's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in Portugal .	Palmela	Where is Volkswagen Group 's AutoEuropa assembly plant located ?
Alverca , Covilhã , Évora , and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of the Portuguese aerospace industry , which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the Portuguese company OGMA .	Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor	What are the main centers for the Portuguese aerospace industries ?
Following the turn of the 21st century , many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded , and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon , Porto , Braga , Coimbra and Aveiro .	Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro	Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located ?
Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal , with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future .	increase	Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- However , the increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop , with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as Croatia .	Eastern European destinations	With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists ?
Consequently , it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions , such as health , nature and rural tourism , to stay ahead of its competitors .	focus upon its niche attractions	How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists ?
Consequently , it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions , such as health , nature and rural tourism , to stay ahead of its competitors .	health, nature and rural tourism	What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists ?
The poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by The Economist , which described Portugal as `` a new sick man of Europe '' .	The Economist	What magazine described Portugal as `` a new sick man of Europe ? ''
From 2002 to 2007 , the number of unemployed increased by 65 % -LRB- 270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002 , 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007 -RRB- .	65%	Between 2002 and 2007 , by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change ?
By early December 2009 , the unemployment rate had reached 10.2 % -- a 23-year record high .	10.2%	What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December , 2009 ?
In December 2009 , ratings agency Standard & Poor 's lowered its long-term credit assessment of Portugal to `` negative '' from `` stable , '' voicing pessimism on the country 's structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt .	negative	In 2009 , what rating did Standard & Poor 's assign to Portugal 's long-term credit assessment ?
In July 2011 , ratings agency Moody 's downgraded its long-term credit assessment of Portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in March 2011 .	2011	In which year did Moody 's downgrade Portugal 's long-term credit assessment ?
On 6 April 2011 , after his proposed `` Plan for Stability and Growth IV '' -LRB- PEC IV -RRB- was rejected by the Parliament , Prime Minister José Sócrates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility , as Greece and the Republic of Ireland had done previously .	that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility	What did Prime Minister Jose Socrates announce on April 6 , 2011 ?
It was the third time that the Portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the IMF -- the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the Carnation 's Revolution .	third	How many times has Portugal requested external financial support ?
It was the third time that the Portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the IMF -- the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the Carnation 's Revolution .	Carnation's Revolution	What provoked the first request from Portugal for financial support ?
In October 2011 , Moody 's Investor Services downgraded nine Portuguese banks due to financial weakness .	financial weakness	For what reason did Moody 's Investor Services downgrade nine Portuguese banks in 2011 ?
In 2005 , the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the Portuguese government -LRB- 70.8 -RRB- was above the European Union average -LRB- 62.4 per thousand inhabitants -RRB- .	70.8	In 2005 , how many public employees did Portugal have for every thousand inhabitants ?
In 2005 , the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the Portuguese government -LRB- 70.8 -RRB- was above the European Union average -LRB- 62.4 per thousand inhabitants -RRB- .	62.4	What was the average number of public employees per every thousand inhabitants for the European Union in 2005 ?
By EU and USA standards , Portugal 's justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient , and by 2011 it was the second slowest in Western Europe -LRB- after Italy -RRB- ; conversely , Portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors -- over 30 per 100,000 people .	slow and inefficient	In comparison to EU and USA standards , how was Portugal 's justice system regarded ?
By EU and USA standards , Portugal 's justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient , and by 2011 it was the second slowest in Western Europe -LRB- after Italy -RRB- ; conversely , Portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors -- over 30 per 100,000 people .	Italy	Which country had the slowest criminal justice system in Western Europe in 2005 ?
By EU and USA standards , Portugal 's justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient , and by 2011 it was the second slowest in Western Europe -LRB- after Italy -RRB- ; conversely , Portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors -- over 30 per 100,000 people .	over 30	How many judges and prosecutors does Portugal have per 100,000 inhabitants ?
In the first week of May 2013 , Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector , whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours .	Passos Coelho	Who was the Portugal Prime Minister in 2013 ?
In the first week of May 2013 , Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector , whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours .	significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours	What did the Prime Minister announce during the first week of May in 2013 ?
Coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission , European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund -- the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of $ 4.8 billion over a three-year period .	austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant	For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs ?
Coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission , European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund -- the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of $ 4.8 billion over a three-year period .	European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund	From which entities did Portugal seek a monetary bailout from ?
Passos Coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66 , announced cuts in the pensions , unemployment benefits , health , education and science expenses , abolished the English obligatory classes in Basic Education , but kept the pensions of the judges , diplomats untouched and did n't raise the retirement age of the military and police forces .	66	To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age ?
Passos Coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66 , announced cuts in the pensions , unemployment benefits , health , education and science expenses , abolished the English obligatory classes in Basic Education , but kept the pensions of the judges , diplomats untouched and did n't raise the retirement age of the military and police forces .	pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses	To what did Passos Coelho announce cuts to ?
Passos Coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66 , announced cuts in the pensions , unemployment benefits , health , education and science expenses , abolished the English obligatory classes in Basic Education , but kept the pensions of the judges , diplomats untouched and did n't raise the retirement age of the military and police forces .	English	Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education ?
These policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions , namely between the Government and the Constitutional Court .	social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions	What did the instituting of these policies lead to ?
After years of high increase , the unemployment in Portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014 , decreasing from a peak of 17.7 % achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11.9 % in the second quarter of 2015 .	third quarter of 2014	Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend ?
After years of high increase , the unemployment in Portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014 , decreasing from a peak of 17.7 % achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11.9 % in the second quarter of 2015 .	17.7%	To what percentage did the unemployment rate peak at ?
In the second quarter of 2008 the unemployment rate was 7.3 % , but the rate immediately rose the following period .	7.3%	In the second quarter of 2008 , what was the Portuguese unemployment rate ?
By December 2009 , unemployment had surpassed the 10 % mark nationwide in the wake of worldwide events , by 2010 , the rate was around 11 % and in 2011 it was above 12 % .	December 2009	By when did the Portuguese unemployment rate pass the 10 % mark ?
Tourist hotspots in Portugal are Lisbon , Algarve , Madeira , Porto and the city of Coimbra , also , between 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit Fátima each year , where apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917 .	Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra	What are the tourist hotspots in Portugal ?
Tourist hotspots in Portugal are Lisbon , Algarve , Madeira , Porto and the city of Coimbra , also , between 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit Fátima each year , where apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917 .	Fátima	Where do 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit in Portugal every year ?
Tourist hotspots in Portugal are Lisbon , Algarve , Madeira , Porto and the city of Coimbra , also , between 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit Fátima each year , where apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917 .	Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children	What apparitions reportedly took place in 1917 ?
The Portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations , such as the Douro Valley , the island of Porto Santo , and Alentejo .	Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo	What tourist destinations are the Portuguese government continuing to promote and develop ?
Lisbon is the 16th European city which attracts the most tourists -LRB- with seven million tourists occupying the city 's hotels in 2006 , a number that grew 11.8 % compared to previous year -RRB- .	Lisbon	What is the 16th European city to attract the most tourists ?
By the early 1970s Portugal 's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation .	fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles	What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970 's ?
Again in the 1990s , after joining the European Economic Community , the country built many new motorways .	new motorways	After joining the European Economic Community in the 90 's , what did Portugal begin building ?
Today , the country has a 68,732 km -LRB- 42,708 mi -RRB- road network , of which almost 3,000 km -LRB- 1,864 mi -RRB- are part of system of 44 motorways .	68,732 km (42,708 mi)	How long is Portugal 's total road network ?
Opened in 1944 , the first motorway -LRB- which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium -RRB- was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway -LRB- this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway , or A5 -RRB- .	1944	In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal ?
Continental Portugal 's 89,015 km2 -LRB- 34,369 sq mi -RRB- territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon , Porto , Faro and Beja .	89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)	How much land does the Continental Portugal cover ?
Continental Portugal 's 89,015 km2 -LRB- 34,369 sq mi -RRB- territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon , Porto , Faro and Beja .	four	How many national airports does Portugal have ?
Continental Portugal 's 89,015 km2 -LRB- 34,369 sq mi -RRB- territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon , Porto , Faro and Beja .	Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja	Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located ?
Lisbon 's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country .	geographical position	Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines ?
The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal , although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country .	TAP Portugal	What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal ?
A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain , is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal .	Spain	Into what country does Portugal 's railway system expand ?
A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain , is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal .	Comboios de Portugal	What entity supports and administrates Portugal 's railway system ?
Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km -LRB- 1,734 mi -RRB- of railway lines currently in service , of which 1,430 km -LRB- 889 mi -RRB- are electrified and about 900 km -LRB- 559 mi -RRB- allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h -LRB- 75 mph -RRB- .	2,791 km (1,734 mi)	How long is the total railway system in Portugal ?
Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km -LRB- 1,734 mi -RRB- of railway lines currently in service , of which 1,430 km -LRB- 889 mi -RRB- are electrified and about 900 km -LRB- 559 mi -RRB- allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h -LRB- 75 mph -RRB- .	1,430 km (889 mi)	How long is the amount of railway lines that are electrified ?
Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km -LRB- 1,734 mi -RRB- of railway lines currently in service , of which 1,430 km -LRB- 889 mi -RRB- are electrified and about 900 km -LRB- 559 mi -RRB- allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h -LRB- 75 mph -RRB- .	900 km (559 mi)	How long is the amount of railway lines that permit speeds greater than 120 km/h ?
The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems : Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area , each with more than 35 km -LRB- 22 mi -RRB- of lines .	Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area	What are the two subway systems in Portugal ?
The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems : Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area , each with more than 35 km -LRB- 22 mi -RRB- of lines .	more than 35 km (22 mi)	How long are each of the subway systems ?
In Portugal , Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa -LRB- Carris -RRB- , for over a century .	Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)	By what company have the Lisbon tram services been supplies by ?
In Portugal , Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa -LRB- Carris -RRB- , for over a century .	over a century	For how long has the Libon tram service existed ?
Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI -- Instituto Nacional de Engenharia , Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB -- Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos .	R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions	In what type of network are most scientific research studies conducted in Portugal ?
Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI -- Instituto Nacional de Engenharia , Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB -- Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos .	INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação	What is one example of a state-managed autonomous research institution ?
The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science , Technology and Higher Education -LRB- MCTES -RRB- itself and the MCTES 's Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia -LRB- FCT -RRB- .	Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)	By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal 's research system ?
Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation , a neuroscience and oncology research centre , which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world .	Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation	What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal ?
Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation , a neuroscience and oncology research centre , which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world .	neuroscience and oncology research centre	What is the Champalimaud Foundation ?
Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation , a neuroscience and oncology research centre , which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world .	one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world	What does the Champalimaud Foundation award every year ?
One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon , founded in 1779 .	1779	In what year was the Sciences Academy of Lisbon founded ?
Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe , the Lisbon Oceanarium , and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation , like the state agency Ciência Viva , a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population , the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra , the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon , and the Visionarium .	Lisbon Oceanarium	What is the name of the largest European aquarium ?
Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe , the Lisbon Oceanarium , and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation , like the state agency Ciência Viva , a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population , the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra , the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon , and the Visionarium .	scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population	What does the state agency Ciencia Viva promote ?
Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe , the Lisbon Oceanarium , and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation , like the state agency Ciência Viva , a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population , the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra , the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon , and the Visionarium .	Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium	What are some examples of notable organizations focused on scientific exhibitions ?
With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific , technological and knowledge-based businesses , Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country .	the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world	What was responsible for creating thousands of scientific , technological , and knowledge-based businesses ?
These include the Taguspark -LRB- in Oeiras -RRB- , the Coimbra iParque -LRB- in Coimbra -RRB- , the biocant -LRB- in Cantanhede -RRB- , the Madeira Tecnopolo -LRB- in Funchal -RRB- , Sines Tecnopolo -LRB- in Sines -RRB- , Tecmaia -LRB- in Maia -RRB- and Parkurbis -LRB- in Covilhã -RRB- .	Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)	What are some examples of the science parks being built in Portugal ?
Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support .	take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support	For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks ?
Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power , the two most cost-effective renewable sources .	wind and river power	What are the two most considerable sources of renewable energy in Portugal ?
In 2006 , the world 's largest solar power plant at that date , the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station , began operating near Moura , in the south , while the world 's first commercial wave power farm , the Aguçadoura Wave Farm , opened in the Norte region -LRB- 2008 -RRB- .	Moura, in the south	Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located ?
In 2006 , the world 's largest solar power plant at that date , the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station , began operating near Moura , in the south , while the world 's first commercial wave power farm , the Aguçadoura Wave Farm , opened in the Norte region -LRB- 2008 -RRB- .	Norte region	Where was the Agucadoura Wave Farm located ?
By the end of 2006 , 66 % of the country 's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants , while 29 % were derived from hydroelectric dams , and 6 % by wind energy .	29%	By the end of 2006 , what percentage of Portugal 's energy production was from renewable sources ?
Portugal 's national energy transmission company , Redes Energéticas Nacionais -LRB- REN -RRB- , uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather , especially wind patterns , and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants .	Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN)	What is the name of Portugal 's national energy transmission company ?
Portugal 's national energy transmission company , Redes Energéticas Nacionais -LRB- REN -RRB- , uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather , especially wind patterns , and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants .	uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants	What does REN do ?
Before the solar/wind revolution , Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades .	hydropower plants on its rivers	Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution ?
New programs combine wind and water : wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night , the most blustery period ; then the water flows downhill by day , generating electricity , when consumer demand is highest .	wind-driven turbines	What is used to pump water uphill in Portugal ?
The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity .	setting a premium price	How did the Portuguese government encourage rooftop solar panels ?
The Statistics Portugal -LRB- Portuguese : INE - Instituto Nacional de Estatística -RRB- estimates that , according to the 2011 census , the population was 10,562,178 -LRB- of which 52 % was female , 48 % was male -RRB- .	10,562,178	What was the Portuguese population in 2011 ?
The Statistics Portugal -LRB- Portuguese : INE - Instituto Nacional de Estatística -RRB- estimates that , according to the 2011 census , the population was 10,562,178 -LRB- of which 52 % was female , 48 % was male -RRB- .	52%	What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was female ?
The Statistics Portugal -LRB- Portuguese : INE - Instituto Nacional de Estatística -RRB- estimates that , according to the 2011 census , the population was 10,562,178 -LRB- of which 52 % was female , 48 % was male -RRB- .	48%	What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was male ?
This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history : a single religion -LRB- Catholicism -RRB- and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity , namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews .	Catholicism	What is the dominant religion in Portugal ?
A considerable number of Moors and Jews , nevertheless , stayed in Portugal , under the condition that they converted to Catholicism , and afterwards they were known as Mouriscos -LRB- former Muslims -RRB- and Cristãos Novos -LRB- New Christians or former Jews -RRB- some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret , as in the case of the secret Jews of Belmonte , who now observe the Jewish faith openly .	Mouriscos	What were the Moors who converted to Catholicism known as ?
The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one ; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago .	Paleolithic peoples	In what group of people do the Portuguese have their origin ?
The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one ; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago .	45,000 years ago	When did people first start arriving in the European continent ?
All subsequent migrations did leave an impact , genetically and culturally , but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic .	Paleolithic	What is the main population source of the Portuguese people ?
Portugal 's colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity , as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe , looking out into the Atlantic Ocean .	colonial history	What is the cornerstone of Portugal 's national identity ?
Portugal 's colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity , as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe , looking out into the Atlantic Ocean .	Atlantic Ocean	Which ocean does Portugal border ?
It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories -LRB- among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975 -RRB- , turning over the administration of Macau to the People 's Republic of China at the end of 1999 .	Angola and Mozambique	What were two of the last territories Portugal gave up ?
Portugal , long a country of emigration -LRB- the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry -RRB- , has now become a country of net immigration , and not just from the last Indian -LRB- Portuguese until 1961 -RRB- , African -LRB- Portuguese until 1975 -RRB- , and Far East Asian -LRB- Portuguese until 1999 -RRB- overseas territories .	Portuguese	The vast majority of Brazilians have what ancestry in common ?
By 2007 , Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal immigrants .	10,617,575	How many inhabitants did Portugal have by 2007 ?
According to the 2011 Census , 81.0 % of the Portuguese population are Roman Catholic .	81.0%	What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic ?
The country has small Protestant , Latter-day Saint , Muslim , Hindu , Sikh , Eastern Orthodox Church , Jehovah 's Witnesses , Baha'i , Buddhist , Jewish and Spiritist communities .	Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist	What other religious communities exist in Portugal ?
Some 6.8 % of the population declared themselves to be non-religious , and 8.3 % did not give any answer about their religion .	6.8%	What percentage of the Portuguese people identify as non-religious ?
Some 6.8 % of the population declared themselves to be non-religious , and 8.3 % did not give any answer about their religion .	8.3%	What percentage of the Portuguese population did not give an answer for their religion in the 2011 census ?
Many Portuguese holidays , festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation .	Christian	In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin ?
In the 13th and 14th centuries , the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest , its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system , including the first university .	13th and 14th	In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest ?
The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic -LRB- 1910 -- 26 -RRB- changed the role and importance of organized religion .	formation of the First Portuguese Republic	What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal ?
The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic -LRB- 1910 -- 26 -RRB- changed the role and importance of organized religion .	1910–26	During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place ?
The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique -LRB- 25 July 1139 -RRB- , an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques -LRB- future Afonso I -RRB- as a divine messenger .	25 July 1139	On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place ?
Ecstatic , Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles , as well as God 's wish to act through Afonso , and his descendants , in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands , thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks .	victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso	Afonso heard Jesus promising what ?
Ecstatic , Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles , as well as God 's wish to act through Afonso , and his descendants , in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands , thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks .	in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands	Why did God want to act through Afonso ?
Portuguese is the official language of Portugal .	Portuguese	What is the official name of Portugal ?
Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal , originating from Galician-Portuguese , which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal .	Romance	What type of language is Portuguese ?
Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal , originating from Galician-Portuguese , which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal .	Galicia and Northern Portugal	Where did Portuguese originate ?
Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal , originating from Galician-Portuguese , which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal .	Galician-Portuguese	What was the common name of the Galician and Portuguese people ?
The Portuguese language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago -- particularly the Celts , Tartessians , Lusitanians and Iberians .	Latin	From what language is Portuguese derived ?
The Portuguese language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago -- particularly the Celts , Tartessians , Lusitanians and Iberians .	Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula	By what group of people is Portuguese derived ?
In the 15th and 16th centuries , the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999 .	1415 and 1999	Between what years did Portugal establish a colonial and commercial empire ?
Portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents , with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country -LRB- 200 million speakers in 2012 -RRB- .	five	In how many continents is Portuguese spoken as a native language ?
Portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents , with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country -LRB- 200 million speakers in 2012 -RRB- .	Brazil	What country has the largest number of native Portuguese speakers ?
The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent .	99 percent	What is the adult literacy rate in Portugal ?
Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent .	100 percent	Portuguese primary school enrollment is close to what percent ?
Over 35 % of college-age citizens -LRB- 20 years old -RRB- attend one of the country 's higher education institutions -LRB- compared with 50 % in the United States and 35 % in the OECD countries -RRB- .	Over 35%	What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in Portugal ?
Over 35 % of college-age citizens -LRB- 20 years old -RRB- attend one of the country 's higher education institutions -LRB- compared with 50 % in the United States and 35 % in the OECD countries -RRB- .	50%	What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States ?
Portuguese universities have existed since 1290 .	1290	Since when have Portuguese universities existed ?
The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra .	Lisbon	Where was the oldest Portuguese university established ?
The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra .	Coimbra	Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to ?
Historically , within the scope of the Portuguese Empire , the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas -LRB- the Real Academia de Artilharia , Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro -RRB- in 1792 , as well as the oldest medical college in Asia -LRB- the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa -RRB- in 1842 .	the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro	What is the oldest engineering school of the Americas ?
Historically , within the scope of the Portuguese Empire , the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas -LRB- the Real Academia de Artilharia , Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro -RRB- in 1792 , as well as the oldest medical college in Asia -LRB- the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa -RRB- in 1842 .	the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa	What is the oldest medical college in Asia ?
The Bologna process has been adopted , since 2006 , by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes .	2006	When was the Bologna process adopted ?
Most student costs are supported with public money .	public money	What are most higher education student costs supported with ?
However , every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen , mature applicants -LRB- over 23 years old -RRB- , international students , foreign students from the Lusosphere , degree owners from other institutions , students from other institutions -LRB- academic transfer -RRB- , former students -LRB- readmission -RRB- , and course change , which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department .	over 23 years old	Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature ?
The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS .	developing health policy as well as managing the SNS	What is the Ministry of Health responsible for ?
Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives , developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery .	Five	How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal ?
Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives , developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery .	implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery	What are the regional health administrations in charge of ?
Similar to the other Eur-A countries , most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases .	noncommunicable diseases	What do most Portuguese people die from ?
Mortality from cardiovascular diseases -LRB- CVD -RRB- is higher than in the eurozone , but its two main components , ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease , display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A , with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal -LRB- 17 % -RRB- .	ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease	What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease ?
Mortality from cardiovascular diseases -LRB- CVD -RRB- is higher than in the eurozone , but its two main components , ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease , display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A , with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal -LRB- 17 % -RRB- .	cerebrovascular disease	What is the biggest killer in Portugal ?
Portuguese people die 12 % less often from cancer than in the Eur-A , but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A .	12%	What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A ?
Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years .	children as well as among women younger than 44 years	Who is cancer more common among in Portugal ?
Thus , survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services .	self-reporting at the household level	What survey results complement on data on health status ?
Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal -LRB- Kasmel et al. , 2004 -RRB- .	one third	What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good ?
In the 1990s and 2000s -LRB- decade -RRB- , Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities , in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon .	1990s and 2000s	Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades ?
In the 1990s and 2000s -LRB- decade -RRB- , Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities , in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon .	1956	In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established ?
In the 1990s and 2000s -LRB- decade -RRB- , Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities , in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon .	Lisbon	Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established ?
These include the Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon , Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música , both in Porto , as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country .	Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música	What are some examples of Portugal 's public cultural facilities ?
Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites , ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world .	fifteen	How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to ?
Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline , also known as Portuguese late Gothic , a sumptuous , composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century .	Portuguese late Gothic	What is the Manueline style also known as ?
Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline , also known as Portuguese late Gothic , a sumptuous , composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century .	a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century	What is the Manueline style ?
A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture , Soft Portuguese style , appears extensively in major cities , especially Lisbon .	A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture	What is Soft Portuguese style ?
Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura , Álvaro Siza Vieira -LRB- both Pritzker Prize winners -RRB- and Gonçalo Byrne .	Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne	Who are some of the most renowned architects to come from Portugal ?
In Portugal Tomás Taveira is also noteworthy , particularly for stadium design .	stadium design	For what is Tomas Taveira particularly noteworthy for in Portugal ?
Portuguese cinema has a long tradition , reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century .	late 19th century	In which period was cinema born ?
Portuguese film directors such as Arthur Duarte , António Lopes Ribeiro , António Reis , Pedro Costa , Manoel de Oliveira , João César Monteiro , António-Pedro Vasconcelos , Fernando Lopes , João Botelho and Leonel Vieira , are among those that gained notability .	Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes	Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors ?
Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida , Daniela Ruah , Maria de Medeiros , Diogo Infante , Soraia Chaves , Ribeirinho , Lúcia Moniz , and Diogo Morgado .	Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado	Who are some noted Portuguese actors ?
Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões -LRB- c. 1524 -- 1580 -RRB- wrote the epic poem `` Os Lusíadas '' -LRB- The Lusiads -RRB- , with Virgil 's Aeneid as his main influence .	Adventurer and poet	Who was Luís de Camões ?
Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões -LRB- c. 1524 -- 1580 -RRB- wrote the epic poem `` Os Lusíadas '' -LRB- The Lusiads -RRB- , with Virgil 's Aeneid as his main influence .	"Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads)	What epic poem did Luís de Camões write ?
Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões -LRB- c. 1524 -- 1580 -RRB- wrote the epic poem `` Os Lusíadas '' -LRB- The Lusiads -RRB- , with Virgil 's Aeneid as his main influence .	Virgil's Aeneid	What was Luís de Camões main influence ?
Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles , as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa -LRB- 1888 -- 1935 -RRB- .	neoclassic and contemporary styles	What styles are modern Portuguese poetry rooted in ?
Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett , Camilo Castelo Branco , Eça de Queiroz , Fernando Pessoa , Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen , António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga .	Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga	Who are some modern Portuguese authors ?
The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod -LRB- bacalhau in Portuguese -RRB- , for which there are hundreds of recipes .	bacalhau	What is dry cod known as in Portuguese ?
Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada , a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish .	grilled sardines and caldeirada	Other than bacalhau , what are two other popular fish recipes in Portugal ?
Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada , a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish .	a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish	What is caldeirada ?
Typical Portuguese meat recipes , that may be made out of beef , pork , lamb , or chicken , include cozido à portuguesa , feijoada , frango de churrasco , leitão -LRB- roast suckling pig -RRB- and carne de porco à alentejana .	beef, pork, lamb, or chicken	What meats are often used in Portuguese recipes ?
A very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho -LRB- rice stewed in pigs blood -RRB- or the arroz de cabidela -LRB- rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood -RRB- .	arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)	What are two popular Northern Portugal dishes ?
Typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha -LRB- Frenchie -RRB- from Porto , and bifanas -LRB- grilled pork -RRB- or prego -LRB- grilled beef -RRB- sandwiches , which are well known around the country .	Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches	What are three examples of fast food dishes in Portugal ?
The Portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country .	in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country	Where does the Portuguese art of pastry have its origins ?
These monasteries , using very few ingredients -LRB- mostly almonds , flour , eggs and some liquor -RRB- , managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries , of which pastéis de Belém -LRB- or pastéis de nata -RRB- originally from Lisbon , and ovos moles from Aveiro are examples .	almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor	What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries ?
These monasteries , using very few ingredients -LRB- mostly almonds , flour , eggs and some liquor -RRB- , managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries , of which pastéis de Belém -LRB- or pastéis de nata -RRB- originally from Lisbon , and ovos moles from Aveiro are examples .	pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro	What are two examples of Portuguese pastries ?
Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans , who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus .	since the times of the Romans	Since when have Portuguese wines garnished international recognition ?
Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans , who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus .	Bacchus	With which Roman God was Portugal associated with ?
Some of the best Portuguese wines are : Vinho Verde , Vinho Alvarinho , Vinho do Douro , Vinho do Alentejo , Vinho do Dão , Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet : Port Wine , Madeira Wine , the Moscatel from Setúbal and Favaios .	Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine	What are some of the best Portuguese wines ?
Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world .	Port and Madeira	Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world ?
Portugal has several summer music festivals , such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar , Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura , Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha , Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality , Optimus Alive !	Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha,	What are a couple examples of Summer music festivals held in Portugal ?
Out of the summer season , Portugal has a large number of festivals , designed more to an urban audience , like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto .	Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto	What are a couple examples of non-Summer music festivals in Portugal ?
Furthermore , one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years , the Boom Festival , that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards : European Festival Award 2010 -- Green 'n' Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010 .	one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years	What is the Boom Festival ?
Furthermore , one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years , the Boom Festival , that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards : European Festival Award 2010 -- Green 'n' Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010 .	European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010	What international awards have been won by the Boom Festival ?
In 2005 , Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards , in Pavilhão Atlântico , Lisbon .	2005	In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards ?
In the classical music domain , Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro , Maria João Pires , Sequeira Costa , the violinists Carlos Damas , Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia .	Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Sequeira Costa	What are some examples of classical pianists from Portugal ?
In the classical music domain , Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro , Maria João Pires , Sequeira Costa , the violinists Carlos Damas , Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia .	Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro	What are some examples of classical violinists from Portugal ?
Notable composers include José Vianna da Motta , Carlos Seixas , João Domingos Bomtempo , João de Sousa Carvalho , Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos , Fernando Lopes-Graça , Emmanuel Nunes and Sérgio Azevedo .	José Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, João Domingos Bomtempo, João de Sousa Carvalho, Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos	Who are some notable musical composers from Portugal ?
Similarly , contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira have achieved some international success writing original music for film and television .	Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira	Who are some contemporary composers from Portugal ?
The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism , and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters : Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso , who was heavily influenced by French painters , particularly by the Delaunays .	20th century	In which century did Portugal see the arrival of Modernism ?
The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism , and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters : Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso , who was heavily influenced by French painters , particularly by the Delaunays .	French painters, particularly by the Delaunays	By what group was Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso most heavily influenced by ?
Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro .	Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro	What is one of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso 's best known works ?
Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters Vieira da Silva , Júlio Pomar , Helena Almeida , Joana Vasconcelos , Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego .	Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego	Who are some of the most prominent modern visual artists in Portugal ?
Football is the most popular sport in Portugal .	Football	What is the most popular sport in Portugal ?
The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history .	Eusébio	What is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history ?
FIFA World Player of the Year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for 2013 and 2014 , are among the numerous examples of other world-class football players born in Portugal and noted worldwide .	Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo	Who are two examples of the top football players born in Portugal ?
FIFA World Player of the Year winners Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for 2013 and 2014 , are among the numerous examples of other world-class football players born in Portugal and noted worldwide .	FIFA World Player of the Year	What award did both Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo win ?
Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy , with José Mourinho , André Villas-Boas , Fernando Santos , Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José among the most renowned .	José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José	Who are some of the most renowned football managers in Portugal ?
SL Benfica , FC Porto , and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won , often known as `` os três grandes '' -LRB- `` the big three '' -RRB- .	SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP	What are the three largest sports clubs by popularity in Portugal ?
SL Benfica , FC Porto , and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won , often known as `` os três grandes '' -LRB- `` the big three '' -RRB- .	"os três grandes" ("the big three")	What are the three largest sports club by popularity in Portugal known as ?
They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions , were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season .	eight	How many titles in the European UEFA club competitions have `` the big three '' won ?
Other than football , many Portuguese sports clubs , including the `` big three '' , compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity , these may include roller hockey , basketball , futsal , handball , and volleyball .	roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball	Other than football , what other sports are popular in Portugal ?
The Portuguese Football Federation -LRB- FPF -RRB- -- Federação Portuguesa de Futebol -- annually hosts the Algarve Cup , a prestigious women ` s football tournament that has been celebrated in the Algarvian part of Portugal .	Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol	By what entity is the Algarve Cup hosted ?
Kanye Omari West -LRB- / ˈkɑːnjeɪ / ; born June 8 , 1977 -RRB- is an American hip hop recording artist , record producer , rapper , fashion designer , and entrepreneur .	1977	What year was Kanye born ?
Kanye Omari West -LRB- / ˈkɑːnjeɪ / ; born June 8 , 1977 -RRB- is an American hip hop recording artist , record producer , rapper , fashion designer , and entrepreneur .	hip hop	What kind of music does Kanye West perform ?
Kanye Omari West -LRB- / ˈkɑːnjeɪ / ; born June 8 , 1977 -RRB- is an American hip hop recording artist , record producer , rapper , fashion designer , and entrepreneur .	Omari	What is Kanye West 's middle name ?
Kanye Omari West -LRB- / ˈkɑːnjeɪ / ; born June 8 , 1977 -RRB- is an American hip hop recording artist , record producer , rapper , fashion designer , and entrepreneur .	June 8, 1977	When is Kanye West 's birthday ?
Raised in Chicago , West briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as Jay-Z and Alicia Keys .	Roc-A-Fella Records	What was the first label that Kanye produced for ?
Raised in Chicago , West briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as Jay-Z and Alicia Keys .	Jay-Z and Alicia Keys	Who are some well known artists that Kanye produced for early in his career ?
Raised in Chicago , West briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as Jay-Z and Alicia Keys .	Jay-Z	With which artists that Kanye formerly produced for did he go on to collaborate with ?
Raised in Chicago , West briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as Jay-Z and Alicia Keys .	Chicago	Where did Kanye West live as a child ?
Raised in Chicago , West briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as Jay-Z and Alicia Keys .	producer	What was Kanye West 's first job title after art school ?
Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success , and founded record label GOOD Music .	2004	What year did Kanye West release his first rap CD ?
West is one of the best-selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide .	32 million	How many albums has Kanye sold ?
West is one of the best-selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide .	100 million	How many downloads do Kanye 's tracks have across the globe ?
He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his age .	Grammy	Kanye is known for having the most of what type of award for his age ?
Three of his albums rank on Rolling Stone 's 2012 `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' list ; two of his albums feature at first and eighth , respectively , in Pitchfork Media 's The 100 Best Albums of 2010 -- 2014 .	Time	What popular magazine placed Kanye on their annual list in 2005 and 2015 ?
West is one of the best-selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide .	32 million	How many CDs has Kanye West sold ?
He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his age .	21	How many Grammy Awards has Kanye West won ?
Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 .	2005 and 2015	Which years was Kanye West mentioned in Time Magazine ?
West 's mother , Dr. Donda C. -LRB- Williams -RRB- West , was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University , and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University before retiring to serve as his manager .	English	What subject did Kanye 's mother teach at her university ?
Kanye Omari West was born on June 8 , 1977 in Atlanta , Georgia .	Atlanta	What Georgia city was Kanye West born ?
Ray West was later a Christian counselor , and in 2006 , opened the Good Water Store and Café in Lexington Park , Maryland with startup capital from his son .	Good Water Store and Café	What was the name of the business that Kanye West helped fund in 2006 ?
West 's mother , Dr. Donda C. -LRB- Williams -RRB- West , was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University , and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University before retiring to serve as his manager .	Chicago State University	Where did Kanye West 's mother work before becoming his manager ?
West was raised in a middle-class background , attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn , Illinois after living in Chicago .	Polaris High School	What was the name of Kanye West 's high school ?
At the age of 10 , West moved with his mother to Nanjing , China , where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program .	Nanjing, China	Where did Kanye and his mother relocate when he was 10 ?
According to his mother , West was the only foreigner in his class , but settled in well and quickly picked up the language , although he has since forgotten most of it .	foreigner	While staying in China , Kanye was the only what in his class ?
When asked about his grades in high school , West replied , `` I got A 's and B 's .	A's and B's	How well did Kanye do in high school ?
At the age of 10 , West moved with his mother to Nanjing , China , where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program .	10	At what age did Kanye West relocate to China ?
At the age of 10 , West moved with his mother to Nanjing , China , where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program .	Nanjing University	What University was the cause of West 's mother moving the family to China ?
West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age ; he began writing poetry when he was five years old .	poetry	What was Kanye creating when he was five ?
At age thirteen , West wrote a rap song called `` Green Eggs and Ham '' and began to persuade his mother to pay $ 25 an hour for time in a recording studio .	"Green Eggs and Ham"	What was one of the first tracks written by Kanye when he was 13 ?
West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age ; he began writing poetry when he was five years old .	writing poetry	What activity did Kanye West start doing when he was five ?
At age thirteen , West wrote a rap song called `` Green Eggs and Ham '' and began to persuade his mother to pay $ 25 an hour for time in a recording studio .	Green Eggs and Ham	What was the name of the song he wrote at age thirteen ?
West crossed paths with producer/DJ No I.D. , with whom he quickly formed a close friendship .	No I.D.	What was the name of the producer that helped Kanye West ?
After graduating from high school , West received a scholarship to attend Chicago 's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes , but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English .	American Academy of Art	Where did Kanye receive a scholarship to attend ?
He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work , and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams .	20	How old was Kanye when he dropped out of college ?
After graduating from high school , West received a scholarship to attend Chicago 's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes , but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English .	Chicago's American Academy of Art	What school did Kanye West go to in 1997 ?
After graduating from high school , West received a scholarship to attend Chicago 's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes , but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English .	English	What subject was Kanye West 's focus at Chicago State University ?
He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work , and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams .	20	At what age did Kanye West leave school to follow his musical passion ?
For Kanye to make an album called College Dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are , rather than following the path society has carved out for you . ''	College Dropout	What was the name of the CD that Kanye recorded based on his failed college experience ?
Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records .	local artists	Who were the beats Kanye made in the 90 's originally intended for ?
Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records .	classic soul records	What types of records did Kanye sample in his early career .
Because of his association with D-Dot , West was n't able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go-Getters , a late-1990s Chicago rap group composed of him , GLC , Timmy G , Really Doe , and Arrowstar .	Go-Getters	What music group did Kanye join when he could n't release his solo album ?
Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records .	mid-1990s	In what time period did Kanye begin producing ?
Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records .	mid-1990s	When did Kanye West start his production career ?
For a time , West acted as a ghost producer for Deric `` D-Dot '' Angelettie .	Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie	For which artist did Kanye West act as a ghost producer ?
Because of his association with D-Dot , West was n't able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go-Getters , a late-1990s Chicago rap group composed of him , GLC , Timmy G , Really Doe , and Arrowstar .	Go-Getters	What late 1990s Chicago rap group was Kanye West a member of ?
His group was managed by John `` Monopoly '' Johnson , Don Crowley , and Happy Lewis under the management firm Hustle Period .	Hustle Period	What firm managed Kanye West 's rap group ?
After attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances , The Go-Getters released their first and only studio album World Record Holders in 1999 .	1999	What year was the first Go-Getters album released ?
The third song on Foxy Brown 's second studio album Chyna Doll was produced by West .	Foxy Brown	Kanye produced the third song from the second album of what artist ?
West 's songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as Ma $ e , Raekwon , and Eminem .	Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem.	What rappers were featured in the songs that Kanye produced for Tell 'Em Why U Madd ?
The third song on Foxy Brown 's second studio album Chyna Doll was produced by West .	Foxy Brown	Which U.S. Billboard 200 chart topper did Kanye West produce a song for ?
At the close of the millennium , West ended up producing six songs for Tell 'Em Why U Madd , an album that was released by D-Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper ; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G. 's second and final studio album Life After Death .	Tell 'Em Why U Madd	What was the name of the CD produced by Kanye that was by a made-up character ?
West got his big break in the year 2000 , when he began to produce for artists on Roc-A-Fella Records .	Roc-A-Fella Records	What label did Kanye begin to work for in 2000 ?
West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z 's career with his contributions to the rap mogul 's influential 2001 album The Blueprint .	The Blueprint	What album did Kanye receive production credits on in 2001 ?
West got his big break in the year 2000 , when he began to produce for artists on Roc-A-Fella Records .	2000	In what year did Roc-A-Fella make Kanye West known ?
West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z 's career with his contributions to the rap mogul 's influential 2001 album The Blueprint .	The Blueprint	What was the name of the CD West produced for Jay Z in 2001 ?
Despite his success as a producer , West 's true aspiration was to be a rapper .	rapper	Although Kanye was achieving fame by producing , what did he actually want to be ?
After a series of meetings with Capitol Records , West was ultimately denied an artist deal .	Capitol Records	What label declined to work with Kanye after many meetings ?
Despite his success as a producer , West 's true aspiration was to be a rapper .	rapper	What career was Kanye 's ultimate dream ?
Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time .	gangsta image	What did Kanye West not have that made record companies turn him down ?
After a series of meetings with Capitol Records , West was ultimately denied an artist deal .	Capitol Records	Which record company turned Kanye down after many meetings ?
According to Capitol Record 's A&R , Joe Weinberger , he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him , but another person in the company convinced Capitol 's president not to .	Joe Weinberger	Who almost picked up Kanye but was ultimately swayed ?
Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label , then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records .	Roc-A-Fella	What label finally -LRB- although reluctantly -RRB- picked up Kanye ?
Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper , claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost , and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates .	a producer	What did Kanye 's peers see him as while he tried to pursue his rap career ?
According to Capitol Record 's A&R , Joe Weinberger , he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him , but another person in the company convinced Capitol 's president not to .	Joe Weinberger	What man was almost ready to give Kanye a record deal ?
Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label , then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records .	Roc-A-Fella	What record company eventually signed Kanye West ?
The composition , `` Through The Wire '' , expressed West 's experience after the accident , and helped lay the foundation for his debut album , as according to West `` all the better artists have expressed what they were going through '' .	Through The Wire	What track did Kanye compose and perform while injured from his accident ?
`` Through The Wire '' was first available on West 's Get Well Soon ... mixtape , released December 2002 .	Get Well Soon...	What was the name of Kanye 's 2002 mixtape that he wrote while in the hospital ?
At the same time , West announced that he was working on an album called The College Dropout , whose overall theme was to `` make your own decisions .	The College Dropout	After dropping his mixtape , Kanye revealed the name of his debut album to be what ?
West 's breakthrough came a year later on October 23 , 2002 , when , while driving home from a California recording studio after working late , he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near-fatal car crash .	October 23, 2002	What was the date of Kanye 's car wreck ?
The composition , `` Through The Wire '' , expressed West 's experience after the accident , and helped lay the foundation for his debut album , as according to West `` all the better artists have expressed what they were going through '' .	"Through The Wire"	What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck ?
`` Through The Wire '' was first available on West 's Get Well Soon ... mixtape , released December 2002 .	Get Well Soon	What was the name of the mixtape Kanye released in December of 2002 ?
Once he had completed the album , it was leaked months before its release date .	it was leaked	What happened to Kanye 's debut album that caused him to remaster most of it ?
He recorded the remainder of the album in Los Angeles while recovering from the car accident .	Los Angeles	In what city did West finish recording his first album ?
West 's perfectionism led The College Dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in August 2003 .	August 2003	What was supposed to be the original release date for The College Dropout ?
`` Jesus Walks '' , the album 's fourth single , perhaps exposed West to a wider audience ; the song 's subject matter concerns faith and Christianity .	Jesus Walks	What was the name of the single off the debut album that gave Kanye mainstream attention ?
During this period , West also founded GOOD Music , a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers , such as No I.D. and John Legend .	GOOD Music	What label did Kanye create following the success of his first album 's release ?
The College Dropout was eventually issued by Roc-A-Fella in February 2004 , shooting to number two on the Billboard 200 as his debut single , `` Through the Wire '' peaked at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks .	February 2004	When was The College Dropout finally released ?
`` Slow Jamz '' , his second single featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx , became an even bigger success : it became the three musicians ' first number one hit .	"Slow Jamz"	What song was the second released off of Kanye 's The College Dropout album ?
During this period , West also founded GOOD Music , a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers , such as No I.D. and John Legend .	GOOD Music	What was the name of the record label that West founded ?
Though West had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album Late Registration .	string orchestra	What kind of ensemble did Kanye hire to work on his second album ?
West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion , who served as the album 's co-executive producer for several tracks .	Jon Brion	What composer worked alongside Kanye on the album 's production ?
Though West had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album Late Registration .	Late Registration	What was the name of Kanye 's second studio album ?
Late Registration sold over 2.3 million units in the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season , which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales .	2.3 million	How many copies of Late Registration sold in its first year ?
West was significantly inspired by Roseland NYC Live , a 1998 live album by English trip hop group Portishead , produced with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra .	Portishead	What English music group was an inspiration for Kanye West on his second album ?
Though West had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album Late Registration .	Late Registration	What was the name of West 's second album ?
Late Registration sold over 2.3 million units in the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season , which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales .	2.3 million	How many copies of Late Registration were sold in the United States ?
While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist , the rapper 's first large-scale controversy came just days following Late Registration 's release , during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims .	Best New Artist	The loss of which award caused Kanye to leave the American Music Awards ?
While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist , the rapper 's first large-scale controversy came just days following Late Registration 's release , during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims .	Hurricane Katrina	Kanye participated alongside Mike Meyers in a relief benefit show for what natural disaster ?
West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns .	Rolling Stone	What magazine did Kanye don a thorn crown for the cover of in 2006 ?
While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist , the rapper 's first large-scale controversy came just days following Late Registration 's release , during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims .	Best New Artist	In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004 ?
When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers , he deviated from the prepared script .	Mike Myers	Which actor was alongside Kanye West when he insulted President Bush ?
West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns .	Rolling Stone	What magazine did Kanye West pose for in 2006 that caused another controversy ?
In September 2005 , NBC broadcast A Concert for Hurricane Relief , and West was a featured speaker .	A Concert for Hurricane Relief	What broadcast for NBC was Kanye presenting for when he spoke negatively about President Bush ?
Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour , West felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas .	U2	What band did Kanye tour with for a year ?
Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour , West felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas .	large arenas	What setting did Kanye want his next tracks to perform well in ?
To make his next effort , the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums , more introspective and personal in lyricism , West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability .	Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash	Who did Kanye study in order to develop his lyrical skills ?
Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour , West felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas .	U2	Which band did Kanye West travel with for the Vertigo Tour ?
To this end , West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production , utilized slower tempos , and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s .	1980s	What decade of music inspired Kanye West after his tour with U2 ?
In addition to U2 , West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression .	The Rolling Stones	Other than U2 and Led Zeppelin , what other band inspired Kanye West ?
To make his next effort , the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums , more introspective and personal in lyricism , West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability .	Bob Dylan	What other country singer besides Johnny Cash did Kanye listen to ?
West 's third studio album , Graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent 's Curtis .	Graduation	What was the name of Kanye 's third album ?
West 's third studio album , Graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent 's Curtis .	50 Cent	Kanye released Graduation at the same time of what other famous rapper , thus drawing media comparison ?
Upon their September 2007 releases , Graduation outsold Curtis by a large margin , debuting at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and selling 957,000 copies in its first week .	957,000	How many copies did Graduation sell in its first week of release ?
`` Stronger '' , which samples French house duo Daft Punk , has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music , but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s .	Daft Punk	What famous electronic duo did Kanye sample on his third album ?
West 's third studio album , Graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent 's Curtis .	Graduation	What was the name of Kanye West 's third CD ?
West 's third studio album , Graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent 's Curtis .	50 Cent	What artist was Kanye 's third album release competing against ?
`` Stronger '' , which samples French house duo Daft Punk , has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music , but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s .	Daft Punk	What music group was in Kanye 's first release off of Graduation ?
Months later , West and fiancée Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship , which had begun in 2002 .	Alexis Phifer	Following the loss of his mother , who did Kanye end his long-term relationship with ?
Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping , West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto-Tune , which would become a central part of his next effort .	Auto-Tune	What vocal technology did Kanye pick up for his next set of artistic endeavors ?
West 's life took a different direction when his mother , Donda West , died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007 .	2007	In what year did Kanye West 's mother pass away ?
Months later , West and fiancée Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship , which had begun in 2002 .	Alexis Phifer	What was the name of Kanye 's ex-fiance ?
The events profoundly affected West , who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter .	Glow in the Dark Tour	What was the name of Kanye 's 2008 music tour ?
Recorded mostly in Honolulu , Hawaii in three weeks , West announced his fourth album , 808s & Heartbreak , at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards , where he performed its lead single , `` Love Lockdown '' .	Hawaii	In what state did Kanye West record them majority of his fourth album ?
Recorded mostly in Honolulu , Hawaii in three weeks , West announced his fourth album , 808s & Heartbreak , at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards , where he performed its lead single , `` Love Lockdown '' .	"Love Lockdown"	What was the first song released off of Kanye 's fourth album ?
808s & Heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008 .	Island Def Jam	What label pushed out Kanye 's fourth studio album ?
808s & Heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008 .	808s & Heartbreak	Which album by Kanye West featured the song `` Love Lockdown '' ?
808s & Heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008 .	Island Def Jam	808s & Heartbreak was released by what company ?
808s & Heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008 .	November 2008	When was 808s & Heartbreaks released ?
Upon its release , the lead single `` Love Lockdown '' debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a `` Hot Shot Debut '' , while follow-up single `` Heartless '' performed similarly and became his second consecutive `` Hot Shot Debut '' by debuting at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 .	Heartless	What was the second song released off of 808s ?
808s & Heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008 .	Roland TR-808 drum machine	The major usage of musical machine on 808s was described as eponymous ?
In 2012 , Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote , `` Now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye 's most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . ''	Matthew Trammell	What journalist gave `` 808s and Hearbreak '' critical acclimation 4 years after its release ?
In 2012 , Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote , `` Now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye 's most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . ''	Matthew Trammell	What was the name of the journalist that wrote about Kanye 's album in 2012 ?
West 's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy , and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry .	2009 MTV Video Music Awards	Where did Kanye 's famous mic-grab incident occur at ?
During the ceremony , West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that , instead , Beyoncé 's video for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' , nominated for the same award , was `` one of the best videos of all time '' .	Taylor Swift	From who did Kanye grab the mic from to make his statement ?
West 's tour with Lady Gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy , and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & Heartbreak 's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards .	Lady Gaga	Kanye 's tour with what artist was cancelled following his outburst at the VMA 's ?
West 's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy , and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry .	2009	In what year did Kanye 's biggest controversy so far take place ?
During the ceremony , West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that , instead , Beyoncé 's video for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' , nominated for the same award , was `` one of the best videos of all time '' .	Beyoncé	What artist did Kanye West interrupt Taylor Swift to defend ?
West 's tour with Lady Gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy , and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & Heartbreak 's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards .	Lady Gaga	Which artist was Kanye supposed to tour with , but could n't due to the Taylor Swift controversy ?
West 's tour with Lady Gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy , and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & Heartbreak 's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards .	52nd Grammy Awards	What awards ceremony did Kanye not receive any nominations for after the MTV controversy ?
Following the highly publicized incident , West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion , only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album .	Hawaii	Where did Kanye base himself to create his next album ?
Following the highly publicized incident , West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion , only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album .	fashion	What industry did Kanye turn to after taking a break from recording music ?
Following the highly publicized incident , West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion , only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album .	Hawaii	What state did Kanye West hide in while writing his next album ?
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , West 's fifth studio album , was released in November 2010 to rave reviews from critics , many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback .	My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy	What is the name of Kanye 's album released in 2010 ?
Dark Fantasy went on to go platinum in the United States , but its omission as a contender for Album of the Year at the 54th Grammy Awards was viewed as a `` snub '' by several media outlets .	Album of the Year	What award was My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy omitted from ?
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , West 's fifth studio album , was released in November 2010 to rave reviews from critics , many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback .	My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy	What was the name of Kanye 's fifth album ?
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , West 's fifth studio album , was released in November 2010 to rave reviews from critics , many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback .	November 2010	When was Kanye West 's fifth album debuted ?
The record included the international hit `` All of the Lights '' , and Billboard hits `` Power '' , `` Monster '' , and `` Runaway '' , the latter of which accompanied a 35-minute film of the same name .	"All of the Lights"	What song off of Kanye 's fifth album was a hit internationally ?
During this time , West initiated the free music program GOOD Fridays through his website , offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each Friday , a portion of which were included on the album .	GOOD Fridays	What was the name of the free music promotion on Kanye 's website in 2010 ?
Following a headlining set at Coachella 2011 that was described by The Hollywood Reporter as `` one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time '' , West released the collaborative album Watch the Throne with Jay-Z .	Coachella	What festival did Kanye headline in 2011 ?
Following a headlining set at Coachella 2011 that was described by The Hollywood Reporter as `` one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time '' , West released the collaborative album Watch the Throne with Jay-Z .	Jay-Z	With what other hiphop artist did Kanye collaborate with ?
West also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens .	Cannes Film Festival	Where did Kanye premier a film directed by himself in 2012 ?
Following a headlining set at Coachella 2011 that was described by The Hollywood Reporter as `` one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time '' , West released the collaborative album Watch the Throne with Jay-Z .	Coachella	What event did Kanye headline in 2011 ?
Following a headlining set at Coachella 2011 that was described by The Hollywood Reporter as `` one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time '' , West released the collaborative album Watch the Throne with Jay-Z .	Watch the Throne	What was the name of the joint album Kanye made with Jay Z ?
`` Niggas in Paris '' became the record 's highest charting single , peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 .	"Niggas in Paris"	What was the top single off the album `` Watch the Throne '' ?
In 2012 , West released the compilation album Cruel Summer , a collection of tracks by artists from West 's record label GOOD Music .	2012	In what year was `` Cruel Summer '' released ?
West also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens .	2012 Cannes Film Festival	What film festival did Kanye West premier a film called `` Cruel Summer '' ?
Sessions for West 's sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft 's living room at a Paris hotel .	Paris	Where did Kanye begin production on his sixth album ?
Yeezus , West 's sixth album , was released June 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics .	Yeezus	What became the name of his sixth studio album ?
On September 6 , 2013 , Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years , to support Yeezus , with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him along the way .	Kendrick Lamar	Who did Kanye tour alongside of in order to promote the efforts of Yeezus ?
Sessions for West 's sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft 's living room at a Paris hotel .	2013	In what year did Kanye West begin working on his sixth album ?
Primarily inspired by architecture , West 's perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer Rick Rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record 's sound in favor of a more minimalist approach .	architecture	What was the inspiration behind Kanye West 's decision to call Rick Rubin ?
Yeezus , West 's sixth album , was released June 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics .	Yeezus	What was the name of Kanye 's sixth album ?
Yeezus , West 's sixth album , was released June 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics .	June 18, 2013	On what date was Yeezus released ?
On September 6 , 2013 , Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years , to support Yeezus , with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him along the way .	Kendrick Lamar	What artist did Kanye go on tour with while promoting album number six ?
In June 2013 , West and television personality Kim Kardashian announced the birth of their first child , North .	North	What was the name of Kanye 's first child with Kim Kardashian ?
In December 2013 , Adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with West , to be premiered the following year .	Adidas	What brand set to collaborate on an apparel line with Kanye ?
West released a single , `` Only One '' , featuring Paul McCartney , on December 31 , 2014 .	Paul McCartney	What famous British artist worked with Kanye on multiple singles ?
West performed the song at the 2015 BRIT Awards with a number of US rappers and UK grime MC 's including : Skepta , Wiley , Novelist , Fekky , Krept & Konan , Stormzy , Allan Kingdom , Theophilus London and Vic Mensa .	2015 BRIT Awards	Where did Kanye perform his single `` All Day '' with a menagerie of other artists ?
In June 2013 , West and television personality Kim Kardashian announced the birth of their first child , North .	Kim Kardashian	Who is the mother of Kanye 's first child ?
In June 2013 , West and television personality Kim Kardashian announced the birth of their first child , North .	North	What is Kanye West 's first child 's name ?
In May 2014 , West and Kardashian were married in a private ceremony in Florence , Italy , with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance .	Florence	In what Italian city were Kim Kardashian and Kanye West wed ?
West released a single , `` Only One '' , featuring Paul McCartney , on December 31 , 2014 .	Paul McCartney	What musician joined Kanye West on the song `` Only One '' ?
In February 2015 , West premiered his clothing collaboration with Adidas , entitled Yeezy Season 1 , to generally positive reviews .	Yeezy Season 1	What was the name of the Adidas clothing line by Kanye West that he released in 2013 ?
Having initially announced a new album entitled So Help Me God slated for a 2014 release , in March 2015 West announced that the album would instead be tentatively called SWISH .	SWISH	What did Kanye change the title of his next planned album from So Help Me God to ?
Later that month , West was awarded an honorary doctorate by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for his contributions to music , fashion , and popular culture , officially making him an honorary DFA .	Art Institute of Chicago	From which institution did Kanye receive an honorary doctorate ?
The next month , West headlined at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK , despite a petition signed by almost 135,000 people against his appearance .	135,000	How many people signed a petition to keep Kanye from performing at Glastonbury Festival ?
Having initially announced a new album entitled So Help Me God slated for a 2014 release , in March 2015 West announced that the album would instead be tentatively called SWISH .	So Help Me God	What was the original name of Kanye 's album `` SWISH '' ?
Later that month , West was awarded an honorary doctorate by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for his contributions to music , fashion , and popular culture , officially making him an honorary DFA .	School of the Art Institute of Chicago	What school awarded Kanye west an honorary doctorate ?
The next month , West headlined at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK , despite a petition signed by almost 135,000 people against his appearance .	135,000	How many people petitioned his show at the Glastonbury Music Festival in the UK ?
He announced in January 2016 on Twitter that SWISH would be released on February 11 , after releasing new song `` Real Friends '' and a snippet of `` No More Parties in L.A. '' with Kendrick Lamar .	February 11	What was the tentative release date announced for Kanye 's next studio album ?
On January 26 , 2016 , West revealed he had renamed the album from SWISH to Waves , and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden .	Waves	What was Kanye 's next album renamed again to ?
In early 2016 , several weeks prior to the release of his new album , West became embroiled in a short-lived social media altercation with rapper Wiz Khalifa on Twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex-partner , Amber Rose , who protested to West 's mention of her and Khalifa 's child .	Wiz Khalifa	With what other rapper did Kanye west have a Twitter feud with in early 2016 ?
Several days ahead of the album 's release , West again changed the title , this time to The Life of Pablo .	The Life of Pablo	What became the final title of Kanye 's next album ?
He released the album exclusively on Tidal on 14 February 2016 following a performance on SNL .	Tidal	What platform was The Life of Pablo officially released on ?
In December 2015 , West released a song titled `` Facts '' .	"Facts"	What song by West was debuted in December 2015 ?
On January 26 , 2016 , West revealed he had renamed the album from SWISH to Waves , and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden .	Waves	On January 26 , 2016 , Kanye told the world he changed the name of his next album from SWISH to what ?
In early 2016 , several weeks prior to the release of his new album , West became embroiled in a short-lived social media altercation with rapper Wiz Khalifa on Twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex-partner , Amber Rose , who protested to West 's mention of her and Khalifa 's child .	Wiz Khalifa	What artist did Kanye West have a feud with over Amber Rose ?
On January 26 , 2016 , West revealed he had renamed the album from SWISH to Waves , and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden .	Yeezy Season 3	What was the name of Kanye 's clothing line premiered at Madison Square Garden ?
He has further described musician David Bowie as one of his `` most important inspirations , '' and named producer Puff Daddy as the `` most important cultural figure in my life . ''	David Bowie	What English musician did Kanye cite as one of his biggest inspirations ?
West has said that Wu-Tang Clan producer RZA influenced him in his style , and has named Wu-Tang rappers Ghostface Killah and Ol' Dirty Bastard as inspirations .	Wu-Tang Clan	Kanye has stated that members from which rap group influenced his early style ?
Early in his career , West pioneered a style of production dubbed `` chipmunk soul '' which utilized pitched-up vocal samples , usually from soul and R&B songs , along with his own drums and instrumentation .	chipmunk soul	What name did Kanye 's early production style coin .
He has further described musician David Bowie as one of his `` most important inspirations , '' and named producer Puff Daddy as the `` most important cultural figure in my life . ''	David Bowie	What artist was named by Kanye West to be his `` most important inspiration '' ?
He has further described musician David Bowie as one of his `` most important inspirations , '' and named producer Puff Daddy as the `` most important cultural figure in my life . ''	Puff Daddy	Who was Kanye 's greatest cultural figure ?
His first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was `` This Ca n't Be Life '' , a track from Jay-Z 's The Dynasty : Roc La Familia .	"This Can't Be Life"	What was the name of the song that first featured Kanye 's `` chipmunk soul '' style ?
For his second album , Late Registration -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , he collaborated with film score composer Jon Brion and drew influence from non-rap influences such as English trip hop group Portishead .	Jon Brion	What composer did Kanye collaborate with for his second record ?
Blending West 's primary soulful hip hop production with Brion 's elaborate chamber pop orchestration , the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements , including string arrangements , piano chords , brass flecks , and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation .	orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation	What classical elements did Brion bring to the production of Kanye 's album ?
For a period of time , Kanye West stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section , as audible on his 2006 live album Late Orchestration .	a string section	What sort of orchestra did Kanye tour with while promoting his second album ?
For his second album , Late Registration -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , he collaborated with film score composer Jon Brion and drew influence from non-rap influences such as English trip hop group Portishead .	Jon Brion	What composer did Kanye West work with for his second album ?
For his second album , Late Registration -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , he collaborated with film score composer Jon Brion and drew influence from non-rap influences such as English trip hop group Portishead .	Portishead	What English trip-hop group helped influence Kanye on his second album ?
With his third album , Graduation -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , West moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric , rock-tinged , electronic-influenced soundscape .	Graduation	What was the name of Kanye 's third record ?
With his third album , Graduation -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , West moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric , rock-tinged , electronic-influenced soundscape .	more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape	What musical direction did Kanye take with his third album ?
In addition , West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones , U2 , and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression .	melody and chord progression	Kanye drew inspiration from The Rolling Stones , U2 , and Led Zeppelin in what ways ?
With his third album , Graduation -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , West moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric , rock-tinged , electronic-influenced soundscape .	2007	What year was Kanye West 's third album released ?
West 's fourth studio album , 808s & Heartbreak -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases , largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis , the Roland TR-808 drum machine , and explicitly auto-tuned vocal tracks .	electropop	What kind of sound did Kanye abandon a rap and hiphop one for with his fourth album ?
Drawing inspiration from artists such as Gary Numan , TJ Swan and Boy George , and maintaining a `` minimal but functional '' approach towards the album 's studio production , West explored the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808 , manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted , electronic sound ; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks .	Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George	Who did Kanye become inspired by while creating 808s & Heartbreak ?
The album 's music features austere production and elements such as dense drums , lengthy strings , droning synthesizers , and somber piano , and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post-punk and new wave groups , with West himself later confessing an affinity with British post-punk group Joy Division .	dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano	What types of instruments are present on his fourth album ?
Drawing inspiration from artists such as Gary Numan , TJ Swan and Boy George , and maintaining a `` minimal but functional '' approach towards the album 's studio production , West explored the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808 , manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted , electronic sound ; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks .	Boy George	What other artist besides Gary Numan and TJ Swan helped inspire Kanye 's fourth album ?
The album 's music features austere production and elements such as dense drums , lengthy strings , droning synthesizers , and somber piano , and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post-punk and new wave groups , with West himself later confessing an affinity with British post-punk group Joy Division .	post-punk	What other type of 1980s group was Kanye 's fourth album compared to other than new wave ?
Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article , `` Now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye 's most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . ''	Rolling Stone	The article about Kanye 's fourth album written by Matthew Trammell was published in what magazine ?
West 's fifth album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from West 's previous four albums .	My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy	What is Kanye 's fifth album titled ?
Entertainment Weekly 's Simon Vozick-Levinson perceives that such elements `` all recur at various points '' , namely `` the luxurious soul of 2004 's The College Dropout , the symphonic pomp of Late Registration , the gloss of 2007 's Graduation , and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008 's 808s & Heartbreak '' .	Simon Vozick-Levinson	What journalist drew comparisons between My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and other Kanye albums ?
Sean Fennessey of The Village Voice writes that West `` absorb -LSB- ed -RSB- the gifts of his handpicked collaborators , and occasionally elevat -LSB- ed -RSB- them '' on previous studio albums , noting collaborators and elements as Jon Brion for Late Registration , DJ Toomp for Graduation , and Kid Cudi for 808s & Heartbreak .	Jon Brion	What musician collaborated with Kanye West for his album Late Registration ?
Sean Fennessey of The Village Voice writes that West `` absorb -LSB- ed -RSB- the gifts of his handpicked collaborators , and occasionally elevat -LSB- ed -RSB- them '' on previous studio albums , noting collaborators and elements as Jon Brion for Late Registration , DJ Toomp for Graduation , and Kid Cudi for 808s & Heartbreak .	DJ Toomp	What artist worked with Kanye on his album Graduation ?
Entertainment Weekly 's Simon Vozick-Levinson perceives that such elements `` all recur at various points '' , namely `` the luxurious soul of 2004 's The College Dropout , the symphonic pomp of Late Registration , the gloss of 2007 's Graduation , and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008 's 808s & Heartbreak '' .	808s & Heartbreak	Kid Cudi joined Kanye for which album ?
West 's fifth album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from West 's previous four albums .	My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy	Which album by Kanye West has been talked about by writers for having maximalist aesthetic ?
Describing his sixth studio album Yeezus -LRB- 2013 -RRB- as `` a protest to music , '' West embraced an abrasive style that incorporated industrial music , acid house , dancehall , punk , electro , and Chicago drill .	a protest to music	What did Kanye state that Yeezus was ?
Inspired by the minimalist design of Le Corbusier and primarily electronic in nature , the album features distorted drum machines and `` synthesizers that sound like they 're malfunctioning , low-resolution samplers that add a pixelated digital aura to the most analog sounds . ''	Le Corbusier	What artist did Kanye draw inspiration from when crafting Yeezus ?
Describing his sixth studio album Yeezus -LRB- 2013 -RRB- as `` a protest to music , '' West embraced an abrasive style that incorporated industrial music , acid house , dancehall , punk , electro , and Chicago drill .	2013	In what year was Kanye West 's sixth album released ?
Describing his sixth studio album Yeezus -LRB- 2013 -RRB- as `` a protest to music , '' West embraced an abrasive style that incorporated industrial music , acid house , dancehall , punk , electro , and Chicago drill .	Yeezus	What was the title of Kanye 's sixth album ?
In September 2005 , West announced that he would release his Pastelle Clothing line in spring 2006 , claiming `` Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and Late Registration is finished , I am ready to launch my clothing line next spring . ''	clothing line	What did Kanye announce he would release after acquiring a Grammy in 2005 ?
The line was developed over the following four years -- with multiple pieces teased by West himself -- before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009 .	cancelled	What finally become of Kanye 's clothing line in 2009 ?
In September 2005 , West announced that he would release his Pastelle Clothing line in spring 2006 , claiming `` Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and Late Registration is finished , I am ready to launch my clothing line next spring . ''	September 2005	When did Kanye West annouce his Pastelle Clothing line ?
The line was developed over the following four years -- with multiple pieces teased by West himself -- before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009 .	2009	What year was Kanye 's Pastelle Clothing Line scrapped ?
In 2009 , West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe , the Air Yeezys , with a second version released in 2012 .	Nike	What company worked with Kanye in 2009 to create his own shoe line ?
In January 2009 , West introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton during Paris Fashion Week .	Louis Vuitton	For what brand did Kanye design a shoe meant for Paris Fashion Week ?
On October 1 , 2011 , Kanye West premiered his women 's fashion label , DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week .	women	Form whom was Kanye 's 2011 fashion label designed for ?
His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary by The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times , the International Herald Tribune , Elleuk.com , The Daily Telegraph , Harper 's Bazaar and many others .	mixed-to-negative reviews	What kind of reviews did Kanye 's fashion line spark ?
On March 6 , 2012 , West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week .	March 6, 2012	When did Kanye debut his second effort in the fashion world ?
On October 1 , 2011 , Kanye West premiered his women 's fashion label , DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week .	October 1, 2011	On what day was Kanye 's women 's clothing line debuted ?
On October 1 , 2011 , Kanye West premiered his women 's fashion label , DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week .	DW Kanye West	What was the name of Kanye West 's women 's clothing line ?
On October 1 , 2011 , Kanye West premiered his women 's fashion label , DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week .	October 1, 2011	On what day was Kanye 's women 's line premiered at Paris fashion week ?
On October 1 , 2011 , Kanye West premiered his women 's fashion label , DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week .	DW Kanye West	What was the name of West 's fashion line for women ?
His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary by The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times , the International Herald Tribune , Elleuk.com , The Daily Telegraph , Harper 's Bazaar and many others .	mixed-to-negative	The fashion line shown in Paris received what sort of reviews ?
On March 6 , 2012 , West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week .	March 6, 2012	On what day did West release his second fashion line ?
On December 3 , 2013 , Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West .	Adidas	What brand struck a deal with Kanye and sparked a new clothing line ?
On December 3 , 2013 , Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West .	3	How many `` seasons '' of clothing did Kanye release ?
After months of anticipation and rumors , West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts with a Twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy.supply .	Adidas Yeezy Boosts	What were the shoes designed by Kanye and released by Adidas called ?
An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app ; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes .	9000	How many pairs of shoes were sold in the initial release in New York City ?
After months of anticipation and rumors , West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts with a Twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy.supply .	Adidas Yeezy Boosts	What shoe was announced on Twitter by Kanye West ?
In 2015 , West unveiled his Yeezy Season clothing line , premiering Season 1 in collaboration with Adidas early in the year .	2015	In what year did Kanye premier his Season line ?
On February 11 , West premiered his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album The Life of Pablo .	The Life of Pablo	What album release coincided with Kanye 's Yeezy Season 3 clothing line ?
In August 2008 , West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area ; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park .	Fatburger	What restaurant chain did Kanye aspire to open in his native Chicago ?
In February 2011 , West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park .	shut down	What happened to the Fatburger chains that Kanye established ?
In August 2008 , West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area ; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park .	Fatburger	What was the name of the restaurant Kanye annouced he was opening ?
In February 2011 , West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park .	2011	When was Kanye 's last Fatburger restaurant closed ?
His company , KW Foods LLC , bought the rights to the chain in Chicago .	KW Foods LLC	What is the name of Kanye West 's food company ?
West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004 , in conjunction with Sony BMG , shortly after releasing his debut album , The College Dropout .	GOOD Music	What did Kanye call the label he founded in 2004 ?
The label houses artists including West , Big Sean , Pusha T , Teyana Taylor , Yasiin Bey / Mos Def , D'banj and John Legend , and producers including Hudson Mohawke , Q-Tip , Travis Scott , No I.D. , Jeff Bhasker , and S1 .	Pusha T	As of 2015 , who did Kanye choose as the new president of GOOD Music ?
West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004 , in conjunction with Sony BMG , shortly after releasing his debut album , The College Dropout .	2004	What year did Kanye West open his GOOD Music production company and record label ?
John Legend , Common , and West were the label 's inaugural artists .	John Legend	What other artist besides Kanye West and Common was among the first to record at GOOD Music ?
The label houses artists including West , Big Sean , Pusha T , Teyana Taylor , Yasiin Bey / Mos Def , D'banj and John Legend , and producers including Hudson Mohawke , Q-Tip , Travis Scott , No I.D. , Jeff Bhasker , and S1 .	Pusha T	Who did Kanye name President of GOOD Music in 2015 ?
In his announcement , West proclaimed that the company would `` pick up where Steve Jobs left off '' ; DONDA would operate as `` a design company which will galvanize amazing thinkers in a creative space to bounce their dreams and ideas '' with the `` goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford . ''	to make products and experiences that people want and can afford	What was the goal of Kanye 's new creative company DONDA ?
On January 5 , 2012 , West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA , named after his late mother Donda West .	mother Donda West	Kanye 's creative content company DONDA was named after who ?
On January 5 , 2012 , West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA , named after his late mother Donda West .	January 5, 2012	On what date did Kanye go public with his DONDA company ?
On March 30 , 2015 , it was announced that West is a co-owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service Tidal .	Tidal	What platform was Kanye named a co-owner of in 2015 ?
Including Beyoncé and Jay-Z , sixteen artist stakeholders -LRB- such as Rihanna , Beyoncé , Madonna , Chris Martin , Nicki Minaj and more -RRB- co-own Tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake .	Jay-Z	What longtime friend of Kanye acquired Tidal in 2015 ?
The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties .	low payout of royalties	What criticisms of other streaming platforms does Tidal stand to challenge ?
On March 30 , 2015 , it was announced that West is a co-owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service Tidal .	Tidal	What music streaming service is Kanye West a co-owner of ?
The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos .	lossless audio and high definition music videos	What is Tidal 's specialization ?
Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal , Aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 .	Jay Z	Which famous rapper bought Aspiro ?
The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties .	Spotify	What music service is a huge competitor for Tidal ?
West , alongside his mother , founded the `` Kanye West Foundation '' in Chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education .	Kanye West Foundation	With the help of his mom , what foundation did Kanye create early in his career ?
West , alongside his mother , founded the `` Kanye West Foundation '' in Chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education .	battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education	What is the goal of the Kanye West Foundation ?
West , alongside his mother , founded the `` Kanye West Foundation '' in Chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education .	Kanye West Foundation	What was founded by Kanye West and his mother ?
In 2007 , the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their `` Ed in ' 08 '' campaign .	2007	In What year did the Kanye West Foundation Partner with Strong American Schools ?
West , alongside his mother , founded the `` Kanye West Foundation '' in Chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education .	Chicago	Where was the `` Kanye West Foundation '' founded ?
West , alongside his mother , founded the `` Kanye West Foundation '' in Chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education .	music education	What other mission besides dropout and illiteracy rates did the Kanye West Foundation seek to improve ?
In 2007 , the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their `` Ed in ' 08 '' campaign .	"Ed in '08"	What campaign did the Kanye West Foundation partner with in 2007 ?
As spokesman for the campaign , West appeared in a series of PSAs for the organization , and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year .	August	In what month was the inaugural concert held for the `` Ed in ' 08 '' campaign ?
In 2008 , following the death of West 's mother , the foundation was rechristened `` The Dr. Donda West Foundation . ''	The Dr. Donda West Foundation	What was the Kanye West Foundation renamed to in 2008 ?
The foundation ceased operations in 2011 .	2011	What year did the foundation end its run ?
In 2008 , following the death of West 's mother , the foundation was rechristened `` The Dr. Donda West Foundation . ''	2008	In what year did Kanye West 's mother pass away ?
In 2008 , following the death of West 's mother , the foundation was rechristened `` The Dr. Donda West Foundation . ''	The Dr. Donda West Foundation	Kanye 's foundation was changed to what name following his mother 's death ?
In 2008 , following the death of West 's mother , the foundation was rechristened `` The Dr. Donda West Foundation . ''	2008	What year did the foundation stop operating ?
West has additionally appeared and participated in many fundraisers , benefit concerts , and has done community work for Hurricane Katrina relief , the Kanye West Foundation , the Millions More Movement , 100 Black Men of America , a Live Earth concert benefit , World Water Day rally and march , Nike runs , and a MTV special helping young Iraq War veterans who struggle through debt and PTSD a second chance after returning home .	100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally	What are some charitable efforts Kanye west has participated in ?
On September 2 , 2005 , during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC , A Concert for Hurricane Relief , West -LRB- a featured speaker -RRB- accused President George W. Bush of not `` car -LSB- ing -RSB- about black people '' .	A Concert for Hurricane Relief	During what show did Kanye take an opportunity to criticize the efforts of a U.S. President ?
On September 2 , 2005 , during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC , A Concert for Hurricane Relief , West -LRB- a featured speaker -RRB- accused President George W. Bush of not `` car -LSB- ing -RSB- about black people '' .	George W. Bush	Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina ?
On September 2 , 2005 , during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC , A Concert for Hurricane Relief , West -LRB- a featured speaker -RRB- accused President George W. Bush of not `` car -LSB- ing -RSB- about black people '' .	George W. Bush	Which President did Kanye West accuse of `` Not caring for black people '' ?
On September 2 , 2005 , during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC , A Concert for Hurricane Relief , West -LRB- a featured speaker -RRB- accused President George W. Bush of not `` car -LSB- ing -RSB- about black people '' .	September 2, 2005	On what day did the Kanye 's famous George W. Bush criticism take place ?
At this point , telethon producer Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker , who was unaware of the cut for a few seconds .	Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker	What happened after Kanye made his controversial statement ?
Once it was West 's turn to speak again , he said , `` George Bush does n't care about black people . ''	George Bush	Who did Kanye West say does n't care about black people ?
Bush stated in an interview that the comment was `` one of the most disgusting moments '' of his presidency .	"one of the most disgusting moments" of his presidency	How did George W. Bush describe Kanye 's controversial statement ?
In November 2010 , in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the Today show , West expressed regret for his criticism of Bush .	Matt Lauer	To which reporter did Kanye West express regret for his remark about President Bush ?
In September 2013 , West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev 's grandson .	Kazakhstan	Kanye was criticized by human rights groups for performing in what country ?
He traveled to Kazakhstan , which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world , as a personal guest of Nazarbayev .	one of the poorest	How is Kazakhstan 's human rights record compared to the rest of the world ?
In September 2013 , West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev 's grandson .	Kazakhstan	What country 's President paid Kanye West to perform at his grandson 's wedding ?
West had previously participated in cultural boycotts , joining Shakira and Rage Against The Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens .	Arizona	Kanye , Shakira , and Rage Against the Machine refused to perform in what state due to a new law against illegal aliens ?
Other notable Western performers , including Sting , have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns .	human rights concerns	For what reason did Sting and other artists cancel their scheduled performances in Kazakhstan ?
Later in 2013 , West launched a tirade on Twitter directed at talk show host Jimmy Kimmel after his ABC program Jimmy Kimmel Live !	Jimmy Kimmel Live!	What TV show lampooned one of Kanye 's BBC Radio 1 interviews ?
Kimmel reveals the following night that West called him to demand an apology shortly before taping .	an apology	What did Kanye demand from Jimmy Kimmel in regards to the sketch ?
Later in 2013 , West launched a tirade on Twitter directed at talk show host Jimmy Kimmel after his ABC program Jimmy Kimmel Live !	Jimmy Kimmel	What person was Kanye 's rant on Twitter directed at ?
ran a sketch on September 25 involving two children re-enacting West 's recent interview with Zane Lowe for BBC Radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet .	Zane Lowe	The skit on JImmy Kimmel Live ! was a depiction of Kanye West and what reporter ?
ran a sketch on September 25 involving two children re-enacting West 's recent interview with Zane Lowe for BBC Radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet .	BBC Radio 1	On what radio station did Kanye West deem himself `` the biggest rockstar on the planet '' ?
During a November 26 , 2013 radio interview , West explained why he believed that President Obama had problems pushing policies in Washington : `` Man , let me tell you something about George Bush and oil money and Obama and no money .	Obama	What president did Kanye comment on as having trouble pushing policies while in office ?
Black people do n't have the same level of connections as Jewish people ... We ai n't Jewish .	Jewish people	What type of people did Kanye state had more power than Black people ?
During a November 26 , 2013 radio interview , West explained why he believed that President Obama had problems pushing policies in Washington : `` Man , let me tell you something about George Bush and oil money and Obama and no money .	November 26, 2013	On what day did Kanye do an interview about President Obama pushing policies in Washington ?
On December 21 , 2013 , West backed off of the original comment and told a Chicago radio station that `` I thought I was giving a compliment , but if anything it came off more ignorant .	December 21, 2013	On what day did Kanye take back his original comment about Jews ?
In February 2016 , West again became embroiled in controversy when he posted a tweet seemingly asserting Bill Cosby 's innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at Cosby .	Bill Cosby	What celebrity knee-deep in controversy did Kanye endorse in a 2016 tweet ?
In February 2016 , West again became embroiled in controversy when he posted a tweet seemingly asserting Bill Cosby 's innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at Cosby .	Bill Cosby	What actor was Kanye defending on Twitter in February 2016 ?
At the American Music Awards of 2004 , West stormed out of the auditorium after losing Best New Artist to country singer Gretchen Wilson .	Gretchen Wilson	To who did Kanye lose the Best New Artist award in 2004 ?
On November 2 , 2006 , when his `` Touch the Sky '' failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards , West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for `` We Are Your Friends '' and argued that he should have won the award instead .	Touch the Sky	The video for what song failed to win an award for again in 2006 , leading to an onstage outburst by Kanye ?
At the American Music Awards of 2004 , West stormed out of the auditorium after losing Best New Artist to country singer Gretchen Wilson .	Gretchen Wilson	What artist did Kanye West lose `` Best New Artist '' to at the 2004 AMAs ?
On November 2 , 2006 , when his `` Touch the Sky '' failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards , West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for `` We Are Your Friends '' and argued that he should have won the award instead .	Touch the Sky	Which Kanye West video failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards ?
On November 7 , 2006 , West apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for U2 for their Vertigo concert in Brisbane .	November 7, 2006	On what day did Kanye apologize for his ranting at the MTV Europe Awards ?
He later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of Saturday Night Live in September 2007 .	Saturday Night Live	What show did Kanye perform a spoof about the incident at the MTV Europe Awards ?
On September 9 , 2007 , West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards -LRB- VMAs -RRB- in favor of Britney Spears ; he claimed , `` Maybe my skin 's not right . ''	race	What did Kanye believe was a contributing factor in him not opening for the 2007 MTV VMAs ?
He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song `` Stronger '' that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it .	Stronger	With what song did Kanye aspire to open the VMAs with ?
On September 9 , 2007 , West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards -LRB- VMAs -RRB- in favor of Britney Spears ; he claimed , `` Maybe my skin 's not right . ''	his race	What factor did Kanye West accuse of being the reason for his being excluded for the opening of the 2007 VMAs ?
He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song `` Stronger '' that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it .	"Stronger"	What song was Kanye 's dream to perform on the VMAs ?
On September 13 , 2009 , during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for `` You Belong with Me '' , West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyoncé 's video for `` Single Ladies -LRB- Put a Ring on It -RRB- '' , nominated for the same award , was `` one of the best videos of all time '' .	Taylor Swift	What artist 's award reception did Kanye interrupt onstage at the 2009 MTV VMAs ?
West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst , and by President Barack Obama , who called West a `` jackass '' .	Obama	Which U.S. President criticized Kanye for his VMA outburst ?
West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst , and by President Barack Obama , who called West a `` jackass '' .	President Barack Obama	Which President called Kanye West a jackass for his behavior at the 2009 VMAs ?
After some media backlash about the reference , West posted on Twitter `` I did not diss Taylor Swift and I 've never dissed her ... First thing is I 'm an artist and as an artist I will express how I feel with no censorship . ''	Taylor Swift	To which artist did Kanye profusely apologize to ?
In `` Famous , '' a track from his 2016 album The Life of Pablo , West implies that this incident led to Swift 's stardom , rapping , `` I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why ?	Famous	What song did Kanye end up writing that referenced his outburst against Taylor Swift ?
In September 2010 , West wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to Swift including `` Beyonce did n't need that .	September 2010	When did Kanye West post to Twitter apoloizing to Taylor Swift ?
However , on November 8 , 2010 , in an interview with a Minnesota radio station , he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as `` selfless '' and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created .	November 8, 2010	When did Kanye take back his apology to Taylor Swift , saying that he was being `` selfless '' ?
In `` Famous , '' a track from his 2016 album The Life of Pablo , West implies that this incident led to Swift 's stardom , rapping , `` I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why ?	The Life of Pablo	What album by Kanye was released in 2016 ?
On February 8 , 2015 , at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage , making everyone think he was joking around .	Beck	Which artist 's award reception did Kanye interrupt at the 57th Grammy Awards ?
After the awards show , West stated in an interview that he was not joking and that `` Beck needs to respect artistry , he should have given his award to Beyoncé '' .	Beyoncé	To who did Kanye state that Beck should hand his award over to ?
On February 8 , 2015 , at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage , making everyone think he was joking around .	Beck	What artist 's acceptance speech did Kanye interrupt by walking on stage at the 57th Grammys ?
On February 26 , 2015 , he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter .	February 26, 2015	What day did Kanye apologize to Beck on Twitter ?
On August 30 , 2015 , West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards .	Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award	What award did Kanye capture at the 2015 MTV VMAs ?
At the end of his speech , he announced , `` I have decided in 2020 to run for president . ''	2020	When does Kanye intend to run for president ?
On August 30 , 2015 , West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards .	Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award	What award was presented to Kanye West on August 30 , 2015 ?
The largest unsuccessful petition has been to the Glastonbury Festival 2015 with 133,000 + voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline .	Glastonbury Festival 2015	For what event was the largest amount of signatures collected in an attempt to keep Kanye from performing at it ?
On July 20 , 2015 , within five days of West 's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games , Change.org user XYZ collected over 50,000 signatures for West 's removal as headliner citing the headlining artist should be Canadian .	2015 Pan American Games	What was another event that garnered a large amount of protest for Kanye 's removal of headliner status ?
Music fans have turned to Change.org around the globe to try and block West 's participation at various events .	Change.org	What website have music fans been using to try to block Kanye West 's performance at different events ?
The largest unsuccessful petition has been to the Glastonbury Festival 2015 with 133,000 + voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline .	Glastonbury Festival	What festival was the largest failed petition to keep Kanye from performing ?
On July 20 , 2015 , within five days of West 's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games , Change.org user XYZ collected over 50,000 signatures for West 's removal as headliner citing the headlining artist should be Canadian .	50,000	How many signatures were gathered for Kanye 's removal from the 2015 Pan American Games ?
West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in August 2006 .	Alexis Phifer	Kanye 's first engagement was to which well-known designer ?
West subsequently dated model Amber Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 .	Amber Rose	What model did Kanye begin to date in 2008 ?
West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian in April 2012 .	Kim Kardashian	Who has Kanye finally settled with an married in 2014 ?
West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in August 2006 .	2002	What year did Kanye West begin his relationship with Alexis Phifer ?
West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in August 2006 .	August 2006	When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged ?
West subsequently dated model Amber Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 .	Amber Rose	Who did Kanye date from 2008 to 2010 ?
West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian in April 2012 .	April 2012	When did Kanye West start dating Kim Kardashian ?
In April 2015 , West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to have North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James .	Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James	Where in Jerusalem did Kardashian and West have their daughter North baptised ?
She was unresponsive in the emergency room , and after resuscitation attempts , doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8:30 pm , at age 58 .	58	How old was Kanye 's mother when she died ?
Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Andre Aboolian had refused to do the surgery because West had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack .	Andre Aboolian	What doctor did Donda West ignore the recommendation of to invest her heart condition ?
On November 10 , 2007 , at approximately 7:35 pm , paramedics responding to an emergency call transported West 's mother , Donda West , to the nearby Centinela Freeman Hospital in Marina del Rey , California .	7:35 pm	At approximately what time did paramedics receive the call about Kanye West 's mother , Donda ?
The Los Angeles County coroner 's office said in January 2008 that West had died of heart disease while suffering `` multiple post-operative factors '' after plastic surgery .	heart disease	What condition along with complications for the plastic surgery caused the death of Donda West ?
Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Andre Aboolian had refused to do the surgery because West had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack .	Andre Aboolian	What doctor originally turned Donda West down for her plastic surgery operation ?
She never met with the doctor recommended by Aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor , Jan Adams .	Jan Adams	What was the name of the doctor who performed the surgery that ended up killing Donda West ?
He appeared on Larry King Live on November 20 , 2007 , but left before speaking .	Larry King Live	What talk show did the doctor who performed Donda West 's plastic surgery appear on ?
The final coroner 's report January 10 , 2008 , concluded that Donda West died of `` coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty '' .	"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty"	What was the final cause of Donda 's death determined by the coroner ?
West 's family , through celebrity attorney Ed McPherson , filed complaints with the Medical Board against Adams and Aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death .	Ed McPherson	What was the name of the West 's family 's attorney during the incident surrounding the death of Donda West ?
West 's family , through celebrity attorney Ed McPherson , filed complaints with the Medical Board against Adams and Aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death .	violating patient confidentiality	What reasons did West 's family give for filing complaints against Adams and Aboolian ?
He appeared on Larry King Live on November 20 , 2007 , but left before speaking .	Larry King Live	On what show did Adams appear to `` defend himself '' ?
The final coroner 's report January 10 , 2008 , concluded that Donda West died of `` coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty '' .	January 10, 2008	On what day did the final coroner 's report show that Donda died from heart disease and complications from surgery ?
The funeral and burial for Donda West was held in Oklahoma City on November 20 , 2007 .	Oklahoma City	Where was Donda West 's funeral ?
He dedicated a performance of `` Hey Mama '' , as well as a cover of Journey 's `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' , to his mother , and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour .	"Hey Mama", as well as a cover of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'"	What songs did Kanye dedicate to his late mother as his performance at The O2 in London ?
The funeral and burial for Donda West was held in Oklahoma City on November 20 , 2007 .	Oklahoma City	In what city was the funeral and burial for Donda West held ?
The funeral and burial for Donda West was held in Oklahoma City on November 20 , 2007 .	November 20, 2007	On what day was the funeral of Donda West ?
West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22 .	November 22	What day was Kanye 's first concert after the death of his mother ?
He dedicated a performance of `` Hey Mama '' , as well as a cover of Journey 's `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' , to his mother , and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour .	Glow in the Dark tour	On what tour did Kanye perform `` Hey Mama '' and his version of Journey 's `` Do n't Stop Believing '' in memory of his mother ?
At a December 2008 press conference in New Zealand , West spoke about his mother 's death for the first time .	New Zealand	Where did Kanye first speak on his mother 's death ?
At a December 2008 press conference in New Zealand , West spoke about his mother 's death for the first time .	New Zealand	Where did Kanye West first speak about his mother 's death ?
California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the `` Donda West Law '' , legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery .	Arnold Schwarzenegger	What famous governor signed legislation in honor of Donda West 's death ?
California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the `` Donda West Law '' , legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery .	Arnold Schwarzenegger	What governor passed a law in honor of Donda West ?
California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the `` Donda West Law '' , legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery .	"Donda West Law"	What was the name of the law passed by Arnold Schwarzenegger ?
In December 2006 , Robert `` Evel '' Knievel sued West for trademark infringement in West 's video for `` Touch the Sky '' .	Robert "Evel" Knievel	What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006 ?
Just days before his death in November 2007 , Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West , saying , `` I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman . ''	days before his death in November 2007	When was the suit settled ?
In December 2006 , Robert `` Evel '' Knievel sued West for trademark infringement in West 's video for `` Touch the Sky '' .	Robert "Evel" Knievel	Which celebrity sued West in 2006 for trademark infrigement ?
Knievel took issue with a `` sexually charged video '' in which West takes on the persona of `` Evel Kanyevel '' and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon .	Evel Kanyevel	What was the name of the nickname Kanye West took on in his video `` Touch the Sky '' ?
Just days before his death in November 2007 , Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West , saying , `` I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman . ''	November 2007	When did Knievel settle the argument with West ?
On September 11 , 2008 , West and his road manager/bodyguard Don `` Don C. '' Crowley were arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which West and Crowley broke the photographers ' cameras .	felony vandalism	What was Kanye arrested for in 2008 ?
West was later released from the Los Angeles Police Department 's Pacific Division station in Culver City on $ 20,000 bail bond .	$20,000	How much was Kanye 's bail bond ?
Instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney 's office , which charged West with one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on March 18 , 2009 .	one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery	What was Kanye finally charged with ?
On September 11 , 2008 , West and his road manager/bodyguard Don `` Don C. '' Crowley were arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which West and Crowley broke the photographers ' cameras .	September 11, 2008	On what day was Kanye West arrested at the Los Angeles International Airport ?
On September 11 , 2008 , West and his road manager/bodyguard Don `` Don C. '' Crowley were arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which West and Crowley broke the photographers ' cameras .	felony vandalism	What were the charges filed against Kanye West ?
On September 11 , 2008 , West and his road manager/bodyguard Don `` Don C. '' Crowley were arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which West and Crowley broke the photographers ' cameras .	Don "Don C." Crowley	What was the name of the bodyguard also accused of vandalism ?
West was later released from the Los Angeles Police Department 's Pacific Division station in Culver City on $ 20,000 bail bond .	$20,000	What was the dollar amount of Kanye 's bond ?
West was arrested again on November 14 , 2008 at the Hilton hotel near Gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle upon Tyne .	scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle	What was Kanye second arrest for ?
West was arrested again on November 14 , 2008 at the Hilton hotel near Gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle upon Tyne .	November 14, 2008	What was the date of Kanye 's second arrest ?
West was arrested again on November 14 , 2008 at the Hilton hotel near Gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle upon Tyne .	Hilton hotel near Gateshead	Where was Kanye arrested at for the second time ?
West was arrested again on November 14 , 2008 at the Hilton hotel near Gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle upon Tyne .	Tup Tup Palace nightclub	At what location did the incident leading to West 's second arrest take place ?
West became increasingly agitated as a photographer , Daniel Ramos , continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence .	Daniel Ramos	What paparazzi member did Kanye attack at LAX in 2013 ?
However , the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft .	misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft	What was Kanye convicted for after his paparazzi attack ?
West became increasingly agitated as a photographer , Daniel Ramos , continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence .	Daniel Ramos	What was the name of the man who was hassling West outside of LAX that West later attacked ?
In March 2014 , West was sentenced to serve two years ' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions , perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to Ramos .	anger management	He had to attend 24 sessions of what kind of therapy ?
More recently , in September 2014 , West referred to himself as a Christian during one of his concerts .	Christian	What are Kanye 's religious beliefs ?
After the success of his song `` Jesus Walks '' from the album The College Dropout , West was questioned on his beliefs and said , `` I will say that I 'm spiritual .	The College Dropout	`` Jesus Walks '' was on which of Kanye 's albums ?
More recently , in September 2014 , West referred to himself as a Christian during one of his concerts .	Christian	September of 2014 , Kanye called himself a what during one of his concerts ?
West is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty-first century , receiving praise from music critics , fans , fellow musicians , artists , and wider cultural figures for his work .	among the most critically acclaimed	How is Kanye viewed as a 21st century artist ?
The Guardian has compared West to David Bowie , arguing that `` there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does -LRB- 30m-odd album sales and counting -RRB- while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically . ''	David Bowie	What famous English artist was Kanye compared to by The Guardian ?
Jon Caramanic of The New York Times said that West has been `` a frequent lightning rod for controversy , a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements , along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows -LRB- when he attends them -RRB- . ''	Jon Caramanic	What reporter compared Kanye West to a lightning rod ?
Village Voice Media senior editor Ben Westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time , writing that `` he 's made the best albums and changed the game the most , and his music is the most likely to endure , '' while Complex called him the 21st century 's `` most important artist of any art form , of any genre . ''	Ben Westhoff	Who said Kanye West was the greatest hip hop artist of all time ?
The Guardian has compared West to David Bowie , arguing that `` there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does -LRB- 30m-odd album sales and counting -RRB- while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically . ''	The Guardian	What magazine compared Kanye to David Bowie ?
Early in his career , he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop .	homophobia in hip hop	What overabundance of themes did Kanye criticize early in his career ?
Rosie Swash of The Guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip-hop , because it `` highlighted the diverging facets of hip-hop in the last decade ; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties , while West was the thinking man 's alternative . ''	gangsta rap	The shift away from what genre of rap is Kanye credited for ?
West 's middle-class background , flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have additionally set him apart from other rappers .	middle-class	What kind of background did Kanye West grow up in ?
The sales competition between rapper 50 Cent 's Curtis and West 's Graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore-gangster mold .	50 Cent	Who did Kanye West have a sales competition with during his album release of Graduation ?
According to Ben Detrick of XXL magazine , West effectively led a new wave of artists , including Kid Cudi , Wale , Lupe Fiasco , Kidz in the Hall , and Drake , who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug-dealing .	Ben Detrick	Who said that Kanye West effectively led a new wave of artists that were n't only interested in rapping about gunplay or drug dealing ?
Famed Tesla Motors CEO and inventor Elon Musk complimented West in a piece for Time Magazine 's 100 most influential people list , writing that :	influential	A number of artists have cited Kanye as being what to them ?
Famed Tesla Motors CEO and inventor Elon Musk complimented West in a piece for Time Magazine 's 100 most influential people list , writing that :	inventor Elon Musk	Who complimented West in Time Magazine ?
He has sold over 30 million digital songs in the United States making him one of the best-selling digital artists of all-time .	over 30 million	How many songs has Kanye sold digitally in his career ?
All of his albums have been commercially successful , with Yeezus , his sixth solo album , becoming his fifth consecutive No. 1 album in the U.S. upon release .	Yeezus	What was Kanye 's fifth consecutive number one album ?
West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012 , with `` Gold Digger '' selling 3,086,000 , `` Stronger '' selling 4,402,000 , `` Heartless '' selling 3,742,000 , `` E.T. '' selling over 4,000,000 , `` Love Lockdown '' selling over 3,000,000 , and `` Niggas in Paris '' selling over 3,000,000 , placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade .	3,086,000	As of 2012 , how many downloads have there been of `` Golddigger '' ?
West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012 , with `` Gold Digger '' selling 3,086,000 , `` Stronger '' selling 4,402,000 , `` Heartless '' selling 3,742,000 , `` E.T. '' selling over 4,000,000 , `` Love Lockdown '' selling over 3,000,000 , and `` Niggas in Paris '' selling over 3,000,000 , placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade .	third	What rank is West in total sales for the last decade ?
He has sold over 30 million digital songs in the United States making him one of the best-selling digital artists of all-time .	30 million	How many total digital songs has Kanye West sold in the US ?
As of 2013 , West has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all-time .	21	How many Grammies has Kanye won as of 2013 ?
West ties with Bob Dylan for having topped the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll the most number of times ever , with four number-one albums each .	Bob Dylan	With which artist does Kanye tie with for reaching the top of the annual Pazz & Jop Critic Poll ?
West has also been included twice in the Time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of Forbes annual lists .	twice	How many times has Kanye placed in the annual Time Magazine people list ?
As of 2013 , West has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all-time .	21	In 2013 , West had won how many total Grammy Awards ?
About.com ranked Kanye West No. 8 on their `` Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers '' list .	8	What rank did About.com give Kanye `` Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers '' list ?
On May 16 , 2008 , Kanye West was crowned by MTV as the year 's No. 1 `` Hottest MC in the Game . ''	May 16, 2008	On what day did MTV name Kanye as the year 's Number 1 `` Hottest MC in the Game . '' ?
On December 17 , 2010 , Kanye West was voted as the MTV Man of the Year by MTV .	MTV Man of the Year	December 17 , 2010 was the day Kanye was nominated by MTV for what ?
West ties with Bob Dylan for having topped the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll the most number of times ever , with four number-one albums each .	Bob Dylan	What musician did West tie with for topping the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll 4 times each ?
The Pitchfork online music publication ranked My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy as the world 's best album of the decade `` so far '' -- between 2010 and 2014 -- on August 19 , 2014 , while Yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums .	My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy	Which one of Kanye 's albums won The Pitchfork 's Album of the Decade -LRB- so far -RRB- award ?
The Pitchfork online music publication ranked My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy as the world 's best album of the decade `` so far '' -- between 2010 and 2014 -- on August 19 , 2014 , while Yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums .	eighth	What place did Yeezus secure on the list of 100 albums ?
The Pitchfork online music publication ranked My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy as the world 's best album of the decade `` so far '' -- between 2010 and 2014 -- on August 19 , 2014 , while Yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums .	The Pitchfork	What online music publication ranked Kanye 's album `` My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy '' as the world 's best album so far ?
The Pitchfork online music publication ranked My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy as the world 's best album of the decade `` so far '' -- between 2010 and 2014 -- on August 19 , 2014 , while Yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums .	Yeezus	What album was ranked 8 on a list of 100 albums ?
During the same week , the song `` Runaway '' -LRB- featuring Pusha T -RRB- was ranked in the third position in the publication 's list of the 200 `` best tracks '' released since 2010 .	"Runaway"	What song was ranked third in a list of 200 `` best tracks '' since 2010 ?
His more publicized comments include his declaration that President George W. Bush `` does n't care about black people '' during a live 2005 television broadcast for Hurricane Katrina relief , and his interruption of singer Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards .	George W. Bush	What President did Kanye West insult on air in 2005 ?
His more publicized comments include his declaration that President George W. Bush `` does n't care about black people '' during a live 2005 television broadcast for Hurricane Katrina relief , and his interruption of singer Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards .	Taylor Swift	Whose speech did Kanye West ruin at the 2009 MTV Awards ?
West 's efforts as a designer include collaborations with Nike , Louis Vuitton , and A.P.C. on both clothing and footwear , and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy Season collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013 .	clothing and footwear	What fashion items does Kanye West design ?
He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA .	DONDA	What company did Kanye West begin ?
West 's efforts as a designer include collaborations with Nike , Louis Vuitton , and A.P.C. on both clothing and footwear , and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy Season collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013 .	2013	What year did Kanye West begin working with Adidas ?
Buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion -LSB- note 1 -RSB- or philosophy -LRB- Sanskrit : धर्म dharma ; Pali : धम्म dhamma -RRB- that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha , commonly known as the Buddha -LRB- `` the awakened one '' -RRB- .	nontheistic	What type of religion is Buddhism ?
Buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion -LSB- note 1 -RSB- or philosophy -LRB- Sanskrit : धर्म dharma ; Pali : धम्म dhamma -RRB- that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha , commonly known as the Buddha -LRB- `` the awakened one '' -RRB- .	teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha	What are the practices of Buddhism based on ?
According to Buddhist tradition , the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent , present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE .	present-day Nepal	Where did the Buddha live ?
Buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths .	through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths	How do Buddhists believe their suffering can be ended ?
-LSB- note 1 -RSB- He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving .	ignorance and craving	What did the Buddha teach should be given up to end suffering ?
Buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion -LSB- note 1 -RSB- or philosophy -LRB- Sanskrit : धर्म dharma ; Pali : धम्म dhamma -RRB- that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha , commonly known as the Buddha -LRB- `` the awakened one '' -RRB- .	nontheistic religion	What type of religion is Buddhism ?
Buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion -LSB- note 1 -RSB- or philosophy -LRB- Sanskrit : धर्म dharma ; Pali : धम्म dhamma -RRB- that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha , commonly known as the Buddha -LRB- `` the awakened one '' -RRB- .	Gautama Buddha	Who 's teaching is Buddhism based upon ?
According to Buddhist tradition , the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent , present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE .	between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE	When was Buddha alive ?
According to Buddhist tradition , the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent , present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE .	present-day Nepal	Where did Buddha reside when he was alive ?
Buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion -LSB- note 1 -RSB- or philosophy -LRB- Sanskrit : धर्म dharma ; Pali : धम्म dhamma -RRB- that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha , commonly known as the Buddha -LRB- `` the awakened one '' -RRB- .	Gautama Buddha	Who 's teachings is Buddhism based upon ?
According to Buddhist tradition , the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent , present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE .	Nepal	Where was Buddha thought to live ?
According to Buddhist tradition , the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent , present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE .	sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE	When approximately was Buddha alive ?
Buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion -LSB- note 1 -RSB- or philosophy -LRB- Sanskrit : धर्म dharma ; Pali : धम्म dhamma -RRB- that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha , commonly known as the Buddha -LRB- `` the awakened one '' -RRB- .	Gautama Buddha	Buddhism is based on the teaching of who ?
According to Buddhist tradition , the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent , present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE .	Indian	Buddha was part of what subcontinent ?
Buddhism / ˈbudɪzəm / is a nontheistic religion -LSB- note 1 -RSB- or philosophy -LRB- Sanskrit : धर्म dharma ; Pali : धम्म dhamma -RRB- that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha , commonly known as the Buddha -LRB- `` the awakened one '' -RRB- .	Buddha	Who is `` the awakened one ''
Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : Theravada -LRB- `` The School of the Elders '' -RRB- and Mahayana -LRB- `` The Great Vehicle '' -RRB- .	Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle")	What are the two major branches of Buddhism ?
Vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana .	Vajrayana	What is sometimes viewed as the third branch of Buddhism ?
Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia .	Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia	Where does Theravada have the largest following ?
Mahayana which includes the traditions of Pure Land , Zen , Nichiren Buddhism , Shingon , and Tiantai -LRB- Tendai -RRB- is found throughout East Asia .	Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai (Tendai)	Mahayana includes which practices of Buddhism ?
Buddhists number between an estimated 488 million -LSB- web 1 -RSB- and 535 million , making it one of the world 's major religions .	488 million[web 1] and 535 million	What is the estimated number of Buddhists in the world ?
Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : Theravada -LRB- `` The School of the Elders '' -RRB- and Mahayana -LRB- `` The Great Vehicle '' -RRB- .	Mahayana	Which branch practices the teachings of Zen ?
Vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana .	Vajrayana	What minor branch is sometimes attributed to Mahayana ?
Vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana .	Vajrayana	What kind of teachings does Tibetan Buddhism preserve ?
Vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana .	Indian siddhas	Vajrayana is attributed to who ?
Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : Theravada -LRB- `` The School of the Elders '' -RRB- and Mahayana -LRB- `` The Great Vehicle '' -RRB- .	The School of the Elders	Theravada means what ?
In Theravada Buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana , achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path -LRB- also known as the Middle Way -RRB- , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth .	the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana	What is the goal of Theravada Buddhism ?
In Theravada Buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana , achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path -LRB- also known as the Middle Way -RRB- , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth .	practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)	How is Nirvana achieved ?
Mahayana Buddhism instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening .	a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening	What is the bodhisattva path ?
Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body .	Buddhahood or rainbow body	What is the goal of Tibetan Buddhism ?
In Theravada Buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana , achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path -LRB- also known as the Middle Way -RRB- , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth .	by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path	How is Nirvana attained ?
In Theravada Buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana , achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path -LRB- also known as the Middle Way -RRB- , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth .	Theravada	In what buddhism is the goal a state of nirvana ?
Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body .	Tibetan	What buddhism has a goal of Buddhahood or rainbow body ?
In Theravada Buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana , achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path -LRB- also known as the Middle Way -RRB- , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth .	the Middle Way	The Noble Eightfold Path is also known as what ?
Mahayana Buddhism instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening .	bodhisattva	Mahayana aspires to Buddhahood through what path ?
In Theravada Buddhism , the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana , achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path -LRB- also known as the Middle Way -RRB- , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth .	suffering and rebirth	Theravada escapes what cycle ?
The foundations of Buddhist tradition and practice are the Three Jewels : the Buddha , the Dharma -LRB- the teachings -RRB- , and the Sangha -LRB- the community -RRB- .	the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)	What are the Three Jewels of the Buddhist tradition ?
Other practices are Ten Meritorious Deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the Mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas .	cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment	What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds of Buddhism ?
Other practices are Ten Meritorious Deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the Mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas .	Ten Meritorious Deeds	What other practices do Buddhists adhere to ?
Other practices are Ten Meritorious Deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the Mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas .	renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic	What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds ?
Buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as Mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator .	creator	Buddhism denies what kind of deity ?
Other practices are Ten Meritorious Deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the Mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas .	greediness	Of the Ten Meritorious Deeds , giving charity reduces what ?
Other practices are Ten Meritorious Deeds including , giving charity to reduce the greediness ; following ethical precepts ; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic ; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation ; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ; study of scriptures ; devotional practices ; ceremonies ; and in the Mahayana tradition , invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas .	Mahayana	Invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas is in what tradition ?
This narrative draws on the Nidānakathā of the Jataka tales of the Theravada , which is ascribed to Buddhaghoṣa in the 5th century CE .	Nidānakathā of the Jataka tales of the Theravada	The Nidānakathā of the Jataka tales of the Theravada is attributed to who ?
Earlier biographies such as the Buddhacarita , the Lokottaravādin Mahāvastu , and the Sarvāstivādin Lalitavistara Sūtra , give different accounts .	Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravādin Mahāvastu, and the Sarvāstivādin Lalitavistara Sūtra	What are some other biographies that differ from the Jataka tales ?
Most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order , but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies .	Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order	What do scholars recognize about the life of the Buddha ?
This narrative draws on the Nidānakathā of the Jataka tales of the Theravada , which is ascribed to Buddhaghoṣa in the 5th century CE .	5th century CE	When was the Buddhagohosa written ?
Earlier biographies such as the Buddhacarita , the Lokottaravādin Mahāvastu , and the Sarvāstivādin Lalitavistara Sūtra , give different accounts .	the Buddhacarita	What is one of the earlier biographies on Buddhism ?
Most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order , but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies .	monastic	Most accept that Buddha lived and taught in what type of order ?
According to author Michael Carrithers , while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account , `` the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . ''	Michael Carrithers	Who said `` the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . '' ?
According to author Michael Carrithers , while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account , `` the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . ''	birth, maturity, renunciation	What are some of the outlines of life ?
In writing her biography of the Buddha , Karen Armstrong noted , `` It is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound ... -LSB- but -RSB- we can be reasonably confident Siddhatta Gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . ''	Karen Armstrong	Who wrote a biography of Buddha ?
In writing her biography of the Buddha , Karen Armstrong noted , `` It is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound ... -LSB- but -RSB- we can be reasonably confident Siddhatta Gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . ''	Siddhatta Gotama	What do some say is Buddha 's real name ?
In writing her biography of the Buddha , Karen Armstrong noted , `` It is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound ... -LSB- but -RSB- we can be reasonably confident Siddhatta Gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . ''	disciples	What are the helpers called that helped Buddha ?
According to author Michael Carrithers , while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account , `` the outline of the life must be true : birth , maturity , renunciation , search , awakening and liberation , teaching , death . ''	Michael Carrithers	Who believes `` the outline of the life must be true '' in reference to Buddha ?
In writing her biography of the Buddha , Karen Armstrong noted , `` It is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound ... -LSB- but -RSB- we can be reasonably confident Siddhatta Gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . ''	the Buddha	Karen Armstrong wrote a biography on who ?
In writing her biography of the Buddha , Karen Armstrong noted , `` It is obviously difficult , therefore , to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria , because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound ... -LSB- but -RSB- we can be reasonably confident Siddhatta Gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could . ''	Siddhatta Gotama	Karen Armstrong has said that we can be confident who existed ?
The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE .	fifth century BCE	According to early texts , when was Siddhārtha Gautama born ?
The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE .	in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent	According to early texts , where was Siddhārtha Gautama born ?
It was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch .	It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.	What type of community was Siddhārtha Gautama raised in ?
The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE .	the northeastern Indian subcontinent	Where was Siddhārtha Gautama born ?
The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE .	fifth century BCE	When did Siddhārtha Gautama live ?
It was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch .	a small republic	What size was Siddhārtha Gautama 's birthplace ?
The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE .	early texts	Where did we find proof of his existence ?
It was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch .	an oligarchy	What was most likely Siddhārtha Gautama 's father ?
The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE .	Siddhārtha Gautama	Who was born in a northeastern part of India /
It was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch .	elected chieftain	If Siddhartha lived in a small republic , his father would have been a what ?
According to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama , an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince 's father , Suddhodana , and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls .	Asita	What was the name of the astrologer who visited Prince Gautama 's father ?
According to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama , an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince 's father , Suddhodana , and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls .	Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man	What was the prediction made by Asita ?
According to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama , an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince 's father , Suddhodana , and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls .	depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls	According to Asita , how would Siddhartha decide which path to take in life ?
According to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama , an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince 's father , Suddhodana , and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls .	an astrologer	What was the occupation of the person who visited Gautama ?
According to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama , an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince 's father , Suddhodana , and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls .	Suddhodana	What was the name of his father ?
According to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama , an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince 's father , Suddhodana , and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls .	a great king	What was Buddha predicted to become contrary with his life as we know it ?
According to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama , an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince 's father , Suddhodana , and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls .	Asita	What was the name of the astrologer that visited Gautama 's father ?
According to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama , an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince 's father , Suddhodana , and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls .	Suddhodana	What is Gautama 's fathers name ?
According to this narrative , shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama , an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince 's father , Suddhodana , and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man , depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls .	holy man	Asita prophesied that Siddhartha would be a kind or a what ?
Śuddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds .	prevented him from leaving the palace grounds	What did Śuddhodana do to ensure that his son became a king instead of a holy man ?
But at age 29 , despite his father 's efforts , Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times .	29	How old was Gautama when he first left the palace grounds ?
In a series of encounters -- known in Buddhist literature as the four sights -- he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world .	he learned of the suffering of ordinary people	What happened when Gautama left the palace grounds ?
In a series of encounters -- known in Buddhist literature as the four sights -- he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world .	encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man	What are the four sights in Buddhism ?
Śuddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds .	a king	What did Buddha 's father want him to become ?
But at age 29 , despite his father 's efforts , Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times .	29	By what age was he venturing outside ?
In a series of encounters -- known in Buddhist literature as the four sights -- he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world .	the four sights	What were his first four encounters called ?
These experiences prompted Gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest .	abandon royal life	What did Gautama do after learning about the outside world ?
Śuddhodana was determined to see his son become a king , so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds .	a king	Suddhodana wanted his son to become what ?
But at age 29 , despite his father 's efforts , Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times .	29	At what age did Gautama venture out from the palace area ?
In a series of encounters -- known in Buddhist literature as the four sights -- he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world .	four	How many `` sights '' did Gautama have that are well known ?
In a series of encounters -- known in Buddhist literature as the four sights -- he learned of the suffering of ordinary people , encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man , apparently content and at peace with the world .	corpse	Gautama encountered an old man , a sick man , a holy man , and a what ?
Gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day , and mastered the meditative attainments they taught .	went to study with famous religious teachers of the day	What was the first thing Gautama did on his spiritual quest ?
He devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way -LRB- Skt .	the Middle Way	What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called ?
Gautama underwent prolonged fasting , breath-holding , and exposure to pain .	prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain	What are some of the practices Gautama underwent on his quest ?
He devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way -LRB- Skt .	meditation	What was the first skill Gautama learnt ?
He next attempted an extreme asceticism , which was a religious pursuit common among the śramaṇas , a religious culture distinct from the Vedic one .	asceticism	What almost killed Gautama in his pursuit ?
So in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach .	milk and rice	What did he receive from the locals that changed his approach ?
He devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way -LRB- Skt .	Middle Way	What is the path of moderation called he followed ?
But he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering , so he continued his quest .	they did not provide a permanent end to suffering	Gautama did n't like the religious teaching he initially found because of why ?
So in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach .	milk and rice	What did Gautama accept from a village girl ?
He devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way -LRB- Skt .	anapanasati	Gautama devoted himself to what type of meditation ?
He devoted himself to anapanasati meditation , through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way -LRB- Skt .	the Middle Way	Buddhists call anapanasati what ?
At the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment .	35	How old was Gautama when he sat under the Bodhi Tree ?
At the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment .	Ficus religiosa	What kind of tree was the Bodhi Tree ?
Now , as the Buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 -LRB- 483 BCE -RRB- in Kushinagar , India .	he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered	What did Gautama spend the rest of his life doing after reaching enlightenment ?
Now , as the Buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 -LRB- 483 BCE -RRB- in Kushinagar , India .	80	How old was the Buddha at the time of his death ?
The south branch of the original fig tree available only in Anuradhapura Sri Lanka is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi .	Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi	What is the south branch of the tree Gautama sat under called ?
At the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment .	Ficus religiosa	What was the tree called he sat under ?
At the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment .	Bodhi Tree	What was the tree renamed that Gautama achieved enlightenment under ?
Now , as the Buddha , he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered , traveling throughout the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent , and died at the age of 80 -LRB- 483 BCE -RRB- in Kushinagar , India .	80	At what age did Gautama come to pass ?
At the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment .	Bodhi Tree	When he was 35 Gautama sat in meditation under what tree ?
At the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment .	Ficus religiosa	What type of tree was the Bodhi Tree ?
At the age of 35 , he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment .	Bodh Gaya	What town was the Bodhi Tree in ?
The south branch of the original fig tree available only in Anuradhapura Sri Lanka is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi .	Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi	The south branch of the original fig tree is known as ?
Within Buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences .	the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death	What is samsara ?
Samsara arises out of avidya -LRB- ignorance -RRB- and is characterized by dukkha -LRB- suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction -RRB- .	ignorance	What is avidya ?
Samsara arises out of avidya -LRB- ignorance -RRB- and is characterized by dukkha -LRB- suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction -RRB- .	suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction	What is dukkha ?
In the Buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path .	In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path.	Is liberation from samsara possible ?
Samsara arises out of avidya -LRB- ignorance -RRB- and is characterized by dukkha -LRB- suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction -RRB- .	Samsara	The cycle of birth and death is called what in Buddhism ?
Specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , -LSB- note 2 -RSB- where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering .	six	How many realms of existence are there in Buddhism ?
Samsara arises out of avidya -LRB- ignorance -RRB- and is characterized by dukkha -LRB- suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction -RRB- .	ignorance	avidya is what kind of samsara ?
In the Buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path .	by following the Buddhist path	How can you be freed from samsara ?
Within Buddhism , samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings ' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences .	the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death	What is samsara defined as ?
Specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , -LSB- note 2 -RSB- where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering .	six	How many realms of existance are within the cycle of rebirths ?
Specifically , samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence , -LSB- note 2 -RSB- where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering .	psychological	Realms can be understood as physical realms of what type of states ?
Samsara arises out of avidya -LRB- ignorance -RRB- and is characterized by dukkha -LRB- suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction -RRB- .	avidya	Samsara is caused by what ?
In the Buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path .	following the Buddhist path	A person can get away from samsara by doing what ?
In Buddhism , Karma -LRB- from Sanskrit : `` action , work '' -RRB- is the force that drives saṃsāra -- the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being .	action, work	What does the Sanskrit term Karma translate as ?
In Buddhism , Karma -LRB- from Sanskrit : `` action , work '' -RRB- is the force that drives saṃsāra -- the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being .	the force that drives saṃsāra	What is karma according to Buddhism ?
The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sīla .	sīla	What is theavoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions called ?
Karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent -LRB- cetanā -RRB- , and bring about a consequence or phala `` fruit '' or vipāka `` result '' .	actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent	What actions does karma refer to in Buddhism ?
In Buddhism , Karma -LRB- from Sanskrit : `` action , work '' -RRB- is the force that drives saṃsāra -- the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being .	action, work	What is the definition of Karma from Sanskrit ?
The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sīla .	sīla	What is the avoidance of bad acts called ?
Karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent -LRB- cetanā -RRB- , and bring about a consequence or phala `` fruit '' or vipāka `` result '' .	cetanā	Karma 's actions come from what ?
Karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent -LRB- cetanā -RRB- , and bring about a consequence or phala `` fruit '' or vipāka `` result '' .	vipāka	What is the result of Karma called ?
In Buddhism , Karma -LRB- from Sanskrit : `` action , work '' -RRB- is the force that drives saṃsāra -- the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being .	the force that drives saṃsāra	What is Karma ?
The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sīla .	sīla	Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what ?
Karma specifically refers to those actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent -LRB- cetanā -RRB- , and bring about a consequence or phala `` fruit '' or vipāka `` result '' .	result	what does vipaka mean ?
In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one 's karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe .	Theravada Buddhism	In which branch of Buddhism is it believed that there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for karma ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In Mahayana Buddhism , the texts of certain Mahayana sutras -LRB- such as the Lotus Sutra , the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra -RRB- claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma .	the Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra	In Mahayana Buddhism , what are some Mahayana sutras that are believed to remove negative karma just by the hearing of the texts ?
Some forms of Buddhism -LRB- for example , Vajrayana -RRB- regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma .	Vajrayana	The reciting of mantras as a means for removing past negative karma is a part of which branch of Buddhism ?
The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amitābha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in saṃsāra .	Amitābha	According to Genshin , who has the power to destroy karma ?
In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one 's karma , since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe .	Theravada Buddhism	What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable ?
The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amitābha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in saṃsāra .	Amitābha	Who has the power to destroy bad karma ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In Mahayana Buddhism , the texts of certain Mahayana sutras -LRB- such as the Lotus Sutra , the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra -RRB- claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma .	Mahayana	What type of sutra is the Lotus Sutra ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In Mahayana Buddhism , the texts of certain Mahayana sutras -LRB- such as the Lotus Sutra , the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra -RRB- claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma .	negative	Some mantras are used for cutting off what type of karma ?
The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amitābha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in saṃsāra .	Genshin	Who was the Japanese Pure Land teacher ?
The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amitābha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in saṃsāra .	Amitābha	According to Genshin , whats has the power to destroy karma ?
Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death .	Rebirth	What is the process in which beings go through cycles of lifetimes as many forms of sentient life ?
The doctrine of anattā -LRB- Sanskrit anātman -RRB- rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging , eternal soul , as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity .	The doctrine of anattā (Sanskrit anātman)	Which doctrine denies the concept of a permanent self or soul ?
Rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever-changing process of pratītyasamutpāda -LRB- `` dependent arising '' -RRB- determined by the laws of cause and effect -LRB- karma -RRB- rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next .	the laws of cause and effect	In Buddhism , rebirth into consecutive lives is determined by what ?
Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death .	from conception to death.	Sentient life according to Buddhism runs between what two points ?
Rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever-changing process of pratītyasamutpāda -LRB- `` dependent arising '' -RRB- determined by the laws of cause and effect -LRB- karma -RRB- rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next .	karma	The laws of cause and effect can also be called ?
Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life , each running from conception to death .	Rebirth	What is the name for the process of a succession of lifetimes ?
Buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine -- Nairatmyavadin or Anattavadin .	anatta	What doctrine rejects the idea of permanent self ?
Rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic , ever-changing process of pratītyasamutpāda -LRB- `` dependent arising '' -RRB- determined by the laws of cause and effect -LRB- karma -RRB- rather than that of one being , reincarnating from one existence to the next .	pratītyasamutpāda	`` dependent arising '' is the meaning of what word ?
The doctrine of anattā -LRB- Sanskrit anātman -RRB- rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging , eternal soul , as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity .	eternal soul	Hinduism and Christianity use what term for a permanent self ?
-LSB- web 4 -RSB- Rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes , can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis -LRB- non-returners -RRB- .	skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis (non-returners)	Rebirth into the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes can only be attained by who ?
Rebirths in the Ārūpyadhātu -LRB- formless realms -RRB- can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas , the highest object of meditation .	those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas, the highest object of meditation	Rebirth into the formless realms can only be attained by who ?
The above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence .	31	How many planes of existence are there ?
-LSB- web 4 -RSB- Rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes , can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis -LRB- non-returners -RRB- .	Pure Abodes	What are the higher heavens called ?
-LSB- web 4 -RSB- Rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes , can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis -LRB- non-returners -RRB- .	anāgāmis	What are skilled Buddhists called ?
Rebirths in the Ārūpyadhātu -LRB- formless realms -RRB- can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas , the highest object of meditation .	formless realms	What is another name for Ārūpyadhātu ?
Rebirths in the Ārūpyadhātu -LRB- formless realms -RRB- can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas , the highest object of meditation .	arūpajhānas	What is the highest object of meditation called ?
The above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence .	31	How many planes of existence ?
-LSB- web 4 -RSB- Rebirths in some of the higher heavens , known as the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes , can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis -LRB- non-returners -RRB- .	anāgāmis	Skilled buddhist practictioners that can get to the higher heavens are known as what ?
Rebirths in the Ārūpyadhātu -LRB- formless realms -RRB- can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas , the highest object of meditation .	arūpajhānas	What is the highest object of meditation ?
Rebirths in the Ārūpyadhātu -LRB- formless realms -RRB- can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas , the highest object of meditation .	formless realms	What does arupyadhatu mean ?
According to East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism , there is an intermediate state -LRB- Tibetan `` bardo '' -RRB- between one life and the next .	East Asian and Tibetan	There is a transitional state between one life and the next according to what branches of Buddhism ?
The orthodox Theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next .	Theravada	What branch of Buddhism rejects that there is a transitional state between lives ?
The orthodox Theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next .	Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon	Passages in what teaching support the idea that the Buddha taught of a stage between lives ?
According to East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism , there is an intermediate state -LRB- Tibetan `` bardo '' -RRB- between one life and the next .	bardo	What is the state called between lives ?
The orthodox Theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next .	Theravada	Which major part of Buddhism rejects bardo ?
The orthodox Theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next .	Samyutta Nikaya	What book discusses bardo ?
According to East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism , there is an intermediate state -LRB- Tibetan `` bardo '' -RRB- between one life and the next .	East Asian	Other than Tibetan Buddhism , what other Buddhism supports bardo ?
According to East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism , there is an intermediate state -LRB- Tibetan `` bardo '' -RRB- between one life and the next .	East Asian and Tibetan	There is an intermediate state between one life and the next according to what Buddism ?
The orthodox Theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next .	orthodox	What type of Theravada rejects the intermediate state idea ?
The orthodox Theravada position rejects this ; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next .	Pali	Some passages of what Canon support the idea of intermediate stages ?
The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism , and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought .	the Four Noble Truths	What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism ?
These four truths explain the nature of dukkha -LRB- suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness -RRB- , its causes , and how it can be overcome .	the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome	What do the Four Noble Truths explain ?
The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism , and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought .	the Four Noble Truths	What teachings are the most important to Buddhism ?
These four truths explain the nature of dukkha -LRB- suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness -RRB- , its causes , and how it can be overcome .	suffering	What part of Dukkha deals with pain ?
The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism , and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought .	Four Noble Truths	What is considered central to the teachings of Buddhism ?
These four truths explain the nature of dukkha -LRB- suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness -RRB- , its causes , and how it can be overcome .	dukkha	The four truths explain the nature of what ?
The first truth explains the nature of dukkha .	the nature of dukkha	What does the first of the Four Noble Truths explain ?
Dukkha is commonly translated as `` suffering '' , `` anxiety '' , `` unsatisfactoriness '' , `` unease '' , etc. , and it is said to have the following three aspects :	"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.	What is Dukkha ?
Dukkha is commonly translated as `` suffering '' , `` anxiety '' , `` unsatisfactoriness '' , `` unease '' , etc. , and it is said to have the following three aspects :	Dukkha	What does the first truth cover ?
Dukkha is commonly translated as `` suffering '' , `` anxiety '' , `` unsatisfactoriness '' , `` unease '' , etc. , and it is said to have the following three aspects :	suffering	What is another word for Dukkha ?
Dukkha is commonly translated as `` suffering '' , `` anxiety '' , `` unsatisfactoriness '' , `` unease '' , etc. , and it is said to have the following three aspects :	anxiety	What is another nature of Dukkha ?
Dukkha is commonly translated as `` suffering '' , `` anxiety '' , `` unsatisfactoriness '' , `` unease '' , etc. , and it is said to have the following three aspects :	three	How many aspects are there to Dukkha ?
Dukkha is commonly translated as `` suffering '' , `` anxiety '' , `` unsatisfactoriness '' , `` unease '' , etc. , and it is said to have the following three aspects :	unsatisfactoriness	Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness ?
Dukkha is commonly translated as `` suffering '' , `` anxiety '' , `` unsatisfactoriness '' , `` unease '' , etc. , and it is said to have the following three aspects :	Dukkha	Suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness , and unease is the translation of what word ?
Dukkha is commonly translated as `` suffering '' , `` anxiety '' , `` unsatisfactoriness '' , `` unease '' , etc. , and it is said to have the following three aspects :	three	How many aspects does dukkha have ?
The second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known .	that the origin of dukkha can be known	What does the second of the Four Noble Truths explain ?
Within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving -LRB- Pali : tanha -RRB- conditioned by ignorance -LRB- Pali : avijja -RRB- .	craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)	What is the origin of dukkha ?
The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation .	the complete cessation of dukkha is possible	What is the third of the Four Noble Truths explain ?
The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible , and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation .	identifies a path to this cessation	What is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths explain ?
The second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known .	dukkha can be known.	What is the second truth ?
Within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving -LRB- Pali : tanha -RRB- conditioned by ignorance -LRB- Pali : avijja -RRB- .	craving	How is the meaning of Dukkha explained ?
Within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving -LRB- Pali : tanha -RRB- conditioned by ignorance -LRB- Pali : avijja -RRB- .	ignorance	What is a contributing factor to Dukkha ?
The second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known .	the origin of dukkha can be known	The second truth is ?
Within the context of the four noble truths , the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving -LRB- Pali : tanha -RRB- conditioned by ignorance -LRB- Pali : avijja -RRB- .	ignorance	The origin of dukkha is explained as craving conditioned by what ?
On a deeper level , the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance -LRB- Pali : avijja -RRB- of the true nature of things .	true nature of things	The root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance of what ?
The second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known .	dukkha	The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible ?
The Noble Eightfold Path -- the fourth of the Buddha 's Noble Truths -- consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha .	The Noble Eightfold Path	What is the fourth of the Buddha 's Four Noble Truths ?
The Noble Eightfold Path -- the fourth of the Buddha 's Noble Truths -- consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha .	lead to the cessation of dukkha	What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path ?
These eight factors are : Right View -LRB- or Right Understanding -RRB- , Right Intention -LRB- or Right Thought -RRB- , Right Speech , Right Action , Right Livelihood , Right Effort , Right Mindfulness , and Right Concentration .	Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration	What are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path ?
The Noble Eightfold Path -- the fourth of the Buddha 's Noble Truths -- consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha .	the fourth	The Noble Eightfold Path is which of Buddha 's Truths ?
The Noble Eightfold Path -- the fourth of the Buddha 's Noble Truths -- consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha .	the cessation of dukkha	What is the end goal of the Fourth Truth ?
These eight factors are : Right View -LRB- or Right Understanding -RRB- , Right Intention -LRB- or Right Thought -RRB- , Right Speech , Right Action , Right Livelihood , Right Effort , Right Mindfulness , and Right Concentration .	Right Action	What is one of the eight factors ?
The Noble Eightfold Path -- the fourth of the Buddha 's Noble Truths -- consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha .	the fourth	The Noble Eightfold Path is which Noble Truth ?
The Noble Eightfold Path -- the fourth of the Buddha 's Noble Truths -- consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha .	eight	The noble Eightfold path is a set of how many inerconnected factors ?
The Noble Eightfold Path -- the fourth of the Buddha 's Noble Truths -- consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions , that when developed together , lead to the cessation of dukkha .	dukkha	When the eight factors are developed together , is leads to the cessation of what ?
Ajahn Sucitto describes the path as `` a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other . ''	Ajahn Sucitto	Who describes the Noble Eightfold Path as `` a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other . '' ?
Rather , they are understood as eight significant dimensions of one 's behaviour -- mental , spoken , and bodily -- that operate in dependence on one another ; taken together , they define a complete path , or way of living .	as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour	How are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path to be understood ?
Rather , they are understood as eight significant dimensions of one 's behaviour -- mental , spoken , and bodily -- that operate in dependence on one another ; taken together , they define a complete path , or way of living .	mental, spoken, and bodily	What can one 's behaviour be divided into ?
Ajahn Sucitto describes the path as `` a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other . ''	Ajahn Sucitto	Who describes the path as `` a mandala of interconnected factor that support and moderate each other '' ?
While he searched for enlightenment , Gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as `` the immeasurables '' .	the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables"	During his search for enlightenment , Gautama combined what teachings ?
-LSB- dubious -- discuss -RSB- Gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism .	one without egotism	What was the new kind of human invented by Gautama ?
-LSB- dubious -- discuss -RSB- What Thich Nhat Hanh calls the `` Four Immeasurable Minds '' of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity -LSB- full citation needed -RSB- are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables .	brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables	What are the Four Immeasurable Minds also known as ?
Of the four , mettā or loving-kindness meditation is perhaps the best known .	mettā or loving-kindness meditation	What is the best known of the four immeasurables ?
-LSB- web 5 -RSB- The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates `` wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings . ''	wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings	The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what ?
While he searched for enlightenment , Gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as `` the immeasurables '' .	Kalama	Gautama combined the yoga practice of what teacher ?
-LSB- dubious -- discuss -RSB- Gautama thus invented a new kind of human , one without egotism .	egotism	Gautama invented a new kind of human without what ?
-LSB- dubious -- discuss -RSB- What Thich Nhat Hanh calls the `` Four Immeasurable Minds '' of love , compassion , joy , and equanimity -LSB- full citation needed -RSB- are also known as brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables .	love, compassion, joy, and equanimity	What are the `` four Immeasurable minds '' ?
-LSB- web 5 -RSB- Pema Chödrön calls them the `` four limitless ones '' .	Pema Chödrön	Who calls the four immeasurable minds `` four limitless ones '' ?
Of the four , mettā or loving-kindness meditation is perhaps the best known .	meditation	The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what ?
An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the Middle Way -LRB- or Middle Path -RRB- , which is said to have been discovered by Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment .	prior to his enlightenment	When did Gautama Buddha discover the Middle Way ?
An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the Middle Way -LRB- or Middle Path -RRB- , which is said to have been discovered by Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment .	the Middle Way	An important guiding priciple of Buddhist practice is what ?
An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the Middle Way -LRB- or Middle Path -RRB- , which is said to have been discovered by Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment .	enlightenment	Guatama discovered the middle path before his what ?
Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories , philosophies and world view concepts -LRB- see , for example , Abhidharma , Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism -RRB- .	Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism	What are some of the theories and philosophies produced by Buddhist scholars ?
Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study , and some regard it as essential practice .	Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.	Does Buddhism encourage or discourage doctrinal studies ?
Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories , philosophies and world view concepts -LRB- see , for example , Abhidharma , Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism -RRB- .	Buddhist scholars	Who has produced a number of theories and concepts such as Abhidharma and Reality in Buddhism ?
Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study , and some regard it as essential practice .	doctrinal	Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study ?
The concept of liberation -LRB- nirvāṇa -RRB- -- the goal of the Buddhist path -- is closely related to overcoming ignorance -LRB- avidyā -RRB- , a fundamental misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality .	liberation	What is the goal of the Buddhist path ?
In awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging , and is liberated from suffering -LRB- dukkha -RRB- and the cycle of incessant rebirths -LRB- saṃsāra -RRB- .	suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (saṃsāra)	Upon awakening to the true nature of the self , what is one is liberated from ?
The concept of liberation -LRB- nirvāṇa -RRB- -- the goal of the Buddhist path -- is closely related to overcoming ignorance -LRB- avidyā -RRB- , a fundamental misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality .	nirvāṇa	Liberation is know as what ?
The concept of liberation -LRB- nirvāṇa -RRB- -- the goal of the Buddhist path -- is closely related to overcoming ignorance -LRB- avidyā -RRB- , a fundamental misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality .	nirvāṇa	What is the goal of the buddhist path ?
In awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging , and is liberated from suffering -LRB- dukkha -RRB- and the cycle of incessant rebirths -LRB- saṃsāra -RRB- .	objects	In awakening to the true nature of the self , one no longer care about what ?
To this end , the Buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence .	three	Buddha recommended viewing thing by how many marks of existence ?
Impermanence -LRB- Pāli : anicca -RRB- expresses the Buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena -LRB- all things and experiences -RRB- are inconstant , unsteady , and impermanent .	all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent	What is the meaning of impermanence in Buddhism ?
According to the doctrine of impermanence , life embodies this flux in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth -LRB- saṃsāra -RRB- , and in any experience of loss .	in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra), and in any experience of loss	According to the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence , how does life express impermanence ?
The doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent , attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering -LRB- dukkha -RRB- .	because things are impermanent	Why is attachment to things futile ?
Everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts , and its existence is dependent on external conditions .	Everything	What is in a constant flux ?
Things are constantly coming into being , and ceasing to be .	ceasing to be	Everything is continuously coming into being and what ?
According to the doctrine of impermanence , life embodies this flux in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth -LRB- saṃsāra -RRB- , and in any experience of loss .	saṃsāra	The cycle of rebirth is also called what ?
The doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent , attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering -LRB- dukkha -RRB- .	suffering	According to doctrine , because all thing do n't last , attachment can lead to what ?
The word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in English including suffering , pain , unsatisfactoriness , sorrow , affliction , anxiety , dissatisfaction , discomfort , anguish , stress , misery , and frustration .	suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration	The term dukkha corresponds to what English terms ?
Although the term is often translated as `` suffering '' , its philosophical meaning is more analogous to `` disquietude '' as in the condition of being disturbed .	disquietude	Dukkha is often translated as suffering , but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term ?
As such , `` suffering '' is too narrow a translation with `` negative emotional connotations '' -LSB- web 9 -RSB- that can give the impression that the Buddhist view is pessimistic , but Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic , but realistic .	realistic	Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic or optimistic , but what ?
Suffering -LRB- Pāli : दुक्ख dukkha ; Sanskrit दुःख duḥkha -RRB- is also a central concept in Buddhism .	Buddhism	Suffering is a central concept in what ?
Although the term is often translated as `` suffering '' , its philosophical meaning is more analogous to `` disquietude '' as in the condition of being disturbed .	disquietude	The philosophical meaning of suffering is close what term ?
Although the term is often translated as `` suffering '' , its philosophical meaning is more analogous to `` disquietude '' as in the condition of being disturbed .	disquietude	The condition of being disturbed is what ?
Suffering -LRB- Pāli : दुक्ख dukkha ; Sanskrit दुःख duḥkha -RRB- is also a central concept in Buddhism .	dukkha	In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition ?
Not-self -LRB- Pāli : anatta ; Sanskrit : anātman -RRB- is the third mark of existence .	Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman)	What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism ?
In the Nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion , but as an approach for gaining release from suffering .	suffering	The Buddha rejected the metaphysical assertions `` I have a Self '' and `` I have no Self '' as views that bind one to what ?
-LSB- note 9 -RSB- When asked if the self was identical with the body , the Buddha refused to answer .	the Buddha refused to answer	What was the answer given when the Buddha was asked if the body is the same as the self ?
By analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents -LRB- skandhas -RRB- of a person or object , the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self .	neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self	What is the conclusion that one comes to when analyzing the changing physical and mental components or person or thing ?
Not-self -LRB- Pāli : anatta ; Sanskrit : anātman -RRB- is the third mark of existence .	Not-self	What is the 3rd mark of existence ?
In the Nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion , but as an approach for gaining release from suffering .	Nikayas	In what form is anatta not meant as a metaphysical assertion ?
In fact , the Buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions `` I have a Self '' and `` I have no Self '' as ontological views that bind one to suffering .	"I have no Self"	Buddha rejected the assertion `` I have a Self '' and what other related assertion ?
By analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents -LRB- skandhas -RRB- of a person or object , the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self .	skandhas	What is the term for constantly changing physical and mental parts ?
The doctrine of pratītyasamutpāda , -LRB- Sanskrit ; Pali : paticcasamuppāda ; Tibetan Wylie : rten cing ` brel bar ` byung ba ; Chinese : 緣起 -RRB- is an important part of Buddhist metaphysics .	pratītyasamutpāda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppāda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: 緣起)	What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine that states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect ?
It is variously rendered into English as `` dependent origination '' , `` conditioned genesis '' , `` dependent relationship '' , `` dependent co-arising '' , `` interdependent arising '' , or `` contingency '' .	"dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency"	Translated into English , what does pratītyasamutpāda mean ?
The doctrine of pratītyasamutpāda , -LRB- Sanskrit ; Pali : paticcasamuppāda ; Tibetan Wylie : rten cing ` brel bar ` byung ba ; Chinese : 緣起 -RRB- is an important part of Buddhist metaphysics .	Buddhist	The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics ?
The best-known application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda is the scheme of Twelve Nidānas -LRB- from Pāli `` nidāna '' meaning `` cause , foundation , source or origin '' -RRB- , which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth -LRB- saṃsāra -RRB- in detail .	the scheme of Twelve Nidānas	What is the most common application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda ?
The best-known application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda is the scheme of Twelve Nidānas -LRB- from Pāli `` nidāna '' meaning `` cause , foundation , source or origin '' -RRB- , which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth -LRB- saṃsāra -RRB- in detail .	the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (saṃsāra) in detail.	What does the scheme of Twelve Nidānas explain ?
The best-known application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda is the scheme of Twelve Nidānas -LRB- from Pāli `` nidāna '' meaning `` cause , foundation , source or origin '' -RRB- , which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth -LRB- saṃsāra -RRB- in detail .	Twelve Nidānas	An application of the idea of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of what ?
The best-known application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda is the scheme of Twelve Nidānas -LRB- from Pāli `` nidāna '' meaning `` cause , foundation , source or origin '' -RRB- , which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth -LRB- saṃsāra -RRB- in detail .	cause, foundation, source or origin	What doe nidana mean ?
The Twelve Nidānas describe a causal connection between the subsequent characteristics or conditions of cyclic existence , each one giving rise to the next :	The Twelve Nidānas	What describes the connection between the conditions of cyclic existence ?
The Twelve Nidānas describe a causal connection between the subsequent characteristics or conditions of cyclic existence , each one giving rise to the next :	The Twelve Nidānas	What describes the causal connection between the subsequent conditions of cyclic existance ?
Sentient beings always suffer throughout saṃsāra until they free themselves from this suffering -LRB- dukkha -RRB- by attaining Nirvana .	by attaining Nirvana	How are sentient beings freed from suffering ?
Then the absence of the first Nidāna -- ignorance -- leads to the absence of the others .	ignorance	What is the first Nidāna ?
Then the absence of the first Nidāna -- ignorance -- leads to the absence of the others .	the absence of the others	The absence of ignorance leads to what ?
Sentient beings always suffer throughout saṃsāra until they free themselves from this suffering -LRB- dukkha -RRB- by attaining Nirvana .	Sentient beings	Who always suffers throughout samsara ?
Sentient beings always suffer throughout saṃsāra until they free themselves from this suffering -LRB- dukkha -RRB- by attaining Nirvana .	dukkha	What is suffering also called ?
Sentient beings always suffer throughout saṃsāra until they free themselves from this suffering -LRB- dukkha -RRB- by attaining Nirvana .	attaining Nirvana	How do you free yourself of dukkha ?
Then the absence of the first Nidāna -- ignorance -- leads to the absence of the others .	ignorance	What is the first Nidana ?
Nagarjuna 's primary contribution to Buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of śūnyatā , or `` emptiness '' , widely attested in the Prajñāpāramitā sutras that emerged in his era .	śūnyatā	Nagarjuna 's main contribution was the exposition of the concept of what ?
Nagarjuna 's primary contribution to Buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of śūnyatā , or `` emptiness '' , widely attested in the Prajñāpāramitā sutras that emerged in his era .	emptiness	What does sunyata mean ?
For Nagarjuna , it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of ātman ; all phenomena -LRB- dharmas -RRB- are without any svabhava -LRB- literally `` own-nature '' or `` self-nature '' -RRB- , and thus without any underlying essence ; they are `` empty '' of being independent ; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early Buddhism .	ātman	Nagarjuna said that sentient beings are empty of what ?
For Nagarjuna , it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of ātman ; all phenomena -LRB- dharmas -RRB- are without any svabhava -LRB- literally `` own-nature '' or `` self-nature '' -RRB- , and thus without any underlying essence ; they are `` empty '' of being independent ; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early Buddhism .	phenomena	What does dharmas mean ?
Sarvastivada teachings -- which were criticized by Nāgārjuna -- were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogacara school .	Sarvastivada teachings	What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna ?
Sarvastivada teachings -- which were criticized by Nāgārjuna -- were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogacara school .	Vasubandhu and Asanga	What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings ?
While the Mādhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate , some exponents of Yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real -LRB- a doctrine known as cittamatra -RRB- .	cittamatra	What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real ?
Sarvastivada teachings -- which were criticized by Nāgārjuna -- were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogacara school .	Vasubandhu and Asanga	What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent ?
Besides emptiness , Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight -LRB- prajñāpāramitā -RRB- and Buddha-nature -LRB- tathāgatagarbha -RRB- .	Buddha-nature	What does tathagatagarbha mean ?
Besides emptiness , Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight -LRB- prajñāpāramitā -RRB- and Buddha-nature -LRB- tathāgatagarbha -RRB- .	perfected spiritual insight	what does prajnaparamita mean ?
In Tibetan Buddhism , according to the Sakya school , tathāgatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one 's mind .	Sakya	According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one 's mind ?
According to the Jonang school , it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed .	Jonang	According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience ?
Besides emptiness , Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight -LRB- prajñāpāramitā -RRB- and Buddha-nature -LRB- tathāgatagarbha -RRB- .	tathāgatagarbha	What type of sutras were generally ignored in india ?
Nirvana -LRB- Sanskrit ; Pali : `` Nibbāna '' -RRB- means `` cessation '' , `` extinction '' -LRB- of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths -LRB- saṃsāra -RRB- -RRB- , `` extinguished '' , `` quieted '' , `` calmed '' ; it is also known as `` Awakening '' or `` Enlightenment '' in the West .	Nirvana	What term means cessation ?
The term for anybody who has achieved nirvana , including the Buddha , is arahant .	nirvana	What term means awakening ?
The term for anybody who has achieved nirvana , including the Buddha , is arahant .	arahant	What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana ?
Bodhi -LRB- Pāli and Sanskrit , in devanagari : बॊधि -RRB- is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants .	Bodhi	What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants ?
In Early Buddhism , bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana , using only some different metaphors to describe the experience , which implies the extinction of raga -LRB- greed , craving -RRB- , -LSB- web 12 -RSB- dosa -LRB- hate , aversion -RRB- -LSB- web 13 -RSB- and moha -LRB- delusion -RRB- .	nirvana	In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word ?
In Early Buddhism , bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana , using only some different metaphors to describe the experience , which implies the extinction of raga -LRB- greed , craving -RRB- , -LSB- web 12 -RSB- dosa -LRB- hate , aversion -RRB- -LSB- web 13 -RSB- and moha -LRB- delusion -RRB- .	raga	What is the term for greed or craving ?
In Early Buddhism , bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana , using only some different metaphors to describe the experience , which implies the extinction of raga -LRB- greed , craving -RRB- , -LSB- web 12 -RSB- dosa -LRB- hate , aversion -RRB- -LSB- web 13 -RSB- and moha -LRB- delusion -RRB- .	dosa	what is the word for hate or aversion ?
In Early Buddhism , bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana , using only some different metaphors to describe the experience , which implies the extinction of raga -LRB- greed , craving -RRB- , -LSB- web 12 -RSB- dosa -LRB- hate , aversion -RRB- -LSB- web 13 -RSB- and moha -LRB- delusion -RRB- .	delusion	What does moha mean ?
Therefore , according to Mahayana Buddhism , the arahant has attained only nirvana , thus still being subject to delusion , while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well .	bodhisattva	What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion ?
He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha .	a buddha	If bodhi is attained what do you become ?
Therefore , according to Mahayana Buddhism , the arahant has attained only nirvana , thus still being subject to delusion , while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well .	nirvana	In theravada buddhism , bodhi and what term have the same meaning ?
The term parinirvana is also encountered in Buddhism , and this generally refers to the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at the moment of death , when the physical body expires .	parinirvana	What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death ?
According to Buddhist traditions a Buddha is a fully awakened being who has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire , aversion and ignorance .	a Buddha	Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire , aversion , and ignorance ?
A Buddha is no longer bound by Samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life .	Samsara	A Buddha is no longer bound by what ?
A Buddha is no longer bound by Samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life .	suffering	What do unawakend people experience ?
The Pali Canon refers to many previous ones -LRB- see List of the 28 Buddhas -RRB- , while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial , rather than historical , origin -LRB- see Amitabha or Vairocana as examples , for lists of many thousands Buddha names see Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō numbers 439 -- 448 -RRB- .	28	How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon ?
A common Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist belief is that the next Buddha will be one named Maitreya -LRB- Pali : Metteyya -RRB- .	Maitreya	A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what ?
The Pali Canon refers to many previous ones -LRB- see List of the 28 Buddhas -RRB- , while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial , rather than historical , origin -LRB- see Amitabha or Vairocana as examples , for lists of many thousands Buddha names see Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō numbers 439 -- 448 -RRB- .	celestial	Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin ?
In Theravada doctrine , a person may awaken from the `` sleep of ignorance '' by directly realizing the true nature of reality ; such people are called arahants and occasionally buddhas .	reality	A person can awaken from the `` sleep of ignorance '' by acknowledging the true nature of what ?
In Theravada doctrine , a person may awaken from the `` sleep of ignorance '' by directly realizing the true nature of reality ; such people are called arahants and occasionally buddhas .	arahants	At the end of the cycle of rebirth a person is called what ?
Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning , that of being freed from craving , hate , and delusion .	Bodhi	Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning ?
As a further distinction , the extinction of only hatred and greed -LRB- in the sensory context -RRB- with some residue of delusion , is called anagami .	anagami	What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed , with residue of delusion ?
In the Mahayana , the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human , but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless , omnipresent being -LRB- see Dharmakaya -RRB- beyond the range and reach of thought .	Buddha	In the Mahayana , who is thought to be an omnipresent being ?
In the Mahayana , the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human , but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless , omnipresent being -LRB- see Dharmakaya -RRB- beyond the range and reach of thought .	Buddha	Who is thought to be beyond the range and reach of thought ?
In the Mahayana , the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human , but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless , omnipresent being -LRB- see Dharmakaya -RRB- beyond the range and reach of thought .	Mahayana	In what sutras are the Buddha , Dharma , and Sangha viewed as One ?
The Buddha 's death is seen as an illusion , he is living on in other planes of existence , and monks are therefore permitted to offer `` new truths '' based on his input .	existence	Buddha 's death is seen as an illusion , as he is living in other planes of what ?
The Buddha 's death is seen as an illusion , he is living on in other planes of existence , and monks are therefore permitted to offer `` new truths '' based on his input .	monks	Who is permitted to offer `` new truths '' based on Buddhas input ?
Mahayana also differs from Theravada in its concept of śūnyatā -LRB- that ultimately nothing has existence -RRB- , and in its belief in bodhisattvas -LRB- enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened -RRB- .	śūnyatā	What is the term for the idea of ultimately nothing has existance ?
Mahayana also differs from Theravada in its concept of śūnyatā -LRB- that ultimately nothing has existence -RRB- , and in its belief in bodhisattvas -LRB- enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened -RRB- .	bodhisattvas	Who are enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn ?
The method of self-exertion or `` self-power '' -- without reliance on an external force or being -- stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism , Pure Land , which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific `` other-power '' of Amitabha Buddha .	Pure Land	What is characterized by the deep truts in the `` other-power '' of Amitabha Buddha
The method of self-exertion or `` self-power '' -- without reliance on an external force or being -- stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism , Pure Land , which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific `` other-power '' of Amitabha Buddha .	Pure Land	What is perhaps the most faith-oriented for of Buddhism ?
The method of self-exertion or `` self-power '' -- without reliance on an external force or being -- stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism , Pure Land , which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific `` other-power '' of Amitabha Buddha .	Amitabha	What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering ?
Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism .	Gautama Buddha	Who is believed to have achieved enlightenment first ?
A Buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known Buddha .	A Buddha era	What is the term for the stretch of history during which people rmember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha ?
Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism .	Gautama Buddha	Who is the Buddha of this Buddha era ?
Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism .	Gautama Buddha	Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas ?
In addition , Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes .	Mahayana Buddhists	Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes ?
A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element , and not at all in others .	Theravada	What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras ?
Pure Land Buddhism holds that it has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path , so it may be best to rely on the power of Amitābha .	Pure Land	What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path ?
Bodhisattva means `` enlightenment being '' , and generally refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood .	enlightenment being	What does Bodhisattva mean ?
Traditionally , a bodhisattva is anyone who , motivated by great compassion , has generated bodhicitta , which is a spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings .	bodhicitta	What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings ?
The Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra , an early and important Mahayana text , contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva : `` Because he has enlightenment as his aim , a bodhisattva-mahāsattva is so called . ''	Mahayana	What term means `` great vehicle '' ?
The Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra , an early and important Mahayana text , contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva : `` Because he has enlightenment as his aim , a bodhisattva-mahāsattva is so called . ''	Mahayana	What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana ?
The Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra , an early and important Mahayana text , contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva : `` Because he has enlightenment as his aim , a bodhisattva-mahāsattva is so called . ''	Mahayana	The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type ?
Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow , where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six pāramitās .	Mahayana	What buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas ?
Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow , where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six pāramitās .	bodhisattva vow	What is the idea there the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas ?
According to Mahayana teachings , these perfections are : dāna , śīla , kṣanti , vīrya , dhyāna , and prajñā .	dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhyāna, and prajñā	What are the six perfections under Mahayana teachings ?
A famous saying by the 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar-saint Shantideva , which the 14th Dalai Lama often cites as his favourite verse , summarizes the Bodhisattva 's intention -LRB- Bodhicitta -RRB- as follows : `` For as long as space endures , and for as long as living beings remain , until then may I too abide to dispel the misery of the world . ''	the 14th Dalai Lama	Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva 's famous saying ?
Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists .	Buddhists	Devotion is an important part of the practice of most what ?
Devotional practices include bowing , offerings , pilgrimage , and chanting .	bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting	What are the devotional practices ?
Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption -LRB- Pali : jhāna ; Skt : dhyāna -RRB- .	meditative	Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of what type of absorption ?
The most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the Buddha .	the Buddha	The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who ?
The difference between the Buddha 's teaching and the yoga presented in early Brahminic texts is striking .	Brahminic	The difference between the Buddha 's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant ?
One key innovative teaching of the Buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition .	liberating	According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what ?
Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha .	the yogis	Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who ?
In Buddhism , mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times ; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction .	mindfulness and clear awareness	In Buddhism , what must be developed at all times ?
Religious knowledge or `` vision '' was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the Buddhist fold .	vision	Religious knowledge is also known as what ?
Some of the Buddha 's meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day , but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of `` transcendent wisdom '' -LRB- Pali paññā ; Skt .	meditative	What type of techniques were shared with other traditions of his day ?
Some of the Buddha 's meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day , but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of `` transcendent wisdom '' -LRB- Pali paññā ; Skt .	transcendent wisdom	There is an idea where ethics are causally related to the attainment of what ?
The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques .	Buddhist texts	What are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques ?
The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques .	Buddhist texts	What describes meditative states exising before the Buddha ?
Two Upanishads written after the rise of Buddhism do contain full-fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation .	Upanishads	What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism ?
While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts , Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition , based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts .	meditation	In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what ?
Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition , he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition , even as early as the late Rig Vedic period .	contemplative	The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition ?
Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition , he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition , even as early as the late Rig Vedic period .	Nasadiya Sukta	What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition ?
Traditionally , the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels -LRB- Sanskrit : tri-ratna , Pāli : ti-ratana -RRB- -LSB- web 19 -RSB- as the foundation of one 's religious practice .	the Three Jewels	What is the first step in a school of Buddhism ?
The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya , recognized by most scholars as an early text -LRB- cf. Infant baptism -RRB- .	Majjhima Nikaya	What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children ?
Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge , in the lama .	Tibetan	What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge ?
Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness , whether praised or reviled , so are the Three Jewels -LRB- Refuges -RRB- , because they have an eternal and immutable essence .	essence.	The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what ?
In Mahayana , too , the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect : `` The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence .	The Three Jewels	What has an irreversable effect ?
According to the scriptures , Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model .	Gautama Buddha	Who presented himself as a model ?
The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana .	Dharma	What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering ?
The Sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha 's teachings is attainable .	Sangha	What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha ?
Śīla -LRB- Sanskrit -RRB- or sīla -LRB- Pāli -RRB- is usually translated into English as `` virtuous behavior '' , `` morality '' , `` moral discipline '' , `` ethics '' or `` precept '' .	Śīla	What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort ?
It is one of the three practices -LRB- sīla , samādhi , and paññā -RRB- and the second pāramitā .	pāramitā	Sila is the second what ?
According to the Law of Karma , keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects .	keeping the precepts	What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance ?
Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi / Bhāvana -LRB- Meditative cultivation -RRB- or mind cultivation .	Śīla	What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana ?
According to the Law of Karma , keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects .	keeping the precepts	What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community ?
Śīla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior .	overall principles of ethical behavior	What does sila refer to ?
There are several levels of sīla , which correspond to `` basic morality '' -LRB- five precepts -RRB- , `` basic morality with asceticism '' -LRB- eight precepts -RRB- , `` novice monkhood '' -LRB- ten precepts -RRB- and `` monkhood '' -LRB- Vinaya or Patimokkha -RRB- .	precepts	Lay people tend to live by the five what ?
If they wish , they can choose to undertake the eight precepts , which add basic asceticism .	asceticism.	Schools can undertake eight precepts , which add basic what ?
The precepts are not formulated as imperatives , but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice .	training rules	Precepts are not created as imperatives , but as what ?
In Buddhist thought , the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely , even if there is no further Buddhist practice .	ethical	The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness ?
In Buddhist thought , the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely , even if there is no further Buddhist practice .	lower	Even if there is no further Buddhist practice , what heavens is still likely ?
In the eight precepts , the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict , and becomes a precept of celibacy .	third	Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct ?
In the eight precepts , the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict , and becomes a precept of celibacy .	a precept of celibacy	What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct ?
The complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods .	ten	How many precepts are on the list ?
For the complete list , the seventh precept is partitioned into two , and a tenth added :	seventh	In the complete list of precepts , which one is partitioned into two ?
Novice-monks use the ten precepts , which are the basic precepts for monastics .	the ten precepts	How many basic precepts are there for monastics ?
It includes the Patimokkha , a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension .	227	How many rules dows the patimokkha have ?
The precise content of the vinayapitaka -LRB- scriptures on Vinaya -RRB- differs slightly according to different schools , and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya .	vinayapitaka	What are the scriptures on vinaya called ?
Regarding the monastic rules , the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts .	counts	Regarding the monastic rules , the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what ?
On the other hand , the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life , and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments .	life	The rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying what ?
On the other hand , the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life , and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments .	higher attainments	The rules are a perfect springboard for what ?
Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as `` islands unto themselves '' .	islands unto themselves	Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what ?
In Eastern Buddhism , there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra -LRB- not to be confused with the Pali text of that name -RRB- for Bodhisattvas , where , for example , the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged -LRB- see vegetarianism in Buddhism -RRB- .	Mahayana Brahmajala	Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra ?
In Eastern Buddhism , there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra -LRB- not to be confused with the Pali text of that name -RRB- for Bodhisattvas , where , for example , the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged -LRB- see vegetarianism in Buddhism -RRB- .	meat	Bodhisattvas are not encouraged to eat what ?
In Japan , this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya , and allows clergy to marry .	Japan	Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry ?
In Chinese Buddhism , these exist -LRB- translated chih kuan -RRB- , but Chán -LRB- Zen -RRB- meditation is more popular .	Zen	In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular ?
The evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the Buddha , many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation , some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jhānas -LRB- see the next section regarding these -RRB- .	jhānas	Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what ?
In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path , samyaksamādhi is `` right concentration '' .	right concentration	What does the word samyaksamadhi mean ?
Upon development of samādhi , one 's mind becomes purified of defilement , calm , tranquil , and luminous .	defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous	Upon development of samadhi , a person gets rid of what ?
Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration -LRB- jhāna , Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna -RRB- , his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight -LRB- vipassanā -RRB- into the ultimate nature of reality , eventually obtaining release from all suffering .	jhāna	What is powerful concentration called ?
Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration -LRB- jhāna , Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna -RRB- , his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight -LRB- vipassanā -RRB- into the ultimate nature of reality , eventually obtaining release from all suffering .	vipassanā	What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight ?
Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration -LRB- jhāna , Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna -RRB- , his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight -LRB- vipassanā -RRB- into the ultimate nature of reality , eventually obtaining release from all suffering .	insight	Mindfulness is essential to concentration , which is neede to achieve what ?
Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea , which is expanded to one 's body , mind and entire surroundings , leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility -LRB- jhāna -RRB- .	idea	Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what ?
Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea , which is expanded to one 's body , mind and entire surroundings , leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility -LRB- jhāna -RRB- .	jhāna	What is the term for tranquility ?
In Buddhist practice , it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind , only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with , which is what leads to insight knowledge -LRB- jñāna ; Pāli ñāṇa -RRB- and understanding -LRB- prajñā Pāli paññā -RRB- , and thus can lead to nirvāṇa -LRB- Pāli nibbāna -RRB- .	mind	In Buddhism , samatha meditation can calm the what ?
In Buddhist practice , it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind , only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with , which is what leads to insight knowledge -LRB- jñāna ; Pāli ñāṇa -RRB- and understanding -LRB- prajñā Pāli paññā -RRB- , and thus can lead to nirvāṇa -LRB- Pāli nibbāna -RRB- .	disturbed	Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what ?
In Buddhist practice , it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind , only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with , which is what leads to insight knowledge -LRB- jñāna ; Pāli ñāṇa -RRB- and understanding -LRB- prajñā Pāli paññā -RRB- , and thus can lead to nirvāṇa -LRB- Pāli nibbāna -RRB- .	jñāna	What is the term for insight knowledge ?
In Buddhist practice , it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind , only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with , which is what leads to insight knowledge -LRB- jñāna ; Pāli ñāṇa -RRB- and understanding -LRB- prajñā Pāli paññā -RRB- , and thus can lead to nirvāṇa -LRB- Pāli nibbāna -RRB- .	prajñā	What is the term for understanding ?
In Buddhist practice , it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind , only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with , which is what leads to insight knowledge -LRB- jñāna ; Pāli ñāṇa -RRB- and understanding -LRB- prajñā Pāli paññā -RRB- , and thus can lead to nirvāṇa -LRB- Pāli nibbāna -RRB- .	understanding	What eradicates the defilements completely ?
In Theravāda Buddhism , the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving , which carries with it the various defilements .	craving	In Theravada Buddhism , what is the cause of human existence and suffering ?
In Theravāda Buddhism , the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving , which carries with it the various defilements .	defilements	What does craving carry with it ?
These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress .	suffering and stress	Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what ?
It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths , Enlightenment and Nibbāna .	Nibbāna	What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins ?
Prajñā -LRB- Sanskrit -RRB- or paññā -LRB- Pāli -RRB- means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination , The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence .	Four	How many Noble Truths are there ?
Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi .	bodhi	Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what ?
Prajñā -LRB- Sanskrit -RRB- or paññā -LRB- Pāli -RRB- means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination , The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence .	Prajñā	What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana ?
Initially , prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons -LRB- dharma talks -RRB- , reading , studying , and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse .	sermons	Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what ?
Notably , one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice , whether deep in meditation , listening to a sermon , conducting the business of one 's daily life , or any other activity .	at any point	In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice ?
Once the conceptual understanding is attained , it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha 's teaching at a practical level .	conceptual understanding	What can be applied to daily life once it is attained ?
Zen Buddhism -LRB- 禅 -RRB- , pronounced Chán in Chinese , seon in Korean or zen in Japanese -LRB- derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna , meaning `` meditation '' -RRB- is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China , Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation .	seon	Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea ?
Zen Buddhism -LRB- 禅 -RRB- , pronounced Chán in Chinese , seon in Korean or zen in Japanese -LRB- derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna , meaning `` meditation '' -RRB- is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China , Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation .	Zen	What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation ?
Zen Buddhism -LRB- 禅 -RRB- , pronounced Chán in Chinese , seon in Korean or zen in Japanese -LRB- derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna , meaning `` meditation '' -RRB- is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China , Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation .	Zen	What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures ?
-LSB- note 12 -RSB- Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth .	spiritual	Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs ?
Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools : Rinzai -LRB- 臨済宗 -RRB- and Sōtō -LRB- 曹洞宗 -RRB- , the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan -LRB- 公案 , a meditative riddle or puzzle -RRB- as a device for spiritual break-through , and the latter -LRB- while certainly employing koans -RRB- focusing more on shikantaza or `` just sitting '' .	two	Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools ?
Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools : Rinzai -LRB- 臨済宗 -RRB- and Sōtō -LRB- 曹洞宗 -RRB- , the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan -LRB- 公案 , a meditative riddle or puzzle -RRB- as a device for spiritual break-through , and the latter -LRB- while certainly employing koans -RRB- focusing more on shikantaza or `` just sitting '' .	Rinzai	Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs ?
Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox , in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self , which is equated with the Buddha himself .	Zen	What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox ?
Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox , in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self , which is equated with the Buddha himself .	True Self	What type of self is equated with the Buddha ?
Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one .	Thinking and thought	What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself ?
Though based upon Mahayana , Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or `` Diamond Vehicle '' -LRB- also referred to as Mantrayāna , Tantrayāna , Tantric Buddhism , or esoteric Buddhism -RRB- .	Mahayana	What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on ?
Though based upon Mahayana , Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or `` Diamond Vehicle '' -LRB- also referred to as Mantrayāna , Tantrayāna , Tantric Buddhism , or esoteric Buddhism -RRB- .	Diamond Vehicle	What is the English term for Vajrayana ?
Though based upon Mahayana , Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or `` Diamond Vehicle '' -LRB- also referred to as Mantrayāna , Tantrayāna , Tantric Buddhism , or esoteric Buddhism -RRB- .	Tantric	What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices ?
Historically , the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE .	second half of the first millennium BCE	What time period was the beginning of Buddhism ?
-LSB- note 17 -RSB- Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara , karma -LRB- in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth -RRB- , and moksha originated in the shramanas , and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy .	the shramanas	Scholars believe that karma originated in what ?
-LSB- note 16 -RSB- These groups , whose members were known as shramanas , were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism .	shramanas	What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition ?
-LSB- note 16 -RSB- These groups , whose members were known as shramanas , were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism .	non-Vedic	Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought ?
Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha , which stretched from Sravasti , the capital of Kosala in the north-west , to Rajagrha in the south east .	Greater Magadha	Buddhism arose in what area ?
Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha , which stretched from Sravasti , the capital of Kosala in the north-west , to Rajagrha in the south east .	Rajagrha	Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant .	2nd or 3rd centuries	What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start ?
At the same time , these movements were influenced by , and in some respects continued , philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads .	in the Upanishads	Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what ?
These movements included , besides Buddhism , various skeptics -LRB- such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta -RRB- , atomists -LRB- such as Pakudha Kaccayana -RRB- , materialists -LRB- such as Ajita Kesakambali -RRB- , antinomians -LRB- such as Purana Kassapa -RRB- ; the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas , who emphasized the rule of fate , the Lokayata -LRB- materialists -RRB- , the Ajnanas -LRB- agnostics -RRB- and the Jains , who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter .	Pakudha Kaccayana	The movement included atomists such as what ?
These movements included , besides Buddhism , various skeptics -LRB- such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta -RRB- , atomists -LRB- such as Pakudha Kaccayana -RRB- , materialists -LRB- such as Ajita Kesakambali -RRB- , antinomians -LRB- such as Purana Kassapa -RRB- ; the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas , who emphasized the rule of fate , the Lokayata -LRB- materialists -RRB- , the Ajnanas -LRB- agnostics -RRB- and the Jains , who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter .	Ajnanas	What is the term for agnostics ?
These movements included , besides Buddhism , various skeptics -LRB- such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta -RRB- , atomists -LRB- such as Pakudha Kaccayana -RRB- , materialists -LRB- such as Ajita Kesakambali -RRB- , antinomians -LRB- such as Purana Kassapa -RRB- ; the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas , who emphasized the rule of fate , the Lokayata -LRB- materialists -RRB- , the Ajnanas -LRB- agnostics -RRB- and the Jains , who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter .	Jains	What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter ?
A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice .	Vedic animal sacrifice	A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was ?
-LSB- web 18 -RSB- He also mocked the Vedic `` hymn of the cosmic man '' .	hymn of the cosmic man	The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic ?
He names the Vedic rishis , and declared that the original Veda of the rishis -LSB- note 25 -RSB- was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices .	animal sacrifices	The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what ?
The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time .	Vedas	The Buddha refused to pay respect to who , during their time of animal sacrifice ?
-LSB- note 27 -RSB- The reliability of these sources , and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings , is a matter of dispute .	The reliability	What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings ?
A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight .	insight	A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else ?
Schmithausen , in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of ` Liberating Insight ' and ` Enlightenment ' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting `` liberating insight '' , which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas , is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36 .	Rupa Jhanas	Liberating insight is attained after mastering what ?
Schmithausen , in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of ` Liberating Insight ' and ` Enlightenment ' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting `` liberating insight '' , which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas , is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36 .	Majjhima Nikaya	Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas ?
Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism .	rebirth	According the Bronkhorst , intentions and desire are responsible for what ?
Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka , which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology .	karma	Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of ` what ' much different then current day ?
Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention , whereas Norman notes that `` the Buddha 's way to release -LSB- ... -RSB- was by means of meditative practices . ''	dhyana	What was the earliest Buddhism type ?
Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention , whereas Norman notes that `` the Buddha 's way to release -LSB- ... -RSB- was by means of meditative practices . ''	meditative	Buddha 's way to release was by means of what type of practices ?
According to the Mahāsaccakasutta , -LSB- note 33 -RSB- from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi .	fourth	From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- -LSB- page needed -RSB- The mentioning of the four truths as constituting `` liberating insight '' introduces a logical problem , since the four truths depict a linear path of practice , the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating .	liberating insight	A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- -LSB- page needed -RSB- The mentioning of the four truths as constituting `` liberating insight '' introduces a logical problem , since the four truths depict a linear path of practice , the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating .	linear	The four truths depict what type of path of practice ?
Although `` Nibbāna '' -LRB- Sanskrit : Nirvāna -RRB- is the common term for the desired goal of this practice , many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas , which are not specified .	Nirvāna	What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana ?
Although `` Nibbāna '' -LRB- Sanskrit : Nirvāna -RRB- is the common term for the desired goal of this practice , many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas , which are not specified .	Nikayas	Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what ?
Although `` Nibbāna '' -LRB- Sanskrit : Nirvāna -RRB- is the common term for the desired goal of this practice , many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas , which are not specified .	Nirvāna	The desired goal for buddhism is what ?
According to Vetter , the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term `` the middle way '' .	the middle way	A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term ?
In time , this short description was elaborated , resulting in the description of the eightfold path .	eightfold	The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path ?
According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson , the four truths became a substitution for prajna , or `` liberating insight '' , in the suttas in those texts where `` liberating insight '' was preceded by the four jhanas .	prajna	Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what ?
According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson , the four truths became a substitution for prajna , or `` liberating insight '' , in the suttas in those texts where `` liberating insight '' was preceded by the four jhanas .	liberating insight	What is prajna called in english ?
The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences .	three	How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences ?
The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods : Early Buddhism -LRB- occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism -RRB- , Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism : The period of the Early Buddhist schools , Early Mahayana Buddhism , Later Mahayana Buddhism , and Esoteric Buddhism -LRB- also called Vajrayana Buddhism -RRB- .	five	The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods ?
The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods : Early Buddhism -LRB- occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism -RRB- , Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism : The period of the Early Buddhist schools , Early Mahayana Buddhism , Later Mahayana Buddhism , and Esoteric Buddhism -LRB- also called Vajrayana Buddhism -RRB- .	Early Buddhism	What is the first period of Buddhism called ?
The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods : Early Buddhism -LRB- occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism -RRB- , Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism : The period of the Early Buddhist schools , Early Mahayana Buddhism , Later Mahayana Buddhism , and Esoteric Buddhism -LRB- also called Vajrayana Buddhism -RRB- .	Sectarian	What is another name for Nikaya buddhism ?
The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods : Early Buddhism -LRB- occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism -RRB- , Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism : The period of the Early Buddhist schools , Early Mahayana Buddhism , Later Mahayana Buddhism , and Esoteric Buddhism -LRB- also called Vajrayana Buddhism -RRB- .	Esoteric Buddhism	What is the last period of Buddhism ?
The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods : Early Buddhism -LRB- occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism -RRB- , Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism : The period of the Early Buddhist schools , Early Mahayana Buddhism , Later Mahayana Buddhism , and Esoteric Buddhism -LRB- also called Vajrayana Buddhism -RRB- .	Vajrayana	What is Esoteric Buddhism also called ?
Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism , recognized by nearly all scholars .	Pre-sectarian	Was is the earliest phase of buddhism ?
Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts , so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence , the Five Aggregates , dependent origination , karma and rebirth , the Four Noble Truths , the Noble Eightfold Path , and nirvana .	rebirth	Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what ?
Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts , so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence , the Five Aggregates , dependent origination , karma and rebirth , the Four Noble Truths , the Noble Eightfold Path , and nirvana .	Noble Eightfold	Gautama buddha taught what Path concept ?
According to the scriptures , soon after the parinirvāṇa -LRB- from Sanskrit : `` highest extinguishment '' -RRB- of Gautama Buddha , the first Buddhist council was held .	Buddhist	Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha , what type of council was held ?
In the first council , Ānanda , a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant , was called upon to recite the discourses -LRB- sūtras , Pāli suttas -RRB- of the Buddha , and , according to some sources , the abhidhamma .	Ānanda	Who was cousin of the Buddha ?
In the first council , Ānanda , a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant , was called upon to recite the discourses -LRB- sūtras , Pāli suttas -RRB- of the Buddha , and , according to some sources , the abhidhamma .	sūtras	What are the discourses of the Buddha called ?
In the first council , Ānanda , a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant , was called upon to recite the discourses -LRB- sūtras , Pāli suttas -RRB- of the Buddha , and , according to some sources , the abhidhamma .	abhidhamma	Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha 's ?
According to most scholars , at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions .	the Second	The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council ?
According to most scholars , at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions .	the Second Council	According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council ?
According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition , they started immediately after the Second Council , the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN , the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later , nearly 100 BCE .	100 BCE	The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time ?
This contradicts the Mahasanghikas ' own vinaya , which shows them as on the same , winning side .	Mahasanghikas	The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group ?
The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika .	Mahasanghika	The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what ?
The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship .	the vinaya	The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what ?
The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools , one of which was the Theravāda school .	Sthaviras	Who gave rise to the Theravada school ?
Originally , these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya , and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries , but eventually , by about 100 CE if not earlier , schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too .	monasteries	Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what ?
Originally , these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya , and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries , but eventually , by about 100 CE if not earlier , schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too .	doctrinal	By the latest at around 100 CE , schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements ?
Following -LRB- or leading up to -RRB- the schisms , each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma , a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas , according to schematic classifications .	Abhidharma	What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called ?
These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises , but summaries or numerical lists .	summaries or numerical lists	The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises , but what ?
Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE , 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha .	3rd century BCE	The Abhidharma texts are from what time ?
Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not .	Mahasanghika	There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not , which school is it ?
Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras , which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras , developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India .	Prajñāpāramitā	Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras ?
Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras , which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras , developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India .	Āndhra	The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India ?
The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre , along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha , which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India .	Prajñāpāramitā	The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre ?
The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre , along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha , which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India .	1st century BCE	Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century ?
Guang Xing states , `` Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India , in the Āndhra country , on the Kṛṣṇa River . ''	Āndhra	Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area ?
They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley , including Amaravati , Nāgārjunakoṇḍā and Jaggayyapeṭa `` can be traced to at least the third century BCE , if not earlier . ''	third	The ancient buddhist site in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE ?
Akira Hirakawa notes the `` evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India . ''	South	Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India ?
There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism , but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals , and later doctrines , for bodhisattvas .	Buddhism	There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what ?
Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism , and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school .	Vinaya	The mahayana never tried to have separte what ?
From Chinese monks visiting India , we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side .	monasteries	We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what ?
Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts .	Chinese	Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations ?
These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema , the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE .	Lokakṣema	The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who ?
-LSB- note 39 -RSB- Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series , along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha , which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India .	Prajñāpāramitā	The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series ?
-LSB- note 39 -RSB- Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series , along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha , which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India .	1st	Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE ?
During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism , four major types of thought developed : Madhyamaka , Yogacara , Tathagatagarbha , and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent .	Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic	What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism ?
During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism , four major types of thought developed : Madhyamaka , Yogacara , Tathagatagarbha , and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent .	Buddhist Logic	What was the latest thought type ?
During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism , four major types of thought developed : Madhyamaka , Yogacara , Tathagatagarbha , and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent .	Yogacara	In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else ?
Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka , who was a public supporter of the religion .	Ashoka	Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor ?
The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas -LRB- Buddhist religious memorials -RRB- and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands -- particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia , beyond the Mauryas ' northwest border , and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India .	stūpas	The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more ?
The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas -LRB- Buddhist religious memorials -RRB- and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands -- particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia , beyond the Mauryas ' northwest border , and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India .	Buddhist religious memorials	What does stupas mean in English ?
According to the edicts of Aśoka , emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism -LRB- Dharma -RRB- , particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire , and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean .	west	Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India ?
It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries .	missionaries	Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what ?
According to the edicts of Aśoka , emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism -LRB- Dharma -RRB- , particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire , and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean .	to spread Buddhism	What were the emissaries used for ?
During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences , from Persian and Greek civilization , to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions -- themselves influenced by Buddhism .	Persian and Greek	The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization ?
A Greek king , Menander , has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon .	Menander	Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon ?
The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE , to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia .	3rd century	The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE ?
The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE , to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia .	3rd century	The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir ?
-LSB- note 41 -RSB- The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE , probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin .	2nd century CE	When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China ?
In the 2nd century CE , Mahayana Sutras spread to China , and then to Korea and Japan , and were translated into Chinese .	2nd century CE	Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century ?
In the 2nd century CE , Mahayana Sutras spread to China , and then to Korea and Japan , and were translated into Chinese .	Korea and Japan	What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread ?
During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism -LRB- from the 8th century onwards -RRB- , Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia .	8th century onwards	When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet ?
China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region .	Buddhist	China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries ?
Formal membership varies between communities , but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels : the Buddha , the Dharma -LRB- the teachings of the Buddha -RRB- , and the Sangha -LRB- the Buddhist community -RRB- .	the teachings of the Buddha	What is the Dharma ?
Formal membership varies between communities , but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels : the Buddha , the Dharma -LRB- the teachings of the Buddha -RRB- , and the Sangha -LRB- the Buddhist community -RRB- .	the Buddhist community	What is the Sangha ?
While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive , in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional .	progressive	West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what ?
Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices .	Modern influences	New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason ?
A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century , including the Dalit Buddhist movement -LRB- also sometimes called ` neo-Buddhism ' -RRB- , Engaged Buddhism , and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions .	second half of the 20th Century	When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge ?
A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century , including the Dalit Buddhist movement -LRB- also sometimes called ` neo-Buddhism ' -RRB- , Engaged Buddhism , and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions .	neo-Buddhism	What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called ?
In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism : Soka Gakkai -LRB- Value Creation Society -RRB- emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries .	Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai	What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan ?
In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism : Soka Gakkai -LRB- Value Creation Society -RRB- emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries .	Value Creation Society	What does Soka Gakkai mean in English ?
Soka Gakkai International -LRB- SGI -RRB- is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world , and is currently described as `` the most diverse '' and `` the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world '' .	Soka Gakkai International	What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people ?
Soka Gakkai International -LRB- SGI -RRB- is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world , and is currently described as `` the most diverse '' and `` the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world '' .	SGI	What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world ?
Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million , -LSB- web 1 -RSB- 495 million , or 535 million people as of the 2010s , representing 7 % to 8 % of the world 's total population .	Buddhism	What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people ?
China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists , approximately 244 million or 18.2 % of its total population .	China	What country has the largest population of Buddhists ?
China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists , approximately 244 million or 18.2 % of its total population .	244 million	How many Buddhists are in China ?
According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey -LRB- 2013 -RRB- : Mahayana has 360 million adherents ; Theravada has 150 million adherents ; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents .	360 million	How may adherents does Mahayana have ?
According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey -LRB- 2013 -RRB- : Mahayana has 360 million adherents ; Theravada has 150 million adherents ; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents .	150 million	How many adherents does Thervada have ?
Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia .	Seven million	How many Buddists are outside of Asia ?
According to Johnson and Grim -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910 , of which 137 million were in Asia , to 495 million in 2010 , of which 487 million are in Asia .	138 million	How many Buddhists were there in 1910 ?
According to Johnson and Grim -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910 , of which 137 million were in Asia , to 495 million in 2010 , of which 487 million are in Asia .	495 million	How many Buddhists are there in 2010 ?
According to Johnson and Grim -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910 , of which 137 million were in Asia , to 495 million in 2010 , of which 487 million are in Asia .	487 million	How many buddhists are in Asia ?
Hinayana -LRB- literally `` lesser vehicle '' -RRB- is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged , but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory , a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead , including Śrāvakayāna , Nikaya Buddhism , early Buddhist schools , sectarian Buddhism , conservative Buddhism , mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism .	lesser vehicle	What does Hinayana mean in English ?
Hinayana -LRB- literally `` lesser vehicle '' -RRB- is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged , but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory , a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead , including Śrāvakayāna , Nikaya Buddhism , early Buddhist schools , sectarian Buddhism , conservative Buddhism , mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism .	Hinayana	What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools ?
Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook , or treat the same concepts as central .	concepts	Each tradition has its own core what ?
For example , according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization , -LSB- web 23 -RSB- several concepts common to both major Buddhist branches :	Buddhist ecumenical organization	there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization ?
Theravada -LRB- `` Doctrine of the Elders '' , or `` Ancient Doctrine '' -RRB- is the oldest surviving Buddhist school .	Theravada	What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school ?
The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya , one of the early Buddhist schools , from which the Theravadins claim descent .	ancestral Sthāvirīya	Where does the name theravada come from ?
Sinhalese Buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture .	Pali Canon	Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture ?
It has a growing presence in the west .	the west	Where is there a growing presence of Theravada ?
Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth .	Theravadin	What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth ?
Laypersons can perform good actions , producing merit .	merit	Laypersons can perform good actions , producing what ?
Mahāyāna centres of learning were established , the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India .	Nālandā University	What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning ?
Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras .	Mahayana Sutras	Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what ?
Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself , and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras -LRB- e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra -RRB- to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself .	the Buddha	A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who ?
Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself , and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras -LRB- e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra -RRB- to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself .	Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra	Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras ?
Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China , Japan , Korea , Singapore , parts of Russia and most of Vietnam -LRB- also commonly referred to as `` Eastern Buddhism '' -RRB- .	Eastern Buddhism	Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what ?
The Buddhism practiced in Tibet , the Himalayan regions , and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin , but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana -LRB- also commonly referred to as `` Northern Buddhism '' -RRB- .	Northern Buddhism	The Buddhism practiced in Tibet , the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as ?
There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism , of which `` the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today . ''	the Pure Land school of Mahayana	What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism ?
Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism .	Saivism	The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what ?
The Mañjusrimulakalpa , which later came to classified under Kriyatantra , states that mantras taught in the Saiva , Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri .	Buddhists	Mantras taught in the Saiva , Garuda , and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who ?
The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra , a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition , prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas .	The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra	What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition ?
Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety .	Buddhist	There is a great variety of what type of scripture ?
Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves , while others take a more scholastic approach .	objects	Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what ?
Unlike many religions , Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions .	text	Unlike most religions , Buddhism has no single central what ?
The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas -LRB- though theoretically they recognize them -RRB- and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan .	āgamas	Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what ?
However , some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions .	core	Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what ?
The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some -LRB- including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar -RRB- as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy .	size and complexity of the Buddhist canons	What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy ?
Later in Sri Lanka , the Dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture .	Dhammapada	In Sri Lanka , what was determined to be the best unifying scripture ?
Over the years , various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism .	Buddhism	There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion ?
In the Theravada tradition , condensed ` study texts ' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks .	Theravada	condensed study texts where created in what tradition ?
Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures , with the emphasis on Zen , along with other classics of Eastern philosophy , such as the Tao Te Ching , into his ` Buddhist Bible ' in the 1920s .	Zen	Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture ?
More recently , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single , combined document of Buddhist principles in `` The Buddha and His Dhamma '' .	The Buddha and His Dhamma	Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it ?
The Pāli Tipitaka , which means `` three baskets '' , refers to the Vinaya Pitaka , the Sutta Pitaka , and the Abhidhamma Pitaka .	Pāli Tipitaka	What means `` three baskets '' ?
The Pāli Tipitaka , which means `` three baskets '' , refers to the Vinaya Pitaka , the Sutta Pitaka , and the Abhidhamma Pitaka .	the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka	What does the `` three baskets '' refer to ?
The Pāli Tipitaka , which means `` three baskets '' , refers to the Vinaya Pitaka , the Sutta Pitaka , and the Abhidhamma Pitaka .	Vinaya Pitaka	What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns ?
The Pāli Tipitaka , which means `` three baskets '' , refers to the Vinaya Pitaka , the Sutta Pitaka , and the Abhidhamma Pitaka .	the Sutta Pitaka	What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha ?
The Pāli Tipitaka , which means `` three baskets '' , refers to the Vinaya Pitaka , the Sutta Pitaka , and the Abhidhamma Pitaka .	Abhidhamma Pitaka	What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings ?
The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka -LRB- Sanskrit : Tripiṭaka -RRB- to survive intact in its original language , but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material .	Pāli Tipitaka	What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language ?
According to some sources , some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas .	five or seven	Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas ?
According to the scriptures , soon after the death of the Buddha , the first Buddhist council was held ; a monk named Mahākāśyapa -LRB- Pāli : Mahākassapa -RRB- presided .	Mahākāśyapa	Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha ?
The goal of the council was to record the Buddha 's teachings .	to record the Buddha's teachings	What was the goal of the council ?
Upāli recited the vinaya .	Upāli	the vinaya was recited by ?
Ānanda , the Buddha 's personal attendant , was called upon to recite the dhamma .	Ānanda	Who was the Buddha 's personal attendant ?
Ānanda , the Buddha 's personal attendant , was called upon to recite the dhamma .	dhamma	Ananda was called upon to recite what ?
Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically `` Theravadin '' , but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early , non-sectarian body of teachings .	Theravadin	Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what ?
He states : `` The Theravadins , then , may have added texts to the Canon for some time , but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period . ''	The Theravadins	Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time ?
The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha .	Mahayana sutras	What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha ?
The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha .	Mahayana sutras	What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture ?
Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings -LRB- including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma , which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought -RRB- and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha , and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding .	Sarvastivada Abhidharma	What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna ?
The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha 's deeper , more advanced doctrines , reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path .	Mahayana	What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path ?
Hence the name Mahāyāna -LRB- lit. , the Great Vehicle -RRB- .	the Great Vehicle	What does Mahayana mean ?
The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha 's deeper , more advanced doctrines , reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path .	bodhisattva path	What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings ?
According to Mahayana tradition , the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret , came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas , or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them :	Mahayana	What sutras were transmitted in secret ?
According to Mahayana tradition , the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret , came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas , or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them :	Mahayana	What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds ?
According to Mahayana tradition , the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret , came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas , or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them :	Mahayana tradition	What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas ?
Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations .	six hundred	How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations ?
In addition , East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin .	East Asian Buddhism	What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin ?
It was not until after the 5th century CE that the Mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream Buddhists in India : `` But outside of texts , at least in India , at exactly the same period , very different -- in fact seemingly older -- ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior , and old and established Hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported . ''	after the 5th century CE	When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India ?
These texts were apparently not universally accepted among Indian Buddhists when they appeared ; the pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras .	Hinayana	What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras ?
Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon .	the Theravada	What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon ?
As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts , debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation ; in the modern era , this label is seen as derogatory , and is generally avoided .	Sri Lanka	The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country ?
As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts , debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation ; in the modern era , this label is seen as derogatory , and is generally avoided .	hinayana	What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory ?
Jonathan Silk has argued that the term `` Hinayana '' was used to refer to whomever one wanted to criticize on any given occasion , and did not refer to any definite grouping of Buddhists .	Hinayana	The mahayana occasionally referred to early Buddhism as what ?
She notes that the term Śrāvakayāna was `` the more politically correct and much more usual '' term used by Mahāyānists .	Śrāvakayāna	What term was more politically correct term for the word Hinayana ?
Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects .	Buddhism	What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects ?
For example , Buddhism 's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs , customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history .	ethics	Buddhism 's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what ?
Also , its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought -- for example , with various tenets of Christianity -- have been subjects of close study .	moral and spiritual	Buddism has what kind of parallels withother systems of thought ?
Also , its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought -- for example , with various tenets of Christianity -- have been subjects of close study .	Christianity	Buddhism had similiar tenets to what other common religion ?
In addition , the Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought , as well as Western metaphysics .	scientific	Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought ?
There are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion .	Buddhism	What school of thought is questioned on whether or not it is a religion ?
There are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion .	Buddhism	What is often referred to as a religion by many sources ?
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment , and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America .	Simon Fuller	Who is the creator of American Idol ?
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment , and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America .	19 Entertainment	What company produces American idol ?
It began airing on Fox on June 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television .	2002	What year did American Idol begin airing ?
It began airing on Fox on June 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television .	Pop Idol	What British show is American Idols format based on ?
It began airing on Fox on June 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television .	Fox	What television network does American Idol air on ?
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment , and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America .	19 Entertainment	What company produces American Idol ?
It began airing on Fox on June 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television .	Pop Idol	What British series is American Idols format based on ?
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment , and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America .	Simon Fuller	Who created American Idol ?
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment , and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America .	19 Entertainment	Who produced American Idol ?
It began airing on Fox on June 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television .	June 11, 2002	When did American Idol first air on TV ?
It began airing on Fox on June 11 , 2002 , as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television .	Pop Idol	What British show was American Idol based on ?
The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson , pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell .	Randy Jackson	What record producer was an original judge on American Idol ?
The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman , with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons .	Brian Dunkleman	What comedian was an original host on American Idol ?
The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban , singer and actress Jennifer Lopez , and jazz singer Harry Connick , Jr. .	Jennifer Lopez	What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol ?
The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman , with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons .	Ryan Seacrest	Who was a host on all seasons of American Idol ?
The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson , pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell .	Paula Abdul	What pop singer was an original judge on American Idol ?
The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson , pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell .	Randy Jackson	Which original judge was a record producer and music manager ?
The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson , pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell .	Paula Abdul	Which original judge was a choreographer ?
The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson , pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell .	Simon Cowell	Which original judge was a music executive ?
The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban , singer and actress Jennifer Lopez , and jazz singer Harry Connick , Jr. .	Keith Urban	Which judge is a country music singer ?
The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban , singer and actress Jennifer Lopez , and jazz singer Harry Connick , Jr. .	Harry Connick, Jr.	Which judge is a jazz singer ?
According to Billboard magazine , in its first ten years , `` Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including Kelly Clarkson , Carrie Underwood , Chris Daughtry , Fantasia , Ruben Studdard , Jennifer Hudson , Clay Aiken , Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut . ''	345	How many Billboard hits did American Idol produce in its first ten years ?
According to Billboard magazine , in its first ten years , `` Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including Kelly Clarkson , Carrie Underwood , Chris Daughtry , Fantasia , Ruben Studdard , Jennifer Hudson , Clay Aiken , Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut . ''	Kelly Clarkson	Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol ?
The series was also said by a rival TV executive to be `` the most impactful show in the history of television '' .	a rival TV executive	Who called American Idol `` the most impactful show in the history of television '' ?
According to Billboard magazine , in its first ten years , `` Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including Kelly Clarkson , Carrie Underwood , Chris Daughtry , Fantasia , Ruben Studdard , Jennifer Hudson , Clay Aiken , Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut . ''	Carrie Underwood	Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol ?
According to Billboard magazine , in its first ten years , `` Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including Kelly Clarkson , Carrie Underwood , Chris Daughtry , Fantasia , Ruben Studdard , Jennifer Hudson , Clay Aiken , Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut . ''	Fantasia	Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol ?
According to Billboard magazine , in its first ten years , `` Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including Kelly Clarkson , Carrie Underwood , Chris Daughtry , Fantasia , Ruben Studdard , Jennifer Hudson , Clay Aiken , Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut . ''	345	How many Billboard chart toppers did American Idol contestants have within the first ten seasons ?
The series was also said by a rival TV executive to be `` the most impactful show in the history of television '' .	a rival TV executive	Who said that American Idol is `` the most impactful show in the history of televsion ?
The popularity of American Idol however declined , and on May 11 , 2015 , Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season .	2015	What year did FOX announce that American Idol was cancelled ?
The popularity of American Idol however declined , and on May 11 , 2015 , Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season .	2015	What year did FOX announce the cancellation of American Idol ?
For an unprecedented eight consecutive years , from the 2003 -- 04 television season through the 2010 -- 11 season , either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings .	eight	How many consecutive years did American Idol been ranked number one in ratings ?
The popularity of American Idol however declined , and on May 11 , 2015 , Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season .	May 11, 2015	When did Fox announce that American Idol is ending ?
American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller , which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars .	Popstars	What show in New Zealand was the inspiration for the British Series Pop Idol ?
American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller , which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars .	Simon Fuller	Who was the creator of British Series Pop Idol ?
The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as showrunner -- the executive producer and production leader -- and Simon Cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public .	2001	What year did Pop Idol make its television debut ?
The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as showrunner -- the executive producer and production leader -- and Simon Cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public .	Simon Cowell	Who was a judge on the British series Pop Idol in 2001 ?
Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain .	Nigel Lythgoe	Wha was the executive producer of Pop Idol in 2001 ?
American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller , which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars .	Popstars	What show was Pop Idols based on ?
Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain .	Nigel Lythgoe	Who saw Popstars while in Australia and wanted Britain to have the same thing ?
He then added other elements , such as telephone voting by the viewing public -LRB- which at the time was already in use in shows such as the Eurovision Song Contest -RRB- , the drama of backstories and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time .	telephone voting	In addition to back stories and drama , what did Fuller add to the show ?
The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as showrunner -- the executive producer and production leader -- and Simon Cowell as one of the judges , and was a big success with the viewing public .	2001	When did Pop Idol premiere in Britain ?
Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain .	Lythgoe	Who was the executive producer of Pop Idol ?
By 2004 , it had become the most-watched show in the U.S. , a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons .	seven	For how many seasons was American Idol the most watched show in the US ?
The show was renamed American Idol : The Search for a Superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002 .	2002	What year did American Idol first air on FOX ?
In 2001 , Fuller , Cowell , and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the Pop Idol format to the United States , but the idea was met with poor response from United States television networks .	2001	What year did producers attempt to sell the Pop Idol format in the United States ?
However , Rupert Murdoch , head of Fox 's parent company , was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter Elisabeth , who was a fan of the British show .	his daughter Elisabeth	Who talked Rupert Murdoch into buying American Idol for FOX ?
However , Rupert Murdoch , head of Fox 's parent company , was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter Elisabeth , who was a fan of the British show .	Rupert Murdoch	Who is the head of Fox 's parent company ?
The show was renamed American Idol : The Search for a Superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002 .	American Idol: The Search for a Superstar	What was Pop Idol renamed to for its American debut ?
The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight .	eight	For how many seasons were the three original judges on American Idol ?
The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely Randy Jackson , Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell .	four	How many judges were originally planned for American Idol ?
In the second season , New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism .	Angie Martinez	What New York radio personalty was hired as a judge for American Idol in season two but declined ?
A fourth judge , radio DJ Stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing `` image concerns '' .	Stryker	What radio DJ was originally hired as a judge in season one but declined ?
The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely Randy Jackson , Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell .	four	How many judges were originally intended for the show ?
A fourth judge , radio DJ Stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing `` image concerns '' .	DJ Stryker	Which judge quit before the premiere , citing image concerns ?
In the second season , New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism .	Angie Martinez	During Season two , which judge quit after a few days ?
The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight .	season eight	When did American Idol change to a four-judge panel ?
In season eight , Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer -- songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge .	Kara DioGuardi	Who was added as a fourth judge in the eighth season of American Idol ?
Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season , but left after just one season .	Ellen DeGeneres	Who replaced Paula Abdul as a judge in season nine of American Idol ?
She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten .	two	For how many seasons was Steven Tyler a judge on American Idol ?
On January 11 , 2010 , Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011 .	2010	What year did Simon Cowell announce that he was leaving American Idol ?
On January 11 , 2010 , Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011 .	The X Factor	What show did Simon Cowell launch in 2011 after leaving American Idol ?
In season eight , Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer -- songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge .	Kara DioGuardi	Who was added as a fourth judge for the eighth season ?
Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers .	before season nine	When did Paula Abdul quit as a judge ?
On January 11 , 2010 , Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011 .	January 11, 2010	When did Simon Cowell announce he was no longer going to be a judge ?
Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season , but left after just one season .	Ellen DeGeneres	Which talk show host replaced Paula Abdul ?
She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten .	season ten	When did Steven Tyler become a judge ?
In season two , guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used , and in season three Donna Summer , Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds .	season two	In what season was Lionel Richie a guest judge on American Idol ?
Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four , Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in season six , Shania Twain in season eight , Neil Patrick Harris , Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine , and season eight runner-up , Adam Lambert , in season fourteen .	Adam Lambert	Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen ?
In season two , guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used , and in season three Donna Summer , Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds .	season three	In what season was Donna Summer a guest judge on American Idol ?
Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four , Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in season six , Shania Twain in season eight , Neil Patrick Harris , Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine , and season eight runner-up , Adam Lambert , in season fourteen .	season six	In which season was Shania Twain a guest judge on American Idol ?
Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four , Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in season six , Shania Twain in season eight , Neil Patrick Harris , Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine , and season eight runner-up , Adam Lambert , in season fourteen .	season nine	Which season of American Idol featured Katy Perry as a guest judge ?
In season two , guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used , and in season three Donna Summer , Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds .	Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb	Who were the guest judges in season two ?
Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four , Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in season six , Shania Twain in season eight , Neil Patrick Harris , Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine , and season eight runner-up , Adam Lambert , in season fourteen .	season eight	When was Shania Twain a guest judge for auditions ?
In season two , guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used , and in season three Donna Summer , Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds .	season three	When did Donna Summer help the contestants during the final rounds ?
The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman .	Ryan Seacrest	Who was the only host of American Idol after season one ?
The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman .	Brian Dunkleman	Which host quit after the first season ?
Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons , former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season .	Randy Jackson	Who was a mentor to the contestants on American Idol in its thirteenth season ?
Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons , former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season .	Scott Borchetta	Who mentored contestants in the fourteenth and fifteenth seasons of American Idol ?
Beginning in the tenth season -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance .	song choice and performance	What two things did the mentors help the contestants with ?
Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons , former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season .	Jimmy Iovine	Who was the mentor for seasons 10 - 12 ?
Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons , former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season .	Randy Jackson	Who was the mentor for season 13 ?
Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons , former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season .	Scott Borchetta	Who was the mentor for seasons 14 and 15 ?
The eligible age-range for contestants is currently fifteen to twenty-eight years old .	twenty-eight	What is the upper age limit for contestants on American Idol ?
The initial age limit was sixteen to twenty-four in the first three seasons , but the upper limit was raised to twenty-eight in season four , and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in season ten .	season four	When was the age limit increased to 28 ?
The contestants must be legal U.S. residents , can not have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons -LRB- varies depending on the season , currently by the semi-final stage until season thirteen -RRB- , and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage -LRB- in previous years by the audition stage -RRB- .	semi-final stage	Currently , contestants can not have a recording track by what stage of the competition ?
Contestants go through at least three sets of cuts .	at least three	How many auditions are there before contestants audition for the judges ?
Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges , which is the only audition stage shown on television .	the judges	Which audition stage is televised ?
Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city , only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions .	a few hundred	How many contestants make it through the initial auditions in each city ?
Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges , which is the only audition stage shown on television .	in front of the judges	What is the only televised portion of the preliminary audition rounds ?
Contestants go through at least three sets of cuts .	three	How many rounds can a contestant make it through before Hollywood ?
The first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show 's producers .	producers	Who do contestants sing for in the second round of cuts during auditions ?
Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood .	Hollywood	If contestants get approval from the judges , where do they go next ?
In season seven , the group round was eliminated and contestants may , after a first solo performance and on judges approval , skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round .	seven	Which season did not have a group round in Hollywood ?
In seasons two and three , contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round .	two and three	In which seasons were contestants required to write original lyrics ?
Until season ten , there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood .	usually three	How many Hollywood rounds were there in the first nine seasons ?
In season twelve , the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round .	twelve	In which season were contestants separated by gender to form groups ?
Until season ten , there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood .	three	How many rounds of cuts were in the Hollywood stage until season ten ?
Once in Hollywood , the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds .	groups	What was eliminated from the Hollywood round in Season seven ?
In seasons two and three , contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round .	seasons two and three	Which seasons did contestants have to write an original lyric or melody ?
In seasons ten and eleven , a further round was added in Las Vegas , where the contestants perform in groups based on a theme , followed by one final solo round to determine the semi-finalists .	Las Vegas	In what city did contestants perform an additional round in seasons ten and eleven ?
In season twelve the Las Vegas round became a Sudden Death round , where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night -LRB- four nights -RRB- to make the top twenty .	Sudden Death	What was the Las Vegas round called in season twelve ?
In season twelve the Las Vegas round became a Sudden Death round , where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night -LRB- four nights -RRB- to make the top twenty .	twelve	In which season was the `` Hollywood or Home '' round added to the competition ?
The number of text messages rapidly increased , reaching 178 million texts by season eight .	178 million	How many text message votes were there in season eight ?
Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season , and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million .	ten	In which season was online voting introduced ?
The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc. .	Telescope Inc	What company counts the votes on American Idol ?
From the semi-finals onwards , the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote .	the semi-finals	At what point does the public begin voting for contestants ?
Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season , and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million .	Over 110 million	How many votes were cast for contestants in the first season ?
Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season , and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million .	nearly 750 million	How many votes were cast by season ten for all contestants ?
In season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals .	ten	How many finalists were there on the first season of American Idol ?
These seasons also featured a wildcard round , where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance .	wildcard	What is the name of the round that gives failed contestants another chance ?
In season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals .	three groups of ten	How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in season one ?
In seasons two and three , there were four groups of eight , and the top two of each selected .	four groups of eight	How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three ?
In season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals .	season one	When did the wildcard round become a factor ?
In season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals .	ten	How many finalists were chosen for season one ?
In seasons two and three , each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals , making 12 finalists in all .	12	How many finalists made it to the finals for seasons two and three ?
From seasons four to seven and nine , the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve .	twenty-four	How many semi-finalists were there in season 4 ?
From seasons four to seven and nine , the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve .	by gender	How were the semi-finalists divided in season four ?
The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights , and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve .	six	How many men were in the top twelve on season five of American Idol ?
The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights , and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve .	six	How many women were in the top twelve on season nine of American Idol ?
From seasons four to seven and nine , the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve .	twelve	How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol ?
The wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward -- the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest-placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 .	four	How many wildcards were chosen by the judges in season eight ?
The wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward -- the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest-placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 .	three	How many wildcard contestants were advanced in the competition in season ten ?
In seasons ten and eleven , five of each gender were chosen , and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13 .	five	How many women were in the top ten in season twelve ?
In season thirteen , there were thirty semifinalists , but only twenty semifinalists -LRB- ten for each gender -RRB- were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows , with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13 .	thirteen	How many finalists were there in season eight ?
The wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward -- the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest-placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 .	season eight	What season saw the return of the Wild Card round ?
The wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward -- the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest-placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 .	three	How many contestants moved forward from each round ?
The wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward -- the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest-placed singer - for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 .	four	How many wildcard contestants were chosen ?
In season twelve , the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups , with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10 .	10	How many contestants were finalists for season 12 ?
The finals are broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles , in front of a live studio audience .	CBS Television City	Where studio hosts the live final rounds on American Idol ?
In season ten , Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season .	Jimmy Iovine	Who was the mentor on season ten of American Idol ?
The finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks .	thirteen	How many weeks did the finals of season thirteen last ?
The finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks .	eight	How many weeks did the finals last in the first season ?
The finals are broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles , in front of a live studio audience .	CBS Television City	Where are the finals broadcast from ?
In season ten , Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season .	Jimmy Iovine	Who was a mentor for the contestants in Season 10 ?
The finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks .	one	How many songs do contestants sing initially in the finals ?
Initially the contestants sing one song each week , but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards , then three songs for the top two or three .	top four or five	When do contestants start singing two songs ?
Moreover , starting in season eight , the judges may overturn viewers ' decision with a `` Judges ' Save '' if they unanimously agree to .	eight	In what season was the `` Judges Save '' introduced to give contestants a second chance ?
`` The save '' can only be used once , and only up through the top five .	once	How many time can the judges save be used each season ?
One of these three is usually sent to safety ; however the two remaining are not necessarily the bottom two .	safety	When three are called , one is often sent to what ?
However , in season six , during the series ' first ever Idol Gives Back episode , no contestant was eliminated , but on the following week , two were sent home .	season six	Which season was the Idol Gives Back episode ?
During the finals , viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the Top 8 .	Twitter	How do people vote using the fan save ?
The `` Fan Save '' was introduced in the fourteenth season .	Fan Save	What was introduced in season 14 to allow the fans to help save a contestant ?
During the finals , viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the Top 8 .	Twitter	How do viewers vote for a contestant using Fan Save ?
During the finals , viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the Top 8 .	Top 8	When does the Fan Save start ?
In seasons seven through thirteen , the venue was at the Nokia Theatre , which holds an audience of over 7,000 .	the Nokia Theatre	What venue was the American Idol season seven finale held at ?
For seasons one , three through six , and fourteen , it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400 .	3,400	How many people can attend an American Idol finale at the Dolby Theatre ?
The finale is the two-hour last episode of the season , culminating in revealing the winner .	The finale	In what episode is the winner of American Idol revealed ?
For seasons one , three through six , and fourteen , it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400 .	Dolby Theatre	Where was the season one finale broadcast from ?
For seasons one , three through six , and fourteen , it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400 .	3,400	How many audience members can fit in Dolby Theatre ?
The finale for season two took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre , which has an audience capacity of over 6,000 .	6,000	What is the capacity for Gibson Ampitheatre ?
In seasons seven through thirteen , the venue was at the Nokia Theatre , which holds an audience of over 7,000 .	Nokia Theatre	For seasons 7-13 , the season finale was held where ?
The winner receives a record deal with a major label , which may be for up to six albums , and secures a management contract with American Idol-affiliated 19 Management -LRB- which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants -RRB- , as well as various lucrative contracts .	19 Management	Which company manages the winners of American Idol ?
Starting in the fourteenth season , the winner was signed with Big Machine Records .	Big Machine Records	What record label signed the winner of season fourteen of American Idol ?
BMG/Sony -LRB- seasons 1 -- 9 -RRB- and UMG -LRB- season 10 -- -RRB- had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season 's finale .	three months	How long does the record company have the right of first refusal for contestants on American Idol ?
The winner receives a record deal with a major label , which may be for up to six albums , and secures a management contract with American Idol-affiliated 19 Management -LRB- which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants -RRB- , as well as various lucrative contracts .	a record deal	What does the winner of American Idol receive ?
The winner receives a record deal with a major label , which may be for up to six albums , and secures a management contract with American Idol-affiliated 19 Management -LRB- which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants -RRB- , as well as various lucrative contracts .	19 Management	The winner also receives a management contract with which company ?
Starting in the fourteenth season , the winner was signed with Big Machine Records .	Big Machine Records	In season 14 , the winner was signed to which company ?
Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood .	a golden ticket	What is given to contestants who make it past the audition round ?
Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood .	a golden ticket	In the audition rounds , what do contestants who win the approval of the judges receive ?
The contestants are voted for by the viewing public , and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night .	the public	Who votes for the winning contestants starting with the semi-final round ?
Starting with season seven , contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onwards .	seven	In which season were contestants first allowed to use musical instruments ?
From season four to season nine , the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor ; from season ten onwards , Ray Chew .	Ray Chew	Who was in charge of the American Idol band in season eleven ?
From season four to season nine , the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor ; from season ten onwards , Ray Chew .	ten	In what season did American Idol start airing on Thursday nights ?
From season four to season nine , the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor ; from season ten onwards , Ray Chew .	Rickey Minor	Who was the leader of the American Idol band in season five ?
From season four to season nine , the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor ; from season ten onwards , Ray Chew .	Rickey Minor	Who led the American Idol band between seasons four and nine ?
From season four to season nine , the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor ; from season ten onwards , Ray Chew .	Ray Chew	Who led the American Idol band after Rickey Minor 's departure ?
Starting with season seven , contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onwards .	seven	What season were contestants allowed use a musical instrument when they sing ?
The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network .	Fox	What network aired the first season of American Idol ?
The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network .	2002	What year did American Idol first debut ?
It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman .	Brian Dunkleman	Who was Ryan Seacrests co-host in the first season of American Idol ?
The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network .	June 2002	When did American Idol debut ?
The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network .	Fox	What network did American Idol debut on ?
It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman .	Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman	Who co-hosted American Idol ?
In the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions .	121	How many contestants made it past the first round of auditions ?
In the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions .	around 10,000	How many people initially auditioned ?
Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes .	Jim Verraros	Who was the first known homosexual contestant on American Idol ?
One of the early favorites , Tamyra Gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons .	Tamyra Gray	Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the top four episode ?
Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital .	the hospital	Where was Christina Christian at when she was eliminated from the show ?
In the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions .	121	How many contestants were chosen from the 10,000 that auditioned ?
These were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals .	30	Of the 121 chosen , how many became semi-finalists ?
One semifinalist , Delano Cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show 's age limit .	Delano Cagnolatti	Which contestant was disqualified for lying about his age ?
One of the early favorites , Tamyra Gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons .	top four	When was Tamyra Gray eliminated ?
Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital .	Christina Christian	Who was eliminated while she was in the hospital due to chest pains ?
Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender , but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds , such as her performance of Aretha Franklin 's `` Natural Woman '' , and Betty Hutton 's `` Stuff Like That There '' , and eventually won the crown on September 4 , 2002 .	2002	What year did Kelly Clarkson win ?
The final showdown was between Justin Guarini , one of the early favorites , and Kelly Clarkson .	Justin Guarini	Who was the runner up to Kelly Clarkson ?
Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender , but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds , such as her performance of Aretha Franklin 's `` Natural Woman '' , and Betty Hutton 's `` Stuff Like That There '' , and eventually won the crown on September 4 , 2002 .	September	What month did Kelly Clarkson win ?
The final showdown was between Justin Guarini , one of the early favorites , and Kelly Clarkson .	Justin Guarini	Of the final two , which was an early favorite to win ?
The final showdown was between Justin Guarini , one of the early favorites , and Kelly Clarkson .	Kelly Clarkson	Who won the first season of American Idol ?
Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender , but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds , such as her performance of Aretha Franklin 's `` Natural Woman '' , and Betty Hutton 's `` Stuff Like That There '' , and eventually won the crown on September 4 , 2002 .	September 4, 2002	When did Clarkson win the crown ?
The single , `` A Moment Like This '' , went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 .	A Moment Like This	What was the fist song released by Kelly Clarkson after winning American Idol ?
Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film , From Justin to Kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned .	From Justin to Kelly	What film did Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini star in after they were on American Idol ?
Clarkson has since become the most successful Idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million .	more than 23 million	How many albums has Kelly Clarkson sold around the world ?
The single , `` A Moment Like This '' , went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 .	A Moment Like This	What song did Kelly Clarkson perform during the finale ?
In what was to become a tradition , Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended .	the coronation song	What did Clarkson sing during the finale ?
The single , `` A Moment Like This '' , went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 .	A Moment Like This	What was the name of the song ?
The single , `` A Moment Like This '' , went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 .	The Beatles	Which record did the song break , which was the biggest leap to the top of the Billboard charts ?
Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film , From Justin to Kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned .	From Justin to Kelly	What was the name of the film that the two finalists made together ?
Clarkson has since become the most successful Idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million .	more than 23 million	How many worldwide album sales has Kelly Clarkson had since winning Idol ?
Following the success of season one , the second season was moved up to air in January 2003 .	2003	What year did season two of American Idol first air ?
Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season .	Kristin Adams	Who was a correspondent on season two of American Idol ?
Following the success of season one , the second season was moved up to air in January 2003 .	January 2003	When did season two air ?
Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season .	Kristin Adams	Who was a correspondent for season two ?
Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion .	Paula Abdul	Which judge did Corey Clark claim to have had an affair with ?
Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year -- Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website .	Frenchie Davis	Which contestant was removed from the competition for having been a model on an adult website ?
Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion .	Corey Clark	Which contestant was removed from the competition for not revealing his police record ?
Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year -- Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website .	Jaered Andrews	Which contestant had previously been arrested and charged with assault ?
Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion .	Corey Clark	Who was disqualified for having a police record ?
Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year -- Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website .	Frenchie Davis	Which contestant was removed from the show for modelling for an adult website ?
Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year -- Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website .	Jaered Andrews	Which contestant was disqualified because of an assault charge ?
Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner , beating Clay Aiken by a small margin .	Ruben Studdard	Who was the season two winner of American Idol ?
Out of a total of 24 million votes , Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken .	24 million	How many votes were cast during the final week ?
Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner , beating Clay Aiken by a small margin .	Clay Aiken	Who was the runner up on season two of American Idol ?
Out of a total of 24 million votes , Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken .	134,000	How many votes did Ruben Studdard win by ?
In an interview prior to season five , executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale .	Nigel Lythgoe	What was the name of the shows executive producer ?
Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner , beating Clay Aiken by a small margin .	Ruben Studdard	Who won season two ?
Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner , beating Clay Aiken by a small margin .	Clay Aiken	Who was the runner up for season two ?
Out of a total of 24 million votes , Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken .	134,000	How many more votes did Studdard have at the finale ?
Out of a total of 24 million votes , Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken .	24 million	How many votes were cast for the finale ?
Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner , beating Clay Aiken by a small margin .	Clay Aiken	Who did Nigel Lythgoe say was a fan favorite for the majority of the season ?
Both finalists found success after the show , but Aiken out-performed Studdard 's coronation song `` Flying Without Wings '' with his single release from the show `` This Is the Night '' , as well as in their subsequent album releases .	Flying Without Wings	What is the first song that Ruben Studdard released after winning American Idol ?
The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer .	Josh Gracin	What contestant came in fourth on season two of American Idol ?
Both finalists found success after the show , but Aiken out-performed Studdard 's coronation song `` Flying Without Wings '' with his single release from the show `` This Is the Night '' , as well as in their subsequent album releases .	This Is the Night	What song did Clay Aiken first release after losing American Idol ?
Both finalists found success after the show , but Aiken out-performed Studdard 's coronation song `` Flying Without Wings '' with his single release from the show `` This Is the Night '' , as well as in their subsequent album releases .	Flying Without Wings	What was the name of Studdard 's coronation song ?
Both finalists found success after the show , but Aiken out-performed Studdard 's coronation song `` Flying Without Wings '' with his single release from the show `` This Is the Night '' , as well as in their subsequent album releases .	This Is the Night	What was Aiken 's single release named ?
Both finalists found success after the show , but Aiken out-performed Studdard 's coronation song `` Flying Without Wings '' with his single release from the show `` This Is the Night '' , as well as in their subsequent album releases .	Aiken	Which of the final two had more success with his first album ?
The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer .	Josh Gracin	Who finished fourth on season two ?
Season three premiered on January 19 , 2004 .	2004	What year did the third season of American Idol first air ?
One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin 's `` She Bangs '' received widespread attention .	William Hung	Which contestant was best known for his bad audition of `` She Bangs '' ?
One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin 's `` She Bangs '' received widespread attention .	William Hung	Which contestant sold more albums than all except two from season three of American Idol ?
Season three premiered on January 19 , 2004 .	January 19, 2004	When did season three premiere ?
One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin 's `` She Bangs '' received widespread attention .	William Hung	Which contestant sang an off-key `` She Bangs '' ?
One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin 's `` She Bangs '' received widespread attention .	William Hung	Which contestant was number three in sales from season three ?
Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , Fantasia Barrino , LaToya London , and Jennifer Hudson , dubbed the Three Divas .	the Three Divas	What were the three black female contestants on season three of American Idol commonly referred to as ?
Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , Fantasia Barrino , LaToya London , and Jennifer Hudson , dubbed the Three Divas .	Jennifer Hudson	Which contestant was eliminated during the week of the top seven ?
Elton John , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes `` incredibly racist '' .	Elton John	What famous singer made claims of racism after Jennifer Hudson was eliminated from American Idol ?
The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ` blown out of proportion ' .	John Stevens	Which season three contestant on American Idol was the recipient of reported death threats ?
Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , Fantasia Barrino , LaToya London , and Jennifer Hudson , dubbed the Three Divas .	the Three Divas	What were Fantasia Barrino , LaToya London and Jennifer Hudson called ?
Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , Fantasia Barrino , LaToya London , and Jennifer Hudson , dubbed the Three Divas .	Jennifer Hudson	Which of the three was eliminated ?
Elton John , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes `` incredibly racist '' .	Elton John	Who said that the results were racist ?
The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ` blown out of proportion ' .	John Stevens	Which contestant reportedly received a death threat on the show ?
Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists , and Fantasia was crowned as the winner .	Diana DeGarmo	Who was the runner up on the third season of American Idol ?
Fantasia released as her coronation single `` I Believe '' , a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray , and DeGarmo released `` Dreams '' .	I Believe	What was the name of the first single that Fantasia released after winning American Idol ?
Fantasia released as her coronation single `` I Believe '' , a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray , and DeGarmo released `` Dreams '' .	Dreams	What was the first song released by Diana DeGarmo after coming in second on American Idol ?
The performance of `` Summertime '' by Barrino , later known simply as `` Fantasia '' , at Top 8 was widely praised , and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show .	Summertime	What song did Fantasia sing on the Top 8 show ?
The performance of `` Summertime '' by Barrino , later known simply as `` Fantasia '' , at Top 8 was widely praised , and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show .	Simon Cowell	Who has said that Barrino 's rendition of Summertime has been his top moment of all seasons ?
Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists , and Fantasia was crowned as the winner .	Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo	Who were the final two contestants ?
The performance of `` Summertime '' by Barrino , later known simply as `` Fantasia '' , at Top 8 was widely praised , and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show .	Fantasia	Who was declared the season winner ?
Fantasia released as her coronation single `` I Believe '' , a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray , and DeGarmo released `` Dreams '' .	I Believe	What was Fantasia 's coronation song ?
The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez , but he dropped out citing ` personal reasons ' and was replaced by Nikko Smith .	Nikko Smith	Who got a spot in the top 12 after Mario Vasquez dropped out ?
The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez , but he dropped out citing ` personal reasons ' and was replaced by Nikko Smith .	Nikko Smith	Who replaced Vasquez as a finalist ?
Later , an employee of Freemantle Media , which produces the show , sued the company for wrongful termination , claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show .	Freemantle Media	What company produces the show ?
The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez , but he dropped out citing ` personal reasons ' and was replaced by Nikko Smith .	Vazquez	A former employee states he was fired after complaining about which finalist ?
During the top 11 week , due to a mix-up with the contestants ' telephone number , voting was repeated on what was normally the result night , with the result reveal postponed until the following night .	top 11 week	During what week was there a problem with voting ?
During the top 11 week , due to a mix-up with the contestants ' telephone number , voting was repeated on what was normally the result night , with the result reveal postponed until the following night .	the following night	When did the results show happen ?
In May 2005 , Carrie Underwood was announced the winner , with Bice the runner-up .	2005	What year did Carrie Underwood win American Idol ?
Underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide , and become the most successful Idol contestant in the U.S. , selling over 14 million albums copies in the U.S. and has more Underwood has won seven Grammy Awards , the most Grammys by an `` American Idol '' alumnus .	65 million	How many record has Carrie Underwood sold since winning American Idol ?
Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song `` Inside Your Heaven '' .	Inside Your Heaven	What was the first song released by Carrie Underwood after winning American Idol ?
In May 2005 , Carrie Underwood was announced the winner , with Bice the runner-up .	Carrie Underwood	Which American Idol contestant has won the biggest number of Grammy Awards ?
In May 2005 , Carrie Underwood was announced the winner , with Bice the runner-up .	May 2005	When was the winner declared ?
In May 2005 , Carrie Underwood was announced the winner , with Bice the runner-up .	Carrie Underwood	Who was the winner of this season ?
Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song `` Inside Your Heaven '' .	Inside Your Heaven	What song did the two finalists release ?
Underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide , and become the most successful Idol contestant in the U.S. , selling over 14 million albums copies in the U.S. and has more Underwood has won seven Grammy Awards , the most Grammys by an `` American Idol '' alumnus .	14 million	How many records has Underwood sold in America ?
Season five began on January 17 , 2006 .	Season five	Which season of American Idol stands out for having the highest ratings ?
Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft .	the Brittenum twins	Which two contestants were removed from the show for accusations of identity theft ?
Season five began on January 17 , 2006 .	Season five	Which season has been the highest rated of all American Idol seasons ?
Season five began on January 17 , 2006 .	January 17, 2006	When did season five premiere ?
Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft .	the Brittenum twins	Which two contestants were kicked off the show for identity theft ?
Chris Daughtry 's performance of Fuel 's `` Hemorrhage -LRB- In My Hands -RRB- '' on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel 's new lead singer , an invitation he declined .	Chris Daughtry	Which contestant did the band Fuel ask to be their new lead singer ?
Chris Daughtry 's performance of Fuel 's `` Hemorrhage -LRB- In My Hands -RRB- '' on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel 's new lead singer , an invitation he declined .	Chris Daughtry	Which season five contestant caused controversy with their performance of I Walk the Line ?
Chris Daughtry 's performance of Fuel 's `` Hemorrhage -LRB- In My Hands -RRB- '' on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel 's new lead singer , an invitation he declined .	Chris Daughtry	Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the week of the top four ?
Chris Daughtry 's performance of Fuel 's `` Hemorrhage -LRB- In My Hands -RRB- '' on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel 's new lead singer , an invitation he declined .	Chris Daughtry	Who performed a Fuel song on this season ?
Chris Daughtry 's performance of Fuel 's `` Hemorrhage -LRB- In My Hands -RRB- '' on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel 's new lead singer , an invitation he declined .	lead singer	Fuel asked Chris Daughtry to become what ?
Chris Daughtry 's performance of Fuel 's `` Hemorrhage -LRB- In My Hands -RRB- '' on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel 's new lead singer , an invitation he declined .	Chris Daughtry	Who was eliminated in the Top 4 show ?
His performance of Live 's version of `` I Walk the Line '' was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live .	I Walk the Line	Which song performance did he receive both praise and criticism for ?
His performance of Live 's version of `` I Walk the Line '' was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live .	not crediting the arrangement to Live	Why did he receive criticism for I Walk the Line
On May 30 , 2006 , Taylor Hicks was named American Idol , with Katharine McPhee the runner-up .	Taylor Hicks	Who was the winner American Idol in 2006 ?
`` Do I Make You Proud '' was released as Hicks ' first single and McPhee 's was `` My Destiny '' .	Do I Make You Proud	What was the name of the first song that Taylor Hicks released after winning American Idol ?
`` Do I Make You Proud '' was released as Hicks ' first single and McPhee 's was `` My Destiny '' .	My Destiny	What was the first song that Katherine McPhee released after coming in second on American Idol ?
On May 30 , 2006 , Taylor Hicks was named American Idol , with Katharine McPhee the runner-up .	May 30, 2006	When was the winner announced ?
On May 30 , 2006 , Taylor Hicks was named American Idol , with Katharine McPhee the runner-up .	Taylor Hicks	Who was the winner for this season ?
`` Do I Make You Proud '' was released as Hicks ' first single and McPhee 's was `` My Destiny '' .	Do I Make You Proud	What was Hick 's debut single ?
`` Do I Make You Proud '' was released as Hicks ' first single and McPhee 's was `` My Destiny '' .	My Destiny	What was McPhee 's first single ?
Despite being eliminated earlier in the season , Chris Daughtry -LRB- as lead of the band Daughtry -RRB- became the most successful recording artist from this season .	Chris Daughtry	Which season five contestant has had the most success after the show ?
Despite being eliminated earlier in the season , Chris Daughtry -LRB- as lead of the band Daughtry -RRB- became the most successful recording artist from this season .	Daughtry	What is the name if the band that has Chris Daughtry as its lead singer ?
Despite being eliminated earlier in the season , Chris Daughtry -LRB- as lead of the band Daughtry -RRB- became the most successful recording artist from this season .	Chris Daughtry	Who was the most successful artist from this season ?
Despite being eliminated earlier in the season , Chris Daughtry -LRB- as lead of the band Daughtry -RRB- became the most successful recording artist from this season .	Daughtry	What band does Chris Daughtry sing for ?
Season six began on Tuesday , January 16 , 2007 .	2007	What year did the sixth season of American Idol first air ?
The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers , peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers .	37.3 million	How many people watched the season premiere of American Idol in 2007 ?
Season six began on Tuesday , January 16 , 2007 .	January 16, 2007	When did season six premiere ?
The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers , peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers .	37.3 million	How many overall viewers did the first show of the season generate ?
Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season 's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him .	Sanjaya Malakar	Who was the most discussed singer in American Idols sixth season ?
Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season 's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him .	Howard Stern	What celebrity asked his fans to vote for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol ?
Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season 's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him .	Vote for the Worst	What is the name of the blog that tried to rally votes for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol ?
However , on April 18 , Sanjaya was voted off .	April 18	What date was Sanjaya Malakar eliminated on American Idol ?
Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season 's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him .	Sanjaya Malakar	What season six American Idol contestant was known for his strange hairstyles ?
Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season 's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him .	Sanjaya Malakar	Which contestant was talked about more than any other this season ?
Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season 's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him .	Vote for the Worst	Which weblog helped Sanjaya survive elimination week over and over again ?
Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season 's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him .	Howard Stern	Which shock jock urged people to vote for Sanjaya ?
However , on April 18 , Sanjaya was voted off .	April 18	When was Sanjaya eliminated ?
This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event , which raised more than $ 76 million in corporate and viewer donations .	Idol Gives Back	What was the name of the charity event on season six of American Idol ?
This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event , which raised more than $ 76 million in corporate and viewer donations .	$76 million	How much money did the Idol Gives Back event raise in 2007 ?
Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three .	Melinda Doolittle	What singer came in third on the sixth season of American Idol ?
This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event , which raised more than $ 76 million in corporate and viewer donations .	Idol Gives Back	What was the charity event that occurred this season ?
No contestant was eliminated that week , but two -LRB- Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson -RRB- were eliminated the next .	Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson	Which two contestants were eliminated the following week ?
Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three .	Melinda Doolittle	Who was eliminated on the Top 3 show ?
In the May 23 season finale , Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis .	Jordin Sparks	Who was the winner of American Idols sixth season ?
In the May 23 season finale , Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis .	Blake Lewis	Who came in second on season six of American Idol ?
In the May 23 season finale , Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis .	May 23	On what date did American Idol air its season six finale ?
In the May 23 season finale , Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis .	May 23	When was the finale aired ?
In the May 23 season finale , Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis .	Jordin Sparks	Which contestant won the season ?
In the May 23 season finale , Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis .	Blake Lewis	Who was the runner up ?
Season four premiered on January 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition .	2005	What year did season four of American Idol first air ?
The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season .	over 100,000	How many contestants auditioned for the fourth season of American Idol ?
The age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and Bo Bice , the two rockers of the show .	28	What was the oldest that you could be to qualify as a contestant on the fourth season of American Idol ?
Season four premiered on January 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition .	Season four	What was the first full season of American Idol to air in high definition ?
Season four premiered on January 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition .	Season four	In which season was Bo Bice a contestant on American Idol ?
Season four premiered on January 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition .	January 18, 2005	When did season four premiere ?
Season four premiered on January 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition .	high definition	Season four was the first full season to be aired in what ?
The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season .	over 100,000	How many people auditioned to be on American Idol ?
The age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and Bo Bice , the two rockers of the show .	28	What was the maximum age a contestant could be starting this season ?
The winning song , `` This Is My Now '' , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24 , 2007 .	2007	In what year did American Idol begin a contest to decide the winners single ?
The winning song , `` This Is My Now '' , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24 , 2007 .	This Is My Now	What is the first song released by Jordin Sparks after winning American Idol ?
Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote .	public vote	How was `` This is My Now '' decided as the first single for the American Idol winner in 2007 ?
This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the `` coronation song '' .	American Idol Songwriter contest	Which contest started during this season ?
This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the `` coronation song '' .	coronation song	Fans could vote for what during this contest ?
Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote .	20	Of the thousands of songs entered , how many were the public able to vote for ?
The winning song , `` This Is My Now '' , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24 , 2007 .	This Is My Now	What song won the contest ?
The winning song , `` This Is My Now '' , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24 , 2007 .	May 24, 2007	When did Sparks release her version of the song ?
Season seven premiered on January 15 , 2008 , for a two-day , four-hour premiere .	2008	What year did season seven of American Idol first air ?
Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper .	David Hernandez	Which season seven contestant had worked as a stripper before his time on American Idol ?
The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so-called ` ringers ' , many of whom , including Kristy Lee Cook , Brooke White , Michael Johns , and in particular Carly Smithson , had prior recording contracts .	Carly Smithson	Which contestant was talked about most for having a record deal before being a contestant on American Idol ?
Season seven premiered on January 15 , 2008 , for a two-day , four-hour premiere .	January 15, 2008	When did season seven premiere ?
Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper .	David Hernandez	Which contestant drew attention because he was a former stripper ?
The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so-called ` ringers ' , many of whom , including Kristy Lee Cook , Brooke White , Michael Johns , and in particular Carly Smithson , had prior recording contracts .	professional status	Why did many of the contestants draw the attention of the media ?
The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so-called ` ringers ' , many of whom , including Kristy Lee Cook , Brooke White , Michael Johns , and in particular Carly Smithson , had prior recording contracts .	Carly Smithson	Which contestant garnered the most attention because of a prior recording contract ?
David Cook 's performance of `` Billie Jean '' on top-ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook 's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell 's version .	Billie Jean	What song did David Cook sing on American Idol during the week of the top ten ?
David Cook 's performance of `` Billie Jean '' on top-ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook 's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell 's version .	David Cook	Which American Idol contestant was hospitalized after singing during the week of the top nine ?
David Cook 's performance of `` Billie Jean '' on top-ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook 's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell 's version .	Chris Cornell	Who arranged the version of `` Billie Jean '' that David Cook performed on American Idol ?
For the finals , American Idol debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11 , 2008 , along with a new on-air look .	March 11, 2008	On what date did the American Idol finals begin ?
For the finals , American Idol debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11 , 2008 , along with a new on-air look .	March 11, 2008	When did American Idol showcase a new set and stage ?
David Cook 's performance of `` Billie Jean '' on top-ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook 's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell 's version .	Chris Cornell	Which arrangement was used for Cook 's version of Billie Jean ?
David Cook 's performance of `` Billie Jean '' on top-ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook 's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell 's version .	David Cook	Who was taken to the hospital after the top nine show ?
David Archuleta 's performance of John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' was considered by many as one of the best of the season .	David Archuleta	Which contestant sang `` Imagine '' on season seven of American Idol ?
Jennifer Lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget .	season ten	In which season of American Idol did Jennifer Lopez become a judge ?
Jason Castro 's semi-final performance of `` Hallelujah '' also received considerable attention , and it propelled Jeff Buckley 's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart .	Hallelujah	What song did Jason Castro receive praise for singing during the semi-finals on American Idol ?
Jason Castro 's semi-final performance of `` Hallelujah '' also received considerable attention , and it propelled Jeff Buckley 's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart .	Jeff Buckley	Whose recording of Hallelujah became successful again after being performed on American Idol ?
This was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts .	iTunes	On what digital platform were contestants performances released to after airing on American Idol ?
David Archuleta 's performance of John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' was considered by many as one of the best of the season .	John Lennon's "Imagine"	Which David Archuletta cover was thought to be the best of the season by many ?
Jennifer Lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget .	Jennifer Lopez	Who said it Archuletta 's rendition is one that she will never forget ?
Jason Castro 's semi-final performance of `` Hallelujah '' also received considerable attention , and it propelled Jeff Buckley 's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart .	Jason Castro	Which finalist sang `` Hallelujah '' during the semi-finals ?
Jason Castro 's semi-final performance of `` Hallelujah '' also received considerable attention , and it propelled Jeff Buckley 's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart .	Jeff Buckley	Castro 's performance sent which singer 's version to the top of a Billboard chart ?
This was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts .	iTunes	For the first time , recordings of the contestant 's songs could be purchased where ?
David Cook was announced the winner on May 21 , 2008 , the first rocker to win the show .	David Cook	Who won season seven of American Idol ?
David Cook was announced the winner on May 21 , 2008 , the first rocker to win the show .	David Cook	Who was the first Rock and Roll artist to win American Idol ?
David Cook was announced the winner on May 21 , 2008 , the first rocker to win the show .	May 21, 2008	When was the winner announced ?
David Cook was announced the winner on May 21 , 2008 , the first rocker to win the show .	David Cook	Who was the winner ?
The winning song , `` The Time of My Life '' , was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22 , 2008 .	The Time of My Life	What was the name of the first song released by David Cook after winning American Idol ?
The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season .	The American Idol Songwriter contest	How was the winning single chose on season seven of American Idol ?
The winning song , `` The Time of My Life '' , was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22 , 2008 .	2008	What year did David Cook release the single , `` The Time of My Life '' ?
The winning song , `` The Time of My Life '' , was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22 , 2008 .	The Time of My Life	What was the coronation song ?
The winning song , `` The Time of My Life '' , was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22 , 2008 .	May 22, 2008	When did Cook release his version of The Time of My Life ?
Season eight premiered on January 13 , 2009 .	2009	What year did the eighth season of American Idol first air ?
Much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of Danny Gokey .	Danny Gokey	Which contestant from season eight suffered the loss of a spouse ?
Mike Darnell , the president of alternative programming for Fox , stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life .	president of alternative programming	What was Mike Darnells position at Fox in 2009 ?
Season eight premiered on January 13 , 2009 .	January	What month did American Idol begin airing its eighth season ?
Season eight premiered on January 13 , 2009 .	January 13, 2009	When did season eight premiere ?
Mike Darnell , the president of alternative programming for Fox , stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life .	Mike Darnell	Who was the president of alternative programming at Fox ?
Much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of Danny Gokey .	Danny Gokey	Which contestant received a lot of attention because of his widowhood ?
In the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , Kara DioGuardi , was introduced .	Kara DioGuardi	Who was brought in as a new judge during American Idols eighth season ?
The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks .	two weeks	How long did the Hollywood round air for in season eight of American Idol ?
This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show So You Think You Can Dance .	So You Think You Can Dance	What show did Nigel Lythgoe leave American Idol to produce ?
The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks .	the Kodak Theatre	What venue hosted the Hollywood round on American Idol for the first time in 2009 ?
Idol Gives Back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time .	the global recession	Why did American Idol choose not to have its Idol Gives Back special in 2009 ?
In the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , Kara DioGuardi , was introduced .	Kara DioGuardi	Which judge joined the panel ?
This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show So You Think You Can Dance .	So You Think You Can Dance	Nigel Lythgoe quit the show to focus on what other show ?
The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks .	Kodak Theatre	Where was the Hollywood round moved to ?
Idol Gives Back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time .	Idol Gives Back	What was canceled for this year of Idol ?
There were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals .	13	How many finalists were there on season eight of American Idol ?
A new feature introduced was the `` Judges ' Save '' , and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes .	Matt Giraud	Who was the first contestant to benefit from the Judges Save ?
There were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals .	two	How many contestants were eliminated during the first week after the judges save ?
There were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals .	two	How many contestants were sent home during the first week of finals ?
The next week , Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated .	Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai	Who was sent home the week after the judges saved Matt Giraud ?
There were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals .	13	How many finalists were on this season ?
There were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals .	two	How many finalists were eliminated during the first results show ?
A new feature introduced was the `` Judges ' Save '' , and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes .	Matt Giraud	Which contestant was saved with the first Judges ' Save ?
The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five .	Kris Allen and Adam Lambert	Who were the final two contestants on season eight of American Idol ?
The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five .	Kris Allen	Who won season eight of American Idol ?
It was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen 's home state of Arkansas alone , and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties in Arkansas .	Arkansas	What state is American Idol winner Kris Allen from ?
It was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen 's home state of Arkansas alone , and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties in Arkansas .	100 million	How many votes were cast in the American Idol finale in season eight ?
The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five .	Kris Allen	Who won the season ?
Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two .	season two	The only prior season to have matching controversy over the winner was ?
It was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen 's home state of Arkansas alone , and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties in Arkansas .	100 million	How many votes were cast for the final two ?
It was claimed , later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen 's home state of Arkansas alone , and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties in Arkansas .	AT&T employees	Who was accused of teaching the public how to power text for the winner ?
Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song , `` No Boundaries '' which was co-written by DioGuardi .	No Boundaries	What was the name of the song that Kris Allen and Adam Lamber released after American Idol ?
Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song , `` No Boundaries '' which was co-written by DioGuardi .	DioGuardi	Who helped write the song `` No Boundaries '' ?
Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song , `` No Boundaries '' which was co-written by DioGuardi .	No Boundaries	What was the coronation song for this season ?
Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song , `` No Boundaries '' which was co-written by DioGuardi .	DioGuardi	Who co-wrote the coronation song ?
This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status , and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the U.S. -LSB- citation needed -RSB-	gold album status	Unlike every previous winner , the winner of this season failed to achieve what status ?
This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status , and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the U.S. -LSB- citation needed -RSB-	none	How many contestants from this season reached platinum album status ?
Season nine premiered on January 12 , 2010 .	2010	What year did season nine of American Idol first air ?
Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week .	Ellen DeGeneres	Who filled the judges spot vacated by Paula Abdul on season nine of American Idol ?
Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week .	Hollywood Week	At what point during season 9 of American Idol did Ellen Degeneres become a judge ?
Season nine premiered on January 12 , 2010 .	January 12, 2010	When did season nine premiere ?
Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week .	Paula Abdul	Which original judge left prior to the start of the season ?
Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week .	Ellen DeGeneres	Who replaced Abdul ?
Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week .	Hollywood Week	When did Ellen join the judges ' panel ?
Crystal Bowersox , who has Type-I diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized .	Crystal Bowersox	Which contestant had to go to the hospital during the week of the top 20 ?
The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that Ken Warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show .	Ken Warwick	What producer wanted to remove Crystal Bowersox from the competition ?
Crystal Bowersox , who has Type-I diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized .	diabetic ketoacidosis	Why was Crystal Bowersox in the hospital during the week of the top 20 on American Idol ?
Crystal Bowersox , who has Type-I diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized .	Crystal Bowersox	Which contestant had Type-I diabetes ?
Crystal Bowersox , who has Type-I diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized .	top 20 week	When was Crystal hospitalized ?
The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that Ken Warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show .	The schedule	What was changed so she could still qualify ?
The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that Ken Warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show .	Ken Warwick	Who did Bowersox later reveal wanted her to be disqualified ?
The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that Ken Warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show .	producer	What role does Warwick have on the show ?
Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges ' Save .	Michael Lynche	Which contestant was saved by the judges in season nine of American Idol ?
Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges ' Save .	top nine	At what point did the judges use their save on American Idols ninth season ?
That week , Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor , the first Idol alum to do so .	Adam Lambert	Who was the first American Idol contestant to return to the show as a mentor ?
Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21 , 2010 , and raised $ 45 million .	$45 million	How much money was brought in by the Idol Gives Back special on season nine of American Idol ?
Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges ' Save .	Michael Lynche	Who was saved with the Judges ' Save ?
That week , Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor , the first Idol alum to do so .	Adam Lambert	Which former contestant was a mentor this season ?
A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show .	Simon Cowell	Who had their final season in the show in season nine ?
A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show .	tribute to Simon Cowell	Why did Paula Abdul appear on the season nine finale of American Idol ?
A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show .	Simon Cowell	Who had a special tribute at the finale ?
Many figures from the show 's past , including Paula Abdul , made an appearance .	Paula Abdul	Which former Idol star made an appearance for Cowell 's tribute ?
The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox .	Lee DeWyze	Who was the winner of American Idols ninth season ?
No new song was used as coronation song this year ; instead , the two finalists each released a cover song -- DeWyze chose U2 's `` Beautiful Day '' , and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin 's `` Up to the Mountain '' .	Beautiful Day	What U2 song was released by Lee DeWyze after winning American Idol ?
DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale .	May 26	When was the finale held ?
The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox .	DeWyze	Who won this season of Idol ?
No new song was used as coronation song this year ; instead , the two finalists each released a cover song -- DeWyze chose U2 's `` Beautiful Day '' , and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin 's `` Up to the Mountain '' .	Beautiful Day	What song did DeWyze cover for his first release ?
No new song was used as coronation song this year ; instead , the two finalists each released a cover song -- DeWyze chose U2 's `` Beautiful Day '' , and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin 's `` Up to the Mountain '' .	Up to the Mountain	Which song did Bowersox cover for her first release ?
Season ten of the series premiered on January 19 , 2011 .	2011	What year did season ten of American Idol first air ?
Season ten of the series premiered on January 19 , 2011 .	ten	In which season of American Idol did Steven Tyler and Jennifer Lopez become judges ?
Jimmy Iovine , chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group , the new partner of American Idol , acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyoncé , will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in .	Jimmy Iovine	Who replace weekly mentors as a more permanent mentor on American Idols tenth season ?
Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell -LRB- who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor -RRB- , Kara DioGuardi -LRB- whose contract was not renewed -RRB- and Ellen DeGeneres , while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer .	The X Factor	What show did Simon Cowell join after leaving American Idol ?
Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell -LRB- who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor -RRB- , Kara DioGuardi -LRB- whose contract was not renewed -RRB- and Ellen DeGeneres , while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer .	Nigel Lythgoe	Who was the executive producer of American Idols tenth season ?
Season ten of the series premiered on January 19 , 2011 .	January 19, 2011	When did season ten premiere ?
Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell -LRB- who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor -RRB- , Kara DioGuardi -LRB- whose contract was not renewed -RRB- and Ellen DeGeneres , while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer .	Nigel Lythgoe	Who returned as executive producer this season ?
Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell -LRB- who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor -RRB- , Kara DioGuardi -LRB- whose contract was not renewed -RRB- and Ellen DeGeneres , while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer .	Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler	Which two new judges joined Randy Jackson on the judges ' panel ?
Jimmy Iovine , chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group , the new partner of American Idol , acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyoncé , will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in .	Jimmy Iovine	Who was the in-house mentor this season ?
Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace .	Season ten	What was the first season of American Idol to feature online auditions ?
Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace .	Myspace	What website hosted auditions for American Idols tenth season ?
Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace .	Myspace	How did Karen Rodriguez audition for American Idol season ten ?
Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace .	online	This is the first season to have what kind of auditions ?
Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace .	Myspace	Where could contestants submit a video audition ?
One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina , whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fiancée received widespread coverage .	Chris Medina	Which contestant had a fiancé that had suffered brain damage ?
Medina was cut in the Top 40 round .	Top 40	In which round was Chris Medina eliminated n season ten of American Idol ?
Casey Abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show .	Casey Abrams	Which season ten contestant was in the hospital instead of at the Top 13 results show ?
Casey Abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show .	Casey Abrams	Which contestants did the judges save on season ten of American Idol ?
One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina , whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fiancée received widespread coverage .	Chris Medina	Which contestant cared for his brain-damaged fiancee ?
Medina was cut in the Top 40 round .	Top 40 round	When was Medina eliminated from the competition ?
Casey Abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show .	Casey Abrams	Which contestant suffered from ulcerative colitis ?
Casey Abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show .	Top 13 result show	Which show did Abrams miss because he was in the hospital ?
Casey Abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show .	Abrams	Who received the Judges ' Save this season ?
Pia Toscano , one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season , was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7 , 2011 , finishing in ninth place .	Pia Toscano	What contestant came in ninth on season ten of American Idol ?
Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants , as well as actor Tom Hanks .	Tom Hanks	What actor was upset when Pia Toscano was eliminated on American Idol ?
Pia Toscano , one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season , was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7 , 2011 , finishing in ninth place .	Pia Toscano	Which fan favorite was unexpectedly eliminated earlier than expected ?
Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants , as well as actor Tom Hanks .	Tom Hanks	Which actor criticized Toscano 's elimination ?
The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery , both teenage country singers .	country	What genre of music did season ten American Idol contestant Lauren Alaina sing ?
The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery , both teenage country singers .	Scotty McCreery	Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season ?
McCreery released his first single , `` I Love You This Big '' , as his coronation song , and Alaina released `` Like My Mother Does '' .	I Love You This Big	What song did Scotty McCreery first release after winning American Idol ?
McCreery released his first single , `` I Love You This Big '' , as his coronation song , and Alaina released `` Like My Mother Does '' .	Like My Mother Does	What song did Lauren Alaina release after coming in second on American Idol ?
McCreery 's debut album , Clear as Day , became the first debut album by an Idol winner to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 since Ruben Studdard 's Soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200 .	Soulful	What is the name of the successful album that Ruben Studdard released in 2003 ?
McCreery won the competition on May 25 , being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American Idol .	May 25	When was the season finale of Idol ?
The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery , both teenage country singers .	Scotty McCreery	Who won this season of Idol ?
McCreery 's debut album , Clear as Day , became the first debut album by an Idol winner to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 since Ruben Studdard 's Soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200 .	Ruben Studdard	Scotty 's first album reached the top Billboard spot , the first time for an Idol winner since when ?
Season 11 premiered on January 18 , 2012 .	2012	In what year did American Idol first air its eleventh season ?
On February 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25 , and that was Jermaine Jones .	25	How many contestants made it to the finals on season 11 of American Idol ?
On February 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25 , and that was Jermaine Jones .	Jermaine Jones	What contestant was removed from the competition for concealing legal troubles ?
Season 11 premiered on January 18 , 2012 .	January 18, 2012	When did season 11 premiere ?
On February 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25 , and that was Jermaine Jones .	Jermaine Jones	Who joined the finalists , making it a Top 25 ?
However , on March 14 , Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants .	March 14	When was Jones removed from the show ?
However , on March 14 , Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants .	concealing arrests and outstanding warrants	Why was Jones disqualified ?
Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones .	Phillip Phillips	Which season 11 contestant had to go to the hospital before the Top 13 Results ?
Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones .	kidney stones	Why was Phillip Phillips hospitalized during his time on American Idol ?
He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run , and had considered quitting the show due to the pain .	eight	How many times did Phillip Phillips have surgery when he was on American Idol ?
Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones .	Phillip Phillips	Which contestant thought about leaving the contest because of pain in his kidney ?
Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones .	Phillip Phillips	Which contestant had eight surgeries during his Idol run ?
Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones .	kidney pain	What kind of pain did Phillips endure ?
Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their `` save '' option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save .	Jessica Sanchez	Which contestant was saved by the judges on season 11 of American Idol ?
Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their `` save '' option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save .	Jessica Sanchez	Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol ?
The following week , unlike previous seasons , Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home .	Colton Dixon	Who was eliminated the week after judges saved Jessica Sanchez on American Idol ?
Sanchez later made the final two , the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale .	final two	How far did Jessica Sanchez make it on American Idol ?
Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their `` save '' option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save .	Top 7	When did the judges use their save this season ?
Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their `` save '' option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save .	Jessica Sanchez	Who was the recipient of the Judges ' Save ?
The following week , unlike previous seasons , Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home .	Colton Dixon	Which contestant was sent home the following week ?
Prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage -- which she accepted .	Diana DeGarmo	What former contestant did Ace Young ask to marry him ?
Prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage -- which she accepted .	five	In what season was Ace Young a finalist on American Idol ?
Prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage -- which she accepted .	three	In What season did Diana DeGarmo come in second on American Idol ?
Phillips became the winner , beating Sanchez .	Phillips	Who won this season of Idol ?
Prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage -- which she accepted .	season five	Which season was Ace Young on ?
Prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage -- which she accepted .	season three	Which season was Diana DeGarmo on ?
Phillips released `` Home '' as his coronation song , while Sanchez released `` Change Nothing '' .	Home	What is the first song that Phillip Phliips released after winning American Idol ?
Phillips released `` Home '' as his coronation song , while Sanchez released `` Change Nothing '' .	Change Nothing	What is the name of the song that Jessica Sanchez released first after American Idol ?
Phillips released `` Home '' as his coronation song , while Sanchez released `` Change Nothing '' .	Home	What was Phillip 's coronation song ?
Phillips released `` Home '' as his coronation song , while Sanchez released `` Change Nothing '' .	Change Nothing	What song did Sanchez release ?
Phillips released `` Home '' as his coronation song , while Sanchez released `` Change Nothing '' .	Home	Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons ?
Season 12 premiered on January 16 , 2013 .	2013	What year did season 12 of American Idol first air ?
Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons .	Judges	What was Mariah Careys position on season 12 of American Idol ?
The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ .	TMZ	What website showed video of an altercation between Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj ?
Season 12 premiered on January 16 , 2013 .	January 16, 2013	When did season 12 premiere ?
This was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel .	four	How many judges did this season have ?
The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated .	five	How many girls were in the top 10 on season 12 of American Idol ?
The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated .	Lazaro Arbos	Who was the last guy to be sent home on season 12 of American Idol ?
The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated .	10	How many contestants did this season have ?
The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated .	five	How many weeks in a row were male contestants eliminated ?
The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated .	Lazaro Arbos	Who as the last man to be eliminated ?
It was also the first time that the judges ' `` save '' was not used , the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week .	four	How many contestants were able to perform for two weeks without any eliminations ?
23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot .	Candice Glover	Who was the winner of American Idols twelfth season ?
23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot .	Kree Harrison	Which contestant came in second on season 12 of American Idol ?
Glover released `` I Am Beautiful '' as a single while Harrison released `` All Cried Out '' immediately after the show .	I Am Beautiful	What was the first song released by Candice Glover after winning American Idol ?
Glover released `` I Am Beautiful '' as a single while Harrison released `` All Cried Out '' immediately after the show .	All Cried Out	What song did Kree Harrison first release after being on American Idol ?
23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot .	Candice Glover	Who won this season of Idol ?
23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot .	Kree Harrison	Who was the runner up ?
Glover released `` I Am Beautiful '' as a single while Harrison released `` All Cried Out '' immediately after the show .	I Am Beautiful	What was Glover 's first single ?
Glover released `` I Am Beautiful '' as a single while Harrison released `` All Cried Out '' immediately after the show .	All Cried Out	What was Harrison 's first single ?
Glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label .	not signed by a music label	This is the first season when what did not happen to the first runner up ?
Towards the end of the season , Randy Jackson , the last remaining of the original judges , announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures .	Randy Jackson	Which long time judge decided to leave his position at the end of the season ?
Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers .	one	How many seasons was Mariah Carey a judge on American Idol ?
Towards the end of the season , Randy Jackson , the last remaining of the original judges , announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures .	Randy Jackson	Who announced this would be his final year as a judge ?
Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers .	Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj	Who were the other judges to leave after this season ?
The thirteenth season premiered on January 15 , 2014 , with Ryan Seacrest returning as host .	2014	What year did season 13 of American Idol first air ?
The thirteenth season premiered on January 15 , 2014 , with Ryan Seacrest returning as host .	Ryan Seacrest	Who was the host of American idol in its thirteenth season ?
Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned , though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor .	in-mentor	What new role did Randy Jackson assume during American Idols thirteenth season ?
Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show .	Gregg Gelfand	Who directed the thirteenth season of American Idol ?
The thirteenth season premiered on January 15 , 2014 , with Ryan Seacrest returning as host .	January 15, 2014	When did season 13 premiere ?
Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned , though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor .	Randy Jackson	Who was the mentor this season ?
Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick , Jr. joined Urban on the panel .	Jennifer Lopez	Which former judge came back to the judges ' panel this season ?
Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick , Jr. joined Urban on the panel .	Harry Connick, Jr.	Which former mentor joined the judges ' panel this season ?
Also , Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens , Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger .	Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick	Per Blankens , Jesse Ignjatovic , and Evan Pragger replaced which two executives ?
In the Top 8 , Sam Woolf received the fewest votes , but he was saved from elimination by the judges .	Sam Woolf	Which contestant was saved by the judges after getting the least votes on season 13 of American Idol ?
The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night .	Top 3 performance night	At what point in season 13 did American Idol air its 500th show ?
This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves .	songs they wrote themselves	Contestants could perform what in the final rounds for the first time ever ?
In the Top 8 , Sam Woolf received the fewest votes , but he was saved from elimination by the judges .	Sam Woolf	Who received the Judges ' Save this season ?
In the Top 8 , Sam Woolf received the fewest votes , but he was saved from elimination by the judges .	Top 8	When did the judges use their save on Woolf ?
The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night .	Top 3 performance night	What episode was the 500th of the entire series ?
Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season , with Jena Irene as the runner-up .	Caleb Johnson	Who won season 13 of American Idol ?
Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season , with Jena Irene as the runner-up .	Jena Irene	Who came in second on season 13 of American Idol ?
Johnson released `` As Long as You Love Me '' as his coronation single while Irene released `` We Are One '' .	As Long as You Love Me	What song did Caleb Johnson first release after winning American Idol ?
Johnson released `` As Long as You Love Me '' as his coronation single while Irene released `` We Are One '' .	We Are One	What song did Jena Irene release after coming in second on American Idol ?
Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season , with Jena Irene as the runner-up .	Caleb Johnson	Who won this season of Idol ?
Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season , with Jena Irene as the runner-up .	Jena Irene	Who was the runner up this season ?
Johnson released `` As Long as You Love Me '' as his coronation single while Irene released `` We Are One '' .	As Long as You Love Me	What was Johnson 's coronation song ?
Johnson released `` As Long as You Love Me '' as his coronation single while Irene released `` We Are One '' .	We Are One	What was Irene 's coronation song ?
The fourteenth season premiered on January 7 , 2015 .	2015	What year did American Idol first air its fourteenth season ?
Ryan Seacrest returned to host , while Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban and Harry Connick , Jr. returned for their respective fourth , third and second seasons as judges .	Ryan Seacrest	Who was the host of American Idol in its fourteenth season ?
Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions .	Adam Lambert	Which former contestant replaced Keith Urban for auditions in New York City ?
Ryan Seacrest returned to host , while Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban and Harry Connick , Jr. returned for their respective fourth , third and second seasons as judges .	judges	What was Keith Urbans position on American Idol in its fourteenth season ?
Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season .	Randy Jackson	Who did not come back as a mentor in season 14 ?
The fourteenth season premiered on January 7 , 2015 .	January 7, 2015	When did season 14 premiere ?
Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions .	Adam Lambert	Who took Urban 's spot at the New York auditions ?
Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten .	one	How many episodes did American Idol have each week of the top ten ?
Coca Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role .	Coca Cola	What drink company ended their relationship with American Idol in season 14 ?
Coca Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role .	Ford Motor Company	What car company had a relationship with American Idol in season 14 ?
The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records .	Big Machine Records	What record label had a contract with the winner of American Idols fourteenth season ?
Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten .	one	Starting this season , how many episodes of Idol aired every week ?
Coca Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role .	Coca Cola	Who ended their sponsorship this season ?
Coca Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role .	Ford Motor Company	What other company reduced their sponsorship this season ?
The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records .	Big Machine Records	This season , the winner won a recording contract with what company ?
Nick Fradiani won the season , defeating Clark Beckham .	Nick Fradiani	Who won American Idols fourteenth season ?
Nick Fradiani won the season , defeating Clark Beckham .	Clark Beckham	Who came in second on American Idol in season 14 ?
Jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called `` Forcefield '' .	Jax	Who came in third on American Idol in season 14 ?
Fradiani released `` Beautiful Life '' as his coronation single while Beckham released `` Champion '' .	Beautiful Life	What was the name of Nick Fradianis victory song ?
Jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called `` Forcefield '' .	Forcefield	What song did Jax release after coming in third on American Idol ?
Nick Fradiani won the season , defeating Clark Beckham .	Nick Fradiani	Who won this season of Idol ?
Nick Fradiani won the season , defeating Clark Beckham .	Clark Beckham	Who was the runner up of Idol ?
Fradiani released `` Beautiful Life '' as his coronation single while Beckham released `` Champion '' .	Beautiful Life	What was Nick 's coronation song ?
Fradiani released `` Beautiful Life '' as his coronation single while Beckham released `` Champion '' .	Champion	What was Beckham 's first release ?
Jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called `` Forcefield '' .	Jax	Which contestant came in third place ?
Fox announced on May 11 , 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol ; as such , the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program 's alumni .	2015	What year did Fox announce the cancellation of American Idol ?
Ryan Seacrest returns as host , with Harry Connick Jr. , Keith Urban , and Jennifer Lopez all returning for their respective third , fourth , and fifth seasons as judges .	judges	What was Keith Urbans role on American Idols fifteenth season ?
Ryan Seacrest returns as host , with Harry Connick Jr. , Keith Urban , and Jennifer Lopez all returning for their respective third , fourth , and fifth seasons as judges .	Ryan Seacrest	Who hosted American Idol in its last season ?
Fox announced on May 11 , 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol ; as such , the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program 's alumni .	May 11, 2015	When did Fox announce that Season 15 would be the final season ?
Ryan Seacrest returns as host , with Harry Connick Jr. , Keith Urban , and Jennifer Lopez all returning for their respective third , fourth , and fifth seasons as judges .	Ryan Seacrest	Who is returning as host ?
In 2012 , an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the Southern United States .	131	As of 2012 , how many finalists did American Idol have ?
Since the show 's inception in 2002 , ten of the fourteen Idol winners , including its first five , have come from the Southern United States .	2002	When did American Idol begin ?
Since the show 's inception in 2002 , ten of the fourteen Idol winners , including its first five , have come from the Southern United States .	Southern	What region of the United States were American Idols first five winners from ?
A large number of other notable finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the American South , including Clay Aiken , Kellie Pickler , and Chris Daughtry , who are all from North Carolina .	North Carolina	What state is American Idol contestant Clay Aiken from ?
A large number of other notable finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the American South , including Clay Aiken , Kellie Pickler , and Chris Daughtry , who are all from North Carolina .	North Carolina	What state is American Idol contestant Chris Daughtry from ?
Since the show 's inception in 2002 , ten of the fourteen Idol winners , including its first five , have come from the Southern United States .	ten	How many Idol winners have come from the southern part of America ?
A large number of other notable finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the American South , including Clay Aiken , Kellie Pickler , and Chris Daughtry , who are all from North Carolina .	Chris Daughtry	In addition to Clay Aiken and Kellie Pickler , which other Idol is from North Carolina ?
Data from Nielsen SoundScan , a music-sales tracking service , showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by Idol contestants through January 2010 , 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South .	47 million	How many CDs from American Idol contestants had been sold at the beginning of 2010 ?
The show itself is popular in the Southern United States , with households in the Southeastern United States 10 % more likely to watch American Idol during the eighth season in 2009 , and those in the East Central region , such as Kentucky , were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series .	16 percent	In the same study , how much more likely was someone from Kentucky to tune into the show ?
Data from Nielsen SoundScan , a music-sales tracking service , showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by Idol contestants through January 2010 , 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South .	47 million	How many CDS were sold by Idol contestants up to 2010 ?
Data from Nielsen SoundScan , a music-sales tracking service , showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by Idol contestants through January 2010 , 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South .	85 percent	Of the CDs sold , how many were by the contestants with southern ties ?
According to season five winner Taylor Hicks , who is from the state of Alabama , `` People in the South have a lot of pride ... So , they 're adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region . ''	Taylor Hicks	Who won season five of American Idol ?
According to season five winner Taylor Hicks , who is from the state of Alabama , `` People in the South have a lot of pride ... So , they 're adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region . ''	Alabama	What state is Taylor Hicks from ?
Theories given for the success of Southerners on Idol have been : more versatility with musical genres , as the Southern U.S. is home to several music genre scenes ; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business ; text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households ; and the strong heritage of music and singing , which is notable in the Bible Belt , where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing .	church	Where do people in the Southern United States often begin singing ?
Theories given for the success of Southerners on Idol have been : more versatility with musical genres , as the Southern U.S. is home to several music genre scenes ; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business ; text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households ; and the strong heritage of music and singing , which is notable in the Bible Belt , where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing .	church	Where do a lot of people get their start in singing in the south ?
According to season five winner Taylor Hicks , who is from the state of Alabama , `` People in the South have a lot of pride ... So , they 're adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region . ''	Alabama	Where is Taylor Hicks from ?
For five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar -- a trend that Idol pundits call the `` White guy with guitar '' or `` WGWG '' factor .	White guy with guitar	What does the acronym WGWG stand for ?
Just hours before the season eleven finale , where Phillip Phillips was named the winner , Richard Rushfield , author of the book American Idol : The Untold Story , said , `` You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as ... .	Phillip Phillips	Who won season eleven of American Idol ?
Just hours before the season eleven finale , where Phillip Phillips was named the winner , Richard Rushfield , author of the book American Idol : The Untold Story , said , `` You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as ... .	American Idol: The Untold Story	What is the name of the book written by Richard Rushfield about American Idol ?
For five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar -- a trend that Idol pundits call the `` White guy with guitar '' or `` WGWG '' factor .	five	How many seasons in a row were won by caucasian guitar playing males ?
For five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar -- a trend that Idol pundits call the `` White guy with guitar '' or `` WGWG '' factor .	guitar	What instrument did the winners for five seasons in a row play ?
For five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar -- a trend that Idol pundits call the `` White guy with guitar '' or `` WGWG '' factor .	White guy with guitar	What is the WGWG factor ?
Just hours before the season eleven finale , where Phillip Phillips was named the winner , Richard Rushfield , author of the book American Idol : The Untold Story , said , `` You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as ... .	Richard Rushfield	Who wrote American Idol : The Untold Story ?
Just hours before the season eleven finale , where Phillip Phillips was named the winner , Richard Rushfield , author of the book American Idol : The Untold Story , said , `` You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as ... .	Phillip Phillips	Who was named the winner of Season 11 ?
The show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career , and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management .	19 Entertainment	What company are contestants required to sign a contract with on American Idol ?
The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes -LRB- 100 million more text votes than season 7 -RRB- fueled the texting controversy .	Ruben Studdard	Who won season two of American Idol ?
The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes -LRB- 100 million more text votes than season 7 -RRB- fueled the texting controversy .	Clay Aiken	Who came in second on season two of American Idol ?
Since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol , Vote for the Worst -LRB- closed in 2013 -RRB- , and Vote for the Girls -LRB- started 2010 -RRB- .	2013	What year did Vote for the Worst cease operations ?
The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes -LRB- 100 million more text votes than season 7 -RRB- fueled the texting controversy .	100 million	How many more text votes were there in season eight of American Idol over season seven ?
The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes -LRB- 100 million more text votes than season 7 -RRB- fueled the texting controversy .	season two	Which season had the biggest voting controversy ?
The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes -LRB- 100 million more text votes than season 7 -RRB- fueled the texting controversy .	season eight	Which season had a voting controversy because of a huge increase in text votes ?
Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season .	power voting	Which voting concern has been present since the first season ?
Since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol , Vote for the Worst -LRB- closed in 2013 -RRB- , and Vote for the Girls -LRB- started 2010 -RRB- .	2010	When did Vote for the Girls start ?
Since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol , Vote for the Worst -LRB- closed in 2013 -RRB- , and Vote for the Girls -LRB- started 2010 -RRB- .	2013	When did Vote for the Worst close ?
Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives .	Idol Gives Back	What is the name of the special that raises money for charities on American Idol ?
This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $ 185 million in total .	$185 million	How much money has American Idol raised for charity with its Idol Gives Back specials ?
Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives .	Idol Gives Back	What is the name of the charity that Idol has ?
Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives .	season six	When was the first Idol Gives Back ?
American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 .	2002	What year did American Idol being to air on television ?
The first show drew 9.9 million viewers , giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year .	9.9 million	How many people watched the first episode of American Idol ?
The audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show .	23 million	How many people on average watched the American Idol finale in its first season ?
American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 .	summer	What season of the year did American Idol first air on television ?
American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 .	June 2002	When did American Idol premiere ?
The audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show .	23 million	What was the average for viewership by finale night ?
The growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million .	26.5 million	How many people watched the first episode of American Idols second season ?
The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 -- 49 age group .	21.7 million	How many people on average tuned in to watch American Idol in its second season ?
The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest-rated ever American Idol episode at 38.1 million for the final hour .	Ruben Studdard	What contestant won the second season of American Idol ?
By season four , American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time , with an average viewership of 26.8 million .	season four	During what season did American Idol become the highest rated show across all demographics ?
The show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30.6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest-rated season of the series .	season five	Which season of American Idol was watched by the most people ?
The growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million .	26.5 million	How many people watched the second season premiere of American Idol ?
The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 -- 49 age group .	21.7 million	How many people watched on average for season two ?
By season four , American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time , with an average viewership of 26.8 million .	four	By what season was American Idol the most watched show on TV ?
Season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages -LRB- unlike in the previous seasons -RRB- , and became the second highest-rated of the series after the preceding season .	Season six	Which season premier of American Idol was the most watched ?
Season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages -LRB- unlike in the previous seasons -RRB- , and became the second highest-rated of the series after the preceding season .	Season six	During which season to American Idols rating begin to fall ?
The show was dubbed `` the Death Star '' , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses .	the Death Star	What did other television networks refer to American Idol as because of its ratings ?
During this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60-minute reach of previous hits such as NBC 's The Cosby Show .	NBC	Which television network originally aired The Cosby Show ?
Season six premiered with the series ' highest-rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of American Idol .	Season six	Which season premiere was the most watched of all seasons ?
The show was dubbed `` the Death Star '' , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses .	the Death Star	What was the show called by other networks ?
However , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season .	decline	Season six saw what for the first time in viewership ?
Season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages -LRB- unlike in the previous seasons -RRB- , and became the second highest-rated of the series after the preceding season .	results show	Season six was the first season where what had more viewers ?
The loss of viewers continued into season seven .	season seven	During which season of American Idol did Fox beat the other networks in ratings for the first time ?
Overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike .	Writers Guild of America strike	Why were television ratings down across the board during American Idols seventh season ?
The loss of viewers continued into season seven .	season seven	On what season was Kristy Lee Cook a contestant on American Idol ?
The premiere was down 11 % among total viewers , and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18 -- 34 demo since the first season in 2002 .	Kristy Lee Cook	Who was eliminated during the lowest rated show since season one ?
The loss of viewers continued into season seven .	season seven	What was the series ' third most watched finale ?
The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception , a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network .	the most watched TV network	Because of the rebound in viewers , Fox became what for the first time ?
Overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike .	Writers Guild of America strike	What happened in 2007-2008 that had a drop in viewers for all networks ?
In season nine , Idol 's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when NBC 's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol 's 18.4 million .	NBC	Which television network aired the Winter Olympics in 2010 ?
Nevertheless , American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running , breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS ' All in the Family and NBC 's The Cosby Show .	CBS	Which television network originally aired All in the Family ?
In season nine , Idol 's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when NBC 's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol 's 18.4 million .	2010	In what year did NBC beat American Idol in the ratings for the first time ?
In season nine , Idol 's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when NBC 's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol 's 18.4 million .	2010 Winter Olympics	What finally beat Idol in the ratings during season nine ?
In season nine , Idol 's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when NBC 's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol 's 18.4 million .	30.1 million	How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol ?
While the overall viewer number has increased this season , its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year -- the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season .	32.1	What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its first season ?
While the overall viewer number has increased this season , its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year -- the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season .	47.2	What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its tenth season ?
While the overall viewer number has increased this season , its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year -- the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season .	47.2	What is the median age of viewers this season ?
While the overall viewer number has increased this season , its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year -- the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season .	32.1	What was the median age for viewers for season one ?
For the first time in eight years , American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo , coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football , although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18-49 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings , standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012 .	eight	For how many years was American Idol the top rated show on television ?
For the first time in eight years , American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo , coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football , although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18-49 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings , standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012 .	Sunday Night Football	What program saw more viewers than American Idol this season ?
For the first time in eight years , American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo , coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football , although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18-49 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings , standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012 .	eight years	How long did Fox reign in the 18-49 demographics in the Nielsen ratings ?
The season viewers averaged at 13.3 million , a drop of 24 % from the previous season .	13.3 million	How many people on average watched season 12 of American Idol ?
The thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18 -- 49 demographic , a drop of 28 % from the twelfth season , and American Idol lost its Top 10 position in the Nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013 -- 14 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result , although the entire series to date had not yet been dropped from the Nielsen Top 30 rankings since its inception in 2002 .	2002	When did American Idol first air on television ?
The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season , and saw a drop of 44 % in the 18-49 demo .	7.2 million	The season finale for season 12 had how many fewer viewers than season 11 ?
The season viewers averaged at 13.3 million , a drop of 24 % from the previous season .	13.3 million	How many viewers watched on average this season ?
The continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14 , including the loss of Coca-Cola as the show 's major sponsor , and a decision to only broadcast one , two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds -LRB- with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show , rather than having a separate results show -RRB- .	Coca-Cola	What drink company ended its relationship with American Idol during season 14 ?
The fourteenth season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever , with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale .	8.03 million	How many people watched American Idols finale in season 14 ?
On May 11 , 2015 , prior to the fourteenth season finale , Fox announced that the fifteenth season of American Idol would be its last .	May 11, 2015	When did Fox announce the following season would be Idol 's last ?
The fourteenth season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever , with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale .	8.03 million	How many people watched the season 14 finale ?
The show pushed Fox to become the number one U.S. TV network amongst adults 18 -- 49 , the key demographic coveted by advertisers , for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012 .	Fox	What television network originally aired the show Glee ?
The show pushed Fox to become the number one U.S. TV network amongst adults 18 -- 49 , the key demographic coveted by advertisers , for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012 .	Fox	What television network originally aired the show House ?
The show , its creator Simon Fuller claimed , `` saved Fox '' .	Simon Fuller	Who created American Idol ?
Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as Dancing with the Stars and So You Think You Can Dance , most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television .	Dancing with the Stars	What dancing show featuring celebrities has been helped by American Idol ?
The show 's massive success in the mid-2000s and early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing-competition shows , such as Rock Star , Nashville Star , The Voice , Rising Star , The Sing-Off , and The X Factor .	The Voice	What is another singing show similar to American Idol ?
As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history , American Idol has a strong impact not just on television , but also in the wider world of entertainment .	American Idol	What show helped launched the career of Kelly Clarkson ?
As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history , American Idol has a strong impact not just on television , but also in the wider world of entertainment .	American Idol	What show helped launched the career of Carrie Underwood ?
As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history , American Idol has a strong impact not just on television , but also in the wider world of entertainment .	American Idol	What show helped launched the career of Daughtry ?
Various American Idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world ; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the Billboard charts in its first ten years .	345	How many number one Billboard singles were released by American Idol contestants in the shows first decade ?
Its alumni have a massive impact on radio ; in 2007 , American Idol had become `` a dominant force in radio '' according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer .	Rich Meyer	Who is the president of Mediabase ?
By 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins .	Kelly Clarkson	Who was the most successful American Idol winner on radio as of 2010 ?
Various American Idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world ; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the Billboard charts in its first ten years .	345	How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years ?
According to Fred Bronson , author of books on the Billboard charts , no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles .	Fred Bronson	Who authored books on Billboard charts ?
By 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins .	four	How many contestants had at least one million radio spins by 2010 ?
By 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins .	over four million	How many radio spins did Kelly Clarkson have by 2010 ?
As of 2013 , the American Idol alumni in their post-Idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the United States alone .	59 million	How many albums have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013 ?
As of 2013 , the American Idol alumni in their post-Idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the United States alone .	120 million	How many single have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013 ?
As of 2013 , the American Idol alumni in their post-Idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the United States alone .	59 million	How many albums have Idol contestants created as of 2013 ?
As of 2013 , the American Idol alumni in their post-Idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the United States alone .	120 million	How many singles and digital downloads have Idol contestants created as of 2013 ?
Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who , on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd , won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance .	Jennifer Hudson	Which American Idol contestant won an Oscar for Dreamgirls ?
Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who , on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd , won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance .	vocal coach	What job does Debra Byrd do on American Idol ?
The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre , where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers .	musical theatre	In what area of the entertainment industry have some Idol contestants found success ?
Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who , on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd , won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance .	Jennifer Hudson	Which Idol won an Academy Award ?
Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who , on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd , won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance .	Dreamgirls	What film did Jennifer Hudson win an Academy Award for ?
Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who , on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd , won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance .	Debra Byrd	Who recommended the role for Hudon ?
Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that `` As TV , American Idol is crazily entertaining ; as music , it 's dust-mote inconsequential '' .	Entertainment Weekly	What publication does Ken Tucker work for ?
The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many .	the national anthem	What did American Idols first winner sing at the Lincoln Memorial in 2002 ?
Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that `` As TV , American Idol is crazily entertaining ; as music , it 's dust-mote inconsequential '' .	Ken Tucker	Which journalist felt Idol produced entertaining TV more than entertaining music ?
Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that `` As TV , American Idol is crazily entertaining ; as music , it 's dust-mote inconsequential '' .	Entertainment Weekly	Which publication did Tucker work for ?
The product placement in the show in particular was noted , and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations -- Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union-Tribune charged that American Idol is `` a conniving multimedia monster '' that has `` absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil '' .	Karla Peterson	Who called American Idol a conniving multimedia monster ?
The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many .	Lincoln Memorial	Where did the season one winner sing the national anthem that received huge criticism ?
Some of the later writers about the show were more positive , Michael Slezak , again of Entertainment Weekly , thought that `` for all its bloated , synthetic , product-shilling , money-making trappings , Idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today 's music business . ''	Entertainment Weekly	What publication does Michael Slezak write for ?
Others focused on the personalities in the show ; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell 's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that `` Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . ''	Simon Cowell	Who was accused of being mean and cruel on American Idol ?
Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect .	John Mayer	What singer had bad things to say about contestants on American Idol ?
Others focused on the personalities in the show ; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell 's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that `` Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . ''	Newsweek	What magazine does Ramin Wetoodeh write for ?
Singer Sheryl Crow , who was later to act as a mentor on the show , however took the view that the show `` undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism '' .	commercialism	Sheryl Crow felt the show undermined art and promoted what ?
Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has `` reshaped the American songbook '' , `` led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture '' , and connects `` the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future . ''	Ann Powers	Who said that American Idol has reshaped the American songbook ?
Others focused on the personalities in the show ; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell 's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that `` Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . ''	Simon Cowell	Who was accused of helping meanness thrive ?
Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect .	John Mayer	Which singer said the contestants are not real artists with self respect ?
Elton John , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on American Idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that `` there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs '' .	Elton John	What famous singer declined an offer to be a judge on American Idol after having been a mentor ?
LeAnn Rimes , commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006 , said that `` Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award '' .	2006	What year did Carrie Underwood win a Country Music Award for Best Female Artist ?
LeAnn Rimes , commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006 , said that `` Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award '' .	LeAnn Rimes	What singer criticized Carrie Underwood for winning a Country Music Award ?
Usher , a mentor on the show , bemoaning the loss of the `` true art form of music '' , thought that shows like American Idol made it seem `` so easy that everyone can do it , and that it can happen overnight '' , and that `` television is a lie '' .	Usher	Who felt that American Idol helped the true art form of music get lost ?
LeAnn Rimes , commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006 , said that `` Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award '' .	Carrie Underwood	Who won the Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards in 2006 ?
LeAnn Rimes , commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006 , said that `` Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award '' .	Faith Hill	Who did Carrie beat out for the award ?
LeAnn Rimes , commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006 , said that `` Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award '' .	LeAnn Rimes	Who said that Carrie had not paid her dues to win that award ?
Elton John , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on American Idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that `` there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs '' .	Elton John	Who was a mentor but later turned down the opportunity to judge Idol ?
While the industry is divided on the show success , its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format .	country	Which music genre has had the most success from American Idol ?
While the industry is divided on the show success , its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format .	country music	Which genre has felt the impact of Idol the most ?
Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety , Music Or Comedy Series in 2009 , and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008 , three in 2009 , and two in 2011 , as well as a Governor 's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition .	Bruce Gower	What director win an Emmy Award for his work on American Idol ?
Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety , Music Or Comedy Series in 2009 , and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008 , three in 2009 , and two in 2011 , as well as a Governor 's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition .	Idol Gives Back	What American Idol special received a Governors Award in 2007 ?
American Idol was nominated for the Emmy 's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won .	nine	How many times was American Idol nominated for an Emmy ?
Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety , Music Or Comedy Series in 2009 , and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008 , three in 2009 , and two in 2011 , as well as a Governor 's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition .	Governor's Award in 2007	What award did American Idol win for its Idol Gives Back charity work ?
The show was estimated to generate $ 900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads , albums , merchandise and concert tickets .	$900 million	How much money did American Idol make in 2004 ?
One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $ 6.4 billion .	$6.4 billion	How much money did American Idol generate from its first eight seasons ?
American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience .	The American Idol Experience	What is the name of the American Idol theme attraction with Disney ?
The show was estimated to generate $ 900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads , albums , merchandise and concert tickets .	$900 million	How much money did American Idol generate from ads in its seventh season ?
American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience .	Disney	Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience ?
American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four , and by the next season , it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series , selling over $ 700,000 for a 30-seconds slot , and reaching up to $ 1.3 million for the finale .	season four	In which season did American Idol become the costliest show for advertising on television ?
American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four , and by the next season , it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series , selling over $ 700,000 for a 30-seconds slot , and reaching up to $ 1.3 million for the finale .	$1.3 million	How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot on the American Idol season four finale ?
By 2014 , ad revenue from had fallen to $ 427 million where a 30-second spot went for less than $ 300,000 .	less than $300,000	How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in 2014 ?
Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $ 737,000 .	$737,000	How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in its seventh season ?
American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four , and by the next season , it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series , selling over $ 700,000 for a 30-seconds slot , and reaching up to $ 1.3 million for the finale .	four	By what season was Idol the highest advertising cost of all shows ?
While that declined from season eight onwards , it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor , with advertising revenue topping $ 800 million annually the next few seasons .	800 million	How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8 ?
The sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 .	season one	In which season did Coca-Cola become a sponsor of American Idol ?
The sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 .	season one	In which season did Ford Motor Company become a sponsor of American Idol ?
The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s .	AT&T Wireless	Which mobile carrier became a sponsor of American Idol in its second season ?
The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s .	after season 13	When did Coca-Cola stop being a sponsor of American Idol ?
iTunes sponsored the show since season seven .	seven	In which season did iTunes begin a partnership with American Idol ?
The sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 .	10 million	How much did it cost each company for the first season ?
The sponsorship deal cost around $ 10 million in season one , rising to $ 35 million by season 7 , and between $ 50 to $ 60 million in season 10 .	35 million	How much did it cost each company in season 7 ?
The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s .	AT&T	Who was the third largest sponsor ?
The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers -- promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture , and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show .	text-messaging	What service did AT&T promote on American Idol as a way of voting ?
By season six , Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research .	4,349	How many product placements had Idol shown by season six ?
Coca-Cola 's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show 's start .	PepsiCo	Which major drink manufacturer decided at the beginning of American Idol not to be a sponsor ?
PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell 's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation .	The X Factor	What show did PepsiCo begin sponsoring in hopes of not missing another opportunity like American Idol ?
Coca-Cola 's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show 's start .	PepsiCo	Which soda company did not want to sponsor American Idol ?
PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell 's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation .	The X Factor	In hopes of not repeating another mistake , which show did PepsiCo sponsor ?
What the Los Angeles Times later called `` missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation '' contributed to Pepsi losing market share , by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States .	third	PepsiCo fell to what place by 2010 , which is in part credited with refusing to sponsor American Idol ?
The season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $ 35 million .	season five	Which season of American Idol had the highest profit on its tour ?
M&M 's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour .	M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies	What company was a sponsor of the American Idol tour in its ninth season ?
In the season twelve tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour .	a semi-finalist who won a sing-off	Who was added to the tour in season 12 ?
Kellogg 's Pop-Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons , and Guitar Hero was added for the season seven tour .	Kellogg's Pop-Tarts	Who sponsored the first seven tours ?
M&M 's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour .	M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies	Who sponsored the ninth tour ?
The season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $ 35 million .	season five	Which was the most successful tour ?
In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor .	season seven	When did iTunes become a sponsor on American Idol ?
For the first five seasons , the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season .	five	For how many seasons did American Idol put out a compilation of hits at seasons end ?
In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor .	iTunes	What company has released studio recordings from American Idol since season seven ?
American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants ' performances as well as the winner 's coronation single for sale .	the winner's coronation single	Idol releases both the performances as well as what for sale ?
For the first five seasons , the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season .	as a compilation album	How were the recordings released for the initial five seasons ?
All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program .	the most successful soundtrack franchise	Because all five were in the top ten of Billboard 's charts , this made Idol what ?
In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor .	iTunes	Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven ?
19 Recordings , a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants .	19 Recordings	What company has the right to all recordings from contestants on American Idol ?
Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music , and In 2010 , Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG 's Interscope-Geffen-A & M Records .	UMG	What company took over as American Idols music label in 2010 ?
19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group -LRB- BMG -RRB- to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records , Arista Records , J Records , Jive Records .	BMG	What company had released music from American Idol in addition to Sony Music Entertainment ?
19 Recordings , a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants .	19 Entertainment	Who owns 19 Recordings ?
19 Recordings , a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants .	19 Recordings	Who owns the rights to all phonographic material done by the contestants ?
19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group -LRB- BMG -RRB- to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records , Arista Records , J Records , Jive Records .	BMG	Who did 19 initially partner with to distribute the recordings ?
In 2005-2007 , BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment .	Sony Music Entertainment	Who did BMG partner with in 2005-2007 ?
Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music , and In 2010 , Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG 's Interscope-Geffen-A & M Records .	UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records	Who replaced Sony in 2010 as Idol 's music label ?
On February 14 , 2009 , The Walt Disney Company debuted `` The American Idol Experience '' at its Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida .	The Walt Disney Company	What company has a them park attraction known as The American Idol Experience ?
On February 14 , 2009 , The Walt Disney Company debuted `` The American Idol Experience '' at its Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida .	2009	In what year did The Walt Disney Company open The American Idol Experience ?
The attraction closed on August 30 , 2014 .	2014	In what year did The Walt Disney Company close The American Idol Experience ?
In this live production , co-produced by 19 Entertainment , park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members .	19 Entertainment	What company had a partnership with The Walt Disney Company for The American Idol Experience ?
On February 14 , 2009 , The Walt Disney Company debuted `` The American Idol Experience '' at its Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida .	February 14, 2009	When did the American Idol Experience open ?
On February 14 , 2009 , The Walt Disney Company debuted `` The American Idol Experience '' at its Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida .	Walt Disney World	Where did it open ?
The winner of the finals show received a `` Dream Ticket '' that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future American Idol audition .	Dream Ticket	What did the winner win ?
The attraction closed on August 30 , 2014 .	August 30, 2014	When did the Experience close ?
American Idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United States .	over 100	How many different countries air American Idol on television ?
In Canada , the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and/or CTV Two , in simulcast with Fox .	CTV	What network broadcasted American Idol live in Canada for thirteen seasons ?
CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014 , Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season .	2014	In what year did CTV stop showing live broadcasts of American Idol ?
CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014 , Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season .	Yes TV	What Canadian network began airing American Idol in 2015 ?
American Idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United States .	over 100	How many nations receive the Idol broadcast ?
In Canada , the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and/or CTV Two , in simulcast with Fox .	CTV and/or CTV Two	Who aired the first thirteen seasons in Canada ?
CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014 , Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season .	Yes TV	Who stated in August 2014 that they picked up the rights beginning in its 2015 season ?
In Italy , the twelfth season was broadcast by La3 .	La3	What network in Italy aired American Idol in season twelve ?
In the United Kingdom , episodes are aired one day after the U.S. broadcast on digital channel ITV2 .	one	How many days does someone in the United Kingdom have to wait to watch American Idol after its original broadcast ?
In southeast Asia , it is broadcast by STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after .	STAR World	What television network in Asia shows American Idol ?
In southeast Asia , it is broadcast by STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after .	Thursday and Friday	On what days of the week does American Idol air in the Philippines ?
In southeast Asia , it is broadcast by STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after .	STAR World	Who broadcasts Idol in southeast Asia ?
In Italy , the twelfth season was broadcast by La3 .	La3	Who broadcast the 12th season in Italy ?
Individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions , or for being ` ringers ' planted by the producers .	ringers	Producers have been accused of planting what within the show ?
It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings ; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years , or eight consecutive -LRB- and total -RRB- years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall .	seven	How many consecutive years was American Idol the top rated show ?
It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings ; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years , or eight consecutive -LRB- and total -RRB- years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall .	eight	How many consecutive years did either the performance or results show rank number one ?
The domestic dog -LRB- Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris -RRB- is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes .	Canis lupus familiaris	What is the three word Latin name for domesticated dogs ?
The domestic dog -LRB- Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris -RRB- is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes .	domestic dog	What is Canis familiaris ?
The domestic dog -LRB- Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris -RRB- is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes .	millennia	How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred ?
The domestic dog -LRB- Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris -RRB- is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors , sensory capabilities , and physical attributes .	sensory capabilities	Along with various behaviors and physical attributes , what were domestic dogs bred for ?
Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species -LRB- variously supposed as being the dhole , golden jackal , or gray wolf -RRB- , extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago .	2010s	What decade had significant studies of dog genes to determine origins ?
Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species -LRB- variously supposed as being the dhole , golden jackal , or gray wolf -RRB- , extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago .	40,000	Testing revealed today 's dogs trace back by how many years ?
Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species -LRB- variously supposed as being the dhole , golden jackal , or gray wolf -RRB- , extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago .	Eurasia	What is the region where domesticated dogs ancestry traces to ?
Being the oldest domesticated animal , their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior , as well as thrive on a starch-rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species .	starch-rich	What type of diet can modern domesticated dogs thrive eating that other dogs can not ?
Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species -LRB- variously supposed as being the dhole , golden jackal , or gray wolf -RRB- , extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago .	extensive genetic studies	What was undertaken in 2010 to determine where dogs originated from ?
This impact on human society has given them the nickname `` man 's best friend '' in the Western world .	man's best friend	What is the most common phrase , or nickname , used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general ?
This impact on human society has given them the nickname `` man 's best friend '' in the Western world .	man's best friend	What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures ?
In some cultures , however , dogs are a source of meat .	meat	Dogs are a source of what in some cultures ?
The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic * dukkōn , represented in Old English finger-docce -LRB- `` finger-muscle '' -RRB- .	dukkōn	What is the Proto-Germanic word that `` dog '' may have come from ?
The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary .	Proto-Indo-European	What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word `` dog '' came from ?
The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge , from Old English docga , a `` powerful dog breed '' .	Old English docga	Where does the word dog originate ?
The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary .	Proto-Indo-European	Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary ?
In 14th-century England , hound -LRB- from Old English : hund -RRB- was the general word for all domestic canines , and dog referred to a subtype of hound , a group including the mastiff .	hound	What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English ?
In 14th-century England , hound -LRB- from Old English : hund -RRB- was the general word for all domestic canines , and dog referred to a subtype of hound , a group including the mastiff .	mastiff.	What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound ?
By the 16th century , dog had become the general word , and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting .	16th	In what century did `` hound '' start to only apply to hunting dogs ?
In 14th-century England , hound -LRB- from Old English : hund -RRB- was the general word for all domestic canines , and dog referred to a subtype of hound , a group including the mastiff .	hound	What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century ?
By the 16th century , dog had become the general word , and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting .	16th century	When did the word dog become the common term for canines ?
By the 16th century , dog had become the general word , and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting .	hunting	Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time ?
The word `` hound '' is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word * kwon - `` dog '' .	*kwon- "dog"	What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from ?
A group of offspring is a litter .	a litter.	What are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively ?
The father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam .	sire	What is the male who is father of the pups called ?
Offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from French poupée , until they are about a year old .	poupée	What is the French word that `` puppy '' comes from ?
The process of birth is whelping , from the Old English word hwelp .	whelping	What is giving birth to dogs called ?
In breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch -LRB- Middle English bicche , from Old English bicce , ultimately from Old Norse bikkja -RRB- .	bitch	What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity ?
In breeding circles , a male canine is referred to as a dog , while a female is called a bitch -LRB- Middle English bicche , from Old English bicce , ultimately from Old Norse bikkja -RRB- .	bitch	A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding ?
A group of offspring is a litter .	litter	What are canine offspring referred as ?
The father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam .	sire	What is the father of a litter referred as ?
The father of a litter is called the sire , and the mother is called the dam .	dam	What is the mother of a litter referred as ?
Offspring are , in general , called pups or puppies , from French poupée , until they are about a year old .	pups	What are the individual litter canines called ?
In 1758 , the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species .	Canis	What is the Latin term for `` dog . ? ''
In 1758 , the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species .	1758	What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae ?
In 1758 , the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species .	Linnaeus	Who published Systema Naturae ?
On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus , which means `` Dog-wolf '' .	wolf	What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus ?
In 1982 , the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment : `` Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris .	Mammal Species of the World	What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves ?
In 1758 , the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species .	Canis	What is the Latin word for dog ?
The dog was classified as Canis familiaris , which means `` Dog-family '' or the family dog .	family dog	Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs , and is known as what ?
On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus , which means `` Dog-wolf '' .	Canis lupus	What is the Latin name for a wolf ?
In 1978 , a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that `` Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog .	Canis dingo	Feral dogs have what Latin classification ?
In 1982 , the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment : `` Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog , familiaris .	1982	What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus ?
In 2003 , the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species , then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal .	2003	What year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species , then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety ?
In 2005 , the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note : `` Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies , with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding '' .	Mammal Species of the World	What 2005 publication in its third edition kept to that ruling ?
However , Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use , and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris .	Canis familiaris.	What Latin dog term is still used because wild and domesticated dogs are recognizably different ?
In 2003 , the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species , then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal .	ICZN	What official body recognizes both Canis lupus and Canis familiaris ?
However , Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use , and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris .	Canis familiaris.	Many researchers prefer what term ?
In 2003 , the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species , then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal .	ICZN	Who ruled in 2003 that scientific names for wild animals share the same scientific name as their domestic counterparts ?
In 2003 , the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species , then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal .	Opinion 2027	What was this decision called ?
Later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species , and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct .	genetic studies	What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades ?
Later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species , and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct .	extinct.	The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what ?
These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists .	hunter-gatherers	Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what ?
Nearly all dog breeds ' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture , except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture .	Taimyr wolf of North Asia	Due to admixture , what species are many Arctic dogs related to ?
These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists .	human hunter-gatherers	Rather than with agriculturists , dogs seemingly were during the time of who ?
Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog , the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000 -- 40,000 years ago .	gray wolf	Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal ?
Nearly all dog breeds ' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture , except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture .	Taimyr	Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf ?
Modern dog breeds show more variation in size , appearance , and behavior than any other domestic animal .	Modern dog breeds	What species shows more difference in size , looks and actions than any other ?
Dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing .	catching and tearing.	What are dog teeth best suited for ?
Dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing .	scavengers	Dogs are considered to be predators and what else ?
Dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing .	wrist	What bones in dog legs are fused ?
Dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing .	endurance	A dog 's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else ?
Dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing .	catching and tearing	What are a dog 's teeth mainly used for ?
Dogs are predators and scavengers , and like many other predatory mammals , the dog has powerful muscles , fused wrist bones , a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance , and teeth for catching and tearing .	scavengers	Dogs originated as predators and what ?
Dogs are highly variable in height and weight .	height and weight.	Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics ?
The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg -LRB- 343 lb -RRB- and was 250 cm -LRB- 98 in -RRB- from the snout to the tail .	English Mastiff	What breed was the largest dog known to have lived ?
The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg -LRB- 343 lb -RRB- and was 250 cm -LRB- 98 in -RRB- from the snout to the tail .	English Mastiff	What is the biggest known dog ?
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties : `` double '' being common with dogs -LRB- as well as wolves -RRB- originating from colder climates , made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair , or `` single '' , with the topcoat only .	double	Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates ?
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties : `` double '' being common with dogs -LRB- as well as wolves -RRB- originating from colder climates , made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair , or `` single '' , with the topcoat only .	soft down hair	Along with a gruff guard hair , what else makes up the double coat ?
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties : `` double '' being common with dogs -LRB- as well as wolves -RRB- originating from colder climates , made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair , or `` single '' , with the topcoat only .	double	What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates ?
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties : `` double '' being common with dogs -LRB- as well as wolves -RRB- originating from colder climates , made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair , or `` single '' , with the topcoat only .	topcoat only	What is a single coat ?
Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading , a common natural camouflage pattern .	countershading	When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat , this is called what ?
A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below , which reduces its general visibility .	upper surfaces	A dog with countershading has dark coloring where ?
Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading , a common natural camouflage pattern .	countershading	A natural camo pattern is known as what ?
A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below , which reduces its general visibility .	dark coloring	What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading ?
A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below , which reduces its general visibility .	visibility	What is reduced when a dog has countershading ?
There are many different shapes for dog tails : straight , straight up , sickle , curled , or cork-screw .	tails	What part of a dog can be straight , curly or cork-screwed ?
As with many canids , one of the primary functions of a dog 's tail is to communicate their emotional state , which can be important in getting along with others .	emotional state	What does a dog communicate with its tail ?
There are many different shapes for dog tails : straight , straight up , sickle , curled , or cork-screw .	tails	What part of a dog can be straight , curled , or cork-screwed ?
Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia , blindness , deafness , pulmonic stenosis , cleft palate , and trick knees .	genetic ailments	What are some dogs prone to ?
Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas , ticks , and mites , as well as hookworms , tapeworms , roundworms , and heartworms .	parasites	What are all dogs susceptible to ?
Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra , affecting unspayed females of all types and ages , and bloat , which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs .	unspayed	Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog ?
Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra , affecting unspayed females of all types and ages , and bloat , which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs .	unspayed females	Who does pyometra affect ?
Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas , ticks , and mites , as well as hookworms , tapeworms , roundworms , and heartworms .	parasites	What are fleas , ticks and mites called ?
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids -LRB- theobromine poisoning -RRB- , onion and garlic -LRB- thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning -RRB- , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials .	toxic	Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs ?
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids -LRB- theobromine poisoning -RRB- , onion and garlic -LRB- thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning -RRB- , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials .	xylitol	Grapes , raisins , onions , garlic and what common sugar alcohol -LRB- sweetener -RRB- is toxic to dogs ?
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids -LRB- theobromine poisoning -RRB- , onion and garlic -LRB- thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning -RRB- , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials .	macadamia	What type of nut is poisonous to dogs ?
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids -LRB- theobromine poisoning -RRB- , onion and garlic -LRB- thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning -RRB- , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials .	theobromine	What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs ?
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs , including chocolate solids -LRB- theobromine poisoning -RRB- , onion and garlic -LRB- thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning -RRB- , grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials .	toxic	Some human foods can be what to dogs ?
The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous .	nicotine	What in tobacco can hurt dogs ?
Theobromine is toxic to dogs because , although the dog 's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical , the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal , especially dark chocolate .	dark	What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs ?
In 2013 , a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds , and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity -LRB- i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan -RRB- .	1.2 years	Mutts , dogs that have several breed characteristics , live how much longer than purebred dogs ?
In 2013 , a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds , and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity -LRB- i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan -RRB- .	shorter	Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives ?
In 2013 , a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds , and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity -LRB- i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan -RRB- .	2013	When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds ?
In 2013 , a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds , and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity -LRB- i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan -RRB- .	1.2 years longer	Typically , how much longer do mixed breeds live ?
The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds , but for most the median longevity , the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive , ranges from 10 to 13 years .	10 to 13 years.	What is the median lifespan of canines ?
The breed with the shortest lifespan -LRB- among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size -RRB- is the Dogue de Bordeaux , with a median longevity of about 5.2 years , but several breeds , including Miniature Bull Terriers , Bloodhounds , and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived , with median longevities of 6 to 7 years .	Dogue de Bordeaux	What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan ?
The breed with the shortest lifespan -LRB- among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size -RRB- is the Dogue de Bordeaux , with a median longevity of about 5.2 years , but several breeds , including Miniature Bull Terriers , Bloodhounds , and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived , with median longevities of 6 to 7 years .	5.2 years	What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years ?
The breed with the shortest lifespan -LRB- among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size -RRB- is the Dogue de Bordeaux , with a median longevity of about 5.2 years , but several breeds , including Miniature Bull Terriers , Bloodhounds , and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived , with median longevities of 6 to 7 years .	6 to 7 years.	What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound ?
The breed with the shortest lifespan -LRB- among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size -RRB- is the Dogue de Bordeaux , with a median longevity of about 5.2 years , but several breeds , including Miniature Bull Terriers , Bloodhounds , and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived , with median longevities of 6 to 7 years .	Dogue de Bordeaux	Which dog has the shortest lifespan ?
The breed with the shortest lifespan -LRB- among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size -RRB- is the Dogue de Bordeaux , with a median longevity of about 5.2 years , but several breeds , including Miniature Bull Terriers , Bloodhounds , and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived , with median longevities of 6 to 7 years .	5.2 years	What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux ?
The longest-lived breeds , including Toy Poodles , Japanese Spitz , Border Terriers , and Tibetan Spaniels , have median longevities of 14 to 15 years .	14 to 15 years.	What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans ?
The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is `` Bluey '' , who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death .	Bluey	What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest ?
On 5 December 2011 , Pusuke , the world 's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records , died aged 26 years and 9 months .	Pusuke	What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived ?
The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is `` Bluey '' , who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death .	1939	What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book ?
The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is `` Bluey '' , who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death .	Bluey	What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years ?
The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is `` Bluey '' , who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death .	1939	When did Bluey die ?
On 5 December 2011 , Pusuke , the world 's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records , died aged 26 years and 9 months .	Pusuke	Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011 ?
In domestic dogs , sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females , although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds .	two	How many times per year do female dogs go into heat ?
They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually , during which the body prepares for pregnancy .	pregnancy.	What does going into heat -LRB- estrous -RRB- prepare a female dog for ?
In domestic dogs , sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females , although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds .	two years	Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature ?
This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle .	first estrous cycle	What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity ?
Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization , with an average of 63 days , although the length of gestation can vary .	58 to 68 days	How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies ?
Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization , with an average of 63 days , although the length of gestation can vary .	63 days	What is the average length of dog pregnancy ?
An average litter consists of about six puppies , though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog .	about six	What is the average number of pups in a litter ?
In general , toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter , while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve .	one to four	For small dogs , what is the average number of pups in a litter ?
Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization , with an average of 63 days , although the length of gestation can vary .	63 days	What is the average for a dog to bear her litter ?
An average litter consists of about six puppies , though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog .	six	What is the average number of pups per litter ?
In general , toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter , while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve .	one to four	Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter ?
Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male 's testicles or the female 's ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive .	Neutering	What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation ?
Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries , many animal control agencies , such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals -LRB- ASPCA -RRB- , advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered , so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized .	the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)	According to the text , what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies ?
Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male 's testicles or the female 's ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive .	testicles	What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation ?
Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male 's testicles or the female 's ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive .	ovaries and uterus	What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy ?
Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male 's testicles or the female 's ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive .	testicles	In neutering , what is removed in a male dog ?
Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals , usually by removal of the male 's testicles or the female 's ovaries and uterus , in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive .	ovaries and uterus	In neutering , what is removed in female dogs ?
Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries , many animal control agencies , such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals -LRB- ASPCA -RRB- , advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered , so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized .	neutered	What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes ?
Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality , especially in male dogs .	Neutering	Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what ?
However , neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs , and prostate cancer in males , as well as osteosarcoma , hemangiosarcoma , cruciate ligament rupture , obesity , and diabetes mellitus in either sex .	urinary incontinence	According to the text , what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog ?
Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer , affecting mammary glands , ovaries , and other reproductive organs .	Spayed	Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens ?
However , neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs , and prostate cancer in males , as well as osteosarcoma , hemangiosarcoma , cruciate ligament rupture , obesity , and diabetes mellitus in either sex .	urinary incontinence	What is increased in female dogs with neutering ?
However , neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs , and prostate cancer in males , as well as osteosarcoma , hemangiosarcoma , cruciate ligament rupture , obesity , and diabetes mellitus in either sex .	prostate cancer	What is increased in male dogs with neutering ?
A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items .	Rico	What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things ?
A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie , `` Chaser '' , who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words .	Chaser	What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words ?
Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing , and to understand human voice commands .	gesturing and pointing	In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things ?
A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment , indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans .	Australian dingos	What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment ?
Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them .	to solve their problems for them.	What is one thing , according to the text , that domesticated dogs use humans for ?
Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems .	intelligence	Perceiving information and retaining it is what ?
A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items .	over 200	How many labels does Rico the dog know ?
Dogs have advanced memory skills .	advanced	What kind of memory skills do dogs have ?
A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie , `` Chaser '' , who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words .	over 1,000	How many words did Chaser know ?
As the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9,000 -- 30,000 years BCE , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans .	9,000–30,000 years BCE	Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar ?
As the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9,000 -- 30,000 years BCE , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans .	humans.	Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species ?
Rather , these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children .	social-cognitive skills of human children	What do some dog skills parallel in human beings ?
As the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9,000 -- 30,000 years BCE , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans .	humans.	Dogs are very well attuned to what other species ' behaviors ?
As the oldest domesticated species , with estimates ranging from 9,000 -- 30,000 years BCE , the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans .	humans.	Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species ?
Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses -LRB- actions or inactions -RRB- of the domestic dog -LRB- individuals or groups -RRB- to internal and/or external stimuli .	Dog behavior	What is a dog 's responses to stimuli known as ?
As a result of this physical and social evolution , dogs , more than any other species , have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors .	understand and communicate	More than any other species , dogs are able to do what with people ?
Rather , these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children .	human children	Dogs have some social skills that parallel what ?
Dog communication is about how dogs `` speak '' to each other , how they understand messages that humans send to them , and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit. : xii These communication behaviors include eye gaze , facial expression , vocalization , body posture -LRB- including movements of bodies and limbs -RRB- and gustatory communication -LRB- scents , pheromones and taste -RRB- .	scents, pheromones and taste	What is gustatory communication include in dogs ?
Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization , hand signals and body posture .	hand signals	People communicate with dogs by voice commands , body language or posture and what else ?
Dog communication is about how dogs `` speak '' to each other , how they understand messages that humans send to them , and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit. : xii These communication behaviors include eye gaze , facial expression , vocalization , body posture -LRB- including movements of bodies and limbs -RRB- and gustatory communication -LRB- scents , pheromones and taste -RRB- .	Dog communication	Eye gaze , vocalization and body posture are examples of what ?
Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization , hand signals and body posture .	hand signals	In addition to vocalization and body posture , how do people communicate with dogs ?
Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed , there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs .	dogs.	Which typically has thicker skin , dogs or wolves ?
The dog 's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles .	atrophy of the jaw muscles.	Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what ?
Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed , there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs .	diagnostic features	What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs ?
Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland , and most enter estrus twice yearly , unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year .	once a year.	How often do female wolves enter estrus ?
Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors .	behaviors.	Instead of genetic traits for production , dogs are bred for what ?
In 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs .	11	How many `` fixed '' genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog ?
These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution , and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication .	morphology and behavior	The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication ?
These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway , with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response -LRB- i.e. selection for tameness -RRB- , and emotional processing .	tameness	What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding ?
Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves .	fear and aggression	What do most dogs show less of than wolves ?
Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors .	production-related traits	Most domestic animals were selected for what traits ?
Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors .	for their behaviors.	Why were dogs initially selected ?
In 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs .	11	For wolves and dogs , how many fixed genes show a variation ?
Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves .	aggression	Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves ?
The global dog population is estimated at 525 million :225 based on a transparent methodology , as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available -- all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses .	525 million	What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet ?
The global dog population is estimated at 525 million :225 based on a transparent methodology , as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available -- all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses .	525 million	How many dogs are estimated to be in the world ?
The global dog population is estimated at 525 million :225 based on a transparent methodology , as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available -- all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses .	human population densities	What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses ?
Although large wild dogs , like wolves , are apex predators , they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals .	apex	Like wolves , big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator ?
Although large wild dogs , like wolves , are apex predators , they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals .	dogs	What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia ?
Although large wild dogs , like wolves , are apex predators , they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals .	apex	Like wolves , what kind of predators are large dogs ?
Reports from Croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep .	sheep	Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal ?
Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations .	Wolves	What limits the feral dog population in Russia ?
Tigers in Manchuria , Indochina , Indonesia , and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards .	leopards.	What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is ?
Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan , India , and the Caucasus .	Striped hyenas	What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan ?
Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs .	alligators and pythons	What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them ?
Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs , and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog 's size or ferocity .	Leopards	What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs ?
Tigers in Manchuria , Indochina , Indonesia , and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards .	Tigers	What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs ?
Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs .	alligators and pythons	What type of reptiles eat dogs ?
Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan , India , and the Caucasus .	Striped hyenas	What is a known predator of village dogs in India ?
Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora , dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores .	omnivores	Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior ?
Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods , including vegetables and grains , and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet .	vegetables and grains	Dogs can digest meat as well as what else ?
Unlike obligate carnivores , such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine , dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet , and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements .	obligate	Cats are known as what type of carnivore ?
Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora , dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores .	carnivores or omnivores	Because of what they eat , dogs are classified as what ?
Unlike obligate carnivores , such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine , dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet , and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements .	protein	Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating ?
Comparing dogs and wolves , dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet .	starch	Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves , who can not ?
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old , having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles .	a few hundred years	The majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long ?
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old , having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles .	particular morphologies and behaviors	People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things ?
Through this selective breeding , the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds , and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal .	selective breeding	Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what ?
For example , height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres -LRB- 6.0 in -RRB- in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm -LRB- 30 in -RRB- in the Irish Wolfhound ; color varies from white through grays -LRB- usually called `` blue '' -RRB- to black , and browns from light -LRB- tan -RRB- to dark -LRB- `` red '' or `` chocolate '' -RRB- in a wide variation of patterns ; coats can be short or long , coarse-haired to wool-like , straight , curly , or smooth .	Irish Wolfhound	Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed ?
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old , having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles .	a few hundred years old	How old are most dog breeds ?
Through this selective breeding , the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds , and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal .	hundreds	How many different breeds are there ?
For example , height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres -LRB- 6.0 in -RRB- in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm -LRB- 30 in -RRB- in the Irish Wolfhound ; color varies from white through grays -LRB- usually called `` blue '' -RRB- to black , and browns from light -LRB- tan -RRB- to dark -LRB- `` red '' or `` chocolate '' -RRB- in a wide variation of patterns ; coats can be short or long , coarse-haired to wool-like , straight , curly , or smooth .	blue	Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs ?
While all dogs are genetically very similar , natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs , giving rise to dog types and dog breeds .	selective breeding	Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways ?
Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs .	modern kennel clubs.	Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds ?
While all dogs are genetically very similar , natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs , giving rise to dog types and dog breeds .	natural selection and selective breeding	What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today ?
While all dogs are genetically very similar , natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs , giving rise to dog types and dog breeds .	breeds	Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what ?
Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs .	non-scientific	Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs ?
Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds , but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic .	unsystematic.	The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what ?
Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct .	four	A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many types of dogs being determinably distinct ?
These include the `` old world dogs '' -LRB- e.g. , Malamute and Shar Pei -RRB- , `` Mastiff '' - type -LRB- e.g. , English Mastiff -RRB- , `` herding '' - type -LRB- e.g. , Border Collie -RRB- , and `` all others '' -LRB- also called `` modern '' - or `` hunting '' - type -RRB- .	Malamute and Shar Pei	What , according to the text , are two examples of `` old world '' dogs ?
These include the `` old world dogs '' -LRB- e.g. , Malamute and Shar Pei -RRB- , `` Mastiff '' - type -LRB- e.g. , English Mastiff -RRB- , `` herding '' - type -LRB- e.g. , Border Collie -RRB- , and `` all others '' -LRB- also called `` modern '' - or `` hunting '' - type -RRB- .	herding	the Border collie is an example of what type of dog ?
Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct .	four	How many main types of dogs are there ?
These include the `` old world dogs '' -LRB- e.g. , Malamute and Shar Pei -RRB- , `` Mastiff '' - type -LRB- e.g. , English Mastiff -RRB- , `` herding '' - type -LRB- e.g. , Border Collie -RRB- , and `` all others '' -LRB- also called `` modern '' - or `` hunting '' - type -RRB- .	old world dogs	What type of dogs are Shar Peis ?
These include the `` old world dogs '' -LRB- e.g. , Malamute and Shar Pei -RRB- , `` Mastiff '' - type -LRB- e.g. , English Mastiff -RRB- , `` herding '' - type -LRB- e.g. , Border Collie -RRB- , and `` all others '' -LRB- also called `` modern '' - or `` hunting '' - type -RRB- .	all others	What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called ?
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors , such as bite inhibition , from their wolf ancestors , which would have been pack hunters with complex body language .	bite inhibition	What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves ?
These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability , playfulness , and ability to fit into human households and social situations , and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today. : pages95-136	sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication	What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by , play with and fit in with people ?
These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability , playfulness , and ability to fit into human households and social situations , and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today. : pages95-136	one of the most successful species on the planet today.	Higher social attributes and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species ?
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors , such as bite inhibition , from their wolf ancestors , which would have been pack hunters with complex body language .	bite inhibition	What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves ?
The dogs ' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures .	hunter-gatherers	Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans ?
Dogs perform many roles for people , such as hunting , herding , pulling loads , protection , assisting police and military , companionship , and , more recently , aiding handicapped individuals .	aiding handicapped individuals.	Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time , but what is a more recent help to people they provide ?
This impact on human society has given them the nickname `` man 's best friend '' in the Western world .	man's best friend	Because of a dog 's resourcefulness to people , they have been given what nickname ?
In some cultures , however , dogs are also a source of meat .	a source of meat	Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions ?
For instance , dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps .	food scraps.	What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean ?
Dogs may have provided warmth , as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression `` three dog night '' -LRB- an exceptionally cold night -RRB- , and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers , using their acute hearing to provide an early warning .	three dog night	What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night ?
Dogs may have provided warmth , as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression `` three dog night '' -LRB- an exceptionally cold night -RRB- , and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers , using their acute hearing to provide an early warning .	early warning.	What did a dog 's good hearing help humans with ?
For instance , dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps .	cleaning up food scraps	How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps ?
Dogs may have provided warmth , as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression `` three dog night '' -LRB- an exceptionally cold night -RRB- , and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers , using their acute hearing to provide an early warning .	three dog night	What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night ?
The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf , and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication .	cooperative hunting	What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together ?
The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf , and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication .	2004	What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them ?
Anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs ' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt .	sense of smell	What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps ?
The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf , and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication .	the domestication of the wolf	The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what ?
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago. :104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America , and were their only domesticated animal .	sled dogs	What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago ?
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago. :104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America , and were their only domesticated animal .	Bering land bridge	What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America ?
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago. :104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America , and were their only domesticated animal .	9,400 years	How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America ?
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago. :104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America , and were their only domesticated animal .	12,000 years ago	Evidence places dogs in North America when ?
Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company , and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago , although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago. :104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America , and were their only domesticated animal .	Athabascan	Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population ?
Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago .	Apache and Navajo tribes	Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago ?
Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America .	horse	People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose ?
-LRB- As a possible example , at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel , dated to 12,000 BC , the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together -RRB- .	puppy	A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else ?
`` The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs '' and the keeping of dogs as companions , particularly by elites , has a long history .	humans and dogs	What two species have the most widespread bonding ?
However , pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased .	after World War II	When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets ?
From the 1980s , there have been changes in the role of the pet dog , such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians .	1980s	What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets ?
In the 1950s and 1960s , dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today -LRB- using the expression `` in the doghouse '' to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home -RRB- and were still primarily functional , acting as a guard , children 's playmate , or walking companion .	outside	In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where ?
`` The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs '' and the keeping of dogs as companions , particularly by elites , has a long history .	elites	Historically , who in particular had dogs as companions ?
In the 1950s and 1960s , dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today -LRB- using the expression `` in the doghouse '' to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home -RRB- and were still primarily functional , acting as a guard , children 's playmate , or walking companion .	outside	Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today ?
From the 1980s , there have been changes in the role of the pet dog , such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians .	1980s	When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions ?
The first has been the ` commodification ' of the dog , shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour .	commodification	Shaping dogs to what people want is called what ?
There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs .	dogs.	The idea of what constitutes a family , from the human perspective , has enlarged to include what ?
There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs .	two	How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization ?
The first has been the ` commodification ' of the dog , shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour .	commodification	When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior , it is called what ?
The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices .	everyday routines	A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what ?
There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion .	commodity forms	It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available ?
While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century , in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking , jumping up , digging , rolling in dung , fighting , and urine marking -LRB- which dogs do to establish territory through scent -RRB- , became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog .	18th	Dog training can be researched back to what century ?
While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century , in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking , jumping up , digging , rolling in dung , fighting , and urine marking -LRB- which dogs do to establish territory through scent -RRB- , became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog .	urine marking	How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned ?
While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century , in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking , jumping up , digging , rolling in dung , fighting , and urine marking -LRB- which dogs do to establish territory through scent -RRB- , became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog .	18th century	How far back can dog training be found ?
While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century , in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking , jumping up , digging , rolling in dung , fighting , and urine marking -LRB- which dogs do to establish territory through scent -RRB- , became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog .	urine marking	How do dogs mark their territory ?
While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century , in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking , jumping up , digging , rolling in dung , fighting , and urine marking -LRB- which dogs do to establish territory through scent -RRB- , became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog .	training	What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans do n't want them to do , such as jumping ?
The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family , although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog -- human family as a pack .	part of the family	How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs ?
A dominance model of dog -- human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers , such as on the television program Dog Whisperer .	Dog Whisperer.	What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships ?
The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family , although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog -- human family as a pack .	part of the family	Most people today describe their dogs as what ?
A dominance model of dog -- human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers , such as on the television program Dog Whisperer .	Dog Whisperer	What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs ?
Another study of dogs ' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members , the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher , and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn .	newspaper	A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn ?
Another study of dogs ' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members , the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher , and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn .	plates	Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what ?
Increasingly , human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog , or in which the dog is an integral partner , such as dog dancing and dog yoga .	dog yoga.	In addition to dog dancing , what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet ?
Another study of dogs ' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members , the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher , and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn .	set tasks or routines	What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live ?
Another study of dogs ' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members , the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher , and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn .	the newspaper	What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors ?
According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009 -- 2010 , it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States .	77.5 million	The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010 ?
According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009 -- 2010 , it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States .	77.5 million	How many people in the United States are said to own dog ?
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging -LRB- MRI -RRB- to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so .	magnetic resonance imaging	What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs ?
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging -LRB- MRI -RRB- to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so .	voices	An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what ?
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging -LRB- MRI -RRB- to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so .	the brain	An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans ?
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging -LRB- MRI -RRB- to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so .	MRI	What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people ?
This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds , making them friendly social pets to humans .	emotional	Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds ?
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , `` man 's best friend '' , a phrase used in other languages as well .	man's best friend	What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans ?
They have been bred for herding livestock , hunting -LRB- e.g. pointers and hounds -RRB- , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions .	nets	Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what ?
In 1957 , a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth .	Laika	Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957 ?
In 1957 , a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth .	husky-terrier mix	What breed was Laika ?
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname , `` man 's best friend '' , a phrase used in other languages as well .	man's best friend	What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages ?
They have been bred for herding livestock , hunting -LRB- e.g. pointers and hounds -RRB- , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions .	pointers and hounds	What dog types , in the text , are used for hunting ?
They have been bred for herding livestock , hunting -LRB- e.g. pointers and hounds -RRB- , rodent control , guarding , helping fishermen with nets , detection dogs , and pulling loads , in addition to their roles as companions .	nets	Some dogs help fishermen with what ?
In 1957 , a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth .	Laika	What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth ?
In 1957 , a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth .	1957	What year was the first dog sent into space ?
Service dogs such as guide dogs , utility dogs , assistance dogs , hearing dogs , and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities .	Service dogs	What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities ?
Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure , sometimes well in advance of onset , allowing the guardian to seek safety , medication , or medical care .	medical care.	Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety , get medication or what else ?
In conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard .	breed shows	What are conformation shows also known as ?
In conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard .	a judge	Who evaluates dogs at breed shows ?
In conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard .	conformity with their established breed	What is the judge looking for in specific breeds ?
As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog -LRB- such as appearance , movement , and temperament -RRB- , separately tested qualities -LRB- such as ability or health -RRB- are not part of the judging in conformation shows .	externally observable qualities	What is the only standard judged ?
As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog -LRB- such as appearance , movement , and temperament -RRB- , separately tested qualities -LRB- such as ability or health -RRB- are not part of the judging in conformation shows .	conformation shows.	What is another word for `` breed shows '' ?
In conformation shows , also referred to as breed shows , a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard .	a judge	What is the evaluator called in a breed show ?
As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog -LRB- such as appearance , movement , and temperament -RRB- , separately tested qualities -LRB- such as ability or health -RRB- are not part of the judging in conformation shows .	externally observable qualities	The breed standard only is about what ?
As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog -LRB- such as appearance , movement , and temperament -RRB- , separately tested qualities -LRB- such as ability or health -RRB- are not part of the judging in conformation shows .	health	Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows ?
Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries , including Korea , China , and Vietnam , a practice that dates back to antiquity .	East Asian countries	Where do some people eat dogs ?
However , Western , South Asian , African , and Middle Eastern cultures , in general , regard consumption of dog meat as taboo .	taboo.	In addition to others , Western culture considers eating dog meat as what ?
In some places , however , such as in rural areas of Poland , dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties -- being good for the lungs for instance .	dog fat	In rural Poland areas , what is considered medicinal for lungs ?
Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy , and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals .	western hypocrisy	What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture , since people there do eat many different animals ?
However , Western , South Asian , African , and Middle Eastern cultures , in general , regard consumption of dog meat as taboo .	taboo	The West , South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what ?
In some places , however , such as in rural areas of Poland , dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties -- being good for the lungs for instance .	medicinal properties	Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what ?
The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk -LRB- also called bosintang -RRB- , a spicy stew meant to balance the body 's heat during the summer months ; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one 's gi , or vital energy of the body .	gaejang-guk	What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat ?
The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk -LRB- also called bosintang -RRB- , a spicy stew meant to balance the body 's heat during the summer months ; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one 's gi , or vital energy of the body .	a spicy stew	What is Gaejang-guk ?
The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk -LRB- also called bosintang -RRB- , a spicy stew meant to balance the body 's heat during the summer months ; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one 's gi , or vital energy of the body .	to balance the body's heat	Why do people eat Gaejang-guk in the summer months ?
A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder .	scallions and chili powder.	What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk ?
The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk -LRB- also called bosintang -RRB- , a spicy stew meant to balance the body 's heat during the summer months ; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one 's gi , or vital energy of the body .	the summer months	When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten ?
A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder .	scallions and chili powder.	What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea ?
Citing a 2008 study , the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year .	4.5 million	How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America ?
In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year , while in the 2000s this has increased to 26 .	17	During the 1980s and 1990s , how many people were killed annually because of dog bites ?
In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year , while in the 2000s this has increased to 26 .	26	In the 2000s , how many people died every year because of dog bites ?
Citing a 2008 study , the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year .	4.5 million	According to a 2008 CDC report , how many are bitten in the United States annually ?
In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year , while in the 2000s this has increased to 26 .	2000s	What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs ?
A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults .	less severe	According to a Colorado study , dog bites are what in children as compared to adults ?
The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants , but for boys aged 5 to 9 , the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000 .	12.9	Out of 10,000 people , how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States ?
The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants , but for boys aged 5 to 9 , the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000 .	60.7	Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old , how many are bitten annually by dogs ?
Moreover , children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck .	the face or neck.	Children are often bit where by dogs ?
Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections .	infections.	A dog scratch can lead to what medical condition ?
A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults .	Colorado	Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults ?
The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants , but for boys aged 5 to 9 , the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000 .	60.7	About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs , but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9 ?
Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections .	infections.	According to the text , dog scratches can cause what ?
In the United States , cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year .	cats	In addition to dogs , what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year ?
The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify , dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles .	two-wheeled vehicles.	Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle ?
The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify , dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles .	two-wheeled vehicles	What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs ?
Toxocara canis -LRB- dog roundworm -RRB- eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis .	dog roundworm	What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis ?
Toxocara canis -LRB- dog roundworm -RRB- eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis .	dog feces	How are Toxicara canis infections spread ?
In the United States , about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the U.S. population is infected .	10,000	About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year ?
Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision .	retinal damage and decreased vision.	Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans ?
Toxocara canis -LRB- dog roundworm -RRB- eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis .	roundworm	Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces ?
In the United States , about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the U.S. population is infected .	14	What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection ?
In the United States , about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year , and almost 14 % of the U.S. population is infected .	10,000	How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US ?
In Great Britain , 24 % of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs .	24	What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks ?
Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision .	retinal damage and decreased vision	If toxocariasis is left untreated , what can happen to a person ?
A 2005 paper states `` recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease , a reduced use of general practitioner services , or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people .	2005	What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly ?
Research has , however , pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets . ''	absenteeism from school	What is lowered in children who have pets ?
A 2005 paper states `` recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease , a reduced use of general practitioner services , or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people .	2005	What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets ?
In addition , people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets .	exercise	People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals ?
In addition , people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets .	exercise	People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets ?
Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms , which , according to the hygiene hypothesis , can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases .	immune-stimulating microorganisms	What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick ?
The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support , as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves , but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans .	social interactions	Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings ?
In 2015 , a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners .	2015	What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors ?
For example , when in the presence of a pet dog , people show reductions in cardiovascular , behavioral , and psychological indicators of anxiety .	anxiety	What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs ?
One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not .	strangers	People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved ?
The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century , when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders .	mental institutions	Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize ?
Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors , such as smiling and laughing , among people with Alzheimer 's disease .	social behaviors	Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer 's ?
One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance , increased knowledge and skill objectives , and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program .	antisocial and violent behavior	What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs ?
The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century , when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders .	the late 18th century	When did people start using dogs as therapy ?
The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century , when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders .	mental institutions	Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people ?
The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century , when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders .	dogs	Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan ?
Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors , such as smiling and laughing , among people with Alzheimer 's disease .	animal-assisted therapy	People with Alzheimer 's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy ?
Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens .	diseases	What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine ?
Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion , as their brain 's olfactory cortex is -LRB- relative to total brain size -RRB- 40 times larger than humans .	40 times larger	How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans ?
Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion , as their brain 's olfactory cortex is -LRB- relative to total brain size -RRB- 40 times larger than humans .	trillion	A dog can detect smells in one part per what ?
Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion , as their brain 's olfactory cortex is -LRB- relative to total brain size -RRB- 40 times larger than humans .	40 times larger	How much larger is a dog 's olfactory cortex than a person 's ?
A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross -LRB- for pets -RRB- Medal for her life-saving skills .	551	How many cancer patients has Daisy detected ?
In Greek mythology , Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades .	Cerberus	What is the name of the dog with three heads in Greek mythology ?
In Greek mythology , Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades .	the gates of Hades.	What did Cerberus guard ?
In Norse mythology , a bloody , four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim .	Garmr	What is the name of the dog with four eyes in Norse mythology ?
In Philippine mythology , Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning .	Kimat	What is the name of the dog in Philippine mythology who is responsible for lightning ?
In Philippine mythology , Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning .	thunder	Kimat is the dog of Tadaklan , who is the god of what ?
In Persian mythology , two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge .	Persian	In what mythology do two canines watch over the Chinvat Bridge ?
In Greek mythology , Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades .	Cerberus	Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades ?
In Norse mythology , a bloody , four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim .	Garmr	Who is the dog that guards Helheim ?
In Philippine mythology , Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning .	god of thunder	Who is Tadaklan ?
In Philippine mythology , Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan , god of thunder , is responsible for lightning .	Kimat	Who is Tadaklan 's pet that is responsible for lightning ?
They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka .	the gates of Naraka.	In Hindu mythology , what do the two dogs who are owned by the god of death watch over ?
In Hindu mythology , Yama , the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes .	Yama	What is the name of the god of death ?
Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines .	bronze dog figurines.	Offerings at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form ?
In Hindu mythology , Yama , the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes .	Yama	Who owns two dogs with four eyes each in Hindu mythology ?
They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka .	the gates of Naraka	What do Yama 's dogs watch over ?
Hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount .	mount	What does Muthappan use for his hunting dog for ?
Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines .	bronze dog figurines	Offerings left at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form ?
In Islam , dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers .	as unclean	How are dogs viewed in Islam ?
In Islam , dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers .	scavengers	Why are dogs viewed as unclean in Islam ?
In 2015 city councillor Hasan Küçük of The Hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city .	The Hague	What city made owing dogs illegal in 2015 ?
They are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or Muslim homes .	leather dog booties	In Britain , a dog used in a search at a mosque or a home occupied by Muslims must wear what ?
In Islam , dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers .	scavengers	Why are dogs seen as unclean in Islam ?
In 2015 city councillor Hasan Küçük of The Hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city .	2015	When did it become illegal for a person to own a dog in The Hague ?
Islamic activists in Lérida , Spain , lobbied for dogs to be kept out of Muslim neighborhoods , saying their presence violated Muslims ' religious freedom .	Lérida, Spain	Where did activists want dogs kept out of neighborhoods because it violated religious freedom ?
In Britain , police sniffer dogs are carefully used , and are not permitted to contact passengers , only their luggage .	their luggage	What are sniffer dogs used by British police allowed to touch instead of a passenger ?
In Christianity , dogs represent faithfulness .	faithfulness.	What do dogs represent to Christians ?
Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs -LRB- and other animals that they own -RRB- before themselves , and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them .	themselves	Jewish law dictates that anyone owning a dog must feed the dog before who ?
Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs -LRB- and other animals that they own -RRB- before themselves , and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them .	feed	If a Jewish person owns a dog , he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself ?
In Christianity , dogs represent faithfulness .	faithfulness	What does a dog represent in the Christian culture ?
In Asian countries such as China , Korea , and Japan , dogs are viewed as kind protectors .	kind protectors.	Three Asian countries see dogs as what ?
In Asian countries such as China , Korea , and Japan , dogs are viewed as kind protectors .	China	What country has the dog as part of its 12 animals that represent years ?
In Asian countries such as China , Korea , and Japan , dogs are viewed as kind protectors .	as kind protectors	How are dogs viewed in Asian countries ?
Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves .	caves.	Thousands of years ago , dogs were depicted on the walls of what ?
Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance .	Hunting	What scenes were popular in art during the Middle Ages ?
Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves .	caves	Dogs were depicted as art on the walls of what ?
Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance .	Hunting scenes	What kind of art scene was popular in the Middle Ages ?
Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed .	became more elaborate	As relationships between people and dogs got closer , what happened to the art that had dogs in it ?
Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans , including diabetes , dental and heart disease , epilepsy , cancer , hypothyroidism , and arthritis .	humans	Dogs can have the same health issues as who ?
Male French Bulldogs , for instance , are incapable of mounting the female .	Male French Bulldogs	Which dog is not able to mount a female dog ?
These live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans , with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away -LRB- 52 % -RRB- or respond with aggression -LRB- 11 % -RRB- .	run away	When these feral dogs are approached by a person , they tend to do this 52 % of the time ?
These live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans , with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away -LRB- 52 % -RRB- or respond with aggression -LRB- 11 % -RRB- .	respond with aggression	When these feral dogs are approached by a person , they tend to do this 11 % of the time ?
We know little about these dogs , nor about the dogs that live in developed countries that are feral , stray or are in shelters , yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes .	pet dogs living in human homes.	Dog cognition has been studied on what kind of dogs ?
Wolves , and their dog descendants , would have derived significant benefits from living in human camps -- more safety , more reliable food , lesser caloric needs , and more chance to breed .	significant benefits	What would wolves have gotten from living with humans ?
The cohabitation of dogs and humans would have greatly improved the chances of survival for early human groups , and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success .	the domestication of dogs	What has likely led to human success ?
Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled , and finding that '' -LSB- t -RSB- he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of , or attachment to , a companion animal . ''	poorly controlled	Studies that people are better off with dogs have been criticized for being what ?
Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not , making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians .	to the doctor	People who have cats or dogs make fewer visits where ?
The relay , also called by the organizers as the `` Journey of Harmony '' , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km -LRB- 85,000 mi -RRB- -- the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics .	1936 Summer Olympics.	When did the tradition of people carrying the Olympic torch before the Olympic games begin ?
The relay , also called by the organizers as the `` Journey of Harmony '' , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km -LRB- 85,000 mi -RRB- -- the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics .	129 days	How many days did people carry the Olympic torch before the 2008 Summer Olympics ?
The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8 , 2008 , prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics , with the theme of `` one world , one dream '' .	one world, one dream	What was the theme for the torch relay ?
The relay , also called by the organizers as the `` Journey of Harmony '' , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km -LRB- 85,000 mi -RRB- -- the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics .	Journey of Harmony	What did the organizers of the torch relay call it ?
The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8 , 2008 , prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics , with the theme of `` one world , one dream '' .	one world, one dream	What was the 2008 Olympic slogan ?
Plans for the relay were announced on April 26 , 2007 , in Beijing , China .	Beijing, China.	Where were the details of the torch relay made known ?
The relay , also called by the organizers as the `` Journey of Harmony '' , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km -LRB- 85,000 mi -RRB- -- the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics .	"Journey of Harmony"	What was the torch relay referred to as by organizers ?
The relay , also called by the organizers as the `` Journey of Harmony '' , lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km -LRB- 85,000 mi -RRB- -- the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics .	85,000 mi	How many miles was the Olympic torch relayed ?
After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia , Greece on March 24 , the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens , and then to Beijing , arriving on March 31 .	March 24	What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games ?
After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia , Greece on March 24 , the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens , and then to Beijing , arriving on March 31 .	Olympia, Greece	Where did the Olympics originate ?
After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia , Greece on March 24 , the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens , and then to Beijing , arriving on March 31 .	March 31	When did the Olympic torch reach Beijing ?
From Beijing , the torch was following a route passing through six continents .	six	How many continents did the torch visit after Beijing ?
The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road , symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world .	Silk Road	The torch was on what road to symbolize historic links between China and the world ?
After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia , Greece on March 24 , the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens , and then to Beijing , arriving on March 31 .	Olympia, Greece	Where was the Olympic torch lit ?
After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia , Greece on March 24 , the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens , and then to Beijing , arriving on March 31 .	March 24	What date was the Olympic torch lit ?
After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia , Greece on March 24 , the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens , and then to Beijing , arriving on March 31 .	Panathinaiko Stadium	What is the name of the stadium in Greece were the torch was taken to ?
After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia , Greece on March 24 , the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens , and then to Beijing , arriving on March 31 .	March 31.	What date did the Olympic torch arrive at its destination in China ?
The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet , China from the Chinese side , which was closed specially for the event .	Mount Everest	What mountain was the torch taken up ?
These protests , which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco , to effectively none in Pyongyang , forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions .	hundreds	How many people protested on the San Francisco torch route ?
These protests , which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco , to effectively none in Pyongyang , forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions .	effectively none	How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route ?
In many cities along the North American and European route , the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence , animal rights , and legal online gambling , and people protesting against China 's human rights record , resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations .	protesting	What were some groups doing along the torch route that was not supportive of the Olympics ?
The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons , and once in protest in Paris .	Chinese security officials	Who put out the torch along the route for protection ?
The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as `` despicable '' by the Chinese government , condemning them as `` deliberate disruptions ... who gave no thought to the Olympic spirit or the laws of Britain and France '' and who `` tarnish the lofty Olympic spirit '' , and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to `` impede the Olympic spirit '' .	the Chinese government	Who condemned the various attacks on the torch relay route ?
In San Francisco , the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters , and in Australia , Japan , South Korea , the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters .	supporters	In San Francisco , who had a larger presence than the protesters ?
In San Francisco , the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters , and in Australia , Japan , South Korea , the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters .	counter-protesters	Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan ?
In San Francisco , the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters , and in Australia , Japan , South Korea , the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters .	counter-protesters	Who amassed in large scale against protesters ?
A couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported .	skirmishes	What was said to have occurred between some supporters and protesters ?
No major protests were visible in the Latin America , Africa , and Western Asia legs of the torch relay .	Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia	What three areas of the globe were protests reported as not big ?
Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America , the president of the International Olympic Committee , Jacques Rogge described the situation as a `` crisis '' for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games .	Jacques Rogge	Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee ?
Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America , the president of the International Olympic Committee , Jacques Rogge described the situation as a `` crisis '' for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games .	Tibetan	Athletes wearing what kind of flag at any Olympic venue faced the possibility of expulsion from the Olympics ?
The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC 's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games .	global relays	Because of the relay issues , IOC decided to no longer have what in subsequent Olympics ?
Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America , the president of the International Olympic Committee , Jacques Rogge described the situation as a `` crisis '' for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games .	Jacques Rogge	What is the name of the man who said the protesting of the torch relay as a `` crisis '' ?
Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America , the president of the International Olympic Committee , Jacques Rogge described the situation as a `` crisis '' for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games .	could be expelled	What could happen to Olympic sports participants who showed a Tibetan flag at events ?
though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members .	IOC members.	Who asked that the torch relay be ended ?
The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC 's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games .	global relays	What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics ?
In June 2008 , the Beijing Games ' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled .	Paralympic Games	The international torch relay was canceled for what event in June 2008 ?
In June 2008 , the Beijing Games ' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled .	Paralympic Games	For what events was the torch relay decided to not be held ?
The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as `` Lucky Cloud '' .	Lucky Cloud	What is the Chinese design used on the Olympic Torch ?
It is made from aluminum .	aluminum.	What is the Olympic Torch made from ?
It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams .	985 grams	How much does the Olympic Torch weigh ?
An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame .	An ignition key	What is used to light the flame on the Olympic Torch ?
The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as `` Lucky Cloud '' .	Lucky Cloud	What was the design name of the Chinese Olympic Torch ?
It is made from aluminum .	aluminum.	What metal is the torch constructed from ?
The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour -LRB- 37 mile per hour -RRB- winds , and in rain of up to 50 millimetres -LRB- 2 inches -RRB- per hour .	37	What wind speed will the torch flame still stay lit in MPH ?
The torch is fueled by cans of propane .	propane.	What fuel is used for the torch ?
Internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 -LRB- registered B-6075 -RRB- , painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games .	a chartered Air China Airbus A330	When it was necessary for the Olympic Torch to be on an airplane , which one was used ?
Internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 -LRB- registered B-6075 -RRB- , painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games .	red and yellow	What color was the chartered plane ?
Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause .	March 2008	When was it decided that Air China would be the official torch carrier ?
The plane traveled a total of 137,000 km -LRB- 85,000 mi -RRB- for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions .	130 days	How many days did the plane travel ?
Internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 -LRB- registered B-6075 -RRB- , painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games .	Airbus A330	What type of aircraft did the Torch team travel in ?
Internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 -LRB- registered B-6075 -RRB- , painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games .	red and yellow	What colors was the aircraft painted ?
Internationally , the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 -LRB- registered B-6075 -RRB- , painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games .	Air China	What was the name of the airline that transported the Olympic Torch ?
The plane traveled a total of 137,000 km -LRB- 85,000 mi -RRB- for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions .	130	How many days did the plane travel with the Torch team ?
The plane traveled a total of 137,000 km -LRB- 85,000 mi -RRB- for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions .	21	How many different places were visited by the aircraft taking the Torch team ?
The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008 .	six	How many continents did the torch visit ?
The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong , but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route .	Taipei	What was the stop that was to happen between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong ?
While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach , the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened , stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau , an implication it objected to .	Hong Kong and Macau	The Republic of China felt that the wrong decision could place Taiwan on the same level as what two areas ?
The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008 .	continents	The torch route covered six what ?
The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation , but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan .	Taiwan.	What government disagreed on the language used to describe the torch route ?
While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach , the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened , stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau , an implication it objected to .	Hong Kong and Macau	What two places did Taiwan not want to be considered equal with in the language of the torch 's route description ?
The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation , but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan .	24	How many kilometers was the torch supposed to go through Taiwan ?
Greece : On March 24 , 2008 , the Olympic Flame was ignited at Olympia , Greece , site of the ancient Olympic Games .	March 24, 2008	On what date did the Olympic Flame get lit ?
Following the recent unrest in Tibet , three members of Reporters Without Borders , including Robert Ménard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi , the head of Beijing 's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia , Greece .	Olympia, Greece.	Where did the Olympic Flame get lit ?
The actress Maria Nafpliotou , in the role of a High Priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , Olympic champion in women 's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China .	Alexandros Nikolaidis	Who was the first person to carry the torch ?
The actress Maria Nafpliotou , in the role of a High Priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , Olympic champion in women 's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China .	Maria Nafpliotou	Who initially lit the Olympic Torch ?
On March 30 , 2008 in Athens , during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games , demonstrators shouted ` Free Tibet ' and unfurled banners ; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention .	March 30, 2008	When did demonstrators yell for Tibet to be freed ?
Following the recent unrest in Tibet , three members of Reporters Without Borders , including Robert Ménard , breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi , the head of Beijing 's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia , Greece .	Olympia, Greece.	Where is the location of the original Olympic events ?
The actress Maria Nafpliotou , in the role of a High Priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , Olympic champion in women 's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China .	Maria Nafpliotou	What is the name of the woman who lit the torch for the new games ?
The actress Maria Nafpliotou , in the role of a High Priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , Olympic champion in women 's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China .	silver	What medal did the first torchbearer have from prior games ?
The actress Maria Nafpliotou , in the role of a High Priestess , ignited the torch of the first torchbearer , a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece , who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer , Olympic champion in women 's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China .	Alexandros Nikolaidis	What is the name of the first torchbearer for the 2008 Olympics ?
After the hand-off , protests continued internationally , with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal .	Nepal.	What place had police experience violent problems with protesters ?
A call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12 , accusing the company 's major shareholder , the LVMH Group , of donating funds to the Dalai Lama .	Carrefour	Action was taken to boycott which company ?
A call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12 , accusing the company 's major shareholder , the LVMH Group , of donating funds to the Dalai Lama .	the LVMH Group	Who was the biggest shareholder of Carrefour ?
Some burned French flags , some added Nazism 's Swastika to the French flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy .	the French flag	What did some protesters burn ?
Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming , Hefei and Wuhan , accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism .	Kunming	Where were anti-protesters blocked from entering a Carrefour store with Chinese flags ?
A call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12 , accusing the company 's major shareholder , the LVMH Group , of donating funds to the Dalai Lama .	the LVMH Group	Who was said to have given money to the Dalai Lama ?
According to the Washington Times on April 15 , however , the Chinese government was attempting to `` calm the situation '' through censorship : `` All comments posted on popular Internet forum Sohu.com relating to a boycott of Carrefour have been deleted . ''	censorship	What method did the Chinese government use to ease the boycott situation ?
A call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12 , accusing the company 's major shareholder , the LVMH Group , of donating funds to the Dalai Lama .	Carrefour	What French company was being boycotted ?
In response to the demonstrations , an editorial in the People 's Daily urged Chinese people to `` express -LSB- their -RSB- patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner '' .	People's Daily	In what publication were Chinese people asked to be orderly and legal because of the protests and demonstrations ?
In response to the demonstrations , an editorial in the People 's Daily urged Chinese people to `` express -LSB- their -RSB- patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner '' .	People's Daily	What is the name of the publication where Chinese people were advised to be calm and rational about patriotism ?
In response to the demonstrations , an editorial in the People 's Daily urged Chinese people to `` express -LSB- their -RSB- patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner '' .	legal	The Chinese people were told to show patriotism in an orderly and what manner ?
Kazakhstan : The first torchbearer in Almaty , where the Olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on April 2 , was the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev .	Almaty	What virgin site did the torch visit on April 2 ?
Kazakhstan : The first torchbearer in Almaty , where the Olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on April 2 , was the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev .	Nursultan Nazarbaev.	Who was the first person to be handed the torch in Almaty ?
Kazakhstan : The first torchbearer in Almaty , where the Olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on April 2 , was the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev .	the President of Kazakhstan	Who is Nursultan Nazarbaev ?
The route ran 20 km from Medeo stadium to Astana Square .	Astana Square.	The route in Almaty went from Medeo Stadium to where ?
There were reports that Uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to China .	Uighur activists	What kind of activists were arrested in Almaty ?
Kazakhstan : The first torchbearer in Almaty , where the Olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on April 2 , was the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev .	Kazakhstan	What country did the torch get to for the first time ?
Kazakhstan : The first torchbearer in Almaty , where the Olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on April 2 , was the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev .	Nursultan Nazarbaev.	What is the name of the president who was the first torchbearer in Almaty ?
The route ran 20 km from Medeo stadium to Astana Square .	20	What was the distance in kilometers for the route in Kazakhstan ?
There were reports that Uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to China .	Uighur	What activists were reported to have been arrested ?
Turkey : The torch relay leg in Istanbul , held on April 3 , started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square .	April 3	When was the torch in Istanbul ?
Turkey : The torch relay leg in Istanbul , held on April 3 , started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square .	Taksim Square	Where did the torch end up in Istanbul ?
Turkey : The torch relay leg in Istanbul , held on April 3 , started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square .	Sultanahmet Square	Where did the torch start in Instanbul ?
Uyghurs living in Turkey protested at Chinese treatment of their compatriots living in Xinjiang .	Uyghurs living in Turkey	Who protested for their compatriots who were in Xinjiang ?
Turkey : The torch relay leg in Istanbul , held on April 3 , started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square .	Istanbul	What city was the Olympic Torch at on April 3rd ?
Turkey : The torch relay leg in Istanbul , held on April 3 , started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square .	Sultanahmet Square	What is the name of the place in the city where the torch relay started in Turkey ?
Turkey : The torch relay leg in Istanbul , held on April 3 , started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square .	Taksim Square.	Where did the torch relay finish in Turkey ?
Uyghurs living in Turkey protested at Chinese treatment of their compatriots living in Xinjiang .	Uyghurs	What people in Turkey protested for their people living in China ?
Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police .	arrested	What happened to protesters who tried to interrupt the carrying of the torch ?
Russia : On April 5 the Olympic torch arrived at Saint Petersburg , Russia .	April 5	When did the torch arrive in Saint Petersburg ?
The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square .	Victory Square	Where was the start of the torch route in Saint Petersburg ?
The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square .	Palace Square	Where did the torch route end in Saint Petersburg ?
Mixed martial arts icon and former PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko was one the torch bearers .	Fedor Emelianenko	Who is the first MMA fighter to participate in carrying the Olympic torch ?
Russia : On April 5 the Olympic torch arrived at Saint Petersburg , Russia .	Saint Petersburg	Where in Russia was the first stop for the relay ?
The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square .	Victory Square	What city location did the torch relay begin in Russia ?
The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km , with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square .	Palace Square.	What was the last location for the relay in Russia ?
Mixed martial arts icon and former PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko was one the torch bearers .	Fedor Emelianenko	What is the name of the MMA fighter who carried the torch in Russia ?
Great Britain : The torch relay leg held in London , the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics , on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium , passed through the City of London , and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city .	London	Which city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics ?
Great Britain : The torch relay leg held in London , the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics , on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium , passed through the City of London , and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city .	April 6	When did the torch route begin in London ?
A Metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost # 750,000 and the participation of the Chinese security team had been agreed in advance , despite the Mayor stating , `` We did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services .	£750,000	How much did security cost for the torch relay in London ?
Great Britain : The torch relay leg held in London , the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics , on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium , passed through the City of London , and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city .	London	What city held the Olympics in 2012 ?
Great Britain : The torch relay leg held in London , the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics , on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium , passed through the City of London , and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city .	Wembley Stadium	Where did the torch relay begin in London for the 2008 Olympics ?
Great Britain : The torch relay leg held in London , the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics , on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium , passed through the City of London , and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city .	O2 Arena	Where did the relay end in London ?
The 48 km -LRB- 30 mi -RRB- leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete , and attracted protests by pro-Tibetan independence and pro-Human Rights supporters , prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus , which was then briefly halted by protestors .	30 mi	How many miles was the relay in England ?
The Chinese officials , seen manhandling protesters , were described by both the London Mayor Ken Livingstone and Lord Coe , chairman of the London Olympic Committee as `` thugs '' .	thugs	What word was used by London officials to describe Chinese security guards for their treatment of protesters ?
Of the 80 torch-bearers in London , Sir Steve Redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed pleas to boycott the event and could `` see why they would like to make an issue '' of it .	80	How many torchbearers took part in the London route ?
Of the 80 torch-bearers in London , Sir Steve Redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed pleas to boycott the event and could `` see why they would like to make an issue '' of it .	Sir Steve Redgrave	Who was the first person to hold the torch for the London route ?
Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch , while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China .	Richard Vaughan	Along with Francesca Martinez , who decided to not carry the torch ?
Amid pressure from both directions , Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it .	Prime Minister Gordon Brown	Who was outside at 10 Downing Street to welcome the torch without actually touching it ?
Of the 80 torch-bearers in London , Sir Steve Redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed pleas to boycott the event and could `` see why they would like to make an issue '' of it .	Sir Steve Redgrave	Who got emails asking him to boycott the torch relay ?
Of the 80 torch-bearers in London , Sir Steve Redgrave , who started the relay , mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed pleas to boycott the event and could `` see why they would like to make an issue '' of it .	80	How many people carried the torch in England for the 2008 Olympics ?
Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch , while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China .	Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan	What two people in England declined to bear the torch ?
Amid pressure from both directions , Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it .	10 Downing Street	Where did Gordon Brown welcome the torch ?
In Ladbroke Grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from Konnie Huq in a momentary struggle , and in a separate incident , a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch .	Ladbroke Grove	Where was an attempt made to take the torch ?
France : The torch relay leg in Paris , held on April 7 , began on the first level of the Eiffel Tower and finished at the Stade Charléty .	April 7	When did the torch relay in Paris occur ?
France : The torch relay leg in Paris , held on April 7 , began on the first level of the Eiffel Tower and finished at the Stade Charléty .	the Eiffel Tower	Where did the Paris route start for the torch relay ?
A scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the Chinese authorities , and , also at the request of Chinese authorities , the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes .	by bus	Rather than being carried by an athlete , how did the torch end its route in Paris ?
French judoka and torchbearer David Douillet expressed his annoyance at the Chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to Teddy Riner : `` I understand they 're afraid of everything , but this is just annoying .	Teddy Riner	The flame of the torch was put out when David Douillet was ready to hand it to who ?
France : The torch relay leg in Paris , held on April 7 , began on the first level of the Eiffel Tower and finished at the Stade Charléty .	April 7	What date did the torch relay begin in France ?
France : The torch relay leg in Paris , held on April 7 , began on the first level of the Eiffel Tower and finished at the Stade Charléty .	Paris	What city in France did the torch relay start at ?
France : The torch relay leg in Paris , held on April 7 , began on the first level of the Eiffel Tower and finished at the Stade Charléty .	Eiffel Tower	Where location was the torch relay started in the city in Paris ?
An estimated 3,000 French police protected the Olympic torch relay as it departed from the Eiffel Tower and criss-crossed Paris amid threat of protests .	3,000	About how many police were said to have protected the torch in France ?
Widespread pro-Tibet protests , including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers , prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times -LRB- according to the police authorities in Paris -RRB- and load the torch onto a bus , at the demand of Chinese officials .	five	How many times was the torch put out in France die to security concerns ?
Chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions , including a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials .	Green Party officials.	Who threw a a Tibetan flag from a City Hall window ?
The third torchbearer in the Paris leg , Jin Jing , who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair , was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp .	Jin Jing	Which torchbearer was in a wheelchair ?
She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as `` Angel in Wheelchair '' .	Angel in Wheelchair	What was Jin Jing called by ethnic Chinese ?
Chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions , including a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials .	torch relay ceremony	What was stopped due to protest interruptions ?
The third torchbearer in the Paris leg , Jin Jing , who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair , was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp .	Jin Jing	What is the name of the handicapped bearer of the torch ?
She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as `` Angel in Wheelchair '' .	Angel in Wheelchair	What did the ethnic Chinese call the disabled torch bearer ?
Chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions , including a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials .	Green Party officials.	Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall ?
Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral .	Reporters Without Borders	Which organization planned several protests ?
Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral .	the Eiffel Tower	What did Reporters Without Borders scale in order to put a protest banner on it ?
Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral .	Notre Dame cathedral	Which cathedral did Reporters Without Borders hang another protest banner ?
Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral .	banner	What was hung from the Eiffel Tower ?
Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral .	Reporters Without Borders	Who climbed the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner ?
Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests , including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it , and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral .	Notre Dame cathedral.	Where else was a copy of the banner at Eiffel Tower hung ?
Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocadéro with banners and Tibetan flags , and remained there for a peaceful protest , never approaching the torch relay itself .	the Trocadéro	Where did hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters meet ?
Among them was Jane Birkin , who spoke to the media about the `` lack of freedom of speech '' in China .	Jane Birkin	Who spoke to the media about China 's lack of freedom of speech ?
Also present was Thupten Gyatso , President of the French Tibetan community , who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to `` remain calm , non-violent , peaceful '' .	Thupten Gyatso	Who is the President of the French Tibetan community that urged protesters to remain peaceful ?
Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocadéro with banners and Tibetan flags , and remained there for a peaceful protest , never approaching the torch relay itself .	Trocadéro	Where did pro-Tibetan protesters get together ?
Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocadéro with banners and Tibetan flags , and remained there for a peaceful protest , never approaching the torch relay itself .	peaceful	The Trocadéro was not disruptive of the relay and said to have been what ?
Among them was Jane Birkin , who spoke to the media about the `` lack of freedom of speech '' in China .	Jane Birkin	Who , of the Trocadéro protest , spoke to the media ?
Among them was Jane Birkin , who spoke to the media about the `` lack of freedom of speech '' in China .	freedom of speech	What did the person who spoke to the media at Trocadéro say China lacked ?
All political parties in Parliament -- UMP , Socialists , New Centre , Communists , Democratic Movement -LRB- centre -RRB- and Greens -- jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly 's session , which was granted , so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read `` Respect for Human Rights in China '' .	the National Assembly's session	What did the political parties request a brief stop in ?
All political parties in Parliament -- UMP , Socialists , New Centre , Communists , Democratic Movement -LRB- centre -RRB- and Greens -- jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly 's session , which was granted , so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read `` Respect for Human Rights in China '' .	Respect for Human Rights in China	What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside ?
The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs , who shouted `` Freedom for Tibet ! ''	Freedom for Tibet!	What did MPs yell when the torch passed them ?
French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest .	Parliament	Various French politicians started protests including members of what ?
All political parties in Parliament -- UMP , Socialists , New Centre , Communists , Democratic Movement -LRB- centre -RRB- and Greens -- jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly 's session , which was granted , so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read `` Respect for Human Rights in China '' .	National Assembly's session	All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what ?
All political parties in Parliament -- UMP , Socialists , New Centre , Communists , Democratic Movement -LRB- centre -RRB- and Greens -- jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly 's session , which was granted , so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read `` Respect for Human Rights in China '' .	Respect for Human Rights in China	Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt ?
The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs , who shouted `` Freedom for Tibet ! ''	Freedom for Tibet!	What did the Parliamentary members yell as the relay passed ?
French police were criticised for their handling of the events , and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators .	Tibetan flags	What did French police take from demonstrators ?
The newspaper Libération commented : `` The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of expression .	Libération	Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves ?
The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro . ''	the Trocadéro	Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held ?
Minister of the Interior Michèle Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so , and that they had acted on their own initiative .	Michèle Alliot-Marie	Who was the Minister of the Interior ?
French police were criticised for their handling of the events , and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators .	Tibetan flags	What did French law enforcement take from protesters ?
The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro . ''	the Trocadéro.	Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted ?
Minister of the Interior Michèle Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so , and that they had acted on their own initiative .	Michèle Alliot-Marie	Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags ?
A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer , knocked unconscious , and had to be sent to hospital .	a police officer	Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious ?
United States of America : The torch relay 's North American leg occurred in San Francisco , California on April 9 .	San Francisco	Where did the torch start it 's North American route ?
United States of America : The torch relay 's North American leg occurred in San Francisco , California on April 9 .	April 9	What day did the torch arrive in San Francisco ?
The start was at McCovey Cove , where Norman Bellingham of the U.S. Olympic Committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer , Chinese 1992 Olympic champion swimmer Lin Li .	Lin Li	What is the name of the first North American torchbearer ?
The planned closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was cancelled and instead , a ceremony was held at San Francisco International Airport , where the torch was to leave for Buenos Aires .	San Francisco International Airport	The route end was changed from Justin Herman plaza to what ?
Peter Ueberroth , head of the U.S. Olympic Committee , praised the route changes , saying , `` The city of San Francisco , from a global perspective , will be applauded . ''	Peter Ueberroth	Who was the head of the U.S. Olympic Committee ?
United States of America : The torch relay 's North American leg occurred in San Francisco , California on April 9 .	San Francisco	What city in the United States held the 2008 Olympic Torch relay ?
United States of America : The torch relay 's North American leg occurred in San Francisco , California on April 9 .	April 9.	What was the date of the relay in the United States ?
The start was at McCovey Cove , where Norman Bellingham of the U.S. Olympic Committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer , Chinese 1992 Olympic champion swimmer Lin Li .	Norman Bellingham	What is the name of the person who handed off the torch to the torchbearer in the United States 2008 Olympic relay ?
The planned closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was cancelled and instead , a ceremony was held at San Francisco International Airport , where the torch was to leave for Buenos Aires .	Justin Herman Plaza	What is the name of the location where the relay ending event was canceled ?
On April 1 , 2008 , the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9 .	San Francisco Board of Supervisors	Who approved a resolution concerning human rights on April 1 , 2008 ?
The resolution would welcome the torch with `` alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community , including the citizens of San Francisco , to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet . ''	human rights abuses	The concern was over what in China and Tibet ?
On April 8 , numerous protests were planned including one at the city 's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu .	April 8	What date was the protest which was led by Gere and Tutu ?
On April 1 , 2008 , the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9 .	April 1, 2008	When was a resolution agreed to about Chinese human rights issues in San Francisco ?
On April 1 , 2008 , the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9 .	San Francisco Board of Supervisors	Who approved the resolution ?
On April 8 , numerous protests were planned including one at the city 's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu .	United Nations Plaza	Where was a protest planned in San Francisco ?
On April 8 , numerous protests were planned including one at the city 's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu .	Richard Gere	What actor was scheduled to attend a San Francisco Olympic protest ?
On April 7 , 2008 , two days prior to the actual torch relay , three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners , one saying `` One World , One Dream .	Golden Gate Bridge	Three protester climbed what to hang two banners on April 7 , 2008 ?
Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin , who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone , urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet .	KPIX-CBS5	Laurel Sutherlin spoke to which TV station about his concerns ?
China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened .	China	Who asked that the San Francisco relay route be shortened ?
On April 7 , 2008 , two days prior to the actual torch relay , three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners , one saying `` One World , One Dream .	Golden Gate Bridge	What famous bridge had two banners hung from it by protesters ?
Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin , who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone , urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet .	Laurel Sutherlin	Who spoke to station KPIX-CBS5 about the bridge banner protests ?
The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing , conspiracy and causing a public nuisance .	five	How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt ?
On April 7 , 2008 , two days prior to the actual torch relay , three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners , one saying `` One World , One Dream .	three	How many activists may be charged with crimes for the bridge stunt ?
The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour .	a warehouse	Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch ??
During the torch relay , two torchbearers , Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council and Director of Partnerships For Change , and an environmental advocate , Majora Carter , managed to display Tibetan flags in protest , resulting in their ejection from the relay .	Andrew Michael	Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag ?
During the torch relay , two torchbearers , Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council and Director of Partnerships For Change , and an environmental advocate , Majora Carter , managed to display Tibetan flags in protest , resulting in their ejection from the relay .	Andrew Michael	What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag ?
The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco 's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal , from which the free media was excluded .	Marina district	Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus ?
The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco 's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal , from which the free media was excluded .	San Francisco International Airport	Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco ?
Around 2 pm PDT -LRB- 21:00 UTC -RRB- , the torch resurfaced about 3 km -LRB- 1.9 mi -RRB- away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue , a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans .	Van Ness Avenue	After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse , what road did the relay reappear on ?
Argentina : The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires , Argentina , held on April 11 , began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur .	April 11	When did the Olympic torch relay begin in Buenos Aires ?
Argentina : The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires , Argentina , held on April 11 , began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur .	the Lola Mora amphitheatre	Where did the torch route start in Buenos Aires ?
In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer , Carlos Espínola .	Mauricio Macri	Who was the mayor of Buenos Aires ?
Argentina : The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires , Argentina , held on April 11 , began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur .	Buenos Aires	Where did the Olympic torch relay begin in Argentina ?
Argentina : The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires , Argentina , held on April 11 , began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur .	Lola Mora amphitheatre	What place held an opening show for the relay ?
In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer , Carlos Espínola .	Mauricio Macri	What is the name of the mayor who passed off the torch to the first bearer in Argentina ?
In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer , Carlos Espínola .	Carlos Espínola.	Who was the first bearer of the torch in Argentina ?
People showered the parade route with confetti as banks , government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame 's five-continent journey .	confetti	What was showered along the route in some places ?
`` I want to announce that we will not put out the Olympic torch , '' said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo .	Jorge Carcavallo	What is the name of the activist who promised peaceful protests ?
Among other activities , protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall , featuring their own `` Human Rights Torch . ''	from the Obelisk to the city hall	What route was planned for an alternative march ?
A giant banner reading `` Free Tibet '' was also displayed on the torch route .	Free Tibet	What was on the banner that was displayed where the torchbearers would carry the torch ?
`` I want to announce that we will not put out the Olympic torch , '' said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo .	Jorge Carcavallo.	What is the name of the protester who said they would not try to extinguish the torch ?
Among other activities , protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall , featuring their own `` Human Rights Torch . ''	Obelisk to the city hall	Where did the other march travel form and to ?
Among other activities , protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall , featuring their own `` Human Rights Torch . ''	Human Rights Torch.	What was the name given to the torch carried on the alternative march ?
A giant banner reading `` Free Tibet '' was also displayed on the torch route .	Free Tibet	What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route ?
According to a representative from the NGO ` Human Rights Torch Relay ' , their objective was to `` show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in China ''	Human Rights Torch Relay	What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called ?
The outreach director of HRTR , Susan Prager , is also the communication director of `` Friends of Falun Gong '' , a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr .	Susan Prager	Who was the outreach director of HRTR ?
The outreach director of HRTR , Susan Prager , is also the communication director of `` Friends of Falun Gong '' , a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr .	Friends of Falun Gong	What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer ?
A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona , scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy .	Diego Maradona	Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy ?
Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK , France and the US , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers .	1200	How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route ?
Overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame , and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities .	water balloons	What was thrown to try and put out the flame ?
The outreach director of HRTR , Susan Prager , is also the communication director of `` Friends of Falun Gong '' , a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr .	Friends of Falun Gong	What is Susan Prager communication director of ?
A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona , scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires , pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy .	Diego Maradona	What football star backed out due to relay controversy ?
Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK , France and the US , the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay , involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people , including public employees and volunteers .	1200	How many police officers were part of the security operative ?
Overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame , and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities .	water balloons	What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out ?
Overall , the protests were peaceful in nature , although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame , and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities .	peaceful	The protests were considered to be overall what in nature ?
Tanzania : Dar es Salaam was the torch 's only stop in Africa , on April 13 .	Dar es Salaam	Where was the only African destination for the torch ?
Tanzania : Dar es Salaam was the torch 's only stop in Africa , on April 13 .	April 13	When did the torch arrive in Dar es Salaam ?
The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway , which was China 's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke , which was built with Chinese aid in 2005 .	the TAZARA Railway	Where did the route start for the torch in Dar es Salaam ?
Tanzania : Dar es Salaam was the torch 's only stop in Africa , on April 13 .	Dar es Salaam	Where was the solitary place the relay was held in Africa ?
The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway , which was China 's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke , which was built with Chinese aid in 2005 .	TAZARA	What is the name of the railway where the Olympic torch relay began in Africa ?
The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway , which was China 's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke , which was built with Chinese aid in 2005 .	Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium	Where did the relay terminate in Africa ?
The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway , which was China 's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s , and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke , which was built with Chinese aid in 2005 .	China	What country paid for the stadium through aid money ?
The torch was lit by Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein .	Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein.	Who it the torch in Africa ?
Sultanate of Oman : Muscat was the torch 's only stop in the Middle East , on April 14 .	Muscat	Which Middle East location was the only area the torch visited ?
Sultanate of Oman : Muscat was the torch 's only stop in the Middle East , on April 14 .	April 14	When did the torch arrive in Muscat ?
One of the torchbearers was Syrian actress Sulaf Fawakherji .	Sulaf Fawakherji	Which actress carried the torch for part of the route ?
Sultanate of Oman : Muscat was the torch 's only stop in the Middle East , on April 14 .	Muscat	Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East ?
The relay covered 20 km .	20	How far was the relay route in kilometers in the Middle East ?
One of the torchbearers was Syrian actress Sulaf Fawakherji .	Sulaf Fawakherji.	What is the name of the Syrian actress who was one to bear the torch ?
Pakistan : The Olympic torch reached Islamabad for the first time ever on April 16 .	April 16	When did the torch arrive in Islamabad ?
The relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around Islamabad , but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding `` militant threats or anti-China protests '' , and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium .	Jinnah Stadium	Where was an indoor ceremony held since the outdoor relay was cancelled ?
President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay .	Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani	Who spoke at the opening ceremony in Islamabad in addition to President Musharraf ?
Pakistan : The Olympic torch reached Islamabad for the first time ever on April 16 .	Islamabad	Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan ?
The relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around Islamabad , but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding `` militant threats or anti-China protests '' , and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium .	Jinnah Stadium.	Instead of a traditinal relay , where was the track the torch was carried in Pakistan ?
India : Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests , the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km -LRB- less than 1.5 miles -RRB- , which was shared amongst 70 runners .	April 17	When did the torch visit New Delhi ?
India : Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests , the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km -LRB- less than 1.5 miles -RRB- , which was shared amongst 70 runners .	70	How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi ?
Indian national football captain , Baichung Bhutia refused to take part in the Indian leg of the torch relay , citing concerns over Tibet .	Baichung Bhutia	Which football captain did not participate in the relay to show support for Tibet ?
A total of five intended torchbearers - Kiran Bedi , Soha Ali Khan , Sachin Tendulkar , Bhaichung Bhutia and Sunil Gavaskar - withdrew from the event , citing `` personal reasons '' , or , in Bhutia 's case , explicitly wishing to `` stand by the people of Tibet and their struggle '' and protest against the PRC `` crackdown '' in Tibet .	five	How many torchbearers did not participate because of their concerns with Tibet ?
India : Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests , the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km -LRB- less than 1.5 miles -RRB- , which was shared amongst 70 runners .	New Delhi	Where did the torch relay happen in India ?
India : Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests , the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km -LRB- less than 1.5 miles -RRB- , which was shared amongst 70 runners .	1.5	How long was the route in India in miles ?
India : Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests , the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km -LRB- less than 1.5 miles -RRB- , which was shared amongst 70 runners .	70	How many bearers of the torch were used in India ?
A total of five intended torchbearers - Kiran Bedi , Soha Ali Khan , Sachin Tendulkar , Bhaichung Bhutia and Sunil Gavaskar - withdrew from the event , citing `` personal reasons '' , or , in Bhutia 's case , explicitly wishing to `` stand by the people of Tibet and their struggle '' and protest against the PRC `` crackdown '' in Tibet .	five	How many bearers decided not to participate ?
Indian national football captain , Baichung Bhutia refused to take part in the Indian leg of the torch relay , citing concerns over Tibet .	Baichung Bhutia	What is the name of the footballer who refused to be a part of the relay ?
Wary of protests , the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in New Delhi , and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations , which are considered terrorist targets .	Republic Day celebrations	The security given to the torch relay in New Delhi is reminiscent of the security of what ?
Chinese intelligence 's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly ` vulnerable ' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing , Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador , a distinguished lady diplomat , was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time ; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi .	Nirupama Sen.	The Chinese presented a list of vulnerable relay locations to who ?
The Indian media reported that India 's Commerce Minister , Kamal Nath , cancelled an official trip to Beijing in protest , though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it .	India's Commerce Minister	Who supposedly cancelled a trip to Beijing in protest ?
The Indian media reported that India 's Commerce Minister , Kamal Nath , cancelled an official trip to Beijing in protest , though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it .	Kamal Nath	Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest ?
Chinese intelligence 's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly ` vulnerable ' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing , Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador , a distinguished lady diplomat , was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time ; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi .	2 am	At what time in the middle of the night was the diplomat summoned ?
Wary of protests , the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in New Delhi , and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations , which are considered terrorist targets .	Republic Day	The Olympic relay had the same security precautions taken as what other special day ?
Wary of protests , the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in New Delhi , and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations , which are considered terrorist targets .	terrorist targets.	What kind of targets do Republic Day events present as ?
In response Indian officials said India was a democracy , and `` a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question '' .	a democracy	India refused China 's request that the Tibetan exile community be avoided because they said India is what ?
India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India 's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community , by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route .	India	Where is the exiled Tibetan government ?
In response Indian officials said India was a democracy , and `` a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question '' .	protests	A wholesale ban on what was denied ?
Contradicting some other reports , Indian officials also refused permission to the `` Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit '' .	Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit	What Olympic group was denied by India ?
The combined effect is a `` rapid deterioration '' of relations between India and China .	relations	What deteriorated between India and China ?
Meanwhile , the Tibetan government in exile , which is based in India , has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay .	the Tibetan government in exile	Who said they did not support relay interruptions ?
The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service -LRB- IPS -RRB- officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying `` she does n't want to run in the event as ` caged woman ' . ''	Kiran Bedi	Who did not want to participate in the relay as ` caged woman ' ?
The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service -LRB- IPS -RRB- officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying `` she does n't want to run in the event as ` caged woman ' . ''	Indian Police Service	Where was Bedi retired from ?
On April 15 , Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay , citing `` very strong personal reasons '' .	Soha Ali Khan	Which actress decided to not participate on April 15 ?
On April 16 , a protest was organised in Delhi `` against Chinese repression in Tibet '' , and was broken up by the police .	April 16	When did a protest in Delhi occur to protest against Chinese repression in Tibet ?
The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service -LRB- IPS -RRB- officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying `` she does n't want to run in the event as ` caged woman ' . ''	Kiran Bedi	What retired police officer refused to carry the torch in India ?
On April 15 , Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay , citing `` very strong personal reasons '' .	Soha Ali Khan	What actress removed herself from participation in the relay ?
On April 16 , a protest was organised in Delhi `` against Chinese repression in Tibet '' , and was broken up by the police .	Delhi	Where was a protest organized about the Olympic relay in India ?
On April 16 , a protest was organised in Delhi `` against Chinese repression in Tibet '' , and was broken up by the police .	police.	Who disbanded the protest in Delhi ?
The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service -LRB- IPS -RRB- officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying `` she does n't want to run in the event as ` caged woman ' . ''	caged woman	The retired police officer said she would not run as what ?
Thailand : The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame 's first visit to Thailand .	April 18	When did the Olympic torch reach Bangkok ?
M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse , Green World Foundation -LRB- GWF -RRB- chairwoman , withdrew from the torch-running ceremony , protesting against China 's actions in Tibet .	M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse	Who is the Green World Foundation chairwoman who refused to participate in the relay ?
In Bangkok , students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear .	students	The media was told that the Chinese supplied with shirts and transportation ?
Thailand : The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame 's first visit to Thailand .	April 18	When did the torch go through Bankok ?
The relay covered just over 10 km , and included Bangkok 's Chinatown .	10	The relay route was a little over how many kilometers ?
Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand .	foreign protesters	Who were told they would be banned from reentering Thailand ?
Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay , to protest against China 's actions in Tibet .	Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse	What scheduled bearer of the torch boycotted ?
Malaysia : The event was held in the capital city , Kuala Lumpur , on April 21 .	April 21	When did the torch visit Malaysia ?
Malaysia : The event was held in the capital city , Kuala Lumpur , on April 21 .	Kuala Lumpur	What is the capital city of Malaysia ?
The 16.5 km long-relay began from the historic Independence Square , passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic Petronas Twin Towers .	Independence Square	Where did the route begin in Malaysia ?
The last time an Olympic torch relay was held in Malaysia was the 1964 Tokyo edition .	1964	Prior to the 2008 games , when did Malaysia last see an Olympic torch relay ?
The 16.5 km long-relay began from the historic Independence Square , passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic Petronas Twin Towers .	Independence Square	What is the location of the start of the relay in Malaysia ?
The 16.5 km long-relay began from the historic Independence Square , passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic Petronas Twin Towers .	Petronas Twin Towers.	Where did the relay end in Malaysia ?
The last time an Olympic torch relay was held in Malaysia was the 1964 Tokyo edition .	1964	What year was the last torch relay event in Malaysia ?
A team of 1000 personnel from the Malaysian police Special Action Squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers .	1000	How many Special Police protected the relay event ?
Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital .	Falun Gong	Which supporters protested near the Chinese embassy in Malaysia ?
Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital .	Falun Gong	Supporters of what demonstrated at the Chinese embassy in Malaysia ?
A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began , and the Chinese group shouted : `` Taiwan and Tibet belong to China . ''	plastic air-filled batons	What were a Japanese family who unveiled a Tibetan flag hit with ?
A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began , and the Chinese group shouted : `` Taiwan and Tibet belong to China . ''	Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.	What did the Chinese group yell ?
Later during the day , the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay .	placards	What did Chinese volunteers take from two Malaysian demonstrators ?
Indonesia : The Olympic flame reached Jakarta on April 22 .	April 22	When did the Olympic torch visit Jakarta ?
The original 20 km relay through Jakarta was cancelled due to `` security worries '' , at the request of the Chinese embassy , and the torch was instead carried round the city main 's stadium , as it had been in Islamabad .	the Chinese embassy	Who requested that the original route be cancelled ?
Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium .	journalists	Along with invited people , who were the only other people allowed in the stadium ?
Indonesia : The Olympic flame reached Jakarta on April 22 .	Jakarta	Where did the torch relay begin in Indonesia ?
The original 20 km relay through Jakarta was cancelled due to `` security worries '' , at the request of the Chinese embassy , and the torch was instead carried round the city main 's stadium , as it had been in Islamabad .	20	How many kilometers was the planned route that was cancelled ?
The original 20 km relay through Jakarta was cancelled due to `` security worries '' , at the request of the Chinese embassy , and the torch was instead carried round the city main 's stadium , as it had been in Islamabad .	security worries	Why was the first route not taken ?
The event was held in the streets around the city main 's stadium .	stadium.	What type of facility was the torch carried at instead .
Protests took place outside the stadium .	outside the stadium.	Where did protests occur when non one except invited guests and the press were allowed inside the stadium ?
Australia : The event was held in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory on April 24 , and covered around 16 km of Canberra 's central areas , from Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park .	April 24	When did the torch arrive in Canberra ?
Upon its arrival in Canberra , the Olympic flame was presented by Chinese officials to local Aboriginal elder Agnes Shea , of the Ngunnawal people .	Agnes Shea	Who received the flame from Chinese officials in Canberra ?
She , in turn , offered them a message stick , as a gift of peace and welcome .	a message stick	What did Agnes Shea give to the Chinese in return ?
Preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the Chinese flame attendants , with Australian and Chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference .	Australian and Chinese officials	Who publicly argued at a press conference ?
Australia : The event was held in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory on April 24 , and covered around 16 km of Canberra 's central areas , from Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park .	Canberra	Where was the relay held in Australia ?
Australia : The event was held in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory on April 24 , and covered around 16 km of Canberra 's central areas , from Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park .	16	How many kilometers was the route in Australia ?
Australia : The event was held in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory on April 24 , and covered around 16 km of Canberra 's central areas , from Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park .	Reconciliation Place	What was the location of the beginning of the Olympic torch route in Australia ?
Demonstrators and counter-demonstrators were kept apart by the Australian Federal Police .	Australian Federal Police.	Who kept the demonstrators separated ?
Upon its arrival in Canberra , the Olympic flame was presented by Chinese officials to local Aboriginal elder Agnes Shea , of the Ngunnawal people .	Agnes Shea	What is the name of the Aboriginal elder who received the torch from Chinese officials ?
Following the events in Olympia , there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People 's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra .	People's Liberation Army personnel	Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame ?
Australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators , following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to `` go defend our sacred torch '' against `` ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists '' .	sacred torch	Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists ?
Tony Goh , chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations , has said the ACCO would be taking `` thousands '' of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus , to support the torch relay .	Tony Goh	Who was the chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations ?
Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to `` turn up and put a point of view '' , but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful .	Stephen Smith	Who was the Foreign Minister who said he was okay with protests as long as they were peaceful ?
Following the events in Olympia , there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People 's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra .	People's Liberation Army	What group did China want along the relay route in Canberra ?
Australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators , following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to `` go defend our sacred torch '' against `` ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists '' .	Australian police	Who was given permission to search attendees of the relay ?
Tony Goh , chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations , has said the ACCO would be taking `` thousands '' of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus , to support the torch relay .	Tony Goh	Who said that thousands of pro-Beijing supporters would be bused in ?
Zhang Rongan , a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations , told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses , meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators , and helping them organise a `` peaceful show of strength '' .	Zhang Rongan	Who told the media that Chinese diplomats were arranging a `` peaceful show of strength '' ?
Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to `` turn up and put a point of view '' , but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful .	Stephen Smith	Who was the Foreign Minister who indicated Chinese officials wanted supporting demonstrators to show up and show their point of view ?
Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event , explaining that she wished to express concern about China 's human rights record .	Lin Hatfield Dodds	Who withdrew as a torchbearer because of her concerns about human rights ?
Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was `` a very good example of peacefully making a point '' .	Foreign Minister Stephen Smith	Who said Dodds ' withdrawal was a good example of peacefully protesting ?
Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event , explaining that she wished to express concern about China 's human rights record .	Lin Hatfield Dodds	Who withdrew from the torch event ?
Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was `` a very good example of peacefully making a point '' .	Stephen Smith	Who was the foreign minister that said her decision was a good example of peacefully making a point ?
Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters , Ted Quinlan , head of the Canberra torch relay committee , said : `` We did n't expect this reaction from the Chinese community .	Ted Quinlan	Who was the head of the Canberra torch relay committee ?
Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay , along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters .	600	How many supporters of Tibet were expected in Canberra to protest ?
Also , Australia 's ACT Chief Minister , Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that `` pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists . ''	the Chinese embassy	ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said which organization intended to ensure that China supporters outweighed Tibet supporters ?
Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24 , 2008 , touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests .	Ian Thorpe	Which athlete carried the torch for the final leg ?
Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay , along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters .	Up to 600	How many supporters of Tibet were expected to attend the torch relay ?
Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay , along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters .	between 2,000 and 10,000	It was thought that how many Chinese supporters would attend the torch relay ?
Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters , Ted Quinlan , head of the Canberra torch relay committee , said : `` We did n't expect this reaction from the Chinese community .	Ted Quinlan	Who did not expect that reaction from the Chinese community ?
Also , Australia 's ACT Chief Minister , Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that `` pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists . ''	the Chinese embassy	Who was involved to ensure the pro Chinese demonstrators outweighed the Tibetan demonstrators ?
Japan : The event was held in Nagano , which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics , on April 26 .	Nagano	Who hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics ?
Japan : The event was held in Nagano , which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics , on April 26 .	April 26	When did the torch arrive in Nagano ?
Japan : The event was held in Nagano , which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics , on April 26 .	Nagano	Where was the torch relay held in Japan ?
Japan : The event was held in Nagano , which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics , on April 26 .	1998 Winter Olympics	Which Olympics did Nagano host ?
Japanese Buddhist temple Zenkō-ji , which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the Olympic torch relay in Nagano , refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans , amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti-Chinese government protesters .	Japanese Buddhist temple Zenkō-ji	What location was supposed to be the start of the relay event in Nagano ?
A new starting point , previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot , was chosen by the city .	a municipal building	When monks pulled out of the event , where was the new starting point for the relay ?
Only two Chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of Japan 's concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays .	two	How many Chinese guards were allowed to go with the torch ?
South Korea : The event was held in Seoul , which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics , on April 27 .	Seoul	Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea ?
South Korea : The event was held in Seoul , which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics , on April 27 .	1988 Summer Olympics	When did Seoul host the Olympics ?
More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route , which began at Olympic Park , which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games .	Olympic Park	Where was the start point for the relay ?
On the day of the torch relay in Seoul , Chinese students clashed with protesters , throwing rocks , bottles , and punches .	Chinese students	Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught ?
South Korea : The event was held in Seoul , which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics , on April 27 .	Seoul	Where was the relay event held in South Korea ?
South Korea : The event was held in Seoul , which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics , on April 27 .	1988 Summer Olympics	Which Olympics did Seoul host ?
North Korea : The event was held in Pyongyang on April 28 .	April 28	When did the torch arrive in Pyongyang ?
The event was presided over by the head of the country 's parliament , Kim Yong Nam .	Kim Yong Nam	Who presided over the torch event in North Korea ?
Kim passed the torch to the first runner Pak Du Ik , who played on North Korea 's 1966 World Cup soccer team , as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang .	Pak Du Ik	Who was the first torchbearer in North Korea ?
The relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the Juche Tower , which commemorates the national ideology of Juche , or `` self-reliance '' , created by the country 's late founding President Kim Il Sung , father of leader Kim Jong Il , who did not attend .	the Juche Tower	Where did the relay start ?
Kim passed the torch to the first runner Pak Du Ik , who played on North Korea 's 1966 World Cup soccer team , as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang .	Pyongyang.	Where was the relay event held in North Korea ?
North Korea : The event was held in Pyongyang on April 28 .	April 28.	What date did the torch relay event take place ?
A crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in Pyongyang , some waving Chinese flags .	pink paper flowers and small flags	What did people in the crowd wave at the beginning of the relay ?
Kim passed the torch to the first runner Pak Du Ik , who played on North Korea 's 1966 World Cup soccer team , as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang .	Pak Du Ik	Who was the first runner with the torch ?
The United Nations Organization and its children 's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff , saying that it was n't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt .	a propaganda stunt.	The United Nations Organization and UNICEF felt the relay could be used as what ?
North Korea is frequently listed among the world 's worst offenders against human rights .	against human rights.	North Korea is often listed among the worst offenders in the world in what regard ?
The United Nations Organization and its children 's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff , saying that it was n't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt .	UNICEF	What is the children 's agency of the United Nations Organization ?
The United Nations Organization and its children 's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff , saying that it was n't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt .	their staff	Both organizations withdrew what ?
The United Nations Organization and its children 's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff , saying that it was n't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt .	raising awareness of conditions for children	What is the mission of the organizations ?
North Korea is frequently listed among the world 's worst offenders against human rights .	North Korea	Who is often listed amongst the world 's worst offenders when it comes to human rights ?
Vietnam : The event was held in Ho Chi Minh City on April 29 .	April 29	When did the torch arrive in Vietnam ?
Vietnam : The event was held in Ho Chi Minh City on April 29 .	Ho Chi Minh City	Where was the torch event held in Vietnam ?
Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route .	60	How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam ?
Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route .	the downtown Opera House	Where did the torch event begin in Vietnam ?
Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route .	the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium	Where did the torch event end ?
following reports that the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City .	Ho Chi Minh City.	Where was the torch event held in Vietnam ?
Vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with China -LRB- and other countries -RRB- for sovereignty of the Spratly and Paracel Islands ; tensions have risen recently -LSB- when ? -RSB-	the Spratly and Paracel Islands	What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China ?
following reports that the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City .	Sansha	The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area ?
following reports that the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories , resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City .	Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.	As a result , demonstrations were held in what two cities in December 2007 ?
However to sustain its relationship with China the Vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay , with Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng warning government agencies that `` hostile forces '' may try to disrupt the torch relay .	Nguyễn Tấn Dũng	Who was the Prime Minister of Vietnam ?
Prior to the rally , seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting `` Boycott the Beijing Olympics '' through a loudhailer at a market .	seven	How many people protesting China were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally ?
A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch , while a prominent blogger , Điếu Cày -LRB- real name Nguyễn Văn Hải -RRB- , who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam , was arrested on charges of tax evasion .	Điếu Cày	Which blogger calling for demonstrations was arrested for tax evasion ?
Lê Minh Phiếu , a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France , wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China 's `` politicisation of the Olympics '' , citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog .	Lê Minh Phiếu	Which torchbearer sent a letter of protest to the president of the International Olympic Committee ?
Prior to the rally , seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting `` Boycott the Beijing Olympics '' through a loudhailer at a market .	seven	How many protesters were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally ?
A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch , while a prominent blogger , Điếu Cày -LRB- real name Nguyễn Văn Hải -RRB- , who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam , was arrested on charges of tax evasion .	Nguyễn Văn Hải	What is blogger Điếu Cày 's real name ?
A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch , while a prominent blogger , Điếu Cày -LRB- real name Nguyễn Văn Hải -RRB- , who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam , was arrested on charges of tax evasion .	tax evasion.	Though he urged for demonstrations in Vietnam , Nguyễn Văn Hải was charged with what crime ?
Lê Minh Phiếu , a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France , wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China 's `` politicisation of the Olympics '' , citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog .	Lê Minh Phiếu	What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website ?
One day before the relay was to start , the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China 's maritime claims in the South China Sea .	disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims	What was removed from the website that Lê Minh Phiếu had written about ?
Hong Kong : The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2 .	May 2	When did the torch arrive in Hong Kong ?
In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui , Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan .	Lee Lai Shan	Who was the first torchbearer in Hong Kong ?
In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui , Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan .	Hong Kong Cultural Centre	Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong ?
The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road , Lantau Link , Sha Tin -LRB- crossed Shing Mun River via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of Olympic torch relays -RRB- , Victoria Harbour -LRB- crossed by Tin Hau , a VIP vessel managed by the Marine Department -RRB- before ending in Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai .	Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai	Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong ?
A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians .	120	How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong ?
Hong Kong : The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2 .	May 2.	When was the relay event held in Hong Kong ?
In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui , Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer , Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan .	Donald Tsang	Who handed the torch to Lee Lai Shan , the first torchbearer ?
The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road , Lantau Link , Sha Tin -LRB- crossed Shing Mun River via a dragon boat , which had been never used before in the history of Olympic torch relays -RRB- , Victoria Harbour -LRB- crossed by Tin Hau , a VIP vessel managed by the Marine Department -RRB- before ending in Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai .	a dragon boat	What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River ?
A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians .	120	How many torchbearers carried the torch ?
A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities , athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians .	pro-Beijing camp politicians.	The torchbearers included athletes , celebrities and who ?
Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China , including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah , waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames , which they said symbolised democracy .	plastic Olympic flames	What did Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China members wave to symbolize democracy ?
They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong .	Tiananmen Square protests	This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event ?
A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it .	Christina Chan	Who wrapped a Tibetan flag around her body and later waved it ?
In the end , she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle `` for their own protection . ''	police	Who removed Chan from the protest ?
suing the Hong Kong government , claiming her human rights were breached .	her human rights were breached.	Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government ?
Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China , including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah , waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames , which they said symbolised democracy .	democracy.	Some people waved plastic inflated flames , saying they symbolize what ?
Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung -LRB- Longhair -RRB- also joined the protest , saying `` I 'm very proud that in Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out . ''	Leung Kwok-hung	Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out ?
A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it .	Tibetan snow lion flag	What did radio host Christina Chan wear before waving it ?
The Color Orange democracy group , led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschiøt , originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the `` Pillar of Shame '' , a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests .	The Color Orange democracy group	Which group did Jens Galschiøt lead ?
The Color Orange democracy group , led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschiøt , originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the `` Pillar of Shame '' , a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests .	Pillar of Shame	What did Galschiøt construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests ?
However , Galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26 , 2008 due to `` immigration reasons '' and were forced to leave Hong Kong .	immigration reasons	Galschiøt and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason ?
Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter .	Mia Farrow	Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport ?
Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government 's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong 's one country , two systems policy .	one country, two systems	A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy ?
The Color Orange democracy group , led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschiøt , originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the `` Pillar of Shame '' , a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests .	The Color Orange	What group did Jens Galschiøt lead ?
The Color Orange democracy group , led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschiøt , originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the `` Pillar of Shame '' , a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests .	Pillar of Shame	What structure did Jens Galschiøt build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989 ?
However , Galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26 , 2008 due to `` immigration reasons '' and were forced to leave Hong Kong .	immigration reasons	Why was Jens Galschiøt made to leave Hong Kong ?
Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter .	Mia Farrow	Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan ?
Macao : The event was held in Macau on May 3 .	May 3	When did the torch visit Macao ?
A ceremony was held at Macau Fisherman 's Wharf .	Macau Fisherman's Wharf	Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao ?
A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho .	120	How many torchbearers participated in Macao ?
Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively .	Leong Hong Man	Who was the first torchbearer in Macao ?
Macao : The event was held in Macau on May 3 .	May 3	When was the torch relay event held in Macao ?
A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho .	120	How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao ?
Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively .	Leong Hong Man	Who was the first person to carry the torch in Macao ?
A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho .	Stanley Ho.	Which casino tycoon participated in the torch relay event ?
An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers .	Macao Daily News	Which publication was unhappy with the amount of non-athlete torchbearers ?
A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay .	cyberctm.com	A Macau citizen was arrested for posting a plea to disrupt the relay on what website ?
Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4 .	orchidbbs.com	In addition to cyberctm.com , what other website was shut down for two days ?
A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay .	A Macau resident	Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message ?
A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay .	cyberctm.com	Where was the message posted ?
The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated .	The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation	Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics ?
The torch arrived in Sanya , Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee -LRB- IOC -RRB- officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan .	May 4	After its April departure , when did the torch return to China ?
The torch arrived in Sanya , Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee -LRB- IOC -RRB- officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan .	Jackie Chan	What actor attended a torch celebration in China ?
The torch arrived in Sanya , Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee -LRB- IOC -RRB- officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan .	May 4	When did the torch reach Sanya , Hainan ?
China : The torch returned to China for the first time since April .	April.	When was the last time the torch had been in China ?
The torch arrived in Sanya , Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee -LRB- IOC -RRB- officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan .	IOC	Who attended the celebrations ?
The torch arrived in Sanya , Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee -LRB- IOC -RRB- officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan .	Jackie Chan.	Which actor also attended the celebrations ?
Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored -LRB- for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony -RRB- , whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased .	partial and censored	The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what ?
Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored -LRB- for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony -RRB- , whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased .	biased.	In turn , Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage ?
The French newspaper Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting ; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed `` a stinging slap in the face '' for having `` insulted the Olympic flame '' and `` supported a handful of saboteurs '' .	Libération	Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua ?
Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere .	media coverage	What was under scrutiny ?
Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored -LRB- for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony -RRB- , whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased .	censored	Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what ?
Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored -LRB- for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders ' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony -RRB- , whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased .	Reporters Without Borders	What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media ?
The French newspaper Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting ; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed `` a stinging slap in the face '' for having `` insulted the Olympic flame '' and `` supported a handful of saboteurs '' .	Libération	Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased ?
The French newspaper Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting ; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed `` a stinging slap in the face '' for having `` insulted the Olympic flame '' and `` supported a handful of saboteurs '' .	saboteurs	The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what ?
In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests , the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters , referring for example to `` a very small number of ` Tibet independence ' secessionists and a handful of so-called human rights-minded NGO activists '' intent on `` disrupting and sabotaging the Beijing Olympic Games '' .	the more disruptive protesters	What did the Chinese media focus on as far as human rights protesters ?
Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests , to a greater extent than most Western media , but did not quote any alternate viewpoints , providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries .	condemned the protests	Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what ?
It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays , to a greater extent than Western media , but not those who , like Marie-José Pérec , expressed understanding and support for the protestors .	Marie-José Pérec	Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters ?
Xinhua said that protesters were `` radicals '' who `` trampled human rights '' and whose activities were condemned by `` the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit '' .	radicals	What did Xinhua call protesters ?
It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays , to a greater extent than Western media , but not those who , like Marie-José Pérec , expressed understanding and support for the protestors .	Marie-José Pérec	Which athlete showed support for the people protesting ?
Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests , to a greater extent than most Western media , but did not quote any alternate viewpoints , providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries .	Xinhua	Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights ?
Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi , Soha Ali Khan , Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event , the official Chinese website for the relay reported `` Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics '' , and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu , Abhinav Bindra , Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed .	spirit of Olympics	Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay , the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what ?
Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi , Soha Ali Khan , Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event , the official Chinese website for the relay reported `` Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics '' , and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu , Abhinav Bindra , Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed .	sports and politics	What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed ?
Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi , Soha Ali Khan , Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event , the official Chinese website for the relay reported `` Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics '' , and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu , Abhinav Bindra , Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed .	run for spirit of Olympics	Though four withdrew , it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what ?
Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi , Soha Ali Khan , Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event , the official Chinese website for the relay reported `` Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics '' , and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu , Abhinav Bindra , Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed .	sports and politics	Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined ?
The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom , Fu Ying , who accused Western media of `` demonising '' China during their coverage of the torch relays .	The Daily Telegraph	Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador 's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage ?
Libération also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media .	Libération	What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias ?
Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias .	Western media bias.	Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings ?
The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom , Fu Ying , who accused Western media of `` demonising '' China during their coverage of the torch relays .	Fu Ying	Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K. ?
The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom , Fu Ying , who accused Western media of `` demonising '' China during their coverage of the torch relays .	The Daily Telegraph	Which newspaper published these accusations ?
Libération also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media .	Libération	What other newspaper was accused of bias ?
On April 17 , Xinhua condemned what it called `` biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network -LRB- CNN -RRB- '' .	CNN	Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17 ?
On April 17 , Xinhua condemned what it called `` biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network -LRB- CNN -RRB- '' .	CNN	Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua ?
The same day , the Chinese government called on CNN to `` apologise '' for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people , and for `` attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government '' .	the Chinese government	Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people ?
Several days earlier , the BBC had published an article entitled `` The challenges of reporting in China '' , responding to earlier criticism .	The challenges of reporting in China	What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier ?
The BBC 's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now `` able to access the BBC News website for the first time , after years of strict censorship '' , and that `` many were critical of our coverage '' .	Paul Danahar	Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to ?
On April 19 , the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London , protesting against what they described as Western media bias .	1,300	How many people gathered in protest at these two buildings ?
The BBC 's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now `` able to access the BBC News website for the first time , after years of strict censorship '' , and that `` many were critical of our coverage '' .	Paul Danahar	Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time ?
He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China , and added : `` People who criticise the media for their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there . ''	Tibet	Where is BBC banned from reporting ?
On April 20 , the People 's Daily published a report entitled `` Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage , for Olympics '' .	People's Daily	Who published `` Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage '' on April 20 ?
On April 20 , the People 's Daily published a report entitled `` Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage , for Olympics '' .	People's Daily	Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias ?
On April 4 , it was reported that the Chinese government appeared to be running an anti-CNN website that criticizes the cable network 's coverage of recent events .	an anti-CNN website	What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4 ?
The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen .	a Beijing citizen.	Who supposedly created the site ?
The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen .	a Beijing citizen.	Who takes credit for creating the site ?
However , foreign correspondents in Beijing voiced suspicions that Anti-cnn may be a semi-government-made website .	foreign correspondents	Who felt that the government was involved in the website ?
The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People 's Armed Police to escort the flame throughout its journey .	30	How many attendants accompanied the flame during it 's travels ?
According to Asian Times , sworn in as the `` Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit '' during a ceremony in August 2007 , their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches , the lanterns and the cauldrons .	August 2007	When were the 30 team members sworn in ?
They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way .	matching blue tracksuits	What were their official team outfits ?
One of the torch attendants , dubbed `` Second Right Brother , '' has developed a significant online fan-base , particularly among China 's female netizens .	Second Right Brother	Which team member has his own fan following ?
The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People 's Armed Police to escort the flame throughout its journey .	30	How many attendants were used from the People 's Armed Police for the flame 's entire journey ?
According to Asian Times , sworn in as the `` Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit '' during a ceremony in August 2007 , their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches , the lanterns and the cauldrons .	August 2007	When were these 30 sworn in ?
They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way .	blue tracksuits	What did these 30 attendants wear ?
One of the torch attendants , dubbed `` Second Right Brother , '' has developed a significant online fan-base , particularly among China 's female netizens .	Second Right Brother	What is the attendant who has a large fan base called ?
In China , a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12 , accusing the company 's major shareholder , the LVMH Group , of donating funds to the Dalai Lama .	Carrefour	Which French company was boycotted ?
In China , a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12 , accusing the company 's major shareholder , the LVMH Group , of donating funds to the Dalai Lama .	LVMH Group	Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder ?
In China , a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12 , accusing the company 's major shareholder , the LVMH Group , of donating funds to the Dalai Lama .	the Dalai Lama	Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting ?
Some burned French flags , some added Swastika -LRB- due to its conotaions with Nazism -RRB- to the French flag , and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy .	the French flag	What was burned during these boycotts ?
In China , a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12 , accusing the company 's major shareholder , the LVMH Group , of donating funds to the Dalai Lama .	LVMH Group	Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama ?
Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming , Hefei and Wuhan , accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism .	anti-Chinese racism.	Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what ?
In response to the demonstrations , the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation , possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years , including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005 .	anti-Japanese protests	The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott , trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005 ?
State media and commentaries began to call for calm , such as an editorial in the People 's Daily which urged Chinese people to `` express -LSB- their -RSB- patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner '' .	People's Daily	Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully ?
The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com , with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed .	Sohu.com	Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government ?
In the days prior to the planned boycott , evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott 's efforts online became even more evident , including barring searches of words related to the French protests , but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour 's stores at Beijing , Changsha , Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1 .	May 1	When did protests in front of Carrefour 's stores occur in China ?
In response to the demonstrations , the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation , possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years , including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005 .	the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.	The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests ?
State media and commentaries began to call for calm , such as an editorial in the People 's Daily which urged Chinese people to `` express -LSB- their -RSB- patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally , and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner '' .	People's Daily	Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully ?
In response to the demonstrations , the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation , possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years , including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005 .	the Chinese government	Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites ?
In the days prior to the planned boycott , evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott 's efforts online became even more evident , including barring searches of words related to the French protests , but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour 's stores at Beijing , Changsha , Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1 .	May 1.	What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores ?
In Japan , the Mayor of Nagano , Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a `` great nuisance '' for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg .	Shoichi Washizawa	Who was the mayor of Nagano ?
In Japan , the Mayor of Nagano , Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a `` great nuisance '' for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg .	great nuisance	How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay ?
Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet , a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay , this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge ,	a major Buddhist temple	What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there ?
In Japan , the Mayor of Nagano , Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a `` great nuisance '' for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg .	great nuisance	What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event ?
Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet , a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay , this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge ,	a major Buddhist temple	Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano ?
When the Torch is extinguished at night , on airplanes , in bad weather , or during protests -LRB- such as the several occasions in Paris -RRB- , the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns .	lanterns.	In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off ?
When the Torch is extinguished at night , on airplanes , in bad weather , or during protests -LRB- such as the several occasions in Paris -RRB- , the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns .	during protests	The torch is put out at night , on aircraft , during storms and what else ?
Hong Kong legislator Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong , both members of the League of Social Democrats , were not allowed to enter Macau .	Hong Kong legislator	Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung ?
Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing , whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as `` heroic '' and an `` angel '' , whereas Western media initially gave her little mention -- despite a Chinese claim that `` Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media '' .	Jin Jing	Which athlete did the official website call an angel ?
Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing , whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as `` heroic '' and an `` angel '' , whereas Western media initially gave her little mention -- despite a Chinese claim that `` Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media '' .	Western media	Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice ?
Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route .	Two	How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route ?
Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route .	40	How many members are on each of these two teams ?
But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy , the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics .	the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics	Despite its imperfection , what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica ?
The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed .	mixed	What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica ?
It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel 's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims .	Kurt Gödel	Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931 ?
It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel 's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims .	for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced	What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica ?
However , Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell 's book .	Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book	Why was Gödels finding ironic ?
It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel 's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims .	1931	When was Kurt Godel 's incompleteness theorem ?
It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel 's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them , and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims .	some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them	What did Kurt Godel 's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules ?
In this way , Principia Mathematica 's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals .	Principia Mathematica	Godel could n't have come to his conclusion without what book ?
But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy , the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics .	metaphysics	Besides logic and epistemology , what else did Principia Mathematica connect ?
The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association .	The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916	What is the origin of the title of the book ?
In it , he cautioned against the teaching of what he called `` inert ideas '' -- ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture .	ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture	How did Whitehead define `` inert ideas '' ?
He opined that `` education with inert ideas is not only useless : it is , above all things , harmful . ''	"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."	What was Whitehead 's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education ?
Whitehead 's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 .	1929	When was `` The Aims of Education and Other Essays '' published ?
Whitehead 's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 .	between 1912 and 1927	During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in `` The Aims of Education and Other Essays '' composed ?
Whitehead 's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 .	1929	What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published ?
Whitehead 's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays , which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927 .	numerous essays and addresses	What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of ?
In it , he cautioned against the teaching of what he called `` inert ideas '' -- ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture .	inert ideas	What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching ?
Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects , Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life .	Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts	What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education ?
Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects , Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life .	important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life	How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school ?
For Whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value-free school model -- it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate .	For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model	What was Whitehead 's general opinion of what the school model should be ?
For Whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value-free school model -- it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate .	it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom	What was Whitehead 's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education ?
Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects , Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life .	a relatively few important concepts	Whitehead 's education style was to teach what ?
Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects , Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life .	different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life.	What should Whitehead 's students organically link due to his teaching methods ?
For Whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value-free school model -- it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate .	value-free school model	Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what ?
In fact , he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education .	he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education	What was the extent of Whitehead 's education in philosophy ?
In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell , after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive , he wrote : `` This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . ''	"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."	What was Whitehead 's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence ?
Ironically , in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century 's foremost metaphysicians .	in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians	How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics ?
In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell , after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive , he wrote : `` This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . ''	Bertrand Russell	With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science ?
In fact , he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education .	undergraduate	What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy ?
In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell , after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive , he wrote : `` This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . ''	friend and former student	What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell ?
Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics , but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur .	rank amateur	What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher ?
Ironically , in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century 's foremost metaphysicians .	one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.	What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician ?
In Whitehead 's view , scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time , but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned .	such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned	What was Whitehead 's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics ?
While Whitehead acknowledged that `` philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles , '' he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress , even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic .	people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress	What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics ?
For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy .	Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy	What was Whitehead 's opinion of metaphysical investigations ?
In Whitehead 's view , scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time , but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned .	make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works	What do philosophers do , in Whitehead 's view ?
In Whitehead 's view , scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time , but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned .	they remain unexamined and unquestioned	Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what ?
While Whitehead acknowledged that `` philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles , '' he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress , even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic .	basic assumptions about how the universe works	What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress ?
For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy .	metaphysical investigations	What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy ?
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event-based or `` process '' ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another .	reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another	What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous ?
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event-based or `` process '' ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another .	event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another	What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept ?
He used the term `` experience '' very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience .	He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience	How did whitehead define `` experience '' ?
In this , he went against Descartes ' separation of two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental .	two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental	How did Descartes ' distinguish types of existence ?
Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as `` philosophy of organism '' , but it would become known more widely as `` process philosophy . ''	"philosophy of organism"	How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics ?
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event-based or `` process '' ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another .	Cartesian idea	What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter ?
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event-based or `` process '' ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another .	an event-based or "process" ontology	Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what ?
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another , which he rejected in favor of an event-based or `` process '' ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another .	interrelated and dependent	Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other , it did what ?
He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential , indeed that everything is constituted by its experience .	experiential	Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what ?
Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as `` philosophy of organism '' , but it would become known more widely as `` process philosophy . ''	process philosophy	Whitehead 's system as `` philosophy of organism '' became widely known as what term ?
By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete -LRB- what Whitehead calls the `` fallacy of misplaced concreteness '' -RRB- .	By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete	How did Whitehead define the `` fallacy of misplaced concreteness '' ?
In Whitehead 's view , then , concepts such as `` quality '' , `` matter '' , and `` form '' are problematic .	"quality", "matter", and "form"	What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable ?
These `` classical '' concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world .	These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.	Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate ?
What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events .	a continuum of overlapping events	How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person ?
These occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a `` society '' of events .	a "society" of events	How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person 's separate experiences ?
These `` classical '' concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world .	"classical" concepts	What are the concepts quality , matter , and form considered ?
These `` classical '' concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world .	change	Concepts such as quality , matter , and form fail to account for what ?
In Whitehead 's view , then , concepts such as `` quality '' , `` matter '' , and `` form '' are problematic .	quality", "matter", and "form"	What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements ?
These occasions of experience are logically distinct , but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a `` society '' of events .	society	What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected ?
What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person , for instance , is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events .	continuum of overlapping events	Instead of being a single person , what does Whitehead view a person as ?
But in Whitehead 's cosmology , the only fundamentally existent things are discrete `` occasions of experience '' that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing .	discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing	What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist ?
To put it another way , a thing or person is often seen as having a `` defining essence '' or a `` core identity '' that is unchanging , and describes what the thing or person really is .	"defining essence" or a "core identity"	Regarding the idea that individuals or objects do n't fundamentally change , what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is ?
In this way of thinking , things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time , with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity -LRB- e.g. `` Mark 's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older , but he is still the same person '' -RRB- .	qualitative and secondary to their core identity	In that line of thinking , how are changes described ?
To put it another way , a thing or person is often seen as having a `` defining essence '' or a `` core identity '' that is unchanging , and describes what the thing or person really is .	defining essence	The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what ?
But in Whitehead 's cosmology , the only fundamentally existent things are discrete `` occasions of experience '' that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing .	occasions of experience	In Whitehead 's cosmology , what are the only things that fundamentally exist ?
But in Whitehead 's cosmology , the only fundamentally existent things are discrete `` occasions of experience '' that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing .	time and space	Where do occasions of experience overlap ?
Everything changes from moment to moment , and to think of anything as having an `` enduring essence '' misses the fact that `` all things flow '' , though it is often a useful way of speaking .	all things flow"	Instead of having an enduring essence , what does Whitehead believe ?
Identities do not define people , people define identities .	people define identities	In Whitehead 's view , identities do not define people , but what ?
After all , each moment of each person 's life can hardly be given a different proper name , and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things , rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago .	it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things	Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking ?
Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that `` material substances '' or `` essences '' are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular , concrete processes .	should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum	What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people 's understanding of his concepts ?
Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking , and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech .	limitations of language	What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured ?
No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old , and in many ways is not the same person at all ; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next .	it is not philosophically or ontologically sound	What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment ?
Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking , and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech .	limitations of language	Why could n't each moment of each person 's life be given a different proper name ?
Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking , and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech .	limitations of language	What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking ?
After all , each moment of each person 's life can hardly be given a different proper name , and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things , rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago .	each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago	Whitehead 's main philosophy on humans changing is what ?
Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things .	Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things	What is the general materialistic view of an object ?
The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything .	The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything	How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects ?
But in Whitehead 's view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves .	in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves	What is Whitehead 's belief regarding the importance of relations ?
It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects .	It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.	What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects ?
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations .	it obscures the importance of relations	What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism ?
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations .	materialism	What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead ?
It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects .	distinct and discrete	What does Materialism see each object as ?
Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things .	externally	How is each object related to other things ?
In fact , Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities -- its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it .	in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it	How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists ?
A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity -LRB- i.e. it was not related to any other entity -RRB- , it could not be said to really exist .	A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it	How does he describe what makes something real ?
A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity -LRB- i.e. it was not related to any other entity -RRB- , it could not be said to really exist .	if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist	In Whitehead 's thinking , what could be said about something that has no effect on any other person or object ?
Relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is .	Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.	What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of defining an entity ?
In fact , Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities -- its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it .	nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities	Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what ?
A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity -LRB- i.e. it was not related to any other entity -RRB- , it could not be said to really exist .	not be said to really exist.	If an object made no difference to any other entity , what could be said about it ?
Relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is .	they are what the thing is	If relations are not secondary to what a thing is , what is it ?
A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it ; that is to say , if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity -LRB- i.e. it was not related to any other entity -RRB- , it could not be said to really exist .	in some way conform to it	A real object forces the universe to do what ?
Indeed , in recent decades attention to Whitehead 's work has become more widespread , with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China , and coming from such diverse fields as ecology , physics , biology , education , economics , and psychology .	Europe and China	In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead 's work spread in recent decades ?
One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead 's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury , William Temple .	William Temple	Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead 's ideas ?
In Temple 's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 -LRB- subsequently published as `` Nature , Man and God '' -RRB- , Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with .	Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934	What was the basis for `` Nature , Man and God '' ?
Isabelle Stengers wrote that `` Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians , and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons , from ecology to feminism , practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education . ''	practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education	According to Isabelle Stengers , what are unifying factors in diverse practices -LRB- like ecology and feminism -RRB- that have become interested in Whitehead 's work ?
Indeed , in recent decades attention to Whitehead 's work has become more widespread , with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China , and coming from such diverse fields as ecology , physics , biology , education , economics , and psychology .	ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology	What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead 's work ?
Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago 's Divinity School , where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead 's work that would last for about thirty years .	at the University of Chicago's Divinity School	Where were the first followers mainly found ?
Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago 's Divinity School , where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead 's work that would last for about thirty years .	Henry Nelson Wieman	Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago 's Divinity School ?
They taught generations of Whitehead scholars , the most notable of which is John B. Cobb , Jr. .	John B. Cobb	Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar ?
Professors such as Wieman , Charles Hartshorne , Bernard Loomer , Bernard Meland , and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead 's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School .	Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams	What professors established the importance of Whitehead 's work ?
But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity , the place where Whitehead 's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China .	China	Where is interest in Whitehead 's work growing the fastest today ?
In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization , China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism , Buddhism , and Confucianism with Whitehead 's `` constructive post-modern '' philosophy in order to create an `` ecological civilization . ''	modernization and industrialization	What challenges are China using Whitehead 's ideas to help manage ?
In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization , China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism , Buddhism , and Confucianism with Whitehead 's `` constructive post-modern '' philosophy in order to create an `` ecological civilization . ''	traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism	What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead 's `` constructive post-modern '' philosophy ?
To date , the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead 's philosophy , and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students .	John Cobb and David Ray Griffin	What philosphers ' writings are becoming required reading for graduate students in China ?
Cobb has attributed China 's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead 's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature , as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts .	interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts	Why does John Cobb believe China has become interested in process philosophy ?
It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead 's influence has not been more widespread , but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive -LRB- such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction -RRB- , or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy , or the perception of metaphysics itself as passé , or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose .	his assertion that matter is an abstraction	what is an example of Whitehead 's ideas being counter-intuitive ?
It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead 's influence has not been more widespread , but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive -LRB- such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction -RRB- , or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy , or the perception of metaphysics itself as passé , or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose .	the sheer difficulty and density of his prose	Why do some people believe Whitehead 's writings may have restricted his influence ?
It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead 's influence has not been more widespread , but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive -LRB- such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction -RRB- , or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy , or the perception of metaphysics itself as passé , or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose .	perception of metaphysics itself as passé	What is a common opinion of metaphysics ?
Deleuze 's and Latour 's opinions , however , are minority ones , as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools .	Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools	What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools ?
One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism .	American pragmatism	What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy ?
Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey , and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality .	William James and John Dewey	What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to `` Process and Reality '' ?
Today , Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism .	Nicholas Rescher	Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently ?
Charles Hartshorne -LRB- along with Paul Weiss -RRB- edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce , one of the founders of pragmatism .	Charles Sanders Peirce	What founder of pragmatism 's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit ?
Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne .	Richard Rorty	What important neopragmatist was Harthorne 's student ?
It has been severely criticized .	It has been severely criticized	How was Whitehead 's theory of gravitation received ?
Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead .	Henry Stapp and David Bohm	What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead ?
Whitehead 's view has now been rendered obsolete , with the discovery of gravitational waves .	Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves	What affect did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead 's theory ?
They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes .	phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes	What are gravitational waves ?
Consequently , Whitehead 's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation , and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry , Minkowskian in particular , as an often-locally-adequate approximation .	Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation	How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered ?
Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good : Redirecting the Economy toward Community , the Environment , and a Sustainable Future -LRB- 1989 -RRB- , which applied Whitehead 's thought to economics , and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order .	Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order	What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book ?
Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good : Redirecting the Economy toward Community , the Environment , and a Sustainable Future -LRB- 1989 -RRB- , which applied Whitehead 's thought to economics , and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order .	For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future	On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly ?
Cobb followed this with a second book , Sustaining the Common Good : A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy -LRB- 1994 -RRB- , which aimed to challenge `` economists ' zealous faith in the great god of growth . ''	Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy	What other economics book did Cobb go on to author ?
Cobb followed this with a second book , Sustaining the Common Good : A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy -LRB- 1994 -RRB- , which aimed to challenge `` economists ' zealous faith in the great god of growth . ''	to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."	What was the goal of Cobb 's second book on economics ?
Another model is the FEELS model developed by Xie Bangxiu and deployed successfully in China .	Xie Bangxiu	Who established the FEELS model in China ?
`` FEELS '' stands for five things in curriculum and education : Flexible-goals , Engaged-learner , Embodied-knowledge , Learning-through-interactions , and Supportive-teacher .	Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher	What does `` FEELS '' stand for ?
It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to `` help a person become whole . ''	It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to "help a person become whole."	What is the purpose of the FEELS model ?
This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China .	Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China	What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model ?
One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben , who works in what he calls `` applied process thought '' to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics .	Mark Dibben	What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead ?
One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben , who works in what he calls `` applied process thought '' to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics .	"applied process thought"	What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration ?
Dibben has published two books on applied process thought , Applied Process Thought I : Initial Explorations in Theory and Research -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , and Applied Process Thought II : Following a Trail Ablaze -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics .	philosophy of management and business ethics	In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers ?
Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory .	philosophy of business administration and organizational theory	What business fields has Whitehead influenced ?
For Dibben , this allows `` a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing , as opposed to occasional -- and thoroughly passive -- happening . ''	this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening."	According to Dibben , what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science ?
Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics .	1910s	During which decade did Whitehead 's focus start shifting away from mathematics ?
Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics .	philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics	After moving away from mathematics , what subjects did Whitehead explore ?
Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another .	processes	As opposed to physical objects , what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of ?
Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another .	reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another	What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed ?
Today Whitehead 's philosophical works -- particularly Process and Reality -- are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy .	Process and Reality	What book of Whitehead 's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy ?
Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics .	mathematics	What did Whitehead first study ?
Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics .	philosophy	What was Whitehead 's second area of study ?
Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s , Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics .	metaphysics	What was Whitehead 's final area of study ?
He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy .	metaphysical	What type of system did he develop ?
Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects , and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes , thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another .	processes	What did Whitehead argue reality consists of ?
Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate , Kent , England , in 1861 .	Ramsgate, Kent, England	Where was Alfred North Whitehead born ?
Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate , Kent , England , in 1861 .	1861	In what year was Whitehead born ?
His father , Alfred Whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy , a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead , Alfred North 's grandfather .	Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather	Who founded Chatham House Academy ?
His father , Alfred Whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy , a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead , Alfred North 's grandfather .	minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy	What was Whitehead 's father 's profession ?
Whitehead 's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead , formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster .	Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster	Who was Whitehead 's mother ?
Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate , Kent , England , in 1861 .	1861	What year was Whitehead born ?
His father , Alfred Whitehead , was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy , a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead , Alfred North 's grandfather .	minister and schoolmaster	What was Whitehead 's father 's profession ?
Whitehead 's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead , formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster .	Maria Sarah Whitehead,	What was Whitehead 's mother 's name ?
Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother , as he never mentioned her in any of his writings , and there is evidence that Whitehead 's wife , Evelyn , had a low opinion of her .	Evelyn	What was Whitehead 's wife 's name ?
In 1918 Whitehead 's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system , of which Imperial College London was a member at the time .	University of London system	In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s ?
He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 -LRB- a post he held for four years -RRB- , a member of the University of London 's Senate in 1919 , and chairman of the Senate 's Academic -LRB- leadership -RRB- Council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924 .	Dean of the Faculty of Science	What was Whitehead 's title at the University of London in late 1918 ?
He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 -LRB- a post he held for four years -RRB- , a member of the University of London 's Senate in 1919 , and chairman of the Senate 's Academic -LRB- leadership -RRB- Council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924 .	chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council	What was Whitehead 's last position before he traveled to America ?
He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 -LRB- a post he held for four years -RRB- , a member of the University of London 's Senate in 1919 , and chairman of the Senate 's Academic -LRB- leadership -RRB- Council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924 .	1924	In which year did Whitehead relocate to America ?
Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department , help establish a Bachelor of Science degree -LRB- previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered -RRB- , and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students .	Bachelor of Science	What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London ?
In 1918 Whitehead 's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system , of which Imperial College London was a member at the time .	1918	When did Whitehead accept administrative positions ?
He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 -LRB- a post he held for four years -RRB- , a member of the University of London 's Senate in 1919 , and chairman of the Senate 's Academic -LRB- leadership -RRB- Council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924 .	Dean of the Faculty of Science	What was he elected at the University of London ?
In 1918 Whitehead 's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system , of which Imperial College London was a member at the time .	University of London	Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions ?
He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 -LRB- a post he held for four years -RRB- , a member of the University of London 's Senate in 1919 , and chairman of the Senate 's Academic -LRB- leadership -RRB- Council in 1920 , a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924 .	1924	When did Whitehead go to America ?
The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead .	Victor Lowe	Who authored Whitehead 's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead 's life ?
However , many details of Whitehead 's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass ; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death .	his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death	Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead 's death ?
Additionally , Whitehead was known for his `` almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy '' , and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life .	almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy	What was Whitehead 's opinion on privacy ?
This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead 's biography , `` No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . ''	"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."	What did the author of Whitehead 's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead ?
The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead .	two	How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead ?
The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead .	Victor Lowe	Who wrote the biography of Whitehead ?
However , many details of Whitehead 's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass ; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death .	all of his papers be destroyed after his death.	What was Whitehead 's wish upon his death for his family ?
Additionally , Whitehead was known for his `` almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy '' , and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life .	right to privacy	What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him ?
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics , Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : A Treatise on Universal Algebra -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , Principia Mathematica -LRB- co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 -RRB- , and An Introduction to Mathematics -LRB- 1911 -RRB- .	A Treatise on Universal Algebra	What was Whitehead 's first published book on mathematics ?
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics , Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : A Treatise on Universal Algebra -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , Principia Mathematica -LRB- co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 -RRB- , and An Introduction to Mathematics -LRB- 1911 -RRB- .	Bertrand Russell	With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica ?
The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians , while the latter book was intended for a larger audience , covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations .	professional mathematicians	Who was the intended audience of Whitehead 's first two mathematics books ?
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics , Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : A Treatise on Universal Algebra -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , Principia Mathematica -LRB- co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 -RRB- , and An Introduction to Mathematics -LRB- 1911 -RRB- .	An Introduction to Mathematics	What was Whitehead 's final book on mathematics ?
Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century .	regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century	What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently ?
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics , Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : A Treatise on Universal Algebra -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , Principia Mathematica -LRB- co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 -RRB- , and An Introduction to Mathematics -LRB- 1911 -RRB- .	mathematics	What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about ?
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics , Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : A Treatise on Universal Algebra -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , Principia Mathematica -LRB- co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 -RRB- , and An Introduction to Mathematics -LRB- 1911 -RRB- .	three	How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write ?
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics , Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : A Treatise on Universal Algebra -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , Principia Mathematica -LRB- co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 -RRB- , and An Introduction to Mathematics -LRB- 1911 -RRB- .	Bertrand Russell	Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead ?
Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century .	Principia Mathematica	Which of Whitehead 's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical ?
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics , Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject : A Treatise on Universal Algebra -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , Principia Mathematica -LRB- co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913 -RRB- , and An Introduction to Mathematics -LRB- 1911 -RRB- .	1898	When did Whitehead write his first book ?
At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class .	the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class	What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for ?
In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote : `` The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods , nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them , but rather the comparative study of their several structures . ''	comparative study of their several structures	How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in `` A Treatise on Algebra '' in his review ?
In a separate review , G. B. Mathews wrote , `` It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable , considering the variety of its themes . ''	"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."	What was G.B. Matthew 's opinion of `` A Treatise on Algebra '' ?
At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class .	expand algebraic structures	Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what ?
In a separate review , G. B. Mathews wrote , `` It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable , considering the variety of its themes . ''	unity of design	What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed ?
In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote : `` The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods , nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them , but rather the comparative study of their several structures . ''	several structures	Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what ?
Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years .	a year	How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica ?
Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years .	ten years	How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica ?
To add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three-volume work was so massive -LRB- more than 2,000 pages -RRB- and its audience so narrow -LRB- professional mathematicians -RRB- that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press , 200 by the Royal Society of London , and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves .	the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians)	Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica ?
Despite the initial loss , today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica .	today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica	How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today ?
Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years .	a year	How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica ?
Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete ; it ended up taking them ten years .	ten years	How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica ?
To add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three-volume work was so massive -LRB- more than 2,000 pages -RRB- and its audience so narrow -LRB- professional mathematicians -RRB- that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press , 200 by the Royal Society of London , and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves .	2,000	How many pages was Principia Mathematica ?
To add insult to injury , when it came time for publication , the three-volume work was so massive -LRB- more than 2,000 pages -RRB- and its audience so narrow -LRB- professional mathematicians -RRB- that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds , 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press , 200 by the Royal Society of London , and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves .	Cambridge University Press	Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica ?
His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon .	generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon	What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead 's work in philosophy ?
One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead 's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead 's Gifford lectures in 1927 -- 28 -- following Arthur Eddington 's lectures of the year previous -- which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality :	Gifford lectures	What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28 ?
One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead 's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead 's Gifford lectures in 1927 -- 28 -- following Arthur Eddington 's lectures of the year previous -- which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality :	Process and Reality	Under what name were those lectures later published ?
Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead 's writings .	professional philosophers	Who also struggled to follow Whitehead 's writings ?
One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead 's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead 's Gifford lectures in 1927 -- 28 -- following Arthur Eddington 's lectures of the year previous -- which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality :	Process and Reality	Following Arthur Eddington 's lectures , what did Whitehead publish ?
One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead 's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead 's Gifford lectures in 1927 -- 28 -- following Arthur Eddington 's lectures of the year previous -- which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality :	1927–28	When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures ?
His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon .	the most difficult to understand	In all of the western canon , what is Whitehead 's work considered ?
However , Mathews ' frustration with Whitehead 's books did not negatively affect his interest .	Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest	What affect did Matthews ' opinion of the difficulty of Whitehead 's works have on his interest in them ?
In fact , there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago 's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications .	perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications	How did many philosophers and theologians at Chicago 's Divinity School view Whitehead 's work ?
In 1927 they invited one of America 's only Whitehead experts -- Henry Nelson Wieman -- to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead 's thought .	Henry Nelson Wieman	What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to explain Whitehead 's ideas ?
Wieman 's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years , and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago 's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead 's thought .	Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years	What was the result of that lecture ?
However , Mathews ' frustration with Whitehead 's books did not negatively affect his interest .	Mathews	Who was frustrated in Whitehead 's books but still interested ?
In fact , there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago 's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications .	Chicago's Divinity School	What school recognized the importance of Whitehead 's work ?
In 1927 they invited one of America 's only Whitehead experts -- Henry Nelson Wieman -- to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead 's thought .	1927	When was Henry Nelson Wieman invited to the Chicago Divinity school ?
In 1927 they invited one of America 's only Whitehead experts -- Henry Nelson Wieman -- to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead 's thought .	Henry Nelson Wieman	Who was invited to the Chicago Divinity school as one of Whitehead 's only experts ?
Wieman 's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years , and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago 's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead 's thought .	hired	What happened after Henry Nelson Wieman gave a lecture about Whitehead ?
Though Process and Reality has been called `` arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , '' it has been little-read and little-understood , partly because it demands -- as Isabelle Stengers puts it -- `` that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . ''	"arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,"	How has `` Process and Reality '' been described ?
Though Process and Reality has been called `` arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , '' it has been little-read and little-understood , partly because it demands -- as Isabelle Stengers puts it -- `` that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . ''	it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus."	What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that `` Process and Reality '' is not commonly read and understood ?
Whitehead questioned western philosophy 's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions .	he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.	What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics ?
Though Process and Reality has been called `` arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , '' it has been little-read and little-understood , partly because it demands -- as Isabelle Stengers puts it -- `` that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . ''	Process and Reality	Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text ?
Though Process and Reality has been called `` arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , '' it has been little-read and little-understood , partly because it demands -- as Isabelle Stengers puts it -- `` that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . ''	Isabelle Stengers	Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought ?
Whitehead questioned western philosophy 's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions .	how the universe works	What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead ?
Whitehead questioned western philosophy 's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions .	scientific and philosophical problems	What was Whitehead 's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century ?
Whitehead questioned western philosophy 's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works , but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions .	novel solutions	What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed ?
For Whitehead , creativity is the absolute principle of existence , and every entity -LRB- whether it is a human being , a tree , or an electron -RRB- has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws .	creativity is the absolute principle of existence	What did Whitehead believe regarding creativity ?
It must be emphasized , however , that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them .	reaction to them.	An entity is a sum of relations , a valuation of them and what else ?
Of course , most entities do not have consciousness .	consciousness	Most entities do not have what ?
Moreover , inability to predict an electron 's movement -LRB- for instance -RRB- is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology ; rather , the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable .	the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities	All entities , being unable to predict behavior , are because of what ?
For Whitehead , creativity is the absolute principle of existence , and every entity -LRB- whether it is a human being , a tree , or an electron -RRB- has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws .	creativity is the absolute principle of existence	Not being able to predict what any entity is going to do is what principle b Whitehead ?
It must be emphasized , however , that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them .	an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them	Other than the combination of its relations , what else defines an entity ?
For Whitehead , creativity is the absolute principle of existence , and every entity -LRB- whether it is a human being , a tree , or an electron -RRB- has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws .	has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws	What did Whitehead believe about an entity 's relation to other entities ?
The term he coined was `` prehension '' , which comes from the Latin prehensio , meaning `` to seize . ''	comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize."	What is the origin of the word `` prehension '' ?
It is also intended to make clear Whitehead 's rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities .	the mind only has private ideas about other entities	What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception ?
The term he coined was `` prehension '' , which comes from the Latin prehensio , meaning `` to seize . ''	prehension	What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living ?
The term he coined was `` prehension '' , which comes from the Latin prehensio , meaning `` to seize . ''	Latin	What language does the term `` prehensio '' come from ?
The term he coined was `` prehension '' , which comes from the Latin prehensio , meaning `` to seize . ''	to seize	What does the word `` Prehensio '' translate into ?
The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons .	conscious or unconscious	What entities does the term prehension apply to ?
Further , Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy -LRB- or `` physical prehension '' -RRB- and presentational immediacy -LRB- or `` conceptual prehension '' -RRB- .	two	How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead ?
The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons .	a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons	What is prehension used to define ?
In this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them .	entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them	What does the term `` prehension '' signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations ?
Further , Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy -LRB- or `` physical prehension '' -RRB- and presentational immediacy -LRB- or `` conceptual prehension '' -RRB- .	causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension")	What did Whitehead state are the two types of perception ?
It is , in other words , the sense of causal relations between entities , a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment , unmediated by the senses .	unmediated by the senses	How do the senses affect causal efficacy ?
In other words , it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive -LRB- e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for `` the real thing '' -RRB- .	it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive	What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy ?
Whitehead describes causal efficacy as `` the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . ''	causal efficacy	What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate ?
Presentational immediacy , on the other hand , is what is usually referred to as `` pure sense perception '' , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation .	Presentational immediacy	What is the other term for `` pure sense perception '' ?
Presentational immediacy , on the other hand , is what is usually referred to as `` pure sense perception '' , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation .	Presentational immediacy	What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing ?
Whitehead describes causal efficacy as `` the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . ''	"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go."	How does Whitehead define causal efficacy ?
Presentational immediacy , on the other hand , is what is usually referred to as `` pure sense perception '' , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation .	"pure sense perception", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation	How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy ?
In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality -LRB- as the dog illustrates -RRB- , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality -LRB- as the artist illustrates -RRB- .	causal relationships	Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality ?
In higher organisms -LRB- like people -RRB- , these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms `` symbolic reference '' , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it .	symbolic reference	What is Whitehead 's term for the two modes of perceptions combining ?
In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality -LRB- as the dog illustrates -RRB- , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality -LRB- as the artist illustrates -RRB- .	causal relationships	What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference ?
In higher organisms -LRB- like people -RRB- , these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms `` symbolic reference '' , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it .	causation	What does symbolic reference link appearance with ?
In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality -LRB- as the dog illustrates -RRB- , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality -LRB- as the artist illustrates -RRB- .	higher grade mentality	What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person ?
In higher organisms -LRB- like people -RRB- , these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms `` symbolic reference '' , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it .	links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it	What is the purpose of symbolic reference ?
An ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair .	An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair	How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair ?
However , an artist , Whitehead supposes , `` might not have jumped to the notion of a chair '' , but instead `` might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . ''	"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape."	How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person ?
Using the same example , Whitehead points out that a dog `` would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . ''	"would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such."	How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair ?
Whitehead makes the startling observation that `` life is comparatively deficient in survival value . ''	"life is comparatively deficient in survival value."	What observation did Whitehead make about life ?
He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living , living well , and living better .	they are actively engaged in modifying their environment	What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life ?
He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living , living well , and living better .	living, living well, and living better	What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life ?
In other words , Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction .	increasing its own satisfaction	What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life ?
Whitehead makes the startling observation that `` life is comparatively deficient in survival value . ''	survival value	Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what ?
He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living , living well , and living better .	modifying their environment	What are higher life forms actively engaged in ?
In other words , Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction .	increasing its own satisfaction	Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose ?
Without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible .	unintelligible	Without Whitehead 's proposed purpose , life would be what ?
If humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as Whitehead humorously notes , `` they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . ''	"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them."	What was Whitehead 's response to questions about why complex life evolved ?
As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity , Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called `` the brief Galilean vision of humility '' :	"the brief Galilean vision of humility"	What was Whitehead 's description of God ?
Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that `` the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar . ''	"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar."	What is Whitehead 's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God ?
Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world , and whose most important attribute is power .	primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power	What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God ?
It should be emphasized , however , that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion .	God is not necessarily tied to religion	What was Whitehead 's belief about God in relation to religion ?
Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God .	primordial nature of God	In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed ?
This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God , the consequent nature .	the consequent nature	What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God ?
Whitehead 's conception of God as a `` dipolar '' entity has called for fresh theological thinking .	dipolar	What type of God did Whitehead believe existed ?
His system required that an order exist among possibilities , an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities .	His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.	Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system ?
God 's consequent nature , on the other hand , is anything but unchanging -- it is God 's reception of the world 's activity .	God's reception of the world's activity	How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God ?
In other words , God saves and cherishes all experiences forever , and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world .	God saves and cherishes all experiences forever	What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences ?
It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved . ''	It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.	How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God ?
In other words , God saves and cherishes all experiences forever , and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world .	those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world	What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God ?
In this way , God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe , lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance .	God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.	What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God 's treatment of humans ' experiences ?
On the other hand , he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change : alone , God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities , and requires the world to actualize them .	deficient in actuality and change	In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient ?
On the other hand , he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change : alone , God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities , and requires the world to actualize them .	merely eternally unrealized possibilities	What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world ?
Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another .	Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another	How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world ?
He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God 's self , thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time .	He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide	How does he define entities ' need for God ?
He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God 's self , thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time .	by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time	How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities ?
For Whitehead the core of religion was individual .	individual	What did Whitehead believe was the basis of religion ?
His most famous remark on religion is that `` religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary , you are never religious . ''	"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious."	What is Whitehead 's most famous statement on religion ?
Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person 's character .	a system of general truths that transformed a person's character	How did Whitehead define religion ?
He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence , it is not necessarily good -- an idea which he called a `` dangerous delusion '' -LRB- e.g. , a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion 's adherents -RRB- .	while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good	How did Whitehead define `` dangerous delusion '' as it relates to religion ?
However , while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness , he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual .	solitariness	In what state did Whitehead believe religion began ?
In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary , he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of `` the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals . ''	"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals."	What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary ?
In other words , the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others -- meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone , but only in the context of the universal community .	meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community	What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value ?
The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself . ''	The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself	How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty ?
In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent .	the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent	What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion ?
Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse , and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself .	through the work of his students and admirers rather	Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from ?
French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead `` the greatest philosopher of the 20th century . ''	Bruno Latour	What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was `` the greatest philosopher of the 20th century '' ?
In English-speaking countries , his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs .	Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs	Where are Whitehead 's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries ?
For instance , Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell , and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine , both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy -- the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century .	Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine	Who are two of Whitehead 's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy ?
Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition , such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze , who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that `` he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein 's disciples spread their misty confusion , sufficiency , and terror . ''	"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror."	What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead ?
Historically Whitehead 's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology .	American progressive theology	In what field of study has Whitehead 's work been most influential in the United States ?
The most important early proponent of Whitehead 's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne , who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead 's teaching assistant in 1925 , and is widely credited with developing Whitehead 's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology .	Charles Hartshorne	Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead 's work in the context of theology ?
The most important early proponent of Whitehead 's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne , who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead 's teaching assistant in 1925 , and is widely credited with developing Whitehead 's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology .	developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology	What advancement of Whitehead 's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne ?
Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb , Jr. , David Ray Griffin , Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki , C. Robert Mesle , Roland Faber , and Catherine Keller .	John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller	Who are some other distinguished process theologians ?
Process theology typically stresses God 's relational nature .	God's relational nature	What aspect of God is usually emphasized in process theology ?
Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless , process theologians view God as `` the fellow sufferer who understands '' , and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events .	"the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events	How is God usually perceived by process theologians ?
Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers -- so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God ?	people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?	Why did Hartshorne feel that God must be affected by people ?
Instead , as the being who is most affected by the world , God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world .	as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world	Why would God being substantially affected by the world be beneficial ?
C. Robert Mesle , for instance , advocates a `` process naturalism '' , i.e. a process theology without God .	"process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.	What type of process theology does C. Robert Mesle promote ?
John B. Cobb , Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics .	biology and economics	What subjects has John B. Cobb , Jr. written books on other than process theology ?
Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist , postcolonialist , and feminist theory .	poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory	What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller combine with Whitehead 's ideas ?
Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist .	geneticist	What was Charles Birch 's profession besides theologian ?
In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age , futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era .	Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist	Who authored `` Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age '' ?
In fact , process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests .	process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests	Why is there difficulty in defining process theology ?
Whitehead also described religion more technically as `` an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone . ''	"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone."	What was Whitehead 's technical definition of religion ?
In other words , religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world , helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance .	religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world	What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions ?
For Whitehead , religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society .	a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society	What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served ?
It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people .	It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.	What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy ?
Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett , a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior .	pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior	What is Mary Parker Follett known for ?
Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that `` understands becoming as a relational process ; difference as being related , yet unique ; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference . ''	ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference."	What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett ?
This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process : Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration	Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration	What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett ?
Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced -LRB- under-yielding -RRB- investments , to the detriment of their clients , in order to maintain their assets under management .	continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments	What did many asset managers decide to do to the detriment of their clients ?
Moreover , a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients , combined with a global glut in investment capital , led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets .	a conflict of interest	What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets ?
Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management .	Professional investment managers	Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management ?
There is , therefore , an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation .	to maximize their compensation	What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management ?
This choice was supported by a `` plausible deniability '' of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early `` vintages '' of subprime loans was so low .	plausible deniability	What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use ?
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California -- based IndyMac , a spin-off of Countrywide Financial .	Countrywide Financial	Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of ?
The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11 , 2008 , was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures , and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift .	July 11, 2008	On what date did IndyMac fail ?
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California -- based IndyMac , a spin-off of Countrywide Financial .	IndyMac	Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States ?
Before its failure , IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States .	IndyMac Bank	Before its failure , which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States ?
IndyMac Bank 's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank .	IndyMac Bancorp	Who was IndyMac 's parent corporation ?
IndyMac reported that during April 2008 , Moody 's and Standard & Poor 's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security -LRB- MBS -RRB- bonds including $ 160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio .	April 2008	When did Moody 's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac 's MBS bonds ?
Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31 , 2008 , IndyMac concluded that the bank 's capital ratio would have been 9.27 % total risk-based .	9.27%	If IndyMac 's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31 , 2008 , what would the bank 's capital ratio have been ?
IndyMac reported that during April 2008 , Moody 's and Standard & Poor 's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security -LRB- MBS -RRB- bonds including $ 160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio .	$160 million	What was the value of IndyMac 's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008 ?
IndyMac reported that during April 2008 , Moody 's and Standard & Poor 's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security -LRB- MBS -RRB- bonds including $ 160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio .	Moody's	What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac 's MBS bonds in April 2008 ?
IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below `` well capitalized '' -LRB- minimum 10 % risk-based capital ratio -RRB- to `` adequately capitalized '' -LRB- 8 -- 10 % risk-based capital ratio -RRB- the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds .	minimum 10% risk-based	What is a well capitalized ratio ?
Senator Charles Schumer -LRB- D-NY -RRB- would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac 's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation -LRB- FDIC -RRB- whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits .	Charles Schumer (D-NY)	Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits ?
Senator Charles Schumer -LRB- D-NY -RRB- would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac 's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation -LRB- FDIC -RRB- whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits .	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation	What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for ?
With $ 18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31 , Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $ 7 billion in brokered deposits .	a little over $7 billion	How much of IndyMac 's total deposits of $ 18.9 billion on March 31 , 2008 were considered brokered deposits ?
While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly , a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $ 500 million a month , had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30 .	June 30	Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date , the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $ 500 million a month ?
While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly , a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $ 500 million a month , had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30 .	$500 million	How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac ?
Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $ 1.55 billion or about 7.5 % of IndyMac 's deposits .	$1.55 billion	How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008 ?
Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $ 1.55 billion or about 7.5 % of IndyMac 's deposits .	7.5%	What percent of IndyMac 's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008 ?
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed , IndyMac was forced to hold $ 10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market .	$10.7 billion	What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007 ?
This `` run '' on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS .	Charles Schumer	Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a `` run '' on IndyMac ?
While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac 's demise , the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated .	unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated	What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac ?
A bridge bank , IndyMac Federal Bank , FSB , was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank 's assets , its secured liabilities , and its insured deposit accounts .	IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB	What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank 's assets , liabilities and deposit accounts ?
The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$ 100,000 , and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount , guaranteeing 50 % of any amounts in excess of $ 100,000 .	US$100,000	What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts ?
The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$ 100,000 , and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount , guaranteeing 50 % of any amounts in excess of $ 100,000 .	roughly 10,000 depositors	How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC 's insured amount of US$ 100,000 ?
On July 11 , 2008 , citing liquidity concerns , the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship .	July 11, 2008	On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship ?
The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank , FSB on July 14 , 2008 .	July 14, 2008	On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank , FSB ?
Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008 .	Over 100	How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008 ?
Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase .	Bear Stearns	Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase ?
The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008 .	September and October 2008	When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak ?
On Oct. 6 , 2008 , three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history , Lehman 's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman , the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform .	Oct. 6, 2008	When did Lehman 's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman ?
On Oct. 6 , 2008 , three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history , Lehman 's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman , the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform .	Lehman Brothers	What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history ?
There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds , which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls .	money market funds	The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008 ?
There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds , which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls .	commercial paper issued by corporations	What do money market funds frequently invest in ?
In September 2008 , the crisis hit its most critical stage .	September 2008	When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage ?
Withdrawal from money markets were $ 144.5 billion during one week , versus $ 7.1 billion the week prior .	$144.5 billion	How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008 ?
The TED spread , an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy , spiked up in July 2007 , remained volatile for a year , then spiked even higher in September 2008 , reaching a record 4.65 % on October 10 , 2008 .	4.65%	What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10 , 2008 ?
Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system , which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above .	shadow banking system	Economist Paul Krugman explained the credit crisis via the implosion of which system ?
Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system , which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above .	shadow banking system	What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking ?
Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper , investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations .	investor funds	The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds ?
Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system , which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above .	U.S. Treasury Secretary	What was Timothy Geithner 's position during the fall of 2008 ?
This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009 .	nearly one-third	How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009 ?
While traditional banks have raised their lending standards , it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing .	the collapse of the shadow banking system	What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing ?
According to the Brookings Institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009 : `` It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume '' .	Brookings Institution	What institution reported that the traditional banking systems does not have the capital to close the gap in the lending mechanism ?
The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are `` likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions '' .	some forms of securitization	What is likely to vanish forever , as a result of excessively loose credit conditions ?
According to the Brookings Institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009 : `` It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume '' .	capital	As of June 2009 , the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap ?
Between June 2007 and November 2008 , Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth .	more than a quarter	How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- By early November 2008 , a broad U.S. stock index the S&P 500 , was down 45 % from its 2007 high .	45%	In November 2008 , how much was the U.S. stock index down from its 2007 high ?
Housing prices had dropped 20 % from their 2006 peak , with futures markets signaling a 30 -- 35 % potential drop .	20%	In November 2008 , how much had housing prices drop from their 2006 peak ?
Total home equity in the United States , which was valued at $ 13 trillion at its peak in 2006 , had dropped to $ 8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008 .	$13 trillion	How much was home equity valued in the United States at its peak in 2006 ?
Total home equity in the United States , which was valued at $ 13 trillion at its peak in 2006 , had dropped to $ 8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008 .	$8.8 trillion	How much was home equity valued in the United States in mid-2008 ?
On the other hand , a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk .	serious	According to economist Dean Baker , a homeowner who has no equity if this type default risk ?
The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $ 6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth .	loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth	What is one of the major problems with the economy in November 2008 ?
Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today .	Tens of millions	How many homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago , have little no equity as of November 2008 ?
In the case of businesses , their creditworthiness depends on their future profits .	future profits	What does the creditworthiness of businesses depend on ?
Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007 ... While many banks are obviously at the brink , consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid .	much worse	How did profit prospects for businesses look in November 2008 compared to November 2007 ?
The continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative .	global economic collapse	In 2008 , what type collapse was feared ?
Investment bank UBS stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession , with recovery unlikely for at least two years .	UBS	What investment bank stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a global recession lasting for at least two years ?
UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16 : the Eurozone 's would last two quarters , the United States ' would last three quarters , and the United Kingdom 's would last four quarters .	three quarters	On October 16 , 2008 , how long did UBS predict the United States ' recession would last ?
Relative to the size of its economy , Iceland 's banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history .	Iceland	Relative to the size of its economy , what country 's banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history ?
Three days later UBS economists announced that the `` beginning of the end '' of the crisis had begun , with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis : capital injection by governments ; injection made systemically ; interest rate cuts to help borrowers .	capital injection	What was one of the actions taken by government to fix the financial crisis ?
The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007 .	more than a third	According to The Brookings Institution report in June 2009 , how much growth did U.S. consumption account for between 2000 and 2007 ?
For the first quarter of 2009 , the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4 % in Germany , 15.2 % in Japan , 7.4 % in the UK , 18 % in Latvia , 9.8 % in the Euro area and 21.5 % for Mexico .	14.4%	For the first quarter of 2009 , what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Germany ?
For the first quarter of 2009 , the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4 % in Germany , 15.2 % in Japan , 7.4 % in the UK , 18 % in Latvia , 9.8 % in the Euro area and 21.5 % for Mexico .	21.5%	For the first quarter of 2009 , what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Mexico ?
`` The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand . ''	the rest of the world	Who depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand ?
With a recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers , declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic .	recession in the U.S.	What is one reason for the decline in growth around the world in 2009 ?
For example , growth forecasts in Cambodia show a fall from more than 10 % in 2007 to close to zero in 2009 , and Kenya may achieve only 3 -- 4 % growth in 2009 , down from 7 % in 2007 .	close to zero	What is the growth forecast for Cambodia in 2009 ?
According to the research by the Overseas Development Institute , reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade , commodity prices , investment and remittances sent from migrant workers -LRB- which reached a record $ 251 billion in 2007 , but have fallen in many countries since -RRB- .	$251 billion	How much were remittances sent from migrant workers in 2007 ?
This has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line , be it 300,000 in Bangladesh or 230,000 in Ghana .	300,000	How many people live below the poverty line in Bangladesh ?
Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors	sound economic policymaking and good governance	What does Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommend to attract new investors ?
According to the research by the Overseas Development Institute , reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade , commodity prices , investment and remittances sent from migrant workers -LRB- which reached a record $ 251 billion in 2007 , but have fallen in many countries since -RRB- .	falls in trade	According to Overseas Development Institute , what is one reason for the reduction in growth in developing countries ?
The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch .	Arab World	What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009 ?
With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits , such as remittances , Foreign Direct Investment -LRB- FDI -RRB- or foreign aid , Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008 .	Foreign Direct Investment	What does the abbreviation FDI stand for ?
This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn .	global downturn	Arab countries entered the financial crisis in exceptionally strong positions giving them a cushion against this ?
The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices , which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance .	lower oil prices	What will have the greatest impact on the global economic crisis ?
Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments .	oil prices	What is the single most important determinant of economic performance ?
The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1 % by October 2009 , the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate .	10.1%	What was the U.S. unemployment rate in October 2009 ?
The average hours per work week declined to 33 , the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964 .	33	What was the average hours per work week in October 2009 ?
The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States -- decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6 % in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009 , versus activity in the year-ago periods .	6%	What was the annual rate of decrease for the output of goods and services produced by labor and property in 4Q 2008 and 1Q 2009 ?
The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1 % by October 2009 , the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate .	1983	The U.E. employment rate was 10.2 % in October 2009 , which was the highest rate since what year ?
With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction , the number of patent applications flat-lined .	patent applications	The decline of gross domestic product also caused a decline in innovation , evidenced by the flat-lining of what ?
Critics argue that Basel III does n't address the problem of faulty risk-weightings .	faulty risk-weightings	Critics argue that Basel III does n't address which problem ?
Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering -LRB- which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral -RRB- that required less capital according to Basel II .	financial engineering	What term describes creating risk-free assets out of high risk collateral ?
European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks .	Basel III regulations	What did European regulators introduce to increase the oversight of banks ?
Johan Norberg argues that regulations -LRB- Basel III among others -RRB- have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments -LRB- see European sovereign-debt crisis -RRB- and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution .	Johan Norberg	Who argued that regulations led to excessive lending to risky governments ?
It increased capital ratios , limits on leverage , narrow definition of capital -LRB- to exclude subordinated debt -RRB- , limit counter-party risk , and new liquidity requirements .	capital ratios	What was increased by Basel III regulations ?
The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009 , according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research -LRB- NBER -RRB- and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time .	June 2009	When did the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 end ?
The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009 , according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research -LRB- NBER -RRB- and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time .	June 2009	When did the financial crisis appear to have ended ?
The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008 .	2008	When does the United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission date the crisis to ?
In April 2009 TIME magazine declared `` More Quickly Than It Began , The Banking Crisis Is Over . ''	More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over."	What was the name of the article that appeared in TIME magazine in April 2009 declaring the crisis over ?
President Barack Obama declared on January 27 , 2010 , `` the markets are now stabilized , and we 've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks . ''	January 27, 2010	On what date did President Barack Obama declare that the markets are stabilized ?
Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with `` emerging '' and `` developing '' economies lagging behind .	"emerging" and "developing" economies	Who led global economic growth after the financial crisis ?
The International Monetary Fund found that `` advanced '' economies accounted for only 31 % of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69 % of global GDP from 2007 to 2014 .	69%	How much global GDP did emerging and developing economies account for from 2007 to 2014 ?
Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with `` emerging '' and `` developing '' economies lagging behind .	global economic growth	What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007 ?
The International Monetary Fund found that `` advanced '' economies accounted for only 31 % of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69 % of global GDP from 2007 to 2014 .	31%	How much global GDP did `` advanced '' economies account for from 2007 to 2014 ?
Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with `` emerging '' and `` developing '' economies lagging behind .	Advanced economies	What economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis ?
Krugman 's contention -LRB- that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis -RRB- is challenged by additional analysis .	Krugman	Who believed that the growth of the commercial real estate bubble indicated that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis ?
After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis , Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported -LRB- in December 2010 -RRB- : `` We find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in CMBS -LSB- commercial mortgage-backed securities -RSB- loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis . ''	December 2010	When did Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders issue a report about commercial mortgage-backed securities ?
Business journalist Kimberly Amadeo reports : `` The first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006 .	2006	According to business journalist Kimberly Amadeo , when did the first signs of decline in real estate occur ?
After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis , Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported -LRB- in December 2010 -RRB- : `` We find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in CMBS -LSB- commercial mortgage-backed securities -RSB- loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis . ''	commercial mortgage-backed securities	What are CMBS ?
Other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate .	the crisis in commercial real estate	According to most analysts , what crisis took place after the crisis in residential real estate ?
Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies .	collateralized debt obligation	What is one investment assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies ?
In a Peabody Award winning program , NPR correspondents argued that a `` Giant Pool of Money '' -LRB- represented by $ 70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments -RRB- sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade .	$70 trillion	How much was invested worldwide in fixed income investments ?
This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007 , yet the supply of relatively safe , income generating investments had not grown as fast .	roughly doubled in size	How much did the pool of money invested worldwide in fixed income investments grow in size from 2000 to 2007 ?
Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies .	mortgage-backed security	What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments ?
In a Peabody Award winning program , NPR correspondents argued that a `` Giant Pool of Money '' -LRB- represented by $ 70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments -RRB- sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade .	U.S. Treasury bonds	In the 2000s , investors were seeking higher yields than those offered by this investment ?
The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending , extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees .	collateralized debt obligation	What is the name of the securities that enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime ?
The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending , extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees .	extending or increasing the housing bubble	What was the outcome of collateralized debt obligations ?
Those securities first in line received investment-grade ratings from rating agencies .	investment-grade ratings	What type ratings did securities first in line receive from rating agencies ?
This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority .	single pool	What type pool do collateralized debt obligations place their payments from mortgages into ?
Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested .	Securities with lower priority	What securities had lower credit ratings but potentially a higher rate of return ?
By September 2008 , average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20 % from their mid-2006 peak .	over 20%	How much had average U.S. housing prices declined by September 2008 ?
By September 2008 , average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20 % from their mid-2006 peak .	mid-2006	When was the peak of U.S. housing prices ?
During 2007 , lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties , a 79 % increase over 2006 .	nearly 1.3 million	How many foreclosure proceedings were initiated by lenders in 2007 ?
This increased to 2.3 million in 2008 , an 81 % increase vs. 2007 .	81%	What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from 2007 to 2008 ?
By September 2009 , this had risen to 14.4 % .	14.4%	How many U.S. mortgages were either delinquent or in foreclosure by September 2009 ?
From 2000 to 2003 , the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5 % to 1.0 % .	1.0%	Was was the federal funds rate target lowered to by the Federal Reserve in 2003 ?
This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks , as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation .	to combat a perceived risk of deflation	What is one reason the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target to 1.0 % in 2003 ?
As early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the Fed `` needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble '' .	a housing bubble	In the early 2000s , what type bubble did some economists believe the Fed needed to create to replace the Nasdaq bubble ?
Moreover , empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis .	excessive credit growth	What contributed greatly to the severity of the financial crisis of 2007 ?
Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing .	Lower interest rates	What encouraged borrowing from 2000 to 2003 ?
Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004 , the U.S. current account deficit increased by $ 650 billion , from 1.5 % to 5.8 % of GDP .	$650 billion	Per Bernanke , how much did the U.S. current account deficit increase between 1996 and 2004 ?
Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004 , the U.S. current account deficit increased by $ 650 billion , from 1.5 % to 5.8 % of GDP .	5.8%	What percentage of GDP was the U.S. current account deficit in 2004 ?
These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations .	Asia and oil-exporting nations	What emerging economies did the U.S. borrow money from between 1996 and 2004 to finance its imports ?
The balance of payments identity requires that a country -LRB- such as the U.S. -RRB- running a current account deficit also have a capital account -LRB- investment -RRB- surplus of the same amount .	capital account	What type account is needed by the U.S. to balance an account deficit ?
Hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds -LRB- capital -RRB- flowed into the U.S. to finance its imports .	foreign funds	Where did the U.S. obtain capital to finance its imports ?
The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006 .	July 2004	When did the Fed begin raising Fed funds rate significantly ?
This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage -LRB- ARM -RRB- rates , making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners .	adjustable-rate mortgage	What does ARM stand for :
This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble , as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates , and it became riskier to speculate in housing .	inversely	How do asset prices generally move in relation to interest rates ?
The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006 .	raised the Fed funds rate	Beginning in July 2004 , what did the Fed do to make ARM rates more expensive for homeowners ?
U.S. housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst .	dramatically declined in value	How did U.S. housing and financial assets react to the housing bubble burst ?
Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup -LRB- where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters -RRB- suggests that by the final years of the U.S. housing bubble -LRB- 2006 -- 2007 -RRB- , the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic .	Citigroup	Richard M. Bowen III testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding his tenure at which financial institution ?
Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup -LRB- where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters -RRB- suggests that by the final years of the U.S. housing bubble -LRB- 2006 -- 2007 -RRB- , the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic .	220	How many underwriters was Richard M. Bowen III responsible for at Citigroup ?
His testimony stated that by 2006 , 60 % of mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were `` defective '' -LRB- were not underwritten to policy , or did not contain all policy-required documents -RRB- -- this , despite the fact that each of these 1,600 originators was contractually responsible -LRB- certified via representations and warrantees -RRB- that its mortgage originations met Citi 's standards .	60%	What percent of mortgages purchased by Citigroup in 2006 were defective ?
His testimony stated that by 2006 , 60 % of mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were `` defective '' -LRB- were not underwritten to policy , or did not contain all policy-required documents -RRB- -- this , despite the fact that each of these 1,600 originators was contractually responsible -LRB- certified via representations and warrantees -RRB- that its mortgage originations met Citi 's standards .	1,600	In 2006 , how many mortgage companies were contractually responsible to meet Citi 's standards ?
Moreover , during 2007 , `` defective mortgages -LRB- from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to Citi 's standards -RRB- increased ... to over 80 % of production '' .	over 80%	During 2007 , what was the percent of defective mortgages not underwritten to Citi 's standards ?
In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , officers of Clayton Holdings -- the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe -- testified that Clayton 's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54 % of the loans met their originators ' underwriting standards .	Clayton Holdings	Who was the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company ?
In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , officers of Clayton Holdings -- the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe -- testified that Clayton 's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54 % of the loans met their originators ' underwriting standards .	54%	According to Clayton Holdings , how many mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 met underwriting standards ?
The analysis -LRB- conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks , including 7 `` too big to fail '' banks -RRB- additionally showed that 28 % of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer .	23	How many investment and commercial banks were included in Clayton Holdings ' analysis of January 2006 to June 2007 loans ?
The analysis -LRB- conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks , including 7 `` too big to fail '' banks -RRB- additionally showed that 28 % of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer .	28%	Per Clayton 's analysis of loans issued from January 2006 to June 2007 , what percent of loans did not meet minimal standards of any issuer ?
In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , officers of Clayton Holdings -- the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe -- testified that Clayton 's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54 % of the loans met their originators ' underwriting standards .	900,000	How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis ?
Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders , enticing borrowers to enter into `` unsafe '' or `` unsound '' secured loans for inappropriate purposes .	Predatory lending	What is the name for lending that entices borrowers to enter into unsafe secured loans ?
A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial , advertising low interest rates for home refinancing .	Countrywide Financial	What company used a classic bait-and-switch method by advertising low interest rates ?
Whereas the advertisement might state that 1 % or 1.5 % interest would be charged , the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage -LRB- ARM -RRB- in which the interest charged would be greater than the amount of interest paid .	adjustable rate mortgage (ARM)	Which type loan would the consumer be put into instead of the 1 % or 1.5 % interest rate loan as advertised ?
This created negative amortization , which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated .	negative amortization	What was created when the interest charged was greater than the amount of interest paid ?
A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial , advertising low interest rates for home refinancing .	classic bait-and-switch	What type predatory lending method did Countrywide Financial use ?
Countrywide , sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for `` unfair business practices '' and `` false advertising '' was making high cost mortgages `` to homeowners with weak credit , adjustable rate mortgages -LRB- ARMs -RRB- that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments '' .	California Attorney General Jerry Brown	Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising ?
Countrywide , sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for `` unfair business practices '' and `` false advertising '' was making high cost mortgages `` to homeowners with weak credit , adjustable rate mortgages -LRB- ARMs -RRB- that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments '' .	adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs)	What type mortgages allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments ?
When housing prices decreased , homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments , since their home equity had disappeared .	disappeared	What happened to home equity when housing prices decreased ?
This caused Countrywide 's financial condition to deteriorate , ultimately resulting in a decision by the Office of Thrift Supervision to seize the lender .	Office of Thrift Supervision	Who made the decision to seize Countrywide after their financial condition deteriorated ?
Countrywide , sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for `` unfair business practices '' and `` false advertising '' was making high cost mortgages `` to homeowners with weak credit , adjustable rate mortgages -LRB- ARMs -RRB- that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments '' .	weak credit	What type credit did borrowers obtaining mortgages from Countrywide have ?
Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation , such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system , derivatives and off-balance sheet financing .	Paul Krugman	What economist believed that regulations did not keep up with financial innovation ?
Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation , such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system , derivatives and off-balance sheet financing .	Timothy Geithner	Who was the U.S. Treasury Secretary dealing with the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007 ?
A recent OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis .	OECD	Which group 's study suggested that Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices ?
Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation , such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system , derivatives and off-balance sheet financing .	regulatory framework	It has been argued that what did not keep up with financial innovation ?
A recent OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis .	Basel	What accords possibly contributed to or reinforced the financial crisis ?
Prior to the crisis , financial institutions became highly leveraged , increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses .	became highly leveraged	What did financial institutions do prior to the crisis ?
Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives , which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels .	complex	What type financial instruments are off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives ?
These instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy , and contributed to the need for government bailouts .	government	Who bailed out financial institutions ?
These instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy , and contributed to the need for government bailouts .	bankruptcy	Which option was nearly impossible for financial institutions to reorganize under ?
Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives , which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels .	complex financial instruments	What are the type financial instruments that were difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor ?
From 2004 to 2007 , the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage -LRB- see diagram -RRB- , which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock .	five	How many U.S. investment banks significantly increased their financial leverage from 2004 to 2007 ?
From 2004 to 2007 , the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage -LRB- see diagram -RRB- , which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock .	financial shock	U.S. investment banks Increased their financial leverage and also increased their vulnerability to what ?
Changes in capital requirements , intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts , allowed lower risk weightings for AAA securities .	capital requirements	Changes in what intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts ?
These five institutions reported over $ 4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007 , about 30 % of USA nominal GDP for 2007 .	over $4.1 trillion	How much debt did the top five U.S. investment banks report in fiscal year 2007 ?
Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated , Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch were sold at fire-sale prices , and Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley became commercial banks , subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation .	Lehman Brothers	What financial institution went bankrupt and was liquidated in 2007 ?
Behavior that may be optimal for an individual -LRB- e.g. , saving more during adverse economic conditions -RRB- can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior , as ultimately one person 's consumption is another person 's income .	saving more during adverse economic conditions	What is an example of something that can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior ?
Too many consumers attempting to save -LRB- or pay down debt -RRB- simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession .	paradox of thrift	What is it called when too many consumers attempt to save or pay down debt at the same time ?
Too many consumers attempting to save -LRB- or pay down debt -RRB- simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession .	can cause or deepen a recession	What will happen if too many consumers save or pay down debt simultaneously ?
Economist Hyman Minsky also described a `` paradox of deleveraging '' as financial institutions that have too much leverage -LRB- debt relative to equity -RRB- can not all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets .	Hyman Minsky	Who is the economist who described a `` paradox of deleveraging '' ?
Economist Hyman Minsky also described a `` paradox of deleveraging '' as financial institutions that have too much leverage -LRB- debt relative to equity -RRB- can not all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets .	their assets	Financial institutions can not all de-leverage simultaneously without a decline in the value of this ?
During April 2009 , U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes : `` Once this massive credit crunch hit , it did n't take long before we were in a recession .	Janet Yellen	Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009 ?
During April 2009 , U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes : `` Once this massive credit crunch hit , it did n't take long before we were in a recession .	we were in a recession	What happened soon after the massive credit crunch hit ?
The recession , in turn , deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell , and credit losses of financial institutions surged .	recession	What deepened the credit crunch when demand and employment fell ?
Businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash .	cancelling planned investments	What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash ?
A process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy .	balance sheet deleveraging	What occurred in nearly every corner of the economy after the financial crisis of 2007 ?
The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives , such as offsetting a particular risk exposure -LRB- such as the default of a borrower -RRB- or to assist with obtaining financing .	financial innovation	What term refers to the ongoing development of financial products ?
Examples pertinent to this crisis included : the adjustable-rate mortgage ; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities -LRB- MBS -RRB- or collateralized debt obligations -LRB- CDO -RRB- for sale to investors , a type of securitization ; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps -LRB- CDS -RRB- .	adjustable-rate mortgage	What is an example of financial innovation pertinent to the financial crisis ?
Examples pertinent to this crisis included : the adjustable-rate mortgage ; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities -LRB- MBS -RRB- or collateralized debt obligations -LRB- CDO -RRB- for sale to investors , a type of securitization ; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps -LRB- CDS -RRB- .	CDS	What is the abbreviation for a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps ?
Examples pertinent to this crisis included : the adjustable-rate mortgage ; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities -LRB- MBS -RRB- or collateralized debt obligations -LRB- CDO -RRB- for sale to investors , a type of securitization ; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps -LRB- CDS -RRB- .	mortgage-backed securities (MBS)	What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages ?
The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis .	expanded dramatically	What happened to the usage of financial innovation products in the years leading up the financial crisis ?
CDO issuance grew from an estimated $ 20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $ 180 billion by Q1 2007 , then declined back under $ 20 billion by Q1 2008 .	Q1 2007	When did the issuance of CDO peak ?
CDO issuance grew from an estimated $ 20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $ 180 billion by Q1 2007 , then declined back under $ 20 billion by Q1 2008 .	$20 billion	What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2004 ?
CDO issuance grew from an estimated $ 20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $ 180 billion by Q1 2007 , then declined back under $ 20 billion by Q1 2008 .	over $180 billion	What was the estimated value of CDO issuance at it 's peak in Q1 2007 ?
Further , the credit quality of CDO 's declined from 2000 to 2007 , as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5 % to 36 % of CDO assets .	36%	What percent of CDO assets were subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt in 2007 ?
CDO issuance grew from an estimated $ 20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $ 180 billion by Q1 2007 , then declined back under $ 20 billion by Q1 2008 .	under $20 billion	What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2008 ?
This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity .	innovative financial products	Which products created more complexity in the financial markets ?
It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage -LRB- including mortgage brokers , specialized originators , the securitizers and their due diligence firms , managing agents and trading desks , and finally investors , insurances and providers of repo funding -RRB- .	multiplied the number of actors connected	What effect did the introduction of innovative financial products have on a single mortgage ?
With increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information -LRB- including FICO scores on creditworthiness , appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations , and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks -RRB- .	indirect information	What did institutions rely more on as increasing distance from underlying assets occurred ?
With increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information -LRB- including FICO scores on creditworthiness , appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations , and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks -RRB- .	computer models of rating agencies	What is a type of indirect information that financial institutions and investors used to judge the risk ?
In 2005 a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies , which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006 -- 2008 .	2005	In what year did a group of computer scientists build a model for ratings produced by rating agencies that turned out to be accurate for what happened in 2006-2008 ?
The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk , which may be measured by interest rates or fees .	interest rates or fees	What is a measurement of pricing of risk ?
The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk , which may be measured by interest rates or fees .	pricing of risk	What is the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on addition risk called ?
Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis , enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have , and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward , readily understandable format .	lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures	According to several scholars , what prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis ?
Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis , enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have , and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward , readily understandable format .	straightforward, readily understandable format	How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars ?
Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis , enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have , and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward , readily understandable format .	far more disruptive	What was the outcome of the financial crisis since risk levels were not adequately disclosed ?
For a variety of reasons , market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system .	risk inherent with financial innovation	What did market participants fail to measure accurately ?
For a variety of reasons , market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system .	a variety of reasons	What are the reasons market participants did not understand the impact financial innovation products would have ?
Banks estimated that $ 450bn of CDO were sold between `` late 2005 to the middle of 2007 '' ; among the $ 102bn of those that had been liquidated , JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for `` high quality '' CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar , while the recovery rate for mezzanine CDO was approximately five cents for every dollar .	approximately 32 cents on the dollar	How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for high quality CDOs that had been liquidated ?
Banks estimated that $ 450bn of CDO were sold between `` late 2005 to the middle of 2007 '' ; among the $ 102bn of those that had been liquidated , JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for `` high quality '' CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar , while the recovery rate for mezzanine CDO was approximately five cents for every dollar .	approximately five cents for every dollar	How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for mezzanine CDOs that had been liquidated ?
Banks estimated that $ 450bn of CDO were sold between `` late 2005 to the middle of 2007 '' ; among the $ 102bn of those that had been liquidated , JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for `` high quality '' CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar , while the recovery rate for mezzanine CDO was approximately five cents for every dollar .	$450bn	How much did banks estimate was the value of CDOs sold between late 2005 to the middle of 2007 ?
Another example relates to AIG , which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps .	AIG	What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps ?
Another example relates to AIG , which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps .	credit default swaps	What does the abbreviation CDS stand for ?
However , AIG did not have the financial strength to support its many CDS commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in September 2008 .	September 2008	When did the government take over AIG ?
U.S. taxpayers provided over $ 180 billion in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009 , through which the money flowed to various counterparties to CDS transactions , including many large global financial institutions .	over $180 billion	How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009 ?
The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted .	a premium	What did AIG receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that Party B defaulted ?
George Soros commented that `` The super-boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves .	George Soros	Who commented that the super-boom got out of hand when products became so complicated that risk could not be accurately calculated ?
As financial assets became more and more complex , and harder and harder to value , investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators , who came to rely on them , accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they actually proved to be .	more complex	What happened to financial assets that made them harder to value ?
Similarly , the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products .	the originators of synthetic products	Who did rating agencies rely on for information to rate financial innovation products ?
George Soros commented that `` The super-boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves .	the banks	When authorities could no longer calculate the risks of complex financial innovation products , who did they rely on for information ?
As financial assets became more and more complex , and harder and harder to value , investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators , who came to rely on them , accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they actually proved to be .	international bond rating agencies	Who reassured investors by showing the risk of complex financial innovation products was actually less than they proved to be ?
The volume `` Credit Correlation : Life After Copulas '' , published in 2007 by World Scientific , summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations .	World Scientific	Who published `` Credit Correlation : Life After Copulas '' in 2007 ?
See also the article by Donnelly and Embrechts and the book by Brigo , Pallavicini and Torresetti , that reports relevant warnings and research on CDOs appeared in 2006 .	2006	When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts ?
The volume `` Credit Correlation : Life After Copulas '' , published in 2007 by World Scientific , summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations .	Merrill Lynch	The volume `` Credit Correlation : Life After Copulas '' summarizes a 2006 conference held by what firm in London ?
The volume `` Credit Correlation : Life After Copulas '' , published in 2007 by World Scientific , summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations .	some of the copula limitations	What did the volume `` Credit Correlation : Life After Copulas '' propose models to rectify ?
See also the article by Donnelly and Embrechts and the book by Brigo , Pallavicini and Torresetti , that reports relevant warnings and research on CDOs appeared in 2006 .	2006	What year did the book by Brigo , Pallavicini and Torresetti report warnings and research on CDOs ?
In a June 2008 speech , President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner -- who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury -- placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a `` run '' on the entities in the `` parallel '' banking system , also called the shadow banking system .	Timothy Geithner	Who was President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in June 2008 ?
In a June 2008 speech , President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner -- who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury -- placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a `` run '' on the entities in the `` parallel '' banking system , also called the shadow banking system .	2009	What year did Timothy Geithner become U.S. Treasury Secretary ?
In a June 2008 speech , President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner -- who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury -- placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a `` run '' on the entities in the `` parallel '' banking system , also called the shadow banking system .	"parallel" banking system	In a June 2008 speech , Timoty Geithner placed blame for credit market freezing on which system ?
In a June 2008 speech , President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner -- who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury -- placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a `` run '' on the entities in the `` parallel '' banking system , also called the shadow banking system .	shadow banking system	What is the `` parallel '' banking system also called ?
Further , these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch , meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term , illiquid and risky assets .	maturity mismatch	What is the term defined as being vulnerable by borrowing short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term illiquid and risky assets ?
The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008 .	spring of 2007	When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking systems start to close down ?
The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008 .	fall of 2008	When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system nearly shut-down completely ?
More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds .	More than a third	How much of the private credit markets become unavailable as a source of funds ?
According to the Brookings Institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009 : `` It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume . ''	Brookings Institution	What is the firm who reported that the traditional banking system does not have capital to close the gap as of June 2009 ?
According to the Brookings Institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009 : `` It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume . ''	a number of years	How many years would of strong profit would it take to generate enough capital to support additional lending ?
Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010 : `` The securitization markets also remain impaired , as investors anticipate more loan losses .	Mark Zandi	What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010 ?
Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010 : `` The securitization markets also remain impaired , as investors anticipate more loan losses .	securitization markets	In January 2010 , what markets did Mark Zandi testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses ?
Private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities , asset-backed securities , and CDOs peaked in 2006 at close to $ 2 trillion ... In 2009 , private issuance was less than $ 150 billion , and almost all of it was asset-backed issuance supported by the Federal Reserve 's TALF program to aid credit card , auto and small-business lenders .	close to $2 trillion	What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006 ?
Private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities , asset-backed securities , and CDOs peaked in 2006 at close to $ 2 trillion ... In 2009 , private issuance was less than $ 150 billion , and almost all of it was asset-backed issuance supported by the Federal Reserve 's TALF program to aid credit card , auto and small-business lenders .	less than $150 billion	What was the private issuance of CDOs in 2009 ?
Private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities , asset-backed securities , and CDOs peaked in 2006 at close to $ 2 trillion ... In 2009 , private issuance was less than $ 150 billion , and almost all of it was asset-backed issuance supported by the Federal Reserve 's TALF program to aid credit card , auto and small-business lenders .	TALF	Almost all of the asset-backed issuance in 2009 was supported by what Federal Reserve program ?
Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble .	Rapid increases	Following the collapse in the housing bubble , what happened to a number of commodity prices ?
The price of oil nearly tripled from $ 50 to $ 147 from early 2007 to 2008 , before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008 .	nearly tripled from $50 to $147	How much did the price of oil increase from early 2007 to 2008 ?
The price of oil nearly tripled from $ 50 to $ 147 from early 2007 to 2008 , before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008 .	plunging	What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008 ?
Experts debate the causes , with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities , some to monetary policy , and some to the increasing feeling of raw materials scarcity in a fast-growing world , leading to long positions taken on those markets , such as Chinese increasing presence in Africa .	monetary policy	What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008 ?
An increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline , which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries , as wealth flows to oil-producing states .	gasoline	Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods , when the price of which commodity is higher ?
In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation on June 3 , 2008 , former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets -LRB- responsible for enforcement -RRB- Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange , founded by Goldman Sachs , Morgan Stanley and BP as playing a key role in speculative run-up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in London and New York .	Michael Greenberger	Who was the former director of the CFTC that testified before the Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation on June 3 , 2008 ?
In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation on June 3 , 2008 , former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets -LRB- responsible for enforcement -RRB- Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange , founded by Goldman Sachs , Morgan Stanley and BP as playing a key role in speculative run-up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in London and New York .	IntercontinentalExchange	Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures ?
In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation on June 3 , 2008 , former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets -LRB- responsible for enforcement -RRB- Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange , founded by Goldman Sachs , Morgan Stanley and BP as playing a key role in speculative run-up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in London and New York .	Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP	Who founded the Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange ?
However , the IntercontinentalExchange -LRB- ICE -RRB- had been regulated by both European and U.S. authorities since its purchase of the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001 .	IntercontinentalExchange (ICE)	Who purchased the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001 ?
In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation on June 3 , 2008 , former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets -LRB- responsible for enforcement -RRB- Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange , founded by Goldman Sachs , Morgan Stanley and BP as playing a key role in speculative run-up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in London and New York .	London and New York	Where are regulated future exchanges located ?
Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession , and call for a reshaping of both the economy , economic theory and the economics profession .	Ailsa McKay	Who is one of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy ?
Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession , and call for a reshaping of both the economy , economic theory and the economics profession .	mainstream economics	Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this ?
They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible , sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet .	feminist economics	According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt , would type economics should be included in a reshaping ?
Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession , and call for a reshaping of both the economy , economic theory and the economics profession .	a reshaping	What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy , economic theory , and economics profession ?
Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005 , at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan , who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve , Rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector .	Raghuram Rajan	Who was the current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India that predicted the crisis in 2005 ?
Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005 , at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan , who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve , Rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector .	2005	When did Raghuram Rajan become chief economist the the International Monetary Fund ?
Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005 , at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan , who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve , Rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector .	at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan	In 2005 , where did Rajan deliver a controversial paper that was critical of the financial paper ?
In that paper , `` Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier ? ''	"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?"	What was the name of Raghuram Rajan 's controversial paper delivered in 2005 ?
These risks are known as tail risks .	tail risks	What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time ?
The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan , who instead spoke of the Great Moderation .	Raghuram Rajan	Who was one of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis ?
The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan , who instead spoke of the Great Moderation .	Great Moderation	What did Raghuram Rajan speak of ?
Dirk Bezemer in his research credits -LRB- with supporting argument and estimates of timing -RRB- 12 economists with predicting the crisis : Dean Baker -LRB- US -RRB- , Wynne Godley -LRB- UK -RRB- , Fred Harrison -LRB- UK -RRB- , Michael Hudson -LRB- US -RRB- , Eric Janszen -LRB- US -RRB- , Steve Keen -LRB- Australia -RRB- , Jakob Brøchner Madsen & Jens Kjaer Sørensen -LRB- Denmark -RRB- , Kurt Richebächer -LRB- US -RRB- , Nouriel Roubini -LRB- US -RRB- , Peter Schiff -LRB- US -RRB- , and Robert Shiller -LRB- US -RRB- .	Dirk Bezemer	Who credit 12 heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits ?
Not surprisingly , the Austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit-fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial , manufactured laxity in monetary supply , a perspective that even former Fed Chair Alan Greenspan in Congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to .	as a vindication	How did the Austrian economic school regard the crisis ?
Not surprisingly , the Austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit-fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial , manufactured laxity in monetary supply , a perspective that even former Fed Chair Alan Greenspan in Congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to .	Alan Greenspan	Which former Fed Chair confessed in Congressional testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply ?
A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s .	BusinessWeek	Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis ?
A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s .	Great Depression	The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s ?
The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania 's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis .	The Wharton School	Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis ?
For example , an article in the New York Times informs that economist Nouriel Roubini warned of such crisis as early as September 2006 , and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions .	Nouriel Roubini	Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006 ?
According to The Guardian , Roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession , while The New York Times labelled him `` Dr. Doom '' .	"Dr. Doom"	What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market ?
Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb , author of the 2007 book The Black Swan , spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting , and their reliance on bad models , and framed the problem as part of `` robustness and fragility '' .	Nassim Nicholas Taleb	Who wrote the 2007 book The Black Swan ?
According to David Brooks from the New York Times , `` Taleb not only has an explanation for what 's happening , he saw it coming . ''	David Brooks	What journalist from the New York Times stated his believe in Nassim Nicholas Taleb ?
Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb , author of the 2007 book The Black Swan , spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting , and their reliance on bad models , and framed the problem as part of `` robustness and fragility '' .	the breakdown of the banking system	What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007 ?
He also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis -LRB- `` They did n't listen , so I took their money '' -RRB- .	banking stocks	What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb make a fortune on by making a big financial bet ?
Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist `` between the current market malaise '' and the Great Depression .	Phil Dow	Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression ?
He says the Dow Jones average 's fall of more than 50 % over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7 % fall in the Great Depression , followed by a total drop of 89 % over the following 16 months .	50%	How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months ?
He says the Dow Jones average 's fall of more than 50 % over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7 % fall in the Great Depression , followed by a total drop of 89 % over the following 16 months .	54.7%	What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression ?
Floyd Norris , the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times , wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression , explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time , the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007 , and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the Dow .	Floyd Norris	Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009 ?
One of the first victims was Northern Rock , a medium-sized British bank .	Northern Rock	Which medium sized British bank was the first victim of the financial crisis ?
The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England .	Bank of England	Who did Northern Rock request security from ?
Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored ; in February 2008 , however , the British government -LRB- having failed to find a private sector buyer -RRB- relented , and the bank was taken into public hands .	February 2008	When was Northern Rock taken into public hands ?
Northern Rock 's problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions .	Northern Rock	Which bank early problems in 2007 were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions ?
IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower 's income or assets , and to borrowers with poor credit histories .	the borrower’s income	IndyMac often made loans without verifying what ?
Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well .	Appraisals	What was questionable on IndyMac 's underlying collateral ?
IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower 's income or assets , and to borrowers with poor credit histories .	poor	IndyMac gave loans to borrower 's with what type credit histories ?
As an Alt-A lender , IndyMac 's business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower 's needs , using an extensive array of risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages -LRB- option ARMs -RRB- , subprime loans , 80/20 loans , and other nontraditional products .	risky	IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers ?
IndyMac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria : see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne , Chief Risk Officer , to the regulating agencies .	issuing criteria	IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans ?
On the other hand , half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis .	half	How many of the poorest families did not have any wealth decline during the financial crisis ?
The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009 , and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all Americans declined in that period .	63	In a Federal Reserve survey of 4,000 households , what percent reported wealth decline between 2007 and 2009 ?
77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth , while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease .	77	How many of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009 ?
77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth , while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease .	50	How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009 ?
On the other hand , half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis .	poorest families	Which families experienced the least decline in wealth between 2007 and 2009 ?
On November 3 , 2008 , the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP , by 0.1 % , for the countries of the Eurozone -LRB- France , Germany , Italy , Belgium etc. -RRB- and even negative number for the UK -LRB- − 1.0 % -RRB- , Ireland and Spain .	European Commission at Brussels	On November 3 , 2008 , who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the Eurozone in 2009 ?
On November 3 , 2008 , the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP , by 0.1 % , for the countries of the Eurozone -LRB- France , Germany , Italy , Belgium etc. -RRB- and even negative number for the UK -LRB- − 1.0 % -RRB- , Ireland and Spain .	0.1%	How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009 ?
On November 3 , 2008 , the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP , by 0.1 % , for the countries of the Eurozone -LRB- France , Germany , Italy , Belgium etc. -RRB- and even negative number for the UK -LRB- − 1.0 % -RRB- , Ireland and Spain .	−1.0%	How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for the UK would be in 2009 ?
On November 6 , the IMF at Washington , D.C. , launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by − 0.3 % for 2009 , averaged over the developed economies .	the IMF	On November 6 , in Washington , D.C. , who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009 ?
On the same day , the Bank of England and the European Central Bank , respectively , reduced their interest rates from 4.5 % down to 3 % , and from 3.75 % down to 3.25 % .	3%	On November 5 , 2008 , the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5 % to what ?
The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral , in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption .	expand money supplies	What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral ?
In addition , governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages , by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis .	enacted large fiscal stimulus packages	What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand ?
The U.S. Federal Reserve 's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma , broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity , and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity .	lender-of-last-resort	What is the U.S. Federal Reserve 's traditional role during a crisis ?
The U.S. Federal Reserve 's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma , broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity , and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity .	expanded liquidity facilities	What did the U.S. Federal Reserve do to increase access to liquidity ?
The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral , in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption .	self-reinforcing decline	What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to ?
This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse .	credit freeze	What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse ?
During the last quarter of 2008 , these central banks purchased US$ 2.5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks .	US$2.5 trillion	How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008 ?
Following a model initiated by the United Kingdom bank rescue package , the governments of European nations and the USA guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems , ultimately purchasing $ 1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks .	$1.5 trillion	How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks ?
In October 2010 , Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy -- creating currency -- as a method to combat the liquidity trap .	Joseph Stiglitz	In October 2010 , who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap ?
However , banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets .	investing internationally in emerging markets	What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages ?
United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009 .	a series of regulatory proposals	What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009 ?
The proposals address consumer protection , executive pay , bank financial cushions or capital requirements , expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives , and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions , among others .	consumer protection	What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009 ?
In January 2010 , Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading .	proprietary	Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading ?
The proposals were dubbed `` The Volcker Rule '' , in recognition of Paul Volcker , who has publicly argued for the proposed changes .	Paul Volcker	Who were proposed new regulations called `` The Volcker Rule '' named after ?
The proposals were dubbed `` The Volcker Rule '' , in recognition of Paul Volcker , who has publicly argued for the proposed changes .	Paul Volcker	Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading ?
The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010 , following the House which passed a bill in December 2009 .	May 2010	When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill ?
The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010 , following the House which passed a bill in December 2009 .	December 2009	When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill ?
For instance , the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation , though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades .	Volcker Rule	What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House ?
For instance , the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation , though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades .	Senate	Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades ?
It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions , which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments , but stock markets still dropped worldwide .	bailout of banks	What action in 2007 by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions ?
The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses , declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars , and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008 -- 2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis .	trillions of U.S. dollars	How much estimated consumer wealth was lost as a result of the financial crisis of 2007 ?
The active phase of the crisis , which manifested as a liquidity crisis , can be dated from August 9 , 2007 , when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing `` a complete evaporation of liquidity '' .	August 9, 2007	What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis ?
The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses , declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars , and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008 -- 2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis .	2012	What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of 2007 end ?
The active phase of the crisis , which manifested as a liquidity crisis , can be dated from August 9 , 2007 , when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing `` a complete evaporation of liquidity '' .	BNP Paribas	What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds in 2007 citing a liquidity crisis ?
The bursting of the U.S. -LRB- United States -RRB- housing bubble , which peaked in 2004 , caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet , damaging financial institutions globally .	2004	What year did the U.S. housing bubble peak ?
In the U.S. , Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 .	2009	What year did Congress pass the American Recover and Reinvestment Act ?
The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership , providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers , overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate , questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers , compensation structures that prioritize short-term deal flow over long-term value creation , and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making .	escalate	Overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages was based on the theory that housing prices would continue to do this ?
The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership , providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers , overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate , questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers , compensation structures that prioritize short-term deal flow over long-term value creation , and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making .	subprime	One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower ?
The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership , providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers , overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate , questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers , compensation structures that prioritize short-term deal flow over long-term value creation , and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making .	capital	In 2007 , banks and insurance companies did not have adequate holdings of which type to back their financial commitments ?
The U.S. Senate 's Levin -- Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of `` high risk , complex financial products ; undisclosed conflicts of interest ; the failure of regulators , the credit rating agencies , and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street . ''	Levin–Coburn Report	What is the name of the U.S. Senate report giving their conclusions for the cause of the crisis ?
The 1999 repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the United States .	Glass-Steagall Act	Which act was repealed in 1999 effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks ?
The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by `` widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision '' , `` dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions '' , `` a combination of excessive borrowing , risky investments , and lack of transparency '' by financial institutions , ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that `` added to the uncertainty and panic '' , a `` systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics '' , `` collapsing mortgage-lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline '' , deregulation of over-the-counter derivatives , especially credit default swaps , and `` the failures of credit rating agencies '' to correctly price risk .	Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission	What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable ?
Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products , and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets .	credit rating agencies	What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products ?
Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products , and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets .	regulatory	What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address 21st-century financial markets ?
As part of the housing and credit booms , the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities -LRB- MBS -RRB- and collateralized debt obligations -LRB- CDO -RRB- , which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices , greatly increased .	mortgage-backed securities	What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms ?
As part of the housing and credit booms , the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities -LRB- MBS -RRB- and collateralized debt obligations -LRB- CDO -RRB- , which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices , greatly increased .	collateralized debt obligations	What are CDO as related to the housing and credit booms ?
As housing prices declined , major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses .	major global financial institutions	When housing prices declined , who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS ?
Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market .	institutions and investors around the world	Who could invest in the U.S. housing market through MBS and CDO ?
As part of the housing and credit booms , the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities -LRB- MBS -RRB- and collateralized debt obligations -LRB- CDO -RRB- , which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices , greatly increased .	mortgage payments and housing prices	MBS and CDO derive their value from ?
Total losses are estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally .	trillions of U.S. dollars	How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices ?
Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan , providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure .	foreclosure	What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan ?
The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions .	late 2006	What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin ?
Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy .	other loan types	What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy ?
The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions .	foreclosure epidemic	What continues to drain consumer wealth and erode the strength of banks ?
Thus , policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds , also known as the shadow banking system .	investment banks and hedge funds	What institutions comprise the shadow banking system ?
Thus , policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds , also known as the shadow banking system .	investment banks and hedge funds	What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks ?
While the housing and credit bubbles were building , a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile , a process called financialization .	financialization	What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile ?
U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business , which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions .	deregulation	What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970 's onward ?
U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business , which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions .	U.S. Government policy	Since the 1970 's , what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business , but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure ?
These institutions , as well as certain regulated banks , had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses .	MBS	Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007 ?
These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend , slowing economic activity .	slowing economic activity	What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007 ?
Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets , which are integral to funding business operations .	central banks	Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007 ?
Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs , assuming significant additional financial commitments .	Governments	Who bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs as an answer to the financial crisis of 2007 ?
These institutions , as well as certain regulated banks , had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses .	large loan defaults or MBS losses	What impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend in the financial crisis of 2007 ?
The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011 .	January 2011	When did the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report its findings ?
It concluded that `` the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : widespread failures in financial regulation , including the Federal Reserve 's failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages ; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis ; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis , lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw ; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels '' .	the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation	What was one of the conclusions of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding the financial crisis of 2007 ?
It concluded that `` the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : widespread failures in financial regulation , including the Federal Reserve 's failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages ; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis ; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis , lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw ; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels '' .	Federal Reserve	What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007 ?
It concluded that `` the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : widespread failures in financial regulation , including the Federal Reserve 's failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages ; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis ; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis , lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw ; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels '' .	key policy makers	Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system ?
It concluded that `` the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : widespread failures in financial regulation , including the Federal Reserve 's failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages ; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis ; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis , lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw ; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels '' .	financial firms	Which business sector contributed to the financial crisis by acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ?
During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share , and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited , mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers .	tough competition	What caused mortgage lenders to relax underwriting standards and approve riskier mortgages ?
In the view of some analysts , the relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises -LRB- GSEs -RRB- policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003 .	2003	In what year were high underwriting standards relaxed ?
The worst loans were originated in 2004 -- 2007 , the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the GSEs .	2004–2007	What years were the worst mortgage loans originated ?
The worst loans were originated in 2004 -- 2007 , the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the GSEs .	2004–2007	What years had the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for GSEs ?
In the view of some analysts , the relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises -LRB- GSEs -RRB- policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003 .	government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)	Who policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high standards prior to 2003 ?
The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , written by the six Democratic appointees , the minority report , written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees , studies by Federal Reserve economists , and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis .	six	How many Democratic appointees wrote the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission ?
Paul Krugman has even claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans -- a claim that is widely disputed .	Paul Krugman	Who claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans - a claim that is widely disputed ?
The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , written by the six Democratic appointees , the minority report , written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees , studies by Federal Reserve economists , and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis .	government affordable housing policy	Several reports written by various agencies concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis ?
Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis , they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks , and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios .	GSE loans	According to reports , which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks ?
The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , written by the six Democratic appointees , the minority report , written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees , studies by Federal Reserve economists , and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis .	4	How many Republican appointees wrote the minority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission ?
Later , based upon information in the SEC 's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie , Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that , in 2008 , Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $ 2 trillion .	13 million	How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008 ?
Later , based upon information in the SEC 's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie , Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that , in 2008 , Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $ 2 trillion .	over $2 trillion	What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008 ?
In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac .	Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac	Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases ?
In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac .	HUD	Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s ?
Later , based upon information in the SEC 's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie , Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that , in 2008 , Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $ 2 trillion .	6	How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC 's December 2011 securities fraud case ?
On September 10 , 2003 , the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight -LRB- OFHEO -RRB- that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities .	Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO)	Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac ?
In the early and mid-2000s , the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages .	Bush administration	Which administration called for investigation into the soundness of GSEs in the early and mid-2000s ?
On September 10 , 2003 , the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight -LRB- OFHEO -RRB- that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities .	September 10, 2003	On what date did the House Financial Services Committee hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac ?
The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac , as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation .	The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation	What was the result of the House Financial Services Committee on September 10 , 2003 regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac ?
On September 10 , 2003 , the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight -LRB- OFHEO -RRB- that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities .	House Financial Services Committee	Who rebuked OFHEO in 2003 for their attempt at regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac ?
A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $ 467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act -LRB- CRA -RRB- - covered lenders into low and mid level income -LRB- LMI -RRB- borrowers and neighborhoods , representing 10 % of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period .	$467 billion	What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998 ?
A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $ 467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act -LRB- CRA -RRB- - covered lenders into low and mid level income -LRB- LMI -RRB- borrowers and neighborhoods , representing 10 % of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period .	10%	What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998 ?
A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $ 467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act -LRB- CRA -RRB- - covered lenders into low and mid level income -LRB- LMI -RRB- borrowers and neighborhoods , representing 10 % of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period .	Community Reinvestment Act	What does CRA stand for ?
Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3 % market share of LMI loans in 1998 , but in the run-up to the crisis , fully 25 % of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25 % of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA .	25%	What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis ?
Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3 % market share of LMI loans in 1998 , but in the run-up to the crisis , fully 25 % of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25 % of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA .	25%	What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis ?
They contend that there were two , connected causes to the crisis : the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11 , 2001 .	1995	When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards ?
Critics also point out that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive , totaling $ 4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007 .	$4.5 trillion	How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007 ?
They also argue that the Federal Reserve 's classification of CRA loans as `` prime '' is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans -LRB- 3 percentage points over average -RRB- equal `` subprime '' loans .	high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)	What was the Federal Reserve 's assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime ?
They also argue that the Federal Reserve 's classification of CRA loans as `` prime '' is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans -LRB- 3 percentage points over average -RRB- equal `` subprime '' loans .	prime	How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans ?
They contend that there were two , connected causes to the crisis : the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11 , 2001 .	after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001	When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve ?
Essentially , investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made , far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans , using derivatives called credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs .	credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.	What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers ?
Essentially , investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made , far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans , using derivatives called credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs .	derivatives	Credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what ?
In an article in Portfolio Magazine , Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that `` There were n't enough Americans with -LSB- bad -RSB- credit taking out -LSB- bad loans -RSB- to satisfy investors ' appetite for the end product . ''	Portfolio Magazine	Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans ?
Essentially , investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made , far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans , using derivatives called credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs .	derivatives	What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers ?
Essentially , investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made , far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans , using derivatives called credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs .	credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs	What are some names of derivatives ?
According to Wallison , the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble -LRB- as opposed to other types of bubbles -RRB- led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans -- generally with low or no downpayments .	substandard	Peter J. Wallison believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis ?
According to Wallison , the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble -LRB- as opposed to other types of bubbles -RRB- led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans -- generally with low or no downpayments .	low or no downpayments	What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have ?
According to Wallison , the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble -LRB- as opposed to other types of bubbles -RRB- led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans -- generally with low or no downpayments .	it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans	According to Peter J. Wallison , why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis ?
Wallison notes that other developed countries had `` large bubbles during the 1997 -- 2007 period '' but `` the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997 -- 2007 -LSB- bubble -RSB- deflated . ''	1997–2007	Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years ?
Countering Krugman , Peter J. Wallison wrote : `` It is not true that every bubble -- even a large bubble -- has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates . ''	Krugman	Peter J. Wallison 's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist 's views ?
Located approximately 250 kilometres -LRB- 160 mi -RRB- east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands , St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla .	160	How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts ?
St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel .	the Saint-Barthélemy Channel	What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island ?
Other rocky islets which include Coco , the Roques -LRB- or little Turtle rocks -RRB- , the Goat , and the Sugarloaf .	little Turtle rocks	What does `` Roques '' mean in English ?
It is one of the Renaissance Islands .	the Renaissance	St. Barts is one of the what group of islands ?
Some small satellite islets belong to St. Barthélemy including Île Chevreau -LRB- Île Bonhomme -RRB- , Île Frégate , Île Toc Vers , Île Tortue and Gros Îlets -LRB- Îlots Syndare -RRB- .	satellite islets	What is Île Frégate in relation to St Barts ?
Residents of Saint-Barthélemy -LRB- Saint-Barthélemoise people -RRB- are French citizens and work at establishments on the island .	Saint-Barthélemoise	What are the people of St. Barts called ?
French is the native tongue of the population .	French	What is the native language of St. Barts ?
The St. Barthélemy French patois is spoken by some 500 -- 700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French , whereas Créole French is limited to the windward side .	500–700	About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts ?
Residents of Saint-Barthélemy -LRB- Saint-Barthélemoise people -RRB- are French citizens and work at establishments on the island .	French	Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship ?
Unlike other populations in the Caribbean , language preference between the Créole and Patois is geographically , and not racially , determined .	racially	How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined ?
On 7 February 2007 , the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barthélemy and -LRB- separately -RRB- to the neighbouring Saint Martin .	Saint Martin	What island besides St. Barts was granted COM status by France in 2007 ?
The island has a president -LRB- elected every five years -RRB- , a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms , and an executive council of seven members .	five	How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts ?
Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the last election in March 2012 .	in March 2012	When was the last election held for the executive council positions ?
The new status took effect on 15 July 2007 , when the first territorial council was elected , according to the law .	15 July 2007	When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect ?
The island has a president -LRB- elected every five years -RRB- , a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms , and an executive council of seven members .	nineteen	How many people are on the Territorial Council ?
The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014 .	September 2014	When was the last senate election in St. Barts ?
St. Barthélemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012 , but the island 's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports .	the European Union	What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012 ?
One senator represents the island in the French Senate .	One	How many senators represent St. Barts in France ?
The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014 .	2008	What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts ?
France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes -LRB- posted on two-year term -RRB- .	thirteen	How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts ?
Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain , but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables , cotton , pineapples , salt , bananas and also fishing .	Agricultural production	What is often difficult on the island ?
Sweet potato is also grown in patches .	Sweet potato	What is grown in patches on the island ?
Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain , but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables , cotton , pineapples , salt , bananas and also fishing .	salt	What seasoning is found naturally on the island ?
Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain , but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables , cotton , pineapples , salt , bananas and also fishing .	fishing	What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that did n't involve farming ?
The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia .	Gustavia	What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts ?
St. Barthélemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- especially as a winter haven , and is known for its beaches , gourmet dining and high-end designers .	the rich and famous	St. Barts is considered a playground for whom ?
Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year .	200,000	How many tourists visit St. Barts each year ?
As a result , there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island , with prices as high as $ 61,200,000 for a beachfront villa .	€61,200,000	What is the highest propoerty value recorded in St. Barts ?
International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island .	wealth generated by wealthy tourists	What besides investment is responsible for the high standard of living on the island ?
Most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the US or France .	by airplane	Besides boats how does St. Barts import most of its food ?
St. Barthélemy has about 25 hotels , most of them with 15 rooms or fewer .	25	About how many hotels does St. Barts have ?
The largest has 58 rooms .	58	How many rooms does the largest hotel in St. Barts have ?
It also attracts a labour force from Brazil and Portugal to meet the industry needs .	Portugal	Which country besides Brazil does St. Barts import its labor force from ?
Hotel Le Toiny , the most expensive hotel on the island , has 12 rooms .	12	How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have ?
Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas , of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island .	400	About how many villas are available for rent in St. Barts ?
As the terrain is generally arid , the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants .	succulent	What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts ?
The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall .	The eastern part	Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall ?
A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora ; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety .	several hundred	A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island ?
Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps .	Sea grapes	What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts ?
Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands .	the Pacific islands	Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from ?
Other trees of note include the royal palm , sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island , aloe or aloe vera -LRB- brought from the Mediterranean -RRB- , the night blooming cereus , mamillaria nivosa , yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773 , Mexican cactus , stapelia gigantea , golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America , bougainvillea and others .	aloe or aloe vera	What plant was brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean ?
Other trees of note include the royal palm , sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island , aloe or aloe vera -LRB- brought from the Mediterranean -RRB- , the night blooming cereus , mamillaria nivosa , yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773 , Mexican cactus , stapelia gigantea , golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America , bougainvillea and others .	cereus	What is the name of the night blooming flower on St. Barts ?
Other trees of note include the royal palm , sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island , aloe or aloe vera -LRB- brought from the Mediterranean -RRB- , the night blooming cereus , mamillaria nivosa , yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773 , Mexican cactus , stapelia gigantea , golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America , bougainvillea and others .	South America	Where was the plant yellow bell brought from ?
Other trees of note include the royal palm , sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island , aloe or aloe vera -LRB- brought from the Mediterranean -RRB- , the night blooming cereus , mamillaria nivosa , yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773 , Mexican cactus , stapelia gigantea , golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America , bougainvillea and others .	1773	When did the british army invade the island ?
Other trees of note include the royal palm , sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island , aloe or aloe vera -LRB- brought from the Mediterranean -RRB- , the night blooming cereus , mamillaria nivosa , yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773 , Mexican cactus , stapelia gigantea , golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America , bougainvillea and others .	barbary	What type of fig grows on the island ?
Marine mammals are many , such as the dolphins , porpoises and whales , which are seen here during the migration period from December till May .	May	When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts ?
Marine mammals are many , such as the dolphins , porpoises and whales , which are seen here during the migration period from December till May .	December	When is the beggining of the whale migration season ?
Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island .	Turtles	What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts ?
These are : The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here , some times measuring a much as 3 m -LRB- average is about 1.5 m -RRB- and weighing about 450 kg -LRB- jellyfish is their favourite diet -RRB- ; the hawksbill turtles , which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs , generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails ; and the green turtles , herbivores which have rounded heads , generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses .	jellyfish	What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles ?
These are : The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here , some times measuring a much as 3 m -LRB- average is about 1.5 m -RRB- and weighing about 450 kg -LRB- jellyfish is their favourite diet -RRB- ; the hawksbill turtles , which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs , generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails ; and the green turtles , herbivores which have rounded heads , generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses .	amidst tall sea grasses	Where do green turtles live ?
The marine aquafauna is rich in conch , which has pearly-pink shells .	pearly-pink	What color are conch shells ?
The marine aquafauna is rich in conch , which has pearly-pink shells .	conch	What common sea creature produces a collectable Item ?
Other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are : sergeant majors , the blue chromis , brown chromis , surgeon fish ; blue tangs and trumpet fish .	shallow waters	Where are surgeonfish found in St. Barts ?
On the shore are ghost crabs , which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand , and the hermit crabs , which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage .	ghost	What kind of crabs besides hermit crabs are common on the beach in St. Barts ?
On the shore are ghost crabs , which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand , and the hermit crabs , which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage .	garbage and sewerage	What do hermit crabs eat ?
Saint-Barthélemy has a marine nature reserve , known as the Reserve Naturelle that covers 1.200 ha , and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas .	1.200	How many hectares does the marine preserve cover ?
The Reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs , seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles .	sea turtles	What general species of animal was the marine reserve designed to protect ?
Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier	Anchoring	What is prohibited in all zones of the marine reserve at St. Barts ?
Saint-Barthélemy has a marine nature reserve , known as the Reserve Naturelle that covers 1.200 ha , and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas .	Reserve Naturelle	What is the sea life reserve named at St. Barts ?
Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier	mooring buoys	Colombier Bay has what type of helpful structures placed in the water ?
Among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the Swedes for defense purposes .	the Swedes	Who built the three forts on St. Barts ?
One of these forts , known as Fort Oscar -LRB- formerly Gustav Adolph -RRB- , which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe .	Gustav Adolph	What was the former name of Fort Oscar ?
The fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts , guardhouse , munitions depot , wood-burning oven and so forth .	1787	When was Fort Gustav built ?
The third fort built by the Swedes is the Fort Gustav , which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the Light House .	ruins	Most of the Forts in St. Barts are now all what ?
One of these forts , known as Fort Oscar -LRB- formerly Gustav Adolph -RRB- , which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe .	La Pointe	On what part of the island is Fort Oscar located on the far side of ?
The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants ; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels .	over 70	How many restaurants does the island have ?
The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants ; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels .	in the hotels	Where are most of the nice restaurants located ?
There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call `` les snacks '' or `` les petits creux '' which include sandwiches , pizzas and salads .	les petits creux	What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks ?
West Indian cuisine , steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common ; Creole dishes tend to be spicier .	spicier	Creole food is often what ?
The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year , with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon , fresh grilled lobster , Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk , and grilled beef fillet etc. .	gastronomic	What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year ?
The Transat AG2R Race , held every alternate year , is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany , France , reaching St. Barthélemy .	every alternate year	How often is the AG2R Race held ?
The Transat AG2R Race , held every alternate year , is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany , France , reaching St. Barthélemy .	Concarneau	Where does the AG2R originate from ?
It is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment .	boats	What type of vehicles participate in the AG2R Race ?
It is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment .	10 m	What is the size requirement for entry into the AG2R Race ?
Each boat is navigated by two sailors .	two	How many people are in the vehicle for the AG2R Race ?
St. Barthélemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters .	the north coast	Where is the airport located on the island ?
St. Barthélemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters .	charters	What other than small commercial aircraft can land at the airport on St. Barts ?
The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten : Princess Juliana International Airport , which acts as a hub , providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barthélemy .	Princess Juliana International Airport	What is the name of the nearest large commercial airport ?
The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten : Princess Juliana International Airport , which acts as a hub , providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barthélemy .	Sint Maarten	What Island is the nearest major airport located on ?
St. Barthélemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters .	Gustaf III	What is the name of the airport in St. Barts ?
Saint-Barthélemy -LRB- French : Saint-Barthélemy , French pronunciation : -LSB- sɛ̃baʁtelemi -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy -LRB- French : Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy -RRB- , is an overseas collectivity of France .	France	What country is Saint-Barthélemy a collectivity of ?
Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French , or St. Barts or St. Barths in English , the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao .	Saint-Barth	What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barthélemy ?
Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French , or St. Barts or St. Barths in English , the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao .	English	In what language is Saint-Barthélemy abbreviate St. Barts ?
Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French , or St. Barts or St. Barths in English , the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao .	Ouanalao	What did the native peoples of Saint-Barthélemy call the island ?
Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres -LRB- 150 mi -RRB- to the west in the Greater Antilles .	west	In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barthélemy ?
Saint Barthélemy , a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs , has an area of 25 square kilometres -LRB- 9.7 sq mi -RRB- and a population of 9,035 -LRB- Jan. 2011 estimate -RRB- .	volcanic	What kind of island is St. Barts ?
Saint Barthélemy , a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs , has an area of 25 square kilometres -LRB- 9.7 sq mi -RRB- and a population of 9,035 -LRB- Jan. 2011 estimate -RRB- .	9,035	What is the population of St. Barts ?
Its capital is Gustavia -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , which also contains the main harbour to the island .	Gustavia	What is the capital of St. Barts ?
It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time ; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars .	Swedish	What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time ?
The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season , especially for the rich and famous during the Christmas and new year period .	the winter holiday season	When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts ?
Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe , which is an overseas region and department of France .	Guadeloupe	St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune ?
Through a referendum in 2003 , island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe , and it was finally accomplished in 2007 .	2003	When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe ?
Through a referendum in 2003 , island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe , and it was finally accomplished in 2007 .	2007	When did St. Barts finally received its independence ?
The Hotel de Ville , which was the town hall , is now the Hotel de la Collectivité .	Hotel de la Collectivité	What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall ?
A senator represents the island in Paris .	A senator	Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation ?
Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay , to the northwest , has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance .	Colombier Bay	What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts ?
Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay , to the northwest , has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance .	small	Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats ?
The north and east sides of the island are fringed , to a short distance from the shore , by a visible coral reef .	visible coral reef	The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what ?
Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible .	shallow	Reefs are almost always in what type of water ?
The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs , some of which are part of a marine reserve .	a marine reserve	Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what ?
There are as many as 22 public beaches -LRB- most beaches on St Barthélémy are known as `` Anse de ... '' etc. -RRB- of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming .	22	How many public beaches are there in St. Barts ?
There are as many as 22 public beaches -LRB- most beaches on St Barthélémy are known as `` Anse de ... '' etc. -RRB- of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming .	15	How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in ?
They are categorized and divided into two groups , the leeward side -LRB- calm waters protected by the island itself -RRB- and windward side -LRB- some of which are protected by hills and reefs -RRB- .	leeward	What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself ?
They are categorized and divided into two groups , the leeward side -LRB- calm waters protected by the island itself -RRB- and windward side -LRB- some of which are protected by hills and reefs -RRB- .	windward	What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds ?
The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing .	windsurfing	The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity ?
Although the climate is essentially arid , the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually , but with considerable variation over the terrain .	arid	What type of climate does St. Barts typically have ?
The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres -LRB- 2,500 ha -RRB- .	2,500	How many hectares does the island have in total ?
Although the climate is essentially arid , the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually , but with considerable variation over the terrain .	1000 mm	How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year ?
Summer is from May to November , which is also the rainy season .	November	When does summer end in St. Barts ?
The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °C .	13 °C	What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts ?
When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744 -LSB- verification needed -RSB- , the town 's architectural buildings were destroyed -LSB- verification needed -RSB- .	1744	When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts ?
Subsequently , new structures were built in the town around the harbour area -LSB- verification needed -RSB- and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings , when they had occupied the town .	1785	What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town ?
Earlier to their occupation , the port was known as `` Carénage '' .	Carénage	What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts ?
The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III .	Gustavia	What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation ?
The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century .	the Caribbean war	What war occurred in the 18th century ?
Musée Territorial de St.-Barth élemy is a historical museum known as the `` St. Barts Municipal Museum '' also called the `` Wall House '' -LRB- musée -- bibliothèque -RRB- in Gustavia , which is located on the far end of La Pointe .	St. Barts Municipal Museum	What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts ?
Musée Territorial de St.-Barth élemy is a historical museum known as the `` St. Barts Municipal Museum '' also called the `` Wall House '' -LRB- musée -- bibliothèque -RRB- in Gustavia , which is located on the far end of La Pointe .	Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy	What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts ?
Musée Territorial de St.-Barth élemy is a historical museum known as the `` St. Barts Municipal Museum '' also called the `` Wall House '' -LRB- musée -- bibliothèque -RRB- in Gustavia , which is located on the far end of La Pointe .	Gustavia	What town is the Museum located in ?
The island 's history relating to French , Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs , maps and paintings .	British	Besides the French and Swedish , who else occupied the island ?
Also on display are the ancestral costumes , antique tools , models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats .	Creole	What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts ?
In modern molecular biology and genetics , the genome is the genetic material of an organism .	molecular biology and genetics	In what fields of science is the genome studied ?
It consists of DNA -LRB- or RNA in RNA viruses -RRB- .	DNA	What is the content of the human genome ?
It consists of DNA -LRB- or RNA in RNA viruses -RRB- .	RNA	What constitutes the viral genome ?
The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler , professor of botany at the University of Hamburg , Germany .	Hans Winkler	Who coined the word genome ?
The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler , professor of botany at the University of Hamburg , Germany .	1920	In what year was the word genome first created ?
The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler , professor of botany at the University of Hamburg , Germany .	University of Hamburg	At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome ?
A few related - ome words already existed -- such as biome , rhizome , forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically .	biome, rhizome	Which two similar words share etymology with genome ?
In classical genetics , in a sexually reproducing organism -LRB- typically eukarya -RRB- the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell .	half	A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell ?
The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis .	meiosis	What process splits the chromosome between gametes ?
In haploid organisms , including cells of bacteria , archaea , and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts , or viruses , that similarly contain genes , the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA -LRB- or RNA for some viruses -RRB- , likewise constitute the genome .	mitochondria and chloroplasts	What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics , which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes .	genomics	What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics , which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes .	single genes or groups of genes	In contrast to genomics , genetics usually studies what ?
When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been `` sequenced '' , typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome , which together represent both of the possible sexes .	sequenced	What is the catalog of contents of a particular species ' genetic makeup ?
Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another , and there is only a rough correlation between the two -LRB- an observation known as the C-value paradox -RRB- .	C-value paradox	What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called ?
At present , the highest known number of genes is around 60,000 , for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis -LRB- see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes -RRB- , almost three times as many as in the human genome .	trichomoniasis	Which organism has the most genes ?
At present , the highest known number of genes is around 60,000 , for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis -LRB- see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes -RRB- , almost three times as many as in the human genome .	60,000	How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have ?
At present , the highest known number of genes is around 60,000 , for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis -LRB- see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes -RRB- , almost three times as many as in the human genome .	three times	Relative to the human genome , how many more genes does trichomoniasis have ?
In 1976 , Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent -LRB- Belgium -RRB- was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome -LRB- Bacteriophage MS2 -RRB- .	Walter Fiers	Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome ?
In 1976 , Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent -LRB- Belgium -RRB- was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome -LRB- Bacteriophage MS2 -RRB- .	Bacteriophage MS2	Which viral genome did Fiers sequence ?
The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence : Phage Φ-X174 , of 5386 base pairs .	Fred Sanger	Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome ?
The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s : The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae , completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995 .	Institute for Genomic Research	What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome ?
The first genome sequence for an archaeon , Methanococcus jannaschii , was completed in 1996 , again by The Institute for Genomic Research .	1996	In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced ?
The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information .	US National Institutes of Health	Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes ?
Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice , a mouse , the plant Arabidopsis thaliana , the puffer fish , and the bacteria E. coli .	mouse	What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced ?
Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice , a mouse , the plant Arabidopsis thaliana , the puffer fish , and the bacteria E. coli .	puffer fish	What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced ?
In December 2013 , scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal , an extinct species of humans .	December 2013	When was the Neanderthal 's genome sequenced ?
New sequencing technologies , such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool , as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine .	massive parallel sequencing	What is a recent development in sequencing methods ?
New sequencing technologies , such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool , as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine .	Manteia Predictive Medicine	Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup ?
A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson , one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA .	James D. Watson	Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007 ?
A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson , one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA .	the structure of DNA	What is Watson famous for helping discover ?
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome , a genome map identifies the landmarks .	genome map	What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome ?
The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome .	The Human Genome Project	Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material ?
A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris .	Jean Weissenbach	Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project ?
A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris .	Genoscope	Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work ?
Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome , which should include genome size , proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details .	Genome composition	What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome ?
By comparing the genome compositions between genomes , scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome .	evolutionary history	What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about ?
When talking about genome composition , one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have .	prokaryotes and eukaryotes	What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition ?
On the contrary , eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes ; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high .	exon-intron	What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes ?
In mammals and plants , the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA .	mammals and plants	In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA ?
In some contexts , such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe , `` genome '' is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material , which is carried in plasmids .	pathogenic microbe	What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes ?
Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes .	virus	What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes ?
In some contexts , such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe , `` genome '' is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material , which is carried in plasmids .	plasmids	Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes ?
In eukaryotes such as plants , protozoa and animals , however , `` genome '' carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA .	plants, protozoa and animals	What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes ?
The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the `` plastome '' .	plastome	What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts ?
In fact , mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the `` mitochondrial genome '' .	mitochondrial genome	What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria ?
Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome .	Genome size	What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome ?
The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes ; however , after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above , this correlation is no longer effective .	morphological complexity	What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes ?
This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes .	repetitive DNA	What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes ?
There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms -LRB- see Developmental biology -RRB- .	minimal genomes	What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live ?
The work is both in vivo and in silico .	in vivo and in silico	In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes ?
Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA .	Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes	What are two types of non-repetitive DNA ?
The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size .	proportion of non-repetitive DNA	In higher eukaryotes , what has an inverse relationship with genome size ?
The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size .	genome size	What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA ?
Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA , lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly , still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA .	E. coli	What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA ?
Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA , lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly , still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA .	C. elegans and fruit fly	What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA ?
In some plants and amphibians , the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20 % , becoming a minority component .	20%	What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes ?
There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome : tandem repeats and interspersed repeats .	tandem repeats and interspersed repeats	What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes ?
The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size .	proportion of repetitive DNA	What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome ?
Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication , unequal crossing-over and gene conversion , satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome .	Tandem repeats	Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA ?
Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication , unequal crossing-over and gene conversion , satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome .	satellite DNA and microsatellites	What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA ?
Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome , the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type , interspersed repeats .	interspersed repeats.	What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals ?
Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell .	Transposable elements	What is the main source of interspersed repeats ?
It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes .	genome evolution	What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes ?
TEs can be classified into two categories , Class 1 -LRB- retrotransposons -RRB- and Class 2 -LRB- DNA transposons -RRB- .	retrotransposons	What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements ?
TEs can be classified into two categories , Class 1 -LRB- retrotransposons -RRB- and Class 2 -LRB- DNA transposons -RRB- .	DNA transposons	What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements ?
Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA , which are then duplicated at another site into the genome .	RNA	What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons ?
DNA transposons generally move by `` cut and paste '' in the genome , but duplication has also been observed .	cut and paste	What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move ?
Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria , in metazoan it has also been found .	RNA	DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs ?
Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number -LRB- karyotype -RRB- , genome size , gene order , codon usage bias , and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today -LRB- for recent overviews , see Brown 2002 ; Saccone and Pesole 2003 ; Benfey and Protopapas 2004 ; Gibson and Muse 2004 ; Reese 2004 ; Gregory 2005 -RRB- .	karyotype	What is another word for the total count of chromosomes ?
Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number -LRB- karyotype -RRB- , genome size , gene order , codon usage bias , and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today -LRB- for recent overviews , see Brown 2002 ; Saccone and Pesole 2003 ; Benfey and Protopapas 2004 ; Gibson and Muse 2004 ; Reese 2004 ; Gregory 2005 -RRB- .	genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content	Aside from karyotype , what are other genomic traits studied by scientists ?
Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome .	Duplications	What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is ?
Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty .	genetic novelty	What is a possible product of duplications ?
Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related .	Horizontal gene transfer	What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome ?
Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes .	microbes	In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly ?
Also , eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes .	chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes	Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer ?
A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude .	comprehensive school	What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit ?
This is in contrast to the selective school system , where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria .	selective school system	What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions ?
The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales , where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965 .	England and Wales	What countries used comprehensive schools extensively ?
About 90 % of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools .	90%	How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England ?
They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule .	Gesamtschule	What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school ?
A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum , including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning , which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools .	design and technology and vocational learning	What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools ?
This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11 -- 16 schools , with the post-16 provision provided by Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges .	Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges	What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education ?
In addition , government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain .	City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes	Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question ?
Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965 , there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation .	164	How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales ?
Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965 , there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation .	1965	In what year were comprehensive schools first created ?
In principle , comprehensive schools were conceived as `` neighbourhood '' schools for all students in a specified catchment area .	neighbourhood	What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school 's intake ?
Current education reforms with Academies Programme , Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree .	Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges	What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools ?
Finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s , in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu , from the age 7 to 16 .	1970s	In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools ?
Finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s , in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu , from the age 7 to 16 .	7 to 16	What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover ?
Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule .	comprehensive	What type of school is the Gesamtschule ?
They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well , general education classes for average students , and remedial courses for those who are n't doing that well .	remedial	What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success ?
In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss , the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school .	the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur	What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn ?
In the State of Brandenburg more than 50 % of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007 , while in the State of Bavaria less than 1 % did .	50%	What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007 ?
In the State of Brandenburg more than 50 % of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007 , while in the State of Bavaria less than 1 % did .	less than 1%	What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007 ?
Starting in 2010/2011 , Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg , called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin -LRB- see : Education in Berlin , Education in Hamburg -RRB- .	Stadtteilschule	What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg ?
Starting in 2010/2011 , Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg , called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin -LRB- see : Education in Berlin , Education in Hamburg -RRB- .	Sekundarschule	What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin ?
Starting in 2010/2011 , Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg , called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin -LRB- see : Education in Berlin , Education in Hamburg -RRB- .	2010/2011	In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen ?
The `` Mittelschule '' is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes .	college preparatory classes	What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule ?
Students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur .	Abitur	What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students ?
In some States of Germany , the Hauptschule does not exist , and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule .	Hauptschule	What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany ?
Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of `` Five '' , which means `` Failed '' .	grade inflation	What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in ?
Barbara Sommer -LRB- Christian Democratic Union -RRB- , Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia , commented that : Looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the Gymnasium -LSB- at the Abitur central examination -RSB- -LSB- ... -RSB- it is difficult to understand why the Social Democratic Party of Germany wants to do away with the Gymnasium .	Barbara Sommer	Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools ' ability to help students succeed ?
As a reaction , Sigrid Beer -LRB- Alliance ' 90/The Greens -RRB- stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government , which favoured the Gymnasiums .	Sigrid Beer	Which German politician defended comprehensive schools ?
Barbara Sommer -LRB- Christian Democratic Union -RRB- , Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia , commented that : Looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the Gymnasium -LSB- at the Abitur central examination -RSB- -LSB- ... -RSB- it is difficult to understand why the Social Democratic Party of Germany wants to do away with the Gymnasium .	Christian Democratic Union	Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to ?
As a reaction , Sigrid Beer -LRB- Alliance ' 90/The Greens -RRB- stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government , which favoured the Gymnasiums .	Alliance '90/The Greens	Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to ?
Gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies .	bright working class students	Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen ?
It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers .	middle class peers	From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools ?
However it is not students attending a comprehensive , but students attending a Hauptschule , who perform the poorest .	Hauptschule	At which school do students achieve the least success ?
According to a study done by Helmut Fend -LRB- who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools -RRB- revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students .	Helmut Fend	Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools ?
He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools .	tripartite system	To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni ?
Gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972 .	1972	When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar ?
Students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their A-levels .	sixth form	Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar ?
Students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their A-levels .	A-levels	What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form ?
Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery , Minister for Education , to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system , which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state .	1966	When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools ?
Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery , Minister for Education , to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system , which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state .	Patrick Hillery	Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland ?
Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery , Minister for Education , to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system , which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state .	vocational school system	What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools ?
The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept .	community school	What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland ?
In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools , introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s .	1970s	In what decade were community schools conceived ?
The state owns the school property , which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity .	The state	Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found ?
The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools , but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management .	the denominational basis of the schools	What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model ?
Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model , but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations .	Community colleges	What is a term for a grouping of local schools that can not exist independently ?
In 1946 , for example , Walworth School was one of five ` experimental ' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949 .	1946	In what year was the Walworth School established ?
In 1946 , for example , Walworth School was one of five ` experimental ' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949 .	London County Council	Who established the Walworth School ?
In 1946 , for example , Walworth School was one of five ` experimental ' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949 .	Holyhead County School	What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey ?
In 1946 , for example , Walworth School was one of five ` experimental ' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949 .	1949	When was Holyhead County School established ?
Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry -LRB- opened in 1954 -RRB- and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton .	Woodlands Boys School	Which comprehensive school openend in coventry ?
The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland , Secretary of State for Education in the 1964 -- 1970 Labour government .	Anthony Crosland	Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965 ?
The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland , Secretary of State for Education in the 1964 -- 1970 Labour government .	Secretary of State for Education	what was Anthony Crosland 's role in government ?
Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places , which varied between 15 % and 25 % of total secondary places , depending on location .	Secondary technical schools	Which type of school was not in widespread usage ?
In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government .	Margaret Thatcher	Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970 ?
She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert , however , many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process , and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary .	comprehensive	What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to ?
In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government .	Conservative	What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education ?
By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system .	1975	By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use ?
Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives , whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population .	neighbourhood comprehensives	What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become ?
Some local authorities , including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands , changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s .	comprehensive schools	Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what ?
Some local authorities , including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands , changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s .	Sandwell and Dudley	What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s ?
In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the ` great debate ' on the education system .	James Callaghan	Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976 ?
Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England , and the only type in Wales .	Comprehensive school	What is the only kind of school operating in Wales ?
In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the ` great debate ' on the education system .	Labour	Which political party was James Callaghan a member of ?
Since the 1988 Education Reform Act , parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead .	Education Reform Act	What law enables parents full control over their child 's education ?
Since the 1988 Education Reform Act , parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead .	1988	In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law ?
Government policy is currently promoting ` specialisation ' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child 's interests and skills .	specialisation	What concept does the government currently support for education ?
This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance .	league tables of school performance	Parental choice has informed what controversial practice ?
Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales , though also based on comprehensive education .	comprehensive	All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type ?
The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005 .	specialist schools	What has Scotland refused to adopt ?
The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005 .	2005	When was Scotland 's latest rejection of the specialist school model ?
Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom , but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland .	Scotland	Which country is Northern England 's school system most different from ?
Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom , but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland .	England and Wales	Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland ?
The Republic of the Congo -LRB- French : République du Congo -RRB- , also known as Congo , Congo Republic , West Congo -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , or Congo-Brazzaville , is a country located in Central Africa .	République du Congo	What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo ?
It is bordered by five countries : Gabon to the west ; Cameroon to the northwest ; the Central African Republic to the northeast ; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south ; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest .	Central African Republic	Which country lies on Congo 's northeast border ?
It is bordered by five countries : Gabon to the west ; Cameroon to the northwest ; the Central African Republic to the northeast ; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south ; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest .	Gabon	Whic country lies on Congo 's western border ?
It is bordered by five countries : Gabon to the west ; Cameroon to the northwest ; the Central African Republic to the northeast ; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south ; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest .	Cameroon	Which country lies on Congo 's northwest border ?
The Republic of the Congo -LRB- French : République du Congo -RRB- , also known as Congo , Congo Republic , West Congo -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , or Congo-Brazzaville , is a country located in Central Africa .	Central Africa	In what part of Africa is the Congo located ?
Upon independence in 1960 , the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo .	1960	When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule ?
Multi-party elections have been held since 1992 , although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years .	Denis Sassou Nguesso	Who is the ruler of the Congo ?
Multi-party elections have been held since 1992 , although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years .	President	What title does Nguesso hold ?
The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues .	fourth	What is the Congo 's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea ?
The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues .	oil revenues	What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo ?
Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region , the Pygmy people , about 1500 BC .	Pygmy	What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes ?
Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region , the Pygmy people , about 1500 BC .	1500 BC	When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people ?
The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484 .	Diogo Cão	Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484 ?
The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484 .	Portuguese	What was Diogo Cao 's nationality ?
Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities , manufactured goods , and people captured from the hinterlands .	commodities, manufactured goods, and people	What did European traders exchange with Bantu people ?
After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade , direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century , subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region .	late 19th century	When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin ?
After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade , direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century , subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region .	Bantu societies	Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin ?
The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza 's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke .	1880	When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River ?
The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza 's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke .	Pierre de Brazza	Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people ?
This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo , then as Middle Congo in 1903 .	Middle Congo	What was the French Congo 's name changed to in 1903 ?
In 1908 , France organized French Equatorial Africa -LRB- AEF -RRB- , comprising Middle Congo , Gabon , Chad , and Oubangui-Chari -LRB- the modern Central African Republic -RRB- .	French Equatorial Africa	What group of French colonies was created in 1908 ?
The methods were often brutal : construction of the Congo -- Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives .	14,000	How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad ?
During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II , Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943 .	Brazzaville	What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation ?
The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy .	Brazzaville Conference of 1944	What meeting brought about changes in France 's policy towards its colonies ?
It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic .	1946	When did Brazzaville get its own local government ?
It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic .	the Fourth Republic	What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as ?
Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958 , the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts , each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community .	1958	When was the Fifth Republic founded ?
Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958 , the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts , each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community .	the AEF	What was disbanded in 1958 ?
During these reforms , Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959 .	the Republic of the Congo	In 1958 , what did the Middle Congo change its name to ?
During these reforms , Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959 .	1959	When did the Congo establish its first constitution ?
The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15 , 1960 .	August 15, 1960	On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule ?
Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country 's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him .	Fulbert Youlou	Who was the first leader of the independent Congo ?
The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat .	Alphonse Massamba-Débat	Who replaced Youlou ?
Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country 's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him .	labour elements and rival political parties	Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou 's removal ?
The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat .	Congolese military	Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat ?
Under the 1963 constitution , Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term .	Massamba-Débat	Who became president of the Congo in 1963 ?
During Massamba-Débat 's term in office the regime adopted `` scientific socialism '' as the country 's constitutional ideology .	scientific socialism	What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat ?
Massamba-Débat 's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party 's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi .	Cuban	Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo ?
Nevertheless , Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional , tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in September 1968 .	September 1968	When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo ?
Marien Ngouabi , who had participated in the coup , assumed the presidency on December 31 , 1968 .	Marien Ngouabi	Who became president of the Congo in 1968 ?
One year later , President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa 's first `` people 's republic '' , the People 's Republic of the Congo , and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party -LRB- PCT -RRB- .	People's Republic of the Congo	What did the Congo 's name become under Ngouabi ?
One year later , President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa 's first `` people 's republic '' , the People 's Republic of the Congo , and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party -LRB- PCT -RRB- .	Congolese Labour Party	What did the National Revolutionary Movement 's name become ?
Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16 , 1977 .	1972	In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi ?
Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16 , 1977 .	March 16, 1977	On what date was Ngouabi assassinated ?
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union .	Eastern Bloc	Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with ?
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union .	the Soviet Union	Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with ?
Over the years , Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship .	dictatorship	What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou 's type of government ?
Over the years , Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship .	political repression	What was an important tool of the Sassou government ?
Pascal Lissouba , who became Congo 's first elected president -LRB- 1992 -- 1997 -RRB- during the period of multi-party democracy , attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy .	Pascal Lissouba	Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992 ?
Pascal Lissouba , who became Congo 's first elected president -LRB- 1992 -- 1997 -RRB- during the period of multi-party democracy , attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy .	IMF	Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy ?
In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69 .5 m -LRB- US$ 100m -RRB- enhanced structural adjustment facility -LRB- ESAF -RRB- and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997 .	civil war	What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo ?
In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69 .5 m -LRB- US$ 100m -RRB- enhanced structural adjustment facility -LRB- ESAF -RRB- and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997 .	enhanced structural adjustment facility	What does ESAF stand for ?
Congo 's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war .	Lissouba and Sassou	Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997 ?
On June 5 , President Lissouba 's government forces surrounded Sassou 's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia -LRB- known as `` Cobras '' -RRB- to resist .	Cobras	What is the name of Sassou 's personal army ?
In early October , the Angolan socialist régime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power .	Angolan	What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country ?
In early October , the Angolan socialist régime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power .	October	In what month did Sassou regain the presidency ?
His two main rivals , Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas , were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival , Andre Milongo , advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race .	Milongo	Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters ?
A new constitution , agreed upon by referendum in January 2002 , granted the president new powers , extended his term to seven years , and introduced a new bicameral assembly .	seven years	How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution ?
A new constitution , agreed upon by referendum in January 2002 , granted the president new powers , extended his term to seven years , and introduced a new bicameral assembly .	January 2002	When was the new constitution ratified ?
Following the presidential elections , fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi ; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003 .	April 2003	When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi 's rebels ?
Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009 .	Sassou	Who won the presidential election in 2009 ?
According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights , a non-governmental organization , the election was marked by `` very low '' turnout and `` fraud and irregularities '' .	Congolese Observatory of Human Rights	Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009 ?
According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights , a non-governmental organization , the election was marked by `` very low '' turnout and `` fraud and irregularities '' .	very low	What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections ?
Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s , although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso ; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule .	multi-party	What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s ?
Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party -LRB- French : Parti Congolais du Travail -RRB- as well as a range of smaller parties .	Congolese Labour Party	Which party does Sassou belong to ?
Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party -LRB- French : Parti Congolais du Travail -RRB- as well as a range of smaller parties .	Parti Congolais du Travail	What is the French term for Sassou 's political party ?
Internationally , Sassou 's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them .	corruption revelations	What has Sassou 's regime attempted to censor ?
One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France ; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as `` racist '' and `` colonial '' .	France	What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime ?
On March 27 , 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country 's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office .	March 27, 2015	When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution ?
On March 27 , 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country 's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office .	third	Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue ?
In 2008 , the main media were owned by the government , but many more privately run forms of media were being created .	the government	Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008
There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels .	one	How many government TV stations exist ?
There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels .	10	How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run ?
Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery .	Bantus	Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies ?
The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way `` pets '' are .	pets	The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what ?
On December 30 , 2010 , the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples .	December 30, 2010	When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people ?
Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa , along the Equator , lying between latitudes 4 ° N and 5 ° S , and longitudes 11 ° and 19 ° E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo .	4°N and 5°S	Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located ?
It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean .	Atlantic Ocean	What ocean connects to the Congo ?
It is also bounded by Gabon to the west , Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north , and Cabinda -LRB- Angola -RRB- to the southwest .	Cabinda	Which country lies southwest of the Congo ?
It is also bounded by Gabon to the west , Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north , and Cabinda -LRB- Angola -RRB- to the southwest .	Angola	What is another name for Cabinda ?
The capital , Brazzaville , is located on the Congo River , in the south of the country , immediately across from Kinshasa , the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo .	Brazzaville	What is the capital of the Congo ?
The capital , Brazzaville , is located on the Congo River , in the south of the country , immediately across from Kinshasa , the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo .	Congo River	On what river can Brazzaville be found ?
The capital , Brazzaville , is located on the Congo River , in the south of the country , immediately across from Kinshasa , the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo .	Kinshasa	What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville ?
The capital , Brazzaville , is located on the Congo River , in the south of the country , immediately across from Kinshasa , the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo .	Democratic Republic of the Congo	What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of ?
The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River ; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north .	coastal plain	What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo ?
The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River ; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north .	Kouilou-Niari River	Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo ?
The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River ; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north .	plateau	The middle of the country features what kind of geography ?
Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure .	Forests	What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain ?
Since the country is located on the Equator , the climate is consistent year-round , with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °C -LRB- 75 °F -RRB- and nights generally between 16 °C -LRB- 61 °F -RRB- and 21 °C -LRB- 70 °F -RRB- .	Equator	On what major line of latitude is the Congo located ?
Since the country is located on the Equator , the climate is consistent year-round , with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °C -LRB- 75 °F -RRB- and nights generally between 16 °C -LRB- 61 °F -RRB- and 21 °C -LRB- 70 °F -RRB- .	24 °C (75 °F)	What is the average temperature in the Congo when the sun is up ?
Since the country is located on the Equator , the climate is consistent year-round , with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °C -LRB- 75 °F -RRB- and nights generally between 16 °C -LRB- 61 °F -RRB- and 21 °C -LRB- 70 °F -RRB- .	16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F)	What is the average temperature range in the Congo during the night time ?
The dry season is from June to August while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima : one in March -- May and another in September -- November .	June to August	When does the Congo experience dry season ?
In 2006 -- 07 , researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region .	Wildlife Conservation Society	Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07 ?
In 2006 -- 07 , researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region .	Sangha Region	What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society ?
They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas , whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps .	inhospitable swamps	What was responsible for maintaining the separation between the gorillas and humans ?
Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy .	Petroleum	What is the focus of the Congo 's industrial production ?
The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts , an industrial sector based largely on petroleum , support services , and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing .	budget problems and overstaffing	What are two issues in the Congolese government ?
Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy .	forestry	What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy ?
In 2008 , oil sector accounted for 65 % of the GDP , 85 % of government revenue , and 92 % of exports .	65%	What percentage of the Congo 's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008 ?
In 2008 , oil sector accounted for 65 % of the GDP , 85 % of government revenue , and 92 % of exports .	92%	What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008 ?
In the early 1980s , rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5 % annually , one of the highest rates in Africa .	large-scale development projects	What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s ?
In the early 1980s , rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5 % annually , one of the highest rates in Africa .	5%	What was the Congo 's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s ?
January 12 , 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50 % resulted in inflation of 46 % in 1994 , but inflation has subsided since .	50%	By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994 ?
January 12 , 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50 % resulted in inflation of 46 % in 1994 , but inflation has subsided since .	46%	How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc ?
The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted .	civil war	What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997 ?
However , economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998 , which worsened the republic 's budget deficit .	slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict	What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war ?
However , economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998 , which worsened the republic 's budget deficit .	December 1998	When did military conflict resume in the Congo ?
The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty , despite record-high oil prices since 2003 .	stimulating recovery and reducing poverty	What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government ?
Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports , although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo ; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007 .	Natural gas and diamonds	What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently ?
Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports , although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo ; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007 .	2007	When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process ?
The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal , gold , iron and phosphate deposits .	base metal, gold, iron and phosphate	What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo ?
The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa -LRB- OHADA -RRB- .	Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa	What business organization is the Congo a member of ?
The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports .	200,000 hectares	How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009 ?
Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land , air and water transportation .	land, air and water	What forms of transport are available in the Congo ?
The country 's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation .	1930s	When was the Congo 's train system built ?
There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports -LRB- Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport -RRB- which have flights to Paris and many African cities .	Paris	What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines ?
The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo .	Atlantic Ocean	On what ocean is a major port located ?
Thus , Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa , with 70 % of its total population living in a few urban areas , namely in Brazzaville , Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre -LRB- 332 mi -RRB- railway which connects the two cities .	534-kilometre (332 mi)	How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire ?
Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse -- Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country -- but can be grouped into three categories .	62	How many languages are used in the Congo ?
The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population .	Kongo	What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo ?
Boulangui -LRB- M'Boshi -RRB- live in the northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12 % of the population .	12%	What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui ?
Before the 1997 war , about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo , most of whom were French ; only a fraction of this number remains .	about 9,000	Prior to the civil war in ' 97 , how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo ?
Before the 1997 war , about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo , most of whom were French ; only a fraction of this number remains .	French	What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war ?
Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo .	Around 300	How many Americans live in the Congo ?
According to CIA World Factbook , the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics -LRB- 33.1 % -RRB- , Awakening Lutherans -LRB- 22.3 % -RRB- and other Protestants -LRB- 19.9 % -RRB- .	Catholics	What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo ?
According to CIA World Factbook , the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics -LRB- 33.1 % -RRB- , Awakening Lutherans -LRB- 22.3 % -RRB- and other Protestants -LRB- 19.9 % -RRB- .	22.3%	What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans ?
According to CIA World Factbook , the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics -LRB- 33.1 % -RRB- , Awakening Lutherans -LRB- 22.3 % -RRB- and other Protestants -LRB- 19.9 % -RRB- .	19.9%	What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant ?
Followers of Islam make up 1.6 % , and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers .	1.6%	What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo ?
Followers of Islam make up 1.6 % , and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers .	foreign workers	Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo ?
Public expenditure health was at 8.9 % of the GDP in 2004 , whereas private expenditure was at 1.3 % .	8.9%	How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004 ?
As of 2012 , the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8 % among 15 - to 49-year-olds .	2.8%	What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population ?
As of 2010 , the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100 ,000 live births , and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1 ,000 live births .	560	As measured in 2010 , how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo ?
Female genital mutilation -LRB- FGM -RRB- is rare in the country , being confined to limited geographic areas of the country .	Female genital mutilation	What does FGM stand for ?
As of 2010 , the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100 ,000 live births , and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1 ,000 live births .	59.34	How many infants die for every 1,000 live births ?
Net primary enrollment rate was 44 % in 2005 , much less than the 79 % in 1991 .	44%	What was the school enrollment rate in 2005 ?
Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate .	baccalaureate	What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive ?
Instruction at all levels is in French , and the educational system as a whole models the French system .	French	What language is used in Congolese schools ?
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government , often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system .	executive	What branch of government does the prime minister lead ?
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government , often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system .	cabinet	What group is the prime minister usually in charge of ?
In a minority of systems , notably in semi-presidential systems of government , a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state .	civil service	In some political models like semi-presidential systems , what does the prime minister manage ?
In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system , the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch .	Westminster system	What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based ?
In such systems , the head of state or the head of state 's official representative -LRB- i.e. the monarch , president , or governor-general -RRB- usually holds a largely ceremonial position , although often with reserve powers .	ceremonial	What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments ?
The prime minister is often , but not always , a member of parliament -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature .	ensure the passage of bills	What is a central duty of the prime minister ?
In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers -LRB- known as the royal prerogative -RRB- that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament .	royal prerogative	What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers ?
The prime minister is often , but not always , a member of parliament -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature .	parliament	Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body ?
As well as being head of government , a prime minister may have other roles or titles -- the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , for example , is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service .	First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service	What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the UK ?
Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts -- for example , during the Second World War , Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence -LRB- although there was then no Ministry of Defence -RRB- , and in the current cabinet of Israel , Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications , Foreign Affairs , Regional Cooperation , Economy and Interior	Minister of Defence	In addition to being Prime Minister , what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II ?
The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre -LSB- citation needed -RSB- was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France .	1625	When was the title of prime minister first used ?
The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre -LSB- citation needed -RSB- was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France .	Cardinal Richelieu	Who coined the term prime minister ?
The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre -LSB- citation needed -RSB- was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France .	France	What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for ?
Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers .	Louis XIV	Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister ?
The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole .	18th century	When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being ?
The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole .	Sir Robert Walpole	Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense ?
Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII ; William Cecil , Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I ; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne .	Thomas Cromwell	Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII ?
Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII ; William Cecil , Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I ; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne .	Godolphin	Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne ?
Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII ; William Cecil , Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I ; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne .	Clarendon	Who served as the head minister under Charles II ?
The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch .	the monarch	From whom did ministers derive their power ?
The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch .	the monarch	Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet ?
Late in Anne 's reign , for example , the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power .	Harley and St John	Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously ?
When the monarch grew tired of a first minister , he or she could be dismissed , or worse : Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour .	Clarendon	Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch ?
In the mid 17th century , after the English Civil War -LRB- 1642 -- 1651 -RRB- , Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689 .	Glorious Revolution	What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch ?
In the mid 17th century , after the English Civil War -LRB- 1642 -- 1651 -RRB- , Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689 .	Bill of Rights	What 1689 law contributed to parliament 's growing power ?
The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government .	House of Commons	What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights ?
A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne .	George I	The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister ?
A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne .	1714	In what year did Queen Anne die ?
George spoke no English , spent much of his time at his home in Hanover , and had neither knowledge of , nor interest in , the details of English government .	Hanover	Where was George I 's home ?
From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole , who held office for twenty-one years .	twenty-one years	For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister ?
From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole , who held office for twenty-one years .	Whig	What party did Walpole belong to ?
Under Walpole , the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed .	doctrine of cabinet solidarity	What concept took shape during Walpole 's tenure as prime minister ?
Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king , and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy , all ministers must defend it in public , or resign .	resign	What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy ?
As a later prime minister , Lord Melbourne , said , `` It matters not what we say , gentlemen , so long as we all say the same thing . ''	Lord Melbourne	Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity ?
Walpole always denied that he was `` prime minister '' , and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution .	parliamentarians and legal scholars	Aside from Walpole , who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister ?
George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch , but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary .	George II and George III	Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy ?
The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905 .	Benjamin Disraeli	During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents ?
The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905 .	1905	When was the position of prime minister finally formalized ?
By the late 20th century , the majority of the world 's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister , holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president .	president	In the U.S. and governments modeled on it , who holds executive power ?
Bahrain 's prime minister , Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970 , making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister .	Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah	Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister ?
Bahrain 's prime minister , Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970 , making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister .	1970	When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister ?
Bahrain 's prime minister , Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970 , making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister .	Bahrain	What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister ?
The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies -LRB- such as Belgium , Denmark , Japan , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Malaysia , Morocco , Spain , Sweden , Thailand , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom -RRB- , and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official -LRB- such as Finland , the Czech Republic , France , Greece , Hungary , India , Indonesia , Ireland , Pakistan , Portugal , Montenegro , Croatia , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia and Turkey -RRB- .	parliamentary republics	Greece , Finland , Romania and Turkey use what kind of government ?
The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies -LRB- such as Belgium , Denmark , Japan , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Malaysia , Morocco , Spain , Sweden , Thailand , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom -RRB- , and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official -LRB- such as Finland , the Czech Republic , France , Greece , Hungary , India , Indonesia , Ireland , Pakistan , Portugal , Montenegro , Croatia , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia and Turkey -RRB- .	parliamentary republics	In whic type of government is the leader elected ?
The head of government of the People 's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China -LRB- Taiwan -RRB- is also appointed by the president , but requires no approval by the legislature .	Premier of the State Council	What is the term for the head of China 's government ?
The head of government of the People 's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China -LRB- Taiwan -RRB- is also appointed by the president , but requires no approval by the legislature .	Taiwan	What is another name for the Republic of China ?
In some presidential or semi-presidential systems , such as those of France , Russia or South Korea , the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service .	legislature	Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office ?
When it arises , such a state of affairs is usually referred to as -LRB- political -RRB- cohabitation .	cohabitation	What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties ?
Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either , but the parliament may force the resignation of the government .	resignation of the government	What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister ?
Bangladesh 's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister , and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal .	Bangladesh's	Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister ?
Bangladesh 's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister , and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal .	the process of his/her appointment and dismissal	What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister ?
The People 's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People 's Congress in China .	the National People's Congress	What is directly above the premier in the People 's Republic of China ?
Premier read as -LRB- Simplified Chinese : 总理 ; pinyin : Zŏnglĭ -RRB- in Chinese .	Zŏnglĭ	What is the pinyin form of premier ?
In the Constitution Act , 1982 , passing reference to a `` Prime Minister of Canada '' is added , though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers .	the Constitution Act	Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada ?
In the Constitution Act , 1982 , passing reference to a `` Prime Minister of Canada '' is added , though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers .	1982	When was the Constitution Act passed ?
In the Constitution Act , 1982 , passing reference to a `` Prime Minister of Canada '' is added , though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers .	federal and provincial first ministers	The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers ?
Czech Republic 's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic , and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal .	constitution	What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic ?
Though it had de facto existed for centuries , its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century .	first decade of the twentieth century	When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK ?
The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office , either First Lord of the Treasury -LRB- office in commission -RRB- , or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer -LRB- the last of whom was Balfour in 1905 -RRB- .	Balfour	Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer ?
The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office , either First Lord of the Treasury -LRB- office in commission -RRB- , or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer -LRB- the last of whom was Balfour in 1905 -RRB- .	1905	When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer ?
For example , Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion , in 1979 .	Margaret Thatcher	Which prime minister was appointed only one time ?
For example , Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion , in 1979 .	1979	When was Thatcher appointed prime minister ?
She remained continuously in power until 1990 , though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet .	1990	When did Thatcher last hold power ?
She remained continuously in power until 1990 , though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet .	cabinet	What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election ?
Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally ` renominated ' after every general election .	Taoiseach	What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland ?
The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament .	the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament	From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected ?
Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally ` renominated ' after every general election .	after every general election	When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated ?
In parliamentary systems , governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament -LRB- though a small minority of parliaments , by giving a right to block supply to upper houses , in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses , though in reality upper houses , even when they have the power , rarely exercise it -RRB- .	lower house of parliament	Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body ?
In parliamentary systems , governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament -LRB- though a small minority of parliaments , by giving a right to block supply to upper houses , in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses , though in reality upper houses , even when they have the power , rarely exercise it -RRB- .	upper houses	Which political division does not often utilize its power , if it has any ?
Where they lose a vote of confidence , have a motion of no confidence passed against them , or where they lose supply , most constitutional systems require either :	vote of confidence	What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government ?
However , in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution , requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government .	head of state	Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas ?
However , in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution , requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government .	resignation of the prime minister and his or her government	If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament , what needs to happen ?
However , in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution , requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government .	prime minister	In contemporary parliamentary governments , which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve ?
In the United Kingdom , for example , the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918 .	1918	When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started ?
Similarly , though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request , the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council -LRB- the then name for the Irish cabinet -RRB- .	1937	In Ireland , when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister ?
Similarly , though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request , the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council -LRB- the then name for the Irish cabinet -RRB- .	the Executive Council	The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament ?
Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet .	cabinet	What was the Executive Council an alternate name for ?
In Australia , the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott , Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd .	spill motion	What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia ?
In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach -LRB- which is rendered into English as prime minister -RRB- , and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning `` head of the government '' .	Chairman of the government	What is the Russian term for prime minister ?
In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach -LRB- which is rendered into English as prime minister -RRB- , and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning `` head of the government '' .	Rosh HaMemshalah	What is the Israeli term for prime minister ?
In many cases , though commonly used , `` prime minister '' is not the official title of the office-holder ; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government -LRB- Presidente del Gobierno -RRB- .	President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)	What is the term used in spain for prime minister ?
In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach -LRB- which is rendered into English as prime minister -RRB- , and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning `` head of the government '' .	Taoiseach	What is the Irish term for prime minister ?
Other common forms include president of the council of ministers -LRB- for example in Italy , Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri -RRB- , President of the Executive Council , or Minister-President .	president of the council of ministers	What is the Italian term for the prime minister ?
In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages -LRB- i.e. minister of state -RRB- .	statsminister	What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia ?
The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government `` prime minister '' -LRB- sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier -RRB- , regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country .	premier	What is a term that is used to mean prime minister ?
The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria , whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor ; Monaco , whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State ; and Vatican City , for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State .	Germany and Austria	Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government ?
The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria , whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor ; Monaco , whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State ; and Vatican City , for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State .	Minister of State	What is the head of Monaco 's government called ?
The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria , whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor ; Monaco , whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State ; and Vatican City , for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State .	Secretary of State	What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City ?
A stand-out case is the President of Iran , who is not actually a head of state , but the head of the government of Iran .	President	What is the head of Iran 's government called ?
In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president .	non-Commonwealth countries	In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency ?
In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position , for example in the Prime Minister of Canada .	Right Honourable	What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations ?
In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable , however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty 's Most Honourable Privy Council .	Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council	What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable ?
In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position , for example in the Prime Minister of Canada .	Canada	What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position ?
In the UK , where devolved government is in place , the leaders of the Scottish , Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister .	devolved	What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom ?
In the UK , where devolved government is in place , the leaders of the Scottish , Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister .	First Minister	What are the heads of government in Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland called ?
In India , The Prime Minister is referred to as `` Pradhan Mantri '' , meaning `` prime minister '' .	Pradhan Mantri	What is the Indian term for Prime Minister ?
In Pakistan , the prime minister is referred to as `` Wazir-e-Azam '' , meaning `` Grand Vizier '' .	Wazir-e-Azam	What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan ?
In Pakistan , the prime minister is referred to as `` Wazir-e-Azam '' , meaning `` Grand Vizier '' .	Grand Vizier	What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English ?
The Prime Minister 's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries , it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom .	Office of the Prime Minister	What is the head of government 's office called in Canada ?
The Prime Minister 's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries , it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom .	Cabinet Office	What is the head of government 's office called in the UK ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology .	IT	What 's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology ?
The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century , from the French École Polytechnique , an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris .	19th century	In what century did the term polytechnic first show up ?
The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century , from the French École Polytechnique , an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris .	École Polytechnique	What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name ?
The French term comes from the Greek πολύ -LRB- polú or polý -RRB- meaning `` many '' and τεχνικός -LRB- tekhnikós -RRB- meaning `` arts '' .	Greek	What language does the French word polytechnique come from ?
While the terms `` institute of technology '' and `` polytechnic '' are synonymous , the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country .	polytechnic	What word means the same thing as `` institute of technology '' ?
The world 's first institution of technology , the Berg-Schola -LRB- today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc -RRB- was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya , Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary .	the Berg-Schola	What was the first institute of technology in the world ?
The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century , but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education , associated with the new needs created by industrialization .	World War II	What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics ?
The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology -LRB- founded in 1745 as `` Collegium Carolinum '' -RRB- .	Collegium Carolinum	What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology ?
Another exception is the École Polytechnique , which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794 .	1794	In what year was the École Polytechnique founded ?
In several countries , like Germany , the Netherlands , Switzerland and Turkey , institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education , and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates .	institutions of higher education	What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be ?
In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees .	1992	In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation ?
The UK 's first polytechnic , the Royal Polytechnic Institution -LRB- now the University of Westminster -RRB- was founded in 1838 in Regent Street , London .	University of Westminster	What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now ?
The UK 's first polytechnic , the Royal Polytechnic Institution -LRB- now the University of Westminster -RRB- was founded in 1838 in Regent Street , London .	Regent Street	What street is the University of Westminster on ?
In a number of countries , although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries , polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other , its teaching competences and organizational history .	polytechnics	What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering ?
These new universities often took the title University of Technology , for marketing rather than legal purposes .	University of Technology	What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes ?
They were part of the College of Advanced Education system .	College of Advanced Education system	What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies , eighties , and early nineties ?
Since the mid-1990s , the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education -LRB- TAFE -RRB- institutes .	TAFE	What 's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes ?
A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE .	Melbourne Polytechnic	What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE ?
In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au , Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au	2009	TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year ?
In the higher education sector , there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia -LRB- though , note , not all use the phrase `` university of technology '' , such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia , which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates -RRB- :	seven	In Australia , how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology ?
Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland .	Fachhochschule	What 's the German word for a tertiary education institution ?
They grant bachelor 's degrees and master 's degrees , and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science .	master's degrees	In addition to Bachelor 's degrees , what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule ?
The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland .	hogeschool	What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule ?
Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium -LRB- such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel -RRB- are currently undergoing a process of academization .	academization	What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it 's able to award Master 's degrees ?
In the Netherlands , four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades .	four	How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades ?
These are the current three Technical Universities -LRB- at Delft , Eindhoven and Enschede -RRB- , plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen .	three	How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today ?
In Cambodia , there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes , and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to : certificates , diplomas , and degrees .	Cambodia	What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates , diplomas , and degrees ?
In Canada , there are Affiliate Schools , Colleges , Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes , and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to : engineering and applied science degrees , apprenticeship and trade programs , certificates , and diplomas .	Affiliate Schools	What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada ?
Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level , however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal -LRB- both of which are located in Quebec -RRB- , also offer graduate and postgraduate programs , in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines .	Quebec	In what city is the École Polytechnique de Montréal located ?
Canadian higher education institutions , at all levels , undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding , private equity , or industry sources .	public funding	In addition to private equity and industry sources , what 's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada ?
Some of Canada 's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects , leading to technology commercialization , made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada ; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology .	Polytechnics Canada	What is Canada 's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called ?
Some of Canada 's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects , leading to technology commercialization , made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada ; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology .	collaborative institute-industry projects	What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization ?
China 's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department .	1895	In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China ?
Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University .	Capital University	What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts ?
To this day , about half of China 's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical .	half	What portion of China 's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today ?
The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997 .	1997	What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education ?
The Geophysics Institute monitors over the country ` s seismic , tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands .	The Geophysics Institute	What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Galápagos Islands ?
One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory .	Quito Astronomical Observatory	What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador ?
The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School .	National Polytechnic School	What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory ?
Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito , Ecuador .	1873	When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded ?
The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure , related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing .	one	EPN 's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador ?
Its mission is to provide high quality education , training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country 's development .	the country's development	If the mission is achieved , professionals will apply what they 've learned to what goal ?
As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance , the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students , covering their tuition fees , room and board up to graduation .	50	MIT raised money to cover tuition , room and board for what number of students ?
degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige .	Instituts de technologie	What 's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas ?
required 180 credits , whereas M.Sc .	180	How many credits were needed for an M.Sc . -LRB- Tech . -RRB- degree before the Bologna Process ?
from a normal university required 160 credits .	160	How many credits were needed for an M.Sc . from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process ?
Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland .	Finland	In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities ?
After January 1 , 2006 , some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term `` polytechnic '' to the term `` university of applied sciences '' in the English translations of their legal names .	ammattikorkeakoulus	What word means polytechnic school in Finnish ?
Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland , as is the Swedish alternative `` yrkeshögskola '' -- their focus is on studies leading to a degree -LRB- for instance insinööri , engineer ; in international use , Bachelor of Engineering -RRB- in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor 's degree awarded by a university .	yrkeshögskola	What 's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school ?
Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes .	technology	Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field ?
They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie -LRB- IUT -RRB- .	institut universitaire de technologie	What are an institute of technology called in France ?
They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie -LRB- IUT -RRB- .	IUT	What 's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie ?
In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country .	Fachhochschule	What 's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute école specialisée ?
Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques -LRB- Algeria , Belgium , Canada , France , Switzerland , Tunisia -RRB- , Escola Politécnica -LRB- Brasil , Spain -RRB- , Polytechnicum -LRB- Eastern Europe -RRB- .	Polytechnicum	In Eastern Europe , what is the word for an institute of technology ?
Higher education systems , that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century , use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique .	18th	What century in France 's history included the French École polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries ?
Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques -LRB- Algeria , Belgium , Canada , France , Switzerland , Tunisia -RRB- , Escola Politécnica -LRB- Brasil , Spain -RRB- , Polytechnicum -LRB- Eastern Europe -RRB- .	Escola Politécnica	What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute ?
Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s .	1970s	Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade ?
They grant bachelor 's degrees and master 's degrees , and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science .	teaching	Fachhochschulen favor an education in what , as opposed to research ?
They do not focus exclusively on technology , but may also offer courses in social science , medicine , business and design .	business	In addition to technology , Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science , medicine , design , and what other discipline ?
Technische Universität -LRB- abbreviation : TU -RRB- are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university .	TU	What 's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität ?
These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research .	research	What 's the main focus of a Technische Universität ?
RWTH Aachen , TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals -LRB- Klinikum Aachen , University Hospital Dresden , Rechts der Isar Hospital -RRB- .	medicine	Which department 's faculty can be associated with university hospitals ?
The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests .	nine	How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology ?
There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled .	17	How many institutes of technology are there in Germany ?
There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled .	290,000	What 's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology ?
Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal , TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover .	Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule	What 's the joint project of TU Clausthal , TU Braunschweig , and the University of Hanover called ?
After the N. 1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act -LRB- Ν .1404 / 1983 - 2916/2001 - Ν .	Higher Education Reform Act	What 's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated ?
The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic , established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College -LRB- Government Trade School before 1947 -RRB- .	The Hong Kong Polytechnic	What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong ?
The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic , established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College -LRB- Government Trade School before 1947 -RRB- .	Hong Kong Technical College	What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic ?
The second polytechnic , the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong , was founded in 1984 .	1984	In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded ?
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , a university with a focus in applied science , engineering and business , was founded in 1991 .	Hong Kong University of Science and Technology	What Hong Kong university was created in 1991 ?
Like the United Kingdom , the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 , and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively .	1994	When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities ?
The world 's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola -LRB- Bergschule -RRB- established in Selmecbánya , Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining .	copper	What kind of mining did the world 's first institute of technology prepare students for ?
The world 's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola -LRB- Bergschule -RRB- established in Selmecbánya , Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining .	1735	What 's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever ?
The world 's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola -LRB- Bergschule -RRB- established in Selmecbánya , Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining .	Court Chamber of Vienna	Who established the Berg-Schola ?
There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions .	16	How many private institutes of technology are there in India ?
There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions .	30	How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India ?
The Authority over technical education in India is the AICTE .	AICTE	What organization oversees India 's technical education institutions ?
In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering , Pharmacy , Designing , etc. .	Diploma in Engineering	What 's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework ?
There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia .	four	How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have ?
Ireland has an `` Institute of Technology '' system , formerly referred to as Regional Technical College -LRB- RTCs -RRB- system .	Regional Technical College	What was the original name of Ireland 's Institute of Technology system ?
Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system , and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin , Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees .	Dublin Institute of Technology	What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System ?
In higher education , Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering .	Politecnico	What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees ?
Historically there were two Politecnici , one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north :	two	Traditionally , how many Politecnici were there ?
In 2003 , the Ministry of Education , Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia -LRB- Italian Institute of Technology -RRB- , headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy , which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees .	Genoa	What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia ?
See also the Imperial College of Engineering , which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo 's engineering faculty .	Imperial College of Engineering	What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo ?
is a type of university that specializes in the sciences .	sciences	What area of discipline do Japan 's institutes of technology specialize in ?
Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years .	Malaysia	What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years ?
It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969 .	UNESCO	What international organization partnered with Malaysia 's Ministry of Education in 1969 ?
The amount of RM24 .5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh , Perak from the United Nations Development Program -LRB- UNDP -RRB- .	Ipoh	In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located ?
At present , Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering , agriculture , commerce , hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012 .	32	How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now ?
At present , Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering , agriculture , commerce , hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012 .	60,840	How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009 ?
At present , Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering , agriculture , commerce , hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012 .	87,440	How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012 ?
The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology , Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig , Pointe aux Sables .	University of Technology, Mauritius	What 's the name of Mauritius 's sole technical university ?
It has a specialized mission with a technology focus .	technology	What 's the focus of Mauritius 's University of Technology 's specialized mission ?
New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended , and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities , colleges of education , and wānanga ; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions .	New Zealand	What country considers their polytechnics , universities , and colleges state-owned institutions ?
One has opted for the name ` Universal College of Learning ' -LRB- UCOL -RRB- , and another ` Unitec New Zealand ' .	Universal College of Learning	What does UCOL stand for ?
New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended , and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities , colleges of education , and wānanga ; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions .	1989	In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand ?
In the polytechnic sector : Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University .	Wellington Polytechnic	What school did Massey University combine with ?
Since the 1990s , there has been consolidation in New Zealand 's state-owned tertiary education system .	1990s	In what decade did New Zealand 's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation ?
The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology , which was abandoned , but later , after financial concerns , controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic , which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology .	Central Institute of Technology	What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned ?
Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island , such as Waiarapa Polytechnic , amalgamated with UCOL .	North Island	What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL ?
The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status ; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions ; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions .	Auckland University of Technology	What 's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university ?
Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams .	10th	In Pakistan , a student 's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program ?
The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades .	trades	What are people being trained for , mainly , in Pakistan 's polytechnic institutes ?
The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan , offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches .	three	How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan ?
After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic , students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree -LRB- under graduate -RRB- courses called BE , which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences .	BE	What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering courses ?
The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education -LRB- international high school certificate -RRB- in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level .	F.Sc	What 's Pakistan 's program called that 's comparable to the British A Level ?
Politechnika -LRB- translated as a `` technical university '' or `` university of technology '' -RRB- is a main kind of technical university name in Poland .	Politechnika	What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology ?
Before then , they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education .	bacharelatos	What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988 ?
After the Bologna Process in 2007 , they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle -LRB- master 's -RRB- degrees to its students .	Bologna Process	What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master 's degrees to the polytechnic education system ?
Under this system , most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school , and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE , a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school -LRB- a junior college or the Millennia Institute , a centralized institute -RRB- .	Millennia Institute	What 's the name of Singapore 's centralized institute that students can attend before university ?
There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore .	5	How many polytechnics are there in Singapore ?
The world 's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica , Slovakia , founded in 1735 , Academy since December 13 , 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood .	queen Maria Theresa	What queen set up the Banská Akadémia ?
The world 's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica , Slovakia , founded in 1735 , Academy since December 13 , 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood .	1735	What year was the Banská Akadémia founded ?
The world 's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica , Slovakia , founded in 1735 , Academy since December 13 , 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood .	silver and gold	The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals ?
Teaching started in 1764 .	1764	What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia ?
University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching .	teaching	What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now ?
Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons -LRB- polytechnics -RRB- as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings .	Technikons	What are polytechnics called in South Africa ?
In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees .	1993	What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees ?
Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology , however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University -LRB- such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees -RRB- .	2004	When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities ?
Most of Thailand 's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges , in the past could not grant bachelor 's degrees ; today , however , they are university level institutions , some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level .	technical colleges	Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions ?
Most of Thailand 's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges , in the past could not grant bachelor 's degrees ; today , however , they are university level institutions , some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level .	bachelor's degrees	What type of degree were Thailand 's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer ?
Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology -LRB- developed from Pathumwan Technical School -RRB- , King Mongkut 's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang -LRB- Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre -RRB- , and King Mongkut 's Institute of Technology North Bangkok -LRB- Thai-German Technical School -RRB- .	Pathumwan Institute of Technology	What 's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School ?
There are two former institutes of technology , which already changed their name to `` University of Technology '' : Rajamangala University of Technology -LRB- formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education -RRB- and King Mongkut 's University of Technology Thonburi -LRB- Thonburi Technology Institute -RRB- .	King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi	What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change ?
There are two former institutes of technology , which already changed their name to `` University of Technology '' : Rajamangala University of Technology -LRB- formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education -RRB- and King Mongkut 's University of Technology Thonburi -LRB- Thonburi Technology Institute -RRB- .	Institute of Technology and Vocational Education	What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology ?
Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology , which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering , and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology , an engineering school of Thammasat University .	Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology	What is the name of Thammasat University 's engineering school ?
Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established -LRB- 1989 -RRB- as such ; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute .	Suranaree University of Technology	What is Thailand 's only government-established and owned institute of technology ?
Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established -LRB- 1989 -RRB- as such ; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute .	1989	What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded ?
Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established -LRB- 1989 -RRB- as such ; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute .	Mahanakorn University of Technology	What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand ?
In 2010 , another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa .	Bursa Technical University	What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010 ?
In 1950s , 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon .	Ankara and Trabzon	What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s ?
Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities .	1970	What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system ?
Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees -LRB- bachelor 's , master 's , PhD -RRB- validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA .	the UK Council for National Academic Awards	What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools ?
The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions .	Central Institutions	What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities ?
Britain 's first Polytechnic , the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London -LRB- now the University of Westminster -RRB- was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain `` at little expense . ''	Royal Polytechnic Institution	What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named ?
The designation `` Institute of Technology '' was occasionally used by polytechnics -LRB- Bolton -RRB- , Central Institutions -LRB- Dundee , Robert Gordon 's -RRB- , and postgraduate universities , -LRB- Cranfield and Wessex -RRB- , most of which later adopted the designation University , and there were two `` Institutes of Science and Technology '' : UMIST and UWIST , part of the University of Wales .	two	How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales ?
Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996 , the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation .	Loughborough University of Technology	What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996 ?
They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees .	1960s	In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation ?
Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 .	the Further and Higher Education Act 1992	What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities ?
This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization .	CNAA	The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization 's approval ?
Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university .	university colleges	If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university , what does its designation become ?
Schools called `` technical institute '' or `` technical school '' that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic .	20th century	What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes ?
Schools called `` technical institute '' or `` technical school '' that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic .	high school	A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what ?
The earliest and most famous of these institutions are , respectively , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -LRB- RPI , 1824 -RRB- , New York University Tandon School of Engineering -LRB- 1854 -RRB- and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology -LRB- MIT , 1861 -RRB- .	1824	In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded ?
The earliest and most famous of these institutions are , respectively , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -LRB- RPI , 1824 -RRB- , New York University Tandon School of Engineering -LRB- 1854 -RRB- and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology -LRB- MIT , 1861 -RRB- .	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently , in 1861 ?
At that time , technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy .	middle class	What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support ?
Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses , after the polytechnic French concepts .	1950s	When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology ?
The Institute of technology implementation -LRB- IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish -RRB- began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas , capital city of Venezuela , called IUT .	Caracas	What city in Venezuela had the first IUT ?
Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French `` Institut Universitaire de Technologie `` s system , using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods , with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees .	Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio	Who pioneered using the French system of technological education ?
The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive , a nonprofit organization , based in San Francisco , California , United States .	World Wide Web	Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from ?
The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive , a nonprofit organization , based in San Francisco , California , United States .	Internet Archive	Which company made the Wayback Machine ?
The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive , a nonprofit organization , based in San Francisco , California , United States .	San Francisco	Where is Internet Archive headquartered ?
It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat , and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet .	Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat	What individuals founded Internet Archive ?
The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time , which the archive calls a `` three dimensional index . ''	three dimensional index	What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine ?
Since 1996 , they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes .	Linux	What operating system is used on Wayback Machine 's servers ?
They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed .	if the content has changed	When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website ?
Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet .	to archive the entire Internet	What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine ?
The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series , The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show .	The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show	What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine 's name ?
In one of the animated cartoon 's component segments , Peabody 's Improbable History , lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the `` WABAC machine '' -LRB- pronounced way-back -RRB- to witness , participate in , and , more often than not , alter famous events in history .	Mr. Peabody and Sherman	Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time ?
In one of the animated cartoon 's component segments , Peabody 's Improbable History , lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the `` WABAC machine '' -LRB- pronounced way-back -RRB- to witness , participate in , and , more often than not , alter famous events in history .	WABAC machine	What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named ?
In 1996 Brewster Kahle , with Bruce Gilliat , developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages , the Gopher hierarchy , the Netnews -LRB- Usenet -RRB- bulletin board system , and downloadable software .	1996	When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created ?
The information collected by these `` crawlers '' does not include all the information available on the Internet , since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible .	crawlers	What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find ?
These `` crawlers '' also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached .	robots exclusion standard	What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record ?
Information had been kept on digital tape for five years , with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database .	digital tape	What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive 's data ?
Information had been kept on digital tape for five years , with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database .	researchers and scientists	Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive 's database ?
When the archive reached its fifth anniversary , it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California , Berkeley .	fifth anniversary	At what milestone was the archive made public ?
When the archive reached its fifth anniversary , it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California , Berkeley .	University of California, Berkeley	Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held ?
Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or , in some cases , even later ; it can take twenty-four months or longer .	Snapshots	What are the saved versions of a site called ?
Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or , in some cases , even later ; it can take twenty-four months or longer .	six months	What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing ?
The frequency of snapshots is variable , so not all tracked web site updates are recorded .	variable	What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites ?
After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included .	After August 2008	When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive ?
According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010 , other sites were still being archived , but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing , an infrequent operation .	Jeff Kaplan	Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed ?
According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010 , other sites were still being archived , but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing , an infrequent operation .	November 2010	When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites ?
As of 2009 -LSB- update -RSB- , the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month ; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month .	three petabytes	In 2009 , what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach ?
As of 2009 -LSB- update -RSB- , the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month ; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month .	12 terabytes/month	As of 2003 , what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine ?
The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies .	PetaBox rack systems	Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored ?
The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies .	Capricorn Technologies	Who makes PetaBox rack systems ?
In 2009 , the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage , and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems ' California campus .	2009	When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage ?
In 2009 , the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage , and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems ' California campus .	Sun Open Storage	Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009 ?
In 2009 , the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage , and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems ' California campus .	Sun Microsystems' California campus	Where does Internet archive run a datacenter ?
In 2011 a new , improved version of the Wayback Machine , with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content , was made available for public testing .	2011	When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing ?
In March 2011 , it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that `` The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010 , and will continue to be updated regularly .	March 2011	When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released ?
The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008 , and no further index updates are planned , as it will be phased out this year '' .	2008	The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year ?
In March 2011 , it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that `` The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010 , and will continue to be updated regularly .	2010	The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year ?
In October 2013 , the company announced the `` Save a Page '' feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL .	Save a Page	What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site ?
In October 2013 , the company announced the `` Save a Page '' feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL .	October 2013	When was Save a Page made available ?
In a 2009 case , Netbula , LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. , defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula 's site , pages that Chordiant believed would support its case .	Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.	What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine ?
In a 2009 case , Netbula , LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. , defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula 's site , pages that Chordiant believed would support its case .	Chordiant	Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument ?
In a 2009 case , Netbula , LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. , defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula 's site , pages that Chordiant believed would support its case .	the robots.txt file	What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula 's website ?
Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula 's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly .	Internet Archive	Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots ?
An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant 's motion , however , stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means `` without considerable burden , expense and disruption to its operations . ''	Chordiant	Which party did Internet Archive side with ?
Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California , San Jose Division , rejected Netbula 's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought .	Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd	Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case ?
Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California , San Jose Division , rejected Netbula 's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought .	Northern District of California, San Jose Division	In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried ?
Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California , San Jose Division , rejected Netbula 's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought .	Chordiant	Which party won its argument regarding Netbula 's robots.txt file ?
Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network .	TVP Polonia	What does Telewizja Polska operate ?
Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network .	the Dish Network	What is EchoStar 's platform ?
Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source , but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska 's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP 's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial .	Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys	Which judge denied Telewizja Polska 's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence ?
At the trial , however , district Court Judge Ronald Guzman , the trial judge , overruled Magistrate Keys ' findings , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages -LRB- i.e. , the Telewizja Polska website -RRB- were admissible as evidence .	district Court Judge Ronald Guzman	Which judge overturned Keys ' ruling ?
These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application .	in examining a patent application	When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices ?
Provided some additional requirements are met -LRB- e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist -RRB- , the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public .	authoritative statement of the archivist	What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe ?
There are technical limitations to archiving a web site , and as a consequence , it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives .	technical	What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website ?
This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints , answers , or expert witness reports , when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore , can contain errors .	underlying links	The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence ?
For example , archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore , do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives .	forms	What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine ?
For example , archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore , do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives .	e-commerce	What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record ?
In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws .	copyright laws	What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe ?
Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated , so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator .	delete pages from its system	What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine ?
The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site .	FAQ	In what part of the website are Wayback Machine 's rules regarding removing content ?
In late 2002 , the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine .	Scientology	Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002 ?
An error message stated that this was in response to a `` request by the site owner . ''	the site owner	Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive ?
Later , it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed .	Church of Scientology	Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down ?
In 2003 , Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive 's Wayback Machine .	Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey	Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003 ?
The plaintiff , Healthcare Advocates , then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive , accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act .	Healthcare Advocates	Which company filed suit against Harding , Earley , Follmer & Frailey 's client ?
The plaintiff , Healthcare Advocates , then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive , accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act .	Internet Archive	Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant ?
The plaintiff , Healthcare Advocates , then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive , accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act .	the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act	What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken ?
Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard , a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits .	voluntary	What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard ?
Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard , a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits .	Robots.txt	What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard ?
Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard , a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits .	Robots.txt	If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it , what file is still saved ?
The Internet Archive states , however , `` Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site .	Internet Archive	Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive ?
In December 2005 , activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $ 100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice .	Suzanne Shell	Who sued Internet Archive in 2005 ?
Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20 , 2006 , seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell 's copyright .	Northern District of California	In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive 's counterclaims filed ?
On February 13 , 2007 , a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract .	District of Colorado	In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court ?
On April 25 , 2007 , Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit .	April 25, 2007	When did Suzanne Shell 's suit against Internet Archive come to an end ?
On April 25 , 2007 , Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit .	Internet Archive	Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals ' copyrights ?
On April 25 , 2007 , Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit .	Suzanne Shell	Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive ?
In 2013 -- 14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself , first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada .	DMCA requests	What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down ?
In 2013 -- 14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself , first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada .	Federal Court of Canada	What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions ?
Alternative names include the United Provinces -LRB- Verenigde Provinciën -RRB- , Federated Dutch Provinces -LRB- Foederatae Belgii Provinciae -RRB- , and Dutch Federation -LRB- Belgica Foederata -RRB- .	the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)	What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by ?
The Dutch Republic , also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands -LRB- Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden -RRB- , Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces -LRB- Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën -RRB- , was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 , when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule , until 1795 .	from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795	The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time ?
It preceded the Batavian Republic , the Kingdom of Holland , the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands .	Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands	What republics did the Dutch Republic come before ?
Until the 16th century , the Low Countries -- corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands , Belgium , and Luxembourg -- consisted of a number of duchies , counties , and Prince-bishoprics , almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire , with the exception of the county of Flanders , which was under the Kingdom of France .	Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg	The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries ?
Until the 16th century , the Low Countries -- corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands , Belgium , and Luxembourg -- consisted of a number of duchies , counties , and Prince-bishoprics , almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire , with the exception of the county of Flanders , which was under the Kingdom of France .	Flanders	Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire ?
Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg .	the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg	The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses ?
In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction , which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule .	Holy Roman Emperor Charles V	Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction ?
In 1568 the Netherlands , led by William I of Orange , revolted against Philip II because of high taxes , persecution of Protestants by the government , and Philip 's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces .	1568	In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II ?
In 1568 the Netherlands , led by William I of Orange , revolted against Philip II because of high taxes , persecution of Protestants by the government , and Philip 's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces .	high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces	Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II ?
In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht , in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army .	1579	In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed ?
In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht , in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army .	a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries	Who signed the Union of Utrecht ?
This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration , the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II .	the Act of Abjuration	What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called ?
This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration , the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II .	1581	In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed ?
In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht , in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army .	to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army	What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht ?
In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis , Duke of Anjou to lead them ; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583 , the duke left the Netherlands again .	1582	In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis , Duke of Anjou to lead them ?
In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis , Duke of Anjou to lead them ; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583 , the duke left the Netherlands again .	1583	In what year did Francis , Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands ?
After the assassination of William of Orange -LRB- 10 July 1584 -RRB- , both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty .	10 July 1584	When was William of Orange assassinated ?
After the assassination of William of Orange -LRB- 10 July 1584 -RRB- , both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty .	Elizabeth I	Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England ?
This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy .	1588	In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy ?
The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783 -- 1795 created the Batavian Republic .	a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795	What events created the Batavian Republic ?
The republican forces fled to France , but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic .	France	The republican forces fled to which country ?
The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783 -- 1795 created the Batavian Republic .	the Batavian Republic	The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic ?
The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813 .	1813	In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France ?
In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names `` United Provinces of the Netherlands '' and `` United Netherlands '' were used .	"United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"	What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 ?
In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands , Luxembourg and Liège -LRB- the `` Southern provinces '' -RRB- to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands , informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands , to create a strong buffer state north of France .	Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège	The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries ?
During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward , the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century , conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation .	the Dutch Golden Age	The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time ?
The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world .	The County of Holland	What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century ?
The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world , founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company .	1602	When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands ?
While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands , the world 's first stock exchange -- that of the Dutch East-India Company -- went public in six different cities .	Rotterdam	Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange ?
While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands , the world 's first stock exchange -- that of the Dutch East-India Company -- went public in six different cities .	six	The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities ?
Later , a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city , so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles .	Amsterdam	Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city ?
Between 1590 -- 1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world , allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient , as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific .	1590–1712	The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time ?
Between 1590 -- 1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world , allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient , as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific .	Africa and the Pacific	The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations ?
Between 1590 -- 1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world , allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient , as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific .	breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient	What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy ?
The republic was a confederation of seven provinces , which had their own governments and were very independent , and a number of so-called Generality Lands .	seven	The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces ?
The latter were governed directly by the States General -LRB- Staten-Generaal in Dutch -RRB- , the federal government .	the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government	Who were the Generality Lands governed by ?
The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces .	representatives of each of the seven provinces	The States General was made up of what ?
In fact , there was an eighth province , the County of Drenthe , but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General .	the County of Drenthe	What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic ?
In fact , there was an eighth province , the County of Drenthe , but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General .	this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes	Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General ?
Each province was governed by the Provincial States , the main executive official -LRB- though not the official head of state -RRB- was a raadspensionaris .	raadspensionaris	The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what ?
In times of war , the stadtholder , who commanded the army , would have more power than the raadspensionaris .	the stadtholder	Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris ?
In times of war , the stadtholder , who commanded the army , would have more power than the raadspensionaris .	the stadtholder	Who commanded the army ?
In theory , the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province .	the states of each province	Who appointed the stadtholders ?
However , in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau , beginning with William the Silent , were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces .	the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent	Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces ?
Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland .	Zeeland and usually Utrecht	Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland ?
There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists , who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange , and the Republicans , who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure .	Orangists	What group of people supported the stadtholders , particularly the princes of Orange ?
There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists , who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange , and the Republicans , who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure .	Republicans	Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure ?
After the Peace of Westphalia , several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces .	the Peace of Westphalia	Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what ?
They were federally-governed Generality Lands -LRB- Generaliteitslanden -RRB- .	federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)	The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what ?
They were Staats-Brabant -LRB- present North Brabant -RRB- , Staats-Vlaanderen -LRB- present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen -RRB- , Staats-Limburg -LRB- around Maastricht -RRB- and Staats-Oppergelre -LRB- around Venlo , after 1715 -RRB- .	Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)	What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces ?
The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company -LRB- VOC -RRB- and the Dutch West India Company -LRB- WIC -RRB- , but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces , mostly Holland and/or Zeeland .	The States General of the United Provinces	Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company -LRB- VOC -RRB- and the Dutch West India Company -LRB- WIC -RRB- ?
The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company -LRB- VOC -RRB- and the Dutch West India Company -LRB- WIC -RRB- , but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces , mostly Holland and/or Zeeland .	Holland and/or Zeeland	Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces ?
The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces , as Federalist No. 20 , by James Madison , shows .	The framers of the US Constitution	Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces ?
The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces , as Federalist No. 20 , by James Madison , shows .	James Madison	Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting `` Imbecility in the government ; discord among the provinces ; foreign influence and indignities ; a precarious existence in peace , and peculiar calamities from war . ''
Apart from this , the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration , essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces , but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent .	the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces	The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what ?
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579 , Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion -LRB- in practice , Calvinism -RRB- .	the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579	What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion ?
Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished , although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice .	personal religion	What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose ?
William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union , and , for him , the Union was a defeat .	William of Orange	Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union ?
In practice , Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden , and the Reformed Church became the `` public '' or `` privileged '' church in the Republic .	Catholic services	What was forbidden in all provinces ?
During the Republic , any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect .	the Reformed Church	What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic ?
The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders .	the time period and regional or city leaders	The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what ?
In 17th-century Leiden , for instance , people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders -LRB- a year 's wage for a skilled tradesman -RRB- and banned from the city .	fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city	What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden ?
Throughout this , however , personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor -- along with economic reasons -- in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe .	personal freedom of religion	What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe ?
In the first years of the Republic , controversy arose within the Reformed Church , mainly around the subject of predestination .	predestination	What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic ?
This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism , or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants .	the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants	The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what ?
In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue , which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith .	the Synod of Dort	What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618 ?
Beginning in the 18th century , the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions , as long as their services took place secretly in private churches .	in the 18th century	When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance ?
Beginning in the 18th century , the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions , as long as their services took place secretly in private churches .	as long as their services took place secretly in private churches	Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule ?
Symbiosis -LRB- from Greek σύν `` together '' and βίωσις `` living '' -RRB- is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species .	Greek	What language does the word `` symbiosis '' come from ?
In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis -LRB- which previously had been used to depict people living together in community -RRB- to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens .	lichens	What type of organism did Frank apply the term `` symbiosis '' to ?
In 1879 , the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as `` the living together of unlike organisms . ''	German	What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary ?
After 130 years of debate , current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter `` de Bary '' definition or an even broader definition -LRB- where symbiosis means all species interactions -RRB- , with the restrictive definition no longer used -LRB- in other words , symbiosis means mutualism -RRB- .	130 years	How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis ?
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate , meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival .	obligate	What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms ca n't survive without each other ?
Others are facultative -LRB- optional -RRB- : they can , but do not have to live with the other organism .	facultative	What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone ?
For example , many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that can not live on their own .	lichens	What is an example of an obligate relationship ?
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another -LRB- ectosymbiosis , such as mistletoe -RRB- , or where one partner lives inside the other -LRB- endosymbiosis , such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals -RRB- .	mistletoe	What is an example of ectosymbiosis ?
Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms ; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis , and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis .	disjunctive symbiosis	What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined ?
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another -LRB- ectosymbiosis , such as mistletoe -RRB- , or where one partner lives inside the other -LRB- endosymbiosis , such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals -RRB- .	endosymbiosis	What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner ?
Examples include diverse microbiomes , rhizobia , nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots ; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia , which live in alder tree root nodules ; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals ; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10 % -- 15 % of insects .	insects	What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to ?
Examples include diverse microbiomes , rhizobia , nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots ; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia , which live in alder tree root nodules ; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals ; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10 % -- 15 % of insects .	Frankia	What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots ?
Examples include diverse microbiomes , rhizobia , nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots ; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia , which live in alder tree root nodules ; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals ; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10 % -- 15 % of insects .	algae	What endosymbionts live in coral ?
Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice , commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales , and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish .	barnacles	What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales ?
Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice , commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales , and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish .	lice	Name a parasitic ectosymbiont .
Ectosymbiosis , also referred to as exosymbiosis , is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host , including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands .	exosymbiosis	What is another name for ectosymbiosis ?
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit .	interspecies reciprocal altruism	What is another term for mutualism ?
In general , only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic .	lifelong	Of what duration are symbiotic relationships ?
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter , which is more difficult to digest than animal prey .	mutualistic	What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines ?
Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them .	Coral reefs	What do coral and algae produce together ?
Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants , which fix carbon from the air , and mycorrhyzal fungi , which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground .	fix carbon from the air	How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems ?
Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants , which fix carbon from the air , and mycorrhyzal fungi , which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground .	mycorrhyzal	What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth ?
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones .	ocellaris clownfish	What lives with Ritteri sea anemones ?
A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles .	A special mucus	What prevents the clownfish from being stung ?
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones .	mutual symbiosis	What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have ?
A further example is the goby fish , which sometimes lives together with a shrimp .	the goby fish	What species does this shrimp have a relationship with ?
In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it .	its tail	What part of the fish is used to signal danger ?
Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship .	non-obligate	What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs ?
These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world 's oceans .	the late 1980s	When were the worms found ?
The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition .	nutrition	What does the bacteria give the worm ?
These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world 's oceans .	the Galapagos Islands	What land is near the worms ' first known location ?
During mutualistic symbioses , the host cell lacks some of the nutrients , which are provided by the endosymbiont .	nutrients	What is given to the host cell ?
As a result , the host favors endosymbiont 's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells .	specialized cells	What does the host make that affect its genes ?
These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission -LRB- heredity -RRB- .	vertical transmission	In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations ?
Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host 's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont -- the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size .	drastic reduction in its genome size	What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host ?
This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller 's ratchet phenomenon .	Muller's ratchet phenomenon	What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont ca n't go back to its original phenotype ?
This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host .	lack of selection mechanisms	What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations ?
The word derives from the medieval Latin word , formed from com - and mensa , meaning `` sharing a table '' .	Latin	What language do the roots of `` commensal '' come from ?
Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped .	Commensalism	What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and does n't have a major affect on the other ?
Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation -LRB- phoresy -RRB- or for housing -LRB- inquilinism -RRB- , or it may also involve one organism using something another created , after its death -LRB- metabiosis -RRB- .	inquilinism	What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other ?
Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation -LRB- phoresy -RRB- or for housing -LRB- inquilinism -RRB- , or it may also involve one organism using something another created , after its death -LRB- metabiosis -RRB- .	metabiosis	What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants ?
Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation -LRB- phoresy -RRB- or for housing -LRB- inquilinism -RRB- , or it may also involve one organism using something another created , after its death -LRB- metabiosis -RRB- .	phoresy	In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another ?
A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed .	A parasitic relationship	Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what ?
In addition , parasites may be necrotrophic , which is to say they kill their host , or biotrophic , meaning they rely on their host 's surviving .	necrotrophic	What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host ?
In addition , parasites may be necrotrophic , which is to say they kill their host , or biotrophic , meaning they rely on their host 's surviving .	biotrophic	What is it called when parasites need their host to live ?
Depending on the definition used , as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles , and it is also frequent in plants and fungi .	as many as half	What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage ?
An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host .	a tick	Name a biotrophic organism .
Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected .	Amensalism	What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- There are two types of amensalism , competition and antibiosis .	competition and antibiosis	What kinds of amensalism are there ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- There are two types of amensalism , competition and antibiosis .	competition	When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs , what type of amensalism is it ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra -LRB- black walnut -RRB- , secreting juglone , a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone .	juglone	What does the black walnut give out that kills plants ?
Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions , such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub .	weevils	What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with ?
Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions , such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub .	shrub	What does the Spanish ibex eat ?
Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other .	Amensalism	What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants ?
Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved .	Synnecrosis	What type of relationship harms both organisms ?
It is a short-lived condition , as the interaction eventually causes death .	death	What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis ?
Because of this , evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature .	uncommon	How common is synnecrosis in the natural world ?
Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves -LRB- albeit to protect the hive -RRB- as well as on the victim .	to protect the hive	Why do bees sting even though it will kill them ?
In fact , the evolution of all eukaryotes -LRB- plants , animals , fungi , and protists -RRB- is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria .	the evolution of all eukaryotes	What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria ?
In fact , the evolution of all eukaryotes -LRB- plants , animals , fungi , and protists -RRB- is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria .	plants, animals, fungi, and protists	What are eukaryotes ?
According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan , `` Life did not take over the globe by combat , but by networking . ''	Dorion Sagan	Who agrees with Margulis ' cooperative view of evolution ?
Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them .	a major role	How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators ?
Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen , while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources .	nectar and large sticky pollen	What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple ?
In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent , where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect .	dependent	What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect ?
The Canadian Armed Forces -LRB- CAF ; French : Forces armées canadiennes , FAC -RRB- , or Canadian Forces -LRB- CF -RRB- -LRB- French : les Forces canadiennes , FC -RRB- , is the unified armed force of Canada , as constituted by the National Defence Act , which states : `` The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces . ''	Forces armées canadiennes	What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces ?
The Canadian Armed Forces -LRB- CAF ; French : Forces armées canadiennes , FAC -RRB- , or Canadian Forces -LRB- CF -RRB- -LRB- French : les Forces canadiennes , FC -RRB- , is the unified armed force of Canada , as constituted by the National Defence Act , which states : `` The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces . ''	the National Defence Act	What law constitutes the CAF ?
The Canadian Armed Forces -LRB- CAF ; French : Forces armées canadiennes , FAC -RRB- , or Canadian Forces -LRB- CF -RRB- -LRB- French : les Forces canadiennes , FC -RRB- , is the unified armed force of Canada , as constituted by the National Defence Act , which states : `` The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces . ''	Her Majesty	Who are the CAF supposed to protect ?
The Canadian Armed Forces -LRB- CAF ; French : Forces armées canadiennes , FAC -RRB- , or Canadian Forces -LRB- CF -RRB- -LRB- French : les Forces canadiennes , FC -RRB- , is the unified armed force of Canada , as constituted by the National Defence Act , which states : `` The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces . ''	Forces canadiennes	What does CF stand for in this context ?
Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force , which has four sub-components : the Primary Reserve , Supplementary Reserve , Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service , and the Canadian Rangers .	four	How many sub components are there ?
Under the National Defence Act , the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence -LRB- the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy -RRB- , which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces .	the National Defence Act	What act defines the CAF ?
The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , who is represented by the Governor General of Canada .	Queen Elizabeth II	Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces ?
The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , who is represented by the Governor General of Canada .	the Governor General of Canada	Who represents Queen Elizabeth II ?
The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff , who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council .	the Chief of the Defence Staff	Who leads the CAF ?
The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff , who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council .	the Armed Forces Council.	Who advises the Chief of the Defence ?
During the Cold War , a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat .	Cold War	What war were the CAF involved in ?
During the Cold War , a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat .	the security of Europe	What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war ?
During the Cold War , a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat .	the Soviet military threat	What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe ?
Toward that end , Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s .	the early 1950s	Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe ?
Toward that end , Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s .	the early 1990s	What year did the CAF leave Europe ?
However , since the end of the Cold War , as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -LRB- NATO -RRB- has moved much of its defence focus `` out of area '' , the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world -- most notably in Afghanistan since 2002 .	the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)	What Treaty is the CAF part of ?
However , since the end of the Cold War , as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -LRB- NATO -RRB- has moved much of its defence focus `` out of area '' , the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world -- most notably in Afghanistan since 2002 .	international security operations	What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in ?
However , since the end of the Cold War , as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -LRB- NATO -RRB- has moved much of its defence focus `` out of area '' , the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world -- most notably in Afghanistan since 2002 .	Afghanistan	What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years ?
However , since the end of the Cold War , as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -LRB- NATO -RRB- has moved much of its defence focus `` out of area '' , the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world -- most notably in Afghanistan since 2002 .	2002	What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start ?
However , since the end of the Cold War , as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -LRB- NATO -RRB- has moved much of its defence focus `` out of area '' , the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world -- most notably in Afghanistan since 2002 .	out of area	Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set ?
Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy , introduced in 2008 .	Canada First Defence Strategy	What is Canada 's defense policy based on ?
Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy , introduced in 2008 .	2008	When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced ?
Based on that strategy , the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada , in North America and globally .	six core missions	How many missions are carried out internally in Canada ?
Based on that strategy , the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada , in North America and globally .	North America	What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover ?
Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above , the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities , including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés , participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums -LRB- e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces -RRB- , ship and aircraft visits , military training and cooperation , and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts .	conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy	What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too ?
Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above , the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities , including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés , participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums -LRB- e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces -RRB- , ship and aircraft visits , military training and cooperation , and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts .	deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés	What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs ?
Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above , the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities , including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés , participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums -LRB- e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces -RRB- , ship and aircraft visits , military training and cooperation , and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts .	the American Air Forces	What other air force does the CAF cooperate with ?
Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above , the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities , including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés , participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums -LRB- e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces -RRB- , ship and aircraft visits , military training and cooperation , and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts .	military training	What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries ?
Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above , the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities , including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés , participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums -LRB- e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces -RRB- , ship and aircraft visits , military training and cooperation , and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts .	relationship-building efforts	What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it 's duties ?
Prior to Confederation in 1867 , residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups .	1867	What year was Canada united in a confederation ?
Prior to Confederation in 1867 , residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups .	French and British forces	The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification ?
The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers , Aboriginal peoples , and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , as well as in the Fenian raids , Red River Rebellion , and North-West Rebellion .	European powers	What is one of the threats that faced them ?
The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers , Aboriginal peoples , and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , as well as in the Fenian raids , Red River Rebellion , and North-West Rebellion .	the American Revolutionary War	What American war threatened Canada ?
Consequently , the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century , when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States .	invasion by the United States	Early on , what did they defend against with the British ?
The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council , with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906 .	the British Crown-in-Council	Who initially had military command ?
The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council , with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906 .	Halifax	Where was the commander-in-chief stationed ?
The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council , with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906 .	1906	When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax ?
These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence , and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militias -- frequently shortened to simply The Militia .	the Department of Militia and Defence	The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department ?
By 1923 , the department was merged into the Department of National Defence , but land forces in Canada were not referred to as the Canadian Army until November 1940 .	November 1940	When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army ?
The first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War , when several units were raised to serve under British command .	Second Boer War	When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military ?
The first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War , when several units were raised to serve under British command .	British command	Under what command did they serve ?
Similarly , when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War , Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres .	the First World War	When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Europe ?
The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War , as well as the Korean War .	Second World War	What other European war were the Canadian Forces involved in ?
The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War , as well as the Korean War .	Korean War	What Asian war were the Canadian Forces involved in ?
Since 1947 , Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide , and completed 72 international operations .	more than 200 operations	How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947 ?
Since 1947 , Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide , and completed 72 international operations .	72	How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally ?
Canadian soldiers , sailors , and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country 's integral participation in NATO during the Cold War , First Gulf War , Kosovo War , and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations , such as the Suez Crisis , Golan Heights , Cyprus , Croatia , Bosnia , Afghanistan , and Libya .	Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War	What are some of the wars the Canadian Military was involved in ?
Canadian soldiers , sailors , and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country 's integral participation in NATO during the Cold War , First Gulf War , Kosovo War , and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations , such as the Suez Crisis , Golan Heights , Cyprus , Croatia , Bosnia , Afghanistan , and Libya .	United Nations Peacekeeping operations	What peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of ?
Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War , which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis .	an aircraft carrier	What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 15 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis ?
Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge , the Dieppe Raid , the Battle of Ortona , the Battle of Passchendaele , the Normandy Landings , the Battle for Caen , the Battle of the Scheldt , the Battle of Britain , the Battle of the Atlantic , the strategic bombing of German cities , and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket , in Croatia .	the Normandy Landings	What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of ?
Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge , the Dieppe Raid , the Battle of Ortona , the Battle of Passchendaele , the Normandy Landings , the Battle for Caen , the Battle of the Scheldt , the Battle of Britain , the Battle of the Atlantic , the strategic bombing of German cities , and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket , in Croatia .	the strategic bombing of German cities	What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany ?
Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge , the Dieppe Raid , the Battle of Ortona , the Battle of Passchendaele , the Normandy Landings , the Battle for Caen , the Battle of the Scheldt , the Battle of Britain , the Battle of the Atlantic , the strategic bombing of German cities , and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket , in Croatia .	the Battle of Vimy Ridge	What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for ?
Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge , the Dieppe Raid , the Battle of Ortona , the Battle of Passchendaele , the Normandy Landings , the Battle for Caen , the Battle of the Scheldt , the Battle of Britain , the Battle of the Atlantic , the strategic bombing of German cities , and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket , in Croatia .	Croatia	What country was the latest Canadian Military effort ?
At the end of the Second World War , Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world , as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded .	the largest volunteer army ever	Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War ?
Originally , Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world , but with the fall of the Soviet Union , new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect .	the Soviet Union	What country fell providing with more information on Canada 's army size ?
Originally , Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world , but with the fall of the Soviet Union , new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect .	Japanese	Which other country had a sizable naval army ?
The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968 , when the Royal Canadian Navy , Canadian Army , and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands .	1 February 1968	When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be ?
The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968 , when the Royal Canadian Navy , Canadian Army , and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands .	the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force	What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of ?
Thereafter , a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established , followed by an air force , that , because of the constitutional arrangements at the time , remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 , in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War .	the British government	What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start ?
Thereafter , a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established , followed by an air force , that , because of the constitutional arrangements at the time , remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 , in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War .	1931	When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom ?
Thereafter , a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established , followed by an air force , that , because of the constitutional arrangements at the time , remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 , in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War .	the First World War	What war aided Canadian legislative independence ?
After the 1980s , the use of the `` Canadian Armed Forces '' name gave way to `` Canadian Forces '' ; -LSB- citation needed -RSB- The `` Canadian Armed Forces '' name returned in 2013 .	Canadian Armed Forces	What is the old name of the Canadian Forces ?
After the 1980s , the use of the `` Canadian Armed Forces '' name gave way to `` Canadian Forces '' ; -LSB- citation needed -RSB- The `` Canadian Armed Forces '' name returned in 2013 .	After the 1980s	When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be ?
After the 1980s , the use of the `` Canadian Armed Forces '' name gave way to `` Canadian Forces '' ; -LSB- citation needed -RSB- The `` Canadian Armed Forces '' name returned in 2013 .	2013	When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduced ?
After the 1980s , the use of the `` Canadian Armed Forces '' name gave way to `` Canadian Forces '' ; -LSB- citation needed -RSB- The `` Canadian Armed Forces '' name returned in 2013 .	Canadian Forces	What was the new name of the Canadian Armed Forces ?
Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts .	Land Forces	What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping ?
They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011 , under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force -LRB- ISAF -RRB- , at the request of the Government of Afghanistan .	2011	Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan ?
They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011 , under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force -LRB- ISAF -RRB- , at the request of the Government of Afghanistan .	ISAF	What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan ?
They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011 , under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force -LRB- ISAF -RRB- , at the request of the Government of Afghanistan .	the Government of Afghanistan	Who requested the aid of the Canadians ?
Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts .	peacekeeping	What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces ?
The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $ 20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world 's other armed forces by number of total personnel , and 58th in terms of active personnel , standing at a strength of roughly 68,000 , plus 27,000 reservists , 5000 Rangers , and 19,000 supplementary reserves , bringing the total force to approximately 119,000 .	approximately $20.1 billion	What is Today 's annual cost of the Canadian Forces ?
The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $ 20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world 's other armed forces by number of total personnel , and 58th in terms of active personnel , standing at a strength of roughly 68,000 , plus 27,000 reservists , 5000 Rangers , and 19,000 supplementary reserves , bringing the total force to approximately 119,000 .	74th in size	How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military ?
The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $ 20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world 's other armed forces by number of total personnel , and 58th in terms of active personnel , standing at a strength of roughly 68,000 , plus 27,000 reservists , 5000 Rangers , and 19,000 supplementary reserves , bringing the total force to approximately 119,000 .	approximately 119,000	What is the total force of the Canadian Forces ?
The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020 , and the number of active to at least 70,000 .	2020	By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000 ?
If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000 .	around 124,000	What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020 ?
In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts , through the Canada First Defence Strategy , to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces , through the purchase of new equipment , improved training and readiness , as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment .	the Canada First Defence Strategy	What was the effort called to upgrade the Canadian Forces ?
In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts , through the Canada First Defence Strategy , to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces , through the purchase of new equipment , improved training and readiness , as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment .	through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness	How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2008 ?
Then CDS , Walter Natynczyk , said later that year that while recruiting has become more successful , the CF was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members , which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6 % to 9.2 % annually .	loss of existing members	What major problem is the CAF trying to address currently ?
The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment -LRB- main battle tanks , artillery , unmanned air vehicles and other systems -RRB- to support the mission in Afghanistan .	main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles	What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan ?
It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called `` core capabilities '' -LRB- such as the air force 's medium range transport aircraft fleet -- the C-130 Hercules -- and the army 's truck and armoured vehicle fleets -RRB- .	C-130 Hercules	What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission ?
In addition , new systems -LRB- such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters -RRB- have also been acquired for the Armed Forces .	CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters	What new type of helicopter was recently acquired ?
The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment -LRB- main battle tanks , artillery , unmanned air vehicles and other systems -RRB- to support the mission in Afghanistan .	2006	When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started ?
In the 1950s , the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine , communication , logistics , and administration .	medicine, communication, logistics, and administration	What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s ?
The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971 , after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women , at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel , and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas -- vehicle drivers and mechanics , aircraft mechanics , air-traffic controllers , military police , and firefighters .	1971	What year did further recruitment for women open in the CAF ?
The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971 , after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women , at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel , and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas -- vehicle drivers and mechanics , aircraft mechanics , air-traffic controllers , military police , and firefighters .	vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers	What non traditional tasks were women recruited for in the 1970s ?
As a result of these reviews , the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender , with the army service battalions , in military police platoons and field ambulance units , and in most air squadrons .	the Department changed its policies	Why were women eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF ?
The Department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985 , after Parliament passed the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms .	Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms	What charter directly affected a women 's right to serve in the CAF ?
In 1987 , occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women : infantry , armoured corps , field artillery , air-defence artillery , signals , field engineers , and naval operations .	infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery	Name some of the jobs in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s .
On 5 February 1987 , the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units .	5 February 1987	On what date was a study created to research the impart of women in direct involvement ?
On 5 February 1987 , the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units .	the Minister of National Defence	Who created an office to study these effects ?
These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women .	Combat-Related Employment of Women	What was the study called ?
All military occupations were open to women in 1989 , with the exception of submarine service , which opened in 2000 .	1989	What year were most military occupations opened to women ?
All military occupations were open to women in 1989 , with the exception of submarine service , which opened in 2000 .	submarine service	What military occupation was n't opened to women until the 2000s ?
Throughout the 1990s , the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent .	100 percent	By how much did opening these jobs to women increase the recruiting pool by ?
Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean Chretien , and by 8 March 2000 , even allowed to serve on submarines .	the government of Jean Chretien	Which government was responsible in Canadian history for this fact ?
All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force .	equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force	What is a requirement for equipment for the CAF ?
Combat helmets , rucksacks , combat boots , and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues .	Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots	What are some of the equipment used by both men and women ?
Women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments .	an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments	What special entitlement are women provided as part of their service ?
It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations .	It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.	What is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces ?
The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country 's sovereign , who , since 1904 , has authorized his or her viceroy , the governor general , to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905 .	The Canadian constitution	What determines who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces ?
The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country 's sovereign , who , since 1904 , has authorized his or her viceroy , the governor general , to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905 .	the governor general	Who does the Commander-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them ?
All troop deployment and disposition orders , including declarations of war , fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as Orders in Council , which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general .	troop deployment and disposition orders	What orders fall under the royal prerogative ?
All troop deployment and disposition orders , including declarations of war , fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as Orders in Council , which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general .	the monarch or governor general	Who must sign these orders for them to be valid ?
Under the Westminster system 's parliamentary customs and practices , however , the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet , including the prime minister and minister of national defence , who are accountable to the elected House of Commons .	the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet	Who 's advice is the monarch supposed to follow regarding these orders ?
The Armed Forces ' 115,349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non-commissioned members .	115,349	The armed forces has approximately how many members ?
The governor general appoints , on the advice of the prime minister , the Chief of the Defence Staff -LRB- CDS -RRB- as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who , as head of the Armed Forces Council , is in command of the Canadian Forces .	the Chief of the Defence Staff	Who is the highest ranking member of the Armed Forces ?
The governor general appoints , on the advice of the prime minister , the Chief of the Defence Staff -LRB- CDS -RRB- as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who , as head of the Armed Forces Council , is in command of the Canadian Forces .	The governor general	Who appoints the Chief of the Defence ?
The Armed Forces Council generally operates from National Defence Headquarters -LRB- NDHQ -RRB- in Ottawa , Ontario .	Ottawa, Ontario	What location does the National Defense operate out of ?
On the Armed Forces Council sit the heads of Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command , the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff , and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy , the Canadian Army , the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations .	the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations.	What are some of the members of the Armed Forces Council ?
Canada 's Armed forces operate out of 27 Canadian Forces bases -LRB- CFB -RRB- across the country , including NDHQ .	27	How many Canadian Forces bases are there in Canada ?
Both officers and non-commissioned members receive their basic training at the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu .	Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu	Where do Canadian Forces members go for training ?
Both officers and non-commissioned members receive their basic training at the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu .	Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School	What is the place called where initial training happens ?
The Royal Canadian Navy -LRB- RCN -RRB- , headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy , includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets : Maritime Forces Pacific -LRB- MARPAC -RRB- at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast , and Maritime Forces Atlantic -LRB- MARLANT -RRB- at Her Majesty 's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast , as well as one formation : the Naval Reserve Headquarters -LRB- NAVRESHQ -RRB- at Quebec City , Quebec .	33	How many warships does the Royal Canadian Navy have ?
The Royal Canadian Navy -LRB- RCN -RRB- , headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy , includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets : Maritime Forces Pacific -LRB- MARPAC -RRB- at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast , and Maritime Forces Atlantic -LRB- MARLANT -RRB- at Her Majesty 's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast , as well as one formation : the Naval Reserve Headquarters -LRB- NAVRESHQ -RRB- at Quebec City , Quebec .	Halifax	Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located ?
The Royal Canadian Navy -LRB- RCN -RRB- , headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy , includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets : Maritime Forces Pacific -LRB- MARPAC -RRB- at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast , and Maritime Forces Atlantic -LRB- MARLANT -RRB- at Her Majesty 's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast , as well as one formation : the Naval Reserve Headquarters -LRB- NAVRESHQ -RRB- at Quebec City , Quebec .	the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ)	What formation is located in Quebec ?
The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations , and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments .	NATO exercises	What international exercises does the RCN partake in ?
The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions -- the 2nd Canadian Division , the 3rd Canadian Division , the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division -- the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters .	Commander of the Canadian Army	Who heads the Canadian Army ?
The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions -- the 2nd Canadian Division , the 3rd Canadian Division , the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division -- the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters .	four divisions	How many divisions are there in the Canadian Army ?
The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions -- the 2nd Canadian Division , the 3rd Canadian Division , the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division -- the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters .	the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division	What are the four divisions ?
The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions -- the 2nd Canadian Division , the 3rd Canadian Division , the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division -- the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters .	the 5th Canadian Division	What division is the Canadian Army Doctrine of ?
The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions -- the 2nd Canadian Division , the 3rd Canadian Division , the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division -- the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters .	the 5th Canadian Division	The Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division ?
Currently , the Regular Force component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups : 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group , at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo ; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group , at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown ; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group , at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City .	three	How many brigades does the Army consist of ?
A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade , but do not form part of the brigade 's command structure .	tactical helicopter squadron	What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade ?
A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade , but do not form part of the brigade 's command structure .	a field ambulance	What medical group is present at all Brigades but not part of it ?
Major training and support establishments exist at CFB Gagetown , CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright .	CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.	Where is most of the major training performed ?
The Royal Canadian Air Force -LRB- RCAF -RRB- is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force .	the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force	Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force ?
The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region , based in Winnipeg , is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide .	Winnipeg	Where is the commander based out of ?
1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada .	eleven	How many air force wings are located across Canada ?
Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons , both operational and support , under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand .	tactical commander	Who reports to the operational commander about the wings ?
Major air bases are located in British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , Ontario , Quebec , Nova Scotia , and Newfoundland and Labrador , while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay .	Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba	What are some locations of the air bases ?
Major air bases are located in British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , Ontario , Quebec , Nova Scotia , and Newfoundland and Labrador , while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay .	Winnipeg and North Bay	Where are the command facilities located ?
A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen , Germany .	Geilenkirchen, Germany	Where is the Canadian component of the NATO located ?
A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen , Germany .	Airborne Early Warning Force	What NATO force are the Canadians part of ?
Major air bases are located in British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , Ontario , Quebec , Nova Scotia , and Newfoundland and Labrador , while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay .	Labrador	What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed ?
The RCAF and Joint Task Force -LRB- North -RRB- -LRB- JTFN -RRB- also maintain at various points throughout Canada 's northern region a chain of forward operating locations , each capable of supporting fighter operations .	Joint Task Force (North)	What does JTFN stand for ?
The RCAF and Joint Task Force -LRB- North -RRB- -LRB- JTFN -RRB- also maintain at various points throughout Canada 's northern region a chain of forward operating locations , each capable of supporting fighter operations .	a chain of forward operating locations	What it located through Canada 's Northern Regions ?
The RCAF and Joint Task Force -LRB- North -RRB- -LRB- JTFN -RRB- also maintain at various points throughout Canada 's northern region a chain of forward operating locations , each capable of supporting fighter operations .	fighter operations	What can each forwarding operation location provide ?
Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols .	CF-18 squadrons	What squadrons deploy to these locations ?
Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols .	Arctic sovereignty patrols.	What patrols are organized from these locations ?
The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command , the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command .	October 2012	When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established ?
The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command , the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command .	Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command	What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operations Command ?
The new command , created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget , combines the resources , roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters .	the 2012 federal budget	What specifically prompted this merger ?
The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command -LRB- CANSOFCOM -RRB- is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces -LRB- SOF -RRB- elements to support CJOC .	The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command	what does CANSOFCOM stand for ?
The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command -LRB- CANSOFCOM -RRB- is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces -LRB- SOF -RRB- elements to support CJOC .	generating special operations forces	What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on ?
The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command -LRB- CANSOFCOM -RRB- is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces -LRB- SOF -RRB- elements to support CJOC .	CJOC	What do the special forces support ?
The command includes Joint Task Force 2 -LRB- JTF2 -RRB- , the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit -LRB- CJIRU -RRB- based at CFB Trenton , as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment -LRB- CSOR -RRB- and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron -LRB- SOAS -RRB- based at CFB Petawawa .	CFB Trenton	Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based ?
The command includes Joint Task Force 2 -LRB- JTF2 -RRB- , the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit -LRB- CJIRU -RRB- based at CFB Trenton , as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment -LRB- CSOR -RRB- and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron -LRB- SOAS -RRB- based at CFB Petawawa .	427	How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa ?
Among other things , the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces ' communications and computer networks .	electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks	What is the the Information Management Group responsible for ?
Within the group , this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group , headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa , which operates the following units : the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters -LRB- CFIOGHQ -RRB- , the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre -LRB- CFEWC -RRB- , the Canadian Forces Network Operation Centre -LRB- CFNOC -RRB- , the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre -LRB- CFSOC -RRB- , the Canadian Forces Station -LRB- CFS -RRB- Leitrim , and the 764 Communications Squadron .	CFS Leitrim in Ottawa	Where is the Information Management Group located ?
Within that directorate the newly established CAF Cyber Task Force , has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces .	design and build cyber warfare capabilities	What is the task of the CAF Cyber Task Force ?
In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization , the Directorate of Cybernetics , headed by a Brigadier General , the Director General Cyber -LRB- DG Cyber -RRB- .	June 2011	When was the Directorate of Cybernetics established ?
In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization , the Directorate of Cybernetics , headed by a Brigadier General , the Director General Cyber -LRB- DG Cyber -RRB- .	the Director General Cyber	Who heads the Directorate ?
The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces .	the Canadian Armed Forces	Who does The Health Services Group serve ?
With few exceptions , all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation , or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command .	Joint Task Force	Who can temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group ?
With few exceptions , all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation , or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command .	domestic support	What type of support does The Health Services Group provide ?
The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat .	in times of national emergency or threat	When can the reserve force be called upon ?
The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat .	primary and supplementary	What troops does The reserve force consists of ?
This group is represented , though not commanded , at NDHQ by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets , who is usually a major general or rear admiral , and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force -- the Naval Reserve -LRB- NAVRES -RRB- , Land Force Reserve -LRB- LFR -RRB- , and Air Reserve -LRB- AIRRES -RRB- -- in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command , the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group .	Chief of Reserves and Cadets	Who commands the reserves ?
This group is represented , though not commanded , at NDHQ by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets , who is usually a major general or rear admiral , and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force -- the Naval Reserve -LRB- NAVRES -RRB- , Land Force Reserve -LRB- LFR -RRB- , and Air Reserve -LRB- AIRRES -RRB- -- in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command , the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group .	the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)	What are some of the components of the reserve force ?
The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service -LRB- COATS -RRB- consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training , safety , supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement .	Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service	Who conducts training of the cadets ?
The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service -LRB- COATS -RRB- consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training , safety , supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement .	12 to 18 years	What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement ?
The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre -LRB- CIC -RRB- branch of the CAF .	officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre	What branch are the majority of COATS members ?
Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time -LRB- Class A -RRB- or full-time -LRB- Class B -RRB- may be held on the `` Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List '' -LRB- CISS List -RRB- in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve .	Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS	Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer ?
The Canadian Rangers , who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada 's arctic and other remote areas , are an essential reserve force component used for Canada 's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory .	provide surveillance and patrol services	What do Canadian Rangers perform ?
The Canadian Rangers , who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada 's arctic and other remote areas , are an essential reserve force component used for Canada 's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory .	in Canada's arctic	Where do the Canadian Rangers operate ?
The Canadian Rangers , who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada 's arctic and other remote areas , are an essential reserve force component used for Canada 's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory .	reserve force	Which force are the Rangers part of ?
The Canadian Rangers , who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada 's arctic and other remote areas , are an essential reserve force component used for Canada 's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory .	Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory	What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep ?
Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion , barring `` dirty work '' or combat .	service dress	What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion ?
With gloves , swords , and medals -LRB- No. 1 or 1A -RRB- , it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and `` dressed down '' -LRB- No. 3 or lower -RRB- , it is suitable for daily wear .	gloves, swords, and medals	What other parts are there to a uniform ?
Generally , after the elimination of base dress -LRB- although still defined for the Air Force uniform -RRB- , operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF , unless service dress is prescribed -LRB- such as at the NDHQ , on parades , at public events , etc. -RRB- .	operational dress is now the daily uniform	What is now the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF ?
Approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days .	Approved parkas	What can be worn in cold winter weather ?
The navy , most army , and some other units have , for very specific occasions , a ceremonial/regimental full dress , such as the naval `` high-collar '' white uniform , kilted Highland , Scottish , and Irish regiments , and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges .	a ceremonial/regimental full dress	What is only worn for very specific occasions ?
Authorized headdress for the Canadian Armed Forces are the : beret , wedge cap , ballcap , Yukon cap , and tuque -LRB- toque -RRB- .	beret, wedge cap, ballcap	What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF ?
Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn : navy -LRB- white or navy blue -RRB- , army -LRB- rifle green or `` regimental '' colour -RRB- , air force -LRB- light blue -RRB- .	coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn	Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses ?
The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress -LRB- with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress -RRB- , and the colour of which is determined by the wearer 's environment , branch , or mission .	The beret	What is the most popular head dress worn ?
The Canadian Army wears the CG634 helmet .	CG634 helmet	What headdress does the Canadian Army wear ?
The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence , and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget .	The Constitution of Canada	What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense ?
This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CAD$ 12.5 billion over five years , as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5,000 persons , and the primary reserve by 3,000 over the same period .	2005	What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over five years ?
In 1059 , the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees .	the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.	In 1059 , who was responsible for electing the pope ?
In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began , with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses , while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome .	a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses	What were the cardinals assigned ?
The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church , or specifically to the senior priest of an important church , based on the Latin cardo -LRB- hinge -RRB- , meaning `` principal '' or `` chief '' .	cardinal	At one time , Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as ?
The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli -LRB- parishes -RRB- of the diocese of Rome .	ninth century	How early was this term used ?
The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli -LRB- parishes -RRB- of the diocese of Rome .	tituli	The Church of England uses what term that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Pauls Catherdral ?
The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church , or specifically to the senior priest of an important church , based on the Latin cardo -LRB- hinge -RRB- , meaning `` principal '' or `` chief '' .	cardo	What Latin word does `` cardinal '' come from ?
The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title , which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul 's Cathedral .	The Church of England	Which church still holds on to the original meaning of `` cardinal '' from the above Latin word ?
In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century , when the word began to mean `` principal , '' `` eminent , '' or `` superior . ''	the deacons of the seven regions of the city	Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome ?
By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy .	8th century	When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy ?
By decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become pope .	769	What year did the ruling `` only a cardinal was eligible to become pope '' come in effect ?
In 1059 , during the pontificate of Nicholas II , cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini .	Nicholas II	Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini ?
In 1059 , during the pontificate of Nicholas II , cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini .	the Papal Bull In nomine Domini	What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope ?
Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244 .	1244	In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats ?
Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244 .	Pope Innocent IV	Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats ?
In cities other than Rome , the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour .	cardinal	What term was given to certain church men of honor ?
The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III -LRB- the Short -RRB- , ruler of the Franks , in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy .	747	When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used ?
The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.	1567	When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V ?
The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III -LRB- the Short -RRB- , ruler of the Franks , in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy .	Pope Zacharias	In regards to the word `` cardinal '' being used in cities other than Rome , who sent a letter to Pippin III ?
The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III -LRB- the Short -RRB- , ruler of the Franks , in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy .	747	In what year was the letter sent ?
The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.	Pius V.	Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome ?
The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.	1567	In what year did the pope make the declaration ?
In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent , headed by Pope Pius IV , wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals .	1563	In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals ?
In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent , headed by Pope Pius IV , wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals .	Pope Pius IV	Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent ?
In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent , headed by Pope Pius IV , wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals .	1563	In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals ?
In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent , headed by Pope Pius IV , wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals .	Pope Pius IV	Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year ?
The earlier influence of temporal rulers , notably the French kings , reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements .	French kings	Who were generally temporal rulers ?
In early modern times , cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs .	secular affairs.	In what roles did cardinals have important roles ?
Cardinal Richelieu 's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France .	Cardinal Richelieu	What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France ?
Cardinal Richelieu 's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France .	Cardinal Richelieu	Which cardinal acted a the leader of France due to his amount of power ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In Portugal , due to a succession crisis , one cardinal , Henry , King of Portugal , was crowned king , the only example of a cardinal-king .	Henry, King of Portugal	Who is the only person to ever become a cardinal king ?
Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70 , comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons .	70	Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to ?
Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70 , comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons .	comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.	What did the composition of the cardinals consist of ?
Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII , that limit has been exceeded .	Pope John XXIII	During who 's term did the ruling exceed ?
At the start of 1971 , Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120 , but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally .	120	Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120 .	80	What is the maximum age for electors ?
At the start of 1971 , Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120 , but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally .	120	Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what ?
At the start of 1971 , Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120 , but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally .	the number of cardinals generally	Pope Paul VI had no cap on what ?
Each cardinal takes on a titular church , either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees .	a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees	Where do the cardinals work ?
The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia , the primary suburbicarian see .	The Dean of the College of Cardinals	Who receives the hishopric of Ostia ?
The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia , the primary suburbicarian see .	titular bishopric of Ostia	What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment ?
In 1630 , Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence -LRB- previously , it had been `` illustrissimo '' and `` reverendissimo '' -RRB- and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince , making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs .	1630	In was year was the title decreed Eminence ?
In 1630 , Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence -LRB- previously , it had been `` illustrissimo '' and `` reverendissimo '' -RRB- and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince , making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs .	Pope Urban VIII	Who decreed this ?
In 1630 , Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence -LRB- previously , it had been `` illustrissimo '' and `` reverendissimo '' -RRB- and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince , making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs .	Prince	What rank did the Eminece decree assigned ?
In 1630 , Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence -LRB- previously , it had been `` illustrissimo '' and `` reverendissimo '' -RRB- and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince , making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs .	the Pope and crowned monarchs	Who held more power then the cardinal ?
In 1630 , Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence -LRB- previously , it had been `` illustrissimo '' and `` reverendissimo '' -RRB- and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince , making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs .	Pope Urban VIII	Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince ?
Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as `` Cardinal -LSB- First name -RSB- -LSB- Surname -RSB- '' .	"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"	The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is ?
Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as `` Cardinal -LSB- First name -RSB- -LSB- Surname -RSB- '' .	Cardinal [First name] [Surname]	What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee ?
Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use `` Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis '' as their full title , probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy .	Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis	How do Oriental Patriarchs sign ?
Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use `` Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis '' as their full title , probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy .	because they do not belong to the Roman clergy	Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way ?
In Latin , on the other hand , the -LSB- First name -RSB- Cardinal -LSB- Surname -RSB- order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon : `` Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum ; habemus Papam : Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum , Dominum -LRB- first name -RRB- Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem -LRB- last name -RRB- , ... '' -LRB- Meaning : `` I announce to you a great joy ; we have a Pope : The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord , Lord -LRB- first name -RRB- Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church -LRB- last name -RRB- , ... '' -RRB- This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope ; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378 .	[First name] Cardinal [Surname]	What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin ?
In Latin , on the other hand , the -LSB- First name -RSB- Cardinal -LSB- Surname -RSB- order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon : `` Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum ; habemus Papam : Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum , Dominum -LRB- first name -RRB- Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem -LRB- last name -RRB- , ... '' -LRB- Meaning : `` I announce to you a great joy ; we have a Pope : The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord , Lord -LRB- first name -RRB- Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church -LRB- last name -RRB- , ... '' -RRB- This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope ; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378 .	Cardinal	What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope ?
In Latin , on the other hand , the -LSB- First name -RSB- Cardinal -LSB- Surname -RSB- order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon : `` Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum ; habemus Papam : Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum , Dominum -LRB- first name -RRB- Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem -LRB- last name -RRB- , ... '' -LRB- Meaning : `` I announce to you a great joy ; we have a Pope : The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord , Lord -LRB- first name -RRB- Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church -LRB- last name -RRB- , ... '' -RRB- This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope ; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378 .	1378	When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal ?
In Latin , on the other hand , the -LSB- First name -RSB- Cardinal -LSB- Surname -RSB- order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon : `` Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum ; habemus Papam : Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum , Dominum -LRB- first name -RRB- Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem -LRB- last name -RRB- , ... '' -LRB- Meaning : `` I announce to you a great joy ; we have a Pope : The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord , Lord -LRB- first name -RRB- Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church -LRB- last name -RRB- , ... '' -RRB- This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope ; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378 .	1378	When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope ?
While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals , and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate -LRB- usually earning its primate the cardinal 's hat -RRB- , no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate , not even if its bishop is a Patriarch .	no	Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate ?
While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals , and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate -LRB- usually earning its primate the cardinal 's hat -RRB- , no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate , not even if its bishop is a Patriarch .	the cardinalate	Despite some traditions and rights , no see has the right to what ?
Cardinal bishops -LRB- cardinals of the episcopal order -RRB- are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church .	Cardinal bishops	Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church ?
Cardinal bishops -LRB- cardinals of the episcopal order -RRB- are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church .	cardinals of the episcopal order	What is a cardinal bishop ?
Cardinal bishops -LRB- cardinals of the episcopal order -RRB- are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church .	Cardinal bishops	Some cardinals are bishop in name only , what are they called ?
In early times , the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals , and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere .	a Roman priest	In early times , who was generally electied to cardinal ?
To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop .	To preserve apostolic succession	Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop ?
The rule remains that , if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop , he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals , the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia .	he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.	What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop ?
The rule remains that , if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop , he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals , the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia .	he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.	What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop ?
There are seven suburbicarian sees : Ostia , Albano , Porto and Santa Rufina , Palestrina , Sabina and Mentana , Frascati and Velletri .	seven	How many suburbicarian sees ?
Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914 , when Pope Pius X separated them again , but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held , adding to it that of Ostia , with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops .	1150 until 1914	When were the two sees combined ?
Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914 , when Pope Pius X separated them again , but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held , adding to it that of Ostia , with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops .	Pope Pius X	Who separated them ?
There are seven suburbicarian sees : Ostia , Albano , Porto and Santa Rufina , Palestrina , Sabina and Mentana , Frascati and Velletri .	Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri	What are the seven sees ?
Since 1962 , the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees , with no powers of governance over them .	1962	Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when ?
Each see has its own bishop , with the exception of Ostia , in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator .	Ostia	Which see does n't have its own bishop ?
Each see has its own bishop , with the exception of Ostia , in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator .	Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.	Who is in charge of Ostia ?
Since 1962 , the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees , with no powers of governance over them .	1962	In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees ?
Each see has its own bishop , with the exception of Ostia , in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator .	Ostia	What see is the one exception to this rule ?
Each see has its own bishop , with the exception of Ostia , in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator .	the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome	Who has power over the exception ?
The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals .	College of Cardinals	The entire group of cardinals is known as what ?
Cardinals have in canon law a `` privilege of forum '' -LRB- i.e. , exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank -RRB- : only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction -LRB- cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual , or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin , where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed -RRB- .	the pope	Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church ?
To symbolize their bond with the papacy , the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring , which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal -LRB- as with a bishop 's episcopal ring -RRB- .	a gold ring	What does the pope give to a new Cardinal ?
To symbolize their bond with the papacy , the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring , which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal -LRB- as with a bishop 's episcopal ring -RRB- .	the pope	Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals ?
In previous times , at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal , he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero .	a galero.	What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal ?
This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta .	1969	In what year did the practice of donning this item stop ?
This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta .	scarlet biretta	What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal ?
Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition , though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias , or in some cases , wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet .	Eastern Catholic cardinals	Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing ?
When in choir dress , a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments -- the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal 's willingness to die for his faith .	willingness to die for his faith	What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals ?
Excluding the rochet -- which is always white -- the scarlet garments include the cassock , mozzetta , and biretta -LRB- over the usual scarlet zucchetto -RRB- .	rochet	Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white ?
It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals ' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such .	the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture	The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church ?
Until the 1460s , it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business .	1460s	When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes ?
If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal , the cardinalate expires .	the cardinalate expires	What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore , and the pope dies ?
Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V , cardinals were created without publishing their names until later , termed creati et reservati in pectore .	Pope Martin V	Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore ?
Though clerics , they were inaccurately called `` lay cardinals '' and were permitted to marry .	marry	What was a `` lay cardinal '' allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal ?
With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV , only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals .	1917	In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law ?
With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV , only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals .	only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals	What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals ?
Even if not a bishop , any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs , as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals , but he can not perform the functions reserved solely to bishops , such as ordination .	perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination	A cardinal who does not hold the title of `` bishop '' may not do what ?
The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it , and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves .	1962	Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year ?
Until 1917 , it was possible for someone who was not a priest , but only in minor orders , to become a cardinal -LRB- see `` lay cardinals '' , below -RRB- , but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons .	1917	In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop ?
In 1917 it was established that all cardinals , even cardinal deacons , had to be priests , and , in 1962 , Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops , even if they are only priests at the time of appointment .	1962	In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops ?
He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals , as they gather for the papal conclave .	collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals	In the time between electing new popes , what is the duty of the cardinal ?
The cardinal protodeacon , the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals , has the privilege of announcing a new pope 's election and name -LRB- once he has been ordained to the Episcopate -RRB- from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State .	The cardinal protodeacon	Who announces the election of a new pope ?
The cardinal protodeacon , the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals , has the privilege of announcing a new pope 's election and name -LRB- once he has been ordained to the Episcopate -RRB- from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State .	from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State	Where does this person announce the election of the new pope ?
However , in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony , and his three successors followed that example .	Pope John Paul I	Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned ?
When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function , such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing , some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils , cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre -LRB- so called mitra simplex -RRB- .	white	What color is the hat ?
As of 2005 , there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries , though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons .	30	How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005 ?
Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to `` opt for the order of cardinal priests '' -LRB- optazione -RRB- after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years .	10 years	How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests ?
While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third .	about half	In 1939 , how many Cardinals were Italian ?
While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third .	third	In 1994 , how many Cardinals were Italian ?
Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church 's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages , when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services .	seven deacons in the Papal Household	What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from ?
The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals .	cardinal deacons	Which cardinals are ranked lowest ?
The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest .	The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests	Who can become the cardinal protopriest ?
The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil .	Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil	Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time ?
The Dean of the College of Cardinals , or Cardinal-dean , is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals , elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number , an election , however , that must be approved by the Pope .	the Pope	In the College of Cardinals , the elected Dean needs the approval of who ?
Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see , and as such they can not elect the dean or become dean .	a suburbicarian see	Patriarch cardinals are not given what title ?
Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church , ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops .	cardinal deacons	Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church ?
Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church , ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops .	cardinal bishops	Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church ?
Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church , ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops .	Cardinal priests	Which rank has the most cardinals ?
Originally , however , this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome , who were recognized as the cardinal priests , the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome -LRB- the Latin cardo means `` hinge '' -RRB- .	priests chosen by the pope	What was the original definition of a cardinal priest ?
While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia , every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome , though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere , just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome .	a titular church in Rome	Each cardinal priest has what ?
In 1587 , Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70 , including 50 cardinal priests , about twice the historical number .	1587	In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals ?
In 1587 , Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70 , including 50 cardinal priests , about twice the historical number .	70	What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V ?
When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit , he began to add new churches to the list , which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do .	Pope John XXIII	Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals ?
The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages , which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family .	Iranic languages	What is another term meaning Iranian languages ?
The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages , which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family .	Indo-Iranian languages	What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of ?
The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages , which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family .	Indo-European language family	What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of ?
Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages : Old Iranian -LRB- until 400 BCE -RRB- , Middle Iranian -LRB- 400 BCE -- 900 CE -RRB- , and New Iranian -LRB- since 900 CE -RRB- .	400 BCE	When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur ?
Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian -LRB- a language of Sassanid Iran -RRB- , Parthian , and Bactrian .	Middle Persian	What is an example of a Sassanid language ?
Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages , the largest amongst them being Persian , Pashto , Kurdish , and Balochi .	86	How many different Iranian languages exist ?
The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language .	Proto-Iranian	Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor ?
Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya .	Persian and Sanskrit	From what languages does the word Aryao come ?
The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen .	1836	When was the phrase Iranian language family first used ?
The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen .	Christian Lassen	Who first used the term Iranian language ?
Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878 , and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan -LRB- Iranian -RRB- and Indo-Aryan -LRB- Indic -RRB- .	Robert Needham Cust	Who first used the term Irano-Aryan ?
Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878 , and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan -LRB- Iranian -RRB- and Indo-Aryan -LRB- Indic -RRB- .	1878	When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used ?
All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor , Proto-Iranian .	Proto-Iranian	From where did Iranian languages originate ?
The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia .	Central Asia	What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from ?
The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC .	Andronovo	What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian ?
The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC .	2000 BC	When did the Andronovo culture exist ?
It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family , like Thracian , Balto-Slavic and others , and to common Indo-European 's original homeland -LRB- more precisely , the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus -RRB- , according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European .	Indo-European	What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to ?
Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up , or the early second millennium BCE , as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe , the Iranian plateau , and Central Asia .	southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia	Where did early Iranian people establish societies ?
The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages .	linguistic diversity	What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers ?
Of that variety of languages/dialects , direct evidence of only two have survived .	two	How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time ?
Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription , composed circa 520 BC , and which is the last inscription -LRB- and only inscription of significant length -RRB- in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct .	the Behistun inscription	In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form ?
Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription , composed circa 520 BC , and which is the last inscription -LRB- and only inscription of significant length -RRB- in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct .	520 BC	When was the Behistun inscription written ?
Later inscriptions are comparatively brief , and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones , often with grammatical errors , which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced , but efforts were still being made to retain an `` old '' quality for official proclamations .	4th century BC	During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway ?
The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan , which take their name from their use in the Avesta , the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena -LRB- later : behdin -RRB- .	Avestan	What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language ?
The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan , which take their name from their use in the Avesta , the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena -LRB- later : behdin -RRB- .	Zoroastrianism	What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of ?
The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic , and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit .	Rigvedic Sanskrit	What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan ?
On the other hand , Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian , but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its `` old '' characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage .	Old Persian	What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan ?
Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi -LRB- the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish -RRB- and Old Parthian .	Kurdish	What language is Carduchi thought to have become ?
Also , foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages , for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary , as Herodotus did for what he called `` Scythian '' .	Scythian	What language did Herodotus invent a name for ?
These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups .	western and eastern	What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues ?
Certain is only that Avestan -LRB- all forms -RRB- and Old Persian are distinct , and since Old Persian is `` western '' , and Avestan was not Old Persian , Avestan acquired a default assignment to `` eastern '' .	Old Persian	Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian ?
These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups .	Avestan	Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian ?
These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants , * ć and * dź :	*ć and *dź	What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants ?
These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants , * ć and * dź :	first-series palatal consonants	What type of letters are * ć and * dź ?
-LRB- This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages . -RRB-	Nuristani languages	What languages share a similar situation ?
A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters * ćw and * dźw :	*ćw and *dźw	What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division ?
A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters * ćw and * dźw :	consonant clusters	What is the linguistic categorization of * ćw and * dźw ?
It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period .	other distinct dialect groups	What may have also been in use at the time ?
Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest ; and the hypothetical `` Old Parthian '' -LRB- the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian -RRB- in the near northwest , where original * dw > * b -LRB- paralleling the development of * ćw -RRB- .	Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian	Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed ?
Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest ; and the hypothetical `` Old Parthian '' -LRB- the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian -RRB- in the near northwest , where original * dw > * b -LRB- paralleling the development of * ćw -RRB- .	Old Parthian	What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed ?
What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the `` Middle Iranian '' era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century .	9th century	When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close ?
Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups , Western and Eastern .	Western and Eastern	What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian ?
The Western family includes Parthian -LRB- Arsacid Pahlavi -RRB- and Middle Persian , while Bactrian , Sogdian , Khwarezmian , Saka , and Old Ossetic -LRB- Scytho-Sarmatian -RRB- fall under the Eastern category .	Eastern	Bactrian , Sogdian , and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language ?
On the other hand , the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan .	Avestan	Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages ?
They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script , though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script .	Greek script	What did the Bactrian language use for writing ?
Middle Persian -LRB- Pahlavi -RRB- was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran .	Pahlavi	What is another term for Middle Persian ?
It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century .	3rd century CE	When did Middle Persian start being u sed ?
Middle Persian , Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans , whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages , from Latin to Chinese .	Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian	What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans ?
Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script .	Syriac script	What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to ?
The old prestige form of Middle Iranian , also known as Pahlavi , was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court .	Dari	What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court 's official tongue ?
The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE .	Saffarid	What was the first dynasty to use Dari ?
The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE .	875 CE	When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari ?
Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa -LRB- 8th century -RRB- and Ibn al-Nadim -LRB- 10th century -RRB- associated the term `` Dari '' with the eastern province of Khorasan , while they used the term `` Pahlavi '' to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan , and `` Pârsi '' -LRB- `` Persian '' proper -RRB- to describe the Dialects of Fars .	Khorasan	What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers ?
The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later , Kurdish , Pashto and Balochi .	Arabic script	What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam ?
This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century , when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage .	second half of the 8th century	When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off ?
Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy .	Tajik script	What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s ?
The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government .	the 1930s	When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic ?
The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government .	the Soviet government	Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic ?
Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran -LRB- Khuzestan -RRB- , and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia , displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and Tajikistan .	Khuzestan	What is another term for Western Iran ?
Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran -LRB- Khuzestan -RRB- , and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia , displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and Tajikistan .	Sogdian and Bactrian	What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic ?
In Eastern Europe , mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine , southern European Russia , and parts of the Balkans , the core region of the native Scythians , Sarmatians , and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation -LRB- e.g. Slavicisation -RRB- by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region , by the 6th century AD .	6th century AD	By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people ?
Sogdian 's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand , and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus , which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus .	Zarafshan valley	Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found ?
Sogdian 's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand , and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus , which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus .	Saka	Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language ?
Daylighting -LRB- using windows , skylights , or light shelves -RRB- is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings .	Daylighting	What is used a main source of light for a building during the day ?
Proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants .	positive	What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological ?
This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings .	energy consumption	Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what ?
Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures , as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight .	artificial light sources	Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what ?
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect .	Lighting or illumination	The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as ?
Daylighting -LRB- using windows , skylights , or light shelves -RRB- is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings .	Daylighting	What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day ?
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect .	Lighting	Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what ?
Proper lighting can enhance task performance , improve the appearance of an area , or have positive psychological effects on occupants .	positive	What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically ?
This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting , which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings .	energy consumption	What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with ?
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect .	Lighting or illumination	What is the used to achieve a practical effect ?
Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design .	light fixtures	What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting ?
Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design .	Indoor lighting	What is considered a key part of interior design ?
Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design .	lighting	What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping ?
Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design .	light fixtures	What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting ?
Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design .	lighting	What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects ?
This is often done with fluorescent lighting -LRB- first available at the 1939 World 's Fair -RRB- or rope light , occasionally with neon lighting , and recently with LED strip lighting .	1939	When was fluorescent lighting first available ?
Recessed lighting -LRB- often called `` pot lights '' in Canada , `` can lights '' or ` high hats '' in the US -RRB- is popular , with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it .	Recessed lighting	What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush ?
As early as 400,000 BCE , fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man .	400,000 BCE	Peking man kindled fire as early as ?
Oily animals -LRB- birds and fish -RRB- were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick .	birds and fish	Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick ?
With the discovery of fire , the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches .	campfires or torches	What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting ?
Hundreds of these lamps -LRB- hollow worked stones -RRB- have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France , dating to about 15,000 years ago .	15,000 years	The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far ?
The next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity .	incandescent light	What type of lighting was powered by electricity ?
Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s , and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people .	early 1800s	When did gas powered street lights became economically available .
Segmented sleep patterns disappeared , improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night , and more street lights reduced urban crime .	urban crime.	Street lights help reduce ?
Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions .	Lighting fixtures	What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions ?
The most important functions are as a holder for the light source , to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare .	visual glare	Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid ?
An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency , meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy , usually measured in lumen per watt .	lumen per watt	Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit ?
An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin ; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin .	6400	How many Kelvins is daylight measured at ?
An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin ; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin .	incandescent bulb	What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin ?
Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum , while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance .	blue-white	It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum ?
Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum , while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance .	Lower color temperature	A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be ?
Lighting is classified by intended use as general , accent , or task lighting , depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture .	light produced by the fixture.	A light is classified by intended purpose , what mainly changes its classification ?
Track lighting , invented by Lightolier , was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting , and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall .	Lightolier	Who invented track lighting ?
A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts , instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer .	master transformer	What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer .
A modified version of this is cable lighting , where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension .	cable lighting	What type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables ?
A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts , instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer .	12 or 24 volts	How many volts does a track lighting system usually use ?
A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting .	torchiere	What is a uplight used for ambient lighting ?
The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture , found in many homes and offices .	table lamp	What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices ?
The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting , while the desk lamp is considered task lighting .	task lighting	Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting ?
This would probably fall under accent lighting , though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting .	dark nightclub	When would neon lighting be considered general lighting ?
The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s .	illuminated ceiling	What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights ?
This would probably fall under accent lighting , though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting .	accent lighting	Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting ?
In a movie theater , steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety , when the film has started and the other lights are off .	small lights	What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings ?
Traditionally made up of small low wattage , low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube , these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions .	LED based versions	What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters ?
Traditionally made up of small low wattage , low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube , these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions .	translucent tube	What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in ?
Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night .	Street Lights	What is used to light walkways at night ?
Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures .	photovoltaic luminaires	What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency ?
Floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours .	Floodlights	What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night ?
Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas , or behind homes or commercial facilities .	security lighting	Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called ?
Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property .	Entry lights	What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property ?
Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle 's direction of travel to following drivers .	red	What color are tail lights ?
Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle , designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible .	white or selective yellow	What color are headlamps on a vehicle ?
In the late 1950s , some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars ' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements .	late 1950s	When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges ?
White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle 's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear , warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards , or about to do so .	White	What color are reversing indicator lamps ?
Flashing turn signals on the front , side , and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction .	turn signals	What indicates that a driver is intending to change position ?
Commonly called ` light bulbs ' , lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture , which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation .	light bulbs	What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture ?
Commonly called ` light bulbs ' , lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture , which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation .	electrical energy	What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation ?
A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens , a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens , and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens , but actual output varies by specific design .	800 lumens	How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce ?
Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as ` architectural lighting design ' .	architectural lighting design	What is designing as it applies to built environments ?
More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design .	Radiance	What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment ?
For simple installations , hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design .	tabular	Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data ?
Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation .	Daylight factor calculation.	What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space .
In some design instances , materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect < for example dark paint tends to absorb light , making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is , whereas light paint does the opposite .	dark paint	What type of paint tends to absorb light ?
In some design instances , materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect < for example dark paint tends to absorb light , making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is , whereas light paint does the opposite .	light paint	What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter ?
Photometric studies -LRB- also sometimes referred to as `` layouts '' or `` point by points '' -RRB- are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated .	Photometric studies	What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs ?
A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance ; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments .	lighting cues	What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator ?
Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting .	stage lighting	Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting ?
The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela -LRB- cd -RRB- , which describes the luminous intensity , all other photometric units are derived from the candela .	candela (cd)	What is the basic SI unit of measurement ?
The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre -LRB- cd/m2 -RRB- .	cd/m2	What is the SI unit for lumiance ?
The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb , which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2 .	stilb	What is the CGS unit of lumiance ?
The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen -LRB- lm -RRB- .	lumen (lm)	What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in ?
It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre , but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function , a standardized model of human visual brightness perception .	luminosity function	What is a standardized model of human visual brightness ?
The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance , being the luminous power per area , is measured in Lux .	Lux	What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance ?
The Unified Glare Rating -LRB- UGR -RRB- , the Visual Comfort Probability , and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement .	Unified Glare Rating	What does UGR stand for ?
To define light source color properties , the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics , correlated color temperature -LRB- CCT -RRB- , commonly used as an indication of the apparent `` warmth '' or `` coolness '' of the light emitted by a source , and color rendering index -LRB- CRI -RRB- , an indication of the light source 's ability to make objects appear natural .	correlated color temperature	What does CCT stand for ?
To define light source color properties , the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics , correlated color temperature -LRB- CCT -RRB- , commonly used as an indication of the apparent `` warmth '' or `` coolness '' of the light emitted by a source , and color rendering index -LRB- CRI -RRB- , an indication of the light source 's ability to make objects appear natural .	color rendering index	What does CRI stand for ?
To define light source color properties , the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics , correlated color temperature -LRB- CCT -RRB- , commonly used as an indication of the apparent `` warmth '' or `` coolness '' of the light emitted by a source , and color rendering index -LRB- CRI -RRB- , an indication of the light source 's ability to make objects appear natural .	CRI	What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural ?
To define light source color properties , the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics , correlated color temperature -LRB- CCT -RRB- , commonly used as an indication of the apparent `` warmth '' or `` coolness '' of the light emitted by a source , and color rendering index -LRB- CRI -RRB- , an indication of the light source 's ability to make objects appear natural .	CCT	What metric indicates `` warmth '' or `` coolness '' ?
For example , in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications , research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index -LRB- GAI -RRB- .	gamut area index	What does GAI stand for ?
For example , in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications , research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index -LRB- GAI -RRB- .	GAI	The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as ?
Dosimeters measure an individual 's or an object 's exposure to something in the environment , such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters .	light dosimeters	What is typically used to measure light ?
In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye , personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed .	Daysimeter	What measures the amount of light entering the eye ?
In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye , personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed .	circadian light meter	A Daysimeter what type of personal meter ?
The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis .	30	How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis ?
The small , head-mounted device measures an individual 's daily rest and activity patterns , as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system .	short-wavelength light	What type of light stimulates the circadian system ?
Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task .	Specification of illumination requirements	What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task ?
Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed .	Lighting control	What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed ?
Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards -LRB- such as ZigBee -RRB- , which provides benefits including easier installation -LRB- no need to run control wires -RRB- and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems -LRB- e.g. security -RRB- .	wireless mesh open standards	What type of standard do newer control systems use ?
Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards -LRB- such as ZigBee -RRB- , which provides benefits including easier installation -LRB- no need to run control wires -RRB- and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems -LRB- e.g. security -RRB- .	ZigBee	What is the name of one type of control system used ?
Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards -LRB- such as ZigBee -RRB- , which provides benefits including easier installation -LRB- no need to run control wires -RRB- and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems -LRB- e.g. security -RRB- .	no	Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder ?
Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting .	Occupancy sensors	What sensor controls light with motion sensors ?
Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat , such as the pattern created by a moving person .	changes in heat	What does a passive infrared sensor react to ?
Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return .	Ultrasonic sensors	What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing ?
When motion can no longer be detected , the lights shut off .	no	Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage ?
Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting .	Daylighting	What is the oldest method of interior lighting ?
Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings , daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings .	not	Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people ?
In recent years light emitting diodes -LRB- LEDs -RRB- are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting .	LEDs	What is a form of solid state lighting ?
In many situations , controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics .	nonimaging optics	What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs ?
Beyond the energy factors being considered , it is important not to over-design illumination , lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency , stress , and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels .	higher lighting levels	What can cause health effects such headache frequency ?
Similarly , designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer 's Disease .	Alzheimer's Disease	Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what ?
When those patterns are disrupted , they disrupt the natural circadian cycle .	disrupt the natural circadian cycle	What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted ?
A study conducted in 1972 and 1981 , documented by Robert Ulrich , surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene .	Robert Ulrich	Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene ?
Alison Jing Xu , assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion .	University of Toronto Scarborough	What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at ?
Alison Jing Xu , assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion .	Northwestern University	What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with ?
In 1849 , Dr. Abraham Gesner , a Canadian geologist , devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum .	Dr. Abraham Gesner	What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum ?
In 1849 , Dr. Abraham Gesner , a Canadian geologist , devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum .	1849	What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene ?
Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s , but they were expensive .	coal-gas methods	What method of lighting have been used since 1820s ?
Compact fluorescent lamps -LRB- aka ` CFLs ' -RRB- use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp , however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard .	Compact fluorescent lamps	What does CFL stand for ?
Care should be taken when selecting CFL 's because not all of them are suitable for dimming .	not	Are all CFLs suitable for dimming ?
According to the Energy Saving Trust , LED lamps use only 10 % power compared to a standard incandescent bulb , where compact fluorescent lamps use 20 % and energy saving halogen lamps 70 % .	10%	How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED ?
The lifetime is also much longer -- up to 50,000 hours .	50,000	What is the average lifetime of a CFL ?
The lifetime is also much longer -- up to 50,000 hours .	50,000 hours	What is the average lifetime of a CFL ?
According to the Energy Saving Trust , LED lamps use only 10 % power compared to a standard incandescent bulb , where compact fluorescent lamps use 20 % and energy saving halogen lamps 70 % .	70%	How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub ?
Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs , houses , and buildings .	Light pollution	What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive ?
For example , glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows , temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants .	glare	What causes sharp shadows around buildings ?
If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used .	searchlights and flares	In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead ?
However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers .	infrared cameras	Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what ?
Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions , usually for targeting , but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part .	Flares	What can be used by military for targeting ?
Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions , usually for targeting , but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part .	laser-guided and GPS weapons	What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield ?
The International Commission on Illumination -LRB- CIE -RRB- is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting .	International Commission on Illumination	What does the CIE stand for ?
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America -LRB- IESNA -RRB- , in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE , publishes guidelines , standards , and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments .	The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America	What does the IESNA stand for ?
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America -LRB- IESNA -RRB- , in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE , publishes guidelines , standards , and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments .	ANSI and ASHRAE	Who else publishes along with IESNA ?
Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products , which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire .	distribution of light released	What defines photo metric data ?
The International Association of Lighting Designers -LRB- IALD -RRB- is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers .	The International Association of Lighting Designers	What does IALD stand for ?
The Professional Lighting Designers Association -LRB- PLDA -RRB- , formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design .	The Professional Lighting Designers Association	What does PLDA stand for ?
The Professional Lighting Designers Association -LRB- PLDA -RRB- , formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design .	ELDA	What was the PLDA formerly known as ?
The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions -LRB- NCQLP -RRB- offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles .	NCQLP	Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination ?
The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions -LRB- NCQLP -RRB- offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles .	The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions	What does NCQLP stand for ?
Individuals who pass this exam become ` Lighting Certified ' and may append the abbreviation LC to their name .	LC	Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified ?
This certification process is one of three national -LRB- U.S. -RRB- examinations -LRB- the others are CLEP and CLMC -RRB- in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers , but to lighting equipment manufacturers , electric utility employees , etc. .	CLEP and CLMC	What other national examinations are available ?
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association -LRB- PLASA -RRB- is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500 + individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector .	The Professional Lighting And Sound Association	What does PLASA stand for ?
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association -LRB- PLASA -RRB- is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500 + individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector .	500+	How many individuals does PLASA represent ?
Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies -LRB- which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use -RRB- and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS -LRB- Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive -RRB- regulations .	Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive	What does RoHS stand for ?
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government .	Separation of powers	Which political practice did Montesquieu originate ?
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government .	three	How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for ?
This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution , according to which the Legislative , Executive , and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power .	United States Constitution	What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers ?
This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances .	checks and balances	What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote ?
This idea was called separation of powers .	separation of powers	What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other ?
During the Age of Enlightenment , philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as Thomas Hobbes , strongly opposed it .	John Locke	Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers ?
During the Age of Enlightenment , philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as Thomas Hobbes , strongly opposed it .	Thomas Hobbes	Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers ?
Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary .	Montesquieu	Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches ?
His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution .	the framers of the United States Constitution	Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu 's philosophy ?
During the Age of Enlightenment , philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as Thomas Hobbes , strongly opposed it .	John Locke	Who was an advocate of separation of powers ?
During the Age of Enlightenment , philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings , whereas others , such as Thomas Hobbes , strongly opposed it .	Thomas Hobbes	Who was an opponent of separation of powers ?
Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary .	Montesquieu	Who 's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Under the UK Westminster system , based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government , Parliament -LRB- consisting of the Sovereign -LRB- King-in-Parliament -RRB- , House of Lords and House of Commons -RRB- was the supreme lawmaking authority .	UK	What country 's government , on which the US government was modeled , did not formally implement separation of powers ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Under the UK Westminster system , based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government , Parliament -LRB- consisting of the Sovereign -LRB- King-in-Parliament -RRB- , House of Lords and House of Commons -RRB- was the supreme lawmaking authority .	parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government	What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK ?
Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government `` separate and distinct . ''	separate and distinct	What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina and Georgia ?
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom , the political structure of which served in most instances -LSB- citation needed -RSB- as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution .	United Kingdom	What country 's government served as a model for the United States Government ?
The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals ; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents .	a member of the Court of Appeals	In the 18th century what function , besides President , did the Delaware President serve ?
Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States .	Congress	What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities ?
In this vein , the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a `` line-item veto '' to the President , by powers vested in the government by the Constitution .	Clinton v. City of New York	Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation ?
In this vein , the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a `` line-item veto '' to the President , by powers vested in the government by the Constitution .	1998	When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court ?
Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States .	Congress	In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation ?
Under the nondelegation doctrine , Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency .	nondelegation doctrine	What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency ?
In this vein , the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a `` line-item veto '' to the President , by powers vested in the government by the Constitution .	Clinton v. City of New York	What was the court case that struck down the line item veto ?
In this vein , the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a `` line-item veto '' to the President , by powers vested in the government by the Constitution .	1998	What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court ?
One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. -LRB- 10 Wet . -RRB-	Wayman v. Southard	What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation ?
1 , 42 -LRB- 1825 -RRB- .	1825	In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court ?
While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function , he distinguished between `` important '' subjects and mere details .	John Marshall	Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court ?
Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure ; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers .	the judiciary	In Wayman v. Southard , what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress ?
One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. -LRB- 10 Wet . -RRB-	Wayman v. Southard	What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court ?
While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function , he distinguished between `` important '' subjects and mere details .	John Marshall	Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling ?
It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional .	the 1930s	When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution ?
In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 -LRB- 1935 -RRB- , Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of `` fair competition . ''	National Recovery Administration	The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States ?
In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 -LRB- 1935 -RRB- , Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of `` fair competition . ''	1935	In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court ?
In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 -LRB- 1935 -RRB- , Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of `` fair competition . ''	1935	In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional ?
In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 -LRB- 1935 -RRB- , Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of `` fair competition . ''	Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States	What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition ?
the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy , Militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office `` with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , '' receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers , and `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' -LRB- Section 3 . -RRB-	Army and Navy	Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command ?
the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy , Militia of several states when called into service , has power to make treaties and appointments to office `` with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , '' receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers , and `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' -LRB- Section 3 . -RRB-	Senate	Whose approval is required for the president 's appointees to take office ?
Congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president .	impeachment	What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees ?
Bodies such as the War Claims Commission , the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission -- all quasi-judicial -- often have direct Congressional oversight .	quasi-judicial	What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission ?
Executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the President .	Executive	Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief ?
Executive power is vested , with exceptions and qualifications , in the President .	the President	Who has the authority to make treaties ?
Congress may itself terminate such appointments , by impeachment , and restrict the president .	impeachment	What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President ?
The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President .	Congress	Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission ?
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties , as laid out by the laws Congress passes .	the performance of their duties	To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials ?
In INS v. Chadha -LRB- 1983 -RRB- , the Supreme Court decided -LRB- a -RRB- The prescription for legislative action in Art .	INS v. Chadha	What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution ?
In INS v. Chadha -LRB- 1983 -RRB- , the Supreme Court decided -LRB- a -RRB- The prescription for legislative action in Art .	1983	When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court ?
I , § 1 -- requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives -- and § 7 -- requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate , before becoming law , to be presented to the president , and , if he disapproves , to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House -- represents the Framers ' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single , finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure .	two-thirds	By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto ?
Judicial power -- the power to decide cases and controversies -- is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress .	Judicial	In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed ?
The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office .	president	Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court ?
The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office .	Senate	Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court ?
Courts exercising the judicial power are called `` constitutional courts . ''	constitutional courts	What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power ?
Judicial power -- the power to decide cases and controversies -- is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress .	Judicial power	What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called ?
The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office .	the president	Who appoints a judge ?
The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate , hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office .	the Senate	Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment ?
Congress may establish `` legislative courts , '' which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions , whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges .	legislative courts	What kind of courts did congress establish ?
Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States .	judicial power of the United States	What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise ?
The Vice President serves as president of the Senate , but he may only vote to break a tie .	President	Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress can not agree ?
The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills , but Congress may override any veto -LRB- excluding the so-called `` pocket veto '' -RRB- by a two-thirds majority in each house .	The president	Who can call congress into emergency session ?
The Vice President serves as president of the Senate , but he may only vote to break a tie .	The Vice President	Who serves as president of the Senate ?
The president , as noted above , appoints judges with the Senate 's advice and consent .	The president	Who has the power to issue a pardon ?
The president , as noted above , appoints judges with the Senate 's advice and consent .	The president	Who has the power to issue a reprieve ?
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States .	The president	Who is the commander and chief of the Army ?
However , only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se , as well as to raise , fund and maintain the armed forces .	Congress	Who has the power to declare ware ?
Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate , such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice , and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office .	the Senate	Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals ?
Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review .	Courts	Who is responsible for judicial review ?
The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison .	Marbury v. Madison	What is the court case that established judicial review ?
A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality ; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts .	the Supreme Court	Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States ?
The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress , which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts .	Congress	Who can limit judicial review of a law ?
The only constitutional limit on Congress ' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court ; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors , ministers or consuls .	the Supreme Court	Who 's judicial power does congress have the right to limit ?
The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president 's impeachment trial .	The Chief Justice	Who presides over an impeachment trial ?
However , James Madison wrote in Federalist 51 , regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others , that `` it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense .	James Madison	Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government ?
However , James Madison wrote in Federalist 51 , regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others , that `` it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense .	Federalist 51	In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate ?
Throughout America 's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president .	Congress	Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power ?
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power : George Washington only vetoed two bills , James Monroe one , and John Adams , Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none .	two	How many bills did George Washington veto ?
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power : George Washington only vetoed two bills , James Monroe one , and John Adams , Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none .	one	How many bills did James Monroe veto ?
During his two terms in office , he vetoed twelve bills -- more than all of his predecessors combined .	twelve	How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto
It was Andrew Jackson , the seventh President , who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon .	Andrew Jackson	Who was the seventh President of the United States ?
Congress , however , managed to override fifteen of Johnson 's twenty-nine vetoes .	fifteen	How many of Andrew Johnson 's veto 's were over turned by Congress
Furthermore , it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act .	Tenure of Office Act	What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official ?
Grover Cleveland , the first Democratic President following Johnson , attempted to restore the power of his office .	Grover Cleveland	Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills ?
Grover Cleveland , the first Democratic President following Johnson , attempted to restore the power of his office .	Grover Cleveland	Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed ?
Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority ; in Panama Refining v. Ryan , the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers .	Franklin Roosevelt	Which President attempted to pack the supreme court ?
Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority ; in Panama Refining v. Ryan , the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers .	Congress	Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression ?
Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power .	national security	Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President ?
That is , it is argued that `` checks and balances '' apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches .	checks and balances	What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government ?
Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court , the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court 's expertise , but can withdraw that delegation at any time .	the Supreme Court	Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to ?
An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court , that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida , and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts .	the Florida Supreme Court	Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida ?
An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court , that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida , and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts .	the Florida Supreme Court	Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system ?
Architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art .	Architectural	What is the latin word for architecture ?
Architecture -LRB- Latin architectura , from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton `` architect '' , from ἀρχι - `` chief '' and τέκτων `` builder '' -RRB- is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures .	architectura	What is the Latin word for architecture ?
Architecture -LRB- Latin architectura , from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton `` architect '' , from ἀρχι - `` chief '' and τέκτων `` builder '' -RRB- is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures .	Architecture	What do you call the planning and building of buildings ?
Architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art .	Architectural works	What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures ?
Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements .	architectural achievements	Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures ?
Architecture -LRB- Latin architectura , from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton `` architect '' , from ἀρχι - `` chief '' and τέκτων `` builder '' -RRB- is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures .	Greek	In what language does the word `` architecture '' have its origins ?
Architecture -LRB- Latin architectura , from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton `` architect '' , from ἀρχι - `` chief '' and τέκτων `` builder '' -RRB- is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures .	ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder"	What two words is `` architecture '' a combination of ?
Architecture -LRB- Latin architectura , from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton `` architect '' , from ἀρχι - `` chief '' and τέκτων `` builder '' -RRB- is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings and other physical structures .	buildings and other physical structures	Architecture involves the creation of what ?
Architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art .	as works of art	Aside from symbolizing cultures , what else are architectural works thought of as ?
Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements .	Historical civilizations	What can extant architectural works be used to identify ?
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura , by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD .	De architectura	What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived ?
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura , by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD .	Roman architect Vitruvius	Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans ?
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura , by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD .	1st century AD.	When did Vitruvius create these plans ?
According to Vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation -- firmness , commodity and delight .	firmness, commodity and delight.	What are the three principles every plan should consider ?
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura , by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD .	De architectura	What is the first known extant writing about architecture called ?
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura , by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD .	Vitruvius	Who was the author of De architectura ?
According to Vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation -- firmness , commodity and delight .	firmitas, utilitas, venustas	What were Vitruvius ' three principles for a well made building ?
According to Vitruvius , a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas , utilitas , venustas , commonly known by the original translation -- firmness , commodity and delight .	firmness, commodity and delight	What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles ?
The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of Vasari : by the 18th century , his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects had been translated into Italian , French , Spanish and English .	16th century	When were the styles of arts created ?
The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of Vasari : by the 18th century , his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects had been translated into Italian , French , Spanish and English .	Vasari	Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects ?
The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of Vasari : by the 18th century , his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects had been translated into Italian , French , Spanish and English .	Italian, French, Spanish and English	By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in ?
According to Vitruvius , the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible .	architect	In Vitruvius 's mind , whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out ?
Leon Battista Alberti , who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise , De Re Aedificatoria , saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion , although ornament also played a part .	Leon Battista Alberti	Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria ?
Leon Battista Alberti , who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise , De Re Aedificatoria , saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion , although ornament also played a part .	proportion	What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty ?
For Alberti , the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure , the Golden mean .	the Golden mean	What ideal proportion did Alberti promote ?
The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century , with the writing of Vasari : by the 18th century , his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects had been translated into Italian , French , Spanish and English .	16th	In what century did `` style '' as an artistic concept arise ?
In the early 19th century , Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts -LRB- 1836 -RRB- that , as the titled suggested , contrasted the modern , industrial world , which he disparaged , with an idealized image of neo-medieval world .	Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin	Who wrote the book Contrasts ?
In the early 19th century , Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts -LRB- 1836 -RRB- that , as the titled suggested , contrasted the modern , industrial world , which he disparaged , with an idealized image of neo-medieval world .	1836	What year was Contrasts written in ?
In the early 19th century , Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts -LRB- 1836 -RRB- that , as the titled suggested , contrasted the modern , industrial world , which he disparaged , with an idealized image of neo-medieval world .	Contrasts	What was the name of Pugin 's book ?
In the early 19th century , Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts -LRB- 1836 -RRB- that , as the titled suggested , contrasted the modern , industrial world , which he disparaged , with an idealized image of neo-medieval world .	1836	In what year was Contrasts written ?
In the early 19th century , Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts -LRB- 1836 -RRB- that , as the titled suggested , contrasted the modern , industrial world , which he disparaged , with an idealized image of neo-medieval world .	modern, industrial world	What world did Pugin dislike ?
Gothic architecture , Pugin believed , was the only `` true Christian form of architecture . ''	Gothic	What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian ?
The 19th-century English art critic , John Ruskin , in his Seven Lamps of Architecture , published 1849 , was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture .	John Ruskin	Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture ?
The 19th-century English art critic , John Ruskin , in his Seven Lamps of Architecture , published 1849 , was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture .	John Ruskin	Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture ?
The 19th-century English art critic , John Ruskin , in his Seven Lamps of Architecture , published 1849 , was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture .	art critic	What was Ruskin 's career ?
The 19th-century English art critic , John Ruskin , in his Seven Lamps of Architecture , published 1849 , was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture .	1849	When was Seven Lamps of Architecture published ?
Architecture was the `` art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them '' contributes `` to his mental health , power , and pleasure '' .	to his mental health, power, and pleasure	What , according to Ruskin , should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer ?
His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way `` adorned '' .	not	Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture ?
For Ruskin , the aesthetic was of overriding significance .	the aesthetic	What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin ?
His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way `` adorned '' .	it is in some way "adorned"	To be true architecture in Ruskin 's opinion what should be done to a structure ?
For Ruskin , a well-constructed , well-proportioned , functional building needed string courses or rustication , at the very least .	string courses or rustication	What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional ?
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction , the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote : `` You employ stone , wood , and concrete , and with these materials you build houses and palaces : that is construction .	20th-century	What century was the architect Le Corbusier in ?
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction , the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote : `` You employ stone , wood , and concrete , and with these materials you build houses and palaces : that is construction .	Le Corbusier	Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction ?
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction , the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote : `` You employ stone , wood , and concrete , and with these materials you build houses and palaces : that is construction .	20th-century	When did Le Corbusier live and write ?
But suddenly you touch my heart , you do me good .	heart	What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched ?
I am happy and I say : This is beautiful .	I am happy	What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in ?
`` Function '' came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use , perception and enjoyment of a building , not only practical but also aesthetic , psychological and cultural .	Function	What term replaced Vitruvius ' term `` utility '' ?
`` Function '' came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use , perception and enjoyment of a building , not only practical but also aesthetic , psychological and cultural .	aesthetic, psychological and cultural	In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional ?
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism , it had the effect of introducing the concept of `` function '' in place of Vitruvius ' `` utility '' .	Vitruvius	Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace ?
`` Function '' came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use , perception and enjoyment of a building , not only practical but also aesthetic , psychological and cultural .	all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building	What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function ?
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism , it had the effect of introducing the concept of `` function '' in place of Vitruvius ' `` utility '' .	both popularity and skepticism	What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns ?
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism , empiricism , structuralism , poststructuralism , and phenomenology .	rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.	What are some philosophies that modern architects use ?
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism , empiricism , structuralism , poststructuralism , and phenomenology .	philosophies	Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what ?
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism , empiricism , structuralism , poststructuralism , and phenomenology .	their approach to building design	Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence ?
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism , empiricism , structuralism , poststructuralism , and phenomenology .	poststructuralism	Which philosophy followed structuralism ?
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function , the consideration of sustainability , hence sustainable architecture .	late 20th century	When was the conecept , Sustainable architecture used ?
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function , the consideration of sustainability , hence sustainable architecture .	sustainability	What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century ?
To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials , its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating , cooling , water and waste management and lighting .	non-sustainable power sources	What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly ?
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs -LRB- shelter , security , worship , etc. -RRB- and means -LRB- available building materials and attendant skills -RRB- .	shelter, security, worship	What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done ?
As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices , building became a craft , and `` architecture '' is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft .	knowledge	Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures ?
As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices , building became a craft , and `` architecture '' is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft .	a craft	What was building considered ?
As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices , building became a craft , and `` architecture '' is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft .	architecture	What was the most valued type of building craft called ?
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs -LRB- shelter , security , worship , etc. -RRB- and means -LRB- available building materials and attendant skills -RRB- .	building materials	Aside from skills , what is required in order to have the means for building ?
Indeed , vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day .	vernacular buildings	What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world ?
Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases , such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan .	a surplus in production	Why did the economy begin to expand ?
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error , with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory .	trial and error	Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made ?
What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world .	vernacular	What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet ?
Early human settlements were mostly rural .	rural	In what environment were many of the first human settlements ?
Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases , such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan .	urbanization	What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements ?
Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases , such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan .	rapidly	At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand ?
In many ancient civilizations , such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia , architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural , and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler , the ruling elite , or the state itself .	Egypt and Mesopotamia	What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture ?
In many ancient civilizations , such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia , architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural , and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler , the ruling elite , or the state itself .	Egypt and Mesopotamia	What are two examples of past civilizations ?
In many ancient civilizations , such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia , architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural , and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler , the ruling elite , or the state itself .	the divine and the supernatural	To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture ?
In many ancient civilizations , such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia , architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural , and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler , the ruling elite , or the state itself .	political power	What does architectural monumentality often represent ?
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th -- 5th centuries BCE ; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka .	Kao Gong Ji	Name one Asian architectural writer .
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th -- 5th centuries BCE ; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka .	China	What country produced the Kao Gong Ji ?
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th -- 5th centuries BCE ; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka .	7th–5th centuries BCE	When was the Kao Gong Ji written ?
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th -- 5th centuries BCE ; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka .	Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra	What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka ?
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th -- 5th centuries BCE ; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka .	Shilpa Shastras	India produced which early architectural text ?
In many Asian countries , pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape .	pantheistic religion	What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries ?
Buddhist architecture , in particular , showed great regional diversity .	Buddhist architecture	Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity ?
Hindu temple architecture , which developed around the 3rd century BCE , is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras , and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm .	3rd century BCE	When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced ?
Hindu temple architecture , which developed around the 3rd century BCE , is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras , and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm .	the macrocosm and the microcosm	What does Hindu temple architecture try to express ?
Hindu temple architecture , which developed around the 3rd century BCE , is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras , and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm .	the Shastras	What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture ?
Buddhist architecture , in particular , showed great regional diversity .	Buddhist	What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
In many Asian countries , pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape .	pantheistic religion	What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia ?
The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period .	European architecture	What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch 's ?
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE , incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium , but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society .	7th century CE	When was Islamic architecture first seen ?
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE , incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium , but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society .	Byzantium	In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East , what other place 's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture ?
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE , incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium , but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society .	religious and social needs	What other parts of the society 's needs did architecture fill ?
The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period .	pointed arch	What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects ?
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals .	abbeys and cathedrals.	What type of buildings were took the most effort to build ?
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals .	abbeys and cathedrals	What were the most important buildings of the time ?
From about 900 CE onwards , the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe , resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic .	clerics and tradesmen	What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe ?
From about 900 CE onwards , the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe , resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic .	pan-European	What style is Gothic ?
From about 900 CE onwards , the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe , resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic .	Romanesque	What is another pan-European style ?
From about 900 CE onwards , the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe , resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic .	900 CE onwards	When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information ?
In Renaissance Europe , from about 1400 onwards , there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period .	1400	When was Renaissance Humanism developed ?
In Renaissance Europe , from about 1400 onwards , there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period .	1400 onwards	When did the Classical learning revival begin ?
In Renaissance Europe , from about 1400 onwards , there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period .	Europe	What continent did this revival take place on ?
In Renaissance Europe , from about 1400 onwards , there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period .	Renaissance	What was the name for the time period ?
In Renaissance Europe , from about 1400 onwards , there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period .	role of the individual	What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize ?
There was still no dividing line between artist , architect and engineer , or any of the related vocations , and the appellation was often one of regional preference .	artist, architect and engineer	What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time ?
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form , space and ambience to reflect functional , technical , social , environmental and aesthetic considerations .	functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic	What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account ?
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form , space and ambience to reflect functional , technical , social , environmental and aesthetic considerations .	form, space and ambience	In architecture what aspects are planned and designed ?
The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures , including scheduling , cost estimation and construction administration .	pragmatic aspects	Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve ?
Nunzia Rondanini stated , `` Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences .	Nunzia Rondanini	Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function ?
Nunzia Rondanini stated , `` Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences .	Through its aesthetic dimension	In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality ?
Through its own particular way of expressing values , architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that , in and of itself , it will promote social development . '	social life	What could , in Rondanini 's opinion , architecture `` stimulate and influence '' ?
Through its own particular way of expressing values , architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that , in and of itself , it will promote social development . '	social development	What should n't architecture be assumed to promote , according to Rondanini ?
Nunzia Rondanini stated , `` Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences .	functional aspects	What does architecture share with other sciences ?
To restrict the meaning of -LRB- architectural -RRB- formalism to art for art 's sake is not only reactionary ; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality '' .	art for art's sake	What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism 's meaning to ?
To restrict the meaning of -LRB- architectural -RRB- formalism to art for art 's sake is not only reactionary ; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality '' .	quest for perfection or originality	What sort of quest lacks purpose ?
To restrict the meaning of -LRB- architectural -RRB- formalism to art for art 's sake is not only reactionary ; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality '' .	form	What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest ?
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged .	civic ideals	From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge ?
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged .	new building types	These civic ideas allowed what to come into being ?
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged .	religious or empirical ones	What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on ?
Architectural `` style '' developed in the form of the Classical orders .	Architectural "style"	What owes its development to the Classical orders ?
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time .	ancient time	When were architectural writings first made ?
These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons .	specific formal prescriptions	Aside from general advice what did the texts contain ?
These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons .	canons	What is another term for specific formal prescriptions ?
Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius .	1st-century BCE	When did Vitruvius write his canons ?
Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious .	religious	What is a significant early architectural canonical type ?
In Europe during the Medieval period , guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived , particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings .	guilds	What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen ?
In Europe during the Medieval period , guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived , particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings .	written contracts	What records of the guilds are still in existence ?
In Europe during the Medieval period , guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived , particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings .	ecclesiastical buildings	What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with ?
The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason , or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents .	Magister lathomorum	What is another term for master mason ?
A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings .	proportions and structure	What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on ?
At this stage , it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist .	generalist	Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time ?
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology , architecture and engineering began to separate , and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects , often at the expense of technical aspects of building design .	architecture and engineering	What two fields began to grow apart ?
With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology , architecture and engineering began to separate , and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects , often at the expense of technical aspects of building design .	technical aspects of building design	What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics ?
There was also the rise of the `` gentleman architect '' who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes , typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles .	"gentleman architect"	What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy ?
Formal architectural training in the 19th century , for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France , gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility .	context and feasibility	What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect ?
Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects , graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks .	in the offices of other architects	Where did most architects learn their trade ?
Meanwhile , the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption .	mass production and consumption	What started with the Industrial Revolution ?
Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products , once within the province of expensive craftsmanship , became cheaper under machine production .	ornamented products	What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy ?
Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products , once within the province of expensive craftsmanship , became cheaper under machine production .	Aesthetics	As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class ?
House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals .	pattern books and architectural journals	What kind of books did housebuilders use ?
House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals .	current architectural design	What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate ?
Around the beginning of the 20th century , a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture .	20th	At what century 's start did revivalist fall into disfavor ?
Around the beginning of the 20th century , a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture .	Modern Architecture	What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time ?
Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund , formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects .	1907	When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start ?
Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund , formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects .	to produce better quality machine made objects	What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund ?
Following this lead , the Bauhaus school , founded in Weimar , Germany in 1919 , redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history , viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis -- the apex -- of art , craft , and technology .	the Bauhaus school	In 1919 what school opened in Weimar , Germany ?
When modern architecture was first practiced , it was an avant-garde movement with moral , philosophical , and aesthetic underpinnings .	avant-garde movement	What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning ?
Immediately after World War I , pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order , focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes .	the middle and working classes	Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of ?
They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order .	the rapidly declining aristocratic order	Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style ?
The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms , removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details .	functionalist	What sort of details did the Modernists ' want in their buildings ?
The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms , removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details .	historical references and ornament	What details did Modernists ' do away with ?
Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture , in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose , with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater .	Frank Lloyd Wright	Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture ?
Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture , in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose , with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater .	Robie House and Fallingwater	What are two of Wright 's designs ?
Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture , in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose , with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater .	to promote harmony	What was Wright 's intention regarding humans and nature ?
Architects such as Mies van der Rohe , Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques , trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms , celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution , including steel-frame construction , which gave birth to high-rise superstructures .	the Industrial Revolution	What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods ?
Architects such as Mies van der Rohe , Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques , trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms , celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution , including steel-frame construction , which gave birth to high-rise superstructures .	steel-frame construction	What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers ?
By mid-century , Modernism had morphed into the International Style , an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York 's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki .	International Style	What style came after Modernism ?
By mid-century , Modernism had morphed into the International Style , an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York 's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki .	Twin Towers	What is an example of International Style ?
By mid-century , Modernism had morphed into the International Style , an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York 's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki .	Minoru Yamasaki	Who designed the Twin Towers ?
Many architects resisted modernism , finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles .	decorative richness	What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles ?
As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII , a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph , Marcel Breuer , and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism , buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete .	Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen	Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism ?
As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII , a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph , Marcel Breuer , and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism , buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete .	unfinished concrete	What material was used in Brutalist structures ?
But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere , standardized , monotone , and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures .	postwar generation	Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism ?
One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture , which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture , both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design .	the school of metaphoric architecture	What school was a response to Brutalism ?
One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture , which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture , both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design .	biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture	What are two examples of metaphoric architecture ?
One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture , which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture , both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design .	nature	What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise ?
While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism , others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture .	expressionist architecture	What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of ?
Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s , architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism , with architects like Charles Moore in the USA , Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway , and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy , who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents .	the late 1950s and 1960s	When was the start of the architectural phenomenology movement ?
Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s , architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism , with architects like Charles Moore in the USA , Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway , and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy , who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents .	modernism	What was architectural phenomenology reacting to ?
Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s , architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism , with architects like Charles Moore in the USA , Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway , and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy , who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents .	human experience	What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand ?
Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a `` decorated shed '' -LRB- an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside -RRB- , and upheld it against modernist and brutalist `` ducks '' -LRB- buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms -RRB- .	Robert Venturi	Who called postmodern architecture a `` decorated shed '' ?
Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a `` decorated shed '' -LRB- an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside -RRB- , and upheld it against modernist and brutalist `` ducks '' -LRB- buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms -RRB- .	"ducks"	What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings ?
Since the 1980s , as the complexity of buildings began to increase -LRB- in terms of structural systems , services , energy and technologies -RRB- , the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type , technological expertise or project delivery methods .	Since the 1980s	About when did architecture begin specializing ?
A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many .	one person	Who can no longer design a large structure ?
Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal , philosophical , or aesthetic pursuit by individualists ; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments , with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral , environmental , and social sciences .	Modernism and Postmodernism	What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality ?
Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue , with profound effect on the architectural profession .	Environmental sustainability	What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years ?
This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment .	the environment	What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays ?
Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright , in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand .	Frank Lloyd Wright	Who was the first to design architecture environmentally ?
Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright , in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand .	Buckminster Fuller	Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s ?
The U.S. Green Building Council 's LEED -LRB- Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design -RRB- rating system has been instrumental in this .	The U.S. Green Building Council	What organization 's rating system promotes sustainability ?
Concurrently , the recent movements of New Urbanism , Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction , that appreciates and develops smart growth , architectural tradition and classical design .	New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture	What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability ?
This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture , as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl .	solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.	What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of ?
Concurrently , the recent movements of New Urbanism , Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction , that appreciates and develops smart growth , architectural tradition and classical design .	smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design	What are three things the new movements try to achieve ?
This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture , as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl .	modernist and globally uniform architecture	What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with ?
The Human Development Index -LRB- HDI -RRB- is a composite statistic of life expectancy , education , and income per capita indicators , which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development .	life expectancy, education, and income per capita	Which three statistics does the HDI compile ?
A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer , the education period is longer , and the income per capita is higher .	longer	Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy ?
The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq , often framed in terms of whether people are able to `` be '' and `` do '' desirable things in their life , and was published by the United Nations Development Programme .	Mahbub ul Haq	Who developed the HDI ?
The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq , often framed in terms of whether people are able to `` be '' and `` do '' desirable things in their life , and was published by the United Nations Development Programme .	United Nations Development Programme	What entity publishes the HDI ?
A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer , the education period is longer , and the income per capita is higher .	longer	Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth ?
The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index -LRB- IHDI -RRB- .	2010	In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI ?
The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index -LRB- IHDI -RRB- .	Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index	What does IHDI stand for ?
While the simple HDI remains useful , it stated that `` the IHDI is the actual level of human development -LRB- accounting for inequality -RRB- , '' and `` the HDI can be viewed as an index of ` potential ' human development -LRB- or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality -RRB- . ''	the IHDI	Which measures the potential development , the HDI or the IHDI ?
While the simple HDI remains useful , it stated that `` the IHDI is the actual level of human development -LRB- accounting for inequality -RRB- , '' and `` the HDI can be viewed as an index of ` potential ' human development -LRB- or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality -RRB- . ''	the HDI	Which measures the potential development , the HDI or the IHDI ?
These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose `` to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies '' .	1990	In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI ?
Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen , they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework .	Amartya Sen	Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI ?
These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose `` to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies '' .	people-centered policies	Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies ?
These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose `` to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies '' .	1990	Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report ?
LE : Life expectancy at birth MYS : Mean years of schooling -LRB- Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools -RRB- EYS : Expected years of schooling -LRB- Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life -RRB- GNIpc : Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita	Life expectancy at birth	What does LE stand for ?
LE : Life expectancy at birth MYS : Mean years of schooling -LRB- Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools -RRB- EYS : Expected years of schooling -LRB- Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life -RRB- GNIpc : Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita	Mean years of schooling	What does MYS stand for ?
LE : Life expectancy at birth MYS : Mean years of schooling -LRB- Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools -RRB- EYS : Expected years of schooling -LRB- Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life -RRB- GNIpc : Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita	Expected years of schooling	What does EYS stand for ?
LE : Life expectancy at birth MYS : Mean years of schooling -LRB- Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools -RRB- EYS : Expected years of schooling -LRB- Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life -RRB- GNIpc : Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita	Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita	What does GNIpc stand for ?
The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme -LRB- UNDP -RRB- .	the United Nations Development Programme	What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known ?
The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14 , 2015 , and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014 .	December 14, 2015	On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released ?
The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14 , 2015 , and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014 .	2014	Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report ?
The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24 , 2014 , and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013 .	July 24, 2014	On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released ?
The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24 , 2014 , and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013 .	2013	Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report ?
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index -LRB- IHDI -RRB- is a `` measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account . ''	the average level	Does the IHDI measure the `` average '' or the `` potential '' level of human development ?
Countries in the top quartile of HDI -LRB- `` very high human development '' group -RRB- with a missing IHDI : New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , Cuba , and Kuwait .	Cuba	Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI -LRB- but missing IHDI -RRB- ?
Countries in the top quartile of HDI -LRB- `` very high human development '' group -RRB- with a missing IHDI : New Zealand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , Cuba , and Kuwait .	very high	Is the top quartile of HDI considered `` high '' or `` very high '' human development ?
Some countries were not included for various reasons , primarily the lack of necessary data .	lack of necessary data	What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report ?
The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report : North Korea , Marshall Islands , Monaco , Nauru , San Marino , Somalia , India , Pakistan , South Sudan , and Tuvalu .	North Korea	Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report ?
The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14 , 2013 , and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012 .	March 14, 2013	On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released ?
The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14 , 2013 , and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012 .	2012	Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report ?
Countries in the top quartile of HDI -LRB- `` very high human development '' group -RRB- with a missing IHDI : New Zealand , Chile , Japan , Hong Kong , Singapore , Taiwan , Liechtenstein , Brunei , Andorra , Qatar , Barbados , United Arab Emirates , and Seychelles .	Barbados	Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI -LRB- but missing IHDI -RRB- ?
The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011 , and calculated HDI values based on estimates for 2011 .	2011	Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report ?
Countries in the top quartile of HDI -LRB- `` very high human development '' group -RRB- with a missing IHDI include : New Zealand , Liechtenstein , Japan , Hong Kong , Singapore , Taiwan , United Arab Emirates , Andorra , Brunei , Malta , Qatar , Bahrain , Chile , Argentina and Barbados .	Barbados	Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI -LRB- but missing IHDI -RRB- ?
Some countries were not included for various reasons , mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data .	unavailability of certain crucial data	What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report ?
The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report : North Korea , Marshall Islands , Monaco , Nauru , San Marino , South Sudan , Somalia and Tuvalu .	North Korea	Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report ?
The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4 , 2010 , and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010 .	November 4, 2010	On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released ?
The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4 , 2010 , and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010 .	2010	Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report ?
The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index -LRB- IHDI -RRB- , which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development -LRB- income , life expectancy , and education -RRB- .	income, life expectancy, and education	In the IHDI , inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions ?
Countries in the top quartile of HDI -LRB- `` very high human development '' group -RRB- with a missing IHDI include : New Zealand , Liechtenstein , Japan , Hong Kong , Singapore , Republic of China -LRB- Taiwan -RRB- , Andorra , United Arab Emirates , Malta , Brunei , Qatar , Bahrain and Barbados .	Barbados	Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI -LRB- but missing IHDI -RRB- ?
Some countries were not included for various reasons , mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data .	unavailability of certain crucial data	What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report ?
Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion .	Cuba	Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report ?
The situation has been addressed and , in later years , Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country .	High Human Development country	What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed ?
The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5 , 2009 , and covers the period up to 2007 .	October 5, 2009	On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released ?
The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5 , 2009 , and covers the period up to 2007 .	period up to 2007	What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report ?
It was titled `` Overcoming barriers : Human mobility and development '' .	Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development	What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report ?
The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called `` very high human development '' .	very high human development	What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report ?
The report refers to these countries as developed countries .	developed countries	How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank `` very high '' ?
Some countries were not included for various reasons , such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication .	being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication	What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded ?
This so-called `` statistical update '' covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report .	statistical update	What type of update was released on December 18 , 2008 ?
This so-called `` statistical update '' covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report .	an accompanying Human Development Report	What was the index published on December 18 , 2008 lacking ?
This so-called `` statistical update '' covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report .	up to 2006	What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008 ?
The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília , Brazil , on November 27 , 2007 .	November 27, 2007	On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released ?
Its focus was on `` Fighting climate change : Human solidarity in a divided world . ''	Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world	What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report ?
Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier , thus indicating an HDI for 2005 .	2005	What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report ?
Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier , thus indicating an HDI for 2005 .	2005	The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year ?
The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília , Brazil , on November 27 , 2007 .	Brasília, Brazil	Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched ?
This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries .	high income countries	Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI ?
A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent `` low development '' .	0.5	Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a `` low development '' country ?
All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa .	Africa	On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located ?
The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries , Gabon and South Africa , are ranked 119th and 121st , respectively .	119th	What is Gabon 's ranking ?
The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries , Gabon and South Africa , are ranked 119th and 121st , respectively .	121st	What is South Africa 's ranking ?
The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries , Gabon and South Africa , are ranked 119th and 121st , respectively .	Gabon and South Africa	What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries ?
A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent `` high development '' .	0.8	What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a `` high development '' country ?
Seven countries were promoted to this category this year , leaving the `` medium development '' group : Albania , Belarus , Brazil , Libya , Macedonia , Russia and Saudi Arabia .	Brazil	Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries ?
Seven countries were promoted to this category this year , leaving the `` medium development '' group : Albania , Belarus , Brazil , Libya , Macedonia , Russia and Saudi Arabia .	Russia	What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries ?
On the following table , green arrows -LRB- -RRB- represent an increase in ranking over the previous study , while red arrows -LRB- -RRB- represent a decrease in ranking .	red arrows	If there is a decrease in a country 's ranking , which indicator will be present ?
On the following table , green arrows -LRB- -RRB- represent an increase in ranking over the previous study , while red arrows -LRB- -RRB- represent a decrease in ranking .	green arrows	If there is an increase in a country 's ranking , which indicator will be present ?
Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times , Canada eight times , followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times .	Norway	Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times ?
Iceland has been ranked highest twice .	Iceland	Which country has received the top rank twice ?
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called `` Western models of development '' , failure to include any ecological considerations , lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization , focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking , lack of attention to development from a global perspective , measurement error of the underlying statistics , and on the UNDP 's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of ` low ' , ` medium ' , ` high ' or ` very high ' human development countries .	national performance and ranking	The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what ?
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called `` Western models of development '' , failure to include any ecological considerations , lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization , focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking , lack of attention to development from a global perspective , measurement error of the underlying statistics , and on the UNDP 's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of ` low ' , ` medium ' , ` high ' or ` very high ' human development countries .	Western	Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development ?
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called `` Western models of development '' , failure to include any ecological considerations , lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization , focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking , lack of attention to development from a global perspective , measurement error of the underlying statistics , and on the UNDP 's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of ` low ' , ` medium ' , ` high ' or ` very high ' human development countries .	global	The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development ?
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called `` Western models of development '' , failure to include any ecological considerations , lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization , focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking , lack of attention to development from a global perspective , measurement error of the underlying statistics , and on the UNDP 's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of ` low ' , ` medium ' , ` high ' or ` very high ' human development countries .	egalitarianism	Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which : egalitarianism or authoritarianism ?
They identified three sources of data error which are due to -LRB- i -RRB- data updating , -LRB- ii -RRB- formula revisions and -LRB- iii -RRB- thresholds to classify a country 's development status and conclude that 11 % , 21 % and 34 % of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error , respectively .	three	How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low , medium , and high human development countries .	2010	In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report ?
In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011 , the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6 , 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper .	The Economist	Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January , 2011 ?
The HDI has extended its geographical coverage : David Hastings , of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific , published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230 + economies , whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries .	182	How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI ?
The HDI has extended its geographical coverage : David Hastings , of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific , published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230 + economies , whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries .	169	How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI ?
Some definitions of southern Europe , also known as Mediterranean Europe , include the countries of the Iberian peninsula -LRB- Spain and Portugal -RRB- , the Italian peninsula , southern France and Greece .	Mediterranean Europe	What is another term for southern Europe
Some definitions of southern Europe , also known as Mediterranean Europe , include the countries of the Iberian peninsula -LRB- Spain and Portugal -RRB- , the Italian peninsula , southern France and Greece .	Iberian peninsula	What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located ?
Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe , which are geographically in the southern part of Europe , but which have different historical , political , economic , and cultural backgrounds .	Balkan countries	What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe ?
Some definitions of southern Europe , also known as Mediterranean Europe , include the countries of the Iberian peninsula -LRB- Spain and Portugal -RRB- , the Italian peninsula , southern France and Greece .	southern France	What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe ?
Different methods can be used to define southern Europe , including its political , economic , and cultural attributes .	political, economic, and cultural attributes	What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe ?
Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features -- its geography , climate , and flora .	geography, climate, and flora	What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region ?
The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal , Spain , Southeast France , Italy , Croatia , Albania , Montenegro , Greece , the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands .	The Mediterranean climate	What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe ?
The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal , Spain , Southeast France , Italy , Croatia , Albania , Montenegro , Greece , the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands .	Western and Southern coastal regions	Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate ?
Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout , including dry hills , small plains , pine forests and olive trees .	vegetations and landscapes	What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate ?
Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries , for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy .	mountain ranges of Spain and Italy	Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe ?
Additionally , the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate .	north coast of Spain	Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe ?
Additionally , the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate .	Atlantic climate	What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain ?
Southern Europe 's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region , one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan .	phytochoria	What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe ?
Southern Europe 's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region , one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan .	Armen Takhtajan	Who coined the term phytochoria ?
The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece .	classical antiquity	What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities ?
The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece .	city-states	What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece ?
Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great , spreading throughout Asia .	Alexander the Great	Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia ?
By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome , and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople .	Rome	Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire ?
By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome , and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople .	Constantinople	Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire ?
The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476 , a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages .	Germanic	Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire ?
The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476 , a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages .	AD 476	What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages ?
By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome , and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople .	300 AD	By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections ?
During the Middle Ages , the Eastern Roman Empire survived , though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire .	the Byzantine Empire	What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars ?
In Western Europe , Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own .	Germanic peoples	Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire ?
In Western Europe , Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own .	kingdoms and empires of their own	What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire ?
The period known as the Crusades , a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule , began .	the Crusades	What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity ?
Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire .	1204	When did Crusaders invade Constantinople ?
The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers .	Genoa and Venice	Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders ?
The Reconquista , a related movement , worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom .	The Reconquista	What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula ?
Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire .	the Byzantine Empire	What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople ?
The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe .	The Late Middle Ages	What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe ?
The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted .	the Black Death	What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages ?
In the Balkans , the Ottoman Empire , a Turkish state originating in Anatolia , encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands , culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 .	the Ottoman Empire	Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages ?
In the Balkans , the Ottoman Empire , a Turkish state originating in Anatolia , encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands , culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 .	1453	When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople ?
Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence , and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press , a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology , with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge .	14th century	When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance ?
Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence , and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press , a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology , with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge .	Florence	In what city did the Renaissance begin ?
Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence , and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press , a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology , with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge .	science and theology	What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance ?
Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence , and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press , a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology , with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge .	Greek and Roman	The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations ?
The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa , the Americas , and Asia , while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe , which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia .	Portugal and Spain	Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista ?
The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa , the Americas , and Asia , while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe , which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia .	1648	When did religious conflict end in Europe ?
The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees , which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years ' War .	Spain and France	Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed ?
Galileo Galilei , invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system .	Galileo Galilei	Which scientist developed a means of viewing space ?
Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio .	Guglielmo Marconi	Who was responsible for creating the first radio ?
European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires , producing the Columbian Exchange .	the rise of colonial empires	What resulted from Europe 's exploration of the New World ?
European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires , producing the Columbian Exchange .	the Columbian Exchange	What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies ?
The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain , allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture .	manufacturing	What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies ?
The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain , allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture .	the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain	Aside from the activities of colonies , what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing ?
The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars .	between 1815 and 1871	When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments ?
Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire .	the Ottoman Empire	From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence ?
The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power .	1870	In what year was Rome conquered ?
Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire .	The Age of Empire	What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands ?
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides .	1914	In what year did World War I begin ?
The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918 .	1918	When did a victor emerge in World War I ?
During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties , especially the Treaty of Versailles .	the Paris Peace Conference	At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war ?
The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , and along with Mussolini 's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War .	The Nazi regime	Which group took control in 1933 ?
The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , and along with Mussolini 's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War .	Adolf Hitler	Who led the Nazis ?
The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , and along with Mussolini 's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War .	Italy	Which country did Hitler align Germany with ?
The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , and along with Mussolini 's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War .	Mussolini	Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started ?
The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon .	the Warsaw Pact	What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called ?
The European Union -LRB- EU -RRB- involved the division of powers , with taxation , health and education handled by the nation states , while the EU had charge of market rules , competition , legal standards and environmentalism .	European Union	What does EU stand for ?
The European Union -LRB- EU -RRB- involved the division of powers , with taxation , health and education handled by the nation states , while the EU had charge of market rules , competition , legal standards and environmentalism .	market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism	What was the European Union tasked with managing ?
The Soviet economic and political system collapsed , leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989 , and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991 .	1989	When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union ?
The Soviet economic and political system collapsed , leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989 , and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991 .	1991	When did the USSR dissolve ?
As a consequence , Europe 's integration deepened , the continent became depolarised , and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries -- Romania and Bulgaria -LRB- 2007 -RRB- and Croatia -LRB- 2013 -RRB- .	2013	In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union ?
The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages , the heirs of Latin , which have spread from the Italian peninsula , and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe .	Romance languages	What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe ?
By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are : Italian , which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy , San Marino , and the Vatican ; and Spanish , which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar .	Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican	What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found ?
Other common romance languages include : Romanian , which is spoken in Romania and Moldova ; Portuguese , which is spoken in Portugal ; Catalan , which is spoken in eastern Spain ; and Galician , which is spoken in northwestern Spain .	eastern Spain	Where can people who speak Catalan be found ?
Other common romance languages include : Romanian , which is spoken in Romania and Moldova ; Portuguese , which is spoken in Portugal ; Catalan , which is spoken in eastern Spain ; and Galician , which is spoken in northwestern Spain .	Galician	What language is spoken in northwest Spain ?
By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are : Italian , which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy , San Marino , and the Vatican ; and Spanish , which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar .	over 40 million	How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers ?
The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus .	Hellenic	What is another term for Greek ?
The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus .	Cyprus	Outside of Greece itself , in what other nation is Greek a major language ?
Serbian is spoken in Serbia , Bosnia , and Croatia ; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria ; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia ; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia ; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia ; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia .	Macedonian	What language is used in Macedonia ?
Serbian is spoken in Serbia , Bosnia , and Croatia ; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria ; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia ; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia ; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia ; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia .	Bulgarian	What do people speak in Bulgaria ?
Serbian is spoken in Serbia , Bosnia , and Croatia ; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria ; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia ; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia ; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia ; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia .	Slovenia	Slovene is a major language in what country ?
English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe .	English	What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe ?
As a primary language , however , English has only a small presence in Southern Europe , only in Gibraltar -LRB- alongside Spanish -RRB- and Malta -LRB- secondary to Maltese -RRB- .	Spanish	Besides English , what other language is spoken in Gibraltar ?
As a primary language , however , English has only a small presence in Southern Europe , only in Gibraltar -LRB- alongside Spanish -RRB- and Malta -LRB- secondary to Maltese -RRB- .	Maltese	Besides English , what other language is spoken in Malta ?
Albanian is spoken in Albania , Kosovo , Macedoonia , and parts of Greece .	Albanian	What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania ?
Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta .	Semitic	What type of language is Maltese ?
The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country , a region in northern Spain and southwestern France .	northern Spain and southwestern France	Where is Basque Country located ?
The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity .	Christianity	What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe ?
Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire , and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD .	380 AD	When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion ?
Christians in the western half of Southern Europe -- e.g. , Portugal , Spain , Italy -- are generally Roman Catholic .	Roman Catholic	What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe ?
Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe -- e.g. , Greece , Macedonia -- are generally Greek Orthodox .	Greek Orthodox	Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe ?
For its official works and publications , the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions .	regions	What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations ?
The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations .	statistical convenience	What is the reason for the UNO 's division into regions ?
Southern Europe , as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations -LRB- the sub-regions according to the UN -RRB- , includes following countries and territories :	sub-regions	What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region ?
European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics -LRB- TDM -RRB- model .	Tourism Decision Metrics	What does TDM stand for ?
European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics -LRB- TDM -RRB- model .	European Travel Commission	Which group uses TDM as a metric ?
BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation .	BBC	What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation ?
The corporation , which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927 , has produced television programmes from its own since 1932 , although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936 .	Royal charter	Under what auspices does the BBC exist ?
The corporation , which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927 , has produced television programmes from its own since 1932 , although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936 .	1932	When did the BBC start creating its own programming ?
The corporation , which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927 , has produced television programmes from its own since 1932 , although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936 .	2 November 1936	On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts ?
The corporation , which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927 , has produced television programmes from its own since 1932 , although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936 .	United Kingdom	In what country is the BBC headquartered ?
The domestic TV BBC television channels are broadcast without any commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30 % of all UK viewing .	30%	What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC ?
As well as being a broadcaster , the corporation also produces a large number of its own programmes in-house , thereby ranking as one of the world 's largest television production companies .	television production companies	As a result of shows that the BBC itself creates , it is one of the biggest what ?
Baird Television Ltd. made Britain 's first television broadcast , on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre , London , via the BBC 's London transmitter , using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird .	30 September 1929	On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK ?
Baird Television Ltd. made Britain 's first television broadcast , on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre , London , via the BBC 's London transmitter , using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird .	Long Acre, London	From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted ?
Baird Television Ltd. made Britain 's first television broadcast , on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre , London , via the BBC 's London transmitter , using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird .	30	How many lines made up the picture on Britain 's earliest TV broadcasts ?
Baird broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932 .	June 1932	When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC ?
Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930 , by using the BBC 's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park .	30 March 1930	When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time ?
The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House , London , on 22 August 1932 .	Broadcasting House, London	Where was the BBC 's first studio located ?
The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place , London , in February 1934 , and continued broadcasting the 30-line images , carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park , until 11 September 1935 , by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete .	telephone line	What was the medium that brought the BBC 's signal to the transmitter ?
The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place , London , in February 1934 , and continued broadcasting the 30-line images , carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park , until 11 September 1935 , by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete .	electromechanical	What term characterizes the type of broadcast made by the BBC prior to late 1935 ?
The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place , London , in February 1934 , and continued broadcasting the 30-line images , carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park , until 11 September 1935 , by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete .	16 Portland Place, London	Where was the BBC 's second studio located ?
The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place , London , in February 1934 , and continued broadcasting the 30-line images , carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park , until 11 September 1935 , by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete .	February 1934	When did the BBC first change studios ?
After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August , regular BBC television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 October 1936 , from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London , which housed two studios , various scenery stores , make-up areas , dressing rooms , offices , and the transmitter itself , now broadcasting on the VHF band .	Alexandra Palace	Where did the BBC continue broadcasting from in October of 1936 ?
After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August , regular BBC television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 October 1936 , from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London , which housed two studios , various scenery stores , make-up areas , dressing rooms , offices , and the transmitter itself , now broadcasting on the VHF band .	VHF	What frequency band was used by the BBC starting in 1936 ?
BBC television initially used two systems , on alternate weeks : the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system , each making the BBC the world 's first regular high-definition television service , broadcasting Monday to Saturday from 15:00 to 16:00 and 21:00 to 22:00 .	Monday to Saturday	On what days did the BBC provide regular broadcasts ?
The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months ; early television sets supported both resolutions .	six months	For how long did the BBC alternate different broadcasting systems ?
However , the Baird system , which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming , proved too cumbersome and visually inferior , and ended with closedown -LRB- at 22:00 -RRB- on Saturday 13 February 1937 .	Farnsworth image dissector	What kind of camera was used to broadcast live shows under the Baird system ?
However , the Baird system , which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming , proved too cumbersome and visually inferior , and ended with closedown -LRB- at 22:00 -RRB- on Saturday 13 February 1937 .	13 February 1937	When was the Baird system officially abandoned ?
Initially , the station 's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter -- in practice , however , transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away , and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York , who were experimenting with a British television set .	40 kilometres	How far from its studio could the BBC 's broadcast originally reach ?
Initially , the station 's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter -- in practice , however , transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away , and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York , who were experimenting with a British television set .	1938	In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States ?
Initially , the station 's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter -- in practice , however , transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away , and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York , who were experimenting with a British television set .	RCA	What company did the U.S. engineers who saw the BBC broadcast work for ?
Initially , the station 's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter -- in practice , however , transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away , and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York , who were experimenting with a British television set .	a British television set	What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal ?
Mechanically scanned , 30-line television broadcasts by John Logie Baird began in 1929 , using the BBC transmitter in London , and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the BBC antenna in Brookmans Park .	Brookmans Park	Where was the BBC 's transmitter located in 1930 ?
Television production was switched from Baird 's company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932 , and continued until September 1935 .	2 August 1932	When did the BBC start broadcasting under the name BBC One ?
The first programme broadcast -- and thus the first ever , on a dedicated TV channel -- was `` Opening of the BBC Television Service '' at 15:00 .	Opening of the BBC Television Service	What was the title of the first show seen on the BBC ?
The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937 .	King George VI and Queen Elizabeth	Which members of British royalty were seen on the BBC in May of 1937 ?
The service was reaching an estimated 25,000 -- 40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939 .	September 1939	When did the BBC cease broadcasts due to World War II ?
On 1 September 1939 , two days before Britain declared war on Germany , the station was taken off air with little warning ; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London .	VHF transmissions	What did the British fear could provide guidance to the German air force ?
Also , many of the television service 's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort , in particular on the radar programme .	the radar programme	What part of the military did many people working for the BBC end up serving in ?
The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon , Mickey 's Gala Premier -LRB- 1933 -RRB- , which was followed by test transmissions ; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon .	Mickey's Gala Premier	What was the final thing shown on the BBC before it was shut down for the war ?
The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon , Mickey 's Gala Premier -LRB- 1933 -RRB- , which was followed by test transmissions ; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon .	before the end of the cartoon	When did most people mistakenly remember the last broadcast as having ended ?
According to figures from Britain 's Radio Manufacturers Association , 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939 , when production was halted by the war .	18,999	How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939 ?
Jasmine Bligh , one of the original announcers , made the first announcement , saying , ` Good afternoon everybody .	Jasmine Bligh	Who was the first person to speak on BBC when it was turned back on following World War II ?
BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00 .	7 June 1946	On what date did BBC return to the air after World War II ?
Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios .	Lime Grove Studios	In the decade following the war , where did a large portion of the BBC move to ?
The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later .	Mickey Mouse	What character was featured in the cartoon aired the day BBC broadcasting was restored ?
Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station , and by the mid-1950s most of the country was covered , transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF .	Birmingham	What city received BBC signals starting in 1949 ?
Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station , and by the mid-1950s most of the country was covered , transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF .	Sutton Coldfield transmitting station	Which facility brought the BBC 's transmissions to Birmingham ?
Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station , and by the mid-1950s most of the country was covered , transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF .	405-line interlaced image	What kind of image was broadcasted by the BBC by the mid - '50s ?
Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station , and by the mid-1950s most of the country was covered , transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF .	VHF	On what frequency band was the BBC broadcasting in thie 1950s ?
The BBC Television Service -LRB- renamed `` BBC tv '' in 1960 -RRB- showed popular programming , including drama , comedies , documentaries , game shows , and soap operas , covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week .	BBC tv	What was the name of the BBC changed to in 1960 ?
The BBC Television Service -LRB- renamed `` BBC tv '' in 1960 -RRB- showed popular programming , including drama , comedies , documentaries , game shows , and soap operas , covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week .	ITV	What was the BBC 's main competitor ?
The channel also introduced the science fiction show Doctor Who on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain 's most iconic and beloved television programmes .	Doctor Who	What program debuted on November 23 , 1963 ?
Television transmissions resumed from Alexandra Palace in 1946 .	Alexandra Palace	Where did the BBC broadcast from following World War II ?
BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964 , after the launch of BBC2 -LRB- now BBC Two -RRB- , the third television station -LRB- ITV was the second -RRB- for the UK ; its remit , to provide more niche programming .	ITV	What was the first station launched after the original BBC ?
BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964 , after the launch of BBC2 -LRB- now BBC Two -RRB- , the third television station -LRB- ITV was the second -RRB- for the UK ; its remit , to provide more niche programming .	BBC2	What was the third network started in the UK ?
The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964 , but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London , caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station .	massive power failure	What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date ?
The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964 , but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London , caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station .	Battersea Power Station	Where was the cause of the power outage ?
In the end the launch went ahead the following night , hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle .	Denis Tuohy	Who served as MC for the first BBC2 broadcast ?
On 1 July 1967 , BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour , using the West German PAL system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems .	BBC Two	What was the first station to show programs in color ?
-LRB- BBC One and ITV began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969 -RRB- .	15 November 1969	When did the other two major British stations start color programming ?
Unlike other terrestrial channels , BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming , but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse -LRB- although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One -RRB- .	soap opera or standard news programming	What types of programs were not shown on BBC Two ?
The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller , Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as Civilisation , The Ascent of Man and Horizon .	Sir David Attenborough	Who was the first controller of BBC2 ?
The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller , Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as Civilisation , The Ascent of Man and Horizon .	documentaries	What kinds of programs did Attenborough favor ?
In 1967 Tom and Jerry cartoons first aired on BBC One , with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17:00 , with occasional morning showings on CBBC .	1967	When was the first broadcast of Tom and Jerry on BBC One ?
The BBC stopped airing the famous cartoon duo in 2000 .	2000	When was the final broadcast of Tom and Jerry ?
In 1967 Tom and Jerry cartoons first aired on BBC One , with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17:00 , with occasional morning showings on CBBC .	2	How many episodes of Tom and Jerry were shown in the evenings ?
In 1967 Tom and Jerry cartoons first aired on BBC One , with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17:00 , with occasional morning showings on CBBC .	CBBC	On what channel was Tom and Jerry sometimes shown in the mornings ?
David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s .	BBC Natural History Unit	Which group did David Attenborough join while on sabbatical ?
David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s .	the 1950s	When did the BBC Natural History Unit come into existence ?
This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as Life on Earth , The Private Life of Plants , The Blue Planet , The Life of Mammals , Planet Earth and Frozen Planet .	Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet	What are some shows that Attenborough created with the BBC Natural History Unit ?
England 's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions -LRB- such as South West and East -RRB- , which exist mainly to produce local news programming , but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance -LRB- such as major local events -RRB- .	fifteen	How many different areas does BBC One accommodate with customized broadcasting ?
The other nations of the United Kingdom -LRB- Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -RRB- have been granted more autonomy from the English network ; for example , programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers , rather than by those in London .	Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland	Which parts of the UK have more control over their BBC broadcasts ?
The other nations of the United Kingdom -LRB- Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -RRB- have been granted more autonomy from the English network ; for example , programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers , rather than by those in London .	local announcers	Who hosts shows on BBC broadcasts outside of England ?
England 's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions -LRB- such as South West and East -RRB- , which exist mainly to produce local news programming , but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance -LRB- such as major local events -RRB- .	major local events	What kind of coverage might take precedence over standard BBC programming ?
Programmes , such as the politically fuelled Give My Head Peace -LRB- produced by BBC Northern Ireland -RRB- and the soap opera River City -LRB- produced by BBC Scotland -RRB- , have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations , who may have found programmes created for English audiences irrelevant .	Give My Head Peace	What is the name of a political show shown on BBC in Northern Ireland ?
Programmes , such as the politically fuelled Give My Head Peace -LRB- produced by BBC Northern Ireland -RRB- and the soap opera River City -LRB- produced by BBC Scotland -RRB- , have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations , who may have found programmes created for English audiences irrelevant .	River City	What is the name of a Scottish soap opera ?
BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its Gaelic-speaking viewers , including current affairs , political and children 's programming such as the popular Eòrpa and Dè a-nis ?	Eòrpa and Dè a-nis?	What is a well-known Gaelic program ?
The UK nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the UK , such as BBC Scotland 's comedy series Chewin ' the Fat , and BBC Northern Ireland 's talk show Patrick Kielty Almost Live .	Patrick Kielty Almost Live	What is the name of a show from Northern Ireland broadcast all over the United Kingdom ?
The BBC has come under pressure to commission more programmes from independent British production companies , and indeed is legally required to source 25 % of its output from such companies by the terms of the Broadcasting Act 1990 .	25%	How much of its programming must the BBC obtain from other content producers ?
Programmes have also been imported mainly from English-speaking countries : notable -- though no longer shown -- examples include The Simpsons from the United States and Neighbours from Australia .	The Simpsons	What is a popular American show that was shown on the BBC ?
Programmes have also been imported mainly from English-speaking countries : notable -- though no longer shown -- examples include The Simpsons from the United States and Neighbours from Australia .	Neighbours	What is a television show from Australia that was shown on the BBC ?
The BBC also introduced Ceefax , the first teletext service , starting in 1974 .	teletext	What kind of service was Ceefax ?
The BBC also introduced Ceefax , the first teletext service , starting in 1974 .	1974	When was Ceefax launched ?
CEEFAX has not made a full transition to digital television , instead being replaced by the new interactive BBCi service .	BBCi	What is the modern replacement for Ceefax ?
In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 -LRB- subsequently deferred to 14 July -RRB- it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels -LRB- including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1 -RRB- unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite .	May 2003	When did the BBC say it would start using a satellite to transit its signal ?
In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 -LRB- subsequently deferred to 14 July -RRB- it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels -LRB- including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1 -RRB- unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite .	Astra 2D satellite	What was the name of the satellite from which the BBC 's signal was sent ?
In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 -LRB- subsequently deferred to 14 July -RRB- it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels -LRB- including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1 -RRB- unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite .	14 July	Due to delays , when was the actual date of the BBC 's move to satellite broadcasts ?
This move was estimated to save the BBC # 85 million over the next five years .	£85 million	How much money was the move to satellite worth to the station over the following half decade ?
While the `` footprint '' of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A , from which it was previously broadcast encrypted , it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels `` free-to-air '' over much of Western Europe .	Western Europe	With the right tools , what area could get free BBC broadcasts from Astra 2D ?
Consequently , some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations , which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out .	Hollywood studios and sporting organisations	What are some entities that have taken issue with the possibility that BBC programming was being viewed for free ?
This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform , such as Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football , while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted .	Sky Digital	On what service were some shows removed as a result of issues over rights ?
This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform , such as Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football , while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted .	Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football	What are two specific broadcasts suspended on Sky Digital ?
On 5 July 2004 , the BBC celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins -LRB- although it had produced the Television Newsreel for several years before 1954 -RRB- .	5 July 2004	When was the 50th anniversary of BBC news broadcasts ?
This event was marked by the release of a DVD , which showed highlights of the BBC 's television coverage of significant events over the half-century , as well as changes in the format of the BBC television news ; from the newsreel format of the first BBC Television News bulletins , to the 24-hour , worldwide news coverage available in 2004 .	DVD	On what form of media was a retrospective of the BBC 's news broadcasts released to commemorate its 50th anniversary ?
On 5 July 2004 , the BBC celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins -LRB- although it had produced the Television Newsreel for several years before 1954 -RRB- .	Newsreel	In what format were the BBC 's first new bulletins shown ?
In 2005 the pioneering BBC television series Little Angels won a BAFTA award .	Little Angels	What reality series was awarded a BAFTA in 2005 ?
The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new , much larger group ; BBC Vision , in late 2006 .	Jana Bennett	Who was the leader of BBC Television in 2006 ?
The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new , much larger group ; BBC Vision , in late 2006 .	BBC Vision	What did BBC Television get absorbed into ?
The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology .	the onset of new media outlets and technology	What caused the move of BBC Television into the BBC VIsion unit ?
In 2008 , the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK , and in November 2008 , all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online .	2008	When did the BBC start exploring the use of internet streaming ?
In 2008 , the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK , and in November 2008 , all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online .	November 2008	When was full coverage of the BBC 's standard programming launched in online stream format ?
In February 2016 , it was confirmed by BBC Worldwide that Keeping Up Appearances is the corporation 's most exported television programme , being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters .	Keeping Up Appearances	As of early 2016 , what BBC show has been sold outside of the country the most times ?
In February 2016 , it was confirmed by BBC Worldwide that Keeping Up Appearances is the corporation 's most exported television programme , being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters .	nearly 1000	How many sales of Keeping Up Appearances have been made to non-British buyers ?
In February 2016 , it was confirmed by BBC Worldwide that Keeping Up Appearances is the corporation 's most exported television programme , being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters .	BBC Worldwide	Who announced the status of Keeping Up Appearances as the most exported BBC show ?
The BBC domestic television channels do not broadcast advertisements ; they are instead funded by a television licence fee which TV viewers are required to pay annually .	annually	How often are people required to remit the TV license fee ?
The BBC 's international television channels are funded by advertisements and subscription .	advertisements and subscription	How do the BBC 's non-domestic channels generate revenue ?
As a division within the BBC , Television was formerly known as BBC Vision for a few years in the early 21st century , until its name reverted to Television in 2013 .	2013	When did BBC Vision change back to BBC Television ?
It is responsible for the commissioning , producing , scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC 's television channels , and is led by Danny Cohen .	Danny Cohen	Who is the current head of BBC Television ?
It is responsible for the commissioning , producing , scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC 's television channels , and is led by Danny Cohen .	commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting	What are the four responsibilities of BBC Television ?
BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel , which operated between December 2004 and April 2006 .	December 2004	When did BBC Japan begin broadcasting ?
BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel , which operated between December 2004 and April 2006 .	April 2006	When did BBC Japan shut down ?
BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel , which operated between December 2004 and April 2006 .	general entertainment	What was the genre of BBC Japan ?
Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger -LRB- / ˈʃwɔːrtsənˌɛɡər / ; German : -LSB- ˈaɐ̯nɔlt ˈalɔʏs ˈʃvaɐ̯tsn̩ˌɛɡɐ -RSB- ; born July 30 , 1947 -RRB- is an Austrian-American actor , filmmaker , businessman , investor , author , philanthropist , activist , former professional bodybuilder and politician .	July 30, 1947	What 's Arnold Schwarzenegger 's birth date ?
Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger -LRB- / ˈʃwɔːrtsənˌɛɡər / ; German : -LSB- ˈaɐ̯nɔlt ˈalɔʏs ˈʃvaɐ̯tsn̩ˌɛɡɐ -RSB- ; born July 30 , 1947 -RRB- is an Austrian-American actor , filmmaker , businessman , investor , author , philanthropist , activist , former professional bodybuilder and politician .	Alois	What 's Arnold Schwarzenegger 's middle name ?
He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011 .	two	How many terms did Schwarzenegger serve as California 's governor ?
Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15 .	15	How old was Schwarzenegger when he started bodybuilding ?
He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times .	seven	How many times was Schwarzenegger awarded the Mr. Olympia title ?
His breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982 , which was a box-office hit and resulted in a sequel .	Conan the Barbarian	For which film from 1982 did Schwarzenegger first gain fame ?
He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times .	20	How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Universe ?
He was nicknamed the `` Austrian Oak '' in his bodybuilding days , `` Arnie '' during his acting career , and `` The Governator '' -LRB- a portmanteau of `` Governor '' and `` The Terminator '' , one of his best-known movie roles -RRB- .	Arnie	What nickname did Schwarzenegger 's co-stars call him by during his acting career ?
In 2011 , Schwarzenegger completed his second term as governor .	2011	What year marked the end of Schwarzenegger 's second term in the governor 's office ?
As a Republican , he was first elected on October 7 , 2003 , in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis .	Republican	What political party did Schwarzenegger belong to ?
As a Republican , he was first elected on October 7 , 2003 , in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis .	Gray Davis	What governor did Schwarzenegger replace ?
Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5 , 2007 .	January 5, 2007	What date marked the start of Schwarzenegger 's second gubernatorial term ?
Schwarzenegger was born in Thal , a village bordering the city of Graz in Styria , Austria and christened Arnold Alois .	Austria	What country was Schwarzenegger born in ?
His parents were Gustav Schwarzenegger -LRB- August 17 , 1907 -- December 13 , 1972 -RRB- , and Aurelia Schwarzenegger -LRB- née Jadrny ; July 29 , 1922 -- August 2 , 1998 -RRB- .	Jadrny	What was Schwarzenegger 's mother 's maiden name ?
His parents were Gustav Schwarzenegger -LRB- August 17 , 1907 -- December 13 , 1972 -RRB- , and Aurelia Schwarzenegger -LRB- née Jadrny ; July 29 , 1922 -- August 2 , 1998 -RRB- .	Gustav	What was Schwarzenegger 's father 's first name ?
Gustav was the local chief of police , and had served in World War II as a Hauptfeldwebel after voluntarily joining the Nazi Party in 1938 , though he was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria .	chief of police	What was Schwarzenegger 's dad 's job in their town ?
Gustav had a preference for his elder son , Meinhard -LRB- July 17 , 1946 -- May 20 , 1971 -RRB- , over Arnold .	Meinhard	What was Schwarzenegger 's older brother 's name ?
Money was a problem in their household ; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator .	refrigerator	What appliance did Schwarzenegger 's family buy that he called a highlight of his youth ?
He picked up his first barbell in 1960 , when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym .	soccer	What sport Schwarzenegger played led to a trip to the gym that sparked his love of weightlifting ?
The first real movie I saw , that I distinctly remember , was a John Wayne movie . ''	John Wayne	Who starred in the first movie Schwarzenegger remembers seeing ?
My father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was .	police officer	What job did Schwarzenegger 's father want him to pursue ?
Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz , where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park , Steve Reeves , and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen .	Steve Reeves	Which of Schwarzenegger 's bodybuilding idols died in 2000 ?
On May 20 , 1971 , his brother , Meinhard , died in a car accident .	1971	What year did Schwarzenegger 's brother die ?
Meinhard was due to marry Erika Knapp , and the couple had a three-year-old son , Patrick .	Patrick	What is Meinhard 's son named ?
Gustav died the following year from a stroke .	stroke	What caused Schwarzenegger 's father Gustav 's death ?
Barbara Baker , his first serious girlfriend , has said he informed her of his father 's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother .	Barbara Baker	Who was the first woman Schwarzenegger was serious about ?
In an interview with Fortune in 2004 , Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what `` would now be called child abuse '' at the hands of his father : `` My hair was pulled .	Fortune	What magazine revealed the details of Schwarzenegger 's childhood punishments in 2004 ?
`` The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America -- the land of opportunity , where I could become a star and get rich . ''	Mr. Universe	Which bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger call his `` ticket to America '' ?
During his army service , he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest .	Junior Mr. Europe	Which competition did Schwarzenegger go AWOL to participate in ?
Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966 , attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London .	1966	When did Schwarzenegger take an airplane for the first time ever ?
Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966 , attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London .	London	In what city was the 1966 NABBA Mr. Universe competition held ?
Also in 1966 , Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park , who became his friend and mentor .	Reg Park	Which of the bodybuilders Schwarzenegger idolized as a kid did he meet in 1966 ?
Yorton 's leg definition had been judged superior , and Schwarzenegger , under a training program devised by Bennett , concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs .	legs	Which part of his body did Schwarzenegger work to develop with Coach Bennett ?
Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich , training for four to six hours daily , attending business school and working in a health club -LRB- Rolf Putziger 's gym where he worked and trained from 1966 -- 1968 -RRB- , returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title .	four	How many total times has Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Universe title ?
Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich , training for four to six hours daily , attending business school and working in a health club -LRB- Rolf Putziger 's gym where he worked and trained from 1966 -- 1968 -RRB- , returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title .	Rolf Putziger	Who owned the gym Schwarzenegger worked in during the late sixties ?
Schwarzenegger , who dreamed of moving to the U.S. since the age of 10 , and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so , realized his dream by moving to the United States in September 1968 at the age of 21 , speaking little English .	10	How old was Schwarzenegger when he started hoping he 'd move to America ?
Schwarzenegger , who dreamed of moving to the U.S. since the age of 10 , and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so , realized his dream by moving to the United States in September 1968 at the age of 21 , speaking little English .	21	How old was Schwarzenegger when he moved to the U.S. ?
In 1970 , at age 23 , he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York , and would go on to win the title a total of seven times .	New York	In what state did Schwarzenegger claim his first Mr. Olympia title ?
From 1970 to 1974 , one of Schwarzenegger 's weight training partners was Ric Drasin , a professional wrestler who designed the original Gold 's Gym logo in 1973 .	Ric Drasin	What 's the name of the professional wrestler who designed the first logo for Gold 's Gym ?
LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America , who `` overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s '' .	LA Weekly	What magazine called Schwarzenegger America 's most famous immigrant ?
In 1977 , Schwarzenegger 's autobiography/weight-training guide Arnold : The Education of a Bodybuilder was published and became a huge success .	Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder	What 's the title of Schwarzenegger 's 1977 book ?
After taking English classes at Santa Monica College in California , he earned a BA by correspondence from the University of Wisconsin -- Superior , where he graduated with a degree in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979 .	Santa Monica College	At what college did Schwarzenegger study but not receive his degree ?
He tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching Transcendental Meditation -LRB- TM -RRB- , which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life : `` Even today , I still benefit from -LSB- the year of TM -RSB- because I do n't merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem . ''	Transcendental Meditation	What does TM stand for ?
He tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching Transcendental Meditation -LRB- TM -RRB- , which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life : `` Even today , I still benefit from -LSB- the year of TM -RSB- because I do n't merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem . ''	anxiety	What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with ?
Schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding , and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic annual bodybuilding competition .	the Arnold Classic	What bodybuilding competition is named after Schwarzenegger ?
For many years , he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex .	monthly	How frequently did Schwarzenegger write a column for Muscle & Fitness and Flex ?
The magazines agreed to donate $ 250,000 a year to the Governor 's various physical fitness initiatives .	$250,000	How much did the magazines Schwarzenegger wrote for pledge to contribute to physical fitness initiatives each year when he was Governor ?
Shortly after being elected Governor , he was appointed executive editor of both magazines , in a largely symbolic capacity .	executive editor	What position did Schwarzenegger briefly hold at Muscle & Fitness and Flex ?
One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965 .	Junior Mr. Europe	What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965 ?
His bodybuilding victories included five Mr. Universe -LRB- 4 -- NABBA -LSB- England -RSB- , 1 -- IFBB -LSB- USA -RSB- -RRB- wins , and seven Mr. Olympia wins , a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991 .	seven	How many times did Schwarzenegger win the Mr. Olympia title ?
When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every day .	half an hour	In 2011 , how much time each day did Schwarzenegger say he lifted weights ?
In 1967 , Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest , in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds -LRB- 254 kg/560 lbs . -RRB-	Munich stone-lifting contest	In what competition did Schwarzenegger have to lift over 500 pounds while balancing on foot rests ?
His first attempt was in 1969 , when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva .	1969	What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title ?
His first attempt was in 1969 , when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva .	Sergio Oliva	Who won Mr. Olympia 1969 ?
However , Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition , making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23 , a record he still holds to this day .	1970	At which year 's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title ?
However , Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition , making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23 , a record he still holds to this day .	23	How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Olympia in 1970 ?
In 1975 , Schwarzenegger was once again in top form , and won the title for the sixth consecutive time , beating Franco Columbu .	Franco Columbu	Who did Schwarzenegger beat to win his sixth Mr. Olympia in a row ?
In 1975 , Schwarzenegger was once again in top form , and won the title for the sixth consecutive time , beating Franco Columbu .	1975	What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder ?
After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest , Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding .	Mr. Olympia	What was Schwarzenegger 's last competition before retirement ?
Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest , filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete , in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called Pumping Iron .	Pumping Iron	What was the name of the bodybuilding film Schwarzenegger starred in ?
Schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition , after losing significant weight to appear in the film Stay Hungry with Jeff Bridges .	three months	How much time did Schwarzenegger have to train for the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition ?
Schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition , after losing significant weight to appear in the film Stay Hungry with Jeff Bridges .	Jeff Bridges	Who co-starred with Schwarzenegger in the film Stay Hungry ?
Schwarzenegger was training for his role in Conan , and he got into such good shape because of the running , horseback riding and sword training , that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time .	Conan	For what Hollywood role was Schwarzenegger training in 1980 ?
Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation .	seven	How many weeks did Schwarzenegger spend getting ready for the 1980 Mr. Olympia contest ?
Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation .	seven	How many times did Schwarzenegger win Mr. Olympia before retiring for good ?
Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal , writing in 1977 that `` steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest .	1977	In what year did Schwarzenegger write that he used anabolic steroid because they were `` helpful '' ?
In 1999 , Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe , a German doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems .	Dr. Willi Heepe	What German doctor was sued by Schwarzenegger ?
In 1999 , Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with The Globe , a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder 's future health .	The Globe	Which U.S. tabloid settled out of court with Schwarzenegger in 1999 ?
Schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting , finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1970 's Hercules in New York .	Hercules	What was Schwarzenegger 's first film role ?
Credited under the name `` Arnold Strong , '' his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production .	Strong	What last name was Schwarzenegger going by when he starred in Hercules in New York ?
His second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit-man for the mob in director Robert Altman 's The Long Goodbye -LRB- 1973 -RRB- , which was followed by a much more significant part in the film Stay Hungry -LRB- 1976 -RRB- , for which he was awarded a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year .	Robert Altman	In 1973 , who directed Schwarzenegger as a hit-man in The Long Goodbye ?
His second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit-man for the mob in director Robert Altman 's The Long Goodbye -LRB- 1973 -RRB- , which was followed by a much more significant part in the film Stay Hungry -LRB- 1976 -RRB- , for which he was awarded a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year .	New Male Star of the Year	Schwarzenegger 's role in Stay Hungry led to a Golden Globe win in what category ?
`` It was very difficult for me in the beginning -- I was told by agents and casting people that my body was ` too weird ' , that I had a funny accent , and that my name was too long .	weird	What adjective did Schwarzenegger say agents used to describe his body ?
Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film Pumping Iron -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , elements of which were dramatized ; in 1991 , he purchased the rights to the film , its outtakes , and associated still photography .	1991	When did Schwarzenegger purchase the rights to the film Pumping Iron ?
In 1980 , he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield 's husband , Mickey Hargitay .	1980	In what year did Schwarzenegger play Jayne Mansfield 's husband in a film ?
Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk , but did not win the role because of his height .	The Incredible Hulk	What role did Schwarzenegger miss out on because of his height ?
Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain .	The Villain	What 1979 comedy film featured Schwarzenegger , Kirk Douglas , and Ann-Margret ?
This was followed by a sequel , Conan the Destroyer , in 1984 , although it was not as successful as its predecessor .	Conan the Destroyer	What was the title of the sequel to Conan the Barbarian ?
This was followed by a sequel , Conan the Destroyer , in 1984 , although it was not as successful as its predecessor .	1984	What year was the first Terminator movie released ?
In 1984 , he made his first appearance as the eponymous character , and what some would say was his acting career 's signature role , in James Cameron 's science fiction thriller film The Terminator .	James Cameron	Who directed The Terminator ?
During the 1980s , audiences had an appetite for action films , with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars .	Sylvester Stallone	What other action star was an international hit in the 1980s ?
He made a number of successful films , such as Commando -LRB- 1985 -RRB- , Raw Deal -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , The Running Man -LRB- 1987 -RRB- , Predator -LRB- 1987 -RRB- , and Red Heat -LRB- 1988 -RRB- .	1987	What year was Schwarzenegger 's film The Running Man released ?
Twins -LRB- 1988 -RRB- , a comedy with Danny DeVito , also proved successful .	Twins	What 's the title of the comedy movie Schwarzenegger starred in with Danny DeVito in 1988 ?
Total Recall -LRB- 1990 -RRB- netted Schwarzenegger $ 10 million and 15 % of the film 's gross .	$10 million	How much did Schwarzenegger make from the film Total Recall , on top of 15 % of gross ?
Schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing , first with a 1990 episode of the TV series Tales from the Crypt , entitled `` The Switch '' , and then with the 1992 telemovie Christmas in Connecticut .	Christmas in Connecticut	What 1992 TV movie did Schwarzenegger direct ?
Schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing , first with a 1990 episode of the TV series Tales from the Crypt , entitled `` The Switch '' , and then with the 1992 telemovie Christmas in Connecticut .	Tales from the Crypt	An episode of what well-known TV series was Schwarzenegger 's directorial debut ?
Schwarzenegger 's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991 's Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , which was the highest-grossing film of 1991 .	Terminator 2: Judgment Day	What Schwarzenegger film was 1991 's highest-grossing movie ?
In 1993 , the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the `` International Star of the Decade '' .	the National Association of Theatre Owners	What organization named Schwarzenegger the `` International Star of the Decade '' in 1993 ?
His next film , the comedy drama True Lies -LRB- 1994 -RRB- , was a popular spy film , and saw Schwarzenegger reunited with James Cameron .	True Lies	What 1994 film brought Schwarzenegger back together with director James Cameron ?
That same year , the comedy Junior was released , the last of Schwarzenegger 's three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito .	Junior	What was Schwarzenegger 's second film with co-star Danny DeVito ?
In 2003 , he made his third appearance as the title character in Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines , which went on to earn over $ 150 million domestically .	$150 million	How much did the third Terminator movie make domestically alone ?
In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002 , Forum Stadtpark , a local cultural association , proposed plans to build a 25-meter -LRB- 82 ft -RRB- tall Terminator statue in a park in central Graz .	82	How many feet tall was the proposed statue of Schwarzenegger ?
In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002 , Forum Stadtpark , a local cultural association , proposed plans to build a 25-meter -LRB- 82 ft -RRB- tall Terminator statue in a park in central Graz .	Forum Stadtpark	What was the name of the cultural association that wanted to build a Terminator statue ?
In 2005 , he appeared as himself in the film The Kid & I .	The Kid & I	Which 2005 movie featured Schwarzenegger as himself ?
The character was later revealed to be the Governator , star of the comic book and animated series of the same name .	the Governator	What 's the name of the comic book character modeled on Schwarzenegger ?
Schwarzenegger inspired the character and co-developed it with Stan Lee , who would have produced the series .	Stan Lee	What famous comic book writer did Schwarzenegger work with on the Governator ?
In January 2011 , just weeks after leaving office in California , Schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films , one of them being the World War II action drama With Wings as Eagles , written by Randall Wallace , based on a true story .	With Wings as Eagles	Schwarzenegger said he was reading scripts that included the one for what WWII film based on a true story ?
In January 2011 , just weeks after leaving office in California , Schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films , one of them being the World War II action drama With Wings as Eagles , written by Randall Wallace , based on a true story .	Randall Wallace	Who wrote the screenplay for With Wings as Eagles ?
On May 20 , 2011 , Schwarzenegger 's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted : `` Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines '' .	May 20	On what date in 2011 was the hold on Schwarzenegger 's movie projects announced ?
He appeared in The Expendables 2 -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , and starred in The Last Stand -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , his first leading role in 10 years , and Escape Plan -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone .	10 years	2013 's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger 's first starring role in how long ?
He appeared in The Expendables 2 -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , and starred in The Last Stand -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , his first leading role in 10 years , and Escape Plan -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone .	Escape Plan	What was the first film Schwarzenegger co-starred in with Sylvester Stallone ?
He starred in the fifth Terminator movie Terminator Genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in The Legend of Conan .	Terminator Genisys	What 's the title of the fifth film in the Terminator franchise ?
He starred in the fifth Terminator movie Terminator Genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in The Legend of Conan .	2015	What year did Terminator Genisys debut ?
At the 2004 Republican National Convention , Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained why he was a Republican :	2004	In what year did Schwarzenegger speak at the Republican National Convention ?
In 1985 , Schwarzenegger appeared in `` Stop the Madness '' , an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration .	"Stop the Madness"	What was the title of the anti-drug music video Schwarzenegger appeared in under the Reagan administration 's sponsorship ?
He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election , accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally .	1988	In what presidential election year did Schwarzenegger make a name for himself as a prominent Republican ?
He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election , accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally .	George H.W. Bush	Which candidate did Schwarzenegger appear with at a presidential campaign rally ?
He was nominated by George H. W. Bush , who dubbed him `` Conan the Republican '' .	Conan the Republican	What nickname did George H.W. Bush give to Schwarzenegger ?
In an interview with Talk magazine in late 1999 , Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office .	1999	What year did Schwarzenegger 's interview with Talk magazine take place ?
The Hollywood Reporter claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of California .	The Hollywood Reporter	Which media source said Schwarzenegger was trying to deal with rumors that he might run for governor of California ?
Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy in the 2003 California recall election for Governor of California on the August 6 , 2003 episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno .	August 6, 2003	The episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno where Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy for Governor aired on what date ?
His candidacy immediately became national and international news , with media outlets dubbing him the `` Governator '' -LRB- referring to The Terminator movies , see above -RRB- and `` The Running Man '' -LRB- the name of another one of his films -RRB- , and calling the recall election `` Total Recall '' -LRB- yet another movie starring Schwarzenegger -RRB- .	one	How many debates did Schwarzenegger participate in before the 2003 California recall election ?
On October 7 , 2003 , the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4 % of the Yes vote in favor of a recall .	55.4%	What percentage of the October 2003 vote was in favor of a recall ?
Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante , fellow Republican Tom McClintock , and others .	Cruz Bustamante	Who was Schwarzenegger 's closest rival in the gubernatorial race of 2003 ?
In total , Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes .	1.3 million	By about what number of votes did Schwarzenegger win the 2003 recall election in California ?
His nearest rival , Bustamante , received 31 % of the vote .	31%	What percentage of the vote did Schwarzenegger 's opponent Bustamante receive ?
Schwarzenegger was the second foreign-born governor of California after Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862 .	John G. Downey	Who was the first governor of California who had been born in a foreign country ?
As soon as Schwarzenegger was elected governor , Willie Brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor .	Willie Brown	What politician threatened to start working to recall Schwarzenegger right after he was elected ?
Building on a catchphrase from the sketch `` Hans and Franz '' from Saturday Night Live -LRB- which partly parodied his bodybuilding career -RRB- , Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians `` girlie men '' .	Hans and Franz	What Saturday Night Live sketch was Schwarzenegger referencing when he called opposing politicians `` girlie men '' ?
Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005 , in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated .	November	In what month of 2005 did Schwarzenegger hold a special election ?
Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005 , in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated .	four	How many of Schwarzenegger 's ballot initiatives were defeated in the special election of 2005 ?
Schwarzenegger then went against the advice of fellow Republican strategists and appointed a Democrat , Susan Kennedy , as his Chief of Staff .	Susan Kennedy	Who did Schwarzenegger choose as Chief of Staff ?
Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides , the California State Treasurer , in the 2006 elections , held on November 7 , 2006 .	Phil Angelides	In the 2006 gubernatorial election , who did Schwarzenegger run against ?
After hearing a speech by Schwarzenegger at the 2006 Martin Luther King , Jr. breakfast , San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom said that , '' -LSB- H -RSB- e 's becoming a Democrat -LSB- ... H -RSB- e 's running back , not even to the center .	San Francisco	Which city was Gavin Newsom mayor of when he said Schwarzenegger was turning Democrat ?
It was rumored that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010 , as his governorship would be term-limited by that time .	United States Senate	What political office did people speculate Schwarzenegger might try for in 2010 ?
Wendy Leigh , who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger , claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home .	Wendy Leigh	What author claimed Schwarzenegger is power-obsessed ?
I was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and Eunice and Sargent Shriver became my heroes . ''	Sargent Shriver	What 's Schwarzenegger 's father-in-law 's name ?
In The Simpsons Movie -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , he is portrayed as the president , and in the Sylvester Stallone movie , Demolition Man -LRB- 1993 , ten years before his first run for political office -RRB- , it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed Schwarzenegger to become president .	The Simpsons Movie	Schwarzenegger shows up as the President of the United States in what 2007 animated movie ?
He holds Austrian citizenship by birth and has held U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983 .	1983	What year did Schwarzenegger become a naturalized citizen of the United States ?
Schwarzenegger 's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. presidential election was highly sought ; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain , Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008 .	John McCain	Who did Schwarzenegger finally endorse in the 2008 Republican primary ?
Schwarzenegger 's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. presidential election was highly sought ; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain , Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008 .	Rudy Giuliani	Which candidate withdrew from the presidential race in January of 2008 ?
Schwarzenegger 's endorsement was thought to be a boost for Senator McCain 's campaign ; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy .	the environment and economy	On which two major issues did McCain and Schwarzenegger publicly agree ?
In its April 2010 report , Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 `` worst governors '' in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger 's term as governor .	Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington	What group awarded Schwarzenegger the title of one of the 11 `` worst governors '' in a 2010 report ?
Although he began his tenure as governor with record high approval ratings -LRB- as high as 89 % in December 2003 -RRB- , he left office with a record low 23 % , only one percent higher than that of Gray Davis 's when he was recalled in October 2003 .	89%	What was Schwarzenegger 's highest approval rating during his stint as governor ?
Although he began his tenure as governor with record high approval ratings -LRB- as high as 89 % in December 2003 -RRB- , he left office with a record low 23 % , only one percent higher than that of Gray Davis 's when he was recalled in October 2003 .	23%	What was Schwarzenegger 's approval rating on the day his time in office ended ?
During his initial campaign for governor , allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger , dubbed `` Gropegate '' .	Gropegate	What was the controversy around Schwarzenegger 's first gubernatorial campaign nicknamed ?
Within the last five days before the election , news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women , six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories .	six	How many women spoke out publicly about misconduct on Schwarzenegger 's part ?
Within the last five days before the election , news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women , six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories .	Los Angeles Times	Which newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger 's alleged sexual misconduct ?
A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit in a hotel elevator , and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act .	bathing suit	One woman accused Schwarzenegger of trying to remove what item of clothing ?
In an interview with GQ magazine in October 2007 , Schwarzenegger said , '' -LSB- Marijuana -RSB- is not a drug .	GQ	What magazine published an interview quoting Schwarzenegger calling marijuana a `` leaf '' ?
This came after an interview in adult magazine Oui from 1977 surfaced , in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana .	marijuana	What drug does the documentary Pumping Iron show Schwarzenegger using ?
British television personality Anna Richardson settled a libel lawsuit in August 2006 against Schwarzenegger , his top aide , Sean Walsh , and his publicist , Sheryl Main .	Anna Richardson	Who sued Schwarzenegger and two of his employees for libel , settling in 2006 ?
Richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that Schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for The 6th Day in London .	The 6th Day	What movie was Schwarzenegger promoting when the alleged incident took place ?
She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a Los Angeles Times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior .	Los Angeles Times	What paper did Richardson claim was used by Schwarzenegger 's publicist and aide to discredit her ?
In 2005 , Peter Pilz , a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party , demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger 's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams , causing damage of reputation to Austria , where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968 .	1968	What year did Austria outlaw the death penalty ?
In 2005 , Peter Pilz , a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party , demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger 's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams , causing damage of reputation to Austria , where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968 .	Peter Pilz	Which member of Austrian parliament wanted Schwarzenegger to lose his Austrian citizenship ?
On September 27 , 2006 Schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation 's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions .	September 27, 2006	What date marked the first law restricting greenhouse gas emissions ?
The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities , refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere .	refineries	The regulations pertain to emissions from utilities , manufacturing plants , and what other entity ?
The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California 's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020 .	2020	What year has Schwarzenegger set as the deadline for California to show a 25 % reduction in emissions ?
Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17 , 2006 allowing California to work with the Northeast 's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative .	the Northeast	What region of the U.S. has California partnered with on the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative ?
He has also installed solar panels to heat his home .	solar panels	What green technology did Schwarzenegger have installed at home to reduce his carbon footprint ?
The plan took effect in 2009 .	2009	What year did the Greenhouse Gas Initiative go into effect ?
They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states .	carbon dioxide emissions	What particular pollutant was Schwarzenegger addressing with his 2006 executive order ?
In respect of his contribution to the direction of the US motor industry , Schwarzenegger was invited to open the 2009 SAE World Congress in Detroit , on April 20 , 2009 .	Detroit	In what city was the SAE World Congress held in 2009 ?
The former California governor would face a constitutional hurdle ; Article II , Section I , Clause V nominally prevents individuals who are not natural-born citizens of the United States from assuming the office .	Article II, Section I, Clause V	What article , section , and clause of the Constitution requires U.S. presidents to be natural-born citizens ?
In October 2013 , the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger was exploring a future run for president .	the New York Post	In 2013 , what newspaper claimed Schwarzenegger was considering a presidential campaign ?
Columbia University law professor Michael Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger 's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office , noting , `` The law is very clear , but it 's not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process . ''	Columbia University	Michael Dorf is a law professor at what school ?
Following his move to the United States , Schwarzenegger became a `` prolific goal setter '' and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards , like starting a mail order business or buying a new car -- and succeed in doing so .	index cards	Where would Schwarzenegger write down his goals ?
By the age of 30 , Schwarzenegger was a millionaire , well before his career in Hollywood .	30	Schwarzenegger became a millionaire by what age ?
In 1968 , Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business .	Franco Columbu	With which of his friends did Schwarzenegger start a bricklaying company ?
The business flourished thanks to the pair 's marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake .	San Fernando earthquake	What natural disaster in 1971 contributed to the success of Schwarzenegger 's business ?
Schwarzenegger rolled profits from the mail order business and his bodybuilding competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture : an apartment building he purchased for $ 10,000 .	$10,000	How much did Schwarzenegger pay for the first apartment building he bought ?
Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants -LRB- modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe -RRB- along with Bruce Willis , Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore .	Planet Hollywood	What restaurant chain did Schwarzenegger invest in ?
Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000 .	2000	When did Schwarzenegger withdraw from involvement with Planet Hollywood ?
Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants -LRB- modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe -RRB- along with Bruce Willis , Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore .	the Hard Rock Cafe	What other successful theme restaurant chain was Planet Hollywood modeled on ?
He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors , an investment firm .	Dimensional Fund Advisors	What investment firm does Schwarzenegger maintain partial ownership of ?
He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus , Ohio .	Columbus, Ohio	What city hosts Arnold 's Sports Festival each year ?
He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions , Inc. and Fitness Publications , a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster .	Oak Productions, Inc.	What 's the name of Schwarzenegger 's film production company ?
He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions , Inc. and Fitness Publications , a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster .	Simon & Schuster	What renowned publishing company partners with Schwarzenegger in Fitness Publications ?
In 1992 , Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called Schatzi On Main .	Schatzi On Main	What 's the name of the restaurant Schwarzenegger opened with his wife ?
In 1992 , Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called Schatzi On Main .	Santa Monica	Where is the Schwarzenegger restaurant located ?
Schatzi literally means `` little treasure , '' colloquial for `` honey '' or `` darling '' in German .	little treasure	What is the literal translation of the word `` schatzi '' ?
In 1998 , he sold his restaurant .	1998	What year did Schwarzenegger sell Schatzi on Main ?
After separating from his wife , Maria Shriver , in 2011 , it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $ 400 million , and even as high as $ 800 million , based on tax returns he filed in 2006 .	2011	In what year did Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver separate ?
In June 1997 , Schwarzenegger spent $ 38 million of his own money on a private Gulfstream jet .	$38 million	What was the price tag for the private jet Schwarzenegger bought in 1997 ?
Baker published her memoir in 2006 , entitled Arnold and Me : In the Shadow of the Austrian Oak .	2006	In what year did Schwarzenegger 's former girlfriend Barbara Outland Baker publish her memoir ?
Although Baker claims that when she first met him , he had `` little understanding of polite society '' and she found him a turn-off , she says , `` He 's as much a self-made man as it 's possible to be -- he never got encouragement from his parents , his family , his brother .	polite society	What did Baker say Schwarzenegger did n't understand when she first met him ?
The couple first met six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S -- their first date was watching the first Apollo Moon landing on television .	the first Apollo Moon landing	What historical event did Baker and Schwarzenegger watch on TV together on their first date ?
Schwarzenegger met his next paramour , Sue Moray , a Beverly Hills hairdresser 's assistant , on Venice Beach in July 1977 .	Sue Moray	What was the name of the hairdresser 's assistant Schwarzenegger fell for in July of 1977 ?
Schwarzenegger met Maria Shriver at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977 , and went on to have a relationship with both women until August 1978 , when Moray -LRB- who knew of his relationship with Shriver -RRB- issued an ultimatum .	the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament	Where did Schwarzenegger first meet Maria Shriver ?
Schwarzenegger met Maria Shriver at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977 , and went on to have a relationship with both women until August 1978 , when Moray -LRB- who knew of his relationship with Shriver -RRB- issued an ultimatum .	August 1978	What month and year did Moray make Schwarzenegger choose between her and Shriver ?
On April 26 , 1986 , Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver , niece of President John F. Kennedy , in Hyannis , Massachusetts .	niece	What is Maria Shriver 's relation to President John F. Kennedy
On April 26 , 1986 , Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver , niece of President John F. Kennedy , in Hyannis , Massachusetts .	Hyannis	What Massachusetts town was the setting for the wedding between Shriver and Schwarzenegger ?
They have four children : Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger -LRB- born December 13 , 1989 in Los Angeles -RRB- ; Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger -LRB- born July 23 , 1991 in Los Angeles -RRB- ; Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger -LRB- born September 18 , 1993 in Los Angeles -RRB- ; and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger -LRB- born September 27 , 1997 in Los Angeles -RRB- .	four	How many children did Schwarzenegger and Shriver have together ?
Following their separation , it is reported that Schwarzenegger is dating physical therapist Heather Milligan .	Heather Milligan	Who did Schwarzenegger reportedly begin dating shortly after his separation ?
On May 9 , 2011 , Shriver and Schwarzenegger ended their relationship after 25 years of marriage , with Shriver moving out of the couple 's Brentwood mansion .	25 years	How long were Schwarzenegger and Shriver married ?
On May 16 , 2011 , the Los Angeles Times revealed that Schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household , Mildred Patricia ` Patty ' Baena .	the Los Angeles Times	What newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger 's child with another woman ?
Fifty-year-old Baena , of Guatemalan origin , was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January 2011 .	20	Baena worked for the Schwarzenegger/Shriver family for how many years ?
Baena 's son with Schwarzenegger , Joseph , was born on October 2 , 1997 ; Shriver gave birth to Christopher on September 27 , 1997 .	Joseph	What 's the first name of Schwarzenegger 's son with Baena ?
KNX 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four-bedroom house , with a pool , for Baena and their son in Bakersfield , about 112 miles -LRB- 180 km -RRB- north of Los Angeles .	2010	Schwarzenegger bought Baena and their son a four-bedroom house in what year ?
Schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney , Bob Kaufman .	Bob Kaufman	Which attorney did Schwarzenegger consult to handle his divorce ?
Schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney , Bob Kaufman .	Schwarzenegger	Which of the two kept their family home in Brentwood ?
Schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney 's fees .	spousal support	Schwarzenegger 's initial divorce petition failed to provide for attorney 's fee reimbursement and what other condition of divorce ?
After the scandal , actress Brigitte Nielsen came forward and stated that she too had an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with Shriver , saying , `` Maybe I would n't have got into it if he said ` I 'm going to marry Maria ' and this is dead serious , but he did n't , and our affair carried on . ''	Brigitte Nielsen	What actress claimed she also carried on an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was with Shriver ?
Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve , an aortic valve with only two leaflets -LRB- a normal aortic valve has three leaflets -RRB- .	bicuspid	What word describes an aortic valve with two rather than three leaflets ?
Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue ; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade .	1997	Schwarzenegger underwent heart valve replacement in what year ?
On January 8 , 2006 , while Schwarzenegger was riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle in Los Angeles , with his son Patrick in the sidecar , another driver backed into the street he was riding on , causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed .	Patrick	Which of Schwarzenegger 's sons was with him when he had a motorcycle accident in 2006 ?
Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley , Idaho , with his family on December 23 , 2006 .	right femur	What bone did Schwarzenegger break while on a ski trip in 2006 ?
Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley , Idaho , with his family on December 23 , 2006 .	Sun Valley, Idaho	Where was Schwarzenegger vacationing when he broke his leg ?
Schwarzenegger 's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19 , 2009 , after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit , according to a statement released by the governor 's press secretary .	Van Nuys Airport	At what airport was Schwarzenegger 's jet forced to make an emergency landing in 2009 ?
Schwarzenegger 's official height of 6 ' 2 '' -LRB- 1.88 m -RRB- has been brought into question by several articles .	6'2"	How tall does Schwarzenegger claim to be ?
As Governor , Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights .	Herb Wesson	What Assemblyman playfully tried to measure Schwarzenegger 's height ?
Bob Mulholland also claimed Schwarzenegger was 5 ' 10 '' -LRB- 1.78 m -RRB- and that he wore risers in his boots .	5'10"	How tall did Men 's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue ?
Schwarzenegger 's autobiography , Total Recall , was released in October 2012 .	Total Recall	What 's the title of Schwarzenegger 's autobiography ?
He devotes one chapter called `` The Secret '' to his extramarital affair .	"The Secret"	What did Schwarzenegger name the chapter of the book that addresses his extramarital affair ?
Schwarzenegger 's autobiography , Total Recall , was released in October 2012 .	October 2012	When was Schwarzenegger 's autobiography released ?
He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee 's manufacturer , AM General , to produce a street-legal , civilian version , which they did in 1992 ; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger .	1992	In what year did AM General grant Schwarzenegger 's wish for a street-legal Humvee ?
He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee 's manufacturer , AM General , to produce a street-legal , civilian version , which they did in 1992 ; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger .	Hummers	In addition to the Humvee , what other vehicle manufactured by AM General was Schwarzenegger first to own ?
He was spotted and filmed in 2015 Summer in his car , silver painted with bright aluminium forged wheels .	silver	What color is the exterior of Schwarzenegger 's Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse ?
The Hummers that Schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large -- each weighs 6,300 lb -LRB- 2,900 kg -RRB- and is 7 feet -LRB- 2.1 m -RRB- wide -- that they are classified as large trucks , and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to them .	6,300	How many pounds does one of Schwarzenegger 's Hummers weigh ?
After the election , he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network , and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$ 91,000,000 cost .	California Hydrogen Highway Network	What did Schwarzenegger name his plan to build hydrogen refueling stations throughout California ?
After the election , he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network , and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$ 91,000,000 cost .	U.S. Department of Energy	What governmental department contributed a grant to Schwarzenegger 's hydrogen fuel project ?
In 1995 , he founded the Inner City Games Foundation -LRB- ICG -RRB- which provides cultural , educational and community enrichment programming to youth .	the Inner City Games Foundation	What nonprofit did Schwarzenegger found in 1995 ?
In 2007 , Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special Olympics which were held in Shanghai , China .	Shanghai	Schwarzenegger was the spokesperson for the Special Olympic games held in what city in China ?
ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide .	400	About how many schools across the country is ICG active in ?
In 2012 , Schwarzenegger helped to found the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy , which is a part of the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California .	the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy	What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to ?
In 2012 , Schwarzenegger helped to found the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy , which is a part of the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California .	2012	In what year was the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy founded ?
Schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the Institute .	chairman	What position does Schwarzenegger hold with the Institute ?
Plymouth -LRB- i / ˈplɪməθ / -RRB- is a city on the south coast of Devon , England , about 37 miles -LRB- 60 km -RRB- south-west of Exeter and 190 miles -LRB- 310 km -RRB- west-south-west of London , between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall .	60	In kilometers , what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter ?
Plymouth -LRB- i / ˈplɪməθ / -RRB- is a city on the south coast of Devon , England , about 37 miles -LRB- 60 km -RRB- south-west of Exeter and 190 miles -LRB- 310 km -RRB- west-south-west of London , between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall .	190	How many miles away from London is Plymouth ?
Plymouth -LRB- i / ˈplɪməθ / -RRB- is a city on the south coast of Devon , England , about 37 miles -LRB- 60 km -RRB- south-west of Exeter and 190 miles -LRB- 310 km -RRB- west-south-west of London , between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall .	Tamar	What river borders Plymouth on the west ?
Plymouth -LRB- i / ˈplɪməθ / -RRB- is a city on the south coast of Devon , England , about 37 miles -LRB- 60 km -RRB- south-west of Exeter and 190 miles -LRB- 310 km -RRB- west-south-west of London , between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall .	Devon	In what county is Plymouth located ?
Plymouth -LRB- i / ˈplɪməθ / -RRB- is a city on the south coast of Devon , England , about 37 miles -LRB- 60 km -RRB- south-west of Exeter and 190 miles -LRB- 310 km -RRB- west-south-west of London , between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall .	Plymouth Sound	In what body of water do the rivers Tamar and Plym converge ?
Plymouth 's early history extends to the Bronze Age , when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten .	Mount Batten	What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth ?
This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire , until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton , now called Plymouth .	Sutton	What was Plymouth 's original name ?
In 1620 , the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony -- the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America .	1620	In what year did the Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth ?
During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646 .	1646	When did the siege of Plymouth end during the English Civil War ?
In 1620 , the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony -- the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America .	Plymouth Colony	What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World ?
Throughout the Industrial Revolution , Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port , handling imports and passengers from the Americas , and exporting local minerals -LRB- tin , copper , lime , china clay and arsenic -RRB- while the neighbouring town of Devonport became a strategic Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town .	Devonport	What nearby settlement built ships for the Royal Navy ?
The combined town took the name of Plymouth which , in 1928 , achieved city status .	1928	In what year did Plymouth become a city ?
The city 's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II , an act known as the Plymouth Blitz .	Plymouth Blitz	What is the term used to describe the attacks on Plymouth during the Second World War ?
After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967 .	1967	In what year was Plymstock incorporated ?
In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns , viz. , the county borough of Plymouth , the county borough of Devonport , and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough .	East Stonehouse	Along with Plymouth and Devonport , what location was merged into a county borough in 1914 ?
The city is home to 261,546 -LRB- mid-2014 est. -RRB- people , making it the 30th most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom .	261,546	As of 2014 , what was the population of Plymouth ?
The city is home to 261,546 -LRB- mid-2014 est. -RRB- people , making it the 30th most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom .	30th	Where does Plymouth rank in population among the cities of the UK ?
It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs .	three	How many members of Parliament represent Plymouth ?
Plymouth 's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany -LRB- Roscoff and St Malo -RRB- and Spain -LRB- Santander -RRB- , but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s .	Santander	In what city does Plymouth 's ferry to Spain terminate ?
It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe -- HMNB Devonport and is home to Plymouth University .	Plymouth University	What institution of higher education is based in Plymouth ?
An unidentified settlement named ` TAMARI OSTIA ' -LRB- mouth/estuaries of the Tamar -RRB- is listed in Ptolemy 's Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city .	TAMARI OSTIA	What is the name of the location cited by Ptolemy that is believed to have been located near modern Plymouth ?
Upper Palaeolithic deposits , including bones of Homo sapiens , have been found in local caves , and artefacts dating from the Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time .	Mount Batten	Where have Middle Iron Age remnants been found ?
An unidentified settlement named ` TAMARI OSTIA ' -LRB- mouth/estuaries of the Tamar -RRB- is listed in Ptolemy 's Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city .	mouth/estuaries of the Tamar	What does ` TAMARI OSTIA ' mean ?
The settlement of Plympton , further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth , was also an early trading port , but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day Barbican near the river mouth .	11th	In what century were sailors obligated to relocate from Plympton due to silting ?
At the time this village was called Sutton , meaning south town in Old English .	south town	What did Sutton mean in the Old English language ?
The name Plym Mouth , meaning `` mouth of the River Plym '' was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211 .	1211	In what year was the first written reference to Plymouth made ?
The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440 .	King Henry VI	During whose reign was the former town of Sutton referred to as Plymouth ?
The name Plym Mouth , meaning `` mouth of the River Plym '' was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211 .	mouth of the River Plym	What did ` Plym Mouth ' mean ?
During the Hundred Years ' War a French attack -LRB- 1340 -RRB- burned a manor house and took some prisoners , but failed to get into the town .	1340	In what year during the Hundred Years ' War did the French assault Plymouth ?
In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders .	Breton raiders	Who set fire to Plymouth in 1403 ?
This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort -LRB- later known as Drake 's Fort -RRB- in 1596 , which itself went on to provide the site for the Citadel , established in the 1660s -LRB- see below -RRB- .	1596	In what year was the fortification later known as Drake 's Fort constructed ?
The castle served to protect Sutton Pool , which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard .	Sutton Pool	Before Plymouth dockyard was built , where was the fleet located ?
In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth , and a series of fortifications were then built , including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool -LRB- across which a chain would be extended in time of danger -RRB- .	1512	In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth ?
Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders , among them Sir John Hawkins , who led England 's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade , as well as Sir Francis Drake , Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593 .	Sir John Hawkins	What notable slave trader was based out of Plymouth ?
Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders , among them Sir John Hawkins , who led England 's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade , as well as Sir Francis Drake , Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593 .	Sir Francis Drake	Who served as Plymouth 's mayor in 1593 ?
According to legend , Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588 .	1588	In what year did Drake battle the Spanish Armada ?
In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth , establishing Plymouth Colony -- the second English colony in what is now the United States of America .	1620	When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth ?
In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth , establishing Plymouth Colony -- the second English colony in what is now the United States of America .	Plymouth Colony	What was the name of the settlement founded by the Pilgrim Fathers ?
During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists .	Parliamentarians	Which faction did Plymouth support during the English Civil War ?
During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists .	four	For how many years was Plymouth under siege during the English Civil War ?
The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth , but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park .	Freedom Fields Park	Where did the last battle for Plymouth during the English Civil War end ?
The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win , but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660 , who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake 's Island .	1660	In what year did Charles II ascend to the throne ?
The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win , but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660 , who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake 's Island .	Drake's Island	What locale was used to house imprisoned Parliamentarians after the restoration of Charles II ?
By the mid-17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports , although it did play a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century .	18th	During what century was Plymouth involved with the Atlantic slave trade ?
Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port .	17th	In what century did Plymouth cease to be a vital trading port ?
In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard , HMNB Devonport , opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar .	1690	In what year was HMNB Davenport established ?
In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard , HMNB Devonport , opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar .	River Tamar	What river was adjacent to HMNB Davenport ?
In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3,000 people .	318	How many male workers were present in Plymouth Dock circa 1712 ?
In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3,000 people .	3,000	What was the 1733 population of Plymouth Dock ?
In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard , HMNB Devonport , opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar .	Stoke Damerel	In what parish was HMNB Davenport located ?
Before the latter half of the 18th century , grain , timber and then coal were Plymouth 's main imports .	timber	Along with coal and grain , what was the most important import in 18th century Plymouth ?
During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock -LRB- renamed in 1824 to Devonport -RRB- and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard .	Devonport	What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824 ?
The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth , Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston .	Stonehouse	Along with Plymouth and Devonport , what settlement comprised the Three Towns ?
The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth , Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston .	John Foulston	What architect was noted for his neoclassical designs in Plymouth ?
Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings , many now destroyed , including the Athenaeum , the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel , and much of Union Street .	Union Street	On what street did many of the buildings designed by John Foulston reside ?
Local chemist William Cookworthy established his somewhat short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local China Clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income .	William Cookworthy	Who founded Plymouth Porcelain ?
Local chemist William Cookworthy established his somewhat short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local China Clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income .	1768	In what year was Plymouth Porcelain founded ?
Local chemist William Cookworthy established his somewhat short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local China Clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income .	chemist	What was William Cookworthy 's profession ?
As an associate and host of engineer John Smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the Eddystone Lighthouse .	John Smeaton	What was the name of the engineer involved in the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse ?
The 1-mile-long -LRB- 2 km -RRB- Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport ; work started in 1812 .	2	In kilometers , how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater ?
The 1-mile-long -LRB- 2 km -RRB- Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport ; work started in 1812 .	John Rennie	Who was the designer of the Plymouth Sound Breakwater ?
Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841 , twenty years after Rennie 's death .	1841	In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater ?
The 1-mile-long -LRB- 2 km -RRB- Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport ; work started in 1812 .	1812	When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater ?
The 1-mile-long -LRB- 2 km -RRB- Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport ; work started in 1812 .	Devonport	Near which settlement were Palmerston forts built in the 1860s ?
Some of the greatest imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize , wheat , barley , sugar cane , guano , sodium nitrate and phosphate Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport , industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks , the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century , continuing into the 20th century .	guano	What animal byproduct was imported to Plymouth in the 19th century ?
Some of the greatest imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize , wheat , barley , sugar cane , guano , sodium nitrate and phosphate Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport , industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks , the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century , continuing into the 20th century .	Devonport	In what settlement were the dockyards located ?
Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow , Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs .	Scapa Flow	What was the primary base of the Royal navy during World War I ?
Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow , Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs .	escort vessels	What sorts of ships were based in Davenport ?
Flying boats operated from Mount Batten .	Mount Batten	What location provided a base for flying boats ?
In the First World War , Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force .	Royal Australian Air Force	What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport ?
In the First World War , Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force .	Western Approaches Command	What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941 ?
The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe , in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz .	59	How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz ?
Although the dockyards were the principal targets , much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives .	more than 1,000	How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz ?
Although the dockyards were the principal targets , much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives .	over 3,700	How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz ?
The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London .	Sir Patrick Abercrombie	Who was the author of the 1943 Plan for Plymouth ?
Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types ; by 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density , dispersed suburbia .	over 1000	In the period 1951-1957 , how many new houses were constructed yearly in Plymouth ?
Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types ; by 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density , dispersed suburbia .	over 20,000	In the postwar period to 1964 , how many houses were built in Plymouth ?
In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed , an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition .	1962	When was the Civic Centre built ?
In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed , an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition .	grade II	What English Heritage status does the Civic Centre possess ?
Post-war , Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and , later , nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population .	Ark Royal	What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard ?
The army had substantially left the city by 1971 , with barracks pulled down in the 1960s , however the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines .	1971	By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone ?
The army had substantially left the city by 1971 , with barracks pulled down in the 1960s , however the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines .	42 Commando of the Royal Marines	What military unit is based in Plymouth ?
The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone , Saxon for south farm , located at the present day Barbican .	Domesday Book	In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded ?
The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone , Saxon for south farm , located at the present day Barbican .	1086	In what year was the Domesday Book compiled ?
The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone , Saxon for south farm , located at the present day Barbican .	Sudtone	What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book ?
In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439 , became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament .	1254	In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town ?
In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439 , became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament .	1439	In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth ?
In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton .	Nancy Astor	Who was the first woman MP to take her seat in the British Parliament ?
In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton .	Plymouth Sutton	For what constituency was Nancy Astor elected ?
Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928 .	18 October 1928	On what date did Plymouth become a city ?
The city 's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock .	1935	In what year did Plymouth receive its first Lord Mayor ?
The city 's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock .	Plymstock	What parish was incorporated into Plymouth in 1967 ?
In 1945 , Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act , went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party .	Plymouth Devonport	What constituency did MP Michael Foot represent ?
In 1945 , Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act , went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party .	Secretary of State for Education	What position was Michael Foot noted to occupy in government ?
In 1945 , Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act , went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party .	1974 Health and Safety at Work Act	What notable piece of legislation did Michael Foot contribute to ?
In 1945 , Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act , went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party .	Labour	What party did Michael Foot become a leader of ?
The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs , which would have left Plymouth , a town of 250,000 people , being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter , on the other side of the county .	250,000	What was the population of Plymouth in 1971 ?
The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs , which would have left Plymouth , a town of 250,000 people , being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter , on the other side of the county .	1971 Local Government White Paper	What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated ?
This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county , to include Plymouth , Torpoint , Saltash , and the rural hinterland .	Tamarside	What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created ?
The campaign was not successful , and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education , social services , highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council .	1 April 1974	On what date did Plymouth 's county status end ?
All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission .	the Banham Commission	What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council ?
In the Parliament of the United Kingdom , Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View , Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England .	South West England	What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of ?
In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs , who were Oliver Colvile -LRB- for Devon South West -RRB- , Gary Streeter -LRB- for Sutton and Devonport -RRB- and Johnny Mercer for Moor View .	Gary Streeter	Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015 ?
In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs , who were Oliver Colvile -LRB- for Devon South West -RRB- , Gary Streeter -LRB- for Sutton and Devonport -RRB- and Johnny Mercer for Moor View .	Conservative	As of 2015 , what political party did all of Plymouth 's MPs belong to ?
In the Parliament of the United Kingdom , Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View , Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England .	Moor View	What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer ?
The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards , 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors , making up a total council of 57 .	three	How many wards in Plymouth elect two councillors ?
The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards , 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors , making up a total council of 57 .	57	How many members are on the Plymouth council ?
Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years -- there are no elections on the following `` fourth '' year , which is when County Council elections take place .	a third	What fraction of the Plymouth council is elected each year ?
Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with : Brest , France -LRB- 1963 -RRB- , Gdynia , Poland -LRB- 1976 -RRB- , Novorossiysk , Russia -LRB- 1990 -RRB- San Sebastián , Spain -LRB- 1990 -RRB- and Plymouth , United States -LRB- 2001 -RRB- .	Brest	With what French city is Plymouth twinned ?
Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with : Brest , France -LRB- 1963 -RRB- , Gdynia , Poland -LRB- 1976 -RRB- , Novorossiysk , Russia -LRB- 1990 -RRB- San Sebastián , Spain -LRB- 1990 -RRB- and Plymouth , United States -LRB- 2001 -RRB- .	2001	In what year did Plymouth twin with Plymouth in the United States ?
Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935 .	King George V	What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth ?
The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors .	six	How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor ?
It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor .	the Lord Mayor	What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor ?
Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015 -- 16 .	Dr John Mahony	Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth ?
The Lord Mayor 's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace , located on the Hoe .	3 Elliot Terrace	At what street address is the Lord Mayor 's residence located ?
Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor , it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality , as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events .	Lady Astor	Who gave the Lord Mayor 's official residence to Plymouth ?
The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features , but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost # 40m to refurbish it , resulting in possible job losses .	Armada Way	On what street is the Civic Centre office building located ?
The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features , but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost # 40m to refurbish it , resulting in possible job losses .	June 2007	In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building ?
The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features , but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost # 40m to refurbish it , resulting in possible job losses .	£40m	What did Plymouth council estimate the cost to refurbish the Civic Centre municipal office building to be ?
Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west ; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound .	River Tamar	What river is to the west of Plymouth ?
Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west ; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound .	River Plym	To the east of Plymouth lies which river ?
The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard .	Cornwall	The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county ?
Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west ; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound .	Plymouth Sound	In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet ?
Since 1967 , the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the , once independent , towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym .	1967	When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth ?
The River Plym , which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east , forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater .	Cattewater	What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym ?
Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater , in use since 1814 .	1814	When did the Plymouth Breakwater open ?
In the Sound is Drake 's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe , a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs .	Drake's Island	What island is present in Plymouth Sound ?
The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres -LRB- 30.83 sq mi -RRB- .	30.83	How large is the Unitary Authority of Plymouth in square miles ?
The topography rises from sea level to a height , at Roborough , of about 509 feet -LRB- 155 m -RRB- above Ordnance Datum -LRB- AOD -RRB- .	155	In meters , what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority ?
Plymouth Sound , Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest , because of its geology .	Site of Special Scientific Interest	What special designation does Plymouth Sound , Shores and Cliffs possess ?
The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates , which can withstand the power of the sea .	Lower Devonian slates	What stones form the headlands near Plymouth Sound ?
Geologically , Plymouth has a mixture of limestone , Devonian slate , granite and Middle Devonian limestone .	granite	Along with Devonian slate , Middle Devonian limestone and limestone , what stone provides the geologic base of Plymouth ?
The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates , which can withstand the power of the sea .	Upper Devonian slates	Along with shales , what is most of the city built on ?
Plymouth Sound , Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest , because of its geology .	its geology	For what reason is Plymouth Sound a Site of Special Scientific Interest ?
A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe .	Cremyll	Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location ?
To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor ; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth .	Dartmoor	What location north of the city possesses granite ?
Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin , copper , tungsten , lead and other minerals .	Tamar	What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth ?
There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe , Cattedown and Radford .	Cattedown	Along with West Hoe and Radford , where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region ?
A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe .	limestone	What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings ?
On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie 's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published ; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide , parallel , modern boulevards aligned east -- west linked by a north -- south avenue -LRB- Armada Way -RRB- linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe .	27 April 1944	On what date was the publication of the Plan for Plymouth ?
On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie 's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published ; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide , parallel , modern boulevards aligned east -- west linked by a north -- south avenue -LRB- Armada Way -RRB- linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe .	Sir Patrick Abercrombie	Who wrote the Plan for Plymouth ?
On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie 's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published ; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide , parallel , modern boulevards aligned east -- west linked by a north -- south avenue -LRB- Armada Way -RRB- linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe .	Armada Way	What street was intended to connect Plymouth Hoe to the railroad station ?
A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre , even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s , and continues to inform the present ` Vision for Plymouth ' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential .	David MacKay	Who headed the team that created the ` Vision for Plymouth ' ?
Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres -LRB- 491,240 sq ft -RRB- .	28	How many parks exist in Plymouth ?
Along with the rest of South West England , Plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate -LRB- Köppen Cfb -RRB- which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England .	temperate oceanic	What Köppen climate classification does Plymouth possess ?
The annual mean temperature is approximately 11 °C -LRB- 52 °F -RRB- .	52	In degrees Fahrenheit , what is Plymouth 's annual mean temperature ?
As a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant , but as a contrast the coldest month of February has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 °C -LRB- 37 and 39 °F -RRB- .	February	What month in Plymouth has the lowest temperatures ?
July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 °C -LRB- 66 °F -RRB- .	July	Along with August , what is typically the hottest month in Plymouth ?
Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection .	Atlantic depressions	Along with convection , what provokes rain in the Plymouth area ?
The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source .	autumn	Along with winter , in what season are Atlantic depressions most prevalent ?
Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres -LRB- 39 in -RRB- .	39	About how many inches of rain fall on Plymouth every year ?
November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , with June to August having the lightest winds .	November	Along with March , what month has the fastest winds on average ?
The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source .	south-west	From what direction do most of the winds blow on Plymouth ?
Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours .	over 1,600	How many hours of sunshine does the South West England region get each year ?
South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK , particularly in summer .	South West England	What region of England benefits from the extension of the Azores High pressure area ?
Typically , the warmest day of the year -LRB- 1971 -- 2000 -RRB- will achieve a temperature of 26.6 °C -LRB- 80 °F -RRB- , although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31.6 °C -LRB- 89 °F -RRB- , the site record .	89	In degrees Fahrenheit , what was the highest temperature achieved in Plymouth between 1971 and 2000 ?
Typically , the warmest day of the year -LRB- 1971 -- 2000 -RRB- will achieve a temperature of 26.6 °C -LRB- 80 °F -RRB- , although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31.6 °C -LRB- 89 °F -RRB- , the site record .	June 1976	In what month and year did Plymouth see its highest temperature between 1971 and 2000 ?
On average , 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C -LRB- 77 °F -RRB- or above .	4.25	About how many days a year in Plymouth are over 77 °F ?
During the winter half of the year , the coldest night will typically fall to − 4.1 °C -LRB- 25 °F -RRB- although in January 1979 the temperature fell to − 8.8 °C -LRB- 16 °F -RRB- .	−8.8 °C	In degrees Celsius , what was the coldest temperature recorded at Plymouth between 1971 and 2000 ?
During the winter half of the year , the coldest night will typically fall to − 4.1 °C -LRB- 25 °F -RRB- although in January 1979 the temperature fell to − 8.8 °C -LRB- 16 °F -RRB- .	January 1979	In what month and year did Plymouth see its lowest temperature between 1971 and 2000 ?
The University of Plymouth enrolls 25,895 total students as of 2014/15 -LRB- 22nd largest in the UK out of 165 -RRB- .	25,895	How many students are studying at the University of Plymouth ?
The University of Plymouth enrolls 25,895 total students as of 2014/15 -LRB- 22nd largest in the UK out of 165 -RRB- .	22nd	Where does the University of Plymouth rank among British institutions of higher education in terms of number of enrolled students ?
It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around # 160 million .	3,000	How many staff members work for the University of Plymouth ?
It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around # 160 million .	£160 million	About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total ?
It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West -LRB- formerly Plymouth Polytechnic -RRB- following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 .	1992	In what year was the University of Plymouth established ?
The University of St Mark & St John -LRB- known as `` Marjon '' or `` Marjons '' -RRB- specialises in teacher training , and offers training across the country and abroad .	The University of St Mark & St John	What institution of higher education is colloquially known as Marjons ?
The University of St Mark & St John -LRB- known as `` Marjon '' or `` Marjons '' -RRB- specialises in teacher training , and offers training across the country and abroad .	teacher training	What is the academic specialty of the University of St Mark & St John ?
Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media .	Plymouth College of Art	Along with City College Plymouth , what college calls Plymouth home ?
The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students .	26,000	About how many students are enrolled at City College Plymouth ?
It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK .	153	How many years ago was Plymouth College of Art founded ?
It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK .	four	How many independent art colleges exist in the United Kingdom ?
The city is also home to two large colleges .	two	How many large colleges exist in Plymouth ?
Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools , 13 state secondary schools , eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools , Devonport High School for Girls , Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls .	71	How many state primary schools are in Plymouth ?
Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools , 13 state secondary schools , eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools , Devonport High School for Girls , Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls .	13	Plymouth has how many state secondary schools ?
Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools , 13 state secondary schools , eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools , Devonport High School for Girls , Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls .	three	How many state grammar schools are based in Plymouth ?
There is also an independent school Plymouth College .	Plymouth College	What is the name of the independent school in Plymouth ?
Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools , 13 state secondary schools , eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools , Devonport High School for Girls , Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls .	Devonport High School for Girls	Aside from Plymouth High School for Girls and Devonport High School for Boys , what state grammar school is present in Plymouth ?
The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College ; opened in 1880 in Keyham , it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich .	the Royal Naval Engineering College	What maritime institution of higher education existed in Plymouth as of 1880 ?
The college closed in 1910 , but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon .	1910	When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth ?
This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994 ; training was transferred to the University of Southampton .	Dockyard Technical College	What was the Royal Naval Engineering College renamed in 1959 ?
This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994 ; training was transferred to the University of Southampton .	1994	In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close ?
This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994 ; training was transferred to the University of Southampton .	University of Southampton	After the Dockyard Technical College closed , where were classes relocated to ?
Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom -LRB- MBA -RRB- which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences .	Marine Biological Association	What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth ?
Together with the National Marine Aquarium , the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences , Plymouth University 's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre , these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership .	Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences	What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy ?
Together with the National Marine Aquarium , the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences , Plymouth University 's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre , these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership .	Marine Institute	What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth ?
Together with the National Marine Aquarium , the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences , Plymouth University 's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre , these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership .	Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership	What group are many of Plymouth 's marine organizations a part of ?
Together with the National Marine Aquarium , the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences , Plymouth University 's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre , these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership .	National Marine Aquarium	What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth ?
From the 2011 Census , the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth 's unitary authority area population was 256,384 ; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001 , which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720 .	256,384	What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011 ?
From the 2011 Census , the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth 's unitary authority area population was 256,384 ; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001 , which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720 .	240,720	What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001 ?
From the 2011 Census , the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth 's unitary authority area population was 256,384 ; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001 , which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720 .	15,664	How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011 ?
The city 's average household size was 2.3 persons .	2.3	What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household ?
At the time of the 2011 UK census , the ethnic composition of Plymouth 's population was 96.2 % White -LRB- of 92.9 % was White British -RRB- , with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5 % .	0.5	What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry ?
Plymouth 's gross value added -LRB- a measure of the size of its economy -RRB- was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25 % of Devon 's GVA .	25%	What percentage of Devon 's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013 ?
Plymouth 's gross value added -LRB- a measure of the size of its economy -RRB- was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25 % of Devon 's GVA .	5,169	What was Plymouth 's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds ?
Its GVA per person was # 19,943 and compared to the national average of # 23,755 , was # 3,812 lower .	£19,943	What was Plymouth ' per capita GVA in 2013 ?
Its GVA per person was # 19,943 and compared to the national average of # 23,755 , was # 3,812 lower .	£23,755	What was the United Kingdom 's average per capita GVA in 2013 ?
Plymouth 's unemployment rate was 7.0 % in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain -LRB- England , Wales and Scotland -RRB- .	7.0%	What percentage of Plymouth residents were unemployed in 2014 ?
A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation -LRB- 26.2 % of population among the poorest 20.4 % nationally -RRB- .	26.2%	What percentage of Plymouth residents were suffering from poverty and deprivation in 2014 ?
Life expectancy , at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women , was the lowest of any region in the South West of England .	78.3 years	As of 2014 , what was the life expectancy of male Plymouth residents ?
Life expectancy , at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women , was the lowest of any region in the South West of England .	82.1	As of 2014 , what was the life expectancy of female Plymouth residents ?
Life expectancy , at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women , was the lowest of any region in the South West of England .	lowest	Where did Plymouth 's life expectancy rank out of the regions of South West England ?
Because of its coastal location , the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime , in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces .	12,000	How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense ?
Because of its coastal location , the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime , in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces .	7,500	About how many Plymouth residents are serving in the military ?
The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793 , which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy .	1793	When was Plymouth Gin first distilled ?
The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793 , which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy .	Plymouth Gin Distillery	What company produces Plymouth Gin ?
During the 1930s , it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin .	the 1930s	During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world ?
Devonport Dockyard is the UK 's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10 % of Plymouth 's income .	10%	About what percentage of Plymouth 's income comes from the Dockyard ?
Devonport Dockyard is the UK 's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10 % of Plymouth 's income .	Devonport Dockyard	What Royal Navy base is present in Plymouth ?
Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector .	270	How many maritime businesses operate in Plymouth ?
Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff , as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies .	500	How many people work in Tamar Science Park ?
Several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in Plymouth , including Hemsley Fraser .	Hemsley Fraser	What is a notable company based in Plymouth ?
At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 -- pannier meaning `` basket '' from French , so it translates as `` basket market '' .	Pannier Market	What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building ?
At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 -- pannier meaning `` basket '' from French , so it translates as `` basket market '' .	1959	In what year was Pannier Market finished ?
In terms of retail floorspace , Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West , and 29th nationally .	29th	What is Plymouth 's national rank in retail floorspace ?
The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for # 3.4 million .	Tinside Pool	What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998 ?
The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for # 3.4 million .	£3.4 million	What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool ?
Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the `` Vision for Plymouth '' launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce -LRB- PCC -RRB- .	"Vision for Plymouth"	What is the name of Plymouth Council 's urban redevelopment project ?
Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the `` Vision for Plymouth '' launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce -LRB- PCC -RRB- .	David Mackay	What architect is in charge of the '' `` Vision for Plymouth '' ?
Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the `` Vision for Plymouth '' launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce -LRB- PCC -RRB- .	the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce	Along with Plymouth Council , what body supports the `` Vision for Plymouth '' ?
Its projects range from shopping centres , a cruise terminal , a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings .	300,000	What is the population goal of the `` Vision for Plymouth '' ?
Its projects range from shopping centres , a cruise terminal , a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings .	33,000	How many residences does the `` Vision for Plymouth '' seek to build ?
In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre , which opened in October 2006 .	2004	When was the Charles Cross car park removed ?
In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre , which opened in October 2006 .	October 2006	In what month and year was the grand opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre ?
In contrast , the Theatre Royal 's production and education centre , TR2 , which was built on wasteland at Cattedown , was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003 .	Cattedown	Where was TR2 built ?
In contrast , the Theatre Royal 's production and education centre , TR2 , which was built on wasteland at Cattedown , was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003 .	the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003	What prize did TR2 almost win ?
It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already `` ten years out of date '' .	David Mackay	Who spoke disparagingly about the Drake Circus Shopping Centre ?
There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council 's headquarters , the civic centre , to the current location of the Bretonside bus station ; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off .	the Bretonside bus station	What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters ?
Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal `` boulevard '' linking Millbay to the city centre .	the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena	To connect Millbay to the city centre , what would need to be destroyed ?
Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal `` boulevard '' linking Millbay to the city centre .	Millbay	What city region is located near a ferry terminal ?
Within the city it is designated as ` The Parkway ' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas .	The Parkway	What is the A38 called inside the city of Plymouth ?
Heading east , it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles -LRB- 65 km -RRB- away near Exeter ; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge .	40	In miles , about how far away from Plymouth does the A38 connect to the M5 ?
Heading east , it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles -LRB- 65 km -RRB- away near Exeter ; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge .	Tamar Bridge	What bridge connects Cornwall to Plymouth via the A38 ?
There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse , Coypool -LRB- Plympton -RRB- and George Junction -LRB- Plymouth City Airport -RRB- , which are operated by First South West .	Plymouth City Airport	What park and ride service is located at George Junction ?
Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus , First South West and Target Travel .	First South West	Who operates Milehouse park and ride ?
A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France -LRB- Roscoff -RRB- and Spain -LRB- Santander -RRB- on the three ferries , MV Armorique , MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven .	Brittany Ferries	Who operates the ferry to Spain ?
A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France -LRB- Roscoff -RRB- and Spain -LRB- Santander -RRB- on the three ferries , MV Armorique , MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven .	Roscoff	Where does the ferry to France terminate ?
A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France -LRB- Roscoff -RRB- and Spain -LRB- Santander -RRB- on the three ferries , MV Armorique , MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven .	MV Armorique	Along with MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven , what ferry operates between Plymouth and the continent ?
There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll , which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204 .	Stonehouse	A passenger ferry operates between Cremyll and what location ?
There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll , which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204 .	1204	When did the Cremyll-Stonehouse ferry first operate ?
The city 's airport was Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles -LRB- 6 km -RRB- north of the city centre .	Plymouth City Airport	What local airport closed in 2011 ?
The city 's airport was Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles -LRB- 6 km -RRB- north of the city centre .	6	In kilometers , how far away from the Plymouth city center was Plymouth City Airport ?
However , FlyPlymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018 , which will provide daily services to various destinations including London .	2018	By what year is the city airport planned to reopen ?
However , FlyPlymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018 , which will provide daily services to various destinations including London .	FlyPlymouth	Who intends to reopen the Plymouth City Airport ?
Plymouth railway station , which opened in 1877 , is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network .	1877	When did Plymouth 's railroad station open for service ?
Plymouth railway station , which opened in 1877 , is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network .	Great Western Railway	Who runs Plymouth 's railroad station ?
Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line .	Cornish Main Line	Along with the Tamar Valley Line , what local train service operates in Plymouth ?
Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy .	three	How many regional MPs have argued for the importance of Plymouth 's train service ?
Plymouth railway station , which opened in 1877 , is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network .	CrossCountry	Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth 's railroad station ?
On the night of 4 February 2014 , amid high winds and extremely rough seas , part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres -LRB- 130 ft -RRB- of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind .	4 February 2014	On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged ?
On the night of 4 February 2014 , amid high winds and extremely rough seas , part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres -LRB- 130 ft -RRB- of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind .	130	In feet , how much of the Dawlish sea wall was destroyed ?
Network Rail began repair work and the line reopened on 4 April 2014 .	4 April 2014	After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged , on what date did the line reopen ?
On the night of 4 February 2014 , amid high winds and extremely rough seas , part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres -LRB- 130 ft -RRB- of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind .	February 2014	In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish ?
Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral -LRB- 1858 -RRB- is in Stonehouse .	150	How many churches are present in Plymouth ?
Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral -LRB- 1858 -RRB- is in Stonehouse .	1858	In what year was Plymouth 's Catholic cathedral built ?
The city 's oldest church is St Andrew 's -LRB- Anglican -RRB- located at the top of Royal Parade -- it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800 .	St Andrew's	What is the name of the oldest church in Plymouth ?
The city 's oldest church is St Andrew 's -LRB- Anglican -RRB- located at the top of Royal Parade -- it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800 .	Anglican	What denomination does the oldest church in Plymouth belong to ?
The city also includes five Baptist churches , over twenty Methodist chapels , and thirteen Roman Catholic churches .	over twenty	How many Methodist houses of worship exist in Plymouth ?
Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake 's voyages in 1577 to 1580 , as his log mentioned `` Moses the Jew '' -- a man from Plymouth .	Moses	What Plymouth Jew was mentioned by Sir Francis Drake ?
The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II * building , built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world .	1762	In what year was Plymouth Synagogue constructed ?
The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II * building , built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world .	Grade II*	What is Plymouth Synagogue 's listed grade ?
The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II * building , built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world .	Ashkenazi	What community of Jews was Plymouth Synagogue built by ?
58.1 % of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8 % as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5 % each .	58.1%	What percentage of Plymouth 's population call themselves Christian ?
58.1 % of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8 % as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5 % each .	0.8%	What percentage of Plymouth residents follow Islam ?
The portion of people without a religion is 32.9 % ; above the national average of 24.7 % .	32.9%	What percentage of Plymouth consists of non-religious people ?
The portion of people without a religion is 32.9 % ; above the national average of 24.7 % .	24.7%	What percentage of people in the United Kingdom describe themselves as non-religious ?
Built in 1815 , Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth 's historical culture .	1815	In what year was Union Street constructed ?
During the 1930s , there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre .	Charlie Chaplin	Who performed at the New Palace Theatre in the 1930s ?
It became known as the servicemen 's playground , as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds .	sailors from the Royal Navy	What group famously enjoyed themselves on Union Street ?
Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August , which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront .	British Firework Championships	What notable event occurs each August ?
In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed , by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth , over Plymouth Sound .	August 2006	In what month and year was the world record for simultaneous fireworks broken ?
In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed , by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth , over Plymouth Sound .	Roy Lowry	Who broke the world record for simultaneous fireworks ?
In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed , by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth , over Plymouth Sound .	University of Plymouth	What institution did Roy Lowry work for ?
Since 1992 the Music of the Night has been performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities .	1992	In what year did the Music of the Night begin ?
The city 's main theatres are the Theatre Royal -LRB- 1,315 capacity -RRB- , its Drum Theatre -LRB- 200 capacity -RRB- , and its production and creative learning centre , The TR2 .	1,315	How many people can fit in the Theatre Royal ?
The city 's main theatres are the Theatre Royal -LRB- 1,315 capacity -RRB- , its Drum Theatre -LRB- 200 capacity -RRB- , and its production and creative learning centre , The TR2 .	200	What is the capacity of Drum Theatre ?
The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission -- it has six galleries .	free	What is the cost of admission to the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery ?
The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission -- it has six galleries .	six	How many galleries are present in the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery ?
From 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre .	2009	When did the theater in the Plymouth Athenaeum close ?
Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West .	BBC South West	What television station has its regional headquarters in Plymouth ?
A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station , after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009 .	ITV West Country	What regional ITV station serves Plymouth ?
A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station , after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009 .	16 February 2009	On what date did ITV Westcountry cease to operate ?
A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station , after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009 .	ITV West	With what channel did ITV Westcountry merge ?
The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Radio Plymouth , BBC Radio Devon , Heart South West , and Pirate FM being the main local radio stations .	BBC Radio Devon	What BBC radio station operates in Plymouth ?
Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C. , who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two .	Plymouth Argyle F.C.	What football league team is located in Plymouth ?
Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C. , who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two .	Football League Two	What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in ?
The team 's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park .	Home Park	What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C. ?
It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620 : its nickname is `` The Pilgrims '' .	The Pilgrims	What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C. ?
The city also has four Non-League football clubs ; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park , Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road , Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross .	Vospers Oak Villa F.C.	What team plays its home games at Weston Mill ?
Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club .	Plymouth Albion R.F.C.	What rugby union team is based in Plymouth ?
Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club .	Plymouth Raiders	What British Basketball League team calls Plymouth home ?
Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby .	1875	When was Plymouth Albion R.F.C. founded ?
They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983 .	Plymouth Pavilions	Where do the Plymouth Raiders play their home games ?
They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983 .	1983	When were the Plymouth Raiders inaugurated ?
The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world , and has been held regularly since 1823 .	1823	When was the first Port of Plymouth Regatta ?
In September 2011 , Plymouth hosted the America 's Cup World Series for nine days .	September 2011	In what month and year did Plymouth play host to the America 's Cup World Series ?
In September 2011 , Plymouth hosted the America 's Cup World Series for nine days .	nine	For how many days did the America 's Cup World Series take place in Plymouth ?
Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water .	1973	When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water ?
Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation .	Plymouth County Borough Corporation	Who provided Plymouth 's water prior to 1973 ?
A watercourse , known as Plymouth or Drake 's Leat , was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy .	24 April 1591	When did Drake 's Leat open ?
A watercourse , known as Plymouth or Drake 's Leat , was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy .	River Meavy	From where did Drake 's Leat draw water ?
It seems to have been carrying water since 1797 , but it was officially completed in 1801 .	1801	When did construction finish on Devonport Leat ?
Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage .	Plymouth City Council	What body handles waste management in Plymouth ?
Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage .	South West Water	Who oversees Plymouth 's sewers ?
Plymouth 's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution .	Western Power Distribution	Who distributes electricity in Plymouth ?
On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station , the Langage Power Station , which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009 .	2009	In what year did Langage Power Station come on line ?
On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station , the Langage Power Station , which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009 .	Plympton	What settlement is Langage Power Station located near ?
The Plymouth Borough Police , formed in 1836 , eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary .	1836	When did the Plymouth Borough Police begin operation ?
There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill -LRB- the Divisional HQ -RRB- and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock .	Crownhill	Where is the police divisional headquarters located ?
Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel 's Head , Crownhill , Greenbank , Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service .	five	How many fire stations are present in Plymouth ?
The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks .	Millbay Docks	Where in Plymouth is the Royal National Lifeboat Institution based ?
The Plymouth Borough Police , formed in 1836 , eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary .	Devon and Cornwall Constabulary	What organization is the Plymouth Borough Police a part of ?
Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city 's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles -LRB- 6 km -RRB- north of the city centre .	Derriford Hospital	What is Plymouth 's National Health Service hospital ?
Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city 's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles -LRB- 6 km -RRB- north of the city centre .	6	In kilometers , how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center ?
The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital .	Royal Eye Infirmary	What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital ?
South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west ; its headquarters are in Exeter .	South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust	What organization provides ambulance transport for Plymouth ?
South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west ; its headquarters are in Exeter .	Exeter	Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered ?
The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels .	2007	When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen ?
The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels .	Weston Mill	Along with Efford , where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery ?
There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city , Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves , but a brass plaque set into the ground .	Drake Memorial Park	What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth ?
There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city , Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves , but a brass plaque set into the ground .	a brass plaque	In lieu of headstones , what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park ?
The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels .	mid-19th century	When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate ?
After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe , to defend the port from naval attacks , suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces .	1666	In what year was the Royal Citadel constructed ?
After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe , to defend the port from naval attacks , suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces .	English Civil War	In the wake of what conflict was the Royal Citadel built ?
Further west is Smeaton 's Tower , which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles -LRB- 23 km -RRB- off shore , but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877 .	1759	When was Smeaton 's Tower first constructed ?
Further west is Smeaton 's Tower , which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles -LRB- 23 km -RRB- off shore , but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877 .	23	In kilometers , how far off the coast was Smeaton 's Tower originally built ?
Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including : Plymouth Naval Memorial , to remember those killed in World Wars I and II , and the Armada Memorial , to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada .	Armada Memorial	What memorial commemorates the naval victory over the Spanish Armada ?
The early port settlement of Plymouth , called `` Sutton '' , approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain .	Sutton	What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth ?
The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool .	1620	When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas ?
The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool .	Mayflower Steps	What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers ?
Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain 's deepest aquarium tank .	400	How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium ?
The early port settlement of Plymouth , called `` Sutton '' , approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain .	100	How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area ?
On the northern outskirts of the city , Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a `` Palmerston 's Folly '' .	Crownhill Fort	What structure was referred to as a `` Palmerston 's Folly '' ?
It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public .	the Landmark Trust	Who runs Crownhill Fort ?
To the west of the city is Devonport , one of Plymouth 's historic quarters .	west	In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located ?
As part of Devonport 's millennium regeneration project , the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced , complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route .	over 70	How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail ?
Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor , the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall .	south-east Cornwall	Visitors to what region 's beaches often stop at Plymouth ?
Kingsand , Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular .	Kingsand	Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand , what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists ?
Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor , the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall .	Tamar Valley	Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth ?
Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen , the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University 's Arts faculty .	Henning Larsen	Who designed the Roland Levinsky building ?
Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen , the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University 's Arts faculty .	2008	When did the Roland Levinsky building open ?
The Roland Levinsky building , the landmark building of the University of Plymouth , is located in the city 's central quarter .	University of Plymouth	Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part ?
Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen , the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University 's Arts faculty .	Arts	What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building ?
The Roland Levinsky building , the landmark building of the University of Plymouth , is located in the city 's central quarter .	the city's central quarter	What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in ?
People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners .	Plymothians	What are Plymouth residents commonly called ?
People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners .	Janners	What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents ?
Its meaning is described as a person from Devon , deriving from Cousin Jan -LRB- the Devon form of John -RRB- , but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area .	Cousin Jan	After what figure are Janners named ?
Its meaning is described as a person from Devon , deriving from Cousin Jan -LRB- the Devon form of John -RRB- , but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area .	John	In Devon , Jan is another way of saying what common English name ?
The Elizabethan navigator , Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth .	Tavistock	What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake ?
He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning `` The Dragon '' after he raided many of their ships .	El Draco	What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake ?
He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico .	1596	In what year did Sir Francis Drake die ?
He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico .	dysentery	What was Sir Francis Drake 's cause of death ?
Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds , founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton , now part of Plymouth .	Sir Joshua Reynolds	What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton ?
Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz , whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy , sexual behaviour and suicide , lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002 .	Robert Lenkiewicz	What artist died in Plymouth in 2002 ?
Illustrator and creator of children 's series Mr Benn and King Rollo , David McKee , was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art .	Plymouth College of Art	Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study ?
Jazz musician John Surman , born in nearby Tavistock , has close connections to the area , evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells .	Jazz	What genre of music does John Surman play ?
The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997 .	Keith Rowe	What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO ?
George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city , as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle .	Trematon Castle	Where do the family of Michael Foot live ?
Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies , diver Tom Daley , dancer Wayne Sleep , and footballer Trevor Francis .	footballer	What is the occupation of Trevor Francis ?
Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth .	Canadian	What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy ?
America based actor Donald Moffat , whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff , and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger , was born in Plymouth .	Lyndon B. Johnson	What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play ?
America based actor Donald Moffat , whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff , and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger , was born in Plymouth .	Clear and Present Danger	In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett ?
Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills , Ron Goodwin , and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French .	comedian	What is Dawn French 's job ?
Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs .	established beliefs or customs	What is heresy mainly at odds with ?
A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs .	A heretic	What is a person called is practicing heresy ?
It is used in particular in reference to Christianity , Judaism , Islam and Marxism .	Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism	What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in ?
In certain historical Christian , Islamic and Jewish cultures , among others , espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication , but even to the death penalty .	Christian, Islamic and Jewish	What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic ?
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant `` choice '' or `` thing chosen '' , but it came to mean the `` party or school of a man 's choice '' and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live .	Greek	What language does the term heresy find its roots in ?
The word `` heresy '' is usually used within a Christian , Jewish , or Islamic context , and implies slightly different meanings in each .	slightly different	What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian , Jewish , or Islamic cultures ?
The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch , while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics .	heresiarch	What is the head person of a heretical movement called ?
Heresiology is the study of heresy .	Heresiology	What is the study of heresy ?
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant `` choice '' or `` thing chosen '' , but it came to mean the `` party or school of a man 's choice '' and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live .	"choice" or "thing chosen"	What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word ?
According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him .	two times	How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways ?
According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him .	divisive person	What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord ?
In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith , but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers .	sound	What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher ?
The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy .	Jews and Judaism	What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy ?
They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit .	Orthodox Christianity	What religion were these Fathers of the Church ?
Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity : `` From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion -LSB- that Jesus was not the Christ . -RSB- ''	Tertullian	Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity ?
The use of the word `` heresy '' was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses -LRB- Against Heresies -RRB- to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community .	Irenaeus	Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- He described the community 's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox -LRB- from ὀρθός , orthos `` straight '' + δόξα , doxa `` belief '' -RRB- and the Gnostics ' teachings as heretical .	orthodox	What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community 's ideologies ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments .	apostolic succession	What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments ?
Constantine the Great , who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the `` Edict of Milan '' , and was the first Roman Emperor baptized , set precedents for later policy .	Constantine the Great	Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized ?
Constantine the Great , who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the `` Edict of Milan '' , and was the first Roman Emperor baptized , set precedents for later policy .	Edict of Milan	What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire ?
By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus , the high priest of the College of Pontiffs -LRB- Collegium Pontificum -RRB- of all recognized religions in ancient Rome .	Pontifex Maximus	What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called ?
To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius , Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority .	the ecumenical councils	What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority ?
The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I , which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire .	AD 380	In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context ?
The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I , which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire .	Thessalonica of Theodosius I	Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire ?
Prior to the issuance of this edict , the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as `` heresy '' .	state-sponsored support	What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy ?
One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities .	state powers of legal enforcement	What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict ?
This reinforcement of the Church 's authority gave church leaders the power to , in effect , pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical .	death sentence	What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics ?
Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor , the first Christian heretic to be executed , Priscillian , was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery , and put to death with four or five followers .	Priscillian	Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome ?
However , his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius , who opposed Priscillian 's heresy , but `` believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil '' .	excommunicated	What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death ?
For some years after the Reformation , Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics , including Catholics .	Catholics	What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation ?
The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826 .	Cayetano Ripoll	Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church ?
-LSB- note 2 -RSB- One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi 's Apocalypse of Peter was '' they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure .	Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter	From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy ?
In the Roman Catholic Church , obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church , even before excommunication is incurred .	obstinate and willful manifest heresy	What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication ?
The Codex Justinianus -LRB- 1:5:12 -RRB- defines `` everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith '' a heretic .	The Codex Justinianus	What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith ?
The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical , but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects , like Arianism , Pelagianism , Donatism , Marcionism and Montanism .	Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism	What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century ?
The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe .	Paulicians	What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe ?
By the 11th century , more organised groups such as the Patarini , the Dulcinians , the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy , southern France and Flanders .	Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars	What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century ?
In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas .	France	In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement ?
The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc .	The Cathar Crusade	What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc ?
Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition -LRB- Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis , Inquiry on Heretical Perversity -RRB- and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation .	Heresy	What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion ?
Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy , but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest , under which he spent the rest of his life .	Galileo Galilei	Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life ?
Galileo was found `` vehemently suspect of heresy '' , namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe , that the Earth is not at its centre and moves , and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture .	the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe	What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church ?
Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings .	Pope St. Gregory	Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings ?
He described Jews as enemies of Christ : `` The more the Holy Spirit fills the world , the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews . ''	Christ	What were the Jews described as enemies of ?
Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings .	Jewish	According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic ?
The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law ,	Roman-Christian law	In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together ?
In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils .	Eastern Christianity	What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation , various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical .	Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation	After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy ?
The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism , Gnosticism , Origenism , Montanism , Judaizers , Marcionism , Docetism , Adoptionism , Nestorianism , Monophysitism , Monothelitism and Iconoclasm .	Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm	What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time ?
In his work `` On the Jews and Their Lies '' -LRB- 1543 -RRB- , German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was `` assailed by much heresy '' , and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so , `` as it still does daily before our eyes . ''	"On the Jews and Their Lies"	What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy ?
He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being `` blasphemous '' -LRB- sic -RRB- and a lie , and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually `` blind '' and `` surely possessed by all devils . ''	blasphemous	What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer ?
Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church `` papists '' and heretics , and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision .	Jewish circumcision	What is said to be a special spiritual problem ?
In England , the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy .	European Reformation	What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy ?
During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII 's reign , about sixty heretics , mainly Protestants , were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason , notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher , for refusing to accept the king 's supremacy over the Church in England .	Henry VIII	During what king 's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy ?
During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII 's reign , about sixty heretics , mainly Protestants , were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason , notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher , for refusing to accept the king 's supremacy over the Church in England .	Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher	What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England ?
Under Edward VI , the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I ; even so two radicals were executed in Edward 's reign -LRB- one for denying the reality of the incarnation , the other for denying Christ 's divinity -RRB- .	Edward VI	Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547 ?
The last execution of a `` heretic '' in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612 .	1612	In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy ?
Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659 , 1660 , and 1661 .	1659, 1660, and 1661	During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place ?
These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans , who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony .	Anglican Puritans	Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs ?
At the time , the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a `` purer absolute theocracy '' within their colony .	purer absolute theocracy	What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- As such , they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical , even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived `` heresies '' .	Quaker sect	What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical .	Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox	Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy ?
The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a `` heretic '' , Cayetano Ripoll , by the Catholic Inquisition .	1826	What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end ?
The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a `` heretic '' , Cayetano Ripoll , by the Catholic Inquisition .	Cayetano Ripoll	Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition ?
Although less common than in earlier periods , in modern times , formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur .	Christian	Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times ?
Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God .	Protestant	Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism ?
In the Catholic Church , the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for `` ambiguities and errors '' without using the word `` heresy '' .	Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith	What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy ?
Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic , such as the Spanish inquisition , the term is used less often today .	Spanish inquisition	What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times ?
The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth , as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story `` The Theologians '' within the compilation Labyrinths .	Jorge Luis Borges	Who was the author of the short story `` The Theologians '' ?
The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth , as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story `` The Theologians '' within the compilation Labyrinths .	Christian heresy	What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard ?
Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim , regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics , reportedly proclaimed that `` the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians . ''	Shia Qizilbash	What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics ?
Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim , regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics , reportedly proclaimed that `` the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians . ''	70	What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite ?
In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced , heresy remains an offense punishable by death .	Sharia law	What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution ?
One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran , offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie , whose writings were declared as heretical .	Salman Rushdie	What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran ?
Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical .	heretical	What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as ?
In addition , the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides 's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics .	right-wing groups	What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides 's 13 principles of Jewish faith ?
The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism , particularly its right wing , as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups .	The liberal wing	Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism ?
The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as `` squirreling '' and is said by Scientologists to be high treason .	squirreling	What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned ?
The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization .	The Religious Technology Center	What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission ?
In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used , in areas where innovation is welcome , of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge .	innovation	What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary ?
Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction , Asimov 's views are in Forward : The Role of the Heretic .	an abstraction	What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as ?
He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics -LRB- those from within the scientific community -RRB- and exoheretics -LRB- those from without -RRB- .	endoheretics	Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against ?
Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics -LRB- by control of science education , grants and publication as examples -RRB- , but is nearly powerless against exoheretics .	orthodoxy	What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become ?
The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker , who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies , treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma .	The Dinosaur Heresies	What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs ?
But on average , for the last fifty years , the field has n't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough . ''	the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough	What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years ?
This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park .	Jurassic Park	What film did Robert T. Bakker 's book reportedly influence ?
The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses , in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy .	active poses	What type of poses did the book 's illustrations portray dinosaurs as ?
He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic .	endoheretic	What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work ?
Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic ; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals .	exoheretic	What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline ?
Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic ; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals .	scientific journals	What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice ?
While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute , the concept of catastrophic change -LRB- extinction event and punctuated equilibrium -RRB- has gained acceptance in recent decades .	extinction event and punctuated equilibrium	What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance ?
The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because , by definition , heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy .	an established orthodoxy	By definition , what contrast does heresy depend on ?
For example , the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy , such as to categorize a `` Wall Street heresy '' a `` Democratic heresy '' or a `` Republican heresy , '' are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion .	metaphors	What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios ?
The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954 , but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe .	1955	In which year was the Warsaw Pact established ?
The Warsaw Pact -LRB- formally , the Treaty of Friendship , Co-operation , and Mutual Assistance , sometimes , informally WarPac , akin in format to NATO -RRB- was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War .	Soviet Union	Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact ?
The Warsaw Pact -LRB- formally , the Treaty of Friendship , Co-operation , and Mutual Assistance , sometimes , informally WarPac , akin in format to NATO -RRB- was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War .	the Cold War	Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact ?
The Warsaw Pact -LRB- formally , the Treaty of Friendship , Co-operation , and Mutual Assistance , sometimes , informally WarPac , akin in format to NATO -RRB- was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War .	seven	How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact ?
The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954 , but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe .	West Germany	The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact ?
While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO , there was no direct confrontation between them .	NATO	Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact ?
The Warsaw Pact 's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia -LRB- with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania -RRB- .	Czechoslovakia	Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment ?
The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe , beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989 .	Solidarity	What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress ?
The Warsaw Pact 's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia -LRB- with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania -RRB- .	Czechoslovakia	Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment ?
The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe , beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989 .	1989	In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively ?
The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe , beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989 .	Solidarity	What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact ?
On 25 February 1991 , the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary .	Hungary	In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place ?
On 1 July 1991 , the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship , Co-operation , and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955 .	Václav Havel	Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact ?
Furthermore , the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR , and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR .	the USSR	Despite being headquartered in Poland , the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country ?
Furthermore , the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR , and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR .	the USSR	Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact ?
Ideologically , the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement .	socialism and communism	Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe ?
A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions , which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine .	Brezhnev	Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line ?
These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany .	West Germany	The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself ?
Previously , in March 1954 , the USSR , fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany , requested admission to NATO .	the USSR	Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament ?
Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government , under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality , but all were refused by the other foreign ministers , Dulles -LRB- USA -RRB- , Eden -LRB- UK -RRB- and Bidault -LRB- France -RRB- .	Molotov	Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification ?
Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new : earlier on 20 March 1952 , talks about a German reunification , initiated by the socalled ` Stalin Note ' , ended after the United Kingdom , France , and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm .	1952	When was reunification first proposed as an idea ?
One month later , the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community -LRB- like French Gaullist leader Palewski -RRB- who perceived it as `` unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe '' .	the USA	The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition ?
Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay , supporter of NATO expansion , who said that NATO `` must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella . ''	Hastings Ismay	Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO ?
He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that `` the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force '' .	burglar	To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO ?
In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon , Eisenhower and Dulles .	1954	In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States ?
Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong , and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too .	France	Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany ?
On 23 October 1954 -- only nine years after Allies -LRB- UK , USA and USSR -RRB- defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe -- the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided .	1954	In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO ?
The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as `` a decisive turning point in the history of our continent '' by Halvard Lange , Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time .	Norway	Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member ?
On 14 May 1955 , the USSR and other seven European countries `` reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems '' established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO , declaring that : `` a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc -LSB- ... -RSB- increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states ; -LSB- ... -RSB- in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security '' .	May	In which month of 1955 was this pact declared ?
One of the founding members , East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People 's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany .	East Germany	Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact ?
One of the founding members , East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People 's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany .	the National People's Army	What was the name of the East German armed forces ?
The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked .	eight	How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership ?
In July 1963 the Mongolian People 's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty .	1963	In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact ?
Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966 .	1966	In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia ?
For 36 years , NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe ; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe , while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage .	containment	What was the focus of both alliances ' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting ?
For 36 years , NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe ; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe , while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage .	Europe	Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues ?
In 1956 , following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact , Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government .	1956	In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact ?
In 1956 , following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact , Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government .	Imre Nagy	Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt ?
The multi-national Communist armed forces ' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 .	1968	In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action ?
The multi-national Communist armed forces ' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 .	Czechoslovakia	Which country did the Pact conquer ?
On 25 February 1991 , the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary .	Hungary	In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance ?
In fact , the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania , which toppled the communist government , without military intervention form other member states .	1989	In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government ?
On 1 July 1991 , in Prague , the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship , Cooperation , and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR .	36	For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist ?
On 12 March 1999 , the Czech Republic , Hungary , and Poland joined NATO ; Bulgaria , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Romania , and Slovakia joined in March 2004 ; Albania joined on 1 April 2009 .	Albania	Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO ?
On 12 March 1999 , the Czech Republic , Hungary , and Poland joined NATO ; Bulgaria , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Romania , and Slovakia joined in March 2004 ; Albania joined on 1 April 2009 .	1999	In which year did Poland join NATO ?
On 12 March 1999 , the Czech Republic , Hungary , and Poland joined NATO ; Bulgaria , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Romania , and Slovakia joined in March 2004 ; Albania joined on 1 April 2009 .	2004	In which year did Slovakia join NATO ?
In November 2005 , the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance , who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006 .	2005	In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives ?
Eventually , 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published ; 70 remained secret , and unpublished .	70	How many documents remain classified ?
Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty 's nuclear war plan , Seven Days to the River Rhine -- a short , swift counter-attack capturing Austria , Denmark , Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine , using nuclear weapons , in self-defense , after a NATO first strike .	Seven Days to the River Rhine	What was the name of the Warsaw Pact 's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike ?
The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game , and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine , until the late 1980s -- which is why the People 's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base , first , to 178 , then , to 250 tactical-range rockets .	250	How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland ?
The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game , and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine , until the late 1980s -- which is why the People 's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base , first , to 178 , then , to 250 tactical-range rockets .	1979	In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived ?
Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature , and that all phenomena , including mental phenomena and consciousness , are identical with material interactions .	a form of philosophical monism	What is materialism ?
Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature , and that all phenomena , including mental phenomena and consciousness , are identical with material interactions .	matter	In nature , this is an essential substance ?
Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter , such as : spacetime , physical energies and forces , dark matter , and so on .	spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter	What are some examples of philosophical physicalism ?
Materialism is closely related to physicalism , the view that all that exists is ultimately physical .	Materialism	Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what ?
Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology .	monist ontology	What class does materialism belong to ?
-LSB- a -RSB- The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality , and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions : `` what does reality consist of ? ''	"what does reality consist of?"	What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes ?
and `` how does it originate ? ''	"how does it originate?"	What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes ?
To idealists , spirit or mind or the objects of mind -LRB- ideas -RRB- are primary , and matter secondary .	spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)	An idealist considers what as the most important ?
To idealists , spirit or mind or the objects of mind -LRB- ideas -RRB- are primary , and matter secondary .	matter	A materialist considers what as the most important ?
The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically , famously by René Descartes .	materialist	Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist ?
However , by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized .	how material substance should be characterized.	Materialism does not define what ?
Later Marxists developed the notion of dialectical materialism which characterized later Marxist philosophy and method .	dialectical materialism	What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy ?
Materialism developed , possibly independently , in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age -LRB- approximately 800 to 200 BC -RRB- .	Karl Jaspers	Who coined the Axial Age ?
Materialism developed , possibly independently , in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age -LRB- approximately 800 to 200 BC -RRB- .	Eurasia	In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age ?
In Ancient Indian philosophy , materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali , Payasi , Kanada , and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy .	600 BC	Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy ?
In Ancient Indian philosophy , materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali , Payasi , Kanada , and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy .	Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy	At that time , who helped develop materialism ?
The Nyaya -- Vaisesika school -LRB- 600 BC - 100 BC -RRB- developed one of the earliest forms of atomism , though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists .	Nyaya–Vaisesika school	What school advanced atomism ?
The Nyaya -- Vaisesika school -LRB- 600 BC - 100 BC -RRB- developed one of the earliest forms of atomism , though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists .	600 BC - 100 BC	Between what years did the school advance atomism ?
Materialism is often associated with reductionism , according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description , if they are genuine , must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description -- typically , at a more reduced level .	reductionism	Materialism is linked to what ?
The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius -LRB- ca. 99 BC -- ca. 55 BC -RRB- reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus .	Lucretius	De Rerum Natura is a poem by who ?
De Rerum Natura provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion , evaporation , wind , and sound .	mechanistic explanations	What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena ?
Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta -LRB- 6th century -RRB- in his work Tattvopaplavasimha -LRB- `` The upsetting of all principles '' -RRB- refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology .	Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles")	Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta .
The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400 .	materialistic Cārvāka philosophy	Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400 ?
When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha -LRB- a digest of all philosophies -RRB- in the 14th century , he had no Cārvāka / Lokāyata text to quote from , or even refer to .	a digest of all philosophies	What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha ?
When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha -LRB- a digest of all philosophies -RRB- in the 14th century , he had no Cārvāka / Lokāyata text to quote from , or even refer to .	Madhavacharya	Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha ?
In early 12th-century al-Andalus , the Arabian philosopher , Ibn Tufail -LRB- Abubacer -RRB- , wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel , Hayy ibn Yaqdhan -LRB- Philosophus Autodidactus -RRB- , while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism .	Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)	What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail ?
The French cleric Pierre Gassendi -LRB- 1592-1665 -RRB- represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes -LRB- 1596-1650 -RRB- to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations .	1592-1665	Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year ?
The French cleric Pierre Gassendi -LRB- 1592-1665 -RRB- represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes -LRB- 1596-1650 -RRB- to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations .	1596-1650	René Descartes lived from what year to what year ?
There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier -LRB- 1664-1729 -RRB- , Julien Offray de La Mettrie , the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach -LRB- 1723-1789 -RRB- , the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot -LRB- 1713-1784 -RRB- , and other French Enlightenment thinkers ; as well as -LRB- in England -RRB- John `` Walking '' Stewart -LRB- 1747-1822 -RRB- , whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth -LRB- 1770-1850 -RRB- .	1664-1729	abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year ?
There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier -LRB- 1664-1729 -RRB- , Julien Offray de La Mettrie , the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach -LRB- 1723-1789 -RRB- , the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot -LRB- 1713-1784 -RRB- , and other French Enlightenment thinkers ; as well as -LRB- in England -RRB- John `` Walking '' Stewart -LRB- 1747-1822 -RRB- , whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth -LRB- 1770-1850 -RRB- .	1713-1784	Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year ?
There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier -LRB- 1664-1729 -RRB- , Julien Offray de La Mettrie , the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach -LRB- 1723-1789 -RRB- , the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot -LRB- 1713-1784 -RRB- , and other French Enlightenment thinkers ; as well as -LRB- in England -RRB- John `` Walking '' Stewart -LRB- 1747-1822 -RRB- , whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth -LRB- 1770-1850 -RRB- .	1770-1850	William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year ?
Arthur Schopenhauer -LRB- 1788-1860 -RRB- wrote that '' ... materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself '' .	1788-1860	Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year ?
That is , the brain itself is the `` determiner '' of how material objects will be experienced or perceived :	how material objects will be experienced or perceived	What did he say that the brain would decide ?
The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book , The Essence of Christianity -LRB- 1841 -RRB- , which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man 's inward nature .	Ludwig Feuerbach	Who wrote `` The Essence of Christianity '' ?
The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book , The Essence of Christianity -LRB- 1841 -RRB- , which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man 's inward nature .	1841	In what year was `` The Essence of Christianity '' written ?
The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book , The Essence of Christianity -LRB- 1841 -RRB- , which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man 's inward nature .	the outward projection of man's inward nature	What did the author of `` The Essence of Christianity '' consider religion to be ?
Feuerbach 's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx .	Karl Marx	The author 's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher ?
Many current and recent philosophers -- e.g. , Daniel Dennett , Willard Van Orman Quine , Donald Davidson , and Jerry Fodor -- operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework , producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind , including functionalism , anomalous monism , identity theory , and so on .	functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory	In regards to the mind , what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize ?
The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate .	matter	What is hyle ?
Relativity shows that matter and energy -LRB- including the spatially distributed energy of fields -RRB- are interchangeable .	matter and energy	Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable ?
Relativity shows that matter and energy -LRB- including the spatially distributed energy of fields -RRB- are interchangeable .	energy	Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance ?
Relativity shows that matter and energy -LRB- including the spatially distributed energy of fields -RRB- are interchangeable .	fields	Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance ?
According to the dominant cosmological model , the Lambda-CDM model , less than 5 % of the universe 's energy density is made up of the `` matter '' described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics , and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of .	Lambda-CDM model	Which model suggests that matter is 5 % of the universe ?
According to the dominant cosmological model , the Lambda-CDM model , less than 5 % of the universe 's energy density is made up of the `` matter '' described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics , and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of .	dark matter	What type of matter does the model consider it to be ?
This extrapolation , however , is impossible ... atoms are not things . ''	things	Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what ?
Some modern day physicists and science writers -- such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin -- have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics , such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory .	quantum mechanics and chaos theory.	What are some of the findings that support their argument ?
In 1991 , Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth , the first chapter of which , `` The Death of Materialism '' , contained the following passage :	The Matter Myth	What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins ?
Davies ' and Gribbin 's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental .	information	Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter ?
Materialism , in this view , therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions , including Christianity , Judaism , and Islam .	religions	Based on the above definition , materialism is not consistent with what ?
The writings of many -LSB- quantify -RSB- of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism , which characterized divinity as an utterly simple , immaterial , formless , substance/essence -LRB- ousia -RRB- that transcended all that was physical .	simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical	Neoplatonism describes divinity as what ?
Despite strong opposition from many Christians , this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church , displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical , corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness .	Christians	Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism ?
An argument for idealism , such as those of Hegel and Berkeley , is ipso facto an argument against materialism .	materialism	If you believe in idealism , you are disbeliving in what ?
Emergence , holism , and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional -LRB- especially mechanistic -RRB- materialism without abandoning materialism entirely .	Emergence, holism, and process philosophy	What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism ?
Polkinghorne prefers `` dual-aspect monism '' to faith in materialism .	dual-aspect monism	Instead of faith , John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism ?
It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II , enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel .	German rocket technology	Whose technology enabled the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the united States ?
The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals , the Soviet Union -LRB- USSR -RRB- and the United States -LRB- US -RRB- , for supremacy in spaceflight capability .	the Soviet Union	Who was able to launch the first orbiting satellite ?
The Soviet Union beat the US to this , with the October 4 , 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1 , and later beat the US to the first human in space , Yuri Gagarin , on April 12 , 1961 .	Yuri Gagarin	Who was the first human in space ?
The Space Race peaked with the July 20 , 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11 .	July 20, 1969	When did Apollo 11 land on the moon ?
The competition began on August 2 , 1955 , when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year , by declaring they would also launch a satellite `` in the near future '' .	August 2, 1955	On what date did the Space Race begin ?
The Soviet Union beat the US to this , with the October 4 , 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1 , and later beat the US to the first human in space , Yuri Gagarin , on April 12 , 1961 .	October 4, 1957	Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date ?
The Soviet Union beat the US to this , with the October 4 , 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1 , and later beat the US to the first human in space , Yuri Gagarin , on April 12 , 1961 .	Yuri Gagarin	Who was the first person in space ?
The Soviet Union beat the US to this , with the October 4 , 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1 , and later beat the US to the first human in space , Yuri Gagarin , on April 12 , 1961 .	April 12, 1961	What was the date that the first human reached space ?
The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany , beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles .	Germany	Where were the actual origin of the Space Race ?
Starting in the early 1930s , during the last stages of the Weimar Republic , German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets , with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances .	liquid-fueled rockets	What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930 's ?
Wernher von Braun , a young engineering prodigy , was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932 .	Wernher von Braun	What engineer was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret program ?
The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany , beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles .	World War II	Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root ?
Wernher von Braun , a young engineering prodigy , was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932 .	1932	A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year ?
During the Second World War , General Dornberger was the military head of the army 's rocket program , Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre , and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program .	technical director of the ballistic missile program	What was von Braun 's role in the army 's rocket program during during World War II ?
They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 -LRB- A-4 -RRB- rocket , which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943 .	the Aggregate-4	What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space ?
During the Second World War , General Dornberger was the military head of the army 's rocket program , Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre , and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program .	General Dornberger	During WWII , who was in charge of the German army 's rocket program ?
They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 -LRB- A-4 -RRB- rocket , which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943 .	Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket	What was the first object to enter space ?
They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 -LRB- A-4 -RRB- rocket , which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943 .	1942 and 1943	When did the Aggregate-4 -LRB- A-4 -RRB- rocket reach space ?
At war 's end , American , British , and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany 's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based .	Germany's rocket engineers	After World War II what did the American , English and Soviet allies want to capture ?
Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team , but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip , recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team , who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs .	Operation Paperclip	What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer , Von Braun ?
The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets .	V2 rockets	The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip ?
The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev .	Sergei Korolev	Who led the Soviet rocket engineers
He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s , but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia .	Siberia	Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years ?
His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War , and he was identified publicly only as `` the Chief Designer . ''	the Chief Designer	What was his `` secret '' title after World War II ?
The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany , which became the Soviet zone of occupation .	Peenemünde	The German rocket center was located in what city ?
The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev .	Sergei Korolev	Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany ?
He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s , but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia .	1938	What year was Sergei Korolev arrested ?
In the West , his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966 .	1966	Sergei Korolev died in what year ?
After the war , he became the USSR 's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer , essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun .	USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer	After the war , Sergei Korolev was known under what title ?
With their help , particularly Helmut Groettrup 's group , Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket , the R-1 , in 1948 .	1948	What year was the R1 rocket born ?
The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914 , and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I .	Robert H. Goddard	What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914 ?
He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921 ; yet he had not been taken seriously by the public , and was not sponsored by the government as part of the post-WW II rocket development effort .	1921	Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year ?
Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army 's White Sands Proving Ground , located in New Mexico , in 1945 .	New Mexico	The United States Army 's White Sands Proving Ground is located where ?
Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army 's White Sands Proving Ground , located in New Mexico , in 1945 .	1945	Von Braun and his associates were sent to United States Army 's White Sands Proving Ground in what year ?
These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space , and the first two-stage rocket , the WAC Corporal-V2 combination , in 1949 .	1949	The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year ?
The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army 's new Redstone Arsenal , located in Huntsville , Alabama , in 1950 .	Huntsville, Alabama	The Army 's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state ?
The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army 's new Redstone Arsenal , located in Huntsville , Alabama , in 1950 .	1950	What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama ?
The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949 , when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb .	1949	What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb ?
Given this new danger , the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb , as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles -LRB- ICBMs -RRB- capable of delivering nuclear weapons .	the hydrogen bomb	What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War ?
Given this new danger , the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb , as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles -LRB- ICBMs -RRB- capable of delivering nuclear weapons .	intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles	ICBMs is an abbreviation for what ?
Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force , under the control of the Strategic Air Command -LRB- SAC -RRB- .	Strategic Air Command	The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force ?
A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s , which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism .	1950s	During what decade , did a fear of communism oversweep the US ?
Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941 , the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally , the United States , which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons .	27 million	How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII ?
Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941 , the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally , the United States , which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons .	1941	The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year ?
Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941 , the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally , the United States , which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons .	1949	Until what year , was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb ?
Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union , and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory , in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles -LRB- ICBMs -RRB- in order to counter the perceived American threat .	1947	In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs ?
Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union , and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory , in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles -LRB- ICBMs -RRB- in order to counter the perceived American threat .	air force	What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union ?
In 1953 , Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket , which represented a major advance from the German design .	Korolev	Who began developing the R-7 Semyorka rocket ?
Although some of its components -LRB- notably boosters -RRB- still resembled the German G-4 , the new rocket incorporated staged design , a completely new control system , and a new fuel .	German G-4	R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile ?
It was successfully tested on August 21 , 1957 and became the world 's first fully operational ICBM the following month .	August 21, 1957	When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully ?
In 1953 , Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket , which represented a major advance from the German design .	R-7 Semyorka rocket	The first satellite launched into space used what rocket ?
The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774 .	1945	The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year ?
The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774 .	MX-774	What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force ?
However , its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947 .	1947	The MX-774 was tested in what year ?
In 1950 , von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral .	Cape Canaveral	The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where ?
The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A , with its maiden launch occurring June 11 , 1957 , becoming the first successful American ICBM .	June 11, 1957	The Atlas-A first launched on what date ?
On July 29 , 1955 , James C. Hagerty , president Dwight D. Eisenhower 's press secretary , announced that the United States intended to launch `` small Earth circling satellites '' between July 1 , 1957 , and December 31 , 1958 , as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year -LRB- IGY -RRB- .	James C. Hagerty	Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower 's press secretary ?
On August 30 , 1955 , Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit : this was the de facto start date for the Space Race .	August 30, 1955	The starting date for the Space Race was which date ?
On September 20 , 1956 , von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit , but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology .	September 20, 1956	A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date ?
The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States , and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project , Vanguard , to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned .	Vanguard	The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what ?
The December 6 , 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida , broadcast live in front of a US television audience .	Florida	Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state ?
Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun 's Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could .	Jupiter-C rocket	in response to Project Vanguard 's failed launch , what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched ?
On January 31 , 1958 , nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1 , von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army 's Redstone missile , at Cape Canaveral .	January 31, 1958	The first US satellite to launch without failure was on what date ?
The satellite actually measured three phenomena : cosmic ray and radiation levels , the temperature in the spacecraft , and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites .	cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites	The Explorer gathered what 3 measurements ?
Congress , led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson , responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act , which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29 , 1958 .	Lyndon B. Johnson	Who was the Senate 's Majority Leader in 1958 ?
On April 2 , 1958 , President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite , by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities .	1958	The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year ?
This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration -LRB- NASA -RRB- .	National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics	What was NASA called before it became NASA ?
On April 2 , 1958 , President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite , by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities .	April 2, 1958	The first US satellite was launched on what date ?
On July 1 , 1960 , the Redstone Arsenal became NASA 's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center , with von Braun as its first director .	July 1, 1960	The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when ?
On July 1 , 1960 , the Redstone Arsenal became NASA 's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center , with von Braun as its first director .	von Braun	Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center ?
The fourth attempt , Luna 1 , launched successfully on January 2 , 1959 , but missed the Moon .	1959	The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year ?
The 278.5-kilogram -LRB- 614 lb -RRB- Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6 , 1959 .	Luna 3	Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon ?
The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959 , managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory .	NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory	The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization ?
The 730-pound -LRB- 330 kg -RRB- Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon , but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data .	Ranger 4	The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what ?
The first successful Ranger mission was the 806-pound -LRB- 366 kg -RRB- Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31 , 1964 .	Block III Ranger 7	The first Ranger mission that did n't fail was which one ?
The first successful Ranger mission was the 806-pound -LRB- 366 kg -RRB- Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31 , 1964 .	July 31, 1964	The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date ?
The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959 , managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory .	Luna	What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program ?
On April 12 , 1961 , the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1 .	the USSR	Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961 ?
On April 12 , 1961 , the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1 .	Vostok 1	The first ship to carry a human through space was called what ?
Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union , with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 meters -LRB- 23,000 ft -RRB- , and landing by parachute .	108 minutes	How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft ?
April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR , and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official `` Commemorative Dates of Russia . ''	Cosmonautics Day	April 12 , in the USSR , is what special day ?
In 2011 , it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations .	2011	What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations ?
The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space , named Man in Space Soonest .	US Air Force	Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization ?
After NASA 's creation , the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26 , 1958 .	Project Mercury	Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26 , 1958 ?
Three weeks later , on May 5 , 1961 , Alan Shepard became the first American in space , launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3 , in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7 .	Alan Shepard	The first American to travel into space was whom ?
Three weeks later , on May 5 , 1961 , Alan Shepard became the first American in space , launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3 , in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7 .	May 5, 1961	When did Alan Shepard first arrive in space ?
Three weeks later , on May 5 , 1961 , Alan Shepard became the first American in space , launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3 , in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7 .	Freedom 7	The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what ?
Three weeks later , on May 5 , 1961 , Alan Shepard became the first American in space , launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3 , in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7 .	Alan Shepard	The first person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom ?
After his successful return , Shepard was celebrated as a national hero , honored with parades in Washington , New York and Los Angeles , and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy .	John F. Kennedy	Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal ?
He sent a memo dated April 20 , 1961 , to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , asking him to look into the state of America 's space program , and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up .	Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson	President Kennedy sent a letter on April 20 , 1961 to who about the US 's space program ?
Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program , and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled `` Special Message on Urgent National Needs '' .	May 25	The speech by Kennedy , `` Special Message on Urgent National Needs '' was delivered on what date ?
He rallied popular support for the program in his `` We choose to go to the Moon '' speech , on September 12 , 1962 , before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium , in Houston , Texas , near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility .	Rice University Stadium	`` We choose to go to the Moon '' speech was given at what location in Texas ?
Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit , astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth , on February 20 , 1962 .	John Glenn	The first American to orbit around the planet was whom ?
Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit , astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth , on February 20 , 1962 .	February 20, 1962	When did John Glenn orbit the Earth ?
His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft , and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean , after a tense reentry , due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield .	Atlantic Ocean	Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back from orbit ?
His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft , and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean , after a tense reentry , due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield .	Friendship 7	John Glenn 's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth ?
The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn 's : Aurora 7 on May 24 , 1962 duplicated Glenn 's three orbits ; Sigma 7 on October 3 , 1962 , six orbits ; and Faith 7 on May 15 , 1963 , 22 orbits -LRB- 32.4 hours -RRB- , the maximum capability of the spacecraft .	3	How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn 's ?
Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6 , 1961 .	Gherman Titov	What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft ?
Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6 , 1961 .	August 6, 1961	Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date ?
The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft , Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 , in essentially identical orbits , on August 11 and 12 , 1962 .	Vostok 3 and Vostok 4	Radio communication was possible between which two spacecrafts in August 11 and 12 , 1962 ?
This time they launched the first woman -LRB- also the first civilian -RRB- , Valentina Tereshkova , into space on Vostok 6 .	Valentina Tereshkova	The first woman that went into space was whom ?
The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 -LRB- June 16 , 1963 -RRB- .	Vostok 6	What spacecraft carried Valentina Tereshkova , the first woman in space ?
The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 -LRB- June 16 , 1963 -RRB- .	June 16, 1963	The first woman to launch into space was on what date ?
The USSR did n't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980 , two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women .	The USSR	The first woman to go into space was from which country ?
The `` Vostok spaceship '' had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show , mounted on its launch vehicle 's third stage , with the nose cone in place .	July 1961 Tushino air show	At what event was the Vostok spaceship first displayed to the public ?
On September 20 , 1963 , in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly , President Kennedy proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in their efforts to reach the Moon .	September 20, 1963	When did US President John F. Kennedy , in a speech , propose to join forces to reach the moon with the USSR ?
On October 2 , 1997 , it was reported that Khrushchev 's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy 's proposal at the time of Kennedy 's assassination on November 22 , 1963 .	November 22, 1963	President Kennedy was killed when ?
On October 2 , 1997 , it was reported that Khrushchev 's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy 's proposal at the time of Kennedy 's assassination on November 22 , 1963 .	assassination	How did US President Kennedy die ?
One week after Kennedy 's death , he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy .	Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities	What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson ?
As President , Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs , promoting them as Kennedy 's legacy to the American public .	Gemini and Apollo	Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson ?
Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing , in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini , a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft , flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back , and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft .	1962	What year was the Gemini project confirmed ?
Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight , allowing the Soviets to achieve another first , launching Voskhod 1 on October 12 , 1964 , the first spacecraft with a three-cosmonaut crew .	October 12, 1964	On what date was the first successful three man astronaut crew ?
Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight , allowing the Soviets to achieve another first , launching Voskhod 1 on October 12 , 1964 , the first spacecraft with a three-cosmonaut crew .	Voskhod 1	The first flight in a spacecraft that allowed no suits to be worn inside was was ?
This feat would not be repeated until the US Apollo Command Module flew in 1968 ; this later mission was designed from the outset to safely transport three astronauts in a shirt-sleeve environment while in space .	1968	The US Apollo Command Module flew without spacesuits in what year ?
Voskhod 2 would end up being Korolev 's final achievement before his death on January 14 , 1966 , as it would become the last of the many space firsts that demonstrated the USSR 's domination in spacecraft technology during the early 1960s .	January 14, 1966	Korolev died on what date ?
On March 18 , 1965 , about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight , the USSR accelerated the competition , by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov .	March 18, 1965	The Voskhod 2 carrying two humans was launched on what date ?
On March 18 , 1965 , about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight , the USSR accelerated the competition , by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov .	Alexey Leonov	Who was the first person to take a spacewalk ?
On March 18 , 1965 , about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight , the USSR accelerated the competition , by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov .	Alexey Leonov	Which of two Voskhod 2 's occupants was almost killed ?
In this way , Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions .	Apollo	Project Gemini helped recruit experienced people for which upcoming lunar missions ?
The circumlunar program -LRB- Zond -RRB- , created by Vladimir Chelomey 's design bureau OKB-52 , was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped-down Soyuz 7K-L1 , launched by Chelomey 's Proton UR-500 rocket .	Vladimir Chelomey	Who created the circumlunar program called Zond ?
The circumlunar program -LRB- Zond -RRB- , created by Vladimir Chelomey 's design bureau OKB-52 , was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped-down Soyuz 7K-L1 , launched by Chelomey 's Proton UR-500 rocket .	Soyuz 7K-L1	Which type of craft were two astronauts to fly in during Zond ?
The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958 , presenting issues for debate to the United Nations , which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959 .	1959	The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was established in what year ?
The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958 , presenting issues for debate to the United Nations , which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959 .	United Nations	The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was created by what organization in 1959 ?
On May 10 , 1962 , Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962 , which not only urged member nations to `` extend the rules of international law to outer space , '' but to also cooperate in its exploration .	Political Committee of the UN General Assembly	A problem was resolved by whom when both the US and the USSR supported a cooperative space program ?
On May 10 , 1962 , Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962 , which not only urged member nations to `` extend the rules of international law to outer space , '' but to also cooperate in its exploration .	December 1962	The cooperative space program was passed on what date ?
The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space , including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies , which was signed by the United States , USSR , and the United Kingdom on January 27 , 1967 and went into force the following October 10 .	January 27, 1967	The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date ?
Both had been rushing at full-speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz , without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems .	Apollo and Soyuz	Both crews were killed on which spacecraft missions in 1967 ?
On January 27 , 1967 , the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty , the crew of the first manned Apollo mission , Command Pilot Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom , Senior Pilot Edward H. White , and Pilot Roger Chaffee , were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test , less than a month before the planned February 21 launch .	January 27, 1967	The Outer Space Treaty was signed by the US and the USSR on what date ?
An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark , and quickly grew out of control , fed by the spacecraft 's pure oxygen atmosphere .	electrical spark	What was the cause of the fire that killed everyone on the first Apollo mission before launch ?
On January 27 , 1967 , the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty , the crew of the first manned Apollo mission , Command Pilot Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom , Senior Pilot Edward H. White , and Pilot Roger Chaffee , were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test , less than a month before the planned February 21 launch .	Command Pilot Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee	Who were the three people who died on the first Apollo mission before launch ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- On April 24 , 1967 , the single pilot of Soyuz 1 , Vladimir Komarov , became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality .	Vladimir Komarov	Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- On April 24 , 1967 , the single pilot of Soyuz 1 , Vladimir Komarov , became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality .	April 24, 1967	When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash ?
Apollo 1 's mission to check out the Apollo Command/Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom 's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7 , launched on October 11 , 1968 .	October 11, 1968	Apollo 7 launched from Earth on what date ?
Apollo 1 's mission to check out the Apollo Command/Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom 's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7 , launched on October 11 , 1968 .	Walter Schirra	Who was in charge of the Apollo 7 mission on board ?
The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz , and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3 was launched on October 26 , 1968 .	October 26, 1968	The Soyuz 3 began its mission to space on what date ?
The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realised in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions .	January 1969	When was the first successful docking of a two man space crew ?
The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realised in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions .	Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5	Which two space missions were the first to successfully dock each other ?
After its successful flight around the Moon , Zond 4 encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9 , and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters -LRB- 49,000 ft -RRB- over the Gulf of Guinea .	Gulf of Guinea	Where was the Zond 4 over when it was destroyed by an explosion ?
During the summer of 1968 , the Apollo program hit another snag : the first pilot-rated Lunar Module -LRB- LM -RRB- was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch .	1968	The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when ?
In September 1968 , Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth , accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean .	tortoises	What animal was carried aboard the Zond 5 ?
NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order , delaying the first LM flight until March 1969 , and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December .	March 1969	The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date ?
On December 21 , 1968 , Frank Borman , James Lovell , and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8 .	Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders	Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space ?
On December 21 , 1968 , Frank Borman , James Lovell , and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8 .	December 21, 1968	What date did Frank Borman , James Lovell , and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission ?
They made ten orbits in twenty hours , and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history , with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit , that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis .	Christmas Eve	During what holiday , was the Apollo 8 mission broadcast from orbit ?
Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific ocean on December 27 , in NASA 's first dawn splashdown and recovery .	Pacific	Which ocean did the Apolo 8 mission land in ?
The next mission , Apollo 10 , conducted a `` dress rehearsal '' for the first landing in May 1969 , flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet -LRB- 14.4 km -RRB- above the surface , the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin .	47,400 feet	How close to the ground was the Lunar Module in May 1969 during its landing test ?
The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969 .	March 1969	The Lunar Module completed its first low Earth orbit on what date ?
The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3 , 1969 was a significant setback .	July 3, 1969	The Soviet , N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date ?
Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility .	Sea of Tranquility	Apollo 11 mission was to land where on the Moon ?
On July 16 , 1969 , at exactly 9:32 am EDT , the Saturn V rocket , AS-506 , lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida .	July 16, 1969	When did the Apollo 11 mission launch ?
On July 16 , 1969 , at exactly 9:32 am EDT , the Saturn V rocket , AS-506 , lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida .	Florida	What state did the Saturn V rocket launch from ?
The crew , selected in January 1969 , consisted of commander -LRB- CDR -RRB- Neil Armstrong , Command Module Pilot -LRB- CMP -RRB- Michael Collins , and Lunar Module Pilot -LRB- LMP -RRB- Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin .	January 1969	When was the crew chosen to participate on the Apollo 11 mission ?
The trip to the Moon took just over three days .	three days	How long did the trip to the Moon last for the crew of the Apollo 11 ?
After achieving orbit , Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module , named Eagle , and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module Columbia , began their descent .	Eagle	The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 was named after what animal ?
After achieving orbit , Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module , named Eagle , and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module Columbia , began their descent .	Armstrong	Who was the first human to take a step on the Moon ?
At 02:56 UTC , July 21 -LRB- 9:56 pm CDT July 20 -RRB- , Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon .	9:56 pm CDT July 20	At what time on Earth did Armstrong first step onto the Moon ?
The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth , or about 723 million people .	723 million	How many people saw the first step onto the Moon ?
The next day , they performed the first launch from another celestial body , and rendezvoused back with Columbia .	The next day	When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia ?
Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth , landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 , 1969 .	July 24, 1969	When did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth ?
Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth , landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 , 1969 .	Pacific Ocean	Where did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth ?
The first landing was followed by another , precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969 .	November 1969	When was the second landing on the Moon successful ?
It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 -LRB- February 1971 -RRB- , Apollo 15 -LRB- July 1971 -RRB- , Apollo 16 -LRB- April 1972 -RRB- , and Apollo 17 -LRB- December 1972 -RRB- .	February 1971	When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully ?
It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 -LRB- February 1971 -RRB- , Apollo 15 -LRB- July 1971 -RRB- , Apollo 16 -LRB- April 1972 -RRB- , and Apollo 17 -LRB- December 1972 -RRB- .	July 1971	Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date ?
It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 -LRB- February 1971 -RRB- , Apollo 15 -LRB- July 1971 -RRB- , Apollo 16 -LRB- April 1972 -RRB- , and Apollo 17 -LRB- December 1972 -RRB- .	April 1972	On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon ?
It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 -LRB- February 1971 -RRB- , Apollo 15 -LRB- July 1971 -RRB- , Apollo 16 -LRB- April 1972 -RRB- , and Apollo 17 -LRB- December 1972 -RRB- .	December 1972	Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date ?
Meanwhile , the USSR continued briefly trying to perfect their N1 rocket , finally canceling it in 1976 , after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972 .	1976	Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that did n't launch ?
During 1969 and 1970 , they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3 , then launched the first space station , the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov , on April 19 , 1971 .	April 19, 1971	The USSR launched their first space station on what date ?
The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov , Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7 , and completed a record 22-day stay .	Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev	Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11 ?
The station re-entered the Earth 's atmosphere on October 11 , after 175 days in orbit .	October 11	The station , Salyut 1 , came back to Earth on which date ?
The station re-entered the Earth 's atmosphere on October 11 , after 175 days in orbit .	175 days	How long did the station , Salyut 1 , stay in orbit ?
The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 -LRB- DOS-2 -RRB- on July 29 , 1972 , but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit .	rocket failure	Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit ?
The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14 , 1973 .	May 14, 1973	The Skylab 1 was launched on which date ?
It weighed 169,950 pounds -LRB- 77,090 kg -RRB- , was 58 feet -LRB- 18 m -RRB- long by 21.7 feet -LRB- 6.6 m -RRB- in diameter , with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet -LRB- 280 m3 -RRB- .	169,950 pounds	How much did the Skylab 1 weigh ?
Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth 's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11 , 1979 .	July 11, 1979	When did the Skylab 1 finally come back to Earth ?
In May 1972 , President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente , creating a temporary `` thaw '' in the Cold War .	Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev	Which two world leaders had negotiations that relieved the Cold War ?
In May 1972 , President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente , creating a temporary `` thaw '' in the Cold War .	May 1972	When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War ?
The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz , known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project -LRB- ASTP -RRB- .	Apollo-Soyuz Test Project	ASTP stands for what ?
The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP .	16	Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP ?
The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15 , 1975 at 12:20 UTC , and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later .	July 15, 1975	Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date ?
However , the USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program were distributed to various Eastern European countries .	1991	What year did the USSR disband ?
The Russian R-7 rocket family , which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race , is still in use today .	R-7 rocket	Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station ?
The United States ' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from childhood education through the post-graduate level .	1958	The United States ' National Defense Education Act was established in what year ?
A pub / pʌb / , or public house is , despite its name , a private house , but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public .	it is licensed to sell alcohol	What is a pub licensed to sell ?
The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England .	the pub	In many villages what establishment could be called the focal point of the community ?
A pub / pʌb / , or public house is , despite its name , a private house , but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public .	public house	What is the term ` pub ' short for ?
It is a drinking establishment in Britain , Ireland , New Zealand , Australia , Canada , Denmark and New England .	New England	Where in the United States are pubs located ?
It is a drinking establishment in Britain , Ireland , New Zealand , Australia , Canada , Denmark and New England .	Denmark	What continental European country has pubs ?
It is a drinking establishment in Britain , Ireland , New Zealand , Australia , Canada , Denmark and New England .	Canada	Other than the United States , where in North America are pubs located ?
The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England .	Samuel Pepys	Who said that pubs are the heart of England ?
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns , through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century .	to Roman taverns	How far back does the history of pubs go back ?
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns , through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century .	alehouse	What was the Anglo-Saxon pup called ?
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns , through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century .	the modern tied house system	What is a pub tied to in the 19th century ?
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns , through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century .	taverns	What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs ?
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns , through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century .	alehouse	What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world ?
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns , through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century .	19th century	In what century did the tied house system develop ?
Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards , there has been a move towards clear glass , in keeping with brighter interiors .	to obscure the clientele from the street	Why were the windows of town pubs made of smoked or frosted glass traditionally ?
Most pubs offer a range of beers , wines , spirits , and soft drinks and snacks .	beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks	What fares do most pubs offer ?
Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards , there has been a move towards clear glass , in keeping with brighter interiors .	smoked or frosted glass	What are traditional pub windows made out of ?
Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards , there has been a move towards clear glass , in keeping with brighter interiors .	clear glass	What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of ?
Most pubs offer a range of beers , wines , spirits , and soft drinks and snacks .	snacks	Aside from beverages , what types of food do pubs typically offer ?
The owner , tenant or manager -LRB- licensee -RRB- of a pub is properly known as the `` pub landlord '' .	pub landlord	What is the owner , tenant or manager of a pub known as ?
The term publican -LRB- in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer -RRB- has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord .	publican	What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord ?
Known as `` locals '' to regulars , pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work , the availability of a particular beer , as a place to smoke -LRB- or avoid it -RRB- , hosting a darts team , having a pool or snooker table , or appealing to friends .	for their proximity to home or work	Name one way regulars choose their Pubs ?
The owner , tenant or manager -LRB- licensee -RRB- of a pub is properly known as the `` pub landlord '' .	pub landlord	What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub ?
The term publican -LRB- in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer -RRB- has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord .	publican	What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times ?
Known as `` locals '' to regulars , pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work , the availability of a particular beer , as a place to smoke -LRB- or avoid it -RRB- , hosting a darts team , having a pool or snooker table , or appealing to friends .	locals	What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there ?
Known as `` locals '' to regulars , pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work , the availability of a particular beer , as a place to smoke -LRB- or avoid it -RRB- , hosting a darts team , having a pool or snooker table , or appealing to friends .	darts	Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs ?
Known as `` locals '' to regulars , pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work , the availability of a particular beer , as a place to smoke -LRB- or avoid it -RRB- , hosting a darts team , having a pool or snooker table , or appealing to friends .	pool or snooker	What gaming tables can often be found in pubs ?
In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters , which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle .	jug and bottle	What was the off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers , wines and spirits for home consumption often referred to as ?
Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers , wines and spirits for home consumption .	1970s	In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking ?
Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers , wines and spirits for home consumption .	off-sales counter	What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home ?
In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters , which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle .	the jug and bottle	What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter ?
In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters , which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle .	supermarkets	Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses , what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s ?
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age , but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century , and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns , called tabernae , in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear .	the Bronze Age	When did the inhabitants of the British Isles begin drinking ale ?
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age , but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century , and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns , called tabernae , in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear .	tabernae	With the Roman road network , what were the first inns called ?
After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms , the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings , the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready .	the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole	How did the alewife let people know that her brew was ready ?
They rapidly spread across the Kingdom , becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village .	there should be no more than one alehouse per village	What did King Edgar decree in 965 ?
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age , but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century , and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns , called tabernae , in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear .	the Bronze Age	During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale ?
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age , but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century , and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns , called tabernae , in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear .	the 1st Century	In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain ?
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age , but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century , and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns , called tabernae , in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear .	tabernae	What was the Latin term for the Roman inns ?
After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms , the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings , the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready .	5th Century	In what century did the Romans leave Britain ?
After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms , the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings , the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready .	green	What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing ?
A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries , but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel .	in monasteries	In the early Middle Ages , where could a traveler obtain overnight accommodations ?
The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders .	1446	When were the Hostellers of London were granted guild status ?
The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders .	Worshipful Company of Innholders	What name was taken by the Hostellers in 1514 ?
The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders .	1446	When did the Hostellers of London become a guild ?
The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders .	1514	In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders ?
A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries , but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel .	monasteries	Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings ?
A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries , but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel .	pilgrimages	What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries ?
They are typically located in the country or along a highway .	in the country or along a highway	Where is an inn typically located ?
In addition to providing for the needs of travellers , inns traditionally acted as community gathering places .	community gathering places	In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Some inns in Europe are several centuries old .	several centuries	How old are some of the inns in Europe ?
Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and , usually , food and drink .	food and drink	Aside from lodging , what amenities are often offered at inns ?
They are typically located in the country or along a highway .	highway	What road is an inn often located near ?
In Europe , they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago .	two	How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Some inns in Europe are several centuries old .	several centuries	About how old are the oldest inns in Europe ?
In addition to providing for the needs of travellers , inns traditionally acted as community gathering places .	community gathering places	What role did inns serve other than housing travelers ?
In Europe , it is the provision of accommodation , if anything , that now distinguishes inns from taverns , alehouses and pubs .	accommodation	What amenity does an inn offer that pubs , alehouses and taverns usually do not ?
The latter tend to provide alcohol -LRB- and , in the UK , soft drinks and often food -RRB- , but less commonly accommodation .	the UK	In what nation 's pubs is food often served ?
Famous London inns include The George , Southwark and The Tabard .	The George	Along with Southwark and The Tabard , what is a notable London inn ?
Many pubs use `` Inn '' in their name , either because they are long established former coaching inns , or to summon up a particular kind of image , or in many cases simply as a pun on the word `` in '' , as in `` The Welcome Inn '' , the name of many pubs in Scotland .	Scotland	In what country is `` The Welcome Inn '' frequently used as a name for pubs ?
Inns tend to be older and grander establishments : historically they provided not only food and lodging , but also stabling and fodder for the traveller 's horse -LRB- s -RRB- and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach .	horses	Aside from human beings , what creature 's needs were traditionally seen to at inns ?
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments , such as hotels , lodges , and motels , which focus more on lodging customers than on other services , although they usually provide meals ; pubs , which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments ; and restaurants and taverns , which serve food and drink .	lodging	What is the main service of an inn , now also attainable in motels , hotels and lodges ?
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments , such as hotels , lodges , and motels , which focus more on lodging customers than on other services , although they usually provide meals ; pubs , which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments ; and restaurants and taverns , which serve food and drink .	food and drink	What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns ?
In North America , the lodging aspect of the word `` inn '' lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn , and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers .	Holiday Inn	What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America ?
In North America , the lodging aspect of the word `` inn '' lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn , and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers .	innkeepers	In the United States , what are operators of lodgings sometimes called ?
The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business , but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales .	Inns of Court	Along with the Inns of Chancery , in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business ?
The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business , but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales .	London	In what city are the Inns of Chancery located ?
The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business , but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales .	Wales	Outside England , what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in ?
Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt .	fermented malt	What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale ?
The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century .	the Netherlands	What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production ?
The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century .	15th	In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England ?
Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale , but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century .	17th	In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England ?
By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries .	commercial breweries	What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century ?
Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for `` cuckoo grain '' or `` cuckoo malt '' that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production , while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits .	the Glorious Revolution	After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England ?
Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for `` cuckoo grain '' or `` cuckoo malt '' that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production , while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits .	the Dutch	What people introduced gin to England ?
Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for `` cuckoo grain '' or `` cuckoo malt '' that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production , while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits .	1688	In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur ?
By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor , leading to the so-called Gin Craze .	six times	How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740 ?
Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops .	half	In 1740 , what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops ?
The distinction -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane .	William Hogarth	What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane ?
The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets .	The Gin Act 1736	What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots ?
The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742 .	1742	When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated ?
The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful .	The Gin Act 1751	What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates ?
By the early 19th century , encouraged by lower duties on gin , the gin houses or `` Gin Palaces '' had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain , with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed .	19th	In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain ?
These bawdy , loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz -LRB- published 1835 -- 1836 -RRB- increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes .	Sketches by Boz	What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments ?
These bawdy , loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz -LRB- published 1835 -- 1836 -RRB- increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes .	1835–1836	Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written ?
By the early 19th century , encouraged by lower duties on gin , the gin houses or `` Gin Palaces '' had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain , with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed .	"Gin Palaces"	What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century ?
By the early 19th century , encouraged by lower duties on gin , the gin houses or `` Gin Palaces '' had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain , with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed .	London	In what British city did gin houses first appear ?
Under a banner of `` reducing public drunkenness '' the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol , the Beer Houses .	Beer Act of 1830	What law allowed the existence of beer houses ?
Young children were often given what was described as small beer , which was brewed to have a low alcohol content , as the local water was often unsafe .	low alcohol content	In what way did small beer differ from regular beer ?
The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin , or so the thinking went .	gin	What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer ?
Under a banner of `` reducing public drunkenness '' the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol , the Beer Houses .	reducing public drunkenness	What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830 ?
Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply , with a one-off payment of two guineas -LRB- roughly equal in value to # 168 today -RRB- , to sell beer or cider in his home -LRB- usually the front parlour -RRB- and even to brew his own on his premises .	£168	What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830 ?
Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply , with a one-off payment of two guineas -LRB- roughly equal in value to # 168 today -RRB- , to sell beer or cider in his home -LRB- usually the front parlour -RRB- and even to brew his own on his premises .	beer or cider	What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home ?
Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays .	Sundays	On what day were beer houses closed ?
The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room .	jugs	Along with barrels , what was beer typically dispensed from ?
The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines , and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined .	spirits and fortified wines	What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses ?
In the first year , 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country , far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns , pubs , inns and hotels .	400	How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act ?
In the first year , 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country , far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns , pubs , inns and hotels .	46,000	How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act ?
Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced .	1869	In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses ?
The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs .	pubs	What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license ?
Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created , those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century .	19th	By the end of what century were most beer houses closed ?
These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns , seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street , unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions .	corners or road junctions	Where are purpose-built pubs typically located ?
Many of today 's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act .	real ale micro-brewers	What modern brewers often first began as beer houses ?
The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown , The Red Lion , The Royal Oak etc. and , if they did not simply name their place Smith 's Beer House , they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times .	The Red Lion	Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown , what is a traditional name for a pub ?
The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown , The Red Lion , The Royal Oak etc. and , if they did not simply name their place Smith 's Beer House , they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times .	Smith's Beer House	What is an example of a name for a beer house ?
Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale , and a separate licence for distilled spirits .	ale	In addition to a license to sell spirits , what did tavern owners require a license to sell ?
There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown .	17th	In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England ?
There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown .	the crown	What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses ?
However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s , until contested licensing applications became very rare , and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005 .	1960s	In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened ?
However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s , until contested licensing applications became very rare , and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005 .	Local Authorities	What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005 ?
The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century .	Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869	What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer ?
Licences were only granted , transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts , and were limited to respectable individuals .	special Licensing Sessions courts	At what locations were public house licenses granted ?
Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen ; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service .	ex-servicemen or ex-policemen	Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs ?
Once obtained , licences were jealously protected by the licensees -LRB- who were expected to be generally present , not an absentee owner or company -RRB- , and even `` Occasional Licences '' to serve drinks at temporary premises such as fêtes would usually be granted only to existing licensees .	Occasional Licences	What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises ?
Many of these records survive and can be viewed , for example , at the London Metropolitan Archives centre .	London Metropolitan Archives centre	Where can historical licensing records be examined ?
Detailed licensing records were kept , giving the Public House , its address , owner , licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees , often going back for hundreds of years -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	owner	Along with a public house 's address , licensee , and the licensee 's misdemeanors , what information was kept in licensing records ?
The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914 , which , along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes , restricted pubs ' opening hours to 12 noon -- 2:30 pm and 6:30 pm -- 9:30 pm .	the Defence of the Realm Act	What law further restricted public houses ?
The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914 , which , along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes , restricted pubs ' opening hours to 12 noon -- 2:30 pm and 6:30 pm -- 9:30 pm .	August 1914	In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed ?
The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914 , which , along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes , restricted pubs ' opening hours to 12 noon -- 2:30 pm and 6:30 pm -- 9:30 pm .	12 noon–2:30 pm	Along with the period 6:30 pm -- 9:30 pm , what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act ?
Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid , for example in Pembrokeshire .	Pembrokeshire	What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act ?
Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory , and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police ; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions .	the police	What body enforced pubs ' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act ?
During the 20th century elsewhere , both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed , and there were differences between parishes ; in the 1960s , at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm , drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for `` Last Orders '' in Knightsbridge before 11 pm , a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries .	10:30 pm	What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s ?
During the 20th century elsewhere , both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed , and there were differences between parishes ; in the 1960s , at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm , drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for `` Last Orders '' in Knightsbridge before 11 pm , a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries .	11 pm	What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s ?
There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973 , most notably in Carlisle .	Carlisle	What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government ?
There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973 , most notably in Carlisle .	1973	In what year did the State Management Scheme cease ?
Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially `` dry '' on Sundays -LRB- although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub -RRB- .	Sundays	On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often ` dry ' ?
In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am -LRB- 12 noon on Sundays -RRB- through to 11 pm -LRB- 10:30 pm on Sundays -RRB- .	11 pm	Circa 2000 , what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday ?
In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am -LRB- 12 noon on Sundays -RRB- through to 11 pm -LRB- 10:30 pm on Sundays -RRB- .	10:30 pm	What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000 ?
Pubs near London 's Smithfield market , Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets .	24	How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open ?
In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am -LRB- 12 noon on Sundays -RRB- through to 11 pm -LRB- 10:30 pm on Sundays -RRB- .	12 noon	In 2000 , what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays ?
In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am -LRB- 12 noon on Sundays -RRB- through to 11 pm -LRB- 10:30 pm on Sundays -RRB- .	11 am	In 2000 , what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday ?
In Scotland , this stemmed out of -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws , which stayed in force until 1976 .	1976	When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland ?
Scotland 's and Northern Ireland 's licensing laws have long been more flexible , allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times .	Scotland's and Northern Ireland's	What constituent countries of the United Kingdom 's licensing laws were notably flexible ?
The Licensing Act 2003 , which came into force on 24 November 2005 , consolidated the many laws into a single Act .	24 November 2005	When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect ?
This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice .	the local council	After the Licensing Act 2003 , who determined the operating hours of pubs ?
It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm , when people had to leave the pub , making policing easier .	11.30 pm	Due to the traditional closing hours , when was there often violence outside of pubs ?
In practice , alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law , with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7 .	207,800	How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7 ?
By the time the law came into effect , 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day .	1,121	How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day ?
A `` lock-in '' is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time , on the theory that once the doors are locked , it becomes a private party rather than a pub .	"lock-in"	What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed ?
Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003 , premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm , allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins .	Licensing Act 2003	What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm ?
The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales , which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort .	1915	A law of what year prompted the existence of the `` lock-in '' ?
Since the smoking ban , some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but , unlike drinking lock-ins , allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence .	allowing smoking	What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution ?
In March 2006 , a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland .	March 2006	In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland ?
Wales followed suit in April 2007 , with England introducing the ban in July 2007 .	April 2007	When did Wales outlaw smoking in public ?
Wales followed suit in April 2007 , with England introducing the ban in July 2007 .	July 2007	What was the month and year when England banned public smoking ?
The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations ; however , Scottish & Newcastle 's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban .	Carlsberg and Heineken	What company took over Scottish & Newcastle 's pubs ?
The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations ; however , Scottish & Newcastle 's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban .	Wetherspoon	What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear , where drinkers could , for a fee , go out and take a potshot at the ducks .	Balls Pond Road	What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle , City Road , which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme : `` Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That 's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel . ''	City Road	On what street was the Grecian Saloon located ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle , City Road , which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme : `` Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That 's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel . ''	The Eagle	What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle , City Road , which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme : `` Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That 's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel . ''	weasel	What is rhyming slang for ` coat ' ?
By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established : the saloon .	18th	In what century did saloons become established ?
A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama , stand-up comedy , musical bands , cabaret or striptease ; however juke boxes , karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing .	stand-up comedy	Along with cabaret , striptease , bands and drama , what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs ?
A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama , stand-up comedy , musical bands , cabaret or striptease ; however juke boxes , karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing .	juke boxes	Along with karaoke , what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs ?
By the 20th century , the saloon , or lounge bar , had become a middle-class room -LSB- citation needed -RSB- -- carpets on the floor , cushions on the seats , and a penny or two on the prices , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- while the public bar , or tap room , remained working class with bare boards , sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages -LRB- known as `` spit and sawdust '' -RRB- , hard bench seats , and cheap beer -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	middle-class	What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century ?
By the 20th century , the saloon , or lounge bar , had become a middle-class room -LSB- citation needed -RSB- -- carpets on the floor , cushions on the seats , and a penny or two on the prices , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- while the public bar , or tap room , remained working class with bare boards , sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages -LRB- known as `` spit and sawdust '' -RRB- , hard bench seats , and cheap beer -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	working class	What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room ?
This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence -LRB- 4d -RRB- a quart .	4	In pence , what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar ?
By the 20th century , the saloon , or lounge bar , had become a middle-class room -LSB- citation needed -RSB- -- carpets on the floor , cushions on the seats , and a penny or two on the prices , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- while the public bar , or tap room , remained working class with bare boards , sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages -LRB- known as `` spit and sawdust '' -RRB- , hard bench seats , and cheap beer -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	spit and sawdust	What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called ?
By the 20th century , the saloon , or lounge bar , had become a middle-class room -LSB- citation needed -RSB- -- carpets on the floor , cushions on the seats , and a penny or two on the prices , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- while the public bar , or tap room , remained working class with bare boards , sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages -LRB- known as `` spit and sawdust '' -RRB- , hard bench seats , and cheap beer -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	saloon	What is another name for the lounge bar ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and was frequently abolished , usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition .	the 1960s and 1970s	In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and was frequently abolished , usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition .	removal of the dividing wall or partition	What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar ?
The `` snug '' , sometimes called the smoke room , was typically a small , very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window , set above head height .	snug	What is another name for the smoke room ?
A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers .	higher	What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar ?
The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint , the parish priest for his evening whisky , or lovers for a rendezvous .	the parish priest	Along with the local police , what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug ?
The `` snug '' , sometimes called the smoke room , was typically a small , very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window , set above head height .	frosted glass	What were the windows in the snug made out of ?
CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs .	50,000	How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey ?
CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs .	very few	According to CAMRA , how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs ?
Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches , as remains the practice in -LRB- for example -RRB- beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany .	bring the beer out to the table	In Germany , what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens ?
A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers , but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom .	taproom	Before the pub , where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale ?
When the first pubs were built , the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses , the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time .	gin houses	What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars ?
One of these is The Vine , known locally as The Bull and Bladder , in Brierley Hill near Birmingham , another the Cock at Broom , Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff .	Brierley Hill	In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located ?
One of these is The Vine , known locally as The Bull and Bladder , in Brierley Hill near Birmingham , another the Cock at Broom , Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff .	The Bull and Bladder	What do the locals call The Vine ?
Isambard Kingdom Brunel , the British engineer and railway builder , introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains .	Isambard Kingdom Brunel	Who pioneered the circular bar ?
Isambard Kingdom Brunel , the British engineer and railway builder , introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains .	Swindon station pub	At what establishment was the circular bar introduced ?
Isambard Kingdom Brunel , the British engineer and railway builder , introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains .	engineer and railway builder	What was Isambard Brunel 's occuption ?
Isambard Kingdom Brunel , the British engineer and railway builder , introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains .	British	What was Isambard Brunel 's nationality ?
A `` beer engine '' is a device for pumping beer , originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub 's basement or cellar .	a device for pumping beer	What is a `` beer engine '' ?
A `` beer engine '' is a device for pumping beer , originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub 's basement or cellar .	to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar	What is the function of a `` beer engine '' ?
The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting -LRB- b. Netherlands 1659-d .	John Lofting	Who invented the beer pump in England ?
Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742 -RRB- an inventor , manufacturer and merchant of London .	London	In what city was the beer pump invented ?
The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting -LRB- b. Netherlands 1659-d .	Netherlands	In what country was John Lofting born ?
Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742 -RRB- an inventor , manufacturer and merchant of London .	1742	What was the death year of John Lofting ?
The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine , but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his , for a beer pump :	London Gazette	In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump ?
The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine , but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his , for a beer pump :	17 March 1691	On what day was Lofting 's fire engine patent published ?
The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates .	20 to 30	How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly ?
Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar , Turner , his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London . ''	St Thomas Apostle London	What location did John Lofting live near ?
Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar , Turner , his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London . ''	Islington	In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside ?
Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar , Turner , his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London . ''	Turner	What was William Tillcar 's profession ?
Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar , Turner , his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London . ''	Sun Tavern	What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to ?
When manually powered , the term `` handpump '' is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle .	handpump	What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand ?
Strictly the term refers to the pump itself , which is normally manually operated , though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used .	gas	Along with electricity , what sometimes powers beer pumps that are n't operated by hand ?
After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century , the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery -LRB- a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house -RRB- .	a Free house	What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery ?
After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century , the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery -LRB- a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house -RRB- .	18th	In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery ?
The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual -LRB- landlord -RRB- who ran it as a separate business -LRB- even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery -RRB- .	landlord	What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery ?
Most such breweries , such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young 's and Fuller 's in London , control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK , while a few , such as Greene King , are spread nationally .	Shepherd Neame	What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs ?
Most such breweries , such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young 's and Fuller 's in London , control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK , while a few , such as Greene King , are spread nationally .	Young's and Fuller's	What London breweries each own many pubs ?
Most such breweries , such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young 's and Fuller 's in London , control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK , while a few , such as Greene King , are spread nationally .	Greene King	What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain ?
The Beer Orders , passed in 1989 , were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer , known as a guest beer , from another brewery .	The Beer Orders	What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it was n't tied to ?
The Beer Orders , passed in 1989 , were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer , known as a guest beer , from another brewery .	1989	In what year were the Beer Orders passed ?
Organisations such as Wetherspoons , Punch Taverns and O'Neill 's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders .	O'Neill's	Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons , what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders ?
A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages , while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery .	PubCo	What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks ?
A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages , while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery .	PubCo	Along with breweries , what type of company may run a pub chain ?
Organisations such as Wetherspoons , Punch Taverns and O'Neill 's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders .	the UK	In what country was Punch Taverns established ?
Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners , and many people resent the loss of traditional names , especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time .	renamed	When a pub is bought by a new owner , what often happens to them ?
Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units , often from regional breweries which are then closed down .	closed down	What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs ?
A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery 's beers .	A brewery tap	What is the closest outlet for a brewery 's beers called ?
This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself , though the name may be applied to the nearest pub .	the nearest pub	If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery , where is it usually located ?
The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises .	brewpub	What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer ?
A `` country pub '' by tradition is a rural public house .	country pub	What is another name for a rural public house ?
In the past , many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange -LRB- often local -RRB- news , while others -- especially those away from village centres -- existed for the general purpose , before the advent of motor transport , of serving travellers as coaching inns .	serving travellers as coaching inns	What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles ?
However , the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs , that of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community , has been changing over the last thirty or so years .	the last thirty	Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing ?
In more recent years , however , many country pubs have either closed down , or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food , rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking .	providing seating facilities for the consumption of food	What is a frequent modern function of country pubs ?
In more recent years , however , many country pubs have either closed down , or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food , rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking .	drinking	Along with community meetings , what was the traditional purpose of country pubs ?
Pubs that cater for a niche clientele , such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs .	theme pubs	What is a blanket term for pubs that , for example , cater to sports fans ?
Examples of theme pubs include sports bars , rock pubs , biker pubs , Goth pubs , strip pubs , gay bars , karaoke bars and Irish pubs .	Irish pubs	What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality ?
Examples of theme pubs include sports bars , rock pubs , biker pubs , Goth pubs , strip pubs , gay bars , karaoke bars and Irish pubs .	rock pubs	What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests ?
Examples of theme pubs include sports bars , rock pubs , biker pubs , Goth pubs , strip pubs , gay bars , karaoke bars and Irish pubs .	strip pubs	What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers ?
Examples of theme pubs include sports bars , rock pubs , biker pubs , Goth pubs , strip pubs , gay bars , karaoke bars and Irish pubs .	karaoke bars	In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment ?
In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises .	Richard II	Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale ?
In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises .	1393	In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture ?
William Shakespeare 's father , John Shakespeare , was one such inspector .	John	What was William Shakespeare 's father 's first name ?
This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors , borough ale tasters , who would decide the quality of the ale they provided .	inspectors	What was John Shakespeare 's profession ?
The legislation stated `` Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign , otherwise he shall forfeit his ale . ''	forfeit his ale	If an ale-seller refused to post a sign , what punishment would he receive ?
Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house .	the Middle Ages	In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate ?
For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment 's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name , the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub 's sign .	the illustration on the pub's sign	From where did pubs without written names derive their names ?
Some pubs have Latin inscriptions .	Latin	Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs ?
Simple natural or religious symbols such as ` The Sun ' , ` The Star ' and ` The Cross ' were incorporated into pub signs , sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry -LRB- e.g. the coat of arms -RRB- of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood .	The Cross	Along with The Star and The Sun , what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign ?
Simple natural or religious symbols such as ` The Sun ' , ` The Star ' and ` The Cross ' were incorporated into pub signs , sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry -LRB- e.g. the coat of arms -RRB- of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood .	the coat of arms	What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign ?
The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted , for example , of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements , which were suspended above the door of the pub .	hops	What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs ?
In some cases local nicknames , farming terms and puns were used .	farming	Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession ?
Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles -LRB- e.g. Trafalgar -RRB- , explorers , local notables , discoveries , sporting heroes and members of the royal family .	Trafalgar	What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name ?
For example , a pub in Crowborough , East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings .	Crowborough	What town is The Crow and Gate located in ?
For example , a pub in Crowborough , East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings .	East Sussex	What county is home to The Crow and Gate ?
Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles -LRB- e.g. Trafalgar -RRB- , explorers , local notables , discoveries , sporting heroes and members of the royal family .	royal	Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names ?
Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors , and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub .	decorated signs	What hangs today over most British pub doors ?
Today 's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub , both in words and in pictorial representation .	the name of the pub	What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign ?
The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door .	directing potential customers to their door	What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs ?
Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create `` brand awareness '' , frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable , Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example .	Slug and Lettuce	What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain ?
Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create `` brand awareness '' , frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable , Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example .	comic	What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names ?
Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub .	to identify and differentiate each pub	What is the purpose of a pub name ?
As many pubs are centuries old , many of their early customers were unable to read , and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read .	pictorial signs	What type of pub signs were useful to an illiterate clientele ?
These pubs were named after John Manners , Marquess of Granby , who was the son of John Manners , 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army .	John Manners, Marquess of Granby	After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named ?
These pubs were named after John Manners , Marquess of Granby , who was the son of John Manners , 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army .	John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland	Who was the father of John Manners , Marquess of Granby ?
These pubs were named after John Manners , Marquess of Granby , who was the son of John Manners , 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army .	general	What was the military rank of the 3rd Duke of Rutland ?
These pubs were named after John Manners , Marquess of Granby , who was the son of John Manners , 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army .	18th	In what century did the 3rd Duke of Rutland live ?
All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , after King George III , and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation .	the Royal George	What were pubs licensed in 1780 named ?
Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases , such as `` The Bag o'Nails '' -LRB- Bacchanals -RRB- , `` The Goat and Compasses '' -LRB- God Encompasseth Us -RRB- , `` The Cat and the Fiddle '' -LRB- Chaton Fidèle : Faithful Kitten -RRB- and `` The Bull and Bush '' , which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at `` Boulogne Bouche '' or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour .	Bacchanals	The pub `` The Bag o'Nails '' was a corruption of what word ?
Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases , such as `` The Bag o'Nails '' -LRB- Bacchanals -RRB- , `` The Goat and Compasses '' -LRB- God Encompasseth Us -RRB- , `` The Cat and the Fiddle '' -LRB- Chaton Fidèle : Faithful Kitten -RRB- and `` The Bull and Bush '' , which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at `` Boulogne Bouche '' or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour .	God Encompasseth Us	What phrase was `` The Goat and Compasses '' a corruption of ?
Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases , such as `` The Bag o'Nails '' -LRB- Bacchanals -RRB- , `` The Goat and Compasses '' -LRB- God Encompasseth Us -RRB- , `` The Cat and the Fiddle '' -LRB- Chaton Fidèle : Faithful Kitten -RRB- and `` The Bull and Bush '' , which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at `` Boulogne Bouche '' or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour .	Faithful Kitten	What does Chaton Fidèle mean in English ?
Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases , such as `` The Bag o'Nails '' -LRB- Bacchanals -RRB- , `` The Goat and Compasses '' -LRB- God Encompasseth Us -RRB- , `` The Cat and the Fiddle '' -LRB- Chaton Fidèle : Faithful Kitten -RRB- and `` The Bull and Bush '' , which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at `` Boulogne Bouche '' or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour .	Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour	What location does Boulogne Bouche refer to ?
Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases , such as `` The Bag o'Nails '' -LRB- Bacchanals -RRB- , `` The Goat and Compasses '' -LRB- God Encompasseth Us -RRB- , `` The Cat and the Fiddle '' -LRB- Chaton Fidèle : Faithful Kitten -RRB- and `` The Bull and Bush '' , which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at `` Boulogne Bouche '' or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour .	Henry VIII	Who won a victory at Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour ?
In recent decades the game of pool -LRB- both the British and American versions -RRB- has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or Table Football becoming common .	pool	What game played in both Britain and America has become increasingly popular in pubs ?
Traditional games are played in pubs , ranging from the well-known darts , skittles , dominoes , cards and bar billiards , to the more obscure Aunt Sally , Nine Men 's Morris and ringing the bull .	Nine Men's Morris	Along with Aunt Sally and ringing the bull , what is one of the obscure traditional games played in pubs ?
Traditional games are played in pubs , ranging from the well-known darts , skittles , dominoes , cards and bar billiards , to the more obscure Aunt Sally , Nine Men 's Morris and ringing the bull .	cards	Along with darts , skittles , dominoes and bar billiards , what is a well-known pub game ?
In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes , played for small stakes .	cribbage	Along with dominoes , on what pub game can you legally bet in the United Kingdom ?
In recent decades the game of pool -LRB- both the British and American versions -RRB- has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or Table Football becoming common .	Table Football	What table-based version of soccer is an increasingly popular pub game ?
Increasingly , more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided .	video games	Along with slot machines , what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs ?
Some play pop music and hip-hop -LRB- dance bar -RRB- , or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions -LRB- sports bar -RRB- .	dance bar	What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called ?
Some play pop music and hip-hop -LRB- dance bar -RRB- , or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions -LRB- sports bar -RRB- .	sports bar	At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television ?
Shove ha ` penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London .	Shove ha'penny	Along with Bat and trap , what game is popular in south London pubs ?
Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays , hence the term `` Sunday League Football '' .	Sunday League Football	What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays ?
Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub 's bowling green .	Bowling	What sport is played on a pub 's bowling green ?
During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands , such as Kilburn and the High Roads , Dr. Feelgood and The Kursaal Flyers , who formed a musical genre called Pub rock that was a precursor to Punk music .	Pub rock	Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers are examples of bands from what genre of music ?
During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands , such as Kilburn and the High Roads , Dr. Feelgood and The Kursaal Flyers , who formed a musical genre called Pub rock that was a precursor to Punk music .	Punk music	What genre of music was influenced by pub rock ?
During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands , such as Kilburn and the High Roads , Dr. Feelgood and The Kursaal Flyers , who formed a musical genre called Pub rock that was a precursor to Punk music .	the 1970s	In what decade was Pub rock popular ?
Many pubs were drinking establishments , and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food , other than sandwiches and `` bar snacks '' , such as pork scratchings , pickled eggs , salted crisps and peanuts which helped to increase beer sales .	bar snacks	Pork scratchings , pickled eggs and salted crisps are examples of what type of food ?
Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs , a practice that continues in London 's East End .	mobile shellfish stalls	In London , what food vendors could often be found near pubs ?
Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs , a practice that continues in London 's East End .	East End	In what section of London can mobile shellfish stalls still be found today ?
Otherwise , pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets .	pickled cockles and mussels	What seafood can often be purchased in jars at pubs ?
In the 1950s some British pubs would offer `` a pie and a pint '' , with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor 's wife during the lunchtime opening hours .	1950s	During what decade did some British pubs provide `` a pie and a pint '' ?
The ploughman 's lunch became popular in the late 1960s .	1960s	In what decade was the ploughman 's lunch often consumed in pubs ?
The ploughman 's lunch became popular in the late 1960s .	1960s	What decade saw the popularity of `` chicken in a basket '' ?
In the late 1960s `` chicken in a basket '' , a portion of roast chicken with chips , served on a napkin , in a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience .	a wicker basket	What was `` chicken in a basket '' served in ?
In the late 1960s `` chicken in a basket '' , a portion of roast chicken with chips , served on a napkin , in a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience .	chips	Along with chicken , what food was included in `` chicken in a basket '' ?
`` Pub grub '' expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie , shepherd 's pie , fish and chips , bangers and mash , Sunday roast , ploughman 's lunch , and pasties .	Pub grub	What are foods like fish and chips and chicken wings called when they 're served at a pub ?
`` Pub grub '' expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie , shepherd 's pie , fish and chips , bangers and mash , Sunday roast , ploughman 's lunch , and pasties .	Sunday	On what day do pubs sometimes offer free snacks ?
`` Pub grub '' expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie , shepherd 's pie , fish and chips , bangers and mash , Sunday roast , ploughman 's lunch , and pasties .	British	What culture 's cuisine is ploughman 's lunch a part of ?
Since the 1990s food has become a more important part of a pub 's trade , and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to -LRB- or instead of -RRB- snacks consumed at the bar .	the 1990s	During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub 's business ?
Since the 1990s food has become a more important part of a pub 's trade , and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to -LRB- or instead of -RRB- snacks consumed at the bar .	lunches	Along with dinners , what meals do modern pubs often serve ?
Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard , to match good restaurant standards ; these are sometimes termed gastropubs .	gastropubs	What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food ?
They may have a separate dining room .	dining room	Other than the bar , in what room might patrons of a pub eat ?
The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell , London .	pub and gastronomy	What two words is ` gastropub ' a portanteau of ?
The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell , London .	1991	In what year was the term gastropub invented ?
The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell , London .	Mike Belben	Along with David Eyre , who took over the Eagle pub ?
The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell , London .	London	In what city is the Eagle pub located ?
The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell , London .	Clerkenwell	In what area of London is the Eagle pub located ?
The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn , Southwark , London and The Crown Liquor Saloon , Belfast , Northern Ireland .	thirty-six	How many pubs does the National Trust own ?
The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn , Southwark , London and The Crown Liquor Saloon , Belfast , Northern Ireland .	London	In what city is the George Inn located ?
The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn , Southwark , London and The Crown Liquor Saloon , Belfast , Northern Ireland .	Belfast	What city is home to The Crown Liquor Saloon ?
The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn , Southwark , London and The Crown Liquor Saloon , Belfast , Northern Ireland .	Northern Ireland	What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in ?
CAMRA maintains a `` National Inventory '' of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs .	CAMRA	What body maintains a National Inventory of notable pubs ?
The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn , Yorkshire , at 1,732 feet -LRB- 528 m -RRB- above sea level .	the Tan Hill Inn	What pub in England is the highest above sea level ?
The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn , Yorkshire , at 1,732 feet -LRB- 528 m -RRB- above sea level .	Yorkshire	In what county is the Tan Hill Inn located ?
The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn , Yorkshire , at 1,732 feet -LRB- 528 m -RRB- above sea level .	528	How many meters above sea level is the Tan Hill Inn ?
The remotest pub on the British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie , Lochaber , Scotland .	Inverie	In what settlement is the pub known as The Old Forge located ?
The remotest pub on the British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie , Lochaber , Scotland .	Scotland	In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located ?
Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans , Hertfordshire , holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England , as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site .	Ye Olde Fighting Cocks	What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England ?
Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the `` oldest inn in England '' .	Nottingham	Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located ?
It has a claimed date of 1189 , based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse ; the present building dates from around 1650 .	1189	When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded ?
Likewise , The Nags Head in Burntwood , Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century , but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086 , as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book .	1086	When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head ?
There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of The Old Ferryboat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460 , and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560 .	Holywell	Where is The Old Ferryboat Inn located ?
There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of The Old Ferryboat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460 , and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560 .	460	How far back does the foundation of The Old Ferryboat Inn date ?
There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of The Old Ferryboat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460 , and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560 .	560	When was ale first served at the site of The Old Ferryboat Inn ?
The Bingley Arms , Bardsey , Yorkshire , is claimed to date to 905 AD .	905	When does The Bingley Arms claim to have been founded ?
The Bingley Arms , Bardsey , Yorkshire , is claimed to date to 905 AD .	Yorkshire	In what county is the Bingley Arms located ?
Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240 , although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War .	1240	When does the building housing Ye Olde Salutation Inn date back to ?
Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240 , although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War .	Nottingham	Where is Ye Olde Salutation Inn located ?
Ye Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton , Lancashire , is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251 , but the current building is dated 1631 .	1631	When does the building housing Ye Olde Man & Scythe date from ?
The town of Stalybridge in Cheshire is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom -- The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn .	Stalybridge	What town is the Q Inn located in ?
The town of Stalybridge in Cheshire is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom -- The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn .	Cheshire	What county is home to The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn ?
The town of Stalybridge in Cheshire is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom -- The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn .	the Q Inn	What pub has the shortest name in the United Kingdom ?
The town of Stalybridge in Cheshire is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom -- The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn .	The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn	What is the pub with the longest name in the UK ?
The town of Stalybridge in Cheshire is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom -- The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn .	Cheshire	What county is Stalybridge in ?
Others claim the smoking ban of 2007 , intense competition from gastro-pubs , the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame , or are factors in the decline .	2007	When was a smoking ban passed in the United Kingdom ?
The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year , at least since 1982 .	1982	In what year did the number of United Kingdom pubs generally start to decline ?
Others claim the smoking ban of 2007 , intense competition from gastro-pubs , the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame , or are factors in the decline .	gastro-pubs	Competition from what new form of establishment is sometimes blamed for the decline of pubs ?
Others claim the smoking ban of 2007 , intense competition from gastro-pubs , the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame , or are factors in the decline .	supermarkets	What business that sells cheap alcohol has sometimes been held to have resulted in the decline of pubs ?
The Lost Pubs Project listed 28,095 closed pubs on 21 April 2015 , with photographs of many .	28,095	How many closed pubs did The Lost Pubs Project catalog ?
The Lost Pubs Project listed 28,095 closed pubs on 21 April 2015 , with photographs of many .	2015	In what year did Parliament inquire into the frequency of pub closures ?
In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK , with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants .	legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants	What did Parliament promise to pass as a result of increased pub closures ?
The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base .	Dick Turpin	Who was based out of the Swan Inn ?
The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base .	Buckinghamshire	In what county was the Swan Inn located ?
In the 1920s John Fothergill -LRB- 1876 -- 1957 -RRB- was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame , Berkshire , and published his autobiography : An Innkeeper 's Diary -LRB- London : Chatto & Windus , 1931 -RRB- .	John Fothergill	What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s ?
In the 1920s John Fothergill -LRB- 1876 -- 1957 -RRB- was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame , Berkshire , and published his autobiography : An Innkeeper 's Diary -LRB- London : Chatto & Windus , 1931 -RRB- .	1931	In what year was An Innkeeper 's Diary published ?
In the 1920s John Fothergill -LRB- 1876 -- 1957 -RRB- was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame , Berkshire , and published his autobiography : An Innkeeper 's Diary -LRB- London : Chatto & Windus , 1931 -RRB- .	Chatto & Windus	What publishing house published An Innkeeper 's Diary ?
Many of London 's pubs are known to have been used by famous people , but in some cases , such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese , this is speculative , based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby .	Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese	What pub was associated with Samuel Johnson , perhaps erroneously ?
Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern .	the Cock Tavern	Along with the Prospect of Whitby , what pub was Samuel Pepys associated with ?
However , Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese , the Prospect of Whitby , Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others .	Charles Dickens	What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby ?
However , Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese , the Prospect of Whitby , Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others .	Ye Olde Cock Tavern	Along with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cheshire Cheese , what pub did Dickens visit ?
The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district , to which it gives its name .	16 Charlotte Street	What is the street address of The Fitzroy Tavern ?
The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district , to which it gives its name .	Fitzrovia	In what district of London is The Fitzroy Tavern located ?
Several establishments in Soho , London , have associations with well-known , post-war literary and artistic figures , including the Pillars of Hercules , The Colony Room and the Coach and Horses .	Soho	In what district of London is Pillars of Hercules located ?
The Canonbury Tavern , Canonbury , was the prototype for Orwell 's ideal English pub , The Moon Under Water .	The Canonbury Tavern	What real-life pub provided the model for Orwell 's The Moon Under Water ?
The Canonbury Tavern , Canonbury , was the prototype for Orwell 's ideal English pub , The Moon Under Water .	Canonbury	In what district of London is The Canonbury Tavern located ?
The Red Lion in Parliament Square is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and members of parliament .	Parliament Square	Where is the Red Lion located ?
The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote .	a Division bell	What notable feature of the Red Lion reflects its parliamentary connection ?
The Punch Bowl , Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie .	Madonna	Who owned the Punch Bowl with Guy Ritchie ?
The Punch Bowl , Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie .	Mayfair	In what district of London was the Punch Bowl located ?
The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s .	The Coleherne	What pub was visited by Freddie Mercury ?
In 1966 The Blind Beggar in Whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray .	The Blind Beggar	At what pub did Ronnie Kray kill someone in 1966 ?
The Ten Bells is associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper .	The Ten Bells	What pub is associated with some of Jack the Ripper 's victims ?
In 1955 , Ruth Ellis , the last woman executed in the United Kingdom , shot David Blakely as he emerged from The Magdala in South Hill Park , Hampstead , the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside .	The Magdala	Outside what pub was David Blakely shot ?
It is said that Vladimir Lenin and a young Joseph Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub -LRB- now known as The Crown Tavern -RRB- on Clerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903 .	The Crown Tavern	What is the present name of the former Crown and Anchor ?
It is said that Vladimir Lenin and a young Joseph Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub -LRB- now known as The Crown Tavern -RRB- on Clerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903 .	1903	In what year did Joseph Stalin visit London ?
The Angel , Islington was formerly a coaching inn , the first on the route northwards out of London , where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of The Rights of Man .	The Angel	At what pub did Thomas Paine write The Rights of Man ?
The Angel , Islington was formerly a coaching inn , the first on the route northwards out of London , where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of The Rights of Man .	Islington	In what district of London is The Angel located ?
It was mentioned by Charles Dickens , became a Lyons Corner House , and is now a Co-operative Bank .	Charles Dickens	What writer mentioned The Angel pub in his writings ?
It was mentioned by Charles Dickens , became a Lyons Corner House , and is now a Co-operative Bank .	a Co-operative Bank	What is the present status of the Angel pub ?
The Angel , Islington was formerly a coaching inn , the first on the route northwards out of London , where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of The Rights of Man .	a coaching inn	Prior to becoming a pub , what did the Angel serve as ?
The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag , Oxford , were regular meeting places of the Inklings , a writers ' group which included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis .	the Lamb and Flag	Along with the Eagle and Child , at what pub did the Inklings regularly meet ?
The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag , Oxford , were regular meeting places of the Inklings , a writers ' group which included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis .	Oxford	Where is the Eagle and Child located ?
The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag , Oxford , were regular meeting places of the Inklings , a writers ' group which included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis .	C. S. Lewis	Along with J. R. R. Tolkien , who was a noted member of the Inklings ?
The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons ' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had `` discovered the secret of life '' after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA .	Cambridge	Where is the Eagle pub located ?
The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons ' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had `` discovered the secret of life '' after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA .	28 February 1953	On what date did Francis Crick announce to an audience of pub-goers that he had discovered DNA ?
The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street , the British soap broadcast on ITV .	The Rovers Return	What pub is feature on the British soap opera Coronation Street ?
The Queen Vic -LRB- short for the Queen Victoria -RRB- is the pub in EastEnders , the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV 's Emmerdale .	The Queen Vic	What pub is featured on EastEnders ?
The Queen Vic -LRB- short for the Queen Victoria -RRB- is the pub in EastEnders , the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV 's Emmerdale .	BBC One	What channel is EastEnders broadcast on ?
The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street , the British soap broadcast on ITV .	ITV	What channel is home to the soap opera Emmerdale ?
The Queen Vic -LRB- short for the Queen Victoria -RRB- is the pub in EastEnders , the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV 's Emmerdale .	the Woolpack	What pub is featured on Emmerdale ?
Although `` British '' pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub , a number of `` true '' pubs may be found around the world .	themed bars	What would be a more accurate classification for many `` British '' pubs found outside Britain ?
In Denmark -- a country , like Britain , with a long tradition of brewing -- a number of pubs have opened which eschew `` theming '' , and which instead focus on the business of providing carefully conditioned beer , often independent of any particular brewery or chain , in an environment which would not be unfamiliar to a British pub-goer .	Denmark	What continental European country has pubs that would be familiar to a Briton ?
This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen , which was attended by more than 20,000 people .	56	How many British cask beers were present at the 2008 European Beer Festival ?
This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen , which was attended by more than 20,000 people .	Copenhagen	In what city did the 2008 European Beer Festival take place ?
This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen , which was attended by more than 20,000 people .	20,000	About how many people visited the 2008 European Beer Festival ?
In Ireland , pubs are known for their atmosphere or `` craic '' .	craic	What is the native Irish term for a pub 's atmosphere ?
In Irish , a pub is referred to as teach tábhairne -LRB- `` tavernhouse '' -RRB- or teach óil -LRB- `` drinkinghouse '' -RRB- .	tavernhouse	What does teach tábhairne mean in English ?
In Irish , a pub is referred to as teach tábhairne -LRB- `` tavernhouse '' -RRB- or teach óil -LRB- `` drinkinghouse '' -RRB- .	teach óil	What Irish term means `` drinkinghouse '' ?
Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers .	spirit grocers	Vis-à-vis pubs in Ireland , what feature do pubs in Northern Ireland lack ?
New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs .	New Zealand	What country outside Ireland is known for having Irish pubs ?
The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was `` tavern '' , until the 1970s when the term `` bar '' became widespread as in the United States .	tavern	Traditionally , what was the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada ?
The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was `` tavern '' , until the 1970s when the term `` bar '' became widespread as in the United States .	1970s	In what decade did `` bar '' become the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada ?
In the 1800s the term used was `` public house '' as in England but `` pub culture '' did not spread to Canada .	public house	In the 19th century , what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment ?
Often these pubs are run by the student 's union .	the student's union	What body often runs pubs on the campuses of Canadian universities ?
A fake `` English looking '' pub trend started in the 1990s , built into existing storefronts , like regular bars .	1990s	In what decade could one find an `` English looking '' pub trend in Canada ?
A Christian -LRB- pronunciation -LRB- help · info -RRB- -RRB- is a person who adheres to Christianity , an Abrahamic , monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ .	Christian	What is a person who follows Christianity called ?
A Christian -LRB- pronunciation -LRB- help · info -RRB- -RRB- is a person who adheres to Christianity , an Abrahamic , monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ .	Jesus Christ	Whose life do Christians learn from ?
`` Christian '' derives from the Koine Greek word Christós -LRB- Χριστός -RRB- , a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach .	Christós	What Greek word is Christian derived from ?
`` Christian '' derives from the Koine Greek word Christós -LRB- Χριστός -RRB- , a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach .	mashiach	Christós is translated from what Biblical term ?
There are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict .	conflict	While many , the perceptions of Christianity can sometimes what ?
However , `` Whatever else they might disagree about , Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance . ''	significance	Regardless of beliefs , Christians all agree that Jesus has a unique what ?
It is also used as a label to identify people who associate with the cultural aspects of Christianity , irrespective of personal religious beliefs or practices .	the cultural aspects of Christianity	Whether one partakes in practices or beliefs , the label Christian is sometimes attached because they associate with what ?
According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey , there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010 , up from about 600 million in 1910 .	2.2 billion	According to one report , how many Christians were in the world in 2010 ?
According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey , there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010 , up from about 600 million in 1910 .	600 million	How many Christians were in the world in 1910 ?
According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the world 's largest religion in 2050 , if current trends continue .	Christianity	If growth continues as it has , what religion will be the largest in the world by 2050 ?
About half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic , while more than a third are Protestant -LRB- 37 % -RRB- .	half	Of all the Christians in the world , how many are Catholic ?
Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories .	158	Christians are the majority in how many countries and territories in the world today ?
The Greek word Χριστιανός -LRB- Christianos -RRB- , meaning `` follower of Christ '' , comes from Χριστός -LRB- Christos -RRB- , meaning `` anointed one '' , with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to , or even belonging to , as in slave ownership .	Χριστιανός (Christianos)	What Greek word defines as `` follower of Christ ? ''
The Greek word Χριστιανός -LRB- Christianos -RRB- , meaning `` follower of Christ '' , comes from Χριστός -LRB- Christos -RRB- , meaning `` anointed one '' , with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to , or even belonging to , as in slave ownership .	Χριστός (Christos)	Where does the Greek word Χριστιανός -LRB- Christianos -RRB- come from ?
The Greek word Χριστιανός -LRB- Christianos -RRB- , meaning `` follower of Christ '' , comes from Χριστός -LRB- Christos -RRB- , meaning `` anointed one '' , with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to , or even belonging to , as in slave ownership .	anointed one	What does Χριστός -LRB- Christos -RRB- mean ?
In other European languages , equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek , such as Chrétien in French and Cristiano in Spanish .	Chrétien	What is the French word for Christian that was derived from Greek ?
The first recorded use of the term -LRB- or its cognates in other languages -RRB- is in the New Testament , in Acts 11:26 , after Barnabas brought Saul -LRB- Paul -RRB- to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year , the text says : '' -LSB- ... -RSB- the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch . ''	Acts 11:26	Where is the first reference to the word Christian in the Bible ?
The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26:28 , where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle , `` Then Agrippa said unto Paul , Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian . ''	Herod Agrippa II	Who made the second reference to the word Christian in the Bible ?
The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4:16 , which exhorts believers : `` Yet if -LSB- any man suffer -RSB- as a Christian , let him not be ashamed ; but let him glorify God on this behalf . ''	Peter 4:16	When verse was the third mention ?
Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses ' usages reflect a derisive element in the term Christian to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome .	the emperor of Rome	Kenneth Samuel Wuest believes that the Biblical Christian term referenced people who did not acknowledge who ?
The city of Antioch , where someone gave them the name Christians , had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames .	Antioch	In what city did the term Christians start ?
However Peter 's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over `` Nazarenes '' and the term Christianoi from 1 Peter becomes the standard term in the Early Church Fathers from Ignatius and Polycarp onwards .	Nazarenes	When Peter endorsed the term , the term Christian was used instead of what other term ?
The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus , referring to `` the tribe of Christians , so named from him ; '' Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan ; and Tacitus , writing near the end of the 1st century .	Josephus	What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work , referring to a tribe of Christians ?
The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus , referring to `` the tribe of Christians , so named from him ; '' Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan ; and Tacitus , writing near the end of the 1st century .	Tacitus	Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century ?
In the Annals he relates that `` by vulgar appellation -LSB- they were -RSB- commonly called Christians '' and identifies Christians as Nero 's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome .	Nero	Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who ?
Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is `` Nazarenes '' which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24 .	Nazarenes	In Acts 24 , what is another word that Christians are called ?
Tertullian -LRB- Against Marcion 4:8 -RRB- records that `` the Jews call us Nazarenes , '' while around 331 AD Eusebius records that Christ was called a Nazoraean from the name Nazareth , and that in earlier centuries `` Christians , '' were once called `` Nazarenes . ''	Nazoraean	What was Jesus called since he was from Nazareth ?
The Hebrew equivalent of `` Nazarenes '' , Notzrim , occurs in the Babylonian Talmud , and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian .	Notzrim	What is another Hebrew term for Nazarenes ?
The Hebrew equivalent of `` Nazarenes '' , Notzrim , occurs in the Babylonian Talmud , and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian .	modern Israeli Hebrew	Wha still calls Christians Notzrim ?
A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian .	beliefs and practices	While Christianity is ultimately one belief , a wide range of what is found among the different denominations and sects ?
Linda Woodhead attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that `` Whatever else they might disagree about , Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance . ''	Linda Woodhead	Who states that Christian believers agree that Jesus has a unique significance ?
Philosopher Michael Martin , in his book The Case Against Christianity , evaluated three historical Christian creeds -LRB- the Apostles ' Creed , the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed -RRB- to establish a set of basic assumptions which include belief in theism , the historicity of Jesus , the Incarnation , salvation through faith in Jesus , and Jesus as an ethical role model .	Michael Martin	Who wrote The Case Against Christianity ?
Philosopher Michael Martin , in his book The Case Against Christianity , evaluated three historical Christian creeds -LRB- the Apostles ' Creed , the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed -RRB- to establish a set of basic assumptions which include belief in theism , the historicity of Jesus , the Incarnation , salvation through faith in Jesus , and Jesus as an ethical role model .	three	How many historical Christian creeds did Martin write about ?
Philosopher Michael Martin , in his book The Case Against Christianity , evaluated three historical Christian creeds -LRB- the Apostles ' Creed , the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed -RRB- to establish a set of basic assumptions which include belief in theism , the historicity of Jesus , the Incarnation , salvation through faith in Jesus , and Jesus as an ethical role model .	faith in Jesus	What do Christians believe is the way to salvation ?
Philosopher Michael Martin , in his book The Case Against Christianity , evaluated three historical Christian creeds -LRB- the Apostles ' Creed , the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed -RRB- to establish a set of basic assumptions which include belief in theism , the historicity of Jesus , the Incarnation , salvation through faith in Jesus , and Jesus as an ethical role model .	the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed	What are the three creeds Martin studied ?
The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism .	Messiah	Judaism does not believe that Jesus is the what ?
The term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוּצְרי -LRB- Notzri -- `` Nazarene '' -RRB- , a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth , today in northern Israel .	Galilean village	What village did Jesus come from ?
The term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוּצְרי -LRB- Notzri -- `` Nazarene '' -RRB- , a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth , today in northern Israel .	Nazareth	Where was the Galilean village ?
The term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוּצְרי -LRB- Notzri -- `` Nazarene '' -RRB- , a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth , today in northern Israel .	northern Israel	Where is Nazareth located ?
In Arabic-speaking cultures , two words are commonly used for Christians : Naṣrānī -LRB- نصراني -RRB- , plural Naṣārā -LRB- نصارى -RRB- is generally understood to be derived from Nazareth through the Syriac -LRB- Aramaic -RRB- ; Masīḥī -LRB- مسيحي -RRB- means followers of the Messiah .	followers of the Messiah	What does Masīḥī mean ?
The term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014 , after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant .	July 2014	When did the term Nasara become used more in modern times ?
The term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014 , after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant .	the Fall of Mosul	What happened in July 2014 ?
The nun or ن -- the first letter of Nasara -- was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city .	the first letter of Nasara	What was spray pained on the properties of Christians who left the area ?
Where there is a distinction , Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi means those with a religious faith in Jesus .	Nasrani	Which term is in reference to people from a Christian culture ?
Where there is a distinction , Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi means those with a religious faith in Jesus .	Masihi	Which term is indicative of people who place their faith in Jesus ?
Where there is a distinction , Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi means those with a religious faith in Jesus .	Nasrani	What description is used for Western people who do not follow the Muslim faith ?
Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians , particularly in a political context , is Ṣalībī -LRB- صليبي `` Crusader '' -RRB- from ṣalīb -LRB- صليب `` cross '' -RRB- which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations .	Ṣalībī	What is the Arabic term when referring to Christians in a political sense ?
Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians , particularly in a political context , is Ṣalībī -LRB- صليبي `` Crusader '' -RRB- from ṣalīb -LRB- صليب `` cross '' -RRB- which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations .	cross	Ṣalībī comes from the word ṣalīb , which means what ?
Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians , particularly in a political context , is Ṣalībī -LRB- صليبي `` Crusader '' -RRB- from ṣalīb -LRB- صليب `` cross '' -RRB- which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations .	Crusader	What does Ṣalībī mean ?
However , Salibi is a modern term ; historically , Muslim writers described European Christian Crusaders as al-Faranj or Alfranj -LRB- الفرنج -RRB- and Firinjīyah -LRB- الفرنجيّة -RRB- in Arabic '' This word comes from the Franks and can be seen in the Arab history text Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh by Ali ibn al-Athir .	European Christian Crusaders	What does Alfranj mean ?
The most common Persian word is Masīhī -LRB- مسیحی -RRB- , from Arabic. , Other words are Nasrānī -LRB- نصرانی -RRB- , from Syriac for `` Nazarene '' , and Tarsā -LRB- ترسا -RRB- , from Middle Persian word Tarsāg , also meaning `` Christian '' , derived from tars , meaning `` fear , respect '' .	Masīhī	What is the most common Persian word for Christian ?
The most common Persian word is Masīhī -LRB- مسیحی -RRB- , from Arabic. , Other words are Nasrānī -LRB- نصرانی -RRB- , from Syriac for `` Nazarene '' , and Tarsā -LRB- ترسا -RRB- , from Middle Persian word Tarsāg , also meaning `` Christian '' , derived from tars , meaning `` fear , respect '' .	Nasrānī	What is the Syriac word for Nazarene ?
The most common Persian word is Masīhī -LRB- مسیحی -RRB- , from Arabic. , Other words are Nasrānī -LRB- نصرانی -RRB- , from Syriac for `` Nazarene '' , and Tarsā -LRB- ترسا -RRB- , from Middle Persian word Tarsāg , also meaning `` Christian '' , derived from tars , meaning `` fear , respect '' .	fear, respect	What does tars mean ?
The most common Persian word is Masīhī -LRB- مسیحی -RRB- , from Arabic. , Other words are Nasrānī -LRB- نصرانی -RRB- , from Syriac for `` Nazarene '' , and Tarsā -LRB- ترسا -RRB- , from Middle Persian word Tarsāg , also meaning `` Christian '' , derived from tars , meaning `` fear , respect '' .	Tarsā	What is the Middle Persion word for Christian ?
The Syriac term Nasrani -LRB- Nazarene -RRB- has also been attached to the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala , India .	Nasrani	Which word has been connected to Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala , India ?
In the Indian subcontinent , Christians call themselves Isaai -LRB- Hindi : ईसाई , Urdu : عیسائی -RRB- , and are also known by this term to adherents of other religions .	Isaai	What do followers of Jesus call themselves in the Indian subcontinent ?
This is related to the name they call Jesus , ` Isa Masih , and literally means ` the followers of ` Isa ' .	Isa Masih	What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus ?
In the past , the Malays used to call the Portuguese Serani from the Arabic Nasrani , but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia .	Nasrani	What term did the Malays use for the Portuguese Serani ?
In the past , the Malays used to call the Portuguese Serani from the Arabic Nasrani , but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia .	the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia	What does the term refer to now ?
The Chinese word is 基督徒 -LRB- pinyin : jīdū tú -RRB- , literally `` Christ follower . ''	基督徒 (pinyin: jīdū tú)	What is the Chinese word for Christian ?
The Chinese word is 基督徒 -LRB- pinyin : jīdū tú -RRB- , literally `` Christ follower . ''	Christ follower	What does 基督徒 -LRB- pinyin : jīdū tú -RRB- mean ?
The two characters now pronounced Jīdū in Mandarin Chinese , were originally pronounced Ki-To in Cantonese as representation of Latin `` Cristo '' .	Ki-To in Cantonese	What was the original pronunciation of Jīdū ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In Vietnam , the same two characters read Cơ đốc , and a `` follower of Christianity '' is a tín đồ Cơ đốc giáo .	Cơ đốc	What did the two characters read in Vietnamese ?
In Japan , the term kirishitan -LRB- written in Edo period documents 吉利支丹 , 切支丹 , and in modern Japanese histories as キリシタン -RRB- , from Portuguese cristão , referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate .	kirishitan	What Japanese term was used in reference to Roman Catholics ?
In Japan , the term kirishitan -LRB- written in Edo period documents 吉利支丹 , 切支丹 , and in modern Japanese histories as キリシタン -RRB- , from Portuguese cristão , referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate .	16th and 17th centuries	When was the term kirishitan used by the Japanese ?
In Japan , the term kirishitan -LRB- written in Edo period documents 吉利支丹 , 切支丹 , and in modern Japanese histories as キリシタン -RRB- , from Portuguese cristão , referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate .	the Tokugawa shogunate	Who banned Roman Catholicism in Japan ?
Today , Christians are referred to in Standard Japanese as キリスト教徒 , Kirisuto-kyōto or the English-derived term クリスチャン kurisuchan .	Kirisuto-kyōto	How are Christians referenced today in Japan ?
Korean still uses 기독교도 , Kidok-kyo-do for `` Christian '' , though the Greek form Kurisudo 그리스도 has now replaced the old Sino-Korean Kidok , which refers to Christ himself .	기독교도, Kidok-kyo-do	What is the Korean word for Christian ?
Korean still uses 기독교도 , Kidok-kyo-do for `` Christian '' , though the Greek form Kurisudo 그리스도 has now replaced the old Sino-Korean Kidok , which refers to Christ himself .	Sino-Korean Kidok	Which term referred to Jesus himself ?
Korean still uses 기독교도 , Kidok-kyo-do for `` Christian '' , though the Greek form Kurisudo 그리스도 has now replaced the old Sino-Korean Kidok , which refers to Christ himself .	Kurisudo 그리스도	What is the modern term for Sino-Korean Kidok ?
Scythia - Christians already lived there .	Scythia	What was the region of Eastern Europe called in 1 AD ?
Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially in Armenia -LRB- 301 AD -RRB- and in Georgia -LRB- 337 AD -RRB- , later in the Great Russian Principality -LRB- Kyivan Rus , Russian : Великое княжество Русское , ca 988 AD -RRB- .	Armenia	What was the first state in this region to adopt Christianity ?
Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially in Armenia -LRB- 301 AD -RRB- and in Georgia -LRB- 337 AD -RRB- , later in the Great Russian Principality -LRB- Kyivan Rus , Russian : Великое княжество Русское , ca 988 AD -RRB- .	301 AD	When did Armenia adopt Christianity ?
Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially in Armenia -LRB- 301 AD -RRB- and in Georgia -LRB- 337 AD -RRB- , later in the Great Russian Principality -LRB- Kyivan Rus , Russian : Великое княжество Русское , ca 988 AD -RRB- .	337 AD	When did Georgia adopt Christianity ?
In the region the `` Pravoslav faith '' -LRB- православная вера - Orthodox faith -RRB- or `` Russian faith '' -LRB- русская вера -RRB- from earliest times became almost as known as the original `` Christian faith '' -LRB- христианская , крестьянская вера -RRB- .	Pravoslav faith	What nearly was known as the original ` Christian faith ' ?
Christians have composed about 33 percent of the world 's population for around 100 years .	100 years	How long have Christians made up nearly 1/3rd of the population ?
The largest Christian denomination is the Roman Catholic Church , with 1.17 billion adherents , representing half of all Christians .	Roman Catholic Church	Which Christian denomination has the most members ?
The largest Christian denomination is the Roman Catholic Church , with 1.17 billion adherents , representing half of all Christians .	1.17 billion	How many people today are Roman Catholics ?
Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western World , where 70 % are Christians .	Christianity	More people belong to what religion than any other in the Western world ?
According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue , Christianity will remains the world 's largest religion by year 2050 .	Christianity	Which religion will have the most followers by the year 2050 if trends continue ?
Christians are second , with 2.7 children per woman .	2.7	On average , how many children do Christians have ?
A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million Muslim converted to Christianity .	10.2 million	How many Muslims converted to Christianity according to a 2015 poll ?
High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for the Christian population growths .	High birth rates	In addition to conversion , what other reason is given for the trend in Christianity 's followers ?
According to Scientific Elite : Nobel Laureates in the United State by Harriet Zuckerman , a review of American Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972 , 72 % of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background .	Protestant	What denomination of Christianity had the highest percentage of Nobel Prize winners between 1901 and 1972 in America ?
In 1929 , the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation -LRB- ARC -RRB- and , in 1938 , was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation , following ARC 's acquisition by CBS .	American Record Corporation	What was the first name of Sony Music Entertainment , Inc ?
In 1929 , the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation -LRB- ARC -RRB- and , in 1938 , was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation , following ARC 's acquisition by CBS .	1938	In what year was it renamed Columbia Recording Corporation ?
In 1966 , the company was reorganized to become CBS Records .	1966	In what year was it known as CBS Records ?
In 1987 , Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company , and in 1991 , renamed it SME .	1987	In what year did it land the name , Sony Music Entertainment ?
It is the world 's second largest recorded music company , after Universal Music Group .	Universal Music Group.	What company is the only group larger than Sony Music Entertainment ?
In 2004 , SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged as Sony BMG Music Entertainment .	2004	In what year did SME merge with another company ?
In 2004 , SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged as Sony BMG Music Entertainment .	Bertelsmann Music Group	What was the name of the other company that SME merged with ?
In 2004 , SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged as Sony BMG Music Entertainment .	Sony BMG Music Entertainment	What did the company call themselves after the merger ?
When Sony acquired BMG 's half of the conglomerate in 2008 , Sony BMG reverted to the SME name .	2008	In what year did Sony BMG Music Entertainment go back to being called SME ?
In 1929 , ARC was founded through a merger of several smaller record companies , which , ultimately , transformed into one enterprise known as SME .	1929	In what year did ARC form ?
In the depths of the Great Depression , the Columbia Phonograph Company -LRB- founded in 1888 -RRB- in the U.S. -LRB- including its Okeh Records subsidiary -RRB- was acquired by ARC in 1934 .	1888	In what year did Columbia Phonography Company form ?
In the depths of the Great Depression , the Columbia Phonograph Company -LRB- founded in 1888 -RRB- in the U.S. -LRB- including its Okeh Records subsidiary -RRB- was acquired by ARC in 1934 .	1934	In what year did ARC take over Columbia Phonography Company ?
ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System -LRB- CBS , which , in turn , had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company , but then sold off -RRB- .	Columbia Broadcasting System	Who bought out ARC ?
ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System -LRB- CBS , which , in turn , had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company , but then sold off -RRB- .	1938	In what year was ARC bought ?
ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation .	Columbia Recording Corporation	What did CBS call ARC after buying it ?
RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company .	William S. Paley	Who was the head of CBS at the time ?
RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company .	RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein	Who convinced Paley to buy ARC ?
Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953 .	1953	In what year was Epic Records created ?
Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953 .	Columbia	What company created Epic Records ?
In 1956 , Conkling left Columbia , he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. .	Conkling	Who was one of the creators of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences ?
In 1958 , Columbia founded another label , Date Records , which initially issued rockabilly music .	rockabilly	What type of music was Date Records known for ?
Philips ' acquisition of Mercury Records in the US in 1961 paved the way for this .	1961	In what year was Mercury Records -LRB- US -RRB- bought out ?
In 1960 , Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its main international distributor Philips Records with the goal of CBS starting its own global record company .	Philips Records	Who acquired Mercury Records -LRB- US -RRB- ?
CBS 's Mexican record company , Discos Columbia , was renamed Discos CBS by 1963 .	Discos CBS	What is the name of CBS ' Mexican record label ?
By 1962 , their Columbia Record Productions unit was operating four plants around the United States located in Los Angeles ; Terre Haute , Indiana ; Bridgeport , Connecticut ; and Pitman , New Jersey , which manufactured records for not only Columbia 's own labels , but also for independent record labels .	Los Angeles; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey	What 4 areas of the country did Columbia Records have manufacturers in ?
In 1964 , CBS established its own UK distribution with the acquisition of Oriole Records .	Oriole Records.	What lable was bought by CBS in the UK ?
With the record company a global operation in 1965 , the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records .	1965	CBS began thinking of a name change to their record label in what year ?
Also in late 1965 , the Date subsidiary label was revived .	1965	Date Records gave rise to the group `` Peaches and Herb '' in what year ?
Date 's biggest success was `` Time of the Season '' by the Zombies , peaking at # 2 in 1969 .	"Time of the Season" by the Zombies	Date Records released what major success in 1969 ?
Date 's biggest success was `` Time of the Season '' by the Zombies , peaking at # 2 in 1969 .	#2	What place on the charts did Date Records ' big success land on ?
The label was discontinued in 1970 .	1970	Despite the success , in what year did Date Records cease to exist ?
In 1966 , CBS reorganized its corporate structure with Leiberson promoted to head the new `` CBS-Columbia Group '' which made the now renamed CBS Records company a separate unit of this new group run by Clive Davis .	Leiberson	Who ran CBS-Columbia Group starting in 1966 ?
In March 1968 , CBS and Sony formed CBS/Sony Records , a Japanese business joint venture .	1968	In what year did CBS and Sony come together ?
With Sony being one of the developers behind the compact disc digital music media , a compact disc production plant was constructed in Japan under the joint venture , allowing CBS to begin supplying some of the first compact disc releases for the American market in 1983 .	1983	In what year did CDs come to the American market ?
The CBS Records Group was led very successfully by Clive Davis until his dismissal in 1972 , after it was discovered that Davis has used CBS funds to finance his personal life , including an expensive bar mitzvah party for his son .	1972	In what year was Clive Davis let go at CBS Records Group ?
In February 2016 , over a hundred thousand people signed a petition in just twenty-four hours , calling for a boycott of Sony Music and all other Sony-affiliated businesses after rape allegations against music producer Dr. Luke were made by musical artist Kesha .	over a hundred thousand	How many people signed a petition to boycott Sony Music in 2016 ?
Over the past two years , -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- dozens of rights-holders , including Sony Music , have sent complaints about Wikipedia.org directly to Google to have content removed .	Google	What search engine company giant has Sony sent requests to regarding content on a website ?
Over the past two years , -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- dozens of rights-holders , including Sony Music , have sent complaints about Wikipedia.org directly to Google to have content removed .	Wikipedia.org	What website does Sony have complaints against ?
In July 2013 , Sony Music withdrew from the Greek market due to an economic crisis .	2013	In what year did Sony pull out of the Greek market ?
Albums released by Sony Music in Greece from domestic and foreign artists are carried by Feelgood Records .	Feelgood Records	What label for the Greek market were artists on under the Sony umbrella ?
In March 2012 , Sony Music reportedly closed its Philippines office due to piracy , causing to move distribution of SME in the Philippines to Ivory Music .	2012	In what year did Sony shut down their offices in the Philippines ?
He was joined by L.A. Reid , who became the chairman and CEO of Epic Records .	L.A. Reid	What famous music producer became CEO of Epic Records ?
Doug Morris , who was head of Warner Music Group , then Universal Music , became chairman and CEO of the company on July 1 , 2011 .	Doug Morris	Who joined the CEO of Epic Records in becoming the CEO of Sony Music ?
Doug Morris , who was head of Warner Music Group , then Universal Music , became chairman and CEO of the company on July 1 , 2011 .	2011	In what year did he become the CEO of Sony Music ?
Peter Edge became the new CEO of the RCA Records unit .	Peter Edge	Who became the CEO of RCA Records ?
The RCA Music Group closed down Arista , J Records and Jive Records in October 2011 , with the artists from those labels being moved to RCA Records .	Arista, J Records and Jive Records	What labels did RCA disband in 2011 ?
Tony Martell , veteran CBS and Epic Records A&R Vice President was head of this label and signed artists including Ozzy Osbourne , the Fabulous Thunderbirds , Electric Light Orchestra , Joan Jett , and Henry Lee Summer .	Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer	Name 3 artists that CBS Associated Records signed on in the 80s and 90s ?
In 1986 , CBS sold its music publishing arm , CBS Songs , to Stephen Swid , Martin Bandier , and Charles Koppelman for $ 125 million making it the foundation of their SBK Entertainment .	1986	In what year did CBS sell CBS Songs ?
In 1986 , CBS sold its music publishing arm , CBS Songs , to Stephen Swid , Martin Bandier , and Charles Koppelman for $ 125 million making it the foundation of their SBK Entertainment .	$125 million	How much was the sale of CBS Songs ?
In 1986 , CBS sold its music publishing arm , CBS Songs , to Stephen Swid , Martin Bandier , and Charles Koppelman for $ 125 million making it the foundation of their SBK Entertainment .	Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier, and Charles Koppelman	Who were the 3 people who bought CBS Songs ?
By 1987 , CBS was the only `` big three '' American TV network to have a co-owned record company .	1987	In what year was CBS the only network to also have a record company ?
ABC had sold its record division to MCA Records in 1979 , and in 1986 , NBC 's parent company RCA was sold to General Electric , who then sold off all other RCA units , including the record division -LRB- which was bought by Ariola Records , later known as BMG -RRB- .	MCA Records	What label did ABC sell in 1979 ?
ABC had sold its record division to MCA Records in 1979 , and in 1986 , NBC 's parent company RCA was sold to General Electric , who then sold off all other RCA units , including the record division -LRB- which was bought by Ariola Records , later known as BMG -RRB- .	RCA	What label did NBC sell in 1986 ?
On November 17 , 1987 , SCA acquired CBS Records , which hosted such acts as Michael Jackson , for US$ 2 billion .	1987	In what year did SCA buy CBS Records ?
On November 17 , 1987 , SCA acquired CBS Records , which hosted such acts as Michael Jackson , for US$ 2 billion .	Michael Jackson	Who was the biggest artist that CBS had ?
CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006 , which is distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary .	2006	In what year did the CBS Corporation begin another CBS Records ?
CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006 , which is distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary .	Sony through its RED subsidiary	Who distributes CBS Records material ?
In 1989 , CBS Records re-entered the music publishing business by acquiring Nashville music publisher Tree International Publishing for more than $ 30 million .	1989	In what year did CBS Records buy out Tree International Publishing ?
In 1989 , CBS Records re-entered the music publishing business by acquiring Nashville music publisher Tree International Publishing for more than $ 30 million .	$30 million	How much did CBS Records pay for Tree International Publishing ?
In 1989 , CBS Records re-entered the music publishing business by acquiring Nashville music publisher Tree International Publishing for more than $ 30 million .	Nashville	In what city was Tree International Publishing located ?
RCA/Jive Label Group CEO Barry Weiss left the company in March 2011 to become the new CEO of Island Def Jam and Universal Republic , which were both part of Universal Music Group .	2011	In what year did CEO of RCA/Jive Barry Weiss leave ?
RCA/Jive Label Group CEO Barry Weiss left the company in March 2011 to become the new CEO of Island Def Jam and Universal Republic , which were both part of Universal Music Group .	Island Def Jam and Universal Republic	What company did Barry Weiss move to ?
Weiss had been the RCA/Jive Label Group CEO since 2008 and was head of Jive Records since 1991 .	2008	When did Barry Weiss become CEO of RCA/Jive ?
Weiss had been the RCA/Jive Label Group CEO since 2008 and was head of Jive Records since 1991 .	1991	When did Barry Weiss become head of Jive Records ?
On October 11 , 2011 , Doug Morris announced that Mel Lewinter had been named Executive Vice President of Label Strategy .	Mel Lewinter	Who was promoted to Executive VP of Label Strategy in 2011 ?
In January 2012 , Dennis Kooker was named President of Global Digital Business and US Sales .	Dennis Kooker	Who became President of Global Digital Business and US Sales in 2012 ?
In August 2004 , Sony entered joint venture with equal partner Bertelsmann , by merging Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group , Germany , to establish Sony BMG Music Entertainment .	2004	In what year did Sony and BMG Germany merge ?
On August 5 , 2008 , SCA and Bertelsmann announced that Sony had agreed to acquire Bertelsmann 's 50 % stake in Sony BMG .	2008	In what year did Sony take BMG 's half stake in the company ?
The last few albums to feature a Sony BMG logo were Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson , I Am ... Sasha Fierce by Beyoncé , Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera , and Safe Trip Home by Dido .	Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson, I Am... Sasha Fierce by Beyoncé, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera, and Safe Trip Home by Dido	Name one of the final albums to ever have the Sony BMG label ?
The present logo was unveiled in March 2009 .	2009	When was Sony 's new logo revealed to the public ?
On July 1 , 2009 , SME and IODA announced their global strategic partnership to leverage combined worldwide online retail distribution networks and complementary technologies to support independent labels and music rightsholders .	SME and IODA	What labels strove to support indie labels and music rightsholders ?
On July 1 , 2009 , SME and IODA announced their global strategic partnership to leverage combined worldwide online retail distribution networks and complementary technologies to support independent labels and music rightsholders .	2009	In what year did they partner in order to do so ?
In March 2010 , Sony Corp has partnered with The Michael Jackson Company with a contract of more than $ 250 million , the largest deal in recorded music history .	Michael Jackson Company	Who did Sony partner with to create the biggest deal ever ?
In March 2010 , Sony Corp has partnered with The Michael Jackson Company with a contract of more than $ 250 million , the largest deal in recorded music history .	$250 million	How much was the partnership worth ?
In March 2010 , Sony Corp has partnered with The Michael Jackson Company with a contract of more than $ 250 million , the largest deal in recorded music history .	2010	In what year was the partnership initiated ?
It also started the process of bringing BMG 's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures , a Sony division since 1989 , and also brought Arista founder Clive Davis back into the fold .	1989	Columbia Pictures has been owned by Sony since what year ?
It also started the process of bringing BMG 's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures , a Sony division since 1989 , and also brought Arista founder Clive Davis back into the fold .	Clive Davis	Who is the CCO of Sony Music ?
In 1995 , Sony and Michael Jackson formed a joint venture which merged Sony 's music publishing operations with Jackson 's ATV Music to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing .	1995	In what year did the merger take place ?
Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment -LRB- SME -RRB- on January 1 , 1991 , fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout , which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark .	1991	In what year did the name Sony Music Entertainment become the new name of Sony 's record label ?
Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment -LRB- SME -RRB- on January 1 , 1991 , fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout , which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark .	1991	In what year did CBS Associated become Epic Associated ?
Japan is the only country where Sony does not have rights to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Nippon Columbia , an unrelated company .	Japan	What is the only country where Sony has no rights to the Columbia label ?
Japan is the only country where Sony does not have rights to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Nippon Columbia , an unrelated company .	Nippon Columbia	Who owns the rights to the Columbia label in Japan ?
Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma .	Oklahoma City	What is the capital of Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma .	Oklahoma City	Which city is the largest in Oklahoma ?
As of 2014 , the Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,322,429 , and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,459,758 -LRB- Chamber of Commerce -RRB- residents , making it Oklahoma 's largest metropolitan area .	1,322,429	What was the population of Oklahoma city in 2014 ?
Oklahoma City , lying in the Great Plains region , features one of the largest livestock markets in the world .	Great Plains region	Which region is Oklahoma City a part of ?
The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation 's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center -LRB- these two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department 's Enterprise Service Center , respectively -RRB- .	Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center	What offices employ US transportation and Air force bases ?
Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor and is one of the primary travel corridors into neighboring Texas and Mexico .	I-35 Corridor	What corridor is Oklahoma City situated in ?
The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889 , and grew to a population of over 10,000 within hours of its founding .	1889	When was the city founded ?
The city was the scene of the April 19 , 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building , in which 168 people died .	1995	When was the Oklahoma City bombing ?
The city was the scene of the April 19 , 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building , in which 168 people died .	Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building	What was the name of the building involved in the bombing ?
Oklahoma City was settled on April 22 , 1889 , when the area known as the `` Unassigned Lands '' was opened for settlement in an event known as `` The Land Run '' .	Unassigned Lands	What was the name of the land before being called Oklahoma City ?
Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton Classen , John Shartel , Henry Overholser and James W. Maney .	James W. Maney	Who was an early leader of the city ?
By the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907 , Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie , the territorial capital , as the population center and commercial hub of the new state .	1907	What year was Oklahoma city entered into the Union ?
By the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907 , Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie , the territorial capital , as the population center and commercial hub of the new state .	Guthrie	What was the capital of Oklahoma before Oklahoma city ?
Oklahoma City was a major stop on Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century ; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup 's 1946 jazz classic , '' -LRB- Get Your Kicks on -RRB- Route 66 '' , later made famous by artist Nat King Cole .	Route 66	What route made Oklahoma city a major stop ?
Oklahoma City was a major stop on Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century ; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup 's 1946 jazz classic , '' -LRB- Get Your Kicks on -RRB- Route 66 '' , later made famous by artist Nat King Cole .	Bobby Troup	Who wrote the Jazz oldie '' -LRB- Get Your Kicks on -RRB- Route 66 '' ?
Oklahoma City was a major stop on Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century ; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup 's 1946 jazz classic , '' -LRB- Get Your Kicks on -RRB- Route 66 '' , later made famous by artist Nat King Cole .	Nat King Cole	Which artist made Bobby Troup 's song famous ?
With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits -LRB- including under the State Capitol -RRB- , Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production .	1928	When was oil discovered in the city limits ?
Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System , which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35 , I-40 and I-44 .	I-35, I-40 and I-44	What routes used Oklahoma City as a major route change ?
Patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971 , becoming the city 's first female mayor .	Patience Latting	Who was the Oklahoma Cities first female mayor ?
Patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971 , becoming the city 's first female mayor .	1971	When was Patience Latting elected ?
In 1993 , the city passed a massive redevelopment package known as the Metropolitan Area Projects -LRB- MAPS -RRB- , intended to rebuild the city 's core with civic projects to establish more activities and life to downtown .	Metropolitan Area Projects	What was the name of the redevelopment passage that was passed in 1993 ?
The city added a new baseball park ; central library ; renovations to the civic center , convention center and fairgrounds ; and a water canal in the Bricktown entertainment district .	baseball park	What is one thing that was added in this project ?
MAPS has become one of the most successful public-private partnerships undertaken in the U.S. , exceeding $ 3 billion in private investment as of 2010 .	$3 billion	How much money was invested in MAPS by 2010 ?
Notable among these was the restoration of the Skirvin Hotel in 2007 .	2007	When was the Skirvin Hotel Renovated ?
The site has been commemorated as the Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum .	Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum	What is the name of the newly renovated site where the bombing occured ?
Since its opening in 2000 , over three million people have visited .	2000	What year did the memorial first opened ?
The `` Core-to-Shore '' project was created to relocate I-40 one mile -LRB- 1.6 km -RRB- south and replace it with a boulevard to create a landscaped entrance to the city .	The "Core-to-Shore" project	What was the name of the project to change the location of I-40 and make a new entrance to the city ?
Several elements of `` Core to Shore '' were included in the MAPS 3 proposal approved by voters in late 2009 .	2009	What year was the Core to Shore project voted for to be part of the MAPS program ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 620.34 square miles -LRB- 1,606.7 km2 -RRB- , of which , 601.11 square miles -LRB- 1,556.9 km2 -RRB- of it is land and 19.23 square miles -LRB- 49.8 km2 -RRB- of it is water .	620.34 square miles	How many square miles is Oklahoma City ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 620.34 square miles -LRB- 1,606.7 km2 -RRB- , of which , 601.11 square miles -LRB- 1,556.9 km2 -RRB- of it is land and 19.23 square miles -LRB- 49.8 km2 -RRB- of it is water .	19.23 square miles	Out of the 620.34 square miles , how much of it is water ?
Oklahoma City lies in the Sandstone Hills region of Oklahoma , known for hills of 250 to 400 feet -LRB- 120 m -RRB- and two species of oak : blackjack oak -LRB- Quercus marilandica -RRB- and post oak -LRB- Q. stellata -RRB- .	Sandstone Hills region	Which region is Oklahoma city located in ?
The city is roughly bisected by the North Canadian River -LRB- recently renamed the Oklahoma River inside city limits -RRB- .	North Canadian River	What river flows through Oklahoma city ?
The city is roughly bisected by the North Canadian River -LRB- recently renamed the Oklahoma River inside city limits -RRB- .	Oklahoma River	What is the new name for the part of the North Canadian River that resides within the city limits ?
In the 1940s , a dam was built on the river to manage the flood control and reduced its level .	1940s	When was a dam built for the river ?
In the 1990s , as part of the citywide revitalization project known as MAPS , the city built a series of low-water dams , returning water to the portion of the river flowing near downtown .	low-water dams	What was built in the 1990 's to help return water to the river near downtown ?
Its urbanized zone covers roughly 244 sq mi -LRB- 630 km2 -RRB- resulting in a density of 2,500 per square mile -LRB- 2013 est -RRB- , compared with larger rural watershed areas incorporated by the city , which cover the remaining 377 sq mi -LRB- 980 km2 -RRB- of the city limits .	rural watershed areas	What covers the remaining 377 square miles ?
The city is bisected geographically and culturally by the North Canadian River , which basically divides North Oklahoma City and South Oklahoma City .	South Oklahoma City	Which side is known for primarily being industrial ?
The city is bisected geographically and culturally by the North Canadian River , which basically divides North Oklahoma City and South Oklahoma City .	North Oklahoma City	Which side is more urban and fashionable ?
The centerpiece of downtown is the newly renovated Crystal Bridge and Myriad Botanical Gardens , one of the few elements of the Pei Plan to be completed .	Crystal Bridge and Myriad Botanical Gardens	What are two newly renovated locations in downtown Oklahoma city ?
Oklahoma City has a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen : Cfa -RRB- , with frequent variations in weather daily and seasonally , except during the consistently hot and humid summer months .	humid subtropical climate	What type of climate does Oklahoma city ?
The city receives about 35.9 inches -LRB- 91.2 cm -RRB- of precipitation annually , of which 8.6 inches -LRB- 21.8 cm -RRB- is snow .	35.9 inches	How much precipitation on average falls within the city ?
The city receives about 35.9 inches -LRB- 91.2 cm -RRB- of precipitation annually , of which 8.6 inches -LRB- 21.8 cm -RRB- is snow .	8.6 inches	Out of the precipitation that falls , how much of it is snow ?
Oklahoma City has a very active severe weather season from March through June , especially during April and May .	March	When is Oklahoma city sever weather season begin ?
Oklahoma City has a very active severe weather season from March through June , especially during April and May .	June	When does Oklahoma city sever weather season end ?
The Oklahoma City metropolitan area is one of the most tornado-prone major cities in the world , with about 150 tornadoes striking within the city limits since 1890 .	150	Approximately How many tornadoes have reached the city limits ?
Less than two weeks later , on May 31 , another outbreak affected the Oklahoma City area , including an EF1 and an EF0 within the city and a tornado several miles west of the city that was 2.6 miles -LRB- 4.2 km -RRB- in width , the widest tornado ever recorded .	2.6 miles	How wide was the widest tornado ever ?
With 19.48 inches of rainfall , May 2015 was by far Oklahoma City 's record-wettest month since record keeping began in 1890 .	May 2015	When was the most rainfall for Oklahoma city ?
As of the 2010 census , there were 579,999 people , 230,233 households , and 144,120 families residing in the city .	579,999	How many people were counted in the 2010 census ?
As of the 2010 census , there were 579,999 people , 230,233 households , and 144,120 families residing in the city .	230,233 households	How many households were recorded in the 2010 census
As of the 2010 census , there were 579,999 people , 230,233 households , and 144,120 families residing in the city .	144,120 families	How many families were recorded in the 2010 census ?
The population density was 956.4 inhabitants per square mile -LRB- 321.9 / km ² -RRB- .	956.4	What was the density of the population per square mile ?
There were 256,930 housing units at an average density of 375.9 per square mile -LRB- 145.1 / km ² -RRB- .	256,930	How many housing units were there for the 2010 census ?
There were 230,233 households , 29.4 % of which had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.4 % were married couples living together , 13.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 37.4 % were non-families .	230,233	How many households were in Oklahoma city ?
There were 230,233 households , 29.4 % of which had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.4 % were married couples living together , 13.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 37.4 % were non-families .	married couples	What demographic was the most percentage of the households in total ?
The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.11 .	2.47	What is the average size for households ?
The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.11 .	3.11	What is the average size for families ?
There were 230,233 households , 29.4 % of which had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.4 % were married couples living together , 13.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 37.4 % were non-families .	non-families	What is the second highest demographic for households ?
The median age was 34 years .	34	What was Oklahoma cities median age in 2000 ?
For every 100 females there were 95.6 males .	females	Which gender was prominent in that time ?
Oklahoma City has experienced significant population increases since the late 1990s .	late 1990s	When did the population increases begin in Oklahoma city ?
In May 2014 , the U.S. Census announced Oklahoma City had an estimated population of 620,602 in 2014 and that it had grown 5.3 percent between April 2010 and June 2013 .	620,602	What was the estimated population of Oklahoma city in 2014
Oklahoma City is the principal city of the eight-county Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area in Central Oklahoma and is the state 's largest urbanized area .	Oklahoma City	What is Oklahoma 's largest urbanized area ?
Based on population rank , the metropolitan area was the 42nd largest in the nation as of 2012 .	42nd	What place was Oklahoma cities population ranked in the nation in 2012 ?
With regards to Mexican drug cartels , Oklahoma City has traditionally been the territory of the notorious Juárez Cartel , but the Sinaloa Cartel has been reported as trying to establish a foothold in Oklahoma City .	Juárez Cartel	What cartel has been known to be in Oklahoma city ?
The worst of which occurred in 1978 , when six employees of a Sirloin Stockade restaurant on the city 's south side were murdered execution-style in the restaurant 's freezer .	1978	When were six employees found dead in a restaurants freezer ?
Roger Dale Stafford , considered the mastermind of the murder spree , was executed by lethal injection at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in 1995 .	1995	When was Roger Dale Stafford executed ?
On April 19 , 1995 , the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was destroyed by a fertilizer bomb manufactured and detonated by Timothy McVeigh .	Timothy McVeigh	Who detonated the bomb in 1995 ?
The blast and catastrophic collapse killed 168 people and injured over 680 .	168	How many people were killed in the bombing ?
The blast and catastrophic collapse killed 168 people and injured over 680 .	680	How many people were injured in the bombing ?
The blast shockwave destroyed or damaged 324 buildings within a 340-meter radius , destroyed or burned 86 cars , and shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings , causing at least an estimated $ 652 million worth of damage .	$652 million	How much money was the damage worth ?
The main suspect - Timothy McVeigh , was executed by lethal injection on June 11 , 2001 .	June 11, 2001	When was Timothy McVeigh Executed ?
While not in Oklahoma City proper , other large employers within the MSA region include : Tinker Air Force Base -LRB- 27,000 -RRB- ; University of Oklahoma -LRB- 11,900 -RRB- ; University of Central Oklahoma -LRB- 2,900 -RRB- ; and Norman Regional Hospital -LRB- 2,800 -RRB- .	Norman Regional Hospital	What hospital is in the MSA region
While not in Oklahoma City proper , other large employers within the MSA region include : Tinker Air Force Base -LRB- 27,000 -RRB- ; University of Oklahoma -LRB- 11,900 -RRB- ; University of Central Oklahoma -LRB- 2,900 -RRB- ; and Norman Regional Hospital -LRB- 2,800 -RRB- .	27,000	How many employees work for Tinker Air Force Base ?
While not in Oklahoma City proper , other large employers within the MSA region include : Tinker Air Force Base -LRB- 27,000 -RRB- ; University of Oklahoma -LRB- 11,900 -RRB- ; University of Central Oklahoma -LRB- 2,900 -RRB- ; and Norman Regional Hospital -LRB- 2,800 -RRB- .	2,800	How many employees work for Norman Regional Hospital ?
While not in Oklahoma City proper , other large employers within the MSA region include : Tinker Air Force Base -LRB- 27,000 -RRB- ; University of Oklahoma -LRB- 11,900 -RRB- ; University of Central Oklahoma -LRB- 2,900 -RRB- ; and Norman Regional Hospital -LRB- 2,800 -RRB- .	11,900	How many people work in University of Oklahoma ?
Its gross metropolitan product was $ 43.1 billion in 2005 and grew to $ 61.1 billion in 2009 .	$61.1 billion	What was Oklahoma cities gross metropolitan product in 2009 ?
In 2008 , Forbes magazine named Oklahoma City the most `` recession proof city in America '' .	2008	What year did forbes list Oklahoma city as `` recession proof '' .
However , during the early 1980s , Oklahoma City had one of the worst job and housing markets due to the bankruptcy of Penn Square Bank in 1982 and then the post-1985 crash in oil prices .	1982	When did Penn Square Bank go bankrupt ?
The university also opened the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium in April 2006 .	April 2006	When was the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium opened ?
The Science Museum Oklahoma -LRB- formerly Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex -RRB- houses exhibits on science , aviation , and an IMAX theater .	Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex	What was the original name of the Science Museum of Oklahoma ?
IPHF honors those who have made significant contributions to the art and/or science of photography and relocated to St. Louis , Missouri in 2013 .	2013	When was the International Photography Hall of Fame relocated ?
The Museum of Osteology houses more than 300 real animal skeletons .	300	How many animal skeletons are in the museum of Osteology ?
In contrast , the city will also be home to The American Indian Cultural Center and Museum that began construction in 2009 -LRB- although completion of the facility has been held up due to insufficient funding -RRB- , on the south side of Interstate 40 , southeast from Bricktown .	2009	When did The American Indian Cultural Center and Museum begin construction ?
The Oklahoma City National Memorial in the northern part of Oklahoma City 's downtown was created as the inscription on its eastern gate of the Memorial reads , `` to honor the victims , survivors , rescuers , and all who were changed forever on April 19 , 1995 '' ; the memorial was built on the land formerly occupied by the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building complex prior to its 1995 bombing .	The Oklahoma City National Memorial	What is the name of Oklahoma Cities memorial ?
The site is also home to the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism , a non-partisan , nonprofit think tank devoted to the prevention of terrorism .	Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism	What institute is located near the Oklahoma City National Memorial ?
The American Banjo Museum located in the Bricktown Entertainment district is dedicated to preserving and promoting the music and heritage of America 's native musical instrument -- the banjo .	the banjo	What musical instrument has it 's own museum in Oklahoma City ?
With a collection valued at $ 3.5 million it is truly a national treasure .	$3.5 million	How much is the collection worth in the museum ?
Located across the street from the governor 's mansion at 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive in northeast Oklahoma City , the museum opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society .	2005	When was the Oklahoma History Center created ?
Located across the street from the governor 's mansion at 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive in northeast Oklahoma City , the museum opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society .	Oklahoma Historical Society	Who operates the Oklahoma History Center ?
Located across the street from the governor 's mansion at 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive in northeast Oklahoma City , the museum opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society .	northeast Oklahoma City	Where is the Oklahoma History Center located ?
Oklahoma City is home to several professional sports teams , including the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association .	Thunder	What NBA team hails from Oklahoma City ?
Other professional sports clubs in Oklahoma City include the Oklahoma City Dodgers , the Triple-A affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers , the Oklahoma City Energy FC of the United Soccer League , and the Crusaders of Oklahoma Rugby Football Club USA Rugby .	Oklahoma City Dodgers	What team is the affiliate to the Los Angeles Dodgers ?
Chesapeake Energy Arena in downtown is the principal multipurpose arena in the city which hosts concerts , NHL exhibition games , and many of the city 's pro sports teams .	Chesapeake Energy Arena	What is the name of the downtown arena ?
In 2008 , the Oklahoma City Thunder became the major tenant .	Oklahoma City Thunder	Which team became the main tenant of the arena in 2008 ?
Located nearby in Bricktown , the Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark is the home to the city 's baseball team , the Dodgers .	Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark	What is the name of the nearby minor league park ?
Oklahoma City is the annual host of the Big 12 Baseball Tournament , the World Cup of Softball , and the annual NCAA Women 's College World Series .	Big 12 Baseball Tournament	What is one annual event Oklahoma City hosts ?
Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year .	Remington Park	What park hosts Quarter horse racing ?
Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year .	state fairgrounds	Where are equine events hosted ?
The Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association -LRB- OSSAA -RRB- organizes high school football into eight distinct classes based on the size of school enrollment .	Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association	What organization organizes High School football ?
The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association -LRB- NBA -RRB- has called Oklahoma City home since the 2008 -- 09 season , when owner Clayton Bennett relocated the franchise from Seattle , Washington .	Clayton Bennett	Who moved the Oklahoma City Thunder to Oklahoma City ?
The Thunder is known by several nicknames , including `` OKC Thunder '' and simply `` OKC '' , and its mascot is Rumble the Bison .	OKC	What is one of the Thunders nicknames ?
The Thunder is known by several nicknames , including `` OKC Thunder '' and simply `` OKC '' , and its mascot is Rumble the Bison .	Bison	What is the Thunders mascot ?
After a lackluster arrival to Oklahoma City for the 2008 -- 09 season , the Oklahoma City Thunder secured a berth -LRB- 8th -RRB- in the 2010 NBA Playoffs the next year after boasting its first 50-win season , winning two games in the first round against the Los Angeles Lakers .	8th	What place were the Thunder in 2010 NBA playoffs ?
In 2012 , Oklahoma City made it to the NBA Finals , but lost to the Miami Heat in five games .	Miami Heat	Who did the Thunder play in the finals of 2012 ?
In 2014 Oklahoma City again reached the NBA 's Western Conference Finals but eventually lost to the San Antonio Spurs in six games .	San Antonio Spurs	Who did the Thunder lose to in the Western Conference finals ?
Oklahoma City has earned Northwest Division titles every year since 2009 and has consistently improved its win record to 59-wins in 2014 .	2009	When did the Thunder start winning Northwest Division Titles ?
The Thunder is led by first year head coach Billy Donovan and is anchored by several NBA superstars , including perennial All-Star point guard Russell Westbrook , 2014 MVP and four-time NBA scoring champion Kevin Durant , and Defensive Player of the Year nominee and shot-blocker Serge Ibaka .	Billy Donovan	Who is the Thunders head coach ?
The Thunder is led by first year head coach Billy Donovan and is anchored by several NBA superstars , including perennial All-Star point guard Russell Westbrook , 2014 MVP and four-time NBA scoring champion Kevin Durant , and Defensive Player of the Year nominee and shot-blocker Serge Ibaka .	Russell Westbrook	Who is the Thunders point guard ?
In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , the NBA 's New Orleans Hornets -LRB- now the New Orleans Pelicans -RRB- temporarily relocated to the Ford Center , playing the majority of its home games there during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons .	Ford Center	Where did the Hornets play after Hurricane Katrina ?
The Hornets played their final home game in Oklahoma City during the exhibition season on October 9 , 2007 against the Houston Rockets .	Houston Rockets	What team played against the Hornets in their final home game before leave Oklahoma City ?
Designed by I. M. Pei , the Crystal Bridge is a tropical conservatory in the area .	I. M. Pei	Who designed the bridge ?
The park has an amphitheater , known as the Water Stage .	Water Stage	What is the name of the amphitheater located inside the Botanical Gardens ?
Oklahoma City also has a combination racetrack and casino open year-round , Remington Park , which hosts both Quarter horse -LRB- March -- June -RRB- and Thoroughbred -LRB- August -- December -RRB- seasons .	Remington Park	Which place hosts racetracks and is a casino ?
Oklahoma City also has two amusement parks , Frontier City theme park and White Water Bay water park .	Frontier City	Which amusement park is western themed ?
Lake Stanley Draper is the city 's largest and most remote lake .	Lake Stanley Draper	Which lake is the cities largest lake ?
Oklahoma City is home to the American Banjo Museum , which houses a large collection of highly decorated banjos from the early 20th century and exhibits on the history of the banjo and its place in American history .	American Banjo Museum	What place hosts concerts and lectures ?
Will Rogers Park , Lincoln Park , Trosper Park , and Woodson Park were once connected by the Grand Boulevard loop , some sections of which no longer exist .	Will Rogers Park	Where is the Lycan Conservatory located ?
In April 2005 , the Oklahoma City Skate Park at Wiley Post Park was renamed the Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park to recognize Mat Hoffman , an Oklahoma City area resident and businessman that was instrumental in the design of the skate park and is a 10-time BMX World Vert champion .	Mat Hoffman	Which BMX Champion had a park named after them in Oklahoma City ?
In March 2009 , the Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park was named by the National Geographic Society Travel Guide as one of the `` Ten Best . ''	March 2009	When was Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park considered one of the best by National Geographic Society ?
Mick Cornett serves as Mayor , having first been elected in 2004 , and re-elected in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 .	Mick Cornett	Who is the mayor of Oklahoma City ?
Mick Cornett serves as Mayor , having first been elected in 2004 , and re-elected in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 .	2004	When was Mick Cornett first elected ?
City Manager Jim Couch was appointed in late 2000 .	Jim Couch	Who is the city Manager ?
Oklahoma City University , formerly known as Epworth University , was founded by the United Methodist Church on September 1 , 1904 and is renowned for its performing arts , science , mass communications , business , law , and athletic programs .	Epworth University	What was the original name of Oklahoma City University ?
Oklahoma City University , formerly known as Epworth University , was founded by the United Methodist Church on September 1 , 1904 and is renowned for its performing arts , science , mass communications , business , law , and athletic programs .	September 1, 1904	When was the university founded ?
The University of Oklahoma has several institutions of higher learning in the city and metropolitan area , with OU Medicine and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center campuses located east of downtown in the Oklahoma Health Center district , and the main campus located to the south in the suburb of Norman .	Oklahoma Health Center district	Which district is OU Medicine campus located in ?
The University of Oklahoma has several institutions of higher learning in the city and metropolitan area , with OU Medicine and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center campuses located east of downtown in the Oklahoma Health Center district , and the main campus located to the south in the suburb of Norman .	OU Medicine	Which institution houses the Level-One trauma center ?
OU Health Sciences Center is one of the nation 's largest independent medical centers , employing more than 12,000 people .	12,000	Approximately how many people work in OU Health Sciences Center ?
The third-largest university in the state , the University of Central Oklahoma , is located just north of the city in the suburb of Edmond .	University of Central Oklahoma	Which university is the third-largest in the state ?
Oklahoma Christian University , one of the state 's private liberal arts institutions , is located just south of the Edmond border , inside the Oklahoma City limits .	Oklahoma Christian University	Which private university is located near the Edmond border ?
Oklahoma City Community College in south Oklahoma City is the second-largest community college in the state .	Oklahoma City Community College	Which community college is the second largest in the state ?
Oklahoma State University -- Oklahoma City is located in the `` Furniture District '' on the Westside .	Oklahoma State University	Which university is located in the Furniture district ?
Southern Nazarene University , which was founded by the Church of the Nazarene , is a university located in suburban Bethany , which is surrounded by the Oklahoma City city limits .	Bethany	Where is Southern Nazarene University located ?
Southern Nazarene University , which was founded by the Church of the Nazarene , is a university located in suburban Bethany , which is surrounded by the Oklahoma City city limits .	Church of the Nazarene	Who founded the Southern Nazarene University
Although technically not a university , the FAA 's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center has many aspects of an institution of higher learning .	Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center	What institution is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools ?
Oklahoma City is home to the state 's largest school district , Oklahoma City Public Schools .	Oklahoma City Public Schools	What is Oklahoma 's largest school district ?
KIPP Reach College Preparatory School in Oklahoma City received the 2012 National Blue Ribbon along with its school leader , Tracy McDaniel Sr. , being awarded the Terrel H. Bell Award for Outstanding Leadership .	2012	What year did KIPP Reach College Preparatory School win the National Blue Ribbon Award ?
The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics , a school for some of the state 's most gifted math and science pupils , is also located in Oklahoma City .	Oklahoma City	Where is The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics located ?
Oklahoma City has several public career and technology education schools associated with the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education , the largest of which are Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center .	Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center	What are the two largest technology education schools in Oklahoma City ?
The Dale Rogers Training Center in Oklahoma City is a nonprofit vocational training center for individuals with disabilities .	The Dale Rogers Training Center	What center is a nonprofit training center for disabled people ?
The Oklahoman is Oklahoma City 's major daily newspaper and is the most widely circulated in the state .	The Oklahoman	Which newspaper is the most produced through the state of Oklahoma ?
NewsOK.com is the Oklahoman 's online presence .	NewsOK.com	What is the name of The Oklahoman 's website ?
Oklahoma Gazette is Oklahoma City 's independent newsweekly , featuring such staples as local commentary , feature stories , restaurant reviews and movie listings and music and entertainment .	Oklahoma Gazette	What is Oklahoma Cities newsweekly ?
The Journal Record is the city 's daily business newspaper and okcBIZ is a monthly publication that covers business news affecting those who live and work in Central Oklahoma .	The Journal Record	What is Oklahoma Cities daily business newspaper ?
There are numerous community and international newspapers locally that cater to the city 's ethnic mosaic ; such as The Black Chronicle , headquartered in the Eastside , the OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times , located in Asia District , and various Hispanic community publications .	Eastside	Which side is the Black Chronicles Headquarters ?
There are numerous community and international newspapers locally that cater to the city 's ethnic mosaic ; such as The Black Chronicle , headquartered in the Eastside , the OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times , located in Asia District , and various Hispanic community publications .	OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times	What international newspapers is in the Asia District ?
The Campus is the student newspaper at Oklahoma City University .	The Campus	What is the name of the student newspaper ?
An upscale lifestyle publication called Slice Magazine is circulated throughout the metropolitan area .	Slice Magazine	What is the name of the lifestyle magazine ?
In addition , there is a magazine published by Back40 Design Group called The Edmond Outlook .	Back40	What is another magazine that is published in Oklahoma City ?
Oklahoma City 's WKY Radio was the first radio station transmitting west of the Mississippi River and the third radio station in the United States .	WKY Radio	What was the third Radio Station in the US ?
WKY received its federal license in 1921 and has continually broadcast under the same call letters since 1922 .	1921	When was WKY granted a federal license ?
In 1928 , WKY was purchased by E.K. Gaylord 's Oklahoma Publishing Company and affiliated with the NBC Red Network ; in 1949 , WKY-TV -LRB- channel 4 -RRB- went on the air and later became the first independently owned television station in the U.S. to broadcast in color .	1928	When did E.K. Gaylord 's Oklahoma Publishing Compan buy WKY Radio ?
The Gaylord family earlier sold WKY-TV in 1976 , which has gone through a succession of owners -LRB- what is now KFOR-TV is currently owned by Tribune Broadcasting as of December 2013 -RRB- .	KFOR-TV	What is the current station called ?
The major U.S. broadcast television networks have affiliates in the Oklahoma City market -LRB- ranked 41st for television by Nielsen and 48th for radio by Arbitron , covering a 34-county area serving the central , northern-central and west-central sections Oklahoma -RRB- ; including NBC affiliate KFOR-TV -LRB- channel 4 -RRB- , ABC affiliate KOCO-TV -LRB- channel 5 -RRB- , CBS affiliate KWTV-DT -LRB- channel 9 , the flagship of locally based Griffin Communications -RRB- , PBS station KETA-TV -LRB- channel 13 , the flagship of the state-run OETA member network -RRB- , Fox affiliate KOKH-TV -LRB- channel 25 -RRB- , CW affiliate KOCB -LRB- channel 34 -RRB- , independent station KAUT-TV -LRB- channel 43 -RRB- , MyNetworkTV affiliate KSBI-TV -LRB- channel 52 -RRB- , and Ion Television owned-and-operated station KOPX-TV -LRB- channel 62 -RRB- .	41st	What rank is Oklahoma Cities television networks for Nielsen ?
Oklahoma City is protected by the Oklahoma City Fire Department -LRB- OKCFD -RRB- , which employs 1015 paid , professional firefighters .	1015	How many people are paid to be employed by the Oklahoma City Fire department ?
The current Chief of Department is G. Keith Bryant , the department is also commanded by three Deputy Chiefs , who -- along with the department chief -- oversee the Operational Services , Prevention Services , and Support Services bureaus .	G. Keith Bryant	Who is currently the Chief of the department ?
The OKCFD currently operates out of 37 fire stations , located throughout the city in six battalions .	37	How many firestations are there ?
The Oklahoma City Fire Department responds to over 70,000 emergency calls annually .	70,000	How many emergency calls are made yearly ?
Major state expressways through the city include Lake Hefner Parkway -LRB- SH-74 -RRB- , the Kilpatrick Turnpike , Airport Road -LRB- SH-152 -RRB- , and Broadway Extension -LRB- US-77 -RRB- which continues from I-235 connecting Central Oklahoma City to Edmond .	Lake Hefner Parkway	What is one Major expressway that travels through Oklahoma City ?
Shields Boulevard -LRB- US-77 -RRB- continues from E.K. Gaylord Boulevard in downtown Oklahoma City and runs south eventually connecting to I-35 near the suburb of Moore .	Shields Boulevard	What boulevard turns into E.K Gaylord Boulevard ?
Oklahoma City is served by two primary airports , Will Rogers World Airport and the much smaller Wiley Post Airport -LRB- incidentally , the two honorees died in the same plane crash in Alaska -RRB- Will Rogers World Airport is the state 's busiest commercial airport , with over 3.6 million passengers annually .	Will Rogers World Airport	Which airport is the busiest ?
Oklahoma City is served by two primary airports , Will Rogers World Airport and the much smaller Wiley Post Airport -LRB- incidentally , the two honorees died in the same plane crash in Alaska -RRB- Will Rogers World Airport is the state 's busiest commercial airport , with over 3.6 million passengers annually .	3.6 million	How many people travel through Will Rogers World Airport each year ?
Tinker Air Force Base , in southeast Oklahoma City , is the largest military air depot in the nation ; a major maintenance and deployment facility for the Navy and the Air Force , and the second largest military institution in the state -LRB- after Fort Sill in Lawton -RRB- .	Tinker Air Force Base	What is the name of the largest military base in the nation ?
METRO Transit is the city 's public transit company .	METRO Transit	What is Oklahoma Cities transit company ?
The city has recognized that transit as a major issue for the rapidly growing and urbanizing city and has initiated several studies in recent times to improve upon the existing bus system starting with a plan known as the Fixed Guideway Study .	Fixed Guideway Study	What is the name of the plan that is being made to enhance the bus system ?
On December 2009 , Oklahoma City voters passed MAPS 3 , the $ 777 million -LRB- 7-year 1-cent tax -RRB- initiative , which will include funding -LRB- appx $ 130M -RRB- for an estimated 5-to-6-mile -LRB- 8.0 to 9.7 km -RRB- modern streetcar in downtown Oklahoma City and the establishment of a transit hub .	December 2009	When was MAPS 3 passed ?
On December 2009 , Oklahoma City voters passed MAPS 3 , the $ 777 million -LRB- 7-year 1-cent tax -RRB- initiative , which will include funding -LRB- appx $ 130M -RRB- for an estimated 5-to-6-mile -LRB- 8.0 to 9.7 km -RRB- modern streetcar in downtown Oklahoma City and the establishment of a transit hub .	$777 million	How much will MAPS 3 cost ?
It is believed the streetcar would begin construction in 2014 and be in operation around 2017 .	2017	What year should the streetcar become operable ?
In Oklahoma City 's MidTown district near downtown resides the state 's oldest and largest single site hospital , St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center .	St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center	What is the states oldest and largest Hospital ?
OU Medicine operates Oklahoma 's only level-one trauma center at the OU Medical Center and the state 's only level-one trauma center for children at Children 's Hospital at OU Medicine , both of which are located in the Oklahoma Health Center district .	Oklahoma Health Center district	Where is the Children 's hospital located ?
INTEGRIS Health owns several hospitals , including INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center , the INTEGRIS Cancer Institute of Oklahoma , and the INTEGRIS Southwest Medical Center .	INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center	Name a hospital owned by INTEGRIS Health ?
INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center was named in U.S. News & World Report 's 2012 list of Best Hospitals .	2012	When was INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center part of U.S News and World Reports best Hospitals list ?
The Midwest Regional Medical Center located in the suburb of Midwest City ; other major hospitals in the city include the Oklahoma Heart Hospital and the Mercy Health Center .	Midwest City	Where is the Midwest Regional Medical Center ?
There are 347 physicians for every 100,000 people in the city .	347	How many doctors are there per 100,000 people ?
In the American College of Sports Medicine 's annual ranking of the United States ' 50 most populous metropolitan areas on the basis of community health , Oklahoma City took last place in 2010 , falling five places from its 2009 rank of 45 .	last place	What ranking was Oklahoma City in for the American College of Sports Medicine in 2010 ?
A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging -LRB- collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals -RRB- , in contrast to agricultural societies , which rely mainly on domesticated species .	hunter-gatherer	What kind of human lives by collecting wild flora and fauna ?
A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging -LRB- collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals -RRB- , in contrast to agricultural societies , which rely mainly on domesticated species .	agricultural	What type of society relies on domestication for producing food ?
A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging -LRB- collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals -RRB- , in contrast to agricultural societies , which rely mainly on domesticated species .	domesticated species	What type of plants and animals do agricultural groups harvest ?
Hunting and gathering was humanity 's first and most successful adaptation , occupying at least 90 percent of human history .	Hunting and gathering	What has been humans ' best adaptation in food production ?
Hunting and gathering was humanity 's first and most successful adaptation , occupying at least 90 percent of human history .	Hunting and gathering	What was the first way humans used to find food ?
Following the invention of agriculture , hunter-gatherers have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world .	invention of agriculture	What stopped the widespread use of hunting and gathering ?
Following the invention of agriculture , hunter-gatherers have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world .	farming or pastoralist groups	What are the basic types of agricultural groups ?
Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers , and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals .	Only a few	How many groups of modern hunter-gatherers are there ?
Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers , and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals .	horticulture and/or keeping animals	What do modern hunter-gatherers use to produce food in addition to gathering ?
Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers , and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals .	hunter-gatherers	Who uses agriculture and animal domestication to supplement their food ?
Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers , and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals .	keeping animals	Besides agriculture , how do gatherers add to their food supply ?
Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers , and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals .	horticulture	In addition to domesticated animals , how do gatherers supplement their food ?
In the 1950s , Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging , not hunting .	scavenging	How did early humans locate meat without hunting ?
Rather than killing large animals for meat , according to this view , they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes .	natural causes	In addition to finding already dead animals , what other cause of death were their animal finds ?
Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover .	sparsely wooded areas	Where did hunter-gatherer peoples live ?
Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover .	dense forest	What type of area did early humans avoid ?
According to the endurance running hypothesis , long-distance running as in persistence hunting , a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times , was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics .	persistence hunting	What is long-distance running as a food hunting-gathering technique ?
According to the endurance running hypothesis , long-distance running as in persistence hunting , a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times , was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics .	endurance running hypothesis	What theory says that long-distance running drove the evolution of some human traits ?
According to the endurance running hypothesis , long-distance running as in persistence hunting , a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times , was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics .	some hunter-gatherer groups	Who still practices persistence hunting ?
This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis : both subsistence strategies could have been in use -- sequentially , alternating or even simultaneously .	scavenging hypothesis	Besides the endurance running hypothesis , what other theory of food collection is there ?
This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis : both subsistence strategies could have been in use -- sequentially , alternating or even simultaneously .	both subsistence strategies	What food gathering techniques could have been used by early man at the same time ?
Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago , by Homo erectus , and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens .	1.8 million years ago	When did human populations begin using hunting-gathering ?
Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago , by Homo erectus , and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens .	Homo erectus	What phase of human used subsistence strategies to find food ?
Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago , by Homo erectus , and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens .	0.2 million years ago	When did Homo sapiens begin using subsistence gathering ?
It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago , and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the Neolithic Revolution .	10,000 years ago	When did hunting-gathering begin to fade from use ?
It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago , and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the Neolithic Revolution .	Neolithic Revolution	What began replacing hunting-gathering at the end of the Mesolithic period ?
Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period , some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago , some hunter-gatherers bands began to specialize , concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of -LRB- often larger -RRB- game and gathering a smaller selection of food .	Middle to Upper Paleolithic	During what period did hunter-gatherers begin to focus food collection on a more limited range ?
Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period , some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago , some hunter-gatherers bands began to specialize , concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of -LRB- often larger -RRB- game and gathering a smaller selection of food .	80,000 to 70,000 years ago	How many years ago did hunting-gatherers start specializing in their collection practices ?
Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period , some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago , some hunter-gatherers bands began to specialize , concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of -LRB- often larger -RRB- game and gathering a smaller selection of food .	a smaller selection	What was the change in gathering ?
Agriculture originated and spread in several different areas including the Middle East , Asia , Mesoamerica , and the Andes beginning as early as 12,000 years ago .	12,000 years ago	When did the use of agriculture begin it 's spread ?
Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions .	jungle-clad river banks	In what kind of area did forest gardening start ?
Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions .	foothills of monsoon regions	In what other types of areas did forest gardening show up ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment , useful tree and vine species were identified , protected and improved , whilst undesirable species were eliminated .	tree and vine species	What kind of plant did these early gardeners seek out ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment , useful tree and vine species were identified , protected and improved , whilst undesirable species were eliminated .	identified, protected and improved	What use did forest gardeners put to tree and vines to ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment , useful tree and vine species were identified , protected and improved , whilst undesirable species were eliminated .	eliminated	What did these gardeners do about unwanted species ?
Many of them reside in the developing world , either in arid regions or tropical forests .	in the developing world	Where do many modern day hunter-gatherers live ?
Many of them reside in the developing world , either in arid regions or tropical forests .	arid regions or tropical forests	In what type of climate do hunter-gatherers live ?
Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were -- and continue to be -- encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists .	settlements of agriculturalists	What kind of human life-style is pushing hunter-gatherers out of their environment ?
In addition , Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods , particularly animal resources .	availability of wild foods	What has Jared Diamond blamed the decline of gatherers on ?
In North and South America , for example , most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene -- according to Diamond , because of overexploitation by humans , although the overkill hypothesis he advocates is strongly contested .	large mammal species	What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era ?
As the number and size of agricultural societies increased , they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers .	agricultural societies	Who expanded into the territory of hunter-gathers ?
This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers , such as the Fertile Crescent , Ancient India , Ancient China , Olmec , Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico .	first forms of government	What did the increase in agricultural areas produce ?
This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers , such as the Fertile Crescent , Ancient India , Ancient China , Olmec , Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico .	agricultural centers	What were the Fertile Crescent and Ancient India ?
This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers , such as the Fertile Crescent , Ancient India , Ancient China , Olmec , Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico .	agriculture-driven	What type of expansion was it in places like the Fertile Crescent ?
As the number and size of agricultural societies increased , they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers .	agricultural societies increased	Why did agricultural societies push into hunter-gatherer areas ?
As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture , the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use .	unsuitable for agricultural use	What type of areas do modern hunter-gathers live in ?
As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture , the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use .	few	How many modern hunter-gatherer cultures are there ?
As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture , the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use .	agriculture	What do people basically rely on now ?
As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture , the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use .	hunter-gatherer cultures	Who lives in areas not usable for agriculture ?
As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture , the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use .	reliance upon agriculture	What kind of food production is worldwide now ?
Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements .	nomadic or semi-nomadic	What is the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers ?
Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements .	temporary	What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements ?
Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials , or they may use natural rock shelters , where they are available .	impermanent	What kind of building materials do they use ?
Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials , or they may use natural rock shelters , where they are available .	rock shelters	What kind of natural structure do hunter-gatherers use ?
Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials , or they may use natural rock shelters , where they are available .	Mobile communities	What is the movement ability of hunter-gathers ?
Some hunter-gatherer cultures , such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast , lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary .	rich environments	What kind of area allowed a more permanent settlement ?
Some hunter-gatherer cultures , such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast , lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary .	hunter-gatherer	What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest ?
Some hunter-gatherer cultures , such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast , lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary .	sedentary or semi-sedentary	What does a lush environment allow hunter-gatherers to be ?
Some hunter-gatherer cultures , such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast , lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary .	rich environments	What kind of environment is the Pacific Northwest ?
Some hunter-gatherer cultures , such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast , lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary .	hunter-gatherer cultures	What are the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest ?
Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos , although settled hunter-gatherers -LRB- for example , those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America -RRB- are an exception to this rule .	egalitarian	What is the social style of hunter-gather societies ?
Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos , although settled hunter-gatherers -LRB- for example , those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America -RRB- are an exception to this rule .	Northwest Coast of North America	Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live ?
Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian , with women roughly as influential and powerful as men .	African	what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian ?
The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total , but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context .	in an evolutionary context	How is it interesting to view hunter-gatherers ' egalitarianism ?
One of humanity 's two closest primate relatives , chimpanzees , are anything but egalitarian , forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male .	anything but egalitarian	What do chimpanzees act like as pertains to being egalitarianism ?
One of humanity 's two closest primate relatives , chimpanzees , are anything but egalitarian , forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male .	into hierarchies	How do chimpanzees arrange themselves in a group setting ?
One of humanity 's two closest primate relatives , chimpanzees , are anything but egalitarian , forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male .	alpha male	What is the dominate one in a chimpanzee group ?
Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers do n't have permanent leaders ; instead , the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed .	permanent leaders	What permanent group representative do hunter-gatherers not have ?
Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers do n't have permanent leaders ; instead , the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed .	task being performed	Initiative within the group depends upon what factor ?
Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal , at least initially .	matrilocal	What group arrangement is usual in family authority ?
The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible , although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal .	matrilineal	What is the kinship and decent system among hunter-gatherers ?
It is easy for Western-educated scholars to fall into the trap of viewing hunter-gatherer social and sexual arrangements in the light of Western values .	Western values	What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies ?
-LSB- editorializing -RSB- One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour , with women doing most of the gathering , while men concentrate on big game hunting .	women	Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society ?
It might be imagined that this arrangement oppresses women , keeping them in the domestic sphere .	arrangement oppresses women	What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ?
Since childcare is collective , with every baby having multiple mothers and male carers , the domestic sphere is not atomised or privatised but an empowering place to be .	childcare is collective	How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society ?
To this day , most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour .	sexual division	How is labor often divided in these groups ?
According to one study , `` About 85 % of Philippine Aeta women hunt , and they hunt the same quarry as men .	85%	What percentage of Aeta women hunt ?
Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs , and have a 31 % success rate as opposed to 17 % for men .	31%	What is the success rate of Aeta female hunters ?
Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs , and have a 31 % success rate as opposed to 17 % for men .	17%	What is the success rate for male Aeta hunters ?
At the 1966 `` Man the Hunter '' conference , anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population .	Man the Hunter	At what conference did Richard Borshay speak ?
At the 1966 `` Man the Hunter '' conference , anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population .	1966	When was the Man the Hunter conference ?
At the 1966 `` Man the Hunter '' conference , anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population .	mobility	Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups ?
At the 1966 `` Man the Hunter '' conference , anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population .	egalitarianism	What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society ?
Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition .	territorial boundaries	What other characteristic is variable for these groups ?
At the same conference , Marshall Sahlins presented a paper entitled , `` Notes on the Original Affluent Society '' , in which he challenged the popular view of hunter-gatherers lives as `` solitary , poor , nasty , brutish and short , '' as Thomas Hobbes had put it in 1651 .	Marshall Sahlins	Who called hunter-gathers the original affluent society ?
Later , in 1996 , Ross Sackett performed two distinct meta-analyses to empirically test Sahlin 's view .	1996	When did Ross Sackett study time and energy for hunter-gartherer groups ?
Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work , on average , about 6.5 hours a day , where as people in agricultural and industrial societies work on average 8.8 hours a day .	8.8 hours a day	How long a day do people in other societies work ?
Mutual exchange and sharing of resources -LRB- i.e. , meat gained from hunting -RRB- are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies .	sharing	What other characteristic of group behavior is needed in a hunter-gatherer society ?
Therefore , these societies can be described as based on a `` gift economy . ''	gift economy	What is the basis of a hunting an gathering economy ?
Collard et al. -LRB- 2005 -RRB- found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits .	temperature	What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices ?
Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability , depending on climate zone/life zone , available technology and societal structure .	variability	What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies ?
Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability , depending on climate zone/life zone , available technology and societal structure .	significant	What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment ?
Using temperature as a proxy for risk , Collard et al. 's results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools .	increased variability of tools	What does temperature impact on tool kits ?
These results support Torrence 's -LRB- 1989 -RRB- theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits .	risk of failure	What is Torrence 's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ?
James Woodburn uses the categories `` immediate return '' hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and `` delayed return '' for nonegalitarian .	egalitarian	What does the immediate return system mean ?
James Woodburn uses the categories `` immediate return '' hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and `` delayed return '' for nonegalitarian .	nonegalitarian	To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong ?
James Woodburn uses the categories `` immediate return '' hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and `` delayed return '' for nonegalitarian .	immediate return	Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two ?
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic , but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies ; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent `` pristine '' conditions found in uncontacted peoples .	contact with modern civilization	How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones ?
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic , but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies ; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent `` pristine '' conditions found in uncontacted peoples .	pristine	What type of conditions are not present in modern societies ?
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic , but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies ; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent `` pristine '' conditions found in uncontacted peoples .	in uncontacted peoples	Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions ?
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic , but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies ; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent `` pristine '' conditions found in uncontacted peoples .	Paleolithic societies	What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect ?
It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy , which may still be exploited , if necessary , when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists .	adaptive strategy	What is hunting and gathering argued to be ?
It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy , which may still be exploited , if necessary , when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists .	environmental change	What situation can cause food stresses that make hunting-gathering necessary ?
The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one way process .	transition	What change from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not easy to mark ?
In fact , it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies , especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years .	cultural diffusion	Besides the use of agriculture , what other factor clouds the issue of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture ?
In fact , it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies , especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years .	last 10,000 years	How long has this cultural diffusion been happening ?
In the early 1980s , a small but vocal segment of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter-gatherers do not , in most cases , have a continuous history of hunting and gathering , and that in many cases their ancestors were agriculturalists and/or pastoralists -LSB- citation needed -RSB- who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations , economic exploitation , and/or violent conflict -LRB- see , for example , the Kalahari Debate -RRB- .	agriculturalists	If they 're not purely hunter-gatherers , then what do they have a history of being ?
In the early 1980s , a small but vocal segment of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter-gatherers do not , in most cases , have a continuous history of hunting and gathering , and that in many cases their ancestors were agriculturalists and/or pastoralists -LSB- citation needed -RSB- who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations , economic exploitation , and/or violent conflict -LRB- see , for example , the Kalahari Debate -RRB- .	pushed into marginal areas	What caused these one-time agriculturalists to become foragers ??
In the early 1980s , a small but vocal segment of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter-gatherers do not , in most cases , have a continuous history of hunting and gathering , and that in many cases their ancestors were agriculturalists and/or pastoralists -LSB- citation needed -RSB- who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations , economic exploitation , and/or violent conflict -LRB- see , for example , the Kalahari Debate -RRB- .	migrations	What kind of upset could force agriculturalists into being foragers ?
In the early 1980s , a small but vocal segment of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter-gatherers do not , in most cases , have a continuous history of hunting and gathering , and that in many cases their ancestors were agriculturalists and/or pastoralists -LSB- citation needed -RSB- who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations , economic exploitation , and/or violent conflict -LRB- see , for example , the Kalahari Debate -RRB- .	violent conflict	Besides economic troubles , what else could push a people into foraging ?
Some of the theorists who advocate this `` revisionist '' critique imply that , because the `` pure hunter-gatherer '' disappeared not long after colonial -LRB- or even agricultural -RRB- contact began , nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones -LRB- Kelly , 24-29 ; see Wilmsen -RRB-	nothing meaningful	What can be learned from the study of modern hunter-gatherers ?
Some of the theorists who advocate this `` revisionist '' critique imply that , because the `` pure hunter-gatherer '' disappeared not long after colonial -LRB- or even agricultural -RRB- contact began , nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones -LRB- Kelly , 24-29 ; see Wilmsen -RRB-	theorists	Who thinks that it is useless to study modern foragers since the real ones are gone ?
Some of the theorists who advocate this `` revisionist '' critique imply that , because the `` pure hunter-gatherer '' disappeared not long after colonial -LRB- or even agricultural -RRB- contact began , nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones -LRB- Kelly , 24-29 ; see Wilmsen -RRB-	pure hunter-gatherer	What type of hunter-gatherer has disappeared ?
Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen .	Lee and Guenther	Who has rejected Wilmsen 's arguments ?
Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers -- especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism .	prehistoric hunter-gatherers	Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about ?
Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers -- especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism .	egalitarianism	What is it about prehistoric hunter-gatherers that impresses Shultziner ?
Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen .	Wilmsen	Who has offered arguments that Lee and Guenther disliked ?
Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones , some even going to the extent of slash-and-burn to create habitat for game animals .	the landscape	What do hunter-gathers intentionally manipulate ?
Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones , some even going to the extent of slash-and-burn to create habitat for game animals .	cutting or burning undesirable plants	How do they manage the landscape ?
Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones , some even going to the extent of slash-and-burn to create habitat for game animals .	slash-and-burn	What technique do they use to make animal habitats ?
These activities are on an entirely different scale to those associated with agriculture , but they are nevertheless domestication on some level .	agriculture	What is the manipulation of the landscape associated with ?
Today , almost all hunter-gatherers depend to some extent upon domesticated food sources either produced part-time or traded for products acquired in the wild .	domesticated food	What do modern hunter-gatherers depend on at least somewhat ?
Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather -LRB- e.g. , farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter -RRB- .	hunt and gather	What do some agriculturalists often do ?
Still others in developed countries go hunting , primarily for leisure .	go hunting	What do they sometimes do for entertainment ?
In the Brazilian rainforest , those groups that recently did , or even continue to , rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle , abandoning most agriculture , as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult .	to escape colonial control	Why would they leave agricultural lifestyle ?
In the Brazilian rainforest , those groups that recently did , or even continue to , rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle , abandoning most agriculture , as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult .	agriculture became difficult	Besides avoiding government controls , what other reason could they have ?
One such group is the Pila Nguru -LRB- Spinifex people -RRB- of Western Australia , whose habitat in the Great Victoria Desert has proved unsuitable for European agriculture -LRB- and even pastoralism -RRB- .	Pila Nguru	What is the name of the Spinifex people ?
One such group is the Pila Nguru -LRB- Spinifex people -RRB- of Western Australia , whose habitat in the Great Victoria Desert has proved unsuitable for European agriculture -LRB- and even pastoralism -RRB- .	Western Australia	Where do the Pila Nguru people live ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Another are the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean , who live on North Sentinel Island and to date have maintained their independent existence , repelling attempts to engage with and contact them .	Sentinelese	Who refuses contact with outsiders on Sentinel Island ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Another are the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean , who live on North Sentinel Island and to date have maintained their independent existence , repelling attempts to engage with and contact them .	Indian Ocean	Where are the Sentinelese and the Andaman Islands ?
Around 18,500-15 ,500 years ago , these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets .	ice-free corridors	These ancient hunter-gathers followed what path in pursuit of game ?
Around 18,500-15 ,500 years ago , these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets .	Laurentide and Cordilleran	Between what ice sheets were the corridors located ?
Another route proposed is that , either on foot or using primitive boats , they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America .	primitive boats	What other way could they have crossed on to this continent ?
Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas , primarily based in the Great Plains of the United States and Canada , with offshoots as far east as the Gaspé Peninsula on the Atlantic coast , and as far south as Chile , Monte Verde .	Great Plains	Where did the North American hunter-gathers mostly live ?
However , all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production , making knapping styles and progress identifiable .	stone tool production	What basic trait do all hunter-gatherers share ?
However , all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production , making knapping styles and progress identifiable .	common style	What is it about the tool styles that is remarkable ?
This early Paleo-Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas , utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family .	across the Americas	Where have early Paleo - Indian tools been found ?
This early Paleo-Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas , utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family .	25 to 50 members	How many members did the mobile tool-making hunters often have ?
The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna .	warmer more arid	What kind of climate occurred in the Americas ?
The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna .	megafauna	What disappeared during the Archaic period ?
This regional adaptations would become the norm , with reliance less on hunting and gathering , with a more mixed economy of small game , fish , seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods .	regional adaptations	What became the norm for the mobile bands ?
This regional adaptations would become the norm , with reliance less on hunting and gathering , with a more mixed economy of small game , fish , seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods .	hunting and gathering	What did they rely less and less on ?
The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers ; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally , thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like , the Southwest , Arctic , Poverty , Dalton and Plano traditions .	increasing regional generalization	What was there a pattern of in this period ?
The United Nations Population Fund -LRB- UNFPA -RRB- , formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities , is a UN organization .	United Nations Population Fund	What is the current name of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities ?
Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health ; including creation of national strategies and protocols , and providing supplies and services .	reproductive health	UNFPA 's work concerns what general area ?
The UNFPA says it `` is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted , every childbirth is safe and every young person 's potential is fulfilled . ''	wanted	One of UNFPA 's goals is to make all pregnancies what ?
The UNFPA says it `` is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted , every childbirth is safe and every young person 's potential is fulfilled . ''	safe	Another of UNFPA 's goals is to make all childbirths what ?
The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation .	female genital mutilation	What , in addition to its work against obstetric fistula , is UNFPA campaigning against ?
The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries , territories and areas spread across four geographic regions : Arab States and Europe , Asia and the Pacific , Latin America and the Caribbean , and sub-Saharan Africa .	four	In how many geographic regions does UNFPA operate ?
Around three quarters of the staff work in the field .	three quarters	About what fraction of UNFPA 's staff do field work ?
It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee .	United Nations Development Group	UNFPA is part of what larger U.N. group ?
The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries , territories and areas spread across four geographic regions : Arab States and Europe , Asia and the Pacific , Latin America and the Caribbean , and sub-Saharan Africa .	Europe	UNFPA groups what area in the same geographic region as the Arab States ?
UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities -LRB- the name was changed in 1987 -RRB- under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund .	1969	When did UNFPA begin its work ?
UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities -LRB- the name was changed in 1987 -RRB- under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund .	United Nations Fund for Population Activities	What was UNFPA 's original name ?
UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities -LRB- the name was changed in 1987 -RRB- under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund .	1987	When did the organization change its name ?
UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities -LRB- the name was changed in 1987 -RRB- under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund .	United Nations Development Fund	UNFPA was originally administered by what U.N. body ?
In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly .	1971	When was UNFPA moved to being under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly ?
In September 2015 , the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals , a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years .	2015	When did the U.N. vote to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals ?
In September 2015 , the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals , a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years .	193	How many countries adopted the Sustainable Development Goals ?
In September 2015 , the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals , a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years .	17	How many Sustainable Development Goals are there ?
In September 2015 , the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals , a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years .	15 years	The Sustainable Development Goals are intended to change the world over what time period ?
The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious , and they will require enormous efforts across countries , continents , industries and disciplines - but they are achievable .	ambitious	Are the Sustainable Development Goals considered ambitious or modest in scope ?
UNFPA is working with governments , partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health , Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest .	health	The third of the goals concerns what ?
UNFPA is working with governments , partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health , Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest .	education	What does the fourth goal focus on improving ?
UNFPA is working with governments , partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health , Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest .	gender equality	What is the topic of the fifth goal ?
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN 2011 -- present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin -LRB- Nigeria -RRB- 2000 -- 2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid -LRB- Saudi Arabia -RRB- 1987 -- 2000 Dr Nafis Sadik -LRB- Pakistan -RRB- 1969 -- 87 Mr Rafael M. Salas -LRB- Philippines -RRB-	Rafael M. Salas	Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987 ?
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN 2011 -- present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin -LRB- Nigeria -RRB- 2000 -- 2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid -LRB- Saudi Arabia -RRB- 1987 -- 2000 Dr Nafis Sadik -LRB- Pakistan -RRB- 1969 -- 87 Mr Rafael M. Salas -LRB- Philippines -RRB-	Nigeria	Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country ?
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN 2011 -- present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin -LRB- Nigeria -RRB- 2000 -- 2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid -LRB- Saudi Arabia -RRB- 1987 -- 2000 Dr Nafis Sadik -LRB- Pakistan -RRB- 1969 -- 87 Mr Rafael M. Salas -LRB- Philippines -RRB-	Thoraya Ahmed Obaid	Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010 ?
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN 2011 -- present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin -LRB- Nigeria -RRB- 2000 -- 2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid -LRB- Saudi Arabia -RRB- 1987 -- 2000 Dr Nafis Sadik -LRB- Pakistan -RRB- 1969 -- 87 Mr Rafael M. Salas -LRB- Philippines -RRB-	Dr Nafis Sadik	Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000 ?
UNFPA is the world 's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs .	population and reproductive health programs	UNFPA is the largest worldwide funder of what type of programs ?
The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community , supporting programs that help women , men and young people :	150	In how many countries does UNFPA operate ?
The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community , supporting programs that help women , men and young people :	non-governmental organizations	In addition to working directly with governments , with whom does UNFPA work ?
The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community , supporting programs that help women , men and young people :	the international community	What supports UNFPA 's work ?
The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community , supporting programs that help women , men and young people :	young people	The Fund 's programs support women , men , and who else ?
According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of `` reproductive health '' , that is physical , mental , and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system .	reproductive health	UNFPA lists elements that promote what human right ?
According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of `` reproductive health '' , that is physical , mental , and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system .	the reproductive system	These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else ?
According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of `` reproductive health '' , that is physical , mental , and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system .	social health	What is the third element ?
The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries , advocates close attention to population concerns , and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development .	developing countries	Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support ?
The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries , advocates close attention to population concerns , and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development .	population concerns	To what does The Fund advocate that close attention be paid ?
The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries , advocates close attention to population concerns , and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development .	policies and strategies	What two things does The Fund help developing nations formulate to support sustainable development ?
Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011 .	Dr. Osotimehin	Who took up leadership of The Fund in January 2011 ?
The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron .	Goodwill Ambassadors	The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else ?
UNFPA works in partnership with governments , along with other United Nations agencies , communities , NGOs , foundations and the private sector , to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people .	women and young people	UNFPA 's mission is to promote the rights and health of whom ?
UNFPA works in partnership with governments , along with other United Nations agencies , communities , NGOs , foundations and the private sector , to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people .	governments	With whom does UNFPA work in partnership ?
UNFPA works in partnership with governments , along with other United Nations agencies , communities , NGOs , foundations and the private sector , to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people .	United Nations agencies	With what sort of agencies does UNFPA work ?
UNFPA works in partnership with governments , along with other United Nations agencies , communities , NGOs , foundations and the private sector , to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people .	raise awareness	In addition to mobilizing support and resources , what does UNFPA do with its partners ?
UNFPA works in partnership with governments , along with other United Nations agencies , communities , NGOs , foundations and the private sector , to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people .	communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector	Who does UNFPA work with in addition to government and U.N. agencies ?
UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations .	forced-abortions	UNFPA has been accused of supporting what type of abortion ?
UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations .	sterilizations	UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what ?
UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations .	anti-family planning groups	What groups have made these accusations against UNFPA ?
Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administrations , that of Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush , withholding funding from the UNFPA .	three	Controversy regarding these accusations has caused conflict with how many presidential administrations ?
Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $ 1 billion .	governments and the private sector	Who contributes to UNFPA ?
Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $ 1 billion .	$1 billion	Contributions exceeded how much in 2014 ?
The amount includes $ 477 million to the organization 's core resources and $ 529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives .	$529 million	How much of its funding was earmarked ?
The amount includes $ 477 million to the organization 's core resources and $ 529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives .	$477 million	What was the amount of funding for UNFPA 's core resources ?
UNFPA provided aid to Peru 's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '90s .	the mid-to-late '90s	During what period did UNFPA aid Peru 's reproductive health program ?
When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations , UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance .	sterilizations	Peru was found to have been coercing what ?
When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations , UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance .	reforms and protocols	UNFPA responded to Peruvian abuses by calling for what ?
When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations , UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance .	women seeking assistance	UNFPA 's goal in Peru was to protect whose rights ?
UNFPA was not involved in the scandal , but continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices .	laws and practices	After the scandal became public , what did UNFPA work to reform in Peru ?
From 2002 through 2008 , the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress , partly on the refuted claims that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations .	the Bush Administration	Which 21st century administration denied funding to UNFPA ?
From 2002 through 2008 , the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress , partly on the refuted claims that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations .	From 2002 through 2008	During what period did the administration deny funding ?
From 2002 through 2008 , the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress , partly on the refuted claims that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations .	the US Congress	Who allocates UNFPA funding in the U.S. ?
From 2002 through 2008 , the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress , partly on the refuted claims that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations .	forced abortions and coercive sterilizations	What in the Chinese program caused trouble for UNFPA ?
In a letter from the Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns to Congress , the administration said it had determined that UNFPA 's support for China 's population program `` facilitates -LRB- its -RRB- government 's coercive abortion program '' , thus violating the Kemp-Kasten Amendment , which bans the use of United States aid to finance organizations that support or take part in managing a program of coercive abortion of sterilization .	the Kemp-Kasten Amendment	What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding violated ?
UNFPA 's connection to China 's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US , UK , and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China .	China	Which country was administering forced abortions ?
It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found `` no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China , '' as has been charged by critics .	the State Department	Which U.S. department investigated the allegations ?
However , according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell , the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies .	population control policies	What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out ?
However , according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell , the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies .	Colin Powell	Who was the official that accused UNFPA ?
However , according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell , the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies .	vehicles and computers	What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program ?
However , both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line , signing a brief written by someone else .	the Washington Post and the Washington Times	What papers reported on this incident ?
Rep. Christopher H. Smith -LRB- R-NJ -RRB- , criticized the State Department investigation , saying the investigators were shown `` Potemkin Villages '' where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program .	Christopher H. Smith	Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation ?
Rep. Christopher H. Smith -LRB- R-NJ -RRB- , criticized the State Department investigation , saying the investigators were shown `` Potemkin Villages '' where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program .	Potemkin Villages	The representative said that inspectors had been show what sort of villages ?
Dr. Nafis Sadik , former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China 's coercive population control methods , but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese , casting doubt upon Sadik 's statements .	Dr. Nafis Sadik	Which former director defended UNFPA ?
Dr. Nafis Sadik , former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China 's coercive population control methods , but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese , casting doubt upon Sadik 's statements .	Amnesty International	Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2005 ?
Dr. Nafis Sadik , former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China 's coercive population control methods , but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese , casting doubt upon Sadik 's statements .	coercive techniques	What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were still being employed by China ?
But Amnesty International found no evidence that UNFPA had supported the coercion .	Amnesty International	What organization found no evidence that UNFPA had supported Chinese coercion ?
A 2001 study conducted by the pro-life Population Research Institute -LRB- PRI -RRB- falsely claimed that the UNFPA shared an office with the Chinese family planning officials who were carrying out forced abortions .	Population Research Institute	In 2001 , what organization accused UNFPA of sharing office space with Chinese family planning officials ?
However , United Nations Members disagreed and approved UNFPA 's new country program me in January 2006 .	United Nations Members	In January 2006 , who approved UNFPA 's new country programme ?
The more than 130 members of the `` Group of 77 '' developing countries in the United Nations expressed support for the UNFPA programmes .	130	How many members does the `` Group of 77 '' have ?
In addition , speaking for European democracies -- Norway , Denmark , Sweden , Finland , the Netherlands , France , Belgium , Switzerland and Germany -- the United Kingdom stated , '' UNFPA 's activities in China , as in the rest of the world , are in strict conformity with the unanimously adopted Programme of Action of the ICPD , and play a key role in supporting our common endeavor , the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms . ''	the United Kingdom	Who , speaking for the European democracies , also defended UNFPA ?
President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA .	President	Which government official blocked funding to the UNFPA ?
President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA .	Bush	What was the name of the official who blocked UNFPA funding ?
Over the course of the Bush Administration , a total of $ 244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch .	$244 million	How much funding was blocked ?
Over the course of the Bush Administration , a total of $ 244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch .	the Executive Branch	Which branch of government denied the UNFPA funding ?
Over the course of the Bush Administration , a total of $ 244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch .	Congressionally	How had the UNFPA funding been initially approved ?
According to its Annual Report for 2008 , the UNFPA received its funding mainly from European Governments : Of the total income of M845 .3 M , $ 118 was donated by the Netherlands , $ 67 M by Sweden , $ 62 M by Norway , $ 54 M by Denmark , $ 53 M by the UK , $ 52 M by Spain , $ 19 M by Luxembourg .	the Netherlands	Which European government contributed the most to the UNFPA in 2008 ?
According to its Annual Report for 2008 , the UNFPA received its funding mainly from European Governments : Of the total income of M845 .3 M , $ 118 was donated by the Netherlands , $ 67 M by Sweden , $ 62 M by Norway , $ 54 M by Denmark , $ 53 M by the UK , $ 52 M by Spain , $ 19 M by Luxembourg .	Luxembourg	Which European government contributed the least to the UNFPA in 2008 ?
The most important non-European donor State was Japan -LRB- $ 36 M -RRB- .	Japan	Which non-European donor was most important to the UNFPA in 2008 ?
The number of donors exceeded 180 in one year .	180	In 2008 , over how many countries contributed to the UNFPA ?
In America , nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA -LRB- formerly Americans for UNFPA -RRB- worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations .	America	What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA ?
In America , nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA -LRB- formerly Americans for UNFPA -RRB- worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations .	nonprofit	What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA ?
In America , nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA -LRB- formerly Americans for UNFPA -RRB- worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations .	Americans for UNFPA	What was Friends of UNFPA 's previous name ?
In America , nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA -LRB- formerly Americans for UNFPA -RRB- worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations .	federal funding	What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace ?
In America , nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA -LRB- formerly Americans for UNFPA -RRB- worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations .	private donations	Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money ?
In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA , saying in a public statement that he would `` look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund .	Barack Obama	Which president began funding UNFPA again ?
In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA , saying in a public statement that he would `` look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund .	2009	In what year did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume ?
In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA , saying in a public statement that he would `` look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund .	January	In what month did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume ?
By resuming funding to UNFPA , the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty , improve the health of women and children , prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries . ''	180	The president said the U.S. would be joining how many donor nations ?
By resuming funding to UNFPA , the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty , improve the health of women and children , prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries . ''	154	The president said funding the U.N. Population Fund would help in how many countries ?
To the west it bordered Finland , Norway and Poland ; and to the south , China , Mongolia and North Korea whilst bordering the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Black sea and Caspian Sea to the south .	the Pacific Ocean	Which ocean is along eastern Russia ?
Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika listen -LRB- help · info -RRB- -RRB- commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia , was a sovereign state in 1917 -- 22 , the largest , most populous , and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 -- 91 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990 -- 91 .	the Soviet Union	Which union did Russia belong to after 1922 ?
The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics , five autonomous oblasts , ten autonomous okrugs , six krais , and forty oblasts .	sixteen	How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR ?
The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics , five autonomous oblasts , ten autonomous okrugs , six krais , and forty oblasts .	forty	The RSFSR contains how many oblasts ?
The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics , five autonomous oblasts , ten autonomous okrugs , six krais , and forty oblasts .	five	How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR ?
The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics , five autonomous oblasts , ten autonomous okrugs , six krais , and forty oblasts .	six	How many krais were present in the RSFSR ?
Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin , the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November -LSB- O.S. 25 October -RSB- 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown during the October Revolution .	the Bolsheviks	Which group originally created the Soviet state ?
Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin , the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November -LSB- O.S. 25 October -RSB- 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown during the October Revolution .	Vladimir Lenin	Who led the group which created the Soviet state ?
Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin , the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November -LSB- O.S. 25 October -RSB- 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown during the October Revolution .	the Russian Provisional Government	Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution ?
Initially , the state did not have an official name and was n't recognized by neighboring countries for five months .	five months	How long did the new Russian Soviet state go unrecognized by other countries ?
Meanwhile , anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label `` Sovdepia '' for the nascent state of the `` Soviets of Workers ' and Peasants ' Deputies '' .	Sovdepia	What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state ?
Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin , the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November -LSB- O.S. 25 October -RSB- 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown during the October Revolution .	Vladimir Lenin	Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917 ?
Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin , the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November -LSB- O.S. 25 October -RSB- 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown during the October Revolution .	Russian Provisional Government	What body was overthrown by the October Revolution ?
Initially , the state did not have an official name and was n't recognized by neighboring countries for five months .	five months	For how long did the Soviet Union go unrecognized ?
Meanwhile , anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label `` Sovdepia '' for the nascent state of the `` Soviets of Workers ' and Peasants ' Deputies '' .	Sovdepia	What derisive label was given to the USSR by the enemies of the Bolsheviks ?
On December 30 , 1922 , with the creation of the Soviet Union , Russia became one of six republics within the federation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .	December 30, 1922	When was the Soviet Union created ?
On December 30 , 1922 , with the creation of the Soviet Union , Russia became one of six republics within the federation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .	six	How many republics were in the USSR ?
The final Soviet name for the republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936 .	the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic	What name for Russia was listed in the Soviet Constitution ?
The final Soviet name for the republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936 .	1936	When did the Soviet Union include the final Russian name for its republic in the Constitution ?
By that time , Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700 .	the Great Northern War	In which war was Russia involved in 1700 ?
On December 30 , 1922 , with the creation of the Soviet Union , Russia became one of six republics within the federation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .	December 30, 1922	On what date was the Soviet Union created ?
On December 30 , 1922 , with the creation of the Soviet Union , Russia became one of six republics within the federation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .	six	How many republics made up the USSR by the end of 1922 ?
The final Soviet name for the republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936 .	1936	In what year was the name Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic adopted ?
The final Soviet name for the republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936 .	Soviet Constitution of 1936	What document renamed the country the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ?
By that time , Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700 .	1700	In what year was the Great Northern War fought ?
On December 25 , 1991 , following the collapse of the Soviet Union , the republic was renamed the Russian Federation , which it remains to this day .	December 25, 1991	When did the Soviet Union break up ?
On December 25 , 1991 , following the collapse of the Soviet Union , the republic was renamed the Russian Federation , which it remains to this day .	the Russian Federation	Which name did Russia take after the fall of the Soviet Union ?
On December 25 , 1991 , following the collapse of the Soviet Union , the republic was renamed the Russian Federation , which it remains to this day .	the Russian Federation	What is the current official name of Russia ?
This name and `` Russia '' were specified as the official state names in the April 21 , 1992 amendment to the existing constitution and were retained as such in the 1993 Constitution of Russia .	April 21, 1992	When was the current name for Russia added to the Russian constitution ?
On December 25 , 1991 , following the collapse of the Soviet Union , the republic was renamed the Russian Federation , which it remains to this day .	December 25, 1991	When was Russia renamed the Russian Federation ?
On December 25 , 1991 , following the collapse of the Soviet Union , the republic was renamed the Russian Federation , which it remains to this day .	the collapse of the Soviet Union	What event led to Russia being renamed the Russian Federation ?
This name and `` Russia '' were specified as the official state names in the April 21 , 1992 amendment to the existing constitution and were retained as such in the 1993 Constitution of Russia .	April 21, 1992	When was Russia made an official state name of the Russian Federation ?
This name and `` Russia '' were specified as the official state names in the April 21 , 1992 amendment to the existing constitution and were retained as such in the 1993 Constitution of Russia .	1993 Constitution of Russia	What 1993 document confirmed Russia as an official state name of the Russian Federation ?
The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west ; Norway and Finland on the northwest ; and to its southeast were the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , Mongolian People 's Republic , and the People 's Republic of China .	Poland	Which country did the RSFSR border on the west ?
The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west ; Norway and Finland on the northwest ; and to its southeast were the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , Mongolian People 's Republic , and the People 's Republic of China .	Norway and Finland	Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest ?
The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west ; Norway and Finland on the northwest ; and to its southeast were the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , Mongolian People 's Republic , and the People 's Republic of China .	Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China	Which countries did the RSFSR border on the southeast ?
Within the Soviet Union , the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian , Belarusian , Estonian , Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan , Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south .	Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs	Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the south ?
Within the Soviet Union , the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian , Belarusian , Estonian , Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan , Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south .	the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs	Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the west ?
The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west ; Norway and Finland on the northwest ; and to its southeast were the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , Mongolian People 's Republic , and the People 's Republic of China .	Poland	What country borders Russia on the west ?
The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west ; Norway and Finland on the northwest ; and to its southeast were the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , Mongolian People 's Republic , and the People 's Republic of China .	Finland	Along with Norway , what country borders the RSFSR on the northwest ?
Within the Soviet Union , the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian , Belarusian , Estonian , Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan , Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south .	Georgian	In the USSR , what SSR did the RSFSR border along with the Kazakh SSR ?
The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west ; Norway and Finland on the northwest ; and to its southeast were the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , Mongolian People 's Republic , and the People 's Republic of China .	Democratic People's Republic of Korea	Along with the Mongolian People 's Republic and the People 's Republic of China , what country did the RSFSR border to its southeast ?
The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7 , 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown in the October Revolution .	November 7, 1917	When did the Soviet regime first become powerful ?
The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7 , 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown in the October Revolution .	the Russian Provisional Government	Which government was in power before the Soviet regime ?
The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7 , 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown in the October Revolution .	the October Revolution	Which revolution led to the Soviet regime 's rise to power ?
The state it governed , which did not have an official name , would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months .	five months	How long was the state of the Soviet regime unrecognized by other countries ?
The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7 , 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown in the October Revolution .	the Russian Republic	What was the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled ?
The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7 , 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown in the October Revolution .	November 7, 1917	When did the Soviet government assume power ?
The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7 , 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown in the October Revolution .	the October Revolution	What event led to the assumption of power by the Soviet government ?
The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7 , 1917 , immediately after the Russian Provisional Government , which governed the Russian Republic , was overthrown in the October Revolution .	the Russian Provisional Government	What body governed Russia prior to the Soviet government ?
The state it governed , which did not have an official name , would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months .	five	In months , for how long was the new Soviet state unrecognized ?
On January 25 , 1918 , at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets , the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic .	the Soviet Russian Republic	Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918 ?
On March 3 , 1918 , the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed , giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany , in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10 , 1918 , the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic .	Germany	To which country did Russia give land during World War I ?
On March 3 , 1918 , the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed , giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany , in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10 , 1918 , the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic .	the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War I ?
By 1918 , during the Russian Civil War , several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded , reducing the size of the country even more .	the Russian Civil War	What war resulted in Russia shrinking further during 1918 ?
On January 25 , 1918 , at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets , the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic .	third	What numbered meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets occurred on January 25 , 1918 ?
On January 25 , 1918 , at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets , the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic .	the Soviet Russian Republic	On January 25 , 1918 , what was the official name given to the Soviet state ?
On March 3 , 1918 , the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed , giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany , in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10 , 1918 , the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic .	July 10, 1918	On what date was the country renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic ?
By 1918 , during the Russian Civil War , several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded , reducing the size of the country even more .	the Russian Civil War	During what 1918 conflict did states secede from Russia ?
In 1943 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin , when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR .	Karachay Autonomous Oblast	Which oblast was broken up in 1943 ?
In 1943 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin , when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR .	Central Asia	Where were the Karachays sent after their oblast was broken up ?
In 1943 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin , when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR .	the Georgian SSR	Which SSR received the land of the Karachays ' oblast ?
In 1943 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin , when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR .	Joseph Stalin	Who broke up the Karachays ' oblast ?
In 1943 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin , when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR .	Joseph Stalin	Who eliminated the Karachay Autonomous Oblast ?
In 1943 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin , when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR .	1943	When was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast ended ?
In 1943 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin , when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR .	Central Asia	To where were the Karachays exiled ?
In 1943 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin , when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR .	alleged collaboration with the Germans	Why were the Karachays exiled ?
In 1943 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin , when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR .	Georgian SSR	What republic was the territory of the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred to ?
The RSFSR was established on November 7 , 1917 -LRB- October Revolution -RRB- as a sovereign state .	November 7, 1917	On what date was the RSFSR established ?
The RSFSR was established on November 7 , 1917 -LRB- October Revolution -RRB- as a sovereign state .	October Revolution	What event led to the establishment of the RSFSR ?
The first Constitution was adopted in 1918 .	1918	In what year was the Constitution adopted ?
In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR .	1922	The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed in what year ?
The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized , accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR .	two-thirds	How much of the USSR 's electricity was produced in the RSFSR ?
It was , by 1961 , the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia , trailing only the United States and Saudi Arabia .	the United States and Saudi Arabia	What two countries produced more petroleum than Russia in 1961 ?
In 1974 , there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students .	23,941,000	How many students were in institutions of higher education in Russia in 1974 ?
In 1974 , there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students .	475	How many institutions of higher education did Russia possess in 1974 ?
In 1974 , there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students .	47	In how many languages were students in institutions of higher education being educated in 1974 ?
On June 12 , 1990 , the Congress of People 's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty .	June 12, 1990	On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty adopted ?
On June 12 , 1991 , Boris Yeltsin was elected the first President .	Boris Yeltsin	Who became president on June 12 , 1991 ?
On December 8 , 1991 , heads of Russia , Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords .	December 8, 1991	On what date were the Belavezha Accords signed ?
On December 12 , the agreement was ratified by the Russian Parliament , therefore Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia 's independence from the USSR .	December 12	When did the Russian Parliament ratify the Belavezha Accords ?
The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its founder states -LRB- i.e. denunciation of 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR -RRB- and established the CIS .	1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR	What agreement did the Belavezha Accords supersede ?
On December 25 , 1991 , the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation .	Russian Federation	What was the new name given to the RSFSR on December 25 , 1991 ?
On December 26 , 1991 , the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities , which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet -LRB- the other house , Soviet of the Union , had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the union republics -RRB- .	December 26, 1991	On what date was the USSR dissolved ?
On December 26 , 1991 , the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities , which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet -LRB- the other house , Soviet of the Union , had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the union republics -RRB- .	Soviet of Nationalities	What body was responsible for the dissolution of the USSR ?
On December 26 , 1991 , the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities , which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet -LRB- the other house , Soviet of the Union , had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the union republics -RRB- .	Soviet of the Union	What house of the Supreme Soviet was not functioning as of December 26 , 1991 ?
After dissolution of the USSR , Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government , including UN membership .	UN membership	What was one right of the Soviet government that the government of Russia assumed ?
On January 25 , 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic .	January 25, 1918	On what date was the state named the Soviet Russian Republic ?
On January 25 , 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic .	All-Russian Congress of Soviets	What body renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic ?
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3 , 1918 , giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I. On July 10 , 1918 , the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic .	March 3, 1918	When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed ?
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3 , 1918 , giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I. On July 10 , 1918 , the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic .	Germany	The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ceded land to what state ?
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3 , 1918 , giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I. On July 10 , 1918 , the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic .	Russian Constitution of 1918	What document renamed the state the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic ?
Internationally , in 1920 , the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state only by Estonia , Finland , Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic .	Treaty of Tartu	What treaty resulted in the recognition of the RSFSR by Latvia and other states ?
Internationally , in 1920 , the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state only by Estonia , Finland , Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic .	Irish Republic	Along with Estonia , Latvia , Finland and Lithuania , what state recognized the RSFSR in 1920 ?
For most of the Soviet Union 's existence , it was commonly referred to as `` Russia , '' even though technically `` Russia '' was only one republic within the larger union -- albeit by far the largest , most powerful and most highly developed .	Russia	What was the common name of the Soviet Union ?
For most of the Soviet Union 's existence , it was commonly referred to as `` Russia , '' even though technically `` Russia '' was only one republic within the larger union -- albeit by far the largest , most powerful and most highly developed .	republic	Technically , what type of state was Russia ?
For most of the Soviet Union 's existence , it was commonly referred to as `` Russia , '' even though technically `` Russia '' was only one republic within the larger union -- albeit by far the largest , most powerful and most highly developed .	Russia	What was the largest republic in the Soviet Union ?
Roughly 70 % of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains , with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east .	70%	What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains ?
Roughly 70 % of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains , with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east .	the east	In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist ?
The area is rich in mineral resources , including petroleum , natural gas , and iron ore .	natural gas	Along with petroleum and iron ore , what resource was abundant in the RSFSR ?
On December 30 , 1922 , the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR , by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state , the Soviet Union .	December 30, 1922	On what date was the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR passed ?
On December 30 , 1922 , the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR , by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state , the Soviet Union .	First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR	What body passed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR ?
On December 30 , 1922 , the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR , by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state , the Soviet Union .	Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic	Along with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , what state joined Russia to form the Soviet Union ?
Later treaty was included in the 1924 Soviet Constitution , -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- adopted on January 31 , 1924 by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR .	January 31, 1924	On what date was the 1924 Soviet Constitution adopted ?
Later treaty was included in the 1924 Soviet Constitution , -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- adopted on January 31 , 1924 by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR .	the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR	What body adopted the 1924 Soviet Constitution ?
Many regions in Russia were affected by the Soviet famine of 1932 -- 1933 : Volga ; Central Black Soil Region ; North Caucasus ; the Urals ; the Crimea ; part of Western Siberia ; and the Kazak ASSR .	1932–1933	During what span was there a famine in the Soviet Union ?
With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on December 5 , 1936 , the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced .	the 1936 Soviet Constitution	What document was ratified on December 5 , 1936 ?
The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics .	the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics	What were the Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR renamed per the 1936 Soviet Constitution ?
The Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was transferred to the Uzbek SSR .	the Uzbek SSR	What republic did the Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic become a part of ?
With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on December 5 , 1936 , the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced .	reduced	What effect did the 1936 Soviet Constitution have on the size of the Russia ?
The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937 , which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic .	the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic	What was Soviet Russia called as of 1937 ?
The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937 , which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic .	the Russian Constitution of 1937	What document changed the name of Russia in 1937 ?
On March 3 , 1944 , on the orders of Stalin , the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism .	the Chechen-Ingush ASSR	What state was dissolved on March 3 , 1944 ?
On March 3 , 1944 , on the orders of Stalin , the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism .	Stalin	Who ordered the deportation of the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR ?
On March 3 , 1944 , on the orders of Stalin , the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism .	accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism	Why were the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR deported ?
The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative unit of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR .	Georgian SSR	Along with the RSFSR , what republic received territory from the former Chechen-Ingush ASSR ?
On October 11 , 1944 , the Tuvan People 's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast , in 1961 becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .	Tuvan Autonomous Oblast	What was the Tuvan People 's Republic renamed when it joined the RSFSR ?
On October 11 , 1944 , the Tuvan People 's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast , in 1961 becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .	October 11, 1944	On what date did the Tuvan People 's Republic join the Russian SFSR ?
On October 11 , 1944 , the Tuvan People 's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast , in 1961 becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .	an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	What did the former Tuvan People 's Republic become in 1961 ?
After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944 , the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945 .	Latvia	Along with Estonia , what country was taken over by the Russian SFSR in 1944 ?
After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944 , the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945 .	Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts	What modern districts of Estonia and Latvia were annexed by the RSFSR in 1944 ?
After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944 , the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945 .	Ivangorod	Near what town did the RSFSR annex territory in 1944 ?
At the end of World War II Soviet troops occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands , making them part of the RSFSR .	Kuril Islands	Along with Sakhalin Island , what islands were occupied by the Soviets after the Second World War ?
At the end of World War II Soviet troops occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands , making them part of the RSFSR .	the RSFSR	What administrative division did Sakhalin Island become a part of ?
The status of the southernmost Kurils remains in dispute with Japan .	the southernmost Kurils	The ownership of what islands are disputed with Japan ?
On April 17 , 1946 , the Kaliningrad Oblast -- the northern portion of the former German province of East Prussia -- was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR .	April 17, 1946	On what date was Kaliningrad Oblast annexed ?
On April 17 , 1946 , the Kaliningrad Oblast -- the northern portion of the former German province of East Prussia -- was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR .	East Prussia	What province of Germany did Kaliningrad Oblast form a part of ?
On April 17 , 1946 , the Kaliningrad Oblast -- the northern portion of the former German province of East Prussia -- was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR .	the Russian SFSR	What administrative division did Kaliningrad Oblast become a part of ?
On February 8 , 1955 , Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister .	Malenkov	Who was demoted on February 8 , 1955 ?
On February 8 , 1955 , Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister .	deputy Prime Minister	To what position was Malenkov demoted ?
As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party , Nikita Khrushchev 's authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov 's demotion .	First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party	What position was held by Nikita Khrushchev ?
As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party , Nikita Khrushchev 's authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov 's demotion .	Nikita Khrushchev	Who benefited from the demotion of Malenkov ?
On January 9 , 1957 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR .	January 9, 1957	When was the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR ?
On January 9 , 1957 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR .	Karachay Autonomous Oblast	What territory was transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ?
On January 9 , 1957 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR .	Khrushchev	Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957 ?
On January 9 , 1957 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR .	the Russian SFSR	To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred in 1957 ?
On January 9 , 1957 , Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR .	the Georgian SSR	What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously been a part of ?
In 1964 , Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev .	Nikita Khrushchev	Who lost power in 1964 ?
In 1964 , Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev .	Leonid Brezhnev	Who assumed a position of power in 1964 ?
Even after he died in 1982 , the era did n't end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society .	1982	When did Leonid Brezhnev die ?
Even after he died in 1982 , the era did n't end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society .	Mikhail Gorbachev	Whose assumption of power ended the era of stagnation ?
Even after he died in 1982 , the era did n't end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society .	introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society	How did Mikhail Gorbachev end the era of stagnation ?
On June 12 , 1990 , the Congress of People 's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR , which was the beginning of the `` War of Laws '' , pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics .	June 12, 1990	On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR adopted ?
On June 12 , 1990 , the Congress of People 's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR , which was the beginning of the `` War of Laws '' , pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics .	the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic	What body passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR ?
On June 12 , 1990 , the Congress of People 's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR , which was the beginning of the `` War of Laws '' , pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics .	the "War of Laws"	What was the name of the period inaugurated by the passage of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR ?
On June 12 , 1990 , the Congress of People 's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR , which was the beginning of the `` War of Laws '' , pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics .	the Soviet Union	What government was the Russian Federation fighting against during this period ?
On March 17 , 1991 , an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR .	March 17, 1991	On what date was the office of President of the RSFSR created ?
On June 12 , Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia by popular vote .	Boris Yeltsin	Who was the first President of the RSFSR ?
During an unsuccessful coup attempt on August 19 -- 21 , 1991 in Moscow , the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia , President of Russia Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union , Mikhail Gorbachev .	Mikhail Gorbachev	Who was the President of the Soviet Union in 1991 ?
On June 12 , Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia by popular vote .	June 12	On what date did the first election for President of the RSFSR occur ?
During an unsuccessful coup attempt on August 19 -- 21 , 1991 in Moscow , the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia , President of Russia Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union , Mikhail Gorbachev .	August 19–21, 1991	During what period was there an attempted coup in Moscow ?
On August 23 , after the failure of GKChP , in the presence of Gorbachev , Yeltsin signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia .	August 23	On what date was the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR suspended ?
On August 23 , after the failure of GKChP , in the presence of Gorbachev , Yeltsin signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia .	Yeltsin	Who signed the decree suspending the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR ?
On November 6 , he went further , banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR from the territory of the RSFSR .	November 6	On what date was the Communist Parties of the USSR banned from operating in the RSFSR ?
On August 23 , after the failure of GKChP , in the presence of Gorbachev , Yeltsin signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia .	Gorbachev	Aside from Yeltsin , what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree ?
On December 8 , 1991 , at Viskuli near Brest -LRB- Belarus -RRB- , the President of the Russian SFSR and the heads of Byelorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR signed the `` Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States '' -LRB- known in media as Belavezha Accords -RRB- .	Belarus	In what country is Viskuli located ?
On December 8 , 1991 , at Viskuli near Brest -LRB- Belarus -RRB- , the President of the Russian SFSR and the heads of Byelorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR signed the `` Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States '' -LRB- known in media as Belavezha Accords -RRB- .	December 8, 1991	On what date was the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed ?
On December 8 , 1991 , at Viskuli near Brest -LRB- Belarus -RRB- , the President of the Russian SFSR and the heads of Byelorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR signed the `` Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States '' -LRB- known in media as Belavezha Accords -RRB- .	Belavezha Accords	What is another name for the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States ?
On December 12 , the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority : 188 votes for , 6 against , 7 abstentions .	the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR	What body ratified the Belavezha Accords on December 12 ?
The document , consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles , stated that the Soviet Union ceased to exist as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality .	fourteen	The Belavezha Accords consisted of how many articles ?
On December 24 , Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs -LRB- including permanent membership in the UN Security Council -RRB- .	December 24	When did the Russian Federation assume the Soviet Union 's membership in the UN ?
On December 25 -- just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union -- the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation -LRB- Russia -RRB- , reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency .	December 25	On what day did Gorbachev give up the presidency of the Soviet Union ?
On December 25 -- just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union -- the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation -LRB- Russia -RRB- , reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency .	the Russian Federation	What was the new name given to the Russian SFSR after the resignation of Gorbachev ?
On December 24 , Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs -LRB- including permanent membership in the UN Security Council -RRB- .	Yeltsin	Who was the first president of the Russian Federation ?
The change was originally published on January 6 , 1992 -LRB- Rossiyskaya Gazeta -RRB- .	Rossiyskaya Gazeta	In what periodical was the new sovereign status of the Russian Federation first published ?
The Government was known officially as the Council of People 's Commissars -LRB- 1917 -- 1946 -RRB- , Council of Ministers -LRB- 1946 -- 1978 -RRB- and Council of Ministers -- Government -LRB- 1978 -- 1991 -RRB- .	the Council of People's Commissars	What was the government of the RSFSR called up to 1946 ?
The Government was known officially as the Council of People 's Commissars -LRB- 1917 -- 1946 -RRB- , Council of Ministers -LRB- 1946 -- 1978 -RRB- and Council of Ministers -- Government -LRB- 1978 -- 1991 -RRB- .	Council of Ministers	What was the RSFSR government called starting in 1946 ?
The Government was known officially as the Council of People 's Commissars -LRB- 1917 -- 1946 -RRB- , Council of Ministers -LRB- 1946 -- 1978 -RRB- and Council of Ministers -- Government -LRB- 1978 -- 1991 -RRB- .	Council of Ministers–Government	When the Soviet Union ended in 1991 , what was the RSFSR government called ?
The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as `` Chairman of the Council of People 's Commissars of the Russian SFSR '' and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title `` President '' .	Vladimir Lenin	Who led the first government of the RSFSR ?
The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as `` Chairman of the Council of People 's Commissars of the Russian SFSR '' and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title `` President '' .	Boris Yeltsin	Who led the final government of the RSFSR ?
The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , until the abortive 1991 August coup , which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic .	the Communist Party of the Soviet Union	What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991 ?
The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , until the abortive 1991 August coup , which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic .	the abortive 1991 August coup	What event prompted the end to the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the RSFSR ?
The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , until the abortive 1991 August coup , which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic .	Yeltsin	Who suspended the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ?
Universal Studios Inc. -LRB- also known as Universal Pictures -RRB- is an American film studio , owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal , and is one of Hollywood 's `` Big Six '' film studios .	NBCUniversal	Which company is directly above Universal Studios ?
Universal Studios Inc. -LRB- also known as Universal Pictures -RRB- is an American film studio , owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal , and is one of Hollywood 's `` Big Six '' film studios .	Comcast	Which company runs NBC Universal ?
Universal Studios Inc. -LRB- also known as Universal Pictures -RRB- is an American film studio , owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal , and is one of Hollywood 's `` Big Six '' film studios .	Big Six	What is the nickname given to the large studios of which Universal is a part ?
Universal was founded in 1912 by the German Carl Laemmle -LRB- pronounced `` LEM-lee '' -RRB- , Mark Dintenfass , Charles O. Baumann , Adam Kessel , Pat Powers , William Swanson , David Horsley , Robert H. Cochrane , and Jules Brulatour .	1912	When was Universal Studios created ?
Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City , California .	Universal City, California	Where does Universal 's filming take place ?
Universal Studios Inc. -LRB- also known as Universal Pictures -RRB- is an American film studio , owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal , and is one of Hollywood 's `` Big Six '' film studios .	Universal Pictures	What is another name for Universal Studios Inc. . ?
Universal Studios Inc. -LRB- also known as Universal Pictures -RRB- is an American film studio , owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal , and is one of Hollywood 's `` Big Six '' film studios .	Comcast	Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios ?
Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City , California .	100 Universal City Plaza Drive	What is the street address of Universal Studios ' production studios ?
Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City , California .	Universal City, California	In what city and state are its production studios located ?
Distribution and other corporate offices are in New York City .	New York City	In what city are Universal Studios ' corporate offices located ?
It is the world 's fourth oldest major film studio , after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé , and the Danish Nordisk Film company .	fourth	What rank does Universal Studios have in terms of age ?
It is the world 's fourth oldest major film studio , after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé , and the Danish Nordisk Film company .	Nordisk	Which film studio from Denmark is older than Universal ?
It is the world 's fourth oldest major film studio , after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé , and the Danish Nordisk Film company .	Gaumont Film Company and Pathé	Which French companies are older than Universal ?
It is the world 's fourth oldest major film studio , after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé , and the Danish Nordisk Film company .	French	What is the nationality of Pathé ?
It is the world 's fourth oldest major film studio , after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé , and the Danish Nordisk Film company .	Nordisk Film company	Along with Pathé and the Gaumont Film Company , what major film studio is older then Universal Studios ?
It is the world 's fourth oldest major film studio , after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé , and the Danish Nordisk Film company .	fourth	Among major film studies , where does Universal Studios rank in terms of age ?
Within weeks of his Chicago trip , Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons .	Chicago	After a trip to what city did Carl Laemmle leave the dry goods business ?
For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs , the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed .	1908	In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created ?
Based on the Latham Loop used in cameras and projectors , along with other patents , the Trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition , and attempted to enforce a monopoly on distribution .	the Latham Loop	For what part of a motion picture projector did the Motion Picture Trust hold a patent ?
In June 1909 , Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern .	Yankee Film Company	What company did Laemmle found in June 1909 ?
In June 1909 , Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern .	Abe Stern and Julius Stern	Who were Laemmle 's business partners in the Yankee Film Company ?
That company quickly evolved into the Independent Moving Pictures Company -LRB- IMP -RRB- , with studios in Fort Lee , New Jersey , where many early films in America 's first motion picture industry were produced in the early 20th century .	Fort Lee, New Jersey	In what city and state was the Independent Moving Pictures Company based ?
In 1910 , he promoted Florence Lawrence , formerly known as `` The Biograph Girl '' , and actor King Baggot , in what may be the first instance of a studio using stars in its marketing .	The Biograph Girl	What was a nickname of Florence Lawrence ?
In 1910 , he promoted Florence Lawrence , formerly known as `` The Biograph Girl '' , and actor King Baggot , in what may be the first instance of a studio using stars in its marketing .	King Baggot	What actor did Laemmle promote ?
The Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30 , 1912 .	April 30, 1912	On what date was the incorporation of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company ?
The Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30 , 1912 .	New York	In what state was the Universal Film Manufacturing Company incorporated ?
Laemmle , who emerged as president in July 1912 , was the primary figure in the partnership with Dintenfass , Baumann , Kessel , Powers , Swanson , Horsley , and Brulatour .	Laemmle	Who was the president of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company circa July 1912 ?
Eventually all would be bought out by Laemmle .	bought out by Laemmle	What was the fate of the other partners of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company ?
The new Universal studio was a vertically integrated company , with movie production , distribution and exhibition venues all linked in the same corporate entity , the central element of the Studio system era .	movie production	Along with exhibition and distribution , what business did the Universal Film Manufacturing Company engage in ?
On March 15 , 1915 , :8 Laemmle opened the world 's largest motion picture production facility , Universal City Studios , on a 230-acre -LRB- 0.9-km ² -RRB- converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood .	March 15, 1915	On what date did Universal City Studios open ?
On March 15 , 1915 , :8 Laemmle opened the world 's largest motion picture production facility , Universal City Studios , on a 230-acre -LRB- 0.9-km ² -RRB- converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood .	Cahuenga Pass	What geographical feature separated Universal City Studios from Hollywood ?
On March 15 , 1915 , :8 Laemmle opened the world 's largest motion picture production facility , Universal City Studios , on a 230-acre -LRB- 0.9-km ² -RRB- converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood .	Universal	What was the biggest Hollywood studio during this period ?
In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films -- Red Feather , low-budget programmers ; Bluebird , more ambitious productions ; and Jewel , their prestige motion pictures .	low-budget programmers	What sort of films were produced by Red Feather ?
In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films -- Red Feather , low-budget programmers ; Bluebird , more ambitious productions ; and Jewel , their prestige motion pictures .	more ambitious productions	What type of movies came out of Bluebird ?
In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films -- Red Feather , low-budget programmers ; Bluebird , more ambitious productions ; and Jewel , their prestige motion pictures .	prestige motion pictures	What motion pictures were made by Jewel ?
Directors included Jack Conway , John Ford , Rex Ingram , Robert Z. Leonard , George Marshall and Lois Weber , one of the few women directing films in Hollywood. :13	Directors	What was the profession of George Marshall ?
Directors included Jack Conway , John Ford , Rex Ingram , Robert Z. Leonard , George Marshall and Lois Weber , one of the few women directing films in Hollywood. :13	Lois Weber	Who was one of the few female Hollywood directors in this era ?
This policy nearly bankrupted the studio when actor-director Erich von Stroheim insisted on excessively lavish production values for his films Blind Husbands -LRB- 1919 -RRB- and Foolish Wives -LRB- 1922 -RRB- , but Universal shrewdly gained a return on some of the expenditure by launching a sensational ad campaign that attracted moviegoers .	Erich von Stroheim	Who directed Blind Husbands ?
This policy nearly bankrupted the studio when actor-director Erich von Stroheim insisted on excessively lavish production values for his films Blind Husbands -LRB- 1919 -RRB- and Foolish Wives -LRB- 1922 -RRB- , but Universal shrewdly gained a return on some of the expenditure by launching a sensational ad campaign that attracted moviegoers .	1922	In what year was Foolish Wives produced ?
Character actor Lon Chaney became a drawing card for Universal in the 1920s , appearing steadily in dramas .	Lon Chaney	Who starred in The Phantom of the Opera ?
His two biggest hits for Universal were The Hunchback of Notre Dame -LRB- 1923 -RRB- and The Phantom of the Opera -LRB- 1925 -RRB- .	1923	What year saw a film version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame ?
During this period Laemmle entrusted most of the production policy decisions to Irving Thalberg .	Irving Thalberg	Who was at one time Laemmle 's personal secretary ?
In 1926 , Universal opened a production unit in Germany , Deutsche Universal-Film AG , under the direction of Joe Pasternak .	Deutsche Universal-Film AG	What was the name of Universal 's German production unit ?
In 1926 , Universal opened a production unit in Germany , Deutsche Universal-Film AG , under the direction of Joe Pasternak .	Joe Pasternak	Who ran Universal 's German production unit ?
In 1926 , Universal opened a production unit in Germany , Deutsche Universal-Film AG , under the direction of Joe Pasternak .	1926	In what year did Deutsche Universal-Film AG open ?
This unit produced three to four films per year until 1936 , migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler 's increasing domination of central Europe .	three to four	How many films did Universal 's German subsidiary make yearly ?
This unit produced three to four films per year until 1936 , migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler 's increasing domination of central Europe .	Hungary	Along with Germany and Austria , where was Deutsche Universal-Film AG at one time based ?
In the early years , Universal had a `` clean picture '' policy .	"clean picture"	what was the policy that Universal followed in its early years ?
However , by April 1927 , Carl Laemmle considered this to be a mistake as `` unclean pictures '' from other studios were generating more profit while Universal was losing money .	April 1927	By what month and year did Laemmle change his opinion on `` unclean pictures '' ?
However , by April 1927 , Carl Laemmle considered this to be a mistake as `` unclean pictures '' from other studios were generating more profit while Universal was losing money .	Universal was losing money	Why did Laemmle change his position on `` unclean pictures '' ?
Universal owned the rights to the `` Oswald the Lucky Rabbit '' character , although Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks had created Oswald , and their films had enjoyed a successful theatrical run .	Ub Iwerks	Along with Walt Disney , who created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit ?
Universal owned the rights to the `` Oswald the Lucky Rabbit '' character , although Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks had created Oswald , and their films had enjoyed a successful theatrical run .	Universal	Who owned the rights to Oswald ?
After Charles Mintz had unsuccessfully demanded that Disney accept a lower fee for producing the property , Mintz produced the films with his own group of animators .	Charles Mintz	Who produced an Oswald the Lucky Rabbit motion picture ?
Instead , Disney and Iwerks created Mickey Mouse who in 1928 stared in the first `` sync '' sound animated short , Steamboat Willie .	Mickey Mouse	What character did Walt Disney create in 1928 ?
Instead , Disney and Iwerks created Mickey Mouse who in 1928 stared in the first `` sync '' sound animated short , Steamboat Willie .	Steamboat Willie	What was the first animated short with synchronized sound ?
In 2006 , after almost 80 years , NBC Universal sold all Walt Disney-produced Oswald cartoons , along with the rights to the character himself , back to Disney .	NBC Universal	Who was 2006 seller of the Oswald cartoons ?
In return , Disney released ABC sportscaster Al Michaels from his contract so he could work on NBC 's Sunday night NFL football package .	Al Michaels	What notable figure worked as a sportscaster for ABC ?
However , Universal retained ownership of Oswald cartoons produced for them by Walter Lantz from 1929 to 1943 .	Walter Lantz	Who began producing Oswald cartoons for Universal in 1929 ?
However , Universal retained ownership of Oswald cartoons produced for them by Walter Lantz from 1929 to 1943 .	1943	In what year did Walter Lantz cease producing Oswald cartoons for Universal ?
Universal already had a reputation for nepotism -- at one time , 70 of Carl , Sr. 's relatives were supposedly on the payroll .	70	How many of Carl Laemmle , Sr. 's relatives were working for Universal as of 1928 ?
Many of them were nephews , resulting in Carl , Sr. being known around the studios as `` Uncle Carl . ''	Uncle Carl	What was Carl Laemmle , Sr. 's nickname at Universal ?
Ogden Nash famously quipped in rhyme , `` Uncle Carl Laemmle/Has a very large faemmle . ''	Ogden Nash	What poet wrote a notable rhyme about Laemmle ?
Among these relatives was future Academy Award winning director/producer William Wyler .	William Wyler	What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle 's ?
`` Junior '' Laemmle persuaded his father to bring Universal up to date .	Junior	What was Carl Laemmle Jr. 's nickname ?
His early efforts included the critically mauled part-talkie version of Edna Ferber 's novel Show Boat -LRB- 1929 -RRB- , the lavish musical Broadway -LRB- 1929 -RRB- which included Technicolor sequences ; and the first all-color musical feature -LRB- for Universal -RRB- , King of Jazz -LRB- 1930 -RRB- .	Show Boat	What movie was based on an Edna Ferber novel ?
His early efforts included the critically mauled part-talkie version of Edna Ferber 's novel Show Boat -LRB- 1929 -RRB- , the lavish musical Broadway -LRB- 1929 -RRB- which included Technicolor sequences ; and the first all-color musical feature -LRB- for Universal -RRB- , King of Jazz -LRB- 1930 -RRB- .	1929	In what year was the musical Broadway produced ?
The more serious All Quiet on the Western Front -LRB- 1930 -RRB- , won its year 's Best Picture Oscar .	All Quiet on the Western Front	What movie won the 1930 Academy Award for Best Picture ?
His early efforts included the critically mauled part-talkie version of Edna Ferber 's novel Show Boat -LRB- 1929 -RRB- , the lavish musical Broadway -LRB- 1929 -RRB- which included Technicolor sequences ; and the first all-color musical feature -LRB- for Universal -RRB- , King of Jazz -LRB- 1930 -RRB- .	King of Jazz	What all-color musical did Universal make in 1930 ?
Among them are Frankenstein -LRB- 1931 -RRB- , Dracula -LRB- also in 1931 -RRB- , The Mummy -LRB- 1932 -RRB- and The Invisible Man -LRB- 1933 -RRB- .	1931	In what year did Universal make a film version of Dracula ?
Among them are Frankenstein -LRB- 1931 -RRB- , Dracula -LRB- also in 1931 -RRB- , The Mummy -LRB- 1932 -RRB- and The Invisible Man -LRB- 1933 -RRB- .	1933	In what year was The Invisible Man made ?
Other Laemmle productions of this period include Imitation of Life -LRB- 1934 -RRB- and My Man Godfrey -LRB- 1936 -RRB- .	Imitation of Life	What film was produced by Laemmle in 1934 ?
Other Laemmle productions of this period include Imitation of Life -LRB- 1934 -RRB- and My Man Godfrey -LRB- 1936 -RRB- .	1936	In what year did My Man Godfrey premiere ?
Among them are Frankenstein -LRB- 1931 -RRB- , Dracula -LRB- also in 1931 -RRB- , The Mummy -LRB- 1932 -RRB- and The Invisible Man -LRB- 1933 -RRB- .	1931	When was Universal 's version of Frankenstein made ?
The theater chain was scrapped , but Carl , Jr. held fast to distribution , studio and production operations .	The theater chain	What part of Universal 's business was terminated while it was in bankruptcy ?
The theater chain was scrapped , but Carl , Jr. held fast to distribution , studio and production operations .	production operations	Along with distribution and studio operations , what part of Universal was retained by Carl Laemmle , Jr. during bankruptcy ?
The end for the Laemmles came with a lavish version of Show Boat -LRB- 1936 -RRB- , a remake of its earlier 1929 part-talkie production , and produced as a high-quality , big-budget film rather than as a B-picture .	1936	In what year was Universal 's ill-fated film version of Show Boat released ?
The end for the Laemmles came with a lavish version of Show Boat -LRB- 1936 -RRB- , a remake of its earlier 1929 part-talkie production , and produced as a high-quality , big-budget film rather than as a B-picture .	1929	In what year had Universal previously made a version of Show Boat ?
Universal was forced to seek a $ 750,000 production loan from the Standard Capital Corporation , pledging the Laemmle family 's controlling interest in Universal as collateral .	$750,000	What was the amount of the production loan Universal sought to complete Show Boat ?
Universal was forced to seek a $ 750,000 production loan from the Standard Capital Corporation , pledging the Laemmle family 's controlling interest in Universal as collateral .	the Standard Capital Corporation	Who granted Universal the production loan ?
The production went $ 300,000 over budget ; Standard called in the loan , cash-strapped Universal could not pay , Standard foreclosed and seized control of the studio on April 2 , 1936 .	April 2, 1936	When did the Standard Capital Corporation take control of Universal ?
Standard Capital 's J. Cheever Cowdin had taken over as president and chairman of the board of directors , and instituted severe cuts in production budgets .	J. Cheever Cowdin	Who became president of Universal after the Standard Capital takeover ?
Gone were the big ambitions , and though Universal had a few big names under contract , those it had been cultivating , like William Wyler and Margaret Sullavan , left .	Margaret Sullavan	What notable female star left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover ?
Standard Capital 's J. Cheever Cowdin had taken over as president and chairman of the board of directors , and instituted severe cuts in production budgets .	J. Cheever Cowdin	Who was Universal 's chairman of the board of directors after the Standard Captial takeover ?
Gone were the big ambitions , and though Universal had a few big names under contract , those it had been cultivating , like William Wyler and Margaret Sullavan , left .	William Wyler	Along with Margaret Sullavan , what notable film talent left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover ?
Universal 's 1936 Show Boat -LRB- released a little over a month later -RRB- became a critical and financial success , it was not enough to save the Laemmles ' involvement with the studio .	1936	In what year was Show Boat released ?
Meanwhile , producer Joe Pasternak , who had been successfully producing light musicals with young sopranos for Universal 's German subsidiary , repeated his formula in America .	Joe Pasternak	Who produced the film Three Smart Girls ?
Teenage singer Deanna Durbin starred in Pasternak 's first American film , Three Smart Girls -LRB- 1936 -RRB- .	Deanna Durbin	Who starred in the film Three Smart Girls ?
Teenage singer Deanna Durbin starred in Pasternak 's first American film , Three Smart Girls -LRB- 1936 -RRB- .	1936	In what year was Three Smart Girls made ?
Meanwhile , producer Joe Pasternak , who had been successfully producing light musicals with young sopranos for Universal 's German subsidiary , repeated his formula in America .	Universal's German subsidiary	Prior to his work in America , where was Joe Pasternak employed ?
Meanwhile , producer Joe Pasternak , who had been successfully producing light musicals with young sopranos for Universal 's German subsidiary , repeated his formula in America .	light musicals	What type of films did Joe Pasternak produce in Germany ?
When Pasternak stopped producing Durbin 's pictures , and she outgrew her screen persona and pursued more dramatic roles , the studio signed 13-year-old Gloria Jean for her own series of Pasternak musicals from 1939 ; she went on to star with Bing Crosby , W. C. Fields , and Donald O'Connor .	Bing Crosby	Along with Donald O'Connor and Bing Crosby , with whom did Gloria Jean star ?
A popular Universal film of the late 1930s was Destry Rides Again -LRB- 1939 -RRB- , starring James Stewart as Destry and Marlene Dietrich in her comeback role after leaving Paramount Studios .	James Stewart	Who played Destry in Destry Rides Again ?
A popular Universal film of the late 1930s was Destry Rides Again -LRB- 1939 -RRB- , starring James Stewart as Destry and Marlene Dietrich in her comeback role after leaving Paramount Studios .	Paramount Studios	Prior to working at Universal , what studio employed Marlene Dietrich ?
When Pasternak stopped producing Durbin 's pictures , and she outgrew her screen persona and pursued more dramatic roles , the studio signed 13-year-old Gloria Jean for her own series of Pasternak musicals from 1939 ; she went on to star with Bing Crosby , W. C. Fields , and Donald O'Connor .	1939	In what year was Destry Rides again produced ?
The studio fostered many series : The Dead End Kids and Little Tough Guys action features and serials -LRB- 1938 -- 43 -RRB- ; the comic adventures of infant Baby Sandy -LRB- 1938 -- 41 -RRB- ; comedies with Hugh Herbert -LRB- 1938 -- 42 -RRB- and The Ritz Brothers -LRB- 1940 -- 43 -RRB- ; musicals with Robert Paige , Jane Frazee , The Andrews Sisters , and The Merry Macs -LRB- 1938 -- 45 -RRB- ; and westerns with Tom Mix -LRB- 1932 -- 33 -RRB- , Buck Jones -LRB- 1933 -- 36 -RRB- , Bob Baker -LRB- 1938 -- 39 -RRB- , Johnny Mack Brown -LRB- 1938 -- 43 -RRB- ; Rod Cameron -LRB- 1944 -- 45 -RRB- , and Kirby Grant -LRB- 1946 -- 47 -RRB- .	1938–43	During what period were the Little Tough Guys films produced ?
The studio fostered many series : The Dead End Kids and Little Tough Guys action features and serials -LRB- 1938 -- 43 -RRB- ; the comic adventures of infant Baby Sandy -LRB- 1938 -- 41 -RRB- ; comedies with Hugh Herbert -LRB- 1938 -- 42 -RRB- and The Ritz Brothers -LRB- 1940 -- 43 -RRB- ; musicals with Robert Paige , Jane Frazee , The Andrews Sisters , and The Merry Macs -LRB- 1938 -- 45 -RRB- ; and westerns with Tom Mix -LRB- 1932 -- 33 -RRB- , Buck Jones -LRB- 1933 -- 36 -RRB- , Bob Baker -LRB- 1938 -- 39 -RRB- , Johnny Mack Brown -LRB- 1938 -- 43 -RRB- ; Rod Cameron -LRB- 1944 -- 45 -RRB- , and Kirby Grant -LRB- 1946 -- 47 -RRB- .	1938–41	Over what span were the Baby Sandy films made ?
The studio fostered many series : The Dead End Kids and Little Tough Guys action features and serials -LRB- 1938 -- 43 -RRB- ; the comic adventures of infant Baby Sandy -LRB- 1938 -- 41 -RRB- ; comedies with Hugh Herbert -LRB- 1938 -- 42 -RRB- and The Ritz Brothers -LRB- 1940 -- 43 -RRB- ; musicals with Robert Paige , Jane Frazee , The Andrews Sisters , and The Merry Macs -LRB- 1938 -- 45 -RRB- ; and westerns with Tom Mix -LRB- 1932 -- 33 -RRB- , Buck Jones -LRB- 1933 -- 36 -RRB- , Bob Baker -LRB- 1938 -- 39 -RRB- , Johnny Mack Brown -LRB- 1938 -- 43 -RRB- ; Rod Cameron -LRB- 1944 -- 45 -RRB- , and Kirby Grant -LRB- 1946 -- 47 -RRB- .	1938–42	In what period did Universal produce Hugh Herbert comedies ?
The studio fostered many series : The Dead End Kids and Little Tough Guys action features and serials -LRB- 1938 -- 43 -RRB- ; the comic adventures of infant Baby Sandy -LRB- 1938 -- 41 -RRB- ; comedies with Hugh Herbert -LRB- 1938 -- 42 -RRB- and The Ritz Brothers -LRB- 1940 -- 43 -RRB- ; musicals with Robert Paige , Jane Frazee , The Andrews Sisters , and The Merry Macs -LRB- 1938 -- 45 -RRB- ; and westerns with Tom Mix -LRB- 1932 -- 33 -RRB- , Buck Jones -LRB- 1933 -- 36 -RRB- , Bob Baker -LRB- 1938 -- 39 -RRB- , Johnny Mack Brown -LRB- 1938 -- 43 -RRB- ; Rod Cameron -LRB- 1944 -- 45 -RRB- , and Kirby Grant -LRB- 1946 -- 47 -RRB- .	1932–33	When did Universal make Tom Mix westerns ?
The studio fostered many series : The Dead End Kids and Little Tough Guys action features and serials -LRB- 1938 -- 43 -RRB- ; the comic adventures of infant Baby Sandy -LRB- 1938 -- 41 -RRB- ; comedies with Hugh Herbert -LRB- 1938 -- 42 -RRB- and The Ritz Brothers -LRB- 1940 -- 43 -RRB- ; musicals with Robert Paige , Jane Frazee , The Andrews Sisters , and The Merry Macs -LRB- 1938 -- 45 -RRB- ; and westerns with Tom Mix -LRB- 1932 -- 33 -RRB- , Buck Jones -LRB- 1933 -- 36 -RRB- , Bob Baker -LRB- 1938 -- 39 -RRB- , Johnny Mack Brown -LRB- 1938 -- 43 -RRB- ; Rod Cameron -LRB- 1944 -- 45 -RRB- , and Kirby Grant -LRB- 1946 -- 47 -RRB- .	1946–47	In what span did Universal produce westerns with Kirby Grant ?
Some stars came from radio , including Edgar Bergen , W. C. Fields , and the comedy team of Abbott and Costello -LRB- Bud Abbott and Lou Costello -RRB- .	Bud Abbott and Lou Costello	What two performers were known as the team Abbott and Costello ?
Abbott and Costello 's military comedy Buck Privates -LRB- 1941 -RRB- gave the former burlesque comedians a national and international profile .	Buck Privates	What military comedy did Bud Abbott and Lou Costello star in ?
Some stars came from radio , including Edgar Bergen , W. C. Fields , and the comedy team of Abbott and Costello -LRB- Bud Abbott and Lou Costello -RRB- .	W. C. Fields	Along with Abbott and Costello and Edgar Bergen , what radio star appeared in Universal films ?
During the war years Universal did have a co-production arrangement with producer Walter Wanger and his partner , director Fritz Lang , lending the studio some amount of prestige productions .	Fritz Lang	Who was the directorial partner of Walter Wanger ?
Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce in new Sherlock Holmes mysteries -LRB- 1942 -- 46 -RRB- , teenage musicals with Gloria Jean , Donald O'Connor , and Peggy Ryan -LRB- 1942 -- 43 -RRB- , and screen adaptations of radio 's Inner Sanctum Mysteries with Lon Chaney , Jr. -LRB- 1943 -- 45 -RRB- .	1942–46	In what period did Basil Rathbone star in a series of Sherlock Holmes films ?
Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce in new Sherlock Holmes mysteries -LRB- 1942 -- 46 -RRB- , teenage musicals with Gloria Jean , Donald O'Connor , and Peggy Ryan -LRB- 1942 -- 43 -RRB- , and screen adaptations of radio 's Inner Sanctum Mysteries with Lon Chaney , Jr. -LRB- 1943 -- 45 -RRB- .	1943–45	In what period did film versions of Inner Sanctum Mysteries appear ?
Alfred Hitchcock was also borrowed for two films from Selznick International Pictures : Saboteur -LRB- 1942 -RRB- and Shadow of a Doubt -LRB- 1943 -RRB- .	Selznick International Pictures	What was the studio that Alfred Hitchcock normally worked for ?
Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce in new Sherlock Holmes mysteries -LRB- 1942 -- 46 -RRB- , teenage musicals with Gloria Jean , Donald O'Connor , and Peggy Ryan -LRB- 1942 -- 43 -RRB- , and screen adaptations of radio 's Inner Sanctum Mysteries with Lon Chaney , Jr. -LRB- 1943 -- 45 -RRB- .	1943	In what year was Shadow of a Doubt produced ?
The studio did not make use of the three-strip Technicolor process until Arabian Nights -LRB- 1942 -RRB- , starring Jon Hall and Maria Montez .	Arabian Nights	What was the first Universal film to use the three-strip Technicolor process ?
The studio did not make use of the three-strip Technicolor process until Arabian Nights -LRB- 1942 -RRB- , starring Jon Hall and Maria Montez .	Maria Montez	What actress starred in Arabian Nights ?
The following year , Technicolor was also used in Universal 's remake of their 1925 horror melodrama , Phantom of the Opera with Claude Rains and Nelson Eddy .	Claude Rains	Along with Nelson Eddy , who starred in the Phantom of the Opera ?
The following year , Technicolor was also used in Universal 's remake of their 1925 horror melodrama , Phantom of the Opera with Claude Rains and Nelson Eddy .	1925	When was Universal 's first version of the Phantom of the Opera made ?
The studio did not make use of the three-strip Technicolor process until Arabian Nights -LRB- 1942 -RRB- , starring Jon Hall and Maria Montez .	1942	In what year was Arabian Nights produced ?
In 1945 , the British entrepreneur J. Arthur Rank , hoping to expand his American presence , bought into a four-way merger with Universal , the independent company International Pictures , and producer Kenneth Young .	1945	In what year was United World Pictures founded ?
In 1945 , the British entrepreneur J. Arthur Rank , hoping to expand his American presence , bought into a four-way merger with Universal , the independent company International Pictures , and producer Kenneth Young .	Kenneth Young	What producer was involved in the founding of United World Pictures ?
The new combine , United World Pictures , was a failure and was dissolved within one year .	one year	How long did United World Pictures last ?
William Goetz , a founder of International , was made head of production at the renamed Universal-International Pictures Inc. , which also served as an import-export subsidiary , and copyright holder for the production arm 's films .	William Goetz	Who was the head of production at Universal-International Pictures ?
Goetz , a son-in-law of Louis B. Mayer decided to bring `` prestige '' to the new company .	Louis B. Mayer	Who was William Goetz 's father-in-law ?
Universal-International became responsible for the American distribution of Rank 's British productions , including such classics as David Lean 's Great Expectations -LRB- 1946 -RRB- and Laurence Olivier 's Hamlet -LRB- 1948 -RRB- .	1948	In what year was the Olivier version of Hamlet made ?
Universal-International became responsible for the American distribution of Rank 's British productions , including such classics as David Lean 's Great Expectations -LRB- 1946 -RRB- and Laurence Olivier 's Hamlet -LRB- 1948 -RRB- .	David Lean	Who directed 1946 's Great Expectations ?
Broadening its scope further , Universal-International branched out into the lucrative non-theatrical field , buying a majority stake in home-movie dealer Castle Films in 1947 , and taking the company over entirely in 1951 .	Castle Films	In 1947 , what company did Universal buy a stake in ?
Goetz licensed Universal 's pre -- Universal-International film library to Jack Broeder 's Realart Pictures for cinema re-release but Realart was not allowed to show the films on television .	Jack Broeder	Who ran Realart Pictures ?
Broadening its scope further , Universal-International branched out into the lucrative non-theatrical field , buying a majority stake in home-movie dealer Castle Films in 1947 , and taking the company over entirely in 1951 .	1951	In what year did Universal-International take over Castle Films ?
While there were to be a few hits like The Killers -LRB- 1946 -RRB- and The Naked City -LRB- 1948 -RRB- , Universal-International 's new theatrical films often met with disappointing response at the box office .	1946	In what year was The Killers produced ?
The inexpensive Francis -LRB- 1950 -RRB- , the first film of a series about a talking mule and Ma and Pa Kettle -LRB- 1949 -RRB- , part of a series , became mainstays of the company .	Francis	What Universal-International film was about a talking mule ?
The inexpensive Francis -LRB- 1950 -RRB- , the first film of a series about a talking mule and Ma and Pa Kettle -LRB- 1949 -RRB- , part of a series , became mainstays of the company .	1949	In what year was Ma and Pa Kettle made ?
Once again , the films of Abbott and Costello , including Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein -LRB- 1948 -RRB- , were among the studio 's top-grossing productions .	Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein	What Abbott and Costello film was released in 1948 ?
But at this point Rank lost interest and sold his shares to the investor Milton Rackmil , whose Decca Records would take full control of Universal in 1952 .	Milton Rackmil	Who bought Rank 's share of Universal-International ?
In the 1950s , Universal-International resumed their series of Arabian Nights films , many starring Tony Curtis .	Tony Curtis	Who did many of Universal-International 's Arabian Nights films feature ?
The studio also had a success with monster and science fiction films produced by William Alland , with many directed by Jack Arnold .	William Alland	Who notably produced monster and science fiction films for Universal ?
Other successes were the melodramas directed by Douglas Sirk and produced by Ross Hunter , although for film critics they were not so well thought of on first release as they have since become .	Douglas Sirk	What Universal director was known for his melodramas ?
The studio also had a success with monster and science fiction films produced by William Alland , with many directed by Jack Arnold .	Jack Arnold	Who directed monster movies for Universal ?
Other successes were the melodramas directed by Douglas Sirk and produced by Ross Hunter , although for film critics they were not so well thought of on first release as they have since become .	Ross Hunter	Who produced melodramas for Universal ?
Leading actors were increasingly free to work where and when they chose , and in 1950 MCA agent Lew Wasserman made a deal with Universal for his client James Stewart that would change the rules of the business .	Lew Wasserman	Who was a notable talent agent circa 1950 ?
Leading actors were increasingly free to work where and when they chose , and in 1950 MCA agent Lew Wasserman made a deal with Universal for his client James Stewart that would change the rules of the business .	James Stewart	What star did Lew Wasserman represent ?
Leading actors were increasingly free to work where and when they chose , and in 1950 MCA agent Lew Wasserman made a deal with Universal for his client James Stewart that would change the rules of the business .	James Stewart	What actor featured in Winchester ' 73 ?
Though Decca would continue to keep picture budgets lean , it was favored by changing circumstances in the film business , as other studios let their contract actors go in the wake of the 1948 U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures , et al. decision .	U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al.	What legal decision resulted in movie studios letting their contract actors go ?
The Music Corporation of America -LRB- MCA -RRB- , then predominately a talent agency , had also become a powerful television producer , renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Productions subsidiary .	MCA	What acronym was the Music Corporation of America known by ?
The Music Corporation of America -LRB- MCA -RRB- , then predominately a talent agency , had also become a powerful television producer , renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Productions subsidiary .	Republic Studios	Where did MCA 's Revue Productions subsidiary rent space ?
After a period of complete shutdown , a moribund Universal agreed to sell its 360-acre -LRB- 1.5 km ² -RRB- studio lot to MCA in 1958 , for $ 11 million , renamed Revue Studios .	1.5	In square kilometers , how large was the lot Universal sold to MCA ?
After a period of complete shutdown , a moribund Universal agreed to sell its 360-acre -LRB- 1.5 km ² -RRB- studio lot to MCA in 1958 , for $ 11 million , renamed Revue Studios .	1958	In what year did Universal sell its 360-acre lot to MCA ?
After a period of complete shutdown , a moribund Universal agreed to sell its 360-acre -LRB- 1.5 km ² -RRB- studio lot to MCA in 1958 , for $ 11 million , renamed Revue Studios .	$11 million	How much did MCA pay for Universal 's 360-acre lot ?
In 1964 MCA formed Universal City Studios , Inc. , merging the motion pictures and television arms of Universal Pictures Company and Revue Productions -LRB- officially renamed as Universal Television in 1966 -RRB- .	Universal City Studios, Inc.	What company did MCA create in 1964 ?
In 1964 MCA formed Universal City Studios , Inc. , merging the motion pictures and television arms of Universal Pictures Company and Revue Productions -LRB- officially renamed as Universal Television in 1966 -RRB- .	Universal Television	What new name was given to Revue Productions in 1966 ?
Television production made up much of the studio 's output , with Universal heavily committed , in particular , to deals with NBC -LRB- which later merged with Universal to form NBC Universal ; see below -RRB- providing up to half of all prime time shows for several seasons .	NBC Universal	What was the company formed by the merger of Universal and NBC ?
In 1964 MCA formed Universal City Studios , Inc. , merging the motion pictures and television arms of Universal Pictures Company and Revue Productions -LRB- officially renamed as Universal Television in 1966 -RRB- .	1964	When did Universal inaugurate its studio tour subsidiary ?
At this time , Hal B. Wallis , who had latterly worked as a major producer at Paramount , moved over to Universal , where he produced several films , among them a lavish version of Maxwell Anderson 's Anne of the Thousand Days -LRB- 1969 -RRB- , and the equally lavish Mary , Queen of Scots -LRB- 1971 -RRB- .	Hal B. Wallis	Who produced Anne of the Thousand Days ?
At this time , Hal B. Wallis , who had latterly worked as a major producer at Paramount , moved over to Universal , where he produced several films , among them a lavish version of Maxwell Anderson 's Anne of the Thousand Days -LRB- 1969 -RRB- , and the equally lavish Mary , Queen of Scots -LRB- 1971 -RRB- .	Maxwell Anderson	Who wrote the original work that the film version of Anne of the Thousand Days was based on ?
At this time , Hal B. Wallis , who had latterly worked as a major producer at Paramount , moved over to Universal , where he produced several films , among them a lavish version of Maxwell Anderson 's Anne of the Thousand Days -LRB- 1969 -RRB- , and the equally lavish Mary , Queen of Scots -LRB- 1971 -RRB- .	1971	In what year was the film version of Mary , Queen of Scots made ?
Though neither could claim to be a big financial hit , both films received Academy Award nominations , and Anne was nominated for Best Picture , Best Actor -LRB- Richard Burton -RRB- , Best Actress -LRB- Geneviève Bujold -RRB- , and Best Supporting Actor -LRB- Anthony Quayle -RRB- .	Richard Burton	Whose performance in Anne of the Thousand Days garnered a Best Actor nod ?
Wallis retired from Universal after making the film Rooster Cogburn -LRB- 1975 -RRB- , a sequel to True Grit -LRB- 1969 -RRB- , which Wallis had produced at Paramount .	Rooster Cogburn	What was the name of the sequel to True Grit produced by Universal ?
In the early 1970s , Universal teamed up with Paramount Pictures to form Cinema International Corporation , which distributed films by Paramount and Universal worldwide .	Paramount Pictures	Who partnered with Universal in the creation of Cinema International Corporation ?
In the early 1970s , Universal teamed up with Paramount Pictures to form Cinema International Corporation , which distributed films by Paramount and Universal worldwide .	1970s	In what year was the film Airport made ?
Though Universal did produce occasional hits , among them Airport -LRB- 1970 -RRB- , The Sting -LRB- 1973 -RRB- , American Graffiti -LRB- also 1973 -RRB- , Earthquake -LRB- 1974 -RRB- , and a big box-office success which restored the company 's fortunes : Jaws -LRB- 1975 -RRB- , Universal during the decade was primarily a television studio .	Earthquake	What Universal hit film was produced in 1974 ?
When Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer purchased United Artists in 1981 , MGM could not drop out of the CIC venture to merge with United Artists overseas operations .	United Artists	What company was purchased by MGM in 1981 ?
UIP began distributing films by start-up studio DreamWorks in 1997 , due to connections the founders have with Paramount , Universal , and Amblin Entertainment .	1997	When did United International Pictures start distributing films for DreamWorks ?
Anxious to expand the company 's broadcast and cable presence , longtime MCA head Lew Wasserman sought a rich partner .	Lew Wasserman	Who was the head of MCA in 1990 ?
He located Japanese electronics manufacturer Matsushita Electric -LRB- now known as Panasonic -RRB- , which agreed to acquire MCA for $ 6.6 billion in 1990 .	Panasonic	What is the current name of the company that was called Matsushita Electric in 1990 ?
He located Japanese electronics manufacturer Matsushita Electric -LRB- now known as Panasonic -RRB- , which agreed to acquire MCA for $ 6.6 billion in 1990 .	$6.6 billion	How much did Matsushita Electric pay for MCA ?
He located Japanese electronics manufacturer Matsushita Electric -LRB- now known as Panasonic -RRB- , which agreed to acquire MCA for $ 6.6 billion in 1990 .	1990	In what year was MCA/Universal Home Video Inc. created ?
He located Japanese electronics manufacturer Matsushita Electric -LRB- now known as Panasonic -RRB- , which agreed to acquire MCA for $ 6.6 billion in 1990 .	Japanese	What was the nationality of Matsushita Electric ?
Matsushita provided a cash infusion , but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome , and five years later Matsushita sold an 80 % stake in MCA/Universal to Canadian drinks distributor Seagram for $ 5.7 billion .	80%	What percentage of MCA/Universal did Matsushita Electric sell five years after acquiring the company ?
Matsushita provided a cash infusion , but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome , and five years later Matsushita sold an 80 % stake in MCA/Universal to Canadian drinks distributor Seagram for $ 5.7 billion .	Seagram	To whom did Matsushita sell a large share of MCA/Universal ?
Matsushita provided a cash infusion , but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome , and five years later Matsushita sold an 80 % stake in MCA/Universal to Canadian drinks distributor Seagram for $ 5.7 billion .	$5.7 billion	How much did Seagram pay to buy a large share of MCA/Universal ?
Seagram sold off its stake in DuPont to fund this expansion into the entertainment industry .	its stake in DuPont	What did Seagram sell to finance their purchase of a share in MCA/Universal ?
Hoping to build an entertainment empire around Universal , Seagram bought PolyGram in 1999 and other entertainment properties , but the fluctuating profits characteristic of Hollywood were no substitute for the reliable income stream gained from the previously held shares in DuPont .	PolyGram	What company did Seagram buy in 1999 ?
To raise money , Seagram head Edgar Bronfman Jr. sold Universal 's television holdings , including cable network USA , to Barry Diller -LRB- these same properties would be bought back later at greatly inflated prices -RRB- .	Edgar Bronfman Jr.	Who was the head of Seagram ?
To raise money , Seagram head Edgar Bronfman Jr. sold Universal 's television holdings , including cable network USA , to Barry Diller -LRB- these same properties would be bought back later at greatly inflated prices -RRB- .	Barry Diller	Who bought the USA cable network from Seagram ?
In June 2000 , Seagram was sold to French water utility and media company Vivendi , which owned StudioCanal ; the conglomerate then became known as Vivendi Universal .	Vivendi	Who bought Seagram in June 2000 ?
Afterward , Universal Pictures acquired the United States distribution rights of several of StudioCanal 's films , such as Mulholland Drive -LRB- which received an Oscar nomination -RRB- and Brotherhood of the Wolf -LRB- which became the second-highest-grossing French-language film in the United States since 1980 -RRB- .	Mulholland Drive	What StudioCanal film received an Academy Award nomination ?
Burdened with debt , in 2004 Vivendi Universal sold 80 % of Vivendi Universal Entertainment -LRB- including the studio and theme parks -RRB- to General Electric , parent of NBC .	General Electric	Who bought 80 % of Vivendi Universal Entertainment in 2004 ?
After that deal , GE owned 80 % of NBC Universal ; Vivendi held the remaining 20 % , with an option to sell its share in 2006 .	20%	What percentage of NBC Universal was owned by Vivendi until 2011 ?
GE purchased Vivendi 's share in NBCU in 2011 and in turn sold 51 % of the company to cable provider Comcast .	Comcast	Who bought 51 % of NBC Universal in 2011 ?
In March 2013 , Comcast bought the remaining 49 % of NBCUniversal for $ 16.7 billion .	March 2013	In what month and year did Comcast buy 49 % of NBCUniversal ?
In March 2013 , Comcast bought the remaining 49 % of NBCUniversal for $ 16.7 billion .	$16.7 billion	How much did Comcast pay for 49 % of NBCUniversal in 2013 ?
In late 2005 , Viacom 's Paramount Pictures acquired DreamWorks SKG after acquisition talks between GE and DreamWorks stalled .	2005	In what year did Paramount Pictures purchase DreamWorks ?
Universal 's long time chairperson , Stacey Snider , left the company in early 2006 to head up DreamWorks .	Stacey Snider	What Universal chairperson headed DreamWorks as of 2006 ?
On October 5 , 2009 , Marc Shmuger and David Linde were ousted and their co-chairperson jobs consolidated under former president of worldwide marketing and distribution Adam Fogelson becoming the single chairperson .	Adam Fogelson	Who became the chairperson in late 2009 ?
In 2009 , Stephanie Sperber founded Universal Partnerships & Licensing within Universal to license consumer products for Universal .	Stephanie Sperber	Who was the founder of Universal Partnerships & Licensing ?
Donna Langley was also upped to co-chairperson .	Donna Langley	Who became chairperson of Universal Pictures in September 2013 ?
Universal 's multi-year film financing deal with Elliott Management expired in 2013 .	Elliott Management	Universal 's deal with what company ended in 2013 ?
In July 2013 , Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market , co-finance , and distribute Legendary 's films for five years starting in 2014 , the year that Legendary 's similar agreement with Warner Bros. expires .	Legendary Pictures	With whom did Universal sign a marketing and distribution deal in July 2013 ?
In July 2013 , Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market , co-finance , and distribute Legendary 's films for five years starting in 2014 , the year that Legendary 's similar agreement with Warner Bros. expires .	five years	How many years is the deal with Legendary Pictures intended to run ?
In July 2013 , Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market , co-finance , and distribute Legendary 's films for five years starting in 2014 , the year that Legendary 's similar agreement with Warner Bros. expires .	2014	In what year did Universal 's deal with Legendary Pictures begin ?
In May 2015 , Gramercy Pictures was revived by Focus Features as a genre label , that concentrated on action , sci-fi , and horror films .	Gramercy Pictures	What film studio was brought back in May 2015 ?
In May 2015 , Gramercy Pictures was revived by Focus Features as a genre label , that concentrated on action , sci-fi , and horror films .	Focus Features	What division of NBCUniversal revived Gramercy Pictures ?
In May 2015 , Gramercy Pictures was revived by Focus Features as a genre label , that concentrated on action , sci-fi , and horror films .	action, sci-fi, and horror	What genre of films will Gramercy be responsible for creating ?
As of 2015 , Universal is the only studio to have released three billion-dollar films in one year ; this distinction was achieved in 2015 with Furious 7 , Jurassic World and Minions .	2015	In what year did Universal release three billion-dollar films ?
As of 2015 , Universal is the only studio to have released three billion-dollar films in one year ; this distinction was achieved in 2015 with Furious 7 , Jurassic World and Minions .	Minions	Along with Jurassic World and Furious 7 , what billion-dollar film was released by Universal in 2015 ?
As of 2015 , Universal is the only studio to have released three billion-dollar films in one year ; this distinction was achieved in 2015 with Furious 7 , Jurassic World and Minions .	Universal is the only studio	How many studios have released three billion-dollar films in one year ?
In the early 1950s , Universal set up its own distribution company in France , and in the late 1960s , the company also started a production company in Paris , Universal Productions France S.A. , although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company , Universal Pictures France .	Universal Productions France S.A.	What was the name of the Universal production company based in Paris ?
In the early 1950s , Universal set up its own distribution company in France , and in the late 1960s , the company also started a production company in Paris , Universal Productions France S.A. , although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company , Universal Pictures France .	Universal Pictures France	What was the name of Universal 's French distribution company ?
Except for the two first films it produced , Claude Chabrol 's Le scandale -LRB- English title The Champagne Murders -RRB- and Romain Gary 's Les oiseaux vont mourir au Pérou -LRB- English title Birds in Peru -RRB- , it was only involved in French or other European co-productions , the most noticeable ones being Louis Malle 's Lacombe , Lucien , Bertrand Blier 's Les Valseuses -LRB- English title Going Places -RRB- , and Fred Zinnemann 's The Day of the Jackal .	The Champagne Murders	What was the English title of Le scandale ?
Except for the two first films it produced , Claude Chabrol 's Le scandale -LRB- English title The Champagne Murders -RRB- and Romain Gary 's Les oiseaux vont mourir au Pérou -LRB- English title Birds in Peru -RRB- , it was only involved in French or other European co-productions , the most noticeable ones being Louis Malle 's Lacombe , Lucien , Bertrand Blier 's Les Valseuses -LRB- English title Going Places -RRB- , and Fred Zinnemann 's The Day of the Jackal .	Fred Zinnemann	Who directed The Day of the Jackal ?
Except for the two first films it produced , Claude Chabrol 's Le scandale -LRB- English title The Champagne Murders -RRB- and Romain Gary 's Les oiseaux vont mourir au Pérou -LRB- English title Birds in Peru -RRB- , it was only involved in French or other European co-productions , the most noticeable ones being Louis Malle 's Lacombe , Lucien , Bertrand Blier 's Les Valseuses -LRB- English title Going Places -RRB- , and Fred Zinnemann 's The Day of the Jackal .	Les Valseuses	What film was known in English as Going Places ?
Alexander Graham Bell -LRB- March 3 , 1847 -- August 2 , 1922 -RRB- was a Scottish-born -LSB- N 3 -RSB- scientist , inventor , engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone .	telephone	What is Bell most famous for inventing ?
Alexander Graham Bell -LRB- March 3 , 1847 -- August 2 , 1922 -RRB- was a Scottish-born -LSB- N 3 -RSB- scientist , inventor , engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone .	1922	What year did Bell die ?
Alexander Graham Bell -LRB- March 3 , 1847 -- August 2 , 1922 -RRB- was a Scottish-born -LSB- N 3 -RSB- scientist , inventor , engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone .	practical	What was special about his telephone ?
Alexander Graham Bell -LRB- March 3 , 1847 -- August 2 , 1922 -RRB- was a Scottish-born -LSB- N 3 -RSB- scientist , inventor , engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone .	Alexander Graham Bell	What is Bell 's full name ?
Alexander Graham Bell -LRB- March 3 , 1847 -- August 2 , 1922 -RRB- was a Scottish-born -LSB- N 3 -RSB- scientist , inventor , engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone .	telephone	What is Bell famous for inventing ?
Bell 's father , grandfather , and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech , and both his mother and wife were deaf , profoundly influencing Bell 's life 's work .	elocution and speech	What were his relatives known for working on ?
Bell 's father , grandfather , and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech , and both his mother and wife were deaf , profoundly influencing Bell 's life 's work .	deaf	What was interesting about his mother and wife ?
His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876 .	1876	What year did Bell get the patent for his telephone ?
His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876 .	U.S.	In what country did Bell patent his telephone ?
His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876 .	telephone	What did Bell never put in his study ?
Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society , he had a strong influence on the magazine while serving as the second president from January 7 , 1898 until 1903 .	33	How many people started the National Geographic Society ?
Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society , he had a strong influence on the magazine while serving as the second president from January 7 , 1898 until 1903 .	National Geographic Society	Bell was the second president of what magazine ?
Many other inventions marked Bell 's later life , including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications , hydrofoils and aeronautics .	hydrofoils	What field did Bell later work in , apart from optical telecommunications and aeronautics ?
Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society , he had a strong influence on the magazine while serving as the second president from January 7 , 1898 until 1903 .	1898	What year did Bell become President of the National Geographic magazine ?
Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh , Scotland , on March 3 , 1847 .	Edinburgh	What city was Bell born in ?
The family home was at 16 South Charlotte Street , and has a stone inscription marking it as Alexander Graham Bell 's birthplace .	stone	What material marks Bells family home as his birthplace ?
He had two brothers : Melville James Bell -LRB- 1845 -- 70 -RRB- and Edward Charles Bell -LRB- 1848 -- 67 -RRB- , both of whom would die of tuberculosis .	tuberculosis	What disease did his two brothers die of ?
Born as just `` Alexander Bell '' , at age 10 he made a plea to his father to have a middle name like his two brothers .	10	At what age did Bell ask for a middle name ?
To close relatives and friends he remained `` Aleck '' .	Aleck	What did those close to him call Bell ?
As a child , young Bell displayed a natural curiosity about his world , resulting in gathering botanical specimens as well as experimenting even at an early age .	botanical specimens	What sort of things did Bell collect as a child ?
His best friend was Ben Herdman , a neighbor whose family operated a flour mill , the scene of many forays .	Ben Herdman	Who was Bell 's closest friend as a child ?
His best friend was Ben Herdman , a neighbor whose family operated a flour mill , the scene of many forays .	flour	What sort of mill did Bell 's neighbors run ?
He was told wheat had to be dehusked through a laborious process and at the age of 12 , Bell built a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail brushes , creating a simple dehusking machine that was put into operation and used steadily for a number of years .	rotating paddles	Bell 's dehusking machine combined what with nail brushes ?
In return , John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in which to `` invent '' .	small workshop	What was Bell 's reward for his dehusking machine ?
From his early years , Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent for art , poetry , and music that was encouraged by his mother .	music	Bell was gifted at art , poetry , and what ?
With no formal training , he mastered the piano and became the family 's pianist .	piano	What did Bell succeed at without being taught ?
Bell was also deeply affected by his mother 's gradual deafness , -LRB- she began to lose her hearing when he was 12 -RRB- and learned a manual finger language so he could sit at her side and tap out silently the conversations swirling around the family parlour .	12	How old was Bell when his mom started to go deaf ?
He also developed a technique of speaking in clear , modulated tones directly into his mother 's forehead wherein she would hear him with reasonable clarity .	forehead	What part of his mom 's head would Bell talk into ?
Bell 's preoccupation with his mother 's deafness led him to study acoustics .	acoustics	What did Bell research because of his mom 's deafness ?
His family was long associated with the teaching of elocution : his grandfather , Alexander Bell , in London , his uncle in Dublin , and his father , in Edinburgh , were all elocutionists .	Dublin	Where did Bell 's uncle live ?
His father published a variety of works on the subject , several of which are still well known , especially his The Standard Elocutionist -LRB- 1860 -RRB- , which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868 .	The Standard Elocutionist	What was Bell 's father most famous for publishing ?
He could decipher Visible Speech representing virtually every language , including Latin , Scottish Gaelic , and even Sanskrit , accurately reciting written tracts without any prior knowledge of their pronunciation .	pronunciation	Bell learned to accurately read lips even without knowing what ?
The Standard Elocutionist appeared in 168 British editions and sold over a quarter of a million copies in the United States alone .	168	The Standard Elocutionist was printed how many times ?
As a young child , Bell , like his brothers , received his early schooling at home from his father .	father	Who taught Bell when he was very young ?
At an early age , however , he was enrolled at the Royal High School , Edinburgh , Scotland , which he left at age 15 , completing only the first four forms .	Royal High School	What school did Bell leave at 15 ?
His main interest remained in the sciences , especially biology , while he treated other school subjects with indifference , to the dismay of his demanding father .	biology	What was Bell 's favorite subject ?
At age 16 , Bell secured a position as a `` pupil-teacher '' of elocution and music , in Weston House Academy , at Elgin , Moray , Scotland .	16	How old was Bell when he became a `` pupil-teacher '' ?
His father encouraged Bell 's interest in speech and , in 1863 , took his sons to see a unique automaton , developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen .	1863	In what year did Bell 's father take him to see an automaton ?
His father encouraged Bell 's interest in speech and , in 1863 , took his sons to see a unique automaton , developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen .	Sir Charles Wheatstone	Who created the automaton Bell saw ?
The rudimentary `` mechanical man '' simulated a human voice .	human voice	What did the automaton mimic ?
Bell was fascinated by the machine and after he obtained a copy of von Kempelen 's book , published in German , and had laboriously translated it , he and his older brother Melville built their own automaton head .	Melville	Bell built his own automaton with who ?
While his brother constructed the throat and larynx , Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating a realistic skull .	skull	What part of the automaton did Bell create ?
Intrigued by the results of the automaton , Bell continued to experiment with a live subject , the family 's Skye Terrier , `` Trouve '' .	Skye Terrier	What living thing did Bell use in his research ?
Intrigued by the results of the automaton , Bell continued to experiment with a live subject , the family 's Skye Terrier , `` Trouve '' .	Trouve	What was Bell 's pet 's name ?
With little convincing , visitors believed his dog could articulate `` How are you grandma ? ''	How are you grandma?	What phrase did people believe Bell 's dog could say ?
However , these initial forays into experimentation with sound led Bell to undertake his first serious work on the transmission of sound , using tuning forks to explore resonance .	tuning forks	Bell investigated resonance using what ?
After he taught it to growl continuously , Bell would reach into its mouth and manipulate the dog 's lips and vocal cords to produce a crude-sounding `` Ow ah oo ga ma ma '' .	growl continuously	What did Bell instruct his dog to do ?
At the age of 19 , he wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis , a colleague of his father -LRB- who would later be portrayed as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion -RRB- .	Alexander Ellis	Who did Bell get to read his work ?
Ellis immediately wrote back indicating that the experiments were similar to existing work in Germany , and also lent Bell a copy of Hermann von Helmholtz 's work , The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music .	Germany	What country was doing work similar to Bell 's ?
Ellis immediately wrote back indicating that the experiments were similar to existing work in Germany , and also lent Bell a copy of Hermann von Helmholtz 's work , The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music .	Hermann von Helmholtz	Who wrote The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music ?
At the age of 19 , he wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis , a colleague of his father -LRB- who would later be portrayed as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion -RRB- .	19	How old was Bell when he wrote his paper ?
At the age of 19 , he wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis , a colleague of his father -LRB- who would later be portrayed as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion -RRB- .	Professor Henry Higgins	What fictional character is based on Alexander Ellis ?
Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition , Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that would be the underpinning of all his future work on transmitting sound , reporting : `` Without knowing much about the subject , it seemed to me that if vowel sounds could be produced by electrical means , so could consonants , so could articulate speech . ''	electrical	By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made ?
Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition , Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that would be the underpinning of all his future work on transmitting sound , reporting : `` Without knowing much about the subject , it seemed to me that if vowel sounds could be produced by electrical means , so could consonants , so could articulate speech . ''	consonants	What else besides vowels did Bell decide could be created ?
Dismayed to find that groundbreaking work had already been undertaken by Helmholtz who had conveyed vowel sounds by means of a similar tuning fork `` contraption '' , he pored over the German scientist 's book .	German	What language was Bell happy he could n't read ?
He also later remarked : `` I thought that Helmholtz had done it ... and that my failure was due only to my ignorance of electricity .	electricity	What did Bell think he did n't know well enough ?
In 1865 , when the Bell family moved to London , Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and , in his spare hours , continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment .	1865	In what year did the Bell 's move to London ?
In 1865 , when the Bell family moved to London , Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and , in his spare hours , continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment .	Weston House	Where did Bell go in work in 1865 ?
Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend .	Somerset College	What building was Bell in ?
While Bell recovered -LRB- by then referring to himself in correspondence as `` A.G. Bell '' -RRB- and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College , Bath , England , his brother 's condition deteriorated .	A.G. Bell	How did Bell sign his letters ?
Throughout late 1867 , his health faltered mainly through exhaustion .	1867	In what year did Bell move home ?
Helping his father in Visible Speech demonstrations and lectures brought Bell to Susanna E. Hull 's private school for the deaf in South Kensington , London .	South Kensington	What city is Susanna E. Hull located in ?
Helping his father in Visible Speech demonstrations and lectures brought Bell to Susanna E. Hull 's private school for the deaf in South Kensington , London .	deaf	What sort of student attended Susanna E. Hull ?
However , in May 1870 , Melville died from complications due to tuberculosis , causing a family crisis .	Melville	Who died in 1870 ?
His father had also suffered a debilitating illness earlier in life and had been restored to health by a convalescence in Newfoundland .	Newfoundland	Where did Bell 's father go to recover from illness ?
Acting decisively , Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property , -LSB- N 8 -RSB- conclude all of his brother 's affairs -LRB- Bell took over his last student , curing a pronounced lisp -RRB- , and join his father and mother in setting out for the `` New World '' .	lisp	What did Bell help his final student get rid of ?
In 1870 , at age 23 , Bell , his brother 's widow , Caroline -LRB- Margaret Ottaway -RRB- , and his parents travelled on the SS Nestorian to Canada .	23	How old was Bell when he went to Canada ?
In 1870 , at age 23 , Bell , his brother 's widow , Caroline -LRB- Margaret Ottaway -RRB- , and his parents travelled on the SS Nestorian to Canada .	SS Nestorian	What boat did Bell travel on ?
After landing at Quebec City the Bells transferred to another steamer to Montreal and then boarded a train to Paris , Ontario , to stay with the Reverend Thomas Henderson , a family friend .	Quebec City	In what Canadian city did Bell first arrive ?
After landing at Quebec City the Bells transferred to another steamer to Montreal and then boarded a train to Paris , Ontario , to stay with the Reverend Thomas Henderson , a family friend .	Paris	What city did Bell arrive at by train ?
After a brief stay with the Hendersons , the Bell family purchased a farm of 10.5 acres -LRB- 42,000 m2 -RRB- at Tutelo Heights -LRB- now called Tutela Heights -RRB- , near Brantford , Ontario .	10.5	How many acres was the farm the Bell 's bought in Canada ?
At the homestead , Bell set up his own workshop in the converted carriage house near to what he called his `` dreaming place '' , a large hollow nestled in trees at the back of the property above the river .	carriage house	What building did Bell use as a workshop ?
At the homestead , Bell set up his own workshop in the converted carriage house near to what he called his `` dreaming place '' , a large hollow nestled in trees at the back of the property above the river .	dreaming place	What did Bell call his special spot in the back of the property ?
-LSB- N 10 -RSB- He continued his interest in the study of the human voice and when he discovered the Six Nations Reserve across the river at Onondaga , he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols .	Mohawk	What Native American language did Bell learn ?
For his work , Bell was awarded the title of Honorary Chief and participated in a ceremony where he donned a Mohawk headdress and danced traditional dances .	Honorary Chief	What special status did Bell get in the Mohawk tribe ?
-LSB- N 10 -RSB- He continued his interest in the study of the human voice and when he discovered the Six Nations Reserve across the river at Onondaga , he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols .	Onondaga	Where was the Six Nations Reserve located ?
He also modified a melodeon -LRB- a type of pump organ -RRB- so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance .	melodeon	What did Bell rework to send music ?
He also modified a melodeon -LRB- a type of pump organ -RRB- so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance .	pump organ	What is a melodeon a kind of ?
Once the family was settled in , both Bell and his father made plans to establish a teaching practice and in 1871 , he accompanied his father to Montreal , where Melville was offered a position to teach his System of Visible Speech .	1871	When did Bell go to Montreal ?
Once the family was settled in , both Bell and his father made plans to establish a teaching practice and in 1871 , he accompanied his father to Montreal , where Melville was offered a position to teach his System of Visible Speech .	father	Who went with Bell to Montreal ?
He also modified a melodeon -LRB- a type of pump organ -RRB- so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance .	electrically	How did Bell 's reworked melodeon send music ?
Bell 's father was invited by Sarah Fuller , principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes -LRB- which continues today as the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf -RRB- , in Boston , Massachusetts , to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller 's instructors , but he declined the post in favor of his son .	Sarah Fuller	Who ran the Boston School for Deaf Mutes ?
Bell 's father was invited by Sarah Fuller , principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes -LRB- which continues today as the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf -RRB- , in Boston , Massachusetts , to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller 's instructors , but he declined the post in favor of his son .	the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf	What name does the Boston School for Deaf Mutes go by now ?
Traveling to Boston in April 1871 , Bell proved successful in training the school 's instructors .	April	What month did Bell go to Boston ?
Bell 's father was invited by Sarah Fuller , principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes -LRB- which continues today as the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf -RRB- , in Boston , Massachusetts , to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller 's instructors , but he declined the post in favor of his son .	instructors	Bell trained who in Boston ?
He was subsequently asked to repeat the program at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford , Connecticut , and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton , Massachusetts .	Hartford	What city was the American Asylum in ?
-LSB- N 12 -RSB- The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each message was transmitted at a different pitch , but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed .	pitch	For his system to work , Bell had to change what about each code ?
-LSB- N 12 -RSB- The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each message was transmitted at a different pitch , but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed .	receiver	Bell needed to fix both the transmitter and what ?
Returning home to Brantford after six months abroad , Bell continued his experiments with his `` harmonic telegraph '' .	Brantford	Where was Bell 's home ?
Unsure of his future , he first contemplated returning to London to complete his studies , but decided to return to Boston as a teacher .	Boston	What city did Bell decide to return to ?
Teaching his father 's system , in October 1872 , Alexander Bell opened his `` School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech '' in Boston , which attracted a large number of deaf pupils , with his first class numbering 30 students .	1872	In what year did Bell open his own school ?
Teaching his father 's system , in October 1872 , Alexander Bell opened his `` School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech '' in Boston , which attracted a large number of deaf pupils , with his first class numbering 30 students .	30	How many people were in Bell 's first class ?
While he was working as a private tutor , one of his most famous pupils was Helen Keller , who came to him as a young child unable to see , hear , or speak .	Helen Keller	Which of Bell 's students is the most well known ?
Several influential people of the time , including Bell , viewed deafness as something that should be eradicated , and also believed that with resources and effort they could teach the deaf to speak and avoid the use of sign language , thus enabling their integration within the wider society from which many were often being excluded .	sign language	Bell 's goal was to instruct the deaf to speak and not use what ?
In several schools , children were mistreated , for example by having their hands tied behind their backs so they could not communicate by signing -- the only language they knew -- in an attempt to force them to attempt oral communication .	tied behind their backs	What would happen so some children 's hands in schools ?
In several schools , children were mistreated , for example by having their hands tied behind their backs so they could not communicate by signing -- the only language they knew -- in an attempt to force them to attempt oral communication .	signing	What was the only language many deaf people had ?
In the following year , Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory .	Boston University School of Oratory.	With what school did Bell get his next teaching job ?
In the following year , Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory .	Vocal Physiology and Elocution	What was Bell 's discipline ?
He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech , but although absorbed by his experiments , he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation .	experiments	What did Bell do late at night ?
Worse still , his health deteriorated as he suffered severe headaches .	headaches	What health condition did Bell start to have ?
Returning to Boston in fall 1873 , Bell made a fateful decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound .	1873	In what year did Bell start to focus on research into sound ?
Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice , Bell retained only two students , six-year-old `` Georgie '' Sanders , deaf from birth , and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard .	Mabel Hubbard	Bell 's two remaining students were `` Georgie '' Sanders and who ?
George 's father , Thomas Sanders , a wealthy businessman , offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie 's grandmother , complete with a room to `` experiment '' .	Thomas Sanders	What was Georgie 's father 's name ?
Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday , -LSB- N 13 -RSB- she had learned to read lips but her father , Gardiner Greene Hubbard , Bell 's benefactor and personal friend , wanted her to work directly with her teacher .	scarlet fever	What disease made Mabel deaf ?
-LSB- N 14 -RSB- While working that summer in Brantford , Bell experimented with a `` phonautograph '' , a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations .	smoked glass	On what material did the phonautograph operate ?
Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound .	metal	What kind of reed did Bell want to play with ?
-LSB- N 14 -RSB- While working that summer in Brantford , Bell experimented with a `` phonautograph '' , a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations .	sound	What did Bell believe the reeds would turn the signal into ?
By 1874 , Bell 's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage , with progress made both at his new Boston `` laboratory '' -LRB- a rented facility -RRB- and at his family home in Canada a big success .	1874	In what year was Bell really working on his telegraph ?
In 1874 , telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton , had become `` the nervous system of commerce '' .	Western Union	What business was William Orton in charge of ?
In 1874 , telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton , had become `` the nervous system of commerce '' .	nervous system	In 1874 the telegraph was known as the what of commerce ?
Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines .	cost	What was the primary motivation for not building new telegraph lines ?
Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines .	Elisha Gray	Thomas Edison and what other scientist were already asked to work on a better telegraph ?
In March 1875 , Bell and Pollok visited the famous scientist Joseph Henry , who was then director of the Smithsonian Institution , and asked Henry 's advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph .	Joseph Henry	Who did Bell go to see in 1875 ?
In March 1875 , Bell and Pollok visited the famous scientist Joseph Henry , who was then director of the Smithsonian Institution , and asked Henry 's advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph .	Joseph Henry	Who ran the Smithsonian in 1875 ?
When Bell said that he did not have the necessary knowledge , Henry replied , `` Get it ! ''	Get it!	What was Henry 's reply to Bell 's statement that he lacked information to complete his telegraph ?
However , a chance meeting in 1874 between Bell and Thomas A. Watson , an experienced electrical designer and mechanic at the electrical machine shop of Charles Williams , changed all that .	Thomas A. Watson	Who did Bell meet in 1874 ?
However , a chance meeting in 1874 between Bell and Thomas A. Watson , an experienced electrical designer and mechanic at the electrical machine shop of Charles Williams , changed all that .	electrical machine	What kind of business did Watson work at ?
With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard , Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant , -LSB- N 15 -RSB- and the two of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy .	Thomas Watson	Who did Bell take on to work with him ?
On June 2 , 1875 , Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell , at the receiving end of the wire , heard the overtones of the reed ; overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech .	June 2	What month and day did Watson and Bell have a breakthrough ?
This led to the `` gallows '' sound-powered telephone , which could transmit indistinct , voice-like sounds , but not clear speech .	gallows	What name was given to the telephone that sort of worked ?
With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard , Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant , -LSB- N 15 -RSB- and the two of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy .	Sanders and Hubbard	Who gave money to Bell and Watson ?
Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders , Bell requested that an associate in Ontario , George Brown , attempt to patent it in Britain , instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain -LRB- Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere -RRB- .	U.S. profits	What did Bell promise to split with his financers ?
Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders , Bell requested that an associate in Ontario , George Brown , attempt to patent it in Britain , instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain -LRB- Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere -RRB- .	Britain	In what country other than the U.S. did Bell try to patent his telegraph ?
Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders , Bell requested that an associate in Ontario , George Brown , attempt to patent it in Britain , instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain -LRB- Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere -RRB- .	Britain	Which country did Bell first try to get a patent ?
Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders , Bell requested that an associate in Ontario , George Brown , attempt to patent it in Britain , instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain -LRB- Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere -RRB- .	George Brown	Who did Bell ask to get a patent in Britain ?
In 1875 , Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it .	acoustic	What kind of telegraph did Bell create ?
Meanwhile , Elisha Gray was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter .	water	What material did Elisha Gray use to convey sound ?
On February 14 , 1876 , Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter .	February 14, 1876	On what date did Gray and Bell both put in for a patent ?
Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not arrive in Washington until February 26 .	February 26	On what day did Bell get to Washington ?
On February 14 , 1876 , Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter .	U.S. Patent Office	What office in Washington did Bell and Gray visit ?
On February 14 , 1876 , Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter .	telephone	What sort of machine did Bell and Gray both try to patent at the same time ?
Bell 's patent 174,465 , was issued to Bell on March 7 , 1876 , by the U.S. Patent Office .	174,465	What number is Bell 's patent ?
Bell 's patent 174,465 , was issued to Bell on March 7 , 1876 , by the U.S. Patent Office .	March 7, 1876	On what date did Bell get his patent ?
Bell 's patent covered `` the method of , and apparatus for , transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations , similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound '' -LSB- N 16 -RSB- Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work , drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray 's patent caveat .	apparatus	Bell 's patent was for the method and what for transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically ?
Bell 's patent 174,465 , was issued to Bell on March 7 , 1876 , by the U.S. Patent Office .	March 7, 1876	On what day did Bell go back to Boston ?
Bell 's patent covered `` the method of , and apparatus for , transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations , similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound '' -LSB- N 16 -RSB- Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work , drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray 's patent caveat .	Gray	Bell sketched a design that looked like the work of who ?
On March 10 , 1876 , three days after his patent was issued , Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work , using a liquid transmitter similar to Gray 's design .	liquid	What kind of transmitter did Bell put in his telephone ?
When Bell spoke the famous sentence `` Mr. Watson -- Come here -- I want to see you '' into the liquid transmitter , Watson , listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room , heard the words clearly .	Mr. Watson	How did Bell refer to his partner in his well known line ?
Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water , varying the electrical resistance in the circuit .	electrical resistance	What did the vibrations cause to change ?
Although Bell was , and still is , accused of stealing the telephone from Gray , Bell used Gray 's water transmitter design only after Bell 's patent had been granted , and only as a proof of concept scientific experiment , to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible `` articulate speech '' -LRB- Bell 's words -RRB- could be electrically transmitted .	proof of concept	Bell implemented Gray 's design as a what ?
After March 1876 , Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray 's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use .	March	Bell stopped using the liquid-based method after what month ?
After March 1876 , Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray 's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use .	commercial use	Bell used his own design in all public demonstrations and what ?
The question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone was raised by the examiner before he approved Bell 's patent application .	variable resistance	What part of the telephone was investigated by the patent officer ?
Bell had filed the mercury application at the patent office a year earlier on February 25 , 1875 , long before Elisha Gray described the water device .	February 25, 1875	When did Bell put in his prior patent ?
Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in Bell 's previous application in which Bell described a cup of mercury , not water .	mercury	What liquid did Bell use in his first application ?
The patent examiner , Zenas Fisk Wilber , later stated in an affidavit that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell 's lawyer , Marcellus Bailey , with whom he had served in the Civil War .	Zenas Fisk Wilber	Who declared himself an alcoholic ?
The patent examiner , Zenas Fisk Wilber , later stated in an affidavit that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell 's lawyer , Marcellus Bailey , with whom he had served in the Civil War .	Civil War	In what war did Wilber and Bailey fight together ?
Wilber also claimed -LRB- after Bell arrived in Washington D.C. from Boston -RRB- that he showed Gray 's caveat to Bell and that Bell paid him $ 100 .	$100	How much did Wilber say Bell gave him in order to look at Gray 's paperwork ?
Bell claimed they discussed the patent only in general terms , although in a letter to Gray , Bell admitted that he learned some of the technical details .	technical details	What did Bell only admit to knowing in a letter ?
On August 3 , 1876 , from the telegraph office in Mount Pleasant five miles -LRB- eight km -RRB- away from Brantford , Bell sent a tentative telegram indicating that he was ready .	Mount Pleasant	From what city did Bell send his first message ?
The following night , he amazed guests as well as his family when a message was received at the Bell home from Brantford , four miles -LRB- six km -RRB- distant , along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences , and laid through a tunnel .	fences	Bell sent messages over wires hooked onto telegraph lines and what ?
This time , guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing .	reading and singing	What did the group at the Bells house hear other people doing ?
Bell and his partners , Hubbard and Sanders , offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $ 100,000 .	$100,000	How much did Bell et al. try to sell his patent for ?
Bell and his partners , Hubbard and Sanders , offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $ 100,000 .	Western Union	Who did Bell et al. try to sell his patent to ?
The president of Western Union balked , countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy .	a toy	What did the President think the telephone was , such that he refused to buy the patent ?
Two years later , he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $ 25 million he would consider it a bargain .	$25 million	How much the the President of Western Union want to pay for the patent later on ?
A short time later , his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention .	Philadelphia	In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition ?
Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil .	Emperor Pedro II	What important person saw the telephone at the Centennial Exposition ?
Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil .	Brazil	Pedro II was the Emperor of what Country ?
Later Bell had the opportunity to demonstrate the invention personally to Sir William Thomson -LRB- later , Lord Kelvin -RRB- , a renowned Scottish scientist , as well as to Queen Victoria , who had requested a private audience at Osborne House , her Isle of Wight home .	Victoria	Which Queen did Bell present his invention to ?
The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877 , and by 1886 , more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones .	1877	In what year was the Bell Telephone Company founded ?
The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877 , and by 1886 , more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones .	150,000	How many people in the United States had a telephone by 1886 ?
In 1879 , the Bell company acquired Edison 's patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union .	1879	In what year did Bell get some of Edison 's patents ?
In 1879 , the Bell company acquired Edison 's patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union .	carbon microphone	What addition let people stop yelling into the telephone ?
In 1879 , the Bell company acquired Edison 's patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union .	Western Union	What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from ?
In January 1915 , Bell made the first ceremonial transcontinental telephone call .	January 1915	In what month and year did Bell telephone across the country ?
Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City , Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco .	AT&T	What company office did Bell make the original cross country phone call from ?
Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City , Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco .	New York	What city did Bell make the first cross country call from ?
Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City , Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco .	San Francisco	What city did Bell make the first cross country call to ?
Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City , Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco .	Thomas Watson	Who was on the other end of the first cross country phone call ?
Over a period of 18 years , the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents , including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court , but none was successful in establishing priority over the original Bell patent and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage .	18	During how many years did the Bell Company battle lawsuits ?
Over a period of 18 years , the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents , including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court , but none was successful in establishing priority over the original Bell patent and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage .	587	How many times were Bell 's patents contested ?
The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits generated initially around the challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear .	Amos Dolbear	Elisha Gray and what other man were behind many of the court cases ?
On January 13 , 1887 , the U , S. Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation .	misrepresentation	In 1887 the US Government wanted to undo Bell 's patent due to fraud and what ?
After a series of decisions and reversals , the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court , though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided .	Supreme Court	The US Government lost the bid to overturn Bell 's patent in what court ?
By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles , the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents -LRB- No. 174,465 dated March 7 , 1876 and No. 186,787 dated January 30 , 1877 -RRB- were no longer in effect , although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case 's importance as a `` precedent '' .	precedent	What excuse did the judges have for the trial despite the fact that the patents had expired ?
With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest -LRB- on both sides -RRB- arising from the original trial , the US Attorney General dropped the lawsuit on November 30 , 1897 leaving several issues undecided on the merits .	November 30, 1897	On what date did the US Government stop legal action ?
During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial , Italian inventor Antonio Meucci also claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834 .	Antonio Meucci	Who claimed to have invented the in 1834 ?
Meucci 's evidence in this case was disputed due to a lack of material evidence for his inventions as his working models were purportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph -LRB- ADT -RRB- of New York , which was later incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901 .	American District Telegraph (ADT)	At what company were Meucci 's prototypes supposedly lost ?
Meucci 's evidence in this case was disputed due to a lack of material evidence for his inventions as his working models were purportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph -LRB- ADT -RRB- of New York , which was later incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901 .	1901	In what year did Western Union absorb ADT ?
Meucci 's work , like many other inventors of the period , was based on earlier acoustic principles and despite evidence of earlier experiments , the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon Meucci 's death .	death	What event caused Meucci 's trials to be dropped ?
The Siemens company produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties .	royalties	Because of their patent , what did n't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell ?
The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels , Belgium in 1880 , as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation .	Brussels	What was the home city for the International Bell Telephone Company ?
The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels , Belgium in 1880 , as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation .	1880	In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded ?
On July 11 , 1877 , a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established , Bell married Mabel Hubbard -LRB- 1857 -- 1923 -RRB- at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge , Massachusetts .	Mabel Hubbard	Who did Bell marry in 1877 ?
Shortly thereafter , the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe .	Europe	Where did Bell and his wife go on their honeymoon ?
Although the telephone appeared to be an `` instant '' success , it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell 's main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897 .	lectures	Before 1897 , what did Bell get most of his money from ?
The Bell family home was in Cambridge , Massachusetts , until 1880 when Bell 's father-in-law bought a house in Washington , D.C. , and later in 1882 bought a home in the same city for Bell 's family , so that they could be with him while he attended to the numerous court cases involving patent disputes .	1880	In what year did Mabel 's father move to Washington D.C. ?
The Bell family home was in Cambridge , Massachusetts , until 1880 when Bell 's father-in-law bought a house in Washington , D.C. , and later in 1882 bought a home in the same city for Bell 's family , so that they could be with him while he attended to the numerous court cases involving patent disputes .	1882	In what year did Bell acquire a house in D.C. ?
The Bell family home was in Cambridge , Massachusetts , until 1880 when Bell 's father-in-law bought a house in Washington , D.C. , and later in 1882 bought a home in the same city for Bell 's family , so that they could be with him while he attended to the numerous court cases involving patent disputes .	Cambridge, Massachusetts	Where did Bell and Mabel live before 1880 ?
The Bell family home was in Cambridge , Massachusetts , until 1880 when Bell 's father-in-law bought a house in Washington , D.C. , and later in 1882 bought a home in the same city for Bell 's family , so that they could be with him while he attended to the numerous court cases involving patent disputes .	patent disputes	What did Bell have to go to court for in D.C. ?
Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882 , when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States .	1882	In what year did Bell officially become an American ?
Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882 , when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States .	British	What was Bell 's original nationality ?
Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882 , when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States .	Canada	Besides the US and UK , what other country claims Bell as a citizen ?
In 1915 , he characterized his status as : `` I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries . ''	hyphenated	What does Bell call people who are citizens of two countries ?
That summer , the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia , spending time at the small village of Baddeck .	Breton Island	What Island in Nova Scotia did the Bells go to in 1885 ?
Returning in 1886 , Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck , overlooking Bras d'Or Lake .	Bras d'Or	In 1886 , what lake did Bell start building a house near ?
By 1889 , a large house , christened The Lodge was completed and two years later , a larger complex of buildings , including a new laboratory , were begun that the Bells would name Beinn Bhreagh -LRB- Gaelic : beautiful mountain -RRB- after Bell 's ancestral Scottish highlands .	The Lodge	What did the Bells call the house completed in 1889 ?
-LSB- N 21 -RSB- Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate , employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family .	40	How many people worked for the Bell Boatyard ?
Until the end of his life , Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes , but Beinn Bhreagh would , over the next 30 years , become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened .	Beinn Bhreagh	Where did the Bells live when the Halifax Explosion happened ?
-LSB- N 22 -RSB- The Bells were still in residence at Beinn Bhreagh when the Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6 , 1917 .	December 6, 1917	On what day did the Halifax Explosion happen ?
Until the end of his life , Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes , but Beinn Bhreagh would , over the next 30 years , become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened .	Beinn Bhreagh	Which of their two homes did the Bells start spending more time as Bell aged ?
Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the Baddeck community and were accepted by the villagers as `` their own '' .	Baddeck	What city adopted the Bells ?
Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax .	mobilized the community	What did the Bells do to help the victims in Halifax ?
According to one of his biographers , Charlotte Gray , Bell 's work ranged `` unfettered across the scientific landscape '' and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclopædia Britannica , scouring it for new areas of interest .	Encyclopædia Britannica	What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading ?
The range of Bell 's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators .	18	How many solo patents did Bell get ?
The range of Bell 's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators .	12	How many patents did Bell co-author ?
During his Volta Laboratory period , Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound .	Volta	What famous lab did Bell spend time working for ?
During his Volta Laboratory period , Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound .	magnetic	What type of energy did Bell investigate at the Volta Laboratory ?
They abandoned the idea , never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder , the hard disc and floppy disc drive and other magnetic media .	tape recorder	The magnetic field is part of what sort of recorder ?
Bell 's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning , in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice .	ice	What form of water played a part in Bell 's home cooling system ?
Methane gas , he reasoned , could be produced from the waste of farms and factories .	Methane gas	What did Bell think could be collected from farm and factory byproduct ?
At his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia , he experimented with composting toilets and devices to capture water from the atmosphere .	composting	What kind of toilet did Bell work on ?
In a magazine interview published shortly before his death , he reflected on the possibility of using solar panels to heat houses .	solar	Right before his death , what kind of energy did he speculate about ?
Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone , named a photophone , which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light .	photophone	What did Bell call his cord-free phone ?
Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone , named a photophone , which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light .	Charles Sumner Tainter	Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with ?
Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone , named a photophone , which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light .	light	What did Bell 's cord-free phone use to transmit messages ?
Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association .	Volta Laboratory Association	What lab association did Bell and Tainter both eventually join ?
Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone , named a photophone , which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light .	normal human conversations	In the photophone , light carried sound and what ?
On June 21 , 1880 , Bell 's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance , from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington , D.C. , to Bell at the window of his laboratory , some 213 metres -LRB- 700 ft -RRB- away , 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions .	June 21, 1880	Bell and his assistant first used their photophone on what date ?
On June 21 , 1880 , Bell 's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance , from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington , D.C. , to Bell at the window of his laboratory , some 213 metres -LRB- 700 ft -RRB- away , 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions .	700	How many feet did the first photophone message travel ?
On June 21 , 1880 , Bell 's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance , from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington , D.C. , to Bell at the window of his laboratory , some 213 metres -LRB- 700 ft -RRB- away , 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions .	Franklin School	From what building was the first photophone message sent ?
On June 21 , 1880 , Bell 's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance , from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington , D.C. , to Bell at the window of his laboratory , some 213 metres -LRB- 700 ft -RRB- away , 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions .	19	How many years after this photophone message would the first message take place over radio ?
The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s .	The photophone	What did Bell call the best thing he ever made ?
Bell believed the photophone 's principles were his life 's `` greatest achievement '' , telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was `` the greatest invention -LSB- I have -RSB- ever made , greater than the telephone '' .	telephone	Bell thought the photophone was better than what famous invention ?
The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s .	fiber-optic communication	What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone ?
Its master patent was issued in December 1880 , many decades before the photophone 's principles came into popular use .	1880	When was fiber-optics first patented ?
The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s .	1980s	In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used ?
Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector in 1881 .	metal detector	What did Bell create in 1881 ?
The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield .	bullet	What was in James Garfield that they wanted to get out ?
According to some accounts , the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin 's bullet partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument , resulting in static .	metal bed frame	What did Bell think was wrong with the bed , which prevented his machine from finding the bullet ?
Alternatively , although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test , the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus .	first	On which run did Bell 's metal detector give a small indication ?
According to some accounts , the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin 's bullet partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument , resulting in static .	in tests	When did Bell 's metal detector work well ?
Bell 's own detailed account , presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882 , differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation , most notably by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet .	Science	Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what ?
Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield , Bell '' ... proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning ... to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed .	Executive Mansion	Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet ?
It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires .	horse-hair	What kind of mattress was the President directly on ?
In a footnote , Bell adds that `` The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination , however , proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus . ''	footnote	Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register ?
The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes .	William E. Meacham	Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes ?
The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes .	American	What nationality was Meacham ?
Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat .	hydrofoil boat	What did Bell start drawing after reading the article ?
Bell and assistant Frederick W. `` Casey '' Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water .	Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin	Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908 ?
Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models .	Enrico Forlanini	Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from ?
During his world tour of 1910 -- 11 , Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France .	France	In what country did Baldwin and Forlanini get together ?
Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying .	flying	What did Baldwin liken the hydrofoil boat to ?
The experimental boats were essentially proof-of-concept prototypes that culminated in the more substantial HD-4 , powered by Renault engines .	HD-4	Which boat was first powered by a Renault engine ?
In 1898 , Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk .	maroon	What color silk covered Bell 's kites ?
-LSB- N 23 -RSB- The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I , II and III , and were flown both unmanned and manned -LRB- Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge -RRB- in the period from 1907 -- 1912 .	Selfridge	Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed ?
-LSB- N 23 -RSB- The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I , II and III , and were flown both unmanned and manned -LRB- Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge -RRB- in the period from 1907 -- 1912 .	1912	Bell 's kits were flown from 1907 to what year ?
Some of Bell 's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site .	Alexander Graham Bell	Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site ?
Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association -LRB- AEA -RRB- , officially formed at Baddeck , Nova Scotia , in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate .	Aerial Experiment Association	What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace ?
Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association -LRB- AEA -RRB- , officially formed at Baddeck , Nova Scotia , in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate .	1907	When was the AEA founded ?
The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men : American Glenn H. Curtiss , a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title `` world 's fastest man '' , having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time , and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere , and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer ; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge , an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future ; Frederick W. Baldwin , the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport , New York , and J.A.D. McCurdy -- Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto .	Glenn H. Curtiss	Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records ?
The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men : American Glenn H. Curtiss , a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title `` world 's fastest man '' , having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time , and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere , and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer ; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge , an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future ; Frederick W. Baldwin , the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport , New York , and J.A.D. McCurdy -- Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto .	army	Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in ?
The AEA 's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines , applying their knowledge of kites to gliders .	gliders	What did the AEA work on after kites ?
Moving to Hammondsport , the group then designed and built the Red Wing , framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine .	bamboo	What material was the Red Wing 's frame made of ?
On March 12 , 1908 , over Keuka Lake , the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America .	biplane	What kind of plane was the Red Wing ?
-LSB- N 26 -RSB- The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908 , over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished .	150	How many accident-free flights had the AEA taken by 1909 ?
Lt. Selfridge had also become the first person killed in a powered heavier-than-air flight in a crash of the Wright Flyer at Fort Myer , Virginia , on September 17 , 1908 .	Selfridge	Who was the first person to die in a plane crash ?
Their final aircraft design , the Silver Dart , embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines .	Silver Dart	What did the AEA name their last plane ?
On February 23 , 1909 , Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or , made the first aircraft flight in Canada .	J.A.D. McCurdy	Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart ?
Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand .	a doctor	What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight ?
With the successful flight , the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army .	Canadian Aerodrome Company	What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded ?
On February 23 , 1909 , Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or , made the first aircraft flight in Canada .	February 23	On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight ?
In his lecture Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race presented to the National Academy of Sciences on November 13 , 1883 he noted that congenitally deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children and tentatively suggested that couples where both parties were deaf should not marry .	congenitally deaf parents	What kind of parents did Bell state were more prone to having deaf children ?
In 1921 , he was the honorary president of the Second International Congress of Eugenics held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York .	Second International Congress of Eugenics	In 1921 the American Museum of Natural History hosted what event ?
However , it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan 's Committee on Eugenics , under the auspices of the American Breeders ' Association .	David Starr	Which biologist ran the Committee on Eugenics ?
However , it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan 's Committee on Eugenics , under the auspices of the American Breeders ' Association .	livestock breeding	What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics ?
A large number of Bell 's writings , personal correspondence , notebooks , papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division -LRB- as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers -RRB- , and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute , Cape Breton University , Nova Scotia ; major portions of which are available for online viewing .	Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers	What are Bell 's personal papers known as ?
A large number of Bell 's writings , personal correspondence , notebooks , papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division -LRB- as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers -RRB- , and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute , Cape Breton University , Nova Scotia ; major portions of which are available for online viewing .	Manuscript Division	In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell 's papers kept ?
A large number of Bell 's writings , personal correspondence , notebooks , papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division -LRB- as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers -RRB- , and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute , Cape Breton University , Nova Scotia ; major portions of which are available for online viewing .	online	Apart from in person , how can one look at many of Bell 's papers ?
A large number of Bell 's writings , personal correspondence , notebooks , papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division -LRB- as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers -RRB- , and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute , Cape Breton University , Nova Scotia ; major portions of which are available for online viewing .	Cape Breton University	In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute ?
A large number of Bell 's writings , personal correspondence , notebooks , papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division -LRB- as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers -RRB- , and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute , Cape Breton University , Nova Scotia ; major portions of which are available for online viewing .	Nova Scotia	In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located ?
Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas .	Alexandre Dumas	Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880 ?
The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801 , and named in honor of Alessandro Volta , with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history .	Napoleon Bonaparte	Who first established the Volta Prize ?
The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery , and the very next year it improved Edison 's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it , key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted .	wax	The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance ?
These included the prestigious ` Volta Laboratory Association ' -LRB- 1880 -RRB- , also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the ` Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory ' , and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau -LRB- 1887 -RRB- as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown , Washington , D.C. .	Volta Bureau	Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today ?
In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard , Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s .	Science	What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard ?
In 1898 , Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society , serving until 1903 , and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations , including photography , in the magazine .	1903	When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society ?
In 1898 , Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society , serving until 1903 , and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations , including photography , in the magazine .	illustrations	What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement ?
The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur -LRB- Legion of Honor -RRB- ; the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902 ; the University of Würzburg , Bavaria , granted him a PhD , and he was awarded the Franklin Institute 's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912 .	Albert Medal	What award did Bell win in 1902 ?
Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities , to the point that the requests almost became burdensome .	honorary degrees	What did Bell receive from many centers of post-secondary education ?
These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created , notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford , Ontario , in 1917 .	Bell Telephone Memorial	What is the most famous statue built for Bell and his creation ?
These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created , notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford , Ontario , in 1917 .	1917	When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed ?
These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created , notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford , Ontario , in 1917 .	Brantford	In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed ?
These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created , notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford , Ontario , in 1917 .	Alexander Graham Bell Gardens	In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed ?
The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston , Massachusetts , the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf .	First	In 1936 , what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors ?
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country 's greatest inventors , leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its ` Famous Americans Series ' .	commemorative stamp	What was created in Bell 's image in 1940 ?
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country 's greatest inventors , leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its ` Famous Americans Series ' .	Famous Americans Series	Bell 's stamp is part of which line ?
The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston , Massachusetts , the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf .	October 28	On what date was the stamp officially released ?
The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston , Massachusetts , the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf .	Boston	In which city was the stamp officially released ?
The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell 's face in profile , his signature , and objects from Bell 's life and career : users of the telephone over the ages ; an audio wave signal ; a diagram of a telephone receiver ; geometric shapes from engineering structures ; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet ; the geese which helped him to understand flight ; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics .	geese	What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote ?
The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell 's face in profile , his signature , and objects from Bell 's life and career : users of the telephone over the ages ; an audio wave signal ; a diagram of a telephone receiver ; geometric shapes from engineering structures ; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet ; the geese which helped him to understand flight ; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics .	genetics	What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent ?
Additionally , the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$ 100 gold coin , in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth , and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada .	C$100 gold coin	What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997 ?
Additionally , the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$ 100 gold coin , in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth , and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada .	2009	In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart ?
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons -LRB- 2002 -RRB- in an official BBC nationwide poll , and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , and the 100 Greatest Americans -LRB- 2005 -RRB- .	57th	In 2002 , where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons ?
In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland 's ` Scottish Science Hall of Fame ' .	Scottish Science Hall of Fame	In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed ?
In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland 's ` Scottish Science Hall of Fame ' .	National Library of Scotland	Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame ?
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2 , 1922 , at his private estate , Beinn Bhreagh , Nova Scotia , at age 75 .	diabetes	What disease contributed greatly to Bell 's death ?
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2 , 1922 , at his private estate , Beinn Bhreagh , Nova Scotia , at age 75 .	August 2	On what day and month did Bell die ?
His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m. -LSB- N 29 -RSB- -LSB- N 30 -RSB- While tending to him after his long illness , Mabel , his wife , whispered , `` Do n't leave me . ''	Mabel	Who was the last person to see Bell alive ?
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2 , 1922 , at his private estate , Beinn Bhreagh , Nova Scotia , at age 75 .	Nova Scotia	In what Province did Bell die ?
Bell 's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff , lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments .	Beinn Bhreagh pine	What kind of wood was Bell 's coffin made from ?
Bell 's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff , lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments .	red	What color silk was used in Bell 's coffin ?
To help celebrate his life , his wife asked guests not to wear black -LRB- the traditional funeral color -RRB- while attending his service , during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson 's `` Requiem '' :	black	What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell 's funeral ?
To help celebrate his life , his wife asked guests not to wear black -LRB- the traditional funeral color -RRB- while attending his service , during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson 's `` Requiem '' :	Jean MacDonald	Which singer performed at Bell 's funeral ?
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain , on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life , overlooking Bras d'Or Lake .	atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain	Where was Bell buried ?
He was survived by his wife Mabel , his two daughters , Elsie May and Marian , and nine of his grandchildren .	Marian	Bell 's living daughters were named Elsie May and what ?
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain , on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life , overlooking Bras d'Or Lake .	35	Over how many years did Bell spend a great deal of time at Beinn Bhreagh ?
The bel -LRB- B -RRB- and the smaller decibel -LRB- dB -RRB- are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him .	The bel	What unit is named after Bell ?
The bel -LRB- B -RRB- and the smaller decibel -LRB- dB -RRB- are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him .	sound intensity	What does the bel and decibel measure ?
The bel -LRB- B -RRB- and the smaller decibel -LRB- dB -RRB- are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him .	Bell Labs	What lab invented the term `` bel . ''
-LSB- N 28 -RSB- Since 1976 the IEEE 's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications .	telecommunications	In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out ?
-LSB- N 28 -RSB- Since 1976 the IEEE 's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications .	1976	What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out ?
An Internet service provider -LRB- ISP -RRB- is an organization that provides services for accessing , using , the Internet .	Internet service provider	What does ISP stand for ?
An Internet service provider -LRB- ISP -RRB- is an organization that provides services for accessing , using , the Internet .	provides services for accessing, using, the Internet	what does an isp do ?
Internet service providers may be organized in various forms , such as commercial , community-owned , non-profit , or otherwise privately owned .	commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned	What forms can an isp be organized in ?
Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access , Internet transit , domain name registration , web hosting , Usenet service , and colocation .	ISPs	What type of organization provides internet access ?
Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access , Internet transit , domain name registration , web hosting , Usenet service , and colocation .	Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation	What are some services provided by an isp ?
The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities .	a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities	Why was the internet developed ?
By the late 1980s , a process was set in place towards public , commercial use of the Internet .	1980s	when was the internet developed ?
By the late 1980s , a process was set in place towards public , commercial use of the Internet .	a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet	what happened to the internet in the late 1980s ?
The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995 , 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web .	1995	When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed ?
The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995 , 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web .	4 years	how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995 ?
In 1989 , the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States .	Australia and the United States	Where were the first isps established ?
In Brookline , Massachusetts , The World became the first commercial ISP in the US .	Brookline, Massachusetts	where was the first commercial isp in the us located ?
Its first customer was served in November 1989 .	November 1989	when was the first commercial isp customer served ?
In 1989 , the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States .	1989	when were the first commercial isps established ?
In Brookline , Massachusetts , The World became the first commercial ISP in the US .	The World	what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us ?
On 23 April 2014 , the U.S. Federal Communications Commission -LRB- FCC -RRB- was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content , thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position .	ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content	What would the absence of net neutrality permit ?
A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband , according to Professor Susan Crawford , a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School .	municipal broadband	what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns ?
On 10 November 2014 , President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality .	a telecommunications service	how did president obama recommend to classify the internet ?
On 31 January 2015 , AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying -LRB- `` with some caveats '' -RRB- Title II -LRB- common carrier -RRB- of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015 .	Title II (common carrier)	what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet ?
On 10 November 2014 , President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality .	telecommunications	what would the internet be classified as based on title ii ?
On 26 February 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II -LRB- common carrier -RRB- of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet .	February 2015	When did the FCC rule on net neturality ?
On 26 February 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II -LRB- common carrier -RRB- of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet .	in favor	How did the FCC rule on net neutrality ?
On 26 February 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II -LRB- common carrier -RRB- of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet .	Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934	what did the FCC adopt for the internet ?
The FCC Chairman , Tom Wheeler , commented , `` This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech .	the First Amendment	what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to ?
The FCC Chairman , Tom Wheeler , commented , `` This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech .	free speech	what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for ?
On 13 April 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new `` Net Neutrality '' regulations .	13 April 2015	When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations ?
ISPs provide Internet access , employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network .	Internet access	What do ISPs provide ?
ISPs provide Internet access , employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network .	a range of technologies to connect users to their network	how do isps provide internet access ?
Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines , to television cable -LRB- CATV -RRB- , wireless Ethernet -LRB- wi-fi -RRB- , and fiber optics .	television cable (CATV)	what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet ?
Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines , to television cable -LRB- CATV -RRB- , wireless Ethernet -LRB- wi-fi -RRB- , and fiber optics .	wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)	what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly ?
Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines , to television cable -LRB- CATV -RRB- , wireless Ethernet -LRB- wi-fi -RRB- , and fiber optics .	telephone lines	what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet ?
For users and small businesses , traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up , DSL , typically asymmetric digital subscriber line -LRB- ADSL -RRB- , cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network -LRB- ISDN -RRB- -LRB- typically basic rate interface -RRB- .	copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)	what traditional options were available for users and small businesses ?
Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names .	Fiber To The Home	what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users ?
For users and small businesses , traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up , DSL , typically asymmetric digital subscriber line -LRB- ADSL -RRB- , cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network -LRB- ISDN -RRB- -LRB- typically basic rate interface -RRB- .	users and small businesses	who is served by dial-up , dsl , adsl , cable modems , or isdns ?
For customers with more demanding requirements -LRB- such as medium-to-large businesses , or other ISPs -RRB- can use higher-speed DSL -LRB- such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line -RRB- , Ethernet , metropolitan Ethernet , gigabit Ethernet , Frame Relay , ISDN Primary Rate Interface , ATM -LRB- Asynchronous Transfer Mode -RRB- and synchronous optical networking -LRB- SONET -RRB- .	medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs	What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements ?
For customers with more demanding requirements -LRB- such as medium-to-large businesses , or other ISPs -RRB- can use higher-speed DSL -LRB- such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line -RRB- , Ethernet , metropolitan Ethernet , gigabit Ethernet , Frame Relay , ISDN Primary Rate Interface , ATM -LRB- Asynchronous Transfer Mode -RRB- and synchronous optical networking -LRB- SONET -RRB- .	Asynchronous Transfer Mode	what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers ?
For customers with more demanding requirements -LRB- such as medium-to-large businesses , or other ISPs -RRB- can use higher-speed DSL -LRB- such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line -RRB- , Ethernet , metropolitan Ethernet , gigabit Ethernet , Frame Relay , ISDN Primary Rate Interface , ATM -LRB- Asynchronous Transfer Mode -RRB- and synchronous optical networking -LRB- SONET -RRB- .	customers with more demanding requirements	what is high-speed dsl used for ?
For customers with more demanding requirements -LRB- such as medium-to-large businesses , or other ISPs -RRB- can use higher-speed DSL -LRB- such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line -RRB- , Ethernet , metropolitan Ethernet , gigabit Ethernet , Frame Relay , ISDN Primary Rate Interface , ATM -LRB- Asynchronous Transfer Mode -RRB- and synchronous optical networking -LRB- SONET -RRB- .	synchronous optical networking	what is SONET ?
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes .	an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes	What is a mailbox provider ?
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes .	A mailbox provider	What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains ?
It provides email servers to send , receive , accept , and store email for end users or other organizations .	It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email	what is the purpose of a mailbox provider ?
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes .	A mailbox provider	how does a user store electronic mail ?
The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol -LRB- SMTP -RRB- and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol -LRB- IMAP -RRB- , the Post Office Protocol , Webmail , or a proprietary protocol .	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol	What is SMTP ?
The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol -LRB- SMTP -RRB- and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol -LRB- IMAP -RRB- , the Post Office Protocol , Webmail , or a proprietary protocol .	Internet Message Access Protocol	What is IMAP ?
The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol -LRB- SMTP -RRB- and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol -LRB- IMAP -RRB- , the Post Office Protocol , Webmail , or a proprietary protocol .	implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.	How is access to mail provided ?
Many mailbox providers are also access providers , while others are not -LRB- e.g. , Yahoo! Mail , Outlook.com , Gmail , AOL Mail , Po box -RRB- .	access providers	what are most mailbox providers as well ?
The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services , as well as the relevant department of companies , universities , organizations , groups , and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves .	companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals	who possibly controls their own mail servers ?
Internet hosting services provide email , web-hosting , or online storage services .	email, web-hosting, or online storage services	What do internet hosting services provide ?
Internet hosting services provide email , web-hosting , or online storage services .	Internet hosting services	Who provides a virtual server service ?
Internet hosting services provide email , web-hosting , or online storage services .	Internet hosting services	who provides cloud services ?
Just as their customers pay them for Internet access , ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access .	upstream ISPs	Who does an ISP pay for internet access ?
An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to .	An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP	Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP ?
An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to .	access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to	What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP ?
Just as their customers pay them for Internet access , ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access .	upstream ISPs	what usually has a larger network , the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP ?
In the simplest case , a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network ; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier .	transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network	What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP ?
Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs .	large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs	what do transit ISPs provide ?
In the simplest case , a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network ; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier .	a tier 1 carrier	A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what ?
ISPs with more than one point of presence -LRB- PoP -RRB- may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs , or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence .	point of presence	What is a PoP ?
Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs .	Transit ISPs	What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs ?
A virtual ISP -LRB- VISP -RRB- is an operation that purchases services from another ISP , sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context , which allow the VISP 's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP .	virtual ISP	What is a VISP ?
VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications .	mobile virtual network operators	What do VISPs resemble ?
A virtual ISP -LRB- VISP -RRB- is an operation that purchases services from another ISP , sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context , which allow the VISP 's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP .	a wholesale ISP	What do visps purchase services from ?
Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge .	Internet service providers that provide service free of charge	What are free ISPs ?
Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected ; like commercial television , in a sense they are selling the user 's attention to the advertiser .	advertisements	What do free ISPs display in exchange for service ?
Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected ; like commercial television , in a sense they are selling the user 's attention to the advertiser .	commercial television	What are free ISPs similar to ?
Other free ISPs , sometimes called freenets , are run on a nonprofit basis , usually with volunteer staff .	on a nonprofit basis	How are freenets run ?
A wireless Internet service provider -LRB- WISP -RRB- is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking .	wireless Internet service provider	What is a WISP ?
Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking , or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz , 2.4 GHz , 4.9 , 5.2 , 5.4 , 5.7 , and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz -LRB- EBS/BRS -RRB- , 3.65 GHz -LRB- NN -RRB- and in the UHF band -LRB- including the MMDS frequency band -RRB- and LMDS .	commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment	What technology is part of a WISP ?
Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking , or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz , 2.4 GHz , 4.9 , 5.2 , 5.4 , 5.7 , and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz -LRB- EBS/BRS -RRB- , 3.65 GHz -LRB- NN -RRB- and in the UHF band -LRB- including the MMDS frequency band -RRB- and LMDS .	900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands	What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over ?
A wireless Internet service provider -LRB- WISP -RRB- is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking .	wireless networking	What is a wireless internet service provider 's network based on ?
ISPs may engage in peering , where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points -LRB- IXs -RRB- , allowing routing of data between each network , without charging one another for the data transmitted -- data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP , incurring charges from the upstream ISP .	multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points	What is peering ?
ISPs may engage in peering , where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points -LRB- IXs -RRB- , allowing routing of data between each network , without charging one another for the data transmitted -- data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP , incurring charges from the upstream ISP .	routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted	What does peering allow ?
ISPs may engage in peering , where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points -LRB- IXs -RRB- , allowing routing of data between each network , without charging one another for the data transmitted -- data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP , incurring charges from the upstream ISP .	data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP	Why is peering used ?
ISPs may engage in peering , where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points -LRB- IXs -RRB- , allowing routing of data between each network , without charging one another for the data transmitted -- data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP , incurring charges from the upstream ISP .	Internet exchange points	What are IXs ?
ISPs may engage in peering , where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points -LRB- IXs -RRB- , allowing routing of data between each network , without charging one another for the data transmitted -- data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP , incurring charges from the upstream ISP .	peering points or Internet exchange points	Where do multiple ISPs connect ?
A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible .	A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible	Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible ?
Network hardware , software and specifications , as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route , and upstream connections work reliably .	the most efficient route	What sort of route does data follow ?
Furthermore , in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies .	intelligence agencies	What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries ?
In the U.S. , a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution .	PRISM	What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S. ?
In the U.S. , a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution .	provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic	What does PRISM do ?
Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks , which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks -LRB- such as DCSNet in the United States , or SORM in Russia -RRB- allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time .	a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment	What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies ?
Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks , which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks -LRB- such as DCSNet in the United States , or SORM in Russia -RRB- allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time .	allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time	What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do ?
Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics ; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images .	fumetti	Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images ?
Often textual devices such as speech balloons , captions , and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue , narration , sound effects , or other information .	speech balloons	In addition to onomatopoeia and captions , what can be used to show the dialogue in comics ?
Since the late 20th century , bound volumes such as graphic novels , comics albums , and tankōbon have become increasingly common , and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century .	online webcomics	What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century ?
Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing .	narrative pacing	The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics ?
The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer 's cartoon strips of the 1830s , and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin .	1830s	When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons ?
American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips ; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s , in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938 .	Superman	Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938 ?
Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning -LRB- manga -RRB- propose origins as early as the 12th century .	manga	What is Japanese cartooning known as ?
It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages , such as manga for Japanese comics , or bandes dessinées for French-language comics .	bandes dessinées	French comics are also known as what ?
The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances , such as individual strips or comic books .	when it refers to the medium	When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural ?
There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics ; some emphasize the combination of images and text , some sequentiality or other image relations , and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters .	recurring characters	The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what ?
There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics ; some emphasize the combination of images and text , some sequentiality or other image relations , and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters .	images and text	Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things ?
It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages , such as manga for Japanese comics , or bandes dessinées for French-language comics .	manga	What are Japanese comics called ?
Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault 's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid , though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer 's precedence .	Rodolphe Töpffer	Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe ?
Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault 's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid , though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer 's precedence .	Richard F. Outcault	Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America ?
Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault 's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid , though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer 's precedence .	1890s	When did Outcault 's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers ?
Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era .	satirical	What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II ?
Outside of these genealogies , comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France -LRB- some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images -RRB- , Egyptian hieroglyphs , Trajan 's Column in Rome , the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry , the 1370 bois Protat woodcut , the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books , Michelangelo 's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel , and William Hogarth 's 17th-century sequential engravings , amongst others .	Lascaux cave paintings	In France , what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics ?
Outside of these genealogies , comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France -LRB- some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images -RRB- , Egyptian hieroglyphs , Trajan 's Column in Rome , the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry , the 1370 bois Protat woodcut , the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books , Michelangelo 's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel , and William Hogarth 's 17th-century sequential engravings , amongst others .	The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel	What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics ?
Outside of these genealogies , comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France -LRB- some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images -RRB- , Egyptian hieroglyphs , Trajan 's Column in Rome , the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry , the 1370 bois Protat woodcut , the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books , Michelangelo 's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel , and William Hogarth 's 17th-century sequential engravings , amongst others .	hieroglyphs	In Egypt , historians consider what to be a precedent for comics ?
Outside of these genealogies , comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France -LRB- some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images -RRB- , Egyptian hieroglyphs , Trajan 's Column in Rome , the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry , the 1370 bois Protat woodcut , the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books , Michelangelo 's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel , and William Hogarth 's 17th-century sequential engravings , amongst others .	Trajan's Column	In Rome , what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics ?
Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain , the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825 .	The Glasgow Looking Glass	What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century ?
Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain , the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825 .	1825	When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin ?
The most popular was Punch , which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures .	Punch	In Britain , what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical ?
On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences ; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884 .	Ally Sloper	Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine ?
On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences ; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884 .	1884	When did Ally Sloper first appear ?
The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American , particularly Outcault 's The Yellow Kid , led to the development of newspaper comic strips .	New York World	Which outlet did comic supplements find success in ?
The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American , particularly Outcault 's The Yellow Kid , led to the development of newspaper comic strips .	Outcault's The Yellow Kid	Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip ?
Shorter , black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century , and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher 's Mutt and Jeff .	Mutt and Jeff	What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with ?
Shorter , black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century , and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher 's Mutt and Jeff .	1907	When did Mutt and Jeff appear ?
Humour strips predominated at first , and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular .	1930s	When did comic books make an appearance ?
The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books , in which the superhero genre was prominent .	Action Comics	Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938 ?
Following a sales peak in the early 1950s , the content of comic books -LRB- particularly crime and horror -RRB- was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies , which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body .	crime and horror	Which genre of comic books had parents concerned ?
Following a sales peak in the early 1950s , the content of comic books -LRB- particularly crime and horror -RRB- was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies , which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body .	Comics Code Authority	Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content ?
Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s .	1960s	When did super heroes become popular again in comic books ?
The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature , often experimental content in non-superhero genres .	1980s	When did the alternative comics movement begin ?
From the 1980s , mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums .	1980s	Serialization of comics became less popular when ?
From the 1980s , mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums .	as albums	How were comics published when serialization became less common ?
Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common .	L'Association	Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional ?
Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market .	print market	Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market ?
Japanese comics and cartooning -LRB- manga -RRB- , -LSB- g -RSB- have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga , 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books , and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries .	toba-e and kibyōshi picture books	What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins ?
Japanese comics and cartooning -LRB- manga -RRB- , -LSB- g -RSB- have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga , 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books , and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries .	woodblock prints	What is ukiyo-e an example of ?
New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular , and at the end of the 1890s , American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan , as well as some American comic strips .	1890s	When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan ?
Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century .	Western expatriates	Who introduced satirical strips to Japan ?
1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper -- the first use of the word `` manga '' in its modern sense , and where , in 1902 , Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip .	1900	When did Jiji Manga debut ?
1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper -- the first use of the word `` manga '' in its modern sense , and where , in 1902 , Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip .	Rakuten Kitazawa	Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times ?
By the 1930s , comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls ' and boys ' magazine and collected into hardback volumes .	1930s	When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes ?
The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II , propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san .	Sazae-san	What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka ?
Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories ; they are later compiled in tankōbon-format books .	magazines	Where were comic strip stories first serialized ?
The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II , propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san .	after World War II	What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan ?
Comic strips are generally short , multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers .	newspapers	Where do comics usually appear ?
European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines -- monthly or weekly in Europe , and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan .	magazines	Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear ?
European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines -- monthly or weekly in Europe , and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan .	monthly or weekly	How often are European serialized comics in magazines ?
European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines -- monthly or weekly in Europe , and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan .	weekly	How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines ?
Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages .	hundreds of pages	How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine ?
In English-speaking countries , bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats .	graphic novels	What are bounds volumes of comics called in America ?
Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization .	tankōbon	What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes ?
Despite incorporating the term `` novel '' -- a term normally associated with fiction -- `` graphic novel '' also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works .	fiction	What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards ?
In English-speaking countries , bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats .	graphic novels	What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces ?
Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries , and the term `` cartoon '' -LSB- h -RSB- was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch .	Europe	Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance ?
Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries , and the term `` cartoon '' -LSB- h -RSB- was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch .	1843	When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons ?
Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries , and the term `` cartoon '' -LSB- h -RSB- was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch .	Punch	In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations ?
Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture ; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society .	lowbrow reputation	What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots ?
Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture ; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society .	cultural elites	Who thought pop culture was a risk ?
Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture ; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society .	Comics	What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write ?
The graphic novel -- book-length comics -- began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God -LRB- 1978 -RRB- .	graphic novel	What is a comic that is as long as a book called ?
The graphic novel -- book-length comics -- began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God -LRB- 1978 -RRB- .	Will Eisner	Who helped `` graphic novel '' get public attention ?
In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common .	webcomics	In addition to printed graphic novels in stores , what became popular online ?
The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus , Watchmen , and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s .	Maus	The popularity of the Watchmen , The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize `` graphic novel '' as a term ?
The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827 , and published theories behind the form .	Rodolphe Töpffer	Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827 ?
Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century .	19th	What century had comics in wide production ?
The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics , after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate .	Zig et Puce	What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular ?
The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics , after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate .	Franco-Belgian	What comics began to dominate in Europe ?
The Adventures of Tintin , with its signature clear line style , was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929 , and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics .	1929	When was `` The Adventures of Tintin '' serialized ?
As in the US , at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy ; commentators stated that `` none bear up to the slightest serious analysis '' , -LSB- c -RSB- and that comics were `` the sabotage of all art and all literature '' .	literacy	In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what ?
Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey -LRB- 1934 -- 44 -RRB- , dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century .	comics	What was seen as `` infantile '' in the United States ?
As in the US , at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy ; commentators stated that `` none bear up to the slightest serious analysis '' , -LSB- c -RSB- and that comics were `` the sabotage of all art and all literature '' .	literature	Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what ?
In the 1960s , the term bandes dessinées -LRB- `` drawn strips '' -RRB- came into wide use in French to denote the medium .	drawn strips	What does bandes dessinées mean ?
Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences , and the term `` Ninth Art '' -LSB- e -RSB- was coined , as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform .	Ninth Art	Comics for adults began to be called what ?
A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work .	1959	What year did Pilote begin ?
Goscinny and Uderzo 's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series .	Adventures of Asterix	What became a best-seller comic in the French language ?
Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972 .	editorial interference	Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what ?
Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972 .	1972	When was L'Écho des savanes begun ?
Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s , such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant , even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format adult comics .	science fiction	Métal hurlant was of what genre ?
The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara 's Nihon Manga-Shi -LSB- i -RSB- in 1924 .	Nihon Manga-Shi	Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create ?
The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara 's Nihon Manga-Shi -LSB- i -RSB- in 1924 .	1924	When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi ?
Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities , and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics -LRB- ja -RRB- -LSB- l -RSB- was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship .	Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics	What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships ?
The publication of Frederik L. Schodt 's Manga !	Frederik L. Schodt	Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan 's borders ?
Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics -LRB- 1947 -RRB- .	Coulton Waugh	Who put together a history of American comics in 1947 ?
Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics -LRB- 1947 -RRB- .	The Comics	What was the name of Waugh 's work ?
David Carrier 's The Aesthetics of Comics -LRB- 2000 -RRB- was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective .	David Carrier	Who created a book about comics from a philosophical point of view ?
Will Eisner 's Comics and Sequential Art -LRB- 1985 -RRB- and Scott McCloud 's Understanding Comics -LRB- 1993 -RRB- were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics .	Comics and Sequential Art	What book did Will Eisner create in 1985 ?
The French term for comics , bandes dessinées -LRB- `` drawn strip '' -RRB- emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor , which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics .	bandes dessinées	What word is used in France for comics ?
The term manga is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics , cartooning , and caricature .	manga	What word is used in Japan for comics ?
The French term for comics , bandes dessinées -LRB- `` drawn strip '' -RRB- emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor , which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics .	drawn strip	What does bandes dessinées mean ?
The French term for comics , bandes dessinées -LRB- `` drawn strip '' -RRB- emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor , which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics .	drawn images	What is the definitive factor of bandes dessinées ?
Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet .	Webcomics	What comics are on the Internet ?
They are able to reach large audiences , and new readers usually can access archived installments .	readers	Webcomics reach large audiences and new what ?
They are able to reach large audiences , and new readers usually can access archived installments .	archived installments	With webcomics , readers have access to what ?
Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas -- meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page .	infinite canvas	Not held back by size limits , webcomics are said to have a what ?
Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative .	Wordless novels	Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by some ?
Film studios , especially in animation , often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences .	Film studios	Storyboards are used a lot by what ?
These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public .	an end product	Storyboards are not considered what ?
These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public .	the public	Who does not often see storyboards used in film making ?
Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative .	Wordless novels	A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what ?
Similar to the problems of defining literature and film , no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium , and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions .	consensus	What has not been reached as far as defining comics is concerned ?
Theorists such as Töpffer , R. C. Harvey , Will Eisner , David Carrier , Alain Rey , and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images , though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history .	Theorists	R. C. Harvey , Will Eisner and others are considered to be comic what ?
Theorists such as Töpffer , R. C. Harvey , Will Eisner , David Carrier , Alain Rey , and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images , though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history .	pantomime comics	What are there prominent examples of in comic history ?
Theorists such as Töpffer , R. C. Harvey , Will Eisner , David Carrier , Alain Rey , and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images , though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history .	images	Comic critics , such as McCloud , stressed that sequences of what should be primary ?
Towards the close of the 20th century , different cultures ' discoveries of each other 's comics traditions , the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms , and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task .	20th	What century had forgotten comic forms rediscovered ?
European comics studies began with Töpffer 's theories of his own work in the 1840s , which emphasized panel transitions and the visual -- verbal combination .	his own	In the 1840s , Töpffer wrote theories about whose work ?
In 1987 , Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre , or `` multiframe '' , to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit .	Henri Vanlier	Who introduced the term `` multiframe '' ?
Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics , analyzing text -- image relations , page-level image relations , and image discontinuities , or what Scott McCloud later dubbed `` closure '' .	Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle	Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s ?
Since the mid-2000s , Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science , extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments .	Neil Cohn	Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics ?
Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English , including Russian -LRB- Russian : Комикс , komiks -RRB- and German -LRB- comic -RRB- .	komiks	What Russian word is used for comics ?
Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English , including Russian -LRB- Russian : Комикс , komiks -RRB- and German -LRB- comic -RRB- .	comics	What German word is used for comics ?
Similarly , the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written .	manhua	What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga ?
Similarly , the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written .	manhwa	What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga ?
The English term comics derives from the humorous -LRB- or `` comic '' -RRB- work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips ; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well .	newspaper comic strips	The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where ?
The English term comics derives from the humorous -LRB- or `` comic '' -RRB- work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips ; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well .	non-humorous	Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works ?
The term `` comic book '' has a similarly confusing history : they are most often not humorous ; nor are they regular books , but rather periodicals .	periodicals	Comic books are what type of books ?
It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages , such as manga for Japanese comics , or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics .	manga	What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan ?
It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages , such as manga for Japanese comics , or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics .	bandes dessinées	What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian ?
While comics are often the work of a single creator , the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists .	specialists	Though one person typically creates the comic , there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it ?
Particularly in American superhero comic books , the art may be divided between a penciller , who lays out the artwork in pencil ; an inker , who finishes the artwork in ink ; a colourist ; and a letterer , who adds the captions and speech balloons .	penciller	What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork ?
Particularly in American superhero comic books , the art may be divided between a penciller , who lays out the artwork in pencil ; an inker , who finishes the artwork in ink ; a colourist ; and a letterer , who adds the captions and speech balloons .	finishes the artwork in ink	What does an inker do ?
Panels are individual images containing a segment of action , often surrounded by a border .	Panels	What are the individual images with action called in comics ?
Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation .	encapsulation	Narrative is placed into panels using what ?
The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events .	The reader	Who puts the panels together using closure ?
The size , shape , and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative .	arrangement	Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size , shape and what of panels ?
The contents of a panel may be asynchronous , with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time .	asynchronous	When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what ?
Speech balloons indicate dialogue -LRB- or thought , in the case of thought balloons -RRB- , with tails pointing at their respective speakers .	Speech balloons	What association with comics is strong ?
Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons , captions , and sound effects .	comics	The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what ?
Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words .	onomatopoeia	What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics ?
Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics , traditionally using ink -LRB- especially India ink -RRB- with dip pens or ink brushes ; mixed media and digital technology have become common .	India ink	What type of ink is often used in making comics ?
Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics , traditionally using ink -LRB- especially India ink -RRB- with dip pens or ink brushes ; mixed media and digital technology have become common .	Cartooning	What method is mostly used in making comics ?
Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics , traditionally using ink -LRB- especially India ink -RRB- with dip pens or ink brushes ; mixed media and digital technology have become common .	digital technology	Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics ?
Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed .	abstract symbols	Motion lines and what are often used in comics ?
It was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople .	Saint Helena of Constantinople	What is Saint Helena tropical island named after ?
Saint Helena -LRB- / ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə / SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə -RRB- is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean , 4,000 kilometres -LRB- 2,500 mi -RRB- east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres -LRB- 1,210 mi -RRB- west of the Cunene River , which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa .	South Atlantic Ocean	What ocean is Saint Helena located in ?
Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres -LRB- 10 by 5 mi -RRB- and has a population of 4,255 -LRB- 2008 census -RRB- .	4,255	What is the population of Saint Helena ?
Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres -LRB- 10 by 5 mi -RRB- and has a population of 4,255 -LRB- 2008 census -RRB- .	16 by 8 kilometres	How big is Saint Helena tropical Island ?
The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502 .	1502	When was the island discovered ?
Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British , as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo -LRB- for leading a Zulu army against British rule -RRB- and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War .	more than 5,000	How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War ?
Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British , as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo -LRB- for leading a Zulu army against British rule -RRB- and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War .	leading a Zulu army against British rule	Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island ?
This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change and helped establish the roots of environmentalism .	environmentalism	The roots of what were established on Saint Helena ?
Between 1791 and 1833 , Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation , reforestation and attempts to boost rainfall artificially .	rainfall	What did scientists attempt to boost artificially on Saint Helena ?
This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change and helped establish the roots of environmentalism .	environmental change	The environmental intervention was linked to the conceptualization of what process ?
Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of Portugal , and that he named it `` Santa Helena '' after Helena of Constantinople .	21 May 1502	What date was the island discovered on ?
Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of Portugal , and that he named it `` Santa Helena '' after Helena of Constantinople .	João da Nova	What navigator discovered the island ?
Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of Portugal , and that he named it `` Santa Helena '' after Helena of Constantinople .	Portugal	What country was João da Nova doing service for ?
Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of Portugal , and that he named it `` Santa Helena '' after Helena of Constantinople .	Helena of Constantinople	What person is Saint Helena Island named after ?
The Portuguese found the island uninhabited , with an abundance of trees and fresh water .	trees and fresh water.	What did the island have an abundance of when discovered ?
They imported livestock , fruit trees and vegetables , and built a chapel and one or two houses .	livestock, fruit trees and vegetables	What was imported by the settlers of the island ?
They imported livestock , fruit trees and vegetables , and built a chapel and one or two houses .	a chapel and one or two houses.	What kind of buildings were built by the settlers ?
Though they formed no permanent settlement , the island was an important rendezvous point and source of food for ships travelling from Asia to Europe , and frequently sick mariners were left on the island to recover , before taking passage on the next ship to call on the island .	mariners	Who was left on the island to recover when sick ?
Though they formed no permanent settlement , the island was an important rendezvous point and source of food for ships travelling from Asia to Europe , and frequently sick mariners were left on the island to recover , before taking passage on the next ship to call on the island .	food	What was the island a source of for ships travelling from Asia to Europe ?
Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world -LRB- 1577 -- 1580 -RRB- .	Englishman Sir Francis Drake	Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip ?
Further visits by other English explorers followed , and , once Saint Helena 's location was more widely known , English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home .	Portuguese India carracks	What did English ships of war attack on the island ?
In developing their Far East trade , the Dutch also began to frequent the island .	the Dutch	Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island ?
The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island , partly because they used ports along the West African coast , but also because of attacks on their shipping , the desecration of their chapel and religious icons , destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors .	The Portuguese and Spanish	Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping ?
The Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633 , although there is no evidence that they ever occupied , colonised or fortified it .	The Dutch Republic	Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633 ?
By 1651 , the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope .	1651	What year did the Dutch abandon the island ?
By 1651 , the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope .	Cape of Good Hope.	Which colony did the Dutch abandon the island for ?
In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters .	the English East India Company	Who was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena ?
In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters .	Oliver Cromwell	Who granted the English East company a character to govern the island ?
The first governor , Captain John Dutton , arrived in 1659 , making Saint Helena one of Britain 's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean .	Captain John Dutton	Who was the first governor of Saint Helena ?
The first governor , Captain John Dutton , arrived in 1659 , making Saint Helena one of Britain 's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean .	1659	What year did the first governor arrive to Saint Helena ?
In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters .	East India Company	Who had the sole right to fortify and colonize the island ?
The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants , and sentiments of unrest and rebellion fomented among the inhabitants .	new immigrants	What did the English East India Company have difficulty attracting ?
Ecological problems , including deforestation , soil erosion , vermin and drought , led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius , but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island 's strategic location .	Ecological problems	What problems lead to a suggesting to relocate the population ?
Ecological problems , including deforestation , soil erosion , vermin and drought , led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius , but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island 's strategic location .	Isaac Pyke	What was the name of the governor who suggested relocating the population of Saint Helena ?
Ecological problems , including deforestation , soil erosion , vermin and drought , led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius , but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island 's strategic location .	Mauritius	What was the location that was suggested the population be moved too ?
A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people , including 610 slaves .	610	How many slaves were on the island in 1723 ?
From about 1770 , the island enjoyed a lengthy period of prosperity .	1770	When did the Island start to experience a period of prosperity ?
Captain James Cook visited the island in 1775 on the final leg of his second circumnavigation of the world .	James Cook	What captain visited the island in 1775 on their trip around the world ?
St. James ' Church was erected in Jamestown in 1774 and in 1791 -- 92 Plantation House was built , and has since been the official residence of the Governor .	St. James' Church	What church was erected in Jamestown in 1774 ?
St. James ' Church was erected in Jamestown in 1774 and in 1791 -- 92 Plantation House was built , and has since been the official residence of the Governor .	Plantation House	What is the official residence of the governor ?
On leaving the University of Oxford , in 1676 , Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an astronomical observatory with a 7.3-metre-long -LRB- 24 ft -RRB- aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere .	Edmond Halley	Who set up an astronomical observatory on Saint Helena ?
On leaving the University of Oxford , in 1676 , Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an astronomical observatory with a 7.3-metre-long -LRB- 24 ft -RRB- aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere .	University of Oxford	What university did Edmond Halley attend ?
On leaving the University of Oxford , in 1676 , Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an astronomical observatory with a 7.3-metre-long -LRB- 24 ft -RRB- aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere .	24	How many feet was the telescope that was set up in the observatory ?
The site of this telescope is near Saint Mathew 's Church in Hutt 's Gate , in the Longwood district .	Longwood district	What district is the telescope set up in ?
On leaving the University of Oxford , in 1676 , Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an astronomical observatory with a 7.3-metre-long -LRB- 24 ft -RRB- aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere .	Southern	What hemisphere of stars did Edmond Halley want to study with the telescope ?
Throughout this period , Saint Helena was an important port of call of the East India Company .	East India Company	Saint Helena was an important port of which company ?
At Saint Helena ships could replenish supplies of water and provisions , and during war time , form convoys that would sail under the protection of vessels of the Royal Navy .	water and provisions	What did ships replenish at Saint Helena ?
Captain James Cook 's vessel HMS Endeavour anchored and resupplied off the coast of St Helena in May 1771 , on her return from the European discovery of the east coast of Australia and rediscovery of New Zealand .	HMS Endeavour	What vessel was owned by Captain James ?
Captain James Cook 's vessel HMS Endeavour anchored and resupplied off the coast of St Helena in May 1771 , on her return from the European discovery of the east coast of Australia and rediscovery of New Zealand .	HMS Endeavour	What vessel resupplied at the Island in May 1771 ?
At Saint Helena ships could replenish supplies of water and provisions , and during war time , form convoys that would sail under the protection of vessels of the Royal Navy .	Royal	Vessels of what navy protected convoys ?
The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792 .	importation of slaves	What was made illegal in 1792 ?
The coolie labourers arrived in 1810 , and their numbers reached 600 by 1818 .	1810	What year did Coolie labourers arrive ?
The coolie labourers arrived in 1810 , and their numbers reached 600 by 1818 .	600	How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818 ?
An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island .	3,507	What was the population of the island in 1814 ?
In 1815 , the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte .	Napoleon Bonaparte	The British government detained who in Saint Helena ?
In 1815 , the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte .	1815	What year was Napoleon Bonaparte taken to the island ?
Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family 's home until his permanent residence , Longwood House , was completed in December 1815 .	Briars pavilion	Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence ?
Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family 's home until his permanent residence , Longwood House , was completed in December 1815 .	Longwood House	What ended up being the permanent residence of Napoleon Bonaparte ?
Napoleon died there on 5 May 1821 .	1821	What year did Napoleon Bonaparte pass away ?
After Napoleon 's death , the thousands of temporary visitors were soon withdrawn and the East India Company resumed full control of Saint Helena .	East India Company	Who took full control of the island after Napoleon 's death ?
Between 1815 and 1830 , the EIC made available to the government of the island the packet schooner St Helena , which made multiple trips per year between the island and the Cape carrying passengers both ways , and supplies of wine and provisions back to the island .	the packet schooner St Helena	The EIC made what available to the government of the island between 1815 and 1830 ?
Between 1815 and 1830 , the EIC made available to the government of the island the packet schooner St Helena , which made multiple trips per year between the island and the Cape carrying passengers both ways , and supplies of wine and provisions back to the island .	wine and provisions	The packet schooner St Helena brought supplies of what to the island ?
Owing to Napoleon 's praise of Saint Helena 's coffee during his exile on the island , the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death .	coffee	Which product of Saint Helena was praised by Napoleon ?
Owing to Napoleon 's praise of Saint Helena 's coffee during his exile on the island , the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death .	Paris	Where did Saint Helena 's coffee get popular after Napoleon 's death ?
Owing to Napoleon 's praise of Saint Helena 's coffee during his exile on the island , the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death .	coffee	What product got popular in Paris after Napoloen 's death ?
Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792 , the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827 , which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies .	1792	When was importation of slaves banned in Saint Helena ?
Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792 , the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827 , which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies .	1827	The emancipation of the slaves of Saint Helena did not take place until what year ?
Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792 , the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827 , which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies .	British Parliament	Who banned slavery in their colonies ?
Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792 , the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827 , which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies .	800	Over how many slaves ended up getting emancipated on Saint Helena ?
Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act , control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown , becoming a crown colony .	1833 India Act	What act gave control of Saint Helena to the British Crown ?
Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act , control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown , becoming a crown colony .	East India Company	Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown ?
The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds , as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea -LRB- which , prior to the building of the Suez Canal , involved a short overland section -RRB- .	steam ships	During the latter half of the 19th century what ships became prevalent that were n't dependent on trade winds ?
These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889 .	1,100	How many ships were going to the island in 1855 ?
These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889 .	288	By 1889 how many ships were going to the island ?
In 1840 , a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island , and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves , known as `` Liberated Africans '' , were landed there .	British	Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840 ?
In 1840 , a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island , and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves , known as `` Liberated Africans '' , were landed there .	over 15,000	Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island ?
In 1840 , a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island , and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves , known as `` Liberated Africans '' , were landed there .	Liberated Africans	What were the freed slaves known as ?
In 1858 , the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession , in the name of the French government , of Longwood House and the lands around it , last residence of Napoleon I -LRB- who died there in 1821 -RRB- .	Napoleon III	Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it ?
In 1858 , the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession , in the name of the French government , of Longwood House and the lands around it , last residence of Napoleon I -LRB- who died there in 1821 -RRB- .	1858	What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house ?
It is still French property , administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs .	French Ministry of Foreign Affairs	Who has authority over Longwood house ?
On 11 April 1898 American Joshua Slocum , on his famous and epic solo round the world voyage arrived at Jamestown .	Joshua Slocum	Who arrived in Jamestown during their solo round the world voyage ?
On 11 April 1898 American Joshua Slocum , on his famous and epic solo round the world voyage arrived at Jamestown .	11 April 1898	When did Joshua Slocum arrive in Jamestown ?
He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation having been extended hospitality from the governor , his Excellency Sir R A Standale , presented two lectures on his voyage and been invited to Longwood by the French Consular agent .	20 April 1898	When did Joshua Slocum depart from Jamestown to continue his trip ?
He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation having been extended hospitality from the governor , his Excellency Sir R A Standale , presented two lectures on his voyage and been invited to Longwood by the French Consular agent .	Sir R A Standale	Who presented two lectures on their voyage ?
A local industry manufacturing fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War .	New Zealand	What country does the local industry that manufactures fibre get their flax from ?
Ascension Island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922 , and Tristan da Cunha followed in 1938 .	Ascension Island	What island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922 ?
During the Second World War , the United States built Wideawake airport on Ascension in 1942 , but no military use was made of Saint Helena .	Wideawake airport	What was the name of the airport the United States built on Ascension Island ?
During the Second World War , the United States built Wideawake airport on Ascension in 1942 , but no military use was made of Saint Helena .	1942	What year was Wideawake Airport built ?
During this period , the island enjoyed increased revenues through the sale of flax , with prices peaking in 1951 .	flax	What did the Island sell for increased revenue during this period ?
During this period , the island enjoyed increased revenues through the sale of flax , with prices peaking in 1951 .	1951	What year did flax prices peak ?
However , the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres .	synthetic fibres	The British Post Offices decision to use what kind of fibres hurt the flax industry ?
The decision by the British Post Office to use synthetic fibres for its mailbags was a further blow , contributing to the closure of the island 's flax mills in 1965 .	1965	What year did the Island 's flax mills close ?
From 1958 , the Union Castle shipping line gradually reduced its service calls to the island .	1958	What year did the Union Castle shipping line slowly start to reduce their service calls to the island ?
Curnow Shipping , based in Avonmouth , replaced the Union-Castle Line mailship service in 1977 , using the RMS -LRB- Royal Mail Ship -RRB- St Helena .	Curnow Shipping	Which shipping company replaced Union-Castle Line mailship service ?
Curnow Shipping , based in Avonmouth , replaced the Union-Castle Line mailship service in 1977 , using the RMS -LRB- Royal Mail Ship -RRB- St Helena .	1977	What year was Union-Castle Line mailship replaced ?
The islanders lost their right of abode in Britain .	right of abode in Britain	What right was lost by the citizen of the islands due to the act ?
The Development and Economic Planning Department , which still operates , was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of Saint Helena .	The Development and Economic Planning Department	What department was formed to help raise the living standards of the citizens in Saint Helena ?
The Development and Economic Planning Department , which still operates , was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of Saint Helena .	1988	What year was the Development and Economic Planning Department formed ?
For the next 20 years , many could find only low-paid work with the island government , and the only available employment outside Saint Helena was on the Falkland Islands and Ascension Island .	Falkland Islands and Ascension Island	Where was the only work outside of Saint Helena located ?
In 1989 , Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS St Helena to serve the island ; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff -- Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout .	1989	What year was the replacement for the RMS St Helena launched ?
In 1989 , Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS St Helena to serve the island ; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff -- Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout .	Prince Andrew	Who launched the replacement RMS St Helena ?
In 1989 , Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS St Helena to serve the island ; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff -- Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout .	Cardiff–Cape Town route	What route was the replacement RMS St Helena built for ?
In 1989 , Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS St Helena to serve the island ; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff -- Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout .	a mixed cargo/passenger layout.	What kind of layout did the RMS St Helena have ?
The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor and Commander-in-Chief , and an elected Executive and Legislative Council .	1989	What year did the Saint Helena Constitution officially take effect ?
In 2002 , the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 granted full British citizenship to the islanders , and renamed the Dependent Territories -LRB- including Saint Helena -RRB- the British Overseas Territories .	British Overseas Territories Act 2002	In 2002 what act granted full British citizenship to the citizens of the islands ?
In 2002 , the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 granted full British citizenship to the islanders , and renamed the Dependent Territories -LRB- including Saint Helena -RRB- the British Overseas Territories .	British Overseas Territories	What were the dependent territories renamed to ?
The UK government has spent # 250 million in the construction of the island 's airport .	250 million	How much money was spent on construction of the island 's airport ?
The UK government has spent # 250 million in the construction of the island 's airport .	UK government	Which government built the island 's airport ?
Expected to be fully operational early 2016 , it is expected to help the island towards self-sufficiency and encourage economic development , reducing dependence on British government aid .	early 2016	When was the airport expected to be fully functional ?
The airport is also expected to kick start the tourism industry , with up to 30,000 visitors expected annually .	tourism	Which industry is the airport supposed to help when it becomes complete ?
The airport is also expected to kick start the tourism industry , with up to 30,000 visitors expected annually .	up to 30,000	How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport ?
The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in southern Angola , and the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola 's capital Luanda ; connections to Cape Town in South Africa are used for most shipping needs , such as the mail boat that serves the island , the RMS St Helena .	Namibe	What is the nearest port to Saint Helena ?
The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in southern Angola , and the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola 's capital Luanda ; connections to Cape Town in South Africa are used for most shipping needs , such as the mail boat that serves the island , the RMS St Helena .	the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport	What is the closest international airport to Saint Helena called ?
The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in southern Angola , and the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola 's capital Luanda ; connections to Cape Town in South Africa are used for most shipping needs , such as the mail boat that serves the island , the RMS St Helena .	RMS St Helena	What is the mail boat that serves the island called ?
The island is situated in the Western Hemisphere and has the same longitude as Cornwall in the United Kingdom .	Western	What hemisphere is the island located in ?
Despite its remote location , it is classified as being in West Africa by the United Nations .	West Africa	What area is the island classified as being in by the United Nations ?
The island of Saint Helena has a total area of 122 km2 -LRB- 47 sq mi -RRB- , and is composed largely of rugged terrain of volcanic origin -LRB- the last volcanic eruptions occurred about 7 million years ago -RRB- .	47	How many square miles is Saint Helena ?
The island of Saint Helena has a total area of 122 km2 -LRB- 47 sq mi -RRB- , and is composed largely of rugged terrain of volcanic origin -LRB- the last volcanic eruptions occurred about 7 million years ago -RRB- .	volcanic	What kind of rock are coastal regions of Saint Helena covered with ?
The highest point of the island is Diana 's Peak at 818 m -LRB- 2,684 ft -RRB- .	2,684	How many feet high is the highest peak of Saint Helena ?
In 1996 it became the island 's first national park .	1996	What year did Diana 's Peak officially become a state park ?
Much of the island is covered by New Zealand flax , a legacy of former industry , but there are some original trees augmented by plantations , including those of the Millennium Forest project which was established in 2002 to replant part of the lost Great Wood and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust .	Millennium Forest project	What was formed in 2002 to replant parts of the great wood ?
There are several rocks and islets off the coast , including : Castle Rock , Speery Island , the Needle , Lower Black Rock , Upper Black Rock -LRB- South -RRB- , Bird Island -LRB- Southwest -RRB- , Black Rock , Thompson 's Valley Island , Peaked Island , Egg Island , Lady 's Chair , Lighter Rock -LRB- West -RRB- , Long Ledge -LRB- Northwest -RRB- , Shore Island , George Island , Rough Rock Island , Flat Rock -LRB- East -RRB- , the Buoys , Sandy Bay Island , the Chimney , White Bird Island and Frightus Rock -LRB- Southeast -RRB- , all of which are within one kilometre -LRB- 0.62 miles -RRB- of the shore .	one kilometre	How close are the rockets and islets off the coast ?
There are several rocks and islets off the coast , including : Castle Rock , Speery Island , the Needle , Lower Black Rock , Upper Black Rock -LRB- South -RRB- , Bird Island -LRB- Southwest -RRB- , Black Rock , Thompson 's Valley Island , Peaked Island , Egg Island , Lady 's Chair , Lighter Rock -LRB- West -RRB- , Long Ledge -LRB- Northwest -RRB- , Shore Island , George Island , Rough Rock Island , Flat Rock -LRB- East -RRB- , the Buoys , Sandy Bay Island , the Chimney , White Bird Island and Frightus Rock -LRB- Southeast -RRB- , all of which are within one kilometre -LRB- 0.62 miles -RRB- of the shore .	South	Which direction from the island is Upper Black Rock located ?
There are several rocks and islets off the coast , including : Castle Rock , Speery Island , the Needle , Lower Black Rock , Upper Black Rock -LRB- South -RRB- , Bird Island -LRB- Southwest -RRB- , Black Rock , Thompson 's Valley Island , Peaked Island , Egg Island , Lady 's Chair , Lighter Rock -LRB- West -RRB- , Long Ledge -LRB- Northwest -RRB- , Shore Island , George Island , Rough Rock Island , Flat Rock -LRB- East -RRB- , the Buoys , Sandy Bay Island , the Chimney , White Bird Island and Frightus Rock -LRB- Southeast -RRB- , all of which are within one kilometre -LRB- 0.62 miles -RRB- of the shore .	Southwest	Which direction from the island is Bird Island located ?
There are several rocks and islets off the coast , including : Castle Rock , Speery Island , the Needle , Lower Black Rock , Upper Black Rock -LRB- South -RRB- , Bird Island -LRB- Southwest -RRB- , Black Rock , Thompson 's Valley Island , Peaked Island , Egg Island , Lady 's Chair , Lighter Rock -LRB- West -RRB- , Long Ledge -LRB- Northwest -RRB- , Shore Island , George Island , Rough Rock Island , Flat Rock -LRB- East -RRB- , the Buoys , Sandy Bay Island , the Chimney , White Bird Island and Frightus Rock -LRB- Southeast -RRB- , all of which are within one kilometre -LRB- 0.62 miles -RRB- of the shore .	West	Which direction from the island is Lighter Rock located ?
There are several rocks and islets off the coast , including : Castle Rock , Speery Island , the Needle , Lower Black Rock , Upper Black Rock -LRB- South -RRB- , Bird Island -LRB- Southwest -RRB- , Black Rock , Thompson 's Valley Island , Peaked Island , Egg Island , Lady 's Chair , Lighter Rock -LRB- West -RRB- , Long Ledge -LRB- Northwest -RRB- , Shore Island , George Island , Rough Rock Island , Flat Rock -LRB- East -RRB- , the Buoys , Sandy Bay Island , the Chimney , White Bird Island and Frightus Rock -LRB- Southeast -RRB- , all of which are within one kilometre -LRB- 0.62 miles -RRB- of the shore .	Southeast	Which direction from the island is Frightus Rock located ?
The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena plover , known locally as the wirebird .	the Saint Helena plover	What is the national bird of Saint Helena ?
The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena plover , known locally as the wirebird .	wirebird	What is the Plover known locally as ?
The climate of Saint Helena is tropical , marine and mild , tempered by the Benguela Current and trade winds that blow almost continuously .	Benguela Current	What current affects the environment of Saint Helena ?
The temperatures in the central areas are , on average , 5 -- 6 °C -LRB- 9.0 -- 10.8 °F -RRB- lower .	5–6	On average , how much lower are the temperatures in the central areas in celsius ?
Saint Helena is divided into eight districts , each with a community centre .	eight	How many districts is the island of Saint Helena divided into ?
The districts also serve as statistical subdivisions .	statistical subdivisions	What do the districts also serve as ?
Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659 , and the island has a population of about 4,250 inhabitants , mainly descended from people from Britain -- settlers -LRB- `` planters '' -RRB- and soldiers -- and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement -- initially from Africa -LRB- the Cape Verde Islands , Gold Coast and west coast of Africa are mentioned in early records -RRB- , then India and Madagascar .	1659	When was Saint Helena first settled ?
Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659 , and the island has a population of about 4,250 inhabitants , mainly descended from people from Britain -- settlers -LRB- `` planters '' -RRB- and soldiers -- and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement -- initially from Africa -LRB- the Cape Verde Islands , Gold Coast and west coast of Africa are mentioned in early records -RRB- , then India and Madagascar .	4,250	What was the population of the island in 1659
Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659 , and the island has a population of about 4,250 inhabitants , mainly descended from people from Britain -- settlers -LRB- `` planters '' -RRB- and soldiers -- and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement -- initially from Africa -LRB- the Cape Verde Islands , Gold Coast and west coast of Africa are mentioned in early records -RRB- , then India and Madagascar .	Africa	Where were slaves initially brought from to the island ?
Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659 , and the island has a population of about 4,250 inhabitants , mainly descended from people from Britain -- settlers -LRB- `` planters '' -RRB- and soldiers -- and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement -- initially from Africa -LRB- the Cape Verde Islands , Gold Coast and west coast of Africa are mentioned in early records -RRB- , then India and Madagascar .	India and Madagascar	Later on , what two locations were slaves brought from ?
Eventually the planters felt there were too many slaves and no more were imported after 1792 .	1792	Which year did the inhabitants decide there were too many slaves ?
In 1840 , St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron , preventing slavery to Brazil -LRB- mainly -RRB- , and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island .	a provisioning station	In 1840 what did Saint Helena become ?
In 1840 , St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron , preventing slavery to Brazil -LRB- mainly -RRB- , and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island .	British West Africa Squadron	What squadron was Saint Helena a provisioning station for ?
In 1840 , St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron , preventing slavery to Brazil -LRB- mainly -RRB- , and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island .	Brazil	What country did the British West Africa Squadron prevent slaves from being sent to ?
These were all African , and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the West Indies and Cape Town , and eventually to Sierra Leone .	500	How many slaves ended up staying on the island after being freed ?
In 1840 , St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron , preventing slavery to Brazil -LRB- mainly -RRB- , and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island .	many thousands	How many slaves were freed from the island ?
Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810 , reaching a peak of 618 in 1818 , after which numbers were reduced .	1810	When did Imported Chinese labor arrive ?
Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810 , reaching a peak of 618 in 1818 , after which numbers were reduced .	618	How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation ?
Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810 , reaching a peak of 618 in 1818 , after which numbers were reduced .	1818	What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak ?
The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship .	British Overseas Territories citizenship	What kind of citizenship do the citizens of Saint Helena hold ?
On 21 May 2002 , full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 .	21 May 2002	On what date was full British citizenship restored to the citizens of the island ?
On 21 May 2002 , full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 .	British Overseas Territories Act 2002	What act restored the full British citizenship of the citizens of Saint Helena ?
During periods of unemployment , there has been a long pattern of emigration from the island since the post-Napoleonic period .	emigration	What was there a long pattern of from the island starting during the post Napoleonic period ?
The population has steadily declined since the late 1980s and has dropped from 5,157 at the 1998 census to 4,255 in 2008 .	late 1980s	When did the population of the island start to steadily decline ?
In the past emigration was characterised by young unaccompanied persons leaving to work on long-term contracts on Ascension and the Falkland Islands , but since `` Saints '' were re-awarded UK citizenship in 2002 , emigration to the UK by a wider range of wage-earners has accelerated due to the prospect of higher wages and better progression prospects .	prospect of higher wages	What was a big factor in emmigration to the UK ?
Most residents belong to the Anglican Communion and are members of the Diocese of St Helena , which has its own bishop and includes Ascension Island .	Anglican	What communion do most residents of the island belong to ?
The 150th anniversary of the diocese was celebrated in June 2009 .	June 2009	When was the 150th anniversary of the diocese celebrated ?
Most residents belong to the Anglican Communion and are members of the Diocese of St Helena , which has its own bishop and includes Ascension Island .	the Diocese of St Helena	Not only are most residents of the island members of the Anglican communion , but what else ?
Most residents belong to the Anglican Communion and are members of the Diocese of St Helena , which has its own bishop and includes Ascension Island .	bishop	The Diocese of Saint Helena has it 's own what ?
Other Christian denominations on the island include : Roman Catholic -LRB- since 1852 -RRB- , Salvation Army -LRB- since 1884 -RRB- , Baptist -LRB- since 1845 -RRB- and , in more recent times , Seventh-day Adventist -LRB- since 1949 -RRB- , New Apostolic and Jehovah 's Witnesses -LRB- of which one in 35 residents is a member , the highest ratio of any country -RRB- .	1852	When did Roman Catholics start to appear on the island ?
Other Christian denominations on the island include : Roman Catholic -LRB- since 1852 -RRB- , Salvation Army -LRB- since 1884 -RRB- , Baptist -LRB- since 1845 -RRB- and , in more recent times , Seventh-day Adventist -LRB- since 1949 -RRB- , New Apostolic and Jehovah 's Witnesses -LRB- of which one in 35 residents is a member , the highest ratio of any country -RRB- .	1884	What year did the Salvation Army show up on Saint Helenas ?
Other Christian denominations on the island include : Roman Catholic -LRB- since 1852 -RRB- , Salvation Army -LRB- since 1884 -RRB- , Baptist -LRB- since 1845 -RRB- and , in more recent times , Seventh-day Adventist -LRB- since 1949 -RRB- , New Apostolic and Jehovah 's Witnesses -LRB- of which one in 35 residents is a member , the highest ratio of any country -RRB- .	1845	When did Baptists come to the island ?
Other Christian denominations on the island include : Roman Catholic -LRB- since 1852 -RRB- , Salvation Army -LRB- since 1884 -RRB- , Baptist -LRB- since 1845 -RRB- and , in more recent times , Seventh-day Adventist -LRB- since 1949 -RRB- , New Apostolic and Jehovah 's Witnesses -LRB- of which one in 35 residents is a member , the highest ratio of any country -RRB- .	35	How many Johovah 's Witnesses were on the island ?
Other Christian denominations on the island include : Roman Catholic -LRB- since 1852 -RRB- , Salvation Army -LRB- since 1884 -RRB- , Baptist -LRB- since 1845 -RRB- and , in more recent times , Seventh-day Adventist -LRB- since 1949 -RRB- , New Apostolic and Jehovah 's Witnesses -LRB- of which one in 35 residents is a member , the highest ratio of any country -RRB- .	1949	When did the Seventh-day Adventist arrive on the island ?
Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena .	Queen Elizabeth II	Who has executive authority in Saint Helena ?
Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena .	the Governor	Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena ?
Defence and Foreign Affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom .	the United Kingdom	Who is responsible for Defence and Foreign Affairs ?
The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor , and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor .	the Governor	Who presides over the executive council ?
The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor , and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor .	the Governor	The head of government on the island is who ?
These proposals were put to a referendum on 23 March 2013 where they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10 % turnout .	23 March 2013	When were proposals for a Chief Councillor put on hold ?
One commentator has observed that , notwithstanding the high unemployment resulting from the loss of full passports during 1981 -- 2002 , the level of loyalty to the British monarchy by the St Helena population is probably not exceeded in any other part of the world .	loss of full passports	What caused high unemployment on the island ?
King George VI is the only reigning monarch to have visited the island .	King George VI	Who is the only reigning Monarch to have visited the island ?
This was in 1947 when the King , accompanied by Queen Elizabeth -LRB- later the Queen Mother -RRB- , Princess Elizabeth -LRB- later Queen Elizabeth II -RRB- and Princess Margaret were travelling to South Africa .	1947	What year did King George VI visit the island ?
Prince Philip arrived at St Helena in 1957 and then his son Prince Andrew visited as a member of the armed forces in 1984 and his sister the Princess Royal arrived in 2002 .	1957	When did Prince Phillip arrive in Saint Helena ?
Prince Philip arrived at St Helena in 1957 and then his son Prince Andrew visited as a member of the armed forces in 1984 and his sister the Princess Royal arrived in 2002 .	1984	Prince Andrews , son of Prince Phillip visited in what year ?
In 2012 , the government of St. Helena funded the creation of the St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015 .	St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015	What did the government of Saint Helena fund in 2012 ?
Work is being done under this action plan , including publishing awareness-raising articles in local newspapers , providing support for members of the public with human rights queries , and extending several UN Conventions on human rights to St. Helena .	awareness-raising articles	What kind of articles were published to help this plan ?
Work is being done under this action plan , including publishing awareness-raising articles in local newspapers , providing support for members of the public with human rights queries , and extending several UN Conventions on human rights to St. Helena .	with human rights queries	How was support for members of the public given ?
, there have been reports of child abuse in St Helena .	reports of child abuse	What has been more prominently reported in recent years in Saint Helena ?
Britain 's Foreign and Commonwealth Office -LRB- FCO -RRB- has been accused of lying to the United Nations about child abuse in St Helena to cover up allegations , including cases of a police officer having raped a four-year-old girl and of a police officer having mutilated a two-year-old .	Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office	Who has been accused of lying about the child abuse issue of Saint Helena ?
Britain 's Foreign and Commonwealth Office -LRB- FCO -RRB- has been accused of lying to the United Nations about child abuse in St Helena to cover up allegations , including cases of a police officer having raped a four-year-old girl and of a police officer having mutilated a two-year-old .	the United Nations	Who has Britain 's Foreign and Commonwealth Office been accused of lying to about child abuse ?
St Helena has long been known for its high proportion of endemic birds and vascular plants .	endemic	Saint Helena has a high proportion of what kind of birds ?
St Helena has long been known for its high proportion of endemic birds and vascular plants .	vascular	What kind of plants are common on Saint Helena ?
Much of the island has been identified by BirdLife International as being important for bird conservation , especially the endemic Saint Helena plover or wirebird , and for seabirds breeding on the offshore islets and stacks , in the north-east and the south-west Important Bird Areas .	BirdLife International	What organization identified Saint Helena as important for bird conservation ?
On the basis of these endemics and an exceptional range of habitats , Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom 's tentative list for future UNESCO World Heritage Sites .	UNESCO World Heritage Sites	Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom 's list for future what ?
To date , very little is known about these , although more than 200 lichen-forming fungi have been recorded , including 9 endemics , suggesting that many significant discoveries remain to be made .	more than 200	How many lichen forming fungi have been recorded on the island ?
To date , very little is known about these , although more than 200 lichen-forming fungi have been recorded , including 9 endemics , suggesting that many significant discoveries remain to be made .	9	How many endemic species of fungi have been found ?
St Helena 's biodiversity , however , also includes marine vertebrates , invertebrates -LRB- freshwater , terrestrial and marine -RRB- , fungi -LRB- including lichen-forming species -RRB- , non-vascular plants , seaweeds and other biological groups .	freshwater, terrestrial and marine	What kind of invertebrates have been found on the island ?
The island had a monocrop economy until 1966 , based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string .	monocrop	What kind of crop economy did the Island originally have ?
The island had a monocrop economy until 1966 , based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string .	1966	What year did the crop economy change ?
The island had a monocrop economy until 1966 , based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string .	flax	What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop ?
St Helena 's economy is now weak , and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government .	aid from the British government	Saint Helena 's economy is now almost completely sustained by what ?
The public sector dominates the economy , accounting for about 50 % of gross domestic product .	50%	How much % of production does the public sector cover ?
The tourist industry is heavily based on the promotion of Napoleon 's imprisonment .	the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment	What is the tourist industry mostly based around ?
A golf course also exists and the possibility for sportfishing tourism is great .	sportfishing	What kind of fishing tourism occurs on the island ?
Three hotels operate on the island but the arrival of tourists is directly linked to the arrival and departure schedule of the RMS St Helena .	the RMS St Helena	Tourism is completely based on what arriving to the island ?
Saint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world .	coffee	What does Saint Helena have the most expensive of ?
It also produces and exports Tungi Spirit , made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears , Opuntia ficus-indica -LRB- `` Tungi '' is the local St Helenian name for the plant -RRB- .	Opuntia ficus-indica	What is Tungi Spirit made out of ?
Ascension Island , Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income .	postage stamps	Ascension Island , Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own what ?
Quoted at constant 2002 prices , GDP fell from # 12 million in 1999-2000 to # 11 million in 2005-06 .	£12 million	What was the GDP of the island in 1999-2000 ?
Quoted at constant 2002 prices , GDP fell from # 12 million in 1999-2000 to # 11 million in 2005-06 .	£11 million	By 2006 the GDP had dropped to what ?
Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to # 6.4 million in 2004-05 -LRB- quoted on an FOB basis -RRB- .	the UK and South Africa	Imports to the island mostly occur from what countries ?
Exports are mainly fish and coffee ; Philatelic sales were # 0.06 million in 2004-05 .	fish and coffee	What are the main exports of the island ?
The limited number of visiting tourists spent about # 0.4 million in 2004-05 , representing a contribution to GDP of 3 % .	£0.4 million	Tourists spent how much in 2004-05 ?
Public expenditure rose from # 10 million in 2001-02 to # 12 million in 2005-06 to # 28m in 2012-13 .	£10 million	How much was public expenditure on the island in 2001-2002 ?
Public expenditure rose from # 10 million in 2001-02 to # 12 million in 2005-06 to # 28m in 2012-13 .	£12 million	By 2005-06 public expenditure had risen to what ?
Public expenditure rose from # 10 million in 2001-02 to # 12 million in 2005-06 to # 28m in 2012-13 .	£28m	In 2012-2013 , public expenditure was what ?
The contribution of UK budgetary aid to total SHG government expenditure rose from # 4.6 million in to # 6.4 million to # 12.1 million over the same period .	£12.1 million	UK aid had risen to how much in the same period ?
Wages and salaries represent about 38 % of recurrent expenditure .	38%	Wages and salaries represent how much % of the island 's expenditure ?
Unemployment levels are low -LRB- 31 individuals in 2013 , compared to 50 in 2004 and 342 in 1998 -RRB- .	31	How many individuals were unemployed on the island in 2013 ?
Employment is dominated by the public sector , the number of government positions has fallen from 1,142 in 2006 to just over 800 in 2013 .	public	Employment on the island is dominated by what sector ?
Employment is dominated by the public sector , the number of government positions has fallen from 1,142 in 2006 to just over 800 in 2013 .	800	In 2013 the number of government jobs was what ?
St Helena 's private sector employs approximately 45 % of the employed labour force and is largely dominated by small and micro businesses with 218 private businesses employing 886 in 2004 .	45	What % of people are employed in the private sector in Saint Helena ?
St Helena 's private sector employs approximately 45 % of the employed labour force and is largely dominated by small and micro businesses with 218 private businesses employing 886 in 2004 .	218	How many private businesses employee people on Saint Helena ?
Household survey results suggest the percentage of households spending less than # 20 per week on a per capita basis fell from 27 % to 8 % between 2000 and 2004 , implying a decline in income poverty .	8%	What % of households were spending less than # 20 per week in 2004
Nevertheless , 22 % of the population claimed social security benefit in 2006/7 , most of them aged over 60 , a sector that represents 20 % of the population .	22	What % of the population claimed social security benefits in 2006/7 ?
Nevertheless , 22 % of the population claimed social security benefit in 2006/7 , most of them aged over 60 , a sector that represents 20 % of the population .	20%	How much of the population is over age 60 ?
In 1821 , Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon , Dickson and Taylor -- presumably London partners -- that circulated alongside the East India Company 's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836 .	70,560	How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821 ?
In 1821 , Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon , Dickson and Taylor -- presumably London partners -- that circulated alongside the East India Company 's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836 .	Saul Solomon	Who issued the copper tokens in 1821 ?
In 1821 , Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon , Dickson and Taylor -- presumably London partners -- that circulated alongside the East India Company 's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836 .	a halfpenny	How much was each copper token worth ?
In 1821 , Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon , Dickson and Taylor -- presumably London partners -- that circulated alongside the East India Company 's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836 .	1836	When did the Crown take over the island ?
Today Saint Helena has its own currency , the Saint Helena pound , which is at parity with the pound sterling .	the Saint Helena pound	What is the Saint Helena currency ?
The government of Saint Helena produces its own coinage and banknotes .	coinage and banknotes	The government of Saint Helena produces it 's own what ?
The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004 .	2004	What year was the Bank of Saint Helena established ?
Today Saint Helena has its own currency , the Saint Helena pound , which is at parity with the pound sterling .	pound sterling	The Saint Helena pound is at parity with what other currency ?
Saint Helena is one of the most remote islands in the world , has one commercial airport under construction , and travel to the island is by ship only .	ship	What is the only method of travel currently available to Saint Helena ?
A large military airfield is located on Ascension Island , with two Friday flights to RAF Brize Norton , England -LRB- as from September 2010 -RRB- .	Ascension Island	A large airfield is located on what portion of the island ?
These RAF flights offer a limited number of seats to civilians .	RAF flights	What kind of flights are offered to limited civilians ?
The ship RMS Saint Helena runs between St Helena and Cape Town on a 5-day voyage , also visiting Ascension Island and Walvis Bay , and occasionally voyaging north to Tenerife and Portland , UK .	RMS Saint Helena	What ship runs between Saint Helena and Cape town on 5 day voyages ?
The RMS Saint Helena was due for decommissioning in 2010 .	2010	What year was the RMS Saint Helena supposed to be decommissioned ?
However , its service life has been extended indefinitely until the airport is completed .	the airport	What needs to be completed before the RMS Saint Helena can be decommissioned ?
After a long period of rumour and consultation , the British government announced plans to construct an airport in Saint Helena in March 2005 .	March 2005	When was the construction of an airport in Saint Helena announced ?
The airport was expected to be completed by 2010 .	2010	The airport was expected to be completed by what year ?
However an approved bidder , the Italian firm Impregilo , was not chosen until 2008 , and then the project was put on hold in November 2008 , allegedly due to new financial pressures brought on by the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 .	Impregilo	Who was the approved bidder for the airport ?
Governor Andrew Gurr departed for London in an attempt to speed up the process and solve the problems .	Andrew Gurr	Which governor departed to London to try to speed up the construction of the airport ?
On 22 July 2010 , the British government agreed to help pay for the new airport using taxpayer money .	22 July 2010	When did the British government agree to help pay for the new airport in Saint Helena ?
In November 2011 a new deal between the British government and South African civil engineering company Basil Read was signed and the airport was scheduled to open in February 2016 , with flights to and from South Africa and the UK .	Basil Read	Which south african company is helping to engineer the airport ?
In November 2011 a new deal between the British government and South African civil engineering company Basil Read was signed and the airport was scheduled to open in February 2016 , with flights to and from South Africa and the UK .	February 2016	The new airport opening date is when ?
In November 2011 a new deal between the British government and South African civil engineering company Basil Read was signed and the airport was scheduled to open in February 2016 , with flights to and from South Africa and the UK .	South Africa and the UK	Which countries will be able to fly to Saint Helena using the airport ?
In March 2015 South African airline Comair became the preferred bidder to provide weekly air service between the island and Johannesburg , starting from 2016 .	Comair	Which airline will provide weekly service to Saint Helena ?
The first aircraft , a South African Beechcraft King Air 200 , landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015 , prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport 's radio navigation equipment .	South African Beechcraft King Air 200	What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport ?
The first aircraft , a South African Beechcraft King Air 200 , landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015 , prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport 's radio navigation equipment .	15 September 2015	What date did the aircraft land at the new airport ?
The first aircraft , a South African Beechcraft King Air 200 , landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015 , prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport 's radio navigation equipment .	the airport's radio navigation equipment.	What are they calibrating via test flights at the airport ?
The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA .2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight , embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015 .	Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377	Who conducted the first helicopter landing at the airfield ?
The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA .2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight , embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015 .	HMS Lancaster	Where did the helicopter embark on visiting ?
The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA .2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight , embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015 .	23 October 2015	When did the aircraft visit HMS Lancaster ?
A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena , with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business .	A minibus	What kind of vehicle offers basic transportation to people in Saint Helena ?
A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena , with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business .	Jamestown	Where does the minibus travel to ?
A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena , with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business .	weekdays	On what days does the minibus take people into Jamestown ?
Radio St Helena , which started operations on Christmas Day 1967 , provided a local radio service that had a range of about 100 km -LRB- 62 mi -RRB- from the island , and also broadcast internationally on shortwave radio -LRB- 11092.5 kHz -RRB- on one day a year .	Christmas Day 1967	What day did Radio Saint Helena start operations ?
Radio St Helena , which started operations on Christmas Day 1967 , provided a local radio service that had a range of about 100 km -LRB- 62 mi -RRB- from the island , and also broadcast internationally on shortwave radio -LRB- 11092.5 kHz -RRB- on one day a year .	62	What was the range of Radio Saint Helena in miles ?
The station presented news , features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper , the St Helena Herald .	St Helena Herald	What newspaper did Radio Saint Helena collaborate with ?
It closed on 25 December 2012 to make way for a new three-channel FM service , also funded by St. Helena Government and run by the South Atlantic Media Services -LRB- formerly St. Helena Broadcasting -LRB- Guarantee -RRB- Corporation -RRB- .	25 December 2012	What day was Saint Helena Radio shut down ?
It was launched in January 2005 and closed on 21 December 2012 .	January 2005	What date was Saint FM radio launched ?
It was launched in January 2005 and closed on 21 December 2012 .	21 December 2012	What date was Saint FM radio closed ?
It broadcast news , features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper , the St Helena Independent -LRB- which continues -RRB- .	St Helena Independent	Which newspaper is the sister company of Saint FM radio ?
Saint FM Community Radio took over the radio channels vacated by Saint FM and launched on 10 March 2013 .	Saint FM Community Radio	Which company took over the channels vacated by Saint FM ?
Saint FM Community Radio took over the radio channels vacated by Saint FM and launched on 10 March 2013 .	10 March 2013	What date did Saint FM Community Radio launch ?
Membership is open to everyone , and grants access to a live audio stream .	everyone	What kind of people can join Saint Fm Radio Community ?
St Helena Online is a not-for-profit internet news service run from the UK by a former print and BBC journalist , working in partnership with Saint FM and the St Helena Independent .	a former print and BBC journalist	Who runs Saint Helena online ?
St Helena Online is a not-for-profit internet news service run from the UK by a former print and BBC journalist , working in partnership with Saint FM and the St Helena Independent .	Saint FM and the St Helena Independent	Who is partnered with Saint Helena online ?
Sure South Atlantic Ltd -LRB- `` Sure '' -RRB- offers television for the island via 17 analogue terrestrial UHF channels , offering a mix of British , US , and South African programming .	television	What does Sure South Atlantic LTD offer ?
Sure South Atlantic Ltd -LRB- `` Sure '' -RRB- offers television for the island via 17 analogue terrestrial UHF channels , offering a mix of British , US , and South African programming .	17	How many analogue terrestrial UHF channels does Sure South Atlantic LTD have ?
The feed signal , from MultiChoice DStv in South Africa , is received by a satellite dish at Bryant 's Beacon from Intelsat 7 in the Ku band .	a satellite dish	What is the feed signal of Sure South Atlantic received by ?
SURE provide the telecommunications service in the territory through a digital copper-based telephone network including ADSL-broadband service .	telecommunications	SURE provides what kind of service to the territory ?
SURE provide the telecommunications service in the territory through a digital copper-based telephone network including ADSL-broadband service .	digital copper-based telephone network	What kind of network does SURE provide it 's service from ?
In August 2011 the first fibre-optic link has been installed on the island , which connects the television receive antennas at Bryant 's Beacon to the Cable & Wireless Technical Centre in the Briars .	August 2011	When was the first fibre-optic network installed ?
A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre -LRB- 25 ft -RRB- satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom .	25	How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet ?
A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre -LRB- 25 ft -RRB- satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom .	1989	When was the satellite dish installed ?
A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre -LRB- 25 ft -RRB- satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom .	The Briars	Where was the satellite dish installed ?
Since all international telephone and internet communications are relying on this single satellite link both internet and telephone service are subject to sun outages .	sun outages	Both telephone and internet services are subject to what ?
Saint Helena has the international calling code +290 which , since 2006 , Tristan da Cunha shares .	+290	What is the international calling code for Saint Helena ?
Saint Helena has the international calling code +290 which , since 2006 , Tristan da Cunha shares .	Tristan da Cunha	Who shares the calling code +290 with Saint Helena ?
Saint Helena telephone numbers changed from 4 to 5 digits on 1 October 2013 by being prefixed with the digit `` 2 '' , i.e. 2xxxx , with the range 5xxxx being reserved for mobile numbering , and 8xxx being used for Tristan da Cunha numbers -LRB- these still shown as 4 digits -RRB- .	5	How many digits did Saint Helena change their phone numbers to ?
Saint Helena telephone numbers changed from 4 to 5 digits on 1 October 2013 by being prefixed with the digit `` 2 '' , i.e. 2xxxx , with the range 5xxxx being reserved for mobile numbering , and 8xxx being used for Tristan da Cunha numbers -LRB- these still shown as 4 digits -RRB- .	1 October 2013	When did Saint Helena change the amount of digits in their phone numbers ?
Saint Helena has a 10/3 .6 Mbit/s internet link via Intelsat 707 provided by SURE .	10/3.6 Mbit/s	What speed is Saint Helena internet access ?
Saint Helena has a 10/3 .6 Mbit/s internet link via Intelsat 707 provided by SURE .	Intelsat 707	What is the internet service provided through ?
Saint Helena has a 10/3 .6 Mbit/s internet link via Intelsat 707 provided by SURE .	SURE	Who provides the internet service in Saint Helena ?
Serving a population of more than 4,000 , this single satellite link is considered inadequate in terms of bandwidth .	more than 4,000	What kind of population does SURE service ?
ADSL-broadband service is provided with maximum speeds of up to 1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream offered on contract levels from lite # 16 per month to gold + at # 190 per month .	1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream	What is the maximum speed of the broadband service ?
ADSL-broadband service is provided with maximum speeds of up to 1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream offered on contract levels from lite # 16 per month to gold + at # 190 per month .	£16 per month	What is the lite price of the broadband service ?
ADSL-broadband service is provided with maximum speeds of up to 1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream offered on contract levels from lite # 16 per month to gold + at # 190 per month .	£190 per month	What is the gold price of the broadband service ?
There are a few public WiFi hotspots in Jamestown , which are also being operated by SURE -LRB- formerly Cable & Wireless -RRB- .	Jamestown	What location has a few public wifi spots available to the public ?
The South Atlantic Express , a 10,000 km -LRB- 6,214 mi -RRB- submarine communications cable connecting Africa to South America , run by the undersea fibre optic provider eFive , will pass St Helena relatively closely .	6,214	How long is the South Atlantic Express in miles ?
The South Atlantic Express , a 10,000 km -LRB- 6,214 mi -RRB- submarine communications cable connecting Africa to South America , run by the undersea fibre optic provider eFive , will pass St Helena relatively closely .	eFive	Who runs the South Atlantic Express ?
On 6 October 2012 , eFive agreed to reroute the cable through St. Helena after a successful lobbying campaign by A Human Right , a San Francisco-based NGA working on initiatives to ensure all people are connected to the Internet .	6 October 2012	On what date did eFive announce they would reroute the cable through Saint Helena ?
On 6 October 2012 , eFive agreed to reroute the cable through St. Helena after a successful lobbying campaign by A Human Right , a San Francisco-based NGA working on initiatives to ensure all people are connected to the Internet .	A Human Right	Who lobbied for the cable reroute into South Helena ?
The island has two local newspapers , both of which are available on the Internet .	two	How many local newspapers does the island have ?
The island has two local newspapers , both of which are available on the Internet .	the Internet	Where are both newspapers available ?
The St Helena Independent has been published since November 2005 .	November 2005	Since when has the St Helena Independent been published ?
The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012 .	2012	When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced ?
Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11 : Harford , Pilling , and St Paul 's .	Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s	What are the 3 primary schools called ?
Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18 .	Prince Andrew School	What is the name of the secondary school for the island ?
At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10 , 230 students were enrolled in primary school and 286 in secondary school .	230	How many students were enrolled in primary school in 2010 ?
The island has a public library -LRB- the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere -RRB- and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas .	weekly	When does the mobile library service operate ?
The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs , vocational training , adult education , evening classes , and distance learning .	The Education and Employment Directorate	Who provides programs to students with special needs ?
The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use .	The UK national curriculum	What curriculum does the island adapt ?
A range of qualifications are offered -- from GCSE , A/S and A2 , to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications :	GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications	What are the qualifications offered ?
Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association .	International Island Games Association	Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association ?
The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011 .	Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League	Where did the Saint Helena cricket team make it 's debut in international cricket ?
The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011 .	2011	When did the Saint Helena cricket team make it 's debut in international cricket ?
The Governor 's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island , held every two years in December/January ; the most recent event was in December 2010 .	between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,	Where does the Governor 's cup take place ?
The Governor 's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island , held every two years in December/January ; the most recent event was in December 2010 .	December/January	What months does the Governor 's cup take place ?
The Governor 's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island , held every two years in December/January ; the most recent event was in December 2010 .	December 2010	When did the most recent Governor 's cup take place ?
There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island .	scouting and guiding	What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island ?
Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912 .	1912	When was Scouting established on Saint Helena ?
Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa .	Lord and Lady Baden-Powell	Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937 ?
The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell 's book entitled African Adventures .	African Adventures	What book describes Lord and Lady Baden-Powel 's visit ?
In phonetics , aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or , in the case of preaspiration , the closure of some obstruents .	phonetics	Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what ?
In English , aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts , but in some other languages , notably most Indian and East Asian languages , the difference is contrastive .	allophones	Aspirated consonants are what in English ?
In English , aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts , but in some other languages , notably most Indian and East Asian languages , the difference is contrastive .	Indian and East Asian	What are two language types where the difference is contrastive ?
To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds , one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one 's mouth , and say pin -LSB- pʰɪn -RSB- and then spin -LSB- spɪn -RSB- .	pin	With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air ?
To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds , one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one 's mouth , and say pin -LSB- pʰɪn -RSB- and then spin -LSB- spɪn -RSB- .	aspirated	In English the first consonant in `` pin '' is what ?
In the International Phonetic Alphabet -LRB- IPA -RRB- , aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨ ◌ ʰ ⟩ , a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨ h ⟩ .	International Phonetic Alphabet	What does IPA stand for ?
In the International Phonetic Alphabet -LRB- IPA -RRB- , aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨ ◌ ʰ ⟩ , a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨ h ⟩ .	voiceless consonants	Written IPA consonants use symbols for what ?
For instance , ⟨ p ⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop , and ⟨ pʰ ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop .	aspirated bilabial stop	pʰ represents what ?
Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated .	Voiced consonants	What is not often aspirated ?
Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨ ◌ ʰ ⟩ , such as ⟨ bʰ ⟩ , typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release -LRB- see below -RRB- .	breathy	The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release ?
In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit , aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated , and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated .	breathy-voiced	Voiced aspirated consonants are what type ?
There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked : unaspirated ⟨ k ⟩ and aspirated ⟨ kʰ ⟩ .	degrees of aspiration	There are no IPA symbols for what ?
The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration .	aspiration modifier	What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration ?
Hence , the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨ kʰ kʰʰ ⟩ or ⟨ kʻ ⟩ and ⟨ kʰ ⟩ , but they are usually transcribed -LSB- k -RSB- and -LSB- kʰ -RSB- , with the details of voice-onset time given numerically .	Korean	What language , according to the text , may need double stops to indicate aspiration length ?
Hence , the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨ kʰ kʰʰ ⟩ or ⟨ kʻ ⟩ and ⟨ kʰ ⟩ , but they are usually transcribed -LSB- k -RSB- and -LSB- kʰ -RSB- , with the details of voice-onset time given numerically .	numerically	How are voice-onset time details usually presented ?
Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol : ⟨ ʰp ⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop .	placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol	A preaspirated consonant is marked how ?
Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol : ⟨ ʰp ⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop .	⟨ʰp⟩	What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop ?
Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨ ◌ ˭ ⟩ , a superscript equal sign : ⟨ t˭ ⟩ .	with the modifier letter	How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration ?
Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨ ◌ ˭ ⟩ , a superscript equal sign : ⟨ t˭ ⟩ .	⟨t˭⟩	What is the superscript equal sign ?
Usually , however , unaspirated consonants are left unmarked : ⟨ t ⟩ .	left unmarked	Most often , unaspirated consonants are what ?
Usually , however , unaspirated consonants are left unmarked : ⟨ t ⟩ .	⟨t⟩	How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked ?
Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open -LRB- spread -RRB- and not vibrating , and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating -LRB- modal voice -RRB- .	Voiceless consonants	What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate ?
Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open -LRB- spread -RRB- and not vibrating , and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating -LRB- modal voice -RRB- .	voiced consonants	What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate ?
Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released .	Voiceless aspiration	What is it called when a person 's vocal cords stay open after a consonant ?
Phonetically in some languages , such as Navajo , aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow ; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication .	Navajo	Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages , such as what ?
Phonetically in some languages , such as Navajo , aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow ; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication .	an extended length of the frication	In Navajo , the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what ?
For example , in Eastern Armenian , aspiration is contrastive even word-finally , and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters .	consonant clusters	In Eastern Armenian , aspirated consonants occur in what ?
In Wahgi , consonants are aspirated only in final position .	Wahgi	Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position ?
Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops , in addition to unaspirated stops .	unaspirated stops	As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop , the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what ?
Aspiration varies with place of articulation .	place of articulation	Aspiration alters with what ?
When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated , the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release .	the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.	What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated ?
An aspirated affricate consists of a stop , fricative , and aspirated release .	An aspirated affricate	What is comprised of a stop , fricative , and aspirated release ?
Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated -LSB- ʰp ʰt ʰk -RSB- ; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well .	Icelandic and Faroese	What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated -LSB- ʰp ʰt ʰk -RSB- ?
Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated -LSB- ʰp ʰt ʰk -RSB- ; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well .	consonant clusters	What do scholars say the preaspirated -LSB- ʰp ʰt ʰk -RSB- are too ?
In Icelandic , preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops :	double stops and single stops	What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic ?
Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages ; for example , in North Sami , the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes / p / , / t / , / ts / , / tʃ / , / k / are pronounced preaspirated -LRB- -LSB- ʰp -RSB- , -LSB- ʰt -RSB- -LSB- ʰts -RSB- , -LSB- ʰtʃ -RSB- , -LSB- ʰk -RSB- -RRB- when they occur in medial or final position .	Preaspirated stops	The Sami tongue also has what ?
Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages ; for example , in North Sami , the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes / p / , / t / , / ts / , / tʃ / , / k / are pronounced preaspirated -LRB- -LSB- ʰp -RSB- , -LSB- ʰt -RSB- -LSB- ʰts -RSB- , -LSB- ʰtʃ -RSB- , -LSB- ʰk -RSB- -RRB- when they occur in medial or final position .	North Sami	Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated ?
Some languages , such as Choni Tibetan , have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives -LSB- sʰ -RSB- -LSB- ɕʰ -RSB- , -LSB- ʂʰ -RSB- and -LSB- xʰ -RSB- .	up to four	How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have ?
True aspirated voiced consonants , as opposed to murmured -LRB- breathy-voice -RRB- consonants such as the -LSB- bʱ -RSB- , -LSB- dʱ -RSB- , -LSB- ɡʱ -RSB- that are common in the languages of India , are extremely rare .	True aspirated voiced consonants	Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what ?
True aspirated voiced consonants , as opposed to murmured -LRB- breathy-voice -RRB- consonants such as the -LSB- bʱ -RSB- , -LSB- dʱ -RSB- , -LSB- ɡʱ -RSB- that are common in the languages of India , are extremely rare .	rare	True aspirated consonants are considered what ?
They have been documented in Kelabit Taa , and the Kx ' a languages .	Kx'a languages	True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else ?
Aspiration has varying significance in different languages .	Aspiration	What has a different significance in various languages ?
It is either allophonic or phonemic , and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster .	allophonic or phonemic	What two forms can aspiration be in ?
In some languages , such as English , aspiration is allophonic .	allophonic	Aspiration is what , in English and some other languages ?
Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing , and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated , while voiced stops are usually unaspirated .	voicing	How are stops distinguished ?
Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing , and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated , while voiced stops are usually unaspirated .	aspirated	Voiceless stops are at times what ?
Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing , and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated , while voiced stops are usually unaspirated .	unaspirated	Voiced stops are most often what ?
They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s , as in spill , still , skill .	unaspirated	When following a word such as spill , they are what for most speakers ?
After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well , except sometimes in compound words .	compound words	If the letter s is a different place in the word , it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what ?
They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s , as in spill , still , skill .	unaspirated	If the st belongs to one morpheme , then the stop is what ?
In many languages , such as Armenian , Korean , Thai , Indo-Aryan languages , Dravidian languages , Icelandic , Ancient Greek , and the varieties of Chinese , tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic .	phonemic	In languages like Thai and Icelandic , tenuis and aspirated consonants are what ?
Unaspirated consonants like -LSB- p˭ s˭ -RSB- and aspirated consonants like -LSB- pʰ ʰp sʰ -RSB- are separate phonemes , and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other .	phonemes	-LSB- p˭ s˭ -RSB- and -LSB- pʰ ʰp sʰ -RSB- are separate what ?
In Danish and most southern varieties of German , the `` lenis '' consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨ b d ɡ ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨ p t k ⟩ , mainly in their lack of aspiration .	their lack of aspiration	How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants ?
In Danish and most southern varieties of German , the `` lenis '' consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨ b d ɡ ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨ p t k ⟩ , mainly in their lack of aspiration .	⟨p t k⟩	If the lenis are ⟨ b d ɡ ⟩ , what are the fortis counterparts ?
Standard Chinese -LRB- Mandarin -RRB- has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration : for instance , / t tʰ / , / t͡s t͡sʰ / .	aspiration	Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what ?
In pinyin , tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English , and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants .	pinyin	Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what ?
In pinyin , tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English , and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants .	aspirated stops	What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants ?
Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates : / p pʰ b / .	Wu Chinese	What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates ?
Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates : / p pʰ b / .	/p pʰ b/	What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese ?
Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light -LRB- 陽 yáng -RRB- tone .	Muddy consonants	What is / b / representative of , in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants ?
These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice : that is , they are weakly voiced .	slack or breathy	What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with ?
Sanskrit , Hindi , Bengali , Marathi , and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops : voiceless , aspirated , voiced , and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated , such as / p pʰ b bʱ / .	breathy-voiced	What is another term for voice-aspirated ?
Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants , which resulted in a tone system , and therefore has a distinction between voiceless , aspirated , and voiced : / p pʰ b / .	breathy-voiced consonants	Which distinction has Punjabi lost ?
Some of the Dravidian languages , such as Telugu , Tamil , Malayalam , and Kannada , have a distinction between voiced and voiceless , aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages .	Dravidian	Telegu , Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages ?
In native Dravidian words , there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration .	native Dravidian words	What has no distinction between the categories of voiced , voiceless , aspirated and unaspirated ?
Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced : / tʰ d / .	Western Armenian	What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced ?
Western Armenian aspirated / tʰ / corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated / tʰ / and voiced / d / , and Western voiced / d / corresponds to Eastern voiceless / t / .	/d/	Western Armenian / tʰ / compares to eastern Armenian / tʰ / and what ?
Western Armenian aspirated / tʰ / corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated / tʰ / and voiced / d / , and Western voiced / d / corresponds to Eastern voiceless / t / .	/t/	The Western Armenian voiced / d / compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what ?
Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops .	aspirated stops.	Early Greek -LRB- before Koine -RRB- have been redone with what ?
The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian : / t tʰ d / .	Classical Attic	What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian ?
These stops were called ψιλά , δασέα , μέσα `` thin , thick , middle '' by Koine Greek grammarians .	Greek grammarians	Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions ?
There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation : labial , coronal , and velar / pʰ tʰ kʰ / .	/pʰ tʰ kʰ/	What is the representation for the three places of articulation ?
Earlier Greek , represented by Mycenaean Greek , likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop / kʷʰ / , which later became labial , coronal , or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment .	Mycenaean Greek	Earlier Greek was represented by what ?
Earlier Greek , represented by Mycenaean Greek , likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop / kʷʰ / , which later became labial , coronal , or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment .	dialect and phonetic environment	Whether a stop was labial , coronal or velar depended on what two things ?
The other Ancient Greek dialects , Ionic , Doric , Aeolic , and Arcadocypriot , likely had the same three-way distinction at one point , but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of / tʰ / in the Classical period , and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration -LRB- psilosis -RRB- .	Ionic and Aeolic	Which two dialects lost aspiration at times ?
The other Ancient Greek dialects , Ionic , Doric , Aeolic , and Arcadocypriot , likely had the same three-way distinction at one point , but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of / tʰ / in the Classical period , and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration -LRB- psilosis -RRB- .	fricative	Rather than / tʰ / , what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period ?
Later , during the Koine Greek period , the aspirated and voiceless stops / tʰ d / of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives , yielding / θ ð / in Medieval and Modern Greek .	voiceless and voiced fricatives	Attic Greek lenited to what ?
Later , during the Koine Greek period , the aspirated and voiceless stops / tʰ d / of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives , yielding / θ ð / in Medieval and Modern Greek .	Medieval and Modern Greek	The lenited Attic Greek yielded / θ ð / in what periods ?
The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization , in which a consonant is lenited -LRB- weakened -RRB- to become a glottal stop or fricative -LSB- ʔ h ɦ -RSB- .	debuccalization	Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what ?
The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization , in which a consonant is lenited -LRB- weakened -RRB- to become a glottal stop or fricative -LSB- ʔ h ɦ -RSB- .	glottal stop or fricative	Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what ?
The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization , in which a consonant is lenited -LRB- weakened -RRB- to become a glottal stop or fricative -LSB- ʔ h ɦ -RSB- .	lenited	What is another term for a consonant being weakened ?
So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice , a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds .	a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds	What is breathy voice ?
This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨ b̤ ⟩ , with the diacritic for breathy voice , or with the modifier letter ⟨ bʱ ⟩ , a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ ɦ ⟩ .	⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic	The ⟨ bʰ ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice ?
Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨ ◌ ̤ ⟩ to murmured sonorants , such as vowels and nasals , which are murmured throughout their duration , and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨ ◌ ʱ ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents .	murmured sonorants	What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨ ◌ ̤ ⟩ to ?
Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨ ◌ ̤ ⟩ to murmured sonorants , such as vowels and nasals , which are murmured throughout their duration , and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨ ◌ ʱ ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents .	vowels and nasals	What are , according to the text , murmured for their duration ?
Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨ ◌ ̤ ⟩ to murmured sonorants , such as vowels and nasals , which are murmured throughout their duration , and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨ ◌ ʱ ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents .	breathy-voiced release of obstruents.	What uses the ⟨ ◌ ʱ ⟩ ?
Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1 .	1	What is the atomic number used for hydrogen ?
With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.00794 u , hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table .	7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u	What is the atomic weight for hydrogen ?
Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1 .	Hydrogen	What element is considered the lightest ?
At standard temperature and pressure , hydrogen is a colorless , odorless , tasteless , non-toxic , nonmetallic , highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2 .	molecular	What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth ?
At standard temperature and pressure , hydrogen is a colorless , odorless , tasteless , non-toxic , nonmetallic , highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2 .	H2	What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen ?
At standard temperature and pressure , hydrogen is a colorless , odorless , tasteless , non-toxic , nonmetallic , highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2 .	colorless, odorless, tasteless	What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure ?
In ionic compounds , hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge -LRB- i.e. , anion -RRB- when it is known as a hydride , or as a positively charged -LRB- i.e. , cation -RRB- species denoted by the symbol H + .	negative	What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride ?
As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically , study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics .	quantum mechanics	What field of study has hydrogen and it 's properties played a key role in development ?
Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century , via the mixing of metals with acids .	early 16th century	When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time ?
In 1766 -- 81 , Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance , and that it produces water when burned , a property which later gave it its name : in Greek , hydrogen means `` water-former '' .	Henry Cavendish	Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance ?
In 1766 -- 81 , Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance , and that it produces water when burned , a property which later gave it its name : in Greek , hydrogen means `` water-former '' .	water	When it is burned what does hydrogen make ?
In 1766 -- 81 , Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance , and that it produces water when burned , a property which later gave it its name : in Greek , hydrogen means `` water-former '' .	water-former	What is the Greek translation for hydrogen ?
Most hydrogen is employed near its production site , with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing -LRB- e.g. , hydrocracking -RRB- and ammonia production , mostly for the fertilizer market .	the fertilizer market	What market primarily uses ammonia production ?
Most hydrogen is employed near its production site , with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing -LRB- e.g. , hydrocracking -RRB- and ammonia production , mostly for the fertilizer market .	hydrocracking	Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen .
The enthalpy of combustion for hydrogen is − 286 kJ/mol :	286 kJ/mol	For hydrogen what is the enthalpy of combustion ?
Hydrogen gas -LRB- dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen -RRB- is highly flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4 % and 75 % by volume .	dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen	What are two forms of hydrogen gas ?
Hydrogen gas -LRB- dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen -RRB- is highly flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4 % and 75 % by volume .	Hydrogen	Which element has a enthalpy of combustion at − 286 kJ/mol ?
Pure hydrogen-oxygen flames emit ultraviolet light and with high oxygen mix are nearly invisible to the naked eye , as illustrated by the faint plume of the Space Shuttle Main Engine compared to the highly visible plume of a Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster .	ultraviolet light	What kind of light do hydrogen-oxygen flames make ?
The destruction of the Hindenburg airship was an infamous example of hydrogen combustion ; the cause is debated , but the visible orange flames were the result of a rich mixture of hydrogen to oxygen combined with carbon compounds from the airship skin .	hydrogen combustion	What caused the Hindenburg to explode ?
Hydrogen can react spontaneously and violently at room temperature with chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides , hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride , which are also potentially dangerous acids .	hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride	What are two other dangerous acids ?
Hydrogen can react spontaneously and violently at room temperature with chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides , hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride , which are also potentially dangerous acids .	room temperature	What temperature does hydrogen react with these elements ?
The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the Bohr model of the atom , which conceptualizes the electron as `` orbiting '' the proton in analogy to the Earth 's orbit of the Sun .	Bohr model	What model id used to calculate energy levels of hydrogen ?
However , the electromagnetic force attracts electrons and protons to one another , while planets and celestial objects are attracted to each other by gravity .	gravity	What attracts planets and celestial items ?
However , the electromagnetic force attracts electrons and protons to one another , while planets and celestial objects are attracted to each other by gravity .	electrons and protons	What does the electromagnetic force attract to one another ?
In the quantum mechanical treatment , the electron in a ground state hydrogen atom has no angular momentum at all -- an illustration of how the `` planetary orbit '' conception of electron motion differs from reality .	angular	What kind of movement does the electron not have in ground state ?
In the orthohydrogen form , the spins of the two protons are parallel and form a triplet state with a molecular spin quantum number of 1 -LRB- 1⁄2 +1 ⁄ 2 -RRB- ; in the parahydrogen form the spins are antiparallel and form a singlet with a molecular spin quantum number of 0 -LRB- 1⁄2 -- 1⁄2 -RRB- .	triplet state	What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form ?
At standard temperature and pressure , hydrogen gas contains about 25 % of the para form and 75 % of the ortho form , also known as the `` normal form '' .	normal	When hydrogen gas is in standard temperature and pressure , what form is it considered in >
At standard temperature and pressure , hydrogen gas contains about 25 % of the para form and 75 % of the ortho form , also known as the `` normal form '' .	25%	What percent of para form does hydrogen gas contain ?
At standard temperature and pressure , hydrogen gas contains about 25 % of the para form and 75 % of the ortho form , also known as the `` normal form '' .	75%	What percent of ortho form does hydrogen gas contain ?
Catalysts for the ortho-para interconversion , such as ferric oxide , activated carbon , platinized asbestos , rare earth metals , uranium compounds , chromic oxide , or some nickel compounds , are used during hydrogen cooling .	ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds	What are some catalysts used in hydrogen cooling
Hydrogen can form compounds with elements that are more electronegative , such as halogens -LRB- e.g. , F , Cl , Br , I -RRB- , or oxygen ; in these compounds hydrogen takes on a partial positive charge .	positive charge	What ind of charge does hydrogen take when mixed with electronegative particles ?
These compounds are often known as hydrides .	hydrides	When hydrogen forms with a metal , what is the compound called ?
While H2 is not very reactive under standard conditions , it does form compounds with most elements .	not	Is H2 reactive in standard conditions ?
Hydrogen forms a vast array of compounds with carbon called the hydrocarbons , and an even vaster array with heteroatoms that , because of their general association with living things , are called organic compounds .	hydrocarbons	What is the form of hydrogen and carbon called ?
Hydrogen forms a vast array of compounds with carbon called the hydrocarbons , and an even vaster array with heteroatoms that , because of their general association with living things , are called organic compounds .	organic compounds	What is the form of hydrogen and heteroatoms called ?
The study of their properties is known as organic chemistry and their study in the context of living organisms is known as biochemistry .	organic chemistry	What is the study of organic compounds properties known as ?
The study of their properties is known as organic chemistry and their study in the context of living organisms is known as biochemistry .	biochemistry	What is the study of living organisms known as ?
Hydrogen forms a vast array of compounds with carbon called the hydrocarbons , and an even vaster array with heteroatoms that , because of their general association with living things , are called organic compounds .	carbon	Organic compounds are only required to conatin what ?
The existence of the hydride anion , suggested by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916 for group I and II salt-like hydrides , was demonstrated by Moers in 1920 by the electrolysis of molten lithium hydride -LRB- LiH -RRB- , producing a stoichiometry quantity of hydrogen at the anode .	Gilbert N. Lewis	Who suggested that hydride anions existed?character does the H atom have in a hydride ?
An exception in group II hydrides is BeH 2 , which is polymeric .	group II	What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric ?
Although hydrides can be formed with almost all main-group elements , the number and combination of possible compounds varies widely ; for example , there are over 100 binary borane hydrides known , but only one binary aluminium hydride .	over 100	How many binary borane hydrides are known ?
In inorganic chemistry , hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex .	inorganic chemistry	What chemistry do hydrides serve as bridging ligands ?
In inorganic chemistry , hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex .	link two metal centers	What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up ?
This function is particularly common in group 13 elements , especially in boranes -LRB- boron hydrides -RRB- and aluminium complexes , as well as in clustered carboranes .	group 13	What group is briging ligands most common in ?
Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H + , which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton .	electrons	When hydrogen oxidates , what is it removing ?
Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H + , which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton .	H+	When hydrogen oxidates , what does it end up giving ?
Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory , acids are proton donors , while bases are proton acceptors .	Bronsted-Lowry	What theory suggests that acids are proton donors ?
A bare proton , H + , can not exist in solution or in ionic crystals , because of its unstoppable attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons .	H+	What is another term for a bare proton ?
Other oxonium ions are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents .	in acidic solution with other solvents	Where can oxonium ions be found ?
To avoid the implication of the naked `` solvated proton '' in solution , acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species , termed the `` hydronium ion '' -LRB- H 3O + -RRB- .	hydronium ion	What other term is a solvated protons referred as ?
Although exotic on Earth , one of the most common ions in the universe is the H + 3 ion , known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation .	protonated	What kind of molecular hydrogen is the H +3 knows as ?
Although exotic on Earth , one of the most common ions in the universe is the H + 3 ion , known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation .	trihydrogen cation	What kind of cation is the H +3 knowns as ?
Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes , denoted 1H , 2H and 3H .	3H	How many natural isotopes does hydrogen have >
Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes , denoted 1H , 2H and 3H .	denoted 1H, 2H and 3H	What are the names of these isotopes ?
Other , highly unstable nuclei -LRB- 4H to 7H -RRB- have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature .	4H to 7H	Which isotopes have unstable nuclei ?
Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today .	Hydrogen	Which element is the only that has different names for its isotopes ?
During the early study of radioactivity , various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names , but such names are no longer used , except for deuterium and tritium .	deuterium and tritium	What are the only two names still used for radioactive isotopes ?
The symbols D and T -LRB- instead of 2H and 3H -RRB- are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium , but the corresponding symbol for protium , P , is already in use for phosphorus and thus is not available for protium .	D and T	What are the symbols used for deuterium and tritium ?
The symbols D and T -LRB- instead of 2H and 3H -RRB- are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium , but the corresponding symbol for protium , P , is already in use for phosphorus and thus is not available for protium .	phosphorus	What does the symbol P represent ?
The symbols D and T -LRB- instead of 2H and 3H -RRB- are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium , but the corresponding symbol for protium , P , is already in use for phosphorus and thus is not available for protium .	2H and 3H	What are the preferred symbols for deuterium and tritium ?
In 1671 , Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids , which results in the production of hydrogen gas .	1671	What year was the discovery of hydrogen gas ?
In 1671 , Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids , which results in the production of hydrogen gas .	Robert Boyle	Who discovered Hydrogen gas ?
In 1766 , Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance , by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction `` flammable air '' .	Henry Cavendish	Who recognized hydrogen gas as a discreet substance ?
In 1766 , Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance , by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction `` flammable air '' .	1766	In what year did Henry Cavendish recognize hydrogen gas as a discreet substance ?
He speculated that `` flammable air '' was in fact identical to the hypothetical substance called `` phlogiston '' and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned .	water	What does gas produce when burned ?
Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire .	reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire	How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments ?
Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention , the vacuum flask .	James Dewar	Who was the first to liquidize hydrogen ?
Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention , the vacuum flask .	1898	In what year Did James Dewar first liquidize hydrogen ?
Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey , and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford , Mark Oliphant , and Paul Harteck .	1931	What year was Deuterium discovered ?
Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey , and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford , Mark Oliphant , and Paul Harteck .	Harold Urey	Who was the first to discover deuterium ?
Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey , and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford , Mark Oliphant , and Paul Harteck .	1934	What year was tritium discovered ?
The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783 .	Jacques Charles	Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons ?
The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783 .	1783	What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented ?
German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins ; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900 .	Zeppelins	what were the hydrogen lifted airships called ?
German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins ; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900 .	1900	In what year did the first zeppelin make flight ?
The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919 .	the British	Who made the first non stop transatlantic crossing ?
The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919 .	1919	What year was this done ?
Therefore , H2 was used in the Hindenburg airship , which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on 6 May 1937 .	1937	What year did the airship get destroyed ?
Therefore , H2 was used in the Hindenburg airship , which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on 6 May 1937 .	New Jersey	What city was the ship over when it caught fire ?
In the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton , Ohio , by the Dayton Power & Light Co. ; because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas , this is the most common type in its field today .	1937	In what year did the first hydrogen cooled turbogenerator go into service ?
In the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton , Ohio , by the Dayton Power & Light Co. ; because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas , this is the most common type in its field today .	Ohio	What state is the Dayton Power and light Company located ?
The nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy 's Navigation technology satellite-2 -LRB- NTS-2 -RRB- .	1977	What year was the first nickel hydrogen battery used ?
In the dark part of its orbit , the Hubble Space Telescope is also powered by nickel-hydrogen batteries , which were finally replaced in May 2009 , more than 19 years after launch , and 13 years over their design life .	2009	In what year did the hubble space telescope finally get the nickel hydrogen battery ?
Because of its simple atomic structure , consisting only of a proton and an electron , the hydrogen atom , together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it , has been central to the development of the theory of atomic structure .	a proton and an electron	What is the hydrogen atom made up of ?
Because of its simple atomic structure , consisting only of a proton and an electron , the hydrogen atom , together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it , has been central to the development of the theory of atomic structure .	atomic structure	What theory is the hydrogen atom a big part of ?
One of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed -LRB- but not understood at the time -RRB- was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen , half a century before full quantum mechanical theory arrived .	Maxwell	Who observed the specific heat capacity of H2 ?
According to quantum theory , this behavior arises from the spacing of the -LRB- quantized -RRB- rotational energy levels , which are particularly wide-spaced in H2 because of its low mass .	spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels	What cause H2 to resemble monatomic gas ?
According to quantum theory , this behavior arises from the spacing of the -LRB- quantized -RRB- rotational energy levels , which are particularly wide-spaced in H2 because of its low mass .	quantum theory	What theory supports this ?
Hydrogen , as atomic H , is the most abundant chemical element in the universe , making up 75 % of normal matter by mass and over 90 % by number of atoms -LRB- most of the mass of the universe , however , is not in the form of chemical-element type matter , but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as dark matter and dark energy -RRB- .	75%	What percent of normal matter is hydrogen ?
Hydrogen , as atomic H , is the most abundant chemical element in the universe , making up 75 % of normal matter by mass and over 90 % by number of atoms -LRB- most of the mass of the universe , however , is not in the form of chemical-element type matter , but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as dark matter and dark energy -RRB- .	90%	What percent of atoms is hydrogen ?
Hydrogen , as atomic H , is the most abundant chemical element in the universe , making up 75 % of normal matter by mass and over 90 % by number of atoms -LRB- most of the mass of the universe , however , is not in the form of chemical-element type matter , but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as dark matter and dark energy -RRB- .	dark matter and dark energy	What 2 forms of mass is most of the universe consisted of ?
This element is found in great abundance in stars and gas giant planets .	stars	Clouds of H2 form what ?
Throughout the universe , hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen .	atomic and plasma	In what states is hydrogen mostly found in the universe ?
Throughout the universe , hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen .	plasma	Hydrogens electron and proton are not bound together in what state ?
Hydrogen is found in the neutral atomic state in the interstellar medium .	neutral atomic state	in the interstellar medium , what state is hydrogen in ?
The large amount of neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems is thought to dominate the cosmological baryonic density of the Universe up to redshift z = 4 .	cosmological baryonic density of the Universe	The neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems dominates what ?
However , hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth 's surface , mostly in the form of chemical compounds such as hydrocarbons and water .	third most abundant	How abundant is hydrogen on the earths surface ?
Hydrogen gas is produced by some bacteria and algae and is a natural component of flatus , as is methane , itself a hydrogen source of increasing importance .	bacteria and algae	what produces hydrogen gas ?
A molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen -LRB- H + 3 -RRB- is found in the interstellar medium , where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays .	protonated molecular hydrogen	What molecular form is found in the interstellar medium ?
A molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen -LRB- H + 3 -RRB- is found in the interstellar medium , where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays .	ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays	What generates protonated molecular hydrogen ?
This charged ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter .	Jupiter	On what planet can you find protonated molecular hydrogen ?
Neutral triatomic hydrogen H3 can only exist in an excited form and is unstable .	excited form	In what way can Neutral triatomic hydrogen exist ?
H 2 is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories , often as a by-product of other reactions ; in industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates ; and in nature as a means of expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions .	expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions	How does nature produce H2 ?
H 2 is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories , often as a by-product of other reactions ; in industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates ; and in nature as a means of expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions .	by-product of other reactions	How do labs produce H2 ?
The electrolysis of water is a simple method of producing hydrogen .	electrolysis of water	What is an easy way to produce hydrogen ?
A low voltage current is run through the water , and gaseous oxygen forms at the anode while gaseous hydrogen forms at the cathode .	anode	Where does the gaseous oxygen form at ?
A low voltage current is run through the water , and gaseous oxygen forms at the anode while gaseous hydrogen forms at the cathode .	cathode	Where does the gaseous hydrogen form at ?
An alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form added to water can be used to generate hydrogen .	hydrogen	When you combine an alloy of alluminum and gallium to water , what do you get ?
The process also produces alumina , but the expensive gallium , which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets , can be re-used .	alumina	What else can it produce ?
The process also produces alumina , but the expensive gallium , which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets , can be re-used .	the expensive gallium	What can be reused after the formation ?
Hydrogen can be prepared in several different ways , but economically the most important processes involve removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons .	hydrocarbons	The most economical way to prepare hydrogen involves removing it from what ?
At high temperatures -LRB- 1000 -- 1400 K , 700 -- 1100 °C or 1300 -- 2000 °F -RRB- , steam -LRB- water vapor -RRB- reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and H 2 .	1000–1400 K, 700–1100 °C or 1300–2000 °F	What temperature is needed for steam to react with methane ?
This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures -LRB- 2.0 MPa , 20 atm or 600 inHg -RRB- .	high pressures	At what pressure does PSA work best in ?
The product mixture is known as `` synthesis gas '' because it is often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds .	production of methanol	What is synthesis gas used for ?
Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios .	Hydrocarbons	Besides methane , what else can be used to produce synthesis gas ?
Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction , especially with an iron oxide catalyst .	use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction	How can it be recovered through steam ?
In the Haber process for the production of ammonia , hydrogen is generated from natural gas .	ammonia	When hydrogen is generated from natural gas , what des it produce ?
Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also produces hydrogen as a co-product .	Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine	How is hydrogen produced as a co product ?
There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting , around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle , cerium -LRB- IV -RRB- oxide -- cerium -LRB- III -RRB- oxide cycle , zinc zinc-oxide cycle , sulfur-iodine cycle , copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity .	produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity	What are the thermochemical cycyles in a testing phase for ?
A number of laboratories -LRB- including in France , Germany , Greece , Japan , and the USA -RRB- are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water .	solar energy and water	What are labs trying to produce hydrogen from ?
A number of laboratories -LRB- including in France , Germany , Greece , Japan , and the USA -RRB- are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water .	France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA	What countries are testing this ?
Under anaerobic conditions , iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen -LRB- H 2 -RRB- .	anaerobic	What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized ?
The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide -LRB- green rust -RRB- and can be described by the following reaction :	formation of ferrous hydroxide	What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to ?
The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide -LRB- green rust -RRB- and can be described by the following reaction :	green rust	What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide ?
In its turn , under anaerobic conditions , the ferrous hydroxide -LRB- Fe -LRB- OH -RRB- 2 -RRB- can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen .	anaerobic	Under what condition can ferrous hydroxide be oxidized ?
In its turn , under anaerobic conditions , the ferrous hydroxide -LRB- Fe -LRB- OH -RRB- 2 -RRB- can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen .	magnetite and molecular hydrogen	What does this process form ?
This process is described by the Schikorr reaction :	Schikorr reaction	What reaction describes this process ?
In the absence of atmospheric oxygen -LRB- O 2 -RRB- , in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere , hydrogen -LRB- H 2 -RRB- is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons -LRB- H + -RRB- of the ferrous -LRB- Fe2 + -RRB- silicate present in the crystal lattice of the fayalite -LRB- Fe 2SiO 4 , the olivine iron-endmember -RRB- .	serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation	How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen ?
In the absence of atmospheric oxygen -LRB- O 2 -RRB- , in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere , hydrogen -LRB- H 2 -RRB- is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons -LRB- H + -RRB- of the ferrous -LRB- Fe2 + -RRB- silicate present in the crystal lattice of the fayalite -LRB- Fe 2SiO 4 , the olivine iron-endmember -RRB- .	crystal lattice of the fayalite	Where do you find silicate ?
From all the fault gases formed in power transformers , hydrogen is the most common and is generated under most fault conditions ; thus , formation of hydrogen is an early indication of serious problems in the transformer 's life cycle .	hydrogen	What is the most common gas found in power tranformers ?
Large quantities of H 2 are needed in the petroleum and chemical industries .	petroleum and chemical industries	Where are large quantities of H2 needed ?
The key consumers of H 2 in the petrochemical plant include hydrodealkylation , hydrodesulfurization , and hydrocracking .	hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking	What are the consumers of H2 in petrochemical plant ?
Hydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals .	rare earth and transition metals	Where is hydrogen highly soluble ?
Hydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals .	nanocrystalline and amorphous metals	Where can you find soluble hydrogen ?
Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice .	local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice	What influences hydrogens solubility in metals ?
These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks , but the gas 's high solubility is a metallurgical problem , contributing to the embrittlement of many metals , complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks .	when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks	When are these useful ?
These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks , but the gas 's high solubility is a metallurgical problem , contributing to the embrittlement of many metals , complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks .	gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks	When is it damaging ?
Apart from its use as a reactant , H 2 has wide applications in physics and engineering .	in physics and engineering	Where else is H2 applied ?
H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations , because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas .	as the rotor coolant	How is H2 used in electrical generators at power stations ?
H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations , because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas .	it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas	Why is it used as the rotor coolant ?
Liquid H2 is used in cryogenic research , including superconductivity studies .	cryogenic	What research uses liquid H2 ?
In more recent applications , hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen -LRB- sometimes called forming gas -RRB- as a tracer gas for minute leak detection .	as a tracer gas for minute leak detection	Why would one use hydrogen mixed with nitrogen ?
Applications can be found in the automotive , chemical , power generation , aerospace , and telecommunications industries .	automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications	What industries can you find these applications ?
Hydrogen is an authorized food additive -LRB- E 949 -RRB- that allows food package leak testing among other anti-oxidizing properties .	allows food package leak testing	How is hydrogen used as a food additive ?
Deuterium -LRB- hydrogen-2 -RRB- is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons , and in nuclear fusion reactions .	Deuterium	What isotope is used in nuclear fission ?
Tritium -LRB- hydrogen-3 -RRB- , produced in nuclear reactors , is used in the production of hydrogen bombs , as an isotopic label in the biosciences , and as a radiation source in luminous paints .	nuclear reactors	Where is tritium produced ?
Tritium -LRB- hydrogen-3 -RRB- , produced in nuclear reactors , is used in the production of hydrogen bombs , as an isotopic label in the biosciences , and as a radiation source in luminous paints .	production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints	What is tritium used for ?
Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules .	as a coolant in generators	How is hydrogen used at power stations ?
Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules .	favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules	Why is it used as a coolant ?
These include low density , low viscosity , and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases .	low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases	What are these properties ?
Hydrogen is not an energy resource , except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium , a technology presently far from development .	not	Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource ?
The Sun 's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen , but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth .	nuclear fusion of hydrogen	Where does the sun get its energy from ?
Elemental hydrogen from solar , biological , or electrical sources require more energy to make it than is obtained by burning it , so in these cases hydrogen functions as an energy carrier , like a battery .	energy carrier	How does hydrogen function when it s burned ?
Nevertheless , elemental hydrogen has been widely discussed in the context of energy , as a possible future carrier of energy on an economy-wide scale .	elemental	What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel ?
Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken -LRB- `` dangling '' -RRB- bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties .	to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties	Why is hydrogen employed ?
It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials , including ZnO , SnO2 , CdO , MgO , ZrO2 , HfO2 , La2O3 , Y2O3 , TiO2 , SrTiO3 , LaAlO3 , SiO2 , Al2O3 , ZrSiO4 , HfSiO4 , and SrZrO3 .	a potential electron donor	How is hydrogen used in oxide materials ?
It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials , including ZnO , SnO2 , CdO , MgO , ZrO2 , HfO2 , La2O3 , Y2O3 , TiO2 , SrTiO3 , LaAlO3 , SiO2 , Al2O3 , ZrSiO4 , HfSiO4 , and SrZrO3 .	ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3	What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor ?
H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms , usually via reactions catalyzed by iron - or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases .	hydrogenases	What enzymes are used to produce H2 ?
Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water .	in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water	When does hydrogen gas occur ?
The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the hydrogen cycle .	hydrogen cycle	What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called ?
Water splitting , in which water is decomposed into its component protons , electrons , and oxygen , occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms .	Water splitting	What is the decomposition of water into its components called ?
Water splitting , in which water is decomposed into its component protons , electrons , and oxygen , occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms .	in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms	Where does water splitting occur ?
Some such organisms , including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria , have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast .	alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria	What organisms can form H2 gas ?
Some such organisms , including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria , have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast .	by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast	How are these gases formed ?
Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety , from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure , oxygen-free form .	potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form	What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey ?
Hydrogen dissolves in many metals , and , in addition to leaking out , may have adverse effects on them , such as hydrogen embrittlement , leading to cracks and explosions .	cracks and explosions	What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to ?
Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio -LRB- it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio , for which the data is usually given -RRB- .	the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio	What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on ?
Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio -LRB- it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio , for which the data is usually given -RRB- .	days or weeks	How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio ?
Hydrogen detonation parameters , such as critical detonation pressure and temperature , strongly depend on the container geometry .	container geometry	What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on ?
A web browser -LRB- commonly referred to as a browser -RRB- is a software application for retrieving , presenting , and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web .	browser	What do people typically call a web browser ?
A web browser -LRB- commonly referred to as a browser -RRB- is a software application for retrieving , presenting , and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web .	World Wide Web	What platform is a browser used on ?
An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier -LRB- URI/URL -RRB- and may be a web page , image , video or other piece of content .	Uniform Resource Identifier	What does URL mean ?
Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources .	Hyperlinks	What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource ?
Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web , they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems .	the World Wide Web	The primary function of a browser is to use what ?
Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web , they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems .	private networks	In addition to accessing the Internet , browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what ?
Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web , they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems .	file systems	A browser can also access files where ?
The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee .	1990	When was the first browser created ?
The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee .	Sir Tim Berners-Lee	Who invented the first browser ?
Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium -LRB- W3C -RRB- , which oversees the Web 's continued development , and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation .	the World Wide Web Consortium	What was Berners-Lee a director of ?
Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium -LRB- W3C -RRB- , which oversees the Web 's continued development , and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation .	World Wide Web Foundation	What organization did Berners-Lee create ?
In 1993 , browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic , `` the world 's first popular browser '' , which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person .	Marc Andreessen	Who released Mosaic ?
In 1993 , browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic , `` the world 's first popular browser '' , which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person .	1993	When was Mosaic released ?
Andreessen , the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications -LRB- NCSA -RRB- , soon started his own company , named Netscape , and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994 , which quickly became the world 's most popular browser , accounting for 90 % of all web use at its peak -LRB- see usage share of web browsers -RRB- .	Netscape	When Andreessen left the company he worked for , what new company did he start ?
Andreessen , the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications -LRB- NCSA -RRB- , soon started his own company , named Netscape , and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994 , which quickly became the world 's most popular browser , accounting for 90 % of all web use at its peak -LRB- see usage share of web browsers -RRB- .	Netscape Navigator	What browser did Andreessen release in 1994 ?
Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995 , also heavily influenced by Mosaic , initiating the industry 's first browser war .	Microsoft	Who released the Internet Explorer browser ?
Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995 , also heavily influenced by Mosaic , initiating the industry 's first browser war .	1995	When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer ?
Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995 , also heavily influenced by Mosaic , initiating the industry 's first browser war .	browser war	The release of Internet Explorer started the first what ?
Bundled with Windows , Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market ; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95 % by 2002 .	Windows	What was bundled with Internet Explorer ?
Opera debuted in 1996 ; it has never achieved widespread use , having less than 2 % browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications .	1996	Opera was introduced in what year ?
Its Opera-mini version has an additive share , in April 2011 amounting to 1.1 % of overall browser use , but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market , being preinstalled on over 40 million phones .	Opera-mini version	What accounted for 1.1 % of browser use in April 2011 ?
Its Opera-mini version has an additive share , in April 2011 amounting to 1.1 % of overall browser use , but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market , being preinstalled on over 40 million phones .	mobile phone web browser	Opera focused on which quickly growing market ?
It is also available on several other embedded systems , including Nintendo 's Wii video game console .	Nintendo's Wii	Opera is also available on which video game console ?
In 1998 , Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model .	Mozilla Foundation	What did Netscape launch in 1998 ?
In 1998 , Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model .	open source software model	Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what ?
That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox , which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development ; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004 , Firefox -LRB- all versions -RRB- accounted for 7 % of browser use .	Firefox	What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation ?
That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox , which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development ; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004 , Firefox -LRB- all versions -RRB- accounted for 7 % of browser use .	late 2004	When was Firefox released ?
Apple 's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003 ; as of April 2011 , it had a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing , accounting for just over 7 % of the entire browser market .	January 2003	When was the first beta release for Safari ?
Apple 's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003 ; as of April 2011 , it had a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing , accounting for just over 7 % of the entire browser market .	Apple	Who created Safari ?
The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome , first released in September 2008 .	Chrome	Which browser is the newest to enter the field ?
The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome , first released in September 2008 .	September 2008	When was Chrome released ?
This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer , whose share has tended to decrease from month to month .	Internet Explorer	As Chrome usage increases , which browser usage has continued to decrease ?
Chrome 's user-base continued to grow and in May 2012 , Chrome 's usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined .	May 2012	When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer ?
Internet Explorer , on the other hand , was bundled free with the Windows operating system -LRB- and was also downloadable free -RRB- , and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users .	Internet Explorer	What was bundled for free with the Windows OS ?
Internet Explorer , on the other hand , was bundled free with the Windows operating system -LRB- and was also downloadable free -RRB- , and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users .	sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users	Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways ?
Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac .	Mac	What other OS could use Internet Explorer ?
In January 2009 , the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft , saying `` Microsoft 's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers , undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice . ''	the European Commission	Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS ?
In January 2009 , the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft , saying `` Microsoft 's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers , undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice . ''	January 2009	When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling ?
In January 2009 , the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft , saying `` Microsoft 's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers , undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice . ''	competition between web browsers	The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what ?
In January 2009 , the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft , saying `` Microsoft 's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers , undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice . ''	product innovation	The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what ?
Safari and Mobile Safari were likewise always included with OS X and iOS respectively , so , similarly , they were originally funded by sales of Apple computers and mobile devices , and formed part of the overall Apple experience to customers .	Safari	What browser was automatically included with OS X ?
For example , Google pays Mozilla , the maker of Firefox , to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox .	Google	Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser ?
In addition , Google Search is also -LRB- as one would expect -RRB- the default search engine in Google Chrome .	Chrome	What other browser has Google as the default search engine ?
In addition , Google Search is also -LRB- as one would expect -RRB- the default search engine in Google Chrome .	Google Chrome	The increased revenue funds what , in addition to Google ?
The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user -LRB- `` retrieval '' or `` fetching '' -RRB- , allowing them to view the information -LRB- `` display '' , `` rendering '' -RRB- , and then access other information -LRB- `` navigation '' , `` following links '' -RRB- .	to bring information resources to the user	What is the main use of a browser ?
This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator -LRB- URL -RRB- , for example http://en.wikipedia.org/ , into the browser .	Uniform Resource Locator	What does URL stand for ?
The prefix of the URL , the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI , determines how the URL will be interpreted .	The prefix of the URL	What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted ?
The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http : and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol -LRB- HTTP -RRB- .	Hypertext Transfer Protocol	What does http stand for ?
Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes , such as https : for HTTPS , ftp : for the File Transfer Protocol , and file : for local files .	File Transfer Protocol	What does ftp stand for ?
For example , mailto : URIs are usually passed to the user 's default e-mail application , and news : URIs are passed to the user 's default newsgroup reader .	default newsgroup reader	A news : prefix is given to the user 's what ?
HTML and associated content -LRB- image files , formatting information such as CSS , etc. -RRB- is passed to the browser 's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document , a process known as `` rendering '' .	rendering	What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document ?
Most browsers can display images , audio , video , and XML files , and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets .	Flash applications and Java applets	Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what ?
Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources .	hyperlinks	What can resources have to connect to other resources ?
Available web browsers range in features from minimal , text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols .	rich user interfaces	Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what ?
Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail , Usenet news , and Internet Relay Chat -LRB- IRC -RRB- , are sometimes referred to as `` Internet suites '' rather than merely `` web browsers '' .	Internet suites	When a browser includes a lot of extras , it can be referred to as what ?
Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail , Usenet news , and Internet Relay Chat -LRB- IRC -RRB- , are sometimes referred to as `` Internet suites '' rather than merely `` web browsers '' .	Internet Relay Chat	What does IRC stand for ?
Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from `` popping up '' without the user 's consent .	pop-up blockers	What does not allow windows to pop up without consent ?
A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser .	browser extension	A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what ?
Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them .	bookmarked	A list of websites a user can click to get back to easy have been what by the user ?
Bookmarks are also called `` Favorites '' in Internet Explorer .	Favorites	What are `` bookmarks '' called in Internet Explorer ?
In addition , all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator .	feed aggregator	The top browsers have a built-in what ?
In Firefox , web feeds are formatted as `` live bookmarks '' and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed .	live bookmarks	Firefox does web feeds as what ?
In Opera , a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed .	traditional	The Opera feed reader is more what ?
Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache , download history , form and search history , cookies , and browsing history .	Most browsers	HTTP Secure is supported by what ?
Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache , download history , form and search history , cookies , and browsing history .	form and search history	Cache , download history , cookies , browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers ?
For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers , see comparison of web browsers .	current security vulnerabilities	A comparison of browser must be seen to know what ?
The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML , leading to problems with interoperability .	proprietary web browsers	Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects ?
The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML , leading to problems with interoperability .	problems with interoperability	Non-standard dialects led to what ?
Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML , which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers .	HTML and XHTML	Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what ?
Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML , which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers .	rendered in the same way	HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers ?
Web browsers consist of a user interface , layout engine , rendering engine , JavaScript interpreter , UI backend , networking component and data persistence component .	Web browsers	A user interface , UI backend , layout engine and other things are part of what ?
These components achieve different functionalities of a web browser and together provide all capabilities of a web browser .	functionalities	The layout engine , rendering engine , user interface and other things are components that offer different what of web browsers ?
Boston -LRB- pronounced i / ˈbɒstən / -RRB- is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States .	Boston	What is the capital of Massachusetts ?
The city proper covers 48 square miles -LRB- 124 km2 -RRB- with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014 , making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States .	655,884	What is the approximate population for 2014 ?
The city proper covers 48 square miles -LRB- 124 km2 -RRB- with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014 , making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States .	48 square miles	How many square miles does Boston cover ?
The city proper covers 48 square miles -LRB- 124 km2 -RRB- with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014 , making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States .	655,884	What was the population of Boston in 2014
The city proper covers 48 square miles -LRB- 124 km2 -RRB- with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014 , making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States .	48 square miles	How many square miles is Boston ?
The city proper covers 48 square miles -LRB- 124 km2 -RRB- with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014 , making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States .	24th	What place is Boston in for largest city in the US ?
Boston -LRB- pronounced i / ˈbɒstən / -RRB- is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States .	Massachusetts	Which of the United States is Boston located in ?
The city proper covers 48 square miles -LRB- 124 km2 -RRB- with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014 , making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States .	48	How many square miles is the city proper of Boston ?
The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston , home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country .	Greater Boston	The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what ?
The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston , home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country .	4.7 million people	What is the estimated population of Greater Boston ?
Boston -LRB- pronounced i / ˈbɒstən / -RRB- is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States .	Boston	What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts ?
One of the oldest cities in the United States , Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England .	1630	When was Boston founded ?
One of the oldest cities in the United States , Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England .	Shawmut Peninsula	Where was Boston Founded ?
It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston .	Boston Massacre	List one major event that took place in Boston .
Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year .	20 million	How many people visit Faneuil Hall annually ?
One of the oldest cities in the United States , Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England .	1630	What year was Boston founded ?
One of the oldest cities in the United States , Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England .	the Shawmut Peninsula	What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on ?
Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year .	tourists	Bostons rich history attracts many what each year ?
Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year .	20 million	The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year ?
Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States ; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment .	businesses and institutions	What ranks in the top of the country for investment ?
Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States ; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment .	philanthropy	Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States ?
Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States ; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment .	environmental sustainability and investment	Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what ?
The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States , though it remains high on world livability rankings .	The city has one of the highest costs of living	Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States ?
The area 's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine , and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation .	colleges and universities	Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what ?
Boston 's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine -LRB- after its `` three mountains '' -- only traces of which remain today -RRB- but later renamed it Boston after Boston , Lincolnshire , England , the origin of several prominent colonists .	Trimountaine	What was the name before the city was called Boston ?
Boston 's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine -LRB- after its `` three mountains '' -- only traces of which remain today -RRB- but later renamed it Boston after Boston , Lincolnshire , England , the origin of several prominent colonists .	Trimountaine	What did Boston 's early settlers call the area ?
Boston 's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine -LRB- after its `` three mountains '' -- only traces of which remain today -RRB- but later renamed it Boston after Boston , Lincolnshire , England , the origin of several prominent colonists .	three mountains	What does Trimountaine mean ?
The renaming , on September 7 , 1630 -LRB- Old Style -RRB- , -LSB- b -RSB- was by Puritan colonists from England , who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water .	1630	What year was the city renamed Boston ?
The renaming , on September 7 , 1630 -LRB- Old Style -RRB- , -LSB- b -RSB- was by Puritan colonists from England , who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water .	Puritan colonists from England	Who named the city Boston ?
The renaming , on September 7 , 1630 -LRB- Old Style -RRB- , -LSB- b -RSB- was by Puritan colonists from England , who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water .	fresh water	What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston ?
In 1629 , the Massachusetts Bay Colony 's first governor , John Winthrop , led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement , a key founding document of the city .	1629	What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed ?
Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history ; America 's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635 .	1635	America 's first public school was founded in Boston in what year ?
In 1629 , the Massachusetts Bay Colony 's first governor , John Winthrop , led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement , a key founding document of the city .	John Winthrop	Who was Massachusetts first governor ?
Over the next 130 years , the city participated in four French and Indian Wars , until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America .	four	How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in ?
In 1629 , the Massachusetts Bay Colony 's first governor , John Winthrop , led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement , a key founding document of the city .	John Winthrop	Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement ?
Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution -- the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , Paul Revere 's midnight ride , the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill , the Siege of Boston , and many others -- occurred in or near Boston .	the American Revolution	Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war ?
After the Revolution , Boston 's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world 's wealthiest international ports , with rum , fish , salt , and tobacco being particularly important .	seafaring tradition	What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port ?
Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution -- the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , Paul Revere 's midnight ride , the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill , the Siege of Boston , and many others -- occurred in or near Boston .	the American Revolution	Boston was the location of many important events of what war ?
The Embargo Act of 1807 , adopted during the Napoleonic Wars , and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston 's harbor activity .	The Embargo Act of 1807	What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812 ?
The Embargo Act of 1807 , adopted during the Napoleonic Wars , and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston 's harbor activity .	The Embargo Act of 1807	What act cut down on Boston 's harbor activity ?
Manufacturing became an important component of the city 's economy , and by the mid-19th century , the city 's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance .	manufacturing	What became an important part of the city 's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812 ?
Until the early 20th century , Boston remained one of the nation 's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries .	the early 20th century	When did Boston stop being known for it 's garment production and leather goods ?
During this period Boston flourished culturally as well , admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage , with members of old Boston families -- eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins -- coming to be regarded as the nation 's social and cultural elites .	Boston Brahmins	What was the name given to old Boston families ?
During this period Boston flourished culturally as well , admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage , with members of old Boston families -- eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins -- coming to be regarded as the nation 's social and cultural elites .	Boston Brahmins	Who came to be known as the nation 's social elites ?
During this period Boston flourished culturally as well , admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage , with members of old Boston families -- eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins -- coming to be regarded as the nation 's social and cultural elites .	literary life	Boston was admired for what kind of life ?
During this period Boston flourished culturally as well , admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage , with members of old Boston families -- eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins -- coming to be regarded as the nation 's social and cultural elites .	artistic patronage	Boston improved culturally because of its generous what ?
Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies , but was soon overtaken by Salem , Massachusetts and Newport , Rhode Island .	slave trade	Boston was overtaken by Salem , Massachusetts in what type of trade ?
Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement .	the abolitionist movement	What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade ?
The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 , contributing to President Franklin Pierce 's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case .	the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850	What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to ?
The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 , contributing to President Franklin Pierce 's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case .	Franklin Pierce	What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it 's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case ?
In 1822 , the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from `` the Town of Boston '' to `` the City of Boston '' , and on March 4 , 1822 , the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City .	the Town of Boston	What was the City of Boston 's name before it was the City of Boston ?
In 1822 , the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from `` the Town of Boston '' to `` the City of Boston '' , and on March 4 , 1822 , the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City .	1822	What year was the name changes to the City of Boston ?
At the time Boston was chartered as a city , the population was about 46,226 , while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles -LRB- 12 km2 -RRB- .	a city	Boston was chartered as what in 1822 ?
At the time Boston was chartered as a city , the population was about 46,226 , while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles -LRB- 12 km2 -RRB- .	about 46,226	What was the population of Boston in 1822 ?
At the time Boston was chartered as a city , the population was about 46,226 , while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles -LRB- 12 km2 -RRB- .	4.7 square miles	How many square miles was the city in 1822 ?
In the 1820s , Boston 's population grew rapidly , and the city 's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants .	Boston's population grew rapidly	How did Boston 's population change in the 1820 's ?
In the 1820s , Boston 's population grew rapidly , and the city 's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants .	the city's ethnic composition	The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston ?
Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period , especially following the Irish Potato Famine ; by 1850 , about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston .	about 35,000	What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850 ?
Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism .	Roman Catholicism	What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston ?
Currently , Catholics make up Boston 's largest religious community , and since the early 20th century , the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics -- prominent figures include the Kennedys , Tip O'Neill , and John F. Fitzgerald .	Catholics	What is Bostons largest religious group today ?
The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century ; beginning in 1807 , the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre -LRB- 20 ha -RRB- mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area .	the crown of Beacon Hill	What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square ?
The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill .	State House	What sits on Beacon Hill today ?
After The Great Boston Fire of 1872 , workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront .	The Great Boston Fire of 1872	What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872 ?
After The Great Boston Fire of 1872 , workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront .	as landfill along the downtown waterfront	What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for ?
Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority -LRB- BRA -RRB- , which was established in 1957 .	the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA)	Projects to renew the city were put into place by what ?
Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition .	with vociferous public opposition.	How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End ?
In 1965 , the first Community Health Center in the United States opened , the Columbia Point Health Center , in the Dorchester neighborhood .	1965	What year did the first community health center in the US open ?
In 1965 , the first Community Health Center in the United States opened , the Columbia Point Health Center , in the Dorchester neighborhood .	the Dorchester neighborhood	Where was Colombia Point Health Center located ?
The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center .	Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center	In 1990 , the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what ?
Boston is an intellectual , technological , and political center but has lost some important regional institutions , including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times , and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial , which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004 .	The Boston Globe	The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper ?
Boston is an intellectual , technological , and political center but has lost some important regional institutions , including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times , and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial , which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004 .	Bank of America	Who bought FleetBoston Financial ?
Boston is an intellectual , technological , and political center but has lost some important regional institutions , including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times , and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial , which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004 .	2004	What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial ?
Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene 's have both been merged into the Cincinnati -- based Macy 's .	Macy's	Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store ?
Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene 's have both been merged into the Cincinnati -- based Macy 's .	Jordan Marsh and Filene's	What department stores merged to form Macy 's ?
On April 15 , 2013 , two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon , killing three people and injuring roughly 264 .	April 15, 2013	On what date did bombs go off at the Boston marathon ?
On April 15 , 2013 , two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon , killing three people and injuring roughly 264 .	near the finish line	At what point of the Marathon were the bombs exploded ?
On April 15 , 2013 , two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon , killing three people and injuring roughly 264 .	three	How many fatalities were there at the marathon ?
On April 15 , 2013 , two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon , killing three people and injuring roughly 264 .	264	About how many people were injured in the explosion ?
Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles -LRB- 232.1 km2 -RRB- -- 48.4 square miles -LRB- 125.4 km2 -RRB- -LRB- 54.0 % -RRB- of land and 41.2 square miles -LRB- 106.7 km2 -RRB- -LRB- 46.0 % -RRB- of water .	89.6 square miles	What is the total area of Boston ?
Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles -LRB- 232.1 km2 -RRB- -- 48.4 square miles -LRB- 125.4 km2 -RRB- -LRB- 54.0 % -RRB- of land and 41.2 square miles -LRB- 106.7 km2 -RRB- -LRB- 46.0 % -RRB- of water .	48.4 square miles	How many square miles of land is Boston ?
Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles -LRB- 232.1 km2 -RRB- -- 48.4 square miles -LRB- 125.4 km2 -RRB- -LRB- 54.0 % -RRB- of land and 41.2 square miles -LRB- 106.7 km2 -RRB- -LRB- 46.0 % -RRB- of water .	41.2 square miles	How many square miles of water is Boston ?
The city 's official elevation , as measured at Logan International Airport , is 19 ft -LRB- 5.8 m -RRB- above sea level .	19 ft	How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston ?
Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean , Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline .	oceanic coastline	Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline ?
Boston is surrounded by the `` Greater Boston '' region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop , Revere , Chelsea , Everett , Somerville , Cambridge , Newton , Brookline , Needham , Dedham , Canton , Milton , and Quincy .	Greater Boston	What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston ?
The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge , and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood .	The Charles River	What river seperates Boston from Charlestown ?
To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area -LRB- which includes part of the city 's territory , specifically Calf Island , Gallops Island , Great Brewster Island , Green Island , Little Brewster Island , Little Calf Island , Long Island , Lovells Island , Middle Brewster Island , Nixes Mate , Outer Brewster Island , Rainsford Island , Shag Rocks , Spectacle Island , The Graves , and Thompson Island -RRB- .	To the east	What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor ?
To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area -LRB- which includes part of the city 's territory , specifically Calf Island , Gallops Island , Great Brewster Island , Green Island , Little Brewster Island , Little Calf Island , Long Island , Lovells Island , Middle Brewster Island , Nixes Mate , Outer Brewster Island , Rainsford Island , Shag Rocks , Spectacle Island , The Graves , and Thompson Island -RRB- .	Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area	Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area ?
Boston is sometimes called a `` city of neighborhoods '' because of the profusion of diverse subsections ; the city government 's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods .	city of neighborhoods	What s Boston sometimes called ?
Boston is sometimes called a `` city of neighborhoods '' because of the profusion of diverse subsections ; the city government 's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods .	23 neighborhoods	How many neighborhoods are in Boston ?
Boston is sometimes called a `` city of neighborhoods '' because of the profusion of diverse subsections ; the city government 's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods .	Office of Neighborhood Services	What division of the City Government designated the 23 neighborhoods ?
More than two-thirds of inner Boston 's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded , but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries , notably with earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston 's three original hills -LRB- the `` Trimountain '' , after which Tremont Street is named -RRB- , and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay .	More than two-thirds	How much of Inner Bostons land area did not exist when the city was founded ?
More than two-thirds of inner Boston 's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded , but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries , notably with earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston 's three original hills -LRB- the `` Trimountain '' , after which Tremont Street is named -RRB- , and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay .	tidal areas	The modern land area was created by the gradual filling in of surrounding what ?
More than two-thirds of inner Boston 's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded , but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries , notably with earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston 's three original hills -LRB- the `` Trimountain '' , after which Tremont Street is named -RRB- , and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay .	Trimountain	Tremont Street is named after what original hill in Boston ?
More than two-thirds of inner Boston 's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded , but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries , notably with earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston 's three original hills -LRB- the `` Trimountain '' , after which Tremont Street is named -RRB- , and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay .	the Back Bay	A train full of gravel came from Needham to fill what ?
More than two-thirds of inner Boston 's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded , but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries , notably with earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston 's three original hills -LRB- the `` Trimountain '' , after which Tremont Street is named -RRB- , and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay .	the Back Bay	The Boston Public Library is located in what part of Boston ?
Boston has a continental climate with some maritime influence , and using the − 3 °C -LRB- 27 °F -RRB- coldest month -LRB- January -RRB- isotherm , the city lies within the transition zone from a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- to a humid continental climate -LRB- Köppen Dfa -RRB- , although the suburbs north and west of the city are significantly colder in winter and solidly fall under the latter categorization ; the city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b -LRB- most of the city -RRB- and 7a -LRB- Downtown , South Boston , and East Boston neighborhoods -RRB- .	6b	Most of the city lies in which USDA plant hardiness zone ?
Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean .	Prevailing wind patterns	What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather ?
The hottest month is July , with a mean temperature of 73.4 °F -LRB- 23.0 °C -RRB- .	July	What is the hottest month in Boston ?
Boston has a continental climate with some maritime influence , and using the − 3 °C -LRB- 27 °F -RRB- coldest month -LRB- January -RRB- isotherm , the city lies within the transition zone from a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- to a humid continental climate -LRB- Köppen Dfa -RRB- , although the suburbs north and west of the city are significantly colder in winter and solidly fall under the latter categorization ; the city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b -LRB- most of the city -RRB- and 7a -LRB- Downtown , South Boston , and East Boston neighborhoods -RRB- .	January	What is the coldest month in Boston ?
Boston 's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature , but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain .	the North Atlantic	On what coast is Boston located ?
Boston 's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature , but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain .	Nor'easter	What type of weather systems in Boston can produce much snow and rain ?
The city averages 43.8 inches -LRB- 1,110 mm -RRB- of precipitation a year , with 43.8 inches -LRB- 111 cm -RRB- of snowfall per season .	43.8 inches	What is the average rainfall in the City of Boston per year ?
The city averages 43.8 inches -LRB- 1,110 mm -RRB- of precipitation a year , with 43.8 inches -LRB- 111 cm -RRB- of snowfall per season .	43.8 inches	What is the average snowfall per year in the City of Boston ?
Most snowfall occurs from December through March , as most years see no measurable snow in April and November , and snow is rare in May and October .	December through March	When does most snowfall occur ?
Fog is fairly common , particularly in spring and early summer , and the occasional tropical storm or hurricane can threaten the region , especially in late summer and early autumn .	spring and early summer	During what seasons is fog common in Boston ?
Fog is fairly common , particularly in spring and early summer , and the occasional tropical storm or hurricane can threaten the region , especially in late summer and early autumn .	late summer and early autumn	When can tropical storms and hurricanes threaten Boston ?
Due to its situation along the North Atlantic , the city often receives sea breezes , especially in the late spring , when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F -LRB- 11 °C -RRB- colder than a few miles inland , sometimes dropping by that amount near midday .	late spring	Sea breezes occur during what season ?
Thunderstorms occur from May to September , that are occasionally severe with large hail , damaging winds and heavy downpours .	May to September	What months do thunderstorms occur in Boston ?
Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude , averaging over 2,600 hours of sunshine per annum .	2,600	What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston ?
In 2010 , Boston was estimated to have 617,594 residents -LRB- a density of 12,200 persons/sq mile , or 4,700 / km2 -RRB- living in 272,481 housing units -- a 5 % population increase over 2000 .	617,594	About what was the population of Boston in 2010 ?
In 2010 , Boston was estimated to have 617,594 residents -LRB- a density of 12,200 persons/sq mile , or 4,700 / km2 -RRB- living in 272,481 housing units -- a 5 % population increase over 2000 .	272,481	How many housing units were there in Boston in 2010 ?
Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston 's boundaries during work hours , and as many as 2 million during special events .	1.2 million	How many people are in Boston during work hours ?
In 2010 , Boston was estimated to have 617,594 residents -LRB- a density of 12,200 persons/sq mile , or 4,700 / km2 -RRB- living in 272,481 housing units -- a 5 % population increase over 2000 .	12,200 persons/sq mile	What is the density of Boston 's population ?
In the city , the population was spread out with 21.9 % at age 19 and under , 14.3 % from 20 to 24 , 33.2 % from 25 to 44 , 20.4 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.1 % who were 65 years of age or older .	21.9%	What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 19 and under ?
In the city , the population was spread out with 21.9 % at age 19 and under , 14.3 % from 20 to 24 , 33.2 % from 25 to 44 , 20.4 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.1 % who were 65 years of age or older .	14.3%	What percentage of the City of Boston 's population is 20 to 24 ?
In the city , the population was spread out with 21.9 % at age 19 and under , 14.3 % from 20 to 24 , 33.2 % from 25 to 44 , 20.4 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.1 % who were 65 years of age or older .	33.2%	What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 25 to 44 ?
In the city , the population was spread out with 21.9 % at age 19 and under , 14.3 % from 20 to 24 , 33.2 % from 25 to 44 , 20.4 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.1 % who were 65 years of age or older .	20.4%	What percentage of the City of Bostons residents are 45 to 64 ?
In the city , the population was spread out with 21.9 % at age 19 and under , 14.3 % from 20 to 24 , 33.2 % from 25 to 44 , 20.4 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.1 % who were 65 years of age or older .	10.1%	What percentage of the City of Boston 's residents are over 65 ?
The median household income in Boston was $ 51,739 , while the median income for a family was $ 61,035 .	$51,739	What is the average household income in Boston ?
The median household income in Boston was $ 51,739 , while the median income for a family was $ 61,035 .	$61,035	What is the average family income in Boston ?
Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $ 52,544 versus $ 46,540 for full-time year-round female workers .	$52,544	What is the average income for a full time male worker ?
Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $ 52,544 versus $ 46,540 for full-time year-round female workers .	$46,540	What is the average income for a full time female worker ?
21.4 % of the population and 16.0 % of families are below the poverty line .	16.0%	What percent of families fall below the poverty line ?
In 1950 , whites represented 94.7 % of Boston 's population .	94.7%	What percent of Boston 's population was white in 1950 ?
From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century , the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the city declined ; in 2000 , non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5 % of the city 's population , making the city majority-minority for the first time .	49.5%	In 2000 , what percen tof the population were non hispanic and white ?
From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century , the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the city declined ; in 2000 , non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5 % of the city 's population , making the city majority-minority for the first time .	2000	What year did minorities become the majority of the population for the first time ?
However , in recent years the city has experienced significant gentrification , in which affluent whites have moved into formerly non-white areas .	formerly non-white areas	In recent years , the whote population has begun to move where ?
In 2006 , the US Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites again formed a slight majority .	2006	What year did non hispanic whites once again become the majority of the population ?
People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city , making up 15.8 % of the population , followed by Italians , accounting for 8.3 % of the population .	People of Irish descent	What people form the largest ethnic group in the city ?
People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city , making up 15.8 % of the population , followed by Italians , accounting for 8.3 % of the population .	15.8%	What percentage of the city 's population is Irish ?
People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city , making up 15.8 % of the population , followed by Italians , accounting for 8.3 % of the population .	Italians	What is the second largest ethnic group in the city ?
People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city , making up 15.8 % of the population , followed by Italians , accounting for 8.3 % of the population .	8.3%	What percentage of the citys population is italian ?
Over 27,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Boston city proper in 2013 , and the city hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown , Manhattan .	Over 27,000	How many Chinese Americans lived in Boston City proper in 2013 ?
The city has a sizable Jewish population with an estimated 25,000 Jews within the city and 227,000 within the Boston metro area ; the number of congregations in Boston is estimated at 22 .	25,000	How many Jewish people live in the City of Boston ?
The city has a sizable Jewish population with an estimated 25,000 Jews within the city and 227,000 within the Boston metro area ; the number of congregations in Boston is estimated at 22 .	227,000	How many Jewish people live in the Boston Metro area ?
The adjacent communities of Brookline and Newton are both approximately one-third Jewish .	Brookline and Newton	What adjascent communities also hold a high Jewish population ?
The adjacent communities of Brookline and Newton are both approximately one-third Jewish .	one-third	What is the estimated percentage of the population of Brookline and newton that are jewish ?
The city , especially the East Boston neighborhood , has a significant Hispanic community .	the East Boston neighborhood	What neighborhoos has a high rate of hispanics ?
When including all Hispanic national origins , they number 107,917 .	107,917	How many hispanics live in the City of Boston ?
In Greater Boston , these numbers grow significantly with Puerto Ricans numbering 175,000 + , Dominicans 95,000 + , Salvadorans 40,000 + , Guatemalans 31,000 + , Mexicans 25,000 + , and Colombians numbering 22,000 + .	175,000+	How many Puerto Rican hispanics live in greater Boston ?
In Greater Boston , these numbers grow significantly with Puerto Ricans numbering 175,000 + , Dominicans 95,000 + , Salvadorans 40,000 + , Guatemalans 31,000 + , Mexicans 25,000 + , and Colombians numbering 22,000 + .	25,000+	How many Mexican hispanics live in greater Boston ?
In Greater Boston , these numbers grow significantly with Puerto Ricans numbering 175,000 + , Dominicans 95,000 + , Salvadorans 40,000 + , Guatemalans 31,000 + , Mexicans 25,000 + , and Colombians numbering 22,000 + .	22,000+	How many Colombians live in greater Boston ?
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , 57 % of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians , with 25 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant , and 29 % professing Roman Catholic beliefs .	57%	In 2014 , what percentage of the city identified as Christian ?
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , 57 % of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians , with 25 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant , and 29 % professing Roman Catholic beliefs .	25%	In 2014 , what percentage of the city identified as Protestant ?
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , 57 % of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians , with 25 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant , and 29 % professing Roman Catholic beliefs .	29%	In 2014 , what percent of the City of Boston was Catholic ?
while 33 % claim no religious affiliation .	33%	In 2014 , what percentage of Bostons residents did not claim to belong to any religion ?
The same study says that other religions -LRB- including Judaism , Buddhism , Islam , and Hinduism -RRB- collectively make up about 10 % of the population .	10%	In 2014 , other religions mad eup what percentage of the citys population ?
As of 2010 the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton Metro area , with more than two million members and 339 churches , followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches .	two million	How many member attended the Catholic Church in the Boston area in 2010 ?
As of 2010 the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton Metro area , with more than two million members and 339 churches , followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches .	339	How many Catholic churches were in the Boston area in 2010 ?
As of 2010 the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton Metro area , with more than two million members and 339 churches , followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches .	160	How many Episcopal churches were in the Boston Metro area in 2010 ?
Old South Church in Boston is one of the oldest congregations in the United States .	Old South Church	What Boston church is one of the oldest congregations in the US ?
It was organized in 1669 by dissenters from the First Church in Boston -LRB- 1630 -RRB- .	1669	What year was Old South Church organized ?
A global city , Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world .	among the top 30	What rank does Boston hold as far as being an economically powerful city in the world ?
Encompassing $ 363 billion , the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world .	$363 billion	What is the economy of Boston ?
Encompassing $ 363 billion , the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world .	sixth-largest	What ranking in the country does Greater Boston metro hold as far as economy ?
Encompassing $ 363 billion , the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world .	12th-largest	What ranking in the world does greater Boston metro hold as far as economy ?
Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world , who contribute more than $ 4.8 billion annually to the city 's economy .	more than 350,000	How many college students does Boston attract ?
Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world , who contribute more than $ 4.8 billion annually to the city 's economy .	$4.8 billion	Students from around the world contribute how much a year to Bostons economy ?
The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology , with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country .	biotechnology	Because of the number of tech companies , the city is a hub for what ?
The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology , with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country .	life sciences cluster	The Milken Institute rated Boston as the top what in the country ?
Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States .	the National Institutes of Health	Of all cities in the US , Boston received the highest amount of funding from where ?
The city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons , including the presence of academia , access to venture capital , and the presence of many high-tech companies .	venture capital	The city is innovative becaus eit has access to what type of capital ?
The city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons , including the presence of academia , access to venture capital , and the presence of many high-tech companies .	high-tech companies	There is a high presence of what type of company in the city ?
The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment , and high technology remains an important sector .	venture capital investment	Route 128 and Greater Boston are centers for what type of investment ?
The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment , and high technology remains an important sector .	high technology	What remains an important sector ?
Tourism also composes a large part of Boston 's economy , with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $ 8.3 billion in 2011 ; excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico , over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014 , with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list .	Tourism	A large part of Boston 's economy is made up of what ?
Tourism also composes a large part of Boston 's economy , with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $ 8.3 billion in 2011 ; excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico , over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014 , with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list .	21.2 million	How many tourists visited Boston in 2011 ?
Tourism also composes a large part of Boston 's economy , with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $ 8.3 billion in 2011 ; excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico , over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014 , with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list .	$8.3 billion	How much did tourists spend in Boston in 2011 ?
Tourism also composes a large part of Boston 's economy , with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $ 8.3 billion in 2011 ; excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico , over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014 , with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list .	2014	What year did the number of Tourists from china and the UK top the list ?
Other important industries are financial services , especially mutual funds and insurance .	financial services	Mutual funds and insurance are what type of industry ?
Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States .	Fidelity Investments	What Boston investment firm helped make mutual funds popular in the 1980 's ?
Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States .	Fidelity Investments	What helped make Boston one of the top financial cities in the US ?
The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank , and Boston is a center for venture capital firms .	venture capital	Boston is the center for what type of capital firms ?
The General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company 's global headquarters to the Seaport District in Boston , from Fairfield , Connecticut , citing factors including Boston 's preeminence in the realm of higher education .	the Seaport District in Boston	In 2016 , GE Corporation decided to move its global headquarters to where ?
The Boston Public Schools enrolls 57,000 students attending 145 schools , including the renowned Boston Latin Academy , John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science , and Boston Latin School .	57,000	How many students are in Boston Public schools ?
The Boston Public Schools enrolls 57,000 students attending 145 schools , including the renowned Boston Latin Academy , John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science , and Boston Latin School .	145 schools	How many schools are in Boston ?
The Boston Latin School , established 1635 , is the oldest public high school in the US ; Boston also operates the United States ' second oldest public high school , and its oldest public elementary school .	The Boston Latin School	What is the oldest public high school in the US ?
The system 's students are 40 % Hispanic or Latino , 35 % Black or African American , 13 % White , and 9 % Asian .	35%	What percentage of Bostons public students are African American ?
Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities , with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone .	250,000	How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge ?
Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston -LRB- more than any other metropolitan area -RRB- : Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Boston University , and Brandeis University .	Boston University	Who is the citys fourth largest employer ?
Smaller private schools include Babson College , Bentley University , Boston Architectural College , Emmanuel College , Fisher College , MGH Institute of Health Professions , Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Simmons College , Wellesley College , Wheelock College , Wentworth Institute of Technology , New England School of Law -LRB- originally established as America 's first all female law school -RRB- , and Emerson College .	Smaller private schools	Babson College is what type of institution ?
Smaller private schools include Babson College , Bentley University , Boston Architectural College , Emmanuel College , Fisher College , MGH Institute of Health Professions , Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Simmons College , Wellesley College , Wheelock College , Wentworth Institute of Technology , New England School of Law -LRB- originally established as America 's first all female law school -RRB- , and Emerson College .	New England School of Law	What small private law school is located in Boston ?
Smaller private schools include Babson College , Bentley University , Boston Architectural College , Emmanuel College , Fisher College , MGH Institute of Health Professions , Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Simmons College , Wellesley College , Wheelock College , Wentworth Institute of Technology , New England School of Law -LRB- originally established as America 's first all female law school -RRB- , and Emerson College .	New England School of Law	What was the name of Americas first all female law school ?
Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatories and art schools , including Lesley University College of Art and Design , Massachusetts College of Art , the School of the Museum of Fine Arts , New England Institute of Art , New England School of Art and Design -LRB- Suffolk University -RRB- , Longy School of Music of Bard College , and the New England Conservatory -LRB- the oldest independent conservatory in the United States -RRB- .	Metropolitan Boston	Wher e is Lesley University College of Art and Desighn located ?
Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatories and art schools , including Lesley University College of Art and Design , Massachusetts College of Art , the School of the Museum of Fine Arts , New England Institute of Art , New England School of Art and Design -LRB- Suffolk University -RRB- , Longy School of Music of Bard College , and the New England Conservatory -LRB- the oldest independent conservatory in the United States -RRB- .	Suffolk University	What is another name for New Englans school of Art and Design
Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatories and art schools , including Lesley University College of Art and Design , Massachusetts College of Art , the School of the Museum of Fine Arts , New England Institute of Art , New England School of Art and Design -LRB- Suffolk University -RRB- , Longy School of Music of Bard College , and the New England Conservatory -LRB- the oldest independent conservatory in the United States -RRB- .	the New England Conservatory	What is the oldest independant conservatory in the US ?
Other conservatories include the Boston Conservatory and Berklee College of Music , which has made Boston an important city for jazz music .	Berklee College of Music	What college plays an important role in making Boston known for Jazz ?
Harvard University , the nation 's oldest institute of higher education , is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge but has the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities in Boston .	Harvard University	What Univesity located outside of Boston still holds a large presence in the city ?
Harvard University , the nation 's oldest institute of higher education , is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge but has the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities in Boston .	Harvard University	What is the nations oldest college ?
Its business , medical , dental , and public health schools are located in Boston 's Allston and Longwood neighborhoods .	Allston	Where does Harvard plan to expand to ?
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology -LRB- MIT -RRB- , which originated in Boston and was long known as `` Boston Tech '' , moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916 .	Boston Tech	What was MIT originally known as ?
Harvard University , the nation 's oldest institute of higher education , is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge but has the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities in Boston .	Cambridge	In 1916 , MIT moved across the river to what city ?
Like many major American cities , Boston has seen a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s .	violent crime	Since the early 1990 's , Boston has had less of what type of crime ?
Boston 's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department 's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs , as well as involvement from the United States Attorney and District Attorney 's offices .	joining gangs	Boston police and local groups make an effort toprevent youth from doing what ?
Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 -LRB- for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people -RRB- to just 31 -- not one of them a juvenile -- in 1999 -LRB- for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000 -RRB- .	Murders	The Boston Miracle is the name for the reduction in what crime from 1990 to 1999 ?
Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 -LRB- for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people -RRB- to just 31 -- not one of them a juvenile -- in 1999 -LRB- for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000 -RRB- .	26.5 per 100,000	What was the murder rate in Boston in 1990 ?
In 2008 , there were 62 reported homicides .	62	How many reported murders were there in 2008 ?
Through December 20 each of 2014 and 2015 , the Boston Police Department reported 52 and 39 homicides , respectively .	52	How many murders were there in 2014 ?
Through December 20 each of 2014 and 2015 , the Boston Police Department reported 52 and 39 homicides , respectively .	39	How many murders were there in Boston in 2015 ?
Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England , including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as Boston English , and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood , salt , and dairy products .	greater New England	Boston is culturally similar to what area ?
Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England , including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as Boston English , and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood , salt , and dairy products .	Boston English	What is the Boston accent known as ?
Irish Americans are a major influence on Boston 's politics and religious institutions .	Irish Americans	Who influences Boston 's politics and religion ?
Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang .	Boston slang	What are Bostons neologisms more commonly known as ?
Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England , including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as Boston English , and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood , salt , and dairy products .	regional cuisine	Food with an emphasis on seafood , salt , and dairy is an exaple of what ?
Boston has been called the `` Athens of America '' for its literary culture , earning a reputation as `` the intellectual capital of the United States . ''	Athens of America	Known for its literary culture , Boston has also been called what ?
In the nineteenth century , Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry David Thoreau , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Margaret Fuller , James Russell Lowell , and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston .	the nineteenth century	What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in ?
Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore , where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published , to be `` cradle of American literature .	Old Corner Bookstore	What was the name of the bookstore the authors met in ?
Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore , where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published , to be `` cradle of American literature .	the Old Corner Bookstore	Where was the Atlantic Monthly first published ?
In 1852 , the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States .	1852	What year was the Boston Public Library founded ?
The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the `` Big Five , '' a group of the greatest American orchestras , and the classical music magazine Gramophone called it one of the `` world 's best '' orchestras .	Big Five	The Boston Symphony Orchestra is a member of what ?
The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the `` Big Five , '' a group of the greatest American orchestras , and the classical music magazine Gramophone called it one of the `` world 's best '' orchestras .	Gramophone	What classical music magazine called the Boston Symphony orchestra one of the worlds best orchestras ?
Symphony Hall -LRB- located west of Back Bay -RRB- is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra , -LRB- and the related Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra , which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation -RRB- and the Boston Pops Orchestra .	Symphony Hall	What does Boston Symphony orchestra call home ?
Symphony Hall -LRB- located west of Back Bay -RRB- is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra , -LRB- and the related Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra , which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation -RRB- and the Boston Pops Orchestra .	west of Back Bay	Where is Symphony Hall located ?
Several theaters are located in or near the Theater District south of Boston Common , including the Cutler Majestic Theatre , Citi Performing Arts Center , the Colonial Theater , and the Orpheum Theatre .	south of Boston Common	Where is the theater District located ?
There are several major annual events such as First Night , which occurs on New Year 's Eve , the Boston Early Music Festival , the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park , and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints .	First Night	What event occurs on New Year 's Eve ?
There are several major annual events such as First Night , which occurs on New Year 's Eve , the Boston Early Music Festival , the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park , and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints .	Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park	Where is the annual Boston Arts festival ?
There are several major annual events such as First Night , which occurs on New Year 's Eve , the Boston Early Music Festival , the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park , and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints .	the North End	Where are Italian Summer feasts held ?
There are several major annual events such as First Night , which occurs on New Year 's Eve , the Boston Early Music Festival , the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park , and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints .	Catholic saints	Whos is honored in the Italian Summer Feasts ?
They include the week-long Harborfest festivities and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River .	week-long	How long are the Harbor-Fest festivities ?
Because of the city 's prominent role in the American Revolution , several historic sites relating to that period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park .	several historic sites	What is preserved in the Boston national Historical Park ?
Many are found along the Freedom Trail , which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground .	the Freedom Trail	What is marked by a line of red bricks in the ground ?
The Institute of Contemporary Art is housed in a contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro in the Seaport District .	in the Seaport District	Where is the institute of contemporary Art located ?
The Boston Athenaeum -LRB- one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States -RRB- , Boston Children 's Museum , Bull & Finch Pub -LRB- whose building is known from the television show Cheers -RRB- , Museum of Science , and the New England Aquarium are within the city .	The Boston Athenaeum	What is one of the oldest libraries in the US ?
The Boston Athenaeum -LRB- one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States -RRB- , Boston Children 's Museum , Bull & Finch Pub -LRB- whose building is known from the television show Cheers -RRB- , Museum of Science , and the New England Aquarium are within the city .	within the city	Where is the New England Aquarium located ?
Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days .	from its earliest days	How long has Boston been a religious center ?
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross -LRB- 1875 -RRB- in the South End , while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts , with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul -LRB- 1819 -RRB- as its episcopal seat , serves just under 200 congregations .	nearly 300	How many Roman Catholic parishes are in Boston ?
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross -LRB- 1875 -RRB- in the South End , while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts , with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul -LRB- 1819 -RRB- as its episcopal seat , serves just under 200 congregations .	the South End	Where is the Cathedral of the Holy Cross located ?
The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church -LRB- 1894 -RRB- .	Back Bay	Where is the headquarters for the Christial Scientists ?
King 's Chapel , the city 's first Anglican church , was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785 .	King's Chapel	What was the city 's first Anglican church ?
Air quality in Boston is generally very good : during the ten-year period 2004 -- 2013 , there were only 4 days in which the air was unhealthy for the general public , according to the EPA .	generally very good	How is the air quality in Boston ?
Air quality in Boston is generally very good : during the ten-year period 2004 -- 2013 , there were only 4 days in which the air was unhealthy for the general public , according to the EPA .	4 days	How many days between 2004 and 2013 was the air unhealthy ?
Air quality in Boston is generally very good : during the ten-year period 2004 -- 2013 , there were only 4 days in which the air was unhealthy for the general public , according to the EPA .	the EPA	Who determined that the air quality was unhealthy on those 4 days ?
Some of the cleaner energy facilities in Boston include the Allston green district , with three ecologically compatible housing facilities .	cleaner energy facilities	Allston Green District is an example of what ?
Some of the cleaner energy facilities in Boston include the Allston green district , with three ecologically compatible housing facilities .	three	How many green housing facilities does the Allston green District contain ?
Boston 's climate plan is updated every three years and was most recently modified in 2013 .	every three years	How often is Boston 's climate plan updated ?
Boston 's climate plan is updated every three years and was most recently modified in 2013 .	in 2013	When was the last time the climate plan was modified ?
Another initiative , presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino , is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive , which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient .	Thomas Menino	Whos is the late Mayor of Boston ?
Another initiative , presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino , is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive , which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient .	Mayor Thomas Menino	Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive ?
Another initiative , presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino , is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive , which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient .	cost of living	The incentive reduced the cost of what in buildings ?
The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free , in-home energy assessment .	500	The goal is to get how many residents to sign up ?
The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free , in-home energy assessment .	free	How much does the program cost ?
Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area 's fill ; these piles remain sound if submerged in water , but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods .	wooden piles	Lots of older buildings are supported by what ?
Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area 's fill ; these piles remain sound if submerged in water , but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods .	air	The piles begin to rot if exposed to what ?
Groundwater levels have been dropping , to varying degrees , in many areas of the city , due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground .	dropping	What has been happening to groundwater levels ?
Groundwater levels have been dropping , to varying degrees , in many areas of the city , due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground .	directly into sewers	Where does the groundwater go instead of into the ground ?
Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer , and has won 36 championships in these leagues , As of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- .	four	How many major North American sports leagues are there ?
Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer , and has won 36 championships in these leagues , As of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- .	36 championships	How many championships has Boston won in these leagues ?
It has been suggested that Boston is the new `` TitleTown , USA '' , as the city 's professional sports teams have won nine championships since 2001 : Patriots -LRB- 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , and 2014 -RRB- , Red Sox -LRB- 2004 , 2007 , and 2013 -RRB- , Celtics -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , and Bruins -LRB- 2011 -RRB- .	nine	How many championships have the sports leagues won since 2001 ?
This love of sports has made Boston the United States Olympic Committee 's choice to bid to hold the 2024 Summer Olympic Games , but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27 , 2015 .	financial concerns	Why did the city turn down the chance to host the 2024 Olympic games ?
This love of sports has made Boston the United States Olympic Committee 's choice to bid to hold the 2024 Summer Olympic Games , but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27 , 2015 .	July 27, 2015	When did Boston withdraw its bid for hosting the Olympic games ?
The Boston Red Sox , a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901 , play their home games at Fenway Park , near Kenmore Square in the city 's Fenway section .	The Boston Red Sox	Who plays their games at Fenway park ?
The Boston Red Sox , a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901 , play their home games at Fenway Park , near Kenmore Square in the city 's Fenway section .	near Kenmore Square	Where is Fenway park ?
Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern World Series , in 1903 .	1903	What year was the first game of the first world series played ?
Built in 1912 , it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues , encompassing Major League Baseball , the National Football League , National Basketball Association , and the National Hockey League .	1912	What year was fenway Park built ?
Boston 's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings , one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871 , and of the National League in 1876 .	Red Stockings	What was the name of Bostons first baseball team ?
The TD Garden , formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old , since-demolished Boston Garden , is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams : the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association .	the FleetCenter	What is the TD Gardens former name ?
The TD Garden , formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old , since-demolished Boston Garden , is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams : the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association .	Boston Garden	What was the FleetCenter built to replace ?
The TD Garden , formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old , since-demolished Boston Garden , is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams : the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association .	two	How many teams is TD garden the home to ?
The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games .	18,624	How many people can be seated in a basketball game at TD Garden ?
The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games .	17,565	How many people can be seated for an ice hockey game at TD Garden ?
While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971 , the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots , changing their name after relocating .	the National Football League	What league do the new England patriots belong to ?
While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971 , the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots , changing their name after relocating .	1960	What year were the new England patriots founded in ?
While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971 , the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots , changing their name after relocating .	Boston Patriots	What was the original name of the new England patriots ?
While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971 , the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots , changing their name after relocating .	after relocating	When dod the Boston patriots change their name ?
They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer .	Gillette Stadium	What stadium do the patriots play in ?
Of the four , only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level , the Football Bowl Subdivision .	four	How many NCAA Division I members play in Boston ?
Four NCAA Division I members play in the city -- Boston College , Boston University , Harvard University , and Northeastern University .	Boston College	Which college participates in college football at the highest level ?
Of the four , only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level , the Football Bowl Subdivision .	the Football Bowl Subdivision	What is the name of the highest level of college football ?
Four NCAA Division I members play in the city -- Boston College , Boston University , Harvard University , and Northeastern University .	Harvard	Who participates in the second highest level of college football ?
Harvard participates in the second-highest level , the Football Championship Subdivision .	Football Championship Subdivision	What is the name of the second highest level of college football ?
One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon , the 26.2-mile -LRB- 42.2 km -RRB- race which is the world 's oldest annual marathon , run on Patriots ' Day in April .	the Boston Marathon	What is one of the most famous sporting events in the city ?
Another major annual event is the Head of the Charles Regatta , held in October .	October	When is the head of Charles Regatta held ?
On April 15 , 2013 , two explosions killed three people and injured hundreds at the marathon .	three	How many people were killed in the explosions at the Boston marathon ?
Boston Common , located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill , is the oldest public park in the United States .	Boston Common	What is the oldest public park in the US ?
Boston Common , located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill , is the oldest public park in the United States .	near the Financial District and Beacon Hill	Where is Boston Common located ?
Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden , it is part of the Emerald Necklace , a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city .	Boston Public Garden	What is next to Boston Common ?
Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden , it is part of the Emerald Necklace , a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city .	parks	The Emerald necklace is a string of what ?
Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden , it is part of the Emerald Necklace , a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city .	Frederick Law Olmsted	Who designed the Emerald necklace ?
In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities .	third-best	What ranking does the Boston park system have ?
In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land reported that Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities .	ParkScore	Who ranks city park systems ?
ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city 's median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents .	a half-mile	Parkscore ranks the number of resident within what distance of the park ?
Boston has a strong mayor -- council government system in which the mayor -LRB- elected every fourth year -RRB- has extensive executive power .	every fourth year	How often are elections for mayor held in Boston ?
Boston has a strong mayor -- council government system in which the mayor -LRB- elected every fourth year -RRB- has extensive executive power .	extensive executive power	What kind of power does the mayor have ?
Marty Walsh became Mayor in January 2014 , his predecessor Thomas Menino 's twenty-year tenure having been the longest in the city 's history .	Marty Walsh	Who became Mayor in january , 2014 ?
The School Committee , which oversees the Boston Public Schools , is appointed by the mayor .	The School Committee	Who oversees the Boston Public Schools ?
In addition to city government , numerous commissions and state authorities -- including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation , the Boston Public Health Commission , the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority -LRB- MWRA -RRB- , and the Massachusetts Port Authority -LRB- Massport -RRB- -- play a role in the life of Bostonians .	Boston	What is the capital of Massachusetts ?
As the capital of Massachusetts , Boston plays a major role in state politics .	state politics	As the state capital , Boston plays a large role in what ?
In addition to city government , numerous commissions and state authorities -- including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation , the Boston Public Health Commission , the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority -LRB- MWRA -RRB- , and the Massachusetts Port Authority -LRB- Massport -RRB- -- play a role in the life of Bostonians .	Massachusetts Water Resources Authority	What is the MWRA ?
In addition to city government , numerous commissions and state authorities -- including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation , the Boston Public Health Commission , the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority -LRB- MWRA -RRB- , and the Massachusetts Port Authority -LRB- Massport -RRB- -- play a role in the life of Bostonians .	Massport	What is the name of the massachusetts port authority ?
The city has several federal facilities , including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building , the Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit , the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston .	The city	Where is the John F kennedy Federal office building located ?
The city has several federal facilities , including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building , the Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit , the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston .	the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit	What court is located in Boston ?
The city has several federal facilities , including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building , the Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit , the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston .	Federal Reserve Bank of Boston	What is the name of the famous bank located in Boston ?
Federally , Boston is split between two congressional districts .	two	Boston is split between how many congressional districts ?
The northern three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district , represented by Mike Capuano since 1998 .	the 7th district	What district is the North 3/4 of the city located in ?
The northern three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district , represented by Mike Capuano since 1998 .	Mike Capuano	Who represents the 7th district ?
The northern three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district , represented by Mike Capuano since 1998 .	1998	What year was Capuano elected ?
The southern fourth is in the 8th district , represented by Stephen Lynch .	the 8th district	What district is the South fourth of Boston located in ?
The Boston Globe and the Boston Herald are two of the city 's major daily newspapers .	daily newspapers	The Boston Globe and the Boston herals are two of Bostons what ?
The Boston Globe and the Boston Herald are two of the city 's major daily newspapers .	Boston	Where is the Christial Science Monitor headquarters ?
The Christian Science Monitor , headquartered in Boston , was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009 , switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications .	2009	When did the Christian Science Monitor end daily print newspapers ?
The Christian Science Monitor , headquartered in Boston , was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009 , switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications .	weekly	How often does The Christian Science monitor publish their magazine ?
The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city 's public high schools , called Teens in Print or T.i.P. , which is written by the city 's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year .	Teens in Print	What is the name of the teen paper that the Boston Globe provides to schools ?
Siglo21 , with its main offices in nearby Lawrence , is also widely distributed .	Lawrence	Where is the main office of Siglo21 ?
These include El Planeta -LRB- owned by the former publisher of The Boston Phoenix -RRB- , El Mundo , and La Semana .	El Planeta	The former publisher of the Boston phoenix owns what Spanish newspaper ?
Various LGBT publications serve the city 's large LGBT -LRB- lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender -RRB- community such as The Rainbow Times , the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT newsmagazine .	The Rainbow Times	What is the name of the citys only lesbian owned LGBT magazine ?
Founded in 2006 , The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston , but serves all of New England .	2006	What year was the Rainbow Times founded ?
Founded in 2006 , The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston , but serves all of New England .	all of New England	What locations does the Rainbow Times serve ?
Founded in 2006 , The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston , but serves all of New England .	Boston	Where is the headquarters for the Rainbow Times ?
Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England , with the radio market being the 11th largest in the United States .	11th largest	What is the national ranking of Bostons radio market ?
Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO , sports/talk station WEEI , and CBS Radio WBZ .	WEEI	What Bostom Am radio station is a sports and talk station ?
College and university radio stations include WERS -LRB- Emerson -RRB- , WHRB -LRB- Harvard -RRB- , WUMB -LRB- UMass Boston -RRB- , WMBR -LRB- MIT -RRB- , WZBC -LRB- Boston College -RRB- , WMFO -LRB- Tufts University -RRB- , WBRS -LRB- Brandeis University -RRB- , WTBU -LRB- Boston University , campus and web only -RRB- , WRBB -LRB- Northeastern University -RRB- and WMLN-FM -LRB- Curry College -RRB- .	WZBC	What is the name of Boston Colleges radio station ?
College and university radio stations include WERS -LRB- Emerson -RRB- , WHRB -LRB- Harvard -RRB- , WUMB -LRB- UMass Boston -RRB- , WMBR -LRB- MIT -RRB- , WZBC -LRB- Boston College -RRB- , WMFO -LRB- Tufts University -RRB- , WBRS -LRB- Brandeis University -RRB- , WTBU -LRB- Boston University , campus and web only -RRB- , WRBB -LRB- Northeastern University -RRB- and WMLN-FM -LRB- Curry College -RRB- .	WHRB	What is the name of Harvards radio station ?
A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area , as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH .	NPR	WBUR and WGBH are exaples of what type of radio station ?
The Boston television DMA , which also includes Manchester , New Hampshire , is the 8th largest in the United States .	8th largest in the United States	What ranking does the Boston television DMA hold ?
The city is served by stations representing every major American network , including WBZ-TV and its sister station WSBK-TV -LRB- the former a CBS O&O , the latter an MyNetwork TV affiliate -RRB- , WCVB-TV -LRB- ABC -RRB- , WHDH -LRB- NBC -RRB- , WFXT -LRB- Fox -RRB- , and WLVI -LRB- The CW -RRB- .	WSBK-TV	What is the sister station to WBZ-TV ?
The city is also home to PBS station WGBH-TV , a major producer of PBS programs , which also operates WGBX .	WGBH-TV	What is the citys PBS station ?
Spanish-language television networks , including MundoFox -LRB- WFXZ-CD -RRB- , Univision -LRB- WUNI -RRB- , Telemundo -LRB- WNEU -RRB- , and Telefutura -LRB- WUTF-DT -RRB- , have a presence in the region , with WNEU and WUTF serving as network owned-and-operated stations .	Spanish-language television networks	MundoFox is an example of what ?
Most of the area 's television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton along the Route 128 corridor .	Needham and Newton	Where are most of the television stations transmitters located ?
The Longwood Medical and Academic Area , adjacent to the Fenway district , is home to a large number of medical and research facilities , including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Brigham and Women 's Hospital , Children 's Hospital Boston , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Harvard Medical School , Joslin Diabetes Center , and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences .	the Fenway district	What is the Longwood medical and Academic Area located next to ?
Prominent medical facilities , including Massachusetts General Hospital , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are located in the Beacon Hill area .	the Beacon Hill area	Where is Massachusetts General Hospital located ?
St. Elizabeth 's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of the city 's Brighton neighborhood .	Brighton Center	Where is St. Elizabeths medical center located ?
The Boston Public Health Commission , an agency of the Massachusetts government , oversees health concerns for city residents .	The Boston Public Health Commission	What agency oversees health concerns for city residents ?
Many of Boston 's medical facilities are associated with universities .	universities	A lot of Bostond medical facilities are associated with what ?
The facilities in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area and in Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School .	Harvard Medical School	The Longwood medical and Academic Area is affiliated with what medical school ?
Tufts Medical Center -LRB- formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center -RRB- , located in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood , is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine .	Tufts Medical Center	Tufts - new England medical Center was renamed what ?
Tufts Medical Center -LRB- formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center -RRB- , located in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood , is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine .	Chinatown	What neighborhood is the Tufts medical Center located in ?
Boston Medical Center , located in the South End neighborhood , is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area ; it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital , which was the first municipal hospital in the United States .	Boston City Hospital	What is the name of the first municipal Hospital in the US ?
Logan Airport , located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority -LRB- Massport -RRB- , is Boston 's principal airport .	Logan Airport	What Airport is located in East Boston ?
Logan Airport , located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority -LRB- Massport -RRB- , is Boston 's principal airport .	Massport	Who operates Logan Airport ?
Logan Airport , located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority -LRB- Massport -RRB- , is Boston 's principal airport .	Logan Airport	What is the name of Bostons main airport ?
Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north , Hanscom Field to the west , and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south .	Beverly Municipal Airport	What airport is North of Logan Airport ?
Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north , Hanscom Field to the west , and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south .	Norwood Memorial Airport	What airport is south of Logan Airport ?
Downtown Boston 's streets grew organically , so they do not form a planned grid , unlike those in later-developed Back Bay , East Boston , the South End , and South Boston .	organically	How did the streets of downtown Boston grow ?
Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90 , which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike .	I-90	Boston is at the East end of what Interstate ?
The elevated portion of the Central Artery , which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston , was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig , substantially completed in early 2006 .	2006	What year was the O'neill tunnel put in place ?
Downtown Boston 's streets grew organically , so they do not form a planned grid , unlike those in later-developed Back Bay , East Boston , the South End , and South Boston .	planned grid	The streets of Back bay grew into a what ?
With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work , Boston has the fifth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country .	nearly a third	How many people in Boston use public transportation ?
With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work , Boston has the fifth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country .	fifth-highest	Where does Boston rank nationally in terms of public transportation use ?
Boston 's subway system , the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority -LRB- MBTA -- known as the `` T '' -RRB- operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas , and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country , with 65.5 miles -LRB- 105 km -RRB- of track on four lines .	MBTA	What is the name of Bostons subway system ?
Boston 's subway system , the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority -LRB- MBTA -- known as the `` T '' -RRB- operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas , and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country , with 65.5 miles -LRB- 105 km -RRB- of track on four lines .	65.5 miles	How long is bostons subway system ?
Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines originate at South Station , which serves as a major intermodal transportation hub , and stop at Back Bay .	South Station	Where do Amtrack 's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines start ?
Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines originate at South Station , which serves as a major intermodal transportation hub , and stop at Back Bay .	Back Bay	Where do Amtrack 's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines end ?
Fast Northeast Corridor trains , which serve New York City , Washington , D.C. , and points in between , also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston .	Route 128 Station	Trains serving new Yourk and Washington D.C also stop where ?
Fast Northeast Corridor trains , which serve New York City , Washington , D.C. , and points in between , also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston .	southwestern	What suburbs of Boston is the Route 128 Station located in ?
Meanwhile , Amtrak 's Downeaster service to Maine originates at North Station , despite the current lack of a dedicated passenger rail link between the two railhubs , other than the `` T '' subway lines .	North Station	Where does the Downeaster service to maine start ?
Nicknamed `` The Walking City '' , Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities .	The Walking City	What is Bostons nickname ?
Nicknamed `` The Walking City '' , Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities .	pedestrian	What type of commuters does Have than any other largely populated city ?
Owing to factors such as the compactness of the city and large student population , 13 percent of the population commutes by foot , making it the highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country out of the major American cities .	13 percent	What percent of Boston 's population commutes by walking ?
As of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , Walk Score still ranks Boston as the third most walkable US city , with a Walk Score of 80 , a Transit Score of 75 , and a Bike Score of 70 .	2015	What year did walkscore rank Boston the third most walkable city in the US ?
As of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , Walk Score still ranks Boston as the third most walkable US city , with a Walk Score of 80 , a Transit Score of 75 , and a Bike Score of 70 .	80	What was the walk score given to Boston ?
Between 1999 and 2006 , Bicycling magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the US for cycling ; regardless , it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting .	Bicycling magazine	What magazine put Boston on its Future best City For Biking list ?
The bikeshare program called Hubway launched in late July 2011 , logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season .	Hubway	What is the name of the bike share program in Boston ?
The bikeshare program called Hubway launched in late July 2011 , logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season .	2011	What year did Hubway launch ?
The bikeshare program called Hubway launched in late July 2011 , logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season .	more than 140,000	How many rides did Hubway log in its first year ?
The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System -LRB- BDS , simplified Chinese : 北斗卫星导航系统 ; traditional Chinese : 北斗衛星導航系統 ; pinyin : Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng -RRB- is a Chinese satellite navigation system .	a Chinese satellite navigation system	What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System ?
It consists of two separate satellite constellations -- a limited test system that has been operating since 2000 , and a full-scale global navigation system that is currently under construction .	two separate satellite constellations	How many satellite constellations does the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System have ?
It consists of two separate satellite constellations -- a limited test system that has been operating since 2000 , and a full-scale global navigation system that is currently under construction .	a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system	What are the two satellite constellations ?
It consists of two separate satellite constellations -- a limited test system that has been operating since 2000 , and a full-scale global navigation system that is currently under construction .	since 2000	How long has the limited test system been operating ?
The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System -LRB- BDS , simplified Chinese : 北斗卫星导航系统 ; traditional Chinese : 北斗衛星導航系統 ; pinyin : Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng -RRB- is a Chinese satellite navigation system .	北斗衛星導航系統	How is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System written in traditional Chinese ?
The first BeiDou system , officially called the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System -LRB- simplified Chinese : 北斗卫星导航试验系统 ; traditional Chinese : 北斗衛星導航試驗系統 ; pinyin : Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng shìyàn xìtǒng -RRB- and also known as BeiDou-1 , consists of three satellites and offers limited coverage and applications .	the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System	What was the first BeiDou system called ?
It has been offering navigation services , mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions , since 2000 .	mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions	Who does the BeiDou-1 operate for ?
The first BeiDou system , officially called the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System -LRB- simplified Chinese : 北斗卫星导航试验系统 ; traditional Chinese : 北斗衛星導航試驗系統 ; pinyin : Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng shìyàn xìtǒng -RRB- and also known as BeiDou-1 , consists of three satellites and offers limited coverage and applications .	BeiDou-1	What is another name for the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System ?
The first BeiDou system , officially called the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System -LRB- simplified Chinese : 北斗卫星导航试验系统 ; traditional Chinese : 北斗衛星導航試驗系統 ; pinyin : Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng shìyàn xìtǒng -RRB- and also known as BeiDou-1 , consists of three satellites and offers limited coverage and applications .	three	How many satellites does the BeiDou-1 have ?
It has been offering navigation services , mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions , since 2000 .	since 2000	How long has the BeiDou-1 been operating ?
The second generation of the system , officially called the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System -LRB- BDS -RRB- and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2 , will be a global satellite navigation system consisting of 35 satellites , and is under construction as of January 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- .	BeiDou Navigation Satellite System	What is the name of the second generation of BDS ?
The second generation of the system , officially called the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System -LRB- BDS -RRB- and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2 , will be a global satellite navigation system consisting of 35 satellites , and is under construction as of January 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- .	COMPASS or BeiDou-2	What is another name for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System ?
The second generation of the system , officially called the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System -LRB- BDS -RRB- and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2 , will be a global satellite navigation system consisting of 35 satellites , and is under construction as of January 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- .	35	How many satellites will the BeiDou-2 have ?
The second generation of the system , officially called the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System -LRB- BDS -RRB- and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2 , will be a global satellite navigation system consisting of 35 satellites , and is under construction as of January 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- .	January 2015	When did the BeiDou-2 begin construction ?
It became operational in China in December 2011 , with 10 satellites in use , and began offering services to customers in the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012 .	December 2011	When did the BeiDou-2 begin operating ?
In-mid 2015 , China started the build-up of the third generation BeiDou system -LRB- BDS-3 -RRB- in the global coverage constellation .	BDS-3	What is the third BeiDou system called ?
The first BDS-3 satellite was launched 30 September 2015 .	30 September 2015	When was the first BDS-3 satellite launched ?
As of March 2016 , 4 BDS-3 in-orbit validation satellites have been launched .	4	How many BDS-3 satellites have been launched ?
Fifteen years after the satellite system was launched , it is now generating $ 31.5 billion for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp , AutoNavi Holdings Ltd , and China North Industries Group Corp. .	Fifteen years	How long ago was the BeiDou Satellite System first launched ?
Fifteen years after the satellite system was launched , it is now generating $ 31.5 billion for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp , AutoNavi Holdings Ltd , and China North Industries Group Corp. .	$31.5 billion	How much revenue for companies is generated by the BDS system ?
Fifteen years after the satellite system was launched , it is now generating $ 31.5 billion for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp , AutoNavi Holdings Ltd , and China North Industries Group Corp. .	China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp.	What are some companies that profit from the BDS system ?
It is named after the Big Dipper constellation , which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu .	the Big Dipper constellation	What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after ?
It is named after the Big Dipper constellation , which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu .	Běidǒu	What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Chinese ?
The name literally means `` Northern Dipper '' , the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation .	Northern Dipper	What does Běidǒu translate as ?
The name literally means `` Northern Dipper '' , the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation .	ancient Chinese astronomers	Who named the constellation Běidǒu ?
Historically , this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the North Star Polaris .	to locate the North Star Polaris	What was the Běidǒu constellation used for ?
The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s .	Chen Fangyun and his colleagues	Who first came up with the idea for a Chinese satellite navigation system ?
The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s .	in the 1980s	When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system ?
According to the China National Space Administration , the development of the system would be carried out in three steps :	three	The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps ?
The first satellite , BeiDou-1A , was launched on 30 October 2000 , followed by BeiDou-1B on 20 December 2000 .	BeiDou-1A	What was the name of the first satellite launched for the system ?
The first satellite , BeiDou-1A , was launched on 30 October 2000 , followed by BeiDou-1B on 20 December 2000 .	20 December 2000	When was BeiDou-1A launched ?
The third satellite , BeiDou-1C -LRB- a backup satellite -RRB- , was put into orbit on 25 May 2003 .	BeiDou-1C	What was the name of the third satellite launched for the system ?
The third satellite , BeiDou-1C -LRB- a backup satellite -RRB- , was put into orbit on 25 May 2003 .	a backup satellite	What was the purpose of launching the BeiDou-1C satellite ?
The third satellite , BeiDou-1C -LRB- a backup satellite -RRB- , was put into orbit on 25 May 2003 .	25 May 2003	When was the BeiDou-1C satellite launched ?
On 2 November 2006 , China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 meters , timing of 0.2 microseconds , and speed of 0.2 meters/second .	2 November 2006	When did China announce service plans for the BeiDou system ?
On 2 November 2006 , China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 meters , timing of 0.2 microseconds , and speed of 0.2 meters/second .	10 meters	What was the accuracy range that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system ?
On 2 November 2006 , China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 meters , timing of 0.2 microseconds , and speed of 0.2 meters/second .	timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second	What was the timing and speed that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system ?
In February 2007 , the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system , BeiDou-1D -LRB- sometimes called BeiDou-2A , serving as a backup satellite -RRB- , was sent up into space .	February 2007	When was the fourth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched ?
In February 2007 , the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system , BeiDou-1D -LRB- sometimes called BeiDou-2A , serving as a backup satellite -RRB- , was sent up into space .	BeiDou-1D	What is the name of the fourth BeiDou-1 satellite ?
In February 2007 , the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system , BeiDou-1D -LRB- sometimes called BeiDou-2A , serving as a backup satellite -RRB- , was sent up into space .	BeiDou-2A	What is the BeiDou-1D satellite sometimes called ?
In February 2007 , the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system , BeiDou-1D -LRB- sometimes called BeiDou-2A , serving as a backup satellite -RRB- , was sent up into space .	serving as a backup satellite	What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1D satellite ?
It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored .	a control system malfunction	What happened to the BeiDou-1D satellite that needed to be repaired ?
In April 2007 , the first satellite of BeiDou-2 , namely Compass-M1 -LRB- to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation -RRB- was successfully put into its working orbit .	April 2007	When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched ?
In April 2007 , the first satellite of BeiDou-2 , namely Compass-M1 -LRB- to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation -RRB- was successfully put into its working orbit .	Compass-M1	What is the the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system called ?
In April 2007 , the first satellite of BeiDou-2 , namely Compass-M1 -LRB- to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation -RRB- was successfully put into its working orbit .	to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation	What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite ?
The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2 was launched on 15 April 2009 .	15 April 2009	When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched ?
On 15 January 2010 , the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online , and the system 's third satellite -LRB- Compass-G1 -RRB- was carried into its orbit by a Long March 3C rocket on 17 January 2010 .	17 January 2010	When was the third satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched ?
In September 2003 , China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest $ 230 million -LRB- USD296 million , GBP160 million -RRB- in Galileo over the next few years .	€230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million)	How much was China going to invest in the European Galileo positioning system project ?
At the time , it was believed that China 's `` BeiDou '' navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces .	only be used by its armed forces	In 2003 , what was the planned purpose of the BeiDou navigation system ?
In October 2004 , China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the `` Galileo Joint Undertaking '' -LRB- GJU -RRB- and the `` National Remote Sensing Centre of China '' -LRB- NRSCC -RRB- .	October 2004	When did China join the Galileo project ?
Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program , China Galileo Industries -LRB- CGI -RRB- , the prime contractor of the China 's involvement in Galileo programs , was founded in December 2004 .	December 2004	When was China Galileo Industries -LRB- CGI -RRB- founded ?
However , the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported in January 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its role in the Galileo project and was to compete with Galileo in the Asian market .	the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post	Who said in 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its involvement in the Galileo project ?
BeiDou-1 is an experimental regional navigation system , which consists of four satellites -LRB- three working satellites and one backup satellite -RRB- .	an experimental regional navigation system	What is the BeiDou-1 ?
BeiDou-1 is an experimental regional navigation system , which consists of four satellites -LRB- three working satellites and one backup satellite -RRB- .	four	The BeiDou-1 is made up of how may satellites ?
BeiDou-1 is an experimental regional navigation system , which consists of four satellites -LRB- three working satellites and one backup satellite -RRB- .	one	How many satellites in the BeiDou-1 system is used for back up ?
The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kilograms -LRB- 2,200 pounds -RRB- each .	the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite	What were the BeiDou-1 system satellites based on ?
The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kilograms -LRB- 2,200 pounds -RRB- each .	1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each	How much did each satellite for the BeiDou-1 system weigh ?
Unlike the American GPS , Russian GLONASS , and European Galileo systems , which use medium Earth orbit satellites , BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit .	medium Earth orbit satellites	What type of satellites does the American GPS system use ?
Unlike the American GPS , Russian GLONASS , and European Galileo systems , which use medium Earth orbit satellites , BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit .	satellites in geostationary orbit	What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use ?
This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites , but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible .	the system does not require a large constellation of satellites	What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit ?
The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70 ° E to 140 ° E and from latitude 5 ° N to 55 ° N .	from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N	What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system ?
A frequency of the system is 2491.75 MHz .	2491.75 MHz	What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system ?
The first satellite , BeiDou-1A , was launched on October 31 , 2000 .	October 31, 2000	When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched ?
The first satellite , BeiDou-1A , was launched on October 31 , 2000 .	BeiDou-1A	What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called ?
The second satellite , BeiDou-1B , was successfully launched on December 21 , 2000 .	December 21, 2000	When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched ?
The second satellite , BeiDou-1B , was successfully launched on December 21 , 2000 .	BeiDou-1B	What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called ?
The last operational satellite of the constellation , BeiDou-1C , was launched on May 25 , 2003 .	May 25, 2003	When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched ?
In 2007 , the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres .	as high as 0.5 metres	In 2007 , what was the reported resolution of the BeiDou system ?
With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20m -LRB- 100m , uncalibrated -RRB- .	20m	What is the calibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system ?
With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20m -LRB- 100m , uncalibrated -RRB- .	100m	What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system ?
In 2007 , the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres .	the official Xinhua News Agency	Who reported the resolution of the BeiDou system in 2007 ?
In 2008 , a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN ¥ 20,000 RMB -LRB- US$ 2,929 -RRB- , almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal .	around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929)	How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008 ?
In 2008 , a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN ¥ 20,000 RMB -LRB- US$ 2,929 -RRB- , almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal .	almost 10 times the price	How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal ?
The price of the terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips .	due to the cost of imported microchips	Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive ?
At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen , a BeiDou terminal priced at CN ¥ 3,000 RMB was presented .	Shenzhen	Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009 ?
At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen , a BeiDou terminal priced at CN ¥ 3,000 RMB was presented .	a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB	What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009 ?
According to Sun Jiadong , the chief designer of the navigation system , `` Many organizations have been using our system for a while , and they like it very much . ''	Sun Jiadong	Who is the chief designer of the BeiDou navigation system ?
According to Sun Jiadong , the chief designer of the navigation system , `` Many organizations have been using our system for a while , and they like it very much . ''	"Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much."	What did Sun Jiadong have to say about the BeiDou navigation system ?
According to Sun Jiadong , the chief designer of the navigation system , `` Many organizations have been using our system for a while , and they like it very much . ''	the chief designer of the navigation system	Who is Sun Jiadong ?
BeiDou-2 -LRB- formerly known as COMPASS -RRB- is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1 , but rather supersedes it outright .	COMPASS	What was the BeiDou-2 system previously known as ?
The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites , which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1 , and 30 non-geostationary satellites -LRB- 27 in medium Earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit -RRB- , that will offer complete coverage of the globe .	35	How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have ?
The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites , which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1 , and 30 non-geostationary satellites -LRB- 27 in medium Earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit -RRB- , that will offer complete coverage of the globe .	30	How many non-geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have ?
The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites , which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1 , and 30 non-geostationary satellites -LRB- 27 in medium Earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit -RRB- , that will offer complete coverage of the globe .	for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1	What is the purpose of the geostationary orbit satellites in the BeiDou-2 system ?
The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure typical of Galileo or modernized GPS .	the CDMA principle	What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on ?
Similar to the other GNSS , there will be two levels of positioning service : open and restricted -LRB- military -RRB- .	open and restricted (military)	What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer ?
The public service shall be available globally to general users .	globally to general users	Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available ?
The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is Sun Jiadong , who is also the general designer of its predecessor , the original BeiDou navigation system .	Sun Jiadong	Who designed the COMPASS navigation system ?
When all the currently planned GNSS systems are deployed , the users will benefit from the use of a total constellation of 75 + satellites , which will significantly improve all the aspects of positioning , especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons .	75+ satellites	How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use ?
There are two levels of service provided -- a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military .	a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military	What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system ?
The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy , synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds , and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s .	10-meter location-tracking accuracy	What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians ?
The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres , can be used for communication , and will supply information about the system status to the user .	10 centimetres	What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military ?
To date , the military service has been granted only to the People 's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan .	the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan	As of right now , who uses the licensed military service ?
The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres , can be used for communication , and will supply information about the system status to the user .	communication	What is something the licensed military service can be used for ?
Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands : E1 , E2 , E5B , and E6 and overlap with Galileo .	four bands	How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use ?
Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands : E1 , E2 , E5B , and E6 and overlap with Galileo .	E1, E2, E5B, and E6	What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called ?
The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design , but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference , especially within E1 and E2 bands , which are allocated for Galileo 's publicly regulated service .	E1 and E2	Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system ?
The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design , but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference , especially within E1 and E2 bands , which are allocated for Galileo 's publicly regulated service .	E1 and E2	Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service ?
However , under International Telecommunication Union -LRB- ITU -RRB- policies , the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency , and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency , and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation 's broadcasts .	the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency	According to International Telecommunication Union -LRB- ITU -RRB- policies , who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band ?
Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system , the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals , but even to build a COMPASS receiver .	little was officially announced	How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release ?
Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system , the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals , but even to build a COMPASS receiver .	to study general characteristics of the signals	What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do ?
Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system , the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals , but even to build a COMPASS receiver .	to build a COMPASS receiver	What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do ?
Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007 .	14 April 2007	When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched ?
Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007 .	for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing	What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite ?
The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system .	the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system	The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite ?
The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular , has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees .	21,150 km	What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite ?
The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular , has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees .	55.5 degrees	What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite ?
Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands : E2 , E5B , and E6 .	E2, E5B, and E6	What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in ?
In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees -LRB- in quadrature -RRB- .	90 degrees (in quadrature)	What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by Compass-M1 ?
These signal components are further referred to as `` I '' and `` Q '' .	"I" and "Q"	What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as ?
The `` I '' components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service .	likely to be intended for the open service	What is the intended purpose of the `` I '' component ?
The `` Q '' components have much longer codes , are more interference resistive , and are probably intended for the restricted service .	probably intended for the restricted service	What is the intended purpose of the `` Q '' component ?
The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass - M1 on 14 April 2007 .	immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007	When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass - M1 begin ?
Soon after in June 2007 , engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals .	the spectrum and structure of the signals	What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007 ?
A month later , researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the `` I '' signals components .	researchers from Stanford University	Who reported the complete decoding of the `` I '' signals components ?
The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the `` I '' signals on E2 and E5B .	a group of engineers at Septentrio	Who built the COMPASS receiver ?
The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the `` I '' signals on E2 and E5B .	report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B	What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver ?
Characteristics of the `` I '' signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS -LRB- L1-CA and L2C -RRB- , but Compass signals have somewhat greater power .	Compass signals have somewhat greater power	What is the difference between the `` I '' signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS -LRB- L1-CA and L2C -RRB- ?
In December 2011 , the system went into operation on a trial basis .	December 2011	When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases ?
It has started providing navigation , positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December .	27 December	When did the Compass system begin offering navigation , positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations ?
During this trial run , Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters , but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched .	as more satellites are launched	What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system ?
Upon the system 's official launch , it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m , measure speeds within 0.2 m per second , and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds .	accurate to the nearest 10 m	Upon launching , the Compass system , what was the location accuracy promised to users ?
Upon the system 's official launch , it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m , measure speeds within 0.2 m per second , and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds .	within 0.2 m per second	Upon launching , the Compass system , what was the speed promised to users ?
The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012 .	December 2012	When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services ?
The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012 .	the Asia-Pacific region	Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012 ?
In December 2011 , Xinhua stated that '' -LSB- t -RSB- he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established , and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation .	December 2011	When did the Beidou system begin operating in China ?
The global navigation system should be finished by 2020 .	by 2020	When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished ?
As of December 2012 , 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched , 14 of them are in service .	16	As of December 2012 , how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system ?
As of December 2012 , 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched , 14 of them are in service .	14	Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system , how many are operational ?
The first satellite of the second-generation system , Compass-M1 was launched in 2007 .	2007	When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced ?
It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011 , achieving functional regional coverage .	nine	How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011 ?
It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011 , achieving functional regional coverage .	functional regional coverage	What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011 ?
A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase .	16	How many satellites were launched since 2007 ?
In 2015 , the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites , and the 17th one within the new system .	2015	When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage ?
In 2015 , the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites , and the 17th one within the new system .	with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites	How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage ?
On July 25 , 2015 , the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center , marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition -1 carrier rocket .	July 25, 2015	When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched ?
On July 25 , 2015 , the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center , marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition -1 carrier rocket .	the Xichang Satellite Launch Center	Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from ?
On July 25 , 2015 , the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center , marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition -1 carrier rocket .	Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket	What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with ?
The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits .	an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits	What is the Expedition-1 ?
The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links , and start providing navigation services when ready .	navigation services	What will the three latest satellites provide after testing ?
The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links , and start providing navigation services when ready .	testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links	What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites ?
The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links , and start providing navigation services when ready .	three	How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling ?
Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority -LRB- Church leadership -RRB- , for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members .	Canon law	What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church ?
Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority -LRB- Church leadership -RRB- , for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members .	Christian	In what type of religion are canon laws applicable ?
It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church -LRB- both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches -RRB- , the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches , and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion .	Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches	Which institutions make up the Catholic Church ?
In all three traditions , a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council ; these canons formed the foundation of canon law .	church council	What body was first responsible for creating canon ?
In all three traditions , a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council ; these canons formed the foundation of canon law .	canons	What does canon law consist of ?
Greek kanon / Ancient Greek : κανών , Arabic Qanun / قانون , Hebrew kaneh / קנה , `` straight '' ; a rule , code , standard , or measure ; the root meaning in all these languages is `` reed '' -LRB- cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word `` cane '' -RRB- .	kanon	What is the Greek term for canon ?
Greek kanon / Ancient Greek : κανών , Arabic Qanun / قانون , Hebrew kaneh / קנה , `` straight '' ; a rule , code , standard , or measure ; the root meaning in all these languages is `` reed '' -LRB- cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word `` cane '' -RRB- .	kaneh	What is the Hebrew term for canon ?
Greek kanon / Ancient Greek : κανών , Arabic Qanun / قانون , Hebrew kaneh / קנה , `` straight '' ; a rule , code , standard , or measure ; the root meaning in all these languages is `` reed '' -LRB- cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word `` cane '' -RRB- .	Qanun	What is the Arabic term meaning canon ?
Greek kanon / Ancient Greek : κανών , Arabic Qanun / قانون , Hebrew kaneh / קנה , `` straight '' ; a rule , code , standard , or measure ; the root meaning in all these languages is `` reed '' -LRB- cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word `` cane '' -RRB- .	reed	What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek , Arabic and Hebrew ?
Greek kanon / Ancient Greek : κανών , Arabic Qanun / قانون , Hebrew kaneh / קנה , `` straight '' ; a rule , code , standard , or measure ; the root meaning in all these languages is `` reed '' -LRB- cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word `` cane '' -RRB- .	cane	Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek , Arabic and Hebrew words for canon ?
The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees -LRB- eighty-five in the Eastern , fifty in the Western Church -RRB- concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church , incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea -LRB- 325 -RRB- calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church : the term canon , κανὠν , means in Greek , a rule .	eighty-five	How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church ?
The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees -LRB- eighty-five in the Eastern , fifty in the Western Church -RRB- concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church , incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea -LRB- 325 -RRB- calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church : the term canon , κανὠν , means in Greek , a rule .	fifty	How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church ?
The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees -LRB- eighty-five in the Eastern , fifty in the Western Church -RRB- concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church , incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea -LRB- 325 -RRB- calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church : the term canon , κανὠν , means in Greek , a rule .	Ecclesiastical Canons	What is another term for Apostolic Canons ?
The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees -LRB- eighty-five in the Eastern , fifty in the Western Church -RRB- concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church , incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea -LRB- 325 -RRB- calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church : the term canon , κανὠν , means in Greek , a rule .	325	When was the First Council of Nicaea held ?
The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees -LRB- eighty-five in the Eastern , fifty in the Western Church -RRB- concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church , incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea -LRB- 325 -RRB- calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church : the term canon , κανὠν , means in Greek , a rule .	a rule	What is the Greek definition of κανὠν ?
In the Catholic Church , canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church 's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church .	the Church's hierarchical authorities	Who enforces canon law in Catholicism ?
In the Catholic Church , canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church 's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church .	canon law	What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism ?
In the Catholic Church , canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church 's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church .	external organization and government	What does management of canon law aim to regulate ?
In the Catholic Church , canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church 's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church .	order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church	What is canon law 's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church ?
The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites -LRB- groups -RRB- of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff :	rites	What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff ?
The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites -LRB- groups -RRB- of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff :	five	How many major rites exist ?
The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites -LRB- groups -RRB- of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff :	the Supreme Pontiff	Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church ?
The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites -LRB- groups -RRB- of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff :	full union	What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church ?
The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites -LRB- groups -RRB- of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff :	Roman Catholic	Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff ?
In the Roman Church , universal positive ecclesiastical laws , based upon either immutable divine and natural law , or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law , derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope , who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative , executive , and judicial power in his person .	immutable divine and natural law	What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law ?
In the Roman Church , universal positive ecclesiastical laws , based upon either immutable divine and natural law , or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law , derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope , who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative , executive , and judicial power in his person .	changeable circumstantial and merely positive law	What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law ?
In the Roman Church , universal positive ecclesiastical laws , based upon either immutable divine and natural law , or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law , derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope , who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative , executive , and judicial power in his person .	formal authority and promulgation	What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader ?
In the Roman Church , universal positive ecclesiastical laws , based upon either immutable divine and natural law , or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law , derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope , who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative , executive , and judicial power in his person .	Supreme Pontiff	What is the pope 's official title ?
In the Roman Church , universal positive ecclesiastical laws , based upon either immutable divine and natural law , or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law , derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope , who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative , executive , and judicial power in his person .	legislative, executive, and judicial	What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold ?
The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe , much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions .	The Catholic Church	What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe ?
The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe , much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions .	Roman law	What is a legal system older than Catholic law ?
What began with rules -LRB- `` canons '' -RRB- adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament , but some elements of the Hebrew -LRB- Old Testament -RRB- , Roman , Visigothic , Saxon , and Celtic legal traditions .	canons	What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem ?
What began with rules -LRB- `` canons '' -RRB- adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament , but some elements of the Hebrew -LRB- Old Testament -RRB- , Roman , Visigothic , Saxon , and Celtic legal traditions .	first century	When was the Council of Jerusalem held ?
What began with rules -LRB- `` canons '' -RRB- adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament , but some elements of the Hebrew -LRB- Old Testament -RRB- , Roman , Visigothic , Saxon , and Celtic legal traditions .	Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic	Apart from the Old and New Testaments , which other cultures influenced canon ?
The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods : the jus antiquum , the jus novum , the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law .	the jus novum	Which period followed the jus antiquum ?
The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods : the jus antiquum , the jus novum , the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law .	the Code of Canon Law	What is the most recent era of Latin canon law ?
In relation to the Code , history can be divided into the jus vetus -LRB- all law before the Code -RRB- and the jus novum -LRB- the law of the Code , or jus codicis -RRB- .	the jus vetus	What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law ?
The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches , which had developed some different disciplines and practices , underwent its own process of codification , resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II .	different disciplines and practices	In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches 's legal systems vary from those of the west ?
The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches , which had developed some different disciplines and practices , underwent its own process of codification , resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II .	process of codification	What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ?
The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches , which had developed some different disciplines and practices , underwent its own process of codification , resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II .	1990	When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted ?
The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches , which had developed some different disciplines and practices , underwent its own process of codification , resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II .	Pope John Paul II	Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws ?
The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches , which had developed some different disciplines and practices , underwent its own process of codification , resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II .	the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches	What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches ?
It is a fully developed legal system , with all the necessary elements : courts , lawyers , judges , a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation , and coercive penalties , though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions .	lawyers, judges	What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ ?
It is a fully developed legal system , with all the necessary elements : courts , lawyers , judges , a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation , and coercive penalties , though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions .	civilly-binding force	What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law ?
The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. -LRB- Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus , Bachelor of Canon Law , normally taken as a graduate degree -RRB- , J.C.L. -LRB- Juris Canonici Licentiatus , Licentiate of Canon Law -RRB- and the J.C.D. -LRB- Juris Canonici Doctor , Doctor of Canon Law -RRB- .	Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus	What does J.C.B. stand for ?
The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. -LRB- Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus , Bachelor of Canon Law , normally taken as a graduate degree -RRB- , J.C.L. -LRB- Juris Canonici Licentiatus , Licentiate of Canon Law -RRB- and the J.C.D. -LRB- Juris Canonici Doctor , Doctor of Canon Law -RRB- .	Bachelor of Canon Law	What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B. ?
The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. -LRB- Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus , Bachelor of Canon Law , normally taken as a graduate degree -RRB- , J.C.L. -LRB- Juris Canonici Licentiatus , Licentiate of Canon Law -RRB- and the J.C.D. -LRB- Juris Canonici Doctor , Doctor of Canon Law -RRB- .	Juris Canonici Licentiatus	What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law ?
Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian .	Roman Law Code of Justinian	What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics ?
This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law , which features such things as juries and single judges .	adversarial	What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts ?
As a result , Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation , featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding , called `` inquisitorial '' , from the Latin `` inquirere '' , to enquire .	inquisitorial	What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts ?
As a result , Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation , featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding , called `` inquisitorial '' , from the Latin `` inquirere '' , to enquire .	to enquire	What is the English meaning of inquirere ?
The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe , and consequently both modern civil law and common law -LRB- legal system -RRB- bear the influences of canon law .	Europe	What continent 's laws developed alongside those of the Church ?
The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe , and consequently both modern civil law and common law -LRB- legal system -RRB- bear the influences of canon law .	modern civil law and common law	In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen ?
Edson Luiz Sampel , a Brazilian expert in canon law , says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law , such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries .	Edson Luiz Sampel	Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions ?
Edson Luiz Sampel , a Brazilian expert in canon law , says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law , such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries .	Europe and Latin American	What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law ?
Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society .	contemporary society	What does Sampel claim had a great impact on ?
Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy .	Aristotelian-Thomistic	What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory ?
While the term `` law '' is never explicitly defined in the Code , the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as '' ... an ordinance of reason for the common good , promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community '' and reformulates it as '' ... a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good . ''	Aquinas	Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism ?
While the term `` law '' is never explicitly defined in the Code , the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as '' ... an ordinance of reason for the common good , promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community '' and reformulates it as '' ... a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good . ''	law	What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church ?
While the term `` law '' is never explicitly defined in the Code , the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as '' ... an ordinance of reason for the common good , promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community '' and reformulates it as '' ... a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good . ''	the common good	What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working ?
While the term `` law '' is never explicitly defined in the Code , the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as '' ... an ordinance of reason for the common good , promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community '' and reformulates it as '' ... a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good . ''	a rule of conduct	What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism ?
The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917 ; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches .	the Latin or Western Church	Prior to 1917 , what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system ?
The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917 ; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches .	more diversity in legislation	What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western ?
Each had its own special law , in which custom still played an important part .	custom	What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws ?
In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church .	1929	When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches ?
The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later .	1949 through 1958	During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available , prior to the final version ?
The first Code of Canon Law , 1917 , was mostly for the Roman Rite , with limited application to the Eastern Churches .	1917	When was the original Code of Canon Law published ?
The first Code of Canon Law , 1917 , was mostly for the Roman Rite , with limited application to the Eastern Churches .	the Roman Rite	For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published ?
After the Second Vatican Council , -LRB- 1962 - 1965 -RRB- , another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983 .	1962 - 1965	During what years was the Second Vatican Council held ?
The first Code of Canon Law , 1917 , was mostly for the Roman Rite , with limited application to the Eastern Churches .	the Roman Rite	For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983 ?
Most recently , 1990 , the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law .	1990	When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches ?
The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion -LRB- Greek : Πηδάλιον , `` Rudder '' -RRB- , so named because it is meant to `` steer '' the Church .	canons and commentaries upon them	What are the constituents of the Pēdálion ?
The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion -LRB- Greek : Πηδάλιον , `` Rudder '' -RRB- , so named because it is meant to `` steer '' the Church .	Rudder	What does Pēdálion mean in English ?
The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws , the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances .	bishops	Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required ?
Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that , had the Ecumenical Councils -LRB- which deliberated in Greek -RRB- meant for the canons to be used as laws , they would have called them nómoi / νόμοι -LRB- laws -RRB- rather than kanónes / κανόνες -LRB- rules -RRB- , but almost all Orthodox conform to them .	the Ecumenical Councils	Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon ?
In the Church of England , the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage , divorce , wills , and defamation , still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters -LRB- e.g. discipline of clergy , alteration of church property , and issues related to churchyards -RRB- .	the Church of England	In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society ?
Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons .	12th	In what century did Saxons and Normans separate ?
In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system , not common law , although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes .	common law	What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day ?
The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII ; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law , receiving a Doctor of Civil Law -LRB- D.C.L. -RRB- degree from Oxford , or a Doctor of Laws -LRB- LL.D . -RRB-	Oxford and Cambridge	At which universities were canon law degrees abolished ?
The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII ; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law , receiving a Doctor of Civil Law -LRB- D.C.L. -RRB- degree from Oxford , or a Doctor of Laws -LRB- LL.D . -RRB-	Henry VIII	Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge ?
Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world -LRB- e.g. , the Episcopal Church in the United States , and the Anglican Church of Canada -RRB- still function under their own private systems of canon law .	the Anglican Communion	What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it ?
Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world -LRB- e.g. , the Episcopal Church in the United States , and the Anglican Church of Canada -RRB- still function under their own private systems of canon law .	the Episcopal Church	What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America ?
Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world -LRB- e.g. , the Episcopal Church in the United States , and the Anglican Church of Canada -RRB- still function under their own private systems of canon law .	the Anglican Church of Canada	What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada ?
Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world -LRB- e.g. , the Episcopal Church in the United States , and the Anglican Church of Canada -RRB- still function under their own private systems of canon law .	their own private systems of canon law	What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with ?
Currently , -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion ; their existence can be factually established ; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion ; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion ; these principles have a living force , and contain in themselves the possibility of further development ; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion .	principles of canon law	As of 2004 , what do all Anglican Communion Churches share ?
Currently , -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion ; their existence can be factually established ; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion ; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion ; these principles have a living force , and contain in themselves the possibility of further development ; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion .	factually	What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown ?
Currently , -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion ; their existence can be factually established ; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion ; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion ; these principles have a living force , and contain in themselves the possibility of further development ; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion .	its own legal system	Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law ?
Currently , -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion ; their existence can be factually established ; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion ; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion ; these principles have a living force , and contain in themselves the possibility of further development ; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion .	living	What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion ?
Currently , -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion ; their existence can be factually established ; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion ; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion ; these principles have a living force , and contain in themselves the possibility of further development ; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion .	unity	What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion ?
In Presbyterian and Reformed churches , canon law is known as `` practice and procedure '' or `` church order '' , and includes the church 's laws respecting its government , discipline , legal practice and worship .	"practice and procedure" or "church order"	What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations ?
In Presbyterian and Reformed churches , canon law is known as `` practice and procedure '' or `` church order '' , and includes the church 's laws respecting its government , discipline , legal practice and worship .	Presbyterian and Reformed churches	In what types of institutions are canon rules called `` practice and procedure '' ?
In Presbyterian and Reformed churches , canon law is known as `` practice and procedure '' or `` church order '' , and includes the church 's laws respecting its government , discipline , legal practice and worship .	government	What aspect of management is covered by church order ?
In Presbyterian and Reformed churches , canon law is known as `` practice and procedure '' or `` church order '' , and includes the church 's laws respecting its government , discipline , legal practice and worship .	discipline	What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure ?
In Presbyterian and Reformed churches , canon law is known as `` practice and procedure '' or `` church order '' , and includes the church 's laws respecting its government , discipline , legal practice and worship .	worship	What aspect of faith is covered by canon law ?
Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament .	the Presbyterians	What group took issue with the Roman canons ?
Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament .	1572	In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians ?
Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament .	Parliament	To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572 ?
According to Polly Ha , the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years .	1500 years	For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church ?
According to Polly Ha , the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years .	bishops	Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law ?
The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church , consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century .	The Book of Concord	What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans ?
The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church , consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century .	16th	Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church ?
However , the Book of Concord is a confessional document -LRB- stating orthodox belief -RRB- rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline , like canon law .	confessional	What kind of statement is the Book of Concord ?
Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline , though these are referred to as `` canons . ''	canons	What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called ?
However , the Book of Concord is a confessional document -LRB- stating orthodox belief -RRB- rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline , like canon law .	orthodox	What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord ?
The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks , which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations .	two	How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate ?
Telecommunications , internet , radio , print , television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector .	private	Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector ?
Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals , as internet connectivity and access increases .	Print media	As internet access increases , news media and online portals replace what form of media ?
Additionally , the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence .	2013	What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched ?
In 2012 , a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members , which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors .	National Communications Act	In 2012 , what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator ?
Telecommunications , internet , radio , print , television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector .	private	Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector ?
Telecommunications , internet , radio , print , television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector .	private	Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector ?
The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks , which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations .	two	How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run ?
Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals , as internet connectivity and access increases .	Print media	What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases ?
Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals , as internet connectivity and access increases .	radio stations and online portals	What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases ?
Additionally , the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence .	2013	What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch ?
Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China , Korea and Europe , these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent .	Somali entrepreneurs	Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia ?
Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China , Korea and Europe , these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent .	expertise	China , Korea , and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms .
Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China , Korea and Europe , these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent .	affordable mobile phone and internet services	What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent ?
Customers can conduct money transfers -LRB- such as through the popular Dahabshiil -RRB- and other banking activities via mobile phones , as well as easily gain wireless Internet access .	mobile phones	Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what ?
After the start of the civil war , various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure .	infrastructure	When the civil war began , many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what ?
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint , ITT and Telenor , these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa .	multinational corporations	Sprint , ITT , and Telenor are examples of what ?
These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city , town and hamlet in Somalia .	Somali telecommunication companies	Who provides service to every City , town , and hamlet in Somalia ?
There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons , and the local availability of telephone lines -LRB- tele-density -RRB- is higher than in neighboring countries ; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia .	25	aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people ?
There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons , and the local availability of telephone lines -LRB- tele-density -RRB- is higher than in neighboring countries ; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia .	tele-density	what is another word for availability of telephone lines ?
Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $ 40 million a year .	$40 million	How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year ?
In 2008 , Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network , a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband , mobile internet , LTE services , mobile money transfer and mobile phone services .	2008	What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network ?
The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking , a growth industry in the regional banking sector .	mobile banking	Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking ?
The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company -LRB- STC -RRB- , which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks .	Somali Telecommunication Company	STC stands for what ?
In 2014 , Somalia 's three largest telecommunication operators , Hormuud Telecom , NationLink and Somtel , also signed an interconnection agreement .	three	The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks ?
Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia 's economy has continued to develop .	telecom industry	Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia 's economy is continuing to improve ?
Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia 's economy has continued to develop .	telecom	What sector provides key communication services ?
On March 22 , 2012 , the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act , which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors .	2012	What year was the national Communications act enacted ?
On March 22 , 2012 , the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act , which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors .	the National Communications Act	What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator ?
The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications , academic and civil society stakeholders .	academic and civil society	What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act ?
According to the Ministry of Information , Posts and Telecommunication , the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development , resulting in more efficient service delivery .	investment	The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what ?
According to the Ministry of Information , Posts and Telecommunication , the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development , resulting in more efficient service delivery .	service delivery	Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what ?
The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war .	during the civil war	When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed ?
Emirates Post 's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations , including Italy , the Netherlands , the United Kingdom , Sweden , Switzerland and Canada .	Dubai International	What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub ?
The government 's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years .	three	How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post ?
The government 's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years .	ten years	Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover ?
Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office -LRB- GPO -RRB- , as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases .	16	How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan ?
Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office -LRB- GPO -RRB- , as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases .	17	How many branch offices will be creted in general bases ?
As of March 2012 , the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia 's membership with the Universal Postal Union -LRB- UPU -RRB- , and taken part once again in the Union 's affairs .	2012	What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union ?
On 1 November 2013 , international postal services for Somalia officially resumed .	2013	What year did postal service in Somalia resume ?
The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity , including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment .	Universal Postal Union	Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity ?
The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity , including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment .	technical	What type of assistance does the postal union provide ?
The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity , including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment .	basic mail processing equipment	What type of equipment does the postal union provide ?
Established during the colonial period , Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian .	during the colonial period	When was Radio Mogadishu established ?
Established during the colonial period , Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian .	Somali and Italian	What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in ?
The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960 , and began offering home service in Somali , Amharic and Oromo .	Russian assistance	What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize ?
The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960 , and began offering home service in Somali , Amharic and Oromo .	home service	What type of services were offered in Somali , Amharic , and Oromo ?
Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network , the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation , Reporters Without Borders -LRB- RSF -RRB- .	Mogadishu	Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where ?
Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network , the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation , Reporters Without Borders -LRB- RSF -RRB- .	2010	In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize ?
In total , about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital , with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions .	one	How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital ?
The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations , including Radio Garowe , Radio Daljir , Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug .	six	About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have ?
Radio Gaalkacyo , formerly known as Radio Free Somalia , operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province .	Radio Free Somalia	What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo ?
Radio Gaalkacyo , formerly known as Radio Free Somalia , operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province .	Galkayo	Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from ?
Radio Gaalkacyo , formerly known as Radio Free Somalia , operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province .	Mudug province	What province is Galkayo located in ?
Additionally , the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station .	one	How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region ?
The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster .	Somali National Television	What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia ?
On March 18 , 2011 , the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel .	2011	What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin ?
After a 20-year hiatus , the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on April 4 , 2011 .	April 4, 2011	When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched ?
SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day , and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms .	24	Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast ?
Additionally , Somalia has several private television networks , including Horn Cable Television and Universal TV .	private television networks	Horn Cable Television and Universal TV are examples of what ?
Additionally , Somalia has several private television networks , including Horn Cable Television and Universal TV .	private television networks	What type of Tv startions replay AL = jazeera and CNN ?
Eastern Television Network and SBC TV air from Bosaso , the commercial capital of Puntland .	Bosaso	Where does SBC TV broadcast from ?
Eastern Television Network and SBC TV air from Bosaso , the commercial capital of Puntland .	Bosaso	What is the commercial capital of Puntland ?
The Puntland and Somaliland regions also each have one government-run TV channel , Puntland TV and Radio and Somaliland National TV , respectively .	one	Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have ?
Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period , including Qaran , Mogadishu Times , Sana'a , Shabelle Press , Ayaamaha , Mandeeq , Sky Sport , Goal , The Nation , Dalka , Panorama , Aayaha Nolosha , Codka Xuriyada and Xidigta Maanta .	Mogadishu	Where was The Mogadishu Times published ?
In 2003 , as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate , advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers .	2003	What year did free media outlets begin to expand ?
In 2003 , as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate , advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers .	radio and online commercials	Advertisers switched from print ads to what to reach more customers ?
According to Issa Farah , a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet , newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support .	Issa Farah	Whos is a former editor with The Delka Broadsheet ?
According to the Centre for Law and Democracy -LRB- CLD -RRB- and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team -LRB- IST -RRB- , Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012 .	Information Support Team	What is the IST ?
According to the Centre for Law and Democracy -LRB- CLD -RRB- and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team -LRB- IST -RRB- , Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012 .	internet blocking or filtering	As of December 2012 , Somalia did not have systematic what ?
The application of content standards online was also unclear .	content standards online	What internet standards were also unlear as of December , 2012 ?
Somalia established its first ISP in 1999 , one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet .	1999	What years was the first ISP established in Somalia ?
Somalia established its first ISP in 1999 , one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet .	Africa	Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet ?
According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act , growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably , with around 53 % of the entire nation covered as of 2009 .	53%	In 2009 , what percent of Somalia has internet coverage ?
Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses .	internet commerce and telephony	The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses ?
According to the Somali Economic Forum , the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 106,000 users in 2011 , with the percentage continuing to rise .	200	What was the numbe rof Somali internet users in the year 2000 ?
According to the Somali Economic Forum , the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 106,000 users in 2011 , with the percentage continuing to rise .	106,000	What was the number of internet users in the year 2011 ?
According to the Somali Economic Forum , the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 106,000 users in 2011 , with the percentage continuing to rise .	rise	Goes the number of internet users in Somalia continue to rise or fall ?
The number of mobile subscribers is similarly expected to rise from 512,682 in 2008 to around 6.1 million by 2015 .	512,682	What was the number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2008 ?
The number of mobile subscribers is similarly expected to rise from 512,682 in 2008 to around 6.1 million by 2015 .	6.1 million	What is the estimated number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2015 ?
The Somali Telecommunication Association -LRB- STA -RRB- , a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia 's ICT sector , reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory .	Somali Telecommunication Association	What is the STA ?
The Somali Telecommunication Association -LRB- STA -RRB- , a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia 's ICT sector , reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory .	ICT sector	What sector does the STC oversee ?
The Somali Telecommunication Association -LRB- STA -RRB- , a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia 's ICT sector , reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory .	STA	In 2006 , who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory ?
There were also 22 established ISPs and 234 cyber cafes , with an annual growth rate of 15.6 % .	22	How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006 ?
There were also 22 established ISPs and 234 cyber cafes , with an annual growth rate of 15.6 % .	234	How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006 ?
As of 2009 , dial up , wireless and satellite services were available .	2009	As of what year were dial up , wireless , and satellite services available ?
Dial up internet services in Somalia were among the fastest growing on the continent , with an annual landline growth rate of over 12.5 % .	12.5%	What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009 ?
The increase in usage was largely due to innovative policy initiatives adopted by the various Somali telecom operators , including free local in-town calls , a flat rate of $ 10 per month for unlimited calls , a low charge of $ 0.005 per minute for Internet connections , and a one-time connection fee of $ 50 .	$10 per month	What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009 ?
Global Internet Company , a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom , Telcom Somalia and Nationlink , was the country 's largest ISP .	Global Internet Company	What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009 ?
Global Internet Company , a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom , Telcom Somalia and Nationlink , was the country 's largest ISP .	Global Internet Company	Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009 ?
Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities , such as Mogadishu , Bosaso , Hargeisa , Galkayo and Kismayo .	major cities	Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia ?
Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities , such as Mogadishu , Bosaso , Hargeisa , Galkayo and Kismayo .	Mogadishu	What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers ?
Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities , such as Mogadishu , Bosaso , Hargeisa , Galkayo and Kismayo .	Mogadishu	Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services ?
Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services , among which were Dalkom -LRB- Wanaag HK -RRB- , Orbit , Unitel and Webtel .	Wanaag HK	What is another name for Dalcom ?
As of 2009 , Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10 % to 15 % per year .	10% to 15% per year	What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009 ?
As of 2009 , Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10 % to 15 % per year .	satellite	Dalkom Somalia provided internet over what ?
The main clients of these local satellite services were internet cafes , money transfer firms and other companies , as well as international community representatives .	internet cafes	Who were one of the main clients of the local satellite service providers ?
Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose .	gradually began to fall	As broadband access rose , what happened to the demand for satellite services ?
In December 2012 , Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients .	Tri-Band 3G	Hormuud Telecom launched what service in 2012 ?
In December 2012 , Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients .	internet and mobile clients	Who was the 3G service for ?
In December 2012 , Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients .	Tri-Band 3G	what type of connection was the first of its kind in Somalia ?
The first of its kind in the country , this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection .	faster and more secure	What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers ?
The first of its kind in the country , this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection .	third generation	what does 3G stand for ?
In November 2013 , Somalia received its first fiber optic connection .	2013	What year did Somalia receive its first fiber optic connection ?
However , residents now have access to broadband internet cable for the first time after an agreement reached between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom .	broadband	in 2013 , an agreement between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom provided residents access to what type of cable provider ?
The deal will see Liquid Telecom link Hormuud to its 17,000 km -LRB- 10,500 mile -RRB- network of terrestrial cables , which will deliver faster internet capacity .	10,500 mile	How many miles long is Liquid Telecoms Network ?
The fiber optic connection will also make online access more affordable to the average user .	more affordable	How will the fiber optic connection impact the price for online access for the average user ?
Dalkom Somalia is concurrently constructing a 1,000 square mile state-of-the-art data center in Mogadishu .	Mogadishu	Where is Dalcom Somalia currently building a 1000 square mile data center ?
Catalan -LRB- / ˈkætəlæn / ; autonym : català -LSB- kətəˈla -RSB- or -LSB- kataˈla -RSB- -RRB- is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia , in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France .	Catalonia	What place is Catalan named for ?
Catalan -LRB- / ˈkætəlæn / ; autonym : català -LSB- kətəˈla -RSB- or -LSB- kataˈla -RSB- -RRB- is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia , in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France .	Romance language	What type of language is Catalan ?
It is the national and only official language of Andorra , and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia , the Balearic Islands , and Valencia -LRB- where the language is known as Valencian , and there exist regional standards -RRB- .	Valencian	What is Catalan called in Valencia ?
It is the national and only official language of Andorra , and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia , the Balearic Islands , and Valencia -LRB- where the language is known as Valencian , and there exist regional standards -RRB- .	Andorra	Where is Catalan the only official language ?
According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia , after Spanish , as a native or self-defining language .	Catalan	What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia ?
According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia , after Spanish , as a native or self-defining language .	Spanish	What is the most used language in Catalonia ?
According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia , after Spanish , as a native or self-defining language .	native	What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia ?
The Generalitat of Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories .	The Generalitat of Catalunya	What group spends money to promote the language ?
According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia , after Spanish , as a native or self-defining language .	Catalan	What language is promoted in Catalonia ?
Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century .	Vulgar Latin	From what language did Catalan come ?
Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century .	eastern Pyrenees	In what area did Catalan develop ?
Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century .	9th century	When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees ?
During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon , and was widely used all over the Mediterranean .	Low Middle Ages	When was Catalan 's Golden Age as a dominant language ?
The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language .	1479	What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language ?
Since the Spanish transition to democracy -LRB- 1975 -- 1982 -RRB- , Catalan has been recognized as an official language , language of education , and language of mass media , all of which have contributed to its increased prestige .	Spanish transition to democracy	What happened in 1975-1982 ?
Since the Spanish transition to democracy -LRB- 1975 -- 1982 -RRB- , Catalan has been recognized as an official language , language of education , and language of mass media , all of which have contributed to its increased prestige .	increased prestige	What has this official language state done for Catalan ?
There is no parallel in Europe of such a large , bilingual , non-state speech community .	Europe	Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community ?
Since the Spanish transition to democracy -LRB- 1975 -- 1982 -RRB- , Catalan has been recognized as an official language , language of education , and language of mass media , all of which have contributed to its increased prestige .	mass media	Besides being the official language and language of education , what other group uses Catalan ?
They are divided into two blocks , Eastern and Western , differing mostly in pronunciation .	Eastern and Western	What is the division of Catalan dialects ?
They are divided into two blocks , Eastern and Western , differing mostly in pronunciation .	pronunciation	What is the basic difference between the dialects ?
The terms `` Catalan '' and `` Valencian '' -LRB- respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community -RRB- are two different varieties of the same language .	different varieties	What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian ?
The terms `` Catalan '' and `` Valencian '' -LRB- respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community -RRB- are two different varieties of the same language .	the same language	What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be ?
There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties , the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in Valencia .	two standard varieties	What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language ?
Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages .	many traits	What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area ?
However , despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula , Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance -LRB- such as Spanish and Portuguese -RRB- in terms of vocabulary , pronunciation , and grammar than from Gallo-Romance -LRB- Occitan , French , Gallo-Italic languages , etc. -RRB- .	Iberian Peninsula	Where is Catalonia located ?
However , despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula , Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance -LRB- such as Spanish and Portuguese -RRB- in terms of vocabulary , pronunciation , and grammar than from Gallo-Romance -LRB- Occitan , French , Gallo-Italic languages , etc. -RRB- .	Spanish and Portuguese	What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area ?
However , despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula , Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance -LRB- such as Spanish and Portuguese -RRB- in terms of vocabulary , pronunciation , and grammar than from Gallo-Romance -LRB- Occitan , French , Gallo-Italic languages , etc. -RRB- .	pronunciation	Besides vocabulary and grammar , what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages ?
However , despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula , Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance -LRB- such as Spanish and Portuguese -RRB- in terms of vocabulary , pronunciation , and grammar than from Gallo-Romance -LRB- Occitan , French , Gallo-Italic languages , etc. -RRB- .	Gallo-Romance	What are these similar Latin derived languages called ?
Catalan has an inflectional grammar , with two genders -LRB- masculine , feminine -RRB- , and two numbers -LRB- singular , plural -RRB- .	two	How many genders does Catalan have ?
Catalan has an inflectional grammar , with two genders -LRB- masculine , feminine -RRB- , and two numbers -LRB- singular , plural -RRB- .	singular, plural	What numbers does Catalan have ?
Catalan has an inflectional grammar , with two genders -LRB- masculine , feminine -RRB- , and two numbers -LRB- singular , plural -RRB- .	inflectional	What style of grammar does Catalan have ?
In terms of pronunciation , Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters , in contrast with many other Romance languages .	consonants	What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages ?
The main theory suggests that Catalunya -LRB- Latin Gathia Launia -RRB- derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia -LRB- `` Land of the Goths '' -RRB- , since the origins of the Catalan counts , lords and people were found in the March of Gothia , whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived .	Catalonia	What is Catalan the derivitive of ?
The main theory suggests that Catalunya -LRB- Latin Gathia Launia -RRB- derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia -LRB- `` Land of the Goths '' -RRB- , since the origins of the Catalan counts , lords and people were found in the March of Gothia , whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived .	Gathia Launia	What is the Latin for Calalunya ?
The main theory suggests that Catalunya -LRB- Latin Gathia Launia -RRB- derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia -LRB- `` Land of the Goths '' -RRB- , since the origins of the Catalan counts , lords and people were found in the March of Gothia , whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived .	March of Gothia	Where did the Catalan people originate ?
The main theory suggests that Catalunya -LRB- Latin Gathia Launia -RRB- derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia -LRB- `` Land of the Goths '' -RRB- , since the origins of the Catalan counts , lords and people were found in the March of Gothia , whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived .	Gothia	What is the root word from which Catalonia comes ?
In English , the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner , followed in the 15th century as Catellain -LRB- from French -RRB- .	mid 14th century	When did the reference Catelaner first appear ?
In English , the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner , followed in the 15th century as Catellain -LRB- from French -RRB- .	Catellain	What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century ?
In English , the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner , followed in the 15th century as Catellain -LRB- from French -RRB- .	French	What language is the source of the term Catellain ?
In English , the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner , followed in the 15th century as Catellain -LRB- from French -RRB- .	English	What is the language source of the term Catelaner ?
It is attested a language name since at least 1652 .	1652	Since what year has this term been used ?
In the Valencian Community , the term valencià -LRB- / va.len.siˈa / -RRB- is frequently used instead .	Valencian Community	Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan ?
The names `` Catalan '' and `` Valencian '' are two names for the same language .	the same language	What are Catalan and Valencian the names for ?
The endonym is pronounced / kə.təˈɫa / in the Eastern Catalan dialects , and / ka.taˈɫa / in the Western dialects .	dialects	What affect does different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce ?
By the 9th century , Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees , as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south .	Vulgar Latin	What language did Catalan descend from ?
By the 9th century , Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees , as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south .	9th century	When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees ?
By the 9th century , Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees , as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south .	Hispania Tarraconensis	Besides the Pyrenees , what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century ?
From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims , bringing their language with them .	Catalan counts	Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century ?
This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988 .	988	When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire ?
In the 11th century , documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements , with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080 .	11th century	When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan ?
In the 11th century , documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements , with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080 .	by 1080	When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance ?
Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance , diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries .	Gallo-Romance	To what language did Catalan display similarities ?
Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance , diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries .	Old Occitan	What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from ?
During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river , and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands .	11th and 12th centuries	When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River ?
During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river , and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands .	13th century	When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands ?
The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century .	14th century	When Catalan reach Sardinia ?
The language also reached Murcia , which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century .	Murcia	Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century ?
The language also reached Murcia , which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century .	15th century	When did Murcia become Spanish speaking ?
In the Low Middle Ages , Catalan went through a golden age , reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness .	Low Middle Ages	When was the golden age of Catalan ?
By the 15th century , the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon , and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world .	city of Valencia	Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon ?
In the Low Middle Ages , Catalan went through a golden age , reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness .	Catalan	What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century ?
Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century , and in Sardinia until the 17th .	17th	Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia ?
During this period , the language was what Costa Carreras terms `` one of the ` great languages ' of medieval Europe '' .	Costa Carreras	Who called Catalan one of the great languages ?
Martorell 's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc -LRB- 1490 -RRB- shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values , something that can also be seen in Metge 's work .	Martorell	Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc ?
Martorell 's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc -LRB- 1490 -RRB- shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values , something that can also be seen in Metge 's work .	chivalry	What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc ?
Martorell 's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc -LRB- 1490 -RRB- shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values , something that can also be seen in Metge 's work .	Renaissance values	To what does Matorell 's work show a transition ?
Martorell 's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc -LRB- 1490 -RRB- shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values , something that can also be seen in Metge 's work .	Metge	What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance ?
The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan .	movable type	In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula ?
With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon -LRB- 1479 -RRB- , the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious .	1479	When were Castille and Aragon united ?
With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon -LRB- 1479 -RRB- , the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious .	Spanish	After 1479 , what language became more valued ?
Starting in the 16th century , Catalan literature experienced a decline , the language came under the influence of Spanish , and the urban and literary classes became bilingual .	16th century	When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend ?
With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon -LRB- 1479 -RRB- , the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious .	Spanish	What language began to supersede Catalan ?
Starting in the 16th century , Catalan literature experienced a decline , the language came under the influence of Spanish , and the urban and literary classes became bilingual .	urban and literary	At this time what classes became bilingual ?
With the Treaty of the Pyrenees -LRB- 1659 -RRB- , Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France , and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French , which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region .	1659	When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees ?
With the Treaty of the Pyrenees -LRB- 1659 -RRB- , Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France , and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French , which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region .	northern part	What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France ?
With the Treaty of the Pyrenees -LRB- 1659 -RRB- , Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France , and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French , which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region .	Treaty of the Pyrenees	Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France ?
With the Treaty of the Pyrenees -LRB- 1659 -RRB- , Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France , and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French , which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region .	French	What language began to influence Catalan ?
With the Treaty of the Pyrenees -LRB- 1659 -RRB- , Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France , and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French , which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region .	1700	When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia ?
Shortly after the French Revolution -LRB- 1789 -RRB- , the French First Republic prohibited official use of , and enacted discriminating policies against , the nonstandard languages of France -LRB- patois -RRB- , such as Catalan , Alsatian , Breton , Occitan , Flemish , and Basque .	1789	When did France outlaw Catalan ?
Shortly after the French Revolution -LRB- 1789 -RRB- , the French First Republic prohibited official use of , and enacted discriminating policies against , the nonstandard languages of France -LRB- patois -RRB- , such as Catalan , Alsatian , Breton , Occitan , Flemish , and Basque .	French Revolution	What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois ?
Shortly after the French Revolution -LRB- 1789 -RRB- , the French First Republic prohibited official use of , and enacted discriminating policies against , the nonstandard languages of France -LRB- patois -RRB- , such as Catalan , Alsatian , Breton , Occitan , Flemish , and Basque .	Occitan, Flemish, and Basque	Besides Catalan , Alsatian , and Breton , what other patois were banned ?
Shortly after the French Revolution -LRB- 1789 -RRB- , the French First Republic prohibited official use of , and enacted discriminating policies against , the nonstandard languages of France -LRB- patois -RRB- , such as Catalan , Alsatian , Breton , Occitan , Flemish , and Basque .	patois	What are French non standard languages called ?
Following the French capture of Algeria -LRB- 1833 -RRB- , that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers .	1833	When did the French obtain Algeria ?
People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran , whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca .	Northern Catalonia and Minorca	Where did the Algiers immigrants come from ?
Their speech was known as patuet .	patuet	What was the Catalan immigrant 's speech called ?
By 1911 , the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000 .	around 100,000	How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911 ?
After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962 , almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia -LRB- as Pieds-Noirs -RRB- or Alacant .	1962	When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia ?
Nowadays , France only recognizes French as an official language .	French	What is the official language of France ?
Nevertheless , on 10 December 2007 , the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education .	in public life and education	Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan ?
Nevertheless , on 10 December 2007 , the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education .	General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales	Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language ?
Nevertheless , on 10 December 2007 , the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education .	Catalan	What language does the General Council want to promote ?
The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries .	Catalan	What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries ?
The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession -LRB- 1714 -RRB- initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation .	War of Spanish Succession	Where did Catalan experience defeat ?
The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession -LRB- 1714 -RRB- initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation .	1714	When was the war of Spanish Succession ?
The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession -LRB- 1714 -RRB- initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation .	Spanish	What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation ?
The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries .	Catalan	Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession ?
In parallel , however , the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival -LRB- Renaixença -RRB- , which has continued up to the present day .	revival	What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature ?
In parallel , however , the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival -LRB- Renaixença -RRB- , which has continued up to the present day .	Catalan literary revival	What is Renaixenca ?
This period starts with Aribau 's Ode to the Homeland -LRB- 1833 -RRB- ; followed in the second half of the 19th century , and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer -LRB- poetry -RRB- , Oller -LRB- realist novel -RRB- , and Guimerà -LRB- drama -RRB- .	1833	When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland ?
This period starts with Aribau 's Ode to the Homeland -LRB- 1833 -RRB- ; followed in the second half of the 19th century , and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer -LRB- poetry -RRB- , Oller -LRB- realist novel -RRB- , and Guimerà -LRB- drama -RRB- .	1833	When did this revival period begin ?
This period starts with Aribau 's Ode to the Homeland -LRB- 1833 -RRB- ; followed in the second half of the 19th century , and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer -LRB- poetry -RRB- , Oller -LRB- realist novel -RRB- , and Guimerà -LRB- drama -RRB- .	early 20th	In what century did Vedaguer , Oller , and Guimera wrte ?
Since the Spanish transition to democracy -LRB- 1975 -- 1982 -RRB- , Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language , language of education , and language of mass media ; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige .	Catalan	Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools ?
The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools , but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations , if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish , or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students .	in all schools	Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory ?
Since the Spanish transition to democracy -LRB- 1975 -- 1982 -RRB- , Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language , language of education , and language of mass media ; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige .	Catalan	Since the transition , what is the official language ?
Since the Spanish transition to democracy -LRB- 1975 -- 1982 -RRB- , Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language , language of education , and language of mass media ; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige .	mass media	Besides as an official and an educational language , where else is Catalan the prefered language ?
In Andorra , Catalan has always been the sole official language .	Andorra	Where has Catalan always been the only language ?
Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution , several Andorranization policies have been enforced , like Catalan medium education .	1993	When was the Andorran constitution produced ?
Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution , several Andorranization policies have been enforced , like Catalan medium education .	Andorranization policies	What policies are the Andorrans enforcing ?
Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution , several Andorranization policies have been enforced , like Catalan medium education .	Catalan medium education	What is an Andorran school policy ?
In Andorra , Catalan has always been the sole official language .	Catalan	What is the only language of Andorra ?
On the other hand , there are several language shift processes currently taking place .	language shift processes	What kind of shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas ?
In Northern Catalonia , Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France , with most of its native speakers being 60 or older -LRB- as of 2004 -RRB- .	60 or older	How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia ?
In Northern Catalonia , Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France , with most of its native speakers being 60 or older -LRB- as of 2004 -RRB- .	2004	When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older ?
Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30 % of the primary education students , and by 15 % of the secondary .	30%	What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language ?
In Northern Catalonia , Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France , with most of its native speakers being 60 or older -LRB- as of 2004 -RRB- .	Catalan	What do 15 % of secondary school students study as a foreign language ?
In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish , and in Alghero by Italian .	Spanish	What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante ?
In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish , and in Alghero by Italian .	Italian	What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero ?
There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community , Ibiza , and to a lesser extent , in the rest of the Balearic islands .	ingrained diglossic attitudes	What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza ?
There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community , Ibiza , and to a lesser extent , in the rest of the Balearic islands .	diglossic attitudes	What is another expression for bilingual attitudes ?
In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish , and in Alghero by Italian .	Catalan	What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province ?
The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists , particularly among Spanish ones , such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal .	Occitano-Romance	To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed ?
The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists , particularly among Spanish ones , such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal .	linguists	Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch ?
The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists , particularly among Spanish ones , such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal .	Spanish ones	What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category ?
Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language -LRB- see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages -RRB- .	Occitan language	What is Catalan a variety of ?
Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language -LRB- see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages -RRB- .	varying degrees	What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages ?
Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language -LRB- see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages -RRB- .	differences	What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan ?
Thus , as it should be expected from closely related languages , Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages .	many traits	What does Catalan share with other Romance languages ?
Thus , as it should be expected from closely related languages , Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages .	closely related	Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages ?
Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages -LRB- Italian , Sardinian , Occitan , and Spanish -RRB- .	many traits	What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages ?
However , despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula , Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group -LRB- Spanish and Portuguese -RRB- in terms of pronunciation , grammar , and especially vocabulary ; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance -LRB- French , Franco-Provençal , Gallo-Italian -RRB- .	Iberian Peninsula	Where is the Catalan language mostly located ?
However , despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula , Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group -LRB- Spanish and Portuguese -RRB- in terms of pronunciation , grammar , and especially vocabulary ; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance -LRB- French , Franco-Provençal , Gallo-Italian -RRB- .	Ibero-Romance group	In pronunciation what is Catalan different from ?
However , despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula , Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group -LRB- Spanish and Portuguese -RRB- in terms of pronunciation , grammar , and especially vocabulary ; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance -LRB- French , Franco-Provençal , Gallo-Italian -RRB- .	Spanish and Portuguese	What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages ?
Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages -LRB- Italian , Sardinian , Occitan , and Spanish -RRB- .	Occitan	To what group is Catalan most closely related ?
According to Ethnologue , the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is : 87 % with Italian ; 85 % with Portuguese ; 80 % with Spanish ; 76 % with Ladin ; 75 % with Sardinian ; and 73 % with Romanian .	87%	What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian ?
According to Ethnologue , the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is : 87 % with Italian ; 85 % with Portuguese ; 80 % with Spanish ; 76 % with Ladin ; 75 % with Sardinian ; and 73 % with Romanian .	85%	Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese ?
According to Ethnologue , the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is : 87 % with Italian ; 85 % with Portuguese ; 80 % with Spanish ; 76 % with Ladin ; 75 % with Sardinian ; and 73 % with Romanian .	80%	What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish ?
According to Ethnologue , the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is : 87 % with Italian ; 85 % with Portuguese ; 80 % with Spanish ; 76 % with Ladin ; 75 % with Sardinian ; and 73 % with Romanian .	76%	What is the relationship similarity to Ladin ?
According to Ethnologue , the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is : 87 % with Italian ; 85 % with Portuguese ; 80 % with Spanish ; 76 % with Ladin ; 75 % with Sardinian ; and 73 % with Romanian .	75%	How related is Sardinian to Catalan ?
During much of its history , and especially during the Francoist dictatorship -LRB- 1939 -- 1975 -RRB- , the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish .	dialect of Spanish	What has Catalan often been considered ?
During much of its history , and especially during the Francoist dictatorship -LRB- 1939 -- 1975 -RRB- , the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish .	Francoist	During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect ?
There is evidence that , at least from the a.d. 2nd century , the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania .	rest of Roman Hispania	What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from ?
Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish , Asturian , and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms -LRB- Spanish hervir , Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir , Occitan bolir `` to boil '' -RRB- and innovatory regionalisms -LRB- Sp novillo , Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell , Oc taurèl `` bullock '' -RRB- , while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core , especially Occitan .	Occitan	What language branch did Catalan share a history with ?
Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish , Asturian , and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms -LRB- Spanish hervir , Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir , Occitan bolir `` to boil '' -RRB- and innovatory regionalisms -LRB- Sp novillo , Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell , Oc taurèl `` bullock '' -RRB- , while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core , especially Occitan .	Western Romance	What is Occitan a branch of ?
The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan .	Germanic	What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish ?
For example , Catalan fang `` mud '' and rostir `` to roast '' , of Germanic origin , contrast with Spanish lodo and asar , of Latin origin ; whereas Catalan filosa `` spinning wheel '' and pols `` temple '' , of Latin origin , contrast with Spanish rueca and sien , of Germanic origin .	Latin origin	What is the origin of some Spanish words ?
The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan .	Germanic superstrate	What has different results in Spanish and Catalan ?
However , the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent .	Arabic element	What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan ?
The same happens with Arabic loanwords .	Arabic loanwords	What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan ?
Thus , Catalan alfàbia `` large earthenware jar '' and rajola `` tile '' , of Arabic origin , contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja , of Latin origin ; whereas Catalan oli `` oil '' and oliva `` olive '' , of Latin origin , contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna .	Spanish	In which language is the Arabic element stand out more ?
Thus , Catalan alfàbia `` large earthenware jar '' and rajola `` tile '' , of Arabic origin , contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja , of Latin origin ; whereas Catalan oli `` oil '' and oliva `` olive '' , of Latin origin , contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna .	of Arabic origin	Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from ?
Thus , Catalan alfàbia `` large earthenware jar '' and rajola `` tile '' , of Arabic origin , contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja , of Latin origin ; whereas Catalan oli `` oil '' and oliva `` olive '' , of Latin origin , contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna .	Latin origin	What is the origin of the Spanish word teja ?
Situated between two large linguistic blocks -LRB- Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance -RRB- , Catalan has many unique lexical choices , such as enyorar `` to miss somebody '' , apaivagar `` to calm down somebody '' , or rebutjar `` reject '' .	Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance	What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between ?
Situated between two large linguistic blocks -LRB- Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance -RRB- , Catalan has many unique lexical choices , such as enyorar `` to miss somebody '' , apaivagar `` to calm down somebody '' , or rebutjar `` reject '' .	unique	What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have ?
Situated between two large linguistic blocks -LRB- Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance -RRB- , Catalan has many unique lexical choices , such as enyorar `` to miss somebody '' , apaivagar `` to calm down somebody '' , or rebutjar `` reject '' .	lexical	What type of unique choices does Catalan have ?
Situated between two large linguistic blocks -LRB- Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance -RRB- , Catalan has many unique lexical choices , such as enyorar `` to miss somebody '' , apaivagar `` to calm down somebody '' , or rebutjar `` reject '' .	enyorar	What is the Catalan to miss somebody ?
These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans -LRB- Catalan Countries -RRB- , a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage , that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status .	Catalan Countries	What are the Paisos Catalans
These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans -LRB- Catalan Countries -RRB- , a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage , that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status .	cultural affinity and common heritage	What is that determination based on ?
These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans -LRB- Catalan Countries -RRB- , a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage , that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status .	no official status	What status does Catalan Countries have ?
Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions .	Various interpretations	What is the interpretation of the term ?
These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans -LRB- Catalan Countries -RRB- , a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage , that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status .	Països Catalans	What is the term for Catalan Countries ?
In contrast with other Romance languages , Catalan has many monosyllabic words ; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters .	many monosyllabic words	How is Catalan different from other Romance languages ?
In contrast with other Romance languages , Catalan has many monosyllabic words ; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters .	consonant clusters	What other type of endings do Catalan words have ?
Also , Catalan has final obstruent devoicing , thus featuring many couplets like amic '' -LRB- male friend '' -RRB- vs. amiga -LRB- `` female friend '' -RRB- .	obstruent	What kind of final devoicing does the language have ?
Also , Catalan has final obstruent devoicing , thus featuring many couplets like amic '' -LRB- male friend '' -RRB- vs. amiga -LRB- `` female friend '' -RRB- .	couplets	What do many words feature ?
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language .	Central Catalan	What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan ?
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language .	standard pronunciation	What is Central Catalan ?
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language .	standard pronunciation	What are the descriptions for ?
For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects , see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article .	section pronunciation	Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects ?
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes : / a ɛ e i ɔ o u / , a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish .	Vulgar Latin	Where does Catalan get its vowel system ?
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes : / a ɛ e i ɔ o u / , a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish .	seven	How many stressed phenoms are there ?
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes : / a ɛ e i ɔ o u / , a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish .	Western Romance	Where is this a common feature ?
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes : / a ɛ e i ɔ o u / , a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish .	Spanish	What is the exception to this common characteristic ?
Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction , and the incidence of the pair / ɛ e / .	Dialects	What differs in vowel reduction ?
In Central Catalan , unstressed vowels reduce to three : / a e ɛ / > -LSB- ə -RSB- ; / o ɔ u / > -LSB- u -RSB- ; / i / remains distinct .	three	How many reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan ?
In Central Catalan , unstressed vowels reduce to three : / a e ɛ / > -LSB- ə -RSB- ; / o ɔ u / > -LSB- u -RSB- ; / i / remains distinct .	/i/	What vowel stays distinct ?
The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes -LRB- see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article -RRB- .	different	What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have ?
In Central Catalan , unstressed vowels reduce to three : / a e ɛ / > -LSB- ə -RSB- ; / o ɔ u / > -LSB- u -RSB- ; / i / remains distinct .	In Central Catalan	Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three ?
The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes -LRB- see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article -RRB- .	section pronunciation	Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions ?
Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents .	Catalan sociolinguistics	What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world ?
Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents .	Catalan sociolinguistics	What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan ?
It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language , the speakers and the close reality -LRB- including the one of other languages in contact -RRB- .	Catalan philology	What is this a subdiscipline of ?
It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language , the speakers and the close reality -LRB- including the one of other languages in contact -RRB- .	analyse the relation	What does it want to do with the language , the speakers , and reality ?
It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language , the speakers and the close reality -LRB- including the one of other languages in contact -RRB- .	other languages in contact	What outside affects does this study include ?
The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity , especially when compared to other Romance languages ; both in terms of vocabulary , semantics , syntax , morphology , and phonology .	uniformity	What do the dialects of Catalan feature ?
The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity , especially when compared to other Romance languages ; both in terms of vocabulary , semantics , syntax , morphology , and phonology .	other Romance languages	In comparison to what are the dialects uniform ?
Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high , estimates ranging from 90 % to 95 % .	intelligibility	What is high among dialects ?
Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high , estimates ranging from 90 % to 95 % .	90% to 95%	What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects ?
The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect .	Alguerese	What dialect is the exception to intelligibility ?
The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e ; which have merged to / ə / in Eastern dialects , but which remain distinct as / a / and / e / in Western dialects .	treatment of unstressed a and e	What is the major difference between the two blocks ?
The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e ; which have merged to / ə / in Eastern dialects , but which remain distinct as / a / and / e / in Western dialects .	distinct	How are a and e in western dialects ?
The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e ; which have merged to / ə / in Eastern dialects , but which remain distinct as / a / and / e / in Western dialects .	merged	What have a and e done in eastern dialects ?
Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian ; the Eastern block comprises four dialects : Central Catalan , Balearic , Rossellonese , and Alguerese .	Northwestern Catalan and Valencian	What two dialects does Western Catalan include ?
Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian ; the Eastern block comprises four dialects : Central Catalan , Balearic , Rossellonese , and Alguerese .	four	How many dialects are in the eastern group ?
Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian ; the Eastern block comprises four dialects : Central Catalan , Balearic , Rossellonese , and Alguerese .	Eastern block	To what division does Central Catalan belong ?
Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects .	subdialects	What other divisions can be made of dialects ?
Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian ; the Eastern block comprises four dialects : Central Catalan , Balearic , Rossellonese , and Alguerese .	Western Catalan	What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to ?
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers .	Central Catalan	What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan ?
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers .	Central Catalan	Where are the most speakers found ?
It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province , the eastern half of the province of Tarragona , and most of the province of Girona .	Barcelona province	In what densely populated area is it spoken ?
It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province , the eastern half of the province of Tarragona , and most of the province of Girona .	eastern half	What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken ?
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes : / a ɛ e i ɔ o u / , a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish .	Vulgar Latin	What is the vowel system of Catalan ?
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes : / a ɛ e i ɔ o u / , a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish .	seven	How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan ?
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes : / a ɛ e i ɔ o u / , a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish .	Western Romance	Where is this system common ?
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes : / a ɛ e i ɔ o u / , a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish .	Spanish	What language is the exception ?
Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction , and the incidence of the pair / ɛ e / .	Dialects	What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction ?
In Eastern Catalan -LRB- except Majorcan -RRB- , unstressed vowels reduce to three : / a e ɛ / > -LSB- ə -RSB- ; / o ɔ u / > -LSB- u -RSB- ; / i / remains distinct .	Eastern Catalan	Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three ?
In Eastern Catalan -LRB- except Majorcan -RRB- , unstressed vowels reduce to three : / a e ɛ / > -LSB- ə -RSB- ; / o ɔ u / > -LSB- u -RSB- ; / i / remains distinct .	Majorcan	What is the exception to this reduction ?
In Eastern Catalan -LRB- except Majorcan -RRB- , unstressed vowels reduce to three : / a e ɛ / > -LSB- ə -RSB- ; / o ɔ u / > -LSB- u -RSB- ; / i / remains distinct .	/i/	Which vowel remains distinct ?
In Majorcan , unstressed vowels reduce to four : / a e ɛ / follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern ; however / o ɔ / reduce to -LSB- o -RSB- , with / u / remaining distinct , as in Western Catalan .	Majorcan	In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four ?
In Majorcan , unstressed vowels reduce to four : / a e ɛ / follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern ; however / o ɔ / reduce to -LSB- o -RSB- , with / u / remaining distinct , as in Western Catalan .	Eastern Catalan	What reduction pattern do some vowels follow ?
In Majorcan , unstressed vowels reduce to four : / a e ɛ / follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern ; however / o ɔ / reduce to -LSB- o -RSB- , with / u / remaining distinct , as in Western Catalan .	Western Catalan	What other pattern do other vowels follow ?
In Majorcan , unstressed vowels reduce to four : / a e ɛ / follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern ; however / o ɔ / reduce to -LSB- o -RSB- , with / u / remaining distinct , as in Western Catalan .	/u/	What letter remains distinct ?
In Majorcan , unstressed vowels reduce to four : / a e ɛ / follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern ; however / o ɔ / reduce to -LSB- o -RSB- , with / u / remaining distinct , as in Western Catalan .	Western Catalan	/ u / remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan ?
In Western Catalan , unstressed vowels reduce to five : / e ɛ / > -LSB- e -RSB- ; / o ɔ / > -LSB- o -RSB- ; / a u i / remain distinct .	five	What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan ?
In Western Catalan , unstressed vowels reduce to five : / e ɛ / > -LSB- e -RSB- ; / o ɔ / > -LSB- o -RSB- ; / a u i / remain distinct .	/a u i/	Which letters remain distinct ?
This reduction pattern , inherited from Proto-Romance , is also found in Italian and Portuguese .	Proto-Romance	Where did this pattern come from ?
This reduction pattern , inherited from Proto-Romance , is also found in Italian and Portuguese .	Italian and Portuguese	In what other languages is this pattern found ?
Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases .	further reduction	What do other Western dialects sometimes offer ?
Central , Western , and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed / e / and / ɛ / .	Balearic	What form has the same / e / as Central and Western ?
Central , Western , and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed / e / and / ɛ / .	/e/	What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of ?
-LSB- vague -RSB- As a result , Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of / e / .	higher incidence	What is the result of / e / being the same in Central , Western and Belearic ?
In verbs , 1st person present indicative desinence is - e -LRB- ∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation -RRB- , or - o. E.g. parle , tem , sent -LRB- Valencian -RRB- ; parlo , temo , sento -LRB- Northwestern -RRB- .	Valencian	What language is parle or tem ?
In verbs , 1st person present indicative desinence is - e -LRB- ∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation -RRB- , or - o. E.g. parle , tem , sent -LRB- Valencian -RRB- ; parlo , temo , sento -LRB- Northwestern -RRB- .	Northwestern	What language is parlo or temo ?
E.g. parlo -LRB- Central -RRB- , parl -LRB- Balearic -RRB- , parli -LRB- Northern -RRB- , -LRB- ' I speak ' -RRB- .	Balearic	What language is parl ?
E.g. parlo -LRB- Central -RRB- , parl -LRB- Balearic -RRB- , parli -LRB- Northern -RRB- , -LRB- ' I speak ' -RRB- .	Northern	What language form is parli ?
In nouns and adjectives , maintenance of / n / of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words .	nouns and adjectives	Where do you find medieval plurals ?
In nouns and adjectives , maintenance of / n / of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words .	/n/	What letter is lost in some words ?
E.g. homes ` men ' , joves ` youth ' .	homes	When homens loses / n / , it becomes what word ?
E.g. homes ` men ' , joves ` youth ' .	joves	The medieval jovens becomes what what word ?
In nouns and adjectives , maintenance of / n / of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words .	proparoxytone	What kind of plural words lose / n / ?
Despite its relative lexical unity , the two dialectal blocks of Catalan -LRB- Eastern and Western -RRB- show some differences in word choices .	word choices	What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in ?
Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism .	as an archaism	How can you explain differences in the language groups ?
Also , usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element .	Central Catalan	What form is innovative ?
Despite its relative lexical unity , the two dialectal blocks of Catalan -LRB- Eastern and Western -RRB- show some differences in word choices .	Eastern and Western	What are the two blocks of Catalan ?
Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism .	lexical divergence	What does an archaism explain ?
Standard Catalan , virtually accepted by all speakers , is mostly based on Eastern Catalan , which is the most widely used dialect .	Eastern Catalan	What is Standard based on ?
Standard Catalan , virtually accepted by all speakers , is mostly based on Eastern Catalan , which is the most widely used dialect .	Standard Catalan	What form is excepted by most speakers ?
Nevertheless , the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms , mostly traditional ones , which are not current in eastern Catalonia .	traditional ones	What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia ?
Other divergences include the use of ⟨ tl ⟩ -LRB- AVL -RRB- in some words instead of ⟨ tll ⟩ like in ametla/ametlla -LRB- ` almond ' -RRB- , espatla/espatlla -LRB- ` back ' -RRB- , the use of elided demonstratives -LRB- este ` this ' , eixe ` that ' -RRB- in the same level as reinforced ones -LRB- aquest , aqueix -RRB- or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian , and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too , like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in - ix - at the same level as - eix - or the priority use of - e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative -LRB- - ar verbs -RRB- : jo compre instead of jo compro -LRB- ' I buy ' -RRB- .	jo compre	What is jo compro changed to ?
Other divergences include the use of ⟨ tl ⟩ -LRB- AVL -RRB- in some words instead of ⟨ tll ⟩ like in ametla/ametlla -LRB- ` almond ' -RRB- , espatla/espatlla -LRB- ` back ' -RRB- , the use of elided demonstratives -LRB- este ` this ' , eixe ` that ' -RRB- in the same level as reinforced ones -LRB- aquest , aqueix -RRB- or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian , and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too , like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in - ix - at the same level as - eix - or the priority use of - e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative -LRB- - ar verbs -RRB- : jo compre instead of jo compro -LRB- ' I buy ' -RRB- .	many verbal forms	What common Valencian forms are used ?
Other divergences include the use of ⟨ tl ⟩ -LRB- AVL -RRB- in some words instead of ⟨ tll ⟩ like in ametla/ametlla -LRB- ` almond ' -RRB- , espatla/espatlla -LRB- ` back ' -RRB- , the use of elided demonstratives -LRB- este ` this ' , eixe ` that ' -RRB- in the same level as reinforced ones -LRB- aquest , aqueix -RRB- or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian , and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too , like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in - ix - at the same level as - eix - or the priority use of - e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative -LRB- - ar verbs -RRB- : jo compre instead of jo compro -LRB- ' I buy ' -RRB- .	verbal forms	What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan ?
In the Balearic Islands , IEC 's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands 's philological section .	the Balearic Islands	Where is IEC 's standard used ?
In the Balearic Islands , IEC 's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands 's philological section .	adapted for the Balearic dialect	How is the standard used there ?
Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative : jo compr -LRB- ' I buy ' -RRB- , jo tem -LRB- ' I fear ' -RRB- , jo dorm -LRB- ' I sleep ' -RRB- .	non-ending	What is a first person singular feature of the Balearic standard ?
In Alghero , the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect .	Alghero	Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect ?
In this standard one can find , among other features : the definite article lo instead of el , special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia -LRB- ` mine ' -RRB- , lo sou/la sua -LRB- ` his/her ' -RRB- , lo tou/la tua -LRB- ` yours ' -RRB- , and so on , the use of - v - / v / in the imperfect tense in all conjugations : cantava , creixiva , llegiva ; the use of many archaic words , usual words in Alguerese : manco instead of menys -LRB- ` less ' -RRB- , calqui u instead of algú -LRB- ` someone ' -RRB- , qual/quala instead of quin/quina -LRB- ` which ' -RRB- , and so on ; and the adaptation of weak pronouns .	lo	What definite article is found rather than el ?
In this standard one can find , among other features : the definite article lo instead of el , special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia -LRB- ` mine ' -RRB- , lo sou/la sua -LRB- ` his/her ' -RRB- , lo tou/la tua -LRB- ` yours ' -RRB- , and so on , the use of - v - / v / in the imperfect tense in all conjugations : cantava , creixiva , llegiva ; the use of many archaic words , usual words in Alguerese : manco instead of menys -LRB- ` less ' -RRB- , calqui u instead of algú -LRB- ` someone ' -RRB- , qual/quala instead of quin/quina -LRB- ` which ' -RRB- , and so on ; and the adaptation of weak pronouns .	imperfect tense	What is - v - used for ?
In Alghero , the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect .	Alguerese	What dialect employs many archaic words ?
In this standard one can find , among other features : the definite article lo instead of el , special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia -LRB- ` mine ' -RRB- , lo sou/la sua -LRB- ` his/her ' -RRB- , lo tou/la tua -LRB- ` yours ' -RRB- , and so on , the use of - v - / v / in the imperfect tense in all conjugations : cantava , creixiva , llegiva ; the use of many archaic words , usual words in Alguerese : manco instead of menys -LRB- ` less ' -RRB- , calqui u instead of algú -LRB- ` someone ' -RRB- , qual/quala instead of quin/quina -LRB- ` which ' -RRB- , and so on ; and the adaptation of weak pronouns .	weak pronouns	What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted ?
In 2011 , the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja -LRB- the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon -RRB- .	La Franja	Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon ?
In 2011 , the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja -LRB- the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon -RRB- .	2011	When did the government of Aragon degree the establishment of a language regulator ?
In 2011 , the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja -LRB- the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon -RRB- .	Catalan	What language is the regulator meant to standardize ?
In 2011 , the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja -LRB- the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon -RRB- .	La Franja	Where is the language to be regulated located ?
Valencian is classified as a Western dialect , along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia -LRB- provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona -RRB- .	Western dialect	How is Valencian classified ?
Valencian is classified as a Western dialect , along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia -LRB- provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona -RRB- .	northwestern varieties	What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia ?
Valencian is classified as a Western dialect , along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia -LRB- provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona -RRB- .	Western Catalonia	Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona ?
The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible -LRB- ranging from 90 % to 95 % -RRB-	Catalan and Valencian	What forms are mutually intelligible ?
The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible -LRB- ranging from 90 % to 95 % -RRB-	90% to 95%	What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian ?
Linguists , including Valencian scholars , deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language .	as the same language	How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian ?
Linguists , including Valencian scholars , deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language .	as the same language	How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian ?
The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community , the Valencian Academy of Language -LRB- Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua , AVL -RRB- declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties .	the Valencian Academy of Language	What is the official regulating body of Valencian ?
The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community , the Valencian Academy of Language -LRB- Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua , AVL -RRB- declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties .	Valencian Academy of Language	Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian ?
The AVL , created by the Valencian parliament , is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian , and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló -LRB- Normes de Castelló -RRB- .	Valencian parliament	Who established the AVL ?
The AVL , created by the Valencian parliament , is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian , and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló -LRB- Normes de Castelló -RRB- .	use of Valencian	Over what does the AVL make rules governing ?
The AVL , created by the Valencian parliament , is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian , and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló -LRB- Normes de Castelló -RRB- .	Norms of Castelló	What is the AVL standard based on ?
Currently , everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard , except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture -LRB- Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV -RRB- , which uses for Valencian an independent standard .	everyone who writes	Who uses this standard ?
Currently , everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard , except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture -LRB- Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV -RRB- , which uses for Valencian an independent standard .	Royal Academy of Valencian Culture	Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own ?
Despite the position of the official organizations , an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan .	different	What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan ?
Despite the position of the official organizations , an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan .	between 2001 and 2004	When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian ?
Furthermore , the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views .	younger generations	Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different ?
A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture -LRB- Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV -RRB- , which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan .	Royal Academy of Valencian Culture	Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan ?
A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture -LRB- Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV -RRB- , which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan .	A minority	How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy ?
This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy .	clash of opinions	What has produced a great deal of controversy ?
For example , during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004 , the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque , Galician , Catalan , and Valencian , but the latter two were identical .	2004	When did the EU create the European Constitution ?
For example , during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004 , the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque , Galician , Catalan , and Valencian , but the latter two were identical .	Spanish government	Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution ?
Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism .	as an archaism	As what can divergence in the groups be shown ?
Also , usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element .	as an innovative element	How does central Catalan behave with the groups ?
Despite its relative lexical unity , the two dialectal blocks of Catalan -LRB- Eastern and Western -RRB- show some differences in word choices .	Eastern and Western	What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan ?
Despite its relative lexical unity , the two dialectal blocks of Catalan -LRB- Eastern and Western -RRB- show some differences in word choices .	Catalan	What language has a lexical unity ?
Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects , except those of very restricted use .	Literary Catalan	What can use words from different dialects ?
Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects , except those of very restricted use .	restricted use	What kind of words are excepted from literary use ?
However , from the 19th century onwards , there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others , even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice .	19th century	When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin ?
However , from the 19th century onwards , there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others , even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice .	detriment of others	What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects ?
However , from the 19th century onwards , there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others , even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice .	greater freedom of choice	What kind of choice is now available in word choice ?
Like other languages , Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin .	Greek and Latin	Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words ?
This process started very early , and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull 's work .	very early	When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin ?
This process started very early , and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull 's work .	Ramon Llull	In whose work can you find examples of acquired words ?
On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages , as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella 's writings .	fourteenth and fifteenth centuries	When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages ?
On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages , as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella 's writings .	Roís de Corella	Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan ?
The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages , where agglutination is common .	agglutination	What is common in Romance languages ?
The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages , where agglutination is common .	morphological	What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages ?
Prefixes are usually appended to verbs , for as in preveure -LRB- `` foresee '' -RRB- .	Prefixes	What word additive is usually added to verbs ?
Many times , several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme , and some sound alternations can occur , for example elèctric -LSB- əˈlɛktrik -RSB- -LRB- `` electrical '' -RRB- vs. electricitat -LSB- ələktrisiˈtat -RSB- .	sound alternations	What other word changes can occur in derivations ?
Many times , several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme , and some sound alternations can occur , for example elèctric -LSB- əˈlɛktrik -RSB- -LRB- `` electrical '' -RRB- vs. electricitat -LSB- ələktrisiˈtat -RSB- .	affixes	What word supplement can be put on an already existing word base ?
Catalan has few suppletive couplets , like Italian and Spanish , and unlike French .	suppletive couplets	What kind of words does Catalan have few of ?
Catalan has few suppletive couplets , like Italian and Spanish , and unlike French .	French	What languages have more couplets than Catalan ?
Catalan has few suppletive couplets , like Italian and Spanish , and unlike French .	Italian and Spanish	What languages are similar to Catalan in numbers of couplets ?
Catalan has few suppletive couplets , like Italian and Spanish , and unlike French .	French	What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets ?
There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones , something prevalent in Occitan and French .	Occitan and French	What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives ?
Thus , one can find bullent/bullenta -LRB- `` boiling '' -RRB- in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent .	bullent/bullenta	What is ab example of a gender marked adjective ?
Thus , one can find bullent/bullenta -LRB- `` boiling '' -RRB- in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent .	bullent/bullenta	What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective ?
As in the other Western Romance languages , the main plural expression is the suffix - s , which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection , albeit more rarely .	suffix -s	What is the usual way to make a plural ?
As in the other Western Romance languages , the main plural expression is the suffix - s , which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection , albeit more rarely .	morphological alternations	What can the addition of the suffix - s produce ?
As in the other Western Romance languages , the main plural expression is the suffix - s , which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection , albeit more rarely .	gender inflection	To what are these morphological changes similar ?
The most important one is the addition of - o - before certain consonant groups , a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms : el pols/els polsos -LRB- `` the pulse '' / `` the pulses '' -RRB- vs. la pols/les pols -LRB- `` the dust '' / `` the dusts '' -RRB- .	addition of -o-	What is an important plural alternation ?
The inflection of determinatives is complex , specially because of the high number of elisions , but is similar to the neighboring languages .	complex	What does the large number of omissions make the determinatives ?
The inflection of determinatives is complex , specially because of the high number of elisions , but is similar to the neighboring languages .	inflection of determinatives	What is much like the neighboring languages ?
Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish , like dels -LRB- `` of + the -LSB- plural -RSB- '' -RRB- , but not as many as Italian -LRB- which has sul , col , nel , etc. -RRB- .	Spanish	What language does Catalan have more contractions than ?
Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish , like dels -LRB- `` of + the -LSB- plural -RSB- '' -RRB- , but not as many as Italian -LRB- which has sul , col , nel , etc. -RRB- .	Italian	Catalan has less contractions than what language ?
Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish , like dels -LRB- `` of + the -LSB- plural -RSB- '' -RRB- , but not as many as Italian -LRB- which has sul , col , nel , etc. -RRB- .	article	What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition ?
Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives -LRB- mon , etc. -RRB- in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms -LRB- el meu , etc. -RRB- , a feature shared with Italian .	unstressed possessives	What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned ?
Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives -LRB- mon , etc. -RRB- in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms -LRB- el meu , etc. -RRB- , a feature shared with Italian .	Italian	What other language shares this type of construction ?
Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives -LRB- mon , etc. -RRB- in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms -LRB- el meu , etc. -RRB- , a feature shared with Italian .	el meu	What is an example of an article + stressed forms ?
Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives -LRB- mon , etc. -RRB- in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms -LRB- el meu , etc. -RRB- , a feature shared with Italian .	mon	What is an example of an unstressed possessive ?
The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex , specially in unstressed forms , which are numerous -LRB- 13 distinct forms , compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian -RRB- .	13 distinct forms	How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan ?
The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex , specially in unstressed forms , which are numerous -LRB- 13 distinct forms , compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian -RRB- .	11	How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish ?
The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex , specially in unstressed forms , which are numerous -LRB- 13 distinct forms , compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian -RRB- .	9	What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian ?
Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns -LRB- 65 combinations -RRB- .	65	How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there ?
Catalan pronouns exhibit T -- V distinction , like all other Romance languages -LRB- and most European languages , but not Modern English -RRB- .	all other Romance languages	What is this distinction similar to ?
Catalan pronouns exhibit T -- V distinction , like all other Romance languages -LRB- and most European languages , but not Modern English -RRB- .	English	What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction ?
This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality .	formality	What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for ?
This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively , much more than French or Spanish .	French or Spanish	What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan ?
This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic , without having to use so often the passive voice -LRB- as in French or English -RRB- , or identifying the direct object with a preposition -LRB- as in Spanish -RRB- .	passive voice	What do you not need to use in Catalan ?
This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic , without having to use so often the passive voice -LRB- as in French or English -RRB- , or identifying the direct object with a preposition -LRB- as in Spanish -RRB- .	French or English	What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan ?
This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic , without having to use so often the passive voice -LRB- as in French or English -RRB- , or identifying the direct object with a preposition -LRB- as in Spanish -RRB- .	preposition	What method does Spanish use to identify the object ?
Like all the Romance languages , Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal .	more complex	What is Catalan verbal inflection ?
Suffixation is omnipresent , whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role .	Suffixation	What plays a primary part in Catalan ?
Suffixation is omnipresent , whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role .	morphological alternations	What plays a secondary part in Catalan ?
Vowel alternances are active , as well as infixation and suppletion .	active	How are vowel alternances in Catalan ?
The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance , except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar -LRB- `` to go '' -RRB- + infinitive .	Catalan verbal system	What system is common to Western Romance ?
The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance , except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar -LRB- `` to go '' -RRB- + infinitive .	synthetic indicative perfect	What have many dialects replaced ?
The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance , except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar -LRB- `` to go '' -RRB- + infinitive .	all Western Romance	What is the Catalan verbal system common to ?
Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations , with vowel themes - a - , - e - , - i - , the last two being split into two subtypes .	into three conjugations	How are Catalan verbs grouped ?
Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive -LRB- with about 3500 common verbs -RRB- , whereas the third -LRB- the subtype of servir , with about 700 common verbs -RRB- is semiproductive .	first conjugation	Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs ?
Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive -LRB- with about 3500 common verbs -RRB- , whereas the third -LRB- the subtype of servir , with about 700 common verbs -RRB- is semiproductive .	700	How many verbs are in the third conjugation ?
The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100 , and it is not possible to create new ones , except by compounding .	second	Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs ?
In Spain , every person officially has two surnames , one of which is the father 's first surname and the other is the mother 's first surname .	two	How many surnames does everyone in Spain have ?
In Spain , every person officially has two surnames , one of which is the father 's first surname and the other is the mother 's first surname .	first	Which one of one 's father 's surnames is used ?
The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i -LRB- `` and '' -RRB- .	joining both surnames	What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames ?
Estonian -LRB- eesti keel -LSB- ˈeːsti ˈkeːl -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- -RRB- is the official language of Estonia , spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities .	Estonian	What is the official language of Estonia ?
Estonian -LRB- eesti keel -LSB- ˈeːsti ˈkeːl -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- -RRB- is the official language of Estonia , spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities .	about 1.1 million	How many people in Estonia speak Estonian ?
Estonian -LRB- eesti keel -LSB- ˈeːsti ˈkeːl -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- -RRB- is the official language of Estonia , spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities .	tens of thousands	How many people in different migrant communities speak Estonian ?
It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family .	Finnic	What branch of the Uralic language family does Estonian belong to ?
It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family .	Uralic	What language family does Estonian belong to ?
Estonian -LRB- eesti keel -LSB- ˈeːsti ˈkeːl -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- -RRB- is the official language of Estonia , spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities .	Estonian	What country has Estonian as its official language ?
Estonian -LRB- eesti keel -LSB- ˈeːsti ˈkeːl -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- -RRB- is the official language of Estonia , spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities .	1.1 million	In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language
It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family .	Uralic	Of what language family is Estonian a part of ?
It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family .	Finnic	On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found ?
Estonian -LRB- eesti keel -LSB- ˈeːsti ˈkeːl -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- -RRB- is the official language of Estonia , spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities .	tens of thousands	How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia ?
One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length : short , long , and `` overlong '' , such that / sɑdɑ / , / sɑˑdɑ / and / sɑːdɑ / are distinct .	linguists	Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length ?
One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length : short , long , and `` overlong '' , such that / sɑdɑ / , / sɑˑdɑ / and / sɑːdɑ / are distinct .	short, long, and "overlong"	What are the phonemic length 's three degrees ?
In actuality , the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length , and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed .	the underlying phonological mechanism	What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction ?
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages , along with Finnish , Karelian , and other nearby languages .	Finnic	What Uralic language branch contains Estonian ?
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages , along with Finnish , Karelian , and other nearby languages .	Finnish, Karelian	What are two other languages in the Finnic branch ?
The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages .	Indo-European languages	What language group is Estonian not a part of ?
Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages .	Hungarian and to the Sami languages	What languages are related to Estonian but not closely ?
Estonian has been influenced by Swedish , German -LRB- initially Middle Low German , which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans , later Estonian was also influenced by standard German -RRB- , and Russian , though it is not related to them genetically .	Baltic Germans	Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia ?
Estonian has been influenced by Swedish , German -LRB- initially Middle Low German , which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans , later Estonian was also influenced by standard German -RRB- , and Russian , though it is not related to them genetically .	Middle Low German	Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian ?
Like Finnish and Hungarian , Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language , but unlike them , it has lost vowel harmony , the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable , although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized .	vowel	What kind of harmony has Estonian lost ?
Like Finnish and Hungarian , Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language , but unlike them , it has lost vowel harmony , the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable , although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized .	agglutinative	What language feature does Estonian , Finish and Hungarian share ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The basic word order is subject -- verb -- object .	subject–verb–object	In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language ?
The two different historical Estonian languages -LRB- sometimes considered dialects -RRB- , the North and South Estonian languages , are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians ' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves , both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars .	two	What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia ?
The two different historical Estonian languages -LRB- sometimes considered dialects -RRB- , the North and South Estonian languages , are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians ' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves , both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars .	North and South Estonian languages	What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages ?
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades , from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark , Germany , Sweden , and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia .	13th century to 1918	When did the Northern Crusades happen ?
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades , from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark , Germany , Sweden , and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia .	Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia	Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades ?
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades , from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark , Germany , Sweden , and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia .	Estonia	Following the crusades which country was dominated ?
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades , from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark , Germany , Sweden , and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia .	indigenous literacy	What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia ?
The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century .	13th century	How far back do the first written records of Estonia 's Finnic languages go ?
Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names , words and fragments of sentences .	Originates Livoniae	Where can records of Estonian place names be found ?
Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names , words and fragments of sentences .	Chronicle of Henry of Livonia	Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae ?
Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names , words and fragments of sentences .	words and fragments of sentences.	Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia ?
The book was a Lutheran manuscript , which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication .	a Lutheran manuscript	What was the first Estonian language book to be published ?
The earliest extant samples of connected -LRB- north -RRB- Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528 .	1524 and 1528	When were the Kallamaa prayers written ?
The book was a Lutheran manuscript , which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication .	destroyed	What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525 ?
The book was a Lutheran manuscript , which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication .	immediately after publication	At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed ?
The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535 , during the Protestant Reformation period .	S. Wanradt and J. Koell	What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language ?
The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535 , during the Protestant Reformation period .	1535	In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell 's book written ?
The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535 , during the Protestant Reformation period .	bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism	What type of book was it ?
An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637 .	An Estonian grammar book	What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian ?
An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637 .	1637	What year was the priests ' grammar book put into print ?
The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published .	Kristjan Jaak Peterson	Which Estonian poet 's works were printed from 1810 to 1820 ?
The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published .	patriotic and philosophical	What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on ?
His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day .	March 14	When was Peterson born ?
His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day .	Mother Tongue Day	What is another name given for Peterson 's birthday ?
Peterson , who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin , is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry .	German-language University of Dorpat	What university did Peterson attend ?
From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian , as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940 .	23,868	In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed ?
From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian , as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940 .	14,503	In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed ?
From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian , as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940 .	Estonian	In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918 ?
Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment , during the Estophile Enlightenment Period -LRB- 1750 -- 1840 -RRB- .	Age of Enlightenment	What Age 's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance ?
Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves , the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century .	Baltic Germans	Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians ?
Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves , the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century .	Estophile educated class	Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture ?
Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves , the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century .	Danes and Germans	Who conquered the ancient Estonians ?
Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves , the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century .	13th century	When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end ?
After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919 , the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country .	1919	What year did Estonia 's War of Independence take place ?
After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919 , the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country .	Estonian	After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language ?
In 1945 , 97.3 % of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language .	97.3%	What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian 's in 1945 ?
After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919 , the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country .	Estonian	What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians ?
When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II , the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages -LRB- Russian being the other one -RRB- .	invaded and occupied	What happened to Estonia during WWII ?
When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II , the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages -LRB- Russian being the other one -RRB- .	Soviet Union	Who invaded Estonia ?
When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II , the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages -LRB- Russian being the other one -RRB- .	Russian	After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language ?
As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement .	Latvia	What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia ?
In the second half of the 1970s , the pressure of bilingualism -LRB- for Estonians -RRB- intensified , resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country .	pressure of bilingualism	What became more intense in the 1970 's in Estonia ?
The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia 's independence .	collapse of the Soviet Union	What historical event once again freed Estonia ?
During the Perestroika era , The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989 .	Estonian	Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language ?
Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged .	Russian	What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia 's main languages ?
During the Perestroika era , The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989 .	The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language	What came into being in January 1989 ?
The return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70 % .	above 70%	Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia ?
The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups -- the northern and southern dialects , historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south , in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect , that of the northeastern coast of Estonia .	two	How many groups of Estonian dialects are there ?
The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups -- the northern and southern dialects , historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south , in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect , that of the northeastern coast of Estonia .	the northern and southern dialects	What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups ?
The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups -- the northern and southern dialects , historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south , in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect , that of the northeastern coast of Estonia .	Tallinn	What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated ?
The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups -- the northern and southern dialects , historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south , in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect , that of the northeastern coast of Estonia .	the northeastern coast of Estonia	Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken ?
The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups -- the northern and southern dialects , historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south , in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect , that of the northeastern coast of Estonia .	Tartu	What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken ?
The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language , the läänemurre or western dialect , roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa , the saarte murre -LRB- islands ' -RRB- dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi .	the keskmurre	What dialect is also known as the central dialect ?
The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language , the läänemurre or western dialect , roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa , the saarte murre -LRB- islands ' -RRB- dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi .	the idamurre or eastern dialect	What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi ?
The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language , the läänemurre or western dialect , roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa , the saarte murre -LRB- islands ' -RRB- dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi .	Saaremaa and Hiiumaa	What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre ?
The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language , the läänemurre or western dialect , roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa , the saarte murre -LRB- islands ' -RRB- dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi .	the läänemurre	What is another name for Estonian 's northern group 's western dialect ?
The southern group -LRB- South Estonian language -RRB- consists of the Tartu , Mulgi , Võru -LRB- Võro -RRB- and Setu -LRB- Seto -RRB- dialects .	the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects	What dialects comprise the southern group ?
Also , Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession .	their culture	More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other ?
These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language , or separate languages altogether .	separate languages altogether	Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian 's southern group what else are the Tartu , Mulgi , Võru -LRB- Võro -RRB- and Setu -LRB- Seto -RRB- dialects sometimes considered ?
Also , Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession .	Christian	What religion is associated with Seto and Võro ?
Like Finnish , Estonian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet , which adds the letters ä , ö , ü , and õ , plus the later additions š and ž .	Latin	From what script does the Estonian language get its alphabet ?
Like Finnish , Estonian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet , which adds the letters ä , ö , ü , and õ , plus the later additions š and ž .	Finnish	What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet ?
Unlike in standard German but like Finnish and Swedish -LRB- when followed by ` r ' -RRB- , Ä is pronounced -LSB- æ -RSB- , as in English mat .	[æ], as in English mat	In the Estonian language how is the letter A pronounced ?
Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles , with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme , there are some historical and morphological deviations from this : for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word -LRB- writing b , g , d in places where p , k , t is pronounced -RRB- and in the use of ` i ' and ` j' .	phonemic principles	What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography ?
Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles , with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme , there are some historical and morphological deviations from this : for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word -LRB- writing b , g , d in places where p , k , t is pronounced -RRB- and in the use of ` i ' and ` j' .	some historical and morphological deviations	What type of deviations are there from the single phoneme to each grapheme general principle ?
-LSB- clarification needed -RSB- Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž , they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts , although this is considered incorrect .	Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž	On what occasions are š and ž replaced with sh and zh ?
Otherwise , the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative , as in Pasha -LRB- pas-ha -RRB- ; this also applies to some foreign names .	Pasha (pas-ha)	What is an example of a word containing a voiceless glottal fricative ?
Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography .	Newer Orthography	In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis ?
Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography .	Eduard Ahrens	Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography ?
Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography .	19th century	In what century was the Newer Orthography created ?
The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography .	Older Orthography	Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place ?
The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography .	standard German orthography	From what other country 's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis ?
It should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration .	Russian	In Soviet international publications what language 's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from ?
Even in the Encyclopædia Britannica one can find `` ostrov Khiuma '' , where `` ostrov '' means `` island '' in Russian and `` Khiuma '' is back-transliteration from Russian instead of `` Hiiumaa '' -LRB- Hiiumaa > Хийума -LRB- а -RRB- > Khiuma -RRB- .	Encyclopædia Britannica	What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian ?
Even in the Encyclopædia Britannica one can find `` ostrov Khiuma '' , where `` ostrov '' means `` island '' in Russian and `` Khiuma '' is back-transliteration from Russian instead of `` Hiiumaa '' -LRB- Hiiumaa > Хийума -LRB- а -RRB- > Khiuma -RRB- .	"ostrov Khiuma"	What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica ?
Typologically , Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language .	transitional	What is the typological form of Estonian ?
Typologically , Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language .	an agglutinating language	What is Estonian typologically transitioning from ?
Typologically , Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language .	a fusional language	What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into ?
The canonical word order is SVO -LRB- subject -- verb -- object -RRB- .	subject–verb–object	How are words ordered in Estonian canonically ?
In Estonian , nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender , but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases : nominative , genitive , partitive , illative , inessive , elative , allative , adessive , ablative , translative , terminative , essive , abessive , and comitative , with the case and number of the adjective -LRB- s -RRB- always agreeing with that of the noun -LRB- except in the terminative , essive , abessive and comitative , where there is agreement only for the number , the adjective being in the genitive form -RRB- .	Estonian	What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns ?
In Estonian , nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender , but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases : nominative , genitive , partitive , illative , inessive , elative , allative , adessive , ablative , translative , terminative , essive , abessive , and comitative , with the case and number of the adjective -LRB- s -RRB- always agreeing with that of the noun -LRB- except in the terminative , essive , abessive and comitative , where there is agreement only for the number , the adjective being in the genitive form -RRB- .	adjectives	In the nominative , genitive , partitive , illative , inessive , elative , allative , adessive , ablative , translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and case ?
Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast , just as in Finnish .	Finnish	What other language has a telicity contrast ?
The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative -LRB- for total objects -RRB- or in the partitive -LRB- for partial objects -RRB- .	partitive	Aside from the accusative , where can the direct object of the verb be found ?
The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative -LRB- for total objects -RRB- or in the partitive -LRB- for partial objects -RRB- .	total objects	What is the accusative used for ?
The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense -LRB- the present tense serves here -RRB- and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject -LRB- the `` impersonal '' -RRB- .	verbal system	From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking ?
The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense -LRB- the present tense serves here -RRB- and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject -LRB- the `` impersonal '' -RRB- .	present tense	What is used in place of the future tense ?
The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense -LRB- the present tense serves here -RRB- and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject -LRB- the `` impersonal '' -RRB- .	special forms	What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject ?
Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins , one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English , for example .	Germanic languages	Close to 33 percent of Estonian 's vocabulary belong to what group of languages ?
This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages , mainly from Low Saxon -LRB- Middle Low German -RRB- during the period of German rule , and High German -LRB- including standard German -RRB- .	Low Saxon	What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary ?
This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages , mainly from Low Saxon -LRB- Middle Low German -RRB- during the period of German rule , and High German -LRB- including standard German -RRB- .	during the period of German rule	When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language ?
This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages , mainly from Low Saxon -LRB- Middle Low German -RRB- during the period of German rule , and High German -LRB- including standard German -RRB- .	High German	From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary ?
This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages , mainly from Low Saxon -LRB- Middle Low German -RRB- during the period of German rule , and High German -LRB- including standard German -RRB- .	High German	Standard German is part of what Germanic language ?
Often ` b ' & ` p ' are interchangeable , for example ` baggage ' becomes ` pagas ' , ` lob ' -LRB- to throw -RRB- becomes ` loopima ' .	'b' & 'p'	What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian ?
The initial letter 's ' is often dropped , for example ` skool ' becomes ` kool ' , ` stool ' becomes ` tool ' .	The initial letter 's' is often dropped	What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's ' ?
Often ` b ' & ` p ' are interchangeable , for example ` baggage ' becomes ` pagas ' , ` lob ' -LRB- to throw -RRB- becomes ` loopima ' .	pagas	In an example of replacing ` b ' with ` p ' how is ` baggage ' pronounced ?
Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein -LRB- a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s -- 90s -RRB- tried to use formation ex nihilo , Urschöpfung ; i.e. they created new words out of nothing .	Ado Grenzstein	Who was the journalist who was also a language planner ?
Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein -LRB- a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s -- 90s -RRB- tried to use formation ex nihilo , Urschöpfung ; i.e. they created new words out of nothing .	1870s–90s	In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia ?
Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein -LRB- a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s -- 90s -RRB- tried to use formation ex nihilo , Urschöpfung ; i.e. they created new words out of nothing .	formation ex nihilo	What is another term for making up words from nothing ?
Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein -LRB- a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s -- 90s -RRB- tried to use formation ex nihilo , Urschöpfung ; i.e. they created new words out of nothing .	Ado Grenzstein	Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique ?
The most famous reformer of Estonian , Johannes Aavik -LRB- 1880 -- 1973 -RRB- , used creations ex nihilo -LRB- cf. ` free constructions ' , Tauli 1977 -RRB- , along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations , compositions and loanwords -LRB- often from Finnish ; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965 : 76 -RRB- .	Johannes Aavik	Of all of Estonian 's language reformers who is the most well known ?
The most famous reformer of Estonian , Johannes Aavik -LRB- 1880 -- 1973 -RRB- , used creations ex nihilo -LRB- cf. ` free constructions ' , Tauli 1977 -RRB- , along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations , compositions and loanwords -LRB- often from Finnish ; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965 : 76 -RRB- .	1880–1973	What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive ?
The most famous reformer of Estonian , Johannes Aavik -LRB- 1880 -- 1973 -RRB- , used creations ex nihilo -LRB- cf. ` free constructions ' , Tauli 1977 -RRB- , along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations , compositions and loanwords -LRB- often from Finnish ; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965 : 76 -RRB- .	creations ex nihilo	What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing ?
In Aavik 's dictionary -LRB- 1921 -RRB- , which lists approximately 4000 words , there are many words which were -LRB- allegedly -RRB- created ex nihilo , many of which are in common use today .	Aavik’s dictionary	In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found ?
In Aavik 's dictionary -LRB- 1921 -RRB- , which lists approximately 4000 words , there are many words which were -LRB- allegedly -RRB- created ex nihilo , many of which are in common use today .	approximately 4000	How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary ?
Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek , Latin and French .	Ancient Greek, Latin and French	What languages did Aavik know ?
Consider roim ` crime ' versus English crime or taunima ` to condemn , disapprove ' versus Finnish tuomita ` to condemn , to judge ' -LRB- these Aavikisms appear in Aavik 's 1921 dictionary -RRB- .	1921	When was Aavik 's dictionary published ?
Consider roim ` crime ' versus English crime or taunima ` to condemn , disapprove ' versus Finnish tuomita ` to condemn , to judge ' -LRB- these Aavikisms appear in Aavik 's 1921 dictionary -RRB- .	Aavikisms	What is another term for words created by Aavik ?
Many of the coinages that have been considered -LRB- often by Aavik himself -RRB- as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items , for example words from Russian , German , French , Finnish , English and Swedish .	foreign lexical items	Instead of being created from nothing Aavik 's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what ?
Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood , rags or grasses , and drying them into flexible sheets .	wood	What is a source for the particles in paper ?
It is a versatile material with many uses , including writing , printing , packaging , cleaning , and a number of industrial and construction processes .	writing	What is a common use for paper ?
Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood , rags or grasses , and drying them into flexible sheets .	drying	What is the last step in paper production ?
The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD , possibly as early as the year 105 A.D. , by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun , although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China .	2nd century AD	When was the pulp papermaking process developed ?
The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD , possibly as early as the year 105 A.D. , by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun , although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China .	China	What country was the process developed in ?
The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD , possibly as early as the year 105 A.D. , by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun , although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China .	China	What country is leading in production of paper ?
The modern pulp and paper industry is global , with China leading its production and the United States right behind it .	United States	What country is the second largest produced of paper ?
The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD , possibly as early as the year 105 A.D. , by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun , although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China .	Cai Lun	Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process ?
The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun , a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch .	Cai Lun	Who is credited with the papermaking process ?
With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications , China could export silk in greater quantity , contributing to a Golden Age .	silk	What material did paper replace upon its invention ?
With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications , China could export silk in greater quantity , contributing to a Golden Age .	Golden Age	Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards ?
The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper , date to the 2nd century BC in China .	2nd	What century is the first papermaking process attributed to ?
Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century , where the first water powered paper mills were built .	13th	In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe ?
Because of paper 's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad , it was first called bagdatikos .	Baghdad	Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from ?
Because of paper 's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad , it was first called bagdatikos .	bagdatikos	What name did the process take on in Baghdad ?
In the 19th century , industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost , enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts .	19th	In which century did the process become much cheaper than before ?
In 1844 , the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres .	Charles Fenerty	Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process ?
Papyrus is a thick , paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant , which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe .	Papyrus	What Latin word is paper derived from ?
The word `` paper '' is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus , which comes from the Greek πάπυρος -LRB- papuros -RRB- , the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant .	Greek	What language is papyrus derived from ?
Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres , while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration .	maceration	What process changes the properties of the fibres used in papermaking ?
The word `` paper '' is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus , which comes from the Greek πάπυρος -LRB- papuros -RRB- , the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant .	Cyperus	What plant was used in Egypt to make papyrus ?
Papyrus is a thick , paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant , which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe .	the pith	What part of the Cyperus plant was used in making papyrus ?
To make pulp from wood , a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres .	lignin	What is separated from the cellulose fibres ?
Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers -- not to be confused with tree-free paper ; this is because they do not contain lignin , which deteriorates over time .	wood-free	What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as ?
The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper , but this consumes 5 % of the fibres ; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton , which is already 90 % cellulose .	5%	What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process ?
The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper , but this consumes 5 % of the fibres ; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton , which is already 90 % cellulose .	90%	What percentage of cotton is cellulose ?
There are three main chemical pulping processes : the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war .	three	How many chemical pulping processes are there ?
There are three main chemical pulping processes : the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war .	1840s	What decade does the sulfite process date to ?
The kraft process , invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s , is now the most commonly practiced strategy , one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin , that produces heat , which can be used to run a generator .	The kraft process	What process is most commonly used ?
Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws , bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content .	Soda pulping	What is another process used to pulp straws with high silicate content ?
There are two major mechanical pulps , the thermomechanical one -LRB- TMP -RRB- and groundwood pulp -LRB- GW -RRB- .	groundwood pulp	Besides the thermomechanical process , what is a process used in pulping ?
In the groundwood process , debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres .	debarked logs	What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process ?
Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres , thus producing weak paper .	weak	What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps ?
Recycled papers can be made from 100 % recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp , although they are -LRB- generally -RRB- not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter .	virgin	Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp ?
Besides the fibres , pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay , which improve its characteristics for printing or writing .	china clay	What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking ?
Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process ; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint .	Additives	What is added for sizing purposes ?
Besides the fibres , pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay , which improve its characteristics for printing or writing .	chalk	What besides china clay is used as a filler ?
Pressing the sheet removes the water by force ; once the water is forced from the sheet , a special kind of felt , which is not to be confused with the traditional one , is used to collect the water ; whereas when making paper by hand , a blotter sheet is used instead .	Pressing	How is the water removed by force from a sheet of paper ?
Pressing the sheet removes the water by force ; once the water is forced from the sheet , a special kind of felt , which is not to be confused with the traditional one , is used to collect the water ; whereas when making paper by hand , a blotter sheet is used instead .	felt	What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing ?
Pressing the sheet removes the water by force ; once the water is forced from the sheet , a special kind of felt , which is not to be confused with the traditional one , is used to collect the water ; whereas when making paper by hand , a blotter sheet is used instead .	blotter sheet	What is used to collect water when hand-making paper ?
Pressing the sheet removes the water by force ; once the water is forced from the sheet , a special kind of felt , which is not to be confused with the traditional one , is used to collect the water ; whereas when making paper by hand , a blotter sheet is used instead .	felt	Besides a blotter sheet , what can be used to collect water ?
Drying involves using air and/or heat to remove water from the paper sheets ; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry ; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used .	air	What is the main component of drying the paper ?
These can reach temperatures above 200 °F -LRB- 93 °C -RRB- and are used in long sequences of more than 40 cans ; where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than 6 % moisture .	6	At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end ?
Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens .	china clay	Besides calcium , coated paper has a thin layer of what ?
Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering .	calendering	What process is done to polish the surface of the paper ?
Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image .	Gloss	What is the shiniest type of coated paper ?
Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image .	Gloss	What papers give the best optical density ?
The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses , or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes .	reels	What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses ?
Sheets are usually cut `` long-grain '' , i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet .	long-grain	In what manner are sheets normally cut ?
The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses , or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes .	cut into sheets	If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process , what is done ?
All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper , i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain .	wove paper	What type of paper is produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier ?
Textured finishes , watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine .	rollers	What is used to apply watermarks and other patterns ?
All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper , i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain .	density	What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier ?
All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper , i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain .	wire mesh	What leaves a pattern on the paper that has a consistent density width and lengthwise ?
Laidlines are very close together .	Laidlines	What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit ?
Laidlines are very close together .	Laidlines	What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould ?
They run perpendicular to the `` chainlines '' , which are further apart .	chainlines	What runs perpendicular to the laidlines ?
Laidlines are very close together .	Laidlines	Which is lines are commonly higher in density , laidlines or chainlines ?
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper , which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world .	caliper	What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper ?
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper , which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world .	thousandths of an inch	In the United States , what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness ?
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper , which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world .	mm	Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit ?
Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres -LRB- 0.0028 and 0.0071 in -RRB- thick .	0.0028 and 0.0071 in	Sated in inches , what is the common range of paper thickness ?
Paper is often characterized by weight .	weight	What characteristic is paper usually classified by ?
In the United States , the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream , 500 sheets , of varying `` basic sizes '' , before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers .	a ream	In the US , the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale ?
Cover stock is generally 68 lb , and 110 lb or more is considered card stock .	card	Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock ?
In Europe , and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system , the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre -LRB- g/m2 or usually just g -RRB- of the paper .	ISO 216	What ISO sizing system does Europe use ?
Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card .	card	If paper is over 160g what is it considered as ?
The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness .	dimensions	Besides thickness , what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Europe ?
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper .	length and width	Commercial paper is commonly defined by what ?
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper .	standard paper sizes	Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner ?
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper .	length and width	Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms ?
The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper , not on a sheet 's width and length .	ISO 216	Most countries besides the US use what ISO System ?
It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system .	Germany	What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard ?
The largest standard size paper is A0 -LRB- A zero -RRB- , measuring one square meter -LRB- approx .	A0	What is the largest standard size paper ?
Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 -LRB- A3 is the size of two A4 sheets -RRB- .	A3	What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home ?
The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 -LRB- 16 lb/cu ft -RRB- for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 -LRB- 94 lb/cu ft -RRB- for some speciality paper .	tissue paper	What is the lightest density of paper produced ?
Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 -LRB- 50 lb/cu ft -RRB- .	800 kg/m3	What is the common density of printing paper ?
Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing , making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not `` run '' or spread uncontrollably .	Alum	What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced ?
Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing , making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not `` run '' or spread uncontrollably .	sizing	Early papermakers added alum to help in what process ?
Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable .	more stable	How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum ?
Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin , a major component in wood .	lignin	What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers ?
Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin , a major component in wood .	lignin	A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood ?
In the presence of light and oxygen , lignin reacts to give yellow materials , which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age .	light and oxygen	What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers ?
Furthermore , tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay , because cellulose itself produces formic , acetic , lactic and oxalic acids .	Library of Congress	Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay ?
Furthermore , tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay , because cellulose itself produces formic , acetic , lactic and oxalic acids .	oxalic	Besides formic , acetic , and lactic acid , what type of acid does cellulose produce ?
With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping , mechanical pulps is often cheaper .	twice	How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process ?
Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used , which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as `` high yield '' pulps .	Mechanical	What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books ?
Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper , made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books .	acid-free	What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers ?
Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400 % in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation , with 35 % of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture .	400%	In the last 40 years , how much has worldwide paper consumption risen ?
Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400 % in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation , with 35 % of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture .	35%	What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper ?
Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests .	plant trees	What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests ?
Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10 % of wood pulp , but is one of the most controversial issues .	10%	What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees ?
Paper waste accounts for up to 40 % of total waste produced in the United States each year , which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone .	40%	What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper ?
Paper waste accounts for up to 40 % of total waste produced in the United States each year , which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone .	71.6 million	How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year ?
Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year .	16 billion	How many paper cups are used by Americans each year ?
The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day .	31	How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day ?
Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds , including chlorinated dioxins .	bleaching	What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution ?
Over 90 % of human exposure is through food , primarily meat , dairy , fish and shellfish , as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals .	through food	How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process ?
Over 90 % of human exposure is through food , primarily meat , dairy , fish and shellfish , as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals .	fatty tissue	Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food ?
Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant , regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants .	the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants	What agency internationally regulates dioxins ?
Made out of paper , and known commercially as paperfoam , the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging , but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper .	paperfoam	What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly ?
Made out of paper , and known commercially as paperfoam , the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging , but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper .	biodegradable	What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap ?
Made out of paper , and known commercially as paperfoam , the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging , but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper .	paper	What is paperfoam primarily made of ?
Made out of paper , and known commercially as paperfoam , the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging , but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper .	recycled	How is paperfoam commonly disposed of ?
With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings -LRB- such as PFOA -RRB- and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals , there is a focus on zein -LRB- corn protein -RRB- as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags .	corn protein	What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications ?
With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings -LRB- such as PFOA -RRB- and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals , there is a focus on zein -LRB- corn protein -RRB- as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags .	corn protein	Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating ?
With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings -LRB- such as PFOA -RRB- and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals , there is a focus on zein -LRB- corn protein -RRB- as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags .	synthetic	PFOA is what type of coating ?
It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster , making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America , after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League .	1987	When was the football league established ?
It is played indoors on a 68-yard field -LRB- about half the distance of an NFL field -RRB- , resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game .	indoors	Where is football played ?
The Arena Football League -LRB- AFL -RRB- is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States .	Arena Football League	What does AFL sand for ?
It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster , making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America , after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League .	Jim Foster	Who founded The AFL ?
It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster , making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America , after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League .	1987	In what year was the AFL founded ?
The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster , a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League .	1980s	In what decade was AFL sport invented ?
It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster , making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America , after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League .	Jim Foster	Who was the founder of the Arena Football League ?
It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster , making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America , after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League .	1987	What was the inaugural year of the AFL ?
It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster , making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America , after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League .	third	Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity ?
It is played indoors on a 68-yard field -LRB- about half the distance of an NFL field -RRB- , resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game .	half	What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field ?
For its 2015 season , the league consisted of 12 teams , all from the United States ; however , upon the completion of the regular season , the league announced that the two teams it had assumed operation of during the season would cease all operations effective immediately ; a regular season game slated between the two had previously been canceled and declared a tie .	12	How many teams were there in the 2015 season ?
The AFL is divided into two conferences -- the American Conference and National Conference .	American Conference and National Conference	What are these conferences in the AFL named ?
Starting 2016 , each conference will have only four teams as the champion San Jose SaberCats announced in November 2015 that they were ceasing activity for `` reasons not associated with League operations . ''	San Jose SaberCats	Which team was the Champion in the 2015 season ?
For its 2015 season , the league consisted of 12 teams , all from the United States ; however , upon the completion of the regular season , the league announced that the two teams it had assumed operation of during the season would cease all operations effective immediately ; a regular season game slated between the two had previously been canceled and declared a tie .	12	How many teams played in the Arena Football League in the 2015 season ?
Subsequently , one of the remaining teams , the Spokane Shock , severed its ties with the league to join the competing IFL .	Spokane Shock	What team left the AFL after the 2015 season to join another league ?
Subsequently , one of the remaining teams , the Spokane Shock , severed its ties with the league to join the competing IFL .	IFL	What league did the Spokane Shock join after the 2015 season ?
The AFL is divided into two conferences -- the American Conference and National Conference .	National Conference	Along with the American Conference , what is the other conference in the AFL ?
Starting 2016 , each conference will have only four teams as the champion San Jose SaberCats announced in November 2015 that they were ceasing activity for `` reasons not associated with League operations . ''	four	As of 2016 , how many teams does each conference have ?
The 2016 regular season consists of an 18-week schedule during which each team plays 16 games and two bye weeks .	18-week	How long is the AFL regular season ?
The 2015 season started during the last week of March and ran weekly into late August .	March	In what month did the 2015 AFL season begin ?
The 2015 season started during the last week of March and ran weekly into late August .	August	What month did the 2015 AFL season end ?
At the end of the regular season , all teams from each conference -LRB- the conference winner and three wild card teams -RRB- play in the AFL playoffs , an eight-team single-elimination tournament that culminates with the championship game , known as the ArenaBowl .	ArenaBowl	What is the name of the AFL championship game ?
From 2000 to 2009 , the AFL had its own developmental league , the af2 .	af2	What was the name of the AFL development league ?
From 2000 to 2009 , the AFL had its own developmental league , the af2 .	2000	When did the AFL development league begin ?
The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008 ; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season , though the af2 did play .	1987	When was the first AFL season played ?
The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008 ; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season , though the af2 did play .	2009	What Arena Football League season was cancelled ?
The Arena Football League has its headquarters in Chicago , Illinois .	Chicago, Illinois	In what city and state is the Arena Football League based ?
Jim Foster , a promotions manager with the National Football League , conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981 .	the National Football League	Who was Jim Foster 's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League ?
Jim Foster , a promotions manager with the National Football League , conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981 .	an indoor soccer match	What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football ?
Jim Foster , a promotions manager with the National Football League , conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981 .	Madison Square Garden	Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football ?
Jim Foster , a promotions manager with the National Football League , conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981 .	1981	In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football ?
He reached an agreement with NBC for a `` test game '' .	NBC	What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game ?
Plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched .	the United States Football League	What football league began in 1982 ?
He eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz , where he returned to his concept of arena football .	Chicago Blitz	What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for ?
By 1985 , the USFL had ceased football operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football , and on April 27 , 1986 , his concept was realized when the test game was played .	1985	When did the USFL shut down ?
By 1985 , the USFL had ceased football operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football , and on April 27 , 1986 , his concept was realized when the test game was played .	April 27, 1986	On what date was the arena football test game played ?
He eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz , where he returned to his concept of arena football .	executive vice-president	What was Foster 's job title with the Chicago Blitz ?
The test game was played in Rockford , Illinois , at the Rockford MetroCentre .	Rockford, Illinois	In what city and state did the arena football test game take place ?
The test game was played in Rockford , Illinois , at the Rockford MetroCentre .	Rockford MetroCentre	At what venue did the test game occur ?
Sponsors were secured , and players and coaches from local colleges were recruited to volunteer to play for the teams , the Chicago Politicians and Rockford Metros , with the guarantee of a tryout should the league take off .	Chicago Politicians	Along with the Rockford Metros , what was the name of the other team that played in the test game ?
The second game was held on February 26 , 1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $ 20,000 , up from $ 4,000 in the test game .	February 26, 1987	On what date did the second test game take place ?
The second game was held on February 26 , 1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $ 20,000 , up from $ 4,000 in the test game .	Rosemont Horizon	The second test game was played in what arena ?
He founded the Arena Football League with four teams : the Pittsburgh Gladiators , Denver Dynamite , Washington Commandos , and Chicago Bruisers .	four	How many teams did the Arena Football League originally have ?
He founded the Arena Football League with four teams : the Pittsburgh Gladiators , Denver Dynamite , Washington Commandos , and Chicago Bruisers .	Washington Commandos	Along with the Chicago Bruisers , Denver Dynamite and Pittsburgh Gladiators , what team was one of the original AFL teams ?
Foster appointed legendary Darrel `` Mouse '' Davis , godfather of the `` run and shoot '' and modern pro offenses , as executive director of football operations .	executive director of football operations	What was the title of Darrell Davis in the AFL ?
Foster appointed legendary Darrel `` Mouse '' Davis , godfather of the `` run and shoot '' and modern pro offenses , as executive director of football operations .	Mouse	What was Darrell Davis ' nickname ?
Foster appointed legendary Darrel `` Mouse '' Davis , godfather of the `` run and shoot '' and modern pro offenses , as executive director of football operations .	Davis	Who was responsible for hiring the first coaches of the AFL teams ?
The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19 , 1987 , between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans .	June 19, 1987	On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played ?
The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19 , 1987 , between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans .	Gladiators	Along with the Commandos , who played in the first Arena Football League game ?
The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19 , 1987 , between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans .	12,117	How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game ?
The Dynamite and Bruisers played in the first-ever televised AFL game the next night , on June 20 , 1987 , at the Rosemont Horizon in suburban Chicago on ESPN with Bob Rathbun and Lee Corso calling the play .	June 20, 1987	On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television ?
The Dynamite and Bruisers played in the first-ever televised AFL game the next night , on June 20 , 1987 , at the Rosemont Horizon in suburban Chicago on ESPN with Bob Rathbun and Lee Corso calling the play .	the Rosemont Horizon	At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur ?
On September 30 , 1987 , Foster filed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to patent his invented sport .	September 30, 1987	On what date did Foster apply for a patent on arena football ?
Foster 's application was granted on March 27 , 1990 .	March 27, 1990	When did the United States Patent and Trademark Office grant Foster 's patent ?
The patent expired on September 30 , 2007 .	September 30, 2007	On what date was the expiration of Foster 's patent ?
On September 30 , 1987 , Foster filed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to patent his invented sport .	the United States Patent and Trademark Office	With whom did Foster file his patent ?
From the 1987 season until the late 1990s , the most exposure the league would receive was on ESPN , which aired tape-delayed games , often well after midnight , and often edited to match the alloted time slot .	ESPN	In 1987 , what television station sometimes showed arena football games ?
From the 1987 season until the late 1990s , the most exposure the league would receive was on ESPN , which aired tape-delayed games , often well after midnight , and often edited to match the alloted time slot .	midnight	In the early years of arena football , after what hour were games often aired ?
The league received its first taste of wide exposure in 1998 , when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as part of ABC 's old Wide World of Sports .	Arena Bowl XII	What AFL game was broadcast on ABC ?
The league received its first taste of wide exposure in 1998 , when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as part of ABC 's old Wide World of Sports .	1998	In what year did ABC broadcast an Arena Football League game ?
The league received its first taste of wide exposure in 1998 , when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as part of ABC 's old Wide World of Sports .	Wide World of Sports	On what ABC program was an AFL game shown ?
On Saturday , July 23 , 1989 , much of America learned of the AFL for an unintended reason , when the Pittsburgh Gladiators ' head coach , Joe Haering , made football history by punching commissioner Jim Foster during a game with the Chicago Bruisers .	Joe Haering	Who was the coach of the Pittsburgh Gladiators in 1989 ?
On Saturday , July 23 , 1989 , much of America learned of the AFL for an unintended reason , when the Pittsburgh Gladiators ' head coach , Joe Haering , made football history by punching commissioner Jim Foster during a game with the Chicago Bruisers .	Saturday	What day of the week was July 23 , 1989 ?
On Saturday , July 23 , 1989 , much of America learned of the AFL for an unintended reason , when the Pittsburgh Gladiators ' head coach , Joe Haering , made football history by punching commissioner Jim Foster during a game with the Chicago Bruisers .	Jim Foster	Who was the commissioner of the AFL in 1989 ?
The national media ran with the story , including a photo in USA Today .	USA Today	What paper featured a photograph of the head coach of the Gladiators punching the commissioner of the AFL ?
The game was played between the two teams in Sacramento 's Arco Arena , as part of the AFL 's ` Barnstorming America ' tour .	Arco Arena	In what arena were the Gladiators playing the Bruisers on July 23 , 1989 ?
One of the league 's early success stories was the Detroit Drive .	Detroit Drive	What team did Art Schlichter play for ?
A primary team for some of the AFL 's most highly regarded players , including George LaFrance and Gary and Alvin Rettig , as well as being a second career chance for quarterback Art Schlichter , the Drive regularly played before sold out crowds at Joe Louis Arena , and went to the ArenaBowl every year of their existence -LRB- 1988 -- 1993 -RRB- .	Joe Louis Arena	Where did the Detroit Drive play their home games ?
A primary team for some of the AFL 's most highly regarded players , including George LaFrance and Gary and Alvin Rettig , as well as being a second career chance for quarterback Art Schlichter , the Drive regularly played before sold out crowds at Joe Louis Arena , and went to the ArenaBowl every year of their existence -LRB- 1988 -- 1993 -RRB- .	1988	In what year did the Drive go to their first Arena Bowl ?
The AFL 's first dynasty came to an end when their owner , Mike Ilitch -LRB- who also owned Little Caesars Pizza and the Detroit Red Wings -RRB- bought the Detroit Tigers baseball team and sold the AFL team .	Mike Ilitch	Who owned the Detroit Drive in this period ?
The AFL 's first dynasty came to an end when their owner , Mike Ilitch -LRB- who also owned Little Caesars Pizza and the Detroit Red Wings -RRB- bought the Detroit Tigers baseball team and sold the AFL team .	Detroit Tigers	What team did the owner of the Detroit Drive buy that led him to sell the Drive ?
Although the Drive moved to Massachusetts for the 1994 season , the AFL had a number of other teams which it considered `` dynasties '' , including the Tampa Bay Storm -LRB- the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty-eight contested seasons -RRB- , their arch-rival the Orlando Predators , the now-defunct San Jose SaberCats of the present decade , and their rivals the Arizona Rattlers .	Massachusetts	Where did the Drive franchise relocate to ?
Although the Drive moved to Massachusetts for the 1994 season , the AFL had a number of other teams which it considered `` dynasties '' , including the Tampa Bay Storm -LRB- the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty-eight contested seasons -RRB- , their arch-rival the Orlando Predators , the now-defunct San Jose SaberCats of the present decade , and their rivals the Arizona Rattlers .	1994	Before what season did the Drive move to a different state ?
Although the Drive moved to Massachusetts for the 1994 season , the AFL had a number of other teams which it considered `` dynasties '' , including the Tampa Bay Storm -LRB- the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty-eight contested seasons -RRB- , their arch-rival the Orlando Predators , the now-defunct San Jose SaberCats of the present decade , and their rivals the Arizona Rattlers .	Storm	What is the name of the AFL team based in Tampa Bay ?
Although the Drive moved to Massachusetts for the 1994 season , the AFL had a number of other teams which it considered `` dynasties '' , including the Tampa Bay Storm -LRB- the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty-eight contested seasons -RRB- , their arch-rival the Orlando Predators , the now-defunct San Jose SaberCats of the present decade , and their rivals the Arizona Rattlers .	Orlando Predators	What team is cited as a rival of the Tampa Bay franchise ?
Although the Drive moved to Massachusetts for the 1994 season , the AFL had a number of other teams which it considered `` dynasties '' , including the Tampa Bay Storm -LRB- the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty-eight contested seasons -RRB- , their arch-rival the Orlando Predators , the now-defunct San Jose SaberCats of the present decade , and their rivals the Arizona Rattlers .	San Jose SaberCats	What team was the rival of the Arizona Rattlers ?
In 1993 , the league staged its first All-Star Game in Des Moines , Iowa , the future home of the long-running Iowa Barnstormers , as a fundraiser for flood victims in the area .	first All-Star Game	What notable event in the AFL first occurred in 1993 ?
In 1993 , the league staged its first All-Star Game in Des Moines , Iowa , the future home of the long-running Iowa Barnstormers , as a fundraiser for flood victims in the area .	Des Moines, Iowa	In what city and state did the 1993 All-Star Game occur ?
In 1993 , the league staged its first All-Star Game in Des Moines , Iowa , the future home of the long-running Iowa Barnstormers , as a fundraiser for flood victims in the area .	Iowa Barnstormers	What AFL team would be based in Des Moines ?
The National Conference defeated the American Conference 64 -- 40 in front of a crowd of 7,189 .	American Conference	What conference lost the first All-Star Game ?
The National Conference defeated the American Conference 64 -- 40 in front of a crowd of 7,189 .	64	How many points did the National Conference score in the first All-Star Game ?
There are a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of largely-unrelated teams under numerous management groups until they folded -LRB- an example is the New York CityHawks whose owners transferred the team from New York to Hartford to become the New England Sea Wolves after two seasons , then after another two seasons were sold and became the Toronto Phantoms , who lasted another two seasons until folding -RRB- .	New England Sea Wolves	What team did the New York CityHawks become after moving to Hartford ?
There are a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of largely-unrelated teams under numerous management groups until they folded -LRB- an example is the New York CityHawks whose owners transferred the team from New York to Hartford to become the New England Sea Wolves after two seasons , then after another two seasons were sold and became the Toronto Phantoms , who lasted another two seasons until folding -RRB- .	Toronto	What city did the Sea Wolves move to ?
There are a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of largely-unrelated teams under numerous management groups until they folded -LRB- an example is the New York CityHawks whose owners transferred the team from New York to Hartford to become the New England Sea Wolves after two seasons , then after another two seasons were sold and became the Toronto Phantoms , who lasted another two seasons until folding -RRB- .	two	How many seasons were the CityHawks in New York ?
There are a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of largely-unrelated teams under numerous management groups until they folded -LRB- an example is the New York CityHawks whose owners transferred the team from New York to Hartford to become the New England Sea Wolves after two seasons , then after another two seasons were sold and became the Toronto Phantoms , who lasted another two seasons until folding -RRB- .	two seasons	How long did the Sea Wolves stay in Hartford ?
There are a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of largely-unrelated teams under numerous management groups until they folded -LRB- an example is the New York CityHawks whose owners transferred the team from New York to Hartford to become the New England Sea Wolves after two seasons , then after another two seasons were sold and became the Toronto Phantoms , who lasted another two seasons until folding -RRB- .	two	How many seasons did the Toronto Phantoms last ?
Louis Rams quarterback Kurt Warner , who was MVP of Super Bowl XXXIV , was first noticed because he played quarterback for the AFL 's Iowa Barnstormers .	Iowa Barnstormers	What AFL team did Kurt Warner play for ?
Louis Rams quarterback Kurt Warner , who was MVP of Super Bowl XXXIV , was first noticed because he played quarterback for the AFL 's Iowa Barnstormers .	Super Bowl XXXIV	Kurt Warner was the Most Valuable Player in what Super Bowl ?
While many sports commentators and fans continued to ridicule the league , Warner 's story gave the league positive exposure , and it brought the league a new television deal with TNN , which , unlike ESPN , televised regular season games live .	TNN	What television network did the AFL sign a deal with in 2000 ?
Expansion teams included the Austin Wranglers , Carolina Cobras , Los Angeles Avengers , Chicago Rush , Detroit Fury , Dallas Desperados , Colorado Crush , New Orleans VooDoo , Philadelphia Soul , Nashville Kats , Kansas City Brigade , New York Dragons and Utah Blaze .	VooDoo	What was the name of the AFL team based in New Orleans ?
In 2003 , the season expanded to 16 games .	16	How many games made up the AFL season in 2003 ?
In 2005 , players were no longer allowed to run out of bounds .	2005	In what year did the rules first forbid players running out of bounds ?
In 2005 , players were no longer allowed to run out of bounds .	2005	In what year was the ArenaBowl first played at a neutral location ?
In 2007 , free substitution was allowed , ending the `` iron man '' era of one-platoon football .	2007	What year introduced the free substitution rule ?
And in 2008 , the `` jack '' linebacker was allowed to go sideboard to sideboard without being penalized for `` illegal defense '' .	2008	What year saw a rules change that had an impact on the role of the `` jack '' linebacker ?
After 12 years as commissioner of the AFL , David Baker retired unexpectedly on July 25 , 2008 , just two days before ArenaBowl XXII ; deputy commissioner Ed Policy was named interim commissioner until Baker 's replacement was found .	David Baker	Who was the commissioner of the Arena Football League for the first half of 2008 ?
After 12 years as commissioner of the AFL , David Baker retired unexpectedly on July 25 , 2008 , just two days before ArenaBowl XXII ; deputy commissioner Ed Policy was named interim commissioner until Baker 's replacement was found .	12	For how many years did David Baker serve as commissioner of the AFL ?
After 12 years as commissioner of the AFL , David Baker retired unexpectedly on July 25 , 2008 , just two days before ArenaBowl XXII ; deputy commissioner Ed Policy was named interim commissioner until Baker 's replacement was found .	July 25, 2008	On what date did Baker step down as commissioner of the AFL ?
After 12 years as commissioner of the AFL , David Baker retired unexpectedly on July 25 , 2008 , just two days before ArenaBowl XXII ; deputy commissioner Ed Policy was named interim commissioner until Baker 's replacement was found .	ArenaBowl XXII	What Arena Football League event occurred two days after Baker 's resignation ?
After 12 years as commissioner of the AFL , David Baker retired unexpectedly on July 25 , 2008 , just two days before ArenaBowl XXII ; deputy commissioner Ed Policy was named interim commissioner until Baker 's replacement was found .	Ed Policy	Who temporarily served in the commissioner 's post after Baker 's departure ?
In October 2008 , Tom Benson announced that the New Orleans VooDoo were ceasing operations and folding `` based on circumstances currently affecting the league and the team '' .	New Orleans VooDoo	What team shut down in October 2008 ?
In October 2008 , Tom Benson announced that the New Orleans VooDoo were ceasing operations and folding `` based on circumstances currently affecting the league and the team '' .	Tom Benson	Who made the announcement that the VooDoo were shutting down ?
Shortly thereafter , an article in Sports Business Journal announced that the AFL had a tentative agreement to sell a $ 100 million stake in the league to Platinum Equity ; in exchange , Platinum Equity would create a centralized , single-entity business model that would streamline league and team operations and allow the league to be more profitable .	Platinum Equity	What business wanted to buy a stake in the AFL ?
Shortly thereafter , an article in Sports Business Journal announced that the AFL had a tentative agreement to sell a $ 100 million stake in the league to Platinum Equity ; in exchange , Platinum Equity would create a centralized , single-entity business model that would streamline league and team operations and allow the league to be more profitable .	$100 million	How large a stake did Platinum Equity want to buy in the AFL ?
Shortly thereafter , an article in Sports Business Journal announced that the AFL had a tentative agreement to sell a $ 100 million stake in the league to Platinum Equity ; in exchange , Platinum Equity would create a centralized , single-entity business model that would streamline league and team operations and allow the league to be more profitable .	Sports Business Journal	What publication announced the Platinum Equity business deal ?
Dates were eventually announced as December 2 for the dispersal draft and December 4 for free agency , but shortly before the draft the league issued a press release announcing the draft had been postponed one day to December 3 .	December 2	On what date was the dispersal draft first scheduled to occur ?
Dates were eventually announced as December 2 for the dispersal draft and December 4 for free agency , but shortly before the draft the league issued a press release announcing the draft had been postponed one day to December 3 .	December 3	To what date was the dispersal draft first delayed ?
Shortly thereafter , another press release announced that the draft would be held on December 9 and free agency would commence on December 11 .	December 9	After the second delay , when was the dispersal draft schedule to occur ?
Dates were eventually announced as December 2 for the dispersal draft and December 4 for free agency , but shortly before the draft the league issued a press release announcing the draft had been postponed one day to December 3 .	December 4	When was free agency first scheduled to begin ?
Shortly thereafter , another press release announced that the draft would be held on December 9 and free agency would commence on December 11 .	December 11	When was free agency scheduled to begin after the delay ?
Although the Arenafootball2 league played its tenth season in 2009 , a conference call in December 2008 resulted in enough votes from owners and cooperation from the AFLPA for the AFL to suspend the entire 2009 season in order to create `` a long-term plan to improve its economic model '' .	tenth	What numbered season did Arenafootball2 in 2009 ?
Although the Arenafootball2 league played its tenth season in 2009 , a conference call in December 2008 resulted in enough votes from owners and cooperation from the AFLPA for the AFL to suspend the entire 2009 season in order to create `` a long-term plan to improve its economic model '' .	December 2008	In what month and year was it decided to suspend the 2009 Arena Football League season ?
In doing so , the AFL became the second sports league to cancel an entire season , after the National Hockey League cancelled the 2004-05 season because of a lockout .	2004-05	What National Hockey League season was cancelled ?
In doing so , the AFL became the second sports league to cancel an entire season , after the National Hockey League cancelled the 2004-05 season because of a lockout .	a lockout	What led the National Hockey League to cancel the 2004-2005 season ?
Efforts to reformat the league 's business model were placed under the leadership of Columbus Destroyers owner Jim Renacci and interim commissioner Policy .	Jim Renacci	Who owned the Columbus Destroyers in 2008 ?
High hopes for the AFL waned when interim commissioner Ed Policy announced his resignation , citing the obsolescence of his position in the reformatted league .	interim commissioner	What was the job title of Ed Policy ?
Two weeks later , the Los Angeles Avengers announced that they were formally folding the franchise .	Los Angeles Avengers	After Ed Policy resigned , what franchise closed ?
Two weeks later , the Los Angeles Avengers announced that they were formally folding the franchise .	Two	How many weeks after Policy 's resignation did the Avengers fold ?
One month later , the league missed the deadline to formally ratify the new collective bargaining agreement and announced that it was eliminating health insurance for the players .	One month	How long after the shuttering of the Avengers did the league fail to ratify the new collective bargaining agreement ?
High hopes for the AFL waned when interim commissioner Ed Policy announced his resignation , citing the obsolescence of his position in the reformatted league .	the obsolescence of his position in the reformatted league	What reason did Policy give for his resignation ?
On July 20 , 2009 , Sports Business Journal reported that the AFL owed approximately $ 14 million to its creditors and were considering filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection .	July 20, 2009	On what date was it reported that the AFL was considering bankruptcy ?
On July 20 , 2009 , Sports Business Journal reported that the AFL owed approximately $ 14 million to its creditors and were considering filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection .	Sports Business Journal	What publication reported that the Arena Football League was thinking about filing bankruptcy ?
On July 20 , 2009 , Sports Business Journal reported that the AFL owed approximately $ 14 million to its creditors and were considering filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection .	$14 million	How much debt was the AFL reported to have as of July 20 , 2009 ?
On July 20 , 2009 , Sports Business Journal reported that the AFL owed approximately $ 14 million to its creditors and were considering filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection .	Chapter 11	What type of bankruptcy was the league reportedly thinking about filing in July 2009 ?
The league released a statement on August 4 to the effect that while the league was not folding , it was suspending league operations indefinitely .	August 4	On what date did the AFL announce that it was not shutting down ?
With its 50.1 percent ownership of af2 , the AFL 's bankruptcy and dissolution prompted the dissolution of af2 as well .	50.1	What percent of af2 was owned by the AFL ?
That league was formally considered disbanded on September 8 , 2009 , when no owner committed his or her team to the league 's eleventh season by that deadline .	September 8, 2009	On what date was af2 regarded as disbanded ?
For legal reasons , af2 league officials and owners agreed to form a new legal entity , Arena Football 1 -LRB- AF1 -RRB- , with former AFL teams the Arizona Rattlers and Orlando Predators joining the former af2 .	Arena Football 1	What legal entity was created by af2 league owners ?
For legal reasons , af2 league officials and owners agreed to form a new legal entity , Arena Football 1 -LRB- AF1 -RRB- , with former AFL teams the Arizona Rattlers and Orlando Predators joining the former af2 .	Arizona Rattlers	Along with the Orlando Predators , what former Arena Football League team joined af2 ?
Following the suspension of the AFL 's 2009 season , league officials and owners of af2 -LRB- which had played its season as scheduled -RRB- began discussing the future of arena football and the two leagues .	2009	What Arena Football League season was suspended ?
The lone exception was that of the Dallas Desperados ; Desperados owner Jerry Jones had purposely designed the Desperados ' properties around those of the Dallas Cowboys , making the two inseparable .	Jerry Jones	Who owned the Dallas Desperados ?
On November 11 , 2009 , the new league announced its intention to purchase the entire assets of the former AFL ; the assets included the team names and logos of all but one of the former AFL and af2 teams .	November 11, 2009	When was an auction announced for the Arena Football League 's assets ?
The auction occurred on November 25 , 2009 .	November 25, 2009	When did the auction for the Arena Football League 's assets take place ?
The assets were awarded to Arena Football 1 on December 7 , 2009 , with a winning bid of $ 6.1 million .	Arena Football 1	Who won the auction for the AFL 's assets ?
The assets were awarded to Arena Football 1 on December 7 , 2009 , with a winning bid of $ 6.1 million .	$6.1 million	What was the purchase price for the Arena Football League 's assets ?
On February 17 , 2010 , AF1 announced it would use the `` Arena Football League '' name .	February 17, 2010	On what date did AF1 announce that it would be called the Arena Football League ?
The league announced plans for the upcoming season and details of its contract with NFL Network to broadcast AFL games in 2010 .	NFL Network	What television network was contracted to show Arena Football League games in 2010 ?
In addition to the historical teams , the league added two new expansion franchises , the Dallas Vigilantes and the Jacksonville Sharks .	two	How many expansion teams were announced in 2010 ?
In addition to the historical teams , the league added two new expansion franchises , the Dallas Vigilantes and the Jacksonville Sharks .	Jacksonville Sharks	Along with the Dallas Vigilantes , what expansion team was announced in 2010 ?
For the 2011 season , the Philadelphia Soul , Kansas City Brigade , San Jose SaberCats , New Orleans VooDoo , and the Georgia Force returned to the AFL after having last played in 2008 .	San Jose SaberCats	Along with the New Orleans VooDoo , Kansas City Brigade , Philadelphia Soul and Georgia Force , what former team returned for the 2011 season ?
However , the Grand Rapids Rampage , Colorado Crush , Columbus Destroyers , Los Angeles Avengers , and the New York Dragons did not return .	New York Dragons	Along with the Grand Rapids Rampage , Colorado Crush , Columbus Destroyers and Los Angeles Avengers , what team did not return for the 2011 season ?
The league added one expansion team , the Pittsburgh Power .	Pittsburgh Power	What expansion team joined the league in 2011 ?
Former Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Lynn Swann was one of the team 's owners .	Pittsburgh Steelers	For what NFL team did Lynn Swann play ?
It was the first time the AFL returned to Pittsburgh since the Pittsburgh Gladiators were an original franchise in 1987 before becoming the Tampa Bay Storm .	Pittsburgh Gladiators	What was the former name of the Tampa Bay Storm ?
In 2012 , the AFL celebrated its silver anniversary for its 25th season of operations .	25th	What anniversary did the Arena Football League celebrate in 2012 ?
The season kicked off on March 9 , 2012 .	March 9, 2012	What was the first day of the 2015 AFL season ?
The Tulsa Talons moved to San Antonio , Texas and Jeffrey Vinik became owner of the Tampa Bay Storm .	San Antonio	To what city did the Tulsa Talons relocate ?
The Tulsa Talons moved to San Antonio , Texas and Jeffrey Vinik became owner of the Tampa Bay Storm .	Jeffrey Vinik	Who bought the Tampa Bay Storm in 2012 ?
Like the National Football League , the AFL postponed the free agency period to October 31 due to Hurricane Sandy .	Hurricane Sandy	What event resulted in the postponement of the AFL free agency period ?
It was announced on December 12 , 2012 , that the AFL reached a partnership agreement with NET10 Wireless to be the first non-motorsports-related professional sports league in the United States to have a title sponsor , renaming it the NET10 Wireless Arena Football League .	December 12, 2012	On what date did the AFL announce its title sponsorship deal ?
It was announced on December 12 , 2012 , that the AFL reached a partnership agreement with NET10 Wireless to be the first non-motorsports-related professional sports league in the United States to have a title sponsor , renaming it the NET10 Wireless Arena Football League .	NET10 Wireless	What business was the title sponsor of the AFL ?
It was announced on December 12 , 2012 , that the AFL reached a partnership agreement with NET10 Wireless to be the first non-motorsports-related professional sports league in the United States to have a title sponsor , renaming it the NET10 Wireless Arena Football League .	NET10 Wireless Arena Football League	What was the league renamed after the title sponsorship deal ?
The title sponsorship agreement ended in 2014 after a two-year partnership .	2014	When did the AFL title sponsorship deal come to an end ?
In 2013 , the league expanded with the addition of two new franchises to play in 2014 , the Los Angeles Kiss -LRB- owned by Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley of the legendary rock band Kiss -RRB- and the Portland Thunder .	Kiss	What was the name of the Los Angeles-based team added in 2013 ?
In 2013 , the league expanded with the addition of two new franchises to play in 2014 , the Los Angeles Kiss -LRB- owned by Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley of the legendary rock band Kiss -RRB- and the Portland Thunder .	Gene Simmons	Along with Paul Stanley , who owned the Los Angeles Kiss ?
In 2013 , the league expanded with the addition of two new franchises to play in 2014 , the Los Angeles Kiss -LRB- owned by Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley of the legendary rock band Kiss -RRB- and the Portland Thunder .	Portland Thunder	Other than the Los Angeles Kiss , what expansion team entered in the league in 2013 ?
In 2013 , the league expanded with the addition of two new franchises to play in 2014 , the Los Angeles Kiss -LRB- owned by Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley of the legendary rock band Kiss -RRB- and the Portland Thunder .	Kiss	Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons are members of what musical group ?
In 2014 , the league announced the granting of a new franchise to former Mötley Crüe frontman Vince Neil , previously part-owner of the Jacksonville Sharks .	Mötley Crüe	What band was Vince Neil a part of ?
That franchise , the Las Vegas Outlaws , were originally to play in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in 2015 , but instead played their home games at the Thomas & Mack Center , previous home to the Las Vegas Sting and Las Vegas Gladiators .	Outlaws	What was the name of the Las Vegas team owned by Vince Neil ?
That franchise , the Las Vegas Outlaws , were originally to play in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in 2015 , but instead played their home games at the Thomas & Mack Center , previous home to the Las Vegas Sting and Las Vegas Gladiators .	MGM Grand Garden Arena	What was the original intended home field of the Las Vegas Outlaws ?
That franchise , the Las Vegas Outlaws , were originally to play in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in 2015 , but instead played their home games at the Thomas & Mack Center , previous home to the Las Vegas Sting and Las Vegas Gladiators .	the Thomas & Mack Center	Where did the Outlaws play their home games ?
That franchise , the Las Vegas Outlaws , were originally to play in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in 2015 , but instead played their home games at the Thomas & Mack Center , previous home to the Las Vegas Sting and Las Vegas Gladiators .	Las Vegas Sting	Along with the Las Vegas Gladiators , what prior AFL team played its home games at the Thomas & Mack Center ?
Jerry Kurz also stepped down as commissioner of the AFL as he was promoted to be the AFL 's first president .	Jerry Kurz	Who was the first president of the AFL ?
Jerry Kurz also stepped down as commissioner of the AFL as he was promoted to be the AFL 's first president .	commissioner	What was Jerry Kurz 's job title prior to being president of the AFL ?
Former Foxwoods CEO Scott Butera was hired as his successor as commissioner .	Scott Butera	Who became commissioner of the AFL after Jerry Kurz ?
Former Foxwoods CEO Scott Butera was hired as his successor as commissioner .	Foxwoods	Where did Scott Butera work prior to becoming AFL commissioner ?
Former Foxwoods CEO Scott Butera was hired as his successor as commissioner .	CEO	What was Scott Butera 's job title prior to becoming AFL commissioner ?
On August 9 , 2015 , ESPN reported that the New Orleans VooDoo and Las Vegas Outlaws had ceased operations , effective immediately , a claim which was subsequently validated on the AFL website .	August 9, 2015	On what date was it reported that the Las Vegas Outlaws were shutting down ?
On August 9 , 2015 , ESPN reported that the New Orleans VooDoo and Las Vegas Outlaws had ceased operations , effective immediately , a claim which was subsequently validated on the AFL website .	ESPN	Who first reported the closure of the New Orleans VooDoo ?
On September 1 , 2015 , the Spokane Shock officially left the AFL and joined the IFL under the new name Spokane Empire , becoming the fifth active AFL/af2 franchise to leave for the IFL since bankruptcy -LRB- Iowa Barnstormers , Tri-Cities Fever , Green Bay Blizzard and Arkansas Twisters -- now the Texas Revolution -- left previously -RRB- .	September 1, 2015	On what date did the Spokane Shock leave the AFL ?
On September 1 , 2015 , the Spokane Shock officially left the AFL and joined the IFL under the new name Spokane Empire , becoming the fifth active AFL/af2 franchise to leave for the IFL since bankruptcy -LRB- Iowa Barnstormers , Tri-Cities Fever , Green Bay Blizzard and Arkansas Twisters -- now the Texas Revolution -- left previously -RRB- .	IFL	What rival league did the Spokane Shock join ?
On September 1 , 2015 , the Spokane Shock officially left the AFL and joined the IFL under the new name Spokane Empire , becoming the fifth active AFL/af2 franchise to leave for the IFL since bankruptcy -LRB- Iowa Barnstormers , Tri-Cities Fever , Green Bay Blizzard and Arkansas Twisters -- now the Texas Revolution -- left previously -RRB- .	Spokane Empire	What was the name of the Spokane Shock after they joined the IFL ?
An expected `` big announcement '' on Friday , October 30 at a San Antonio Spurs game never came to fruition .	Friday	What day of the week was October 30 , 2015 ?
An expected `` big announcement '' on Friday , October 30 at a San Antonio Spurs game never came to fruition .	San Antonio Spurs	At what team 's game was an announcement by the AFL supposed to happen on October 30 ?
Both cities have hosted franchises in the past -LRB- Austin Wranglers , San Antonio Force and San Antonio Talons -RRB- , but an AFL spokesman , BJ Pickard , was quoted as saying , `` News to me . ''	BJ Pickard	Who worked as an AFL spokesman during this period ?
Both cities have hosted franchises in the past -LRB- Austin Wranglers , San Antonio Force and San Antonio Talons -RRB- , but an AFL spokesman , BJ Pickard , was quoted as saying , `` News to me . ''	Austin Wranglers	What prior AFL franchise was based in Austin ?
Both cities have hosted franchises in the past -LRB- Austin Wranglers , San Antonio Force and San Antonio Talons -RRB- , but an AFL spokesman , BJ Pickard , was quoted as saying , `` News to me . ''	San Antonio Force	Along with the San Antonio Talons , what AFL franchise did San Antonio host at one time ?
On November 12 , the league announced the defending champion San Jose SaberCats would be ceasing operations due to `` reasons unrelated to League operations '' .	San Jose SaberCats	Who were the defending champions of the Arena Football League ?
On November 12 , the league announced the defending champion San Jose SaberCats would be ceasing operations due to `` reasons unrelated to League operations '' .	November 12	When was it announced that the SaberCats would be shutting down ?
On November 12 , the league announced the defending champion San Jose SaberCats would be ceasing operations due to `` reasons unrelated to League operations '' .	reasons unrelated to League operations	What was the reason given for the closing of the SaberCats ?
This leaves the AFL with eight teams for 2016 .	eight	How many AFL teams are operating as of 2016 ?
On January 6 , 2016 , the league took over `` ownership and operational control '' of the Portland Thunder from its previous owners .	January 6, 2016	On what date did the AFL take control of one of its teams ?
On January 6 , 2016 , the league took over `` ownership and operational control '' of the Portland Thunder from its previous owners .	Portland Thunder	What team did the league take control of ?
On February 3 , 2016 , it was announced that the franchise will start from scratch and no longer be called the `` Thunder '' as the name and trademarks belong to former franchise owner Terry Emmert -LRB- similar to the Jerry Jones move with the Desperados -RRB- .	Terry Emmert	Who owned the trademark to the Portland Thunder ?
On February 3 , 2016 , it was announced that the franchise will start from scratch and no longer be called the `` Thunder '' as the name and trademarks belong to former franchise owner Terry Emmert -LRB- similar to the Jerry Jones move with the Desperados -RRB- .	Jerry Jones	Who owned the Desperados trademarks ?
AFL commissioner Scott Butera announced that a new identity will be announced at a later date .	Scott Butera	Who is commissioner of the Arena Football League ?
The league 's 2016 schedule , announced on the league 's website on December 10 , 2015 , shows an eight-team league playing a 16-game regular season over 18 weeks , with two bye weeks for each team , one on a rotational basis and the other a `` universal bye '' for all teams during the Independence Day weekend , the first weekend in July .	December 10, 2015	On what date did the league announce its schedule for 2016 ?
The league 's 2016 schedule , announced on the league 's website on December 10 , 2015 , shows an eight-team league playing a 16-game regular season over 18 weeks , with two bye weeks for each team , one on a rotational basis and the other a `` universal bye '' for all teams during the Independence Day weekend , the first weekend in July .	18	How many weeks will the 2016 regular season last ?
The league 's 2016 schedule , announced on the league 's website on December 10 , 2015 , shows an eight-team league playing a 16-game regular season over 18 weeks , with two bye weeks for each team , one on a rotational basis and the other a `` universal bye '' for all teams during the Independence Day weekend , the first weekend in July .	Independence Day	On the weekend of what holiday will all teams have a bye ?
The AFL then switched to a neutral-site championship , with ArenaBowls XIX and XX in Las Vegas .	Las Vegas	Where did ArenaBowl XX take place ?
New Orleans Arena , home of the New Orleans VooDoo , served as the site of ArenaBowl XXI on July 29 , 2007 .	New Orleans Arena	What arena was ArenaBowl XXI played in ?
New Orleans Arena , home of the New Orleans VooDoo , served as the site of ArenaBowl XXI on July 29 , 2007 .	July 29, 2007	On what date was ArenaBowl XXI played ?
This was the first professional sports championship to be staged in the city since Hurricane Katrina struck in August 2005 .	August 2005	In what month and year did Hurricane Katrina occur ?
The San Jose SaberCats earned their third championship in six years by defeating the Columbus Destroyers 55 -- 33 .	San Jose SaberCats	What team won ArenaBowl XXI ?
The practice of playing one or two preseason exhibition games by each team before the start of the regular season was discontinued when the NBC contract was initiated , and the regular season was extended from 14 games , the length that it had been since 1996 , to 16 from 2001 to 2010 , and since 2016 .	NBC	A contract with what television network led to the discontinuation of exhibition games in the preseason ?
The practice of playing one or two preseason exhibition games by each team before the start of the regular season was discontinued when the NBC contract was initiated , and the regular season was extended from 14 games , the length that it had been since 1996 , to 16 from 2001 to 2010 , and since 2016 .	14	How many games was the regular season in 1996 ?
The practice of playing one or two preseason exhibition games by each team before the start of the regular season was discontinued when the NBC contract was initiated , and the regular season was extended from 14 games , the length that it had been since 1996 , to 16 from 2001 to 2010 , and since 2016 .	16	How many games were played in the 2001 regular season ?
From 2011 to 2015 , the regular season league expanded to 18 games , with each team having two bye weeks and the option of two preseason games .	18	How many games long was the 2011 regular season ?
The practice of playing one or two preseason exhibition games by each team before the start of the regular season was discontinued when the NBC contract was initiated , and the regular season was extended from 14 games , the length that it had been since 1996 , to 16 from 2001 to 2010 , and since 2016 .	16	How many games will each team play in the 2016 regular season ?
In August 2012 , the AFL announced a new project into China , known as the China American Football League .	the China American Football League	What league did the AFL found in China ?
In August 2012 , the AFL announced a new project into China , known as the China American Football League .	August 2012	When was the AFL 's China project announced ?
The CAFL project is headed up by ESPN NFL analyst and Philadelphia Soul majority owner president Ron Jaworski .	Ron Jaworski	Who is leading the China American Football League ?
The CAFL project is headed up by ESPN NFL analyst and Philadelphia Soul majority owner president Ron Jaworski .	ESPN	What television network does Ron Jaworski work for ?
The CAFL project is headed up by ESPN NFL analyst and Philadelphia Soul majority owner president Ron Jaworski .	Philadelphia Soul	What team is Ron Jaworski the majority owner of ?
AFL Global and Ganlan Media were created in 2012 by businessman Martin E. Judge , founder and owner of the Judge Group .	Martin E. Judge	Who created Ganlan Media ?
AFL Global and Ganlan Media were created in 2012 by businessman Martin E. Judge , founder and owner of the Judge Group .	the Judge Group	What company is Martin Judge the founder of ?
AFL Global and Ganlan Media were created in 2012 by businessman Martin E. Judge , founder and owner of the Judge Group .	2012	In what year was AFL Global created ?
After their successful trip to China to help promote the game , they formally announced plans to further develop AFL China by the fall of 2014 by starting a comprehensive training program in May 2013 with exhibition games planned for the cities of Beijing and Guangzhou in October .	October	In what month was an exhibition game planned for Guangzhou ?
Martin E. Judge , partner Ron Jaworski , CAFL CEO Gary Morris and president David Niu .	Gary Morris	Who is the Chief Executive Officer of the China American Football League ?
The 2014 scheduled beginning proved to be too ambitious for the group ; its official website now cites an anticipated beginning of professional play in 2016 and shows photos from a six-team collegiate tournament staged in early November , 2015	2016	When does the CAFL plan on start its first season ?
The 2014 scheduled beginning proved to be too ambitious for the group ; its official website now cites an anticipated beginning of professional play in 2016 and shows photos from a six-team collegiate tournament staged in early November , 2015	2014	When was the abortive first CAFL season supposed to have taken place ?
The 2014 scheduled beginning proved to be too ambitious for the group ; its official website now cites an anticipated beginning of professional play in 2016 and shows photos from a six-team collegiate tournament staged in early November , 2015	November	In what month did the CAFL tournament occur ?
In conjunction with this , the league moved the beginning of the season from May to February -LRB- the week after the NFL 's Super Bowl -RRB- and scheduled most of its games on Sunday instead of Friday or Saturday as it had in the past .	May	In what month did the AFL season originally begin ?
In conjunction with this , the league moved the beginning of the season from May to February -LRB- the week after the NFL 's Super Bowl -RRB- and scheduled most of its games on Sunday instead of Friday or Saturday as it had in the past .	February	After the TV deal , when was the start of the AFL season moved to ?
In conjunction with this , the league moved the beginning of the season from May to February -LRB- the week after the NFL 's Super Bowl -RRB- and scheduled most of its games on Sunday instead of Friday or Saturday as it had in the past .	Friday or Saturday	What days were AFL games traditionally played on before the TV deal ?
In conjunction with this , the league moved the beginning of the season from May to February -LRB- the week after the NFL 's Super Bowl -RRB- and scheduled most of its games on Sunday instead of Friday or Saturday as it had in the past .	Sunday	When were most of the AFL 's games played after the TV deal ?
NBC and the Arena Football League officially severed ties on June 30 , 2006 , having failed to reach a new broadcast deal .	June 30, 2006	On what date did the business relationship between the AFL and NBC end ?
On December 19 , 2006 , ESPN announced the purchase of a minority stake in the AFL .	December 19, 2006	On what date did ESPN buy a minority share of the AFL ?
ESPN would televise a minimum of 17 regular season games , most on Monday nights , and nine playoff games , including ArenaBowl XXI on ABC .	17	At minimum , how many regular season games did the AFL agree to broadcast ?
ESPN would televise a minimum of 17 regular season games , most on Monday nights , and nine playoff games , including ArenaBowl XXI on ABC .	Monday	On what day would most of the games televised on the ESPN networks be played ?
ESPN would televise a minimum of 17 regular season games , most on Monday nights , and nine playoff games , including ArenaBowl XXI on ABC .	ABC	What network broadcast ArenaBowl XXI ?
ESPN would televise a minimum of 17 regular season games , most on Monday nights , and nine playoff games , including ArenaBowl XXI on ABC .	nine	Under the deal , how many AFL playoff games did ESPN broadcast each year ?
In some areas , such as with the Arizona Rattlers , Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games .	Fox Sports	Affiliates of what network broadcast Arizona Rattlers games ?
The AFL also had a regional-cable deal with FSN , where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games .	FSN	What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with ?
After its return in 2010 , the AFL had its national television deal with the NFL Network for a weekly Friday night game .	2010	After a hiatus , in what year did the AFL begin operations again ?
After its return in 2010 , the AFL had its national television deal with the NFL Network for a weekly Friday night game .	NFL Network	What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010 ?
After its return in 2010 , the AFL had its national television deal with the NFL Network for a weekly Friday night game .	Friday	On what day would AFL games be shown on NFL Network ?
All AFL games not on the NFL Network could be seen for free online , provided by Ustream .	Ustream	What streaming service broadcast AFL games that were not on NFL Network ?
All AFL games not on the NFL Network could be seen for free online , provided by Ustream .	free	What was the cost to watch AFL games on Ustream ?
The NFL Network ceased airing Arena Football League games partway through the 2012 season as a result of ongoing labor problems within the league .	2012	In what year did AFL games temporarily cease to be broadcast on NFL Network ?
The NFL Network ceased airing Arena Football League games partway through the 2012 season as a result of ongoing labor problems within the league .	ongoing labor problems	Why did the temporary cessation of game broadcasts occur ?
Once the labor issues were resolved , the NFL Network resumed the practice of broadcasting a live Friday night game .	the labor issues were resolved	Why did the NFL Network begin to broadcast games again ?
Once the labor issues were resolved , the NFL Network resumed the practice of broadcasting a live Friday night game .	Friday	On what day was an AFL game broadcast live on NFL Network ?
Once the labor issues were resolved , the NFL Network resumed the practice of broadcasting a live Friday night game .	night	At what time of day was an AFL game shown on Fridays on NFL Network ?
For the 2013 season , the league 's new national broadcast partner was the CBS Sports Network .	CBS Sports Network	Who was the AFL 's 2013 national broadcast partner ?
CBSSN would air 19 regular season games and two playoff games .	19	How many regular season games were shown by CBS Sports Network in 2013 ?
CBSSN would air 19 regular season games and two playoff games .	two	How many 2013 playoff games did CBSSN broadcast ?
For the 2013 season , the league 's new national broadcast partner was the CBS Sports Network .	CBS	On what channel was the 2013 ArenaBowl broadcast ?
Regular season CBSSN broadcast games are usually on Saturday nights .	Saturday	In 2013 , on what day were Arena Football League games usually broadcast on CBS Sports Network ?
Starting in 2014 , ESPN returned to the AFL as broadcast partners , with weekly games being shown on CBS Sports Network , ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNEWS along with all games being broadcast on ESPN3 for free live on WatchESPN .	ESPN	Who was the Arena Football League 's 2014 broadcast partner ?
Starting in 2014 , ESPN returned to the AFL as broadcast partners , with weekly games being shown on CBS Sports Network , ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNEWS along with all games being broadcast on ESPN3 for free live on WatchESPN .	WatchESPN	What app were Arena Football League games broadcast on in 2014 ?
Starting in 2014 , ESPN returned to the AFL as broadcast partners , with weekly games being shown on CBS Sports Network , ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNEWS along with all games being broadcast on ESPN3 for free live on WatchESPN .	CBS Sports Network	Along with the ESPN networks , on what network were 2014 AFL games broadcast ?
Starting in 2014 , ESPN returned to the AFL as broadcast partners , with weekly games being shown on CBS Sports Network , ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNEWS along with all games being broadcast on ESPN3 for free live on WatchESPN .	ESPN	On what channel could one watch ArenaBowl XXVII live ?
The first video game based on the AFL was Arena Football for the C-64 released in 1988 .	Arena Football	What was the first Arena Football League video game ?
The first video game based on the AFL was Arena Football for the C-64 released in 1988 .	the C-64	For what system was the first Arena Football League video game released ?
The first video game based on the AFL was Arena Football for the C-64 released in 1988 .	1988	In what year was the first Arena Football League video game released ?
On May 18 , 2000 , Kurt Warner 's Arena Football Unleashed was released by Midway Games for the PlayStation game console .	May 18, 2000	On what date was Kurt Warner 's Arena Football Unleashed released ?
On May 18 , 2000 , Kurt Warner 's Arena Football Unleashed was released by Midway Games for the PlayStation game console .	Midway Games	Who made Kurt Warner 's Arena Football Unleashed ?
In 2001 , Jeff Foley published War on the Floor : An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It .	Jeff Foley	Who wrote War on the Floor : An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It ?
In 2001 , Jeff Foley published War on the Floor : An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It .	2001	In what year was War on the Floor released ?
The book details a journalist 's two preseasons -LRB- 1999 and 2000 -RRB- as an offensive specialist/writer with the now-defunct Albany Firebirds .	Albany Firebirds	What team did Jeff Foley play for ?
The 5-foot-6 -LRB- 170 cm -RRB- , self-described `` unathletic writer '' played in three preseason games and had one catch for − 2 yards .	three	How many games did Jeff Foley play in ?
The book details a journalist 's two preseasons -LRB- 1999 and 2000 -RRB- as an offensive specialist/writer with the now-defunct Albany Firebirds .	2000	Along with 1999 , in what preseason did Foley play for the Firebirds ?
The single-entity model was adopted in 2010 when the league emerged from bankruptcy .	2010	In what year did the AFL begin operating under the single-entity model ?
The AFL currently runs as under the single-entity model , with the league owning the rights to the teams , players , and coaches .	the league	Who owns the rights to the players under the single-entity model ?
Prior to that , the league followed the franchise model more common in North American professional sports leagues ; each team essentially operated as its own business and the league itself was a separate entity which in exchange for franchise fees paid by the team owners provided rules , officials , scheduling and the other elements of organizational structure .	franchise model	What model of ownership is commonly used in American professional sports ?
Average attendance for AFL games were around 10,000 -- 11,000 per game in the 1990s , though during the recession connected to the dot-com bubble and the September 11 , 2001 attacks average attendance dropped below 10,000 for several years .	10,000–11,000	What was the normal per game attendance of AFL games in the 1990s ?
Average attendance for AFL games were around 10,000 -- 11,000 per game in the 1990s , though during the recession connected to the dot-com bubble and the September 11 , 2001 attacks average attendance dropped below 10,000 for several years .	the September 11, 2001 attacks	Along with the recession , what event is held to have decreased per-game attendance below 10,000 ?
From the start of the 2004 season until the final season of the original league in 2008 , average attendance was above 12,000 , with 12,392 in 2007 .	12,392	What was the average per-game attendance in 2007 ?
In 2008 , the overall attendance average increased to 12,957 , with eight teams exceeding 13,000 per game .	12,957	In 2008 , what was the average attendance for an AFL game ?
In 2008 , the overall attendance average increased to 12,957 , with eight teams exceeding 13,000 per game .	eight	During the 2008 season , how many teams averaged more than 13,000 spectators per game ?
In 2010 , the first year of the reconstituted league following bankruptcy , the overall attendance average decreased to 8,135 , with only one team -LRB- Tampa Bay -RRB- exceeding 13,000 per game .	8,135	What was the AFL 's average per-game attendance in 2010 ?
In 2010 , the first year of the reconstituted league following bankruptcy , the overall attendance average decreased to 8,135 , with only one team -LRB- Tampa Bay -RRB- exceeding 13,000 per game .	one	In the 2010 season , how many teams drew an average of more than 13,000 fans per game ?
In 2010 , the first year of the reconstituted league following bankruptcy , the overall attendance average decreased to 8,135 , with only one team -LRB- Tampa Bay -RRB- exceeding 13,000 per game .	Tampa Bay	What team drew more than 13,000 fans per game in 2010 ?
Adult contemporary music -LRB- AC -RRB- is a style of music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence .	easy listening	Along with pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock , what musical style influenced adult contemporary ?
Adult contemporary music -LRB- AC -RRB- is a style of music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence .	soft rock	What was the prevailing style of adult contemporary music in the 1970s ?
Adult contemporary music -LRB- AC -RRB- is a style of music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence .	vocal	What type of adult contemporary music was popular in the 1960s ?
Adult contemporary music -LRB- AC -RRB- is a style of music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence .	Adult contemporary	What does the acronym AC stand for ?
Adult contemporary music -LRB- AC -RRB- is a style of music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence .	soft rock	Along with easy listening , adult contemporary is a modern day continuation of what style of music ?
Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated .	melody	Along with harmonies , what aspect of music is emphasized in adult contemporary ?
Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse -- chorus structure .	verse–chorus structure	What is the typical structure of an adult contemporary song ?
Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse -- chorus structure .	pop music	With what broader style of music does adult contemporary share its structure ?
It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music .	inoffensive	Along with being pleasurable , what trait makes adult contemporary appropriate for background music ?
Adult contemporary is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments -LRB- though bass guitar is usually used -RRB- such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set .	romantic sentimental ballads	What type of song is frequently seen in the adult contemporary genre ?
However , recent adult contemporary music may usually feature synthesizers -LRB- and other electronics , such as drum machines -RRB- .	drum machines	Along with synthesizers , what electronic instruments sometimes appear in modern adult contemporary ?
Adult contemporary is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments -LRB- though bass guitar is usually used -RRB- such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set .	acoustic	What general type of instruments tend to be used in adult contemporary ?
Adult contemporary is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments -LRB- though bass guitar is usually used -RRB- such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set .	bass guitar	What electric instrument is often seen in adult contemporary ?
The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched .	high-pitched	Along with being faint , what characteristic is usually present in electric guitars used in adult contemporary ?
AC radio often targets the 25 -- 44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s .	25–44	What age group does adult contemporary radio typically focus on ?
AC radio stations may play mainstream music , but they will exclude hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as they are less popular amongst the target demographic of these radio stations , which is intended for an adult audience .	hip hop	Along with teen pop , dance and hard rock , what form of music is typically not heard on AC radio ?
AC radio often targets the 25 -- 44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s .	1960s	When did advertisers begin to focus on the adult contemporary age demographic ?
A common practice in recent years is that many adult contemporary stations play less newer music because they also give ample airtime to hits of the past , so the de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart .	newer music	What type of music are AC stations noted as playing less of versus hits of the past ?
Over the years , AC has spawned subgenres including `` hot AC '' , `` soft AC '' -LRB- also known as `` lite AC '' -RRB- , `` urban AC '' , `` rhythmic AC '' , and `` Christian AC '' -LRB- a softer type of contemporary Christian music -RRB- .	soft AC	What is lite AC otherwise known as ?
Over the years , AC has spawned subgenres including `` hot AC '' , `` soft AC '' -LRB- also known as `` lite AC '' -RRB- , `` urban AC '' , `` rhythmic AC '' , and `` Christian AC '' -LRB- a softer type of contemporary Christian music -RRB- .	contemporary Christian music	What is Christian AC a subgenre of ?
Over the years , AC has spawned subgenres including `` hot AC '' , `` soft AC '' -LRB- also known as `` lite AC '' -RRB- , `` urban AC '' , `` rhythmic AC '' , and `` Christian AC '' -LRB- a softer type of contemporary Christian music -RRB- .	rhythmic AC	Along with hot , soft , urban and Christian AC , what is another prominent time of adult contemporary music ?
Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format , which adopted a 70-80 % instrumental - 20-30 % vocal mix .	1960s	From what decade of easy listening radio does adult contemporary trace its heritage ?
Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format , which adopted a 70-80 % instrumental - 20-30 % vocal mix .	70-80%	Generally speaking , what percentage of music on easy listening stations was instrumental ?
Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17 , 1961 , with 20 songs ; the first number one was `` Boll Weevil Song '' by Brook Benton .	July 17, 1961	On what date was the Billboard easy listening chart first published ?
Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17 , 1961 , with 20 songs ; the first number one was `` Boll Weevil Song '' by Brook Benton .	Brook Benton	Who performed the first # 1 on the easy listening chart ?
Initially , the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra , Doris Day , Johnny Mathis , Connie Francis , Nat King Cole , Perry Como , and others .	Connie Francis	Along with Frank Sinatra , Doris Day , Johnny Mathis , Nat King Cole , and Perry Como , who was a prominent early adult contemporary radio artist ?
The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs , a move intended to give the stations more mass appeal without selling out .	instrumental	What type of covers of pop and rock songs were usually played on adult contemporary ?
Some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s .	big band-era recordings	What songs from the 1940s and 1950s would adult contemporary stations play ?
After 1965 , differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced .	the Hot 100 chart	What chart did the Easy Listening chart begin to diverge from ?
After 1965 , differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced .	1965	In what year did the Easy Listening and Hot 100 charts begin to diverge ?
Roger Miller , Barbra Streisand and Bobby Vinton were among the chart 's most popular performers .	Bobby Vinton	Along with Roger Miller and Barbra Streisand , who was a successful Easy Listening artist in this era ?
As rock music continued to harden , there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the early half of the 1960s .	rock music continued to harden	Why did the crossover between Hot 100 and Easy Listening decrease ?
These middle of the road -LRB- or `` MOR '' -RRB- stations also frequently included older , pre-rock-era adult standards and big band titles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs .	middle of the road	What does the acronym MOR stand for ?
These middle of the road -LRB- or `` MOR '' -RRB- stations also frequently included older , pre-rock-era adult standards and big band titles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs .	big band titles	Along with pre-rock standards , what type of older songs did MOR stations play ?
Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or `` beautiful music '' stations , stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient .	beautiful music	What was another term for easy listening stations ?
Whereas most easy listening music was instrumental , created by relatively unknown artists , and rarely purchased , AC was an attempt to create a similar `` lite '' format by choosing certain tracks -LRB- both hit singles and album cuts -RRB- of popular artists .	instrumental	Easy listening was predominately what type of music ?
Whereas most easy listening music was instrumental , created by relatively unknown artists , and rarely purchased , AC was an attempt to create a similar `` lite '' format by choosing certain tracks -LRB- both hit singles and album cuts -RRB- of popular artists .	hit singles and album cuts	What types of tracks from popular artists did adult contemporary radio play ?
Whereas most easy listening music was instrumental , created by relatively unknown artists , and rarely purchased , AC was an attempt to create a similar `` lite '' format by choosing certain tracks -LRB- both hit singles and album cuts -RRB- of popular artists .	lite	What type of format were adult contemporary and easy listening stations meant to share ?
Hard rock had been established as a mainstream genre by 1965 .	1965	As of what year was hard rock a mainstream type of music ?
From the end of the 1960s , it became common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock , with both emerging as major radio formats in the US .	hard rock	Along with soft rock , what type of music made up mainstream rock music in the late 1960s ?
Soft rock was often derived from folk rock , using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies .	acoustic	What type of instruments were prominent in soft rock ?
Soft rock was often derived from folk rock , using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies .	folk rock	What genre of music was soft rock descended from ?
Major artists included Barbra Streisand , Carole King , Cat Stevens , James Taylor and Bread .	James Taylor	Along with Barbra Streisand , Carole King , Cat Stevens and Bread , who was a prominent soft rock artist of this era ?
The Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts became more similar again toward the end of the 1960s and into the early and mid-1970s , when the texture of much of the music played on Top 40 radio once more began to soften .	1960s	At the end of what decade did the Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts begin to converge ?
The Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts became more similar again toward the end of the 1960s and into the early and mid-1970s , when the texture of much of the music played on Top 40 radio once more began to soften .	began to soften	How did Top 40 radio what ifmusic change during this era ?
The adult contemporary format began evolving into the sound that later defined it , with rock-oriented acts as Chicago , The Eagles , and Elton John becoming associated with the format .	Chicago	With Elton John and the Eagles , what was a prominent adult contemporary artist in this period ?
Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such as Toto , England Dan & John Ford Coley , Air Supply , Seals and Crofts , America and the reformed Fleetwood Mac , whose Rumours -LRB- 1977 -RRB- was the best-selling album of the decade .	the mid-to-late 1970s	During what period was adult contemporary its most commercially successful ?
Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such as Toto , England Dan & John Ford Coley , Air Supply , Seals and Crofts , America and the reformed Fleetwood Mac , whose Rumours -LRB- 1977 -RRB- was the best-selling album of the decade .	Fleetwood Mac	What artist released the best selling album of the 1970s ?
Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such as Toto , England Dan & John Ford Coley , Air Supply , Seals and Crofts , America and the reformed Fleetwood Mac , whose Rumours -LRB- 1977 -RRB- was the best-selling album of the decade .	1977	In what year was the best selling album of the 1970s released ?
By 1977 , some radio stations , like New York 's WTFM and NBC-owned WYNY , had switched to an all-soft rock format .	WYNY	What radio stationed owned by NBC played only soft rock ?
Walter Sabo and his team at NBC brought in major personalities from the AM Band to the FM Band taking the format from a background to a foreground listening experience .	Walter Sabo	Who was a prominent figure at NBC 's radio division ?
Radio stations played Top 40 hits regardless of genre ; although , most were in the same genre until the mid-1970s when different forms of popular music started to target different demographic groups , such as disco vs. hard rock .	disco	What genre of music was was listening to by a different demographic than hard rock ?
Also , some of these stations even played softer songs by Elvis Presley , Linda Ronstadt , Elton John , Rod Stewart , Billy Joel , and other rock-based artists .	Billy Joel	Along with Linda Ronstadt , Elton John , Rod Stewart and Elvis Presley , what rock musician sometimes had songs featured on adult contemporary radio ?
By the early 1970s , softer songs by artists like The Carpenters , Anne Murray , John Denver , Barry Manilow , and even Streisand , began to be played more often on `` Top 40 '' radio and others were added to the mix on many AC stations .	the early 1970s	During what period were artists like Anne Murray and Barbra Streisand featured on Top 40 radio ?
Easy Listening radio also began including songs by artists who had begun in other genres , such as rock and roll or R&B .	R&B	Along with rock and roll , what genre of music was sometimes featured on Easy Listening radio ?
In addition , several early disco songs , did well on the Adult Contemporary format .	disco	What genre of music was surprisingly successful on adult contemporary radio ?
Much of the music recorded by singer-songwriters such as Diana Ross , James Taylor , Carly Simon , Carole King and Janis Ian got as much , if not more , airplay on this format than on Top 40 stations .	singer-songwriters	What type of musicians were artists such as Diana Ross , James Taylor , Carly Simon , Carole King and Janis Ian ?
On April 7 , 1979 , the Easy Listening chart officially became known as Adult Contemporary , and those two words have remained consistent in the name of the chart ever since .	April 7, 1979	When did the Adult Contemporary chart receive its current name ?
On April 7 , 1979 , the Easy Listening chart officially became known as Adult Contemporary , and those two words have remained consistent in the name of the chart ever since .	the Easy Listening chart	What was the Adult Contemporary chart previously known as ?
The growth of AC was a natural result of the generation that first listened to the more `` specialized '' music of the mid-late 1970s growing older and not being interested in the heavy metal and rap/hip-hop music that a new generation helped to play a significant role in the Top 40 charts by the end of the decade .	heavy metal	Along with rap/hip-hop , what genre of music were aging listeners not as interested in ?
Adult contemporary music became one of the most popular radio formats of the 1980s .	1980s	During what decade did adult contemporary become a very popular format for radio ?
Mainstream AC itself has evolved in a similar fashion over the years ; traditional AC artists like Barbra Streisand , the Carpenters , Dionne Warwick , Barry Manilow , John Denver , and Olivia Newton-John found it harder to have major Top 40 hits as the 1980s wore on , and due to the influence of MTV , artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format , such as Richard Marx , Michael Jackson , Bonnie Tyler , George Michael , Phil Collins , and Laura Branigan began crossing over to the AC charts with greater frequency .	Michael Jackson	Along with Richard Marx , Bonnie Tyler , George Michael , Phil Collins , and Laura Branigan , what artist was also frequently played on Contemporary Hit Radio stations ?
Mainstream AC itself has evolved in a similar fashion over the years ; traditional AC artists like Barbra Streisand , the Carpenters , Dionne Warwick , Barry Manilow , John Denver , and Olivia Newton-John found it harder to have major Top 40 hits as the 1980s wore on , and due to the influence of MTV , artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format , such as Richard Marx , Michael Jackson , Bonnie Tyler , George Michael , Phil Collins , and Laura Branigan began crossing over to the AC charts with greater frequency .	MTV	What television station was responsible for the increasing success of Contemporary Hit Radio artists on the AC charts ?
Mainstream AC itself has evolved in a similar fashion over the years ; traditional AC artists like Barbra Streisand , the Carpenters , Dionne Warwick , Barry Manilow , John Denver , and Olivia Newton-John found it harder to have major Top 40 hits as the 1980s wore on , and due to the influence of MTV , artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format , such as Richard Marx , Michael Jackson , Bonnie Tyler , George Michael , Phil Collins , and Laura Branigan began crossing over to the AC charts with greater frequency .	John Denver	Along with Barbra Streisand , the Carpenters , Dionne Warwick , Barry Manilow and Olivia Newton-John , what adult contemporary staple found it more difficult to score chart hits in the 1980s ?
Mainstream AC itself has evolved in a similar fashion over the years ; traditional AC artists like Barbra Streisand , the Carpenters , Dionne Warwick , Barry Manilow , John Denver , and Olivia Newton-John found it harder to have major Top 40 hits as the 1980s wore on , and due to the influence of MTV , artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format , such as Richard Marx , Michael Jackson , Bonnie Tyler , George Michael , Phil Collins , and Laura Branigan began crossing over to the AC charts with greater frequency .	Phil Collins	Who did Allmusic refer to as `` one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond '' ?
Not many disco or new wave songs were particularly successful on the AC chart during the late 1970s and early 1980s , and much of the hip-hop and harder rock music featured on CHR formats later in the decade would have been unacceptable on AC radio .	disco or new wave	In the 1970s , what two genres were not particularly successful on the adult contemporary charts ?
Not many disco or new wave songs were particularly successful on the AC chart during the late 1970s and early 1980s , and much of the hip-hop and harder rock music featured on CHR formats later in the decade would have been unacceptable on AC radio .	hip-hop and harder rock music	What genres , featured on the CHR radio format , were rarely found on adult contemporary radio ?
Not many disco or new wave songs were particularly successful on the AC chart during the late 1970s and early 1980s , and much of the hip-hop and harder rock music featured on CHR formats later in the decade would have been unacceptable on AC radio .	1980s	During what decade did hip-hop begin to be featured on the radio ?
Although dance-oriented , electronic pop and ballad-oriented rock dominated the 1980s , soft rock songs still enjoyed a mild success thanks to artists like Sheena Easton , Amy Grant , Lionel Richie , Christopher Cross , Dan Hill , Leo Sayer , Billy Ocean , Julio Iglesias , Bertie Higgins and Tommy Page .	ballad-oriented rock	Along with electronic pop , what type of music was the most successful in the 1980s ?
Although dance-oriented , electronic pop and ballad-oriented rock dominated the 1980s , soft rock songs still enjoyed a mild success thanks to artists like Sheena Easton , Amy Grant , Lionel Richie , Christopher Cross , Dan Hill , Leo Sayer , Billy Ocean , Julio Iglesias , Bertie Higgins and Tommy Page .	soft rock	What genre did the music of Billy Ocean belong to ?
No song spent more than six weeks at # 1 on this chart during the 1980s , with nine songs accomplishing that feat .	six weeks	What was the longest that a song spent at # 1 on the adult contemporary charts in the 1980s ?
Two of these were by Lionel Richie , `` You Are '' in 1983 and `` Hello '' in 1984 , which also reached # 1 on the Hot 100 .	1983	In what year did Lionel Richie record `` You Are '' ?
Two of these were by Lionel Richie , `` You Are '' in 1983 and `` Hello '' in 1984 , which also reached # 1 on the Hot 100 .	Hot 100	Aside from the adult contemporary chart , on what other chart did Lionel Richie 's `` Hello '' reach the top spot ?
In 1989 , Linda Ronstadt released Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind , described by critics as `` the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade '' , featuring American soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the twelve tracks .	Linda Ronstadt	What artist issued the album known as `` the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade '' ?
In 1989 , Linda Ronstadt released Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind , described by critics as `` the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade '' , featuring American soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the twelve tracks .	1989	In what year was the album Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind released ?
In 1989 , Linda Ronstadt released Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind , described by critics as `` the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade '' , featuring American soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the twelve tracks .	Aaron Neville	What male singer featured on several songs from Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind ?
The album was certified Triple Platinum in the United States alone and became a major success throughout the globe .	Triple Platinum	What certification did Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind receive ?
The Grammy Award-winning singles , `` Do n't Know Much '' and `` All My Life '' , were both long-running # 1 Adult Contemporary hits .	"All My Life"	Along with `` Do n't Know Much , '' what single won a Grammy ?
The early 1990s marked the softening of urban R&B at the same time alternative rock emerged and traditional pop saw a significant resurgence .	1990s	What decade saw the emergence of alternative rock ?
The early 1990s marked the softening of urban R&B at the same time alternative rock emerged and traditional pop saw a significant resurgence .	softening	What happened to urban R&B in the early 1990s ?
This in part led to a widening of the market , not only allowing to cater to more niche markets , but it also became customary for artists to make AC-friendly singles .	widening of the market	The resurgence of traditional pop was one of the factors that led to what change in the music market ?
Unlike the majority of 1980s mainstream singers , the 1990s mainstream pop/R & B singers such as All-4-One , Boyz II Men , Rob Thomas , Christina Aguilera , Backstreet Boys and Savage Garden generally crossed over to the AC charts .	1980s	Mainstream artists from what decade generally did not have success on the adult contemporary charts ?
Unlike the majority of 1980s mainstream singers , the 1990s mainstream pop/R & B singers such as All-4-One , Boyz II Men , Rob Thomas , Christina Aguilera , Backstreet Boys and Savage Garden generally crossed over to the AC charts .	Savage Garden	Along with All-4-One , Boyz II Men , Rob Thomas , Christina Aguilera and Backstreet Boys , what 90s artists were notable in the pop/R & B genre ?
Latin pop artists such as Lynda Thomas , Ricky Martin , Marc Anthony , Selena , Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel also enjoyed success in the AC charts .	Latin pop	What genre of music did Lynda Thomas , Ricky Martin , Selena , Marc Anthony , Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel make ?
In addition to Celine Dion , who has had significant success on this chart , other artists with multiple number ones on the AC chart in the 1990s include Mariah Carey , Phil Collins , Michael Bolton , Whitney Houston and Shania Twain .	multiple number ones	What milestone did Celine Dion , Mariah Carey , Phil Collins , Michael Bolton , Whitney Houston and Shania Twain share on the 1990s adult contemporary charts ?
Newer female singer-songwriters such as Sarah McLachlan , Natalie Merchant , Jewel , Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow also broke through on the AC chart during this time .	Jewel	Along with Sarah McLachlan , Natalie Merchant , Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow , what female singer-songwriter had chart success in the 1990s ?
In addition to Celine Dion , who has had significant success on this chart , other artists with multiple number ones on the AC chart in the 1990s include Mariah Carey , Phil Collins , Michael Bolton , Whitney Houston and Shania Twain .	AC	On what chart did Whitney Houston see success ?
In 1996 , Billboard created a new chart called Adult Top 40 , which reflects programming on radio stations that exists somewhere between `` adult contemporary '' music and `` pop '' music .	Adult Top 40	What was the name of the chart created by Billboard in 1996 ?
In 1996 , Billboard created a new chart called Adult Top 40 , which reflects programming on radio stations that exists somewhere between `` adult contemporary '' music and `` pop '' music .	"adult contemporary" music and "pop" music	Adult Top 40 represented a midpoint between what two radio formats ?
Although they are sometimes mistaken for each other , the Adult Contemporary chart and the Adult Top 40 chart are separate charts , and songs reaching one chart might not reach the other .	Adult Contemporary	What chart is the Adult Top 40 chart sometimes confused with ?
In addition , hot AC is another subgenre of radio programming that is distinct from the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart as it exists today , despite the apparent similarity in name .	hot AC	What radio programming genre is sometimes confused with the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart ?
The urban adult contemporary format -LRB- a term coined by Barry Mayo -RRB- usually attracts a large number of African Americans and sometimes Caucasian listeners through playing a great deal of R&B -LRB- without any form of rapping -RRB- , gospel music , classic soul and dance music -LRB- including disco -RRB- .	Barry Mayo	Who invented the term `` urban adult contemporary format '' ?
The urban adult contemporary format -LRB- a term coined by Barry Mayo -RRB- usually attracts a large number of African Americans and sometimes Caucasian listeners through playing a great deal of R&B -LRB- without any form of rapping -RRB- , gospel music , classic soul and dance music -LRB- including disco -RRB- .	African Americans	What demographic group is the urban adult contemporary format marketed to ?
The urban adult contemporary format -LRB- a term coined by Barry Mayo -RRB- usually attracts a large number of African Americans and sometimes Caucasian listeners through playing a great deal of R&B -LRB- without any form of rapping -RRB- , gospel music , classic soul and dance music -LRB- including disco -RRB- .	rapping	What style of singing is absent from R&B played on urban adult contemporary format stations ?
The urban adult contemporary format -LRB- a term coined by Barry Mayo -RRB- usually attracts a large number of African Americans and sometimes Caucasian listeners through playing a great deal of R&B -LRB- without any form of rapping -RRB- , gospel music , classic soul and dance music -LRB- including disco -RRB- .	classic soul	Along with R&B , gospel and dance music , what type of music is represented on urban adult contemporary stations ?
In response to the pressure on Hot AC , a new kind of AC format cropped up among American radio recently .	Hot AC	Urban adult contemporary music came into being because of pressure on what previously existing format ?
Another format , rhythmic AC , in addition to playing all the popular hot and soft AC music , past and present , places a heavy emphasis on disco as well as 1980s and 1990s dance hits , such as those by Amber , C&C Music Factory and Black Box , and includes dance remixes of pop songs , such as the Soul Solution mix of Toni Braxton 's `` Unbreak My Heart '' .	Toni Braxton	Who performed the song `` Unbreak My Heart '' ?
Another format , rhythmic AC , in addition to playing all the popular hot and soft AC music , past and present , places a heavy emphasis on disco as well as 1980s and 1990s dance hits , such as those by Amber , C&C Music Factory and Black Box , and includes dance remixes of pop songs , such as the Soul Solution mix of Toni Braxton 's `` Unbreak My Heart '' .	Amber	What is the name of a notable dance artist along with C&C Music Factory and Black Box ?
Another format , rhythmic AC , in addition to playing all the popular hot and soft AC music , past and present , places a heavy emphasis on disco as well as 1980s and 1990s dance hits , such as those by Amber , C&C Music Factory and Black Box , and includes dance remixes of pop songs , such as the Soul Solution mix of Toni Braxton 's `` Unbreak My Heart '' .	rhythmic AC	What radio station format plays soft AC , hot AC , disco and dance ?
Another format , rhythmic AC , in addition to playing all the popular hot and soft AC music , past and present , places a heavy emphasis on disco as well as 1980s and 1990s dance hits , such as those by Amber , C&C Music Factory and Black Box , and includes dance remixes of pop songs , such as the Soul Solution mix of Toni Braxton 's `` Unbreak My Heart '' .	Soul Solution	What artist notably remixed `` Unbreak My Heart '' ?
In its early years of existence , the smooth jazz format was considered to be a form of AC , although it was mainly instrumental , and related a stronger resemblance to the soft AC-styled music .	smooth jazz	What radio station format was sometimes regarded as a type of adult contemporary ?
In its early years of existence , the smooth jazz format was considered to be a form of AC , although it was mainly instrumental , and related a stronger resemblance to the soft AC-styled music .	instrumental	What type of music was predominantly played on smooth jazz stations ?
For many years , artists like George Benson , Kenny G and Dave Koz had crossover hits that were played on both smooth jazz and soft AC stations .	George Benson	Along with Kenny G and Dave Koz , what artist was featured on smooth jazz stations ?
Adrian Moreira , senior vice president for adult music for RCA Music Group , said , `` We 've seen a fairly tidal shift in what AC will play '' .	senior vice president for adult music	What is Adrian Moreira 's job title ?
Adrian Moreira , senior vice president for adult music for RCA Music Group , said , `` We 've seen a fairly tidal shift in what AC will play '' .	RCA Music Group	For what company does Adrian Moreira work ?
An article on MTV 's website by Corey Moss describes this trend : `` In other words , AC stations are where pop songs go to die a very long death .	Corey Moss	Who wrote , `` In other words , AC stations are where pop songs go to die a very long death . Or , to optimists , to get a second life '' ?
An article on MTV 's website by Corey Moss describes this trend : `` In other words , AC stations are where pop songs go to die a very long death .	MTV's website	Where was Corey Moss ' article published ?
Rather than emphasizing older songs , adult contemporary was playing many of the same songs as top 40 and adult top 40 , but only after the hits had become established .	after the hits had become established	When do adult contemporary stations begin to play Top 40 songs ?
Part of the reason why more and more hot AC stations are forced to change is that less and less new music fits their bill ; most new rock is too alternative for mainstream radio and most new pop is now influenced heavily by dance-pop and electronic dance music .	less and less new music fits their bill	Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play ?
Part of the reason why more and more hot AC stations are forced to change is that less and less new music fits their bill ; most new rock is too alternative for mainstream radio and most new pop is now influenced heavily by dance-pop and electronic dance music .	dance-pop and electronic dance music	By what two genres are modern pop songs heavily influenced ?
Part of the reason why more and more hot AC stations are forced to change is that less and less new music fits their bill ; most new rock is too alternative for mainstream radio and most new pop is now influenced heavily by dance-pop and electronic dance music .	too alternative	Why is new rock not suitable for mainstream radio ?
A popular trend in this era was remixing dance music hits into adult contemporary ballads , especially in the US , -LRB- for example , the `` Candlelight Mix '' versions of `` Heaven '' by DJ Sammy , `` Listen To Your Heart '' by D.H.T. , and `` Everytime We Touch '' by Cascada -RRB- .	the "Candlelight Mix"	What was the name of DJ Sammy 's mix of `` Heaven '' ?
A popular trend in this era was remixing dance music hits into adult contemporary ballads , especially in the US , -LRB- for example , the `` Candlelight Mix '' versions of `` Heaven '' by DJ Sammy , `` Listen To Your Heart '' by D.H.T. , and `` Everytime We Touch '' by Cascada -RRB- .	D.H.T.	Who recorded the song `` Listen To Your Heart '' ?
A popular trend in this era was remixing dance music hits into adult contemporary ballads , especially in the US , -LRB- for example , the `` Candlelight Mix '' versions of `` Heaven '' by DJ Sammy , `` Listen To Your Heart '' by D.H.T. , and `` Everytime We Touch '' by Cascada -RRB- .	Cascada	Who is known for the song `` Everytime We Touch '' ?
Adult contemporary has long characterized itself as family-friendly , but edited versions of `` Perfect '' by P!nk and `` Forget You '' by Cee Lo Green showed up in the format in 2011 .	Cee Lo Green	What artist performed the song `` Forget You '' ?
Adult contemporary has long characterized itself as family-friendly , but edited versions of `` Perfect '' by P!nk and `` Forget You '' by Cee Lo Green showed up in the format in 2011 .	edited	What version of P!nk 's `` Perfect '' appeared on adult contemporary radio in 2011 ?
While most artists became established in other formats before moving to adult contemporary , Michael Bublé and Josh Groban started out as AC artists .	Michael Bublé	Along with Josh Groban , what notable pop artist started out his career on adult contemporary radio ?
Throughout this decade , artists such as Nick Lachey , James Blunt , John Mayer , Bruno Mars , Jason Mraz , Kelly Clarkson , Adele , Clay Aiken and Susan Boyle have become successful thanks to a ballad heavy sound .	ballad heavy	What sort of sound does the music of Susan Boyle have ?
Country musicians such as Faith Hill , Shania Twain , LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood have had success on both charts .	Carrie Underwood	Along with Faith Hill , Shania Twain and LeAnn Rimes , what country artist has had adult contemporary hits ?
Much as some hot AC and modern rock artists have crossed over into each other , so too has soft AC crossed with country music in this decade .	country	What genre of music has soft AC found common ground with ?
Since the mid-2000s , the mainstreaming of bands like Wilco and Feist have pushed indie rock into the adult contemporary conversation .	indie rock	What genre of music are bands like Feist and Wilco ?
In the early 2010s , indie musicians like Imagine Dragons , Mumford & Sons , Of Monsters & Men , The Lumineers and Ed Sheeran also had indie songs that crossed over to the adult contemporary charts .	Imagine Dragons	Along with Mumford & Sons , Of Monsters & Men , Ed Sheeran and The Lumineers , what indie artist has had adult contemporary success ?
The consolidation of the `` hot AC '' format contrasted with the near-demise of most other AC formats : Beginning with the 2005-2007 economic downturn and eventual recession most stations went for the more chart-based CHR , along with the top 40 , urban and even Latino formats .	the 2005-2007 economic downturn	Along with the recession , what broad economic trend marked the decline of adult contemporary radio stations ?
The consolidation of the `` hot AC '' format contrasted with the near-demise of most other AC formats : Beginning with the 2005-2007 economic downturn and eventual recession most stations went for the more chart-based CHR , along with the top 40 , urban and even Latino formats .	urban	Along with CHR , Top 40 and Latino , what format have former AC stations transitioned to ?
The consolidation of the `` hot AC '' format contrasted with the near-demise of most other AC formats : Beginning with the 2005-2007 economic downturn and eventual recession most stations went for the more chart-based CHR , along with the top 40 , urban and even Latino formats .	hot AC	What AC format is still viable ?
Diminishing physical record sales also proved a major blow to the AC genre .	physical record	Declining sales of what items harmed the adult contemporary genre ?
The `` soft '' AC format has reinvented in the late 2000s/early 2010s as a result of its declining relevance , adopting a more upmarket , middle-of-the-road approach , with a selection of `` oldies '' -LRB- usually from the 1960s/70s onwards -RRB- , primarily rock , jazz , R&B and pop music .	jazz	Along with R&B , pop and rock , what genre of music is represented on modern soft AC stations ?
Newer songs are more often -LRB- but not limited to -RRB- `` easy listening '' fare , this amount varying depending on the age of the station 's target demographic .	"easy listening"	What genre of music do new songs on soft AC stations often belong to ?
The `` soft '' AC format has reinvented in the late 2000s/early 2010s as a result of its declining relevance , adopting a more upmarket , middle-of-the-road approach , with a selection of `` oldies '' -LRB- usually from the 1960s/70s onwards -RRB- , primarily rock , jazz , R&B and pop music .	the late 2000s/early 2010s	During what period did soft AC stations attempt to reinvent themselves ?
Termed `` the acoustic equivalent to Prozac '' , soft adult contemporary , a more adult-oriented version of AC , was born in the late 1970s and grew in the early 1980s .	soft adult contemporary	What radio format was described as being `` the acoustic equivalent to Prozac '' ?
Termed `` the acoustic equivalent to Prozac '' , soft adult contemporary , a more adult-oriented version of AC , was born in the late 1970s and grew in the early 1980s .	1970s	What decade saw the birth of the soft adult contemporary format ?
WEEI-FM in Boston was the first station to use the term `` soft rock '' , with ad slogans such as , `` Fleetwood Mac ... without the yack '' and `` Joni ... without the baloney '' .	WEEI-FM	What radio station introduced the term `` soft rock '' ?
WEEI-FM in Boston was the first station to use the term `` soft rock '' , with ad slogans such as , `` Fleetwood Mac ... without the yack '' and `` Joni ... without the baloney '' .	Boston	Where was the station that introduced the term `` soft rock '' based ?
WEEI-FM in Boston was the first station to use the term `` soft rock '' , with ad slogans such as , `` Fleetwood Mac ... without the yack '' and `` Joni ... without the baloney '' .	baloney	What processed meat , featured in WEEI-FM 's ad slogan , rhymes with Joni ?
Other popular names for the format include `` Warm '' , `` Sunny '' , `` Bee '' -LRB- or `` B '' -RRB- and -LRB- particularly in Canada -RRB- `` EZ Rock '' .	Canada	In what country is soft adult contemporary called `` EZ Rock '' ?
The format can be seen as a more contemporary successor to and combination of the middle of the road -LRB- MOR -RRB- , beautiful music , easy listening and soft rock formats .	beautiful music	Along with MOR , easy listening and soft rock , what format is soft adult contemporary a successor to ?
Many stations in the soft AC format capitalize on its appeal to office workers -LRB- many of them females aged 25 -- 54 , a key advertiser demographic -RRB- , and brand themselves as stations `` everyone at work can agree on '' -LRB- KOST originated that phrase as a primary tagline , and other soft AC stations have followed suit -RRB- .	office workers	What occupation is stereotypical held by soft adult contemporary listeners ?
Many stations in the soft AC format capitalize on its appeal to office workers -LRB- many of them females aged 25 -- 54 , a key advertiser demographic -RRB- , and brand themselves as stations `` everyone at work can agree on '' -LRB- KOST originated that phrase as a primary tagline , and other soft AC stations have followed suit -RRB- .	females aged 25–54	What advertising demographic is soft adult contemporary marketed towards ?
Many stations in the soft AC format capitalize on its appeal to office workers -LRB- many of them females aged 25 -- 54 , a key advertiser demographic -RRB- , and brand themselves as stations `` everyone at work can agree on '' -LRB- KOST originated that phrase as a primary tagline , and other soft AC stations have followed suit -RRB- .	KOST	What station first introduced the tagline `` everyone at work can agree on '' ?
It often deals with modern romantic and sexual relationships -LRB- and sometimes other adult themes such as work , raising children , and family -RRB- in a thoughtful and complex way .	raising children	Along with romantic and sexual relationships , family and work , what do soft adult contemporary songs sometimes discuss ?
Soft AC includes a larger amount of older music , especially classic R&B , soul , and 1960s and 1970s music , than hot AC .	1960s and 1970s	Music from what two decades is notably featured on the soft AC format ?
Soft AC includes a larger amount of older music , especially classic R&B , soul , and 1960s and 1970s music , than hot AC .	soul	Along with classic R&B , what genre is notably featured on soft AC stations ?
Soft AC includes a larger amount of older music , especially classic R&B , soul , and 1960s and 1970s music , than hot AC .	hot AC	What radio station format is soft AC often contrasted with ?
The soft AC format may soon be facing the demographic pressures that the jazz and big band formats faced in the 1960s and 1970s and that the oldies format is starting to face today , with the result that one may hear soft AC less on over-the-air radio and more on satellite radio systems in coming years .	jazz and big band	What radio station formats faced demographic pressures in the 1960s and 70s ?
The soft AC format may soon be facing the demographic pressures that the jazz and big band formats faced in the 1960s and 1970s and that the oldies format is starting to face today , with the result that one may hear soft AC less on over-the-air radio and more on satellite radio systems in coming years .	oldies	What radio station format is facing demographic pressures in the present day ?
Much of the music and artists that were traditionally played on soft AC stations have been relegated to the adult standards format , which is itself disappearing because of aging demographics .	adult standards	What radio station format have many of the former soft AC artists moved to ?
Some soft AC stations have found a niche by incorporating more oldies into their playlists and are more open to playing softer songs that fit the `` traditional '' definition of AC .	incorporating more oldies	Certain soft AC stations have found a niche on the radio by doing what ?
Much of the music and artists that were traditionally played on soft AC stations have been relegated to the adult standards format , which is itself disappearing because of aging demographics .	aging demographics	Why are adult standards format radio stations declining ?
Artists contributing to this format include mainly soft rock/pop singers such as , Andy Williams , Johnny Mathis , Nana Mouskouri , Celine Dion , Julio Iglesias , Frank Sinatra , Barry Manilow , Engelbert Humperdinck , and Marc Anthony .	Frank Sinatra	Along with Andy Williams , Johnny Mathis , Nana Mouskouri , Celine Dion , Julio Iglesias , Barry Manilow , Engelbert Humperdinck , and Marc Anthony , what notable artist is featured on the soft AC format ?
Hot adult contemporary radio stations play a variety of classic hits and contemporary mainstream music aimed at an adult audience .	contemporary mainstream music	Along with classic hits , what type of music do hot adult contemporary stations feature ?
Hot adult contemporary radio stations play a variety of classic hits and contemporary mainstream music aimed at an adult audience .	adult	What is the primary audience of hot adult contemporary format stations ?
Some Hot AC stations concentrate slightly more on pop music and alternative rock to target the Generation Z audience , though they include the more youth-oriented teen pop , urban and rhythmic dance tracks .	Generation Z	What demographic do hot AC stations featuring more pop and alternative rock focus on ?
Some Hot AC stations concentrate slightly more on pop music and alternative rock to target the Generation Z audience , though they include the more youth-oriented teen pop , urban and rhythmic dance tracks .	teen pop	Along with urban and rhythmic dance tracks , what genre is featured on hot AC stations with a younger audience ?
This format often includes dance-pop -LRB- such as upbeat songs by Madonna , Cher , Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue -RRB- , power pops -LRB- mainly by boybands such as Backstreet Boys and Westlife -RRB- , and adult-oriented soft rock music that are ballad-driven -LRB- typically by Aerosmith -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , The Eagles , Sting , Toto and The Moody Blues -RRB- .	dance-pop	Madonna , Cher , Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue are artists in what genre of music ?
This format often includes dance-pop -LRB- such as upbeat songs by Madonna , Cher , Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue -RRB- , power pops -LRB- mainly by boybands such as Backstreet Boys and Westlife -RRB- , and adult-oriented soft rock music that are ballad-driven -LRB- typically by Aerosmith -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , The Eagles , Sting , Toto and The Moody Blues -RRB- .	boybands	What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife ?
This format often includes dance-pop -LRB- such as upbeat songs by Madonna , Cher , Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue -RRB- , power pops -LRB- mainly by boybands such as Backstreet Boys and Westlife -RRB- , and adult-oriented soft rock music that are ballad-driven -LRB- typically by Aerosmith -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , The Eagles , Sting , Toto and The Moody Blues -RRB- .	power pops	What genre of music is played by Westlife ?
This format often includes dance-pop -LRB- such as upbeat songs by Madonna , Cher , Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue -RRB- , power pops -LRB- mainly by boybands such as Backstreet Boys and Westlife -RRB- , and adult-oriented soft rock music that are ballad-driven -LRB- typically by Aerosmith -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , The Eagles , Sting , Toto and The Moody Blues -RRB- .	soft rock	What genre of music is played by The Eagles ?
Generally , Hot AC radio stations target their music output towards the 18-54 age group and a demographic audience of both men and women .	18-54	What is the target age range of Hot AC stations ?
In 1997 , Mike Marino of KMXB in Las Vegas described the format as reaching `` an audience that has outgrown the edgier hip-hop or alternative music but has n't gotten old and sappy enough for the soft ACs . ''	KMXB	What station did Mike Marino work for in 1997 ?
In 1997 , Mike Marino of KMXB in Las Vegas described the format as reaching `` an audience that has outgrown the edgier hip-hop or alternative music but has n't gotten old and sappy enough for the soft ACs . ''	Las Vegas	Where was the radio station KMXB based in 1997 ?
Unlike modern rock , which went after 18-34 men , this format appealed to women .	18-34	What age demographic is modern rock radio focused on ?
Unlike modern rock , which went after 18-34 men , this format appealed to women .	men	What is the sex of the listeners modern rock radio is geared towards ?
Unlike modern rock , which went after 18-34 men , this format appealed to women .	women	Unlike modern rock radio , what sex is adult contemporary radio said to appeal to ?
Urban AC is a form of AC music geared towards adult African-American audiences , and therefore , the artists that are played on these stations are most often black , such as Des ` ree , whose album I Ai n't Movin ' was massively popular amongst both African American audience as well as the wider national audience .	adult	What age group is Urban AC focused towards ?
Urban AC is a form of AC music geared towards adult African-American audiences , and therefore , the artists that are played on these stations are most often black , such as Des ` ree , whose album I Ai n't Movin ' was massively popular amongst both African American audience as well as the wider national audience .	African-American	What race is the target demographic of Urban AC radio ?
Urban AC is a form of AC music geared towards adult African-American audiences , and therefore , the artists that are played on these stations are most often black , such as Des ` ree , whose album I Ai n't Movin ' was massively popular amongst both African American audience as well as the wider national audience .	Des'ree	Who is an example of an artist played on Urban AC format radio stations ?
Urban AC is a form of AC music geared towards adult African-American audiences , and therefore , the artists that are played on these stations are most often black , such as Des ` ree , whose album I Ai n't Movin ' was massively popular amongst both African American audience as well as the wider national audience .	I Ain't Movin'	What is the name of the popular album released by Des ` ree ?
Urban AC is a form of AC music geared towards adult African-American audiences , and therefore , the artists that are played on these stations are most often black , such as Des ` ree , whose album I Ai n't Movin ' was massively popular amongst both African American audience as well as the wider national audience .	black	What is the ethnicity of artists commonly played on urban adult contemporary radio ?
The urban AC stations resemble soft AC rather than hot AC ; they play predominantly R&B and soul music with little hip-hop .	soft AC	What other adult contemporary radio format is urban AC similar to ?
The urban AC stations resemble soft AC rather than hot AC ; they play predominantly R&B and soul music with little hip-hop .	hip-hop	What genre of music is not played frequently on urban AC ?
The urban AC stations resemble soft AC rather than hot AC ; they play predominantly R&B and soul music with little hip-hop .	R&B and soul music	What two genres of music are popular on urban AC ?
Urban AC 's core artists include Luther Vandross , Trey Songz , Patti LaBelle , Toni Braxton , Whitney Houston , Aretha Franklin , Frank Ocean , Craig David and Mariah Carey .	Luther Vandross	Along with Trey Songz , Patti LaBelle , Toni Braxton , Whitney Houston , Aretha Franklin , Frank Ocean , Craig David and Mariah Carey , who is a well-known urban AC artist ?
The urban AC stations resemble soft AC rather than hot AC ; they play predominantly R&B and soul music with little hip-hop .	hot AC	What adult contemporary radio format is urban AC not similar to ?
A more elaborate form of urban AC is the rhythmic oldies format , which focuses primarily on `` old school '' R&B and soul hits from the 1960s to the 1990s , including Motown and disco hits .	rhythmic oldies	What radio format is similar to urban AC but features older soul and R&B songs ?
A more elaborate form of urban AC is the rhythmic oldies format , which focuses primarily on `` old school '' R&B and soul hits from the 1960s to the 1990s , including Motown and disco hits .	1960s	What is the earliest decade of music typically featured on the rhythmic oldies format ?
A more elaborate form of urban AC is the rhythmic oldies format , which focuses primarily on `` old school '' R&B and soul hits from the 1960s to the 1990s , including Motown and disco hits .	1990s	What is the most recent decade music from which music can be heard on a rhythmic oldies station ?
Rhythmic oldies stations still exist today , but target African-Americans as opposed to a mass audience .	African-Americans	What is the target demographic of the rhythmic oldies format ?
A format called quiet storm is often included in urban adult contemporary , and is often played during the evening , blending the urban AC and soft AC styles of music .	quiet storm	What radio format consists of ballads and slow jams ?
A format called quiet storm is often included in urban adult contemporary , and is often played during the evening , blending the urban AC and soft AC styles of music .	quiet storm	What is the name of the radio format that is a mixture of urban and soft adult contemporary ?
A format called quiet storm is often included in urban adult contemporary , and is often played during the evening , blending the urban AC and soft AC styles of music .	the evening	At what time of day is the quiet storm format played ?
The music that is played is strictly ballads and slow jams , mostly but not limited to Black and Latino artists .	Black and Latino	What is the typical ethnicity of artists played on quiet storm stations ?
Popular artists in the quiet storm format are Teena Marie , Freddie Jackson , Johnny Gill , Lalah Hathaway , Vanessa L. Williams , Toni Braxton , and En Vogue among others .	Vanessa L. Williams	Along with Freddie Jackson , Johnny Gill , Teena Marie , Lalah Hathaway , Toni Braxton , and En Vogue , what artist is popular on quiet storm stations ?
Anita Baker , Sade , Regina Belle , and Luther Vandross are other examples of artists who appeal to mainstream AC , urban AC and smooth jazz listeners .	mainstream AC	Along with urban adult contemporary and smooth jazz , what station format might feature music from Sade ?
Anita Baker , Sade , Regina Belle , and Luther Vandross are other examples of artists who appeal to mainstream AC , urban AC and smooth jazz listeners .	smooth jazz	What other format is sometimes played on urban AC stations ?
Some soft AC and urban AC stations like to play smooth jazz on the weekends .	the weekends	When might you hear smooth jazz on a soft AC station ?
In recent years , the Smooth Jazz format has been renamed to Smooth AC , as an attempt to lure younger listeners .	Smooth AC	What is a more recent name for the smooth jazz format ?
In recent years , the Smooth Jazz format has been renamed to Smooth AC , as an attempt to lure younger listeners .	to lure younger listeners	What was the smooth jazz format renamed ?
Adult contemporary R&B may be played on both soft AC stations and urban AC .	urban AC	Along with soft AC , on what station format might adult contemporary R&B be featured ?
It is a form of neo soul R&B that places emphasis on songcraft and sophistication .	songcraft and sophistication	What features are emphasized in adult contemporary R&B music ?
As the use of drum machines , synthesizers , and sequencers dominates R&B - rooted music , adult contemporary R&B tends to take most of its cues from the more refined strains of 1970s soul , such as smooth soul , Philly soul and quiet storm .	Philly soul	Along with smooth soul and quiet storm , what genre influenced adult contemporary R&B ?
As the use of drum machines , synthesizers , and sequencers dominates R&B - rooted music , adult contemporary R&B tends to take most of its cues from the more refined strains of 1970s soul , such as smooth soul , Philly soul and quiet storm .	1970s	During what decade was smooth soul popular ?
As the use of drum machines , synthesizers , and sequencers dominates R&B - rooted music , adult contemporary R&B tends to take most of its cues from the more refined strains of 1970s soul , such as smooth soul , Philly soul and quiet storm .	sequencers	Along with drum machines and synthesizers , what electronic instruments are often found in modern R&B - based music ?
In the 1980s , lush jazz-R & B fusion -LRB- George Benson , Patti Austin , Al Jarreau -RRB- and stylish crossover R&B -LRB- Anita Baker and Luther Vandross , New Edition and Keith Sweat -RRB- were equally successful within the mainstream .	jazz-R&B fusion	What genre of music did Patti Austin perform ?
In the 1980s , lush jazz-R & B fusion -LRB- George Benson , Patti Austin , Al Jarreau -RRB- and stylish crossover R&B -LRB- Anita Baker and Luther Vandross , New Edition and Keith Sweat -RRB- were equally successful within the mainstream .	crossover R&B	Of what genre was the musician Keith Sweat ?
In the 1980s , lush jazz-R & B fusion -LRB- George Benson , Patti Austin , Al Jarreau -RRB- and stylish crossover R&B -LRB- Anita Baker and Luther Vandross , New Edition and Keith Sweat -RRB- were equally successful within the mainstream .	1980s	During what decade were musicians like Al Jarreau and Luther Vandross notably successful ?
In the 1990s and early 2000s -LRB- decade -RRB- , artists as sonically contrasting as R. Kelly , Leona Lewis -LRB- mainly ballads -RRB- and Jill Scott both fit the bill , provided the audience for the material was mature .	ballads	What type of songs was Leona Lewis known for ?
By riding and contributing to nearly all of the trends , no one has exemplified the style more than Babyface , whose career thrived over 20 years as a member of the Deele -LRB- Two Occasions -RRB- , a solo artist -LRB- Whip Appeal , When Can I See You -RRB- , and a songwriter/producer -LRB- Toni Braxton 's Breathe Again , Boyz II Men 's I 'll Make Love to You -RRB- .	Babyface	Who wrote Boyz II Men 's I 'll Make Love to You ?
Contemporary Christian music -LRB- CCM -RRB- has several subgenres , one being `` Christian AC '' .	Contemporary Christian music	What is CCM an acronym of ?
Contemporary Christian music -LRB- CCM -RRB- has several subgenres , one being `` Christian AC '' .	Christian AC	What genre of music is performed by MercyMe ?
Radio & Records , for instance , lists Christian AC among its format charts .	Radio & Records	What publication includes Christian AC with its format charts ?
There has been crossover to mainstream and hot AC formats by many of the core artists of the Christian AC genre , notably Amy Grant , Michael W. Smith , Kathy Troccoli , Steven Curtis Chapman , Plumb , and more recently , MercyMe .	hot AC	Along with mainstream AC , what format has also featured Christian AC artists on a crossover basis ?
In recent years it has become common for many AC stations , particularly soft AC stations , to play primarily or exclusively Christmas music during the Christmas season in November and December .	soft AC	What AC format is especially known for playing Christmas music in the Christmas season ?
In recent years it has become common for many AC stations , particularly soft AC stations , to play primarily or exclusively Christmas music during the Christmas season in November and December .	November and December	During what two months does the Christmas season take place ?
While these tend mostly to be contemporary seasonal recordings by the same few artists featured under the normal format , most stations will also air some vintage holiday tunes from older pop , MOR , and adult standards artists -- such as Nat King Cole , Bing Crosby , Dean Martin , The Carpenters , Percy Faith , Johnny Mathis and Andy Williams -- many of whom would never be played on these stations during the rest of the year .	Johnny Mathis	Along with Bing Crosby , Dean Martin , Nat King Cole , The Carpenters , Percy Faith and Andy Williams , who is an artist played on AC stations around Christmastime but not otherwise ?
These Christmas music marathons typically start during the week before Thanksgiving Day and end after Christmas Day , or sometimes extending to New Year 's Day .	the week before Thanksgiving Day	When does Christmas music on AC format stations usually begin ?
These Christmas music marathons typically start during the week before Thanksgiving Day and end after Christmas Day , or sometimes extending to New Year 's Day .	after Christmas Day	When is the earlier of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations typically ends ?
These Christmas music marathons typically start during the week before Thanksgiving Day and end after Christmas Day , or sometimes extending to New Year 's Day .	New Year's Day	When is the later of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations usually ends ?
Several stations begin the holiday format much earlier , at the beginning of November .	the beginning of November	When is the earliest an AC station will switch to a Christmas format ?
The roots of this tradition can be traced back to the beautiful music and easy listening stations of the 1960s and 1970s .	beautiful music and easy listening	What two formats pioneered the Christmas music tradition in the 1960s ?
Before the 20th century , the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound .	20th	In what century was the term matter defined excluding energy phenomena like light and sound ?
Before the 20th century , the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound .	matter	What term is used for the substance that composes all observable physical objects ?
This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest , but this is ill-defined because an object 's mass can arise from its -LRB- possibly massless -RRB- constituents ' motion and interaction energies .	interaction energies	The mass of an object can come from the motion of its constituents or what other source ?
Thus , matter does not have a universal definition , nor is it a fundamental concept in physics today .	universal	What term is used to describe the type of definition that matter would have if all scientists could agree on its definition ?
This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest , but this is ill-defined because an object 's mass can arise from its -LRB- possibly massless -RRB- constituents ' motion and interaction energies .	at rest	Prior to the 20th century , the definition of matter included any object that had mass even when it was in what state ?
All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into , touch or squeeze are composed of atoms .	atoms	What kind of particles make up every object in the world that can be touched ?
This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles -- usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons , and a cloud of orbiting electrons .	subatomic	The smaller particles that make up atoms , like protons and neutrons , are what kind of particles ?
By contrast , massless particles , such as photons , are not considered matter , because they have neither rest mass nor volume .	photons	What subatomic particle has no volume or rest mass ?
However , not all particles with rest mass have a classical volume , since fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons -LRB- sometimes equated with matter -RRB- are considered `` point particles '' with no effective size or volume .	point particles	What kind of particles are quarks and leptons ?
Typically , science considers these composite particles matter because they have both rest mass and volume .	volume	Despite not having size or volume themselves , quarks and leptons contribute to what measure of composite particles in matter ?
Matter commonly exists in four states -LRB- or phases -RRB- : solid , liquid and gas , and plasma .	four	How many phases of matter are there ?
A focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new phases of matter , such as the quark -- gluon plasma .	quark–gluon plasma	What new phase of matter can be considered with a focus on elementary particles ?
The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks , the so-called particulate theory of matter , was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus -LRB- ~ 490 BC -RRB- and Democritus -LRB- ~ 470 -- 380 BC -RRB- .	particulate theory of matter	What is the theory that matter is made up of discrete building blocks called ?
The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks , the so-called particulate theory of matter , was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus -LRB- ~ 490 BC -RRB- and Democritus -LRB- ~ 470 -- 380 BC -RRB- .	Leucippus	What colleague of Democritus , also a Greek philosopher , helped him propose the particulate theory of matter ?
For much of the history of the natural sciences people have contemplated the exact nature of matter .	natural sciences	People have been wondering about the nature of matter for the entire history of what branch of science ?
Matter should not be confused with mass , as the two are not quite the same in modern physics .	mass	What similar term is often used interchangeably with matter , although the two differ slightly in modern physics ?
For example , mass is a conserved quantity , which means that its value is unchanging through time , within closed systems .	closed	Being a conserved quantity means that the value of mass does n't ever change as long as it 's in what kind of system ?
Still , special relativity shows that matter may disappear by conversion into energy , even inside closed systems , and it can also be created from energy , within such systems .	energy	Special relativity says matter can disappear by conversion into what state ?
However , matter is not conserved in such systems , although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on Earth , where matter is approximately conserved .	Earth	What planet is n't a closed system but sometimes appears to be because of the approximate conservation of matter ?
Different fields of science use the term matter in different , and sometimes incompatible , ways .	matter	What term does science not have a universally-accepted scientific definition for ?
Some of these ways are based on loose historical meanings , from a time when there was no reason to distinguish mass and matter .	mass	Sometimes scientific terms were historically considered in ways we know now are n't compatible because scientists did n't need to distinguish matter from what other term ?
Different fields of science use the term matter in different , and sometimes incompatible , ways .	matter	What word do physicists sometimes consider to be defined as particles exhibiting rest mass ?
However , in both physics and chemistry , matter exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties , the so-called wave -- particle duality .	wave–particle duality	What duality describes the conflicting properties of matter in the fields of chemistry and physics ?
Sometimes in the field of physics `` matter '' is simply equated with particles that exhibit rest mass -LRB- i.e. , that can not travel at the speed of light -RRB- , such as quarks and leptons .	the speed of light	Quarks and leptons are sometimes considered matter because they ca n't travel at what speed ?
Westminster Abbey , formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster , is a large , mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster , London , located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster .	Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster	What was Westminster Abbey 's original name ?
Westminster Abbey , formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster , is a large , mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster , London , located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster .	Gothic	What style architecture is the Westminster Abbey considered ?
Westminster Abbey , formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster , is a large , mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster , London , located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster .	City of Westminster, London	In what city is Westminster Abbey located ?
Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral .	Between 1540 and 1556	In what years was the Abbey considered a cathedral ?
Since 1560 , however , the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral , having instead the status of a Church of England `` Royal Peculiar '' -- a church responsible directly to the sovereign .	Royal Peculiar	What type of building is the Abbey now considered ?
Westminster Abbey , formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster , is a large , mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster , London , located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster .	the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster	What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey ?
Westminster Abbey , formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster , is a large , mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster , London , located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster .	City of Westminster, London	Where is Westminster Abbey located ?
Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral .	Between 1540 and 1556	When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral ?
Since 1560 , however , the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral , having instead the status of a Church of England `` Royal Peculiar '' -- a church responsible directly to the sovereign .	Church of England "Royal Peculiar"	What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560 ?
Construction of the present church began in 1245 , on the orders of King Henry III .	1245	What year did the construction of the church begin ?
Construction of the present church began in 1245 , on the orders of King Henry III .	King Henry III	Who commissioned the Abbey to be built ?
According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080 , a church was founded at the site -LRB- then known as Thorn Ey -LRB- Thorn Island -RRB- -RRB- in the 7th century , at the time of Mellitus , a Bishop of London .	Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)	What was the area previously named ?
According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080 , a church was founded at the site -LRB- then known as Thorn Ey -LRB- Thorn Island -RRB- -RRB- in the 7th century , at the time of Mellitus , a Bishop of London .	7th century	In what century was the church established at the location ?
According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080 , a church was founded at the site -LRB- then known as Thorn Ey -LRB- Thorn Island -RRB- -RRB- in the 7th century , at the time of Mellitus , a Bishop of London .	Mellitus, a Bishop of London	Who was the Bishop in this time frame ?
According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080 , a church was founded at the site -LRB- then known as Thorn Ey -LRB- Thorn Island -RRB- -RRB- in the 7th century , at the time of Mellitus , a Bishop of London .	Thorn Island	What is the meaning of Thorn Ey ?
According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080 , a church was founded at the site -LRB- then known as Thorn Ey -LRB- Thorn Island -RRB- -RRB- in the 7th century , at the time of Mellitus , a Bishop of London .	7th century	When was a church first founded at the site ?
According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080 , a church was founded at the site -LRB- then known as Thorn Ey -LRB- Thorn Island -RRB- -RRB- in the 7th century , at the time of Mellitus , a Bishop of London .	a Bishop of London	Who was Mellitus ?
Construction of the present church began in 1245 , on the orders of King Henry III .	1245	When was construction of the present church started ?
Construction of the present church began in 1245 , on the orders of King Henry III .	King Henry III	Who ordered the construction of the church ?
The first reports of the abbey are based on a late tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site .	Aldrich	What was the name of the fisherman in lore that saw a vision of Saint Peter near the Abbey ?
This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years .	salmon	What type of fish did the Abbey receive from Thames fisherman ?
The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s , Saint Dunstan , assisted by King Edgar , installed a community of Benedictine monks here .	Benedictine	What kind of monks lived at the Abbey ?
In the present era , the Fishmonger 's Company still gives a salmon every year .	Fishmonger's Company	Who , till this day still gives the Abbey a fish ?
The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s , Saint Dunstan , assisted by King Edgar , installed a community of Benedictine monks here .	Saint Dunstan	Who along with the King Edgar established the monks at the Abbey ?
The first reports of the abbey are based on a late tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site .	Aldrich	Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames ?
This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years .	Thames fishermen	Who first gifted salmon to the abbey ?
In the present era , the Fishmonger 's Company still gives a salmon every year .	Fishmonger's Company	Who still gives salmon to the abbey today ?
The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s , Saint Dunstan , assisted by King Edgar , installed a community of Benedictine monks here .	960s or early 970s	When was the monk community installed ?
It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style .	Romanesque style	What architectural design was St Peter 's abbey considered ?
The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065 , only a week before Edward 's death on 5 January 1066 .	1090	What year was the building finished ?
The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065 , only a week before Edward 's death on 5 January 1066 .	28 December 1065	What was the date of the Abbey 's coronation ?
His successor , Harold II , was probably crowned in the abbey , although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year .	William the Conqueror	Who was the first recorded coronation at the Abbey ?
Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter 's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church .	King Edward the Confessor	What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1052 ?
Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter 's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church .	King Edward the Confessor	Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church ?
It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style .	Romanesque	What style was the church rebuilt in ?
The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065 , only a week before Edward 's death on 5 January 1066 .	28 December 1065	When was the building consecrated ?
The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065 , only a week before Edward 's death on 5 January 1066 .	5 January 1066	When did King Edward the Confessor die ?
His successor , Harold II , was probably crowned in the abbey , although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year .	William the Conqueror	Who was the first documented coronation ?
Since 1066 , when Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror were crowned , the coronations of English and British monarchs have been held there .	Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror	Who were the first monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey ?
Since 1066 , when Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror were crowned , the coronations of English and British monarchs have been held there .	1066	Since when have coronations been held at Westminster Abbey ?
There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100 .	16	How many royal weddings have occurred at the abbey ?
Two were of reigning monarchs -LRB- Henry I and Richard II -RRB- , although , before 1919 , there had been none for some 500 years .	Henry I and Richard II	Which two reigning monarchs had weddings at the abbey ?
There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100 .	1100	When did royal weddings begin at the church ?
The only extant depiction of Edward 's abbey , together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster , is in the Bayeux Tapestry .	Bayeux Tapestry	Where is the only existant depiction of Edward 's abbey ?
Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan 's original foundation , up to a maximum about eighty monks , although there was also a large community of lay brothers who supported the monastery 's extensive property and activities .	a dozen	What was the original size of Dunstan 's original monk community ?
Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan 's original foundation , up to a maximum about eighty monks , although there was also a large community of lay brothers who supported the monastery 's extensive property and activities .	endowments	How was the community able to increase ?
The only extant depiction of Edward 's abbey , together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster , is in the Bayeux Tapestry .	Palace of Westminster	What is adjacent the abbey ?
The abbot and monks , in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster , the seat of government from the later 12th century , became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest .	The abbot and monks	Who became a powerful force after the Norman Conquest ?
The abbot and monks , in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster , the seat of government from the later 12th century , became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest .	government	The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 12th century ?
The abbot and monks , in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster , the seat of government from the later 12th century , became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest .	The abbot	Who was employed on royal service ?
Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership , which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-10th century , and occupied with the administration of great landed properties , some of which lay far from Westminster , `` the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times , and particularly with upper-class life '' , Barbara Harvey concludes , to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages .	secular	With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to identify ?
Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership , which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-10th century , and occupied with the administration of great landed properties , some of which lay far from Westminster , `` the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times , and particularly with upper-class life '' , Barbara Harvey concludes , to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages .	Cluniac	To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed ?
The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it : as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy , and relations with the town remained unusually cordial , but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages .	Lord of the Manor of Westminster	What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey ?
The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it : as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy , and relations with the town remained unusually cordial , but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages .	the town economy	What did the monastery help fuel ?
The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side , encroaching upon the sanctuary .	shops and dwellings	What did the abbey build on the west side ?
The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side , encroaching upon the sanctuary .	shops and dwellings	What encroached upon the sanctuary ?
The abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings .	coronation site	What was the abbey to Norman kings ?
The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II .	Henry Yevele	What architect continued work on the abbey ?
The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II .	Richard II	Who was reigning when Henry Yevele finished his work on the abbey ?
Henry III also commissioned unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar -LRB- the pavement has recently undergone a major cleaning and conservation programme and was re-dedicated by the Dean at a service on 21 May 2010 -RRB- .	Cosmati	What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar ?
The Confessor 's shrine subsequently played a great part in his canonisation .	The Confessor's shrine	What played a large role in King Edward the Confessor 's canonisation ?
Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 -LRB- known as the Henry VII Chapel or the `` Lady Chapel '' -RRB- .	Henry VII	Who added a Perpendicular style chapel ?
Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 -LRB- known as the Henry VII Chapel or the `` Lady Chapel '' -RRB- .	Blessed Virgin Mary	Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to ?
Much of the stone came from Caen , in France -LRB- Caen stone -RRB- , the Isle of Portland -LRB- Portland stone -RRB- and the Loire Valley region of France -LRB- tuffeau limestone -RRB- .	Caen	What part of France did the Caen stone come from ?
Much of the stone came from Caen , in France -LRB- Caen stone -RRB- , the Isle of Portland -LRB- Portland stone -RRB- and the Loire Valley region of France -LRB- tuffeau limestone -RRB- .	Isle of Portland	Where did the Portland stone come from ?
Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 -LRB- known as the Henry VII Chapel or the `` Lady Chapel '' -RRB- .	1503	When was the Lady Chapel added ?
In 1535 , the abbey 's annual income of # 2400 -- 2800 -LSB- citation needed -RSB- -LRB- # 1,310,000 to # 1,530,000 as of 2016 -RRB- , during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey .	1535	When was the abbey 's annual income # 2400 -- 2800 ?
In 1535 , the abbey 's annual income of # 2400 -- 2800 -LSB- citation needed -RSB- -LRB- # 1,310,000 to # 1,530,000 as of 2016 -RRB- , during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey .	£1,310,000 to £1,530,000	What was the abbey 's annual income as of 2016 ?
In 1535 , the abbey 's annual income of # 2400 -- 2800 -LSB- citation needed -RSB- -LRB- # 1,310,000 to # 1,530,000 as of 2016 -RRB- , during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey .	Glastonbury Abbey	To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth ?
In 1535 , the abbey 's annual income of # 2400 -- 2800 -LSB- citation needed -RSB- -LRB- # 1,310,000 to # 1,530,000 as of 2016 -RRB- , during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey .	the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries	During what was the abbey made second in wealth ?
Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540 , simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster .	1539	When did Henry VIII take direct royal control ?
Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540 , simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster .	Henry VIII	Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540 ?
By granting the abbey cathedral status Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period .	destruction	What did the cathedral status save the abbey from ?
Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540 , simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster .	the Diocese of Westminster	What did changing the status of the abbey create ?
Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550 , but the abbey was recognised -LRB- in 1552 , retroactively to 1550 -RRB- as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556 .	1550	When was Westminster Diocese dissolved ?
Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550 , but the abbey was recognised -LRB- in 1552 , retroactively to 1550 -RRB- as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556 .	a second cathedral of the Diocese of London	The abbey was recognised as what until 1556 ?
The already-old expression `` robbing Peter to pay Paul '' may have been given a new lease of life when money meant for the abbey , which is dedicated to Saint Peter , was diverted to the treasury of St Paul 's Cathedral .	Saint Peter	Who is the abbey dedicated to ?
The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England , but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559 .	Mary I of England	The abbey was regiven to the Benedictines under whom ?
The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England , but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559 .	Elizabeth I	Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1559 ?
In 1560 , Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a `` Royal Peculiar '' -- a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign , rather than to a diocesan bishop -- and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter -LRB- that is , a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons , headed by a dean . -RRB-	Collegiate Church of St Peter	What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth I reestablished it ?
The last of Mary 's abbots was made the first dean .	The last of Mary's abbots	Who was made the first dean of the new church ?
It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s , when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts , but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period .	1640s	When did the abbey suffer damage ?
It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s , when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts , but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period .	Puritan iconoclasts	Who attacked the abbey ?
It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s , when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts , but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period .	ties to the state during the Commonwealth	What protected the abbey ?
Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658 , only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at Tyburn .	Oliver Cromwell	Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1658 ?
Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658 , only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at Tyburn .	January 1661	When was Oliver Cromwell disinterred ?
The abbey 's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor , constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design .	between 1722 and 1745	When were the western towers built ?
The abbey 's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor , constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design .	Nicholas Hawksmoor	Who built the western towers of the abbey ?
Purbeck marble was used for the walls and the floors of Westminster Abbey , even though the various tombstones are made of different types of marble .	Purbeck	What kind of marble was used for the walls and floors of the abbey ?
Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott .	Sir George Gilbert Scott	Under whom did the 19th century rebulding occur ?
The abbey 's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor , constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design .	Portland stone	What were the two western towers built from ?
A narthex -LRB- a portico or entrance hall -RRB- for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid-20th century but was not built .	A narthex	What was designed for the west front of the abbey but not built ?
A narthex -LRB- a portico or entrance hall -RRB- for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid-20th century but was not built .	mid-20th century	When was the narthex designed ?
Images of the abbey prior to the construction of the towers are scarce , though the abbey 's official website states that the building was without towers following Yevele 's renovation , with just the lower segments beneath the roof level of the Nave completed .	Yevele	The abbey was without towers following the renovation by whom ?
Until the 19th century , Westminster was the third seat of learning in England , after Oxford and Cambridge .	Oxford and Cambridge	Westminster Abbey was the third highest place of learning after which two places ?
It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated .	King James Bible Old Testament	The first third of what was translated at the abbey ?
It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated .	New Testament	The last half of what was also translated at the abbey ?
The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century .	20th century	The New English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time ?
Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940 .	the Blitz	Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940 ?
In the 1990s two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey .	Sergei Fyodorov	Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1990s ?
On 6 September 1997 the funeral of Diana , Princess of Wales , was held at the Abbey .	funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales	What was held at the abbey on 6 September 1997 ?
On 17 September 2010 Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey .	Pope Benedict XVI	Who was the first pope to set foot in the abbey ?
On 17 September 2010 Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey .	17 September 2010	On what date did the first pope set foot in the abbey ?
In the 1990s two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey .	Russian	What nationality was Sergei Fyodorov ?
In 1216 , Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne , because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city , and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral .	Gloucester Cathedral	Where was Henry III crowned ?
In 1216 , Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne , because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city , and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral .	1216	When was Henry III crowned ?
In 1216 , Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne , because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city , and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral .	French prince Louis	Who had taken control of London when Henry III was to be crowned ?
This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper , and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220 .	the Pope	Who deemed Henry III 's coronation to be improper ?
The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony .	The Archbishop of Canterbury	Who is the usual cleric for coronation ceremonies ?
King Edward 's Chair -LRB- or St Edward 's Chair -RRB- , the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been seated at the moment of coronation , is housed within the abbey and has been used at every coronation since 1308 .	King Edward's Chair	What is the name of the throne used for coronation ?
King Edward 's Chair -LRB- or St Edward 's Chair -RRB- , the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been seated at the moment of coronation , is housed within the abbey and has been used at every coronation since 1308 .	St Edward's Chair	What is another name for King Edward 's Chair ?
From 1301 to 1996 -LRB- except for a short time in 1950 when it was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists -RRB- , the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots are crowned .	the Stone of Scone	Upon what are kings of Scots coronated ?
From 1301 to 1996 -LRB- except for a short time in 1950 when it was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists -RRB- , the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots are crowned .	Scottish nationalists	Who had stolen the Stone of Scone ?
Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster , as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560 , which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign .	collegiate church	What kind of church is Westminster Abbey ?
Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster , as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560 , which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign .	Queen Elizabeth I	Who created Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster ?
Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster , as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560 , which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign .	the Dean and Chapter of Westminster	Who governs the church ?
The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four canons residentiary , assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk .	the Dean and four canons residentiary	Who are the members of the chapter of Westminster ?
The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four canons residentiary , assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk .	the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk	Who assist the chapter of Westminster ?
Together with the clergy and Receiver General and Chapter Clerk , various lay officers constitute the college , including the Organist and Master of the Choristers , the Registrar , the Auditor , the Legal Secretary , the Surveyor of the Fabric , the Head Master of the choir school , the Keeper of the Muniments and the Clerk of the Works , as well as 12 lay vicars , 10 choristers and the High Steward and High Bailiff .	12	How many lay vicars are there ?
Together with the clergy and Receiver General and Chapter Clerk , various lay officers constitute the college , including the Organist and Master of the Choristers , the Registrar , the Auditor , the Legal Secretary , the Surveyor of the Fabric , the Head Master of the choir school , the Keeper of the Muniments and the Clerk of the Works , as well as 12 lay vicars , 10 choristers and the High Steward and High Bailiff .	10	How many choristers are there at the abbey ?
The office of Priest Vicar was created in the 1970s for those who assist the minor canons .	1970s	When was the office of Priest Vicar created ?
Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint , Edward the Confessor , whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary .	Edward the Confessor	Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom ?
Until the death of George II of Great Britain in 1760 , most kings and queens were buried in the abbey , some notable exceptions being Henry VI , Edward IV , Henry VIII and Charles I who are buried in St George 's Chapel at Windsor Castle .	1760	When did George II of Great Britain die ?
Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint , Edward the Confessor , whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary .	a royal saint	Who was Edward the Confessor ?
Until the death of George II of Great Britain in 1760 , most kings and queens were buried in the abbey , some notable exceptions being Henry VI , Edward IV , Henry VIII and Charles I who are buried in St George 's Chapel at Windsor Castle .	St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle	Where was Henry VI buried ?
Other exceptions include Richard III , now buried at Leicester Cathedral , and the de facto queen Lady Jane Grey , buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London .	Leicester Cathedral	Where was Richard III buried ?
From the Middle Ages , aristocrats were buried inside chapels , while monks and other people associated with the abbey were buried in the cloisters and other areas .	inside chapels	Where were aristocrats buried from the Middle Ages ?
One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer , who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King 's Works .	master of the King's Works	Geoffrey Chaucer was employed as what ?
One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer , who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King 's Works .	in the abbey	Henry Purcell was buried where ?
The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of Admiral Robert Blake in 1657 .	Admiral Robert Blake	Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom ?
The practice spread to include generals , admirals , politicians , doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton , buried on 4 April 1727 , and Charles Darwin , buried 26 April 1882 .	Isaac Newton	Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727 ?
The practice spread to include generals , admirals , politicians , doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton , buried on 4 April 1727 , and Charles Darwin , buried 26 April 1882 .	Charles Darwin	Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882 ?
Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations , buried on 3 August 1833 .	William Wilberforce	Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833 ?
Wilberforce was buried in the north transept , close to his friend , the former Prime Minister , William Pitt .	William Pitt	Who was buried next to William Wilberforce ?
During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey .	cremated	In the early 20th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains ?
In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey , thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey .	1905	In what year was Sir Henry Irving cremated ?
The majority of interments at the Abbey are of cremated remains , but some burials still take place - Frances Challen , wife of the Rev Sebastian Charles , Canon of Westminster , was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014 .	Frances Challen	Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2014 ?
Members of the Percy Family have a family vault , The Northumberland Vault , in St Nicholas 's chapel within the abbey .	Percy Family	What family has the Northumberland Vault ?
He was buried in the abbey on 11 November 1920 .	11 November 1920	When was The Unknown Warrior buried ?
At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War .	At the east end of the Lady Chapel	Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF ?
It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain , which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war .	the Battle of Britain	The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what ?
It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain , which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war .	Tudor stained glass window	The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed ?
On Saturday September 6 , 1997 the formal , though not `` state '' Funeral of Diana , Princess of Wales , was held .	Saturday September 6, 1997	When was the formal funeral of Diana , Princess of Wales ?
A Second Public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people .	Sunday	When was a second public service held for Princess Diana ?
Diana 's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker , which she had chosen some weeks before .	Catherine Walker	Who designed Diana 's dress ?
A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands , a gift she had received from Mother Teresa .	Mother Teresa	Who gave Diana the rosary beads ?
Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey .	Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School	What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey ?
It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education , and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179 .	the Pope	Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school ?
It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education , and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179 .	1179	When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school ?
Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey .	Westminster Abbey Choir School	The choirboys of the abbey are trained where ?
The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937 , then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops , and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI .	Harrison & Harrison	Who built the organ ?
The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937 , then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops , and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI .	1937	When was the organ built ?
The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937 , then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops , and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI .	the coronation of King George VI	When was the organ first used ?
Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme .	pipework	What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848 ?
The two organ cases , designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson , were re-instated and coloured in 1959 .	John Loughborough Pearson	Who designed the two organ cases ?
One part of the instrument , the Celestial Organ , is currently not connected or playable .	the Celestial Organ	What part of the organ is not connected or playable ?
The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971 .	1971	When were the bells overhauled ?
The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971 .	1971	When were the ten bells cast ?
The ring is now made up of ten bells , hung for change ringing , cast in 1971 , by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry , tuned to the notes : F# , E , D , C# , B , A , G , F# , E and D .	Whitechapel Bell Foundry	Who cast the abbey bells ?
In addition there are two service bells , cast by Robert Mot , in 1585 and 1598 respectively , a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells -- one cast about 1320 , by the successor to R de Wymbish , and a second cast in 1742 , by Thomas Lester .	Robert Mot	Who cast the two service bells ?
In addition there are two service bells , cast by Robert Mot , in 1585 and 1598 respectively , a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells -- one cast about 1320 , by the successor to R de Wymbish , and a second cast in 1742 , by Thomas Lester .	1585 and 1598	When were the two service bells cast ?
In addition there are two service bells , cast by Robert Mot , in 1585 and 1598 respectively , a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells -- one cast about 1320 , by the successor to R de Wymbish , and a second cast in 1742 , by Thomas Lester .	1738	When was the Sanctus bell cast ?
In addition there are two service bells , cast by Robert Mot , in 1585 and 1598 respectively , a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells -- one cast about 1320 , by the successor to R de Wymbish , and a second cast in 1742 , by Thomas Lester .	Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester	Who cast the Sanctus bell ?
The two service bells and the 1320 bell , along with a fourth small silver `` dish bell '' , kept in the refectory , have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England .	in the refectory	Where is the `` dish bell '' kept ?
The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III , between about 1245 and 1253 .	Henry III	Under whom was the chapter house built ?
It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872 .	Sir George Gilbert Scott	Who restored the chapter house in 1872 ?
It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below .	Geometrical Gothic style	What style is the octagonal chapter house ?
It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below .	crypt	There is an octagonal what below the chapter house ?
A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling .	vaulted	What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house ?
To the sides are blind arcading , remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows .	4-light quatre-foiled windows	What kind of windows are in the chapter house ?
These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle , Paris .	the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris	The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what ?
The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement .	mid-13th-century	What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house ?
A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England .	1050	A door in the vestible dates back to when ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott .	the 14th century	When were the exterior flying buttresses added ?
It later became a meeting place of the King 's Great Council and the Commons , predecessors of Parliament .	King's Great Council and the Commons	Who else met in the chapter house ?
The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks ' dormitory .	The Pyx Chamber	What formed the undercroft of the monks ' dormitory ?
It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury .	the late 11th century	When does the Pyx Chamber date to ?
The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx , in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards .	the Trial of the Pyx	When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards ?
The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage , but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster .	English Heritage	The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom ?
The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage , but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster .	the Dean and Chapter of Westminster	Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house ?
English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house , comprising repairs to the roof , gutters , stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses as well as repairs to the lead light .	repairs	English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house ?
The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks ' dormitory in Westminster Abbey .	The Westminster Abbey Museum	What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks ' dormitory ?
This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey , dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065 .	1065	The area the museum occupies dates back to when ?
This space has been used as a museum since 1908 .	1908	The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks ' dormitory has been a museum since when ?
The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies -LRB- funeral saddle , helm and shield of Henry V -RRB- , together with other treasures , including some panels of mediaeval glass , 12th-century sculpture fragments , Mary II 's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia , and historic effigies of Edward III , Henry VII and his queen , Elizabeth of York , Charles II , William III , Mary II and Queen Anne .	funeral saddle, helm and shield	What belonging to Henry V is in the museum ?
The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies -LRB- funeral saddle , helm and shield of Henry V -RRB- , together with other treasures , including some panels of mediaeval glass , 12th-century sculpture fragments , Mary II 's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia , and historic effigies of Edward III , Henry VII and his queen , Elizabeth of York , Charles II , William III , Mary II and Queen Anne .	panels of mediaeval glass	What kind of panels are in the museum ?
Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio , Viscount Nelson , wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt , Earl of Chatham , modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright .	sculptor Patience Wright	Who modelled the effigies in the museum ?
Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio , Viscount Nelson , wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt , Earl of Chatham , modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright .	wax	What are the effigies made of ?
Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio , Viscount Nelson , wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt , Earl of Chatham , modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright .	some of his own clothes	What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing ?
A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable , England 's oldest altarpiece , which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey .	13th-century Westminster Retable	What was recently added to the museum exhibit ?
A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable , England 's oldest altarpiece , which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey .	England's oldest altarpiece	What is the Westminster Retable ?
A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable , England 's oldest altarpiece , which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey .	high altar of the abbey	What was the altarpiece designed for ?
A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable , England 's oldest altarpiece , which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey .	altarpiece	What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved ?
In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed .	major building work	What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009 ?
On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that , '' -LSB- a -RSB- fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work '' , efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued .	4 August 2010	On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued ?
In 2012 , architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey 's monks , converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company .	a restaurant	Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what ?
In 2012 , architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey 's monks , converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company .	English Oak	What kind of furniture is in the restaurant ?
In 2012 , architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey 's monks , converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company .	Luke Hughes and Company	Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant ?
A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen 's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey .	The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries	What will be created in the medieval triforium ?
To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric , Ptolemy Dean .	Gothic access tower with lift	What has been designed to help with the gallery ?
It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018 .	2018	When will the new galleries open ?
Nanjing -LRB- listen ; Chinese : 南京 , `` Southern Capital '' -RRB- is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China , which has long been a major centre of culture , education , research , politics , economy , transport networks and tourism .	Nanjing	What is the legal capital of the Republic of China ?
Nanjing -LRB- listen ; Chinese : 南京 , `` Southern Capital '' -RRB- is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China , which has long been a major centre of culture , education , research , politics , economy , transport networks and tourism .	lower Yangtze River region	What region is Nanjing in ?
Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty , the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty , about a thousand years later .	Ming dynasty	When was the city given the name Nanjing ?
Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty , the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty , about a thousand years later .	Jin dynasty	When did Nanjing become the Chinese national capital ?
Nanjing -LRB- listen ; Chinese : 南京 , `` Southern Capital '' -RRB- is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China , which has long been a major centre of culture , education , research , politics , economy , transport networks and tourism .	"Southern Capital"	What does Nanjing mean ?
Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China , Nanjing is home to one of the world 's largest inland ports .	East	What part of China -LRB- North , East , South , West -RRB- is Nanjing located ?
Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China , Nanjing is home to one of the world 's largest inland ports .	inland ports	What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world 's biggest ?
Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China , Nanjing is home to one of the world 's largest inland ports .	Yangtze River	What river is Nanjing associated with ?
Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China , Nanjing is home to one of the world 's largest inland ports .	Nanjing	What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China ?
Nanjing , one of the nation 's most important cities for over a thousand years , is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , and had been the world 's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years , enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters .	over a thousand years	How long has Nanjing been important ?
Nanjing , one of the nation 's most important cities for over a thousand years , is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , and had been the world 's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years , enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters .	Four	How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have ?
Nanjing , one of the nation 's most important cities for over a thousand years , is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , and had been the world 's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years , enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters .	Nanjing	What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China ?
It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established , and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites , including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum .	Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum	What mausoleum is in Nanjing ?
Nanjing , one of the nation 's most important cities for over a thousand years , is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , and had been the world 's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years , enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters .	Nanjing	What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era ?
Archaeological discovery shows that `` Nanjing Man '' lived in more than 500 thousand years ago .	more than 500 thousand years ago	How long ago did `` Nanjing Man '' live ?
Zun , a kind of wine vessel , was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago .	Zun, a kind of wine vessel	What vessel was found 5000 years ago ?
Later in 473 BC , the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng -LRB- 越城 -RRB- on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate .	473 BC	When was the the fort of Yuecheng built ?
Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture , and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang .	about 400 years	How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou ?
In the late period of Shang dynasty , Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state , and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture .	the late period of Shang dynasty	When was the Wu state created ?
Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD , when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye -LRB- 建業 -RRB- , the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD .	229 AD	When did Nanjing become a state capital ?
Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD , when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye -LRB- 建業 -RRB- , the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD .	Sun Quan	Who founded Eastern Wu ?
Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD , when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye -LRB- 建業 -RRB- , the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD .	during the Three Kingdoms period	When was Eastern Wu founded ?
Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280 , Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial , cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu .	the Western Jin dynasty	Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280 ?
Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD , when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye -LRB- 建業 -RRB- , the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD .	211 AD	When was Nanjing extended ?
Shortly after the unification of the region , the Western Jin dynasty collapsed .	the unification of the region	What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty ?
In 317 , remnants of the Jin court , as well as nobles and wealthy families , fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing , which was then called Jiankang -LRB- 建康 -RRB- , replacing Luoyang .	317	When did the Jin court head South ?
In 317 , remnants of the Jin court , as well as nobles and wealthy families , fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing , which was then called Jiankang -LRB- 建康 -RRB- , replacing Luoyang .	Nanjing	Where did the Jin court re-establish itself , after fleeing ?
In 317 , remnants of the Jin court , as well as nobles and wealthy families , fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing , which was then called Jiankang -LRB- 建康 -RRB- , replacing Luoyang .	nobles and wealthy families	Who fled with the Jin court to the South ?
During the period of North -- South division , Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries .	more than two and a half centuries	How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties ?
During the period of North -- South division , Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries .	Nanjing	During the time of the North -- South division , what city was the center of East Asia ?
Based on historical documents , the city had 280,000 registered households .	280,000 registered households	During the time of the North -- South division , how many households were in Nanjing ?
Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time , the city had more than 1.4 million residents .	more than 1.4 million residents	What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time ?
Based on historical documents , the city had 280,000 registered households .	historical documents	Where did the information on registered households during that period originate ?
A number of sculptural ensembles of that era , erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries , have survived -LRB- in various degrees of preservation -RRB- in Nanjing 's northeastern and eastern suburbs , primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District .	A number of sculptural ensembles	What has survived in Nanjing 's suburbs ?
A number of sculptural ensembles of that era , erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries , have survived -LRB- in various degrees of preservation -RRB- in Nanjing 's northeastern and eastern suburbs , primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District .	Qixia and Jiangning District	In what district are these sculptural pieces located ?
Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu -LRB- 475 -- 518 -RRB- , a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang .	the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu	Which piece is the best , in terms of preservation condition ?
Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu -LRB- 475 -- 518 -RRB- , a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang .	a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang	Who was Xiao Xiu ?
Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu -LRB- 475 -- 518 -RRB- , a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang .	475–518	When did Xiao Xiu live ?
It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling -LRB- 金陵 -RRB- during the Southern Tang -LRB- 937 -- 976 -RRB- , a state that succeeded Wu state .	during the Southern Tang (937–976)	When was Nanjing made a capital again ?
Jiankang 's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty .	the Song dynasty	During what dynasty did Nanjing become a thriving textile city ?
The court of Da Chu , a short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens , and the court of Song were once in the city .	The court of Da Chu	What was the name of the short-lived puppet court created by the Jurchens ?
Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city 's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated .	the Mongol empire	Who defeated the court of Song ?
The first emperor of the Ming dynasty , Zhu Yuanzhang -LRB- the Hongwu Emperor -RRB- , who overthrew the Yuan dynasty , renamed the city Yingtian , rebuilt it , and made it the dynastic capital in 1368 .	Zhu Yuanzhang	Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty ?
The first emperor of the Ming dynasty , Zhu Yuanzhang -LRB- the Hongwu Emperor -RRB- , who overthrew the Yuan dynasty , renamed the city Yingtian , rebuilt it , and made it the dynastic capital in 1368 .	the Yuan dynasty	Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat ?
He constructed a 48 km -LRB- 30 mi -RRB- long city wall around Yingtian , as well as a new Ming Palace complex , and government halls .	long city wall	What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing ?
It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project .	21 years	How long did it take to finish the wall ?
It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project .	200,000	How many workers worked on the wall ?
It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400 .	from 1358 to 1425	When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world ?
It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400 .	487,000	What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400 ?
Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421 , when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty , the Yongle Emperor , relocated the capital to Beijing .	1421	When did Nanjing cease to be the capital ?
Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421 , when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty , the Yongle Emperor , relocated the capital to Beijing .	Beijing	Where was the capital moved to ?
Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421 , when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty , the Yongle Emperor , relocated the capital to Beijing .	the Yongle Emperor	Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty ?
Besides the city wall , other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower , although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties .	Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum	What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing ?
Besides the city wall , other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower , although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties .	the Taipings	Who decimated the Porcelain Tower ?
Besides the city wall , other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower , although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties .	in the 19th century	When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed ?
Besides the city wall , other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower , although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties .	superstitious fear of its geomantic properties	One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it 's use by a hostile enemy . What is the other possibility ?
A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry -LRB- located some 15 -- 20 km -LRB- 9 -- 12 mi -RRB- east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum -RRB- , where a gigantic stele , cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor , lies abandoned , just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it .	15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city	How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry ?
A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry -LRB- located some 15 -- 20 km -LRB- 9 -- 12 mi -RRB- east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum -RRB- , where a gigantic stele , cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor , lies abandoned , just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it .	a gigantic stele	What large item is abandoned at the Quarry ?
A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry -LRB- located some 15 -- 20 km -LRB- 9 -- 12 mi -RRB- east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum -RRB- , where a gigantic stele , cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor , lies abandoned , just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it .	600 years ago	How long ago was the stele abandoned ?
A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry -LRB- located some 15 -- 20 km -LRB- 9 -- 12 mi -RRB- east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum -RRB- , where a gigantic stele , cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor , lies abandoned , just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it .	it was impossible to move or complete it	Why was the stele abandoned ?
A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry -LRB- located some 15 -- 20 km -LRB- 9 -- 12 mi -RRB- east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum -RRB- , where a gigantic stele , cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor , lies abandoned , just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it .	the Yongle Emperor	Who ordered the creation of the stele ?
It was home of the admiral Zheng He , who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans , and it was visited by foreign dignitaries , such as a king from Borneo -LRB- Boni 渤泥 -RRB- , who died during his visit to China in 1408 .	admiral Zheng He	What Admiral called Nanjing his home ?
It was home of the admiral Zheng He , who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans , and it was visited by foreign dignitaries , such as a king from Borneo -LRB- Boni 渤泥 -RRB- , who died during his visit to China in 1408 .	(Boni 渤泥)	What visiting king died in China in 1408 ?
It was home of the admiral Zheng He , who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans , and it was visited by foreign dignitaries , such as a king from Borneo -LRB- Boni 渤泥 -RRB- , who died during his visit to China in 1408 .	Borneo	What country did this visiting king come from ?
The Tomb of the King of Boni , with a spirit way and a tortoise stele , was discovered in Yuhuatai District -LRB- south of the walled city -RRB- in 1958 , and has been restored .	a tortoise stele	What stele is at Boni 's tomb ?
After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng 's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644 , the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor .	1644	When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng 's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty ?
After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng 's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644 , the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor .	Zhu Yousong	What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing ?
After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng 's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644 , the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor .	in June 1644	When was Zhu Yousong enthroned ?
After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng 's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644 , the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor .	the Hongguang Emperor	What was Zhu Yousong 's title ?
His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty .	the so-called Southern Ming dynasty	The Hongguang Emperor 's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty ?
Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645 , the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing , and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents .	late May 1645	When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing , having been defeated ?
On June 6 , Dodo 's troops approached Nanjing , and the commander of the city 's garrison , Zhao the Earl of Xincheng , promptly surrendered the city to them .	Zhao the Earl of Xincheng	Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6 ?
The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way .	shave their heads	What did the Manchu 's make all the men in the city do ?
Under the Qing dynasty -LRB- 1644 -- 1911 -RRB- , the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning -LRB- 江寧 -RRB- and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang .	1644–1911	When was the Qing dynasty in power ?
Under the Qing dynasty -LRB- 1644 -- 1911 -RRB- , the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning -LRB- 江寧 -RRB- and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang .	Jiangning	What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty ?
It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces .	the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors	What emperors visited Nanjing more than once ?
Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War , which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 .	1842	What year did the First Opium War end ?
Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace .	the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king	Who lived in buildings that would later come to be known as the Presidential Palace ?
When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864 , a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death .	1864	When did Qing troops regain Nanjing ?
When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864 , a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death .	over 100,000	How many people died during the Qing troops retaking of Nanjing ?
Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace .	Taiping	Qing troops allowed no rebels who spoke what dialect to surrender ?
When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864 , a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death .	Zeng Guofan	Who was the leader of the Qing troops ?
The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital .	January 1912	When was the Republic of China founded ?
The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital .	Sun Yat-sen	Who was the first president of the Republic of China ?
However , the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north , so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi , the Last Emperor .	Yuan Shikai	Who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing ?
In 1927 , the Kuomintang -LRB- KMT ; Nationalist Party -RRB- under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China , and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928 .	1927	When was Nanjing re-established as the capital of the Republic of China ?
In 1927 , the Kuomintang -LRB- KMT ; Nationalist Party -RRB- under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China , and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928 .	the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)	What party established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China ?
In 1927 , the Kuomintang -LRB- KMT ; Nationalist Party -RRB- under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China , and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928 .	Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek	Who was the leader of the Kuomintang -LRB- KMT ; Nationalist Party -RRB- ?
The following decade is known as the Nanking decade .	the Nanking decade	What are the 1930 's known as , in China ?
In 1927 , the Kuomintang -LRB- KMT ; Nationalist Party -RRB- under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China , and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928 .	1928	When did the Kuomintang -LRB- KMT ; Nationalist Party -RRB- defeat and take over Beijing ?
In 1937 , the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931 , beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War -LRB- often considered a theatre of World War II -RRB- .	1931	When did Japan invade Manchuria ?
In 1937 , the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931 , beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War -LRB- often considered a theatre of World War II -RRB- .	1937	When did Japan invade all of China ?
Even children , the elderly , and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army .	the Imperial Japanese Army	Who killed innocent civilians in the Nanking Massacre ?
The total death toll , including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal , was between 300,000 and 350,000 .	between 300,000 and 350,000	How many died in the Nanking Massacre ?
The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event .	1985	When was the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall built ?
A few days before the fall of the city , the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking -LRB- Chongqing -RRB- and resumed Chinese resistance .	A few days before the fall of the city	When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking ?
In 1940 , a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the `` Nanjing Regime '' or `` Reorganized National Government of China '' led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek 's government in Chongqing .	1940	When was the Nanjing Regime established ?
In 1940 , a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the `` Nanjing Regime '' or `` Reorganized National Government of China '' led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek 's government in Chongqing .	Wang Jingwei	Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime ?
In 1946 , after the Surrender of Japan , the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing .	1946	When did the KMT move back to Nanjing ?
In 1940 , a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the `` Nanjing Regime '' or `` Reorganized National Government of China '' led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek 's government in Chongqing .	"Reorganized National Government of China"	What was another name for the Nanjing Regime ?
On 21 April , Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River .	21 April	When did the Communist troops cross the Yangtze River ?
On April 23 , 1949 , the Communist People 's Liberation Army -LRB- PLA -RRB- captured Nanjing .	April 23, 1949	When was Nanjing conquered by the Communist People 's Liberation Army -LRB- PLA -RRB- ?
The KMT government retreated to Canton -LRB- Guangzhou -RRB- until October 15 , Chongqing until November 25 , and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on December 10 .	Canton (Guangzhou)	Where did the KMT government stay until October 15 ?
The KMT government retreated to Canton -LRB- Guangzhou -RRB- until October 15 , Chongqing until November 25 , and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on December 10 .	December 10	When did the KMT government head to Taiwan ?
After the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in October 1949 , Nanjing was initially a province-level municipality , but it was soon merged into Jiangsu province and again became the provincial capital by replacing Zhenjiang which was transferred in 1928 , and retains that status to this day .	October 1949	When was the People 's Republic of China formed ?
Nanjing , with a total land area of 6,598 square kilometres -LRB- 2,548 sq mi -RRB- , is situated in the heartland of drainage area of lower reaches of Yangtze River , and in Yangtze River Delta , one of the largest economic zones of China .	2,548 sq mi	How large is Nanjing , in miles ?
The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then north side of Nanjing City , while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north , east and south side of the city .	past the west side and then north side	Where does the Yangtze River flow in Nanjing ?
The city is 300 kilometres -LRB- 190 mi -RRB- west-northwest of Shanghai , 1,200 kilometres -LRB- 750 mi -RRB- south-southeast of Beijing , and 1,400 kilometres -LRB- 870 mi -RRB- east-northeast of Chongqing .	190 mi	How far is Nanjing from Shanghai , in miles ?
The city is 300 kilometres -LRB- 190 mi -RRB- west-northwest of Shanghai , 1,200 kilometres -LRB- 750 mi -RRB- south-southeast of Beijing , and 1,400 kilometres -LRB- 870 mi -RRB- east-northeast of Chongqing .	750 mi	How far is Nanjing from Beijing ?
The area around Nanjing is called Hsiajiang -LRB- 下江 , Downstream River -RRB- region , with Jianghuai -LRB- 江淮 -RRB- stressing northern part and Jiangzhe -LRB- 江浙 -RRB- stressing southern part .	Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region	What is the name of the area of land around Nanjing ?
Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast , one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze , Zhenjiang to the east , one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze , and Changzhou to the southeast .	Yangzhou	What city is northeast of Nanjing ?
Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast , one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze , Zhenjiang to the east , one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze , and Changzhou to the southeast .	Changzhou	What is southeast of Nanjing ?
On its western boundary is Anhui province , where Nanjing borders five prefecture-level cities , Chuzhou to the northwest , Wuhu , Chaohu and Maanshan to the west and Xuancheng to the southwest .	Anhui province	What province is to the west of Nanjing ?
On its western boundary is Anhui province , where Nanjing borders five prefecture-level cities , Chuzhou to the northwest , Wuhu , Chaohu and Maanshan to the west and Xuancheng to the southwest .	five	How many prefecture-size cities are in the province of Anhui ?
Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast , one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze , Zhenjiang to the east , one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze , and Changzhou to the southeast .	Zhenjiang	What city is on the border of Nanjing to the East ?
Nanjing is the intersection of Yangtze River , an east-west water transport artery , and Nanjing -- Beijing railway , a south-north land transport artery , hence the name `` door of the east and west , throat of the south and north '' .	Yangtze River	What is the east-west waterway near Nanjing ?
Nanjing is the intersection of Yangtze River , an east-west water transport artery , and Nanjing -- Beijing railway , a south-north land transport artery , hence the name `` door of the east and west , throat of the south and north '' .	Nanjing–Beijing railway	What is the railway that runs South to North called ?
Furthermore , the west part of the Ningzhen range is in Nanjing ; the Loong-like Zhong Mountain is curling in the east of the city ; the tiger-like Stone Mountain is crouching in the west of the city , hence the name `` the Zhong Mountain , a dragon curling , and the Stone Mountain , a tiger crouching '' .	Zhong Mountain	What mountain is in the East are of Nanjing ?
Furthermore , the west part of the Ningzhen range is in Nanjing ; the Loong-like Zhong Mountain is curling in the east of the city ; the tiger-like Stone Mountain is crouching in the west of the city , hence the name `` the Zhong Mountain , a dragon curling , and the Stone Mountain , a tiger crouching '' .	Stone Mountain	What mountain lies in the west of Nanjing ?
Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- and is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon .	a humid subtropical climate	What type of climate does Nanjing enjoy ?
Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- and is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon .	the East Asian monsoon	What monsoon affects Nanjing ?
Along with Chongqing and Wuhan , Nanjing is traditionally referred to as one of the `` Three Furnacelike Cities '' along the Yangtze River -LRB- 长江流域三大火炉 -RRB- for the perennially high temperatures in the summertime .	Chongqing and Wuhan	Nanjing is one of three `` Furnacelike '' cities . What are the other two cities ?
On average precipitation falls 115 days out of the year , and the average annual rainfall is 1,062 millimetres -LRB- 42 in -RRB- .	115 days	How many days of rain does Nanjing get a year , on average ?
With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37 percent in March to 52 percent in August , the city receives 1,983 hours of bright sunshine annually .	1,983 hours	How many hours of bright sunshine does Nanjing get each year ?
Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources , which include more than 40 kinds of minerals .	40	How many types of minerals are found in Nanjing ?
Among them , iron and sulfur reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province .	iron and sulfur	Which minerals comprise 40 percent of those in the province ?
Its reserves of strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region .	strontium	For what mineral reserve does Nanjing rank first in both East Asia and the South East Asia areas ?
Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources , both from the Yangtze River and groundwater .	the Yangtze River and groundwater	What are Nanjing 's main water sources ?
In addition , it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou .	Tangshan Hot Spring	What hot spring is in Jiangning ?
Natural lakes such as Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the centre of the city and are easily accessible to the public , while hills like Purple Mountain are covered with evergreens and oaks and host various historical and cultural sites .	Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake	What lakes are in the middle of Nanjing ?
Natural lakes such as Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the centre of the city and are easily accessible to the public , while hills like Purple Mountain are covered with evergreens and oaks and host various historical and cultural sites .	evergreens and oaks	What type of trees are on Purple Mountain ?
Sun Quan relocated his capital to Nanjing after Liu Bei 's suggestion as Liu Bei was impressed by Nanjing 's impeccable geographic position when negotiating an alliance with Sun Quan .	Liu Bei	Who convinced Sun Quan to make Nanjing his capital ?
Sun Quan relocated his capital to Nanjing after Liu Bei 's suggestion as Liu Bei was impressed by Nanjing 's impeccable geographic position when negotiating an alliance with Sun Quan .	Nanjing's impeccable geographic position	What impressed Liu Bei so much about Nanjing ?
Surrounded by the Yangtze River and mountains , Nanjing also enjoys beautiful natural scenery .	the Yangtze River and mountains	What is Nanjing surrounded by ?
A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres -LRB- 750 mi -RRB- , including Tianjin , Hebei , Shandong , Jiangsu , Anhui , Shanghai and Zhejiang .	2 December 2013	When did a thick wave of smog first appear in Central and Eastern China ?
The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province , especially in and around Nanjing , with its AQI pollution Index at `` severely polluted '' for five straight days and `` heavily polluted '' for nine .	five straight days	How long was Nanjing ranked as `` severely polluted '' during this wave ?
From 5 to 6 December , Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools .	From 5 to 6 December	On what days did Nanjing have to issue a Red Alert because of the severe air pollution ?
At present , the full name of the government of Nanjing is `` People 's Government of Nanjing City '' and the city is under the one-party rule of the CPC , with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary .	"People's Government of Nanjing City"	What is the full name for Nanjing 's government ?
At present , the full name of the government of Nanjing is `` People 's Government of Nanjing City '' and the city is under the one-party rule of the CPC , with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary .	one-party	How many parties rule Nanjing ?
At present , the full name of the government of Nanjing is `` People 's Government of Nanjing City '' and the city is under the one-party rule of the CPC , with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary .	the CPC	What party rules Nanjing ?
At present , the full name of the government of Nanjing is `` People 's Government of Nanjing City '' and the city is under the one-party rule of the CPC , with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary .	the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary	Who is considered to be the governor of Nanjing ?
At present , the full name of the government of Nanjing is `` People 's Government of Nanjing City '' and the city is under the one-party rule of the CPC , with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary .	the mayor	who is the executive leader of Nanjing , working under the secretary ?
According to the Sixth China Census , the total population of the City of Nanjing reached 8.005 million in 2010 .	8.005 million	What was the population of Nanjing in 2010 ?
The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 8.11 million .	8.11 million	What was the estimated population of Nanjing in 2011 ?
According to the Sixth China Census , the total population of the City of Nanjing reached 8.005 million in 2010 .	the Sixth China Census	How was the population figure for 2010 obtained ?
The birth rate was 8.86 percent and the death rate was 6.88 percent .	8.86 percent	What was Nanjing 's birth rate ?
The urban area had a population of 6.47 million people .	6.47 million	How many people were considered to be living in the urban portion of Nanjing ?
As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality -LRB- 98.56 percent -RRB- , with 50 other minority nationalities .	Han nationality	What is the overwhelming ethnic majority in Nanjing ?
In 1999 , 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities , among which the vast majority -LRB- 64,832 -RRB- were Hui nationalities , contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population .	Hui nationalities	What minority nationality is most common ?
The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu -LRB- 2,311 -RRB- and Zhuang -LRB- 533 -RRB- nationalities .	Manchu	What is the second most common minority group in Nanjing ?
The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu -LRB- 2,311 -RRB- and Zhuang -LRB- 533 -RRB- nationalities .	2,311	How many people of Manchu descent live in Nanjing ?
As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality -LRB- 98.56 percent -RRB- , with 50 other minority nationalities .	50	How many minority nationality types does Nanjing contain ?
Since the Three Kingdoms period , Nanjing has been an industrial centre for textiles and minting owing to its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation .	minting	In addition to textiles , what other industry is Nanjing known for , since the Three Kingdoms period ?
Since the Three Kingdoms period , Nanjing has been an industrial centre for textiles and minting owing to its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation .	its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation	Why is Nanjing so strong in textiles and minting ?
During the Ming dynasty , Nanjing 's industry was further expanded , and the city became one of the most prosperous cities in China and the world .	Ming	During what dynasty was Nanjing the biggest business center in all of East Asia ?
Textiles boomed particularly in Qing dynasty , the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city in 18th and 19th century .	Qing	In what dynasty were textiles particularly popular ?
Textiles boomed particularly in Qing dynasty , the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city in 18th and 19th century .	around 200 thousand jobs	During the textile boom , how many jobs were created ?
Into the first half of the twentieth century after the establishment of ROC , Nanjing gradually shifted from being a production hub towards being a heavy consumption city , mainly because of the rapid expansion of its wealthy population after Nanjing once again regained the political spotlight of China .	Into the first half of the twentieth century	In what time period did Nanjing transform from a producer to more of a consumer city ?
Into the first half of the twentieth century after the establishment of ROC , Nanjing gradually shifted from being a production hub towards being a heavy consumption city , mainly because of the rapid expansion of its wealthy population after Nanjing once again regained the political spotlight of China .	the rapid expansion of its wealthy population	What mostly caused the shift to a consumer city ?
A number of huge department stores such as Zhongyang Shangchang sprouted up , attracting merchants from all over China to sell their products in Nanjing .	huge department stores	What is Zhongyang Shangchang ?
In 1933 , the revenue generated by the food and entertainment industry in the city exceeded the sum of the output of the manufacturing and agriculture industry .	1933	In what year did the revenue of food and entertainment eclipse the output of industry ?
One third of the city population worked in the service industry , .	One third of the city population	How much of the population worked in a service capacity at that time ?
In the 1950s after PRC was established by CPC , the government invested heavily in the city to build a series of state-owned heavy industries , as part of the national plan of rapid industrialization , converting it into a heavy industry production centre of East China .	a series of state-owned heavy industries	What did the government build in Nanjing during the 1950 's ?
Overenthusiastic in building a `` world-class '' industrial city , the government also made many disastrous mistakes during development , such as spending hundreds of millions of yuan to mine for non-existent coal , resulting in negative economic growth in the late 1960s .	negative economic growth	The mistakes the government made during this period resulted in what type of growth ?
From 1960s to 1980s there were Five Pillar Industries , namely , electronics , cars , petrochemical , iron and steel , and power , each with big state-owned firms .	Five	How many Pillar industries were there from the 1960s to the 1980s ?
After the Reform and Opening recovering market economy , the state-owned enterprises found themselves incapable of competing with efficient multinational firms and local private firms , hence were either mired in heavy debt or forced into bankruptcy or privatization and this resulted in large numbers of layoff workers who were technically not unemployed but effectively jobless .	large numbers of layoff	The inability to compete with multinational firms led to what for workers ?
Overenthusiastic in building a `` world-class '' industrial city , the government also made many disastrous mistakes during development , such as spending hundreds of millions of yuan to mine for non-existent coal , resulting in negative economic growth in the late 1960s .	“world-class”	The government wanted Nanjing to be what kind of industrial city ?
Service industries are dominating , accounting for about 60 percent of the GDP of the city , and financial industry , culture industry and tourism industry are top 3 of them .	Service industries	What type of industries are now dominant in Nanjing ?
Service industries are dominating , accounting for about 60 percent of the GDP of the city , and financial industry , culture industry and tourism industry are top 3 of them .	about 60 percent	How much of the city 's GDP do the service industries contribute to ?
Nanjing is an industrial technology research and development hub , hosting many R & D centers and institutions , especially in areas of electronics technology , information technology , computer software , biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology and new material technology .	many R & D centers and institutions	Companies such as Huawei , ZTE and Lenovo have built what in Nanjing ?
The city has also attracted foreign investment , multinational firms such as Siemens , Ericsson , Volkswagen , Iveco , A.O. Smith , and Sharp have established their lines , and a number of multinationals such as Ford , IBM , Lucent , Samsung and SAP established research center there .	research center	Companies such as Ford , IBM , Lucent , Samsung and SAP have built what in Nanjing ?
Service industries are dominating , accounting for about 60 percent of the GDP of the city , and financial industry , culture industry and tourism industry are top 3 of them .	financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry	The top 3 industries in Nanjing are ?
In 2013 the city 's GDP was RMB 801 billion -LRB- 3rd in Jiangsu -RRB- , and GDP per capita -LRB- current price -RRB- was RMB 98,174 -LRB- US$ 16041 -RRB- , a 11 percent increase from 2012 .	RMB 801 billion	What was Nanjing 's GDP in 2013 ?
In 2013 the city 's GDP was RMB 801 billion -LRB- 3rd in Jiangsu -RRB- , and GDP per capita -LRB- current price -RRB- was RMB 98,174 -LRB- US$ 16041 -RRB- , a 11 percent increase from 2012 .	RMB 98,174(US$16041)	What was Nanjing 's GDP per person in 2013 ?
In 2013 the city 's GDP was RMB 801 billion -LRB- 3rd in Jiangsu -RRB- , and GDP per capita -LRB- current price -RRB- was RMB 98,174 -LRB- US$ 16041 -RRB- , a 11 percent increase from 2012 .	increase	Was the GDP in 2013 an increase or decrease over 2012 's levels ?
The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent , lower than the national average -LRB- 4.3 percent -RRB- .	lower than the national average	How was Nanjing 's unemployment rate , compared to the nation as a whole ?
Nanjing 's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China , and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009 .	12th	What was Nanjing 's GDP ranking in all of China for 2013 ?
Different means of transportation constitute a three-dimensional transport system that includes land , water and air .	land, water and air	What are the three types of transport in Nanjing ?
As in most other Chinese cities , public transportation is the dominant mode of travel of the majority of the citizens .	public transportation	What is the most popular method of travel for citizens ?
As of October 2014 , Nanjing had five bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River , which are tying districts north of the river with the city centre on the south bank .	five	How many bridges does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River ?
As of October 2014 , Nanjing had five bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River , which are tying districts north of the river with the city centre on the south bank .	two	How many tunnels does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River ?
As of October 2014 , Nanjing had five bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River , which are tying districts north of the river with the city centre on the south bank .	on the south bank	Where is the city centre located ?
Nanjing is an important railway hub in eastern China .	eastern China	Nanjing 's railway is important , and is located in what region of China ?
It serves as rail junction for the Beijing-Shanghai -LRB- Jinghu -RRB- -LRB- which is itself composed of the old Jinpu and Huning Railways -RRB- , Nanjing -- Tongling Railway -LRB- Ningtong -RRB- , Nanjing -- Qidong -LRB- Ningqi -RRB- , and the Nanjing-Xian -LRB- Ningxi -RRB- which encompasses the Hefei -- Nanjing Railway .	Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu)	What line does Nanjing serve as a railway junction for ?
It serves as rail junction for the Beijing-Shanghai -LRB- Jinghu -RRB- -LRB- which is itself composed of the old Jinpu and Huning Railways -RRB- , Nanjing -- Tongling Railway -LRB- Ningtong -RRB- , Nanjing -- Qidong -LRB- Ningqi -RRB- , and the Nanjing-Xian -LRB- Ningxi -RRB- which encompasses the Hefei -- Nanjing Railway .	the old Jinpu and Huning Railways	What lines comprise the Beijing-Shanghai -LRB- Jinghu -RRB- line ?
Nanjing is connected to the national high-speed railway network by Beijing -- Shanghai High-Speed Railway and Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line , with several more high-speed rail lines under construction .	Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line	What high-speed railway is Nanjing connected to that contains Shanghai ?
Nanjing is connected to the national high-speed railway network by Beijing -- Shanghai High-Speed Railway and Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line , with several more high-speed rail lines under construction .	several more high-speed rail lines	What type of railway lines are now under construction ?
Among all 17 railway stations in Nanjing , passenger rail service is mainly provided by Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station , while other stations like Nanjing West Railway Station , Zhonghuamen Railway Station and Xianlin Railway Station serve minor roles .	17	How many railway stations are there in Nanjing ?
Among all 17 railway stations in Nanjing , passenger rail service is mainly provided by Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station , while other stations like Nanjing West Railway Station , Zhonghuamen Railway Station and Xianlin Railway Station serve minor roles .	Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station	Which are the two most prominent railway stations ?
Nanjing Railway Station was first built in 1968 .	1968	When was the Nanjing Railway Station originally constructed ?
Reconstruction of the station was finished on September 1 , 2005 .	2005	In what year was the Nanjing Railway Station re-built ?
Among all 17 railway stations in Nanjing , passenger rail service is mainly provided by Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station , while other stations like Nanjing West Railway Station , Zhonghuamen Railway Station and Xianlin Railway Station serve minor roles .	Nanjing South Railway Station	Which station is one of the 5 hub stations on the Beijing -- Shanghai High-Speed Railway line ?
Express highways such as Hu -- Ning , Ning -- He , Ning -- Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai , Hefei , Hangzhou , and other important cities quickly and conveniently .	Express highways	What type of highways let commuters get to cities fast ?
Inside the city of Nanjing , there are 230 km -LRB- 140 mi -RRB- of highways , with a highway coverage density of 3.38 kilometres per hundred square kilometrs -LRB- 5.44 mi/100 sq mi -RRB- .	140 mi	How many miles of highways are in Nanjing ?
The two artery roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong .	Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong	What are the names of the artery roads in Nanjing ?
The two roads cross in the city centre , Xinjiekou .	in the city centre, Xinjiekou	Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong cross each other in what area of Nanjing ?
The total road coverage density of the city is 112.56 kilometres per hundred square kilometres -LRB- 181.15 mi/100 sq mi -RRB- .	181.15 mi/100 sq mi	What is the total coverage of the city with roads , in miles ?
The city also boasts an efficient network of public transportation , which mainly consists of bus , taxi and metro systems .	bus, taxi and metro systems	What are the main types of public transportation ?
The bus network , which is currently run by three companies since 2011 , provides more than 370 routes covering all parts of the city and suburban areas .	three companies	How many companies are involved with the network of buses ?
At present , Nanjing has a metro system with a grand total of 223.6 kilometers -LRB- 138.9 mi -RRB- of route and 121 stations .	121 stations	How many stations are there in total in the Nanjing metro system ?
The city is planning to complete a 17-line Metro and light-rail system by 2030 .	2030	When does Nanjing expect to finish it 's light rail line ?
The bus network , which is currently run by three companies since 2011 , provides more than 370 routes covering all parts of the city and suburban areas .	more than 370 routes	How many bus routes are there in Nanjing ?
Nanjing 's airport , Lukou International Airport , serves both national and international flights .	Lukou International Airport	What is Nanjing 's airport called ?
The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations , which include Japan , Korea , Thailand , Malaysia , Singapore , USA and Germany .	85 routes	How many routes does Nanjing 's airport run ?
In 2013 , Nanjing airport handled 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of freight .	15,011,792 passengers	How many passengers did the airport service in 2013 ?
Lukou Airport was opened on 28 June 1997 , replacing Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport as the main airport serving Nanjing .	28 June 1997	When did the airport open for business ?
Lukou Airport was opened on 28 June 1997 , replacing Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport as the main airport serving Nanjing .	Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport	What airport was the primary airport before Lukou ?
Port of Nanjing is the largest inland port in China , with annual cargo tonnage reached 191,970,000 t in 2012 .	Port of Nanjing	What is the largest inland port for China ?
The port area is 98 kilometres -LRB- 61 mi -RRB- in length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000 .	98 kilometres (61 mi) in length	How long is the Port of Nanjing ?
The port area is 98 kilometres -LRB- 61 mi -RRB- in length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000 .	64	How many berths does the Port contain ?
Nanjing is also the biggest container port along the Yangtze River ; in March 2004 , the one million container-capacity base , Longtan Containers Port Area opened , further consolidating Nanjing as the leading port in the region .	March 2004	When did Longtan Containers Port Area open up ?
Nanjing is also the biggest container port along the Yangtze River ; in March 2004 , the one million container-capacity base , Longtan Containers Port Area opened , further consolidating Nanjing as the leading port in the region .	one million container-capacity	How many containers can Longtan Containers Port Area handle ?
In the 1960s , the first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was completed , and served as the only bridge crossing over the Lower Yangtze in eastern China at that time .	the 1960s	When was the very first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge finished ?
The bridge was a source of pride and an important symbol of modern China , having been built and designed by the Chinese themselves following failed surveys by other nations and the reliance on and then rejection of Soviet expertise .	symbol of modern China	What was the symbolism of the bridge ?
Begun in 1960 and opened to traffic in 1968 , the bridge is a two-tiered road and rail design spanning 4,600 metres on the upper deck , with approximately 1,580 metres spanning the river itself .	1968	When did the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge first open for traffic ?
Begun in 1960 and opened to traffic in 1968 , the bridge is a two-tiered road and rail design spanning 4,600 metres on the upper deck , with approximately 1,580 metres spanning the river itself .	a two-tiered road and rail design	What type of design is the bridge ?
Since then four more bridges and two tunnels have been built .	four	How many more bridges have been built since the first one was completed ?
Being one of the four ancient capitals of China , Nanjing has always been a cultural centre attracting intellectuals from all over the country .	four	How many ancient capitals does China have in its history ?
Being one of the four ancient capitals of China , Nanjing has always been a cultural centre attracting intellectuals from all over the country .	intellectuals	What type of people does Nanjing draw because of its culture ?
In the Tang and Song dynasties , Nanjing was a place where poets gathered and composed poems reminiscent of its luxurious past ; during the Ming and Qing dynasties , the city was the official imperial examination centre -LRB- Jiangnan Examination Hall -RRB- for the Jiangnan region , again acting as a hub where different thoughts and opinions converged and thrived .	the Tang and Song dynasties	In what dynasties did poets congregate in Nanjing ?
In the Tang and Song dynasties , Nanjing was a place where poets gathered and composed poems reminiscent of its luxurious past ; during the Ming and Qing dynasties , the city was the official imperial examination centre -LRB- Jiangnan Examination Hall -RRB- for the Jiangnan region , again acting as a hub where different thoughts and opinions converged and thrived .	the Ming and Qing dynasties	When did the city serve as the official imperial examination centre ?
In the Tang and Song dynasties , Nanjing was a place where poets gathered and composed poems reminiscent of its luxurious past ; during the Ming and Qing dynasties , the city was the official imperial examination centre -LRB- Jiangnan Examination Hall -RRB- for the Jiangnan region , again acting as a hub where different thoughts and opinions converged and thrived .	Jiangnan Examination Hall	What was the name of the examination centre ?
Today , with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions , Nanjing is commonly viewed as a `` city of culture '' and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China .	as a “city of culture”	How is Nanjing seen , from a cultural perspective ?
Today , with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions , Nanjing is commonly viewed as a `` city of culture '' and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China .	local educational institutions	Who provides strong support to Nanjing ?
Today , with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions , Nanjing is commonly viewed as a `` city of culture '' and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China .	Nanjing	What city is considered one of the more pleasant cities to live in , by the Chinese ?
Today , with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions , Nanjing is commonly viewed as a `` city of culture '' and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China .	a long cultural tradition	Does Nanjing have a long or short tradition of culture ?
Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing ; they include the Qianxian Dance Company , Nanjing Dance Company , Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others .	Nanjing	Where do some of the country 's most prominent art groups call home ?
Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing ; they include the Qianxian Dance Company , Nanjing Dance Company , Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others .	Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute	Which opera company is based in Nanjing ?
Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing ; they include the Qianxian Dance Company , Nanjing Dance Company , Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others .	Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company	What art company is based in Nanjing ?
Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing ; they include the Qianxian Dance Company , Nanjing Dance Company , Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others .	the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company	Name two dance groups that are based in Nanjing :
Jiangsu Province Kun Opera is one of the best theatres for Kunqu , China 's oldest stage art .	Kunqu	What is the name of China 's oldest stage art ?
Jiangsu Province Kun Opera is one of the best theatres for Kunqu , China 's oldest stage art .	Jiangsu Province Kun Opera	What is one of the best theatres for Kunqu ?
It is considered a conservative and traditional troupe .	a conservative and traditional troupe	What type of troupe is Jiangsu Province Kun Opera considered to be ?
Nanjing also has professional opera troupes for the Yang , Yue -LRB- shaoxing -RRB- , Xi and Jing -LRB- Chinese opera varieties -RRB- as well as Suzhou pingtan , spoken theatre and puppet theatre .	Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing	What other types of operas are performed in Nanjing ?
Nanjing also has professional opera troupes for the Yang , Yue -LRB- shaoxing -RRB- , Xi and Jing -LRB- Chinese opera varieties -RRB- as well as Suzhou pingtan , spoken theatre and puppet theatre .	Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre	What other types of theater performance are seen in Nanjing ?
Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province , presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China ; many other smaller-scale galleries , such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery , also have their own special exhibitions .	Jiangsu Art Gallery	What is the name of the largest art gallery in Jiangsu Province ?
Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province , presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China ; many other smaller-scale galleries , such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery , also have their own special exhibitions .	traditional and contemporary art pieces of China	What type of art does Jiangsu Art Gallery contain ?
Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province , presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China ; many other smaller-scale galleries , such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery , also have their own special exhibitions .	Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery	What are two smaller galleries in Nanjing ?
Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province , presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China ; many other smaller-scale galleries , such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery , also have their own special exhibitions .	their own special exhibitions	What type of exhibitions do Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery show ?
Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times , which included climbing the City Wall on January 16 , bathing in Qing Xi on March 3 , hill hiking on September 9 and others -LRB- the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar -RRB- .	January 16	When was the festival of climbing on the city wall celebrated ?
Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times , which included climbing the City Wall on January 16 , bathing in Qing Xi on March 3 , hill hiking on September 9 and others -LRB- the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar -RRB- .	bathing in Qing Xi	On March 3 , what festival was celebrated in ancient times ?
Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times , which included climbing the City Wall on January 16 , bathing in Qing Xi on March 3 , hill hiking on September 9 and others -LRB- the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar -RRB- .	hill hiking	What did citizens used to do on September 9 ?
Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times , which included climbing the City Wall on January 16 , bathing in Qing Xi on March 3 , hill hiking on September 9 and others -LRB- the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar -RRB- .	Chinese lunar calendar	Where can one find the dates of more old festivals ?
Almost none of them , however , are still celebrated by modern Nanjingese .	Almost none of them	How many of these old festivals are still celebrated by residents of Nanjing ?
Instead , Nanjing , as a popular tourist destination , hosts a series of government-organised events throughout the year .	Nanjing	What city is considered to be a place that is popular with tourists ?
Instead , Nanjing , as a popular tourist destination , hosts a series of government-organised events throughout the year .	a series of government-organised events	Rather than host the old festivals , what type of events does Nanjing host each year ?
The annual International Plum Blossom Festival held in Plum Blossom Hill , the largest plum collection in China , attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally .	Plum Blossom Hill	What area holds the largest collection of plum blossoms in all of China ?
The annual International Plum Blossom Festival held in Plum Blossom Hill , the largest plum collection in China , attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally .	domestically and internationally	Where do the tourists for the Plum Blossom Festival come from ?
Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival , Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival .	Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival	What festival involves kites and fruit trees ?
Nanjing Library , founded in 1907 , houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China , after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library .	1907	When was the Nanjing Library completed ?
Nanjing Library , founded in 1907 , houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China , after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library .	the third largest library in China	What is the Nanjing Library 's ranking in China ?
Nanjing Library , founded in 1907 , houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China , after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library .	more than 10 million volumes	How many volumes does the Nanjing Library have ?
Nanjing University Library is the second largest university libraries in China after Peking University Library , and the fifth largest nationwide , especially in the number of precious collections .	Nanjing University Library	What is the name of the fifth largest library in China ?
Nanjing University Library is the second largest university libraries in China after Peking University Library , and the fifth largest nationwide , especially in the number of precious collections .	Peking University Library	Which university library is larger than Nanjing University Library ?
Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China .	Nanjing	What city contains some of the finest and oldest museums in all of China ?
Nanjing Museum , formerly known as National Central Museum during ROC period , is the first modern museum and remains as one of the leading museums in China having 400,000 items in its permanent collection , .	National Central Museum	What is the previous name of the Nanjing Museum ?
Nanjing Museum , formerly known as National Central Museum during ROC period , is the first modern museum and remains as one of the leading museums in China having 400,000 items in its permanent collection , .	Nanjing Museum	Which museum was the first modern one in China ?
The museum is notable for enormous collections of Ming and Qing imperial porcelain , which is among the largest in the world .	Ming and Qing imperial porcelain	What collections are the Nanjing Museum famous for ?
Nanjing Museum , formerly known as National Central Museum during ROC period , is the first modern museum and remains as one of the leading museums in China having 400,000 items in its permanent collection , .	400,000 items	How many items does the Nanjing Museum contain ?
Most of Nanjing 's major theatres are multi-purpose , used as convention halls , cinemas , musical halls and theatres on different occasions .	convention halls, cinemas, musical halls and theatres	What can most of Nanjing 's multi-purpose theatres be used for ?
The major theatres include the People 's Convention Hall and the Nanjing Arts and Culture Center .	the People's Convention Hall and the Nanjing Arts and Culture Center	What are the two most prominent theatres in Nanjing ?
The Capital Theatre well known in the past is now a museum in theatre/film .	a museum in theatre/film	What is the current purpose of The Capital Theatre ?
The Capital Theatre well known in the past is now a museum in theatre/film .	well known	What was the popularity of The Capital Theater , in the past ?
Traditionally Nanjing 's nightlife was mostly centered around Nanjing Fuzimiao -LRB- Confucius Temple -RRB- area along the Qinhuai River , where night markets , restaurants and pubs thrived .	around Nanjing Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) area along the Qinhuai River	Where have Nanjing 's after-hours activities typically been located ?
Traditionally Nanjing 's nightlife was mostly centered around Nanjing Fuzimiao -LRB- Confucius Temple -RRB- area along the Qinhuai River , where night markets , restaurants and pubs thrived .	night markets, restaurants and pubs	What three things were popular in the Nanjing Fuzimiao area ?
Boating at night in the river was a main attraction of the city .	Boating at night in the river	What was a major night attraction for Nanjing ?
Thus , one can see the statues of the famous teachers and educators of the past not too far from those of the courtesans who educated the young men in the other arts .	courtesans	What statues are near the ones of teachers and educators ?
Traditionally Nanjing 's nightlife was mostly centered around Nanjing Fuzimiao -LRB- Confucius Temple -RRB- area along the Qinhuai River , where night markets , restaurants and pubs thrived .	Confucius Temple	What is another name for Nanjing Fuzimiao ?
In the past 20 years , several commercial streets have been developed , hence the nightlife has become more diverse : there are shopping malls opening late in the Xinjiekou CBD and Hunan Road .	In the past 20 years	When did more commercial streets become built in Nanjing ?
In the past 20 years , several commercial streets have been developed , hence the nightlife has become more diverse : there are shopping malls opening late in the Xinjiekou CBD and Hunan Road .	the nightlife has become more diverse	What has happened as the result of more commercial streets in Nanjing ?
The well-established `` Nanjing 1912 '' district hosts a wide variety of recreational facilities ranging from traditional restaurants and western pubs to dance clubs .	"Nanjing 1912"	What area has lots of types of recreational outlets ?
There are two major areas where bars are densely located ; one is in 1912 block ; the other is along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood .	along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood	Other than at `` Nanjing 1912 '' , where else are there a lot of bars ?
Both are popular with international residents of the city .	international residents of the city	The two areas with a lot of bars are popular with whom ?
The radish is also a typical food representing people of Nanjing , which has been spread through word of mouth as an interesting fact for many years in China .	radish	What is considered to be a typical food for a Nanjing resident ?
According to Nanjing.GOV.cn , `` There is a long history of growing radish in Nanjing especially the southern suburb .	the southern suburb	Which area has the longest history of growing radish ?
In the spring , the radish tastes very juicy and sweet .	very juicy and sweet	What does the radish taste like in the spring ?
And the people are even addressed as ` Nanjing big radish ' , which means they are unsophisticated , passionate and conservative .	'Nanjing big radish'	What are Nanjing people called by others ?
And the people are even addressed as ` Nanjing big radish ' , which means they are unsophisticated , passionate and conservative .	they are unsophisticated, passionate and conservative	What does calling someone ` Nanjing big radish ' mean they are like ?
As a major Chinese city , Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams .	many professional sports teams	Generally , what types of teams call Nanjing home ?
Jiangsu Sainty , the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League , is a long-term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Center .	Jiangsu Sainty	What is the name of the football club in Nanjing ?
Jiangsu Sainty , the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League , is a long-term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Center .	Nanjing Olympic Sports Center	What building is home to Jiangsu Sainty ?
Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league , CBA .	Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club	What is the name of the major basketball team in Nanjing ?
Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league , CBA .	CBA	What is the name of China 's highest level basketball league ?
There are two major sports centers in Nanjing , Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center .	Wutaishan Sports Center	Which sports center started in 1952 ?
There are two major sports centers in Nanjing , Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center .	two	How many major sports centers are located in Nanjing ?
Both of these two are comprehensive sports centers , including stadium , gymnasium , natatorium , tennis court , etc. .	comprehensive sports centers	What type of sports centers are Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center considered to be ?
Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People 's Republic of China .	it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.	What is special about Wutaishan Sports Center , from a historical perspective ?
Both of these two are comprehensive sports centers , including stadium , gymnasium , natatorium , tennis court , etc. .	tennis court	Both Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center contain a stadium , gymnasium , natatorium , and what other facility ?
In 2005 , in order to host The 10th National Game of People 's Republic of China , there was a new stadium , Nanjing Olympic Sports Center , constructed in Nanjing .	2005	When was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center built ?
In 2005 , in order to host The 10th National Game of People 's Republic of China , there was a new stadium , Nanjing Olympic Sports Center , constructed in Nanjing .	in order to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China	Why was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center built ?
Compared to Wutaishan Sports Center , which the major stadium 's capacity is 18,500 , Nanjing Olympic Sports Center has a more advanced stadium which is big enough to seat 60,000 spectators .	60,000	How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center 's stadium hold ?
Its gymnasium has capacity of 13,000 , and natatorium of capacity 3,000 .	13,000	How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center 's gymnasium hold ?
On 10 February 2010 , the 122nd IOC session at Vancouver announced Nanjing as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games .	10 February 2010	When was Nanjing announced as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games ?
The slogan of the 2014 Youth Olympic Games was `` Share the Games , Share our Dreams '' .	“Share the Games, Share our Dreams”	What was the theme for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games ?
The Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games featured all 28 sports on the Olympic programme and were held from 16 to 28 August .	28	How many types of sports were performed in the 2014 Youth Olympic Games ?
The YOG aims to spread the Olympic spirit and encourage sports participation .	the Olympic spirit	What type of spirit does the Youth Olympic Games hope to spread ?
The Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games featured all 28 sports on the Olympic programme and were held from 16 to 28 August .	from 16 to 28 August	When was the 2014 Youth Olympic Games ?
Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks , natural scenic lakes , small mountains , historical buildings and monuments , relics and much more , which attracts thousands of tourists every year .	mainland China	Nanjing is considered one of the most pretty cities in what region ?
Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks , natural scenic lakes , small mountains , historical buildings and monuments , relics and much more , which attracts thousands of tourists every year .	thousands	How many tourists does Nanjing receive each year ?
Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks , natural scenic lakes , small mountains , historical buildings and monuments , relics and much more , which attracts thousands of tourists every year .	historical buildings	What type of buildings attract tourists to Nanjing ?
Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks , natural scenic lakes , small mountains , historical buildings and monuments , relics and much more , which attracts thousands of tourists every year .	lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains	List three natural attractions of Nanjing .
Because it was designated as the national capital , many structures were built around that time .	the national capital	What was the designation of Nanjing ?
Because it was designated as the national capital , many structures were built around that time .	many structures were built	What happened around the time that Nanjing was designated as the capital ?
Even today , some of them still remain which are open to tourists .	some of them still remain	Are any of the structures that were built at that time still around ?
Even today , some of them still remain which are open to tourists .	tourists	The structures that still remain are open to whom ?
Nanjing has been the educational centre in southern China for more than 1700 years .	more than 1700 years	How long has Nanjing been considered the education hub of southern China ?
There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013 .	75	How many places of higher learning are in Nanjing ?
The number of National key laboratories , National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the nation .	third	What is Nanjing 's nationwide ranking for National key laboratories ?
The number of National key laboratories , National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the nation .	third	What is Nanjing 's nationwide ranking for National key disciplines ?
It boasts some of the most prominent educational institutions in the region , some of which are listed as follows :	some of the most prominent	What type of educational institutions are in the area , that Nanjing can brag about ?
The city of Bern or Berne -LRB- German : Bern , pronounced -LSB- bɛrn -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- ; French : Berne -LSB- bɛʁn -RSB- ; Italian : Berna -LSB- ˈbɛrna -RSB- ; Romansh : Berna -LSB- ˈbɛrnɐ -RSB- -LRB- help · info -RRB- ; Bernese German : Bärn -LSB- b̥æːrn -RSB- -RRB- is the de facto capital of Switzerland , referred to by the Swiss as their -LRB- e.g. in German -RRB- Bundesstadt , or `` federal city '' .	Berne	What city is the de facto capital of Switserland ?
Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern , the second most populous of Switzerland 's cantons .	Canton of Bern	What is the second most populous of Switzerland 's cantons ?
Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern , the second most populous of Switzerland 's cantons .	Canton of Bern	Which canton is Berne the capital ?
The Bern agglomeration , which includes 36 municipalities , had a population of 406,900 in 2014 .	36 municipalities	How many municipalities are in the Berne agglomeration ?
-LSB- note 1 -RSB- With a population of 140,634 -LRB- November 2015 -RRB- , Bern is the fifth most populous city in Switzerland .	140,634	What is the population of Berne ?
The city of Bern or Berne -LRB- German : Bern , pronounced -LSB- bɛrn -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- ; French : Berne -LSB- bɛʁn -RSB- ; Italian : Berna -LSB- ˈbɛrna -RSB- ; Romansh : Berna -LSB- ˈbɛrnɐ -RSB- -LRB- help · info -RRB- ; Bernese German : Bärn -LSB- b̥æːrn -RSB- -RRB- is the de facto capital of Switzerland , referred to by the Swiss as their -LRB- e.g. in German -RRB- Bundesstadt , or `` federal city '' .	Switzerland	Where is Bern located ?
The Bern agglomeration , which includes 36 municipalities , had a population of 406,900 in 2014 .	36	How many municiplaities are in Bern ?
Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern , the second most populous of Switzerland 's cantons .	Canton of Bern	Bern is the capitol of which canton ?
Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern , the second most populous of Switzerland 's cantons .	second	Where does Bern rank in population in Switzerland ?
The official language of Bern is -LRB- the Swiss variety of Standard -RRB- German , but the main spoken language is the Alemannic Swiss German dialect called Bernese German .	German	What is the official language of Bern ?
The official language of Bern is -LRB- the Swiss variety of Standard -RRB- German , but the main spoken language is the Alemannic Swiss German dialect called Bernese German .	Bernese German	What is the main language spoken in Bern ?
The official language of Bern is -LRB- the Swiss variety of Standard -RRB- German , but the main spoken language is the Alemannic Swiss German dialect called Bernese German .	Alemannic Swiss	What dialect is Bernese German ?
In 1983 the historic old town in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site .	1983	In what year did the historic old town in the center of Bern become a UNESCO World Heritage Site ?
Bern is ranked among the world 's top ten cities for the best quality of life -LRB- 2010 -RRB- .	the world’s top ten	What is Bern 's ranking for the best quality of life ?
In 1983 the historic old town in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site .	the centre of Bern	Where is the UNESCO World Heritage Site located ?
Bern is ranked among the world 's top ten cities for the best quality of life -LRB- 2010 -RRB- .	2010	In what year was Bern ranked as one of the 10 best cities for their quality of life ?
In 1983 the historic old town in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site .	centre of Bern	Where is the UNESCO World Heritage Site ?
Bern is ranked among the world 's top ten cities for the best quality of life -LRB- 2010 -RRB- .	top ten	Where does Bern rank for top cities for the best quality of life ?
In 1983 the historic old town in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site .	1983	When did the centre of Bern become the UNESCO World Heritage Site ?
According to the local legend , based on folk etymology , Berchtold V , Duke of Zähringen , the founder of the city of Bern , vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt , and this turned out to be a bear .	Berchtold V, Duke of Zähringen	Who was the founder of the city of Bern ?
According to the local legend , based on folk etymology , Berchtold V , Duke of Zähringen , the founder of the city of Bern , vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt , and this turned out to be a bear .	a bear	What animal does legend say Bern is named after ?
The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s .	the 1440s	What is the earliest reference to keeping live bears in the Bärengraben ?
As a result of the find of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s , it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin , possibly * berna `` cleft '' .	a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna "cleft"	What is the common assumption of what Bern was named after ?
As a result of the find of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s , it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin , possibly * berna `` cleft '' .	the Bern zinc tablet	Finding what in the 1980s changed the assumption as to what the city was named after ?
According to the local legend , based on folk etymology , Berchtold V , Duke of Zähringen , the founder of the city of Bern , vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt , and this turned out to be a bear .	bear	What animal is on the seal and coat of arms of Bern ?
The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s .	bears	What live animals did they keep in the Bärengraben ?
The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s .	1440s.	What is the earliest that they kept live bears in the Bärengraben ?
No archaeological evidence that indicates a settlement on the site of today ′ s city centre prior to the 12th century has been found so far .	12th century	When was the earliest evidnce of settlement in the city centre ?
During the Roman era , there was a Gallo-Roman vicus on the same site .	Roman era	What era was there a Gallo-Roman vicus on the same site ?
The Bern zinc tablet has the name Brenodor -LRB- `` dwelling of Breno '' -RRB- .	Brenodor	What is the name of the Bern zinc tablet ?
In the Early Middle Ages , there was a settlement in Bümpliz , now a city district of Bern , some 4 km -LRB- 2 mi -RRB- from the medieval city .	Early Middle Ages	When was the settlement in Bumpliz close to the medieval city ?
The medieval city is a foundation of the Zähringer ruling family , which rose to power in Upper Burgundy in the 12th century .	Zähringer	The medieval city is a foundation of what family ?
The medieval city is a foundation of the Zähringer ruling family , which rose to power in Upper Burgundy in the 12th century .	12th century	When did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power ?
The medieval city is a foundation of the Zähringer ruling family , which rose to power in Upper Burgundy in the 12th century .	Upper Burgundy	Where did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power ?
According to 14th century historiography -LRB- Cronica de Berno , 1309 -RRB- , Bern was founded in 1191 by Berthold V , Duke of Zähringen .	1191	What year was Bern founded ?
According to 14th century historiography -LRB- Cronica de Berno , 1309 -RRB- , Bern was founded in 1191 by Berthold V , Duke of Zähringen .	Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen	Who founded Bern ?
In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy , becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481 .	1353	what year did Bern join the Swiss Confederacy ?
Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536 , as well as other smaller territories ; thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps , by the 18th century comprising most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud .	1415	What year did Bern invade Aargau ?
In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy , becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481 .	Bern	What is the largest city-state north of the Alps ?
The city grew out towards the west of the boundaries of the peninsula formed by the River Aare .	River Aare	What river was the city near ?
The Zytglogge tower marked the western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256 , when the Käfigturm took over this role until 1345 .	Zytglogge	What was the name of the tower that was the western boundary ?
The Zytglogge tower marked the western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256 , when the Käfigturm took over this role until 1345 .	Käfigturm	What tower took over after Zytglogge ?
During the time of the Thirty Years ' War , two new fortifications -- the so-called big and small Schanze -LRB- entrenchment -RRB- -- were built to protect the whole area of the peninsula .	the whole area of the peninsula	What did the big and small Schanze protect ?
After a major blaze in 1405 , the city 's original wooden buildings were gradually replaced by half-timbered houses and subsequently the sandstone buildings which came to be characteristic for the Old Town .	1405	What year was there a huge fire ?
After a major blaze in 1405 , the city 's original wooden buildings were gradually replaced by half-timbered houses and subsequently the sandstone buildings which came to be characteristic for the Old Town .	the city's original wooden buildings	What was destroyed in the fire ?
Bern was occupied by French troops in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars , when it was stripped of parts of its territories .	1798	What year was Bern occupied by French troops ?
Bern was occupied by French troops in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars , when it was stripped of parts of its territories .	French Revolutionary Wars	Why were French troops in Bern ?
It regained control of the Bernese Oberland in 1802 , and following the Congress of Vienna of 1814 , it newly acquired the Bernese Jura .	1802	When did Bern regain control of Bernese Oberland ?
It regained control of the Bernese Oberland in 1802 , and following the Congress of Vienna of 1814 , it newly acquired the Bernese Jura .	Bernese Jura.	What new territory was aquired in 1814 ?
At this time , it once again became the largest canton of the confederacy as it stood during the Restoration and until the secession of the canton of Jura in 1979 .	1979	When did the canton of Jura seceed ?
A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern , particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral ; see Bern International .	First and Second Internationals	What congresses were held in Bern ?
A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern , particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral ; see Bern International .	Switzerland was neutral	In World War I , what side was Switzerland on ?
As of October 2015 , the resident population stood at 140,634 , of which 100,634 were Swiss citizens and 40,000 -LRB- 30 % -RRB- resident foreigners .	30%	What percent of the populatin of Bern resident foreigners ?
Bern lies on the Swiss plateau in the Canton of Bern , slightly west of the centre of Switzerland and 20 km -LRB- 12 mi -RRB- north of the Bernese Alps .	the Swiss plateau in the Canton of Bern	Where is Bern located ?
The countryside around Bern was formed by glaciers during the most recent Ice Age .	glaciers	What helped form the Bern countryside ?
The two mountains closest to Bern are Gurten with a height of 864 m -LRB- 2,835 ft -RRB- and Bantiger with a height of 947 m -LRB- 3,107 ft -RRB- .	Bantiger	What is the tallest mountain closests to Bern ?
The city was originally built on a hilly peninsula surrounded by the River Aare , but outgrew natural boundaries by the 19th century .	Aare	What peninsula is Bern located on ?
A number of bridges have been built to allow the city to expand beyond the Aare .	bridges	What was built to help Bern grow bigger than the peninula ?
The city was originally built on a hilly peninsula surrounded by the River Aare , but outgrew natural boundaries by the 19th century .	19th century	What century did Bern outgrow the peninsula ?
Bern is built on very uneven ground .	uneven ground.	What type of ground was Bern built on ?
There is an elevation difference of several metres between the inner city districts on the Aare -LRB- Matte , Marzili -RRB- and the higher ones -LRB- Kirchenfeld , Länggasse -RRB- .	several metres	What is the elevation difference between the inner cities and the other cities ?
There is an elevation difference of several metres between the inner city districts on the Aare -LRB- Matte , Marzili -RRB- and the higher ones -LRB- Kirchenfeld , Länggasse -RRB- .	Länggasse	Which city is higher , Matte or Langgasse ?
Of this area , 9.79 square kilometers -LRB- 3.78 sq mi -RRB- or 19.0 % is used for agricultural purposes , while 17.33 square kilometers -LRB- 6.69 sq mi -RRB- or 33.6 % is forested .	forested	What is 33.6 % of the land in Bern ?
Bern has an area , as of 2009 -LSB- update -RSB- , of 51.62 square kilometers -LRB- 19.93 sq mi -RRB- .	2009	When was the last time the area of Bern was measured ?
The City Council -LRB- Gemeinderat -RRB- constitutes the executive government of the City of Bern and operates as a collegiate authority .	as a collegiate authority.	How does the government of Bern operate ?
It is composed of five councilors -LRB- German : Gemeinderat / - rätin -RRB- , each presiding over a directorate -LRB- Direktion -RRB- comprising several departments and bureaus .	five	How many councilors are there ?
In the mandate period 2013 -- 2016 -LRB- Legislatur -RRB- the City Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Alexander Tschäppät .	Alexander Tschäppät	Who is Bern 's mayor , or Stadtprasident ?
The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years .	every four years.	How after are the elections ?
The executive body holds its meetings in the Erlacherhof , built by architect Albrecht Stürler after 1747 .	in the Erlacherhof	Where is the executive body held ?
As of 2015 , Bern 's City Council is made up of two representatives of the SP -LRB- Social Democratic Party , of whom one is also the mayor -RRB- , and one each of CVP -LRB- Christian Democratic Party -RRB- , GB -LRB- Green Alliance of Berne -RRB- , and FDP -LRB- FDP.The Liberals -RRB- , giving the left parties a majority of three out of five seats .	left parties	Who has the majority of the seats in Bern 's City Council ?
As of 2015 , Bern 's City Council is made up of two representatives of the SP -LRB- Social Democratic Party , of whom one is also the mayor -RRB- , and one each of CVP -LRB- Christian Democratic Party -RRB- , GB -LRB- Green Alliance of Berne -RRB- , and FDP -LRB- FDP.The Liberals -RRB- , giving the left parties a majority of three out of five seats .	Social Democratic Party	What party also had the mayor as of 2015 ?
As of 2015 , Bern 's City Council is made up of two representatives of the SP -LRB- Social Democratic Party , of whom one is also the mayor -RRB- , and one each of CVP -LRB- Christian Democratic Party -RRB- , GB -LRB- Green Alliance of Berne -RRB- , and FDP -LRB- FDP.The Liberals -RRB- , giving the left parties a majority of three out of five seats .	CVP	What is the Christian Democratic Party also known as ?
The City Parliament -LRB- de : Stadtrat , fr : Conseil de ville -RRB- holds legislative power .	The City Parliament	Who holds the legislative power ?
It is made up of 80 members , with elections held every four years .	80	How many members are part of the City Parliament ?
It is made up of 80 members , with elections held every four years .	every four years.	How often are elections held for the City Parliament ?
The sessions of the City Parliament are public .	public	Are the sessions of City Parliament private or public ?
This gives the left parties an absolute majority of 46 seats .	left parties	Which party has the absolute majority of the seats ?
This gives the left parties an absolute majority of 46 seats .	46	How many seats are there ?
Currently the City Parliament consist of 23 members of the Social Democratic Party -LRB- SP/PS -RRB- , 11 Swiss People 's Party -LRB- SVP/UDC -RRB- , 8 Green Alliance of Berne -LRB- GB -RRB- , 8 Grüne Freie Liste -LRB- GFL -RRB- -LRB- Green Free List -RRB- , 7 The Liberals -LRB- FDP/PLR -RRB- , 7 Conservative Democratic Party -LRB- BDP/PBD -RRB- , 7 Green Liberal Party -LRB- GLP/PVL -RRB- , 2 Christian Democratic People 's Party -LRB- CVP/PDC -RRB- , 2 Evangelical People 's Party -LRB- EVP/PEV -RRB- , 1 Junge Alternative -LRB- JA ! -RRB-	Social Democratic Party	Which specific party has the most members in the City Parliament ?
Bern has a population of 140,634 people and 34 % of the population are resident foreign nationals .	140,634	What is the population of Bern ?
Bern has a population of 140,634 people and 34 % of the population are resident foreign nationals .	34%	What percent of the population are resident foreign nationals ?
Migration accounted for 1.3 % , while births and deaths accounted for − 2.1 % .	births and deaths	What counted for more of the population change ?
Most of the population -LRB- as of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- -RRB- speaks German -LRB- 104,465 or 81.2 % -RRB- as their first language , Italian is the second most common -LRB- 5,062 or 3.9 % -RRB- and French is the third -LRB- 4,671 or 3.6 % -RRB- .	German	What is the main lanuage of Bern ?
Most of the population -LRB- as of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- -RRB- speaks German -LRB- 104,465 or 81.2 % -RRB- as their first language , Italian is the second most common -LRB- 5,062 or 3.9 % -RRB- and French is the third -LRB- 4,671 or 3.6 % -RRB- .	Italian	What is the second most common language ?
Most of the population -LRB- as of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- -RRB- speaks German -LRB- 104,465 or 81.2 % -RRB- as their first language , Italian is the second most common -LRB- 5,062 or 3.9 % -RRB- and French is the third -LRB- 4,671 or 3.6 % -RRB- .	81.2%	What percent of the population speaks German ?
The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary -LRB- during the UEFA Euro 2008 -RRB- cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg	having twinned cities	What did the city decide again ?
The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary -LRB- during the UEFA Euro 2008 -RRB- cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg	during the UEFA Euro 2008	When did they have a temporary twinned city ?
The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary -LRB- during the UEFA Euro 2008 -RRB- cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg	Salzburg	What was the twinning city with Bern in 2008 ?
The city council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary -LRB- during the UEFA Euro 2008 -RRB- cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg	Austrian	What country is Salzburg in ?
The population was made up of 44,032 Swiss men -LRB- 35.4 % of the population -RRB- and 15,092 -LRB- 12.1 % -RRB- non-Swiss men .	35.4%	How many Swiss men live in Bern ?
There were 27,573 or 21.4 % who were born in the same canton , while 25,818 or 20.1 % were born somewhere else in Switzerland , and 27,812 or 21.6 % were born outside of Switzerland .	20.1%	What percent of the population is born somewhere else in Switzerland ?
There were 27,573 or 21.4 % who were born in the same canton , while 25,818 or 20.1 % were born somewhere else in Switzerland , and 27,812 or 21.6 % were born outside of Switzerland .	21.6%	What percent were born outside of Switzerland ?
As of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , children and teenagers -LRB- 0 -- 19 years old -RRB- make up 15.1 % of the population , while adults -LRB- 20 -- 64 years old -RRB- make up 65 % and seniors -LRB- over 64 years old -RRB- make up 19.9 % .	15.1%	What percent of the population are 19 years old and under ?
As of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , children and teenagers -LRB- 0 -- 19 years old -RRB- make up 15.1 % of the population , while adults -LRB- 20 -- 64 years old -RRB- make up 65 % and seniors -LRB- over 64 years old -RRB- make up 19.9 % .	65%	What percent of the population are between 20-64 ?
As of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , children and teenagers -LRB- 0 -- 19 years old -RRB- make up 15.1 % of the population , while adults -LRB- 20 -- 64 years old -RRB- make up 65 % and seniors -LRB- over 64 years old -RRB- make up 19.9 % .	19.9%	What percent of the population are over 64 years old ?
As of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , children and teenagers -LRB- 0 -- 19 years old -RRB- make up 15.1 % of the population , while adults -LRB- 20 -- 64 years old -RRB- make up 65 % and seniors -LRB- over 64 years old -RRB- make up 19.9 % .	adults	What age group has most of the population included ?
As of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , there were 59,948 people who were single and never married in the municipality .	59,948	How many people were single in Bern in 2000 ?
There were 49,873 married individuals , 9,345 widows or widowers and 9,468 individuals who are divorced .	49,873	How many people were married in Bern in 2000 ?
There were 49,873 married individuals , 9,345 widows or widowers and 9,468 individuals who are divorced .	9,468	How many people were widows or widowers in Bern in 2000 ?
As of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , there were 59,948 people who were single and never married in the municipality .	single	Where there more married or single people in Bern in 2000 ?
As of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , there were 67,115 private households in the municipality , and an average of 1.8 persons per household .	1.8 persons	What is the average of people per household in Bern ?
There were 34,981 households that consist of only one person and 1,592 households with five or more people .	1,592	How many households have 5 or more people living in them ?
In 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , a total of 65,538 apartments -LRB- 90.6 % of the total -RRB- were permanently occupied , while 5,352 apartments -LRB- 7.4 % -RRB- were seasonally occupied and 1,444 apartments -LRB- 2.0 % -RRB- were empty .	90.6%	What percentage of the apartment homes in Bern were occupied in 2000 ?
In 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , a total of 65,538 apartments -LRB- 90.6 % of the total -RRB- were permanently occupied , while 5,352 apartments -LRB- 7.4 % -RRB- were seasonally occupied and 1,444 apartments -LRB- 2.0 % -RRB- were empty .	7.4%	What percent of apartments are seasonal apartments ?
As of 2003 -LSB- update -RSB- the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern was 1108.92 Swiss francs -LRB- CHF -RRB- per month -LRB- US$ 890 , # 500 , $ 710 approx .	1108.92 Swiss francs	What was the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern ?
From the 2000 census -LSB- update -RSB- , 60,455 or 47.0 % belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church , while 31,510 or 24.5 % were Roman Catholic .	24.5%	What percent of the population were Roman Catholic ?
There were 324 persons -LRB- or about 0.25 % of the population -RRB- who were Jewish , and 4,907 -LRB- or about 3.81 % of the population -RRB- who were Muslim .	4,907	How many muslims were there in Bern in 2000 ?
16,363 -LRB- or about 12.72 % of the population -RRB- belonged to no church , are agnostic or atheist , and 7,855 persons -LRB- or about 6.11 % of the population -RRB- did not answer the question .	12.72%	How much of the population had no religion ?
The structure of Bern 's city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site .	medieval	The structure of Bern 's city centre is mainly what type of buildings ?
The structure of Bern 's city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site .	a Cultural World Heritage Site	What does UNESCO recognised Bern 's city center to be ?
Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge -LRB- Bernese German for `` Time Bell '' -RRB- , an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets .	Zytglogge	What is Berns most famous site ?
It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral , the Münster , and a 15th-century town hall .	Münster	What is the name of the 15th century cathedral ?
It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral , the Münster , and a 15th-century town hall .	Gothic	What type of cathedral is Muster ?
Since the 16th century , the city has had a bear pit , the Bärengraben , at the far end of the Nydeggbrücke to house its heraldic animals .	a bear pit	What is the Barengraben ?
Since the 16th century , the city has had a bear pit , the Bärengraben , at the far end of the Nydeggbrücke to house its heraldic animals .	the far end of the Nydeggbrücke	Where is the Barengraben located ?
Since the 16th century , the city has had a bear pit , the Bärengraben , at the far end of the Nydeggbrücke to house its heraldic animals .	heraldic animals	What are held at the Barengraben ?
The currently four bears are now kept in an open-air enclosure nearby , and two other young bears , a present by the Russian president , are kept in Dählhölzli zoo .	the Russian president	Who gave Bern their bears ?
The currently four bears are now kept in an open-air enclosure nearby , and two other young bears , a present by the Russian president , are kept in Dählhölzli zoo .	Dählhölzli zoo	What zoo are the bears of Bern kept ?
The Federal Palace -LRB- Bundeshaus -RRB- , built from 1857 to 1902 , which houses the national parliament , government and part of the federal administration , can also be visited .	The Federal Palace	Where is the national parliment housed ?
The Federal Palace -LRB- Bundeshaus -RRB- , built from 1857 to 1902 , which houses the national parliament , government and part of the federal administration , can also be visited .	Bundeshaus	What is the Federal Palace called ?
Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49 , the site of the Einsteinhaus , from 1903 to 1905 , the year in which the Annus Mirabilis Papers were published .	the Kramgasse 49	Where is Albert Einstein live ?
Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49 , the site of the Einsteinhaus , from 1903 to 1905 , the year in which the Annus Mirabilis Papers were published .	Annus Mirabilis Papers	What was published the same years ?
Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49 , the site of the Einsteinhaus , from 1903 to 1905 , the year in which the Annus Mirabilis Papers were published .	Einsteinhaus	What is the flat that Einstein called ?
The Rose Garden -LRB- Rosengarten -RRB- , from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed , is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill , converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913 .	Rosengarten	What is the Rose Garden also known as ?
The Rose Garden -LRB- Rosengarten -RRB- , from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed , is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill , converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913 .	view of the medieval town centre	What can you see from the Rose Garden ?
The Rose Garden -LRB- Rosengarten -RRB- , from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed , is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill , converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913 .	a park	What was the Rosarium converted into ?
The Rose Garden -LRB- Rosengarten -RRB- , from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed , is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill , converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913 .	1913	What year was the Rosarium converted ?
There are eleven Renaissance allegorical statues on public fountains in the Old Town .	public fountains	Where are the statues at in the Old Town ?
One of the more interesting fountains is the Kindlifresserbrunnen -LRB- Bernese German : Child Eater Fountain but often translated Ogre Fountain -RRB- which is claimed to represent a Jew , the Greek god Chronos or a Fastnacht figure that scares disobedient children .	disobedient children.	Who does the Kindlifresserbrunnen scare ?
Nearly all the 16th century fountains , except the Zähringer fountain which was created by Hans Hiltbrand , are the work of the Fribourg master Hans Gieng .	Hans Hiltbrand	Who created all the statues except the Zahringer fountain ?
It includes the entire Old Town , which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and many sites within and around it .	a UNESCO World Heritage Site	What does the UNESCO consider the entre Old Town ?
Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland , the Zytglogge and Käfigturm towers , which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town , and the Holy Ghost Church , which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland .	1421	When was the biggest cathedral in Switzerland built ?
Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland , the Zytglogge and Käfigturm towers , which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town , and the Holy Ghost Church , which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland .	Holy Ghost Church	What is the largest Swiss Reformed church in Switzerland ?
Within the Old Town , there are eleven 16th century fountains , most attributed to Hans Gieng , that are on the list .	Hans Gieng	Who is attributed to the 11 fountains in Old Town ?
As is customary in Switzerland , films are generally shown in their original language -LRB- e.g. , English -RRB- with German and French subtitles .	German and French subtitles	What subtitles are included in the movies ?
Bern was the site of the 1954 Football -LRB- Soccer -RRB- World Cup Final , a huge upset for the Hungarian Golden Team , who were beaten 3 -- 2 by West Germany .	1954	What year was the Football World Cup Final in Bern ?
Bern was the site of the 1954 Football -LRB- Soccer -RRB- World Cup Final , a huge upset for the Hungarian Golden Team , who were beaten 3 -- 2 by West Germany .	West Germany	Who won the game ?
The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Bern at the Stade de Suisse Wankdorf , which also was one of the venues for the European football championship 2008 in which it hosted 3 matches .	BSC Young Boys	What football team is based in Bern ?
SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Bern who plays at the PostFinance Arena .	SC Bern	What is the major hockey league team of Bern ?
SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Bern who plays at the PostFinance Arena .	PostFinance Arena	Where do they play ?
The PostFinance Arena was the main host of the 2009 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship , including the opening game and the final of the tournament .	2009	What year was the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship held in Bern ?
Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics , but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals .	2010	What year did Bern want to host the Winter Olympics ?
Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics , but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals .	2002	What year did they withdraw their bid ?
Those games were eventually awarded to Vancouver , Canada .	Vancouver, Canada	Where were the 2010 Winter Olympics held ?
As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , Bern had an unemployment rate of 3.3 % .	3.3%	What was Berns unemployment rate in 2010 ?
16,413 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 950 businesses in this sector .	950	How many businesses are there in the secondary sector ?
135,973 people were employed in the tertiary sector , with 7,654 businesses in this sector .	7,654	How many businesses are there in the tertiary sector ?
In 2008 -LSB- update -RSB- the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 125,037 .	125,037.	How many full time jobs were there in 2008 ?
The number of jobs in the primary sector was 203 , of which 184 were in agriculture and 19 were in forestry or lumber production .	184	How many jobs in the primary sector were agrictulture ?
The number of jobs in the primary sector was 203 , of which 184 were in agriculture and 19 were in forestry or lumber production .	19	How many jobs in the primary sector were in forestry or lumber production ?
The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 15,476 of which 7,650 or -LRB- 49.4 % -RRB- were in manufacturing , 51 or -LRB- 0.3 % -RRB- were in mining and 6,389 -LRB- 41.3 % -RRB- were in construction .	15,476	How many jobs are in the secondary sector ?
The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 109,358 .	109,358	How many jobs are in the tertiary secotr ?
In 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , there were 94,367 workers who commuted into the municipality and 16,424 workers who commuted away .	94,367	How many workers commute into the municipality ?
In 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , there were 94,367 workers who commuted into the municipality and 16,424 workers who commuted away .	16,424	How many workers had to commute away from the municipality ?
Of the working population , 50.6 % used public transport to get to work , and 20.6 % used a private car .	50.6%	How much of the working population uses public transportation ?
Of the working population , 50.6 % used public transport to get to work , and 20.6 % used a private car .	20.6%	How many of the working population use private cars ?
The University of Bern , whose buildings are mainly located in the Länggasse quarter , is located in Bern , as well as the University of Applied Sciences -LRB- Fachhochschule -RRB- and several vocations schools .	Länggasse quarter	Where are the majority of the buildings for the University of Bern ?
In Bern , about 50,418 or -LRB- 39.2 % -RRB- of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education , and 24,311 or -LRB- 18.9 % -RRB- have completed additional higher education -LRB- either university or a Fachhochschule -RRB- .	39.2%	What percent of the population has completed non-mandatory upper secondary education ?
In Bern , about 50,418 or -LRB- 39.2 % -RRB- of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education , and 24,311 or -LRB- 18.9 % -RRB- have completed additional higher education -LRB- either university or a Fachhochschule -RRB- .	18.9%	What percent of the population has completed additionaly higher education ?
Of the 24,311 who completed tertiary schooling , 51.6 % were Swiss men , 33.0 % were Swiss women , 8.9 % were non-Swiss men and 6.5 % were non-Swiss women .	Swiss men	The majority of the population to finish tertiary schooling in bern are what people ?
This is followed by three years of obligatory lower secondary school where the pupils are separated according to ability and aptitude .	ability and aptitude	What seperates the children in secondary school ?
During the 2009 -- 10 school year , there were a total of 10,979 pupils attending classes in Bern .	10,979	How many students were attending school during the 2009-2010 school year ?
There were 89 kindergarten classes with a total of 1,641 pupils in the municipality .	89	How many kindergarten classes were there ?
The municipality had 266 primary classes and 5,040 pupils .	266	How many primary classes were there ?
During the same year , there were 151 lower secondary classes with a total of 2,581 pupils .	151	How many lower secondary classes were there ?
Bern is home to 8 libraries .	8	How many libraries are in Bern ?
As of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , there were 9,045 pupils in Bern who came from another municipality , while 1,185 residents attended schools outside the municipality .	9,045	How many pupils lived in another municipality ?
As of 2000 -LSB- update -RSB- , there were 9,045 pupils in Bern who came from another municipality , while 1,185 residents attended schools outside the municipality .	1,185	How many pupils attended school outside of the city ?
A funicular railway leads from the Marzili district to the Bundeshaus .	A funicular railway	What connects Marzili to Bundeshaus ?
The Marzilibahn funicular is , with a length of 106 m -LRB- 348 ft -RRB- , the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular .	106 m	How long is the Marzilibah funicular ?
The Marzilibahn funicular is , with a length of 106 m -LRB- 348 ft -RRB- , the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular .	Marzilibahn	What is the second shortest public railway in Europe ?
The Marzilibahn funicular is , with a length of 106 m -LRB- 348 ft -RRB- , the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular .	Zagreb funicular	What is the shortest public railway in Europe ?
Bern is also served by Bern Airport , located outside the city near the town of Belp .	Bern Airport	What is the name of Bern 's airport ?
The regional airport , colloquially called Bern-Belp or Belpmoos , is connected to several European cities .	Bern-Belp or Belpmoos	What is the name of the regional airport ?
Daylight saving time -LRB- DST -RRB- or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer , while sacrificing normal sunrise times .	summer time	What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time ?
Daylight saving time -LRB- DST -RRB- or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer , while sacrificing normal sunrise times .	one hour	What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST ?
Daylight saving time -LRB- DST -RRB- or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer , while sacrificing normal sunrise times .	daylight	What do we get an extra hour of because we set the clocks forward ?
Typically , regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time .	autumn	In what season do regions who practice DST set the clocks back one hour ?
Daylight saving time -LRB- DST -RRB- or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer , while sacrificing normal sunrise times .	sunrise	By setting the clocks forward , the normal time of what daily event is disrupted ?
New Zealander George Hudson proposed the modern idea of daylight saving in 1895 .	George Hudson	Who first suggested daylight saving ?
New Zealander George Hudson proposed the modern idea of daylight saving in 1895 .	1895	In what year was modern daylight saving first proposed ?
Germany and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation , starting on 30 April 1916 .	Germany	Besides Austria-Hungary , what country first put DST into effect ?
Although some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting , which used to be a primary use of electricity , modern heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly and research about how DST affects energy use is limited or contradictory .	incandescent lighting	What used to be the main draw on electricity ?
Putting clocks forward benefits retailing , sports , and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours , but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight , such as farming .	retailing	What industry having to do with shopping benefits from DST ?
Putting clocks forward benefits retailing , sports , and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours , but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight , such as farming .	farming	In addition to entertainment events that take place after working hours , what profession might suffer because of DST ?
Although some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting , which used to be a primary use of electricity , modern heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly and research about how DST affects energy use is limited or contradictory .	energy	Research on DST is uncertain because we are n't sure how it affects the use of what ?
DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel , billing , record keeping , medical devices , heavy equipment , and sleep patterns .	travel	What can be affected by DST that might disrupt plans for a vacation ?
Computer software can often adjust clocks automatically , but policy changes by various jurisdictions of the dates and timings of DST may be confusing .	Computer software	When the clock on your laptop adjusts to DST without you resetting the clock , what is controlling the change ?
Computer software can often adjust clocks automatically , but policy changes by various jurisdictions of the dates and timings of DST may be confusing .	policy	What do jurisdictions sometimes change that mixes up DST dates and times ?
DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel , billing , record keeping , medical devices , heavy equipment , and sleep patterns .	sleep patterns	What important part of daily life might be disturbed because of DST changing what time you go to bed ?
Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year .	Industrialized	What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round ?
In contrast , an agrarian society 's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time , which change seasonally because of the Earth 's axial tilt .	agrarian	What kind of societies rely on solar time and daylight that changes with the seasons ?
North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter , the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics .	North and south of the tropics	In what part of the world is daytime shorter in winter and longer in summer ?
In contrast , an agrarian society 's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time , which change seasonally because of the Earth 's axial tilt .	axial tilt	What is the tilt of the Earth that causes solar time to change called ?
By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time -LRB- one hour `` fast '' -RRB- , individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise ; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier , and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities .	one hour	How much earlier do people 's routines happen because of daylight savings ?
However , they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day , making the policy less practical during winter .	winter	In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical ?
By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time -LRB- one hour `` fast '' -RRB- , individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise ; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier , and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities .	after	Does setting the clocks ahead add an hour of daylight before or after the normal workday ?
By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time -LRB- one hour `` fast '' -RRB- , individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise ; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier , and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities .	Standard Time	What is the schedule of time called when it is not daylight savings time ?
Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating , but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed .	lighting and heating	What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change ?
While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change , proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical `` nine-to-five '' workday .	equal	What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons ?
While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change , proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical `` nine-to-five '' workday .	after	Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday ?
Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating , but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed .	Supporters	Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use ?
The manipulation of time at higher latitudes -LRB- for example Iceland , Nunavut or Alaska -RRB- has little impact on daily life , because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons -LRB- in comparison to other latitudes -RRB- , and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of sync with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock .	higher latitudes	What latitudes see more extreme changes in the length of their days and nights throughout the year ?
DST is also of little use for locations near the equator , because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year .	near the equator	What region of the earth sees little change in daylight from season to season ?
The manipulation of time at higher latitudes -LRB- for example Iceland , Nunavut or Alaska -RRB- has little impact on daily life , because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons -LRB- in comparison to other latitudes -RRB- , and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of sync with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock .	little	How much impact does the times of daylight and night have on areas like Iceland or Alaska ?
DST is also of little use for locations near the equator , because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year .	small	Would observing Daylight Saving Time have a small or large effect on how light it is during the workday in areas at high latitudes ?
For example , Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year : at Rome 's latitude the third hour from sunrise , hora tertia , started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice , but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes .	water clocks	What kind of clocks did the Romans use ?
For example , Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year : at Rome 's latitude the third hour from sunrise , hora tertia , started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice , but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes .	hora tertia	What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise ?
For example , Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year : at Rome 's latitude the third hour from sunrise , hora tertia , started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice , but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes .	75	During the summer solstice , for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans ?
Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings , such as some Mount Athos monasteries and all Jewish ceremonies .	Jewish	What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional , unequal time settings ?
During his time as an American envoy to France , Benjamin Franklin , publisher of the old English proverb , `` Early to bed , and early to rise , makes a man healthy , wealthy and wise '' , anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight .	Benjamin Franklin	Who first published the proverb about waking up early and going to bed early to be `` healthy , wealthy , and wise '' ?
During his time as an American envoy to France , Benjamin Franklin , publisher of the old English proverb , `` Early to bed , and early to rise , makes a man healthy , wealthy and wise '' , anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight .	Parisians	Which group of people did Franklin say would save candles by waking up earlier ?
This 1784 satire proposed taxing shutters , rationing candles , and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise .	1784	In what year did Ben Franklin write a satire suggesting firing cannons at sunrise to wake people up ?
However , this soon changed as rail and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin 's day .	rail	What kind of transportation network helped encourage keeping more exact schedules ?
This 1784 satire proposed taxing shutters , rationing candles , and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise .	ringing church bells	In addition to cannon fire , what did Franklin suggest to act as Parisians ' alarm clock ?
Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson , whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects , and led him to value after-hours daylight .	entomologist	What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson ?
Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson , whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects , and led him to value after-hours daylight .	insects	What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he was n't working ?
In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift , and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch , he followed up in an 1898 paper .	1895	What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society ?
Many publications credit DST 's proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett , who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride , when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer 's day .	William Willett	Some people believe it was n't Hudson who created DST , but an Englishman by what name ?
The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament -LRB- MP -RRB- Robert Pearce , who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on 12 February 1908 .	Robert Pearce	Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908 ?
Starting on 30 April 1916 , Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST -LRB- German : Sommerzeit -RRB- as a way to conserve coal during wartime .	1916	What year did Germany decide to try DST ?
Starting on 30 April 1916 , Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST -LRB- German : Sommerzeit -RRB- as a way to conserve coal during wartime .	Sommerzeit	What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time ?
Starting on 30 April 1916 , Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST -LRB- German : Sommerzeit -RRB- as a way to conserve coal during wartime .	coal	What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST ?
Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918 .	1918	What year did the United States get on board with DST ?
It became widely adopted , particularly in North America and Europe starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis .	energy crisis	What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST ?
Broadly speaking , Daylight Saving Time was abandoned in the years after the war -LRB- with some notable exceptions including Canada , the UK , France , and Ireland for example -RRB- .	Ireland	What country joined Canada , the UK , and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war ?
However , it was brought back for periods of time in many different places during the following decades , and commonly during the Second World War .	Second World War	Daylight Saving Time was used commonly during what war ?
It became widely adopted , particularly in North America and Europe starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis .	Europe	Along with North America , what continent was affected heavily by the 1970s energy crisis ?
Since then , the world has seen many enactments , adjustments , and repeals .	many	Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST ?
Since then , the world has seen many enactments , adjustments , and repeals .	repeals	Countries might change their DST policy by enactments , adjustments , and what other type of policy changes ?
In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time , in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours , whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time , repeating that hour , and that day has 25 hours .	02:00	At what local time does the United States change the time ?
In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time , in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours , whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time , repeating that hour , and that day has 25 hours .	23	Technically , how many hours does the day the time change happens have in the spring ?
In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time , in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours , whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time , repeating that hour , and that day has 25 hours .	25	In the fall , DST means one hour is repeated , which means the day is actually how many hours long ?
A digital display of local time does not read 02:00 exactly at the shift to summer time , but instead jumps from 01:59:59.9 forward to 03:00:00.0 .	03:00:00.0	At the time change to DST , what will a digital clock read just after 01:59:59.9 ?
In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time , in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours , whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time , repeating that hour , and that day has 25 hours .	spring	Daylight Saving Time is sometimes called summer time , but the clocks are actually moved forward in which season ?
Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules .	weekend	During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled ?
Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules .	weekday schedules	What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people do n't work ?
The European Union shifts all at once , at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET ; for example , Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time .	Eastern European Time	Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time ?
Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time , so its zones do not shift at the same time ; for example , Mountain Time is temporarily -LRB- for one hour -RRB- zero hours ahead of Pacific Time , instead of one hour ahead , in the autumn and two hours , instead of one , ahead of Pacific Time in the spring .	two hours	For one hour each spring , how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States ?
In the past , Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates ; for example , in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26 .	October 26	In 2008 , what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks ?
The European Union shifts all at once , at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET ; for example , Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time .	one hour	At DST in the fall , how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States ?
In some cases only part of a country shifts ; for example , in the US , Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST .	Hawaii	In addition to much of the state of Arizona , what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST ?
Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October ; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union .	1996	What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time ?
Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October ; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union .	October	European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month ?
The 2007 US change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ; previously , from 1987 through 2006 , the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October , and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done .	the Energy Policy Act of 2005	What act in the U.S. brought about the 2007 change in DST policy ?
The 2007 US change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ; previously , from 1987 through 2006 , the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October , and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done .	Congress	What government body is allowed to change the DST policy in the United States back to the dates observed from 1987 to 2006 ?
Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change in order to allow extra daylight for the evening of October 31 .	Halloween	Supporters of the November end to DST name what U.S. holiday as the justification for keeping the change through the end of October ?
Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere .	Beginning and ending dates	In the southern hemisphere , what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere ?
For example , mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March , with transitions at 24:00 local time .	24:00	At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST ?
For example , mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March , with transitions at 24:00 local time .	Saturday	What day of the week does DST begin and end in Chile ?
The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer , three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates .	five hours	In the Northern hemisphere 's summer , what is the time difference between the UK and Chile ?
The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer , three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates .	summer	During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom ?
Some countries observe it only in some regions ; for example , southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not .	southern Brazil	Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time ?
Some countries observe it only in some regions ; for example , southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not .	equatorial Brazil	What part of Brazil does not observe DST ?
Only a minority of the world 's population uses DST because Asia and Africa generally do not observe it .	Asia and Africa	Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide do n't observe DST ?
DST is generally not observed near the equator , where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it .	sunrise	The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator do n't usually keep DST ?
Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges `` the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country '' and pundits have dubbed it `` Daylight Slaving Time '' .	Winston Churchill	What leader said daylight saving gives people more `` opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness '' ?
Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges `` the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country '' and pundits have dubbed it `` Daylight Slaving Time '' .	Daylight Slaving Time	What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it ?
Historically , retailing , sports , and tourism interests have favored daylight saving , while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it , and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war .	agricultural	In addition to the evening entertainment industry , people from what industry often oppose daylight saving ?
Historically , retailing , sports , and tourism interests have favored daylight saving , while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it , and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war .	sports	Traditionally , retailing , tourism , and what other industry have been in favor of DST ?
Historically , retailing , sports , and tourism interests have favored daylight saving , while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it , and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war .	war	Along with energy crisis , what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST ?
The proposal attracted many supporters , including Balfour , Churchill , Lloyd George , MacDonald , Edward VII -LRB- who used half-hour DST at Sandringham -RRB- , the managing director of Harrods , and the manager of the National Bank .	Edward VII	Which political supporter of Willett 's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham ?
However , the opposition was stronger : it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith , Christie -LRB- the Astronomer Royal -RRB- , George Darwin , Napier Shaw -LRB- director of the Meteorological Office -RRB- , many agricultural organizations , and theatre owners .	Napier Shaw	What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST ?
After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909 .	1909	What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings ?
The US was even more skeptical : Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909 , but it soon died in committee .	Andrew Peters	Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives ?
US retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST , but were opposed by railroads .	Robert Garland	What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST ?
The US 's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections , and DST was established in 1918 .	1917	What year did the U.S. go to war , leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings ?
The US 's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections , and DST was established in 1918 .	1918	What year did the United States finally adopt Daylight Saving Time ?
Britain was an exception : it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons , including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings .	Britain	Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended ?
Britain was an exception : it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons , including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings .	Easter	What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around ?
The US was more typical : Congress repealed DST after 1919 .	1919	After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S. ?
Only a few US cities retained DST locally thereafter , including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London , and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York .	New York	What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London , leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along ?
In May 1965 , for two weeks , St. Paul , Minnesota and Minneapolis , Minnesota were on different times , when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law .	May 1965	What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules ?
In the mid-1980s , Clorox -LRB- parent of Kingsford Charcoal -RRB- and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST , and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries , which are made from Idaho potatoes .	Idaho	What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes ?
In the mid-1980s , Clorox -LRB- parent of Kingsford Charcoal -RRB- and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST , and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries , which are made from Idaho potatoes .	7-Eleven	What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s ?
In the mid-1980s , Clorox -LRB- parent of Kingsford Charcoal -RRB- and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST , and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries , which are made from Idaho potatoes .	1987	What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition ?
The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars , but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966 .	1966	What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time ?
In 1992 , after a three-year trial of daylight saving in Queensland , Australia , a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5 % ` no ' vote -- with regional and rural areas strongly opposed , while those in the metropolitan south-east were in favor .	54.5%	What percentage of Queensland voted against the daylight saving referendum in 1992 ?
In December 2008 , the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland -LRB- DS4SEQ -RRB- political party was officially registered in Queensland , advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time .	Daylight Saving for South East Queensland	What was the name of Queensland 's political party set up solely to support their particular DST arrangement ?
In 1992 , after a three-year trial of daylight saving in Queensland , Australia , a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5 % ` no ' vote -- with regional and rural areas strongly opposed , while those in the metropolitan south-east were in favor .	rural	In Australia , were rural or urban areas generally more strongly opposed to DST ?
On 14 April 2010 , after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party , Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington , introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament , calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement .	Peter Wellington	What member of Queensland Parliament was responsible for finally bringing the DST for South East Queensland referendum to a vote ?
In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST 's additional hour year-round , but is opposed in some industries , such as postal workers and farmers , and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK .	the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents	What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year ?
In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST 's additional hour year-round , but is opposed in some industries , such as postal workers and farmers , and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK .	postal workers	Joining farmers , what other kind of workers opposed SDST ?
In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST 's additional hour year-round , but is opposed in some industries , such as postal workers and farmers , and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK .	northern regions	What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST ?
In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan -LRB- the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset -RRB- , since the DST would delay the evening dinner .	Ramadan	What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown ?
In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan -LRB- the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset -RRB- , since the DST would delay the evening dinner .	the evening dinner	What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month ?
This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine , although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan .	Iran	What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan ?
Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012 .	July and August	When was Ramadan in 2012 ?
The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus .	2011	What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back ?
The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus .	Belarus	What country other than Russia declared they 'd stay in DST all year ?
The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus .	Russia	Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration ?
The plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning , and thus was abandoned in 2014 .	2014	What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time ?
Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers , retail businesses , outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses , tourism operators , and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer .	urban workers	Which group is more likely to support DST : urban workers or rural farmers ?
Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy , promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening -LRB- in summer -RRB- , and is therefore good for physical and psychological health , reduces traffic accidents , reduces crime , or is good for business .	summer	If people have more daylight in the evenings , what season might see a rise in outdoor activity ?
Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy , promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening -LRB- in summer -RRB- , and is therefore good for physical and psychological health , reduces traffic accidents , reduces crime , or is good for business .	saves energy	Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy ?
Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive , that DST increases health risks such as heart attack , that DST can disrupt morning activities , and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit .	heart attack	What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases ?
Farmers have tended to oppose DST .	Farmers	What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST : farmers or shopkeepers ?
Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive , that DST increases health risks such as heart attack , that DST can disrupt morning activities , and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit .	inconclusive	What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters ?
Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive , that DST increases health risks such as heart attack , that DST can disrupt morning activities , and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit .	morning	What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift ?
Common agreement about the day 's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier .	get up earlier	Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own ?
The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight .	television	What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST ?
DST is commonly not observed during most of winter , because its mornings are darker ; workers may have no sunlit leisure time , and children may need to leave for school in the dark .	winter	During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings ?
Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits .	coordination with others	What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they do n't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings ?
DST 's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting , which consumes about 3.5 % of electricity in the United States and Canada .	3.5%	What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting ?
Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning .	morning	DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day ?
An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting , which used to be a primary use of electricity .	incandescent	When DST was first proposed , what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity ?
Electricity use is greatly affected by geography , climate , and economics , making it hard to generalize from single studies .	climate	Along with geography and economics , what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses ?
As Franklin 's 1784 satire pointed out , lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase , as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise .	Franklin	Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings ?
Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption .	increases	Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars ?
The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST .	2008	What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published ?
The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST .	extension of DST	What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation ?
Retailers , sporting goods makers , and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight , as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports .	sporting goods	What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST ?
In 1984 , Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $ 30 million for 7-Eleven stores , and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $ 200 million to $ 300 million .	the National Golf Foundation	What organization predicted a $ 100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST ?
In 1984 , Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $ 30 million for 7-Eleven stores , and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $ 200 million to $ 300 million .	1984	What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide ?
A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union 's leisure sector by about 3 % .	3%	According to a study in 1999 , daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union ?
In 1984 , Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $ 30 million for 7-Eleven stores , and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $ 200 million to $ 300 million .	$30 million	How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST ?
One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates , so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable .	after	Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates ?
Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking , so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems .	cows	What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing ?
Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking , so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems .	disrupts their systems	What does earlier milk delivery do to cows ?
One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates , so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable .	earlier	Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier ?
Conversely , DST can adversely affect farmers , parents of young children , and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice , although some farmers are neutral .	parents of young children	Besides farmers , what other group of people set their schedules by the sun ?
For example , a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $ 500 million to $ 1 billion , and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $ 1.7 billion USD .	2007	What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $ 500 million and $ 1 billion in extra work ?
For example , a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $ 500 million to $ 1 billion , and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $ 1.7 billion USD .	William F. Shughart II	Who is the economist who said there was about $ 1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes ?
Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency , and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $ 31 billion on US stock exchanges , the estimated numbers depend on the methodology .	decreased economic efficiency	What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings ?
Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency , and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $ 31 billion on US stock exchanges , the estimated numbers depend on the methodology .	the daylight-saving effect	What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $ 31 billion in the year 2000 ?
Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency , and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $ 31 billion on US stock exchanges , the estimated numbers depend on the methodology .	methodology	What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST ?
In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7 % reduction in traffic fatalities during DST , and estimated the real reduction at 1.5 % to 2 % , but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities .	1976	In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT 's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected ?
In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2 % , including a 5 % reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians .	the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety	What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2 % ?
Single/Double Summer Time -LRB- SDST -RRB- , a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer , has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3 % to 4 % in the UK , compared to ordinary DST .	SDST	What 's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time ?
However , accidents do increase by as much as 11 % during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time .	11%	In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time , what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents ?
A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST , workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less , and are injured at work more often and more severely .	40 minutes	How much less , on average , do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST , according to the 2009 study ?
In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration -LRB- LEAA -RRB- found a reduction of 10 % to 13 % in Washington , D.C. 's violent crime rate during DST .	violent crime rate	What did the LEAA say was reduced 10 % to 13 % in Washington , DC during daylight savings ?
However , the LEAA did not filter out other factors , and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories ; the DOT decided it was `` impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide '' .	two	How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion ?
However , the LEAA did not filter out other factors , and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories ; the DOT decided it was `` impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide '' .	one	How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime ?
In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration -LRB- LEAA -RRB- found a reduction of 10 % to 13 % in Washington , D.C. 's violent crime rate during DST .	1970s	In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST ?
In several countries , fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors , particularly in autumn , just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires .	heating	There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm ?
In several countries , fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors , particularly in autumn , just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires .	carbon monoxide detectors	In addition to smoke detectors , what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year ?
Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders .	the first days of spring and autumn	If your area does n't observe DST , what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder ?
Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans , inspecting vehicle lights , checking storage areas for hazardous materials , reprogramming thermostats , and seasonal vaccinations .	lights	What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year ?
Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans , inspecting vehicle lights , checking storage areas for hazardous materials , reprogramming thermostats , and seasonal vaccinations .	hazardous materials	What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly ?
In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise .	outdoor exercise	What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST ?
It alters sunlight exposure ; whether this is beneficial depends on one 's location and daily schedule , as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin , but overexposure can lead to skin cancer .	vitamin D	What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb ?
The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness , chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund , successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions .	Gordon Gund	What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S. ?
It alters sunlight exposure ; whether this is beneficial depends on one 's location and daily schedule , as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin , but overexposure can lead to skin cancer .	skin cancer	What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun ?
DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier , but some argue the reverse .	rise earlier	Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what ?
Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks .	circadian rhythm	What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes ?
The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005 .	Kazakhstan	In 2005 , what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST ?
In March 2011 , Dmitri Medvedev , president of Russia , claimed that `` stress of changing clocks '' was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long .	Dmitri Medvedev	Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts ?
A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition , and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition .	three	According to the Swedish study in 2008 , for how many weekdays following the `` spring forward '' do you have a higher risk of heart attack ?
An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours .	higher	Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn ?
An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours .	before dawn	Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after ?
An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours .	air pollution	What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they 're sitting in traffic ?
During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00 , a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice , possibly leading to confusion .	twice	During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00 , how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59 ?
During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00 , a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice , possibly leading to confusion .	confusion	What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to ?
People must remember to change their clocks ; this can be time-consuming , particularly for mechanical clocks that can not be moved backward safely .	change their clocks	What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST ?
People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules , as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way .	multiple DST rules	What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of ?
Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993 , when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration , resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured .	1993	What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST ?
Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993 , when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration , resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured .	one hour	For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility ?
These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change ; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs , and users must install updates and restart applications .	software developers	Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change ?
A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time -LRB- UTC -RRB- rather than the local time zone .	Coordinated Universal Time	What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time ?
For example , Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally .	Unix-based	What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time ?
Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually -- for example , Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions -- but this would add complexity and has never been implemented .	weekly	Willett 's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often ?
Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually -- for example , Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions -- but this would add complexity and has never been implemented .	complexity	What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process ?
Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually -- for example , Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions -- but this would add complexity and has never been implemented .	Some clock-shift problems	What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often ?
DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time .	disadvantages	What does DST inherit from standard time ?
DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time .	magnify	Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time ?
Also , sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect .	two	Usually , it 's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon ?
Also , sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect .	sun-exposure guidelines	What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST ?
For example , when reading a sundial , one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies .	time zone	When using a sundial , we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence ?
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the -LRB- American -RRB- National Council of Teachers of English , the form daylight savings time -LRB- with an `` s '' -RRB- was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English -LRB- `` the change has been virtually accomplished '' -RRB- .	Richard Meade	What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an `` s '' in the English Journal of the -LRB- American -RRB- National Council of Teachers of English ?
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the -LRB- American -RRB- National Council of Teachers of English , the form daylight savings time -LRB- with an `` s '' -RRB- was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English -LRB- `` the change has been virtually accomplished '' -RRB- .	daylight savings time	In 1978 , according to Meade , which form of the phrase was more commonly used : daylight saving time or daylight savings time ?
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the -LRB- American -RRB- National Council of Teachers of English , the form daylight savings time -LRB- with an `` s '' -RRB- was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English -LRB- `` the change has been virtually accomplished '' -RRB- .	daylight saving time	Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications ?
Nevertheless , even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster 's , American Heritage , and Oxford , which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage -LRB- and therefore also list the newer form -RRB- , still list the older form first .	American Heritage	Joining Merriam-Webster 's and the Oxford dictionary , the older form of the phrase without the `` s '' is still listed first in what dictionary ?
Merriam-Webster 's also lists the forms daylight saving -LRB- without `` time '' -RRB- , daylight savings -LRB- without `` time '' -RRB- , and daylight time .	daylight time	Along with `` daylight saving '' and `` daylight savings , '' what alternate form does Merriam-Webster 's include ?
In Britain , Willett 's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving , but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation .	daylight saving	Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST ?
In Britain , Willett 's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving , but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation .	summer time	What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett 's proposal evolved into draft legislation ?
Continental Europe uses similar phrases , such as Sommerzeit in Germany , zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions , kesäaika in Finland , horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France , whereas in Italy the term is ora legale , that is , legal time -LRB- legally enforced time -RRB- as opposed to `` ora solare '' , solar time , in winter .	zomertijd	What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST ?
Continental Europe uses similar phrases , such as Sommerzeit in Germany , zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions , kesäaika in Finland , horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France , whereas in Italy the term is ora legale , that is , legal time -LRB- legally enforced time -RRB- as opposed to `` ora solare '' , solar time , in winter .	ora legale	What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as `` legal time '' ?
Continental Europe uses similar phrases , such as Sommerzeit in Germany , zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions , kesäaika in Finland , horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France , whereas in Italy the term is ora legale , that is , legal time -LRB- legally enforced time -RRB- as opposed to `` ora solare '' , solar time , in winter .	solar time	What does the Italian term for their winter time , ora solare , translate to in English ?
The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed .	The name of local time	What usually changes when a place observes DST ?
American English replaces standard with daylight : for example , Pacific Standard Time -LRB- PST -RRB- becomes Pacific Daylight Time -LRB- PDT -RRB- .	standard	What word does American English swap out for `` daylight '' when referring to time zones ?
American English replaces standard with daylight : for example , Pacific Standard Time -LRB- PST -RRB- becomes Pacific Daylight Time -LRB- PDT -RRB- .	Pacific Daylight Time	In American English , what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time ?
In the United Kingdom , the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time -LRB- BST -RRB- , and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names , e.g. Central European Time -LRB- CET -RRB- becomes Central European Summer Time -LRB- CEST -RRB- .	British Summer Time	When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring , what do they call the time they 're then observing ?
In the United Kingdom , the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time -LRB- BST -RRB- , and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names , e.g. Central European Time -LRB- CET -RRB- becomes Central European Summer Time -LRB- CEST -RRB- .	summer	What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English ?
The North American mnemonic `` spring forward , fall back '' -LRB- also `` spring ahead ... '' , `` spring up ... '' , and '' ... fall behind '' -RRB- helps people remember which direction to shift clocks .	spring forward, fall back	What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST ?
The North American mnemonic `` spring forward , fall back '' -LRB- also `` spring ahead ... '' , `` spring up ... '' , and '' ... fall behind '' -RRB- helps people remember which direction to shift clocks .	mnemonic	What is a language like `` spring forward , fall back '' that acts as a trigger for memory called ?
The North American mnemonic `` spring forward , fall back '' -LRB- also `` spring ahead ... '' , `` spring up ... '' , and '' ... fall behind '' -RRB- helps people remember which direction to shift clocks .	which direction to shift clocks	What does `` spring forward , fall back '' help people remember ?
Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations .	Changes to DST rules	What can cause issues with installed computer systems ?
For example , the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded , with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs ; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists .	2007	What year did DST rules change in North America ?
For example , the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded , with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs ; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists .	upgrades	What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes ?
For example , the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded , with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs ; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists .	email	In addition to calendaring programs , what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes ?
For example , the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded , with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs ; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists .	corporate information technologists	Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes ?
Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences .	UTC	What system of time do some applications use so they wo n't have problems with time changes ?
Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences .	time zone differences	By using UTC , applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor ?
Likewise , most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display .	operating systems	In addition to individual applications , what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC ?
Likewise , most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display .	internally	Where do computers usually use UTC ?
Likewise , most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display .	local time	What time would a computer probably use for the clock display ?
Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo .	the IANA time zone database	Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time ?
Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo .	date/time	What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time ?
Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo .	zoneinfo	What 's another name for the IANA database ?
The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location 's historical and predicted clock shifts .	historical and predicted clock shifts	The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location ?
When temporal authorities change DST rules , zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance .	system maintenance	IANA , or zoneinfo , updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made ?
In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name , as in TZ = ' : America/New _ York ' .	TZ	What environment variable defines a location 's name ?
Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time ; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display .	timezone-independent epoch time	What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo ?
This database is used by many computer software systems , including most Unix-like operating systems , Java , and the Oracle RDBMS ; HP 's `` tztab '' database is similar but incompatible .	tztab	What 's the name of the HP database that 's similar to IANA but not compatible with it ?
Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX , which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value .	one	Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules ?
Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change , and the new value applies to all years , mishandling some older timestamps .	whenever DST rules change	When must TZ values be changed on an older system ?
For example , TZ = ` EST5EDT , M3 .2.0 / 02:00 , M11 .1.0 / 02:00 ' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007 .	time for the eastern United States starting in 2007	What does the TZ value EST5EDT , M3 .2.0 / 02:00 , M11 .1.0 / 02:00 specify ?
Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change , and the new value applies to all years , mishandling some older timestamps .	all years	What years will a new TZ value apply to ?
Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change , and the new value applies to all years , mishandling some older timestamps .	older timestamps	What 's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules ?
As with zoneinfo , a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location , and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change .	specifying the name of a location	Similar to systems using zoneinfo , Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what ?
As with zoneinfo , a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location , and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change .	when DST rules change	When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated ?
Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting .	two	If your computer runs Vista , what 's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting ?
In a Canadian location observing DST , a single Vista setting supports both 1987 -- 2006 and post-2006 time stamps , but mishandles some older time stamps .	1987	If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed , a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year ?
In a Canadian location observing DST , a single Vista setting supports both 1987 -- 2006 and post-2006 time stamps , but mishandles some older time stamps .	2006	On a system running Windows older than Vista , locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year ?
Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only , causing problems in later years .	1995	What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel 's time changes ?
In Windows 98 , Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST , forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year .	marked Israel as not having DST	Because the schedule in Israel was always changing , what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98 ?
In Windows 98 , Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST , forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year .	twice a year	How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current ?
The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules ' dates in a year-independent way .	The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law	What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar ?
In 2013 , Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar .	the Gregorian calendar	Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005 , there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013 ?
Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time .	local time	What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock ?
This causes several problems , including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC , and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions , such as with a rescue boot disk .	a rescue boot disk	Not using UTC , Windows ca n't multi boot with different versions of itself like you 'd need to do to use what kind of disk ?
This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems : there is no support for per-user timezone settings , only a single system-wide setting .	a single system-wide setting	As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings , Windows will only allow for what ?
In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier , when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks , but had not been maintained .	2008	In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC ?
Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft .	two	Since 2008 , at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature ?
The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp , but displays it corrected to local -- or seasonal -- time .	NTFS	What file system do recent Windows versions use ?
The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp , but displays it corrected to local -- or seasonal -- time .	UTC	Under NTFS , what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage ?
However , the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time .	FAT	What file system do most removable devices use ?
Consequently , when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media , its time will be set to the current local time .	current local time	What time will a file be set to if it 's copied from the hard disk onto other media ?
A move to `` permanent daylight saving time '' -LRB- staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts -RRB- is sometimes advocated , and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina , Chile , Iceland , Singapore , Uzbekistan and Belarus .	permanent daylight saving time	What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round ?
A move to `` permanent daylight saving time '' -LRB- staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts -RRB- is sometimes advocated , and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina , Chile , Iceland , Singapore , Uzbekistan and Belarus .	time shifts	Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences ?
However , many remain unconvinced of the benefits , citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises , particularly in winter , that year-round DST entails .	late	In year-round DST , would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places ?
Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014 , but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter , so the country switched permanently back to `` standard '' or `` winter '' time in 2014 .	2011 to 2014	During what time period did Russia use permanent DST ?
However , many remain unconvinced of the benefits , citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises , particularly in winter , that year-round DST entails .	winter	In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning ?
Xinjiang , China ; Argentina ; Chile ; Iceland ; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward , in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts .	westward	In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST ?
For example , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , is at 106 ° 39 ′ W longitude , slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone -LRB- 105 ° W -RRB- , but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time -LRB- 90 ° W -RRB- year-round , so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time , thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round .	67	About how many minutes does Saskatoon , Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time ?
For example , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , is at 106 ° 39 ′ W longitude , slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone -LRB- 105 ° W -RRB- , but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time -LRB- 90 ° W -RRB- year-round , so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time , thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round .	Central Standard Time	What time does Saskatoon observe all year long ?
Conversely , northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward , in effect observing negative DST .	negative DST	Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST ?
The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity , particularly in northern regions .	1971	What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment ?
Western France , Spain , and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks , in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer .	an extra hour	Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer ?
Nome , Alaska , is at 165 ° 24 ′ W longitude , which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone -LRB- 165 ° W -RRB- , but Nome observes Alaska Time -LRB- 135 ° W -RRB- with DST , so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer .	three	During the summer in Nome , about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks ?
Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion ; for example , it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as `` Double Summer Time '' .	Double Summer Time	What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time ?
See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details .	Central European Midsummer Time	What 's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe ?
The Royal Institute of British Architects -LRB- RIBA -RRB- is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom , but also internationally , founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971 .	Royal Institute of British Architects	What does RIBA stand for ?
The Royal Institute of British Architects -LRB- RIBA -RRB- is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom , but also internationally , founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971 .	the advancement of architecture	What is the goal of RIBA ?
The Royal Institute of British Architects -LRB- RIBA -RRB- is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom , but also internationally , founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971 .	1837	When was RIBA founded ?
The Royal Institute of British Architects -LRB- RIBA -RRB- is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom , but also internationally , founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971 .	1971	When was RIBA 's founding document expanded ?
The Royal Institute of British Architects -LRB- RIBA -RRB- is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom , but also internationally , founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971 .	United Kingdom	In what country does RIBA mainly operate ?
Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London , it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects , including Philip Hardwick , Thomas Allom , William Donthorne , Thomas Leverton Donaldson , William Adams Nicholson , John Buonarotti Papworth , and Thomas de Grey , 2nd Earl de Grey .	Institute of British Architects in London	What was Riba 's first name ?
Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London , it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects , including Philip Hardwick , Thomas Allom , William Donthorne , Thomas Leverton Donaldson , William Adams Nicholson , John Buonarotti Papworth , and Thomas de Grey , 2nd Earl de Grey .	1834	In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded ?
Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London , it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects , including Philip Hardwick , Thomas Allom , William Donthorne , Thomas Leverton Donaldson , William Adams Nicholson , John Buonarotti Papworth , and Thomas de Grey , 2nd Earl de Grey .	London	In what city was the Institute of British Architects located ?
Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London , it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects , including Philip Hardwick , Thomas Allom , William Donthorne , Thomas Leverton Donaldson , William Adams Nicholson , John Buonarotti Papworth , and Thomas de Grey , 2nd Earl de Grey .	Architects	In terms of profession , what were people like Philip Hardwick , William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey ?
After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London , eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892 .	the grant of the royal charter	What caused the change of the Institute 's name ?
After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London , eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892 .	the reference to London	What was removed from the Royal Institute 's name ?
After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London , eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892 .	1892	When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute 's name ?
In 1934 , it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place , with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary .	Portland Place	Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located ?
In 1934 , it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place , with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary .	King George V and Queen Mary	Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed ?
It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV .	1837	When did the Royal Institute receive its charter ?
It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV .	King William IV	Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute ?
Supplemental Charters of 1887 , 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971 , and there have been minor amendments since then .	1887, 1909 and 1925	In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters ?
Supplemental Charters of 1887 , 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971 , and there have been minor amendments since then .	1971	When were the various supplemental charters consolidated ?
Supplemental Charters of 1887 , 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971 , and there have been minor amendments since then .	minor amendments	What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971 ?
The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be : ' ... the general advancement of Civil Architecture , and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith ... '	the general advancement of Civil Architecture	What was the central aim of the Royal Institute ?
The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be : ' ... the general advancement of Civil Architecture , and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith ... '	The original Charter of 1837	What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute ?
The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be : ' ... the general advancement of Civil Architecture , and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith ... '	promoting and facilitating	What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture ?
The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws , which are more frequently updated than the Charter .	the Byelaws	What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions ?
The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws , which are more frequently updated than the Charter .	the Byelaws	What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often ?
Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council 's approval .	the Privy Council's approval	What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute ?
The description in the 1837 by-laws was : `` gules , two lions rampant guardant or , supporting a column marked with lines chevron , proper , all standing on a base of the same ; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects , anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV ; above a mural crown proper , and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium '' .	Usui civium decori urbium	What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute ?
The design of the Institute 's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ` Usui civium , decori urbium ' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson , who had been honorary secretary until 1839 .	Thomas Leverton Donaldson	Who is responsible for the use of ` usui civium decori urbium ' ?
The design of the Institute 's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ` Usui civium , decori urbium ' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson , who had been honorary secretary until 1839 .	honorary secretary	What was Donaldson 's role within the Royal Institute ?
It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall .	Eric Gill	Who reworked the Royal Institute 's medal desgin in 1931 ?
It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall .	1960	When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute 's medal ?
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom , including the establishment of the Architects ' Registration Council of the United Kingdom -LRB- ARCUK -RRB- and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects -LRB- Registration -RRB- Acts , 1931 to 1938 .	the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom	What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing ?
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom , including the establishment of the Architects ' Registration Council of the United Kingdom -LRB- ARCUK -RRB- and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects -LRB- Registration -RRB- Acts , 1931 to 1938 .	the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938	Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting ?
A member of the RIBA , Lionel Bailey Budden , then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture , had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica -LRB- 1929 -RRB- .	the Liverpool University School of Architecture	Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach ?
A member of the RIBA , Lionel Bailey Budden , then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture , had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica -LRB- 1929 -RRB- .	Encyclopædia Britannica	What major compendium did Budden help write an article for ?
His School , Liverpool , was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed .	twenty	How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education ?
Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act , in the book published on the occasion of the Institute 's centenary celebration in 1934 , Harry Barnes , FRIBA , Chairman of the Registration Committee , mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association , least of all the RIBA , given the way ARCUK was constituted .	1934	When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary ?
Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act , in the book published on the occasion of the Institute 's centenary celebration in 1934 , Harry Barnes , FRIBA , Chairman of the Registration Committee , mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association , least of all the RIBA , given the way ARCUK was constituted .	Harry Barnes	Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934 ?
Barnes commented that the Act 's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession , and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the -LRB- then -RRB- architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found .	80 per cent	In 1934 , what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations ?
Barnes commented that the Act 's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession , and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the -LRB- then -RRB- architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found .	architectural associations	Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects ?
Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act , in the book published on the occasion of the Institute 's centenary celebration in 1934 , Harry Barnes , FRIBA , Chairman of the Registration Committee , mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association , least of all the RIBA , given the way ARCUK was constituted .	ARCUK	What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute ?
The Guide 's section on `` Education '' records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education , and the system by which any school which applied for recognition , whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner , and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a `` Visiting Board '' from the BAE , could be placed on the list of `` recognized schools '' and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations .	1904	When does the Royal Institute 's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established ?
The Guide 's section on `` Education '' records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education , and the system by which any school which applied for recognition , whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner , and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a `` Visiting Board '' from the BAE , could be placed on the list of `` recognized schools '' and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations .	syllabus	What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance ?
The Guide 's section on `` Education '' records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education , and the system by which any school which applied for recognition , whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner , and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a `` Visiting Board '' from the BAE , could be placed on the list of `` recognized schools '' and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations .	an approved external examiner	What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board ?
The Guide 's section on `` Education '' records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education , and the system by which any school which applied for recognition , whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner , and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a `` Visiting Board '' from the BAE , could be placed on the list of `` recognized schools '' and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations .	Visiting Board	What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board ?
By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect , due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders , in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union .	European Union	What organization 's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK ?
The change of name to `` Architects Registration Board '' was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants , Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997 ; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education .	1996	When did the name of ARCUK change ?
The change of name to `` Architects Registration Board '' was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants , Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997 ; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education .	the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act	What was the name of the legistlation leading to the change in ARCUK 's name ?
The change of name to `` Architects Registration Board '' was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants , Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997 ; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education .	the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education	What was shut down as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK ?
The change of name to `` Architects Registration Board '' was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants , Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997 ; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education .	Architects Registration Board	What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '90s ?
RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA 's examinations in architecture .	to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture	What is the function of the Royal Institute 's Visiting Boards ?
Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board , but unlike the ARB , the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK .	2011	When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria ?
Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board , but unlike the ARB , the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK .	Architects Registration Board	What does ARB stand for ?
Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board , but unlike the ARB , the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK .	RIBA also validates courses outside the UK	What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute ?
The RIBA is a member organisation , with 44,000 members .	44,000	How many people have membership in the Royal Institute ?
The RIBA is a member organisation , with 44,000 members .	RIBA	What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status ?
Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name ; Student Members are not permitted to do so .	Student Members	What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization 's acronym after their names ?
Formerly , fellowships of the institute were granted , although no longer ; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA .	fellowships	What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore ?
Formerly , fellowships of the institute were granted , although no longer ; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA .	FRIBA	Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names ?
RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place , London -- a 1930s Grade II * listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford .	66 Portland Place	What is the Royal Institute of British Architects ' street address ?
RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place , London -- a 1930s Grade II * listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford .	George Grey Wornum	Who designed RIBA 's headquarters ?
Parts of the London building are open to the public , including the Library .	the Library	What is one room in RIBA 's headquarters that can be visited by the public ?
Rooms are hired out for events .	events	For what purpose can rooms be rented at the Royal Institute 's building ?
The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom , it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966 .	a dozen	How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK ?
The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom , it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966 .	1966	When was RIBA 's first satellite office opened ?
The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom , it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966 .	Cambridge	In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened ?
The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom , it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966 .	the East of England	What territory did RIBA 's Cambridge branch office cover ?
RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA , with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne , a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London , and an office in Newark .	RIBA Enterprises	What is the name of the Royal Institute 's business operation ?
RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA , with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne , a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London , and an office in Newark .	15 Bonhill Street in London	Where does RIBA 's business group have its headquarters office ?
It employs over 250 staff , approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle .	over 250	How many people work for RIBA Enterprises ?
It employs over 250 staff , approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle .	180	How many of RIBA Enterprises ' staff are located at the Newcastle office ?
Its services include RIBA Insight , RIBA Appointments , and RIBA Publishing .	RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing	What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises ?
It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal .	RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal	What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing ?
In Newcastle is the NBS , the National Building Specification , which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service .	National Building Specification	What does NBS stand for ?
In Newcastle is the NBS , the National Building Specification , which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service .	130	How many people work for the NBS ?
In Newcastle is the NBS , the National Building Specification , which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service .	Newcastle	Where is the NBS located ?
The British Architectural Library , sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library , was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members .	The British Architectural Library	What is another name for the Royal Institute Library ?
The British Architectural Library , sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library , was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members .	1834	When was the RIBA library founded ?
Now , with over four million items , it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe .	over four million	How many materials are housed in the RIBA library ?
Now , with over four million items , it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe .	Europe	The British Architectural Library is the biggest library of its kind in which continent ?
Some items from the collections are on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum -LRB- V&A -RRB- in the V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery and included in temporary exhibitions at the RIBA and across Europe and North America .	Victoria and Albert Museum	In what institution are some materials from the RIBA collection located ?
The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934 .	9 Conduit Street	What was the RIBA Library 's first address ?
The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934 .	66 Portland Place	Where did RIBA move its library ?
The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934 .	1934	In what year did RIBA move its library ?
The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war .	Adolf Loos	Which architect 's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute 's Library ?
The library is based at two public sites : the Reading Room at the RIBA 's headquarters , 66 Portland Place , London ; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A .	66 Portland Place	Where is the Royal Institute Library 's Reading Room located ?
The library is based at two public sites : the Reading Room at the RIBA 's headquarters , 66 Portland Place , London ; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A .	the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A	Where are RIBA 's Study Rooms located ?
The Reading Room , designed by the building 's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam , retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves , original furniture and double-height central space .	Art Deco	What art style was used inthe design of the Reading Room ?
The study rooms , opened in 2004 , were designed by Wright & Wright .	2004	In what year did the Royal Institute 's Reading Rooms open ?
It operates a free education programme aimed at students , education groups and families , and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre .	students, education groups and families	Who is meant to benefit from teaching provided by the RIBA library ?
Since 2004 , through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership , the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture .	2004	When did the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects start a formal relationship ?
Since 2004 , through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership , the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture .	the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership	What is the name of the joint venture involving the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects ?
Since 2004 , through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership , the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture .	to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture	What is the main goal of the V&A + RIBA partnership ?
In 2004 , the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery -LRB- Room 128 -RRB- at the V&A showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions , this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK .	Room 128	In what space at the V&A is the Architecture Gallery located ?
The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space -LRB- Room 128a -RRB- is used for temporary displays related to architecture .	Architecture Exhibition Space	What is found at Room 128a of the Victoria & Albert Museum ?
Both spaces were designed by Gareth Hoskins Architects .	Gareth Hoskins Architects	Who designed rooms 128 and 128a at the V&A Museum ?
At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A .	21 Portman Place	Where was the Royal Institute 's Drawing and Archives Collections located originally ?
At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A .	the Henry Cole Wing	What part of the V&A was the Royal Institute 's Drawing and Archives collection moved to ?
RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year , the Royal Gold Medal -LRB- first awarded in 1848 -RRB- , which honours a distinguished body of work , and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than # 500,000 .	the best new building of the year	What does the Royal Institute of British Architects award the Stirling Prize for ?
RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year , the Royal Gold Medal -LRB- first awarded in 1848 -RRB- , which honours a distinguished body of work , and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than # 500,000 .	1848	What was the first year in which RIBA 's Royal Gold Medal was given ?
RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year , the Royal Gold Medal -LRB- first awarded in 1848 -RRB- , which honours a distinguished body of work , and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than # 500,000 .	a distinguished body of work	What is the Royal Gold Medal awarded for ?
RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year , the Royal Gold Medal -LRB- first awarded in 1848 -RRB- , which honours a distinguished body of work , and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than # 500,000 .	£500,000	What is the limit of how much can be spent on projects receiving the Stephen Lawrence Prize ?
The RIBA also awards the President 's Medals for student work , which are regarded as the most prestigious awards in architectural education , and the RIBA President 's Awards for Research .	the President's Medals	What is the name of the RIBA awards given to students of architecture ?
Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building .	Architectural design competitions	What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one ?
A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief .	Brief	What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition ?
The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives .	design professionals and client representatives	What kinds of people generally make up the panels which judge architecture competitions ?
The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition .	independence of the jury	What is necessary for the integrity of a design competition ?
They can be used for buildings , engineering work , structures , landscape design projects or public realm artworks .	public realm artworks	What kind of artistic production can be supported by design competitions ?
In addition to the Architects Registration Board , the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure .	RIBA	Aside from the ARB , what other organization offers accreditation services for schools serving architects ?
In addition to the Architects Registration Board , the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure .	course validation	What process does RIBA use in its accreditation system ?
It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB .	international courses	What kinds of courses does RIBA conduct accreditation services for apart from the Architects Registration Board ?
The RIBA has three parts to the education process : Part I which is generally a three-year first degree , a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters .	three-year first degree	What is the first step in the Royal Institute 's guidelines for education ?
The RIBA has three parts to the education process : Part I which is generally a three-year first degree , a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters .	a two-year post graduate diploma or masters	What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA ?
A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken .	professional exams	What does the third part of the Royal Institute 's educational process contain ?
Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status .	seven years	How long does it take , at the least , for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered ?
A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken .	A further year out	What occurs between the second and third parts of the education process prescribed by the Royal Institute ?
In 2007 , RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries .	minimum space standards	What did the Royal Institute support in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe ?
In 2007 , RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries .	2007	When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain ?
So let 's see minimum space standards for all new homes , '' said RIBA president Jack Pringle .	Jack Pringle	Who was the head of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007 ?
`` The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s ... We 're way behind the rest of Europe -- even densely populated Holland has better proportioned houses than are being built in the country .	the 1920s	To what decade did Pringle unfavorably compare the size of modern British homes ?
`` The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s ... We 're way behind the rest of Europe -- even densely populated Holland has better proportioned houses than are being built in the country .	Holland	What country did Pringle cite as having homes with better proportions than those found in the UK ?
The National Archives and Records Administration -LRB- NARA -RRB- is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents , which comprise the National Archives .	National Archives	NARA is responsible for what collection of archives ?
The National Archives and Records Administration -LRB- NARA -RRB- is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents , which comprise the National Archives .	National Archives and Records Administration	What independent agency preserves the original copy of executive orders ?
The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration .	The Archivist	What is the official that oversees the operation of NARA ?
The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration .	The Archivist	What member of NARA has the ability to declare when the constitutional threshold of passage has ocurred ?
The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register , Code of Federal Regulations , and United States Statutes at Large , among others .	The Office of the Federal Register	What office publishes the Federal Register ?
The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register , Code of Federal Regulations , and United States Statutes at Large , among others .	The Office of the Federal Register	What office administers the Electoral College ?
The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register , Code of Federal Regulations , and United States Statutes at Large , among others .	The Office of the Federal Register	Which office publishes the Code of Federal Regulations ?
The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register , Code of Federal Regulations , and United States Statutes at Large , among others .	The Office of the Federal Register	Which office publishes the United States Statutes at Large ?
The National Historical Publications and Records Commission -LRB- NHPRC -RRB- -- the agency 's grant-making arm -- awards funds to state and local governments , public and private archives , colleges and universities , and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records .	The National Historical Publications and Records Commission	Which arm of NARA handles grants ?
Since 1964 , the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants .	1964	What year was The National Historical Publications and Records Commission established ?
Since 1964 , the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants .	4,500	About how many grants has the NHPRC awarded ?
The Office of Government Information Services -LRB- OGIS -RRB- is a Freedom of Information Act -LRB- FOIA -RRB- resource for the public and the government .	FOIA	OGIS provides what resource for the government and public ?
NARA 's mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters .	FOIA disputes	What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve ?
Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies , procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA .	FOIA policies	NARA is ordered by congress to review what type of policies ?
Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies , procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA .	changes to FOIA	What types of recommendations does NARA provide to congress ?
Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping , with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator .	1934	What year was the National Archives Establishment established in ?
The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949 ; in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA -LRB- National Archives and Records Administration -RRB- .	1985	In what year did NARA become an independent agency ?
The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949 ; in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA -LRB- National Archives and Records Administration -RRB- .	1949	In what year was The National Archives merged with GSA ?
The first Archivist , R.D.W. Connor , began serving in 1934 , when the National Archives was established by Congress .	R.D.W. Connor	Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives ?
The first Archivist , R.D.W. Connor , began serving in 1934 , when the National Archives was established by Congress .	1934	When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives ?
The first Archivist , R.D.W. Connor , began serving in 1934 , when the National Archives was established by Congress .	Congress	What branch of the US government established the National Archives ?
As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation , in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration -LRB- GSA -RRB- .	Hoover Commission	What commission merged the National Archives with GSA ?
The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1 , 1985 .	subordinate official	The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA ?
The program was originally scheduled to end in 2007 .	2007	When was the reclassification program originally intended to end ?
In March 2006 , it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to `` reclassify '' , i.e. , withdraw from public access , certain documents in the name of national security , and to do so in a manner such that researchers would not be likely to discover the process -LRB- the U.S. reclassification program -RRB- .	public hearing	How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed ?
In 2010 , Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center to coordinate declassification practices across agencies , provide secure document services to other agencies , and review records in NARA custody for declassification .	2010	What year was Executive Order 13526 created ?
In 2010 , Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center to coordinate declassification practices across agencies , provide secure document services to other agencies , and review records in NARA custody for declassification .	Executive Order 13526	What Executive order created the National Declassification Center ?
In 2010 , Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center to coordinate declassification practices across agencies , provide secure document services to other agencies , and review records in NARA custody for declassification .	coordinate declassification practices	What was the aim of Executive Order 13526 ?
NARA 's holdings are classed into `` record groups '' reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated .	record groups	What types of groups are NARA 's holdings classified into ?
NARA 's holdings are classed into `` record groups '' reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated .	governmental department or agency	Each record group is classified based on what ?
Records include paper documents , microfilm , still pictures , motion pictures , and electronic media .	documents	Besides films and other non-static media , what type of media is classified into a group ?
Records include paper documents , microfilm , still pictures , motion pictures , and electronic media .	microfilm	Besides the general media and motion picture categories , which category contains media that is not static ?
Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the federal government in the custody of NARA are stored in Archival Research Catalog -LRB- ARC -RRB- .	Archival Research Catalog (ARC)	Where are archival descriptions of holdings under the custody of NARA stored ?
As of December 2012 , the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81 % of NARA 's records .	10 billion	As of the end mid December of 2012 , how many logical data records are stored at NARA ?
There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials .	922,000	How many digital copies of previously digitized materials were there in December of 2012 ?
The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings , electronic records , and artifacts .	artifacts	Archival descriptions include traditional paper holdings , electron records , and what ?
As of December 2012 , the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81 % of NARA 's records .	527,000	The 10 billion logical data records are linked to how many artifacts ?
Most records at NARA are in the public domain , as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection .	public domain	Most of NARA 's holdings are available to sector ?
Most records at NARA are in the public domain , as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection .	copyright	Federal government works are excluded from what legal protection ?
Most records at NARA are in the public domain , as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection .	copyright	Some records at NARA are legally protected by what ?
Executive Order 13526 directs originating agencies to declassify documents if possible before shipment to NARA for long-term storage , but NARA also stores some classified documents until they can be declassified .	Executive Order 13526	What executive order directs agencies to declassify documents before sending them to NARA ?
Its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U.S. government 's security classification system .	Information Security Oversight Office	What office of NARA oversees the declassification of classified materials ?
This includes census records from 1790 to 1930 , ships ' passenger lists , and naturalization records .	naturalization records	Besides census records and passenger lists , what NARA documents are particularly useful to genealogists ?
This includes census records from 1790 to 1930 , ships ' passenger lists , and naturalization records .	1790 to 1930	For what time period does NARA have census records available for ?
The National Archives Building , known informally as Archives I , located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington , D.C. , opened as its original headquarters in 1935 .	Archives I	What is the informal name of The National Archives Building ?
The National Archives Building , known informally as Archives I , located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington , D.C. , opened as its original headquarters in 1935 .	Constitution Avenue	On what street is the The National Archives Building located ?
The National Archives Building , known informally as Archives I , located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington , D.C. , opened as its original headquarters in 1935 .	The National Archives Building	Where is the Declaration of Independence kept ?
These are displayed to the public in the main chamber of the National Archives , which is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom .	main chamber	Where in the National Archives can you view a copy of the Magna Carta ?
The National Archives Building , known informally as Archives I , located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington , D.C. , opened as its original headquarters in 1935 .	The National Archives Building	Where is the Louisiana Purchase Treaty kept ?
As a result , all filming , photographing , and videotaping by the public in the exhibition areas has been prohibited since February 25 , 2010 .	February 25, 2010	Since when has all filming and photography in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom been banned ?
For over 30 years the National Archives have forbidden flash photography but the advent of cameras with automatic flashes have made the rules increasingly difficult to enforce .	over 30 years	For how long has the National Archives prohibited flash photography ?
Once inside the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom , there are no lines to see the individual documents and visitors are allowed to walk from document to document as they wish .	no lines	What is an aspect of a visit to the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom ?
For over 30 years the National Archives have forbidden flash photography but the advent of cameras with automatic flashes have made the rules increasingly difficult to enforce .	advent of cameras with automatic flashes	What has made the no photography rule hard to enforce in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom ?
Because of space constraints , NARA opened a second facility , known informally as Archives II , in 1994 near the University of Maryland , College Park campus -LRB- 8601 Adelphi Road , College Park , MD , 20740-6001 -RRB- .	Archives II	What is the second facility of NARA named ?
Because of space constraints , NARA opened a second facility , known informally as Archives II , in 1994 near the University of Maryland , College Park campus -LRB- 8601 Adelphi Road , College Park , MD , 20740-6001 -RRB- .	1994	When was Archives II opened ?
Because of space constraints , NARA opened a second facility , known informally as Archives II , in 1994 near the University of Maryland , College Park campus -LRB- 8601 Adelphi Road , College Park , MD , 20740-6001 -RRB- .	University of Maryland	What college is Archives II closest to ?
Because of space constraints , NARA opened a second facility , known informally as Archives II , in 1994 near the University of Maryland , College Park campus -LRB- 8601 Adelphi Road , College Park , MD , 20740-6001 -RRB- .	University of Maryland	What college does NARA have cooperatives initiatives with ?
Because of space constraints , NARA opened a second facility , known informally as Archives II , in 1994 near the University of Maryland , College Park campus -LRB- 8601 Adelphi Road , College Park , MD , 20740-6001 -RRB- .	College Park campus	What campus of University of Maryland is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ?
The Washington National Records Center -LRB- WNRC -RRB- , located in Suitland , Maryland is a large warehouse type facility which stores federal records which are still under the control of the creating agency .	Suitland, Maryland	Where is The Washington National Records Center located ?
The Washington National Records Center -LRB- WNRC -RRB- , located in Suitland , Maryland is a large warehouse type facility which stores federal records which are still under the control of the creating agency .	federal records	What does The Washington National Records Center primarily store ?
In accordance with federal records schedules , documents at WNRC are transferred to the legal custody of the National Archives after a certain point -LRB- this usually involves a relocation of the records to College Park -RRB- .	the National Archives	After staying at the WNRC , where are records transferred to ?
Temporary records at WNRC are either retained for a fee or destroyed after retention times has elapsed .	destroyed	What happens to temporary records at the WNRC if they are not retrieved by the end of the retention times ?
WNRC also offers research services and maintains a small research room .	research	Beyond the storage of federal records , what service does the WNRC provide ?
The National Archives Building in downtown Washington holds record collections such as all existing federal census records , ships ' passenger lists , military unit records from the American Revolution to the Philippine -- American War , records of the Confederate government , the Freedmen 's Bureau records , and pension and land records .	downtown Washington	Where is the National Archives Building located ?
The National Archives Building in downtown Washington holds record collections such as all existing federal census records , ships ' passenger lists , military unit records from the American Revolution to the Philippine -- American War , records of the Confederate government , the Freedmen 's Bureau records , and pension and land records .	all	What proportion of the federal census records in existence does the National Archives Building house ?
The National Archives Building in downtown Washington holds record collections such as all existing federal census records , ships ' passenger lists , military unit records from the American Revolution to the Philippine -- American War , records of the Confederate government , the Freedmen 's Bureau records , and pension and land records .	Philippine–American War	What 's the latest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for ?
The National Archives Building in downtown Washington holds record collections such as all existing federal census records , ships ' passenger lists , military unit records from the American Revolution to the Philippine -- American War , records of the Confederate government , the Freedmen 's Bureau records , and pension and land records .	American Revolution	What 's the earliest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for
There are facilities across the country with research rooms , archival holdings , and microfilms of documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region .	documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region	What do the facilities designated to each area of the US specialize in ?
There are facilities across the country with research rooms , archival holdings , and microfilms of documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region .	facilities across the country	Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where ?
In addition , Federal Records Centers exist in each region that house materials owned by Federal agencies .	Federal Records Centers	Where are some of the items relevant to JFKs medical treatments housed ?
Federal Records Centers are not open for public research .	public	Federal Records Centers are particularly unhelpful to what type of research ?
For example , the FRC in Lenexa , Kansas holds items from the treatment of John F. Kennedy after his fatal shooting in 1963 .	FRC in Lenexa, Kansas	Which Federal Records Center houses materials relevant to JFKs assassination ?
For example , the FRC in Lenexa , Kansas holds items from the treatment of John F. Kennedy after his fatal shooting in 1963 .	1963	When was JFK shot ?
NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system , a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover .	NARA	What agency maintains the Presidential Library system ?
NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system , a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover .	Presidential Library system	What is the system that preserves the documents of US Presidents ?
NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system , a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover .	Herbert Hoover	Who is the earliest President that is represented in the archives of the Presidential Library system ?
NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system , a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover .	nationwide	In what area of the US can one find the Presidential Library system libraries ?
Libraries and museums have been established for other presidents , but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system , and are operated by private foundations , historical societies , or state governments , including the Abraham Lincoln , Rutherford B. Hayes , William McKinley , Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge libraries .	state governments	Libraries that are established for other presidents are operated by private foundations , historical societies , and what government entities ?
For example , the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois .	Illinois	What state operates the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library ?
Libraries and museums have been established for other presidents , but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system , and are operated by private foundations , historical societies , or state governments , including the Abraham Lincoln , Rutherford B. Hayes , William McKinley , Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge libraries .	Abraham Lincoln	What is the earliest President that NARA does not hold records for in its presidential library system ?
Libraries and museums have been established for other presidents , but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system , and are operated by private foundations , historical societies , or state governments , including the Abraham Lincoln , Rutherford B. Hayes , William McKinley , Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge libraries .	state	Abraham Lincoln 's Presidential Library and Museum is operated by what type of entity ?
In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible , the National Archives began entering into public -- private partnerships in 2006 .	2006	In what year did the National Archives make strides towards making its holdings more widely available ?
A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online .	Google	What large internet company has partnered with NARA to digitize records ?
When announcing the agreement , Archivist Allen Weinstein said that this pilot program is	Allen Weinstein	What Archivist announced the partnership with Google ?
A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online .	digitize and offer NARA video online	What is Google helping NARA with ?
In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible , the National Archives began entering into public -- private partnerships in 2006 .	to make its holdings more widely available	What is the aim of NARA in entering public-private partnerships ?
On January 10 , 2007 , the National Archives and Fold3.com -LRB- formerly Footnote -RRB- launched a pilot project to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings .	Fold3.com	In January of 2007 , what internet company did the National Archives partner with ?
On January 10 , 2007 , the National Archives and Fold3.com -LRB- formerly Footnote -RRB- launched a pilot project to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings .	to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings	What was the aim of the partnership with Fold3.com ?
Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would `` allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are currently available only in their original format or on microfilm '' and `` would also enhance NARA 's efforts to preserve its original records . ''	Allen Weinstein	What Archivist announced the partnership with Fold3 ?
Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would `` allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are currently available only in their original format or on microfilm '' and `` would also enhance NARA 's efforts to preserve its original records . ''	much greater access	Of all the benefits of the partnership with Fold3 , what benefited the public at large the most ?
Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would `` allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are currently available only in their original format or on microfilm '' and `` would also enhance NARA 's efforts to preserve its original records . ''	enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records	What direct benefit did NARA itself gain from the partnership with Fold3 ?
In July 2007 , the National Archives announced it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels from 1929 to 1967 available for purchase through CreateSpace , an Amazon.com subsidiary .	2007	In what year did the National Archives announce that it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels available for purchase online ?
In July 2007 , the National Archives announced it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels from 1929 to 1967 available for purchase through CreateSpace , an Amazon.com subsidiary .	CreateSpace	What company did the National Archives partner with make it 's Universal Newsreels available online ?
In July 2007 , the National Archives announced it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels from 1929 to 1967 available for purchase through CreateSpace , an Amazon.com subsidiary .	1929	Universal Newsreels dated from which year up to 1967 were made available through CreateSpace ?
In May 2008 , the National Archives announced a five-year agreement to digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection , 1790 -- 1930 , passenger lists from 1820 -- 1960 and WWI and WWII draft registration cards .	digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection	What did the National Archives announce in May of 2008 ?
The partnership agreement allows for exclusive use of the digitized records by Ancestry.com for a 5-year embargo period at which point the digital records will be turned over to the National Archives .	Ancestry.com	Which genealogy website benefits by the May 2008 announcement ?
The partnership agreement allows for exclusive use of the digitized records by Ancestry.com for a 5-year embargo period at which point the digital records will be turned over to the National Archives .	turned over to the National Archives	What happens after the 5 year embargo that allows Ancestry.com exclusive use of digitized records ?
On June 18 , 2009 , the National Archives announced the launching of a YouTube channel `` to showcase popular archived films , inform the public about upcoming events around the country , and bring National Archives exhibits to the people . ''	YouTube	Which Google affiliated website did the National Archives decide to use in 2009 ?
On June 18 , 2009 , the National Archives announced the launching of a YouTube channel `` to showcase popular archived films , inform the public about upcoming events around the country , and bring National Archives exhibits to the people . ''	showcase popular archived films	What purpose does the National Archive YouTube channel serve ?
Also in 2009 , the National Archives launched a Flickr photostream to share portions of its photographic holdings with the general public .	Flickr	What online service did the National Archives decide to use to showcase its photographic holdings ?
A new teaching with documents website premiered in 2010 and was developed by the education team .	2010	The National Archives ' educational team created a website in what year ?
In 2011 the National Archives initiated a Wikiproject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia .	Wikiproject	In 2011 , what sort of Wikipedia addition did the National Archives make ?
In 2011 the National Archives initiated a Wikiproject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia .	expand collaboration	What was the purpose of creating a Wikiproject ?
In 2011 the National Archives initiated a Wikiproject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia .	National Archives	Whose idea was it for the National Archives to work with Wikimedia ?
In 2011 the National Archives initiated a Wikiproject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia .	holdings widely available	What benefit does public reap from the National Archives working with Wikimedia ?
In 2011 the National Archives initiated a Wikiproject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia .	English	Which language was the Wikiproject primarily created in ?
Tristan da Cunha / ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə / , colloquially Tristan , is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group .	volcanic	what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha
Tristan da Cunha / ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə / , colloquially Tristan , is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group .	south Atlantic Ocean	where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located ?
The territory consists of the main island , also named Tristan da Cunha , which has a north -- south length of 11.27 kilometres -LRB- 7.00 mi -RRB- and has an area of 98 square kilometres -LRB- 38 sq mi -RRB- , along with the smaller , uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands .	98	how many square kilometres is the island ?
It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world , lying 2,000 kilometres -LRB- 1,200 mi -RRB- from the nearest inhabited land , Saint Helena , 2,400 kilometres -LRB- 1,500 mi -RRB- from the nearest continental land , South Africa , and 3,360 kilometres -LRB- 2,090 mi -RRB- from South America .	archipelago	what type of island group are the islands ?
Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha .	the British overseas territory of Saint Helena	what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of ?
The island has a population of 267 as of January 2016 .	267	What is the population of the island ?
This includes Saint Helena and equatorial Ascension Island some 3,730 kilometres -LRB- 2,318 mi -RRB- to the north of Tristan .	Ascension Island	what other island is included in the territory ?
The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha ; rough seas prevented a landing .	1506	in what year were the islands first sighted ?
The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha ; rough seas prevented a landing .	Tristão da Cunha	what was the name of the explorer that sighted them ?
The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha ; rough seas prevented a landing .	Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha	who was the main island named after ?
Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520 , when the Lás Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water .	1520	what year was it said the first island landing was made ?
The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert , from Salem , Massachusetts , United States , who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men .	Jonathan Lambert	what was the name of the first long term settler ?
The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert , from Salem , Massachusetts , United States , who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men .	December 1810	what year did the first permanent settler arrive ?
Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment .	Islands of Refreshment	what did one of the settlers rename the islands ?
In 1816 , the United Kingdom annexed the islands , ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa .	1816	in what year did the UK annex the islands ?
In 1816 , the United Kingdom annexed the islands , ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa .	South Africa	where did the UK rule the islands from ?
In 1867 , Prince Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria , visited the islands .	1867	in what year did Prince Alfred visit the island ?
The main settlement , Edinburgh of the Seven Seas , was named in honour of his visit .	Edinburgh of the Seven Seas	what was the main settlement named ?
Lewis Carroll 's youngest brother , the Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson , served as an Anglican missionary and schoolteacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s .	Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson	who is Lewis Carroll 's youngest brother ?
However , the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 , together with the gradual move from sailing ships to coal-fired steam ships , increased the isolation of the islands , as they were no longer needed as a stopping port or for shelter for journeys from Europe to East Asia .	the opening of the Suez Canal	what is one reason that caused the island to become less used ?
On 12 January 1938 by Letters Patent the islands were declared a dependency of Saint Helena .	1938	what year were the islands declared dependent of saint helena ?
During World War II , the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed HMS Atlantic Isle , to monitor Nazi U-boats -LRB- which were required to maintain radio contact -RRB- and shipping movements in the South Atlantic Ocean .	World War II	During what war was the island used as a Royal Navy station ?
During World War II , the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed HMS Atlantic Isle , to monitor Nazi U-boats -LRB- which were required to maintain radio contact -RRB- and shipping movements in the South Atlantic Ocean .	HMS Atlantic Isle	What was the islands codename during World War II ?
The first Administrator , Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley , was appointed by the British government during this time .	Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley	Who was the administrator during World War II for the island ?
In 1958 as part of an experiment , Operation Argus , the United States Navy detonated an atomic bomb 160 kilometres -LRB- 100 mi -RRB- high in the upper atmosphere about 175 kilometres -LRB- 109 mi -RRB- southeast of the main island .	1958	What year was an atomic bomb detonated near the island ?
In 1958 as part of an experiment , Operation Argus , the United States Navy detonated an atomic bomb 160 kilometres -LRB- 100 mi -RRB- high in the upper atmosphere about 175 kilometres -LRB- 109 mi -RRB- southeast of the main island .	United States	What country test detonated an atomic bomb near the island ?
The 1961 eruption of Queen Mary 's Peak forced the evacuation of the entire population via Cape Town to England .	1961	What year was the island evacuated due to an eruption ?
Most families returned in 1963 .	1963	What year did most families return after being evacuated ?
The following year a Royal Society expedition went to the islands to assess the damage , and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected .	Edinburgh of the Seven Seas	What was the name of the settlement that was assessed after the evactuation ?
On 23 May 2001 , the islands experienced an extratropical cyclone that generated winds up to 190 kilometres per hour -LRB- 120 mph -RRB- .	2001	In what year was the island hit by an extratropical cyclone ?
A number of structures were severely damaged and a large number of cattle were killed , prompting emergency aid , provided by the British government .	the British government	Who provided aid for the extratropical cyclone ?
On 4 December 2007 an outbreak of an acute virus-induced flu was reported .	2007	what year was a virus induced flu reported ?
On 13 February 2008 , fire destroyed the fishing factory and the four generators that supplied power to the island .	2008	What year did a large fire destroy the fishing factory ?
On 14 March 2008 , new generators were installed and uninterrupted power was restored .	March 2008	When were the new generators installed to correct the power problems ?
While a new factory was being planned and built , M/V Kelso came to the island and acted as a factory ship , with island fishermen based on board for stints normally of one week .	M/V Kelso	what was the name of the ship that was a temporary fishing facility ?
The new facility was ready in July 2009 , for the start of the 2009 -- 10 fishing season .	July 2009	when was the new fishing factory ready for use ?
On 16 March 2011 , the freighter MS Oliva ran aground on Nightingale Island , spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean , leaving an oil slick threatening the island 's population of rockhopper penguins .	March 2011	When did the freighter Nightingale run aground ?
On 16 March 2011 , the freighter MS Oliva ran aground on Nightingale Island , spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean , leaving an oil slick threatening the island 's population of rockhopper penguins .	heavy fuel oil	What was spilled when the freighter ran aground ?
On 16 March 2011 , the freighter MS Oliva ran aground on Nightingale Island , spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean , leaving an oil slick threatening the island 's population of rockhopper penguins .	rockhopper penguins	what animal was threatened with the fuel oil spill ?
Nightingale Island has no fresh water , so the penguins were transported to Tristan da Cunha for cleaning .	Tristan da Cunha	where were the penguins transported for cleaning ?
On November 2011 , the sailing boat Puma 's Mar Mostro participant in Volvo Ocean Race arrived to the island after her mast broke in the first leg from Alicante and Cape Town .	November 2011	When did a boat arrive at the island with damage during a race ?
On November 2011 , the sailing boat Puma 's Mar Mostro participant in Volvo Ocean Race arrived to the island after her mast broke in the first leg from Alicante and Cape Town .	Puma's Mar Mostro	What was the name of the boat that was damaged during the race ?
On November 2011 , the sailing boat Puma 's Mar Mostro participant in Volvo Ocean Race arrived to the island after her mast broke in the first leg from Alicante and Cape Town .	Volvo Ocean Race	What was the name of the race the boat was damaged in ?
On November 2011 , the sailing boat Puma 's Mar Mostro participant in Volvo Ocean Race arrived to the island after her mast broke in the first leg from Alicante and Cape Town .	mast	what was broken/damaged on the boat ?
The University of Kansas -LRB- KU -RRB- is a public research university and the largest in the U.S. state of Kansas .	KU	What is the abbreviation by which the University of Kansas is known ?
KU branch campuses are located in the towns of Lawrence , Wichita , Overland Park , Salina , and Kansas City , Kansas , with the main campus located in Lawrence on Mount Oread , the highest location in Lawrence .	Lawrence	Where is the main branch of the University of Kansas located ?
KU branch campuses are located in the towns of Lawrence , Wichita , Overland Park , Salina , and Kansas City , Kansas , with the main campus located in Lawrence on Mount Oread , the highest location in Lawrence .	Mount Oread	What is the tallest point in Lawrence ?
Founded March 21 , 1865 , the university was opened in 1866 , under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 following enabling legislation passed in 1863 under the Kansas State Constitution , adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union following a very famous bloody internal civil war known as `` Bleeding Kansas '' during the 1850s .	the Kansas State Legislature	Who authorized the opening of the University of Kansas ?
Founded March 21 , 1865 , the university was opened in 1866 , under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 following enabling legislation passed in 1863 under the Kansas State Constitution , adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union following a very famous bloody internal civil war known as `` Bleeding Kansas '' during the 1850s .	1861	In what year was Kansas made a member of the United States ?
There are also educational and research sites in Parsons and Topeka , and branches of the University of Kansas School of Medicine in Wichita and Salina .	Wichita and Salina	In what two cities are there satellite locations for KU 's medical school ?
The university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities .	the Association of American Universities	What organization does KU belong to ?
The university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities .	62	How many insititutions comprise the Association of American Universities ' membership ?
The university 's Medical Center and University Hospital are located in Kansas City , Kansas .	Kansas City	In what city can KU 's hospital be found ?
The Edwards Campus is in Overland Park , Kansas , in the Kansas City metropolitan area .	Overland Park	In what city can KU 's Edwards campus be found ?
Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 23,597 students in fall 2014 ; an additional 3,371 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for a total enrollment of 26,968 students across the three campuses .	23,597	How many people attended the University of Kansas at its Edwards and Lawrence locations in the fall semester of 2014 ?
Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 23,597 students in fall 2014 ; an additional 3,371 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for a total enrollment of 26,968 students across the three campuses .	3,371	In the autumn of 2014 , how many people attended the University of Kansas 's Medical Center ?
Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 23,597 students in fall 2014 ; an additional 3,371 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for a total enrollment of 26,968 students across the three campuses .	26,968	How many students attended the University of Kansas combined in fall of 2014 ?
The university overall employed 2,663 faculty members in fall 2012 .	2,663	How many education professionals were working at KU in the fall of 2012 ?
On February 20 , 1863 , Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence .	February 20, 1863	On what date was KU 's Lawrence campus made official ?
The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $ 15,000 endowment fund and a site for the university , in or near the town , of not less than forty acres -LRB- 16 ha -RRB- of land .	$15,000	How much money did Lawrence have to contribute to the University as terms of its charter ?
The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $ 15,000 endowment fund and a site for the university , in or near the town , of not less than forty acres -LRB- 16 ha -RRB- of land .	forty acres	What was the minimum size of the land that Lawrence could provide for the university ?
If Lawrence failed to meet these conditions , Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university .	Emporia	What competing city was next in line if Lawrence would have been unable to meet the requirements necessary to get KU built in its city ?
The site selected for the university was a hill known as Mount Oread , which was owned by former Kansas Governor Charles L. Robinson .	Mount Oread	On what geographic feature was KU built ?
The site selected for the university was a hill known as Mount Oread , which was owned by former Kansas Governor Charles L. Robinson .	Charles L. Robinson	Who did the site of KU 's construction originally belong to ?
The philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $ 10,000 of the necessary endowment fund , and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining cash by issuing notes backed by Governor Carney .	Amos Adams Lawrence	Who provided the majority of the money needed to secure the site of the University of Kansas ?
The school 's Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865 , which is the event that KU dates its founding from .	Board of Regents	What was the governing body of KU ?
The university opened for classes on September 12 , 1866 , and the first class graduated in 1873 .	1873	What was the year in which KU 's first roster of students graduated ?
During World War II , Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission .	131	How many institutions participated in the V-12 program ?
During World War II , Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission .	a path to a Navy commission	What did the V-12 program provide to interested pupils ?
During World War II , Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission .	World War II	During what event did the V-12 program take place ?
KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics , the Beach Center on Disability , Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK , 90.7 FM , and KANU , 91.5 FM .	the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics	What part of KU serves students learning about government ?
KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics , the Beach Center on Disability , Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK , 90.7 FM , and KANU , 91.5 FM .	KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM	What are two radio stations that broadcast from KU ?
The university is host to several museums including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and the Spencer Museum of Art .	the Spencer Museum of Art	What is the name of a fine art institution on the campus of KU ?
The libraries of the University include the Watson Library , Spencer Research Library , and Anschutz Library , which commemorates the businessman Philip Anschutz , an alumnus of the University .	Anschutz Library	Which library is dedicated to a former student of the University of Kansas ?
The libraries of the University include the Watson Library , Spencer Research Library , and Anschutz Library , which commemorates the businessman Philip Anschutz , an alumnus of the University .	Philip Anschutz	Whom is the Anschutz Library named for ?
The University of Kansas is a large , state-sponsored university , with five campuses .	five	How many campuses are run by KU ?
The University of Kansas is a large , state-sponsored university , with five campuses .	state-sponsored	What term describes the nature of how the university is partially funded ?
KU features the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences , which includes the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration ; and the schools of Architecture , Design & Planning ; Business ; Education ; Engineering ; Health Professions ; Journalism & Mass Communications ; Law ; Medicine ; Music ; Nursing ; Pharmacy ; and Social Welfare .	the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration	What are two parts of the University of Kansas house in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences ?
The university offers more than 345 degree programs .	345	At least how many different degree-granting programs exist at KU ?
The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation , and the special education program second , by U.S. News & World Report 's 2016 rankings .	city management and urban policy	What program at the University of Kansas was rated highest among its peers ?
The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation , and the special education program second , by U.S. News & World Report 's 2016 rankings .	special education	What KU department was rated second in its field ?
The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation , and the special education program second , by U.S. News & World Report 's 2016 rankings .	U.S. News & World Report	Which publication provided rankings of college and university programs ?
USN&WR also ranked several programs in the top 25 among U.S. universities .	the top 25	In what tier did a number of KU 's programs rank in 2016 ?
The University of Kansas School of Architecture , Design , and Planning -LRB- SADP -RRB- , with its main building being Marvin Hall , traces its architectural roots to the creation of the architectural engineering degree program in KU 's School of Engineering in 1912 .	The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning	What KU school is abbreviated as SADP ?
The University of Kansas School of Architecture , Design , and Planning -LRB- SADP -RRB- , with its main building being Marvin Hall , traces its architectural roots to the creation of the architectural engineering degree program in KU 's School of Engineering in 1912 .	Marvin Hall	Where is the SADP housed ?
In 1969 , the School of Architecture and Urban Design -LRB- SAUD -RRB- was formed with three programs : architecture , architectural engineering , and urban planning .	the School of Architecture and Urban Design	What was the name of the school that served as the SADP 's precursor ?
In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering .	civil and environmental engineering	With what two other programs was KU 's architectural engineering curriculum joined in 2001 ?
The design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the current School of Architecture , Design , and Planning .	2009	In what year did the SADP assume its current form ?
According to the journal DesignIntelligence , which annually publishes `` America 's Best Architecture and Design Schools , '' the School of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Kansas was named the best in the Midwest and ranked 11th among all undergraduate architecture programs in the U.S in 2012 .	DesignIntelligence	What is the name of the publication that ranks schools engaged in architecture and design education ?
According to the journal DesignIntelligence , which annually publishes `` America 's Best Architecture and Design Schools , '' the School of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Kansas was named the best in the Midwest and ranked 11th among all undergraduate architecture programs in the U.S in 2012 .	America's Best Architecture and Design Schools	What is the name of the yearly ratings published by DesignIntelligence ?
According to the journal DesignIntelligence , which annually publishes `` America 's Best Architecture and Design Schools , '' the School of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Kansas was named the best in the Midwest and ranked 11th among all undergraduate architecture programs in the U.S in 2012 .	best in the Midwest	What title did KU 's architecture school receive in 2012 ?
According to the journal DesignIntelligence , which annually publishes `` America 's Best Architecture and Design Schools , '' the School of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Kansas was named the best in the Midwest and ranked 11th among all undergraduate architecture programs in the U.S in 2012 .	11th	In what place did the University of Kansas finish in national rankings for undergraduate architecture programs in 2012 ?
The University of Kansas School of Business is a public business school located on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence , Kansas .	public	What kind of institution is KU 's School of Business ?
The University of Kansas School of Business is a public business school located on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence , Kansas .	Lawrence	Where is the business school at KU located ?
The KU School of Business was founded in 1924 and currently has more than 80 faculty members and approximately 1500 students .	1924	When was the University of Kansas School of Business established ?
The KU School of Business was founded in 1924 and currently has more than 80 faculty members and approximately 1500 students .	1500	How many students attend the business school at KU ?
The KU School of Business was founded in 1924 and currently has more than 80 faculty members and approximately 1500 students .	more than 80	How many educators work at the KU School of Business ?
Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review , the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business -LRB- AACSB -RRB- for both its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting .	Princeton Review	Who considered the business school of the University of Kansas among the best Midwestern business institutions ?
Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review , the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business -LRB- AACSB -RRB- for both its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting .	the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business	What organization provides oversight for business schools like KU 's ?
Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review , the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business -LRB- AACSB -RRB- for both its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting .	AACSB	By what acronym is the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business known ?
Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review , the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business -LRB- AACSB -RRB- for both its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting .	business and accounting	What are two kinds of courses of study available at KU 's business school ?
The University of Kansas School of Law was the top law school in the state of Kansas , and 68th nationally , according to the 2014 U.S. News & World Report `` Best Graduate Schools '' edition .	Best Graduate Schools	In 2014 , what issue of U.S. News & World Report provided rankins for law schools ?
The University of Kansas School of Law was the top law school in the state of Kansas , and 68th nationally , according to the 2014 U.S. News & World Report `` Best Graduate Schools '' edition .	68th	What was KU 's national law school ranking in 2014 ?
The University of Kansas School of Law was the top law school in the state of Kansas , and 68th nationally , according to the 2014 U.S. News & World Report `` Best Graduate Schools '' edition .	Kansas	The University of Kansas had the highest rated law school in which state ?
Classes are held in Green Hall at W 15th St and Burdick Dr , which is named after former dean James Green .	Green Hall	In what building do law students attend classes at KU ?
Classes are held in Green Hall at W 15th St and Burdick Dr , which is named after former dean James Green .	James Green	For whom is Green Hall named ?
The KU School of Engineering is an ABET accredited , public engineering school located on the main campus .	ABET	What is the acronym for an organization that serves as an accreditation body for engineering schools ?
The KU School of Engineering is an ABET accredited , public engineering school located on the main campus .	main campus	On what campus is the University of Kansas School of Engineering located ?
The School of Engineering was officially founded in 1891 , although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873 .	1891	When was KU 's engineering school established ?
The School of Engineering was officially founded in 1891 , although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873 .	1873	When did the University of Kansas start issuing degrees in engineering ?
The KU School of Engineering is an ABET accredited , public engineering school located on the main campus .	public	What kind of institution is KU 's engineering school ?
In the U.S. News & World Report 's `` America 's Best Colleges '' 2016 issue , KU 's School of Engineering was ranked tied for 90th among national universities .	U.S. News & World Report	Who published America 's Best Colleges in 2016 ?
In the U.S. News & World Report 's `` America 's Best Colleges '' 2016 issue , KU 's School of Engineering was ranked tied for 90th among national universities .	90th	In what place did the engineering school at KU appear in 2016 ?
In the U.S. News & World Report 's `` America 's Best Colleges '' 2016 issue , KU 's School of Engineering was ranked tied for 90th among national universities .	national universities	Against what other kinds of institutions was KU 's engineering school compared ?
Notable alumni include : Alan Mulally -LRB- BS/MS -RRB- , former President and CEO of Ford Motor Company , Lou Montulli , co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser , Brian McClendon -LRB- BSEE 1986 -RRB- , VP of Engineering at Google , Charles E. Spahr -LRB- 1934 -RRB- , former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio .	Alan Mulally	What former leader of a car manufacturing company attended KU ?
Notable alumni include : Alan Mulally -LRB- BS/MS -RRB- , former President and CEO of Ford Motor Company , Lou Montulli , co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser , Brian McClendon -LRB- BSEE 1986 -RRB- , VP of Engineering at Google , Charles E. Spahr -LRB- 1934 -RRB- , former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio .	Lou Montulli	Which person associated with web browsers was a student at KU ?
Notable alumni include : Alan Mulally -LRB- BS/MS -RRB- , former President and CEO of Ford Motor Company , Lou Montulli , co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser , Brian McClendon -LRB- BSEE 1986 -RRB- , VP of Engineering at Google , Charles E. Spahr -LRB- 1934 -RRB- , former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio .	Brian McClendon	What Google employee once studied at the University of Kansas ?
Notable alumni include : Alan Mulally -LRB- BS/MS -RRB- , former President and CEO of Ford Motor Company , Lou Montulli , co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser , Brian McClendon -LRB- BSEE 1986 -RRB- , VP of Engineering at Google , Charles E. Spahr -LRB- 1934 -RRB- , former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio .	Charles E. Spahr	What oil company leader is an alumnus of the University of Kansas ?
Notable alumni include : Alan Mulally -LRB- BS/MS -RRB- , former President and CEO of Ford Motor Company , Lou Montulli , co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser , Brian McClendon -LRB- BSEE 1986 -RRB- , VP of Engineering at Google , Charles E. Spahr -LRB- 1934 -RRB- , former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio .	Standard Oil of Ohio	For what company did Charles Spahr serve as CEO ?
The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications is recognized for its ability to prepare students to work in a variety of media when they graduate .	The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications	What is the full name of KU 's journalism school ?
The school offers two tracts of study : News and Information and Strategic Communication .	News and Information and Strategic Communication	What are the two different programs offered at KU 's Schoold of Journalism ?
This professional school teaches its students reporting for print , online and broadcast , strategic campaigning for PR and advertising , photojournalism and video reporting and editing .	print, online and broadcast	What three types of media are students taught to work with at KU 's School of Journalism ?
The J-School 's students maintain various publications on campus , including The University Daily Kansan , Jayplay magazine , KUJH TV and KJHK radio .	Jayplay magazine	What is the name of a magazine published at KU ?
In 2010 , the School of Journalism and Mass Communications finished second at the prestigious Hearst Foundation national writing competition .	Hearst Foundation	Who sponsors a contest for journalistic writing ?
The University of Kansas Medical Center features three schools : the School of Medicine , School of Nursing , and School of Health Professions .	the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions	What are the three constituents of the medical center at KU ?
Furthermore , each of the three schools has its own programs of graduate study .	its own programs of graduate study	What does each of the component schools of KU 's Medical Center offer ?
As of the Fall 2013 semester , there were 3,349 students enrolled at KU Med .	3,349	How many students attended the medical center at KU in fall of 2013 ?
The Medical Center also offers four year instruction at the Wichita campus , and features a medical school campus in Salina , Kansas that is devoted to rural health care .	Wichita	At what other KU campus is a four year program available ?
The Medical Center also offers four year instruction at the Wichita campus , and features a medical school campus in Salina , Kansas that is devoted to rural health care .	rural health care	What is the focus of the Salina location 's medical program ?
KU 's Edwards Campus is in Overland Park , Kansas .	Overland Park	In what city is the Edwards Campus located ?
Established in 1993 , its goal is to provide adults with the opportunity to complete college degrees .	1993	When was the Edwards Campus built ?
Established in 1993 , its goal is to provide adults with the opportunity to complete college degrees .	adults	Who are the main kinds of students at the Edwards Campus ?
About 2,100 students attend the Edwards Campus , with an average age of 32 .	32	What is the average age of students on KU 's Edwards Campus ?
Established in 1993 , its goal is to provide adults with the opportunity to complete college degrees .	college degrees	What can adult learners obtain through studying at the Edwards Campus of the University of Kansas ?
Tuition at KU is 13 percent below the national average , according to the College Board , and the University remains a best buy in the region .	the College Board	Who provides statistics on educational costs ?
Tuition at KU is 13 percent below the national average , according to the College Board , and the University remains a best buy in the region .	best buy	What is a phrase that expresses the value of the education offered at KU with respect to its cost ?
Beginning in the 2007 -- 2008 academic year , first-time freshman at KU pay a fixed tuition rate for 48 months according to the Four-Year Tuition Compact passed by the Kansas Board of Regents .	fixed tuition rate	What was first instituted for first year students in the 2007-2008 school year ?
Beginning in the 2007 -- 2008 academic year , first-time freshman at KU pay a fixed tuition rate for 48 months according to the Four-Year Tuition Compact passed by the Kansas Board of Regents .	48 months	For how long does the fixed rate of tuition last ?
Beginning in the 2007 -- 2008 academic year , first-time freshman at KU pay a fixed tuition rate for 48 months according to the Four-Year Tuition Compact passed by the Kansas Board of Regents .	Four-Year Tuition Compact	What was the edict approved by the Board of Regents that provided for the fixed tuition program ?
For the 2014 -- 15 academic year , tuition was $ 318 per credit hour for in-state freshman and $ 828 for out-of-state freshmen .	$828	How much did a student from outside of Kansas have to pay per course credit in 2014-15 ?
The schools of architecture , music , arts , business , education , engineering , journalism , law , pharmacy , and social welfare charge additional fees .	additional fees	What is charged at KU 's specialized professional schools ?
KU 's School of Business launched interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research during Fall Semester 1965 .	interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research	What was launched in 1965 by the business school at KU ?
The program provided the foundation for decision science applications supporting NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations .	decision science	What kind of applications did the interdisciplinary program help shape ?
The program provided the foundation for decision science applications supporting NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations .	NASA	Which government agency used the applications that were informed by KU 's interdisciplinary management program ?
The program provided the foundation for decision science applications supporting NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations .	NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations	What NASA program benefited from the use of decision science applications ?
KU 's School of Business launched interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research during Fall Semester 1965 .	1965	In what year was a new interdisciplinary management program launched at KU 's School of Business ?
KU 's academic computing department was an active participant in setting up the Internet and is the developer of the early Lynx text based web browser .	academic computing	What division of the University of Kansas contributed to the development of the internet ?
KU 's academic computing department was an active participant in setting up the Internet and is the developer of the early Lynx text based web browser .	text based web browser	What kind of software is Lynx ?
Lynx itself provided hypertext browsing and navigation prior to Tim Berners Lee 's invention of HTTP and HTML .	hypertext browsing and navigation	What was made possible by Lynx ?
The school 's sports teams , wearing crimson and royal blue , are called the Kansas Jayhawks .	crimson and royal blue	What colors are worn by KU 's athletic teams ?
The school 's sports teams , wearing crimson and royal blue , are called the Kansas Jayhawks .	Kansas Jayhawks	What is the name of KU athletic teams ?
KU has won thirteen National Championships : five in men 's basketball -LRB- two Helms Foundation championships and three NCAA championships -RRB- , three in men 's indoor track and field , three in men 's outdoor track and field , one in men 's cross country and one in women 's outdoor track and field .	five	How many times has the male basketball team from Kansas won a national title ?
KU has won thirteen National Championships : five in men 's basketball -LRB- two Helms Foundation championships and three NCAA championships -RRB- , three in men 's indoor track and field , three in men 's outdoor track and field , one in men 's cross country and one in women 's outdoor track and field .	one	How many natioanl female outdoor track and field championships have been won by the University of Kansas ?
The home course for KU Cross Country is Rim Rock Farm .	Rim Rock Farm	Where does KU 's cross country team run ?
KU football dates from 1890 , and has played in the Orange Bowl three times : 1948 , 1968 , and 2008 .	1890	When did KU start fielding a football team ?
KU football dates from 1890 , and has played in the Orange Bowl three times : 1948 , 1968 , and 2008 .	three	How many times has the team from the University of Kansas appeared in the Orange Bowl ?
They are currently coached by David Beaty , who was hired in 2014 .	David Beaty	Who is the current head of KU 's football program ?
In 2008 , under the leadership of Mark Mangino , the # 7 Jayhawks emerged victorious in their first BCS bowl game , the FedEx Orange Bowl , with a 24 -- 21 victory over the # 3 Virginia Tech Hokies .	Virginia Tech Hokies	Who did KU defeat in the 2008 Orange Bowl ?
The team plays at Memorial Stadium , which recently underwent a $ 31 million renovation to add the Anderson Family Football Complex , adding a football practice facility adjacent to the stadium complete with indoor partial practice field , weight room , and new locker room .	Memorial Stadium	What is the name of the facility that the KU football team plays in ?
The KU men 's basketball team has fielded a team every year since 1898 .	1898	What was the first year in which a men 's team played basketball at the University of Kansas ?
The Jayhawks are a perennial national contender currently coached by Bill Self .	Bill Self	Who is the head of men 's basketball at KU ?
The team has won five national titles , including three NCAA tournament championships in 1952 , 1988 , and 2008 .	five	How many times has the University of Kansas won a national championship in men 's basketball ?
Perhaps its best recognized player was Wilt Chamberlain , who played in the 1950s .	Wilt Chamberlain	Who is considered the most famous basketball alumnus of KU ?
The Tournament began in 1939 under the NABC and the next year was handed off to the newly formed NCAA .	1939	In what year did the NABC hold its first and only men 's basketball tournament ?
Sheahon Zenger was introduced as KU 's new athletic director in January 2011 .	Sheahon Zenger	Who is in charge of all sports teams at KU ?
Under former athletic director Lew Perkins , the department 's budget increased from $ 27.2 million in 2003 -LRB- 10th in the conference -RRB- to currently over $ 50 million thanks in large part to money raised from a new priority seating policy at Allen Fieldhouse , a new $ 26.67 million eight-year contract with Adidas replacing an existing contract with Nike , and a new $ 40.2 million seven-year contract with ESPN Regional Television .	Lew Perkins	Who did Zenger replace as athletic director at KU ?
Under former athletic director Lew Perkins , the department 's budget increased from $ 27.2 million in 2003 -LRB- 10th in the conference -RRB- to currently over $ 50 million thanks in large part to money raised from a new priority seating policy at Allen Fieldhouse , a new $ 26.67 million eight-year contract with Adidas replacing an existing contract with Nike , and a new $ 40.2 million seven-year contract with ESPN Regional Television .	ESPN Regional Television	With what broadcasting company does KU have a contract ?
Under former athletic director Lew Perkins , the department 's budget increased from $ 27.2 million in 2003 -LRB- 10th in the conference -RRB- to currently over $ 50 million thanks in large part to money raised from a new priority seating policy at Allen Fieldhouse , a new $ 26.67 million eight-year contract with Adidas replacing an existing contract with Nike , and a new $ 40.2 million seven-year contract with ESPN Regional Television .	Adidas	What sportswear company has a deal with the University of Kansas ?
Under former athletic director Lew Perkins , the department 's budget increased from $ 27.2 million in 2003 -LRB- 10th in the conference -RRB- to currently over $ 50 million thanks in large part to money raised from a new priority seating policy at Allen Fieldhouse , a new $ 26.67 million eight-year contract with Adidas replacing an existing contract with Nike , and a new $ 40.2 million seven-year contract with ESPN Regional Television .	Nike	What sportswear company formerly held a contract with the University of Kansas ?
The University of Kansas has had more teams -LRB- 70 -RRB- compete in the National Debate Tournament than any other university .	70	How many times have KU teams appeared in the National Debate Tournament ?
Kansas has won the tournament 5 times -LRB- 1954 , 1970 , 1976 , 1983 , and 2009 -RRB- and had 12 teams make it to the final four .	5	How many times has KU won the national debate championship ?
Kansas has won the tournament 5 times -LRB- 1954 , 1970 , 1976 , 1983 , and 2009 -RRB- and had 12 teams make it to the final four .	12	How many times has KU been one of the last four teams competing at the National Debate Championships ?
Kansas trails only Northwestern -LRB- 13 -RRB- , Dartmouth -LRB- 6 -RRB- , and Harvard -LRB- 6 -RRB- for most tournaments won .	Northwestern	What school has won the most national debate championships ?
Kansas also won the 1981 -- 82 Copeland Award .	Copeland Award	What is the name of an honor given to collegiate debate teams ?
Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation , and athletic games are : `` I 'm a Jayhawk '' , `` Fighting Jayhawk '' , `` Kansas Song '' , `` Sunflower Song '' , `` Crimson and the Blue '' , `` Red and Blue '' , the `` Rock Chalk , Jayhawk '' chant '' , `` Home on the Range '' and `` Stand Up and Cheer . ''	commencement and convocation	What are two events non-sports at which school songs are often heard ?
Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation , and athletic games are : `` I 'm a Jayhawk '' , `` Fighting Jayhawk '' , `` Kansas Song '' , `` Sunflower Song '' , `` Crimson and the Blue '' , `` Red and Blue '' , the `` Rock Chalk , Jayhawk '' chant '' , `` Home on the Range '' and `` Stand Up and Cheer . ''	"Crimson and the Blue", "Red and Blue"	What are two songs that reference the school 's team colors in their titles ?
Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation , and athletic games are : `` I 'm a Jayhawk '' , `` Fighting Jayhawk '' , `` Kansas Song '' , `` Sunflower Song '' , `` Crimson and the Blue '' , `` Red and Blue '' , the `` Rock Chalk , Jayhawk '' chant '' , `` Home on the Range '' and `` Stand Up and Cheer . ''	"Kansas Song"	What is the name of a song that references the state that KU serves ?
Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation , and athletic games are : `` I 'm a Jayhawk '' , `` Fighting Jayhawk '' , `` Kansas Song '' , `` Sunflower Song '' , `` Crimson and the Blue '' , `` Red and Blue '' , the `` Rock Chalk , Jayhawk '' chant '' , `` Home on the Range '' and `` Stand Up and Cheer . ''	"Home on the Range"	What is the name of a traditional American song that is associated with KU ?
The school newspaper of the University of Kansas is University Daily Kansan , which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition , often called `` The Pulitzers of College Journalism '' in 2007 .	University Daily Kansan	What is the name of the newspaper printed every day by the University of Kansas ?
The school newspaper of the University of Kansas is University Daily Kansan , which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition , often called `` The Pulitzers of College Journalism '' in 2007 .	Intercollegiate Writing Competition	What high profile contest has the Daily Kansan won ?
The school newspaper of the University of Kansas is University Daily Kansan , which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition , often called `` The Pulitzers of College Journalism '' in 2007 .	2007	In what year did the Daily Kansan win the Intercollegiate Writing Competition ?
In Winter 2008 , a group of students created KUpedia , a wiki about all things KU .	KUpedia	What is the name of an online resource that was created into provide a resource about KU ?
The Review typically features the work of many writers , but periodically spotlights one author , as in the case of 2006 Nelson Poetry Book Award-winner Voyeur Poems by Matthew Porubsky .	Matthew Porubsky	What is the name of the poet who won the Nelson award in 2006 ?
The University Daily Kansan operates outside of the university 's William Allen White School of Journalism and reaches an audience of at least 30,000 daily readers through its print and online publications	print and online	In what two forms of media is the Daily Kansan available ?
The University Daily Kansan operates outside of the university 's William Allen White School of Journalism and reaches an audience of at least 30,000 daily readers through its print and online publications	William Allen White School of Journalism	What institution houses the Daily Kansan ?
The University Daily Kansan operates outside of the university 's William Allen White School of Journalism and reaches an audience of at least 30,000 daily readers through its print and online publications	at least 30,000	How big is the Daily Kansan 's audience ?
The university houses the following public broadcasting stations : KJHK , a student-run campus radio station , KUJH-LP , an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs , and KANU , the NPR-affiliated radio station .	KANU	What are the call letters of the National Public Radio affiliate that broadcasts from KU ?
The university houses the following public broadcasting stations : KJHK , a student-run campus radio station , KUJH-LP , an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs , and KANU , the NPR-affiliated radio station .	KJHK	What is the name of the station operated by KU students ?
KJHK , the campus radio has roots back to 1952 and is completely run by students .	1952	When did KJHK first broadcast ?
The university houses the following public broadcasting stations : KJHK , a student-run campus radio station , KUJH-LP , an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs , and KANU , the NPR-affiliated radio station .	KUJH-LP	What is the name of an independent radio broadcast run out of KU ?
The university houses the following public broadcasting stations : KJHK , a student-run campus radio station , KUJH-LP , an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs , and KANU , the NPR-affiliated radio station .	public affairs	What kinds of programming appear on KUJH-LP ?
The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center .	1926	When was KU 's first student union constructed ?
The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center .	campus community center	What was the role the union was intended serve ?
The unions are still the `` living rooms '' of campus today and include three locations -- the Kansas Union and Burge Union at the Lawrence Campus and Jayhawk Central at the Edwards Campus .	Jayhawk Central	What is the name of the student union on the Edwards Campus of KU ?
The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore -LRB- with seven locations -RRB- .	KU Memorial Unions Corporation	What company runs the University of Kansas 's bookstore ?
The KU Bookstore and KU Dining Services are not-for-profit , with proceeds going back to support student programs , such as Student Union Activities .	Student Union Activities	What is the name of a potential recipient of funds from enterprises like the bookstore and dining centers at KU ?
KU Endowment was established in 1891 as America 's first foundation for a public university .	KU Endowment	What is the name of the University of Kansas 's foundation ?
KU Endowment was established in 1891 as America 's first foundation for a public university .	1891	When was the KU Endowment founded ?
Its mission is to partner with donors in providing philanthropic support to build a greater University of Kansas .	donors	To whom does the KU Endowment seek to connect with ?
Its mission is to partner with donors in providing philanthropic support to build a greater University of Kansas .	philanthropic support	What do donors offer to the University of Kansas ?
The Community Tool Box is a public service of the University maintained by the Work Group for Community Health and Development .	The Community Tool Box	What is the name of a publicly-available resource of KU related to community health ?
The Community Tool Box is a public service of the University maintained by the Work Group for Community Health and Development .	the Work Group for Community Health and Development	What body is responsible for managing the Community Tool Box ?
It is a free , online resource that contains more than 7,000 pages of practical information for promoting community health and development , and is a global resource for both professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development .	professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development	What kinds of groups around the world can benefit from the Community Tool Box ?
It is a free , online resource that contains more than 7,000 pages of practical information for promoting community health and development , and is a global resource for both professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development .	more than 7,000 pages	How much content does the Community Tool Box offer ?
It is a free , online resource that contains more than 7,000 pages of practical information for promoting community health and development , and is a global resource for both professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development .	online	Where can the Community Tool Box be found ?
An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties , is done under color of law or involves trading in influence .	political corruption	What do you call government officials using power for illicit private gain ?
Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain .	government officials	Who benefits from political corruption ?
An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties , is done under color of law or involves trading in influence .	their official duties	It is only considered political corruption if the act directly relates to what ?
An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties , is done under color of law or involves trading in influence .	influence	Trading in what is considered political corruption ?
Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain .	Political corruption	What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain ?
Forms of corruption vary , but include bribery , extortion , cronyism , nepotism , gombeenism , parochialism patronage , influence peddling , graft , and embezzlement .	corruption	Bribery and embezzelment are forms of what ?
Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking , money laundering , and human trafficking , though is not restricted to these activities .	criminal enterprise	Drug trafficking and money laundering are considered what ?
Forms of corruption vary , but include bribery , extortion , cronyism , nepotism , gombeenism , parochialism patronage , influence peddling , graft , and embezzlement .	corruption	Repression of political opponants and police brutality are forms of political what ?
Forms of corruption vary , but include bribery , extortion , cronyism , nepotism , gombeenism , parochialism patronage , influence peddling , graft , and embezzlement .	nepotism	One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members , which is called what ?
Forms of corruption vary , but include bribery , extortion , cronyism , nepotism , gombeenism , parochialism patronage , influence peddling , graft , and embezzlement .	gombeenism	Another form of corruption , the practice of usury , is called what ?
Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking , money laundering , and human trafficking , though is not restricted to these activities .	human trafficking	Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs , money laundering , and what ?
Misuse of government power for other purposes , such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality , is also considered political corruption .	political opponents	The repression of what is also considered political corruption ?
The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction .	country or jurisdiction	What is considered political corruption is differnt in each what ?
In some cases , government officials have broad or ill-defined powers , which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions .	broad or ill-defined	Sometime sit is hard to tell if actions are legal or illegal because governement officials have what kind of power ?
Worldwide , bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually .	1 trillion US dollars	How much money is involved in bribery in the world each year ?
A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy , literally meaning `` rule by thieves '' .	kleptocracy	unrestrsined political corruption is known as what ?
A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy , literally meaning `` rule by thieves '' .	rule by thieves	What does kleptocracy mean ?
A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy , literally meaning `` rule by thieves '' .	kleptocracy	A sate of unrestrained political corruption is known as what ?
Worldwide , bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually .	bribery	Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year , world-wide ?
Some forms of corruption -- now called `` institutional corruption '' -- are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain .	institutional corruption	Another for of corruption is what ?
Some forms of corruption -- now called `` institutional corruption '' -- are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain .	institutional corruption	A form of corruption that does not involve personal gain is known as what ?
Some forms of corruption -- now called `` institutional corruption '' -- are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain .	personal gain	Bribery is an example of corruption that involves what type of gain ?
Some forms of corruption -- now called `` institutional corruption '' -- are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain .	institutional corruption	What are some forms of corruption now called ?
Some forms of corruption -- now called `` institutional corruption '' -- are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain .	bribery	Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption ?
A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution .	the primary purpose of the institution	This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what ?
In politics , corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes .	democracy	What does corruption undermine in politics ?
In politics , corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes .	formal processes	What does corruption disregard in politics ?
Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking ; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law ; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services .	accountability	Political corruption in legislature reduces what , overall ?
Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking ; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law ; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services .	judiciary	Corruption in what compromises the rule of law ?
Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking ; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law ; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services .	public administration	Corruption in what creates weak provision of services ?
Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance .	trust and tolerance	What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption ?
More generally , corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded , resources are siphoned off , and public offices are bought and sold .	bought and sold	Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what ?
Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers .	accountability	The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions ?
In the private sector , corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves , the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection .	private	Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector ?
Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy , the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays .	bureaucracy	Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what ?
Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes .	Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations	What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place ?
Where corruption inflates the cost of business , it also distorts the playing field , shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms .	competition	Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what ?
Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful .	public investment	Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects ?
Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful .	bribes and kickbacks	What is more plentiful in capital projects ?
Corruption also lowers compliance with construction , environmental , or other regulations , reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure , and increases budgetary pressures on government .	compliance	Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations ?
Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa , corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home -LRB- hence the stereotypical , but often accurate , image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts -RRB- .	Swiss	African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts ?
Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa , corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home -LRB- hence the stereotypical , but often accurate , image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts -RRB- .	rent extraction	What form has corruption taken in Africa ?
Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa , corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home -LRB- hence the stereotypical , but often accurate , image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts -RRB- .	overseas	In Africa , the finances are often moved where ?
University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996 , capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $ 187bn , exceeding those nations ' external debts .	University of Massachusetts Amherst	Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996 ?
University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996 , capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $ 187bn , exceeding those nations ' external debts .	external debts	The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries ?
In the case of Africa , one of the factors for this behavior was political instability , and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government 's corruptly obtained assets .	political instability	What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa ?
Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes , relying on foreign aid for health services .	countries with the smallest per capita incomes	Where is corruption most noticeable ?
Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes , relying on foreign aid for health services .	health services	These countries rely on foreign aid for what ?
Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations , where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention .	Local	In Sub-Saharan African countries , what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at ?
Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations , where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention .	the 2006 World Bank Report	Which report described this corruption ?
Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations , where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention .	about half	How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention ?
Instead , the donated money was expended through `` counterfeit drugs , siphoning off of drugs to the black market , and payments to ghost employees '' .	ghost employees	What kind of employees received payments ?
Instead , the donated money was expended through `` counterfeit drugs , siphoning off of drugs to the black market , and payments to ghost employees '' .	the black market	Where were drugs siphoned off to ?
Instead , the donated money was expended through `` counterfeit drugs , siphoning off of drugs to the black market , and payments to ghost employees '' .	counterfeit drugs	In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs , what other way was money expended ?
Instead , the donated money was expended through `` counterfeit drugs , siphoning off of drugs to the black market , and payments to ghost employees '' .	money	If local corruption did not exist , there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help ?
Corruption facilitates environmental destruction .	environmental destruction	Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned ?
While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment , it can not be enforced if officials can easily be bribed .	bribed	Formal legislation can not be regulated when officials are what ?
The same applies to social rights worker protection , unionization prevention , and child labor .	social rights worker protection	Bribes also halt unions , the protection of children in labor , and what ?
Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market .	illegitimate economic advantage	When these laws are broken , corrupt countries gain what in the international market ?
The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that `` there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem . ''	Amartya Sen	Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist ?
While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions , it is government action or inaction that determines its severity , and often even whether or not a famine will occur .	drought	What can trigger famine conditions ?
While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions , it is government action or inaction that determines its severity , and often even whether or not a famine will occur .	government action or inaction	While natural occurrences can cause famine , what determines the severity of it ?
Governments with strong tendencies towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good .	kleptocracy	Even if a harvest is good , food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what ?
The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows , but it is highly vulnerable to corruption , with food aid , construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk .	construction	Along with food aid , what is most at risk in these countries ?
Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination , or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments , targeting , registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals .	physically diverted	How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to ?
Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination , or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments , targeting , registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals .	assessments	Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what ?
In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship , kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material .	workmanship	Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field ?
In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship , kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material .	kickbacks	What happens with contracts to aid corruption ?
Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many , recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion .	exclusion	Recipients of aid are concerned about what ?
Access to aid may be limited to those with connections , to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors .	forced to give sexual favors	Those receiving aid may have connections , pay bribes or what ?
Equally , those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance .	statistics	Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance ?
These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health ; they can discredit specific , essential institutions or social relationships .	the public health	These types of corruption can harm what ?
These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health ; they can discredit specific , essential institutions or social relationships .	social relationships	Along with institutions , this type of corruption can discredit what ?
Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities -LRB- referees , players , medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls , members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places -RRB- .	sports	Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities ?
Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities -LRB- referees , players , medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls , members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places -RRB- .	anti-doping controls	Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports ?
Ultimately , the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial , and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments .	artificial	The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what ?
Ultimately , the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial , and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments .	national anti-corruption initiatives	What needs to stay away from loopholes ?
In the context of political corruption , a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers .	a bribe	What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office ?
Bribery requires two participants : one to give the bribe , and one to take it .	two	What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe ?
In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life , making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes .	culture of corruption	What is it called when corruption is part of all public life ?
In addition to their role in private financial gain , bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another -LRB- i.e. no financial incentive -RRB- .	harm	Beyond getting money , bribes are also used to cause what to others ?
the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences .	active and passive bribery	What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate ?
In addition , there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding , for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a `` fee '' to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision .	mutual understanding	In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult ?
A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption -LRB- ETS 174 -RRB- : For the purpose of this Convention , `` corruption '' means requesting , offering , giving or accepting , directly or indirectly , a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof , which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe , the undue advantage or the prospect thereof .	accepting	A bribe can include requesting , offering , giving or what of favors or money ?
Trading in influence , or influence peddling , refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party -LRB- person or institution -RRB- .	influence peddling	Selling or trading government position influence is called what ?
The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation .	tri-lateral	Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation ?
From a legal point of view , the role of the third party -LRB- who is the target of the influence -RRB- does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances .	an accessory	In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what ?
Where lobbying is -LRB- sufficiently -RRB- regulated , it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of `` improper influence '' , as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption -LRB- ETS 173 -RRB- of the Council of Europe .	distinctive criteria	Where lobbying is controlled , what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing ?
Where lobbying is -LRB- sufficiently -RRB- regulated , it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of `` improper influence '' , as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption -LRB- ETS 173 -RRB- of the Council of Europe .	article 12	What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence ?
Patronage refers to favoring supporters , for example with government employment .	Patronage	Giving government jobs to supporters is called what ?
A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe , for example in Romania , where the government is often accused of patronage -LRB- when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector -RRB- .	Romania	What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power ?
Favoring relatives -LRB- nepotism -RRB- or personal friends -LRB- cronyism -RRB- of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain .	nepotism	What is it called when relatives are favored over other people ?
Favoring relatives -LRB- nepotism -RRB- or personal friends -LRB- cronyism -RRB- of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain .	cronyism	What is it called when friends are favored over other people ?
A milder form of cronyism is an `` old boy network '' , in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network -- such as the alumni of particular universities -- instead of appointing the most competent candidate .	old boy network	Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network , which is called what ?
Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end .	enemies	Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who ?
For example , trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues , such as a politician 's acceptance of bribes .	politically sensitive issues	False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what ?
Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain , more often through monetary , while , parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics , populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland , such as the Irish Banking crisis , which found evidence of bribery , cronyism and collusion , where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with .	Gombeenism	What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain ?
Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain , more often through monetary , while , parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics , populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland , such as the Irish Banking crisis , which found evidence of bribery , cronyism and collusion , where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with .	parochialism	Parish pump politics is also called what ?
Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain , more often through monetary , while , parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics , populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland , such as the Irish Banking crisis , which found evidence of bribery , cronyism and collusion , where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with .	Irish Banking crisis	Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery , cronyism and collusion ?
Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain , more often through monetary , while , parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics , populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland , such as the Irish Banking crisis , which found evidence of bribery , cronyism and collusion , where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with .	senior management or committee position	Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically ?
Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election .	Electoral fraud	Illegal interference with an election is called what ?
Also called voter fraud , the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration , intimidation at polls , and improper vote counting .	voter fraud	Another term for electoral fraud is what ?
Also called voter fraud , the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration , intimidation at polls , and improper vote counting .	intimidation	Illegal voter registration , the miscounting of votes , and what at polls is considered voter fraud ?
Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds .	Embezzlement	When entrusted funds are stolen , it is called what ?
It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public .	public	It is considered political when it involves what kind of money ?
A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources ; for example , when an official assigns public employees to renovate his own house .	personal	One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use ?
A kickback is an official 's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding .	kickback	What is the public official 's share called when involved in corrupt bidding ?
He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder , or allocate more than they deserve .	bidder	A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what ?
Kickbacks are not limited to government officials ; any situation in which people are entrusted to spend funds that do not belong to them are susceptible to this kind of corruption .	Kickbacks	What is not limited to just government officials ?
An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain , generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties , supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment .	unholy alliance	When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain , it is called what ?
Like patronage , unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal , but unlike patronage , by its deceptive nature and often great financial resources , an unholy alliance can be much more dangerous to the public interest .	patronage	While not illegal , an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what ?
An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai , where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession , while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng , the local gang ringleader .	1920s and 1930s	When was Jinrong a police chief in this area ?
An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai , where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession , while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng , the local gang ringleader .	Du Yuesheng	Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area ?
An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai , where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession , while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng , the local gang ringleader .	a gang boss	In addition to being a police chief , Jinrong was also what ?
The United States accused Manuel Noriega 's government in Panama of being a `` narcokleptocracy '' , a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade .	narcokleptocracy	What was Noriega 's government accused of being ?
The United States accused Manuel Noriega 's government in Panama of being a `` narcokleptocracy '' , a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade .	Panama	What country did Noriega rule ?
The United States accused Manuel Noriega 's government in Panama of being a `` narcokleptocracy '' , a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade .	United States	What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega ?
The United States accused Manuel Noriega 's government in Panama of being a `` narcokleptocracy '' , a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade .	government profiting on illegal drug trade	What is a narcokleptocracy ?
The United States accused Manuel Noriega 's government in Panama of being a `` narcokleptocracy '' , a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade .	Manuel	What is Noriega 's first name ?
There is no safe deposit -LSB- for liberty and property -RSB- ... without information .	safe	According to Thomas Jefferson , when the media is free and people are literate they are what ?
Brunetti and Weder found `` evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries . ''	Brunetti and Weder	Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption ?
Adserà , Boix , and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US .	Adserà, Boix, and Payne	Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability ?
Adserà , Boix , and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US .	different states in the US.	About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability ?
Snyder and Strömberg found `` that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics .	Snyder and Strömberg	Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them ?
Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007 , `` fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post , incumbents became more likely to win reelection , and voter turnout and campaign spending fell .	Cincinnati Post	What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007 ?
Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007 , `` fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post , incumbents became more likely to win reelection , and voter turnout and campaign spending fell .	incumbents	Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down ?
Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007 , `` fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post , incumbents became more likely to win reelection , and voter turnout and campaign spending fell .	voter turnout	Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing ?
An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet : `` The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression -LSB- and -RSB- information -LSB- but -RSB- has had mixed effects on freedom of the press '' : It has disrupted traditional sources of funding , and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what 's been lost .	growth of the Internet	What did the analysis show mixed results for ?
An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet : `` The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression -LSB- and -RSB- information -LSB- but -RSB- has had mixed effects on freedom of the press '' : It has disrupted traditional sources of funding , and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what 's been lost .	traditional sources of funding	What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press ?
An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet : `` The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression -LSB- and -RSB- information -LSB- but -RSB- has had mixed effects on freedom of the press '' : It has disrupted traditional sources of funding , and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what 's been lost .	a tiny fraction	How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press ?
Transparency International currently publishes three measures , updated annually : a CPI -LRB- based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are -RRB- ; a Global Corruption Barometer -LRB- based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption -RRB- ; and a Bribe Payers Index , looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes .	three	How many measures does Transparency International publish right now ?
Transparency International currently publishes three measures , updated annually : a CPI -LRB- based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are -RRB- ; a Global Corruption Barometer -LRB- based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption -RRB- ; and a Bribe Payers Index , looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes .	Bribe Payers Index	What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe ?
Transparency International , an anti-corruption NGO , pioneered this field with the CPI , first released in 1995 .	CPI	What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public 's take on how corrupt various countries are ?
Transparency International , an anti-corruption NGO , pioneered this field with the CPI , first released in 1995 .	1995	When was the CPI first released ?
In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the `` Government Defence Anti-corruption Index '' .	Government Defence Anti-corruption Index	Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country ?
The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption , including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality .	over 100,000	How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study ?
Moreover , one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption , which is defined as `` the extent to which power is exercised for private gain , including both petty and grand forms of corruption , as well as ` capture ' of the state by elites and private interests . ''	six	How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators ?
Moreover , one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption , which is defined as `` the extent to which power is exercised for private gain , including both petty and grand forms of corruption , as well as ` capture ' of the state by elites and private interests . ''	Control of Corruption	One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain , which is called what ?
Despite these weaknesses , the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption , most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation .	Millennium Challenge Corporation	Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies ?
Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate `` the opposite of corruption '' -- which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent , discourage , or expose corruption .	International Budget Partnership	A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization ?
These metrics include the Global Integrity Index , first published in 2004 .	2004	When was the Global Integrity Index first published ?
Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate `` the opposite of corruption '' -- which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent , discourage , or expose corruption .	public surveys	Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data ?
Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate `` the opposite of corruption '' -- which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent , discourage , or expose corruption .	in-country experts	Instead of public surveys , the organizations use what to study corruption ?
Typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects , and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep , `` unpackable '' -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- content that matches quantitative and qualitative data .	worldwide	Unlike the first wave , the second wave does not offer what type of coverage ?
Alternative approaches , such as the British aid agency 's Drivers of Change research , skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society .	Drivers of Change	What is the British aid agency 's research called ?
Alternative approaches , such as the British aid agency 's Drivers of Change research , skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society .	numbers	What does Drivers of Change skip ?
Alternative approaches , such as the British aid agency 's Drivers of Change research , skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society .	understanding corruption	What does Drivers of Change promote ?
Extensive and diverse public spending is , in itself , inherently at risk of cronyism , kickbacks , and embezzlement .	cronyism	Public spending has risks of kickbacks , embezzlement and what ?
Complicated regulations and arbitrary , unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem .	Complicated	What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending ?
This is one argument for privatization and deregulation .	privatization and deregulation	The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what ?
The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors , like the Nordic countries .	Nordic	What countries have big public sectors but low corruption ?
These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index , due to good and often simple regulations , and have rule of law firmly established .	rule of law	What do the low corruption countries have solidly established ?
Like other governmental economic activities , also privatization , such as in the sale of government-owned property , is particularly at the risk of cronyism .	cronyism	Selling government property is highly at risk for what ?
Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth , which has discredited privatization in these regions .	Those with political connections	What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies ?
While media have reported widely the grand corruption that accompanied the sales , studies have argued that in addition to increased operating efficiency , daily petty corruption is , or would be , larger without privatization , and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors .	non-privatized sectors	Where is corruption even more prevalent ?
Furthermore , there is evidence to suggest that extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less .	privatized less	Countries that what have more extralegal and unofficial things going on ?
In the European Union , the principle of subsidiarity is applied : a government service should be provided by the lowest , most local authority that can competently provide it .	principle of subsidiarity	Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what ?
An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement , because even small sums missing will be noticed .	embezzlement	What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage ?
In contrast , in a centralized authority , even minute proportions of public funds can be large sums of money .	centralized	Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority ?
If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state 's treasury , it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy .	kleptocracy	What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government 's treasury ?
Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources -LRB- e.g. , diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases -RRB- or state-owned productive industries .	diamonds and oil	What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take ?
A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid , which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments .	foreign aid	Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in ?
A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid , which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments .	armaments	Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what ?
In addition , corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power .	economic and social problems	In their pursuit of more money and power , corrupt dictators often ignore what ?
The classic case of a corrupt , exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko , who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo -LRB- which he renamed Zaire -RRB- from 1965 to 1997 .	Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko	Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997 ?
The classic case of a corrupt , exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko , who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo -LRB- which he renamed Zaire -RRB- from 1965 to 1997 .	Democratic Republic of the Congo	What did Zaire used to be known as ?
It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu 's regime .	kleptocracy	What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled ?
Another classic case is Nigeria , especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998 .	General Sani Abacha	Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998 ?
More recently , articles in various financial periodicals , most notably Forbes magazine , have pointed to Fidel Castro , General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959 , of likely being the beneficiary of up to $ 900 million , based on `` his control '' of state-owned companies .	Forbes	What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption ?
Opponents of his regime claim that he has used money amassed through weapons sales , narcotics , international loans , and confiscation of private property to enrich himself and his political cronies who hold his dictatorship together , and that the $ 900 million published by Forbes is merely a portion of his assets , although that needs to be proven .	a portion	The $ 900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets ?
More recently , articles in various financial periodicals , most notably Forbes magazine , have pointed to Fidel Castro , General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959 , of likely being the beneficiary of up to $ 900 million , based on `` his control '' of state-owned companies .	General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba	What is Fidel Castro 's official title ?
Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States -LRB- OAS or OEA -RRB- , the African Union , and in 2003 , at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption .	Organization of American States	What is OAS ?
Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States -LRB- OAS or OEA -RRB- , the African Union , and in 2003 , at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption .	the African Union	Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who ?
Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States -LRB- OAS or OEA -RRB- , the African Union , and in 2003 , at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption .	the United Nations Convention against Corruption	What organization joined at the universal level ?
Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States -LRB- OAS or OEA -RRB- , the African Union , and in 2003 , at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption .	2003	When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join ?
Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption .	imprecise definitions of corruption	Why is it difficult to measure corruption ?
While `` corruption '' indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI , all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption , such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem .	1995	When did indices on corruption first appear ?
While `` corruption '' indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI , all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption , such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem .	the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI	What was the first index on corruption , in 1995 ?
There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary : the state -LRB- through budget planning and various privileges -RRB- , and the private .	two	How many methods of judiciary corruption are there ?
Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive .	executive	What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries ?
The latter undermines the separation of powers , as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary .	separation of powers	What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine ?
Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive .	judiciary	What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries ?
Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption , especially in developing regions like Africa , where other forms of communications are limited .	Mobile telecommunications	Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption ?
Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption , especially in developing regions like Africa , where other forms of communications are limited .	Africa	What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications ?
In India , the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption , and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared .	the anti-corruption bureau	Who works against corruption in India ?
In India , the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption , and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared .	Jan Lokpal Bill	What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India ?
In the 1990s , initiatives were taken at an international level -LRB- in particular by the European Community , the Council of Europe , the OECD -RRB- to put a ban on corruption : in 1996 , the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe , for instance , adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and , subsequently , issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments :	1990s	What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption ?
In the 1990s , initiatives were taken at an international level -LRB- in particular by the European Community , the Council of Europe , the OECD -RRB- to put a ban on corruption : in 1996 , the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe , for instance , adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and , subsequently , issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments :	Ministers of the Council of Europe	Who started the Programme of Action ?
In the 1990s , initiatives were taken at an international level -LRB- in particular by the European Community , the Council of Europe , the OECD -RRB- to put a ban on corruption : in 1996 , the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe , for instance , adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and , subsequently , issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments :	a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments	What did the Programme of Action issue ?
To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and principles provided in those texts , a monitoring mechanism -- the Group of States Against Corruption -LRB- also known as GRECO -RRB- -LRB- French : Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption -RRB- was created .	Group of States Against Corruption	What does GRECO stand for ?
To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and principles provided in those texts , a monitoring mechanism -- the Group of States Against Corruption -LRB- also known as GRECO -RRB- -LRB- French : Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption -RRB- was created .	Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption	What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO ?
The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption -LRB- involving the public sector , the private sector , the financing of political activities , etc. -RRB- whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension .	transnational	The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what ?
The term dialect -LRB- from Latin dialectus , dialectos , from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos , `` discourse '' , from διά diá , `` through '' and λέγω legō , `` I speak '' -RRB- is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena .	Latin	What language is the word dialectus from ?
The term dialect -LRB- from Latin dialectus , dialectos , from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos , `` discourse '' , from διά diá , `` through '' and λέγω legō , `` I speak '' -RRB- is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena .	Greek	From what language does the word diálektos come ?
The term dialect -LRB- from Latin dialectus , dialectos , from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos , `` discourse '' , from διά diá , `` through '' and λέγω legō , `` I speak '' -RRB- is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena .	discourse	What does diálektos mean in English ?
The term dialect -LRB- from Latin dialectus , dialectos , from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos , `` discourse '' , from διά diá , `` through '' and λέγω legō , `` I speak '' -RRB- is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena .	two	How many different types of linguistic phenomena is the term dialect used to describe ?
The term dialect -LRB- from Latin dialectus , dialectos , from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos , `` discourse '' , from διά diá , `` through '' and λέγω legō , `` I speak '' -RRB- is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena .	two	How many distinct ways is the term dialect used ?
One usage -- the more common among linguists -- refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language 's speakers .	a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers	What is the common definition of dialect ?
The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns , but a dialect may also be defined by other factors , such as social class .	regional speech patterns	What is the term dialect most often applied to ?
The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns , but a dialect may also be defined by other factors , such as social class .	social class	Aside from region , what is an example of a factor that may influence dialect ?
A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect , a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed as ethnolect , and a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect .	sociolect	What is a term for a dialect particular to a social class ?
A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect , a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed as ethnolect , and a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect .	ethnolect	What do you call a dialect particular to a certain ethnicity ?
The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language , often historically cognate or related to the standard language , but not actually derived from it .	a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language	What is the other definition of the term dialect ?
Meanwhile , the `` dialects '' subordinate to the standard language are generally not variations on the standard language but rather separate -LRB- but often related -RRB- languages in and of themselves .	subordinate to the standard language	How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language ?
For example , most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy , often colloquially referred to as Italian `` dialects , '' are , in fact , not actually derived from modern standard Italian , but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian , long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy .	Italy	The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects ?
These variations on standard Italian , known as regional Italian , would more appropriately be called `` dialects '' in accordance with the first linguistic definition of `` dialect , '' as they are in fact derived partially or mostly from standard Italian .	regional Italian	What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called ?
For example , most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy , often colloquially referred to as Italian `` dialects , '' are , in fact , not actually derived from modern standard Italian , but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian , long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy .	Latin	From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive ?
A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary , grammar , and pronunciation -LRB- phonology , including prosody -RRB- .	vocabulary	Along with grammar and pronunciation , what distinguishes a dialect ?
Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation -LRB- including prosody , or just prosody itself -RRB- , the term accent may be preferred over dialect .	accent	If only the pronunciation differs from the standard language , what term is sometimes used ?
Other types of speech varieties include jargons , which are characterized by differences in lexicon -LRB- vocabulary -RRB- ; slang ; patois ; pidgins ; and argots .	jargons	What term is sometimes used for dialects that only differ in vocabulary ?
Other types of speech varieties include jargons , which are characterized by differences in lexicon -LRB- vocabulary -RRB- ; slang ; patois ; pidgins ; and argots .	argots	Along with slangs , patois and pidgins , what is another type of smiilar speech variety ?
A standard dialect -LRB- also known as a standardized dialect or `` standard language '' -RRB- is a dialect that is supported by institutions .	standard language	What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect ?
A standard dialect -LRB- also known as a standardized dialect or `` standard language '' -RRB- is a dialect that is supported by institutions .	institutions	The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized ?
Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation ; presentation as being the `` correct '' form of a language in schools ; published grammars , dictionaries , and textbooks that set forth a correct spoken and written form ; and an extensive formal literature that employs that dialect -LRB- prose , poetry , non-fiction , etc. -RRB- .	textbooks	Along with grammars and dictionaries , what publications help a dialect to become standardized ?
For example , Standard American English , Standard British English , Standard Canadian English , Standard Indian English , Standard Australian English , and Standard Philippine English may all be said to be standard dialects of the English language .	English	Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language ?
Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation ; presentation as being the `` correct '' form of a language in schools ; published grammars , dictionaries , and textbooks that set forth a correct spoken and written form ; and an extensive formal literature that employs that dialect -LRB- prose , poetry , non-fiction , etc. -RRB- .	government	Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized ?
A nonstandard dialect , like a standard dialect , has a complete vocabulary , grammar , and syntax , but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support .	institutional support	What does a nonstandard dialect usually not have compared to a standard dialect ?
Examples of a nonstandard English dialect are Southern American English , Western Australian English , Scouse and Tyke .	English	What language is Scouse a dialect of ?
The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph Wright to compare different English dialects with each other .	The Dialect Test	What was created for the sake of comparing English dialects ?
The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph Wright to compare different English dialects with each other .	Joseph Wright	Who came up with the Dialect Test ?
A nonstandard dialect , like a standard dialect , has a complete vocabulary , grammar , and syntax , but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support .	vocabulary	Along with a syntax and grammar , what attribute does a dialect possess ?
This creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica -LRB- Central America -RRB- by descendant of Jamaican people .	Costa Rica	In what country is Limón Creole English spoken ?
This creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica -LRB- Central America -RRB- by descendant of Jamaican people .	Caribbean	On what coast of Costa Rica is Limón Creole English spoken ?
This creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica -LRB- Central America -RRB- by descendant of Jamaican people .	Jamaican	Speakers of Limón Creole English are descended from people of what nationality ?
The most common , and most purely linguistic , criterion is that of mutual intelligibility : two varieties are said to be dialects of the same language if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other ; otherwise , they are said to be different languages .	mutual intelligibility	What trait is the most common way of determining if languages are dialects ?
However , this definition becomes problematic in the case of dialect continua , in which it may be the case that dialect B is mutually intelligible with both dialect A and dialect C but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible with each other .	dialect continua	What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible , dialect B and C are mutually intelligible , but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible ?
The most common , and most purely linguistic , criterion is that of mutual intelligibility : two varieties are said to be dialects of the same language if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other ; otherwise , they are said to be different languages .	if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other	What is the definition of mutual intelligibility ?
Another occasionally used criterion for discriminating dialects from languages is that of linguistic authority , a more sociolinguistic notion .	linguistic authority	What term refers to another way in which dialects are distinguished from languages ?
For instance , to learn the name of a new invention , or an obscure foreign species of plant , speakers of Bavarian German and East Franconian German might each consult a German dictionary or ask a German-speaking expert in the subject .	East Franconian German	Under the linguistic authority criteria , what is a dialect of German along with Bavarian German ?
By way of contrast , although Yiddish is classified by linguists as a language in the `` Middle High German '' group of languages , a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary to determine the word to use in such a case .	Middle High German	Of what group of languages is Yiddish a member ?
By way of contrast , although Yiddish is classified by linguists as a language in the `` Middle High German '' group of languages , a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary to determine the word to use in such a case .	a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary	Why is Yiddish not a dialect of German ?
By the definition most commonly used by linguists , any linguistic variety can be considered a `` dialect '' of some language -- `` everybody speaks a dialect '' .	everybody	According to most linguistics , who speaks a dialect ?
A framework was developed in 1967 by Heinz Kloss , abstand and ausbau languages , to describe speech communities , that while unified politically and/or culturally , include multiple dialects which though closely related genetically may be divergent to the point of inter-dialect unintelligibility .	Heinz Kloss	Who developed the abstand and ausbau languages framework ?
A framework was developed in 1967 by Heinz Kloss , abstand and ausbau languages , to describe speech communities , that while unified politically and/or culturally , include multiple dialects which though closely related genetically may be divergent to the point of inter-dialect unintelligibility .	1967	In what year was the abstand and ausbau framework developed ?
A framework was developed in 1967 by Heinz Kloss , abstand and ausbau languages , to describe speech communities , that while unified politically and/or culturally , include multiple dialects which though closely related genetically may be divergent to the point of inter-dialect unintelligibility .	politically and/or culturally	What sort of unification in speech communities did the abstand and ausbau framework discuss ?
The terms `` language '' and `` dialect '' are not necessarily mutually exclusive : There is nothing contradictory in the statement `` the language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German '' .	German	The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language ?
A more general term is `` languoid '' , which does not distinguish between dialects , languages , and groups of languages , whether genealogically related or not .	languoid	What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects ?
Perhaps the most common is `` variety '' ; `` lect '' is another .	variety	What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it 's a dialect or independent language ?
In many societies , however , a particular dialect , often the sociolect of the elite class , comes to be identified as the `` standard '' or `` proper '' version of a language by those seeking to make a social distinction , and is contrasted with other varieties .	the elite class	With what social class it the standard dialect commonly associated ?
As a result of this , in some contexts the term `` dialect '' refers specifically to varieties with low social status .	low	What social status is the term `` dialect '' sometimes associated with ?
In this secondary sense of `` dialect '' , language varieties are often called dialects rather than languages :	dialects	What is another term for language varieties ?
The status of `` language '' is not solely determined by linguistic criteria , but it is also the result of a historical and political development .	historical and political	What non-linguistic developments influence the status of a language ?
Romansh came to be a written language , and therefore it is recognized as a language , even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects .	Lombardic alpine	What dialect is the language Romansh similar to ?
An opposite example is the case of Chinese , whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages , despite their mutual unintelligibility .	Chinese	What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of ?
An opposite example is the case of Chinese , whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages , despite their mutual unintelligibility .	mutual unintelligibility	Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects ?
Modern Nationalism , as developed especially since the French Revolution , has made the distinction between `` language '' and `` dialect '' an issue of great political importance .	the French Revolution	What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism ?
A group speaking a separate `` language '' is often seen as having a greater claim to being a separate `` people '' , and thus to be more deserving of its own independent state , while a group speaking a `` dialect '' tends to be seen not as `` a people '' in its own right , but as a sub-group , part of a bigger people , which must content itself with regional autonomy .	its own independent state	If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people , what political arrangement presumably follows ?
A group speaking a separate `` language '' is often seen as having a greater claim to being a separate `` people '' , and thus to be more deserving of its own independent state , while a group speaking a `` dialect '' tends to be seen not as `` a people '' in its own right , but as a sub-group , part of a bigger people , which must content itself with regional autonomy .	regional autonomy	What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The distinction between language and dialect is thus inevitably made at least as much on a political basis as on a linguistic one , and can lead to great political controversy , or even armed conflict .	armed conflict	Along with political controversy , what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to ?
The Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich published the expression , A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot -LRB- '' אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט '' : `` A language is a dialect with an army and navy '' -RRB- in YIVO Bleter 25.1 , 1945 , p. 13 .	Yiddish	Max Weinreich is a linguist of what language ?
The Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich published the expression , A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot -LRB- '' אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט '' : `` A language is a dialect with an army and navy '' -RRB- in YIVO Bleter 25.1 , 1945 , p. 13 .	A language is a dialect with an army and navy	What does `` A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot '' mean in English ?
The Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich published the expression , A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot -LRB- '' אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט '' : `` A language is a dialect with an army and navy '' -RRB- in YIVO Bleter 25.1 , 1945 , p. 13 .	1945	When did Max Weinrich write `` A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot '' ?
When talking about the German language , the term German dialects is only used for the traditional regional varieties .	traditional regional varieties	When is the term ` German dialects ' used in regard to the German language ?
That allows them to be distinguished from the regional varieties of modern standard German .	the regional varieties of modern standard German	What are traditional region varieties of German distinguished from ?
German dialectology traditionally names the major dialect groups after Germanic tribes from which they were assumed to have descended .	Germanic tribes	After what entities are German dialects traditionally named ?
The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors : In Northern Germany , dialects are less common than in the South .	South	In what geographic part of Germany are dialects more common ?
The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors : In Northern Germany , dialects are less common than in the South .	Northern Germany	In what geographic part of Germany are dialects less frequently seen ?
In cities , dialects are less common than on the countryside .	cities	Dialects are more frequently seen in the countryside as compared to what population centers ?
In a public environment , dialects are less common than in a familiar environment .	public	In what environment are dialects less common ?
In a public environment , dialects are less common than in a familiar environment .	familiar	In what environment are dialects more frequently heard ?
The Swiss German dialects are the default everyday language in virtually every situation , whereas standard German is seldom spoken .	Swiss German	What dialect of German is spoken in Switzerland ?
The Swiss German dialects are the default everyday language in virtually every situation , whereas standard German is seldom spoken .	standard German	What dialect of German is rarely heard in Switzerland ?
The situation in Switzerland and Liechtenstein is different from the rest of the German-speaking countries .	Liechtenstein	Aside from Switzerland , what country speaks a dialect related to Swiss German ?
This is different from the situation in the Middle Ages when Low German had strong tendencies towards an ausbau language .	an ausbau language	What type of language was Low German in the Middle Ages ?
This reflects the modern situation where they are roofed by standard German .	they are roofed by standard German	Why are Low German varieties regarded as dialects of standard German ?
These regional languages are often referred to colloquially or in non-linguistic circles as Italian `` dialects , '' or dialetti -LRB- standard Italian for `` dialects '' -RRB- .	dialetti	What are Italian dialects termed in the Italian language ?
However , the majority of the regional languages in Italy are in fact not actually `` dialects '' of standard Italian in the strict linguistic sense , as they are not derived from modern standard Italian but instead evolved locally from Vulgar Latin independent of standard Italian , with little to no influence from what is now known as `` standard Italian . ''	Vulgar Latin	What language are many Italian dialects derived from ?
These regional languages are often referred to colloquially or in non-linguistic circles as Italian `` dialects , '' or dialetti -LRB- standard Italian for `` dialects '' -RRB- .	dialects	What does ` dialetti ' mean in Italian ?
However , the majority of the regional languages in Italy are in fact not actually `` dialects '' of standard Italian in the strict linguistic sense , as they are not derived from modern standard Italian but instead evolved locally from Vulgar Latin independent of standard Italian , with little to no influence from what is now known as `` standard Italian . ''	they are not derived from modern standard Italian	Why might Italian dialects be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of standard Italian ?
In addition to having evolved , for the most part , separately from one another and with distinct individual histories , the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy are also better classified as separate languages rather than true `` dialects '' due to the often high degree in which they lack mutual intelligibility .	they lack mutual intelligibility	What is a major reason why the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy should be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of each other ?
For instance , a speaker of purely Eastern Lombard , a language in Northern Italy 's Lombardy region that includes the Bergamasque dialect , would have severely limited mutual intelligibility with a purely standard Italian speaker and would be nearly completely unintelligible to a speaker of a pure Sicilian language variant .	Lombardy	From what region of Italy does the Eastern Lombard dialect hail ?
Due to Eastern Lombard 's status as a Gallo-Italic language , an Eastern Lombard speaker may , in fact , have more mutual intelligibility with a Occitan , Catalan , or French speaker than a standard Italian or Sicilian language speaker .	Gallo-Italic	What language family does Eastern Lombard belong to ?
Meanwhile , a Sicilian language speaker would have an greater degree of mutual intelligibility with a speaker of the more closely related Neapolitan language , but far less mutual intelligibility with a person speaking Sicilian Gallo-Italic , a language that developed in isolated Lombard emigrant communities on the same island as the Sicilian language .	Neapolitan	What type of language is Sicilian ?
Meanwhile , a Sicilian language speaker would have an greater degree of mutual intelligibility with a speaker of the more closely related Neapolitan language , but far less mutual intelligibility with a person speaking Sicilian Gallo-Italic , a language that developed in isolated Lombard emigrant communities on the same island as the Sicilian language .	Sicilian Gallo-Italic	What language was spoken by Lombard immigrants to Sicily ?
Modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language .	Florentine Tuscan	What language is modern standard Italian derived from ?
The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century , and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors such as Dante Alighieri , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli , and Petrarch .	12th	During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry ?
Dante 's Florentine-Tuscan literary Italian thus became the language of the literate and upper class in Italy , and it spread throughout the peninsula as the lingua franca among the Italian educated class as well as Italian traveling merchants .	upper class	What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante 's time ?
The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of Tuscany in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful , though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people .	Tuscany	From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive ?
During the Risorgimento , proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism , such as Alessandro Manzoni , stressed the importance of establishing a uniform national language in order to better create an Italian national identity .	Alessandro Manzoni	What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language ?
During the Risorgimento , proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism , such as Alessandro Manzoni , stressed the importance of establishing a uniform national language in order to better create an Italian national identity .	the Risorgimento	During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised ?
With the unification of Italy in the 1860s , standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state , while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate `` dialects '' to Italian , increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism .	1860s	In what decade was Italy unified ?
However , at the time of the Italian Unification , standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language , and only 2.5 % of Italy 's population could speak standard Italian .	2.5%	What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified ?
With the unification of Italy in the 1860s , standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state , while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate `` dialects '' to Italian , increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism .	standard Italian	When Italy was unified , what was named the official national language ?
In the early 20th century , the vast conscription of Italian men from all throughout Italy during World War I is credited with facilitating the diffusion of standard Italian among less educated Italian men , as these men from various regions with various regional languages were forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military .	World War I	During what war did a large number of Italian men first learn standard Italian ?
With the eventual spread of the radio and television throughout Italy and the establishment of public education , Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to standard Italian , while literacy rates among all social classes improved .	television	Along with radio and public education , what invention helped to diffuse standard Italian among the Italian population ?
However , to some Italians , speaking a regional language , especially in a formal setting or outside of one 's region , may carry a stigma or negative connotations associated with being lower class , uneducated , boorish , or overly informal .	lower	In modern Italy , what class of people are regional languages sometimes associated with ?
However , to some Italians , speaking a regional language , especially in a formal setting or outside of one 's region , may carry a stigma or negative connotations associated with being lower class , uneducated , boorish , or overly informal .	outside of one's region	Along with formal settings , where do some Italians avoid speaking their regional language ?
Today , the majority of Italians are able to speak standard Italian , though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language , especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region .	at home with family	Aside from when they 're speaking to Italians from their same town or region , where is a common place where Italians speak their regional language ?
Italians in different regions today may also speak regional varieties of standard Italian , or regional Italian dialects , which , unlike the majority of languages of Italy , are actually dialects of standard Italian rather than separate languages .	standard Italian	Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language ?
The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages , with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family .	Italo-Dalmatian	What language family do most of the languages of Italy belong to ?
The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages , with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family .	Romance	Aside from Italo-Dalmatian , what is another term for the group that Italian languages belong to ?
The Sardinian language is considered to be its own Romance language family , separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family , and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants .	The Sardinian language	Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language ?
However , Gallurese , Sassarese , and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia , and these languages are considered closely related or derived from the Italian Tuscan language and thus are Italo-Dalmatian languages .	Italian Tuscan	What language is Sassarese closely related to ?
The Sardinian language is considered to be its own Romance language family , separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family , and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants .	Italo-Dalmatian	What language family does Gallurese belong to ?
Furthermore , the Gallo-Romance language of Ligurian and the Catalan Algherese dialect are also spoken in Sardinia .	Gallo-Romance	What language family does Ligurian belong to ?
The Sardinian language is considered to be its own Romance language family , separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family , and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants .	Sardinian	Where is the Catalan Algherese dialect spoken ?
English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants -LRB- British and American English , and Serbian and Croatian , respectively -RRB- , along with numerous other varieties .	American English	Along with British English , what is the major variant of the English language ?
English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants -LRB- British and American English , and Serbian and Croatian , respectively -RRB- , along with numerous other varieties .	Serbian and Croatian	What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian ?
For political reasons , analyzing these varieties as `` languages '' or `` dialects '' yields inconsistent results : British and American English , spoken by close political and military allies , are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language , whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia , which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English , are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages , largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies .	dialects of a single language	Are British and American English regarded as distinct languages , or dialects of a single language ?
For political reasons , analyzing these varieties as `` languages '' or `` dialects '' yields inconsistent results : British and American English , spoken by close political and military allies , are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language , whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia , which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English , are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages , largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies .	distinct languages	Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language ?
For political reasons , analyzing these varieties as `` languages '' or `` dialects '' yields inconsistent results : British and American English , spoken by close political and military allies , are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language , whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia , which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English , are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages , largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies .	the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies	Why are Serbian and Croatian often treated like distinct languages ?
Macedonian , although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian , certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum , is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect , in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia , which regards it as a language in its own right .	Bulgarian	Along with Serbian , with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible ?
Macedonian , although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian , certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum , is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect , in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia , which regards it as a language in its own right .	South Slavic	What dialect continuum does Macedonian belong to ?
Macedonian , although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian , certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum , is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect , in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia , which regards it as a language in its own right .	a Bulgarian dialect	What do Bulgarian linguists regard the Macedonian language as ?
Nevertheless , before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944 , in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War , the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today 's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects .	1944	In what year was a Macedonian literary standard established ?
Macedonian , although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian , certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum , is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect , in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia , which regards it as a language in its own right .	Republic of Macedonia	In what country is Macedonian most commonly spoken ?
In Lebanon , a part of the Christian population considers `` Lebanese '' to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect .	Christian	Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language ?
In Lebanon , a part of the Christian population considers `` Lebanese '' to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect .	Arabic	In what language are Lebanese laws written ?
During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially , and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese , thus further distinguishing it from Arabic .	Lebanese Arabic	During the Lebanese Civil War , what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially ?
In Lebanon , a part of the Christian population considers `` Lebanese '' to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect .	Arabic	What language is Lebanese closely related to ?
During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially , and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese , thus further distinguishing it from Arabic .	Latin	What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war ?
In Tunisia , Algeria , and Morocco , the Darijas -LRB- spoken North African languages -RRB- are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects .	Algeria	Along with Morocco and Tunisia , in what country are the Darijas spoken ?
Officially , North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it -LRB- adherence to Islam -RRB- , and refrain from declaring each country 's specific variety to be a separate language , because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book , the Qur ` an .	Literary Arabic	What is the liturgical language of Islam ?
Officially , North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it -LRB- adherence to Islam -RRB- , and refrain from declaring each country 's specific variety to be a separate language , because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book , the Qur ` an .	Literary Arabic	In what language is the Qur ` an written ?
In Tunisia , Algeria , and Morocco , the Darijas -LRB- spoken North African languages -RRB- are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects .	spoken North African languages	What does the term Dariajs refer to ?
Officially , North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it -LRB- adherence to Islam -RRB- , and refrain from declaring each country 's specific variety to be a separate language , because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book , the Qur ` an .	Islam	What is the dominant religion of North Africa ?
In the 19th century , the Tsarist Government of the Russian Empire claimed that Ukrainian was merely a dialect of Russian and not a language on its own .	19th	During what century did the Russian government claim that Ukrainian was a Russian dialect ?
In the 19th century , the Tsarist Government of the Russian Empire claimed that Ukrainian was merely a dialect of Russian and not a language on its own .	the Tsarist Government	What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language ?
The differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth .	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth	The conquest of western Ukraine by what country altered the language of Ukraine ?
The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king , but was defeated by the Entente , with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks .	The German Empire	What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War ?
The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king , but was defeated by the Entente , with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks .	the Entente	What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I ?
The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king , but was defeated by the Entente , with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks .	Bolsheviks	What Ukrainian political group was involved in the defeat of the German Empire ?
After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites , Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged -LRB- gaining Crimea and then Eastern Galicia -RRB- , whence a process of Ukrainization was begun , with encouragement from Moscow .	Whites	Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from ?
After World War II , due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to gain independence , Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language .	World War II	After what war did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language ?
After World War II , due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to gain independence , Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language .	Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers	Why did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language ?
After World War II , due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to gain independence , Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language .	to gain independence	Why did Ukrainians collaborate with the Axis ?
Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly , with an intermediate dialect between them , called Surzhyk , developing in Ukraine .	Ukraine	In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken ?
Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly , with an intermediate dialect between them , called Surzhyk , developing in Ukraine .	Russian	Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language ?
In 1996 , the Moldovan parliament , citing fears of `` Romanian expansionism '' , rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian , and in 2003 a Moldovan -- Romanian dictionary was published , purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages .	Mircea Snegur	Who was the president of Moldova in 1996 ?
In 1996 , the Moldovan parliament , citing fears of `` Romanian expansionism '' , rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian , and in 2003 a Moldovan -- Romanian dictionary was published , purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages .	2003	In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published ?
In 1996 , the Moldovan parliament , citing fears of `` Romanian expansionism '' , rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian , and in 2003 a Moldovan -- Romanian dictionary was published , purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages .	Romanian expansionism	Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country 's language to Romanian in 1996 ?
Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words ; while in Moldova , the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova , Ion Bărbuţă , described the dictionary as a politically motivated `` absurdity '' .	Ion Bărbuţă	Who was the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova ?
Unlike most languages that use alphabets to indicate the pronunciation , Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation .	logograms	From what did Chinese characters derive ?
As a series of migration to the south throughout the history , the regional languages of the south , including Xiang , Wu , Gan , Min , Yue -LRB- Cantonese -RRB- , and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese .	Cantonese	What is another name for the Yue language ?
As a series of migration to the south throughout the history , the regional languages of the south , including Xiang , Wu , Gan , Min , Yue -LRB- Cantonese -RRB- , and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese .	the south	Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China ?
From the Ming dynasty onward , Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties .	Beijing	From the time of the Ming dynasty , what city was the capital of China ?
With the founding of the Republic of China , Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language , based on the spoken language of Beijing .	Standard Mandarin	At its founding . what was the official language of the Republic of China ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin , modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek , Tok Pisin as a dialect of English , and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse .	Latin	From the perspective of historical linguists , what are Romance languages dialects of ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin , modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek , Tok Pisin as a dialect of English , and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse .	Ancient Greek	What do many historical linguists consider modern Greek to be a dialect of ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin , modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek , Tok Pisin as a dialect of English , and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse .	Old Norse	From what language is North Germanic derived ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin , modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek , Tok Pisin as a dialect of English , and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse .	English	Tok Pisin might be regarded as a dialect of what language ?
In one opinion , this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages , with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility , which neither language shares with French , despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other : -LSB- citation needed -RSB- In fact , French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian , not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship .	Spanish	Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language ?
In one opinion , this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages , with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility , which neither language shares with French , despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other : -LSB- citation needed -RSB- In fact , French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian , not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship .	French	With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility ?
In one opinion , this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages , with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility , which neither language shares with French , despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other : -LSB- citation needed -RSB- In fact , French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian , not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship .	French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change	What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible ?
Italian `` avere '' and `` essere '' as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to French `` avoir '' and '' être '' .	avere	What Italian word is similar to the French word `` avoir '' ?
Italian `` avere '' and `` essere '' as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to French `` avoir '' and '' être '' .	être	What French word is similar to the Italian word `` essere '' ?
However , when it comes to phonological structures , Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French , with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication .	Italian and Spanish	What two languages have the possibility for significant mutual intelligibility ?
For example , the Italian and French words for various foods , some family relationships , and body parts are very similar to each other , yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish .	body parts	Along with foods and family relationships , what sorts of words are similar in French and Italian ?
One language , Interlingua , was developed so that the languages of Western civilization would act as its dialects .	Interlingua	What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua 's vocabulary .	International Auxiliary Language Association	Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua ?
In one study , Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish , Portuguese , and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand .	Swedish	What was the nationality of high school students who learned Interlingua in a notable linguistic experiment ?
In one study , Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish , Portuguese , and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand .	Portuguese	Along with Italian and Spanish , what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate ?
Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European , linguists -LSB- who ? -RSB-	the international scientific vocabulary	Along with Standard Average European , from what concept was Interlingua derived ?
While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 -LRB- the Classical period -RRB- , this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day , which includes the Classical period and various other periods .	the Classical period	What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 ?
The major time divisions of classical music are as follows : the early music period , which includes the Medieval -LRB- 500 -- 1400 -RRB- and the Renaissance -LRB- 1400 -- 1600 -RRB- eras ; the Common practice period , which includes the Baroque -LRB- 1600 -- 1750 -RRB- , Classical -LRB- 1750 -- 1820 -RRB- , and Romantic eras -LRB- 1804 -- 1910 -RRB- ; and the 20th century -LRB- 1901 -- 2000 -RRB- which includes the modern -LRB- 1890 -- 1930 -RRB- that overlaps from the late 19th-century , the high modern -LRB- mid 20th-century -RRB- , and contemporary or postmodern -LRB- 1975 -- 2015 -RRB- eras .	1400–1600	What years are termed the Renaissance period ?
The major time divisions of classical music are as follows : the early music period , which includes the Medieval -LRB- 500 -- 1400 -RRB- and the Renaissance -LRB- 1400 -- 1600 -RRB- eras ; the Common practice period , which includes the Baroque -LRB- 1600 -- 1750 -RRB- , Classical -LRB- 1750 -- 1820 -RRB- , and Romantic eras -LRB- 1804 -- 1910 -RRB- ; and the 20th century -LRB- 1901 -- 2000 -RRB- which includes the modern -LRB- 1890 -- 1930 -RRB- that overlaps from the late 19th-century , the high modern -LRB- mid 20th-century -RRB- , and contemporary or postmodern -LRB- 1975 -- 2015 -RRB- eras .	1600–1750	What years are termed the Baroque period ?
The major time divisions of classical music are as follows : the early music period , which includes the Medieval -LRB- 500 -- 1400 -RRB- and the Renaissance -LRB- 1400 -- 1600 -RRB- eras ; the Common practice period , which includes the Baroque -LRB- 1600 -- 1750 -RRB- , Classical -LRB- 1750 -- 1820 -RRB- , and Romantic eras -LRB- 1804 -- 1910 -RRB- ; and the 20th century -LRB- 1901 -- 2000 -RRB- which includes the modern -LRB- 1890 -- 1930 -RRB- that overlaps from the late 19th-century , the high modern -LRB- mid 20th-century -RRB- , and contemporary or postmodern -LRB- 1975 -- 2015 -RRB- eras .	Romantic	From 1804-1910 was called what era ?
Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music , including both liturgical -LRB- religious -RRB- and secular music .	Western music	Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition ?
Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music , including both liturgical -LRB- religious -RRB- and secular music .	Western	Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music ?
While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 -LRB- the Classical period -RRB- , this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day , which includes the Classical period and various other periods .	the Classical period	What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called ?
The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900 , which is known as the common practice period .	between 1550 and 1900	What time period is known at the common practice period ?
The major time divisions of classical music are as follows : the early music period , which includes the Medieval -LRB- 500 -- 1400 -RRB- and the Renaissance -LRB- 1400 -- 1600 -RRB- eras ; the Common practice period , which includes the Baroque -LRB- 1600 -- 1750 -RRB- , Classical -LRB- 1750 -- 1820 -RRB- , and Romantic eras -LRB- 1804 -- 1910 -RRB- ; and the 20th century -LRB- 1901 -- 2000 -RRB- which includes the modern -LRB- 1890 -- 1930 -RRB- that overlaps from the late 19th-century , the high modern -LRB- mid 20th-century -RRB- , and contemporary or postmodern -LRB- 1975 -- 2015 -RRB- eras .	1400–1600	When was the Renaissance era ?
The major time divisions of classical music are as follows : the early music period , which includes the Medieval -LRB- 500 -- 1400 -RRB- and the Renaissance -LRB- 1400 -- 1600 -RRB- eras ; the Common practice period , which includes the Baroque -LRB- 1600 -- 1750 -RRB- , Classical -LRB- 1750 -- 1820 -RRB- , and Romantic eras -LRB- 1804 -- 1910 -RRB- ; and the 20th century -LRB- 1901 -- 2000 -RRB- which includes the modern -LRB- 1890 -- 1930 -RRB- that overlaps from the late 19th-century , the high modern -LRB- mid 20th-century -RRB- , and contemporary or postmodern -LRB- 1975 -- 2015 -RRB- eras .	1890–1930	When was the modern era ?
European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation , in use since about the 16th century .	its system of staff notation	How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music ?
Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches -LRB- e.g. , melodies , basslines and/or chords -RRB- , tempo , meter and rhythms for a piece of music .	Western staff notation	What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches , tempo , meter and rhythms for a piece of music ?
This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation , which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues .	jazz and blues	What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation ?
Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form , classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto , symphony , sonata , and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which , since they are written down , can attain a high level of complexity .	complexity	Since it is written down , classical music can attain a high level of what ?
European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation , in use since about the 16th century .	its system of staff notation	How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms ?
European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation , in use since about the 16th century .	since about the 16th century	How long has the system of staff notation been in use ?
This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation , which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues .	improvisation	Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation ?
Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form , classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto , symphony , sonata , and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which , since they are written down , can attain a high level of complexity .	complexity	Classic music can a attain a high level of what ?
The term `` classical music '' did not appear until the early 19th century , in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age .	the early 19th century	When did the term `` classical music '' appear ?
The term `` classical music '' did not appear until the early 19th century , in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age .	the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven	What period is referred to as a `` golden age '' ?
The earliest reference to `` classical music '' recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836 .	1836	What year is the earliest reference to ` classical music ' ?
The earliest reference to `` classical music '' recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836 .	Oxford English Dictionary	What book holds the earliest reference to ` classical music ' ?
The term `` classical music '' did not appear until the early 19th century , in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age .	classical music	What term did not appear until the early 19th century ?
The term `` classical music '' did not appear until the early 19th century , in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age .	golden age	What ` age ' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as ?
The earliest reference to `` classical music '' recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836 .	1836	What year was the earliest reference to classical music ?
The earliest reference to `` classical music '' recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836 .	Oxford English Dictionary	In what book was the earliest reference to classical music ?
Given the wide range of styles in classical music , from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s , it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type .	monks	Who sang Medieval plainchant ?
Given the wide range of styles in classical music , from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s , it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type .	solo piano	Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument ?
However , there are characteristics that classical music contains that few or no other genres of music contain , such as the use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works -LRB- e.g. , the fugue -RRB- .	use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works	What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres ?
As well , although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period , from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble -- and the works written for it -- have become a defining feature of classical music .	the entire classical music period	Through what period did the symphony not exist ?
As well , although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period , from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble -- and the works written for it -- have become a defining feature of classical music .	the symphony ensemble	What has become a defining feature of classical music ?
As well , although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period , from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble -- and the works written for it -- have become a defining feature of classical music .	the symphony	What did not exist through the entire classical music period ?
However , there are characteristics that classical music contains that few or no other genres of music contain , such as the use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works -LRB- e.g. , the fugue -RRB- .	classical music	The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what ?
Given the wide range of styles in classical music , from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s , it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type .	monks	Who sang medieval plainchant ?
The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them : J.S. Bach 's fugues , for instance , achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation .	live improvisation	J.S. Bach 's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music ?
This score typically determines details of rhythm , pitch , and , where two or more musicians -LRB- whether singers or instrumentalists -RRB- are involved , how the various parts are coordinated .	rhythm	The score determines how various parts are coordinated , pitch , and what other detail ?
The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago .	written notation	What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago ?
The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them : J.S. Bach 's fugues , for instance , achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation .	J.S. Bach's	Who 's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines ?
That said , the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work .	perform a historical work	The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what ?
As well , in the Baroque era , many works that were designed for basso continuo accompaniment do not specify which instruments should play the accompaniment or exactly how the chordal instrument -LRB- harpsichord , lute , etc. -RRB- should play the chords , which are not notated in the part -LRB- only a figured bass symbol beneath the bass part is used to guide the chord-playing performer -RRB- .	the Baroque era	In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment ?
The performer and/or the conductor have a range of options for musical expression and interpretation of a scored piece , including the phrasing of melodies , the time taken during fermatas -LRB- held notes -RRB- or pauses , and the use -LRB- or choice not to use -RRB- of effects such as vibrato or glissando -LRB- these effects are possible on various stringed , brass and woodwind instruments and with the human voice -RRB- .	the human voice	Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed , brass , woodwind and what other style instrument ?
The performer and/or the conductor have a range of options for musical expression and interpretation of a scored piece , including the phrasing of melodies , the time taken during fermatas -LRB- held notes -RRB- or pauses , and the use -LRB- or choice not to use -RRB- of effects such as vibrato or glissando -LRB- these effects are possible on various stringed , brass and woodwind instruments and with the human voice -RRB- .	held notes	What are fermatas ?
Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation , from the Baroque era to the Romantic era , there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era .	improvisation	Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what ?
In the Baroque era , organ performers would improvise preludes , keyboard performers playing harpsichord would improvise chords from the figured bass symbols beneath the bass notes of the basso continuo part and both vocal and instrumental performers would improvise musical ornaments .	organ performers	In the Baroque era , who would improvise preludes ?
In the Baroque era , organ performers would improvise preludes , keyboard performers playing harpsichord would improvise chords from the figured bass symbols beneath the bass notes of the basso continuo part and both vocal and instrumental performers would improvise musical ornaments .	instrumental performers	Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era ?
J.S. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations .	J.S. Bach	Who was noted for his complex improvisations ?
During the Classical era , the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles .	his ability to improvise melodies in different styles	What was Mozart noted for ?
The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century -LRB- often much earlier -RRB- and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries .	the mid-19th century	Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period ?
The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string , woodwind , brass , and percussion families of instruments .	The symphony orchestra	What is the most widely known medium for classical music ?
The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string , woodwind , brass , and percussion families of instruments .	brass	A symphony orchestra includes members of the string , woodwind , percussion and what other family of instruments ?
It generally has a larger variety and amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section .	a string section	What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band ?
The vocal practices changed a great deal over the classical period , from the single line monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks in the Medieval period to the complex , polyphonic choral works of the Renaissance and subsequent periods , which used multiple independent vocal melodies at the same time .	vocal	What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period ?
Medieval instruments included the wood flute -LRB- which in the 21st century is made of metal -RRB- , the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute .	wood	What was the medieval flute made from ?
As well , early versions of the organ , fiddle -LRB- or vielle -RRB- , and trombone -LRB- called the sackbut -RRB- existed .	vielle	What was an early version of the fiddle called ?
As well , early versions of the organ , fiddle -LRB- or vielle -RRB- , and trombone -LRB- called the sackbut -RRB- existed .	sackbut	What was an early version of the trombone called ?
Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly , often self accompanied with a drone note , or occasionally in parts .	singly	Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how ?
From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut -LRB- loud , shrill , outdoor instruments -RRB- and bas -LRB- quieter , more intimate instruments -RRB- .	bas	Loud , shrill , and outdoor instruments were referred to as ` haut ' , while quieter , more intimate instruments were referred to as what ?
During the earlier medieval period , the vocal music from the liturgical genre , predominantly Gregorian chant , was monophonic , using a single , unaccompanied vocal melody line .	liturgical	What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period ?
Polyphonic vocal genres , which used multiple independent vocal melodies , began to develop during the high medieval era , becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century .	Polyphonic vocal genres	What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies ?
Polyphonic vocal genres , which used multiple independent vocal melodies , began to develop during the high medieval era , becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century .	during the high medieval era	When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop ?
During the earlier medieval period , the vocal music from the liturgical genre , predominantly Gregorian chant , was monophonic , using a single , unaccompanied vocal melody line .	monophonic	What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line ?
Many instruments originated during the Renaissance ; others were variations of , or improvements upon , instruments that had existed previously .	the Renaissance	Many instruments originated during what era ?
Some have survived to the present day ; others have disappeared , only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments .	authentic instruments	What has disappeared , then been recreated in order to perform music of the period ?
As in the modern day , instruments may be classified as brass , strings , percussion , and woodwind .	percussion	Modern day instrument may be classified as brass , string , woodwind and what other classification ?
Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet , the wooden cornet , the valveless trumpet and the sackbut .	the Renaissance	Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era ?
Stringed instruments included the viol , the harp-like lyre , the hurdy-gurdy , the cittern and the lute .	the hurdy-gurdy	Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol , the lyre , the cittern , the lute and what other instrument ?
Keyboard instruments with strings included the harpsichord and the virginal .	Keyboard instruments with strings	The virginal is what type of instrument ?
Percussion instruments include the triangle , the Jew 's harp , the tambourine , the bells , the rumble-pot , and various kinds of drums .	Percussion	The tambourine , bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument ?
Woodwind instruments included the double reed shawm , the reed pipe , the bagpipe , the transverse flute and the recorder .	Woodwind	The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument ?
Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style .	polyphonic style	Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what ?
The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets , with some other developments towards the end , especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms -LRB- such as the madrigal -RRB- for their own designs .	masses	What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period ?
Towards the end of the period , the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody , the madrigal comedy , and the intermedio are seen .	opera	Monody , the madrigal comedy , and intermedio are all precursors to what ?
Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods -LRB- e.g. , the hurdy-gurdy and recorder -RRB- and a number of new instruments -LRB- e.g , the cello , contrabass and fortepiano -RRB- .	Baroque	The cello , contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period ?
Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse , such as the shawm and the wooden cornet .	fell into disuse	What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period ?
Percussion instruments included the timpani , snare drum , tambourine and the castanets .	Percussion	The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument ?
Brass instruments included the cornett , natural horn , Baroque trumpet , serpent and the trombone .	Brass	The serpent is what type of instrument ?
The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin , viol , viola , viola d'amore , cello , contrabass , lute , theorbo -LRB- which often played the basso continuo parts -RRB- , mandolin , cittern , Baroque guitar , harp and hurdy-gurdy .	theorbo	Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts ?
One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized .	the types of instruments used in ensembles	What was less standardized during the Baroque era ?
Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins , a viola and a cello , a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments -LRB- e.g. , pipe organ , harpsichord , or clavichord -RRB- , additional stringed chordal instruments -LRB- e.g. , a lute -RRB- and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline , including bowed strings , woodwinds and brass instruments -LRB- e.g. , a cello , contrabass , viol , bassoon , serpent , etc. -RRB- .	a classical era string quartet	Two violins , a viola , and a cello make up what type of group ?
Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins , a viola and a cello , a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments -LRB- e.g. , pipe organ , harpsichord , or clavichord -RRB- , additional stringed chordal instruments -LRB- e.g. , a lute -RRB- and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline , including bowed strings , woodwinds and brass instruments -LRB- e.g. , a cello , contrabass , viol , bassoon , serpent , etc. -RRB- .	clavichord	Keyboard instruments included the pip organ , harpsichord and what other instrument ?
Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins , a viola and a cello , a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments -LRB- e.g. , pipe organ , harpsichord , or clavichord -RRB- , additional stringed chordal instruments -LRB- e.g. , a lute -RRB- and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline , including bowed strings , woodwinds and brass instruments -LRB- e.g. , a cello , contrabass , viol , bassoon , serpent , etc. -RRB- .	a lute	What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period ?
The term `` classical music '' has two meanings : the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today , and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s -- the era of Mozart and Haydn .	Haydn	From the 1750 's to the early 1830 's is the era of Mozart and what other composer ?
The term `` classical music '' has two meanings : the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today , and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s -- the era of Mozart and Haydn .	the early 1830s	Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750 's to when ?
The term `` classical music '' has two meanings : the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today , and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s -- the era of Mozart and Haydn .	the Medieval era	The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era ?
Classical musicians continued to use many of instruments from the Baroque era , such as the cello , contrabass , recorder , trombone , timpani , fortepiano and organ .	Baroque	Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era ?
While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse -LRB- e.g. , the theorbo and rackett -RRB- , many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today , such as the Baroque violin -LRB- which became the violin -RRB- , the Baroque oboe -LRB- which became the oboe -RRB- and the Baroque trumpet , which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet .	rackett	The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse ?
While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse -LRB- e.g. , the theorbo and rackett -RRB- , many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today , such as the Baroque violin -LRB- which became the violin -RRB- , the Baroque oboe -LRB- which became the oboe -RRB- and the Baroque trumpet , which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet .	the violin	The Baroque violin became what modern instrument ?
While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse -LRB- e.g. , the theorbo and rackett -RRB- , many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today , such as the Baroque violin -LRB- which became the violin -RRB- , the Baroque oboe -LRB- which became the oboe -RRB- and the Baroque trumpet , which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet .	the regular valved trumpet	What did the Baroque trumpet become ?
The Classical era stringed instruments were the four instruments which form the string section of the orchestra : the violin , viola , cello and contrabass .	viola	The violin , cello , contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra ?
Woodwinds included the basset clarinet , basset horn , clarinette d'amour , the Classical clarinet , the chalumeau , the flute , oboe and bassoon .	Woodwinds	The flute , oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument ?
While the harpsichord was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s , it fell out of use in the end of the century .	the harpsichord	What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s ?
Brass instruments included the buccin , the ophicleide -LRB- a serpent replacement which was the precursor of tuba -RRB- and the natural horn .	the ophicleide	What instrument was the precursor of the tuba ?
The `` standard complement '' of double winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to Beethoven .	Beethoven	To whom is the `` standard complement '' attributed to ?
Piccolo , contrabassoon , and trombones add to the triumphal finale of his Symphony No. 5 .	Symphony No. 5	PIccolo , contrabassoon , and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven ?
For several decades after he died , symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethoven 's well-established model , with few exceptions .	several decades	How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven 's after he died ?
Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral `` palette '' in Symphonies 3 , 5 , 6 , and 9 for an innovative effect .	timbral "palette"	What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies , 3 , 5 , 6 and 9 ?
A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver `` storm '' and `` sunshine '' in the Sixth .	sunshine	A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven 's Sixth Symphony ?
In the Romantic era , the modern piano , with a more powerful , sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano .	fortepiano	What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era ?
For example , while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players , a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten .	two	How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra ?
`` As music grew more expressive , the standard orchestral palette just was n't rich enough for many Romantic composers . ''	the standard orchestral palette	What was n't rich enough for many Romantic composers ?
In the orchestra , the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained -LRB- string section , woodwinds , brass and percussion -RRB- , but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller , bigger sound .	sound	Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what ?
New woodwind instruments were added , such as the contrabassoon , bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added , including xylophones , drums , celestes -LRB- a bell-like keyboard instrument -RRB- , large orchestral harps , bells , and triangles and even wind machines for sound effects .	a bell-like keyboard instrument	What is a celestes ?
Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards .	the late 19th century	When do saxophones first appear in scores ?
While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works , for example Maurice Ravel 's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff 's Symphonic Dances , the saxophone is included in other works , such as Ravel 's Boléro , Sergei Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble .	Symphonic Dances	Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece ?
While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works , for example Maurice Ravel 's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff 's Symphonic Dances , the saxophone is included in other works , such as Ravel 's Boléro , Sergei Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble .	as a member of the orchestral ensemble	How is the saxophone features in Ravel 's Bolero ?
The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works , usually playing parts marked `` tenor tuba '' , including Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and Richard Strauss 's Ein Heldenleben .	"tenor tuba"	The euphonium usually played parts marked as what ?
The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works , usually playing parts marked `` tenor tuba '' , including Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and Richard Strauss 's Ein Heldenleben .	Gustav Holst	Who wrote The Planets ?
The Wagner tuba , a modified member of the horn family , appears in Richard Wagner 's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss , Béla Bartók , and others ; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner 's Symphony No. 7 in E Major .	The Wagner tuba	What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss ?
The Wagner tuba , a modified member of the horn family , appears in Richard Wagner 's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss , Béla Bartók , and others ; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner 's Symphony No. 7 in E Major .	Symphony No. 7 in E Major	Which symphony of Anton Bruckner 's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in ?
Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's ballet Swan Lake , Claude Debussy 's La Mer , and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz .	Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky	Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake ?
Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument -LRB- for example , a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage -RRB- , orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters .	freelance musicians	What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters ?
Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's ballet Swan Lake , Claude Debussy 's La Mer , and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz .	La Mer	What Debussy piece features a cornet ?
Electric instruments such as the electric guitar , the electric bass and the ondes Martenot appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries .	Electric	What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music ?
Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer , electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or computer-generated sounds , and instruments from other cultures such as the gamelan .	popular	What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments ?
Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer , electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or computer-generated sounds , and instruments from other cultures such as the gamelan .	electronic	What type of instrument is the gamelan ?
Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music , such as bagpipes , vihuelas , hurdy-gurdies , and some woodwind instruments .	early classical music,	In what did the bagpipe fill an important role ?
On the other hand , instruments such as the acoustic guitar , once associated mainly with popular music , gained prominence in classical music in the 19th and 20th centuries .	the acoustic guitar	What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century ?
Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music , such as bagpipes , vihuelas , hurdy-gurdies , and some woodwind instruments .	popular	Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies are currently associated with what type of music ?
While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century , different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods .	equal temperament	What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century ?
While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century , different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods .	the 18th century	When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament ?
For instance , music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament .	meantone temperament	What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in ?
Performers who have studied classical music extensively are said to be `` classically trained '' .	studied classical music	What have classical trained performers done extensively ?
degree -LRB- which includes individual lessons from professors -RRB- .	individual lessons from professors	What does a B.mus . or M.mus . degree include ?
In classical music , '' ... extensive formal music education and training , often to postgraduate -LSB- Master 's degree -RSB- level '' is required .	postgraduate	To what level is training for classical music often required ?
Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing , harmonic principles , strong ear training -LRB- to correct and adjust pitches by ear -RRB- , knowledge of performance practice -LRB- e.g. , Baroque ornamentation -RRB- , and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work -LRB- e.g. , a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto -RRB- .	sight-reading	Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading ?
Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing , harmonic principles , strong ear training -LRB- to correct and adjust pitches by ear -RRB- , knowledge of performance practice -LRB- e.g. , Baroque ornamentation -RRB- , and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work -LRB- e.g. , a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto -RRB- .	harmonic	Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles ?
Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing , harmonic principles , strong ear training -LRB- to correct and adjust pitches by ear -RRB- , knowledge of performance practice -LRB- e.g. , Baroque ornamentation -RRB- , and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work -LRB- e.g. , a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto -RRB- .	classical music	Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance ?
Some `` popular '' genre musicians have had significant classical training , such as Billy Joel , Elton John , the Van Halen brothers , Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore .	Van Halen brothers	What brothers have had significant classical training ?
Some `` popular '' genre musicians have had significant classical training , such as Billy Joel , Elton John , the Van Halen brothers , Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore .	classical	Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training ?
Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as those offered by the Berklee College of Music and many jazz musicians have completed degrees in music from universities with jazz programs , such as the Manhattan School of Music and McGill University .	commercial	Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music ?
Historically , major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians .	male	What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras ?
Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist .	harpist	Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position ?
The Vienna Philharmonic , for example , did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997 , far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world 's top five by Gramophone in 2008 .	1997	What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women ?
The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic .	the Berlin Philharmonic	Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position ?
As late as February 1996 , the Vienna Philharmonic 's principal flute , Dieter Flury , told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be `` gambling with the emotional unity -LRB- emotionelle Geschlossenheit -RRB- that this organism currently has '' .	Dieter Flury	Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996 ?
In 1997 , the Vienna Philharmonic was `` facing protests during a -LSB- US -RSB- tour '' by the National Organization for Women and the International Alliance for Women in Music .	1997	In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US ?
Finally , `` after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria , members of the orchestra gathered -LSB- on 28 February 1997 -RSB- in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman , Anna Lelkes , as harpist . ''	Anna Lelkes	Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic ?
As of 2013 , the orchestra has six female members ; one of them , violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra 's concertmasters in 2008 , the first woman to hold that position .	six	How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013 ?
As of 2013 , the orchestra has six female members ; one of them , violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra 's concertmasters in 2008 , the first woman to hold that position .	Albena Danailova	Who was the Vienna Philharmonic 's first female concertmaster ?
In 2013 , an article in Mother Jones stated that while '' -LSB- m -RSB- any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership -- women outnumber men in the New York Philharmonic 's violin section -- and several renowned ensembles , including the National Symphony Orchestra , the Detroit Symphony , and the Minnesota Symphony , are led by women violinists '' , the double bass , brass , and percussion sections of major orchestras '' ... are still predominantly male . ''	female	The National Symphony Orchestra is led by what gender of violinist ?
In 2013 , an article in Mother Jones stated that while '' -LSB- m -RSB- any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership -- women outnumber men in the New York Philharmonic 's violin section -- and several renowned ensembles , including the National Symphony Orchestra , the Detroit Symphony , and the Minnesota Symphony , are led by women violinists '' , the double bass , brass , and percussion sections of major orchestras '' ... are still predominantly male . ''	male	The double bass , brass and percussion sections are predominately what gender ?
A 2014 BBC article stated that the '' ... introduction of ` blind ' auditions , where a prospective instrumentalist performs behind a screen so that the judging panel can exercise no gender or racial prejudice , has seen the gender balance of traditionally male-dominated symphony orchestras gradually shift . ''	'blind' auditions	What type of audition are expected to eliminator gender or racial prejudice ?
In 2013 , an article in Mother Jones stated that while '' -LSB- m -RSB- any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership -- women outnumber men in the New York Philharmonic 's violin section -- and several renowned ensembles , including the National Symphony Orchestra , the Detroit Symphony , and the Minnesota Symphony , are led by women violinists '' , the double bass , brass , and percussion sections of major orchestras '' ... are still predominantly male . ''	violin	In what section of the New York Philharmonic do women outnumber men ?
Works of classical repertoire often exhibit complexity in their use of orchestration , counterpoint , harmony , musical development , rhythm , phrasing , texture , and form .	complexity	Works of classical repertoire exhibit what in their use of orchestration and harmony , and form ?
Whereas most popular styles are usually written in song forms , classical music is noted for its development of highly sophisticated musical forms , like the concerto , symphony , sonata , and opera .	popular styles	What is usually written in song forms ?
Whereas most popular styles are usually written in song forms , classical music is noted for its development of highly sophisticated musical forms , like the concerto , symphony , sonata , and opera .	sophisticated	The concerto , symphony , sonata and opera are examples of what type of musical forms ?
Longer works are often divided into self-contained pieces , called movements , often with contrasting characters or moods .	movements	What are self-contained pieces in longer works called ?
For instance , symphonies written during the Classical period are usually divided into four movements : -LRB- 1 -RRB- an opening Allegro in sonata form , -LRB- 2 -RRB- a slow movement , -LRB- 3 -RRB- a minuet or scherzo , and -LRB- 4 -RRB- a final Allegro .	four	How many movements are symphonies written in the Classical period usually divided into ?
For instance , symphonies written during the Classical period are usually divided into four movements : -LRB- 1 -RRB- an opening Allegro in sonata form , -LRB- 2 -RRB- a slow movement , -LRB- 3 -RRB- a minuet or scherzo , and -LRB- 4 -RRB- a final Allegro .	slow	What , typically , is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece ?
These movements can then be further broken down into a hierarchy of smaller units : first sections , then periods , and finally phrases .	sections	A movement broken up further is called what ?
For instance , symphonies written during the Classical period are usually divided into four movements : -LRB- 1 -RRB- an opening Allegro in sonata form , -LRB- 2 -RRB- a slow movement , -LRB- 3 -RRB- a minuet or scherzo , and -LRB- 4 -RRB- a final Allegro .	Allegro	The final movement of a classical piece is usually called what ?
The major time divisions of classical music up to 1900 are the early music period , which includes Medieval -LRB- 500 -- 1400 -RRB- and Renaissance -LRB- 1400 -- 1600 -RRB- eras , and the Common practice period , which includes the Baroque -LRB- 1600 -- 1750 -RRB- , Classical -LRB- 1750 -- 1830 -RRB- and Romantic -LRB- 1804 -- 1910 -RRB- eras .	Medieval	What period was from 500-1400 ?
The major time divisions of classical music up to 1900 are the early music period , which includes Medieval -LRB- 500 -- 1400 -RRB- and Renaissance -LRB- 1400 -- 1600 -RRB- eras , and the Common practice period , which includes the Baroque -LRB- 1600 -- 1750 -RRB- , Classical -LRB- 1750 -- 1830 -RRB- and Romantic -LRB- 1804 -- 1910 -RRB- eras .	1600–1750	What years dictate the Baroque period ?
Since 1900 , classical periods have been reckoned more by calendar century than by particular stylistic movements that have become fragmented and difficult to define .	by calendar century	How have periods been reckoned Since 1900 ?
The 21st century has so far been characterized by a continuation of the contemporary/postmodern musical era .	the contemporary/postmodern musical era	What era has the 21st century has been characterized by ?
The major time divisions of classical music up to 1900 are the early music period , which includes Medieval -LRB- 500 -- 1400 -RRB- and Renaissance -LRB- 1400 -- 1600 -RRB- eras , and the Common practice period , which includes the Baroque -LRB- 1600 -- 1750 -RRB- , Classical -LRB- 1750 -- 1830 -RRB- and Romantic -LRB- 1804 -- 1910 -RRB- eras .	Romantic	The years 1804-1910 marked what era ?
For example , the use of counterpoint and fugue , which is considered characteristic of the Baroque era -LRB- or period -RRB- , was continued by Haydn , who is classified as typical of the Classical era .	Haydn	What composer continued the counterpoint and fugue ?
For example , the use of counterpoint and fugue , which is considered characteristic of the Baroque era -LRB- or period -RRB- , was continued by Haydn , who is classified as typical of the Classical era .	Classical	Haydn is classified as typical of what era ?
Beethoven , who is often described as a founder of the Romantic era , and Brahms , who is classified as Romantic , also used counterpoint and fugue , but other characteristics of their music define their era .	Beethoven	Who is described as a founder of the Romantic era ?
Beethoven , who is often described as a founder of the Romantic era , and Brahms , who is classified as Romantic , also used counterpoint and fugue , but other characteristics of their music define their era .	Brahms	Who is classified as Romantic , but also uses counterpoint and fugue ?
The dates are generalizations , since the periods and eras overlap and the categories are somewhat arbitrary , to the point that some authorities reverse terminologies and refer to a common practice `` era '' comprising baroque , classical , and romantic `` periods '' .	era	Some authorities reverse terminologies to refer to the common practice period as a what ?
The prefix neo is used to describe a 20th-century or contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era , such as Classical or Romantic .	neo	A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix ?
The prefix neo is used to describe a 20th-century or contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era , such as Classical or Romantic .	20th-century	What century were Neoclassical compositions written in ?
Stravinsky 's Pulcinella , for example , is a neoclassical composition because it is stylistically similar to works of the Classical era .	Stravinsky's	Who wrote Pulcinella ?
Stravinsky 's Pulcinella , for example , is a neoclassical composition because it is stylistically similar to works of the Classical era .	Classical	What era is Pulcinella similar to ?
Burgh -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , suggests that the roots of Western classical music ultimately lie in ancient Egyptian art music via cheironomy and the ancient Egyptian orchestra , which dates to 2695 BC .	2695 BC	When does the Egyptian orchestra date to ?
Burgh -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , suggests that the roots of Western classical music ultimately lie in ancient Egyptian art music via cheironomy and the ancient Egyptian orchestra , which dates to 2695 BC .	Burgh	Who suggested that Western classical music is rooted to ancient Egyptian art music ?
This was followed by early Christian liturgical music , which itself dates back to the Ancient Greeks -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	early Christian liturgical music,	What music followed ancient Egyptian art music ?
The development of individual tones and scales was made by ancient Greeks such as Aristoxenus and Pythagoras .	ancient Greeks	Which ancient society developed individual tones and scales ?
Pythagoras created a tuning system and helped to codify musical notation .	Pythagoras	Who helped codify musical notation ?
The Medieval period includes music from after the fall of Rome to about 1400 .	Rome	The Medieval period begins with the fall of what city ?
Monophonic chant , also called plainsong or Gregorian chant , was the dominant form until about 1100 .	Monophonic chant	What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called ?
Polyphonic -LRB- multi-voiced -RRB- music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance , including the more complex voicings of motets .	multi-voiced	What does Polyphonic mean ?
Monophonic chant , also called plainsong or Gregorian chant , was the dominant form until about 1100 .	1100	When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form ?
Polyphonic -LRB- multi-voiced -RRB- music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance , including the more complex voicings of motets .	motets	Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what ?
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600 .	from 1400 to 1600	When was the Renaissance era ?
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600 .	Renaissance	What era was from 1400 to 1600 ?
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600 .	Renaissance	The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era ?
Social dancing became more widespread , so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize .	Social dancing	What became widespread in the Renaissance era ?
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600 .	Renaissance	Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era ?
It is in this time that the notation of music on a staff and other elements of musical notation began to take shape .	staff	The notation of music on a what began to take shape at this time ?
This invention made possible the separation of the composition of a piece of music from its transmission ; without written music , transmission was oral , and subject to change every time it was transmitted .	oral	How was music transmitted before the invention of musical notation ?
This invention made possible the separation of the composition of a piece of music from its transmission ; without written music , transmission was oral , and subject to change every time it was transmitted .	change	What was oral music subject to every time is was transmitted ?
With a musical score , a work of music could be performed without the composer 's presence .	the composer's presence	What can a musical scored be performed without ?
The invention of the movable-type printing press in the 15th century had far-reaching consequences on the preservation and transmission of music .	the 15th century	When was the movable-type printing press invented ?
Typical stringed instruments of the early period include the harp , lute , vielle , and psaltery , while wind instruments included the flute family -LRB- including recorder -RRB- , shawm -LRB- an early member of the oboe family -RRB- , trumpet , and the bagpipes .	the flute family	The record is part of what wind family ?
Typical stringed instruments of the early period include the harp , lute , vielle , and psaltery , while wind instruments included the flute family -LRB- including recorder -RRB- , shawm -LRB- an early member of the oboe family -RRB- , trumpet , and the bagpipes .	the oboe	The sahwm was an early family member of what instrument ?
Simple pipe organs existed , but were largely confined to churches , although there were portable varieties .	churches	Where were the first pipe organs confined to ?
Stringed instruments such as the viol had emerged by the 16th century , as had a wider variety of brass and reed instruments .	the 16th century	When had the viol emerged by ?
Printing enabled the standardization of descriptions and specifications of instruments , as well as instruction in their use .	Printing	What enabled descriptions and specification of instruments ?
The common practice period is when many of the ideas that make up western classical music took shape , standardized , or were codified .	The common practice period	When did many of the ideas that make up western classical music take shape ?
The common practice period is when many of the ideas that make up western classical music took shape , standardized , or were codified .	The common practice period	What began with the Baroque era ?
It began with the Baroque era , running from roughly 1600 to the middle of the 18th century .	Baroque era	What era did the classical era follow ?
The Classical era followed , ending roughly around 1820 .	around 1820	When did the classical era end ?
The Romantic era ran through the 19th century , ending about 1910 .	about 1910	When did the romantic era end ?
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo , a continuous bass line .	Baroque	Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music ?
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo , a continuous bass line .	a continuous bass line	What does basso continuo mean ?
Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods .	more complex	What did music become during the Baroque era in comparison with earlier periods ?
The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona , as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations .	the sonata form	What form began to take shape during the Baroque era ?
The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape .	tonalities	Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism ?
During the Baroque era , keyboard music played on the harpsichord and pipe organ became increasingly popular , and the violin family of stringed instruments took the form generally seen today .	Baroque	Keyboard music became popular during what era ?
During the Baroque era , keyboard music played on the harpsichord and pipe organ became increasingly popular , and the violin family of stringed instruments took the form generally seen today .	stringed	The violin family is what type of instrument ?
Opera as a staged musical drama began to differentiate itself from earlier musical and dramatic forms , and vocal forms like the cantata and oratorio became more common .	staged musical drama	Opera began to differentiate itself from earlier forms as what ?
Opera as a staged musical drama began to differentiate itself from earlier musical and dramatic forms , and vocal forms like the cantata and oratorio became more common .	vocal forms	What became more common during the Baroque era ?
Vocalists began adding embellishments to melodies .	embellishments	What did vocalist add to melodies beginning in the Baroque era ?
The theories surrounding equal temperament began to be put in wider practice , especially as it enabled a wider range of chromatic possibilities in hard-to-tune keyboard instruments .	equal temperament	What theories began to be put in wider practice ?
The theories surrounding equal temperament began to be put in wider practice , especially as it enabled a wider range of chromatic possibilities in hard-to-tune keyboard instruments .	a wider range of chromatic possibilities	What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments ?
Although Bach did not use equal temperament , as a modern piano is generally tuned , changes in the temperaments from the meantone system , common at the time , to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable , made possible Bach 's Well-Tempered Clavier .	equal temperament	What did Bach not use ?
Although Bach did not use equal temperament , as a modern piano is generally tuned , changes in the temperaments from the meantone system , common at the time , to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable , made possible Bach 's Well-Tempered Clavier .	tuned	A modern piano is generally what ?
Although Bach did not use equal temperament , as a modern piano is generally tuned , changes in the temperaments from the meantone system , common at the time , to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable , made possible Bach 's Well-Tempered Clavier .	meantone	What system of temperaments was common during Bach 's time ?
The Classical era , from about 1750 to 1820 , established many of the norms of composition , presentation , and style , and was also when the piano became the predominant keyboard instrument .	1750 to 1820	When was the Classical era ?
The Classical era , from about 1750 to 1820 , established many of the norms of composition , presentation , and style , and was also when the piano became the predominant keyboard instrument .	the piano	What instrument became the predominant keyboard during the classical era ?
The basic forces required for an orchestra became somewhat standardized -LRB- although they would grow as the potential of a wider array of instruments was developed in the following centuries -RRB- .	The basic forces required for an orchestra	What became more standardized during the classical era ?
Chamber music grew to include ensembles with as many as 8 to 10 performers for serenades .	10	How many muscians , at most , could make up a chamber ensemble during the classical period ?
The opera buffa , a form of comic opera , rose in popularity .	a form of comic opera	What is an opera buffa ?
Wind instruments became more refined in the Classical era .	Wind	What type of instrument became more refined during the classical era ?
While double reeded instruments like the oboe and bassoon became somewhat standardized in the Baroque , the clarinet family of single reeds was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral , chamber , and concerto settings .	the clarinet family	What is the single reed family called ?
While double reeded instruments like the oboe and bassoon became somewhat standardized in the Baroque , the clarinet family of single reeds was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral , chamber , and concerto settings .	double reeded	What type of instrument was somewhat standardized int eh Baroque era ?
While double reeded instruments like the oboe and bassoon became somewhat standardized in the Baroque , the clarinet family of single reeds was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral , chamber , and concerto settings .	Mozart	Who expanded the single reeds role ?
The music of the Romantic era , from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century , was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line , as well as expressive and emotional elements , paralleling romanticism in other art forms .	Romantic	Increased attention to extended melodic lines characterized what era ?
The music of the Romantic era , from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century , was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line , as well as expressive and emotional elements , paralleling romanticism in other art forms .	the early 20th century	When did the Romantic era end ?
Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms -LRB- even as those were being codified -RRB- , with free-form pieces like nocturnes , fantasias , and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized .	Classical	Free-form pieces like nocturnes and preludes were a break from what era ?
The music became more chromatic , dissonant , and tonally colorful , with tensions -LRB- with respect to accepted norms of the older forms -RRB- about key signatures increasing .	key signatures	Tensions about what increased during the Romantic era ?
The art song -LRB- or Lied -RRB- came to maturity in this era , as did the epic scales of grand opera , ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner 's Ring cycle .	Lied	What is a name for an art song ?
In the 19th century , musical institutions emerged from the control of wealthy patrons , as composers and musicians could construct lives independent of the nobility .	wealthy patrons	Who controlled musical institutions before the 19th century ?
In the 19th century , musical institutions emerged from the control of wealthy patrons , as composers and musicians could construct lives independent of the nobility .	the nobility	Composers and musicians began to construct lives independent of what in the 19th century ?
Increasing interest in music by the growing middle classes throughout western Europe spurred the creation of organizations for the teaching , performance , and preservation of music .	middle classes	What class increased it 's interest in music during the 19th century ?
The piano , which achieved its modern construction in this era -LRB- in part due to industrial advances in metallurgy -RRB- became widely popular with the middle class , whose demands for the instrument spurred a large number of piano builders .	The piano	What instrument became widely popular in the middle class in the 19th century ?
Many symphony orchestras date their founding to this era .	symphony orchestras	The 19th century marks the foundation of many what ?
The size of the orchestra -LRB- typically around 40 in the Classical era -RRB- grew to be over 100 .	100	To what number did the size of the orchestra grow to ?
Gustav Mahler 's 1906 Symphony No. 8 , for example , has been performed with over 150 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400 .	over 400	What size of choirs have performed Gustav Mahler 's 1906 Symphony No. 8 ?
Gustav Mahler 's 1906 Symphony No. 8 , for example , has been performed with over 150 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400 .	over 150	What size orchestras have performed Gustav Mahler 's 1906 Symphony No. 8 ?
Brass instruments took on larger roles , as the introduction of rotary valves made it possible for them to play a wider range of notes .	rotary valves	What allowed Brass instruments to play a wider range of notes ?
A wider array of percussion instruments began to appear .	percussion	What array of instrument grew wider ?
European cultural ideas and institutions began to follow colonial expansion into other parts of the world .	colonial expansion	What did European cultural ideas follow ?
There was also a rise , especially toward the end of the era , of nationalism in music -LRB- echoing , in some cases , political sentiments of the time -RRB- , as composers such as Edvard Grieg , Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov , and Antonín Dvořák echoed traditional music of their homelands in their compositions .	nationalism	What type of music rose toward the end of the era ?
There was also a rise , especially toward the end of the era , of nationalism in music -LRB- echoing , in some cases , political sentiments of the time -RRB- , as composers such as Edvard Grieg , Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov , and Antonín Dvořák echoed traditional music of their homelands in their compositions .	political sentiments of the time	What did nationalism in music sometime echo ?
There was also a rise , especially toward the end of the era , of nationalism in music -LRB- echoing , in some cases , political sentiments of the time -RRB- , as composers such as Edvard Grieg , Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov , and Antonín Dvořák echoed traditional music of their homelands in their compositions .	traditional music of their homelands	Edvard Grieg and Antonin Dvorak used what kind of music in their compositions ?
Encompassing a wide variety of post-Romantic styles composed through the year 2000 , 20th century classical music includes late romantic , modern , high-modern , and postmodern styles of composition .	post-Romantic	What style does 20th century classical music encompass ?
Modernism -LRB- 1890 -- 1930 -RRB- marked an era when many composers rejected certain values of the common practice period , such as traditional tonality , melody , instrumentation , and structure .	1890–1930	When did modernism take place ?
Modernism -LRB- 1890 -- 1930 -RRB- marked an era when many composers rejected certain values of the common practice period , such as traditional tonality , melody , instrumentation , and structure .	Modernism	Composers rejected the traditions of the common practice period during what era ?
The high-modern era saw the emergence of neo-classical and serial music .	high-modern era	Neo-classical music emerged during what era ?
Others have more or less equated postmodern music with the `` contemporary music '' composed from the late 20th century through to the early 21st century .	contemporary music	Postmodern music is also know as what ?
Almost all of the composers who are described in music textbooks on classical music and whose works are widely performed as part of the standard concert repertoire are male composers , even though there has been a large number of women composers throughout the classical music period .	male	What gender are most composers described in music textbooks ?
Musicologist Marcia Citron has asked '' -LSB- w -RSB- hy is music composed by women so marginal to the standard ` classical ' repertoire ? ''	Musicologist Marcia Citron	Who asked why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard ` classical ' repertoire ?
She argues that in the 1800s , women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall , with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers ; since women composers did not write many symphonies , they were deemed to be not notable as composers .	did not write many symphonies	Why were women composers deemed not notable ?
In the '' ... Concise Oxford History of Music , Clara Shumann -LSB- sic -RSB- is one of the only -LSB- sic -RSB- female composers mentioned . ''	Clara Shumann	Who is one of the only female composers mentioned ?
She argues that in the 1800s , women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall , with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers ; since women composers did not write many symphonies , they were deemed to be not notable as composers .	art songs	What type of music did women composers typically write ?
The modernist views hold that classical music is considered primarily a written musical tradition , preserved in music notation , as opposed to being transmitted orally , by rote , or by recordings of particular performances .	modernist	What type of view is that classical music is primarily written musical tradition ?
The use of musical notation is an effective method for transmitting classical music , since the written music contains the technical instructions for performing the work .	transmitting classical music	Musical notation is effective for what ?
The use of musical notation is an effective method for transmitting classical music , since the written music contains the technical instructions for performing the work .	contains the technical instructions for performing the work	Why is written musical notation effective ?
The study showed that students who actively listen to classical music before studying had higher academic scores .	higher	Did student who actively listen to classical music before studying have higher or lower scores ?
Students who listened to rock-and-roll or country had moderately lower scores .	moderately lower	What happened to the scores of students who listened to rock and roll or country ?
The study further indicated that students who used classical during the course of study had a significant leap in their academic performance ; whereas , those who listened to other types of music had significantly lowered academic scores .	students who used classical during the course of study	Who experience a significant leap in their academic performance ?
The research was conducted over several schools within the Cherry Creek School District and was conducted through University of Colorado .	University of Colorado	Who conducted the research study ?
In 1996 -- 1997 , a research study was conducted on a large population of middle age students in the Cherry Creek School District in Denver , Colorado , USA .	1996–1997	What years was the study conducted in ?
During the 1990s , several research papers and popular books wrote on what came to be called the `` Mozart effect '' : an observed temporary , small elevation of scores on certain tests as a result of listening to Mozart 's works .	Mozart	Which composer had an effect named after him ?
The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell , and is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students ' IQ by 8 to 9 points .	Don Campbell	Who wrote a book on the Mozart effect ?
The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell , and is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students ' IQ by 8 to 9 points .	Nature	Where was the experiment originally published ?
The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell , and is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students ' IQ by 8 to 9 points .	8 to 9 points	How many IQ points of a students ' does the Mozart effect temporarily boost ?
Florida passed a law requiring toddlers in state-run schools to listen to classical music every day , and in 1998 the governor of Georgia budgeted $ 105,000 per year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music .	$105,000	How much did the Governor of Georgia budget per year to provide every child with a CD of classical music ?
Shawn Vancour argues that the commercialization of classical music in the early 20th century served to harm the music industry through inadequate representation .	the commercialization of classical music	What harmed the music industry in the 20th century according to Shawn Vancour ?
Shawn Vancour argues that the commercialization of classical music in the early 20th century served to harm the music industry through inadequate representation .	Shawn Vancour	Who argued that the commercialization of classical music was harmful to the music industry ?
Shawn Vancour argues that the commercialization of classical music in the early 20th century served to harm the music industry through inadequate representation .	inadequate representation.	Why was the commercialization of classical music harmful to the music industry according the Shawn Vancour ?
Several works from the Golden Age of Animation matched the action to classical music .	classical music	Works from the Golden Age of music matches action to what ?
Notable examples are Walt Disney 's Fantasia , Tom and Jerry 's Johann Mouse , and Warner Bros. ' Rabbit of Seville and What 's Opera , Doc ?	Walt Disney	Who produced Fantasia ?
Notable examples are Walt Disney 's Fantasia , Tom and Jerry 's Johann Mouse , and Warner Bros. ' Rabbit of Seville and What 's Opera , Doc ?	Tom and Jerry	Who starred in Johann Mouse ?
Similarly , movies and television often revert to standard , clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence : some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach ´ s Cello Suite No. 1 , Mozart 's Eine kleine Nachtmusik , Vivaldi 's Four Seasons , Mussorgsky 's Night on Bald Mountain -LRB- as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov -RRB- , and Rossini 's William Tell Overture .	refinement or opulence	What does classical music convey in movies and television ?
Similarly , movies and television often revert to standard , clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence : some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach ´ s Cello Suite No. 1 , Mozart 's Eine kleine Nachtmusik , Vivaldi 's Four Seasons , Mussorgsky 's Night on Bald Mountain -LRB- as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov -RRB- , and Rossini 's William Tell Overture .	Four Seasons	What piece by Vivaldi is used as a cliche to convey opulence ?
Similarly , movies and television often revert to standard , clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence : some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach ´ s Cello Suite No. 1 , Mozart 's Eine kleine Nachtmusik , Vivaldi 's Four Seasons , Mussorgsky 's Night on Bald Mountain -LRB- as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov -RRB- , and Rossini 's William Tell Overture .	Eine kleine Nachtmusik	What piece by Mozart is used as a cliche to convey refinement ?
Similarly , movies and television often revert to standard , clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence : some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach ´ s Cello Suite No. 1 , Mozart 's Eine kleine Nachtmusik , Vivaldi 's Four Seasons , Mussorgsky 's Night on Bald Mountain -LRB- as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov -RRB- , and Rossini 's William Tell Overture .	Rossini	Who wrote William Tell Overture ?
Similarly , movies and television often revert to standard , clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence : some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach ´ s Cello Suite No. 1 , Mozart 's Eine kleine Nachtmusik , Vivaldi 's Four Seasons , Mussorgsky 's Night on Bald Mountain -LRB- as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov -RRB- , and Rossini 's William Tell Overture .	Mussorgsky	Who wrote Night on Bald Mountain ?
The written score , however , does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance , apart from directions for dynamics , tempo and expression -LRB- to a certain extent -RRB- .	instructions	What does the written score not usually contain explicitly ?
This is left to the discretion of the performers , who are guided by their personal experience and musical education , their knowledge of the work 's idiom , their personal artistic tastes , and the accumulated body of historic performance practices .	performers	Interpretations of written score is left to whom ?
This is left to the discretion of the performers , who are guided by their personal experience and musical education , their knowledge of the work 's idiom , their personal artistic tastes , and the accumulated body of historic performance practices .	the work's idiom	Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score ?
Some critics express the opinion that it is only from the mid-19th century , and especially in the 20th century , that the score began to hold such a high significance .	the score	Improvisation is integral before what took a high significance ?
Yet in the 20th century , this oral tradition and passing on of stylistic features within classical music disappeared .	the 20th century	When did oral tradition disappear ?
Yet , even with the score providing the key elements of the music , there is considerable controversy about how to perform the works .	key elements of the music	There is still controversy about how to perform works , even though scores provide what ?
Some of this controversy relates to the fact that this score-centric approach has led to performances that emphasize metrically strict block-rhythms -LRB- just as the music is notated in the score -RRB- .	block-rhythms	A score-centric approach strictly emphasizes what ?
Improvisation once played an important role in classical music .	Improvisation	What once played an important role in classical music ?
A remnant of this improvisatory tradition in classical music can be heard in the cadenza , a passage found mostly in concertos and solo works , designed to allow skilled performers to exhibit their virtuoso skills on the instrument .	cadenza	Where can a remnant of improvisation tradition be found ?
A remnant of this improvisatory tradition in classical music can be heard in the cadenza , a passage found mostly in concertos and solo works , designed to allow skilled performers to exhibit their virtuoso skills on the instrument .	their virtuoso skills on the instrument	What can solo performers exhibit during a cadenza ?
Improvisation is also an important aspect in authentic performances of operas of Baroque era and of bel canto -LRB- especially operas of Vincenzo Bellini -RRB- , and is best exemplified by the da capo aria , a form by which famous singers typically perform variations of the thematic matter of the aria in the recapitulation section -LRB- ' B section ' / the ` da capo ' part -RRB- .	authentic performances	What type of performances of Baroque ear Operas require improvisation ?
An example is Beverly Sills ' complex , albeit pre-written , variation of Da tempeste il legno infranto from Händel 's Giulio Cesare .	Da tempeste il legno infranto	An example of improvisation in an opera is Beverly Sills variation of what movement of Handel 's Giulio Cesare ?
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially -LRB- either in advertising or in movie soundtracks -RRB- .	commercially	How are staples of classical music often used ?
In television commercials , several passages have become clichéd , particularly the opening of Richard Strauss ' Also sprach Zarathustra -LRB- made famous in the film 2001 : A Space Odyssey -RRB- and the opening section `` O Fortuna '' of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana , often used in the horror genre ; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem , Edvard Grieg 's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt , the opening bars of Beethoven 's Symphony No. 5 , Wagner 's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre , Rimsky-Korsakov 's Flight of the Bumblebee , and excerpts of Aaron Copland 's Rodeo .	clichéd	TV commercials using Richard Strauss ' Also sprach Zarathustra have now become what ?
In television commercials , several passages have become clichéd , particularly the opening of Richard Strauss ' Also sprach Zarathustra -LRB- made famous in the film 2001 : A Space Odyssey -RRB- and the opening section `` O Fortuna '' of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana , often used in the horror genre ; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem , Edvard Grieg 's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt , the opening bars of Beethoven 's Symphony No. 5 , Wagner 's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre , Rimsky-Korsakov 's Flight of the Bumblebee , and excerpts of Aaron Copland 's Rodeo .	"O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana	What piece is often used in the horror genre ?
In television commercials , several passages have become clichéd , particularly the opening of Richard Strauss ' Also sprach Zarathustra -LRB- made famous in the film 2001 : A Space Odyssey -RRB- and the opening section `` O Fortuna '' of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana , often used in the horror genre ; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem , Edvard Grieg 's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt , the opening bars of Beethoven 's Symphony No. 5 , Wagner 's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre , Rimsky-Korsakov 's Flight of the Bumblebee , and excerpts of Aaron Copland 's Rodeo .	Wagner	Who wrote Ride of the Valkyries ?
In television commercials , several passages have become clichéd , particularly the opening of Richard Strauss ' Also sprach Zarathustra -LRB- made famous in the film 2001 : A Space Odyssey -RRB- and the opening section `` O Fortuna '' of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana , often used in the horror genre ; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem , Edvard Grieg 's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt , the opening bars of Beethoven 's Symphony No. 5 , Wagner 's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre , Rimsky-Korsakov 's Flight of the Bumblebee , and excerpts of Aaron Copland 's Rodeo .	Edvard Grieg	Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King ?
Composers of classical music have often made use of folk music -LRB- music created by musicians who are commonly not classically trained , often from a purely oral tradition -RRB- .	classically trained	Folk musicians are not commonly what ?
Composers of classical music have often made use of folk music -LRB- music created by musicians who are commonly not classically trained , often from a purely oral tradition -RRB- .	folk music	What music comes from those commonly trained by oral tradition ?
Some composers , like Dvořák and Smetana , have used folk themes to impart a nationalist flavor to their work , while others like Bartók have used specific themes lifted whole from their folk-music origins .	folk	Dovrak has used what type of themes to impart a nationalist flavor ?
Some composers , like Dvořák and Smetana , have used folk themes to impart a nationalist flavor to their work , while others like Bartók have used specific themes lifted whole from their folk-music origins .	Bartók	Who used specific themes lifted from folk-music ?
Its written transmission , along with the veneration bestowed on certain classical works , has led to the expectation that performers will play a work in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer .	in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer	How are performers expected to play a work due to written transmission ?
During the 19th century the details that composers put in their scores generally increased .	the 19th century	When did details that composers put in their scores increase ?
Yet the opposite trend -- admiration of performers for new `` interpretations '' of the composer 's work -- can be seen , and it is not unknown for a composer to praise a performer for achieving a better realization of the original intent than the composer was able to imagine .	a better realization of the original intent than the composer	Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what ?
Thus , classical performers often achieve high reputations for their musicianship , even if they do not compose themselves .	high reputations for their musicianship	What do classical performers often achieve ?
Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras , yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries .	the Baroque and early romantic eras	When was improvisation in classical music performance common ?
Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras , yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries .	the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries	When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly ?
During the classical era , Mozart and Beethoven often improvised the cadenzas to their piano concertos -LRB- and thereby encouraged others to do so -RRB- , but they also provided written cadenzas for use by other soloists .	the cadenzas to their piano concertos	What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise ?
In opera , the practice of singing strictly by the score , i.e. come scritto , was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas , who called this practice ` straitjacketing ' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better , especially during studying the music for the first time .	come scritto	What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera ?
In opera , the practice of singing strictly by the score , i.e. come scritto , was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas , who called this practice ` straitjacketing ' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better , especially during studying the music for the first time .	soprano Maria Callas	Who strongly supposed ome scritto ?
Classical music has often incorporated elements or material from popular music of the composer 's time .	Classical music	Popular music from the composer 's time was incorporation into what ?
Examples include occasional music such as Brahms ' use of student drinking songs in his Academic Festival Overture , genres exemplified by Kurt Weill 's The Threepenny Opera , and the influence of jazz on early - and mid-20th-century composers including Maurice Ravel , exemplified by the movement entitled `` Blues '' in his sonata for violin and piano .	student drinking songs	What did Brahms sometimes use in his Academic Festival Overture ?
Examples include occasional music such as Brahms ' use of student drinking songs in his Academic Festival Overture , genres exemplified by Kurt Weill 's The Threepenny Opera , and the influence of jazz on early - and mid-20th-century composers including Maurice Ravel , exemplified by the movement entitled `` Blues '' in his sonata for violin and piano .	jazz	What type of music was Maurice Ravel influenced by ?
Examples include occasional music such as Brahms ' use of student drinking songs in his Academic Festival Overture , genres exemplified by Kurt Weill 's The Threepenny Opera , and the influence of jazz on early - and mid-20th-century composers including Maurice Ravel , exemplified by the movement entitled `` Blues '' in his sonata for violin and piano .	Kurt Weill	Who wrote The Threepenny Opera ?
Certain postmodern , minimalist and postminimalist classical composers acknowledge a debt to popular music .	popular	What type of music do certain composers acknowledge a debt to ?
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction , including popular songs based on classical music , the use to which Pachelbel 's Canon has been put since the 1970s , and the musical crossover phenomenon , where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena .	the 1970s	Pachelbel 's Canon has influenced popular songs since what decade ?
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction , including popular songs based on classical music , the use to which Pachelbel 's Canon has been put since the 1970s , and the musical crossover phenomenon , where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena .	the musical crossover phenomenon	What phenomenon sees classical musicians achieving success in popular music ?
In heavy metal , a number of lead guitarists -LRB- playing electric guitar -RRB- modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music , including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads .	heavy metal	Baroque or Classical era influence can be seen in what modern musical style ?
In heavy metal , a number of lead guitarists -LRB- playing electric guitar -RRB- modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music , including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads .	electric guitar	Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads play what instrument ?
Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe .	Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe.	What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe ?
They inhabit Central Europe , Eastern Europe , Southeast Europe , North Asia and Central Asia .	They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia.	What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit ?
The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia .	The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.	What was colonised by the East Slavs ?
-LSB- better source needed -RSB- Presently over half of Europe 's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities , but every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other continents .	Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities	What portion of Europe 's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities ?
From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe , whilst Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria .	Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria.	Slavic mercenaries settled where ?
Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic -LRB- chiefly Poles , Czechs and Slovaks -RRB- , East Slavic -LRB- chiefly Russians , Belarusians , and Ukrainians -RRB- , and South Slavic -LRB- chiefly Serbs , Bulgarians , Croats , Bosniaks , Macedonians , Slovenes , and Montenegrins -RRB- , though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs .	Poles, Czechs and Slovaks	West Slavic people consist of which nationalities ?
Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic -LRB- chiefly Poles , Czechs and Slovaks -RRB- , East Slavic -LRB- chiefly Russians , Belarusians , and Ukrainians -RRB- , and South Slavic -LRB- chiefly Serbs , Bulgarians , Croats , Bosniaks , Macedonians , Slovenes , and Montenegrins -RRB- , though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs .	Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians	East Slavic people consist of which nationalities ?
Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic -LRB- chiefly Poles , Czechs and Slovaks -RRB- , East Slavic -LRB- chiefly Russians , Belarusians , and Ukrainians -RRB- , and South Slavic -LRB- chiefly Serbs , Bulgarians , Croats , Bosniaks , Macedonians , Slovenes , and Montenegrins -RRB- , though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs .	Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins	South Slavic people consist of which nationalities ?
Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic -LRB- chiefly Poles , Czechs and Slovaks -RRB- , East Slavic -LRB- chiefly Russians , Belarusians , and Ukrainians -RRB- , and South Slavic -LRB- chiefly Serbs , Bulgarians , Croats , Bosniaks , Macedonians , Slovenes , and Montenegrins -RRB- , though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs .	North Slavs	West and East Slavs are sometimes combined into a single group called what ?
The Slavic autonym is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as * Slověninъ , plural * Slověne .	Proto-Slavic	* Slověninъ , plural * Slověne , is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what ?
The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and dating from the 9th century attest Словѣне Slověne to describe the Slavs .	Old Church Slavonic	Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language ?
In the 6th century AD Procopius , writing in Byzantine Greek , refers to the Σκλάβοι Sklaboi , Σκλαβηνοί Sklabēnoi , Σκλαυηνοί Sklauenoi , Σθλαβηνοί Sthlabenoi , or Σκλαβῖνοι Sklabinoi , while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin .	Procopius	Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century ?
In the 6th century AD Procopius , writing in Byzantine Greek , refers to the Σκλάβοι Sklaboi , Σκλαβηνοί Sklabēnoi , Σκλαυηνοί Sklauenoi , Σθλαβηνοί Sthlabenoi , or Σκλαβῖνοι Sklabinoi , while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin .	Latin	Procopius ' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language ?
The Slavic autonym * Slověninъ is usually considered -LRB- e.g. by Roman Jakobson -RRB- a derivation from slovo `` word '' , originally denoting `` people who speak -LRB- the same language -RRB- , '' i.e. people who understand each other , in contrast to the Slavic word denoting `` foreign people '' -- němci , meaning `` mumbling , murmuring people '' -LRB- from Slavic * němъ -- `` mumbling , mute '' -RRB- .	slovo	What slavic word denotes `` people who speak the same language ? ''
The Slavic autonym * Slověninъ is usually considered -LRB- e.g. by Roman Jakobson -RRB- a derivation from slovo `` word '' , originally denoting `` people who speak -LRB- the same language -RRB- , '' i.e. people who understand each other , in contrast to the Slavic word denoting `` foreign people '' -- němci , meaning `` mumbling , murmuring people '' -LRB- from Slavic * němъ -- `` mumbling , mute '' -RRB- .	němci	What slavic word denotes `` foreign people ? ''
The Slavic autonym * Slověninъ is usually considered -LRB- e.g. by Roman Jakobson -RRB- a derivation from slovo `` word '' , originally denoting `` people who speak -LRB- the same language -RRB- , '' i.e. people who understand each other , in contrast to the Slavic word denoting `` foreign people '' -- němci , meaning `` mumbling , murmuring people '' -LRB- from Slavic * němъ -- `` mumbling , mute '' -RRB- .	Roman Jakobson	Who considered * Slověninъ do be a derivation from slovo ?
The word slovo -LRB- `` word '' -RRB- and the related slava -LRB- `` fame '' -RRB- and slukh -LRB- `` hearing '' -RRB- originate from the Proto-Indo-European root * ḱlew - -LRB- `` be spoken of , fame '' -RRB- , cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆς -LRB- klês - `` famous '' -RRB- , whence the name Pericles , and Latin clueo -LRB- `` be called '' -RRB- , and English loud .	*ḱlew	Slovo , slava , and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root ?
The word slovo -LRB- `` word '' -RRB- and the related slava -LRB- `` fame '' -RRB- and slukh -LRB- `` hearing '' -RRB- originate from the Proto-Indo-European root * ḱlew - -LRB- `` be spoken of , fame '' -RRB- , cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆς -LRB- klês - `` famous '' -RRB- , whence the name Pericles , and Latin clueo -LRB- `` be called '' -RRB- , and English loud .	Pericles	The Ancient Greek κλῆς -LRB- klês - `` famous '' -RRB- helped create what famous name ?
The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave , which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus , itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos `` slave , '' which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym -LRB- denoting a speaker of their own languages -RRB- .	sclave	The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word ?
The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba صقالبة -LRB- sing .	Sklavinoi	The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed ?
The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave , which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus , itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos `` slave , '' which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym -LRB- denoting a speaker of their own languages -RRB- .	misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym	The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos `` slave , '' which was in turn apparently derived from what ?
Saqlabi صقلبي -RRB- by medieval Arab historiographers .	medieval Arab historiographers	The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who ?
Lozinski argues that the word * slava once had the meaning of worshipper , in this context meaning `` practicer of a common Slavic religion , '' and from that evolved into an ethnonym .	Lozinski	Who argues that the word * slava once had the meaning of worshipper ?
S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European * -LRB- s -RRB- lawos , cognate to Ancient Greek λαός laós `` population , people , '' which itself has no commonly accepted etymology .	S.B. Bernstein	Who speculates that * slava derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European * -LRB- s -RRB- lawos ?
Meanwhile , others have pointed out that the suffix - enin indicates a man from a certain place , which in this case should be a place called Slova or Slava , possibly a river name .	a man from a certain place	The suffix - enin indicates what ?
The Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was argued by Henrich Bartek -LRB- 1907 -- 1986 -RRB- to be derived from slova and also the origin of Slovene .	Henrich Bartek	Who argued that the Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was derived from slova ?
The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century , yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD .	River Danube	The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river ?
The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century , yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD .	Slavic raids	The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century ?
The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century , yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD .	c. 600 AD	No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when ?
The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century , yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD .	the Balkans	There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD ?
The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century .	in the early 6th century	The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when ?
The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century .	the Antes and the Sclaveni	The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century ?
Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I -LRB- 527 -- 565 -RRB- , such as Procopius of Caesarea , Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains , the lower Danube and the Black Sea , invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire .	the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea	According to Byzantine historiographers , tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas ?
Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I -LRB- 527 -- 565 -RRB- , such as Procopius of Caesarea , Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains , the lower Danube and the Black Sea , invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire .	the Danubian provinces	Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire ?
Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I -LRB- 527 -- 565 -RRB- , such as Procopius of Caesarea , Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains , the lower Danube and the Black Sea , invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire .	under Justinian I	Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes ?
Procopius wrote in 545 that `` the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past ; for they were both called Spori in olden times . ''	Procopius	Who wrote in 545 that `` the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past ; for they were both called Spori in olden times . '' ?
Procopius wrote in 545 that `` the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past ; for they were both called Spori in olden times . ''	545	When did Procopius write that `` the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past ; for they were both called Spori in olden times . '' ?
Procopius wrote in 545 that `` the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past ; for they were both called Spori in olden times . ''	Spori	Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what ?
He describes their social structure and beliefs :	their social structure and beliefs	What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae ?
Procopius wrote in 545 that `` the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past ; for they were both called Spori in olden times . ''	the Sclaveni and the Antae	Who did Procopius write about in 545 ?
Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities .	Jordanes	Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities ?
Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities .	the Sclaveni	Who had swamps and forests for their cities ?
Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests , rivers , lakes , and marshes .	among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes	A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where ?
Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius -LRB- 577 -- 579 -RRB- that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I .	Menander Protector	Who mentions a Daurentius -LRB- 577 -- 579 -RRB- that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I ?
Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius -LRB- 577 -- 579 -RRB- that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I .	Daurentius	Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I ?
The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars , he however declined and is reported as saying : `` Others do not conquer our land , we conquer theirs -- so it shall always be for us '' .	the Avars	The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom ?
Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius -LRB- 577 -- 579 -RRB- that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I .	Daurentius	Who said , `` Others do not conquer our land , we conquer theirs -- so it shall always be for us . '' ?
Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius -LRB- 577 -- 579 -RRB- that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I .	Khagan Bayan I	Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius ?
The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain .	the Veneti	An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who ?
The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain .	east of the River Vistula	The Veneti tribe was located where ?
The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain .	Veneti	What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs ?
The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain .	in the Roman period	When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain ?
According to eastern homeland theory , prior to becoming known to the Roman world , Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia -- such as the Sarmatian , Hun and Gothic empires .	multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia	Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world ?
According to eastern homeland theory , prior to becoming known to the Roman world , Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia -- such as the Sarmatian , Hun and Gothic empires .	the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires	What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia ?
The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE -LRB- thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe : Huns , and later Avars and Bulgars -RRB- started the great migration of the Slavs , who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies : westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line ; southward into Bohemia , Moravia , much of present-day Austria , the Pannonian plain and the Balkans ; and northward along the upper Dnieper river .	Germans	Who started the great migration of the Slavs ?
Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa .	Iberia and north Africa	Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where ?
The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE -LRB- thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe : Huns , and later Avars and Bulgars -RRB- started the great migration of the Slavs , who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies : westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line ; southward into Bohemia , Moravia , much of present-day Austria , the Pannonian plain and the Balkans ; and northward along the upper Dnieper river .	the Huns and their allies	Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing ?
Around the 6th century , Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers .	Around the 6th century	When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders ?
Around the 6th century , Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers .	Byzantine borders	The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century ?
After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements .	Peloponnese and Asia Minor	Where else reported Slavic settlements ?
By the end of the 6th century , Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions .	the Eastern Alps	Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century ?
By the end of the 6th century , Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions .	By the end of the 6th century	When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps ?
When their migratory movements ended , there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations , each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force .	the first rudiments of state organizations	What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended ?
When their migratory movements ended , there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations , each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force .	When their migratory movements ended	When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs ?
When their migratory movements ended , there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations , each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force .	a prince with a treasury and a defense force	Early state organizations where headed by what ?
Moreover , it was the beginnings of class differentiation , and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish / Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors .	the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors	Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom ?
In the 7th century , the Frankish merchant Samo , who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers , became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe , which , however , most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler .	the 7th century	When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state ?
In the 7th century , the Frankish merchant Samo , who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers , became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe , which , however , most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler .	Samo	What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe ?
This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them .	Carantania	What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe ?
The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 , the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864 .	681	When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded ?
Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world .	Slavic literacy and Christianity	Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world ?
As of 1878 , there were only three free Slavic states in the world : the Russian Empire , Serbia and Montenegro .	the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro	What three free Slavic states were in the world as of 1878 ?
As of 1878 , there were only three free Slavic states in the world : the Russian Empire , Serbia and Montenegro .	1878	When were the Russian Empire , Serbia , and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world ?
Bulgaria was also free but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908 .	Bulgaria	Whose official independence was declared in 1908 ?
In 1918 , after World War I ended , the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia , the Second Polish Republic , and the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs .	In 1918	When were independent states as Czechoslovakia , the Second Polish Republic , and the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs established ?
During World War II , Hitler 's Generalplan Ost -LRB- general plan for the East -RRB- entailed killing , deporting , or enslaving the Slavic and Jewish population of occupied Eastern Europe to create Lebensraum -LRB- living space -RRB- for German settlers .	Hitler's	Whose plan for the East entailed killing , deporting , or enslaving the Slavs ?
The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union .	The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost	What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union ?
These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the deaths of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war .	19.3 million civilians	The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost resulted in the death and imprisonment of how many people ?
During World War II , Hitler 's Generalplan Ost -LRB- general plan for the East -RRB- entailed killing , deporting , or enslaving the Slavic and Jewish population of occupied Eastern Europe to create Lebensraum -LRB- living space -RRB- for German settlers .	Lebensraum	What is the German word for living space ?
The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars , famines and other disasters , each accompanied by large-scale population losses .	succession of wars, famines and other disasters	The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union ?
Stephen J. Lee estimates that , by the end of World War II in 1945 , the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise .	Stephen J. Lee	Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945 ?
Stephen J. Lee estimates that , by the end of World War II in 1945 , the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise .	1945	When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been ?
The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars , famines and other disasters , each accompanied by large-scale population losses .	Russia and the Soviet Union	What was marked by succession of wars , famines , and other disasters in the 20th century ?
In the 19th century , Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals , scholars , and poets , but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins .	In the 19th century	When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement ?
Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians , and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism .	Russian Empire	Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests ?
Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians , and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism .	Pan-Slavism	The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests ?
A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia , but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union .	Yugoslavia	What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs ?
A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia , but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union .	1990s	When did Yugoslavia break apart ?
The word `` Slavs '' was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic -LRB- 1939 -- 1945 -RRB- , Yugoslavia -LRB- 1943 -- 1992 -RRB- and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia -LRB- 1992 -- 2003 -RRB- , later Serbia and Montenegro -LRB- 2003 -- 2006 -RRB- .	1939–1945	When was the word `` Slavs '' used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic ?
The word `` Slavs '' was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic -LRB- 1939 -- 1945 -RRB- , Yugoslavia -LRB- 1943 -- 1992 -RRB- and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia -LRB- 1992 -- 2003 -RRB- , later Serbia and Montenegro -LRB- 2003 -- 2006 -RRB- .	1943–1992	When was the word `` Slavs '' used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia ?
The word `` Slavs '' was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic -LRB- 1939 -- 1945 -RRB- , Yugoslavia -LRB- 1943 -- 1992 -RRB- and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia -LRB- 1992 -- 2003 -RRB- , later Serbia and Montenegro -LRB- 2003 -- 2006 -RRB- .	1992–2003	When was the word `` Slavs '' used in the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ?
The word `` Slavs '' was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic -LRB- 1939 -- 1945 -RRB- , Yugoslavia -LRB- 1943 -- 1992 -RRB- and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia -LRB- 1992 -- 2003 -RRB- , later Serbia and Montenegro -LRB- 2003 -- 2006 -RRB- .	2003–2006	When was the word `` Slavs '' used in the national anthem of Serbia and Montenegro ?
Former Soviet states , as well as countries that used to be satellite states or territories of the Warsaw Pact , have numerous minority Slavic populations , many of whom are originally from the Russian SFSR , Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR .	the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR	Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where ?
As of now , Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians -LRB- Ukrainians , Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers -RRB- .	Russians	What is the largest Slavic minority ?
As of now , Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians -LRB- Ukrainians , Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers -RRB- .	Kazakhstan	Where is the largest Slavic minority located ?
As of now , Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians -LRB- Ukrainians , Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers -RRB- .	Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles	What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan ?
Pan-Slavism , a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century , emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples .	Pan-Slavism	What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples ?
The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires : the Byzantine Empire , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire , and Venice .	the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice	Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism ?
The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool ; as did the Soviet Union , which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989 -- 1991 .	The Russian Empire	Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool ?
The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool ; as did the Soviet Union , which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989 -- 1991 .	between 1945 and 1948	When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations ?
The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool ; as did the Soviet Union , which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989 -- 1991 .	until the period 1989–1991	How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role ?
Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise .	Slavic studies	What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise ?
As early as 1833 , Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European .	As early as 1833	When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European ?
As early as 1833 , Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European .	Slavic languages	What languages were recognized as Indo-European ?
As early as 1833 , Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European .	Indo-European	In 1833 , Slavic languages were recognized as what ?
The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups .	The alphabet	What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups ?
The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet , the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin .	The Orthodox	Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet ?
The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet , the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin .	the Roman Catholics	Who uses the Latin alphabet ?
The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet , the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin .	the Bosniaks	Other than the Roman Catholics , who else uses Latin ?
There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian , called the Lacinka alphabet .	the Lacinka alphabet	What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian ?
Proto-Slavic , the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages , is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European , via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages .	Proto-Slavic	What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages ?
Proto-Slavic , the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages , is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European , via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages .	Baltic languages	Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages ?
In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis , `` the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations -LSB- from the steppe -RSB- became speakers of Balto-Slavic '' .	Balto-Slavic	The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what ?
In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis , `` the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations -LSB- from the steppe -RSB- became speakers of Balto-Slavic '' .	Indo-Europeans	Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic ?
Proto-Slavic , the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages , is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European , via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages .	Proto-Indo-European	Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what ?
Proto-Slavic , sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic , is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages .	Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic	Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what ?
Proto-Slavic , sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic , is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages .	Proto-Slavic	What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages ?
Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which , though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki , could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language .	Thessaloniki	Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what ?
Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which , though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki , could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language .	Old Church Slavonic manuscripts	What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language ?
The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries .	between the 6th and 10th centuries	When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized ?
Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs , while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs .	Orthodox Christianity	What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs ?
Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs , while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs .	Roman Catholicism	What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs ?
The religious borders are largely comparable to the East -- West Schism which began in the 11th century .	11th century	When did the East-West Schism begin ?
The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox , followed by Catholic , while a small minority are Protestant .	Orthodox	The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what ?
Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups : West Slavs , East Slavs , and South Slavs , each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history , religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them .	Slavs	Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups ?
Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups : West Slavs , East Slavs , and South Slavs , each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history , religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them .	West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs	What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into ?
Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures , the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze - and Iron Age civilisations .	non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age	The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations ?
^ 1 Also considered part of Rusyns ^ 2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians ^ 3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict .	the Lemkos	Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict ?
It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of `` Carpatho-Ruthenian '' nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad ^ 4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality , different from that Czech -LRB- although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language -RRB- .	Transcarpathia and abroad	The idea of `` Carpatho-Ruthenian '' nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where ?
It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of `` Carpatho-Ruthenian '' nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad ^ 4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality , different from that Czech -LRB- although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language -RRB- .	Czechs	Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what ?
^ 6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles .	Silesians	What group is considered part of the Poles ?
Most Slavic Muslims -LRB- especially in Bosnia , Croatia , Montenegro and Serbia -RRB- now opt for Bosniak ethnicity , but some still use the `` Muslim '' designation .	Bosniak	Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity ?
Bosniak and Muslim are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably .	Bosniak and Muslim	What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably ?
However , a small number of people within Bosnia and Herzegovina declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith .	Bosnia and Herzegovina	A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions ?
^ 8 This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the former Yugoslav republics .	Yugoslav republics	This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics ?
The nationality is also declared by diasporans living in the USA and Canada .	USA and Canada	The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where ?
^ 9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci -LRB- in Bačka -RRB- , Šokci -LRB- in Slavonia and Vojvodina -RRB- , Janjevci -LRB- in Kosovo -RRB- , Burgenland Croats -LRB- in Austria -RRB- , Bosniaks -LRB- in Hungary -RRB- , Molise Croats -LRB- in Italy -RRB- , Krashovans -LRB- in Romania -RRB- , Moravian Croats -LRB- in the Czech Republic -RRB-	Bačka	Where are Bunjevci located ?
^ 9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci -LRB- in Bačka -RRB- , Šokci -LRB- in Slavonia and Vojvodina -RRB- , Janjevci -LRB- in Kosovo -RRB- , Burgenland Croats -LRB- in Austria -RRB- , Bosniaks -LRB- in Hungary -RRB- , Molise Croats -LRB- in Italy -RRB- , Krashovans -LRB- in Romania -RRB- , Moravian Croats -LRB- in the Czech Republic -RRB-	Slavonia and Vojvodina	Where are Šokci located ?
^ 9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci -LRB- in Bačka -RRB- , Šokci -LRB- in Slavonia and Vojvodina -RRB- , Janjevci -LRB- in Kosovo -RRB- , Burgenland Croats -LRB- in Austria -RRB- , Bosniaks -LRB- in Hungary -RRB- , Molise Croats -LRB- in Italy -RRB- , Krashovans -LRB- in Romania -RRB- , Moravian Croats -LRB- in the Czech Republic -RRB-	Kosovo	Where are Janjevci located ?
^ 9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci -LRB- in Bačka -RRB- , Šokci -LRB- in Slavonia and Vojvodina -RRB- , Janjevci -LRB- in Kosovo -RRB- , Burgenland Croats -LRB- in Austria -RRB- , Bosniaks -LRB- in Hungary -RRB- , Molise Croats -LRB- in Italy -RRB- , Krashovans -LRB- in Romania -RRB- , Moravian Croats -LRB- in the Czech Republic -RRB-	Austria	Where are Burgenland Croats located ?
^ 9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci -LRB- in Bačka -RRB- , Šokci -LRB- in Slavonia and Vojvodina -RRB- , Janjevci -LRB- in Kosovo -RRB- , Burgenland Croats -LRB- in Austria -RRB- , Bosniaks -LRB- in Hungary -RRB- , Molise Croats -LRB- in Italy -RRB- , Krashovans -LRB- in Romania -RRB- , Moravian Croats -LRB- in the Czech Republic -RRB-	Romania	Where are Krashovans located ?
^ 10 Sub-groups of Slovenes include Prekmurians , Hungarian Slovenes , Carinthian Slovenes , Venetian Slovenes , Resians , and the extinct Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes .	Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes	What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct ?
^ 10 Sub-groups of Slovenes include Prekmurians , Hungarian Slovenes , Carinthian Slovenes , Venetian Slovenes , Resians , and the extinct Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes .	Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians	What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes ?
Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include : Zagorci in northern Croatia , Istrijani in westernmost Croatia , Dalmatinci in southern Croatia , Boduli in Adriatic islands , Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia , Slavonci in eastern Croatia , Bosanci in Bosnia , Hercegovci in Herzegovina , Krajišnici in western Bosnia , but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia , most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers , and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence , Semberci in northeast Bosnia , Srbijanci in Serbia proper , Šumadinci in central Serbia , Vojvođani in northern Serbia , Sremci in Syrmia , Bačvani in northwest Vojvodina , Banaćani in Banat , Sandžaklije -LRB- Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border -RRB- , Kosovci in Kosovo , Bokelji in southwest Montenegro , Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands , Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region , Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains , Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region , Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria , Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province , Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc. .	the Grenzers	Serbs of Croatia are mostly descendants of who ?
Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include : Zagorci in northern Croatia , Istrijani in westernmost Croatia , Dalmatinci in southern Croatia , Boduli in Adriatic islands , Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia , Slavonci in eastern Croatia , Bosanci in Bosnia , Hercegovci in Herzegovina , Krajišnici in western Bosnia , but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia , most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers , and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence , Semberci in northeast Bosnia , Srbijanci in Serbia proper , Šumadinci in central Serbia , Vojvođani in northern Serbia , Sremci in Syrmia , Bačvani in northwest Vojvodina , Banaćani in Banat , Sandžaklije -LRB- Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border -RRB- , Kosovci in Kosovo , Bokelji in southwest Montenegro , Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands , Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region , Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains , Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region , Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria , Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province , Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc. .	northern Croatia	Where are Zagorci located ?
Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include : Zagorci in northern Croatia , Istrijani in westernmost Croatia , Dalmatinci in southern Croatia , Boduli in Adriatic islands , Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia , Slavonci in eastern Croatia , Bosanci in Bosnia , Hercegovci in Herzegovina , Krajišnici in western Bosnia , but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia , most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers , and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence , Semberci in northeast Bosnia , Srbijanci in Serbia proper , Šumadinci in central Serbia , Vojvođani in northern Serbia , Sremci in Syrmia , Bačvani in northwest Vojvodina , Banaćani in Banat , Sandžaklije -LRB- Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border -RRB- , Kosovci in Kosovo , Bokelji in southwest Montenegro , Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands , Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region , Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains , Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region , Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria , Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province , Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc. .	westernmost Croatia	Where are Istrijani located ?
Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include : Zagorci in northern Croatia , Istrijani in westernmost Croatia , Dalmatinci in southern Croatia , Boduli in Adriatic islands , Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia , Slavonci in eastern Croatia , Bosanci in Bosnia , Hercegovci in Herzegovina , Krajišnici in western Bosnia , but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia , most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers , and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence , Semberci in northeast Bosnia , Srbijanci in Serbia proper , Šumadinci in central Serbia , Vojvođani in northern Serbia , Sremci in Syrmia , Bačvani in northwest Vojvodina , Banaćani in Banat , Sandžaklije -LRB- Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border -RRB- , Kosovci in Kosovo , Bokelji in southwest Montenegro , Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands , Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region , Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains , Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region , Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria , Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province , Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc. .	Adriatic islands	Where are Boduli located ?
Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include : Zagorci in northern Croatia , Istrijani in westernmost Croatia , Dalmatinci in southern Croatia , Boduli in Adriatic islands , Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia , Slavonci in eastern Croatia , Bosanci in Bosnia , Hercegovci in Herzegovina , Krajišnici in western Bosnia , but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia , most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers , and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence , Semberci in northeast Bosnia , Srbijanci in Serbia proper , Šumadinci in central Serbia , Vojvođani in northern Serbia , Sremci in Syrmia , Bačvani in northwest Vojvodina , Banaćani in Banat , Sandžaklije -LRB- Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border -RRB- , Kosovci in Kosovo , Bokelji in southwest Montenegro , Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands , Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region , Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains , Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region , Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria , Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province , Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc. .	hinterland of Dalmatia	Where are Vlaji located ?
Yet two paternal haplogroups predominate : R1a1a -LSB- M17 -RSB- and I2a2a -LSB- L69 .2 = T/S163 .2 -RSB- .	R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a	What two DNA haplogroups predominate in modern Slavic peoples ?
The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39 % in the Sorbs , through 56.4 % in Poland , 54 % in Ukraine , 52 % in Russia , Belarus , to 15.2 % in Republic of Macedonia , 14.7 % in Bulgaria and 12.1 % in Herzegovina .	63.39%	What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in the Sorbs ?
The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39 % in the Sorbs , through 56.4 % in Poland , 54 % in Ukraine , 52 % in Russia , Belarus , to 15.2 % in Republic of Macedonia , 14.7 % in Bulgaria and 12.1 % in Herzegovina .	56.4%	What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland ?
The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39 % in the Sorbs , through 56.4 % in Poland , 54 % in Ukraine , 52 % in Russia , Belarus , to 15.2 % in Republic of Macedonia , 14.7 % in Bulgaria and 12.1 % in Herzegovina .	54%	What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine ?
The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39 % in the Sorbs , through 56.4 % in Poland , 54 % in Ukraine , 52 % in Russia , Belarus , to 15.2 % in Republic of Macedonia , 14.7 % in Bulgaria and 12.1 % in Herzegovina .	52%	What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Russia ?
In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland .	2007	When did Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland ?
In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland .	Rębała	Who studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland ?
In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland .	the Proto-Slavic homeland	In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what ?
Marcin Woźniak and colleagues -LRB- 2010 -RRB- searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a -LSB- M17 -RSB- .	Marcin Woźniak and colleagues	Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a -LSB- M17 -RSB- ?
Marcin Woźniak and colleagues -LRB- 2010 -RRB- searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a -LSB- M17 -RSB- .	2010	When did Marcin Woźniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a -LSB- M17 -RSB- ?
The team led by Peter Underhill , which discovered M458 , did not consider the possibility that this was a Slavic marker , since they used the `` evolutionary effective '' mutation rate , which gave a date far too old to be Slavic .	Peter Underhill	The team that discovered M458 was led by who ?
Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them .	Pomors	What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N ?
Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them .	Y Haplogroup N	Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what ?
Postulated to originate from southeast Asia , it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples .	Uralic peoples	Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who ?
Autosomally , Russians are generally similar to populations in central-eastern Europe but some northern Russians are intermediate to Finno-Ugric groups .	central-eastern Europe	Russians are generally similar to populations in what region ?
Its presence in Pomors -LRB- called `` Northern Russians '' in the report -RRB- attests to the non-Slavic tribes -LRB- mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia -RRB- .	Northern Russians	Pomors are also known as what ?
On the other hand , I2a1b1 -LRB- P41 .2 -RRB- is typical of the South Slavic populations , being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina -LRB- > 50 % -RRB- .	South Slavic populations	I2a1b1 is typical of what populations ?
On the other hand , I2a1b1 -LRB- P41 .2 -RRB- is typical of the South Slavic populations , being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina -LRB- > 50 % -RRB- .	Bosnia-Herzegovina	I2a1b1 is found being highest where ?
Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians .	north-eastern Italians	Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people ?
According to original studies , Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM , subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain .	west Balkans	Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where ?
Recently , Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades -- N -LRB- northern -RRB- and S -LRB- southern -RRB- , in relation where they arose compared to Danube river .	Ken Nordtvedt	Who has split I2a2 into two clades ?
In 2008 , biochemist Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk -LRB- Russian : Борис Аркадьевич Малярчук -RRB- et al. of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North , Russian Academy of Sciences , Magadan , Russia , used a sample -LRB- n = 279 -RRB- of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of `` Mongoloid '' `` mtDNA lineages '' .	2008	When did Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk use a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of `` Monigoloid '' `` mtDNA lineages '' ?
In 2008 , biochemist Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk -LRB- Russian : Борис Аркадьевич Малярчук -RRB- et al. of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North , Russian Academy of Sciences , Magadan , Russia , used a sample -LRB- n = 279 -RRB- of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of `` Mongoloid '' `` mtDNA lineages '' .	Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk	Who used a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of `` Monigoloid '' `` mtDNA lineages '' ?
Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of `` Slavic populations '' with `` 1.8 % '' Mongoloid mtDNA lineage .	Slavic populations	Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of what populations ?
Malyarchuk said that other Slavs `` Mongoloid component '' was increased during the waves of migration from `` steppe populations -LRB- Huns , Avars , Bulgars and Mongols -RRB- '' , especially the decay of the `` Avar Khaganate '' .	Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations	Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of `` Balto-Slavics '' in what time period ?
Malyarchuk said that other Slavs `` Mongoloid component '' was increased during the waves of migration from `` steppe populations -LRB- Huns , Avars , Bulgars and Mongols -RRB- '' , especially the decay of the `` Avar Khaganate '' .	steppe populations	Malyarchuk said that other Slavs `` Mongoloid component '' was increased during the waves of migration from what populations ?
DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed , all except 20 -LRB- 1.6 % -RRB- fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations .	1228	DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations ?
DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed , all except 20 -LRB- 1.6 % -RRB- fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations .	West Eurasian	DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed , all except 20 -LRB- 1.6 % -RRB- fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations ?
Taken together , they account for 95 % of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool .	95%	Taken together , they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool ?
Only -LRB- 0.7 % -RRB- fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations .	0.7%	What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations ?
Mitochondrial DNA -LRB- mtDNA -RRB- examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of all major European haplogroups , which were characterized by similar patterns of distribution in Poles and Russians .	European	Mitochondrial DNA -LRB- mtDNA -RRB- examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups ?
In the postulated homeland region -LRB- present-day Ukraine -RRB- , they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths .	Ukraine	What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs ?
In the postulated homeland region -LRB- present-day Ukraine -RRB- , they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths .	Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths	Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine ?
After their subsequent spread , they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples .	non-Slavic peoples	After their subsequent spread , they began assimilating who ?
For example , in the Balkans , there were Paleo-Balkan peoples , such as Romanized and Hellenized -LRB- Jireček Line -RRB- Illyrians , Thracians and Dacians , as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci .	Paleo-Balkan peoples	What peoples where in the Balkans ?
The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period -- although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians .	The Thracians and Illyrians	Who vanished from the population of the Balkans ?
In the Western Balkans , South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders , eventually producing a Slavicized population .	In the Western Balkans	Where did South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders ?
In the Western Balkans , South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders , eventually producing a Slavicized population .	Avar invaders	In the Western Balkans , South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with who ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In Central Europe , the Slavs intermixed with Germanic and Celtic , while the eastern Slavs encountered Uralic and Scandinavian peoples .	Germanic and Celtic	In Central Europe , the Slavs intermixed with who ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In Central Europe , the Slavs intermixed with Germanic and Celtic , while the eastern Slavs encountered Uralic and Scandinavian peoples .	Uralic and Scandinavian peoples	The eastern Slavs intermixed with who ?
Scandinavians -LRB- Varangians -RRB- and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus ' state but were completely Slavicized after a century .	the Rus' state	Scandinavians -LRB- Varangians -RRB- and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of what state ?
Polabian Slavs -LRB- Wends -RRB- settled in parts of England -LRB- Danelaw -RRB- , apparently as Danish allies .	Polabian Slavs (Wends)	Who settled in parts of England ?
Polabian Slavs -LRB- Wends -RRB- settled in parts of England -LRB- Danelaw -RRB- , apparently as Danish allies .	parts of England (Danelaw)	Where did Polabian Slavs -LRB- Wends -RRB- settle ?
Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled on Norse age Iceland .	Norse age Iceland	Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled where ?
Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa , Sicily and Al-Andalus .	Saqaliba	What refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa , Sicily and Al-Andalus ?
Saqaliba served as caliph 's guards .	caliph's guards	Saqaliba served as what ?
Cossacks , although Slavic-speaking and Orthodox Christians , came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds , including Tatars and other Turks .	Tatars and other Turks	Cossacks came from what backgrounds ?
Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were Ossetians .	Ossetians	Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were what ?
Cossacks , although Slavic-speaking and Orthodox Christians , came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds , including Tatars and other Turks .	Orthodox Christians	What religious affiliation did the Cossacks have ?
The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population .	southern Poland and northern Slovakia	Where did the Gorals reside ?
The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population .	Gorals	Who descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs ?
The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population .	14th to 17th centuries	When did the Vlachs migrate into the region ?
The population of Moravian Wallachia also descend of this population .	Moravian Wallachia	What population descended from the Vlachs ?
Although the majority continued south , attracted by the riches of the territory which would become Bulgaria , a few remained in the Carpathian basin and were ultimately assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population .	the Magyar or Romanian population	Slavs that remained in the Carpathian basin were assimilated into who ?
There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in Romania .	Romania	There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in what country ?
Although the majority continued south , attracted by the riches of the territory which would become Bulgaria , a few remained in the Carpathian basin and were ultimately assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population .	Bulgaria	Majority of Slavs continued south to the riches of the territory that became what country ?
Although the majority continued south , attracted by the riches of the territory which would become Bulgaria , a few remained in the Carpathian basin and were ultimately assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population .	Carpathian basin	Where did the Slavs that assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population remain ?
The city , which is a unitary authority , has an estimated population of 253,651 .	253,651	What 's the estimated population of Southampton ?
The city 's name is sometimes abbreviated in writing to `` So ` ton '' or `` Soton '' , and a resident of Southampton is called a Sotonian .	Sotonian	What could you call someone who lives in Southampton ?
Southampton -LRB- i/sa ʊθˈæmptən , - hæmptən / -RRB- is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England , and is situated 75 miles -LRB- 121 km -RRB- south-west of London and 19 miles -LRB- 31 km -RRB- north-west of Portsmouth .	Hampshire	In what ceremonial county is Southampton located ?
Southampton -LRB- i/sa ʊθˈæmptən , - hæmptən / -RRB- is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England , and is situated 75 miles -LRB- 121 km -RRB- south-west of London and 19 miles -LRB- 31 km -RRB- north-west of Portsmouth .	75	How many miles away from London is Southampton ?
Southampton -LRB- i/sa ʊθˈæmptən , - hæmptən / -RRB- is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England , and is situated 75 miles -LRB- 121 km -RRB- south-west of London and 19 miles -LRB- 31 km -RRB- north-west of Portsmouth .	north-west	In which direction would you travel from Portsmouth to reach Southampton ?
Southampton has a large shopping centre and retail park called WestQuay .	WestQuay	What is the big retail shopping center in Southampton called ?
In October 2014 , the City Council approved a follow-up from the WestQuay park , called WestQuay Watermark .	October	In what month of 2014 did Southampton 's City Council give the go-ahead for WestQuay Watermark ?
Southampton is noted for its association with the RMS Titanic , the Spitfire and more generally in the World War II narrative as one of the departure points for D-Day , and more recently as the home port of a number of the largest cruise ships in the world .	World War II	What war is Southampton often associated with ?
Hammerson , the owners of the retail park , aim to have at least 1,550 people employed on its premises at year-end 2016 .	Hammerson	What company owns WestQuay Watermark ?
Hammerson , the owners of the retail park , aim to have at least 1,550 people employed on its premises at year-end 2016 .	1,550	By the end of 2016 , how many people are projected to be working onsite at WestQuay Watermark ?
In the 2001 census Southampton and Portsmouth were recorded as being parts of separate urban areas , however by the time of the 2011 census they had merged to become the sixth largest built-up area in England with a population of 855,569 .	Portsmouth	What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census ?
This built-up area is part of the metropolitan area known as South Hampshire , which is also known as Solent City , particularly in the media when discussing local governance organisational changes .	Solent City	What 's the other name for South Hampshire ?
In the 2001 census Southampton and Portsmouth were recorded as being parts of separate urban areas , however by the time of the 2011 census they had merged to become the sixth largest built-up area in England with a population of 855,569 .	855,569	In the 2011 census , what was the population of Southampton after it merged with Portsmouth ?
This built-up area is part of the metropolitan area known as South Hampshire , which is also known as Solent City , particularly in the media when discussing local governance organisational changes .	South Hampshire	What metropolitan area is Portsmouth a part of ?
With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the region one of the United Kingdom 's most populous metropolitan areas .	1.5 million	What is the estimated minimum population of South Hampshire ?
Following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 and the conquering of the local Britons in 70 AD the fortress settlement of Clausentum was established .	AD 43	What year did the Romans invade Britain ?
Following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 and the conquering of the local Britons in 70 AD the fortress settlement of Clausentum was established .	Clausentum	What ancient settlement was established after Rome invaded and the Britons were conquered ?
Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the stone age .	stone age	According to evidence found , in what archaeological age were there first inhabitants in the area of Southampton ?
It was an important trading port and defensive outpost of Winchester , at the site of modern Bitterne Manor .	Bitterne Manor	What is the site of Clausentum called now ?
Clausentum was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to have contained a bath house .	a wall	In addition to two ditches , what was Clausentum 's defense from invaders ?
The Anglo-Saxons formed a new , larger , settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Mary 's area of the city .	Anglo-Saxons	What people established a settlement in what is now the St. Mary 's area of Southampton ?
The settlement was known as Hamwic , which evolved into Hamtun and then Hampton .	Hamwic	What name did the Anglo-Saxons give their settlement first ?
The settlement was known as Hamwic , which evolved into Hamtun and then Hampton .	Hamtun	What name did Hamwic have in the interim as it was evolving into Hampton ?
It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name .	Hampshire	What county in England was named after Hampton ?
The Anglo-Saxons formed a new , larger , settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Mary 's area of the city .	Itchen	What river separated Hamwic from the home of previous settlers ?
Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century , and by the 10th century a fortified settlement , which became medieval Southampton , had been established .	Viking	What kind of raids disturbed Hamwic in the 9th century ?
Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century , and by the 10th century a fortified settlement , which became medieval Southampton , had been established .	840	What year did the Vikings start attacking Hamwic ?
Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century , and by the 10th century a fortified settlement , which became medieval Southampton , had been established .	10th	In what century was a new settlement set up at the site of Hamwic ?
Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century , and by the 10th century a fortified settlement , which became medieval Southampton , had been established .	Southampton	What was the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement that took Hamwic 's place ?
Following the Norman Conquest in 1066 , Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of England , Winchester , and Normandy .	1066	In what year did the Norman Conquest take place ?
Following the Norman Conquest in 1066 , Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of England , Winchester , and Normandy .	Winchester	What was the capital of England during the time of the Norman Conquest ?
Following the Norman Conquest in 1066 , Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of England , Winchester , and Normandy .	Normandy	Southampton was important to transit between Winchester and what other region in England in the 11th century ?
Southampton Castle was built in the 12th century and by the 13th century Southampton had become a leading port , particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth and wool .	12th	In what century was Southampton Castle built ?
Southampton Castle was built in the 12th century and by the 13th century Southampton had become a leading port , particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth and wool .	French wine	During the 13th century , what did Southampton get in trade for English cloth and wool ?
Surviving remains of 12th century merchants ' houses such as King John 's House and Canute 's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time .	12th	Ruins of merchants ' homes that survive today are evidence that Southampton had rich people in what century ?
In 1348 , the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton .	Black Death	What plague made it to England because of all the ships visiting Southampton in the 14th century ?
In 1348 , the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton .	1348	What year did the Black Death arrive in England for the first time ?
Surviving remains of 12th century merchants ' houses such as King John 's House and Canute 's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time .	Canute's Palace	In addition to King John 's House , what 's the name of another rich merchant 's dwelling that still partly remains ?
The town was sacked in 1338 by French , Genoese and Monegasque ships -LRB- under Charles Grimaldi , who used the plunder to help found the principality of Monaco -RRB- .	Charles Grimaldi	Who led the invasion of Southampton in the 14th century by the French and others ?
The town was sacked in 1338 by French , Genoese and Monegasque ships -LRB- under Charles Grimaldi , who used the plunder to help found the principality of Monaco -RRB- .	Monaco	What principality did Grimaldi set up with the profits from plundering Southampton ?
On visiting Southampton in 1339 , Edward III ordered that walls be built to ` close the town ' .	1339	What year did Edward III show up in Southampton and tell them to build walls ?
Roughly half of the walls , 13 of the original towers , and six gates survive .	13	How many of the original towers from Southampton 's walls are still standing ?
The extensive rebuilding -- part of the walls dates from 1175 -- culminated in the completion of the western walls in 1380 .	1175	The oldest section of the original wall around the town dates from what year ?
The city walls include God 's House Tower , built in 1417 , the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England .	God's House Tower	What 's the name of the wall tower that was the first of its kind in England built for artillery purposes ?
The city walls include God 's House Tower , built in 1417 , the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England .	1417	In what year was the God 's House Tower built ?
Until September 2011 , it housed the Museum of Archaeology .	Museum of Archaeology	What museum was located in God 's House Tower until 2011 ?
The walls were completed in the 15th century , but later development of several new fortifications along Southampton Water and the Solent by Henry VIII meant that Southampton was no longer dependent upon its fortifications .	Henry VIII	Which king of England directed new fortifications that helped Southampton rely less on its wall ?
The walls were completed in the 15th century , but later development of several new fortifications along Southampton Water and the Solent by Henry VIII meant that Southampton was no longer dependent upon its fortifications .	15th	In what century did Southampton complete construction of the wall around the city ?
From successive incarnations of the motte and bailey castle , only a section of the bailey wall remains today , lying just off Castle Way .	Castle Way	The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street ?
The last remains of the Franciscan friary in Southampton , founded circa 1233 and dissolved in 1538 , were swept away in the 1940s .	1233	About what year was the Franciscan friary established in Southampton ?
The last remains of the Franciscan friary in Southampton , founded circa 1233 and dissolved in 1538 , were swept away in the 1940s .	1538	What year did Southampton 's Franciscan friary shut down ?
The last remains of the Franciscan friary in Southampton , founded circa 1233 and dissolved in 1538 , were swept away in the 1940s .	1940s	In what decade were the leftovers of the Southampton friary destroyed ?
The site is now occupied by Friary House .	Friary House	What landmark now sits on the site of the Franciscan friary in Southampton ?
Constructed in 1290 , the system carried water from Conduit Head -LRB- remnants of which survive near Hill Lane , Shirley -RRB- some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls .	1290	In what year was the friars ' water supply system built in Southampton ?
Constructed in 1290 , the system carried water from Conduit Head -LRB- remnants of which survive near Hill Lane , Shirley -RRB- some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls .	Conduit Head	Where was the water brought from by the friars ' supply system ?
The friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310 and passed on ownership of the water supply system itself in 1420 .	1310	What year did the friars start letting the rest of Southampton use the water from their system ?
The friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310 and passed on ownership of the water supply system itself in 1420 .	1420	When was ownership of the medieval water supply system given to the town of Southampton ?
Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road .	Conduit House	What 's the name of the landmark on Commercial Road where remains of the friars ' water system can be seen ?
In 1642 , during the English Civil War , a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton .	English Civil War	What war was taking place in the 1640s in England ?
In 1642 , during the English Civil War , a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton .	1642	What year did a Parliamentary garrison enter Southampton ?
The Royalists advanced as far as Redbridge , Southampton , in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the town .	Redbridge	What is the furthest town the Royalists reached during their advance into Southampton in 1644 ?
The Royalists advanced as far as Redbridge , Southampton , in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the town .	March	In what month of 1644 did the Royalists fail to take Redbridge ?
During the Middle Ages , shipbuilding became an important industry for the town .	shipbuilding	What skilled trade was a central industry for Southampton in the Middle Ages ?
Henry V 's famous warship HMS Grace Dieu was built in Southampton .	HMS Grace Dieu	What 's the name of the famed warship built in Southampton for Henry V ?
Walter Taylor 's 18th century mechanisation of the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution .	Walter Taylor	What was the name of the man who overhauled block-making to mechanize the process ?
From 1904 to 2004 , the Thornycroft shipbuilding yard was a major employer in Southampton , building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars .	Thornycroft	Between 1904 and 2004 , what shipbuilding company employed a large portion of Southampton ?
Walter Taylor 's 18th century mechanisation of the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution .	Industrial Revolution	In what historical period did Walter Taylor 's improvements on block-making play an important role ?
Prior to King Henry 's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 , the ringleaders of the `` Southampton Plot '' -- Richard , Earl of Cambridge , Henry Scrope , 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham , and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton -- were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street .	Battle of Agincourt	What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415 ?
Prior to King Henry 's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 , the ringleaders of the `` Southampton Plot '' -- Richard , Earl of Cambridge , Henry Scrope , 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham , and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton -- were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street .	Southampton Plot	What group did the men accused of high treason , including Henry Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey , lead ?
Prior to King Henry 's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 , the ringleaders of the `` Southampton Plot '' -- Richard , Earl of Cambridge , Henry Scrope , 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham , and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton -- were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street .	Red Lion	What is the public house where the men from Southampton Plot were tried called now ?
Prior to King Henry 's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 , the ringleaders of the `` Southampton Plot '' -- Richard , Earl of Cambridge , Henry Scrope , 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham , and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton -- were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street .	Richard	What was the Earl of Cambridge 's first name ?
They were found guilty and summarily executed outside the Bargate .	the Bargate	Outside of what structure did the execution of the Southampton Plot leaders take place ?
Southampton has been used for military embarkation , including during 18th-century wars with the French , the Crimean war , and the Boer War .	embarkation	What did the military use Southampton for during wars in the 18th century ?
Southampton has been used for military embarkation , including during 18th-century wars with the French , the Crimean war , and the Boer War .	the Crimean war	In addition to wars with the French and the Boer War , in which notable war in the 18th century did Southampton play a role ?
Southampton was designated No. 1 Military Embarkation port during the Great War and became a major centre for treating the returning wounded and POWs .	the Great War	What war won Southampton the title of No. 1 Military Embarkation port ?
Southampton was designated No. 1 Military Embarkation port during the Great War and became a major centre for treating the returning wounded and POWs .	POWs	What group of people in addition to wounded soldiers from the Great War often were brought to Southampton for treatment ?
It was also central to the preparations for the Invasion of Europe in 1944 .	1944	In what year did Southampton lead preparations for the Invasion of Europe ?
Southampton became a spa town in 1740 .	1740	When did Southampton turn into a spa town ?
It had also become a popular site for sea bathing by the 1760s , despite the lack of a good quality beach .	1760s	Despite not having a good beach , what decade saw Southampton become popular for sea bathing ?
Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay , with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide .	West Quay	Where in Southampton were special baths filled by seawater constructed ?
Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay , with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide .	the tide	What change in flow of the sea controlled the innovative baths at West Quay ?
The town experienced major expansion during the Victorian era .	Victorian era	In what historical period did Southampton expand greatly ?
The Southampton Docks company had been formed in 1835 .	1835	What year was the Southampton Docks company created ?
In October 1838 the foundation stone of the docks was laid and the first dock opened in 1842 .	October	In what month of 1838 was stone laid for the foundation of the Southampton docks ?
The railway link to London was fully opened in May 1840 .	1840	What year did the railroad to London from Southampton open fully ?
Southampton subsequently became known as The Gateway to the Empire .	The Gateway to the Empire	What name did Southampton earn for its importance in creating a link to London ?
In his 1854 book `` The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star '' John Choules described Southampton thus : `` I hardly know a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton , except it be Oxford .	John Choules	Who wrote `` The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star '' ?
In his 1854 book `` The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star '' John Choules described Southampton thus : `` I hardly know a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton , except it be Oxford .	Oxford	What town did Choules say had the only Main Street more beautiful than Southampton 's ?
The High Street opens from the quay , and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a half , and is of very handsome width .	one mile and a half	How long was Southampton 's High Street as described by Choules ?
The shops are very elegant , and the streets are kept exceedingly clean . ''	elegant	What adjective did Choules use to describe the shops of Southampton 's High Street ?
The shops are very elegant , and the streets are kept exceedingly clean . ''	clean	Choules complimented the streets of Southampton for being kept in what condition ?
The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard Mayflower in 1620 .	Mayflower	What famous ship left Southampton 's port carrying the Pilgrim Fathers ?
The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard Mayflower in 1620 .	1620	What year did the Mayflower set sail from Southampton ?
Four in five of the crew on board the vessel were Sotonians , with about a third of those who perished in the tragedy hailing from the city .	Four	How many crew members out of every five on the RMS Titanic were Sotonians ?
Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard with their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth .	Cunard	What company operated passenger ships across the Atlantic , including the RMS Queen Elizabeth ?
Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968 and has continued to expand .	1968	In what year did Southampton Container Terminals open ?
Its designer , R J Mitchell , lived in the Portswood area of Southampton , and his house is today marked with a blue plaque .	R J Mitchell	Who designed the Supermarine Spitfire ?
Its designer , R J Mitchell , lived in the Portswood area of Southampton , and his house is today marked with a blue plaque .	Portswood	What area of Southampton did Mitchell hail from ?
Its designer , R J Mitchell , lived in the Portswood area of Southampton , and his house is today marked with a blue plaque .	blue	What color is the plaque that marks the Spitfire designer 's house ?
Heavy bombing of the factory in September 1940 destroyed it as well as homes in the vicinity , killing civilians and workers .	September	In what month of 1940 did bombs destroy the factory that made Mitchell 's seaplanes ?
After D-Day , Southampton docks handled military cargo to help keep the Allied forces supplied , making it a key target of Luftwaffe bombing raids until late 1944 .	Allied forces	Which forces did Southampton supply after D-Day that made it a target for many Luftwaffe air raids ?
630 people lost their lives as a result of the air raids on Southampton and nearly 2,000 more were injured , not to mention the thousands of buildings damaged or destroyed .	630	How many people died because of the bombs dropped on Southampton ?
630 people lost their lives as a result of the air raids on Southampton and nearly 2,000 more were injured , not to mention the thousands of buildings damaged or destroyed .	2,000	In addition to casualties , about how many people were wounded by air raids on Southampton ?
630 people lost their lives as a result of the air raids on Southampton and nearly 2,000 more were injured , not to mention the thousands of buildings damaged or destroyed .	thousands	Was it hundreds or thousands of buildings in Southampton that sustained damage from air raids ?
Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war , but much of the city was levelled .	Georgian	What style of architecture partially survived the war ?
There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II .	World War II	Southampton has been redeveloped almost entirely in the years since which war ?
Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938 .	1920s	In which decade did there start to be a lot of traffic in Southampton ?
Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938 .	the Bargate	Some of the walls around which landmark were demolished in the 1930s ?
A Royal Charter in 1952 upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton .	Royal Charter	What document declared the upgrade of University College at Highfield ?
A Royal Charter in 1952 upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton .	University of Southampton	What is the new name of University College at Highfield ?
Southampton acquired city status , becoming the City of Southampton in 1964 .	1964	When did Southampton officially become a city ?
A Royal Charter in 1952 upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton .	1952	In what year did the Royal Charter give the University of Southampton its name ?
After the establishment of Hampshire County Council , following the act in 1888 , Southampton became a county borough within the county of Hampshire , which meant that it had many features of a county , but governance was now shared between the Corporation in Southampton and the new county council .	1888	In what year did an act establish the Hampshire County Council ?
After the establishment of Hampshire County Council , following the act in 1888 , Southampton became a county borough within the county of Hampshire , which meant that it had many features of a county , but governance was now shared between the Corporation in Southampton and the new county council .	the Corporation in Southampton	What organization did the new county council share governance of Southampton with ?
This was officially changed to Hampshire in 1959 although the county had been commonly known as Hampshire or Hantscire for centuries .	1959	What year was the county of Hampshire officially named ?
This was officially changed to Hampshire in 1959 although the county had been commonly known as Hampshire or Hantscire for centuries .	Hantscire	Even before it was official , Hampshire was often called Hampshire or what ancient variation of the name ?
Southampton became a non-metropolitan district in 1974 .	non-metropolitan district	What designation was Southampton given in 1974 ?
Southampton as a Port and city has had a long history of administrative independence of the surrounding County ; as far back as the reign of King John the town and its port were removed from the writ of the King 's Sheriff in Hampshire and the rights of custom and toll were granted by the King to the burgesses of Southampton over the port of Southampton and the Port of Portsmouth ; this tax farm was granted for an annual fee of # 200 in the charter dated at Orival on 29 June 1199 .	King John	Southampton 's history of administrative independence dates back to the reign of which king ?
Southampton as a Port and city has had a long history of administrative independence of the surrounding County ; as far back as the reign of King John the town and its port were removed from the writ of the King 's Sheriff in Hampshire and the rights of custom and toll were granted by the King to the burgesses of Southampton over the port of Southampton and the Port of Portsmouth ; this tax farm was granted for an annual fee of # 200 in the charter dated at Orival on 29 June 1199 .	£200	What was the annual fee paid by the burgesses of Southampton for the rights of custom and toll laid out in the charter of 1199 ?
The definition of the port of Southampton was apparently broader than today and embraced all of the area between Lymington and Langstone .	Langstone	In the 1100s , the port of Southampton included everything between Lymington and what area ?
By a charter of Henry VI , granted on 9 March 1446/7 -LRB- 25 +26 Hen .	Henry VI	Under what king was a charter granted in 1446/7 that separated Southampton and Portsmouth from Hampshire ?
Southampton as a Port and city has had a long history of administrative independence of the surrounding County ; as far back as the reign of King John the town and its port were removed from the writ of the King 's Sheriff in Hampshire and the rights of custom and toll were granted by the King to the burgesses of Southampton over the port of Southampton and the Port of Portsmouth ; this tax farm was granted for an annual fee of # 200 in the charter dated at Orival on 29 June 1199 .	29 June 1199	What date was the charter regarding Southampton 's tax farm signed at Orival ?
The status of the town was changed by a later charter of Charles I by at once the formal separation from Portsmouth and the recognition of Southampton as a county , In the charter dated 27 June 1640 the formal title of the town became ` The Town and County of the Town of Southampton ' .	Charles I	What king 's charter recognized Southampton as its own county ?
The status of the town was changed by a later charter of Charles I by at once the formal separation from Portsmouth and the recognition of Southampton as a county , In the charter dated 27 June 1640 the formal title of the town became ` The Town and County of the Town of Southampton ' .	1640	What year did Southampton receive the charter naming it ` The Town and County of the Town of Southampton ' ?
These charters and Royal Grants , of which there were many , also set out the governance and regulation of the town and port which remained the ` constitution ' of the town until the local government organisation of the later Victorian period which from about 1888 saw the setting up of County Councils across England and Wales and including Hampshire County Council who now took on some of the function of Government in Southampton Town .	Victorian period	What era in history saw local government begin setting up County Councils in the area ?
These charters and Royal Grants , of which there were many , also set out the governance and regulation of the town and port which remained the ` constitution ' of the town until the local government organisation of the later Victorian period which from about 1888 saw the setting up of County Councils across England and Wales and including Hampshire County Council who now took on some of the function of Government in Southampton Town .	Hampshire County Council	After 1888 , which Council took over some governance of Southampton Town ?
On 24 February 1964 the status changed again by a Charter of Elizabeth II , creating the City and County of the City of Southampton .	1964	What was the year that Queen Elizabeth II 's charter created the City and County of the City of Southampton ?
The city has undergone many changes to its governance over the centuries and once again became administratively independent from Hampshire County as it was made into a unitary authority in a local government reorganisation on 1 April 1997 , a result of the 1992 Local Government Act .	Hampshire County	What county did the city of Southampton become administratively independent of in April of 1997 ?
The city has undergone many changes to its governance over the centuries and once again became administratively independent from Hampshire County as it was made into a unitary authority in a local government reorganisation on 1 April 1997 , a result of the 1992 Local Government Act .	unitary authority	What official designation did Southampton receive in the April 1997 local government reorganization ?
The city has undergone many changes to its governance over the centuries and once again became administratively independent from Hampshire County as it was made into a unitary authority in a local government reorganisation on 1 April 1997 , a result of the 1992 Local Government Act .	1992 Local Government Act	What act was responsible for the reorganization of local government on April 1 , 1997 ?
The district remains part of the Hampshire ceremonial county .	Hampshire	What ceremonial county does Southampton still belong to ?
Southampton City Council consists of 48 councillors , 3 for each of the 16 wards .	48	How many concillors sit on Southampton 's City Council ?
Southampton City Council consists of 48 councillors , 3 for each of the 16 wards .	16	How man wards are there in Southampton ?
Southampton City Council consists of 48 councillors , 3 for each of the 16 wards .	3	How many councillors are assigned to each ward in Southampton ?
Council elections are held in early May for one third of the seats -LRB- one councillor for each ward -RRB- , elected for a four-year term , so there are elections three years out of four .	May	In what month are council elections held ?
Council elections are held in early May for one third of the seats -LRB- one councillor for each ward -RRB- , elected for a four-year term , so there are elections three years out of four .	three	In how many years of every four is a council election held in Southampton ?
There are three members of parliament for the city : Royston Smith -LRB- Conservative -RRB- for Southampton Itchen , the constituency covering the east of the city ; Dr. Alan Whitehead -LRB- Labour -RRB- for Southampton Test , which covers the west of the city ; and Caroline Nokes -LRB- Conservative -RRB- for Romsey and Southampton North , which includes a northern portion of the city .	three	How many representatives does Southampton have in parliament ?
There are three members of parliament for the city : Royston Smith -LRB- Conservative -RRB- for Southampton Itchen , the constituency covering the east of the city ; Dr. Alan Whitehead -LRB- Labour -RRB- for Southampton Test , which covers the west of the city ; and Caroline Nokes -LRB- Conservative -RRB- for Romsey and Southampton North , which includes a northern portion of the city .	Southampton Itchen	What is Royston Smith 's constituency ?
There are three members of parliament for the city : Royston Smith -LRB- Conservative -RRB- for Southampton Itchen , the constituency covering the east of the city ; Dr. Alan Whitehead -LRB- Labour -RRB- for Southampton Test , which covers the west of the city ; and Caroline Nokes -LRB- Conservative -RRB- for Romsey and Southampton North , which includes a northern portion of the city .	Dr. Alan Whitehead	Who is Southampton Test 's member of parliament ?
There are three members of parliament for the city : Royston Smith -LRB- Conservative -RRB- for Southampton Itchen , the constituency covering the east of the city ; Dr. Alan Whitehead -LRB- Labour -RRB- for Southampton Test , which covers the west of the city ; and Caroline Nokes -LRB- Conservative -RRB- for Romsey and Southampton North , which includes a northern portion of the city .	Conservative	To what political party does Caroline Nokes belong ?
There are three members of parliament for the city : Royston Smith -LRB- Conservative -RRB- for Southampton Itchen , the constituency covering the east of the city ; Dr. Alan Whitehead -LRB- Labour -RRB- for Southampton Test , which covers the west of the city ; and Caroline Nokes -LRB- Conservative -RRB- for Romsey and Southampton North , which includes a northern portion of the city .	west	Which directional area of Southampton does Dr. Alan Whitehead represent ?
The city has a Mayor and is one of the 16 cities and towns in England and Wales to have a ceremonial sheriff who acts as a deputy for the Mayor .	16	How many cities or towns are there in all of England and Wales with a ceremonial sheriff acting as the Mayor 's deputy ?
The current and 793rd Mayor of Southampton is Linda Norris .	Linda Norris	Who 's the current Mayor of Southampton ?
Catherine McEwing is the current and 578th sherriff .	Catherine McEwing	What 's the name of the 578th sheriff of Southampton ?
The town crier from 2004 until his death in 2014 was John Melody , who acted as master of ceremonies in the city and who possessed a cry of 104 decibels .	2014	When did John Melody , the town crier of Southampton , pass away ?
The town crier from 2004 until his death in 2014 was John Melody , who acted as master of ceremonies in the city and who possessed a cry of 104 decibels .	104	How many decibels was John Melody able to reach in his cry ?
Southampton City Council has developed twinning links with Le Havre in France -LRB- since 1973 -RRB- , Rems-Murr-Kreis in Germany -LRB- since 1991 -RRB- , Trieste in Italy -LRB- since 2002 -RRB- ; Hampton , Virginia in USA , Qingdao in China -LRB- since 1998 -RRB- , and Busan in South Korea -LRB- since 1978 -RRB- .	Le Havre	What city in France does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with ?
Southampton City Council has developed twinning links with Le Havre in France -LRB- since 1973 -RRB- , Rems-Murr-Kreis in Germany -LRB- since 1991 -RRB- , Trieste in Italy -LRB- since 2002 -RRB- ; Hampton , Virginia in USA , Qingdao in China -LRB- since 1998 -RRB- , and Busan in South Korea -LRB- since 1978 -RRB- .	Trieste	Which Italian city did Southampton City Council establish a twinning link with in 2002 ?
Southampton City Council has developed twinning links with Le Havre in France -LRB- since 1973 -RRB- , Rems-Murr-Kreis in Germany -LRB- since 1991 -RRB- , Trieste in Italy -LRB- since 2002 -RRB- ; Hampton , Virginia in USA , Qingdao in China -LRB- since 1998 -RRB- , and Busan in South Korea -LRB- since 1978 -RRB- .	Hampton, Virginia	What 's the only city in the USA with a twinning link to Southampton City Council ?
Southampton City Council has developed twinning links with Le Havre in France -LRB- since 1973 -RRB- , Rems-Murr-Kreis in Germany -LRB- since 1991 -RRB- , Trieste in Italy -LRB- since 2002 -RRB- ; Hampton , Virginia in USA , Qingdao in China -LRB- since 1998 -RRB- , and Busan in South Korea -LRB- since 1978 -RRB- .	1978	What year did Southampton City Council link with Busan , South Korea ?
Southampton City Council has developed twinning links with Le Havre in France -LRB- since 1973 -RRB- , Rems-Murr-Kreis in Germany -LRB- since 1991 -RRB- , Trieste in Italy -LRB- since 2002 -RRB- ; Hampton , Virginia in USA , Qingdao in China -LRB- since 1998 -RRB- , and Busan in South Korea -LRB- since 1978 -RRB- .	Germany	In what country does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with Rems-Murr-Kreis ?
The city lies at the northern tip of the Southampton Water , a deep water estuary , which is a ria formed at the end of the last Ice Age .	northern	At which tip of Southampton Water is Southampton located ?
Here , the rivers Test and Itchen converge .	Itchen	What river converges with the Test ?
The Test -- which has salt marsh that makes it ideal for salmon fishing -- runs along the western edge of the city , while the Itchen splits Southampton in two -- east and west .	Test	Which river is excellent for salmon fishing ?
The Test -- which has salt marsh that makes it ideal for salmon fishing -- runs along the western edge of the city , while the Itchen splits Southampton in two -- east and west .	Itchen	Which river splits the city of Southampton into an east section and a west section ?
The city centre is located between the two rivers .	The city centre	What Southampton area is located between the Itchen and Test rivers ?
Town Quay is the original public quay , and dates from the 13th century .	Town Quay	What 's the name of the public quay that 's been in Southampton since the 13th century ?
Today 's Eastern Docks were created in the 1830s by land reclamation of the mud flats between the Itchen & Test estuaries .	1830s	In what decade were the Eastern Docks that can be seen today created ?
The Western Docks date from the 1930s when the Southern Railway Company commissioned a major land reclamation and dredging programme .	Southern Railway Company	What company commissioned the program that created the Western Docks ?
Most of the material used for reclamation came from dredging of Southampton Water , to ensure that the port can continue to handle large ships .	Southampton Water	What body of water was dredged for the material used for reclamation ?
The Western Docks date from the 1930s when the Southern Railway Company commissioned a major land reclamation and dredging programme .	1930s	In what decade did the Southern Railway Company commission the program that created the Western Docks ?
Southampton Water has the benefit of a double high tide , with two high tide peaks , making the movement of large ships easier .	two	How many high tide peaks does Southampton Water get ?
This is not caused as popularly supposed by the presence of the Isle of Wight , but is a function of the shape and depth of the English Channel .	Isle of Wight	What island do many people think causes the double high tide in Southampton Water ?
This is not caused as popularly supposed by the presence of the Isle of Wight , but is a function of the shape and depth of the English Channel .	English Channel	What body of water is actually responsible for the unusual double high tide ?
Southampton Water has the benefit of a double high tide , with two high tide peaks , making the movement of large ships easier .	large	What size ships can move through Southampton Water more easily because of the double high tide ?
This is not caused as popularly supposed by the presence of the Isle of Wight , but is a function of the shape and depth of the English Channel .	depth	In addition to its shape , what property of the English Channel affects water flow in Southampton Water ?
The River Test runs along the western border of the city , separating it from the New Forest .	western	Along which border of Southampton does the River Test run ?
The River Test runs along the western border of the city , separating it from the New Forest .	New Forest	What forest is on the opposite bank of the River Test from Southampton ?
There are bridges over the Test from Southampton , including the road and rail bridges at Redbridge in the south and the M27 motorway to the north .	the M27	What motorway crosses the River Test to the North ?
The northernmost bridge , and the first to be built , is at Mansbridge , where the A27 road crosses the Itchen .	Mansbridge	Where was the first bridge built across the River Itchen ?
The river is bridged again at Swaythling , where Woodmill Bridge separates the tidal and non tidal sections of the river .	Woodmill Bridge	What bridge at Swaythling crosses at the point between the tidal and non-tidal sections of the River Itchen ?
It has a number of parks and green spaces , the largest being the 148 hectare Southampton Common , parts of which are used to host the annual summer festivals , circuses and fun fairs .	Southampton Common	What 's the largest park in Southampton ?
It has a number of parks and green spaces , the largest being the 148 hectare Southampton Common , parts of which are used to host the annual summer festivals , circuses and fun fairs .	148	How many hectares is Southampton Common ?
The Common includes Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre on the former site of Southampton Zoo , a paddling pool and several lakes and ponds .	Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre	What wildlife center is located in Southampton Common ?
The Common includes Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre on the former site of Southampton Zoo , a paddling pool and several lakes and ponds .	Southampton Zoo	What related attraction was at the same site before the Urban Wildlife Centre ?
The city is ranked 96th most deprived out of all 354 Local Authorities in England .	354	How many Local Authorities are there in England ?
Council estates are in the Weston , Thornhill and Townhill Park districts .	Weston	In addition to the Thornhill and Townhill Park districts , what other district has a council estate ?
The city is ranked 96th most deprived out of all 354 Local Authorities in England .	96th	What 's Southampton 's ranking on the list of most deprived Local Authorities in England ?
As with the rest of the UK , Southampton experiences an oceanic climate -LRB- Köppen Cfb -RRB- .	oceanic	What kind of climate does Southampton have ?
It has held the record for the highest temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 °C -LRB- 96.1 °F -RRB- since 1976 .	June	For what month does Southampton hold the UK 's record high temperature ?
It has held the record for the highest temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 °C -LRB- 96.1 °F -RRB- since 1976 .	35.6	What was the record high temperature for June in degrees Celsius ?
It has held the record for the highest temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 °C -LRB- 96.1 °F -RRB- since 1976 .	1976	What year did Southampton set the record high temperature for June ?
It has held the record for the highest temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 °C -LRB- 96.1 °F -RRB- since 1976 .	96.1	What does the record-setting 35.6 degrees Celsius convert to in degrees Fahrenheit ?
The centre of Southampton is located above a large hot water aquifer that provides geothermal power to some of the city 's buildings .	hot water aquifer	What source of geothermal power sits below Southampton 's center ?
This energy is processed at a plant in the West Quay region in Southampton city centre , the only geothermal power station in the UK .	West Quay	In what region of Southampton is the geothermal power station for the aquifer ?
The plant provides private electricity for the Port of Southampton and hot water to the Southampton District Energy Scheme used by many buildings including the WestQuay shopping centre .	Southampton District Energy Scheme	Which section of the city receives hot water from geothermal power through the West Quay plant ?
In a 2006 survey of carbon emissions in major UK cities conducted by British Gas , Southampton was ranked as being one of the lowest carbon emitting cities in the United Kingdom .	British Gas	What utility company sponsored a carbon emissions survey in 2006 ?
In a 2006 survey of carbon emissions in major UK cities conducted by British Gas , Southampton was ranked as being one of the lowest carbon emitting cities in the United Kingdom .	United Kingdom	In the 2006 study , Southampton was discovered to be one of the lowest carbon emitters out of major cities in what large geographical area ?
At the 2001 Census , 92.4 per cent of the city 's populace was White -- including one per cent White Irish -- 3.8 per cent were South Asian , 1.0 per cent Black , 1.3 per cent Chinese or other ethnic groups , and 1.5 per cent were of Mixed Race .	White	What race makes up the vast majority of Southampton 's population ?
At the 2001 Census , 92.4 per cent of the city 's populace was White -- including one per cent White Irish -- 3.8 per cent were South Asian , 1.0 per cent Black , 1.3 per cent Chinese or other ethnic groups , and 1.5 per cent were of Mixed Race .	1.0	What percentage of the population of Southampton is Black , according to the 2001 Census ?
At the 2001 Census , 92.4 per cent of the city 's populace was White -- including one per cent White Irish -- 3.8 per cent were South Asian , 1.0 per cent Black , 1.3 per cent Chinese or other ethnic groups , and 1.5 per cent were of Mixed Race .	1.5	Going by the 2001 Census , what percentage of Southampton 's population is of mixed race ?
At the 2001 Census , 92.4 per cent of the city 's populace was White -- including one per cent White Irish -- 3.8 per cent were South Asian , 1.0 per cent Black , 1.3 per cent Chinese or other ethnic groups , and 1.5 per cent were of Mixed Race .	one	What percentage of the white population did the 2001 Census show were White Irish ?
At the 2001 Census , 92.4 per cent of the city 's populace was White -- including one per cent White Irish -- 3.8 per cent were South Asian , 1.0 per cent Black , 1.3 per cent Chinese or other ethnic groups , and 1.5 per cent were of Mixed Race .	South Asian	According to the 2001 Census , what race comprises 3.8 % of people living in Southampton ?
Southampton had an estimated 236,900 people living within the city boundary in 2011 .	236,900	In 2011 , what was the estimated population of Southampton inside city limits ?
There is a sizeable Polish population in the city , with estimates as high as 20,000 .	Polish	What nationality of people makes up a large portion of Southampton residents ?
There is a sizeable Polish population in the city , with estimates as high as 20,000 .	20,000	What 's the highest estimate of the Polish population of the city of Southampton ?
There are 119,500 males within the city and 117,400 females .	males	Are there more males or females in Southampton ?
The 20 -- 24 age range is the most populous , with an estimated 32,300 people falling in this age range .	20–24	What age range contains the most people from Southampton ?
Next largest is the 25 -- 29 range with 24,700 people and then 30 -- 34 years with 17,800 .	17,800	How many people between the ages of 30 and 34 live in Southampton ?
There are 119,500 males within the city and 117,400 females .	117,400	How many women live in Southampton ?
By population , Southampton is the largest monocentric city in the South East England region and the second largest on the South Coast after Plymouth .	Plymouth	What 's the only monocentric city on the South Coast larger than Southampton ?
Between 1996 and 2004 , the population of the city increased by 4.9 per cent -- the tenth biggest increase in England .	4.9	By what percentage did the population of Southampton increase from 1996 to 2004 ?
In 2005 the Government Statistics stated that Southampton was the third most densely populated city in the country after London and Portsmouth respectively .	London	What 's the only other city in England besides Portsmouth more densely populated than Southampton ?
Hampshire County Council expects the city 's population to grow by around a further two per cent between 2006 and 2013 , adding around another 4,200 to the total number of residents .	Hampshire County Council	What organization anticipated an additional 2 % population growth from 2006 to 2013 ?
The highest increases are expected among the elderly .	the elderly	What age segment of the population of Southampton is projected to increase the most ?
Hampshire County Council expects the city 's population to grow by around a further two per cent between 2006 and 2013 , adding around another 4,200 to the total number of residents .	4,200	How many more residents would Southampton have if the population grew by 2 % , as the council expected ?
In March 2007 there were 120,305 jobs in Southampton , and 3,570 people claiming job seeker 's allowance , approximately 2.4 per cent of the city 's population .	120,305	How many jobs were there in Southampton in March of 2007 ?
In March 2007 there were 120,305 jobs in Southampton , and 3,570 people claiming job seeker 's allowance , approximately 2.4 per cent of the city 's population .	3,570	How many Southampton residents were claiming job seeker 's allowance in March , 2007 ?
In March 2007 there were 120,305 jobs in Southampton , and 3,570 people claiming job seeker 's allowance , approximately 2.4 per cent of the city 's population .	2.4	In March 2007 , what percentage of Southampton residents claimed job seeker 's allowance ?
This compares with an average of 2.5 per cent for England as a whole .	2.5	What England 's average percentage for people claiming job seeker 's allowance ?
Just over a quarter of the jobs available in the city are in the health and education sector .	health and education	What sector provides about a quarter of Southampton 's available jobs ?
A further 19 per cent are property and other business and the third largest sector is wholesale and retail , which accounts for 16.2 percent .	19	What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in the property/other business sector ?
A further 19 per cent are property and other business and the third largest sector is wholesale and retail , which accounts for 16.2 percent .	wholesale and retail	What 's the third largest sector providing jobs in Southampton ?
Between 1995 and 2004 , the number of jobs in Southampton has increased by 18.5 per cent .	18.5	By what percentage did available jobs increase in Southampton between 1995 and 2004 ?
A further 19 per cent are property and other business and the third largest sector is wholesale and retail , which accounts for 16.2 percent .	16.2	What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in wholesale and retail industries ?
In January 2007 , the average annual salary in the city was # 22,267 .	£22,267	What was Southampton 's average annual salary in January of 2007 ?
This was # 1,700 lower than the national average and # 3,800 less than the average for the South East .	£1,700	How far below the national average is the average annual salary in Southampton ?
This was # 1,700 lower than the national average and # 3,800 less than the average for the South East .	£3,800	How far below England 's South East region is Southampton 's average annual salary ?
In particular , it is a port for cruise ships ; its heyday was the first half of the 20th century , and in particular the inter-war years , when it handled almost half the passenger traffic of the UK .	half	About how much of UK 's passenger traffic did Southampton handle during the inter-war period ?
In particular , it is a port for cruise ships ; its heyday was the first half of the 20th century , and in particular the inter-war years , when it handled almost half the passenger traffic of the UK .	cruise ships	What kind of passenger ships make up a lot of the traffic in the port of Southampton ?
Today it remains home to luxury cruise ships , as well as being the largest freight port on the Channel coast and fourth largest UK port by tonnage , with several container terminals .	tonnage	Going by what unit of measurement makes Southampton the fourth largest port in the UK ?
Despite the still active and expanding docklands to the west of the city centre , further enhanced with the opening of a fourth cruise terminal in 2009 , parts of the eastern docks have been redeveloped ; the Ocean Village development , which included a local marina and small entertainment complex , is a good example .	2009	In what year did Southampton 's fourth cruise terminal open in the western docklands ?
Southampton is home to the headquarters of both the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and the Marine Accident Investigation Branch of the Department for Transport in addition to cruise operator Carnival UK .	Marine Accident Investigation Branch	What branch of the Department for Transport has its headquarters in Southampton ?
During the latter half of the 20th century , a more diverse range of industry also came to the city , including aircraft and car manufacture , cables , electrical engineering products , and petrochemicals .	20th	What century saw more diverse industries come to Southampton ?
During the latter half of the 20th century , a more diverse range of industry also came to the city , including aircraft and car manufacture , cables , electrical engineering products , and petrochemicals .	aircraft	Southampton 's range of industries includes the manufacture of cars and what other transport ?
During the latter half of the 20th century , a more diverse range of industry also came to the city , including aircraft and car manufacture , cables , electrical engineering products , and petrochemicals .	electrical	What kind of engineering does industry in Southampton support ?
These now exist alongside the city 's older industries of the docks , grain milling , and tobacco processing .	tobacco	Along with the docks and grain mills , what crop has been processed in Southampton for a long time ?
It provides local hospital services to 500,000 people in the Southampton area and specialist regional services to more than 3 million people across the South of England .	500,000	How many people in the Southampton area receive hospital services from University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust ?
It provides local hospital services to 500,000 people in the Southampton area and specialist regional services to more than 3 million people across the South of England .	3 million	How many people in the South of England rely on the NHS Foundation Trust 's specialist services ?
The Trust owns and manages Southampton General Hospital , the Princess Anne Hospital and a palliative care service at Countess Mountbatten House , part of the Moorgreen Hospital site in the village of West End , just outside the city .	palliative care	What type of service does the NHS Foundation Trust provide at the Countess Mountbatten House ?
The Trust owns and manages Southampton General Hospital , the Princess Anne Hospital and a palliative care service at Countess Mountbatten House , part of the Moorgreen Hospital site in the village of West End , just outside the city .	Moorgreen Hospital	What hospital is the Countess Mountbatten House a part of ?
The Trust owns and manages Southampton General Hospital , the Princess Anne Hospital and a palliative care service at Countess Mountbatten House , part of the Moorgreen Hospital site in the village of West End , just outside the city .	West End	In what village is Moorgreen Hospital located ?
Other major employers in the city include Ordnance Survey , the UK 's national mapping agency , whose headquarters is located in a new building on the outskirts of the city , opened in February 2011 .	Ordnance Survey	What 's the name of the UK 's national mapping agency ?
Other major employers in the city include Ordnance Survey , the UK 's national mapping agency , whose headquarters is located in a new building on the outskirts of the city , opened in February 2011 .	2011	What year did Ordnance Survey 's new headquarters open in Southampton ?
The Lloyd 's Register Group has announced plans to move its London marine operations to a specially developed site at the University of Southampton .	Lloyd's Register Group	What company said it is planning to move marine operations to the University of Southampton ?
The area of Swaythling is home to Ford 's Southampton Assembly Plant , where the majority of their Transit models are manufactured .	Swaythling	What area of Southampton holds a Ford assembly plant ?
The area of Swaythling is home to Ford 's Southampton Assembly Plant , where the majority of their Transit models are manufactured .	Transit	Which model does Ford manufacture in their Southampton plant ?
Southampton 's largest retail centre , and 35th largest in the UK , is the WestQuay Shopping Centre , which opened in September 2000 and hosts major high street stores including John Lewis and Marks and Spencer .	WestQuay Shopping Centre	What 's the largest retail center in Southampton ?
Southampton 's largest retail centre , and 35th largest in the UK , is the WestQuay Shopping Centre , which opened in September 2000 and hosts major high street stores including John Lewis and Marks and Spencer .	35th	What 's WestQuay 's ranking among the largest retail centers in the UK ?
The centre was Phase Two of the West Quay development of the former Pirelli undersea cables factory ; the first phase of this was the West Quay Retail Park , while the third phase -LRB- Watermark Westquay -RRB- was put on hold due to the recession .	Watermark Westquay	What was the name of the third phase of West Quay development that got put on hold because of the recession ?
Work is has resumed in 2015 , with plans for this third stage including shops , housing , an hotel and a public piazza alongside the Town Walls on Western Esplanade .	2015	What year did work resume on the development of Watermark Westquay ?
A further part of the redevelopment of the West Quay site resulted in a new store , opened on 12 February 2009 , for Swedish home products retailer IKEA .	IKEA	What popular Swedish company opened a new store in the West Quay site in 2009 ?
Southampton 's strong economy is promoting redevelopment , and major projects are proposed , including the city 's first skyscrapers on the waterfront .	skyscrapers	What type of tall buildings are being planned on Southampton 's waterfront ?
The three towers proposed will stand 23 storeys high and will be surrounded by smaller apartment blocks , office blocks and shops .	23	How many stories tall will each of the three proposed towers be ?
There are also plans for a 15-storey hotel at the Ocean Village marina , and a 21-storey hotel on the north eastern corner of the city centre , as part of a # 100m development .	Ocean Village	What marina in Southampton may get a 15-story high hotel ?
Southampton 's strong economy is promoting redevelopment , and major projects are proposed , including the city 's first skyscrapers on the waterfront .	economy	What factor is very strong in Southampton that encourages redevelopment of the city ?
There are also plans for a 15-storey hotel at the Ocean Village marina , and a 21-storey hotel on the north eastern corner of the city centre , as part of a # 100m development .	£100m	What 's the projected budget of the development plan that includes the new hotels ?
According to 2004 figures , Southampton contributes around # 4.2 bn to the regional economy annually .	£4.2 bn	Going by 2004 calculations , how much does Southampton contribute to the region 's economy each year ?
The vast majority of this is from the service sector , with the remainder coming from industry in the city .	the service sector	What sector puts up most of Southampton 's economic contribution ?
This figure has almost doubled since 1995 .	1995	In 2004 , Southampton 's contribution to the regional economy had almost doubled from what it was in what year ?
The city is home to the longest surviving stretch of medieval walls in England , as well as a number of museums such as Tudor House Museum , reopened on 30 July 2011 after undergoing extensive restoration and improvement ; Southampton Maritime Museum ; God 's House Tower , an archaeology museum about the city 's heritage and located in one of the tower walls ; the Medieval Merchant 's House ; and Solent Sky , which focuses on aviation .	Tudor House Museum	What museum reopened on July 30th , 2011 after a huge renovation ?
The city is home to the longest surviving stretch of medieval walls in England , as well as a number of museums such as Tudor House Museum , reopened on 30 July 2011 after undergoing extensive restoration and improvement ; Southampton Maritime Museum ; God 's House Tower , an archaeology museum about the city 's heritage and located in one of the tower walls ; the Medieval Merchant 's House ; and Solent Sky , which focuses on aviation .	God's House Tower	What 's the name of the museum located in one of Southampton 's tower walls ?
The city is home to the longest surviving stretch of medieval walls in England , as well as a number of museums such as Tudor House Museum , reopened on 30 July 2011 after undergoing extensive restoration and improvement ; Southampton Maritime Museum ; God 's House Tower , an archaeology museum about the city 's heritage and located in one of the tower walls ; the Medieval Merchant 's House ; and Solent Sky , which focuses on aviation .	Solent Sky	What 's the name of the aviation museum in Southampton ?
The museum received half a million pounds from the National Lottery in addition to interest from numerous private investors and is budgeted at # 28 million .	£28 million	What 's the impressive budget of the SeaCity Museum ?
The museum received half a million pounds from the National Lottery in addition to interest from numerous private investors and is budgeted at # 28 million .	the National Lottery	What organization invested half a million pounds in the SeaCity Museum ?
The annual Southampton Boat Show is held in September each year , with over 600 exhibitors present .	September	In what month each year is the Southampton Boat Show held ?
It runs for just over a week at Mayflower Park on the city 's waterfront , where it has been held since 1968 .	Mayflower Park	What waterfront park hosts the Boat Show ?
It runs for just over a week at Mayflower Park on the city 's waterfront , where it has been held since 1968 .	1968	When was the Boat Show first held in Mayflower Park ?
The Boat Show itself is the climax of Sea City , which runs from April to September each year to celebrate Southampton 's links with the sea .	Sea City	What Southampton festival culminates in the Boat Show ?
The annual Southampton Boat Show is held in September each year , with over 600 exhibitors present .	600	Attendees of the Boat Show can expect to see at least how many exhibitors ?
The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300 capacity Mayflower Theatre -LRB- formerly known as the Gaumont -RRB- , which , as the largest theatre in Southern England outside London , has hosted West End shows such as Les Misérables , The Rocky Horror Show and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , as well as regular visits from Welsh National Opera and English National Ballet .	Mayflower Theatre	What 's the biggest theatre in Southampton ?
The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300 capacity Mayflower Theatre -LRB- formerly known as the Gaumont -RRB- , which , as the largest theatre in Southern England outside London , has hosted West End shows such as Les Misérables , The Rocky Horror Show and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , as well as regular visits from Welsh National Opera and English National Ballet .	2,300	How many people can the Mayflower Theatre hold ?
The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300 capacity Mayflower Theatre -LRB- formerly known as the Gaumont -RRB- , which , as the largest theatre in Southern England outside London , has hosted West End shows such as Les Misérables , The Rocky Horror Show and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , as well as regular visits from Welsh National Opera and English National Ballet .	the Gaumont	What was the former name of the Mayflower Theatre ?
The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300 capacity Mayflower Theatre -LRB- formerly known as the Gaumont -RRB- , which , as the largest theatre in Southern England outside London , has hosted West End shows such as Les Misérables , The Rocky Horror Show and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , as well as regular visits from Welsh National Opera and English National Ballet .	English National Ballet	What famous ballet company has performed at the Mayflower ?
There is also the Nuffield Theatre based at the University of Southampton 's Highfield campus , which is the city 's primary producing theatre .	Nuffield Theatre	Which Southampton theatre won The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre for 2015 ?
The Southampton City Art Gallery at the Civic Centre is one of the best known and as well as a nationally important Designated Collection , houses several permanent and travelling exhibitions .	The Southampton City Art Gallery	What gallery in Southampton houses a Designated Collection ?
The city 's Bargate is also an art gallery run by the arts organisation `` a space '' .	a space	What 's the all-lowercase named arts organization in charge of the art gallery in Southampton 's Bargate ?
A space also run the Art Vaults project , which creatively uses several of Southampton 's medieval vaults , halls and cellars as venues for contemporary art installations .	Art Vaults	What project , also run by a space , showcases art in Southampton 's medieval buildings ?
The Millais Gallery at Southampton Solent University , the John Hansard Gallery at Southampton University as well as smaller galleries including the Art House in Above Bar Street provide a different view .	The Millais Gallery	What art gallery is a part of Southampton Solent University ?
Southampton has two large live music venues , the Mayflower Theatre -LRB- formerly the Gaumont Theatre -RRB- and the Guildhall .	the Guildhall	In addition to the Mayflower Theatre , what 's Southampton 's other big venue for live music ?
The Guildhall has seen concerts from a wide range of popular artists including Pink Floyd , David Bowie , Delirious ?	Pink Floyd	What legendary band with a color in its name has played at the Guildhall ?
It also hosts classical concerts presented by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra , City of Southampton Orchestra , Southampton Concert Orchestra , Southampton Philharmonic Choir and Southampton Choral Society .	Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra	What orchestra with a name that starts with `` B '' has played at the Guildhall ?
It also hosts classical concerts presented by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra , City of Southampton Orchestra , Southampton Concert Orchestra , Southampton Philharmonic Choir and Southampton Choral Society .	Southampton Philharmonic Choir	What choir from the area has sung at the Guildhall ?
The nightclub , Junk , has been nominated for the UK 's best small nightclub , and plays host to a range of dance music 's top acts .	Junk	What nightclub in Southampton was nominated for the UK 's best small nightclub ?
The nightclub , Junk , has been nominated for the UK 's best small nightclub , and plays host to a range of dance music 's top acts .	dance	What genre of music is featured at Junk ?
The city also has several smaller music venues , including the Brook , The Talking Heads , The Soul Cellar , The Joiners and Turner Sims , as well as smaller `` club circuit '' venues like Hampton 's and Lennon 's , and a number of public houses including the Platform tavern , the Dolphin , the Blue Keys and many others .	the Dolphin	What small music venue in Southampton is named after an aquatic mammal ?
The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as R 'n' B singer Craig David , Coldplay drummer Will Champion , former Holloways singer Rob Skipper as well as 1980s popstar Howard Jones .	Craig David	What popular RnB singer hails from Southampton ?
The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as R 'n' B singer Craig David , Coldplay drummer Will Champion , former Holloways singer Rob Skipper as well as 1980s popstar Howard Jones .	Will Champion	What 's the name of the Coldplay drummer from Southampton ?
The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as R 'n' B singer Craig David , Coldplay drummer Will Champion , former Holloways singer Rob Skipper as well as 1980s popstar Howard Jones .	Holloways	What group did Southampton 's Rob Skipper sing for ?
Several rock bands were formed in Southampton , including Band of Skulls , The Delays , Bury Tomorrow , Heart in Hand , Thomas Tantrum -LRB- disbanded in 2011 -RRB- and Kids Ca n't Fly -LRB- disbanded in 2014 -RRB- .	Kids Can't Fly	What band that broke up in 2014 was formed in Southampton ?
James Zabiela , a highly regarded and recognised name in dance music , is also from Southampton .	dance	What genre of music is James Zabiela known for ?
From there the BBC broadcasts South Today , the local television news bulletin and BBC Radio Solent .	South Today	What program with a direction in its name does the BBC broadcast from Southampton ?
The local ITV franchise is Meridian , which has its headquarters in Whiteley , around nine miles -LRB- 14 km -RRB- from the city .	Meridian	What 's the name of the local ITV division ?
The local ITV franchise is Meridian , which has its headquarters in Whiteley , around nine miles -LRB- 14 km -RRB- from the city .	Whiteley	Where is the Meridian headquarters located ?
That 's Solent is an local television channel that began broadcasting in November 2014 , which will be based in and serve Southampton and Portsmouth .	That's Solent	What is the local television channel for Southampton called ?
That 's Solent is an local television channel that began broadcasting in November 2014 , which will be based in and serve Southampton and Portsmouth .	2014	Towards the end of what year did That 's Solent begin broadcasting ?
Southampton also has 2 community FM radio stations , the Queens Award winning Unity 101 Community Radio -LRB- www.unity101.org -RRB- broadcasting full-time on 101.1 FM since 2006 to the Asian and Ethnic communities , and Voice FM -LRB- http://www.voicefmradio.co.uk -RRB- located in St Mary 's , which has been broadcasting full-time on 103.9 FM since September 2011 , playing a wide range of music from Rock to Dance music and Top 40 .	2	How many community FM radio stations are there in Southampton ?
Southampton also has 2 community FM radio stations , the Queens Award winning Unity 101 Community Radio -LRB- www.unity101.org -RRB- broadcasting full-time on 101.1 FM since 2006 to the Asian and Ethnic communities , and Voice FM -LRB- http://www.voicefmradio.co.uk -RRB- located in St Mary 's , which has been broadcasting full-time on 103.9 FM since September 2011 , playing a wide range of music from Rock to Dance music and Top 40 .	Unity 101 Community Radio	What local FM station won the Queens Award ?
Commercial radio stations broadcasting to the city include The Breeze , previously The Saint and currently broadcasting Hot adult contemporary music , Capital , previously Power FM and Galaxy and broadcasting popular music , Wave 105 and Heart Hampshire , the latter previously Ocean FM and both broadcasting adult contemporary music , and 106 Jack FM -LRB- www.jackradio.com -RRB- , previously The Coast 106 .	The Breeze	What 's the new name of the station formerly known as The Saint ?
Commercial radio stations broadcasting to the city include The Breeze , previously The Saint and currently broadcasting Hot adult contemporary music , Capital , previously Power FM and Galaxy and broadcasting popular music , Wave 105 and Heart Hampshire , the latter previously Ocean FM and both broadcasting adult contemporary music , and 106 Jack FM -LRB- www.jackradio.com -RRB- , previously The Coast 106 .	Hot adult contemporary	What genre of music is played on The Breeze ?
Commercial radio stations broadcasting to the city include The Breeze , previously The Saint and currently broadcasting Hot adult contemporary music , Capital , previously Power FM and Galaxy and broadcasting popular music , Wave 105 and Heart Hampshire , the latter previously Ocean FM and both broadcasting adult contemporary music , and 106 Jack FM -LRB- www.jackradio.com -RRB- , previously The Coast 106 .	Ocean FM	What was the old name of Heart Hampshire ?
In addition , Southampton University has a radio station called SURGE , broadcasting on AM band as well as through the web .	SURGE	What 's Southampton University 's radio station called ?
Commercial radio stations broadcasting to the city include The Breeze , previously The Saint and currently broadcasting Hot adult contemporary music , Capital , previously Power FM and Galaxy and broadcasting popular music , Wave 105 and Heart Hampshire , the latter previously Ocean FM and both broadcasting adult contemporary music , and 106 Jack FM -LRB- www.jackradio.com -RRB- , previously The Coast 106 .	adult contemporary	What kind of music does Wave 105 play ?
Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club -- nicknamed `` The Saints '' -- who play in the Premier League at St Mary 's Stadium , having relocated in 2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium , `` The Dell '' .	The Saints	What 's the nickname of the Southampton Football Club ?
Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club -- nicknamed `` The Saints '' -- who play in the Premier League at St Mary 's Stadium , having relocated in 2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium , `` The Dell '' .	St Mary's Stadium	What stadium has been home to The Saints since 2001 ?
They reached the top flight of English football -LRB- First Division -RRB- for the first time in 1966 , staying there for eight years .	1966	What year did Southampton Football Club first reach the top level of English football ?
They lifted the FA Cup with a shock victory over Manchester United in 1976 , returned to the top flight two years later , and stayed there for 27 years -LRB- becoming founder members of the Premier League in 1992 -RRB- before they were relegated in 2005 .	Manchester United	Who did The Saints beat in 1976 to win the FA Cup ?
They lifted the FA Cup with a shock victory over Manchester United in 1976 , returned to the top flight two years later , and stayed there for 27 years -LRB- becoming founder members of the Premier League in 1992 -RRB- before they were relegated in 2005 .	the Premier League	What league did Southampton Football Club become founding members of in 1992 ?
The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League .	Sunday	Local Southampton football leagues have what day of the week in their names ?
The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League .	two	How many local Sunday football leagues does Southampton have ?
The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League .	City of Southampton Sunday Football League	What 's the name of the local league with `` City '' in its name ?
The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League .	Southampton and District Sunday Football League	What 's the name of the the local league with `` District '' in its name ?
Hampshire County Cricket Club play close to the city , at the Rose Bowl in West End , after previously playing at the County Cricket Ground and the Antelope Ground , both near the city centre .	the Rose Bowl	At what venue does the Hampshire County Cricket Club play ?
Hampshire County Cricket Club play close to the city , at the Rose Bowl in West End , after previously playing at the County Cricket Ground and the Antelope Ground , both near the city centre .	West End	What part of the city is the Rose Bowl in ?
Hampshire County Cricket Club play close to the city , at the Rose Bowl in West End , after previously playing at the County Cricket Ground and the Antelope Ground , both near the city centre .	the Antelope Ground	Besides the County Cricket Ground , at what other cricket ground did the Hampshire County Cricket Club used to play ?
There is also the Southampton Evening Cricket League .	the Southampton Evening Cricket League	Besides the Hampshire County Cricket Club , what 's the name of the other cricket league in Southampton ?
The city hockey club , Southampton Hockey Club , founded in 1938 , is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in Hampshire , fielding 7 senior men 's and 5 senior ladies teams on a weekly basis along with boys ' and girls ' teams from 6 upwards .	Southampton Hockey Club	What 's Southampton 's hockey club named ?
The city hockey club , Southampton Hockey Club , founded in 1938 , is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in Hampshire , fielding 7 senior men 's and 5 senior ladies teams on a weekly basis along with boys ' and girls ' teams from 6 upwards .	1938	What year was Southampton Hockey Club founded ?
The city hockey club , Southampton Hockey Club , founded in 1938 , is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in Hampshire , fielding 7 senior men 's and 5 senior ladies teams on a weekly basis along with boys ' and girls ' teams from 6 upwards .	7	How many senior men 's teams does the hockey club field each week ?
The city hockey club , Southampton Hockey Club , founded in 1938 , is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in Hampshire , fielding 7 senior men 's and 5 senior ladies teams on a weekly basis along with boys ' and girls ' teams from 6 upwards .	5	Weekly , how many senior ladies teams does Southampton Hockey Club field ?
The city hockey club , Southampton Hockey Club , founded in 1938 , is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in Hampshire , fielding 7 senior men 's and 5 senior ladies teams on a weekly basis along with boys ' and girls ' teams from 6 upwards .	6	How old do kids need to be to play in the hockey club ?
The city is also well provided for in amateur men 's and women 's rugby with a number of teams in and around the city , the oldest of which is Trojans RFC who were promoted to London South West 2 division in 2008/9 .	Trojans RFC	What 's the oldest rugby team in Southampton ?
The city is also well provided for in amateur men 's and women 's rugby with a number of teams in and around the city , the oldest of which is Trojans RFC who were promoted to London South West 2 division in 2008/9 .	London South West 2	What division was Trojans RFC promoted to in 2008-9 ?
A notable former player is Anthony Allen , who played with Leicester Tigers as a centre .	Anthony Allen	What famous player from Trojans RFC also played for the Leicester Tigers ?
A notable former player is Anthony Allen , who played with Leicester Tigers as a centre .	centre	What position did Allen play for the Leicester Tigers ?
Tottonians are also in London South West division 2 and Southampton RFC are in Hampshire division 1 in 2009/10 , alongside Millbrook RFC and Eastleigh RFC .	London South West division 2	What division do the Tottonians belong to ?
The city provides for yachting and water sports , with a number of marinas .	marinas	What feature does Southampton have plenty of that provides for water sports and yachting ?
From 1977 to 2001 the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race , which is now known as the Volvo Ocean Race was based in Southampton 's Ocean Village marina .	the Volvo Ocean Race	What race named after a car company used to be hosted in Southampton ?
From 1977 to 2001 the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race , which is now known as the Volvo Ocean Race was based in Southampton 's Ocean Village marina .	the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race	What was the former name of the Volvo Ocean Race ?
From 1977 to 2001 the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race , which is now known as the Volvo Ocean Race was based in Southampton 's Ocean Village marina .	Ocean Village marina	Which marina in Southampton hosted the yacht race from 1977 too 2001 ?
The city also has the Southampton Sports Centre which is the focal point for the public 's sporting and outdoor activities and includes an Alpine Centre , theme park and athletics centre which is used by professional athletes .	Southampton Sports Centre	What facility is the center of Southampton 's public sports and outdoor activities ?
With the addition of 11 other additional leisure venures which are currently operate by the Council leisure executives .	11	How many additional leisure venues are run by Council executives ?
However these have been sold the operating rights to `` Park Wood Leisure . ''	Park Wood Leisure	What company did the Council leisure executives sell operating rights to ?
Southampton was named `` fittest city in the UK '' in 2006 by Men 's Fitness magazine .	Men's Fitness	What magazine awarded Southampton `` fittest city in the UK '' in 2006 ?
In 2007 , it had slipped one place behind London , but was still ranked first when it came to the parks and green spaces available for exercise and the amount of television watched by Sotonians was the lowest in the country .	one	How many spots did Southampton lose in the `` fittest city '' rankings for 2007 ?
In 2007 , it had slipped one place behind London , but was still ranked first when it came to the parks and green spaces available for exercise and the amount of television watched by Sotonians was the lowest in the country .	London	Who was the `` fittest city in the UK '' ahead of Southampton in 2007 ?
Speedway racing took place at Banister Court Stadium in the pre-war era .	Banister Court Stadium	During the pre-war period , where was speedway racing held ?
It returned in the 1940s after WW2 and the Saints operated until the stadium closed down at the end of 1963 .	1963	What year did Banister Court Stadium close its doors for good ?
Southampton is also home to one of the most successful College American Football teams in the UK , the Southampton Stags , who play at the Wide Lane Sports Facility in Eastleigh .	Southampton Stags	What College American Football team calls Southampton home ?
Southampton is also home to one of the most successful College American Football teams in the UK , the Southampton Stags , who play at the Wide Lane Sports Facility in Eastleigh .	Wide Lane Sports Facility	At what sports venue do the Southampton Stags play ?
Southampton is also home to one of the most successful College American Football teams in the UK , the Southampton Stags , who play at the Wide Lane Sports Facility in Eastleigh .	Eastleigh	Where is the Wide Lane Sports Facility located ?
Southampton 's police service is provided by Hampshire Constabulary .	Hampshire Constabulary	Who is responsible for policing Southampton ?
The main base of the Southampton operation is a new , eight storey purpose-built building which cost # 30 million to construct .	£30 million	How much did it cost to build the operations base of Southampton 's police service ?
The building , located on Southern Road , opened in 2011 and is near to Southampton Central railway station .	Southern Road	On what street in Southampton is the police headquarters for the city ?
The building , located on Southern Road , opened in 2011 and is near to Southampton Central railway station .	2011	What year did the brand new , eight-story police headquarters open ?
The building , located on Southern Road , opened in 2011 and is near to Southampton Central railway station .	Southampton Central	What train station is close to the police force 's building ?
Southampton 's fire cover is provided by Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service .	Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service	Who handles fires in Southampton ?
There are three fire stations within the city boundaries at St Mary 's , Hightown and Redbridge .	three	How many fire stations are there in Southampton city limits ?
There are three fire stations within the city boundaries at St Mary 's , Hightown and Redbridge .	St Mary's	Along with Hightown and Redbridge , what 's the third fire station in Southampton ?
Overall , for every 1,000 people in the city , 202 crimes are recorded .	202	How many crimes overall are reported for each 1,000 people in Southampton ?
Hampshire Constabulary 's figures for 2009/10 show fewer incidents of recorded crime in Southampton than the previous year .	fewer	Did Hampshire Constabulary record fewer or more crime incidents in 2009/10 than the year before ?
According to Hampshire Constabulary figures , Southampton is currently safer than it has ever been before , with dramatic reductions in violent crime year on year for the last three years .	three	For how many consecutive years has violent crime in Southampton decreased ?
According to government figures Southampton has a higher crime rate than the national average .	higher	Is Southampton 's crime rate higher or lower than the national average ?
There is some controversy regarding comparative crime statisitics due to inconsistencies between different police forces recording methodologies .	comparative crime statisitics	Which statistics are debated because of the different ways various police forces record crime ?
The city has a strong higher education sector .	strong	Is Southampton 's higher education sector weak or strong ?
The University of Southampton and Southampton Solent University together have a student population of over 40,000 .	over 40,000	What 's the combined student population of the two major universities in Southampton ?
The University of Southampton and Southampton Solent University together have a student population of over 40,000 .	Southampton Solent University	What 's the name of the institution of higher learning with `` Solent '' in its name ?
The University of Southampton , which was founded in 1862 and received its Royal Charter as a university in 1952 , has over 22,000 students .	1862	What year was the University of Southampton founded ?
The University of Southampton , which was founded in 1862 and received its Royal Charter as a university in 1952 , has over 22,000 students .	1952	When did the University of Southampton receive university designation by official Royal Charter ?
The University of Southampton , which was founded in 1862 and received its Royal Charter as a university in 1952 , has over 22,000 students .	22,000	The University of Southampton has more than what number of students attending ?
It is also home to the National Oceanography Centre , Southampton -LRB- NOCS -RRB- , the focus of Natural Environment Research Council-funded marine research .	National Oceanography Centre, Southampton	What research centre at the University of Southampton is abbreviated NOCS ?
In 2010 , the THES - QS World University Rankings positioned the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities in the world .	THES - QS World University Rankings	What organization ranked the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities worldwide in 2010 ?
Southampton Solent University has 17,000 students and its strengths are in the training , design , consultancy , research and other services undertaken for business and industry .	17,000	How many students attend Southampton Solent University ?
It is also host to the Warsash Maritime Academy , which provides training and certification for the international shipping and off-shore oil industries .	Warsash Maritime Academy	What specialized academy does Southampton Solent University host ?
It is also host to the Warsash Maritime Academy , which provides training and certification for the international shipping and off-shore oil industries .	off-shore oil	In addition to international shipping , what other industry does the Warsash Maritime Academy prepare students for ?
In addition to school sixth forms at St Anne 's and King Edward 's there are two sixth form colleges : Itchen College and Richard Taunton Sixth Form College .	two	How many standalone sixth form colleges are there in Southampton ?
Southampton City College is a further education college serving the city .	Southampton City College	What college of further education offers vocational courses and ESOL programs ?
The college offers a range of vocational courses for school leavers , as well as ESOL programmes and Access courses for adult learners .	Access courses	What courses does Southampton City College offer to adult students ?
A number of Southampton pupils will travel outside the city , for example to Barton Peveril College .	Barton Peveril College	What college with the initials BPC is outside of the city but still popular with students from Southampton ?
In addition to school sixth forms at St Anne 's and King Edward 's there are two sixth form colleges : Itchen College and Richard Taunton Sixth Form College .	Richard Taunton Sixth Form College	What 's the sixth form college named after a person ?
Over 40 per cent of school pupils in the city that responded to a survey claimed to have been the victim of bullying .	40	More than what percentage of the students surveyed said they 'd been bullied ?
More than 2,000 took part and said that verbal bullying was the most common form , although physical bullying was a close second for boys .	2,000	About how many pupils took the bullying survey ?
More than 2,000 took part and said that verbal bullying was the most common form , although physical bullying was a close second for boys .	verbal	What specific form of bullying did the survey show was most common ?
More than 2,000 took part and said that verbal bullying was the most common form , although physical bullying was a close second for boys .	physical	What was the second most common form of bullying experienced by boys who took the survey ?
It has been revealed that Southampton has the worst behaved secondary schools within the UK .	secondary	Which level of schools in Southampton are the worst behaved in the UK ?
With suspension rates three times the national average , the suspension rate is approximately 1 in every 14 children , the highest in the country for physical or verbal assaults against staff .	three	How many times the national average are the suspension rates at Southampton 's secondary schools ?
With suspension rates three times the national average , the suspension rate is approximately 1 in every 14 children , the highest in the country for physical or verbal assaults against staff .	1	Out of about every 14 students , how many will be suspended from school ?
With suspension rates three times the national average , the suspension rate is approximately 1 in every 14 children , the highest in the country for physical or verbal assaults against staff .	verbal	In addition to physical attacks , what other kind of assault do Southampton 's students commit against staff more than anywhere else in the country ?
The M27 motorway , linking places along the south coast of England , runs just to the north of the city .	M27	Which motorway located north of Southampton links up England 's south coast ?
The M3 motorway links the city to London and also , via a link to the A34 -LRB- part of the European route E05 -RRB- at Winchester , with the Midlands and North .	M3	Which motorway connects Southampton to London ?
The M3 motorway links the city to London and also , via a link to the A34 -LRB- part of the European route E05 -RRB- at Winchester , with the Midlands and North .	Winchester	What city is located on the A34 where the M3 connects to the North and Midlands ?
The M271 motorway is a spur of the M27 , linking it with the Western Docks and city centre .	M271	What spur of the M27 connects it to Southampton 's city centre and Western Docks ?
Southampton is a major UK port which has good transport links with the rest of the country .	good	Are Southampton 's transport routes around the UK good or bad ?
Southampton is also served by the rail network , which is used both by freight services to and from the docks and passenger services as part of the national rail system .	passenger services	Southampton 's railways provide freight services and what other important services ?
The main station in the city is Southampton Central .	Southampton Central	What 's the name of the main train station in Southampton ?
Rail routes run east towards Portsmouth , north to Winchester , the Midlands and London , and westwards to Bournemouth , Poole , Dorchester , Weymouth , Salisbury , Bristol and Cardiff .	Portsmouth	Heading east from Southampton , what city is connected by rail ?
Rail routes run east towards Portsmouth , north to Winchester , the Midlands and London , and westwards to Bournemouth , Poole , Dorchester , Weymouth , Salisbury , Bristol and Cardiff .	north	In which direction do trains run from Southampton to Winchester ?
The route to London was opened in 1840 by what was to become the London and South Western Railway Company .	1840	In what year did the rail route from Southampton to London open ?
Local train services operate in the central , southern and eastern sections of the city and are operated by South West Trains , with stations at Swaythling , St Denys , Millbrook , Redbridge , Bitterne , Sholing and Woolston .	central	In addition to the southern and eastern sections of Southampton , what other section has local train service ?
Local train services operate in the central , southern and eastern sections of the city and are operated by South West Trains , with stations at Swaythling , St Denys , Millbrook , Redbridge , Bitterne , Sholing and Woolston .	South West Trains	What company operates Southampton 's local train service ?
Plans were announced by Hampshire County Council in July 2009 for the introduction of tram-train running from Hythe -LRB- on what is now a freight-only line to Fawley -RRB- via Totton to Southampton Central Station and on to Fareham via St. Denys , and Swanwick .	Hampshire County Council	What organization announced plans for rail expansion in Southampton in July of 2009 ?
The proposal follows a failed plan to bring light rail to the Portsmouth and Gosport areas in 2005 .	2005	In what year did a proposal to expand light rail service to Portsmouth and Gosport fail ?
Plans were announced by Hampshire County Council in July 2009 for the introduction of tram-train running from Hythe -LRB- on what is now a freight-only line to Fawley -RRB- via Totton to Southampton Central Station and on to Fareham via St. Denys , and Swanwick .	Fawley	What 's the current destination of the freight-only line the Hampshire County Council wants to use to expand passenger service ?
The town was the subject of an attempt by a separate company , the Didcot , Newbury and Southampton Railway , to open another rail route to the North in the 1880s and some building work , including a surviving embankment , was undertaken in the Hill Lane area .	Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway	What competing railway company tried to open a rail route in the 1880s ?
The town was the subject of an attempt by a separate company , the Didcot , Newbury and Southampton Railway , to open another rail route to the North in the 1880s and some building work , including a surviving embankment , was undertaken in the Hill Lane area .	North	In which direction did the Didcot , Newbury and Southampton Railway want to expand ?
The town was the subject of an attempt by a separate company , the Didcot , Newbury and Southampton Railway , to open another rail route to the North in the 1880s and some building work , including a surviving embankment , was undertaken in the Hill Lane area .	embankment	What feature survives in the Hill Lane area as evidence of the Didcot , Newbury and Southampton Railway 's work ?
Southampton Airport is a regional airport located in the town of Eastleigh , just north of the city .	Eastleigh	In what town is Southampton Airport located ?
Southampton Airport is a regional airport located in the town of Eastleigh , just north of the city .	north	What direction would one travel from Southampton to get to the airport in Eastleigh ?
It offers flights to UK and near European destinations , and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from Southampton Airport -LRB- Parkway -RRB- railway station , and by bus services .	bus	If passengers do n't want to take a train to the airport , what other transport is available ?
It offers flights to UK and near European destinations , and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from Southampton Airport -LRB- Parkway -RRB- railway station , and by bus services .	Southampton Airport (Parkway)	To take a train to Southampton Airport , what railway station would you need to go through ?
Many of the world 's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water , including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival Corporation & plc. .	Carnival Corporation & plc	What cruise line has its headquarters in Southampton ?
Many of the world 's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water , including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival Corporation & plc. .	Royal Caribbean	Besides Carnival , what other major cruise line parks its record-breaking cruise ships in Southampton Water ?
The latter has headquarters in Southampton , with its brands including Princess Cruises , P&O Cruises and Cunard Line .	Princess Cruises	In addition to P&O Cruises and Cunard Line , what other brand does Carnival Corporation own ?
The city has a particular connection to Cunard Line and their fleet of ships .	Cunard Line	What brand of cruise ships has a special importance to Southampton ?
This was particularly evident on 11 November 2008 when the Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 departed the city for the final time amid a spectacular fireworks display after a full day of celebrations .	RMS Queen Elizabeth 2	What was the name of the liner that left Southampton on its final journey on November 11 , 2008 ?
Cunard ships are regularly launched in the city , for example Queen Victoria was named by HRH The Duchess of Cornwall in December 2007 , and the Queen named Queen Elizabeth in the city during October 2011 .	HRH The Duchess of Cornwall	Who christened the Cunard ship Queen Victoria in December 2007 ?
Cunard ships are regularly launched in the city , for example Queen Victoria was named by HRH The Duchess of Cornwall in December 2007 , and the Queen named Queen Elizabeth in the city during October 2011 .	2011	In what year did the Queen Elizabeth receive its name from the Queen ?
The Duchess of Cambridge performed the naming ceremony of Royal Princess on 13 June 2013 .	Royal Princess	What ship did the Duchess of Cambridge christen on June 13 , 2013 ?
At certain times of the year , The Queen Mary 2 , Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria may all visit Southampton at the same time , in an event commonly called ` Arrival of the Three Queens ' .	Arrival of the Three Queens	What does Southampton call the event when three ships named after queens all visit the city ?
At certain times of the year , The Queen Mary 2 , Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria may all visit Southampton at the same time , in an event commonly called ` Arrival of the Three Queens ' .	Queen Mary 2	Which of the `` Three Queens '' has a number in its name ?
At certain times of the year , The Queen Mary 2 , Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria may all visit Southampton at the same time , in an event commonly called ` Arrival of the Three Queens ' .	Queen Elizabeth	Along with the Queen Mary 2 and Queen Victoria , which third ship must be present for the ` Arrival of the Three Queens ' ?
The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by P&O Cruises 's 175th anniversary celebrations , which included all seven of the company 's liners visiting Southampton in a single day .	P&O Cruises	What cruise line celebrated a landmark anniversary in Southampton in July of 2012 ?
The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by P&O Cruises 's 175th anniversary celebrations , which included all seven of the company 's liners visiting Southampton in a single day .	175th	Which anniversary did P&O celebrate in Southampton ?
The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by P&O Cruises 's 175th anniversary celebrations , which included all seven of the company 's liners visiting Southampton in a single day .	seven	How many P&O liners visited Southampton on the day of the 175th anniversary celebrations ?
Adonia , Arcadia , Aurora , Azura , Oceana , Oriana and Ventura all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012 .	Ventura	Which of the seven P&O cruise liners has a name that begins with `` V '' ?
Adonia , Arcadia , Aurora , Azura , Oceana , Oriana and Ventura all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012 .	Oceana	Along with the Oriana , what 's the other P&O liner with a name that starts with the same letter ?
While Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries , it is the terminus for three internal ferry services , all of which operate from terminals at Town Quay .	three	How many internal ferry services does Southampton serve ?
While Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries , it is the terminus for three internal ferry services , all of which operate from terminals at Town Quay .	Town Quay	What is the name of the quay where all three ferries have their terminals ?
Two of these , a car ferry service and a fast catamaran passenger ferry service , provide links to East Cowes and Cowes respectively on the Isle of Wight and are operated by Red Funnel .	Two	How many of the ferries connect to the Isle of Wight ?
Two of these , a car ferry service and a fast catamaran passenger ferry service , provide links to East Cowes and Cowes respectively on the Isle of Wight and are operated by Red Funnel .	Red Funnel	What company operates the ferries to East Cowes and Cowes ?
The third ferry is the Hythe Ferry , providing a passenger service to Hythe on the other side of Southampton Water .	Southampton Water	What body of water does the Hythe Ferry cross to reach Hythe from Southampton ?
A ferry port was built during the 1960s .	1960s	In what decade was the ferry port built in Southampton to carry people to exotic destinations on the continent ?
However , a number of these relocated to Portsmouth and by 1996 , there were no longer any car ferries operating from Southampton with the exception of services to the Isle of Wight .	1996	By what year did car ferries finish operating from Southampton , other than the one to the Isle of Wight ?
The land used for Southampton Ferry Port was sold off and a retail and housing development was built on the site .	a retail and housing development	What was built on the site where the Southampton Ferry Port used to be ?
The Princess Alexandra Dock was converted into a marina .	a marina	What has the Princess Alexandra Dock become ?
Reception areas for new cars now fill the Eastern Docks where passengers , dry docks and trains used to be .	Eastern Docks	What location that was once filled with passengers , dry docks , and trains is now a holding area for new cars ?
Buses now provide the majority of local public transport .	Buses	What form of public transport do most people in Southampton use now ?
The main bus operators are First Southampton and Bluestar .	Bluestar	Along with First Southampton , what is the other main bus operator in Southampton ?
The other large service provider is the Uni-link bus service -LRB- running from early in the morning to midnight -RRB- , which was commissioned by the University of Southampton to provide transport from the university to the town .	Uni-link	What bus service did the University of Southampton commission to carry people between the city and the university ?
The other large service provider is the Uni-link bus service -LRB- running from early in the morning to midnight -RRB- , which was commissioned by the University of Southampton to provide transport from the university to the town .	midnight	What time does Uni-link stop service to the university each night ?
Previously run by Enterprise , it is now run by Bluestar .	Enterprise	What operator ran Uni-link before Bluestar ?
As the biggest operator , First uses stops around Pound Tree Road .	Pound Tree Road	What road does First use stops around to leave a terminal available for other buses ?
Uni-link passes West Quay in both directions , and Wilts & Dorset drop passengers off and pick them up there , terminating at a series of bus stands along the road .	Uni-link	Which bus service passes West Quay going in both directions ?
Uni-link passes West Quay in both directions , and Wilts & Dorset drop passengers off and pick them up there , terminating at a series of bus stands along the road .	Wilts & Dorset	What operator drops off and picks up passengers at West Quay ?
There was a tram system from 1879 to 1949 .	1949	When did the tram system stop operating in Southampton ?
Certain Bluestar services also do this , while others stop at Bargate and some loop round West Quay , stopping at Hanover Buildings .	Hanover Buildings	Where do buses that loop around West Quay stop ?
A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law , namely sovereign states and international organizations .	sovereign states and international organizations	Who are the actors in international law ?
A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law , namely sovereign states and international organizations .	A treaty	What is an agreement entered into by actors in international law ?
Regardless of terminology , all of these forms of agreements are , under international law , equally considered treaties and the rules are the same .	equally	How are different forms of agreements treated under international law compared to treaties ?
Regardless of terminology , all of these forms of agreements are , under international law , equally considered treaties and the rules are the same .	the rules are the same	How would you compare the rules of a treaty and a covenant under international law ?
Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts : both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves , and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law .	live up to their obligations	What must a party to a treaty do to prevent being held liable under international law ?
Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts : both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves , and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law .	contracts	What is comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law ?
Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts : both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves , and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law .	international law	Under what will a party to a treaty be held liable for failing to uphold their obligations ?
Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts : both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves , and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law .	willing	What must be the attitude of a party towards assuming the legal obligations of the treaty ?
Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts : both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves , and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law .	obligations	What do we call the willingly-assumed burdens placed upon parties to both treaties and contracts ?
A treaty is the official document which expresses that agreement in words ; and it is also the objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the parties and their defined relationships .	in words	How are the agreements in a treaty expressed ?
A treaty is an official , express written agreement that states use to legally bind themselves .	legally	How are states that enter into a treaty bound ?
A treaty is the official document which expresses that agreement in words ; and it is also the objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the parties and their defined relationships .	A treaty	What is an official document which expresses an agreement between two states ?
A treaty is the official document which expresses that agreement in words ; and it is also the objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the parties and their defined relationships .	A treaty	What is an objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the defined relationships of its parties ?
A treaty is an official , express written agreement that states use to legally bind themselves .	themselves	Who is responsible for the legally-bound obligations of the parties to a treaty ?
Since the late 19th century , most treaties have followed a fairly consistent format .	a fairly consistent format	What is shared by most treaties since the late 19th century ?
A treaty typically begins with a preamble describing the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty , as well as summarizing any underlying events -LRB- such as a war -RRB- .	a preamble	What is the beginning of a typical treaty called ?
Modern preambles are sometimes structured as a single very long sentence formatted into multiple paragraphs for readability , in which each of the paragraphs begins with a verb -LRB- desiring , recognizing , having , and so on -RRB- .	readability	Why are long sentences in a modern preamble formatted into multiple paragraphs ?
Modern preambles are sometimes structured as a single very long sentence formatted into multiple paragraphs for readability , in which each of the paragraphs begins with a verb -LRB- desiring , recognizing , having , and so on -RRB- .	a verb	Each paragraph of a modern preamble typically begins with which part of speech ?
A treaty typically begins with a preamble describing the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty , as well as summarizing any underlying events -LRB- such as a war -RRB- .	any underlying events (such as a war)	In addition to describing the parties and their joint objectives , what else does a modern preamble typically summarize ?
The contracting parties ' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble , along with the full names and titles of their representatives , and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated -LRB- or exchanged -RRB- their full powers -LRB- i.e. , the official documents appointing them to act on behalf of their respective states -RRB- and found them in good or proper form .	boilerplate	What term describes a common clause in a treaty stating that the representatives of the parties have communicated their full powers ?
The contracting parties ' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble , along with the full names and titles of their representatives , and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated -LRB- or exchanged -RRB- their full powers -LRB- i.e. , the official documents appointing them to act on behalf of their respective states -RRB- and found them in good or proper form .	full powers	What are the official documents appointing a party 's representative to act on their behalf ?
The contracting parties ' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble , along with the full names and titles of their representatives , and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated -LRB- or exchanged -RRB- their full powers -LRB- i.e. , the official documents appointing them to act on behalf of their respective states -RRB- and found them in good or proper form .	sovereign titles	In addition to their full names , what else is included in the preamble that identifies the parties to a treaty ?
The contracting parties ' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble , along with the full names and titles of their representatives , and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated -LRB- or exchanged -RRB- their full powers -LRB- i.e. , the official documents appointing them to act on behalf of their respective states -RRB- and found them in good or proper form .	in good or proper form.	How must the full powers of a parties ' representatives be found in order to enter into a treaty ?
The contracting parties ' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble , along with the full names and titles of their representatives , and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated -LRB- or exchanged -RRB- their full powers -LRB- i.e. , the official documents appointing them to act on behalf of their respective states -RRB- and found them in good or proper form .	their representatives	Who else besides the parties themselves is typically identified in the preamble to a treaty ?
After the preamble comes numbered articles , which contain the substance of the parties ' actual agreement .	numbered articles	What follows the preamble in a treaty ?
After the preamble comes numbered articles , which contain the substance of the parties ' actual agreement .	the substance of the parties' actual agreement	What is contained in the numbered articles of a treaty ?
Each article heading usually encompasses a paragraph .	a paragraph	What does each article heading usually encompass ?
A long treaty may further group articles under chapter headings .	under chapter headings	How might the articles in a long treaty be grouped ?
A long treaty may further group articles under chapter headings .	A long treaty	The numbered articles of a treaty may be grouped by chapter heading in what kind of treaty ?
Modern treaties , regardless of subject matter , usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved .	articles	Which section of a treaty typically contains information about the whereabouts of the final authentic copies of a treaty ?
Modern treaties , regardless of subject matter , usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved .	their interpretation	Parties to a treaty might have disputes about what aspect of the articles of a treaty ?
Modern treaties , regardless of subject matter , usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved .	the final authentic copies	Which copies of a treaty have their locations outlined in most modern treaties ?
Modern treaties , regardless of subject matter , usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved .	disputes	Modern treaties typically outline the procedures for the peaceful resolution of what ?
The end of a treaty , the eschatocol -LRB- or closing protocol -RRB- , is often signaled by a clause like `` in witness whereof '' or `` in faith whereof , '' the parties have affixed their signatures , followed by the words `` DONE at , '' then the site -LRB- s -RRB- of the treaty 's execution and the date -LRB- s -RRB- of its execution .	the eschatocol	What is the formal name for the closing protocol of a treaty ?
The end of a treaty , the eschatocol -LRB- or closing protocol -RRB- , is often signaled by a clause like `` in witness whereof '' or `` in faith whereof , '' the parties have affixed their signatures , followed by the words `` DONE at , '' then the site -LRB- s -RRB- of the treaty 's execution and the date -LRB- s -RRB- of its execution .	the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s)	What typically follows the signatures in a treaty ?
The date is typically written in its most formal , longest possible form .	its most formal, longest possible form	How is the date typically written in a treaty ?
If the treaty is executed in multiple copies in different languages , that fact is always noted , and is followed by a stipulation that the versions in different languages are equally authentic .	equally authentic	What is the nature of the different versions of a treaty executed in multiple languages ?
The end of a treaty , the eschatocol -LRB- or closing protocol -RRB- , is often signaled by a clause like `` in witness whereof '' or `` in faith whereof , '' the parties have affixed their signatures , followed by the words `` DONE at , '' then the site -LRB- s -RRB- of the treaty 's execution and the date -LRB- s -RRB- of its execution .	The end	A clause like `` in witness whereof '' or `` in faith whereof '' typically signals what in a treaty ?
The signatures of the parties ' representatives follow at the very end .	the parties' representatives	Whose signatures appear at the very end of a treaty ?
When the text of a treaty is later reprinted , such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect , an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each party .	in a collection of treaties currently in effect	Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted ?
When the text of a treaty is later reprinted , such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect , an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each party .	an editor	Who , upon reprinting , will often append the dates on which the treaty was ratified and came into effect ?
When the text of a treaty is later reprinted , such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect , an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each party .	ratified the treaty	Each party must have done what in order for the treaty to come into effect ?
When the text of a treaty is later reprinted , such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect , an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each party .	came into effect	Even if signed and ratified on the same date , the treaty might have done what on different dates ?
Bilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities .	two	Bilateral treaties are concluded between how many states or entities ?
It is possible , however , for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties ; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union -LRB- EU -RRB- following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreement .	It is possible	Is it possible for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties ?
It is possible , however , for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties ; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union -LRB- EU -RRB- following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreement .	the European Economic Area agreement	The bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union followed the Swiss rejection of what ?
The treaty establishes rights and obligations between the Swiss and the EU and the member states severally -- it does not establish any rights and obligations amongst the EU and its member states .	it does not	Does the bilateral treaty between Switzerland and the European Union establish rights or obligations amongst the EU and its member states ?
It is possible , however , for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties ; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union -LRB- EU -RRB- following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreement .	bilateral	The treaty between Switzerland and the European Union is an example of what kind of treaty ?
A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries .	A multilateral treaty	What is a treaty concluded among several countries ?
The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party .	each party and every other party	Between which parties does a multilateral treaty establish rights and obligations ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Treaties of `` mutual guarantee '' are international compacts , e.g. , the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another .	attack	The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Treaties of `` mutual guarantee '' are international compacts , e.g. , the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another .	international compacts	What type of treaty is a mutual guarantee ?
Reservations are essentially caveats to a state 's acceptance of a treaty .	Reservations	What are caveats to a state 's acceptance of a treaty ?
Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state .	Reservations	What are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on a state ?
These must be included at the time of signing or ratification , i.e. `` a party can not add a reservation after it has already joined a treaty '' .	at the time of signing or ratification	When must reservations be included in a treaty ?
These must be included at the time of signing or ratification , i.e. `` a party can not add a reservation after it has already joined a treaty '' .	add a reservation	What are parties to a treaty forbidden to do after they have already joined a treaty ?
Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state .	exclude or to modify	A reserving party to a treaty may include a statement that attempts to do what to its legal obligations or their effects ?
However , in the interest of encouraging the largest number of states to join treaties , a more permissive rule regarding reservations has emerged .	reservations	A more permissive rule regarding what emerged to encourage the largest number of states to join treaties ?
While some treaties still expressly forbid any reservations , they are now generally permitted to the extent that they are not inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty .	inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty	Reservations are generally permitted so long as they are not what ?
Originally , international law was unaccepting of treaty reservations , rejecting them unless all parties to the treaty accepted the same reservations .	rejecting them	How did international law originally respond to treaty reservations ?
Originally , international law was unaccepting of treaty reservations , rejecting them unless all parties to the treaty accepted the same reservations .	all parties	Originally reservations were rejected under international law unless which parties of the treaty accepted them ?
While some treaties still expressly forbid any reservations , they are now generally permitted to the extent that they are not inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty .	expressly	Because they are generally accepted under international law , a treaty must forbid reservations in what manner to prevent their adoption ?
When a state limits its treaty obligations through reservations , other states party to that treaty have the option to accept those reservations , object to them , or object and oppose them .	accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them	When a state adds reservations to a treaty , other parties to the treaty can respond to those reservations in what ways ?
If the state accepts them -LRB- or fails to act at all -RRB- , both the reserving state and the accepting state are relieved of the reserved legal obligation as concerns their legal obligations to each other -LRB- accepting the reservation does not change the accepting state 's legal obligations as concerns other parties to the treaty -RRB- .	other parties to the treaty	Who remains unaffected when a party 's reservation is accepted by a second party ?
If the state opposes , the parts of the treaty affected by the reservation drop out completely and no longer create any legal obligations on the reserving and accepting state , again only as concerns each other .	drop out completely	What happens to the parts of the treaty affected by a rejected reservation as they concern the reserving and rejecting parties ?
Finally , if the state objects and opposes , there are no legal obligations under that treaty between those two state parties whatsoever .	no legal obligations	What legal obligations exist between two state parties if one objects and opposes the other 's reservations ?
The objecting and opposing state essentially refuses to acknowledge the reserving state is a party to the treaty at all .	the reserving state is a party to the treaty	If a state party objects and opposes another state 's reservations it essentially refuses to acknowledge what ?
There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended .	three	How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty ?
First , formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again .	the ratification process	What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty ?
Minor corrections to a treaty may be adopted by a procès-verbal ; but a procès-verbal is generally reserved for changes to rectify obvious errors in the text adopted , i.e. where the text adopted does not correctly reflect the intention of the parties adopting it .	a procès-verbal	What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text ?
When determining the legal obligations of states , one party to the original treaty and one a party to the amended treaty , the states will only be bound by the terms they both agreed upon .	the terms they both agreed upon	Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms ?
The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted , and often some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty .	some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty	In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation , what negative outcome might result from the process ?
In international law and international relations , a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement .	a protocol	What is a treaty that supplements a previous treaty in international law ?
A protocol can amend the previous treaty , or add additional provisions .	add additional provisions	A protocol may either amend a previous treaty or do what ?
Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol .	not required	Do parties to a treaty have an obligation to adopt a later protocol ?
Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an `` optional protocol '' , especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support the protocol .	an "optional protocol"	What do we sometimes call an agreement that supplements a treaty especially when few parties to the treaty support the protocol ?
A protocol can amend the previous treaty , or add additional provisions .	amend the previous treaty	A protocol may add additional provisions to a treaty or else do what ?
Some examples : the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -LRB- UNFCCC -RRB- established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits , while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon .	United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change	The Kyoto Protocol is associated with what treaty ?
Some examples : the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -LRB- UNFCCC -RRB- established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits , while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon .	the Kyoto Protocol	The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was supplemented by what protocol ?
Some examples : the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -LRB- UNFCCC -RRB- established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits , while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon .	binding greenhouse gas emission limits	The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for the development of what ?
Some examples : the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -LRB- UNFCCC -RRB- established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits , while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon .	the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon	While the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for developing greenhouse gas emission limits , the Kyoto Protocol contained what ?
Some examples : the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -LRB- UNFCCC -RRB- established a framework for the development of binding greenhouse gas emission limits , while the Kyoto Protocol contained the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon .	Protocol	The agreement that contained specific provisions related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an example of what agreement that supplements a treaty ?
Treaties may be seen as ` self-executing ' , in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action .	self-executing	A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what ?
Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require ` implementing legislation ' -- a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations .	implementing legislation	What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations ?
Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require ` implementing legislation ' -- a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations .	a change in the domestic law of a state party	What is `` implementing legislation '' that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty ?
Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require ` implementing legislation ' -- a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations .	non-self-executing	A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty ?
Treaties may be seen as ` self-executing ' , in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action .	puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action	Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party ?
The division between the two is often not clear and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty , since a non-self-executing treaty can not be acted on without the proper change in domestic law .	a non-self-executing treaty	What type of treaty can not be acted on without the proper change in domestic law ?
If a treaty requires implementing legislation , a state may be in default of its obligations by the failure of its legislature to pass the necessary domestic laws .	pass the necessary domestic laws	A state party may be in default of its obligations under a non-self-executing treaty if its legislature fails to do what ?
If a treaty requires implementing legislation , a state may be in default of its obligations by the failure of its legislature to pass the necessary domestic laws .	its legislature	What institution of a party to a treaty must act to fulfill the party 's obligations under a non-self-executing treaty ?
The division between the two is often not clear and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty , since a non-self-executing treaty can not be acted on without the proper change in domestic law .	politicized	The often unclear division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can lead to a treaty being what if disagreements exist within a party ?
The division between the two is often not clear and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty , since a non-self-executing treaty can not be acted on without the proper change in domestic law .	not clear	A treaty may be politicized due to disagreements within a party because the division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can often be described as what ?
International legal experts also often invoke the ` principle of maximum effectiveness , ' which interprets treaty language as having the fullest force and effect possible to establish obligations between the parties .	principle of maximum effectiveness	What principle is often invoked by legal experts when interpreting the language of treaties ?
International legal experts also often invoke the ` principle of maximum effectiveness , ' which interprets treaty language as having the fullest force and effect possible to establish obligations between the parties .	the fullest force and effect	The principle of maximum effectiveness interprets the language of treaties as having what effect to establish obligations between parties ?
The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to be interpreted `` in good faith '' according to the `` ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose . ''	The Vienna Convention	What states that treaties are to be interpreted `` in good faith '' according to the `` ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose ? ''
The language of treaties , like that of any law or contract , must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance .	The language	What property of treaties must often be interpreted when it 's not clear ?
The language of treaties , like that of any law or contract , must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance .	a perhaps unforeseen circumstance	Besides unclear language what might also arise that necessitates the interpretation of the language of a treaty ?
No one party to a treaty can impose its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties .	impose its particular interpretation of the treaty	No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties ?
Consent may be implied , however , if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation , particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without complaint .	Consent	What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party 's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty ?
Consent may be implied , however , if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation , particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without complaint .	complaint	Consent for a party 's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party ?
Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty -- this is commonly called an ` authentic interpretation ' .	adding another clause to the treaty	Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect ?
Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty -- this is commonly called an ` authentic interpretation ' .	an 'authentic interpretation'	The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what ?
International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations .	substantial disputes over treaty interpretations	What are international tribunals and arbiters often called upon to resolve in regards to treaties ?
International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations .	International tribunals and arbiters	What judicial bodies might be called upon to resolve disputes pertaining to the interpretation of treaties ?
To establish the meaning in context , these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final , signed treaty itself .	the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty	In addition to the final , signed treaty what else might arbiters review to establish the meaning of a treaty in context ?
To establish the meaning in context , these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final , signed treaty itself .	To establish the meaning in context	For what purpose might an international tribunal review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of a treaty ?
To establish the meaning in context , these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final , signed treaty itself .	the final, signed treaty itself	In addition to the preparatory work from the drafting and negotiation of a treaty , what might arbiters review when resolving a dispute over the interpretation of a treaty ?
For example , within the United States , agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding .	compacts	What are agreements between states within the United States called ?
For example , within the United States , agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding .	memoranda of understanding	What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States ?
For example , within the United States , agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding .	memoranda of understanding	In the United States , what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called ?
One significant part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law .	a sovereign state	Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what ?
One significant part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law .	international law	Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable ?
Another situation can occur when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law , but the other party does not .	international law	Parties to a treaty may disagree over a desire to create an obligation under what ?
This factor has been at work with respect to discussions between North Korea and the United States over security guarantees and nuclear proliferation .	North Korea and the United States	Discussions between what two countries have been influence by one party 's desire to create an obligation under international law ?
This factor has been at work with respect to discussions between North Korea and the United States over security guarantees and nuclear proliferation .	security guarantees and nuclear proliferation	Discussion between North Korea and the United States have been influenced by one party 's desire to create obligations under international law with respect to what two topics ?
Another situation can occur when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law , but the other party does not .	to create an obligation under international law	North Korea and the United States have been characterized by a disagreement over one parties desire to create what with respect to security guarantees and nuclear proliferation ?
Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law .	documents under domestic law	What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be ?
The terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty , such as a convention , protocol , or simply agreement .	convention, protocol, or simply agreement	What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty ?
The terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty , such as a convention , protocol , or simply agreement .	named something other than a treaty,	What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty ?
Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law .	the Treaty of Waitangi	What 's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law ?
The terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty , such as a convention , protocol , or simply agreement .	terminology	Convention , protocol , and agreement are examples of examples of different kinds of what that can create confusion about a treaty ?
As obligations in international law are traditionally viewed as arising only from the consent of states , many treaties expressly allow a state to withdraw as long as it follows certain procedures of notification .	consent	Traditionally , what must a state do in order for an obligation to arise in international law ?
As obligations in international law are traditionally viewed as arising only from the consent of states , many treaties expressly allow a state to withdraw as long as it follows certain procedures of notification .	procedures of notification	What is the only barrier to withdrawal contained in many treaties ?
Treaties are not necessarily permanently binding upon the signatory parties .	not necessarily	Are treaties permanently binding upon the signatory parties ?
For example , the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs provides that the treaty will terminate if , as a result of denunciations , the number of parties falls below 40 .	the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs	What treaty will terminate if the number of parties falls below 40 as a result of denunciations ?
Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that where a treaty is silent over whether or not it can be denounced there is a rebuttable presumption that it can not be unilaterally denounced unless :	Article 56	Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties can not be unilaterally denounced ?
It has , for example , been held that it is not possible to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights .	the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	What is an example of a treaty from which it is not possible to withdraw ?
When North Korea declared its intention to do this the Secretary-General of the United Nations , acting as registrar , said that original signatories of the ICCPR had not overlooked the possibility of explicitly providing for withdrawal , but rather had deliberately intended not to provide for it .	North Korea	What state declared its intention to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ?
When North Korea declared its intention to do this the Secretary-General of the United Nations , acting as registrar , said that original signatories of the ICCPR had not overlooked the possibility of explicitly providing for withdrawal , but rather had deliberately intended not to provide for it .	the Secretary-General of the United Nations	Who , acting as registrar , informed North Korea that withdrawal was deliberately precluded by the original signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ?
The possibility of withdrawal depends on the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire .	the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire	What two factors determine whether it is possible to withdraw from a treaty ?
The possibility of withdrawal depends on the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire .	The possibility of withdrawal	The terms and travaux preparatoire of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were both factors in determining what aspect of the treaty as it relates to North Korea 's stated intentions ?
In practice , because of sovereignty , any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time .	sovereignty	What factor , in practice , allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time ?
The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal ; for instance , another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation .	how other states will react	What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted ?
The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal ; for instance , another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation .	impose sanctions or go to war	What might a state do in response to another state 's withdrawal from a treaty ?
In practice , because of sovereignty , any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time .	In practice	Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory , when might it be possible anyway ?
In practice , because of sovereignty , any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time .	at any time	Because of sovereignty when may a state withdrawal from a treaty ?
If a state party 's withdrawal is successful , its obligations under that treaty are considered terminated , and withdrawal by one party from a bilateral treaty of course terminates the treaty .	terminated	What happens to a state 's obligations under a treaty upon its withdrawal from the treaty ?
If a state party 's withdrawal is successful , its obligations under that treaty are considered terminated , and withdrawal by one party from a bilateral treaty of course terminates the treaty .	a bilateral treaty	What kind of treaty is terminated by the withdrawal of just one party ?
When a state withdraws from a multi-lateral treaty , that treaty will still otherwise remain in force among the other parties , unless , of course , otherwise should or could be interpreted as agreed upon between the remaining states parties to the treaty .	remain in force	What happens to a multilateral treaty 's rights and obligations among the other parties when just one party withdraws ?
If a state party 's withdrawal is successful , its obligations under that treaty are considered terminated , and withdrawal by one party from a bilateral treaty of course terminates the treaty .	withdrawal	After what action by a state are its obligations under a treaty considered terminated ?
When a state withdraws from a multi-lateral treaty , that treaty will still otherwise remain in force among the other parties , unless , of course , otherwise should or could be interpreted as agreed upon between the remaining states parties to the treaty .	agreed upon between the remaining states parties	Under what conditions could a single state 's withdrawal result in the termination of a multilateral treaty ?
A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself .	A material breach	What may be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating a treaty ?
If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations , the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty .	temporarily suspending their obligations to that party	In addition to terminating the treaty itself , what actions by the other parties might result from one party materially violating or beaching its obligations ?
A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself .	terminating the treaty itself	In addition to suspending their obligations under a treaty to the violating party , what may result from a material breach of treaty obligations ?
If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations , the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty .	the other parties	Who may invoke a material breach committed by a party to a treaty to suspend their obligations to that party ?
If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations , the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty .	suspending their obligations to that party	What temporary actions can parties of a treaty take in response to a material violation of a party 's obligations ?
Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter .	the seriousness of a breach	What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty ?
Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter .	a tribunal or other independent arbiter	Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party 's alleged material breach ?
A treaty breach does not automatically suspend or terminate treaty relations , however .	does not	Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations ?
It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it .	how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it	What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations ?
It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it .	how they resolve to respond to it	A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor ?
Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination , meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if certain defined conditions are met .	self-termination	Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met ?
Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date .	set to expire on a given date	What provision might a treaty include if it 's meant to be only temporarily binding ?
Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination , meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if certain defined conditions are met .	certain defined conditions are met	In addition to passing an expiration date , what might cause a treaty to self-terminate ?
Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination , meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if certain defined conditions are met .	automatically terminated	What happens to a treaty that was designed to terminate under certain conditions when those conditions are actually met ?
Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date .	temporarily binding	What may we assume the parties to a treaty intended the treaty 's obligations to be if the treaty included an expiration date ?
A party may claim that a treaty should be terminated , even absent an express provision , if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances .	a fundamental change in circumstances	What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination ?
A party can not base this claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty .	its own breach of the treaty	A party can not base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what ?
This claim also can not be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew political boundaries .	political boundaries	The claim of a fundamental change in circumstances can not be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew what ?
Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen , if it undermined the `` essential basis '' of consent by a party , if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties , and if the obligations are still to be performed .	the extent of obligations	The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty ?
Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen , if it undermined the `` essential basis '' of consent by a party , if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties , and if the obligations are still to be performed .	unforeseen	In order to be considered a fundamental change , a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty ?
The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman , which led to her being stripped naked As a result , a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation , and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man .	the Banu Qaynuqa tribe	The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624 ?
The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman , which led to her being stripped naked As a result , a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation , and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man .	the Constitution of Medina	Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty ?
This escalated to a chain of revenge killings , and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa , leading to the siege of their fortress. :122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad , who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy 's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa .	Abdullah ibn Ubayy	Who 's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them ?
The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman , which led to her being stripped naked As a result , a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation , and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man .	stripped naked	Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman , which led to her being what , was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina ?
This escalated to a chain of revenge killings , and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa , leading to the siege of their fortress. :122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad , who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy 's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa .	revenge killings	What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews ?
Muhammad also ordered another siege on the Banu Qurayza during the Invasion of Banu Qurayza , because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel .	Gabriel	What angel , according to Muslim tradition , ordered Muhammad to order a siege on the Banu Qurayza ?
Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart .	Al-Waqidi	Who claims Muhammad had a treaty with the Banu Qurayza that was torn apart ?
600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after they surrendered -LRB- according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham -RRB- .	600-900	How many members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham ?
Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded -LRB- according to Sunni Hadith -RRB- .	all Males and 1 woman	According to Sunni Hadith which members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers ?
Two Muslims were killed	Two	How many Muslims were killed during the invasion of Banu Qurayza ?
There are several reasons an otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as a binding international agreement , most of which involve problems created at the formation of the treaty .	at the formation of the treaty	When are most of the problems created that might result in an otherwise valid treaty being rejected as a binding international agreement ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- For example , the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905 , 1907 and 1910 were protested ; and they were confirmed as `` already null and void '' in the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea .	the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910	What treaties between Japan and Korea are examples of treaties that were declared null and void ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- For example , the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905 , 1907 and 1910 were protested ; and they were confirmed as `` already null and void '' in the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea .	the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea	In what treaty were the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905 , 1907 , and 1910 confirmed as `` already null and void ? ''
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- For example , the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905 , 1907 and 1910 were protested ; and they were confirmed as `` already null and void '' in the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea .	Japan and the Republic of Korea	Which two states signed a treaty that declared previous treaties between the two from 1905 , 1907 , and 1910 to be already void ?
There are several reasons an otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as a binding international agreement , most of which involve problems created at the formation of the treaty .	a binding international agreement	An otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as what for several reasons most of which involve problems created at the formation of a treaty ?
A party 's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state 's domestic law .	that state's domestic law	A party 's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under what ?
A strong presumption exists internationally that a head of state has acted within his proper authority .	his proper authority	For what does a strong presumption exist internationally that a head of state has acted within in entering into a treaty ?
States are reluctant to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states , and so a `` manifest violation '' is required such that it would be `` objectively evident to any State dealing with the matter '' .	a "manifest violation"	What is required to invalidate a party 's consent due to a reluctance to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states ?
States are reluctant to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states , and so a `` manifest violation '' is required such that it would be `` objectively evident to any State dealing with the matter '' .	the internal affairs and processes	A manifest violation is required to invalidate a party 's consent to a treaty due to a reluctance internationally to inquire into what aspects of other states ?
A party 's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state 's domestic law .	invalid	What might a party 's consent to a treaty be considered if it has been given by an agent without the power under the state 's domestic law to do so ?
Consent is also invalid if it is given by a representative who ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign during the negotiations , if the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing .	invalid	If a state 's representative ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign , what might that state 's consent to a treaty be considered to be ?
Consent is also invalid if it is given by a representative who ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign during the negotiations , if the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing .	his sovereign	Who might place restrictions on a representative during negotiation of a treaty ?
Consent is also invalid if it is given by a representative who ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign during the negotiations , if the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing .	the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing	What must be true of the ignored restrictions placed on a representative by his sovereign in order for a state 's consent to a treaty to be considered invalid ?
Consent is also invalid if it is given by a representative who ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign during the negotiations , if the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing .	the other parties	Who must have been notified of the ignored restrictions placed by a sovereign on his representative prior to the signing of a treaty in order for a state 's consent to be considered invalid ?
According to the preamble in The Law of Treaties , treaties are a source of international law .	The Law of Treaties	The preamble of what states that treaties are a source of international law ?
This means that in case of a conflict with domestic law , international law will always prevail .	international law	Which will prevail in a conflict between international and domestic law ?
According to the preamble in The Law of Treaties , treaties are a source of international law .	treaties	What are started to be a source of international law in the preamble in The Law of Treaties ?
If an act or lack thereof is condemned under international law , the act will not assume international legality even if approved by internal law .	internal law	Approval under what law will not make an act or lack thereof legal if condemned under international law ?
This means that in case of a conflict with domestic law , international law will always prevail .	international law	An act or lack thereof can not be made legal under what law even if made legal under internal law ?
Articles 46 -- 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the only ways that treaties can be invalidated -- considered unenforceable and void under international law .	Articles 46–53	Which articles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the ways that treaties can be invalidated ?
A treaty will be invalidated due to either the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty , or due to the content of the treaty itself .	the content of the treaty itself	In addition to the circumstances by which a state party joined a treaty , why might a treaty be invalidated ?
A treaty will be invalidated due to either the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty , or due to the content of the treaty itself .	the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty	In addition to the content of the treaty itself , why might a treated by invalidated ?
Articles 46 -- 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the only ways that treaties can be invalidated -- considered unenforceable and void under international law .	invalidated	A treaty might be considered what if it 's considered unenforceable and void under international law ?
Invalidation is separate from withdrawal , suspension , or termination -LRB- addressed above -RRB- , which all involve an alteration in the consent of the parties of a previously valid treaty rather than the invalidation of that consent in the first place .	withdrawal, suspension, or termination	Which processes simply alter the consent given by parties to a previously valid treaty rather than invalidating the consent completely ?
Consent will not be invalidated if the misunderstanding was due to the state 's own conduct , or if the truth should have been evident .	own conduct	What on behalf of a state can not invalidate that state 's consent to a treaty ?
Consent will not be invalidated if the misunderstanding was due to the state 's own conduct , or if the truth should have been evident .	the truth	Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident ?
A state 's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion , which formed the `` essential basis '' of the state 's consent .	A state's consent	What may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion of a treaty ?
A state 's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion , which formed the `` essential basis '' of the state 's consent .	formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent	An erroneous understanding of a fact or situation may only invalidate a state 's consent to a treaty if what is also true about the erroneous understanding ?
A state 's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion , which formed the `` essential basis '' of the state 's consent .	an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation	What , if it formed the `` essential basis '' of a state 's consent to a treaty , may invalidate that consent ?
Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party , or by the direct or indirect `` corruption '' of its representative by another party to the treaty .	fraudulent conduct	What type of conduct of a party to a treaty can invalidate the consent of another party ?
Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party , or by the direct or indirect `` corruption '' of its representative by another party to the treaty .	corruption	What type of action , either direct or indirect , of a state 's representative by another type of party to a treaty can invalidate a state 's consent ?
Coercion of either a representative , or the state itself through the threat or use of force , if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty , will invalidate that consent .	invalidate that consent	Coercion of a representative or a state itself will result in what happening to its consent to a treaty ?
Coercion of either a representative , or the state itself through the threat or use of force , if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty , will invalidate that consent .	representative	Coercion of a state or its what through the threat or use of force , if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty , will invalidate that consent ?
Coercion of either a representative , or the state itself through the threat or use of force , if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty , will invalidate that consent .	used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty	What must be true of coercion through the threat or use of force of a party to treaty for it to invalidate the state 's consent to a treaty ?
A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm .	null and void	What will a treaty be if it is in violation of a peremptory norm ?
A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm .	peremptory norm	What type of norm is recognized as permitting no violations and so can not be altered through treaty obligations ?
These are limited to such universally accepted prohibitions as those against the aggressive use of force , genocide and other crimes against humanity , piracy , hostilities directed at civilian population , racial discrimination and apartheid , slavery and torture , meaning that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit such acts .	no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit such acts	What is true of acts such as genocide and piracy in regard to treaty law ?
These norms , unlike other principles of customary law , are recognized as permitting no violations and so can not be altered through treaty obligations .	permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations	What distinguishes peremptory norms from other principles of customary law ?
These are limited to such universally accepted prohibitions as those against the aggressive use of force , genocide and other crimes against humanity , piracy , hostilities directed at civilian population , racial discrimination and apartheid , slavery and torture , meaning that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit such acts .	genocide	What is an example of a type of universally prohibited action that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit through a treaty ?
The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ , the International Court of Justice .	the International Court of Justice	What is the judiciary organ of the United Nations ?
The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ , the International Court of Justice .	The United Nations Charter	What document states that treaties must be registered with the United Nations to be invoked before it or enforced in the International Court of Justice ?
This was done to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties that occurred in the 19th and 20th century .	to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties	Why does the United Nations Charter state that treaties must be registered with the United Nations ?
This was done to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties that occurred in the 19th and 20th century .	19th and 20th century	In which centuries did a proliferation of secret treaties occur that led the United Nations Charter to include an obligation to register treaties to be invoked before it ?
Section 103 of the Charter also states that its members ' obligations under it outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties .	Section 103	What section of the United Nations Charter states that its members ' obligation under the charter outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties ?
After their adoption , treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations , as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs , including signature , ratification and entry into force .	the United Nations	Treaties and their amendments must follow the official legal procedures of what body after their adoption ?
After their adoption , treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations , as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs , including signature , ratification and entry into force .	the Office of Legal Affairs	Which office of the United Nations is in charge of applying its official legal procedures ?
After their adoption , treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations , as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs , including signature , ratification and entry into force .	After their adoption	When must all treaties and their amendments follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations ?
After their adoption , treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations , as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs , including signature , ratification and entry into force .	entry into force	In addition to signature and ratification , what legal procedure of the United Nations must all treaties follow after their adoption ?
After their adoption , treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations , as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs , including signature , ratification and entry into force .	signature, ratification and entry into force	What are three official legal procedures of the United Nations that all treaties must follow after their adoption ?
In function and effectiveness , the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , giving a comparison between modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation .	the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government	The United Nations has been compared to what government in function and effectiveness ?
In function and effectiveness , the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , giving a comparison between modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation .	function and effectiveness	In which aspects has the United Nations been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government ?
In function and effectiveness , the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , giving a comparison between modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation .	modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation	The comparison of the United Nations to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government gives us a comparison between what modern and historical legal topics of interest ?
In function and effectiveness , the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , giving a comparison between modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation .	the UN	Modern treaty law can be compared in function and effectiveness to the historical Articles of Confederation by comparing the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government with what modern institution ?
In function and effectiveness , the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , giving a comparison between modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation .	Articles of Confederation	What legal document formed the basis of the pre-Constitutional Federal government of the United States ?
The Brazilian federal constitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress -LRB- articles 84 , clause VIII , and 49 , clause I -RRB- .	articles 84, clause VIII, and 49, clause I	What part of the Brazilian federal consitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress ?
In practice , this has been interpreted as meaning that the executive branch is free to negotiate and sign a treaty , but its ratification by the president is contingent upon the prior approval of Congress .	Congress	In practice the Brazilian president must get the prior approval of what body in order to negotiate and sign a treaty ?
Additionally , the Federal Supreme Court has ruled that , following ratification and entry into force , a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree published in the federal register in order to be valid in Brazil and applicable by the Brazilian authorities .	the Federal Supreme Court	What Brazilian institution has ruled that a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree ?
Additionally , the Federal Supreme Court has ruled that , following ratification and entry into force , a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree published in the federal register in order to be valid in Brazil and applicable by the Brazilian authorities .	the federal register	In order for a treaty to be valid in Brazil , a presidential decree incorporating the treaty into domestic law must be published where in order to be valid ?
The Brazilian federal constitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress -LRB- articles 84 , clause VIII , and 49 , clause I -RRB- .	president	In what office is the power to enter into treaties vested according to the Brazilian federal constitution ?
The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation -LRB- leis ordinárias , or `` ordinary laws '' , in Portuguese -RRB- .	same hierarchical position	The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court has ruled that treaties enjoy what position relative to ordinary legislation ?
A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat , by stating that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above that of ordinary legislation , though they remain beneath the constitution itself .	2008	In what year did the Brazilian Supreme Court rule that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above ordinary legislation ?
Additionally , as per the 45th amendment to the constitution , human rights treaties which are approved by Congress by means of a special procedure enjoy the same hierarchical position as a constitutional amendment .	the 45th amendment	What amendment to the Brazilian constitution states that human rights treaties approved by means of a special procedure by Congress enjoy the same position as a constitutional amendment ?
The hierarchical position of treaties in relation to domestic legislation is of relevance to the discussion on whether -LRB- and how -RRB- the latter can abrogate the former and vice versa .	abrogate	The hierarchical position of treaties relative to domestic legislation in Brazil determines whether the latter can do what to the former and vice versa ?
The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation -LRB- leis ordinárias , or `` ordinary laws '' , in Portuguese -RRB- .	leis ordinárias	What is the Portuguese term for ordinary laws ?
The Brazilian federal constitution does not have a supremacy clause with the same effects as the one on the U.S. constitution , a fact that is of interest to the discussion on the relation between treaties and state legislation .	supremacy clause	What kind of clause does the United States constitution have that the Brazilian constitution does not have with the same effects ?
The Brazilian federal constitution does not have a supremacy clause with the same effects as the one on the U.S. constitution , a fact that is of interest to the discussion on the relation between treaties and state legislation .	state legislation	A supremacy clause in a federal constitution is relevant to the discussion on the relation between treaties and what other type of legislation ?
The Brazilian federal constitution does not have a supremacy clause with the same effects as the one on the U.S. constitution , a fact that is of interest to the discussion on the relation between treaties and state legislation .	supremacy clause	What clause of the United States Constitution is relevant to the discussion of the relation between treaties and U.S. legislation ?
The Brazilian federal constitution does not have a supremacy clause with the same effects as the one on the U.S. constitution , a fact that is of interest to the discussion on the relation between treaties and state legislation .	treaties	The Brazilian constitution does not have a supremacy clause that would be of interest to the relation between state legislation and what other legal agreements ?
All four classes are equally treaties under international law ; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal American law .	internal American law	Treaties , executive agreements , congressional-executive agreements , and sole executive agreements are the same under international law but different with respect to what ?
The distinctions are primarily concerning their method of approval .	their method of approval	Under US law , what primarily distinguishes treaties , executive agreements , congressional-executive agreements , and sole executive agreements ?
Whereas treaties require advice and consent by two-thirds of the Senators present , sole executive agreements may be executed by the President acting alone .	two-thirds	What percentage of United States Senators must give advice and consent in order for the US to enter a treaty ?
Whereas treaties require advice and consent by two-thirds of the Senators present , sole executive agreements may be executed by the President acting alone .	sole executive agreements	What type of agreement may a US president enter by acting alone ?
And finally , congressional-executive agreements require majority approval by both the House and the Senate , either before or after the treaty is signed by the President .	congressional-executive agreements	What type of agreement requires majority approval by both the House and the Senate before or after a treaty is signed by the United States president ?
Currently , international agreements are executed by executive agreement rather than treaties at a rate of 10:1 .	10:1	In the United States , what is the ratio of executive agreements to treaties ?
Despite the relative ease of executive agreements , the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement in order to gain congressional support on matters that require the Congress to pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds , and those agreements that impose long-term , complex legal obligations on the United States .	the relative ease	What is it about the approval process of executive agreements might lead a US president to prefer them over treaties ?
Despite the relative ease of executive agreements , the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement in order to gain congressional support on matters that require the Congress to pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds , and those agreements that impose long-term , complex legal obligations on the United States .	pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds	The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process on matters that require Congress to do what ?
Despite the relative ease of executive agreements , the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement in order to gain congressional support on matters that require the Congress to pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds , and those agreements that impose long-term , complex legal obligations on the United States .	long-term, complex	The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process for agreements that impose what type of legal obligations on the US ?
For example , the deal by the United States , Iran and other countries is not a Treaty .	Iran	The international deal between the US , other countries , and what controversial nation is not a treaty ?
The Supreme Court ruled in the Head Money Cases that `` treaties '' do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress and can be repealed or modified -LRB- for the purposes of U.S. law -RRB- by any subsequent Act of Congress , just like with any other regular law .	Head Money Cases	In what cases did the US Supreme Court rule that treaties do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress ?
The Supreme Court ruled in the Head Money Cases that `` treaties '' do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress and can be repealed or modified -LRB- for the purposes of U.S. law -RRB- by any subsequent Act of Congress , just like with any other regular law .	Act of Congress	The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified by what for the purposes of US law ?
The Supreme Court also ruled in Reid v. Covert that any treaty provision that conflicts with the Constitution are null and void under U.S. law .	Reid v. Covert	What Supreme Court case ruled that a treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is null and void under US law ?
The Supreme Court ruled in the Head Money Cases that `` treaties '' do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress and can be repealed or modified -LRB- for the purposes of U.S. law -RRB- by any subsequent Act of Congress , just like with any other regular law .	any other regular law	The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified for the purposes of US law just like what by any subsequent Act of Congress ?
The Supreme Court also ruled in Reid v. Covert that any treaty provision that conflicts with the Constitution are null and void under U.S. law .	null and void	Any treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is considered what under US law ?
In India , the legislation subjects are divided into 3 lists - Union List , State List and Concurrent List .	Union List, State List and Concurrent List	Into what 3 lists are legislation subjects divided in India ?
While for Concurrent subjects , both center and state can make laws .	Concurrent subjects	What type of legislative subjects can both the central legislative body and state legislatures make laws ?
In the normal legislation process , the subjects in Union list can only be legislated upon by central legislative body called Parliament of India , for subjects in state list only respective state legislature can legislate .	Parliament of India	What is the central legislative body in India ?
But to implement international treaties , Parliament can legislate on any subject overriding the general division of subject lists .	any subject	In order to implement international treaties , for what subjects can the Parliament of India legislate to override the general division of subject lists ?
In the normal legislation process , the subjects in Union list can only be legislated upon by central legislative body called Parliament of India , for subjects in state list only respective state legislature can legislate .	the subjects in Union list	What subjects can only be legislated by the central legislative body in India ?
Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and , in many parts of the world , Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples .	Treaties	What formed an important part of European colonization ?
Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and , in many parts of the world , Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples .	indigenous peoples	With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization ?
In most cases these treaties were in extremely disadvantageous terms to the native people , who often did not appreciate the implications of what they were signing .	extremely disadvantageous terms	What terms in relation to Europeans did most indigenous people enjoy under treaties ?
In most cases these treaties were in extremely disadvantageous terms to the native people , who often did not appreciate the implications of what they were signing .	the implications	What aspect of the treaties that indigenous people signed with Europeans did the indigenous people typically not understand ?
Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and , in many parts of the world , Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples .	their sovereignty	What did Europeans try to legitimize all over the world by signing treaties with indigenous people ?
In some rare cases , such as with Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China , the local governments were able to use the treaties to at least mitigate the impact of European colonization .	Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China	In what two rare cases were local governments able to mitigate the impact of of European colonization through treaties ?
This involved learning the intricacies of European diplomatic customs and then using the treaties to prevent a power from overstepping their agreement or by playing different powers against each other .	the intricacies of European diplomatic customs	What did Ethiopians learn in order to use treaties to prevent a European power from overstepping their agreement ?
In some rare cases , such as with Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China , the local governments were able to use the treaties to at least mitigate the impact of European colonization .	the impact of European colonization	Both Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China learned the intricacies of European diplomatic customs to mitigate what through treaties ?
This involved learning the intricacies of European diplomatic customs and then using the treaties to prevent a power from overstepping their agreement or by playing different powers against each other .	by playing different powers against each other	In addition to preventing a power from overstepping their agreement , how was Ethiopia able to mitigate the impact of European colonization ?
This involved learning the intricacies of European diplomatic customs and then using the treaties to prevent a power from overstepping their agreement or by playing different powers against each other .	overstepping	Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China were both able to prevent European powers from doing what to their agreements ?
In other cases , such as New Zealand and Canada , treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy .	autonomy	What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties ?
In the case of indigenous Australians , unlike with the Māori of New Zealand , no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership , under the doctrine of terra nullius -LRB- later overturned by Mabo v Queensland , establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli -RRB- .	Māori	What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership ?
In the case of indigenous Australians , unlike with the Māori of New Zealand , no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership , under the doctrine of terra nullius -LRB- later overturned by Mabo v Queensland , establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli -RRB- .	terra nullius	What doctrine was overturned by Mabo v Queensland establishing the concept of native title ?
In the case of indigenous Australians , unlike with the Māori of New Zealand , no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership , under the doctrine of terra nullius -LRB- later overturned by Mabo v Queensland , establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli -RRB- .	Mabo v Queensland	The concept of native title was established by what court case ?
Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century , the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty study by the UN .	colonizers	Treaties between indigenous peoples and what other groups formed an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century ?
Prior to 1871 , the government of the United States regularly entered into treaties with Native Americans but the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3 , 1871 -LRB- ch .	Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871	What legislative act provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as an independent nation with whom the United States may contract by treaty ?
The federal government continued to provide similar contractual relations with the Indian tribes after 1871 by agreements , statutes , and executive orders .	agreements, statutes, and executive orders	By what did the US federal government provide contractual relations with Indian tribes following the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3 , 1871 ?
Prior to 1871 , the government of the United States regularly entered into treaties with Native Americans but the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3 , 1871 -LRB- ch .	1871	Prior to what year did the United States regularly enter into treaties with Native Americans ?
563 -RRB- had a rider -LRB- 25 U.S.C. § 71 -RRB- attached that effectively ended the President 's treaty making by providing that no Indian nation or tribe shall be acknowledged as an independent nation , tribe , or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty .	an independent nation, tribe, or power	A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as what ?
563 -RRB- had a rider -LRB- 25 U.S.C. § 71 -RRB- attached that effectively ended the President 's treaty making by providing that no Indian nation or tribe shall be acknowledged as an independent nation , tribe , or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty .	contract by treaty	A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that the US government could not do what with an Indian nation ?
Josip Broz Tito -LRB- Cyrillic : Јосип Броз Тито , pronounced -LSB- jǒsip brôːz tîto -RSB- ; born Josip Broz ; 7 May 1892 -LSB- nb 1 -RSB- -- 4 May 1980 -RRB- was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman , serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980 .	1980	In what year did Josip Broz Tito die ?
During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans , often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe .	the Partisans,	During World War II what resistance movement did he lead ?
He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad .	Yugoslavia	For what country is Tito viewed as unifying figure ?
He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement , working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India , Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia .	Gamal Abdel Nasser	In the Non-Aligned Movement , which Egyptian leader did Tito work with ?
He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement , working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India , Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia .	Sukarno	In the Non-Aligned Movement , which Indonesian leader did Tito work with ?
He was General Secretary -LRB- later Chairman of the Presidium -RRB- of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia -LRB- 1939 -- 80 -RRB- , and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement , the Partisans -LRB- 1941 -- 45 -RRB- .	General Secretary	What position in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was Tito ?
After the war , he was the Prime Minister -LRB- 1944 -- 63 -RRB- , President -LRB- later President for Life -RRB- -LRB- 1953 -- 80 -RRB- of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia -LRB- SFRY -RRB- .	Prime Minister	What position in Yugoslavia 's government did Tito hold from 1944-63 ?
With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs , Josip Broz Tito received some 98 foreign decorations , including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath .	98	How many foreign decorations did he receive ?
With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs , Josip Broz Tito received some 98 foreign decorations , including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath .	Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath	What foreign decorations did Tito recieve ?
He was General Secretary -LRB- later Chairman of the Presidium -RRB- of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia -LRB- 1939 -- 80 -RRB- , and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement , the Partisans -LRB- 1941 -- 45 -RRB- .	1941–45	During what years did Tito lead the Partisans ?
Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec , Croatia .	Slovene	What ethnicity was Tito 's mother ?
Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec , Croatia .	Croat	What ethnicity was Tito 's father ?
After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I , Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains .	the Imperial Russians	Who captured him during World War I ?
He participated in the October Revolution , and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk .	Red Guard	Tito joined which unit in Omsk ?
Upon his return home , Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia , where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia -LRB- KPJ -RRB- .	Communist Party	What party in Yugoslavia did he join ?
Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia , a socialist federation that lasted from 1943 to 1991 -- 92 .	1943	When did the second Yugoslavia start ?
Despite being one of the founders of Cominform , soon he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony and the only one to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program .	Cominform	What group did Tito found ?
In 1951 he implemented a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist countries .	1951	When did Tito implement a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist coutnries ?
After Tito 's death in 1980 , tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country disintegrated and went into a series of wars and unrest that lasted the rest of the decade , and which continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics .	1980	When did Tito die ?
After Tito 's death in 1980 , tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country disintegrated and went into a series of wars and unrest that lasted the rest of the decade , and which continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics .	1991	When did Yugoslavia disintegrate ?
Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in Kumrovec , in the northern Croatian region of Hrvatsko Zagorje in Austria-Hungary .	Kumrovec	Where was Josip Broz born ?
Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in Kumrovec , in the northern Croatian region of Hrvatsko Zagorje in Austria-Hungary .	1892	In what year was Broz born ?
His father , Franjo Broz -LRB- 26 November 1860 -- 16 December 1936 -RRB- , was a Croat , while his mother Marija -LRB- 25 March 1864 -- 14 January 1918 -RRB- , was a Slovene .	Croat	What ethnicity was Broz 's father ?
His father , Franjo Broz -LRB- 26 November 1860 -- 16 December 1936 -RRB- , was a Croat , while his mother Marija -LRB- 25 March 1864 -- 14 January 1918 -RRB- , was a Slovene .	Slovene	What ethnicity was Broz 's mother ?
After spending part of his childhood years with his maternal grandfather Martin Javeršek in the Slovenian village of Podsreda , he entered primary school in 1900 at Kumrovec , he failed the 2nd grade and graduated in 1905 .	2nd	What grade did he fail ?
In the autumn of 1913 , he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army .	1913	When was he conscripted into the army ?
He was sent to a school for non-commissioned officers and became a sergeant , serving in the 25th Croatian Regiment based in Zagreb .	sergeant	What position in the army did he become after office school ?
In May 1914 , Broz won a silver medal at an army fencing competition in Budapest .	fencing	What competition did he win a silver medal in ?
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , he was sent to Ruma , where he was arrested for anti-war propaganda and imprisoned in the Petrovaradin fortress .	anti-war propaganda	For what crime was he arrested ?
On 25 March 1915 , while in Bukovina , he was seriously wounded and captured by the Russians .	Bukovina	Where was Tito serioiusly wounded and captured by the Russians at ?
After 13 months at the hospital , Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader .	13 months	How long was Broz in the hospital ?
After 13 months at the hospital , Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader .	Ural Mountains	Where was Broz 's work camp ?
After 13 months at the hospital , Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader .	camp leader	What position was he selected for at work camp ?
Following a White counteroffensive , he fled to Kirgiziya and subsequently returned to Omsk , where he married Belousova .	Kirgiziya	Where did Broz flee to after a White counteroffensive ?
Following a White counteroffensive , he fled to Kirgiziya and subsequently returned to Omsk , where he married Belousova .	Omsk	Where did Broz marry Belousova ?
In the 1920 elections the Communists won 59 seats in the parliament and became the third strongest party .	59	How many seats did the Communists win in 1920 Yugoslavia ?
Winning numerous local elections , they gained a stronghold in the second largest city of Zagreb , electing Svetozar Delić for mayor .	Svetozar Delić	Who was elected mayor of Zagreb after the Communists won 59 parliamentary seats ?
As 1921 began he moved to Veliko Trojstvo near Bjelovar and found work as a machinist .	Veliko Trojstvo	Where did Broz move in 1921 ?
During his five years at Lepoglava prison he met Moša Pijade , who became his ideological mentor .	five years	How long was he in prison at Lepoglava for ?
During his five years at Lepoglava prison he met Moša Pijade , who became his ideological mentor .	Moša Pijade,	Who became his ideological mentor in prison ?
In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge .	1934	When was Tito sent to Vienna ?
In 1937 , Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY , Milan Gorkić , murdered in Moscow .	Milan Gorkić	Who did Stalin have murdered in 1937 ?
In 1937 , Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY , Milan Gorkić , murdered in Moscow .	Moscow	Where was the Secretary-General of the CPY murdered ?
Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY .	Tito	Who became Secretary-General of the CPY after the prior one was murdered ?
In 1936 , the Comintern sent `` Comrade Walter '' -LRB- i.e. Tito -RRB- back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there .	Tito	Who is known as `` Comrade Walter '' ?
On 6 April 1941 , German forces , with Hungarian and Italian assistance , launched an invasion of Yugoslavia .	6 April 1941	When did German forces launch an invasion of Yugoslavia ?
On 17 April 1941 , after King Peter II and other members of the government fled the country , the remaining representatives of the government and military met with the German officials in Belgrade .	King Peter II	Which king fled the country in 1941 ?
On 1 May 1941 , Tito issued a pamphlet calling on the people to unite in a battle against the occupation .	pamphlet	What did Tito use to get the people to unit in a battle against the occupation in 1941 ?
On 27 June 1941 , the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia appointed Tito Commander in Chief of all project national liberation military forces .	Chief of all project national liberation military forces.	What position was Tito appointed to in 1941 by the Central Committee ?
On 17 April 1941 , after King Peter II and other members of the government fled the country , the remaining representatives of the government and military met with the German officials in Belgrade .	Belgrade	In 1941 , where did representatives of the government and military meet with German officials ?
Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement , Tito 's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory , notably the `` Republic of Užice '' .	Partisans	Who succeeded in liberating territory despite conflicts ?
Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement , Tito 's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory , notably the `` Republic of Užice '' .	Chetnik movement	Who did the Partisans have conflicts with ?
During this period , Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović on 19 September and 27 October 1941 .	Draža Mihailović	Which Chetnik leader did Tito hold talks with ?
It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews , and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito .	escaping Jews,	Which group did Tito order his forces to assist ?
It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews , and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito .	Jews	2000 of what group fought directly for Tito ?
On 21 December 1941 , the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade -LRB- commanded by Koča Popović -RRB- and on 1 March 1942 , Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade .	1941	When did the Partisans create the First Proletarian Brigade ?
On 21 December 1941 , the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade -LRB- commanded by Koča Popović -RRB- and on 1 March 1942 , Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade .	1942	When did Tito create the Second Proletarian Brigade ?
Tito was named President of the National Committee of Liberation .	President	What position was Tito named to for the National Committee of LIberation ?
In Jajce , a 67-member `` presidency '' was elected and established a nine-member National Committee of Liberation -LRB- five communist members -RRB- as a de facto provisional government .	Jajce	Where was the 67-member `` presidency '' located ?
With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the Balkans , the Axis began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command .	Axis	Who diverted resources to the destruction of the Partisans ?
With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the Balkans , the Axis began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command .	Axis	Who was the opponent of the Allies ?
This meant , among other things , a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally .	German	Which group of people wanted to capture Tito personally ?
On 25 May 1944 , he managed to evade the Germans after the Raid on Drvar -LRB- Operation Rösselsprung -RRB- , an airborne assault outside his Drvar headquarters in Bosnia .	Drvar	In 1944 where did Tito manage to avoid the Germans ?
On 25 May 1944 , he managed to evade the Germans after the Raid on Drvar -LRB- Operation Rösselsprung -RRB- , an airborne assault outside his Drvar headquarters in Bosnia .	airborne	What type of assault was there in Bosnia ?
After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943 , and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident , Allied leaders switched their support from Draža Mihailović to Tito .	Axis	Who was attacking the Partisans in 1943 ?
After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943 , and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident , Allied leaders switched their support from Draža Mihailović to Tito .	Draža Mihailović	From whom did Allied leaders switch their support from to Tito ?
King Peter II , American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in officially recognising Tito and the Partisans at the Tehran Conference .	Stalin	Who was the Soviet Premier who recognized Tito ?
King Peter II , American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in officially recognising Tito and the Partisans at the Tehran Conference .	Tehran Conference	At what event was Tito recognized by Stalin ?
The Balkan Air Force was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at aiding his forces .	1944	When was the Balkan air force formed ?
In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow , indeed , he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc .	Moscow	Who was Tito considered loyal to ?
In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow , indeed , he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc .	Stalin	Who was Tito considered second to in the Eastern bloc ?
In fact , Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start , with Stalin considering Tito too independent .	Stalin	With whom did Tito have an uneasy alliance form the start ?
In fact , Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start , with Stalin considering Tito too independent .	Stalin	Who considered Tito too independent ?
In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow , indeed , he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc .	Tito	Who was considered loyal to Moscow ?
On 12 September 1944 , King Peter II called on all Yugoslavs to come together under Tito 's leadership and stated that those who did not were `` traitors '' , by which time Tito was recognized by all Allied authorities -LRB- including the government-in-exile -RRB- as the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia , in addition to commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav forces .	King Peter II	In 1944 who called on all Yuboslavs to come together under Tito 's leadership ?
On 28 September 1944 , the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union -LRB- TASS -RRB- reported that Tito signed an agreement with the Soviet Union allowing `` temporary entry '' of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory which allowed the Red Army to assist in operations in the northeastern areas of Yugoslavia .	Soviet Union	With whom did Tito sign an agreement on September 28 1944 ?
On 28 September 1944 , the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union -LRB- TASS -RRB- reported that Tito signed an agreement with the Soviet Union allowing `` temporary entry '' of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory which allowed the Red Army to assist in operations in the northeastern areas of Yugoslavia .	Soviet troops	Who were allowed `` temporary entry '' into Yugoslav territory ?
On 28 September 1944 , the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union -LRB- TASS -RRB- reported that Tito signed an agreement with the Soviet Union allowing `` temporary entry '' of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory which allowed the Red Army to assist in operations in the northeastern areas of Yugoslavia .	Red Army	Who assisted in operations in ortheastern areas of Yugoslavia ?
With their strategic right flank secured by the Allied advance , the Partisans prepared and executed a massive general offensive which succeeded in breaking through German lines and forcing a retreat beyond Yugoslav borders .	the Partisans	Who executed a massive offensive and succeeded in breaking through German lines ?
At the time , Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column , offering amnesty and attempting to avoid a disorderly surrender .	Tito	Who offered amnesty to the retreatig column ?
In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia , units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities after the repatriations of Bleiburg , and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito .	Tito	Who dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war ?
In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia , units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities after the repatriations of Bleiburg , and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito .	Partisans	In the final days of WWII in Yugoslavia , who were responsible for atrocities ?
At the time , Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column , offering amnesty and attempting to avoid a disorderly surrender .	amnesty	What did Tito offer to the retreating column ?
On 14 May he dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters Slovene Partisan Army prohibiting `` in the sternest language '' the execution of prisoners of war and commanding the transfer of the possible suspects to a military court .	military court.	Where were possible suspects transferred to ?
On 7 March 1945 , the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia -LRB- Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija , DFY -RRB- was assembled in Belgrade by Josip Broz Tito , while the provisional name allowed for either a republic or monarchy .	Belgrade	Where was the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia assembled ?
On 7 March 1945 , the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia -LRB- Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija , DFY -RRB- was assembled in Belgrade by Josip Broz Tito , while the provisional name allowed for either a republic or monarchy .	7 March 1945	When was the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia assembled ?
On 7 March 1945 , the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia -LRB- Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija , DFY -RRB- was assembled in Belgrade by Josip Broz Tito , while the provisional name allowed for either a republic or monarchy .	Tito	Who Where assembled the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia ?
During the period , Tito evidently enjoyed massive popular support due to being generally viewed by the populace as the liberator of Yugoslavia .	Tito	Who was seen as the liberator of Yugoslavia ?
On 29 November 1945 , King Peter II was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly .	King Peter II	Who was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constitutent Assembly on November 29 , 1945 ?
The State Security Administration -LRB- Uprava državne bezbednosti/sigurnosti/varnosti , UDBA -RRB- was also formed as the new secret police , along with a security agency , the Department of People 's Security -LRB- Organ Zaštite Naroda -LRB- Armije -RRB- , OZNA -RRB- .	The State Security Administration	What was formed as the new secret police ?
Yugoslav intelligence was charged with imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators ; controversially , this included Catholic clergymen due to the widespread involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime .	Yugoslav intelligence	Who was charged with brining to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators ?
Yugoslav intelligence was charged with imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators ; controversially , this included Catholic clergymen due to the widespread involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime .	Catholic clergymen	Who were controversial among those brought to trial for Nazi collaboration ?
Draža Mihailović was found guilty of collaboration , high treason and war crimes and was subsequently executed by firing squad in July 1946 .	Draža Mihailović	Who was found guilty of collaboration , high treason ?
Draža Mihailović was found guilty of collaboration , high treason and war crimes and was subsequently executed by firing squad in July 1946 .	firing squad	How was Draza executed ?
Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito met with the president of the Bishops ' Conference of Yugoslavia , Aloysius Stepinac on 4 June 1945 , two days after his release from imprisonment .	Aloysius Stepinac	Who was the president of the Bishops ' Conference of Yugoslavia ?
Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito met with the president of the Bishops ' Conference of Yugoslavia , Aloysius Stepinac on 4 June 1945 , two days after his release from imprisonment .	two days	How long after his release from imprisonment did TIto attend the Bishops ' Conference of Yugoslavia ?
The two could not reach an agreement on the state of the Catholic Church .	Catholic Church	What topic was a sticking point at the Bishops ' Conference ?
Under Stepinac 's leadership , the bishops ' conference released a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes in September , 1945 .	Stepinac	Under whose leadership did the bishops ' conference release a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes ?
Stepinac received preferential treatment in recognition of his status and the sentence was soon shortened and reduced to house-arrest , with the option of emigration open to the archbishop .	house-arrest	What was Stepinac 's sentence shortened to ?
Tito 's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people , but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons -LRB- and pressures -RRB- to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control .	Tito	Who had a leading role in liberating Yugoslavia ?
Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II , the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945 , giving way to an uneasy alliance .	Stalin	Who was Tito formally an ally of after WWII ?
Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II , the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945 , giving way to an uneasy alliance .	Soviets	Who set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party ?
Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II , the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945 , giving way to an uneasy alliance .	1945	As early as what year was a spy ring set up in the Yugoslav party ?
Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe , Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army .	Axis	From what domination did Yugoslavia liberate itself ?
Following the war , Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka .	Istria	What Italian territory did Yugoslavia acquire after the war ?
Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well , which was opposed by the Western Allies .	Trieste	What territory did Yugoslavia leadership want to incorporate ?
From 1945 to 1948 , at least four US aircraft were shot down .	four	At least how many American aircraft were shot down between 1945 and 1948 ?
In addition , Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War , while Stalin kept his distance , having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there , although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically , as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council .	Tito	Who openly supported the Communist side in the Greek Civil War ?
In 1948 , motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy , Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow , which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that	1948	In what year did Tito model his economic development plan independently from Moscow ?
However , Tito did not attend the second meeting of the Cominform , fearing that Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked .	Cominform	Tito did not attend the second meeting of this .
In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict , as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier .	1949	In what year did the crisis nearly escalate into armed conflict ?
The expulsion effectively banished Yugoslavia from the international association of socialist states , while other socialist states of Eastern Europe subsequently underwent purges of alleged `` Titoists '' .	Titoists	What was the name of those purged in other socialist states in Eastern Europe ?
Stalin took the matter personally and arranged several assassination attempts on Tito , none of which succeeded .	Stalin	Who made several assasination attempts on Tito ?
One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union , was that Tito fought Yugoslav Stalinists with Stalin 's methods .	Stalin	Whose methods did Tito use to fight Yugoslav Stalinists ?
In other words , Aleksandar Ranković and the State Security Service -LRB- UBDA -RRB- employed the same inhumane methods against their opponents as Stalin did in the Soviet Union against his .	Ranković	Who used inhumane methods against oponents through the UBDA ?
However this repression , which lasted until 1956 , was marked by significant violations of human rights .	1956	Until what year did the repression of the UBDA last ?
One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union , was that Tito fought Yugoslav Stalinists with Stalin 's methods .	Soviet Union	The work of the UBDA was due to tension between Yugoslavia and what country ?
In other words , Aleksandar Ranković and the State Security Service -LRB- UBDA -RRB- employed the same inhumane methods against their opponents as Stalin did in the Soviet Union against his .	State Security Service	What is another name for the UBDA ?
Tito 's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain US aid via the Economic Cooperation Administration -LRB- ECA -RRB- , the same US aid institution which administered the Marshall Plan .	US	Which country gave Yugoslavia aid when Tito became estranged from the USSR ?
Tito 's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain US aid via the Economic Cooperation Administration -LRB- ECA -RRB- , the same US aid institution which administered the Marshall Plan .	ECA	What agency distributed aid to Yugoslavia ?
Tito 's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain US aid via the Economic Cooperation Administration -LRB- ECA -RRB- , the same US aid institution which administered the Marshall Plan .	Marshall Plan	What plan was also administered by the ECA ?
Tito 's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain US aid via the Economic Cooperation Administration -LRB- ECA -RRB- , the same US aid institution which administered the Marshall Plan .	Tito	Which leader feared that accepting American aid meant aligning with the West ?
After Stalin 's death in 1953 , relations with the USSR were relaxed and he began to receive aid as well from the COMECON .	1953	In what year did Stalin die ?
This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition , but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period .	Informbiro	What name refers to the period of instability during the rift between Tito and the USSR ?
Tito 's form of communism was labeled `` Titoism '' by Moscow , which encouraged purges against suspected `` Titoites ' '' throughout the Eastern bloc .	Titoism	What was Tito 's form of communism called ?
Tito 's form of communism was labeled `` Titoism '' by Moscow , which encouraged purges against suspected `` Titoites ' '' throughout the Eastern bloc .	Moscow	Who encouraged purges against Titoites ?
Tito 's form of communism was labeled `` Titoism '' by Moscow , which encouraged purges against suspected `` Titoites ' '' throughout the Eastern bloc .	Eastern bloc	Throughout what area did purges of Titoites occur ?
The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito , but also for the global development of socialism , since it was the first major split between Communist states , casting doubt on Comintern 's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world , as Tito became the first -LRB- and the only successful -RRB- socialist leader to defy Stalin 's leadership in the COMINFORM .	Tito	Who became the first leader to defy Stalin 's leadership ?
On 26 June 1950 , the National Assembly supported a crucial bill written by Milovan Đilas and Tito about `` self-management '' -LRB- samoupravljanje -RRB- : a type of cooperative independent socialist experiment that introduced profit sharing and workplace democracy in previously state-run enterprises which then became the direct social ownership of the employees .	1950	In what year did the National Assembly support a crucial bill about `` self Management '' ?
On 26 June 1950 , the National Assembly supported a crucial bill written by Milovan Đilas and Tito about `` self-management '' -LRB- samoupravljanje -RRB- : a type of cooperative independent socialist experiment that introduced profit sharing and workplace democracy in previously state-run enterprises which then became the direct social ownership of the employees .	Milovan Đilas	Who wrote the bill with Tito about `` self management '' ?
Tito also succeeded Ivan Ribar as the President of Yugoslavia on 14 January 1953 .	Ribar	Tito succeeded who as the President of Yugoslavia ?
After Stalin 's death Tito rejected the USSR 's invitation for a visit to discuss normalization of relations between two nations .	USSR	Whose invitation did Tito reject after Stalin 's death ?
Tito visited the USSR in 1956 , which signaled to the world that animosity between Yugoslavia and USSR was easing .	1956	When did Tito visit the USSR to signal that his country 's animosity was decreasing ?
It has , for example , been given as one of the reasons for the Slánský trial in Czechoslovakia , in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged , with 11 of them being executed .	14	How many high-level Communists were purged in the Slansky trial ?
It has , for example , been given as one of the reasons for the Slánský trial in Czechoslovakia , in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged , with 11 of them being executed .	11	How many Communists were executed at the Slansky trial ?
Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges in order to discourage the spread of the idea of a `` national path to socialism , '' which Tito espoused .	Czechoslovakia	What country had pressure put on it by Stalin to conduct purges ?
Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges in order to discourage the spread of the idea of a `` national path to socialism , '' which Tito espoused .	Tito	Who espoused the `` national path to socialism '' ?
Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges in order to discourage the spread of the idea of a `` national path to socialism , '' which Tito espoused .	Stalin	Who put pressure on Checkoslovakia to conduct purges ?
Under Tito 's leadership , Yugoslavia became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement .	Tito	Under whose leadership did Yugoslavia become a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement ?
In 1961 , Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt 's Gamal Abdel Nasser , India 's Jawaharlal Nehru , Indonesia 's Sukarno and Ghana 's Kwame Nkrumah , in an action called The Initiative of Five -LRB- Tito , Nehru , Nasser , Sukarno , Nkrumah -RRB- , thus establishing strong ties with third world countries .	1961	In what year did Tito co-found the Non-Aligned Movement ?
In 1961 , Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt 's Gamal Abdel Nasser , India 's Jawaharlal Nehru , Indonesia 's Sukarno and Ghana 's Kwame Nkrumah , in an action called The Initiative of Five -LRB- Tito , Nehru , Nasser , Sukarno , Nkrumah -RRB- , thus establishing strong ties with third world countries .	Egypt	Nasser led which country in 1961 ?
In 1961 , Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt 's Gamal Abdel Nasser , India 's Jawaharlal Nehru , Indonesia 's Sukarno and Ghana 's Kwame Nkrumah , in an action called The Initiative of Five -LRB- Tito , Nehru , Nasser , Sukarno , Nkrumah -RRB- , thus establishing strong ties with third world countries .	Nehru	Which Indonesian leader co-founded the Non-Aligned movement with Tito ?
On 1 September 1961 , Josip Broz Tito became the first Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement .	Tito	Who became the first Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement ?
Tito 's foreign policy led to relationships with a variety of governments , such as exchanging visits -LRB- 1954 and 1956 -RRB- with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia , where a street was named in his honor .	1954	When did Tito first visit Emperor Haile Selassie ?
Tito 's foreign policy led to relationships with a variety of governments , such as exchanging visits -LRB- 1954 and 1956 -RRB- with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia , where a street was named in his honor .	1956	When did Tito last visit Emperor Selassie ?
Tito 's foreign policy led to relationships with a variety of governments , such as exchanging visits -LRB- 1954 and 1956 -RRB- with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia , where a street was named in his honor .	Ethiopia	What country does Emperor Selassie rule ?
Tito 's foreign policy led to relationships with a variety of governments , such as exchanging visits -LRB- 1954 and 1956 -RRB- with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia , where a street was named in his honor .	Ethiopia	In what country does Tito have a street named in his honor ?
Tito 's foreign policy led to relationships with a variety of governments , such as exchanging visits -LRB- 1954 and 1956 -RRB- with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia , where a street was named in his honor .	Selassie	Who is the Emperor of Ethiopia in 1954 ?
Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries .	Cold War	During what period did Tito pursue a policy of neutrality ?
Tito 's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently , the Eastern Bloc .	Stalin	With whom did Tito 's belief in self-determination cause a rift ?
Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries .	developing	What type of countries did Tito develop relations with ?
Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries .	Tito	Who had a strong belief in self-determination and was opposed to Stalin because of this ?
Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial .	Western European nations	Tito had cordial relations with the United States and what other Western area ?
Tito met many world leaders during his rule , such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev ; Egypt 's Gamal Abdel Nasser , Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi ; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill , James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher ; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter ; other political leaders , dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included Che Guevara , Fidel Castro , Yasser Arafat , Willy Brandt , Helmut Schmidt , Georges Pompidou , Queen Elizabeth II , Hua Guofeng , Kim Il Sung , Sukarno , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Suharto , Idi Amin , Haile Selassie , Kenneth Kaunda , Gaddafi , Erich Honecker , Nicolae Ceaușescu , János Kádár and Urho Kekkonen .	Egypt	Nasser was a leader of what country ?
Tito met many world leaders during his rule , such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev ; Egypt 's Gamal Abdel Nasser , Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi ; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill , James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher ; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter ; other political leaders , dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included Che Guevara , Fidel Castro , Yasser Arafat , Willy Brandt , Helmut Schmidt , Georges Pompidou , Queen Elizabeth II , Hua Guofeng , Kim Il Sung , Sukarno , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Suharto , Idi Amin , Haile Selassie , Kenneth Kaunda , Gaddafi , Erich Honecker , Nicolae Ceaușescu , János Kádár and Urho Kekkonen .	Indian	Nehru was a leader of what country ?
Tito met many world leaders during his rule , such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev ; Egypt 's Gamal Abdel Nasser , Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi ; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill , James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher ; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter ; other political leaders , dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included Che Guevara , Fidel Castro , Yasser Arafat , Willy Brandt , Helmut Schmidt , Georges Pompidou , Queen Elizabeth II , Hua Guofeng , Kim Il Sung , Sukarno , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Suharto , Idi Amin , Haile Selassie , Kenneth Kaunda , Gaddafi , Erich Honecker , Nicolae Ceaușescu , János Kádár and Urho Kekkonen .	Indian	Gandhi was a leader of what country ?
Tito met many world leaders during his rule , such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev ; Egypt 's Gamal Abdel Nasser , Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi ; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill , James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher ; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter ; other political leaders , dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included Che Guevara , Fidel Castro , Yasser Arafat , Willy Brandt , Helmut Schmidt , Georges Pompidou , Queen Elizabeth II , Hua Guofeng , Kim Il Sung , Sukarno , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Suharto , Idi Amin , Haile Selassie , Kenneth Kaunda , Gaddafi , Erich Honecker , Nicolae Ceaușescu , János Kádár and Urho Kekkonen .	U.S.	Eisenhower was a president of what country ?
Tito met many world leaders during his rule , such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev ; Egypt 's Gamal Abdel Nasser , Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi ; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill , James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher ; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter ; other political leaders , dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included Che Guevara , Fidel Castro , Yasser Arafat , Willy Brandt , Helmut Schmidt , Georges Pompidou , Queen Elizabeth II , Hua Guofeng , Kim Il Sung , Sukarno , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Suharto , Idi Amin , Haile Selassie , Kenneth Kaunda , Gaddafi , Erich Honecker , Nicolae Ceaușescu , János Kádár and Urho Kekkonen .	U.S.	Nixon was a president of what country ?
Tito visited India from December 22 , 1954 through January 8 , 1955 .	1954	When did Tito first visit India ?
Tito visited India from December 22 , 1954 through January 8 , 1955 .	1955	When did Tito leave India ?
Tito visited India from December 22 , 1954 through January 8 , 1955 .	India	After his return from where did Tito remove many restrictions on churches in Yugoslavia ?
Tito visited India from December 22 , 1954 through January 8 , 1955 .	India	Where did Tito visit from 1954 to 1955 ?
After his return , he removed many restrictions on churches and spiritual institutions in Yugoslavia .	spiritual	After returning from India , Tito removed restrictions on what type of institutions ?
Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu , travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959 , though he did n't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader , Ne Win .	Burma	What country did U Nu lead ?
Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu , travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959 , though he did n't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader , Ne Win .	U Nu	Who was the leader of Burma in 1955 ?
Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu , travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959 , though he did n't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader , Ne Win .	Ne Win	Who succeeded U Nu in Burma ?
Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu , travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959 , though he did n't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader , Ne Win .	Burma	Ne Win led what country ?
Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu , travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959 , though he did n't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader , Ne Win .	Ne Win	Who led Burma in 1959 ?
For example , Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner 's Paraguay .	Yugoslavia	What was the only Communist country allowed to have an embassy in Stroessner 's Paraguay ?
For example , Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner 's Paraguay .	Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay	Yugoslavia was the only communist country to have an embassy where ?
One notable exception to Yugoslavia 's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was Chile under Pinochet ; Yugoslavia was one of many countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after Salvador Allende was overthrown .	Chile	Pinochet ruled what country ?
One notable exception to Yugoslavia 's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was Chile under Pinochet ; Yugoslavia was one of many countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after Salvador Allende was overthrown .	Allende	Who did Pinochet overthrow ?
Yugoslavia also provided military aid and arms supplies to staunchly anti-Communist regimes such as that of Guatemala under Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García .	Guatemala	What country did Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia lead ?
On 7 April 1963 , the country changed its official name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia .	7 April 1963	When did Yugoslavia change its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ?
Tito subsequently went on a tour of the Americas .	Americas	Two government ministers resigned over Tito 's visit to what region ?
In the autumn of 1960 Tito met President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the United Nations General Assembly meeting .	United Nations General Assembly meeting.	Eisenhower met Tito where in 1960 ?
When Eisenhower remarked that Yugoslavia 's neutralism was `` neutral on his side '' , Tito replied that neutralism did not imply passivity but meant `` not taking sides '' .	Tito	Who said that neutralism did not imply passivity but mean `` not taking sides '' ?
In the autumn of 1960 Tito met President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the United Nations General Assembly meeting .	1960	When did Tito meet Eisenhower at the U.N. ?
In 1966 an agreement with the Vatican , fostered in part by the death in 1960 of anti-communist archbishop of Zagreb Aloysius Stepinac and shifts in the church 's approach to resisting communism originating in the Second Vatican Council , accorded new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church , particularly to catechize and open seminaries .	Stepinac	What anti-communist archbisoph died in 1960 ?
In 1966 an agreement with the Vatican , fostered in part by the death in 1960 of anti-communist archbishop of Zagreb Aloysius Stepinac and shifts in the church 's approach to resisting communism originating in the Second Vatican Council , accorded new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church , particularly to catechize and open seminaries .	Yugoslav	Stepinac 's death gave new freedom to what branch of the Roman Catholic Church ?
The State Security Administration -LRB- UDBA -RRB- saw its power scaled back and its staff reduced to 5000 .	UDBA	What agency had its staff reduced to 5000 after Lenninist orthodoxy was abandoned ?
The State Security Administration -LRB- UDBA -RRB- saw its power scaled back and its staff reduced to 5000 .	UDBA	What acronym describes the State Security Administration ?
In the same year Tito declared that Communists must henceforth chart Yugoslavia 's course by the force of their arguments -LRB- implying an abandonment of Leninist orthodoxy and development of liberal Communism -RRB- .	Leninist	What ideology did Tito abandon as part of his new socialism ?
On 1 January 1967 , Yugoslavia was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors and abolish visa requirements .	Yugoslavia	Who was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors ?
On 1 January 1967 , Yugoslavia was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors and abolish visa requirements .	1967	In what year did the first communist country open its borders to all foreign visitors ?
On 1 January 1967 , Yugoslavia was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors and abolish visa requirements .	1967	When did Tito start promoting a peaceful resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict ?
In the same year Tito became active in promoting a peaceful resolution of the Arab -- Israeli conflict .	Tito	Whose plan called for Arabs to recognize the state of Israel in exchange for territories Israel gained ?
On 1 January 1967 , Yugoslavia was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors and abolish visa requirements .	1967	In what year did Tito start working in Arab Israeli peace processes ?
In 1968 , Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets .	Czechoslovak	What country did Dubcek lead ?
In 1968 , Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets .	three hours	How much time did Tito give Dubcek to fly to Prague ?
In 1968 , Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets .	Prague	Where did Tito send Dubcek in 1968 ?
In April 1969 , Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia .	Tito	Who removed generals Gosnjak and Hamovic ?
In April 1969 , Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia .	Yugoslavia	What army was unprepared for the invasion of Czechoslovakia ?
In 1971 , Tito was re-elected as President of Yugoslavia by the Federal Assembly for the sixth time .	1971	In what year was Tito reelected president of Yugoslavia for the sixth time ?
In 1971 , Tito was re-elected as President of Yugoslavia by the Federal Assembly for the sixth time .	Federal Assembly	Who elected Tito president in 1971 ?
In his speech before the Federal Assembly he introduced 20 sweeping constitutional amendments that would provide an updated framework on which the country would be based .	20	How many sweeping constitutional amendments did Tito introduce in 1971 ?
Džemal Bijedić was chosen as the Premier .	Bijedić	Who was chosen as a premier in 1971 in Yugoslavia ?
The federal government would retain authority only over foreign affairs , defense , internal security , monetary affairs , free trade within Yugoslavia , and development loans to poorer regions .	federal	What branch of the Yugoslav government would retain control over foreign affairs , defense and internal security ?
Tito 's greatest strength , in the eyes of the western communists , had been in suppressing nationalist insurrections and maintaining unity throughout the country .	Tito	What person 's calls for unity is credited by western communists of holding together Yugoslavia ?
This ability was put to a test several times during his reign , notably during the Croatian Spring -LRB- also referred as the Masovni pokret , maspok , meaning `` Mass Movement '' -RRB- when the government suppressed both public demonstrations and dissenting opinions within the Communist Party .	the Croatian Spring	What was referred to as the `` Mass Movement '' ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- On 16 May 1974 , the new Constitution was passed , and the aging Tito was named president for life , a status which he would enjoy for five years .	16 May 1974	When was the new Yugoslavian constitution passed ?
Despite this suppression , much of maspok 's demands were later realized with the new constitution , heavily backed by Tito himself against opposition from the Serbian branch of the party .	Tito	Who was named President for Life of Yugoslavia in 1974 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- On 16 May 1974 , the new Constitution was passed , and the aging Tito was named president for life , a status which he would enjoy for five years .	five years.	How long did the person named `` president for life '' serve ?
Security for the state visits was usually high to keep him away from protesters , who would frequently burn the Yugoslav flag .	Yugoslav	What flag did protesters of Tito often burn ?
During a visit to the United Nations in the late 1970s emigrants shouted `` Tito murderer '' outside his New York hotel , for which he protested to United States authorities .	Tito murderer	What did protesters scream during Tito 's visit to the United Nations in the late 1970 's ?
During a visit to the United Nations in the late 1970s emigrants shouted `` Tito murderer '' outside his New York hotel , for which he protested to United States authorities .	United States authorities.	Which authorities fielded complaints from TIto about protesters ?
During a visit to the United Nations in the late 1970s emigrants shouted `` Tito murderer '' outside his New York hotel , for which he protested to United States authorities .	New York	What American state did Tito visit when he saw the U.N. ?
Security for the state visits was usually high to keep him away from protesters , who would frequently burn the Yugoslav flag .	protesters	Security for Tito 's visit was unusually high to keep Tito away from what individuals ?
He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors , going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist .	Beijing	Where did Tito travel in 1977 to reconcile with Chinese leadership ?
He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors , going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist .	1977	In what year did Tito travel to China to reconcile with Chinese leadership ?
In turn , Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yugoslavia in 1979 .	Chairman Hua Guofeng	What Chinese leader traveled to Yugoslavia in 1979 ?
After the constitutional changes of 1974 , Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state .	1974	After the constitutional changes made in what year did Tito reduce his role in the day-to-day running of the state .
In 1978 , Tito traveled to the U.S. .	1978	In what year did Tito travel to the U.S. to visit Washington D.C. , amist protest by anti-communist Croat , Serb and Albanian groups ?
Tito became increasingly ill over the course of 1979 .	1979	During what year did Tito become increasingly ill ?
During this time Vila Srna was built for his use near Morović in the event of his recovery .	Vila Srna	What was built near Morovic for Tito to use in the event of his recovery ?
On 7 January and again on 11 January 1980 , Tito was admitted to the Medical Centre in Ljubljana , the capital city of the SR Slovenia , with circulation problems in his legs .	the Medical Centre in Ljubljana	Where was Tito admitted on 7 January and again on 11 January 1980 with circulatory problems ?
His left leg was amputated soon afterward due to arterial blockages and he died of gangrene at the Medical Centre Ljubljana on 4 May 1980 at 15:05 , three days short of his 88th birthday .	4 May 1980	When did Tito die ?
His left leg was amputated soon afterward due to arterial blockages and he died of gangrene at the Medical Centre Ljubljana on 4 May 1980 at 15:05 , three days short of his 88th birthday .	gangrene	Tito 's cause of death was what ?
Tito was interred in a mausoleum in Belgrade , which forms part of a memorial complex in the grounds of the Museum of Yugoslav History -LRB- formerly called `` Museum 25 May '' and `` Museum of the Revolution '' -RRB- .	Belgrade	In what city was Tito interred ?
Tito was interred in a mausoleum in Belgrade , which forms part of a memorial complex in the grounds of the Museum of Yugoslav History -LRB- formerly called `` Museum 25 May '' and `` Museum of the Revolution '' -RRB- .	Museum of Yugoslav History	What museum was formerly called `` Museum 25 May '' ?
The actual mausoleum is called House of Flowers -LRB- Kuća Cveća -RRB- and numerous people visit the place as a shrine to `` better times '' .	House of Flowers	What name was given to Tito 's mausoleum ?
The collection also includes original prints of Los Caprichos by Francisco Goya , and many others .	Francisco Goya	Who made the original print of Los Caprichos ?
The museum keeps the gifts Tito received during his presidency .	Tito	After whose death did speculation begin concerning whether his successors could continue to hold Yugoslavia together ?
Several of these places have since returned to their original names , such as Podgorica , formerly Titograd -LRB- though Podgorica 's international airport is still identified by the code TGD -RRB- , and Užice , formerly Titovo Užice , which reverted to its original name in 1992 .	Podgorica	What name was changed to Titograd ?
Several of these places have since returned to their original names , such as Podgorica , formerly Titograd -LRB- though Podgorica 's international airport is still identified by the code TGD -RRB- , and Užice , formerly Titovo Užice , which reverted to its original name in 1992 .	1992	When did Uziece revert to its original name ?
In 2004 , Antun Augustinčić 's statue of Broz in his birthplace of Kumrovec was decapitated in an explosion .	Kumrovec	Where is the birthplace of Antun Augustincic ?
Croatian president Stjepan Mesić criticized the demonstration to change the name .	Croatian	What country is Stejpan Mesic president of ?
The largest Tito monument in the world , about 10 m -LRB- 33 ft -RRB- high , is located at Tito Square -LRB- Slovene : Titov trg -RRB- , the central square in Velenje , Slovenia .	Slovenia	Where is the largest Tito monument located ?
Every year a `` Brotherhood and Unity '' relay race is organized in Montenegro , Macedonia and Serbia which ends at the `` House of Flowers '' in Belgrade on May 25 -- the final resting place of Tito .	"House of Flowers"	Where does the annual `` Brotherhood and Unity '' relay race end ?
Every year a `` Brotherhood and Unity '' relay race is organized in Montenegro , Macedonia and Serbia which ends at the `` House of Flowers '' in Belgrade on May 25 -- the final resting place of Tito .	Belgrade	Where is the final resting place of Tito ?
At the same time , runners in Slovenia , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina set off for Kumrovec , Tito 's birthplace in northern Croatia .	Kumrovec	Where is Tito 's birthplace in Croatia ?
Every year a `` Brotherhood and Unity '' relay race is organized in Montenegro , Macedonia and Serbia which ends at the `` House of Flowers '' in Belgrade on May 25 -- the final resting place of Tito .	Every year	How often is the `` Brotherhood and Unity '' relay race done ?
Every year a `` Brotherhood and Unity '' relay race is organized in Montenegro , Macedonia and Serbia which ends at the `` House of Flowers '' in Belgrade on May 25 -- the final resting place of Tito .	25	On what day in May does the `` Brotherhood and Unity '' relay race end ?
On 4 October 2011 , the Slovenian Constitutional Court found a 2009 naming of a street in Ljubljana after Tito to be unconstitutional .	2011	On what year did a Slovenian court find a 2009 naming of a street after Tito to be unconstitutional ?
On 4 October 2011 , the Slovenian Constitutional Court found a 2009 naming of a street in Ljubljana after Tito to be unconstitutional .	Ljubljana	Where was the street named after Tito that was found unconstitutional located ?
While several public areas in Slovenia -LRB- named during the Yugoslav period -RRB- do already bear Tito 's name , on the issue of renaming an additional street the court ruled that :	Tito	Several public area of Slovenia bear which person 's name .
In the years following the dissolution of Yugoslavia , some historians stated that human rights were suppressed in Yugoslavia under Tito , particularly in the first decade up until the Tito-Stalin split .	Tito	Under which ruler do historians argue human rights were suppressed in Yugoslavia ?
Slovenia has several streets and squares named after Tito , notably Tito Square in Velenje , incorporating a 10-meter statue .	Velenje	Tito Square is located in what Slovenian city ?
Slovenia has several streets and squares named after Tito , notably Tito Square in Velenje , incorporating a 10-meter statue .	10-meter	How tall is the statue in Tito Square ?
Slovenia has several streets and squares named after Tito , notably Tito Square in Velenje , incorporating a 10-meter statue .	Tito Square	Where is a 10-meter statue of Tito located ?
Slovenia has several streets and squares named after Tito , notably Tito Square in Velenje , incorporating a 10-meter statue .	Slovenia	Where is Velenje located ?
Tito has also been named as responsible for systematic eradication of the ethnic German -LRB- Danube Swabian -RRB- population in Vojvodina by expulsions and mass executions following the collapse of the German occupation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II , in contrast to his inclusive attitude towards other Yugoslav nationalities .	German	What is the ethnic origin of the Danube Swabian people ?
Tito has also been named as responsible for systematic eradication of the ethnic German -LRB- Danube Swabian -RRB- population in Vojvodina by expulsions and mass executions following the collapse of the German occupation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II , in contrast to his inclusive attitude towards other Yugoslav nationalities .	Vojvodina	Where is the location of the Danube Swabian population ?
Tito has also been named as responsible for systematic eradication of the ethnic German -LRB- Danube Swabian -RRB- population in Vojvodina by expulsions and mass executions following the collapse of the German occupation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II , in contrast to his inclusive attitude towards other Yugoslav nationalities .	Vojvodina	There were mass executions of Danube Swabian populations in what city ?
Tito has also been named as responsible for systematic eradication of the ethnic German -LRB- Danube Swabian -RRB- population in Vojvodina by expulsions and mass executions following the collapse of the German occupation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II , in contrast to his inclusive attitude towards other Yugoslav nationalities .	German	Which group of people occupied Yugoslavia at the end of World War II ?
Tito has also been named as responsible for systematic eradication of the ethnic German -LRB- Danube Swabian -RRB- population in Vojvodina by expulsions and mass executions following the collapse of the German occupation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II , in contrast to his inclusive attitude towards other Yugoslav nationalities .	World War II,	At the end of what World War did the Germans occupy Yugoslavia ?
In 1918 he was brought to Omsk , Russia , as a prisoner of war .	Omsk	Where in Russia was Tito brought as a prisoner of war in 1918 ?
In 1918 he was brought to Omsk , Russia , as a prisoner of war .	1918	When was Tito brought to Russia as a prisoner of war ?
There he met Pelagija Belousova who was then thirteen ; he married her a year later , and she moved with him to Yugoslavia .	thirteen	How old was Pelagija Belousava when Tito met her ?
Pelagija bore him five children but only their son Žarko Leon -LRB- born 4 February , 1924 -RRB- survived .	five	How many children did Pelagija bore for Tito ?
Pelagija bore him five children but only their son Žarko Leon -LRB- born 4 February , 1924 -RRB- survived .	Žarko Leon	Who was the only surviving child of Tito 's ?
In 1936 , when Tito stayed at the Hotel Lux in Moscow , he met the Austrian comrade Lucia Bauer .	Moscow	Where is the Hotel Lux located in Russia ?
In 1936 , when Tito stayed at the Hotel Lux in Moscow , he met the Austrian comrade Lucia Bauer .	1936	When did Tito stay at the Hotel Lux ?
In 1936 , when Tito stayed at the Hotel Lux in Moscow , he met the Austrian comrade Lucia Bauer .	Lucia Bauer	What is the name of the Austrian comrade Tito met in Moscow in 1936 ?
They married in October 1936 , but the records of this marriage were later erased .	1936	When did Tito marry Lucia Bauer ?
In 1936 , when Tito stayed at the Hotel Lux in Moscow , he met the Austrian comrade Lucia Bauer .	Lucia Bauer	Tito 's marriage to what person was later erased in records ?
His next relationship was with Herta Haas , whom he married in 1940 .	Herta Haas	Who did Tito marry in 1940 ?
In May 1941 , she gave birth to their son , Aleksandar `` Mišo '' Broz .	1941	When did Haas give birth to Tito 's son ?
In May 1941 , she gave birth to their son , Aleksandar `` Mišo '' Broz .	Aleksandar "Mišo" Broz	What was the name of Tito 's son born to him and Haas ?
All throughout his relationship with Haas , Tito had maintained a promiscuous life and had a parallel relationship with Davorjanka Paunović , who , under the codename `` Zdenka '' , served as a courier in the resistance and subsequently became his personal secretary .	Davorjanka Paunović	With whom did Tito have a parallel life during his marriage to Haas ?
The last time Haas saw Broz was in 1946 .	1946	When did Davorjanka die of Tuberculosis ?
His best known wife was Jovanka Broz .	Jovanka Broz	Who was Tito 's best known wife ?
Tito was just shy of his 59th birthday , while she was 27 , when they finally married in April 1952 , with state security chief Aleksandar Ranković as the best man .	27	How old was Jovanka Broz when she married Tito ?
Tito was just shy of his 59th birthday , while she was 27 , when they finally married in April 1952 , with state security chief Aleksandar Ranković as the best man .	1952	In what year did Tito and Jovanka marry ?
Tito was just shy of his 59th birthday , while she was 27 , when they finally married in April 1952 , with state security chief Aleksandar Ranković as the best man .	Aleksandar Ranković	Who was the best man at the wedding of Jovanka and Tito ?
Since Jovanka was the only female companion he married while in power , she also went down in history as Yugoslavia 's first lady .	Jovanka	Who went down in history as Yugoslavia 's first lady ?
Tito 's notable grandchildren include Aleksandra Broz , a prominent theatre director in Croatia ; Svetlana Broz , a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia-Herzegovina ; and Josip `` Joška '' Broz , Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski , an artisan of Bosnia-Herzegovina .	Aleksandra Broz	Which of Tito 's grandchildren is a theatre director ?
Tito 's notable grandchildren include Aleksandra Broz , a prominent theatre director in Croatia ; Svetlana Broz , a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia-Herzegovina ; and Josip `` Joška '' Broz , Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski , an artisan of Bosnia-Herzegovina .	Svetlana Broz	Which of Tito 's grandchildren is a cardiologist and writer ?
Tito 's notable grandchildren include Aleksandra Broz , a prominent theatre director in Croatia ; Svetlana Broz , a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia-Herzegovina ; and Josip `` Joška '' Broz , Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski , an artisan of Bosnia-Herzegovina .	Bosnia-Herzegovina	Where does Svetlana Broz live ?
Tito 's notable grandchildren include Aleksandra Broz , a prominent theatre director in Croatia ; Svetlana Broz , a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia-Herzegovina ; and Josip `` Joška '' Broz , Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski , an artisan of Bosnia-Herzegovina .	Croatia	Where does Leksandra Broz live ?
Tito 's notable grandchildren include Aleksandra Broz , a prominent theatre director in Croatia ; Svetlana Broz , a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia-Herzegovina ; and Josip `` Joška '' Broz , Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski , an artisan of Bosnia-Herzegovina .	Bosnia-Herzegovina	Where does Edvard Broz live ?
In Belgrade he resided in the official residence , the Beli dvor , and maintained a separate private home .	Beli dvor	What is the name of the official residence in Belgrade ?
The Brijuni islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on .	Brijuni	What islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on ?
The pavilion was designed by Jože Plečnik , and included a zoo .	Jože Plečnik	Who designed the pavilion at the State Summer Residence ?
In Belgrade he resided in the official residence , the Beli dvor , and maintained a separate private home .	Belgrade	In what city was the official residence for Tito ?
The Brijuni islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on .	State Summer Residence	Film stars including Elizabeth Taylor visited what island residence of Tito ?
Another residence was maintained at Lake Bled , while the grounds at Karađorđevo were the site of `` diplomatic hunts '' .	Karađorđevo	The grounds at what location were the site of `` diplomatic hunts '' ?
By 1974 the Yugoslav President had at his disposal 32 official residences , larger and small , the yacht Galeb -LRB- `` seagull '' -RRB- , a Boeing 727 as the presidential airplane , and the Blue Train .	Galeb	What was the name of the yacht the Yugoslav president had at his disposal ?
After Tito 's death the presidential Boeing 727 was sold to Aviogenex , the Galeb remained docked in Montenegro , while the Blue Train was stored in a Serbian train shed for over two decades .	Aviogenex	What company bought the presidential Boeing 727 after Tito 's death ?
After Tito 's death the presidential Boeing 727 was sold to Aviogenex , the Galeb remained docked in Montenegro , while the Blue Train was stored in a Serbian train shed for over two decades .	Montenegro	Where was the Galeb docked after Tito 's death ?
By 1974 the Yugoslav President had at his disposal 32 official residences , larger and small , the yacht Galeb -LRB- `` seagull '' -RRB- , a Boeing 727 as the presidential airplane , and the Blue Train .	seagull	What is the English translation of Galeb ?
A biographer also stated that he spoke `` Serbo-Croatian ... Russian , Czech , Slovenian ... German -LRB- with a Viennese accent -RRB- ... understands and reads French and Italian ... -LSB- and -RSB- also speaks Kirghiz . ''	Viennese	With what accent did Tito speak German according to a biographer ?
As regards knowledge of languages , Tito replied that he spoke Serbo-Croatian , German , Russian , and some English .	some	How much English did Tito speak ?
A biographer also stated that he spoke `` Serbo-Croatian ... Russian , Czech , Slovenian ... German -LRB- with a Viennese accent -RRB- ... understands and reads French and Italian ... -LSB- and -RSB- also speaks Kirghiz . ''	Kirghiz	Other than Serbo-Croatian , German , Russian , Czech , Slovenian and English , French and Italian , what language does Tito speak ?
As an adult , he frequently declared that he was an atheist .	atheist	What did Tito declare himself to be religiously as an adult ?
In his youth Tito attended Catholic Sunday school , and was later an altar boy .	Catholic	What type of religious educaton did Tito attend as a child ?
After an incident where he was slapped and shouted at by a priest when he had difficulty assisting the priest to remove his vestments , Tito would not enter a church again .	slapped and shouted at	What did a priest do to Tito as a child when he had difficulty removing the priest 's vestments ?
After an incident where he was slapped and shouted at by a priest when he had difficulty assisting the priest to remove his vestments , Tito would not enter a church again .	church	After being yelled at by a priest as a child , what place of worship would Tito refuse to enter again ?
The largest of these was Titograd , now Podgorica , the capital city of Montenegro .	Titograd	What is the name of the largest town or city renamed in Tito 's name ?
The largest of these was Titograd , now Podgorica , the capital city of Montenegro .	Podgorica	What is Titograd now called ?
The largest of these was Titograd , now Podgorica , the capital city of Montenegro .	Montenegro	What is Podgorica the capital city of ?
Every federal unit had a town or city with historic significance from the World War II period renamed to have Tito 's name included .	Tito's	Whose name was added to the name for every town or city with historical signiciance from the World War II period ?
Tito 's personal doctor , Aleksandar Matunović , wrote a book about Tito in which he also questioned his true origin , noting that Tito 's habits and lifestyle could only mean that he was from an aristocratic family .	Aleksandar Matunović	What was the name of Tito 's personal doctor ?
Tito 's personal doctor , Aleksandar Matunović , wrote a book about Tito in which he also questioned his true origin , noting that Tito 's habits and lifestyle could only mean that he was from an aristocratic family .	Aleksandar Matunović	Who wrote a book about Tito questioning his true origin ?
Serbian journalist Vladan Dinić -LRB- born 1949 -RRB- , in Tito nije tito , includes several possible alternate identities of Tito .	Vladan Dinić	What Serbian journalist includes several alternate identities of Tito ?
Serbian journalist Vladan Dinić -LRB- born 1949 -RRB- , in Tito nije tito , includes several possible alternate identities of Tito .	1949	In what year waas Vladan Dinic born ?
Serbian journalist Vladan Dinić -LRB- born 1949 -RRB- , in Tito nije tito , includes several possible alternate identities of Tito .	Tito	Dinic gives several alternate identities of what person ?
In 2013 a lot of media coverage was given to unclassified NSA 's study in Cryptologic Spectrum that concluded that Tito did not speak the language as a native , and had features of other Slavic languages -LRB- Russian and Polish -RRB- .	2013	In what year did the study in Cryptologic Spectrum come out ?
In 2013 a lot of media coverage was given to unclassified NSA 's study in Cryptologic Spectrum that concluded that Tito did not speak the language as a native , and had features of other Slavic languages -LRB- Russian and Polish -RRB- .	NSA	What organization created the Cryptologic Spectrum ?
In 2013 a lot of media coverage was given to unclassified NSA 's study in Cryptologic Spectrum that concluded that Tito did not speak the language as a native , and had features of other Slavic languages -LRB- Russian and Polish -RRB- .	Russian and Polish	What other Slavic languages did the Cryptologic Spectrum conclude Tito spoke ?
The report also notes Draža Mihailović 's impressions of Tito 's Russian origins .	Draža Mihailović's	The Cryptologic Spectrum also notes whose impressions of Tito 's Russian origins ?
However , the NSA 's report was completely disproved by Croatian experts .	Croatian	Experts from what country disproved the NSA 's report ?
The report failed to recognize that Tito was a native speaker of the very distinctive local Kajkavian dialect of Zagorje .	Zagorje	What was the distinct local dialect Tito spoke ?
However , the NSA 's report was completely disproved by Croatian experts .	NSA	Croatian experts disproved the report from which group concerning Tito 's ethnic origins ?
The acute accent , present only in Croatian dialects , which Tito is perfectly pronouncing , is the strongest proof of Tito 's belonging to Kajkavian dialect .	Croatian	Tito 's acute accent is present only in what type of dialects ?
As the Communist Party was outlawed in Yugoslavia starting on 30 December 1920 , Josip Broz took on many assumed names during his activity within the Party , including `` Rudi '' , `` Walter '' , and `` Tito . ''	1920	Starting in what year was the Communist Party outlawed in Yugoslavia ?
As the Communist Party was outlawed in Yugoslavia starting on 30 December 1920 , Josip Broz took on many assumed names during his activity within the Party , including `` Rudi '' , `` Walter '' , and `` Tito . ''	Communist	What party was outlawed in Yugoslavia in 1920 ?
As the Communist Party was outlawed in Yugoslavia starting on 30 December 1920 , Josip Broz took on many assumed names during his activity within the Party , including `` Rudi '' , `` Walter '' , and `` Tito . ''	Josip Broz	`` Rudi '' , `` Walter '' and `` Tito '' are names that what person assumed ?
As the Communist Party was outlawed in Yugoslavia starting on 30 December 1920 , Josip Broz took on many assumed names during his activity within the Party , including `` Rudi '' , `` Walter '' , and `` Tito . ''	30 December	On what date in 1920 was the Communist party outlawed in Yugoslavia ?
As the Communist Party was outlawed in Yugoslavia starting on 30 December 1920 , Josip Broz took on many assumed names during his activity within the Party , including `` Rudi '' , `` Walter '' , and `` Tito . ''	Josip Broz	What was Tito 's former name ?
Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world -LRB- 59 countries and Yugoslavia -RRB- .	119	How many awards and decorations did Josip Broz Tito recieve ?
21 decorations were from Yugoslavia itself , 18 having been awarded once , and the Order of the National Hero on three occasions .	21	Of all of the awards Tito received , how many were from Yugoslavia itself ?
The most notable awards included the French Legion of Honour and National Order of Merit , the British Order of the Bath , the Soviet Order of Lenin , the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum , the German Federal Cross of Merit , and the Order of Merit of Italy .	French	Which government awards the Legion of Honour and the National Order of Merit ?
The most notable awards included the French Legion of Honour and National Order of Merit , the British Order of the Bath , the Soviet Order of Lenin , the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum , the German Federal Cross of Merit , and the Order of Merit of Italy .	British	Which government awards the Order of the Bath ?
The most notable awards included the French Legion of Honour and National Order of Merit , the British Order of the Bath , the Soviet Order of Lenin , the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum , the German Federal Cross of Merit , and the Order of Merit of Italy .	Japanese	Which government awards the Order of the Chrysanthemum ?
After the Tito -- Stalin split of 1948 and his inauguration as president in 1953 , Tito rarely wore his uniform except when present in a military function , and then -LRB- with rare exception -RRB- only wore his Yugoslav ribbons for obvious practical reasons .	1948	In what year did the Tito-Stalin split occur ?
After the Tito -- Stalin split of 1948 and his inauguration as president in 1953 , Tito rarely wore his uniform except when present in a military function , and then -LRB- with rare exception -RRB- only wore his Yugoslav ribbons for obvious practical reasons .	1953	In what year was Tito inaugurated as president ?
The awards were displayed in full number only at his funeral in 1980 .	1980	In what year was Tito 's funeral ?
Tito 's reputation as one of the Allied leaders of World War II , along with his diplomatic position as the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement , was primarily the cause of the favorable international recognition .	Tito	Who was the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement ?
After the Tito -- Stalin split of 1948 and his inauguration as president in 1953 , Tito rarely wore his uniform except when present in a military function , and then -LRB- with rare exception -RRB- only wore his Yugoslav ribbons for obvious practical reasons .	Tito	Who was inauguarated as President of Yugoslavia in 1953 ?
Some of the other foreign awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito include Order of Merit , Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero , Order of Prince Henry , Order of Independence , Order of Merit , Order of the Nile , Order of the Condor of the Andes , Order of the Star of Romania , Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau , Croix de Guerre , Order of the Cross of Grunwald , Czechoslovak War Cross , Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria , Military Order of the White Lion , Nishan-e-Pakistan , Order of Al Rafidain , Order of Carol I , Order of Georgi Dimitrov , Order of Karl Marx , Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero , Order of Michael the Brave , Order of Pahlavi , Order of Sukhbaatar , Order of Suvorov , Order of the Liberator , Order of the October Revolution , Order of the Queen of Sheba , Order of the White Rose of Finland , Partisan Cross , Royal Order of Cambodia and Star of People 's Friendship and Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha .	Romania	Tito was awarded the Star of what country ?
Some of the other foreign awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito include Order of Merit , Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero , Order of Prince Henry , Order of Independence , Order of Merit , Order of the Nile , Order of the Condor of the Andes , Order of the Star of Romania , Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau , Croix de Guerre , Order of the Cross of Grunwald , Czechoslovak War Cross , Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria , Military Order of the White Lion , Nishan-e-Pakistan , Order of Al Rafidain , Order of Carol I , Order of Georgi Dimitrov , Order of Karl Marx , Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero , Order of Michael the Brave , Order of Pahlavi , Order of Sukhbaatar , Order of Suvorov , Order of the Liberator , Order of the October Revolution , Order of the Queen of Sheba , Order of the White Rose of Finland , Partisan Cross , Royal Order of Cambodia and Star of People 's Friendship and Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha .	Austria	Tito was awarded the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of what country ?
Some of the other foreign awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito include Order of Merit , Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero , Order of Prince Henry , Order of Independence , Order of Merit , Order of the Nile , Order of the Condor of the Andes , Order of the Star of Romania , Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau , Croix de Guerre , Order of the Cross of Grunwald , Czechoslovak War Cross , Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria , Military Order of the White Lion , Nishan-e-Pakistan , Order of Al Rafidain , Order of Carol I , Order of Georgi Dimitrov , Order of Karl Marx , Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero , Order of Michael the Brave , Order of Pahlavi , Order of Sukhbaatar , Order of Suvorov , Order of the Liberator , Order of the October Revolution , Order of the Queen of Sheba , Order of the White Rose of Finland , Partisan Cross , Royal Order of Cambodia and Star of People 's Friendship and Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha .	Sheba	Tito was awarded the Queen of where ?
Some of the other foreign awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito include Order of Merit , Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero , Order of Prince Henry , Order of Independence , Order of Merit , Order of the Nile , Order of the Condor of the Andes , Order of the Star of Romania , Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau , Croix de Guerre , Order of the Cross of Grunwald , Czechoslovak War Cross , Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria , Military Order of the White Lion , Nishan-e-Pakistan , Order of Al Rafidain , Order of Carol I , Order of Georgi Dimitrov , Order of Karl Marx , Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero , Order of Michael the Brave , Order of Pahlavi , Order of Sukhbaatar , Order of Suvorov , Order of the Liberator , Order of the October Revolution , Order of the Queen of Sheba , Order of the White Rose of Finland , Partisan Cross , Royal Order of Cambodia and Star of People 's Friendship and Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha .	Finland	Tito was awarded with the Order of the White Rose of what country ?
Some of the other foreign awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito include Order of Merit , Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero , Order of Prince Henry , Order of Independence , Order of Merit , Order of the Nile , Order of the Condor of the Andes , Order of the Star of Romania , Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau , Croix de Guerre , Order of the Cross of Grunwald , Czechoslovak War Cross , Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria , Military Order of the White Lion , Nishan-e-Pakistan , Order of Al Rafidain , Order of Carol I , Order of Georgi Dimitrov , Order of Karl Marx , Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero , Order of Michael the Brave , Order of Pahlavi , Order of Sukhbaatar , Order of Suvorov , Order of the Liberator , Order of the October Revolution , Order of the Queen of Sheba , Order of the White Rose of Finland , Partisan Cross , Royal Order of Cambodia and Star of People 's Friendship and Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha .	Cambodia	Tito was awarded with the Royal Order of what country ?
The Marshall Islands , officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands -LRB- Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ -RRB- , -LSB- note 1 -RSB- is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean , slightly west of the International Date Line .	Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ	What is the name of the Marshall Islands in its native language ?
The Marshall Islands , officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands -LRB- Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ -RRB- , -LSB- note 1 -RSB- is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean , slightly west of the International Date Line .	the equator	Near what major line of latitutde are the Marshall Islands located ?
The country 's population of 53,158 people -LRB- at the 2011 Census -RRB- is spread out over 29 coral atolls , comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets .	53,158	As of 2011 , how many people live in the Marshall Islands ?
The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west , Wake Island to the north , -LSB- note 2 -RSB- Kiribati to the south-east , and Nauru to the south .	the Federated States of Micronesia	What country borders the Marshall Islands on the western side ?
About 27,797 of the islanders -LRB- at the 2011 Census -RRB- live on Majuro , which contains the capital .	Majuro	Which island is home to the capital of the Marshall Islands ?
The Marshall Islands , officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands -LRB- Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ -RRB- , -LSB- note 1 -RSB- is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean , slightly west of the International Date Line .	Republic of the Marshall Islands	What is the official name of the Marshall Islands ?
The Marshall Islands , officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands -LRB- Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ -RRB- , -LSB- note 1 -RSB- is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean , slightly west of the International Date Line .	Pacific Ocean	In what ocean are the Marshall Islands located ?
The country 's population of 53,158 people -LRB- at the 2011 Census -RRB- is spread out over 29 coral atolls , comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets .	53,158	How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 2011 ?
The country 's population of 53,158 people -LRB- at the 2011 Census -RRB- is spread out over 29 coral atolls , comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets .	29	How many coral atolls comprise the Marshall Islands ?
About 27,797 of the islanders -LRB- at the 2011 Census -RRB- live on Majuro , which contains the capital .	Majuro	On what island is the capital of the Marshall Islands ?
Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC , with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts .	Micronesian colonists	Who were the original settlers of the area that became the Marshall Islands ?
Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC , with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts .	traditional stick charts	How were original settlers of the area able to move between islands ?
Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s , with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526 .	1526	In what year did a European explorer first see the Marshall Islands ?
Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s , with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526 .	Alonso de Salazar	Which explorer first saw the Marshall Islands ?
The islands derive their name from British explorer John Marshall , who visited in 1788 .	John Marshall	For whom are the Marshall Islands named ?
Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC , with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts .	2nd millennium BC	During what span were the Marshall Islands first settled ?
Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC , with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts .	Micronesian colonists	Who first settled the Marshall Islands ?
Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s , with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526 .	1520s	In what decade did Europeans first visit the Marshall Islands ?
Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s , with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526 .	August 1526	In what month and year did a European first arrive at the Marshall Islands ?
The islands derive their name from British explorer John Marshall , who visited in 1788 .	John Marshall	After whom are the Marshall Islands named ?
The European powers recognized the islands as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874 .	1874	In what year did the Marshall Islands gain official recognition by the major European nations ?
However , Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884 , and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885 .	the German Empire	In 1884 , which country purchased the Marshall Islands ?
In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands , which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate .	the South Pacific Mandate	What group was the Marshall Islands a part of following World War I ?
In World War II , the United States conquered the islands in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign .	the United States	Who took over the Marshall Islands in the second world war ?
Self-government was achieved in 1979 , and full sovereignty in 1986 , under a Compact of Free Association with the United States .	1986	In what year did the Marshall Islands achieve total sovereignty ?
However , Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884 , and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885 .	Spain	What European nation owned the Marshall Islands in 1874 ?
However , Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884 , and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885 .	the German Empire	Who bought the Marshall Islands from the Spanish in 1884 ?
In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands , which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate .	Japan	Who occupied the Marshall Islands during the First World War ?
In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands , which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate .	1919	In what year was the South Pacific Mandate created ?
Self-government was achieved in 1979 , and full sovereignty in 1986 , under a Compact of Free Association with the United States .	1986	In what year did the Marshall Islands become a sovereign nation ?
Politically , the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States , with the US providing defense , subsidies , and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS .	presidential republic	What term describes the type of government of the Marshall Islands ?
Politically , the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States , with the US providing defense , subsidies , and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS .	the United States	With which country are the Marshall Islands closely related ?
With few natural resources , the islands ' wealth is based on a service economy , as well as some fishing and agriculture ; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands ' gross domestic product .	service	What is the main focus of the Marshall Islands ' economy ?
With few natural resources , the islands ' wealth is based on a service economy , as well as some fishing and agriculture ; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands ' gross domestic product .	aid	What does the Marshall Islands receive from the United States ?
The country uses the United States dollar as its currency .	the United States dollar	What is the currency of the Marshall Islands ?
Politically , the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States , with the US providing defense , subsidies , and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS .	the FCC	Along with the USPS , what United States agency operates in the Marshall Islands ?
With few natural resources , the islands ' wealth is based on a service economy , as well as some fishing and agriculture ; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands ' gross domestic product .	service	What is the main component of the Marshall Islands economy ?
The country uses the United States dollar as its currency .	United States dollar	What is the official currency of the Marshall Islands ?
Politically , the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States , with the US providing defense , subsidies , and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS .	presidential republic	What is the government structure of the Marshall Islands ?
With few natural resources , the islands ' wealth is based on a service economy , as well as some fishing and agriculture ; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands ' gross domestic product .	the United States	Assistance from what country is an important part of the Marshall Islands economy ?
The majority of the citizens of the Marshall Islands are of Marshallese descent , though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States , China , Philippines and other Pacific islands .	Marshallese	What is the ethnicity of most people living in the Marshall Islands ?
The two official languages are Marshallese , which is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian languages , and English .	Malayo-Polynesian	What family of languages does Marshallese belong to ?
Almost the entire population of the islands practises some religion , with three-quarters of the country either following the United Church of Christ -- Congregational in the Marshall Islands -LRB- UCCCMI -RRB- or the Assemblies of God .	United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands	What does UCCCMI stand for ?
Almost the entire population of the islands practises some religion , with three-quarters of the country either following the United Church of Christ -- Congregational in the Marshall Islands -LRB- UCCCMI -RRB- or the Assemblies of God .	the Assemblies of God	Aside from UCCCMI , what is the other major religious denomination of the Marshall Islands ?
The majority of the citizens of the Marshall Islands are of Marshallese descent , though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States , China , Philippines and other Pacific islands .	the United States	From what non-Asian nation do some people living in the Marshall Islands come ?
The majority of the citizens of the Marshall Islands are of Marshallese descent , though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States , China , Philippines and other Pacific islands .	Marshallese	Of what ancestry are most Marshall Islands citizens ?
The two official languages are Marshallese , which is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian languages , and English .	English	Along with Marshallese , what is the official language of the Marshall Islands ?
The two official languages are Marshallese , which is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian languages , and English .	Malayo-Polynesian	Of what language group is the Marshallese language ?
Almost the entire population of the islands practises some religion , with three-quarters of the country either following the United Church of Christ -- Congregational in the Marshall Islands -LRB- UCCCMI -RRB- or the Assemblies of God .	three-quarters	What fraction of Marshall Islands residents are religious ?
Almost the entire population of the islands practises some religion , with three-quarters of the country either following the United Church of Christ -- Congregational in the Marshall Islands -LRB- UCCCMI -RRB- or the Assemblies of God .	the Assemblies of God	Along with the United Church of Christ and the UCCCMI , what is a main religion of the Marshall Islands ?
Micronesians settled the Marshall Islands in the 2nd millennium BC , but there are no historical or oral records of that period .	Micronesians	Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in the second millennium BC ?
Micronesians settled the Marshall Islands in the 2nd millennium BC , but there are no historical or oral records of that period .	historical or oral records	What did not exist at the time during which Micronesians arrived at the Marshall Islands ?
Over time , the Marshall Island people learned to navigate over long ocean distances by canoe using traditional stick charts .	canoe	What vessel did early settlers of the Marshall Islands use to travel ?
Over time , the Marshall Island people learned to navigate over long ocean distances by canoe using traditional stick charts .	traditional stick charts	What is the name of the item used as a primitive type of map for navigation by early settlers of the Marshall Islands ?
Micronesians settled the Marshall Islands in the 2nd millennium BC , but there are no historical or oral records of that period .	Micronesians	Who first settled the Marshall Islands ?
Micronesians settled the Marshall Islands in the 2nd millennium BC , but there are no historical or oral records of that period .	2nd millennium BC	When were the Marshal Islands first settled ?
Over time , the Marshall Island people learned to navigate over long ocean distances by canoe using traditional stick charts .	canoe	In what vehicles did the Marshall Islanders travel by water ?
Over time , the Marshall Island people learned to navigate over long ocean distances by canoe using traditional stick charts .	stick charts	What navigation aids did the Marshall Islanders use ?
Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526 , commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria , the only surviving vessel of the Loaísa Expedition .	Alonso de Salazar	Which European first saw the Marshall Islands ?
Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526 , commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria , the only surviving vessel of the Loaísa Expedition .	Spanish	What was Alonso de Salazar 's nationality ?
Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526 , commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria , the only surviving vessel of the Loaísa Expedition .	1526	In what year did Salazar view the Marshall Islands ?
Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526 , commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria , the only surviving vessel of the Loaísa Expedition .	Santa Maria de la Victoria	What was the name of Alonso de Salazar 's ship ?
On August 21 , he sighted an island -LRB- probably Taongi -RRB- at 14 ° N that he named `` San Bartolome '' .	San Bartolome	What did Alonso de Salazar call the island that he saw ?
Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526 , commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria , the only surviving vessel of the Loaísa Expedition .	Alonso de Salazar	Who was the first person from Europe to observe the Marshall Islands ?
Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526 , commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria , the only surviving vessel of the Loaísa Expedition .	Spanish	What was the nationality of the first European to observe the Marshall Islands ?
Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526 , commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria , the only surviving vessel of the Loaísa Expedition .	1526	In what year did the first European view the Marshall Islands ?
On August 21 , he sighted an island -LRB- probably Taongi -RRB- at 14 ° N that he named `` San Bartolome '' .	Taongi	Which of the Marshall Islands did Salazar most likely see ?
On September 21 , 1529 , Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón commanded the Spanish ship Florida , on his second attempt to recross the Pacific from the Maluku Islands .	Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón	Whose ship was named Florida ?
On September 21 , 1529 , Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón commanded the Spanish ship Florida , on his second attempt to recross the Pacific from the Maluku Islands .	the Maluku Islands	From where did Cerón attempt to cross the Pacific Ocean ?
These islands , which he named `` Los Pintados '' , may have been Ujelang .	Los Pintados	What did Cerón name the islands from which people threw rocks at his vessel ?
These islands , which he named `` Los Jardines '' , may have been Enewetak or Bikini Atoll .	Los Jardines	What was the name given to the islands reached by Cerón in October of 1529 ?
These islands , which he named `` Los Jardines '' , may have been Enewetak or Bikini Atoll .	Enewetak or Bikini Atoll	What are two possible modern names for the islands called Los Jardines by Cerón ?
On September 21 , 1529 , Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón commanded the Spanish ship Florida , on his second attempt to recross the Pacific from the Maluku Islands .	Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón	Who was in charge of the ship named Florida ?
On September 21 , 1529 , Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón commanded the Spanish ship Florida , on his second attempt to recross the Pacific from the Maluku Islands .	the Maluku Islands	Where did Cerón 's expedition begin ?
These islands , which he named `` Los Pintados '' , may have been Ujelang .	Los Pintados	What name did Cerón give to the island that might have been Ujelang ?
These islands , which he named `` Los Jardines '' , may have been Enewetak or Bikini Atoll .	Los Jardines	What group of islands might have been Bikini Atoll or Enewetak ?
On October 1 , he found another group of islands where he went ashore for eight days , exchanged gifts with the local inhabitants and took on water .	eight days	How long did Cerón spend on Los Jardines ?
The Spanish ship San Pedro and two other vessels in an expedition commanded by Miguel López de Legazpi discovered an island on January 9 , 1530 , possibly Mejit , at 10 ° N , which they named `` Los Barbudos '' .	Los Barbudos	What was the name given to the island reached by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi on January 9th of 1530 ?
The Spanish ship San Pedro and two other vessels in an expedition commanded by Miguel López de Legazpi discovered an island on January 9 , 1530 , possibly Mejit , at 10 ° N , which they named `` Los Barbudos '' .	Mejit	What is thought to be the modern name of the island Legazpi called Los Barbudos ?
On January 10 , the Spaniards sighted another island that they named `` Placeres '' , perhaps Ailuk ; ten leagues away , they sighted another island that they called `` Pajares '' -LRB- perhaps Jemo -RRB- .	January 10	On what date did Legazpi 's expedition see the island it named Placeres ?
On January 12 , they sighted another island at 10 ° N that they called `` Corrales '' -LRB- possibly Wotho -RRB- .	Corrales	What name did the expedition give to the island it saw on January 12th ?
On January 12 , they sighted another island at 10 ° N that they called `` Corrales '' -LRB- possibly Wotho -RRB- .	10°N	What was the location of Corrales ?
The Spanish ship San Pedro and two other vessels in an expedition commanded by Miguel López de Legazpi discovered an island on January 9 , 1530 , possibly Mejit , at 10 ° N , which they named `` Los Barbudos '' .	Miguel López de Legazpi	Who led the expedition involving the ship San Pedro ?
The Spanish ship San Pedro and two other vessels in an expedition commanded by Miguel López de Legazpi discovered an island on January 9 , 1530 , possibly Mejit , at 10 ° N , which they named `` Los Barbudos '' .	Los Barbudos	What did Miguel López de Legazpi call the island discovered on January 9 , 1530 ?
On January 10 , the Spaniards sighted another island that they named `` Placeres '' , perhaps Ailuk ; ten leagues away , they sighted another island that they called `` Pajares '' -LRB- perhaps Jemo -RRB- .	Placeres	What did the Spanish call the island that might have been Ailuk ?
On January 12 , they sighted another island at 10 ° N that they called `` Corrales '' -LRB- possibly Wotho -RRB- .	January 12	On what day did the Spanish see the island they named Corrales ?
On January 15 , the Spaniards sighted another low island , perhaps Ujelang , at 10 ° N , where they described the people on `` Barbudos '' .	Ujelang	What island may have been spotted by the Spanish on January 15 ?
Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert visited the islands in 1788 .	Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert	Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in 1788 ?
The islands were named for Marshall on Western charts , although the natives have historically named their home `` jolet jen Anij '' -LRB- Gifts from God -RRB- .	jolet jen Anij	What do natives of the Marshall Islands call their country ?
Around 1820 , Russian explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern and the French explorer Louis Isidore Duperrey named the islands after John Marshall , and drew maps of the islands .	Adam Johann von Krusenstern	Which Russian was involved in naming the Marshall Islands ?
Around 1820 , Russian explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern and the French explorer Louis Isidore Duperrey named the islands after John Marshall , and drew maps of the islands .	Louis Isidore Duperrey	Which French citizen was involved in naming the Marshall Islands ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In 1824 the crew of the American whaler Globe mutinied and some of the crew put ashore on Mulgrave Island .	Mulgrave	At what island did the Globe arrive in 1824 ?
Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert visited the islands in 1788 .	Thomas Gilbert	Who notably accompanied John Charles Marshall to the Marshall Islands ?
Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert visited the islands in 1788 .	1788	In what year did Marshall and Gilbert go to the islands ?
The islands were named for Marshall on Western charts , although the natives have historically named their home `` jolet jen Anij '' -LRB- Gifts from God -RRB- .	jolet jen Anij	What is the traditional name of the Marshall Islands ?
The islands were named for Marshall on Western charts , although the natives have historically named their home `` jolet jen Anij '' -LRB- Gifts from God -RRB- .	Gifts from God	What is the English translation of the traditional name of the Marshall Islands ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In 1824 the crew of the American whaler Globe mutinied and some of the crew put ashore on Mulgrave Island .	Mulgrave Island	On what island did mutinous American whalers land in 1824 ?
In 1834 , Captain DonSette and his crew were killed .	Captain DonSette	Who was the leader of the group attacked by the people of the Marshall Islands in 1834 ?
Similarly , in 1845 the schooner Naiad punished a native for stealing with such violence that the natives attacked the ship .	Naiad	What vessel was attacked in 1845 ?
In 1852 the San Francisco-based ships Glencoe and Sea Nymph were attacked and everyone aboard except for one crew member were killed .	Glencoe and Sea Nymph	What ships were attacked in 1852 ?
In 1857 , two missionaries successfully settled on Ebon , living among the natives through at least 1870. :3	1857	In what year did missionaries arrive to live in the Marshall Islands ?
In 1857 , two missionaries successfully settled on Ebon , living among the natives through at least 1870. :3	Ebon	On what island did the Missionaries live with citizens of the Marshall Islands ?
In 1834 , Captain DonSette and his crew were killed .	Captain DonSette	Who was the captain of the crew killed in 1834 ?
Similarly , in 1845 the schooner Naiad punished a native for stealing with such violence that the natives attacked the ship .	1845	In what year was the ship Naiad attacked by natives ?
Similarly , in 1845 the schooner Naiad punished a native for stealing with such violence that the natives attacked the ship .	schooner	What type of ship was the Naiad ?
In 1857 , two missionaries successfully settled on Ebon , living among the natives through at least 1870. :3	Ebon	Where did missionaries live as of 1857 ?
Although the Spanish Empire had a residual claim on the Marshalls in 1874 , when she began asserting her sovereignty over the Carolines , she made no effort to prevent the German Empire from gaining a foothold there .	the Spanish Empire	What nation had a claim on the Marshall Islands as of 1874 ?
Although the Spanish Empire had a residual claim on the Marshalls in 1874 , when she began asserting her sovereignty over the Carolines , she made no effort to prevent the German Empire from gaining a foothold there .	the German Empire	What nation formed a protectorate over the Marshall Islands ?
Britain also raised no objection to a German protectorate over the Marshalls in exchange for German recognition of Britain 's rights in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands .	Britain	What nation asserted their rights over the Gilbert and Ellice islands ?
On October 13 , 1885 , SMS Nautilus under Captain Rötger brought German emissaries to Jaluit .	SMS Nautilus	On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands ?
They signed a treaty with Kabua , whom the Germans had earlier recognized as `` King of the Ralik Islands , '' on October 15 .	King of the Ralik Islands	What title did the Germans give to Kabua ?
Subsequently , seven other chiefs on seven other islands signed a treaty in German and Marshallese and a final copy witnessed by Rötger on November 1 was sent to the German Foreign Office .	November 1	On what day was a final treaty signed between the Marshall Islands chiefs and the Germans ?
The Germans erected a sign declaring a `` Imperial German Protectorate '' at Jaluit .	Imperial German Protectorate	What status did the Marshall Islands have in Germany ?
It has been speculated that the crisis over the Carolines with Spain , which almost provoked a war , was in fact `` a feint to cover the acquisition of the Marshall Islands '' , which went almost unnoticed at the time , despite the islands being the largest source of copra in Micronesia .	Spain	What nation had control of the Carolines ?
It has been speculated that the crisis over the Carolines with Spain , which almost provoked a war , was in fact `` a feint to cover the acquisition of the Marshall Islands '' , which went almost unnoticed at the time , despite the islands being the largest source of copra in Micronesia .	copra	What notable resource was available in the Marshall Islands ?
Spain sold the islands to Germany in 1884 through papal mediation .	1884	In what year did Germany buy the Marshalls from Spain ?
A German trading company , the Jaluit Gesellschaft , administered the islands from 1887 until 1905 .	the Jaluit Gesellschaft	What company ran the Marshall Islands in the late 19th century ?
A German trading company , the Jaluit Gesellschaft , administered the islands from 1887 until 1905 .	1905	When did the Jaluit Gesellschaft 's administration of the islands end ?
After the German -- Spanish Treaty of 1899 , in which Germany acquired the Carolines , Palau , and the Marianas from Spain , Germany placed all of its Micronesian islands , including the Marshalls , under the governor of German New Guinea .	the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899	What document was signed in 1899 ?
After the German -- Spanish Treaty of 1899 , in which Germany acquired the Carolines , Palau , and the Marianas from Spain , Germany placed all of its Micronesian islands , including the Marshalls , under the governor of German New Guinea .	the Carolines	Along with the Marianas and Palau , what islands were acquired from Spain in 1899 ?
After the German -- Spanish Treaty of 1899 , in which Germany acquired the Carolines , Palau , and the Marianas from Spain , Germany placed all of its Micronesian islands , including the Marshalls , under the governor of German New Guinea .	the governor of German New Guinea	What official administered Germany 's Micronesian possessions ?
Catholic missionary Father A. Erdland , from the Sacred Heart Jesu Society based in Hiltrup , Germany , lived on Jaluit from around 1904 to 1914 .	the Sacred Heart Jesu Society	What Catholic group was Father Erdland a part of ?
Catholic missionary Father A. Erdland , from the Sacred Heart Jesu Society based in Hiltrup , Germany , lived on Jaluit from around 1904 to 1914 .	1914	In what year did Father Erdland leave the Marshall Islands ?
Father H. Linckens , another missionary from the Sacred Heart of Jesu Society visited the Marshall Islands in 1904 and 1911 for several weeks .	1911	In what year was Father Linckens ' last visit to the Marshalls ?
He published a small work in 1912 about the Catholic mission activities and the people of the Marshall Islands .	1912	When was Father Linckens ' book published ?
Father H. Linckens , another missionary from the Sacred Heart of Jesu Society visited the Marshall Islands in 1904 and 1911 for several weeks .	1904	In what year did Father Linckens first travel to the Marshalls ?
After the Meiji Restoration -LRB- 1868 -RRB- , the Japanese government adopted a policy of turning the Japanese Empire into a great economic and military power in East Asia .	the Meiji Restoration	What notable historical event occurred in Japan in 1868 ?
After the Meiji Restoration -LRB- 1868 -RRB- , the Japanese government adopted a policy of turning the Japanese Empire into a great economic and military power in East Asia .	East Asia	In what region did the Japanese attempt to build up their power after 1868 ?
Under German control , and even before then , Japanese traders and fishermen from time to time visited the Marshall Islands , although contact with the islanders was irregular .	traders	Along with fishermen , what sort of Japanese people visited the Marshalls ?
On September 29 , 1914 , Japanese troops occupied the Enewetak Atoll , and on September 30 , 1914 , the Jaluit Atoll , the administrative centre of the Marshall Islands .	September 29, 1914	On what date did the Japanese land on Enewetak ?
In 1914 , Japan joined the Entente during World War I and captured various German Empire colonies , including several in Micronesia .	the Entente	What military alliance did the Japanese join in the First World War ?
On September 29 , 1914 , Japanese troops occupied the Enewetak Atoll , and on September 30 , 1914 , the Jaluit Atoll , the administrative centre of the Marshall Islands .	the Jaluit Atoll	What did the Japanese occupy on September 30 , 1914 ?
After the war , on June 28 , 1919 , Germany signed -LRB- under protest -RRB- the Treaty of Versailles .	June 28, 1919	On what date was the Treaty of Versailles signed ?
On December 17 , 1920 , the Council of the League of Nations approved the South Pacific Mandate for Japan to take over all former German colonies in the Pacific Ocean located north of the Equator .	December 17, 1920	When was the South Pacific Mandate for Japan approved ?
During its years of colonial rule , Japan moved more than 1,000 Japanese to the Marshall Islands although they never outnumbered the indigenous peoples as they did in the Mariana Islands and Palau .	1,000	About how many Japanese emigrated to the Marshalls when it was a Japanese colony ?
The German Empire had primarily economic interests in Micronesia .	economic	What was the primary nature of Germany 's interest in the Marshall Islands ?
The Japanese interests were in land .	land	What was the primary nature of Japan 's interest in the Marshall Islands ?
During its years of colonial rule , Japan moved more than 1,000 Japanese to the Marshall Islands although they never outnumbered the indigenous peoples as they did in the Mariana Islands and Palau .	Palau	Along with the Mariana Islands , on what island were there more Japanese settlers than indigenous inhabitants ?
Japan also tried to change the social organization in the islands from Matrilineality to the Japanese Patriarchal system , but with no success .	Matrilineality	What was the traditional social organization of the Marshall Islanders ?
Japan also tried to change the social organization in the islands from Matrilineality to the Japanese Patriarchal system , but with no success .	the Japanese Patriarchal system	What system of social organization was used in Japan ?
On March 27 , 1933 , Japan handed in its notice at the League of Nations , but continued to manage the islands , and in the late 1930s began building air bases on several atolls .	March 27, 1933	On what date did the Japanese leave the League of Nations ?
Indigenous people were educated in Japanese schools , and studied Japanese language and Japanese culture .	Japanese	What language were Marshall Islanders taught in schools while under Japanese colonial administration ?
On the archipelago , before it banned foreign traders , the activities of Catholic and Protestant missionaries were allowed .	Catholic	Along with Protestants , missionaries from what denomination were allowed to operate in the Marshalls ?
In the months before the attack on Pearl Harbor , Kwajalein Atoll was the administrative center of the Japanese 6th Fleet Forces Service , whose task was the defense of the Marshall Islands .	6th Fleet	What Japanese fleet was based in the Marshall Islands ?
In the months before the attack on Pearl Harbor , Kwajalein Atoll was the administrative center of the Japanese 6th Fleet Forces Service , whose task was the defense of the Marshall Islands .	Kwajalein	On what atoll was the 6th Fleet Forces Service based ?
In the months before the attack on Pearl Harbor , Kwajalein Atoll was the administrative center of the Japanese 6th Fleet Forces Service , whose task was the defense of the Marshall Islands .	defense of the Marshall Islands	What was the mission of the 6th Fleet Forces Service ?
In World War II , the United States , during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , invaded and occupied the islands in 1944 , destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons .	World War II	During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshall Islands ?
In World War II , the United States , during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , invaded and occupied the islands in 1944 , destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons .	the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign	What was the name of the campaign in which the US occupied the Marshalls ?
In World War II , the United States , during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , invaded and occupied the islands in 1944 , destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons .	1944	In what year did the United States occupy the Marshalls ?
In just one month in 1944 , Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll , Majuro and Enewetak , and , in the next two months , the rest of the Marshall Islands , except for Wotje , Mili , Maloelap and Jaluit .	one	How many months did it take for the US to occupy Kwajalein Atoll , Majuro and Enewetak ?
In just one month in 1944 , Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll , Majuro and Enewetak , and , in the next two months , the rest of the Marshall Islands , except for Wotje , Mili , Maloelap and Jaluit .	Wotje	Along with Mili , Maloelap and Jaluit , what parts of the Marshall Islands were not occupied in the first three months of the American campaign ?
U.S. attacks started in mid-1943 , and caused half the Japanese garrison of 5,100 people in the atoll Mili to die from hunger by August 1945 .	5,100	How large was the Japanese garrison on Mili ?
U.S. attacks started in mid-1943 , and caused half the Japanese garrison of 5,100 people in the atoll Mili to die from hunger by August 1945 .	half	What fraction of the Japanese garrison on Mili died due to hunger ?
During the American bombing , the islands ' population suffered from lack of food and various injuries .	lack of food	Along with injuries , what suffering did the American bombing cause to the Marshall Islanders ?
Following capture and occupation by the United States during World War II , the Marshall Islands , along with several other island groups located in Micronesia , passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21 .	World War II	During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshalls ?
Following capture and occupation by the United States during World War II , the Marshall Islands , along with several other island groups located in Micronesia , passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21 .	Security Council Resolution 21	What resolution of the UN Security Council gave the United States control over the Marshalls ?
Following capture and occupation by the United States during World War II , the Marshall Islands , along with several other island groups located in Micronesia , passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21 .	1947	In what year was the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands created ?
Following capture and occupation by the United States during World War II , the Marshall Islands , along with several other island groups located in Micronesia , passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21 .	Micronesia	What is the name of the broader region that the Marshall Islands are a part of ?
During the early years of the Cold War from 1946 to 1958 , the United States tested 67 nuclear weapons at its Pacific Proving Grounds located in the Marshall Islands , including the largest atmospheric nuclear test ever conducted by the U.S. , code named Castle Bravo .	1946	In what year did the Cold War begin ?
During the early years of the Cold War from 1946 to 1958 , the United States tested 67 nuclear weapons at its Pacific Proving Grounds located in the Marshall Islands , including the largest atmospheric nuclear test ever conducted by the U.S. , code named Castle Bravo .	67	How many nuclear weapons were tested in the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958 ?
During the early years of the Cold War from 1946 to 1958 , the United States tested 67 nuclear weapons at its Pacific Proving Grounds located in the Marshall Islands , including the largest atmospheric nuclear test ever conducted by the U.S. , code named Castle Bravo .	Castle Bravo	What was the name of the United States ' largest atmospheric nuclear test ?
`` The bombs had a total yield of 108,496 kilotons , over 7,200 times more powerful than the atomic weapons used during World War II . ''	108,496	What was the yield of the Castle Bravo bombs in kilotons ?
With the 1952 test of the first U.S. hydrogen bomb , code named `` Ivy Mike , '' the island of Elugelab in the Enewetak atoll was destroyed .	Elugelab	Which of the Marshall Islands was destroyed in a United States hydrogen bomb test ?
Project 4.1 was a medical study conducted by the United States of those residents of the Bikini Atoll exposed to radioactive fallout .	Project 4.1	What was the name of the US study of nuclear fallout on Bikini Atoll ?
From 1956 to August 1998 , at least $ 759 million was paid to the Marshallese Islanders in compensation for their exposure to U.S. nuclear weapon testing .	1956	When did the United States begin to pay compensation to Marshall Islanders for nuclear weapon exposure ?
From 1956 to August 1998 , at least $ 759 million was paid to the Marshallese Islanders in compensation for their exposure to U.S. nuclear weapon testing .	759	In millions of dollars , how much money did the United States pay out in nuclear testing compensation to Marshall Island residents between 1956 and 1998 ?
In 1986 , the Compact of Free Association with the United States entered into force , granting the Republic of the Marshall Islands -LRB- RMI -RRB- its sovereignty .	the Compact of Free Association	What document granted sovereignty to the Marshall Islands ?
In 1986 , the Compact of Free Association with the United States entered into force , granting the Republic of the Marshall Islands -LRB- RMI -RRB- its sovereignty .	1986	In what year did the Marshall Islands receive sovereignty ?
The Compact provided for aid and U.S. defense of the islands in exchange for continued U.S. military use of the missile testing range at Kwajalein Atoll .	Kwajalein Atoll	Where in the Marshall Islands does the United States have a missile testing range ?
The independence procedure was formally completed under international law in 1990 , when the UN officially ended the Trusteeship status pursuant to Security Council Resolution 683 .	1990	When did UN Trusteeship over the Marshall Islands end ?
The independence procedure was formally completed under international law in 1990 , when the UN officially ended the Trusteeship status pursuant to Security Council Resolution 683 .	Security Council Resolution 683	What Security Council Resolution ended UN Trusteeship over the Marshalls ?
In 2008 , extreme waves and high tides caused widespread flooding in the capital city of Majuro and other urban centres , 3 feet -LRB- 0.91 m -RRB- above sea level .	Majuro	What is the capital of the Marshall Islands ?
On Christmas morning in 2008 , the government declared a state of emergency .	Christmas	On what day in 2008 did the Marshall Island government declare a state of emergency ?
In 2008 , extreme waves and high tides caused widespread flooding in the capital city of Majuro and other urban centres , 3 feet -LRB- 0.91 m -RRB- above sea level .	0.91	In meters , how high were the 2008 floods ?
In 2008 , extreme waves and high tides caused widespread flooding in the capital city of Majuro and other urban centres , 3 feet -LRB- 0.91 m -RRB- above sea level .	extreme waves and high tides	What caused the 2008 floods ?
In 2013 , heavy waves once again breached the city walls of Majuro .	2013	In what year did waves overcome the walls of the capital city ?
In 2013 , the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands experienced drought .	the northern atolls	What part of the Marshall Islands experienced drought in 2013 ?
The drought left 6,000 people surviving on less than 1 litre -LRB- 0.22 imp gal ; 0.26 US gal -RRB- of water per day .	6,000	How many people were stricken by drought in 2013 ?
The drought left 6,000 people surviving on less than 1 litre -LRB- 0.22 imp gal ; 0.26 US gal -RRB- of water per day .	1	In the drought stricken areas , how many litres of water did residents consume each day ?
This resulted in the failure of food crops and the spread of diseases such as diarrhea , pink eye , and influenza .	diarrhea	Along with pink eye and influenza , what other health issue was caused by the drought ?
These emergencies resulted in the United States President declaring an emergency in the islands .	the United States President	What official declared a state of emergency in the Marshall Islands in response to the drought ?
Following the 2013 emergencies , the Minister of Foreign Affairs Tony de Brum was encouraged by the Obama administration in the United States to turn the crises into an opportunity to promote action against climate change .	Tony de Brum	As of 2013 , who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs ?
In September 2013 , the Marshall Islands hosted the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit .	September 2013	In what month and year did the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit take place ?
De Brum proposed a Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership to galvanize concrete action on climate change .	Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership	What document did Foreign Minister de Brum present at the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit ?
De Brum proposed a Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership to galvanize concrete action on climate change .	climate change	What environmental issue did the Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership address ?
Following the 2013 emergencies , the Minister of Foreign Affairs Tony de Brum was encouraged by the Obama administration in the United States to turn the crises into an opportunity to promote action against climate change .	the Obama administration	Who encouraged de Brum to address climate issues ?
The government of the Marshall Islands operates under a mixed parliamentary-presidential system as set forth in its Constitution .	parliamentary-presidential system	What is the governing system of the Marshall Islands ?
Elections are held every four years in universal suffrage -LRB- for all citizens above 18 -RRB- , with each of the twenty-four constituencies -LRB- see below -RRB- electing one or more representatives -LRB- senators -RRB- to the lower house of RMI 's unicameral legislature , the Nitijela .	18	How old must a citizen of the Marshall Islands be to vote ?
Elections are held every four years in universal suffrage -LRB- for all citizens above 18 -RRB- , with each of the twenty-four constituencies -LRB- see below -RRB- electing one or more representatives -LRB- senators -RRB- to the lower house of RMI 's unicameral legislature , the Nitijela .	every four years	How often are elections held in the Marshall Islands ?
Elections are held every four years in universal suffrage -LRB- for all citizens above 18 -RRB- , with each of the twenty-four constituencies -LRB- see below -RRB- electing one or more representatives -LRB- senators -RRB- to the lower house of RMI 's unicameral legislature , the Nitijela .	Nitijela	What is the name of the Marshall Islands legislature ?
Four of the five Marshallese presidents who have been elected since the Constitution was adopted in 1979 have been traditional paramount chiefs .	1979	When was the most recent constitution of the Marshall Islands adopted ?
The upper house of Parliament , called the Council of Iroij , is an advisory body comprising twelve tribal chiefs .	the Council of Iroij	What is the name of the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament ?
The upper house of Parliament , called the Council of Iroij , is an advisory body comprising twelve tribal chiefs .	twelve tribal chiefs	Who comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament ?
The executive branch consists of the President and the Presidential Cabinet , which consists of ten ministers appointed by the President with the approval of the Nitijela .	ten	How many ministers are in the Presidential Cabinet ?
Rule is shared by the AKA and the UDP .	the AKA	Along with the United Democratic Party , what party currently rules the Marshall Islands ?
The twenty-four electoral districts into which the country is divided correspond to the inhabited islands and atolls .	twenty-four	How many electoral districts exist in the Marshall Islands ?
The Compact of Free Association with the United States gives the U.S. sole responsibility for international defense of the Marshall Islands .	Compact of Free Association	What document governs the defense of the Marshall Islands ?
The Compact of Free Association with the United States gives the U.S. sole responsibility for international defense of the Marshall Islands .	the U.S.	What nation is responsible for the defense of the Marshall Islands ?
It allows islanders to live and work in the United States and establishes economic and technical aid programs .	technical aid	Along with economic aid , what assistance does the Compact of Free Association provide ?
The Marshall Islands was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council 's recommendation on August 9 , 1991 , in Resolution 704 and the General Assembly 's approval on September 17 , 1991 , in Resolution 46/3 .	August 9, 1991	When did the UN Security Council recommend that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN ?
The Marshall Islands was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council 's recommendation on August 9 , 1991 , in Resolution 704 and the General Assembly 's approval on September 17 , 1991 , in Resolution 46/3 .	September 17, 1991	When did the UN General Assembly approve the Marshall Islands joining the UN ?
In international politics within the United Nations , the Marshall Islands has often voted consistently with the United States with respect to General Assembly resolutions .	the United States	What nation does the Marshall Islands vote similarly to in the General Assembly ?
The Marshall Islands was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council 's recommendation on August 9 , 1991 , in Resolution 704 and the General Assembly 's approval on September 17 , 1991 , in Resolution 46/3 .	Resolution 704	What Security Council Resolution recommended that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN ?
On 28 April 2015 , the Iranian navy seized the Marshall Island-flagged MV Maersk Tigris near the Strait of Hormuz .	28 April 2015	On what date did the Iranian Navy capture a Marshall Islands ship ?
On 28 April 2015 , the Iranian navy seized the Marshall Island-flagged MV Maersk Tigris near the Strait of Hormuz .	MV Maersk Tigris	What was the name of the Marshall Islands ship seized by Iran ?
The ship had been chartered by Germany 's Rickmers Ship Management , which stated that the ship contained no special cargo and no military weapons .	Rickmers Ship Management	Who chartered the captured Marshall Islands ship ?
The Pentagon reported that the destroyer USS Farragut and a maritime reconnaissance aircraft were dispatched upon receiving a distress call from the ship Tigris and it was also reported that all 34 crew members were detained .	34	How many crew members were on the MV Maersk Tigris ?
On 28 April 2015 , the Iranian navy seized the Marshall Island-flagged MV Maersk Tigris near the Strait of Hormuz .	the Strait of Hormuz	Near what body of water was the Maersk Tigris seized ?
The islands are located about halfway between Hawaii and Australia , north of Nauru and Kiribati , east of the Federated States of Micronesia , and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island , to which it lays claim .	the Federated States of Micronesia	What nation lies to the west of the Marshall Islands ?
The islands are located about halfway between Hawaii and Australia , north of Nauru and Kiribati , east of the Federated States of Micronesia , and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island , to which it lays claim .	Wake Island	What United States territory does the Marshall Islands claim ?
The two island chains lie approximately parallel to one another , running northwest to southeast , comprising about 750,000 square miles -LRB- 1,900,000 km2 -RRB- of ocean but only about 70 square miles -LRB- 180 km2 -RRB- of land mass .	1,900,000	How many square kilometers of ocean do the Marshall Islands cover ?
The two island chains lie approximately parallel to one another , running northwest to southeast , comprising about 750,000 square miles -LRB- 1,900,000 km2 -RRB- of ocean but only about 70 square miles -LRB- 180 km2 -RRB- of land mass .	180	How many square kilometers of land do the Marshall Islands cover ?
The country consists of a total of 29 atolls and five isolated islands .	29	How many atolls are part of the Marshall Islands ?
In October 2011 , the government declared that an area covering nearly 2,000,000 square kilometres -LRB- 772,000 sq mi -RRB- of ocean shall be reserved as a shark sanctuary .	772,000	How large is the Marshall Islands shark sanctuary in square miles ?
In October 2011 , the government declared that an area covering nearly 2,000,000 square kilometres -LRB- 772,000 sq mi -RRB- of ocean shall be reserved as a shark sanctuary .	October 2011	In what month and year did the Marshall Islands declare the largest shark sanctuary in the world ?
This is the world 's largest shark sanctuary , extending the worldwide ocean area in which sharks are protected from 2,700,000 to 4,600,000 square kilometres -LRB- 1,042,000 to 1,776,000 sq mi -RRB- .	1,776,000	In how many square miles of ocean around the world are sharks protected ?
In protected waters , all shark fishing is banned and all by-catch must be released .	shark fishing	What is forbidden in shark sanctuaries ?
The Marshall Islands also lays claim to Wake Island .	Wake Island	What island do the Marshall Islands claim ?
While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899 , the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio .	the United States	Who controls Wake Island ?
While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899 , the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio .	1899	In what year did the US take control of Wake Island ?
While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899 , the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio .	Enen-kio	What does the Marshall Islands government call Wake Island ?
The climate is hot and humid , with a wet season from May to November .	May	When does the wet season in the Marshalls begin ?
The climate is hot and humid , with a wet season from May to November .	November	In what month does the Marshall Islands wet season end ?
Many Pacific typhoons begin as tropical storms in the Marshall Islands region , and grow stronger as they move west toward the Mariana Islands and the Philippines .	tropical storms	Typhoons sometimes begin as what whether event in the Marshalls ?
Many Pacific typhoons begin as tropical storms in the Marshall Islands region , and grow stronger as they move west toward the Mariana Islands and the Philippines .	the Philippines	Along with the Marianas , where do typhoons that begin in the Marshalls sometimes terminate ?
Due to its very low elevation , the Marshall Islands are threatened by the potential effects of sea level rise .	its very low elevation	What feature makes the Marshalls susceptible to harm due to rising sea levels ?
According to the president of Nauru , the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change .	the president of Nauru	Who said that the Marshalls are the most endangered nation in the world ?
According to the president of Nauru , the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change .	flooding from climate change	Why are the Marshall Islands the most endangered nation on Earth ?
The northern atolls get 50 inches -LRB- 1,300 mm -RRB- of rainfall annually ; the southern atolls about twice that .	1,300	How many millimeters of rain do the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands receive ?
Population has outstripped the supply of freshwater , usually from rainfall .	rainfall	What is the main source of fresh water for the Marshall Islands ?
The threat of drought is commonplace throughout the island chains .	drought	What is the Marshall Islands often threatened with ?
The northern atolls get 50 inches -LRB- 1,300 mm -RRB- of rainfall annually ; the southern atolls about twice that .	twice	How much more rain do the southern atolls get compared to the northern ?
In 2007 , the Marshall Islands joined the International Labour Organization , which means its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks .	the International Labour Organization	What body did the Marshall Islands join in 2007 ?
In 2007 , the Marshall Islands joined the International Labour Organization , which means its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks .	its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks	What is the significance of the Marshall Islands joining the International Labour Organization ?
This may impact business conditions in the islands .	business conditions	What may see benefits from the Marshalls joining the International Labour Organization ?
Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association , the U.S. is committed to provide US$ 57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands -LRB- RMI -RRB- through 2013 , and then US$ 62.7 million through 2023 , at which time a trust fund , made up of U.S. and RMI contributions , will begin perpetual annual payouts .	US$57.7 million	How much money did the Marshall Islands receive yearly from the United States until 2013 ?
Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association , the U.S. is committed to provide US$ 57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands -LRB- RMI -RRB- through 2013 , and then US$ 62.7 million through 2023 , at which time a trust fund , made up of U.S. and RMI contributions , will begin perpetual annual payouts .	US$62.7 million	How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023 ?
Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association , the U.S. is committed to provide US$ 57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands -LRB- RMI -RRB- through 2013 , and then US$ 62.7 million through 2023 , at which time a trust fund , made up of U.S. and RMI contributions , will begin perpetual annual payouts .	the Amended Compact of Free Association	What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands ?
Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association , the U.S. is committed to provide US$ 57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands -LRB- RMI -RRB- through 2013 , and then US$ 62.7 million through 2023 , at which time a trust fund , made up of U.S. and RMI contributions , will begin perpetual annual payouts .	a trust fund	What will be established in 2023 ?
The United States Army maintains the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Kwajalein Atoll .	Kwajalein Atoll	On what atoll is a missile test facility based ?
The United States Army maintains the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Kwajalein Atoll .	Ronald Reagan	Who is the missile test facility named after ?
The United States Army maintains the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Kwajalein Atoll .	Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site	What is the official name of the missile test facility ?
The United States Army maintains the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Kwajalein Atoll .	United States Army	What organization operates the missile test site ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The most important commercial crops are coconuts , tomatoes , melons , and breadfruit .	breadfruit	Along with coconuts , tomatoes and melons , what crops are notably grown in the Marshalls ?
Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms .	small farms	Where does most agricultural production take place ?
In 1999 , a private company built a tuna loining plant with more than 400 employees , mostly women .	1999	In what year was a tuna loining plant constructed ?
In 1999 , a private company built a tuna loining plant with more than 400 employees , mostly women .	400	How many people worked at the tuna loining plant ?
But the plant closed in 2005 after a failed attempt to convert it to produce tuna steaks , a process that requires half as many employees .	2005	In what year did the tuna loining plant shut down ?
But the plant closed in 2005 after a failed attempt to convert it to produce tuna steaks , a process that requires half as many employees .	tuna steaks	Before it shut down , what was the tuna loining plant attempting to produce ?
After the plant closed , it was taken over by the government , which had been the guarantor of a $ 2 million loan to the business .	$2 million	What was the amount of the loan to the tuna loining plant that the Marshall Islands government was responsible for ?
On September 15 , 2007 , Witon Barry -LRB- of the Tobolar Copra processing plant in the Marshall Islands capital of Majuro -RRB- said power authorities , private companies , and entrepreneurs had been experimenting with coconut oil as alternative to diesel fuel for vehicles , power generators , and ships .	the Tobolar Copra processing plant	Who did Witon Barry work for ?
On September 15 , 2007 , Witon Barry -LRB- of the Tobolar Copra processing plant in the Marshall Islands capital of Majuro -RRB- said power authorities , private companies , and entrepreneurs had been experimenting with coconut oil as alternative to diesel fuel for vehicles , power generators , and ships .	Majuro	Where was the Tobolar Copra plant located ?
Copra , the meat of the coconut , yields coconut oil -LRB- 1 liter for every 6 to 10 coconuts -RRB- .	the meat of the coconut	What is copra ?
Copra , the meat of the coconut , yields coconut oil -LRB- 1 liter for every 6 to 10 coconuts -RRB- .	6 to 10	How many coconuts are required to produce 1 liter of coconut oil ?
In 2009 , a 57 kW solar power plant was installed , the largest in the Pacific at the time , including New Zealand .	57	How many kilowatts of power are produced by the solar plant built in 2009 ?
In 1862 , the population was estimated at about 10,000 .	10,000	About how many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1862 ?
In 1960 , the entire population was about 15,000 .	15,000	How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1960 ?
In July 2011 , the number of island residents was estimated to number about 72,191 .	72,191	As of July 2011 , how many people resided on the Marshall Islands ?
Over two-thirds of the population live in the capital , Majuro and Ebeye , the secondary urban center , located in Kwajalein Atoll .	Kwajalein Atoll	On what atoll is Ebeye located ?
A large concentration of about 4,300 Marshall Islanders have relocated to Springdale , Arkansas , the largest population concentration of natives outside their island home .	Springdale, Arkansas	What town hosts the largest number of Marshall Islanders outside the Marshall Islands ?
Most of the residents are Marshallese , who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago .	Marshallese	What is the ethnicity of most Marshall Islands residents ?
Most of the residents are Marshallese , who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago .	Asia	From what continent did the Marshallese originate ?
About one-half of the nation 's population lives on Majuro , the capital , and Ebeye , a densely populated island .	one-half	What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye ?
A minority of Marshallese have some recent Asian ancestry , mainly Japanese .	Japanese	What recent Asian ancestry do some Marshall Island residents have ?
Most of the residents are Marshallese , who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago .	several thousand years ago	From when did the Marshallese migrate from the Asian continent ?
Major religious groups in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include the United Church of Christ -LRB- formerly Congregational -RRB- , with 51.5 % of the population ; the Assemblies of God , 24.2 % ; the Roman Catholic Church , 8.4 % ; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- Mormons -RRB- , 8.3 % ; Also represented are Bukot Nan Jesus -LRB- also known as Assembly of God Part Two -RRB- , 2.2 % ; Baptist , 1.0 % ; Seventh-day Adventists , 0.9 % ; Full Gospel , 0.7 % ; and the Baha'i Faith , 0.6 % ; Persons without any religious affiliation account for a very small percentage of the population .	Congregational	What was the previous name of the United Church of Christ ?
Major religious groups in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include the United Church of Christ -LRB- formerly Congregational -RRB- , with 51.5 % of the population ; the Assemblies of God , 24.2 % ; the Roman Catholic Church , 8.4 % ; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- Mormons -RRB- , 8.3 % ; Also represented are Bukot Nan Jesus -LRB- also known as Assembly of God Part Two -RRB- , 2.2 % ; Baptist , 1.0 % ; Seventh-day Adventists , 0.9 % ; Full Gospel , 0.7 % ; and the Baha'i Faith , 0.6 % ; Persons without any religious affiliation account for a very small percentage of the population .	24.2%	What percentage of Marshall Islanders belong to the Assemblies of God ?
Major religious groups in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include the United Church of Christ -LRB- formerly Congregational -RRB- , with 51.5 % of the population ; the Assemblies of God , 24.2 % ; the Roman Catholic Church , 8.4 % ; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- Mormons -RRB- , 8.3 % ; Also represented are Bukot Nan Jesus -LRB- also known as Assembly of God Part Two -RRB- , 2.2 % ; Baptist , 1.0 % ; Seventh-day Adventists , 0.9 % ; Full Gospel , 0.7 % ; and the Baha'i Faith , 0.6 % ; Persons without any religious affiliation account for a very small percentage of the population .	8.3%	What percentage of Marshall Islands residents are Mormons ?
Major religious groups in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include the United Church of Christ -LRB- formerly Congregational -RRB- , with 51.5 % of the population ; the Assemblies of God , 24.2 % ; the Roman Catholic Church , 8.4 % ; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- Mormons -RRB- , 8.3 % ; Also represented are Bukot Nan Jesus -LRB- also known as Assembly of God Part Two -RRB- , 2.2 % ; Baptist , 1.0 % ; Seventh-day Adventists , 0.9 % ; Full Gospel , 0.7 % ; and the Baha'i Faith , 0.6 % ; Persons without any religious affiliation account for a very small percentage of the population .	2.2%	What percentage of Marshall Islanders worship at the Assembly of God Part Two ?
There is also a small community of Ahmadiyya Muslims based in Majuro , with the first mosque opening in the capital in September 2012 .	September 2012	When did the first mosque in Majuro open ?
The Ministry of Education -LRB- Marshall Islands -RRB- operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands .	Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands)	What body operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands ?
There are two tertiary institutions operating in the Marshall Islands , the College of the Marshall Islands and the University of the South Pacific .	College of the Marshall Islands	Along with the University of the South Pacific , what tertiary education institution exists in the Marshall Islands ?
The Marshall Islands are served by the Marshall Islands International Airport in Majuro , the Bucholz Army Airfield in Kwajalein , and other small airports and airstrips .	Majuro	Where is the Marshall Islands International Airport located ?
The Marshall Islands are served by the Marshall Islands International Airport in Majuro , the Bucholz Army Airfield in Kwajalein , and other small airports and airstrips .	Bucholz Army Airfield	What airfield operates in Kwajalein ?
The szlachta -LRB- -LSB- ˈʂlaxta -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- , exonym : Nobility -RRB- was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland .	noble class	What class was slackta in Poland ?
It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great. :211 In 1413 , following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland , the existing Lithuanian nobility formally joined this class. :211 As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -LRB- 1569 -- 1795 -RRB- evolved and expanded in territory , its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia , Podolian and Ruthenian lands .	Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland	WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions ?
It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great. :211 In 1413 , following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland , the existing Lithuanian nobility formally joined this class. :211 As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -LRB- 1569 -- 1795 -RRB- evolved and expanded in territory , its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia , Podolian and Ruthenian lands .	1569–1795	When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive ?
It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great. :211 In 1413 , following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland , the existing Lithuanian nobility formally joined this class. :211 As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -LRB- 1569 -- 1795 -RRB- evolved and expanded in territory , its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia , Podolian and Ruthenian lands .	Ducal Prussia	What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith .
The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories. :207 Traditionally , its members were owners of landed property , often in the form of `` manor farms '' or so-called folwarks .	manor farms	What is another name for folwarks ?
The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories. :207 Traditionally , its members were owners of landed property , often in the form of `` manor farms '' or so-called folwarks .	obscurity and mystery	Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud .
The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth in the late 18th century .	late 18th century	Around what time was the decline of the polish common wealth .
The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth in the late 18th century .	political and legal privileges	WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined .
During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795 , its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status .	1772 to 1795	When , during the partitions of Poland , did the szlachta lose legal and social status .
From that point until 1918 , the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers : the Russian Empire , the Kingdom of Prussia , and the Habsburg Monarchy .	Russian Empire	What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on .
The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921 .	1921	When was the March constitution implemented .
The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921 .	legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished	What did the Mach constitution do ?
The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921 .	Second Polish Republic	In what republic did the szlachta lose their legal privileges .
The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals , regardless of their financial status or offices held , is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying :	social equals	What was the notion for all polish nobles ?
The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals , regardless of their financial status or offices held , is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying :	Polish saying	What ethnic saying is this traditional from ?
The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals , regardless of their financial status or offices held , is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying :	regardless of their financial status	Did it matter how much money a person had to polish nobles ?
The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta -LRB- modern German Geschlecht -RRB- , which means '' -LRB- noble -RRB- family '' , much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words -- e.g. , the Polish `` rycerz '' -LRB- `` knight '' , cognate of the German `` Ritter '' -RRB- and the Polish `` herb '' -LRB- `` coat of arms '' , from the German `` Erbe '' , `` heritage '' -RRB- .	slahta	What german word does the term szlachta come from ?
The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta -LRB- modern German Geschlecht -RRB- , which means '' -LRB- noble -RRB- family '' , much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words -- e.g. , the Polish `` rycerz '' -LRB- `` knight '' , cognate of the German `` Ritter '' -RRB- and the Polish `` herb '' -LRB- `` coat of arms '' , from the German `` Erbe '' , `` heritage '' -RRB- .	"(noble) family"	What does slahta mean ?
The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta -LRB- modern German Geschlecht -RRB- , which means '' -LRB- noble -RRB- family '' , much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words -- e.g. , the Polish `` rycerz '' -LRB- `` knight '' , cognate of the German `` Ritter '' -RRB- and the Polish `` herb '' -LRB- `` coat of arms '' , from the German `` Erbe '' , `` heritage '' -RRB- .	rycerz	What is the polish name for knight ?
The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta -LRB- modern German Geschlecht -RRB- , which means '' -LRB- noble -RRB- family '' , much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words -- e.g. , the Polish `` rycerz '' -LRB- `` knight '' , cognate of the German `` Ritter '' -RRB- and the Polish `` herb '' -LRB- `` coat of arms '' , from the German `` Erbe '' , `` heritage '' -RRB- .	Ritter	German name for knight ?
The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta -LRB- modern German Geschlecht -RRB- , which means '' -LRB- noble -RRB- family '' , much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words -- e.g. , the Polish `` rycerz '' -LRB- `` knight '' , cognate of the German `` Ritter '' -RRB- and the Polish `` herb '' -LRB- `` coat of arms '' , from the German `` Erbe '' , `` heritage '' -RRB- .	Erbe	Where does the word her derive from in german ?
Poles of the 17th century assumed that `` szlachta '' came from the German `` schlachten '' -LRB- `` to slaughter '' or `` to butcher '' -RRB- ; also suggestive is the German `` Schlacht '' -LRB- `` battle '' -RRB- .	German "schlachten"	What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from ?
Poles of the 17th century assumed that `` szlachta '' came from the German `` schlachten '' -LRB- `` to slaughter '' or `` to butcher '' -RRB- ; also suggestive is the German `` Schlacht '' -LRB- `` battle '' -RRB- .	("to slaughter" or "to butcher")	What does schlachtan mean in german ?
Poles of the 17th century assumed that `` szlachta '' came from the German `` schlachten '' -LRB- `` to slaughter '' or `` to butcher '' -RRB- ; also suggestive is the German `` Schlacht '' -LRB- `` battle '' -RRB- .	Schlacht	What German word is also suggestive deriving from szlachta ?
Poles of the 17th century assumed that `` szlachta '' came from the German `` schlachten '' -LRB- `` to slaughter '' or `` to butcher '' -RRB- ; also suggestive is the German `` Schlacht '' -LRB- `` battle '' -RRB- .	battle	What does schlacht mean ?
Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief , Lech , mentioned in Polish and Czech writings .	legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech	The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who ?
Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as `` magnates '' -LRB- Polish singular : `` magnat '' , plural : `` magnaci '' -RRB- and `` możny '' -LRB- `` magnate '' , `` oligarch '' ; plural : `` możni '' -RRB- ; see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania .	magnates	What were some powerful Polish nobles referred too ?
Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as `` magnates '' -LRB- Polish singular : `` magnat '' , plural : `` magnaci '' -RRB- and `` możny '' -LRB- `` magnate '' , `` oligarch '' ; plural : `` możni '' -RRB- ; see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania .	magnat	What is the singular version of magnates ?
Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as `` magnates '' -LRB- Polish singular : `` magnat '' , plural : `` magnaci '' -RRB- and `` możny '' -LRB- `` magnate '' , `` oligarch '' ; plural : `` możni '' -RRB- ; see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania .	możny	What is another name referring polish nobles ?
Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as `` magnates '' -LRB- Polish singular : `` magnat '' , plural : `` magnaci '' -RRB- and `` możny '' -LRB- `` magnate '' , `` oligarch '' ; plural : `` możni '' -RRB- ; see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania .	możni	What is the plural version of mozny ?
Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as `` magnates '' -LRB- Polish singular : `` magnat '' , plural : `` magnaci '' -RRB- and `` możny '' -LRB- `` magnate '' , `` oligarch '' ; plural : `` możni '' -RRB- ; see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania .	Lithuania	What other country besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found ?
The Polish term `` szlachta '' designated the formalized , hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth .	szlachta	What term designated the noble class of polish Lithuania common wealth ?
The Polish term `` szlachta '' designated the formalized , hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth .	formalized, hereditary	What are two adjectives that best describe the szlachta ?
In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth , hereditary szlachta are referred to as `` nobilitas '' and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility .	hereditary szlachta	Who is referred to as nobilitas ?
In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth , hereditary szlachta are referred to as `` nobilitas '' and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility .	equivalent in legal status of the English nobility	What is the legal status of nobilitas ?
Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to `` nobility '' .	nobility	What simple word does the term szlachta translate too ?
Occasionally , 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error , when they owned manorial estates though they were not noble by birth .	szlachta	What were the non noble land owners referred too as ?
Occasionally , 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error , when they owned manorial estates though they were not noble by birth .	by courtesy or error	Why were the non nobles and nobles referred as the same term ?
In the narrow sense , szlachta denotes the old-Commonwealth nobility .	old-Commonwealth nobility	What does szlachta mainly denote ?
The szlachta included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals with a noble lineage , no land , no castle , no money , no village , and no peasants. : xvi	included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals	Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about ?
:206 : xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries -LRB- see also Estates of the Realm regarding wealth and nobility -RRB- .	szlachta	Who was inferior of the other , European countries or szlachta ?
In doing so , however , these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives , as it was not wealth or lifestyle -LRB- obtainable by the gentry -RRB- , but hereditary juridical status , that determined nobility .	hereditary juridical status	What ultimately determined nobility ?
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry , some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry .	to become tenants of the wealthier gentry.	What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do ?
In doing so , however , these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives , as it was not wealth or lifestyle -LRB- obtainable by the gentry -RRB- , but hereditary juridical status , that determined nobility .	retained all their constitutional prerogatives	What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did ?
The origins of the szlachta , while ancient , have always been considered obscure. :207 As a result , its members often referred to it as odwieczna -LRB- perennial -RRB- .	odwieczna	What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha ?
:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians or from Japheth , one of Noah 's sons -LRB- by contrast , the peasantry were said to be the offspring of another son of Noah , Ham -- and hence subject to bondage under the Curse of Ham -- and the Jews as the offspring of Shem -RRB- .	descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians	What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins ?
Other fanciful theories included its foundation by Julius Caesar , Alexander the Great :207 or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of ` slaves , prisoners , and aliens ' .	Alexander the Great	What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta ?
Other fanciful theories included its foundation by Julius Caesar , Alexander the Great :207 or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of ` slaves , prisoners , and aliens ' .	had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens	What was important and unique about regional leaders ?
This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction :482 and was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants -LRB- kmiecie ; Latin : cmethones -RRB- :430 :118 over which they ruled. :482 The Szlachta were differentiated from the rural population .	was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants	In this theory , what was the upper class ?
The nobleman 's sense of distinction led to practices that in later periods would be characterized as racism. :233 The Szlachta were noble in the Aryan sense -- `` noble '' in contrast to the people over whom they ruled after coming into contact with them. :482 The szlachta traced their descent from Lech/Lekh , who probably founded the Polish kingdom in about the fifth century. :482 Lechia was the name of Poland in antiquity , and the szlachta 's own name for themselves was Lechici/Lekhi .	about the fifth century.	WHen did they find the polish kingdom ?
The szlachta were a caste , a military caste , as in Hindu society .	military caste	WHat caste system does the hindu society have ?
The szlachta were a caste , a military caste , as in Hindu society .	The szlachta	Who shares the same caste system as Hindu ?
The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert 's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights .	documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure	WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights ?
The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period .	Middle Ages and in the early modern period	WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices ?
The Polish clan name and cry ritualized the ius militare , i.e. , the power to command an army ; and they had been used some time before 1244 to define knightly status .	the ius militare,	The polish anem and cry ritualized what ?
The Polish clan name and cry ritualized the ius militare , i.e. , the power to command an army ; and they had been used some time before 1244 to define knightly status .	define knightly status	In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what ?
Around the 14th century , there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland .	Around the 14th century	Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar ?
Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country -LRB- pospolite ruszenie -RRB- , thereby becoming the kingdom 's most privileged social class .	defend the country	What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas ?
Concerning the early Polish tribes , geography contributed to long-standing traditions .	geography	What contributed to the long standing traditions ?
The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult , governed by the wiec , an assembly of free tribesmen .	wiec	What was governing the polish tribes ?
The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult , governed by the wiec , an assembly of free tribesmen .	an assembly of free tribesmen	What was the wiec ?
Later , when safety required power to be consolidated , an elected prince was chosen to govern .	an elected prince	When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern ?
The election privilege was usually limited to elites .	elites	What was the governing position limited to ?
The tribes were ruled by clans -LRB- ród -RRB- consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor , giving the ród / clan a highly developed sense of solidarity .	clans (ród)	What ruled over the tribes ?
The tribes were ruled by clans -LRB- ród -RRB- consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor , giving the ród / clan a highly developed sense of solidarity .	theoretically descending from a common ancestor	What did the clans people all have in common ?
The tribes were ruled by clans -LRB- ród -RRB- consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor , giving the ród / clan a highly developed sense of solidarity .	related by blood or marriage	What gave them a sense of solidarity ?
Strongholds called grόd were built where the religious cult was powerful , where trials were conducted , and where clans gathered in the face of danger .	grόd	What were stronghold called ?
The opole was the territory occupied by a single tribe .	opole	What was the territory occupied by a single tribe ?
Mieszko I of Poland -LRB- c. 935 -- 25 May 992 -RRB- established an elite knightly retinue from within his army , which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state .	Mieszko I of Poland	WHo established an elite knightly retinue ?
Mieszko I of Poland -LRB- c. 935 -- 25 May 992 -RRB- established an elite knightly retinue from within his army , which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state .	(c. 935 – 25 May 992)	How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning ?
Mieszko I of Poland -LRB- c. 935 -- 25 May 992 -RRB- established an elite knightly retinue from within his army , which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state .	preserving the unity of his state	Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in ?
Documented proof exists of Mieszko I 's successors utilizing such a retinue , as well .	Mieszko I's successors	Who also established this retinue as well ?
A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a `` rycerz '' , very roughly equivalent to the English `` knight , '' the critical difference being the status of `` rycerz '' was almost strictly hereditary ; the class of all such individuals was known as the `` rycerstwo '' .	rycerz	WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century ?
A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a `` rycerz '' , very roughly equivalent to the English `` knight , '' the critical difference being the status of `` rycerz '' was almost strictly hereditary ; the class of all such individuals was known as the `` rycerstwo '' .	knight	What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz ?
Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes , this other class of rycerstwo , which became the szlachta/nobility -LRB- `` szlachta '' becomes the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century -RRB- , gradually formed apart from Mieszko I 's and his successors ' elite retinues .	wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes	What people did the rycerstwo class represent ?
Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes , this other class of rycerstwo , which became the szlachta/nobility -LRB- `` szlachta '' becomes the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century -RRB- , gradually formed apart from Mieszko I 's and his successors ' elite retinues .	gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues.	What positive did the szlachta class receive ?
They were absolved from particular burdens and obligations under ducal law , resulting in the belief only rycerstwo -LRB- those combining military prowess with high/noble birth -RRB- could serve as officials in state administration .	could serve as officials in state administration.	What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility ?
The Period of Division from , A.D. , 1138 -- A.D. , 1314 , which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III 's division of Poland among his sons , was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles -LRB- możni / Magnates , both ecclesiastical and lay -RRB- from the rycerstwo they originated from .	A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314	WHen was the period of Division ?
The Period of Division from , A.D. , 1138 -- A.D. , 1314 , which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III 's division of Poland among his sons , was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles -LRB- możni / Magnates , both ecclesiastical and lay -RRB- from the rycerstwo they originated from .	Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons	What stemmed the period of division ?
The prior social structure was one of Polish tribes united into the historic Polish nation under a state ruled by the Piast dynasty , this dynasty appearing circa 850 A.D.	Polish	What tribe was the prior social structure from ?
The prior social structure was one of Polish tribes united into the historic Polish nation under a state ruled by the Piast dynasty , this dynasty appearing circa 850 A.D.	850 A.D.	WHen did the Piast dynasty appear ?
The prior social structure was one of Polish tribes united into the historic Polish nation under a state ruled by the Piast dynasty , this dynasty appearing circa 850 A.D.	Piast dynasty,	Polish nation ruled by what dynasty ?
Some możni -LRB- Magnates -RRB- descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms , even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence .	co-proprietors of Piast realms	What did some Mozni regard themselves with ?
Some możni -LRB- Magnates -RRB- descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms , even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence .	attempted to deprive them of their independence	What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms ?
These możni -LRB- Magnates -RRB- constantly sought to undermine princely authority. :75 , 76 In Gall Anonym 's chronicle , there is noted the nobility 's alarm when the Palatine Sieciech `` elevated those of a lower class over those who were noble born '' entrusting them with state offices .	możni	Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority ?
In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas , nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language .	die beste leuten	WHat were nobles named in german language ?
In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai .	ponai	What were the nobles named in lithuanian ?
The higher nobility were named ` kunigai ' or ` kunigaikščiai ' -LRB- dukes -RRB- -- i.e. , loanword from Scandinavic konung .	kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai'	What were the higher nobility named ?
During the development of the state they gradually became subordinated to higher dukes , and later to the King of Lithuania .	King of Lithuania.	The kunigai were subordinate to who ?
Because of expansion of Lithuanian duchy into lands of Ruthenia in the mid of 14th century a new term appeared to denominate nobility bajorai -- from Ruthenian -LRB- modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages -RRB- бояре .	бояре	What word is used to denominate nobility ?
After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta , and over time began to become more and more polonized , although they did preserve their national consciousness , and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots .	Polish szlachta	What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility ?
After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta , and over time began to become more and more polonized , although they did preserve their national consciousness , and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots .	polonized	What did the polish szlachta become more of ?
In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian nobility claimed that they were of Roman extraction , and the Lithuanian language was just a morphed Latin language .	they were of Roman extraction	What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox ?
From the view of historical truth Lithuanians also should use this term , šlėkta -LRB- szlachta -RRB- , to name own nobility , but Lithuanian linguists forbade the usage of this Polish loanword .	šlėkta	What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility ?
From the view of historical truth Lithuanians also should use this term , šlėkta -LRB- szlachta -RRB- , to name own nobility , but Lithuanian linguists forbade the usage of this Polish loanword .	Lithuanian linguists	Who forbid the use of the word slekta ?
At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved , although gradually a wider group of the population was affected .	the highest members of the nobility	WHo was first invloved in the polonization ?
The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empire such as removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas few years after the November Uprising .	Russian Empire	Who imposed various sanction on the people ?
The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empire such as removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas few years after the November Uprising .	removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas	What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians ?
After the January Uprising the sanctions went further , and Russian officials announced that `` Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism '' and began to intensify russification , and to ban the printing of books in the Lithuanian language .	"Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism"	What did the russian officials announce as a sanction ?
After the January Uprising the sanctions went further , and Russian officials announced that `` Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism '' and began to intensify russification , and to ban the printing of books in the Lithuanian language .	Lithuanian language.	What language was banned from printing on books ?
In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it .	Grand Duchy of Lithuania	What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards ?
In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it .	multicultural and multilingual	What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ?
In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it .	principalities of Halych and Volhynia	What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania ?
Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones .	intermarried	What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian ?
The Orthodox nobles ' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility , but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism , that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest .	Polish and Lithuanian nobility	What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles ?
The Orthodox nobles ' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility , but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism , that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest .	convert to Catholicism	What social pressure was pressing down the people ?
The Orthodox nobles ' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility , but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism , that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest .	Union of Brest	What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism .
The Orthodox nobles ' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility , but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism , that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest .	1596	What year was the union of brest
Initially , this privilege could be granted by monarch , but from the 1641 onward , this right was reserved for the sejm .	by monarch	Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what ?
In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , ennoblement -LRB- nobilitacja -RRB- may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta -LRB- member of the Polish nobility -RRB- .	ennoblement	What right was reversed by sijm ?
Most often the individual being ennobled would join an existing noble szlachta clan and assume the undifferentiated coat of arms of that clan .	undifferentiated coat of arms	What would be given to the enobled one ?
Initially , this privilege could be granted by monarch , but from the 1641 onward , this right was reserved for the sejm .	sejm	After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement ?
Most often the individual being ennobled would join an existing noble szlachta clan and assume the undifferentiated coat of arms of that clan .	szlachta clan	What clan was given the privileged of enoblement ?
According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century , is estimated at approximately 800 .	between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,	Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800 ?
This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 -- 0.000 001 of historical population .	two ennoblements per year	What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century .
According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century , is estimated at approximately 800 .	heraldic sources	What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements ?
According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward -LRB- half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century -RRB- .	1,600	What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth
According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward -LRB- half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century -RRB- .	14th century onward	When did theys tart recording the ennoblements ?
According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward -LRB- half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century -RRB- .	final years of the late 18th century	When were most ennoblements implemented ?
In the late 14th century , in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy 's army : instead of calling all men to arms , he created forces comprising professional warriors -- bajorai -LRB- `` nobles '' ; see the cognate `` boyar '' -RRB- .	Vytautas the Great	WHo reformed the grand duchy army ?
In the late 14th century , in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy 's army : instead of calling all men to arms , he created forces comprising professional warriors -- bajorai -LRB- `` nobles '' ; see the cognate `` boyar '' -RRB- .	bajorai	vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors ?
The newly formed noble families generally took up , as their family names , the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors ; this was the case with the Goštautai , Radvilos , Astikai , Kęsgailos and others .	Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors	What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR ?
The newly formed noble families generally took up , as their family names , the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors ; this was the case with the Goštautai , Radvilos , Astikai , Kęsgailos and others .	Goštautai,	What is an example of noble family name ?
These families were granted their coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo -LRB- 1413 -RRB- .	Union of Horodlo	Who gave the coat of arms to others ?
Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta , as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries , consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax , a 1425 guarantee against the ` arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property ' of its members , a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms , and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners .	Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries	Who defined the significant legislative changes ?
Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta , as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries , consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax , a 1425 guarantee against the ` arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property ' of its members , a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms , and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners .	1374 exemption from the land tax,	What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation ?
Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta , as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries , consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax , a 1425 guarantee against the ` arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property ' of its members , a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms , and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners .	requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms	What did the 1425 requirement entail ?
Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta , as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries , consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax , a 1425 guarantee against the ` arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property ' of its members , a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms , and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners .	rights of commoners	What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from ?
Nobles were born into a noble family , adopted by a noble family -LRB- this was abolished in 1633 -RRB- or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons -LRB- bravery in combat , service to the state , etc. -- yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status -RRB- .	service to the state	What was a rarest rare to become a noble ?
Many nobles were , in actuality , really usurpers , being commoners , who moved into another part of the country and falsely pretended to noble status .	really usurpers, being commoners,	Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way ?
Hundreds of such false nobles were denounced by Hieronim Nekanda Trepka in his Liber generationis plebeanorium -LRB- or Liber chamorum -RRB- in the first half of the 16th century .	Hieronim Nekanda Trepka	Who denounced many nobles ?
Hundreds of such false nobles were denounced by Hieronim Nekanda Trepka in his Liber generationis plebeanorium -LRB- or Liber chamorum -RRB- in the first half of the 16th century .	first half of the 16th century	When did the denouncing of many nobles take place ?
The law forbade non-nobles from owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer .	owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer	What did the nobles lose by being denounced ?
The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and , typically , each new monarch conceded them further privileges .	many rights	THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what ?
Despite having a king , Poland was called the nobility 's Commonwealth because the king was elected by all interested members of hereditary nobility and Poland was considered to be the property of this class , not of the king or the ruling dynasty .	Poland	What was the nobilities commonwealth ?
Despite having a king , Poland was called the nobility 's Commonwealth because the king was elected by all interested members of hereditary nobility and Poland was considered to be the property of this class , not of the king or the ruling dynasty .	not of the king or the ruling dynasty	WHo elected the king ?
This state of affairs grew up in part because of the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty -LRB- first the Piasts , then the Jagiellons -RRB- , and the selection by the nobility of the Polish king from among the dynasty 's female-line descendants .	the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty	WHy did the state affairs partly grow up on ?
This state of affairs grew up in part because of the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty -LRB- first the Piasts , then the Jagiellons -RRB- , and the selection by the nobility of the Polish king from among the dynasty 's female-line descendants .	dynasty's female-line descendants.	The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom ?
Poland 's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne -LRB- the privileges being specified in the king-elect 's Pacta conventa -RRB- and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie .	at the time of their election to the throne	When did kings grant privileges to the nobles ?
Poland 's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne -LRB- the privileges being specified in the king-elect 's Pacta conventa -RRB- and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie .	king-elect's Pacta conventa	What specified the kings privileges ?
Poland 's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne -LRB- the privileges being specified in the king-elect 's Pacta conventa -RRB- and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie .	ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax	What was also in exchange during he election of the throne ?
Poland 's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne -LRB- the privileges being specified in the king-elect 's Pacta conventa -RRB- and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie .	privileges	What did nobles get in from the king during election ?
In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility , in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir 's male heirs , the throne would pass to his nephew , Louis I of Hungary .	1355	When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew ?
In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility , in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir 's male heirs , the throne would pass to his nephew , Louis I of Hungary .	Buda King Casimir III the Great	who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility ?
In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility , in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir 's male heirs , the throne would pass to his nephew , Louis I of Hungary .	Louis I of Hungary	WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great ?
He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to ` extraordinary ' taxes , or use their own funds for military expeditions abroad .	the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes	What was promised by Buda King Casimer ?
He also promised that during travels of the royal court , the king and the court would pay for all expenses , instead of using facilities of local nobility .	the king and the court	WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts ?
In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce -LRB- Polish : `` przywilej koszycki '' or `` ugoda koszycka '' -RRB- in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga .	1374	When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce ?
In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce -LRB- Polish : `` przywilej koszycki '' or `` ugoda koszycka '' -RRB- in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga .	in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga	WHy did King louis approve the privilege ?
He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax -LRB- łanowy , which was limited to 2 grosze from łan -LRB- an old measure of land size -RRB- -RRB- .	exempted the entire class from all but one tax	What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles ?
In addition , the King 's right to raise taxes was abolished ; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility .	abolished	WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes ?
Finally , this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders .	King to pay indemnities	What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war ?
In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk -LRB- Polish : `` przywilej czerwiński '' -RRB- established the inviolability of nobles ' property -LRB- their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict -RRB- and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council -LRB- later , the Senat of Poland -RRB- , including the right to mint coinage .	King Władysław II Jagiełło	Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property ?
In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk -LRB- Polish : `` przywilej czerwiński '' -RRB- established the inviolability of nobles ' property -LRB- their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict -RRB- and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council -LRB- later , the Senat of Poland -RRB- , including the right to mint coinage .	1422	When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property ?
In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk -LRB- Polish : `` przywilej czerwiński '' -RRB- established the inviolability of nobles ' property -LRB- their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict -RRB- and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council -LRB- later , the Senat of Poland -RRB- , including the right to mint coinage .	ceded	What happened to the right to mint coinage ?
In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia , confirmed at Kraków in 1433 -LRB- Polish : `` przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie '' -RRB- , based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege -LRB- April 25 , 1425 -RRB- , King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest , similar to the English Magna Carta 's Habeas corpus , known from its own Latin name as `` neminem captivabimus -LRB- nisi jure victum -RRB- . ''	at Kraków in 1433	Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place ?
In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia , confirmed at Kraków in 1433 -LRB- Polish : `` przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie '' -RRB- , based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege -LRB- April 25 , 1425 -RRB- , King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest , similar to the English Magna Carta 's Habeas corpus , known from its own Latin name as `` neminem captivabimus -LRB- nisi jure victum -RRB- . ''	Brześć Kujawski privilege	WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of ?
In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia , confirmed at Kraków in 1433 -LRB- Polish : `` przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie '' -RRB- , based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege -LRB- April 25 , 1425 -RRB- , King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest , similar to the English Magna Carta 's Habeas corpus , known from its own Latin name as `` neminem captivabimus -LRB- nisi jure victum -RRB- . ''	nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest	What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus ?
Henceforth no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a warrant from a court of justice : the king could neither punish nor imprison any noble at his whim .	warrant from a court of justice	What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility ?
King Władysław 's quid pro quo for this boon was the nobles ' guarantee that his throne would be inherited by one of his sons -LRB- who would be bound to honour the privileges theretofore granted to the nobility -RRB- .	King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon	What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons ?
In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes -LRB- Polish : `` statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie '' -RRB- , clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks -LRB- local parliaments -RRB- .	1454	When were the Nieszawa statutes granted ?
In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes -LRB- Polish : `` statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie '' -RRB- , clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks -LRB- local parliaments -RRB- .	the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks	What did the Nieszawa statues clarify ?
The king could promulgate new laws , raise taxes , or call for a levée en masse -LRB- pospolite ruszenie -RRB- only with the consent of the sejmiks , and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses .	judicial abuses	THe nobility was protected from what ?
The Nieszawa Statutes also curbed the power of the magnates , as the Sejm -LRB- national parliament -RRB- received the right to elect many officials , including judges , voivods and castellans .	magnates	Whos power was curbed ?
These privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years ' War .	their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.	Why did the szlachta demand privileges ?
The first `` free election '' -LRB- Polish : `` wolna elekcja '' -RRB- of a king took place in 1492 .	1492	When did the first free election take place ?
For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty , only members of that royal family were considered for election ; later , there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates .	no restrictions on the choice of candidates.	What was different about later elections then first free election ?
Only senators voted in the 1492 free election , which was won by John I Albert .	senators	Who only voted in the election of 1492 ?
Only senators voted in the 1492 free election , which was won by John I Albert .	John I Albert	Who won the election of 1492 ?
For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty , only members of that royal family were considered for election ; later , there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates .	Jagiellonian Dynasty	What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492 ?
On April 26 , 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków -LRB- Polish : `` Przywilej piotrkowski '' , `` konstytucja piotrkowska '' or `` statuty piotrkowskie '' -RRB- , increasing the nobility 's feudal power over serfs .	King John I Albert	Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow ?
On April 26 , 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków -LRB- Polish : `` Przywilej piotrkowski '' , `` konstytucja piotrkowska '' or `` statuty piotrkowskie '' -RRB- , increasing the nobility 's feudal power over serfs .	On April 26, 1496	Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when ?
On April 26 , 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków -LRB- Polish : `` Przywilej piotrkowski '' , `` konstytucja piotrkowska '' or `` statuty piotrkowskie '' -RRB- , increasing the nobility 's feudal power over serfs .	increasing	WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power ?
It bound the peasant to the land , as only one son -LRB- not the eldest -RRB- was permitted to leave the village ; townsfolk -LRB- Polish : `` mieszczaństwo '' -RRB- were prohibited from owning land ; and positions in the Church hierarchy could be given only to nobles .	one son (not the eldest)	Who was allowed to leave the village ?
It bound the peasant to the land , as only one son -LRB- not the eldest -RRB- was permitted to leave the village ; townsfolk -LRB- Polish : `` mieszczaństwo '' -RRB- were prohibited from owning land ; and positions in the Church hierarchy could be given only to nobles .	owning land	What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing ?
On 23 October 1501 , at Mielnik Polish -- Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik -LRB- Polish : unia mielnicka , unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka -RRB- .	23 October 1501	When did the Mielnik Polish -- Lithuanian union reform ?
On 23 October 1501 , at Mielnik Polish -- Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik -LRB- Polish : unia mielnicka , unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka -RRB- .	Union of Mielnik	Where was the Mielnik Polish -- Lithuanian union refromed ?
On 23 October 1501 , at Mielnik Polish -- Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik -LRB- Polish : unia mielnicka , unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka -RRB- .	Union of Mielnik	Where was the coronation Sejm founded ?
However the Act of Mielno -LRB- Polish : Przywilej mielnicki -RRB- of 25 October did more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility .	more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility	What did the actof of milno do ?
The nobles were given the right to disobey the King or his representatives -- in the Latin , `` non praestanda oboedientia '' -- and to form confederations , an armed rebellion against the king or state officers if the nobles thought that the law or their legitimate privileges were being infringed .	disobey the King or his representatives	What right was given to the nobles ?
On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of `` Nihil novi nisi commune consensu '' -LRB- Latin : `` I accept nothing new except by common consent '' -RRB- .	3 May 1505	When did the Act of `` Nihil novi nisi commune consensu '' happen ?
On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of `` Nihil novi nisi commune consensu '' -LRB- Latin : `` I accept nothing new except by common consent '' -RRB- .	King Alexander I Jagiellon	Who granted the act Act of `` Nihil novi nisi commune consensu '' ?
This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility , in Sejm and Senat assembled , and thus greatly strengthened the nobility 's political position .	forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility	What did The Act of `` Nihil novi nisi commune consensu '' Do
This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility , in Sejm and Senat assembled , and thus greatly strengthened the nobility 's political position .	greatly strengthened	What happened to the notabilities political position ?
Basically , this act transferred legislative power from the king to the Sejm .	legislative power from the king to the Sejm.	What has happened to the legislative power ?
About that time the `` executionist movement '' -LRB- Polish : `` egzekucja praw '' -- `` execution of the laws '' -RRB- began to take form .	"executionist movement	What was the movement called also known as execution of laws ?
Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country .	seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country	What were the intentions of executionists movement ?
In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased crown lands to the king , and the king to create a standing army -LRB- wojsko kwarciane -RRB- .	return many leased crown lands to the king,	what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do ?
After his death in 1605 , the movement lost its political force .	1605	WHen did Jan Zamoyski . die ?
After his death in 1605 , the movement lost its political force .	movement lost its political force.	What happened when Jan Zamoyski died ?
Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus , the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty , monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family .	Sigismund II Augustus	Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty ?
Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus , the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty , monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family .	monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family	What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus ?
However , starting from 1573 , practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish -- Lithuanian monarch .	any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood	After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch ?
Every newly elected king was supposed to sign two documents -- the Pacta conventa -LRB- `` agreed pacts '' -RRB- -- a confirmation of the king 's pre-election promises , and Henrican articles -LRB- artykuły henrykowskie , named after the first freely elected king , Henry of Valois -RRB- .	two documents	How many documents should the new elected king sign ?
The latter document served as a virtual Polish constitution and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth :	basic laws of the Commonwealth	What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa ?
In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court .	1578	The crown tribunal was created when ?
In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court .	king Stefan Batory	Who created the crown tribunal ?
In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court .	reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court	What was the crown tribunal supposed to do ?
This placed much of the monarch 's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies , further strengthening the nobility class .	the nobility class	Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal ?
In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuania , the Lithuanian Tribunal .	Lithuanian Tribunal	WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually ?
For many centuries , wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers .	gain legal privileges over their peers	What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought ?
Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates -LRB- karmazyni -- the `` Crimsons '' , from the crimson colour of their boots -RRB- .	Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates	What were most szlachtas class ?
Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates -LRB- karmazyni -- the `` Crimsons '' , from the crimson colour of their boots -RRB- .	Crimsons	What is another name for magnates ?
A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generations and own at least 20 villages or estates .	own at least 20 villages or estates.	A proper magnates own what ?
Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates -LRB- karmazyni -- the `` Crimsons '' , from the crimson colour of their boots -RRB- .	magnates	Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth ?
Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1 % of the number of szlachta .	1%	Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta ?
one million szlachta , tens of thousands of families , only 200 -- 300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence , and 30 -- 40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on Poland 's politics .	200–300	Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates ?
one million szlachta , tens of thousands of families , only 200 -- 300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence , and 30 -- 40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on Poland 's politics .	30–40	Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically ?
Magnates often received gifts from monarchs , which significantly increased their wealth .	monarchs	Magnates recieved gifts often from who ?
Magnates often received gifts from monarchs , which significantly increased their wealth .	Magnates	What significantly increased the magnates wealth ?
Often , those gifts were only temporary leases , which the magnates never returned -LRB- in the 16th century , the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw -- movement for execution of the laws -- which demanded that all such possessions are returned to their proper owner , the king -RRB- .	temporary leases	What terms were these gifts given ?
Often , those gifts were only temporary leases , which the magnates never returned -LRB- in the 16th century , the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw -- movement for execution of the laws -- which demanded that all such possessions are returned to their proper owner , the king -RRB- .	never returned	What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts ?
One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja 's -LRB- similar to majorats -RRB- , which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this .	magnates	The right to create ordynacja 's was important to what group ?
One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja 's -LRB- similar to majorats -RRB- , which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this .	late 16th century	When did the right to create ordynacja 's happen ?
One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja 's -LRB- similar to majorats -RRB- , which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this .	ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this	What did the right to create ordynacja 's entail ?
Ordynacje 's of families of Radziwiłł , Zamoyski , Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of the king and were important power bases for the magnates .	often rivalled	What did the powerful families do with the kings estates ?
Ordynacje 's of families of Radziwiłł , Zamoyski , Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of the king and were important power bases for the magnates .	estates of the king	What was an important power basis for the magnates ?
The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland , and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire , the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy .	1795	When did the sovereignty of szlachta end ?
The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland , and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire , the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy .	Partitions of Poland	Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta ?
The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland , and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire , the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy .	szlachta	UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta ?
In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status .	Nicholas I	Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status ?
Despite this , 62.8 % of Russia 's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1 % in 1897 .	62.8%	IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles ?
Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19 , 1864 .	Russian Poland on February 19, 1864	When and who abolished the serfdom ?
The ex serfs could only sell land to other peasants , not szlachta .	only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta	Who could the ex serfs sell their land to ?
By 1864 80 % of szlachta were déclassé , 1/4 petty nobles were worse off than the average serf , 48.9 % of land in Russian Poland was in peasant hands , nobles still held 46 % .	48.9%	How much land was held by the peasants ?
The most important difference was that , while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy , in Poland the reverse process occurred : the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king , and the political system evolved into an oligarchy .	European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy	What was different between the polish nobility and others ?
The most important difference was that , while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy , in Poland the reverse process occurred : the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king , and the political system evolved into an oligarchy .	actually gained power	What happened to nobility at expense of the king ?
The most important difference was that , while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy , in Poland the reverse process occurred : the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king , and the political system evolved into an oligarchy .	oligarchy	What did the political system eventually evolve into ?
The most important difference was that , while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy , in Poland the reverse process occurred : the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king , and the political system evolved into an oligarchy .	absolute monarchy	What did the ruler strive for ?
Poland 's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries , constituting some 10 -- 12 % of the total population of historic Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10 -- 12 % among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands -LRB- part of Commonwealth -RRB- , but up to 25 % of all Poles worldwide -LRB- szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering -RRB- , while in some poorer regions -LRB- e.g. , Mazowsze , the area centred on Warsaw -RRB- nearly 30 % .	10–12%	How much of the total population was polish common wealth ?
However , according to szlachta comprised around 8 % of the total population in 1791 -LRB- up from 6.6 % in the 16th century -RRB- , and no more than 16 % of the Roman Catholic -LRB- mostly ethnically Polish -RRB- population .	8%	IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population ?
It should be noted , though , that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland -- Lithuania -LRB- Ruthenian boyars , Livonian nobles , etc. -RRB- By contrast , the nobilities of other European countries , except for Spain , amounted to a mere 1 -- 3 % , however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries -LRB- excluding France -RRB- yet in 1795 -LRB- see : Partitions of Poland -RRB- , since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire , Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy .	most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania	Polish szlachta usually incorporated who ?
It should be noted , though , that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland -- Lithuania -LRB- Ruthenian boyars , Livonian nobles , etc. -RRB- By contrast , the nobilities of other European countries , except for Spain , amounted to a mere 1 -- 3 % , however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries -LRB- excluding France -RRB- yet in 1795 -LRB- see : Partitions of Poland -RRB- , since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire , Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy .	1–3%	How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania ?
Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921 .	March Constitution of Poland	What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire , Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy ?
Poland 's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive , closed class .	closed class	What class was polands nobility ?
Many low-born individuals , including townsfolk , peasants and Jews , could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society .	Many low-born individuals	Who could rise into polish ennoblement ?
Each szlachcic had enormous influence over the country 's politics , in some ways even greater than that enjoyed by the citizens of modern democratic countries .	enormous influence	How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics ?
Between 1652 and 1791 , any nobleman could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm -LRB- Commonwealth parliament -RRB- or sejmik -LRB- Commonwealth local parliament -RRB- by exercising his individual right of liberum veto -LRB- Latin for `` I do not allow '' -RRB- , except in the case of a confederated sejm or confederated sejmik .	any nobleman	WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm ?
Between 1652 and 1791 , any nobleman could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm -LRB- Commonwealth parliament -RRB- or sejmik -LRB- Commonwealth local parliament -RRB- by exercising his individual right of liberum veto -LRB- Latin for `` I do not allow '' -RRB- , except in the case of a confederated sejm or confederated sejmik .	liberum veto	What is is called to nullify proceedings ?
All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father .	noble mother and father	Children inherited polish nobility from whom ?
Any individual could attain ennoblement -LRB- nobilitacja -RRB- for special services to the state .	special services to the state	What does an individual do to attain ennoblement ?
A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble -LRB- Polish : `` indygenat '' -RRB- by the Polish king -LRB- later , from 1641 , only by a general sejm -RRB- .	Polish king	WHo could naturalize a polish noble ?
Any individual could attain ennoblement -LRB- nobilitacja -RRB- for special services to the state .	nobilitacja	What is another name for ennoblement ?
A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble -LRB- Polish : `` indygenat '' -RRB- by the Polish king -LRB- later , from 1641 , only by a general sejm -RRB- .	indygenat	WHat is another name for polish noble ?
In theory at least , all Polish noblemen were social equals .	equals	In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed ?
Those who held ` real power ' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary .	not hereditary	Was was unique about the dignities ?
Those who held honorary dignities were higher in ` ritual ' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime .	ritual	If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form ?
Nobles who were not direct barons of the Crown but held land from other lords were only peers `` de iure '' .	other lords were only peers "de iure"	Nobles held land form whom ?
Note that the Polish landed gentry -LRB- ziemianie or ziemiaństwo -RRB- was composed of any nobility that owned lands : thus of course the magnates , the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village .	any nobility that owned lands	Who could compose the polish landed gentry ?
Note that the Polish landed gentry -LRB- ziemianie or ziemiaństwo -RRB- was composed of any nobility that owned lands : thus of course the magnates , the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village .	(ziemianie or ziemiaństwo	whats is another name for polish landed gentry ?
Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility .	Coats of arms	What was very important to the polish nobility ?
Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe , while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries .	heraldic system	What kind of system was the coats of arms ?
Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe , while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries .	differing in many ways	how did the polish nobility system compare to other heraldy countries ?
Polish knighthood families had its counterparts , links or roots in Moravia -LRB- i.e. Poraj -RRB- and Germany -LRB- i.e. Junosza -RRB- .	Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany	Where did polish knightshood originate ?
The most notable difference is that , contrary to other European heraldic systems , the Jews , Muslim Tatars or another minorities would be given the noble title .	minorities would be given the noble title	What is the most notable difference between countries ?
Also , most families sharing origin would also share a coat-of-arms .	most families sharing origin	Coat of arms would be shared with who else ?
Sometimes unrelated families would be falsely attributed to the clan on the basis of similarity of arms .	on the basis of similarity of arms	How would unrelated families be attributed to the clan ?
Logically , the number of coats of arms in this system was rather low and did not exceed 200 in late Middle Ages -LRB- 40,000 in the late 18th century -RRB- .	low and did not exceed 200	Did number of cat of arms in the late middle ages fall ?
Also , the brisure was rarely used .	brisure	What was rarely used ?
Also , the tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland .	Poland	Where did the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe ?
Usually men inherited the coat of arms from their fathers .	their fathers	Where did men get their coat of arms usually ?
The szlachta 's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in `` Sarmatism '' , a name derived from a myth of the szlachta 's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians .	Sarmatism	What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called ?
The szlachta 's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in `` Sarmatism '' , a name derived from a myth of the szlachta 's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians .	powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians	Where did the name sarmatism originate ?
Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta 's `` Golden Liberty '' -LRB- złota wolność -RRB- .	served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility	How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture ?
It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life , peace and pacifism .	peace and pacifism	What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism ?
Knowledge of Latin was widespread , and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary -LRB- the latter , `` macaronisms '' -- from `` macaroni '' -RRB- in everyday conversation .	Polish and Latin	What languages were freely mixed ?
Prior to the Reformation , the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims .	Roman Catholic or Orthodox	What two religions were most common ?
Prior to the Reformation , the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims .	Muslims	What was the minority group in the polish nobility ?
Although Jewish religion was n't usually a pretext to block or deprive of noble status , some laws favoured religious conversion from Judaism to Christianity -LRB- see : Neophyte -RRB- by rewarding it with ennoblement .	ennoblement	What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity ?
After the Counter-Reformation , when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland , the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic , despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not the majority religion in Commonwealth -LRB- the Catholic and Orthodox churches each accounted for some 40 % of all citizens population , with the remaining 20 % being Jews or members of Protestant denominations -RRB- .	the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic	What happened after the roman catholic church regained power in Poland ?
After the Counter-Reformation , when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland , the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic , despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not the majority religion in Commonwealth -LRB- the Catholic and Orthodox churches each accounted for some 40 % of all citizens population , with the remaining 20 % being Jews or members of Protestant denominations -RRB- .	Jews	What was the smallest amount of religion in the noble ?
Publius Vergilius Maro -LRB- Classical Latin : -LSB- ˈpuː.blɪ.ʊs wɛrˈɡɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈma.roː -RSB- ; October 15 , 70 BC -- September 21 , 19 BC -RRB- , usually called Virgil or Vergil / ˈvɜːrdʒᵻl / in English , was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period .	Augustan	During which period was Vigil a poet ?
He is known for three major works of Latin literature , the Eclogues -LRB- or Bucolics -RRB- , the Georgics , and the epic Aeneid .	three	How many major works of literature is Virgil known for ?
He is known for three major works of Latin literature , the Eclogues -LRB- or Bucolics -RRB- , the Georgics , and the epic Aeneid .	Aeneid	Which major Latin epic is Virgil known for ?
Publius Vergilius Maro -LRB- Classical Latin : -LSB- ˈpuː.blɪ.ʊs wɛrˈɡɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈma.roː -RSB- ; October 15 , 70 BC -- September 21 , 19 BC -RRB- , usually called Virgil or Vergil / ˈvɜːrdʒᵻl / in English , was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period .	Publius Vergilius Maro	What is Virgil 's full name ?
A number of minor poems , collected in the Appendix Vergiliana , are sometimes attributed to him .	Appendix Vergiliana	Which collection of minor poems are sometimes attributed to Virgil ?
His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day .	Aeneid	Which of Virgil 's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome ?
Modeled after Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey , the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy -- in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome .	Iliad and Odyssey	Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after ?
Modeled after Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey , the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy -- in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome .	Aeneas	Who is the main character in the Aeneid ?
Modeled after Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey , the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy -- in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome .	fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy	What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid ?
Virgil 's work has had wide and deep influence on Western literature , most notably Dante 's Divine Comedy , in which Virgil appears as Dante 's guide through hell and purgatory .	Virgil	Who appears as Dante 's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy ?
Virgil 's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius , Virgil 's editor , which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus , the two great commentators on Virgil 's poetry .	Varius	Who was Virgil 's editor ?
Virgil 's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius , Virgil 's editor , which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus , the two great commentators on Virgil 's poetry .	Servius and Donatus	Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil 's biography by Suetonius ?
Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about Virgil , some of their evidence can be shown to rely on inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing ; thus , Virgil 's biographical tradition remains problematic .	inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing	What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil ?
Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about Virgil , some of their evidence can be shown to rely on inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing ; thus , Virgil 's biographical tradition remains problematic .	problematic	Is Virgil 's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic ?
The tradition holds that Virgil was born in the village of Andes , near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul .	Andes	In which village does tradition believe Virgil was born ?
He attended schools in Cremona , Mediolanum , Rome and Naples .	Cremona, Mediolanum, Rome and Naples	In which cities did Virgil attend schools ?
After considering briefly a career in rhetoric and law , the young Virgil turned his talents to poetry .	rhetoric and law	What other career did Virgil consider ?
Macrobius says that Virgil 's father was of a humble background ; however , scholars generally believe that Virgil was from an equestrian landowning family which could afford to give him an education .	equestrian landowning	Which type of family do scholars generally believe Virgil belonged to ?
Macrobius says that Virgil 's father was of a humble background ; however , scholars generally believe that Virgil was from an equestrian landowning family which could afford to give him an education .	humble	Does Macrobius believe Virgil 's father came from a distinguished or humble background ?
According to the commentators , Virgil received his first education when he was five years old and he later went to Cremona , Milan , and finally Rome to study rhetoric , medicine , and astronomy , which he soon abandoned for philosophy .	rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy	Which three studies did Virgil abandon for philosophy ?
However schoolmates considered Virgil extremely shy and reserved , according to Servius , and he was nicknamed `` Parthenias '' or `` maiden '' because of his social aloofness .	extremely shy and reserved	How was Virgil regarded socially by his schoolmates ?
However schoolmates considered Virgil extremely shy and reserved , according to Servius , and he was nicknamed `` Parthenias '' or `` maiden '' because of his social aloofness .	Parthenias	What was Virgil 's nickname ?
However schoolmates considered Virgil extremely shy and reserved , according to Servius , and he was nicknamed `` Parthenias '' or `` maiden '' because of his social aloofness .	social aloofness	How did Virgil earn his nickname `` Parthenias '' or `` maiden '' ?
One , the Catalepton , consists of fourteen short poems , some of which may be Virgil 's , and another , a short narrative poem titled the Culex -LRB- `` The Gnat '' -RRB- , was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD .	the Culex	Which short narrative poem was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD ?
The Eclogues -LRB- from the Greek for `` selections '' -RRB- are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the bucolic hexameter poetry -LRB- `` pastoral poetry '' -RRB- of the Hellenistic poet Theocritus .	Theocritus	Which Hellenistic poet was known for bucolic hexameter poetry ?
After his victory in the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC , fought against the army led by the assassins of Julius Caesar , Octavian tried to pay off his veterans with land expropriated from towns in northern Italy , supposedly including , according to the tradition , an estate near Mantua belonging to Virgil .	Octavian	Who tried to pay off veterans with land , some of which possibly belonged to Virgil ?
The loss of his family farm and the attempt through poetic petitions to regain his property have traditionally been seen as Virgil 's motives in the composition of the Eclogues .	Eclogues	Virgil 's loss of his famiyl farm and the attempt to regain his property though poetry was the inferred motive for which work ?
Eclogue 4 , addressed to Asinius Pollio , the so-called `` Messianic Eclogue '' uses the imagery of the golden age in connection with the birth of a child -LRB- who the child was meant to be has been subject to debate -RRB- .	Asinius Pollio	To whom was Eclogue 4 addressed to ?
Virgil came to know many of the other leading literary figures of the time , including Horace , in whose poetry he is often mentioned , and Varius Rufus , who later helped finish the Aeneid .	Varius Rufus	Who helped finish the Aeneid ?
Sometime after the publication of the Eclogues -LRB- probably before 37 BC -RRB- , Virgil became part of the circle of Maecenas , Octavian 's capable agent d'affaires who sought to counter sympathy for Antony among the leading families by rallying Roman literary figures to Octavian 's side .	before 37 BC	When where the Eclogues likely published ?
Sometime after the publication of the Eclogues -LRB- probably before 37 BC -RRB- , Virgil became part of the circle of Maecenas , Octavian 's capable agent d'affaires who sought to counter sympathy for Antony among the leading families by rallying Roman literary figures to Octavian 's side .	Maecenas	What were Octavian ' s agent d'affaires called ?
Virgil came to know many of the other leading literary figures of the time , including Horace , in whose poetry he is often mentioned , and Varius Rufus , who later helped finish the Aeneid .	Horace	Which leading literary figure often mentioned Virgin in his poetry ?
At Maecenas ' insistence -LRB- according to the tradition -RRB- Virgil spent the ensuing years -LRB- perhaps 37 -- 29 BC -RRB- on the long didactic hexameter poem called the Georgics -LRB- from Greek , `` On Working the Earth '' -RRB- which he dedicated to Maecenas .	Georgics	Which long didactic hexameter poem did Virgil work on for several years ?
At Maecenas ' insistence -LRB- according to the tradition -RRB- Virgil spent the ensuing years -LRB- perhaps 37 -- 29 BC -RRB- on the long didactic hexameter poem called the Georgics -LRB- from Greek , `` On Working the Earth '' -RRB- which he dedicated to Maecenas .	Maecenas	To whom was Georgics dedicated to ?
The ostensible theme of the Georgics is instruction in the methods of running a farm .	running a farm	The theme of Georgics is instruction in the methods of what ?
Ancient scholars , such as Servius , conjectured that the Aristaeus episode replaced , at the emperor 's request , a long section in praise of Virgil 's friend , the poet Gallus , who was disgraced by Augustus , and who committed suicide in 26 BC .	Gallus	Which of Virgil 's poet friends committed suicide in 26 BC ?
Ancient scholars , such as Servius , conjectured that the Aristaeus episode replaced , at the emperor 's request , a long section in praise of Virgil 's friend , the poet Gallus , who was disgraced by Augustus , and who committed suicide in 26 BC .	Augustus	Who was Gallus disgraced by ?
Virgil and Maecenas are said to have taken turns reading the Georgics to Octavian upon his return from defeating Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC .	Battle of Actium	Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at which battle ?
Virgil and Maecenas are said to have taken turns reading the Georgics to Octavian upon his return from defeating Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC .	31 BC	When did Octavian return from the Battle of Actium ?
Virgil and Maecenas are said to have taken turns reading the Georgics to Octavian upon his return from defeating Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC .	Maecenas	Who took turns with Virgil to read the Georgics to Octavian ?
The Aeneid is widely considered Virgil 's finest work and one of the most important poems in the history of western literature .	The Aeneid	Which of Virgil 's works is widely considered his finest ?
Virgil worked on the Aeneid during the last eleven years of his life -LRB- 29 -- 19 BC -RRB- , commissioned , according to Propertius , by Augustus .	Augustus	Who commissioned the Aeneid according to Propertius ?
The epic poem consists of 12 books in dactylic hexameter verse which describe the journey of Aeneas , a warrior fleeing the sack of Troy , to Italy , his battle with the Italian prince Turnus , and the foundation of a city from which Rome would emerge .	12	How many books are included in The Aeneid ?
Ancient commentators noted that Virgil seems to divide the Aeneid into two sections based on the poetry of Homer ; the first six books were viewed as employing the Odyssey as a model while the last six were connected to the Iliad .	Odyssey	Which of Homer 's works did the first six books of the Aeneid model after ?
Ancient commentators noted that Virgil seems to divide the Aeneid into two sections based on the poetry of Homer ; the first six books were viewed as employing the Odyssey as a model while the last six were connected to the Iliad .	Iliad	Which of Homer 's works did the last six books of the Aeneid connect to ?
Book 1 -LRB- at the head of the Odyssean section -RRB- opens with a storm which Juno , Aeneas ' enemy throughout the poem , stirs up against the fleet .	Juno	Who is Aeneas ' enemy throughout the Aeneid ?
The queen , Dido , welcomes the ancestor of the Romans , and under the influence of the gods falls deeply in love with him .	Dido	Which queen committed suicide in Book 4 of the Aeneid ?
In Book 5 , Aeneas ' father Anchises dies and funeral games are celebrated for him .	5	In which book does Aeneas ' father die ?
On reaching Cumae , in Italy in Book 6 , Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl , who conducts him through the Underworld where Aeneas meets the dead Anchises who reveals Rome 's destiny to his son .	Anchises	Who reveals Rome 's destiny to Aeneas ?
On reaching Cumae , in Italy in Book 6 , Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl , who conducts him through the Underworld where Aeneas meets the dead Anchises who reveals Rome 's destiny to his son .	Sibyl	Who guides Aeneas through the Underworld ?
Book 7 -LRB- beginning the Iliadic half -RRB- opens with an address to the muse and recounts Aeneas ' arrival in Italy and betrothal to Lavinia , daughter of King Latinus .	Lavinia	To whom is Aeneas betrothed ?
In Book 8 , Aeneas allies with King Evander , who occupies the future site of Rome , and is given new armor and a shield depicting Roman history .	King Evander	Which King does Aeneas ally with in Book 8 of the Aeneid ?
Lavinia had already been promised to Turnus , the king of the Rutulians , who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto , and Amata Lavinia 's mother .	Turnus	Who had Lavinia already been promised to ?
Lavinia had already been promised to Turnus , the king of the Rutulians , who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto , and Amata Lavinia 's mother .	Turnus	Who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto and Amata Lavinia 's mother ?
The Aeneid is full of prophecies about the future of Rome , the deeds of Augustus , his ancestors , and famous Romans , and the Carthaginian Wars ; the shield of Aeneas even depicts Augustus ' victory at Actium against Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII in 31 BC .	31 BC	When did Augustus ' victory at Actium against Mark Antony and Ceopatra VII occur ?
As the protagonist of the poem , Aeneas seems to waver constantly between his emotions and commitment to his prophetic duty to found Rome ; critics note the breakdown of Aeneas ' emotional control in the last sections of the poem where the `` pious '' and `` righteous '' Aeneas mercilessly slaughters Turnus .	Aeneas	Who is the protagonist of the Aeneid ?
As the protagonist of the poem , Aeneas seems to waver constantly between his emotions and commitment to his prophetic duty to found Rome ; critics note the breakdown of Aeneas ' emotional control in the last sections of the poem where the `` pious '' and `` righteous '' Aeneas mercilessly slaughters Turnus .	Turnus	Who is mercilessly slaughtered by Aeneas ?
Virgil makes use of the symbolism of the Augustan regime , and some scholars see strong associations between Augustus and Aeneas , the one as founder and the other as re-founder of Rome .	Augustus	Who is the founder of Rome which some scholars see strong associations with Aeneas ?
Virgil is said to have recited Books 2 , 4 , and 6 to Augustus ; and Book 6 apparently caused Augustus ' sister Octavia to faint .	6	Which book supposedly caused Augustus ' sister to faint ?
Although the truth of this claim is subject to scholarly scepticism , it has served as a basis for later art , such as Jean-Baptiste Wicar 's Virgil Reading the Aeneid .	Virgil Reading the Aeneid	What was the title of Jean-Baptiste Wicar 's artwork inspired by the Aeneid ?
Virgil is said to have recited Books 2 , 4 , and 6 to Augustus ; and Book 6 apparently caused Augustus ' sister Octavia to faint .	Augustus	Who did Virgil recite Books 2 , 4 , and 6 of the Aeneid to ?
According to the tradition , Virgil traveled to Greece in about 19 BC to revise the Aeneid .	Greece	According to tradition , where did Virgil travel in 19 BC to revise the Aeneid ?
After crossing to Italy by ship , weakened with disease , Virgil died in Brundisium harbor on September 21 , 19 BC .	Brundisium harbor	Where did Virgil die ?
After crossing to Italy by ship , weakened with disease , Virgil died in Brundisium harbor on September 21 , 19 BC .	September 21, 19 BC	What date did Virgil die ?
Augustus ordered Virgil 's literary executors , Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca , to disregard Virgil 's own wish that the poem be burned , instead ordering it published with as few editorial changes as possible .	Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca	Who were Virgil 's literary executors ?
Augustus ordered Virgil 's literary executors , Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca , to disregard Virgil 's own wish that the poem be burned , instead ordering it published with as few editorial changes as possible .	the poem be burned	What wish of Virgil 's did Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca disregard ?
In Silius Italicus , Virgil finds one of his most ardent admirers .	Silius Italicus	Who was one of Virgil 's most ardent admirers who referenced Virgil in almost every line of his epic ?
With almost every line of his epic Punica Silius references Virgil .	Punica	. What was the title of Silius Italicus ' epic in which Virgil was referenced in almost every line ?
With almost every line of his epic Punica Silius references Virgil .	Silius	Who bought Virgil 's tomb ?
Partially as a result of his so-called `` Messianic '' Fourth Eclogue -- widely interpreted later to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ -- Virgil was in later antiquity imputed to have the magical abilities of a seer ; the Sortes Vergilianae , the process of using Virgil 's poetry as a tool of divination , is found in the time of Hadrian , and continued into the Middle Ages .	Fourth Eclogue	Which of Virgil 's works was later widely interpreted to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ ?
Gregory of Tours read Virgil , whom he quotes in several places , along with some other Latin poets , though he cautions that `` we ought not to relate their lying fables , lest we fall under sentence of eternal death . ''	Gregory of Tours	Who cautioned `` we ought not to relate their lying fables , lest we fall under sentence of eternal death '' ?
Even as the Western Roman empire collapsed , literate men acknowledged that Virgil was a master poet .	Western Roman	Literate men acknowledged Virgil as a master poet despite what empire collapsing ?
Even as the Western Roman empire collapsed , literate men acknowledged that Virgil was a master poet .	master	Did literate men acknowledge Virgil as a master or novice poet ?
Dante made Virgil his guide in Hell and the greater part of Purgatory in The Divine Comedy .	Divine Comedy	In which of Dante 's works was Virgil a guide through Hell and Purgatory ?
Dante made Virgil his guide in Hell and the greater part of Purgatory in The Divine Comedy .	Dante	Who was the author of the Divine Comedy ?
Dante made Virgil his guide in Hell and the greater part of Purgatory in The Divine Comedy .	Virgil	Who was Dante 's guide through Purgatory and Hell in the Divine Comedy ?
From at least the 3rd century , Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4 , which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age , as a prediction of Jesus ' birth .	Eclogues 4	Which of Virgil 's works was said by some to have predicted Jesus ' birth ?
As such , Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity .	Christianity	Which religion did some consider Virgil to have heralded in ?
In the Middle Ages , Virgil 's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy .	Middle Ages	During which time period did Virgil 's reputation inspire legends associating him with magic and prophecy ?
In the 12th century , starting around Naples but eventually spreading widely throughout Europe , a tradition developed in which Virgil was regarded as a great magician .	Naples	Where did the tradition start which regarded Virgil as a great magician ?
Legends about Virgil and his magical powers remained popular for over two hundred years , arguably becoming as prominent as his writings themselves .	over two hundred years	How long did legends of Virgil 's magical powers remain popular ?
Virgil 's legacy in medieval Wales was such that the Welsh version of his name , Fferyllt or Pheryllt , became a generic term for magic-worker , and survives in the modern Welsh word for pharmacist , fferyllydd .	fferyllydd	What is the modern Welsh word for phramacist ?
Virgil 's legacy in medieval Wales was such that the Welsh version of his name , Fferyllt or Pheryllt , became a generic term for magic-worker , and survives in the modern Welsh word for pharmacist , fferyllydd .	medieval Wales	Where did Virgil 's name become a generic term for magic-worker ?
In the 12th century , starting around Naples but eventually spreading widely throughout Europe , a tradition developed in which Virgil was regarded as a great magician .	12th century	When did Virgil 's reputation as a great magician begin ?
The legend of Virgil in his Basket arose in the Middle Ages , and is often seen in art and mentioned in literature as part of the Power of Women literary topos , demonstrating the disruptive force of female attractiveness on men .	Middle Ages	During which time period did the legend of Virgil in his Basket arise ?
In this story Virgil became enamoured of a beautiful woman , sometimes described as the emperor 's daughter or mistress and called Lucretia .	Lucretia	What is the name of the beautiful woman who Virgil enamoured ?
The story paralleled that of Phyllis riding Aristotle .	Phyllis riding Aristotle	Which story did Virgil being left halfway in basket parallel ?
Among other artists depicting the scene , Lucas van Leyden made a woodcut and later an engraving .	Lucas van Leyden	Which artist made a woodcut and later an engraving of Virgil and his basket ?
While Virgil was already the object of literary admiration and veneration before his death , in the Middle Ages his name became associated with miraculous powers , and for a couple of centuries his tomb was the destination of pilgrimages and veneration .	Middle Ages	During which time period did Virgil 's name become associated with miraclous powers ?
The structure known as `` Virgil 's tomb '' is found at the entrance of an ancient Roman tunnel -LRB- also known as `` grotta vecchia '' -RRB- in Piedigrotta , a district two miles from the centre of Naples , near the Mergellina harbor , on the road heading north along the coast to Pozzuoli .	Piedigrotta	In which district is `` Virgil 's tomb '' located ?
The structure known as `` Virgil 's tomb '' is found at the entrance of an ancient Roman tunnel -LRB- also known as `` grotta vecchia '' -RRB- in Piedigrotta , a district two miles from the centre of Naples , near the Mergellina harbor , on the road heading north along the coast to Pozzuoli .	grotta vecchia	What is the entrance of the ancient Roman tunnel where `` Virgil 's tomb '' is located also called ?
In the Late Empire and Middle Ages Vergilius was spelled Virgilius .	Vergilius	Besides Virgilius , which other spelling is permitted in modern usage ?
In the Late Empire and Middle Ages Vergilius was spelled Virgilius .	Late Empire and Middle Ages	During which time period was Vergilius spelled Virgilius ?
In the 19th century , some German-trained classicists in the United States suggested modification to Vergil , as it is closer to his original name , and is also the traditional German spelling .	19th	In what century did some German-trained classicists in the US suggest modifying the common usage to Vergil ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Modern usage permits both , though the Oxford guide to style recommends Vergilius to avoid confusion with the 8th-century grammarian Virgilius Maro Grammaticus .	Oxford	Which style guide recommends using Vergilius to avoid confusion with Virgilius Maro Grammaticus ?
The Alps -LRB- / ælps / ; Italian : Alpi -LSB- ˈalpi -RSB- ; French : Alpes -LSB- alp -RSB- ; German : Alpen -LSB- ˈʔalpm̩ -RSB- ; Slovene : Alpe -LSB- ˈáːlpɛ -RSB- -RRB- are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe , stretching approximately 1,200 kilometres -LRB- 750 mi -RRB- across eight Alpine countries : Austria , France , Germany , Italy , Liechtenstein , Monaco , Slovenia , and Switzerland .	Europe	What Country are the Alps located in ?
The Alps -LRB- / ælps / ; Italian : Alpi -LSB- ˈalpi -RSB- ; French : Alpes -LSB- alp -RSB- ; German : Alpen -LSB- ˈʔalpm̩ -RSB- ; Slovene : Alpe -LSB- ˈáːlpɛ -RSB- -RRB- are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe , stretching approximately 1,200 kilometres -LRB- 750 mi -RRB- across eight Alpine countries : Austria , France , Germany , Italy , Liechtenstein , Monaco , Slovenia , and Switzerland .	1,200 kilometres	How many kilometres do the Alps stretch ?
The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided .	over tens of millions of years	How long has it taken for the Alps to form ?
Mont Blanc spans the French -- Italian border , and at 4,810 m -LRB- 15,781 ft -RRB- is the highest mountain in the Alps .	Mont Blanc	What is the highest mountain in the Alps ?
The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4,000 m -LRB- 13,123 ft -RRB- , known as the `` four-thousanders '' .	the "four-thousanders"	The Alpine region is also known as what ?
The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe ; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones .	The altitude and size of the range	What affects the climate in Europe ?
Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m -LRB- 11,155 ft -RRB- , and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations .	ibex	What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks ?
Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m -LRB- 11,155 ft -RRB- , and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations .	Edelweiss	What plant grows in the rocky areas of the range ?
Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Paleolithic era .	Paleolithic era	Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes as far back to what era ?
A mummified man , determined to be 5,000 years old , was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian -- Italian border in 1991 .	5,000 years old	How old was the mummified man discovered at the Austrian-Italian bored ?
By the 6th century BC , the Celtic La Tène culture was well established .	the Celtic La Tène culture	What culture was well established by the 6th Century BC ?
Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants , and the Romans had settlements in the region .	Hannibal	Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants ?
In 1800 Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000 .	Napoleon	What person took an army of 40,000 across the mountain passes ?
In World War II , Adolf Hitler kept a base of operation in the Bavarian Alps throughout the war .	Bavarian Alps	Where was Adolf Hitlers base of operation during World War 2 ?
At present the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors .	14 million people	The alps is home to how many people ?
At present the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors .	120 million	How many visitors go to the Alps annually ?
The traditional culture of farming , cheesemaking , and woodworking still exists in Alpine villages , although the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded greatly after World War II to become the dominant industry by the end of the century .	tourist industry	What is the dominant industry in the Alpine region ?
The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes -LRB- through French -RRB- .	Alpes	The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word ?
Maurus Servius Honoratus , an ancient commentator of Virgil , says in his commentary -LRB- A. X 13 -RRB- that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts .	Maurus Servius Honoratus	Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts ?
The term may be common to Italo-Celtic , because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp .	Celtic languages	What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp ?
Albania , a name not native to the region known as the country of Albania , has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe .	Albania	What name has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe ?
In Roman times , `` Albania '' was a name for the eastern Caucasus , while in the English language `` Albania '' -LRB- or `` Albany '' -RRB- was occasionally used as a name for Scotland .	the eastern Caucasus	Albania was a name for what during Roman Times ?
In Roman times , `` Albania '' was a name for the eastern Caucasus , while in the English language `` Albania '' -LRB- or `` Albany '' -RRB- was occasionally used as a name for Scotland .	Scotland	Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language ?
It 's likely -LSB- weasel words -RSB- that alb -LRB- `` white '' -RRB- and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow .	alb ("white") and albus	What words are likely to have common origins ?
It 's likely -LSB- weasel words -RSB- that alb -LRB- `` white '' -RRB- and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow .	the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.	Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from ?
It 's likely -LSB- weasel words -RSB- that alb -LRB- `` white '' -RRB- and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow .	white	Alb can also mean what ?
In modern languages the term alp , alm , albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers , not the peaks .	a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks	The term alp , alm , albe or alpe refers to what in modern languages ?
An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found , and the term `` the Alps '' , referring to the mountains , is a misnomer .	An alp	What refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months ?
The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language : words such as horn , kogel , gipfel , spitz , and berg are used in German speaking regions : mont , pic , dent and aiguille in French speaking regions ; and monte , picco or cima in Italian speaking regions .	German speaking regions	Words such as horn , kogel , gipfel , spitz , and berd are used in what regions ?
The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language : words such as horn , kogel , gipfel , spitz , and berg are used in German speaking regions : mont , pic , dent and aiguille in French speaking regions ; and monte , picco or cima in Italian speaking regions .	French speaking regions	Mont , pic , dent and aiguille are words used in what regions ?
The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km -LRB- 500 mi -RRB- arc from east to west and is 200 km -LRB- 120 mi -RRB- in width .	The Alps	What are the crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe ?
The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km -LRB- 1.6 mi -RRB- .	2.5 km (1.6 mi)	What is the mean height of the Alp 's peak ?
The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin , extending through France from Grenoble , eastward through mid and southern Switzerland .	the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland	How far does the Alps range stretch ?
The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Switzerland , France , Austria and Italy .	alpine territory	Switzerland , France , Austria and Italy have the greatest what ?
The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley , with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side , and the Bernese Alps on the northern .	the glacial trough of the Rhone valley	The highest portion of the Alp 's range is divided by what ?
The peaks in the easterly portion of the range , in Austria and Slovenia , are smaller than those in the central and western portions .	the easterly portion	Where are the peaks smaller in the range ?
The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley , with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side , and the Bernese Alps on the northern .	northern	The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range ?
The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult , but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid , near the Splügen Pass .	The variances in nomenclature	What makes the classification of the mountains and subregions difficult ?
The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult , but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid , near the Splügen Pass .	geologist Stefan Schmid	Who came up with the general classification ?
The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult , but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid , near the Splügen Pass .	Splügen Pass	Where is the divide between the Eastern Alps and Western Alps near ?
The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps , respectively , are Mont Blanc , at 4,810 m -LRB- 15,780 ft -RRB- and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres -LRB- 13,284 ft -RRB- .	Mont Blanc	The highest peak of the Western Alps is where ?
The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps , respectively , are Mont Blanc , at 4,810 m -LRB- 15,780 ft -RRB- and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres -LRB- 13,284 ft -RRB- .	4,810 m	How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc ?
The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps , respectively , are Mont Blanc , at 4,810 m -LRB- 15,780 ft -RRB- and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres -LRB- 13,284 ft -RRB- .	Piz Bernina	The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where ?
The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps , respectively , are Mont Blanc , at 4,810 m -LRB- 15,780 ft -RRB- and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres -LRB- 13,284 ft -RRB- .	4,049 metres	How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina
Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps , including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France .	France	Where are the French Prealps located ?
Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps , including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France .	the Jura Mountains	What mountains are located in Switzerland and France ?
The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald , passing over many of the highest and most well-known peaks in the Alps .	The secondary chain of the Alps	What follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald ?
Upon reaching the Swiss border , the line of the main chain heads approximately east-northeast , a heading it follows until its end near Vienna .	the line of the main chain	What heads approximately east-northeast once at the Swiss bored ?
The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce , and by pilgrims , students and tourists .	The Alps	What have been crossed for war and commerce ?
In the medieval period hospices were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes .	hospices	What was established during medieval periods by religious orders ?
In the medieval period hospices were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes .	the summits of many of the main passes	Where were hospices established ?
The most important passes are the Col de l'Iseran -LRB- the highest -RRB- , the Brenner Pass , the Mont-Cenis , the Great St. Bernard Pass , the Col de Tende , the Gotthard Pass , the Semmering Pass , and the Stelvio Pass .	Col de l'Iseran	What is the highest of the most important passes of the Alps ?
Crossing the Italian-Austrian border , the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century .	the Brenner Pass	What seperates the Otztal Alps and Zillertal Alps ?
Crossing the Italian-Austrian border , the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century .	since the 14th century	How long has the Brenner Pass been used as a trading route ?
The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m -LRB- 3,232 ft -RRB- , the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria ; since the 12th century when a hospice was built there it has seen continuous use .	985 m (3,232 ft)	The lowest of the Alpine passes at what elevation ?
The pass was used by Napoleon Bonaparte to cross 40,000 troops in 1800 .	Napoleon Bonaparte	Who crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass with 40,000 troops ?
The highest pass in the alps is the col de l'Iseran in Savoy -LRB- France -RRB- at 2,770 m -LRB- 9,088 ft -RRB- .	col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France)	Where is the highest point in the alps located ?
Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century .	naturalists	Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps
Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century .	the 18th century	When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps ?
In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of `` folded '' mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became widely accepted .	theory of geosynclines	What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of `` folded '' mountain chains ?
In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of `` folded '' mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became widely accepted .	the theory of plate tectonics	What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century ?
The formation of the Alps -LRB- the Alpine orogeny -RRB- was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago .	about 300 million years ago	When did the formation of the alps began ?
In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate ; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period .	a single tectonic plate	What did the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of what during the Paleozoic Era ?
In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate ; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period .	the Mesozoic Era	When did the single tectonic plate break into separate plates ?
In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate ; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period .	Jurassic Period	The Tethys sea developed during what period of time ?
The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process , caused by the collision between the African and the Eurasian plates that began in the late Cretaceous Period .	the late Cretaceous Period	The collision between the African and the Eurasian plates began during what time ?
Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure , marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted , creating characteristic recumbent folds , or nappes , and thrust faults .	marine sedimentary rocks	What was uplifted from extreme compressive stresses and pressure ?
As the rising peaks underwent erosion , a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin , and the sediments became involved in younger nappes -LRB- folds -RRB- as the orogeny progressed .	As the rising peaks underwent erosion	When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin ?
Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse .	Coarse sediments	What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse ?
The molasse regions in Switzerland and Bavaria were well-developed and saw further upthrusting of flysch .	flysch	Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what ?
The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures , with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains .	a late-stage orogeny	What caused the development of the Jura Mountains ?
A series of tectonic events in the Triassic , Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions .	A series of tectonic events	What cause different paleogeographic regions in the Triassic , Jurassic and Cretaceous periods ?
The Alps are subdivided by different lithology -LRB- rock composition -RRB- and nappe structure according to the orogenic events that affected them .	lithology	What is another word for rock composition ?
The geological subdivision differentiates the Western , Eastern Alps and Southern Alps : the Helveticum in the north , the Penninicum and Austroalpine system in the center and , south of the Periadriatic Seam , the Southern Alpine system .	Helveticum	What geological subdivision is located in the north ?
According to geologist Stefan Schmid , because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period , the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations .	geologist	What is Stefan Schmid 's profession ?
According to geologist Stefan Schmid , because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period , the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations .	a metamorphic event	What happened to the Western Alps during the Cenozoic Era
According to geologist Stefan Schmid , because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period , the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations .	the Cretaceous Period	When did the Austroalpine peaks undergo their event ?
According to geologist Stefan Schmid , because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period , the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations .	nappe formations	The Western Alps and the Austroalpine peaks show distinct differences in what ?
Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in the Cretaceous or later .	Cretaceous	When did Flysch deposits probably occur in the Southern Alps of Lombardy ?
Peaks in France , Italy and Switzerland lie in the `` Houillière zone '' , which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era .	Houillière zone	What area do peaks in France , Italy , and Switzerland lie in ?
High `` massifs '' with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively few high peaked massifs .	High "massifs"	What are more common in the Western Alps ?
High `` massifs '' with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively few high peaked massifs .	Eastern Alps	When compared to the Western Alps , what area has few high peaked massifs ?
In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European , African and oceanic -LRB- Tethyan -RRB- origin .	the structure of the Alps	Layers of rock from Europe , Africa and the ocean make up what ?
The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin , above which are stacked marine sediment nappes , topped off by nappes derived from the African plate .	the African plate	Where are the top of the nappes derived from ?
The Matterhorn is an example of the ongoing orogeny and shows evidence of great folding .	The Matterhorn	What is an example of the ongoing orogeny ?
The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas .	folded and fractured	What happened to the Alpine orogenic belt that gave it the steep vertical peak ?
Peaks such as Mont Blanc , the Matterhorn , and high peaks in the Pennine Alps , the Briançonnais , and Hohe Tauern consist of layers of rock from the various orogenies including exposures of basement rock .	layers of rock from the various orogenies	Mont Blanc , the Matterhorn , and peaks in the Pennine Alps cosist of what ?
The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas .	steep vertical peaks	What are the common characteristics of the Alpine Orogenic Belt ?
The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme -LRB- UIAA -RRB- has defined a list of 82 `` official '' Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m -LRB- 13,123 ft -RRB- .	Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA)	What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000 m ?
The list includes not only mountains , but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives .	subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives	What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains ?
Below are listed the 22 `` four-thousanders '' with at least 500 m -LRB- 1,640 ft -RRB- of prominence .	500 m (1,640 ft)	The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence ?
While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786 , most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century ; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism .	1786	When was Mont Blanc first climbed ?
While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786 , most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century ; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism .	first half of the 19th century	When were most of the Alpine fourthousanders climber ?
While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786 , most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century ; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism .	1865	When was the ascent of the Matterhorn ?
While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786 , most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century ; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism .	the end of the golden age of alpinism	What did the ascent of the Matterhorn mark ?
Karl Blodig -LRB- 1859 -- 1956 -RRB- was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks .	Karl Blodig	Who was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks ?
The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788 ; the first female ascent in 1819 .	1788	When was the first British Mont Blanc ascent ?
The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788 ; the first female ascent in 1819 .	1819	When was the first female ascent on Mont Blanc ?
By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides .	the mid-1850s	When had Swiss mountaineers ascended most of the peaks ?
Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 -LRB- after seven attempts -RRB- , and in 1938 the last of the six great north faces of the Alps was climbed with the first ascent of the Eiger Nordwand -LRB- north face of the Eiger -RRB- .	1865	What year did Edward Whymper reach the top of the Matterhorn ?
Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 -LRB- after seven attempts -RRB- , and in 1938 the last of the six great north faces of the Alps was climbed with the first ascent of the Eiger Nordwand -LRB- north face of the Eiger -RRB- .	1938	When were the last of the six great north faces of the Alps climbed ?
The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years .	minerals	What have been mined in the Alps for thousands of years ?
In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture , Celtic tribes mined copper ; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area .	copper	What did Celtic tribes mine from the Alps ?
In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture , Celtic tribes mined copper ; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area .	gold	What did the Romans mine in the Bad Gastein area ?
Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry .	high-quality iron ore	What does Erzberd in Styria furnish ?
The cinnabar deposits in Slovenia are a notable source of cinnabar pigments .	Slovenia	The cinnabar deposits are found in what area ?
Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years , and began to be classified in the 18th century .	hundreds of years	How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected ?
Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years , and began to be classified in the 18th century .	the 18th century	When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified ?
Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals , and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions .	Leonhard Euler	Who studied the shapes of crystals ?
Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals , and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions .	crystal hunting	By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions ?
David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and documented .	David Friedrich Wiser	Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals ?
In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation , which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals -- a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland .	Miocene Epoch	Where did the mountains undergo serve erosion ?
In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation , which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals -- a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland .	glaciation	What was the cause of the severe erosion ?
In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation , which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals -- a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland .	Louis Agassiz	Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains ?
Because of his work he came to be known as the `` father of the ice-age concept '' although other naturalists before him put forth similar ideas .	the "father of the ice-age concept"	What was Louis Agassiz also known as ?
Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m -LRB- 328 ft -RRB- per year , more rapidly in the middle than at the edges .	the Unteraar Glacier	Where did Agassiz study during the 1840s ?
Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m -LRB- 328 ft -RRB- per year , more rapidly in the middle than at the edges .	100 m (328 ft)	Agassiz found that the Unteraar Glacier moved how much per year ?
Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m -LRB- 328 ft -RRB- per year , more rapidly in the middle than at the edges .	the middle	The movement of the Unteraar Glacier moved more rapidly in what part ?
The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion .	The Inn valley	What is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages ?
Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the valley while the top of the valley consists of erosion from earlier ice ages .	Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age	What lays at the bottom of the Inn Valley
Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the valley while the top of the valley consists of erosion from earlier ice ages .	erosion from earlier ice ages	The top of the Inn Valley consists of what ?
Moraines , piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier , accumulate at edges , center and the terminus of glaciers .	piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier	What are Moraines ?
Moraines , piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier , accumulate at edges , center and the terminus of glaciers .	at edges, center and the terminus of glaciers.	Where have moraines accumulated ?
Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice , long sweeping rivers , spread in a fan-like shape -LRB- Piedmont glaciers -RRB- , and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks .	spread in a fan-like shape	How do Piedmont glaciers appear ?
The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly , perhaps explaining why the mountains were believed to be home to dragons in the medieval period .	The stress of the movement	What causes the ice to break and crack loudly ?
The cracking creates unpredictable and dangerous crevasses , often invisible under new snowfall , which cause the greatest danger to mountaineers .	unpredictable and dangerous crevasses	What does the cracking of the ice create ?
Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding , property damage and loss of life .	a piece of glacier will detach or break	What causes flooding , property damage , and loss of life ?
In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on the French-Italian border ; in the 19th century 120 homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche .	an avalanche	What killed about 2500 people in the 17th century ?
In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on the French-Italian border ; in the 19th century 120 homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche .	120 homes	How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century ?
High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other , more arid regions , glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m -LRB- 11,483 ft -RRB- level .	High levels of precipitation	What cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas ?
The 1,817 square kilometres -LRB- 702 sq mi -RRB- of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 -LRB- 518 sq mi -RRB- by 1973 , resulting in decreased river run-off levels .	to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi)	From 1876 to 1973 , how much did the glaciers that covered the Alps shrink ?
The 1,817 square kilometres -LRB- 702 sq mi -RRB- of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 -LRB- 518 sq mi -RRB- by 1973 , resulting in decreased river run-off levels .	decreased river run-off levels.	What resulted from the loss of the area the glaciers over the Alps ?
Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850 , and 30 % of that in Switzerland .	Forty percent	How much of the glaciation in Austria disappeared ?
Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850 , and 30 % of that in Switzerland .	30%	How much of the glaciation disappeared in Switzerland ?
The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water , irrigation , and hydroelectric power .	The Alps	What provides Europe with drinking water , irrigation , and hydroelectric power ?
Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe , the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe , particularly to arid areas and during the summer months .	11 percent of the surface area	How much of Europe does the Alps cover ?
Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe , the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe , particularly to arid areas and during the summer months .	90 percent	How much water does the Alps provide to lowland Europe ?
Cities such as Milan depend on 80 percent of water from Alpine runoff .	80 percent	How much water does Milan depend on from the Alpine runoff ?
Water from the rivers is used in over 500 hydroelectricity power plants , generating as much as 2900 kilowatts of electricity .	500	Water from the rivers is used in over how many hydroelectric power plants ?
Major European rivers flow from Switzerland , such as the Rhine , the Rhone , the Inn , the Ticino and the Po , all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries , finally emptying into the North Sea , the Mediterranean Sea , the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea .	Switzerland	The Rhine , the Rhone , the Inn , the Ticino and the Po rivers flow from what Country ?
Other rivers such as the Danube have major tributaries flowing into them that originate in the Alps .	the Alps	Where do the major tributaries that flow through the Danube originate from ?
The Rhone is second to the Nile as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean Sea ; the river begins as glacial meltwater , flows into Lake Geneva , and from there to France where one of its uses is to cool nuclear power plants .	The Rhone	Which river is second to the Nile as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean ?
The Rhone is second to the Nile as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean Sea ; the river begins as glacial meltwater , flows into Lake Geneva , and from there to France where one of its uses is to cool nuclear power plants .	glacial meltwater	What does The Rhone begin as ?
The Rhine originates in a 30 square kilometre area in Switzerland and represents almost 60 percent of water exported from the country .	a 30 square kilometre area in Switzerland	Where does the Rhine originate ?
In Germany , the medieval St. Bartholomew 's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee , accessible only by boat or by climbing over the abutting peaks .	Germany	Where is the medieval St. Bartholomew Chapel located ?
In Germany , the medieval St. Bartholomew 's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee , accessible only by boat or by climbing over the abutting peaks .	south side	What side of the Konigssee was St. Bartholomew 's chapel built ?
The rivers form lakes , such as Lake Geneva , a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side .	lakes	What do the rivers form ?
Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use .	Scientists	Who have been studying the impact of climate change and water use ?
For example , each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts , the effect of which is yet unknown .	snowmaking in the ski resorts	Water is diverted from rivers for what purpose ?
For example , each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts , the effect of which is yet unknown .	unknown	What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers ?
The Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain .	The Alps	What are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain ?
Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine .	Alpine	Elevations around the world that have a cold climate similar to that of the polar region have been called what ?
A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere causes the temperature to decrease -LRB- see adiabatic lapse rate -RRB- .	A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere	What causes the temperature to decrease ?
The height of the Alps is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and a dry south because moisture is sucked from the air as it flows over the high peaks .	The height of the Alps	What is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and dry south ?
The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century ; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind .	the 18th century	Since when has the severe weather in the Alps been studied ?
The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century ; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind .	the weather patterns	Particularly what part of the weather has been studied ?
Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century , providing continuous data for climatologists .	Numerous weather stations	What was placed in the mountains early in the 20th century ?
Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the Aosta valley in Italy , the Maurienne in France , the Valais in Switzerland , and northern Tyrol .	Italy	Where is the Aosta valley located ?
Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the Aosta valley in Italy , the Maurienne in France , the Valais in Switzerland , and northern Tyrol .	Switzerland	Where is the Valais located ?
The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff .	The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation	What areas experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff ?
The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm -LRB- 100 in -RRB- per year to 3,600 mm -LRB- 140 in -RRB- per year , with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes .	2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year	What are the ranges of mean precipitation in the Alps ?
The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm -LRB- 100 in -RRB- per year to 3,600 mm -LRB- 140 in -RRB- per year , with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes .	high altitudes	Where do the higher levels of precipitation occur ?
At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m -LRB- 3,281 and 9,843 ft -RRB- , snowfall begins in November and accumulates through to April or May when the melt begins .	At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m	At what altitude does snowfall begin in November ?
The Alps are split into five climatic zones , each with different vegetation .	five climatic zones	How many zones are the Alps split into ?
The lowest zone is the colline zone , which exists between 500 and 1,000 m -LRB- 1,640 and 3,281 ft -RRB- , depending on the location .	colline zone	What is the lowest zone of the Alps called ?
The lowest zone is the colline zone , which exists between 500 and 1,000 m -LRB- 1,640 and 3,281 ft -RRB- , depending on the location .	between 500 and 1,000 m	Where does the lowest zone of the Alps exist ?
The montane zone extends from 800 to 1,700 m -LRB- 2,625 to 5,577 ft -RRB- , followed by the sub-Alpine zone from 1,600 to 2,400 m -LRB- 5,249 to 7,874 ft -RRB- .	from 800 to 1,700 m	Where does the montane zone extend from ?
The montane zone extends from 800 to 1,700 m -LRB- 2,625 to 5,577 ft -RRB- , followed by the sub-Alpine zone from 1,600 to 2,400 m -LRB- 5,249 to 7,874 ft -RRB- .	from 1,600 to 2,400 m	Where does the sub-Alpine zone extend from ?
Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps , with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall , snowpack , glaciation , and river runoff .	Various models of climate change	What has been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps ?
Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps , with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall , snowpack , glaciation , and river runoff .	increased temperatures	What will have an effect on snowfall , snowpack , glaciation , and river runoff ?
Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps , with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall , snowpack , glaciation , and river runoff .	climate change	What have the various models been of ?
Thirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions .	Thirteen thousand	How many species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions ?
Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcerous .	by habitat and soil type	How are Alpine plants grouped ?
A natural vegetation limit with altitude is given by the presence of the chief deciduous trees -- oak , beech , ash and sycamore maple .	chief deciduous trees	Oak , beech , ash , and sycamore maple make up what group of trees ?
Above the forestry , there is often a band of short pine trees -LRB- Pinus mugo -RRB- , which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen , dwarf shrubs , typically Rhododendron ferrugineum -LRB- on acid soils -RRB- or Rhododendron hirsutum -LRB- on alkaline soils -RRB- .	a band of short pine trees	What is often above the forestry ?
Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil , the plants are found throughout the region .	acidic soil	What type of soil does Alpenrose prefer ?
Above the tree line is the area defined as `` alpine '' where in the alpine meadow plants are found that have adapted well to harsh conditions of cold temperatures , aridity , and high altitudes .	alpine	What is the area above the treeline defined as ?
The alpine area fluctuates greatly because of regional fluctuations in tree lines .	because of regional fluctuations in tree lines.	Why does the alpine area fluctuate greatly ?
Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental .	Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian	What grows in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental ?
Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius , and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps , in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m -LRB- 4,921 to 7,874 ft -RRB- .	the Illyrian king Gentius	What are Gentians named after ?
Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius , and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps , in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m -LRB- 4,921 to 7,874 ft -RRB- .	40 species	How many species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps ?
At these higher altitudes , the plants tend to form isolated cushions .	isolated cushions	What do the plants tend to form at higher altitudes ?
In the Alps , several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m -LRB- 13,120 ft -RRB- , including Ranunculus glacialis , Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora .	above 4,000 m	Ranunculus glacialis have been recorded to have been found how far in the alps ?
The Eritrichium nanum , commonly known as the King of the Alps , is the most elusive of the alpine flowers , growing on rocky ridges at 2,600 to 3,750 m -LRB- 8,530 to 12,303 ft -RRB- .	the King of the Alps	What is Eritrichium nanum commonly known as ?
Perhaps the best known of the alpine plants is the Edelweiss which grows in rocky areas and can be found at altitudes as low as 1,400 m -LRB- 4,593 ft -RRB- and as high as 3,400 m -LRB- 11,155 ft -RRB- .	Edelweiss	What is the best known of the alpine plants ?
The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes .	extreme and stressful climatic conditions	What gives way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes ?
Origanum vulgare , Prunella vulgaris , Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps .	medicinal	Origanum Vulgare has what useful properties ?
Origanum vulgare , Prunella vulgaris , Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps .	the Alps	Where are Urtica dioica found ?
Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas , and , except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps , forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries .	Human interference	What has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas ?
Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas , and , except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps , forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries .	forests of deciduous trees	What are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries ?
The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century , as the high alpine meadows cease to be harvested for hay or used for grazing which eventually might result in a regrowth of forest .	The vegetation	What has changed since the second half of the 20th century ?
In some areas the modern practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed the underlying tundra from which the plant life can not recover during the non-skiing months , whereas areas that still practice a natural piste type of ski slope building preserve the fragile underlayers .	the underlying tundra	The practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed what ?
The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife , ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears , many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line .	30,000 species	How many species of wildlife habitat the Alps ?
The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife , ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears , many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line .	made adaptations	What have the wildlife done to survive the harsh conditions of the Alps ?
The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife , ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears , many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line .	directly above or below the snow line	Some species of wildlife can only survive in what specific environment ?
The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex , which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m -LRB- 9,843 ft -RRB- .	alpine ibex	What is the largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes ?
The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex , which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m -LRB- 9,843 ft -RRB- .	as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft)	How high have the Alpine Ibex been sighted ?
The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses .	in caves	Where do the ibex live ?
Classified as antelopes , chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps , living above the tree line and are common in the entire alpine range .	chamois	What animal that live in the Alps are classified as antelopes ?
In Switzerland the canton of Bern was named for the bears but the last bear is recorded as having been killed in 1792 above Kleine Scheidegg by three hunters from Grindelwald .	1792	What year was the last brown bear recorded to have been killed ?
Many rodents such as voles live underground .	underground	Where do many rodents live ?
Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m -LRB- 8,858 ft -RRB- .	almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft)	Where do Marmots live ?
They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth , and can be found in all areas of the Alps , in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures .	beneath the alpine pastures	Where do marmots build their colonies ?
The most common bird is the alpine chough which can be found scavenging at climber 's huts or at the Jungfraujoch , a high altitude tourist destination .	the alpine chough	What is the most common bird found in the Alps ?
Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line ; because they can not bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges .	they cannot bear the cold temperatures	Why do reptiles only live up to the snow line ?
Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line ; because they can not bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges .	they hibernate underground	What do reptiles due since they can not bear the cold temperatures ?
The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs .	by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs	How have the Alpine salamanders adapted to living above the snow line ?
Brown trout can be found in the streams up to the snow line .	Brown trout	What can be found in the streams up to the snow line ?
A number of species of moths live in the Alps , some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago , long before the Alps were created .	120 million years	How long have some species of moths believed to have evolved from the same habitat ?
Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt ; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m -LRB- 5,906 ft -RRB- .	Blue moths	What can be commonly seen drinking from the snow melt ?
The butterflies tend to be large , such as those from the swallowtail Parnassius family , with a habitat that ranges to 1,800 m -LRB- 5,906 ft -RRB- .	1,800 m (5,906 ft)	The swallowtail Parnassius family of butterfly habitat ranges up to how much ?
Twelve species of beetles have habitats up to the snow line ; the most beautiful and formerly collected for its colours but now protected is the Rosalia alpina .	Rosalia alpina	What species of beetles are were collected for their colors before being protected ?
Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny .	having been indigenous to the area	Some species of moths and insects show evidence of what ?
Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny .	the Alpine orogeny	How long ago does the evidence show moths and insects to have been indigenous ?
In Emosson in Valais , Switzerland , dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s , dating probably from the Triassic Period .	Valais, Switzerland	Where is Emosson located ?
In Emosson in Valais , Switzerland , dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s , dating probably from the Triassic Period .	the 1970s	When were dinosaur tracks found in Emosson ?
About 10,000 years ago , when the ice melted after the last glacial period , late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems .	About 10,000 years ago	When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores ?
Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors , close to Grenoble ; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles to keep them dry .	Evidence of human habitation	What has been found in caves near Vercors ?
Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors , close to Grenoble ; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles to keep them dry .	to keep them dry	Why were houses built on piles ?
Standing stones have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy .	Standing stones	What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy ?
The rock drawings in Valcamonica are more than 5000 years old ; more than 200,000 drawings and etchings have been identified at the site .	more than 5000 years old	How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica ?
In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body , known as Ötzi the Iceman , was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier .	a mummy of a neolithic body	Who was Otzi the Iceman ?
In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body , known as Ötzi the Iceman , was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier .	In 1991	When was Otzi the Iceman found ?
In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body , known as Ötzi the Iceman , was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier .	the Similaun glacier	Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered ?
Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC .	between 1000 to 1500 BC	When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland ?
The Raetians lived in the eastern regions , while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy .	the eastern regions	The Raetians lived in what region ?
The Raetians lived in the eastern regions , while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy .	the west	The Helvetii occupied which region ?
Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of the Hallstatt culture was found by a mine manager in the 19th century .	salt	What did the Celtic tribes mine ?
The Celts were the most widespread of the mountain tribes -- they had warriors that were strong , tall and fair skinned skilled with iron weapons , which gave them an advantage in warfare .	The Celts	Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes ?
During the Second Punic War in 218 BC , the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry , 8,000 cavalry , and 37 war elephants .	218 BC	When was the Second Punic War ?
During the Second Punic War in 218 BC , the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry , 8,000 cavalry , and 37 war elephants .	Hannibal	Who was the Carthaginian general ?
The Romans , however , had built roads along the mountain passes , which continued to be used through the medieval period to cross the mountains and Roman road markers can still be found on the mountain passes .	roads	What did the Romans build along the mountain passes ?
The Romans , however , had built roads along the mountain passes , which continued to be used through the medieval period to cross the mountains and Roman road markers can still be found on the mountain passes .	Roman road markers	What can still be found on the mountain passes ?
The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii .	The Roman expansion	What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi ?
The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii .	in 121 BC	When were the Allobrogi defeated ?
The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii .	58 BC	When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii ?
Much of the Alpine region was gradually settled by Germanic tribes , -LRB- Lombards , Alemanni , Bavarii , and Franks -RRB- from the 6th to the 13th centuries mixing with the local Celtic tribes .	Germanic tribes	What tribes settled much of the Alpine region ?
Christianity was established in the region by the Romans , and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions .	Romans	Who established Christianity in the region ?
The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms .	feudalism	What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce ?
Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento , Italy , still has intricate frescoes , excellent examples of Gothic art , in a tower room .	Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy	What area still has intricate frescoes ?
In Switzerland , Château de Chillon is preserved as an example of medieval architecture .	Château de Chillon	What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture ?
Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy , the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia .	power struggles	Much of the medieval period was a time of what ?
Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy , the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia .	northern Italy	Where were the Visconti from ?
Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy , the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia .	the House of Habsburg	What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia ?
After a series of battles fought in the 13th , 14th and 15th centuries , more cantons joined the confederacy and by the 16th century Switzerland was well-established as a separate state .	Switzerland	What Country was a well-established separate state by the 16th century ?
During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century , Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys .	the Napoleonic Wars	What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century ?
During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century , Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys .	Napoleon	Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys ?
In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland ; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions .	1798	When was the Helvetic Republic established ?
In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland ; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions .	Switzerland	Where was the Helvetic Republic established ?
After the fall of Napoléon , many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion .	After the fall of Napoléon	When did many alpine countries develop heavy protection to prevent new invasion ?
Thus , Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes , such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by , Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lombarts .	Savoy	Who built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley ?
Thus , Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes , such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by , Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lombarts .	to protect the major alpine passes	Why were a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley built ?
The later indeed became very popular after the construction of a paved road ordered by Napoléon Bonaparte .	Napoléon Bonaparte	Who ordered the construction of a paved road ?
In the 19th century , the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage , became tourist destinations .	the monasteries built in the high Alps	What became tourist destinations during the 19th century ?
The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne , Switzerland , and Oberammergau ; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance ; and the Augustinians had abbeys in the Savoy and one in the center of Interlaken , Switzerland .	The Benedictines	Who built monasteries in Lucerne , Switzerland and Oberammergau ?
The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne , Switzerland , and Oberammergau ; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance ; and the Augustinians had abbeys in the Savoy and one in the center of Interlaken , Switzerland .	the Augustinians	Who had abbeys in the Savor and one in the center of Interlaken ?
The Great St Bernard Hospice , built in the 9th or 10th centuries , at the summit of the Great Saint Bernard Pass was shelter for travelers and place for pilgrims since its inception ; by the 19th century it became a tourist attraction with notable visitors such as author Charles Dickens and mountaineer Edward Whymper .	the 9th or 10th centuries	When was the Great St. Bernard Hospice built ?
Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch -LRB- Dragon 's Hole -RRB- cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen , proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people .	50,000 years	How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave ?
Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch -LRB- Dragon 's Hole -RRB- cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen , proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people .	the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people	What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon 's Hole prove ?
Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people .	Seven bear skulls	What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people ?
The mountain peaks were seen as terrifying , the abode of dragons and demons , to the point that people blindfolded themselves to cross the Alpine passes .	Alpine passes	People blindfolded themselves to cross what ?
Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356 .	France	Where was Charles VII from ?
Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356 .	climb Mont Aiguille	What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do ?
The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses , a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice .	a bronze triptych of three crosses	What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone ?
In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille , without reaching the summit , an experience he described as `` horrifying and terrifying . ''	1492	When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille ?
In the 18th century four Chamonix man almost made the summit of Mont Blanc but were overcome by altitude sickness and snowblindness .	18th century	When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc ?
Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century , to study them , writing that in the mountains he found the `` theatre of the Lord '' .	Conrad Gessner	Who was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains ?
Born in Geneva , Saussure was enamored with the mountains from an early age ; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland , the Savoy , the Piedmont and Valais , studying the glaciers and the geology , as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval .	Geneva	Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born ?
Saussure , in 1787 , was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc -- today the summits of all the peaks have been climbed .	Saussure	Who was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc ?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty , banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons .	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty ?
Rousseau 's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller 's poem Die Alpen that described the mountains as an area of mythical purity .	Albrecht von Haller	Who wrote the poem Die Alpen ?
After the end of the Napoleonic Wars , the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets , artists , and musicians , as visitors came to experience the sublime effects of monumental nature .	After the end of the Napoleonic Wars	When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets , artists , and musicians ?
After the end of the Napoleonic Wars , the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets , artists , and musicians , as visitors came to experience the sublime effects of monumental nature .	the sublime effects of monumental nature	What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries ?
In 1816 Byron , Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings .	Geneva	Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region 's scenery ?
During these visits Shelley wrote the poem `` Mont Blanc '' , Byron wrote `` The Prisoner of Chillon '' and the dramatic poem Manfred , and Mary Shelley , who found the scenery overwhelming , conceived the idea for the novel Frankenstein in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva in the midst of a thunderstorm .	Mont Blanc	What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva ?
By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region .	the mid-19th century	When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region ?
Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden .	the Alps	What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with ?
Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden .	the Obersalzberg region	Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s ?
His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life .	1923	When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps ?
By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries .	the Third Reich	By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries ?
Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich ; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime .	Austria	What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich ?
Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion .	Switzerland	What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich ?
The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country , and threatening to destroy bridges , railway tunnels and passes in the event of a Nazi invasion , and then they retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks where conditions were harsher and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles .	The Swiss commanders	Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland ?
Ski troops were trained for the war , and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy , where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945 .	Ski troops	Who were trained for the war ?
Ski troops were trained for the war , and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy , where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945 .	Italy	Where was the battle at Riva Ridge ?
At the end of the war , a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria , where Hitler had hoped to retreat as the war drew to a close .	Austria	Where was a substantial amount of Nazi plunder found at the end of the war ?
The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area , where American troops found 75 kilos of gold coins stored in a single mine , were used to store looted art , jewels , and currency ; vast quantities of looted art were found and returned to the owners .	The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area	Where did American troops find 75 kilos of gold coins ?
The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries .	14 million	What is the population of the Alpine region ?
On the rim of the mountains , on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy .	manufacturing and service jobs	What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains ?
Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture , industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology .	Alpine culture	Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what ?
Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays , leading to strong traditions of carpentry , woodcarving , baking and pastry-making , and cheesemaking .	Alpine culture	Much of what has not changed since the medieval period ?
Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays , leading to strong traditions of carpentry , woodcarving , baking and pastry-making , and cheesemaking .	the medieval period	When were skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys most important ?
Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays , leading to strong traditions of carpentry , woodcarving , baking and pastry-making , and cheesemaking .	carpentry	What is one of the strongest traditions in Alpine culture ?
Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries , although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism .	Farming	What has been a traditional occupation for centuries ?
Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries , although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism .	tourism	What made farming less dominant in the 20th century ?
Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps .	because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps	Why is pasture land limited ?
In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline , where they are watched by herdsmen who stay in the high altitudes often living in stone huts or wooden barns during the summers .	mid-June	When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline ?
Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries .	Cheesemaking	What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries ?
A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg -LRB- 100 lb -RRB- , and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms -LRB- 150 lb -RRB- .	up to 45 kg (100 lb)	How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh ?
Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages which has become somewhat mechanized in recent years , although the slopes are so steep that usually scythes are necessary to cut the grass .	Haymaking	What is an important farming activity in mountain villages ?
Hay is normally brought in twice a year , often also on festival days .	twice	How many times is Hay normally brought each year ?
Alpine festivals vary from country to country and often include the display of local costumes such as dirndl and trachten , the playing of Alpenhorns , wrestling matches , some pagan traditions such as Walpurgis Night and , in many areas , Carnival is celebrated before Lent .	before Lent	When is Carnival celebrated ?
In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters .	medieval designs that withstand cold winters	What do people in high villages build their homes according to ?
The kitchen is separated from the living area -LRB- called the stube , the area of the home heated by a stove -RRB- , and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat .	the stube	What is the area of the home heated by a stove called ?
The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Oberland .	the Bernese Oberland	The typic Swiss chalet originated from where ?
Chalets often face south or downhill , and are built of solid wood , with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily .	south or downhill	Which direction do Chalets often face ?
Chalets often face south or downhill , and are built of solid wood , with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily .	solid wood	What are Chalets built of ?
Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube , where the dining room table is placed .	the stube	The food is passed from the kitchen to where ?
Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube , where the dining room table is placed .	the stube	Where is the dining room table placed ?
Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates .	carved wooden plates	Traditionally , what are meals served on ?
Furniture has been traditionally elaborately carved and in many Alpine countries carpentry skills are passed from generation to generation .	elaborately	How is furniture traditionally carved ?
Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist , gneiss or slate .	Alpine rocks	What are roofs traditionally constructed from ?
Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys , as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy , where the amount of snow during the cold months is important .	the higher parts of the valleys	Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found ??
The inclination of the roof can not exceed 40 % , allowing the snow to stay on top , thereby functioning as insulation from the cold .	40%	The inclination of the roof can not exceed how much ?
In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified .	19	How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps ?
Romansh , spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland , is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin , remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan .	Romansh	What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland ?
At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf , in Bavaria , Saalbach in Austria , Davos in Switzerland , Chamonix in France , and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors .	the Alps	What 's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world ?
At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf , in Bavaria , Saalbach in Austria , Davos in Switzerland , Chamonix in France , and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors .	Austria	Where is Saalbach located ?
With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much it coming from winter sports although summer visitors are an important component of the tourism industry .	over 120 million	How many people visit the Alps every year ?
With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much it coming from winter sports although summer visitors are an important component of the tourism industry .	tourism	What is an integral part of the Alpine economy ?
The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps , traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery , and stayed at the spa-resorts .	the early 19th century	When did the tourism industry begin ?
Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque ; cog-railways , built early in the 20th century , brought tourists to ever higher elevations , with the Jungfraubahn terminating at the Jungfraujoch , well above the eternal snow-line , after going through a tunnel in Eiger .	during the Belle Époque	When were large hotels built in the Alps ?
Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque ; cog-railways , built early in the 20th century , brought tourists to ever higher elevations , with the Jungfraubahn terminating at the Jungfraujoch , well above the eternal snow-line , after going through a tunnel in Eiger .	early in the 20th century	When were cog-railways built in the Alps ?
During this period winter sports were slowly introduced : in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz , and downhill skiing became a popular sport with English visitors early in the 20th century , as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald .	1882	When was the first figure skating championship held ?
During this period winter sports were slowly introduced : in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz , and downhill skiing became a popular sport with English visitors early in the 20th century , as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald .	St. Moritz	Where was the first figure skating championship held ?
In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues : the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France ; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland ; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Germany .	Chamonix, France	Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1924 ?
In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues : the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France ; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland ; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Germany .	St. Moritz, Switzerland	Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1928 ?
In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues : the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France ; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland ; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , Germany .	Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany	Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1936 ?
In 1930 the Lauberhorn Rennen -LRB- Lauberhorn Race -RRB- , was run for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen ; the equally demanding Hahnenkamm was first run in the same year in Kitzbühl , Austria .	1930	When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen ?
During World War II the winter games were canceled but after that time the Winter Games have been held in St. Moritz -LRB- 1948 -RRB- , Cortina d'Ampezzo -LRB- 1956 -RRB- , Innsbruck , Austria -LRB- 1964 and 1976 -RRB- , Grenoble , France , -LRB- 1968 -RRB- , Albertville , France , -LRB- 1992 -RRB- , and Torino -LRB- 2006 -RRB- .	(1992)	When were the Winter Olympics held in Albertville , France ?
During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors , but summer tourism continued to be important ; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing , such as Les Menuires .	post-World War I	When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns ?
During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors , but summer tourism continued to be important ; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing , such as Les Menuires .	the 1970s	When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing ?
During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors , but summer tourism continued to be important ; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing , such as Les Menuires .	France	Where is Les Menuires located ?
The region is serviced by 4,200 km -LRB- 2,600 mi -RRB- of roads used by 6 million vehicles .	4,200 km (2,600 mi)	How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region ?
The region is serviced by 4,200 km -LRB- 2,600 mi -RRB- of roads used by 6 million vehicles .	6 million	How many vehicles use the roads ?
Train travel is well established in the Alps , with , for instance 120 km -LRB- 75 mi -RRB- of track for every 1,000 km2 -LRB- 390 sq mi -RRB- in a country such as Switzerland .	Switzerland	Where are most of Europe 's highest railways located ?
Moreover , plans are underway to build a 57 km -LRB- 35 mi -RRB- - long sub-alpine tunnel connecting the older Lötschberg and Gotthard tunnels built in the 19th century .	57 km	How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be ?
Some high mountain villages , such as Avoriaz -LRB- in France -RRB- , Wengen , and Zermatt -LRB- in Switzerland -RRB- are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains , and are car free .	France	Where is the village of Avoriaz located ?
Some high mountain villages , such as Avoriaz -LRB- in France -RRB- , Wengen , and Zermatt -LRB- in Switzerland -RRB- are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains , and are car free .	Switzerland	Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located ?
Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain .	reasons of sustainability	Why are villages considering becoming car free zones ?
Many passes are closed in winter .	winter	When are many passes in the Alps closed ?
The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads , but higher mountain passes and byroads , which are amongst the highest in Europe , can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes .	motorways	The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by what ?
The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads , but higher mountain passes and byroads , which are amongst the highest in Europe , can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes .	mountain passes	What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes ?
A gene is a locus -LRB- or region -RRB- of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product , and is the molecular unit of heredity. : Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism 's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits .	a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product	What is a gene ?
A gene is a locus -LRB- or region -RRB- of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product , and is the molecular unit of heredity. : Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism 's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits .	The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring	What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits ?
Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes -LRB- many different genes -RRB- as well as the gene -- environment interactions .	polygenes (many different genes)	What influence are most biological traits under ?
Some genetic traits are instantly visible , such as eye colour or number of limbs , and some are not , such as blood type , risk for specific diseases , or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life .	eye colour or number of limbs	What is one instantly visible genetic trait ?
Some genetic traits are instantly visible , such as eye colour or number of limbs , and some are not , such as blood type , risk for specific diseases , or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life .	blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life	What is one invisible genetic trait ?
Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence , leading to different variants , known as alleles , in the population .	different variants, known as alleles	What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to ?
These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein , which cause different phenotype traits .	encode slightly different versions of a protein	What do alleles do ?
These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein , which cause different phenotype traits .	different phenotype traits	What do alleles cause ?
Colloquial usage of the term `` having a gene '' -LRB- e.g. , `` good genes , '' `` hair colour gene '' -RRB- typically refers to having a different allele of the gene .	having a different allele of the gene	What does `` having a gene '' or a `` good gene '' typically refer to ?
Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles .	natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles	What causes genes to evolve ?
For example , regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions , and coding regions can be split into several exons .	its coding regions	What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from ?
For example , regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions , and coding regions can be split into several exons .	several exons	What can coding regions be split into ?
Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs .	RNA	What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA ?
Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs .	functional non-coding RNAs	What are some gene products ?
Therefore , a broad , modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable , genomic sequence which affect an organism 's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression .	any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product	What is a broad , modern working definition of a gene ?
The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel -LRB- 1822 -- 1884 -RRB- .	Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)	Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units ?
He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas .	n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas	If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination , what does n represent ?
Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment , the distinction between dominant and recessive traits , the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote , and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance .	independent assortment	What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate ?
Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment , the distinction between dominant and recessive traits , the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote , and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance .	the distinction between dominant and recessive traits	What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate ?
Although he did not use the term gene , he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics .	discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics	What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of ?
Prior to Mendel 's work , the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance , which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring .	one of blending inheritance	What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel 's work ?
Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis , which used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction .	Charles Darwin	Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis ?
Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis , which used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction .	hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction	What does the term gemmule describe ?
Although Mendel 's work was largely unrecognized after its first publication in 1866 , it was ` rediscovered ' in 1900 by three European scientists , Hugo de Vries , Carl Correns , and Erich von Tschermak , who claimed to have reached similar conclusions in their own research .	1866	What year was Mendel 's work first published ?
Although Mendel 's work was largely unrecognized after its first publication in 1866 , it was ` rediscovered ' in 1900 by three European scientists , Hugo de Vries , Carl Correns , and Erich von Tschermak , who claimed to have reached similar conclusions in their own research .	Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak	Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel 's ?
The word gene is derived -LRB- via pangene -RRB- from the Ancient Greek word γένος -LRB- génos -RRB- meaning `` race , offspring '' .	γένος (génos)	What ancient Greek word is the word ` gene ' derived from ?
The word gene is derived -LRB- via pangene -RRB- from the Ancient Greek word γένος -LRB- génos -RRB- meaning `` race , offspring '' .	"race, offspring"	What does the ancient Greek word ` génos ' mean ?
Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity , while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905 .	Wilhelm Johannsen	What Danish botanist coined the word ` gene ' ?
Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity , while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905 .	the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity	What was the word ` gene ' used to describe in 1909 ?
Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity , while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905 .	William Bateson	Who first used the word ` genetics ' in 1905 ?
Deoxyribonucleic acid -LRB- DNA -RRB- was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s .	Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s ?
The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography , which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication .	Rosalind Franklin	Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography ?
The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography , which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication .	James D. Watson and Francis Crick	What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule ?
This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions , such as reverse transcription in retroviruses .	reverse transcription in retroviruses	What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology ?
The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics .	molecular genetics	What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as ?
In 1972 , Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene : the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein .	In 1972	When was the first sequence of a gene determined ?
In 1972 , Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene : the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein .	the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein	What was the first gene to be sequenced ?
The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool .	Frederick Sanger	Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977 ?
The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool .	improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool.	What did the devlopment of the chain termination DNA sequencing method do for the sequencing process ?
An automated version of the Sanger method was used in early phases of the Human Genome Project .	the Human Genome Project	What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages ?
The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis , a term introduced by Julian Huxley .	the 1930s and 1940s	In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed ?
The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis , a term introduced by Julian Huxley .	the modern evolutionary synthesis	What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called ?
Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept , such as George C. Williams ' gene-centric view of evolution .	George C. Williams	Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection ?
He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition : `` that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency . ''	"that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency."	What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection ?
Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins .	Richard Dawkins	Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution ?
The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA -LRB- deoxyribonucleic acid -RRB- .	long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in ?
DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits , each composed of : a five-carbon sugar -LRB- 2 ' - deoxyribose -RRB- , a phosphate group , and one of the four bases adenine , cytosine , guanine , and thymine. :2.1	a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits	What does DNA consist of ?
DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits , each composed of : a five-carbon sugar -LRB- 2 ' - deoxyribose -RRB- , a phosphate group , and one of the four bases adenine , cytosine , guanine , and thymine. :2.1	a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose)	What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule ?
DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits , each composed of : a five-carbon sugar -LRB- 2 ' - deoxyribose -RRB- , a phosphate group , and one of the four bases adenine , cytosine , guanine , and thymine. :2.1	a phosphate group	Besides the sugar and the four bases , what else does DNA consist of ?
Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside , and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine .	phosphate-sugar	What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of ?
Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside , and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine .	adenine	What base pairs with thymine ?
Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside , and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine .	cytosine	What base does guanine pair with ?
The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds , whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds .	adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds	What causes the specificity of base pairing ?
The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary , with their sequence of bases matching such that the adenines of one strand are paired with the thymines of the other strand , and so on. :4.1	The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary	Due to the cause of the specificity of base pairing , what must be true of the two strands in a double helix ?
Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases , DNA strands have directionality .	the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases	What causes the directionality of DNA strands ?
One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose ; this is known as the 3 ' end of the molecule .	an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose	What is known as the 3 ' end ?
The other end contains an exposed phosphate group ; this is the 5 ' end .	an exposed phosphate group	What is known as the 5 ' end ?
Nucleic acid synthesis , including DNA replication and transcription occurs in the 5 ' → 3 ' direction , because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3 ' hydroxyl as a nucleophile. :27.2	Nucleic acid synthesis	What type of synthesis occurs in the 5 ' → 3 ' direction ?
The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA , a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA , but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose .	by transcribing the gene into RNA	How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin ?
The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA , a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA , but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose .	a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA	What is RNA ?
RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine .	the base uracil	What base does RNA have in place of thymine ?
Genes that encode proteins are composed of a series of three-nucleotide sequences called codons , which serve as the `` words '' in the genetic `` language '' .	a series of three-nucleotide sequences	What are codons ?
The genetic code specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids .	The genetic code	What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation ?
The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome , which may be stored on one or more chromosomes .	its genome	What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as ?
A chromosome consists of a single , very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded. :4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus .	a single, very long DNA helix	What does a chromosome consist of ?
A chromosome consists of a single , very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded. :4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus .	thousands of genes	What is encoded on a chromosome ?
A chromosome consists of a single , very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded. :4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus .	its locus	What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called ?
Each locus contains one allele of a gene ; however , members of a population may have different alleles at the locus , each with a slightly different gene sequence .	one allele of a gene	What does each locus contain ?
The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large , linear chromosomes .	on a set of large, linear chromosomes	Where are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored ?
The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome .	a nucleosome	Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what ?
DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin. :4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the histones , as well as chemical modifications of the histone itself , regulate whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression .	whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression	What does the manner of DNA storage on the histone and the chemical modifications of the histone itself regulate ?
In addition to genes , eukaryotic chromosomes contain sequences involved in ensuring that the DNA is copied without degradation of end regions and sorted into daughter cells during cell division : replication origins , telomeres and the centromere. :4.2 Replication origins are the sequence regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome .	regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome	What are replication origins ?
Telomeres are long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes and prevent degradation of coding and regulatory regions during DNA replication .	Telomeres	Long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes are called what ?
Prokaryotes -LRB- bacteria and archaea -RRB- typically store their genomes on a single large , circular chromosome .	bacteria and archaea	What are prokaryotes ?
Prokaryotes -LRB- bacteria and archaea -RRB- typically store their genomes on a single large , circular chromosome .	on a single large, circular chromosome	How do prokaryotes store their genomes ?
Similarly , some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes. :14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids , which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals .	plasmids	Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what ?
For example , the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells , even those of different species , via horizontal gene transfer .	horizontal gene transfer	What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells ?
Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense , those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function .	prokaryotes	What type of organism has relatively gene dense chromosomes ?
Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense , those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function .	eukaryotes	Regions of DNA that serve no obvious function are often found in what type of organism ?
Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA , whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms , including humans , contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function .	DNA without an identified function	What is referred to as `` junk DNA '' ?
However , more recent analyses suggest that , although protein-coding DNA makes up barely 2 % of the human genome , about 80 % of the bases in the genome may be expressed , so the term `` junk DNA '' may be a misnomer .	barely 2%	What percentage of the human genome is made of protein coding DNA ?
However , more recent analyses suggest that , although protein-coding DNA makes up barely 2 % of the human genome , about 80 % of the bases in the genome may be expressed , so the term `` junk DNA '' may be a misnomer .	about 80%	What percentage of bases in the human genome are expressed by protein coding DNA
The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part .	often only a small part	Often , how large a part of the structure of a gene is the protein coding sequence ?
The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part .	the actual protein coding sequence	What often plays only a small part in the structure of a gene ?
These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA .	DNA regions that are not transcribed	What is one of the many elements that the structure of a gene consists of ?
These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA .	untranslated regions of the RNA	What is another element of the structure of a gene ?
These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA .	DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA	What elements does the structure of a gene consist of ?
Firstly , flanking the open reading frame , all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression .	a regulatory sequence	What do all genes contain that is required for their expression ?
The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. :7.1 A gene can have more than one promoter , resulting in messenger RNAs -LRB- mRNA -RRB- that differ in how far they extend in the 5 ' end .	by transcription factors and RNA polymerase	How is a promoter sequence recognized ?
The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. :7.1 A gene can have more than one promoter , resulting in messenger RNAs -LRB- mRNA -RRB- that differ in how far they extend in the 5 ' end .	messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5' end	What results when genes have more than one promoter ?
Promoter regions have a consensus sequence , however highly transcribed genes have `` strong '' promoter sequences that bind the transcription machinery well , whereas others have `` weak '' promoters that bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently. :7.2 Eukaryotic promoter regions are much more complex and difficult to identify than prokaryotic promoters. :7.3	bind the transcription machinery well	What does a `` strong '' promoter sequence do ?
These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence -LRB- and bound transcription factor -RRB- become close to the RNA polymerase binding site .	by binding to transcription factors	How do regulatory regions act ?
These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence -LRB- and bound transcription factor -RRB- become close to the RNA polymerase binding site .	the DNA to loop	What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors ?
For example , enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter ; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase .	by binding an activator protein	How do enhancers increase transcription ?
For example , enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter ; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase .	helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter	What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein ?
For example , enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter ; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase .	silencers bind repressor proteins	What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase ?
The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site , terminator and start and stop codons .	untranslated regions	What is at both ends of the transcribed pre-mRNA ?
The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site , terminator and start and stop codons .	untranslated regions	Where are the ribosome binding site , terminator and start and stop codons located on transcribed pre-mRNA ?
In addition , most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated .	untranslated introns	What do most eukaryotic open reading frames contain ?
The sequences at the ends of the introns , dictate the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA which encodes the protein or RNA product .	The sequences at the ends of the introns	What dictates the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA ?
The sequences at the ends of the introns , dictate the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA which encodes the protein or RNA product .	the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA	What encodes the protein or RNA product ?
Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons , with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit .	operons	What are most prokaryotic genes organized into ?
Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons , with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit .	a unit	What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as ?
The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network. :7.3	related functions	What sort of functions do the products of operon genes typically have ?
Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons , with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit .	multiple protein-coding sequences	What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have ?
Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity .	enhancers	What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence ?
Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity .	because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity	Why do some regulatory regions of a gene not have to be close to the coding sequence ?
Similarly , a gene 's introns can be much larger than its exons .	a gene's introns	What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons ?
Regulatory regions can even be on entirely different chromosomes and operate in trans to allow regulatory regions on one chromosome to come in contact with target genes on another chromosome .	in trans	How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another ?
Regulatory regions can even be on entirely different chromosomes and operate in trans to allow regulatory regions on one chromosome to come in contact with target genes on another chromosome .	different chromosomes	Where can regulatory regions be found ?
Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein .	the model that one gene makes one protein.	What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest ?
This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing .	the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins	What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined ?
This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing .	by alternative splicing and coding sequences	How do genes encode multiple proteins ?
This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing .	split in short section across the genome	How are alternative splicing and coding sequences distributed ?
This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing .	concatenated by trans-splicing.	In order for a gene to encode multiple proteins , how must its mRNAs be arranged ?
A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena , where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products .	A broad operational definition	What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena ?
A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena , where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products .	a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products	What is the broad operational definition of a gene ?
This definition categorizes genes by their functional products -LRB- proteins or RNA -RRB- rather than their specific DNA loci , with regulatory elements classified as gene-associated regions .	their specific DNA loci	What does the typical definition of a gene categorize genes by ?
This definition categorizes genes by their functional products -LRB- proteins or RNA -RRB- rather than their specific DNA loci , with regulatory elements classified as gene-associated regions .	their functional products (proteins or RNA)	What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by ?
This definition categorizes genes by their functional products -LRB- proteins or RNA -RRB- rather than their specific DNA loci , with regulatory elements classified as gene-associated regions .	regulatory elements	What does the broad operational definition of a gene classify as gene-associated regions ?
In all organisms , two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene 's DNA and produce the protein it specifies .	two steps are required	How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene 's DNA and produce the specified protein ?
First , the gene 's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA -LRB- mRNA -RRB- .	the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA)	What is the first step to read the information encoded in a gene 's DNA and produce the protein it specifies ?
:6.1 Second , that mRNA is translated to protein. :6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step , but are not translated into protein .	the first step	What step must RNA-coding genes still go through ?
The process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein is called gene expression , and the resulting molecule is called a gene product .	gene expression	What is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein called ?
The nucleotide sequence of a gene 's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code .	The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA	What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein ?
Sets of three nucleotides , known as codons , each correspond to a specific amino acid. :6 Additionally , a `` start codon '' , and three `` stop codons '' indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region .	codons	What are sets of three nucleotides known as ?
Sets of three nucleotides , known as codons , each correspond to a specific amino acid. :6 Additionally , a `` start codon '' , and three `` stop codons '' indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region .	a "start codon", and three "stop codons"	What indicates the beginning and end of the protein coding region ?
There are 64 possible codons -LRB- four possible nucleotides at each of three positions , hence 43 possible codons -RRB- and only 20 standard amino acids ; hence the code is redundant and multiple codons can specify the same amino acid .	There are 64 possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 43 possible codons)	How many possible codons are there ?
Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA , whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed. :6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product .	a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA	What does transcription produce ?
The gene 's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA .	The gene's DNA	What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA ?
The mRNA matches the sequence of the gene 's DNA coding strand because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand .	because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand	Why does the mRNA match the sequence of the gene 's DNA coding strand ?
Transcription is performed by an enzyme called an RNA polymerase , which reads the template strand in the 3 ' to 5 ' direction and synthesizes the RNA from 5 ' to 3 ' .	an RNA polymerase	What is the enzyme called that performs transcription ?
In prokaryotes , transcription occurs in the cytoplasm ; for very long transcripts , translation may begin at the 5 ' end of the RNA while the 3 ' end is still being transcribed .	in the cytoplasm	Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes ?
In prokaryotes , transcription occurs in the cytoplasm ; for very long transcripts , translation may begin at the 5 ' end of the RNA while the 3 ' end is still being transcribed .	at the 5' end of the RNA	If the transcription is very long , where on the RNA may translation begin ?
In eukaryotes , transcription occurs in the nucleus , where the cell 's DNA is stored .	transcription occurs in the nucleus	Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes ?
In eukaryotes , transcription occurs in the nucleus , where the cell 's DNA is stored .	in the nucleus	Where does a eukaryote store the cell 's DNA ?
The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the primary transcript and undergoes post-transcriptional modifications before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation .	the primary transcript	What is the RNA molecule produced by the polymerase known as ?
Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein. :6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes , large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds .	Translation	What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called ?
Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein. :6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes , large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds .	large complexes of RNA and protein	What does a ribosome consist of ?
Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein. :6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes , large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds .	carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain	What is a ribosome responsible for ?
The genetic code is read three nucleotides at a time , in units called codons , via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA -LRB- tRNA -RRB- .	via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA)	How is the genetic code read ?
Each tRNA has three unpaired bases known as the anticodon that are complementary to the codon it reads on the mRNA .	three	How many unpaired bases does each tRNA have ?
Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed , since expression draws on limited resources. :7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment -LRB- e.g. available nutrients , temperature and other stresses -RRB- , its internal environment -LRB- e.g. cell division cycle , metabolism , infection status -RRB- , and its specific role if in a multicellular organism .	only when the product is needed	When are genes expressed ?
Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed , since expression draws on limited resources. :7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment -LRB- e.g. available nutrients , temperature and other stresses -RRB- , its internal environment -LRB- e.g. cell division cycle , metabolism , infection status -RRB- , and its specific role if in a multicellular organism .	available nutrients, temperature and other stresses	What are examples of a cell 's external environment ?
Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed , since expression draws on limited resources. :7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment -LRB- e.g. available nutrients , temperature and other stresses -RRB- , its internal environment -LRB- e.g. cell division cycle , metabolism , infection status -RRB- , and its specific role if in a multicellular organism .	cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status	What are examples of a cell 's internal environment ?
Gene expression can be regulated at any step : from transcriptional initiation , to RNA processing , to post-translational modification of the protein .	at any step	At which step can gene expression be regulated ?
The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli -LRB- lac operon -RRB- was the first such mechanism to be described in 1961 .	The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli	What example of post-translational modification of a protein was first described in 1961 ?
A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product. :6.1 In other cases , the RNA molecules are the actual functional products , as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA .	A typical protein-coding gene	What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product ?
A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product. :6.1 In other cases , the RNA molecules are the actual functional products , as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA .	the RNA molecules	In some cases , what are the actual functional products ?
A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product. :6.1 In other cases , the RNA molecules are the actual functional products , as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA .	the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA	What sort of synthesis occurs when the RNA molecules are the actual functional products ?
Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function , and microRNA has a regulatory role .	enzymatic function	What sort of function are ribozymes capable of ?
The DNA sequences from which such RNAs are transcribed are known as non-coding RNA genes .	non-coding RNA genes	What are the DNA sequences from which ribozymes are transcribed known as ?
Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA , and contain no DNA at all .	in the form of RNA	In what form do some viruses store their entire genome ?
Because they use RNA to store genes , their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription .	Because they use RNA to store genes	Why do the cellular hosts of some viruses not have to wait for transcription to synthesize their proteins ?
On the other hand , RNA retroviruses , such as HIV , require the reverse transcription of their genome from RNA into DNA before their proteins can be synthesized .	HIV	What is one type of an RNA retrovirus ?
On the other hand , RNA retroviruses , such as HIV , require the reverse transcription of their genome from RNA into DNA before their proteins can be synthesized .	reverse transcription	What sort of transcription does the genome of HIV require before its proteins can be synthesized ?
RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance has also been observed in plants and very rarely in animals .	in plants and very rarely in animals	Besides viruses , where has RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance been observed ?
Organisms inherit their genes from their parents .	from their parents	Where do organisms inherit their genes from ?
Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent 's genome .	a complete copy	How much of an asexual organism 's genome is inherited from its parents ?
Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent. :1	two copies of each chromosome	How many copies of each chromosome does a sexual organism have ?
According to Mendelian inheritance , variations in an organism 's phenotype -LRB- observable physical and behavioral characteristics -RRB- are due in part to variations in its genotype -LRB- particular set of genes -RRB- .	variations in its genotype	According to Mendelian inheritance , what is part of the cause of variations in an organism 's phenotype ?
According to Mendelian inheritance , variations in an organism 's phenotype -LRB- observable physical and behavioral characteristics -RRB- are due in part to variations in its genotype -LRB- particular set of genes -RRB- .	observable physical and behavioral characteristics	What sort of characteristics are described by an organism 's phenotype ?
According to Mendelian inheritance , variations in an organism 's phenotype -LRB- observable physical and behavioral characteristics -RRB- are due in part to variations in its genotype -LRB- particular set of genes -RRB- .	particular set of genes	What is a genotype ?
Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene -LRB- alleles -RRB- giving rise to different phenotypes .	Each gene	What specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of alleles ?
Most eukaryotic organisms -LRB- such as the pea plants Mendel worked on -RRB- have two alleles for each trait , one inherited from each parent. :20	two alleles for each trait	How many alleles do most eukaryotic organisms have for each trait ?
Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive ; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait , whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele .	at a locus	Where can alleles be located in order to be either dominant or recessive ?
Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive ; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait , whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele .	their corresponding phenotypes	When paired with any other allele for the same trait , what do dominant alleles give rise to ?
Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive ; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait , whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele .	when paired with another copy of the same allele	When do recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype ?
Mendel 's work demonstrated that alleles assort independently in the production of gametes , or germ cells , ensuring variation in the next generation .	in the production of gametes	When do alleles assort independently ?
Mendel 's work demonstrated that alleles assort independently in the production of gametes , or germ cells , ensuring variation in the next generation .	germ cells	What are gametes ?
The growth , development , and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division , or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells .	cell division	What does the growth , development , and reproduction of organisms rely on ?
The growth , development , and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division , or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells .	identical daughter cells	In cell division , what two cells are created ?
This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication. :5.2 The copies are made by specialized enzymes known as DNA polymerases , which `` read '' one strand of the double-helical DNA , known as the template strand , and synthesize a new complementary strand .	DNA polymerases	What specialized enzyme is responsible DNA replication ?
Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing , the sequence of one strand completely specifies the sequence of its complement ; hence only one strand needs to be read by the enzyme to produce a faithful copy .	Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing	Why does the sequence of one strand completely specify the sequence of its complement ?
The process of DNA replication is semiconservative ; that is , the copy of the genome inherited by each daughter cell contains one original and one newly synthesized strand of DNA. :5.2	semiconservative	What one word characterizes the process of DNA replication ?
After DNA replication is complete , the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells. :18.2 In prokaryotes -LRB- bacteria and archaea -RRB- this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission , in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions .	physically separate the two copies of the genome	What is one thing the cell must do once DNA replication is compete ?
After DNA replication is complete , the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells. :18.2 In prokaryotes -LRB- bacteria and archaea -RRB- this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission , in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions .	circular	In binary fission , what shape is each genome ?
After DNA replication is complete , the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells. :18.2 In prokaryotes -LRB- bacteria and archaea -RRB- this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission , in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane-bound portions .	as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm	In binary fission . when does each genome separate into daughter cells ?
Binary fission is extremely fast compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes .	extremely fast	Compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes , with what speed does binary fission occur ?
The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance , and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes .	molecular inheritance	The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for what ?
Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents ' cells .	cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells	Why do organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents ?
In asexually reproducing organisms , the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism .	In asexually reproducing organisms	In what type of organism will the offspring be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism ?
In sexually reproducing organisms , a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid , or contain only one copy of each gene. :20.2 The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova , and those produced by males are called sperm .	In sexually reproducing organisms	In what type of organism will a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produce cells called gametes ?
In sexually reproducing organisms , a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid , or contain only one copy of each gene. :20.2 The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova , and those produced by males are called sperm .	eggs or ova	What are the gametes produced by females called ?
During the process of meiotic cell division , an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur , in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid .	During the process of meiotic cell division	When can an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over sometimes occur ?
This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same , but results in reassortment of otherwise linked alleles if they are different. :5.5 The Mendelian principle of independent assortment asserts that each of a parent 's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes ; which allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait .	no effect	If the alleles on the chromatids are the same , what effect arises from genetic recombination ?
This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same , but results in reassortment of otherwise linked alleles if they are different. :5.5 The Mendelian principle of independent assortment asserts that each of a parent 's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes ; which allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait .	reassortment of otherwise linked alleles	If the alleles on the chromatids are different , what effect arises from genetic recombination ?
This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same , but results in reassortment of otherwise linked alleles if they are different. :5.5 The Mendelian principle of independent assortment asserts that each of a parent 's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes ; which allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait .	independent assortment	Each of a parent 's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes according to what Mendelian principle ?
The closer two genes lie on the same chromosome , the more closely they will be associated in gametes and the more often they will appear together ; genes that are very close are essentially never separated because it is extremely unlikely that a crossover point will occur between them .	a crossover point	In genetic linkage , what sort of point is extremely unlikely to occur ?
DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate , however errors -LRB- mutations -RRB- do occur. :7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10 − 8 per nucleotide per replication , whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10 − 3 .	mutations	What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication ?
DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate , however errors -LRB- mutations -RRB- do occur. :7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10 − 8 per nucleotide per replication , whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10 − 3 .	10−8 per nucleotide per replication	What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells ?
DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate , however errors -LRB- mutations -RRB- do occur. :7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10 − 8 per nucleotide per replication , whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10 − 3 .	10−3	What is the highest error rate that can occur for some RNA viruses ?
Small mutations can be caused by DNA replication and the aftermath of DNA damage and include point mutations in which a single base is altered and frameshift mutations in which a single base is inserted or deleted .	DNA replication	What can small mutations be caused by ?
Larger mutations can be caused by errors in recombination to cause chromosomal abnormalities including the duplication , deletion , rearrangement or inversion of large sections of a chromosome .	errors in recombination	What can larger mutations be caused by ?
When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species 's population it is called polymorphic .	polymorphic	What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species 's population ?
Most different alleles are functionally equivalent , however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits .	different phenotypic traits	What can some alleles give rise to ?
A gene 's most common allele is called the wild type , and rare alleles are called mutants .	the wild type	What is a gene 's most common allele known as ?
A gene 's most common allele is called the wild type , and rare alleles are called mutants .	mutants	What are rare alleles called ?
The genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population is due to both natural selection and genetic drift .	genetic drift	What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population ?
Most mutations within genes are neutral , having no effect on the organism 's phenotype -LRB- silent mutations -RRB- .	silent mutations	What are mutations that have no effect on an organism 's phenotype called ?
Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid -LRB- synonymous mutations -RRB- .	synonymous mutations	What are mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence called ?
Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes , but the protein still functions similarly with the new amino acid -LRB- e.g. conservative mutations -RRB- .	conservative mutations	What are mutations that lead to amino acid sequence changes but leave the protein functioning similarly called ?
Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual , or can be inherited .	Genetic disorders	What is a result of deleterious mutations ?
Genes with a most recent common ancestor , and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry , are known as homologs .	homologs	What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called ?
These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism 's genome , where they are known as paralogous genes , or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event , where they are known as orthologous genes , :7.6 and often perform the same or similar functions in related organisms .	gene duplication within an organism's genome	What is one reason for homologs to appear ?
These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism 's genome , where they are known as paralogous genes , or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event , where they are known as orthologous genes , :7.6 and often perform the same or similar functions in related organisms .	paralogous genes	What are genes that occur from duplication within an organism 's genome called ?
These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism 's genome , where they are known as paralogous genes , or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event , where they are known as orthologous genes , :7.6 and often perform the same or similar functions in related organisms .	orthologous genes	What are genes that result from divergence of the genes after a speciation event called ?
The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA. :7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence .	The relationship between genes	What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes ' DNA measure ?
The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA. :7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence .	conserved sequence	What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called ?
Most changes to a gene 's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evolution .	by neutral molecular evolution	How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time ?
Genes under stabilizing selection are constrained and so change more slowly whereas genes under directional selection change sequence more rapidly .	stabilizing	Under what type of selection are genes constrained so they change more slowly ?
The sequence differences between genes can be used for phylogenetic analyses to study how those genes have evolved and how the organisms they come from are related .	phylogenetic	What type of analyses can the sequence differences between genes be used for ?
The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication , which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome .	gene duplication	What is the most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages ?
The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication , which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome .	gene duplication	What creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome ?
The resulting genes -LRB- paralogs -RRB- may then diverge in sequence and in function .	paralogs	What are the genes that result from eukaryotic gene duplication called ?
Sometimes , gene duplication may result in a nonfunctional copy of a gene , or a functional copy may be subject to mutations that result in loss of function ; such nonfunctional genes are called pseudogenes. :7.6	nonfunctional	What type of copy can gene duplication sometimes result in ?
De novo or `` orphan '' genes , whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes , are extremely rare .	De novo or "orphan" genes	What is a gene whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes called ?
Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60 .	18 to 60	What is the estimate of the number of orphan genes in the human genome ?
Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes , with few if any introns .	typically shorter	How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes ?
Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes , with few if any introns .	simpler in structure	How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes ?
Two primary sources of orphan protein-coding genes are gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change , such that the original relationship is undetectable by sequence comparisons , and formation through mutation of `` cryptic '' transcription start sites that introduce a new open reading frame in a region of the genome that did not previously code for a protein .	gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change	What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes ?
Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction .	Horizontal gene transfer	What is the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction known as ?
This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes , sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication .	prokaryotes	In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer a common source of new genes ?
It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance , virulence , and adaptive metabolic functions .	antibiotic resistance	What is one trait that horizontal gene transfer is a common means of spreading ?
Although horizontal gene transfer is rare in eukaryotes , likely examples have been identified of protist and alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin .	eukaryotes	In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer rare ?
Although horizontal gene transfer is rare in eukaryotes , likely examples have been identified of protist and alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin .	alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin	What is one example of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes ?
The genome size , and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms .	genome size	What is one characteristic that varies widely between organisms ?
The smallest genomes occur in viruses -LRB- which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes -RRB- , and viroids -LRB- which act as a single non-coding RNA gene -RRB- .	viruses	In which type of organism do the smallest genomes occur ?
The smallest genomes occur in viruses -LRB- which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes -RRB- , and viroids -LRB- which act as a single non-coding RNA gene -RRB- .	2	What is the smallest number of protein coding genes that a virus can have ?
The smallest genomes occur in viruses -LRB- which can have as few as 2 protein-coding genes -RRB- , and viroids -LRB- which act as a single non-coding RNA gene -RRB- .	viroids	Which organism acts as a single non coding RNA gene ?
The total number of protein-coding genes -LRB- the Earth 's proteome -RRB- is estimated to be 5 million sequences .	5 million	What is the estimate for the total number of protein coding genes on Earth ?
Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s , the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes , and methods of detecting them have been refined .	the 1960s	Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known ?
Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000 .	2,000,000	What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes ?
Subsequently , the sequencing in the Human Genome Project indicated that many of these transcripts were alternative variants of the same genes , and the total number of protein-coding genes was revised down to ~ 20,000 with 13 genes encoded on the mitochondrial genome .	alternative variants	What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were ?
Subsequently , the sequencing in the Human Genome Project indicated that many of these transcripts were alternative variants of the same genes , and the total number of protein-coding genes was revised down to ~ 20,000 with 13 genes encoded on the mitochondrial genome .	13	After the Human Genome Project , how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome ?
Of the human genome , only 1 -- 2 % consists of protein-coding genes , with the remainder being ` noncoding ' DNA such as introns , retrotransposons , and noncoding RNAs .	1–2%	What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes ?
Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism 's survival .	Essential genes	What are the set of genes which are thought to be crucial for the survival of an organism ?
This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress .	environmental stress	What does the definition of essential genes assume an absence of ?
In bacteria , an estimated 250 -- 400 genes are essential for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis , which is less than 10 % of their genes .	250–400	How many genes are essential for Escherichia coli ?
Half of these genes are orthologs in both organisms and are largely involved in protein synthesis .	Half	What fraction of Escherichia coli 's essential genes are orthologs ?
In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the number of essential genes is slightly higher , at 1000 genes -LRB- ~ 20 % of their genes -RRB- .	1000 genes	How many essential genes does Saccharomyces cerevisiae have ?
Housekeeping genes are critical for carrying out basic cell functions and so are expressed at a relatively constant level -LRB- constitutively -RRB- .	Housekeeping genes	What type of genes are necessary for performing basic cell functions ?
Housekeeping genes are critical for carrying out basic cell functions and so are expressed at a relatively constant level -LRB- constitutively -RRB- .	constant	At what relative level are housekeeping genes expressed at ?
Since their expression is constant , housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression .	housekeeping genes	When investigating gene expression , what type of genes are used as a control for experiments ?
Not all essential genes are housekeeping genes since some essential genes are developmentally regulated or expressed at certain times during the organism 's life cycle .	developmentally	How are some essential genes regulated ?
Not all essential genes are housekeeping genes since some essential genes are developmentally regulated or expressed at certain times during the organism 's life cycle .	at certain times during the organism's life cycle	When are some essential genes expressed ?
Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee -LRB- HGNC -RRB- for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol -LRB- short-form abbreviation -RRB- , which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC .	HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)	What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene ?
Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee -LRB- HGNC -RRB- for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol -LRB- short-form abbreviation -RRB- , which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC .	through a database maintained by HGNC	How can the gene nomenclature be accessed ?
Symbols are chosen to be unique , and each gene has only one symbol -LRB- although approved symbols sometimes change -RRB- .	only one	How many symbols does each gene have ?
Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species , particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism .	homologs in other species	With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with ?
Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species , particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism .	common model	What type of model does the mouse play a role for ?
Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism 's genome through biotechnology .	Genetic engineering	What is known as the modification of an organism 's genome through biotechnology ?
Since the 1970s , a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add , remove and edit genes in an organism .	the 1970s	When did techniques begin to be developed to add , remove and edit genes ?
Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in a chromosome to either disrupt or edit a gene when the break is repaired .	engineered nuclease enzymes	What sort of enzymes do recently developed genome engineering techniques use ?
Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in a chromosome to either disrupt or edit a gene when the break is repaired .	targeted	What sort of DNA repair is created by modern genetic engineering techniques ?
The related term synthetic biology is sometimes used to refer to extensive genetic engineering of an organism .	synthetic biology	What term refers to extensive genetic engineering of an organism ?
Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms .	Genetic engineering	What has become a common research tool with model organisms ?
For example , genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene 's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene 's function .	that gene's function	What do scientists explore by adding genes to mice with a certain gene 's function disrupted ?
Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture , industrial biotechnology , and medicine .	agriculture	What is an application for which organisms have been modified for ?
Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture , industrial biotechnology , and medicine .	industrial biotechnology	What is another for which organisms have been modified for ?
Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture , industrial biotechnology , and medicine .	medicine	What is yet another application for which organisms have been modified for ?
For multicellular organisms , typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism .	multicellular organisms	For what sort of organisms is the embryo normally engineered ?
However , the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases .	gene therapy techniques	What techniques can be used to alter the genomes of an adult organism to treat genetic disease ?
For multicellular organisms , typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism .	the embryo	What part of the organism is usually created which becomes a developed genetically altered organism ?
However , the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases .	the genomes of cells	What can be changed in an adult organism using gene therapy techniques ?
However , the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases .	genetic diseases	What can be treated using genetic engineering ?
Guinea-Bissau -LRB- i / ˈɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ / , GI-nee-bi-SOW -RRB- , officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau -LRB- Portuguese : República da Guiné-Bissau , pronounced : -LSB- ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw -RSB- -RRB- , is a country in West Africa .	the Republic of Guinea-Bissau	What is the official name for Guinea-Bissau ?
Guinea-Bissau -LRB- i / ˈɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ / , GI-nee-bi-SOW -RRB- , officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau -LRB- Portuguese : República da Guiné-Bissau , pronounced : -LSB- ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw -RSB- -RRB- , is a country in West Africa .	West Africa	Where is Guinea-Bissau located ?
It covers 36,125 square kilometres -LRB- 13,948 sq mi -RRB- with an estimated population of 1,704,000 .	13,948 sq mi	How many square miles is Guinea-Bissau ?
It covers 36,125 square kilometres -LRB- 13,948 sq mi -RRB- with an estimated population of 1,704,000 .	1,704,000	What is the estimated population of Guinea-Bissau ?
It covers 36,125 square kilometres -LRB- 13,948 sq mi -RRB- with an estimated population of 1,704,000 .	36,125	How many kilometers does Guinea-Bissau cover ?
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu , as well as part of the Mali Empire .	Gabu	What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once part of ?
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu , as well as part of the Mali Empire .	Mali Empire	What empire was Guinea-Bissau once part of ?
Upon independence , declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974 , the name of its capital , Bissau , was added to the country 's name to prevent confusion with Guinea -LRB- formerly French Guinea -RRB- .	1973	What year was Guinea-Bissau declared independent ?
Upon independence , declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974 , the name of its capital , Bissau , was added to the country 's name to prevent confusion with Guinea -LRB- formerly French Guinea -RRB- .	Guinea (formerly French Guinea)	What country did Guinea-Bissau seek to differentiate itself from ?
Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence , and no elected president has successfully served a full five-year term .	political instability	Guinea-Bissau has a history of what since independence ?
Only 14 % of the population speaks Portuguese , established as the official language in the colonial period .	14%	What percentage of the population speaks Portuguese ?
Almost half the population -LRB- 44 % -RRB- speaks Crioulo , a Portuguese-based creole language , and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages .	44%	What percentage of the population speaks Crioulo ?
The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam ; there is a Christian -LRB- mostly Roman Catholic -RRB- minority .	African traditional religions and Islam	What are the two main religions ?
The country 's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world .	one of the lowest in the world	What is their gross domestic product status ?
The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam ; there is a Christian -LRB- mostly Roman Catholic -RRB- minority .	Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)	What is the minority religion ?
Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations , African Union , Economic Community of West African States , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Latin Union , Community of Portuguese Language Countries , La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone .	Organisation of Islamic Cooperation	What Islamic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to ?
Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations , African Union , Economic Community of West African States , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Latin Union , Community of Portuguese Language Countries , La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone .	Community of Portuguese Language Countries	What Portuguese organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to ?
Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations , African Union , Economic Community of West African States , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Latin Union , Community of Portuguese Language Countries , La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone .	Economic Community of West African States	What West African organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to ?
Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations , African Union , Economic Community of West African States , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Latin Union , Community of Portuguese Language Countries , La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone .	South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone	What South Atlantic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to ?
Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations , African Union , Economic Community of West African States , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Latin Union , Community of Portuguese Language Countries , La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone .	the Latin Union	What Latin organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to ?
Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast , as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans to the western hemisphere .	Portuguese Guinea	What area was known as the Slave Coast ?
Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast , as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans to the western hemisphere .	Europeans	Who exported African slaves to the western hemisphere ?
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu , part of the Mali Empire ; parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century .	Gabu	What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once a part of ?
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu , part of the Mali Empire ; parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century .	until the 18th century	How long did the Mali Empire persist ?
Previously slaves had been traded by Arabs north to the northern part of Africa and into the Middle East .	Arabs	Who traded slaves into the Middle East ?
Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto 's voyage of 1455 , the 1479 -- 1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse , and Diogo Cão .	1455	When was Alvise Cadamosto 's voyage ?
Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto 's voyage of 1455 , the 1479 -- 1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse , and Diogo Cão .	1479–1480	When was Eustache de la Fosse 's voyage ?
Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto 's voyage of 1455 , the 1479 -- 1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse , and Diogo Cão .	Diogo Cão	What was the name of the Portuguese explorer ?
In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and the lands of Bakongo , setting up the foundations of modern Angola , some 4200 km down the African coast from Guinea-Bissau .	Congo River	What river did Diogo Cao reach in the 1480 's ?
In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and the lands of Bakongo , setting up the foundations of modern Angola , some 4200 km down the African coast from Guinea-Bissau .	Angola	What country is about 4200 km from Guinea-Bissau ?
Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese , who set up trading posts in the 16th century , they did not explore the interior until the 19th century .	the rivers and coast	What areas were the first places colonized by the Portuguese ?
Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese , who set up trading posts in the 16th century , they did not explore the interior until the 19th century .	16th century	When did the Portuguese first set up trading posts in Guinea-Bissau ?
Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese , who set up trading posts in the 16th century , they did not explore the interior until the 19th century .	19th century	When did the Portuguese explore the interior of Guinea-Bissau ?
The local African rulers in Guinea , some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade , controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior .	local African rulers	Who controlled the inland trade in Guinea-Bissau during this time ?
The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu .	Bissau and Cacheu	What ports were the Portuguese restricted to ?
For a brief period in the 1790s , the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island , at Bolama .	the British	Who tried to establish a rival foothold at Bolama ?
For a brief period in the 1790s , the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island , at Bolama .	the 1790s	When was a rival foothold attempted at Bolama ?
But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory , also up north in part of present South Senegal .	the Portuguese	Who regarded Bolama as their own in the 19th century ?
But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory , also up north in part of present South Senegal .	part of present South Senegal	What other area did the Portuguese regard as their special territory ?
For a brief period in the 1790s , the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island , at Bolama .	the British	What rival did the Portuguese fend off in Guinea-Bissau ?
An armed rebellion beginning in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde -LRB- PAIGC -RRB- under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on then Portuguese Guinea .	African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)	What group started an armed rebellion in Guinea-Bissau ?
An armed rebellion beginning in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde -LRB- PAIGC -RRB- under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on then Portuguese Guinea .	1956	When did the armed rebellion begin ?
An armed rebellion beginning in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde -LRB- PAIGC -RRB- under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold on then Portuguese Guinea .	Amílcar Cabral	Who was the leader of the armed rebellion ?
Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts , doctors , and technicians .	Cuba	Who supplied doctors and technicians to the rebels ?
By 1973 , the PAIGC was in control of many parts of Guinea , although the movement suffered a setback in January 1973 when Cabral was assassinated .	January 1973	When was Cabral assassinated ?
Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973 .	24 September 1973	When was independence declared ?
Recognition became universal following the 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal , which overthrew Lisbon 's Estado Novo regime .	25 April 1974	What date was independence considered universal ?
Recognition became universal following the 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal , which overthrew Lisbon 's Estado Novo regime .	socialist-inspired military coup	What event caused the recognition to be universal ?
Recognition became universal following the 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal , which overthrew Lisbon 's Estado Novo regime .	Portugal	Where did a coup take place ?
Recognition became universal following the 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal , which overthrew Lisbon 's Estado Novo regime .	Lisbon's Estado Novo regime	Who was overthrown in the coup ?
Luís Cabral , brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC , was appointed the first President of Guinea-Bissau .	Luís Cabral	Who was the first President of Guinea-Bissau ?
Following independence , the PAIGC killed thousands of local Guinean soldiers who had fought along with the Portuguese Army against guerrillas .	thousands	How many Guinean soldiers did the PAIGC kill ?
One of the massacres occurred in the town of Bissorã .	Bissorã	Where did one of the massacres occur ?
In 1980 the PAIGC acknowledged in its newspaper Nó Pintcha -LRB- dated 29 November 1980 -RRB- that many Gueinean soldiers had been executed and buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of Cumerá , Portogole , and Mansabá .	29 November 1980	When did the PAIGC acknowledge the executions ?
In 1980 the PAIGC acknowledged in its newspaper Nó Pintcha -LRB- dated 29 November 1980 -RRB- that many Gueinean soldiers had been executed and buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of Cumerá , Portogole , and Mansabá .	Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá	Where were the soldiers buried ?
The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984 .	a revolutionary council	Who controlled the country prior to 1984 ?
The first multi-party elections were held in 1994 .	1994	When were the first multi-party elections held ?
An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president 's ousting in June 1999 .	An army uprising	What led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War ?
An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War and the president 's ousting in June 1999 .	June 1999	When was the president ousted ?
Elections were held again in 2000 , and Kumba Ialá was elected president .	Kumba Ialá	Who was elected president in the 2000 election ?
In September 2003 , a military coup was conducted .	September 2003	When was a military coup conducted ?
The military arrested Ialá on the charge of being `` unable to solve the problems '' .	Ialá	Who did the military arrest ?
After being delayed several times , legislative elections were held in March 2004 .	March 2004	When were legislative elections held ?
A mutiny of military factions in October 2004 resulted in the death of the head of the armed forces and caused widespread unrest .	October 2004	When did the mutiny of military factions occur ?
A mutiny of military factions in October 2004 resulted in the death of the head of the armed forces and caused widespread unrest .	the head of the armed forces	Who died in the mutiny ?
In June 2005 , presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá .	June 2005	After the coup , when were presidential elections held ?
Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS , claiming to be the legitimate president of the country , but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira , deposed in the 1999 coup .	Ialá	At that time , who ran claiming to be the legitimate president of the country ?
Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS , claiming to be the legitimate president of the country , but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira , deposed in the 1999 coup .	João Bernardo Vieira	Who won the election ?
Vieira beat Malam Bacai Sanhá in a runoff election .	Malam Bacai Sanhá	Who did Vieira beat in a runoff election ?
Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS , claiming to be the legitimate president of the country , but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira , deposed in the 1999 coup .	1999	When was Vieira , a former president , deposed ?
Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some `` disturbances during campaigning , '' including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen , foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as `` calm and organized '' .	arms	What was reported to be entering the country prior to the election ?
Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some `` disturbances during campaigning , '' including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen , foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as `` calm and organized '' .	attacks on government offices	What type of `` disturbances '' were reported during the campaign ?
Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some `` disturbances during campaigning , '' including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen , foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as `` calm and organized '' .	"calm and organized"	How did foreign election monitors describe the election ?
Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some `` disturbances during campaigning , '' including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen , foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as `` calm and organized '' .	2005	What year was the election held ?
Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some `` disturbances during campaigning , '' including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen , foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as `` calm and organized '' .	foreign	Where the election monitors local , or foreign ?
Three years later , PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority , with 67 of 100 seats , in the parliamentary election held in November 2008 .	November 2008	When was the parliamentary election held ?
Three years later , PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority , with 67 of 100 seats , in the parliamentary election held in November 2008 .	PAIGC	Who won a strong majority in the election ?
Three years later , PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority , with 67 of 100 seats , in the parliamentary election held in November 2008 .	67	How many seats did PAIGC win in the election ?
In November 2008 , President Vieira 's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces , killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed .	President Vieira's	Whose residence was attacked by members of the armed forces ?
In November 2008 , President Vieira 's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces , killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed .	November 2008	When did the attack on the residence occur ?
On 2 March 2009 , however , Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff , General Batista Tagme Na Wai .	Vieira	Who was assassinated on 2 March 2009 ?
On 2 March 2009 , however , Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff , General Batista Tagme Na Wai .	General Batista Tagme Na Wai	Who was assassinated on 1 March 2009 ?
Military leaders in the country pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession .	Military leaders	Who pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession ?
National Assembly Speaker Raimundo Pereira was appointed as an interim president until a nationwide election on 28 June 2009 .	Raimundo Pereira	Who was appointed interim president ?
It was won by Malam Bacai Sanhá .	Malam Bacai Sanhá	Who won the election in June 2009 ?
On the evening of 12 April 2012 , members of the country 's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate .	12 April 2012	When was a coup d'etat staged ?
On the evening of 12 April 2012 , members of the country 's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate .	members of the country's military	Who staged the coup d'etat ?
Former vice chief of staff , General Mamadu Ture Kuruma , assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties .	Mamadu Ture Kuruma	Who assumed control of the country after the coup d'etat ?
Former vice chief of staff , General Mamadu Ture Kuruma , assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties .	opposition parties	Who did Kuruma negotiate with ?
Former vice chief of staff , General Mamadu Ture Kuruma , assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties .	vice chief of staff	What was Kuruma 's former position ?
Guinea-Bissau is a republic .	Guinea-Bissau	What country is listed as a republic ?
In the past , the government had been highly centralized .	In the past	When had the government been highly centralized ?
Multi-party governance was not established until mid-1991 .	mid-1991	When was multi-party governance established ?
The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government .	president	Who is the head of state ?
The president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government .	prime minister	Who is the head of government ?
At the legislative level , a unicameral Assembleia Nacional Popular -LRB- National People 's Assembly -RRB- is made up of 100 members .	100	How many members compose the legislature ?
At the legislative level , a unicameral Assembleia Nacional Popular -LRB- National People 's Assembly -RRB- is made up of 100 members .	unicameral	Is the legislature bicameral or unicameral ?
They are popularly elected from multi-member constituencies to serve a four-year term .	four-year term	How long do members serve in the legislature ?
The judicial system is headed by a Tribunal Supremo da Justiça -LRB- Supreme Court -RRB- , made up of nine justices appointed by the president ; they serve at the pleasure of the president .	Tribunal Supremo da Justiça (Supreme Court)	What is the head of the judicial system ?
The judicial system is headed by a Tribunal Supremo da Justiça -LRB- Supreme Court -RRB- , made up of nine justices appointed by the president ; they serve at the pleasure of the president .	nine	How many justices are on the Supreme Court ?
João Bernardo `` Nino '' Vieira was elected in 2005 as President of Guinea-Bissau as an independent , being declared winner of the second round by the CNE -LRB- Comité Nacional de Eleições -RRB- .	João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira	Who was elected as President in 2005 ?
João Bernardo `` Nino '' Vieira was elected in 2005 as President of Guinea-Bissau as an independent , being declared winner of the second round by the CNE -LRB- Comité Nacional de Eleições -RRB- .	CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições)	What body made the declaration of who won the presidency ?
Vieira returned to power in 2005 six years after being ousted from office during a civil war .	six years	How long was it since Vieira had held the office of president ?
Previously , he held power for 19 years after taking power in 1980 in a bloodless coup .	1980	What year did Vieira first assume power ?
In that action , he toppled the government of Luís Cabral .	Luís Cabral	Whose government did Vieira topple in 1980 ?
Vieira 's death did not trigger widespread violence , but there were signs of turmoil in the country , according to the advocacy group Swisspeace .	widespread violence	What was NOT triggered by Vieira 's death ?
He was killed on 2 March 2009 , possibly by soldiers in retaliation for the assassination of General Batista Tagme Na Waie , the head of the joint chiefs of staff , killed in an explosion .	2 March 2009	When was Vieira killed ?
In the 2009 election to replace the assassinated Vieira , Sanhá was the presidential candidate of the PAIGC while Kumba Ialá was the presidential candidate of the PRS .	Sanhá	In the 2009 election , who was the candidate of the PAIGC ?
In the 2009 election to replace the assassinated Vieira , Sanhá was the presidential candidate of the PAIGC while Kumba Ialá was the presidential candidate of the PRS .	Kumba Ialá	In the 2009 election , who was the candidate of the PRS ?
In the 2009 election to replace the assassinated Vieira , Sanhá was the presidential candidate of the PAIGC while Kumba Ialá was the presidential candidate of the PRS .	Sanhá	Who won the 2009 election ?
In 2012 , President Rachide Sambu-balde Malam Bacai Sanhá died .	2012	When did President Sanha die ?
He belonged to PAIGC -LRB- African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde -RRB- , one of the two major political parties in Guinea-Bissau , along with the PRS -LRB- Party for Social Renewal -RRB- .	PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde)	What party did Sanha belong to ?
He belonged to PAIGC -LRB- African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde -RRB- , one of the two major political parties in Guinea-Bissau , along with the PRS -LRB- Party for Social Renewal -RRB- .	PRS (Party for Social Renewal)	Besides the PAIGC , what is the other major political party ?
There are more than 20 minor parties .	more than 20	How many minor political parties are there ?
In 2012 , President Rachide Sambu-balde Malam Bacai Sanhá died .	President	What office did Sanha hold in 2012 ?
Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight regions -LRB- regiões -RRB- and one autonomous sector -LRB- sector autónomo -RRB- .	eight	How many regions does Guinea-Bissau contain ?
Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight regions -LRB- regiões -RRB- and one autonomous sector -LRB- sector autónomo -RRB- .	one	How many autonomous sectors does Guinea-Bissau contain ?
These , in turn , are subdivided into 37 Sectors .	37	How many subdivided Sectors does Guinea-Bissau contain ?
Guinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east , with the Atlantic Ocean to its west .	Senegal	What country is on the north border of Guinea-Bissau ?
Guinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east , with the Atlantic Ocean to its west .	Guinea	What country is on the south border of Guinea-Bissau ?
Guinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east , with the Atlantic Ocean to its west .	Atlantic Ocean	What is to the west of Guinea-Bissau ?
It lies mostly between latitudes 11 ° and 13 ° N -LRB- a small area is south of 11 ° -RRB- , and longitudes 13 ° and 17 ° W.	11° and 13°N	What latitudes does Guinea-Bissau mostly lie between ?
At 36,125 square kilometres -LRB- 13,948 sq mi -RRB- , the country is larger in size than Taiwan or Belgium .	Taiwan or Belgium	Guinea-Bissau is larger than what two countries ?
It lies at a low altitude ; its highest point is 300 metres -LRB- 984 ft -RRB- .	300 metres (984 ft)	How high is the highest point in Guinea-Bissau ?
The Bijagos Archipelago lies off of the mainland .	Bijagos	What archipelago lies off the mainland ?
At 36,125 square kilometres -LRB- 13,948 sq mi -RRB- , the country is larger in size than Taiwan or Belgium .	36,125	How many square kilometers is Guinea-Bissau ?
Its monsoon-like rainy season alternates with periods of hot , dry harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara .	the Sahara	Where does Guinea-Bissau get its hot dry winds from ?
The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres -LRB- 79.7 in -RRB- although this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and September/October .	2,024	What is the average rainfall in Bissau , in millimetres ?
The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres -LRB- 79.7 in -RRB- although this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and September/October .	between June and September/October	When is the rainy season in Guinea-Bissau ?
From December through April , the country experiences drought .	drought	What does the country experience from December through April ?
Guinea-Bissau is warm all year around and there is little temperature fluctuation ; it averages 26.3 °C -LRB- 79.3 °F -RRB- .	all year around	When is Guinea-Bissau warm ?
Guinea-Bissau is warm all year around and there is little temperature fluctuation ; it averages 26.3 °C -LRB- 79.3 °F -RRB- .	26.3 °C (79.3 °F)	What is the average temperature in Guinea-Bissau ?
More than two-thirds of the population lives below the poverty line .	More than two-thirds	How much of the population lives below the poverty line ?
The economy depends mainly on agriculture ; fish , cashew nuts and ground nuts are its major exports .	fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts	What are Guinea-Bissau 's major exports ?
Guinea-Bissau 's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world , and its Human Development Index is one of the lowest on earth .	GDP	What per capita index does Guinea-Bissau rank as one of the lowest in the world ?
Guinea-Bissau 's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world , and its Human Development Index is one of the lowest on earth .	Human Development Index	For what index does Guinea-Bissau rank as one of the lowest on earth ?
The economy depends mainly on agriculture ; fish , cashew nuts and ground nuts are its major exports .	The economy	What area depends on agriculture in Guinea-Bissau ?
A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity , deteriorating social conditions , and increased macroeconomic imbalances .	depressed	Political instability has resulted in what type of economic activity ?
A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity , deteriorating social conditions , and increased macroeconomic imbalances .	deteriorating	Political instability has resulted in what description of social conditions ?
A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity , deteriorating social conditions , and increased macroeconomic imbalances .	macroeconomic	What type of imbalances have increased as a result of the instability ?
It takes longer on average to register a new business in Guinea-Bissau -LRB- 233 days or about 33 weeks -RRB- than in any other country in the world except Suriname .	233 days or about 33 weeks	How long does it take to register a business in Guinea-Bissau ?
It takes longer on average to register a new business in Guinea-Bissau -LRB- 233 days or about 33 weeks -RRB- than in any other country in the world except Suriname .	Suriname	What is the one country that takes longer than Guinea-Bissau to register a business ?
Guinea-Bissau has started to show some economic advances after a pact of stability was signed by the main political parties of the country , leading to an IMF-backed structural reform program .	a pact of stability	What did the main political parties sign to help the economy ?
After the country became independent from Portugal in 1974 due to the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution , the rapid exodus of the Portuguese civilian , military , and political authorities resulted in considerable damage to the country 's economic infrastructure , social order , and standard of living .	1974	When did Guinea-Bissau become independent ?
After the country became independent from Portugal in 1974 due to the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution , the rapid exodus of the Portuguese civilian , military , and political authorities resulted in considerable damage to the country 's economic infrastructure , social order , and standard of living .	Portugal	What country left Guinea-Bissau in 1974 ?
After the country became independent from Portugal in 1974 due to the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution , the rapid exodus of the Portuguese civilian , military , and political authorities resulted in considerable damage to the country 's economic infrastructure , social order , and standard of living .	the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution	What happened in Portugal that contributed to Guinea-Bissau 's independence ?
After several years of economic downturn and political instability , in 1997 , Guinea-Bissau entered the CFA franc monetary system , bringing about some internal monetary stability .	1997	In what year did Guinea-Bissau start to bring some internal monetary stability to the country ?
After several years of economic downturn and political instability , in 1997 , Guinea-Bissau entered the CFA franc monetary system , bringing about some internal monetary stability .	entered the CFA franc monetary system	What did the government do in 1997 to increase monetary stability ?
The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999 , and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity , leaving a substantial part of the economic and social infrastructure in ruins and intensifying the already widespread poverty .	1998 and 1999	What years did the civil war take place ?
The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999 , and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity , leaving a substantial part of the economic and social infrastructure in ruins and intensifying the already widespread poverty .	September 2003	When was there a military coup in Guinea-Bissau ?
Following the parliamentary elections in March 2004 and presidential elections in July 2005 , the country is trying to recover from the long period of instability , despite a still-fragile political situation .	March 2004	When were parliamentary elections held ?
Beginning around 2005 , drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau , along with several neighboring West African nations , as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine .	2005	When did drug traffickers begin to use Guinea-Bissau ?
Beginning around 2005 , drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau , along with several neighboring West African nations , as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine .	Latin America	Where did the drug traffickers come from ?
Beginning around 2005 , drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau , along with several neighboring West African nations , as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine .	Europe	What was the final destination of the drugs going through Guinea-Bissau ?
The nation was described by a United Nations official as being at risk for becoming a `` narco-state '' .	a United Nations official	Who described Guinea-Bissau as being at risk for becoming a `` narco-state '' ?
The government and the military have done little to stop drug trafficking , which increased after the 2012 coup d'état .	The government and the military	Who has done little to stop drug trafficking in the country ?
According to the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects , Guinea-Bissau 's population was 1,515,000 in 2010 , compared to 518,000 in 1950 .	518,000	What was the population of Guinea-Bissau in 1950 ?
According to the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects , Guinea-Bissau 's population was 1,515,000 in 2010 , compared to 518,000 in 1950 .	1,515,000	What was the population of Guinea-Bissau in 2010 ?
According to the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects , Guinea-Bissau 's population was 1,515,000 in 2010 , compared to 518,000 in 1950 .	the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects	What is the source of the population data ?
The proportion of the population below the age of 15 in 2010 was 41.3 % , 55.4 % were aged between 15 and 65 years of age , while 3.3 % were aged 65 years or older .	41.3%	What percentage of the population was below the age of 15 ?
The proportion of the population below the age of 15 in 2010 was 41.3 % , 55.4 % were aged between 15 and 65 years of age , while 3.3 % were aged 65 years or older .	3.3%	What percentage of the population was 65 or older ?
Portuguese natives comprise a very small percentage of Guinea-Bissauans .	Portuguese	What natives comprise a very small percentage of the population ?
After Guinea-Bissau gained independence , most of the Portuguese nationals left the country .	Portuguese nationals	Who left the country after Guinea-Bissau gained independence ?
The country has a tiny Chinese population .	Chinese	What ethnic group has a tiny population in Guinea-Bissau ?
These include traders and merchants of mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry from Macau , a former Asian Portuguese colony .	Macau	What is the name of a former Asian Portuguese colony ?
These include traders and merchants of mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry from Macau , a former Asian Portuguese colony .	mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry	What is the ancestry of the Chinese population in Guinea-Bissau ?
44 % speak Kriol , a Portuguese-based creole language , which is effectively a national language of communication among groups .	44%	What percentage of the population speaks Kriol ?
14 % of the population speaks the official language Portuguese , the language of government and national communication during centuries of colonial rule .	Portuguese	What is the official language of Guinea-Bissau ?
14 % of the population speaks the official language Portuguese , the language of government and national communication during centuries of colonial rule .	centuries	How long was Guinea-Bissau under colonial rule ?
44 % speak Kriol , a Portuguese-based creole language , which is effectively a national language of communication among groups .	a Portuguese-based creole language	What type of language is Kriol ?
Most Portuguese and Mestiços speak one of the African languages and Kriol as second languages .	Kriol	What is the second language for most Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau ?
French is also taught in schools because Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations .	Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations.	Why is French taught in school ?
Guinea-Bissau is a full member of the Francophonie .	the Francophonie	What is Guinea-Bissau a full member of ?
Most Portuguese and Mestiços speak one of the African languages and Kriol as second languages .	Most Portuguese and Mestiços	Who speaks both African languages and Kriol ?
Throughout the 20th century , most Bissau-Guineans practiced some form of Animism .	Animism.	In the 20th century most people practiced some form of what faith ?
In the early 21st century , many have adopted Islam , which is now practiced by 50 % of the country 's population .	Islam	What religion was adopted by the population in the early 21st century ?
In the early 21st century , many have adopted Islam , which is now practiced by 50 % of the country 's population .	50%	What percentage of the population now practices Islam ?
Most of Guinea-Bissau 's Muslims are of the Sunni denomination with approximately 2 % belonging to the Ahmadiyya sect .	Sunni	What denomination are the majority of Guinea-Bissau 's muslims ?
Most of Guinea-Bissau 's Muslims are of the Sunni denomination with approximately 2 % belonging to the Ahmadiyya sect .	Ahmadiyya	What sect does 2 % of the population belong to ?
Approximately 10 % of the country 's population belong to the Christian community , and 40 % continue to hold Indigenous beliefs .	Approximately 10%	What percentage of the population is Christian ?
Approximately 10 % of the country 's population belong to the Christian community , and 40 % continue to hold Indigenous beliefs .	40%	What percentage of the population continues to hold indigenous beliefs ?
These statistics can be misleading , however , as many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths , combining their practices with traditional African beliefs .	syncretic	What forms of Islamic and Christian faiths do many residents practice ?
These statistics can be misleading , however , as many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths , combining their practices with traditional African beliefs .	traditional African beliefs	What do many residents combine with Islamic and Christian practices ?
The prevalence of HIV-infection among the adult population is 1.8 % .	1.8%	What percentage of the adult population has an HIV-infection ?
Only 20 % of infected pregnant women receive anti retroviral coverage to prevent transmission to newborns .	20%	How many HIV-infected pregnant women receive retroviral coverage ?
Only 20 % of infected pregnant women receive anti retroviral coverage to prevent transmission to newborns .	transmission to newborns	What does retroviral coverage help prevent ?
Only 20 % of infected pregnant women receive anti retroviral coverage to prevent transmission to newborns .	infected pregnant women	Who receives retroviral coverage ?
Malaria kills more residents ; 9 % of the population have reported infection , It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS .	Malaria	What kills more residents than AIDS ?
Malaria kills more residents ; 9 % of the population have reported infection , It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS .	9%	What percentage of the population has Malaria ?
Malaria kills more residents ; 9 % of the population have reported infection , It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS .	three times as many	How many more deaths does malaria cause vs. AIDS ?
In 2008 , fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs .	fewer than half	How many children under five slept under antimalaria nets in 2008 ?
In 2008 , fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs .	antimalarial	What type of drugs did many young children not have access to in 2008 ?
Despite lowering rates in surrounding countries , cholera rates were reported in November 2012 to be on the rise , with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths .	cholera	What type of disease was reported to be on the rise in Guinea-Bissau ?
Despite lowering rates in surrounding countries , cholera rates were reported in November 2012 to be on the rise , with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths .	nine	How many died from cholera in a November 2012 report ?
A 2008 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau affected 14,222 people and killed 225 .	225	How many died from cholera in a 2008 epidemic ?
Despite lowering rates in surrounding countries , cholera rates were reported in November 2012 to be on the rise , with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths .	surrounding countries	Where are there reported cholera rates that are lowering ?
A 2008 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau affected 14,222 people and killed 225 .	14,222	How many people were affected by the 2008 cholera epidemic ?
The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau was 1000 .	1000	What was the 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births ?
This compares with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990 .	966	What was the 1990 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births ?
The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3 ; one out of eighteen pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy .	3	How many midwives are listed per 1,000 live births ?
The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3 ; one out of eighteen pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy .	one out of eighteen	How many pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy ?
According to a 2013 UNICEF report , 50 % of women in Guinea Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation .	50%	According to UNICEF , what percentage of women in Guinea-Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation ?
Education is compulsory from the age of 7 to 13 .	7 to 13	What are the ages when education is compulsory ?
The enrollment of boys is higher than that of girls .	boys	What gender has a higher enrollment ?
In 1998 , the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5 % , with higher enrollment ratio for males -LRB- 67.7 % -RRB- compared to females -LRB- 40 % -RRB- .	53.5%	What was the gross primary enrollment rate in 1998 ?
In 1998 , the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5 % , with higher enrollment ratio for males -LRB- 67.7 % -RRB- compared to females -LRB- 40 % -RRB- .	67.7%	What was the gross primary enrollment rate for males ?
In 1998 , the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5 % , with higher enrollment ratio for males -LRB- 67.7 % -RRB- compared to females -LRB- 40 % -RRB- .	40%	What was the gross primary enrollment rate for females ?
Guinea-Bissau has several secondary schools -LRB- general as well as technical -RRB- and a number of universities , to which an institutionally autonomous Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine have been added .	general as well as technical	What type of secondary schools does Guinea-Bissau have ?
Guinea-Bissau has several secondary schools -LRB- general as well as technical -RRB- and a number of universities , to which an institutionally autonomous Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine have been added .	universities	What institutions have added a Faculty of Law ?
Guinea-Bissau has several secondary schools -LRB- general as well as technical -RRB- and a number of universities , to which an institutionally autonomous Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine have been added .	universities	What institutions have added a Faculty of Medicine ?
Guinea-Bissau has several secondary schools -LRB- general as well as technical -RRB- and a number of universities , to which an institutionally autonomous Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine have been added .	institutionally autonomous	What two words are used to describe the Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine ?
The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre , the country 's primary musical export .	gumbe	What music genre is usually associated with Guinea-Bissau ?
The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre , the country 's primary musical export .	the polyrhythmic gumbe genre	What is considered the country 's primary musical export ?
However , civil unrest and other factors have combined over the years to keep gumbe , and other genres , out of mainstream audiences , even in generally syncretist African countries .	civil unrest	What major factor has kept gumbe out of mainstream audiences ?
However , civil unrest and other factors have combined over the years to keep gumbe , and other genres , out of mainstream audiences , even in generally syncretist African countries .	generally syncretist African countries	What other type of countries has gumbe been kept out of ?
The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau , and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music .	The calabash	What is the primary instrument of Guinea-Bissau ?
The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau , and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music .	extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music	What type of music is the calabash used in ?
Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole , a Portuguese-based creole language , and are often humorous and topical , revolving around current events and controversies , especially AIDS .	Guinea-Bissau Creole	What language are lyrics typically sung in ?
Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole , a Portuguese-based creole language , and are often humorous and topical , revolving around current events and controversies , especially AIDS .	current events and controversies	What do typical song lyrics revolve around ?
Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole , a Portuguese-based creole language , and are often humorous and topical , revolving around current events and controversies , especially AIDS .	AIDS	What is the main controversy found in song lyrics ?
The word gumbe is sometimes used generically , to refer to any music of the country , although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country 's folk music traditions .	gumbe	What is sometimes used as a generic word for any music of Guinea-Bissau ?
The word gumbe is sometimes used generically , to refer to any music of the country , although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country 's folk music traditions .	about ten	Gumbe fuses how many of the country 's folk music traditions ?
Tina and tinga are other popular genres , while extent folk traditions include ceremonial music used in funerals , initiations and other rituals , as well as Balanta brosca and kussundé , Mandinga djambadon , and the kundere sound of the Bissagos Islands .	Tina and tinga	Other than gumbe , what are two popular music genres ?
Tina and tinga are other popular genres , while extent folk traditions include ceremonial music used in funerals , initiations and other rituals , as well as Balanta brosca and kussundé , Mandinga djambadon , and the kundere sound of the Bissagos Islands .	kundere	What sound comes from the Bissagos Islands ?
Tina and tinga are other popular genres , while extent folk traditions include ceremonial music used in funerals , initiations and other rituals , as well as Balanta brosca and kussundé , Mandinga djambadon , and the kundere sound of the Bissagos Islands .	folk	What type of tradition includes ceremonial music used in funerals ?
Rice is a staple in the diet of residents near the coast and millet a staple in the interior .	Rice	What grain is a staple for residents near the coast of Guinea-Bissau ?
Rice is a staple in the diet of residents near the coast and millet a staple in the interior .	millet	What grain is a staple for residents in the interior of Guinea-Bissau ?
The Portuguese encouraged peanut production .	The Portuguese	Who encouraged peanut production in Guinea-Bissau ?
Palm oil is harvested .	Palm	What type of oil is harvested ?
Black-eyed peas are also part of the diet .	Black-eyed peas	What kind of pea is part of the diet in Guinea-Bissau ?
Common dishes include soups and stews .	soups and stews	What are common dishes in Guinea-Bissau ?
Common ingredients include yams , sweet potato , cassava , onion , tomato and plantain .	yams, sweet potato, cassava, onion, tomato and plantain	What are common ingredients in Guinea-Bissau ?
Spices , peppers and chilis are used in cooking , including Aframomum melegueta seeds -LRB- Guinea pepper -RRB- .	cooking	What are spices , peppers and chilis used in ?
Spices , peppers and chilis are used in cooking , including Aframomum melegueta seeds -LRB- Guinea pepper -RRB- .	Aframomum melegueta seeds	What is another name for Guinea pepper ?
Spices , peppers and chilis are used in cooking , including Aframomum melegueta seeds -LRB- Guinea pepper -RRB- .	cooking	What are Guinea peppers used in ?
Flora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director ; his most famous film is Nha Fala -LRB- English : My Voice -RRB- .	Flora Gomes	Who is an internationally renowned film director from Guinea-Bissau ?
Flora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director ; his most famous film is Nha Fala -LRB- English : My Voice -RRB- .	Nha Fala (English: My Voice)	What is Flora Gomes ' most famous film ?
-LRB- The first feature film was N'tturudu , by director Umban u ' Kest in 1987 . -RRB-	1987	What year was the first feature film made in Guinea-Bissau ?
-LRB- The first feature film was N'tturudu , by director Umban u ' Kest in 1987 . -RRB-	Umban u’Kest	Who directed the first feature film in Guinea-Bissau ?
At FESPACO 1989 , Mortu Nega won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize .	Oumarou Ganda Prize	What prize did the film Mortu Nega win ?
The streets do not run exactly east -- west , because the grid plan is aligned with the Hudson River rather than with the cardinal directions .	Hudson River	What is the grid plan aligned with rather than the cardinal directions ?
`` West '' is approximately 29 degrees north of true west .	29	In this article , how many degrees north of true west is `` West ? ''
This article covers numbered east-west streets in Manhattan , New York City .	east-west	Does this article cover east-west or north-south streets ?
Major streets have their own linked articles ; minor streets are discussed here .	Major streets	Which streets have their own linked articles ?
In general , even-numbered streets are one-way eastbound and odd-numbered streets are one-way west .	even-numbered	Which streets are one-way eastbound ?
In general , even-numbered streets are one-way eastbound and odd-numbered streets are one-way west .	west	Odd-numbered streets are one-way in which direction ?
Most wider streets carry two-way traffic , as do a few of the narrow ones .	two-way	Do most wide streets carry one-way or two-way traffic ?
Streets ' names change from West to East -LRB- for instance , East 10th Street to West 10th Street -RRB- at Broadway below 8th Street , and at Fifth Avenue from 8th Street and above .	Streets' names change	What happens at Broadway below 8th Street ?
Streets ' names change from West to East -LRB- for instance , East 10th Street to West 10th Street -RRB- at Broadway below 8th Street , and at Fifth Avenue from 8th Street and above .	Streets' names change	What happens at Fifth Avenue from 8th street and above ?
Streets ' names change from West to East -LRB- for instance , East 10th Street to West 10th Street -RRB- at Broadway below 8th Street , and at Fifth Avenue from 8th Street and above .	West to East	Do streets ' names change from West to East or North to South ?
The grid covers the length of the island from 14th Street north .	14th Street north	The grid covers the length of the island from what starting point ?
Although the numbered streets begin just north of East Houston Street in the East Village , they generally do not extend west into Greenwich Village , which already had streets when the grid plan was laid out by the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 .	East Houston Street	Which street do numbered streets begin just north of ?
Although the numbered streets begin just north of East Houston Street in the East Village , they generally do not extend west into Greenwich Village , which already had streets when the grid plan was laid out by the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 .	East Village	In what village is East Houston Street located ?
Although the numbered streets begin just north of East Houston Street in the East Village , they generally do not extend west into Greenwich Village , which already had streets when the grid plan was laid out by the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 .	Greenwich Village	Which Village already had streets when the grid plan was laid out ?
Although the numbered streets begin just north of East Houston Street in the East Village , they generally do not extend west into Greenwich Village , which already had streets when the grid plan was laid out by the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 .	Commissioners' Plan of 1811	Who laid out the Grid Plan ?
220th Street is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island .	220th Street	What is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island ?
The lowest number is East First Street -- which runs in Alphabet City near East Houston Street -- as well as First Place in Battery Park City .	Battery Park City	Where is First Place located ?
The lowest number is East First Street -- which runs in Alphabet City near East Houston Street -- as well as First Place in Battery Park City .	Alphabet City	Where is East First Street located ?
Peretz Square , a small triangular sliver park where Houston Street , First Street and First Avenue meet marks the spot where the grid takes hold .	Peretz Square	What is the spot where the grid takes hold called ?
Peretz Square , a small triangular sliver park where Houston Street , First Street and First Avenue meet marks the spot where the grid takes hold .	triangular	What shape is the sliver park where Houston Street , First Street , and First Avenue meet ?
East 1st Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A and continues to Bowery .	East 1st Street	Which street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A ?
East 1st Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A and continues to Bowery .	Bowery	East 1st Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A and continues to where ?
The East end of East 3rd , 4th , 5th , and 7th Streets is Avenue D , with East 6th Street continuing further Eastward and connecting to FDR Drive .	FDR	East 6th Street continues further Eastward and connects to which Drive ?
The East end of East 3rd , 4th , 5th , and 7th Streets is Avenue D , with East 6th Street continuing further Eastward and connecting to FDR Drive .	Avenue D	Where is the East end of East 3rd , 4th , 5th , and 7th Streets ?
East 2nd Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue C and also continues to Bowery .	C	Which Avenue is the starting location for East 2nd Street ?
East 2nd Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue C and also continues to Bowery .	East 2nd Street	Which street begins just North of East Huston Street and continues to Bowery ?
The west end of these streets is Bowery and Third Avenue , except for 3rd Street -LRB- formerly Amity Place ; to Sixth Avenue -RRB- and 4th Street -LRB- to 13th Street -RRB- , which extend west and north , respectively , into Greenwich Village .	Amity Place	What name did 3rd Street previously hold ?
The west end of these streets is Bowery and Third Avenue , except for 3rd Street -LRB- formerly Amity Place ; to Sixth Avenue -RRB- and 4th Street -LRB- to 13th Street -RRB- , which extend west and north , respectively , into Greenwich Village .	Greenwich	Which village do 3rd and 4th Street extend into ?
Great Jones Street connects East 3rd to West 3rd .	Great Jones	Which street connects East 3rd to West 3rd ?
The west end of these streets is Bowery and Third Avenue , except for 3rd Street -LRB- formerly Amity Place ; to Sixth Avenue -RRB- and 4th Street -LRB- to 13th Street -RRB- , which extend west and north , respectively , into Greenwich Village .	Bowery	The west end of these streets is Third Avenue and where ?
East 5th Street goes west to Cooper Square , but is interrupted between Avenues B and C by The Earth School , Public School 364 , and between First Avenue and Avenue A by the Village View Apartments .	Village View	Which Apartments interrupt East 5th Street between First Avenue and Avenue A ?
East 5th Street goes west to Cooper Square , but is interrupted between Avenues B and C by The Earth School , Public School 364 , and between First Avenue and Avenue A by the Village View Apartments .	364	What is the Public School number that interrupts East 5th Street ?
East 5th Street goes west to Cooper Square , but is interrupted between Avenues B and C by The Earth School , Public School 364 , and between First Avenue and Avenue A by the Village View Apartments .	The Earth School	Which school interrupts East 5th Street ?
East 5th Street goes west to Cooper Square , but is interrupted between Avenues B and C by The Earth School , Public School 364 , and between First Avenue and Avenue A by the Village View Apartments .	Cooper Square	East 5th Street goes west to what stopping point ?
West 8th Street is an important local shopping street .	shopping	West 8th Street is an important local street for what activity ?
8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called St Mark 's Place , but it is counted in the length below .	St Mark's Place	8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called what ?
8th and 9th Streets run parallel to each other , beginning at Avenue D , interrupted by Tompkins Square Park at Avenue B , resuming at Avenue A and continuing to Sixth Avenue .	Avenue D	Where do 8th and 9th Streets begin ?
8th and 9th Streets run parallel to each other , beginning at Avenue D , interrupted by Tompkins Square Park at Avenue B , resuming at Avenue A and continuing to Sixth Avenue .	Sixth Avenue	Where do 8th and 9th Streets end ?
8th and 9th Streets run parallel to each other , beginning at Avenue D , interrupted by Tompkins Square Park at Avenue B , resuming at Avenue A and continuing to Sixth Avenue .	Tompkins Square Park	Which park interrupts 8th and 9th Street at Avenue B ?
The M8 bus operates on 10th Street in both directions between Avenue D and Avenue A , and eastbound between West Street and Sixth Avenue .	M8	Which bus operates on 10th Street between Avenues D and A and between West Street and Sixth Ave ?
In 2009 , the two-way section of 10th Street between Avenue A and the East River had bicycle markings and sharrows installed , but it still has no dedicated bike lane .	no	Does the two-way section of 10th Street have a dedicated bike lane ?
The end of West 10th Street toward the Hudson River was once the home of Newgate Prison , New York City 's first prison and the United States ' second .	West 10th Street	The end of what road was once home to Newgate Prison ?
The end of West 10th Street toward the Hudson River was once the home of Newgate Prison , New York City 's first prison and the United States ' second .	Newgate Prison	Which prison was New York City 's first ?
The end of West 10th Street toward the Hudson River was once the home of Newgate Prison , New York City 's first prison and the United States ' second .	Newgate Prison	What was the name of the United States ' second prison ?
West 11th Street runs from Broadway to West Street .	West 11th Street	Which street runs from Broadway to West Street ?
11th Street and 6th Avenue was the location of the Old Grapevine tavern from the 1700s to its demolition in the early 20th century .	early 20th century	When was the Old Grapevine tavern demolished ?
11th Street and 6th Avenue was the location of the Old Grapevine tavern from the 1700s to its demolition in the early 20th century .	Old Grapevine	11th Street and 6th Avenue was the home of what tavern from the 1700s ?
It is interrupted by the block containing Grace Church between Broadway and Fourth Avenue .	Grace Church	What church interuppts 11th Street between Broadway and Fourth Avenue ?
13th Street is in three parts .	three	13th Street is divided into how many parts ?
The first is a dead end from Avenue C .	C	The first part of 13th Street is a dead end from which Avenue ?
The second starts at a dead end , just before Avenue B , and runs to Greenwich Avenue , and the third part is from Eighth Avenue to Tenth Avenue .	Greenwich Avenue	Where does the second part of 13th Street end ?
13th Street is in three parts .	13th Street	Which street has its third section between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue ?
It begins at Avenue C and ends at West Street .	Avenue C	Where does 14th Street begin ?
It begins at Avenue C and ends at West Street .	West Street	Where does 14th Street end ?
It has six subway stations :	six	How many subway stations are on 14th Street ?
Its length is 3.4 km -LRB- 2.1 mi -RRB- .	2.1	What is the length of 14th Street in miles ?
15th Street starts at FDR Drive , and 16th Street starts at a dead end half way between FDR Drive and Avenue C .	FDR Drive	Where does 15th Street start ?
15th Street starts at FDR Drive , and 16th Street starts at a dead end half way between FDR Drive and Avenue C .	16th Street	Which road starts at a dead end half way between FDR Drive and Avenue C ?
They are both stopped at Avenue C and continue from First Avenue to West Street , stopped again at Union Square , and 16th Street also pauses at Stuyvesant Square .	Stuyvesant	16th Street pauses at which Square ?
They are both stopped at Avenue C and continue from First Avenue to West Street , stopped again at Union Square , and 16th Street also pauses at Stuyvesant Square .	Union Square	Which Square stops both 15th and 16th Streets ?
On 17th Street -LRB- 40 ° 44 ′ 08 ″ N 73 ° 59 ′ 12 ″ W / 40.735532 ° N 73.986575 ° W / 40.735532 ; -73.986575 -RRB- , traffic runs one way along the street , from east to west excepting the stretch between Broadway and Park Avenue South , where traffic runs in both directions .	runs in both directions	What is unusual about the traffic between Broadway and Park Avenue South on 17th Street ?
On 17th Street -LRB- 40 ° 44 ′ 08 ″ N 73 ° 59 ′ 12 ″ W / 40.735532 ° N 73.986575 ° W / 40.735532 ; -73.986575 -RRB- , traffic runs one way along the street , from east to west excepting the stretch between Broadway and Park Avenue South , where traffic runs in both directions .	one way	Does traffic on 17th Street generally run one way or two ways ?
Composer Antonín Dvořák 's New York home was located at 327 East 17th Street , near Perlman Place .	Composer	What was the job of the person who lived at 327 East 17th Street ?
Time Magazine was started at 141 East 17th Street .	141 East 17th Street	Where was Time Magazine started ?
The house was razed by Beth Israel Medical Center after it received approval of a 1991 application to demolish the house and replace it with an AIDS hospice .	AIDS hospice	What was Antonin Dvorak 's New York home replaced with after it was demolished ?
18th Street has a local subway station at the crossing with Seventh Avenue , served by the 1 2 trains on the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line .	subway station	What is at the crossing of 18th Street and Seventh Avenue ?
18th Street has a local subway station at the crossing with Seventh Avenue , served by the 1 2 trains on the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line .	IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line	Which train line do the 1 2 trains serve ?
There used to be an 18th Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line at the crossing with Park Avenue South .	IRT Lexington Avenue Line	Which train line used to have an 18th Street Station at the crossing with Park Avenue South ?
20th Street starts at Avenue C , and 21st and 22nd Streets begin at First Avenue .	Avenue C	Where does 10th Street start ?
20th Street starts at Avenue C , and 21st and 22nd Streets begin at First Avenue .	First	At which Avenue do 21st and 22nd Streets begin ?
20th Street is very wide from the Avenue C to First Avenue .	very wide	What is different about 20th Street between Avenue C and First Avenue ?
20th Street is very wide from the Avenue C to First Avenue .	20th Street	Which street is much wider from Avenue C to First Avenue ?
Travel on the last block of the 20th , 21st and 22nd Streets , between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues , is in the opposite direction than it is on the rest of the respective street .	in the opposite direction	How does traffic travel on the last block of the 20th , 21st , and 22nd Streets ?
Between Second and Third Avenues , 21st Street is alternatively known as Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way .	21st Street	Which Street is also known as Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way ?
Along the northern perimeter of Gramercy Park , between Gramercy Park East and Gramercy Park West , 21st Street is known as Gramercy Park North .	Gramercy Park North	What is 21st Street known as along the northern perimeter of Gramercy Park ?
Between Second and Third Avenues , 21st Street is alternatively known as Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way .	Second and Third Avenues	Between what avenues is 21st Street known by Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way ?
Between Second and Third Avenues , 21st Street is alternatively known as Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way .	Anthony Sanchez	Which police officer does a section of 21st Street refer to ?
It begins at FDR Drive and ends at Eleventh Avenue .	FDR Drive	Where does 23rd Street begin ?
It begins at FDR Drive and ends at Eleventh Avenue .	Eleventh Avenue	Where does 23rd Street end ?
It has two-way travel .	two-way	Does traffic move in one or two ways on 23rd Street ?
On 23rd Street there are five local subway stations :	five	How many local subway stations are on 23rd Street ?
25th Street , which is in three parts , starts at FDR Drive , is a pedestrian plaza between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue , and ends at Madison .	25th Street	Which street is a pedestrian plaza between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue ?
24th Street starts at First Avenue and it ends at Madison Avenue , because of Madison Square Park .	First Avenue	Where does 24th street start ?
24th Street starts at First Avenue and it ends at Madison Avenue , because of Madison Square Park .	Madison Square Park	Which park is at the end of 24th Street and Madison Avenue ?
25th Street , which is in three parts , starts at FDR Drive , is a pedestrian plaza between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue , and ends at Madison .	Madison	Where does 25th Street end ?
Then West 24th and 25th Streets continue from Fifth Avenue to Eleventh Avenue -LRB- 25th -RRB- or Twelfth Avenue -LRB- 24th -RRB- .	Fifth Avenue	After being interrupted , where do 24th and 25th Streets continue from ?
27th Street is a one-way street runs from Second Avenue to the West Side Highway with an interruption between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue .	27th Street	Which street does Club Row occur on ?
It is most noted for its strip between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues , known as Club Row because it features numerous nightclubs and lounges .	Club Row	Which strip is known for its numerous nightclubs and lounges ?
It is most noted for its strip between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues , known as Club Row because it features numerous nightclubs and lounges .	Club Row	What is the strip of 27th Street between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues known as ?
27th Street is a one-way street runs from Second Avenue to the West Side Highway with an interruption between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue .	one-way	Does traffuc on 27th Street run one-way or two-ways ?
27th Street is a one-way street runs from Second Avenue to the West Side Highway with an interruption between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue .	Second Avenue	Where does 27th Street start ?
In recent years , the nightclubs on West 27th Street have succumbed to stiff competition from Manhattan 's Meatpacking District about fifteen blocks south , and other venues in downtown Manhattan .	fifteen blocks	How many blocks south of 27th Street is Manhattan 's Meatpacking District ?
In recent years , the nightclubs on West 27th Street have succumbed to stiff competition from Manhattan 's Meatpacking District about fifteen blocks south , and other venues in downtown Manhattan .	nightclubs	Which businesses on 27th Street face competition from other venues in dowtown Manhattan ?
In recent years , the nightclubs on West 27th Street have succumbed to stiff competition from Manhattan 's Meatpacking District about fifteen blocks south , and other venues in downtown Manhattan .	south	What direction is Manhattan 's Meatpacking District from West 27th Street ?
Heading east , 27th Street passes through Chelsea Park between Tenth and Ninth Avenues , with the Fashion Institute of Technology -LRB- FIT -RRB- on the corner of Eighth .	Eighth	The Fashion Institute of Technology is on the corner of 27th Street and what Avenue ?
On Madison Avenue between 26th and 27th streets , on the site of the old Madison Square Garden , is the New York Life Building , built in 1928 and designed by Cass Gilbert , with a square tower topped by a striking gilded pyramid .	1928	What year was the New York Life Building built ?
On Madison Avenue between 26th and 27th streets , on the site of the old Madison Square Garden , is the New York Life Building , built in 1928 and designed by Cass Gilbert , with a square tower topped by a striking gilded pyramid .	Cass Gilbert	Who designed the New York Life Building ?
Twenty-Seventh Street passes one block north of Madison Square Park and culminates at Bellevue Hospital Center on First Avenue .	Bellevue	Which hospital is located at the end if 27th Street ?
Heading east , 27th Street passes through Chelsea Park between Tenth and Ninth Avenues , with the Fashion Institute of Technology -LRB- FIT -RRB- on the corner of Eighth .	Chelsea	Which park does 27th Street pass through between Ninth and Tenth Avenues ?
31st Street begins on the West Side at the West Side Yard , while 32nd Street , which includes a segment officially known as Korea Way between Fifth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan 's Koreatown , begins at the entrance to Penn Station and Madison Square Garden .	West Side Yard	Where does 31st Street begin ?
The Catholic church of St. Francis of Assisi is situated at 135 -- 139 West 31st Street .	Catholic church of St. Francis of Assisi	Which church is situated at 135-139 West 31st Street ?
29 East 32nd Street was the location of the first building owned by the Grolier Club between 1890 and 1917 .	Grolier Club	Who owned the building at 29 East 32nd Street between 1890 and 1917 ?
At the corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is the Grand Hotel .	Grand Hotel	The corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is home to what business ?
At 210 West is the Capuchin Monastery of St. John the Baptist , part of St. John the Baptist Church on 30th Street .	Capuchin Monastery of St. John the Baptist	Which religios center is located at 210 West ?
35th Street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue .	FDR Drive	Where does 35th Street begin ?
35th Street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue .	Eleventh Avenue	Where does 35th Street end ?
35th Street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue .	35th Street	On which street does LaptopMD headquarters sit ?
35th Street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue .	35th Street	On which street is the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center located ?
35th Street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue .	35th Street	Which street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue ?
A section of East 58th Street 40 ° 45 ′ 40.3 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 56.9 ″ W / 40.761194 ° N 73.965806 ° W / 40.761194 ; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers ' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments , including	Designers' Way	What is the section of East 58th Street between Lexington and Second Avenues known as ?
A section of East 58th Street 40 ° 45 ′ 40.3 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 56.9 ″ W / 40.761194 ° N 73.965806 ° W / 40.761194 ; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers ' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments , including	Designers' Way	Which section of Eat 58th Street features high end interior design and decoration establishments ?
A section of East 58th Street 40 ° 45 ′ 40.3 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 56.9 ″ W / 40.761194 ° N 73.965806 ° W / 40.761194 ; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers ' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments , including	Second	Designers ' Way occurs on East 58th Street between Lexington and which other Avenue ?
The second segment of East 90th Street begins at East Drive , at Engineers Gate of Central Park .	East 90th Street	Which street begins at East Drive , at Engineers Gate of Central Park ?
Our Lady of Good Counsel Church , is located on East 90th Street between Third Avenue and Second Avenue , across the street from Ruppert Towers -LRB- 1601 and 1619 Third Avenue -RRB- and Ruppert Park .	Our Lady of Good Counsel Church	Which church is located on East 90th Street between Second and Third Avenue ?
Our Lady of Good Counsel Church , is located on East 90th Street between Third Avenue and Second Avenue , across the street from Ruppert Towers -LRB- 1601 and 1619 Third Avenue -RRB- and Ruppert Park .	Ruppert Towers	Which towers are located at 1601 and 1619 Third Avenue ?
Asphalt Green , which is located on East 90th Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue .	Asphalt Green	What is located on East 90th Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue ?
112th Street starts in Morningside Heights and runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue , where it meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine .	Morningside Heights	Where does 112th Street start ?
112th Street starts in Morningside Heights and runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue , where it meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine .	112th Street	Which street runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue ?
112th Street starts in Morningside Heights and runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue , where it meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine .	112th Street	Which road meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine ?
114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University 's Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library , which is the University 's largest .	Butler Library	Which library is Columbia University 's largest ?
114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University 's Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library , which is the University 's largest .	Columbia University	114th Street marks the southern boundary of which university 's Morningside Heights Campus ?
114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University 's Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library , which is the University 's largest .	southern	114th Street runs along which boundary of Columbia University 's Morningside Heights Campus ?
Above 114th Street between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive , there is a private indoor pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings on the campus of St. Luke 's -- Roosevelt Hospital Center .	114th Street	On which street is a private indoor pedestrian bridge between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive ?
Above 114th Street between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive , there is a private indoor pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings on the campus of St. Luke 's -- Roosevelt Hospital Center .	St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center	Aove 114th Street is a private pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings from what organization ?
Above 114th Street between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive , there is a private indoor pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings on the campus of St. Luke 's -- Roosevelt Hospital Center .	114th Street	A bridge connecting two of St. Luke 's - Roosevelt Hospital Center 's buildings crosses above which road ?
It begins on Riverside Drive at the Interchurch Center .	Riverside Drive	On which road does 120th Street begin ?
40 ° 48 ′ 27 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 18 ″ W / 40.8076 ° N 73.9549 ° W / 40.8076 ; -73.9549 120th Street traverses the neighborhoods of Morningside Heights , Harlem , and Spanish Harlem .	120th Street	The Interchurch Center is the start of which street ?
40 ° 48 ′ 27 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 18 ″ W / 40.8076 ° N 73.9549 ° W / 40.8076 ; -73.9549 120th Street traverses the neighborhoods of Morningside Heights , Harlem , and Spanish Harlem .	120th Street	Morningside Park interrupts which street ?
It then continues east , eventually running along the southern edge of Marcus Garvey Park , passing by 58 West , the former residence of Maya Angelou .	Maya Angelou	Who formerly lived at 58 West ?
It then continues through Spanish Harlem ; when it crosses Pleasant Avenue it becomes a two‑way street and continues nearly to the East River , where for automobiles , it turns north and becomes Paladino Avenue , and for pedestrians , continues as a bridge across FDR Drive .	FDR Drive	120th Street turns into Paladino Avenue and into a pedestrian bridge across what road ?
40 ° 48 ′ 32 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 14 ″ W / 40.8088 ° N 73.9540 ° W / 40.8088 ; -73.9540 122nd Street is divided into three noncontiguous segments , E 122nd Street , W 122nd Street , and W 122nd Street Seminary Row , by Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and Morningside Park .	Marcus Garvey	Which memorial park divides 122nd Street ?
40 ° 48 ′ 32 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 14 ″ W / 40.8088 ° N 73.9540 ° W / 40.8088 ; -73.9540 122nd Street is divided into three noncontiguous segments , E 122nd Street , W 122nd Street , and W 122nd Street Seminary Row , by Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and Morningside Park .	Morningside Park	Which park divides 122nd Street along with Marcus Garvey Memorial Park ?
40 ° 48 ′ 32 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 14 ″ W / 40.8088 ° N 73.9540 ° W / 40.8088 ; -73.9540 122nd Street is divided into three noncontiguous segments , E 122nd Street , W 122nd Street , and W 122nd Street Seminary Row , by Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and Morningside Park .	three	How many segments is 122nd Street divided into ?
40 ° 48 ′ 32 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 14 ″ W / 40.8088 ° N 73.9540 ° W / 40.8088 ; -73.9540 122nd Street is divided into three noncontiguous segments , E 122nd Street , W 122nd Street , and W 122nd Street Seminary Row , by Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and Morningside Park .	noncontiguous	Are 122nd Street 's three segments contiguous or noncontiguous ?
E 122nd Street runs four blocks -LRB- 2,250 feet -LRB- 690 m -RRB- -RRB- west from the intersection of Second Avenue and terminates at the intersection of Madison Avenue at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park .	four	How many blocks west of Second Avenue does E 122nd Street run ?
E 122nd Street runs four blocks -LRB- 2,250 feet -LRB- 690 m -RRB- -RRB- west from the intersection of Second Avenue and terminates at the intersection of Madison Avenue at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park .	Marcus Garvey Memorial Park	At which park does E 122nd Street end ?
E 122nd Street runs four blocks -LRB- 2,250 feet -LRB- 690 m -RRB- -RRB- west from the intersection of Second Avenue and terminates at the intersection of Madison Avenue at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park .	Madison Avenue	At which intersection does E 122nd Street terminate ?
This segment runs in East Harlem and crosses portions of Third Avenue , Lexington , and Park -LRB- Fourth Avenue -RRB- .	Park	What is another name for Fourth Avenue ?
E 122nd Street runs four blocks -LRB- 2,250 feet -LRB- 690 m -RRB- -RRB- west from the intersection of Second Avenue and terminates at the intersection of Madison Avenue at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park .	E 122nd Street	A segment of what road crosses portions of Third Avenue , Lexington , and Park and runs in East Harlem ?
W 122nd Street runs six blocks -LRB- 3,280 feet -LRB- 1,000 m -RRB- -RRB- west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park .	Morningside Avenue	At which intersection does W 122nd Street terminate ?
W 122nd Street runs six blocks -LRB- 3,280 feet -LRB- 1,000 m -RRB- -RRB- west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park .	Morningside Park	At which park does W 122nd Street end ?
W 122nd Street runs six blocks -LRB- 3,280 feet -LRB- 1,000 m -RRB- -RRB- west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park .	six	How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run ?
This segment runs in the Mount Morris Historical District and crosses portions of Lenox Avenue -LRB- Sixth Avenue -RRB- , Seventh Avenue , Frederick Douglass Boulevard -LRB- Eighth Avenue -RRB- , and Manhattan Avenue .	Mount Morris	Through which historical district does W 122nd Street run ?
This segment runs in the Mount Morris Historical District and crosses portions of Lenox Avenue -LRB- Sixth Avenue -RRB- , Seventh Avenue , Frederick Douglass Boulevard -LRB- Eighth Avenue -RRB- , and Manhattan Avenue .	Lenox Avenue	What is an alternative name for Sixth Avenue ?
W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks -LRB- 1,500 feet -LRB- 460 m -RRB- -RRB- west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue -LRB- Tenth Avenue -RRB- and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive .	Amsterdam Avenue	What is another name for Tenth Avenue ?
W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks -LRB- 1,500 feet -LRB- 460 m -RRB- -RRB- west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue -LRB- Tenth Avenue -RRB- and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive .	Riverside Drive	At which intersection does W 122nd Street end ?
East of Amsterdam , Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive -LRB- Ninth Avenue -RRB- .	Morningside Drive	What is another name for Ninth Avenue ?
Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights , the district surrounding Columbia University , and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue .	Morningside Heights	Which district surrounds Columbia University ?
Seminary Row is named for the Union Theological Seminary and the Jewish Theological Seminary which it touches .	Jewish Theological	Besides the Union Theological Seminary , which other Seminary touches Seminary Row ?
Seminary Row is named for the Union Theological Seminary and the Jewish Theological Seminary which it touches .	Union Theological	Other than the Jewish Theological Seminary , which other Seminary touches Seminary Row ?
Seminary Row is named for the Union Theological Seminary and the Jewish Theological Seminary which it touches .	Seminary Row	Which road runs by two Seminaries , the Manhattan School of Music , Riverside Church , and Grant 's Tomb ?
122nd Street is mentioned in the movie Taxi Driver by main character Travis Bickle as the location where a fellow cab driver is assaulted with a knife .	Travis Bickle	Who is the main character in Taxi Driver ?
122nd Street is mentioned in the movie Taxi Driver by main character Travis Bickle as the location where a fellow cab driver is assaulted with a knife .	122nd Street	What street is mentioned in the movie Taxi Driver as the location where a cab driver is assaulted ?
The street and the surrounding neighborhood of Harlem is then referred to as `` Mau Mau Land '' by another character named Wizard , slang indicating it is a majority black area .	Wizard	Which character in Taxi Driver deemed 122nd Street as `` Mau Mau Land '' ?
The street and the surrounding neighborhood of Harlem is then referred to as `` Mau Mau Land '' by another character named Wizard , slang indicating it is a majority black area .	"Mau Mau Land"	What is the term given to 122nd Street by Wizard in Taxi Driver indicating the area is majority black ?
The street and the surrounding neighborhood of Harlem is then referred to as `` Mau Mau Land '' by another character named Wizard , slang indicating it is a majority black area .	Harlem	Which neighborhood surrounds 122nd Street ?
40 ° 48 ′ 47 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 27 ″ W / 40.813 ° N 73.9575 ° W / 40.813 ; -73.9575 La Salle Street is a street in West Harlem that runs just two blocks between Amsterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue .	La Salle Street	Which street in West Harlem runs just two blocks between Amersterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue ?
40 ° 48 ′ 47 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 27 ″ W / 40.813 ° N 73.9575 ° W / 40.813 ; -73.9575 La Salle Street is a street in West Harlem that runs just two blocks between Amsterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue .	Claremont	La Salle Street runs between Amsterdam Avenue and which other Avenue ?
40 ° 48 ′ 47 ″ N 73 ° 57 ′ 27 ″ W / 40.813 ° N 73.9575 ° W / 40.813 ; -73.9575 La Salle Street is a street in West Harlem that runs just two blocks between Amsterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue .	West Harlem	In which neighborhood does La Salle Street run ?
The original 125th Street west of Convent Avenue was swallowed up to make the super-blocks where the low income housing projects now exist .	125th Street	Which street was swallowed up to make low income housing projects ?
La Salle Street is the only vestige of the original routing .	La Salle Street	Which street is the only area left of the routing onto old Manhattan Avenue ?
After an interruption from St. Nicholas Park and City College , there is another small stretch of West 132nd Street between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue	West 132nd Street	There is a small stretch of what road between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue ?
The main portion of 132nd Street runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to northern end of Park Avenue where there is a southbound exit from/entrance to the Harlem River Drive .	132nd Street	The main portion of what road runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to Park Avenue ?
The main portion of 132nd Street runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to northern end of Park Avenue where there is a southbound exit from/entrance to the Harlem River Drive .	Park Avenue	On what Avenue is a southbound exit and entrance to the Harlem River Drive ?
After an interruption from St. Nicholas Park and City College , there is another small stretch of West 132nd Street between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue	City College	West 132nd Street is interrupted by St. Nicholas Park and which college ?
After an interruption from St. Nicholas Park and City College , there is another small stretch of West 132nd Street between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue	St. Nicholas Park	West 132nd Street is interrupted by City College and which park ?
The spirit of the neighborhood lives in gardens like this one , planted and tended by local residents .	local residents	Who takes care of the 132nd Street Community Garden ?
The 132nd Street Community Garden is located on 132nd Street between Adam Clayton Powell Jr. .	Adam Clayton Powell Jr.	The 132nd Street Community Garden is located between Malcom X Boulevard and what other Boulevard ?
In 1997 , the lot received a garden makeover ; the Borough President 's office funded the installation of a $ 100,000 water distribution system that keeps the wide variety of trees green .	1997	In which year did the garden receive a makover with a water distribution system ?
In 1997 , the lot received a garden makeover ; the Borough President 's office funded the installation of a $ 100,000 water distribution system that keeps the wide variety of trees green .	Borough President's office	Who funded the 132nd Street Community Garden 's water distribution system ?
In 1997 , the lot received a garden makeover ; the Borough President 's office funded the installation of a $ 100,000 water distribution system that keeps the wide variety of trees green .	$100,000	How much did the 132nd Street Community Garden 's water distribution system cost ?
The Manhattanville Bus Depot -LRB- formerly known as the 132nd Street Bus Depot -RRB- is located on West 132nd and 133rd Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood .	Manhattanville Bus Depot	What is the 132nd Street Bus Depot currently known as ?
The Manhattanville Bus Depot -LRB- formerly known as the 132nd Street Bus Depot -RRB- is located on West 132nd and 133rd Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood .	132nd Street Bus Depot	What was the Manhattanville Bus Depot formerly known as ?
The Manhattanville Bus Depot -LRB- formerly known as the 132nd Street Bus Depot -RRB- is located on West 132nd and 133rd Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood .	Manhattanville	In which neighborhood is the Manhattanville Bus Depot ?
The Manhattanville Bus Depot -LRB- formerly known as the 132nd Street Bus Depot -RRB- is located on West 132nd and 133rd Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood .	Riverside Drive	The former 132nd Street Bus Depot is located between Broadway and what other drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood ?
It is the northernmost of the 155 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner 's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan .	155	How many crosstown streets are mapped in the Commissioner 's Plan of 1811 ?
155th Street is a major crosstown street considered to form the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights .	155th Street	Which street is the northernmost of the streets mapped in the Commissioner 's Plan of 1811 ?
155th Street is a major crosstown street considered to form the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights .	155th Street	Which street forms the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights ?
It is the northernmost of the 155 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner 's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan .	Commissioner's Plan of 1811	What document established Manhattan 's numbered street grid ?
155th Street is a major crosstown street considered to form the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights .	Washington Heights	155th Street forms the boundary between Harlem and what other neighborhood ?
155th Street starts on the West Side at Riverside Drive , crossing Broadway , Amsterdam Avenue and St. Nicholas Avenue .	Riverside Drive	Where does 155th Street start ?
155th Street starts on the West Side at Riverside Drive , crossing Broadway , Amsterdam Avenue and St. Nicholas Avenue .	St. Nicholas	155th Street crosses Broadway , Amsterdam Avenue , and what other Avenue ?
At St. Nicholas Place , the terrain drops off steeply , and 155th Street is carried on a 1,600-foot -LRB- 490 m -RRB- long viaduct , a City Landmark constructed in 1893 , that slopes down towards the Harlem River , continuing onto the Macombs Dam Bridge , crossing over -LRB- but not intersecting with -RRB- the Harlem River Drive .	490	How many meters long is the viaduct on which 155th Street travels ?
At St. Nicholas Place , the terrain drops off steeply , and 155th Street is carried on a 1,600-foot -LRB- 490 m -RRB- long viaduct , a City Landmark constructed in 1893 , that slopes down towards the Harlem River , continuing onto the Macombs Dam Bridge , crossing over -LRB- but not intersecting with -RRB- the Harlem River Drive .	1893	In what year was the viaduct along 155th Street constructed ?
A separate , unconnected section of 155th Street runs under the viaduct , connecting Bradhurst Avenue and the Harlem River Drive .	Bradhurst	A section of 155th Street connects Harlem River Drive and what Avenue ?
181st Street is a major thoroughfare running through the Washington Heights neighborhood .	Washington Heights	181st Street runs through what neighborhood ?
The west end is called Plaza Lafayette .	Plaza Lafayette	What is the west end of 181st Street called ?
The west end is called Plaza Lafayette .	west	Does Plaza Lafayette refer to the east or west end of 181st Street ?
It runs from the Washington Bridge in the east , to the Henry Hudson Parkway in the west , near the George Washington Bridge and the Hudson River .	Hudson River	Which river does 181st Street run near ?
181st Street is a major thoroughfare running through the Washington Heights neighborhood .	181st Street	Which road runs from the Washington Bridge to the Henry Hudson Parkway ?
West of Fort Washington Avenue , 181st Street is largely residential , bordering Hudson Heights and having a few shops to serve the local residents .	West	In which direction is 181st Street largely residential ?
East of Fort Washington Avenue , the street becomes increasingly commercial , becoming dominated entirely by retail stores where the street reaches Broadway and continues as such until reaching the Harlem River .	East	In which direction is 181st Street mostly commercial ?
East of Fort Washington Avenue , the street becomes increasingly commercial , becoming dominated entirely by retail stores where the street reaches Broadway and continues as such until reaching the Harlem River .	Fort Washington Avenue	Which street marks the western boundary of the shopping distrit ?
East of Fort Washington Avenue , the street becomes increasingly commercial , becoming dominated entirely by retail stores where the street reaches Broadway and continues as such until reaching the Harlem River .	Harlem	Which river touches the major shopping district near 181st Street ?
181st Street is served by two New York City Subway lines ; there is a 181st Street station at Fort Washington Avenue on the IND Eighth Avenue Line -LRB- A trains -RRB- and a 181st Street station at St. Nicholas Avenue on the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line -LRB- 1 trains -RRB- .	two	How many subway lines serve 181st Street ?
The stations are about 500 metres -LRB- 550 yd -RRB- from each other and are not connected .	500	How many metres apart are 181st Street 's two subway stations ?
The George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal is a couple of blocks south on Fort Washington Avenue .	Fort Washington Avenue	On what avenue is the George Wasington Bridge Bus Terminal ?
181st Street is also the last south/west exit in New York on the Trans-Manhattan Expressway -LRB- I-95 -RRB- , just before crossing the George Washington Bridge to New Jersey .	181st Street	Which road is the Trans-Manhattan Expressway 's last south/west exit ?
187th Street crosses Washington Heights and running from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to Chittenden Avenue in the west near the George Washington Bridge and Hudson River .	Chittenden Avenue	187th Street runs from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to which avenue in the west ?
The street is interrupted by a long set of stairs east of Fort Washington Avenue leading to the Broadway valley .	stairs	What is 187th Street interrupted by ?
The street is interrupted by a long set of stairs east of Fort Washington Avenue leading to the Broadway valley .	Broadway valley	Where do the stairs interrupting 187th street lead to ?
West of there , it is mostly lined with store fronts and serves as a main shopping district for the Hudson Heights neighborhood .	Hudson Heights	An area of 187th Street serves as the main shopping district for which neighborhood ?
187th Street intersects with , from East to West , Laurel Hill Terrace , Amsterdam Avenue , Audubon Avenue , St. Nicholas Avenue , Wadsworth Avenue , Broadway , Bennett Avenue , Overlook Terrace , Fort Washington Avenue , Pinehurst Avenue , Cabrini Boulevard and Chittenden Avenue .	Laurel Hill Terrace	Which is the eastmost intersection that 187th Street has ?
187th Street intersects with , from East to West , Laurel Hill Terrace , Amsterdam Avenue , Audubon Avenue , St. Nicholas Avenue , Wadsworth Avenue , Broadway , Bennett Avenue , Overlook Terrace , Fort Washington Avenue , Pinehurst Avenue , Cabrini Boulevard and Chittenden Avenue .	Chittenden Avenue	Which is the westernmost intersection that 187th Street has ?
187th Street intersects with , from East to West , Laurel Hill Terrace , Amsterdam Avenue , Audubon Avenue , St. Nicholas Avenue , Wadsworth Avenue , Broadway , Bennett Avenue , Overlook Terrace , Fort Washington Avenue , Pinehurst Avenue , Cabrini Boulevard and Chittenden Avenue .	187th Street	Wadsworth Avenue is intersected by what street ?
The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard , just north of the eponymous 187th Street	P.S. 187	Which school is located on Cabrini Boulevard ?
The many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center , the Dombrov Shtiebel , and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University .	187th Street	On what street is the Dombrov Shtiebel ?
The many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center , the Dombrov Shtiebel , and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University .	Yeshiva University	Which University has a campus on 187th Street ?
The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard , just north of the eponymous 187th Street	187th Street	Cabrini Boulevard is just north of what street ?
The many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center , the Dombrov Shtiebel , and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University .	187th Street	On what street is the Mount Sinai Jewish Center ?
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals .	The brain	What is the center of the nervous system in all creatures ?
The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate 's body .	The brain	What is the most complex organ in an animal 's body ?
In a typical human , the cerebral cortex -LRB- the largest part -RRB- is estimated to contain 15 -- 33 billion neurons , each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons .	15–33 billion	In people , how many neurons make up the cerebral cortex ?
These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons , which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells .	axons	Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what ?
Only a few invertebrates such as sponges , jellyfish , adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain ; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead .	sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts	A few animals without spines that do not have a brain are what ?
The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones .	The brain	Hormones secreted are driven by what organ in the body ?
Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia , but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain .	reflexes	What type of responsiveness can be used without a brain ?
Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia , but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain .	spinal cord or peripheral ganglia	Reflexes only require one of what two structures in a body ?
Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer , very different in mechanism from an electronic computer , but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world , stores it , and processes it in a variety of ways , analogous to the central processing unit -LRB- CPU -RRB- in a computer .	central processing unit (CPU)	Which part of a computer does the brain most resemble ?
This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species , with the greatest attention to vertebrates .	vertebrates	Animals with a spine are called what ?
Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species ; others distinguish `` advanced '' brains from more primitive ones , or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates .	invertebrates	Animals without a spine are called what ?
The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection , but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed .	visual inspection	The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what ?
Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with , but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives , and then sliced apart for examination of the interior .	alcohol	Brain tissue is naturally soft , but can be stiffened with what liquid ?
Visually , the interior of the brain consists of areas of so-called grey matter , with a dark color , separated by areas of white matter , with a lighter color .	grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter	The two main areas of the brain are what colors ?
It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope , and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another .	microscope	What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain ?
Visually , the interior of the brain consists of areas of so-called grey matter , with a dark color , separated by areas of white matter , with a lighter color .	dark color	Grey matter of the brain is what color ?
The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells : neurons and glial cells .	neurons and glial cells	Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells ?
Glial cells -LRB- also known as glia or neuroglia -RRB- come in several types , and perform a number of critical functions , including structural support , metabolic support , insulation , and guidance of development .	glia or neuroglia	Glial cells are also referred to as what ?
The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells : neurons and glial cells .	neurons	Which of the two broad classes of cells : neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells ?
These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials , which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1 -- 100 meters per second .	action potentials	Axons send signals that are named what ?
These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials , which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1 -- 100 meters per second .	1–100 meters per second	What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals ?
Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses .	synapses	Axons send signals to other neurons by junctions known as what ?
The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell .	receptor molecules	The neurotansmitter binds to what of a target cell ?
A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells .	several thousand	An axon can connect to how many other cells ?
The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses ; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million .	100 trillion synapses;	How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain ?
The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses ; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million .	several million	The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses ?
The functions of these synapses are very diverse : some are excitatory -LRB- exciting the target cell -RRB- ; others are inhibitory ; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways .	excitatory	A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what ?
The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication , and synapses are the points at which communication occurs .	cell-to-cell communication	The primary job of the brain is what ?
Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons , which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts .	nerve fiber tracts	Axons grouped together are known as what ?
A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin , which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation .	sheath of myelin	An axon that can greatly increase speed of signals is wrapped in what ?
Myelin is white , making parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light-colored white matter , in contrast to the darker-colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies .	white	Myelin is what color in the brain ?
Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons , which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts .	axons	Most of the space in the brain is made up of what structures ?
Myelin is white , making parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light-colored white matter , in contrast to the darker-colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies .	neuron cell bodies	Grey matter of the brain consist of lots of what ?
Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges -LRB- which have no nervous system -RRB- and cnidarians -LRB- which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net -RRB- , all living multicellular animals are bilaterians , meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape -LRB- that is , left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other -RRB- .	cnidarians	Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what ?
Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges -LRB- which have no nervous system -RRB- and cnidarians -LRB- which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net -RRB- , all living multicellular animals are bilaterians , meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape -LRB- that is , left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other -RRB- .	symmetric body shape	Bilaterians are animals that have what ?
All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period , 485-540 million years ago , and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body .	485-540 million years ago	The Cambrian period was how long ago ?
The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus , and a nerve cord with an enlargement -LRB- a ganglion -RRB- for each body segment , with an especially large ganglion at the front , called the brain .	a ganglion	A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what ?
Some types of worms , such as leeches , also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord , known as a `` tail brain '' .	leeches	What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well ?
There are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain , including echinoderms , tunicates , and acoelomorphs -LRB- a group of primitive flatworms -RRB- .	acoelomorphs	A name for a group of primitive flatworms is what ?
There are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain , including echinoderms , tunicates , and acoelomorphs -LRB- a group of primitive flatworms -RRB- .	echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs	Some bilaterians without a brain are what ?
Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains : arthropods -LRB- insects , crustaceans , arachnids , and others -RRB- , and cephalopods -LRB- octopuses , squids , and similar molluscs -RRB- .	arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods	Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains ?
The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal .	parallel nerve cords	Arthropods and cephalopods have brains that come from a pair of what ?
Cephalopods such as the octopus and squid have the largest brains of any invertebrates .	octopus and squid	The invertebrates with the largest brain are what two animals ?
There are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work :	invertebrate	Which brains are easier to work on , vertebrates or invertebrates ?
The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago -LRB- Mya -RRB- , during the Cambrian period , and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form .	over 500 million years ago	How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear ?
The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago -LRB- Mya -RRB- , during the Cambrian period , and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form .	Cambrian period	During which scientific period did vertebrates appear ?
Sharks appeared about 450 Mya , amphibians about 400 Mya , reptiles about 350 Mya , and mammals about 200 Mya .	450 Mya	Sharks appeared at about how many Mya ?
All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components , but many are rudimentary in the hagfish , whereas in mammals the foremost part -LRB- the telencephalon -RRB- is greatly elaborated and expanded .	(the telencephalon	The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what ?
Sharks appeared about 450 Mya , amphibians about 400 Mya , reptiles about 350 Mya , and mammals about 200 Mya .	200 Mya	At how many mya did mammals first appear in time ?
Predators tend to have larger brains than their prey , relative to body size .	larger	Do predators have larger or smaller brains compared to their prey ?
For mammals , the relationship between brain volume and body mass essentially follows a power law with an exponent of about 0.75 .	0.75	In mammals , brain volume and body mass follows a power law with an exponent of what ?
For example , primates have brains 5 to 10 times larger than the formula predicts .	primates	Which group of animals have brains 5-10 times larger than the formula predicts ?
In its earliest form , the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube ; these swellings eventually become the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain -LRB- the prosencephalon , mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon , respectively -RRB- .	prosencephalon	The forebrain during development is known as what ?
In its earliest form , the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube ; these swellings eventually become the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain -LRB- the prosencephalon , mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon , respectively -RRB- .	mesencephalon	The midbrain during development is known as what ?
In its earliest form , the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube ; these swellings eventually become the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain -LRB- the prosencephalon , mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon , respectively -RRB- .	rhombencephalon	The hindbrain during development is known as what ?
In many classes of vertebrates , such as fish and amphibians , the three parts remain similar in size in the adult , but in mammals the forebrain becomes much larger than the other parts , and the midbrain becomes very small .	mammals	Which group of animals does the forebrain grow the largest ?
In its earliest form , the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube ; these swellings eventually become the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain -LRB- the prosencephalon , mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon , respectively -RRB- .	neural tube;	During development , the brain is made up of three swellings at the front of what ?
Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside , with subtle variations in color .	pinkish	Brain tissue that is living is what color on the outside ?
Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside , with subtle variations in color .	white	The color of the brain inside is what ?
Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain .	meninges	Brains are surrounded by what system of tissues ?
Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain .	the skull	Meninges separate what structure from the brain ?
The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly to one another , forming the blood -- brain barrier , which blocks the passage of many toxins and pathogens -LRB- though at the same time blocking antibodies and some drugs , thereby presenting special challenges in treatment of diseases of the brain -RRB- .	cells in the blood vessel walls	The blood-brain barrier is made up of what ?
Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions : the telencephalon -LRB- cerebral hemispheres -RRB- , diencephalon -LRB- thalamus and hypothalamus -RRB- , mesencephalon -LRB- midbrain -RRB- , cerebellum , pons , and medulla oblongata .	Neuroanatomists	People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what ?
Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions : the telencephalon -LRB- cerebral hemispheres -RRB- , diencephalon -LRB- thalamus and hypothalamus -RRB- , mesencephalon -LRB- midbrain -RRB- , cerebellum , pons , and medulla oblongata .	telencephalon	The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what ?
Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions : the telencephalon -LRB- cerebral hemispheres -RRB- , diencephalon -LRB- thalamus and hypothalamus -RRB- , mesencephalon -LRB- midbrain -RRB- , cerebellum , pons , and medulla oblongata .	diencephalon	The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain ?
Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions : the telencephalon -LRB- cerebral hemispheres -RRB- , diencephalon -LRB- thalamus and hypothalamus -RRB- , mesencephalon -LRB- midbrain -RRB- , cerebellum , pons , and medulla oblongata .	mesencephalon	The midbrain region of the brain is known as what ?
Other parts , such as the thalamus and hypothalamus , consist of clusters of many small nuclei .	thalamus and hypothalamus	Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain ?
The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way , but in teleost fishes -LRB- the great majority of existing fish species -RRB- , the forebrain has become `` everted '' , like a sock turned inside out .	teleost fishes	The forebrain is everted in what type of fishes ?
Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains , some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry , especially in the forebrain area .	forebrain area	Which part of the brain has led to many distortions among different species ?
On average , a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size , and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size .	twice as large	A mammal 's brain is how many times larger than a birds relative to body size ?
On average , a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size , and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size .	ten times	A mammal 's brain is how many times larger than a reptiles relative to body size ?
The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size .	size.	The biggest difference between brains of mammals and other vertebrates is what ?
The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals .	The cerebral cortex	What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates ?
In non-mammalian vertebrates , the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called the pallium .	pallium	The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what ?
In mammals , the pallium evolves into a complex six-layered structure called neocortex or isocortex .	neocortex or isocortex	Mammals have a pallium that involved into what ?
Several areas at the edge of the neocortex , including the hippocampus and amygdala , are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates .	neocortex	The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure ?
The superior colliculus , which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates , shrinks to a small size in mammals , and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex .	visual	The superior colliculus is related to what sensual control of vertebrates ?
The cerebellum of mammals contains a large portion -LRB- the neocerebellum -RRB- dedicated to supporting the cerebral cortex , which has no counterpart in other vertebrates .	(the neocerebellum	The larger part of the cerebellum in mammals is called what ?
The cerebellum of mammals contains a large portion -LRB- the neocerebellum -RRB- dedicated to supporting the cerebral cortex , which has no counterpart in other vertebrates .	cerebral cortex	The Neocerebellum supports what other part of the brain ?
The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient -LRB- EQ -RRB- , which takes into account the nonlinearity of the brain-to-body relationship .	encephalization quotient (EQ)	Comparing brain sizes among different creatures is used most commonly by what ?
Humans have an average EQ in the 7-to-8 range , while most other primates have an EQ in the 2-to-3 range .	7-to-8 range	What is the average EQ of a person ?
Humans have an average EQ in the 7-to-8 range , while most other primates have an EQ in the 2-to-3 range .	2-to-3	Primates have an EQ in what range ?
The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas , with a complex web of interconnections .	30	Primates have a visual processing network of how many brain areas ?
It has been estimated that visual processing areas occupy more than half of the total surface of the primate neocortex .	more than half	The visual processing areas occupy how much of the surface of the neocortex or primates ?
The prefrontal cortex carries out functions that include planning , working memory , motivation , attention , and executive control .	prefrontal cortex	Planning , motivation , and attention are controlled by what area ?
It takes up a much larger proportion of the brain for primates than for other species , and an especially large fraction of the human brain .	primates	The prefrontal cortex is the largest in what animals ?
As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure , a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate , the precursor of the nervous system .	the neural plate	The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates ?
The neural plate folds inward to form the neural groove , and then the lips that line the groove merge to enclose the neural tube , a hollow cord of cells with a fluid-filled ventricle at the center .	fluid-filled ventricle	The neural groove is a hollow cord of cells with what in the center ?
At the next stage , the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the telencephalon -LRB- which will contain the cerebral cortex , basal ganglia , and related structures -RRB- and the diencephalon -LRB- which will contain the thalamus and hypothalamus -RRB- .	telencephalon (which will contain the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and related structures) and the diencephalon	The forebrain splits during development into vesicles called what ?
At the next stage , the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the telencephalon -LRB- which will contain the cerebral cortex , basal ganglia , and related structures -RRB- and the diencephalon -LRB- which will contain the thalamus and hypothalamus -RRB- .	telencephalon	The vesicle that contains the cerebral cortex is which one ?
At the next stage , the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the telencephalon -LRB- which will contain the cerebral cortex , basal ganglia , and related structures -RRB- and the diencephalon -LRB- which will contain the thalamus and hypothalamus -RRB- .	the diencephalon	The thalamus and hypothalamus are contained in which vesicle ?
The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth cone , studded with chemical receptors .	protoplasm	A growth cone of an axon is made up of a blob of what ?
Once a neuron is in place , it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it .	dendrites and an axon	What two structures does a neuron extend when it is in place during development ?
In humans and many other mammals , new neurons are created mainly before birth , and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain .	neurons	The infant brain contains more of what type of cells in the brain than the adult brain ?
The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the olfactory bulb , which is involved in the sense of smell , and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus , where there is evidence that the new neurons play a role in storing newly acquired memories .	sense of smell	The olfactory bulb is related to what sense ?
The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the olfactory bulb , which is involved in the sense of smell , and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus , where there is evidence that the new neurons play a role in storing newly acquired memories .	dentate gyrus of the hippocampus	What area of the hippocampus plays a role in storing new memories ?
Glial cells are different : as with most types of cells in the body , they are generated throughout the lifespan .	Glial cells	Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime ?
There are , however , a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life .	neurons continue to be generated throughout life	Neurogenesis is the process of what ?
The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by a wide variety of biochemical and metabolic processes , most notably the interactions between neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses .	neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses	The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by what ?
The functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells , and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells .	electrochemical	What type of signals do neurons transfer from one another ?
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them -- neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse 's target cell , and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules .	synapses	Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released at what part of the brain ?
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them -- neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse 's target cell , and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules .	receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell	What do neurotransmitters attach to ?
With few exceptions , each neuron in the brain releases the same chemical neurotransmitter , or combination of neurotransmitters , at all the synaptic connections it makes with other neurons ; this rule is known as Dale 's principle .	Dale's principle	Neurons that release the same chemicals are following what rule ?
The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate , which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons , and gamma-aminobutyric acid -LRB- GABA -RRB- , which is almost always inhibitory .	gamma-aminobutyric acid	GABA is the abbreviation for what ?
The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate , which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons , and gamma-aminobutyric acid -LRB- GABA -RRB- , which is almost always inhibitory .	gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)	Which of two neurotransmitters is usually inhibitory ?
The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate , which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons , and gamma-aminobutyric acid -LRB- GABA -RRB- , which is almost always inhibitory .	glutamate,	The neurostransmitter that usually excites targets is called what ?
The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate , which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons , and gamma-aminobutyric acid -LRB- GABA -RRB- , which is almost always inhibitory .	gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)	Tranquilizers affect which of the two common neurotransmitters ?
Serotonin , for example -- the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids -- comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei .	Raphe nuclei	Serotonin comes from what part of the brain ?
Serotonin , for example -- the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids -- comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei .	Serotonin	Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain ?
Norepinephrine , which is involved in arousal , comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus .	Norepinephrine	Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal ?
Norepinephrine , which is involved in arousal , comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus .	locus coeruleus	Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what ?
When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity , the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull , using electroencephalography -LRB- EEG -RRB- or magnetoencephalography -LRB- MEG -RRB- .	electroencephalography	An EEG of the brain stands for what ?
When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity , the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull , using electroencephalography -LRB- EEG -RRB- or magnetoencephalography -LRB- MEG -RRB- .	magnetoencephalography	MEG of the brain is an abbreviation of what ?
EEG recordings , along with recordings made from electrodes implanted inside the brains of animals such as rats , show that the brain of a living animal is constantly active , even during sleep .	EEG	What type of test is used to tell that a brain is active even during sleep ?
In mammals , the cerebral cortex tends to show large slow delta waves during sleep , faster alpha waves when the animal is awake but inattentive , and chaotic-looking irregular activity when the animal is actively engaged in a task .	large slow delta waves	What type of brain waves are seen in mammals during sleep ?
In mammals , the cerebral cortex tends to show large slow delta waves during sleep , faster alpha waves when the animal is awake but inattentive , and chaotic-looking irregular activity when the animal is actively engaged in a task .	faster alpha waves	What type of brain waves are sen when a creature is awake , but inattentive ?
Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons , including levels of ions and nutrients .	Glial cells	What type of cells have a huge role in brain metabolism ?
Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons , including levels of ions and nutrients .	chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons	Glial cells control what inside the brain ?
The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen-dependent metabolism of glucose -LRB- i.e. , blood sugar -RRB- , but ketones provide a major alternative source , together with contributions from medium chain fatty acids -LRB- caprylic and heptanoic acids -RRB- , lactate , acetate , and possibly amino acids .	glucose (i.e., blood sugar	Where does the brain usually get most of its energy from inside the body ?
In primates , however , the percentage is much higher -- in humans it rises to 20 -- 25 % .	20–25%	The energy used for metabolism of the brain in humans is what percentage ?
The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen-dependent metabolism of glucose -LRB- i.e. , blood sugar -RRB- , but ketones provide a major alternative source , together with contributions from medium chain fatty acids -LRB- caprylic and heptanoic acids -RRB- , lactate , acetate , and possibly amino acids .	ketones	Other sources than glucose that provide energy to the brain are what ?
Most vertebrate species devote between 2 % and 8 % of basal metabolism to the brain .	2% and 8%	Most vertebrates usually devote how much metabolism to the brain ?
From an evolutionary-biological perspective , the function of the brain is to provide coherent control over the actions of an animal .	provide coherent control over the actions of an animal	The function of the brain from an evolutionary-biological thought is what ?
The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s , along with the development of mathematical information theory , led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems .	1940s	Computers were invented in what decade in history ?
This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics , and eventually gave rise to the field now known as computational neuroscience .	cybernetics	Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history ?
The earliest attempts at cybernetics were somewhat crude in that they treated the brain as essentially a digital computer in disguise , as for example in John von Neumann 's 1958 book , The Computer and the Brain .	John von Neumann's	Who wrote the book , The Computer and the Brain ?
The earliest attempts at cybernetics were somewhat crude in that they treated the brain as essentially a digital computer in disguise , as for example in John von Neumann 's 1958 book , The Computer and the Brain .	1958	When was John von Neumann 's book , The Computer and the Brain published ?
One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog 's eye tells the frog 's brain : the paper examined the visual responses of neurons in the retina and optic tectum of frogs , and came to the conclusion that some neurons in the tectum of the frog are wired to combine elementary responses in a way that makes them function as `` bug perceivers '' .	1959	The scientific paper , What the frog 's eye tells the frog 's brain was released in what year ?
A few years later David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel discovered cells in the primary visual cortex of monkeys that become active when sharp edges move across specific points in the field of view -- a discovery for which they won a Nobel Prize .	David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel	Who won a Nobel Prize for the discovery that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys become active when sharp edges move ?
However , having said this , the Human Brain Project is trying to build a realistic , detailed computational model of the entire human brain .	the Human Brain Project	What is the project called that is trying to build a realistic , detailed computer model of the human brain ?
Moreover , other animals may develop existing sensory systems in new ways , such as the adaptation by bats of the auditory sense into a form of sonar .	bats	What type of animal has a sense that adapted into sonar ?
In other animals additional senses may be present , such as the infrared heat-sense of snakes , the magnetic field sense of some birds , or the electric field sense of some types of fish .	snakes	What type of animal uses infrared heat to sense ?
In other animals additional senses may be present , such as the infrared heat-sense of snakes , the magnetic field sense of some birds , or the electric field sense of some types of fish .	birds	The group of animals that can detect magnetic fields is what ?
In other animals additional senses may be present , such as the infrared heat-sense of snakes , the magnetic field sense of some birds , or the electric field sense of some types of fish .	fish	The group of creatures that can sense electric fields is what ?
Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells , such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye , vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear , or pressure-sensitive neurons in the skin .	retina	Light-receptive neurons are located in what part of the eye ?
Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells , such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye , vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear , or pressure-sensitive neurons in the skin .	cochlea	Vibration-sensitive neurons are found in what part of the ear ?
Eventually , via a way-station in the thalamus , the signals are sent to the cerebral cortex , where they are processed to extract biologically relevant features , and integrated with signals coming from other sensory systems .	cerebral cortex	Signals are sent from the thalamus to what part of the brain ?
Except for the muscles that control the eye , which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain , all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain .	the eye,	What part of the body is controlled by nuclei in the midbrain ?
Except for the muscles that control the eye , which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain , all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain .	spinal cord and hindbrain	All the muscles controlled by motor neurons in the body are controlled by what ?
At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons , which control stereotyped movements such as walking , breathing , or swallowing .	the medulla and pons,	Which motor areas of the brain control breathing and swallowing ?
At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons , which control stereotyped movements such as walking , breathing , or swallowing .	the medulla and pons	At the lowest level of the brain and spinal cord , are what areas ?
At a higher level are areas in the midbrain , such as the red nucleus , which is responsible for coordinating movements of the arms and legs .	coordinating movements of the arms and legs	The red nucleus controls what part -LRB- s -RRB- of the body ?
At a higher level yet is the primary motor cortex , a strip of tissue located at the posterior edge of the frontal lobe .	primary motor cortex	A strip of tissue found at the edge of the frontal lobe is called what ?
The primary motor cortex sends projections to the subcortical motor areas , but also sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord , through the pyramidal tract .	pyramidal tract.	The primary motor cortex sends signals to the spinal cord through what ?
In addition to all of the above , the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system , which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the `` smooth '' muscles of the gut .	autonomic nervous system	The brain and spinal cord work together to control what system of the body ?
In addition to all of the above , the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system , which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the `` smooth '' muscles of the gut .	autonomic nervous system	What system in the body controls heart rate ?
In addition to all of the above , the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system , which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the `` smooth '' muscles of the gut .	autonomic nervous system	What system in the body controls salivation ?
Most of its functions are not under direct voluntary control .	not under direct voluntary control	Most of the processes of the autonomic nervous system are called what ?
The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate , digestion , respiration rate , salivation , perspiration , urination , and sexual arousal , and several other processes .	The autonomic nervous system	Which system in the body controls urination ?
A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus -LRB- SCN -RRB- , a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross .	suprachiasmatic nucleus	The SCN of the nervous system is an abbreviation for what ?
A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus -LRB- SCN -RRB- , a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross .	the hypothalamus	The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a small part of what part of the brain ?
A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus -LRB- SCN -RRB- , a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross .	the suprachiasmatic nucleus	Which part of the arousal system controls the body 's biological clock ?
The SCN continues to keep time even if it is excised from the brain and placed in a dish of warm nutrient solution , but it ordinarily receives input from the optic nerves , through the retinohypothalamic tract -LRB- RHT -RRB- , that allows daily light-dark cycles to calibrate the clock .	retinohypothalamic tract	The RHT is an abbreviation for what ?
The SCN continues to keep time even if it is excised from the brain and placed in a dish of warm nutrient solution , but it ordinarily receives input from the optic nerves , through the retinohypothalamic tract -LRB- RHT -RRB- , that allows daily light-dark cycles to calibrate the clock .	the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT	THE SCN receives information from the optic nerves through what ?
An important component of the system is the reticular formation , a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain .	the reticular formation	A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what ?
Reticular neurons send signals to the thalamus , which in turn sends activity-level-controlling signals to every part of the cortex .	the thalamus	Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain ?
Damage to the reticular formation can produce a permanent state of coma .	state of coma	Damage to the reticular formation can cause what ?
The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus , brainstem , and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles .	sleep-wake cycles.	The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what ?
There are two types of sleep : REM sleep -LRB- with dreaming -RRB- and NREM -LRB- non-REM , usually without dreaming -RRB- sleep , which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode .	REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM	There are two types of sleep called what ?
There are two types of sleep : REM sleep -LRB- with dreaming -RRB- and NREM -LRB- non-REM , usually without dreaming -RRB- sleep , which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode .	REM sleep	What type of sleep involves dreaming ?
Three broad types of distinct brain activity patterns can be measured : REM , light NREM and deep NREM .	REM, light NREM and deep NREM	The three types of brain activity that can be measured are what ?
During deep NREM sleep , also called slow wave sleep , activity in the cortex takes the form of large synchronized waves , whereas in the waking state it is noisy and desynchronized .	deep NREM sleep	Slow wave sleep is also known as what ?
Levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin drop during slow wave sleep , and fall almost to zero during REM sleep ; levels of acetylcholine show the reverse pattern .	slow wave sleep	During what stage of sleep do serotonin and norepinephrine levels drop ?
The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body -- the milieu intérieur , as pioneering physiologist Claude Bernard called it -- is known as homeostasis -LRB- Greek for `` standing still '' -RRB- .	The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body	Homeostasis is defined as what ?
The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body -- the milieu intérieur , as pioneering physiologist Claude Bernard called it -- is known as homeostasis -LRB- Greek for `` standing still '' -RRB- .	"standing still"	Homeostasis is Greek for what phrase ?
The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body -- the milieu intérieur , as pioneering physiologist Claude Bernard called it -- is known as homeostasis -LRB- Greek for `` standing still '' -RRB- .	Claude Bernard	The milieu interieur term was used by what physiologist ?
-LRB- This principle is widely used in engineering , for example in the control of temperature using a thermostat . -RRB-	a thermostat.	Homeostasis is like what household tool ?
In vertebrates , the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus , a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function .	the forebrain	The hypothalamus is located at the base of what ?
In vertebrates , the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus , a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function .	the hypothalamus,	In vertebrates , the most important part of the brain is what ?
In vertebrates , the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus , a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function .	the hypothalamus,	A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what ?
Some of the outputs also go to the pituitary gland , a tiny gland attached to the brain directly underneath the hypothalamus .	the pituitary gland	The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland ?
The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream , where they circulate throughout the body and induce changes in cellular activity .	the bloodstream	The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body ?
In vertebrates , the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures , at the heart of which lie the basal ganglia , a set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain .	basal ganglia	A set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain is called what ?
There is substantial evidence that the basal ganglia are the central site at which decisions are made : the basal ganglia exert a sustained inhibitory control over most of the motor systems in the brain ; when this inhibition is released , a motor system is permitted to execute the action it is programmed to carry out .	decisions	The basal ganglia is thought to be the central location at which what are made ?
Research has shown that the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a central role : addictive drugs such as cocaine , amphetamine , and nicotine either cause dopamine levels to rise or cause the effects of dopamine inside the brain to be enhanced .	dopamine	Which neurotransmitter plays a large role in drug abuse ?
The reward mechanism is better understood than the punishment mechanism , because its role in drug abuse has caused it to be studied very intensively .	The reward mechanism	Which of the two systems , reward or punishment is better understood ?
In 1971 Tim Bliss and Terje Lømo published a paper on a phenomenon now called long-term potentiation : the paper showed clear evidence of activity-induced synaptic changes that lasted for at least several days .	1971	In what year did Tim Bliss and Terje Lomo publish a paper about long-term potentiation ?
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor -LRB- BDNF -RRB- and physical activity appear to play a beneficial role in the process .	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor	BDNF is an abbreviation for what term ?
Theorists dating back to Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that the most plausible explanation is that learning and memory are expressed as changes in the synaptic connections between neurons .	Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Learning and memory expressed as changes in the synaptic connections was first theorized by whom ?
The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system .	neuroscience	What field of science studies the brain and the central nervous system ?
Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior , and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system .	Psychology	What scientific field tries to understand the mind and behavior ?
Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior , and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system .	neurology	What field of science strives to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system ?
The brain is also the most important organ studied in psychiatry , the branch of medicine that works to study , prevent , and treat mental disorders .	study, prevent, and treat mental disorders	Psychiatry is the branch of science that does what ?
Cognitive science seeks to unify neuroscience and psychology with other fields that concern themselves with the brain , such as computer science -LRB- artificial intelligence and similar fields -RRB- and philosophy .	neuroscience and psychology	Cognitive science seeks to join what two branches of science with other fields ?
The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical , and until the middle of the 20th century , much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes .	anatomical,	The oldest known method of studying the brain is what ?
Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and their components , especially synapses .	the large-scale structure of the brain	What do neuroanatomists study ?
Also , functional neuroanatomy uses medical imaging techniques to correlate variations in human brain structure with differences in cognition or behavior .	neuroanatomy	What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure ?
The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical , and until the middle of the 20th century , much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes .	the middle of the 20th century,	Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical ?
Neurophysiologists study the chemical , pharmacological , and electrical properties of the brain : their primary tools are drugs and recording devices .	the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain	What do neurophysiologists study ?
Neurophysiologists study the chemical , pharmacological , and electrical properties of the brain : their primary tools are drugs and recording devices .	drugs and recording devices	The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what ?
Because the brain does not contain pain receptors , it is possible using these techniques to record brain activity from animals that are awake and behaving without causing distress .	pain receptors	What type of receptors does the brain lack ?
Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes , either glued to the scalp as in EEG studies , or implanted inside the brains of animals for extracellular recordings , which can detect action potentials generated by individual neurons .	the scalp	Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies ?
Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges , surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid , and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood -- brain barrier , the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage .	cerebrospinal fluid	The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid ?
Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges , surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid , and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood -- brain barrier , the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage .	the blood–brain barrier	The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature ?
Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges , surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid , and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood -- brain barrier , the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage .	the skull and meninges	The two main structures that protect the brain are what ?
In humans , the effects of strokes and other types of brain damage have been a key source of information about brain function .	strokes	What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain ?
In animal studies , most commonly involving rats , it is possible to use electrodes or locally injected chemicals to produce precise patterns of damage and then examine the consequences for behavior .	rats	What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage ?
Computational neuroscience encompasses two approaches : first , the use of computers to study the brain ; second , the study of how brains perform computation .	the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation.	Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies ?
The most common subjects are mice , because of the availability of technical tools .	mice	What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain ?
The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex .	Armenia	Where was the oldest brain that was found ?
The brain , estimated to be over 5,000 years old , was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl .	over 5,000 years old	How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be ?
The brain , estimated to be over 5,000 years old , was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl .	12 to 14-year-old	The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person ?
The brain , estimated to be over 5,000 years old , was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl .	girl	The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human ?
Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart .	brain or heart.	The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body ?
Aristotle favored the heart , and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood .	the heart	Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ ?
Democritus , the inventor of the atomic theory of matter , argued for a three-part soul , with intellect in the head , emotion in the heart , and lust near the liver .	Democritus,	Who invented the atomic theory of matter ?
Hippocrates , the `` father of medicine '' , came down unequivocally in favor of the brain .	Hippocrates	The `` father of medicine '' is a name given to whom in history ?
Democritus , the inventor of the atomic theory of matter , argued for a three-part soul , with intellect in the head , emotion in the heart , and lust near the liver .	Democritus	What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul ?
The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain , and theorized in some depth about how it might work .	Roman	The physician Galen was from which country in history ?
Galen 's ideas were widely known during the Middle Ages , but not much further progress came until the Renaissance , when detailed anatomical study resumed , combined with the theoretical speculations of René Descartes and those who followed him .	the Renaissance	What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased ?
The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain , and theorized in some depth about how it might work .	The Roman physician Galen	Who coined the term pneumata psychikon ?
He postulated that nerves activate muscles mechanically by carrying a mysterious substance he called pneumata psychikon , usually translated as `` animal spirits '' .	animal spirits	Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what ?
The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function , though , came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani , who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract .	Luigi Galvani	Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions ?
Particularly critical was the invention of the Golgi stain , which -LRB- when correctly used -RRB- stains only a small fraction of neurons , but stains them in their entirety , including cell body , dendrites , and axon .	the Golgi stain	The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what ?
In the hands of Camillo Golgi , and especially of the Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal , the new stain revealed hundreds of distinct types of neurons , each with its own unique dendritic structure and pattern of connectivity .	Spanish	What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal ?
In the first half of the 20th century , advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells , culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin , Andrew Huxley , and others on the biophysics of the action potential , and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse .	Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley	Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists ?
In the United States , the 1990s were officially designated as the `` Decade of the Brain '' to commemorate advances made in brain research , and to promote funding for such research .	the 1990s	Which decade in history was officially called the `` Decade of the Brain '' ?
In the 21st century , these trends have continued , and several new approaches have come into prominence , including multielectrode recording , which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time ; genetic engineering , which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally ; genomics , which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging .	the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time;	Multielectrode recording allows what ?
In the 21st century , these trends have continued , and several new approaches have come into prominence , including multielectrode recording , which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time ; genetic engineering , which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally ; genomics , which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging .	molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;	Genetic engineering allows what ?
In the 21st century , these trends have continued , and several new approaches have come into prominence , including multielectrode recording , which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time ; genetic engineering , which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally ; genomics , which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging .	variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging.	What does genomics allow the study of ?
In the 21st century , these trends have continued , and several new approaches have come into prominence , including multielectrode recording , which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time ; genetic engineering , which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally ; genomics , which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging .	the 21st century,	During what century was multielectrode recording invented ?
In the 21st century , these trends have continued , and several new approaches have come into prominence , including multielectrode recording , which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time ; genetic engineering , which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally ; genomics , which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging .	the 21st century,	Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century ?
Near East -LRB- French : Proche-Orient -RRB- is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia .	Near East (French: Proche-Orient)	What is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia ?
Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles , the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire .	Ottoman Empire	The term near east was originally applies to the maximum extent of what empire ?
The term has fallen into disuse in English , and has been replaced by the term Middle East .	English	The term Near East has fallen into disuses in what language ?
The term has fallen into disuse in English , and has been replaced by the term Middle East .	Middle East	What has replaced the term Near East ?
The Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia , Azerbaijan , Bahrain , Cyprus , Egypt , Georgia , Iran , Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Oman , Palestine , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria , Turkey , the United Arab Emirates , the West Bank , and Yemen .	The Encyclopædia Britannica	Who defines the Near East as including Armenia , Azerbaijan , Bahrain , Cyprus , Egypt . Georgia , Iran , Iraq , Isreal , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Oman , Palestine , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria , Turkey , the United Arab Emirates , the West Bank , and Yemen ?
The Food and Agriculture Organization -LRB- FAO -RRB- of the United Nations defines the region similarly , but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories .	Afghanistan	The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also includes what Country in the definition of Near East ?
According to the National Geographic Society , the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are ` generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula , Cyprus , Egypt , Iraq , Iran , Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , Palestinian territories , Syria , and Turkey ' .	the National Geographic Society	What group believes the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories ?
At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain , but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism , which saw the independence of Greece , Serbia , the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria .	the Ottoman Empire	What empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain at the beginning of the 19th century ?
At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain , but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism , which saw the independence of Greece , Serbia , the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria .	1914	When did the Ottoman Empire lose all of it 's empire except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace ?
At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain , but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of Balkan nationalism , which saw the independence of Greece , Serbia , the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria .	the rise of Balkan nationalism	The rise of what saw the independence of Greece , Serbia , the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria ?
Up until 1912 the Ottomans retained a band of territory including Albania , Macedonia and Thrace , which were lost in the two Balkan Wars of 1912 -- 13 .	1912	Until what year did the Ottomans retain a band of territory including Albania , Macedonia and Thrace ?
Up until 1912 the Ottomans retained a band of territory including Albania , Macedonia and Thrace , which were lost in the two Balkan Wars of 1912 -- 13 .	the two Balkan Wars of 1912–13	When did the Ottomans lose the territory of Albania , Macedonia and Thrace ?
The Ottoman Empire , believed to be about to collapse , was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe '' .	as the sick man of Europe	How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press ?
The Balkan states , with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania , were primarily Christian .	Christian	The Balkan states were primarily what religion ?
Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and as such were a potential threat to the Muslim empire within which they resided .	1894	When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians ?
Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and as such were a potential threat to the Muslim empire within which they resided .	the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people	What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians ?
The Hamidian Massacres aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world .	The Hamidian Massacres	What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world ?
In about the middle of the 19th century `` Near East '' came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe .	middle of the 19th century	When did `` Near East '' come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe ?
The term `` Far East '' appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan , China , Korea , Indonesia and Viet Nam ; in short , the East Indies .	the East Indies	In short , the term Far East appeared to name this area
`` Near East '' applied to what had been mainly known as the Levant , which was in the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Porte , or government .	the Levant	`` Near East '' applied to this mainly known area
`` Near East '' applied to what had been mainly known as the Levant , which was in the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Porte , or government .	the Ottoman Porte	What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in ?
They could not set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean from the Gulf of Sidra to Albania without permits from the Ottoman Empire .	permits from the Ottoman Empire	What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean ?
One was North Africa west of Egypt .	North Africa west of Egypt	What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms ?
It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast , de facto independent since the 18th century .	Barbary Coast	Where were the piratical kingdoms from ?
Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia .	because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia	Why was Iran included in the collection of regions ?
In the 1890s the term tended to focus on the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia .	the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia	What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s ?
The demise of the sick man of Europe left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by `` Near East '' .	of the sick man of Europe	The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by `` Near East ''
The geographical terms `` Near East '' and `` Far East '' referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch , Portuguese , Spanish and Germans , fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near , suggesting that they were innovated together .	the opposites of far and near	The terms `` Near East '' and `` Far East '' referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what ?
They appear together in the journals of the mid-19th century .	the mid-19th century	When do the terms `` Near East '' and `` Far East '' appear together in journals ?
Both terms were used before then with local British and American meanings : the near or far east of a field , village or shire .	the near or far east of a field, village or shire.	The term Near East and Far East were used in British and American meanings when referring to what ?
The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul , near Spain / far Spain and others .	The Romans	Who used the terms near Gaul ?
Before them the Greeks had the habit , which appears in Linear B , the oldest known script of Europe , referring to the near province and the far province of the kingdom of Pylos .	the Greeks	The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B ?
Usually these terms were given with reference to a geographic feature , such as a mountain range or a river .	a geographic feature	Usually the terms were given when referencing what ?
Ptolemy 's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis .	Ptolemy's Geography	What divided Asia on a similar basis ?
In the north is `` Scythia this side of the Himalayas '' and `` Scythia beyond the Himalayas . ''	In the north	`` Scythia this side of the Himalayas '' is located where ?
To the south is `` India on this side of the Ganges '' and `` India beyond the Ganges . ''	To the south	`` India on this side of the Ganges '' is located where ?
In the north is `` Scythia this side of the Himalayas '' and `` Scythia beyond the Himalayas . ''	In the north	`` Scythia beyond the Himalayas '' is located where ?
Asia began on the coast of Anatolia -LRB- `` land of the rising sun '' -RRB- .	on the coast of Anatolia	Where did Asia begin ?
By the time of John Seller 's Atlas Maritima of 1670 , `` India Beyond the Ganges '' had become `` the East Indies '' including China , Korea , southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy 's , despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years .	1670	When was John Seller 's Atlas Maritima ?
By the time of John Seller 's Atlas Maritima of 1670 , `` India Beyond the Ganges '' had become `` the East Indies '' including China , Korea , southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy 's , despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years .	the East Indies	What had `` India Beyond the Ganges '' become ?
By the time of John Seller 's Atlas Maritima of 1670 , `` India Beyond the Ganges '' had become `` the East Indies '' including China , Korea , southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy 's , despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years .	"the East Indies"	China , Korea , southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what ?
That `` east '' in turn was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis , `` the land of the rising sun , '' used since Roman times for `` east . ''	"east"	What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis , `` the land of the rising sun '' ?
The world map of Jodocus Hondius of 1590 labels all of Asia from the Caspian to the Pacific as India Orientalis , shortly to appear in translation as the East Indies .	1590	What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map ?
Elizabeth I of England , primarily interested in trade with the east , collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions , using their own jargon .	England	Where was Elizabeth I from ?
Elizabeth I of England , primarily interested in trade with the east , collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions , using their own jargon .	trade with the east	What was Elizabeth primarily interested in ?
Elizabeth I of England , primarily interested in trade with the east , collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions , using their own jargon .	English merchants	Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with ?
Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty .	obtain trading concessions by treaty	What was the goal of the first trading companies ?
The East India Company -LRB- short for a much longer formal name -RRB- was chartered in 1600 for trade to the East Indies .	The East India Company	What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies ?
It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed .	to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire	What has pleased western historians ?
The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in `` question '' right from the beginning .	The borders	What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire ?
The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire on the occasion of the latter 's violent demise .	the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire	What was the Ottoman Empire created from ?
The last Roman emperor died fighting hand-to-hand in the streets of his capital , Constantinople , overwhelmed by the Ottoman military , in May , 1453 .	fighting hand-to-hand in the streets	How did the last Roman emperor die ?
The last Roman emperor died fighting hand-to-hand in the streets of his capital , Constantinople , overwhelmed by the Ottoman military , in May , 1453 .	Constantinople	Where was the Roman emperor 's capital ?
The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule .	Turkish rule	The populations did not accept what ?
The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688 .	1688	The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year ?
Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution , 1815 -- 1833 .	the Serbian Revolution	What created Serbia ?
Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution , 1815 -- 1833 .	1815–1833	When was the Serbian Revolution ?
The Greek War of Independence , 1821 -- 1832 , created modern Greece , which recovered most of the lands of ancient Greece , but could not gain Constantinople .	1821–1832	When was the Greek War of Independence ?
In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire .	1853	When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire ?
The result was the Crimean War , 1853 -- 1856 , in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire .	1853–1856	When was the Crimean War ?
The result was the Crimean War , 1853 -- 1856 , in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire .	the Ottoman Empire	During the Crimean War who did the British and French support ?
The result was the Crimean War , 1853 -- 1856 , in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire .	the incursions of the Russian Empire	What was the Ottoman Empire 's struggle against in the Crimean War ?
Eventually , the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region .	the Balkan region	The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region ?
Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region .	1855	Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region ?
The Crimean War brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century .	The Crimean War	What brought a change in vocabulary ?
The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase , becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China , with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind .	the Ottoman Empire	The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who ?
Rethinking its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power .	the British government	Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power ?
During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary , giving specific regional meaning to `` the Near East , '' the Ottoman Empire , and `` the Far East , '' the East Indies .	the British Empire	What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary ?
In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel 's Living Age .	1855	When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel 's Living Age ?
Its author , an `` official Chinese interpreter of 10 years ' active service '' and a member of the Oriental Club , Thomas Taylor Meadows , was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China .	Thomas Taylor Meadows	Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times ?
Its author , an `` official Chinese interpreter of 10 years ' active service '' and a member of the Oriental Club , Thomas Taylor Meadows , was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China .	the suggestion by another interpreter	What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to ?
If not the first use of the terms , the letter to the Times was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to the general public .	the letter to the Times	What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary ?
Meadows ' terminology must represent usage by that administration .	Meadows' terminology	What was said must represent usage by that administration ?
Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club , which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington .	Duke of Wellington	Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration ?
`` Near East '' remained popular in diplomatic , trade and journalistic circles , but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates : `` the Nearer East , '' reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of `` nearer '' and `` farther . ''	"Near East"	What remained popular in diplomatic , trade and journalistic circles ?
`` Near East '' remained popular in diplomatic , trade and journalistic circles , but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates : `` the Nearer East , '' reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of `` nearer '' and `` farther . ''	"the Nearer East,"	What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates ?
They undoubtedly saw a need to separate the Biblical lands from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire .	the Biblical lands	There was a need to separate what from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire ?
The Christians saw the country as the land of the Old and New Testaments , where Christianity had developed .	the land of the Old and New Testaments	What did the Christians see the country as ?
The scholars in the field of studies that eventually became Biblical archaeology attempted to define it on the basis of archaeology .	on the basis of archaeology	How did the scholars attempt their definition ?
For example , The London Review of 1861 -LRB- Telford and Barber , unsigned -RRB- in reviewing several works by Rawlinson , Layard and others , defined themselves as making :	1861	When was the London Review ?
For example , The London Review of 1861 -LRB- Telford and Barber , unsigned -RRB- in reviewing several works by Rawlinson , Layard and others , defined themselves as making :	The London Review of 1861	Rawlinson , Layard and others were reviewed in what ?
For example , The London Review of 1861 -LRB- Telford and Barber , unsigned -RRB- in reviewing several works by Rawlinson , Layard and others , defined themselves as making :	(Telford and Barber	Who wrote The London Review of 1861 ?
Explicitly excluded is India .	India	What region was explicitly excluded ?
No mention is made of the Balkans .	the Balkans	What region has no mention ?
The regions in their inventory were Assyria , Chaldea , Mesopotamia , Persia , Armenia , Egypt , Arabia , Syria , Palestine , Ethiopia , Caucasus , Libya , Anatolia and Abyssinia .	regions in their inventory	Assyria , Chaldea , Mesopotamia , Persia , Armenia , Egypt , Arabia , Syria , Palestine , Ethiopia , Caucasus , Libya , Anatolia , and Abyssinia were all what ?
Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail , but no more mention is made of the classics .	where and why	What does Hogarth say in detail ?
Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail , but no more mention is made of the classics .	the classics	Hogarth makes no mention of what ?
His analysis is geopolitical .	geopolitical	How is Hogarth 's analysis ?
In the last years of the 19th century the term `` Near East '' acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself .	the 19th century	When did the term `` Near East '' acquire considerable disrepute ?
In the last years of the 19th century the term `` Near East '' acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself .	English-speaking public	The term `` Near East '' acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes ?
The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians , but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the Balkans .	the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians	What was the cause of the onus ?
The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians , but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the Balkans .	they were Christians	What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians ?
Robert Hichens ' book The Near East -LRB- 1913 -RRB- is subtitled Dalmatia , Greece and Constantinople .	1913)	When was Robert Hickens ' book wrote ?
The change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans .	influential British travellers	Reports from who made the change evident ?
In 1894 , Sir Henry Norman , 1st Baronet , a journalist , travelled to the Far East , afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East , which came out in 1895 .	the Far East	Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894
In 1894 , Sir Henry Norman , 1st Baronet , a journalist , travelled to the Far East , afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East , which came out in 1895 .	The Peoples and Politics of the Far East	What book did Sir Henry Norman write after traveling to the Far East ?
In 1894 , Sir Henry Norman , 1st Baronet , a journalist , travelled to the Far East , afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East , which came out in 1895 .	1895	What year did Sir Henry Norman 's book come out ?
Instead the Normans whirled off to New York .	New York	Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book ?
Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June , 1896 , in Scribner 's Magazine .	June, 1896	When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book ?
Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June , 1896 , in Scribner 's Magazine .	Scribner's Magazine	What magazine did Norman publish his work in ?
The Russians were suddenly liberators of oppressed Balkan states .	The Russians	Who were liberators of oppressed Balkan states ?
England had `` turned her back . ''	England	Who did Norman say `` turned her back '' ?
Throughout this article Norman uses `` Near East '' to mean the countries where `` the eastern question '' applied ; that is , to all of the Balkans .	the countries where "the eastern question" applied	What does Norman mean in the article when saying `` Near East '' ?
The rest of the Ottoman domain is demoted to just `` the east . ''	just "the east."	What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to ?
The rest of the Ottoman domain is demoted to just `` the east . ''	The rest of the Ottoman domain	`` The East '' refers to what ?
If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy , it was perhaps William Miller -LRB- 1864 -- 1945 -RRB- , journalist and expert on the Near East , who did the most in that direction .	1864–1945	What was William Miller 's life span ?
If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy , it was perhaps William Miller -LRB- 1864 -- 1945 -RRB- , journalist and expert on the Near East , who did the most in that direction .	the Near East	What was William Miller an expert on ?
In essence , he signed the death warrant , so to speak , of the Age of Empires .	signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires	So to speak , what did William Miller do ?
Apart from the fact that he attended Oxford and played Rugby not many biographical details have been promulgated .	Oxford	Where did Miller attend school ?
These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it .	fighting words	Miller 's words were considered what ?
These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it .	Turkey	It was considered Europe needed what country ?
For his authority Miller invokes the people , citing the `` collective wisdom '' of Europe , and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under chilling circumstances :	the "collective wisdom" of Europe	What was Miller citing ?
If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire , the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire , which was supported by the German Empire .	Austro-Hungarian Empire	The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country ?
If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire , the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire , which was supported by the German Empire .	the German Empire	Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire ?
If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire , the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire , which was supported by the German Empire .	the Russian Empire	Who did the British Empire side with ?
In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance -LRB- already formed in 1882 -RRB- , which were in part a cause of World War I. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone , a fourth was about to fall to revolution , and two more , the British and French , were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies .	1918	By what year were three empires gone ?
By 1916 , when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over `` the eastern question , '' Arnold J. Toynbee , Hegelesque historian of civilization at large , was becoming metaphysical about the Near East .	1916	What year was Arnold J toynbee becoming metaphysical about the Near East ?
By 1916 , when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over `` the eastern question , '' Arnold J. Toynbee , Hegelesque historian of civilization at large , was becoming metaphysical about the Near East .	Arnold J. Toynbee	Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization ?
Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms , he believed .	Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms	Arnold J Toynbee believed what ?
From the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes , notably the Republic of Turkey .	new nations	What was able to rise from the death of the Near East ?
From the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes , notably the Republic of Turkey .	the Republic of Turkey	What notable nation was able to rise from the ashes of the Near East ?
Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east .	with the west	How did the Republic of Turkey align themselves ?
Mustafa Kemal , its founder , a former Ottoman high-ranking officer , was insistent on this social revolution , which , among other changes , liberated women from the strait rules still in effect in most Arabic-speaking countries .	Mustafa Kemal	Who was the founder of the Republic of Turkey ?
Mustafa Kemal , its founder , a former Ottoman high-ranking officer , was insistent on this social revolution , which , among other changes , liberated women from the strait rules still in effect in most Arabic-speaking countries .	Mustafa Kemal	Who was a former Ottoman high-ranking officer ?
The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology .	the 19th century	When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective ?
The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology .	archaeology	The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context ?
The East Indies , or `` Far East , '' derived ultimately from Ptolemy 's `` India Beyond the Ganges . ''	Ptolemy's "India Beyond the Ganges."	Where did the `` Far East '' derive from ?
The Ottoman Empire ended at the eastern border of Iraq .	the eastern border of Iraq	Where did the Ottoman Empire end ?
The archaeologists counted Iran as `` the Near East '' because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there .	because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there	Why did archaeologists count Iran as `` The Near East '' ?
The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country : Iran , then known to the west as Persia .	in British and American diplomatic circles	Where did the use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs begin ?
The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country : Iran , then known to the west as Persia .	Persia	What was Iran known as to the west ?
In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article , The Problem of the Middle East , which began :	1900	When did Thomas Edward Gordon publish `` The Problem of the Middle East '' ?
In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article , The Problem of the Middle East , which began :	The Problem of the Middle East	What article did Thomas Edward Gordon publish ?
In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article , The Problem of the Middle East , which began :	Thomas Edward Gordon	The problem of the Middle East was published by who ?
The threat that caused Gordon , diplomat and military officer , to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf .	resumption of work on a railway	What threat caused Gordon to publish his article ?
The threat that caused Gordon , diplomat and military officer , to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf .	Gordon	Who was a diplomat and military officer ?
Gordon , a published author , had not used the term previously , but he was to use it from then on .	Gordon	Who had not used the term middle east previously in publications ?
A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles , Alfred Thayer Mahan , concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean , commented in 1902 :	Alfred Thayer Mahan	Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles ?
A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles , Alfred Thayer Mahan , concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean , commented in 1902 :	the naval vulnerability of the trade routes	What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about ?
A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles , Alfred Thayer Mahan , concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean , commented in 1902 :	1902	When did Alfred Thayer Mahan comment on the trade routes ?
Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier , as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East .	the sailor	Who did not connect with the soldier ?
Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier , as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East .	the term Middle East	What did Mahan believe he was innovating ?
Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier , as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East .	the term Middle East	What had already been there to be seen ?
Until the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted , but they were not always seen as distinct .	the period following World War I	The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period ?
Bertram Lenox Simpson , a colonial officer killed eventually in China , uses the terms together in his 1910 book , The Conflict of Color , as `` the Near and Middle East . ''	Bertram Lenox Simpson	Who was the colonial officer killed in China ?
Bertram Lenox Simpson , a colonial officer killed eventually in China , uses the terms together in his 1910 book , The Conflict of Color , as `` the Near and Middle East . ''	Bertram Lenox Simpson	Who wrote the 1910 book ` The Conflict of Color ' ?
Simpson -LRB- under his pen-name , Weale -RRB- explains that this entire region `` is politically one region -- in spite of the divisions into which it is academically divided . ''	Weale	What was Simpson 's pen-name ?
The basis of Simpson 's unity is color and colonial subjection .	color and colonial subjection	What is the basis of Simpson 's unity ?
The great whites were appearing as late as the 1920s works of James Henry Breasted , which were taught as the gospel of ancient history throughout the entire first half of the 20th century .	the 1920s	The great whites were appearing as late as what time ?
The great whites were appearing as late as the 1920s works of James Henry Breasted , which were taught as the gospel of ancient history throughout the entire first half of the 20th century .	James Henry Breasted	In whose works were the great whites appearing ?
A red wavelength was mainly of interest in America .	A red wavelength	What was mainly of interest in America ?
These regions were occupied by `` the brown men , '' with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa .	the brown men	These regions were occupied by who ?
These regions were occupied by `` the brown men , '' with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa .	the Far East	Where where the yellow ?
These regions were occupied by `` the brown men , '' with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa .	Africa	Where were the black ?
The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963 , ending the last vestige of the British Empire .	1963	When did Kenya become independent ?
The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963 , ending the last vestige of the British Empire .	Kenya became independent	The color issue was not settled until when ?
The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers , but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf of freedom , their countries were promulgating a vigorous African slave trade of their own .	the slavers	The Ottomans were portrayed as what ?
Charles George Gordon is known as the saint of all British colonial officers .	Charles George Gordon	Who is known as the saint of all British colonial officers ?
A dedicated Christian , he spent his time between assignments living among the poor and donating his salary on their behalf .	assignments living among the poor and donating his salary	What did Charles George Gordon spend his time between ?
He won Ottoman confidence as a junior officer in the Crimean War .	as a junior officer in the Crimean War	When did he win Ottoman confidence ?
In his later career he became a high official in the Ottoman Empire , working as Governor of Egypt for the Ottoman khedive for the purpose of conducting campaigns against slavers and slavery in Egypt and the Sudan .	a high official in the Ottoman Empire	What did he become in his later career ?
The term `` Near and Middle East , '' held the stage for a few years before World War I .	a few years before World War I	When did the term `` Near and Middle East '' hold stage ?
The term `` Near and Middle East , '' held the stage for a few years before World War I .	The term "Near and Middle East,"	What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view ?
In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle , 40th Pathans -LRB- troops of British India -RRB- , wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war .	1916	When did Captain T.C. Fowle write of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria ?
In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle , 40th Pathans -LRB- troops of British India -RRB- , wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war .	(troops of British India	Who were the 40th Pathans ?
Instead , the entire region is considered `` the Middle East . ''	"the Middle East.	In the book Fowle wrote , what is the entire region considered ?
Subsequently with the disgrace of `` Near East '' in diplomatic and military circles , `` Middle East '' prevailed .	"Middle East"	What prevailed with the disgrace of `` Near East '' ?
However , `` Near East '' continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department .	Near East	What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department ?
Subsequently with the disgrace of `` Near East '' in diplomatic and military circles , `` Middle East '' prevailed .	Near East	What term was disgraced in diplomatic and military circles ?
Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound , the sentiment of unity persists .	sentiment of unity	What sentiment persists even though racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound ?
Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound , the sentiment of unity persists .	racial and colonial definitions	What definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound ?
Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound , the sentiment of unity persists .	no longer considered ideologically sound	What are racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East considered ?
In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as `` Near East '' , `` Far East '' and `` Middle East '' were relegated to the experts , especially in the new field of political science .	the 20th century	When were terms such as `` Near East '' , `` Far East '' , and `` Middle East '' relegated to the experts ?
In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as `` Near East '' , `` Far East '' and `` Middle East '' were relegated to the experts , especially in the new field of political science .	the new field of political science	Where did the new wave of diplomats often come from ?
Archaeology on the international scene , although very much of intellectual interest to the major universities , fell into the shadow of international relations .	the shadow of international relations	Where did archaeology on the international scene fall into ?
The Ottoman Empire was gone , along with all the other empires of the 19th century , replaced with independent republics .	independent republics	What replaced the fallen empires of the 19th century ?
The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East .	The United States	What is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East ?
Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system .	the Near Eastern regional system	What has the state department been most influential in promulgating ?
The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned the term and the subdivision in favor of Middle East , North Africa and various forms of Asia .	The countries of the former empires of the 19th century	Who has abandoned the term Near East ?
The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs , a division of the United States Department of State , is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East .	the United States Department of State	The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what ?
The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs , a division of the United States Department of State , is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East .	The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs	What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East ?
Under the Secretary of State , it implements the official diplomacy of the United States , called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton .	statecraft	Secretary Clinton also calls the implementation of official diplomacy of the United States what ?
Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies -LRB- NESA -RRB- , an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense .	the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA)	Who works closely with the definition of the Near East ?
Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies -LRB- NESA -RRB- , an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense .	an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense	What is NESA ?
It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and military officers who will work or are working within its region .	It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops	What does NESA Teach ?
The Washington Institute for Near East Policy -LRB- WINEP -RRB- is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy .	The Washington Institute for Near East Policy	What is WINEP ?
It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the Near East to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department .	the Middle East	What is WINEPS target countries as ?
The WINEP bundles the countries of Northwest Africa together under `` North Africa . ''	under "North Africa."	How does WINEP bundle the countries of Northwest Africa ?
The Library of Congress -LRB- LoC -RRB- is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library .	The Library of Congress	What does LoC stand for ?
The Library of Congress -LRB- LoC -RRB- is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library .	an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government	What is the Library of Congress ?
It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress .	the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library	The Library of Congress is under whose supervision ?
The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations .	The United Nations	Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations ?
UNICEF recognizes the `` Middle East and North Africa '' region , where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east .	UNICEF	Who recognizes the `` Middle East and North Africa '' region ?
The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East .	the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East	The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain what ?
The Food and Agriculture Organization -LRB- FAO -RRB- describes its entire theatre of operations as the Near East , but then assigns many of its members to other regions as well ; for example , Cyprus , Malta and Turkey are in both the European and the Near Eastern regions .	the Near East	The Food and Agriculture Organization describes its entire theater of operations as what ?
The Central Intelligence Agency -LRB- CIA -RRB- is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government .	The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)	What is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government ?
It appears to have multiple leadership .	multiple leadership	The CIA appears to have what ?
On the one hand its director is appointed by the president .	the president	Who appoints the director of the CIA ?
On the other hand , Congress oversees its operations through a committee .	Congress	Who oversees the operations of the CIA ?
The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East defined in the CIA-published on-line resource , The World Factbook .	The World Factbook	The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what ?
The Directorate of Intelligence , one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided , includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis -LRB- NESA -RRB- .	Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis	What does NESA stand for ?
The Directorate of Intelligence , one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided , includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis -LRB- NESA -RRB- .	(NESA)	Whose duties are defined as `` support on Middle Eastern and North African countries ? ''
The U.S. Agency for International Development -LRB- USAID -RRB- , an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid , does not use the term Near East .	U.S. Agency for International Development	What does USAID stand for ?
The U.S. Agency for International Development -LRB- USAID -RRB- , an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid , does not use the term Near East .	USAID	What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called ?
The U.S. Agency for International Development -LRB- USAID -RRB- , an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid , does not use the term Near East .	the term Near East	What term does USAID not use ?
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region , but not a Near East .	a Middle East and North Africa region	The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what ?
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region , but not a Near East .	Near East	What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize ?
Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea , ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region , and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic .	Their original Middle East	What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea ?
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts `` bilateral relationships '' with the countries of the `` Mediterranean -- Middle East Region '' but has formulated no Near East Region .	"bilateral relationships"	What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct ?
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East .	Near East	The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term ?
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East .	Republic of Turkey	The Middle East , the Balkans and others are included in what republic ?
The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history .	The Ancient Near East	What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The Near East may acquire varying meanings , but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning : the ancient nations , people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent , a sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia and southward to the limits of Mesopotamia .	the Ancient Near East	The ancient nations , people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The Near East may acquire varying meanings , but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning : the ancient nations , people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent , a sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia and southward to the limits of Mesopotamia .	Fertile Crescent	What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called ?
For example , a high point in the use of `` Ancient Near East '' was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard , a textbook of first edition dated 1950 .	Texts relating to the Old Testament	James Bennett Pritchard wrote what ?
For example , a high point in the use of `` Ancient Near East '' was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard , a textbook of first edition dated 1950 .	1950	When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook ?
The last great book written by Leonard Woolley , British archaeologist , excavator of ancient Ur and associate of T.E. Lawrence and Arthur Evans , was The Art of the Middle East , Including Persia , Mesopotamia and Palestine , published in 1961 .	Leonard Woolley	Who was a British archaeologist ?
The last great book written by Leonard Woolley , British archaeologist , excavator of ancient Ur and associate of T.E. Lawrence and Arthur Evans , was The Art of the Middle East , Including Persia , Mesopotamia and Palestine , published in 1961 .	Leonard Woolley	Who excavated ancient Ur ?
Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections .	library and museum collections	What do most universities teaching liberal arts have ?
Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings .	the collection of resources	What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century ?
Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings .	for scholarship and research	What are these resources collected for ?
One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents -LRB- CSAD -RRB- founded by and located centrally at Oxford University , Great Britain .	Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents	What does CSAD stand for ?
One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents -LRB- CSAD -RRB- founded by and located centrally at Oxford University , Great Britain .	Oxford University	Who founded the CSAD ?
One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents -LRB- CSAD -RRB- founded by and located centrally at Oxford University , Great Britain .	Great Britain	Where is Oxford University ?
A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East .	university departments named for the Near East	Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training ?
The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East .	Middle East	What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications ?
Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East , although often `` Ancient Near East '' is abbreviated to `` Near East '' without any implication of modern times .	Expertise on the modern Middle East	What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East ?
For example , `` Near Eastern Languages '' in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian .	Near Eastern Languages	What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian ?
Zhejiang -LRB- help · info -RRB- , formerly romanized as Chekiang , is an eastern coastal province of China .	Chekiang	What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as ?
Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north , Anhui province to the northwest , Jiangxi province to the west , and Fujian province to the south ; to the east is the East China Sea , beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan .	Anhui	Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest ?
Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north , Anhui province to the northwest , Jiangxi province to the west , and Fujian province to the south ; to the east is the East China Sea , beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan .	Jiangxi	Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west ?
Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north , Anhui province to the northwest , Jiangxi province to the west , and Fujian province to the south ; to the east is the East China Sea , beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan .	Fujian	Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south ?
Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north , Anhui province to the northwest , Jiangxi province to the west , and Fujian province to the south ; to the east is the East China Sea , beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan .	East China Sea	Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang ?
The province 's name derives from the Zhe River -LRB- 浙江 , Zhè Jiāng -RRB- , the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay .	Zhe River	What is the former name of the Qiantang River ?
The province 's name derives from the Zhe River -LRB- 浙江 , Zhè Jiāng -RRB- , the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay .	Hangzhou Bay	What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form ?
It is usually glossed as meaning `` Crooked '' or `` Bent River '' , from the meaning of Chinese 折 , but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 -LRB- the `` water '' radical used for river names -RRB- to phonetic 折 -LRB- pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese * tet -RRB- , preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue , similar to Yuhang , Kuaiji , and Jiang .	Crooked	What does Zhe mean in Chinese ?
The province 's name derives from the Zhe River -LRB- 浙江 , Zhè Jiāng -RRB- , the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay .	Zhe River	Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from ?
The province 's name derives from the Zhe River -LRB- 浙江 , Zhè Jiāng -RRB- , the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay .	Hangzhou	What does the Qiantang River flow past ?
Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu .	Neolithic	What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu ?
Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu .	Zhejiang	Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures ?
A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture , linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples .	2007	What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture ?
A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture , linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples .	Liangzhu	Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis ?
A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture , linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples .	O1	What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal ?
Instead , this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Hundred Yue , including the Dongyue and the Ouyue .	Hundred Yue	Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC ?
The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn Period .	Spring and Autumn Period	When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear ?
According to the chronicles , the kingdom of Yue was located in northern Zhejiang .	northern Zhejiang	Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles ?
Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great .	Yu the Great	Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from ?
The Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script .	bird-worm seal script	What does the Sword of Goujian bear ?
Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu 's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han .	Kuaiji Commandery	What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu 's rebellion ?
Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu 's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han .	the Han	Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to ?
Under the Later Han , control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hinterland was nominal at best and its Yue inhabitants largely retained their own political and social structures .	Kuaiji	In Later Han , which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below ?
Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu 's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han .	Xiang Yu	Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang against the Qin Empire ?
Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu 's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han .	the Qin Empire	Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu rebel against ?
At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era -LRB- 220 -- 280 CE -RRB- , Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan , who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu .	220–280 CE	When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era ?
At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era -LRB- 220 -- 280 CE -RRB- , Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan , who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu .	Zhejiang	What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu ?
At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era -LRB- 220 -- 280 CE -RRB- , Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan , who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu .	the Kingdom of Wu	What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish ?
Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye -LRB- present-day Nanjing -RRB- , they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China .	Jianye	Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to ?
Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan -LRB- south Vietnam -RRB- .	Funan	Along with Manchuria , where did trade reach as far as ?
Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms .	during the Three Kingdoms	When was Zhejiang part of the Wu ?
Wu -LRB- 229 -- 280 -RRB- , commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu , had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms -LRB- 220 -- 280 CE -RRB- .	Sun Wu	What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu ?
Wu -LRB- 229 -- 280 -RRB- , commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu , had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms -LRB- 220 -- 280 CE -RRB- .	Wu	What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms ?
The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped , strong navy force .	Romance of the Three Kingdoms	Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped , strong navy force ?
The story depicts how the states of Wei -LRB- 魏 -RRB- and Shu -LRB- 蜀 -RRB- , lack of material resources , avoided direct confrontation with the Wu .	Shu	Along with Wei , which state avoided direct conflict with Wu ?
Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing -LRB- then known as Jiankang -RRB- , the settlement of Qiantang , the former name of Hangzhou , remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China .	Jiankang	What was Nanjing formerly known as ?
Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing -LRB- then known as Jiankang -RRB- , the settlement of Qiantang , the former name of Hangzhou , remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China .	Qiantang	What was the former name of Hangzhou ?
The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu .	Chengdu	Besides Qiantang and Jiankang , what was the other major metropolitan center in the south ?
In 589 , Qiangtang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou .	589	What year was Qiantang raised in status and renamed Hangzhou ?
Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing -LRB- then known as Jiankang -RRB- , the settlement of Qiantang , the former name of Hangzhou , remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China .	three	How many major metropolitan centers were there in the south at the time ?
Following the fall of Wu and the turmoil of the Wu Hu uprising against the Jin dynasty -LRB- 265 -- 420 -RRB- , most of elite Chinese families had collaborated with the non-Chinese rulers and military conquerors in the north .	265–420	When was the Jin Dynasty ?
For example , the clan of Zhuge Liang -LRB- 181 -- 234 -RRB- , a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period , gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou , forming an exclusive , closed village Zhuge Village -LRB- Zhege Cun -RRB- , consisting of villagers all with family name `` Zhuge '' .	Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun)	Where did the clan of Zhuge Liang gather together ?
The village has intentionally isolated itself from the surrounding communities for centuries to this day , and only recently came to be known in public .	this day	When did Zhuge Village isolate itself until ?
However , considering the mountainous geography and relative lack of agrarian lands in Zhejiang , most of these refugees might have resided in some areas in south China beyond Zhejiang , where fertile agrarian lands and metropolitan resources were available , mainly north Jiangsu , west Fujian , Jiangxi , Hunan , Anhui , and provinces where less cohesive , organized regional governments had been in place .	mountainous	What kind of geography is in Zhejiang ?
For example , the clan of Zhuge Liang -LRB- 181 -- 234 -RRB- , a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period , gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou , forming an exclusive , closed village Zhuge Village -LRB- Zhege Cun -RRB- , consisting of villagers all with family name `` Zhuge '' .	181–234	When did Zhuge Liang live from ?
Zhejiang , as the heartland of the Jiangnan -LRB- Yangtze River Delta -RRB- , remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties -LRB- 220 or 222 -- 589 -RRB- , Sui , and Tang .	589	When did the Six Dynasties end ?
Zhejiang , as the heartland of the Jiangnan -LRB- Yangtze River Delta -RRB- , remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties -LRB- 220 or 222 -- 589 -RRB- , Sui , and Tang .	Zhejiang	What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties ?
The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China .	the Sui dynasty	Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China ?
The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang , through its metropolitan center Hangzhou -LRB- and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay -RRB- , and from Suzhou , and thence to the North China Plain .	the Zhe River	What river was one of the Grand Canal of China 's hinterlands ?
The Song dynasty reëstablished unity around 960 .	960	When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around ?
After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident , Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin ` an .	1127	When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty ?
After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident , Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin ` an .	Lin'an	What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song ?
After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident , Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin ` an .	Lin'an	When was the Yuan dynasty established ?
Marco Polo visited the city , which he called `` Kinsay '' -LRB- after the Chinese Jingshi , meaning `` Capital City '' -RRB- claiming it was `` the finest and noblest city in the world '' .	Kinsay	What did Marco Polo call Lin ` an when he visited it ?
Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd-century Jin dynasty , but it returned to prominence -- particularly in Longquan -- during the Southern Song and Yuan .	celadon	What were greenware ceramics made from ?
Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish-green tint over an otherwise undecorated light-grey porcellaneous body that is delicately potted .	bluish-green	What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by ?
By the Ming , however , production was notably deficient in quality .	the Ming	What period did Longquan ceramics decline ?
It is in this period that the Longquan kilns declined , to be eventually replaced in popularity and ceramic production by the kilns of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi .	Jingdezhen in Jiangxi	What kilns were Longquan kilns replaced by in popularity and production ?
Yuan Longquan celadons feature a thinner , greener glaze on increasingly large vessels with decoration and shapes derived from Middle Eastern ceramic and metalwares .	Middle Eastern	What decorations are Yuan Longquan celadons derived from ?
`` In 1727 the to-min or ` idle people ' of Cheh Kiang province -LRB- a Ningpo name still existing -RRB- , the yoh-hu or ` music people ' of Shanxi province , the si-min or ` small people ' of Kiang Su -LRB- Jiangsu -RRB- province , and the Tanka people or ` egg-people ' of Canton -LRB- to this day the boat population there -RRB- , were all freed from their social disabilities , and allowed to count as free men . ''	idle people	What do ` to-min ' mean ?
`` In 1727 the to-min or ` idle people ' of Cheh Kiang province -LRB- a Ningpo name still existing -RRB- , the yoh-hu or ` music people ' of Shanxi province , the si-min or ` small people ' of Kiang Su -LRB- Jiangsu -RRB- province , and the Tanka people or ` egg-people ' of Canton -LRB- to this day the boat population there -RRB- , were all freed from their social disabilities , and allowed to count as free men . ''	music people	What does ` yoh-hu ' mean ?
`` In 1727 the to-min or ` idle people ' of Cheh Kiang province -LRB- a Ningpo name still existing -RRB- , the yoh-hu or ` music people ' of Shanxi province , the si-min or ` small people ' of Kiang Su -LRB- Jiangsu -RRB- province , and the Tanka people or ` egg-people ' of Canton -LRB- to this day the boat population there -RRB- , were all freed from their social disabilities , and allowed to count as free men . ''	small people	What does ` si-min ' mean ?
`` In 1727 the to-min or ` idle people ' of Cheh Kiang province -LRB- a Ningpo name still existing -RRB- , the yoh-hu or ` music people ' of Shanxi province , the si-min or ` small people ' of Kiang Su -LRB- Jiangsu -RRB- province , and the Tanka people or ` egg-people ' of Canton -LRB- to this day the boat population there -RRB- , were all freed from their social disabilities , and allowed to count as free men . ''	egg-people	What does Tanka mean ?
`` Cheh Kiang '' is another romanization for Zhejiang .	Zhejiang	What is ` Keh Chiang ' a romanization for ?
During the First Opium War , the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai .	the First Opium War	During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai ?
Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking , signed in 1843 , Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade .	1843	When was the Treaty of Nanking signed ?
Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking , signed in 1843 , Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade .	Ningbo	What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking ?
Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion , which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province .	the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion ?
In 1876 , Wenzhou became Zhejiang 's second treaty port .	1876	When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang 's second treaty port ?
During the Second Sino-Japanese War , which led into World War II , much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China .	World War II	What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into ?
During the Second Sino-Japanese War , which led into World War II , much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China .	Japan	Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War ?
The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle 's men .	250,000	How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle 's men ?
Following the Doolittle Raid , most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers .	B-25	What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid ?
During the Second Sino-Japanese War , which led into World War II , much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China .	the Reorganized National Government of China	The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what ?
After the People 's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949 , the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955 , even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there , creating a situation similar to Fujian province today .	1949	When did the People 's Republic of China take control of Mainland China ?
After the People 's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949 , the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955 , even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there , creating a situation similar to Fujian province today .	1955	When did the Republic of China control the Dachen Islands until ?
During the Cultural Revolution -LRB- 1966 -- 76 -RRB- , Zhejiang was in chaos and disunity , and its economy was stagnant , especially during the high tide -LRB- 1966 -- 69 -RRB- of the revolution .	1966–76	When was the Cultural Revolution ?
During the Cultural Revolution -LRB- 1966 -- 76 -RRB- , Zhejiang was in chaos and disunity , and its economy was stagnant , especially during the high tide -LRB- 1966 -- 69 -RRB- of the revolution .	1966–69	When was the high tide of the Cultural Revolution ?
The agricultural policy favoring grain production at the expense of industrial and cash crops intensified economic hardships in the province .	grain	What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops ?
Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources , a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea , and an economic base at the national average .	natural	What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lack of ?
Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources , a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea , and an economic base at the national average .	flooding	What is Zhejiang 's location vulnerable to from the sea ?
Zhejiang , however , has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China , and has led the nation in the development of a market economy and private enterprises .	capitalist	What type of development has Zhejiang been an epicenter of ?
Northeast Zhejiang , as part of the Yangtze Delta , is flat , more developed , and industrial .	Northeast Zhejiang	Which part of Zhejiang is part of the Yangtze Delta ?
Northeast Zhejiang , as part of the Yangtze Delta , is flat , more developed , and industrial .	flat	What type of geography is Northeast Zhejiang ?
Zhejiang consists mostly of hills , which account for about 70 % of its total area .	hills	What does Zhejiang consist mostly of ?
Zhejiang consists mostly of hills , which account for about 70 % of its total area .	70%	What percent of Zhejiang is hills ?
Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province , Huangmaojian Peak -LRB- 1,929 meters or 6,329 feet -RRB- , is located there .	Huangmaojian Peak	What is the highest peak of the province ?
Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province , Huangmaojian Peak -LRB- 1,929 meters or 6,329 feet -RRB- , is located there .	1,929	How high is Huangmaojian Peak in meters ?
Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province , Huangmaojian Peak -LRB- 1,929 meters or 6,329 feet -RRB- , is located there .	6,329	How high is Huangmaojian Peak in feet ?
The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta , and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou , Jiaxing , and Huzhou , where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou .	the Yangtze Delta	What does the north of the province lie just south of ?
The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta , and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou , Jiaxing , and Huzhou , where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou .	Hangzhou	Where does the Grand Canal of China end ?
Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers .	Ou Rivers	What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River ?
Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing .	West Lake	What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou ?
Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing .	South Lake	What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing ?
There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang .	over three thousand	How many islands are along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang ?
The largest , Zhoushan Island , is Mainland China 's third largest island , after Hainan and Chongming .	Zhoushan Island	What is the largest island near Zhejiang ?
There are also many bays , of which Hangzhou Bay is the largest .	Hangzhou Bay	What is the largest bay of Zhejiang ?
Zhejiang has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons .	four	How many distinct seasons does Zhejiang have ?
Spring starts in March and is rainy with changeable weather .	March	When does Spring start in Zhejiang ?
The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county-level divisions -LRB- 36 districts , 20 county-level cities , 33 counties , and one autonomous county -RRB- .	eleven	How many prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there ?
The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county-level divisions -LRB- 36 districts , 20 county-level cities , 33 counties , and one autonomous county -RRB- .	90	How many county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there ?
Those are in turn divided into 1,570 township-level divisions -LRB- 761 towns , 505 townships , 14 ethnic townships , and 290 subdistricts -RRB- .	1,570	How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there ?
Hengdian belongs to Jinhua , which is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China .	Jinhua	What is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China ?
Hengdian is called `` China 's Hollywood '' .	Hengdian	What is called ` China 's Hollywood ' ?
The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China .	a dual party-government system	How are the politics of Zhejiang structured ?
The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People 's Government of Zhejiang .	The Governor of Zhejiang	Who is the highest-ranking official in the People 's Government of Zhejiang ?
However , in the province 's dual party-government governing system , the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China -LRB- CPC -RRB- Provincial Committee Secretary , colloquially termed the `` Zhejiang CPC Party Chief '' .	the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary	Who is the Governor subordinate to ?
However , in the province 's dual party-government governing system , the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China -LRB- CPC -RRB- Provincial Committee Secretary , colloquially termed the `` Zhejiang CPC Party Chief '' .	Zhejiang CPC Party Chief	What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China -LRB- CPC -RRB- Provincial Committee Secretary provincially known as ?
The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China .	dual	What type of party-government system are all governing institutions in Mainland China ?
Tan Zhenlin -LRB- term 1949-1952 -RRB- , the inaugural Party Secretary , was one of the leading voices against Mao 's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Countercurrent of 1967 .	1949-1952	When was Tan Zhenlin 's term as Zhenjiang 's Communist Party Secretary ?
Tan Zhenlin -LRB- term 1949-1952 -RRB- , the inaugural Party Secretary , was one of the leading voices against Mao 's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Countercurrent of 1967 .	Tan Zhenlin	Who was the inaugural Communist Party Secretary of Zhenjiang ?
Tan Zhenlin -LRB- term 1949-1952 -RRB- , the inaugural Party Secretary , was one of the leading voices against Mao 's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Countercurrent of 1967 .	1967	When was the so-called February Countercurrent ?
Jiang Hua -LRB- term 1956-1968 -RRB- , was the `` chief justice '' on the Special Court in the case against the Gang of Four in 1980 .	1956-1968	When was Jiang Hua 's term ?
Jiang Hua -LRB- term 1956-1968 -RRB- , was the `` chief justice '' on the Special Court in the case against the Gang of Four in 1980 .	1980	When was the case against the Gang of Four ?
The province is traditionally known as the `` Land of Fish and Rice '' .	Land of Fish and Rice	What is the province traditionally known as ?
True to its name , rice is the main crop , followed by wheat ; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China , and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country .	rice	What is the main crop of the province ?
True to its name , rice is the main crop , followed by wheat ; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China , and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country .	wheat	What is the second main crop of the province ?
True to its name , rice is the main crop , followed by wheat ; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China , and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country .	north Zhejiang	What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China ?
True to its name , rice is the main crop , followed by wheat ; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China , and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country .	Zhoushan fishery	What is the largest fishery in the country ?
Ningbo , Wenzhou , Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports .	Zhoushan	What is an important commercial port along with Ningbo , Wenzhou and Taizhou ?
The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi , is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world .	The Hangzhou Bay Bridge	What bridge is between Haiyan County and Cixi ?
The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi , is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world .	The Hangzhou Bay Bridge	What is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world ?
Ningbo , Wenzhou , Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports .	commercial	What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo ?
The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi , is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world .	Cixi	The Hangzhou Bay Bridge goes between Haiyan County and where else ?
In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model , dubbed the `` Zhejiang model '' , which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship , an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market , large public investments into infrastructure , and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export .	Zhejiang model	What is Zhejiang 's own development model dubbed ?
In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model , dubbed the `` Zhejiang model '' , which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship , an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market , large public investments into infrastructure , and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export .	entrepreneurship	What is the Zhejiang model based on prioritizing and encouraging ?
The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan -LRB- US$ 3,603 -RRB- in 2009 , an annual real growth of 8.3 % .	8.3%	What was the annual real growth of urbanites in Zhejiang in 2009 ?
Zhejiang 's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan -LRB- US$ 506 billion -RRB- with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan -LRB- US$ 6,490 -RRB- .	3.20 trillion	What was Zhejiang 's nominal GDP in yuan for 2011 ?
On Thursday , September 15 , 2011 , more than 500 people from Hongxiao Village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river .	Thursday	What day of the week was September 15 , 2011 ?
On Thursday , September 15 , 2011 , more than 500 people from Hongxiao Village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river .	Hongxiao	What village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river on September 15 , 2011 ?
Angry protesters stormed the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company factory compound , overturned eight company vehicles , and destroyed the offices before police came to disperse the crowd .	eight	How many company vehicles did angry protesters overturn at the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company ?
Protests continued on the two following nights with reports of scuffles , officials said .	two	How many more nights after the first day did protests last ?
Chen Hongming , a deputy head of Haining 's environmental protection bureau , said the factory 's waste disposal had failed pollution tests since April .	Chen Hongming	Who was the deputy head of Haining 's environmental protection bureau at the time ?
Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population , and the largest Han subgroup are the speakers of Wu varieties of Chinese .	Han	What kind of Chinese make up the vast majority of the population ?
Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population , and the largest Han subgroup are the speakers of Wu varieties of Chinese .	Wu	What varieties of Chinese do the largest Han subgroup speak ?
There are also 400,000 members of ethnic minorities , including approximately 200,000 She people and approximately 20,000 Hui Chinese -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	400,000	How many members of ethnic minorities are there ?
There are also 400,000 members of ethnic minorities , including approximately 200,000 She people and approximately 20,000 Hui Chinese -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	200,000	How many She people are there ?
Jingning She Autonomous County in Lishui is the only She autonomous county in China .	Lishui	Where is the only She autonomous county in China ?
The predominant religions in Zhejiang are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism .	Chinese Buddhism	What is another predominant religion of Zhejiang besides Chinese folk religions and Taoist traditions ?
According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009 , 23.02 % of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors , while 2.62 % of the population identifies as Christian , decreasing from 3.92 % in 2004 .	23.02%	According to surveys in 2007 and 2009 , what percent of the population believes in cults of ancestors ?
According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009 , 23.02 % of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors , while 2.62 % of the population identifies as Christian , decreasing from 3.92 % in 2004 .	2.62%	According to surveys in 2007 and 2009 , what percent of the population identifies as Christian ?
According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009 , 23.02 % of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors , while 2.62 % of the population identifies as Christian , decreasing from 3.92 % in 2004 .	3.92%	What percent of the population identified as Christians in 2004 ?
The reports did n't give figures for other types of religion ; 74.36 % of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism , Confucianism , Taoism , folk religious sects , and small minorities of Muslims .	74.36%	What percent of the population may be irreligious ?
Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago .	1,800 years ago	When did Buddhism arrive in Zhejiang ?
Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago .	Buddhism	What has an important presence in Zhejiang since its arrival 1,800 years ago ?
In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as `` civil religion '' beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations .	twenty	More than how many thousand folk religious organisations were registered in Zhejiang in 2015 ?
Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago .	400	How many years ago did Catholicism arrive in the province ?
Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago .	150	How many years ago did Protestantism arrive in the province ?
Zhejiang is one of the provinces of China with the largest concentrations of Protestants , especially notable in the city of Wenzhou .	Wenzhou	Where are Protestants especially notable in Zhejiang ?
In 1999 Zhejiang 's Protestant population comprised 2.8 % of the provincial population , a small percentage but higher than the national average .	2.8%	What percent of Zhejiang was Protestant in 1999 ?
Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago .	Catholicism	Which religion came to Zhejiang 400 years ago ?
The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them in 2014 , variously named `` Three Rectifications and One Demolition '' operations or `` Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities '' according to the locality .	2014	When did the rapid development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them ?
The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them in 2014 , variously named `` Three Rectifications and One Demolition '' operations or `` Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities '' according to the locality .	Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities	According to the locality , in addition to `` Three Rectifications and One Demolition '' , what was another name for these measures ?
These regulations have led to cases of demolition of churches and folk religion temples , or the removal of crosses from churches ' roofs and spires .	folk religion temples	These regulations have led to the demolition of churches and what else ?
These regulations have led to cases of demolition of churches and folk religion temples , or the removal of crosses from churches ' roofs and spires .	crosses	What have these regulations led to the removal of from churches ?
An exemplary case was that of the Sanjiang Church .	Sanjiang Church	What was an exemplary case of all this ?
Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang .	1,400 years	How long ago did Islam arrive in Zhejiang ?
Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang .	Islam	What religion do the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice ?
Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang .	virtually all	How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice Islam ?
Another religion present in the province is She shamanism -LRB- practiced by She ethnic minority -RRB- .	She shamanism	What is practiced by the She ethnic minority in Zhejiang ?
Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang .	Islam	What religion came to Zhejiang 1,400 years ago ?
Linguistically speaking , Zhejiang is extremely diverse .	extremely	How diverse is Zhejiang , linguistically speaking ?
Most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak Wu , but the Wu dialects are very diverse , especially in the south , where one valley may speak a dialect completely unintelligible to the next valley a few kilometers away .	Wu	What do most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak ?
Other varieties of Chinese are spoken as well , mostly along the borders ; Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border with Anhui , while Min dialects are spoken on the border with Fujian .	with Anhui	Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border where ?
Other varieties of Chinese are spoken as well , mostly along the borders ; Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border with Anhui , while Min dialects are spoken on the border with Fujian .	with Fujian	Min dialects are spoken on the border where ?
Zhejiang is mountainous and has therefore fostered the development of many distinct local cultures .	mountainous	What type of geography is Zhejiang ?
Since the founding of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , Mandarin , which is not mutually intelligible with any of the local dialects , has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China .	1949	When was the People 's Republic of China founded ?
Since the founding of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , Mandarin , which is not mutually intelligible with any of the local dialects , has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China .	Mandarin	What has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China since 1949 ?
A majority of the population educated since 1978 can speak Mandarin .	1978	A majority of the population educated since what year can speak Mandarin ?
Urban residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural people .	Urban	What type of residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural ones ?
Throughout history there have been a series of lingua francas in the area to allow for better communication .	lingua francas	Throughout history there have been a series of what in the area to allow for better communication ?
Zhejiang is the home of Yueju -LRB- 越劇 -RRB- , one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera .	Yueju	What is one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera ?
Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only , in both male and female roles .	Shengzhou	Where did Yueju originate ?
Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only , in both male and female roles .	actresses only	Who is Yueju traditionally performed by ?
Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only , in both male and female roles .	actresses	Who plays male roles in Yueju ?
Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only , in both male and female roles .	actresses	Who plays female roles in Yueju ?
Longjing tea -LRB- also called dragon well tea -RRB- , originating in Hangzhou , is one of the most prestigious , if not the most prestigious Chinese tea .	dragon well tea	What is Longjing tea also called ?
Longjing tea -LRB- also called dragon well tea -RRB- , originating in Hangzhou , is one of the most prestigious , if not the most prestigious Chinese tea .	Hangzhou	Where does Longjing tea originate from ?
Hangzhou is also renowned for its silk umbrellas and hand fans .	silk	What type of umbrellas is Hangzhou known for ?
Hangzhou is also renowned for its silk umbrellas and hand fans .	hand	What type of fans is Hangzhou known for ?
Zhejiang cuisine -LRB- itself subdivided into many traditions , including Hangzhou cuisine -RRB- is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine .	eight	Zhejiang cuisine is one of how many great traditions of Chinese cuisine ?
Since ancient times , north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names -LRB- Hangzhou , Jiaxing , etc. -RRB- into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess , a practice followed by many noted poets .	Jiangsu	What neighbours north Zhejiang to the south ?
Since ancient times , north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names -LRB- Hangzhou , Jiaxing , etc. -RRB- into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess , a practice followed by many noted poets .	Zhejiang	What neighbours south Jiangsu to the north ?
Since ancient times , north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names -LRB- Hangzhou , Jiaxing , etc. -RRB- into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess , a practice followed by many noted poets .	prosperity	North Zhejiang and south Jiangsu are famed for their opulence and what else ?
Since ancient times , north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names -LRB- Hangzhou , Jiaxing , etc. -RRB- into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess , a practice followed by many noted poets .	dreaminess	Inserting north Zhejiang names into poetry gave an effect of what ?
In particular , the fame of Hangzhou -LRB- as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province -RRB- has led to the popular saying : `` Above there is heaven ; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou '' -LRB- 上有天堂 ， 下有苏杭 -RRB- , a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities .	Hangzhou	The fame of where led to a popular saying ?
The Ministry of Defence -LRB- MoD -RRB- is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty 's Government , and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces .	British	Which government 's Ministry of Defence is mentioned here ?
The Ministry of Defence -LRB- MoD -RRB- is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty 's Government , and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces .	Ministry of Defence	What does MoD stand for ?
The Ministry of Defence -LRB- MoD -RRB- is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty 's Government , and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces .	Her Majesty's Government	Who sets the defence policy in Great Britain ?
The Ministry of Defence -LRB- MoD -RRB- is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty 's Government , and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces .	British Armed Forces	For which part of the government is the MoD the headquarters ?
The MoD states that its principal objectives are to defend the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability .	international peace and stability	What does the MoD wish to strengthen ?
The MoD states that its principal objectives are to defend the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability .	Great Britain and Northern Ireland	The UK consists of what two areas ?
The MoD states that its principal objectives are to defend the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability .	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	What does the MoD defend ?
With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War , the MoD does not foresee any short-term conventional military threat ; rather , it has identified weapons of mass destruction , international terrorism , and failed and failing states as the overriding threats to Britain 's interests .	weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states	What are the threats that the MoD has identified ?
The MoD also manages day-to-day running of the armed forces , contingency planning and defence procurement .	day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement	What does the MoD manage ?
During the 1920s and 1930s , British civil servants and politicians , looking back at the performance of the state during World War I , concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three Services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom -- the British Army , the Royal Navy , and the Royal Air Force .	the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force	What three services make up the armed forces of the UK ?
The formation of a united ministry of defence was rejected by David Lloyd George 's coalition government in 1921 ; but the Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed in 1923 , for the purposes of inter-Service co-ordination .	The formation of a united ministry of defence	What did David Lloyd George 's coalition government reject in 1921 ?
The formation of a united ministry of defence was rejected by David Lloyd George 's coalition government in 1921 ; but the Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed in 1923 , for the purposes of inter-Service co-ordination .	1923	When was the Chiefs of Staff Committee formed ?
As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s , Stanley Baldwin created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence .	Stanley Baldwin	Who created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence ?
As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s , Stanley Baldwin created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence .	Minister for Coordination of Defence	What post did Lord Chatfield hold until 1940 ?
Winston Churchill , on forming his government in 1940 , created the office of Minister of Defence to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters .	Winston Churchill	Who created the office of Minister of Defence ?
The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until Clement Attlee 's government introduced the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946 .	1946	When was the Ministry of Defence Act introduced ?
Winston Churchill , on forming his government in 1940 , created the office of Minister of Defence to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters .	1940	When did Winstron Churchill form his government ?
The new ministry was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed a seat in the Cabinet .	a seat in the Cabinet	The new ministry , according to the Act of 1946 , was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed what ?
The three existing service Ministers -- the Secretary of State for War , the First Lord of the Admiralty , and the Secretary of State for Air -- remained in direct operational control of their respective services , but ceased to attend Cabinet .	the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air	Who stopped attending Cabinet with the passage of the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946 ?
From 1946 to 1964 five Departments of State did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence : the Admiralty , the War Office , the Air Ministry , the Ministry of Aviation , and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence .	1946 to 1964	During what years did the five Departments of State do the work of the modern Ministry of Defence ?
From 1946 to 1964 five Departments of State did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence : the Admiralty , the War Office , the Air Ministry , the Ministry of Aviation , and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence .	the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence	What were the five Departments of State that did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence ?
These departments merged in 1964 ; the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971 .	1971	When did the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merge into the Ministry of Defence ?
These departments merged in 1964 ; the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971 .	1964	All former Departments of State -LRB- except the Ministry of Aviation Supply -RRB- merged in what year ?
The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff are supported by a number of civilian , scientific and professional military advisors .	The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff	Who is supported by civilian , scientific , and professional military advisors ?
The Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence -LRB- generally known as the Permanent Secretary -RRB- is the senior civil servant at the MoD .	Permanent Secretary	What is the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence generally known as ?
The Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence -LRB- generally known as the Permanent Secretary -RRB- is the senior civil servant at the MoD .	MoD	Where does the Permanent Secretary serve as the senior civil servant ?
His or her role is to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government .	to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government	What is the role of the Permanent Secretary ?
The current Chief of the Defence Staff , the professional head of the British Armed Forces , is General Sir Nicholas Houghton , late Green Howards .	General Sir Nicholas Houghton	What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff ?
The current Chief of the Defence Staff , the professional head of the British Armed Forces , is General Sir Nicholas Houghton , late Green Howards .	Chief of the Defence Staff	Who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces ?
He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff , by the professional heads of the three services of HM Armed Forces and by the Commander of Joint Forces Command .	HM Armed Forces	The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff ?
He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff , by the professional heads of the three services of HM Armed Forces and by the Commander of Joint Forces Command .	the Commander	Which person in the Joint Forces Command supports the Chief of the Defence Staff ?
There are also three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff with particular remits , Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff -LRB- Capability -RRB- , Deputy CDS -LRB- Personnel and Training -RRB- and Deputy CDS -LRB- Operations -RRB- .	three	How many Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff are there ?
There are also three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff with particular remits , Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff -LRB- Capability -RRB- , Deputy CDS -LRB- Personnel and Training -RRB- and Deputy CDS -LRB- Operations -RRB- .	Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations)	What are the three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff ?
The Surgeon General , represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff , and is the clinical head of that service .	The Surgeon General	Who represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff ?
The Surgeon General , represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff , and is the clinical head of that service .	The Surgeon General	Who leads the Defence Medical Services ?
Additionally , there are a number of Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff , including the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff -LRB- Reserves and Cadets -RRB- and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom , who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff -LRB- Personnel -RRB- .	Cadets	One of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff is for Reserves and what ?
Additionally , there are a number of Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff , including the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff -LRB- Reserves and Cadets -RRB- and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom , who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff -LRB- Personnel -RRB- .	the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom	The Personnel Chief is also known as what ?
Additionally , there are a number of Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff , including the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff -LRB- Reserves and Cadets -RRB- and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom , who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff -LRB- Personnel -RRB- .	Sovereign	There is a Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the what ?
Additionally , there are a number of Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff , including the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff -LRB- Reserves and Cadets -RRB- and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom , who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff -LRB- Personnel -RRB- .	Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom	Who are two of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff ?
The 1998 Strategic Defence Review and the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper outlined the following posture for the British Armed Forces :	1998	In what year was there a Strategic Defence Review ?
The 1998 Strategic Defence Review and the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper outlined the following posture for the British Armed Forces :	Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper	What paper was published in 2003 ?
The 1998 Strategic Defence Review and the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper outlined the following posture for the British Armed Forces :	British Armed Forces	Which part of the Britsh government were the two publications listed concerning ?
The MoD has since been regarded as a leader in elaborating the post-Cold War organising concept of `` defence diplomacy '' .	defence diplomacy	In what concept is the MoD considered a leader ?
As a result of the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010 , Prime Minister David Cameron signed a 50-year treaty with French President Nicolas Sarkozy that would have the two countries co-operate intensively in military matters .	David Cameron	Who was the PM of Britain in 2010 ?
As a result of the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010 , Prime Minister David Cameron signed a 50-year treaty with French President Nicolas Sarkozy that would have the two countries co-operate intensively in military matters .	Nicolas Sarkozy	Who was the president of France in 2010 ?
The UK is establishing air and naval bases in the Persian Gulf , located in the UAE and Bahrain .	UAE and Bahrain	In which two countries is the UK installing military bases ?
A presence in Oman is also being considered .	Oman	In which other country is the UK thinking about installing a military base ?
The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included # 178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities .	£178 billion	How much was the investment in new equipment and capabilities worth ?
The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included # 178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities .	2015	In which year was a # 178 billion investment made ?
The review set a defence policy with four primary missions for the Armed Forces :	four	How many primary missions were included in the 2015 Review ?
The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included # 178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities .	The Strategic Defence and Security Review	What is the name of the yearly statement released by the MoD ?
Following the end of the Cold War , the threat of direct conventional military confrontation with other states has been replaced by terrorism .	terrorism	What was the new threat that arose after the end of the Cold War ?
Dannatt criticised a remnant `` Cold War mentality '' , with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat ; He said currently only 10 % of the MoD 's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the `` land environment '' -- at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq .	Cold War mentality	Military spending that is based on conventional threats has been dismissed as what ?
Dannatt criticised a remnant `` Cold War mentality '' , with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat ; He said currently only 10 % of the MoD 's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the `` land environment '' -- at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq .	10%	How much of the MoD 's equipment budget is invested in the `` land environment '' ?
Dannatt criticised a remnant `` Cold War mentality '' , with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat ; He said currently only 10 % of the MoD 's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the `` land environment '' -- at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq .	Afghanistan and Iraq	Where was Britain involved in a land war when some thought that land wars were basically a thing of the past ?
Dannatt criticised a remnant `` Cold War mentality '' , with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat ; He said currently only 10 % of the MoD 's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the `` land environment '' -- at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq .	2003 and 2018	Which years make up the time span mentioned for the military budget numbers ?
The Defence Committee -- Third Report `` Defence Equipment 2009 '' cites an article from the Financial Times website stating that the Chief of Defence Materiel , General Sir Kevin O'Donoghue , had instructed staff within Defence Equipment and Support -LRB- DE&S -RRB- through an internal memorandum to reprioritize the approvals process to focus on supporting current operations over the next three years ; deterrence related programmes ; those that reflect defence obligations both contractual or international ; and those where production contracts are already signed .	General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue	Who was the Chief of Defence Materiel in 2009 ?
The Defence Committee -- Third Report `` Defence Equipment 2009 '' cites an article from the Financial Times website stating that the Chief of Defence Materiel , General Sir Kevin O'Donoghue , had instructed staff within Defence Equipment and Support -LRB- DE&S -RRB- through an internal memorandum to reprioritize the approvals process to focus on supporting current operations over the next three years ; deterrence related programmes ; those that reflect defence obligations both contractual or international ; and those where production contracts are already signed .	Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S)	Which department is overseen by the Chief of Defence Materiel ?
The report also cites concerns over potential cuts in the defence science and technology research budget ; implications of inappropriate estimation of Defence Inflation within budgetary processes ; underfunding in the Equipment Programme ; and a general concern over striking the appropriate balance over a short-term focus -LRB- Current Operations -RRB- and long-term consequences of failure to invest in the delivery of future UK defence capabilities on future combatants and campaigns .	Equipment Programme	Which programme was mentioned as being underfunded ?
The then Secretary of State for Defence , Bob Ainsworth MP , reinforced this reprioritisation of focus on current operations and had not ruled out `` major shifts '' in defence spending .	Bob Ainsworth MP	Who was the Secretary of State for Defence in 2009 ?
According to figures published by the London Evening Standard the defence budget for 2009 is `` more than 10 % overspent '' -LRB- figures can not be verified -RRB- and the paper states that this had caused Gordon Brown to say that the defence spending must be cut .	London Evening Standard	Which publication said the 2009 defence budget was more than 10 % overbudget ?
The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom 's largest landowners , owning 227,300 hectares of land and foreshore -LRB- either freehold or leasehold -RRB- at April 2014 , which was valued at `` about # 20 billion '' .	227,300 hectares	How much land is owned by the MoD ?
The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom 's largest landowners , owning 227,300 hectares of land and foreshore -LRB- either freehold or leasehold -RRB- at April 2014 , which was valued at `` about # 20 billion '' .	£20 billion	How much is the land owned by the MoD worth ?
In total , this is about 1.8 % of the UK land mass .	1.8%	The MoD owns or has rights of access to what percentage of the UK 's total land ?
The total annual cost to support the defence estate is `` in excess of # 3.3 billion '' .	in excess of £3.3 billion	How much is the annual cost to support the defence estate ?
The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom 's largest landowners , owning 227,300 hectares of land and foreshore -LRB- either freehold or leasehold -RRB- at April 2014 , which was valued at `` about # 20 billion '' .	The Ministry of Defence	Who is one of the largest landowners in the UK ?
The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges -LRB- 84.0 % -RRB- , research & development -LRB- 5.4 % -RRB- , airfields -LRB- 3.4 % -RRB- , barracks & camps -LRB- 2.5 % -RRB- , storage & supply depots -LRB- 1.6 % -RRB- , and other -LRB- 3.0 % -RRB- .	84.0%	What percentage of the defence estate makes up training areas and ranges ?
The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges -LRB- 84.0 % -RRB- , research & development -LRB- 5.4 % -RRB- , airfields -LRB- 3.4 % -RRB- , barracks & camps -LRB- 2.5 % -RRB- , storage & supply depots -LRB- 1.6 % -RRB- , and other -LRB- 3.0 % -RRB- .	storage & supply depots	What makes up the smallest portion of the defence estate ?
The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges -LRB- 84.0 % -RRB- , research & development -LRB- 5.4 % -RRB- , airfields -LRB- 3.4 % -RRB- , barracks & camps -LRB- 2.5 % -RRB- , storage & supply depots -LRB- 1.6 % -RRB- , and other -LRB- 3.0 % -RRB- .	(3.4%	What percentage of the defence estate is taken up by airfields ?
These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation .	Defence Infrastructure Organisation	Who manages the defence estate ?
The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges -LRB- 84.0 % -RRB- , research & development -LRB- 5.4 % -RRB- , airfields -LRB- 3.4 % -RRB- , barracks & camps -LRB- 2.5 % -RRB- , storage & supply depots -LRB- 1.6 % -RRB- , and other -LRB- 3.0 % -RRB- .	(2.5%	Barracks and camps are what percentage of the defence estate ?
The headquarters of the MoD are in Whitehall and are now known as Main Building .	Whitehall	In what city are the headquarters of the MoD ?
This structure is neoclassical in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by Vincent Harris to house the Air Ministry and the Board of Trade .	Vincent Harris	Who designed the headquarters of the MoD ?
The northern entrance in Horse Guards Avenue is flanked by two monumental statues , Earth and Water , by Charles Wheeler .	Charles Wheeler	Who designed the statues that are on either side of the northern entrance to the MoD headquarters ?
The headquarters of the MoD are in Whitehall and are now known as Main Building .	Main Building	What is the headquarters of the MoD called ?
Opposite stands the Gurkha Monument , sculpted by Philip Jackson and unveiled in 1997 by Queen Elizabeth II .	Philip Jackson	Who made the Gurkha Monument ?
Henry VIII 's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall , built in 1514 -- 1516 for Cardinal Wolsey , is in the basement of Main Building , and is used for entertainment .	Henry VIII	Who had a wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall ?
Henry VIII 's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall , built in 1514 -- 1516 for Cardinal Wolsey , is in the basement of Main Building , and is used for entertainment .	the basement of Main Building	Where is Henry VIII 's wine cellar ?
Henry VIII 's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall , built in 1514 -- 1516 for Cardinal Wolsey , is in the basement of Main Building , and is used for entertainment .	1514–1516	When was the cellar in the basement of Main Building built ?
The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet -LRB- 5.8 m -RRB- deeper in 1949 , when construction was resumed at the site after World War II .	brick	What is the main material used to build the cellar in the basement of Main Building ?
The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet -LRB- 5.8 m -RRB- deeper in 1949 , when construction was resumed at the site after World War II .	1949	When was the cellar relocated ?
The most notable fraud conviction was that of Gordon Foxley , head of defence procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984 .	Gordon Foxley	Who in the MoD was convicted of fraud ?
The most notable fraud conviction was that of Gordon Foxley , head of defence procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984 .	head of defence procurement	What position was held by Foxley ?
The most notable fraud conviction was that of Gordon Foxley , head of defence procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984 .	1981 to 1984	What years was Foxley employed by the MoD ?
Police claimed he received at least # 3.5 m in total in corrupt payments , such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts .	at least £3.5m	How much money was Foxley accused of taking ?
Police claimed he received at least # 3.5 m in total in corrupt payments , such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts .	influence the allocation of contracts	What do the police believe the bribes were intended to do ?
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979 , the Ministry of Defence `` turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public '' and many of these tests `` involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told . ''	the Guardian	What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002 ?
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979 , the Ministry of Defence `` turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public '' and many of these tests `` involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told . ''	secret germ warfare tests	What was the MoD accused of doing to the public ?
Still , families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry .	children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps	What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing ?
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979 , the Ministry of Defence `` turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public '' and many of these tests `` involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told . ''	between 1940 and 1979	When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place ?
According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where `` more than a million people along the south coast of England , from Torquay to the New Forest , were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii , which mimics anthrax . ''	between 1961 and 1968	When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria ?
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco , having spent # 240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010 , years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001 .	£240m	How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters ?
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco , having spent # 240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010 , years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001 .	1995	When were the helicopters ordered ?
A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001 -LSB- why ? -RSB-	National Audit Office	Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored , rather than used ?
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco , having spent # 240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010 , years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001 .	2010	In what year were the helicopters brought into service ?
By the time the Chinooks are airworthy , the total cost of the project could be as much as # 500m .	£500m	What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project ?
In April 2008 , a # 90m contract was signed with Boeing for a `` quick fix '' solution , so they can fly by 2010 : QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks -- stripping out some of their more advanced equipment .	Boeing	Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD ?
In April 2008 , a # 90m contract was signed with Boeing for a `` quick fix '' solution , so they can fly by 2010 : QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks -- stripping out some of their more advanced equipment .	April 2008	When was the Boeing contract signed ?
In April 2008 , a # 90m contract was signed with Boeing for a `` quick fix '' solution , so they can fly by 2010 : QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks -- stripping out some of their more advanced equipment .	QinetiQ	Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters ?
In April 2008 , a # 90m contract was signed with Boeing for a `` quick fix '' solution , so they can fly by 2010 : QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks -- stripping out some of their more advanced equipment .	£90m	How much was the Boeing contract worth ?
In April 2008 , a # 90m contract was signed with Boeing for a `` quick fix '' solution , so they can fly by 2010 : QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks -- stripping out some of their more advanced equipment .	more advanced equipment	What was removed from the Chinook helicopters ?
In October 2009 , the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training # 20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army -LRB- TA -RRB- , ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010 .	October 2009	When was the TA budget withdrawn ?
In October 2009 , the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training # 20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army -LRB- TA -RRB- , ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010 .	£20m	How much money was allocated to the volunteer Territorial Army ?
In October 2009 , the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training # 20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army -LRB- TA -RRB- , ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010 .	April 2010	When was the training for the TA supposed to resume ?
The TA provides a small percentage of the UK 's operational troops .	a small percentage	How much of the UK 's troops are provided by the TA ?
Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends , as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses .	weekly evenings and monthly weekends	How often do the TA troops regularly train ?
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by # 6.5 bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil .	£6.5bn	By how much did the MoD go over its equipment budget ?
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by # 6.5 bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil .	2013	When was the overbudget amount discovered ?
The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control , investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered .	poor management and financial control	What are some of the criticisms that have been directed at the MoD ?
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by # 6.5 bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil .	up to 39 years	What is a long-range estimate on fulfillment of some of the equipment orders made by the MoD ?
The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control , investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered .	up to 10 and even as much as 15 years	Past projects ordered by the MoD have taken what type of time frame to fulfill ?
The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936 ; however , these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution .	1936	The term `` high definition '' originally described televisions systems from what year ?
The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936 ; however , these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution .	mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution	Earlier television systems were based on what ?
The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true `` HDTV '' spanned the entire 20th century , as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century , this race has continued with 4k , 5k and current 8K systems .	20th	During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV ?
The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true `` HDTV '' spanned the entire 20th century , as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century , this race has continued with 4k , 5k and current 8K systems .	21st	In what century were 4k , 5k , and 8k systems introduced ?
The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true `` HDTV '' spanned the entire 20th century , as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century , this race has continued with 4k , 5k and current 8K systems .	8K	What is the most current HDTV system development ?
The British high-definition TV service started trials in August 1936 and a regular service on 2 November 1936 using both the -LRB- mechanical -RRB- Baird 240 line sequential scan -LRB- later to be inaccurately rechristened ` progressive ' -RRB- and the -LRB- electronic -RRB- Marconi-EMI 405 line interlaced systems .	The British high-definition TV service	Who started trials in August 1936 ?
The Baird system was discontinued in February 1937 .	February 1937	When was the Baird system discontinued ?
In 1938 France followed with their own 441-line system , variants of which were also used by a number of other countries .	France	Which country developed the 441-line system ?
In 1949 France introduced an even higher-resolution standard at 819 lines , a system that should have been high definition even by today 's standards , but was monochrome only and the technical limitations of the time prevented it from achieving the definition of which it should have been capable .	the technical limitations of the time	What prevented France 's 819-line system from achieving the definition it was capable of ?
The 405-line system adopted the -LRB- at that time -RRB- revolutionary idea of interlaced scanning to overcome the flicker problem of the 240-line with its 25 Hz frame rate .	405-line system	Which system used interlaced scanning to correct the flicker problem of the 240-line ?
Colour broadcasts started at similarly higher resolutions , first with the US NTSC color system in 1953 , which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines of resolution .	1953,	What year did color broadcasts start in the US ?
Colour broadcasts started at similarly higher resolutions , first with the US NTSC color system in 1953 , which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines of resolution .	525	How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953 ?
European standards did not follow until the 1960s , when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the monochrome 625 line broadcasts .	1960s	When did Europe begin color broadcasts ?
European standards did not follow until the 1960s , when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the monochrome 625 line broadcasts .	625	How many lines of resolution were the European monochrome broadcasts ?
The Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai -LRB- NHK , the Japan Broadcasting Corporation -RRB- began conducting research to `` unlock the fundamental mechanism of video and sound interactions with the five human senses '' in 1964 , after the Tokyo Olympics .	Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai	What is the Japan Broadcasting Corporation called ?
The Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai -LRB- NHK , the Japan Broadcasting Corporation -RRB- began conducting research to `` unlock the fundamental mechanism of video and sound interactions with the five human senses '' in 1964 , after the Tokyo Olympics .	Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai	What does NHK stand for in Japan ?
This new system , NHK Color , created in 1972 , included 1125 lines , a 5:3 aspect ratio and 60 Hz refresh rate .	1972	What year was NHK Color created ?
This new system , NHK Color , created in 1972 , included 1125 lines , a 5:3 aspect ratio and 60 Hz refresh rate .	5:3	What was the aspect ratio of the NHK Color ?
The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers -LRB- SMPTE -RRB- , headed by Charles Ginsburg , became the testing and study authority for HDTV technology in the international theater .	The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE)	What organization became the authority on testing and studying international HDTV technology ?
There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s , and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems :	four	How many major HDTV systems were tested by SMPTE in the late 70 's ?
There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s , and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems :	SMPTE	Who tested the four major HDTV systems in the late 1970 's ?
There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s , and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems :	an SMPTE study group	Who released A Study of High Definition Television Systems ?
There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s , and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems :	1979	In what year was A Study of High Definition Television Systems released ?
There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s , and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems :	A Study of High Definition Television Systems	What was released by an SMPTE study group in 1979 ?
Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting 's -LRB- DVB -RRB- widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s ; the 525-line NTSC -LRB- and PAL-M -RRB- systems , as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems , are now regarded as standard definition television systems .	digital video broadcasting	What does DVB stand for ?
Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting 's -LRB- DVB -RRB- widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s ; the 525-line NTSC -LRB- and PAL-M -RRB- systems , as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems , are now regarded as standard definition television systems .	early 2000s	When was widescreen HDTV transmission modes formally adopted ?
Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting 's -LRB- DVB -RRB- widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s ; the 525-line NTSC -LRB- and PAL-M -RRB- systems , as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems , are now regarded as standard definition television systems .	SECAM systems	In addition to the 625-line PAL system , what European system is considered a standard definition television system ?
Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting 's -LRB- DVB -RRB- widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s ; the 525-line NTSC -LRB- and PAL-M -RRB- systems , as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems , are now regarded as standard definition television systems .	PAL-M	In addition to the NTSC system , what 525-line system is considered a standard definition television system ?
Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting 's -LRB- DVB -RRB- widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s ; the 525-line NTSC -LRB- and PAL-M -RRB- systems , as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems , are now regarded as standard definition television systems .	standard definition television systems	525 and 625-line systems are now considered what ?
In 1949 , France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system -LRB- with 737 active lines -RRB- .	1949	In what year did France start transmissions using and 819 line system ?
In 1949 , France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system -LRB- with 737 active lines -RRB- .	France	What country started transmissions using and 819 line system in 1949 ?
In 1949 , France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system -LRB- with 737 active lines -RRB- .	an 819 lines system	What did France start transmissions with in 1949 ?
The system was monochrome only , and was used only on VHF for the first French TV channel .	monochrome only	Was France 's 819 line system in color ?
It was discontinued in 1983 .	1983	When was France 's 819 line system discontinued ?
It was a research project and the system was never deployed by either the military or consumer broadcasting .	a research project	In the end what was the Soviet Union 's Transformator system used for ?
In 1958 , the Soviet Union developed Тransformator -LRB- Russian : Трансформатор , meaning Transformer -RRB- , the first high-resolution -LRB- definition -RRB- television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command .	1958	When did the Soviet Union develop Transformator ?
In 1958 , the Soviet Union developed Тransformator -LRB- Russian : Трансформатор , meaning Transformer -RRB- , the first high-resolution -LRB- definition -RRB- television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command .	the Soviet Union	Who developed Transformator in 1958 ?
In 1958 , the Soviet Union developed Тransformator -LRB- Russian : Трансформатор , meaning Transformer -RRB- , the first high-resolution -LRB- definition -RRB- television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command .	1,125	How many lines of resolution could an image using the Transformator system have ?
In 1958 , the Soviet Union developed Тransformator -LRB- Russian : Трансформатор , meaning Transformer -RRB- , the first high-resolution -LRB- definition -RRB- television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command .	providing teleconferencing for military command	What was the goal of the Transformator system ?
In 1979 , the Japanese state broadcaster NHK first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio .	1979	In what year did NHK first develop consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio ?
In 1979 , the Japanese state broadcaster NHK first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio .	the Japanese state broadcaster NHK	Who first developed consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio ?
Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989 , with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS-9ch commencing on November 25 , 1994 , which featured commercial and NHK programming .	1989	When did satellite test broadcasts of Hi-Vision start ?
Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989 , with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS-9ch commencing on November 25 , 1994 , which featured commercial and NHK programming .	November 25, 1994	When did regular broadcasting of BS-9ch start ?
Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989 , with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS-9ch commencing on November 25 , 1994 , which featured commercial and NHK programming .	1991	When did regular testing of Hi-Vision start ?
In 1981 , the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States , using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system .	1981	When was the MUSE system demonstrated in the US first ?
In 1981 , the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States , using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system .	5:3	What aspect ratio did the MUSE system use when demonstrated in 1981 ?
Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington , US President Ronald Reagan was impressed and officially declared it `` a matter of national interest '' to introduce HDTV to the US .	President Ronald Reagan	Which president declared it `` a matter of national interest '' to introduce HDTV to the US ?
In 1981 , the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States , using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system .	MUSE	Which system was demonstrated in the US for the first time in 1981 ?
Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington , US President Ronald Reagan was impressed and officially declared it `` a matter of national interest '' to introduce HDTV to the US .	MUSE	Which system was demonstrated in Washington to President Ronald Reagan ?
Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US , including the Japanese MUSE system , but all were rejected by the FCC because of their higher bandwidth requirements .	their higher bandwidth requirements	Why did the FCC reject systems such as MUSE ?
At this time , the number of television channels was growing rapidly and bandwidth was already a problem .	television channels	What was increasing and consuming a lot of bandwidth ?
Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US , including the Japanese MUSE system , but all were rejected by the FCC because of their higher bandwidth requirements .	the FCC	Who rejected systems such as MUSE as the new standard for the US ?
A new standard had to be more efficient , needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC .	had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth	What was one of the requirements for a new standard system in the US ?
A new standard had to be more efficient , needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC .	NTSC	What was the existing system at the time ?
The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television .	technical and economic	What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90 's ?
The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television .	use bandwidths greater than normal television	What was HDTV not permitted to do in the 90 's ?
Early HDTV commercial experiments , such as NHK 's MUSE , required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast .	over four times	How much more bandwith was required from early HDTV commercial experiments than an SD broadcast ?
Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about twice the bandwidth of SDTV , these television formats were still distributable only by satellite .	about twice	Efforts were made to reduce analog HDTV to how much of the bandwith of SDTV ?
Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about twice the bandwidth of SDTV , these television formats were still distributable only by satellite .	by satellite	Despite the reduced bandwith , HDTV format still had to be distributed how ?
Early HDTV commercial experiments , such as NHK 's MUSE , required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast .	Early HDTV commercial experiments	What kind of experiments required over four times the bandwith of a SDTV broadcast ?
Japan remained the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV , with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel .	seven	How many broadcasters did Japan have sharing a single channel ?
Japan remained the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV , with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel .	Japan	Which country had successful public analog HDTV broadcasting ?
In addition , recording and reproducing an HDTV signal was a significant technical challenge in the early years of HDTV -LRB- Sony HDVS -RRB- .	recording and reproducing an HDTV signal	What was particularly challenging in the early years of HDTV ?
Japan remained the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV , with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel .	the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV	What accomplishment in early HDTV did Japan have ?
Since 1972 , International Telecommunication Union 's radio telecommunications sector -LRB- ITU-R -RRB- had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV .	International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector	What does ITU-R stand for ?
In anticipation of these standards the Digital Video Broadcasting -LRB- DVB -RRB- organisation was formed , an alliance of broadcasters , consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies .	Digital Video Broadcasting	What does DVB stand for ?
In anticipation of these standards the Digital Video Broadcasting -LRB- DVB -RRB- organisation was formed , an alliance of broadcasters , consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies .	an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies	What is the DVB ?
The DVB develops and agrees upon specifications which are formally standardised by ETSI .	develops and agrees upon specifications	What is the DVB 's role ?
The DVB develops and agrees upon specifications which are formally standardised by ETSI .	ETSI	Who standardizes HDTV specifications ?
In the US the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV .	ATSC	What did the Grand Alliance propose as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV ?
Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2 standard , although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H. 264/MPEG -4 AVC compression standards .	MPEG-2	Which standard were ATSC and DVB based on ?
DVB created first the standard for DVB-S digital satellite TV , DVB-C digital cable TV and DVB-T digital terrestrial TV .	DVB	Who created the standard for DVB-2 , DVB-C , and DVB-T ?
In the US the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV .	the Grand Alliance	Who proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV ?
In 1983 , the International Telecommunication Union 's radio telecommunications sector -LRB- ITU-R -RRB- set up a working party -LRB- IWP11/6 -RRB- with the aim of setting a single international HDTV standard .	1983	When did ITU-R start trying to work towards setting a single international HDTV standard ?
In 1983 , the International Telecommunication Union 's radio telecommunications sector -LRB- ITU-R -RRB- set up a working party -LRB- IWP11/6 -RRB- with the aim of setting a single international HDTV standard .	setting a single international HDTV standard	What did ITU-R start trying to do in 1983 ?
One of the thornier issues concerned a suitable frame/field refresh rate , the world already having split into two camps , 25/50 Hz and 30/60 Hz , largely due to the differences in mains frequency .	a suitable frame/field refresh rate	What was one of the issues with setting a single HDTV standard ?
The IWP11/6 working party considered many views and throughout the 1980s served to encourage development in a number of video digital processing areas , not least conversion between the two main frame/field rates using motion vectors , which led to further developments in other areas .	motion vectors	What was used as a conversion between the two main frame/field rates ?
One of the thornier issues concerned a suitable frame/field refresh rate , the world already having split into two camps , 25/50 Hz and 30/60 Hz , largely due to the differences in mains frequency .	two	How many frame/field rates were primarily being used in 1983 ?
Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but , due to the influence of widescreen cinema , the aspect ratio 16:9 -LRB- 1.78 -RRB- eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 -LRB- 1.67 -RRB- and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format .	16:9	What aspect ratio was agreed upon due to the influence of widescreen cinema ?
An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at the BBC 's Research and Development establishment in Kingswood Warren .	the IWP11/6 working party	Who agreed upon the 16:9 aspect ratio ?
Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but , due to the influence of widescreen cinema , the aspect ratio 16:9 -LRB- 1.78 -RRB- eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 -LRB- 1.67 -RRB- and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format .	widescreen cinema	What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen ?
The British Freeview HD trials used MBAFF , which contains both progressive and interlaced content in the same encoding .	MBAFF	Which encoding contains both progressive and interlaced content ?
Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but , due to the influence of widescreen cinema , the aspect ratio 16:9 -LRB- 1.78 -RRB- eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 -LRB- 1.67 -RRB- and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format .	5:3	Which aspect ratio was the early favorite ?
It also includes the alternative 1440 × 1152 HDMAC scan format .	1440×1152 HDMAC	What scan format is also included in MBAFF ?
-LRB- According to some reports , a mooted 750-line -LRB- 720p -RRB- format -LRB- 720 progressively scanned lines -RRB- was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format , and so was not included , although 1920 × 1080i and 1280 × 720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US SMPTE standards . -RRB-	a mooted 750-line	What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true HDTV format ?
-LRB- According to some reports , a mooted 750-line -LRB- 720p -RRB- format -LRB- 720 progressively scanned lines -RRB- was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format , and so was not included , although 1920 × 1080i and 1280 × 720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US SMPTE standards . -RRB-	an enhanced television format	A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the ITU as what ?
-LRB- According to some reports , a mooted 750-line -LRB- 720p -RRB- format -LRB- 720 progressively scanned lines -RRB- was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format , and so was not included , although 1920 × 1080i and 1280 × 720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US SMPTE standards . -RRB-	US SMPTE standards	What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p defined by ?
HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance , a group of television , electronic equipment , communications companies consisting of AT&T Bell Labs , General Instrument , Philips , Sarnoff , Thomson , Zenith and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology .	late 1980s	When was HDTV introduced in the US ?
HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance , a group of television , electronic equipment , communications companies consisting of AT&T Bell Labs , General Instrument , Philips , Sarnoff , Thomson , Zenith and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology .	the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance	Who made HDTV official in 1993 ?
HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance , a group of television , electronic equipment , communications companies consisting of AT&T Bell Labs , General Instrument , Philips , Sarnoff , Thomson , Zenith and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology .	the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance	AT&T , Philips , Zenith , and MIT , among others , made up what group in the 90 's ?
The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23 , 1996 when the Raleigh , North Carolina television station WRAL-HD began broadcasting from the existing tower of WRAL-TV southeast of Raleigh , winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in Washington , D.C. , which began broadcasting July 31 , 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV , based out of the facilities of NBC owned and operated station WRC-TV .	July 23, 1996	When did the first public HDTV broadcast happen in the US ?
The American Advanced Television Systems Committee -LRB- ATSC -RRB- HDTV system had its public launch on October 29 , 1998 , during the live coverage of astronaut John Glenn 's return mission to space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery .	Advanced Television Systems Committee	What does ATSC stand for ?
The first HDTV transmissions in Europe , albeit not direct-to-home , began in 1990 , when the Italian broadcaster RAI used the HD-MAC and MUSE HDTV technologies to broadcast the 1990 FIFA World Cup .	1990	When did the first HDTV transmissions happen in Europe ?
The first HDTV transmissions in Europe , albeit not direct-to-home , began in 1990 , when the Italian broadcaster RAI used the HD-MAC and MUSE HDTV technologies to broadcast the 1990 FIFA World Cup .	FIFA World Cup	What event was the first HDTV broadcast in Europe ?
After some HDTV transmissions in Europe the standard was abandoned in the mid-1990s .	mid-1990s	When did Europe abandon standard transmission ?
The matches were shown in 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain .	8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain	Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in HDTV ?
The first regular broadcasts started on January 1 , 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year 's Concert .	January 1, 2004	When did regular broadcasts start in Europe ?
The first regular broadcasts started on January 1 , 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year 's Concert .	Vienna New Year's Concert	What event was first broadcasted on January 1 , 2004 ?
Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003 , but the New Year 's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel , and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe .	HD1	The New Year 's Day broadcast officially launched which channel ?
Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003 , but the New Year 's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel , and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe .	September 2003	When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe ?
The first regular broadcasts started on January 1 , 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year 's Concert .	Euro1080	Which European company launched HD1 ?
Euro1080 , a division of the former and now bankrupt Belgian TV services company Alfacam , broadcast HDTV channels to break the pan-European stalemate of `` no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ... '' and kick-start HDTV interest in Europe .	Alfacam	Euro1080 was a division of what former company ?
Euro1080 , a division of the former and now bankrupt Belgian TV services company Alfacam , broadcast HDTV channels to break the pan-European stalemate of `` no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ... '' and kick-start HDTV interest in Europe .	"no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..."	What `` chicken or the egg '' stalemate prompted Euro1080 to broadcast HDTV channels ?
Euro1080 , a division of the former and now bankrupt Belgian TV services company Alfacam , broadcast HDTV channels to break the pan-European stalemate of `` no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ... '' and kick-start HDTV interest in Europe .	HDTV interest in Europe	What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting HDTV channels ?
The HD1 channel was initially free-to-air and mainly comprised sporting , dramatic , musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of 4 or 5 hours per day .	free-to-air	How much did viewers have to pay for the HD1 channel ?
The HD1 channel was initially free-to-air and mainly comprised sporting , dramatic , musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of 4 or 5 hours per day .	a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule	What was on HD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day ?
These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from SES 's Astra 1H satellite .	1080i format	What format did the first European HDTV broadcast use ?
These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from SES 's Astra 1H satellite .	MPEG-2	What compression did the first European HDTV broadcast use ?
These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from SES 's Astra 1H satellite .	DVB-S	What signal did the first European HDTV broadcast use ?
Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4 / AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe .	MPEG-4/AVC	What compression did Euro1080 later change to ?
Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4 / AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe .	DVB-S2	What signal did Euro1080 later change to ?
Despite delays in some countries , the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts , with SES 's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites , 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe -LRB- # 60 million in 2010 alone -RRB- , and 20 million households -LRB- 27 % of all European digital satellite TV homes -RRB- watching HD satellite broadcasts -LRB- 16 million via Astra satellites -RRB- .	185 million	According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey , how many HD capable TV 's were sold in Europe ?
Despite delays in some countries , the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts , with SES 's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites , 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe -LRB- # 60 million in 2010 alone -RRB- , and 20 million households -LRB- 27 % of all European digital satellite TV homes -RRB- watching HD satellite broadcasts -LRB- 16 million via Astra satellites -RRB- .	20 million	According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey , how many European households were watching HD broadcasts ?
Despite delays in some countries , the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts , with SES 's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites , 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe -LRB- # 60 million in 2010 alone -RRB- , and 20 million households -LRB- 27 % of all European digital satellite TV homes -RRB- watching HD satellite broadcasts -LRB- 16 million via Astra satellites -RRB- .	£60 million	How many pounds were spent in Europe on HD capable TVs in 2010 ?
Despite delays in some countries , the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts , with SES 's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites , 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe -LRB- # 60 million in 2010 alone -RRB- , and 20 million households -LRB- 27 % of all European digital satellite TV homes -RRB- watching HD satellite broadcasts -LRB- 16 million via Astra satellites -RRB- .	27%	What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching HD broadcasts in 2010 ?
Despite delays in some countries , the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts , with SES 's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites , 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe -LRB- # 60 million in 2010 alone -RRB- , and 20 million households -LRB- 27 % of all European digital satellite TV homes -RRB- watching HD satellite broadcasts -LRB- 16 million via Astra satellites -RRB- .	risen steadily	The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first HDTV broadcasts ?
In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard , as specified in the Digital TV Group -LRB- DTG -RRB- D-book , on digital terrestrial television .	the United Kingdom	Which European country first deployed HD content using the new DVB-T2 standard ?
In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard , as specified in the Digital TV Group -LRB- DTG -RRB- D-book , on digital terrestrial television .	December 2009	When did the UK deploy HD content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard ?
In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard , as specified in the Digital TV Group -LRB- DTG -RRB- D-book , on digital terrestrial television .	DVB-T2	What transmission standard did the UK start using in December 2009 ?
In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard , as specified in the Digital TV Group -LRB- DTG -RRB- D-book , on digital terrestrial television .	Digital TV Group	What does DTG stand for ?
The Freeview HD service currently contains 10 HD channels -LRB- as of December 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- -RRB- and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the digital switchover process , finally being completed in October 2012 .	10	How many HD channels did the Freeview HD service contain as of December 2013 ?
The Freeview HD service currently contains 10 HD channels -LRB- as of December 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- -RRB- and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the digital switchover process , finally being completed in October 2012 .	October 2012	When was the digital switchover process completed in the UK ?
The Freeview HD service currently contains 10 HD channels -LRB- as of December 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- -RRB- and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the digital switchover process , finally being completed in October 2012 .	Freeview HD	Which service contains 10 HD channels and finished its roll out in October 2012 ?
The Freeview HD service currently contains 10 HD channels -LRB- as of December 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- -RRB- and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the digital switchover process , finally being completed in October 2012 .	region by region	How was the Freeview HD service rolled out in the UK ?
If all three parameters are used , they are specified in the following form : -LSB- frame size -RSB- -LSB- scanning system -RSB- -LSB- frame or field rate -RSB- or -LSB- frame size -RSB- / -LSB- frame or field rate -RSB- -LSB- scanning system -RSB- .	[frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate]	What are the three HDTV parameters ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Often , frame size or frame rate can be dropped if its value is implied from context .	frame size or frame rate	Which two parameters can be dropped if its value is implied from context ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Often , frame size or frame rate can be dropped if its value is implied from context .	if its value is implied from context	When can the frame size or frame rate parameter specification be dropped ?
In this case , the remaining numeric parameter is specified first , followed by the scanning system .	the scanning system	When a parameter is dropped , the remaining numeric parameter is specified first , followed by what ?
For example , 1920 × 1080p25 identifies progressive scanning format with 25 frames per second , each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high .	1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high	What size is each 1920x1080p25 frame ?
For example , 1920 × 1080p25 identifies progressive scanning format with 25 frames per second , each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high .	25	The 1920x1080p25 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second ?
The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 25 frames -LRB- 50 fields -RRB- per second , each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high .	25	The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second ?
The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 30 frames -LRB- 60 fields -RRB- per second , each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high .	30	The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second ?
The 720p60 notation identifies progressive scanning format with 60 frames per second , each frame being 720 pixels high ; 1,280 pixels horizontally are implied .	60	The 720p60 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second ?
50 Hz systems support three scanning rates : 50i , 25p and 50p .	50i, 25p and 50p	What three scanning rates do 50 Hz systems support ?
60 Hz systems support a much wider set of frame rates : 59.94 i , 60i , 23.976 p , 24p , 29.97 p , 30p , 59.94 p and 60p .	60 Hz	Which system suports 59.94 i , 60i , 23.976 p , 24p , 29.97 p , 30p , 59.94 p , and 60p
In the days of standard definition television , the fractional rates were often rounded up to whole numbers , e.g. 23.976 p was often called 24p , or 59.94 i was often called 60i .	whole numbers	SD television fractional rates were often rounded to what ?
60 Hz high definition television supports both fractional and slightly different integer rates , therefore strict usage of notation is required to avoid ambiguity .	ambiguity	Strict notation is required with HD fractional rates to avoid what ?
For the commercial naming of a product , the frame rate is often dropped and is implied from context -LRB- e.g. , a 1080i television set -RRB- .	the frame rate	What is usually dropped for the commercial naming of an HDTV product ?
For example , 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second , and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second .	24 progressive scan frames per second	What does 24p mean ?
For example , 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second , and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second .	25 interlaced frames per second	What does 50i mean ?
A frame rate can also be specified without a resolution .	a resolution	When naming a commercial HDTV product , a frame rate can be specified without what ?
There is no single standard for HDTV color support .	no	Is there a single standard for HDTV color support ?
Colors are typically broadcast using a -LRB- 10-bits per channel -RRB- YUV color space but , depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver , are then subsequently converted to a RGB color space using standardized algorithms .	YUV	Before being converted to RGB , colors are ususally broadcasted using what color space ?
Colors are typically broadcast using a -LRB- 10-bits per channel -RRB- YUV color space but , depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver , are then subsequently converted to a RGB color space using standardized algorithms .	a RGB color space	Colors are typically broadcast using YUV and then converted to what ?
When transmitted directly through the Internet , the colors are typically pre-converted to 8-bit RGB channels for additional storage savings with the assumption that it will only be viewed only on a -LRB- sRGB -RRB- computer screen .	8-bit RGB channels	When transmitted over the internet , colors are typically to what ?
When transmitted directly through the Internet , the colors are typically pre-converted to 8-bit RGB channels for additional storage savings with the assumption that it will only be viewed only on a -LRB- sRGB -RRB- computer screen .	it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen	What assumption is made with colors being transmitted over the internet ?
At a minimum , HDTV has twice the linear resolution of standard-definition television -LRB- SDTV -RRB- , thus showing greater detail than either analog television or regular DVD .	twice	At least how many times more linear resolution does HDTV have over SDTV ?
The technical standards for broadcasting HDTV also handle the 16:9 aspect ratio images without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching , thus increasing the effective image resolution .	letterboxing or anamorphic stretching	HDTV increases the effective image resolution by not using what ?
At a minimum , HDTV has twice the linear resolution of standard-definition television -LRB- SDTV -RRB- , thus showing greater detail than either analog television or regular DVD .	standard-definition television	What does SDTV stand for ?
The technical standards for broadcasting HDTV also handle the 16:9 aspect ratio images without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching , thus increasing the effective image resolution .	16:9	HDTV handles what aspect ratio without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching ?
A very high resolution source may require more bandwidth than available in order to be transmitted without loss of fidelity .	fidelity	If more bandwith is required than is available , a very high resolution source my not be able to transmitted without loss of what ?
The lossy compression that is used in all digital HDTV storage and transmission systems will distort the received picture , when compared to the uncompressed source .	distort the received picture	The compression used in all HDTV storage and transmission systems will do what if resolution is too high ?
A very high resolution source may require more bandwidth than available in order to be transmitted without loss of fidelity .	bandwidth	A very high resolution source may require more of what ?
The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image 's characteristics .	the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics	A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things ?
For best fidelity to the source the transmitted field ratio , lines , and frame rate should match those of the source .	transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate	For best fidelity to the source , what three things should match the source ?
For best fidelity to the source the transmitted field ratio , lines , and frame rate should match those of the source .	those of the source	For best fidelity to the source , the transmitted field ratio , lines , and frame rate should match what ?
The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image 's characteristics .	The optimum format for a broadcast	The type of videographic recording medium used and the image 's characteristics determine what ?
PAL , SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television , not to digital or high definition broadcasts .	analogue standard	PAL , SECAM , and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions ?
PAL , SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television , not to digital or high definition broadcasts .	digital or high definition	PAL , SECAM , and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts ?
HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz , while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz .	25/50 Hz	In former PAL and SECAM countries , what frame rate does HDTV operate at ?
HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz , while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz .	30/60 Hz	In former NTSC countries , what frame rate does HDTV operate at ?
Standard 35mm photographic film used for cinema projection has a much higher image resolution than HDTV systems , and is exposed and projected at a rate of 24 frames per second -LRB- frame/s -RRB- .	24 frames per second	At what rate is standard 35mm photographic film exposed and projected ?
To be shown on standard television , in PAL-system countries , cinema film is scanned at the TV rate of 25 frame/s , causing a speedup of 4.1 percent , which is generally considered acceptable .	25 frame/s	To be shown on SDTV in PAL-system countries , at what rate is cinema film scanned ?
In NTSC-system countries , the TV scan rate of 30 frame/s would cause a perceptible speedup if the same were attempted , and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called 3:2 Pulldown : Over each successive pair of film frames , one is held for three video fields -LRB- 1/20 of a second -RRB- and the next is held for two video fields -LRB- 1/30 of a second -RRB- , giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate .	3:2 Pulldown	The technique in which with successive pair of film frames , one is held for three video fields , and the next is held for two , is called what ?
In NTSC-system countries , the TV scan rate of 30 frame/s would cause a perceptible speedup if the same were attempted , and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called 3:2 Pulldown : Over each successive pair of film frames , one is held for three video fields -LRB- 1/20 of a second -RRB- and the next is held for two video fields -LRB- 1/30 of a second -RRB- , giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate .	1/12 of a second	The 3:2 Pulldown techniques gives what total time for two frames ?
In NTSC-system countries , the TV scan rate of 30 frame/s would cause a perceptible speedup if the same were attempted , and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called 3:2 Pulldown : Over each successive pair of film frames , one is held for three video fields -LRB- 1/20 of a second -RRB- and the next is held for two video fields -LRB- 1/30 of a second -RRB- , giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate .	the correct average film frame rate	What is achieved by the 3:2 Pulldown technique producing a total time of 1/12 of a second for two frames ?
Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster .	720p or 1080i	What two formats are typically used to recorde non-cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast ?
720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video , because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode .	720p	Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video ?
720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video , because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode .	progressive-scan	Most computer monitors operate in what mode ?
1080p/24 , 1080i/30 , 1080i/25 , and 720p/30 is most often used on Blu-ray Disc .	Blu-ray	1080i , 1080p , and 720p are often used on what kind of disc .
In the US , residents in the line of sight of television station broadcast antennas can receive free , over the air programming with a television set with an ATSC tuner -LRB- most sets sold since 2009 have this -RRB- .	ATSC	In the US , what kind of tuner is needed for residents to receive free , over the air programming ?
Laws about antennas were updated before the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts .	the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts	Laws regarding antennas were upated before what ?
These new laws prohibit home owners ' associations and city government from banning the installation of antennas .	home owners' associations and city government	Who do these laws prohibit from banning the installation of antennas ?
These new laws prohibit home owners ' associations and city government from banning the installation of antennas .	the installation of antennas	Laws about antennas keep home owners ' associations and city government from banning what ?
In the US , residents in the line of sight of television station broadcast antennas can receive free , over the air programming with a television set with an ATSC tuner -LRB- most sets sold since 2009 have this -RRB- .	2009	Most television sets sold since what year have an ATSC tuner ?
Additionally , cable-ready TV sets can display HD content without using an external box .	an external box	HD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what ?
Additionally , cable-ready TV sets can display HD content without using an external box .	HD content	Without using an external box , cable-ready TVs can display what ?
They have a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD .	a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD	What features allow the cable-ready TVs to display HD content without an external box ?
They have a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD .	QAM	What kind of built-in tuner will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box ?
They have a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD .	CableCARD	What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box ?
High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast , direct broadcast satellite , digital cable , IPTV -LRB- including GoogleTV Roku boxes and AppleTV or built into `` Smart Televisions '' -RRB- , Blu-ray video disc -LRB- BD -RRB- , and internet downloads .	IPTV	Roku and AppleTV are examples of what ?
High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast , direct broadcast satellite , digital cable , IPTV -LRB- including GoogleTV Roku boxes and AppleTV or built into `` Smart Televisions '' -RRB- , Blu-ray video disc -LRB- BD -RRB- , and internet downloads .	High-definition image sources	Internet downloads , Blu-ray videos , and Apple TV are examples of what ?
High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast , direct broadcast satellite , digital cable , IPTV -LRB- including GoogleTV Roku boxes and AppleTV or built into `` Smart Televisions '' -RRB- , Blu-ray video disc -LRB- BD -RRB- , and internet downloads .	High-definition image sources	Terrestrial broadcast and direct broadcast satellite are examples of what ?
High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast , direct broadcast satellite , digital cable , IPTV -LRB- including GoogleTV Roku boxes and AppleTV or built into `` Smart Televisions '' -RRB- , Blu-ray video disc -LRB- BD -RRB- , and internet downloads .	High-definition image sources	Digital cable and Roku are examples of what ?
Sony 's PlayStation 3 has extensive HD compatibility because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player , so does Microsoft 's Xbox 360 with the addition of Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities , and the Zune marketplace where users can rent or purchase digital HD content .	because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player	Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive HD compatibility ?
Sony 's PlayStation 3 has extensive HD compatibility because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player , so does Microsoft 's Xbox 360 with the addition of Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities , and the Zune marketplace where users can rent or purchase digital HD content .	Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace	In addition to having a Blu-ray player the Xbox 360 also features what ?
Recently , Nintendo released a next generation high definition gaming platform , The Wii U , which includes TV remote control features in addition to IPTV streaming features like Netflix .	The Wii U	What high definition gaming platform did Nintendo recently release ?
The HD capabilities of the consoles has influenced some developers to port games from past consoles onto the PS3 , Xbox 360 and Wii U , often with remastered or upscaled graphics .	port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics	The HD capabilities of modern gaming systems has inspired developers to do what ?
HDTV can be recorded to D-VHS -LRB- Digital-VHS or Data-VHS -RRB- , W-VHS -LRB- analog only -RRB- , to an HDTV-capable digital video recorder -LRB- for example DirecTV 's high-definition Digital video recorder , Sky HD 's set-top box , Dish Network 's VIP 622 or VIP 722 high-definition Digital video recorder receivers , or TiVo 's Series 3 or HD recorders -RRB- , or an HDTV-ready HTPC .	an HDTV-capable digital video recorder	Sky HD 's set-top box , TiVo 's Series 3 , and Dish Network 's VIP 622 are examples of what ?
Some cable boxes are capable of receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format , and HDTV programming , some included in the monthly cable service subscription price , some for an additional fee , can be played back with the cable company 's on-demand feature .	receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format	Some cable boxes are capable of doing what ?
HDTV can be recorded to D-VHS -LRB- Digital-VHS or Data-VHS -RRB- , W-VHS -LRB- analog only -RRB- , to an HDTV-capable digital video recorder -LRB- for example DirecTV 's high-definition Digital video recorder , Sky HD 's set-top box , Dish Network 's VIP 622 or VIP 722 high-definition Digital video recorder receivers , or TiVo 's Series 3 or HD recorders -RRB- , or an HDTV-ready HTPC .	analog only	What restriction does W-VHS recordings have ?
HDTV can be recorded to D-VHS -LRB- Digital-VHS or Data-VHS -RRB- , W-VHS -LRB- analog only -RRB- , to an HDTV-capable digital video recorder -LRB- for example DirecTV 's high-definition Digital video recorder , Sky HD 's set-top box , Dish Network 's VIP 622 or VIP 722 high-definition Digital video recorder receivers , or TiVo 's Series 3 or HD recorders -RRB- , or an HDTV-ready HTPC .	Digital-VHS or Data-VHS	What does D-VHS stand for ?
In 2008 , the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder was introduced .	2008	When was the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder introduced ?
More recent systems are able to record a broadcast high definition program in its ` as broadcast ' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray .	'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray	Recent systems can record a broadcast HD program in what format ?
In 2008 , the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder was introduced .	the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder	What uncompressed storage option was introduced in 2008 ?
Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals , such as W-VHS recorders , are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market .	analog HD	W-VHS recorders are capable of recording what kinds of signals ?
Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals , such as W-VHS recorders , are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market .	Analog tape	What kind of recorder is no longer produced for the consumer market ?
Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals , such as W-VHS recorders , are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market .	expensive and scarce	In the secondary market , analog tape recorders are considered what ?
In the United States , as part of the FCC 's plug and play agreement , cable companies are required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes with a set-top box with `` functional '' FireWire -LRB- IEEE 1394 -RRB- on request .	a set-top box with "functional" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request	Prior to 2004 , what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes ?
As of July 2004 -LSB- update -RSB- , boxes are not included in the FCC mandate .	July 2004	When were boxes with `` functional '' FireWire no longer included in the FCC mandate ?
This content is protected by encryption known as 5C .	5C	Content is now protected by what encryption ?
This encryption can prevent duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted , thus effectively denying most if not all fair use of the content .	duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted	What can 5c encryption prevent ?
It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material .	fuel	In addition to being used to build things , what has wood been used for over thousands of years ?
It is an organic material , a natural composite of cellulose fibers -LRB- which are strong in tension -RRB- embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression .	cellulose	What kind of strong fibers are part of the composite of wood ?
It is an organic material , a natural composite of cellulose fibers -LRB- which are strong in tension -RRB- embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression .	lignin	What 's the matrix in wood made up of ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In a living tree it performs a support function , enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves .	support	What one word describes the function wood provides to a tree or plant ?
It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves , other growing tissues , and the roots .	nutrients	What does wood convey to leaves , roots , and other tissues of a woody plant in addition to water ?
The Earth contains about 434 billion cubic meters of growing stock forest , 47 % of which is commercial .	434 billion	How many cubic meters of growing stock forest are there on the planet ?
The Earth contains about 434 billion cubic meters of growing stock forest , 47 % of which is commercial .	47%	What percentage of the Earth 's stock forest is commercial ?
Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction .	furniture	In addition to buildings , what is wood often used to make ?
In 1991 , approximately 3.5 cubic kilometers of wood were harvested .	3.5	About how many cubic kilometers of the vast stock forest 's wood were harvested in 1991 ?
As an abundant , carbon-neutral renewable resource , woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy .	abundant	In addition to being carbon neutral , what other adjective describes wood that makes it compelling as a renewable energy source ?
A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick uncovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood , approximately 395 to 400 million years ago .	2011	What year were the earliest plants that grew wood discovered ?
A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick uncovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood , approximately 395 to 400 million years ago .	New Brunswick	In which Canadian province were the oldest woody plants found ?
Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in some species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created .	carbon dating	If dendrochronology ca n't be used , what method would scientists employ to date wood ?
A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick uncovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood , approximately 395 to 400 million years ago .	395 to 400	How many millions of years old were the plants that were discovered in New Brunswick ?
People have used wood for millennia for many purposes , primarily as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses , tools , weapons , furniture , packaging , artworks , and paper .	construction material	What has been the primary purpose of wood for millennia other than fuel ?
People have used wood for millennia for many purposes , primarily as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses , tools , weapons , furniture , packaging , artworks , and paper .	houses	What is often made of wood that provides shelter to people ?
The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the prevailing climate at that time .	tree-ring widths	For clues about the climate of a place , we can look at variation in isotopic abundances or what other thing ?
People have used wood for millennia for many purposes , primarily as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses , tools , weapons , furniture , packaging , artworks , and paper .	weapons	What could be made out of wood that could be used to fight off attackers ?
People have used wood for millennia for many purposes , primarily as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses , tools , weapons , furniture , packaging , artworks , and paper .	furniture	What category of items often constructed from wood does a chair belong to ?
Wood , in the strict sense , is yielded by trees , which increase in diameter by the formation , between the existing wood and the inner bark , of new woody layers which envelop the entire stem , living branches , and roots .	trees	Where does wood come from ?
Wood , in the strict sense , is yielded by trees , which increase in diameter by the formation , between the existing wood and the inner bark , of new woody layers which envelop the entire stem , living branches , and roots .	woody layers	What forms in a tree to increase its diameter ?
This process is known as secondary growth ; it is the result of cell division in the vascular cambium , a lateral meristem , and subsequent expansion of the new cells .	secondary growth	What is the process of trees growing out to get bigger around called ?
Where there are clear seasons , growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern , leading to growth rings ; these can usually be most clearly seen on the end of a log , but are also visible on the other surfaces .	seasons	What do many places have four of that would cause growth rings in a tree ?
If these seasons are annual these growth rings are referred to as annual rings .	annual rings	If a place has annual seasons , what are the growth rings on the trees there called ?
If there are differences within a growth ring , then the part of a growth ring nearest the center of the tree , and formed early in the growing season when growth is rapid , is usually composed of wider elements .	wider	If a growth ring has differences over one season , would the part nearest the tree 's center be narrower or wider ?
It is usually lighter in color than that near the outer portion of the ring , and is known as earlywood or springwood .	earlywood	What name , besides springwood , is used for the part of a growth ring formed in the beginning of the growing season ?
The outer portion formed later in the season is then known as the latewood or summerwood .	latewood	If the opposite of springwood is summerwood , what 's the opposite of earlywood ?
It is usually lighter in color than that near the outer portion of the ring , and is known as earlywood or springwood .	lighter	Is earlywood usually lighter or darker than the part of the growth ring that forms later in the season ?
The outer portion formed later in the season is then known as the latewood or summerwood .	outer	Is summerwood the inner or outer portion of a growth ring ?
A knot is a particular type of imperfection in a piece of wood ; it will affect the technical properties of the wood , usually reducing the local strength and increasing the tendency for splitting along the wood grain , but may be exploited for visual effect .	knot	What is the sort of circular imperfection in a piece of wood called ?
A knot is a particular type of imperfection in a piece of wood ; it will affect the technical properties of the wood , usually reducing the local strength and increasing the tendency for splitting along the wood grain , but may be exploited for visual effect .	strength	What property of wood does a knot usually reduce in the wood around it ?
In a longitudinally sawn plank , a knot will appear as a roughly circular `` solid '' -LRB- usually darker -RRB- piece of wood around which the grain of the rest of the wood `` flows '' -LRB- parts and rejoins -RRB- .	longitudinally	In what direction is wood often sawn so that a knot appears as a solid circle that the grain flows around ?
In a longitudinally sawn plank , a knot will appear as a roughly circular `` solid '' -LRB- usually darker -RRB- piece of wood around which the grain of the rest of the wood `` flows '' -LRB- parts and rejoins -RRB- .	darker	Are knots usually lighter or darker than the surrounding wood ?
Within a knot , the direction of the wood -LRB- grain direction -RRB- is up to 90 degrees different from the grain direction of the regular wood .	90	The direction of grain in a knot can differ by as much as how many degrees from the regular wood ?
In the tree a knot is either the base of a side branch or a dormant bud .	a dormant bud	Other than the base of a side branch , what tree feature causes a knot ?
A knot -LRB- when the base of a side branch -RRB- is conical in shape -LRB- hence the roughly circular cross-section -RRB- with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant 's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud .	conical	What shape is the knot formed by a side branch 's base ?
A knot -LRB- when the base of a side branch -RRB- is conical in shape -LRB- hence the roughly circular cross-section -RRB- with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant 's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud .	diameter	What measurement of a stem determines a knot 's inner tip placement ?
A knot -LRB- when the base of a side branch -RRB- is conical in shape -LRB- hence the roughly circular cross-section -RRB- with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant 's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud .	circular	Because a knot 's shape is conical , what shape does a cross-section of it have ?
During the development of a tree , the lower limbs often die , but may remain attached for a time , sometimes years .	die	What will the lower limbs of a tree usually do during development ?
During the development of a tree , the lower limbs often die , but may remain attached for a time , sometimes years .	years	For what length of time can a dead lower limb stay attached to a tree ?
Subsequent layers of growth of the attaching stem are no longer intimately joined with the dead limb , but are grown around it .	around it	Rather than being joined to the limb that died , where do subsequent layers grow ?
Hence , dead branches produce knots which are not attached , and likely to drop out after the tree has been sawn into boards .	not attached	Are the knots that dead tree limbs form attached or not attached ?
Hence , dead branches produce knots which are not attached , and likely to drop out after the tree has been sawn into boards .	boards	A detached knot will probably drop out of the wood when someone saws it into what ?
In grading lumber and structural timber , knots are classified according to their form , size , soundness , and the firmness with which they are held in place .	grading	What 's the process in which knots are classified called ?
In grading lumber and structural timber , knots are classified according to their form , size , soundness , and the firmness with which they are held in place .	size	Along with firmness , soundness , and form , what property of a knot is classified ?
This firmness is affected by , among other factors , the length of time for which the branch was dead while the attaching stem continued to grow .	firmness	What property of knots does the amount of time a branch stayed on a tree while the stem kept growing affect ?
The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects .	defects	What is wood 's breaking strength susceptible to ?
Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber , this will depend on the size and location .	stiffness	Depending on the placement and size of a knot , what property of structural timber can be affected ?
Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects .	sound wood	What do stiffness and elastic strength depend on more than defects ?
Sound knots do not weaken wood when subject to compression parallel to the grain .	parallel	What direction of compression in relation to its grain wo n't weaken wood with sound knots in it ?
In some decorative applications , wood with knots may be desirable to add visual interest .	interest	What positive visual component can knots sometimes add to decorative pieces ?
In applications where wood is painted , such as skirting boards , fascia boards , door frames and furniture , resins present in the timber may continue to ` bleed ' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years after manufacture and show as a yellow or brownish stain .	bleed	What term is used to describe what knots can do to affect the finish of things made from wood even when they 've been painted ?
A knot primer paint or solution , correctly applied during preparation , may do much to reduce this problem but it is difficult to control completely , especially when using mass-produced kiln-dried timber stocks .	difficult	Is bleed easy or difficult to control ?
In applications where wood is painted , such as skirting boards , fascia boards , door frames and furniture , resins present in the timber may continue to ` bleed ' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years after manufacture and show as a yellow or brownish stain .	yellow	The stain from a knot bleeding is usually brownish or what other color ?
A knot primer paint or solution , correctly applied during preparation , may do much to reduce this problem but it is difficult to control completely , especially when using mass-produced kiln-dried timber stocks .	preparation	In what stage of processing does knot primer need to be applied for maximum effectiveness ?
Heartwood -LRB- or duramen -RRB- is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay .	Heartwood	What 's another word for `` duramen '' ?
Heartwood -LRB- or duramen -RRB- is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay .	decay	What is heartwood naturally resistant to ?
Heartwood formation occurs spontaneously -LRB- it is a genetically programmed process -RRB- .	spontaneously	How does heartwood formation occur due to its being genetically programmed ?
Once heartwood formation is complete , the heartwood is dead .	dead	What adjective describes fully formed heartwood ?
Some uncertainty still exists as to whether heartwood is truly dead , as it can still chemically react to decay organisms , but only once .	decay organisms	Despite being considered dead , what can heartwood have one chemical reaction to ?
Heartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood , and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings .	growth rings	In what part of a tree 's cross-section is heartwood visible ?
For example , it is sometimes much darker .	darker	What simple color distinction can heartwood have that makes it stand out from living wood in a tree ?
However , other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood , even in woody plants that do not form heartwood , which may lead to confusion .	decay	Along with insect infestation , what process can discolor wood and make it look like heartwood ?
However , other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood , even in woody plants that do not form heartwood , which may lead to confusion .	woody	What kind of plants never form heartwood ?
Heartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood , and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings .	sapwood	What is the living wood in a tree called ?
Sapwood -LRB- or alburnum -RRB- is the younger , outermost wood ; in the growing tree it is living wood , and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves .	alburnum	What term is interchangeable with `` sapwood '' ?
Sapwood -LRB- or alburnum -RRB- is the younger , outermost wood ; in the growing tree it is living wood , and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves .	younger	Is sapwood the younger or older wood in a tree ?
Sapwood -LRB- or alburnum -RRB- is the younger , outermost wood ; in the growing tree it is living wood , and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves .	water	What essential liquid is the sapwood tasked with carrying around a tree ?
All wood in a tree is first formed as sapwood .	All	How much of the wood in a tree is sapwood at some point in its life ?
Hence trees making rapid growth in the open have thicker sapwood for their size than trees of the same species growing in dense forests .	thicker	Does a tree growing quickly out in the open have thinner or thicker sapwood for its size than the same kind of tree in a dense forest ?
Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life , so having only a thin layer of live sapwood , while in others the change comes slowly .	thin	If a tree starts forming heartwood right away , will its sapwood layer be thin or thick ?
The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree .	position	What property of heartwood that has nothing to do with how important it is to trees got it its name ?
Thin sapwood is characteristic of such species as chestnut , black locust , mulberry , osage-orange , and sassafras , while in maple , ash , hickory , hackberry , beech , and pine , thick sapwood is the rule .	thick	Does a beech tree usually have thin or thick sapwood ?
Thin sapwood is characteristic of such species as chestnut , black locust , mulberry , osage-orange , and sassafras , while in maple , ash , hickory , hackberry , beech , and pine , thick sapwood is the rule .	Thin	Does a sassafras tree typically have a thin or thick sapwood layer ?
Thin sapwood is characteristic of such species as chestnut , black locust , mulberry , osage-orange , and sassafras , while in maple , ash , hickory , hackberry , beech , and pine , thick sapwood is the rule .	thick	Would a thin or a thick sapwood layer be found in a pine tree ?
Within the same species the cross-sectional area of the sapwood is very roughly proportional to the size of the crown of the tree .	crown	What part of a tree is the cross-sectional area of the sapwood approximately proportional to ?
If the rings are narrow , more of them are required than where they are wide .	narrow	Are more rings necessary if they 're narrow or wide ?
As the tree gets larger , the sapwood must necessarily become thinner or increase materially in volume .	thinner	As a tree grows bigger , if the sapwood layer does n't increase in volume , what will it become ?
Sapwood is thicker in the upper portion of the trunk of a tree than near the base , because the age and the diameter of the upper sections are less .	near the base	In what part of the tree trunk is the sapwood layer thinnest ?
Sapwood is thicker in the upper portion of the trunk of a tree than near the base , because the age and the diameter of the upper sections are less .	age	Along with the smaller diameter of the upper trunk , what factor leads to thinner sapwood higher up a tree ?
When a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost , if not entirely , to the ground , but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off .	limbs	What usually covers the whole trunk of a very young tree ?
Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots .	knots	What evidence of the stubs of the limbs a tree loses can always be seen in the wood ?
Consequently , the sapwood of an old tree , and particularly of a forest-grown tree , will be freer from knots than the inner heartwood .	heartwood	In a very old tree , are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood ?
Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots .	Subsequent growth	What hides the stubs of a tree 's lost limbs from being visible later in its life ?
Since in most uses of wood , knots are defects that weaken the timber and interfere with its ease of working and other properties , it follows that a given piece of sapwood , because of its position in the tree , may well be stronger than a piece of heartwood from the same tree .	sapwood	Since knots are defects that weaken lumber , would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger ?
Every broken limb or root , or deep wound from fire , insects , or falling timber , may afford an entrance for decay , which , once started , may penetrate to all parts of the trunk .	decay	What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree ?
Every broken limb or root , or deep wound from fire , insects , or falling timber , may afford an entrance for decay , which , once started , may penetrate to all parts of the trunk .	the trunk	Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree ?
The larvae of many insects bore into the trees and their tunnels remain indefinitely as sources of weakness .	larvae	What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees ?
It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does , since in many cases it is hundreds , and in a few instances thousands , of years old .	inner heartwood	What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old ?
The larvae of many insects bore into the trees and their tunnels remain indefinitely as sources of weakness .	tunnels	What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever ?
If a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged , it will make its most rapid growth in youth , and gradually decline .	youth	In what stage of its life does a tree usually grow the fastest ?
The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide , but later they become narrower and narrower .	narrower	As a tree ages , do its growth rings usually get wider or narrower ?
As a tree reaches maturity its crown becomes more open and the annual wood production is lessened , thereby reducing still more the width of the growth rings .	crown	What part of a tree opens and spreads out more as it matures ?
As a tree reaches maturity its crown becomes more open and the annual wood production is lessened , thereby reducing still more the width of the growth rings .	lessened	Is wood production of a tree lessened or increased as it ages ?
In the case of forest-grown trees so much depends upon the competition of the trees in their struggle for light and nourishment that periods of rapid and slow growth may alternate .	light	Along with nutrients , what do trees growing in forests have to compete for ?
Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly , particularly if the tree is big and mature .	differ	When a big tree is cut up , will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same ?
In a large log the sapwood , because of the time in the life of the tree when it was grown , may be inferior in hardness , strength , and toughness to equally sound heartwood from the same log .	heartwood	In a large log , will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher ?
In a large log the sapwood , because of the time in the life of the tree when it was grown , may be inferior in hardness , strength , and toughness to equally sound heartwood from the same log .	sapwood	If you need really hard , strong wood from a small tree , would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood ?
Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly , particularly if the tree is big and mature .	mature	Besides big trees , what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood ?
In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood , and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous -LRB- see section of yew log above -RRB- .	heartwood	When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood , which is darker ?
This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances , so that a dramatic color difference does not mean a dramatic difference in the mechanical properties of heartwood and sapwood , although there may be a dramatic chemical difference .	chemical substances	What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color ?
In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood , and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous -LRB- see section of yew log above -RRB- .	conspicuous	Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous ?
This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances , so that a dramatic color difference does not mean a dramatic difference in the mechanical properties of heartwood and sapwood , although there may be a dramatic chemical difference .	mechanical	What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different ?
This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances , so that a dramatic color difference does not mean a dramatic difference in the mechanical properties of heartwood and sapwood , although there may be a dramatic chemical difference .	chemical	Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically , if their colors are very different , what other type of difference would they have ?
Some experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength , due to the resin which increases the strength when dry .	Longleaf Pine	What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries ?
Such resin-saturated heartwood is called `` fat lighter '' .	fat lighter	What 's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood ?
Structures built of fat lighter are almost impervious to rot and termites ; however they are very flammable .	rot	What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites ?
Spruce impregnated with crude resin and dried is also greatly increased in strength thereby .	strength	If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried , which of its properties is increased ?
Stumps of old longleaf pines are often dug , split into small pieces and sold as kindling for fires .	kindling	Since it 's highly flammable , what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for ?
Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood , this fact may be used in judging the density , and therefore the hardness and strength of the material .	latewood	Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker ?
Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood , this fact may be used in judging the density , and therefore the hardness and strength of the material .	density	Which property of a tree 's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it 's color ?
This is particularly the case with coniferous woods .	coniferous	What category of trees show this difference greatly ?
In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood , though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true .	ring-porous	What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface ?
Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength .	no indication	With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees , how much of an indication of strength is a wood 's color ?
Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition , indicating unsoundness .	diseased	What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood ?
Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition , indicating unsoundness .	unsoundness	What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased ?
The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks .	insect attacks	What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks ?
The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds .	birds	What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood ?
Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness ; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic .	spalting	What 's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi ?
Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8 -- 16 % of the water in the cell walls , and none , or practically none , in the other forms .	water	What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried ?
Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8 -- 16 % of the water in the cell walls , and none , or practically none , in the other forms .	16	Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls ?
Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture , but for all except chemical purposes , may be considered absolutely dry .	oven-dried	What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry ?
The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable .	softer	Often the water in wood makes it more pliable and what else ?
A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide , paper , or cloth .	rawhide	What material sometimes used for dog chews reacts similarly to wood because of its water content ?
A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide , paper , or cloth .	paper	What material we use to write or print on , like wood , becomes softer and more pliable when wet ?
Within certain limits , the greater the water content , the greater its softening effect .	greater	When water content increases within certain limits in wood , does is have a less or greater softening effect ?
A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide , paper , or cloth .	softening	What type of action does water create in cloth ?
Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood , particularly in small specimens .	strength	What will drying often increase in wood ?
An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section , which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green -LRB- undried -RRB- block of the same size will .	green	What color is also used interchangeably with `` undried '' for wood ?
An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section , which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green -LRB- undried -RRB- block of the same size will .	spruce	What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried ?
The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength , and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression ; these are followed by the modulus of rupture , and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending , while the modulus of elasticity is least affected .	crushing	What type of `` ultimate '' strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood ?
The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength , and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression ; these are followed by the modulus of rupture , and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending , while the modulus of elasticity is least affected .	elasticity	What property of wood is least affected by drying ?
The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength , and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression ; these are followed by the modulus of rupture , and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending , while the modulus of elasticity is least affected .	strength at elastic limit in endwise compression	Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood ?
The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength , and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression ; these are followed by the modulus of rupture , and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending , while the modulus of elasticity is least affected .	modulus of rupture	Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried ?
Wood is a heterogeneous , hygroscopic , cellular and anisotropic material .	heterogeneous	Along with hygroscopic , cellular , and anisotropic , how is the material of wood described ?
It consists of cells , and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose -LRB- 40 % -- 50 % -RRB- and hemicellulose -LRB- 15 % -- 25 % -RRB- impregnated with lignin -LRB- 15 % -- 30 % -RRB- .	cells	What does wood consist of ?
It consists of cells , and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose -LRB- 40 % -- 50 % -RRB- and hemicellulose -LRB- 15 % -- 25 % -RRB- impregnated with lignin -LRB- 15 % -- 30 % -RRB- .	walls	What part of wood 's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose ?
It consists of cells , and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose -LRB- 40 % -- 50 % -RRB- and hemicellulose -LRB- 15 % -- 25 % -RRB- impregnated with lignin -LRB- 15 % -- 30 % -RRB- .	cellulose	What makes up 40-50 % of the cell walls in wood ?
It consists of cells , and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose -LRB- 40 % -- 50 % -RRB- and hemicellulose -LRB- 15 % -- 25 % -RRB- impregnated with lignin -LRB- 15 % -- 30 % -RRB- .	lignin	What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with ?
In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind , tracheids , and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods .	tracheids	What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees ?
In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind , tracheids , and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods .	softwood	Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure ?
There are no vessels -LRB- `` pores '' -RRB- in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash , for example .	pores	What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called ?
There are no vessels -LRB- `` pores '' -RRB- in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash , for example .	oak	What hardwood that starts with the letter `` O '' would have pores ?
There are no vessels -LRB- `` pores '' -RRB- in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash , for example .	ash	Besides oak , what 's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores ?
The structure of hardwoods is more complex .	complex	Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex ?
The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels : in some cases -LRB- oak , chestnut , ash -RRB- these are quite large and distinct , in others -LRB- buckeye , poplar , willow -RRB- too small to be seen without a hand lens .	vessels	What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods ?
The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels : in some cases -LRB- oak , chestnut , ash -RRB- these are quite large and distinct , in others -LRB- buckeye , poplar , willow -RRB- too small to be seen without a hand lens .	large	Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small ?
The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels : in some cases -LRB- oak , chestnut , ash -RRB- these are quite large and distinct , in others -LRB- buckeye , poplar , willow -RRB- too small to be seen without a hand lens .	a hand lens	In wood from a willow tree , what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels ?
In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes , ring-porous and diffuse-porous .	diffuse-porous	Besides ring-porous , what 's the other class hardwoods are often divided into ?
In ring-porous species , such as ash , black locust , catalpa , chestnut , elm , hickory , mulberry , and oak , the larger vessels or pores -LRB- as cross sections of vessels are called -RRB- are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring , thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue .	ring-porous	What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees ?
In ring-porous species , such as ash , black locust , catalpa , chestnut , elm , hickory , mulberry , and oak , the larger vessels or pores -LRB- as cross sections of vessels are called -RRB- are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring , thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue .	spring	In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized ?
The rest of the ring , produced in summer , is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers .	summer	In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species ?
The rest of the ring , produced in summer , is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers .	wood fibers	What fibers does the summer 's section of growth-ring have more of ?
These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood , while the vessels are a source of weakness .	toughness	Along with strength , what property do wood fibers lend to wood ?
In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row .	diffuse-porous	What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized ?
Examples of this kind of wood are alder , basswood , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- birch , buckeye , maple , willow , and the Populus species such as aspen , cottonwood and poplar .	Populus	What species do aspen , cottonwood , and poplar trees belong to ?
Some species , such as walnut and cherry , are on the border between the two classes , forming an intermediate group .	cherry	With walnut , what 's another tree in the intermediate group ?
In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row .	water conducting	What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species ?
In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row .	diffuse-porous	Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous ?
In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood .	temperate	What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood ?
The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season .	denser	Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood ?
The strength is in the walls , not the cavities .	walls	Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells ?
When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities , while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities .	thin	Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin ?
When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities , while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities .	very small	What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood ?
If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other , and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings .	heavy	Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine , which would have a greater proportion of latewood ?
If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other , and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings .	growth rings	What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced ?
In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring , and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work .	white pines	What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings ?
In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring , and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work .	easy	Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture ?
In hard pines , on the other hand , the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored , presenting a very decided contrast to the soft , straw-colored earlywood .	hard pines	What kind of pines have very deep , darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood ?
It is not only the proportion of latewood , but also its quality , that counts .	quality	Having a high proportion of latewood is n't all that matters ; what else is important ?
One can judge comparative density , and therefore to some extent strength , by visual inspection .	comparative density	What can we judge in wood just by looking at it ?
One can judge comparative density , and therefore to some extent strength , by visual inspection .	strength	What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density ?
In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little .	porous	What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood ?
The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed , though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it .	character	What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows ?
In general , however , it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential , woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen .	moderate to slow	If you want wood that 's easy to work with , what kind of growth would you want the tree to have ?
In conifers , at least , rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring , for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy , while in others the opposite is true .	conifers	What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that are n't determined just by their rate of growth ?
No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood .	latewood	What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of ?
The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed , though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it .	a rule	While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows , what ca n't anyone formulate to govern it ?
In ring-porous woods each season 's growth is always well defined , because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before .	ring-porous	What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth ?
In ring-porous woods each season 's growth is always well defined , because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before .	large	What size pores form early in ring-porous woods ' growing season ?
In ring-porous woods each season 's growth is always well defined , because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before .	the year before	When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from ?
In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties .	rate of growth	Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor ?
This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth , the heavier , harder , stronger , and stiffer the wood .	wider	Is harder , heavier wood indicated by narrower or wider growth rings ?
This , it must be remembered , applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak , ash , hickory , and others of the same group , and is , of course , subject to some exceptions and limitations .	hickory	What kind of wood with a name that starts with `` H '' is a ring-porous hardwood ?
This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth , the heavier , harder , stronger , and stiffer the wood .	more rapid	If the growth rings are wider , was the growth of the tree slower or more rapid ?
This , it must be remembered , applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak , ash , hickory , and others of the same group , and is , of course , subject to some exceptions and limitations .	ring-porous	What is the only kind of wood that will definitely be harder and stronger when it grows faster ?
In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled , strength-giving fibers are most abundant .	latewood	Which specific type of wood within ring-porous woods have more fibers to make it strong ?
As the breadth of ring diminishes , this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light , porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma .	breadth of ring	When there is less latewood , what is diminishing ?
As the breadth of ring diminishes , this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light , porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma .	slow	Does slow or rapid growth make relatively porous , light wood ?
In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log , while in inferior material they may make up 25 % or more .	good	What kind of oak has just 6-10 % volume of large vessels in the log ?
The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm , and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood .	thick-walled	What kind of fibers are in the latewood of good oak , making it very firm ?
Wide-ringed wood is often called `` second-growth '' , because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest , and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such `` second-growth '' hardwood material is preferred .	second-growth	What term is sometimes used for wood with wide rings ?
Wide-ringed wood is often called `` second-growth '' , because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest , and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such `` second-growth '' hardwood material is preferred .	open stands	Do young trees grow more quickly in open stands or in a closed forest ?
Wide-ringed wood is often called `` second-growth '' , because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest , and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such `` second-growth '' hardwood material is preferred .	strength	What property is important to manufacturers who use `` second-growth '' hardwood ?
This is particularly the case in the choice of hickory for handles and spokes .	hickory	What specific kind of `` second-growth '' hardwood is often used to make handles and spokes ?
The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that :	U.S. Forest Service	What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties ?
In the diffuse-porous woods , the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost -LRB- if not entirely -RRB- invisible to the unaided eye .	diffuse-porous	What kind of wood often has ring divisions that ca n't even be seen by looking at it ?
Conversely , when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring .	structure	In diffuse-porous woods , if the demarcation between rings is obvious , what type of difference within the ring might not be ?
In the diffuse-porous woods , the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost -LRB- if not entirely -RRB- invisible to the unaided eye .	unaided	What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help ?
In diffuse-porous woods , as has been stated , the vessels or pores are even-sized , so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood .	diffuse-porous	What kind of wood has all similarly sized vessels ?
In general it may be stated that such woods of medium growth afford stronger material than when very rapidly or very slowly grown .	medium	What rate of growth in a tree will make the wood from it stronger than trees that grow very slowly or very quickly ?
In diffuse-porous woods , as has been stated , the vessels or pores are even-sized , so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood .	water	The capability of diffuse-porous woods to carry what substance is spread out in the growth ring ?
The effect of rate of growth is , therefore , not the same as in the ring-porous woods , approaching more nearly the conditions in the conifers .	conifers	What division of trees are diffuse-porous woods more similar in growth rate to than ring-porous woods ?
If ease of working is prized , wood should be chosen with regard to its uniformity of texture and straightness of grain , which will in most cases occur when there is little contrast between the latewood of one season 's growth and the earlywood of the next .	little	Does uniformity of the texture and grain of wood usually result from much or little contrast between earlywood and latewood ?
Structural material that resembles ordinary , `` dicot '' or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants , and these also are colloquially called wood .	dicot	What 's another term used for `` conifer '' wood ?
Structural material that resembles ordinary , `` dicot '' or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants , and these also are colloquially called wood .	monocot	What type of plants produce material that is referred to as `` wood '' even though it is technically not ?
Of these , bamboo , botanically a member of the grass family , has considerable economic importance , larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material in their own right and , these days , in the manufacture of engineered flooring , panels and veneer .	bamboo	What monocot plant produces `` wood '' by the same name that 's often used for flooring and veneer ?
Of these , bamboo , botanically a member of the grass family , has considerable economic importance , larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material in their own right and , these days , in the manufacture of engineered flooring , panels and veneer .	grass	While we call bamboo `` wood , '' what botanical family does it belong to ?
Another major plant group that produce material that often is called wood are the palms .	palms	Along with bamboo , what 's the other monocot that 's a major source of so-called `` wood '' ?
The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity -LRB- Timell 1986 -RRB- , as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it .	specific gravity	Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality ?
The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity -LRB- Timell 1986 -RRB- , as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it .	pulp yield	In addition to lumber strength , what important indicator of wood 's quality can be determined using specific gravity ?
Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water ; density is the ratio of a mass of a quantity of a substance to the volume of that quantity and is expressed in mass per unit substance , e.g. , grams per millilitre -LRB- g/cm3 or g/ml -RRB- .	density	What measurement is expressed in mass per unit substance ?
Upon drying , wood shrinks and its density increases .	increases	When wood dries and shrinks , what happens to its density ?
Minimum values are associated with green -LRB- water-saturated -RRB- wood and are referred to as basic specific gravity -LRB- Timell 1986 -RRB- .	water-saturated	When wood is described as `` green , '' what does `` green '' mean ?
Wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into `` one fairly easily measured wood characteristic '' -LRB- Elliott 1970 -RRB- .	physiological	Along with growth , what kind of factors determine the density of wood ?
Wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into `` one fairly easily measured wood characteristic '' -LRB- Elliott 1970 -RRB- .	one	Into how many characteristics are the factors of wood combined ?
Wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into `` one fairly easily measured wood characteristic '' -LRB- Elliott 1970 -RRB- .	Elliott	What author called wood 's density `` fairly easily measured '' ?
Variation is to be expected .	Variation	What should be anticipated because of the many factors that influence wood 's density ?
Age , diameter , height , radial growth , geographical location , site and growing conditions , silvicultural treatment , and seed source , all to some degree influence wood density .	radial	What specific type of growth has an effect on the density of wood ?
Variation of specific gravity within the bole of a tree can occur in either the horizontal or vertical direction .	bole	Which part of a tree can have vertical or horizontal variation in its specific gravity ?
Within an individual tree , the variation in wood density is often as great as or even greater than that between different trees -LRB- Timell 1986 -RRB- .	density	Variation in what measurement is sometimes greater within one tree than from one tree to another ?
Age , diameter , height , radial growth , geographical location , site and growing conditions , silvicultural treatment , and seed source , all to some degree influence wood density .	seed	What tiny object 's source plays a role in determining wood density ?
The wood from conifers -LRB- e.g. pine -RRB- is called softwood , and the wood from dicotyledons -LRB- usually broad-leaved trees , e.g. oak -RRB- is called hardwood .	softwood	What term do we use for the wood that comes from pine trees ?
The wood from conifers -LRB- e.g. pine -RRB- is called softwood , and the wood from dicotyledons -LRB- usually broad-leaved trees , e.g. oak -RRB- is called hardwood .	hardwood	What kind of wood does an oak tree have ?
The well-known balsa -LRB- a hardwood -RRB- is actually softer than any commercial softwood .	hardwood	Is balsa a softwood or a hardwood ?
Conversely , some softwoods -LRB- e.g. yew -RRB- are harder than many hardwoods .	yew	What 's an example of a softwood that is n't `` soft , '' and is actually harder than a lot of hardwoods ?
The wood from conifers -LRB- e.g. pine -RRB- is called softwood , and the wood from dicotyledons -LRB- usually broad-leaved trees , e.g. oak -RRB- is called hardwood .	dicotyledons	What 's the scientific name for trees like the oak with broad leaves ?
There is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it .	strong	What kind of relationship exists between a tree 's properties and its wood 's properties ?
The density of wood varies with species .	density	What property of wood varies according to species ?
The density of a wood correlates with its strength -LRB- mechanical properties -RRB- .	strength	What property of wood has a correlation to its density ?
For example , mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent for fine furniture crafting , whereas balsa is light , making it useful for model building .	hardwood	Is mahogany a hardwood or a softwood ?
For example , mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent for fine furniture crafting , whereas balsa is light , making it useful for model building .	model building	What hobby is balsa wood often used for ?
The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species , but is approximately 50 % carbon , 42 % oxygen , 6 % hydrogen , 1 % nitrogen , and 1 % other elements -LRB- mainly calcium , potassium , sodium , magnesium , iron , and manganese -RRB- by weight .	50%	What approximate percentage of carbon does wood have ?
The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species , but is approximately 50 % carbon , 42 % oxygen , 6 % hydrogen , 1 % nitrogen , and 1 % other elements -LRB- mainly calcium , potassium , sodium , magnesium , iron , and manganese -RRB- by weight .	hydrogen	What element makes up about 6 % of the chemical composition of wood ?
The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species , but is approximately 50 % carbon , 42 % oxygen , 6 % hydrogen , 1 % nitrogen , and 1 % other elements -LRB- mainly calcium , potassium , sodium , magnesium , iron , and manganese -RRB- by weight .	1%	About what percentage of wood is composed of nitrogen ?
The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species , but is approximately 50 % carbon , 42 % oxygen , 6 % hydrogen , 1 % nitrogen , and 1 % other elements -LRB- mainly calcium , potassium , sodium , magnesium , iron , and manganese -RRB- by weight .	oxygen	Which element in wood composes about 42 % of its weight ?
The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species , but is approximately 50 % carbon , 42 % oxygen , 6 % hydrogen , 1 % nitrogen , and 1 % other elements -LRB- mainly calcium , potassium , sodium , magnesium , iron , and manganese -RRB- by weight .	magnesium	What element joins potassium , calcium , manganese , iron , and sodium to make a combined 1 % of the chemical composition of wood ?
Aside from water , wood has three main components .	three	How many main components make up wood , not counting water ?
Cellulose , a crystalline polymer derived from glucose , constitutes about 41 -- 43 % .	Cellulose	What 's the name for the crystalline polymer derived from glucose ?
Next in abundance is hemicellulose , which is around 20 % in deciduous trees but near 30 % in conifers .	hemicellulose	After cellulose , what component is most plentiful in wood ?
Next in abundance is hemicellulose , which is around 20 % in deciduous trees but near 30 % in conifers .	conifers	What kind of trees have about 30 % hemicellulose ?
A major focus of the paper industry is the separation of the lignin from the cellulose , from which paper is made .	cellulose	Which of the three main components of wood is used to manufacture paper ?
In chemical terms , the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin .	lignin	What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood ?
Softwood lignin is mainly derived from coniferyl alcohol .	Softwood	Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol ?
Softwood lignin is mainly derived from coniferyl alcohol .	coniferyl	Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin ?
Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol .	sinapyl	In addition to coniferyl alcohol , what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin ?
Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol .	Hardwood	Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources ?
Aside from the lignocellulose , wood consists of a variety of low molecular weight organic compounds , called extractives .	extractives	What 's the name for the low molecular weight organic compounds in wood ?
The wood extractives are fatty acids , resin acids , waxes and terpenes .	resin	Along with fatty acids , what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood ?
The wood extractives are fatty acids , resin acids , waxes and terpenes .	waxes	Wood extractives include resin and fatty acids , terpenes , and what other component ?
For example , rosin is exuded by conifers as protection from insects .	insects	What do conifers use rosin to protect themselves from ?
The extraction of these organic materials from wood provides tall oil , turpentine , and rosin .	turpentine	Along with tall oil and rosin , what commercial product do we get from wood 's extractives ?
Hardwood is preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer .	Hardwood	What type of wood is preferred as fuel ?
Hardwood is preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer .	softwood	What type of wood burns quickly and makes more smoke than hardwood ?
Wood has a long history of being used as fuel , which continues to this day , mostly in rural areas of the world .	rural	What type of areas use more wood for fuel ?
Adding a woodstove or fireplace to a home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth .	warmth	What benefit besides the cozy atmosphere would a wood-burning fireplace add to a home ?
Elm in particular was used for this purpose as it resisted decay as long as it was kept wet -LRB- it also served for water pipe before the advent of more modern plumbing -RRB- .	Elm	What wood is decay-resistant when wet ?
Elm in particular was used for this purpose as it resisted decay as long as it was kept wet -LRB- it also served for water pipe before the advent of more modern plumbing -RRB- .	water pipe	What plumbing component was once made out of elm ?
Nearly all boats were made out of wood until the late 19th century , and wood remains in common use today in boat construction .	boats	Until the late 19th century , what vessels were almost always wooden ?
Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters , houses and boats .	construction material	What significant purpose has wood been used for as long as humans have built shelters ?
Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters , houses and boats .	houses	Other than boats , what do people often build with wood ?
Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America .	lumber	What term is used in North America for wood used in construction ?
Elsewhere , lumber usually refers to felled trees , and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber .	felled trees	Outside of North America , if someone said `` lumber , '' to what would they be referring ?
Elsewhere , lumber usually refers to felled trees , and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber .	timber	What do people outside of North America call the sawn boards used for building ?
In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction , including beams , walls , doors , and floors .	oak	What was the preferred wood for construction in Medieval Europe ?
Today a wider variety of woods is used : solid wood doors are often made from poplar , small-knotted pine , and Douglas fir .	Douglas fir	For modern solid wood doors , what wood is often used in addition to small-knotted pine or poplar ?
New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed construction .	timber-framed	What type of construction is often used now to build homes in much of the world ?
They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials .	commercial	In addition to residential applications , what type of buildings often have engineered wood components ?
They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials .	structural	Along with decorative components , what type of building materials can be engineered from wood ?
Engineered wood products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry .	construction	What industry benefits greatly from engineered wood products ?
In buildings made of other materials , wood will still be found as a supporting material , especially in roof construction , in interior doors and their frames , and as exterior cladding .	supporting material	What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials ?
In buildings made of other materials , wood will still be found as a supporting material , especially in roof construction , in interior doors and their frames , and as exterior cladding .	roof	What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood ?
In buildings made of other materials , wood will still be found as a supporting material , especially in roof construction , in interior doors and their frames , and as exterior cladding .	cladding	Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building ?
In buildings made of other materials , wood will still be found as a supporting material , especially in roof construction , in interior doors and their frames , and as exterior cladding .	doors	Inside a building , what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms ?
Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands , veneers , lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger , more efficient composite structural unit .	glue	What holds together an engineered wood product ?
Engineered wood products , glued building products `` engineered '' for application-specific performance requirements , are often used in construction and industrial applications .	industrial	Engineered wood products are often used in construction , but what other major type of applications do they have ?
Engineered wood products , glued building products `` engineered '' for application-specific performance requirements , are often used in construction and industrial applications .	application-specific performance requirements	What requirements do engineered wood products meet ?
Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands , veneers , lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger , more efficient composite structural unit .	composite structural unit	What efficient type of unit does the process of `` engineering '' wood result in ?
Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands , veneers , lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger , more efficient composite structural unit .	veneers	Wood fibers from wood strands , lumber , and what other source can be glued together to make larger units ?
These products include glued laminated timber -LRB- glulam -RRB- , wood structural panels -LRB- including plywood , oriented strand board and composite panels -RRB- , laminated veneer lumber -LRB- LVL -RRB- and other structural composite lumber -LRB- SCL -RRB- products , parallel strand lumber , and I-joists .	wood structural panels	What category do composite panels , strand board , and plywood all fit into ?
These products include glued laminated timber -LRB- glulam -RRB- , wood structural panels -LRB- including plywood , oriented strand board and composite panels -RRB- , laminated veneer lumber -LRB- LVL -RRB- and other structural composite lumber -LRB- SCL -RRB- products , parallel strand lumber , and I-joists .	glulam	What 's another word for glued laminated timber ?
These products include glued laminated timber -LRB- glulam -RRB- , wood structural panels -LRB- including plywood , oriented strand board and composite panels -RRB- , laminated veneer lumber -LRB- LVL -RRB- and other structural composite lumber -LRB- SCL -RRB- products , parallel strand lumber , and I-joists .	laminated veneer lumber	What does LVL stand for ?
The trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood .	plywood	If current building trends continue , what material will be replaced by particle and fiber board ?
Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991 .	100 million	About how many cubic meters of wood was used in 1991 to make products like glulam , LVL , and structural composite lumber ?
Wood unsuitable for construction in its native form may be broken down mechanically -LRB- into fibers or chips -RRB- or chemically -LRB- into cellulose -RRB- and used as a raw material for other building materials , such as engineered wood , as well as chipboard , hardboard , and medium-density fiberboard -LRB- MDF -RRB- .	cellulose	What material results from chemically breaking down wood ?
Wood unsuitable for construction in its native form may be broken down mechanically -LRB- into fibers or chips -RRB- or chemically -LRB- into cellulose -RRB- and used as a raw material for other building materials , such as engineered wood , as well as chipboard , hardboard , and medium-density fiberboard -LRB- MDF -RRB- .	MDF	What 's the abbreviation for medium-density fiberboard ?
Wood unsuitable for construction in its native form may be broken down mechanically -LRB- into fibers or chips -RRB- or chemically -LRB- into cellulose -RRB- and used as a raw material for other building materials , such as engineered wood , as well as chipboard , hardboard , and medium-density fiberboard -LRB- MDF -RRB- .	mechanically	How is wood broken down into chips and fibers ?
Wood derivatives can also be used for kinds of flooring , for example laminate flooring .	laminate	What type of flooring can be made from wood derivatives ?
Such wood derivatives are widely used : wood fibers are an important component of most paper , and cellulose is used as a component of some synthetic materials .	paper	What widely-used product is almost always made of wood fibers ?
Wood has always been used extensively for furniture , such as chairs and beds .	furniture	What category of products usually made from wood includes chairs ?
It is also used for tool handles and cutlery , such as chopsticks , toothpicks , and other utensils , like the wooden spoon .	wooden spoon	What wooden utensil could you stir a pot of soup with ?
It is also used for tool handles and cutlery , such as chopsticks , toothpicks , and other utensils , like the wooden spoon .	handles	Which parts of tools are sometimes made out of wood ?
Wood has always been used extensively for furniture , such as chairs and beds .	beds	What pieces of furniture that most people use every night can be made out of wood ?
It is also used for tool handles and cutlery , such as chopsticks , toothpicks , and other utensils , like the wooden spoon .	chopsticks	What special wooden utensils do many people use to eat Chinese takeout ?
Moisture content electronic monitoring can also enhance next generation wood protection .	Moisture content	What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection ?
Further developments include new lignin glue applications , recyclable food packaging , rubber tire replacement applications , anti-bacterial medical agents , and high strength fabrics or composites .	glue	Development in the wood manufacturing industry include using lignin to make what substance ?
Further developments include new lignin glue applications , recyclable food packaging , rubber tire replacement applications , anti-bacterial medical agents , and high strength fabrics or composites .	tire	Instead of rubber , what important part of a car might someday be replaced by components of wood ?
Further developments include new lignin glue applications , recyclable food packaging , rubber tire replacement applications , anti-bacterial medical agents , and high strength fabrics or composites .	high strength fabrics	What material might be developed from wood that could make clothes that resist wear and tear ?
As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components from wood , or alternatively to modify wood , for example by adding components to wood , new more advanced products will appear on the marketplace .	modify wood	In addition to extracting components from wood , what might scientist do by adding components , for example , to make innovative products ?
It has been used to make sculptures and carvings for millennia .	carvings	Along with sculptures , what type of art have people been making out of wood for centuries ?
Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks , often Western Red Cedar -LRB- Thuja plicata -RRB- , and the Millennium clock tower , now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh .	totem poles	What did indigenous people in North America make out of the trunks of conifers ?
Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks , often Western Red Cedar -LRB- Thuja plicata -RRB- , and the Millennium clock tower , now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh .	Western Red Cedar	What type of tree was often used for totem poles ?
Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks , often Western Red Cedar -LRB- Thuja plicata -RRB- , and the Millennium clock tower , now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh .	Edinburgh	What city in Scotland would you visit to see the Millennium clock tower ?
Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks , often Western Red Cedar -LRB- Thuja plicata -RRB- , and the Millennium clock tower , now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh .	National Museum of Scotland	What museum exhibits the Millennium clock tower ?
The choice of wood may make a significant difference to the tone and resonant qualities of the instrument , and tonewoods have widely differing properties , ranging from the hard and dense african blackwood -LRB- used for the bodies of clarinets -RRB- to the light but resonant European spruce -LRB- Picea abies -RRB- , which is traditionally used for the soundboards of violins .	african blackwood	What kind of wood are clarinet bodies made from ?
The most valuable tonewoods , such as the ripple sycamore -LRB- Acer pseudoplatanus -RRB- , used for the backs of violins , combine acoustic properties with decorative color and grain which enhance the appearance of the finished instrument .	ripple sycamore	What expensive wood with a prized color is used to make the backs of violins ?
The choice of wood may make a significant difference to the tone and resonant qualities of the instrument , and tonewoods have widely differing properties , ranging from the hard and dense african blackwood -LRB- used for the bodies of clarinets -RRB- to the light but resonant European spruce -LRB- Picea abies -RRB- , which is traditionally used for the soundboards of violins .	tonewoods	What category of wood is often used for musical instruments ?
The choice of wood may make a significant difference to the tone and resonant qualities of the instrument , and tonewoods have widely differing properties , ranging from the hard and dense african blackwood -LRB- used for the bodies of clarinets -RRB- to the light but resonant European spruce -LRB- Picea abies -RRB- , which is traditionally used for the soundboards of violins .	European spruce	What 's the common name for Picea abies ?
The choice of wood may make a significant difference to the tone and resonant qualities of the instrument , and tonewoods have widely differing properties , ranging from the hard and dense african blackwood -LRB- used for the bodies of clarinets -RRB- to the light but resonant European spruce -LRB- Picea abies -RRB- , which is traditionally used for the soundboards of violins .	tone	Along with resonance , what property of an instrument will be affected by the wood used to make it ?
Despite their collective name , not all woodwind instruments are made entirely of wood .	woodwind instruments	What type of instruments with a misleading name are n't always made completely out of wood ?
The reeds used to play them , however , are usually made from Arundo donax , a type of monocot cane plant .	Arundo donax	What are woodwind instrument 's reeds often made out of ?
The reeds used to play them , however , are usually made from Arundo donax , a type of monocot cane plant .	monocot	Is the Arundo donax a monocot or dicot cane plant ?
The reeds used to play them , however , are usually made from Arundo donax , a type of monocot cane plant .	reeds	What objects do musicians have to have in order to play woodwind instruments ?
For example , cricket bats are typically made of white willow .	white willow	What wood is usually used for cricket bats ?
The baseball bats which are legal for use in Major League Baseball are frequently made of ash wood or hickory , and in recent years have been constructed from maple even though that wood is somewhat more fragile .	Major League Baseball	Ash and hickory are often used for baseball bats to comply with the rules of what organization ?
NBA courts have been traditionally made out of parquetry .	parquetry	What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on ?
The baseball bats which are legal for use in Major League Baseball are frequently made of ash wood or hickory , and in recent years have been constructed from maple even though that wood is somewhat more fragile .	maple	What wood has recently started being used to make baseball bats in addition to hickory and ash ?
The baseball bats which are legal for use in Major League Baseball are frequently made of ash wood or hickory , and in recent years have been constructed from maple even though that wood is somewhat more fragile .	fragile	Compared to hickory and ash , what adjective might be used for a maple baseball bat ?
Many other types of sports and recreation equipment , such as skis , ice hockey sticks , lacrosse sticks and archery bows , were commonly made of wood in the past , but have since been replaced with more modern materials such as aluminium , fiberglass , carbon fiber , titanium , and composite materials .	archery bows	What pieces of equipment for shooting arrows used to be wooden ?
Many other types of sports and recreation equipment , such as skis , ice hockey sticks , lacrosse sticks and archery bows , were commonly made of wood in the past , but have since been replaced with more modern materials such as aluminium , fiberglass , carbon fiber , titanium , and composite materials .	sticks	Which pieces of ice hockey equipment were once made out of wood ?
One noteworthy example of this trend is the golf club commonly known as the wood , the head of which was traditionally made of persimmon wood in the early days of the game of golf , but is now generally made of synthetic materials .	persimmon	When the golf club called the `` wood '' was actually made out of it , what type of wood was used ?
One noteworthy example of this trend is the golf club commonly known as the wood , the head of which was traditionally made of persimmon wood in the early days of the game of golf , but is now generally made of synthetic materials .	synthetic materials	What is the golf club known as the `` wood '' usually made out of today ?
Many other types of sports and recreation equipment , such as skis , ice hockey sticks , lacrosse sticks and archery bows , were commonly made of wood in the past , but have since been replaced with more modern materials such as aluminium , fiberglass , carbon fiber , titanium , and composite materials .	fiberglass	What other modern material has joined composites , carbon fiber , titanium , and aluminum to replace wood in the manufacture of sporting equipment ?
Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose .	cellulose	What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about ?
Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood ; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria , Flavobacteria , Actinobacteria , Clostridia , and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year .	Symbiotic	What type of bacteria are present in Xylophaga ?
Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood ; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria , Flavobacteria , Actinobacteria , Clostridia , and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year .	sunken	What type of wood is it possible the bacteria in Xylophaga help break down ?
Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood ; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria , Flavobacteria , Actinobacteria , Clostridia , and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year .	over a year	How long was the wood submerged in water in the study that discovered the types of bacteria in it ?
Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood ; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria , Flavobacteria , Actinobacteria , Clostridia , and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year .	Flavobacteria	What bacteria starting with the letter `` F '' were found in wood after it was underwater for more than a year ?
The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language , which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family .	Afro-Asiatic	What language family is Somali a part of ?
The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language , which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family .	Cushitic	What part of the Afro-Asiatic language family is Somali a part of ?
They are predominantly Sunni Muslim .	Sunni Muslim	What is the majority religion of Somalis ?
Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia -LRB- around 12.3 million -RRB- , Ethiopia -LRB- 4.6 million -RRB- , Kenya -LRB- 2.4 million -RRB- , and Djibouti -LRB- 464,600 -RRB- , with many also residing in parts of the Middle East , North America and Europe .	12.3 million	How many people of Somali ethnicity live in Somalia ?
Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia -LRB- around 12.3 million -RRB- , Ethiopia -LRB- 4.6 million -RRB- , Kenya -LRB- 2.4 million -RRB- , and Djibouti -LRB- 464,600 -RRB- , with many also residing in parts of the Middle East , North America and Europe .	Ethiopia	What country has the second largest Somali population ?
Irir Samaale , the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans , is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali .	Irir Samaale	From whom are several Somali clans descended ?
The name `` Somali '' is , in turn , held to be derived from the words soo and maal , which together mean `` go and milk '' -- a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people .	soo and maal	From what words is the term ` Somali ' generally regarded as being derived ?
The name `` Somali '' is , in turn , held to be derived from the words soo and maal , which together mean `` go and milk '' -- a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people .	go and milk	What does ` soo and maal ' mean in English ?
Another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for `` wealthy '' -LRB- dhawamaal -RRB- , again referring to Somali riches in livestock .	dhawamaal	What word in Arabic means ` wealthy ' in English ?
Another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for `` wealthy '' -LRB- dhawamaal -RRB- , again referring to Somali riches in livestock .	livestock	What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth ?
An Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast -- which was then called `` Berbera '' by Arab geographers in reference to the region 's `` Berber '' -LRB- Cushitic -RRB- inhabitants -- as Po-pa-li .	Berbera	What did the Arabs call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century ?
An Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast -- which was then called `` Berbera '' by Arab geographers in reference to the region 's `` Berber '' -LRB- Cushitic -RRB- inhabitants -- as Po-pa-li .	Po-pa-li	What did the Chinese call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century ?
The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali , however , dates back to the 15th century .	15th	In what century was the term ` Somali ' first used ?
During the wars between the Sultanate of Ifat based at Zeila and the Solomonic Dynasty , the Abyssinian Emperor had one of his court officials compose a hymn celebrating a military victory over the Sultan of Ifat 's eponymous troops .	the Abyssinian Emperor	Who ordered that a hymn be composed that first mentioned the Somalis ?
During the wars between the Sultanate of Ifat based at Zeila and the Solomonic Dynasty , the Abyssinian Emperor had one of his court officials compose a hymn celebrating a military victory over the Sultan of Ifat 's eponymous troops .	Zeila	Where was the Sultanate of Ifat located ?
Ancient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country , depicting early life in the territory .	5000 years	How long ago were rock paintings found in Somalia created ?
The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex , which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures .	the Laas Geel complex	Where are the most notable rock paintings located ?
The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex , which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures .	human figures	Along with animals , what is depicted on the rock paintings of Laas Geel ?
In other places , such as the northern Dhambalin region , a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman .	the northern Dhambalin region	Where does a notable rock painting of a man on horseback exist ?
Ancient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country , depicting early life in the territory .	northern	In what geographic part of Somalia are these rock paintings commonly found ?
During the Stone age , the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories .	the Doian culture	Along with the Hargesian culture , what culture was present in Somalia in the Stone age ?
Inscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings , but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing .	Inscriptions	What undeciphered writings were found alongside the rock paintings ?
During the Stone age , the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories .	the Stone age	During what period did the Doian culture thrive ?
The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC .	Somalia	In what country is the oldest evidence of ceremonial burial in the Horn of Africa located ?
The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC .	4th millennium BC	From what millennium do the oldest cemeteries in the Horn of Africa date ?
The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and the West .	the Jalelo site	At what site were important paleolithic stone tools found ?
The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and the West .	northern	In what geographic part of Somalia were important paleolithic stone tools found ?
In antiquity , the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region 's commerce with the rest of the ancient world .	commerce	What economic activity in the Horn of Africa did the ancient Somalis connect to the rest of the world ?
Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense , myrrh and spices , items which were considered valuable luxuries by the Ancient Egyptians , Phoenicians , Mycenaeans and Babylonians .	frankincense	Along with myrrh and spices , what important luxury did ancient Somali merchants provide ?
Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense , myrrh and spices , items which were considered valuable luxuries by the Ancient Egyptians , Phoenicians , Mycenaeans and Babylonians .	Mycenaeans	Along with the ancient Phoenicians , Egyptians and Babylonians , what ancient people regarded myrrh as a luxury ?
According to most scholars , the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people .	Land of Punt	What ancient land was connected to the modern Somali people ?
The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut .	Pharaonic Egypt	What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with ?
The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut .	Hatshepsut	Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close ?
The pyramidal structures , temples and ancient houses of dressed stone littered around Somalia are said to date from this period .	pyramidal structures	Along with houses of dressed stone , what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt ?
In the classical era , several ancient city-states such as Opone , Essina , Sarapion , Nikon , Malao , Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui , which competed with the Sabaeans , Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade , also flourished in Somalia .	Cape Guardafui	Near what headland was Mosylon located ?
In the classical era , several ancient city-states such as Opone , Essina , Sarapion , Nikon , Malao , Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui , which competed with the Sabaeans , Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade , also flourished in Somalia .	Damo	Along with Mosylon , Malao , Nikon , Sarapion , Opone and Essina , what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia ?
In the classical era , several ancient city-states such as Opone , Essina , Sarapion , Nikon , Malao , Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui , which competed with the Sabaeans , Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade , also flourished in Somalia .	Sabaeans	Along with the Parthians and Axumites , who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis ?
In the classical era , several ancient city-states such as Opone , Essina , Sarapion , Nikon , Malao , Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui , which competed with the Sabaeans , Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade , also flourished in Somalia .	Indo-Greco-Roman	What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for ?
The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia 's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants , sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners .	Red Sea	What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born ?
The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia 's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants , sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners .	the Arabian Peninsula	In what location was Islam born ?
With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries , the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu , Berbera , Zeila , Barawa and Merca , which were part of the Berberi civilization .	Berberi	What civilization was Mogadishu a part of ?
The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam , and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries .	the City of Islam	What was another name for Mogadishu ?
The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam , and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries .	gold	The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu ?
The Sultanate of Ifat , led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila , ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia , Djibouti , and northern Somalia .	the Walashma dynasty	What dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Ifat ?
The Sultanate of Ifat , led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila , ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia , Djibouti , and northern Somalia .	Zeila	What was the capital of the Sultanate of Ifat ?
The Sultanate of Ifat , led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila , ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia , Djibouti , and northern Somalia .	Djibouti	Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia , in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located ?
Its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers .	15,000	According to al-Umari , how many cavalry did the Sultanate of Ifat have ?
The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast , and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel .	the Red Sea	Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located ?
In the Middle Ages , several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate , which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building , the Sultanate of Adal , whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi -LRB- Ahmed Gurey -RRB- was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal 's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire , and the Sultanate of the Geledi , whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf .	the Ajuran Sultanate	What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses ?
In the Middle Ages , several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate , which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building , the Sultanate of Adal , whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi -LRB- Ahmed Gurey -RRB- was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal 's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire , and the Sultanate of the Geledi , whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf .	the Sultanate of Adal	What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi ?
In the Middle Ages , several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate , which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building , the Sultanate of Adal , whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi -LRB- Ahmed Gurey -RRB- was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal 's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire , and the Sultanate of the Geledi , whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf .	Ahmed Gurey	What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known ?
In the Middle Ages , several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate , which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building , the Sultanate of Adal , whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi -LRB- Ahmed Gurey -RRB- was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal 's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire , and the Sultanate of the Geledi , whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf .	the Ethiopian Empire	What state did Adal conquer ?
In the Middle Ages , several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate , which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building , the Sultanate of Adal , whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi -LRB- Ahmed Gurey -RRB- was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal 's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire , and the Sultanate of the Geledi , whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf .	Sultan Ahmed Yusuf	What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire ?
As a result of its successes against the British , the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires .	the Ottoman and German empires	What states supported the Dervish State ?
After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay , the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 , when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex .	1920	In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes ?
After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay , the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 , when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex .	Taleex	What was the capital of the Dervish State ?
Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927 .	1927	In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia ?
This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration .	1941	In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end ?
Following World War II , Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates .	Italian Somaliland	Along with British Somaliland , what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War ?
In 1945 , during the Potsdam Conference , the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland , but only under close supervision and on the condition -- first proposed by the Somali Youth League -LRB- SYL -RRB- and other nascent Somali political organizations , such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali -LRB- HDMS -RRB- and the Somali National League -LRB- SNL -RRB- -- that Somalia achieve independence within ten years .	the Potsdam Conference	At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland ?
In 1945 , during the Potsdam Conference , the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland , but only under close supervision and on the condition -- first proposed by the Somali Youth League -LRB- SYL -RRB- and other nascent Somali political organizations , such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali -LRB- HDMS -RRB- and the Somali National League -LRB- SNL -RRB- -- that Somalia achieve independence within ten years .	Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali	Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League , what was an early Somali political organization ?
In 1945 , during the Potsdam Conference , the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland , but only under close supervision and on the condition -- first proposed by the Somali Youth League -LRB- SYL -RRB- and other nascent Somali political organizations , such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali -LRB- HDMS -RRB- and the Somali National League -LRB- SNL -RRB- -- that Somalia achieve independence within ten years .	ten	How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent ?
British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960 .	1960	In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended ?
Meanwhile , in 1948 , under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis , the British `` returned '' the Haud -LRB- an important Somali grazing area that was presumably ` protected ' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886 -RRB- and the Ogaden to Ethiopia , based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans .	the Ogaden	Along with the Haud , what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British ?
Meanwhile , in 1948 , under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis , the British `` returned '' the Haud -LRB- an important Somali grazing area that was presumably ` protected ' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886 -RRB- and the Ogaden to Ethiopia , based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans .	1948	In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia ?
Meanwhile , in 1948 , under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis , the British `` returned '' the Haud -LRB- an important Somali grazing area that was presumably ` protected ' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886 -RRB- and the Ogaden to Ethiopia , based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans .	Emperor Menelik	The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader ?
This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over .	1956	In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia ?
A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti -LRB- then known as French Somaliland -RRB- in 1958 , on the eve of Somalia 's independence in 1960 , to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France .	French Somaliland	What was Djibouti called in 1958 ?
A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti -LRB- then known as French Somaliland -RRB- in 1958 , on the eve of Somalia 's independence in 1960 , to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France .	1960	In what year did Somalia become independent ?
The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia , as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi , Vice President of the Government Council .	Vice President of the Government Council	What was Mahmoud Harbi 's title ?
Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977 , and Hassan Gouled Aptidon , a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958 , eventually wound up as Djibouti 's first president -LRB- 1977 -- 1991 -RRB- .	1977	When did Djibouti achieve independence ?
Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977 , and Hassan Gouled Aptidon , a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958 , eventually wound up as Djibouti 's first president -LRB- 1977 -- 1991 -RRB- .	Hassan Gouled Aptidon	Who was the first president of Djibouti ?
British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland , and the Trust Territory of Somalia -LRB- the former Italian Somaliland -RRB- followed suit five days later .	26 June 1960	On what date did British Somaliland gain independence ?
British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland , and the Trust Territory of Somalia -LRB- the former Italian Somaliland -RRB- followed suit five days later .	the State of Somaliland	What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence ?
British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland , and the Trust Territory of Somalia -LRB- the former Italian Somaliland -RRB- followed suit five days later .	the Trust Territory of Somalia	What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland ?
On 1 July 1960 , the two territories united to form the Somali Republic , albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain .	1 July 1960	On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite ?
A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments , with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly , Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the President of the Somali Republic and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister -LRB- later to become President from 1967 to 1969 -RRB- .	Aden Abdullah Osman Daar	Who was the first President of the Somali Republic ?
On 15 October 1969 , while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod , Somalia 's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards .	15 October 1969	On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated ?
On 15 October 1969 , while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod , Somalia 's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards .	one of his own bodyguards	Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke ?
His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 -LRB- the day after his funeral -RRB- , in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition -- essentially a bloodless takeover .	21 October 1969	On what day , the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke , did a coup occur ?
The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre , who at the time commanded the army .	Mohamed Siad Barre	Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred ?
The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre , who at the time commanded the army .	Major General	What was Mohamed Siad Barre 's rank ?
Alongside Barre , the Supreme Revolutionary Council -LRB- SRC -RRB- that assumed power after President Sharmarke 's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel .	Salaad Gabeyre Kediye	Along with Jama Korshel , who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council ?
Alongside Barre , the Supreme Revolutionary Council -LRB- SRC -RRB- that assumed power after President Sharmarke 's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel .	Chief of Police	What was Jama Korshel 's title ?
Alongside Barre , the Supreme Revolutionary Council -LRB- SRC -RRB- that assumed power after President Sharmarke 's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel .	Lieutenant Colonel	What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye ?
The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic , dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court , and suspended the constitution .	the Somali Democratic Republic	What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia ?
The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic , dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court , and suspended the constitution .	suspended the constitution	Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament , what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take ?
In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land , the new regime 's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia 's traditional and religious links with the Arab world , eventually joining the Arab League -LRB- AL -RRB- in 1974 .	industry	What did the new government nationalize along with land ?
In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land , the new regime 's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia 's traditional and religious links with the Arab world , eventually joining the Arab League -LRB- AL -RRB- in 1974 .	the Arab League	What international body did the new government join ?
In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land , the new regime 's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia 's traditional and religious links with the Arab world , eventually joining the Arab League -LRB- AL -RRB- in 1974 .	1974	In what year did the new government enter the Arab League ?
That same year , Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity -LRB- OAU -RRB- , the predecessor of the African Union -LRB- AU -RRB- .	the African Union	What organization would the Organization of African Unity later become ?
The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign , which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate .	literacy	What rate did the new government 's programs significantly increase ?
Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries -LRB- Somalia , Djibouti , Ethiopia , and northeastern Kenya -RRB- that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers .	Ethiopia	Along with Kenya , Djibouti and Somalia , in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live ?
Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries -LRB- Somalia , Djibouti , Ethiopia , and northeastern Kenya -RRB- that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers .	northeastern	In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found ?
Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire , the Adal Sultanate , the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation .	Pan-Somalism	What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country ?
The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism , which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side , and Ethiopia , Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other .	Cuba	Along with the Soviet Union , what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia ?
The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism , which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side , and Ethiopia , Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other .	the Ogaden War	What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union , Cuba and Ethiopia ?
According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , Cruciani et al. -LRB- 2004 , 2007 -RRB- , the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa .	2005	In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity ?
Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis , the E1b1b1a -LRB- formerly E3b1a -RRB- haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians , Sudanese , Egyptians , Berbers , North African Arabs , as well as many Mediterranean populations .	E1b1b1a	What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis ?
According to Cruciani et al. -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya .	Egypt/Libya	Based on the presence of the M78 subclade , where do some researchers think Somalis originated ?
Sanchez et al. -LRB- 2005 -RRB- observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77 % of their Somali male samples .	77%	What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b ?
According to mtDNA studies by Holden -LRB- 2005 -RRB- and Richards et al. -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup .	2006	When did Richards publish his mtDNA research ?
This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans , particularly Egyptians and Algerians .	Ethiopians	Along with Egyptians , Algerians and Somalis , what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup ?
M1 is believed to have originated in Asia , where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages .	Asia	On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated ?
According to mtDNA studies by Holden -LRB- 2005 -RRB- and Richards et al. -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup .	Holden	Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005 ?
This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family :	Afro-Asiatic	What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with ?
According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population -LRB- s -RRB- carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component , which the researchers dub the `` Ethio-Somali '' .	2014	When did Hodgson publish his DNA study ?
According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population -LRB- s -RRB- carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component , which the researchers dub the `` Ethio-Somali '' .	Ethio-Somali	According to Hodgson , what ancestral people spread the Afro-Asiatic languages ?
It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis , representing the majority of their ancestry .	Somalis	According to Hodgson , what people is mostly descended from Ethio-Somalis ?
The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component , and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago .	at least 23,000 years ago	According to Hodgson , how long ago did the Ethio-Somalis diverge from other non-African ancestries ?
On this basis , the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population -LRB- s -RRB- probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East , having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the Sinai Peninsula .	the Near East	According to Hodgson , where did the Ethio-Somalis originate ?
According to Mohamoud et al. -LRB- 2006 -RRB- :	2006	In what year did Mahamoud publish his research ?
The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region , including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia , so as to seek protection from the Quraysh .	northern	In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located ?
The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region , including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia , so as to seek protection from the Quraysh .	the Quraysh	From whom were the early Muslims fleeing ?
With very few exceptions , Somalis are entirely Muslims , the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence , although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination .	Sunni	Along with the Shafi'i , to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong ?
With very few exceptions , Somalis are entirely Muslims , the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence , although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination .	Islam	What is the majority religion in Somalia ?
With very few exceptions , Somalis are entirely Muslims , the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence , although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination .	Shia	A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam ?
Qur ` anic schools -LRB- also known as dugsi -RRB- remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia .	dugsi	What is another name for a Qur ` anic school ?
A study from 1993 found , among other things , that `` unlike in primary schools where gender disparity is enormous , around 40 per cent of Qur ` anic school pupils are girls ; but the teaching staff have minimum or no qualification necessary to ensure intellectual development of children . ''	40	What percentage of students at Qur ` anic schools are female ?
To address these concerns , the Somali government on its own part subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs , under which Qur ` anic education is now regulated .	the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs	What government body regulates Qur ` anic education ?
In the Somali diaspora , multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham , London , Toronto and Minneapolis , where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience .	Toronto	Along with Minneapolis , London and Birmingham , what city contains a notable population of Somalis ?
The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia , to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts , or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque , which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities .	the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque	What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis ?
The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia , to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts , or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque , which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities .	droughts	Along with floods , what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising ?
The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia , to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts , or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque , which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities .	schools	Along with universities , the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising ?
In addition , the Somali community has produced numerous important Muslim figures over the centuries , many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Islamic learning and practice in the Horn of Africa , the Arabian Peninsula and well beyond .	the Arabian Peninsula	Along with the Horn of Africa , what is a notable location where Somali Islamic figures have been influential ?
The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units , and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics .	clan	What is a basic social unit of Somali society ?
The tombs of the founders of the Darod , Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abgaal sub-clan of the Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia .	northern	In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located ?
The tombs of the founders of the Darod , Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abgaal sub-clan of the Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia .	Hawiye	Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan ?
So to extend ties of alliance , marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan .	marriage	What practice is often used to bind different clans together ?
Thus , for example , a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan , 55 -LRB- 62 % -RRB- were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands ; 30 -LRB- 33.7 % -RRB- were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families -LRB- Isaaq , 28 ; Hawiye , 3 -RRB- ; and 3 -LRB- 4.3 % -RRB- were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family -LRB- Majerteen 2 , Ogaden 1 -RRB- .	3	According to a recent study , how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan ?
Thus , for example , a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan , 55 -LRB- 62 % -RRB- were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands ; 30 -LRB- 33.7 % -RRB- were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families -LRB- Isaaq , 28 ; Hawiye , 3 -RRB- ; and 3 -LRB- 4.3 % -RRB- were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family -LRB- Majerteen 2 , Ogaden 1 -RRB- .	55	According to a recent study , how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan ?
Thus , for example , a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan , 55 -LRB- 62 % -RRB- were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands ; 30 -LRB- 33.7 % -RRB- were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families -LRB- Isaaq , 28 ; Hawiye , 3 -RRB- ; and 3 -LRB- 4.3 % -RRB- were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family -LRB- Majerteen 2 , Ogaden 1 -RRB- .	Darod	To what clan family do the Ogaden belong ?
Thus , for example , a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan , 55 -LRB- 62 % -RRB- were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands ; 30 -LRB- 33.7 % -RRB- were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families -LRB- Isaaq , 28 ; Hawiye , 3 -RRB- ; and 3 -LRB- 4.3 % -RRB- were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family -LRB- Majerteen 2 , Ogaden 1 -RRB- .	4.3%	What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden ?
The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property .	1975 Somali Family Law	What law gave Somali husbands and wives equal rights over personal property ?
In 1975 , the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic , which put women and men , including husbands and wives , on complete equal footing .	the Somali Democratic Republic	What was the official name of the country in which the 1975 Somali Family Law was passed ?
The 1975 Somali Family Law gave men and women equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce and the exclusive right to control by each spouse over his or her personal property .	equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce	In addition to giving spouses equal rights over their personal property during marriage , what did the Somali Family Law give them ?
Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia , at approximately 85 % of the nation 's inhabitants .	Somalis	What is the biggest ethnic group in Somalia ?
Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia , at approximately 85 % of the nation 's inhabitants .	85%	What percentage of Somalians are ethnic Somalis ?
They are traditionally nomads , but since the late 20th century , many have moved to urban areas .	20th	During what century did the nomad lifestyle decline among Somalis ?
While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper , large numbers also live in Ethiopia , Djibouti , Kenya , Yemen , the Middle East , South Asia and Europe due to their seafaring tradition .	their seafaring tradition	Why do many Somalis live in South Asia and Europe ?
While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper , large numbers also live in Ethiopia , Djibouti , Kenya , Yemen , the Middle East , South Asia and Europe due to their seafaring tradition .	Kenya	Along with Djibouti and Ethiopia , in what African country outside Somalia can Somalis be found ?
Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora , as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East , Europe and North America .	Civil strife	What led to an increase in the number of Somalis leaving the country ?
Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora , as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East , Europe and North America .	Europe	Along with the Middle East and North America , to what continent did the Somali diaspora go in the 1990s ?
In Canada , the cities of Toronto , Ottawa , Calgary , Edmonton , Montreal , Vancouver , Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations .	Toronto	Along with Ottawa , Calgary , Edmonton , Montreal , Winnipeg , Hamilton and Vancouver , what Canadian city has a significant Somali population ?
Statistics Canada 's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada .	69th	As of 2006 , where did Somalis rank in terms of population by ethnicity in Canada ?
While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years , an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom .	108,000	About how many Somalis live in the UK ?
Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London , Sheffield , Bristol , Birmingham , Cardiff , Liverpool , Manchester , Leeds , and Leicester , with London alone accounting for roughly 78 % of Britain 's Somali population .	78%	What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London ?
There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden : 57,906 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- ; the Netherlands : 37,432 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- ; Norway : 38,413 -LRB- 2015 -RRB- ; Denmark : 18,645 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- ; and Finland : 16,721 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- .	57,906	As of 2014 , how many Somalis lived in Sweden ?
There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden : 57,906 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- ; the Netherlands : 37,432 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- ; Norway : 38,413 -LRB- 2015 -RRB- ; Denmark : 18,645 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- ; and Finland : 16,721 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- .	38,413	In 2014 , how many Somalis resided in Norway ?
There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden : 57,906 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- ; the Netherlands : 37,432 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- ; Norway : 38,413 -LRB- 2015 -RRB- ; Denmark : 18,645 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- ; and Finland : 16,721 -LRB- 2014 -RRB- .	16,721	How many Somalis lived in Finland as of 2014 ?
In the United States , Minneapolis , Saint Paul , Columbus , San Diego , Seattle , Washington , D.C. , Houston , Atlanta , Los Angeles , Portland , Denver , Nashville , Green Bay , Lewiston , Portland , Maine and Cedar Rapids have the largest Somali populations .	the United States	What country is Cedar Rapids located in ?
An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities -LRB- Minneapolis and Saint Paul -RRB- now have the highest population of Somalis in North America .	Minneapolis	Along with Saint Paul , what city constitutes the Twin Cities ?
An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities -LRB- Minneapolis and Saint Paul -RRB- now have the highest population of Somalis in North America .	20,000	About how many Somalis moved to Minnesota ten years ago ?
The number of Somalis has especially surged in the Cedar-Riverside area of Minneapolis .	Cedar-Riverside	What area of Minneapolis contains a notable number of Somalis ?
The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products , including leather shoes , jewelry and other fashion items , halal meat , and hawala or money transfer services .	money transfer services	What is hawala ?
The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products , including leather shoes , jewelry and other fashion items , halal meat , and hawala or money transfer services .	halal	What sort of meat is sold in Somali businesses in Minneapolis ?
There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates .	the United Arab Emirates	In what Middle Eastern country is there a notable Somali population ?
Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira , the Dubai city centre , with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large .	Deira	What is another name for the city center of Dubai ?
Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira , the Dubai city centre , with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large .	Iranians	People of what nationality export more products from Dubai than Somalis ?
Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned airlines which are based in Dubai .	Star African Air	What is the name of an airline owned by Dubai-based Somalis ?
Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned airlines which are based in Dubai .	three	How many Dubai-based airlines are owned by Somalis ?
Primarily concentrated in the north and Khartoum , the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople .	Khartoum	Near what city in Sudan do many Somalis reside ?
Primarily concentrated in the north and Khartoum , the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople .	north	In what geographical portion of Sudan do some Somalis live ?
Primarily concentrated in the north and Khartoum , the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople .	students	Along with businesspeople , what sort of Somalis live in Sudan ?
More recently , Somali entrepreneurs have established themselves in Kenya , investing over $ 1.5 billion in the Somali enclave of Eastleigh alone .	Eastleigh	In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $ 1.5 billion ?
In South Africa , Somali businesspeople also provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the Western Cape province .	Western Cape	In what province of South Africa do Somalis congregate ?
The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family .	Afro-Asiatic	What language family does the Somali language belong to ?
The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family .	Cushitic	What branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family does the Somali language belong to ?
Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages .	Afar	Along with Saho , what language is closely related to Somali ?
The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family .	Somali	Among the Cushitic languages , which is the most well-documented ?
Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages , with academic studies of it dating from before 1900 .	1900	Before what year did studies on the Somali language exist ?
One source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally .	7.78 million	About how many people in Somalia speak Somali ?
One source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally .	12.65	In millions , about how many global Somali speakers are there ?
The Somali language is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora .	the Somali diaspora	Along with Greater Somalia ethnic Somalis , who speaks Somali ?
Somali dialects are divided into three main groups : Northern , Benaadir and Maay .	Benaadir	Along with Northern and Maay , what is the third main group of Somali dialects ?
Northern Somali -LRB- or Northern-Central Somali -RRB- forms the basis for Standard Somali .	Northern Somali	What dialect is Standard Somali based on ?
Benaadir -LRB- also known as Coastal Somali -RRB- is spoken on the Benadir coast from Adale to south of Merca , including Mogadishu , as well as in the immediate hinterland .	Coastal Somali	What is another name for Benaadir ?
Benaadir -LRB- also known as Coastal Somali -RRB- is spoken on the Benadir coast from Adale to south of Merca , including Mogadishu , as well as in the immediate hinterland .	Benaadir	What dialect is spoken on Mogadishu ?
Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle -LRB- Rahanweyn -RRB- clans in the southern areas of Somalia .	southern	In what geographic part of Somalia do the Rahanweyn live ?
Of these , the Somali alphabet is the most widely used , and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972 .	the Somali alphabet	What is the most frequently used writing script for the Somali language ?
Of these , the Somali alphabet is the most widely used , and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972 .	Mohamed Siad Barre	Who introduced the Somali alphabet ?
Of these , the Somali alphabet is the most widely used , and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972 .	October 1972	In what month and year was the Somali alphabet introduced ?
The script was developed by the Somali linguist Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for the Somali language , and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p , v and z. Besides Ahmed 's Latin script , other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad 's writing .	Shire Jama Ahmed	Who created the Somali alphabet ?
Indigenous writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya , Borama and Kaddare scripts , which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid , Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare , respectively .	Osman Yusuf Kenadid	Who invented the Osmanya script ?
In addition to Somali , Arabic , which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue , is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti .	Arabic	Other than Somali , what is an official language of Somalia ?
In addition to Somali , Arabic , which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue , is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti .	Afro-Asiatic	To what language family does Arabic belong ?
In addition to Somali , Arabic , which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue , is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti .	Djibouti	In what neighboring country is Arabic also an official language ?
Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of the Arab League .	the Arab League	What organization do both Djibouti and Somalia belong to ?
The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations , such as other parts of Northeast Africa , the Arabian Peninsula , India and Southeast Asia .	Northeast	Civilizations from what geographic part of Africa influenced Somali culture ?
The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations , such as other parts of Northeast Africa , the Arabian Peninsula , India and Southeast Asia .	Southeast	Civilizations from what geographic part of Asia influenced Somali culture ?
The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations , such as other parts of Northeast Africa , the Arabian Peninsula , India and Southeast Asia .	India	What Asian country notable influenced Somali culture ?
The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations , such as other parts of Northeast Africa , the Arabian Peninsula , India and Southeast Asia .	the Arabian Peninsula	Along with Northeast Africa , Southeast Asia and India , what locale had a significant influence on Somali culture ?
The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine , which contains Southeast Asian influences .	Southeast Asian	Somali food contains influences from what region ?
The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry , as is the culture of wood carving , pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes .	monumental architecture	Along with textiles , wood carving and pottery , what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today ?
Due to the Somali people 's passionate love for and facility with poetry , Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a `` Nation of Poets '' and a `` Nation of Bards '' including , among others , the Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence .	Margaret Laurence	Who called Somalia a `` Nation of Bards '' ?
Due to the Somali people 's passionate love for and facility with poetry , Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a `` Nation of Poets '' and a `` Nation of Bards '' including , among others , the Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence .	Canadian	Of what nationality is the person who called Somalia a `` Nation of Bards '' ?
Due to the Somali people 's passionate love for and facility with poetry , Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a `` Nation of Poets '' and a `` Nation of Bards '' including , among others , the Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence .	novelist	What is the profession of the individual who referred to Somalia as a `` Nation of Bards '' ?
All of these traditions , including festivals , martial arts , dress , literature , sport and games such as Shax , have immensely contributed to the enrichment of Somali heritage .	Shax	What is a notable game that is played in Somalia ?
All of these traditions , including festivals , martial arts , dress , literature , sport and games such as Shax , have immensely contributed to the enrichment of Somali heritage .	martial arts	Along with sport , games , literature , dress and festivals , what is a notable Somali cultural tradition ?
Most Somali songs are pentatonic .	pentatonic	What scale is used by most Somali songs ?
That is , they only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic -LRB- seven note -RRB- scale , such as the major scale .	seven	How many notes are in a hepatonic scale ?
That is , they only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic -LRB- seven note -RRB- scale , such as the major scale .	the major scale	What is an exaple of a hepatonic scale ?
At first listen , Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia , Sudan or Arabia , but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles .	Sudan	Along with Arabia and Ethiopia , what land has songs that sound similar to those of Somalia ?
Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists -LRB- midho -RRB- , songwriters -LRB- lahan -RRB- and singers -LRB- ` odka or `` voice '' -RRB- .	lyricists	What does midho mean in English ?
Growing out of the Somali people 's rich storytelling tradition , the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s , immediately after independence .	1960s	In what decade were the first Somali feature films made ?
Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency -LRB- SFA -RRB- regulatory body in 1975 , the local film scene began to expand rapidly .	1975	In what year was the SFA founded ?
The Somali filmmaker Ali Said Hassan concurrently served as the SFA 's representative in Rome .	Ali Said Hassan	Who was the representative of the Somali Film Agency in Rome ?
In the 1970s and early 1980s , popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry .	popular musicals	What are riwaaydo ?
Said Salah Ahmed during this period directed his first feature film , The Somali Darwish -LRB- The Somalia Dervishes -RRB- , devoted to the Dervish State .	The Somali Darwish	What was the name of Said Salah Ahmed 's first feature ?
Somali art is characterized by its aniconism , partly as a result of the vestigial influence of the pre-Islamic mythology of the Somalis coupled with their ubiquitous Muslim beliefs .	aniconism	What is a notable characteristic of Somali art ?
These include artistic traditions in pottery , music , architecture , wood carving and other genres .	music	Along with wood carving , architecture and pottery , what is a notable Somali artistic tradition ?
However , there have been cases in the past of artistic depictions representing living creatures , such as certain ancient rock paintings in northern Somalia , the golden birds on the Mogadishan canopies , and the plant decorations on religious tombs in southern Somalia .	northern	In what geographic region of Somalia are ancient rock paintings located ?
However , there have been cases in the past of artistic depictions representing living creatures , such as certain ancient rock paintings in northern Somalia , the golden birds on the Mogadishan canopies , and the plant decorations on religious tombs in southern Somalia .	birds	What animals are depicted on the Mogadishan canopies ?
However , there have been cases in the past of artistic depictions representing living creatures , such as certain ancient rock paintings in northern Somalia , the golden birds on the Mogadishan canopies , and the plant decorations on religious tombs in southern Somalia .	southern	In what area of Somalia can one find the tombs decorated with plants ?
Additionally , henna is an important part of Somali culture .	henna	What do Somali women wear on their feet during Eid ?
Somali henna designs are similar to those in the Arabian peninsula , often featuring flower motifs and triangular shapes .	flower motifs	Along with triangular shapes , what are common henna designs in Somalia ?
Somali women have likewise traditionally applied kohl -LRB- kuul -RRB- to their eyes .	kohl	What do Somali women traditionally put around their eyes ?
Usage of the eye cosmetic in the Horn region is believed to date to the ancient Land of Punt .	Land of Punt	From what ancient region did kuul application come ?
Henna parties are usually held before the wedding takes place .	Henna parties	What activity is often held before Somali weddings ?
Football is the most popular sport amongst Somalis .	Football	What sport do Somalis most enjoy ?
The multi-ethnic Ocean Stars , Somalia 's national team , first participated at the Olympic Games in 1972 and has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since then .	Ocean Stars	What is the name of the Somali national football team ?
The multi-ethnic Ocean Stars , Somalia 's national team , first participated at the Olympic Games in 1972 and has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since then .	1972	In what year did the Ocean Stars first compete in the Olympics ?
In addition , several international footballers such as Mohammed Ahamed Jama , Liban Abdi , Ayub Daud and Abdisalam Ibrahim have played in European top divisions .	Mohammed Ahamed Jama	Along with Liban Abdi , Ayub Daud and Abdisalam Ibrahim , who is a notable Somali football player ?
Important competitions are the Somalia League and Somalia Cup .	the Somalia League	Along with the Somalia Cup , what is an important Somali football competition ?
The FIBA Africa Championship 1981 was hosted by Somalia from 15 -- 23 December 1981 .	15–23 December 1981	When did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place ?
The FIBA Africa Championship 1981 was hosted by Somalia from 15 -- 23 December 1981 .	Somalia	Who hosted the 1981 FIBA African Championship ?
The games were played in Mogadishu , and the Somali national team received the bronze prize .	Mogadishu	In what city did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place ?
Hussein Ahmed Salah , a Somalia-born former long-distance runner from Djibouti , won a bronze medal in the marathon at the 1988 Summer Olympics .	Djibouti	For what nation did Hussein Ahmed Salah compete ?
Mohammed Ahmed -LRB- athlete -RRB- is a Canadian long-distance runner who represented Canada in the 10,000 meter races at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2013 World Championships in Athletics .	Canada	Who did Mohammed Ahmed compete for in the Olympics ?
In the martial arts , Faisal Jeylani Aweys and Mohamed Deq Abdulle also took home a silver medal and fourth place , respectively , at the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup in Tongeren .	Mohamed Deq Abdulle	Who came in fourth in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup ?
In the martial arts , Faisal Jeylani Aweys and Mohamed Deq Abdulle also took home a silver medal and fourth place , respectively , at the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup in Tongeren .	silver	What medal did Faisal Jeylani Aweys win in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup ?
In the martial arts , Faisal Jeylani Aweys and Mohamed Deq Abdulle also took home a silver medal and fourth place , respectively , at the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup in Tongeren .	Tongeren	Where did the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup take place ?
Additionally , Mohamed Jama has won both world and European titles in K1 and Thai Boxing .	K1	Along with Thai Boxing , in what has Mohamed Jama won a European title ?
On their heads , they often wrap a colorful turban or wear the koofiyad , an embroidered fez .	an embroidered fez	What is a koofiyad ?
When not dressed in Westernized clothing such as jeans and t-shirts , Somali men typically wear the macawis , which is a sarong-like garment worn around the waist .	the macawis	What do Somali men wear when they are n't wearing Western clothing ?
When not dressed in Westernized clothing such as jeans and t-shirts , Somali men typically wear the macawis , which is a sarong-like garment worn around the waist .	around the waist	Where is the macawis worn ?
On their heads , they often wrap a colorful turban or wear the koofiyad , an embroidered fez .	turban	Aside from the koofiyad , what do Somali men wear on their head ?
Due to Somalia 's proximity to and close ties with the Arabian Peninsula , many Somali men also wear the jellabiya -LRB- jellabiyad or qamiis in Somali -RRB- , a long white garment common in the Arab world .	a long white garment	What is the jellabiya ?
Due to Somalia 's proximity to and close ties with the Arabian Peninsula , many Somali men also wear the jellabiya -LRB- jellabiyad or qamiis in Somali -RRB- , a long white garment common in the Arab world .	qamiis	Along with jellabiyad , what is the jellabiya called in Somali ?
Due to Somalia 's proximity to and close ties with the Arabian Peninsula , many Somali men also wear the jellabiya -LRB- jellabiyad or qamiis in Somali -RRB- , a long white garment common in the Arab world .	the Arab world	In what region do men commonly wear the jellabiya ?
During regular , day-to-day activities , Somali women usually wear the guntiino , a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist .	the guntiino	What is the regular garment of Somali women ?
It is usually made out of alandi , which is a textile common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa .	alandi	What is the guntiino normally made from ?
For more formal settings , such as at weddings or religious celebrations like Eid , women wear the dirac .	the dirac	What is the usual formal attire for Somali women ?
It is a long , light , diaphanous voile dress made of silk , chiffon , taffeta or saree fabric .	taffeta	Along with silk , saree fabric or chiffon , what might the dirac be made out of ?
Known as the gorgorad , the underskirt is made out of silk and serves as a key part of the overall outfit .	the gorgorad	What is the underskirt of the dirac called ?
Married women tend to sport headscarves referred to as shaash .	shaash	What is the name of the headscarf worn by married women ?
They also often cover their upper body with a shawl , which is known as garbasaar .	garbasaar	What is the name of the shawl that married women wear on their upper bodies ?
Traditional Arabian garb , such as the jilbab and abaya , is also commonly worn .	the jilbab	Along with abaya , what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women ?
Additionally , Somali women have a long tradition of wearing gold jewelry , particularly bangles .	gold	What is the jewelry worn by Somali women commonly made from ?
Many Somali women by tradition also wear gold necklaces and anklets .	necklaces	Along with anklets , what pieces of jewelry are traditionally worn by Somali women ?
During weddings , the bride is frequently adorned in gold .	gold	What type of jewelry do Somali women wear at their weddings ?
It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban , after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design .	1954	In what year was the Somali flag invented ?
It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban , after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design .	Mohammed Awale Liban	Who devised the Somali flag ?
It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban , after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design .	scholar	What was Mohammed Awale Liban by profession ?
The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag 's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia .	Star of Unity	What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called ?
Despite the variety , there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines : all food is served halal .	all food is served halal	What is the one culinary tradition that is present among all Somali regional cuisines ?
There are therefore no pork dishes , alcohol is not served , nothing that died on its own is eaten , and no blood is incorporated .	pork	What type of meat is never present in halal dishes ?
There are therefore no pork dishes , alcohol is not served , nothing that died on its own is eaten , and no blood is incorporated .	alcohol	What beverage is not halal ?
There are therefore no pork dishes , alcohol is not served , nothing that died on its own is eaten , and no blood is incorporated .	blood	Along with alcohol , what liquid is never present in halal food ?
Qado or lunch is often elaborate .	lunch	What is the English word for qado ?
Varieties of bariis -LRB- rice -RRB- , the most popular probably being basmati , usually serve as the main dish .	rice	What is bariis in English ?
Varieties of bariis -LRB- rice -RRB- , the most popular probably being basmati , usually serve as the main dish .	basmati	What is the most popular variety of bariis ?
During Ramadan , supper is often served after Tarawih prayers ; sometimes as late as 11 pm .	11 pm	When is the latest a Somali might eat dinner during Ramadan ?
During Ramadan , supper is often served after Tarawih prayers ; sometimes as late as 11 pm .	Tarawih prayers	After what event during Ramadan is dinner served ?
Xalwo -LRB- halva -RRB- is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions , such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions .	halva	What is another term for xalwo ?
Xalwo -LRB- halva -RRB- is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions , such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions .	Eid celebrations	Along with wedding receptions , when is xalwo often consumed ?
After meals , homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense -LRB- lubaan -RRB- or incense -LRB- cuunsi -RRB- , which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad .	lubaan	What do the Somalis call frankincense ?
After meals , homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense -LRB- lubaan -RRB- or incense -LRB- cuunsi -RRB- , which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad .	incense	What is the English word for cunnsi ?
After meals , homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense -LRB- lubaan -RRB- or incense -LRB- cuunsi -RRB- , which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad .	dabqaad	What do the Somalis call incense burners ?
With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language , numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels , some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim .	1972	When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet ?
Of these modern writers , Nuruddin Farah is probably the most celebrated .	Nuruddin Farah	Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer ?
Books such as From a Crooked Rib and Links are considered important literary achievements , works which have earned Farah , among other accolades , the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature .	1998	In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neustadt International Prize for Literature ?
Farah Mohamed Jama Awl is another prominent Somali writer who is perhaps best known for his Dervish era novel , Ignorance is the enemy of love .	Farah Mohamed Jama Awl	Who wrote Ignorance is the enemy of love ?
Young upstart Nadifa Mohamed was also awarded the 2010 Betty Trask Prize .	Nadifa Mohamed	Who won the 2010 Betty Trask Prize ?
Somalis for centuries have practiced a form of customary law , which they call Xeer .	Xeer	What is the Somali system of customary law ?
The Xeer legal system is assumed to have developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa since approximately the 7th century .	7th	In what century did the Xeer system begin ?
The Xeer legal system is assumed to have developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa since approximately the 7th century .	the Horn of Africa	In what region did the Xeer system develop ?
The fact that Somali legal terminology is practically devoid of loan words from foreign languages suggests that Xeer is truly indigenous .	devoid of loan words	What fact about Somali legal terms implies that Xeer developed locally ?
Thus , one can find odayal -LRB- judges -RRB- , xeer boggeyaal -LRB- jurists -RRB- , guurtiyaal -LRB- detectives -RRB- , garxajiyaal -LRB- attorneys -RRB- , murkhaatiyal -LRB- witnesses -RRB- and waranle -LRB- police officers -RRB- to enforce the law .	odayal	In the Xeer system , what are judges called ?
Thus , one can find odayal -LRB- judges -RRB- , xeer boggeyaal -LRB- jurists -RRB- , guurtiyaal -LRB- detectives -RRB- , garxajiyaal -LRB- attorneys -RRB- , murkhaatiyal -LRB- witnesses -RRB- and waranle -LRB- police officers -RRB- to enforce the law .	jurists	What does xeer boggeyaal mean in English ?
Thus , one can find odayal -LRB- judges -RRB- , xeer boggeyaal -LRB- jurists -RRB- , guurtiyaal -LRB- detectives -RRB- , garxajiyaal -LRB- attorneys -RRB- , murkhaatiyal -LRB- witnesses -RRB- and waranle -LRB- police officers -RRB- to enforce the law .	garxajiyaal	What does the Xeer system call attorneys ?
Thus , one can find odayal -LRB- judges -RRB- , xeer boggeyaal -LRB- jurists -RRB- , guurtiyaal -LRB- detectives -RRB- , garxajiyaal -LRB- attorneys -RRB- , murkhaatiyal -LRB- witnesses -RRB- and waranle -LRB- police officers -RRB- to enforce the law .	murkhaatiyal	By what term are witnesses known in the Xeer system ?
Thus , one can find odayal -LRB- judges -RRB- , xeer boggeyaal -LRB- jurists -RRB- , guurtiyaal -LRB- detectives -RRB- , garxajiyaal -LRB- attorneys -RRB- , murkhaatiyal -LRB- witnesses -RRB- and waranle -LRB- police officers -RRB- to enforce the law .	waranle	What does the Xeer system call cops ?
Spanning the ancient , medieval and early modern periods in Greater Somalia , it also includes the fusion of Somalo-Islamic architecture with Western designs in contemporary times .	Western designs	Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture , what influences modern Somali architecture ?
Spanning the ancient , medieval and early modern periods in Greater Somalia , it also includes the fusion of Somalo-Islamic architecture with Western designs in contemporary times .	medieval	Along with the early modern and ancient , during what period did Somali architecture exist ?
It involves multiple different construction types , such as stone cities , castles , citadels , fortresses , mosques , mausoleums , towers , tombs , tumuli , cairns , megaliths , menhirs , stelae , dolmens , stone circles , monuments , temples , enclosures , cisterns , aqueducts , and lighthouses .	stone	What material was used to make Somali cities ?
In ancient Somalia , pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style , with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today .	taalo	What do Somalis call their ancient pyramids ?
In ancient Somalia , pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style , with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today .	burial	What were taalo used for ?
Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt .	dressed stone	What were ancient Somali houses made out of ?
Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt .	Egypt	Ancient Somali houses were similar to houses in what country ?
There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing settlements , such as the Wargaade Wall .	the Wargaade Wall	What is a notable stone wall built in ancient Somalia ?
The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia 's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia .	early medieval	During what period was the Muslim faith introduced to Somalia ?
The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia 's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia .	Persia	Along with Arabian influences , where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period ?
Many of the new architectural designs , such as mosques , were built on the ruins of older structures .	mosques	In the medieval period , what buildings were notably built atop older ruins ?
This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone , sundried bricks , and the widespread use of limestone in Somali architecture .	limestone	Along with sundried bricks and coral stone , what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam ?
This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone , sundried bricks , and the widespread use of limestone in Somali architecture .	drystone	Before Islam was introduced , what was a common building material in Somalia ?
The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies .	Somali Studies	What is the academic study of the Somali people called ?
It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology , sociology , linguistics , historiography and archaeology .	anthropology	Along with sociology , linguistics , historiography and archaeology , what field is part of Somali Studies ?
The field draws from old Somali chronicles , records and oral literature , in addition to written accounts and traditions about Somalis from explorers and geographers in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East .	oral literature	Along with chronicles and records , what indigenous sources are used in Somali Studies ?
Since 1980 , prominent Somalist scholars from around the world have also gathered annually to hold the International Congress of Somali Studies .	the International Congress of Somali Studies	What is the name of the annual gathering of Somali Studies scholars ?
Since 1980 , prominent Somalist scholars from around the world have also gathered annually to hold the International Congress of Somali Studies .	1980	When did the International Congress of Somali Studies begin ?
In European history , the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century .	5th	In what century did the Middle Ages begin ?
In European history , the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century .	15th	What century saw the end of the Middle Ages ?
It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery .	the collapse of the Western Roman Empire	What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages ?
It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery .	Age of Discovery	Along with the Renaissance , what era occurred at the end of the Middle Ages ?
The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history : Antiquity , Medieval period , and Modern period .	Antiquity	What is the first period of the three that Western history is traditionally divided into ?
Depopulation , deurbanisation , invasion , and movement of peoples , which had begun in Late Antiquity , continued in the Early Middle Ages .	deurbanisation	Along with the movement of peoples , invasion and depopulation , what event started in Late Antiquity and continued into the Middle Ages ?
The barbarian invaders , including various Germanic peoples , formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire .	the Western Roman Empire	In what state did barbarian invaders establish kingdoms ?
In the 7th century , North Africa and the Middle East -- once part of the Eastern Roman Empire -- came under the rule of the Caliphate , an Islamic empire , after conquest by Muhammad 's successors .	the Eastern Roman Empire	What empire was North Africa previously a part of ?
In the 7th century , North Africa and the Middle East -- once part of the Eastern Roman Empire -- came under the rule of the Caliphate , an Islamic empire , after conquest by Muhammad 's successors .	7th	In what century did the Caliphate conquer North Africa ?
The empire 's law code , the Code of Justinian , was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages .	1070	In what year did Italians discover the Code of Justinian ?
During the High Middle Ages , which began after 1000 , the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase .	1000	What year marked the beginning of the High Middle Ages ?
During the High Middle Ages , which began after 1000 , the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase .	the Medieval Warm Period	What event led to larger crop yields in the High Middle Ages ?
Manorialism , the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles , and feudalism , the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors , were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages .	Manorialism	What was the name of the economic system that organized peasants into villages owing labor and rent to nobles ?
Manorialism , the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles , and feudalism , the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors , were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages .	feudalism	What was the name of the political system that gave rents to knights in return for military service ?
The Crusades , first preached in 1095 , were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims .	1095	In what year did the Crusades begin ?
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine , plague , and war , which significantly diminished the population of Europe ; between 1347 and 1350 , the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans .	1350	When did the Black Death end ?
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine , plague , and war , which significantly diminished the population of Europe ; between 1347 and 1350 , the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans .	Late	In what period of the Middle Ages did the Black Death occur ?
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine , plague , and war , which significantly diminished the population of Europe ; between 1347 and 1350 , the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans .	a third	What portion of the European population died in the Black Death ?
Cultural and technological developments transformed European society , concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period .	the early modern period	What era occurred after the Late Middle Ages ?
Controversy , heresy , and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict , civil strife , and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms .	heresy	Along with controversy and schism , what upset the peace of the Church during the Late Middle Ages ?
The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history : classical civilisation , or Antiquity ; the Middle Ages ; and the Modern Period .	the Modern Period	Along with Antiquity and the Middle Ages , what is the other major division of European history ?
The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history : classical civilisation , or Antiquity ; the Middle Ages ; and the Modern Period .	three	How many major periods is European history divided into ?
The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history : classical civilisation , or Antiquity ; the Middle Ages ; and the Modern Period .	classical civilisation	What is another name for Antiquity ?
Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the `` Six Ages '' or the `` Four Empires '' , and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world .	Four Empires	Along with the Six Ages , what other scheme did writers in the Middle Ages use to divide history ?
In the 1330s , the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua -LRB- or `` ancient '' -RRB- and to the Christian period as nova -LRB- or `` new '' -RRB- .	Petrarch	What writer referred to the Christian period as new ?
Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People -LRB- 1442 -RRB- .	Leonardo Bruni	Who wrote the History of the Florentine People ?
Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People -LRB- 1442 -RRB- .	1442	When was the History of the Florentine People published ?
Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods : Ancient , Medieval , and Modern .	Christoph Cellarius	Who first divided history into the ancient , medieval and modern periods ?
The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476 , first used by Bruni .	476	What date is usually given as the beginning of the Middle Ages ?
The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476 , first used by Bruni .	Bruni	Who was the first writer to date the Middle Ages from 476 ?
-LSB- A -RSB- For Europe as a whole , 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages , but there is no universally agreed upon end date .	1500	When is the Middle Ages generally considered to have ended ?
Depending on the context , events such as Christopher Columbus 's first voyage to the Americas in 1492 , the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 , or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used .	1453	In what year did the Turks conquer Constantinople ?
For Spain , dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516 , the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504 , or the conquest of Granada in 1492 .	1516	When did Ferdinand II die ?
The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD ; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories .	the 2nd century AD	In what century did the Roman Empire achieve its greatest extent ?
Military expenses increased steadily during the 3rd century , mainly in response to the war with Sassanid Persia , which revived in the middle of the 3rd century .	3rd century	In what century did the revival of Persia occur under the Sassanids ?
The army doubled in size , and cavalry and smaller units replaced the legion as the main tactical unit .	doubled	How much did the size of the Roman army increase in the 3rd century ?
The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial , or landowning , class , and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns .	taxes	What did the need for increased revenue to pay for the Roman army lead to an increase in ?
The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial , or landowning , class , and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns .	curial	What is another term for the Roman landowning class ?
The Emperor Diocletian -LRB- r. 284 -- 305 -RRB- split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286 ; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers , as legal and administrative promulgations in one division were considered valid in the other .	284	In what year did Diocletian begin his reign ?
The Emperor Diocletian -LRB- r. 284 -- 305 -RRB- split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286 ; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers , as legal and administrative promulgations in one division were considered valid in the other .	286	When was the Roman Empire split into western and eastern administrative divisions ?
-LSB- C -RSB- In 330 , after a period of civil war , Constantine the Great -LRB- r. 306 -- 337 -RRB- refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital , Constantinople .	Byzantium	What was the name of the city previously located on the site of Constantinople ?
Another change was the Christianisation , or conversion of the empire to Christianity , a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd to the 5th centuries .	5th	During what century was the Roman conversion to Christianity considered complete ?
-LSB- C -RSB- In 330 , after a period of civil war , Constantine the Great -LRB- r. 306 -- 337 -RRB- refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital , Constantinople .	337	When did the rule of Constantine end ?
In 376 , the Ostrogoths , fleeing from the Huns , received permission from Emperor Valens -LRB- r. 364 -- 378 -RRB- to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans .	376	In what year did the Ostrogoths settle in the Roman Empire ?
In 376 , the Ostrogoths , fleeing from the Huns , received permission from Emperor Valens -LRB- r. 364 -- 378 -RRB- to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans .	Valens	Who invited the Ostrogoths to settle in the Roman Empire ?
In 376 , the Ostrogoths , fleeing from the Huns , received permission from Emperor Valens -LRB- r. 364 -- 378 -RRB- to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans .	Thracia	In what province did the Ostrogoths settle ?
-LSB- D -RSB- Valens , attempting to put down the disorder , was killed fighting the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378 .	the Battle of Adrianople	At what battle was the Emperor Valens killed ?
-LSB- D -RSB- Valens , attempting to put down the disorder , was killed fighting the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378 .	9 August 378	When did the Battle of Adrianople occur ?
The deposition of the last emperor of the west , Romulus Augustus , in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire .	Romulus Augustus	Who was the last Western Roman Emperor ?
The deposition of the last emperor of the west , Romulus Augustus , in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire .	476	When did the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor end ?
-LSB- E -RSB- The Eastern Roman Empire , often referred to as the Byzantine Empire after the fall of its western counterpart , had little ability to assert control over the lost western territories .	Byzantine Empire	What is another name for the Eastern Roman Empire ?
The Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory , but none of the new kings in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of emperor of the west , Byzantine control of most of the Western Empire could not be sustained ; the reconquest of the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean periphery by Justinian -LRB- r. 527 -- 565 -RRB- was the sole , and temporary , exception .	Justinian	What Eastern Roman Emperor reconquered Italy ?
The Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory , but none of the new kings in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of emperor of the west , Byzantine control of most of the Western Empire could not be sustained ; the reconquest of the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean periphery by Justinian -LRB- r. 527 -- 565 -RRB- was the sole , and temporary , exception .	565	When did Justinian 's reign end ?
The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho -LRB- d. 408 -RRB- , Aspar -LRB- d. 471 -RRB- , Ricimer -LRB- d. 472 -RRB- , or Gundobad -LRB- d. 516 -RRB- , who were partly or fully of non-Roman background .	Aspar	When did Aspar die ?
The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho -LRB- d. 408 -RRB- , Aspar -LRB- d. 471 -RRB- , Ricimer -LRB- d. 472 -RRB- , or Gundobad -LRB- d. 516 -RRB- , who were partly or fully of non-Roman background .	516	What year saw the death of Gundobad ?
The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho -LRB- d. 408 -RRB- , Aspar -LRB- d. 471 -RRB- , Ricimer -LRB- d. 472 -RRB- , or Gundobad -LRB- d. 516 -RRB- , who were partly or fully of non-Roman background .	Stilicho	What notable Roman figure died in 408 ?
An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities .	tax revenue	The loss of what led to the differentiation between the Western Roman Empire and the new kingdoms ?
Many of the new political entities no longer supported their armies through taxes , instead relying on granting them land or rents .	land or rents	Rather than taxes , what did the new kingdoms use to support their armies ?
The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic -LRB- d. 526 -RRB- and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths , at least until the last years of Theodoric 's reign .	5th	In what century did the Ostrogoths arrive in Italy ?
The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic -LRB- d. 526 -RRB- and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths , at least until the last years of Theodoric 's reign .	Theoderic	What Ostrogothic leader led his people into Italy ?
The Burgundians settled in Gaul , and after an earlier realm was destroyed by the Huns in 436 formed a new kingdom in the 440s .	the Huns	Who destroyed the Burgundian kingdom in 436 ?
The Burgundians settled in Gaul , and after an earlier realm was destroyed by the Huns in 436 formed a new kingdom in the 440s .	Gaul	In what part of Europe did the Burgundians settle ?
The Frankish Kingdom was centred in north-eastern Gaul , and the first king of whom much is known is Childeric -LRB- d. 481 -RRB- .	Childeric	Who was the first notable king of the Franks ?
Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula .	Slavic	People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula ?
In Gaul for instance , the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west .	north-east	In what geographic region did most of the invaders settle in Gaul ?
The Latin of the Western Roman Empire was gradually replaced by languages based on , but distinct from , Latin , collectively known as Romance languages .	Romance languages	What is the collective name for languages derived from Latin ?
Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire , but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavonic languages to Eastern Europe .	Greek	What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire ?
Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire , but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavonic languages to Eastern Europe .	Slavonic	What languages were spoken by the Slavs ?
As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms , the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century .	7th	In what century did the economic revival in the Eastern Roman Empire end ?
Peace with Persia , the traditional enemy of Rome , lasted throughout most of the 5th century .	5th	In what century was there peace with one of Rome 's traditional enemies ?
There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire ; most occurred in the Balkans .	the Balkans	Where did most of the invasion in the Eastern Roman Empire take place ?
Legal developments included the codification of Roman law ; the first effort -- the Theodosian Code -- was completed in 438 .	438	What year saw the completion of the Theodosian Code ?
Under Emperor Justinian -LRB- r. 527 -- 565 -RRB- , another compilation took place -- the Corpus Juris Civilis .	Justinian	Who was Emperor when the Corpus Juris Civilis was compiled ?
It began gradually , but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium , and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551 .	Slavic tribes	Who defeated the Eastern Roman Empire near Adrianople in 551 ?
In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube ; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the eastern emperors to pay tribute .	the Avars	What tribe received tribute from the Eastern Roman emperors in the 6th century ?
In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube ; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the eastern emperors to pay tribute .	the Danube	Near what river were the Avars originally based ?
This led to a period of peace , but when Maurice was overthrown , the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius -LRB- r. 610 -- 641 -RRB- controlled large chunks of the empire , including Egypt , Syria , and Asia Minor , until Heraclius ' successful counterattack .	Heraclius	During the reign of what Emperor did the Persians occupy Egypt ?
An additional problem to face the empire came as a result of the involvement of Emperor Maurice -LRB- r. 582 -- 602 -RRB- in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute .	602	In what year did the reign of Maurice end ?
In the 4th century , Jerome -LRB- d. 420 -RRB- dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible .	Cicero	What author would Jerome rather read than the Bible ?
In the 4th century , Jerome -LRB- d. 420 -RRB- dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible .	420	In what year did Jerome die ?
By the 6th century , Gregory of Tours -LRB- d. 594 -RRB- had a similar dream , but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero , he was chastised for learning shorthand .	6th	In what century did Gregory of Tours live ?
By the late 6th century , the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book .	music	Along with art , how was religious instruction commonly received in the late 6th century ?
The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris -LRB- d. 489 -RRB- , Cassiodorus -LRB- d. c. 585 -RRB- , and Boethius -LRB- d. c. 525 -RRB- were typical of the age .	489	When was the death of Sidonius Apollinaris ?
Changes also took place among laymen , as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits .	great feasts	What was the focus of aristocratic culture during this period ?
Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold .	jewels	Along with gold , what luxury was present on the clothes of the elite ?
-LSB- I -RSB- Family ties within the elites were important , as were the virtues of loyalty , courage , and honour .	courage	Along with loyalty and honor , what virtue did the elite value ?
In Anglo-Saxon society the lack of many child rulers meant a lesser role for women as queen mothers , but this was compensated for by the increased role played by abbesses of monasteries .	Anglo-Saxon	In what society did women have status as abbesses ?
These ties led to the prevalence of the feud in aristocratic society , examples of which included those related by Gregory of Tours that took place in Merovingian Gaul .	Merovingian Gaul	In what country did Gregory of Tours live ?
Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants .	700	How many people might live in a large peasant settlement ?
Unlike in the late Roman period , there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat , and it was possible for a free peasant 's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord .	military service	What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat ?
Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology ; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century .	9th	In what century did written records of peasant life begin to appear ?
Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes .	law codes	Along with aristocratic writers , where do contemporary written descriptions of peasants come from ?
Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology ; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century .	archaeology	What field produces most of the finding about peasants from this era ?
Rome , for instance , shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century .	30,000	About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s ?
Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use .	Christian churches	What new use was found for Roman temples ?
Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities , the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity .	Jews	What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity ?
Judaism was an active proselytising faith , and at least one Arab political leader converted to it .	Arab	What was the ethnicity of a leader who converted to Judaism in this era ?
-LSB- J -RSB- Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians ' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts , especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula .	Zoroastrianism	What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam ?
All these strands came together with the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad -LRB- d. 632 -RRB- .	632	In what yer did Muhammad die ?
After his death , Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia , starting with Syria in 634 -- 635 and reaching Egypt in 640 -- 641 , Persia between 637 and 642 , North Africa in the later 7th century , and the Iberian Peninsula in 711 .	634–635	In what period did Islamic armies conquer Syria ?
After his death , Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia , starting with Syria in 634 -- 635 and reaching Egypt in 640 -- 641 , Persia between 637 and 642 , North Africa in the later 7th century , and the Iberian Peninsula in 711 .	7th	In what century did Muslims conquer North Africa ?
The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks , but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid dynasty .	732	In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place ?
The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks , but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid dynasty .	Abbasid	What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad ?
The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe , losing control of sections of the Muslim lands .	Baghdad	What was the capital of the Abbasid state ?
Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula , the Aghlabids controlled North Africa , and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt .	Tulunids	What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period ?
The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks , but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid dynasty .	the Franks	What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces ?
African goods stopped being imported into Europe , first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples .	Rome	Along with Naples , what city still traded African goods in the 7th century ?
By the end of the 7th century , under the impact of the Muslim conquests , African products were no longer found in Western Europe .	Muslim conquests	What event led to African goods no longer being traded in Western Europe by the end of the 7th century ?
Non-local goods appearing in the archaeological record are usually luxury goods .	luxury goods	What non-local goods have archaeologists typically found in Britain of this era ?
Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century , when it was replaced by silver coins .	7th	During what century did gold coinage cease ?
Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century , when it was replaced by silver coins .	silver	Coinage from what metal replaced gold coinage ?
The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier , while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny .	penny	What was the Anglo-Saxon silver coin called ?
The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier , while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny .	denier	What was another name for the denarius ?
Copper or bronze coins were not struck , nor were gold except in Southern Europe .	Southern Europe	In what part of Europe were gold coins still minted ?
The eastern church used Greek instead of the western Latin .	Greek	What language was used by the eastern church ?
The eastern church used Greek instead of the western Latin .	Latin	What language did the western church use ?
The formal break came in 1054 , when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other , which led to the division of Christianity into two churches -- the western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the eastern branch the Orthodox Church .	1054	When did the eastern and western churches split ?
The formal break came in 1054 , when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other , which led to the division of Christianity into two churches -- the western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the eastern branch the Orthodox Church .	papal supremacy	Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split ?
The formal break came in 1054 , when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other , which led to the division of Christianity into two churches -- the western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the eastern branch the Orthodox Church .	the Orthodox Church	What was the eastern church subsequently known as ?
The register , or archived copies of the letters , of Pope Gregory the Great -LRB- pope 590 -- 604 -RRB- survived , and of those more than 850 letters , the vast majority were concerned with affairs in Italy or Constantinople .	590	When did Gregory the Great become pope ?
The register , or archived copies of the letters , of Pope Gregory the Great -LRB- pope 590 -- 604 -RRB- survived , and of those more than 850 letters , the vast majority were concerned with affairs in Italy or Constantinople .	850	About how many of Gregory 's letters were concerned with Constantinople or Italy ?
The only part of Western Europe where the papacy had influence was Britain , where Gregory had sent the Gregorian mission in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity .	Britain	In what region of Western Europe did the pope have influence ?
The only part of Western Europe where the papacy had influence was Britain , where Gregory had sent the Gregorian mission in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity .	597	When did the Gregorian mission travel to Britain ?
Under such monks as Columba -LRB- d. 597 -RRB- and Columbanus -LRB- d. 615 -RRB- , they founded monasteries , taught in Latin and Greek , and authored secular and religious works .	615	When did Columbanus die ?
The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West .	monasticism	What religious lifestyle arose in the Early Middle Ages ?
Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life , called cenobitism , which was pioneered by Pachomius -LRB- d. 348 -RRB- in the 4th century .	Pachomius	Who was the pioneer of cenobitism ?
Benedict of Nursia -LRB- d. 547 -RRB- wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century , detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot .	Benedict of Nursia	Who composed the Benedictine Rule ?
Monks were also the authors of new works , including history , theology , and other subjects , written by authors such as Bede -LRB- d. 735 -RRB- , a native of northern England who wrote in the late 7th and early 8th centuries .	northern	From what part of England did Bede come ?
Benedict of Nursia -LRB- d. 547 -RRB- wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century , detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot .	abbot	What was the title of the leader of a monastery ?
The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia , Neustria , and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries , all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty , who were descended from Clovis .	Burgundy	Along with Austrasia and Neustria , what kingdom was originally part of the Frankish kingdom ?
The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia , Neustria , and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries , all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty , who were descended from Clovis .	Merovingian	What dynasty ruled Neustria ?
The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia , Neustria , and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries , all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty , who were descended from Clovis .	Clovis	From whom did the rulers of the Merovingian dynasty trace their ancestry ?
Such warfare was exploited by Pippin -LRB- d. 640 -RRB- , the Mayor of the Palace for Austrasia who became the power behind the Austrasian throne .	Mayor of the Palace	What was the title of Pippin ?
One of his descendants , Charles Martel -LRB- d. 741 -RRB- , won the Battle of Poitiers in 732 , halting the advance of Muslim armies across the Pyrenees .	Charles Martel	What leader was victorious at the Battle of Poitiers ?
The Carolingian dynasty , as the successors to Charles Martel are known , officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III -LRB- r. 752 -- 768 -RRB- .	Carolingian	What dynasty consisted of descendants of Charles Martel ?
The Carolingian dynasty , as the successors to Charles Martel are known , officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III -LRB- r. 752 -- 768 -RRB- .	753	In what year did the Carolingians take over Neustria ?
The Carolingian dynasty , as the successors to Charles Martel are known , officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III -LRB- r. 752 -- 768 -RRB- .	Pippin III	Who led the coup that gained control over Austrasia ?
A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought , and gained , authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II -LRB- pope 752 -- 757 -RRB- .	752	When did Stephen II become pope ?
At the time of his death in 768 , Pippin left his kingdom in the hands of his two sons , Charles -LRB- r. 768 -- 814 -RRB- and Carloman -LRB- r. 768 -- 771 -RRB- .	Carloman	Along with Charles , who was the son of Pippin ?
The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history , marking a return of the Western Roman Empire , since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors .	Christmas Day 800	On what date did Charlemagne assume the imperial title ?
Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms .	peasants	Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire ?
The empire was administered by an itinerant court that travelled with the emperor , as well as approximately 300 imperial officials called counts , who administered the counties the empire had been divided into .	300	About how many counts existed in the Carolingian Empire ?
Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms .	small farms	In what settlements did most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire live ?
Little trade existed and much of that was with the British Isles and Scandinavia , in contrast to the older Roman Empire with its trading networks centred on the Mediterranean .	Scandinavia	Along with the British Isles , with what land did the Carolingians trade ?
Charlemagne 's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the `` Carolingian Renaissance '' .	Aachen	Where was Charlemagne 's court based ?
Charlemagne 's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the `` Carolingian Renaissance '' .	Carolingian Renaissance	What is the name of the cultural revival associated with Charlemagne ?
The English monk Alcuin -LRB- d. 804 -RRB- was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria .	English	Of what ethnicity was Alcuin ?
The English monk Alcuin -LRB- d. 804 -RRB- was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria .	804	In what year did Alcuin die ?
By the reign of Charlemagne , the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin .	Medieval Latin	What was the Latin of Charlemagne 's era later known as ?
Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs , but was unable to do so as only one son , Louis the Pious -LRB- r. 814 -- 840 -RRB- , was still alive by 813 .	Louis the Pious	Who was Charlemagne 's only living son in 813 ?
Louis 's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and , after 829 , civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire .	26 years	How long did Louis the Pious reign ?
Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs , but was unable to do so as only one son , Louis the Pious -LRB- r. 814 -- 840 -RRB- , was still alive by 813 .	840	When did the reign of Louis the Pious end ?
Eventually , Louis recognised his eldest son Lothair I -LRB- d. 855 -RRB- as emperor and gave him Italy .	Lothair I	Who ruled Italy after Louis the Pious ?
Louis the German -LRB- d. 876 -RRB- , the middle child , who had been rebellious to the last , was allowed to keep Bavaria under the suzerainty of his elder brother .	Louis the German	Who was the middle son of Louis the Pious ?
By the Treaty of Verdun -LRB- 843 -RRB- , a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy , and his imperial title was recognised .	the Rhine and Rhone	Between what two rivers did Lothair receive a kingdom ?
Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany .	Germany	In what modern country were Louis the German 's lands ?
Charles the Bald received the western Frankish lands , comprising most of modern-day France .	France	In what modern country were Charles the Bald 's lands ?
-LSB- O -RSB- -LSB- P -RSB- In the eastern lands the dynasty had died out earlier , in 911 , with the death of Louis the Child , and the selection of the unrelated Conrad I -LRB- r. 911 -- 918 -RRB- as king .	911	When did Louis the Child die ?
The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings , who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland .	the Vikings	What group settled in Iceland during this period ?
In 911 , the Viking chieftain Rollo -LRB- d. c. 931 -RRB- received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple -LRB- r. 898 -- 922 -RRB- to settle in what became Normandy .	Charles the Simple	Who was king of the Franks in 899 ?
In 911 , the Viking chieftain Rollo -LRB- d. c. 931 -RRB- received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple -LRB- r. 898 -- 922 -RRB- to settle in what became Normandy .	Normandy	In what region of modern-day France did the Vikings settle ?
-LSB- Q -RSB- The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms , especially Germany and Italy , were under continual Magyar assault until the invader 's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 .	Magyar	What group was defeated at the Battle of Lechfeld ?
-LSB- Q -RSB- The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms , especially Germany and Italy , were under continual Magyar assault until the invader 's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 .	955	In what year did the Battle of Lechfeld occur ?
In Anglo-Saxon England , King Alfred the Great -LRB- r. 871 -- 899 -RRB- came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century , resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria , Mercia , and parts of East Anglia .	871	When did Alfred the Great begin his reign ?
In northern Britain , Kenneth MacAlpin -LRB- d. c. 860 -RRB- united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba .	the Kingdom of Alba	What was the kingdom of Kenneth MacAlpin ?
In the early 10th century , the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany , and was engaged in driving back the Magyars .	Ottonian dynasty	Of what dynasty was Otto I a member ?
In the early 10th century , the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany , and was engaged in driving back the Magyars .	Magyars	What group did Otto I defeat ?
Its efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of Otto I -LRB- r. 936 -- 973 -RRB- as Holy Roman Emperor .	962	In what year did Otto I become Holy Roman Emperor ?
Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden , Denmark , and Norway , which gained power and territory .	Denmark	Along with Sweden and Norway , what country saw missionary activity in the 9th and 10th centuries ?
Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe , and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907 .	907	Along with 860 , in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople ?
Christian Spain , initially driven into a small section of the peninsula in the north , expanded slowly south during the 9th and 10th centuries , establishing the kingdoms of Asturias and León .	Asturias	Along with the kingdom of León , what Spanish kingdom was established during this period ?
Besides the settlements in Ireland , England , and Normandy , further settlement took place in what became Russia and in Iceland .	Russia	Along with Iceland , Normandy , Ireland and England , what other area did Scandinavians colonize during this period ?
In Eastern Europe , Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I -LRB- r. 867 -- 886 -RRB- and his successors Leo VI -LRB- r. 886 -- 912 -RRB- and Constantine VII -LRB- r. 913 -- 959 -RRB- , members of the Macedonian dynasty .	Macedonian	Of what dynasty was Leo VI a member ?
In Eastern Europe , Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I -LRB- r. 867 -- 886 -RRB- and his successors Leo VI -LRB- r. 886 -- 912 -RRB- and Constantine VII -LRB- r. 913 -- 959 -RRB- , members of the Macedonian dynasty .	913–959	During what period did Constantine VII reign ?
In Eastern Europe , Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I -LRB- r. 867 -- 886 -RRB- and his successors Leo VI -LRB- r. 886 -- 912 -RRB- and Constantine VII -LRB- r. 913 -- 959 -RRB- , members of the Macedonian dynasty .	867	When did Basil I 's rule begin ?
early 10th century -RRB- composed new hymns , poems , and other works .	10th	During what century did John Geometres flourish ?
Bulgaria , which was founded around 680 , at its height reached from Budapest to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River in modern Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea .	680	In approximately what year was Bulgaria founded ?
Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century , although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries .	4th century	When were the Constantinian basilicas built ?
Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church , usually at the west end of the building .	the west end	In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed ?
By the beginning of the 8th century , the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture .	the basilica	What type of architecture did the Carolingian Empire bring back into use ?
One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept , or the `` arms '' of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave .	transept	What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica ?
One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept , or the `` arms '' of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave .	perpendicular	How is the transept positioned in relation to the nave ?
The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers -- ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths , who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies .	infantry	What was the primary military arm of Anglo-Saxon armies ?
The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers -- ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths , who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies .	cavalry	What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of ?
The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier , and weaker , Scythian composite bow .	composite bow	What Scythian weapon was used during this era ?
The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier , and weaker , Scythian composite bow .	Hunnic composite bow	What weapon replaced the Scythian composite bow ?
Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour .	mail	Along with lamellar armor , what armor replaced scale armor ?
Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories , originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down .	illuminated manuscripts	Along with carved ivories , what religious works of the Early Middle Ages were common ?
Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art , but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair , several reliquaries , and finds such as the Anglo-Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France , Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmiklós near Byzantine territory .	the Cross of Lothair	What is a notable cross made during this era ?
Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art , but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair , several reliquaries , and finds such as the Anglo-Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France , Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmiklós near Byzantine territory .	Nagyszentmiklós	Where was a notable hoard found near the former lands of the Byzantine Empire ?
Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel Books and these have survived in larger numbers , including the Insular Book of Kells , the Book of Lindisfarne , and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram , which is one of the few to retain its `` treasure binding '' of gold encrusted with jewels .	Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram	What is a notable decorated book with a binding of jewel-encrusted gold ?
Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art , but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair , several reliquaries , and finds such as the Anglo-Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France , Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmiklós near Byzantine territory .	Guarrazar	Where was a hoard from Visigothic Spain found ?
The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period , with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry .	heavy cavalry	The importance of what military arm increased during the Carolingian era ?
One exception was Anglo-Saxon England , where the armies were still composed of regional levies , known as the fyrd , which were led by the local elites .	Anglo-Saxon England	What region raised a militia army called the fyrd ?
In military technology , one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow , which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages .	the crossbow	What Roman weapon began to be used again in the Early Middle Ages ?
Another change was the introduction of the stirrup , which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops .	the stirrup	Along with the horseshoe , what invention important for cavalry emerged in this period ?
The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period , with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry .	infantry	Along with light cavalry , what military arm declined in importance during the Early Middle Ages ?
The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347 , although the exact causes remain unclear : improved agricultural techniques , the decline of slaveholding , a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been suggested .	80 million	What was the approximate population of Europe in 1347 ?
The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347 , although the exact causes remain unclear : improved agricultural techniques , the decline of slaveholding , a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been suggested .	35	About how many millions of people lived in Europe in the year 1000 ?
As much as 90 per cent of the European population remained rural peasants .	90	During the High Middle Ages , what percentage of the European population consisted of rural peasants ?
Many were no longer settled in isolated farms but had gathered into small communities , usually known as manors or villages .	villages	Along with manors , where did peasants in the High Middle Ages often live ?
The practice of assarting , or bringing new lands into production by offering incentives to the peasants who settled them , also contributed to the expansion of population .	assarting	What was the term for the practice of giving incentives to peasants to cultivate new lands ?
During the 11th and 12th centuries , these lands , or fiefs , came to be considered hereditary , and in most areas they were no longer divisible between all the heirs as had been the case in the early medieval period .	11th and 12th	In what centuries did fiefs become hereditary ?
Instead , most fiefs and lands went to the eldest son .	the eldest son	In this period , who usually inherited fiefs ?
-LSB- S -RSB- Castles , initially in wood but later in stone , began to be constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries in response to the disorder of the time , and provided protection from invaders as well as allowing lords defence from rivals .	wood	What were castles originally built out of ?
Knights were the lowest level of nobility ; they controlled but did not own land , and had to serve other nobles .	Knights	What group constituted the lowest nobility ?
-LSB- S -RSB- Castles , initially in wood but later in stone , began to be constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries in response to the disorder of the time , and provided protection from invaders as well as allowing lords defence from rivals .	9th	In what century were castles first built ?
The clergy was divided into two types : the secular clergy , who lived out in the world , and the regular clergy , who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks .	the secular clergy	What group constituted the clergy along with the regular clergy ?
The clergy was divided into two types : the secular clergy , who lived out in the world , and the regular clergy , who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks .	regular clergy	What type of clergy were monks ?
Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population , usually less than one per cent .	less than one per cent	What percentage of the European population consisted of monks ?
Most of the regular clergy were drawn from the nobility , the same social class that served as the recruiting ground for the upper levels of the secular clergy .	the nobility	What social class did many members of the regular clergy come from ?
The local parish priests were often drawn from the peasant class .	the peasant class	From what class were many parish priests ?
Most Jews were confined to the cities , as they were not allowed to own land or be peasants .	cities	In what type of settlement did most Jews live ?
Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries , but Spanish Jews , long settled in Spain under the Muslims , came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity .	the 11th and 12th	In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England ?
Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries , but Spanish Jews , long settled in Spain under the Muslims , came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity .	Christianity	What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into converting to ?
-LSB- U -RSB- Besides the Jews , there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe -- pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe .	Eastern	In what part of Europe did the Slavs live ?
-LSB- U -RSB- Besides the Jews , there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe -- pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe .	pagan	What was the religion of the Slavs ?
Peasant women were usually responsible for taking care of the household , child-care , as well as gardening and animal husbandry near the house .	taking care of the household	Along with gardening , animal husbandry and child-care , what work did medieval peasant women do ?
They could supplement the household income by spinning or brewing at home .	brewing	Along with spinning , what income-producing work did peasant women engage in ?
At harvest-time , they were also expected to help with field-work .	help with field-work	What did peasant women do when it was time for the harvest ?
The only role open to women in the Church was that of nuns , as they were unable to become priests .	nuns	What role did women fill in the Church ?
Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League , and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice , Genoa , and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean .	Baltic	What sea were the Hanseatic cities located on ?
Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League , and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice , Genoa , and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean .	Genoa	Along with Venice and Pisa , what was a notable Italian maritime republic ?
In the late 13th century new land and sea routes to the Far East were pioneered , famously described in The Travels of Marco Polo written by one of the traders , Marco Polo -LRB- d. 1324 -RRB- .	Marco Polo	Who wrote The Travels of Marco Polo ?
Accounting methods improved , partly through the use of double-entry bookkeeping ; letters of credit also appeared , allowing easy transmission of money .	double-entry bookkeeping	What accounting method was utilized in this period ?
Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money , and gold coinage was again minted in Europe , first in Italy and later in France and other countries .	Italy	In what region was gold coinage first reintroduced ?
New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland , after their conversion to Christianity , became Central European powers .	Hungary	Along with Poland , what Central European kingdom was formed during the High Middle Ages ?
The Magyars settled Hungary around 900 under King Árpád -LRB- d. c. 907 -RRB- after a series of invasions in the 9th century .	Árpád	Who was king when the Magyars settled in Hungary ?
The papacy , long attached to an ideology of independence from secular kings , first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world ; the Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of Innocent III -LRB- pope 1198 -- 1216 -RRB- .	1198	When did the papacy of Innocent III begin ?
Kings in France , England , and Spain consolidated their power , and set up lasting governing institutions .	England	Along with France and Spain , the kings of what country consolidated power in the High Middle Ages ?
The Magyars settled Hungary around 900 under King Árpád -LRB- d. c. 907 -RRB- after a series of invasions in the 9th century .	900	In approximately what year did the Magyars settle in Hungary ?
During the early High Middle Ages , Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty , which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period .	Ottonian	What dynasty controlled Germany in the early High Middle Ages ?
In 1024 , they were replaced by the Salian dynasty , who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV -LRB- r. 1084 -- 1105 -RRB- over church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy .	Salian	What dynasty ruled Germany starting in 1024 ?
In 1024 , they were replaced by the Salian dynasty , who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV -LRB- r. 1084 -- 1105 -RRB- over church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy .	1084	When did Henry IV 's reign begin ?
In 1024 , they were replaced by the Salian dynasty , who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV -LRB- r. 1084 -- 1105 -RRB- over church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy .	Investiture Controversy	The clash between Henry IV and the pope was part of what greater conflict ?
Barbarossa 's grandson Frederick II -LRB- r. 1220 -- 1250 -RRB- , who was also heir to the throne of Sicily through his mother , clashed repeatedly with the papacy .	Frederick II	What was the regnal name of Frederick I Barbarossa 's grandson ?
They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy , who in 1066 under William the Conqueror -LRB- duke 1035 -- 1087 -RRB- , conquered England -LRB- r. 1066 -- 87 -RRB- and created a cross-channel empire that lasted , in various forms , throughout the rest of the Middle Ages .	William the Conqueror	Who was Duke of Normandy in 1066 ?
They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy , who in 1066 under William the Conqueror -LRB- duke 1035 -- 1087 -RRB- , conquered England -LRB- r. 1066 -- 87 -RRB- and created a cross-channel empire that lasted , in various forms , throughout the rest of the Middle Ages .	1066–87	During what period did William reign over England ?
Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy , when Robert Guiscard -LRB- d. 1085 -RRB- landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily .	1085	When did Robert Guiscard die ?
Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy , when Robert Guiscard -LRB- d. 1085 -RRB- landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily .	Kingdom of Sicily	What kingdom grew out of the duchy founded by Robert Guiscard ?
Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II -LRB- r. 1154 -- 89 -RRB- and his son Richard I -LRB- r. 1189 -- 99 -RRB- , the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France , -LSB- W -RSB- brought to the family by Henry II 's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine -LRB- d. 1204 -RRB- , heiress to much of southern France .	Angevin	To what dynasty did Henry II belong ?
In Iberia , the Christian states , which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula , began to push back against the Islamic states in the south , a period known as the Reconquista .	the Reconquista	What was the name of the Christian reconquest of Iberia from the Muslims ?
By about 1150 , the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León , Castile , Aragon , Navarre , and Portugal .	five	How many major Christian kingdoms existed in Iberia around 1150 ?
By about 1150 , the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León , Castile , Aragon , Navarre , and Portugal .	Navarre	Along with León , Portugal , Aragon and Castile , what major Christian kingdom existed in Iberia around 1150 ?
Southern Iberia remained under control of Islamic states , initially under the Caliphate of Córdoba , which broke up in 1031 into a shifting number of petty states known as taifas , who fought with the Christians until the Almohad Caliphate re-established centralised rule over Southern Iberia in the 1170s .	the Caliphate of Córdoba	What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia until 1031 ?
Southern Iberia remained under control of Islamic states , initially under the Caliphate of Córdoba , which broke up in 1031 into a shifting number of petty states known as taifas , who fought with the Christians until the Almohad Caliphate re-established centralised rule over Southern Iberia in the 1170s .	the Almohad Caliphate	What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia in the 1170s ?
In the 11th century , the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East , occupying Persia during the 1040s , Armenia in the 1060s , and Jerusalem in 1070 .	1060s	During what decade did the Seljuk Turks occupy Armenia ?
In 1071 , the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV -LRB- r. 1068 -- 71 -RRB- .	1071	In what yer was the Battle of Manzikert fought ?
In 1071 , the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV -LRB- r. 1068 -- 71 -RRB- .	Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV	Who was taken prisoner at the Battle of Manzikert ?
The Turks also had difficulties , losing control of Jerusalem to the Fatimids of Egypt and suffering from a series of internal civil wars .	the Fatimids of Egypt	Who conquered Jerusalem from the Turks ?
In the 11th century , the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East , occupying Persia during the 1040s , Armenia in the 1060s , and Jerusalem in 1070 .	11th	During what century did the Seljuk Turks occupy Persia ?
The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II -LRB- pope 1088 -- 99 -RRB- at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos -LRB- r. 1081 -- 1118 -RRB- for aid against further Muslim advances .	Urban II	What pope launched the First crusade ?
The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II -LRB- pope 1088 -- 99 -RRB- at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos -LRB- r. 1081 -- 1118 -RRB- for aid against further Muslim advances .	the Council of Clermont	At what gathering was the First Crusade preached ?
The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II -LRB- pope 1088 -- 99 -RRB- at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos -LRB- r. 1081 -- 1118 -RRB- for aid against further Muslim advances .	1095	In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed ?
The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II -LRB- pope 1088 -- 99 -RRB- at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos -LRB- r. 1081 -- 1118 -RRB- for aid against further Muslim advances .	Alexios I Komnenos	What Byzantine Emperor 's request for assistance led to the First Crusade ?
Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilised across Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099 .	1099	In what year did the First Crusade take Jerusalem ?
Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades , such as the Third Crusade , called to try to regain Jerusalem , which had been captured by Saladin -LRB- d. 1193 -RRB- in 1187 .	to regain Jerusalem	What was the purpose of the Third Crusade ?
Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades , such as the Third Crusade , called to try to regain Jerusalem , which had been captured by Saladin -LRB- d. 1193 -RRB- in 1187 .	Saladin	Who took Jerusalem in 1187 ?
-LSB- Z -RSB- In 1203 , the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople , and captured the city in 1204 , setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire .	1203	In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur ?
-LSB- Z -RSB- In 1203 , the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople , and captured the city in 1204 , setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire .	Latin Empire of Constantinople	What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade ?
By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland , although a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem survived on the island of Cyprus for several years afterwards .	Cyprus	After 1291 , where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside ?
Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land : in Spain , southern France , and along the Baltic .	southern France	Along with the Baltic and Spain , in what area were crusades called ?
Another order , the Teutonic Knights , although originally founded in the crusader states , focused much of its activity in the Baltic after 1225 , and in 1309 moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia .	Marienburg	Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309 ?
These crusades also spawned a military order , the Order of the Sword Brothers .	the Order of the Sword Brothers	What military order was founded as a result of the Northern Crusades ?
Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later , and became a crusading venue as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th to 14th centuries .	12th	In what century did the Northern Crusades begin ?
Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later , and became a crusading venue as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th to 14th centuries .	14th	What century saw the end of the Northern Crusades ?
There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of `` universals '' .	realists	What group opposed the nominalists on the subject of universals ?
Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism .	Aristotle	What ancient philosopher was rediscovered , leading to a revival of philosophy ?
Scholars such as Peter Abelard -LRB- d. 1142 -RRB- and Peter Lombard -LRB- d. 1164 -RRB- introduced Aristotelian logic into theology .	1164	When did Peter Lombard die ?
Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism , an attempt by 12th - and 13th-century scholars to reconcile authoritative texts , most notably Aristotle and the Bible .	scholasticism	What was the name of the school of thought that combined theology and philosophy ?
This movement tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason and culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas -LRB- d. 1274 -RRB- , who wrote the Summa Theologica , or Summary of Theology .	Thomas Aquinas	Who authored the Summa Theologica ?
Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste , or `` songs of great deeds '' , such as The Song of Roland or The Song of Hildebrand .	songs of great deeds	What does chansons de geste mean in English ?
Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste , or `` songs of great deeds '' , such as The Song of Roland or The Song of Hildebrand .	The Song of Hildebrand	Along with The Song of Ronald , what is a notable chanson de geste ?
Geoffrey of Monmouth -LRB- d. c. 1155 -RRB- composed his Historia Regum Britanniae , a collection of stories and legends about Arthur .	Geoffrey of Monmouth	Who wrote Historia Regum Britanniae ?
Geoffrey of Monmouth -LRB- d. c. 1155 -RRB- composed his Historia Regum Britanniae , a collection of stories and legends about Arthur .	Arthur	What legendary figure was featured in the Historia Regum Britanniae ?
Other works were more clearly history , such as Otto von Freising 's -LRB- d. 1158 -RRB- Gesta Friderici Imperatoris detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa , or William of Malmesbury 's -LRB- d. c. 1143 -RRB- Gesta Regum on the kings of England .	Emperor Frederick Barbarossa	Who was the subject of Gesta Friderici Imperatoris ?
Both secular law and canon law , or ecclesiastical law , were studied in the High Middle Ages .	ecclesiastical law	What is another name for canon law ?
Secular law , or Roman law , was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century , and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna .	Secular law	What is another name for Roman law ?
Secular law , or Roman law , was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century , and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna .	Bologna	Where could one study Roman law in 1100 ?
Secular law , or Roman law , was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century , and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna .	11th	In what century was the Corpus Juris Civilis rediscovered ?
Canon law was also studied , and around 1140 a monk named Gratian -LRB- fl .	Gratian	Who wrote the Decretum ?
Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra , which allowed more advanced mathematics .	algebra	What invention led to advances in mathematics ?
Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy 's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century .	Almagest	What influential astronomy text did Ptomely author ?
Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy 's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century .	Greek	In what language was Almagest originally written ?
Medicine was also studied , especially in southern Italy , where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno .	Salerno	In what city was a medical school located that was notably influenced by Islamic medicine ?
Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy 's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century .	Latin	Into what language was Almagest translated in the 12th century ?
Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill , the first mechanical clocks , the manufacture of distilled spirits , and the use of the astrolabe .	mechanical clocks	Along with the astrolabe , windmill and distilled spirits , what was a notable technological advancement of the 12th and 13th centuries ?
Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by an unknown Italian artisan , probably working in or near Pisa .	Concave spectacles	What was invented in approximately 1286 ?
Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by an unknown Italian artisan , probably working in or near Pisa .	Pisa	Near what city were concave spectacles invented ?
The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops -LSB- AA -RSB- increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system , with a consequent increase in production .	one half	What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system ?
The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops -LSB- AA -RSB- increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system , with a consequent increase in production .	two-thirds	What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system ?
The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently , aided by the spread of the horse collar , which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen .	the horse collar	What invention allowed horses rather than oxen to be used to plow ?
The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently , aided by the spread of the horse collar , which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen .	the heavy plough	What invention led to an increase in efficiency in the farming of heavy soils ?
Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture , factors that aided the implementation of the three-field system .	faster	In addition to requiring less pasture , what distinguishes horses from oxen ?
Ancillary structures included new town halls , houses , bridges , and tithe barns .	houses	Along with bridges , tithe barns and town halls , what notable new structures were built during this period ?
Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and tenon .	mortise and tenon	What method , derived from the Romans , was traditionally used to build ships ?
Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and tenon .	rib and plank	What new shipbuilding method was invented in this period ?
Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder , both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed .	stern-post	What type of rudder was introduced during this period ?
Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder , both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed .	lateen	What type of sails were first used during this era ?
Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304 , although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon .	the English	Who was recorded as using gunpowder in 1304 ?
Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304 , although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon .	the Scots	Against whom was gunpowder used in 1304 ?
Cannon were being used for sieges in the 1320s , and hand-held guns were in use by the 1360s .	1320s	In what decade were siege cannon known to have been used ?
-LSB- AB -RSB- The increasing use of crossbows during the 12th and 13th centuries led to the use of closed-face helmets , heavy body armour , as well as horse armour .	The increasing use of crossbows	What led to the increased use of armor in the 12th century ?
In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms , from which the term `` Romanesque '' is derived .	10th	In what century was Romanesque architecture first used ?
Romanesque buildings have massive stone walls , openings topped by semi-circular arches , small windows , and , particularly in France , arched stone vaults .	arched stone vaults	What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France ?
According to art historian C. R. Dodwell , `` virtually all the churches in the West were decorated with wall-paintings '' , of which few survive .	C. R. Dodwell	Who noted the prevalence of wall-paintings in Western churches of this era ?
Simultaneous with the development in church architecture , the distinctive European form of the castle was developed , and became crucial to politics and warfare .	the castle	What non-church architectural structure developed in the 10th century ?
Just before 1000 there was a great wave of building stone churches all over Europe .	1000	Around what year did the great wave of church-building in stone occur ?
Romanesque art , especially metalwork , was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art , in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun -LRB- d. 1205 -RRB- become apparent , and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège , contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick .	Nicholas of Verdun	Who was a noted figure in Mosan art ?
Romanesque art , especially metalwork , was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art , in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun -LRB- d. 1205 -RRB- become apparent , and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège , contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick .	1205	What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun ?
Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts , and wall-painting flourished in churches , often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall , a Christ in Majesty at the east end , and narrative biblical scenes down the nave , or in the best surviving example , at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe , on the barrel-vaulted roof .	west	On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted ?
Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts , and wall-painting flourished in churches , often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall , a Christ in Majesty at the east end , and narrative biblical scenes down the nave , or in the best surviving example , at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe , on the barrel-vaulted roof .	on the barrel-vaulted roof	Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe ?
Romanesque art , especially metalwork , was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art , in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun -LRB- d. 1205 -RRB- become apparent , and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège , contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick .	Gloucester Candlestick	What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester ?
From the early 12th century , French builders developed the Gothic style , marked by the use of rib vaults , pointed arches , flying buttresses , and large stained glass windows .	12th	In what century did the Gothic style first flourish ?
It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals , and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe .	16th	In what century did the Gothic style cease to be used ?
Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England .	Chartres	Along with Reims , where is a notable Gothic cathedral in France located ?
Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England .	Salisbury Cathedral	What is a notable English Gothic cathedral ?
From the early 12th century , French builders developed the Gothic style , marked by the use of rib vaults , pointed arches , flying buttresses , and large stained glass windows .	French	Among which builders was the Gothic style first used ?
During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops , so that according to Janetta Benton `` by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops '' , and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people .	Janetta Benton	Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops ?
Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art , with Limoges enamel a popular and relatively affordable option for objects such as reliquaries and crosses .	Metalwork	What form of art had the most prestige in this era ?
In Italy the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio , followed by the Trecento master Giotto -LRB- d. 1337 -RRB- , greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco .	1337	When did Giotto die ?
Increasing prosperity during the 12th century resulted in greater production of secular art ; many carved ivory objects such as gaming-pieces , combs , and small religious figures have survived .	ivory	What were many pieces of secular art carved from in this period ?
In Italy the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio , followed by the Trecento master Giotto -LRB- d. 1337 -RRB- , greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco .	Cimabue	Along with Duccio , what Italian artist was a noted innovator in this period ?
Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century , as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life .	11th	In what century was thought given to monastic reform ?
Cluny Abbey , founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909 , was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms , a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear .	909	In what year was Cluny Abbey founded ?
Cluny Abbey , founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909 , was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms , a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear .	Mâcon	In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded ?
Cluny quickly established a reputation for austerity and rigour .	austerity	Along with rigor , what did Cluny have a reputation for ?
Cluny Abbey , founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909 , was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms , a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear .	Cluniac Reforms	What reforms were named for the abbey at Cluny ?
The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX -LRB- pope 1049 -- 1054 -RRB- , and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century .	11th	During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur ?
The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX -LRB- pope 1049 -- 1054 -RRB- , and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century .	1049	When did the reign of Pope Leo IX begin ?
This involved Pope Gregory VII -LRB- pope 1073 -- 85 -RRB- and Emperor Henry IV , who initially clashed over episcopal appointments , a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture , clerical marriage , and simony .	Pope Gregory VII	What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy ?
These issues remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms .	1122	In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to ?
It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors .	German princes	What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of ?
New monastic orders were founded , including the Carthusians and the Cistercians .	Cistercians	What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to ?
The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the guidance of Bernard of Clairvaux -LRB- d. 1153 -RRB- .	1153	When did Bernard of Clairvaux die ?
Old pilgrimage sites such as Rome , Jerusalem , and Compostela received increasing numbers of visitors , and new sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari rose to prominence .	Monte Gargano	Along with Bari , what was a notable new pilgrimage site in this era ?
Old pilgrimage sites such as Rome , Jerusalem , and Compostela received increasing numbers of visitors , and new sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari rose to prominence .	Compostela	Along with Rome and Jerusalem , what traditional pilgrimage site saw a greater number of visitors in the High Middle Ages ?
New monastic orders were founded , including the Carthusians and the Cistercians .	Carthusians	Along with the Cistercians , what new monastic order was founded in the High Middle Ages ?
In the 13th century mendicant orders -- the Franciscans and the Dominicans -- who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging , were approved by the papacy .	Franciscans	Along with the Dominicans , what mendicant order was founded in the 13th century ?
In the 13th century mendicant orders -- the Franciscans and the Dominicans -- who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging , were approved by the papacy .	poverty	What notable vow was sworn by the mendicant orders ?
In the 13th century mendicant orders -- the Franciscans and the Dominicans -- who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging , were approved by the papacy .	begging	How did the mendicant orders make a living ?
In 1209 , a crusade was preached against the Cathars , the Albigensian Crusade , which in combination with the medieval Inquisition , eliminated them .	the Albigensian Crusade	What was the crusade against the Cathars called ?
Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centuries , but they were condemned as heretical by the papacy .	the Waldensians	Along with the Cathars and Humiliati , what group was notably condemned as heretics in this period ?
The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines , culminating in the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 .	1315–17	In what years did the Great Famine occur ?
The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age , which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures .	the Little Ice Age	What period resulted in poor weather that increased crop failures ?
The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age , which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures .	the Medieval Warm Period	What period preceded the Little Ice Age ?
The years 1313 -- 14 and 1317 -- 21 were excessively rainy throughout Europe , resulting in widespread crop failures .	1313–14	Along with 1317 -- 21 , what span saw extreme rains in Europe ?
The climate change -- which resulted in a declining average annual temperature for Europe during the 14th century -- was accompanied by an economic downturn .	14th	In what century did the European average annual temperature decrease ?
These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death , a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years .	1347	When did the Black Death start ?
-LSB- AC -RSB- The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe , about one-third of the population .	35	How many million people died from the Black Death ?
Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France , the Peasants ' Revolt in England , and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders .	the jacquerie	What popular uprising occurred in France during this period ?
Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France , the Peasants ' Revolt in England , and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders .	the Peasants' Revolt	What English popular revolt took place during this period ?
Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France , the Peasants ' Revolt in England , and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders .	Florence	What Italian city experienced a popular revolt ?
The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period .	50	By the end of this period , about what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs ?
The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period .	90	At serfdom 's greatest extent , what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs ?
Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe , as landlords imposed it on those of their tenants who had previously been free .	Eastern	In what part of Europe did serfdom increase in this period ?
Most peasants in Western Europe managed to change the work they had previously owed to their landlords into cash rents .	cash rents	Instead of work , how did most Western European peasants pay their landlords in this period ?
Non-clergy became increasingly literate , and urban populations began to imitate the nobility 's interest in chivalry .	chivalry	What noble interest did city-dwellers start to mimic in this period ?
Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306 .	1290	In what year were the Jews expelled from England ?
Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306 .	1306	What year saw the expulsion of the French Jewish community ?
Although some were allowed back into France , most were not , and many Jews emigrated eastwards , settling in Poland and Hungary .	Poland	Along with Hungary , where did many expelled French Jews relocate to ?
The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492 , and dispersed to Turkey , France , Italy , and Holland .	1492	In what year were Jews kicked out of Spain ?
The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492 , and dispersed to Turkey , France , Italy , and Holland .	Holland	Along with Turkey , France and Italy , where did expelled Spanish Jews travel to ?
Strong , royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages , particularly in England , France , and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula : Aragon , Castile , and Portugal .	Portugal	Along with Aragon and Castile , what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula ?
Paying for the wars required that methods of taxation become more effective and efficient , and the rate of taxation often increased .	Paying for the wars	Why did kings increase the tax rate during this period ?
The requirement to obtain the consent of taxpayers allowed representative bodies such as the English Parliament and the French Estates General to gain power and authority .	Parliament	What English representative body provided consent for royal taxation ?
The requirement to obtain the consent of taxpayers allowed representative bodies such as the English Parliament and the French Estates General to gain power and authority .	Estates General	What French body was similar in purpose to the English Parliament ?
The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantry .	the peasantry	What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era ?
They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France , leading to the Hundred Years ' War , waged from 1337 to 1453 .	1337	When did the Hundred Years ' War begin ?
Early in the war the English under Edward III -LRB- r. 1327 -- 77 -RRB- and his son Edward , the Black Prince -LRB- d. 1376 -RRB- , -LSB- AF -RSB- won the battles of Crécy and Poitiers , captured the city of Calais , and won control of much of France .	the Black Prince	What was the nickname of Edward III 's son Edward ?
Early in the war the English under Edward III -LRB- r. 1327 -- 77 -RRB- and his son Edward , the Black Prince -LRB- d. 1376 -RRB- , -LSB- AF -RSB- won the battles of Crécy and Poitiers , captured the city of Calais , and won control of much of France .	1327	When did the reign of Edward III begin ?
Early in the war the English under Edward III -LRB- r. 1327 -- 77 -RRB- and his son Edward , the Black Prince -LRB- d. 1376 -RRB- , -LSB- AF -RSB- won the battles of Crécy and Poitiers , captured the city of Calais , and won control of much of France .	Crécy	Along with Poitiers , what was the site of a notable victory by Edward III 's England over the French ?
In the early 15th century , France again came close to dissolving , but in the late 1420s the military successes of Joan of Arc -LRB- d. 1431 -RRB- led to the victory of the French and the capture of the last English possessions in southern France in 1453 .	1420s	What decade saw the victories of Joan of Arc ?
Further east , the kingdoms of Poland , Hungary , and Bohemia grew powerful .	Bohemia	Along with Poland and Hungary , what Eastern European state grew in power ?
In Iberia , the Christian kingdoms continued to gain land from the Muslim kingdoms of the peninsula ; Portugal concentrated on expanding overseas during the 15th century , while the other kingdoms were riven by difficulties over royal succession and other concerns .	15th	During what century did Portugal devote itself to overseas expansion ?
After losing the Hundred Years ' War , England went on to suffer a long civil war known as the Wars of the Roses , which lasted into the 1490s and only ended when Henry Tudor -LRB- r. 1485 -- 1509 as Henry VII -RRB- became king and consolidated power with his victory over Richard III -LRB- r. 1483 -- 85 -RRB- at Bosworth in 1485 .	England	What nation lost the Hundred Years ' War ?
After losing the Hundred Years ' War , England went on to suffer a long civil war known as the Wars of the Roses , which lasted into the 1490s and only ended when Henry Tudor -LRB- r. 1485 -- 1509 as Henry VII -RRB- became king and consolidated power with his victory over Richard III -LRB- r. 1483 -- 85 -RRB- at Bosworth in 1485 .	Henry VII	What was the regnal name of Henry Tudor ?
In Scandinavia , Margaret I of Denmark -LRB- r. in Denmark 1387 -- 1412 -RRB- consolidated Norway , Denmark , and Sweden in the Union of Kalmar , which continued until 1523 .	Norway	Along with Denmark and Sweden , what country was part of the Union of Kalmar ?
Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261 , they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands .	Palaeologi	Emperors from what dynasty recaptured Constantinople in 1261 ?
The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new Kingdom of Serbia , the Second Bulgarian Empire and the city-state of Venice .	Venice	Along with the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia , what polity controlled the former Byzantine Balkan lands ?
The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe , the Ottomans , who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century .	Ottomans	What tribe of Turks emerged in 13th century Anatolia ?
The Ottomans expanded into Europe , reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 .	1366	In what year did Bulgaria become a vassal of the Ottomans ?
The Ottomans expanded into Europe , reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 .	Serbia	Who was defeated at the Battle of Kosovo ?
During the tumultuous 14th century , disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305 -- 78 , also called the `` Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy '' -LRB- a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews -RRB- , and then to the Great Schism , lasting from 1378 to 1418 , when there were two and later three rival popes , each supported by several states .	1305–78	During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur ?
During the tumultuous 14th century , disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305 -- 78 , also called the `` Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy '' -LRB- a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews -RRB- , and then to the Great Schism , lasting from 1378 to 1418 , when there were two and later three rival popes , each supported by several states .	Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy	What is another term for the Avignon Papacy ?
During the tumultuous 14th century , disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305 -- 78 , also called the `` Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy '' -LRB- a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews -RRB- , and then to the Great Schism , lasting from 1378 to 1418 , when there were two and later three rival popes , each supported by several states .	1418	When did the Great Schism end ?
Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414 , and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes , leaving only two claimants .	two	How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance ?
Further depositions followed , and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V -LRB- pope 1417 -- 31 -RRB- as pope .	Martin V	Who was made pope in 1417 ?
John Wycliffe -LRB- d. 1384 -RRB- , an English theologian , was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine .	English	Of what nationality was John Wycliffe ?
John Wycliffe -LRB- d. 1384 -RRB- , an English theologian , was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine .	1415	In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic ?
John Wycliffe -LRB- d. 1384 -RRB- , an English theologian , was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine .	the laity	Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible ?
Wycliffe 's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages : Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia .	Hussitism	What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe ?
The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus , who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance .	burned at the stake	How did Jan Hus die ?
The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages , holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist .	the clergy	In the Late Middle Ages , who was allowed to drink wine at Mass ?
Mystics such as Meister Eckhart -LRB- d. 1327 -RRB- and Thomas à Kempis -LRB- d. 1471 -RRB- wrote works that taught the laity to focus on their inner spiritual life , which laid the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation .	1471	When did Thomas à Kempis die ?
Besides mysticism , belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread , and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft with its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication in 1486 of the Malleus Maleficarum , the most popular handbook for witch-hunters .	1484	In what year did the Church condemn witches ?
Besides mysticism , belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread , and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft with its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication in 1486 of the Malleus Maleficarum , the most popular handbook for witch-hunters .	1486	In what year was the Malleus Maleficarum published ?
Besides mysticism , belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread , and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft with its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication in 1486 of the Malleus Maleficarum , the most popular handbook for witch-hunters .	handbook for witch-hunters	What was the Malleus Maleficarum ?
During the Later Middle Ages , theologians such as John Duns Scotus -LRB- d. 1308 -RRB- -LSB- AH -RSB- and William of Ockham -LRB- d. c. 1348 -RRB- , led a reaction against scholasticism , objecting to the application of reason to faith .	scholasticism	What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to ?
Legal studies were marked by the steady advance of Roman law into areas of jurisprudence previously governed by customary law .	customary law	Before Roman law , what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by ?
The lone exception to this trend was in England , where the common law remained pre-eminent .	England	What country did not see the increasing influence of Roman law ?
Other countries codified their laws ; legal codes were promulgated in Castile , Poland , and Lithuania .	Lithuania	Along with Castile and Poland , what country developed a law code in the Later Middle Ages ?
Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of `` universals '' .	universals	What Platonic idea lost influence as a result of the work of Ockham and Duns Scotus ?
Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy .	training of future clergy	What was the main purpose of education in this period ?
The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest , but the secondary subjects of the trivium -- grammar , rhetoric , logic -- were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities .	grammar	Along with rhetoric and logic , what constituted the trivium ?
Lay literacy rates rose , but were still low ; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500 .	ten	About what percentage of European men were literate in 1500 ?
Lay literacy rates rose , but were still low ; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500 .	one	In 1500 , approximately what percent of European women could read ?
The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest , but the secondary subjects of the trivium -- grammar , rhetoric , logic -- were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities .	a village priest	Along with their family , who typically taught a child letters and numbers ?
The publication of vernacular literature increased , with Dante -LRB- d. 1321 -RRB- , Petrarch -LRB- d. 1374 -RRB- and Giovanni Boccaccio -LRB- d. 1375 -RRB- in 14th-century Italy , Geoffrey Chaucer -LRB- d. 1400 -RRB- and William Langland -LRB- d. c. 1386 -RRB- in England , and François Villon -LRB- d. 1464 -RRB- and Christine de Pizan -LRB- d. c. 1430 -RRB- in France .	Petrarch	Along with Dante and Boccaccio , who was a notable Italian author of the 14th century ?
The publication of vernacular literature increased , with Dante -LRB- d. 1321 -RRB- , Petrarch -LRB- d. 1374 -RRB- and Giovanni Boccaccio -LRB- d. 1375 -RRB- in 14th-century Italy , Geoffrey Chaucer -LRB- d. 1400 -RRB- and William Langland -LRB- d. c. 1386 -RRB- in England , and François Villon -LRB- d. 1464 -RRB- and Christine de Pizan -LRB- d. c. 1430 -RRB- in France .	1400	When did Chaucer die ?
The publication of vernacular literature increased , with Dante -LRB- d. 1321 -RRB- , Petrarch -LRB- d. 1374 -RRB- and Giovanni Boccaccio -LRB- d. 1375 -RRB- in 14th-century Italy , Geoffrey Chaucer -LRB- d. 1400 -RRB- and William Langland -LRB- d. c. 1386 -RRB- in England , and François Villon -LRB- d. 1464 -RRB- and Christine de Pizan -LRB- d. c. 1430 -RRB- in France .	Christine de Pizan	Who was a notable female French author of this period ?
Much literature remained religious in character , and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin , a new demand developed for saints ' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages .	Latin	In what language was most religious literature of this period written ?
This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement , most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life , but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler -LRB- d. 1361 -RRB- .	Meister Eckhart	Along with Johannes Tauler , who was a prominent German mystic of this period ?
Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal -LRB- d. 1460 -RRB- sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands , the Azores , and Cape Verde during his lifetime .	Portugal	Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores ?
Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal -LRB- d. 1460 -RRB- sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands , the Azores , and Cape Verde during his lifetime .	Prince Henry the Navigator	What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde ?
After his death , exploration continued ; Bartolomeu Dias -LRB- d. 1500 -RRB- went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama -LRB- d. 1524 -RRB- sailed around Africa to India in 1498 .	Vasco da Gama	What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498 ?
The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus -LRB- d. 1506 -RRB- in 1492 that discovered the Americas .	the Americas	What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492 ?
The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot -LRB- d. 1498 -RRB- in 1497 , which landed on Cape Breton Island .	Henry VII	What English monarch financed John Cabot ?
One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry .	infantry	Along with light cavalry , what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages ?
The English also employed longbowmen , but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success .	longbowmen	What troops were uniquely successful in English service ?
Armour continued to advance , spurred by the increasing power of crossbows , and plate armour was developed to protect soldiers from crossbows as well as the hand-held guns that were developed .	the increasing power of crossbows	What influenced the increasing development of armor ?
Pole arms reached new prominence with the development of the Flemish and Swiss infantry armed with pikes and other long spears .	pikes	What weapons were notably employed by the Swiss infantry ?
Armour continued to advance , spurred by the increasing power of crossbows , and plate armour was developed to protect soldiers from crossbows as well as the hand-held guns that were developed .	hand-held guns	Along with crossbows , what was plate armor designed to defend against ?
In addition , the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool , tripling production .	the traditional distaff	What was replaced by the spinning wheel ?
-LSB- AI -RSB- A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures for garments , which allowed for better fitting without having to lace clothing on the wearer .	buttons	What invention replaced laces on clothing ?
Windmills were refined with the creation of the tower mill , allowing the upper part of the windmill to be spun around to face the direction from which the wind was blowing .	the tower mill	What new type of windmill was invented in this period ?
The blast furnace appeared around 1350 in Sweden , increasing the quantity of iron produced and improving its quality .	Sweden	In what country did the blast furnace first appear ?
The first patent law in 1447 in Venice protected the rights of inventors to their inventions .	Venice	Where did patent law originate ?
International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400 , producing masterpieces such as the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry .	1400	Around what year did the International Gothic style flourish ?
International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400 , producing masterpieces such as the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry .	the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry	What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style ?
The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy .	Early Renaissance	Along with the Trecento , what period occurred in Italy during the Late Middle Ages ?
These objects also included the Hispano-Moresque ware produced by mostly Mudéjar potters in Spain .	Mudéjar potters	Who produced most of the Hispano-Moresque pottery ?
Although royalty owned huge collections of plate , little survives except for the Royal Gold Cup .	the Royal Gold Cup	What is a notable piece of surviving Late Middle Age royal plate ?
The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building , as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved , as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant ` Andrea .	Giovanni Pisano	Who carved the Pulpit in Sant ` Andrea ?
Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common , especially as churches created many side-chapels .	Painted	Along with being carved , how were altarpieces often decorated in this period ?
Early Netherlandish painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck -LRB- d. 1441 -RRB- and Rogier van der Weyden -LRB- d. 1464 -RRB- rivalled that of Italy , as did northern illuminated manuscripts , which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites , who also commissioned secular books , especially histories .	1464	When did Rogier van der Weyden die ?
Early Netherlandish painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck -LRB- d. 1441 -RRB- and Rogier van der Weyden -LRB- d. 1464 -RRB- rivalled that of Italy , as did northern illuminated manuscripts , which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites , who also commissioned secular books , especially histories .	Netherlandish	Of what nationality was Jan van Eyck ?
There were around 30,000 different editions of incunabula , or works printed before 1500 , by which time illuminated manuscripts were commissioned only by royalty and a few others .	works printed before 1500	What does incunabula refer to ?
This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment , when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the medieval period , to the detriment of the Middle Ages .	Enlightenment	Along with the Renaissance , during what period were the Middle Ages disparaged ?
Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world ; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith , and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition .	the Classical world	What era did Renaissance scholars negatively compare the Middle Ages to ?
Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world ; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith , and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition .	as a time of ignorance and superstition	How did scholars of the Enlightenment see the Middle Ages ?
Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world ; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith , and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition .	faith	What did Enlightenment scholars consider to be inferior to reason ?
Science historian Edward Grant writes , `` If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed -LSB- in the 18th century -RSB- , they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities '' .	Science	What is Edward Grant a historian of ?
Also , contrary to common belief , David Lindberg writes , `` the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free -LRB- particularly in the natural sciences -RRB- to follow reason and observation wherever they led '' .	David Lindberg	Who argued that scholars in the Middle Ages were rarely coerced by the Church ?
Science historian Edward Grant writes , `` If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed -LSB- in the 18th century -RSB- , they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities '' .	18th	According to Grant , the medieval use of reason was the forerunner the revolutionary rationalism of what century ?
One misconception , first propagated in the 19th century and still very common , is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat .	19th	During what century was it first proposed that people in the Middle Ages thought the Earth was flat ?
Other misconceptions such as `` the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages '' , `` the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science '' , or `` the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy '' , are all cited by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth , although they are not supported by current historical research .	dissections	Along with autopsies , what is it erroneously believed that the medieval Church forbade ?
Other misconceptions such as `` the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages '' , `` the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science '' , or `` the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy '' , are all cited by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth , although they are not supported by current historical research .	ancient science	According to a misconception , what did the rise of Christianity destroy ?
Other misconceptions such as `` the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages '' , `` the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science '' , or `` the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy '' , are all cited by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth , although they are not supported by current historical research .	natural philosophy	According to another misconception , what field of study was the medieval Church opposed to ?
Lindberg and Ronald Numbers , another scholar of the period , state that there `` was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge -LSB- Earth 's -RSB- sphericity and even know its approximate circumference '' .	Ronald Numbers	Along with Lindberg , who is a notable scholar of the Middle Ages ?
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages .	linguistics	What is phonology a branch of ?
It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages -LRB- and therefore used to be also called phonemics , or phonematics -RRB- , but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word -LRB- including syllable , onset and rime , articulatory gestures , articulatory features , mora , etc. -RRB- or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured for conveying linguistic meaning .	phonemes	What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology ?
Phonology also includes the study of equivalent organizational systems in sign languages .	Phonology	The study of sign language is a part of what ?
The word phonology -LRB- as in the phonology of English -RRB- can also refer to the phonological system -LRB- sound system -RRB- of a given language .	the phonological system	What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to ?
The word phonology -LRB- as in the phonology of English -RRB- can also refer to the phonological system -LRB- sound system -RRB- of a given language .	sound system	What is another term for phonological system ?
This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise , like its syntax and its vocabulary .	vocabulary	Aside from syntax and the phonological system , what else comprises a language ?
This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise , like its syntax and its vocabulary .	fundamental	What sort of language system is phonology ?
Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics .	phonetics	What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from ?
For many linguists , phonetics belongs to descriptive linguistics , and phonology to theoretical linguistics , although establishing the phonological system of a language is necessarily an application of theoretical principles to analysis of phonetic evidence .	descriptive	What kind of linguistics is phonetics considered to be a part of ?
For many linguists , phonetics belongs to descriptive linguistics , and phonology to theoretical linguistics , although establishing the phonological system of a language is necessarily an application of theoretical principles to analysis of phonetic evidence .	linguistics	Phonology is generally considered a part of the theoretical side of what discipline ?
Note that this distinction was not always made , particularly before the development of the modern concept of the phoneme in the mid 20th century .	mid 20th century	When was the phonome 's modern concept developed ?
Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines such as psycholinguistics and speech perception , resulting in specific areas like articulatory phonology or laboratory phonology .	speech perception	What subfield of modern phonology other than phsycholinguistics crosses over with phonetics ?
The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή , phōnḗ , `` voice , sound , '' and the suffix - logy -LRB- which is from Greek λόγος , lógos , `` word , speech , subject of discussion '' -RRB- .	Greek	What language does phonology as a word come from ?
The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή , phōnḗ , `` voice , sound , '' and the suffix - logy -LRB- which is from Greek λόγος , lógos , `` word , speech , subject of discussion '' -RRB- .	lógos	What Greek word is - logy derived from ?
Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie -LRB- 1939 -RRB- defines phonology as `` the study of sound pertaining to the system of language , '' as opposed to phonetics , which is `` the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech '' -LRB- the distinction between language and speech being basically Saussure 's distinction between langue and parole -RRB- .	Nikolai Trubetzkoy	Who in 1939 defined phonology ?
Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie -LRB- 1939 -RRB- defines phonology as `` the study of sound pertaining to the system of language , '' as opposed to phonetics , which is `` the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech '' -LRB- the distinction between language and speech being basically Saussure 's distinction between langue and parole -RRB- .	speech	A distinction was drawn between language and what ?
More recently , Lass -LRB- 1998 -RRB- writes that phonology refers broadly to the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language , while in more narrow terms , `` phonology proper is concerned with the function , behavior and organization of sounds as linguistic items . ''	1998	When did Lass write about phonology ?
The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi , the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC .	Sanskrit	What type of grammar was phonology first a part of ?
The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi , the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC .	Ashtadhyayi	What is the name of ancient Sanskrit grammar ?
The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi , the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC .	Pāṇini	Who first composed the Ashtadhyayi ?
The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi , the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC .	4th century BC	During what time period did Panini do his work ?
In particular the Shiva Sutras , an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi , introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language , with a notational system for them that is used throughout the main text , which deals with matters of morphology , syntax and semantics .	the Shiva Sutras	What other text was related to the Ashtadhyayi ?
The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay -LRB- together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski -RRB- introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876 , and his work , though often unacknowledged , is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology .	1876	When was the phoneme as a concept introduced ?
The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay -LRB- together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski -RRB- introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876 , and his work , though often unacknowledged , is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology .	Mikołaj Kruszewski	Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay 's student ?
The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay -LRB- together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski -RRB- introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876 , and his work , though often unacknowledged , is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology .	Polish	What nationality was de Courtenay ?
The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay -LRB- together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski -RRB- introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876 , and his work , though often unacknowledged , is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology .	scholar	What was de Courtenay 's profession ?
He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations -LRB- what is now called allophony and morphophonology -RRB- , and had a significant influence on the work of Ferdinand de Saussure .	Ferdinand de Saussure	Who was influenced by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay ?
One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy , whose Grundzüge der Phonologie -LRB- Principles of Phonology -RRB- , published posthumously in 1939 , is among the most important works in the field from this period .	Principles of Phonology	What was Nikolai Trubetzkoy 's publication ?
One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy , whose Grundzüge der Phonologie -LRB- Principles of Phonology -RRB- , published posthumously in 1939 , is among the most important works in the field from this period .	1939	When was Principles of Phonology published ?
Directly influenced by Baudouin de Courtenay , Trubetzkoy is considered the founder of morphophonology , although this concept had also been recognized by de Courtenay .	morphophonology	What is Trubetzkoy considered to have founded ?
An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school .	the Prague school.	What school was Trubetzkoy a member of ?
One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy , whose Grundzüge der Phonologie -LRB- Principles of Phonology -RRB- , published posthumously in 1939 , is among the most important works in the field from this period .	Prince	What was Trubetzkoy 's title ?
In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English -LRB- SPE -RRB- , the basis for generative phonology .	1968	When was The Sound Pattern of English published ?
In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English -LRB- SPE -RRB- , the basis for generative phonology .	Morris Halle	Other than Chomsky who else published The Sound Pattern of English ?
An important consequence of the influence SPE had on phonological theory was the downplaying of the syllable and the emphasis on segments .	emphasis on segments	Besides the syllable what was downplayed as a result of SPE 's influence on phonological theory ?
Furthermore , the generativists folded morphophonology into phonology , which both solved and created problems .	morphophonology	What other discipline was combined with phonology by the generativists ?
Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and -LRB- more explicitly -RRB- in 1979 .	David Stampe	Whose publications started the theory of Natural phonology ?
In this view , phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another ; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific .	a set of universal phonological processes	According to Stampe what is phonology based on ?
In this view , phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another ; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific .	suppressed	Aside from being active what other condition can the universal phonological processes exist in ?
The second most prominent natural phonologist is Patricia Donegan -LRB- Stampe 's wife -RRB- ; there are many natural phonologists in Europe , and a few in the U.S. , such as Geoffrey Nathan .	Patricia Donegan	Who is the number two natural phonologist ?
The principles of natural phonology were extended to morphology by Wolfgang U. Dressler , who founded natural morphology .	Wolfgang U. Dressler	Who was the founder of natural morphology ?
In 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology .	John Goldsmith	Who founded autosegmental phonology ?
In 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology .	1976	When did John Goldsmith share his work ?
Autosegmental phonology later evolved into feature geometry , which became the standard theory of representation for theories of the organization of phonology as different as lexical phonology and optimality theory .	feature geometry	What did Autosegmental phonology morph into ?
Government phonology , which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures , is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters .	the early 1980s	When was Government phonology first seen ?
That is , all languages ' phonological structures are essentially the same , but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations .	restricted variation	What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology ?
Government phonology , which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures , is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters .	Government	Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology ?
In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991 , Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory -- an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance ; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint .	1991	When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory ?
In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991 , Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory -- an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance ; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint .	LSA summer institute	Where was optimality theory created ?
The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince , and has become a dominant trend in phonology .	John McCarthy	Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology ?
The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements -LRB- e.g. features -RRB- in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of ` substance-free phonology ' , especially Mark Hale and Charles Reiss .	Mark Hale and Charles Reiss	Who were prominent critics of optimality theory ?
Broadly speaking , government phonology -LRB- or its descendant , strict-CV phonology -RRB- has a greater following in the United Kingdom , whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States .	strict-CV phonology	What followed government phonology ?
Broadly speaking , government phonology -LRB- or its descendant , strict-CV phonology -RRB- has a greater following in the United Kingdom , whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States .	the United Kingdom,	Where is government phonology popular ?
Broadly speaking , government phonology -LRB- or its descendant , strict-CV phonology -RRB- has a greater following in the United Kingdom , whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States .	optimality theory	What theory is seen more in the US ?
An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years .	phonological theory	What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to ?
An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years .	synchronic and diachronic accounts	What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology ?
An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years .	recent years.	When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being ?
An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years .	integrated	What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take ?
An important part of traditional , pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language ; these units are known as phonemes .	phonemes	What are the units called that traditional phonology studies ?
However , English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations -LRB- allophones -RRB- of the same phonological category , that is of the phoneme / p / .	allophones	What is another word for variations ?
-LRB- Traditionally , it would be argued that if an aspirated -LSB- pʰ -RSB- were interchanged with the unaspirated -LSB- p -RSB- in spot , native speakers of English would still hear the same words ; that is , the two sounds are perceived as `` the same '' / p / . -RRB-	unaspirated	What is the opposite of aspirated ?
Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data -LRB- phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers -RRB- and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is .	phonological	What type of language study involves trying to deduce underlying phonomes ?
Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data -LRB- phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers -RRB- and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is .	sound inventory	Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language ?
Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data -LRB- phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers -RRB- and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is .	native	What kind of speaker data does studying a language phonologically involve examining ?
This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics .	historical	What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history ?
The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time .	contrasts	With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change ?
At one time , -LSB- f -RSB- and -LSB- v -RSB- , two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only , were allophones of the same phoneme in English , but later came to belong to separate phonemes .	the same phoneme	In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English ?
The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme .	complicate	How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas ?
First , interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words .	unrecognizable	How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words ?
Second , actual speech , even at a word level , is highly co-articulated , so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception .	speech perception	What does splicing words affect ?
Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes .	sounds	What are assigned to phonemes by different linguists ?
There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis , or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language .	brain	What part of a human does language processing ?
For example , they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar .	allophones	The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between linguists ?
Since the early 1960s , theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme , preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level , as a component of morphemes ; these units can be called morphophonemes , and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology .	early 1960s	When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts ?
Since the early 1960s , theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme , preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level , as a component of morphemes ; these units can be called morphophonemes , and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology .	abstract	On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units ?
Since the early 1960s , theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme , preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level , as a component of morphemes ; these units can be called morphophonemes , and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology .	morphophonemes	What is a name for the basic morpheme unit ?
Since the early 1960s , theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme , preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level , as a component of morphemes ; these units can be called morphophonemes , and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology .	morphophonology	What is the act of analyzing morphophones called ?
Since the early 1960s , theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme , preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level , as a component of morphemes ; these units can be called morphophonemes , and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology .	theoretical	What kind of linguists are leaving the old methods behind ?
In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning -LRB- the phonemes -RRB- , phonology studies how sounds alternate , i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme -LRB- allomorphs -RRB- , as well as , for example , syllable structure , stress , feature geometry , accent , and intonation .	meaning	What do phonemes differentiate ?
In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning -LRB- the phonemes -RRB- , phonology studies how sounds alternate , i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme -LRB- allomorphs -RRB- , as well as , for example , syllable structure , stress , feature geometry , accent , and intonation .	how sounds alternate	Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology ?
In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning -LRB- the phonemes -RRB- , phonology studies how sounds alternate , i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme -LRB- allomorphs -RRB- , as well as , for example , syllable structure , stress , feature geometry , accent , and intonation .	phonology	The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline ?
Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics -LRB- the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language -RRB- and phonological alternation -LRB- how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules , sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding , -RRB- as well as prosody , the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation .	prosody	Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied ?
Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics -LRB- the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language -RRB- and phonological alternation -LRB- how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules , sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding , -RRB- as well as prosody , the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation .	feeding	Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes ?
Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics -LRB- the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language -RRB- and phonological alternation -LRB- how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules , sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding , -RRB- as well as prosody , the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation .	Phonology	Phonotactics , phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline ?
Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics -LRB- the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language -RRB- and phonological alternation -LRB- how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules , sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding , -RRB- as well as prosody , the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation .	prosody	Stress and intonation are studied under what topic ?
The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools , not language-specific ones .	general analytical tools	Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be ?
The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages -LRB- see Phonemes in sign languages -RRB- , even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds .	sign languages	What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applied to ?
The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools , not language-specific ones .	modality	What are the principles of phonological analysis able to be applied separately from ?
The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages -LRB- see Phonemes in sign languages -RRB- , even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds .	sub-lexical units	In sign languages what are not represented as instances of speech sounds ?
Conventionally , a computer consists of at least one processing element , typically a central processing unit -LRB- CPU -RRB- , and some form of memory .	central processing unit	In computer terms , what does CPU stand for ?
Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source , and the result of operations saved and retrieved .	Peripheral devices	What are the devices called that are from an external source ?
Conventionally , a computer consists of at least one processing element , typically a central processing unit -LRB- CPU -RRB- , and some form of memory .	(CPU), and some form of memory	What are two things that a computer always has ?
Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations .	astronomical calculations	What were analog computers originally used for ?
In World War II , mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming .	World War II,	During what war were computers first used for military applications ?
Originally they were the size of a large room , consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers -LRB- PCs -RRB- .	personal computers	In computer terms , what does PC stand for ?
In World War II , mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming .	World War II	During what war were the first digital computers invented ?
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines , and occupy a fraction of the space .	integrated circuits	Computers in today 's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers ?
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines , and occupy a fraction of the space .	millions to billions of times	How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers ?
The first known use of the word `` computer '' was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait : `` I haue read the truest computer of Times , and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed , and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number . ''	1613	When was the first known use of the word `` computer '' ?
The first known use of the word `` computer '' was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait : `` I haue read the truest computer of Times , and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed , and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number . ''	The Yong Mans Gleanings	In which book , was the term `` computer '' first used ?
The first known use of the word `` computer '' was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait : `` I haue read the truest computer of Times , and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed , and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number . ''	Richard Braithwait	Who was the author of the book , The Yong Mans Gleanings ?
From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning , a machine that carries out computations .	19th century	From the end of what century , did the word `` computer '' take its well known meaning of today ?
The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick .	a form of tally stick	The earliest device to help count was what ?
Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi -LRB- clay spheres , cones , etc. -RRB- which represented counts of items , probably livestock or grains , sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers .	(clay spheres, cones, etc.)	Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what ?
The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks .	arithmetic tasks	What was the abacus first used for ?
The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC .	2400 BC	When was the Roman abacus first used ?
The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC .	Babylonia	Where was the Roman abacus first used ?
In a medieval European counting house , a checkered cloth would be placed on a table , and markers moved around on it according to certain rules , as an aid to calculating sums of money .	a checkered cloth	In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money ?
In a medieval European counting house , a checkered cloth would be placed on a table , and markers moved around on it according to certain rules , as an aid to calculating sums of money .	sums of money	A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what ?
The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog `` computer '' , according to Derek J. de Solla Price .	The Antikythera mechanism	What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer ?
It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete , and has been dated to circa 100 BC .	1901	When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered ?
It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete , and has been dated to circa 100 BC .	Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera	Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901 ?
It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete , and has been dated to circa 100 BC .	Kythera and Crete	Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between ?
The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog `` computer '' , according to Derek J. de Solla Price .	Derek J. de Solla Price.	The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom ?
The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century .	Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī	Who invented the planisphere ?
The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus .	Hipparchus	Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history ?
A combination of the planisphere and dioptra , the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy .	the planisphere and dioptra	The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history ?
An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan , Persia in 1235 .	1235	The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when ?
An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan , Persia in 1235 .	Persia	The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where ?
The sector , a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion , trigonometry , multiplication and division , and for various functions , such as squares and cube roots , was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery , surveying and navigation .	16th century	The sector , a calculating instrument , was invented during what century ?
The slide rule was invented around 1620 -- 1630 , shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm .	1620–1630	When was the slide rule first invented ?
It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division .	doing multiplication and division.	What is the slide rule used for ?
Aviation is one of the few fields where slide rules are still in widespread use , particularly for solving time -- distance problems in light aircraft .	Aviation	What industry are slide rules still used today ?
In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz , a Swiss watchmaker , built a mechanical doll -LRB- automata -RRB- that could write holding a quill pen .	a Swiss watchmaker	What was the profession of Pierre Jaquet-Droz ?
In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz , a Swiss watchmaker , built a mechanical doll -LRB- automata -RRB- that could write holding a quill pen .	In the 1770s	When did Pierre Jaquet-Droz build a mechanical doll that could hold a pen ?
Along with two other complex machines , the doll is at the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire of Neuchâtel , Switzerland , and still operates .	Musée d'Art et d'Histoire	Where is the doll Pierre Jaquet-Droz built today ?
Along with two other complex machines , the doll is at the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire of Neuchâtel , Switzerland , and still operates .	Neuchâtel, Switzerland	Where is the Musee d-Art et d'Histoire located ?
The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters .	1872	When was the tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson invented ?
The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters .	Sir William Thomson	Who invented the first tide-predicting machine in 1872 ?
It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location .	system of pulleys and wires	What did Sir William Thomson 's tide-predicting machine use to function ?
The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration , used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration .	wheel-and-disc	What type of mechanisms did the differential analyzer use ?
In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators , but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators .	Lord Kelvin	In 1876 who lobbied for the construction of the differential analyzers ?
Starting in the 1920s , Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers .	1920s	During what decade were mechanical differential analyzers developed ?
Starting in the 1920s , Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers .	Vannevar Bush	In the 1920s , who was the person who developed mechanical differential analyzers ?
Charles Babbage , an English mechanical engineer and polymath , originated the concept of a programmable computer .	Charles Babbage	Who invented the concept of a programmable computer ?
Charles Babbage , an English mechanical engineer and polymath , originated the concept of a programmable computer .	Charles Babbage	Who is considered the `` father of the computer '' ?
Considered the `` father of the computer '' , he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century .	early 19th century	During what century was the first mechanical computer invented by Charles Babbage ?
After working on his revolutionary difference engine , designed to aid in navigational calculations , in 1833 he realized that a much more general design , an Analytical Engine , was possible .	1833	What year did Charles Babbage find out that An Analytical Engine was possible ?
Nevertheless , his son , Henry Babbage , completed a simplified version of the analytical engine 's computing unit -LRB- the mill -RRB- in 1888 .	Henry Babbage	Who was Charles Babbage 's son ?
Nevertheless , his son , Henry Babbage , completed a simplified version of the analytical engine 's computing unit -LRB- the mill -RRB- in 1888 .	Henry Babbage	Who created a simple version of the analytical engine 's computing unit ?
Nevertheless , his son , Henry Babbage , completed a simplified version of the analytical engine 's computing unit -LRB- the mill -RRB- in 1888 .	1888	When was the mill created by Henry Babbage ?
He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906 .	1906	When was a demonstration by Henry Babbage of the mill given ?
The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine , invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 .	Sir William Thomson	Who invented the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine ?
The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine , invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 .	1872	When was the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine created ?
The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms , was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson , the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin .	James Thomson	Who created the idea of the differential analyzer in 1876 ?
The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms , was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson , the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin .	Lord Kelvin	James Thomson was the brother of what famous figure ?
The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer , built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927 .	MIT	Where was the differential analyzer built by H.L. Hazen ?
The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer , built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927 .	1927	The differential analyzer by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush was first being built in what year ?
This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman .	H. W. Nieman	The torque amplifiers of the differential analyzer were created by whom ?
By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines , but analog computers remain in use in some specialized applications such as education -LRB- control systems -RRB- and aircraft -LRB- slide rule -RRB- .	education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule).	Analog computers remain in use in what industries ?
The principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing , who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper , On Computable Numbers .	Alan Turing	Who wrote the paper `` On Computable Numbers '' ?
The principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing , who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper , On Computable Numbers .	1936	When did Alan Turing write the paper , `` On Computable Numbers '' ?
Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel 's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation , replacing Gödel 's universal arithmetic-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as Turing machines .	Kurt Gödel	Who did Turing revise the results on the limits of proof and computation in 1931 ?
He also introduced the notion of a ` Universal Machine ' -LRB- now known as a Universal Turing machine -RRB- , with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine , or in other words , it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape , allowing the machine to be programmable .	Universal Turing machine	A Universal Machine is known as what today ?
By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine .	the United States Navy	What part of the US military developed an electromechanical analog computer to use on a submarine ?
By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine .	1938	When did the US Navy invent an electromechanical computer to use on a submarine ?
This was the Torpedo Data Computer , which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target .	trigonometry	What type of math did the Torpedo Data computer use to fire a torpedo at a moving target ?
The Z2 , created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939 , was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer .	Konrad Zuse	Who created the relay computer , the Z2 ?
The Z2 , created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939 , was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer .	1939	When did Konrad Zuse invent the Z2 ?
The Z2 , created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939 , was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer .	The Z2	What is one of the first electromechanical relay computers ?
The Z2 , created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939 , was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer .	German	Konrad Zuse was an engineer with what nationality ?
In 1941 , Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3 , the world 's first working electromechanical programmable , fully automatic digital computer .	1941	When did Konrad Zuse create the Z3 computer ?
In 1941 , Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3 , the world 's first working electromechanical programmable , fully automatic digital computer .	the Z3	What was the first automatic , digital , programmable computer created by Konrad Zuse ?
The Z3 was built with 2000 relays , implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5 -- 10 Hz .	2000	How many relays did the Z3 contain ?
The Z3 was built with 2000 relays , implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5 -- 10 Hz .	about 5–10 Hz	What did the Z3 operate for a clock frequency ?
Program code was supplied on punched film while data could be stored in 64 words of memory or supplied from the keyboard .	64	How many words of memory could be stored with the Z3 ?
The engineer Tommy Flowers , working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s , began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange .	Post Office Research Station	Where did the engineer Tommy Flowers work at during the 1930s ?
The engineer Tommy Flowers , working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s , began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange .	London	In what city did Tommy Flowers work in the 1930s ?
In the US , John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff -- Berry Computer -LRB- ABC -RRB- in 1942 , the first `` automatic electronic digital computer '' .	1942	The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year ?
This design was also all-electronic and used about 300 vacuum tubes , with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory .	about 300	How many vacuum tubes did the Atanasoff-Berry computer use ?
In the US , John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff -- Berry Computer -LRB- ABC -RRB- in 1942 , the first `` automatic electronic digital computer '' .	Iowa State University	At what school did John Vincent Atansoff and Clifford E. Berry work ?
To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine , used for high-level Army communications , Max Newman and his colleagues commissioned Flowers to build the Colossus .	Flowers	Who built the first Colossus in 1943 ?
After a functional test in December 1943 , Colossus was shipped to Bletchley Park , where it was delivered on 18 January 1944 and attacked its first message on 5 February .	18 January 1944	When was the Colossus sent to Bletchley Park ?
During World War II , the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications .	, the British	Who achieved success at cracking secret German military communications during World War II ?
During World War II , the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications .	Bletchley Park	Where did the British crack secret German military communications during World War II ?
Colossus was the world 's first electronic digital programmable computer .	Colossus	What was the first electronic digital programmable computer in the world ?
Colossus Mark I contained 1500 thermionic valves -LRB- tubes -RRB- , but Mark II with 2400 valves , was both 5 times faster and simpler to operate than Mark 1 , greatly speeding the decoding process .	1500 thermionic valves (tubes)	How many vacuum tubes did the Colossus Mark I contain ?
Colossus Mark I contained 1500 thermionic valves -LRB- tubes -RRB- , but Mark II with 2400 valves , was both 5 times faster and simpler to operate than Mark 1 , greatly speeding the decoding process .	2400	How many tubes did Colossus Mark II contain ?
The US-built ENIAC -LRB- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer -RRB- was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US .	Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)	The US-buils ENIAC stands for what ?
The US-built ENIAC -LRB- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer -RRB- was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US .	ENIAC	What was the first electronic programmable computer built in the United States ?
It could add or subtract 5000 times a second , a thousand times faster than any other machine .	5000	How many times could it add or subtract a second ?
Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania , ENIAC 's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945 .	ENIAC	What was the limit of its high speed memory ?
Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania , ENIAC 's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945 .	John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert	ENIAC was constructed by whom ?
Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania , ENIAC 's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945 .	University of Pennsylvania	Where did John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert build the ENIAC ?
Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania , ENIAC 's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945 .	1945	When was ENIAC fully operational ?
The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper .	Alan Turing	The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom ?
The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper .	1936	When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer ?
In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer .	1945	When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory ?
John von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania , also circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945 .	1945.	The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when ?
John von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania , also circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945 .	University of Pennsylvania	Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC ?
The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine , nicknamed Baby , was the world 's first stored-program computer .	Baby	What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine ?
The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine , nicknamed Baby , was the world 's first stored-program computer .	The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine	What was the first stored-program computer in the world ?
It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams , Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill , and ran its first program on 21 June 1948 .	Victoria University of Manchester	Where was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine built ?
It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams , Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill , and ran its first program on 21 June 1948 .	Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill	Who built the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine ?
It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams , Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill , and ran its first program on 21 June 1948 .	21 June 1948	When did the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine run its first program ?
The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1 , the world 's first commercially available general-purpose computer .	The Mark 1	What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1 ?
The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1 , the world 's first commercially available general-purpose computer .	Ferranti Mark 1	What was the first available computer for the public ?
Built by Ferranti , it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951 .	1951	When was the Ferranti Mark 1 built ?
Built by Ferranti , it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951 .	University of Manchester	Where was the Ferranti Mark 1 sent to after it was developed ?
The LEO I computer became operational in April 1951 and ran the world 's first regular routine office computer job .	April 1951	When was the LEO 1 computer first operational ?
The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947 .	1947.	When was the bipolar transistor created ?
From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs , giving rise to the `` second generation '' of computers .	1955	When did transistors start replacing vacuum tubes in computers ?
At the University of Manchester , a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves .	Tom Kilburn	At the University of Manchester , who oversaw the building of a computer using transistors instead of valves ?
Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world , was operational by 1953 , and a second version was completed there in April 1955 .	1953	The first transistorised computer was operational in what year ?
However , the machine did make use of valves to generate its 125 kHz clock waveforms and in the circuitry to read and write on its magnetic drum memory , so it was not the first completely transistorized computer .	valves	What did the machine use to generate its clock waveforms ?
That distinction goes to the Harwell CADET of 1955 , built by the electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell .	electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell	Who built the Harwell CADET ?
That distinction goes to the Harwell CADET of 1955 , built by the electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell .	1955	In what year was the Harwell CADET built ?
The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence , Geoffrey W.A. Dummer .	Geoffrey W.A. Dummer	The integrated circuit of a computer was the idea of whom ?
The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence , Geoffrey W.A. Dummer .	Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence	Where did Geoffrey W.A. Dummer work at ?
The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor .	Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor.	Where created the first practical integrated circuits ?
The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor .	Texas Instruments	Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC ?
Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958 , successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958 .	12 September 1958.	When was the first functional IC demonstrated ?
Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor , it was made of silicon , whereas Kilby 's chip was made of germanium .	germanium	What was Kilby 's IC made of ?
Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor , it was made of silicon , whereas Kilby 's chip was made of germanium .	silicon	Noyce 's IC was made up of what material ?
While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious , partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term `` microprocessor '' , it is largely undisputed that the first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004 , designed and realized by Ted Hoff , Federico Faggin , and Stanley Mazor at Intel .	Intel 4004	What was the name of the first single-chip microprocessor ?
While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious , partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term `` microprocessor '' , it is largely undisputed that the first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004 , designed and realized by Ted Hoff , Federico Faggin , and Stanley Mazor at Intel .	Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor	Who created the Intel 4004 microprocessor ?
While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious , partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term `` microprocessor '' , it is largely undisputed that the first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004 , designed and realized by Ted Hoff , Federico Faggin , and Stanley Mazor at Intel .	Intel.	Where did Ted Hoff , Federico Faggin , and Stanley Mazor work at ?
These so-called smartphones and tablets run on a variety of operating systems and have become the dominant computing device on the market , with manufacturers reporting having shipped an estimated 237 million devices in 2Q 2013 .	smartphones	Computing resources that are created in cell phones are called what ?
These so-called smartphones and tablets run on a variety of operating systems and have become the dominant computing device on the market , with manufacturers reporting having shipped an estimated 237 million devices in 2Q 2013 .	237 million devices	How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013 ?
A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second -LRB- gigaflops -RRB- and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation .	(gigaflops)	Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms ?
This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention .	the flow of control	When a computer goes back and repeats instructions of a program over until an internal condition is met is called what ?
This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention .	the flow of control	What allows a computer to perform repetitive tasks without human intervening ?
This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer .	Harvard Mark I computer	Which computer is the Harvard architecture modeled after ?
This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer .	the Harvard architecture	A computer that stores its program in memory and kept separate from the data is called what ?
Instead , each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember -- a mnemonic such as ADD , SUB , MULT or JUMP .	basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function	A computer 's assembly language is known as what ?
Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand -LRB- machine language -RRB- is usually done by a computer program called an assembler .	an assembler.	Programs that convert assembly language into machine language are called what ?
While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers -LRB- machine language -RRB- and while this technique was used with many early computers , it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice , especially for complicated programs .	machine language	Computer programs that are long lists of numbers are called what ?
They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run , or translated directly at run time by an interpreter .	a compiler or an assembler	Programming languages are translated into machine code by what ?
They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run , or translated directly at run time by an interpreter .	an interpreter	Programming languages are translated at run time by what ?
For instance , an ARM architecture computer -LRB- such as may be found in a PDA or a hand-held videogame -RRB- can not understand the machine language of an Intel Pentium or the AMD Athlon 64 computer that might be in a PC .	a PDA or a hand-held videogame	An ARM architecture computer can be found in what ?
High level languages are usually `` compiled '' into machine language -LRB- or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language -RRB- using another computer program called a compiler .	a compiler	Assembly language that is translated into machine language is done by what type of computer ?
Example of 4GL is SQL .	SQL	An example of a 4GL is what ?
The benefit of 4GL is that it provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer .	provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer	What is the pro of 4GL over a 3G language ?
Errors in computer programs are called `` bugs '' .	"bugs	Another name for errors in programs are called what ?
Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given , bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program 's design .	programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design	Bugs are usually the fault of whom or what ?
Admiral Grace Hopper , an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler , is credited for having first used the term `` bugs '' in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947 .	Admiral Grace Hopper	Who was the developer of the first compier ?
Admiral Grace Hopper , an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler , is credited for having first used the term `` bugs '' in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947 .	Admiral Grace Hopper	Who first coined the term `` bugs '' ?
Admiral Grace Hopper , an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler , is credited for having first used the term `` bugs '' in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947 .	moth	What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper 's computer ?
Admiral Grace Hopper , an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler , is credited for having first used the term `` bugs '' in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947 .	Harvard Mark II	What type of computer of Grace Hopper 's was shorted by a moth ?
Admiral Grace Hopper , an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler , is credited for having first used the term `` bugs '' in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947 .	September 1947	When was Grace Hopper 's Hardvard Mark II shorted by a moth ?
A general purpose computer has four main components : the arithmetic logic unit -LRB- ALU -RRB- , the control unit , the memory , and the input and output devices -LRB- collectively termed I/O -RRB- .	arithmetic logic	The ALU of a computer stands for what ?
A general purpose computer has four main components : the arithmetic logic unit -LRB- ALU -RRB- , the control unit , the memory , and the input and output devices -LRB- collectively termed I/O -RRB- .	I/O	Input and output devices are known as what term ?
A general purpose computer has four main components : the arithmetic logic unit -LRB- ALU -RRB- , the control unit , the memory , and the input and output devices -LRB- collectively termed I/O -RRB- .	the control unit, the memory	Besides the ALU , input and output devices , what are the other two main components of a computer ?
Each circuit represents a bit -LRB- binary digit -RRB- of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a `` 1 '' , and when off it represents a `` 0 '' -LRB- in positive logic representation -RRB- .	a bit (binary digit) of information	A circuit in a computer part represents what ?
Each circuit represents a bit -LRB- binary digit -RRB- of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a `` 1 '' , and when off it represents a `` 0 '' -LRB- in positive logic representation -RRB- .	on	In positive logic representation a `` 1 '' represents when a circuit is what ?
Each circuit represents a bit -LRB- binary digit -RRB- of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a `` 1 '' , and when off it represents a `` 0 '' -LRB- in positive logic representation -RRB- .	off	In positive logic representation a `` 0 '' represents when a circuit is what ?
The control unit -LRB- often called a control system or central controller -RRB- manages the computer 's various components ; it reads and interprets -LRB- decodes -RRB- the program instructions , transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer .	a control system or central controller)	What are other names for a control unit for a computer ?
The control unit -LRB- often called a control system or central controller -RRB- manages the computer 's various components ; it reads and interprets -LRB- decodes -RRB- the program instructions , transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer .	(decodes	Reading and interpreting from a control unit is called doing what ?
A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter , a special memory cell -LRB- a register -RRB- that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from .	a register	A special memory cell of a CPU is called what ?
A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter , a special memory cell -LRB- a register -RRB- that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from .	which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from	A register of a CPU keeps track of what ?
A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter , a special memory cell -LRB- a register -RRB- that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from .	the program counter	What is a component that all CPUs have ?
Since the program counter is -LRB- conceptually -RRB- just another set of memory cells , it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU .	the ALU	In what part can the program counter be changed by calculations ?
Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as `` jumps '' and allow for loops -LRB- instructions that are repeated by the computer -RRB- and often conditional instruction execution -LRB- both examples of control flow -RRB- .	"jumps"	Instructions that change the program counter are called what ?
Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as `` jumps '' and allow for loops -LRB- instructions that are repeated by the computer -RRB- and often conditional instruction execution -LRB- both examples of control flow -RRB- .	instructions that are repeated by the computer)	Loops are defined as what ?
The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program , and indeed , in some more complex CPU designs , there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer , which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen .	microsequencer	In some CPU designs there is tinier computer called what ?
The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program , and indeed , in some more complex CPU designs , there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer , which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen .	CPU	A microsequencer can be found in what other computer component ?
The control unit , ALU , and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit -LRB- CPU -RRB- .	central processing unit	The CPU is an abbreviation for what ?
The control unit , ALU , and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit -LRB- CPU -RRB- .	The control unit, ALU, and registers	What 3 parts make up the CPU ?
Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor .	a microprocessor	CPUs that are constructed on a single integrated circuit are called what ?
Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor .	mid-1970s	Since when have CPUs been constructed with a microprocessor ?
The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction , or might include multiplication , division , trigonometry functions such as sine , cosine , etc. , and square roots .	sine, cosine,	Some trigonometry functions are what ?
Some can only operate on whole numbers -LRB- integers -RRB- whilst others use floating point to represent real numbers , albeit with limited precision .	(integers	The term for whole numbers is what ?
Logic operations involve Boolean logic : AND , OR , XOR , and NOT .	AND, OR, XOR, and NOT	Boolean logic consists of what ?
Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs , allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously .	Superscalar	Computers that have multiple ALUs are called what ?
Each cell has a numbered `` address '' and can store a single number .	a single number	How many numbers can a cell of a computer 's memory hold ?
Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information , it is the software 's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers .	the software's	What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers ?
In almost all modern computers , each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits -LRB- called a byte -RRB- .	a byte	A group of 8 bits is called what ?
Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers -LRB- 28 = 256 -RRB- ; either from 0 to 255 or − 128 to +127 .	256 different numbers	How many numbers can a byte represent ?
Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers -LRB- 28 = 256 -RRB- ; either from 0 to 255 or − 128 to +127 .	0 to 255 or −128 to +127	What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent ?
The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area .	The CPU	What part of the computer has memory cells called registers ?
There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU .	two and one hundred registers	What is the typical range of registers for a CPU ?
RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it , but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes , therefore the CPU can only read from it .	ROM	What type of memory can a CPU only read from ?
RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it , but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes , therefore the CPU can only read from it .	RAM	What type of memory can a CPU read and write from ?
In general , the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off , but ROM retains its data indefinitely .	ROM	What type of memory is always kept and kept the same ?
In a PC , the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer 's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset .	the BIOS	A progam inside the ROM of a PC is called what ?
Software stored in ROM is often called firmware , because it is notionally more like hardware than software .	firmware,	Software stored in ROM is called what usually ?
In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories , which are slower than registers but faster than main memory .	registers	RAM cache memory is slower than what ?
Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals .	peripherals	Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what ?
On a typical personal computer , peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse , and output devices such as the display and printer .	input	A mouse is what type of peripheral device ?
On a typical personal computer , peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse , and output devices such as the display and printer .	output	A printer is what type of peripheral device ?
Hard disk drives , floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices .	input and output	Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device ?
On a typical personal computer , peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse , and output devices such as the display and printer .	input	A keyboard is what type of peripheral device ?
This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn .	multitasking	In computer terms , when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn , is called what ?
This method of multitasking is sometimes termed `` time-sharing '' since each program is allocated a `` slice '' of time in turn .	"time-sharing"	A method of multitasking that takes a `` slice '' of time in turn is called what ?
One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt , which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead .	an interrupt,	A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what ?
Seemingly , multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly , in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running , but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks .	more slowly,	Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion ?
Seemingly , multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly , in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running , but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks .	input/output devices	What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for ?
Multiprocessor and multi-core -LRB- multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit -RRB- personal and laptop computers are now widely available , and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result .	CPUs	Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what ?
They often feature thousands of CPUs , customized high-speed interconnects , and specialized computing hardware .	thousands	How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess ?
Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers .	Supercomputers	What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful ?
The U.S. military 's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system , which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre .	SAGE system	What system of the U.S. military 's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations ?
Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s .	the 1950s	When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations ?
The effort was funded by ARPA -LRB- now DARPA -RRB- , and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET .	ARPA	Who funded the linking of computers around the US in the 1970s ?
The effort was funded by ARPA -LRB- now DARPA -RRB- , and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET .	DARPA)	ARPA is now known as what ?
In time , the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet .	the Internet.	The network spread to be known as what today ?
The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile , distinguishing them from calculators .	programs	The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what ?
The Church -- Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility : any computer with a minimum capability -LRB- being Turing-complete -RRB- is , in principle , capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform .	The Church–Turing thesis	The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what ?
Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer , especially if the processing is purposeful .	a computer	All devices that can process information can qualify being called what ?
Historically , computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors .	transistors	Vacuum tubes in early computers were replaced by what ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- More realistically , modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors .	photolithographed semiconductors	Transistors are typically made up of what today ?
For example , a computer can be made out of billiard balls -LRB- billiard ball computer -RRB- ; an often quoted example .	billiard ball computer)	A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what ?
However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems ; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms -LRB- by quantum factoring -RRB- very quickly .	quantum computers	What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly ?
However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems ; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms -LRB- by quantum factoring -RRB- very quickly .	quantum factoring	By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly ?
Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning .	artificial intelligence	Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field ?
The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects .	hardware	Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what ?
Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form , such as programs , data , protocols , etc. .	Software	Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what ?
When software is stored in hardware that can not easily be modified -LRB- such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible -RRB- , it is sometimes called `` firmware '' .	firmware	Software stored in hardware that can not be changed easily is called what ?
When software is stored in hardware that can not easily be modified -LRB- such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible -RRB- , it is sometimes called `` firmware '' .	software	What type of `` ware '' is a BIOS ROM in a PC ?
This chip -LRB- hardware -RRB- is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up -LRB- software -RRB- stored in it .	the motherboard	A BIOS chip is located where in a computer ?
This chip -LRB- hardware -RRB- is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up -LRB- software -RRB- stored in it .	BIOS set up	What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip ?
The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU .	CPU	Processing data from input and output devices is typically done by what ?
When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices , the data is processed and sent to output devices .	output devices	Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed ?
For many other individuals , communities and countries , `` black '' is also perceived as a derogatory , outdated , reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label , and as a result is neither used nor defined .	communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory,	Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word `` black '' ?
Black people is a term used in certain countries , often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity , to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations .	racial classification or of ethnicity	What is `` black people '' a term for ?
As such , the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies , and depends significantly on context .	the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies	Do all regions perceive that term `` black people '' the same ?
For many other individuals , communities and countries , `` black '' is also perceived as a derogatory , outdated , reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label , and as a result is neither used nor defined .	, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label,	Do some cultures not use the term `` Black people '' ?
As such , the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies , and depends significantly on context .	the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context.	Can the term `` black people '' have different meanings ?
Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as `` black '' , and these social constructs have also changed over time .	Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black"	Do all societies use the term `` black '' the same ?
In a number of countries , societal variables affect classification as much as skin color , and the social criteria for `` blackness '' vary .	societal variables	What factors can affect the classification of `` blackness '' ?
In South Africa and Latin America , for instance , mixed-race people are generally not classified as `` black . ''	mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black."	Are mixed race people classified as black ?
For example , in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or majority ethnic ancestry , but it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American , with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery .	it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.	How is the term `` black '' defined in the United States ?
In South Pacific regions such as Australia and Melanesia , European colonists applied the term `` black '' or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin .	European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.	How did European Colonists use the term `` Black '' ?
The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania , an early state that covered modern Morocco , western Algeria , and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period .	Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla	What made up Mauretania ?
The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania , an early state that covered modern Morocco , western Algeria , and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period .	The Romans	Who conquered parts of Mauretania ?
The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania , an early state that covered modern Morocco , western Algeria , and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period .	the classical period.	During what period did Mauretania exist ?
The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri , which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English .	in Classical literature	Where were the people of the region noted ?
The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri , which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English .	Moors	What is Mauri in English ?
Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or , and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century , descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa .	North Africa	Where was the Arab Slave Trade ?
Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or , and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century , descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa .	the 7th century	When were the Arab Invasions ?
Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa , some dating from prehistoric communities .	North Africa	Where were numerous dark-skinned communities ?
Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa , some dating from prehistoric communities .	some dating from prehistoric communities.	When did these communities begin ?
Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or , and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century , descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa .	Trans-Saharan trade in peoples	Who are they descendants of ?
In the 18th century , the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail `` the Bloodthirsty '' -LRB- 1672 -- 1727 -RRB- raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves , called his Black Guard , who coerced the country into submission .	(1672–1727)	When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live ?
In the 18th century , the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail `` the Bloodthirsty '' -LRB- 1672 -- 1727 -RRB- raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves , called his Black Guard , who coerced the country into submission .	150,000	How many black slaves did he own ?
In the 18th century , the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail `` the Bloodthirsty '' -LRB- 1672 -- 1727 -RRB- raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves , called his Black Guard , who coerced the country into submission .	Black Guard	What did he call his slave army ?
In the 18th century , the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail `` the Bloodthirsty '' -LRB- 1672 -- 1727 -RRB- raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves , called his Black Guard , who coerced the country into submission .	coerced the country into submission.	What did the Black Guard do ?
In the 18th century , the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail `` the Bloodthirsty '' -LRB- 1672 -- 1727 -RRB- raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves , called his Black Guard , who coerced the country into submission .	In the 18th century	When did the Black Guard exist ?
He claims that black-looking Arabs , much like black-looking Latin Americans , consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry .	because they have some distant white ancestry.	Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white ?
According to Dr. Carlos Moore , resident scholar at Brazil 's University of the State of Bahia , in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world , including Arabs in North Africa , self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America .	Brazil's University of the State of Bahia	Where does Dr. Carlos Moore work ?
According to Dr. Carlos Moore , resident scholar at Brazil 's University of the State of Bahia , in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world , including Arabs in North Africa , self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America .	in ways that resemble multi-racials	How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century ?
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian .	Anwar Sadat	Who was the Egyptian President ?
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian .	Nubian Sudanese	What ethnicity was his mother ?
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian .	Egyptian	What ethnicity was his father ?
My blackness is tending to reddish '' .	reddish	What color did he refer to himself as ?
Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society , Arab men , including during the slave trade in North Africa , enslaved more black women than men .	black women	Who was enslaved more often ?
The men interpreted the Qur ` an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage -LRB- see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex -RRB- , leading to many mixed-race children .	sexual relations between a male master and his female slave	What did the Qur ` an permit ?
They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males .	domestic service and agriculture	What were female slaves used for ?
When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master 's child , she was considered as umm walad or `` mother of a child '' , a status that granted her privileged rights .	umm walad	What is the term for a pregnant slave ?
When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master 's child , she was considered as umm walad or `` mother of a child '' , a status that granted her privileged rights .	"mother of a child"	What does umm walad mean ?
Some succeeded their fathers as rulers , such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur , who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608 .	Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur	Who was the ruler in Morocco ?
Some succeeded their fathers as rulers , such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur , who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608 .	from 1578 to 1608	When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule ?
He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave ; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father .	Fulani	What ethnicity was his mother ?
The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd -LRB- Arabic : عبد , -RRB- -LRB- meaning `` slave '' -RRB- ; it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people .	(Arabic: عبد‎,) (meaning "slave")	What Arabic term is still used for black people ?
The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd -LRB- Arabic : عبد , -RRB- -LRB- meaning `` slave '' -RRB- ; it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people .	sub-Saharan peoples	Who still had the term `` slave '' used in reference to them ?
In early 1991 , non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign , segregating Arabs and non-Arabs -LRB- specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent -RRB- .	early 1991	When did the Arab apartheid intensify ?
In early 1991 , non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign , segregating Arabs and non-Arabs -LRB- specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent -RRB- .	non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe	Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid ?
In early 1991 , non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign , segregating Arabs and non-Arabs -LRB- specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent -RRB- .	Sudan	Where did these people live ?
Sudanese Arabs , who controlled the government , were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan 's non-Arab citizens .	Sudanese Arabs	Who controlled the government ?
The government was accused of `` deftly manipulat -LRB- ing -RRB- Arab solidarity '' to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing .	deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.	What was the government being accused of ?
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens .	George Ayittey	Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism ?
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens .	the Arab government	Who executed the apartheid ?
According to Ayittey , `` In Sudan ... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks -- Arab apartheid . ''	blacks	Who was excluded ?
Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid .	Sudan	Where were they ?
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens .	economist	What is George Ayittey 's profession ?
Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation .	Irwin Cotler	Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice ?
Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that `` actually deserve -LRB- s -RRB- '' the appellation `` apartheid . ''	an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid."	How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan ?
Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation .	Irwin Cotler	Who argeed with Dershowitz ?
Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation .	Canadian	Where did Irwin Cotler live ?
In South Africa , the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes , resulting in mixed-race children .	many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes	What did the colonization of South Africa result in ?
In South Africa , the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes , resulting in mixed-race children .	mixed-race children	What was a result of these marriages ?
As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans , they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status .	second-class	What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered ?
The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu , Khoisan , and European descent -LRB- with some Malay ancestry , especially in the Western Cape -RRB- .	Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent	Who was included in the Coloured group ?
It imposed a system of legal racial segregation , a complex of laws known as apartheid .	a system of legal racial segregation	What does apartheid mean ?
The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex -LRB- and often arbitrary -RRB- criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group .	the Population Registration Act of 1945	What act determined what class a citizen belonged to ?
When it was unclear from a person 's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black , the `` pencil test '' was used .	pencil test	What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black ?
A pencil was inserted into a person 's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil , rather than having it pass through , as it would with smoother hair .	A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil	How did the pencil test work ?
Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications .	Minor officials	Who administered the `` Pencil Test '' ?
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era , due to her skin colour and hair texture , although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors .	Sandra Laing	Who was featured in the movie `` Skin '' ?
She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin , which won numerous awards .	2008	What year was the movie `` Skin '' made ?
At age 10 , she was expelled from her all-white school .	age 10	At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school ?
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era , due to her skin colour and hair texture , although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors .	South African	What is Sandra Laing 's ethnicity ?
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era , due to her skin colour and hair texture , although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors .	three	How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have ?
During the apartheid era , those classed as `` Coloured '' were oppressed and discriminated against .	those classed as "Coloured"	Who was oppressed and discriminated against ?
During the apartheid era , those classed as `` Coloured '' were oppressed and discriminated against .	During the apartheid era	What era did this discrimination take place ?
But , they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as `` Black '' .	those classed as "Black"	Who were `` Coloured '' people above in the class system ?
The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites , creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks .	large townships located away from the cities	Where were the `` black '' areas ?
In an effort to redress past injustices , the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks ; under these they define `` Black '' people to include `` Africans '' , `` Coloureds '' and `` Asians '' .	affirmative action policies	What laws did they introduce to support blacks ?
In an effort to redress past injustices , the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks ; under these they define `` Black '' people to include `` Africans '' , `` Coloureds '' and `` Asians '' .	"Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"	Who does the term `` black '' people include ?
In the post-apartheid era , the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a `` Non-racial democracy '' .	a "Non-racial democracy"	What did South Africa 's Constitution Declare to be ?
`` Coloured '' South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying , `` we were not white enough under apartheid , and we are not black enough under the ANC -LRB- African National Congress -RRB- '' .	ANC (African National Congress)	Who makes the `` Coloured '' people feel `` Not black enough '' ?
Some affirmative action policies favor `` Africans '' over `` Coloureds '' in terms of qualifying for certain benefits .	"Africans	Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies ?
In 2008 , the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era -LRB- and their descendants -RRB- are to be reclassified as `` Black people , '' solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits , because they were also `` disadvantaged '' by racial discrimination .	the High Court in South Africa	Who declared Chinese South Africans as `` Black People '' ?
In 2008 , the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era -LRB- and their descendants -RRB- are to be reclassified as `` Black people , '' solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits , because they were also `` disadvantaged '' by racial discrimination .	2008	What year did this ruling happen ?
In 2008 , the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era -LRB- and their descendants -RRB- are to be reclassified as `` Black people , '' solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits , because they were also `` disadvantaged '' by racial discrimination .	solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits	Why was this classification made ?
Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits .	Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid	What Chinese people did not qualify for benefits ?
In 2008 , the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era -LRB- and their descendants -RRB- are to be reclassified as `` Black people , '' solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits , because they were also `` disadvantaged '' by racial discrimination .	they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination.	Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits ?
Other than by appearance , `` Coloureds '' can usually be distinguished from `` Blacks '' by language .	language	What is another way `` Coloureds '' can be distinguished from `` Blacks '' ?
Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language , as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa .	Afrikaans or English	What languages are most common ?
Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language , as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa .	Zulu or Xhosa	What are less common languages spoken ?
They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names .	European-sounding names	What types of names do `` coloureds '' have ?
They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names .	Bantu names	What type of names do `` blacks '' have ?
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century , 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries .	10 to 18 million	How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved ?
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century , 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries .	between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century	In what time frame were these people enslaved ?
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century , 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries .	Arab slave traders	Who enslaved these people ?
Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies : The traders shipped more female slaves than males , as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries .	for them to serve as concubines	Why were women slaves more popular ?
The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners ' families under the patrilineal kinship system .	The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners	Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families ?
Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries , with an average of 38 % of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent , 16 % in Oman-Qatar , and 10 % in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates .	average of 38%	How many people in Yemen have African lineage ?
Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries , with an average of 38 % of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent , 16 % in Oman-Qatar , and 10 % in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates .	16%	How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage ?
Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries , with an average of 38 % of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent , 16 % in Oman-Qatar , and 10 % in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates .	10%	How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage ?
Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries , with an average of 38 % of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent , 16 % in Oman-Qatar , and 10 % in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates .	African female-mediated gene	Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities ?
African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government , which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population .	African-Iraquis	Who is seeking minority status from the government ?
African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government , which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population .	Parliament	Where would they be represented if minority status is granted ?
According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al. , generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries , most of those of visible African descent are still classified and identify as Arab , not black .	as Arab	How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula ?
Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq , with a reported 1.2 million black people , and they attest to a history of discrimination .	Distinctive and self-identified black communities	What types of communities have been reported in Iraq ?
According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al. , generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries , most of those of visible African descent are still classified and identify as Arab , not black .	Alamin M. Mazrui et al.	Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula ?
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel , amounting to just over 2 % of the nation 's population .	About 150,000	How many East African and black people live in Israel ?
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel , amounting to just over 2 % of the nation 's population .	just over 2%	What percent of Israel 's population is black ?
The vast majority of these , some 120,000 , are Beta Israel , most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia .	during the 1980s and 1990s	When did they migrate to Israel ?
The vast majority of these , some 120,000 , are Beta Israel , most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia .	Ethiopia.	Where did they migrate from ?
Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel , most of them converts from the United Kingdom , Canada , and the United States .	the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.	Where are most of the black converts from ?
Additionally , there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel , some of whom have sought asylum .	around 60,000	How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel ?
Additionally , there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel , some of whom have sought asylum .	asylum	What have these immigrants sought ?
Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea , particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains ; some are illegal immigrants .	Sudan and Eritrea	Where are most of them from ?
Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea , particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains ; some are illegal immigrants .	southern Nuba Mountains	Where are the non jewish immigrants from ?
Beginning several centuries ago , during the period of the Ottoman Empire , tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey .	during the period of the Ottoman Empire	When did the slave trade begin ?
Beginning several centuries ago , during the period of the Ottoman Empire , tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey .	Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey	Where were the slaves brought ?
Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete , from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 , or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work .	İzmir area	Where did former slaves go for work once freed ?
Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete , from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 , or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work .	1923	What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir ?
The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants .	an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan	Who are the Siddi ?
The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants .	Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa	Who did the Siddi descend from ?
Although it is commonly believed locally that `` Siddi '' derives from a word meaning `` black '' , the term is actually derived from `` Sayyid '' , the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area .	"Sayyid"	What does the word `` Siddi '' derive from ?
Although it is commonly believed locally that `` Siddi '' derives from a word meaning `` black '' , the term is actually derived from `` Sayyid '' , the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area .	the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area	Where does the term Sayyid come from ?
There was a brief `` Black Power '' movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry .	1960s	When was the `` black power '' movement in Sindh ?
The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia .	The Negritos	Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia ?
Once inhabiting Taiwan , Vietnam , and various other parts of Asia , they are now confined primarily to Thailand , the Malay Archipelago , and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands .	Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.	Where do the Negritos reside currently ?
Negrito means `` little black people '' in Spanish -LRB- negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro , i.e. , `` little black person '' -RRB- ; it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured , hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines .	"little black people"	What does Negrito mean ?
Negrito means `` little black people '' in Spanish -LRB- negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro , i.e. , `` little black person '' -RRB- ; it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured , hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines .	Spanish	What language does the term Negrito come from ?
The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia , where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang , although this term actually refers to a specific group .	Semang	What term is interchangable with Negrito ?
The term `` Moors '' has been used in Europe in a broader , somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims , especially those of Arab or Berber descent , whether living in North Africa or Iberia .	Muslims	What does the term `` Moors '' refer to ?
The term `` Moors '' has been used in Europe in a broader , somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims , especially those of Arab or Berber descent , whether living in North Africa or Iberia .	Arab or Berber descent	What descent of Muslims does `` Moors '' refer to ?
Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs , Berbers , Black Africans and Europeans alike .	Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans	In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together ?
The term `` Moors '' has been used in Europe in a broader , somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims , especially those of Arab or Berber descent , whether living in North Africa or Iberia .	North Africa or Iberia	Where did `` Moors '' migrate from ?
The term `` Moors '' has been used in Europe in a broader , somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims , especially those of Arab or Berber descent , whether living in North Africa or Iberia .	derogatory	What kind of term is `` Moors '' ?
Isidore of Seville , writing in the 7th century , claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron , μαύρον , which is the Greek word for black .	Isidore of Seville	Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron ?
Isidore of Seville , writing in the 7th century , claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron , μαύρον , which is the Greek word for black .	7th century,	When was this claim made ?
Isidore of Seville , writing in the 7th century , claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron , μαύρον , which is the Greek word for black .	black	What does mauron mean ?
Indeed , by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies , the word Maurus or `` Moor '' had become an adjective in Latin , `` for the Greeks call black , mauron '' .	Etymologies	What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville 's work called ?
`` In Isidore 's day , Moors were black by definition ... ''	Moors	What was `` Black by definition '' ?
Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent .	Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent	What are Afro-Spaniards ?
They today mainly come from Angola , Brazil , Cameroon , Cape Verde , Equatorial Guinea , Ghana , Gambia , Guinea-Bissau , Mali , Nigeria and Senegal .	Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal	Where do Afro-Spaniards come from ?
Additionally , many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea .	Equatorial Guinea	Which Spanish colony do Afro-Spaniards reside ?
Today , there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain .	an estimated 683,000	How many Afro-Spaniards currently live in Spain ?
According to the Office for National Statistics , at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom ; 1 % of the total population described themselves as `` Black Caribbean '' , 0.8 % as `` Black African '' , and 0.2 % as `` Black other '' .	over a million black	In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK ?
According to the Office for National Statistics , at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom ; 1 % of the total population described themselves as `` Black Caribbean '' , 0.8 % as `` Black African '' , and 0.2 % as `` Black other '' .	1%	What percentage of the population was `` Black Caribbean '' ?
According to the Office for National Statistics , at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom ; 1 % of the total population described themselves as `` Black Caribbean '' , 0.8 % as `` Black African '' , and 0.2 % as `` Black other '' .	0.8%	What percentage of the population was `` Black African '' ?
According to the Office for National Statistics , at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom ; 1 % of the total population described themselves as `` Black Caribbean '' , 0.8 % as `` Black African '' , and 0.2 % as `` Black other '' .	0.2%	What percentage of the population was `` Black other '' ?
Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II ; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush .	after World War II	When did Britain encourage immigration of workers ?
As African states became independent in the 1960s , the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia .	1960s	When did African states become independent ?
As African states became independent in the 1960s , the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia .	Soviet Union	Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country ?
Over a period of 40 years , about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies , including many Black Africans .	about 400,000	How many students moved from Africa to Russia ?
Over a period of 40 years , about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies , including many Black Africans .	to pursue higher studies	Why did students move to Russia ?
This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc .	Eastern bloc.	Migration to Russia continued into many countries where ?
Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans , the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community .	in the Balkans	Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish ?
Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans , the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community .	Ulcinj	What town had it 's own black community ?
Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans , the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community .	Montenegro	What country is Ulcinj in ?
As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity , it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived .	100	How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878 ?
The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716 -- 18 .	an estimated 30,000	How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18 ?
Indigenous Australians have been referred to as `` black people '' in Australia since the early days of European settlement .	Indigenous Australians	Who has been referred to as `` black people '' ?
While originally related to skin colour , the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation .	skin colour	What was the original term related to ?
Indigenous Australians have been referred to as `` black people '' in Australia since the early days of European settlement .	since the early days of European settlement	Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black ?
While originally related to skin colour , the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation .	to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry	What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians ?
Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians -- where they lived , their employment , marriage , education and included the power to separate children from their parents .	Aboriginal Protection Boards	What was established to control the Indigenous Australians ?
Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians -- where they lived , their employment , marriage , education and included the power to separate children from their parents .	where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents.	What did the Aboriginal Protection Boards control ?
Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour .	Aborigines were not allowed to vote	Were Aborigines allowed to vote ?
A 1913 report by Sir Baldwin Spencer states that :	Sir Baldwin Spencer	Who reported how the Aborigines were treated ?
A 1913 report by Sir Baldwin Spencer states that :	1913	What year was his report from ?
After the First World War , however , it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population , and by 1930 fear of the `` half-caste menace '' undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern .	mixed-race people	Which race was growing faster after the First World War ?
After the First World War , however , it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population , and by 1930 fear of the `` half-caste menace '' undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern .	"half-caste menace"	What did people fear in 1930 ?
After the First World War , however , it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population , and by 1930 fear of the `` half-caste menace '' undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern .	the White Australia ideal	What did this menace undermine ?
Dr. Cecil Cook , the Northern Territory Protector of Natives , noted that :	Dr. Cecil Cook	Who noted this particular fear ?
Dr. Cecil Cook , the Northern Territory Protector of Natives , noted that :	the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,	Who is Dr. Cecil Cook ?
This led to different treatment for `` black '' and `` half-caste '' individuals , with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as `` white '' people , restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs , a process now known as the Stolen Generation .	"half-caste" individuals	Who did the government want raised as white ?
The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation : `` Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white '' .	Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"	What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes ?
This led to different treatment for `` black '' and `` half-caste '' individuals , with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as `` white '' people , restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs , a process now known as the Stolen Generation .	speaking their native language and practising traditional customs	What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing ?
This led to different treatment for `` black '' and `` half-caste '' individuals , with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as `` white '' people , restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs , a process now known as the Stolen Generation .	the Stolen Generation	What was this process referred to ?
The second half of the 20th century to the present has seen a gradual shift towards improved human rights for Aboriginal people .	The second half of the 20th century	When did human rights for Aboriginal people begin to improve ?
In a 1967 referendum over 90 % of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census .	1967	What year was constitutional discrimination ended ?
In a 1967 referendum over 90 % of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census .	to include Aborigines in the national census.	What else was included in the 1967 referendum ?
During this period many Aboriginal activists began to embrace the term `` black '' and use their ancestry as a source of pride .	"black"	What term was embraced during this period ?
Activist Bob Maza said :	Activist Bob Maza	Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry ?
In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black : Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert , a collection of Aboriginal people 's stories , and in 1998 was awarded -LRB- but refused to accept -RRB- the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia , a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography .	Kevin Gilbert	Who wrote `` Living Black ?
In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black : Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert , a collection of Aboriginal people 's stories , and in 1998 was awarded -LRB- but refused to accept -RRB- the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia , a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography .	1978	What year was Gilbert awarded for his efforts ?
In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black : Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert , a collection of Aboriginal people 's stories , and in 1998 was awarded -LRB- but refused to accept -RRB- the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia , a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography .	a collection of Aboriginal people's stories	What was Living Black about ?
In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black : Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert , a collection of Aboriginal people 's stories , and in 1998 was awarded -LRB- but refused to accept -RRB- the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia , a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography .	the Human Rights Award for Literature	What award did Gilbert refuse in 1998 ?
In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black : Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert , a collection of Aboriginal people 's stories , and in 1998 was awarded -LRB- but refused to accept -RRB- the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia , a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography .	Inside Black Australia	What was the award in 1998 for ?
This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander .	people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander	What did the improvements in quality of life increase ?
The reappropriation of the term `` black '' with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture , including public media outlets , government agencies , and private companies .	resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,	What has the reappropriation of the word `` black '' done ?
In 2012 , a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour , with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the `` blackness '' of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin .	2012	In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ?
In 2012 , a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour , with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the `` blackness '' of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin .	Anthony Mundine	What well known boxer was criticized for question someone 's blackness ?
In 2012 , a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour , with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the `` blackness '' of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin .	Andrew Bolt	Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments ?
In the Colonial America of 1619 , John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony .	John Rolfe	Who described slaves as negars ?
In the Colonial America of 1619 , John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony .	Colonial America	Where was John Rolfe ?
In the Colonial America of 1619 , John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony .	Virginia colony	Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa ?
Later American English spellings , neger and neggar , prevailed in a northern colony , New York under the Dutch , and in metropolitan Philadelphia 's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities ; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name `` Begraafplaats van de Neger '' -LRB- Cemetery of the Negro -RRB- ; an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island , dates from 1625 .	"Begraafplaats van de Neger"	What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City ?
Later American English spellings , neger and neggar , prevailed in a northern colony , New York under the Dutch , and in metropolitan Philadelphia 's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities ; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name `` Begraafplaats van de Neger '' -LRB- Cemetery of the Negro -RRB- ; an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island , dates from 1625 .	Cemetery of the Negro	What does `` Begraafplaats van de Neger '' mean ?
By the 1900s , nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States .	By the 1900s	When did `` nigger '' become a pejorative word ?
In its stead , the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms .	colored	What term replaced negro as mainstream ?
After the African-American Civil rights movement , the terms colored and negro gave way to `` black '' .	"black"	What term followed `` negro '' and `` colored '' ?
After the African-American Civil rights movement , the terms colored and negro gave way to `` black '' .	the African-American Civil rights movement	What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric ?
One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King , Jr. of his own race as `` Negro '' in his famous speech of 1963 , I Have a Dream .	Reverend Martin Luther King	Who led the Civil Rights movement ?
In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States , they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group -LRB- closely allied to language -RRB- and not by skin color .	by their specific ethnic group	How did black people identify in early America ?
However , when the first captives were brought to the Americas , they were often combined with other groups from West Africa , and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists .	individual ethnic affiliations	What was not acknowledged by English colonists ?
This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region : the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique .	West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast	How vast was the backgrounds of the captives ?
This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group .	This new identity was based on provenance and slave status	How was the new African American identity defined ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- By contrast , slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans , including ethnicities and given tribal names .	French and Spanish colonists	Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans ?
The US racial or ethnic classification `` black '' refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation , from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors , including albinos , if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry -LRB- in any discernible percentage -RRB- , or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being `` African American '' .	the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors	What type of skin pigment does `` Black '' refer to ?
As a result , in the United States the term `` black people '' is not an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American , with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery .	socially based racial classification related to being African American,	In the United States the term `` black people '' is an indicator for ?
As a result , in the United States the term `` black people '' is not an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American , with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery .	a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.	Where does the US base family history of African Americans from ?
Relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of `` whiteness '' , and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for `` blackness '' in a particular setting .	they fulfill the social criteria	How are people defined as `` black '' or `` white '' ?
By that time , the majority of black people in the United States were native-born , so the use of the term `` African '' became problematic .	the majority of black people in the United States were native-born	Why did the use of `` African '' become an issue ?
Though initially a source of pride , many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US .	would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.	Why did blacks fear to identify as African ?
In 1835 , black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of `` African '' from their institutions and replace it with `` Negro '' or `` Colored American '' .	1835,	What year did Black leaders call for this change in language ?
A few institutions chose to keep their historic names , such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church .	the African Methodist Episcopal Church	What group decided to keep the `` African '' in their name ?
African Americans popularly used the terms `` Negro '' or `` colored '' for themselves until the late 1960s .	"Negro" or "colored"	What terms did African Americans use instead ?
In 1988 , the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term `` African American '' because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants , such as German American , Italian American , etc. .	Jesse Jackson	Who argued for Americans to use the term `` African American '' ?
In 1988 , the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term `` African American '' because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants , such as German American , Italian American , etc. .	1988	What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument ?
In 1988 , the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term `` African American '' because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants , such as German American , Italian American , etc. .	it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants	Why did Jackson want this term to be used ?
Maulana Karenga argues that the term African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates their geographical and historical origin .	African-American	Who also argued for the term `` African American '' ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Others have argued that `` black '' is a better term because `` African '' suggests foreignness , although Black Americans helped found the United States .	because "African" suggests foreignness	Why did some argue that `` black '' was the better term ?
The U.S. census race definitions says a `` black '' is a person having origins in any of the black -LRB- sub-Saharan -RRB- racial groups of Africa .	having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa	How does the U.S. census define `` black '' Americans ?
The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological .	socio-political constructs	What classification are given ?
For instance , genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17 -- 18 % European .	17–18%	What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry ?
The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological .	scientific or anthropological	What is the Census definition not based on ?
From the late 19th century , the South used a colloquial term , the one-drop rule , to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry .	classify as black a person of any known African ancestry	What did the `` one-drop '' rule do ?
This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century .	early 20th century.	When was the `` one-drop '' rule put into place ?
Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War .	18th and 19th centuries	When was racial definition more flexible ?
Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War .	the American Civil War	What war changed the way the United States looked at race ?
For instance , President Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white -LRB- less than 25 % black -RRB- according to Virginia law at the time , but , because they were born to slave mothers , they were born into slavery , according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem , which Virginia adopted into law in 1662 .	1662	When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem ?
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture , politics , and values .	the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values.	How is blackness described in the US ?
To a certain extent , this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation , culture and behavior .	political orientation, culture and behavior	What defines `` blackness '' ?
Blackness can be contrasted with `` acting white '' , where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion , dialect , taste in music , and possibly , from the perspective of a significant number of black youth , academic achievement .	"acting white"	What is the opposite of `` blackness '' ?
Blackness can be contrasted with `` acting white '' , where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion , dialect , taste in music , and possibly , from the perspective of a significant number of black youth , academic achievement .	black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans	How does one `` act white '' ?
Blackness can be contrasted with `` acting white '' , where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion , dialect , taste in music , and possibly , from the perspective of a significant number of black youth , academic achievement .	with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,	In what regards can one `` act white '' ?
Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States , because , as she put it , he displayed `` almost every trope of blackness '' .	Toni Morrison	Who described Bill Clinton as `` Black '' ?
Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president , noting , `` Mr Clinton , according to Toni Morrison , the Nobel Prize-winning novelist , is our first black President , the first to come from the broken home , the alcoholic mother , the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems .	Christopher Hitchens	Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black ?
Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president , noting , `` Mr Clinton , according to Toni Morrison , the Nobel Prize-winning novelist , is our first black President , the first to come from the broken home , the alcoholic mother , the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems .	Nobel Prize-winning novelist	Who is Toni Morrison ?
Some black activists were also offended , claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before , while not serving black interests .	Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain	Why were people offended by this comment ?
They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform , which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s .	Rwandan Genocide	What horrible event was on-going during Clinton 's term that made people upset ?
In July 2012 , Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch , considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony .	John Punch	Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of ?
In July 2012 , Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch , considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony .	the first African slave in the Virginia colony	Who is John Punch ?
An indentured servant , he was `` bound for life '' in 1640 after trying to escape .	1640	When was Punch indentured ?
An indentured servant , he was `` bound for life '' in 1640 after trying to escape .	trying to escape	Why was he indentured for life ?
Their multi-racial children were free because they were born to free English women .	they were born to free English women	Why were his children free ?
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888 , with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean .	12 million	How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888 ?
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888 , with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean .	11.5 million	How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean ?
Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas , with 5.5 million African slaves imported , followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 million , the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1.59 million Africans , and the French Caribbean with 1.32 million .	5.5 million	How many slaves were imported by Brazil ?
Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas , with 5.5 million African slaves imported , followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 million , the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1.59 million Africans , and the French Caribbean with 1.32 million .	2.76 million	How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean ?
In South America and the Caribbean , classification as black is also closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables , especially in light of social conceptions of `` blanqueamiento '' -LRB- racial whitening -RRB- and related concepts .	closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,	How is black identified in South America ?
In Brazil , people are classified by appearance , not heredity .	by appearance	How are people in Brazil classified ?
The concept of race in Brazil is complex .	Brazil	What country has a complex way of acknowledging race ?
Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual , more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged , based on various combinations of hair color , hair texture , eye color , and skin color .	based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color	How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil ?
These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum , and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest .	like the colors of the spectrum	How are people evaluated in Brazil ?
It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin .	lighter skin	What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil ?
The popular claim is that in Brazil , poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white .	black	What are poor whites considered in Brazil ?
The popular claim is that in Brazil , poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white .	white	What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil ?
Some scholars disagree , arguing that `` whitening '' of one 's social status may be open to people of mixed race , a large part of the population known as pardo , but a person perceived as preto -LRB- black -RRB- will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status .	(black)	What does Preto mean ?
From the years 1500 to 1850 , an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil ; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas .	estimated 3.5 million	How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850 ?
Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals .	more than half	How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery ?
Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa .	Afro-descendants	Second to Africa , what is Brazil have the largest population of ?
In contrast to the US , during the slavery period and after , the Portuguese colonial government and later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-miscegenation or segregation laws .	segregation laws	What was not passed in Brazil during slavery ?
As in other Latin countries , intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward .	intermarriage	What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery ?
By the 2000 census , demographic changes including the end to slavery , immigration from Europe and Asia , assimilation of multiracial persons , and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2 % of the population identified as black , 40 % as pardo , and 55 % as white .	6.2%	How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000 ?
By the 2000 census , demographic changes including the end to slavery , immigration from Europe and Asia , assimilation of multiracial persons , and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2 % of the population identified as black , 40 % as pardo , and 55 % as white .	40%	How much identified as mixed race ?
By the 2000 census , demographic changes including the end to slavery , immigration from Europe and Asia , assimilation of multiracial persons , and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2 % of the population identified as black , 40 % as pardo , and 55 % as white .	55%	How much identified as white ?
A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29 % of the middle-class , white Brazilian population had some recent -LRB- since 1822 and the end of the colonial period -RRB- African ancestry .	29%	How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007 ?
Because of the acceptance of miscegenation , Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white .	the binary polarization of society into black and white	What has Brazil avoided ?
In addition , it abolished slavery without a civil war .	civil war	What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended ?
The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil .	violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil.	How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended ?
In 2010 , Elio Ferreira de Araujo , Brazil 's minister for racial equality , attributed the increases to growing pride among his country 's black and indigenous communities .	Elio Ferreira de Araujo	Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality ?
In 2010 , Elio Ferreira de Araujo , Brazil 's minister for racial equality , attributed the increases to growing pride among his country 's black and indigenous communities .	black and indigenous communities.	Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities ?
In the US , African Americans , who include multiracial people , earn 75 % of what white people earn .	75%	In the US , how much of what white people earn , do blacks earn ?
In Brazil , people of color earn less than 50 % of what whites earn .	50%	In Brazil , how much less do blacks earn compared to whites ?
Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule , or discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry .	one-drop rule	What rule is Brazil accused of practicing ?
Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule , or discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry .	discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry.	What does the one drop rule do ?
Other social factors , such as illiteracy and education levels , show the same patterns of disadvantage for people of color .	illiteracy and education levels	What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards ?
Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population , few blacks have been elected as politicians .	blacks	What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil ?
The city of Salvador , Bahia , for instance , is 80 % people of color , but voters have not elected a mayor of color .	80%	How much of the population of Salvador , Bahia is black or mixed race ?
Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities , such as Detroit and New Orleans , have not elected white mayors since after the civil rights movement , when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protected the franchise for minorities , and blacks in the South regained the power to vote for the first time since the turn of the 20th century .	1965	When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act ?
New Orleans elected its first black mayor in the 1970s .	1970s	When did New Orleans elect it 's first black Mayor ?
New Orleans elected a white mayor after the widescale disruption and damage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .	Hurricane Katrina	What large hurricane hit New Orleans ?
Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility .	limited media visibility	What do critics claim people of color have ?
The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation 's Black , Indigenous , Multiracial and East Asian populations .	hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations.	What has the Brazilian media been accused of ?
For example , the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features -RRB- and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance .	northern Europeans	What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil ?
For example , the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features -RRB- and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance .	mulatto	What is another word for `` Light Skinned ''
These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people , in order to stimulate a `` black '' consciousness and identity .	all African-descended people	What would scholars like the term `` Negro '' to include ?
These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people , in order to stimulate a `` black '' consciousness and identity .	a "black" consciousness and identity.	What does this aim to stimulate ?
This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people , such as caboclos -LRB- mestizos -RRB- , assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials , not only people of partial African and European descent .	a wide range of multiracial people	What does the term `` pardo '' include ?
This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people , such as caboclos -LRB- mestizos -RRB- , assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials , not only people of partial African and European descent .	mestizos	What does caboclos mean ?
The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London .	London	The Times is based in what major British city ?
It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788 .	1785	What year did the initial incarnation of The Times start ?
It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788 .	The Daily Universal Register	What was the original name of The Times before changing its name ?
The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times -LRB- founded in 1821 -RRB- are published by Times Newspapers , since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK , itself wholly owned by the News Corp group headed by Rupert Murdoch .	Times Newspapers	The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by what company ?
The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times -LRB- founded in 1821 -RRB- are published by Times Newspapers , since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK , itself wholly owned by the News Corp group headed by Rupert Murdoch .	News Corp group	The Times , owned by News UK , is itself owned by what major corporation ?
It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788 .	1788	What year did The Times change its name from The Daily Universal Register ?
It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788 .	1785	What year did The Daily Universal Register initially start ?
The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name , lending it to numerous other papers around the world , including The Times of India -LRB- founded in 1838 -RRB- , The Straits Times -LRB- Singapore -RRB- -LRB- 1845 -RRB- , The New York Times -LRB- 1851 -RRB- , The Irish Times -LRB- 1859 -RRB- , Le Temps -LRB- France -RRB- -LRB- 1861-1942 -RRB- , the Cape Times -LRB- South Africa -RRB- -LRB- 1872 -RRB- , the Los Angeles Times -LRB- 1881 -RRB- , The Seattle Times -LRB- 1891 -RRB- , The Manila Times -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , The Daily Times -LRB- Malawi -RRB- -LRB- 1900 -RRB- , El Tiempo -LRB- Colombia -RRB- -LRB- 1911 -RRB- , The Canberra Times -LRB- 1926 -RRB- , and The Times -LRB- Malta -RRB- -LRB- 1935 -RRB- .	1838	What year did The Times of India start ?
The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name , lending it to numerous other papers around the world , including The Times of India -LRB- founded in 1838 -RRB- , The Straits Times -LRB- Singapore -RRB- -LRB- 1845 -RRB- , The New York Times -LRB- 1851 -RRB- , The Irish Times -LRB- 1859 -RRB- , Le Temps -LRB- France -RRB- -LRB- 1861-1942 -RRB- , the Cape Times -LRB- South Africa -RRB- -LRB- 1872 -RRB- , the Los Angeles Times -LRB- 1881 -RRB- , The Seattle Times -LRB- 1891 -RRB- , The Manila Times -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , The Daily Times -LRB- Malawi -RRB- -LRB- 1900 -RRB- , El Tiempo -LRB- Colombia -RRB- -LRB- 1911 -RRB- , The Canberra Times -LRB- 1926 -RRB- , and The Times -LRB- Malta -RRB- -LRB- 1935 -RRB- .	1845	What year did The Strait Times -LRB- Singapore -RRB- start ?
The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name , lending it to numerous other papers around the world , including The Times of India -LRB- founded in 1838 -RRB- , The Straits Times -LRB- Singapore -RRB- -LRB- 1845 -RRB- , The New York Times -LRB- 1851 -RRB- , The Irish Times -LRB- 1859 -RRB- , Le Temps -LRB- France -RRB- -LRB- 1861-1942 -RRB- , the Cape Times -LRB- South Africa -RRB- -LRB- 1872 -RRB- , the Los Angeles Times -LRB- 1881 -RRB- , The Seattle Times -LRB- 1891 -RRB- , The Manila Times -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , The Daily Times -LRB- Malawi -RRB- -LRB- 1900 -RRB- , El Tiempo -LRB- Colombia -RRB- -LRB- 1911 -RRB- , The Canberra Times -LRB- 1926 -RRB- , and The Times -LRB- Malta -RRB- -LRB- 1935 -RRB- .	1851	What year did The New York Times start ?
The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name , lending it to numerous other papers around the world , including The Times of India -LRB- founded in 1838 -RRB- , The Straits Times -LRB- Singapore -RRB- -LRB- 1845 -RRB- , The New York Times -LRB- 1851 -RRB- , The Irish Times -LRB- 1859 -RRB- , Le Temps -LRB- France -RRB- -LRB- 1861-1942 -RRB- , the Cape Times -LRB- South Africa -RRB- -LRB- 1872 -RRB- , the Los Angeles Times -LRB- 1881 -RRB- , The Seattle Times -LRB- 1891 -RRB- , The Manila Times -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , The Daily Times -LRB- Malawi -RRB- -LRB- 1900 -RRB- , El Tiempo -LRB- Colombia -RRB- -LRB- 1911 -RRB- , The Canberra Times -LRB- 1926 -RRB- , and The Times -LRB- Malta -RRB- -LRB- 1935 -RRB- .	1859	What year did the Irish Times start ?
The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name , lending it to numerous other papers around the world , including The Times of India -LRB- founded in 1838 -RRB- , The Straits Times -LRB- Singapore -RRB- -LRB- 1845 -RRB- , The New York Times -LRB- 1851 -RRB- , The Irish Times -LRB- 1859 -RRB- , Le Temps -LRB- France -RRB- -LRB- 1861-1942 -RRB- , the Cape Times -LRB- South Africa -RRB- -LRB- 1872 -RRB- , the Los Angeles Times -LRB- 1881 -RRB- , The Seattle Times -LRB- 1891 -RRB- , The Manila Times -LRB- 1898 -RRB- , The Daily Times -LRB- Malawi -RRB- -LRB- 1900 -RRB- , El Tiempo -LRB- Colombia -RRB- -LRB- 1911 -RRB- , The Canberra Times -LRB- 1926 -RRB- , and The Times -LRB- Malta -RRB- -LRB- 1935 -RRB- .	1872	What year did the Cape Times -LRB- South Africa -RRB- start ?
The Times is the originator of the widely used Times Roman typeface , originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing .	Times Roman	What major typeface font was started by The Times ?
The Times is the originator of the widely used Times Roman typeface , originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing .	Stanley Morison	Who was the creator of typeface font used by The Times ?
In November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font , Times Modern .	Times Modern	In November 2006 , The Times changed its font to what new font typeface ?
The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years , but switched to compact size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and commuters using public transport .	219 years	How long was The Times printed in broadsheet format ?
The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years , but switched to compact size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and commuters using public transport .	2004	In what year did The Times change its broadsheet format to a compact size ?
Though traditionally a moderate newspaper and sometimes a supporter of the Conservative Party , it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections .	moderate	Traditionally , what political spectrum did The Times support ?
Though traditionally a moderate newspaper and sometimes a supporter of the Conservative Party , it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections .	Labour Party	What party did The Times support in 2001 and 2005 general elections ?
The Times had an average daily circulation of 394,448 in March 2014 ; in the same period , The Sunday Times had an average daily circulation of 839,077 .	394,448	In March 2014 , The Times had an average daily circulation of how many people ?
A complete historical file of the digitized paper is online from Gage Cengage publisher .	Gage Cengage	The complete historical file of the digitized paper of The Times is online and published by what publisher ?
In 2004 , according to MORI , the voting intentions of its readership were 40 % for the Conservative Party , 29 % for the Liberal Democrats , and 26 % for Labour .	Conservative Party	What political party has the highest readership of The Times ?
The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register , with Walter in the role of editor .	John Walter	The Times was founded by what publisher who also was the editor ?
The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register , with Walter in the role of editor .	The Daily Universal Register	The Times was known as what name before it became The Times ?
The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785 .	1785	What year was the very first publication of The Times ?
Walter Sr had spent sixteen months in Newgate Prison for libel printed in The Times , but his pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news , especially from France , helped build the paper 's reputation among policy makers and financiers .	libel	The first publisher and editor of The Times when to prison for what crime when printed in his newspaper ?
Unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal , Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times .	940	Before the newspaper changed its name to The Times , how many editions were printed ?
In 1815 , The Times had a circulation of 5,000 .	5,000	In 1815 , The Times had a circulation of how many people ?
Beginning in 1814 , the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig .	steam-driven cylinder press	Beginning in 1814 , The Times was printed using what new kind of press ?
The Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics , science , literature , and the arts to build its reputation .	reputation	The Times used contributions from significant figures to build what ?
Beginning in 1814 , the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig .	Friedrich Koenig	Who developed the new press type in 1814 for The Times ?
Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor in 1817 .	Thomas Barnes	Who was appointed general editor for The Times in 1817 ?
In the same year , the paper 's printer James Lawson , died and passed the business onto his son John Joseph Lawson -LRB- 1802 -- 1852 -RRB- .	his son	In 1817 , The Times paper 's printer James Lawson passed his business to which family member ?
Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists , and gained for The Times the pompous/satirical nickname ` The Thunderer ' -LRB- from `` We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform . '' -RRB-	The Thunderer	Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling , two noted The Times journalists , gained what nickname for themselves ?
The increased circulation and influence of the paper was based in part to its early adoption of the steam-driven rotary printing press .	steam-driven rotary printing press	What kind of printing press helped increase the circulation and influence of The Times back in 1817 ?
Under the editorship of Barnes and his successor in 1841 , John Thadeus Delane , the influence of The Times rose to great heights , especially in politics and amongst the City of London .	John Thadeus Delane	Who succeeded Thomas Barnes as editor of The Times in 1841 ?
The Times was the first newspaper to send war correspondents to cover particular conflicts .	war	The Times was the first newspaper to send correspondents to what kind of event ?
W. H. Russell , the paper 's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War , was immensely influential with his dispatches back to England .	W. H. Russell	Who was The Times first correspondent with an army ?
W. H. Russell , the paper 's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War , was immensely influential with his dispatches back to England .	Crimean War	Which war did The Times first cover using correspondents ?
In other events of the nineteenth century , The Times opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise , and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine .	Irish Potato Famine	What major event did The Times reluctantly support in the nineteenth century despite being initially opposed ?
It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832 , which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400,000 people to 800,000 people -LRB- still a small minority of the population -RRB- .	Great Reform Bill of 1832	The Times greatly supported what bill in 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate ?
In other events of the nineteenth century , The Times opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise , and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine .	Corn Laws	Many demonstrations in the nineteenth century convinced The Times editorial board to finally support the repeal of what laws ?
During the American Civil War , The Times represented the view of the wealthy classes , favouring the secessionists , but it was not a supporter of slavery .	wealthy classes	During the American Civil War , what classes of people did The Times support ?
During the American Civil War , The Times represented the view of the wealthy classes , favouring the secessionists , but it was not a supporter of slavery .	the secessionists	The Times favoured which political side of the American Civil War ?
The third John Walter , the founder 's grandson , succeeded his father in 1847 .	1847	What year did the founder 's grandson succeed his father as editor of The Times ?
The third John Walter , the founder 's grandson , succeeded his father in 1847 .	John Walter	What is the name of the The Times founder 's grandson who succeeded his father as editor ?
The paper continued as more or less independent , but from the 1850s The Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from the penny press , notably The Daily Telegraph and The Morning Post .	the penny press	In the 1850s , the Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from what kind of press ?
During the 19th century , it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times and ask for continental intelligence , which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources .	the Foreign Office	Which agency often used The Times for continental intelligence ?
During the 19th century , it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times and ask for continental intelligence , which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources .	19th century	Which century was The Times first often relied upon for continental intelligence ?
During the 19th century , it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times and ask for continental intelligence , which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources .	official sources	Continental intelligence conveyed by The Times was often superior to what ?
The Times faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter , but it was rescued by an energetic editor , Charles Frederic Moberly Bell .	Arthur Fraser Walter	Which editor nearly ruined The Times in 1890 ?
The Times faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter , but it was rescued by an energetic editor , Charles Frederic Moberly Bell .	Charles Frederic Moberly Bell	Which energetic editor rescued The Times from financial collapse in 1890 ?
During his tenure -LRB- 1890 -- 1911 -RRB- , The Times became associated with selling the Encyclopædia Britannica using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive , Henry Haxton .	Britannica	Which encyclopedia was The Times aggressively selling to American markets ?
During his tenure -LRB- 1890 -- 1911 -RRB- , The Times became associated with selling the Encyclopædia Britannica using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive , Henry Haxton .	Horace Everett Hooper	Who was the creator of the encyclopedia that The Times was known for selling to America ?
Due to legal fights between the Britannica 's two owners , Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson , The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate , Alfred Harmsworth , later Lord Northcliffe .	Alfred Harmsworth	Who later bought the well-known encyclopedia from The Times in 1908 ?
In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914 , Wickham Steed , the Times 's Chief Editor , argued that the British Empire should enter World War I. On 8 May 1920 , also under the editorship of Steed , The Times in an editorial endorsed the anti-Semitic fabrication The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a genuine document , and called Jews the world 's greatest danger .	Wickham Steed	Who was The Times ' Chief Editor in 1914 ?
In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914 , Wickham Steed , the Times 's Chief Editor , argued that the British Empire should enter World War I. On 8 May 1920 , also under the editorship of Steed , The Times in an editorial endorsed the anti-Semitic fabrication The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a genuine document , and called Jews the world 's greatest danger .	The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion	What anti-Semitic fabrication did The Times endorse in 1920 ?
In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914 , Wickham Steed , the Times 's Chief Editor , argued that the British Empire should enter World War I. On 8 May 1920 , also under the editorship of Steed , The Times in an editorial endorsed the anti-Semitic fabrication The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a genuine document , and called Jews the world 's greatest danger .	the world's greatest danger	After publishing anti-Semitic editorials in 1920 , what did The Times refer to Jews as being ?
In the leader entitled `` The Jewish Peril , a Disturbing Pamphlet : Call for Inquiry '' , Steed wrote about The Protocols of the Elders of Zion :	The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry	What was the name of the anti-Semitic article that The Time 's Chief Editor published in 1914 ?
The following year , when Philip Graves , the Constantinople -LRB- modern Istanbul -RRB- correspondent of The Times , exposed The Protocols as a forgery , The Times retracted the editorial of the previous year .	The Protocols	A Constantinople correspondent of The Times exposed what anti-Semitic document as a forgery ?
The following year , when Philip Graves , the Constantinople -LRB- modern Istanbul -RRB- correspondent of The Times , exposed The Protocols as a forgery , The Times retracted the editorial of the previous year .	Philip Graves	Who was the name of the The Times Constantinople correspondent who exposed the anti-Semitic document as a forgery ?
The following year , when Philip Graves , the Constantinople -LRB- modern Istanbul -RRB- correspondent of The Times , exposed The Protocols as a forgery , The Times retracted the editorial of the previous year .	retracted the editorial	How did The Times respond to the exposing of anti-Semitic documents as forgery ?
In 1922 , John Jacob Astor , son of the 1st Viscount Astor , bought The Times from the Northcliffe estate .	John Jacob Astor	In 1922 , who bought The Times ?
In 1922 , John Jacob Astor , son of the 1st Viscount Astor , bought The Times from the Northcliffe estate .	Northcliffe estate	In 1922 , which estate sold The Times ?
The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement ; then-editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement , most notably Neville Chamberlain .	German appeasement	The Times gained much notoriety in the 1930s because of its advocacy of what ?
The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement ; then-editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement , most notably Neville Chamberlain .	Geoffrey Dawson	Which The Times editor was closely allied with the government who practised German appeasement ?
The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement ; then-editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement , most notably Neville Chamberlain .	Neville Chamberlain	Which notable government official did The Times ally with in the 1930s whom practised German appeasement ?
Kim Philby , a Soviet double agent , was a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s .	Kim Philby	Who was the name of the Soviet double agent who was the correspondent for The Times in Spain in the late 1930s ?
Kim Philby , a Soviet double agent , was a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s .	Spanish Civil War	A Soviet double agent working for The Times in Spain was a war correspondent during what war in the late 1930s ?
He later joined MI6 during World War II , was promoted into senior positions after the war ended , then eventually defected to the Soviet Union in 1963 .	MI6	During World War II , the Soviet double agent who was corresponding for The Times in Spain in the 1930s later joined what agency ?
He later joined MI6 during World War II , was promoted into senior positions after the war ended , then eventually defected to the Soviet Union in 1963 .	Soviet Union	In 1963 , a notable double agent providing valuable and high-quality reporting for The Times during a war in the late 1930s eventually defected to which country ?
Between 1941 and 1946 , the left-wing British historian E.H. Carr was Assistant Editor .	E.H. Carr	Between 1941 and 1946 , which left-wing British historian was Assistant Editor for The Times ?
Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials .	pro-Soviet	The Assistant Editor of The Times in 1941-1946 strongly supported what stance ?
In December 1944 , when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army , Carr in a Times editorial sided with the Communists , leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and that leader in a speech to the House of Commons .	Communists	Which side did The Times support in the fighting that broke out in Athens in 1944 ?
In December 1944 , when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army , Carr in a Times editorial sided with the Communists , leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and that leader in a speech to the House of Commons .	Winston Churchill	Which major political figure condemned The Times in 1944 for not supporting the British Army ?
As a result of Carr 's editorial , The Times became popularly known during that stage of World War II as the threepenny Daily Worker -LRB- the price of the Daily Worker being one penny -RRB- .	the threepenny Daily Worker	During World War II , The Times was nicknamed what in 1944 ?
On 3 May 1966 it resumed printing news on the front page - previously the front page featured small advertisements , usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society .	1966	In what year did The Times resume printing news on the front page instead of small advertisements ?
In 1967 , members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson .	Astor family	In 1967 , what well-known family sold The Times to a Canadian publishing magnate ?
In 1967 , members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson .	Roy Thomson	In 1967 , which Canadian publishing magnate bought The Times ?
His Thomson Corporation brought it under the same ownership as The Sunday Times to form Times Newspapers Limited .	Thomson Corporation	What is the name of the corporation that bought The Times in 1967 ?
His Thomson Corporation brought it under the same ownership as The Sunday Times to form Times Newspapers Limited .	The Sunday Times	Which other newspaper was brought under the same ownership as The Times in 1967 to form Times Newspapers Limited ?
The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 Energy Crisis and union demands .	Thomson Corporation	In 1979 , which corporation was struggling to run The Times ?
The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 Energy Crisis and union demands .	1979 Energy Crisis	What crisis in 1979 caused near ruin to The Times ?
The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 Energy Crisis and union demands .	union demands	What kind of demands were causing ruin to The Times in 1979 ?
Several suitors appeared , including Robert Maxwell , Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere ; however , only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit , Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch .	Australian	A media magnate from which country bought The Times in the 1980s ?
Several suitors appeared , including Robert Maxwell , Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere ; however , only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit , Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch .	Rupert Murdoch	What is the name of the media magnate that bought The Times in the 1980s ?
Several suitors appeared , including Robert Maxwell , Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere ; however , only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit , Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch .	Thomson	Who did a media magnate in the 1980s buy The Times from ?
In 1981 , The Times and The Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch 's News International .	News International	What corporation bought The Times in 1981 ?
In 1981 , The Times and The Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch 's News International .	Rupert Murdoch	Who owned the major corporation that bought The Times in 1981 ?
The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators , John Collier and Bill O'Neill .	the unions	During the acquisition of The Times in 1981 , John Collier and Bill O'Neill were part of what group that did three weeks of intensive bargaining ?
After 14 years as editor , William Rees-Mogg resigned the post upon completion of the change of ownership .	William Rees-Mogg	When The Times was bought in 1982 , who resigned as editor ?
After 14 years as editor , William Rees-Mogg resigned the post upon completion of the change of ownership .	14 years	How many years as an editor was editor who resigned from The Times in 1982 ?
Murdoch began to make his mark on the paper by appointing Harold Evans as his replacement .	Harold Evans	In 1982 , what is the name of the editor who replaced the previous editor of The Times ?
In March -- May 1982 , following agreement with print unions , the hot-metal Linotype printing process used to print The Times since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photo-composition .	hot-metal Linotype printing process	What printing process for The Times was replaced by computers in 1982 ?
This allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times to be reduced by half .	half	In 1982 , the allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times was reduced by how much ?
Robert Fisk , seven times British International Journalist of the Year , resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as `` political censorship '' of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988 .	Robert Fisk	Which major journalist resigned as foreign correspondent of the Times in 1988 ?
Robert Fisk , seven times British International Journalist of the Year , resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as `` political censorship '' of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988 .	seven	The foreign correspondent who resigned from The Times in 1988 won how many major journalism awards ?
Robert Fisk , seven times British International Journalist of the Year , resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as `` political censorship '' of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988 .	political censorship	The foreign correspondent for The Times who resigned in 1988 , resigned for what reason ?
Robert Fisk , seven times British International Journalist of the Year , resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as `` political censorship '' of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988 .	Iran Air Flight 655	What airplane was shot down in July 1988 that a famous foreign correspondent from The Times wrote an article about that later lead to his resignation ?
He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories , and the paper 's pro-Israel stance .	pro-Israel stance	What stance did The Times take that cause a famous foreign correspondent to resign in 1988 ?
In June 1990 , The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles -LRB- `` Mr '' , `` Mrs '' , or `` Miss '' prefixes -RRB- for living persons before full names on first reference , but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references .	1990	In what year did The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles for living persons before full names on first reference ?
The more formal style is now confined to the `` Court and Social '' page , though `` Ms '' is now acceptable in that section , as well as before surnames in news sections .	formal style	What kind of style is now confined to the `` Court and Social '' page of The Times when referring to the use of courtesy titles ?
In June 1990 , The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles -LRB- `` Mr '' , `` Mrs '' , or `` Miss '' prefixes -RRB- for living persons before full names on first reference , but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references .	surnames	When The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles , it continued to use them for what kind of name on references after the first ?
In November 2003 , News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes .	2003	In what year did News International begin producing The Times in both broadsheet in tabloid sizes ?
On 13 September 2004 , the weekday broadsheet was withdrawn from sale in Northern Ireland .	Northern Ireland	When The Times began producing its newpaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes , which region did The Times withdraw its broadsheet from sale ?
Since 1 November 2004 , the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format .	tabloid format	The Times is printed solely in what format since 2004 ?
On 6 June 2005 , The Times redesigned its Letters page , dropping the practice of printing correspondents ' full postal addresses .	Letters page	On 6 June 2005 , The Times redesigned what page of its newspaper ?
On 6 June 2005 , The Times redesigned its Letters page , dropping the practice of printing correspondents ' full postal addresses .	full postal addresses	In 2005 , The Times dropped the practice of printing what kind of feature of its correspondents ?
Author/solicitor David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire has had more letters published on the main letters page than any other known contributor -- 158 by 31 January 2008 .	David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire	Which author and solicitor has had more letters published on the main letters page of The Times than any other known contributor ?
Author/solicitor David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire has had more letters published on the main letters page than any other known contributor -- 158 by 31 January 2008 .	158	The leading author and solicitor of the letters page in The Times had how many articles published ?
According to its leading article , `` From Our Own Correspondents '' , removal of full postal addresses was in order to fit more letters onto the page .	From Our Own Correspondents	What is the name of the leading article that referenced the removal of a major feature in The Times in 2005 ?
In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications , which was investigating media ownership and the news , Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control .	2007	In what year was the meeting of the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications that was investigating media ownership and the news ?
In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications , which was investigating media ownership and the news , Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control .	exercising editorial control	In the 2007 meeting with the government , Rupert Murdoch , owner of The Times , stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from doing what ?
In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications , which was investigating media ownership and the news , Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control .	House of Lords Select Committee on Communications	What government committee was investigating Rupert Murdoch and The Times in 2007 ?
In May 2008 printing of The Times switched from Wapping to new plants at Broxbourne on the outskirts of London , and Merseyside and Glasgow , enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time .	Wapping	In May 2008 , The Times switched from what plant to new plants in Broxbourne , Merseyside , and Glasgow ?
In May 2008 printing of The Times switched from Wapping to new plants at Broxbourne on the outskirts of London , and Merseyside and Glasgow , enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time .	London	In 2008 , The Times switched to a new plant in Broxbourne , which is on the outskirts of what city ?
In May 2008 printing of The Times switched from Wapping to new plants at Broxbourne on the outskirts of London , and Merseyside and Glasgow , enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time .	full colour	In May 2008 , The Times switched to new plants which allowed for what kind of feature to be printed on every page for the first time ?
On 26 July 2012 , to coincide with the official start of the London 2012 Olympics and the issuing of a series of souvenir front covers , The Times added the suffix `` of London '' to its masthead .	London 2012 Olympics	What major event took place in London in 2012 ?
On 26 July 2012 , to coincide with the official start of the London 2012 Olympics and the issuing of a series of souvenir front covers , The Times added the suffix `` of London '' to its masthead .	souvenir	What kind of front cover did The Times issue on 26 July 2012 ?
On 26 July 2012 , to coincide with the official start of the London 2012 Olympics and the issuing of a series of souvenir front covers , The Times added the suffix `` of London '' to its masthead .	of London	In 2012 , The Times added what suffix to its masthead ?
The Times features news for the first half of the paper , the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section with world news normally following this .	news	The Times features what in the first half of its newspaper ?
The Times features news for the first half of the paper , the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section with world news normally following this .	Opinion/Comment section	What section begins after the first half of The Times newspaper ?
The Times current prices are # 1.20 for the daily edition and # 1.50 for the Saturday edition .	£1.20	What is The Times current price for the daily edition ?
The business pages begin on the centre spread , and are followed by The Register , containing obituaries , Court & Social section , and related material .	business pages	What feature begins on the centre spread of The Times ?
The sport section is at the end of the main paper .	sport section	What section is featured at the end of the main paper of The Times ?
The Times 's main supplement , every day , is the times2 , featuring various lifestyle columns .	times2	What is the name of the lifestyle column of The Times ?
Its regular features include a puzzles section called Mind Games .	Mind Games	The Times features a puzzles section called what ?
The back pages are devoted to puzzles and contain sudoku , `` Killer Sudoku '' , `` KenKen '' , word polygon puzzles , and a crossword simpler and more concise than the main `` Times Crossword '' .	Killer Sudoku	What is the name of the sudoku game in The Times ?
The Game is included in the newspaper on Mondays , and details all the weekend 's football activity -LRB- Premier League and Football League Championship , League One and League Two . -RRB-	football	What sports activity is featured in The Times on Mondays ?
The Scottish edition of The Game also includes results and analysis from Scottish Premier League games .	Scottish Premier League	What kind of football game is featured in the Scottish edition of The Times ?
The Game is included in the newspaper on Mondays , and details all the weekend 's football activity -LRB- Premier League and Football League Championship , League One and League Two . -RRB-	The Game	What is the name of the section that features football on Mondays in The Times ?
These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as : Sport , Weekend -LRB- including travel and lifestyle features -RRB- , Saturday Review -LRB- arts , books , and ideas -RRB- , The Times Magazine -LRB- columns on various topics -RRB- , and Playlist -LRB- an entertainment listings guide -RRB- .	Weekend	What is the name of the section of the Saturday edition of The Times that features travel and lifestyle ?
These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as : Sport , Weekend -LRB- including travel and lifestyle features -RRB- , Saturday Review -LRB- arts , books , and ideas -RRB- , The Times Magazine -LRB- columns on various topics -RRB- , and Playlist -LRB- an entertainment listings guide -RRB- .	Saturday Review	Arts , books , and ideas are featured in what section in the Saturday edition of The Times ?
These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as : Sport , Weekend -LRB- including travel and lifestyle features -RRB- , Saturday Review -LRB- arts , books , and ideas -RRB- , The Times Magazine -LRB- columns on various topics -RRB- , and Playlist -LRB- an entertainment listings guide -RRB- .	Playlist	An entertainment listings guide in the Saturday edition of The Times is called what ?
Notable contributors include Giles Coren , Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005 and Nadiya Hussain , winner of BBC 's The Great British Bake Off .	Giles Coren	What is the name of the notable contributor to The Times Magazine columns that became the Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005 ?
Notable contributors include Giles Coren , Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005 and Nadiya Hussain , winner of BBC 's The Great British Bake Off .	Nadiya Hussain	What is the name of the winner of BBC 's The Great British Bake Off who is also a column writer in The Times Magazine section ?
Notable contributors include Giles Coren , Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005 and Nadiya Hussain , winner of BBC 's The Great British Bake Off .	2005	In what year did notable Times Magazine contributor , Gile Coren , become Food and Drink Writer of the Year ?
Notable contributors include Giles Coren , Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005 and Nadiya Hussain , winner of BBC 's The Great British Bake Off .	The Great British Bake Off	Nadiya Hussain , a Times Magazine column writer , is known for being the winner of what BBC contest ?
The Times Magazine features columns touching on various subjects such as celebrities , fashion and beauty , food and drink , homes and gardens or simply writers ' anecdotes .	The Times Magazine	What is the name of the section that features columns touching on subjects such as celebrities , fashion and beauty , food and drink , homes and garden or simply writers ' anecdotes ?
The Times and The Sunday Times have had an online presence since March 1999 , originally at the-times .	1999	Since what year has The Times and The Sunday Times had an online presense ?
co.uk , and later at timesonline.co.uk .	timesonline.co.uk	What is the URL of online website for The Times ?
There are now two websites : thetimes.co.uk is aimed at daily readers , and the thesundaytimes.co.uk site at providing weekly magazine-like content .	daily readers	The website , thetimes.co.uk , is aimed at what kind of reader ?
There are now two websites : thetimes.co.uk is aimed at daily readers , and the thesundaytimes.co.uk site at providing weekly magazine-like content .	weekly magazine-like content	The website , thesundaytimes.co.uk , provides what kind of content ?
Since July 2010 , News UK has required readers who do not subscribe to the print edition to pay # 2 per week to read The Times and The Sunday Times online .	£2 per week	How much does a non-subscriber of The Times need to pay to read the online versions ?
The Times Digital Archive -LRB- 1785 -- 2008 -RRB- is freely accessible via Gale databases to readers affiliated with subscribing academic , public , and school libraries .	The Times Digital Archive	What is the name of the digital archive that holds The Times historical archive ?
The Times Digital Archive -LRB- 1785 -- 2008 -RRB- is freely accessible via Gale databases to readers affiliated with subscribing academic , public , and school libraries .	Gale databases	The Times historical archive is freely accessible online from what database ?
The Times Digital Archive -LRB- 1785 -- 2008 -RRB- is freely accessible via Gale databases to readers affiliated with subscribing academic , public , and school libraries .	academic	What kind of reader can subscribe to the digital archive of The Times ?
Visits to the websites have decreased by 87 % since the paywall was introduced , from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million .	87%	Visits to The Times website have decreased by how much since October 2011 ?
Visits to the websites have decreased by 87 % since the paywall was introduced , from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million .	paywall	What is the reason for the dramatic drop in visits to The Times website ?
In April 2009 , the timesonline site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day .	750,000	In April 2009 , how many readers did the timesonline website have per day ?
As of October 2011 , there were around 111,000 subscribers to The Times ' digital products .	111,000	As of October 2011 , how many subscribers does The Times ' digital product currently have ?
At the time of Harold Evans ' appointment as editor in 1981 , The Times had an average daily sale of 282,000 copies in comparison to the 1.4 million daily sales of its traditional rival The Daily Telegraph .	1981	What year was Harold Evans appointed to editor of The Times ?
At the time of Harold Evans ' appointment as editor in 1981 , The Times had an average daily sale of 282,000 copies in comparison to the 1.4 million daily sales of its traditional rival The Daily Telegraph .	The Daily Telegraph	The Times has a traditional rival with what other major British newspaper ?
In contrast The Sun , the highest-selling `` tabloid '' daily newspaper in the United Kingdom , sold an average of 2,069,809 copies in March 2014 , and the Daily Mail , the highest-selling `` middle market '' British daily newspaper , sold an average of 1,708,006 copies in the period .	The Sun	What is the name of the highest-selling tabloid daily newspaper in the United Kingdom ?
In contrast The Sun , the highest-selling `` tabloid '' daily newspaper in the United Kingdom , sold an average of 2,069,809 copies in March 2014 , and the Daily Mail , the highest-selling `` middle market '' British daily newspaper , sold an average of 1,708,006 copies in the period .	Daily Mail	What is the name of the highest-selling middle market British daily newspaper ?
The Sunday Times has a significantly higher circulation than The Times , and sometimes outsells The Sunday Telegraph .	The Sunday Times	Which newspaper has a significantly higher circulation , The Sunday Times or The Times ?
As of January 2013 , The Times has a circulation of 399,339 and The Sunday Times of 885,612 .	399,339	As of January 2013 , The Times has a circulation of how many people ?
As of January 2013 , The Times has a circulation of 399,339 and The Sunday Times of 885,612 .	885,612	As of January 2013 , The Sunday Times has a circulation of how many people ?
In a 2009 national readership survey The Times was found to have the highest number of ABC1 25 -- 44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the `` quality '' papers .	The Times	In a 2009 national readership survey , what newspaper has the highest number of ABC1 25-44 readers ?
In a 2009 national readership survey The Times was found to have the highest number of ABC1 25 -- 44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the `` quality '' papers .	The Times	What newspaper has the highest number of readers in London of any of the `` quality '' papers ?
In a 2009 national readership survey The Times was found to have the highest number of ABC1 25 -- 44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the `` quality '' papers .	25–44	The Times is found to have the highest number of readers from what age group ?
The Times commissioned the serif typeface Times New Roman , created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype , in 1931 .	Times New Roman	The Times commissioned what serif typeface in 1931 ?
The Times commissioned the serif typeface Times New Roman , created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype , in 1931 .	Victor Lardent	Who is the creator of the serif typeface created in 1931 for The Times newspaper ?
It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated .	Stanley Morison	Who commissioned the change of the typeface of The Times in 1931 ?
Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design , but made revisions for legibility and economy of space .	Plantin	What is the name of the typeface that Times New Roman is based on ?
The Times stayed with Times New Roman for 40 years , but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch font five times since 1972 .	40	How many years has The Times stayed with Times New Roman ?
The Times adopted a stance described as `` peculiarly detached '' at the 1945 general election ; although it was increasingly critical of the Conservative Party 's campaign , it did not advocate a vote for any one party .	peculiarly detached	At the 1945 general election , The Times adopted a stance that was referred to by what name ?
It supported the Conservatives for the subsequent three elections , followed by support for both the Conservatives and the Liberal Party for the next five elections , expressly supporting a Con-Lib coalition in 1974 .	Con-Lib coalition	What kind of political coalition did The Times support in 1974 ?
The paper then backed the Conservatives solidly until 1997 , when it declined to make any party endorsement but supported individual -LRB- primarily Eurosceptic -RRB- candidates .	Conservatives	From the 1970s until 1997 , The Times supported what political party ?
The paper then backed the Conservatives solidly until 1997 , when it declined to make any party endorsement but supported individual -LRB- primarily Eurosceptic -RRB- candidates .	Eurosceptic	After 1997 , The Times declined from making any party endorsements however , they supported individual candidates known by what name ?
For the 2001 general election The Times declared its support for Tony Blair 's Labour government , which was re-elected by a landslide .	Labour	In the 2001 general election , The Times declared support for what political party ?
For the 2001 general election The Times declared its support for Tony Blair 's Labour government , which was re-elected by a landslide .	Tony Blair	What is the name of the political party 's leader that The Times supported in the 2001 general election ?
For the 2010 general election , however , the newspaper declared its support for the Tories once again ; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority .	Tories	For the 2010 general election , which political party did The Times support ?
For the 2010 general election , however , the newspaper declared its support for the Tories once again ; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority .	Liberal Democrats	What political party did the Tories have to form a coalition with in 2010 ?
For the 2001 general election The Times declared its support for Tony Blair 's Labour government , which was re-elected by a landslide .	Labour	What political party was re-elected by a landslide in 2001 ?
Some columnists in The Times are connected to the Conservative Party such as Daniel Finkelstein , Tim Montgomerie , Matthew Parris and Matt Ridley , but there are also columnists connected to the Labour Party such as David Aaronovitch , Phil Collins , Oliver Kamm and Jenni Russell .	The Times	What is the name of the newspaper with the most varied political support in British history ?
Some columnists in The Times are connected to the Conservative Party such as Daniel Finkelstein , Tim Montgomerie , Matthew Parris and Matt Ridley , but there are also columnists connected to the Labour Party such as David Aaronovitch , Phil Collins , Oliver Kamm and Jenni Russell .	Conservative Party	Which political party is The Times columnist , Daniel Finkelstein , associated with ?
Some columnists in The Times are connected to the Conservative Party such as Daniel Finkelstein , Tim Montgomerie , Matthew Parris and Matt Ridley , but there are also columnists connected to the Labour Party such as David Aaronovitch , Phil Collins , Oliver Kamm and Jenni Russell .	Labour Party	Which political party is The Times columnist , David Aaronovitch , associated with ?
In November 2012 , it endorsed a second term for Barack Obama although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy .	2012	In what year did The Times make an endorsement for Barack Obama ?
In November 2012 , it endorsed a second term for Barack Obama although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy .	Barack Obama	Who did The Times support in 2012 for the election of the U.S. president ?
In November 2012 , it endorsed a second term for Barack Obama although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy .	foreign policy	What kind of policy did The Times express reservation for when concerning the political stances of Barack Obama ?
The Times , along with the British Film Institute , sponsors the `` The Times '' bfi London Film Festival .	London Film Festival	What film festival does The Times support that is also supported alongside the British Film Institute ?
It also sponsors the Cheltenham Literature Festival and the Asia House Festival of Asian Literature at Asia House , London .	Asia House Festival of Asian Literature	What festival is featured at Asia House , London ?
The Times , along with the British Film Institute , sponsors the `` The Times '' bfi London Film Festival .	The Times	The Cheltenham Literature Festival is supported by what major newspaper ?
The Times Literary Supplement -LRB- TLS -RRB- first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times , becoming a separately paid-for weekly literature and society magazine in 1914 .	Times Literary Supplement	What is the name of the supplement that first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times ?
The Times Literary Supplement -LRB- TLS -RRB- first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times , becoming a separately paid-for weekly literature and society magazine in 1914 .	weekly literature	In 1914 , a separately paid-for supplement for The Times was a magazine that featured what kind of content ?
The Times and the TLS have continued to be co-owned , and as of 2012 the TLS is also published by News International and cooperates closely with The Times , with its online version hosted on The Times website , and its editorial offices based in Times House , Pennington Street , London .	Times House, Pennington Street	The editorial offices of The Times Literary Supplement is based in what location in London ?
The Times and the TLS have continued to be co-owned , and as of 2012 the TLS is also published by News International and cooperates closely with The Times , with its online version hosted on The Times website , and its editorial offices based in Times House , Pennington Street , London .	2012	In what year did The Times Literary Supplement begin publishing online ?
Times Atlases have been produced since 1895 .	Atlases	The Times began producing what kind of non-newspaper product in 1895 ?
They are currently produced by the Collins Bartholomew imprint of HarperCollins Publishers .	HarperCollins Publishers	What publisher prints The Times atlas ?
The flagship product is The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World .	The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World	What is the name of The Times ' atlas ?
The first issue of The Sunday Times Travel Magazine was in 2003 , and it includes news , features and insider guides .	Sunday Times Travel Magazine	What is the name of the travel magazine sold by The Times ?
The first issue of The Sunday Times Travel Magazine was in 2003 , and it includes news , features and insider guides .	2003	In what year was The Times ' travel magazine first sold ?
The first issue of The Sunday Times Travel Magazine was in 2003 , and it includes news , features and insider guides .	Sunday Times Travel Magazine	What is the name of Britain 's best-selling travel magazine ?
In the dystopian future world of George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party , its editorials -- of which several are quoted in the book -- reflecting Big Brother 's pronouncements .	Nineteen Eighty-Four	In what novel was The Times featured as an organ of a totalitarian ruling party ?
In the dystopian future world of George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party , its editorials -- of which several are quoted in the book -- reflecting Big Brother 's pronouncements .	George Orwell	What is the name of the author of Nineteen Eighty-Four ?
In the dystopian future world of George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party , its editorials -- of which several are quoted in the book -- reflecting Big Brother 's pronouncements .	dystopian	What kind of future world did George Orwell create in his novel , Nineteen Eighty-Four ?
Rex Stout 's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times ' crossword puzzle at his New York home , in preference to those of American papers .	Nero Wolfe	The author , Rex Stout , created a fictional detection that is fond of solving London Times ' crossword puzzles that goes by what name ?
Rex Stout 's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times ' crossword puzzle at his New York home , in preference to those of American papers .	New York	In what part of the world did the fictional detective , Nero Wolfe , live in ?
Rex Stout 's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times ' crossword puzzle at his New York home , in preference to those of American papers .	London Times	The fictional detective , Nero Wolfe , preferred what newspaper to American newspapers ?
Rex Stout 's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times ' crossword puzzle at his New York home , in preference to those of American papers .	crossword	The fictional detective , Nero Wolfe , is described as fond of solving what kind of puzzle in the London Times newspaper ?
As described by Fleming in From Russia , with Love : `` The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read . ''	The Times	The author , Ian Fleming , created a fictional character named James Bond who prefers to only read what newspaper ?
In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming , James Bond , reads The Times .	James Bond	What is the name of the spy and hero in Ian Fleming 's books ?
As described by Fleming in From Russia , with Love : `` The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read . ''	From Russia, with Love	In what Ian Fleming novel is James Bond described as only reading The Times newspaper ?
In The Wombles , Uncle Bulgaria read The Times and asked for the other Wombles to bring him any copies that they found amongst the litter .	The Wombles	In what children TV series is there is a fictional character named Uncle Bulgaria that asks others to bring him copies of The Times found amongst the litter ?
The newspaper played a central role in the episode Very Behind the Times -LRB- Series 2 , Episode 12 -RRB- .	Very Behind the Times	What is the name of the episode where the newspaper , The Times , is featured and plays a central role in an episode of The Wombles ?
In The Wombles , Uncle Bulgaria read The Times and asked for the other Wombles to bring him any copies that they found amongst the litter .	Uncle Bulgaria	In the children 's TV show , The Wombles , what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter ?
New Delhi -LRB- i / ˌnjuː ˈdɛli / -RRB- is a municipality and district in Delhi which serves as the capital and seat of government of India .	Delhi	In what territory is New Delhi located ?
New Delhi -LRB- i / ˌnjuː ˈdɛli / -RRB- is a municipality and district in Delhi which serves as the capital and seat of government of India .	New Delhi	What municipality serves as the capital of India ?
In addition , it also serves as the seat of Government of Delhi .	Delhi	For what territory does New Delhi serve as the seat of Government ?
New Delhi -LRB- i / ˌnjuː ˈdɛli / -RRB- is a municipality and district in Delhi which serves as the capital and seat of government of India .	New Delhi	What municipality serves as the seat of Government for India ?
New Delhi -LRB- i / ˌnjuː ˈdɛli / -RRB- is a municipality and district in Delhi which serves as the capital and seat of government of India .	New Delhi	What municipality serves as the seat of government of Delhi ?
The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V , Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911 .	George V	Who laid the foundation stone of New Delhi ?
The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V , Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911 .	1911	In what year was the foundation stone of New Delhi laid ?
It was designed by British architects , Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker .	Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker	Who designed the foundation stone of the city of New Delhi ?
The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931 , by India 's Viceroy Lord Irwin .	13 February 1931	On what date was New Delhi inaugurated ?
The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931 , by India 's Viceroy Lord Irwin .	Viceroy Lord Irwin	Who inaugurated the city of New Delhi ?
Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi as names are used interchangeably to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi , these are two distinct entities , and the latter is a small part of the former .	Delhi and New Delhi	What are the two terms colloquially used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi ?
Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi as names are used interchangeably to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi , these are two distinct entities , and the latter is a small part of the former .	Delhi	New Delhi is a small part of what larger territory ?
Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi as names are used interchangeably to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi , these are two distinct entities , and the latter is a small part of the former .	NCT of Delhi	Delhi and New Delhi are colloquially used to refer to what jurisdiction ?
Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi as names are used interchangeably to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi , these are two distinct entities , and the latter is a small part of the former .	New Delhi	What is one name used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi ?
Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi as names are used interchangeably to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi , these are two distinct entities , and the latter is a small part of the former .	Delhi	What is one name used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi ?
New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi 's flagship Smart Cities Mission .	hundred	How many Indian cities have been selected to be developed as a smart city ?
New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi 's flagship Smart Cities Mission .	Smart Cities Mission	What is the name of the mission to develop Indian smart cities ?
New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi 's flagship Smart Cities Mission .	PM Narendra Modi	Who is responsible for India 's smart city initiative ?
New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi 's flagship Smart Cities Mission .	New Delhi	What is one Indian city that has been selected to be developed as a smart city ?
Calcutta -LRB- now Kolkata -RRB- was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911 .	Calcutta	What city was the capital of India until December 1911 ?
Calcutta -LRB- now Kolkata -RRB- was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911 .	Kolkata	What is the name of the city formerly known as Calcutta ?
However , Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate , most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857 .	Mughal Empire	What is the name of the empire for which Delhi served as the political and financial capital from 1649 to 1857 ?
During the early 1900s , a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire -LRB- as it was officially called -RRB- from Calcutta to Delhi .	Delhi	In the early 1900s , the capital of the British Indian Empire was shifted from Calcutta to what city ?
Unlike Calcutta , which was located on the eastern coast of India , Delhi was at the centre of northern India and the Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from the latter rather than the former .	the centre of northern India	In what part of India is Delhi located ?
On 12 December 1911 , during the Delhi Durbar , George V , then Emperor of India , along with Queen Mary , his Consort , made the announcement that the capital of the Raj was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi , while laying the foundation stone for the Viceroy 's residence in the Coronation Park , Kingsway Camp .	George V	Who announced that the capital of India would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi ?
On 12 December 1911 , during the Delhi Durbar , George V , then Emperor of India , along with Queen Mary , his Consort , made the announcement that the capital of the Raj was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi , while laying the foundation stone for the Viceroy 's residence in the Coronation Park , Kingsway Camp .	12 December 1911	On what date was it announced that the capital of India would be moved to Delhi ?
The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911 , during their imperial visit .	King George V and Queen Mary	Who laid the foundation stone of New Delhi ?
Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens -LRB- Sir Edwin from 1918 -RRB- , who first visited Delhi in 1912 , and Herbert Baker -LRB- Sir Herbert from 1926 -RRB- , both leading 20th-century British architects .	Edwin Lutyens	Who is responsible for designing large parts of New Delhi ?
The city that was later dubbed `` Lutyens ' Delhi '' was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin , the Viceroy .	10 February 1931	On what date did inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi begin ?
However , it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high .	the Viceroy	Who rejected the proposals of Brodie and Lutyens ?
Eventually , owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites in the North side , the committee settled on the South site .	the South site	Which site was eventually chosen by the Delhi Town Planning Committee ?
The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel , which was also considered the site of Indraprastha , the ancient region of Delhi .	Dinapanah citadel	Raisina Hill lay directly opposite what religious site ?
The Rajpath , also known as King 's Way , stretched from the India Gate to the Rashtrapati Bhawan .	King's Way	The Rajpath was also known by what name ?
The Secretariat building , the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the Government of India , and the Parliament House , both designed by Herbert Baker , are located at the Sansad Marg and run parallel to the Rajpath .	Herbert Baker	Who designed the Parliament House of New Delhi ?
As construction of the Viceroy 's House -LRB- the present Rashtrapati Bhavan -RRB- , Central Secretariat , Parliament House , and All-India War Memorial -LRB- India Gate -RRB- was winding down , the building of a shopping district and a new plaza , Connaught Place , began in 1929 , and was completed by 1933 .	1933	The construction of Connaught Place was completed in what year ?
Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill , a circular railway line around the Council House -LRB- now Parliament House -RRB- , called the Imperial Delhi Railway , was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years .	Raisina Hill	On what hill did construction of Lutyen 's Bungalow Zone begin ?
Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill , a circular railway line around the Council House -LRB- now Parliament House -RRB- , called the Imperial Delhi Railway , was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years .	twenty years	The Imperial Delhi Railway was built to transport workers and materials for how many years ?
The line was shifted to run along the Yamuna river , and it began operating in 1924 .	1924	In what year did the Imperial Delhi Railway line begin operating ?
The New Delhi Railway Station opened in 1926 with a single platform at Ajmeri Gate near Paharganj and was completed in time for the city 's inauguration in 1931 .	1926	In what year did the New Delhi Railway Station open ?
After the capital of India moved to Delhi , a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi .	1912	A temporary secretariat building was built in New Delhi in what year ?
Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the ` Old secretariat ' in Old Delhi -LRB- the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly -RRB- , a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931 .	1931	In what year what New Delhi inaugurated as the capital of India ?
Subsequently housing for them was developed around Gole Market area in the 1920s .	Gole Market area	Housing for employees was built in what area during the 1920s ?
Built in the 1940s , to house government employees , with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area , Lodhi colony near historic Lodhi Gardens , was the last residential areas built by the British Raj .	Lodhi colony	What was the name of the last residential area built by the British Raj ?
Built in the 1940s , to house government employees , with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area , Lodhi colony near historic Lodhi Gardens , was the last residential areas built by the British Raj .	the 1940s	During what decade was the Lodhi colony built ?
After India gained independence in 1947 , a limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India .	1947	In what year did India gain independence ?
In 1956 , Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor .	1956	In what year was Delhi converted into a union territory ?
The Constitution -LRB- Sixty-ninth Amendment -RRB- Act , 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi .	The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act	What is the name of the act that caused the Union Territory of Delhi to become formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi ?
The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993 .	1993	The enforcement of the legislation of the Constitution Act began in what year ?
In 1956 , Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor .	a union territory	In 1956 , Delhi was converted into what type of territory ?
The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens ' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department -LRB- CPWD -RRB- developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens ' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri , where land was allotted for embassies , chanceries , high commissions and residences of ambassadors , around wide central vista , Shanti Path .	the 1950s	In what decade did New Delhi first extend significantly from Lutyen 's Delhi ?
The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens ' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department -LRB- CPWD -RRB- developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens ' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri , where land was allotted for embassies , chanceries , high commissions and residences of ambassadors , around wide central vista , Shanti Path .	the Central Public Works Department	What organization developed land to expand New Delhi in the 1950s ?
The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens ' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department -LRB- CPWD -RRB- developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens ' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri , where land was allotted for embassies , chanceries , high commissions and residences of ambassadors , around wide central vista , Shanti Path .	Chanakyapuri	What was the name of the enclave created by the Central Public Works Department ?
The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens ' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department -LRB- CPWD -RRB- developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens ' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri , where land was allotted for embassies , chanceries , high commissions and residences of ambassadors , around wide central vista , Shanti Path .	southwest	In which direction did Chanakyapuri extend from New Delhi ?
The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens ' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department -LRB- CPWD -RRB- developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens ' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri , where land was allotted for embassies , chanceries , high commissions and residences of ambassadors , around wide central vista , Shanti Path .	residences of ambassadors	What was one use of the uses for the newly developed land of Chanakypuri ?
With a total area of 42.7 km2 -LRB- 16.5 sq mi -RRB- , New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area .	16.5 sq mi	What is the total area of New Delhi in square miles ?
Because the city is located on the Indo-Gangetic Plain , there is little difference in elevation across the city .	the Indo-Gangetic Plain	On what plain is New Delhi located ?
New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the Aravalli Range ; all that is left of those mountains is the Delhi Ridge , which is also called the Lungs of Delhi .	the Lungs of Delhi	The Delhi Ridge is also referred to by what name ?
While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River , it is essentially a landlocked city .	Yamuna River	New Delhi is located on the floodplains of what river ?
New Delhi falls under the seismic zone-IV , making it vulnerable to earthquakes .	seismic zone-IV	What seismic zone does New Delhi fall under ?
There has , however , been a spike in the number of earthquakes in the last six years , most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal , a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007 , a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011 , a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012 , and a swarm of twelve earthquakes , including four of magnitudes 2.5 , 2.8 , 3.1 , and 3.3 , on 12 November 2013 .	5.4 magnitude	What was the magnitude of the notable 2015 earthquake that shook New Delhi ?
There has , however , been a spike in the number of earthquakes in the last six years , most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal , a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007 , a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011 , a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012 , and a swarm of twelve earthquakes , including four of magnitudes 2.5 , 2.8 , 3.1 , and 3.3 , on 12 November 2013 .	25 November 2007	A 4.7 magnitude earthquake that affected New Delhi occurred on what date ?
There has , however , been a spike in the number of earthquakes in the last six years , most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal , a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007 , a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011 , a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012 , and a swarm of twelve earthquakes , including four of magnitudes 2.5 , 2.8 , 3.1 , and 3.3 , on 12 November 2013 .	4.2-magnitude	What was the magnitude of the earthquake that affected New Delhi on September 2011 ?
There has , however , been a spike in the number of earthquakes in the last six years , most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal , a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007 , a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011 , a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012 , and a swarm of twelve earthquakes , including four of magnitudes 2.5 , 2.8 , 3.1 , and 3.3 , on 12 November 2013 .	twelve	How many earthquakes occurred on March 5 , 2012 ?
New Delhi lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes , most of them of mild intensity .	fault lines	What is the geographical feature New Delhi lies on that is responsible for frequent earthquakes ?
The climate of New Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cwa -RRB- with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall .	subtropical climate	In what type of climate is New Delhi located ?
Summers are long , extending from early April to October , with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer .	April to October	Between which months do New Delhi 's long summers last ?
Summers are long , extending from early April to October , with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer .	the middle of the summer	When does the monsoon season occur in New Delhi ?
The annual mean temperature is around 25 °C -LRB- 77 °F -RRB- ; monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately 14 to 34 °C -LRB- 57 to 93 °F -RRB- .	25 °C (77 °F)	What is the annual mean temperature of New Delhi ?
New Delhi 's highest temperature ever recorded is 49.1 °C -LRB- 120.4 °F -RRB- while the lowest temperature ever recorded is − 3.2 °C -LRB- 26.2 °F -RRB- .	49.1 °C (120.4 °F)	What is the highest ever recorded temperature in New Delhi ?
In recent Mercer 's 2015 annual quality-of-living survey , New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution .	154	What is New Delhi 's rank in Mercer 's 2015 quality of living survey ?
In recent Mercer 's 2015 annual quality-of-living survey , New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution .	bad air quality and pollution	What is the main cause of New Delhi 's relatively low ranking in Mercer 's quality of life survey ?
The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world 's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world .	The World Health Organization	New Delhi was ranked as the world 's worst polluted city by what organization ?
The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world 's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world .	1,600	How many cities were tracked for pollution by the World Health Organization in 2014 ?
In recent Mercer 's 2015 annual quality-of-living survey , New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution .	230	How many cities were studied in Mercer 's 2015 quality of living survey ?
In an attempt to curb air pollution in New Delhi , which gets worst during the winter , a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd - and even-numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015 .	winter	In what season does New Delhi 's air pollution worsen ?
In an attempt to curb air pollution in New Delhi , which gets worst during the winter , a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd - and even-numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015 .	alternate-day travel	What method was introduced in December 2015 to reduce New Delhi 's air pollution ?
The driving restriction scheme is planned to be implemented as a trial from January 1 , 2016 for an initial period of 15 days .	15 days	How long is the initial trial period for New Delhi 's driving restriction scheme ?
The restriction will be in force between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. , and traffic will not be restricted on Sundays .	Sundays	On what day of the week will travel remain unrestricted by New Delhi 's alternate day driving scheme ?
On December 16 , 2015 , the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi 's transportation system to curb pollution .	December 16, 2015	On what date did the Supreme Court of India enact restrictions on Delhi 's transportation system to reduce pollution ?
Among the measures , the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until March 31 , 2016 .	March 31, 2016	The Supreme Court restricted registration of some vehicles with engines of 2000 cc and over until what date ?
The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by March 1 , 2016 .	compressed natural gas	All taxis in Delhi were ordered to switch to what type of fuel by March 1 , 2016 ?
Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital .	vehicles that are more than 10 years old	Which transportation vehicles were banned from entering New Delhi ?
On December 16 , 2015 , the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi 's transportation system to curb pollution .	curb pollution	New restrictions on New Delhi 's transportation system were enacted by the Supreme Court to accomplish what goal ?
The national capital of India , New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi , it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory -LRB- NCT -RRB- of Delhi .	Delhi	New Delhi is the capital of what National Capital Territory ?
The national capital of India , New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi , it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory -LRB- NCT -RRB- of Delhi .	New Delhi	What is the national capital of India ?
The national capital of India , New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi , it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory -LRB- NCT -RRB- of Delhi .	New Delhi	The local Government of Delhi and the Central Government of India jointly administer what city ?
The national capital of India , New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi , it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory -LRB- NCT -RRB- of Delhi .	New Delhi	What city is the official capital of the National Capital Territory of Delhi ?
The national capital of India , New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi , it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory -LRB- NCT -RRB- of Delhi .	the Central Government of India	What is the name of one government body that oversees the capital of New Delhi ?
As of 2015 , the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson , three members of New Delhi 's Legislative Assembly , two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government .	New Delhi's Legislative Assembly	The government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes three members from what government body ?
As of 2015 , the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson , three members of New Delhi 's Legislative Assembly , two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government .	the central government	What government body is responsible for nominating five members to the New Delhi Municipal Council ?
As of 2015 , the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson , three members of New Delhi 's Legislative Assembly , two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government .	Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi	What government official is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council ?
As of 2015 , the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson , three members of New Delhi 's Legislative Assembly , two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government .	NCT of Delhi	The Chief Minister of what NCT is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council ?
As of 2015 , the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson , three members of New Delhi 's Legislative Assembly , two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government .	New Delhi Municipal Council	What is the name of the government structure created for New Delhi that is comprised of ten representatives ?
The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi , appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial , as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers .	Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi	What is the official title of Delhi 's head of state ?
The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi , appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial , as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers .	President of India	Who is responsible for appointing the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi ?
According to the Indian constitution , if a law passed by Delhi 's legislative assembly is repugnant to any law passed by the Parliament of India , then the law enacted by the parliament will prevail over the law enacted by the assembly .	the law enacted by the parliament	Which takes precedent when a law passed by Parliament conflicts with a law passed by Delhi 's Legislative assembly ?
The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi , appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial , as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers .	the Central government	What government body advises the president on appointing a Lieutenant Governor ?
The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi , appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial , as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers .	Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi	Which government position is given most of the executive powers over Delhi ?
New Delhi is governed through a municipal government , known as the New Delhi Municipal Council -LRB- NDMC -RRB- .	New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC)	What is the name of the municipal government by which New Delhi is governed ?
Other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi -LRB- MCD -RRB- .	Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)	What government body is responsible for administering other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi ?
However , the entire metropolis of Delhi is commonly known as New Delhi in contrast to Old Delhi .	New Delhi	What is the name commonly used to refer to the entire metropolis of Delhi ?
New Delhi is governed through a municipal government , known as the New Delhi Municipal Council -LRB- NDMC -RRB- .	New Delhi	The New Delhi Municipal Government oversees what large Indian city ?
New Delhi is governed through a municipal government , known as the New Delhi Municipal Council -LRB- NDMC -RRB- .	a municipal government	What form of government is responsible for the municipality of New Delhi ?
Much of New Delhi , planned by the leading 20th-century British architect Edwin Lutyens , was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain 's imperial pretensions .	Edwin Lutyens	What British architect was responsible for designing much of New Delhi ?
New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath .	Rajpath and the Janpath	What are the names of the two central promenades around which New Delhi is structured ?
New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath .	the Rajpath	Which of the two promenades is referred to as The King 's Way ?
The Janpath -LRB- Hindi : `` Path of the People '' -RRB- , formerly Queen 's Way , begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles .	The Janpath	Which promenade was formerly known as the Queen 's Way ?
19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath -LRB- Hindi : `` Path of Peace '' -RRB- , making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India .	Shantipath	The largest diplomatic enclave in India which contains 19 foreign embassies is located along which promenade ?
At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan -LRB- formerly known as Viceroy 's House -RRB- which sits atop Raisina Hill .	Rashtrapati Bhavan	Formerly known as the Viceroy 's House , which large building is located at the heart of New Delhi ?
At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan -LRB- formerly known as Viceroy 's House -RRB- which sits atop Raisina Hill .	Viceroy's House	The Rashtrapati Bhavan was formerly known by what name ?
Connaught Place is a large , circular commercial area in New Delhi , modelled after the Royal Crescent in England .	the Royal Crescent	Connaught Place in New Delhi is modeled after what area of England ?
Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place , one of them being the Janpath .	Twelve	How many roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place ?
Indira Gandhi International Airport , situated to the southwest of Delhi , is the main gateway for the city 's domestic and international civilian air traffic .	Indira Gandhi International Airport	What major airport is located to the southwest of Delhi ?
In 2012-13 , the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers , making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia .	35 million	Approximately how many passengers used Indira Gandhi Airport from 2012-2013 ?
Terminal 3 , which cost 96.8 billion -LRB- US$ 1.4 billion -RRB- to construct between 2007 and 2010 , handles an additional 37 million passengers annually .	37 million	How many passengers use Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi Airport each year ?
Terminal 3 , which cost 96.8 billion -LRB- US$ 1.4 billion -RRB- to construct between 2007 and 2010 , handles an additional 37 million passengers annually .	2010	What year was construction of Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi airport finished ?
The Delhi Flying Club , established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara , was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929 , when it was the Delhi 's only airport and the second in India .	1928	The Delhi Flying Club was established in what year ?
The Delhi Flying Club , established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara , was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929 , when it was the Delhi 's only airport and the second in India .	Safdarjung Airport	When established in 1928 , which airport served as the base of the Delhi Flying Club ?
The airport functioned until 2001 , however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001 .	2002	In what year did the government close Safdarjung Airport due to security concerns ?
The Delhi Flying Club , established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara , was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929 , when it was the Delhi 's only airport and the second in India .	1929	In what year did the Delhi Flying club begin operations ?
The Delhi Flying Club , established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara , was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929 , when it was the Delhi 's only airport and the second in India .	de Havilland Moth aircraft	What type of aircraft was first used by the Delhi Flying Club after its founding ?
In 2010 , Indira Gandhi International Airport -LRB- IGIA -RRB- was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15 -- 25 million category , and Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region by Airports Council International .	2010	In what year did Indira Gandhi International Airport earn an award for being forth best airport in the world in the 15-25 million category ?
In 2010 , Indira Gandhi International Airport -LRB- IGIA -RRB- was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15 -- 25 million category , and Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region by Airports Council International .	Airports Council International	What organization is responsible for awarding Indira Gandhi International Airport as Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region ?
The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25 -- 40 million passengers category in 2015 , by Airports Council International .	2015	What year did Indira Gandhi International Airport win an award for Best airport in the world in the 25-40 million passenger category ?
-LSB- not in citation given -RSB- -LSB- better source needed -RSB- Delhi Airport also bags two awards for The Best Airport in Central Asia/India and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia/India at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015 .	two	How many awards did Indira Gandhi International Airport win at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015 ?
The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25 -- 40 million passengers category in 2015 , by Airports Council International .	Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category	In 2015 , the Airports Council International gave what award to Indira Gandhi International Airport ?
Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation -LRB- DTC -RRB- , which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas -LRB- CNG -RRB- - fueled buses in the world .	Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC)	What state-owned organization operates New Delhi 's bus transport system ?
Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation -LRB- DTC -RRB- , which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas -LRB- CNG -RRB- - fueled buses in the world .	compressed natural gas	Delhi Transport Company owns the world 's largest fleet of buses powered by what type of fuel ?
New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India .	New Delhi	What city has the highest number of registered cars of any city in India ?
Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers .	New Delhi	What large metropolis has some of the highest road density in India ?
Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation -LRB- DTC -RRB- , which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas -LRB- CNG -RRB- - fueled buses in the world .	Buses	What type of vehicle transport system is owned by the Delhi Transport Corporation ?
New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway .	New Delhi	What Indian city is the headquarters of the Northern Railway ?
The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station , Old Delhi , Nizamuddin Railway Station , Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla .	five	How many main stations of the Northern Railway serve the New Delhi area ?
The Delhi Metro , a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation -LRB- DMRC -RRB- , serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad , Gurgaon , Noida and Ghaziabad .	Delhi Metro Rail Corporation	What organization is responsible for building and operating the Delhi Metro system ?
As of August 2011 , the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 189 km -LRB- 117 mi -RRB- and 146 stations , and several other lines are under construction .	189 km	What is the total length of the Delhi Metro ?
As of August 2011 , the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 189 km -LRB- 117 mi -RRB- and 146 stations , and several other lines are under construction .	146	The Delhi Metro consists of how many stations ?
The network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres -LRB- 117.83 miles -RRB- with 142 stations , of which 35 are underground , five are at-grade , and the remainder are elevated .	189.63 kilometres	What is the total length of the Delhi Metro ?
The network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres -LRB- 117.83 miles -RRB- with 142 stations , of which 35 are underground , five are at-grade , and the remainder are elevated .	142	How many stations are there on the Delhi Metro ?
The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving New Delhi , Delhi , Gurgaon , Faridabad , Noida , and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India .	The Delhi Metro	What is the name of the world 's 12 largest metro system by length ?
The network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres -LRB- 117.83 miles -RRB- with 142 stations , of which 35 are underground , five are at-grade , and the remainder are elevated .	35	How many of the Delhi Metro 's stations are located underground ?
The network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres -LRB- 117.83 miles -RRB- with 142 stations , of which 35 are underground , five are at-grade , and the remainder are elevated .	five	How many of the New Delhi Metro 's stations are located at ground level ?
Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited -LRB- DMRC -RRB- , a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi .	Delhi Metro Rail Corporation	What organization operates the Delhi Metro system ?
However , the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development , Government of India .	Ministry of Urban Development	The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation operates under the administrative control of what government body ?
The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan , the Managing Director of DMRC and popularly known as the `` Metro Man '' of India .	Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan	The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by what Indian government figure ?
The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan , the Managing Director of DMRC and popularly known as the `` Metro Man '' of India .	"Metro Man"	Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan was popularly known by what nickname ?
Sreedharan was awarded with the prestigious Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro .	Legion of Honour	What major award was given to Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan for his contribution the the Delhi Metro ?
New Delhi has a population of 249,998 .	249,998	What is the population of New Delhi ?
Hindi and Punjabi are the most widely spoken languages in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city .	Hindi and Punjabi	What are the most common languages spoken in New Delhi ?
English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes .	English	What language is used for formal purposes by business and government institutes of New Delhi ?
New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38 % according to 2011 census , which is highest in Delhi .	89.38%	What is the literacy rate of New Delhi according to the 2011 census ?
New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38 % according to 2011 census , which is highest in Delhi .	New Delhi	What city in the territory of Delhi has the highest literacy rate ?
Hinduism is the religion of 79.8 % of New Delhi 's population .	79.8%	What percentage of New Delhi 's population is Hindu ?
Hinduism is the religion of 79.8 % of New Delhi 's population .	Hinduism	What is the most commonly practiced religion in New Delhi ?
There are also communities of Muslims -LRB- 12.9 % -RRB- , Sikhs -LRB- 5.4 % -RRB- , Jains -LRB- 1.1 % -RRB- and Christians -LRB- 0.9 % -RRB- in Delhi .	12.9%	What percentage of New Delhi 's population is Muslim ?
There are also communities of Muslims -LRB- 12.9 % -RRB- , Sikhs -LRB- 5.4 % -RRB- , Jains -LRB- 1.1 % -RRB- and Christians -LRB- 0.9 % -RRB- in Delhi .	5.4%	What percentage of New Delhi 's population is Sikh ?
There are also communities of Muslims -LRB- 12.9 % -RRB- , Sikhs -LRB- 5.4 % -RRB- , Jains -LRB- 1.1 % -RRB- and Christians -LRB- 0.9 % -RRB- in Delhi .	0.9%	What percentage of New Delhi 's population is Christian ?
National events such as Republic Day , Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti -LRB- Gandhi 's birthday -RRB- are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India .	Gandhi Jayanti	What is the name of the holiday celebrated in India that occurs on Gandhi 's Birthday ?
On India 's Independence Day -LRB- 15 August -RRB- the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort .	15 August	What is the date of India 's Independence Day ?
On India 's Independence Day -LRB- 15 August -RRB- the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort .	the Red Fort	On Indian Independence Day , the Prime Minister addresses the nation from what location ?
Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites , which are considered a symbol of freedom .	freedom	On Indian Independence Day , kites are flown by citizens which symbolize what concept ?
The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India 's cultural diversity and military might .	Republic Day Parade	What New Delhi celebration showcases India 's cultural diversity and military power ?
Religious festivals include Diwali -LRB- the festival of light -RRB- , Maha Shivaratri , Teej , Guru Nanak Jayanti , Baisakhi , Durga Puja , Holi , Lohri , Eid ul-Fitr , Eid ul-Adha , Christmas , Chhath Puja and Mahavir Jayanti .	Diwali	What religious festival is also known as the festival of light ?
The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night , with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event .	The Qutub Festival	What cultural event showcases dancers and musicians from all over India ?
The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night , with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event .	the Qutub Minar	In what location is The Qutub Festival held ?
Other events such as Kite Flying Festival , International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami -LRB- the Spring Festival -RRB- are held every year in Delhi .	Vasant Panchami	The Spring Festival which is held each year in Delhi is also known by what name ?
Other events such as Kite Flying Festival , International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami -LRB- the Spring Festival -RRB- are held every year in Delhi .	International Mango Festival	What is the name of the fruit related festival held annually in Delhi ?
In 2007 , the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics .	2007	The Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in new Delhi in what year ?
In 2007 , the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics .	Buddha relics	The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji contained what type of artifacts ?
In 2007 , the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics .	Nipponzan Myohoji	Which Japanese Buddhist organization built a Peace Pagoda in New Delhi in 2007 ?
It was inaugurated by the current Dalai Lama .	Dalai Lama	The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji was inaugurated by which prominent figure ?
In 2007 , the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics .	Peace Pagoda	What structure did the Nipponzan Myohoji decide to build in New Delhi in 2007 ?
The New Delhi town plan , like its architecture , was chosen with one single chief consideration : to be a symbol of British power and supremacy .	British power and supremacy	The New Delhi town plan was chosen primarily to symbolize what ?
All other decisions were subordinate to this , and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture .	Hindu and Islamic	The New Delhi town plan was influenced by what type of architecture ?
The New Delhi town plan , like its architecture , was chosen with one single chief consideration : to be a symbol of British power and supremacy .	The New Delhi town plan	What town plan was chosen with the chief consideration of displaying British power and superiority ?
All other decisions were subordinate to this , and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture .	Hindu	What is one type of architecture that heavily influenced the New Delhi town plan ?
It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911 .	20 years	Approximately how long did it take to build New Delhi ?
Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources ; however , they fit into a British Classical/Palladian tradition .	British Classical/Palladian	The architecture of New Delhi borrows from indigenous sources but fits into what tradition ?
The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell .	E.B. Havell	What historian is partially responsible for the use of indigenous features in the architecture of New Delhi ?
The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell .	Viceroy Lord Hardinge	Which government official urged that indigenous features be used in the design of New Delhi ?
Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources ; however , they fit into a British Classical/Palladian tradition .	indigenous	Many of the architectural elements of New Delhi borrow from what sources ?
On 15 August 1949 , the National Museum was formally inaugurated and currently has 200,000 works of art , both of Indian and foreign origin , covering over 5,000 years .	15 August 1949	On what date was the National Museum formally inaugurated ?
On 15 August 1949 , the National Museum was formally inaugurated and currently has 200,000 works of art , both of Indian and foreign origin , covering over 5,000 years .	200,000	How many works of art currently reside in the National Museum ?
The National Museum which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947 -- 48 was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949 .	Indian art	The National Museum began in 1947 with a display of what type of art ?
On 15 August 1949 , the National Museum was formally inaugurated and currently has 200,000 works of art , both of Indian and foreign origin , covering over 5,000 years .	5,000 years	What length of time do the 200,000 works of art in the National Museum encompass ?
The National Museum which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947 -- 48 was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949 .	Royal Academy in London	In the winter of 1947 , the National Museum started with a display of Indian art in what location ?
The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris .	1931	What year was the India Gate built ?
The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris .	Arc de Triomphe	The Indian Gate was inspired by what Parisian monument ?
It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War .	90,000	The India Gate commemorates how many soldiers of past wars ?
The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris .	The India Gate	Which Indian monument , inspired by the Arc de Triomphe , was built in 1931 ?
It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War .	Indian Army	The India Gate commemorates the lost soldiers of what army ?
The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi .	the Champs-Élysées	The Rajpath was constructed similarly to what famous Parisian street ?
The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi .	The Rajpath	What is the name of the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India in New Delhi ?
The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi .	The Rajpath	On what boulevard does the Republic Day parade take place each year ?
The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January .	Republic Day parade	What annual parade takes place on the Rajpath each January ?
The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January .	26 January	On which date is the annual Republic Day parade held in New Delhi ?
Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948 .	Gandhi Smriti	In which location did Mahatma Gandhi spend the final 144 days of his life ?
Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948 .	New Delhi	In which city is the Gandhi Smriti located ?
Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948 .	30 January 1948	On which date was Mahatma Gandhi killed ?
Rajghat is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River .	Rajghat	In what location was Mahatma Gandhi cremated ?
The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta .	Vanu Bhuta	The Raj Ghat was designed by what architect ?
Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur .	Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur	Who was responsible for constructing the Jantar Mantar ?
Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur .	Connaught Place	In what area of New Delhi is the Jantar Mantar observatory located ?
It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments .	13	The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments ?
Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur .	Jantar Mantar	What is the name of the observatory built in Connaught Place by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur ?
The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables , and to predict the times and movements of the sun , moon and planets .	compile astronomical tables	What is one of the primary purposes of the Jantar Mantar observatory ?
New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum , National Gallery of Modern Art , National Museum of Natural History , National Rail Museum , National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum , National Philatelic Museum , Nehru Planetarium , Shankar 's International Dolls Museum .	Shankar's International Dolls Museum	What is the name of the doll themed museum located in New Delhi ?
New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum , National Gallery of Modern Art , National Museum of Natural History , National Rail Museum , National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum , National Philatelic Museum , Nehru Planetarium , Shankar 's International Dolls Museum .	National Rail Museum	What is the name of the major railroad related museum located in New Delhi ?
New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum , National Gallery of Modern Art , National Museum of Natural History , National Rail Museum , National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum , National Philatelic Museum , Nehru Planetarium , Shankar 's International Dolls Museum .	New Delhi	The Supreme Court of India Museum is located in what major city ?
New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum , National Gallery of Modern Art , National Museum of Natural History , National Rail Museum , National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum , National Philatelic Museum , Nehru Planetarium , Shankar 's International Dolls Museum .	New Delhi	The National Philatelic Museum is located in which large Indian city ?
New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum , National Gallery of Modern Art , National Museum of Natural History , National Rail Museum , National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum , National Philatelic Museum , Nehru Planetarium , Shankar 's International Dolls Museum .	National Gallery of Modern Art	What is the name of the modern art museum located in new Delhi ?
New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring .	New Delhi	The Buddha Jayanti Park is located in which Indian city ?
Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover , as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city .	Jangpura Metro Station	A notable New Delhi garden is located adjacent to what metro station ?
New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring .	spring	The gardens of New Delhi are particularly stunning in which season ?
New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring .	gardens	New Delhi is well known for what type of beautifully landscaped feature ?
The largest of these include Buddha Jayanti Park and the historic Lodi Gardens .	Buddha Jayanti Park	What is the name of one of the largest gardens in new Delhi ?
The city hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games and annually hosts Delhi Half Marathon foot-race .	Commonwealth Games	New Delhi played host to what major athletic competition in 2010 ?
The city has previously hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games .	1951	New Delhi first hosted the Asian Games in what year ?
The city has previously hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games .	1982	The Asian Games were most recently held in New Delhi in what year ?
New Delhi was interested in bidding for the 2019 Asian Games but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games .	allegations of corruption	New Delhi 's bid for the 2019 Asian Games was turned down by the government for what reason ?
The city hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games and annually hosts Delhi Half Marathon foot-race .	Delhi Half Marathon	New Delhi is the annual host of what foot-race ?
Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Ambedkar Stadium , Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium , Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex , Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex .	R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex	What major tennis stadium is located in New Delhi ?
Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Ambedkar Stadium , Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium , Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex , Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex .	Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium	What major sports venue in New Delhi bears the name of the former prime minister Indira Gandhi ?
Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Ambedkar Stadium , Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium , Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex , Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex .	New Delhi	The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is located in which Indian city ?
Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Ambedkar Stadium , Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium , Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex , Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex .	New Delhi	In which Indian city is the Siri Fort Sports Complex located ?
Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Ambedkar Stadium , Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium , Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex , Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex .	New Delhi	The Dhyan Chand National Stadium is located in which major Indian city ?
230000 , second highest in India after Goa .	Goa	The per capita income of New Delhi was second only to what Indian municipality ?
GSDP in Delhi at the current prices for 2012-13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion -LRB- short scale -RRB- against Rs 3.11 trillion -LRB- short scale -RRB- in 2011-12 .	Rs 3.88 trillion	What was the 2012-13 current price estimate for GSDP in Delhi ?
GSDP in Delhi at the current prices for 2012-13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion -LRB- short scale -RRB- against Rs 3.11 trillion -LRB- short scale -RRB- in 2011-12 .	Rs 3.11 trillion	What was the 2011-12 GSDP estimate for Delhi ?
Connaught Place , one of North India 's largest commercial and financial centres , is located in the northern part of New Delhi .	Connaught Place	What is the name of the large commercial and financial district located in the northern part of New Delhi ?
Key service industries include information technology , telecommunications , hotels , banking , media and tourism .	information technology	What is one of the key service industries of New Delhi ?
Government and quasi government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi .	Government	Prior to the expansion of the service sector , what sector was the largest employer in New Delhi ?
The city 's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies .	multinational companies	The large skilled English-speaking workforce of New Delhi has been able to attract what type of organizations to the city ?
The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39 , but overall the capital is ranked at 37 , above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg .	39	According to the 2011 World Health Report , where does New Delhi rank in terms of economic activity ?
New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets .	Beijing	New Delhi shares the position as the most targeted retail destination in Asia-Pacific markets with what other city ?
The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39 , but overall the capital is ranked at 37 , above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg .	World Wealth Report	What organization ranked New Delhi 39th in economic activity in 2011 ?
The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39 , but overall the capital is ranked at 37 , above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg .	2011	In which year was New Delhi ranked 39th in economic activity by the World Wealth Report ?
The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39 , but overall the capital is ranked at 37 , above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg .	economic activity	Major cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg rank below New Delhi in what key statistic ?
The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually .	The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi	What government body is responsible for releasing the annual official economic report for Delhi ?
It grew by 16.2 % to reach Rs .1,35,814 -LRB- $ 3,018 -RRB- in 2009 -- 10 fiscal .	16.2%	New Delhi 's Per Capita income grew by what percentage in 2009-10 ?
New Delhi 's Per Capita GDP -LRB- at PPP -RRB- was at $ 6,860 during 2009 -- 10 fiscal , making it one of the richest cities in India .	$6,860	What was New Delhi 's Per Capita GDP in dollars for 2009-10 ?
In the year 2008 -- 09 New Delhi had a Per Capita Income of Rs .1,16,886 -LRB- $ 2,595 -RRB- .	Rs.1,16,886	What was the 2008-09 Per Capita income of New Delhi ?
83,085 crores -LRB- for the year 2004 -- 05 -RRB- and a per capita income of Rs .	83,085 crores	What was the 2004-05 State Domestic Product of Delhi ?
The gross state domestic product -LRB- GSDP -RRB- of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011-12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore , which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal .	Rs 3.13 lakh crore	What was the gross state domestic product of Delhi for 2011-12 ?
The gross state domestic product -LRB- GSDP -RRB- of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011-12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore , which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal .	18.7	The GSDP of Delhi increased by what percentage over the previous year in 2011-12 ?
The gross state domestic product -LRB- GSDP -RRB- of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011-12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore , which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal .	2011-12	In which fiscal year was the GSDP of Delhi estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore ?
The gross state domestic product -LRB- GSDP -RRB- of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011-12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore , which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal .	increase	Did the GSDP of Delhi in 2011-12 increase or decrease from the previous fiscal year ?
The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi .	New Delhi	In what city is the Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology located ?
New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP , UNODC , UNESCO , UNICEF , WFP , UNV , UNCTAD , FAO , UNFPA , WHO , World Bank , ILO , IMF , UNIFEM , IFC and UNAIDS .	New Delhi	What major city is home to most regional UN offices in India ?
New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP , UNODC , UNESCO , UNICEF , WFP , UNV , UNCTAD , FAO , UNFPA , WHO , World Bank , ILO , IMF , UNIFEM , IFC and UNAIDS .	UNDP	What is one regional UN office located in New Delhi ?
New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP , UNODC , UNESCO , UNICEF , WFP , UNV , UNCTAD , FAO , UNFPA , WHO , World Bank , ILO , IMF , UNIFEM , IFC and UNAIDS .	New Delhi	The regional office of the World Bank in India is located in what city ?
New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP , UNODC , UNESCO , UNICEF , WFP , UNV , UNCTAD , FAO , UNFPA , WHO , World Bank , ILO , IMF , UNIFEM , IFC and UNAIDS .	New Delhi	The regional offices of the IMF , UNICEF , and UNESCO are all located in what major Indian city ?
The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad , and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority -LRB- Ismah -RRB- as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt , the family of Muhammad .	Imams	Who do the Shia believe are the rightful successors of Muhammad ?
Imamah -LRB- Arabic : إمامة -RRB- is the Shia Islam doctrine -LRB- belief -RRB- of religious , spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah .	Imamah	What is the Shia Islam doctrine of religious , spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah ?
These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah .	their tariqa followers	Who do the Iamas provide guidance to ?
The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad , and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority -LRB- Ismah -RRB- as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt , the family of Muhammad .	divine knowledge and authority	What are Imams possessed of ?
The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad , and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority -LRB- Ismah -RRB- as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt , the family of Muhammad .	Muhammad	Whose family are the Ahl al-Bayt a part of ?
Imamah -LRB- Arabic : إمامة -RRB- is the Shia Islam doctrine -LRB- belief -RRB- of religious , spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah .	Imamah	What is the Shia Islam doctrine called ?
The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad , and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority -LRB- Ismah -RRB- as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt , the family of Muhammad .	Imams	Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad ?
These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah .	providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran	What is the role of Imams ?
The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad , and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority -LRB- Ismah -RRB- as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt , the family of Muhammad .	Imams	Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority ?
Shias believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith -LRB- Usul al-Din -RRB- .	Shias	Who believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith ?
They refer to the verse -LRB- ... This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion ... -RRB- 5:3 of Quran which was revealed to the prophet when he appointed Ali as his successor at the day of Ghadir Khumm .	Ghadir Khumm	On what day was Ali appointed as the prophet 's successor ?
As the verse 4:165 of quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets ; so after the demise of the prophet who will play the role of the prophet ; till the people have not any plea against Allah.So the same logic that necessitated the assignment of prophets also is applied for Imamah.That is Allah Must assign someone similar to prophet in his attributes and Ismah as his successor to guide the people without any deviation in religion .	4:165	What verse in the quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets ?
As the verse 4:165 of quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets ; so after the demise of the prophet who will play the role of the prophet ; till the people have not any plea against Allah.So the same logic that necessitated the assignment of prophets also is applied for Imamah.That is Allah Must assign someone similar to prophet in his attributes and Ismah as his successor to guide the people without any deviation in religion .	Allah	Who must assign a successor after the demise of a prophet ?
As the verse 4:165 of quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets ; so after the demise of the prophet who will play the role of the prophet ; till the people have not any plea against Allah.So the same logic that necessitated the assignment of prophets also is applied for Imamah.That is Allah Must assign someone similar to prophet in his attributes and Ismah as his successor to guide the people without any deviation in religion .	guide the people	What must a prophet do ?
Within Shia Islam -LRB- Shiism -RRB- , the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams ' successions , just as the Shia - Sunni separation within Islam itself had come into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad .	they differed over their Imams' successions	Why did different sects come about within Shiism ?
Within Shia Islam -LRB- Shiism -RRB- , the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams ' successions , just as the Shia - Sunni separation within Islam itself had come into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad .	Shia - Sunni	What great separation came to be from a dispute over the succession to Muhammad ?
Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam 's dynasty , thus resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah .	its own particular Imam's dynasty	What does each Shia tariqah follow ?
Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah -LRB- literal meaning ` path ' ; extended meaning ` sect ' -RRB- within Shia Islam .	path	What is the literal meaning of tariqah ?
When the dynastic line of the separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him , then either he -LRB- the last Imam -RRB- or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into concealment , that is , The Occultation .	The Occultation	What is it called when the last Imam or his unborn successor goes into concealment ?
And that is maybe why the basic characteristic of Muhammad and other prophets was their nobility .	their nobility	What is the basic characteristis of Muhammad and the prophets ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- It is believed that all Muhammad 's ancestors up to Adam were true Muslims .	Muslims	What religion were all of Muhammad 's ancestors ?
-LSB- a -RSB- -LSB- citation needed -RSB- Jesus was also from a pious family , as it is mentioned in Quran that after his birth , people said to Mary : O sister of Aaron , your father was not a man of evil , nor was your mother unchaste . ''	Jesus	Who does the Quran say was also from a pious family ?
It is forbidden for the Divine Leader not to be from the family of Muhammad .	not to be from the family of Muhammad	What is forbidden for the Divine Leader ?
That sign is his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad and his clear appointment so that the people could distinguish him from others , and be clearly guided toward him .	his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad	What is the sign that indicates the Divine Leader ?
The word `` Imām '' denotes a person who stands or walks `` in front '' .	Imām	What word literally means a person who stands or walks in front ?
For Sunni Islam , the word is commonly used to mean a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque .	a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque	For Sunni Islam , what does the word Imam commonly mean ?
It also means the head of a madhhab -LRB- `` school of thought '' -RRB- .	school of thought	What does the word madhhab mean ?
However , from the Shia point of view this is merely the basic understanding of the word in the Arabic language and , for its proper religious usage , the word `` Imam '' is applicable only to those members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible by the preceding Imam .	members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible	What does Imam mean in its proper religious context ?
Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to the Shia group -LRB- as opposed to the Sunni group -RRB- in Islam , there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs .	Shia	What group do the Shia tariqahs belong to ?
After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation .	Occultation	What has happened to some of the Shia tariqahs last Imams ?
After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation .	Shia Nizari Ismailis	Who deny the concept of Occulation ?
The Shia Nizari Ismailis by definition have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time .	present and living	What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Thus if any living Nizari Ismaili Imam fails to leave behind a successor after him then the Nizari Ismailism 's cardinal principle would be broken and it 's very raison d'être would come to an end .	come to an end	What would happen to the Nizari Ismaili if the Imam fails to leave a successor ?
According to Ismā ` īlīsm , Allah has sent `` seven '' great prophets known as `` Nātıq '' -LRB- Spoken -RRB- in order to disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam .	seven	How many great prophets has Allah sent ?
According to Ismā ` īlīsm , Allah has sent `` seven '' great prophets known as `` Nātıq '' -LRB- Spoken -RRB- in order to disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam .	Nātıq	What are the seven great prophets known as ?
According to Ismā ` īlīsm , Allah has sent `` seven '' great prophets known as `` Nātıq '' -LRB- Spoken -RRB- in order to disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam .	disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam	What are the seven great prophets supposed to do ?
All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as `` Sāmad -LRB- Silent -RRB- Imām '' .	Sāmad (Silent) Imām	What is the great prophets assistant called ?
The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the `` Shia '' .	the "Shia"	In Shia tariqah , what are the Twelvers commonly known as ?
After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis ; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the `` Bohras '' with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah .	Ismailis	What are the Nizari Ismailis more commonly known as ?
After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis ; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the `` Bohras '' with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah .	Bohras	What are the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as ?
The Shia Sevener tariqah no longer exists .	The Shia Sevener	Which tariqah no longer exists ?
Another small tariqah is the Zaidi Shias , also known as the Fivers and who do not believe in The Occultation of their last Imam .	Zaidi Shias	Which tariah is known as the Fivers ?
During the Minor Occultation -LRB- Ghaybat al-Sughrá -RRB- , it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies -LRB- Arab .	via deputies	How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation ?
They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers .	acted as agents between him and his followers	How did deputies represent al-Mahdi ?
Whenever the believers faced a problem , they would write their concerns and send them to his deputy .	write their concerns and send them to his deputy	What would believers do when they had a problem ?
The deputy would ascertain his verdict , endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties .	seal and signature	What would the deputy endorse the concerns with ?
The deputies also collected zakat and khums on his behalf .	zakat and khums	What did the deputies collect in the Imam 's behalf ?
The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment .	living imams	How do Ismailis differ from Twelvers ?
They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar , elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim , as the rightful Imam after his father Ja ` far al-Sadiq .	Isma'il ibn Jafar	Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim ?
They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar , elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim , as the rightful Imam after his father Ja ` far al-Sadiq .	Ja'far al-Sadiq	Who is the father of Isma'il ibn Jafar ?
The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja ` far , he had passed on the mantle of the imamate to his son Muḥammad ibn Ismail as the next imam .	mantle of the imamate	What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son ?
The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims -LRB- also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra -RRB- continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali .	Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra	What are the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims also known as ?
After his death , they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr -LRB- period of concealment -RRB- that continues to this day .	went into a Dawr-e-Satr	What do Bohras believe happened to Taiyab abi al-qasim ?
In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-al-Mutlaq -LRB- absolute missionary -RRB- who manages the affairs of the Imam-in-Concealment until re-emergence of the Imam from concealment .	Dai-al-Mutlaq	Who are the Bohras led by in the absence of an imam ?
Dawoodi Bohra 's present 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq is His Holiness Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin -LRB- TUS -RRB- who succeeded his predessor the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq His Holiness Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin -LRB- RA -RRB- .	Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin	Who is Dawoodi Bohra 's present 53rd Da'i al-Butlaq ?
All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said : `` To whomsoever I am Mawla , Ali is his Mawla . ''	Muhammad	Who do Muslims believe said `` To whomsoever I am Mawla , Ali is his Mawla ?
This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books -LSB- citation needed -RSB- of both Sunni and Shia collections .	45	How many books can this quote be found ?
The major point of conflict between the Sunni and the Shia is in the interpretation of the word ` Mawla ' .	the word 'Mawla'	What is the point of conflict between Sunni and Shia ?
However , for the Sunnis the word simply means the ` beloved ' or the ` revered ' and has no other significance at all .	beloved	What does the work Mawla mean to Sunnies ?
For the Shia the word means ` Lord and Master ' and has the same elevated significance as when the term had been used to address Muhammad himself during his lifetime .	Lord and Master	What does the word Mawla mean to Shia ?
By the verse Quran , 2:124 , Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance , of course a guidance by God 's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal .	2:124	By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position ?
Regarding 17:71 , no age can be without an Imam .	no age can be without an Imam	What does the Quran verse 17:71 say ?
Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him 2 .	God	Imamah is a position appointed by who ?
Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one exceles him in nobility 3 .	divine protection	What is an Imam protected by ?
No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal .	Imam	Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal ?
Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn ` Alī , who was the brother of Hassan ibn ` Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Quranic verses which include : 75:36 , 13:7 , 35:24 , 2:30 , 2:124 , 36:26 , 7:142 , 42:23 .	Hussayn ibn 'Alī	Who was the brother of Hassan ibn ` Ali ?
Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn ` Alī , who was the brother of Hassan ibn ` Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Quranic verses which include : 75:36 , 13:7 , 35:24 , 2:30 , 2:124 , 36:26 , 7:142 , 42:23 .	son	Usually , how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- They support their discussion by citing Genesis 17:19 -- 20 and Sunni hadith : Sahih Muslim , Hadith number 4478 , English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui .	Genesis 17:19–20	What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession ?
It occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere , where birds are funnelled on to specific routes by natural barriers such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Caribbean Sea .	the northern hemisphere	Where does migration mainly occur ?
Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality , including from hunting by humans , and is driven primarily by availability of food .	availability of food	Why do birds primarily migrate ?
Many species of bird migrate .	Many species	Which birds migrate ?
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement , often north and south along a flyway , between breeding and wintering grounds .	the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds	What is bird migration ?
Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality , including from hunting by humans , and is driven primarily by availability of food .	humans	What is a cause of death to birds during migration ?
Historically , migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle , and in the Book of Job , for species such as storks , turtle doves , and swallows .	3,000 years ago	When was migration first recorded ?
Historically , migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle , and in the Book of Job , for species such as storks , turtle doves , and swallows .	Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job	Who recorded the earliest records of migration ?
More recently , Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749 , and scientific studies have used techniques including bird ringing and satellite tracking .	Finland	Where was Johannes Leche from ?
Historically , migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle , and in the Book of Job , for species such as storks , turtle doves , and swallows .	storks, turtle doves, and swallows	Which species of birds were recorded 3,000 years ago ?
Threats to migratory birds have grown with habitat destruction especially of stopover and wintering sites , as well as structures such as power lines and wind farms .	habitat destruction	What is a major threat to migratory birds ?
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds , travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year .	The Arctic tern	Which birds migrate the furthest ?
The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds , travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year .	between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic	Where does the Arctic tern migrate each year ?
Some species of tubenoses -LRB- Procellariiformes -RRB- such as albatrosses circle the earth , flying over the southern oceans , while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km -LRB- 8,700 mi -RRB- between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean .	between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean	Where do Manx shearwaters migrate ?
Some species of tubenoses -LRB- Procellariiformes -RRB- such as albatrosses circle the earth , flying over the southern oceans , while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km -LRB- 8,700 mi -RRB- between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean .	albatrosses	which bird migrates by circling the earth ?
Shorter migrations are common , including altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas .	altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas	What is an example of a shorter migration ?
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length .	changes in day length	What causes the timing of migration ?
Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars , the earth 's magnetic field , and probably also mental maps .	celestial cues from the sun and stars	How do migrating birds navigate ?
Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars , the earth 's magnetic field , and probably also mental maps .	the earth's magnetic field	How else to migrating birds navigate ?
Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars , the earth 's magnetic field , and probably also mental maps .	mental maps	What might help migrating birds navigate ?
Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod , Homer , Herodotus and Aristotle .	Ancient Greek writers	Who recorded early records of migration ?
The Bible also notes migrations , as in the Book of Job -LRB- 39:26 -RRB- , where the inquiry is made : `` Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers , spreads its wings southward ? ''	the Book of Job (39:26)	Where in the bible does it mention migration ?
The Bible also notes migrations , as in the Book of Job -LRB- 39:26 -RRB- , where the inquiry is made : `` Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers , spreads its wings southward ? ''	hawk	What bird is mentioned in the book of Job ?
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile .	Aristotle	Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile ?
Pliny the Elder , in his Historia Naturalis , repeats Aristotle 's observations .	Pliny the Elder	Who repeats Aristotle 's observations ?
Pliny the Elder , in his Historia Naturalis , repeats Aristotle 's observations .	in his Historia Naturalis	Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle 's observations ?
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile .	cranes	What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about ?
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated .	swallows	Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated ?
This belief persisted as late as 1878 , when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows .	1878	Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist ?
This belief persisted as late as 1878 , when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows .	Elliott Coues	Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows ?
Even the `` highly observant '' Gilbert White , in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selborne , quoted a man 's story about swallows being found in a chalk cliff collapse `` while he was a schoolboy at Brighthelmstone '' , though the man denied being an eyewitness .	Gilbert White	Who wrote `` The Natural History of Selborne '' ?
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted .	the end of the eighteenth century	When was migration finally accepted ?
Thomas Bewick 's A History of British Birds -LRB- Volume 1 , 1797 -RRB- mentions a report from `` a very intelligent master of a vessel '' who , `` between the islands of Minorca and Majorca , saw great numbers of Swallows flying northward '' , and states the situation in Britain as follows :	Thomas Bewick	Who wrote A History of British Birds ?
Thomas Bewick 's A History of British Birds -LRB- Volume 1 , 1797 -RRB- mentions a report from `` a very intelligent master of a vessel '' who , `` between the islands of Minorca and Majorca , saw great numbers of Swallows flying northward '' , and states the situation in Britain as follows :	1797	What year was Thomas Bewick 's book published ?
Thomas Bewick 's A History of British Birds -LRB- Volume 1 , 1797 -RRB- mentions a report from `` a very intelligent master of a vessel '' who , `` between the islands of Minorca and Majorca , saw great numbers of Swallows flying northward '' , and states the situation in Britain as follows :	between the islands of Minorca and Majorca	Where were Swallows seen flying ?
Thomas Bewick 's A History of British Birds -LRB- Volume 1 , 1797 -RRB- mentions a report from `` a very intelligent master of a vessel '' who , `` between the islands of Minorca and Majorca , saw great numbers of Swallows flying northward '' , and states the situation in Britain as follows :	northward	Which directions were the Swallows flying ?
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years , where they remained warm and dry through the winters .	Bewick	Who describes an experiment with swallows ?
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years , where they remained warm and dry through the winters .	Britain	Where did this experiment take place ?
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years , where they remained warm and dry through the winters .	they remained warm and dry through the winters	How did the experiment succeed ?
Bewick then describes an experiment which succeeded in keeping swallows alive in Britain for several years , where they remained warm and dry through the winters .	several years	How long did the birds stay alive ?
Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability , habitat , or weather .	response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather	Why do birds migrate ?
Non-migratory birds are said to be resident or sedentary .	resident or sedentary	What are non = migratory birds called ?
Approximately 1800 of the world 's 10,000 bird species are long-distance migrants .	10,000	How many species of birds are there ?
Approximately 1800 of the world 's 10,000 bird species are long-distance migrants .	1800	How many bird species are long distance migrants ?
Migration is the regular seasonal movement , often north and south , undertaken by many species of birds .	north and south	Which direction do birds primarily migrate ?
Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway .	a flyway	Along where do many birds migrate ?
The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south .	south	What is the most common directionof migration in autumn ?
The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south .	flying north	What is the most common pattern of migration in the spring ?
The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south .	to breed	Why do the birds fly north ?
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food ; for example , some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter .	food	What is the primary motivation for migration ?
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food ; for example , some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter .	hummingbirds	Which birds will not migrate if they are well fed through winter ?
As the days shorten in autumn , the birds return to warmer regions where the available food supply varies little with the season .	autumn	When do the birds return to warmer regions ?
Also , the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young .	time for breeding birds to feed their young.	what do the longer days of summer provide the birds ?
This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migratory species that remain in the tropics .	larger clutches	What do diurnal birds produce as opposed to non migratory species ?
Predation can be heightened during migration : Eleonora 's falcon Falco eleonorae , which breeds on Mediterranean islands , has a very late breeding season , coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrants , which it feeds to its young .	Predation	What is hightened during migration ?
Predation can be heightened during migration : Eleonora 's falcon Falco eleonorae , which breeds on Mediterranean islands , has a very late breeding season , coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrants , which it feeds to its young .	Mediterranean islands	Where do Eleonora 's falcon breed ?
Predation can be heightened during migration : Eleonora 's falcon Falco eleonorae , which breeds on Mediterranean islands , has a very late breeding season , coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrants , which it feeds to its young .	southbound passerine migrants	What do Eleonora 's falcon feed their young ?
A similar strategy is adopted by the greater noctule bat , which preys on nocturnal passerine migrants .	the greater noctule bat	What preys on nocturnal passerine migrants ?
The higher concentrations of migrating birds at stopover sites make them prone to parasites and pathogens , which require a heightened immune response .	higher concentrations of migrating birds	What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens ?
Within a species not all populations may be migratory ; this is known as `` partial migration '' .	not all populations may be migratory	What is partial migration ?
Partial migration is very common in the southern continents ; in Australia , 44 % of non-passerine birds and 32 % of passerine species are partially migratory .	the southern continents	Where is partial migration most common ?
Partial migration is very common in the southern continents ; in Australia , 44 % of non-passerine birds and 32 % of passerine species are partially migratory .	44%	In Australia , what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory ?
Partial migration is very common in the southern continents ; in Australia , 44 % of non-passerine birds and 32 % of passerine species are partially migratory .	32%	In Australia , what percent of passerine species are partially migratory ?
Many fully migratory species show leap-frog migration -LRB- birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes -RRB- , and many show the alternative , chain migration , where populations ` slide ' more evenly north and south without reversing order .	birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes	What is leap frog migration ?
Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do .	Female	Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier ?
Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do .	Eastern Fennoscandia	Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from ?
Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do .	autumn	When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate ?
Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front .	the birds starting off in a broad front	How do most migrations begin ?
These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines , sometimes rivers , and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as large stretches of open water .	mountain ranges or coastlines	What to the migrating birds usually follow ?
These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines , sometimes rivers , and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as large stretches of open water .	large stretches of open water	What obsticals will migrating birds avoid ?
A common pattern in North America is clockwise migration , where birds flying North tend to be further West , and flying South tend to shift Eastwards .	clockwise	What is a common pattern in North America migration ?
Often , this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways .	flyways	What are the preferred routes for migration called ?
Many , if not most , birds migrate in flocks .	in flocks	How do most birds migrate ?
Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12 -- 20 % of the energy they would need to fly alone .	12–20%	How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock ?
Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h -LRB- 3.1 mph -RRB- faster in flocks than when they were flying alone .	3.1 mph	How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock ?
For larger birds , flying in flocks reduces the energy cost .	energy cost	What does flying in flocks reduce ?
Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12 -- 20 % of the energy they would need to fly alone .	a V-formation	How do birds conserve energy ?
An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m -LRB- 16,000 ft -RRB- on the Khumbu Glacier .	skeletons	What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest ?
Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres -LRB- 21,460 ft -RRB- while crossing the Himalayas , at the same time engaging in the highest rates of climb to altitude for any bird .	Bar-headed geese Anser indicus	Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude ?
Seabirds fly low over water but gain altitude when crossing land , and the reverse pattern is seen in landbirds .	Seabirds	What kind of birds fly low over water ?
However most bird migration is in the range of 150 to 600 m -LRB- 490 to 1,970 ft -RRB- .	150 to 600 m	What altitude range is most migration recorded ?
Bird strike aviation records from the United States show most collisions occur below 600 m -LRB- 2,000 ft -RRB- and almost none above 1,800 m -LRB- 5,900 ft -RRB- .	below 600 m	Where do most in air collisions occur ?
Most species of penguin -LRB- Spheniscidae -RRB- migrate by swimming .	by swimming	How do penguins migrate ?
These routes can cover over 1,000 km -LRB- 620 mi -RRB- .	over 1,000 km	How far do penguins travel when they migrate ?
Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking .	mostly by walking	How do Dusky grouse migrate ?
Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake long-distance movements on foot during droughts .	on foot	How do Emus migrate long distances during droughts ?
Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake long-distance movements on foot during droughts .	Australia	Where are Emus from ?
For example , the pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus migrates from Iceland to Britain and neighbouring countries , whilst the dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis migrates from subarctic and arctic climates to the contiguous United States and the American goldfinch from taiga to wintering grounds extending from the American South northwestward to Western Oregon .	from Iceland to Britain	Where do the pink-footed goose migrate ?
For example , the pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus migrates from Iceland to Britain and neighbouring countries , whilst the dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis migrates from subarctic and arctic climates to the contiguous United States and the American goldfinch from taiga to wintering grounds extending from the American South northwestward to Western Oregon .	arctic climates to the contiguous United States	Where do the dark-eyed junco migrate ?
The European pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca also follows this migratory trend , breeding in Asia and Europe and wintering in Africa .	Asia and Europe	Where do the European pied flycatcher breed ?
The European pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca also follows this migratory trend , breeding in Asia and Europe and wintering in Africa .	Africa	Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter ?
Migratory routes and wintering grounds are traditional and learned by young during their first migration with their parents .	during their first migration with their parents	How do young learn migratory routes ?
Rather , it could follow an hooked or arched line , with detours around geographical barriers .	an hooked or arched line	What route does a migrating bird usually follow ?
For most land-birds , such barriers could consist in seas , large water bodies or high mountain ranges , because of the lack of stopover or feeding sites , or the lack of thermal columns for broad-winged birds .	large water bodies or high mountain ranges	What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid ?
For most land-birds , such barriers could consist in seas , large water bodies or high mountain ranges , because of the lack of stopover or feeding sites , or the lack of thermal columns for broad-winged birds .	the lack of stopover or feeding sites	Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges ?
For most land-birds , such barriers could consist in seas , large water bodies or high mountain ranges , because of the lack of stopover or feeding sites , or the lack of thermal columns for broad-winged birds .	lack of thermal columns	Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers ?
The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds , but in reverse : a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters .	a large area of land without bodies of water	What do water birds avoid while migrating ?
Detours avoiding such barriers are observed : for example , brent geese Branta bernicla migrating from the Taymyr Peninsula to the Wadden Sea travel via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea rather than directly across the Arctic Ocean and northern Scandinavia .	the Taymyr Peninsula	Where do brent geese migrate from ?
Detours avoiding such barriers are observed : for example , brent geese Branta bernicla migrating from the Taymyr Peninsula to the Wadden Sea travel via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea rather than directly across the Arctic Ocean and northern Scandinavia .	the Wadden Sea	Where do brent geese migrate to ?
Detours avoiding such barriers are observed : for example , brent geese Branta bernicla migrating from the Taymyr Peninsula to the Wadden Sea travel via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea rather than directly across the Arctic Ocean and northern Scandinavia .	via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea	How do brent geese migrate ?
A similar situation occurs with waders -LRB- called shorebirds in North America -RRB- .	shorebirds	What are waders called in North America ?
Many species , such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri , undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere , but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere .	warmer locations in the same hemisphere	Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to ?
Many species , such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri , undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere , but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere .	the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere	Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to ?
Many species , such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri , undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere , but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere .	Arctic breeding grounds	Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from ?
For some species of waders , migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route .	the availability of certain key food resources	What does successful migration depend on for some waders ?
For some species of waders , migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route .	stopover points along the migration route	Where do migrants refuel ?
Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay .	the Bay of Fundy	Where is an important stopover location ?
Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay .	Delaware Bay	What is another stopover location ?
Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant , flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas .	bar-tailed godwits	Which bird has the longest migration ?
Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant , flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas .	11,000 km	How far do bar-tailed godwits travel to migrate ?
Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant , flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas .	Alaska	Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from
Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant , flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas .	New Zealand	Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate to ?
Prior to migration , 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey .	55 percent	How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration ?
The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird , and sees more daylight than any other , moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas .	The Arctic tern	Which seabird has the longest-distance migration ?
The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird , and sees more daylight than any other , moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas .	The Arctic tern	Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration ?
One Arctic tern , ringed -LRB- banded -RRB- as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast , reached Melbourne , Australia in just three months from fledging , a sea journey of over 22,000 km -LRB- 14,000 mi -RRB- .	three months	How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate ?
One Arctic tern , ringed -LRB- banded -RRB- as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast , reached Melbourne , Australia in just three months from fledging , a sea journey of over 22,000 km -LRB- 14,000 mi -RRB- .	22,000 km	How far did the Arctic tern chick travel ?
Many tubenosed birds breed in the southern hemisphere and migrate north in the southern winter .	the southern hemisphere	Where do tubenosed birds breed ?
The most pelagic species , mainly in the ` tubenose ' order Procellariiformes , are great wanderers , and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the `` roaring forties '' outside the breeding season .	pelagic	Which species are great wanderers ?
As they are long-lived birds , they may cover enormous distances during their lives ; one record-breaking Manx shearwater is calculated to have flown 8 million km -LRB- 5 million miles -RRB- during its over-50 year lifespan .	8 million km	How far did a Manx shearwater fly over it 's lifespan ?
As they are long-lived birds , they may cover enormous distances during their lives ; one record-breaking Manx shearwater is calculated to have flown 8 million km -LRB- 5 million miles -RRB- during its over-50 year lifespan .	Manx shearwater	Which bird broke a record in how far it flew over it 's life ?
Many are also among the longest-distance migrants ; sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000 km -LRB- 8,700 mi -RRB- between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway .	14,000 km	How far will Puffinus griseus migrate each year ?
Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar .	thermal columns of rising hot air	What do some large broad-winged birds rely on to help them soar ?
These birds migrate in the daytime .	daytime	When do large birds of pray migrate ?
Batumi bottleneck in the Caucasus is one of the heaviest migratory funnels on earth .	Batumi bottleneck	What is one of the heaviest migratory funnels ?
Birds of prey such as honey buzzards which migrate using thermals lose only 10 to 20 % of their weight during migration , which may explain why they forage less during migration than do smaller birds of prey with more active flight such as falcons , hawks and harriers .	10 to 20%	How much of their body weight do honey buzzards lose during migration ?
Avoiding flying over the Black Sea surface and across high mountains , hundreds of thousands of soaring birds funnel through an area around the city of Batumi , Georgia .	hundreds of thousands	How many birds funnel through Batumi , Georgia each year ?
Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers , hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances , usually at night .	usually at night	When do many insectivorous birds migrate ?
Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers , hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances , usually at night .	smaller insectivorous birds	Which kinds of birds land for a few days before resuming migration ?
The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations between the origin and destination .	passage migrants	What are smaller insectivorous birds referred to ?
They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration .	a few days	How long do passage migrants stop and feed before resuming migration ?
Nocturnal migrants minimize predation , avoid overheating , and can feed during the day .	minimize predation	What is a benefit of nocturnal migration ?
One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep .	loss of sleep	What is a cost of nocturnal migration ?
Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss .	Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep	How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep ?
Nocturnal migrants minimize predation , avoid overheating , and can feed during the day .	avoid overheating	What is another benefit of nocturnal migration ?
Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length .	respond to changing day length	What are many long distance migrants genetically programmed to do ?
Species that move short distances , however , may not need such a timing mechanism , instead moving in response to local weather conditions .	response to local weather conditions	How do species that move short distances know when to migrate ?
Thus mountain and moorland breeders , such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and white-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus , may move only altitudinally to escape the cold higher ground .	to escape the cold higher ground	Why do mountain and moorland breeders move only altitudinally ?
Other species such as merlin Falco columbarius and Eurasian skylark Alauda arvensis move further , to the coast or towards the south .	the coast or towards the south	Where do the merlin Falco columbarius migrate to ?
Species like the chaffinch are much less migratory in Britain than those of continental Europe , mostly not moving more than 5 km in their lives .	5 km	How far do British chaffinch more in their lives ?
Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins .	two	How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have ?
Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family , such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita , are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere .	the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita	Which species have long-distance migrants in the same family ?
Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family , such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita , are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere .	to stay in the northern hemisphere	Why have some specied progressively shortened their return migration ?
Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives , such as the waxwings Bombycilla , are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food , rather than enhanced breeding opportunities .	the waxwings Bombycilla	What species has no long-distance migratory relatives ?
Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives , such as the waxwings Bombycilla , are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food , rather than enhanced breeding opportunities .	winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food	What are the waxwings Bombycilla moving in response to ?
Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives , such as the waxwings Bombycilla , are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food , rather than enhanced breeding opportunities .	enhanced breeding opportunities	Why are the waxwing Bombycilla not migrating for ?
In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year , and it is always warm enough for a food supply , but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds .	In the tropics	Where is there little variation in the length of day throughout the year ?
There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits .	to obtain more of their preferred foods	Why does altitudinal migration occur in some tropical birds ?
There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits .	fruits	What are tropical birds preferred foods ?
In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year , and it is always warm enough for a food supply , but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds .	In the tropics	Where is it always warm enough for food supply ?
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range .	a good breeding season followed by a food source failure	For what reason would birds mor far beyond the normal range ?
Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers , with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century , but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000 .	five	How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain in the nineteeth century ?
Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers , with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century , but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000 .	18	How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain between 1937 and 200 ?
Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive , with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251 , 1593 , 1757 , and 1791 .	1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791	What years did Red crossbills invade England ?
Bird migration is primarily , but not entirely , a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon .	Northern	In which hemisphere does bird migration primarily happen ?
This is because land birds in high northern latitudes , where food becomes scarce in winter , leave for areas further south -LRB- including the Southern Hemisphere -RRB- to overwinter , and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Northern Hemisphere .	south	Where do birds from high northern latitutes migrate to ?
This is because land birds in high northern latitudes , where food becomes scarce in winter , leave for areas further south -LRB- including the Southern Hemisphere -RRB- to overwinter , and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Northern Hemisphere .	food becomes scarce	Why do birds migrate south in winter ?
In contrast , among -LRB- pelagic -RRB- seabirds , species of the Southern Hemisphere are more likely to migrate .	species of the Southern Hemisphere	Which species of seabirds are more likely to migrate ?
This is because there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere , and more islands suitable for seabirds to nest .	there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere	Why are seabirds from the southern hemisphere more likely to migrate ?
The control of migration , its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds .	a primitive trait	What controls a birds migration ?
The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as learning .	endogenous programs as well as learning	How do birds navigate and orient themselves during migration ?
The control of migration , its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds .	migration	What is a primitive trait present even in non migrating birds ?
The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as learning .	The ability to navigate	What is a complex phenomenon in regards to migration ?
The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length .	changes in the day length	What is the primary cue for migration ?
In the period before migration , many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe -LRB- German : migratory restlessness -RRB- , first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795 , as well as physiological changes such as increased fat deposition .	higher activity	How do birds act in the period before migration ?
In the period before migration , many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe -LRB- German : migratory restlessness -RRB- , first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795 , as well as physiological changes such as increased fat deposition .	migratory restlessness	What does Zugunruhe mean in English ?
Caged birds display a preferential flight direction that corresponds with the migratory direction they would take in nature , changing their preferential direction at roughly the same time their wild conspecifics change course .	preferential flight direction	What do caged birds display that corresponds with migratory direction in nature ?
Caged birds display a preferential flight direction that corresponds with the migratory direction they would take in nature , changing their preferential direction at roughly the same time their wild conspecifics change course .	the same time their wild conspecifics change course	When do caged birds change their preferential direction ?
This is termed protandry .	protandry	What is it called when males return earlier to the breeding sites than females ?
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism , males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females .	males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites	What happens in polygynous species with sexual dimophism ?
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism , males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females .	sexual dimorphism	Why do males in polygynous species return before the females ?
Navigation is based on a variety of senses .	a variety of senses	What is navigation based on ?
Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass .	sun	What do many birds use as a compass ?
Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time .	the need for making compensation based on the time	What does using the sun for direction involve ?
Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields -LRB- magnetoception -RRB- , use visual landmarks as well as olfactory cues .	use visual landmarks	What else is navigation based on ?
Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magnetic fields -LRB- magnetoception -RRB- , use visual landmarks as well as olfactory cues .	the ability to detect magnetic fields	What is magnetoception ?
Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites .	as young birds	When do long distance migrants disperse ?
Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites .	potential breeding sites	What do young birds form attachments to ?
Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites .	wintering sites	What else do young birds form attachments to ?
Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity , visiting the same wintering sites year after year .	they show high site-fidelity	What happens when the site attachment is made ?
Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity , visiting the same wintering sites year after year .	the same wintering sites year after year	Where do migrating birds visit ?
Satellite tracking of day migrating raptors such as ospreys and honey buzzards has shown that older individuals are better at making corrections for wind drift .	making corrections for wind drift	What are older migrating birds better at ?
Satellite tracking of day migrating raptors such as ospreys and honey buzzards has shown that older individuals are better at making corrections for wind drift .	Satellite	How was the migrating of ospretys and honey buzzards tracked ?
The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive ability of the birds to recognize habitats and form mental maps .	recognize habitats and form mental maps	What do the birds do to successfully perform long distance migration ?
Satellite tracking of day migrating raptors such as ospreys and honey buzzards has shown that older individuals are better at making corrections for wind drift .	ospreys and honey buzzards	What are examples of day migrating raptors ?
Migratory birds may use two electromagnetic tools to find their destinations : one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience .	one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience	What two electromagnetic tools do birds use to find their destinations ?
There is a neural connection between the eye and `` Cluster N '' , the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation , suggesting that birds may actually be able to see the magnetic field of the earth .	between the eye and "Cluster N"	Where is the neural connection that is active during migration located ?
There is a neural connection between the eye and `` Cluster N '' , the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation , suggesting that birds may actually be able to see the magnetic field of the earth .	the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation	What is Cluster N ?
At this stage the bird is in the position of a boy scout with a compass but no map , until it grows accustomed to the journey and can put its other capabilities to use .	a boy scout with a compass but no map	What is a young bird on it 's first migration compared to ?
Because birds migrate between northern and southern regions , the magnetic field strengths at different latitudes let it interpret the radical pair mechanism more accurately and let it know when it has reached its destination .	let it know when it has reached its destination	How does the magnetic field help the bird at different latitudes ?
This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the `` spring overshoot '' in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended .	flying past their destinations	How can migrating birds lose their way ?
This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the `` spring overshoot '' in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended .	spring overshoot	What is flying past their destinations called ?
Examples are the Point Pelee National Park in Canada , and Spurn in England .	Point Pelee National Park	What location has become famous for bird overshooters ?
Examples are the Point Pelee National Park in Canada , and Spurn in England .	Spurn in England	What other location is famous for spring overshoot ?
This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the `` spring overshoot '' in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended .	further north than intended	Where do bird overshooters end up ?
Reverse migration , where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly , can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range .	Reverse migration	What is it called when the genetic programing of young birds fail ?
Reverse migration , where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly , can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range .	where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly	What is reverse migration ?
Reverse migration , where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly , can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range .	rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range	What does reverse migration lead to ?
Reverse migration , where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly , can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range .	thousands of kilometres	How far out of range can rarities get ?
A related phenomenon called `` abmigration '' involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population .	abmigration	What is it called when birds from one region join birds from a different region ?
This is especially common in some waterfowl , which shift from one flyway to another .	waterfowl	What kind of bird is most likely to abmigrate ?
A related phenomenon called `` abmigration '' involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population .	the new population	Who do abmigrating birds return with ?
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds , for example in re-introduction schemes .	to teach a migration route to a flock of birds	What is a re-introduction scheme ?
After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis , microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana .	microlight aircraft	What did they use to teach birds a migration route ?
After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis , microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana .	whooping cranes	Which birds did they reintroduce to the US ?
After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis , microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana .	Canada geese	Which birds did they use as a trial run ?
Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration .	their metabolism	What do birds need to change to meet the demands of migration ?
The timing of this molt - usually once a year but sometimes twice - varies with some species molting prior to moving to their winter grounds and others molting prior to returning to their breeding grounds .	usually once a year	How often do birds molt ?
The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations .	through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep	How do birds store energy ?
In addition , the feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear and require to be molted .	feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear	Why do birds need to molt ?
The timing of this molt - usually once a year but sometimes twice - varies with some species molting prior to moving to their winter grounds and others molting prior to returning to their breeding grounds .	varies with some species	When do birds molt ?
Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages .	independently	How was migration developed ?
Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages .	Migration in birds	What is highly labile ?
While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control , some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to develop in a sedentary species because the genetic framework for migratory behavior exists in nearly all avian lineages .	genetic control	What causes the behavioral adaptations necessary for migration ?
While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control , some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to develop in a sedentary species because the genetic framework for migratory behavior exists in nearly all avian lineages .	genetic framework for migratory behavior	What exists in nearly all avian lineages ?
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20 % will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently .	20%	What percentage increase in flight distance will often be adaptive ?
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20 % will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently .	a bird that loads itself with food	What kind of bird flies less efficiently ?
An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson 's thrush Catharus ustulatus , which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America ; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago .	Swainson's thrush	What type of bird show circuitous migratory routes ?
An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson 's thrush Catharus ustulatus , which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America ; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago .	far east across North America	Where do Swainson 's thrush fly from ?
Large scale climatic changes , as have been experienced in the past , are expected to have an effect on the timing of migration .	climatic changes	What is expected to have an effect on migration timing ?
Studies have shown a variety of effects including timing changes in migration , breeding as well as population variations .	timing changes in migration	What have studies shown regarding climate change ?
Studies have shown a variety of effects including timing changes in migration , breeding as well as population variations .	breeding as well as population variations	What else is climate change been shown to change ?
The migration of birds also aids the movement of other species , including those of ectoparasites such as ticks and lice , which in turn may carry micro-organisms including those of concern to human health .	ectoparasites such as ticks and lice	What other species does migration help ?
Due to the global spread of avian influenza , bird migration has been studied as a possible mechanism of disease transmission , but it has been found not to present a special risk ; import of pet and domestic birds is a greater threat .	import of pet and domestic birds	What is a greater threat of disease transmission ?
Due to the global spread of avian influenza , bird migration has been studied as a possible mechanism of disease transmission , but it has been found not to present a special risk ; import of pet and domestic birds is a greater threat .	bird migration	What has been studied as a mechanism of disease transmission ?
Birds may also have a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and plankton .	Birds	What has a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and plankton ?
Some viruses that are maintained in birds without lethal effects , such as the West Nile Virus may however be spread by migrating birds .	West Nile Virus	What virus is maintained in birds without lethal effects ?
Greater noctule bats feed on nocturnal migrating passerines .	Greater noctule bats	Who takes advantage of migrating birds ?
Greater noctule bats feed on nocturnal migrating passerines .	nocturnal migrating passerines	What do greater noctule bats feed on ?
Some birds of prey specialize on migrating waders .	migrating waders	What do some birds of prey specialize on ?
Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest , marking .	marking	What is the oldest way to study migration ?
Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England .	a nick on the beak	How have swans been marked ?
Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899 .	Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen	Who was scientific ringing pioneered by ?
Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England .	1560	Since when have swans been marked ?
Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking .	radar and satellite tracking	What are other forms of studying migration ?
Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel , which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues .	the Emlen funnel	How are orientation behavior studies traditionally carried out ?
Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel , which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues .	circular	What shape is the cage in the Emlen funnel ?
The orientation behaviour of the bird inside the cage is studied quantitatively using the distribution of marks that the bird leaves on the walls of the cage .	The orientation behaviour	What is studied quantitatively inside the cage ?
The orientation behaviour of the bird inside the cage is studied quantitatively using the distribution of marks that the bird leaves on the walls of the cage .	marks	What does the bird leave on the walls of the cage ?
Other approaches used in pigeon homing studies make use of the direction in which the bird vanishes on the horizon .	on the horizon	Where does the homing pigeon vanish ?
Hunting along migration routes threatens some bird species .	Hunting along migration routes	What threatens some bird species ?
The populations of Siberian cranes -LRB- Leucogeranus leucogeranus -RRB- that wintered in India declined due to hunting along the route , particularly in Afghanistan and Central Asia .	Siberian cranes	What species declined due to hunting in Afghanistand and Asia ?
Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in Keoladeo National Park in 2002 .	2002	When were birds last seen in Keoladeo National Park ?
Structures such as power lines , wind farms and offshore oil-rigs have also been known to affect migratory birds .	migratory birds	What can power lines , wind farms and oil rigs affect ?
Other migration hazards include pollution , storms , wildfires , and habitat destruction along migration routes , denying migrants food at stopover points .	pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction	What are other migration hazards ?
It is on Absecon Island , on the Atlantic coast .	Absecon Island	What is the name of the island on which Atlantic City is located ?
Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1 , 1854 , from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township .	1854	In what year was Atlantic City incorporated ?
Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1 , 1854 , from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township .	Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township	What are the names of the two townships that became part of Atlantic City when it was incorporated ?
The city borders Absecon , Brigantine , Pleasantville , Ventnor City and West Atlantic City .	Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City	How many other towns share a border with Atlantic City ?
It is on Absecon Island , on the Atlantic coast .	Atlantic	Which coast is Atlantic City located on ?
In 1853 , the first commercial hotel , The Belloe House , located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue , was built .	The Belloe House	What is the name of the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City ?
In 1853 , the first commercial hotel , The Belloe House , located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue , was built .	1853	In what year was the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City ?
In 1853 , the first commercial hotel , The Belloe House , located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue , was built .	Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue	What are the names of the two avenues at which The Belloe House is located ?
Because of its location in South Jersey , hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands , Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a potential resort town .	marshlands and islands	What are the two geographical features that Atlantic City is located between ?
Because of its location in South Jersey , hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands , Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a potential resort town .	prime real estate and a potential resort town	What were the two potential aspects of Atlantic City that originally attracted developers ?
Built on the edge of the bay , this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .	Philadelphia	What other US city was linked to Atlantic City by the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service ?
By 1874 , almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail .	500,000	By 1874 , how many passengers were coming to Atlantic City by rail each year ?
That same year , construction of the Absecon Lighthouse , designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers , was approved , with work initiated the next year .	Absecon Lighthouse	What is the name of the lighthouse that is located on the Atlantic City coast ?
In Boardwalk Empire : The Birth , High Times , and Corruption of Atlantic City , `` Atlantic City 's Godfather '' Nelson Johnson describes the inspiration of Dr. Jonathan Pitney -LRB- the `` Father of Atlantic City '' -RRB- to develop Atlantic City as a health resort , his efforts to convince the municipal authorities that a railroad to the beach would be beneficial , his successful alliance with Samuel Richards -LRB- entrepreneur and member of the most influential family in southern New Jersey at the time -RRB- to achieve that goal , the actual building of the railroad , and the experience of the first 600 riders , who `` were chosen carefully by Samuel Richards and Jonathan Pitney '' :	Nelson Johnson	Who is considered to be `` Atlantic City 's Godfather ? ''
The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies .	1870	In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City ?
The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies .	to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies	Why was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City ?
The historic length of the boardwalk , before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane , was about 7 miles -LRB- 11 km -RRB- and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport , through Ventnor and Margate .	1944	What year was the Great Atlantic Hurricane ?
The historic length of the boardwalk , before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane , was about 7 miles -LRB- 11 km -RRB- and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport , through Ventnor and Margate .	about 7 miles	What was the historic length of the boardwalk before the Great Atlantic Hurricane ?
The historic length of the boardwalk , before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane , was about 7 miles -LRB- 11 km -RRB- and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport , through Ventnor and Margate .	Longport	Before the Great Atlantic Hurricane the boardwalk extended from Atlantic City to what other city ?
The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll .	Pleasantville	The first road connected Atlantic City to which mainland town ?
The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll .	1870	The first road that connected Atlantic City to the mainland was completed in what year ?
The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll .	30-cent	How much of a toll was charged on the first road to connect Atlantic City to the mainland ?
Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland that was available without a toll .	Albany Avenue	What was the name of the first road to the mainland that did not charge a toll ?
By 1878 , because of the growing popularity of the city , one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand .	1878	By what year was demand so great that one railroad line could no longer keep up with the demand ?
Soon , the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City .	Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway	What was the name of the new railway that was constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City after 1878 ?
The United States Hotel took up a full city block between Atlantic , Pacific , Delaware , and Maryland Avenues .	The United States Hotel	What was the name of the hotel that took up a full city block ?
At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House , as well as smaller rooming houses , had sprung up all over town .	rooming houses	Besides massive hotels , what else was appearing all over Atlantic City during this period ?
The United States Hotel took up a full city block between Atlantic , Pacific , Delaware , and Maryland Avenues .	Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues	What were the names of the four avenues that surrounded The United States Hotel ?
In the early part of the 20th century , Atlantic City went through a radical building boom .	early part of the 20th century	When did Atlantic City go through a radical building boom ?
Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels .	large hotels	What replaced many of the modest boarding houses ?
Two of the city 's most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel .	Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel	What were the names of two of the city 's most distinctive hotels ?
In the early part of the 20th century , Atlantic City went through a radical building boom .	a radical building boom	What happened to Atlantic City in the early part of the 20th century ?
Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels .	the boardwalk	Where were the modest boarding houses located before they were replaced by large hotels ?
In 1903 , Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House .	1903	In what year did Josiah White III by land to build a hotel ?
In 1903 , Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House .	Marlborough House	What was the name of the hotel built by Josiah White III ?
In 1903 , Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House .	Queen Anne	In what style was the Malborough House buit ?
The firm made use of reinforced concrete , a new building material invented by Jean-Louis Lambot in 1848 -LRB- Joseph Monier received the patent in 1867 -RRB- .	1848	In what year was reinforced concrete invented ?
White named the new hotel the Blenheim and merged the two hotels into the Marlborough-Blenheim .	Blenheim	What was the name of the second hotel built by Josiah White III ?
The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk .	The Traymore Hotel	What was the name of the hotel located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk ?
Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house , the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions .	1879	What year was The Traymore Hotel begun ?
By 1914 , the hotel 's owner , Daniel White , taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim , commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to build an even bigger hotel .	Daniel White	Who was the owner of The Traymore Hotel ?
Rising 16 stories , the tan brick and gold-capped hotel would become one of the city 's best-known landmarks .	16	How many stories was The Traymore Hotel after its renovation ?
By 1914 , the hotel 's owner , Daniel White , taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim , commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to build an even bigger hotel .	Price and McLanahan	What was the name of the firm commissioned to build The Traymore Hotel ?
The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House , opened in 1868 , and Haddon House , opened in 1869 , flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end .	1868	What year did the Quaker-owned Chalfonte House open ?
The Quaker-owned Chalfonte House , opened in 1868 , and Haddon House , opened in 1869 , flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end .	1869	What year did the Haddon House open ?
The modern Chalfonte Hotel , eight stories tall , opened in 1904 .	eight	How many stories was the modern Chalfonte Hotel when it opened in 1904 ?
By this time , they were under the same ownership and merged into the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel , becoming the city 's largest hotel with nearly 1,000 rooms .	nearly 1,000	How many rooms were in the merged Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel ?
At 24 stories , it would become known as the `` Skyscraper By The Sea . ''	Skyscraper By The Sea	What was the name given to the 24 story tall , 400-room Claridge ?
In 1883 , salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley .	1883	In what year was salt water taffy conceived ?
In 1883 , salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley .	David Bradley	Who was the creator of salt water taffy ?
The traditional story is that Bradley 's shop was flooded after a major storm , soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water .	Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm	What happened to David Bradley 's shop that led to the creation of salt water taffy ?
He sold some `` salt water taffy '' to a girl , who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends .	a girl	Who did Bradley sell salt water taffy to for the first time ?
The traditional story is that Bradley 's shop was flooded after a major storm , soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water .	Atlantic Ocean	Where did the water come from for the creation of the first salt water taffy ?
The 1920s , with tourism at its peak , are considered by many historians as Atlantic City 's golden age .	1920s	What years do many historians consider Atlantic City 's golden age ?
During Prohibition , which was enacted nationally in 1919 and lasted until 1933 , much liquor was consumed and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants .	1919	What year was Prohibition enacted nationally ?
The city then dubbed itself as `` The World 's Playground '' .	The World's Playground	During Prohibition what name was given to Atlantic City ?
Nucky Johnson 's income , which reached as much as $ 500,000 annually , came from the kickbacks he took on illegal liquor , gambling and prostitution operating in the city , as well as from kickbacks on construction projects .	as much as $500,000 annually	During Prohibition how high was Nucky Johnson 's income ?
During Prohibition , which was enacted nationally in 1919 and lasted until 1933 , much liquor was consumed and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants .	until 1933	How long did Prohibition last ?
During this time , Atlantic City was under the mayoral reign of Edward L. Bader , known for his contributions to the construction , athletics and aviation of Atlantic City .	Edward L. Bader	During the 1920s , who was the mayor of Atlantic City ?
During this time , Atlantic City was under the mayoral reign of Edward L. Bader , known for his contributions to the construction , athletics and aviation of Atlantic City .	construction, athletics and aviation	What three contributions to Atlantic City was Edward L. Bader known for ?
He led the initiative , in 1923 , to construct the Atlantic City High School at Albany and Atlantic Avenues .	1923	What year did Edward L. Bader lead the initiative to construct the Atlantic City High School ?
The city passed an ordinance approving a bond issue for $ 1.5 million to be used for the purchase of land for Convention Hall , now known as the Boardwalk Hall , finalized September 30 , 1924 .	$1.5 million	How much was the bond for that was to be used to purchase land for a Convention Center ?
The city passed an ordinance approving a bond issue for $ 1.5 million to be used for the purchase of land for Convention Hall , now known as the Boardwalk Hall , finalized September 30 , 1924 .	1924	What year was Boardwalk Hall finished ?
From May 13 to May 16 in 1929 , Johnson hosted a conference for organized crime figures from all across America .	organized crime figures from all across America	Who was a meeting organized for in 1929 in Atlantic City ?
The men who called this meeting were Masseria family lieutenant Charles `` Lucky '' Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny `` the Fox '' Torrio , with heads of the Bugs and Meyer Mob , Meyer Lansky and Benjamin Siegel , being used as muscle for the meeting .	Charles "Lucky" Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny "the Fox" Torrio	What family was Charles
From May 13 to May 16 in 1929 , Johnson hosted a conference for organized crime figures from all across America .	1929	In what year was there a conference for organized crime figures in Atlantic City ?
The men who called this meeting were Masseria family lieutenant Charles `` Lucky '' Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny `` the Fox '' Torrio , with heads of the Bugs and Meyer Mob , Meyer Lansky and Benjamin Siegel , being used as muscle for the meeting .	Masseria family	For which family was Charles `` Lucky '' Luciano a lieutenant ?
The men who called this meeting were Masseria family lieutenant Charles `` Lucky '' Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny `` the Fox '' Torrio , with heads of the Bugs and Meyer Mob , Meyer Lansky and Benjamin Siegel , being used as muscle for the meeting .	Lucky	What was Charles Luciano 's nickname ?
The men who called this meeting were Masseria family lieutenant Charles `` Lucky '' Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny `` the Fox '' Torrio , with heads of the Bugs and Meyer Mob , Meyer Lansky and Benjamin Siegel , being used as muscle for the meeting .	Johnny "the Fox" Torrio	Who was a former Chicago South Side Gang boss ?
The men who called this meeting were Masseria family lieutenant Charles `` Lucky '' Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny `` the Fox '' Torrio , with heads of the Bugs and Meyer Mob , Meyer Lansky and Benjamin Siegel , being used as muscle for the meeting .	the Fox	What was Johnny Torrio 's nickname ?
The neighborhood known as the `` Inlet '' became particularly impoverished .	the "Inlet"	Which Atlantic City neighborhood became particularly impoverished in the mid-to-late 20th century ?
But perhaps the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City 's popularity came from cheap , fast jet service to other premier resorts , such as Miami Beach and the Bahamas .	cheap, fast jet service	What was the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City 's popularity ?
But perhaps the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City 's popularity came from cheap , fast jet service to other premier resorts , such as Miami Beach and the Bahamas .	Miami Beach and the Bahamas	What were two other locations people began to fly to instead of going to Atlantic City ?
First of all , the automobile became more readily available to many Americans after the war .	automobile	After the war , what form of transportation became more readily available to many Americans ?
With many families moving to their own private houses , luxuries such as home air conditioning and swimming pools diminished their interest in flocking to the luxury beach resorts during the hot summer .	home air conditioning and swimming pools	What two luxuries that people could have at their own homes led to a diminished interest in luxury beach resorts ?
The city hosted the 1964 Democratic National Convention which nominated Lyndon Johnson for President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President .	Democratic National Convention	What event was hosted by Atlantic City in 1964 ?
The city hosted the 1964 Democratic National Convention which nominated Lyndon Johnson for President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President .	Hubert Humphrey	Who was nominated for Vice President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention ?
The city hosted the 1964 Democratic National Convention which nominated Lyndon Johnson for President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President .	Lyndon Johnson	Who was nominated for President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention ?
Many felt that the friendship between Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes led Atlantic City to host the Democratic Convention .	Richard J. Hughes	Who was the Governor of New Jersey in 1964 ?
Many felt that the friendship between Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes led Atlantic City to host the Democratic Convention .	Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes	Despite being in the midst of a long period of economic decline many felt that the Convention was only held in Atlantic city because of a friendship between what two men ?
By the late 1960s , many of the resort 's once great hotels were suffering from embarrassing vacancy rates .	the late 1960s	By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates ?
Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming , many of these hotels were demolished .	demolished	Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming , what happened to many of the hotels in Atlantic City ?
The Breakers , the Chelsea , the Brighton , the Shelburne , the Mayflower , the Traymore , and the Marlborough-Blenheim were demolished in the 1970s and 1980s .	1970s and 1980s	When were many of the large hotels demolished ?
The old Ambassador Hotel was purchased by Ramada in 1978 and was gutted to become the Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City , only reusing the steelwork of the original building .	Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City	After the Ambassador Hotel was gutted what did it become ?
The old Ambassador Hotel was purchased by Ramada in 1978 and was gutted to become the Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City , only reusing the steelwork of the original building .	Ramada	Who purchased the old Ambassador Hotel in 1978 ?
In an effort at revitalizing the city , New Jersey voters in 1976 passed a referendum , approving casino gambling for Atlantic City ; this came after a 1974 referendum on legalized gambling failed to pass .	1976	In what year did New Jersey voters pass a referendum approving casino gambling for Atlantic City ?
Immediately after the legislation passed , the owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel began converting it into the Resorts International .	Resorts International	The owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel converted it into what ?
Immediately after the legislation passed , the owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel began converting it into the Resorts International .	Resorts International	What was the name of the first legal casino in the eastern United States ?
It was the first legal casino in the eastern United States when it opened on May 26 , 1978 .	1978	What year did Resorts International open ?
Other casinos were soon constructed along the Boardwalk and , later , in the marina district for a total of eleven today .	eleven	How many casinos are there in Atlantic City today ?
With the redevelopment of Las Vegas and the opening of two casinos in Connecticut in the early 1990s , along with newly built casinos in the nearby Philadelphia metro area in the 2000s , Atlantic City 's tourism began to decline due to its failure to diversify away from gaming .	to diversify away from gaming	Atlantic City 's tourism began to decline due to what failure ?
Determined to expand , in 1999 the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partnered with Las Vegas casino mogul Steve Wynn to develop a new roadway to a barren section of the city near the Marina .	Steve Wynn	Who did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with in 1999 ?
Determined to expand , in 1999 the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partnered with Las Vegas casino mogul Steve Wynn to develop a new roadway to a barren section of the city near the Marina .	to develop a new roadway	Why did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with Steve Wynn ?
Nicknamed `` The Tunnel Project '' , Steve Wynn planned the proposed ` Mirage Atlantic City ' around the idea that he would connect the $ 330 million tunnel stretching 2.5 miles -LRB- 4.0 km -RRB- from the Atlantic City Expressway to his new resort .	The Tunnel Project	What was the project involving Steve Wynn nicknamed ?
The roadway was later officially named the Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector , and funnels incoming traffic off of the expressway into the city 's marina district and Brigantine , New Jersey .	Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector	`` The Tunnel Project '' was later officially named what ?
Although Wynn 's plans for development in the city were scrapped in 2002 , the tunnel opened in 2001 .	2001	In what year did the tunnel open ?
The Borgata opened in July 2003 , and its success brought an influx of developers to Atlantic City with plans for building grand Las Vegas style mega casinos to revitalize the aging city .	The Borgata	What was the name of Atlantic City 's newest casino ?
The Borgata opened in July 2003 , and its success brought an influx of developers to Atlantic City with plans for building grand Las Vegas style mega casinos to revitalize the aging city .	July 2003	When did The Borgata open ?
Although Wynn 's plans for development in the city were scrapped in 2002 , the tunnel opened in 2001 .	2002	In what year was Wynn 's plans for development scrapped ?
The new roadway prompted Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage to build Atlantic City 's newest casino .	Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage	The new roadway prompted a partnership between which two companies ?
One of these developers was Pinnacle Entertainment , who purchased the Sands Atlantic City , only to close it permanently November 11 , 2006 .	November 11, 2006	When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently ?
The following year , the resort was demolished in a dramatic , Las Vegas styled implosion , the first of its kind in Atlantic City .	demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion	What happened to the Sands Atlantic City a year after it closed ?
While Pinnacle Entertainment intended to replace it with a $ 1.5 -- 2 billion casino resort , the company canceled its construction plans and plans to sell the land .	$1.5–2 billion casino resort	What did Pinnacle Entertainment intend to replace the Sands Atlantic City with ?
Owing to economic conditions and the late 2000s recession , many of the proposed mega casinos never went further than the initial planning stages .	economic conditions and the late 2000s recession	Why did many of the proposed mega casinos never get further than the initial planning stages ?
One of these developers was Pinnacle Entertainment , who purchased the Sands Atlantic City , only to close it permanently November 11 , 2006 .	Pinnacle Entertainment	Who purchased the Sands Atlantic City ?
In 2006 , Morgan Stanley purchased 20 acres -LRB- 8.1 ha -RRB- directly north of the Showboat Atlantic City Hotel and Casino for a new $ 2 billion plus casino resort .	2006	In what year did Morgan Stanley purchase land for a new casino resort ?
In 2006 , Morgan Stanley purchased 20 acres -LRB- 8.1 ha -RRB- directly north of the Showboat Atlantic City Hotel and Casino for a new $ 2 billion plus casino resort .	20 acres	How much land did Morgan Stanley purchase ?
Revel Entertainment Group was named as the project 's developer for the Revel Casino .	Revel Entertainment Group	Who was named as the developer for Morgan Stanley 's casino resort ?
Revel was hindered with many problems , with the biggest setback to the company being in April 2010 when Morgan Stanley , the owner of 90 % of Revel Entertainment Group , decided to discontinue funding for continued construction and put its stake in Revel up for sale .	90%	What percentage of ownership did Morgan Stanley hold in Revel Entertainment Group ?
Ultimately , Governor Chris Christie offered Revel $ 261 million in state tax credits to assist the casino once it opened .	Governor Chris Christie	Who offered Revel $ 261 million in state tax credits ?
In the wake of the closures and declining revenue from casinos , Governor Christie said in September 2014 that the state would consider a 2015 referendum to end the 40-year-old monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling and allowing gambling in other municipalities .	Governor Christie	Who said that the state would consider a referendum to end the monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling ?
In the wake of the closures and declining revenue from casinos , Governor Christie said in September 2014 that the state would consider a 2015 referendum to end the 40-year-old monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling and allowing gambling in other municipalities .	September 2014	When did Governor Christie say that the state would consider a referendum ?
With casino revenue declining from $ 5.2 billion in 2006 to $ 2.9 billion in 2013 , the state saw a drop in money from its 8 % tax on those earnings , which is used to fund programs for senior citizens and the disabled .	$5.2 billion	How much was casino revenue in 2006 ?
With casino revenue declining from $ 5.2 billion in 2006 to $ 2.9 billion in 2013 , the state saw a drop in money from its 8 % tax on those earnings , which is used to fund programs for senior citizens and the disabled .	$2.9 billion	How much was casino revenue in 2013 ?
`` Superstorm Sandy '' struck Atlantic City on October 29 , 2012 , causing flooding and power-outages but left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas including the Boardwalk and casino resorts , despite widespread belief that the city 's boardwalk had been destroyed .	October 29, 2012	When did `` Superstorm Sandy '' strike Atlantic City ?
The storm produced an all-time record low barometric pressure reading of 943 mb -LRB- 27.85 '' -RRB- for not only Atlantic City , but the state of New Jersey .	943 mb	`` Superstorm Sandy '' produced an all-time record low barometric pressure reading of what ?
`` Superstorm Sandy '' struck Atlantic City on October 29 , 2012 , causing flooding and power-outages but left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas including the Boardwalk and casino resorts , despite widespread belief that the city 's boardwalk had been destroyed .	flooding and power-outages	Although `` Superstorm Sandy '' left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas it did cause what two other things to occur ?
The source of the misinformation was a widely circulated photograph of a damaged section of the Boardwalk that was slated for repairs , prior to the storm , and incorrect news reports at the time of the disaster .	photograph	What was the source of the misinformation concerning damage to the city 's boardwalk ?
The source of the misinformation was a widely circulated photograph of a damaged section of the Boardwalk that was slated for repairs , prior to the storm , and incorrect news reports at the time of the disaster .	the Boardwalk that was slated for repairs, prior to the storm	Why was there a photo of the Boardwalk if it was n't actually damaged in the storm ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city had a total area of 17.037 square miles -LRB- 44.125 km2 -RRB- , including 10.747 square miles -LRB- 27.835 km2 -RRB- of land and 6.290 square miles -LRB- 16.290 km2 -RRB- of water -LRB- 36.92 % -RRB- .	17.037 square miles	According to the United States Census Bureau , what is the total area in square miles ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city had a total area of 17.037 square miles -LRB- 44.125 km2 -RRB- , including 10.747 square miles -LRB- 27.835 km2 -RRB- of land and 6.290 square miles -LRB- 16.290 km2 -RRB- of water -LRB- 36.92 % -RRB- .	10.747 square miles	What is the area of land ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city had a total area of 17.037 square miles -LRB- 44.125 km2 -RRB- , including 10.747 square miles -LRB- 27.835 km2 -RRB- of land and 6.290 square miles -LRB- 16.290 km2 -RRB- of water -LRB- 36.92 % -RRB- .	6.290 square miles	What is the area of water ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city had a total area of 17.037 square miles -LRB- 44.125 km2 -RRB- , including 10.747 square miles -LRB- 27.835 km2 -RRB- of land and 6.290 square miles -LRB- 16.290 km2 -RRB- of water -LRB- 36.92 % -RRB- .	36.92%	What percentage of the city is made up of water ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city had a total area of 17.037 square miles -LRB- 44.125 km2 -RRB- , including 10.747 square miles -LRB- 27.835 km2 -RRB- of land and 6.290 square miles -LRB- 16.290 km2 -RRB- of water -LRB- 36.92 % -RRB- .	United States Census Bureau	What organization provided data detailing the size of the city ?
Unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea , City Island , Great Island and Venice Park .	Venice Park	Besides Chelsea , City Island , and Great Island , what other community , locality , or place name is included in the city ?
Unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea , City Island , Great Island and Venice Park .	Great Island	Besides Chelsea , City Island , and Venice Park , what other community , locality , or place name is included in the city ?
Unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea , City Island , Great Island and Venice Park .	City Island	Besides Chelsea , Venice Park , and Great Island , what other community , locality , or place name is included in the city ?
Unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea , City Island , Great Island and Venice Park .	Chelsea	Besides Venice Park , City Island , and Great Island , what other community , locality , or place name is included in the city ?
Unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea , City Island , Great Island and Venice Park .	Unincorporated communities	Besides localities and place names , what else is located partically or completely within the city ?
Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.6 °F -LRB- 24.2 °C -RRB- .	75.6 °F	What is the daily average temperature in July ?
During this time , the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures much cooler than inland areas , making Atlantic City a prime place for beating the summer heat from June through September .	September	Atlantic City is a prime place to beat the heat from June through what month ?
Near the coast , temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- on an average of only 6.8 days a year , but this reaches 21 days at nearby Atlantic City Int ` l. -LSB- a -RSB- Winters are cool , with January averaging 35.5 °F -LRB- 2 °C -RRB- .	35.5 °F	What is the average temperature for January in Atlantic City ?
Extreme temperatures range from − 9 °F -LRB- − 23 °C -RRB- on February 9 , 1934 to 104 °F -LRB- 40 °C -RRB- on August 7 , 1918 .	−9 °F	What is the extreme low temperature of Atlantic City ?
The average window for freezing temperatures is November 20 to March 25 , allowing a growing season of 239 days .	239 days	How many days long is the growing season ?
Annual precipitation is 40 inches -LRB- 1,020 mm -RRB- which is fairly spread throughout the year .	40 inches	How many inches of precipitation does Atlantic City receive annually ?
Even at the airport , where low temperatures are often much lower than along the coast , snow averages only 16.5 inches -LRB- 41.9 cm -RRB- each winter .	16.5 inches	What is the average number of inches of snow received at the airport annually ?
Owing to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location in South Jersey , Atlantic City receives less snow than a good portion of the rest of New Jersey .	Atlantic Ocean	Atlantic City 's lack of snowfall is due to its location in South Jersey and its proximaty to which body of water ?
Owing to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location in South Jersey , Atlantic City receives less snow than a good portion of the rest of New Jersey .	South Jersey	Atlantic City 's lack of snowfall is due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location where ?
It is very common for rain to fall in Atlantic City while the northern and western parts of the state are receiving snow .	rain	Atlantic City is different from the northern and western parts of the state in the winter due to its tendency to receive which type of precipitation ?
At the 2010 United States Census , there were 39,558 people , 15,504 households , and 8,558 families residing in the city .	39,558	How many people were residing in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census ?
There were 20,013 housing units at an average density of 1,862.2 per square mile -LRB- 719.0 / km2 -RRB- .	20,013	How many housing units were in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census ?
Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 30.45 % -LRB- 12,044 -RRB- of the population .	30.45%	During the 2010 United States Census what percentage of Atlantic City 's population was Hispanic or Latino ?
The racial makeup of the city was 26.65 % -LRB- 10,543 -RRB- White , 38.29 % -LRB- 15,148 -RRB- Black or African American , 0.61 % -LRB- 242 -RRB- Native American , 15.55 % -LRB- 6,153 -RRB- Asian , 0.05 % -LRB- 18 -RRB- Pacific Islander , 14.03 % -LRB- 5,549 -RRB- from other races , and 4.82 % -LRB- 1,905 -RRB- from two or more races .	26.65%	During the 2010 United States Census what percentage of Atlantic City 's population was White ?
At the 2010 United States Census , there were 39,558 people , 15,504 households , and 8,558 families residing in the city .	8,558	How many families were residing in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census ?
There were 15,504 households , of which 27.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 25.9 % were married couples living together , 22.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 44.8 % were non-families .	15,504	How many households were there in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census ?
There were 15,504 households , of which 27.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 25.9 % were married couples living together , 22.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 44.8 % were non-families .	27.3%	What percentage of households in Atlantic City had children under the age of 18 living with them ?
There were 15,504 households , of which 27.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 25.9 % were married couples living together , 22.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 44.8 % were non-families .	44.8%	What percentage of households in Atlantic City were comprised of non-families ?
37.5 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 14.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older .	37.5%	What percentage of households in Atlantic City were made up of individuals ?
The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.34 .	3.34	What was the average family size in Atlantic City ?
In the city , 24.6 % of the population were under the age of 18 , 10.2 % from 18 to 24 , 26.8 % from 25 to 44 , 25.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 12.7 % who were 65 years of age or older .	24.6%	What percentage of the population was under the age of 18 ?
In the city , 24.6 % of the population were under the age of 18 , 10.2 % from 18 to 24 , 26.8 % from 25 to 44 , 25.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 12.7 % who were 65 years of age or older .	12.7%	What percentage of the population was 65 years of age or older ?
The median age was 36.3 years .	36.3 years	What was the median age ?
For every 100 females there were 96.2 males .	96.2	For every 100 females , how many males were there ?
For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 94.4 males .	94.4	For every 100 females age 18 and over , how many males were there ?
The Census Bureau 's 2006 -- 2010 American Community Survey showed that -LRB- in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars -RRB- median household income was $ 30,237 -LRB- with a margin of error of + / - $ 2,354 -RRB- and the median family income was $ 35,488 -LRB- + / - $ 2,607 -RRB- .	$30,237	How much was the median household income according to the American Community Survey ?
The Census Bureau 's 2006 -- 2010 American Community Survey showed that -LRB- in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars -RRB- median household income was $ 30,237 -LRB- with a margin of error of + / - $ 2,354 -RRB- and the median family income was $ 35,488 -LRB- + / - $ 2,607 -RRB- .	$35,488	How much was the median family income according to the American Community Survey ?
Males had a median income of $ 32,207 -LRB- + / - $ 1,641 -RRB- versus $ 29,298 -LRB- + / - $ 1,380 -RRB- for females .	$32,207	How much was the median income for males according to the American Community Survey ?
The per capita income for the city was $ 20,069 -LRB- + / - $ 2,532 -RRB- .	$20,069	What was the per capita income for the city ?
About 23.1 % of families and 25.3 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 36.6 % of those under age 18 and 16.8 % of those age 65 or over .	25.3%	What percentage of the population was below the poverty line ?
As of the 2000 United States Census there were 40,517 people , 15,848 households , and 8,700 families residing in the city .	40,517	According to the 2000 United States Census , how many people were living in Atlantic City ?
The population density was 3,569.8 people per square mile -LRB- 1,378.3 / km2 -RRB- .	3,569.8 people per square mile	According to the 2000 United States Census , what was the population density ?
There were 20,219 housing units at an average density of 1,781.4 per square mile -LRB- 687.8 / km2 -RRB- .	20,219	According to the 2000 United States Census , how many housing units were there in Atlantic City ?
24.95 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race .	24.95%	According to the 2000 United States Census , what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were Hispanic or Latino ?
The racial makeup of the city was 44.16 % black or African American , 26.68 % White , 0.48 % Native American , 10.40 % Asian , 0.06 % Pacific Islander , 13.76 % other races , and 4.47 % from two or more races .	26.68%	According to the 2000 United States Census , what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were white ?
There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 24.8 % were married couples living together , 23.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 45.1 % were non-families .	27.7%	How many households had children under the age of 18 living with them ?
There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 24.8 % were married couples living together , 23.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 45.1 % were non-families .	15,848	How many households were there in Atlantic City ?
37.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 15.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older .	37.2%	How many households were made up of individuals ?
The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.26 .	2.46	What was the average household size in Atlantic City ?
The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.26 .	3.26	What was the average family size in Atlantic City ?
The median age was 35 years .	35 years	What was the median age of Atlantic City ?
For every 100 females there were 96.1 males .	96.1	For every 100 females , how many males were there ?
For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 93.2 males .	93.2	For every 100 females age 18 and over , how many males were there ?
In the city the population was spread out with 25.7 % under the age of 18 , 8.9 % from 18 to 24 , 31.0 % from 25 to 44 , 20.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.2 % who were 65 years of age or older .	25.7%	What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was under the age of 18 ?
In the city the population was spread out with 25.7 % under the age of 18 , 8.9 % from 18 to 24 , 31.0 % from 25 to 44 , 20.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.2 % who were 65 years of age or older .	14.2%	What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was 65 years of age or older ?
The median income for a household in the city was $ 26,969 , and the median income for a family was $ 31,997 .	$26,969	What was the median income for a household in the city ?
The median income for a household in the city was $ 26,969 , and the median income for a family was $ 31,997 .	$31,997	What was the median income for a family in the city ?
The per capita income for the city was $ 15,402 .	$15,402	What was the per capita income for the city ?
About 19.1 % of families and 23.6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 29.1 % of those under age 18 and 18.9 % of those age 65 or over .	19.1%	What percentage of families in the city were living below the poverty line ?
About 19.1 % of families and 23.6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 29.1 % of those under age 18 and 18.9 % of those age 65 or over .	23.6%	What percentage of the population in the city were living below the poverty line ?
As of September 2014 , the greater Atlantic City area has one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 13.8 % , out of labor force of around 141,000 .	unemployment	As of September 2014 , the greater Atlantic City area had one of the highest rates in the country of what ?
As of September 2014 , the greater Atlantic City area has one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 13.8 % , out of labor force of around 141,000 .	13.8%	What was the unemployment rate for the greater Atlantic City area , as of September 2014 ?
As of September 2014 , the greater Atlantic City area has one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 13.8 % , out of labor force of around 141,000 .	141,000	As of September 2014 , what was the overall size of the labor force of the greater Atlantic City area ?
As of September 2014 , the greater Atlantic City area has one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 13.8 % , out of labor force of around 141,000 .	13.8%	Out of a labor force of about 141,000 what was the unemployment rate ?
In July 2010 , Governor Chris Christie announced that a state takeover of the city and local government `` was imminent '' .	Governor Chris Christie	In 2010 , who stated that a state takeover of the city and local government of Atlantic City was imminent ?
Comparing regulations in Atlantic City to an `` antique car '' , Atlantic City regulatory reform is a key piece of Gov. Chris Christie 's plan , unveiled on July 22 , to reinvigorate an industry mired in a four-year slump in revenue and hammered by fresh competition from casinos in the surrounding states of Delaware , Pennsylvania , Connecticut , and more recently , Maryland .	antique car	What item were the regulations in Atlantic City compared to ?
In January 2011 , Chris Christie announced the Atlantic City Tourism District , a state-run district encompassing the boardwalk casinos , the marina casinos , the Atlantic City Outlets , and Bader Field .	Atlantic City Tourism District	What was the name of the district that would encompass the boardwalk casinos , the marina casinos , the Atlantic City Outlets , and Bader Field ?
The February 16 , 2011 survey showed that 43 % opposed the measure while 29 % favored direct state oversight .	43%	According to a poll , what percentage of New Jersey voters opposed the takeover of Atlantic City by the state ?
The February 16 , 2011 survey showed that 43 % opposed the measure while 29 % favored direct state oversight .	29%	According to a poll , what percentage of New Jersey voters favored the takeover of Atlantic City by the state ?
On April 29 , 2011 , the boundaries for the state-run tourism district were set .	2011	What year were the boundaries for the state-run tourism district finally set ?
The district would include heavier police presence , as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements .	The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements	What were the three major things that the district would include ?
The CRDA would oversee all functions of the district and will make changes to attract new businesses and attractions .	The CRDA	Who would oversee all functions of the new district ?
The CRDA would oversee all functions of the district and will make changes to attract new businesses and attractions .	The CRDA	Who would make the changes within the district to attract new businesses and attractions ?
New construction would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain .	would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain	What two qualities were mentioned in regards to new construction ?
Also included are 10 roadways that lead into the district , including several in the city 's northern end , or North Beach .	10	How many roadways will be included in the district ?
Gardner 's Basin , which is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium , was initially left out of the tourism district , while a residential neighborhood in the Chelsea section was removed from the final boundaries , owing to complaints from the city .	Gardner's Basin	What place is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium ?
Gardner 's Basin , which is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium , was initially left out of the tourism district , while a residential neighborhood in the Chelsea section was removed from the final boundaries , owing to complaints from the city .	Gardner's Basin	What place was originally left off of the tourism district ?
Gardner 's Basin , which is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium , was initially left out of the tourism district , while a residential neighborhood in the Chelsea section was removed from the final boundaries , owing to complaints from the city .	Chelsea	Where was the residential neighborhood that was removed from the final boundaries of the district ?
Also , the inclusion of Bader Field in the district was controversial and received much scrutiny from mayor Lorenzo Langford , who cast the lone `` no '' vote on the creation of the district citing its inclusion .	mayor Lorenzo Langford	Who cast the lone `` no '' vote on the creation of the district citing Bader Field 's inclusion ?
Atlantic City is considered as the `` Gambling Capital of the East Coast , '' and currently has eight large casinos and several smaller ones .	Gambling Capital of the East Coast	What is Atlantic City known for ?
Atlantic City is considered as the `` Gambling Capital of the East Coast , '' and currently has eight large casinos and several smaller ones .	eight	How many large casinos are located in Atlantic City ?
In 2011 , New Jersey 's casinos employed approximately 33,000 employees , had 28.5 million visitors , made $ 3.3 billion in gaming revenue , and paid $ 278 million in taxes .	33,000	Approximately how many people did New Jersey casinos employ in 2011 ?
In 2011 , New Jersey 's casinos employed approximately 33,000 employees , had 28.5 million visitors , made $ 3.3 billion in gaming revenue , and paid $ 278 million in taxes .	28.5 million	Approximately how many people visited New Jersey 's casinos in 2011 ?
They are regulated by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement .	New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement	What two entities regulate New Jersey 's casino ?
In the wake of the United States ' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states -LRB- including Delaware , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania -RRB- , four casino closures took place in 2014 : the Atlantic Club on January 13 ; the Showboat on August 31 ; the Revel , which was Atlantic City 's second-newest casino , on September 2 ; and Trump Plaza , which originally opened in 1984 , and was the poorest performing casino in the city , on September 16 .	four	How many casino closures took place in Atlantic City in 2014 ?
In the wake of the United States ' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states -LRB- including Delaware , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania -RRB- , four casino closures took place in 2014 : the Atlantic Club on January 13 ; the Showboat on August 31 ; the Revel , which was Atlantic City 's second-newest casino , on September 2 ; and Trump Plaza , which originally opened in 1984 , and was the poorest performing casino in the city , on September 16 .	Trump Plaza	What was the name of the poorest performing casino in the city that ultimately closed in 2014 ?
In the wake of the United States ' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states -LRB- including Delaware , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania -RRB- , four casino closures took place in 2014 : the Atlantic Club on January 13 ; the Showboat on August 31 ; the Revel , which was Atlantic City 's second-newest casino , on September 2 ; and Trump Plaza , which originally opened in 1984 , and was the poorest performing casino in the city , on September 16 .	1984	What year did Trump Plaza originally open ?
In the wake of the United States ' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states -LRB- including Delaware , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania -RRB- , four casino closures took place in 2014 : the Atlantic Club on January 13 ; the Showboat on August 31 ; the Revel , which was Atlantic City 's second-newest casino , on September 2 ; and Trump Plaza , which originally opened in 1984 , and was the poorest performing casino in the city , on September 16 .	Revel	What was the name of Atlantic City 's second-newest casino that ultimately closed in 2014 ?
In the wake of the United States ' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states -LRB- including Delaware , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania -RRB- , four casino closures took place in 2014 : the Atlantic Club on January 13 ; the Showboat on August 31 ; the Revel , which was Atlantic City 's second-newest casino , on September 2 ; and Trump Plaza , which originally opened in 1984 , and was the poorest performing casino in the city , on September 16 .	Atlantic Club	What was the name of the first casino to close in 2014 ?
Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts , whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal , said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business .	selling	What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal ?
Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts , whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal , said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business .	Trump Taj Mahal	What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group ?
Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts , whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal , said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business .	2013	In what year did executives at Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering selling the Taj ?
Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts , whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal , said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business .	winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business	Why did executives say they were considering selling the Taj ?
Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts , whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal , said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business .	Executives	Who spoke for the Trump Entertainment Group in regards to the Taj and what might be done in the future ?
Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties -LRB- Bally 's , Caesars and Harrah 's -RRB- , in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company 's casino operating unit in January 2015 .	three	How many remaining properties belong to Caesars Entertainment ?
Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties -LRB- Bally 's , Caesars and Harrah 's -RRB- , in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company 's casino operating unit in January 2015 .	Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's	What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties ?
Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties -LRB- Bally 's , Caesars and Harrah 's -RRB- , in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company 's casino operating unit in January 2015 .	Chapter 11	What type of bankruptcy did Caesars Entertainment file for ?
Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties -LRB- Bally 's , Caesars and Harrah 's -RRB- , in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company 's casino operating unit in January 2015 .	2015	What year did Caesars Entertainment file for bankruptcy ?
Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties -LRB- Bally 's , Caesars and Harrah 's -RRB- , in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company 's casino operating unit in January 2015 .	casino operating unit	Which unit of Caesars Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 2015 ?
Boardwalk Hall , formally known as the `` Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall '' , is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk .	Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall	What was Boardwalk Hall formerly known as ?
Boardwalk Hall , formally known as the `` Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall '' , is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk .	an arena	What is the Boardwalk Hall ?
Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City 's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997 .	1997	In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open ?
The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft -LRB- 46,000 m2 -RRB- of showroom space , 5 exhibit halls , 45 meeting rooms with 109,000 sq ft -LRB- 10,100 m2 -RRB- of space , a garage with 1,400 parking spaces , and an adjacent Sheraton hotel .	500,000 sq ft	How many sq ft of showroom space is included in the Atlantic City Convention Center ?
The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft -LRB- 46,000 m2 -RRB- of showroom space , 5 exhibit halls , 45 meeting rooms with 109,000 sq ft -LRB- 10,100 m2 -RRB- of space , a garage with 1,400 parking spaces , and an adjacent Sheraton hotel .	Sheraton hotel	What hotel is adjacent to the Atlantic City Convention Center ?
Atlantic City -LRB- sometimes referred to as `` Monopoly City '' -RRB- has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game , Monopoly , in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City .	Monopoly City	What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to ?
Atlantic City -LRB- sometimes referred to as `` Monopoly City '' -RRB- has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game , Monopoly , in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City .	Monopoly	The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game ?
While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlantic City , it was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game , and took it back to Atlantic City .	Ruth Hoskins	Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City ?
While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlantic City , it was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game , and took it back to Atlantic City .	Indianapolis	What location was originally featured in the Monopoly game ?
After she arrived , Hoskins made a new board with Atlantic City street names , and taught it to a group of local Quakers .	a group of local Quakers	Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to ?
Marvin Gardens , the leading yellow property on the board shown , is actually a misspelling of the original location name , `` Marven Gardens '' .	Marvin Gardens	What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling ?
Marvin Gardens , the leading yellow property on the board shown , is actually a misspelling of the original location name , `` Marven Gardens '' .	Marven Gardens	What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from ?
The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers .	Charles Darrow	Whose game did Parker Brothers model the board game after ?
It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling although the spelling error was not corrected .	1995	In what year did Parker Brothers acknowledge and apologize for a spelling error in the game ?
The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers .	Charles Darrow	Who copied Charles Todd 's Monopoly board ?
Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms .	immune systems in all organisms	In general , what does immunology study ?
It charts , measures , and contextualizes the : physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases ; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders -LRB- such as autoimmune diseases , hypersensitivities , immune deficiency , and transplant rejection -RRB- ; the physical , chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro , in situ , and in vivo .	both health and diseases	Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being ?
It charts , measures , and contextualizes the : physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases ; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders -LRB- such as autoimmune diseases , hypersensitivities , immune deficiency , and transplant rejection -RRB- ; the physical , chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro , in situ , and in vivo .	autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection	Name three types of immunological disorders ?
It charts , measures , and contextualizes the : physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases ; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders -LRB- such as autoimmune diseases , hypersensitivities , immune deficiency , and transplant rejection -RRB- ; the physical , chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro , in situ , and in vivo .	in vitro, in situ, and in vivo	Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence ?
Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine , particularly in the fields of organ transplantation , oncology , virology , bacteriology , parasitology , psychiatry , and dermatology .	organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology	What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications ?
Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis , which is Latin for `` exempt '' ; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system .	exempt	The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what ?
The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow , and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen , tonsils , lymph vessels , lymph nodes , adenoids , and liver .	thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver	What are the major organs of the immune system ?
Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis , which is Latin for `` exempt '' ; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system .	early physicians	Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system ?
When health conditions worsen to emergency status , portions of immune system organs including the thymus , spleen , bone marrow , lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive .	surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive	How do physicians study a patient 's immune system organs in emergency situations ?
When health conditions worsen to emergency status , portions of immune system organs including the thymus , spleen , bone marrow , lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive .	thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues	Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases ?
Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body .	typically cellular in nature	The structure of immune system components can be described as what ?
Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body .	not associated with any specific organ	Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually ?
Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body .	embedded	What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body ?
Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body .	circulating	What is another way these tissues are housed within the body ?
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine .	epidemiology and medicine	Which two fields of study are associated with immunology ?
It studies the relationship between the body systems , pathogens , and immunity .	the body systems, pathogens, and immunity	Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another ?
The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE .	430 BCE	When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body ?
Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time .	Thucydides	Which Greek historian made that notation ?
Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon , but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory .	19th and 20th centuries	When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory ?
The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and , in vertebrates , an acquired or adaptive immune system .	innate immune system	What is the basic , primitive part of the immune system known as ?
The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and , in vertebrates , an acquired or adaptive immune system .	acquired or adaptive immune system	Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component ?
The latter is further divided into humoral -LRB- or antibody -RRB- and cell-mediated components .	humoral (or antibody)	What is one type of adaptive immune system component ?
The latter is further divided into humoral -LRB- or antibody -RRB- and cell-mediated components .	cell-mediated	Name the other type of adaptive immune system component ?
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system , including their function and interaction , is the central science of immunology .	molecular and cellular components	The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures ?
The humoral -LRB- antibody -RRB- response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens .	antibodies and antigens	Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements ?
Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes , while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies -LRB- `` anti `` body `` gen `` erators -RRB- .	specific proteins	What are antibodies comprised of ?
Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes , while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies -LRB- `` anti `` body `` gen `` erators -RRB- .	B lymphocytes	What cells produce antibodies ?
Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes , while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies -LRB- `` anti `` body `` gen `` erators -RRB- .	"anti"body "gen"erators	The term `` antigen '' is rooted in what two words ?
Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both .	cellular response	Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens ?
Immunological research continues to become more specialized , pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells , organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system -LRB- Yemeserach 2010 -RRB- .	research	In the field of immunology , what aspect is becoming more specialized ?
Immunological research continues to become more specialized , pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells , organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system -LRB- Yemeserach 2010 -RRB- .	non-classical models of immunity	What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency ?
Immunological research continues to become more specialized , pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells , organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system -LRB- Yemeserach 2010 -RRB- .	cells, organs and systems	The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body ?
Immunological research continues to become more specialized , pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells , organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system -LRB- Yemeserach 2010 -RRB- .	not previously associated with the immune system	These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason ?
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system -LRB- failure , aberrant action , and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system -RRB- .	Clinical immunology	The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called ?
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system -LRB- failure , aberrant action , and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system -RRB- .	failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth	What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology ?
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system -LRB- failure , aberrant action , and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system -RRB- .	cellular elements	Where can these three elements occur in the immune system ?
It also involves diseases of other systems , where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features .	diseases of other systems	What else does clinical immunology concern itself with ?
It also involves diseases of other systems , where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features .	immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features	Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas ?
Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities -LRB- such as in asthma and other allergies -RRB- that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds .	hypersensitivities	What is a type of immune system disorder ?
Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities -LRB- such as in asthma and other allergies -RRB- that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds .	asthma and other allergies	What are some examples of hypersensitivities ?
Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities -LRB- such as in asthma and other allergies -RRB- that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds .	respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.	What characterizes a hypersensitivity ?
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS , an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4 + -LRB- `` helper '' -RRB- T cells , dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus -LRB- HIV -RRB- .	AIDS	What is the most famous immune system disease ?
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS , an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4 + -LRB- `` helper '' -RRB- T cells , dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus -LRB- HIV -RRB- .	an immunodeficiency	What kind of disease is AIDS ?
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS , an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4 + -LRB- `` helper '' -RRB- T cells , dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus -LRB- HIV -RRB- .	CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages	Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS ?
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS , an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4 + -LRB- `` helper '' -RRB- T cells , dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus -LRB- HIV -RRB- .	Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)	What virus specifically suppresses those cells ?
The body 's capability to react to antigen depends on a person 's age , antigen type , maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented .	person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area	What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen ?
In fact , many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas .	low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas	Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by ?
Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production , which also limits the newborn 's phagocytic activity .	phagocytic	What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants ?
Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency , because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed .	both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed	Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient ?
Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells .	activate T cells	Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this ?
Maternal factors also play a role in the body 's immune response .	Maternal factors	In babies , what is another element impacting immune response ?
Some IgA is provided by breast milk .	breast milk	Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means ?
These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months , but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity .	up to 18 months	For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants ?
Between six to nine months after birth , a child 's immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins , but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old .	glycoproteins	At 6 to 9 months , an infant 's immune system begins to respond to which proteins ?
This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules .	distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules	The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what ?
During adolescence , the human body undergoes various physical , physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones , of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol -LRB- an oestrogen -RRB- and , in males , is testosterone .	hormones	What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens ?
During adolescence , the human body undergoes various physical , physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones , of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol -LRB- an oestrogen -RRB- and , in males , is testosterone .	17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)	What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females ?
During adolescence , the human body undergoes various physical , physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones , of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol -LRB- an oestrogen -RRB- and , in males , is testosterone .	testosterone	Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males ?
There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system , including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity .	increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity	Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what ?
There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system .	detect sex hormones in the system	Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what ?
Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude .	strongly experimental	The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as ?
The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between `` cellular '' and `` humoral '' theories of immunity .	"cellular" and "humoral"	What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology ?
According to the cellular theory of immunity , represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff , it was cells -- more precisely , phagocytes -- that were responsible for immune responses .	phagocytes	Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses ?
In contrast , the humoral theory of immunity , held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring , among others , stated that the active immune agents were soluble components -LRB- molecules -RRB- found in the organism 's `` humors '' rather than its cells .	soluble components (molecules)	Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what ?
In contrast , the humoral theory of immunity , held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring , among others , stated that the active immune agents were soluble components -LRB- molecules -RRB- found in the organism 's `` humors '' rather than its cells .	the organism’s “humors”	Rather than cells , in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside ?
In the mid-1950s , Frank Burnet , inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne , formulated the clonal selection theory -LRB- CST -RRB- of immunity .	Frank Burnet	What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology ?
On the basis of CST , Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction : `` self '' constituents -LRB- constituents of the body -RRB- do not trigger destructive immune responses , while `` nonself '' entities -LRB- e.g. , pathogens , an allograft -RRB- trigger a destructive immune response .	self/nonself distinction	What triggers an immune response according to CST ?
On the basis of CST , Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction : `` self '' constituents -LRB- constituents of the body -RRB- do not trigger destructive immune responses , while `` nonself '' entities -LRB- e.g. , pathogens , an allograft -RRB- trigger a destructive immune response .	"nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)	In CST , what triggers a destructive immune response ?
The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex `` two-signal '' activation of T cells .	the complex "two-signal" activation	What property of T cells caused modification of CST ?
In the mid-1950s , Frank Burnet , inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne , formulated the clonal selection theory -LRB- CST -RRB- of immunity .	In the mid-1950s	When was clonal selection theory first proposed ?
Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college .	Bioscience	What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study ?
Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology .	bioscience	Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study ?
The aim of immunology is to study the health of humans and animals through effective yet consistent research , -LRB- AAAAI , 2013 -RRB- .	humans and animals	The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings ?
The most important thing about being immunologists is the research because it is the biggest portion of their jobs .	research	The biggest part of an immunologist 's job is what ?
The aim of immunology is to study the health of humans and animals through effective yet consistent research , -LRB- AAAAI , 2013 -RRB- .	effective yet consistent research	What two conditions apply to good immunological study ?
Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States .	AAI courses	Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization 's parameters ?
For example , in New York State , there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology : Albany Medical College , Cornell University , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York University Langone Medical Center , University at Albany -LRB- SUNY -RRB- , University at Buffalo -LRB- SUNY -RRB- , University of Rochester Medical Center and Upstate Medical University -LRB- SUNY -RRB- .	Icahn School of Medicine	What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai ?
The AAI immunology courses include an Introductory Course and an Advance Course .	Introductory Course and an Advance Course	AAI immunology courses include what two components ?
The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology .	gives students an overview of the basics of immunology	What does the introductory AAI immunology course do ?
For example , in New York State , there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology : Albany Medical College , Cornell University , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York University Langone Medical Center , University at Albany -LRB- SUNY -RRB- , University at Buffalo -LRB- SUNY -RRB- , University of Rochester Medical Center and Upstate Medical University -LRB- SUNY -RRB- .	New York University	The Langone Medical Center is part of what college ?
It also has two different parts : Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series .	an introduction to the basic principles of immunology	Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what ?
It also has two different parts : Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series .	clinically-oriented lecture series	Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what ?
It is advised for students who want to attend the Advanced Course to have a background of the principles of immunology .	a background of the principles of immunology	What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have ?
A Master 's degree requires two years of study following the attainment of a bachelor 's degree .	two years of study	How long does it typically take to earn a Master 's degree ?
For a doctoral programme it is required to take two additional years of study .	a doctoral programme	What program requires an additional two years of study ?
MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III , more commonly referred to as MP3 , is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression .	MP3	What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III ?
MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III , more commonly referred to as MP3 , is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression .	digital	What kind of audio is the coding format for ?
It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage , as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players .	consumer audio streaming	Other than storage , what is the common audio format used for ?
MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III , more commonly referred to as MP3 , is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression .	lossy data compression	What does MP3 use to format it 's data ?
It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage , as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players .	digital audio players	Where will MP3 files most commonly be found ?
The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners .	sound like a faithful reproduction	What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio ?
An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11 the size of the CD file created from the original audio source -LRB- 44,100 samples per second × 16 bits per sample × 2 channels = 1,411,200 bit/s ; MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s : 128,000 bit/s -LSB- 1 k = 1,000 , not 1024 , because it is a bit rate -RSB- .	created	What kind of compression is used ?
An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11 the size of the CD file created from the original audio source -LRB- 44,100 samples per second × 16 bits per sample × 2 channels = 1,411,200 bit/s ; MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s : 128,000 bit/s -LSB- 1 k = 1,000 , not 1024 , because it is a bit rate -RSB- .	1/11	If a file is created using 128 kbit/s , what size is the file going to be compared to a CD ?
An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11 the size of the CD file created from the original audio source -LRB- 44,100 samples per second × 16 bits per sample × 2 channels = 1,411,200 bit/s ; MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s : 128,000 bit/s -LSB- 1 k = 1,000 , not 1024 , because it is a bit rate -RSB- .	1,411,200	How many total bit/s would a CD have ?
An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11 the size of the CD file created from the original audio source -LRB- 44,100 samples per second × 16 bits per sample × 2 channels = 1,411,200 bit/s ; MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s : 128,000 bit/s -LSB- 1 k = 1,000 , not 1024 , because it is a bit rate -RSB- .	128,000	How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have ?
The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people .	accuracy	What does the compression target in the song ?
The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people .	auditory resolution	The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people ?
This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding .	perceptual coding	What is this method commonly referred to as ?
It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing , and then records the remaining information in an efficient manner .	psychoacoustic	What kind of model is used in this kind of compression ?
It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing , and then records the remaining information in an efficient manner .	less audible	These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing ?
MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group -LRB- MPEG -RRB- as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard .	Moving Picture Experts Group	Who designed MP3 ?
MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group -LRB- MPEG -RRB- as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard .	MPEG-1	What was the first standard that this group had ?
MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group -LRB- MPEG -RRB- as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard .	MPEG-2	The first standard later developed into which standard ?
MPEG-1 Audio -LRB- MPEG-1 Part 3 -RRB- , which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I , II and III was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991 , finalised in 1992 and published in 1993 -LRB- ISO/IEC 11172-3 :1993 -RRB- .	1991	When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard ?
Backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio -LRB- MPEG-2 Part 3 -RRB- with additional bit rates and sample rates was published in 1995 -LRB- ISO/IEC 13818-3 :1995 -RRB- .	1995	When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published ?
The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking .	perceptual limitation	What does the MP3 compression take advantage of ?
The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking .	auditory masking	What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as ?
In 1894 , the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency .	Alfred M. Mayer	Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible .
In 1959 , Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon .	1959	When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer ?
This work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher , and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths .	critical bandwidths	The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else ?
The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979 , apparently independently , by Manfred R. Schroeder , et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories , Inc. in Murray Hill , NJ , and M. A. Krasner both in the United States .	The psychoacoustic masking codec	What was first proposed in 1979 ?
The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979 , apparently independently , by Manfred R. Schroeder , et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories , Inc. in Murray Hill , NJ , and M. A. Krasner both in the United States .	United States	Which country were the researchers located in ?
Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech -LRB- not usable as music bit compression -RRB- , but the publication of his results as a relatively obscure Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report did not immediately influence the mainstream of psychoacoustic codec development .	Krasner	Who was the first to produce hardware for speech ?
Manfred Schroeder was already a well-known and revered figure in the worldwide community of acoustical and electrical engineers , but his paper was not much noticed , since it described negative results due to the particular nature of speech and the linear predictive coding -LRB- LPC -RRB- gain present in speech .	linear predictive coding	What does LPC stand for ?
A wide variety of -LRB- mostly perceptual -RRB- audio compression algorithms were reported in IEEE 's refereed Journal on Selected Areas in Communications .	audio compression algorithms	What was reported in IEEE 's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications ?
The immediate predecessors of MP3 were `` Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain '' -LRB- OCF -RRB- , and Perceptual Transform Coding -LRB- PXFM -RRB- .	Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain	What does OCF stand for ?
The immediate predecessors of MP3 were `` Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain '' -LRB- OCF -RRB- , and Perceptual Transform Coding -LRB- PXFM -RRB- .	Perceptual Transform Coding	What does PXFM stand for ?
These two codecs , along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt , were merged into a codec called ASPEC , which was submitted to MPEG , and which won the quality competition , but that was mistakenly rejected as too complex to implement .	ASPEC	What was the name of the codec that OCF , PFXM and other contributes merged into ?
These two codecs , along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt , were merged into a codec called ASPEC , which was submitted to MPEG , and which won the quality competition , but that was mistakenly rejected as too complex to implement .	quality	Which competition did ASPEC win ?
The first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder -LRB- OCF -RRB- in hardware -LRB- Krasner 's hardware was too cumbersome and slow for practical use -RRB- , was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips .	Motorola 56000 DSP chips	What was the first practical implementation based on ?
As a doctoral student at Germany 's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s , focusing on how people perceive music .	doctoral	What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg ?
As a doctoral student at Germany 's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s , focusing on how people perceive music .	early 1980s	When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression ?
In 1990 , Brandenburg became an assistant professor at Erlangen-Nuremberg .	Erlangen-Nuremberg	Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at ?
While there , he continued to work on music compression with scientists at the Fraunhofer Society -LRB- in 1993 he joined the staff of the Fraunhofer Institute -RRB- .	Fraunhofer Society	Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression ?
While there , he continued to work on music compression with scientists at the Fraunhofer Society -LRB- in 1993 he joined the staff of the Fraunhofer Institute -RRB- .	1993	When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute ?
The song `` Tom 's Diner '' by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3 .	Tom's Diner	What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3 ?
The song `` Tom 's Diner '' by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3 .	Suzanne Vega	Who was the artist of the first song used ?
The song `` Tom 's Diner '' by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3 .	Karlheinz Brandenburg	Who adjusted the song ?
Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes , listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme , making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega 's voice .	scheme	The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what ?
Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes , listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme , making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega 's voice .	subtlety	What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve ?
In 1991 , there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard : Musicam -LRB- Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing -RRB- and ASPEC -LRB- Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding -RRB- .	two	How many proposals were available in 1991 ?
In 1991 , there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard : Musicam -LRB- Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing -RRB- and ASPEC -LRB- Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding -RRB- .	Musicam	Other than ASPEC what was another proposal ?
The Musicam technique , as proposed by Philips -LRB- the Netherlands -RRB- , CCETT -LRB- France -RRB- and Institut für Rundfunktechnik -LRB- Germany -RRB- was chosen due to its simplicity and error robustness , as well as its low computational power associated with the encoding of high quality compressed audio .	Netherlands	The Musicam format was proposed by Philips , based in which country ?
The Musicam technique , as proposed by Philips -LRB- the Netherlands -RRB- , CCETT -LRB- France -RRB- and Institut für Rundfunktechnik -LRB- Germany -RRB- was chosen due to its simplicity and error robustness , as well as its low computational power associated with the encoding of high quality compressed audio .	error robustness	Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal ?
The Musicam format , based on sub-band coding , was the basis of the MPEG Audio compression format -LRB- sampling rates , structure of frames , headers , number of samples per frame -RRB- .	sub-band coding	What was the Musican format based on ?
Much of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III -LRB- MP3 -RRB- format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank .	filter bank	What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II ?
Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann -LRB- University of Hannover -RRB- the editing of the standard was made under the responsibilities of Leon van de Kerkhof -LRB- Layer I -RRB- and Gerhard Stoll -LRB- Layer II -RRB- .	Professor Musmann	Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard ?
Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann -LRB- University of Hannover -RRB- the editing of the standard was made under the responsibilities of Leon van de Kerkhof -LRB- Layer I -RRB- and Gerhard Stoll -LRB- Layer II -RRB- .	Leon van de Kerkhof	Who 's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I ?
Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann -LRB- University of Hannover -RRB- the editing of the standard was made under the responsibilities of Leon van de Kerkhof -LRB- Layer I -RRB- and Gerhard Stoll -LRB- Layer II -RRB- .	Gerhard Stoll	Who 's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II ?
ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories , Thomson Consumer Electronics , Fraunhofer Society and CNET .	ASPEC	What was the name given to the proposal ?
It provided the highest coding efficiency .	the highest coding efficiency	What did the joint proposal provide ?
ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories , Thomson Consumer Electronics , Fraunhofer Society and CNET .	AT&T Bell Laboratories	Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics , Fraunhofer Society and CNET , who else was a part of the joint proposal ?
A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof -LRB- The Netherlands -RRB- , Gerhard Stoll -LRB- Germany -RRB- , Leonardo Chiariglione -LRB- Italy -RRB- , Yves-François Dehery -LRB- France -RRB- , Karlheinz Brandenburg -LRB- Germany -RRB- and James D. Johnston -LRB- USA -RRB- took ideas from ASPEC , integrated the filter bank from Layer 2 , added some of their own ideas and created MP3 , which was designed to achieve the same quality at 128 kbit/s as MP2 at 192 kbit/s .	filter bank	What did the working group integrate their ideas with ?
A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof -LRB- The Netherlands -RRB- , Gerhard Stoll -LRB- Germany -RRB- , Leonardo Chiariglione -LRB- Italy -RRB- , Yves-François Dehery -LRB- France -RRB- , Karlheinz Brandenburg -LRB- Germany -RRB- and James D. Johnston -LRB- USA -RRB- took ideas from ASPEC , integrated the filter bank from Layer 2 , added some of their own ideas and created MP3 , which was designed to achieve the same quality at 128 kbit/s as MP2 at 192 kbit/s .	Layer 2	Where was the filter bank taken from ?
A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof -LRB- The Netherlands -RRB- , Gerhard Stoll -LRB- Germany -RRB- , Leonardo Chiariglione -LRB- Italy -RRB- , Yves-François Dehery -LRB- France -RRB- , Karlheinz Brandenburg -LRB- Germany -RRB- and James D. Johnston -LRB- USA -RRB- took ideas from ASPEC , integrated the filter bank from Layer 2 , added some of their own ideas and created MP3 , which was designed to achieve the same quality at 128 kbit/s as MP2 at 192 kbit/s .	ASPEC	What did the working group take ideas from ?
A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof -LRB- The Netherlands -RRB- , Gerhard Stoll -LRB- Germany -RRB- , Leonardo Chiariglione -LRB- Italy -RRB- , Yves-François Dehery -LRB- France -RRB- , Karlheinz Brandenburg -LRB- Germany -RRB- and James D. Johnston -LRB- USA -RRB- took ideas from ASPEC , integrated the filter bank from Layer 2 , added some of their own ideas and created MP3 , which was designed to achieve the same quality at 128 kbit/s as MP2 at 192 kbit/s .	MP3	What did the working group eventually create ?
A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof -LRB- The Netherlands -RRB- , Gerhard Stoll -LRB- Germany -RRB- , Leonardo Chiariglione -LRB- Italy -RRB- , Yves-François Dehery -LRB- France -RRB- , Karlheinz Brandenburg -LRB- Germany -RRB- and James D. Johnston -LRB- USA -RRB- took ideas from ASPEC , integrated the filter bank from Layer 2 , added some of their own ideas and created MP3 , which was designed to achieve the same quality at 128 kbit/s as MP2 at 192 kbit/s .	MP2 at 192 kbit/s	What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s ?
All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I , II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1 , the first standard suite by MPEG , which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 -LRB- a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3 -RRB- , published in 1993 .	1991	When were the algorithms approved ?
All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I , II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1 , the first standard suite by MPEG , which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 -LRB- a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3 -RRB- , published in 1993 .	1992	When were the approved algorithms finalized ?
All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I , II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1 , the first standard suite by MPEG , which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 -LRB- a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3 -RRB- , published in 1993 .	MPEG-1	What was the first started suite by MPEG ?
All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I , II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1 , the first standard suite by MPEG , which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 -LRB- a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3 -RRB- , published in 1993 .	ISO/IEC 11172-3	What was the official name of the internation standard ?
All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I , II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1 , the first standard suite by MPEG , which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 -LRB- a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3 -RRB- , published in 1993 .	1993	When was the international standard published ?
Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards , MPEG-2 , more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 -LRB- a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC -RRB- , originally published in 1995 .	second suite	Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard ?
Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards , MPEG-2 , more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 -LRB- a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC -RRB- , originally published in 1995 .	MPEG-2	What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as ?
The new sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined in MPEG-1 Audio .	half	At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio ?
This reduction in sampling rate serves to cut the available frequency fidelity in half while likewise cutting the bitrate by 50 % .	bitrate	Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half , what else was cut in half ?
MPEG-2 Part 3 also enhanced MPEG-1 's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels , up to 5.1 multichannel .	MPEG-2 Part 3	Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what ?
An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2 .5 audio , as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning .	MPEG-2.5 audio	As MPEG-3 had a different meaning , what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2 ?
This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS , the registered MP3 patent holders .	Fraunhofer IIS	Where was this extension developed ?
It thus widens the scope of MP3 to include human speech and other applications requiring only 25 % of the frequency reproduction possible with MPEG-1 .	human speech	The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what ?
While not an ISO recognized standard , MPEG-2 .5 is widely supported by both inexpensive and brand name digital audio players as well as computer software based MP3 encoders and decoders .	MPEG-2.5	What is not an ISO recognized standard ?
MPEG-2 .5 is thus an unofficial or proprietary extension to the MP3 format .	proprietary	As MPEG-2 .5 is unofficial , it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format ?
Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate , because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal .	bit rate	What defines the compression efficiency of encoders ?
Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate , because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal .	input	Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal ?
They may use the Compact Disc -LRB- CD -RRB- parameters as references -LRB- 44.1 kHz , 2 channels at 16 bits per channel or 2 × 16 bit -RRB- , or sometimes the Digital Audio Tape -LRB- DAT -RRB- SP parameters -LRB- 48 kHz , 2 × 16 bit -RRB- .	Compact Disc	What does CD stand for ?
They may use the Compact Disc -LRB- CD -RRB- parameters as references -LRB- 44.1 kHz , 2 channels at 16 bits per channel or 2 × 16 bit -RRB- , or sometimes the Digital Audio Tape -LRB- DAT -RRB- SP parameters -LRB- 48 kHz , 2 × 16 bit -RRB- .	Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP	Other than CD parameters , what else can be used as parameter references ?
Nevertheless , compression ratios are often published .	compression ratios	What can CD parameters be used as references for ?
Karlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega 's song `` Tom 's Diner '' to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm .	CD	What type of recording did Brandenburg use ?
Karlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega 's song `` Tom 's Diner '' to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm .	the MP3 compression algorithm	What did Brandenburg use the recording to refine ?
This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content , making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks .	monophonic	What word describes the nature of the song used ?
Some refer to Suzanne Vega as `` The mother of MP3 '' .	The mother of MP3	As a result of her song being used , Suzanne Vega is sometimes referred to as what ?
Some more critical audio excerpts -LRB- glockenspiel , triangle , accordion , etc. -RRB- were taken from the EBU V3/SQAM reference compact disc and have been used by professional sound engineers to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG Audio formats .	EBU V3/SQAM	Excerpts were taken from which reference compact disc to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG audio formats ?
A reference simulation software implementation , written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5 , was developed -LRB- in 1991 -- 1996 -RRB- by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files -LRB- Layer 1 , Layer 2 , Layer 3 -RRB- .	the ISO MPEG Audio committee	Who developed the reference simulation software ?
A reference simulation software implementation , written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5 , was developed -LRB- in 1991 -- 1996 -RRB- by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files -LRB- Layer 1 , Layer 2 , Layer 3 -RRB- .	C	Which language was the reference simulation software written in ?
It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC technical report in March 1994 and printed as document CD 11172-5 in April 1994 .	March 1994	When was the reference software approved ?
It was approved as a draft technical report -LRB- DTR/DIS -RRB- in November 1994 , finalized in 1996 and published as international standard ISO/IEC TR 11172-5 :1998 in 1998 .	1998	When did the reference software become an international standard ?
Working in non-real time on a number of operating systems , it was able to demonstrate the first real time hardware decoding -LRB- DSP based -RRB- of compressed audio .	real time hardware decoding	What could the reference software demonstrate ?
On 7 July 1994 , the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc .	7 July 1994	When was the first software MP3 encoder released ?
On 7 July 1994 , the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc .	l3enc	What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder ?
With the first real-time software MP3 player WinPlay3 -LRB- released 9 September 1995 -RRB- many people were able to encode and play back MP3 files on their PCs .	WinPlay3	What was the name of the first real-time software MP3 player ?
Because of the relatively small hard drives back in that time -LRB- ~ 500 -- 1000 MB -RRB- lossy compression was essential to store non-instrument based -LRB- see tracker and MIDI -RRB- music for playback on computer .	1000 MB	What was the average high end hard drive size ?
As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes , `` An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card .	sound scholar	What was Jonathan Sterne 's profession ?
As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes , `` An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card .	Australian	Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc ?
As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes , `` An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card .	stolen credit card	What did the hacker use to acquire the software ?
The hacker then reverse-engineered the software , wrote a new user interface , and redistributed it for free , naming it `` thank you Fraunhofer '' '' .	user interface	The hacker re-wrote which element of the program ?
The hacker then reverse-engineered the software , wrote a new user interface , and redistributed it for free , naming it `` thank you Fraunhofer '' '' .	free	How much did the new released program by the hacker cost ?
In the second half of '90s , MP3 files began to spread on the Internet .	the Internet	Where did MP3s begin to spread ?
The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft 's audio player Winamp , released in 1997 .	Winamp	Which audio player was released in 1997 ?
The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft 's audio player Winamp , released in 1997 .	Nullsoft	Who released the audio player ?
In 1998 , the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan , developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in Seoul , South Korea , was released and the Rio PMP300 was sold afterwards in 1998 , despite legal suppression efforts by the RIAA .	MPMan	What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player ?
In 1998 , the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan , developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in Seoul , South Korea , was released and the Rio PMP300 was sold afterwards in 1998 , despite legal suppression efforts by the RIAA .	South Korea	In which country was the first portable audio player developed ?
In November 1997 , the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free .	mp3.com	Which website offered MP3s for free ?
In November 1997 , the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free .	thousands	How many MP3s were offered for free by the website ?
The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs , which would have previously been nearly impossible .	peer-to-peer	What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s ?
The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs , which would have previously been nearly impossible .	ripped from CDs	How did people come into possession of MP3s ?
The first large peer-to-peer filesharing network , Napster , was launched in 1999 .	Napster	Which network was the first large peer to peer file sharing network ?
The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement .	copyright	What kind of infringement resulted from sharing MP3s ?
Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales , and called it `` music piracy '' .	music piracy	What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing ?
They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster -LRB- which was eventually shut down and later sold -RRB- and against individual users who engaged in file sharing .	Napster	Who was the target of the record companies ?
They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster -LRB- which was eventually shut down and later sold -RRB- and against individual users who engaged in file sharing .	shut down and later sold	What happened to Napster ?
Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks .	Unauthorized	What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on ?
Some authorized services , such as Beatport , Bleep , Juno Records , eMusic , Zune Marketplace , Walmart.com , Rhapsody , the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster , and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format .	authorized	Beatport , Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service ?
Some authorized services , such as Beatport , Bleep , Juno Records , eMusic , Zune Marketplace , Walmart.com , Rhapsody , the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster , and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format .	unrestricted	What kind of music is sold by these companies ?
Some authorized services , such as Beatport , Bleep , Juno Records , eMusic , Zune Marketplace , Walmart.com , Rhapsody , the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster , and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format .	MP3	Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally ?
An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames , which consist of a header and a data block .	MP3 frames	A header and data block together make up what ?
This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream .	elementary stream	What is a sequence of MP3 frames called ?
This is followed by a bit indicating that this is the MPEG standard and two bits that indicate that layer 3 is used ; hence MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 or MP3 .	two	How many bits are needed to indicate that layer 3 is used ?
Most MP3 files today contain ID3 metadata , which precedes or follows the MP3 frames , as noted in the diagram .	ID3	MP3 files today contain what kind of metadeta ?
The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder , but does provide example psychoacoustic models , rate loop , and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard .	MPEG-1	Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder ?
The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder , but does provide example psychoacoustic models , rate loop , and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard .	non-normative	Example psychoacoustic models and rate loops can be foundin which part of the original standard ?
Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise their own algorithms suitable for removing parts of the information from the audio input .	their own algorithms	What were implementers of the standard supposed to devise ?
Comparisons are widely available , so it is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice .	Comparisons are widely available	It is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice because of what factor ?
An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates -LRB- such as LAME -RRB- is not necessarily as good at lower bit rates .	lower bit rates	An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates might be worse at what ?
During encoding , 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples .	576	How many domain samples are taken during encoding ?
During encoding , 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples .	frequency-domain samples	Domain samples are transformed into what ?
-LSB- clarification needed -RSB- If there is a transient , 192 samples are taken instead of 576 .	there is a transient	When are 192 samples taken instead of 576 ?
This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient .	temporal spread	When 192 samples are taken instead of 576 , it is done in an effort to limit what ?
This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient .	quantization noise	What accompanies a transient ?
Due to the tree structure of the filter bank , pre-echo problems are made worse , as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not , and can not , provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution .	tree	What kind of structure does a filter bank have ?
Due to the tree structure of the filter bank , pre-echo problems are made worse , as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not , and can not , provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution .	pre-echo problems	Due to a specific kind of structure , what kind of problems are made worse ?
Due to the tree structure of the filter bank , pre-echo problems are made worse , as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not , and can not , provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution .	time/frequency	What kind of resolution are the filter banks unable to provide an optimal solution for ?
Additionally , the combining of the two filter banks ' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be handled partially by the `` aliasing compensation '' stage ; however , that creates excess energy to be coded in the frequency domain , thereby decreasing coding efficiency .	aliasing	Combining two filter banks ' outputs creates what kind of problem ?
Additionally , the combining of the two filter banks ' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be handled partially by the `` aliasing compensation '' stage ; however , that creates excess energy to be coded in the frequency domain , thereby decreasing coding efficiency .	coding	The need to code excess energy in the frequency domain decreases what kind of efficiency ?
Decoding , on the other hand , is carefully defined in the standard .	Decoding	What is carefully defined in the standard ?
Most decoders are `` bitstream compliant '' , which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same , within a specified degree of rounding tolerance , as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high standard document -LRB- ISO/IEC 11172-3 -RRB- .	bitstream compliant	What are most decoders ?
Most decoders are `` bitstream compliant '' , which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same , within a specified degree of rounding tolerance , as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high standard document -LRB- ISO/IEC 11172-3 -RRB- .	specified degree of rounding tolerance	The ISO/IEC high standard document states that the decompressed output produced from a given MP3 file will be the same within what standards ?
Therefore , comparison of decoders is usually based on how computationally efficient they are -LRB- i.e. , how much memory or CPU time they use in the decoding process -RRB- .	computationally efficient	Decoders are usually compared by examining which factor ?
Therefore , comparison of decoders is usually based on how computationally efficient they are -LRB- i.e. , how much memory or CPU time they use in the decoding process -RRB- .	CPU time	The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process ?
Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined , which means there is no official provision for gapless playback .	gapless playback	What is there no official provision for ?
However , some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback .	LAME	What is an example of an encoder that can attach additional metadeta ?
However , some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback .	seamless playback	Adding additional metadata allows players to handle gapless playback and deliver what ?
Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined , which means there is no official provision for gapless playback .	overall delay	For encoders and decoders , what is not defined ?
When performing lossy audio encoding , such as creating an MP3 file , there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result .	sound quality of the result	A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor ?
When performing lossy audio encoding , such as creating an MP3 file , there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result .	creating an MP3 file	What would an example of lossy audio encoding be ?
Typically , the creator is allowed to set a bit rate , which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio .	the creator	Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file ?
Typically , the creator is allowed to set a bit rate , which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio .	how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio	What does the bit rate of the file actually mean ?
The higher the bit rate , the larger the compressed file will be , and , generally , the closer it will sound to the original file .	larger	If the bit rate is higher , the size of the compressed file will be what ?
With too low a bit rate , compression artifacts -LRB- i.e. , sounds that were not present in the original recording -RRB- may be audible in the reproduction .	compression artifacts	If the bit rate is too low , what might be audible in the reproduction ?
With too low a bit rate , compression artifacts -LRB- i.e. , sounds that were not present in the original recording -RRB- may be audible in the reproduction .	compression artifacts	Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what ?
Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks .	compress	Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file ?
When this type of audio is compressed , artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard .	ringing	Other than pre - echo , what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed ?
A sample of applause compressed with a relatively low bit rate provides a good example of compression artifacts .	A sample of applause	What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts ?
Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio , the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself , and the difficulty of the signal being encoded .	quality of the encoder	Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal , what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file ?
As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms , different encoders may feature quite different quality , even with identical bit rates .	encoding algorithms	The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encoding ?
As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms , different encoders may feature quite different quality , even with identical bit rates .	bit rates	As a result of the freedom , different encoders can result in different quality even if which aspect of the file is the same ?
As an example , in a public listening test featuring two different MP3 encoders at about 128 kbit/s , one scored 3.66 on a 1 -- 5 scale , while the other scored only 2.22 .	2.22	An example shown has a low range quality score of what value ?
As an example , in a public listening test featuring two different MP3 encoders at about 128 kbit/s , one scored 3.66 on a 1 -- 5 scale , while the other scored only 2.22 .	5	To compare qualities , sound files are evaluated on a scale that ranges from 1 to what ?
The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file : this is known as Constant Bit Rate -LRB- CBR -RRB- encoding .	one	How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use ?
The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file : this is known as Constant Bit Rate -LRB- CBR -RRB- encoding .	Constant Bit Rate	What does CBR stand for ?
These are known as Variable Bit Rate -LRB- VBR -RRB- files .	Variable Bit Rate	What does VBR stand for ?
The idea behind this is that , in any piece of audio , some parts will be much easier to compress , such as silence or music containing only a few instruments , while others will be more difficult to compress .	music containing only a few instruments	Aside from silence , which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress ?
Users who know a particular `` quality setting '' that is transparent to their ears can use this value when encoding all of their music , and generally speaking not need to worry about performing personal listening tests on each piece of music to determine the correct bit rate .	quality setting	What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music ?
Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment -LRB- ambient noise -RRB- , listener attention , and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment -LRB- such as sound cards , speakers and headphones -RRB- .	ambient noise	A listening environment is also know by which term ?
Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment -LRB- ambient noise -RRB- , listener attention , and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment -LRB- such as sound cards , speakers and headphones -RRB- .	sound cards	Other than speakers and headphones , what other piece of equipment affects the listener 's perceived quality ?
Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment -LRB- ambient noise -RRB- , listener attention , and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment -LRB- such as sound cards , speakers and headphones -RRB- .	Perceived quality	Listening environment , listener attention , listener training and listener audio equipment can all affect what kind of quality ?
A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year .	Music Professor Jonathan Berger	Who gave students a test to determine their preferences ?
A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year .	Stanford University	Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality ?
A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year .	risen each year	Data showed that students ' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend ?
Berger said the students seem to prefer the ` sizzle ' sounds that MP3s bring to music .	sizzle	What kind of sound did students seem to prefer ?
An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality , sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire 's project `` The Ghost in the MP3 '' isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression .	The Ghost in the MP3	What is the name of the study done by composer Ryan Maguire ?
An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality , sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire 's project `` The Ghost in the MP3 '' isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression .	sounds lost during MP3 compression	What did the study aim to isolate ?
In 2015 , he released the track `` moDernisT '' -LRB- an anagram of `` Tom 's Diner '' -RRB- , composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song `` Tom 's Diner '' , the track originally used in the formulation of the MP3 standard .	Tom's Diner	What is the track `` moDernisT '' an anagram of ?
A detailed account of the techniques used to isolate the sounds deleted during MP3 compression , along with the conceptual motivation for the project , was published in the 2014 Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference .	International Computer Music Conference	Where was an account of the study published ?
A detailed account of the techniques used to isolate the sounds deleted during MP3 compression , along with the conceptual motivation for the project , was published in the 2014 Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference .	2014	Which year was the study published ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Because of the Nyquist -- Shannon sampling theorem , frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling frequency , and imperfect filters requires a larger margin for error -LRB- noise level versus sharpness of filter -RRB- , so 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz , while 48 kHz maximum sampling rate limits an MP3 to 24 kHz sound reproduction .	Nyquist–Shannon	What is the name of the sampling theorem ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Because of the Nyquist -- Shannon sampling theorem , frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling frequency , and imperfect filters requires a larger margin for error -LRB- noise level versus sharpness of filter -RRB- , so 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz , while 48 kHz maximum sampling rate limits an MP3 to 24 kHz sound reproduction .	less than half	In relation to the sampling frequency , the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Because of the Nyquist -- Shannon sampling theorem , frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling frequency , and imperfect filters requires a larger margin for error -LRB- noise level versus sharpness of filter -RRB- , so 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz , while 48 kHz maximum sampling rate limits an MP3 to 24 kHz sound reproduction .	4 kHz	Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Because of the Nyquist -- Shannon sampling theorem , frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling frequency , and imperfect filters requires a larger margin for error -LRB- noise level versus sharpness of filter -RRB- , so 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz , while 48 kHz maximum sampling rate limits an MP3 to 24 kHz sound reproduction .	imperfect filters	What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Because of the Nyquist -- Shannon sampling theorem , frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling frequency , and imperfect filters requires a larger margin for error -LRB- noise level versus sharpness of filter -RRB- , so 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz , while 48 kHz maximum sampling rate limits an MP3 to 24 kHz sound reproduction .	48	A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate ?
A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used , because this is also used for CD audio , the main source used for creating MP3 files .	44.1 kHz	What sampling rate is used for CD audio ?
A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used , because this is also used for CD audio , the main source used for creating MP3 files .	CD audio	What is the main source used for creating MP3 files ?
A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet .	the Internet	Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates ?
The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used , at a compression ratio of 11:1 , offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small space .	11:1	The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio ?
As Internet bandwidth availability and hard drive sizes have increased , higher bit rates up to 320 kbit/s are widespread .	320 kbit/s	As technology advances , what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread ?
Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s , -LRB- 16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit -RRB- , so the bitrates 128 , 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1 , 9:1 and 7:1 respectively .	Uncompressed audio	What is stored on an audio-CD that has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s ?
Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s , -LRB- 16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit -RRB- , so the bitrates 128 , 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1 , 9:1 and 7:1 respectively .	11:1	What does a bit rate of 128 represent in terms of compression ratio ?
Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s , -LRB- 16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit -RRB- , so the bitrates 128 , 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1 , 9:1 and 7:1 respectively .	9:1	What would a bit rate of 160 correspond to in terms of compression ratio ?
Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s , -LRB- 16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit -RRB- , so the bitrates 128 , 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1 , 9:1 and 7:1 respectively .	7:1	What would a bit rate of 192 kbit/s have for a compression ratio ?
Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option , although few MP3 players can play those files .	Non-standard	The LAME encoder allows bit rates that are what ?
Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option , although few MP3 players can play those files .	freeformat	Even though few MP3 players can play it , LAME also offers which option ?
Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option , although few MP3 players can play those files .	640 kbit/s	What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows ?
According to the ISO standard , decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s .	320	The ISO standard dictates that decoders only need to be able to decode streams that have how high of a bit rate ?
Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate -LRB- CBR -RRB- .	Constant Bit Rate	What does the term CBR mean ?
Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate -LRB- CBR -RRB- .	Layer III	Which early MPEG layer used CBR ?
The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file .	uniform	The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate ?
Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the complexity of the sound in that portion of the recording .	bit reservoir	What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate ?
Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the complexity of the sound in that portion of the recording .	the complexity of the sound	What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on ?
A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio .	variable bitrate audio	What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce ?
MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis , but only layer III decoders must support it .	layer III	Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis ?
The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitrate .	VBR	What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality ?
The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitrate .	final file size	Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable ?
Average bitrate is VBR implemented as a compromise between the two : the bitrate is allowed to vary for more consistent quality , but is controlled to remain near an average value chosen by the user , for predictable file sizes .	the user	An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use ?
Layer III audio can also use a `` bit reservoir '' , a partially full frame 's ability to hold part of the next frame 's audio data , allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate , even in a constant bitrate stream .	bit reservoir	A partially full frame 's ability to have part of the next frame 's audio data is referred to as what ?
Layer III audio can also use a `` bit reservoir '' , a partially full frame 's ability to hold part of the next frame 's audio data , allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate , even in a constant bitrate stream .	Layer III	What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir ?
Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay .	encoding delay	What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir ?
Layer III audio can also use a `` bit reservoir '' , a partially full frame 's ability to hold part of the next frame 's audio data , allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate , even in a constant bitrate stream .	temporary	A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate ?
Layer III audio can also use a `` bit reservoir '' , a partially full frame 's ability to hold part of the next frame 's audio data , allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate , even in a constant bitrate stream .	constant bitrate	A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream ?
There is no scale factor band 21 -LRB- sfb21 -RRB- for frequencies above approx 16 kHz , forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21 , the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding .	sfb21	What can scale factor band 21 be shortened to ?
There is no scale factor band 21 -LRB- sfb21 -RRB- for frequencies above approx 16 kHz , forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21 , the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding .	16 kHz	What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to ?
There is no scale factor band 21 -LRB- sfb21 -RRB- for frequencies above approx 16 kHz , forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21 , the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding .	less efficient storage	The encoder has to choose between less acurate representation in band 21 or which factor in all bands below band 21 ?
There is no scale factor band 21 -LRB- sfb21 -RRB- for frequencies above approx 16 kHz , forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21 , the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding .	wasted bitrate	What does less efficient storage result in for VBR encoding ?
A `` tag '' in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title , artist , album , track number or other information about the file 's contents .	tag	What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as ?
A `` tag '' in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title , artist , album , track number or other information about the file 's contents .	album	What else can metadeta contain other than the title , artist or track number ?
The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files , nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for tags .	tag formats for MP3 files	What do MP3 standards not define ?
The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files , nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for tags .	a standard container format	What would be needed to support metadata and obviate the need for tags ?
As of 2010 , the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2 , and the more recently introduced APEv2 .	ID3v2	Other than the ID3v1 , which similar standard format for tag exists ?
As of 2010 , the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2 , and the more recently introduced APEv2 .	APEv2	What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting ?
These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files , separate from the actual MP3 frame data .	end	What is the second place in a file that tags are normally stored , with the first being at the beginning ?
These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files , separate from the actual MP3 frame data .	separate from the actual MP3 frame data	What is important to note about where the tags are stored ?
MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags , or just treat them as ignorable , non-MP3 junk data .	treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data	If the MP3 decoders do not extract information from the tags , what do they do to them ?
ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file -LRB- audio normalization -RRB- in its metadata tag , enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file .	ReplayGain	What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file ?
ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file -LRB- audio normalization -RRB- in its metadata tag , enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file .	audio normalization	What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as ?
ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file -LRB- audio normalization -RRB- in its metadata tag , enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file .	the overall playback volume	What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust ?
MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adjusted playback can be achieved on players without ReplayGain capability .	MP3Gain	What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements ?
MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adjusted playback can be achieved on players without ReplayGain capability .	ReplayGain capability	MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback ?
The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union , all patents having expired there .	European Union	Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free ?
The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union , all patents having expired there .	expired	What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free ?
In the United States , the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 -LRB- see below -RRB- .	31 December 2017	When will the technology be patent - free in the United States ?
The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015 .	2007 and 2015	Between which years did most of the MP3 patents in the US expire ?
These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources .	legal threats	What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to ?
As a result , uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement in countries that allow software patents was a common feature of the early stages of adoption of the technology .	which patents must be licensed	Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products ?
As a result , uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement in countries that allow software patents was a common feature of the early stages of adoption of the technology .	patent infringement	What was the danger of not correctly patenting products ?
As a result , uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement in countries that allow software patents was a common feature of the early stages of adoption of the technology .	early stages	At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent ?
The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard -LRB- parts 1 , 2 and 3 -RRB- was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172 .	MPEG-1 standard	What became publicly available on 6 December 1991 ?
In most countries , patents can not be filed after prior art has been made public , and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date , which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other countries .	after prior art has been made public	When can patents not be filed in most countries ?
In most countries , patents can not be filed after prior art has been made public , and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date , which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other countries .	20 years	How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed ?
In most countries , patents can not be filed after prior art has been made public , and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date , which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other countries .	12 months	How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed ?
As a result , patents required to implement MP3 expired in most countries by December 2012 , 21 years after the publication of ISO CD 11172 .	December 2012	When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries ?
An exception is the United States , where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent , but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected -LRB- see submarine patents -RRB- .	17 years after the publication date	How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States ?
An exception is the United States , where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent , but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected -LRB- see submarine patents -RRB- .	submarine patents	A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what ?
The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from 2007 to 2017 in the U.S. Patents filed for anything disclosed in ISO CD 11172 a year or more after its publication are questionable .	2017	What year is the latest that MP3 related patents will expire on in the United States ?
If the longest-running patent mentioned in the aforementioned references is taken as a measure , then the MP3 technology will be patent-free in the United States on 30 December 2017 when U.S. Patent 5,703,999 , held by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor , expires .	Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft	Who holds the longest running MP3 patent in the United States ?
If the longest-running patent mentioned in the aforementioned references is taken as a measure , then the MP3 technology will be patent-free in the United States on 30 December 2017 when U.S. Patent 5,703,999 , held by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor , expires .	Technicolor	Who administered the longest running MP3 patent in the United States ?
Technicolor -LRB- formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics -RRB- claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries , including the United States , Japan , Canada and EU countries .	Thomson Consumer Electronics	What was Technicolor 's previous name ?
Technicolor -LRB- formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics -RRB- claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries , including the United States , Japan , Canada and EU countries .	Layer 3	What patent does Technicolor claim to control ?
Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents .	actively enforcing these patents	What are Technicolor constantly in the process of doing ?
In September 1998 , the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to `` distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders '' .	September 1998	When did the Fraunhofer institute send out a letter ?
In September 1998 , the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to `` distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders '' .	a license	What did the letter claim would be required to distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders ?
The letter claimed that unlicensed products `` infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson .	infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson	What does selling unlicensed products mean that the seller is doing ?
To make , sell and/or distribute products using the -LSB- MPEG Layer-3 -RSB- standard and thus our patents , you need to obtain a license under these patents from us . ''	the [MPEG Layer-3] standard	What can products not use if they want to avoid infringing on patent rights ?
Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG , Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology , but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents .	Thomson	Who was sued for patent infringement on MP3 technology ?
Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG , Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology , but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents .	Sisvel S.p.A.	Who initially sued to protect their patent rights ?
Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG , Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology , but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents .	a license to their patents	What did Sisvel grant Thomson to end the lawsuit ?
Except for three patents , the US patents administered by Sisvel had all expired in 2015 , however -LRB- the exceptions are : U.S. Patent 5,878,080 , expires February 2017 , U.S. Patent 5,850,456 , expires February 2017 and U.S. Patent 5,960,037 , expires 9 .	2015	When did the majority of the patents held by Sisvel expire ?
In September 2006 , German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk 's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights .	MP3 players	What did German officials seize from SanDisk on September 2006 ?
In September 2006 , German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk 's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights .	IFA	At which show did SanDisk have their assets seized ?
In September 2006 , German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk 's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights .	Sisvel	Which company was the Italian patents firm representing ?
The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge , but that reversal was in turn blocked the same day by another judge from the same court , `` bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany '' in the words of one commentator .	The injunction was later reversed	What happened after the injunction was successful ?
The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge , but that reversal was in turn blocked the same day by another judge from the same court , `` bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany '' in the words of one commentator .	bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany	The continuous back and forth regarding the decisions on patents was referred to as what ?
In February 2007 , Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple , Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court , claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned .	Texas MP3 Technologies	Who sued Apple , Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in 2007 ?
In February 2007 , Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple , Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court , claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned .	eastern Texas federal court	Which court did the lawsuit take place in ?
Apple , Samsung , and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009 .	all settled the claims against them	What action did the three companies being sued take ?
Apple , Samsung , and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009 .	2009	What year did the lawsuits end ?
In February 2007 , Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple , Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court , claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned .	infringement of a portable MP3 player patent	What was the claim that the lawsuit was based on ?
Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents , allegedly inherited from AT&T - Bell Labs , in litigation of its own .	Alcatel-Lucent	Which company allegedly inherited MP3 patents from AT&T - Bell LAbs ?
Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents , allegedly inherited from AT&T - Bell Labs , in litigation of its own .	MP3 coding and compression	What kind of patents were allegedly inherited ?
In November 2006 , before the companies ' merger , Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents .	seven	How many patents did Alcatel claim Microsoft infringed on ?
The court subsequently tossed the award , however , finding that one patent had not been infringed and that the other was not even owned by Alcatel-Lucent ; it was co-owned by AT&T and Fraunhofer , who had licensed it to Microsoft , the judge ruled .	The court subsequently tossed the award	What subsequently happened after Alcatel was awarded damages ?
On 23 February 2007 , a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $ 1.52 billion in damages for infringement of two of them .	US $1.52 billion	How much money was awarded to Alcatel by a San Diego jury ?
Among these , mp3PRO , AAC , and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar psychoacoustic models .	MP3	AAC , mp3PRO and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as which other lossy format ?
Among these , mp3PRO , AAC , and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar psychoacoustic models .	psychoacoustic	What model type do all of the lossy formats roughly depend on ?
The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft owns many of the basic patents underlying these formats as well , with others held by Dolby Labs , Sony , Thomson Consumer Electronics , and AT&T .	Fraunhofer Gesellschaft	Which company owns many of the patents that cover the other formats ?
There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions .	open	Opus and Vorbis are two explans of what kind of compression format ?
There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions .	any known patent restrictions	Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what ?
Some of the newer audio compression formats , such as AAC , WMA Pro and Vorbis , are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that can not be overcome by any MP3 encoder .	free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format	What are some benefits to some of the newer audio compression formats when compared to MP3 ?
There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions .	available free of charge	How can one obtain an open compression format such as Opus or Vorbis ?
Besides lossy compression methods , lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content , though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression .	lossless formats	What is a significant alternative to MP3 ?
Besides lossy compression methods , lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content , though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression .	unaltered audio content	What can lossless formats provide ?
Besides lossy compression methods , lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content , though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression .	increased file size	What is the downside of using a lossless format ?
Lossless formats include FLAC -LRB- Free Lossless Audio Codec -RRB- , Apple Lossless and many others .	FLAC	What is another example of a lossless format other than Apple Lossless ?
Lossless formats include FLAC -LRB- Free Lossless Audio Codec -RRB- , Apple Lossless and many others .	Free Lossless Audio Codec	What does FLAC stand for ?
House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s .	Chicago	What city did House music originate from ?
House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s .	1980s	What decade did House music first develop ?
It was initially popularized in Chicago , circa 1984 .	1984	What year was House music first popularized ?
House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s .	electronic dance music	What genre does House music fall into ?
Early house music commercial success in Europe saw songs such as `` Pump Up The Volume '' by MARRS -LRB- 1987 -RRB- , `` House Nation '' by House Master Boyz and the Rude Boy of House -LRB- 1987 -RRB- , `` Theme from S'Express '' by S'Express -LRB- 1988 -RRB- and `` Doctorin ' the House '' by Coldcut -LRB- 1988 -RRB- in the pop charts .	"Pump Up The Volume"	What song by MARRS was an early House hit in 1987 ?
Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats , rhythms mainly provided by drum machines , off-beat hi-hat cymbals , and synthesized basslines .	4/4 beats	House music is characterized by what type of beats ?
House music has also fused with several other genres creating fusion subgenres , such as euro house , tech house , electro house and jump house .	euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house	What are some subgenres of House music ?
Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats , rhythms mainly provided by drum machines , off-beat hi-hat cymbals , and synthesized basslines .	drum machines	What are rhythms provided by in House music ?
While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music , it was more electronic and minimalistic , and the repetitive rhythm of house was more important than the song itself .	it was more electronic and minimalistic	What are some differences between House and Disco music ?
Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats , rhythms mainly provided by drum machines , off-beat hi-hat cymbals , and synthesized basslines .	dance-based music	What type of music is House based on ?
After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s , house music grew even larger during the second wave of progressive house -LRB- 1999 -- 2001 -RRB- .	1999–2001	When was the second wave of progressive house ?
The genre has remained popular and fused into other popular subgenres , for example , G-house , Deep House , Tech House and Bass House .	G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House	What are some popular subgenres of House ?
As of 2015 , house music remains extremely popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe .	both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene	where is house music extremely popular ?
House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular .	a more mainstream pop-based variation	What variation of house music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue ?
Various disco songs incorporated sounds produced with synthesizers and drum machines , and some compositions were entirely electronic ; examples include Giorgio Moroder 's late 1970s productions such as Donna Summer 's hit single `` I Feel Love '' from 1977 , Cerrone 's `` Supernature '' -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , Yellow Magic Orchestra 's synth-disco-pop productions from Yellow Magic Orchestra -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Solid State Survivor -LRB- 1979 -RRB- , and several early 1980s disco-pop productions by the Hi-NRG group Lime .	synthesizers and drum machines	What instruments did disco songs incorporate from house music ?
Various disco songs incorporated sounds produced with synthesizers and drum machines , and some compositions were entirely electronic ; examples include Giorgio Moroder 's late 1970s productions such as Donna Summer 's hit single `` I Feel Love '' from 1977 , Cerrone 's `` Supernature '' -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , Yellow Magic Orchestra 's synth-disco-pop productions from Yellow Magic Orchestra -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Solid State Survivor -LRB- 1979 -RRB- , and several early 1980s disco-pop productions by the Hi-NRG group Lime .	Giorgio Moroder	who produced Donna Summer 's hit single `` I Feel Love '' ?
Various disco songs incorporated sounds produced with synthesizers and drum machines , and some compositions were entirely electronic ; examples include Giorgio Moroder 's late 1970s productions such as Donna Summer 's hit single `` I Feel Love '' from 1977 , Cerrone 's `` Supernature '' -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , Yellow Magic Orchestra 's synth-disco-pop productions from Yellow Magic Orchestra -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Solid State Survivor -LRB- 1979 -RRB- , and several early 1980s disco-pop productions by the Hi-NRG group Lime .	1980s disco-pop	what sort of music did Hi-NRG group Lime produce ?
Various disco songs incorporated sounds produced with synthesizers and drum machines , and some compositions were entirely electronic ; examples include Giorgio Moroder 's late 1970s productions such as Donna Summer 's hit single `` I Feel Love '' from 1977 , Cerrone 's `` Supernature '' -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , Yellow Magic Orchestra 's synth-disco-pop productions from Yellow Magic Orchestra -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Solid State Survivor -LRB- 1979 -RRB- , and several early 1980s disco-pop productions by the Hi-NRG group Lime .	1977	What year did Cerrone 's `` Supernature '' get released ?
Various disco songs incorporated sounds produced with synthesizers and drum machines , and some compositions were entirely electronic ; examples include Giorgio Moroder 's late 1970s productions such as Donna Summer 's hit single `` I Feel Love '' from 1977 , Cerrone 's `` Supernature '' -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , Yellow Magic Orchestra 's synth-disco-pop productions from Yellow Magic Orchestra -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Solid State Survivor -LRB- 1979 -RRB- , and several early 1980s disco-pop productions by the Hi-NRG group Lime .	1979	What year was solid state survivor released ?
Soul and disco influenced house music , plus mixing and editing techniques earlier explored by disco , garage music and post-disco DJs , producers , and audio engineers such as Walter Gibbons , Tom Moulton , Jim Burgess , Larry Levan , Ron Hardy , M & M , and others who produced longer , more repetitive , and percussive arrangements of existing disco recordings .	Soul and disco	What influenced House music ?
Early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch , using samplers , synthesizers , sequencers , and drum machines .	Early house producers	What type of producer was Frankie Knuckles ?
Early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch , using samplers , synthesizers , sequencers , and drum machines .	samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines	what did Frankie Knuckles use to create his compositions ?
The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh 's Synthesizing : Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat -LRB- 1982 -RRB- , an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style , anticipated the sounds of acid house music , but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album 's rediscovery in the 21st century .	Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat	What was the name of Charanjit Singh 's 1982 album ?
The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh 's Synthesizing : Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat -LRB- 1982 -RRB- , an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style , anticipated the sounds of acid house music , but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album 's rediscovery in the 21st century .	Indian ragas performed in a disco style	What did Singh 's album contain ?
The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh 's Synthesizing : Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat -LRB- 1982 -RRB- , an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style , anticipated the sounds of acid house music , but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album 's rediscovery in the 21st century .	1982	What year was synthesizing : ten ragas to a disco beat released ?
The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh 's Synthesizing : Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat -LRB- 1982 -RRB- , an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style , anticipated the sounds of acid house music , but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album 's rediscovery in the 21st century .	minimal arrangement	What sort of arrangement did Charanjit Singh use on his 1982 album ?
Rachel Cain , co-founder of an influential Trax Records , was previously involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial and post-punk record store Wax Trax !	co-founder of an influential Trax Records	Who is Rachel Cain ?
As most proto-house DJs were primarily stuck to playing their conventional ensemble of dance records , Frankie Knuckles and Ron Hardy , two influential pioneers of house music , were known for their out-of-bounds behavior .	two influential pioneers of house music	Who were Frankie Knuckles and ron hardy ?
The former , credited as `` the Godfather of House , '' worked primarily with early disco music with a hint of new and different music -LRB- whether it was post-punk or post-disco -RRB- but still enjoying a variety of music , while the latter produced unconventional DIY mixtapes which he later played straight-on in the music club Muzic Box , boiling with raw energy .	"the Godfather of House,"	what was the nickname of frankie knuckles ?
Marshall Jefferson , who would later appear with the Chicago house classic `` Move Your Body -LRB- The House-Music Anthem -RRB- , '' -LRB- originally released on Chicago-based Trax Records -RRB- got involved in house music after hearing Ron Hardy 's music in Muzic Box .	Ron Hardy's	marshall jefferson got involved in house music after hearing whose music ?
Marshall Jefferson , who would later appear with the Chicago house classic `` Move Your Body -LRB- The House-Music Anthem -RRB- , '' -LRB- originally released on Chicago-based Trax Records -RRB- got involved in house music after hearing Ron Hardy 's music in Muzic Box .	Muzic Box	what was ron hardy 's music released in ?
In the early 1980s , Chicago radio jocks The Hot Mix 5 , and club DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles played various styles of dance music , including older disco records -LRB- mostly Philly disco and Salsoul tracks -RRB- , electro funk tracks by artists such as Afrika Bambaataa , newer Italo disco , B-Boy hip hop music by Man Parrish , Jellybean Benitez , Arthur Baker , and John Robie , and electronic pop music by Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra .	The Hot Mix 5	who were the chicago radio jocks that played dance music in the early 1980s ?
In the early 1980s , Chicago radio jocks The Hot Mix 5 , and club DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles played various styles of dance music , including older disco records -LRB- mostly Philly disco and Salsoul tracks -RRB- , electro funk tracks by artists such as Afrika Bambaataa , newer Italo disco , B-Boy hip hop music by Man Parrish , Jellybean Benitez , Arthur Baker , and John Robie , and electronic pop music by Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra .	B-Boy hip hop music	what style of music did man parrish play ?
In the early 1980s , Chicago radio jocks The Hot Mix 5 , and club DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles played various styles of dance music , including older disco records -LRB- mostly Philly disco and Salsoul tracks -RRB- , electro funk tracks by artists such as Afrika Bambaataa , newer Italo disco , B-Boy hip hop music by Man Parrish , Jellybean Benitez , Arthur Baker , and John Robie , and electronic pop music by Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra .	electro funk	what style of music did afrika bambaataa play ?
In the early 1980s , Chicago radio jocks The Hot Mix 5 , and club DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles played various styles of dance music , including older disco records -LRB- mostly Philly disco and Salsoul tracks -RRB- , electro funk tracks by artists such as Afrika Bambaataa , newer Italo disco , B-Boy hip hop music by Man Parrish , Jellybean Benitez , Arthur Baker , and John Robie , and electronic pop music by Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra .	electronic pop music	what style of music did kraftwerk play ?
Some made and played their own edits of their favorite songs on reel-to-reel tape , and sometimes mixed in effects , drum machines , and other rhythmic electronic instrumentation .	reel-to-reel tape	how did producers sometimes make edits of house music ?
The hypnotic electronic dance song `` On and On '' , produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence , had elements that became staples of the early house sound , such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland -LRB- specifically TR-808 -RRB- drum machine and Korg -LRB- specifically Poly-61 -RRB- synthesizer .	Jesse Saunders	who produced the song `` on and on '' in 1984 ?
The hypnotic electronic dance song `` On and On '' , produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence , had elements that became staples of the early house sound , such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland -LRB- specifically TR-808 -RRB- drum machine and Korg -LRB- specifically Poly-61 -RRB- synthesizer .	Chicago	where was jesse saunders from ?
The hypnotic electronic dance song `` On and On '' , produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence , had elements that became staples of the early house sound , such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland -LRB- specifically TR-808 -RRB- drum machine and Korg -LRB- specifically Poly-61 -RRB- synthesizer .	Vince Lawrence	who co-wrote the hit song `` on and on '' in 1984 ?
The hypnotic electronic dance song `` On and On '' , produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence , had elements that became staples of the early house sound , such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland -LRB- specifically TR-808 -RRB- drum machine and Korg -LRB- specifically Poly-61 -RRB- synthesizer .	Roland TB-303	what type of bass synthesizer was a staple of the early house sound ?
It also utilized the bassline from Player One 's disco record `` Space Invaders '' -LRB- 1979 -RRB- .	1979	when was player one 's `` space invaders '' released ?
Starting in 1984 , some of these DJs , inspired by Jesse Saunders ' success with `` On and On '' , tried their hand at producing and releasing original compositions .	1984	when was jesse saunders ' `` on and on '' a hit ?
These homegrown productions were played on Chicago-area radio and in local discothèques catering mainly to African-American and gay audiences .	African-American and gay audiences	what type of audience was early disco and dance catered to ?
By 1985 , although the exact origins of the term are debated , `` house music '' encompassed these locally produced recordings .	1985	what year was house music first used as a genre ?
Subgenres of house , including deep house and acid house , quickly emerged and gained traction .	deep house and acid house	what were two big subgenres of house music ?
These homegrown productions were played on Chicago-area radio and in local discothèques catering mainly to African-American and gay audiences .	Chicago-area radio	what area radio was house music generally played on ?
Deep house 's origins can be traced to Chicago producer Mr Fingers 's relatively jazzy , soulful recordings `` Mystery of Love '' -LRB- 1985 -RRB- and `` Can You Feel It ? ''	Mr Fingers	what producer was the first to produce deep house ?
Deep house 's origins can be traced to Chicago producer Mr Fingers 's relatively jazzy , soulful recordings `` Mystery of Love '' -LRB- 1985 -RRB- and `` Can You Feel It ? ''	Chicago	where was producer mr. fingers ' from ?
Deep house 's origins can be traced to Chicago producer Mr Fingers 's relatively jazzy , soulful recordings `` Mystery of Love '' -LRB- 1985 -RRB- and `` Can You Feel It ? ''	1985	when was mr. fingers ' `` mystery of love '' released ?
-LRB- 1986 -RRB- .	1986	when was mr. fingers ' `` can you feel it ? '' released ?
Acid house arose from Chicago artists ' experiments with the squelchy Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer , and the style 's origins on vinyl is generally cited as Phuture 's `` Acid Tracks '' -LRB- 1987 -RRB- .	1987	When was Phuture 's `` Acid Tracks '' released ?
Phuture , a group founded by Nathan `` DJ Pierre '' Jones , Earl `` Spanky '' Smith Jr. , and Herbert `` Herb J '' Jackson , is credited with having been the first to use the TB-303 in the house music context .	Nathan "DJ Pierre" Jones, Earl "Spanky" Smith Jr., and Herbert "Herb J" Jackson	Who founded the group Phuture ?
Phuture , a group founded by Nathan `` DJ Pierre '' Jones , Earl `` Spanky '' Smith Jr. , and Herbert `` Herb J '' Jackson , is credited with having been the first to use the TB-303 in the house music context .	TB-303	what instrument was Phuture the first to use in house music ?
The group 's 12-minute `` Acid Tracks '' was recorded to tape and was played by DJ Ron Hardy at the Music Box , where Hardy was resident DJ .	12-minute	how long was phuture 's `` acid tracks '' ?
The track also utilized a Roland TR-707 drum machine .	Roland TR-707	what type of drum machine did `` acid tracks '' use ?
Club play from pioneering Chicago DJs such as Hardy and Lil Louis , local dance music record shops such as Importes , State Street Records , Loop Records , Gramaphone Records and the popular Hot Mix 5 shows on radio station WBMX-FM helped popularize house music in Chicago .	WBMX-FM	what radio station aired the Hot Mix 5 show ?
Trax Records and DJ International Records , Chicago labels with wider distribution , helped popularize house music inside and outside of Chicago .	Trax Records and DJ International Records	what record labels helped popularize house music ?
One 1986 house tune called `` Move Your Body '' by Marshall Jefferson , taken from the appropriately titled `` The House Music Anthem '' EP , became a big hit in Chicago and eventually worldwide .	"Move Your Body"	what song by marshall jefferson became a big house hit ?
By 1986 , UK labels were releasing house music by Chicago acts , and by 1987 house tracks by Chicago DJs and producers were appearing on and topping the UK music chart .	UK	what european country were big house music hits being released in , in 1987 ?
By this time , house music released by Chicago-based labels was considered a must-play in clubs .	clubs	where was house music from chicago-based labels considered a must-play ?
The term `` house music '' is said to have originated from a Chicago club called The Warehouse , which existed from 1977 to 1983 .	The Warehouse	what club did the term ` house music ' originate from ?
The term `` house music '' is said to have originated from a Chicago club called The Warehouse , which existed from 1977 to 1983 .	Chicago	what city was the club The Warehouse located in ?
The term `` house music '' is said to have originated from a Chicago club called The Warehouse , which existed from 1977 to 1983 .	1977 to 1983	what years was the club The warehouse open ?
Clubbers to The Warehouse were primarily black and gay , who came to dance to music played by the club 's resident DJ Frankie Knuckles , whom fans refer to as the `` godfather of house '' .	primarily black and gay	what types of people did the club The Warehouse attract ?
Clubbers to The Warehouse were primarily black and gay , who came to dance to music played by the club 's resident DJ Frankie Knuckles , whom fans refer to as the `` godfather of house '' .	Frankie Knuckles	who was the resident DJ at The Warehouse in Chicago ?
Chip E. 's 1985 recording `` It 's House '' may also have helped to define this new form of electronic music .	"It's House"	what is the name of Chip E 's 1985 house hit ?
Chip E. 's 1985 recording `` It 's House '' may also have helped to define this new form of electronic music .	1985	when was Chip E 's hit `` It 's House '' released ?
In a 1986 interview , Rocky Jones , the former club DJ who ran the D.J. International record label , does n't mention Importes Etc. , Frankie Knuckles , or the Warehouse by name , but agrees that `` house '' was a regional catch-all term for dance music , and that it was once synonymous with older disco music .	Rocky Jones	who ran the D.J. International record label ?
In a 1986 interview , Rocky Jones , the former club DJ who ran the D.J. International record label , does n't mention Importes Etc. , Frankie Knuckles , or the Warehouse by name , but agrees that `` house '' was a regional catch-all term for dance music , and that it was once synonymous with older disco music .	dance music,	House is a regional catch-all term for what kind of music ?
In a 1986 interview , Rocky Jones , the former club DJ who ran the D.J. International record label , does n't mention Importes Etc. , Frankie Knuckles , or the Warehouse by name , but agrees that `` house '' was a regional catch-all term for dance music , and that it was once synonymous with older disco music .	older disco music	what was ` house music ' once synonymous with ?
Larry Heard , a.k.a. `` Mr. Fingers '' , claims that the term `` house '' became popular due to many of the early DJs creating music in their own homes using synthesizers and drum machines such as the Roland TR-808 , TR-909 , and the TB 303 .	Mr. Fingers	What was the stage name of Larry Heard ?
Larry Heard , a.k.a. `` Mr. Fingers '' , claims that the term `` house '' became popular due to many of the early DJs creating music in their own homes using synthesizers and drum machines such as the Roland TR-808 , TR-909 , and the TB 303 .	early DJs creating music in their own homes	Why did the term house become popular ?
Larry Heard , a.k.a. `` Mr. Fingers '' , claims that the term `` house '' became popular due to many of the early DJs creating music in their own homes using synthesizers and drum machines such as the Roland TR-808 , TR-909 , and the TB 303 .	synthesizers and drum machines	what are the Roland TR-808 , TR-909 , and TB 303 examples of ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- These synthesizers were used to create a house subgenre called acid house .	acid house	synthesizers were used to create what house subgenre ?
Larry Heard , a.k.a. `` Mr. Fingers '' , claims that the term `` house '' became popular due to many of the early DJs creating music in their own homes using synthesizers and drum machines such as the Roland TR-808 , TR-909 , and the TB 303 .	Larry Heard	what was the real name of Mr. Fingers ?
Juan Atkins , an originator of Detroit techno music , claims the term `` house '' reflected the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs ; those records helped differentiate the clubs and DJs , and thus were considered to be their `` house '' records .	Detroit techno music	What is Juan Atkins an originator of ?
Juan Atkins , an originator of Detroit techno music , claims the term `` house '' reflected the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs ; those records helped differentiate the clubs and DJs , and thus were considered to be their `` house '' records .	the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs	What did Atkins claim the term house reflected ?
Juan Atkins , an originator of Detroit techno music , claims the term `` house '' reflected the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs ; those records helped differentiate the clubs and DJs , and thus were considered to be their `` house '' records .	differentiate the clubs and DJs	Why were DJs inspired to create their own house records ?
House also had an influence of relaying political messages to people who were considered to be outcasts of society .	outcasts of society	Who did House relay political messages to ?
Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like `` church for people who have fallen from grace '' The house producer Marshall Jefferson compared it to `` old-time religion in the way that people just get happy and screamin ' '' .	church for people who have fallen from grace	Who did Frankie Knuckles once say the Warehouse club was for ?
Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like `` church for people who have fallen from grace '' The house producer Marshall Jefferson compared it to `` old-time religion in the way that people just get happy and screamin ' '' .	Marshall Jefferson	Who was a famous house producer ?
Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like `` church for people who have fallen from grace '' The house producer Marshall Jefferson compared it to `` old-time religion in the way that people just get happy and screamin ' '' .	Chicago	where was the warehouse club located ?
Deep house was similar to many of the messages of freedom for the black community .	the black community	what community was deep house popular with ?
It was developed starting in the late 80s , one of the earliest hits being `` Big Fun '' by Inner City .	"Big Fun" by Inner City	what was one of the earliest Detroit techno hits ?
Detroit techno developed as the legendary disc jockey The Electrifying Mojo conducted his own radio program at this time , influencing the fusion of eclectic sounds into the signature Detroit techno sound .	The Electrifying Mojo	who started the Detroit techno development ?
This sound , also influenced by European electronica -LRB- Kraftwerk , Art of Noise -RRB- , Japanese synthpop -LRB- Yellow Magic Orchestra -RRB- , early B-boy Hip-Hop -LRB- Man Parrish , Soul Sonic Force -RRB- and Italo disco -LRB- Doctor 's Cat , Ris , Klein M.B.O. -RRB- , was further pioneered by Juan Atkins , Derrick May , and Kevin Saunderson , the `` godfathers '' of Detroit Techno .	the "godfathers" of Detroit Techno	what was the nickname of juan atkins , derrick may , and devin saunderson ?
This sound , also influenced by European electronica -LRB- Kraftwerk , Art of Noise -RRB- , Japanese synthpop -LRB- Yellow Magic Orchestra -RRB- , early B-boy Hip-Hop -LRB- Man Parrish , Soul Sonic Force -RRB- and Italo disco -LRB- Doctor 's Cat , Ris , Klein M.B.O. -RRB- , was further pioneered by Juan Atkins , Derrick May , and Kevin Saunderson , the `` godfathers '' of Detroit Techno .	Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force	who were the early b-boy hip-hop artists that inspired detroit techno ?
This sound , also influenced by European electronica -LRB- Kraftwerk , Art of Noise -RRB- , Japanese synthpop -LRB- Yellow Magic Orchestra -RRB- , early B-boy Hip-Hop -LRB- Man Parrish , Soul Sonic Force -RRB- and Italo disco -LRB- Doctor 's Cat , Ris , Klein M.B.O. -RRB- , was further pioneered by Juan Atkins , Derrick May , and Kevin Saunderson , the `` godfathers '' of Detroit Techno .	Kraftwerk, Art of Noise	who were the european electronica artists that inspired detroit techno ?
Derrick May a.k.a. `` MAYDAY '' and Thomas Barnett released `` Nude Photo '' in 1987 on May 's label `` Transmat Records '' , which helped kickstart the Detroit techno music scene and was put in heavy rotation on Chicago 's Hot Mix 5 Radio DJ mix show and in many Chicago clubs .	"Nude Photo"	Mayday and Thomas Barnett released what hit in 1987 ?
Derrick May a.k.a. `` MAYDAY '' and Thomas Barnett released `` Nude Photo '' in 1987 on May 's label `` Transmat Records '' , which helped kickstart the Detroit techno music scene and was put in heavy rotation on Chicago 's Hot Mix 5 Radio DJ mix show and in many Chicago clubs .	Transmat Records	what was the name of Mayday 's record label ?
Derrick May a.k.a. `` MAYDAY '' and Thomas Barnett released `` Nude Photo '' in 1987 on May 's label `` Transmat Records '' , which helped kickstart the Detroit techno music scene and was put in heavy rotation on Chicago 's Hot Mix 5 Radio DJ mix show and in many Chicago clubs .	Derrick May	What was the real name of the artist Mayday ?
Transmat Records went on to have many more successful releases -LSB- citation needed -RSB- such as 1988 's `` Wiggin '' .	1988	what year was the hit song `` wiggin '' released ?
As well , Derrick May had successful -LSB- citation needed -RSB- releases on Kool Kat Records and many remixes for a host of underground and mainstream recording artist .	Kool Kat Records	what label did Derrick May have successful releases on after his own ?
Kevin Saunderson 's company KMS Records contributed many releases that were as much house music as they were techno .	Kevin Saunderson	who founded KMS Records ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Blake Baxter 's 1986 recording , `` When we Used to Play / Work your Body '' , 1987 's `` Bounce Your Body to the Box '' and `` Force Field '' , `` The Sound / How to Play our Music '' and `` the Groove that Wo n't Stop '' and a remix of `` Grooving Without a Doubt '' .	"When we Used to Play / Work your Body"	what was the name of Blake Baxter 's 1986 hit recording ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Blake Baxter 's 1986 recording , `` When we Used to Play / Work your Body '' , 1987 's `` Bounce Your Body to the Box '' and `` Force Field '' , `` The Sound / How to Play our Music '' and `` the Groove that Wo n't Stop '' and a remix of `` Grooving Without a Doubt '' .	"Bounce Your Body to the Box"	what was the name of Blake Baxter 's 1987 hit recording ?
In 1988 , as house music became more popular among general audiences , Kevin Saunderson 's group Inner City with Paris Gray released the 1988 hits `` Big Fun '' and `` Good Life '' , which eventually were picked up by Virgin Records .	Inner City	what group released `` Big Fun '' and `` Good Life '' in 1988 ?
In 1989 , KMS had another hit release of `` Rock to the Beat '' which was a theme in Chicago dance clubs .	"Rock to the Beat"	what was the 1989 hit theme released by KMS ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The record generally credited as the first house hit in the UK was Farley `` Jackmaster '' Funk 's `` Love Ca n't Turn Around '' which reached # 10 in the UK singles chart in September 1986 .	Farley "Jackmaster" Funk's "Love Can't Turn Around"	what is credited as the first house hit in the UK ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The record generally credited as the first house hit in the UK was Farley `` Jackmaster '' Funk 's `` Love Ca n't Turn Around '' which reached # 10 in the UK singles chart in September 1986 .	#10	what did `` Love Ca n't Turn Around '' peak at in the UK charts ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The record generally credited as the first house hit in the UK was Farley `` Jackmaster '' Funk 's `` Love Ca n't Turn Around '' which reached # 10 in the UK singles chart in September 1986 .	1986	what year did Farley Funk have his first UK hit ?
In January 1987 , Chicago artist Steve `` Silk '' Hurley 's `` Jack Your Body '' reached number one in the UK , showing it was possible for house music to cross over .	Steve "Silk" Hurley's "Jack Your Body"	What was the first house single to hit # 1 in the UK ?
In January 1987 , Chicago artist Steve `` Silk '' Hurley 's `` Jack Your Body '' reached number one in the UK , showing it was possible for house music to cross over .	1987	What year did `` Jack Your Body '' hit # 1 in the UK ?
The same month also saw Raze enter the top 20 with `` Jack the Groove '' , and several further house hits reached the top ten that year .	Raze	Who had a hit single with `` jack the groove '' ?
Stock Aitken Waterman 's productions for Mel and Kim , including the number-one hit `` Respectable '' , added elements of house to their previous Europop sound , and session group Mirage scored top-ten hits with `` Jack Mix II '' and `` Jack Mix IV '' , medleys of previous electro and Europop hits rearranged in a house style .	Stock Aitken Waterman	what group 's productions for Mel and Kim added elements of house to the europop sound ?
Stock Aitken Waterman 's productions for Mel and Kim , including the number-one hit `` Respectable '' , added elements of house to their previous Europop sound , and session group Mirage scored top-ten hits with `` Jack Mix II '' and `` Jack Mix IV '' , medleys of previous electro and Europop hits rearranged in a house style .	Respectable	what was the name of mel and kim 's number-one hit single in the UK ?
The tour in March 1987 -LSB- citation needed -RSB- of Knuckles , Jefferson , Fingers Inc. -LRB- Heard -RRB- and Adonis as the DJ International Tour boosted house in the UK .	Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour	what tour boosted house in the UK in the late 80s ?
The tour in March 1987 -LSB- citation needed -RSB- of Knuckles , Jefferson , Fingers Inc. -LRB- Heard -RRB- and Adonis as the DJ International Tour boosted house in the UK .	March 1987	when did the DJ International Tour take place ?
Following the number-one success of MARRS ' `` Pump Up The Volume '' in October , the years 1987 to 1989 also saw UK acts such as The Beatmasters , Krush , Coldcut , Yazz , Bomb The Bass , S-Express , and Italy 's Black Box opening the doors to a house music onslaught on the UK charts .	"Pump Up The Volume"	what was the name of MARRS ' number-one single in October 1987 ?
Early British house music quickly set itself apart from the original Chicago house sound ; -LSB- citation needed -RSB- many of the early hits were based on sample montage , rap was often used for vocals -LRB- far more than in the US -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and humor was frequently an important element .	humor	what was frequently an important element of UK house music ?
Early British house music quickly set itself apart from the original Chicago house sound ; -LSB- citation needed -RSB- many of the early hits were based on sample montage , rap was often used for vocals -LRB- far more than in the US -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and humor was frequently an important element .	the original Chicago house sound	Sample montages were a key difference between british house music and what ?
One of the early anthemic tunes , `` Promised Land '' by Joe Smooth , was covered and charted within a week by the Style Council .	Joe Smooth	who released the hit single `` promised land '' ?
One of the early anthemic tunes , `` Promised Land '' by Joe Smooth , was covered and charted within a week by the Style Council .	Style Council	who covered and charted the single `` promised land '' ?
Europeans embraced house , and began booking legendary American house DJs to play at the big clubs , such as Ministry of Sound , whose resident , Justin Berkmann brought in Larry Levan .	Justin Berkmann	who was the resident of the Ministry of Sound ?
Europeans embraced house , and began booking legendary American house DJs to play at the big clubs , such as Ministry of Sound , whose resident , Justin Berkmann brought in Larry Levan .	Larry Levan	who did Justin Berkmann bring into the club to play ?
The house scene in cities such as Birmingham , Leeds , Sheffield and London were also provided with many underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs alike which helped bolster an already contagious , but otherwise ignored by the mainstream , music genre .	Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London	what cities in the UK had major house scenes ?
The house scene in cities such as Birmingham , Leeds , Sheffield and London were also provided with many underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs alike which helped bolster an already contagious , but otherwise ignored by the mainstream , music genre .	underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs	what helped to bolster house music in the uk ?
The earliest and influential UK house and techno record labels such as Warp Records and Network Records -LRB- otherwise known as Kool Kat records -RRB- helped introduce American and later Italian dance music to Britain as well as promoting select UK dance music acts .	Warp Records and Network Records	what were the earliest and most influential record labels in UK house music ?
The earliest and influential UK house and techno record labels such as Warp Records and Network Records -LRB- otherwise known as Kool Kat records -RRB- helped introduce American and later Italian dance music to Britain as well as promoting select UK dance music acts .	Kool Kat records	what was network records also known as ?
The earliest and influential UK house and techno record labels such as Warp Records and Network Records -LRB- otherwise known as Kool Kat records -RRB- helped introduce American and later Italian dance music to Britain as well as promoting select UK dance music acts .	Italian dance music	what type of dance music was later introduced alongside American house music ?
But house was also being developed on Ibiza , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- although no house artists or labels were coming from this tiny island at the time .	Ibiza	what tiny island was house music also being devloped on ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Several clubs such as Amnesia with DJ Alfredo were playing a mix of rock , pop , disco and house .	Amnesia	what was a popular club in ibiza that started playing dance and house music ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Several clubs such as Amnesia with DJ Alfredo were playing a mix of rock , pop , disco and house .	DJ Alfredo	who was the DJ at Amnesia in the mid 80s ?
By late 1987 , DJs such as Trevor Fung , Paul Oakenfold and Danny Rampling were bringing the Ibiza sound to UK clubs such as the Haçienda in Manchester , and in London clubs such as Shoom in Southwark , Heaven , Future and Spectrum .	Trevor Fung, Paul Oakenfold and Danny Rampling	who were some of the DJs that brought the ibiza sound to uk clubs in late 1987 ?
By late 1987 , DJs such as Trevor Fung , Paul Oakenfold and Danny Rampling were bringing the Ibiza sound to UK clubs such as the Haçienda in Manchester , and in London clubs such as Shoom in Southwark , Heaven , Future and Spectrum .	Haçienda	what was the name of the big dance club in Manchester UK in the late 80s ?
In Chicago , Marshall Jefferson had formed the house group Ten City Byron Burke , Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson -LRB- from `` intensity '' -RRB- .	Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from "intensity")	what group did Marshall Jefferson form ?
In Detroit a proto-techno music sound began to emerge with the recordings of Juan Atkins , Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson .	proto-techno music sound	what sound emerged in Detroit with the recordings of juan atkins and derrick may ?
New York -- based performers such as Mateo & Matos and Blaze had slickly produced disco house tracks .	New York	where were mateo & matos based ?
In Chicago , Marshall Jefferson had formed the house group Ten City Byron Burke , Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson -LRB- from `` intensity '' -RRB- .	Chicago	where was marshall jefferson based ?
In the U.S. , the music was being developed to create a more sophisticated sound , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- moving beyond just drum loops and short samples .	drum loops and short samples	what sound did US house music move beyond in the late 80s ?
Atkins , a former member of Cybotron , released Model 500 `` No UFOs '' in 1985 , which became a regional hit , followed by dozens of tracks on Transmat , Metroplex and Fragile .	Cybotron	atkins was a former member of what music group ?
Atkins , a former member of Cybotron , released Model 500 `` No UFOs '' in 1985 , which became a regional hit , followed by dozens of tracks on Transmat , Metroplex and Fragile .	"No UFOs"	what hit single did atkins release in 1985 ?
One of the most unusual was `` Strings of Life '' by Derrick May , a darker , more intellectual strain of house .	"Strings of Life"	what unusual single did derrick may release , featuring a darker strain of house ?
`` Techno-Scratch '' was released by the Knights Of The Turntable in 1984 which had a similar techno sound to Cybotron .	Techno-Scratch	what did knights of the turntable release in 1984 ?
The manager of the Factory nightclub and co-owner of the Haçienda , Tony Wilson , also promoted acid house culture on his weekly TV show .	Tony Wilson	who was the manager of the factory nightclub and co-owner of the hacienda ?
Paradise Garage in New York City was still a top club .	Paradise Garage	what was a top club for house music in new york city ?
The emergence of Todd Terry , a pioneer of the genre , was important in America .	Todd Terry	who was a pioneer of the genre in america ?
His cover of Class Action 's Larry Levan mixed `` Weekend '' demonstrated the continuum from the underground disco to a new house sound with hip-hop influences evident in the quicker sampling and the more rugged bass-line .	Weekend	what hit house song did todd terry cover ?
His cover of Class Action 's Larry Levan mixed `` Weekend '' demonstrated the continuum from the underground disco to a new house sound with hip-hop influences evident in the quicker sampling and the more rugged bass-line .	hip-hop influences	what new influences led to a new house sound ?
His cover of Class Action 's Larry Levan mixed `` Weekend '' demonstrated the continuum from the underground disco to a new house sound with hip-hop influences evident in the quicker sampling and the more rugged bass-line .	more rugged	what was different about the bass-line in the hip-hop influenced house songs ?
In the late 1980s , Nu Groove Records prolonged , if not launched the careers of Rheji Burrell & Rhano Burrell , collectively known as Burrell -LRB- after a brief stay on Virgin America via Timmy Regisford and Frank Mendez -RRB- , along with basically every relevant DJ and Producer in the NY underground scene .	Nu Groove Records	what label launched the careers of burrell ?
The Burrell 's are responsible for the `` New York Underground '' sound and are the undisputed champions of this style of house .	"New York Underground"	what sound are the burrell 's responsible for ?
In today 's market Nu Groove Record releases like the Burrells ' enjoy a cult-like following and mint vinyl can fetch $ 100 U.S. or more in the open market .	$100	how much can old vinyl releases of the burrells sell for today ?
In the late 1980s , Nu Groove Records prolonged , if not launched the careers of Rheji Burrell & Rhano Burrell , collectively known as Burrell -LRB- after a brief stay on Virgin America via Timmy Regisford and Frank Mendez -RRB- , along with basically every relevant DJ and Producer in the NY underground scene .	Virgin America	what label were the burrell 's briefly with before their success ?
Los Angeles saw a huge explosion of underground raves and DJs , notably DJs Marques Wyatt and Billy Long , who spun at Jewel 's Catch One , the oldest dance club in America .	Jewel's Catch One	what is the oldest dance club in america ?
Los Angeles saw a huge explosion of underground raves and DJs , notably DJs Marques Wyatt and Billy Long , who spun at Jewel 's Catch One , the oldest dance club in America .	Los Angeles	where did DJs marques wyatt and billy long become successful ?
In 1989 , the L.A. based , former EBN-OZN singer/rapper Robert Ozn started indie house label One Voice Records , releasing the Mike `` Hitman '' Wilson remix of Dada Nada 's `` Haunted House , '' which garnered instant club and mix show radio play in Chicago , Detroit and New York as well as in the U.K. and France .	One Voice Records	what label did robert ozn start in 1989 ?
In 1989 , the L.A. based , former EBN-OZN singer/rapper Robert Ozn started indie house label One Voice Records , releasing the Mike `` Hitman '' Wilson remix of Dada Nada 's `` Haunted House , '' which garnered instant club and mix show radio play in Chicago , Detroit and New York as well as in the U.K. and France .	Haunted House	one voice records released a remix of what dada nada song in 1989 ?
The record shot up to Number Five on the Billboard Club Chart , marking it as the first House record by a white artist to chart in the U.S. Dada Nada , the moniker for Ozn 's solo act , released in 1990 , what has become a classic example of jazz-based Deep House , the Frankie Knuckles and David Morales remix of Dada Nada 's `` Deep Love '' -LRB- One Voice Records/US , Polydor/UK -RRB- , featuring Ozn 's lush , crooning vocals and muted trumpet improvisational solos , underscoring Deep House 's progression into a genre that integrated jazz and pop songwriting structures -- a feature which continued to set it apart from Acid House and Techno .	Ozn	dada nada was the moniker for what artist 's solo act ?
Pop recording artist Madonna 's 1990 single `` Vogue '' became an international hit single and topped the US charts .	Vogue	what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream ?
Pop recording artist Madonna 's 1990 single `` Vogue '' became an international hit single and topped the US charts .	1990	when was madonna 's hit single `` vogue '' released ?
The early 1990s additionally saw the rise in mainstream US popularity for house music .	1990s	what decade did house music hit the mainstream in the us ?
Pop recording artist Madonna 's 1990 single `` Vogue '' became an international hit single and topped the US charts .	Madonna	who sang the hit single `` vogue '' ?
Pop recording artist Madonna 's 1990 single `` Vogue '' became an international hit single and topped the US charts .	topped the US charts	how well did madonna 's single `` vogue '' do in the us ?
Influential gospel/R & B-influenced Aly-us released `` Time Passes On '' in 1993 -LRB- Strictly Rhythm -RRB- , then later , `` Follow Me '' which received radio airplay as well as being played in clubs .	Aly-us	What gospel/R & B-influenced group released `` Time Passes On '' in 1993 ?
Another U.S. hit which received radio play was the single `` Time for the Perculator '' by Cajmere , which became the prototype of ghetto house subgenre .	Cajmere	who released the hit single `` time for the perculator '' in the us ?
By the early 1990s artists such as Cajmere himself -LRB- under that name as well as Green Velvet and as producer for Dajae -RRB- , DJ Sneak , Glenn Underground and others did many recordings .	Green Velvet	what was cajmere 's alternate name ?
The 1990s saw new Chicago house artists emerge such as DJ Funk , who operates a Chicago house record label called Dance Mania .	Dance Mania	what was the name of the label operated by dj funk in chicago ?
Another U.S. hit which received radio play was the single `` Time for the Perculator '' by Cajmere , which became the prototype of ghetto house subgenre .	"Time for the Perculator" by Cajmere	what was the prototype of ghetto house ?
The ` chilling out ' concept developed in Britain with ambient house albums such as The KLF 's Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath by Aphex Twin .	Britain	where did the `` chilling out '' concept develop ?
The ` chilling out ' concept developed in Britain with ambient house albums such as The KLF 's Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath by Aphex Twin .	Aphex Twin	who released the album analogue bubblebath ?
In New York , bands such as Deee-Lite furthered house 's international influence .	New York	where was the band deee-lite based ?
Two distinctive tracks from this era were the Orb 's `` Little Fluffy Clouds '' -LRB- with a distinctive vocal sample from Rickie Lee Jones -RRB- and the Happy Mondays ' `` Wrote for Luck '' -LRB- `` WFL '' -RRB- which was transformed into a dance hit by Vince Clarke .	Orb	who released the track `` little fluffy clouds '' ?
Two distinctive tracks from this era were the Orb 's `` Little Fluffy Clouds '' -LRB- with a distinctive vocal sample from Rickie Lee Jones -RRB- and the Happy Mondays ' `` Wrote for Luck '' -LRB- `` WFL '' -RRB- which was transformed into a dance hit by Vince Clarke .	Vince Clarke	who transformed happy mondays ' `` wrote for luck '' into a dance hit ?
The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was a government attempt to ban large rave dance events featuring music with `` repetitive beats '' .	Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994	what act was passed in england in an attempt to ban large rave dance events ?
The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten was probably the nail in the coffin for illegal raves , and forced through the bill , which became law , in November 1994 .	The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten	what was the nail in the coffin for illegal raves ?
The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten was probably the nail in the coffin for illegal raves , and forced through the bill , which became law , in November 1994 .	November 1994	when did the bill become a law ?
The music continued to grow and change , as typified by Leftfield with `` Release the Pressure '' , which introduced dub and reggae into the house sound , although Leftfield had prior releases , such as `` Not Forgotten '' released in 1990 on Sheffield 's Outer Rhythm records .	"Release the Pressure"	what single introduced dub and reggae into the house sound ?
The music continued to grow and change , as typified by Leftfield with `` Release the Pressure '' , which introduced dub and reggae into the house sound , although Leftfield had prior releases , such as `` Not Forgotten '' released in 1990 on Sheffield 's Outer Rhythm records .	Leftfield	who recorded the hit single `` release the pressure '' ?
A new generation of clubs such as Liverpool 's Cream and the Ministry of Sound were opened to provide a venue for more commercial sounds .	Liverpool	where was a new type of club called Cream located ?
A new subgenre , Chicago hard house , was developed by DJs such as Bad Boy Bill , DJ Lynnwood , DJ Irene , Richard `` Humpty '' Vission and DJ Enrie , mixing elements of Chicago house , funky house and hard house together .	Chicago hard house	what was a new subgenre of house in chicago , developed by bad boy bill and others , called ?
Additionally , Producers such as George Centeno , Darren Ramirez , and Martin O. Cairo would develop the Los Angeles Hard House sound .	Los Angeles	george centeno , darren ramirez , and martin o. cairo developed a hard house sound in what city ?
Similar to gabber or hardcore techno from the Netherlands , this sound was often associated with the `` rebel '' culture of the time .	gabber	what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands ?
Major record companies began to open `` superclubs '' promoting their own acts .	Major record companies	who began opening `` superclubs '' ?
Towards the end of the 1990s and into the 2000s , producers such as Daft Punk , Stardust , Cassius , St. Germain and DJ Falcon began producing a new sound out of Paris 's house scene .	Paris	Daft Punk began producing a new sound out of what european city ?
Towards the end of the 1990s and into the 2000s , producers such as Daft Punk , Stardust , Cassius , St. Germain and DJ Falcon began producing a new sound out of Paris 's house scene .	end of the 1990s and into the 2000s	When did Daft Punk begin producing a new sound ?
Towards the end of the 1990s and into the 2000s , producers such as Daft Punk , Stardust , Cassius , St. Germain and DJ Falcon began producing a new sound out of Paris 's house scene .	Paris's house scene	Daft Punk , Stardust , Cassius , St. Germain , and DJ Falcon all came from what scene ?
Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed August 10 , 2005 to be `` House Unity Day '' in Chicago , in celebration of the `` 21st anniversary of house music '' -LRB- actually the 21st anniversary of the founding of Trax Records , an independent Chicago-based house label -RRB- .	August 10, 2005	When was House Unity Day in Chicago ?
Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed August 10 , 2005 to be `` House Unity Day '' in Chicago , in celebration of the `` 21st anniversary of house music '' -LRB- actually the 21st anniversary of the founding of Trax Records , an independent Chicago-based house label -RRB- .	Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley	Who proclaimed House Unity Day in Chicago ?
Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed August 10 , 2005 to be `` House Unity Day '' in Chicago , in celebration of the `` 21st anniversary of house music '' -LRB- actually the 21st anniversary of the founding of Trax Records , an independent Chicago-based house label -RRB- .	"21st anniversary of house music"	In 2005 , what anniversary was house music celebrating ?
The proclamation recognized Chicago as the original home of house music and that the music 's original creators `` were inspired by the love of their city , with the dream that someday their music would spread a message of peace and unity throughout the world '' .	Chicago	what was recognized as the original home of house music in 2005 ?
DJs such as Frankie Knuckles , Marshall Jefferson , Paul Johnson and Mickey Oliver celebrated the proclamation at the Summer Dance Series , an event organized by Chicago 's Department of Cultural Affairs .	Summer Dance Series	What event was organized by Chicago 's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate house music ?
It was during this decade that vocal house became firmly established , both in the underground and as part of the pop market , and labels such as Defected Records , Roule and Om were at the forefront of championing the emerging sound .	vocal house	Defected Records was at the forefront of what type of house music ?
It was during this decade that vocal house became firmly established , both in the underground and as part of the pop market , and labels such as Defected Records , Roule and Om were at the forefront of championing the emerging sound .	vocal house	Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of house music ?
In the mid-2000s , fusion genres such as electro house and fidget house emerged .	electro house and fidget house	Dennis Ferrer produced what type of house fusion ?
In the mid-2000s , fusion genres such as electro house and fidget house emerged .	mid-2000s	in what time period did fusion genres of house emerge ?
Numerous live performance events dedicated to house music were founded during the course of the decade , including Shambhala Music Festival and major industry sponsored events like Miami 's Winter Music Conference .	Miami	Where did the Winter Music Conference take place ?
Numerous live performance events dedicated to house music were founded during the course of the decade , including Shambhala Music Festival and major industry sponsored events like Miami 's Winter Music Conference .	house music	The Shambhala Music Festival was dedicated to what ?
The genre even gained popularity in the Middle East in cities such as Dubai & Abu Dhabi -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and at events like Creamfields .	Dubai & Abu Dhabi	where did house music gain popularity in the middle east ?
The genre even gained popularity in the Middle East in cities such as Dubai & Abu Dhabi -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and at events like Creamfields .	Creamfields	what event led to an increase in popularity for house music in the middle east ?
Numerous live performance events dedicated to house music were founded during the course of the decade , including Shambhala Music Festival and major industry sponsored events like Miami 's Winter Music Conference .	Shambhala Music Festival	what large event in Miami was industry sponsored ?
Sweden knew a prominence of snare-less `` Swedish progressive house '' with the emergence of Sebastian Ingrosso , Axwell , Steve Angello -LRB- These three formed a trio called Swedish House Mafia -RRB- , Avicii , Alesso , etc. .	snare-less	What was different about swedish progressive house music ?
Sweden knew a prominence of snare-less `` Swedish progressive house '' with the emergence of Sebastian Ingrosso , Axwell , Steve Angello -LRB- These three formed a trio called Swedish House Mafia -RRB- , Avicii , Alesso , etc. .	Swedish House Mafia	Sebastian Ingrosso , Axwell , and Steve Angello formed what successful trio ?
Netherlands brought together a concept of `` Dirty Dutch '' , electro house subgenre characterized by very abrasive leads and darker arpeggios , with prominent DJs Chuckie , Hardwell , Laidback Luke , Afrojack , R3hab , Bingo Players , Quintino , Alvaro , Cedric Gervais , 2G , etc. .	Dirty Dutch	What concept is characterized by abrasive leads and darker arpeggios ?
The growing popularity of such artists led to the emergence of electro house and progressive house blended sounds in popular music , such as singles Lady Gaga 's `` Marry the Night '' , The Black Eyed Peas ' `` The Best One Yet -LRB- The Boy -RRB- '' and the will.i.am and Britney Spears `` Scream & Shout '' .	Lady Gaga	Progressive house blended sounds were prominent in the song `` Marry the Night '' by what popular artist ?
Big room house found increasing popularity since 2010 , particularly through international dance music festivals such as Tomorrowland , Ultra Music Festival , and Electric Daisy Carnival .	2010	Big room house has found increasing popularity since what year ?
In addition to these popular examples of house , there has also been a reunification of contemporary house and its roots .	its roots	There has been a reunification of contemporary house with what ?
Many hip hop and R&B artists also turn to house music to add a mass appeal to the music they produce .	to add a mass appeal to the music they produce	Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to house music ?
Many hip hop and R&B artists also turn to house music to add a mass appeal to the music they produce .	hip hop and R&B	What genre of artists has recently turned to house music to add mass appeal ?
These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing .	shallow	The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers ?
The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words , connected with a hyphen -LRB- upper-case and lower-case -RRB- , or as a single word -LRB- uppercase and lowercase -RRB- .	hyphen	Besides being a single word or two separate words , how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed ?
Traditionally , the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters , and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller .	located above	In relation to the shelf the small letters were located , where were the capital letters ?
Traditionally , the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters , and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller .	taller	Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember .
The convention followed by many British publishers -LRB- including scientific publishers , like Nature , magazines , like The Economist and New Scientist , and newspapers , like The Guardian and The Times -RRB- and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines , where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences .	sentences	What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization ?
The convention followed by many British publishers -LRB- including scientific publishers , like Nature , magazines , like The Economist and New Scientist , and newspapers , like The Guardian and The Times -RRB- and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines , where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences .	sentence-style	What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers ?
This convention is usually called sentence case .	sentence case	What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization ?
Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization .	International Organization for Standardization	Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers ?
It may also be applied to publication titles , especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues .	publication titles	Besides headlines , what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to ?
The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century .	7th	Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate ?
The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century .	8th	Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form ?
Over time , uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script .	uncial	Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script ?
The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels -LRB- MS 461 -RRB- in the year 835 .	835	Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text ?
The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels -LRB- MS 461 -RRB- in the year 835 .	Uspenski Gospels	In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text ?
In orthography and typography , letter case -LRB- or just case -RRB- is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case -LRB- also capital letters , capitals , caps , large letters , or more formally majuscule , see Terminology -RRB- and smaller lower case -LRB- also small letters , or more formally minuscule , see Terminology -RRB- in the written representation of certain languages .	letter case	In orthography and typography , what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case
In orthography and typography , letter case -LRB- or just case -RRB- is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case -LRB- also capital letters , capitals , caps , large letters , or more formally majuscule , see Terminology -RRB- and smaller lower case -LRB- also small letters , or more formally minuscule , see Terminology -RRB- in the written representation of certain languages .	smaller lower	Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter ?
In orthography and typography , letter case -LRB- or just case -RRB- is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case -LRB- also capital letters , capitals , caps , large letters , or more formally majuscule , see Terminology -RRB- and smaller lower case -LRB- also small letters , or more formally minuscule , see Terminology -RRB- in the written representation of certain languages .	larger upper	Capital letters refer to which case of letter ?
In orthography and typography , letter case -LRB- or just case -RRB- is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case -LRB- also capital letters , capitals , caps , large letters , or more formally majuscule , see Terminology -RRB- and smaller lower case -LRB- also small letters , or more formally minuscule , see Terminology -RRB- in the written representation of certain languages .	written	Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages ?
Capitalisation in English , in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context -LRB- e.g. title vs. heading vs. text -RRB- , is universally standardized for formal writing .	formal	Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing ?
In English , capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence , a proper noun , or a proper adjective .	capital	In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter ?
In some traditional forms of poetry , capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature .	beginning of a line of verse	What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature ?
The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised , as are the first-person pronoun `` I '' and the interjection `` O '' -LRB- although the latter is uncommon in modern usage , with `` oh '' being preferred -RRB- .	capitalised	How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English ?
The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised , as are the first-person pronoun `` I '' and the interjection `` O '' -LRB- although the latter is uncommon in modern usage , with `` oh '' being preferred -RRB- .	oh	The interjection `` O '' has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English ?
Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters , spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds .	majuscule	Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter ?
When written quickly with a pen , these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms .	pen	Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument ?
These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script , developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne , which quickly spread across Europe .	Alcuin	Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting ?
These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script , developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne , which quickly spread across Europe .	Europe	Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent ?
The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved , faster readability .	faster readability	What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting ?
Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline .	Letter case	What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline ?
In orthography , the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes , such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun , which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text .	special	Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography ?
In orthography , the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes , such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun , which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text .	lowercase	Which is the most common variant of case in text ?
Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters , which are easier to distinguish than lowercase , especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small .	upper-case	Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling ?
Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters , which are easier to distinguish than lowercase , especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small .	easier to distinguish than lowercase	Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted ?
Typographically , the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small , but that the majuscules generally have the same height .	generally have the same height	Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules ?
In Times New Roman , for instance , b , d , f , h , k , l , t are the letters with ascenders , and g , j , p , q , y are the ones with descenders .	ascenders	In Time New Roman the letter `` b '' would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height ?
The height of the minuscules varies , as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average , i.e. ascenders and descenders .	lower than the average	Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter ?
Further to this , with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts -- although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures -- 6 and 8 make up the ascender set , and 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 and 9 the descender set .	8	Besides the number 6 , which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts ?
Most Western languages -LRB- particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin , Cyrillic , Greek , Coptic , and Armenian alphabets -RRB- use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity .	letter cases	What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity ?
Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules -- a system called unicameral script or unicase .	unicameral script	What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as ?
The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral , but today is mostly used in a unicameral way .	Georgian	Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral ?
Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts .	bicameral	What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called ?
In Latin , papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD -LRB- when it was destroyed -RRB- have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive , where the early forms of minuscule letters `` d '' , `` h '' and `` r '' , for example , can already be recognised .	old Roman cursive	Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing ?
According to papyrologist Knut Kleve , `` The theory , then , that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong . ''	Knut Kleve	Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials ?
Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed , but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral : a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed .	stylistic	What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters ?
Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed , but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral : a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed .	handwritten	Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another ?
As regards publication titles it is , however , a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words -LRB- and in the United States , this is often applied to headings , too -RRB- .	headings	What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles ?
This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case .	title case	Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions ?
For example , R. M. Ritter 's Oxford Manual of Style -LRB- 2002 -RRB- suggests capitalising `` the first word and all nouns , pronouns , adjectives , verbs and adverbs , but generally not articles , conjunctions and short prepositions '' .	R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style	Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns , pronouns , adjectives , verbs , and adverbs ?
The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized ; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides , although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions , as follows :	not universally standardized	The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction ?
As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note # 26 , `` In terms of implementation issues , any attempt at a unification of Latin , Greek , and Cyrillic would wreak havoc -LSB- and -RSB- make casing operations an unholy mess , in effect making all casing operations context sensitive -LSB- ... -RSB- '' .	make casing operations an unholy mess	Attempts to unify Latin , Greek , and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems ?
In other words , while the shapes of letters like A , B , E , H , K , M , O , P , T , X , Y and so on are shared between the Latin , Greek , and Cyrillic alphabets -LRB- and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature -RRB- , it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for , say , uppercase letter B , as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter , b -LRB- Latin -RRB- , β -LRB- Greek -RRB- , or в -LRB- Cyrillic -RRB- .	shapes	What among many common letters is shared between Latin , Greek , and Cyrillic ?
In other words , while the shapes of letters like A , B , E , H , K , M , O , P , T , X , Y and so on are shared between the Latin , Greek , and Cyrillic alphabets -LRB- and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature -RRB- , it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for , say , uppercase letter B , as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter , b -LRB- Latin -RRB- , β -LRB- Greek -RRB- , or в -LRB- Cyrillic -RRB- .	single codepoint	What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide ?
Without letter case , a `` unified European alphabet '' -- such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ ... Z , with an appropriate subset for each language -- is feasible ; but considering letter case , it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols .	sets of symbols	What distinguishes Latin , Greek , and Cyrillic from one another ?
Without letter case , a `` unified European alphabet '' -- such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ ... Z , with an appropriate subset for each language -- is feasible ; but considering letter case , it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols .	letter case	Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule ?
During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande ; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state .	Jornado	What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison ?
During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande ; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state .	Rio Grande	Along which river did they hunt bison ?
In the southern part of the state , in a region known as Aridoamerica , Chichimeca people survived by hunting , gathering , and farming between AD 300 and 1300 .	hunting, gathering, and farming	How did the Chichimeca survive ?
The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people .	Tepehuan	The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people ?
During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande ; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state .	rock	The Jornado painted onto what surface ?
During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain , Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , a Catholic priest of progressive ideas , declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores , Guanajuato on September 16 , 1810 with a proclamation known as the `` Grito de Dolores '' .	Dolores	What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence ?
During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain , Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , a Catholic priest of progressive ideas , declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores , Guanajuato on September 16 , 1810 with a proclamation known as the `` Grito de Dolores '' .	Grito de Dolores	What was the name of the Proclamation ?
During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain , Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , a Catholic priest of progressive ideas , declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores , Guanajuato on September 16 , 1810 with a proclamation known as the `` Grito de Dolores '' .	priest	What was Hidalgo 's occupation ?
A short time later , he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján -LRB- Norias de Baján -RRB- on March 21 , 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua .	Ignacio Elizondo	What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo ?
Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence .	United States	Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support ?
Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general .	Mendarozqueta	Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general ?
In September 1835 José Urrea a federalist army officer came into power .	José Urrea	What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election ?
At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler , Gutierrez obtained the vote , with P. J. Escalante for his deputy , and a council to guide the administration .	Gutierrez	Who had actually won the original vote ?
At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler , Gutierrez obtained the vote , with P. J. Escalante for his deputy , and a council to guide the administration .	P. J. Escalante	Who was his deputy ?
Gutiérrez yielded , but Escalante refused to surrender office , demonstrations of support ensued , but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from Zacatecas .	Escalante	Who refused to yield until troops were summoned ?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed on February 2 , 1848 , by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas , Bernardo Couto , and Miguel Atristain , ended the war , gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas , and established the U.S. -- Mexican border of the Rio Grande .	The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	What was the name of the treaty that ended the war ?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed on February 2 , 1848 , by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas , Bernardo Couto , and Miguel Atristain , ended the war , gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas , and established the U.S. -- Mexican border of the Rio Grande .	1848	In which year was the treaty signed ?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed on February 2 , 1848 , by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas , Bernardo Couto , and Miguel Atristain , ended the war , gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas , and established the U.S. -- Mexican border of the Rio Grande .	Texas	Control over which current U.S. state was given to the U.S. under this treaty ?
The American forces maintained control over the state capital for three months after the confirmation of the peace treaty .	three months	How long did the U.S. continue to maintain control over the state capital after the treaty ?
General Price , misunderstanding this as a deception by the Mexican forces , continued to advance towards the state capital .	General Price	Which American general misunderstood the Mexican message sent to Sacramento Pass ?
In consequence to the Reform War , the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain , England , and France .	Spain, England, and France	Which countries owned Mexican debt ?
President Juárez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister , Manuel Doblado , who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad -LRB- Soledad Pact -RRB- .	Manuel Doblado	Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister ?
On July 17 , 1861 , President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years .	President Juárez	Who was the President of Mexico at the time ?
General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad , but the French delegation refused .	General Juan Prim of Spain	Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact ?
In consequence to the Reform War , the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain , England , and France .	France	Which country refused to accept ?
Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine 's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agustín B. Billaut to recapture the city .	Maximilian	Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine 's decision to abandon Chihuahua ?
On December 11 , 1865 , Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city .	500	How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city ?
At the zenith of their power , the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico ; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were : Guerrero , Chihuahua , Sonora , and Baja California .	four	At its zenith , the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico ?
At the zenith of their power , the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico ; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were : Guerrero , Chihuahua , Sonora , and Baja California .	Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California	Which four states opposed the French ?
On December 11 , 1865 , Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city .	1865	In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua ?
After the death of the president Benito Juárez in 1872 , the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada , who called for new elections .	1872	In which year did Benito Juarez die ?
Two candidates were registered ; Lerdo de Tejada and General Porfirio Díaz , one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla which had taken place on May 5 , 1862 .	Battle of Puebla	The two candidates were heroes of what battle ?
The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the `` No Re-election '' principle .	The Plan of Tuxtepec	Which plan defended the `` No Re-election '' principle ?
A new rebellion led by the Lerdista party was orchestrated from exile in the United States .	Lerdista party	Which party rebelled against the administration ?
The Lerdista forces were able to temporarily occupy the city of El Paso del Norte until mid-1877 .	El Paso del Norte	Which city was occupied by the Lerdista forces ?
In March 1912 , in Chihuahua , Gen. Pascual Orozco revolted .	1912	Which year did Orozco revolt ?
By June , Villa notified Huerta that the Orozco revolt had been put down and that the militia would consider themselves no longer under Huerta 's command and would depart .	Villa	Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down ?
Raúl Madero , Madero 's brother , intervened to save Villa 's life .	Raúl Madero	Who saved Villa 's life ?
Madero 's time as leader was short-lived , ended by a coup d'état in 1913 led by Gen. Victoriano Huerta ; Orozco sided with Huerta , and Huerta made him one of his generals .	Huerta	With whom did Orozco side ?
Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake , it has more forests than any other state in Mexico , with the exception of Durango .	Durango	Which state has more forests than Chihuahua ?
Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake , it has more forests than any other state in Mexico , with the exception of Durango .	Desert	The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape ?
The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range , an extension of the Rocky Mountains , dominates the state 's terrain and is home to the state 's greatest attraction , Las Barrancas del Cobre , or Copper Canyon , a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon .	Grand Canyon	The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon ?
Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley .	Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley	Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live ?
The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range , an extension of the Rocky Mountains , dominates the state 's terrain and is home to the state 's greatest attraction , Las Barrancas del Cobre , or Copper Canyon , a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon .	Rocky Mountains	The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range ?
Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus , New Mexico ; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa .	Columbus, New Mexico	Which city did Villa raid ?
Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus , New Mexico ; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa .	President Wilson	Which American president pursued Villa ?
After nearly a year of pursuing Villa , American forces returned to the United States .	nearly a year	How long did the American troops pursue Villa ?
In 1923 Villa was assassinated by a group of seven gunmen who ambushed him while he was sitting in the back seat of his car in Parral .	Parral	In which city was Villa killed ?
In 1923 Villa was assassinated by a group of seven gunmen who ambushed him while he was sitting in the back seat of his car in Parral .	1923	In which year was Villa assassinated ?
La Cueva De Las Ventanas -LRB- The Cave of Windows -RRB- , a series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route , and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquimé culture .	Sierra Madre	Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie ?
Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch settlement from Paquime to protect the trade route from attack .	Paquime	Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement ?
Archaeologists believe the civilization began to decline during the 13th century and by the 15th century the inhabitants of Paquime sought refuge in the Sierra Madre Occidental while others are thought to have emigrated north and joined the Ancestral Pueblo peoples .	Sierra Madre Occidental	Where did the Paquime seek refuge ?
According to anthropologist current natives tribes -LRB- Yaqui , Mayo , Opata , and Tarahumara -RRB- are descendants of the Casas Grandes culture .	Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara	Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes ?
In 1631 Juan Rangel de Biezma discovered a rich vein of silver , and subsequently established San Jose del Parral near the site .	silver	Which precious metal did Biezma discover ?
Parral remained an important economic and cultural center for the next 300 years .	300 years	How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center ?
In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe , New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes , but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity .	1692	In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge ?
In 1709 , Antonio de Deza y Ulloa founded the state capital Chihuahua City ; shortly after , the city became the headquarters for the regional mining offices of the Spanish crown known as Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cuéllar in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain , Francisco Fernández de la Cueva Enríquez , Duke of Alburquerque and the Marquee of Cuéllar .	Chihuahua City	Which new state capital was founded in 1709 ?
In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe , New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes , but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity .	El Paso Del Norte	In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge ?
The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado .	Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado	In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered ?
Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC .	12,000 BC to 7000 BC	What range of years are the oldest ruins from ?
Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn .	corn	Which vegetable were they found to have been farming ?
An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaqueña revealed squash cultivation , irrigation techniques , and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC .	2000 BC	Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from ?
During the period from 2000 -- 2005 it is estimated that 49,722 people left the state for the United States .	49,722	How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005 ?
It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Juárez .	Ciudad Juárez	In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants ?
The state has an uneven settlement of people and the lowest population density of any Mexican state ; according to the 2005 census there were 12 people per km2 .	lowest	Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state ?
Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state , two-thirds -LRB- 2,072,129 -RRB- live in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua .	Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua	Which are the largest two cities in the state ?
In the constituent legislature or convention , the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas .	Chirrines and Cuchas	Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements ?
The military entered as a third party .	The military	Which was the third party ?
The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed , and it was not until May 1 , 1826 , that the body was installed .	1826	In which year was the body installed ?
The liberals gained control and the opposition responded by fomenting a conspiracy .	liberals	Which party had gained control ?
Extra powers were conferred on the Durango governor , Santiago Baca Ortiz , deputy to the first national congress , and leader of the liberal party .	Santiago Baca Ortiz	Who was the Durango governor ?
In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira ; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua .	Cibola and Quivira	Which cities was Ibarra looking for ?
In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira ; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua .	Chihuahua	Through which present-day state did he travel ?
Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime .	Paquime	Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city ?
In 1564 Rodrigo de Río de Loza , a lieutenant under Francisco de Ibarra , stayed behind after the expedition and found gold at the foot of the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental ; he founded the first Spanish city in the region , Santa Barbara in 1567 by bringing 400 European families to the settlement .	Santa Barbara	Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region ?
Between 1586 and 1588 a epidemic caused a temporary exodus of the small population in the territory of Nueva Vizcaya .	epidemic	What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya ?
According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística , Geografía e Informática -LRB- INEGI -RRB- , 95.6 % of the population over the age of 15 could read and write Spanish , and 97.3 % of children of ages 8 -- 14 could read and write Spanish .	95.6%	What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish ?
According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística , Geografía e Informática -LRB- INEGI -RRB- , 95.6 % of the population over the age of 15 could read and write Spanish , and 97.3 % of children of ages 8 -- 14 could read and write Spanish .	97.3%	What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish ?
An estimated 93.5 % of the population ages 6 -- 14 attend an institution of education .	93.5%	What percentage of children age 6-14 attend an institution of education ?
Estimated 12.8 % of residents of the state have obtained a college degree .	12.8%	What percentage of the population have obtained a college degree ?
The state has the 12th-largest state economy in Mexico , accounting for 2.7 % of the country 's GDP .	12th-largest	The state 's economy ranks in what place in the country Mexico
As of 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- , the state had an estimated 396 billion pesos -LRB- 31.1 billion dollars -RRB- of annual GDP .	396 billion pesos	What was the GDP of the state as of 2011 ?
According to official federal statistical studies , the service sector accounted for the largest portion of the state economy at 59.28 % ; the manufacturing and industrial sector is estimated to account for 34.36 % of the state 's GDP , with the agricultural sector accounting for 6.36 % of the state 's GDP .	service sector	Which sector was the largest portion of the economy ?
According to official federal statistical studies , the service sector accounted for the largest portion of the state economy at 59.28 % ; the manufacturing and industrial sector is estimated to account for 34.36 % of the state 's GDP , with the agricultural sector accounting for 6.36 % of the state 's GDP .	the manufacturing and industrial sector	Which sector was the second largest ?
In 2011 , the state received approximately 884 million dollars in remittances from the United States , which was 4.5 % of all remittances from the United States to Mexico .	884 million dollars	The state received how much in remittances from the U.S. in 2011 ?
The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Simón Elías Gonzalez , who being in Sonora , was induced to remain there .	Simón Elías Gonzalez	Who was the first person elected under the new constitution ?
The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Simón Elías Gonzalez , who being in Sonora , was induced to remain there .	Sonora	Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected ?
In 1829 , González became general commander of Chihuahua , when his term of office on the west coast expired .	1829	In which year did Gonzalez become commander of Chihuahua ?
Although unable to resist the popular demand for the expulsion of the Spaniards , he soon quarreled with the legislature , which declared itself firmly for Guerrero , and announcing his support of Bustamante 's revolution , he suspended , in March 1830 , eight members of that body , the vice-governor , and several other officials , and expelled them from the state .	Bustamante	For whom was the revolution named ?
The course thus outlined was followed by Governor José Isidro Madero , who succeeded in 1830 , associated with J. J. Calvo as general commander , stringent laws being issued against secret societies , which were supposed to be the main spring to the anti-clerical feeling among liberals .	secret societies	Stringed laws were issued against what group ?
Between AD 300 and 1300 in the northern part of the state along the wide , fertile valley on the San Miguel River the Casas Grandes -LRB- Big Houses -RRB- culture developed into an advanced civilization .	northern	In which region of the state did culture develop ?
Between AD 300 and 1300 in the northern part of the state along the wide , fertile valley on the San Miguel River the Casas Grandes -LRB- Big Houses -RRB- culture developed into an advanced civilization .	Big Houses	To what does Casas Grandes translate in English ?
The Casas Grandes civilization is part of a major prehistoric archaeological culture known as Mogollon which is related to the Ancestral Pueblo culture .	Mogollon	Which prehistoric culture did Casas Grandes stem from ?
Paquime was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization .	Paquime	What city was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization ?
Extensive archaeological evidence shows commerce , agriculture , and hunting at Paquime and Cuarenta Casas -LRB- Forty Houses -RRB- .	Forty Houses	To what does Cuarenta Casas translate in English ?
The state seemed at relative calm compared to the rest of the country due to its close ties to the United States until 1841 .	1841	Until what year did the state remain calm ?
In 1843 the possibility of war was anticipated by the state government and it began to reinforce the defense lines along the political boundary with Texas .	1843	In which year did the state begin to reinforce defense ?
Later , the Regimen for the Defenders of the Border were organized by the state which were made up of : light cavalry , four squads of two brigades , and a small force of 14 men and 42 officials at the price of 160,603 pesos per year .	160,603 pesos per year	What was the price of the small force along the border ?
Continuing to anticipate a war , the state legislature on July 11 , 1846 by decree enlisted 6,000 men to serve along the border ; during that time Ángel Trías quickly rose to power by portraying zealous anti-American rhetoric .	6,000	The state decreed that how many men serve along the border in 1846 ?
Ángel Trías took measures for state self-dependence in regards to state militia due to the diminishing financial support from the federal government .	Ángel Trías	Who took measures to the state level for self-dependence due to diminishing financial support from the federal government ?
Santa Bárbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like : Antonio de Espejo , Gaspar Castaño , Antonio Gutiérrez de Umaña , Francisco Leyba de Bonilla , and Vicente de Zaldívar .	Santa Bárbara	Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico ?
In April 1598 , Juan de Oñate finally found a short route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico which came to be called El Paso del Norte -LRB- The Northern Pass -RRB- .	1598	In which year was El Paso del Norte found ?
The discovery of El Paso Del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro -LRB- The Inner Land Royal Road -RRB- to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City ; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico .	El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro	The path was important for the expansion of which road ?
The discovery of El Paso Del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro -LRB- The Inner Land Royal Road -RRB- to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City ; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico .	New Mexico	Which U.S. state benefited from this road ?
Hidalgo is hailed as the Father of the Nation even though it was Agustin de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who achieved Mexican Independence in 1821 .	Hidalgo	Who was hailed as the Father of the Nation ?
Hidalgo is hailed as the Father of the Nation even though it was Agustin de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who achieved Mexican Independence in 1821 .	Agustin de Iturbide	Who actually achieved independence for the nation ?
Later , political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide , so that eventually September 16 , 1810 became the officially recognized day of Mexican independence .	September 16, 1810	Which day eventually became the official day of Mexican Independence ?
Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo 's image in half a dozen murals .	Diego Rivera	Who painted Hidalgo 's image on half a dozen murals ?
The remains of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla lie in the column of the Angel of Independence in Mexico City .	Mexico City.	In which city do Hidalgo 's remains lie ?
On February 8 , 1847 , Doniphan continued his march with 924 men mostly from Missouri ; he accompanied a train of 315 wagons of a large commercial caravan heading to the state capital .	1847	In which year did Doniphan march with men from Missouri ?
On February 8 , 1847 , Doniphan continued his march with 924 men mostly from Missouri ; he accompanied a train of 315 wagons of a large commercial caravan heading to the state capital .	924	How many men did he have ?
About 20 miles -LRB- 32 km -RRB- north of the capital where two mountain ranges join from east to west is the only pass into the capital ; known as Sacramento Pass , this point is now part of present-day Chihuahua City .	Sacramento Pass	What was the pass into the capital known as ?
The Battle of Sacramento was the most important battle fought in the state of Chihuahua because it was the sole defense for the state capital .	The Battle of Sacramento	Which was the most important battle fought in Chihuahua ?
Almost 300 Mexicans were killed in the battle , as well as almost 300 wounded .	Almost 300	How many Mexicans were killed in the battle of Sacramento ?
The anti-clerical feeling was widespread , and Durango supported the initial reaction against the government at Mexico .	Durango	Who supported the reaction against the government ?
In May 1832 , José Urrea , a rising officer , supported the restoration of President Pedraza .	José Urrea	Who supported the restoration of President Pedraza ?
Chihuahua showed no desire to imitate the revolutionary movement and Urrea prepared to invade the state .	Chihuahua	Which state did Urrea prepare to invade ?
Comandante-general J.J.Calvo threatened to retaliate , and a conflict seemed imminent .	J.J.Calvo	Who threatened to retaliate ?
Under threat from the conservative forces , Governor Terrazas was deposed , and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jesús José Casavantes as the new governor .	Governor Terrazas	Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces ?
Under threat from the conservative forces , Governor Terrazas was deposed , and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jesús José Casavantes as the new governor .	Jesús José Casavantes	Who was established as the new governor ?
In response , José María Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support .	José María Patoni	Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response ?
Before President Benito Juárez was forced to flee , Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency , which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired , and last until 1867 .	President Benito Juárez	Which president was forced to flee ?
Before President Benito Juárez was forced to flee , Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency , which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired , and last until 1867 .	1867	Until which year did his extended term last ?
The state united behind the Plan of Ayutla and ratified the new constitution in 1855 .	1855	In which year was the new constitution ratified ?
The state was able to survive through the Reform War with minimal damage due to the large number of liberal political figures .	Reform War	The state was able to survive through which war ?
The 1858 conservative movement did not succeed in the state even after the successful military campaign of the conservative Zuloaga with 1,000 men occupied the cities of Chihuahua and Parral .	1858	The conservative movement occurred during which year ?
The 1858 conservative movement did not succeed in the state even after the successful military campaign of the conservative Zuloaga with 1,000 men occupied the cities of Chihuahua and Parral .	Chihuahua and Parral	1000 men occupied which cities ?
Cajen took possession of the state capital and established himself as governor ; he brooked no delay in uniting a large force to combat the liberal forces which he defeated in La Batalla del Gallo .	Cajen	Who established himself as governor ?
After running imperial military affairs in the states of Coahuila and Durango , General Agustín Enrique Brincourt made preparations to invade the state of Chihuahua .	Chihuahua	Brincourt made preparations to invade which state ?
After running imperial military affairs in the states of Coahuila and Durango , General Agustín Enrique Brincourt made preparations to invade the state of Chihuahua .	Coahuila and Durango	In which states had Brincourt run military affairs previously ?
President Juárez remained in the state capital until August 5 , 1865 when he left for El Paso del Norte -LRB- present-day Ciudad Juárez -RRB- due to evidence that the French were to attack the city .	President Juárez	Who remained in the capital until August 5 , 1865 ?
Meanwhile , General Villagran surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo de Parral ; after a short two-hour battle , Colonel Pyot was defeated and forced to retreat .	General Villagran	Who surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo ?
After the death of General Ojinaga , the Republican government declared General Villagran in charge of the fight against the Imperial forces .	General Villagran	The Republican government declared who in charge of the fight against the imperialists ?
General Aguirre moved to the deserts of the southeastern portion of the state and defeated the French forces in Parral , led by Colonel Cottret .	Parral	Where did Aguirre defeat the French forces ?
General Aguirre moved to the deserts of the southeastern portion of the state and defeated the French forces in Parral , led by Colonel Cottret .	Colonel Cottret	Who had been leading the French forces ?
By the middle of 1866 , the state of Chihuahua was declared free of enemy control ; Parral was the last French stronghold within the state .	1866	During which year was Chihuahua declared free of enemy control ?
During his two years in the state of Chihuahua , President Juárez passed ordinances regarding the rights of adjudication of property and nationalized the property of the clergy .	President Juárez	Who passed laws regarding rights of adjudication of property ?
Maximilian was executed by firing squad on June 19 , 1867 .	Maximilian	Who was executed by firing squad on June 19 , 1867 ?
The United States Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13 , 1846 after only having a few hours to debate .	The United States	Who declared war on Mexico in 1846 ?
After the American invasion of New Mexico , Chihuahua sent 12,000 men led by Colonel Vidal to the border to stop the American military advance into the state .	12,000	How many men did Chihuahua send to defend New Mexico ?
The first battle that Chihuahua fought was the battle of El Bracito ; the Mexican forces consisting of 500 cavalry and 70 infantry confronted a force of 1,100 -- 1,200 Americans on December 25 , 1846 .	battle of El Bracito	Which was the first battle fought by Chihuahua ?
The United States Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13 , 1846 after only having a few hours to debate .	The United States	Who won the battle ?
General Doniphan maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte awaiting supplies and artillery which he received in February 1847 .	General Doniphan	Which general maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte after the battle ?
But the peace in the state did not last long , the elections of 1875 caused new hostilities .	1875	The elections of which year caused new hostilities ?
Ángel Trías led a new movement against the government in June 1875 and maintained control over the government until September 18 , 1875 when Donato Guerra the orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured .	Ángel Trías	Who led a movement against the government in June of 1875 ?
Ángel Trías led a new movement against the government in June 1875 and maintained control over the government until September 18 , 1875 when Donato Guerra the orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured .	Donato Guerra	Which orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured ?
Donato Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of Chihuahua City where he was incarcerated for conspiring with Ángel Trías .	Chihuahua City	Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of which city ?
Donato Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of Chihuahua City where he was incarcerated for conspiring with Ángel Trías .	Ángel Trías	With whom was he said to have conspired ?
Under Governor Miguel Ahumada , the education system in the state was unified and brought under tighter control by the state government , and the metric system was standardized throughout the state to replace the colonial system of weights and measures .	Miguel Ahumada	Under which governor was the education system unified ?
Under Governor Miguel Ahumada , the education system in the state was unified and brought under tighter control by the state government , and the metric system was standardized throughout the state to replace the colonial system of weights and measures .	metric system	Which system of measurement was standardized ?
On September 16 , 1897 , the Civilian Hospital of Chihuahua was inaugurated in Chihuahua City and became known among the best in the country .	Civilian Hospital	What was inaugurated in Chihuahua City on September 16 , 1897 ?
In 1908 the Chihuahuan State Penitentiary was built , and the construction on the first large scale dam project was initiated on the Chuviscar River .	Chuviscar River	The first large scale dam project was initiated on which river ?
Despite the internal stability -LRB- known as the paz porfiriana -RRB- , modernization , and economic growth in Mexico during the Porfiriato from 1876 to 1910 , many across the state became deeply dissatisfied with the political system .	paz porfiriana	The internal stability was known as what ?
Despite the internal stability -LRB- known as the paz porfiriana -RRB- , modernization , and economic growth in Mexico during the Porfiriato from 1876 to 1910 , many across the state became deeply dissatisfied with the political system .	1876 to 1910	During what years did the economic growth occur ?
When Díaz first ran for office , he committed to a strict `` No Re-election '' policy in which he disqualified himself to serve consecutive terms .	Díaz	Who committed to a strict `` No Re-election '' policy when running for office ?
The working class was frustrated with the Díaz regime due to the corruption of the political system that had increased the inequality between the rich and poor .	working class	Which class was frustrated with Diaz due to corruption ?
In response to Madero 's letter to action , Pascual Orozco -LRB- a wealthy mining baron -RRB- and Chihuahua Governor Abraham González formed a powerful military union in the north , taking military control of several northern Mexican cities with other revolutionary leaders , including Pancho Villa .	Madero	Orozco responded to whose letter to action ?
In response to Madero 's letter to action , Pascual Orozco -LRB- a wealthy mining baron -RRB- and Chihuahua Governor Abraham González formed a powerful military union in the north , taking military control of several northern Mexican cities with other revolutionary leaders , including Pancho Villa .	Governor Abraham González	Which governor teamed up with Orozco ?
Against Madero 's wishes , Orozco and Villa fought for and won Ciudad Juárez .	Ciudad Juárez	Orozco and Villa fought for and won which city ?
Insisting on a new election , Madero won overwhelmingly in late 1911 , and he established a liberal democracy and received support from the United States and popular leaders such as Orozco and Villa .	United States	Madero received support from which country ?
He organized his own army , called `` Orozquistas '' -- also called the Colorados -LRB- `` Red Flaggers '' -RRB- -- after Madero refused to agree to social reforms calling for better working hours , pay and conditions .	Orozquistas	Orozco 's army was called by what name ?
The situation became so tense that war with the United States seemed imminent .	United States	War with what country seemed imminent ?
On April 22 , 1914 , on the initiative of Felix A. Sommerfeld and Sherburne Hopkins , Pancho Villa traveled to Juárez to calm fears along the border and asked President Wilson 's emissary George Carothers to tell `` Señor Wilson '' that he had no problems with the American occupation of Veracruz .	President Wilson	Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President ?
Whether trying to please the U.S. government or through the diplomatic efforts of Sommerfeld and Carothers , or maybe as a result of both , Villa stepped out from under Carranza 's stated foreign policy .	Carranza’s	Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy ?
Carothers wrote to Secretary William Jennings Bryan : `` As far as he was concerned we could keep Vera Cruz -LSB- sic -RSB- and hold it so tight that not even water could get in to Huerta and ... he could not feel any resentment '' .	Secretary William Jennings Bryan	To which Secretary did Carothers write ?
The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande -LRB- The Big State -RRB- ; it accounts for 12.6 % of the land of Mexico .	Chihuahua	Which state is the largest in the country by land ?
The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande -LRB- The Big State -RRB- ; it accounts for 12.6 % of the land of Mexico .	12.6%	What percentage of the country does it make up ?
The area is landlocked by the states of Sonora to the west , Sinaloa to the south-west , Durango to the south , and Coahuila to the east , and by the U.S. states of Texas to the northeast and New Mexico to the north .	Sonora	Which state borders Chihuahua to the direct west ?
The area is landlocked by the states of Sonora to the west , Sinaloa to the south-west , Durango to the south , and Coahuila to the east , and by the U.S. states of Texas to the northeast and New Mexico to the north .	Texas	Which U.S. state borders to the northeast ?
The climate in the state depends mainly in the elevation of the terrain .	elevation of the terrain	Climate in the state depends mainly on what ?
The Sierra Madre Occidental dominates the western part of the state ; there are two main climates in this area : Subtropical Highland -LRB- Cfb -RRB- and Humid Subtropical -LRB- Cwa -RRB- .	The Sierra Madre Occidental	Which mountain range dominates the western part of the state ?
Satellite image to the right shows the vegetation is much greener in the west because of the cooler temperatures and larger amounts of precipitation as compared to the rest of the state .	west	Vegetation is much greener in which side of the state , east or west ?
Satellite image to the right shows the vegetation is much greener in the west because of the cooler temperatures and larger amounts of precipitation as compared to the rest of the state .	west	Which side of the state has more precipitation ?
The two best known microclimates are : Tropical savanna climate -LRB- Aw -RRB- in deep canyons located in the extreme southern part of the state ; Continental Mediterranean climate -LRB- Dsb -RRB- in the extremely high elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental .	southern	Which part of the state has the most desert ; north , south , east , or west ?
The Chihuahuan Desert is home to a diverse ecosystem which is home to a large variety of mammals .	mammals	The Chihuahuan Desert is home to many of which type of animal ?
The most observed reptiles in the desert include : Mohave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus , twin-spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pricei , prairie rattlesnake Crotalus viridis , ridge-nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi , whip snake Masticophis flagellum , New Mexico whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus , and red-spotted toad Bufo punctatus .	rattlesnake	Which type of reptile is most common in the desert ?
The most common mammals in the desert include : Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii , black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus , hooded skunk Mephitis macroura , cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus , swift fox Vulpes velox , white-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula , pallid bat Antrozous pallidus , and coyote Canis latrans .	skunk	Mephitis macroura is which type of mammal ?
Villa and Carranza had different political goals causing Villa to become an enemy of Carranza .	Carranza	Villa became an enemy of whom ?
After Carranza took control in 1914 , Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes .	Carranza	Who took control in 1914 ?
After Carranza took control in 1914 , Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes .	Convention of Aguascalientes	Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what ?
The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Gutiérrez .	Eulalio Gutiérrez	The convention deposed Carranza in favor of whom ?
Villa was forced from the city in early 1915 and attacked the forces of Gen. Obregón at the Battle of Celaya and was badly defeated in the bloodiest battle of the revolution , with thousands dead .	Battle of Celaya	At which battle was Obregon badly defeated ?
The pronounced rainy season in the steppe is usually observed in the months of July , August , and September .	July, August, and September	Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe ?
The steppe also encounters extreme temperatures that often reach over 100 °F in the summer and drop below 32 °F in the winter .	100 °F	The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter ?
The steppe zone is an important agriculture zone due to an extensive development of canals exploiting several rivers that flow down from the mountains .	canals	The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature ?
The plains at the foot of the Sierra Madre Occidental is an elongated mesa known as Altiplanicie Mexicana that exhibits a steppe climate and serves as a transition zone from the mountain climate in the western part of the state to the desert climate in the eastern side of the state .	western	The mountain climate is found in which part of the state ?
The state has a great diversity due to the large number of microclimates found and dramatic varying terrain .	microclimates	The state has great diversity thanks to the large number of what ?
The flora throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range varies with elevation .	flora	What type of life varies greatly with the elevation in the mountains ?
The state is home to one of the largest variation species of the genus Pinus in the world .	Pinus	The state is home to one of the largest variation species of which genus ?
Several species of Juniperus dot the steppe and the transition zone .	Juniperus	Several species of which type dot the steppe and transition zone ?
The state has one city with a population exceeding one million : Ciudad Juárez .	Ciudad Juárez	Which city in the state exceeds one million ?
Ciudad Juárez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico .	eighth	Juarez is ranked where among cities in the country ?
El Paso and Ciudad Juárez comprise one of the largest binational metropolitan areas in the world with a combined population of 2.4 million .	2.4 million	El Paso and Ciudad Juarez combine for a population of how many people ?
Chihuahua City has one of the highest literacy rates in the country at 98 % ; 35 % of the population is aged 14 or below , 60 % 15-65 , and 5 % over 65 .	98%	What is the literacy rate in Chihuahua City ?
The 76.5 % of the population of the state of Chihuahua live in cities which makes the state one of the most urbanized in Mexico .	76.5%	What percentage of people in Chihuahua live in cities ?
The French forces tried to subdue and capture the liberal government based in Saltillo .	Saltillo	French forces tried to capture the liberal government based where ?
On September 21 , 1864 , José María Patoni and Jesús González Ortega lost against the French forces at the Battle of Estanzuelas ; the supreme government led by President Juárez was forced to evacuate the city of Saltillo and relocate to Chihuahua .	José María Patoni and Jesús González	Which two generals lost against the French on September 21 , 1864 ?
On September 21 , 1864 , José María Patoni and Jesús González Ortega lost against the French forces at the Battle of Estanzuelas ; the supreme government led by President Juárez was forced to evacuate the city of Saltillo and relocate to Chihuahua .	President Juárez	The goverment led by whom was forced to evacuate Saltillo ?
Perceiving the threat from the advancing French forces , the president continued his evacuation through Santa Rosalía de Camargo , Santa Cruz de Rosales , and finally Chihuahua , Chihuahua .	Chihuahua, Chihuahua	Which was the last city through which Juarez evacuated ?
On October 12 , 1864 , the people of the state gave President Juárez an overwhelmingly supportive reception , led by Governor Ángel Trías .	Ángel Trías	Which governor led the supportive reception of President Juarez ?
President Benito Juárez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support , especially in Chihuahua .	1867	Benito Juarez was reelected in which year ?
President Benito Juárez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support , especially in Chihuahua .	Chihuahua	Which state gave Juarez a particularly notably strong support ?
Luis Terrazas was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state .	Luis Terrazas	Who was confirmed to be the president of the state of Chihuahua ?
General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra .	General Canto	Which general turned himself over to Donato Guerra ?
Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent .	1871	Which year 's election was perceived to be fraudulent ?
The Díaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation 's wealth by favoring monopolies .	monopolies	The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what ?
During this time , two-fifths of the state 's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua .	17	Two-fifths of the state 's territory was divided between how many families ?
The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato ; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining .	Chihuahua	This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato .
In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state , allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama .	telephone lines	What were installed throughout the state in 1883 ?
Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants , small grocery stores , and hotels .	restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.	Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses ?
The end of the Porfiriato came in 1910 with the beginning of the Mexican Revolution .	1910	The Porfiriato ended in which year ?
The end of the Porfiriato came in 1910 with the beginning of the Mexican Revolution .	Mexican Revolution	The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato ?
Díaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency , but Díaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero .	Díaz	Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down ?
Díaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency , but Díaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero .	Madero	Who was incarcerated while running against Diaz ?
Madero supporter Toribio Ortega took up arms with a group of followers at Cuchillo Parado , Chihuahua on November 10 , 1910 .	Toribio Ortega	Who took up arms in support of Madero ?
The uneasy alliance of Carranza , Obregón , Villa , and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory .	Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata	The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory ?
The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15 , 1914 , when Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta 's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government .	August 15, 1914	The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date ?
The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15 , 1914 , when Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta 's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government .	Teoloyucan	In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties ?
On August 20 , 1914 , Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City .	Carranza	Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20 , 1914 ?
The main mountain range in the state is the Sierra Madre Occidental reaching a maximum altitude of 10,826 ft -LRB- 3,300 m -RRB- known as Cerro Mohinora .	Sierra Madre Occidental	Which is the main mountain range in the state ?
The main mountain range in the state is the Sierra Madre Occidental reaching a maximum altitude of 10,826 ft -LRB- 3,300 m -RRB- known as Cerro Mohinora .	10,826 ft (3,300 m)	What altitude does the mountain range reach at maximum ?
The climate in the mountainous regions varies Chihuahua has more forests than any other state in Mexico making the area a bountiful source of wood ; the mountainous areas are rich in minerals important to Mexico 's mining industry .	Chihuahua	Which state has more forests than any other ?
Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous areas depends on the elevation .	elevation	Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous region depend on what ?
Microclimates found in the heart of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the state could be considered tropical , and wild tropical plants have been found in some canyons .	tropical	What type of plants can be found in some canyons ?
In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures ; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca .	Samalayuca	Which city is known for its sand dunes ?
There is a transition zone in the middle of the state between the two extremely different climates from the east and west ; this zone is the Steppe characterized by a compromise between juxtaposed climate zones .	the Steppe	The transition zone between east and west is called what ?
There are two distinctive climate zones found in the eastern part of the state : Hot Desert -LRB- BWh -RRB- and Cool Desert -LRB- BWk -RRB- which are differentiated by average annual temperature due to differences in elevation .	Desert	Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are what ?
In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures ; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca .	Desert	What type of land dominates in the eastern part of the state ?
The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species : greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus , cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus , Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina , Steller 's jay Cyanocitta stelleri , acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus , canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus , mourning dove Zenaida macroura , broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris , Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae , mountain trogon Trogon mexicanus , turkey vulture Cathartes aura , and golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos .	migratory species	The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what ?
The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species : greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus , cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus , Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina , Steller 's jay Cyanocitta stelleri , acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus , canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus , mourning dove Zenaida macroura , broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris , Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae , mountain trogon Trogon mexicanus , turkey vulture Cathartes aura , and golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos .	hummingbird	Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird ?
The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species : greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus , cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus , Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina , Steller 's jay Cyanocitta stelleri , acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus , canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus , mourning dove Zenaida macroura , broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris , Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae , mountain trogon Trogon mexicanus , turkey vulture Cathartes aura , and golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos .	golden eagle	Aquila chrysaetos is what type of bird ?
Trogon mexicanus is an endemic species found in the mountains in Mexico ; it is considered an endangered species -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and has symbolic significance to Mexicans .	Trogon mexicanus	Which endemic species has symbolic significance to Mexicans ?
During the Mexican Revolution , Álvaro Obregón invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico .	Álvaro Obregón	Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution ?
Today , Mexico accounts for about 42 % of all Mennonites in Latin America .	42%	Today , Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America ?
They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing .	German	Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly ?
They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua , and account for about half of the state 's farm economy , excelling in cheese production .	cheese	Which food do Mennonites excel in producing ?
They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua , and account for about half of the state 's farm economy , excelling in cheese production .	half	Mennonites account for about how much of the state 's farm economy ?
Agriculture is a relatively small component of the state 's economy and varies greatly due to the varying climate across the state .	climate	Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what ?
The state ranked first in Mexico for the production of the following crops : oats , chile verde , cotton , apples , pecans , and membrillo .	apples	Which fruit does the state rank first in production ?
The state has an important dairy industry with large milk processors throughout the state .	milk	The state produces lots of dairy which large processors of what dairy product ?
The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico .	oak	The state ranks second in the production of what type of wood ?
Chihuahua ranked second in Mexico for zinc at 150,211 metric tons , silver at 580,271 kg , and gold at 15,221.8 kg .	zinc	The state ranked second with over 150,000 metric tons of what metal ?
Nueva Vizcaya -LRB- New Biscay -RRB- was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish .	Nueva Vizcaya	What was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored ?
Around 1528 , a group of Spaniard explorers , led by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua .	Chihuahua	Around 1528 , a group of Spaniards entered the territory that now makes up what state ?
The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century , and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe , but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area .	one century	The conquest of the territory lasted nearly how long ?
The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century , and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe , but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area .	mining center	The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry ?
The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century , and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe , but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area .	Conchos tribe	Which tribe resisted fiercely this conquest ?
Hidalgo was turned over to the Bishop of Durango , Francisco Gabriel de Olivares , for an official defrocking and excommunication on July 27 , 1811 .	Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares	Hidalgo was turned over by whom ?
Hidalgo was turned over to the Bishop of Durango , Francisco Gabriel de Olivares , for an official defrocking and excommunication on July 27 , 1811 .	1811	In which year was Hidalgo turned over ?
He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed by firing squad on July 30 at 7 in the morning .	firing squad	How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guilty ?
He also refused the use of a blindfold .	blindfold	Hidalgo refused the use of what during his execution ?
Hidalgo 's headless body was first displayed outside the prison but then buried in the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua .	Chihuahua	In which state was Hidalgo 's headless body buried ?
Because of the general instability of the federal government during 1828 , the installation of the new legislature did not take place until the middle of the following year .	1828	During which year was the federal government unstable ?
It was quickly dissolved by Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz , who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type .	Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz	Who dissolved the government eventually ?
It was quickly dissolved by Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz , who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type .	Yorkino	With which type of government did Ortiz replace the old one ?
When Guerrero 's liberal administration was overthrown in December , Gaspar de Ochoa aligned with Anastasio Bustamante , and in February 1830 , organized an opposition group that arrested the new governor , F. Elorriaga , along with other prominent Yorkinos .	F. Elorriaga	Which new governor was arrested by Ochoa and Bustamente ?
The civil and military authorities were now headed by J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa .	J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa	Who now headed the civil and military authorities ?
Comandante general Simón Elías González , was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo , whose firmness had earned well-merited praise .	Colonel J.J. Calvo	Military command was given to whom based on his firmness ?
The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches , which became the focus of all their energy and resources .	Apaches	The state was in a war with what group ?
After a review of the situation , Simón Elías González declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power , at least while the campaign lasted .	Simón Elías González	Who declared the state 's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign ?
He resigned under opposition , but was renominated in 1837 .	1837	In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination ?
After the occupation the people of the state were worried about the potential attack from the hostile indigenous tribes north of the Rio Grande ; as a result a decree on July 19 , 1848 , the state established 18 military colonies along the Rio Grande .	indigenous tribes	What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements ?
After the occupation the people of the state were worried about the potential attack from the hostile indigenous tribes north of the Rio Grande ; as a result a decree on July 19 , 1848 , the state established 18 military colonies along the Rio Grande .	18	How many military colonies were established by the state ?
The new military colonies were to replace the presidios as population centers to prevent future invasions by indigenous tribes ; these policies remained prominent in the state until 1883 .	presidios	The military colonies replaced what as population centers ?
Eventually the state replaced the old state security with a state policy to form militias organized with every Mexican in the state capable to serve between the ages of 18 and 55 to fulfill the mandate of having six men defending for every 1000 residents .	six men	How many men per 1000 residents were mandated to defend ?
The liberal political forces maintained strong control over the state government until shortly after the French Intervention which turned the tables in favor to the conservative forces once again .	liberal	Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention ?
The intervention had serious repercussions for the state of Chihuahua .	Chihuahua	The intervention had serious consequences for which state ?
President Juárez , in an effort to organize a strong defense against the French , decreed a list of national guard units that every state had to contribute to the Ministry of War and the Navy ; Chihuahua was responsible for inducting 2,000 men .	President Juárez	Who made an effort to organize a strong defense against the French ?
Regaining power , Governor Luis Terrazas assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the national army led by General Jesús González Ortega ; the battalion was deployed to Puebla .	Governor Luis Terrazas	Who assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the army ?
Regaining power , Governor Luis Terrazas assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the national army led by General Jesús González Ortega ; the battalion was deployed to Puebla .	Puebla	To where was the battalion first deployed ?
President Juárez once again based his government in the state of Chihuahua and it served as the center for the resistance against the French invasion throughout Mexico .	Chihuahua	Juarez again based his government in which state ?
President Juárez once again based his government in the state of Chihuahua and it served as the center for the resistance against the French invasion throughout Mexico .	the French invasion	The base served as the center for the resistance against whose invasion ?
On March 25 , 1866 , a battle ensued in the Plaza de Armas in the center of Chihuahua City between the French imperial forces that were guarding the plaza and the Republican forces led by General Terrazas .	Plaza de Armas	On March 25 , 1866 , a battle ensued where in Chihuahua City ?
General Terrazas then decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs .	General Terrazas	Who decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs ?
The bell in the church was declared a historical monument and can be seen today in the Cathedral .	The bell	Which structure in the church became a historical monument ?
The officials in Mexico City reduced the price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound .	corn	The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound ?
The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879 ; Governor Trías was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state .	G. Casavantes	Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state ?
Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly ; he was also successful in forcing Governor Trías to exile .	Governor Trías	Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile ?
At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights ; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize the area .	water	Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource ?
Despite the difficulties at the beginning , Díaz was able to secure and stabilize the state , which earned the confidence and support of the people .	Díaz	Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people ?
The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining .	ranching and mining	The state 's economy was largely defined by these two industries .
At the expense of the working class , the Díaz administration promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies from the United Kingdom , France , Imperial Germany and the United States .	working class	Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group ?
A handful of families owned large estates -LRB- known as haciendas -RRB- and controlled the greater part of the land across the state while the vast majority of Chihuahuans were landless .	haciendas	What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families ?
The proletariat was often exploited , and found no legal protection or political recourse to redress injustices .	proletariat	This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse .
On March 26 , 1913 , Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe , which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions .	Venustiano Carranza	Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe ?
On March 26 , 1913 , Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe , which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions .	Huerta	The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president ?
Soon after the assassination of President Madero , Carranza returned to Mexico to fight Huerta , but with only a handful of comrades .	Carranza	Who returned to Mexico to fight Huerta ?
In March 1914 Carranza traveled to Ciudad Juárez , which served as rebellion 's capital for the remainder of the struggle with Huerta .	Ciudad Juárez	Which city was the rebellion 's capital for most of the struggle ?
Carranza trying to keep his nationalistic credentials threatened war with the United States .	United States	Carranza threatened war with what country in order to maintain credibility nationally ?
The desert zone also accounts for about a third of the state 's surface area .	about a third	The desert zone accounts for how much of the state 's surface area ?
The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico .	Coahuila	The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state ?
The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges that run north to south .	flat	The desert zone 's topography is mostly what shape ?
The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation .	north	Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state ; north , south , east , or west ?
The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation .	Rio Grande	Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state ?
In the mountain zone of the state the most observed mammals are : Mexican fox squirrel -LRB- Sciurus nayaritensis -RRB- , antelope jackrabbit -LRB- Lepus alleni -RRB- , raccoon -LRB- Procyon lotor -RRB- , hooded skunk -LRB- Mephitis macroura -RRB- , wild boar -LRB- Sus scrofa -RRB- , collared peccary -LRB- Pecari tajacu -RRB- , white-tailed deer -LRB- Odocoileus virginianus -RRB- , mule deer Odocoileus hemionus , American bison Bison bison , cougar -LRB- Puma concolor -RRB- , eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus , North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum , bobcat Lynx rufus , Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi , and coyote Canis latrans .	coyote	Canis latrans is what animal ?
American black bear Ursus americanus is also found but in very small numbers .	American black bear	Ursus Americanus is what animal that is found in relatively small numbers ?
The main cause of degradation has been grazing .	grazing	The main cause of degradation has been what ?
Although there are many reptilian species in the mountains the most observed species include : Northern Mexican pine snake , Pituophis deppei jani , Texas horned lizard -LRB- Phrynosoma cornutum -RRB- , rock rattlesnake -LRB- Crotalus lepidus -RRB- , black-tailed rattlesnake -LRB- Crotalus molossus -RRB- , and plateau tiger salamander Ambystoma velasci , one of possibly many amphibians to be found in the mountains .	rattlesnake	What type of snake is most popular in the region with many different species ?
The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual 's race , which was taken in 1921 , indicated that 50.09 % of the population identified as Mestizo -LRB- mixed Amerindian and European descent -RRB- .	1921	The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year ?
The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual 's race , which was taken in 1921 , indicated that 50.09 % of the population identified as Mestizo -LRB- mixed Amerindian and European descent -RRB- .	50.09%	According to the census of 1921 , what percentage of citizens were Mestizo ?
The second-largest group was whites at 36.33 % of the population .	whites	The second largest group of people were whom ?
During the 1990s after NAFTA was signed , industrial development grew rapidly with foreign investment .	NAFTA	What agreement sparked industrial development during the 1990s ?
Large factories known as maquiladoras were built to export manufactured goods to the United States and Canada .	maquiladoras	Large factories called what were built to export manufactured goods to the US and Canada ?
The large portion of the manufacturing sector of the state is 425 factories divided into 25 industrial parks accounting for 12.47 % of the maquiladoras in Mexico , which employ 294,026 people in the state .	294,026	How many in the state are employed by maquiladoras ?
Small business employs the largest portion of the population .	Small business	What type of business employs the largest portion of the population ?
Today , most of the maquiladoras produce electronics , automobile , and aerospace components .	electronics, automobile, and aerospace components	Most maquiladoras today produce what ?
Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based primarily on their perception of the frequency of vibration .	auditory	What type of sensation is pitch ?
Pitch is closely related to frequency , but the two are not equivalent .	frequency	What is pitch closely related to ?
Pitch is each person 's subjective perception of a sound , which can not be directly measured .	Pitch	Each persons perception of sound is called ?
This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12 , semitones -LRB- the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard -RRB- have size 1 , and A440 is assigned the number 69 .	12	Octaves in linear pitch are what size ?
This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12 , semitones -LRB- the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard -RRB- have size 1 , and A440 is assigned the number 69 .	1	Semitones in linear pitch are what size ?
This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12 , semitones -LRB- the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard -RRB- have size 1 , and A440 is assigned the number 69 .	69	A440 in linear pitch are what size ?
An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into 100 cents .	100	An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents ?
For example , the pitch halfway between C -LRB- 60 -RRB- and C ♯ -LRB- 61 -RRB- can be labeled 60.5 .	60.5	The pitch halfway between C -LRB- 60 -RRB- and C ♯ -LRB- 61 -RRB- is labeled what ?
In the west , the twelve-note chromatic scale is the most common method of organization , with equal temperament now the most widely used method of tuning that scale .	twelve-note chromatic scale	What is the most common method of organization ?
In it , the pitch ratio between any two successive notes of the scale is exactly the twelfth root of two -LRB- or about 1.05946 -RRB- .	the twelfth root of two	The pitch ratio between any two successive notes is ?
Almost all of these systems have one interval in common , the octave , where the pitch of one note is double the frequency of another .	the octave	All these different methods have what in common ?
According to the American National Standards Institute , pitch is the auditory attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high .	sound	Pitch is the auditory attribute to what ?
Since pitch is such a close proxy for frequency , it is almost entirely determined by how quickly the sound wave is making the air vibrate and has almost nothing to do with the intensity , or amplitude , of the wave .	frequency	Pitch is a close proxy for what ?
That is , `` high '' pitch means very rapid oscillation , and `` low '' pitch corresponds to slower oscillation .	rapid	High pitch is what type of oscillation ?
That is , `` high '' pitch means very rapid oscillation , and `` low '' pitch corresponds to slower oscillation .	slower	Low pitch is what type of oscillation ?
A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously .	sound generated	This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously ?
A listener hears numerous frequencies at once .	numerous	A listener can hear how many frequencies at once ?
Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental .	overtones	Harmonics are an important class of what ?
Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples , they are collectively called the partials , referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum .	the partials	Integer multiples are collectively called ?
The pitch of complex tones can be ambiguous , meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived , depending upon the observer .	ambiguous	The pitch of complex tones can be ?
A complex tone composed of two sine waves of 1000 and 1200 Hz may sometimes be heard as up to three pitches : two spectral pitches at 1000 and 1200 Hz , derived from the physical frequencies of the pure tones , and the combination tone at 200 Hz , corresponding to the repetition rate of the waveform .	two	A complex tone is composed of how many waves ?
In a situation like this , the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental , which is often the greatest common divisor of the frequencies present .	the missing fundamental	The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as ?
In a situation like this , the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental , which is often the greatest common divisor of the frequencies present .	divisor of the frequencies present	the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental , which is often ?
The just-noticeable difference -LRB- jnd -RRB- -LRB- the threshold at which a change is perceived -RRB- depends on the tone 's frequency content .	the tone's frequency content	The just-noticeable difference , at which a change is perceived depends on what ?
The jnd is typically tested by playing two tones in quick succession with the listener asked if there was a difference in their pitches .	playing two tones in quick succession	The jnd is typically tested by ?
The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400 ; the total number of notes in the equal-tempered scale , from 16 to 16,000 Hz , is 120 .	1,400	What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing ?
For instance , a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch , because its sound contains higher frequencies .	snare drum	Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch ?
This phenomenon is called repetition pitch , because the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself is the basic prerequisite .	the addition of a true repetition of the original sound	Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon ?
In other words , it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of indefinite pitch , but sounds of indefinite pitch do not neatly correspond to any specific pitch .	indefinite pitch	It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what ?
In standard Western equal temperament , the notion of pitch is insensitive to `` spelling '' : the description `` G4 double sharp '' refers to the same pitch as A4 ; in other temperaments , these may be distinct pitches .	spelling	The notion of pitch is insensitive to what ?
In standard Western equal temperament , the notion of pitch is insensitive to `` spelling '' : the description `` G4 double sharp '' refers to the same pitch as A4 ; in other temperaments , these may be distinct pitches .	A4	The description `` G4 double sharp '' refers to the same pitch as what ?
Human perception of musical intervals is approximately logarithmic with respect to fundamental frequency : the perceived interval between the pitches `` A220 '' and `` A440 '' is the same as the perceived interval between the pitches A440 and A880 .	logarithmic	Human perception of musical intervals is approximately what ?
Motivated by this logarithmic perception , music theorists sometimes represent pitches using a numerical scale based on the logarithm of fundamental frequency .	numerical	Music theorist represent pitches using what kind of scale ?
The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is still debated , but the processing seems to be based on an autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve .	autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve	The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is based on what ?
At least one model shows that a temporal delay is unnecessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception , appealing to phase shifts between cochlear filters ; however , earlier work has shown that certain sounds with a prominent peak in their autocorrelation function do not elicit a corresponding pitch percept , and that certain sounds without a peak in their autocorrelation function nevertheless elicit a pitch .	unnecessary	Is a temporal delay necessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception ?
Some theories of pitch perception hold that pitch has inherent octave ambiguities , and therefore is best decomposed into a pitch chroma , a periodic value around the octave , like the note names in western music -- and a pitch height , which may be ambiguous , that indicates the octave the pitch is in .	ambiguities	Pitch perception has inherent octave what ?
The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant , the emblem of King Richard I , who reigned from 1189 to 1199 .	1189	When did King Richard I begin his reign ?
The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant , the emblem of King Richard I , who reigned from 1189 to 1199 .	lions	Which animal is the main motif of England 's national football team ?
Initially topped by a crown , this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms ; this introduced ten Tudor roses , one for each of the regional branches of the FA .	a crown	What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions ' heads on England 's national football team motif ?
Initially topped by a crown , this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms ; this introduced ten Tudor roses , one for each of the regional branches of the FA .	1949	In which year was the FA given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms ?
Since 2003 , England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966 ; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit , and a year later was moved to its current position , first on the away shirt .	1966	Since 2003 , England has topped their logo with a star to recognize their World Cup win in which year ?
Although England 's first away kits were blue , England 's traditional away colours are red shirts , white shorts and red socks .	blue	What color were England 's first away kits ?
Although England 's first away kits were blue , England 's traditional away colours are red shirts , white shorts and red socks .	red	What color are the socks traditionally worn in England 's away kits ?
In 1996 , England 's away kit was changed to grey shirts , shorts and socks .	grey	Three times in 1996 , England wore what color socks in their away kits instead of the traditional red socks ?
This kit was only worn three times , including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 96 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011 , when a navy blue away kit was introduced .	navy blue	In 2011 , England introduced a new away kit in what color ?
The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches , when a new edition has been released to promote it .	home matches	When a new edition of England 's away kit has been introduced , the kit is sometimes worn during what type of matches ?
The team 's earliest exit in the competition itself was its elimination in the first round in 1950 , 1958 and most recently in the 2014 FIFA World Cup , after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time , versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D .	2014	In what year was England most recently eliminated from FIFA World Cup contention ?
The team 's earliest exit in the competition itself was its elimination in the first round in 1950 , 1958 and most recently in the 2014 FIFA World Cup , after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time , versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D .	Uruguay	In 2014 , England was eliminated from the World Cup after being defeated by Italy and which other team ?
England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974 , 1978 and 1994 .	1974, 1978 and 1994	In which three years did England fail to qualify for the World Cup ?
In 1950 , four teams remained after the first round , in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained .	sixteen	After the first round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup , how many teams remained in contention ?
In 2010 , England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat -LRB- 4 -- 1 to Germany -RRB- in the Round of 16 , after drawing with the United States and Algeria and defeating Slovenia 1 -- 0 in the group stage .	4–1	What was the final score when , in 2010 , England lost to Germany in the Round of 16 of the FIFA World Cup ?
Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0 -- 2 loss to the Republic of Ireland , on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park .	1949	In what year did England suffer their first defeat at home to a foreign team ?
In the return match in Budapest , Hungary won 7 -- 1 .	7–1	What was the final score of England 's worst ever defeat ?
In the 1954 FIFA World Cup , England reached the quarter-finals for the first time , and lost 4 -- 2 to reigning champions Uruguay .	1954	In what year did England reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup for the first time ?
After the game , a bewildered Syd Owen said , `` it was like playing men from outer space '' .	Syd Owen	To whom is the quote `` it was like playing men from outer space '' attributed ?
In the 1954 FIFA World Cup , England reached the quarter-finals for the first time , and lost 4 -- 2 to reigning champions Uruguay .	Uruguay	After reaching the FIFA World Cup quarter-finals for the first time , to whom did England lose with a final score of 4-2 ?
In February 2012 , Capello resigned from his role as England manager , following a disagreement with the FA over their request to remove John Terry from team captaincy after accusations of racial abuse concerning the player .	2012	In what year did Capello resign as England 's football manager ?
In February 2012 , Capello resigned from his role as England manager , following a disagreement with the FA over their request to remove John Terry from team captaincy after accusations of racial abuse concerning the player .	John Terry	Capello resigned as England 's football manager after a dispute over removing which player from team captaincy ?
However , on 1 May 2012 , Roy Hodgson was announced as the new manager , just six weeks before UEFA Euro 2012 .	Roy Hodgson	Who became the new manager of England 's football team in May of 2012 ?
England managed to finish top of their group , winning two and drawing one of their fixtures , but exited the Championships in the quarter-finals via a penalty shoot-out , this time to Italy .	the quarter-finals	In which round of UEFA Euro 2012 was England eliminated ?
England managed to finish top of their group , winning two and drawing one of their fixtures , but exited the Championships in the quarter-finals via a penalty shoot-out , this time to Italy .	Italy	A defeat by which team ultimately eliminated England from UEFA Euro 2012 ?
The England national football team represents England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man for football matches as part of FIFA-authorised events , and is controlled by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England .	The Football Association	Which governing body controls the England national football team ?
England are one of the two oldest national teams in football ; alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 .	Scotland	Which other team , besides England , is one of the two oldest national teams in football ?
England are one of the two oldest national teams in football ; alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 .	1872	In what year did England and Scotland play the world 's first international football match ?
England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and the current team manager is Roy Hodgson .	Wembley Stadium	What is the name of England 's home field in London ?
England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and the current team manager is Roy Hodgson .	Roy Hodgson	Who is the current team manager of England 's football team ?
They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908 .	1906	In which year did England join FIFA ?
They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908 .	1908	England played against countries besides the Home Nations for the first time in what year ?
The relationship between England and FIFA became strained , and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928 , before they rejoined in 1946 .	1946	England left FIFA in 1928 and ultimately rejoined in what year ?
As a result , they did not compete in a World Cup until 1950 , in which they were beaten in a 1 -- 0 defeat by the United States , failing to get past the first round in one of the most embarrassing defeats in the team 's history .	1950	What was the first year after England left and rejoined FIFA in which they played in a World Cup ?
Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground .	1923	In what year did Wembley Stadium open ?
England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship , having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996 .	third place	In which place did England finish in the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968 ?
England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments , tied for ninth-best .	eight	In how many UEFA European Championship Finals has England competed ?
England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments , tied for ninth-best .	tied for ninth-best	Where does England rank in terms of the number of UEFA European Football Championship appearances ?
The team 's worst result in the competition was a first-round elimination in 1980 , 1988 , 1992 and 2000 .	1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000	In what four years was England eliminated from the UEFA European Championship in the first round ?
The team did not enter in 1960 , and they failed to qualify in 1964 , 1972 , 1976 , 1984 , and 2008 .	1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008	In which five years did England fail to qualify for the UEFA European Championship ?
England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions , and reached the quarter-finals , where they were knocked out by West Germany .	West Germany	A defeat by which team eliminated England from the 1970 FIFA World Cup ?
England had been 2 -- 0 up , but were eventually beaten 3 -- 2 after extra time .	3–2	What was the final score of England 's last match of the 1970 FIFA World Cup ?
They failed in qualification for the 1974 , leading to Ramsey 's dismissal , and 1978 FIFA World Cups .	1974	In which year did England fail to qualify for the FIFA World Cup resulting in Ramsey 's dismissal ?
England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions , and reached the quarter-finals , where they were knocked out by West Germany .	Mexico	Where did the 1970 FIFA World Cup take place ?
Under Ron Greenwood , they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain -LRB- the first time competitively since 1962 -RRB- ; despite not losing a game , they were eliminated in the second group stage .	Spain	Where did the 1982 FIFA World Cup take place ?
Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006 , and was the first non -- English manager of England .	Sven-Göran Eriksson	Who was the first non-English person to manage England 's football team ?
He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure , and England rose to an No. 4 world ranking under his guidance .	five	How many competitive matches were lost under the tenure of manager Sven-Göran Eriksson ?
He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure , and England rose to an No. 4 world ranking under his guidance .	No.4	What was the highest world ranking achieved by England under management by Sven-Göran Eriksson ?
However , it was terminated by them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup 's conclusion .	2006	In what year was the contract of Sven-Göran Eriksson terminated ?
Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006 , and was the first non -- English manager of England .	2001	In what year did Sven-Göran Eriksson become the manager of England 's football team ?
All England matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live .	BBC Radio 5 Live	Commentated broadcasts of all England matches air on what network ?
From the 2008 -- 09 season until the 2017 -- 18 season , England 's home and away qualifiers , and friendlies both home and away are broadcast live on ITV -LRB- often with the exception of STV , the ITV affiliate in central and northern Scotland -RRB- .	2008–09	What was the first season in which England 's qualifiers and friendlies were broadcast on ITV ?
From the 2008 -- 09 season until the 2017 -- 18 season , England 's home and away qualifiers , and friendlies both home and away are broadcast live on ITV -LRB- often with the exception of STV , the ITV affiliate in central and northern Scotland -RRB- .	STV	What network is ITV 's affiliate in northern and central Scotland ?
As a result of Setanta Sports 's demise , England 's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay-per-view basis via the internet only .	2009	In what year was an England football match aired only via the internet for the first time ?
The number of subscribers , paying between # 4.99 and # 11.99 each , was estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000 and the total number of viewers at around 500,000 .	500,000	Approximately how many total viewers watched the England World Cup qualifier on the internet on 10 October 2009 ?
England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups , they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain .	14	In how many FIFA world cups has England appeared ?
England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups , they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain .	Spain	Besides France , which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup ?
The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966 .	1966	In which year did England win the FIFA World Cup for the first and only time ?
In 1990 , England finished in fourth place , losing 2 -- 1 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off after losing on penalties to champions Germany in the semi-final .	fourth	In what place did England finish in the 1990 FIFA World Cup ?
In 1990 , England finished in fourth place , losing 2 -- 1 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off after losing on penalties to champions Germany in the semi-final .	Italy	Which country hosted the 1990 FIFA World Cup ?
In August 1836 , two real estate entrepreneurs -- Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen -- from New York , purchased 6,642 acres -LRB- 26.88 km2 -RRB- of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city .	New York	Where were Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen from ?
In August 1836 , two real estate entrepreneurs -- Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen -- from New York , purchased 6,642 acres -LRB- 26.88 km2 -RRB- of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city .	6,642	How many acres of land did Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen purchase in 1836 ?
In August 1836 , two real estate entrepreneurs -- Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen -- from New York , purchased 6,642 acres -LRB- 26.88 km2 -RRB- of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city .	founding a city	What was the reason the Allen brothers purchased land in 1836 ?
The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston , the popular general at the Battle of San Jacinto , who was elected President of Texas in September 1836 .	Sam Houston	Who did the Allen brothers name the city they founded after ?
The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston , the popular general at the Battle of San Jacinto , who was elected President of Texas in September 1836 .	1836	In what year was Sam Houston elected President of Texas ?
The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston , the popular general at the Battle of San Jacinto , who was elected President of Texas in September 1836 .	Allen brothers	Who bought land along Buffalo Bayou to build a city ?
In August 1836 , two real estate entrepreneurs -- Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen -- from New York , purchased 6,642 acres -LRB- 26.88 km2 -RRB- of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city .	6,642 acres	How much land did the Allen brothers buy ?
The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston , the popular general at the Battle of San Jacinto , who was elected President of Texas in September 1836 .	Sam Houston	After which famous general was the city named ?
In 1860 forty-nine percent of the city 's population was enslaved .	forty-nine percent	In 1860 what percentage of the city 's population was slaves ?
They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans , whose numbers nearly tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860 , from 58,000 to 182,566 .	tripled	How much did the slave population of Houston increase from 1850 to 1860 ?
When World War II started , tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended ; however , the war did provide economic benefits for the city .	World War II	What event cause shipping activities to be suspended ?
Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products by the defense industry during the war .	petroleum and synthetic rubber products	Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were built due to the demand for what items during the war ?
Ellington Field , initially built during World War I , was revitalized as an advanced training center for bombardiers and navigators .	during World War I	When was Ellington Field built ?
The Brown Shipbuilding Company was founded in 1942 to build ships for the U.S. Navy during World War II .	1942	When was the Brown Shipbuilding Company founded ?
President Roosevelt had established a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors , and blacks gained some opportunities , especially in shipbuilding , although not without resistance from whites and increasing social tensions that erupted into occasional violence .	non-discrimination for defense contractors	What was the policy created by President Roosevelt due to the boom in defense jobs ?
Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products by the defense industry during the war .	Petrochemical	What kind of refineries were built along the Houston ship channel ?
Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products by the defense industry during the war .	petroleum and synthetic rubber	To fill what type of demand were refineries built ?
When World War II started , tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended ; however , the war did provide economic benefits for the city .	World War II	What world event caused this increased need for petrochemicals ?
Due to the boom in defense jobs , thousands of new workers migrated to the city , both blacks and whites competing for the higher-paying jobs .	defense jobs	Why did thousands of new workers flock to Houston ?
President Roosevelt had established a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors , and blacks gained some opportunities , especially in shipbuilding , although not without resistance from whites and increasing social tensions that erupted into occasional violence .	President Roosevelt	Which president created a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors ?
The space industry also suffered in 1986 after the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated shortly after launch .	1986	In what year did the space shuttle Challenger explode after launch ?
In the late 1980s , the city 's economy suffered from the nationwide recession .	the nationwide recession	Why did Houston 's economy have problems in the late 1980 's ?
After the early 1990s recession , Houston made efforts to diversify its economy by focusing on aerospace and health care/biotechnology , and reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry .	reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry	In the 1990 's , what is something Houston did to try to diversify it 's economy ?
Since the increase of oil prices in the 2000s , the petroleum industry has again increased its share of the local economy .	the increase of oil prices in the 2000s	The petroleum industry has become a larger part of Houston 's economy again for what reason ?
One wave of the population boom ended abruptly in the mid-1980s , as oil prices fell precipitously .	oil prices fell	What caused population growth to decline in the 1980s ?
Since the increase of oil prices in the 2000s , the petroleum industry has again increased its share of the local economy .	2000s	When did Houston begin to regain its dependence on the oil industry ?
In the late 1980s , the city 's economy suffered from the nationwide recession .	late 1980s	When did Houston suffer an economic decline ?
The space industry also suffered in 1986 after the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated shortly after launch .	Space Shuttle Challenger	Which shuttle disintegrated in 1986 to cause a decline in the space industry ?
Underpinning Houston 's land surface are unconsolidated clays , clay shales , and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep .	unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands	What materials are underpinning the land surface of Houston ?
The region 's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains .	Rocky Mountains	Houston 's geology was formed from river deposits from the erosion of what mountains ?
These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine matter , that over time , transformed into oil and natural gas .	oil and natural gas	The sand and clay deposited onto decaying marine matter transformed into what ?
Beneath the layers of sediment is a water-deposited layer of halite , a rock salt .	a rock salt	What is halite ?
The thick , rich , sometimes black , surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow .	rice farming	What type of farming is Houston 's surface soil good for ?
Underpinning Houston 's land surface are unconsolidated clays , clay shales , and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep .	clays	Besides sands , what are the foundations of Houston 's land ?
Underpinning Houston 's land surface are unconsolidated clays , clay shales , and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep .	several miles	How deep are the clay and sands foundations of Houston ?
The region 's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains .	erosion of the Rocky Mountains	What geological event caused the foundations of the land beneath Houston ?
The thick , rich , sometimes black , surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow .	rice	What agricultural crop was farmed in the rich soils on the outlying areas of Houston ?
These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine matter , that over time , transformed into oil and natural gas .	oil and natural gas	What did the decaying organics under the clay and sand deposits later form ?
In the 1960s , Downtown Houston consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures .	mid-rise office structures	Downtown Houston consisted of what type of building in the 1960 's ?
A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s -- many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines -- culminating with Houston 's tallest skyscraper , the 75-floor , 1,002-foot -LRB- 305 m -RRB- - tall JPMorgan Chase Tower -LRB- formerly the Texas Commerce Tower -RRB- , completed in 1982 .	throughout the 1970s	When were skyscrapers first built in Houston ?
A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s -- many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines -- culminating with Houston 's tallest skyscraper , the 75-floor , 1,002-foot -LRB- 305 m -RRB- - tall JPMorgan Chase Tower -LRB- formerly the Texas Commerce Tower -RRB- , completed in 1982 .	JPMorgan Chase Tower	What is the tallest building in Texas ?
A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s -- many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines -- culminating with Houston 's tallest skyscraper , the 75-floor , 1,002-foot -LRB- 305 m -RRB- - tall JPMorgan Chase Tower -LRB- formerly the Texas Commerce Tower -RRB- , completed in 1982 .	1,002-foot	How tall is the JP Morgan Chase Tower ?
In 1983 , the 71-floor , 992-foot -LRB- 302 m -RRB- - tall Wells Fargo Plaza -LRB- formerly Allied Bank Plaza -RRB- was completed , becoming the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas .	Wells Fargo Plaza	What is the second tallest building in Houston ?
A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s -- many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines -- culminating with Houston 's tallest skyscraper , the 75-floor , 1,002-foot -LRB- 305 m -RRB- - tall JPMorgan Chase Tower -LRB- formerly the Texas Commerce Tower -RRB- , completed in 1982 .	Gerald D. Hines	In the 1970 s what developer built high rises in downtown Houston ?
A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s -- many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines -- culminating with Houston 's tallest skyscraper , the 75-floor , 1,002-foot -LRB- 305 m -RRB- - tall JPMorgan Chase Tower -LRB- formerly the Texas Commerce Tower -RRB- , completed in 1982 .	JPMorgan Chase Tower	What was the highest building in Houston completed in 1982 ?
A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s -- many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines -- culminating with Houston 's tallest skyscraper , the 75-floor , 1,002-foot -LRB- 305 m -RRB- - tall JPMorgan Chase Tower -LRB- formerly the Texas Commerce Tower -RRB- , completed in 1982 .	Texas Commerce Tower	What was the original name of the JP Morgan Chase Tower ?
It is the tallest structure in Texas , 15th tallest building in the United States , and the 85th tallest skyscraper in the world , based on highest architectural feature .	tallest structure in Texas	What is the Chase Tower rated as in height in Texas ?
In 2007 , downtown Houston had over 43 million square feet -LRB- 4,000,000 m ² -RRB- of office space .	43 million square feet	By 2007 how many square feet of office space did Houston have ?
In 2006 , the Houston metropolitan area ranked first in Texas and third in the U.S. within the Category of `` Best Places for Business and Careers '' by Forbes magazine .	Best Places for Business and Careers	Houston ranked 3rd in which category by Forbes magazine in 2006 ?
Foreign governments have established 92 consular offices in Houston 's metropolitan area , the third highest in the nation .	92	How many offices have been established in Houston by foreign governments ?
Forty foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices here and 23 active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations .	Forty	How many foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices in Houston ?
Twenty-five foreign banks representing 13 nations operate in Houston , providing financial assistance to the international community .	Twenty-five	How many foreign banks operate in Houston ?
Twenty-five foreign banks representing 13 nations operate in Houston , providing financial assistance to the international community .	13	How many nations do the 25 foreign banks operating in Houston represent ?
In 2006 , the Houston metropolitan area ranked first in Texas and third in the U.S. within the Category of `` Best Places for Business and Careers '' by Forbes magazine .	2006	When did the Houston area rank first in Texas for business ?
Foreign governments have established 92 consular offices in Houston 's metropolitan area , the third highest in the nation .	92	How many consular offices does Houston have ?
Forty foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices here and 23 active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations .	Forty	How many foreign countries have trade offices in Houston ?
Twenty-five foreign banks representing 13 nations operate in Houston , providing financial assistance to the international community .	13	How many nations do the twenty-five foreign banks represent ?
The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , held over 20 days from early to late March , is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world .	Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo	What is the largest annual event held in Houston ?
The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , held over 20 days from early to late March , is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world .	20 days	How long does the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo last ?
Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Pride Parade , held at the end of June .	the end of June	When is the annual Houston Pride Parade held ?
Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival , Art Car Parade , the Houston Auto Show , the Houston International Festival , and the Bayou City Art Festival , which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States .	Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival	What is some other annual events held in Houston ?
Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival , Art Car Parade , the Houston Auto Show , the Houston International Festival , and the Bayou City Art Festival , which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States .	the Bayou City Art Festival	What art festival held in Houston is one of the top 5 in the US ?
The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , held over 20 days from early to late March , is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world .	Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo	What event is the longest running in Houston ?
The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , held over 20 days from early to late March , is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world .	March	When is the Houston Livestock show and Rodeo held ?
Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Pride Parade , held at the end of June .	end of June	When is the Houston Pride Parade held ?
Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival , Art Car Parade , the Houston Auto Show , the Houston International Festival , and the Bayou City Art Festival , which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States .	Art Car Parade	What form of car parade is held in Houston ?
Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival , Art Car Parade , the Houston Auto Show , the Houston International Festival , and the Bayou City Art Festival , which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States .	one of the top five	Where does the Bayou City Art Festival rank in U.S. art festivals ?
Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities , Houston has the most total area of parks and green space , 56,405 acres -LRB- 228 km2 -RRB- .	parks and green space	What does Houston have the most of compared to other large US cities ?
The city also has over 200 additional green spaces -- totaling over 19,600 acres -LRB- 79 km2 -RRB- that are managed by the city -- including the Houston Arboretum and Nature Center .	19,600	How many acres of land does Houston 's green spaces cover ?
The city also has over 200 additional green spaces -- totaling over 19,600 acres -LRB- 79 km2 -RRB- that are managed by the city -- including the Houston Arboretum and Nature Center .	the city	Who manages Houston 's green spaces ?
The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark is a public skatepark owned and operated by the city of Houston , and is one of the largest skateparks in Texas consisting of 30,000 -LRB- 2,800 m2 -RRB- square foot in-ground facility .	The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark	What is one of the largest skate parks in Texas ?
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the United States .	Walk Score	Who ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the US ?
Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities , Houston has the most total area of parks and green space , 56,405 acres -LRB- 228 km2 -RRB- .	56,405 acres	How many acres of parks does Houston have ?
The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark is a public skatepark owned and operated by the city of Houston , and is one of the largest skateparks in Texas consisting of 30,000 -LRB- 2,800 m2 -RRB- square foot in-ground facility .	Joe Jamail	After whom is the Houston skate park named ?
The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark is a public skatepark owned and operated by the city of Houston , and is one of the largest skateparks in Texas consisting of 30,000 -LRB- 2,800 m2 -RRB- square foot in-ground facility .	city of Houston	Who owns and runs the skate park in Houston ?
The Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park -- located in the Uptown District of the city -- serves as a popular tourist attraction , weddings , and various celebrations .	Gerald D. Hines	For whom was the Uptown District water park in Houston named ?
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the United States .	23rd	How does Houston rank as a walkable city ?
The current mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner , a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot .	Sylvester Turner	Who is the current mayor of Houston ?
The city of Houston has a strong mayoral form of municipal government .	strong mayoral form of municipal government	What form of government does Houston have ?
The City 's elected officials are the mayor , city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council .	the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council	Who are Houston 's elected officials ?
Houston 's mayor serves as the city 's chief administrator , executive officer , and official representative , and is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced .	the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative	What does Houston 's mayor also serve as ?
Houston 's mayor serves as the city 's chief administrator , executive officer , and official representative , and is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced .	seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced	Besides the general management of the city , Houston 's mayor is also responsible for what ?
The city of Houston has a strong mayoral form of municipal government .	strong mayoral	What is the form of city government in Houston ?
Houston is a home rule city and all municipal elections in the state of Texas are nonpartisan .	nonpartisan	What type of municipal elections are held in Texas ?
The City 's elected officials are the mayor , city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council .	16	Besides the mayor and controller , how many members are there on the city council ?
The current mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner , a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot .	Sylvester Turner	Who is the mayor of Houston since the last election ?
The current mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner , a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot .	Democrat	To what political party is Mayor Turner aligned ?
KUHT -LRB- HoustonPBS -RRB- is a PBS member station and is the first public television station in the United States .	KUHT (HoustonPBS)	What was the first public television station in the US ?
Houston Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises two NPR member stations : KUHF -LRB- KUHF News -RRB- and KUHA -LRB- Classical 91.7 -RRB- .	listener-funded	How is Houston Public Radio funded ?
Houston Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises two NPR member stations : KUHF -LRB- KUHF News -RRB- and KUHA -LRB- Classical 91.7 -RRB- .	two NPR member stations	Houston Public Radio us comprised of how many stations ?
Houston Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises two NPR member stations : KUHF -LRB- KUHF News -RRB- and KUHA -LRB- Classical 91.7 -RRB- .	KUHF (KUHF News) and KUHA (Classical 91.7)	What stations comprise Houston Public Radio ?
The University of Houston System owns and holds broadcasting licenses to KUHT , KUHF , and KUHA .	The University of Houston	Who owns the KUHT , KUHF , and KUHA stations ?
KUHT -LRB- HoustonPBS -RRB- is a PBS member station and is the first public television station in the United States .	KUHT	Which of Houston 's television stations was the first public television station in the U.S. ?
KUHF is news/talk radio and KUHA is a classical music station .	news/talk radio	What kind of radio station is KUHF ?
KUHF is news/talk radio and KUHA is a classical music station .	classical music	What type of radio station is KUHA ?
The stations broadcast from the Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting , located on the campus of the University of Houston .	University of Houston	Where is the Melcher Center located ?
The stations broadcast from the Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting , located on the campus of the University of Houston .	Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting	From what building do the two public radio stations broadcast ?
Houston -LRB- i / ˈhjuːstən / HYOO-stən -RRB- is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States , located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico .	in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico	Where is Houston located ?
Houston -LRB- i / ˈhjuːstən / HYOO-stən -RRB- is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States , located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico .	fourth	Where is Houston ranked among the most populous cities in the US ?
With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people , within a land area of 599.6 square miles -LRB- 1,553 km2 -RRB- , it also is the largest city in the Southern United States , as well as the seat of Harris County .	2.239 million people	What was the population of Houston in 2014 ?
It is the principal city of Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land , which is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the United States .	Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land	What is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the US ?
It is the principal city of Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land , which is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the United States .	Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land	What is Houston the principle city of ?
Houston -LRB- i / ˈhjuːstən / HYOO-stən -RRB- is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States , located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico .	Houston	What is the most populous city in Texas ?
Houston -LRB- i / ˈhjuːstən / HYOO-stən -RRB- is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States , located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico .	fourth	How does Houston rank as to population in the U.S. ?
With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people , within a land area of 599.6 square miles -LRB- 1,553 km2 -RRB- , it also is the largest city in the Southern United States , as well as the seat of Harris County .	2.239 million	According to the 2014 census , how many people live in Houston ?
With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people , within a land area of 599.6 square miles -LRB- 1,553 km2 -RRB- , it also is the largest city in the Southern United States , as well as the seat of Harris County .	Harris County	Houston is located in which Texas county ?
With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people , within a land area of 599.6 square miles -LRB- 1,553 km2 -RRB- , it also is the largest city in the Southern United States , as well as the seat of Harris County .	599.6 square miles	What is the land are of the City of Houston ?
By 1860 , Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton .	cotton	What commodity was Houston known for in 1860 ?
Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston , where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont .	rail lines	What type of roads converged in Houston ?
During the American Civil War , Houston served as a headquarters for General John Bankhead Magruder , who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston .	General John Bankhead Magruder	Which Civil War general used Houston as a headquarters ?
During the American Civil War , Houston served as a headquarters for General John Bankhead Magruder , who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston .	Battle of Galveston	For what battle was Houston used as an organization point ?
By 1890 , Houston was the railroad center of Texas .	railroad center of Texas	What was Houston known for by 1890 ?
One month later , approximately 2.5 million Houston area residents evacuated when Hurricane Rita approached the Gulf Coast , leaving little damage to the Houston area .	Hurricane Rita	What event caused 2.5 million people to evacuate through Houston ?
This was the largest urban evacuation in the history of the United States .	largest urban evacuation	The evacuation of the Gulf coast before Hurricane Rita was what type of evacuation ?
In August 2005 , Houston became a shelter to more than 150,000 people from New Orleans who evacuated from Hurricane Katrina .	150,000	How many people evacuated to Houston after Hurricane Katrina ?
As many as forty percent refused to leave Galveston Island because they feared the traffic problems that happened after Hurricane Rita .	forty percent	Fearing traffic problems , how many people refused to leave Galveston before Hurricane Ike ?
In September 2008 , Houston was hit by Hurricane Ike .	September 2008	When did Hurricane Ike hit the Houston area ?
Though Houston is the largest city in the United States without formal zoning regulations , it has developed similarly to other Sun Belt cities because the city 's land use regulations and legal covenants have played a similar role .	Houston	What is the largest city in the U.S. without formal zoning ?
Regulations include mandatory lot size for single-family houses and requirements that parking be available to tenants and customers .	mandatory lot size	Besides parking requirements , what land use regulations does Houston have ?
Though some have blamed the city 's low density , urban sprawl , and lack of pedestrian-friendliness on these policies , the city 's land use has also been credited with having significant affordable housing , sparing Houston the worst effects of the 2008 real estate crisis .	affordable housing	What is Houston 's land use policies credited with producing ?
Though some have blamed the city 's low density , urban sprawl , and lack of pedestrian-friendliness on these policies , the city 's land use has also been credited with having significant affordable housing , sparing Houston the worst effects of the 2008 real estate crisis .	real estate crisis	What serious situation of 2008 was Houston spared ?
The city issued 42,697 building permits in 2008 and was ranked first in the list of healthiest housing markets for 2009 .	42,697	How many building permits were issued in 2008 in Houston ?
The Houston area is a leading center for building oilfield equipment .	oilfield equipment	Of what is Houston a center ?
Much of its success as a petrochemical complex is due to its busy ship channel , the Port of Houston .	petrochemical complex	What has the Houston ship channel served to promote into success ?
In the United States , the port ranks first in international commerce and tenth among the largest ports in the world .	first	Where does the Port of Houston rank in international commerce ?
In the United States , the port ranks first in international commerce and tenth among the largest ports in the world .	tenth	Where does Houston rate in the size ranking of world ports ?
Houston is the beginning or end point of numerous oil , gas , and products pipelines :	pipelines	What lines begin or end in Houston ?
The Houston Theater District , located downtown , is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls .	Houston Theater District	What area of Houston hosts performing arts ?
It is the second-largest concentration of theater seats in a downtown area in the United States .	theater seats	Of what is Houston second in performing arts ?
Facilities in the Theater District include the Jones Hall -- home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts -- and the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts .	Hobby Center for the Performing Arts	Besides Jones Hall , what other organization is housed in the Theater District ?
Houston is one of few United States cities with permanent , professional , resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines : opera -LRB- Houston Grand Opera -RRB- , ballet -LRB- Houston Ballet -RRB- , music -LRB- Houston Symphony Orchestra -RRB- , and theater -LRB- The Alley Theatre -RRB- .	major performing arts	To what type of arts is Houston home ?
Facilities in the Theater District include the Jones Hall -- home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts -- and the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts .	Houston Symphony Orchestra	To what group is Jones Hall home ?
The Theater District is a 17-block area in the center of downtown Houston that is home to the Bayou Place entertainment complex , restaurants , movies , plazas , and parks .	17-block area	How much area of downtown Houston does the Theater District cover ?
The Bayou Music Center stages live concerts , stage plays , and stand-up comedy .	Bayou Music Center	What place produces live concerts , plays and comedy ?
Space Center Houston is the official visitors ' center of NASA 's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center .	Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center	Where is Space Center Houston ?
The Space Center has many interactive exhibits including moon rocks , a shuttle simulator , and presentations about the history of NASA 's manned space flight program .	interactive exhibits	What tourist offerings does the Space Center have ?
Other tourist attractions include the Galleria -LRB- Texas 's largest shopping mall , located in the Uptown District -RRB- , Old Market Square , the Downtown Aquarium , and Sam Houston Race Park .	shopping mall	What is the Galleria the largest of in Texas ?
BBVA Compass Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium for the Dynamo , the Texas Southern University football team , and Dash , located in East Downtown .	BBVA Compass Stadium	Which stadium is located in east downtown in Houston ?
Minute Maid Park -LRB- home of the Astros -RRB- and Toyota Center -LRB- home of the Rockets -RRB- , are located in downtown Houston .	downtown	Where in Houston is the Toyota Center located ?
In addition , NRG Astrodome was the first indoor stadium in the world , built in 1965 .	NRG Astrodome	What was the first indoor stadium in the world ?
Houston has the NFL 's first retractable-roof stadium with natural grass , NRG Stadium -LRB- home of the Texans -RRB- .	NRG Stadium	What is the home of the Texans named ?
Minute Maid Park -LRB- home of the Astros -RRB- and Toyota Center -LRB- home of the Rockets -RRB- , are located in downtown Houston .	Minute Maid Park	What is the name of the stadium that hosts the Houston Astros ?
Several private institutions of higher learning -- ranging from liberal arts colleges , such as The University of St. Thomas , Houston 's only Catholic university , to Rice University , the nationally recognized research university -- are located within the city .	The University of St. Thomas	What is Houston 's one Catholic university ?
Several private institutions of higher learning -- ranging from liberal arts colleges , such as The University of St. Thomas , Houston 's only Catholic university , to Rice University , the nationally recognized research university -- are located within the city .	Rice University	What famous research university is located in Houston ?
Rice , with a total enrollment of slightly more than 6,000 students , has a number of distinguished graduate programs and research institutes , such as the James A. Baker Institute for Public Policy .	6,000	What is the student enrollment of Rice University ?
It was founded in 1960 and is located in the Sharpstown area in Southwest Houston .	1960	When was Houston Baptist University founded ?
It was founded in 1960 and is located in the Sharpstown area in Southwest Houston .	Sharpstown	What area in Houston is the home of the Houston Baptist University ?
Houston is the seat of the internationally renowned Texas Medical Center , which contains the world 's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions .	Texas Medical Center	Where in Houston is the world 's largest grouping of healthcare institutions ?
All 49 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations .	49	How many non profit organizations are members of the Medical Center ?
Employing more than 73,600 people , institutions at the medical center include 13 hospitals and two specialty institutions , two medical schools , four nursing schools , and schools of dentistry , public health , pharmacy , and virtually all health-related careers .	73,600	How many people are employed in the Texas Medical Center ?
Employing more than 73,600 people , institutions at the medical center include 13 hospitals and two specialty institutions , two medical schools , four nursing schools , and schools of dentistry , public health , pharmacy , and virtually all health-related careers .	13	How many hospitals belong to the Medical Center group of organizations ?
It is where one of the first -- and still the largest -- air emergency service , Life Flight , was created , and a very successful inter-institutional transplant program was developed .	Life Flight	What is the name of the first air emergency service ?
Houston was the headquarters of Continental Airlines until its 2010 merger with United Airlines with headquarters in Chicago ; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year .	Continental Airlines	Until 2010 , which airline made Houston its headquarters ?
Bush Intercontinental became United Airlines ' largest airline hub .	Bush Intercontinental	Where is United Airlines ' largest air hub ?
Houston was the headquarters of Continental Airlines until its 2010 merger with United Airlines with headquarters in Chicago ; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year .	United Airlines	With which airline did Continental Airlines merge ?
The airline retained a significant operational presence in Houston while offering more than 700 daily departures from the city .	700	How many daily flights did United Airlines offer from Houston ?
In early 2007 , Bush Intercontinental Airport was named a model `` port of entry '' for international travelers by U.S. Customs and Border Protection .	2007	In what year was Bush Intercontinental named a model by U.S. Customs ?
It is also leading in health care sectors and building oilfield equipment ; only New York City is home to more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits .	New York City	What city has more Fortune 500 headquarters than Houston ?
The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled .	Port of Houston	What part of Houston ranks first in the U.S. in international tonnage ?
Nicknamed the Space City , Houston is a global city , with strengths in business , international trade , entertainment , culture , media , fashion , science , sports , technology , education , medicine and research .	Space City	What is Houston 's nickname ?
The city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community .	ethnic and religious backgrounds	What is varied about Houston 's population ?
Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has been described as the most diverse in the United States .	Houston	What city is the most diverse in Texas ?
Houston has mild winters in contrast to most areas of the United States .	mild winters	What kind of winter weather does Houston have ?
In January , the normal mean temperature at Intercontinental Airport is 53.1 °F -LRB- 11.7 °C -RRB- , while that station has an average of 13 days with a low at or below freezing .	53.1 °F	What is the usual mean temperature in Houston ?
Snowfall is rare .	Snowfall	What type of weather is a rarity in Houston ?
The coldest temperature officially recorded in Houston was 5 °F -LRB- − 15 °C -RRB- on January 18 , 1940 .	January 18, 1940	When was the coldest reported temperature in Houston ?
Houston has historically received an ample amount of rainfall , averaging about 49.8 in -LRB- 1,260 mm -RRB- annually per 1981 -- 2010 normals .	49.8 in	How much rain does Houston usually get per year ?
The University of Houston System 's annual impact on the Houston area 's economy equates to that of a major corporation : $ 1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area , $ 3.13 billion in total economic benefit and 24,000 local jobs generated .	$1.1 billion	How much money does the University of Houston attract to Houston a year ?
The University of Houston System 's annual impact on the Houston area 's economy equates to that of a major corporation : $ 1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area , $ 3.13 billion in total economic benefit and 24,000 local jobs generated .	24,000	How many local jobs are produced by the University of Houston ?
This is in addition to the 12,500 new graduates the U.H. System produces every year who enter the workforce in Houston and throughout the state of Texas .	12,500	How many student graduate from the University of Houston per year ?
These degree-holders tend to stay in Houston .	in Houston	Where do most university graduates stay after acquiring a degree ?
After five years , 80.5 % of graduates are still living and working in the region .	80.5%	Even after five years , how many graduates remain in Houston ?
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou -LRB- now known as Allen 's Landing -RRB- and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 .	1836	When was Houston founded ?
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou -LRB- now known as Allen 's Landing -RRB- and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 .	Buffalo Bayou	Where is Allen 's Landing ?
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou -LRB- now known as Allen 's Landing -RRB- and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 .	June 5, 1837	When was the City of Houston incorporated ?
The city was named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles -LRB- 40 km -RRB- east of where the city was established .	Sam Houston	For whom was Houston named ?
The city was named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles -LRB- 40 km -RRB- east of where the city was established .	Battle of San Jacinto	For what battle was Sam Houston known as commander ?
Located in the American South , Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community .	South	In what part of the United States is Houston located ?
Located in the American South , Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community .	international community	What part of the Houston population is growing ?
The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million -LRB- 21.4 percent -RRB- residents who were born outside the United States , with nearly two-thirds of the area 's foreign-born population from south of the United States -- Mexico border .	1.1 million	How many of the people who live in Houston were foreign born ?
The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million -LRB- 21.4 percent -RRB- residents who were born outside the United States , with nearly two-thirds of the area 's foreign-born population from south of the United States -- Mexico border .	two-thirds	What percentage of Houston 's foreign born population is from south of the U.S.-Mexican border ?
Additionally , more than one in five foreign-born residents are from Asia .	one in five	How many foreign born Houstonites are from Asia ?
In 1900 , after Galveston was struck by a devastating hurricane , efforts to make Houston into a viable deep-water port were accelerated .	hurricane	What event caused an increase in effort to promote the Houston port ?
The following year , oil discovered at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry .	Spindletop	Where was oil found that promoted the development of the oil industry in Houston ?
The following year , oil discovered at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry .	Beaumont	Near what Texas city is the Spindletop oil field located ?
By 1910 the city 's population had reached 78,800 , almost doubling from a decade before .	1910	In what year did Houston 's population reach 78,000 ?
In 1902 , President Theodore Roosevelt approved a $ 1 million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel .	President Theodore Roosevelt	Who approved the improvement project for the Houston ship channel ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 656.3 square miles -LRB- 1,700 km2 -RRB- ; this comprises 634.0 square miles -LRB- 1,642 km2 -RRB- of land and 22.3 square miles -LRB- 58 km2 -RRB- of water .	656.3 square miles	What is the square mile area of Houston ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 656.3 square miles -LRB- 1,700 km2 -RRB- ; this comprises 634.0 square miles -LRB- 1,642 km2 -RRB- of land and 22.3 square miles -LRB- 58 km2 -RRB- of water .	22.3 square miles	How much of Houston 's total area is water ?
Most of Houston is located on the gulf coastal plain , and its vegetation is classified as temperate grassland and forest .	gulf coastal plain	In what topography is Houston located ?
Most of Houston is located on the gulf coastal plain , and its vegetation is classified as temperate grassland and forest .	temperate grassland and forest	How is the vegetation of the area classified ?
Flatness of the local terrain , when combined with urban sprawl , has made flooding a recurring problem for the city .	flooding	What kind of weather event is a recurring problem for Houston ?
During the summer months , it is common for temperatures to reach over 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- , with an average of 106.5 days per year , including a majority from June to September , with a high of 90 °F or above and 4.6 days at or over 100 °F -LRB- 38 °C -RRB- .	106.5	How many days per year are Houston temperatures over 90 degrees ?
During the summer months , it is common for temperatures to reach over 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- , with an average of 106.5 days per year , including a majority from June to September , with a high of 90 °F or above and 4.6 days at or over 100 °F -LRB- 38 °C -RRB- .	4.6	How many days a year do Houston temperatures average above 100 degrees ?
However , humidity usually yields a higher heat index .	humidity	What weather factor produces a higher heat index ?
Winds are often light in the summer and offer little relief , except in the far southeastern outskirts near the Gulf coast and Galveston .	Winds	What weather factor provides little in heat relief in Houston ?
Officially , the hottest temperature ever recorded in Houston is 109 °F -LRB- 43 °C -RRB- , which was reached both on September 4 , 2000 and August 28 , 2011 .	109 °F	What was the highest temperature recorded in Houston ?
Houston is considered to be a politically divided city whose balance of power often sways between Republicans and Democrats .	divided	What is the political climate of Houston ?
Much of the city 's wealthier areas vote Republican while the city 's working class and minority areas vote Democratic .	wealthier areas	Who in Houston tends to vote Republican ?
Much of the city 's wealthier areas vote Republican while the city 's working class and minority areas vote Democratic .	Democratic	How do the working and minority areas vote in Houston ?
About 62 percent Hispanics -LRB- of any race -RRB- in the area are declared or favor Democrats .	62 percent	What percent of Hispanics vote Democrat ?
According to the 2005 Houston Area Survey , 68 percent of non-Hispanic whites in Harris County are declared or favor Republicans while 89 percent of non-Hispanic blacks in the area are declared or favor Democrats .	68 percent	What percent of non-Hispanic whites vote Republican ?
According to the 2010 Census , whites made up 51 % of Houston 's population ; 26 % of the total population were non-Hispanic whites .	51%	How much of Houston 's population is white ?
Blacks or African Americans made up 25 % of Houston 's population .	25%	What percentage of Houston 's population is African-American ?
Asians made up 6 % -LRB- 1.7 % Vietnamese , 1.3 % Chinese , 1.3 % Indian , 0.9 % Pakistani , 0.4 % Filipino , 0.3 % Korean , 0.1 % Japanese -RRB- , while Pacific Islanders made up 0.1 % .	Asians	What group makes up 6 % of Houston 's population ?
At the 2000 Census , there were 1,953,631 people and the population density was 3,371.7 people per square mile -LRB- 1,301.8 / km ² -RRB- .	1,953,631	According to the 2000 census , what is the population of Houston ?
In addition , Hispanics made up 37.4 % of Houston 's population while non-Hispanic whites made up 30.8 % , down from 62.4 % in 1970 .	62.4%	What was the percentage of whites in 1970 ?
The Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land MSA 's gross domestic product -LRB- GDP -RRB- in 2012 was $ 489 billion , making it the fourth-largest of any metropolitan area in the United States and larger than Austria 's , Venezuela 's , or South Africa 's GDP .	$489 billion	What was Houston 's gross domestic product in 2012 ?
The Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land MSA 's gross domestic product -LRB- GDP -RRB- in 2012 was $ 489 billion , making it the fourth-largest of any metropolitan area in the United States and larger than Austria 's , Venezuela 's , or South Africa 's GDP .	fourth-largest	Where in the rankings does Houston 's gross domestic product place it compared to other U.S. domestic areas ?
Only 26 countries other than the United States have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston 's regional gross area product -LRB- GAP -RRB- .	26	How many other countries have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston 's ?
In 2010 , mining -LRB- which consists almost entirely of exploration and production of oil and gas in Houston -RRB- accounted for 26.3 % of Houston 's GAP up sharply in response to high energy prices and a decreased worldwide surplus of oil production capacity , followed by engineering services , health services , and manufacturing .	26.3%	How much did oil and gas exploration and production make up Houston 's gross product ?
In 2010 , mining -LRB- which consists almost entirely of exploration and production of oil and gas in Houston -RRB- accounted for 26.3 % of Houston 's GAP up sharply in response to high energy prices and a decreased worldwide surplus of oil production capacity , followed by engineering services , health services , and manufacturing .	mining	Under what category does oil and gas exploration fall ?
The Baylor College of Medicine has annually been considered within the top ten medical schools in the nation ; likewise , the MD Anderson Cancer Center has consistently ranked as one of the top two U.S. hospitals specializing in cancer care by U.S. News & World Report since 1990 .	Baylor College of Medicine	What Houston medical school ranks in the top ten U.S. medical schools ?
The Baylor College of Medicine has annually been considered within the top ten medical schools in the nation ; likewise , the MD Anderson Cancer Center has consistently ranked as one of the top two U.S. hospitals specializing in cancer care by U.S. News & World Report since 1990 .	one of the top two	How does MD Anderson Cancer Center rank in US hospitals dealing with cancer care ?
The Menninger Clinic , a renowned psychiatric treatment center , is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital System .	psychiatric	What type of treatments does the Menninger Clinic offer ?
With hospital locations nationwide and headquarters in Houston , the Triumph Healthcare hospital system is the third largest long term acute care provider nationally .	Triumph Healthcare	What is the third largest acute care center in the U.S. ?
With hospital locations nationwide and headquarters in Houston , the Triumph Healthcare hospital system is the third largest long term acute care provider nationally .	Houston	Where is the Triumph Healthcare hospital headquartered ?
In 2013 , Houston was identified as the # 1 U.S. city for job creation by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics after it was not only the first major city to regain all the jobs lost in the preceding economic downturn , but after the crash , more than two jobs were added for every one lost .	#1	Where did Houston rank for job creation in 2013 ?
In 2013 , Houston was identified as the # 1 U.S. city for job creation by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics after it was not only the first major city to regain all the jobs lost in the preceding economic downturn , but after the crash , more than two jobs were added for every one lost .	two	How many jobs did Houston add for every one lost ?
Furthermore , Jankowski stated that `` more than 100 foreign-owned companies relocated , expanded or started new businesses in Houston '' between 2008 and 2010 , and this openness to external business boosted job creation during a period when domestic demand was problematically low .	more than 100	How many foreign companies relocated to Houston ?
Also in 2013 , Houston again appeared on Forbes ' list of Best Places for Business and Careers .	Best Places for Business and Careers	On what Forbes list did Houston appear in 2013 ?
In 2013 , Houston was identified as the # 1 U.S. city for job creation by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics after it was not only the first major city to regain all the jobs lost in the preceding economic downturn , but after the crash , more than two jobs were added for every one lost .	jobs lost	What was Houston the first city to do regain after the recession caused job loss ?
Three community college districts exist with campuses in and around Houston .	Three	How many community colleges serve Houston ?
The Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems are within the 10 largest institutions of higher learning in the United States .	within the 10 largest	How are the Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems ranked among educational facilities ?
The Houston Community College System serves most of Houston .	Houston Community College System	What college system serves most of Houston ?
The northwestern through northeastern parts of the city are served by various campuses of the Lone Star College System , while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by San Jacinto College , and a northeastern portion is served by Lee College .	Lone Star College System	Which community college system serves the northwestern and northeastern areas ?
The northwestern through northeastern parts of the city are served by various campuses of the Lone Star College System , while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by San Jacinto College , and a northeastern portion is served by Lee College .	southeastern	What part of Houston does San Jacinto College serve ?
METRO began light rail service on January 1 , 2004 , with the inaugural track -LRB- `` Red Line '' -RRB- running about 8 miles -LRB- 13 km -RRB- from the University of Houston -- Downtown -LRB- UHD -RRB- , which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park .	January 1, 2004	When did Houston start using light rail lines ?
METRO began light rail service on January 1 , 2004 , with the inaugural track -LRB- `` Red Line '' -RRB- running about 8 miles -LRB- 13 km -RRB- from the University of Houston -- Downtown -LRB- UHD -RRB- , which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park .	about 8 miles	How long was the first light rail line in Houston ?
METRO began light rail service on January 1 , 2004 , with the inaugural track -LRB- `` Red Line '' -RRB- running about 8 miles -LRB- 13 km -RRB- from the University of Houston -- Downtown -LRB- UHD -RRB- , which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park .	NRG Park	Where did the Red Line rail track terminate ?
METRO is currently in the design phase of a 10-year expansion plan that will add five more lines .	five	How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Houston light rail ?
In 2012 , there was a 25 percent increase in ridership to 20,327 passengers embarking from the Houston Amtrak station .	20,327	How many passengers used Amtrak to embark at Houston ?
The second-largest commercial airport is William P. Hobby Airport -LRB- named Houston International Airport until 1967 -RRB- which operates primarily short - to medium-haul domestic flights .	William P. Hobby Airport	What is the second airport that serves Houston ?
The second-largest commercial airport is William P. Hobby Airport -LRB- named Houston International Airport until 1967 -RRB- which operates primarily short - to medium-haul domestic flights .	Houston International Airport	What was the earlier name of Hobby Airport ?
The second-largest commercial airport is William P. Hobby Airport -LRB- named Houston International Airport until 1967 -RRB- which operates primarily short - to medium-haul domestic flights .	1967	When was Houston International Airport renamed to Hobby Airport ?
However , in 2015 Southwest Airlines launched service from a new international terminal at Hobby airport to several destinations in Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean .	Southwest Airlines	Which airline now offers international flights from Hobby Airport ?
Hobby Airport has been recognized with two awards for being one of the top five performing airports in the world and for customer service by Airports Council International .	customer service	For what is Hobby Airport ranked in the top five performing airports ?
The Houston area has over 150 active faults -LRB- estimated to be 300 active faults -RRB- with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles -LRB- 500 km -RRB- , including the Long Point -- Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city .	300	How many estimated active faults does Houston have ?
The Houston area has over 150 active faults -LRB- estimated to be 300 active faults -RRB- with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles -LRB- 500 km -RRB- , including the Long Point -- Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city .	310 miles	What is the total length of the Houston faults ?
Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years .	water	What geological feature has been removed underground to cause sinking in areas of southeast Houston ?
The Houston area has over 150 active faults -LRB- estimated to be 300 active faults -RRB- with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles -LRB- 500 km -RRB- , including the Long Point -- Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city .	Long Point–Eureka Heights	Which of the geologic faults run through the center of Houston ?
These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed `` fault creep '' , which further reduces the risk of an earthquake .	fault creep	What is a slow smooth rate of movement of faults called ?
Houston was incorporated in 1837 under the ward system of representation .	ward system	What system of incorporation was used in 1837 by Houston ?
The ward designation is the progenitor of the eleven current-day geographically oriented Houston City Council districts .	Houston City Council districts	What is the present day system being used by Houston for representation ?
Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the Interstate 610 Loop .	Interstate 610 Loop	What highway is used to designate locations in Houston ?
The inside encompasses the central business district and many residential neighborhoods that predate World War II .	central business district	Beside older pre-World War II residences , what is found inside the Loop ?
Beltway 8 encircles the city another 5 miles -LRB- 8.0 km -RRB- farther out .	Beltway 8	What highway circles the outer areas of Houston ?
Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road , the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of mid-rise office buildings , hotels , and retail developments appeared along Interstate 610 west .	Uptown District	What area is located at Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road ?
Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road , the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of mid-rise office buildings , hotels , and retail developments appeared along Interstate 610 west .	1970s and early 1980s	When did the Uptown district expand ?
The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor , 901-foot -LRB- 275 m -RRB- - tall , Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower -LRB- known as the Transco Tower until 1999 -RRB- .	Williams Tower	What is the tallest building in Uptown Houston ?
In 2002 , Uptown had more than 23 million square feet -LRB- 2,100,000 m ² -RRB- of office space with 16 million square feet -LRB- 1,500,000 m ² -RRB- of Class A office space .	23 million	How many square feet of office space did Houston have in Uptown in 2002 ?
The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor , 901-foot -LRB- 275 m -RRB- - tall , Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower -LRB- known as the Transco Tower until 1999 -RRB- .	Transco Tower	Until 1999 what was the Williams Tower known as ?
Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry -- particularly for oil and natural gas -- as well as for biomedical research and aeronautics .	biomedical research and aeronautics	Besides oil and gas , what is Houston known for ?
The Houston Ship Channel is also a large part of Houston 's economic base .	Houston Ship Channel	What other industry is a large part of Houston 's economy ?
Because of these strengths , Houston is designated as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network and global management consulting firm A.T. Kearney .	global city	What designation does the Globalization and World Cities Study Group give Houston ?
The Houston area is the top U.S. market for exports , surpassing New York City in 2013 , according to data released by the U.S. Department of Commerce 's International Trade Administration .	market for exports	In what did Houston pass New York City in 2013 ?
In 2012 , the Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land area recorded $ 110.3 billion in merchandise exports .	$110.3 billion	How much in dollars did the Houston area export in 2012 ?
In 2008 , Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger 's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list , which ranks cities on their local economy , employment opportunities , reasonable living costs , and quality of life .	top ranking	How did Kiplinger 's Personal Finance Best Cities rate Houston ?
In 2008 , Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger 's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list , which ranks cities on their local economy , employment opportunities , reasonable living costs , and quality of life .	2008	When did Houston receive a ranking in the top of Kiplinger 's Best cities list ?
The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years , according to Forbes magazine .	fourth	Where did Forbes magazine place Houston for technological innovation ?
In the same year , the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters , first for Forbes magazine 's Best Cities for College Graduates , and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home .	second	Where did Houston place for Fortune 500 companies ?
In 2010 , the city was rated the best city for shopping , according to Forbes .	2010	When was Houston ranked the best city for shopping ?
Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the National Hockey League -LRB- NHL -RRB- .	National Hockey League	For which sports team category does Houston not have a team ?
The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association -LRB- NBA -RRB- franchise based in the city since 1971 .	1971	Since what year have the Houston Rockets been a Houston team ?
The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball -LRB- MLB -RRB- expansion team formed in 1962 -LRB- known as the `` Colt .45 s '' until 1965 -RRB- that made one World Series appearance in 2005 .	1962	When were the Houston Astros formed ?
The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball -LRB- MLB -RRB- expansion team formed in 1962 -LRB- known as the `` Colt .45 s '' until 1965 -RRB- that made one World Series appearance in 2005 .	Colt .45s	Until 1965 what were the Houston Astros called ?
The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball -LRB- MLB -RRB- expansion team formed in 1962 -LRB- known as the `` Colt .45 s '' until 1965 -RRB- that made one World Series appearance in 2005 .	2005	When were the Houston Astros in the World Series ?
The original city council line-up of 14 members -LRB- nine district-based and five at-large positions -RRB- was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979 .	14	How many members did the original Houston city council have ?
The original city council line-up of 14 members -LRB- nine district-based and five at-large positions -RRB- was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979 .	five	How many at-large positions were there originally ?
At-large council members represent the entire city .	entire city	What areas do at-large council members represent ?
Under the city charter , once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents , two additional districts were to be added .	2.1 million	What population figure needs to be passed to add at large council members ?
The city of Houston 's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number ; however , as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter , the two additional districts were added for , and the positions filled during , the August 2011 elections .	two	How many at-large council members were added in the 2011 elections ?
The third-largest university in Texas , the University of Houston has nearly 40,000 students on its 667-acre campus in southeast Houston .	40,000	How many students does the University of Houston have ?
The third-largest university in Texas , the University of Houston has nearly 40,000 students on its 667-acre campus in southeast Houston .	southeast	Where in Houston is the University of Houston campus located ?
Four separate and distinct state universities are located in Houston .	Four	How many separate universities does Houston have ?
Located in the historic community of Third Ward is Texas Southern University , one of the largest historically black colleges and universities in the United States .	Texas Southern University	What university is located in Houston 'd third ward ?
Located in the historic community of Third Ward is Texas Southern University , one of the largest historically black colleges and universities in the United States .	largest historically black	What kind of college is Texas Southern University ?
Houston is served by the Houston Chronicle , its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution .	Houston Chronicle	What is Houston 's major newspaper ?
The Hearst Corporation , which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle , bought the assets of the Houston Post -- its long-time rival and main competition -- when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995 .	Hearst Corporation	Who owns the Houston Chronicle ?
The Hearst Corporation , which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle , bought the assets of the Houston Post -- its long-time rival and main competition -- when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995 .	1995	When did Chronicle rival newspaper , the Houston Post , cease operations ?
The Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby of Houston .	Bill Hobby	Whose family owned the Houston Post ?
The only other major publication to serve the city is the Houston Press -- a free alternative weekly with a weekly readership of more than 300,000 .	Houston Press	What is the other newspaper that serves Houston ?
Houston 's highway system has a hub-and-spoke freeway structure serviced by multiple loops .	hub-and-spoke	What is the type of freeway system that serves Houston ?
The innermost loop is Interstate 610 , which encircles downtown , the medical center , and many core neighborhoods with around a 8-mile -LRB- 13 km -RRB- diameter .	Interstate 610	What encircles the downtown area of Houston ?
The innermost loop is Interstate 610 , which encircles downtown , the medical center , and many core neighborhoods with around a 8-mile -LRB- 13 km -RRB- diameter .	8-mile	What is the diameter of the downtown area ?
Beltway 8 and its freeway core , the Sam Houston Tollway , form the middle loop at a diameter of roughly 23 miles -LRB- 37 km -RRB- .	middle loop	What part of the freeway system is Beltway 8 ?
Beltway 8 and its freeway core , the Sam Houston Tollway , form the middle loop at a diameter of roughly 23 miles -LRB- 37 km -RRB- .	23 miles	What is the diameter of the center of Beltway 8 ?
The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport -LRB- IAH -RRB- , the tenth-busiest in the United States for total passengers , and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide .	tenth-busiest	How does Houston 's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers ?
Bush Intercontinental currently ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations .	182	How many destinations does George Bush Intercontinental Airport serve ?
In 2006 , the United States Department of Transportation named IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States .	2006	When did the U.S. Department of Transportation name IAH as fastest growing of U.S. airports ?
The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center stands on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds .	George Bush Intercontinental Airport	Where is the Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center located ?
The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport -LRB- IAH -RRB- , the tenth-busiest in the United States for total passengers , and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide .	George Bush Intercontinental Airport	What is Houston 's primary airport ?
In the Roman era , copper was principally mined on Cyprus , the origin of the name of the metal from aes сyprium -LRB- metal of Cyprus -RRB- , later corrupted to сuprum , from which the words copper -LRB- English -RRB- , cuivre -LRB- French -RRB- , Koper -LRB- Dutch -RRB- and Kupfer -LRB- German -RRB- are all derived .	Cyprus	Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era ?
In the Roman era , copper was principally mined on Cyprus , the origin of the name of the metal from aes сyprium -LRB- metal of Cyprus -RRB- , later corrupted to сuprum , from which the words copper -LRB- English -RRB- , cuivre -LRB- French -RRB- , Koper -LRB- Dutch -RRB- and Kupfer -LRB- German -RRB- are all derived .	сuprum	What term does the name copper originate from ?
Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper -LRB- II -RRB- salts , which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite , malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments .	copper(II) salts	What componds are common in copper ?
Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper -LRB- II -RRB- salts , which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite , malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments .	blue	What is one color common in copper salts ?
Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris -LRB- or patina -RRB- .	green verdigris	What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper .
It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old , and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East ; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC .	9000 BC	When was copper first known to have been used ?
It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old , and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East ; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC .	Middle East	In what area is the first recorded use of copper ?
It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC , in Central America perhaps around 600 AD , and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD .	2800 BC	When was copper thought to have been discovered in China ?
Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals ; in particular , copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting .	iron smelting	Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting ?
Natural bronze , a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon , arsenic , and -LRB- rarely -RRB- tin , came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC .	5500 BC	When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public ?
The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding .	Corinthian bronze	What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from ?
The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding .	depletion gilding	How is Corinthian bronze made ?
It was most prevalent in Alexandria , where alchemy is thought to have begun .	Alexandria	Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced ?
In ancient India , copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment .	copper	What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India ?
The Baghdad Battery , with copper cylinders soldered to lead , dates back to 248 BC to AD 226 and resembles a galvanic cell , leading people to believe this was the first battery ; the claim has not been verified .	Baghdad Battery	What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC ?
Despite competition from other materials , copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring with the major exception being overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred .	copper	What metal is used most often in electrical wiring ?
Electrical wiring is the most important market for the copper industry .	Electrical wiring	What is the most important market for copper today ?
Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors .	Roughly half	How much of mined copper is used for cables and electrical wiring ?
Despite competition from other materials , copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring with the major exception being overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred .	aluminium	What metal are most overhead electrical wires made out of ?
Many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties , such as its high electrical conductivity , tensile strength , ductility , creep -LRB- deformation -RRB- resistance , corrosion resistance , low thermal expansion , high thermal conductivity , solderability , and ease of installation .	high electrical conductivity	What is one property of copper that makes it so useful in electrical wiring ?
Copper is biostatic , meaning bacteria will not grow on it .	biostatic	What word means that bacteria wo n't grow on a substrate ?
It was originally used pure , but has since been superseded by Muntz metal .	Muntz metal	What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships ?
For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels .	ships	Because of copper 's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper ?
Similarly , as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture , copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling , even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments .	netting materials	In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make ?
Similarly , as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture , copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling , even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments .	corrosion-resistant	Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments ?
Copper , silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table , and they share certain attributes : they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity .	group 11	What group of the periodic table is copper in ?
Copper , silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table , and they share certain attributes : they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity .	one s-orbital electron	Name a property that copper , silver and gold have in common .
Copper , silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table , and they share certain attributes : they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity .	filled d-electron shell	What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals ?
For this reason , copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form , which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms .	fine-grained polycrystalline form	How is copper normally supplied ?
For this reason , copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form , which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms .	monocrystalline forms	What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline ?
Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth 's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million -LRB- ppm -RRB- , where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite , the copper carbonates azurite and malachite , and the copper -LRB- I -RRB- oxide mineral cuprite .	50 parts per million	What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust .
The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan , US .	420 tonnes	How large was the biggest find of copper ?
The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan , US .	1857	What year was the largest find of copper discovered ?
Native copper is a polycrystal , with the largest described single crystal measuring 4.4 × 3.2 × 3.2 cm .	4.4×3.2×3.2 cm	How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found ?
The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan , US .	Michigan, US	Where was the largest mass of copper found ?
In Greece , copper was known by the name chalkos -LRB- χαλκός -RRB- .	chalkos	What was copper called in Greece ?
In Roman times , it was known as aes Cyprium , aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus , where much copper was mined .	Cyprus	In what area was copper first mined ?
Aphrodite and Venus represented copper in mythology and alchemy , because of its lustrous beauty , its ancient use in producing mirrors , and its association with Cyprus , which was sacred to the goddess .	Aphrodite	What is the Greek goddess that symbolizes copper ?
Aphrodite and Venus represented copper in mythology and alchemy , because of its lustrous beauty , its ancient use in producing mirrors , and its association with Cyprus , which was sacred to the goddess .	Venus	What is the Roman goddess that symbolizes copper ?
Aphrodite and Venus represented copper in mythology and alchemy , because of its lustrous beauty , its ancient use in producing mirrors , and its association with Cyprus , which was sacred to the goddess .	lustrous beauty	What property does copper have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus ?
Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds .	organocopper compounds	What are compounds that have a carbon-copper bond called ?
They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper -LRB- I -RRB- oxide and have many uses in chemistry .	copper(I) oxide	What does organocopper compounds reactions toward oxygen form ?
They are synthesized by treating copper -LRB- I -RRB- compounds with Grignard reagents , terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents ; in particular , the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent .	Gilman reagent	What is produced when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents ?
These can undergo substitution with alkyl halides to form coupling products ; as such , they are important in the field of organic synthesis .	alkyl halides	Coupling products can be made by substituting Gilman reagent with what ?
Copper -LRB- I -RRB- acetylide is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling and the Sonogashira coupling .	Copper(I) acetylide	Which form of copper is shock sensitive ?
The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency : it was used by Renaissance sculptors , in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype , and the Statue of Liberty .	Renaissance sculptors	Who used copper to produce art ?
The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency : it was used by Renaissance sculptors , in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype , and the Statue of Liberty .	daguerreotype	What is the photographic technology that uses copper called ?
The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency : it was used by Renaissance sculptors , in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype , and the Statue of Liberty .	Statue of Liberty	What famous NY city landmark is made from copper ?
Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships ' hulls was widespread ; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature .	Christopher Columbus	What famous explorers ships was one of the first to have it 's hulls made of copper ?
The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal 's atomic mass ; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element -LRB- e.g. , tin -RRB- to copper would affect bell tones .	1830	When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie electroplating plant first begin production ?
Copper 's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors .	conductivity	What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors ?
This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43 % -46 % of all global electricity consumption and 69 % of all electricity used by industry .	43%-46%	What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally ?
This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43 % -46 % of all global electricity consumption and 69 % of all electricity used by industry .	69%	What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in industry ?
Copper motor rotors , a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives , are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association -LRB- NEMA -RRB- premium efficiency standards .	National Electrical Manufacturers Association	What does the acronym NEMA stand for ?
Copper motor rotors , a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives , are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association -LRB- NEMA -RRB- premium efficiency standards .	efficiency standards	By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards ?
Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper , as a cyanide compound .	Chromobacterium violaceum	Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper ?
The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna , Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils .	ericoid mycorrhizal fungi	What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils ?
The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity .	Suillus luteus	What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity ?
A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution ; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes ; such as gold , silver , copper iron and zinc .	Aspergillus niger	What fungus grows from gold mining solution ?
A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution ; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes ; such as gold , silver , copper iron and zinc .	fungus Aspergillus	What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides ?
The United States Environmental Protection Agency -LRB- EPA -RRB- has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as `` antimicrobial materials with public health benefits , '' which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys .	antimicrobial	What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces ?
Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9 % of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly .	99.9%	355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria ?
The United States Environmental Protection Agency -LRB- EPA -RRB- has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as `` antimicrobial materials with public health benefits , '' which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys .	Environmental Protection Agency	What does the acronym EPA stand for ?
Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9 % of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly .	355	How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials ?
Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease , and Legionnaires ' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems .	Legionnaires' disease	What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs ?
Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative , particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot .	wood preservative	What are copper compounds in liquid form used for ?
Together with zinc , copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss .	moss	What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Textile fibers use copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics , as do ceramic glazes , stained glass and musical instruments .	antimicrobial protective fabrics	What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers ?
Electroplating commonly uses copper as a base for other metals such as nickel .	as a base	How is copper used with nickel ?
Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative , particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot .	Copper compounds	What is used to treat structures for dry rot ?
Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years , but more than 95 % of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900 , and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years .	at least 10,000 years	How long has copper been in use ?
Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years , but more than 95 % of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900 , and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years .	95%	What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900 ?
Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years , but more than 95 % of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900 , and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years .	more than half	How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years ?
As with many natural resources , the total amount of copper on Earth is vast -LRB- around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth 's crust , or about 5 million years ' worth at the current rate of extraction -RRB- .	1014 tons	How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth ?
Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world .	Recycling	What is a major source of cooper in modern times ?
Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money .	copper lumps	What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC ?
At first , the copper itself was valued , but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important .	the shape and look	What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins ?
Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass , while Octavianus Augustus Caesar 's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys .	Julius Caesar	Who had his own coins produced out of brass ?
With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t , Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution ; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania , Cyprus and in Central Europe .	15,000 t	During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome ?
Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass , while Octavianus Augustus Caesar 's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys .	Cu-Pb-Sn alloys	Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys ?
The major applications of copper are in electrical wires -LRB- 60 % -RRB- , roofing and plumbing -LRB- 20 % -RRB- and industrial machinery -LRB- 15 % -RRB- .	60%	What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires ?
The major applications of copper are in electrical wires -LRB- 60 % -RRB- , roofing and plumbing -LRB- 20 % -RRB- and industrial machinery -LRB- 15 % -RRB- .	20%	What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing ?
The major applications of copper are in electrical wires -LRB- 60 % -RRB- , roofing and plumbing -LRB- 20 % -RRB- and industrial machinery -LRB- 15 % -RRB- .	15%	What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery ?
Copper is mostly used as a pure metal , but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy -LRB- 5 % of total use -RRB- such as brass and bronze .	hardness	What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create ?
Copper is mostly used as a pure metal , but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy -LRB- 5 % of total use -RRB- such as brass and bronze .	brass	What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness ?
The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity -LRB- 59.6 × 106 S/m -RRB- and thus also high thermal conductivity , which are the second highest -LRB- to silver -RRB- among pure metals at room temperature .	The softness	What is the explanation for copper 's capacity for electrical conductivity ?
The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity -LRB- 59.6 × 106 S/m -RRB- and thus also high thermal conductivity , which are the second highest -LRB- to silver -RRB- among pure metals at room temperature .	silver	What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper ?
The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1 × 106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area , above which it begins to heat excessively .	3.1×106 A/m2	What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper ?
As with other metals , if copper is placed against another metal , galvanic corrosion will occur .	corrosion	What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal ?
The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1 × 106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area , above which it begins to heat excessively .	it begins to heat excessively	What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high ?
Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0 % copper .	copper sulfides	In what form is copper extracted ?
Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0 % copper .	open pit mines	From what types of mines is copper extracted ?
Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0 % copper .	0.4 to 1.0% copper	What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted ?
According to the British Geological Survey , in 2005 , Chile was the top mine producer of copper with at least one-third world share followed by the United States , Indonesia and Peru .	Chile	What country was the top producer of copper in 2005 ?
Copper can also be recovered through the in-situ leach process .	in-situ leach process	What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered ?
Like aluminium , copper is 100 % recyclable without any loss of quality , regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product .	100%	What percent of copper is recyclable ?
It is estimated that 80 % of the copper ever mined is still in use today .	80%	What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today ?
Like aluminium , copper is 100 % recyclable without any loss of quality , regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product .	aluminium	What other metal besides copper is 100 % recyclable ?
In volume , copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium .	aluminium	Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper ?
According to the International Resource Panel 's Metal Stocks in Society report , the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35 -- 55 kg .	35–55 kg	What is the amount of copper in use , per capita , globally ?
The metal 's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers .	green	What pigment color is natural to copper ?
The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion , thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering .	highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion	What property does the final patina on cooper have ?
It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts , depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain .	carbonate and sulfate	What mixture of compounds is the final patina ?
It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts , depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain .	environmental	What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper ?
Architectural copper and its alloys can also be ` finished ' to embark a particular look , feel , and/or color .	finished	What can be done to copper to give it a certain look ?
Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans , possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA .	suicide attempts	What are copper salts sometimes used for ?
Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans , possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA .	copper toxicity	When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans ?
A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet .	3 ppm	What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet ?
However , higher concentrations of copper -LRB- 100 ppm , 200 ppm , or 500 ppm -RRB- in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence feed conversion efficiency , growth rates , and carcass dressing percentages .	growth rates	What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet ?
Corresponding amounts of copper salts -LRB- 30 mg/kg -RRB- are toxic in animals .	30 mg/kg	What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals ?
Britain 's first use of brass occurred around the 3rd -- 2nd century BC .	3rd–2nd century BC	When did Britain first use brass ?
In North America , copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans .	Native Americans	Who were the first copper miners in North America ?
Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600 .	Isle Royale	Where was native copper extracted with primitive tools between 800 and 1600 ?
Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America , particularly in Peru around 1000 AD ; it proceeded at a much slower rate on other continents .	Peru	What country had a strong copper production in 1000 AD
Copper burial ornamentals from the 15th century have been uncovered , but the metal 's commercial production did not start until the early 20th century .	early 20th century	When did commercial production of copper begin ?
There are 29 isotopes of copper .	29	How many isotopes are there of copper ?
63Cu and 65Cu are stable , with 63Cu comprising approximately 69 % of naturally occurring copper ; they both have a spin of 3⁄2 .	63Cu and 65Cu	What are the two stable isotopes of cooper ?
63Cu and 65Cu are stable , with 63Cu comprising approximately 69 % of naturally occurring copper ; they both have a spin of 3⁄2 .	63Cu	Which isotope makes up about 69 % of natural copper ?
Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized , with 68mCu the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes .	3.8 minutes	What is the half life of the copper isotope 68mCu ?
The other isotopes are radioactive , with the most stable being 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours .	61.83 hours	What is the half life of the copper isotope 67Cu ?
The alloy of copper and nickel , called cupronickel , is used in low-denomination coins , often for the outer cladding .	cupronickel	What is the alloy of copper and nickel called ?
The alloy of copper and nickel , called cupronickel , is used in low-denomination coins , often for the outer cladding .	low-denomination coins	what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for ?
The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75 % copper and 25 % nickel and has a homogeneous composition .	75% copper and 25% nickel	What is the metal composition of a US nickel ?
The alloy consisting of 90 % copper and 10 % nickel is remarkable for its resistance to corrosion and is used in various parts that are exposed to seawater .	resistance to corrosion	What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90 % copper and 10 % nickel possess ?
Alloys of copper with aluminium -LRB- about 7 % -RRB- have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations .	golden	What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined ?
Polyols , compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group , generally interact with cupric salts .	Polyols	What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group ?
For example , copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars .	reducing sugars	What are copper salts used to test ?
Specifically , using Benedict 's reagent and Fehling 's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu -LRB- II -RRB- to reddish copper -LRB- I -RRB- oxide .	color change	How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict 's reagent and Fehling 's solution ?
Specifically , using Benedict 's reagent and Fehling 's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu -LRB- II -RRB- to reddish copper -LRB- I -RRB- oxide .	reddish	What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict 's reagent and Fehling 's solution if sugar is present ?
Schweizer 's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose .	cellulose	What does Schweizer 's reagent dissolve ?
Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting , and about 2000 years after `` natural bronze '' had come into general use -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	Alloying copper with tin to make bronze	What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered ?
Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC .	4500 BC	What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture ?
The Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe around 3700 -- 3300 BC , in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC .	3700–3300 BC	When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe ?
The transition between the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the Chalcolithic period -LRB- copper-stone -RRB- , with copper tools being used with stone tools .	Chalcolithic	What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called ?
Brass , an alloy of copper and zinc , is of much more recent origin .	Brass	What is an alloy of copper and zinc ?
The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass .	1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass	What is the level of copper in the human body ?
Copper is absorbed in the gut , then transported to the liver bound to albumin .	in the gut	How is copper absorbed in humans ?
Copper is absorbed in the gut , then transported to the liver bound to albumin .	albumin	What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver ?
Ceruloplasmin also carries copper that is excreted in milk , and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source .	Ceruloplasmin	What protein carries the majority of copper in blood ?
Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation -LRB- about 5 mg a day , vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body -RRB- , and the body is able to excrete some excess copper , if needed , via bile , which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine .	via bile	How can the body get rid of excess copper ?
The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6 % , and most commercial ores are sulfides , especially chalcopyrite -LRB- CuFeS2 -RRB- and to a lesser extent chalcocite -LRB- Cu2S -RRB- .	0.6%	What is the average concentration of copper in ores ?
The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6 % , and most commercial ores are sulfides , especially chalcopyrite -LRB- CuFeS2 -RRB- and to a lesser extent chalcocite -LRB- Cu2S -RRB- .	sulfides	What are most commercial ores ?
The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into its oxides , which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag , which floats on top of the heated mass .	floats on top	What happens to the silicate slag during the flash smelting process ?
Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag .	iron	What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove ?
The resulting copper matte consisting of Cu2S is then roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides :	oxides	What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted ?
Together with caesium and gold -LRB- both yellow -RRB- , and osmium -LRB- bluish -RRB- , copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver .	four	How many metals have a natural color that is n't gray ?
Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air .	orange-red	What color is pure copper ?
Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air .	reddish tarnish	What does copper aquire when exposed to air ?
The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between the filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells -- the energy difference between these shells is such that it corresponds to orange light .	orange light	The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light ?
Together with caesium and gold -LRB- both yellow -RRB- , and osmium -LRB- bluish -RRB- , copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver .	yellow	What color is the metal caesium ?
Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable , corrosion resistant , and weatherproof architectural material .	architectural material	What has copper been used for since ancient times ?
Copper 's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding , building expansion joints , radio frequency shielding , and antimicrobial indoor products , such as attractive handrails , bathroom fixtures , and counter tops .	antimicrobial indoor products	In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include ?
Some of copper 's other important benefits as an architectural material include its low thermal movement , light weight , lightning protection , and its recyclability .	low thermal movement	What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material ?
Roofs , flashings , rain gutters , downspouts , domes , spires , vaults , and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years .	hundreds or thousands of years	How long has copper been used in building construction ?
Copper 's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding , building expansion joints , radio frequency shielding , and antimicrobial indoor products , such as attractive handrails , bathroom fixtures , and counter tops .	antimicrobial	What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails ?
A psychological identity relates to self-image -LRB- one 's mental model of oneself -RRB- , self-esteem , and individuality .	A psychological identity	Self-image , self-esteem , and individuality relate to what ?
Consequently , Weinreich gives the definition `` A person 's identity is defined as the totality of one 's self-construal , in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future '' ; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity , such as : `` One 's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one 's self-construal made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between one 's construal of past ancestry and one 's future aspirations in relation to ethnicity '' -LRB- Weinreich , 1986a -RRB- .	ethnic identity	What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out ?
Consequently , Weinreich gives the definition `` A person 's identity is defined as the totality of one 's self-construal , in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future '' ; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity , such as : `` One 's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one 's self-construal made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between one 's construal of past ancestry and one 's future aspirations in relation to ethnicity '' -LRB- Weinreich , 1986a -RRB- .	identity	What psychological concept does Weinreich state as between the past and future ?
Consequently , Weinreich gives the definition `` A person 's identity is defined as the totality of one 's self-construal , in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future '' ; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity , such as : `` One 's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one 's self-construal made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between one 's construal of past ancestry and one 's future aspirations in relation to ethnicity '' -LRB- Weinreich , 1986a -RRB- .	one's self-construal	A person 's identity is defined as the totality of what ?
The description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists , sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where `` identity '' needs to be mapped and defined .	individual and group identity	The central task for psychologists , sociologists , and anthropologists is to describe what topics ?
Following on from the work of Kelly , Erikson , Tajfel and others Weinreich 's Identity Structure Analysis -LRB- ISA -RRB- , is `` a structural representation of the individual 's existential experience , in which the relationships between self and other agents are organised in relatively stable structures over time ... with the emphasis on the socio-cultural milieu in which self relates to other agents and institutions '' -LRB- Weinreich and Saunderson , -LRB- eds -RRB- 2003 , p1 -RRB- .	Weinreich	Who developed the ISA ?
Following on from the work of Kelly , Erikson , Tajfel and others Weinreich 's Identity Structure Analysis -LRB- ISA -RRB- , is `` a structural representation of the individual 's existential experience , in which the relationships between self and other agents are organised in relatively stable structures over time ... with the emphasis on the socio-cultural milieu in which self relates to other agents and institutions '' -LRB- Weinreich and Saunderson , -LRB- eds -RRB- 2003 , p1 -RRB- .	Identity Structure Analysis	ISA stands for what ?
Weinreich 's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion , foreclosure and crisis , but with a somewhat different emphasis .	Weinreich's identity variant	Identity diffusion , foreclosure , and crisis are categories of what ?
Here , with respect to identity diffusion for example , an optimal level is interpreted as the norm , as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to resolve all their conflicted identifications with others ; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm -- highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused , and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive .	diffused	Those with high levels of identity diffusion are classified as what ?
Here , with respect to identity diffusion for example , an optimal level is interpreted as the norm , as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to resolve all their conflicted identifications with others ; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm -- highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused , and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive .	foreclosed or defensive	Those with low levels of identity diffusion are classified as what ?
Weinreich applies the identity variant in a framework which also allows for the transition from one to another by way of biographical experiences and resolution of conflicted identifications situated in various contexts -- for example , an adolescent going through family break-up may be in one state , whereas later in a stable marriage with a secure professional role may be in another .	the identity variant	An adolescent going through a family break up turning into an adult in a stable marriage is given as an example of change in what ?
Here , with respect to identity diffusion for example , an optimal level is interpreted as the norm , as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to resolve all their conflicted identifications with others ; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm -- highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused , and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive .	an optimal level	What level of identity diffusion is interpreted as the norm ?
Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research : One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool .	Anthropologists	What group has shifted the focus of research in identity ?
Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research : One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool .	an appropriate analytical tool	What does a researcher have to identify to carry out empirical research ?
In the same way as Barth , in his approach to ethnicity , advocated the critical focus for investigation as being `` the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses '' -LRB- 1969:15 -RRB- , social anthropologists such as Cohen and Bray have shifted the focus of analytical study from identity to the boundaries that are used for purposes of identification .	Barth	What researcher advocated for focus on the boundaries of ethnic groups rather than the cultural aspects of ethnic groups ?
If identity is a kind of virtual site in which the dynamic processes and markers used for identification are made apparent , boundaries provide the framework on which this virtual site is built .	the framework	If identity is a virtual site , what do boundaries supply to the virtual site ?
The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstrating how identity works .	identity	Boundaries are frequently used by researchers to help define what ?
The inclusiveness of Weinreich 's definition -LRB- above -RRB- directs attention to the totality of one 's identity at a given phase in time , and assists in elucidating component aspects of one 's total identity , such as one 's gender identity , ethnic identity , occupational identity and so on .	one's total identity	What are gender identity , ethnic identity , and occupational identity aspects of ?
Likewise , how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future will differ considerably according to one 's age and accumulated experiences .	age and accumulated experiences	How one construes oneself now and in the future differs considerably because of what 2 things ?
The definition readily applies to the young child , to the adolescent , to the young adult , and to the older adult in various phases of the life cycle .	the life cycle	The young child , the adolescent , the young adult and the older adult are phases of what ?
Depending on whether one is a young child or an adult at the height of one 's powers , how one construes oneself as one was in the past will refer to very different salient experiential markers .	the height of one's powers	The salient experiential markers one uses to define one 's past self differ based on the age that one was at what ?
Although the self is distinct from identity , the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained -LRB- Cote & Levin 2002 , p. 24 -RRB- .	identity	What is distinct from the self ?
Although the self is distinct from identity , the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained -LRB- Cote & Levin 2002 , p. 24 -RRB- .	how identity is maintained	What can the literature of self-psychology offer insight into ?
In the latter field , theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to self-esteem , the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing self-knowledge , and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information -LRB- Cote & Levin 2002 -RRB- .	self-esteem	What have theorists shown interest in relating to the self-concept ?
From the vantage point of self-psychology , there are two areas of interest : the processes by which a self is formed -LRB- the `` I '' -RRB- , and the actual content of the schemata which compose the self-concept -LRB- the `` Me '' -RRB- .	self-psychology	The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what ?
At a general level , self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment .	the social environment	Self-psychology is compelled to investigate how personal self relates to what ?
To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of `` psychological '' social psychology , they focus on explaining an individual 's actions within a group in terms of mental events and states .	mental events and states	What two factors are focused on when explaining an individual 's actions within a group ?
However , some `` sociological '' social psychology theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual cognition and of collective behavior .	identity	What are individual cognition and collective behavior are levels of ?
Anthropologists have most frequently employed the term ` identity ' to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely Eriksonian way -LRB- Erikson 1972 -RRB- properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others .	identity	What term have Anthropologists employed to refer to the Eriksonian idea of selfhood ?
Identity became of more interest to anthropologists with the emergence of modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970s .	anthropologists	Modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970 's led what group to be more interested in identity ?
At the same time , the Eriksonian approach to identity remained in force , with the result that identity has continued until recently to be used in a largely socio-historical way to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person 's connection to others and to a particular group of people .	the Eriksonian approach	Until recently , what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person 's connection to others ?
Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people .	inclusive or exclusive	What are the two types of group boundaries ?
An exclusive boundary arises , for example , when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others .	exclusive	A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary ?
An inclusive boundary is created , by contrast , by the use of a marker with which other people are ready and able to associate .	inclusive	A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary ?
Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer 's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity .	language	What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive ?
The `` Neo-Eriksonian '' identity status paradigm emerged in later years -LSB- when ? -RSB-	Neo-Eriksonian	What identity status paradigm emerged due to the work of James Marcia ?
This paradigm focuses upon the twin concepts of exploration and commitment .	exploration and commitment	The Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm focuses on what twin concepts ?
The central idea is that any individual 's sense of identity is determined in large part by the explorations and commitments that he or she makes regarding certain personal and social traits .	any individual's sense of identity	In the Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm , exploration and commitments determine what in large part ?
Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups , which furthers a sense of community and belonging .	a sense of positive self-esteem	What do many people gain from their identity groups ?
Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination , i.e. , why they tend to favor those they consider a part of their `` in-group '' over those considered to be outsiders .	discrimination	People favoring those in their group over outsiders , is an example of what ?
Both questions have been given extensive attention by researchers working in the social identity tradition .	the social identity tradition	Belonging and discrimination are both important to researchers working in what tradition ?
For example , in work relating to social identity theory it has been shown that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in - and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people 's evaluations of others -LRB- Cote & Levine 2002 -RRB- .	social identity theory	Distinction between in and out groups has been shown to affect people 's evaluations of others in work related to what ?
The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing , defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics .	a primordialist approach	What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing ?
The second , rooted in social constructionist theory , takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics .	social constructionist theory	The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory ?
Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts , characterised by debate on issues of class , race and ethnicity .	political and historical contexts	Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts ?
heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena .	the lens of identity	Various research traditions are using what lens to examine phenomena ?
In her analysis Tracy uses the example of correctional officers trying to shake the stigma of `` glorified maids '' -LRB- Tracy & Tretheway 2005 -RRB- .	glorified maids	What stigma do correctional officers have to deal with ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings .	occupational settings	The implications of identity and identity construction are discussed in what settings ?
People in these types of jobs are forced to find ways in order to create an identity they can live with .	an identity they can live with	What are people in stigmatized jobs forced to create ?
Among these are workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life -LRB- Tracy & Scott 2006 , p. 33 -RRB- .	workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life	What are the two examples give for justifications and values for occupational choices ?
These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics , values and beliefs -LRB- a process of idealistic-identification -RRB- , or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics -LRB- a process of defensive contra-identification -RRB- -LRB- Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 , Chapter 1 , pp 54 -- 61 -RRB- .	benign	What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others ?
These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics , values and beliefs -LRB- a process of idealistic-identification -RRB- , or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics -LRB- a process of defensive contra-identification -RRB- -LRB- Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 , Chapter 1 , pp 54 -- 61 -RRB- .	malign	What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others ?
These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics , values and beliefs -LRB- a process of idealistic-identification -RRB- , or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics -LRB- a process of defensive contra-identification -RRB- -LRB- Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 , Chapter 1 , pp 54 -- 61 -RRB- .	defensive contra-identification	Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what ?
However , the formation of one 's identity occurs through one 's identifications with significant others -LRB- primarily with parents and other individuals during one 's biographical experiences , and also with `` groups '' as they are perceived -RRB- .	significant others	The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom ?
A person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments .	relative weakness or relative strength	What may a person display in terms of both exploration and commitments ?
When assigned categories , four possible permutations result : identity diffusion , identity foreclosure , identity moratorium , and identity achievement .	identity diffusion	What is the permutation when a person lacks exploration and commitment ?
When assigned categories , four possible permutations result : identity diffusion , identity foreclosure , identity moratorium , and identity achievement .	identity foreclosure	What is the permutation when a person has not chosen goals in the past but is willing to in the future ?
When assigned categories , four possible permutations result : identity diffusion , identity foreclosure , identity moratorium , and identity achievement .	identity moratorium	What is the permutation when a person is ready to make commitments but unable to commit ?
When assigned categories , four possible permutations result : identity diffusion , identity foreclosure , identity moratorium , and identity achievement .	identity achievement	What is the permutation when a person commits to identity choices ?
Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis -LRB- Brubaker & Cooper 2000 , p. 5 -RRB- .	category of analysis	Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category ?
Indeed , many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity , following more or less the frameworks listed above , rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality .	their own preconceptions of identity	What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards ?
Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification , whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are ` identified ' and interpreted by individuals .	the idea of identification	The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea ?
Others , by contrast , have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression .	human social self-expression	Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what ?
Since identity is a virtual thing , it is impossible to define it empirically .	define it empirically	What is it impossible to do with identity ?
Gender identity forms an important part of identity in psychology , as it dictates to a significant degree how one views oneself both as a person and in relation to other people , ideas and nature .	Gender identity	What is identified as determining how a person views him or herself to a significant degree ?
Other aspects of identity , such as racial , religious , ethnic , occupational ... etc. may also be more or less significant -- or significant in some situations but not in others -LRB- Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 pp26 -- 34 -RRB- .	identity	What are racial , religious , ethnic , and occupational aspects aspects of ?
In cognitive psychology , the term `` identity '' refers to the capacity for self-reflection and the awareness of self .	cognitive psychology	Identity refers to the capacity for self-reflection and awareness in what scientific study ?
Erik Erikson -LRB- 1902-1994 -RRB- became one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity .	Erik Erikson	Who was one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity ?
The Eriksonian framework rests upon a distinction among the psychological sense of continuity , known as the ego identity -LRB- sometimes identified simply as `` the self '' -RRB- ; the personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next , known as the personal identity ; and the collection of social roles that a person might play , known as either the social identity or the cultural identity .	ego identity	What distinction is sometimes referred to as the self ?
The Eriksonian framework rests upon a distinction among the psychological sense of continuity , known as the ego identity -LRB- sometimes identified simply as `` the self '' -RRB- ; the personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next , known as the personal identity ; and the collection of social roles that a person might play , known as either the social identity or the cultural identity .	the personal identity	The personal idiosyncrasies that separate individuals are called what ?
The Eriksonian framework rests upon a distinction among the psychological sense of continuity , known as the ego identity -LRB- sometimes identified simply as `` the self '' -RRB- ; the personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next , known as the personal identity ; and the collection of social roles that a person might play , known as either the social identity or the cultural identity .	the social identity or the cultural identity	What are the 3 names for the collection of a person 's social roles ?
Erikson 's work , in the psychodynamic tradition , aimed to investigate the process of identity formation across a lifespan .	the psychodynamic tradition	In what tradition is Erikson 's work to track identity formation throughout a lifetime ?
Laing 's definition of identity closely follows Erikson 's , in emphasising the past , present and future components of the experienced self .	Laing's	Whose definition of identity closely follows Erikson 's ?
He also develops the concept of the `` metaperspective of self '' , i.e. the self 's perception of the other 's view of self , which has been found to be extremely important in clinical contexts such as anorexia nervosa .	metaperspective of self	One person 's perception of another 's perception is an example of what concept ?
Harré also conceptualises components of self/identity -- the `` person '' -LRB- the unique being I am to myself and others -RRB- along with aspects of self -LRB- including a totality of attributes including beliefs about one 's characteristics including life history -RRB- , and the personal characteristics displayed to others .	self/identity	The person , aspects of self , and personal characteristics displayed to others are components of what ?
Kenneth Gergen formulated additional classifications , which include the strategic manipulator , the pastiche personality , and the relational self .	Kenneth Gergen	Who formulated the classifications of strategic manipulator , pastiche personality and the relational self ?
The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises , and who gradually becomes alienated from his or her social `` self '' .	The strategic manipulator	In what classification is a person who regards all experiences are role play and becomes alienated from his or her social self ?
The pastiche personality abandons all aspirations toward a true or `` essential '' identity , instead viewing social interactions as opportunities to play out , and hence become , the roles they play .	The pastiche personality	In what classification is a person who gives up the chance for a true self and adopts social perceptions of him or herself ?
Finally , the relational self is a perspective by which persons abandon all sense of exclusive self , and view all sense of identity in terms of social engagement with others .	the relational self	In what classification is a person who gives up their exclusive sense of self and defines him or herself only in terms of social engagement ?
For Gergen , these strategies follow one another in phases , and they are linked to the increase in popularity of postmodern culture and the rise of telecommunications technology .	postmodern culture	The strategic manipulator , pastiche personality , and relational self are linked to the rise of what culture ?
As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool , the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people 's experiences of the self in society .	the concept of boundaries	What concept helps map and define people 's experiences of self in society ?
While identity is a volatile , flexible and abstract ` thing ' , its manifestations and the ways in which it is exercised are often open to view .	identity	What is a volatile , flexible , and abstract thing ?
Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as language , dress , behaviour and choice of space , whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings .	other social beings	Language , dress , behavior , and choice of space are affected by recognition by what group ?
Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers , their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning .	boundaries	What do markers help create ?
Equally , an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity .	influence	Markers can be used to exert what on other people ?
The economy of Himachal Pradesh is currently the third-fastest growing economy in India .	Himachal Pradesh	What is the third fastest growing economy in India ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states .	fourth	What is Himachal Pradesh ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States ?
Abundance of perennial rivers enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states such as Delhi , Punjab , and Rajasthan .	Abundance of perennial rivers	What enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states ?
The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources : hydroelectric power , tourism , and agriculture .	hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture	What three things is the economy of the state dependent on ?
Abundance of perennial rivers enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states such as Delhi , Punjab , and Rajasthan .	Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan	What other Indian states does it sell hydroelectricity to ?
After independence , the Chief Commissioner 's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states -LRB- including feudal princes and zaildars -RRB- in the promontories of the western Himalaya , known in full as the Simla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states by issue of the Himachal Pradesh -LRB- Administration -RRB- Order , 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act , 1947 -LRB- later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act , 1947 vide A.O. of 1950 -RRB- .	15 April 1948	When did the Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being ?
On 18 December 1970 , the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971 .	18 December 1970	When was the State of Himchal Pradesh Act passed ?
On 18 December 1970 , the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971 .	25 January 1971	When did Himachal emerge as the 18th state of the Indian Union ?
Himachal Pradesh became a union territory on 1 November 1956 .	1 November 1956	When did Himachal Pradesh become a union territory ?
After independence , the Chief Commissioner 's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states -LRB- including feudal princes and zaildars -RRB- in the promontories of the western Himalaya , known in full as the Simla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states by issue of the Himachal Pradesh -LRB- Administration -RRB- Order , 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act , 1947 -LRB- later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act , 1947 vide A.O. of 1950 -RRB- .	as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states	Why did the Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being ?
In the assembly elections held in November 2012 , the Congress secured an absolute majority .	In the assembly elections held in November 2012	When did Congress secure an absolute majority ?
The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats .	36 of the 68 seats	How many seats did Congress win ?
Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh 's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012 .	Virbhadra Singh	Who was sworn in as HImachal Pradesh 's Chief Minister for a record sixth term ?
Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past , was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla .	Governor Urmila Singh	Who administered the oath of office and secrecy ?
Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past , was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla .	historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla	Where was the oath of office and secrecy taken ?
Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources .	hydro electric resources	Himachal is extremely rich in ?
Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources .	Himachal	Who is the first state in India to have every family have a bank account ?
It has been estimated that about 20,300 MW of hydro electric power can be generated in the State by constructing various major , medium , small and mini/micro hydel projects on the five river basins .	20,300MW	How much hydroelectric power can be generated ?
Luxury hotels , food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds , KFC and Pizza hut have rapidly spread .	Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut	What has rapidly spread due to economic increase ?
The state is well known for its handicrafts .	handicrafts	What is the state well known for ?
Nearly every household in Himachal owns a pit-loom .	pit-loom	The majority of all households in Himachal own a what ?
Wool is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth .	Wool	What is considered pure and used as a ritual cloth ?
Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours .	shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours	What is Kullu famous for ?
Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra miniature paintings .	Kangra miniature paintings	What are Kangra and Dharamshala famous for ?
Tribes such as the Koilis , Halis , Dagis , Dhaugris , Dasa , Khasas , Kinnars , and Kirats inhabited the region from the prehistoric era .	Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats	What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh ?
The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE .	between 2250 and 1750 BCE	What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish ?
Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century .	Mahmud Ghaznavi	Who conquered Kangara ?
Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century .	10th century	When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara ?
Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles .	Timur and Sikander Lodi	Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles ?
Himachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts .	handicrafts	What does Himachal have a rich heritage of ?
But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country .	increased	Has the demand increased or decreased for handcrafts ?
These include woolen and pashmina shawls , carpets , silver and metal ware , embroidered chappals , grass shoes , Kangra and Gompa style paintings , wood work , horse-hair bangles , wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items .	woolen and pashmina shawls	What handcrafts do they include ?
These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities .	aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts	What declined under competition ?
But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country .	within and outside the country	Has the demand increased inside or outside the country ?
A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit , headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate , an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service .	Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate	Who heads the Himachal Pradesh ?
A Superintendent of Police , an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district .	Superintendent of Police	Who maintains law and order ?
He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials .	the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.	Who assists the Superintendent of Police ?
The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India .	1948	When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh ?
The first five-year plan allocated 52.7 million to Himachal .	five-year plan	What kind of plan was it ?
Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union .	fourth	Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita ?
More than 50 % of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities , the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people , who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas .	road construction	What was more than 50 % used on ?
Census-wise , the state is placed 21st on the population chart , followed by Tripura at 22nd place .	21st	Where did the state place on population chart ?
Census-wise , the state is placed 21st on the population chart , followed by Tripura at 22nd place .	Tripura	Who was 22nd of chart ?
Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 -LRB- 21.98 % -RRB- , Mandi district 999,518 -LRB- 14.58 % -RRB- , Shimla district 813,384 -LRB- 11.86 % -RRB- , Solan district 576,670 -LRB- 8.41 % -RRB- , Sirmaur district 530,164 -LRB- 7.73 % -RRB- , Una district 521,057 -LRB- 7.60 % -RRB- , Chamba district 518,844 -LRB- 7.57 % -RRB- , Hamirpur district 454,293 -LRB- 6.63 % -RRB- , Kullu district 437,474 -LRB- 6.38 % -RRB- , Bilaspur district 382,056 -LRB- 5.57 % -RRB- , Kinnaur district 84,298 -LRB- 1.23 % -RRB- and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 -LRB- 0.46 % -RRB- .	Kangra district	Who was top ranked in population strength ?
Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 -LRB- 21.98 % -RRB- , Mandi district 999,518 -LRB- 14.58 % -RRB- , Shimla district 813,384 -LRB- 11.86 % -RRB- , Solan district 576,670 -LRB- 8.41 % -RRB- , Sirmaur district 530,164 -LRB- 7.73 % -RRB- , Una district 521,057 -LRB- 7.60 % -RRB- , Chamba district 518,844 -LRB- 7.57 % -RRB- , Hamirpur district 454,293 -LRB- 6.63 % -RRB- , Kullu district 437,474 -LRB- 6.38 % -RRB- , Bilaspur district 382,056 -LRB- 5.57 % -RRB- , Kinnaur district 84,298 -LRB- 1.23 % -RRB- and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 -LRB- 0.46 % -RRB- .	Lahaul Spiti	Who was last in population strength ?
Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism .	Buddhism and Sikhism	What other religions form a small percentage ?
The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists .	Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti	Who are mainly Buddhists ?
The Muslims constitute slightly 2.18 % of the population of Himachal Pradesh .	slightly 2.18%	What is the Muslim population in Himachal Pradesh ?
Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16 % of the state population .	towns and cities	Where do Sikhs mostly live ?
Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16 % of the state population .	1.16%	HOw much of the population do Sikh 's make up ?
The Gurkhas , a martial tribe , came to power in Nepal in the year 1768 .	1768	When did the Gurkhas come into power ?
The Gurkhas , a martial tribe , came to power in Nepal in the year 1768 .	Nepal	Where did the Gurkhas come into power ?
With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa , Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra .	Amar Singh Thapa	Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra ?
They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch , the ruler of Kangra , in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs .	Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,	In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs ?
Some , including the rulers of Chamba , Bilaspur , Bhagal and Dhami , rendered help to the British government during the revolt .	rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami	Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt ?
Due to extreme variation in elevation , great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal .	great variation	What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal ?
The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to , with more elevation , cold , alpine , and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges .	varies from hot and subhumid tropical	What is the climate like ?
Broadly , Himachal experiences three seasons : summer , winter , and rainy season .	summer, winter, and rainy season	What three seasons does Himachal experience ?
Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot -LRB- except in the alpine zone which experiences a mild summer -RRB- with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C -LRB- 82 to 90 °F -RRB- .	mid-April till the end of June	How long does summer last ?
Winter lasts from late November till mid March .	late November till mid March.	How long does winter last ?
The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members .	elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members	What does the Himachal legislature consist of ?
Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker 's absence .	the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence	Who presides over meetings ?
The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts .	Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts.	Who is the Judiciary system made up of ?
The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India .	The Governor	Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India ?
Terms of office run for 5 years , unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term .	5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term	How long are the terms of office ?
Railway Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways , one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot -- Jogindernagar .	its narrow gauge tracks railways	What is Railway Himachal famous for ?
Railway Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways , one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot -- Jogindernagar .	UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar	What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal ?
Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur , Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh .	Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.	What are the other railways being proposed in the state ?
A survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra -LRB- via Nadaun -RRB- .	survey	What is being conducted to extend the railway ?
Total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres -LRB- 161 mi -RRB- .	259 kilometres (161 mi)	What is the total length of the railways ?
Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty .	Himachal Pradesh	Who is famous for natural beauty ?
After the war between Nepal and Britain , also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War -LRB- 1814 -- 1816 -RRB- , the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India .	1814–1816	What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War ?
Hima means snow in Sanskrit , and the literal meaning of the state 's name is `` In the lap of Himalayas '' .	snow	What does HIma mean in Sanskirt ?
Hima means snow in Sanskrit , and the literal meaning of the state 's name is `` In the lap of Himalayas '' .	In the lap of Himalayas	What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh ?
It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma , one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh .	Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma	Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh ?
Though situated in a remote part of the country , Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers .	Himachal Pradesh	Who has an active community of journalists and publishers ?
Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language , and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states .	published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states	What are the newspapers famous for ?
All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters .	All major English daily newspapers	What is available in Shimla and district headquarters ?
Aapka Faisla , Amar Ujala , Panjab Kesari , Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely .	Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal	What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely ?
Radio and TV have permeated significantly .	Radio and TV	What has grown significantly ?
In 2003 , the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state .	Virbhadra Singh	Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India ?
The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats .	41 of the 68 seats	How many seats did the BJP win ?
BJP 's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007 .	Prem Kumar Dhumal	Who is BJP 's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh ?
In the assembly elections held in December 2007 , the BJP secured a landslide victory .	December 2007	When did the BJP secure a landslide victory ?
BJP 's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007 .	30 December 2007	When was he sworn in ?
Though the state is deficient in food grains , it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato , ginger , vegetables , vegetable seeds , mushrooms , chicory seeds , hops , olives and fig .	seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig	What type of agriculture is in the state ?
Solan is the largest vegetable producing district in the state .	Solan	Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state ?
Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla , Kullu and Lahaul areas .	Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas	Where is seed potato mostly grown ?
The district of Sirmaur is also famous for growing flowers , and is the largest producer of flowers in the state .	growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state	What is the district of Sirmaur famous for ?
Though the state is deficient in food grains , it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato , ginger , vegetables , vegetable seeds , mushrooms , chicory seeds , hops , olives and fig .	food grains	What is the state deficient in ?
Himachal was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs , largely due to its difficult terrain .	Himachal	Who was largely untouched by external customs ?
With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly .	technological advancements	What has made the state change very rapidly ?
Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi , Pahari , Dogri , Mandeali Kangri , Mandyali , Gojri and Kinnauri .	Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri	What are the common languages spoken ?
It is a multireligional , multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states .	multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states	Himachal is ?
Further , state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar .	2006 at Sundernagar	When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started ?
CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world .	CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur	What is the most renowned argricultural institues ?
The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , Himachal Pradesh University Shimla , Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology -LRB- IHBT , CSIR Lab -RRB- , Palampur , the National Institute of Technology , Hamirpur , Indian Institute of Information Technology , Una the Central University Dharamshala , AP Goyal -LRB- Alakh Prakash Goyal -RRB- Shimla University , The Bahra University -LRB- Waknaghat , Solan -RRB- the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi , IEC University , Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences , Solan , Manav Bharti University Solan , the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat , Eternal University , Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state .	The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)	What are a few pioneer universities in the state ?
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching , research and extension education in horticulture , forestry and allied disciplines .	unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines	What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned ?
Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster .	state-owned television broadcaster	What is Doordarshan ?
Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers .	Dial-up access	What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state ?
Private FM stations are also available in few cities like Shimla .	Private FM stations	What is available in few cities ?
BSNL , Reliance Infocomm , Tata Indicom , Tata Docomo , Aircel , Vodafone , Idea Cellular and Airtel are available cellular phone operators .	BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel	Who are the cellular phone operators available ?
All India Radio is a public radio station .	public radio station	What is All India Radio ?
Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys , and 90 % of the population lives in villages and towns .	villages and towns	Where do 90 % of the population live in Himachal Pradesh ?
However , the state has achieved 100 % hygiene and practically no single house is without a toilet .	a toilet	No single house is without ?
The villages are well connected to roads , public health centers , and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband .	roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband	What are the villages well connected to ?
According to a 2005 Transparency International survey , Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala .	second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala	What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey ?
The hill stations of the state are among the most visited places in the country .	The hill stations	What are the most visited places in the country ?
Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages .	conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages	What is nonverbal communication ?
Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication , chronemic communication , gestures , body language , facial expression , eye contact , and how one dresses .	body language	What is one example of nonverbal communication ?
Examples of intent are voluntary , intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking , as well as involuntary , such as sweating .	shaking a hand	What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication ?
Examples of intent are voluntary , intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking , as well as involuntary , such as sweating .	sweating	What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication ?
Research has shown that up to 55 % of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions , and a further 38 % through paralanguage .	55%	What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions ?
Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies .	to coordinate and organize their growth and development	Why do fungi communicate ?
Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions , especially with bacteria , unicellular eukaryote , plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin .	through biochemicals of biotic origin	How do fungi communicate with insects ?
So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation , mating , growth , and pathogenicity .	five	How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns ?
Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self , a biotic indicator , biotic message from similar , related , or non-related species , and even filter out `` noise '' , i.e. similar molecules without biotic content .	interpretation processes	What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other ?
Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self , a biotic indicator , biotic message from similar , related , or non-related species , and even filter out `` noise '' , i.e. similar molecules without biotic content .	similar molecules without biotic content	What is an example of `` noise '' that is filtered out through the interpretation processes ?
Between parties , communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences , give advice and commands , and ask questions .	confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions	What acts are included in communication between parties ?
The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating .	abilities of the group communicating	The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what ?
Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions : Message -LRB- what type of things are communicated -RRB- , source / emisor / sender / encoder -LRB- by whom -RRB- , form -LRB- in which form -RRB- , channel -LRB- through which medium -RRB- , destination / receiver / target / decoder -LRB- to whom -RRB- , and Receiver .	channel (through which medium)	What is one dimension that communication is typically described along ?
The target can be oneself , another person or being , another entity -LRB- such as a corporation or group of beings -RRB- .	another person or being	What is one target of communication ?
Wilbur Schram -LRB- 1954 -RRB- also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has -LRB- both desired and undesired -RRB- on the target of the message .	Wilbur Schram	Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message ?
Human language can be defined as a system of symbols -LRB- sometimes known as lexemes -RRB- and the grammars -LRB- rules -RRB- by which the symbols are manipulated .	a system of symbols	What is human communication defined as ?
Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood .	during human childhood	When does language learning primarily occur most intensively ?
Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them .	thousands	How many human languages are there ?
Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them .	patterns of sound or gesture for symbols	What do human languages use to communicate with others ?
Constructed languages such as Esperanto , programming languages , and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages .	programming languages	What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language ?
Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules , family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members .	family rules, family roles or family dialectics	What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members ?
Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage , parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations .	marriage, parenthood or divorce	What are some time periods that family communication study looks at ?
It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family .	a well constructed family	What does trusted communication in a family lead to ?
Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal .	any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal	How is animal communication defined ?
The study of animal communication , called zoo semiotics -LRB- distinguishable from anthroposemiotics , the study of human communication -RRB- has played an important part in the development of ethology , sociobiology , and the study of animal cognition .	zoo semiotics	What is the study of animal communication called ?
The study of animal communication , called zoo semiotics -LRB- distinguishable from anthroposemiotics , the study of human communication -RRB- has played an important part in the development of ethology , sociobiology , and the study of animal cognition .	anthroposemiotics	What is the study of human communication called ?
Animal communication , and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general , is a rapidly growing field , and even in the 21st century so far , a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use , animal emotions , animal culture and learning , and even sexual conduct , long thought to be well understood , has been revolutionized .	animal emotions, animal culture and learning	What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century ?
A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication .	vibrational communication	What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly ?
The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies .	Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver	Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949 ?
Their initial model consisted of three primary parts : sender , channel , and receiver .	sender, channel, and receiver	What did the first model for communication consist of ?
The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into , the channel was the telephone itself , and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person .	the part of a telephone a person spoke into	What was the sender in the initial model ?
The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into , the channel was the telephone itself , and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person .	the telephone itself	What was the channel in the initial model ?
The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into , the channel was the telephone itself , and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person .	the part of the phone where one could hear the other person	What was the receiver in the initial model ?
In a simple model , often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication , information or content -LRB- e.g. a message in natural language -RRB- is sent in some form -LRB- as spoken language -RRB- from an emisor / sender / encoder to a destination / receiver / decoder .	transmission model	A simple model is also referred to as what ?
In a simple model , often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication , information or content -LRB- e.g. a message in natural language -RRB- is sent in some form -LRB- as spoken language -RRB- from an emisor / sender / encoder to a destination / receiver / decoder .	a message in natural language	What kind of message is sent in a simple model ?
In a simple model , often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication , information or content -LRB- e.g. a message in natural language -RRB- is sent in some form -LRB- as spoken language -RRB- from an emisor / sender / encoder to a destination / receiver / decoder .	spoken language	In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model ?
In a simple model , often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication , information or content -LRB- e.g. a message in natural language -RRB- is sent in some form -LRB- as spoken language -RRB- from an emisor / sender / encoder to a destination / receiver / decoder .	from an emisor/ sender/ encoder	How is information sent through a simple model ?
The strengths of this model are simplicity , generality , and quantifiability .	simplicity, generality, and quantifiability	What are the strengths of the simple model ?
In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally .	reciprocally	How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model ?
This second attitude of communication , referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view , focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted .	constitutive model or constructionist view	What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called ?
Communication is viewed as a conduit ; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself .	a conduit	What is communication viewed as ?
The sender 's personal filters and the receiver 's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions , cultures , or gender ; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents .	different regional traditions	What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message ?
In the presence of `` communication noise '' on the transmission channel -LRB- air , in this case -RRB- , reception and decoding of content may be faulty , and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect .	communication noise	What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty ?
Communication is observed within the plant organism , i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells , between plants of the same or related species , and between plants and non-plant organisms , especially in the root zone .	between plant cells	What is a form of communication observed within plants ?
Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria , fungi , and insects within the soil .	roots	What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria , fungi , and insects within the soil ?
The original meaning of the word `` neuron '' in Greek is `` vegetable fiber '' and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuron-like .	vegetable fiber	What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek ?
Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior , thus warning neighboring plants .	via volatiles	How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger ?
These interactions are governed by syntactic , pragmatic , and semantic rules , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and are possible because of the decentralized `` nervous system '' of plants .	the decentralized "nervous system" of plants	How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria , fungi , and insects within the soil ?
Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process , rather than a discrete exchange of information .	Theories of coregulation	What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete ?
His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus .	Egypt	What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory ?
Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society -LRB- Wark , McKenzie 1997 -RRB- .	Harold Innis	Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society ?
Papyrus is what he called ` Space Binding ' .	Space Binding	What did Harold Innis call papyrus ?
it made possible the transmission of written orders across space , empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration .	transmission of written orders across space, empires	What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations ?
Since it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills , communications professionals often specialize in one or two of these areas but usually have at least a working knowledge of most of them .	it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills	Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication ?
By far , the most important qualifications communications professionals can possess are excellent writing ability , good ` people ' skills , and the capacity to think critically and strategically .	communications	Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession ?
Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities , while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications .	Companies with limited resources	What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications ?
By far , the most important qualifications communications professionals can possess are excellent writing ability , good ` people ' skills , and the capacity to think critically and strategically .	excellent writing ability	What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have ?
`` White '' grapes are actually green in color , and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape .	green	What color are white grapes ?
Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins , which are responsible for the color of purple grapes .	anthocyanins	What gene makes grapes purple ?
Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid .	prolate spheroid	What shape do grapes usually resemble ?
Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300 , and can be crimson , black , dark blue , yellow , green , orange , and pink .	fruit	What type of food are grapes ?
Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300 , and can be crimson , black , dark blue , yellow , green , orange , and pink .	15 to 300	How many grapes are generally in a cluster ?
The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000 -- 8,000 years ago in the Near East .	6,000–8,000 years ago	How long ago were grapes first cultivated ?
Yeast , one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms , occurs naturally on the skins of grapes , leading to the innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine .	Yeast	What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin ?
The oldest winery was found in Armenia , dating to around 4000 BC .	Armenia	Where is the oldest know winery located ?
Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz , a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine .	Shiraz	What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and history attests to the ancient Greeks , Phoenicians , and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	hieroglyphics	How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt ?
Comparing diets among Western countries , researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat , the incidence of heart disease remains low in France .	animal fat	What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries ?
This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox , and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine .	red wine	What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French ?
This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox , and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine .	the French paradox	What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease , even though they eat more animal fat ?
Apart from potential benefits of alcohol itself , including reduced platelet aggregation and vasodilation , polyphenols -LRB- e.g. , resveratrol -RRB- mainly in the grape skin provide other suspected health benefits , such as :	vasodilation	What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol ?
Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid .	Grape juice	What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended ?
The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine , brandy , or vinegar .	fermented	What kind of grapes are made into vinegar ?
In North America , the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes , while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes , both of which are varieties of native American grapes , a different species from European wine grapes .	Concord grapes	What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America ?
In California , Sultana -LRB- known there as Thompson Seedless -RRB- grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice .	Thompson Seedless	What are Sultana grapes known as in California ?
In North America , the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes , while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes , both of which are varieties of native American grapes , a different species from European wine grapes .	Niagara grapes	What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice ?
Red wine may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin , and only red wine is fermented with skins .	red wine	What type of wine is fermented with grape skin ?
By contrast , a white wine contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of skins .	white wine	What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed ?
Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L , depending on the grape variety , because it is fermented with the skins , allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol .	resveratrol	What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins ?
Red wine may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin , and only red wine is fermented with skins .	Red wine	What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits ?
Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes , based on their intended method of consumption : eaten raw -LRB- table grapes -RRB- or used to make wine -LRB- wine grapes -RRB- .	table grapes	What are grapes that are eaten raw classified as ?
Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes , based on their intended method of consumption : eaten raw -LRB- table grapes -RRB- or used to make wine -LRB- wine grapes -RRB- .	wine grapes	What are grapes that are used to make wine classified as ?
While almost all of them belong to the same species , Vitis vinifera , table and wine grapes have significant differences , brought about through selective breeding .	Vitis vinifera	What specie are table grapes and wine grapes ?
Table grape cultivars tend to have large , seedless fruit -LRB- see below -RRB- with relatively thin skin .	Table grape	What Classification of grapes are typically large and seedless ?
Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet : they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24 % sugar by weight .	approximately 24%	What percentage of a wine grape is sugar when it is harvested ?
In the Bible , grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm -LRB- Genesis 9:20 -- 21 -RRB- .	Genesis 9:20–21	When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible ?
Grapes were also significant to both the Greeks and Romans , and their god of agriculture , Dionysus , was linked to grapes and wine , being frequently portrayed with grape leaves on his head .	Dionysus	Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture ?
In Christian art , grapes often represent the blood of Christ , such as the grape leaves in Caravaggio 's John the Baptist .	Christ	Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art ?
Deuteronomy 18:3 -- 5,14:22 -- 27,16:13 -- 15 tell of the use of wine during Jewish feasts .	Deuteronomy	Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts ?
In the Bible , grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm -LRB- Genesis 9:20 -- 21 -RRB- .	Noah	Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm ?
There are several sources of the seedlessness trait , and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources : Thompson Seedless , Russian Seedless , and Black Monukka , all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera .	three	How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators ?
There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes .	more than a dozen	How many varieties of seedless grapes are there ?
There are several sources of the seedlessness trait , and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources : Thompson Seedless , Russian Seedless , and Black Monukka , all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera .	Vitis vinifera	What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless ?
Several , such as Einset Seedless , Benjamin Gunnels 's Prime seedless grapes , Reliance , and Venus , have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario .	cold	What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels 's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for ?
There are several sources of the seedlessness trait , and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources : Thompson Seedless , Russian Seedless , and Black Monukka , all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera .	Vitis vinifera	What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka ?
Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols -LRB- i.e. catechins -RRB- are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties .	Anthocyanins	What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes ?
Total phenolic content , a laboratory index of antioxidant strength , is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin .	Total phenolic content	What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as ?
Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar , soil composition , climate , geographic origin , and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases , such as fungal infections .	Phenolic content	What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition , climate , and cultivation practices ?
Total phenolic content , a laboratory index of antioxidant strength , is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin .	anthocyanins	Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes ?
Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols -LRB- i.e. catechins -RRB- are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties .	flavan-3-ols	What is the main phenolic in white grapes ?
The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper , where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ , a dogma known as transubstantiation .	The Catholic Church	What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist ?
The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper , where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ , a dogma known as transubstantiation .	the Last Supper	When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration ?
The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church -LRB- 1983 -RRB- , Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural , made from grapes of the vine , and not corrupt .	Canon 924	Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt ?
In some circumstances , a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration , however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation , such as personal health of the priest .	grape juice	What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons ?
The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper , where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ , a dogma known as transubstantiation .	transubstantiation	What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ ?
It includes controlling physical access to the hardware , as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access , data and code injection , and due to malpractice by operators , whether intentional , accidental , or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures .	secure procedures	What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer ?
Computer security , also known as cybersecurity or IT security , is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware , the software , and to the information on them , as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide .	cybersecurity or IT security	What is computer security also known as ?
Computer security , also known as cybersecurity or IT security , is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware , the software , and to the information on them , as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide .	Computer security	What is the protection of information systems ?
It includes controlling physical access to the hardware , as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access , data and code injection , and due to malpractice by operators , whether intentional , accidental , or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures .	intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked	What are the ways an operator can malpractice ?
Computer security , also known as cybersecurity or IT security , is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware , the software , and to the information on them , as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide .	Computer security	What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware ?
Denial of service attacks are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users .	Denial of service attacks	What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users ?
Attackers can deny service to individual victims , such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim account to be locked , or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once .	the victim account to be locked	What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause ?
Such attacks can originate from the zombie computers of a botnet , but a range of other techniques are possible including reflection and amplification attacks , where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim .	reflection and amplification attacks	What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called ?
While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule , many forms of Distributed denial of service -LRB- DDoS -RRB- attacks are possible , where the attack comes from a large number of points -- and defending is much more difficult .	Distributed denial of service	What does DDoS stand for ?
While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule , many forms of Distributed denial of service -LRB- DDoS -RRB- attacks are possible , where the attack comes from a large number of points -- and defending is much more difficult .	by adding a new firewall rule	How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked ?
Researchers in 2011 were even able to use a malicious compact disc in a car 's stereo system as a successful attack vector , and cars with built-in voice recognition or remote assistance features have onboard microphones which could be used for eavesdropping .	a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system	What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector ?
Researchers in 2011 were even able to use a malicious compact disc in a car 's stereo system as a successful attack vector , and cars with built-in voice recognition or remote assistance features have onboard microphones which could be used for eavesdropping .	eavesdropping	In cars with built-in voice recognition features , what can the onboard microphones be used for ?
Connected cars may use wifi and bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices , and the cell phone network to contact concierge and emergency assistance services or get navigational or entertainment information ; each of these networks is a potential entry point for malware or an attacker .	a potential entry point for malware or an attacker	Wifi , bluetooth , and cell phone networks are examples of what ?
If access is gained to a car 's internal controller area network , it is possible to disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel .	disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel	Assuming access has been gained to the car 's internal controller area network , what is it possible to do ?
Connected cars may use wifi and bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices , and the cell phone network to contact concierge and emergency assistance services or get navigational or entertainment information ; each of these networks is a potential entry point for malware or an attacker .	the cell phone network	What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information ?
However , relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems , and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place .	relatively few	How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems ?
Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using packet capture appliances that puts criminals behind bars .	packet capture appliances	What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars ?
The primary obstacle to effective eradication of cyber crime could be traced to excessive reliance on firewalls and other automated `` detection '' systems .	firewalls and other automated "detection" systems	The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what ?
As result , as Reuters points out : `` Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets '' .	Reuters	What is the source of the quote ?
As result , as Reuters points out : `` Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets '' .	physical stealing of assets	Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what ?
One use of the term `` computer security '' refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems .	computer security	Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term ?
In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense -LRB- DoD -RRB- used the `` Orange Book '' standards , but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408 , `` Common Criteria '' defines a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels .	Evaluation Assurance Levels	What does EAL stand for ?
Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being `` Methodically Designed , Tested and Reviewed '' , but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon .	Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed	What is the standard of EAL4 ?
An example of an EAL6 -LRB- `` Semiformally Verified Design and Tested '' -RRB- system is Integrity-178B , which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets .	Semiformally Verified Design and Tested	What is the standard for EAL6 ?
An example of an EAL6 -LRB- `` Semiformally Verified Design and Tested '' -RRB- system is Integrity-178B , which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets .	Integrity-178B	What is an example of a system that meets EAL6 ?
China 's network security and information technology leadership team was established February 27 , 2014 .	February 27, 2014	When was Chine 's network security and information technology leadership team established ?
The promotion of national network security and information technology law are constantly under study for enhanced national security capabilities .	enhanced national security capabilities.	What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law ?
China 's network security and information technology leadership team was established February 27 , 2014 .	China	What country has a network security and information technology leadership team ??
Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation , typically between hosts on a network .	Eavesdropping	What is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation ?
Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation , typically between hosts on a network .	hosts on a network	Conversations that people eavesdrop on are typically between who ?
For instance , programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight have been used by the FBI and NSA to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers .	the FBI and NSA	Who has used programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers ?
Even machines that operate as a closed system -LRB- i.e. , with no contact to the outside world -RRB- can be eavesdropped upon via monitoring the faint electro-magnetic transmissions generated by the hardware ; TEMPEST is a specification by the NSA referring to these attacks .	TEMPEST	Eavesdropping on a closed system via the faint electro-magnetic trasmissions generated by the hardware has been referred to as what by the NSA ?
Even machines that operate as a closed system -LRB- i.e. , with no contact to the outside world -RRB- can be eavesdropped upon via monitoring the faint electro-magnetic transmissions generated by the hardware ; TEMPEST is a specification by the NSA referring to these attacks .	a closed system	What are machines that operate with no contact to the outside world called ?
Desktop computers and laptops are commonly infected with malware either to gather passwords or financial account information , or to construct a botnet to attack another target .	malware	What are desktop computers and laptops commonly infected with ?
Desktop computers and laptops are commonly infected with malware either to gather passwords or financial account information , or to construct a botnet to attack another target .	malware	Constructing a botnet to attack another target is an example of the activity of what ?
Smart phones , tablet computers , smart watches , and other mobile devices such as Quantified Self devices like activity trackers have also become targets and many of these have sensors such as cameras , microphones , GPS receivers , compasses , and accelerometers which could be exploited , and may collect personal information , including sensitive health information .	Quantified Self devices	Activity trackers are an example of what ?
Wifi , Bluetooth , and cell phone network on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors , and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach .	attack vectors	What could wifi , bluetooth , and cellphone network on devices be used as ?
Wifi , Bluetooth , and cell phone network on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors , and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach .	sensors	What could be remotely activated after a sucessful breach ?
Within computer systems , two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists -LRB- ACLs -RRB- and capability-based security .	access control lists	What does ACL stand for ?
Within computer systems , two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists -LRB- ACLs -RRB- and capability-based security .	enforcing privilege separation	ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what ?
Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations , such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access , an issue known as the confused deputy problem .	the confused deputy problem	A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what ?
This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems , but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws .	take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws	What must designers of systems that are ACL based do ?
Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities .	capabilities	The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what ?
In 1994 , over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the Rome Laboratory , the US Air Force 's main command and research facility .	1994	In what year did over a hundred intrusions made into the Rome Laboraroty ?
Using trojan horses , hackers were able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome 's networking systems and remove traces of their activities .	Using trojan horses	How were hackers able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome 's networking systems ?
The intruders were able to obtain classified files , such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's Goddard Space Flight Center , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , some Defense contractors , and other private sector organizations , by posing as a trusted Rome center user .	by posing as a trusted Rome center user	How were hackers able to penetrate connected networks ?
In 1994 , over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the Rome Laboratory , the US Air Force 's main command and research facility .	the US Air Force's main command and research facility	What is the Rome Laboratory ?
The intruders were able to obtain classified files , such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's Goddard Space Flight Center , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , some Defense contractors , and other private sector organizations , by posing as a trusted Rome center user .	National Aeronautics and Space Administration	Who does the Goddard Space Flight Center belong to ?
In July of 2015 , a hacker group known as `` The Impact Team '' successfully breached the extramarital relationship website Ashley Madison .	July of 2015	When did The Impact Team successfully breach Ashley Madison ?
When Avid Life Media , the parent company that created the Ashley Madison website , did not take the site offline , The Impact Group released two more compressed files , one 9.7 GB and the second 20GB .	Avid Life Media	What is the name of the parent company that created Ashley Madison ?
After the second data dump , Avid Life Media CEO Noel Biderman resigned , but the website remained functional .	After the second data dump	When did the Avid Life Media CEO resign ?
After the breach , The Impact Team dumped emails from the company 's CEO , to prove their point , and threatened to dump customer data unless the website was taken down permanently .	emails from the company's CEO	What was in the first data dump ?
With this initial data release , the group stated `` Avid Life Media has been instructed to take Ashley Madison and Established Men offline permanently in all forms , or we will release all customer records , including profiles with all the customers ' secret sexual fantasies and matching credit card transactions , real names and addresses , and employee documents and emails .	Established Men	What website , in addition to Ashley Madison , was Avid Media instructed to take offline ?
Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation , mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem .	a crucial need for regulation	According to goverment officials , what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created ?
R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco , he believes that the `` industry only responds when you threaten regulation .	San Francisco	Where was the RSA Security Conference held ?
On the other hand , executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary , but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently .	executives from the private sector	Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation ?
R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco , he believes that the `` industry only responds when you threaten regulation .	R. Clarke	Who said `` industry only responds when you threaten regulation '' ?
Indeed , for as long as it has existed and by definition , the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention .	cyberspace	What is a virtual space free of any government intervention ?
On October 3 , 2010 , Public Safety Canada unveiled Canada 's Cyber Security Strategy , following a Speech from the Throne commitment to boost the security of Canadian cyberspace .	October 3, 2010	When did Public Safety Canada unveil Canada 's Cyber Security Strategy ?
The Action Plan 2010 -- 2015 for Canada 's Cyber Security Strategy outlines the ongoing implementation of the strategy .	The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy	What outlines the ongoing implementation of the Cyber Security Strategy ?
The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada outlines these responsibilities , and provides a plan for coordinated response between government and other partners in the event of a cyber incident .	The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada	What outlines the responsibilities and provides a plan for coordination during a cyber incident ?
The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected , but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment -LRB- in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges -RRB- which are infected via removable media .	The Internet	What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid ?
The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected , but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment -LRB- in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges -RRB- which are infected via removable media .	the Stuxnet worm	What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable ?
In 2014 , the Computer Emergency Readiness Team , a division of the Department of Homeland Security , investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies .	2014	When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies ?
In 2014 , the Computer Emergency Readiness Team , a division of the Department of Homeland Security , investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies .	the Department of Homeland Security	What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to ?
The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected , but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment -LRB- in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges -RRB- which are infected via removable media .	via removable media	How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment ?
Today , computer security comprises mainly `` preventive '' measures , like firewalls or an exit procedure .	"preventive" measures	Firewalls and exit procedures are considered what ?
A firewall can be defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network , such as the Internet , and can be implemented as software running on the machine , hooking into the network stack -LRB- or , in the case of most UNIX-based operating systems such as Linux , built into the operating system kernel -RRB- to provide real time filtering and blocking .	A firewall	What is defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or network and another network ?
Another implementation is a so-called physical firewall which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic .	a separate machine filtering network traffic	What does a physical firewall consist of ?
Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the Internet .	permanently connected to the Internet	What type of machines normall have a firewall ?
Today , computer security comprises mainly `` preventive '' measures , like firewalls or an exit procedure .	computer security	What compromises mainly preventative measures ?
Serious financial damage has been caused by security breaches , but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident , the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved .	security breaches	What has caused serious financial damage ?
Serious financial damage has been caused by security breaches , but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident , the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved .	the organizations involved	Data made public who is available to estimate the cost of an incident ?
The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $ 13 billion -LRB- worms and viruses only -RRB- to $ 226 billion -LRB- for all forms of covert attacks -RRB- .	$13 billion	What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003 ?
`` Several computer security consulting firms produce estimates of total worldwide losses attributable to virus and worm attacks and to hostile digital acts in general .	Several computer security consulting firms	Who produces estimates of worldwide losses attributable to security breaches ?
The reliability of these estimates is often challenged ; the underlying methodology is basically anecdotal . ''	basically anecdotal	What is the underlying methodology of finding worldwide estimates for losses fur to security breaches ?
While hardware may be a source of insecurity , such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process , hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security .	during the manufacturing process	Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when ?
While hardware may be a source of insecurity , such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process , hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security .	hardware-based or assisted computer security	What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security ?
While hardware may be a source of insecurity , such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process , hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security .	insecurity	What can hardware be a source of ?
Using devices and methods such as dongles , trusted platform modules , intrusion-aware cases , drive locks , disabling USB ports , and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access -LRB- or sophisticated backdoor access -RRB- required in order to be compromised .	physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)	What is required in order for hardware to be compromised ?
Public Safety Canada 's Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre -LRB- CCIRC -RRB- is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada 's critical infrastructure and cyber systems .	Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre	What does CCIRC stand for ?
Public Safety Canada 's Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre -LRB- CCIRC -RRB- is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada 's critical infrastructure and cyber systems .	CCIRC	Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada 's critical infrastructure ?
The CCIRC posts regular cyber security bulletins on the Public Safety Canada website .	on the Public Safety Canada website	Where does the CCIRC post regular cyber security bulletins ?
Canada 's Cyber Security Strategy is part of a larger , integrated approach to critical infrastructure protection , and functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure .	Canada's Cyber Security Strategy	What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure ?
As Jay Cross , the chief scientist of the Internet Time Group , remarked , `` Connectedness begets vulnerability . ''	Jay Cross	Who said `` Connectedness begets vulnerability ? ''
As Jay Cross , the chief scientist of the Internet Time Group , remarked , `` Connectedness begets vulnerability . ''	the Internet Time Group	What organization does Jay Cross belong to ?
More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that , while increasing efficiency , exposes new vulnerabilities .	increasing efficiency	What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs ?
More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that , while increasing efficiency , exposes new vulnerabilities .	exposes new vulnerabilities	What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs ?
On September 27 , 2010 , Public Safety Canada partnered with STOP.THINK.CONNECT , a coalition of non-profit , private sector , and government organizations dedicated to informing the general public on how to protect themselves online .	September 27, 2010	When did Public Safety Canada partner with Stop.Think . Connect ?
On February 4 , 2014 , the Government of Canada launched the Cyber Security Cooperation Program .	February 4, 2014	When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program launched by the Government of Canada ?
Public Safety Canada administers and routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens , and carries out Cyber Security Awareness Month during October .	Public Safety Canada	Who routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens ?
Public Safety Canada administers and routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens , and carries out Cyber Security Awareness Month during October .	October	What month is Cyber Security Awareness Month ?
The program is a $ 1.5 million five-year initiative aimed at improving Canada 's cyber systems through grants and contributions to projects in support of this objective .	$1.5 million	How much does the Cyber Security Cooperation Program cost ?
They may also compromise security by making operating system modifications , installing software worms , keyloggers , or covert listening devices .	compromise security	Installing keyloggers and making operating system modifications are examples of ways unauthorized users for what ?
Even when the system is protected by standard security measures , these may be able to be by passed by booting another operating system or tool from a CD-ROM or other bootable media .	standard security measures	Booting a tool or another operating system from a CD Rom can bypass what ?
Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent these attacks .	attacks	Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent what ?
An unauthorized user gaining physical access to a computer is most likely able to directly download data from it .	directly download data from it	An unauthorized user with physical access to a computer can likely do what ?
Clickjacking , also known as `` UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack '' , is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks a user into clicking on a button or link on another webpage while the user intended to click on the top level page .	Clickjacking	UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack is also known as what ?
Clickjacking , also known as `` UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack '' , is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks a user into clicking on a button or link on another webpage while the user intended to click on the top level page .	Clickjacking	What is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks the user into clicking on a button or link ?
The attacker is basically `` hijacking '' the clicks meant for the top level page and routing them to some other irrelevant page , most likely owned by someone else .	some other irrelevant page	Where are the clicks meant for the top level page routed ?
Carefully drafting a combination of stylesheets , iframes , buttons and text boxes , a user can be led into believing that they are typing the password or other information on some authentic webpage while it is being channeled into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker .	into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker	Where would a password typed on a seemingly authetic webpage be directed ?
This is done using multiple transparent or opaque layers .	using multiple transparent or opaque layers	How istricking the user accomplished in clickjacking ?
In 1988 , only 60,000 computers were connected to the Internet , and most were mainframes , minicomputers and professional workstations .	60,000	How many computers were connected to the internet in 1988 ?
On November 2 , 1988 , many started to slow down , because they were running a malicious code that demanded processor time and that spread itself to other computers -- the first internet `` computer worm '' .	November 2, 1988	When was the first computer worm released ?
The software was traced back to 23-year-old Cornell University graduate student Robert Tappan Morris , Jr. who said ` he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet ' .	Robert Tappan Morris, Jr.	Who was the first computer worm traced back to ?
On November 2 , 1988 , many started to slow down , because they were running a malicious code that demanded processor time and that spread itself to other computers -- the first internet `` computer worm '' .	computer worm	What is a malicious code that demands processor time and spreads itself to other computers ?
The software was traced back to 23-year-old Cornell University graduate student Robert Tappan Morris , Jr. who said ` he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet ' .	he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet	Why did Morris Jr make the computer worm ?
In 2013 and 2014 , a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring known as `` Rescator '' broke into Target Corporation computers in 2013 , stealing roughly 40 million credit cards , and then Home Depot computers in 2014 , stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers .	a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring	Who are Rescator ?
In 2013 and 2014 , a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring known as `` Rescator '' broke into Target Corporation computers in 2013 , stealing roughly 40 million credit cards , and then Home Depot computers in 2014 , stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers .	40 million credit cards	What was stolen from Target Corporation computers in 2013 ?
In 2013 and 2014 , a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring known as `` Rescator '' broke into Target Corporation computers in 2013 , stealing roughly 40 million credit cards , and then Home Depot computers in 2014 , stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers .	between 53 and 56 million	How many credit card numbers were stole from Home Depot in 2014 ?
Warnings were delivered at both corporations , but ignored ; physical security breaches using self checkout machines are believed to have played a large role .	self checkout machines	What machines were involved in the physical security breaches that played a large role in the incident ?
`` The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting , '' says Jim Walter , director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee -- meaning that the heists could have easily been stopped by existing antivirus software had administrators responded to the warnings .	director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee	Who is Jim Walter ?
Berlin starts National Cyber Defense Initiative : On June 16 , 2011 , the German Minister for Home Affairs , officially opened the new German NCAZ -LRB- National Center for Cyber Defense -RRB- Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum located in Bonn .	Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum	What does NCAZ stand for ?
The NCAZ closely cooperates with BSI -LRB- Federal Office for Information Security -RRB- Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik , BKA -LRB- Federal Police Organisation -RRB- Bundeskriminalamt -LRB- Deutschland -RRB- , BND -LRB- Federal Intelligence Service -RRB- Bundesnachrichtendienst , MAD -LRB- Military Intelligence Service -RRB- Amt für den Militärischen Abschirmdienst and other national organisations in Germany taking care of national security aspects .	national security aspects	What does NCAZ take care of ?
Berlin starts National Cyber Defense Initiative : On June 16 , 2011 , the German Minister for Home Affairs , officially opened the new German NCAZ -LRB- National Center for Cyber Defense -RRB- Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum located in Bonn .	June 16, 2011	When was NCAZ opened ?
According to the Minister the primary task of the new organisation founded on February 23 , 2011 , is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet .	February 23, 2011	Whan was NCAZ founded ?
According to the Minister the primary task of the new organisation founded on February 23 , 2011 , is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet .	to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure	What is the purpose of NCAZ ?
Orthodox Judaism is the approach to religious Judaism which subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation and adheres to the interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Tanaim and Amoraim .	Orthodox	What is the approach to Judiasm that subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation ?
Orthodox Judaism is the approach to religious Judaism which subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation and adheres to the interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Tanaim and Amoraim .	Torah	What is the name of the book that has the laws and ethics for Orthodox Judaism ?
Orthodox Judaism is the approach to religious Judaism which subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation and adheres to the interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Tanaim and Amoraim .	Talmudic	what texts were legislated by the Tanarim and Amoraim ?
Orthodox Judaism generally includes Modern Orthodox Judaism -LRB- אורתודוקסיה מודרנית -RRB- and Ultra-Orthodox or Haredi Judaism -LRB- יהדות חרדית -RRB- , but complete within is a wide range of philosophies .	Haredi Judaism	What besides Modern Orthodox Judaism does Orthodox Judaism consist of ?
Although Orthodox Judaism would probably be considered the mainstream expression of Judaism prior to the 19th century , for some Orthodox Judaism is a modern self-identification that distinguishes it from traditional pre-modern Judaism .	pre-modern Judaism	Orthodox Judaism is a self-identification that distinguishes it from what ?
According to the New Jersey Press Association , several media entities refrain from using the term `` ultra-Orthodox '' , including the Religion Newswriters Association ; JTA , the global Jewish news service ; and the Star-Ledger , New Jersey 's largest daily newspaper .	JTA	What is the global Jewish news service known as ?
According to the New Jersey Press Association , several media entities refrain from using the term `` ultra-Orthodox '' , including the Religion Newswriters Association ; JTA , the global Jewish news service ; and the Star-Ledger , New Jersey 's largest daily newspaper .	"ultra-Orthodox	What term do media entities refrain from using ?
According to the New Jersey Press Association , several media entities refrain from using the term `` ultra-Orthodox '' , including the Religion Newswriters Association ; JTA , the global Jewish news service ; and the Star-Ledger , New Jersey 's largest daily newspaper .	the Star-Ledger	What is New Jersey 's largest daily paper ?
According to Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer , spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center in Cliffside Park and former executive editor of Jewish Week , this leaves `` Orthodox '' as `` an umbrella term that designates a very widely disparate group of people very loosely tied together by some core beliefs . ''	Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer	Who is the spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center ?
According to Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer , spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center in Cliffside Park and former executive editor of Jewish Week , this leaves `` Orthodox '' as `` an umbrella term that designates a very widely disparate group of people very loosely tied together by some core beliefs . ''	Cliffside Park	Where is the Temple Israel Community Center located ?
Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements , each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies , which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today .	Modern Orthodoxy	What is the name of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies ?
Modern Orthodoxy , additionally , assigns a central role to the `` People of Israel '' .	People of Israel	Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to ?
At the same time , in order to preserve the integrity of halakha , any area of `` powerful inconsistency and conflict '' between Torah and modern culture must be avoided .	halakha	What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve ?
In this view , Orthodox Judaism can `` be enriched '' by its intersection with modernity ; further , `` modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity '' .	Divine work	What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with ?
At the same time , in order to preserve the integrity of halakha , any area of `` powerful inconsistency and conflict '' between Torah and modern culture must be avoided .	Torah	What is modern cutlture in conflict with ?
Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered .	covered	How do orthodox women dress mosly ?
Additionally , married women cover their hair , most commonly in the form of a scarf , also in the form of hats , bandanas , berets , snoods or , sometimes , wigs .	hair	what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf ?
Orthodox men wear a skullcap known as a kipa and often fringes called `` tzitzit '' .	kipa	What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as ?
Orthodox men wear a skullcap known as a kipa and often fringes called `` tzitzit '' .	tzitzit	What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called ?
Haredi men often grow beards and always wear black hats and suits , indoors and outdoors .	Haredi	What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black ?
Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah , including both the Written Law -LRB- Pentateuch -RRB- and those parts of the Oral Law which are `` halacha leMoshe m ` Sinai '' , were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today .	Pentateuch	What is the written law of the Torah known as ?
Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah , including both the Written Law -LRB- Pentateuch -RRB- and those parts of the Oral Law which are `` halacha leMoshe m ` Sinai '' , were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today .	God	Who dictated the oral law to Moses ?
The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how to apply and interpret them , the Oral Law .	Oral Law	What are the detailed explanations of how to apply and interpret the laws of the written Torah called ?
Although Orthodox Jews believe that many elements of current religious law were decreed or added as `` fences '' around the law by the rabbis , all Orthodox Jews believe that there is an underlying core of Sinaitic law and that this core of the religious laws Orthodox Jews know today is thus directly derived from Sinai and directly reflects the Divine will .	Sinaitic law	What is the law that is considered the core of religious laws Orthodox Jews know today ?
Orthodox Judaism holds that , given Jewish law 's Divine origin , no underlying principle may be compromised in accounting for changing political , social or economic conditions ; in this sense , `` creativity '' and development in Jewish law is limited .	Divine	What is the origin of Jewish Law ?
In later years it was Rav Ettlinger 's students Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch and Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer of Berlin who deepened the awareness and strength of Orthodox Jewry .	Berlin	Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from ?
As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig , Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled `` Shlomei Emunei Yisrael '' in German and Hebrew , having 177 Rabbis sign on .	Jacob Ettlinger	what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona ?
As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig , Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled `` Shlomei Emunei Yisrael '' in German and Hebrew , having 177 Rabbis sign on .	Shlomei Emunei Yisrael	What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced ?
As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig , Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled `` Shlomei Emunei Yisrael '' in German and Hebrew , having 177 Rabbis sign on .	177	How many rabbi 's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published ?
In later years it was Rav Ettlinger 's students Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch and Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer of Berlin who deepened the awareness and strength of Orthodox Jewry .	Berlin	Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from ?
For example , the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy 's hair for the first time on his third birthday -LRB- upshirin or upsheerin , Yiddish for `` haircut '' -RRB- `` originated as an Arab custom that parents cut a newborn boy 's hair and burned it in a fire as a sacrifice , '' and `` Jews in Palestine learned this custom from Arabs and adapted it to a special Jewish context . ''	third birthday	When is a newborn boy 's hair first cut ?
For example , the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy 's hair for the first time on his third birthday -LRB- upshirin or upsheerin , Yiddish for `` haircut '' -RRB- `` originated as an Arab custom that parents cut a newborn boy 's hair and burned it in a fire as a sacrifice , '' and `` Jews in Palestine learned this custom from Arabs and adapted it to a special Jewish context . ''	burned	What is done with the newborn boy 's hair once it is cut ?
The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot -LRB- grains and legumes such as rice , corn , beans , and peanuts -RRB- during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud , has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter , but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA 's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch .	kitniyot	What are grains and legumes known as ?
The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot -LRB- grains and legumes such as rice , corn , beans , and peanuts -RRB- during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud , has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter , but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA 's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch .	Ashkenazi	What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover ?
The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot -LRB- grains and legumes such as rice , corn , beans , and peanuts -RRB- during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud , has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter , but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA 's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch .	Talmud	What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot ?
Haredi Judaism advocates segregation from non-Jewish culture , although not from non-Jewish society entirely .	Haredi Judaism	What type of Judaism advocated segregation from non-Jewish culture ?
Thus , engaging in the commercial world is a legitimate means to achieving a livelihood , but individuals should participate in modern society as little as possible .	modern society	What should individuals participate as little as possible in ?
The same outlook is applied with regard to obtaining degrees necessary to enter one 's intended profession : where tolerated in the Haredi society , attending secular institutions of higher education is viewed as a necessary but inferior activity .	Haredi	Attending secular institution of higher education is viewed as necessary but inferior in what society ?
A significant proportion of students , especially boys , remain in yeshiva until marriage -LRB- which is often arranged through facilitated dating -- see shiduch -RRB- , and many study in a kollel -LRB- Torah study institute for married men -RRB- for many years after marriage .	yeshiva	What do a significant portion of boys remain in until marriage ?
A significant proportion of students , especially boys , remain in yeshiva until marriage -LRB- which is often arranged through facilitated dating -- see shiduch -RRB- , and many study in a kollel -LRB- Torah study institute for married men -RRB- for many years after marriage .	kollel	What is a Torah study institute for married men called ?
Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai , the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law .	Mount Sinai	Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted ?
The words of the Torah -LRB- Pentateuch -RRB- were spoken to Moses by God ; the laws contained in this Written Torah , the `` Mitzvot '' , were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret them .	God	Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses ?
The words of the Torah -LRB- Pentateuch -RRB- were spoken to Moses by God ; the laws contained in this Written Torah , the `` Mitzvot '' , were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret them .	Mitzvot	What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as ?
Jewish theologians , who choose to emphasize the more evolutionary nature of the Halacha point to a famous story in the Talmud , where Moses is miraculously transported to the House of Study of Rabbi Akiva and is clearly unable to follow the ensuing discussion .	House of Study of Rabbi Akiva	Where is Moses miraculously transported to ?
The Oral law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy .	Oral law	What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy ?
Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity .	Orthodox Judaism	What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity ?
Orthodoxy thus rejects patrilineal descent as a means of establishing Jewish identity .	patrilineal descent	What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy ?
Intermarriage is seen as a deliberate rejection of Judaism , and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community .	rejection of Judaism	What is intermarriage typically seen as ?
Similarly , Orthodoxy strongly condemns intermarriage .	intermarriage	What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn ?
Intermarriage is seen as a deliberate rejection of Judaism , and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community .	cut off	What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community ?
However , there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism , particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism , about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities .	Halakha	What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of ?
To the Orthodox Jew , halakha is a guide , God 's Law , governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep .	God's Law,	what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew ?
Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are : `` Deracheha Darchei Noam '' - the ways of Torah are pleasant , `` Kavod Habriyot '' - basic respect for human beings , `` Pikuach Nefesh '' - the sanctity of human life .	"Kavod Habriyot"	Basic respect for human beings is known as what ?
Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are : `` Deracheha Darchei Noam '' - the ways of Torah are pleasant , `` Kavod Habriyot '' - basic respect for human beings , `` Pikuach Nefesh '' - the sanctity of human life .	"Pikuach Nefesh"	The sanctiy of human life is known as what ?
To the Orthodox Jew , halakha is a guide , God 's Law , governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep .	structure of daily life	What does halakha guide ?
According to Orthodox Judaism , Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah , as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature , especially the Mishnah and the Talmud .	Torah	What is jewish law today based on ?
Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the `` will of God '' , either directly , or as closely to directly as possible .	will of God	what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm ?
The laws are from the word of God in the Torah , using a set of rules also revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai , and have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care , and thus the Oral Law is considered to be no less the word of God .	Mount Sinai	Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God ?
If some of the details of Jewish law may have been lost over the millennia , they were reconstructed in accordance with internally consistent rules ; see The 13 rules by which Jewish law was derived .	13	How many rules are jewish law derived from ?
The laws are from the word of God in the Torah , using a set of rules also revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai , and have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care , and thus the Oral Law is considered to be no less the word of God .	Oral Law	What law is considered to be no less the word of god ?
Hasidic or Chasidic Judaism overlaps significantly with Haredi Judaism in its engagement with the secular and commercial world , and in regard to social issues .	Haredi Judaism	What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm ?
Hasidic or Chasidic Judaism overlaps significantly with Haredi Judaism in its engagement with the secular and commercial world , and in regard to social issues .	Chasidic Judaism	What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm ?
Founded by Israel ben Eliezer , known as the Baal Shem Tov -LRB- 1698 -- 1760 -RRB- , it emerged in an age of persecution of the Jewish people , when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews .	Israel ben Eliezer	Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov ?
The Ba'al Shem Tov sought to combine rigorous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance .	Ba'al Shem Tov	What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance ?
Another phenomenon that sets Hasidic Judaism apart from general Haredi Judaism is the strong emphasis placed on speaking Yiddish ; in -LRB- many -RRB- Hasidic households and communities , Yiddish is spoken exclusively .	Yiddish	What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm ?
Among Orthodox Jews , the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family , as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews , and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent , standing at about 2 % , in contrast to a 71 % intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews .	1.9 children	What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families ??
Among Orthodox Jews , the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family , as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews , and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent , standing at about 2 % , in contrast to a 71 % intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews .	4.1 children	What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families ?
Among Orthodox Jews , the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family , as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews , and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent , standing at about 2 % , in contrast to a 71 % intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews .	2%	What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews ?
Among Orthodox Jews , the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family , as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews , and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent , standing at about 2 % , in contrast to a 71 % intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews .	71%	What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews ?
In addition , Orthodox Judaism has a growing retention rate ; while about half of those raised in Orthodox homes previously abandoned Orthodox Judaism , that number is declining .	half	how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically ?
On the other hand , Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations , tend to be far more right-wing than both non-orthodox and other orthodox Jews .	right-wing	Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically ?
While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party , the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative , with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives , and are mostly Republican Party supporters .	conservative	half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology ?
While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party , the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative , with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives , and are mostly Republican Party supporters .	Republican	What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews ?
Modern Orthodox Jews , compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry , also tend to have a stronger connection to Israel due to their attachment to Zionism .	Israel	Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country ?
Modern Orthodox Jews , compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry , also tend to have a stronger connection to Israel due to their attachment to Zionism .	Zionism	Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement ?
Modern Orthodoxy , as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel , is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national , as well as religious , significance on the State of Israel , and its affiliates are , typically , Zionist in orientation .	Modern Orthodoxy	What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent ?
It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond `` outreach -LRB- Kiruv -RRB- '' to continued institutional relations and cooperation ; see further under Torah Umadda .	"outreach (Kiruv)"	What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as ?
Other `` core beliefs '' are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies , a commitment to equality of education for both men and women , and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one 's family .	secular studies	What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews ?
Other `` core beliefs '' are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies , a commitment to equality of education for both men and women , and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one 's family .	support oneself	what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do ?
Rather , the Orthodox community , as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement , began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors , most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws , where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement , even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position , and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations .	Haskalah	what is the name of the movement of liberalism ?
Rather , the Orthodox community , as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement , began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors , most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws , where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement , even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position , and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations .	Talmud	what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws ?
Rather , the Orthodox community , as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement , began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors , most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws , where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement , even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position , and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations .	dietary laws	previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what ?
Rather , the Orthodox community , as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement , began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors , most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws , where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement , even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position , and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations .	halachic practices	What are dietary laws known as ?
The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century , when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment , Jewish Emancipation , and Haskalah .	19th century	When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to ?
The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century , when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment , Jewish Emancipation , and Haskalah .	early 19th century	When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief ?
They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship .	education	what did orthodox jews seek to modernize ?
They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah , declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding , and stated that the rest of halakha -LRB- Jewish law -RRB- need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society .	absolute divine authorship	what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah ?
Generally speaking , of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism , Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel , and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic , seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah , and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel , with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism , as destructive of the Judaic way of life .	Zionism	What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards ?
Generally speaking , of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism , Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel , and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic , seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah , and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel , with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism , as destructive of the Judaic way of life .	Zionist	What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as ?
Generally speaking , of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism , Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel , and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic , seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah , and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel , with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism , as destructive of the Judaic way of life .	nationalism	What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism ?
Generally speaking , of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism , Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel , and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic , seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah , and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel , with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism , as destructive of the Judaic way of life .	militarism	What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism ?
Generally speaking , of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism , Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel , and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic , seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah , and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel , with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism , as destructive of the Judaic way of life .	destructive	what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life ?
Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot -LRB- Talmudic schools -RRB- and Kollelim -LRB- post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married -LRB- male -RRB- students -RRB- than at any other time in history .	yeshivot	Tamudic schools are known as what ?
Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot -LRB- Talmudic schools -RRB- and Kollelim -LRB- post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married -LRB- male -RRB- students -RRB- than at any other time in history .	Talmudical colleges	what are the colleges married men study in called ?
In practice , the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of `` homogeneous enclaves '' with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage , or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines .	interact	Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions ?
In practice , the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of `` homogeneous enclaves '' with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage , or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines .	doctrines	Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects ?
Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition .	Orthodox Judaism	What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition ?
The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism ; both because of other denominations ' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah , and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding .	unacceptable	What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments ?
As such , Orthodox Jewish groups characterize non-Orthodox forms of Judaism as heretical ; see the article on Relationships between Jewish religious movements .	heretical	What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as ?
The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism ; both because of other denominations ' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah , and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding .	Halakhic	Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent ?
The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York , including the communities of Monsey , Monroe , New Square , and Kiryas Joel .	American Orthodox Jews	Borough Park , Midwood , Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what ?
There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey , particularly in Lakewood , Teaneck , Englewood , Passaic , and Fair Lawn .	New Jersey	Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State ?
The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York , including the communities of Monsey , Monroe , New Square , and Kiryas Joel .	Rockland County	Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located ?
Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States , many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State , particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area .	New York State	Where do many American Orthodox Jews live ?
Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry .	Western European Jewry	Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from ?
While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today , some -LRB- the hareidi and hasidic groups -RRB- within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity .	traditional	What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today ?
The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch 's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy .	Hirsch's	the neo-orthodox movement holds that who 's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy ?
For guidance in practical application of Jewish law , the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch -LRB- `` Code of Jewish Law '' composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro -RRB- together with its surrounding commentaries .	Shulchan Aruch	What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law ?
Thus , at a general level , there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews .	uniformity	there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews ?
By and large , however , the differences result from the historic dispersal of the Jews and the consequent development of differences among regions in their practices -LRB- see minhag -RRB- .	minhag	What is the differences among regions in practices known as ?
These codes and responsa may differ from each other as regards detail -LRB- and reflecting the above philosophical differences , as regards the weight assigned to these -RRB- .	philosophical differences	Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details ?
Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience , including the secular disciplines .	Hirsch	Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience ?
His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach , or `` neo-Orthodoxy '' .	Torah im Derech Eretz	What was Hirsch 's approach called ?
His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach , or `` neo-Orthodoxy '' .	neo-Orthodoxy	What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as ?
While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices , he held that Jews should attempt to engage and influence the modern world , and encouraged those secular studies compatible with Torah thought .	modern world	The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what ?
The word `` animal '' comes from the Latin animalis , meaning having breath , having soul or living being .	Latin animalis	Where does the word animal come from ?
The word `` animal '' comes from the Latin animalis , meaning having breath , having soul or living being .	having breath, having soul or living being	What does the Latin word animalis mean ?
In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans -- that is , `` animal '' is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia ; often , only closer relatives of humans such as mammals , or mammals and other vertebrates , are meant .	non-human members of the kingdom Animalia	The word animal is usually only used to refer to what ?
The biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia , encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges , jellyfish , insects , and humans .	Animalia	The biological definition of the word animal refers to all member of what kingdom ?
The biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia , encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges , jellyfish , insects , and humans .	sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans	What are some of the creatures included in the kingdom of Animalia ?
All animals have eukaryotic cells , surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins .	eukaryotic	What type of cells do all animals have ?
All animals have eukaryotic cells , surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins .	collagen and elastic glycoproteins	What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of ?
This may be calcified to form structures like shells , bones , and spicules .	shells, bones, and spicules	What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified ?
Also , unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions : tight junctions , gap junctions , and desmosomes .	tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes	What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells ?
In contrast , other multicellular organisms , like plants and fungi , have cells held in place by cell walls , and so develop by progressive growth .	cell walls	How are cells held in place in plants and fungi ?
Predation is a biological interaction where a predator -LRB- a heterotroph that is hunting -RRB- feeds on its prey -LRB- the organism that is attacked -RRB- .	Predation	What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called ?
Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them , but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey .	death	The act of predation typically results in what for the prey ?
The other main category of consumption is detritivory , the consumption of dead organic matter .	detritivory	What is the consumption of dead organic matter called ?
It can at times be difficult to separate the two feeding behaviours , for example , where parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse .	their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse	Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey ?
Selective pressures imposed on one another has led to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator , resulting in various antipredator adaptations .	various antipredator adaptations	The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what ?
Among the other phyla , the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria , which includes sea anemones , corals , and jellyfish , are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening , which serves as both the mouth and the anus .	anemones, corals, and jellyfish	Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures ?
Among the other phyla , the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria , which includes sea anemones , corals , and jellyfish , are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening , which serves as both the mouth and the anus .	both the mouth and the anus	The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what ?
There are only two main germ layers , the ectoderm and endoderm , with only scattered cells between them .	ectoderm and endoderm	What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called ?
As such , these animals are sometimes called diploblastic .	diploblastic	What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called ?
The tiny placozoans are similar , but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber .	they do not have a permanent digestive chamber	What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria ?
Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular , which separates them from bacteria and most protists .	Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular	What sets animals apart from bacteria and most protists ?
They are heterotrophic , generally digesting food in an internal chamber , which separates them from plants and algae .	heterotrophic	What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber ?
They are also distinguished from plants , algae , and fungi by lacking rigid cell walls .	lacking rigid cell walls	What is another way in which animals are distinguished from plants and algae ?
In most animals , embryos pass through a blastula stage , which is a characteristic exclusive to animals .	animals	The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism ?
A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere , called a blastula , which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation .	blastula	What is the hollow sphere that a zygote initially develops into called ?
In sponges , blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge .	swim to a new location	In sponges , how do blastula develop into a new sponge ?
It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber , and two separate germ layers -- an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm .	an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm	What are the 2 germ layers formed by most blastula ?
In most cases , a mesoderm also develops between them .	mesoderm	What may be formed between the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers ?
These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs .	tissues and organs	What do the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers develop into ?
Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion , possibly as early as 1 billion years ago .	1 billion years	How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared ?
Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms , like metazoans , roughly as large -LRB- about 5 mm wide -RRB- and complex as earthworms .	triploblastic worms	Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures ?
Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms , like metazoans , roughly as large -LRB- about 5 mm wide -RRB- and complex as earthworms .	earthworms	Triploblastic worms were comparable in size to what other creatures ?
During the beginning of the Tonian period around 1 billion years ago , there was a decrease in Stromatolite diversity , which may indicate the appearance of grazing animals , since stromatolite diversity increased when grazing animals went extinct at the End Permian and End Ordovician extinction events , and decreased shortly after the grazer populations recovered .	around 1 billion years ago	When was the beginning of the Tonian period ?
However the discovery that tracks very similar to these early trace fossils are produced today by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica casts doubt on their interpretation as evidence of early animal evolution .	Gromia sphaerica	What produces tracks similar to the fossilized tracks discovered by paleontologists ?
Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote .	a flagellated eukaryote	It is believed that animals evolved from what ?
Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates , collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges .	choanoflagellates	What are the closest known living relatives of animals ?
Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts , which also include the choanoflagellates , fungi and a few small parasitic protists .	opisthokonts	What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies ?
Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts , which also include the choanoflagellates , fungi and a few small parasitic protists .	choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists	The opisthokonts also include what other organisms ?
The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells , such as most animal spermatozoa , whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella .	the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells	Where does the name opisthokonts come from ?
The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria .	Bilateria	What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called ?
The digestive chamber has two openings , a mouth and an anus , and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom .	two	How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have ?
The digestive chamber has two openings , a mouth and an anus , and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom .	mouth and an anus	What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called ?
The digestive chamber has two openings , a mouth and an anus , and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom .	coelom or pseudocoelom	What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called ?
Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from `` non-bilaterian '' animals , which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan -LRB- Porifera , Ctenophora , Cnidaria and Placozoa -RRB- , to `` bilaterian '' animals -LRB- Bilateria -RRB- whose body plans display bilateral symmetry .	Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa	What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals ?
Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from `` non-bilaterian '' animals , which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan -LRB- Porifera , Ctenophora , Cnidaria and Placozoa -RRB- , to `` bilaterian '' animals -LRB- Bilateria -RRB- whose body plans display bilateral symmetry .	bilaterian	What are animals whose body plans display bilateral symmetry called ?
The relationships among non-bilaterian animals are disputed , but all bilaterian animals are thought to form a monophyletic group .	bilaterian	Animals in what group are thought to form a monophyletic group ?
The Ecdysozoa are protostomes , named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis .	Ecdysozoa	What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis ?
The largest animal phylum belongs here , the Arthropoda , including insects , spiders , crabs , and their kin .	insects, spiders, crabs	What are some animals in the Arthropoda group ?
All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments , typically with paired appendages .	repeating segments	Organisms in the Arthropoda group have bodies that are divided into what ?
Two smaller phyla , the Onychophora and Tardigrada , are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits .	Onychophora and Tardigrada	What groups are relatives of the arthropods ?
The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms , perhaps the second largest animal phylum .	Nematoda	What is another name for roundworms ?
Because of the great diversity found in animals , it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general .	the great diversity found in animals	Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species ?
Because they are easy to keep and breed , the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have long been the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms , and were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced .	fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans	Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced ?
Because they are easy to keep and breed , the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have long been the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms , and were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced .	they are easy to keep and breed	Why are the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms ?
Analysis of the starlet sea anemone genome has emphasised the importance of sponges , placozoans , and choanoflagellates , also being sequenced , in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa .	starlet sea anemone	Analysis of what genome has emphasised the importance of sponges , placozoans , and choanoflagellates in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa ?
The Lophotrochozoa , evolved within Protostomia , include two of the most successful animal phyla , the Mollusca and Annelida .	Mollusca and Annelida	What are two of the most successful animal phyla ?
The former , which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species , includes animals such as snails , clams , and squids , and the latter comprises the segmented worms , such as earthworms and leeches .	snails, clams, and squids	What are some of the animals in Mollusca ?
The former , which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species , includes animals such as snails , clams , and squids , and the latter comprises the segmented worms , such as earthworms and leeches .	earthworms and leeches	What are some of the animals in Annelida ?
These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae , but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented .	common presence of trochophore larvae	Why are the Mollusca and Annelida considered to be close relatives ?
The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms , the Sipuncula , and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth , called a lophophore .	lophophore	What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called ?
Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry , and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution .	other animals early in evolution	Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where ?
Among these , the sponges -LRB- Porifera -RRB- were long thought to have diverged first , representing the oldest animal phylum .	sponges	Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla ?
Sponges typically feed by drawing in water through pores .	drawing in water through pores	How do sponges typically feed ?
However , a series of phylogenomic studies from 2008-2015 have found support for Ctenophora , or comb jellies , as the basal lineage of animals .	2008-2015	During what time were a series of phylogenomic studies conducted that found support for comb jellies as the basal lineage of animals ?
Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract .	both groups possess a complete digestive tract	What do deuterostomes and protostomes have in common ?
In deuterostomes the anus forms first , with the mouth developing secondarily .	deuterostomes	In which group does the anus form first , with the mouth developing secondarily ?
In most protostomes , cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm , called schizocoelous development , but in deuterostomes , it forms through invagination of the endoderm , called enterocoelic pouching .	schizocoelous development	What is the process in which cells fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm called ?
In most protostomes , cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm , called schizocoelous development , but in deuterostomes , it forms through invagination of the endoderm , called enterocoelic pouching .	enterocoelic pouching	What is the process in which the mesoderm is formed through invagination of the endoderm called ?
Deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division , while protostomes undergo spiral cleavage .	radial cleavage	What do deuterostome embryos undergo during cell division ?
The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes , the flatworms .	Platyhelminthes	What is another name for flatworm ?
A number of parasites are included in this group , such as the flukes and tapeworms .	flukes and tapeworms	What are some parasites included in the Platyhelminthes group ?
Flatworms are acoelomates , lacking a body cavity , as are their closest relatives , the microscopic Gastrotricha .	lacking a body cavity	What does acoelomates mean ?
Flatworms are acoelomates , lacking a body cavity , as are their closest relatives , the microscopic Gastrotricha .	Gastrotricha	What are the flatworms closest relative ?
The most prominent are the Rotifera or rotifers , which are common in aqueous environments .	in aqueous environments	Where are the rotifera most prominent ?
Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals .	eating plants or plant-eating animals	How do most animals use the energy of sunlight ?
Most plants use light to convert inorganic molecules in their environment into carbohydrates , fats , proteins and other biomolecules , characteristically containing reduced carbon in the form of carbon-hydrogen bonds .	light	What do plants use to convert inorganic molecules into carbohydrates , fats , proteins and other biomolecules ?
Starting with carbon dioxide -LRB- CO2 -RRB- and water -LRB- H2O -RRB- , photosynthesis converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy in the form of simple sugars -LRB- e.g. , glucose -RRB- , with the release of molecular oxygen .	chemical energy	What does photosynthesis convert the energy of sunlight into ?
When an animal eats plants -LRB- or eats other animals which have eaten plants -RRB- , the reduced carbon compounds in the food become a source of energy and building materials for the animal .	become a source of energy and building materials for the animal	When an animal eats plants or another animal that has eaten plants , what happens to the reduced carbon compounds in the food ?
They are either used directly to help the animal grow , or broken down , releasing stored solar energy , and giving the animal the energy required for motion .	giving the animal the energy required for motion	What happens with the reduced carbon compounds in the food are broken down releasing stored solar energy ?
The process of making beer is known as brewing .	brewing	What is the process of making beer called ?
A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery , though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history .	a brewery	What is a building called that is used for making beer ?
A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company .	a brewing company	What is company that makes beer typically known as ?
Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made , though most homebrewed beer is made in the home .	homebrewing	What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption ?
However , the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963 , followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978 , allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby .	1963	In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK ?
In some breweries , the hopped wort may pass through a hopback , which is a small vat filled with hops , to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter ; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter , where the yeast is added .	a hopback	In breweries , what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops ?
During fermentation , the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer .	fermentation	In what phase of brewing does hopped wort become beer ?
Once fermentation is complete , the yeast also settles , leaving the beer clear .	yeast	What substance settles and make beer clear after it ferments ?
During fermentation , the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer .	a week to months	How long does the fermentation process take in brewing beer ?
After boiling , the hopped wort is now cooled , ready for the yeast .	yeast	What substance is added to hopped wort once it cools after boiling ?
Nearly all beer includes barley malt as the majority of the starch .	barley malt	What is the main source of starch and most beer ?
After malting , barley is milled , which finally removes the hull , breaking it into large pieces .	After malting	At what point does barley have it 's hull broken up into pieces ?
Some brewers have produced gluten-free beer , made with sorghum with no barley malt , for those who can not consume gluten-containing grains like wheat , barley , and rye .	sorghum	What takes the place of barley malt in gluten-free beer ?
These pieces remain with the grain during the mash , and act as a filter bed during lautering , when sweet wort is separated from insoluble grain material .	during lautering	When is sweet wort separated during the brewing process ?
Some brewers have produced gluten-free beer , made with sorghum with no barley malt , for those who can not consume gluten-containing grains like wheat , barley , and rye .	wheat	Aside from barley , what is a another product founded beer that might contain gluten ?
A microbrewery , or craft brewery , produces a limited amount of beer .	microbrewery	What is a brewery called that makes a small amount of beer ?
A brewpub is a type of microbrewery that incorporates a pub or other eating establishment .	brewpub	What would you call a microbrewery that also has a restaurant or a pub ?
The maximum amount of beer a brewery can produce and still be classed as a microbrewery varies by region and by authority , though is usually around 15,000 barrels -LRB- 1.8 megalitres , 396 thousand imperial gallons or 475 thousand US gallons -RRB- a year .	around 15,000 barrels	In general , how much beer can a microbrewery make and still be classified as a microbrewery ?
The brewery was licensed by the City of Freising in 1040 , and therefore is the oldest working brewery in the world .	Freising	What city is home to the oldest known brewery in the world that is still active ?
The brewery was licensed by the City of Freising in 1040 , and therefore is the oldest working brewery in the world .	1040	What year was The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery first licensed as a brewery ?
The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation .	sugars	What is the main source of the alcohol in beer ?
The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation .	fermentation	What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol ?
Alcohol is a by-product of yeast metabolism and is toxic to the yeast ; typical brewing yeast can not survive at alcohol concentrations above 12 % by volume .	above 12%	At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol ?
Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the effectiveness of yeasts and consequently decreases the alcohol content .	Low temperatures	What could decrease alcohol content during the brewing process ?
Additional fermentable sugars are sometimes added to increase alcohol content , and enzymes are often added to the wort for certain styles of beer -LRB- primarily `` light '' beers -RRB- to convert more complex carbohydrates -LRB- starches -RRB- to fermentable sugars .	to increase alcohol content	Why would more fermentable sugars be added to be beer during the brewing process ?
Typically , when a cask arrives in a pub , it is placed horizontally on a frame called a `` stillage '' which is designed to hold it steady and at the right angle , and then allowed to cool to cellar temperature -LRB- typically between 11 -- 13 °C or 52 -- 55 °F -RRB- , before being tapped and vented -- a tap is driven through a -LRB- usually rubber -RRB- bung at the bottom of one end , and a hard spile or other implement is used to open a hole in the side of the cask , which is now uppermost .	stillage	What would you call a frame that holds the cask of beer horizontally when it arrives at the pub ?
Typically , when a cask arrives in a pub , it is placed horizontally on a frame called a `` stillage '' which is designed to hold it steady and at the right angle , and then allowed to cool to cellar temperature -LRB- typically between 11 -- 13 °C or 52 -- 55 °F -RRB- , before being tapped and vented -- a tap is driven through a -LRB- usually rubber -RRB- bung at the bottom of one end , and a hard spile or other implement is used to open a hole in the side of the cask , which is now uppermost .	52–55 °F	What temperature are cask ales stored at before being tapped ?
Cask-conditioned ales -LRB- or cask ales -RRB- are unfiltered and unpasteurised beers .	Cask-conditioned ales	What would you call a beer that has not been filtered or pasteurized ?
The act of stillaging and then venting a beer in this manner typically disturbs all the sediment , so it must be left for a suitable period to `` drop '' -LRB- clear -RRB- again , as well as to fully condition -- this period can take anywhere from several hours to several days .	from several hours to several days	How long does it take for sediment to settle and clear after a cask ale has been tapped ?
At this point the beer is ready to sell , either being pulled through a beer line with a hand pump , or simply being `` gravity-fed '' directly into the glass .	a hand pump	What tool is used to pull beer from a cask to serve ?
Beer contains ethyl alcohol , the same chemical that is present in wine and distilled spirits and as such , beer consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user .	ethyl alcohol	What type of alcohol is found in beer ?
Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration -LRB- BAC -RRB- of 0.03 % -0.12 % typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria , increased self-confidence and sociability , decreased anxiety , a flushed , red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination .	blood alcohol concentration	How is alcohol measured in the human body ?
Beer contains ethyl alcohol , the same chemical that is present in wine and distilled spirits and as such , beer consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user .	ethyl alcohol	What type of alcohol is found in wine and distilled spirits ?
A BAC from 0.25 % to 0.40 % causes stupor , unconsciousness , anterograde amnesia , vomiting -LRB- death may occur due to inhalation of vomit -LRB- pulmonary aspiration -RRB- while unconscious and respiratory depression -LRB- potentially life-threatening -RRB- .	pulmonary aspiration	What is it called when someone dies from inhaling vomit ?
A BAC from 0.35 % to 0.80 % causes a coma -LRB- unconsciousness -RRB- , life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning .	fatal alcohol poisoning	What could be caused by a 0.80 % Blood alcohol content in a human ?
Beer is sold in bottles and cans ; it may also be available on draught , particularly in pubs and bars .	bottles and cans	What types of containers is beer generally sold in ?
Beer is sold in bottles and cans ; it may also be available on draught , particularly in pubs and bars .	draught	In addition to bottles and cans , How is beer often sold in bars ?
The strength of beer is usually around 4 % to 6 % alcohol by volume -LRB- abv -RRB- , although it may vary between 0.5 % and 20 % , with some breweries creating examples of 40 % abv and above .	around 4% to 6%	In general , what is usually the alcohol content in most beer ?
Beer forms part of the culture of beer-drinking nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals , as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling , and pub games such as bar billiards .	beer festivals,	What festivals are a social tradition in many beer drinking countries ?
Beer forms part of the culture of beer-drinking nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals , as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling , and pub games such as bar billiards .	bar billiards	What is a pub game that is popular in many beer drinking nations ?
Beer is composed mostly of water .	water	What is the main ingredient in beer ?
For example , Dublin has hard water well-suited to making stout , such as Guinness ; while the Plzeň Region has soft water well-suited to making Pilsner -LRB- pale lager -RRB- , such as Pilsner Urquell .	hard water	What type of water is good for making stout beer , like Guinness ?
For example , Dublin has hard water well-suited to making stout , such as Guinness ; while the Plzeň Region has soft water well-suited to making Pilsner -LRB- pale lager -RRB- , such as Pilsner Urquell .	soft water	What type of water is best for making pale lager ?
The waters of Burton in England contain gypsum , which benefits making pale ale to such a degree that brewers of pale ales will add gypsum to the local water in a process known as Burtonisation .	Burtonisation	What is the process called when gypsum is added to water ?
The waters of Burton in England contain gypsum , which benefits making pale ale to such a degree that brewers of pale ales will add gypsum to the local water in a process known as Burtonisation .	pale ale	What type of beer benefits most from water that contains gypsum ?
In 1516 , William IV , Duke of Bavaria , adopted the Reinheitsgebot -LRB- purity law -RRB- , perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century , according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water , hops and barley-malt .	1516	In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer ?
In 1516 , William IV , Duke of Bavaria , adopted the Reinheitsgebot -LRB- purity law -RRB- , perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century , according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water , hops and barley-malt .	Duke of Bavaria	What was the title of William IV in 1516 ?
In 1516 , William IV , Duke of Bavaria , adopted the Reinheitsgebot -LRB- purity law -RRB- , perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century , according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water , hops and barley-malt .	Reinheitsgebot	What was the name of the purity law that regulated beer in 1516 , and is still in use today ?
In 1516 , William IV , Duke of Bavaria , adopted the Reinheitsgebot -LRB- purity law -RRB- , perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century , according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water , hops and barley-malt .	barley-malt	Aside from water and hops , what is the only other ingredient allowed in beer ?
In 1516 , William IV , Duke of Bavaria , adopted the Reinheitsgebot -LRB- purity law -RRB- , perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century , according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water , hops and barley-malt .	William IV	Who was the Duke of Bavaria in 1516 ?
Hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt ; the bitterness of beers is measured on the International Bitterness Units scale .	Hops	What is the main cause for the bitterness in beer ?
Hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt ; the bitterness of beers is measured on the International Bitterness Units scale .	malt	What is the main goals for the sweetness of beer ?
Hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt ; the bitterness of beers is measured on the International Bitterness Units scale .	the International Bitterness Units scale	How is the bitterness in most beers generally measured ?
The acidity of hops is a preservative .	hops	The acidity of what ingredient acts as a preservative in beer ?
Hops have an antibiotic effect that favours the activity of brewer 's yeast over less desirable microorganisms and aids in `` head retention '' , the length of time that a foamy head created by carbonation will last .	head retention	What do you call the length of time that foam is on top of beer because of carbonation ?
The first step , where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source -LRB- normally malted barley -RRB- with hot water , is known as `` mashing '' .	mashing	What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water ?
Hot water -LRB- known as `` liquor '' in brewing terms -RRB- is mixed with crushed malt or malts -LRB- known as `` grist '' -RRB- in a mash tun .	liquor	How is hot water referred to by brewers ?
The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours , during which the starches are converted to sugars , and then the sweet wort is drained off the grains .	1 to 2 hours	How long does the mashing step in the brewing process last ?
The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours , during which the starches are converted to sugars , and then the sweet wort is drained off the grains .	sugars	In brewing , what do starches become during the mashing process ?
The traditional process for wort separation is lautering , in which the grain bed itself serves as the filter medium .	wort separation	What is it called when used grain is separated in the brewing process ?
The basic ingredients of beer are water ; a starch source , such as malted barley , able to be saccharified -LRB- converted to sugars -RRB- then fermented -LRB- converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide -RRB- ; a brewer 's yeast to produce the fermentation ; and a flavouring such as hops .	yeast	What causes fermentation during the brewing process when making a beer ?
The basic ingredients of beer are water ; a starch source , such as malted barley , able to be saccharified -LRB- converted to sugars -RRB- then fermented -LRB- converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide -RRB- ; a brewer 's yeast to produce the fermentation ; and a flavouring such as hops .	hops	Which ingredient gives beer its flavor ?
Less widely used starch sources include millet , sorghum and cassava root in Africa , and potato in Brazil , and agave in Mexico , among others .	potato	What vegetable is sometimes used as a grain source for beer in Brazil ?
Less widely used starch sources include millet , sorghum and cassava root in Africa , and potato in Brazil , and agave in Mexico , among others .	agave	What is a popular grain source for brewing beer in Mexico ?
The amount of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill .	the grain bill	In a recipe , what would you call the list of each source of starch in beer ?
The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder , also known as Adalard of Corbie , though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century .	822 AD	In what year were hops first known to be used in beer ?
The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder , also known as Adalard of Corbie , though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century .	Adalard of Corbie	What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD ?
The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder , also known as Adalard of Corbie , though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century .	the thirteenth century	In which century were hops first widely cultivated for making beer ?
Before the thirteenth century , and until the sixteenth century , during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring , beer was flavoured with other plants ; for instance , grains of paradise or alehoof .	the sixteenth century	In which century did hops become the most popular flavoring for beer ?
Combinations of various aromatic herbs , berries , and even ingredients like wormwood would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used .	gruit	What would you call a mixture of ingredients used for brewing before the 16th century ?
The name Porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer popular with the street and river porters of London .	1721	In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer ?
This same beer later also became known as stout , though the word stout had been used as early as 1677 .	1677	In what year was the name stout first used to describe a dark beer ?
Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley , and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast .	Stout and porter	What do you call a dark beer that is brewed with roasted malts or barley ?
Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley , and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast .	slow fermenting yeast	What type of yeast is used to make stout and porter beers ?
The name Porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer popular with the street and river porters of London .	London	In what country was Porter beer popular in 1721 ?
In Sweden in 2001 , 63.9 % of beer was sold in cans .	63.9%	What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001 ?
A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the ` full aperture ' can , so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process , turning the can into a drinking cup .	Crown Holdings	What company first created the full aperture can for beer ?
A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the ` full aperture ' can , so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process , turning the can into a drinking cup .	2010	In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer ?
Cans protect the beer from light -LRB- thereby preventing `` skunked '' beer -RRB- and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles .	"skunked" beer	What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can ?
Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer , then became commonly associated with less expensive , mass-produced beers , even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles .	quality	What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer ?
The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbräu 's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5 % .	57,5%	How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57 ?
It was preceded by The End of History , a 55 % Belgian ale , made by BrewDog in 2010 .	55%	How much alcohol was in The End of History beer ?
It was preceded by The End of History , a 55 % Belgian ale , made by BrewDog in 2010 .	BrewDog	What company made The End of History beer in 2010 ?
Each of these beers are made using the eisbock method of fractional freezing , in which a strong ale is partially frozen and the ice is repeatedly removed , until the desired strength is reached , a process that may class the product as spirits rather than beer .	fractional freezing	What is a strong ale called when it is frozen partially , and then the ice is removed again and again ?
, a 41 % abv IPA , and Tactical Nuclear Penguin , a 32 % abv Imperial stout .	41%	How much alcohol was contained in the beer Sink The Bismarck ?
Glass bottles are always used for bottle conditioned beers .	Glass bottles	What kind of containers are used for bottle conditioned beers ?
However , bottle conditioned beers retain some yeast -- either by being unfiltered , or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast .	yeast	What do bottle conditioned beers contain that most fears do not ?
However , bottle conditioned beers retain some yeast -- either by being unfiltered , or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast .	yeast	What ingredient is filtered out of most beers when it is packaged in bottles and cans ?
It is usually recommended that the beer be poured slowly , leaving any yeast sediment at the bottom of the bottle .	slowly	What are the recommendations for pouring bottle conditioned beers ?
However , some drinkers prefer to pour in the yeast ; this practice is customary with wheat beers .	wheat beers	What type of bottle conditioned beer is customarily poured with the yeast in it ?
It is considered that overeating and lack of muscle tone is the main cause of a beer belly , rather than beer consumption .	overeating	In addition to a lack of muscle tone , what is believed to be the main cause of the beer belly ?
A 2004 study , however , found a link between binge drinking and a beer belly .	beer belly	What condition was attributed to binge drinking in a 2004 study ?
Several diet books quote beer as having an undesirably high glycemic index of 110 , the same as maltose ; however , the maltose in beer undergoes metabolism by yeast during fermentation so that beer consists mostly of water , hop oils and only trace amounts of sugars , including maltose .	110	What is believed to be the glycemic index in beer ?
Several diet books quote beer as having an undesirably high glycemic index of 110 , the same as maltose ; however , the maltose in beer undergoes metabolism by yeast during fermentation so that beer consists mostly of water , hop oils and only trace amounts of sugars , including maltose .	110	What is the glycemic index in maltose ?
In Africa , there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet , such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia .	sorghum or millet	What type of starch is used to make the beer Oshikundu ?
In Africa , there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet , such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia .	Namibia	In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced ?
In Africa , there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet , such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia .	Ethiopia	In what country is the beer Tella produced ?
Kyrgyzstan also has a beer made from millet ; it is a low alcohol , somewhat porridge-like drink called `` Bozo '' .	Bozo	What is the name of the millet based porridge like beer made in Kyrgystan ?
Further east in China are found Huangjiu and Choujiu -- traditional rice-based beverages related to beer .	Choujiu	What is a beer-like beverage in China that is made with rice ?
The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500 -- 3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran .	circa 3500–3100 BC	When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced ?
The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500 -- 3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran .	Iran	In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found ?
The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500 -- 3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran .	Iran	What country are the Zargos Mountains located in ?
The Ebla tablets , discovered in 1974 in Ebla , Syria , show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC .	1974	What year were the elbow tablet first discovered ?
Unlike sake , mould was not used to saccharify the rice -LRB- amylolytic fermentation -RRB- ; the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by mastication or malting .	mould	What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake ?
The sweet wort collected from sparging is put into a kettle , or `` copper '' -LRB- so called because these vessels were traditionally made from copper -RRB- , and boiled , usually for about one hour .	copper	What is a kettle called that is used to boil sweet wort after sparging ?
The sweet wort collected from sparging is put into a kettle , or `` copper '' -LRB- so called because these vessels were traditionally made from copper -RRB- , and boiled , usually for about one hour .	about one hour	How long is sweet wort boiled for after sparging ?
Boiling also destroys any remaining enzymes left over from the mashing stage .	enzymes	What does boiling sweet wort destroy ?
The longer the hops are boiled , the more bitterness they contribute , but the less hop flavour and aroma remains in the beer .	bitterness	What affect do hops have in brewing when they brew for a long time ?
The most common starch source used in beer is malted grain .	malted grain	What is generally used as starch in most beer ?
Grain is malted by soaking it in water , allowing it to begin germination , and then drying the partially germinated grain in a kiln .	by soaking it in water	How does grain become malted ?
Grain is malted by soaking it in water , allowing it to begin germination , and then drying the partially germinated grain in a kiln .	a kiln	What kind of container is partially germinated grain dried in ?
Grain is malted by soaking it in water , allowing it to begin germination , and then drying the partially germinated grain in a kiln .	germination	What happens to grain when it is soaked in water ?
Malting grain produces enzymes that convert starches in the grain into fermentable sugars .	fermentable sugars	What does a grains starch become after an is malted ?
More than 133 billion litres -LRB- 35 billion gallons -RRB- are sold per year -- producing total global revenues of $ 294.5 billion -LRB- # 147.7 billion -RRB- in 2006 .	More than 133 billion	How many liters of beer are bought and sold every year ?
More than 133 billion litres -LRB- 35 billion gallons -RRB- are sold per year -- producing total global revenues of $ 294.5 billion -LRB- # 147.7 billion -RRB- in 2006 .	$294.5 billion	How much revenue did beer bring in in 2006 ?
In 2002 South African Breweries bought the North American Miller Brewing Company to found SABMiller , becoming the second largest brewery , after North American Anheuser-Bush .	2002	What year was the brewing Company SABMiller founded ?
In 2008 , InBev -LRB- the second-largest -RRB- bought Anheuser-Busch -LRB- the third largest -RRB- , the new Anheuser-Busch InBev company became again the largest brewer in the world .	InBev	What company acquired the Anheuser-Busch brewing Company in 2008 ?
As of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- AB InBev is the largest brewery , with SABMiller second , and Heineken International third .	AB InBev	What was the largest brewing company in the world in 2015 ?
Beer ranges from less than 3 % alcohol by volume -LRB- abv -RRB- to around 14 % abv , though this strength can be increased to around 20 % by re-pitching with champagne yeast , and to 55 % abv by the freeze-distilling process .	alcohol by volume	What does abv stand for ?
Beer ranges from less than 3 % alcohol by volume -LRB- abv -RRB- to around 14 % abv , though this strength can be increased to around 20 % by re-pitching with champagne yeast , and to 55 % abv by the freeze-distilling process .	freeze-distilling	What process can cause beer to have a 55 % abv ?
The pale lagers that most consumers are familiar with fall in the range of 4 -- 6 % , with a typical abv of 5 % .	5%	What is the typical alcohol content of a pale logger ?
Some beers , such as table beer are of such low alcohol content -LRB- 1 % -- 4 % -RRB- that they are served instead of soft drinks in some schools .	table beer	What type of low alcohol beer is sometimes served in school ?
Beer ranges from less than 3 % alcohol by volume -LRB- abv -RRB- to around 14 % abv , though this strength can be increased to around 20 % by re-pitching with champagne yeast , and to 55 % abv by the freeze-distilling process .	around 20%	What percentage of alcohol by volume does beer achieve when it is re-pitched with champagne yeast ?
Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking , such as playing cards , darts , or other pub games ; attending beer festivals ; engaging in zythology -LRB- the study of beer -RRB- ; visiting a series of pubs in one evening ; visiting breweries ; beer-oriented tourism ; or rating beer .	zythology	What is the term used for the study of beer ?
A relatively new profession is that of the beer sommelier , who informs restaurant patrons about beers and food pairings .	beer sommelier	What is a professional called at a restaurant who advises customers about beer and food pairs ?
Drinking games , such as beer pong , are also popular .	beer pong	What is a popular drinking game where beer is often considered ?
In many societies , beer is the most popular alcoholic drink .	beer	What is the most popular alcoholic drink in most societies ?
Beer is the world 's most widely consumed and likely the oldest alcoholic beverage ; it is the third most popular drink overall , after water and tea .	Beer	What is most popular alcoholic drink in the world ?
Beer is the world 's most widely consumed and likely the oldest alcoholic beverage ; it is the third most popular drink overall , after water and tea .	Beer	What is believed to be the oldest alcoholic drinking the world ?
The production of beer is called brewing , which involves the fermentation of starches , mainly derived from cereal grains -- most commonly malted barley , although wheat , maize -LRB- corn -RRB- , and rice are widely used .	brewing	What is the term used to describe the making beer ?
The fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect which is often removed during processing , and replaced with forced carbonation .	fermentation	What brewing process naturally carbonates beer ?
Some of humanity 's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer : the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours , and `` The Hymn to Ninkasi '' , a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer , served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people .	The Hymn to Ninkasi	What prayer did people use in Mesopotamia to remember a beer recipe ?
What they did not contain was hops , as that was a later addition , first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen .	822	What year were hops first believed to be added to beer ?
What they did not contain was hops , as that was a later addition , first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen .	Europe	On what continent were hops first added to beer ?
What they did not contain was hops , as that was a later addition , first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen .	hops	What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 822 ?
What they did not contain was hops , as that was a later addition , first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen .	Abbess Hildegard	Who was believed to have added hops to beer in 1067 ?
What they did not contain was hops , as that was a later addition , first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen .	Bingen	Where did Abbess Hildegard live ?
The word ale comes from Old English ealu -LRB- plural ealoþ -RRB- , in turn from Proto-Germanic * alu -LRB- plural * aluþ -RRB- , ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European base * h ₂ elut - , which holds connotations of `` sorcery , magic , possession , intoxication '' .	Old English ealu	What is the origin of the word ale ?
The word beer comes from Old English bēor , from Proto-Germanic * beuzą , probably from Proto-Indo-European * bʰeusóm , originally `` brewer 's yeast , beer dregs '' , although other theories have been provided connecting the word with Old English bēow , `` barley '' , or Latin bibere , `` to drink '' .	Old English bēor	What is the origin of the word beer ?
The word beer comes from Old English bēor , from Proto-Germanic * beuzą , probably from Proto-Indo-European * bʰeusóm , originally `` brewer 's yeast , beer dregs '' , although other theories have been provided connecting the word with Old English bēow , `` barley '' , or Latin bibere , `` to drink '' .	bibere	What word means to drink in Latin ?
On the currency of two words for the same thing in the Germanic languages , the 12th-century Old Icelandic poem Alvíssmál says , `` Ale it is called among men , but among the gods , beer . ''	Alvíssmál	What 12th century poet once wrote `` Ale it is called among men , but among the gods , beer . '' ?
Vetter 33 , a 10.5 % abv -LRB- 33 degrees Plato , hence Vetter `` 33 '' -RRB- doppelbock , was listed in the 1994 Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest beer at that time , though Samichlaus , by the Swiss brewer Hürlimann , had also been listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest at 14 % abv .	10.5%	How much alcohol is contained in the beer Vetter 33 ?
Vetter 33 , a 10.5 % abv -LRB- 33 degrees Plato , hence Vetter `` 33 '' -RRB- doppelbock , was listed in the 1994 Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest beer at that time , though Samichlaus , by the Swiss brewer Hürlimann , had also been listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest at 14 % abv .	Vetter 33	What was the strongest beer in 1994 according to the Guinness Book of World Records ?
Samuel Adams reached 20 % abv with Millennium , and then surpassed that amount to 25.6 % abv with Utopias .	Samuel Adams	What brewing company produced the beer Millennium ?
In September 2011 , the Scottish brewery BrewDog produced Ghost Deer , which , at 28 % , they claim to be the world 's strongest beer produced by fermentation alone .	2011	What year did the brewing company BrewDog start producing a beer called Ghost Deer ?
Since then , some brewers have used champagne yeasts to increase the alcohol content of their beers .	champagne yeasts	What do brewing companies sometimes use to give more alcohol content to their beer ?
Draught beer 's environmental impact can be 68 % lower than bottled beer due to packaging differences .	Draught beer's	What beer is better for the environment than bottled beer ?
A life cycle study of one beer brand , including grain production , brewing , bottling , distribution and waste management , shows that the CO2 emissions from a 6-pack of micro-brew beer is about 3 kilograms -LRB- 6.6 pounds -RRB- .	6.6	How many pounds of CO2 emissions are attributed to just one sixpack of microbrew ?
Where legal , the use of a refillable jug , reusable bottle or other reusable containers to transport draught beer from a store or a bar , rather than buying pre-bottled beer , can reduce the environmental impact of beer consumption .	a refillable jug	What type of container can be used to transport draft beer , and is better for the environment that a bottle ?
The loss of natural habitat potential from the 6-pack of micro-brew beer is estimated to be 2.5 square meters -LRB- 26 square feet -RRB- .	2.5 square meters	How much habitat is damaged from just one sixpack of microbrew ?
The loss of natural habitat potential from the 6-pack of micro-brew beer is estimated to be 2.5 square meters -LRB- 26 square feet -RRB- .	26	How many square feet is 2.5 square meters ?
Drinking chilled beer began with the development of artificial refrigeration and by the 1870s , was spread in those countries that concentrated on brewing pale lager .	artificial refrigeration	What technology support the drinking of chilled beer ?
Chilling beer makes it more refreshing , though below 15.5 °C the chilling starts to reduce taste awareness and reduces it significantly below 10 °C -LRB- 50 °F -RRB- .	below 15.5 °C	At what cool temperature is a beers flavor reduced ?
Beer served unchilled -- either cool or at room temperature , reveal more of their flavours .	unchilled	When is a beer at its most flavorful ?
Cask Marque , a non-profit UK beer organisation , has set a temperature standard range of 12 ° -- 14 °C -LRB- 53 ° -- 57 °F -RRB- for cask ales to be served .	UK	What country is the organisation Cask Marque located ?
Drinking chilled beer began with the development of artificial refrigeration and by the 1870s , was spread in those countries that concentrated on brewing pale lager .	the 1870s	In what decade did drinking chilled pale lager become popular ?
The main active ingredient of beer is alcohol , and therefore , the health effects of alcohol apply to beer .	alcohol	What is beers primary active ingredient ?
The long term health effects of continuous , moderate or heavy alcohol consumption include the risk of developing alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease .	alcoholic liver disease	What disease can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption ?
Alcoholism often reduces a person 's life expectancy by around ten years .	around ten	How many years are removed from an alcoholic 's life expectancy ?
Alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States .	Alcohol	What is the third leading cause of premature dying in the US ?
A total of 3.3 million deaths -LRB- 5.9 % of all deaths -RRB- are believed to be due to alcohol .	3.3 million	How many deaths are believed to have been caused by alcohol ?
A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants , who wanted to drink more as a result .	dopamine	What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males ?
A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants , who wanted to drink more as a result .	2013	What year did the Neuropsychopharmacology journal publist a study about the effect on the brain of beers flavor ?
Compared with the taste of the sports drink , the taste of beer significantly increased the participants desire to drink .	beer	What taste could significantly impact a man 's desire to drink ?
The 49 men in the study were subject to positron emission tomography scans , while a computer-controlled device sprayed minute amounts of beer , water and a sports drink onto their tongues .	49	How many men were studied for tests on the flavor of beer in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 ?
Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the `` Mulatto '' classification .	Mulatto	What word was dropped as a racial classification in this year 's census ?
A person with both white and black ancestry -LRB- termed `` blood '' -RRB- was to be recorded as `` Negro , '' no matter the fraction of that lineage -LRB- the `` one-drop rule '' -RRB- .	Negro	What were people that had black and white ancestor classified as in this census ?
A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as `` Neg '' -LRB- for `` Negro '' -RRB- unless he was considered to be `` predominantly '' American Indian and accepted as such within the community .	Neg	How were people with both black and American Indian ancestry recorded in this census ?
A person with both white and black ancestry -LRB- termed `` blood '' -RRB- was to be recorded as `` Negro , '' no matter the fraction of that lineage -LRB- the `` one-drop rule '' -RRB- .	one-drop rule	What is it called when a mixed race person in recorded as negro in this census , even if only a fraction of their ancestry is black ?
Persons who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father .	their father	Which parent was the deciding factor for how interracial persons were recorded in this census ?
Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 in several other ways than previously .	2000	In what year were census respondents first able to select more than one race ?
Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races .	nearly seven million	How many American reported being of more than one race in the Census 2000 ?
Most significantly , respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities .	one or more	How many race categories were respondents able to select in the Census 2000 ?
Because of these changes , the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses .	1990	What year was the last census before the Census 2000 ?
In September 1997 , during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB directive no. 15 , the American Anthropological Association -LRB- AAA -RRB- recommended that OMB combine the `` race '' and `` ethnicity '' categories into one question to appear as `` race/ethnicity '' for the 2000 US Census .	the American Anthropological Association	What organization recommended that race and ethnicity categories be combined into one question for the 2000 US census ?
In September 1997 , during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB directive no. 15 , the American Anthropological Association -LRB- AAA -RRB- recommended that OMB combine the `` race '' and `` ethnicity '' categories into one question to appear as `` race/ethnicity '' for the 2000 US Census .	1997	In what year are or racial categories first revised for the 2000 U.S. Census ?
In September 1997 , during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB directive no. 15 , the American Anthropological Association -LRB- AAA -RRB- recommended that OMB combine the `` race '' and `` ethnicity '' categories into one question to appear as `` race/ethnicity '' for the 2000 US Census .	OMB directive no. 15	Prior to 1997 , where were racial categories declared for the U.S. Census ?
In September 1997 , during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB directive no. 15 , the American Anthropological Association -LRB- AAA -RRB- recommended that OMB combine the `` race '' and `` ethnicity '' categories into one question to appear as `` race/ethnicity '' for the 2000 US Census .	race/ethnicity	How did racial categories appear in the US 2000 census ?
OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the U.S. Census as not `` scientific or anthropological '' and takes into account `` social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry '' , using `` appropriate scientific methodologies '' that are not `` primarily biological or genetic in reference . ''	OMB	Who defines the concept of race in the United States Census ?
The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups .	national-origin	What do the race categories in the US Census include in addition to race ?
OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the U.S. Census as not `` scientific or anthropological '' and takes into account `` social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry '' , using `` appropriate scientific methodologies '' that are not `` primarily biological or genetic in reference . ''	ancestry	In addition to social and cultural characteristics , what else is taken into account for race classification in the US census ?
Thus , in addition to their race or races , all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories , which are `` Hispanic or Latino '' and `` Not Hispanic or Latino '' .	two	How many ethnic categories are there in the US census ?
Thus , in addition to their race or races , all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories , which are `` Hispanic or Latino '' and `` Not Hispanic or Latino '' .	Not Hispanic or Latino	In addition to Hispanic and Latino , what other ethnic category is included in the United States Census ?
However , the practice of separating `` race '' and `` ethnicity '' as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of U.S. Commission on Civil Rights .	the American Anthropological Association	What association criticized the separation of race and ethnicity in the UScensus ?
However , the practice of separating `` race '' and `` ethnicity '' as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of U.S. Commission on Civil Rights .	U.S. Commission on Civil Rights	Members of what commission criticized the separation of race and ethnic city on the US Census ?
Thus , in addition to their race or races , all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories , which are `` Hispanic or Latino '' and `` Not Hispanic or Latino '' .	Hispanic or Latino	In ethnic classification for the U.S. Census , What option do respondents have other than not Hispanic or Latino ?
President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a `` good neighbor '' policy that sought better relations with Mexico .	Mexico	What country did President Frankiln Roosevelt have a good neighbor policy for in hopes of a better relationship ?
In 1935 a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white , as required by federal law .	1935	In what year did a federal judge say that three immigrants from Mexico were not eligible to be citizens because of their race ?
Mexico protested , and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white .	Roosevelt	What US President wanted to treat Hispanic people as white by the federal government ?
The State Department , the Census Bureau , the Labor Department , and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white .	Mexican	People of what descent were classified as white by the federal government at the suggestion of President Roosevelt ?
In 1935 a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white , as required by federal law .	white	In 1935 , what race was a person required to be to become a United States citizen ?
In 1997 , OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity .	OMB	Who decided on the standards for the classification of race and ethnicity and federal data ?
In 1997 , OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity .	1997	In what year did OMB revise the standards for race and ethnicity classifications ?
OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide `` consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the Federal Government .	consistent data	What did OMB hope to provide with their revision on race and ethnicity in 1997 ?
Among the changes , OMB issued the instruction to `` mark one or more races '' after noting evidence of increasing numbers of interracial children and wanting to capture the diversity in a measurable way and having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge their or their children 's full ancestry rather than identifying with only one group .	one or more	How many races were people asked to mark on the US Census after OMB revised their standards in 1997 ?
Prior to this decision , the Census and other government data collections asked people to report only one race .	one	How many races were people asked to report in the US census prior to 1997 ?
The 1850 census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected .	1850	In what year were free persons first listed individually in the US census ?
For the first time , free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household .	by head of household	How were free persons listed in the US census prior to 1850 ?
The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person was white , marked `` B '' if a person was black , and marked `` M '' if a person was mulatto .	B	In the 1850 US census , what was put into the color column for black persons ?
The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person was white , marked `` B '' if a person was black , and marked `` M '' if a person was mulatto .	mulatto	If M was marked in the color column for a person in the 1850 census , How were they classified ?
Slaves were listed by owner , and classified by gender and age , not individually , and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a `` B '' if the slave was black and an `` M '' if mulatto .	by owner	How were slaves listed in the 1850 US census ?
Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey , `` Some other race '' is not an official race , and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census .	Some other race	What race selection did the census bureau consider getting rid of before the 2000 census ?
As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled `` Ancestry '' found in prior censuses , there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans , Turkish Americans , Armenian Americans , Arab Americans and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question , specifically the `` Some other race '' category .	2010	In what year did the ancestery question stop appearing in the US census ?
As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled `` Ancestry '' found in prior censuses , there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans , Turkish Americans , Armenian Americans , Arab Americans and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question , specifically the `` Some other race '' category .	Some other race	There were campaigns to try to get minorities to use what race category into 2010 census ?
Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey , `` Some other race '' is not an official race , and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census .	the American Community Survey	In addition to the Census , where else is the `` some other race '' selection an option ?
`` Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes -LRB- i.e. , enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act ; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act -RRB- .	the Voting Rights Act	What act has rules and regulations for bilingual election ?
Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements -LRB- i.e. , identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act ; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act -RRB- . ''	the Community Reinvestment Act	What act has rules and regulations for meeting the credit needs of minority populations ?
`` Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes -LRB- i.e. , enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act ; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act -RRB- .	the Civil Rights Act	What act has laws about equal employment opportunities for ethnic groups ?
For 1890 , the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire .	1890	In what year was the term race first used in the U.S. Census ?
Residents were still listed individually , but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family .	for each family	How often was a new questionnaire sheet used in the 1890 census ?
Residents were still listed individually , but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family .	individually	How were residents listed in the census in 1890 ?
Additionally , this was the first year that the census distinguished between different East Asian races , such as Japanese and Chinese , due to increased immigration .	increased immigration	Why were different East Asian races divided in 1890 Census ?
The federal government of the United States has mandated that `` in data collection and presentation , federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities : ` Hispanic or Latino ' and ` Not Hispanic or Latino ' . ''	a minimum of two	How many ethnicities or federal agencies required to use in data collection ?
The Census Bureau defines `` Hispanic or Latino '' as `` a person of Cuban , Mexican , Puerto Rican , South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race . ''	Hispanic or Latino	How would a person of Cuban origin be listed by the US Census Bureau ?
The federal government of the United States has mandated that `` in data collection and presentation , federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities : ` Hispanic or Latino ' and ` Not Hispanic or Latino ' . ''	Not Hispanic or Latino	Aside from Hispanic or Latino , what other ethnicity are federal agencies required to use ?
The federal government of the United States has mandated that `` in data collection and presentation , federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities : ` Hispanic or Latino ' and ` Not Hispanic or Latino ' . ''	Hispanic or Latino	In which ethnic category would a person of Mexican origin be listed by the US Census Bureau ?
The federal government of the United States has mandated that `` in data collection and presentation , federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities : ` Hispanic or Latino ' and ` Not Hispanic or Latino ' . ''	Hispanic or Latino	In what ethnic category would a person from Puerto Rico to be listed in the United States Census ?
Unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values .	a decimal system of values	What is the US dollar based upon ?
In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a dollar -LRB- symbol -RRB- , cent or one-hundredth of a dollar -LRB- symbol cents -RRB- , dime or one-tenth of a dollar , and eagle or ten dollars , with prescribed weights and composition of gold , silver , or copper for each .	one-tenth of a dollar	How much monetary value does a dime hold ?
It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union , but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $ 50 half union exist .	one hundred dollars	How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1800s ?
In the past , `` paper money '' was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar -LRB- fractional currency -RRB- and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $ 20 -LRB- known as the `` double eagle '' , discontinued in the 1930s -RRB- .	$20	What was the maximum value a gold coin used to be able to have ?
The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars , and subsequently was used in naming gold coins .	Coinage Act of 1792	In what legislation was the term `` eagle '' used ?
The symbol $ , usually written before the numerical amount , is used for the U.S. dollar -LRB- as well as for many other currencies -RRB- .	$	Which symbol is used to represent the dollar ?
The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation `` ps '' for the peso , the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries .	ps	What abbreviation was the dollar sign based off of ?
The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation `` ps '' for the peso , the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries .	peso	What was the common name for the Spanish dollar ?
The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation `` ps '' for the peso , the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries .	19th	Which century signalled the end of the Spanish dollar ?
These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America , namely in Mexico City , Potosí , Bolivia ; and Lima , Peru .	Spanish America	In which region of the world were the Spanish pesos minted ?
Though still predominantly green , post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations .	green	What color was predominantly used ?
As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note , except the $ 1 and the version of the $ 100 bill already in process .	American Council of the Blind	Which organization filed an accessibility lawsuit ?
As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note , except the $ 1 and the version of the $ 100 bill already in process .	$1	Other than the $ 100 bill , which other note is not going to be redesigned ?
It also plans larger , higher-contrast numerals , more color differences , and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period .	visually impaired	Who are currency readers meant to assist ?
As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note , except the $ 1 and the version of the $ 100 bill already in process .	Bureau of Engraving and Printing	The redesign of notes is being planned by which organization ?
The Constitution of the United States of America provides that the United States Congress has the power `` To coin money '' .	United States Congress	Who has the power `` to coin money '' ?
Section 5112 prescribes the forms , in which the United States dollars should be issued .	5112	Which section indicates the methods in which the dollar should be issued ?
These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as `` legal tender '' in payment of debts .	payment of debts	Coins are considered legal tender for which kind of transaction ?
The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar .	Sacagawea dollar	What is an example of a copper alloy dollar ?
The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle .	American Silver Eagle	What is the pure silver dollar referred to as ?
In the 16th century , Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers -LRB- from German thal , or nowadays usually Tal , `` valley '' , cognate with `` dale '' in English -RRB- , named for Joachimstal , the valley where the silver was mined -LRB- St. Joachim 's Valley , now Jáchymov ; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia , now part of the Czech Republic -RRB- .	Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia	Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers ?
In the 16th century , Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers -LRB- from German thal , or nowadays usually Tal , `` valley '' , cognate with `` dale '' in English -RRB- , named for Joachimstal , the valley where the silver was mined -LRB- St. Joachim 's Valley , now Jáchymov ; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia , now part of the Czech Republic -RRB- .	Jáchymov	What is the modern name for St. Joachim 's Valley ?
In the 16th century , Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers -LRB- from German thal , or nowadays usually Tal , `` valley '' , cognate with `` dale '' in English -RRB- , named for Joachimstal , the valley where the silver was mined -LRB- St. Joachim 's Valley , now Jáchymov ; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia , now part of the Czech Republic -RRB- .	silver	What were the Joachimstalers composed of ?
Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler , a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler , Norwegian as dalar and daler , Dutch as daler or daalder , Ethiopian as ታላሪ -LRB- talari -RRB- , Hungarian as tallér , Italian as tallero , and English as dollar .	tallero	How did the word `` taler '' translate into Italian ?
Alternatively , thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen -LRB- `` great guilder '' , being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder -RRB- , minted from the silver from Joachimsthal .	Guldengroschen	Other than `` taler '' , what is the other name of the German coin ?
The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents , as is the custom now ; although today , by law , only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency .	deceased	What condition does a person have to meet to be allowed by law on a coin ?
In fact , the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency , a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs .	European monarchs	Having portraits of leaders on coins was compared to who 's policies ?
The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century ; before that `` heads '' side of coinage used profile faces and striding , seated , and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans .	20th century	When did modern day currency start getting the faces that they have ?
The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century ; before that `` heads '' side of coinage used profile faces and striding , seated , and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans .	composite Native Americans	Other than Greek and Roman mythology , who else was featured on the `` heads '' side of past coins ?
The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime -LRB- 1946 -RRB- and the Dollar -LRB- 1971 -RRB- .	Dollar	What was the last coin to be converted to the modern day style of having historic Americans on the face ?
The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788 .	1777	Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of precious metals ?
In 1862 , paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals , due to the Civil War .	Civil War	What was the first war that caused paper money to be issued ?
This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812 .	War of 1812	Which other war also caused a disconnect between paper money and precious metals ?
With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited , the continentals quickly lost their value , giving rise to the phrase `` not worth a continental '' .	"not worth a continental"	The quick loss in value of paper money resulted in which phrase being hear ?
This was a primary reason for the `` No state shall ... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts '' clause in article 1 , section 10 of the United States Constitution .	article 1	The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the US Constitution ?
In February 2007 , the U.S. Mint , under the Presidential $ 1 Coin Act of 2005 , introduced a new $ 1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin .	2007	In which year was the new $ 1 US Presidential coin introduced ?
The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty .	Statue of Liberty	What does the reverse side of the new coins feature ?
To allow for larger , more detailed portraits , the traditional inscriptions of `` E Pluribus Unum '' , `` In God We Trust '' , the year of minting or issuance , and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face .	E Pluribus Unum	What is the official version of `` In God We Trust '' printed on the coins ?
The inscription `` Liberty '' has been eliminated , with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement .	"Liberty"	Which inscription was eliminated due to the Statue of Liberty being added to the coin ?
Another unusual fact about the new $ 1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with his portrait issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms .	Grover Cleveland	Which President will have two coins with his portrait on it ?
When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase , it credits the seller 's reserve account -LRB- with the Federal Reserve -RRB- .	Federal Reserve	Who can create `` new high-powered money '' ?
To fulfill those requests , the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department .	U.S. Treasury Department	Who does the Federal Reserve have to place an order with for printed money ?
The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing -LRB- to print new dollar bills -RRB- and the Bureau of the Mint -LRB- to stamp the coins -RRB- .	Bureau of the Mint	Which organization stamps coins ?
The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing -LRB- to print new dollar bills -RRB- and the Bureau of the Mint -LRB- to stamp the coins -RRB- .	Engraving and Printing	Which Bureau prints new dollars ?
Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve .	Commercial banks	Who can freely withdraw from their reserve accounts at the Federal Reserve ?
The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime , especially during the American Civil War , World War I , and World War II .	wartime	During which times does the value of the dollar typically decline ?
The Federal Reserve , which was established in 1913 , was designed to furnish an `` elastic '' currency subject to `` substantial changes of quantity over short periods '' , which differed significantly from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold , national bank notes , and silver coins .	1913	When was the Federal Reserve established ?
The Federal Reserve , which was established in 1913 , was designed to furnish an `` elastic '' currency subject to `` substantial changes of quantity over short periods '' , which differed significantly from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold , national bank notes , and silver coins .	an "elastic" currency	What was the Federal Reserve designed to furnish ?
Over the very long run , the prior gold standard kept prices stable -- for instance , the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s .	gold standard	What had previously kept prices stable ?
The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability , reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s , before presiding over a 30 % deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s .	30%	How much did the US prices deflate in the 1930s ?
There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation -LRB- which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time -RRB- or low , stable inflation -LRB- which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time , as is the case now -RRB- .	constant value	What would zero inflation mean for the US dollar over time ?
There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation -LRB- which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time -RRB- or low , stable inflation -LRB- which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time , as is the case now -RRB- .	low, stable inflation	What would result in a slow declining of the value of the dollar over time ?
Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar , others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed .	some economists	Who is in favor of a zero inflation policy ?
Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar , others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed .	central bank	A zero inflation policy would limit who 's influence and ability to react ?
Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar , others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed .	stimulate the economy	With a zero inflation rate , what would the central bank be unable to do other than control interest rates ?
In that context , `` dollars '' is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar , a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency , or reales .	the Spanish milled dollar	What is `` dollars '' a reference to ?
In that context , `` dollars '' is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar , a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency , or reales .	8 Spanish units	How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to Spanish units of currency ?
Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins , including `` DOLLARS OR UNITS -- each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current , and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure , or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver '' .	four hundred and sixteen	How many grains of standard silver were meant to be in a single dollar ?
Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins , including `` DOLLARS OR UNITS -- each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current , and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure , or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver '' .	a Spanish milled dollar	How much value was one dollar meant to be equivalent to ?
Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins , including `` DOLLARS OR UNITS -- each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current , and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure , or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver '' .	three hundred and seventy-one	How many grains of pure silver were meant to be in a single dollar ?
A `` grand '' , sometimes shortened to simply `` G '' , is a common term for the amount of $ 1,000 .	"G"	What is a `` grand '' sometimes shortened to ?
A `` large '' or `` stack '' , it is usually a reference to a multiple of $ 1,000 -LRB- such as `` fifty large '' meaning $ 50,000 -RRB- .	"stack"	What is another term other than `` large '' that means a stack of mutiple thousands ?
The $ 100 note is nicknamed `` Benjamin '' , `` Benji '' , `` Ben '' , or `` Franklin '' -LRB- after Benjamin Franklin -RRB- , `` C-note '' -LRB- C being the Roman numeral for 100 -RRB- , `` Century note '' or `` bill '' -LRB- e.g. `` two bills '' being $ 200 -RRB- .	the Roman numeral for 100	What is a `` C-note '' a reference to ?
The $ 50 note is occasionally called a `` yardstick '' or a `` grant '' -LRB- after President Ulysses S. Grant , pictured on the obverse -RRB- .	$50	Which note is occasionally called a `` yardstick '' ?
The newer designs , with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse rather than in cameo insets upon paper color-coded by denomination , are sometimes referred to as `` bigface '' notes or `` Monopoly money '' .	Monopoly money	What is another term for `` bigface '' notes ?
The U.S. dollar was created by the Constitution and defined by the Coinage Act of 1792 .	Coinage Act of 1792	What defined the US dollar ?
It specified a `` dollar '' to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains -LRB- 27.0 g -RRB- of standard silver and an `` eagle '' to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains -LRB- 17 g -RRB- of gold -LRB- again depending on purity -RRB- .	the Spanish milled dollar	What was the dollar based on ?
It specified a `` dollar '' to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains -LRB- 27.0 g -RRB- of standard silver and an `` eagle '' to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains -LRB- 17 g -RRB- of gold -LRB- again depending on purity -RRB- .	17	How many grams of gold roughly were in an eagle ?
The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton 's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars .	Alexander Hamilton	Who made the decision to base the American Unit on the weight on the Spanish dollar ?
A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight , and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar .	377	What was the average weight of a new Spanish dollar in terms of grains ?
The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators .	Proof Sets	What is specifically produced for collectors ?
Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime , quarter , and half dollar containing 90 % silver .	90%	What is the percentage of silver in coins in the Silver Proofs ?
Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997 , the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year 's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins .	1983	When did the Mint being producing proof sets ?
Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $ 1 coins are minted each year featuring a president .	Presidential Dollar Proof Set	Other than the Silver Proof set , what other type of Proof set exists ?
Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins , the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13 , 2011 , by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner .	December 13, 2011	When was the production of Presidential dollar coins suspended ?
The Constitution provides that `` a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time '' .	The Constitution	What dictates that a receipt for expenditures of all public money must be published ?
That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code .	Section 331	Which section specifically states that receipts for public money must be published ?
The sums of money reported in the `` Statements '' are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars -LRB- for example , see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government -RRB- .	U.S. dollars	Which currency are the sums of money in the `` Statements '' displayed in ?
The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States .	U.S. dollar	What is the unit of account of the United States ?
Currently printed denominations are $ 1 , $ 2 , $ 5 , $ 10 , $ 20 , $ 50 , and $ 100 .	$100	What is the highest currently printed denomination of bill ?
Notes above the $ 100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969 .	1946	In which year were notes valued above $ 100 no longer printed ?
Notes above the $ 100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969 .	1969	When were bills above the $ 100 denomination withdrawn from circulation ?
These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime ; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use .	organized crime	What use of higher value bills prompted Nixon to halt the use of said bills ?
These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime ; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use .	an executive order	What was issued to halt the use of higher currency denomations ?
The colloquialism `` buck '' -LRB- s -RRB- -LRB- much like the British word `` quid '' -LRB- s , pl -RRB- for the pound sterling -RRB- is often used to refer to dollars of various nations , including the U.S. dollar .	quid	What is the British equivalent of a `` buck '' ?
This term , dating to the 18th century , may have originated with the colonial leather trade .	18th	In which century can the term `` buck '' be traced back to ?
This term , dating to the 18th century , may have originated with the colonial leather trade .	colonial leather trade	What kind of trade may have been the origin of the `` buck '' ?
`` Greenback '' is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North .	Greenback	What was the nickname given to the Demand Note dollars that were used to finance the Civil War ?
The original note was printed in black and green on the back side .	black	What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note ?
The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold , and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency .	gold	What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to ?
The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold , and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency .	Federal Reserve	Who 's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency ?
The Federal Reserve , however , continued to increase the money supply , resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s .	increase the money supply	What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar ?
This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked -LRB- the Phillips curve -RRB- , and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign .	the Phillips curve	What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked ?
Between 1965 and 1981 , the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value .	two thirds	How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981 ?
The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar , used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries .	Spanish dollar	What was the look of the dollar based on ?
The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar , used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries .	16th	In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America ?
The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint -LRB- founded 1792 -RRB- were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar , minted in Mexico and Peru .	1792	When was the United States Mint founded ?
The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint -LRB- founded 1792 -RRB- were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar , minted in Mexico and Peru .	Peru	Outside of Mexico , where else was the Spanish dollar minted ?
The Spanish , U.S. silver dollars , and later , Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States , and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857 .	1857	When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender ?
The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains -LRB- 1.505 g -RRB- of gold , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $ 20.67 .	Gold Standard Act	What was the name of the act introduced in the year 1900 ?
The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains -LRB- 1.505 g -RRB- of gold , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $ 20.67 .	1.505	How much gold in grams was one dollar equivalent to ?
The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains -LRB- 1.505 g -RRB- of gold , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $ 20.67 .	$20.67	How much was 1 troy ounce of gold worth ?
Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964 , when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters , and the half dollar was reduced to 40 % silver .	1964	Which year brought the end to silver being in dimes and quarters ?
Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt .	Franklin Roosevelt	Which President confiscated gold coins ?
Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks .	Tennessee	Other than Florida , which other state got send error coins ?
Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks .	Philadelphia mint	Where did error coins originate ?
Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years , whereas coins are more permanent .	profit	How much were error coins initially worth for collectors ?
Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to `` heads '' , some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying `` upside down lettering error '' coins .	"upside down lettering error" coins	What were some amateur collectors duped into buying ?
As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes , they commonly accept only $ 1 bills , though a few will give change in dollar coins .	$1 bills	What do vending machines commonly only accept ?
The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to `` borrow money on the credit of the United States '' .	borrow money on the credit of the United States	What power was Congress given by the Constitution ?
Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes .	issue Federal Reserve Notes	What did Congress authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do ?
Those notes are `` obligations of the United States '' and `` shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States , in the city of Washington , District of Columbia , or at any Federal Reserve bank '' .	obligations of the United States	What are the notes issued by the Federal Reserve ?
Those notes are `` obligations of the United States '' and `` shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States , in the city of Washington , District of Columbia , or at any Federal Reserve bank '' .	Washington, District of Columbia	Where , other than any Federal Reserve bank , can notes be redeemed ?
The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s .	Federal Reserve Note	Since the 1970s , what is the only type of note that has remained in circulation ?
Usually , the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target .	achieve a specific short-term interest rate target	What is the short term goal of open market operations ?
For example , in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate , the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight .	federal funds rate	What does the Federal Reserve target ?
For example , in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate , the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight .	the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight	What is the federal funds rate ?
The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include : -LRB- i -RRB- Discount window lending -LRB- as lender of last resort -RRB- ; -LRB- ii -RRB- Fractional deposit lending -LRB- changes in the reserve requirement -RRB- ; -LRB- iii -RRB- Moral suasion -LRB- cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes -RRB- ; -LRB- iv -RRB- `` Open mouth operations '' -LRB- talking monetary policy with the market -RRB- .	Moral suasion	What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as ?
The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include : -LRB- i -RRB- Discount window lending -LRB- as lender of last resort -RRB- ; -LRB- ii -RRB- Fractional deposit lending -LRB- changes in the reserve requirement -RRB- ; -LRB- iii -RRB- Moral suasion -LRB- cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes -RRB- ; -LRB- iv -RRB- `` Open mouth operations '' -LRB- talking monetary policy with the market -RRB- .	talking monetary policy with the market	What does `` open mouth operations '' mean ?
Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II , the value of gold was fixed to $ 35 per ounce , and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold .	after World War II	When was the Bretton Woods system established ?
Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II , the value of gold was fixed to $ 35 per ounce , and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold .	$35 per ounce	What was the fixed value of gold ?
Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II , the value of gold was fixed to $ 35 per ounce , and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold .	the value of gold	What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to ?
Rising government spending in the 1960s , however , led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility , gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold , and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline .	convert dollars to gold	What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar ?
Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold , gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon , resulting in the `` Nixon shock '' .	1971	In which year was gold convertability terminated ?
The U.S. dollar is fiat money .	fiat money	What kind of money is the U.S. dollar ?
Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency .	de facto currency	Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency , how do they use the currency ?
Besides the United States , it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean : the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands .	Turks and Caicos islands	Other than the British Virgin Islands , what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it 's sole currency ?
A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money , while the country mints its own coins , or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars , such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar .	mints its own coins	For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency , what other currency do they make ?
A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money , while the country mints its own coins , or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars , such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar .	Susan B. Anthony dollar	What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries ?
Today , USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper , unlike most common paper , which is made of wood fiber .	cotton fiber paper	What are dollar notes made from now adays ?
Today , USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper , unlike most common paper , which is made of wood fiber .	wood fiber	What is most common paper made of ?
U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and , since 1914 , have been issued by the Federal Reserve .	Federal Reserve	Since 1914 , who issues the dollar banknotes ?
The `` large-sized notes '' issued before 1928 measured 7.42 inches -LRB- 188 mm -RRB- by 3.125 inches -LRB- 79.4 mm -RRB- ; small-sized notes , introduced that year , measure 6.14 inches -LRB- 156 mm -RRB- by 2.61 inches -LRB- 66 mm -RRB- by 0.0043 inches -LRB- 0.11 mm -RRB- .	6.14 inches	How long do the current notes measure ?
From 1792 , when the Mint Act was passed , the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains -LRB- 24.056 g -RRB- of silver .	1792	When was the Mint Act passed ?
From 1792 , when the Mint Act was passed , the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains -LRB- 24.056 g -RRB- of silver .	371.25	How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as ?
This has to do with Alexander Hamilton 's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold , respectively .	Alexander Hamilton	Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed ?
The gold coins that were minted however , were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar .	Congressional standard of the silver dollar	What market value were gold coins traded in relation to ?
1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains -LRB- 1.50 g -RRB- , followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains -LRB- 1.505 g -RRB- in 1837 -LRB- 16:1 ratio -RRB- .	1834	In what year did the shift in gold standard occur ?
Technically , all these coins are still legal tender at face value , though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value , and for gold and silver coins , their precious metal value .	their precious metal value	What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays ?
Technically , all these coins are still legal tender at face value , though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value , and for gold and silver coins , their precious metal value .	their numismatic value	What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for ?
From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content , which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel .	Kennedy half dollar	What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970 ?
From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content , which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel .	cupronickel	What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with ?
In addition , an experimental $ 4.00 -LRB- Stella -RRB- coin was also minted in 1879 , but never placed into circulation , and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination .	$4.00	How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at ?
Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935 ; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size , featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower , was minted from 1971 through 1978 .	1794	When were silver dollars first minted ?
Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935 ; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size , featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower , was minted from 1971 through 1978 .	President Dwight D. Eisenhower	Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar ?
The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979 ; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters , due to their nearly equal size , their milled edge , and their similar color .	Susan B. Anthony dollar	Which coin was introduced in 1979 ?
In 2000 , a new $ 1 coin , featuring Sacagawea , -LRB- the Sacagawea dollar -RRB- was introduced , which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color , without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar .	Sacagawea	What did the new $ 1 coin minted in 2000 feature ?
Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century .	19th	In which century were gold dollars minted ?
The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury , plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks .	The monetary base	What do coins , Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up ?
The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994 , to 800 billion in 2005 , and over 3000 billion in 2013 .	400 billion dollars	What was the monetary base value in 1994 ?
The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994 , to 800 billion in 2005 , and over 3000 billion in 2013 .	over 3000 billion	How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013 ?
If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply , it will buy securities -LRB- such as U.S. Treasury Bonds -RRB- anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars .	securities	What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply ?
Eight times a year , the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy .	Eight	How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet ?
The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation , which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time .	price inflation	What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to ?
The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation , which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time .	price inflation	The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what ?
A consumer price index -LRB- CPI -RRB- is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households .	consumer price index	What does CPI stand for ?
The United States Consumer Price Index , published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States .	Bureau of Labor Statistics	Who publishes the Consumer Price Index ?
The United States Consumer Price Index , published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States .	average price of consumer goods and services in the United States	What does the CPI estimate ?
The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany .	1845	When was the Royal College of Chemistry established ?
As a result of a movement earlier in the decade , many politicians donated funds to establish the college , including Benjamin Disraeli , William Gladstone and Robert Peel .	Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel	Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry ?
It was also supported by Prince Albert , who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor .	August Wilhelm von Hofmann	Who was the first professor of the Royal College of Chemistry ?
The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany .	in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany	Why was the Royal College of Chemistry founded ?
It was also supported by Prince Albert , who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor .	Prince Albert	Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry ?
The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany .	practical aspects of the experimental sciences	What was not well taught that led to the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry ?
The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany .	Germany	Which country was ahead of the United Kingdom in the teaching of chemistry ?
It was also supported by Prince Albert , who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor .	Prince Albert	Which Prince supported the establishment of the college ?
It was also supported by Prince Albert , who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor .	August Wilhelm von Hofmann	Who was the first professor of the college ?
City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London 's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education -LRB- CGLI -RRB- , which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen , technicians , technologists , and engineers .	1876	When was the City and Guilds College founded ?
City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London 's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education -LRB- CGLI -RRB- , which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen , technicians , technologists , and engineers .	improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers	What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded ?
The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects .	to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects	What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College ?
Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site , the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department , General Sir John Donnelly -LRB- who was also a Royal Engineer -RRB- to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre -LRB- 350,000 m ² -RRB- site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners -LRB- for GBP 342,500 -RRB- for ` purposes of art and science ' in perpetuity .	GBP 342,500	How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College ?
The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907 , but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910 .	CGLI Central Technical College	What was the former name of the City and Guilds College ?
City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London 's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education -LRB- CGLI -RRB- , which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen , technicians , technologists , and engineers .	City and Guilds College	Which college was founded in 1876 ?
City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London 's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education -LRB- CGLI -RRB- , which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen , technicians , technologists , and engineers .	16	How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college ?
City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London 's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education -LRB- CGLI -RRB- , which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen , technicians , technologists , and engineers .	Advancement of Technical Education	What does CGLI stand for ?
The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects .	to create a Central Institution in London	Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations , what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI ?
Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site , the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department , General Sir John Donnelly -LRB- who was also a Royal Engineer -RRB- to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre -LRB- 350,000 m ² -RRB- site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners -LRB- for GBP 342,500 -RRB- for ` purposes of art and science ' in perpetuity .	eighty-seven	How large was the land -LRB- in acres -RRB- that the institution was founded on ?
In December 2005 , Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus , with extensive housing ; however , this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty , and that the true scale of the scheme , which could have raised # 110m for the College , was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public .	December 2005	When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus ?
In December 2005 , Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus , with extensive housing ; however , this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty , and that the true scale of the scheme , which could have raised # 110m for the College , was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public .	September 2006	When did Imperial abandon their science park program ?
Wye College campus was finally closed in September 2009 .	September 2009	When was the Wye College campus closed ?
In December 2005 , Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus , with extensive housing ; however , this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty , and that the true scale of the scheme , which could have raised # 110m for the College , was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public .	the Wye campus	Where was Imperial planning on launching their science park program ?
In December 2005 , Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus , with extensive housing ; however , this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty , and that the true scale of the scheme , which could have raised # 110m for the College , was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public .	Wye campus	Where was Imperial 's science park programme located ?
In December 2005 , Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus , with extensive housing ; however , this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty , and that the true scale of the scheme , which could have raised # 110m for the College , was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public .	September 2006	When was the science park programme abandoned ?
In December 2005 , Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus , with extensive housing ; however , this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty , and that the true scale of the scheme , which could have raised # 110m for the College , was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public .	£110m	How much money could the science park programme have raised for the college ?
In December 2005 , Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus , with extensive housing ; however , this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty , and that the true scale of the scheme , which could have raised # 110m for the College , was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public .	the public	Who did not know about the potential revenue that the programme could have raised initially ?
Wye College campus was finally closed in September 2009 .	Wye College campus	What was closed on September 2009 ?
During the year 2014/15 , the market value of the endowment increased by # 78 million -LRB- 18 % -RRB- to # 512.4 million on 31 July 2015 .	£512.4 million	What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31 , 2015 ?
The College 's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios : -LRB- i -RRB- Unitised Scheme -- a unit trust vehicle for College , Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term ; -LRB- ii -RRB- Non-Core Property -- a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission ; and -LRB- iii -RRB- Strategic Asset Investments -- containing College 's shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings .	a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term	What is a `` Unitised Scheme '' ?
During the year 2014/15 , the market value of the endowment increased by # 78 million -LRB- 18 % -RRB- to # 512.4 million on 31 July 2015 .	£78 million	How much did the market value of the college 's endowment increase between 2014 and 2015 ?
During the year 2014/15 , the market value of the endowment increased by # 78 million -LRB- 18 % -RRB- to # 512.4 million on 31 July 2015 .	18%	How many percent did the college 's endowment market value increase from 2014 to 2015 ?
The College 's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios : -LRB- i -RRB- Unitised Scheme -- a unit trust vehicle for College , Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term ; -LRB- ii -RRB- Non-Core Property -- a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission ; and -LRB- iii -RRB- Strategic Asset Investments -- containing College 's shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings .	three	How many distinct portfolios is the College 's endownment divided into ?
The College 's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios : -LRB- i -RRB- Unitised Scheme -- a unit trust vehicle for College , Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term ; -LRB- ii -RRB- Non-Core Property -- a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission ; and -LRB- iii -RRB- Strategic Asset Investments -- containing College 's shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings .	Unitised Scheme	What is the term that represents a unit trust vehicle that allows endowments to be invested to produce returns for the lon term ?
The College 's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios : -LRB- i -RRB- Unitised Scheme -- a unit trust vehicle for College , Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term ; -LRB- ii -RRB- Non-Core Property -- a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission ; and -LRB- iii -RRB- Strategic Asset Investments -- containing College 's shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings .	Non-Core Property	The 120 operational and developmental properties within the college that are not core to the academic mission belong to which portfolio ?
The College 's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios : -LRB- i -RRB- Unitised Scheme -- a unit trust vehicle for College , Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term ; -LRB- ii -RRB- Non-Core Property -- a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission ; and -LRB- iii -RRB- Strategic Asset Investments -- containing College 's shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings .	Strategic Asset Investments	The College 's restricted equity holdings would be considered a part of which portion of the portfolio ?
During the year 2014/15 , the market value of the endowment increased by # 78 million -LRB- 18 % -RRB- to # 512.4 million on 31 July 2015 .	£78 million	How much did the market value of the endowment increase by during the year 2014/2015 ?
Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework -LRB- REF -RRB- assessment .	1,257	How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment ?
In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for `` research power '' -LRB- compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008 -RRB- .	2nd	In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education , what position was Imperial ranked for GPA ?
Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework -LRB- REF -RRB- assessment .	14	How many units of assessment did Imperial submit ?
In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for `` research power '' -LRB- compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008 -RRB- .	8th	How highly was Imperial ranked in `` research power '' in 2014 ?
Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework -LRB- REF -RRB- assessment .	1,257	How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014 ?
Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework -LRB- REF -RRB- assessment .	Research Excellence Framework	What does REF stand for ?
In the REF results 46 % of Imperial 's submitted research was classified as 4 * , 44 % as 3 * , 9 % as 2 * and 1 % as 1 * , giving an overall GPA of 3.36 .	44%	What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3 * ?
In the REF results 46 % of Imperial 's submitted research was classified as 4 * , 44 % as 3 * , 9 % as 2 * and 1 % as 1 * , giving an overall GPA of 3.36 .	3.36	What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA ?
In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for `` research power '' -LRB- compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008 -RRB- .	2nd	What was Imperial 's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education ?
In September 2014 , Professor Stefan Grimm , of the Department of Medicine , was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money .	September 2014	When was Professor Stefan Grimm found dead ?
The College made its first public announcement of his death on 4 December 2014 .	4 December 2014	When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm 's death ?
His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted .	more than 100,000	How many times was Professor Stefan Grimm 's email viewed in the first four days after it was posted online ?
Grimm 's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least # 200,000 per year .	bullying	What did Professor Grimm 's last email accuse Imperial College of before his death ?
The College has announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm 's death .	internal inquiry	What did Imperial College announce it would do after Professor Grimm 's death ?
In September 2014 , Professor Stefan Grimm , of the Department of Medicine , was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money .	Professor Stefan Grimm	Which Professor was found dead in September 2014 ?
In September 2014 , Professor Stefan Grimm , of the Department of Medicine , was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money .	Department of Medicine	To which department did the professor who passed in September 2014 belong ?
In September 2014 , Professor Stefan Grimm , of the Department of Medicine , was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money .	dismissal	What was the dead professor threatened with before his death ?
Grimm 's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least # 200,000 per year .	£200,000	How much did the Grimm claim his employers said he should raise in grant money per year ?
His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted .	more than 100,000	How many views did Grimm 's last email get in the first four days after it was posted ?
Imperial College Boat Club The Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919 .	12 December 1919	Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on ?
The Gold medal winning GB 8 + at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College 's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy .	3	How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8 + ?
The Gold medal winning GB 8 + at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College 's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy .	Martin McElroy	What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8 + ?
The club has been highly successful , with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event .	Henley Royal Regatta	Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at ?
The club has been highly successful , with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event .	The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event	Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013 ?
The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851 , developing from the Museum of Economic Geology , a collection of minerals , maps and mining equipment .	The Royal School of Mines	What school was established in 1851 ?
The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851 , developing from the Museum of Economic Geology , a collection of minerals , maps and mining equipment .	Sir Henry de la Beche	Who established the Royal School of Mines ?
The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851 , developing from the Museum of Economic Geology , a collection of minerals , maps and mining equipment .	the Museum of Economic Geology	A collection of miners , maps and mining equipment all belonged to what entity ?
Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching , which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines , to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region .	Prince Albert	Which famous prince was a patron at the Royal School of Mines ?
Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching , which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines , to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region .	South Kensington	Which region did Prince Albert aim to make famous as an educational region ?
In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council .	Privy Council	Who granted Imperial degree-awarding powers ?
In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council .	2003	In which year was the London Centre for Nanotechnology established ?
The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London .	Imperial College London	The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college ?
In 2004 the Tanaka Business School -LRB- now named the Imperial College Business School -RRB- and a new Main Entrance on Exhibition Road were opened by The Queen .	Tanaka Business School	What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School ?
In November 2005 the Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged to become the Faculty of Natural Sciences .	Faculty of Natural Sciences	The Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged in 2005 to become which faculty ?
Imperial 's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London .	South Kensington	In which area in London is Imperial 's main campus located ?
It is situated in an area of South Kensington , known as Albertopolis , which has a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions , adjacent to the Natural History Museum , the Science Museum , the Victoria and Albert Museum , the Royal College of Music , the Royal College of Art , the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Albert Hall .	Albertopolis	What is the area inside of South Kensington where Imperial is located known as ?
The expansion of the South Kensington campus in the 1950s & 1960s absorbed the site of the former Imperial Institute , designed by Thomas Collcutt , of which only the 287 foot -LRB- 87 m -RRB- high Queen 's Tower remains among the more modern buildings .	1950s	In which decade did the expansion of the South Kensington campus being ?
The expansion of the South Kensington campus in the 1950s & 1960s absorbed the site of the former Imperial Institute , designed by Thomas Collcutt , of which only the 287 foot -LRB- 87 m -RRB- high Queen 's Tower remains among the more modern buildings .	Thomas Collcutt	Who designed the Imperial Institue that was a victim of Imperial 's expansion in the 1950s & 1960s ?
The expansion of the South Kensington campus in the 1950s & 1960s absorbed the site of the former Imperial Institute , designed by Thomas Collcutt , of which only the 287 foot -LRB- 87 m -RRB- high Queen 's Tower remains among the more modern buildings .	Queen's Tower	Which landmark still remains from the Imperial Institue after Imperial 's expansion ?
The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies provides elective subjects and language courses outside the field of science for students in the other faculties and departments .	Centre For Co-Curricular Studies	Which centre provides electives outside of science for students ?
Students are encouraged to take these classes either for credit or in their own time , and in some departments this is mandatory .	credit	Outside of doing it on their own time , what other motivation could students have to take non mandatory electives ?
The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies is home to the Science Communication Unit which offers master 's degrees in Science Communication and Science Media Production for science graduates .	Science Communication Unit	Which unit is a part of the Co-Curricular Studies that offers master 's degrees ?
The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies is home to the Science Communication Unit which offers master 's degrees in Science Communication and Science Media Production for science graduates .	Science Media Production	Scientists seeking a master 's degree might be interested in which other degree besides Science Communication from the Science Communication Unit ?
Furthermore , in terms of job prospects , as of 2014 the average starting salary of an Imperial graduate was the highest of any UK university .	average starting salary	What statistic did the average Imperial graduate rank the highest in for 2014 ?
In terms of specific course salaries , the Sunday Times ranked Computing graduates from Imperial as earning the second highest average starting salary in the UK after graduation , over all universities and courses .	Computing graduates	Which type of graduate from Imperial earned the second highest average starting salary after graduation ?
In terms of specific course salaries , the Sunday Times ranked Computing graduates from Imperial as earning the second highest average starting salary in the UK after graduation , over all universities and courses .	Sunday Times	Who ranked different graduates according to their average starting salary after graduation in the UK ?
In 2012 , the New York Times ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most-welcomed universities by the global job market .	New York Times	Which prestigious newspaper ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most welcomed universities by job markets ?
In May 2014 , the university was voted highest in the UK for Job Prospects by students voting in the Whatuni Student Choice Awards Imperial is jointly ranked as the 3rd best university in the UK for the quality of graduates according to recruiters from the UK 's major companies .	2014	In which year did Imperial University claim the award for being voted the highest in the UK for Job Prospects ?
Imperial College TV ICTV -LRB- formerly STOIC -LRB- Student Television of Imperial College -RRB- -RRB- is Imperial College Union 's TV station , founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block .	Student Television of Imperial College	What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for ?
Imperial College TV ICTV -LRB- formerly STOIC -LRB- Student Television of Imperial College -RRB- -RRB- is Imperial College Union 's TV station , founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block .	Imperial College TV	What is STOIC 's modern name ?
Imperial College TV ICTV -LRB- formerly STOIC -LRB- Student Television of Imperial College -RRB- -RRB- is Imperial College Union 's TV station , founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block .	1969	When was Imperial College Union 's TV station founded ?
A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972 .	Exhibition Road	Where was a cable link located that connected the Southside Halls of residence ?
The society was renamed to ICTV for the start of the 2014/15 academic year .	start of the 2014/15 academic year	When was the station renamed to it 's modern name ?
Non-academic alumni : Author , H. G. Wells , McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer , Nicholas Tombazis , CEO of Rolls Royce , Ralph Robins , rock band Queen , Brian May , CEO of Singapore Airlines , Chew Choon Seng , Prime Minister of New Zealand , Julius Vogel , Prime Minister of India , Rajiv Gandhi , Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore , Teo Chee Hean , Chief Medical Officer for England , Sir Liam Donaldson , Head Physician to the Queen , Huw Thomas , CEO of Moonfruit , Wendy Tan White , Businessman and philanthropist , Winston Wong , billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard .	Nicholas Tombazis	Which famous automobile designer is considered a non - academic alumni ?
Non-academic alumni : Author , H. G. Wells , McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer , Nicholas Tombazis , CEO of Rolls Royce , Ralph Robins , rock band Queen , Brian May , CEO of Singapore Airlines , Chew Choon Seng , Prime Minister of New Zealand , Julius Vogel , Prime Minister of India , Rajiv Gandhi , Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore , Teo Chee Hean , Chief Medical Officer for England , Sir Liam Donaldson , Head Physician to the Queen , Huw Thomas , CEO of Moonfruit , Wendy Tan White , Businessman and philanthropist , Winston Wong , billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard .	H. G. Wells	Which famous author is considered an alumni for Imperial ?
Non-academic alumni : Author , H. G. Wells , McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer , Nicholas Tombazis , CEO of Rolls Royce , Ralph Robins , rock band Queen , Brian May , CEO of Singapore Airlines , Chew Choon Seng , Prime Minister of New Zealand , Julius Vogel , Prime Minister of India , Rajiv Gandhi , Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore , Teo Chee Hean , Chief Medical Officer for England , Sir Liam Donaldson , Head Physician to the Queen , Huw Thomas , CEO of Moonfruit , Wendy Tan White , Businessman and philanthropist , Winston Wong , billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard .	Singapore Airlines	Which airline 's CEO can be called a non - academic alumni of Imperial ?
Non-academic alumni : Author , H. G. Wells , McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer , Nicholas Tombazis , CEO of Rolls Royce , Ralph Robins , rock band Queen , Brian May , CEO of Singapore Airlines , Chew Choon Seng , Prime Minister of New Zealand , Julius Vogel , Prime Minister of India , Rajiv Gandhi , Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore , Teo Chee Hean , Chief Medical Officer for England , Sir Liam Donaldson , Head Physician to the Queen , Huw Thomas , CEO of Moonfruit , Wendy Tan White , Businessman and philanthropist , Winston Wong , billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard .	Head Physician to the Queen	Which incredibly prestigious position did Huw Thomas hold ?
Non-academic alumni : Author , H. G. Wells , McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer , Nicholas Tombazis , CEO of Rolls Royce , Ralph Robins , rock band Queen , Brian May , CEO of Singapore Airlines , Chew Choon Seng , Prime Minister of New Zealand , Julius Vogel , Prime Minister of India , Rajiv Gandhi , Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore , Teo Chee Hean , Chief Medical Officer for England , Sir Liam Donaldson , Head Physician to the Queen , Huw Thomas , CEO of Moonfruit , Wendy Tan White , Businessman and philanthropist , Winston Wong , billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard .	Alan Howard	Which hedge fund manager with a networth of over a billion is considered an alumni ?
The Great Exhibition was organised by Prince Albert , Henry Cole , Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts , Manufactures and Commerce .	Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce	Which society organized The Great Exhibition ?
The Great Exhibition made a surplus of # 186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington celebrating the encouragement of the arts , industry , and science .	£186,000	How much of a surplus did The Great Ehibition raise ?
Albert insisted the Great Exhibition surplus should be used as a home for culture and education for everyone .	Albert	Who insisted that the surplus from The Great Exhibition be used as a home for culture and education for all ?
His commitment was to find practical solutions to today 's social challenges .	to find practical solutions to today's social challenges	What was Prince Albert 's commitment ?
Royal colleges and the Imperial Institute merged to form what is now Imperial College London .	Imperial College London	What did the Royal colleges and Imperial Institute form when they merged ?
In 1907 , the newly established Board of Education found that greater capacity for higher technical education was needed and a proposal to merge the City and Guilds College , the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science was approved and passed , creating The Imperial College of Science and Technology as a constituent college of the University of London .	Board of Education	Who proposed a merger of many colleges in 1907 ?
In 1907 , the newly established Board of Education found that greater capacity for higher technical education was needed and a proposal to merge the City and Guilds College , the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science was approved and passed , creating The Imperial College of Science and Technology as a constituent college of the University of London .	greater capacity for higher technical education was needed	What was the reasoning behind the proposal to merge many colleges ?
In 1907 , the newly established Board of Education found that greater capacity for higher technical education was needed and a proposal to merge the City and Guilds College , the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science was approved and passed , creating The Imperial College of Science and Technology as a constituent college of the University of London .	The Imperial College of Science and Technology	When the merger was passed , what constituent college was created ?
In 1907 , the newly established Board of Education found that greater capacity for higher technical education was needed and a proposal to merge the City and Guilds College , the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science was approved and passed , creating The Imperial College of Science and Technology as a constituent college of the University of London .	University of London	Who did the constituent college belong to ?
Imperial 's Royal Charter , granted by Edward VII , was officially signed on 8 July 1907 .	Imperial's Royal Charter	Which document , granted by Edward VII , was officially signed on the 8th of July 1907 ?
In the financial year ended 31 July 2013 , Imperial had a total net income of # 822.0 million -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 765.2 million -RRB- and total expenditure of # 754.9 million -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 702.0 million -RRB- .	£822.0 million	What was Imperial 's net income for the financial year that ended on 31 July 2013 ?
In the financial year ended 31 July 2013 , Imperial had a total net income of # 822.0 million -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 765.2 million -RRB- and total expenditure of # 754.9 million -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 702.0 million -RRB- .	£754.9 million	What was Imperial 's total expenditure for the financial year that ended on the 31 July 2013 ?
Key sources of income included # 329.5 million from research grants and contracts -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 313.9 million -RRB- , # 186.3 million from academic fees and support grants -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 163.1 million -RRB- , # 168.9 million from Funding Council grants -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 172.4 million -RRB- and # 12.5 million from endowment and investment income -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 8.1 million -RRB- .	£329.5 million	How much income was generated from research grants and contracts for 2013 ?
Key sources of income included # 329.5 million from research grants and contracts -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 313.9 million -RRB- , # 186.3 million from academic fees and support grants -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 163.1 million -RRB- , # 168.9 million from Funding Council grants -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 172.4 million -RRB- and # 12.5 million from endowment and investment income -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 8.1 million -RRB- .	Funding Council	Who granted Imperial close to 170 million pounds in grants ?
During the 2012/13 financial year Imperial had a capital expenditure of # 124 million -LRB- 2011/12 -- # 152 million -RRB- .	£124 million	What was Imperial 's capital expenditure for the 2012/2013 financial year ?
In 1988 Imperial merged with St Mary 's Hospital Medical School , becoming The Imperial College of Science , Technology and Medicine .	1988	In which year did Imperial merge with St Mary 's Hospital Medical School ?
In 1988 Imperial merged with St Mary 's Hospital Medical School , becoming The Imperial College of Science , Technology and Medicine .	The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine	Which school resulted from Imperial 's merger with St Mary 's ?
In 1995 Imperial launched its own academic publishing house , Imperial College Press , in partnership with World Scientific .	World Scientific	Who did Imperial partner with to launch the Imperial College Press ?
Imperial merged with the National Heart and Lung Institute in 1995 and the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School , Royal Postgraduate Medical School -LRB- RPMS -RRB- and the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 1997 .	1997	What year was the Imperial College School of Medicine formally established ?
In 1998 the Sir Alexander Fleming Building was opened by Queen Elizabeth II to provide a headquarters for the College 's medical and biomedical research .	Sir Alexander Fleming Building	What is the name of the building that was opened by Queen Elizabeth II ?
The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise returned 26 % of the 1225 staff submitted as being world-leading -LRB- 4 * -RRB- and a further 47 % as being internationally excellent -LRB- 3 * -RRB- .	26%	What percentage of Imperial 's staff was classified as world leading in 2008 ?
The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise returned 26 % of the 1225 staff submitted as being world-leading -LRB- 4 * -RRB- and a further 47 % as being internationally excellent -LRB- 3 * -RRB- .	47%	What percentage of Imperial 's staff was deemed to be internationally excellent in 2008 ?
The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise returned 26 % of the 1225 staff submitted as being world-leading -LRB- 4 * -RRB- and a further 47 % as being internationally excellent -LRB- 3 * -RRB- .	Research Assessment Exercise	Which group assessed Imperial 's staff members to determine their standing in relation to the rest of the world ?
The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise also showed five subjects -- Pure Mathematics , Epidemiology and Public Health , Chemical Engineering , Civil Engineering , and Mechanical , Aeronautical and Manufacturing Engineering -- were assessed to be the best -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- in terms of the proportion of internationally recognised research quality .	five	How many subjects were judged to be the best in terms of internationally recognised research quality ?
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust -LRB- Charing Cross Hospital , Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte 's and Chelsea Hospital -RRB- and St Mary 's NHS Trust -LRB- St. Mary 's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital -RRB- with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine .	Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust	What was formed on the 1st October 2007 ?
It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals : Charing Cross Hospital , Queen Charlotte 's and Chelsea Hospital , Hammersmith Hospital , St Mary 's Hospital , and Western Eye Hospital .	five	How many hospitals does it manage ?
It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals : Charing Cross Hospital , Queen Charlotte 's and Chelsea Hospital , Hammersmith Hospital , St Mary 's Hospital , and Western Eye Hospital .	an academic health science centre	What is it considered to be ?
The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of # 800 million , treating more than a million patients a year .	£800 million	What is the annual turnover for the trust ?
The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of # 800 million , treating more than a million patients a year .	more than a million	How many patients a year does the trust treat ?
In 2003 , it was reported that one third of female academics `` believe that discrimination or bullying by managers has held back their careers '' .	one third	What portion of females reported that they were held back by managers ?
In 2003 , it was reported that one third of female academics `` believe that discrimination or bullying by managers has held back their careers '' .	2003	In which year were these allegations raised ?
Nevertheless , allegations of bullying have continued : in 2007 , concerns were raised about the methods that were being used to fire people in the Faculty of Medicine .	2007	After the 2003 incident , what was the next major year in which conerns were raised ?
Nevertheless , allegations of bullying have continued : in 2007 , concerns were raised about the methods that were being used to fire people in the Faculty of Medicine .	Faculty of Medicine	In which faculty were the methods used to fire people being questioned ?
New President of Imperial College , Alice Gast says she sees bright lights in the horizon for female careers at Imperial College London .	Alice Gast	Who is the new President for Imperial College ?
Imperial College Union , the students ' union at Imperial College , is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year , and a number of permanent members of staff .	Imperial College Union	What is the official name of the student 's union ?
Imperial College Union , the students ' union at Imperial College , is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year , and a number of permanent members of staff .	five	How many full time officers run the union ?
Imperial College Union , the students ' union at Imperial College , is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year , and a number of permanent members of staff .	one year	How long is the tenure for an officer to run the union ?
The Union is given a large subvention by the university , much of which is spent on maintaining around 300 clubs , projects and societies .	around 300	How many clubs , projects and societies is the union responsible for managing ?
Examples of notable student groups and projects are Project Nepal which sends Imperial College students to work on educational development programmes in rural Nepal and the El Salvador Project , a construction based project in Central America .	educational development	What kind of programmes do students work on for Project Nepal ?
Imperial College London is a public research university located in London , United Kingdom .	public research university	What kind of University is Imperial College London ?
It was founded by Prince Albert who envisioned an area composed of the Natural History Museum , Science Museum , Victoria and Albert Museum , Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute .	Prince Albert	Who founded the Imperial College London ?
The Imperial Institute was opened by his wife , Queen Victoria , who laid the first stone .	Queen Victoria	Who opened the Imperial Institute in 1907 ?
In 1907 , Imperial College London was formed by Royal Charter , and soon joined the University of London , with a focus on science and technology .	Royal Charter	Which document allowed the Imperial College London to be formed ?
In 1907 , Imperial College London was formed by Royal Charter , and soon joined the University of London , with a focus on science and technology .	science and technology	What was the focus of the Imperial College London ?
William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann , but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye , mauveine , in 1856 .	William Henry Perkin	Who discovered the first synthetic dye ?
William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann , but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye , mauveine , in 1856 .	resigned his position	What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it ?
William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann , but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye , mauveine , in 1856 .	mauveine	What is the name of the first synthetic dye discovered ?
Perkin 's discovery was prompted by his work with von Hofmann on the substance aniline , derived from coal tar , and it was this breakthrough which sparked the synthetic dye industry , a boom which some historians have labelled the second chemical revolution .	second chemical revolution	The discovery of the synthetic dye is claimed by some histories to have sparked what event ?
His contribution led to the creation of the Perkin Medal , an award given annually by the Society of Chemical Industry to a scientist residing in the United States for an `` innovation in applied chemistry resulting in outstanding commercial development '' .	Perkin Medal	Which award is named after the discoverer of the dye ?
Imperial acquired Silwood Park in 1947 , to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of biology not well suited for the main London campus .	Silwood Park	What site did Imperial acquire in 1947 ?
Felix , Imperial 's student newspaper , was launched on 9 December 1949 .	Felix	What was the name of Imperial 's student newspaper ?
In 1959 the Wolfson Foundation donated # 350,000 for the establishment of a new Biochemistry Department .	£350,000	How much money was donated for a new Biochemistry Department ?
In 1959 the Wolfson Foundation donated # 350,000 for the establishment of a new Biochemistry Department .	Wolfson Foundation	Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- A special relationship between Imperial and the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi was established in 1963 .	Indian Institute of Technology Delhi	Imperial formed a relationship with which other entity in 1963 ?
Gymnasts sprint down a runway , which is a maximum of 25 meters in length , before hurdling onto a spring board .	25 meters	What is the maximum length of the runway gymnasts sprint down before hurdling onto a spring board ?
The body position is maintained while `` punching '' -LRB- blocking using only a shoulder movement -RRB- the vaulting platform .	punching	What is blocking using only a shoulder movement called ?
Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run , the length of the hurdle , the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle , the kinesthetic awareness in the air , and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults .	the length of the hurdle	What is one thing a successful vault depends on ?
In advanced gymnastics , multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing .	multiple twists and somersaults	What may be added to a vault before landing in advanced gymnastics ?
Gymnasts sprint down a runway , which is a maximum of 25 meters in length , before hurdling onto a spring board .	25 meters	What is the maximum length of a runway ?
The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway .	The gymnast	Who gets to chose where a gymnast starts to run on the runway ?
The gymnast then rotates to a standing position .	a standing position	What position is the gymnast when in the air ?
In advanced gymnastics , multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing .	multiple twists and somersaults	What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts ?
Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run , the length of the hurdle , the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle , the kinesthetic awareness in the air , and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults .	the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation	What do successful vaults depend on other than speed of the run ?
According to FIG rules , only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics .	FIG	Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics according to what rules ?
According to FIG rules , only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics .	rhythmic gymnastics	What combines elements of ballet , gymnastics , dance , and apparatus manipulation ?
The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus ; ball , ribbon , hoop , clubs , rope -- on a floor area , with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic .	ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope	What 5 items are used in rhythmic gymnastic routines ?
The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus ; ball , ribbon , hoop , clubs , rope -- on a floor area , with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic .	the acrobatic	Rhythmic gymnastics places greater emphaises on aesthetics rather than what ?
Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points ; the score for artistry -LRB- choreography and music -RRB- is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution .	30	What is the maximum number of points possible for a rhythmic gymnastic routine ?
According to FIG rules , only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics .	FIG	What rules state that only women can compete in rhythmic gymastics ?
This is a sport that combines elements of ballet , gymnastics , dance , and apparatus manipulation .	ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation	What does rhythmic gymastics combine together ?
The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus ; ball , ribbon , hoop , clubs , rope -- on a floor area , with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic .	ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope	What five seperate apparatuses are used in the five separate routines ?
The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus ; ball , ribbon , hoop , clubs , rope -- on a floor area , with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic .	aesthetic	Which is more focused on , aesthetics or acrobatics ?
Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points ; the score for artistry -LRB- choreography and music -RRB- is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution .	30 points	How many possible points are there for rhythmic routines ?
Aesthetic Group Gymnastics -LRB- AGG -RRB- was developed from the Finnish `` naisvoimistelu '' .	Aesthetic Group Gymnastics	What does AGG stand for ?
It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger ' Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball , ribbon , hoop and clubs are used on the floor area .	body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger'	Why is AGG different than Rhythmic Gymnastics ?
It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger ' Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball , ribbon , hoop and clubs are used on the floor area .	do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions	Do athletes use apparatuses in the international AGG competitions ?
The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility , balance , speed , strength , coordination and sense of rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized through the flow , expression and aesthetic appeal .	flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm	What physical qualities are needed for rhythmic gymastics ?
The International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics -LRB- IFAGG -RRB- was established in 2003 .	2003	What year was the Federsation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics established ?
This apparatus may be made of hemp or a synthetic material which retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness .	hemp or a synthetic material	What is the rope made out of that the gymnists uses in their routine ?
Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast .	Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast	How long is the rope ?
One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine .	One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine.	What are at the ends of the ropes to help the gymnists hold it ?
The rope must be coloured , either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center provided that this thickening is of the same material as the rope .	The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center	What other requirement is there for the rope ?
In 2011 , the FIG decided to nullify the use of rope in rhythmic gymnastic competitions .	2011	When did FIG decide to nullify the use of ropes in competition ?
The Federation of International Gymnastics -LRB- FIG -RRB- was founded in Liege in 1881 .	Liege	Where was the FIG founded ?
The Federation of International Gymnastics -LRB- FIG -RRB- was founded in Liege in 1881 .	1881	What year was FIG founded ?
By the end of the nineteenth century , men 's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first `` modern '' Olympic Games in 1896 .	1896	When was gymnastics included in the Olympics ?
These games were held in 1928 , in Amsterdam .	1928	When were the first women 's Olympic competitions held ?
These games were held in 1928 , in Amsterdam .	in Amsterdam	Where were the first women 's Olympic competitions held ?
In the vaulting events , gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres -LRB- 82 ft -RRB- runway , jump onto a spring filled board or perform a roundoff , or handspring entry onto a springboard -LRB- run / take-off segment -RRB- , land momentarily , inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse , or vaulting table -LRB- pre flight segment -RRB- , then propel themselves forward or backward , off of this platform to a two footed landing -LRB- post flight segment -RRB- .	25 metres (82 ft)	How long is the run way in vaulting ?
In the vaulting events , gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres -LRB- 82 ft -RRB- runway , jump onto a spring filled board or perform a roundoff , or handspring entry onto a springboard -LRB- run / take-off segment -RRB- , land momentarily , inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse , or vaulting table -LRB- pre flight segment -RRB- , then propel themselves forward or backward , off of this platform to a two footed landing -LRB- post flight segment -RRB- .	a two footed landing	How man feet do vaulters land on ?
Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength .	their height and strength	What determines where a vaulter starts on the runway ?
A round-off entry vault , called a Yurchenko , is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics .	Yurchenko	What is a round-off entry vault called ?
When performing a yurchenko , gymnasts `` round-off '' so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard -LRB- beatboard -RRB- .	yurchenko	What is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics ?
A gymnast 's score comes from deductions taken from their start value .	from deductions taken from their start value	How are gymnasts scored ?
The composition requirements are different for each apparatus ; this score is called the D score .	D score	What is this score called ?
Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10.0 .	10.0	Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from what score ?
Since 2007 , the scoring system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score .	adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score	What were added to scoring in 2007 ?
The technical rules for the Japanese version of men 's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s .	1970s	When were the technical rules for the Japanses version of men 's rhythmic gymnastics formed ?
For individuals , only four types of apparatus are used : the double rings , the stick , the rope , and the clubs .	only four types	How many apparatuses are used ?
For individuals , only four types of apparatus are used : the double rings , the stick , the rope , and the clubs .	the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs	What are the types of apparatuses used ?
Groups do not use any apparatus .	Groups do not use any apparatus	What apparatuses do groups use ?
On November 27 -- 29 , 2003 , Japan hosted first edition of the Men 's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship .	November 27–29, 2003	When did Japan hold the first of the Men 's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Champtionship ?
The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός -LRB- gymnos -RRB- meaning `` naked '' , by way of the related verb γυμνάζω -LRB- gymnazo -RRB- , whose meaning is to train naked '' , `` train in gymnastic exercise '' , generally `` to train , to exercise '' .	γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked"	What Greek word did gymnastics derive from ?
The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός -LRB- gymnos -RRB- meaning `` naked '' , by way of the related verb γυμνάζω -LRB- gymnazo -RRB- , whose meaning is to train naked '' , `` train in gymnastic exercise '' , generally `` to train , to exercise '' .	to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise"	What does the verb gymnazo mean ?
The verb had this meaning , because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing .	because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing	Why was this verb used ?
It came into use in the 1570s , from Latin gymnasticus , from Greek gymnastikos `` fond of or skilled in bodily exercise , '' from gymnazein `` to exercise or train '' -LRB- see gymnasium -RRB- .	1570s	When did the word come into use ?
By 1954 , Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format , and uniform grading structures -LRB- including a point system from 1 to 15 -RRB- had been agreed upon .	1954	What year was the Olympic Games apparatus and events standardized ?
By 1954 , Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format , and uniform grading structures -LRB- including a point system from 1 to 15 -RRB- had been agreed upon .	a point system from 1 to 15	What is the grading structure ?
At this time , Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances , setting a precedent that continues .	Soviet gymnasts	Who set the first precedent that continues this day ?
Nadia Comăneci received the first perfect score , at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal , Canada .	Nadia Comăneci	Who recieved the first perfect score ?
Nadia Comăneci received the first perfect score , at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal , Canada .	1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada	What year and where was the first perfect score given ?
A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work .	both single leg and double leg work	What does a typical pommel horse exercise consist of ?
Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors , an element often done on the pommels .	form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels	Single leg skills are found in the form of what normally ?
Double leg work however , is the main staple of this event .	Double leg work	What is the main staple of this event ?
Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount , either by swinging his body over the horse , or landing after a handstand .	when the gymnast performs a dismount	When does the routine end ?
Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount , either by swinging his body over the horse , or landing after a handstand .	by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand	What are two ways that a gymnist dismounts ?
In a tumbling pass , dismount or vault , landing is the final phase , following take off and flight This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores , general performance , and injury occurrence .	landing	What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores ?
These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as : cartilage lesions , ligament tears , and bone bruises/fractures .	the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures	Where do most injuries happen ?
To avoid such injuries , and to receive a high performance score , proper technique must be used by the gymnast .	proper technique must be used by the gymnast	How do you avoid injuries ?
A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft , meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion .	soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion	What is a successful landing ?
Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height , followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills .	build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height	Individual routines start with what phases ?
Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height , followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills .	a sequence of aerial skills	What does the gymnast do during the 10 bounces .
Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points .	10 points	What is the maximum scroe for routines ?
Additional points -LRB- with no maximum at the highest levels of competition -RRB- can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps .	depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills	How can additional points be earned ?
In high level competitions , there are two preliminary routines , one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine .	two preliminary routines	In high level competitions how many preliminary rountines are there ?
On the uneven bars , the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different heights .	two horizontal bars set at different heights	What are the uneven bars ?
These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate , to prevent them from breaking .	fiberglass covered in wood laminate	What are these bars made out of ?
In the past , bars were made of wood , but the bars were prone to breaking , providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies .	the bars were prone to breaking,	Why are the bars not made of wood anymore ?
They 've been moved increasingly further apart , allowing gymnasts to perform swinging , circling , transitional , and release moves , that may pass over , under , and between the two bars .	They've been moved increasingly further apart	How have the bars changed over the years ?
Gymnasts often mount the Uneven Bars using a springboard , or a small mat .	using a springboard, or a small mat	How do gymnasts normally mount the uneven bars ?
A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force .	a higher vertical ground reaction force	What does a higher flight phase result in ?
Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing .	time the landing takes Gymnasts	What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements ?
Aerobic gymnastics -LRB- formally Sport Aerobics -RRB- involves the performance of routines by individuals , pairs , trios or groups up to 6 people , emphasizing strength , flexibility , and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills .	Sport Aerobics	What was aerobic gymnastics called orginally ?
Aerobic gymnastics -LRB- formally Sport Aerobics -RRB- involves the performance of routines by individuals , pairs , trios or groups up to 6 people , emphasizing strength , flexibility , and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills .	the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness	What does aerobic gymnastiscs involve ?
Aerobic gymnastics -LRB- formally Sport Aerobics -RRB- involves the performance of routines by individuals , pairs , trios or groups up to 6 people , emphasizing strength , flexibility , and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills .	individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people	How many people can be in a routine ?
Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 12 -- 14 and 15-17 trios and mixed pairs .	7x7m	What is the size of the mat ?
Routines generally last 60 -- 90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category .	Routines generally last 60–90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category	How long do the routines last ?
They perform synchronized , choreographed routines .	synchronized, choreographed routines	What kind of routines do general gymnastic groups perform ?
Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions .	of both genders and are not separated into age divisions	What do the troupes consist of ?
The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939 .	1939	When was the first World Gymnaestrada held ?
In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG -LRB- International Gymnastic Federation -RRB- , and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million .	Gymnastics for All	What was the first Sport Program recongized by FIG ?
In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG -LRB- International Gymnastic Federation -RRB- , and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million .	30 million	How many participants are there ?
Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength , flexibility , balance and control .	Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control	What is gymnastics ?
Internationally , all events are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique -LRB- FIG -RRB- .	Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG)	Who governs all events in gymnastics ?
Each country has its own national governing body -LRB- BIW -RRB- affiliated to FIG .	Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG	What does each country have ?
Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic events .	Competitive artistic gymnastics	What are the best known gymnastic events ?
It typically involves the women 's events of vault , uneven bars , balance beam , and floor exercise .	vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise.	What events does this normally consist of for women ?
In the late eighteenth - and early nineteenth-century Germany , three pioneer physical educators -- Johann Friedrich GutsMuths -LRB- 1759 -- 1839 -RRB- and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn -LRB- 1778 -- 1852 -RRB- -- created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics .	Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852)	What two Germans were known for creating exercises on apparauses ?
In the late eighteenth - and early nineteenth-century Germany , three pioneer physical educators -- Johann Friedrich GutsMuths -LRB- 1759 -- 1839 -RRB- and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn -LRB- 1778 -- 1852 -RRB- -- created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics .	to what is considered modern gymnastics	What did the exercises lead to ?
Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano , was born on February 19 , 1770 in Valence and died on August 8 , 1848 in Paris .	Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano	Who introduced educative gymnastics in France ?
Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars , rings and high bar in international competition .	parallel bars, rings and high bar	What did Jahn promote the use of ?
In 2006 , FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points .	2006	When did FIG decide that scores are no longer limited to 10 points ?
Unlike the old code of points , there are two separate scores , an execution score and a difficulty score .	an execution score and a difficulty score	What are the two different scores ?
Unlike the old code of points , there are two separate scores , an execution score and a difficulty score .	difficulty score	What score was added ?
A fall , on or off the event , is a 1.00 deduction , in elite level gymnastics .	1.00 deduction	How much is a fall deduction ?
The gymnast 's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills , or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another .	what elements they perform	What is a gymnast 's difficulty score based on ?
Today , the floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m × 12m square , usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood , which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a `` spring '' floor .	a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood	What is the floor exercise events performed on now ?
In the past , the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats .	the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats	What was the floor exercise even on before ?
Today , the floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m × 12m square , usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood , which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a `` spring '' floor .	springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor	Why helps add an extra bounce to the floor ?
Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event ; Depending on the level , they may choose their own , or , if known as a `` compulsory gymnast , '' default music must be played .	up to 90 seconds	What is the maximum for floor events ?
In tumbling , athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track .	an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track	What do athletes perform for tumbling ?
Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men 's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics , and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games .	1932	When was tumbling orginally contested at the Olympics ?
Since the recognition of Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics as FIG disciplines in 1999 , official Tumbling competitions are only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets .	only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets	Where are offical tumbling competitions allowed ?
Since the recognition of Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics as FIG disciplines in 1999 , official Tumbling competitions are only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets .	1999	What year did FIG reconginze Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics ?
Men 's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men 's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts .	both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts	What are mens ' rhythmic gymnastics related to ?
It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics .	stick gymnastics	Where did mens ' rhythmic gymnastics develop from ?
Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health .	improving physical strength and health	What is the aim of stick gymnastics ?
Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts , such as hand/body-eye co-ordination , but tumbling , strength , power , and martial arts skills are the main focus , as opposed to flexibility and dance in women 's rhythmic gymnastics .	tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus	What are the main focus ?
As of 2002 -LSB- update -RSB- , there were 1000 men 's rhythmic gymnasts in Japan .	1000	How many mens ' rhythmic gymnasts were in Japan in 2002 ?
In 1636 George , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , ruler of the Brunswick-Lüneburg principality of Calenberg , moved his residence to Hanover .	Hanover	Where did the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg move his residence to ?
The Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692 , and this elevation was confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708 .	Holy Roman Emperor	Who elevated the status of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg ?
The Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692 , and this elevation was confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708 .	Imperial Diet	Who confirmed the elevation of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1708 ?
Its electors would later become monarchs of Great Britain -LRB- and from 1801 , of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland -RRB- .	Great Britain	Which other nation would the electors of Hanover become monarchs of ?
The first of these was George I Louis , who acceded to the British throne in 1714 .	George I Louis	Who was the first elector from Hanover to sit on the British throne ?
As an important railroad and road junction and production center , Hanover was a major target for strategic bombing during World War II , including the Oil Campaign .	production center	Other than for railroads and road junction , what did Hanover have that made it a major target ?
As an important railroad and road junction and production center , Hanover was a major target for strategic bombing during World War II , including the Oil Campaign .	Oil Campaign	Which campaign specifically was Hanover a target for in World War II ?
Targets included the AFA -LRB- Stöcken -RRB- , the Deurag-Nerag refinery -LRB- Misburg -RRB- , the Continental plants -LRB- Vahrenwald and Limmer -RRB- , the United light metal works -LRB- VLW -RRB- in Ricklingen and Laatzen -LRB- today Hanover fairground -RRB- , the Hanover/Limmer rubber reclamation plant , the Hanomag factory -LRB- Linden -RRB- and the tank factory M.N.H. Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen -LRB- Badenstedt -RRB- .	United light metal works	What does VLW stand for ?
Residential areas were also targeted , and more than 6,000 civilians were killed by the Allied bombing raids .	more than 6,000	How many civilians were killed in the Allied bombing raids in World War II ?
More than 90 % of the city center was destroyed in a total of 88 bombing raids .	88	How many bombing raids were there during World War II ?
The Hanover Zoo is one of the most spectacular and best zoos in Europe .	Hanover Zoo	Which zoo is one of the best in Europe ?
The zoo received the Park Scout Award for the fourth year running in 2009/10 , placing it among the best zoos in Germany .	Park Scout Award	What award did the Hanover Zoo receive four years in a row ?
Some smaller areas are Australia , the wooded area for wolves , and the so-called swimming area with many seabirds .	seabirds	Which animal does the so-called swimming area have ?
The new Canadian-themed area , Yukon Bay , opened in 2010 .	2010	When did the Canadian-theme area in the Hanover Zoo open ?
In 2010 the Hanover Zoo had over 1.6 million visitors .	1.6 million	How many people visited the Hanover Zoo in 2010 ?
Hanover 's leading cabaret-stage is the GOP Variety theatre which is located in the Georgs Palace .	GOP Variety theatre	What famous theatre is located in Georgs Palace ?
The most important Cabaret-Event is the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten -LRB- Little Festival in the Great Garden -RRB- which is the most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany .	Kleines Fest im Großen Garten	What is the most important Cabaret-Event ?
It features artists from around the world .	around the world	Where do artists who feature in the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten come from ?
Some other important events are the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks , the Hanover Cabaret Festival and the Wintervariety .	Wintervariety	What is another important event other than the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks or the Hanover Cabaret Festival ?
The most important Cabaret-Event is the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten -LRB- Little Festival in the Great Garden -RRB- which is the most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany .	most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany	What is a notable achievement about the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten ?
The German spelling -LRB- with a double n -RRB- is becoming more popular in English ; recent editions of encyclopedias prefer the German spelling , and the local government uses the German spelling on English websites .	a double n	What does the German spelling of Hanover have that English does not ?
The German spelling -LRB- with a double n -RRB- is becoming more popular in English ; recent editions of encyclopedias prefer the German spelling , and the local government uses the German spelling on English websites .	German	Which version of the spelling of Hanover does the local Government use on English websites ?
The English pronunciation / ˈhænəvər / , with stress on the first syllable and a reduced second syllable , is applied to both the German and English spellings , which is different from German pronunciation -LSB- haˈnoːfɐ -RSB- , with stress on the second syllable and a long second vowel .	first	Which syllable does the English spoken version of Hanover stress ?
The English pronunciation / ˈhænəvər / , with stress on the first syllable and a reduced second syllable , is applied to both the German and English spellings , which is different from German pronunciation -LSB- haˈnoːfɐ -RSB- , with stress on the second syllable and a long second vowel .	second	Which syllable does the German pronunciation of Hanover stress ?
The traditional English spelling is still used in historical contexts , especially when referring to the British House of Hanover .	traditional English spelling	Which spelling of Hanover is used in historical contexts ?
After 1937 the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP -LRB- Nazi party -RRB- .	Nazi party	What does the NSDAP stand for ?
After 1937 the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP -LRB- Nazi party -RRB- .	1937	After which year did the Lord Mayor join the NSDAP ?
In October 1938 , 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland , including the Grynszpan family .	484	How many Hanoverian Jews were expelled in 1938 ?
The Gryszpan 's son Herschel Grynszpan was in Paris at the time .	Herschel Grynszpan	Who assassinated the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath ?
When he learned of what was happening , he drove to the German embassy in Paris and shot the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath , who died shortly afterwards .	Paris	Which city was the German diplomat in when he got assassinated ?
The Great Garden is an important European baroque garden .	European baroque garden	What kind of garden is The Great Garden ?
The palace itself , however , was largely destroyed by Allied bombing but is currently under reconstruction .	Allied bombing	What destroyed the palace ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Some points of interest are the Grotto -LRB- the interior was designed by the French artist Niki de Saint-Phalle -RRB- , the Gallery Building , the Orangerie and the two pavilions by Remy de la Fosse .	Remy de la Fosse	Who constructed the two pavilions in the palace ?
The most popular ones are the Great Ground and the Nouveau Jardin .	Great Ground	Other than the Nouveau Jardin , what is the other popular part of The Great Garden ?
At the centre of the Nouveau Jardin is Europe 's highest garden fountain .	Europe's highest garden fountain	What is at the centre of the Nouveau Jardin ?
Some other popular sights are the Waterloo Column , the Laves House , the Wangenheim Palace , the Lower Saxony State Archives , the Hanover Playhouse , the Kröpcke Clock , the Anzeiger Tower Block , the Administration Building of the NORD/LB , the Cupola Hall of the Congress Centre , the Lower Saxony Stock , the Ministry of Finance , the Garten Church , the Luther Church , the Gehry Tower -LRB- designed by the American architect Frank O. Gehry -RRB- , the specially designed Bus Stops , the Opera House , the Central Station , the Maschsee lake and the city forest Eilenriede , which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe .	Frank O. Gehry	Who designed the Gehry Tower ?
Some other popular sights are the Waterloo Column , the Laves House , the Wangenheim Palace , the Lower Saxony State Archives , the Hanover Playhouse , the Kröpcke Clock , the Anzeiger Tower Block , the Administration Building of the NORD/LB , the Cupola Hall of the Congress Centre , the Lower Saxony Stock , the Ministry of Finance , the Garten Church , the Luther Church , the Gehry Tower -LRB- designed by the American architect Frank O. Gehry -RRB- , the specially designed Bus Stops , the Opera House , the Central Station , the Maschsee lake and the city forest Eilenriede , which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe .	one of the largest of its kind in Europe	What is notable about the city forest Eilenriede ?
Some other popular sights are the Waterloo Column , the Laves House , the Wangenheim Palace , the Lower Saxony State Archives , the Hanover Playhouse , the Kröpcke Clock , the Anzeiger Tower Block , the Administration Building of the NORD/LB , the Cupola Hall of the Congress Centre , the Lower Saxony Stock , the Ministry of Finance , the Garten Church , the Luther Church , the Gehry Tower -LRB- designed by the American architect Frank O. Gehry -RRB- , the specially designed Bus Stops , the Opera House , the Central Station , the Maschsee lake and the city forest Eilenriede , which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe .	American	What nationality was the architect of the Gehry Tower ?
With around 40 parks , forests and gardens , a couple of lakes , two rivers and one canal , Hanover offers a large variety of leisure activities .	40	How many parks are there approximately in Hanover ?
With around 40 parks , forests and gardens , a couple of lakes , two rivers and one canal , Hanover offers a large variety of leisure activities .	two	How many rivers run through Hanover ?
But Hanover is not only one of the most important Exhibition Cities in the world , it is also one of the German capitals for marksmen .	marksmen	What is Hanover a German capital for ?
The Schützenfest Hannover is the largest Marksmen 's Fun Fair in the world and takes place once a year -LRB- late June to early July -RRB- -LRB- 2014 - July 4th to the 13th -RRB- .	Schützenfest Hannover	What is the name of the largest Marksmen 's Fun Fair in the world ?
It consists of more than 260 rides and inns , five large beer tents and a big entertainment programme .	more than 260	How many rides and inns does the fair have ?
The highlight of this fun fair is the 12 kilometres -LRB- 7 mi -RRB- long Parade of the Marksmen with more than 12.000 participants from all over the world , among them around 5.000 marksmen , 128 bands and more than 70 wagons , carriages and big festival vehicles .	12.000	How many participants are int he Parade of the Marksmen ?
The origins of this fun fair is located in the year 1529 .	1529	What year can the festival be traced back to ?
The Schnellweg -LRB- en : expressway -RRB- system , a number of Bundesstraße roads , forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7 .	expressway	What is a Schnellweg ?
The Schnellweg -LRB- en : expressway -RRB- system , a number of Bundesstraße roads , forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7 .	a large ring road	What structure does the Schnellweg and a number of roads roughly form ?
The roads are B 3 , B 6 and B 65 , called Westschnellweg -LRB- B6 on the northern part , B3 on the southern part -RRB- , Messeschnellweg -LRB- B3 , becomes A37 near Burgdorf , crosses A2 , becomes B3 again , changes to B6 at Seelhorster Kreuz , then passes the Hanover fairground as B6 and becomes A37 again before merging into A7 -RRB- and Südschnellweg -LRB- starts out as B65 , becomes B3/B6/B65 upon crossing Westschnellweg , then becomes B65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz -RRB- .	Seelhorster Kreuz	When does the Messeschnellweg change to the B6 ?
The roads are B 3 , B 6 and B 65 , called Westschnellweg -LRB- B6 on the northern part , B3 on the southern part -RRB- , Messeschnellweg -LRB- B3 , becomes A37 near Burgdorf , crosses A2 , becomes B3 again , changes to B6 at Seelhorster Kreuz , then passes the Hanover fairground as B6 and becomes A37 again before merging into A7 -RRB- and Südschnellweg -LRB- starts out as B65 , becomes B3/B6/B65 upon crossing Westschnellweg , then becomes B65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz -RRB- .	B6	What road does the Messeschnellweg pass the Hanover fairground as ?
The roads are B 3 , B 6 and B 65 , called Westschnellweg -LRB- B6 on the northern part , B3 on the southern part -RRB- , Messeschnellweg -LRB- B3 , becomes A37 near Burgdorf , crosses A2 , becomes B3 again , changes to B6 at Seelhorster Kreuz , then passes the Hanover fairground as B6 and becomes A37 again before merging into A7 -RRB- and Südschnellweg -LRB- starts out as B65 , becomes B3/B6/B65 upon crossing Westschnellweg , then becomes B65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz -RRB- .	B65	What road does the Südschnellweg start out as ?
In 1837 , the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because William IV 's heir in the United Kingdom was female -LRB- Queen Victoria -RRB- .	the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover	What ended in the year 1837 ?
In 1837 , the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because William IV 's heir in the United Kingdom was female -LRB- Queen Victoria -RRB- .	Queen Victoria	What was the name of William IV 's heir ?
Thus , Hanover passed to William IV 's brother , Ernest Augustus , and remained a kingdom until 1866 , when it was annexed by Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war .	Ernest Augustus	Who did the throne of Hanover pass to instead of Queen Victoria ?
Thus , Hanover passed to William IV 's brother , Ernest Augustus , and remained a kingdom until 1866 , when it was annexed by Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war .	annexed by Prussia	What happened to the kingdom of Hanover in 1866 ?
Despite being expected to defeat Prussia at the Battle of Langensalza , Prussia employed Moltke the Elder 's Kesselschlacht order of battle to instead destroy the Hanoverian army .	Battle of Langensalza	In which battle was the Hanover army destroyed ?
In September 1941 , through the `` Action Lauterbacher '' plan , a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began .	Action Lauterbacher	What plan was implemented in September 1941 ?
In September 1941 , through the `` Action Lauterbacher '' plan , a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began .	Hanoverian Jewish families	Which portion of the population underwent ghettoisation ?
Even before the Wannsee Conference , on 15 December 1941 , the first Jews from Hanover were deported to Riga .	Wannsee Conference	What occured on the 15th of December 1941 ?
Of the approximately 4,800 Jews who had lived in Hannover in 1938 , fewer than 100 were still in the city when troops of the United States Army arrived on 10 April 1945 to occupy Hanover at the end of the war .	4,800	How many Jews approximately lived in Hanover in 1938 ?
During the war seven concentration camps were constructed in Hanover , in which many Jews were confined .	seven	How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover ?
Hanover was founded in medieval times on the east bank of the River Leine .	east bank of the River Leine	Where was Hanover originally founded ?
Its original name Honovere may mean `` high -LRB- river -RRB- bank '' , though this is debated -LRB- cf. das Hohe Ufer -RRB- .	"high (river)bank"	What did Hanover possibly originally mean ?
Hanover was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen that became a comparatively large town in the 13th century due to its position at a natural crossroads .	13th century	When did Hanover become a comparitvely large town ?
It was connected to the Hanseatic League city of Bremen by the Leine , and was situated near the southern edge of the wide North German Plain and north-west of the Harz mountains , so that east-west traffic such as mule trains passed through it .	Hanseatic League city of Bremen	Which city was Hanover connected to by the Leine ?
It was connected to the Hanseatic League city of Bremen by the Leine , and was situated near the southern edge of the wide North German Plain and north-west of the Harz mountains , so that east-west traffic such as mule trains passed through it .	mule trains	What is one example of traffic that passed through Hanover ?
After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg -LRB- Convention of the Elbe -RRB- on July 5 , 1803 , about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover .	Napoleon	Who imposed the Convention of Artlenburg ?
After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg -LRB- Convention of the Elbe -RRB- on July 5 , 1803 , about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover .	30,000	How many French soldiers occupied Hanover ?
This resulted in a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrating to Great Britain , where the King 's German Legion was formed .	Great Britain	Where did many soldiers from Hanover emigrate to ?
This resulted in a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrating to Great Britain , where the King 's German Legion was formed .	King's German Legion	What did the soldiers who emigrated form ?
The Congress of Vienna in 1815 elevated the electorate to the Kingdom of Hanover .	The Congress of Vienna	Who elevated Hanover to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815 ?
The Berggarten is an important European botanical garden .	European botanical garden	What is the Berggarten ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Some points of interest are the Tropical House , the Cactus House , the Canary House and the Orchid House , which hosts one of the world 's biggest collection of orchids , and free-flying birds and butterflies .	Orchid House	What is the name of the area inside the Berggarten that hosts one of the world 's biggest collection of orchids ?
Near the entrance to the Berggarten is the historic Library Pavillon .	Library Pavillon	What historic landmark is near the entrance to the Berggarten ?
There is also the Sea Life Centre Hanover , which is the first tropical aquarium in Germany .	Sea Life Centre Hanover	What is the name of the first tropical aquarium in Germany ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Some points of interest are the Tropical House , the Cactus House , the Canary House and the Orchid House , which hosts one of the world 's biggest collection of orchids , and free-flying birds and butterflies .	butterflies	Other than orchids and birds , what else is housed in the Orchid House ?
The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter -LRB- VWN -RRB- factory at Hannover-Stöcken is the biggest employer in the region and operates a huge plant at the northern edge of town adjoining the Mittellandkanal and Motorway A2 .	Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter	What does VWN stand for ?
The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter -LRB- VWN -RRB- factory at Hannover-Stöcken is the biggest employer in the region and operates a huge plant at the northern edge of town adjoining the Mittellandkanal and Motorway A2 .	northern edge of town	What part of town is the plant owned by VWN located in ?
Continental AG , founded in Hanover in 1871 , is one of the city 's major companies , as is Sennheiser .	Continental AG	Which company was founded in Hanover in 1871 ?
TUI AG has its HQ in Hanover .	Hanover	Where does TUI AG host their headquarters ?
One major global reinsurance company is Hannover Re , whose headquarters are east of the city centre .	Hannover Re	Which major global reinsurance company has their headquarters east of the city center ?
Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover .	40	How many theaters approximately are located in Hanover ?
The Opera House , the Schauspielhaus -LRB- Play House -RRB- , the Ballhofeins , the Ballhofzwei and the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre .	Play House	What is the Schauspielhaus in English ?
The Opera House , the Schauspielhaus -LRB- Play House -RRB- , the Ballhofeins , the Ballhofzwei and the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre .	Lower Saxony State Theatre	Who does the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to ?
The Theater am Aegi is Hanover 's big theatre for musicals , shows and guest performances .	Theater am Aegi	Which theatre is Hanover 's big theatre for musicals , shows and guest performances ?
The Theater für Niedersachsen is another big theatre in Hanover , which also has an own Musical-Company .	Theater für Niedersachsen	Which theater has it 's own musical company ?
Hannover 96 -LRB- nickname Die Roten or ` The Reds ' -RRB- is the top local football team that plays in the Bundesliga top division .	Hannover 96	Who does the nicname `` Die Roten '' belong to ?
Hannover 96 -LRB- nickname Die Roten or ` The Reds ' -RRB- is the top local football team that plays in the Bundesliga top division .	Bundesliga	What is another name for the top football division ?
Home games are played at the HDI-Arena , which hosted matches in the 1974 and 2006 World Cups and the Euro 1988 .	HDI-Arena	What is the name of the stadium that the Hanover football team plays in ?
Their home games were played in the traditional Eilenriedestadium till they moved to the HDI Arena due to DFL directives .	Eilenriedestadium	Where did the reserve team for the main Hanover team used to play ?
Their reserve team Hannover 96 II plays in the fourth league .	fourth league	Which league does the reserve team Hanover 96 II play in ?
With a population of 518,000 , Hanover is a major centre of Northern Germany and the country 's thirteenth largest city .	518,000	What is Hanover 's population ?
With a population of 518,000 , Hanover is a major centre of Northern Germany and the country 's thirteenth largest city .	thirteenth largest	What is Hanover 's ranking in terms of size in Germany ?
Every year Hanover hosts the Schützenfest Hannover , the world 's largest marksmen 's festival , and the Oktoberfest Hannover , the second largest Oktoberfest in the world -LRB- beside Oktoberfest of Blumenau -RRB- .	Oktoberfest of Blumenau	What is the largest Oktoberfest in the world ?
The Hanover fairground , due to numerous extensions , especially for the Expo 2000 , is the largest in the world .	2000	In which year did Hanover host the Expo ?
The city is also a major crossing point of railway lines and highways -LRB- Autobahnen -RRB- , connecting European main lines in both the east-west -LRB- Berlin -- Ruhr area -RRB- and north-south -LRB- Hamburg -- Munich , etc. -RRB- directions .	Autobahnen	What is `` highways '' in German ?
Another point of interest is the Old Town .	Old Town	Where are the large Martkirche located ?
Nearby is the old royal sports hall , now called the Ballhof theatre .	Ballhof theatre	What is the old royal sports hall now called ?
On the edge of the Old Town are the Market Hall , the Leine Palace , and the ruin of the Aegidien Church which is now a monument to the victims of war and violence .	Aegidien Church	What is the name of the momument to the victims of war and violence ?
Through the Marstall Gate you arrive at the bank of the river Leine , where the world-famous Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle are located .	Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle	What world famous landmark is located on the bank of the Leine ?
They are part of the Mile of Sculptures , which starts from Trammplatz , leads along the river bank , crosses Königsworther Square , and ends at the entrance of the Georgengarten .	Trammplatz	Where does the Mile of Sculptures start ?
A cabinet of coins is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG .	A cabinet of coins	What is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG ?
The Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen is the largest police museum in Germany .	Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen	What is the name of the largest police museum in Germany ?
Carpets and objects from the orient can be visited in the Oriental Carpet Museum .	Oriental Carpet Museum	Where can you find carpets and objects from the orient ?
The Blind Man Museum is a rarity in Germany , another one is only in Berlin .	Berlin	Other than in Hanover , where else can you find a Blind Man Museum ?
Modern art is also the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust , the Nord/LB Art Gellery and of the Foro Artistico / Eisfabrik .	Modern art	What is the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust ?
The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating , apparently , to particular emotions .	nervous	What system of the body is related to emotion 's physiology ?
Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions , while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions .	Extroverted	What sorts of people are more likely to be emotionally expressive ?
Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions , while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions .	introverted	What type of people hide their emotions ?
Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation , positive or negative .	motivation	What is emotion frequently responsible for driving ?
According to some theories , they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior .	psychological	Along with physical changes , what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause ?
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman 's biologically driven perspective but developed the `` wheel of emotions '' , suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis : joy versus sadness ; anger versus fear ; trust versus disgust ; and surprise versus anticipation .	wheel of emotions	What is the name of the theory Plutchik created ?
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman 's biologically driven perspective but developed the `` wheel of emotions '' , suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis : joy versus sadness ; anger versus fear ; trust versus disgust ; and surprise versus anticipation .	eight	How many main emotions exist in Plutchik 's theory ?
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman 's biologically driven perspective but developed the `` wheel of emotions '' , suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis : joy versus sadness ; anger versus fear ; trust versus disgust ; and surprise versus anticipation .	surprise	In Plutchik 's theory , what emotion is the opposite of anticipation ?
For example , interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt .	contempt	What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger ?
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman 's biologically driven perspective but developed the `` wheel of emotions '' , suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis : joy versus sadness ; anger versus fear ; trust versus disgust ; and surprise versus anticipation .	trust	What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust ?
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin 's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals .	The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals	What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions ?
Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans , in communication and also in aiding their survival .	communication	Along with survival , what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans ?
Darwin , therefore , argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts .	natural selection	Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed ?
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin 's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals .	19th	In what century did Darwin write ?
An example of this theory in action would be as follows : An emotion-evoking stimulus -LRB- snake -RRB- triggers a pattern of physiological response -LRB- increased heart rate , faster breathing , etc. -RRB- , which is interpreted as a particular emotion -LRB- fear -RRB- .	stimulus	In this theory , what action evokes an emotion ?
An example of this theory in action would be as follows : An emotion-evoking stimulus -LRB- snake -RRB- triggers a pattern of physiological response -LRB- increased heart rate , faster breathing , etc. -RRB- , which is interpreted as a particular emotion -LRB- fear -RRB- .	physiological	What sort of response does the stimulus cause ?
An example of this theory in action would be as follows : An emotion-evoking stimulus -LRB- snake -RRB- triggers a pattern of physiological response -LRB- increased heart rate , faster breathing , etc. -RRB- , which is interpreted as a particular emotion -LRB- fear -RRB- .	as a particular emotion	How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind ?
The issue with the James -- Lange theory is that of causation -LRB- bodily states causing emotions and being a priori -RRB- , not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience -LRB- which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory -RRB- .	bodily states	In the James-Lange theory , what causes emotions ?
One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality .	Richard Lazarus	Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality ?
With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition , several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments , evaluations , or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur .	judgments	Along with evaluations and thoughts , what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion ?
The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing .	unconscious	In Lazarus ' view , what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious ?
A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz 's book Gut Reactions , and psychologist James Laird 's book Feelings .	Gut Reactions	What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory ?
A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz 's book Gut Reactions , and psychologist James Laird 's book Feelings .	Feelings	What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird ?
A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz 's book Gut Reactions , and psychologist James Laird 's book Feelings .	psychologist	What is Laird 's job title ?
A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz 's book Gut Reactions , and psychologist James Laird 's book Feelings .	philosopher	What is Jesse Prinz 's profession ?
A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory .	the perceptual theory	What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning ?
In sociology , emotions are examined for the role they play in human society , social patterns and interactions , and culture .	sociology	What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture ?
In anthropology , the study of humanity , scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities .	anthropology	What discipline makes use of ethnography ?
In the field of communication sciences , critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations , from the perspectives of managers , employees , and even customers .	communication sciences	What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions ?
A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild 's concept of emotional labor .	Arlie Russell Hochschild	Who developed the concept of emotional labor ?
The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe .	700	Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet ?
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels -LRB- e.g. , anger , pride , fear , happiness -RRB- , physiological changes -LRB- e.g. , increased perspiration , changes in pulse rate -RRB- , expressive facial and body movements -LRB- e.g. , smiling , frowning , baring teeth -RRB- , and appraisals of situational cues .	fear	Along with anger , pride and happiness , what is an example of an emotional label ?
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels -LRB- e.g. , anger , pride , fear , happiness -RRB- , physiological changes -LRB- e.g. , increased perspiration , changes in pulse rate -RRB- , expressive facial and body movements -LRB- e.g. , smiling , frowning , baring teeth -RRB- , and appraisals of situational cues .	changes in pulse rate	Aside from increased perspiration , what is a physiological change related to emotions ?
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels -LRB- e.g. , anger , pride , fear , happiness -RRB- , physiological changes -LRB- e.g. , increased perspiration , changes in pulse rate -RRB- , expressive facial and body movements -LRB- e.g. , smiling , frowning , baring teeth -RRB- , and appraisals of situational cues .	baring teeth	Along with smiling and frowning , what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion ?
One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner -LRB- 2007 : 2009 -RRB- .	Jonathan Turner	Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal ?
Based on this analysis , he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger , aversion-fear , satisfaction-happiness , and disappointment-sadness .	four	How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology ?
In the late 19th century , the most influential theorists were William James -LRB- 1842 -- 1910 -RRB- and Carl Lange -LRB- 1834 -- 1900 -RRB- .	Carl Lange	Along with William James , who was an influential 19th century theorist ?
James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology , psychology of religious experience/mysticism , and the philosophy of pragmatism .	American	What was William James ' nationality ?
Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist .	Danish	What was the nationality of Carl Lange ?
Working independently , they developed the James -- Lange theory , a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions .	the James–Lange theory	What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently ?
In the late 19th century , the most influential theorists were William James -LRB- 1842 -- 1910 -RRB- and Carl Lange -LRB- 1834 -- 1900 -RRB- .	1900	In what year did Lange die ?
Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology , neuroscience , endocrinology , medicine , history , sociology , and even computer science .	computer science	Along with psychology , neuroscience , endocrinology , medicine , history and sociology , what field has engaged in research on emotion ?
It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine , noradrenaline , serotonin , oxytocin , cortisol and GABA .	GABA	Along with dopamine , noradrenaline , serotonin , cortisol and oxytocin , what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion ?
The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin , neurobiology , experience , and function of emotions have only fostered more intense research on this topic .	neurobiology	Along with the experience , function and origin of emotion , what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain ?
A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions .	emotional dispositions	What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to ?
Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits , where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions .	character traits	What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to ?
Finally , some theorists place emotions within a more general category of `` affective states '' where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain , motivational states -LRB- for example , hunger or curiosity -RRB- , moods , dispositions and traits .	affective states	What category is defined to contain pleasure , pain , motivation , moods and dispositions ?
The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called `` psychological construction . ''	psychological construction	What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components ?
Instead , the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances .	at the moment of its occurrence	At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together ?
One implication is that all cases of , for example , fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another .	fear	What is an example of an emotion that , under psychological construction theory , is not the same from one case to another ?
Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions , but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences .	Walter Bradford Cannon	Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences ?
An example of this theory in action is as follows : An emotion-evoking event -LRB- snake -RRB- triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion .	a conscious experience of an emotion	Along with the physiological response , what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event ?
He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion .	too slow and often imperceptible	Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions ?
A situated perspective on emotion , developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion , drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology .	Paul E. Griffiths	Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino ?
A situated perspective on emotion , developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion , drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology .	external	What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important ?
A situated perspective on emotion , developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion , drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology .	situationism	The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought ?
Griffiths and Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias , as well as the emotions of infants and animals .	phobias	Along with infant and animal emotion , what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain ?
Pioneering work by Broca -LRB- 1878 -RRB- , Papez -LRB- 1937 -RRB- , and MacLean -LRB- 1952 -RRB- suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system , which includes the hypothalamus , cingulate cortex , hippocampi , and other structures .	1878	When did Broca publish his pioneering work ?
Pioneering work by Broca -LRB- 1878 -RRB- , Papez -LRB- 1937 -RRB- , and MacLean -LRB- 1952 -RRB- suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system , which includes the hypothalamus , cingulate cortex , hippocampi , and other structures .	Papez	Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system ?
Pioneering work by Broca -LRB- 1878 -RRB- , Papez -LRB- 1937 -RRB- , and MacLean -LRB- 1952 -RRB- suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system , which includes the hypothalamus , cingulate cortex , hippocampi , and other structures .	hypothalamus	Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi , what structure is a notable part of the limbic system ?
In philosophy , emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics , the philosophy of art -LRB- for example , sensory -- emotional values , and matters of taste and sentimentality -RRB- , and the philosophy of music -LRB- see also Music and emotion -RRB- .	ethics	Along with the philosophies of music and art , what field of philosophy studies emotions ?
In literature and film-making , the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama , melodrama , and romance .	romance	Along with drama and melodrama , in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role ?
Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology , a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior .	zoology	Of what discipline is ethology a branch ?
Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science , with strong ties to ecology and evolution .	field science	Along with laboratory work , what does an ethologist engage in ?
Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science , with strong ties to ecology and evolution .	ecology	Along with evolution , what area of study is ethology tied to ?
Emilé Durkheim -LRB- 1915/1965 -RRB- wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society .	Emilé Durkheim	Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence ?
Emilé Durkheim -LRB- 1915/1965 -RRB- wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society .	Australian aborigine society	What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence ?
Emilé Durkheim -LRB- 1915/1965 -RRB- wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society .	totemic rituals	Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian aboriginal activity ?
Emilé Durkheim -LRB- 1915/1965 -RRB- wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society .	emotional energy	What is another term for collective effervescence ?
They include Magda B. Arnold -LRB- 1903 -- 2002 -RRB- , an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions ; Richard Lazarus -LRB- 1922 -- 2002 -RRB- , an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress , especially in relation to cognition ; Herbert A. Simon -LRB- 1916 -- 2001 -RRB- , who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence ; Robert Plutchik -LRB- 1928 -- 2006 -RRB- , an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion ; Robert Zajonc -LRB- 1923 -- 2008 -RRB- a Polish -- American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation ; Robert C. Solomon -LRB- 1942 -- 2007 -RRB- , an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion ?	the appraisal theory of emotions	What theory was developed by Arnold ?
They include Magda B. Arnold -LRB- 1903 -- 2002 -RRB- , an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions ; Richard Lazarus -LRB- 1922 -- 2002 -RRB- , an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress , especially in relation to cognition ; Herbert A. Simon -LRB- 1916 -- 2001 -RRB- , who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence ; Robert Plutchik -LRB- 1928 -- 2006 -RRB- , an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion ; Robert Zajonc -LRB- 1923 -- 2008 -RRB- a Polish -- American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation ; Robert C. Solomon -LRB- 1942 -- 2007 -RRB- , an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion ?	2002	When did Richard Lazarus die ?
They include Magda B. Arnold -LRB- 1903 -- 2002 -RRB- , an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions ; Richard Lazarus -LRB- 1922 -- 2002 -RRB- , an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress , especially in relation to cognition ; Herbert A. Simon -LRB- 1916 -- 2001 -RRB- , who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence ; Robert Plutchik -LRB- 1928 -- 2006 -RRB- , an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion ; Robert Zajonc -LRB- 1923 -- 2008 -RRB- a Polish -- American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation ; Robert C. Solomon -LRB- 1942 -- 2007 -RRB- , an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion ?	Robert C. Solomon	Who wrote ` What Is An Emotion ? ' ?
: Classic and Contemporary Readings -LRB- Oxford , 2003 -RRB- ; Peter Goldie -LRB- 1946 -- 2011 -RRB- , a British philosopher who specialized in ethics , aesthetics , emotion , mood and character ; Nico Frijda -LRB- 1927 -- 2015 -RRB- , a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances , detailed in his book The Emotions -LRB- 1986 -RRB- .	Oxford	Who published What Is An Emotion ? : Classic and Contemporary Readings ?
: Classic and Contemporary Readings -LRB- Oxford , 2003 -RRB- ; Peter Goldie -LRB- 1946 -- 2011 -RRB- , a British philosopher who specialized in ethics , aesthetics , emotion , mood and character ; Nico Frijda -LRB- 1927 -- 2015 -RRB- , a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances , detailed in his book The Emotions -LRB- 1986 -RRB- .	Dutch	What is Nico Frijda 's nationality ?
The word `` emotion '' dates back to 1579 , when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir , which means `` to stir up '' .	1579	When did the word emotion enter the English language ?
The word `` emotion '' dates back to 1579 , when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir , which means `` to stir up '' .	émouvoir	From what French word is emotion derived ?
The word `` emotion '' dates back to 1579 , when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir , which means `` to stir up '' .	to stir up	What does émouvoir mean in English ?
The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion to replace passion .	passion	Prior to the introduction of the word emotion , what word was used in its place ?
On the other hand , emotion can be used to refer to states that are mild -LRB- as in annoyed or content -RRB- and to states that are not directed at anything -LRB- as in anxiety and depression -RRB- .	depression	Along with anxiety , what is an example of directionless emotion ?
Bard found that sensory , motor , and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon -LRB- particularly the thalamus -RRB- , before being subjected to any further processing .	the diencephalon	What is the thalamus a part of ?
Therefore , Cannon also argued that it was not anatomically possible for sensory events to trigger a physiological response prior to triggering conscious awareness and emotional stimuli had to trigger both physiological and experiential aspects of emotion simultaneously .	Cannon	Who argued that an emotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time ?
Phillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals .	animals	What creatures did Bard experiment on ?
Bard found that sensory , motor , and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon -LRB- particularly the thalamus -RRB- , before being subjected to any further processing .	physiological	Along with sensory and motor information , what information had to pass through the diencephalon before being processed ?
A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon -LRB- for example , The Passions , Emotions and the Meaning of Life , 1993 -RRB- .	Robert C. Solomon	Who wrote The Passions , Emotions and the Meaning of Life ?
A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon -LRB- for example , The Passions , Emotions and the Meaning of Life , 1993 -RRB- .	1993	In what year was The Passions , Emotions and the Meaning of Life published ?
Solomon claims that emotions are judgments .	judgments	What does Solomon believe emotions to be ?
The theory proposed by Nico Frijda where appraisal leads to action tendencies is another example .	Nico Frijda	Whose theory discussed action tendencies ?
He has put forward a more nuanced view which response to what he has called the ` standard objection ' to cognitivism , the idea that a judgment that something is fearsome can occur with or without emotion , so judgment can not be identified with emotion .	cognitivism	The idea that judgment ca n't be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought ?
Emotional phenotype temperaments affect social connectedness and fitness in complex social systems -LRB- Kurt Kortschal 2013 -RRB- .	Kurt Kortschal	Who researched the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness ?
Zygotes require genetic information from their parental germ cells , and at every speciation event , heritable traits that have enabled its ancestor to survive and reproduce successfully are passed down along with new traits that could be potentially beneficial to the offspring .	their parental germ cells	From where do zygotes derive their genetic information ?
In the five million years since the linages leading to modern humans and chimpanzees split , only about 1.2 % of their genetic material has been modified .	1.2%	What percentage of difference is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees ?
In the five million years since the linages leading to modern humans and chimpanzees split , only about 1.2 % of their genetic material has been modified .	five	How many million years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge ?
Its present form in humans differed from that of the chimpanzees by only a few mutations and has been present for about 200,000 years , coinciding with the beginning of modern humans -LRB- Enard et al. 2002 -RRB- .	200,000 years	About how long ago did modern human beings first come into existence ?
Emotion is often intertwined with mood , temperament , personality , disposition , and motivation .	personality	Along with mood , temperament , disposition and motivation , what is emotion often tied to ?
In some theories , cognition is an important aspect of emotion .	cognition	What do some theories see as an important part of emotion ?
For example , the realization of danger and subsequent arousal of the nervous system -LRB- e.g. rapid heartbeat and breathing , sweating , muscle tension -RRB- is integral to the experience of fear .	rapid heartbeat and breathing	Along with sweating and muscle tension , what might be a physiological response to danger ?
For example , the realization of danger and subsequent arousal of the nervous system -LRB- e.g. rapid heartbeat and breathing , sweating , muscle tension -RRB- is integral to the experience of fear .	nervous	Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system ?
Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity .	Michael C. Graham	Who described the concept of a continuum of intensity ?
Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity .	Psychotherapist	What is Michael Graham 's profession ?
Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame .	terror	What is an example of an extreme form of fear ?
Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame .	embarrassment	What would be an example of mild shame ?
Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus .	Moods	What are non-intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called ?
For more than 40 years , Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete , measurable , and physiologically distinct .	Paul Ekman	Who has argued that emotions are discrete ?
His research findings led him to classify six emotions as basic : anger , disgust , fear , happiness , sadness and surprise .	six	How many basic emotions did Ekman recognize ?
His research findings led him to classify six emotions as basic : anger , disgust , fear , happiness , sadness and surprise .	surprise	Along with anger , disgust , happiness , sadness and fear , what is one of Ekman 's basic emotions ?
In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue .	stoic	What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue ?
Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue .	Aristotle	What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue ?
In the Aristotelian view all emotions -LRB- called passions -RRB- corresponded to appetites or capacities .	passions	What did the Aristotelians call emotions ?
During the Middle Ages , the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular .	Thomas Aquinas	Who was a notable scholastic thinker ?
There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes , Niccolò Machiavelli , Baruch Spinoza and David Hume .	Baruch Spinoza	Along with Descartes , Machiavelli and Hume , what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions ?
In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena .	William James	Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions ?
To account for different types of emotional experiences , James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system , which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain .	the autonomic nervous system	What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion ?
As James wrote , `` the perception of bodily changes , as they occur , is the emotion . ''	the perception of bodily changes	What did James believe emotion was synonymous with ?
The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time , and therefore this theory became known as the James -- Lange theory .	Carl Lange	Who developed a theory similar to that of James ?
The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time , and therefore this theory became known as the James -- Lange theory .	psychologist	What was the profession of Lange ?
Historians , like other social scientists , assume that emotions , feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times , and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions , for example Schadenfreude , are learnt and not only regulated by culture .	constructivist	What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned ?
Historians , like other social scientists , assume that emotions , feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times , and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions , for example Schadenfreude , are learnt and not only regulated by culture .	Schadenfreude	According to the constructivists , what is an example of a learned meta-emotion ?
Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany , England , Spain , Sweden and Australia .	Sweden	Along with Germany , England , Spain and Australia , where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened ?
The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently , with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis , not unlike class , race , or gender .	gender	Along with class and race , what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis ?
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician , Gregorio Marañón , who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt .	Gregorio Marañón	Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on ?
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician , Gregorio Marañón , who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt .	epinephrine	What did Gregorio Marañón inject his patients with ?
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician , Gregorio Marañón , who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt .	Spanish	What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón ?
With his student , Jerome Singer , Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine .	Jerome Singer	Who was a notable student of Stanley Schachter ?
This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz 's -LRB- 2004 -RRB- Gut Reactions .	2004	In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published ?
In the 1990s , sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant .	1990s	In what decade did sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion ?
For Cooley -LRB- 1992 -RRB- , pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions .	pride and shame	What emotions did Cooley regard as of paramount social importance ?
Retzinger -LRB- 1991 -RRB- conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame .	Retzinger	Who studied rage and shame cycles in married couples ?
Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley 's work , Scheff -LRB- 1990 -RRB- developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond .	Scheff	Who developed the social bond theory ?
Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley 's work , Scheff -LRB- 1990 -RRB- developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond .	Goffman	Along with Cooley , from whose work did Scheff derive social bond theory ?
Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience .	Emotion regulation	What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences ?
For example , a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions -LRB- e.g. , trying not to think about the situation , doing distracting activities , etc. -RRB- .	behavioral	What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced ?
Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components , such as rational emotive behavior therapy .	Cognitively oriented schools	Rational emotive behavior therapy is an approach used by what psychotherapy schools ?
Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components -LRB- like in contemporary Gestalt therapy -RRB- .	Gestalt therapy	What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions ?
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system , the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain .	limbic	What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion ?
If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles , emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns , in which neurochemicals -LRB- for example , dopamine , noradrenaline , and serotonin -RRB- step-up or step-down the brain 's activity level , as visible in body movements , gestures and postures .	neurochemicals	What classification of chemicals do dopamine , serotonin and noradrenaline belong to ?
Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones -LRB- see fear -RRB- .	pheromones	What chemicals may mediate emotions ?
If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles , emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns , in which neurochemicals -LRB- for example , dopamine , noradrenaline , and serotonin -RRB- step-up or step-down the brain 's activity level , as visible in body movements , gestures and postures .	reptiles	Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals ?
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system , the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain .	mammalian	The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains ?
Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes , disorders , and neural mechanisms .	Human sciences	What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms ?
In psychiatry , emotions are examined as part of the discipline 's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans .	psychiatry	What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders ?
Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans .	Nursing	What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care ?
In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience , scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality , emotion , and mood .	neuroscience	What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of ?
In education , the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined .	education	What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning ?
Subsequent to these developments , Randall Collins -LRB- 2004 -RRB- formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim 's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman -LRB- 1964/2013 ; 1967 -RRB- into everyday focused encounters .	Randall Collins	Who came up with the interaction ritual theory ?
Subsequent to these developments , Randall Collins -LRB- 2004 -RRB- formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim 's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman -LRB- 1964/2013 ; 1967 -RRB- into everyday focused encounters .	totemic rituals	From what work of Durkheim 's was interaction ritual theory derived ?
Subsequent to these developments , Randall Collins -LRB- 2004 -RRB- formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim 's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman -LRB- 1964/2013 ; 1967 -RRB- into everyday focused encounters .	Goffman	In addition to Durkheim , whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory ?
Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity .	Emotional energy	What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action ?
Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity .	collective effervescence	What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings , such as totemic rituals ?
In computer science , affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize , interpret , and process human emotions .	computer science	Of what discipline is affective computing a branch ?
While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion , the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard 's 1995 paper on affective computing .	Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper	What is the foundational document of affective computing ?
Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user 's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input .	passive sensors	In affective computing , what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user ?
Emotional speech processing recognizes the user 's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns .	analyzing speech patterns	How does emotional speech processing determine a user 's emotional state ?
Emotions involve different components , such as subjective experience , cognitive processes , expressive behavior , psychophysiological changes , and instrumental behavior .	instrumental behavior	Along with subjective experience , cognitive processes , expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes , what is another notable emotional component ?
At one time , academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components : William James with a subjective experience , behaviorists with instrumental behavior , psychophysiologists with physiological changes , and so on .	subjective experience	With what emotional component did William James identify emotion ?
At one time , academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components : William James with a subjective experience , behaviorists with instrumental behavior , psychophysiologists with physiological changes , and so on .	instrumental behavior	What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with ?
At one time , academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components : William James with a subjective experience , behaviorists with instrumental behavior , psychophysiologists with physiological changes , and so on .	psychophysiologists	What academics identified emotions with physiological changes ?
For example , Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components , cultural or emotional labels -LRB- e.g. , anger , surprise etc. -RRB- , expressive body actions , and the appraisal of situations and contexts .	Peggy Thoits	Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels ?
In Scherer 's components processing model of emotion , five crucial elements of emotion are said to exist .	components processing model	What model of emotion was developed by Scherer ?
In Scherer 's components processing model of emotion , five crucial elements of emotion are said to exist .	five	How many important emotional elements are present in the components processing model ?
From the component processing perspective , emotion experience is said to require that all of these processes become coordinated and synchronized for a short period of time , driven by appraisal processes .	appraisal	What processes drive the other components processing model processes ?
Through the use of multidimensional scaling , psychologists can map out similar emotional experiences , which allows a visual depiction of the `` emotional distance '' between experiences .	multidimensional scaling	What do psychologists use to visually map emotional experiences ?
The emotional experiences are divided into two dimensions known as valence -LRB- how negative or positive the experience feels -RRB- and arousal -LRB- how energized or enervated the experience feels -RRB- .	arousal	Along with valence , what is the other of the two dimensions used to map emotional experiences ?
The emotional experiences are divided into two dimensions known as valence -LRB- how negative or positive the experience feels -RRB- and arousal -LRB- how energized or enervated the experience feels -RRB- .	arousal	What is the term for the feeling of energy or enervation created by an emotional experience ?
The emotional experiences are divided into two dimensions known as valence -LRB- how negative or positive the experience feels -RRB- and arousal -LRB- how energized or enervated the experience feels -RRB- .	valence	What is the term for the degree to which an emotional experience feels positive or negative ?
This two-dimensional map was theorized to capture one important component of emotion called core affect .	core affect	What component of emotion provides its perceived energy ?
The increased potential in neuroimaging has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain .	neuroimaging	What technology has allowed for research into the earlier-evolved parts of the brain ?
Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by Joseph E. LeDoux and António Damásio .	António Damásio	Along with LeDoux , who was a notable neurological brain researcher ?
Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses , on one hand , and the more abstract reasoning , on the other hand .	Paul D. MacLean	Who argued that emotional responses compete with instinct and reason ?
Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by Joseph E. LeDoux and António Damásio .	1990s	In what decade did Damásio and LeDoux do notable work ?
This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , that looks at the causes , structures , and consequences of emotional experience -LRB- especially in work contexts -RRB- .	Howard M. Weiss	Along with Cropanzano , who developed a communication-based theory of emotional experience ?
This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , that looks at the causes , structures , and consequences of emotional experience -LRB- especially in work contexts -RRB- .	1996	When did Weiss and Cropanzano publish their work ?
This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , that looks at the causes , structures , and consequences of emotional experience -LRB- especially in work contexts -RRB- .	work	What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano pay particular attention to ?
This theory has been utilized by numerous researchers to better understand emotion from a communicative lens , and was reviewed further by Howard M. Weiss and Daniel J. Beal in their article , `` Reflections on Affective Events Theory '' , published in Research on Emotion in Organizations in 2005 .	Howard M. Weiss	Who did Beal write `` Reflections on Affective Events Theory '' with ?
This theory has been utilized by numerous researchers to better understand emotion from a communicative lens , and was reviewed further by Howard M. Weiss and Daniel J. Beal in their article , `` Reflections on Affective Events Theory '' , published in Research on Emotion in Organizations in 2005 .	Research on Emotion in Organizations	Where was `` Reflections on Affective Events Theory '' published ?
The motor centers of reptiles react to sensory cues of vision , sound , touch , chemical , gravity , and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures .	motor centers	What parts of reptiles respond to sensory cues ?
With the arrival of night-active mammals , smell replaced vision as the dominant sense , and a different way of responding arose from the olfactory sense , which is proposed to have developed into mammalian emotion and emotional memory .	smell	What is the principal sense of night-active mammals ?
The mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptiles slept -- one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles .	reptiles slept	Why were early mammals active at night ?
These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain .	limbic brain	What developed from the mammalian odor pathways ?
The mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptiles slept -- one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles .	larger	How do the olfactory lobes of mammals compare in size to those of reptiles ?
This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away -LRB- Direction Model -RRB- , as unmoving but with strength and resistance -LRB- Movement Model -RRB- , or as unmoving with passive yielding -LRB- Action Tendency Model -RRB- .	Direction Model	What model described the opposite of approach as moving away ?
This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away -LRB- Direction Model -RRB- , as unmoving but with strength and resistance -LRB- Movement Model -RRB- , or as unmoving with passive yielding -LRB- Action Tendency Model -RRB- .	Movement Model	What model described the opposite of approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength ?
This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away -LRB- Direction Model -RRB- , as unmoving but with strength and resistance -LRB- Movement Model -RRB- , or as unmoving with passive yielding -LRB- Action Tendency Model -RRB- .	passive yielding	According to the Action Tendency Model , the opposite of approach is described as unmoving with what ?
Support for the Action Tendency Model -LRB- passivity related to right prefrontal activity -RRB- comes from research on shyness and research on behavioral inhibition .	shyness	Along with behavioral inhibition , research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model ?
In economics , the social science that studies the production , distribution , and consumption of goods and services , emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics , in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and risk perception .	microeconomics	In what economics sub-field are emotions discussed ?
In political science , emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields , such as the analysis of voter decision-making .	the analysis of voter decision-making	What is a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed ?
In law , which underpins civil obedience , politics , economics and society , evidence about people 's emotions is often raised in tort law claims for compensation and in criminal law prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers -LRB- as evidence of the defendant 's state of mind during trials , sentencing , and parole hearings -RRB- .	tort law	Along with criminal law , what facet of law considers evidence related to emotion ?
In criminology , a social science approach to the study of crime , scholars often draw on behavioral sciences , sociology , and psychology ; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as anomie theory and studies of `` toughness , '' aggressive behavior , and hooliganism .	psychology	Along with sociology and behavioral sciences , what discipline informs the field of criminology ?
In economics , the social science that studies the production , distribution , and consumption of goods and services , emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics , in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and risk perception .	purchase decision-making	Along with risk perception , what do economists study emotion in relate to ?
The emotion of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women , while fear is discouraged in boys and men .	anger	What emotion do many cultures discourage in women ?
The emotion of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women , while fear is discouraged in boys and men .	fear	Some cultures attempt to regulate what emotion in boys ?
Some cultures encourage or discourage happiness , sadness , or jealousy , and the free expression of the emotion of disgust is considered socially unacceptable in most cultures .	disgust	The open expression of what emotion is generally frowned upon in most cultures ?
Some social institutions are seen as based on certain emotion , such as love in the case of contemporary institution of marriage .	marriage	What social institution is associated with the emotion of love ?
Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaigns emphasizing the fear of terrorism .	fear	What emotion do political campaigns appeal to in regard to terrorism ?
Domestically , Barcelona has won 23 La Liga , 27 Copa del Rey , 11 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions .	27	How many Copa del Rey trophies has Barcelona won ?
In international club football , Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup , a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies .	five	How many UEFA Champions League titles has Barcelona won ?
Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings .	1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015	Barcelona ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking in what years ?
In international club football , Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup , a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies .	three	How many Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies has Barcelona won ?
Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings .	second	What position is Barcelona ranked on the UEFA club rankings ?
In international club football , Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup , a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies .	five	How many UEFA Championship League titles has Barcelona won ?
In international club football , Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup , a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies .	four	How many UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup wins does Barcelona have ?
In international club football , Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup , a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies .	three	How many FIFA Club World Cup trophies does football club Barcelona have ?
The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico .	Real Madrid	What club is Barcelona 's long time rival ?
In international club football , Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup , a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies .	five	How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have ?
On 14 June 1925 , in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera 's dictatorship , the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March .	14 June 1925	On what day did the stadium crowd jeer the Royal March in protest against Primo de Rivera 's dictatorship ?
This coincided with the transition to professional football , and , in 1926 , the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed , for the first time , to operate a professional football club .	1926	In what year did the directors of Barcelona first claim to operate a professional football club ?
On 3 July 1927 , the club held a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara , against the Spanish national team .	3 July 1927	On what date did the FC Barca hold a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara against the Spanish national team ?
In 1928 , victory in the Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled `` Oda a Platko '' , which was written by a member of the Generation of ' 27 , Rafael Alberti , inspired by the heroic performance of the Barcelona goalkeeper , Franz Platko .	Rafael Alberti	Who wrote the poem titled `` Oda a Platko '' ?
A year after winning the championship , on 30 July 1930 , Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems .	30 July 1930	When did Gamper commit suicide ?
On 14 June 1925 , in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera 's dictatorship , the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March .	jeered the Royal March	In 1925 what incident by the crowd caused the closing of the stadium ?
As a reprisal , the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club .	six months	How long was the stadium closed ?
This coincided with the transition to professional football , and , in 1926 , the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed , for the first time , to operate a professional football club .	1926	What year did Barcelona claim to be a professional football club ?
On 23 June 1929 , Barcelona won the inaugural Spanish League .	23 June 1929	When did Barcelona win the Spanish League ?
A year after winning the championship , on 30 July 1930 , Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems .	Gamper	What past president of the Barcelona club committed suicide in 1930 ?
The 1973 -- 74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff , who was bought for a world record # 920,000 from Ajax .	The 1973–74 season	When did Johan Cruyff join Barcelona ?
Already an established player with Ajax , Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco .	he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco	What did Johan Cruyff say to the European press that won over Barelona fans ?
He further endeared himself when he named his son Jordi , after the local Catalan Saint George .	Catalan Saint George	Who did Johan Cruyff name his son after ?
He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona -LRB- his second Ballon d'Or win ; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971 -RRB- .	1973	When was Johan Cruyff first crowned footballer of the year while playing for Barcelona ?
Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time -LRB- the first player to do so -RRB- in 1974 , while he was still with Barcelona .	1974	When was Johan Cruyff crowned footballer of the year for the third time ?
The 1973 -- 74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff , who was bought for a world record # 920,000 from Ajax .	£920,000	How much did Barcelona pay to acquire Johan Cruyff ?
Already an established player with Ajax , Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco .	Real Madrid	For what team did Cruyff refuse to play ?
Already an established player with Ajax , Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco .	Francisco Franco	What dictator 's rule was Cruyff 's reason for avoiding Real Madrid ?
He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona -LRB- his second Ballon d'Or win ; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971 -RRB- .	European Footballer of the Year	What award did Cruyff win during his first year with Barcelona ?
Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time -LRB- the first player to do so -RRB- in 1974 , while he was still with Barcelona .	1974	When did Cruyff win his third Ballon d'Or ?
However , new heroes emerged , such as Luís Figo , Patrick Kluivert , Luis Enrique and Rivaldo , and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998 .	1998	In what year did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double ?
In 1999 , the club celebrated its centenari , winning the Primera División title , and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year .	1999	In what year did Barcelona win the Primera División title ?
Despite this domestic success , the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the Champions League led to van Gaal and Núñez resigning in 2000 .	2000	In what year did van Gaal and Núñez resign from Barcelona ?
In 1999 , the club celebrated its centenari , winning the Primera División title , and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year .	Rivaldo	Who was the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year ?
Like Maradona , Ronaldo only stayed a short time before he left for Internazionale .	short time	How long did Ronaldo remain with Barcelona ?
However , new heroes emerged , such as Luís Figo , Patrick Kluivert , Luis Enrique and Rivaldo , and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998 .	1998	When did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double ?
In 1999 , the club celebrated its centenari , winning the Primera División title , and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year .	1999	When was the centenari of Barcelona celebrated ?
In 1999 , the club celebrated its centenari , winning the Primera División title , and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year .	Primera División	What title did Barcelona win in 1999 ?
In 1999 , the club celebrated its centenari , winning the Primera División title , and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year .	Rivaldo	Which Barcelona player was the fourth to win European Footballer of the Year ?
The same day , they registered 77 players across all categories and ages , and both last summer signings Arda Turan and Aleix Vidal became eligible to play with the first team .	77	How many players did Barcelona list on the day their transfer ban ended ?
On 10 February , qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons , Luis Enrique 's Barcelona broke the club 's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola 's team in the 2010 -- 11 season , with a 1 -- 1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015 -- 16 Copa del Rey .	Copa del Rey final	What event in February did Barcelona qualify for for the sixth time ?
On 10 February , qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons , Luis Enrique 's Barcelona broke the club 's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola 's team in the 2010 -- 11 season , with a 1 -- 1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015 -- 16 Copa del Rey .	28	How many consecutive wins did Barcelona have in 2010-11 ?
On 10 February , qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons , Luis Enrique 's Barcelona broke the club 's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola 's team in the 2010 -- 11 season , with a 1 -- 1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015 -- 16 Copa del Rey .	Valencia	With which team did Barcelona have a 1-1 draw in the 2015-16 Copa del Rey ?
The same day , they registered 77 players across all categories and ages , and both last summer signings Arda Turan and Aleix Vidal became eligible to play with the first team .	Aleix Vidal	Besides Arda Turan , what other player became eligible to play in 2016 ?
Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga , it is also the most unbalanced , with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant .	Barcelona	What team is dominate in won games in La Liga ?
In the primera división league table , Espanyol has only managed to end above Barça on three occasions from 80 seasons -LRB- 1928 -- 2015 -RRB- and the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Barça in 1957 .	Espanyol	What team has beaten Barcelona three times in 80 seasons ?
Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga , it is also the most unbalanced , with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant .	Barcelona	What team won the all-Catalan Copa del Rey in 1957 ?
Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6 -- 0 in 1951 , while Barcelona 's biggest win was 5 -- 0 on five occasions -LRB- in 1933 , 1947 , 1964 , 1975 and 1992 -RRB- .	Espanyol	Which team has the largest margin win ?
Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6 -- 0 in 1951 , while Barcelona 's biggest win was 5 -- 0 on five occasions -LRB- in 1933 , 1947 , 1964 , 1975 and 1992 -RRB- .	1951	When was Espanyol 's margin win of 6-0 ?
Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division , along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid .	Athletic Bilbao	Besides Barcelona and Real Madrid , what other team has remained in the Primera Division ?
In 2009 , Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga , Copa del Rey , and the UEFA Champions League , and also became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year , completing the sextuple in also winning the Spanish Super Cup , UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup .	continental treble	What series of wins did Barcelona achieve in 2009 ?
In 2011 , the club became European champions again and won five trophies .	five	How many competition wins did Barcelona have in 2011 ?
In June 2015 , Barcelona became the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice .	June 2015	When was Barcelona able to win the continental treble for the second time ?
They have also won five UEFA Champions League , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies .	five	How many UEFA Champions League wins does Barcelona have ?
They have also won five UEFA Champions League , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies .	four	What is the number of UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup competitions Barcelona has won ?
They have also won five UEFA Champions League , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies .	five	How many UEFA Super Cup awards does Barcelona have ?
They have also won five UEFA Champions League , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies .	three	What is the number of FIFA Club World Cup trophies Barcelona has ?
They also won a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup trophies , considered the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League .	Inter-Cities Fairs Cup	What competition is the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League ?
On 6 August , Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama murdered club president Josep Sunyol , a representative of the pro-independence political party .	Josep Sunyol	Who was murdered on 6 August , 1936 ?
On 6 August , Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama murdered club president Josep Sunyol , a representative of the pro-independence political party .	pro-independence political party	Besides being club president , what was Sunyol involved in to have caused his murder ?
He was dubbed the martyr of barcelonisme , and his murder was a defining moment in the history of FC Barcelona and Catalan identity .	martyr	What was Sunyol called after his death ?
In the summer of 1937 , the squad was on tour in Mexico and the United States , where it was received as an ambassador of the Second Spanish Republic .	Second Spanish Republic	What was club Barcelona considered to represent when on tour in 1937 ?
The tour led to the financial security of the club , but also resulted in half of the team seeking asylum in Mexico and France , making it harder for the remaining team to contest for trophies .	Mexico and France	Where did half of the Barcelona team seek asylum in 1937 ?
Under Cruyff 's guidance , Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994 .	four	How many consecutive La Liga titles did Barcelona win from 1991-94 ?
With 11 trophies , Cruyff became the club 's most successful manager at that point .	Cruyff	By 1992 who was Barcelona 's most successful manager ?
He also became the club 's longest consecutive serving manager , serving eight years .	eight	For how many years was Cruyff manager for Barcelona ?
On the legacy of Cruyff 's football philosophy and the passing style of play he introduced to the club , future coach of Barcelona Pep Guardiola would state , `` Cruyff built the cathedral , our job is to maintain and renovate it . ''	passing style	What feature of play did Cruyff introduce to Barcelona ?
Cruyff 's fortune was to change , and , in his final two seasons , he failed to win any trophies and fell out with president Núñez , resulting in his departure .	win any trophies	What failure did Cruyff have in his last two seasons as manager with Barcelona ?
After the disappointment of the Gaspart era , the combination of a new young president , Joan Laporta , and a young new manager , former Dutch and Milan star Frank Rijkaard , saw the club bounce back .	Gaspart	Under whose direction was there disappointment ?
After the disappointment of the Gaspart era , the combination of a new young president , Joan Laporta , and a young new manager , former Dutch and Milan star Frank Rijkaard , saw the club bounce back .	Frank Rijkaard	After Gaspart , who was manager of team Barcelona ?
On the field , an influx of international players , including Ronaldinho , Deco , Henrik Larsson , Ludovic Giuly , Samuel Eto'o , and Rafael Márquez , combined with home grown Spanish players , such as Carles Puyol , Andrés Iniesta , Xavi and Víctor Valdés , led to the club 's return to success .	international	At this time , what type of players were added to Barcelona ?
Barcelona won La Liga and the Supercopa de España in 2004 -- 05 , and Ronaldinho and Eto'o were voted first and third , respectively , in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards .	2004–05	What season did Barcelona win La Liga and Supercopa de Espana ?
Barcelona won La Liga and the Supercopa de España in 2004 -- 05 , and Ronaldinho and Eto'o were voted first and third , respectively , in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards .	Ronaldinho	Which player won FIFA World Player of the Year ?
A historic 2 -- 6 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became La Liga champions for the 2008 -- 09 season .	Real Madrid	What team did Barcelona beat to win La Liga for the 2008-09 season ?
Barça finished the season by beating the previous year 's Champions League winners Manchester United 2 -- 0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to win their third Champions League title and completed the first ever treble won by a Spanish team .	Manchester United	What team did Barcelona beat to win 2008-09 Champions League title ?
The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk , becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble .	Athletic Bilbao	Which Spanish team did Barcelona defeat to win the Supercopa de Espana ?
In December 2009 , Barcelona won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup , and became the first football club ever to accomplish the sextuple .	sextuple	When Barcelona won 2009 FIFA Club World Cup , what first time feat did they accomplish ?
It was announced in summer of 2012 that Tito Vilanova , assistant manager at FC Barcelona , would take over from Pep Guardiola as manager .	2012	When did Tito Vilanova become manager of FC Barcelona ?
It was announced in summer of 2012 that Tito Vilanova , assistant manager at FC Barcelona , would take over from Pep Guardiola as manager .	Pep Guardiola	Who did Vilanova replace as manager ?
Following his appointment , Barcelona went on an incredible run that saw them hold the top spot on the league table for the entire season , recording only two losses and amassing 100 points .	100	How many total points did Barcelona collect during the 20012 season ?
Their top scorer once again was Lionel Messi , who scored 46 goals in the League , including two hat-tricks .	Lionel Messi	Who was Barcelona 's top scorer ?
On 11 May 2013 Barcelona were crowned as the Spanish football champions for the 22nd time , still with four games left to play .	11 May 2013	When was the Barcelona team become Spanish football champions for the 22nd time ?
In late December , Barcelona 's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated , leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows .	Court of Arbitration for Sport	To whom did Barcelona appeal to lift the transfer bad ?
In late December , Barcelona 's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated , leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows .	2015	During what year was Barcelona not allowed to use their transfer windows ?
On 5 January 2015 , Zubizareta was sacked by the board after 4 years as director of football .	5 January 2015	When was Zubizareta fired by the board ?
On 5 January 2015 , Zubizareta was sacked by the board after 4 years as director of football .	director of football	What position did Zubizareta have ?
The next month , Barcelona announced the formation of a new Football Area Technical Commission , made up of vice-president Jordi Mestre , board member Javier Bordas , Carles Rexach and Ariedo Braida .	Football Area Technical Commission	After firing the director , what did Barcelona form ?
In addition to membership , as of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- there are 1,335 officially registered fan clubs , called penyes , around the world .	1,335	How many registered fan clubs does Barcelona have worldwide ?
In addition to membership , as of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- there are 1,335 officially registered fan clubs , called penyes , around the world .	penyes	What are the fan clubs called ?
Among the best supported teams globally , Barcelona has the highest social media following in the world among sports teams , with over 90 million Facebook fans as of February 2016 .	over 90 million	How many Facebook followers does team Barcelona have ?
The club has had many prominent people among its supporters , including Pope John Paul II , who was an honorary member , and former prime minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero .	Pope John Paul II	What famous cleric was a supporter of Barcelona ?
FC Barcelona has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund .	Borussia Dortmund	What is the only team that has a higher attendance rate than Club Barcelona ?
Barça 's local rival has always been Espanyol .	Espanyol	What team is Barcelona 's local rival ?
Blanc-i-blaus , being one of the clubs granted royal patronage , was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans , unlike the multinational nature of Barça 's primary board .	Blanc-i-blaus	What club was granted royal patronage ?
Blanc-i-blaus , being one of the clubs granted royal patronage , was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans , unlike the multinational nature of Barça 's primary board .	Spanish football fans	What type of group founded Espanyol ?
Blanc-i-blaus , being one of the clubs granted royal patronage , was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans , unlike the multinational nature of Barça 's primary board .	multinational nature	Of what element of Barcelona 's board did Espanyol disapprove ?
The founding message of the club was clearly anti-Barcelona , and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners .	foreigners	Of what does team Espanyol view Barcelona as a team ?
The club 's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James , and surrounded by two branches , one of a laurel tree and the other a palm .	Crown of Aragon	What royal symbol appears on the club 's crest ?
The club 's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James , and surrounded by two branches , one of a laurel tree and the other a palm .	laurel	Beside a palm , what tree appears on the crest ?
In 1910 the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest .	1910	When was a competition held to produce a team crest ?
The winner was Carles Comamala , who at the time played for the club .	Carles Comamala	Who was the winner of the crest competition ?
The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it , and the team colours at the bottom .	Catalan	What flag is on the team crest ?
In 1922 , the number of supporters had surpassed 20,000 and by lending money to the club , Barça was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts , which had an initial capacity of 20,000 spectators .	20,000	What was the number of team Barcelona supporters by 1922 ?
In 1922 , the number of supporters had surpassed 20,000 and by lending money to the club , Barça was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts , which had an initial capacity of 20,000 spectators .	Camp de Les Corts	What did Barcelona build in 1922 ?
In 1922 , the number of supporters had surpassed 20,000 and by lending money to the club , Barça was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts , which had an initial capacity of 20,000 spectators .	20,000	How many people could Camp de Les Corts hold ?
After the last expansion , Les Corts could hold 60,000 spectators .	60,000	After several expansions how many people could the stadium hold ?
This led to several expansion projects : the grandstand in 1944 , the southern stand in 1946 , and finally the northern stand in 1950 .	1950	When was the last expansion of Les Corts ?
On 16 March 1938 , Barcelona came under aerial bombardment from the Italian Air Force , causing more than 3,000 deaths , with one of the bombs hitting the club 's offices .	16 March 1938	When did the Italians bomb Barcelona ?
A few months later , Catalonia came under occupation and as a symbol of the `` undisciplined '' Catalanism , the club , now down to just 3,486 members , faced a number of restrictions .	"undisciplined" Catalanism	Why was club Barcelona placed under restrictions during the occupation ?
All signs of regional nationalism , including language , flag and other signs of separatism were banned throughout Spain .	regional nationalism	What kind of signs were removed form club Barcelona ?
These measures forced the club to change its name to Club de Fútbol Barcelona and to remove the Catalan flag from its crest .	Catalan	What flag was removed from the club 's crest ?
These measures forced the club to change its name to Club de Fútbol Barcelona and to remove the Catalan flag from its crest .	Club de Fútbol Barcelona	What new named was the Barcelona club forced to adopt ?
In June 1982 , Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of # 5 million from Boca Juniors .	£5 million	How much was the signing payment for Diego Maradona ?
In June 1982 , Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of # 5 million from Boca Juniors .	June 1982	When was Diego Maradona signed by Barcelona ?
In the following season , under coach Luis , Barcelona won the Copa del Rey , beating Real Madrid .	Real Madrid	Who did Barcelona defeat the season following the signing of Maradona ?
At the start of the 1984 -- 85 season , Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster .	Terry Venables	Who was hired as manager in 1984 ?
The next season , he took the team to their second European Cup final , only to lose on penalties to Steaua Bucureşti during a dramatic evening in Seville .	penalties	What caused the loss to Steaua Bucuresti in Seville ?
Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto `` Més que un club '' -LRB- More than a club -RRB- .	1899	When was Barcelona founded ?
Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto `` Més que un club '' -LRB- More than a club -RRB- .	Joan Gamper	Who led the founders of the Barcelona football club ?
Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto `` Més que un club '' -LRB- More than a club -RRB- .	Més que un club	What is the Barcelona motto ?
It is the second most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 3.16 billion , and the world 's second richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of $ 560.8 million .	$3.16 billion	How much is club Barcelona worth ?
The official Barcelona anthem is the `` Cant del Barça '' , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs .	"Cant del Barça"	What is the title of the Barcelona club song ?
In 1902 , the club won its first trophy , the Copa Macaya , and participated in the first Copa del Rey , losing 1 -- 2 to Bizcaya in the final .	1902	In what year did Barcelona win its first trophy ?
In 1902 , the club won its first trophy , the Copa Macaya , and participated in the first Copa del Rey , losing 1 -- 2 to Bizcaya in the final .	Copa Macaya	What was the first cup Barcelona won ?
Hans Gamper -- now known as Joan Gamper -- became club president in 1908 , finding the club in financial difficulty after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905 .	1908	When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club ?
Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925 , he spent 25 years in total at the helm .	five	How many times between 1908 and 1925 was Gamper president ?
One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income .	stable income	Why did Gamper want Barcelona to acquire a stadium of its own ?
The first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3 -- 0 .	Barcelona	What team won the first match in the 1943 Copa del Generalissimo ?
Real Madrid comfortably won the second leg , beating Barcelona 11 -- 1 .	11–1	What was the score of the second match in 1943 played against Real Madrid ?
It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona 's players were threatened by police in the changing room , though nothing was ever proven .	police	Who is rumored to have threatened Barcelona players before the match against Real Madrid ?
It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona 's players were threatened by police in the changing room , though nothing was ever proven .	Paco Aguilar	What journalist alleged that the Barcelona team was threatened to make certain of Real Madrid 's win ?
It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona 's players were threatened by police in the changing room , though nothing was ever proven .	nothing	What was proven about the alleged threats to Barcelona before the game ?
The 1960s were less successful for the club , with Real Madrid monopolising La Liga .	Real Madrid	What team was dominate in the 1960s in La Liga ?
The 1960s saw the emergence of Josep Maria Fusté and Carles Rexach , and the club won the Copa del Generalísimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966 .	Copa del Generalísimo	Due to the emergence of Fuste and Rexach , what competition did Barcelona win in 1963 ?
The 1960s saw the emergence of Josep Maria Fusté and Carles Rexach , and the club won the Copa del Generalísimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966 .	Fairs Cup	What competition did Barcelona win in 1966 ?
Barcelona restored some pride by beating Real Madrid 1 -- 0 in the 1968 Copa del Generalísimo final at the Bernabéu in front of Franco , with coach Salvador Artigas , a former republican pilot in the civil war .	Franco	Who was present when Barcelona beat Real Madrid in 1968 ?
With the end of Franco 's dictatorship in 1974 , the club changed its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona and reverted the crest to its original design , including the original letters once again .	Futbol Club Barcelona	With Franco 's dictatorship over , to what did Barcelona change their name ?
Around this time , tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president Núñez 's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group , Boixos Nois .	Boixos Nois	What political group wanted Nunez to resign the presidency ?
The group , identified with a left-wing separatism , repeatedly demanded the resignation of Núñez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matches .	left-wing separatism	To what did Boixos Nois idetify themselves as belonging ?
At the same time , Barcelona experienced an eruption in skinheads , who often identified with a right-wing separatism .	skinheads	What right-wing separatists tried to spread fascism to the Boixos Nois ?
The skinheads slowly transferred the Boixos Nois ' ideology from liberalism to fascism , which caused division within the group and a sudden support for Núñez 's presidency .	Núñez's presidency	What did the resulting split in the Boixos Nois group cause many to support ?
Inspired by British hooligans , the remaining Boixos Nois became violent , causing havoc leading to large-scale arrests .	large-scale arrests	What did the resulting violence perpetrated by the extremists produce ?
Despite being the favourites and starting strongly , Barcelona finished the 2006 -- 07 season without trophies .	without trophies	How did Barcelona finish the 2006-07 season ?
A pre-season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players , including leading scorer Eto'o and rising star Lionel Messi .	US tour	What event was blamed for the injuries to Barcelona stars ?
In La Liga , Barcelona were in first place for much of the season , but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions .	Real Madrid	What team beat Barcelona in La Liga in the 2006-07 season ?
Barcelona advanced to the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey , winning the first leg against Getafe 5 -- 2 , with a goal from Messi bringing comparison to Diego Maradona 's goal of the century , but then lost the second leg 4 -- 0 .	Diego Maradona	To whom was Messi 's goal in the first leg of the Copa del Rey compared ?
In the Champions League , Barcelona were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners-up Liverpool on away goals .	Liverpool	What team pushed Barcelona out of the Champions League play ?
Later the same month , Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2 -- 0 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc Fàbregas .	UEFA Super Cup	What competition did Barcelona win because of goals by Messi and Fabregas ?
Later the same month , Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2 -- 0 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc Fàbregas .	Porto	Which team did Barcelona beat to win the UEFA Super Cup ?
This extended the club 's overall number of official trophies to 74 , surpassing Real Madrid 's total amount of official trophies .	74	How many total trophies did Barcelona 's Super Cup win produce ?
This extended the club 's overall number of official trophies to 74 , surpassing Real Madrid 's total amount of official trophies .	Real Madrid	What team did Barcelona 's total competition wins pass ?
The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Josep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only three years at the helm of the club , becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona .	Josep Guardiola	Who is the record holder for most trophy wins as coach of Barcelona ?
In April 2014 , FIFA banned the club from buying players for the next two transfer windows following the violation of the FIFA 's rules about the transfer of footballers aged under 18 .	April 2014	When FIFA ban Barcelona from buying players ?
In April 2014 , FIFA banned the club from buying players for the next two transfer windows following the violation of the FIFA 's rules about the transfer of footballers aged under 18 .	footballers aged under 18	What was the FIFA charge that Barcelona violated ?
The Disciplinary Committee regarded the infringements as serious and decided to sanction the club with a transfer ban at both national and international level for two complete and consecutive transfer periods , together with a fine of CHF 450,000 .	CHF 450,000	What fine did FIFA impose on Barcelona for the rules violation ?
FIFA rejected an appeal in August but the pending appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport allowed Barcelona to sign players during the summer of 2014 .	August	When did FIFA reject an appeal of the rules violation ruling ?
FIFA rejected an appeal in August but the pending appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport allowed Barcelona to sign players during the summer of 2014 .	sign players	What did the pending appeal allow Barcelona to do anyway ?
On 11 August , Barcelona started the 2015 -- 16 season winning a joint record fifth European Super Cup by beating Sevilla FC 5 -- 4 in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup .	Sevilla FC	Who did Barcelona beat to win the 2015 UEFA Super Cup ?
They ended the year with a 3 -- 0 win over Argentine club River Plate in the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December to win the trophy for a record third time , with Suárez , Messi and Iniesta the top three players of the tournament .	River Plate	What team did Barcelona defeat to win the 2015 FIFA World Cup Final ?
The FIFA Club World Cup was Barcelona 's 20th international title , a record only matched by Egyptian club Al Ahly SC .	Al Ahly SC	What was the only team to match Barcelona 's record of trophy wins by 2015 ?
By scoring 180 goals in 2015 in all competitions , Barcelona set the record for most goals scored in a calendar year , breaking Real Madrid 's record of 178 goals scored in 2014 .	180	How many goals did Barcelona score to break the record for most goals in a year ?
By scoring 180 goals in 2015 in all competitions , Barcelona set the record for most goals scored in a calendar year , breaking Real Madrid 's record of 178 goals scored in 2014 .	Real Madrid	What teams previous record was 178 goals in a year ?
The pinnacle of the league season arrived at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in a 3 -- 0 win over Real Madrid .	Santiago Bernabéu Stadium	Where did Barcelona defeat Real Madrid for a trophy win in 2005-06 ?
The pinnacle of the league season arrived at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in a 3 -- 0 win over Real Madrid .	3–0	What was the winning score for the game with Real Madrid at Bernabeu stadium ?
It was Frank Rijkaard 's second victory at the Bernabéu , making him the first Barcelona manager to win there twice .	second victory	How many wins did Frank Rijkaard have at Bernabeu Stadium ?
Ronaldinho 's performance was so impressive that after his second goal , which was Barcelona 's third , some Real Madrid fans gave him a standing ovation .	standing ovation	What recognition did Ronaldinho 's second goal receive at Bernabeu ?
In the Champions League , Barcelona beat the English club Arsenal in the final .	Arsenal	What team did Barcelona defeat to win the Champions League trophy ?
During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera -LRB- 1923 -- 1930 -RRB- and especially of Francisco Franco -LRB- 1939 -- 1975 -RRB- , all regional cultures were suppressed .	dictatorships	What caused the suppression of regional cultures ?
All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory , except Spanish -LRB- Castilian -RRB- itself , were officially banned .	Spanish (Castilian)	Of the languages of the are , what was the only approved language ?
According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán , the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barça .	joining Barça	How did the Catalans show their identity during the dictatorships ?
During Franco 's regime , however , the blaugrana team was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him .	blaugrana	What team was awarded by Franco for having a good relationship ?
Symbolising the Catalan people 's desire for freedom , Barça became ` More than a club ' -LRB- Més que un club -RRB- for the Catalans .	'More than a club'	What motto of the team Barcelona appealed to the Catalans ?
After Laporta 's departure from the club in June 2010 , Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president .	Sandro Rosell	Who was elected as president of the Barcelona club in 2010 ?
The elections were held on 13 June , where he got 61.35 % -LRB- 57,088 votes , a record -RRB- of total votes .	61.35%	What percentage of the votes for president did Rosell get ?
The elections were held on 13 June , where he got 61.35 % -LRB- 57,088 votes , a record -RRB- of total votes .	57,088	What was Rosell 's record number of votes he received for president ?
Rosell signed David Villa from Valencia for $ 40 million and Javier Mascherano from Liverpool for $ 19 million .	€40 million	How much did Barcelona pay to sign David Villa ?
In November 2010 , Barcelona defeated their main rival , Real Madrid 5 -- 0 in El Clásico .	Real Madrid	What team did Barcelona beat in El Clasico in 2010 ?
In 1918 Espanyol started a counter-petition against autonomy , which at that time had become a pertinent issue .	1918	When did Espanyol offer a counter-petition against autonomy ?
Later on , an Espanyol supporter group would join the Falangists in the Spanish Civil War , siding with the fascists .	Falangists	Which civil war group did some Espanyol supporters join ?
Despite these differences in ideology , the derbi has always been more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives .	derbi	What event is more relevant to Espanyol supporters than to Barcelona fans ?
In recent years the rivalry has become less political , as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan .	Spanish	From what language did Espanyol translate their name ?
In recent years the rivalry has become less political , as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan .	less political	How has the rivalry between Espanyol and Barcelona changed ?
FC Barcelona 's all-time highest goalscorer in all competitions -LRB- including friendlies -RRB- is Lionel Messi with 474 goals .	474	What is Lionel Messi 's goal total in all competitions ?
Four players have managed to score over 100 league goals at Barcelona : Lionel Messi -LRB- 305 -RRB- , César Rodríguez -LRB- 192 -RRB- , László Kubala -LRB- 131 -RRB- and Samuel Eto'o -LRB- 108 -RRB- .	Four	How many players on the Barelona team have scored over 100 goals ?
Messi is also the all-time highest goalscorer for Barcelona in all official competitions , excluding friendlies , with 445 goals .	445	What is Messi 's total goal scores in official competitions ?
He is the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European -LRB- 82 goals -RRB- and international club competitions -LRB- 90 goals -RRB- , and the record league scorer with 305 goals in La Liga .	305	How many goals has Messi scored in La Liga competitions ?
Four players have managed to score over 100 league goals at Barcelona : Lionel Messi -LRB- 305 -RRB- , César Rodríguez -LRB- 192 -RRB- , László Kubala -LRB- 131 -RRB- and Samuel Eto'o -LRB- 108 -RRB- .	César Rodríguez	Who is the next highest goal scorer after Mess ?
Barcelona won the treble in the 2014 -- 2015 season , winning La Liga , Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles , and became the first European team to have won the treble twice .	Barcelona	What team has won the treble competitions twice ?
On 17 May , the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid .	La Liga	What competition did Barcelona win on May 17 of the 2014-15 season ?
On 17 May , the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid .	Atlético Madrid	What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title ?
Barcelona 's attacking trio of Messi , Suárez and Neymar , dubbed MSN , scored 122 goals in all competitions , the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history .	MSN	What have the trio of players , Messi , Suarez , and Neymar been called ?
Barcelona 's attacking trio of Messi , Suárez and Neymar , dubbed MSN , scored 122 goals in all competitions , the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history .	122	How many total goals have the trio MSN scored in the 2014-15 season ?
On 14 July 2006 , the club announced a five-year agreement with UNICEF , which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts .	UNICEF	What corporate sponsorship did Barcelona agree to in 2006 ?
The agreement had the club donate $ 1.5 million per year to UNICEF -LRB- 0.7 percent of its ordinary income , equal to the UN International Aid Target , cf. ODA -RRB- via the FC Barcelona Foundation .	€1.5 million	How much does Barcelona donate to UNICEF per year ?
The agreement had the club donate $ 1.5 million per year to UNICEF -LRB- 0.7 percent of its ordinary income , equal to the UN International Aid Target , cf. ODA -RRB- via the FC Barcelona Foundation .	UN International Aid Target	What target does the Barcelona donation to UNICEF match ?
The FC Barcelona Foundation is an entity set up in 1994 on the suggestion of then-chairman of the Economical-Statutory Committee , Jaime Gil-Aluja .	Jaime Gil-Aluja	Who recommended setting up the FC Barcelona Foundation ?
The idea was to set up a foundation that could attract financial sponsorships to support a non-profit sport company .	financial sponsorships	What was the Barcelona foundation meant to attract ?
There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league , and this is particularly the case in La Liga , where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as El Clásico .	El Clásico	What is the game between the rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid called ?
From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain : Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities .	rival regions	What basic difference is there between the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid ?
From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain : Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities .	Catalonia and Castile	What areas of Spain do the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid represent ?
The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians , seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War .	political and cultural	What kind of tensions are the two teams viewed as displaying ?
From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain : Catalonia and Castile , as well as of the two cities .	two cities	Besides the areas of Spain , what other differences are there between Barcelona and Real Madrid ?
In 1980 , when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria , the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee .	meet UEFA criteria	Why did the stadium need to be redesigned in 1980 ?
In 1980 , when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria , the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee .	inscribe their name	What were people allowed to do to bricks for a fee to support the stadium redesign ?
The idea was popular with supporters , and thousands of people paid the fee .	popular	How did supporters of the team view the inscriptions on bricks idea ?
Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long-time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernabéu .	Santiago Bernabéu	What name inscription was a center of controversy ?
It has a current capacity of 99,354 making it the largest stadium in Europe .	99,354	What is the capacity of the Barcelona stadium ?
Traditionally , Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona 's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority , in stark contrast to Barça 's revolutionary spirit .	compliance	How was Espanyol viewed as being toward Spanish authority by the people of Barcelona ?
Also in the 1960s and 1970s , while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia 's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life , Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen , military officers , civil servants and career fascists .	Catalonia's new arrivals	What type of supporters did Barcelona attract ?
Also in the 1960s and 1970s , while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia 's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life , Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen , military officers , civil servants and career fascists .	close to the regime	From where did Espanyol draw their supporters ?
Also in the 1960s and 1970s , while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia 's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life , Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen , military officers , civil servants and career fascists .	1960s and 1970s	When did Barcelona act as a draw to new arrivals from Catalan ?
Traditionally , Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona 's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority , in stark contrast to Barça 's revolutionary spirit .	revolutionary	What kind of spirit does Team Barcelona seem to encourage ?
The blue and red colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900 .	1900	When were the blue and red colors worn for a game by Barcelona ?
The blue and red colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900 .	Hispania	When the colors were first worn , what team did Barcelona play ?
An away kit featuring the red and yellow stripes of the flag of Catalonia has also been used .	flag of Catalonia	What do the red and yellow stripes of the away kit symbolize ?
The club 's most frequently used change colours have been yellow and orange .	yellow and orange	What are Barcelona 's most often used change colors ?
In Catalonia the common perception is that the colours were chosen by Joan Gamper and are those of his home team , FC Basel .	Joan Gamper	From what source do Catalons think the red/blue colors originated ?
Back-to-back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of László Kubala in June 1950 , who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches , drew larger crowds to the games .	196	How many goals did Laszlo Kubala score in 256 matches ?
Back-to-back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of László Kubala in June 1950 , who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches , drew larger crowds to the games .	La Liga	What titles did Barcelona win in 1948 and 1949 ?
Back-to-back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of László Kubala in June 1950 , who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches , drew larger crowds to the games .	June 1950	When did Barcelona sign Kubala ?
The building of Camp Nou commenced on 28 March 1954 , before a crowd of 60,000 Barça fans .	1954	In what year did Barcelona begin the construction of a new stadium ?
The first stone of the future stadium was laid in place under the auspices of Governor Felipe Acedo Colunga and with the blessing of Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego .	Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego	Who blessed the first stone of the new stadium ?
Barcelona is one of the most supported teams in the world , and has the largest social media following in the world among sports teams .	Barcelona	Which sports team has the world 's largest social media following ?
Barcelona 's players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards -LRB- 11 -RRB- , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards -LRB- 7 -RRB- .	11	How Ballon d'Or awards have members of the Barcelona team won ?
Barcelona 's players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards -LRB- 11 -RRB- , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards -LRB- 7 -RRB- .	7	How amny FIFA World Player of the Year have members of FC Barcelona won ?
In 2010 , the club made history when three players who came through its youth academy -LRB- Messi , Iniesta and Xavi -RRB- were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school .	three	How amny of Barcelona 's players were picked as the three best players of the year in 2010 ?
In 2010 , the club made history when three players who came through its youth academy -LRB- Messi , Iniesta and Xavi -RRB- were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school .	youth academy	Where did Messi , Iniesta and Xavi learn their football in Barcelona ?
From the inaugural year in 1910 to 1913 , Barcelona won the competition four consecutive times .	four	How many times did Barcelona win the Pyrenees Cup ?
With the new stadium , Barcelona participated in the inaugural version of the Pyrenees Cup , which , at the time , consisted of the best teams of Languedoc , Midi and Aquitaine -LRB- Southern France -RRB- , the Basque Country and Catalonia ; all were former members of the Marca Hispanica region .	Marca Hispanica	From what area were the participants of the Pyrenees Cup competition ?
From the inaugural year in 1910 to 1913 , Barcelona won the competition four consecutive times .	1910	When was the Pyrenees Cup play begun ?
Carles Comamala played an integral part of the four-time champion , managing the side along with Amechazurra and Jack Greenwell .	Jack Greenwell	Who was Barcelona 's first full time coach ?
The last edition was held in 1914 in the city of Barcelona , which local rivals Espanyol won .	1914	When was the last Pyrenees Cup played ?
In 1978 , Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona , and , since then , the members of Barcelona have elected the club president .	Josep Lluís Núñez	Who was the first elected president of the Barcelona club ?
In 1978 , Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona , and , since then , the members of Barcelona have elected the club president .	1978	When was Nunez elected as president of FC Barcelona ?
In 1978 , Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona , and , since then , the members of Barcelona have elected the club president .	members of Barcelona	What group elects the club president ?
His presidency was to last for 22 years , and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona , as Núñez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline , letting go of such players as Maradona , Romário and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands .	22 years	How long was Nunez president of Barcelona ?
His presidency was to last for 22 years , and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona , as Núñez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline , letting go of such players as Maradona , Romário and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands .	wages and discipline	What was Nunez known to be strict about ?
However , Barcelona fans were distraught by Figo 's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid , and , during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou , Figo was given an extremely hostile reception .	Real Madrid	What team did favorite play Luis Figo leave Barcelona to join ?
However , Barcelona fans were distraught by Figo 's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid , and , during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou , Figo was given an extremely hostile reception .	hostile	What kind of treatment was Figo offered during visits to Barcelona ?
The next three years saw the club in decline , and managers came and went .	decline	After Figo 's departure what happened the next three years ?
What followed , despite another decent Champions League performance , was one of the worst La Liga campaigns in the club 's history , with the team as low as 15th in February 2003 .	15th	What rank was club Barcelona in 2003 ?
At the end of the season , Antić 's short-term contract was not renewed , and club president Joan Gaspart resigned , his position having been made completely untenable by such a disastrous season on top of the club 's overall decline in fortunes since he became president three years prior .	Joan Gaspart	After Barcelona 's poor showing in the 2003 season , who resigned from the presidency ?
Two days later , it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as head coach , after he agreed to a two-year deal .	Luis Enrique	Who returned to Barcelona as head coach ?
Two days later , it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as head coach , after he agreed to a two-year deal .	two-year	How long did Enrique 's deal as coach run ?
Following Enrique 's arrival , Barcelona broke their transfer record when they paid Liverpool F.C. between $ 81 to $ 94 million for striker Luis Suárez , who was serving a four-month ban from all football-related activity imposed by the FIFA Disciplinary Committee after biting Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini during his appearance for Uruguay in a World Cup group stage match .	between €81 to €94 million	How much did Barcelona pay for Luis Saurez ?
Following Enrique 's arrival , Barcelona broke their transfer record when they paid Liverpool F.C. between $ 81 to $ 94 million for striker Luis Suárez , who was serving a four-month ban from all football-related activity imposed by the FIFA Disciplinary Committee after biting Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini during his appearance for Uruguay in a World Cup group stage match .	FIFA Disciplinary Committee	Who banned Saurez for four months after he bit another player ?
The nickname culé for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul -LRB- English : arse -RRB- , as the spectators at the first stadium , Camp de la Indústria , sat with their culs over the stand .	culé	What is the nickname for a Barcelona supporter ?
In Spain , about 25 % of the population is said to be Barça sympathisers , second behind Real Madrid , supported by 32 % of the population .	25%	How much of the Spanish population are Barcelona supporters ?
In Spain , about 25 % of the population is said to be Barça sympathisers , second behind Real Madrid , supported by 32 % of the population .	32%	How much of the population of Spain are supporters of Real Madrid ?
The club 's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100,000 in the 2003 -- 04 season to 170,000 in September 2009 , the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then-president Joan Laporta 's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media .	100,000	What was the club membership in 2003-04 ?
The club 's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100,000 in the 2003 -- 04 season to 170,000 in September 2009 , the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then-president Joan Laporta 's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media .	170,000	What did the club membership grow to by 2009 ?
During the 1950s the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo di Stéfano , who finally played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success .	Alfredo di Stéfano	In 1950 what player was successful for Real Madrid ?
The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup , with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee .	1960s	When did Barcelona meet Real Madrid twice in Europe ?
In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the `` Match of The Century '' by Spanish media , and Madrid 's win was watched by more than 500 million people .	Match of The Century	What was a match between Real Madrid and Barcelona called in 2002 ?
In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the `` Match of The Century '' by Spanish media , and Madrid 's win was watched by more than 500 million people .	500 million	How many people watched the Match of the Century ?
In 2002 , the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the `` Match of The Century '' by Spanish media , and Madrid 's win was watched by more than 500 million people .	Madrid	Which team won the 2002 match between Real Madrid and Barcelona ?
In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Barcelona 's worth to be around $ 752 million -LRB- USD $ 1 billion -RRB- , ranking them fourth after Manchester United , Real Madrid , and Arsenal , based on figures from the 2008 -- 09 season .	€752 million	What did Forbes say Barcelona was worth in 2010 ?
In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Barcelona 's worth to be around $ 752 million -LRB- USD $ 1 billion -RRB- , ranking them fourth after Manchester United , Real Madrid , and Arsenal , based on figures from the 2008 -- 09 season .	fourth	In what place does the Forbes ranking put Barcelona ?
In 2010 , Forbes evaluated Barcelona 's worth to be around $ 752 million -LRB- USD $ 1 billion -RRB- , ranking them fourth after Manchester United , Real Madrid , and Arsenal , based on figures from the 2008 -- 09 season .	Manchester United	Besides Real Madrid and Arsenal , what other team is ahead of Barcelona in worth ranking ?
According to Deloitte , Barcelona had a recorded revenue of $ 366 million in the same period , ranking second to Real Madrid , who generated $ 401 million in revenue .	€366 million	What was Barcelona 's revenue in 2010 ?
In 2014 , Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 3.2 billion , and Deloitte ranked them the world 's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of $ 484.6 million .	second	Where in 2014 did Forbes rank Barcelona as to how valuable a sports team they are ?
In 2009 , Barcelona became the first club in Spain to win the treble consisting of La Liga , Copa del Rey , and the Champions League .	2009	When did Barcelona become the first Spanish team to win the treble competitions ?
That same year , it also became the first football club ever to win six out of six competitions in a single year , thus completing the sextuple , comprising the aforementioned treble and the Spanish Super Cup , UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup .	single year	In 2009 Barcelona became the first team to win six of six competitions in what span of time ?
In the 2014 -- 15 season , Barcelona won another historic treble , making them the first club in European football to win the treble twice .	Barcelona	What European football team has won the treble twice ?
In the 2014 -- 15 season , Barcelona won another historic treble , making them the first club in European football to win the treble twice .	2014–15	During which football season did Barcelona win its second treble ?
Barcelona is the only European club to have played continental football every season since 1955 , and one of three clubs to have never been relegated from La Liga , along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid .	Barcelona	What team has played continental football every season since 1955 ?
Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992 , but struggled to find the right manager .	1992	When was Everton admitted as a member of the Premier League ?
Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success , while his successor , Mike Walker , was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date .	1990	What year did Howard Kendall return to manage Everton ?
Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success , while his successor , Mike Walker , was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date .	Mike Walker	Who replaced Howard Kendall as Everton 's manager ?
When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club 's form started to improve ; his first game in charge was a 2 -- 0 victory over derby rivals Liverpool .	2–0	What was the score in the first Everton game managed by Joe Royle ?
When former Everton player Joe Royle took over in 1994 the club 's form started to improve ; his first game in charge was a 2 -- 0 victory over derby rivals Liverpool .	1994	What year did former Everton player Joe Royle take over managing the club ?
The Tower has been inextricably linked with the Everton area since its construction in 1787 .	1787	When was the Tower constructed ?
It was originally used as a bridewell to incarcerate mainly drunks and minor criminals , and it still stands today on Everton Brow in Netherfield Road .	bridewell	For what purpose was the Tower first used ?
It was originally used as a bridewell to incarcerate mainly drunks and minor criminals , and it still stands today on Everton Brow in Netherfield Road .	Netherfield	On what road is the Tower located on ?
The crest was accompanied by the club motto , `` Nil Satis Nisi Optimum '' , meaning `` Nothing but the best is good enough '' .	Nil Satis Nisi Optimum	What is the Everton club motto ?
The crest was accompanied by the club motto , `` Nil Satis Nisi Optimum '' , meaning `` Nothing but the best is good enough '' .	Nothing but the best is good enough	What does the Everton club motto , `` Nil Satis Nisi Optimum , '' mean in English ?
On matchdays , in a tradition going back to 1962 , players walk out to the theme tune to Z-Cars , named `` Johnny Todd '' , a traditional Liverpool children 's song collected in 1890 by Frank Kidson which tells the story of a sailor betrayed by his lover while away at sea , although on two separate occasions in the 1994 , they ran out to different songs .	Johnny Todd	What is the name of the theme song that players walk out to on Everton matchdays ?
On matchdays , in a tradition going back to 1962 , players walk out to the theme tune to Z-Cars , named `` Johnny Todd '' , a traditional Liverpool children 's song collected in 1890 by Frank Kidson which tells the story of a sailor betrayed by his lover while away at sea , although on two separate occasions in the 1994 , they ran out to different songs .	Liverpool	Where did `` Johnny Todd '' -- the theme song for Everton matchdays -- originate ?
On matchdays , in a tradition going back to 1962 , players walk out to the theme tune to Z-Cars , named `` Johnny Todd '' , a traditional Liverpool children 's song collected in 1890 by Frank Kidson which tells the story of a sailor betrayed by his lover while away at sea , although on two separate occasions in the 1994 , they ran out to different songs .	1994	What year did the Everton players walk out to a song other than `` Johnny Todd '' ?
Both were met with complete disapproval by Everton fans .	disapproval	What was the reaction of the crowd to the Everton replacement theme songs in 1994 ?
In August 1994 , the club played 2 Unlimited 's song `` Get Ready For This '' , and a month later , a reworking of the Creedence Clearwater Revival classic `` Bad Moon Rising '' .	Get Ready For This	What song did the Everton club replace its player walkout theme with in August 1994 ?
Everton hold the record for the most seasons in England 's top tier -LRB- Division One/Premier League -RRB- , at 111 seasons out of 114 as of 2014 -- 15 -LRB- the club played in Division 2 in 1930 -- 31 and from 1951 -- 54 -RRB- .	111	How many seasons out of the last 114 has Everton been in England 's top tier ?
They are one of seven teams to have played all 22 seasons of the Premier League since its inception in August 1992 -- the others being Arsenal , Aston Villa , Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester United , and Tottenham Hotspur .	seven	How many other teams have played all 22 seasons in the Premier League since its inception ?
They are one of seven teams to have played all 22 seasons of the Premier League since its inception in August 1992 -- the others being Arsenal , Aston Villa , Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester United , and Tottenham Hotspur .	1992	When was the Premier League established ?
Everton against Aston Villa is the most played fixture in England 's top flight , as of the 2012 -- 13 season the two founder members of the Football League have played a record 196 league games .	Everton against Aston Villa	What match has been played the most since the inception of the Premier League ?
Everton against Aston Villa is the most played fixture in England 's top flight , as of the 2012 -- 13 season the two founder members of the Football League have played a record 196 league games .	196	How many games has Everton played against Aston Villa ?
Formed in 1878 , Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first league championship two seasons later .	1878	When was the Everton club founded ?
Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins , Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league championships and an FA Cup .	1960s	In what decade did Everton experience a revival ?
The club 's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup .	1995	When was Everton 's most recent trophy awarded ?
Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins , Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league championships and an FA Cup .	two	How many league championships did Everton win in the 1960s ?
The club 's supporters are known as Evertonians .	Evertonians	What nickname is used for Everton 's club supporters ?
On return to the top flight in 1931 -- 32 , Everton wasted no time in reaffirming their status and won a fourth League title at the first opportunity .	1931–32	In what season did Everton win their fourth League title ?
Everton also won their second FA Cup in 1933 with a 3 -- 0 win against Manchester City in the final .	1933	In what year did Everton win their second FA Cup ?
Everton also won their second FA Cup in 1933 with a 3 -- 0 win against Manchester City in the final .	3–0	What was the score in the final game that Everton won its second FA Cup in 1993 against Manchester City ?
The era ended in 1938 -- 39 with a fifth League title .	1938–39	In what season did Everton win its fifth League title ?
The Everton board finally ran out of patience with Smith and he was sacked in March 2002 after an FA Cup exit at Middlesbrough , with Everton in real danger of relegation .	2002	When did the Everton club board fire Smith ?
David Moyes , was his replacement and guided Everton to a safe finish in fifteenth place .	David Moyes	Who replaced Smith as manager of the Everton FC in 2002 ?
In 2002 -- 03 Everton finished seventh , their highest finish since 1996 .	seventh	In what place did the Everton FC place in the 2004-05 season ?
Everton qualified for the 2007 -- 08 and 2008 -- 09 UEFA Cup competitions and they were runners-up in the 2009 FA Cup Final .	runners-up	Where did Everton FC place in the 2009 FA Cup Final ?
In May 2013 , the club launched a new crest to improve the reproducibility of the design in print and broadcast media , particularly on a small scale .	2013	When did Everton FC launch their new crest ?
suggested that it was external pressure from sports manufacturers Nike , Inc. that evoked the redesign as the number of colours has been reduced and the radial effect have been removed , making the kit more cost efficient to reproduce .	Nike	What company did critics suggest pressured Everton FC to change their crest ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The redesign was poorly received by supporters , with a poll on an Everton fan site registering a 91 % negative response to the crest .	poorly	How was the Everton FC 's crest redesign received by fans ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The redesign was poorly received by supporters , with a poll on an Everton fan site registering a 91 % negative response to the crest .	91	What percentage of fans had a negative reaction to Everton FC 's crest redesign in 2013 ?
A protest petition reached over 22,000 signatures before the club offered an apology and announced a new crest would be created for the 2014 -- 15 season with an emphasis on fan consultation .	over 22,000	How many people signed a petition in protest of Everton FC 's crest redesign in 2013 ?
Everton originally played in the southeast corner of Stanley Park , which was the site for the new Liverpool F.C. stadium , with the first official match taking place in 1879 .	Stanley	In which park did Everton FC originally play ?
Everton originally played in the southeast corner of Stanley Park , which was the site for the new Liverpool F.C. stadium , with the first official match taking place in 1879 .	Stanley Park	Where was the new Liverpool FC stadium located in 1879 ?
In 1882 , a man named J. Cruitt donated land at Priory Road which became the club 's home before they moved to Anfield , which was Everton 's home until 1892 .	J. Cruitt	Who donated land to Everton FC in 1882 ?
At this time , a dispute of how the club was to be owned and run emerged with Anfield 's owner and Everton 's chairman , John Houlding .	John Houlding	Who was the chairman of the Everton FC in 1892 ?
In response , Everton left Anfield for a new ground , Goodison Park , where the club have played ever since .	Anfield	Where did Everton FC relocate their games to in 1892 ?
The original plan was for a new 60,000-seat stadium to be built , but in 2000 a proposal was submitted to build a 55,000 seat stadium as part of the King 's Dock regeneration .	55,000	How many seats did the proposal for the new Everton stadium feature in 2000 ?
This was unsuccessful as Everton failed to generate the # 30 million needed for a half stake in the stadium project , with the city council rejecting the proposal in 2003 .	£30 million	How much money did Everton FC need to generate for a half-stake in the new stadium project in 2000 ?
This was unsuccessful as Everton failed to generate the # 30 million needed for a half stake in the stadium project , with the city council rejecting the proposal in 2003 .	2003	In what year did the Liverpool city council reject Everton FC 's new stadium proposal ?
On 11 January 2005 , Liverpool announced that ground-sharing was not a possibility , proceeding to plan their own Stanley Park Stadium .	2005	In what year did Liverpool announce that they would build their own Stanley Park Stadium ?
On 11 January 2005 , Liverpool announced that ground-sharing was not a possibility , proceeding to plan their own Stanley Park Stadium .	Liverpool	What team did Everton FC consider sharing grounds with around the year 2000 ?
Everton have a large fanbase , with the eighth highest average attendance in the Premier League in the 2008 -- 09 season .	eighth	What place did Everton FC rank in highest average attendance in the Premier League in the 2008-09 season ?
The majority of Everton 's matchday support comes from the North West of England , primarily Merseyside , Cheshire , West Lancashire and parts of Western Greater Manchester along with many fans who travel from North Wales and Ireland .	North West of England	Where does the majority of Everton 's matchday support hail from ?
The official supporters club is FOREVERTON , and there are also several fanzines including When Skies are Grey and Speke from the Harbour , which are sold around Goodison Park on match days .	FOREVERTON	What is the name of Everton 's official supporters club ?
The official supporters club is FOREVERTON , and there are also several fanzines including When Skies are Grey and Speke from the Harbour , which are sold around Goodison Park on match days .	Goodison Park	Where can you find fanzines sold on Everton match days ?
Current manager , Roberto Martínez , is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939 .	Roberto Martínez	Who is the current manager of the Everton Football Club ?
There have also been four caretaker managers , and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee .	four	How many caretaker managers have their been in the Everton FC 's history ?
The club 's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick , who was in charge of the team from 1961 -- 73 , taking in 594 first team matches .	Harry Catterick	Who was the Everton FC team 's longest serving manager ?
The club 's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick , who was in charge of the team from 1961 -- 73 , taking in 594 first team matches .	1961–73	When did Harry Catterick manage the Everton Football Club ?
The Everton manager to win most domestic and international trophies is Howard Kendall , who won two Division One championships , the 1984 FA Cup , the 1984 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and three Charity Shields .	Howard Kendall	Which Everton manager won the most domestic and international trophies during his time ?
Everton 's second successful era started when Harry Catterick was made manager in 1961 .	1961	In what year did Everton 's second successful era begin ?
Everton 's second successful era started when Harry Catterick was made manager in 1961 .	Harry Catterick	Who was the manager when Everton 's second successful era began in 1961 ?
In 1962 -- 63 , his second season in charge , Everton won the League title and in 1966 the FA Cup followed with a 3 -- 2 win over Sheffield Wednesday .	1966	In what year did Everton win the FA cup in a 3-2 win over Sheffield ?
Everton again reached the final in 1968 , but this time were unable to overcome West Bromwich Albion at Wembley .	Wembley	In what year did Everton lose the FA cup final to West Bromwich Albion ?
Opponents to the plan included other local councils concerned by the effect of a large Tesco store being built as part of the development , and a group of fans demanding that Everton should remain within the city boundaries of Liverpool .	Liverpool	Where did a group of fans demand that Everton remain within the city boundaries of ?
On 16 June 2006 , it was announced that Everton had entered into talks with Knowsley Council and Tesco over the possibility of building a new 55,000 seat stadium , expandable to over 60,000 , in Kirkby .	2006	In what year was it revealed that Everton had entered talks to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby ?
On 16 June 2006 , it was announced that Everton had entered into talks with Knowsley Council and Tesco over the possibility of building a new 55,000 seat stadium , expandable to over 60,000 , in Kirkby .	Knowsley Council and Tesco	Who did Everton enter talks with to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby ?
The club took the unusual move of giving its supporters a say in the club 's future by holding a ballot on the proposal , finding a split of 59 % to 41 % in favour .	59	What percentage of fans were supportive of Everton 's plans to build a new stadium in 2006 ?
In October 2009 , Everton took 7,000 travelling fans to Benfica , their largest ever away crowd in Europe since the 1985 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final .	7,000	How many travelling fans did Everton bring with them to Benefica in 2009 ?
The club implements a loyalty points scheme offering the first opportunity to purchase away tickets to season ticket holders who have attended the most away matches .	loyalty points	How does the Everton FC promote fans to purchase away tickets ?
In October 2009 , Everton took 7,000 travelling fans to Benfica , their largest ever away crowd in Europe since the 1985 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final .	2009	In what year did Everton take 7,000 travelling fans with them to an away game ?
In October 2009 , Everton took 7,000 travelling fans to Benfica , their largest ever away crowd in Europe since the 1985 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final .	1985	Aside from 2009 , in what year did Everton FC bring the most fans with them to an away game ?
Everton F.C. is a limited company with the board of directors holding a majority of the shares .	the board of directors	Who holds a majority of the shares in the Everton FC ?
The club 's overdraft with Barclays Bank is secured against the Premier League 's `` Basic Award Fund '' , a guaranteed sum given to clubs for competing in the Premier League .	Basic Award Fund	What is the Everton FC 's overdraft with Barclays Bank secured against ?
The club 's overdraft with Barclays Bank is secured against the Premier League 's `` Basic Award Fund '' , a guaranteed sum given to clubs for competing in the Premier League .	competing in the Premier League	What is the Premier League 's `` Basic Award Fund '' for ?
Everton agreed a long-term loan of # 30 million with Bear Stearns and Prudential plc in 2002 over the duration of 25 years ; a consolidation of debts at the time as well as a source of capital for new player acquisitions .	£30 million	How much money did Everton FC borrow from Bear Stearns and Prudential in 2002 ?
Everton agreed a long-term loan of # 30 million with Bear Stearns and Prudential plc in 2002 over the duration of 25 years ; a consolidation of debts at the time as well as a source of capital for new player acquisitions .	25 years	How long does Everton FC have to pay back # 30 million they borrowed from Bear Stearns and Prudential ?
Everton 's biggest rivalry is with neighbours Liverpool , against whom they contest the Merseyside derby .	Liverpool	Who is the Everton Football Club 's biggest rivals ?
The Merseyside derby is usually a sellout fixture , and has been known as the `` friendly derby '' because both sets of fans can often be seen side by side red and blue inside the stadium both at Anfield and Goodison Park .	Merseyside	What derby does Everton FC contest against Liverpool ?
The rivalry stems from an internal dispute between Everton officials and the owners of Anfield , which was then Everton 's home ground , resulting in Everton moving to Goodison Park , and the subsequent formation of Liverpool F.C. , in 1892 .	1892	In what year was the Liverpool Football Club established ?
The rivalry stems from an internal dispute between Everton officials and the owners of Anfield , which was then Everton 's home ground , resulting in Everton moving to Goodison Park , and the subsequent formation of Liverpool F.C. , in 1892 .	Goodison Park	Where did Everton FC move to that began their rivalry with Liverpool ?
The Merseyside derby is usually a sellout fixture , and has been known as the `` friendly derby '' because both sets of fans can often be seen side by side red and blue inside the stadium both at Anfield and Goodison Park .	the "friendly derby"	The Merseyside derby is also known as ?
Neville Southall holds the record for the most Everton appearances , having played 751 first-team matches between 1981 and 1997 , and previously held the record for the most league clean sheets during a season -LRB- 15 -RRB- .	Neville Southall	What player holds the Everton Football Club record for most appearances ?
During the 2008 -- 09 season , this record was beaten by American goalkeeper Tim Howard -LRB- 17 -RRB- .	Tim Howard	Who currently holds the record for the most league clean sheets during a season ?
The late centre half and former captain Brian Labone comes second , having played 534 times .	Brian Labone	Which former captain made 534 appearances with the Everton Football Club ?
The longest serving player is Goalkeeper Ted Sagar who played for 23 years between 1929 and 1953 , both sides of the Second World War , making a total of 495 appearances .	Ted Sagar	Who was the longest serving goalkeeper for the Everton FC ?
The longest serving player is Goalkeeper Ted Sagar who played for 23 years between 1929 and 1953 , both sides of the Second World War , making a total of 495 appearances .	23	How many years did Ted Sagar play for the Everton Football Club ?
The record attendance for an Everton home match is 78,299 against Liverpool on 18 September 1948 .	78,299	How many fans were in attendance during Everton 's match against Liverpool on September 18 , 1948 ?
Amazingly , there was only 1 injury at this game-Tom Fleetwood was hit on the head by a coin thrown from the crowd whilst he marched around the perimeter with St Edward 's Orphanage Band , playing the cornet .	1	How many fans were injured in Everton 's 1948 match against Liverpool that drew the largest crowd they 've had ?
Goodison Park , like all major English football grounds since the recommendations of the Taylor Report were implemented , is now an all-seater and only holds just under 40,000 , meaning it is unlikely that this attendance record will ever be broken at Goodison .	under 40,000	How many people does Goodison Park stadium hold ?
Everton 's record transfer paid was to Chelsea for Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku for a sum of # 28m .	£28m	How much did Everton FC pay to transfer Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku ?
The club also owned and operated a professional basketball team , by the name of Everton Tigers , who compete in the elite British Basketball League .	Tigers	What was the name of Everton 's professional basketball team ?
The club also owned and operated a professional basketball team , by the name of Everton Tigers , who compete in the elite British Basketball League .	British Basketball League	In which league do the Everton Tigers compete ?
The team was launched in the summer of 2007 as part of the clubs ' Community programme , and play their home games at the Greenbank Sports Academy .	2007	When was the Everton Tigers team launched ?
The team was launched in the summer of 2007 as part of the clubs ' Community programme , and play their home games at the Greenbank Sports Academy .	Greenbank Sports Academy	Where do the Everton Tigers play their home games ?
The team quickly became one of the most successful in the league winning the BBL Cup in 2009 and the play-offs in 2010 .	2009	When did the Everton Tigers win the BBL Cup ?
Everton also have links with Chilean team Everton de Viña del Mar who were named after the English club .	Everton de Viña del Mar	What is the name of the Chilean team that has ties to the Everton FC ?
On 4 August 2010 , the two Evertons played each other in a friendly named the Copa Hermandad at Goodison Park to mark the centenary of the Chilean team , an occasion organised by The Ruleteros Society , a society founded to promote connections between the two clubs .	2010	When did the two Everton Football Clubs -LRB- English and Chilean -RRB- face off against one another ?
On 4 August 2010 , the two Evertons played each other in a friendly named the Copa Hermandad at Goodison Park to mark the centenary of the Chilean team , an occasion organised by The Ruleteros Society , a society founded to promote connections between the two clubs .	The Ruleteros Society	Who organized the friendly match between the English and Chilean Everton football clubs in 2010 ?
Other Evertons exist in Rosario in Colonia Department , Uruguay , La Plata , and Río Cuarto in Argentina , Elk Grove , California in the United States , and in Cork , Ireland .	Elk Grove	What US city also has an Everton football team ?
`` The Boys in Blue '' , released in 1984 , peaked at number 82 .	1984	What year did the Everton FC release their UK pop song `` The Boys in Blue '' ?
The following year the club scored their biggest hit when `` Here We Go '' peaked at 14 .	14	What position did the song `` Here We Go '' by the Everton FC peak at on the UK pop charts in 1985 ?
In 1986 the club released `` Everybody 's Cheering The Blues '' which reached number 83 .	Everybody's Cheering The Blues	What was the name of the song that the Everton Football Club released in 1986 ?
`` All Together Now '' , a reworking of a song by Merseyside band The Farm , was released for the 1995 FA Cup Final and reached number 27 .	The Farm	Who originally sang the song `` All Together Now '' that was reworked and released by Everton Football Club in 1995 ?
The club have entered the UK pop charts on four occasions under different titles during the 1980s and 1990s when many clubs released a song to mark their reaching the FA Cup Final .	four	How many times has the Everton FC entered the UK pop charts ?
A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign , to be temporarily replaced by club captain , Dave Watson .	Dave Watson	Who temporarily replaced Joe Royle as club captain after he resigned ?
Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997 , but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership ; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers .	1997	In what year was Howard Kendall appointed manager of the Everton FC for the third time ?
Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table .	Walter Smith	Who took over for Howard Kendall after his third attempt at managing the Everton FC was unsuccessful ?
Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table .	three	How many successive finishes did Walter Smith manage for the Everton FC ?
Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997 , but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership ; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers .	seventeenth	What rank did Everton place in the 1997 Premiership league ?
Since going blue in 1901 , Everton have been given the simple nickname `` The Blues '' .	1901	What year did the Everton Football Club `` go blue '' ?
Everton 's attractive style of play led to Steve Bloomer calling the team `` scientific '' in 1928 , which is thought to have inspired the nickname `` The School of Science '' .	scientific	How did Steve Bloomer describe Everton 's style of play in 1928 ?
When David Moyes arrived as manager he proclaimed Everton as `` The People 's Club '' , which has been adopted as a semi-official club nickname .	The People's Club	What is Everton Football Club 's semi-official club nickname ?
When the black kit was worn Everton were nicknamed `` The Black Watch '' , after the famous army regiment .	The Black Watch	What was Everton 's nickname when they wore black before 1901 ?
The battling 1995 FA Cup winning side were known as `` The Dogs of War '' .	The Dogs of War	What was Everton Football Club called after winning the 1995 FA Cup ?
Old English -LRB- Ænglisc , Anglisc , Englisc -RRB- or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language , spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages .	Old English	What is the name of the English language 's earliest form ?
Old English -LRB- Ænglisc , Anglisc , Englisc -RRB- or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language , spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages .	southern and eastern	In what parts of Scotland was Old English spoken ?
Old English -LRB- Ænglisc , Anglisc , Englisc -RRB- or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language , spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages .	the early Middle Ages	in what historical period was Old English spoken ?
It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century , and the first Old English literary works date from the mid 7th century .	Anglo-Saxon settlers	What people brought Old English to Britain ?
After the Norman Conquest of 1066 , English was replaced for a time as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman , a relative of French , and Old English developed into the next historical form of English , known as Middle English .	Middle English	What language developed from Old English ?
The four main dialectal forms of Old English were Mercian , Northumbrian , Kentish , and West Saxon .	Kentish	Along with West Saxon , Northumbrian and Mercian , what was one of the four main dialects of Old English ?
Mercian and Northumbrian are together referred to as Anglian .	Anglian	What is a term that collectively refers to Northumbrian and Mercian ?
In terms of geography the Northumbrian region lay north of the Humber River ; the Mercian lay north of the Thames and South of the Humber River ; West Saxon lay south and southwest of the Thames ; and the smallest , Kentish region lay southeast of the Thames , a small corner of England .	Humber	Geographically , what river was Northumbria north of ?
In terms of geography the Northumbrian region lay north of the Humber River ; the Mercian lay north of the Thames and South of the Humber River ; West Saxon lay south and southwest of the Thames ; and the smallest , Kentish region lay southeast of the Thames , a small corner of England .	Humber	What river was the Mercian region south of ?
In terms of geography the Northumbrian region lay north of the Humber River ; the Mercian lay north of the Thames and South of the Humber River ; West Saxon lay south and southwest of the Thames ; and the smallest , Kentish region lay southeast of the Thames , a small corner of England .	Kentish	Which of the Old English dialects covered the smallest geograhical region ?
Old English contained a certain number of loanwords from Latin , which was the scholarly and diplomatic lingua franca of Western Europe .	Latin	From what language did Old English borrow some words ?
It was also through Irish Christian missionaries that the Latin alphabet was introduced and adapted for the writing of Old English , replacing the earlier runic system .	Irish Christian missionaries	What individuals introduced the Latin alphabet to the speakers of Old English ?
Nonetheless , the largest transfer of Latin-based -LRB- mainly Old French -RRB- words into English occurred after the Norman Conquest of 1066 , and thus in the Middle English rather than the Old English period .	Old French	After the Norman Conquest , Latin words entered English via what language ?
It was also through Irish Christian missionaries that the Latin alphabet was introduced and adapted for the writing of Old English , replacing the earlier runic system .	runic system	Before the introduction of the Latin alphabet , how was Old English written ?
Nonetheless , the largest transfer of Latin-based -LRB- mainly Old French -RRB- words into English occurred after the Norman Conquest of 1066 , and thus in the Middle English rather than the Old English period .	1066	In what year did the Norman Conquest occur ?
Old English nouns had grammatical gender , a feature absent in modern English , which uses only natural gender .	grammatical	What type of gender did Old English nouns possess ?
Old English nouns had grammatical gender , a feature absent in modern English , which uses only natural gender .	natural	What type of gender is present in modern English nouns ?
For example , the words sunne -LRB- `` sun '' -RRB- , mōna -LRB- `` moon '' -RRB- and wīf -LRB- `` woman/wife '' -RRB- were respectively feminine , masculine and neuter ; this is reflected , among other things , in the form of the definite article used with these nouns : sēo sunne -LRB- `` the sun '' -RRB- , se mōna -LRB- `` the moon '' -RRB- , þæt wīf -LRB- `` the woman/wife '' -RRB- .	sunne	What was a feminine word in Old English ?
For example , the words sunne -LRB- `` sun '' -RRB- , mōna -LRB- `` moon '' -RRB- and wīf -LRB- `` woman/wife '' -RRB- were respectively feminine , masculine and neuter ; this is reflected , among other things , in the form of the definite article used with these nouns : sēo sunne -LRB- `` the sun '' -RRB- , se mōna -LRB- `` the moon '' -RRB- , þæt wīf -LRB- `` the woman/wife '' -RRB- .	neuter	What was the grammatical gender of the Old English word for wife ?
For example , the words sunne -LRB- `` sun '' -RRB- , mōna -LRB- `` moon '' -RRB- and wīf -LRB- `` woman/wife '' -RRB- were respectively feminine , masculine and neuter ; this is reflected , among other things , in the form of the definite article used with these nouns : sēo sunne -LRB- `` the sun '' -RRB- , se mōna -LRB- `` the moon '' -RRB- , þæt wīf -LRB- `` the woman/wife '' -RRB- .	mōna	What was a masculine word in Old English ?
The Latin alphabet of the time still lacked the letters ⟨ j ⟩ and ⟨ w ⟩ , and there was no ⟨ v ⟩ as distinct from ⟨ u ⟩ ; moreover native Old English spellings did not use ⟨ k ⟩ , ⟨ q ⟩ or ⟨ z ⟩ .	u	When the Latin alphabet was introduced to Old English , what letter was the same as v ?
The Latin alphabet of the time still lacked the letters ⟨ j ⟩ and ⟨ w ⟩ , and there was no ⟨ v ⟩ as distinct from ⟨ u ⟩ ; moreover native Old English spellings did not use ⟨ k ⟩ , ⟨ q ⟩ or ⟨ z ⟩ .	q	Along with k and z , what Latin letter was not used in Old English ?
The remaining 20 Latin letters were supplemented by four more : ⟨ æ ⟩ -LRB- æsc , modern ash -RRB- and ⟨ ð ⟩ -LRB- ðæt , now called eth or edh -RRB- , which were modified Latin letters , and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ and wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ , which are borrowings from the futhorc .	thorn	What is the term for the letter þ ?
The remaining 20 Latin letters were supplemented by four more : ⟨ æ ⟩ -LRB- æsc , modern ash -RRB- and ⟨ ð ⟩ -LRB- ðæt , now called eth or edh -RRB- , which were modified Latin letters , and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ and wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ , which are borrowings from the futhorc .	ƿ	What number was the Tironian note visually similar to ?
The remaining 20 Latin letters were supplemented by four more : ⟨ æ ⟩ -LRB- æsc , modern ash -RRB- and ⟨ ð ⟩ -LRB- ðæt , now called eth or edh -RRB- , which were modified Latin letters , and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ and wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ , which are borrowings from the futhorc .	wynn	What was the term for the letter ƿ ?
The first example is taken from the opening lines of the folk-epic Beowulf , a poem of some 3,000 lines and the single greatest work of Old English .	Beowulf	What is regarded as the greatest literary work in Old English ?
The first example is taken from the opening lines of the folk-epic Beowulf , a poem of some 3,000 lines and the single greatest work of Old English .	3,000	About how many lines was Beowulf ?
This passage describes how Hrothgar 's legendary ancestor Scyld was found as a baby , washed ashore , and adopted by a noble family .	Scyld	Who was Hrothgar a descendant of ?
This passage describes how Hrothgar 's legendary ancestor Scyld was found as a baby , washed ashore , and adopted by a noble family .	a noble family	Who adopted Hrothgar 's ancestor ?
Old English is one of the West Germanic languages , and its closest relatives are Old Frisian and Old Saxon .	West Germanic	To what language group does Old English belong ?
Old English is one of the West Germanic languages , and its closest relatives are Old Frisian and Old Saxon .	Old Frisian	Along with Old Saxon , what language is closely related to Old English ?
Old English grammar is quite similar to that of modern German : nouns , adjectives , pronouns , and verbs have many inflectional endings and forms , and word order is much freer .	German	To what modern language is Old English similar ?
The oldest Old English inscriptions were written using a runic system , but from about the 9th century this was replaced by a version of the Latin alphabet .	9th	In what century did the Latin alphabet replace the runic system in Old English writing ?
A later literary standard , dating from the later 10th century , arose under the influence of Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester , and was followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham -LRB- `` the Grammarian '' -RRB- .	Ælfric of Eynsham	Who was known by the nickname `` the Grammarian '' ?
A later literary standard , dating from the later 10th century , arose under the influence of Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester , and was followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham -LRB- `` the Grammarian '' -RRB- .	Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester	What churchman was influential in the development of the Winchester standard ?
A later literary standard , dating from the later 10th century , arose under the influence of Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester , and was followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham -LRB- `` the Grammarian '' -RRB- .	10th	In what century did the Winchester standard arise ?
This form of the language is known as the `` Winchester standard '' , or more commonly as Late West Saxon .	Late West Saxon	What is another term for the Winchester standard ?
It retained its position of prestige until the time of the Norman Conquest , after which English ceased for a time to be of importance as a literary language .	the Norman Conquest	What event led to English temporarily losing its importance as a literary language ?
Old English was not static , and its usage covered a period of 700 years , from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century , some time after the Norman invasion .	700	For about how many years was Old English used ?
Old English was not static , and its usage covered a period of 700 years , from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century , some time after the Norman invasion .	5th	In what century was Old English first used ?
Old English was not static , and its usage covered a period of 700 years , from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century , some time after the Norman invasion .	11th	In what century did Old English cease to be used ?
While indicating that the establishment of dates is an arbitrary process , Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150 , a period of full inflections , a synthetic language .	450 to 1150	According to Albert Baugh , what was the period in which Old English was used ?
Perhaps around 85 per cent of Old English words are no longer in use , but those that survived , to be sure , are basic elements of Modern English vocabulary .	85	About what percentage of Old English words are not present in Modern English ?
In fact , what would become the standard forms of Middle English and of Modern English are descended from Mercian rather than West Saxon , while Scots developed from the Northumbrian dialect .	Mercian	From what Old English dialect is the standard for of Modern English descended ?
In fact , what would become the standard forms of Middle English and of Modern English are descended from Mercian rather than West Saxon , while Scots developed from the Northumbrian dialect .	Northumbrian	From what Old English dialect did Scots derive ?
Due to the centralisation of power and the Viking invasions , there is relatively little written record of the non-Wessex dialects after Alfred 's unification .	the Viking invasions	Along with centralization , what reason is given for the lack of records in non-Wessex dialects after the unification of Alfred ?
It was once claimed that , owing to its position at the heart of the Kingdom of Wessex , the relics of Anglo-Saxon accent , idiom and vocabulary were best preserved in the dialect of Somerset .	Somerset	What modern dialect is sometimes regarded as being similar to that of the historical Kingdom of Wessex ?
The strength of the Viking influence on Old English appears from the fact that the indispensable elements of the language - pronouns , modals , comparatives , pronominal adverbs -LRB- like `` hence '' and `` together '' -RRB- , conjunctions and prepositions - show the most marked Danish influence ; the best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in the extensive word borrowings for , as Jespersen indicates , no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax .	Danish	What language influenced Old English as a result of the Viking invasions ?
Old Norse and Old English resembled each other closely like cousins and with some words in common , they roughly understood each other ; in time the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged .	Old Norse	What language was spoken in Northern England after the Viking invasions ?
It is most `` important to recognize that in many words the English and Scandinavian language differed chiefly in their inflectional elements .	inflectional	Between the English and Scandinavian language , what elements were most different ?
Unlike Modern English , Old English is a language rich in morphological diversity .	morphological diversity	What trait does Old English possess that Modern English lacks ?
It maintains several distinct cases : the nominative , accusative , genitive , dative and -LRB- vestigially -RRB- instrumental .	accusative	Along with the nominative , genitive , dative and instrumental , what case did Old English possess ?
The only remnants of this system in Modern English are in the forms of a few pronouns -LRB- such as I/me/mine , she/her , who/whom/whose -RRB- and in the possessive ending - 's , which derives from the old -LRB- masculine and neuter -RRB- genitive ending - es .	-es	The Modern English ending - 's is derived from what ending in Old English ?
In Old English , however , nouns and their modifying words take appropriate endings depending on their case .	their case	In Old English , noun endings vary on what basis ?
The influence of Old Norse certainly helped move English from a synthetic language along the continuum to a more analytic word order , and Old Norse most likely made a greater impact on the English language than any other language .	Old Norse	What language had the greatest influence on English ?
The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their southern Anglo-Saxon neighbors produced a friction that led to the erosion of the complicated inflectional word-endings .	the Danelaw	What was the name of the area in England ruled by the Vikings ?
Simeon Potter notes : `` No less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south .	Simeon Potter	Who argued that the influence of Old Norse caused English to become a clearer , stronger and more direct language ?
The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their southern Anglo-Saxon neighbors produced a friction that led to the erosion of the complicated inflectional word-endings .	word-endings	What parts of English grammar declined as a result of Old Norse influence ?
The form of the verb varies with person -LRB- first , second and third -RRB- , number -LRB- singular and plural -RRB- , tense -LRB- present and past -RRB- , and mood -LRB- indicative , subjunctive and imperative -RRB- .	past	Along with the present , what was a verb tense in Old English ?
The form of the verb varies with person -LRB- first , second and third -RRB- , number -LRB- singular and plural -RRB- , tense -LRB- present and past -RRB- , and mood -LRB- indicative , subjunctive and imperative -RRB- .	indicative, subjunctive and imperative	What were the three moods that caused verb variation in Old English ?
The form of the verb varies with person -LRB- first , second and third -RRB- , number -LRB- singular and plural -RRB- , tense -LRB- present and past -RRB- , and mood -LRB- indicative , subjunctive and imperative -RRB- .	third	Along with the first and second , what person influenced verb variation in Old English ?
Old English verbs include strong verbs , which form the past tense by altering the root vowel , and weak verbs , which use a suffix such as - de .	-de	What is an example of a suffix used by Old English weak verbs ?
Old English verbs include strong verbs , which form the past tense by altering the root vowel , and weak verbs , which use a suffix such as - de .	altering the root vowel	How did Old English strong verbs express the past tense ?
Old English is a West Germanic language , developing out of Ingvaeonic -LRB- also known as North Sea Germanic -RRB- dialects from the 5th century .	West Germanic	What language family does Old English belong to ?
Old English is a West Germanic language , developing out of Ingvaeonic -LRB- also known as North Sea Germanic -RRB- dialects from the 5th century .	North Sea Germanic	What is another name for Ingvaeonic ?
Old English is a West Germanic language , developing out of Ingvaeonic -LRB- also known as North Sea Germanic -RRB- dialects from the 5th century .	5th	In what century did Old English first develop ?
This included most of present-day England , as well as part of what is now southeastern Scotland , which for several centuries belonged to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria .	Northumbria	What Anglo-Saxon kingdom ruled parts of modern-day Scotland ?
Celtic speech also remained established in certain parts of England : Medieval Cornish was spoken all over Cornwall and in adjacent parts of Devon , while Cumbric survived perhaps to the 12th century in parts of Cumbria , and Welsh may have been spoken on the English side of the Anglo-Welsh border .	Medieval Cornish	What language was spoken in Cornwall ?
Some of the most important surviving works of Old English literature are Beowulf , an epic poem ; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , a record of early English history ; the Franks Casket , an inscribed early whalebone artefact ; and Cædmon 's Hymn , a Christian religious poem .	the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle	What is an important Old English historical record ?
Some of the most important surviving works of Old English literature are Beowulf , an epic poem ; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , a record of early English history ; the Franks Casket , an inscribed early whalebone artefact ; and Cædmon 's Hymn , a Christian religious poem .	Cædmon's Hymn	What is an important Old English religious poem ?
Some of the most important surviving works of Old English literature are Beowulf , an epic poem ; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , a record of early English history ; the Franks Casket , an inscribed early whalebone artefact ; and Cædmon 's Hymn , a Christian religious poem .	an epic poem	What type of literary work is Beowulf ?
Cædmon , the earliest English poet we know by name , served as a lay brother in the monastery at Whitby .	Cædmon	Who is the earliest English poet known by name ?
Cædmon , the earliest English poet we know by name , served as a lay brother in the monastery at Whitby .	Whitby	Where did Cædmon live ?
Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes .	North Sea Germanic	What is another name for Anglo-Frisian ?
As the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in England , their language replaced the languages of Roman Britain : Common Brittonic , a Celtic language , and Latin , brought to Britain by Roman invasion .	Celtic	What language family did Common Brittonic belong to ?
As the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in England , their language replaced the languages of Roman Britain : Common Brittonic , a Celtic language , and Latin , brought to Britain by Roman invasion .	Roman invasion	How was the Latin language brought to Britain ?
The speech of eastern and northern parts of England was subject to strong Old Norse influence due to Scandinavian rule and settlement beginning in the 9th century .	9th	In what century did Scandinavian settlement begin in northern England ?
Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes .	Jutes	Along with the Angles and Saxons , what tribe spoke Anglo-Frisian ?
Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin , and had many works translated into the English language ; some of them , such as Pope Gregory I 's treatise Pastoral Care , appear to have been translated by Alfred himself .	Pastoral Care	What treatise was written by Pope Gregory ?
With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms -LRB- outside the Danelaw -RRB- by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century , the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect -LRB- Early West Saxon -RRB- .	West Saxon	What dialect did Alfred 's government use ?
With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms -LRB- outside the Danelaw -RRB- by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century , the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect -LRB- Early West Saxon -RRB- .	9th	In what century did Alfred unify Anglo-Saxon England ?
In Old English , typical of the development of literature , poetry arose before prose , but King Alfred the Great -LRB- 871 to 901 -RRB- chiefly inspired the growth of prose .	871	When did Alfred the Great 's reign begin ?
With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms -LRB- outside the Danelaw -RRB- by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century , the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect -LRB- Early West Saxon -RRB- .	Alfred the Great	What king unified the Anglo-Saxon realms in England ?
Of these , Northumbria south of the Tyne , and most of Mercia , were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century .	Mercia	Along with Northumbria , what kingdom was invaded by the Vikings ?
The portion of Mercia that was successfully defended , and all of Kent , were then integrated into Wessex under Alfred the Great .	Kent	Along with the part of Mercia not conquered by the Vikings , what other kingdom was combined with Wessex by Alfred ?
From that time on , the West Saxon dialect -LRB- then in the form now known as Early West Saxon -RRB- became standardised as the language of government , and as the basis for the many works of literature and religious materials produced or translated from Latin in that period .	Early West Saxon	What is the modern name for the West Saxon dialect of Alfred 's time ?
From that time on , the West Saxon dialect -LRB- then in the form now known as Early West Saxon -RRB- became standardised as the language of government , and as the basis for the many works of literature and religious materials produced or translated from Latin in that period .	Latin	From what language was literature notably translated into West Saxon ?
Of these , Northumbria south of the Tyne , and most of Mercia , were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century .	Tyne	North of what river in Northumbria was the kingdom not overrun by the Vikings ?
Another source of loanwords was Old Norse , which came into contact with Old English via the Scandinavian rulers and settlers in the Danelaw from the late 9th century , and during the rule of Cnut and other Danish kings in the early 11th century .	11th	During what century did Cnut rule ?
Another source of loanwords was Old Norse , which came into contact with Old English via the Scandinavian rulers and settlers in the Danelaw from the late 9th century , and during the rule of Cnut and other Danish kings in the early 11th century .	Danish	What was Cnut 's nationality ?
Another source of loanwords was Old Norse , which came into contact with Old English via the Scandinavian rulers and settlers in the Danelaw from the late 9th century , and during the rule of Cnut and other Danish kings in the early 11th century .	9th	During what century did Scandinavians begin to settle in England ?
Another source of loanwords was Old Norse , which came into contact with Old English via the Scandinavian rulers and settlers in the Danelaw from the late 9th century , and during the rule of Cnut and other Danish kings in the early 11th century .	Old Norse	What language was a source for English loanwords that are still used today ?
Many place-names in eastern and northern England are of Scandinavian origin .	northern	Along with eastern England , what part of England contains many place names of Scandinavian origin ?
Additionally , modern editions often distinguish between velar and palatal ⟨ c ⟩ and ⟨ g ⟩ by placing dots above the palatals : ⟨ ċ ⟩ , ⟨ ġ ⟩ .	palatal	What form of c , when written , contains a dot over the letter ?
The letter wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ is usually replaced with ⟨ w ⟩ , but æsc , eth and thorn are normally retained -LRB- except when eth is replaced by thorn -RRB- .	w	What conventional letter from the Latin alphabet typically replaces the wynn from Old English ?
The modern forms of Latin letters are used , including ⟨ g ⟩ in place of the insular G , ⟨ s ⟩ for long S , and others which may differ considerably from the insular script , notably ⟨ e ⟩ , ⟨ f ⟩ and ⟨ r ⟩ .	g	What letter from the Latin alphabet replaces the Old English insular G ?
The modern forms of Latin letters are used , including ⟨ g ⟩ in place of the insular G , ⟨ s ⟩ for long S , and others which may differ considerably from the insular script , notably ⟨ e ⟩ , ⟨ f ⟩ and ⟨ r ⟩ .	s	What Latin letter is used in place of the Old English long S ?
The letter wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ is usually replaced with ⟨ w ⟩ , but æsc , eth and thorn are normally retained -LRB- except when eth is replaced by thorn -RRB- .	thorn	When eth is replaced , what is it replaced by ?
A number of websites devoted to Neo-Paganism and Historical re-enactment offer reference material and forums promoting the active use of Old English .	Neo-Paganism	What modern religion sometimes uses Old English ?
A number of websites devoted to Neo-Paganism and Historical re-enactment offer reference material and forums promoting the active use of Old English .	Historical re-enactment	What hobby champions the use of Old English ?
Examples include Alistair Campbell and J. R. R. Tolkien .	Alistair Campbell	Along with Tolkien , what modern scholar notably made use of Old English ?
By far the most ambitious project -LSB- peacock term -RSB- is the Old English Wikipedia , but most of the Neo-Old English texts published online bear little resemblance to the historical model and are riddled with very basic grammatical mistakes .	the Old English Wikipedia	What Wikipedia project makes use of the Old English language ?
By far the most ambitious project -LSB- peacock term -RSB- is the Old English Wikipedia , but most of the Neo-Old English texts published online bear little resemblance to the historical model and are riddled with very basic grammatical mistakes .	Neo-Old English	What is a term for modern texts written in Old English ?
A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability .	fleet carrier	What type of carrier is the largest ?
A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability .	offensive	What capability does a fleet carrier offer ?
By comparison , escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships .	to provide defense for convoys of ships	What purpose were excort carriers developed for ?
Most were built from mercantile hulls or , in the case of merchant aircraft carriers , were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top .	mercantile hulls	What were most escort carriers built from ?
Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers , these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters .	heavy aviation cruisers	What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called ?
Escort aircraft carriers , such as USS Bogue , were sometimes purpose-built , but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions .	Escort	What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue ?
Following this concept , light aircraft carriers built by the US , such as USS Independence , represented a larger , more `` militarized '' version of the escort carrier .	light	What type of aircraft was the USS Independence ?
Although with similar complement to Escort carriers , they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls .	speed	What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers ?
The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years .	3 years	What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier ?
They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s .	Royal Navy	Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war ?
Speaking in St. Petersburg , Russia on 30 June 2011 , the head of Russia 's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016 , with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023 .	2016	When did Russia 's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier ?
Speaking in St. Petersburg , Russia on 30 June 2011 , the head of Russia 's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016 , with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023 .	2023	What year was the goal for Russia 's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability ?
Several months later , on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included -LRB- first -RRB- the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships , after which Moscow will build two -LRB- 80,000 tons full load each -RRB- nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027 .	Russian newspaper	What was Izvestiya ?
The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy 's Northern Fleet at Murmansk , and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok .	Murmansk	Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed ?
The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy 's Northern Fleet at Murmansk , and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok .	Vladivostok	Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed ?
As `` runways at sea '' , aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck , which launches and recovers aircraft .	aircraft carriers	What are typically regarded as `` runways at sea '' ?
As `` runways at sea '' , aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck , which launches and recovers aircraft .	flat-top flight deck	What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft ?
The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found .	The flight deck	Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found ?
Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier -- for example , the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain .	a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain	What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have ?
This affects take-off procedure , as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift .	accelerate more quickly to gain lift	What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths ?
Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship .	early 1950s	When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship ?
The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires , referred to as a bolter , to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward .	hitting aircraft parked forward	What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck ?
The angled deck allows the installation of one or two `` waist '' catapults in addition to the two bow cats .	one or two	How many `` waist '' catapults can be installed with an angled deck ?
The angled deck allows the installation of one or two `` waist '' catapults in addition to the two bow cats .	two	How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck ?
An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft .	An angled deck	What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty ?
Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck .	the forward end of the flight deck	Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers ?
This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks .	take off at far higher weights	What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they could n't do with a flat deck ??
Originally developed by the Royal Navy , it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers .	the Royal Navy	Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp ?
A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards .	some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity	What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful ?
Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea .	either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea	What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing ?
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase , equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying , arming , deploying , and recovering aircraft .	full-length	What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with ?
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase , equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying , arming , deploying , and recovering aircraft .	carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering	What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft ?
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase , equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying , arming , deploying , and recovering aircraft .	An aircraft carrier	Typically , what is the capital ship of any fleet ?
Aircraft carriers have evolved from converted cruisers to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighter planes , strike aircraft , helicopters , and other types of aircraft .	nuclear-powered warships	What have the old converted cruiser aircraft carriers evolved into ?
Typically , it is the capital ship of a fleet , as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations .	project air power worldwide without depending on local bases	What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish ?
The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of an airplane , made from the deck of a United States Navy vessel -LRB- cruiser USS Birmingham -RRB- , and the first experimental landings were conducted in 1911 .	1903	In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft ?
The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of an airplane , made from the deck of a United States Navy vessel -LRB- cruiser USS Birmingham -RRB- , and the first experimental landings were conducted in 1911 .	1910	In what year was the first experimental take-off of an airplane ?
The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of an airplane , made from the deck of a United States Navy vessel -LRB- cruiser USS Birmingham -RRB- , and the first experimental landings were conducted in 1911 .	1911	In what year were the first experimental landings of an airplane ?
The first carrier-launched airstrike was the Tondern Raid in July 1918 .	the Tondern Raid in July 1918	What was the first carrier-launched airstrike ?
In September 1914 the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conducted the world 's first successful ship-launched air raid : on 6 September 1914 a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao ; neither was hit .	the world's first successful ship-launched air raid	What did the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914 ?
Modern navies that operate such aircraft carriers treat them as the capital ship of the fleet , a role previously held by the battleship .	the battleship	Which ship was originally known as being the capital ship of the fleet ?
This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare , driven by the superior range , flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft .	World War II	When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the capital ship of the fleet ?
Supercarriers , displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater , have become the pinnacle of carrier development .	Supercarriers	What type of carrier is capable of displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater ?
Amphibious assault ships , such as USS Tarawa and HMS Ocean , serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines , and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose .	Amphibious assault ships	Which ships are used for carrying and landing Marines ?
Amphibious assault ships , such as USS Tarawa and HMS Ocean , serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines , and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose .	helicopters	What do Amphibious assalut ships need a large contingent of for carrying Marines ?
The Royal Australian Navy is in the process of procuring two Canberra-class LHD 's , the first of which was commissioned in November 2015 , while the second is expected to enter service in 2016 .	The Royal Australian Navy	Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD 's ?
The ships will be the largest in Australian naval history .	the largest in Australian naval history	How large will the two Canbera-class LDH 's be ?
The LHD is capable of launching multiple helicopters at one time while maintaining an amphibious capability of 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles -LRB- tanks , armoured personnel carriers etc. -RRB- .	1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles	How many troops can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD ?
Their primary roles are to embark , transport and deploy an embarked force and to carry out or support humanitarian assistance missions .	to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force	What is one primary role of the Canbera-class LDH ?
The LHD is capable of launching multiple helicopters at one time while maintaining an amphibious capability of 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles -LRB- tanks , armoured personnel carriers etc. -RRB- .	multiple helicopters at one time	How many helicopters is the LHD capable of launching ?
The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers , the Queen Elizabeth class , to replace the three Invincible-class carriers .	two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class	What is the British Navy constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers ?
The ships will be named HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales .	HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales	What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named ?
The ships are due to become operational from 2020 .	2020	When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational ?
They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft in peace time with a tailored group of up to 50 , and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes .	70,600	How many tonnes can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace ?
The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy .	the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy	How large will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be ?
The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly , as they influence the weight , type , and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched .	they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched	Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier ?
For example , assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft , especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons .	heavy aircraft	What are assisted launch mechanisms primarily used for ?
CATOBAR is most commonly used on USN supercarriers as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts , especially on ground-attack missions .	deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts	What does CATOBAR allow for ?
STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capability for fighter aircraft .	it is cheaper to operate	Why is STOVL used by other navies ?
Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft can not decelerate on their own , and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems -LRB- - BAR , e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR -RRB- to recover their aircraft .	conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own	Why do almost all carriers using conventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems ?
Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft can not decelerate on their own , and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems -LRB- - BAR , e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR -RRB- to recover their aircraft .	to recover their aircraft	What is the purpose of an arrested-recovery system ?
Aircraft that are landing extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck to bring themselves to a stop in a short distance .	extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck	What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance ?
Post-WWII Royal Navy research on safer CATOBAR recovery eventually led to universal adoption of a landing area angled off axis to allow aircraft who missed the arresting wires to `` bolt '' and safely return to flight for another landing attempt rather than crashing into aircraft on the forward deck .	bolt	What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if if misses the arresting wires ?
Post-WWII Royal Navy research on safer CATOBAR recovery eventually led to universal adoption of a landing area angled off axis to allow aircraft who missed the arresting wires to `` bolt '' and safely return to flight for another landing attempt rather than crashing into aircraft on the forward deck .	crashing into aircraft on the forward deck	What can a `` bolt '' prevent an aircraft from doing ?
Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters , the handler , and the air boss .	the shooters, the handler, and the air boss	What are 3 key personnel involved in the flight deck ?
Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft .	launching aircraft	What are shooters responsible for ?
The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery .	the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery	What is the handler responsible for ?
The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge .	on the Navigation Bridge	Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time ?
Below this is the Flag Bridge , designated for the embarked admiral and his staff .	the embarked admiral and his staff	Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship designated for ?
The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size , payload , and fuel load -LRB- and thus range -RRB- ; heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck , or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket .	the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load	What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump ?
The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size , payload , and fuel load -LRB- and thus range -RRB- ; heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck , or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket .	heavily laden aircraft	What can not launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight ?
The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size , payload , and fuel load -LRB- and thus range -RRB- ; heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck , or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket .	a catapult or JATO rocket	What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from ?
Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas , this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers .	would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas	Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present ?
For example , the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load .	with a minimal armament and fuel load	How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov ?
One STOBAR carrier : Liaoning was originally built as the 57,000 tonne Soviet Admiral Kuznetsov-class carrier Varyag and was later purchased as a stripped hulk by China in 1998 on the pretext of use as a floating casino , then partially rebuilt and towed to China for completion .	on the pretext of use as a floating casino	Why did China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998 ?
She is classified as a training ship , intended to allow the navy to practice with carrier usage .	a training ship	What is Liaoning classifed as ?
She is classified as a training ship , intended to allow the navy to practice with carrier usage .	carrier usage	What is the Liaoning intended to help the navy practice with ?
As it is a training ship , Liaoning is not assigned to any of China 's operation fleets .	it is a training ship	Why is Liaoning not assigned to any of China 's operation fleets ?
On 26 December 2012 , the People 's Daily reported that it will take four to five years for Liaoning to reach full capacity , mainly due to training and coordination which will take significant amount of time for Chinese PLA Navy to complete as this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession .	this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession	Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 4-5 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity ?
India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne , 260-metre-long -LRB- 850 ft -RRB- Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009 .	India	Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009 ?
The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles -LRB- 15,000 kilometres -RRB- , carrying 160 officers , 1,400 sailors , and 30 aircraft .	four gas-turbine engines	What will power the Indian-made ship ?
The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles -LRB- 15,000 kilometres -RRB- , carrying 160 officers , 1,400 sailors , and 30 aircraft .	8,000 nautical miles	What will the range of the Indian-made ship be , carrying 160 officers , 1400 sailers , and 30 aircraft ?
The carrier is being constructed by Cochin Shipyard .	Cochin Shipyard	Who is constructing the Indian-made ship ?
The ship was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2018 .	August 2013	When was the Indian-made ship launched ?
Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft , including fighter jets and helicopters .	to deploy balloons	What were carriers used for in the early 20th century ?
As of 3 March 2016 , there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies .	thirty-seven	As of 3/3/2016 , how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide ?
The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers -LRB- known as supercarriers , carrying up to 90 aircraft each -RRB- , the largest carriers in the world ; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations ' combined .	supercarriers	What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy ?
The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers -LRB- known as supercarriers , carrying up to 90 aircraft each -RRB- , the largest carriers in the world ; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations ' combined .	up to 90	How many aircraft can supercarriers carry ?
The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers -LRB- known as supercarriers , carrying up to 90 aircraft each -RRB- , the largest carriers in the world ; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations ' combined .	The United States Navy	Who owns the largest carriers in the world ?
There is no single definition of an `` aircraft carrier '' , and modern navies use several variants of the type .	There is no single definition	What is the definition of an `` aircraft carrier '' ?
Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments .	according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments	How may aircraft carriers be classified ?
Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope , former head of the Royal Navy , has said that `` To put it simply , countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers '' .	former head of the Royal Navy	Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope ?
Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope , former head of the Royal Navy , has said that `` To put it simply , countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers '' .	Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope	Who said , `` countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers '' ?
The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II , because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare .	The aircraft carrier	What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II ?
The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range , flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft .	the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness	What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons ?
They had higher range and precision than naval guns , making them highly effective .	They had higher range and precision	Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns ?
The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto , signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes .	the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes	What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet ?
However , the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940 .	the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships	What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters ?
The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships .	flattop vessels	What develpment produced the first large fleet ships ?
In 1918 , HMS Argus became the world 's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft .	HMS Argus	What was the world 's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft ?
As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships , most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down -LRB- or had served -RRB- as different ship types : cargo ships , cruisers , battlecruisers , or battleships .	the construction of new heavy surface combat ships	What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit ?
As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships , most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down -LRB- or had served -RRB- as different ship types : cargo ships , cruisers , battlecruisers , or battleships .	Washington Naval Treaty of 1922	What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships , cruisers or battlecruisers ?
These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers -LRB- 1927 -RRB- , Akagi and Courageous class .	Lexington-class	What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927 ?
The navy also evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System -LRB- EMALS -RRB- , which is being used by the US Navy in their latest Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers .	Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System	What does EMALS stand for ?
General Atomics , the developer of the EMALS , was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers , who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system .	General Atomics	Who developed EMALS ?
The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles -LRB- UCAV -RRB- .	varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV)	What do EMALS enable the launching of ?
General Atomics , the developer of the EMALS , was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers , who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system .	Indian Navy officers	Who was impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics ?
The aim is to have a total of three aircraft carriers in service , with two fully operational carriers and the third in refit .	three	How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS ?
In August 2013 , a launching ceremony for Japan 's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama .	Japan's largest military ship since World War II	What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Yokohama held for ?
The flight deck has five helicopter landing spots that allow simultaneous landings or take-offs .	five	How many helicopters can simultaneously land on Japan 's largest military ship ?
The 820-foot-long -LRB- 250 m -RRB- , 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015 .	820-foot-long (250 m)	How long is Japan 's largest military ship ?
For other operations , 400 troops and fifty 3.5 t trucks -LRB- or equivalent equipment -RRB- can also be carried .	400	How many troops can Japan 's largest military ship carry ?
The 820-foot-long -LRB- 250 m -RRB- , 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015 .	19,500-ton	How much does Japan 's largest military ship weigh ?
The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service -LRB- and in some cases replaced -RRB- by the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class .	the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class	What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with ?
The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System -LRB- EMALS -RRB- -LRB- which replace the old steam catapults -RRB- and unmanned aerial vehicles .	Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)	Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults ?
With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 -LRB- decommissioning scheduled for 2016 -RRB- , the U.S. fleet comprises 10 active supercarriers .	2016	When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned ?
However , the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $ 12 -- 14.5 billion -LRB- plus $ 12 billion for development and research -RRB- for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier -LRB- estimated service 2016 -RRB- compared to the smaller $ 2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active , another is under construction and nine more are planned .	100,000 ton	How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh ?
However , the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $ 12 -- 14.5 billion -LRB- plus $ 12 billion for development and research -RRB- for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier -LRB- estimated service 2016 -RRB- compared to the smaller $ 2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active , another is under construction and nine more are planned .	45,000 ton	How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh ?
If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters , they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need .	VTOL-capable or helicopters	What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate ?
It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area .	the launch area	What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from ?
Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing -LRB- V/STOL -RRB- usually recover by coming abreast the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear .	aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing	What does V/STOL refer to ?
Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing -LRB- V/STOL -RRB- usually recover by coming abreast the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear .	hover	What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land vertically ?
Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing -LRB- V/STOL -RRB- usually recover by coming abreast the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear .	arresting gear	What do n't helicopters need because of having hover capablility ?
The superstructure of a carrier -LRB- such as the bridge , flight control tower -RRB- are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island , a feature pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923 .	an island	What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923 ?
The superstructure of a carrier -LRB- such as the bridge , flight control tower -RRB- are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island , a feature pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923 .	The superstructure of a carrier	What is concentrated in the small area called an island ?
While the island is usually built on the starboard side of the fight deck , the Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi and Hiryū had their islands built on the port side .	starboard	Other than Japanese carriers , which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on ?
The flush deck configuration proved to have significant drawbacks , primary of which was management of the exhaust from the power plant .	management of the exhaust from the power plant	What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration ?
Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in USS Langley .	Fumes coming across the deck	What was a major issue in the USS Langley ?
1 CATOBAR carrier : Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier , commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy -LRB- Marine Nationale -RRB- .	Charles de Gaulle	What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001 ?
1 CATOBAR carrier : Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier , commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy -LRB- Marine Nationale -RRB- .	the French Navy	What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of ?
The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard , Dassault Rafale M and E‑2C Hawkeye aircraft , EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue , as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles .	Aster	What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry ?
1 CATOBAR carrier : Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier , commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy -LRB- Marine Nationale -RRB- .	Marine Nationale	What is another name for the French Navy ?
The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007 , recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers -LRB- one every four years -RRB- .	one every four years	How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07 ?
However , the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $ 12 -- 14.5 billion -LRB- plus $ 12 billion for development and research -RRB- for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier -LRB- estimated service 2016 -RRB- compared to the smaller $ 2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships , which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs .	America-class amphibious assault ships	What class does the USS America belong to ?
With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 , the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers .	10	How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise ?
However , the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $ 12 -- 14.5 billion -LRB- plus $ 12 billion for development and research -RRB- for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier -LRB- estimated service 2016 -RRB- compared to the smaller $ 2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships , which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs .	F-35Bs	What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of ?
The first of this class , USS America , is now in active service with another , USS Tripoli , under construction and 9 more are planned .	USS Tripoli	Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service ?
Since World War II , aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size .	to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size	Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II ?
The large , modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II -- era USS Enterprise , yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same -- a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years .	nearly four times	How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise ?
Today 's aircraft carriers are so expensive that nations which operate them risk significant political , economic , and military impact if a carrier is lost , or even used in conflict .	Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive	Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict ?
The large , modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II -- era USS Enterprise , yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same -- a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years .	World War II	Which era does the USS Enterprise belong to ?
Conventional -LRB- `` tailhook '' -RRB- aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer -LRB- LSO , radio call sign paddles -RRB- to monitor the aircraft 's approach , visually gauge glideslope , attitude , and airspeed , and transmit that data to the pilot .	landing signal officer	What does LSO stand for ?
Conventional -LRB- `` tailhook '' -RRB- aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer -LRB- LSO , radio call sign paddles -RRB- to monitor the aircraft 's approach , visually gauge glideslope , attitude , and airspeed , and transmit that data to the pilot .	a landing signal officer	Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft 's approach and transmit the data to the pilot ?
Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s , LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot -LRB- hence the nickname -RRB- .	colored paddles	What did LSO 's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950 's ?
From the late 1950s onward , visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope , but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio .	Optical Landing System	Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950 's ?
From the late 1950s onward , visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope , but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio .	transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio	What are LSO 's still being used to do ?
Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck , using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight .	using the ramp and a running start	What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically ?
Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck , using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight .	STOVL	What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically ?
As catapults are unnecessary , carriers with this arrangement reduce weight , complexity , and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment , vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware .	vertical	What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables ?
Russian , Chinese , and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft .	a ski-jump ramp	What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters ?
Russian , Chinese , and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft .	traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft	What do Russian carriers still use to recover ?
One CATOBAR carrier : São Paulo is a Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Brazilian Navy .	the Brazilian Navy	Who is the Sao Paulo currently in service for ?
São Paulo was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as Foch and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil , where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy .	the French Navy	Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1963 ?
During the period from 2005 -- 2010 , São Paulo underwent extensive modernization .	extensive modernization	What did Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010 ?
She was expected to rejoin the fleet in late 2013 , but suffered another major fire in 2012 .	another major fire	What setback happened to Sao Paula in 2012 ?
1 STOBAR carrier : Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov : 55,000 tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier .	STOBAR	What type of carrier is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov ?
Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi , renamed and operational from 1995 .	in 1985	When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov first launched ?
Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi , renamed and operational from 1995 .	Tbilisi	What was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Officially designated an aircraft carrying cruiser , she is unique in carrying a heavy cruiser 's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles .	carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles	What is unique about Tbilisi ?
The P-700 systems will be removed in the coming refit to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities as well as upgrading her defensive systems .	The P-700 systems	What will be removed from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities ?
The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers , the Queen Elizabeth class , to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers .	Queen Elizabeth	Which class of aircraft carriers is being constructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers ?
They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to 50 , and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes .	70,600 tonnes	What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth ?
HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020 .	in 2017	When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission ?
HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020 .	in about 2020	When is Prince of Wales projected to commission ?
The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy .	Royal Navy	Who is building HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales ?
In 2007 , two FAA whistleblowers , inspectors Charalambe `` Bobby '' Boutris and Douglas E. Peters , alleged that Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the fuselage , but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline .	2007	When did two whisleblowers allege that Boutris attempted to ground Southwest Airlines ?
This was validated by a report by the Department of Transportation which found FAA managers had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections , ignoring concerns raised by inspectors .	46	How many planes did the FAA managers allow to fly in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections ?
In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest $ 10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks , and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $ 7.5 million penalty and would adopt new safety procedures , with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow through .	$10.2 million	How much did the FAA propose to fine Southwest for failing to inspect older planes ?
Jim Oberstar , former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses , allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules .	Jim Oberstar	What former chairman of the committee said it 's investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse ?
Jim Oberstar , former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses , allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules .	117	How many planes were allowed to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety regulations ?
On July 22 , 2008 , in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal , a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures , including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year `` cooling off '' period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated .	July 22, 2008	When did the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal happen ?
On July 22 , 2008 , in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal , a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures , including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year `` cooling off '' period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated .	House	who approved a mesaure to tigheten regulations concerning airplane maintenance prodecures ?
The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word `` customer '' properly applies to the flying public , not those entities regulated by the FAA .	the flying public	What does the word ` customer ' properly apply to ?
On July 22 , 2008 , in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal , a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures , including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year `` cooling off '' period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated .	two-year	how long was the `` cooling off '' period that the FAA inspectors or supervisers of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulate ?
The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already brought the agency into the field of civil aviation security .	hijacking	What epidemic did the FAA have to handle in the 1960s ?
In response to the hijackings on September 11 , 2001 , this responsibility is now primarily taken by the Department of Homeland Security .	Department of Homeland Security	Who now takes responsibility for aviation security ?
The FAA became more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it received the power to set aircraft noise standards .	1968	When did the FAA become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation ?
During the 1960s and 1970s , the FAA also started to regulate high altitude -LRB- over 500 feet -RRB- kite and balloon flying .	500 feet	What is the altitude which the FAA regulates over ?
Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management of a new airport aid program and certain added responsibilities for airport safety .	1970	When was legislation passed that gave the agency management of a new airport aide program ?
On the eve of America 's entry into World War II , CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports .	World War II	When did the CAA begin to exptend it 's ATC responsibilities ?
The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation .	radar	What helped ATC controllers in their drive ot keep ahead of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation ?
In 1946 , meanwhile , Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program , the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation 's civil airports .	1946	When did Congress give the CAA the task of administering the federal-air airport program ?
In 1946 , meanwhile , Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program , the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation 's civil airports .	civil airports	What did the federal-aid airport program aim to help develop ?
By the mid-1970s , the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology .	mid-1970s	When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system ?
This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth , however , especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB 's economic regulation of the airlines .	1978	When was the Airline Deregulation act ?
A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system .	1981	When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers union happen ?
In 1994 , the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment .	1994	when did the FAA shift to a more step-by-step approach to providing air traffic controllers with more advanced equipment ?
By the mid-1970s , the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology .	computer technology	What helped operate radar in the new air-traffic control system ?
The Air Commerce Act of May 20 , 1926 , is the cornerstone of the federal government 's regulation of civil aviation .	May 20, 1926	When was the Air Commerce Act passed ?
The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce , issuing and enforcing air traffic rules , licensing pilots , certifying aircraft , establishing airways , and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation .	Secretary of Commerce	Who was charged with fostering air commerce ?
The newly created Aeronautics Branch , operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight .	Aeronautics Branch	What new branch was created and operates under the Department of Commerce ?
The newly created Aeronautics Branch , operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight .	Aeronautics Branch	Who assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight ?
The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce , issuing and enforcing air traffic rules , licensing pilots , certifying aircraft , establishing airways , and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation .	Secretary of Commerce	Who was responsible for operating and maintaining aids to air navigation ?
The approaching era of jet travel , and a series of midair collisions -LRB- most notable was the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision -RRB- , prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 .	1956	When did the Grand-Canyon mid-air collision happen ?
The approaching era of jet travel , and a series of midair collisions -LRB- most notable was the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision -RRB- , prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 .	1958	when was the Federal Aviation Act passed ?
This legislation gave the CAA 's functions to a new independent body , the Federal Aviation Agency .	Federal Aviation Agency	What agency would now act like the CAA ?
The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA , and also gave the FAA sole responsibility for a common civil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control .	CAB	Who did the Federal Aviation Act transfer air safety regulation from ?
The FAA 's first administrator , Elwood R. Quesada , was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower .	Elwood R. Quesada	Who was the FAA 's first administrator ?
On October 31 , 2013 , after outcry from media outlets , including heavy criticism from Nick Bilton of The New York Times , the FAA announced it will allow airlines to expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all phases of flight , but mobile phone calls will still be prohibited .	October 31, 2013	When did the FAA decide to expand passengers use of portable elctronic devices during all phases of flight ?
Mobile phones must be in airplane mode or with mobile service disabled , with no signal bars displayed , and can not be used for voice communications due to Federal Communications Commission regulations that prohibit any airborne calls using mobile phones .	airplane mode	What mode must mobile phones be put into ?
On October 31 , 2013 , after outcry from media outlets , including heavy criticism from Nick Bilton of The New York Times , the FAA announced it will allow airlines to expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all phases of flight , but mobile phone calls will still be prohibited .	all phases	What phases of flight will passengers be able to use electronic devices ?
Devices must be held or put in the seat-back pocket during the actual takeoff and landing .	seat-back pocket	Where must devices be put during actual takeoff and landing ?
Short-range Bluetooth accessories , like wireless keyboards , can also be used .	can also be used.	Are short-range bluetooth accessories able to be used ?
In 1967 , a new U.S. Department of Transportation -LRB- DOT -RRB- combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport .	1967	When did the US DOT combine major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport ?
The Federal Aviation Agency 's name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies -LRB- e.g. , Federal Highway Administration , Federal Railroad Administration , the Coast Guard , and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission -RRB- within DOT -LRB- albeit the largest -RRB- .	Federal Aviation Administration	What did the Federal Aviation Agency change it 's name to ?
The FAA administrator would no longer report directly to the president but would instead report to the Secretary of Transportation .	Secretary of Transportation	Who would the FAA administrator report to ?
New programs and budget requests would have to be approved by DOT , which would then include these requests in the overall budget and submit it to the president .	DOT	Who approves new programs and budget requests ?
New programs and budget requests would have to be approved by DOT , which would then include these requests in the overall budget and submit it to the president .	president	Who is the final person to approve the budget that is submitted ?
The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the Department .	Bureau of Air Commerce	What was the Areonautics Branch renamed to ?
The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the Department .	1934	When was the Aeronautics Branch renamed ?
In 1936 , the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system .	1936	When did the Buerau take over and begin to expant the ATC system ?
The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps , blackboards , and mental calculations to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities .	air traffic controllers	What were the people who used maps , blackboards , and mental calculation to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling between cities called ?
In 2014 , the FAA changed a long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates that eliminated preferences based on training and experience at flight schools in favor of a personality test open to anyone irrespective of experience .	2014	When did the FAA change it 's long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates ?
In 2014 , the FAA changed a long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates that eliminated preferences based on training and experience at flight schools in favor of a personality test open to anyone irrespective of experience .	personality test	What was now favored instead of training and experince at flight schools ?
In 2014 , the FAA changed a long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates that eliminated preferences based on training and experience at flight schools in favor of a personality test open to anyone irrespective of experience .	anyone	Who could be an air traffic controller irrespective of experience now because of the rule change ?
Instead , applicants could take `` a biographical questionnaire '' that many applicants found baffling .	biographical questionnaire	What did applicants now take that many of them found baffling ?
Retired NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent Joseph Gutheinz , who used to be a Special Agent with the Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation and with FAA Security , is one of the most outspoken critics of FAA .	Joseph Gutheinz	What retired NASA Office of inspector general is outspoken about the FAA ?
At $ 25,000 per violation , Gutheinz said , airlines can justify rolling the dice and taking the chance on getting caught .	$25,000	How much do penalties against airlines cost per violation ?
For example , to levy a heavy penalty upon an airline for violating an FAA regulation which would impact their ability to continue operating would not be considered encouraging aerospace travel .	impact their ability to continue operating	A heavy penalty for violating FAA reulations could said to be do what ?
Rather than commend the agency for proposing a $ 10.2 million fine against Southwest Airlines for its failure to conduct mandatory inspections in 2008 , he was quoted as saying the following in an Associated Press story : `` Penalties against airlines that violate FAA directives should be stiffer .	$10.2 million	What did the agency propose to find Southwest Airlines ?
In 1998 Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen became independent unitary authorities .	1998	In what year did Blackpool and Blackburn become independent unitary authorities ?
One parish , Simonswood , was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994 .	1994	In what year was Simonswood transferred from Knowsley to West Lancashire
Warrington and Widnes , south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border were added to the new non-metropolitan county of Cheshire .	Warrington and Widnes	Which places were added to the new county of Cheshire ?
The boroughs of Liverpool , Knowsley , St Helens and Sefton were included in Merseyside .	Merseyside	Where were the boroughs of Liverpool , Knowsley , St Helens and Sefton included ?
One parish , Simonswood , was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994 .	Simonswood	Which parish was transferred from Knowsley to the district of West Lancashire ?
While the administrative boundaries changed in the 1970s , the county palatine boundaries remain the same as the historic boundaries .	1970s	When did the administrative boundaries for the Duchy of Lancaster change ?
The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies in England .	one of two royal duchies in England	What is the Duchy of Lancaster ?
It has landholdings throughout the region and elsewhere , operating as a property company , but also exercising the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster .	a property company	What does the Duchy of Lancaster operate as ?
As a result , the High Sheriffs for Lancashire , Greater Manchester and Merseyside are appointed `` within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster '' .	High Sheriffs	Who are appointed within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancater ?
The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies in England .	The Duchy of Lancaster	Who exercises the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster ?
Lancashire has a mostly comprehensive system with four state grammar schools .	four	How many state grammar schools are in Lancashire ?
Not including sixth form colleges , there are 77 state schools -LRB- not including Burnley 's new schools -RRB- and 24 independent schools .	77	How many state schools are in Lancashire ?
Not including sixth form colleges , there are 77 state schools -LRB- not including Burnley 's new schools -RRB- and 24 independent schools .	24	How many independant schools are in Lancashire ?
South Ribble has the largest school population and Fylde the smallest -LRB- only three schools -RRB- .	South Ribble	Who has the largest school population ?
South Ribble has the largest school population and Fylde the smallest -LRB- only three schools -RRB- .	Fylde	Who has the smallest school population ?
The county was once the focal point for many of the sport 's professional competitions including the Lancashire League competition which ran from 1895 to 1970 , and the Lancashire County Cup which was abandoned in 1993 .	1895 to 1970	What years did the Lancashire League competition run from ?
Lancashire produced well known teams in super league such as St Helens , Wigan , and Warrington .	Lancashire	Which county was once the focal point for many professional competitions ?
The county was once the focal point for many of the sport 's professional competitions including the Lancashire League competition which ran from 1895 to 1970 , and the Lancashire County Cup which was abandoned in 1993 .	1993	Which year was the Lancashire County Cup abandoned ?
Rugby League has also seen a representative fixture between Lancashire and Yorkshire contested 89 times since its inception in 1895 .	1895	What year did Rugby League start ?
The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853 , and continued annually until the 1980s .	Manchester	Where was the first open competition for brass bands held ?
The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853 , and continued annually until the 1980s .	1853	What year was the first open competition for brass bands held ?
The conductor David Atherton , co-founder of the London Sinfonietta , was born in Blackpool in 1944 .	Blackpool	Where was David Atherton born ?
The conductor David Atherton , co-founder of the London Sinfonietta , was born in Blackpool in 1944 .	the London Sinfonietta	What did David Atherton co-found ?
Lancashire also produced more populist figures , such as early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart -LRB- 1863 -- 1928 -RRB- , born in Southport , who began his musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral .	Leslie Stuart	Who began their musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral ?
Manchester and Liverpool grew into its largest cities , dominating global trade and the birth of modern capitalism .	Manchester and Liverpool	What are the biggest cities in Lancashire ?
By the 1830s , approximately 85 % of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire .	85%	By the 1830 's , how much of all cotton was processed in Lancashire ?
Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire 's mill towns , particularly during wakes week .	Blackpool	Where was a center for tourist for the people of Lancashire 's mill towns ?
Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire 's mill towns , particularly during wakes week .	wakes week	What week was most popular to visit Lancashire 's mill towns ?
Lancashire emerged as a major commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution .	during the Industrial Revolution	When did Lancashire emerge as a major commercialand industrial region ?
The county was subject to significant boundary reform in 1974 that removed Liverpool and Manchester and most of their surrounding conurbations to form the metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester .	1974	When was Liverpool and Manchester removed from Lancashire boundaries ?
Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties , about two fifths of its original area , although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire .	709	How many miles of land did Lancashire lose to other countries ?
Today the county borders Cumbria to the north , Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east ; with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west .	Cumbria	What is to the north of Lancashire today ?
Today the county borders Cumbria to the north , Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east ; with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west .	West Yorkshire	What is to the east of Lancashire today ?
The county palatine boundaries remain the same -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights , including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester and Merseyside .	Duke of Lancaster	Who exercises sovereignty rights for Lancashire ?
In 1889 , the administrative county of Lancashire was created , covering the historical county except for the county boroughs such as Blackburn , Burnley , Barrow-in-Furness , Preston , Wigan , Liverpool and Manchester .	1889	When was the administrative county of Lancashire created ?
The area served by the Lord-Lieutenant -LRB- termed now a ceremonial county -RRB- covered the entirety of the administrative county and the county boroughs , and was expanded whenever boroughs annexed areas in neighbouring counties such as Wythenshawe in Manchester south of the River Mersey and historically in Cheshire , and southern Warrington .	ceremonial county	What is the area served by the Lord-Lieutenant called now ?
It did not cover the western part of Todmorden , where the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire passes through the middle of the town .	the western part of Todmorden	Where is the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire located ?
Lancashire is smaller than its historical extent following a major reform of local government .	reform of local government	Why is Lancashire smaller than its historical extent ?
The area served by the Lord-Lieutenant -LRB- termed now a ceremonial county -RRB- covered the entirety of the administrative county and the county boroughs , and was expanded whenever boroughs annexed areas in neighbouring counties such as Wythenshawe in Manchester south of the River Mersey and historically in Cheshire , and southern Warrington .	the administrative county and the county boroughs	What area is covered by the Lord-Lieutenant ?
During the 20th century , the county became increasingly urbanised , particularly the southern part .	20th century	When did the county become more urbanised ?
During the 20th century , the county became increasingly urbanised , particularly the southern part .	the southern part	Which part in particular became urbanised in the 20th century ?
To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness , Blackburn , Bolton , Bootle , Burnley , Bury , Liverpool , Manchester , Oldham , Preston , Rochdale , Salford , St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool -LRB- 1904 -RRB- , Southport -LRB- 1905 -RRB- , and Warrington -LRB- 1900 -RRB- .	1900	When was Warrington added to Lancashire ?
To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness , Blackburn , Bolton , Bootle , Burnley , Bury , Liverpool , Manchester , Oldham , Preston , Rochdale , Salford , St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool -LRB- 1904 -RRB- , Southport -LRB- 1905 -RRB- , and Warrington -LRB- 1900 -RRB- .	1905	When was Southport added ?
To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness , Blackburn , Bolton , Bootle , Burnley , Bury , Liverpool , Manchester , Oldham , Preston , Rochdale , Salford , St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool -LRB- 1904 -RRB- , Southport -LRB- 1905 -RRB- , and Warrington -LRB- 1900 -RRB- .	1904	When was Blackpool added to the county ?
Much of the lowland in this area is devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking , whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep , and the highest ground is uncultivated moorland .	dairy farming and cheesemaking	What is most of the lowland in the county devoted to ?
Much of the lowland in this area is devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking , whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep , and the highest ground is uncultivated moorland .	sheep	What is the higer ground in the county devoted to ?
Much of the lowland in this area is devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking , whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep , and the highest ground is uncultivated moorland .	uncultivated moorland	What is in the highest ground ?
The Lancashire Coalfield , largely in modern-day Greater Manchester , extended into Merseyside and to Ormskirk , Chorley , Burnley and Colne in Lancashire .	modern-day Greater Manchester	Where is the Lancashire Coalfield located ?
North of the Ribble is Beacon Fell Country Park and the Forest of Bowland , another AONB .	North of the Ribble	where is Beacon Fell County Park located ?
The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine , receiving the property of persons who die intestate and where the legal ownership can not be ascertained .	bona vacantia	What does the Duchy administer within the County Palatine ?
Lancaster serves as the county town of the county palatine .	Lancaster	What serves as the county town of the county palatine ?
There is no separate Duke of Lancaster , the title merged into the Crown many centuries ago -- but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of Lancaster .	many centuries ago	When did the title of Duke of Lancaster merge into the Crown ?
There is no separate Duke of Lancaster , the title merged into the Crown many centuries ago -- but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of Lancaster .	the Queen	Who is the Duchy administered by ?
The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south , past Lancaster and Preston .	the M6 motorway	What does the Lancashire economy rely on ?
The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south , past Lancaster and Preston .	north to south	Which direction does the M6 motorway run ?
The M55 connects Preston to Blackpool and is 11.5 miles -LRB- 18.3 km -RRB- long .	The M55	What road connects Preston to Blackpool ?
The M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale .	M58	Which road crosses the part of the county furthest south ?
The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast -LRB- the Blackpool Urban Area -RRB- , and a belt of towns running west-east along the M65 : Preston , Blackburn , Accrington , Burnley , Nelson and Colne .	Fylde coast	Where are the major settlements in the ceremonial county located ?
The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast -LRB- the Blackpool Urban Area -RRB- , and a belt of towns running west-east along the M65 : Preston , Blackburn , Accrington , Burnley , Nelson and Colne .	Blackpool Urban Area	Where is the Fylde coast ?
The north of the county is predominantly rural and sparsely populated , except for the towns of Lancaster and Morecambe which form a large conurbation of almost 100,000 people .	north	Which part of the county is rural and sparsely populated ?
The north of the county is predominantly rural and sparsely populated , except for the towns of Lancaster and Morecambe which form a large conurbation of almost 100,000 people .	100,000	How many people live in Lancaster and Morecambe ?
Lancashire is home to a significant Asian population , numbering over 70,000 and 6 % of the county 's population , and concentrated largely in the former cotton mill towns in the south east .	6%	What percentage of Lancashire is Asian ?
Liverpool produced a number of nationally and internationally successful popular singers in the 1950s , including traditional pop stars Frankie Vaughan and Lita Roza , and one of the most successful British rock and roll stars in Billy Fury .	Liverpool	Where was pop star Frankie Vaughan from ?
It has been estimated that there were around 350 bands active in and around Liverpool in this era , often playing ballrooms , concert halls and clubs , among them the Beatles .	350	How many bands were active in the Liverpool area in the 1960s ?
The first act to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool , or managed by Brian Epstein , were Freddie and the Dreamers , who were based in Manchester , as were Herman 's Hermits and the Hollies .	Freddie and the Dreamers	What was the first act to break through in the UK , not from Liverpool or managed by Brian Epstein ?
The first act to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool , or managed by Brian Epstein , were Freddie and the Dreamers , who were based in Manchester , as were Herman 's Hermits and the Hollies .	Manchester	Where were Freddie and the Dreamers based ?
The first act to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool , or managed by Brian Epstein , were Freddie and the Dreamers , who were based in Manchester , as were Herman 's Hermits and the Hollies .	Manchester	Where were Herman 's Hermints and the Hollies from ?
In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry , including perhaps the finest border ballad , `` The Ballad of Chevy Chase '' , thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale .	Richard Sheale	Who was `` The Ballad of Chevy Chase '' composed by ?
In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry , including perhaps the finest border ballad , `` The Ballad of Chevy Chase '' , thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale .	balladry	What did the county share with it 's national traditions ?
Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making .	music making	What is Lancashire 's long and productive tradition ?
In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry , including perhaps the finest border ballad , `` The Ballad of Chevy Chase '' , thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale .	The Ballad of Chevy Chase	What is the finest border ballad ?
The county was established in 1182 , later than many other counties .	1182	When was Lancashire established ?
During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the military zone of Roman Britain .	Roman times	When was the area part of Brigantes tribal area ?
In the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged , a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe .	410AD	In what year did the northern parts of the country form the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged ?
In the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged , a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe .	a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe	What is the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged ?
During the mid-8th century , the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria , which became a part of England in the 10th century .	mid-8th century	When was the area incorporated into Northumbria ?
By the census of 1971 , the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416 , making it the most populous geographic county in the UK .	5,129,416	How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971 ?
By the census of 1971 , the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416 , making it the most populous geographic county in the UK .	Lancashire	What is the most populous geographic county in the UK ?
On 1 April 1974 , under the Local Government Act 1972 , the administrative county was abolished , as were the county boroughs .	1 April 1974	When was the administrative county abolished ?
The new county of Cumbria incorporates the Furness exclave .	Cumbria	What incorporated the Furness exclave ?
The urbanised southern part largely became part of two metropolitan counties , Merseyside and Greater Manchester .	Merseyside and Greater Manchester	What did the southern part of Lancashire turn into ?
A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard Halliwell , but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county , including industrial folk song , began to gain attention .	James Orchard Halliwell	Who was a local pioneer of folk song collection ?
The county produced one of the major figures of the revival in Ewan MacColl , but also a local champion in Harry Boardman , who from 1965 onwards probably did more than anyone to popularise and record the folk song of the county .	Harry Boardman	Who did the most to popularize folk songs of the county ?
Perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from the region in the late 20th century were Liverpool folk group The Spinners , and from Manchester folk troubadour Roy Harper and musician , comedian and broadcaster Mike Harding .	The Spinners	Who were the most influential fold artists from the region in the 20th century ?
The region is home to numerous folk clubs , many of them catering to Irish and Scottish folk music .	Irish and Scottish folk music	Who do the many folk clubs today cater to ?
Regular folk festivals include the Fylde Folk Festival at Fleetwood .	Fylde Folk Festival	What is one of the regular folk festivals called ?
The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county 's heraldic badge and flag .	The Red Rose of Lancaster	What is the county flower of Lancaster ?
The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county 's heraldic badge and flag .	on the county's heraldic badge and flag	Where can the red rose of lancaster be found ?
The traditional Lancashire flag , a red rose on a white field , was not officially registered .	a red rose on a white field	What is on the traditional Lancashire flag ?
Lancashire 's official flag is registered as a red rose on a gold field .	red rose on a gold field	What is on the official Lancashire flag ?
When an attempt was made to register it with the Flag Institute it was found that it was officially registered by Montrose in Scotland , several hundred years earlier with the Lyon Office .	Montrose in Scotland	Whos flag officially is a red rose on a white field ?
More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood -LRB- 1932 - Parbold -RRB- , Sir Peter Maxwell Davies -LRB- 1934 - , Salford -RRB- , Sir Harrison Birtwistle -LRB- 1934 - , Accrington -RRB- , Gordon Crosse -LRB- 1937 - , Bury -RRB- , John McCabe -LRB- 1939-2015 , Huyton -RRB- , Roger Smalley -LRB- 1943-2015 , Swinton -RRB- , Nigel Osborne -LRB- 1948 - , Manchester -RRB- , Steve Martland -LRB- 1954-2013 , Liverpool -RRB- , Simon Holt -LRB- 1958 - , Bolton -RRB- and Philip Cashian -LRB- 1963 - , Manchester -RRB- .	1932	In what year was Hugh Wood born ?
More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood -LRB- 1932 - Parbold -RRB- , Sir Peter Maxwell Davies -LRB- 1934 - , Salford -RRB- , Sir Harrison Birtwistle -LRB- 1934 - , Accrington -RRB- , Gordon Crosse -LRB- 1937 - , Bury -RRB- , John McCabe -LRB- 1939-2015 , Huyton -RRB- , Roger Smalley -LRB- 1943-2015 , Swinton -RRB- , Nigel Osborne -LRB- 1948 - , Manchester -RRB- , Steve Martland -LRB- 1954-2013 , Liverpool -RRB- , Simon Holt -LRB- 1958 - , Bolton -RRB- and Philip Cashian -LRB- 1963 - , Manchester -RRB- .	Salford	Where was Sir Peter Maxwell Davies born ?
The Royal Manchester College of Music was founded in 1893 to provide a northern counterpart to the London musical colleges .	1893	When was the Royal Manchester College of Music founded ?
It merged with the Northern College of Music -LRB- formed in 1920 -RRB- to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972 .	1972	When was the Royal Northern College of Music formed ?
It merged with the Northern College of Music -LRB- formed in 1920 -RRB- to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972 .	the Northern College of Music	What did the Royal Manchester College of Music merge with ?
The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up , thus the interior was nothing but arid .	Early Triassic	What era was 250 million to 247 million years ago ?
The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up , thus the interior was nothing but arid .	deserts	What geologic climate was found in the Early Triassic ?
The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up , thus the interior was nothing but arid .	Pangaea	What landmass was still unbroken in the Early Triassic ?
The Earth had just witnessed a massive die-off in which 95 % of all life went extinct .	95%	What percentage of extinction of species had recently happened ??
Temnospondyli evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic .	Temnospondyli	What species had evolved after the extinction and would become the basic predator in the Triassic ?
The climatic changes of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous provided for further adaptive radiation .	climatic changes	What event produced further adaptations during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods ?
The Jurassic was the height of archosaur diversity , and the first birds and eutherian mammals also appeared .	Jurassic	When was the top of archosaur diversity ?
Angiosperms radiated sometime in the early Cretaceous , first in the tropics , but the even temperature gradient allowed them to spread toward the poles throughout the period .	Angiosperms	What species spread towards the poles during the Jurassic ?
By the end of the Cretaceous , angiosperms dominated tree floras in many areas , although some evidence suggests that biomass was still dominated by cycad and ferns until after the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction .	angiosperms	What species dominated many tree floras by the end of the Cretaceous period ?
By the end of the Cretaceous , angiosperms dominated tree floras in many areas , although some evidence suggests that biomass was still dominated by cycad and ferns until after the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction .	cycad and ferns	What types of species are thought to still have been dominate until after the extinction ?
The lower -LRB- Triassic -RRB- boundary is set by the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , during which approximately 90 % to 96 % of marine species and 70 % of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct .	Permian–Triassic extinction	What event sets the boundary for the Triassic ?
The lower -LRB- Triassic -RRB- boundary is set by the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , during which approximately 90 % to 96 % of marine species and 70 % of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct .	70%	How many terrestrial species died during the extinction ?
It is also known as the `` Great Dying '' because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth 's history .	Great Dying	What is the largest extinction of species in Earth 's history known as ?
The lower -LRB- Triassic -RRB- boundary is set by the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , during which approximately 90 % to 96 % of marine species and 70 % of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct .	90% to 96%	What percentage of marine life died during the extinction ?
The upper -LRB- Cretaceous -RRB- boundary is set at the Cretaceous -- Tertiary -LRB- KT -RRB- extinction event -LRB- now more accurately called the Cretaceous -- Paleogene -LRB- or K -- Pg -RRB- extinction event -RRB- , which may have been caused by the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater on the Yucatán Peninsula .	K–Pg) extinction	What is the possible cause of the upper Cretaceous extinction event ?
The Late Cretaceous spans from 100 million to 65 million years ago .	100 million to 65 million years	What is the span of the Late Cretaceous period ?
The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue on in the Cenozoic period .	cooling	What weather trend ocured in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods ?
Eventually , tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather .	tropics	What climate was restricted to the equatorial areas ?
Eventually , tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather .	extreme seasonal changes	What type of weather changes did areas outside of the tropics experience ?
As this was continuing , it is thought that a large meteor smashed into earth , creating the Chicxulub Crater in an event known as the K-T Extinction , the fifth and most recent mass extinction event , in which 75 % of life on earth went extinct , including all non-avian dinosaurs .	K-T Extinction	What event ended the age of the dinosaur by causing a 75 % extinction ?
The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed .	climate	What is uncertain about the Cretaceous ?
Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat : temperatures were about the same across the planet .	carbon dioxide	What atmospheric gas caused temperatures levels to be 10 degrees higher than today ?
In fact , by the middle Cretaceous , equatorial ocean waters -LRB- perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean -RRB- may have been too warm for sea life , -LSB- dubious -- discuss -RSB- -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water .	deserts	During the Cretaceous what climate was thought to be found in areas near the seas ?
-LSB- dubious -- discuss -RSB- For this reason , large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated , eventually being deposited as `` black shale '' .	black shale	What did large amounts of deposited un-decomposed organic matter later become ?
Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat : temperatures were about the same across the planet .	temperatures	What was about equal across the planet ?
The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago .	237 million to 200 million years	What was the span of the Late Triassic ?
Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic , the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells , as well as moderate precipitation -LRB- 10-20 inches per year -RRB- .	heat spells	Besides moderate precipitation , what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have ?
Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic , the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells , as well as moderate precipitation -LRB- 10-20 inches per year -RRB- .	Triassic	When did the first dinosaurs evolve ?
All this climatic change , however , resulted in a large die-out known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event , in which all archosaurs -LRB- excluding ancient crocodiles -RRB- , most synapsids , and almost all large amphibians went extinct , as well as 34 % of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world .	Triassic-Jurassic extinction	According to theory , what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause ?
All this climatic change , however , resulted in a large die-out known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event , in which all archosaurs -LRB- excluding ancient crocodiles -RRB- , most synapsids , and almost all large amphibians went extinct , as well as 34 % of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world .	crocodiles	What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction ?
The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago .	145 million to 100 million years	What is the span of the Early Cretaceous ?
The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways , and as a result , the decline and extinction of sauropods -LRB- except in South America -RRB- .	expansion of seaways	What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species ?
Many coastal shallows were created , and that caused Ichthyosaurs to die out .	Ichthyosaurs	What species died out due to the expansion of coastal shallows ?
Mosasaurs evolved to replace them as head of the seas .	Mosasaurs	What species dominated the seas ?
Of the most successful would be the Iguanodon which spread to every continent .	Iguanodon	What dinosaur spread to every continent ?
Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic , which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading .	increase in seafloor	What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic ?
The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m -LRB- 656 ft -RRB- more than today , which flooded coastal areas .	flooded coastal areas	Rising seas and displaced waters caused what element along the coasts ?
Furthermore , Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions , bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea .	Tethys Sea	Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea ?
Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize .	Temperatures	What weather condition increased ?
Humidity also increased with the proximity of water , and deserts retreated .	deserts	As humidity increased what land area decreased ?
The Early Jurassic spans from 200 million years to 175 million years ago .	200 million years to 175 million	What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic ?
In the oceans , Plesiosaurs , Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites fill waters as the dominant races of the seas .	Plesiosaurs	Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites , what was the other dominate species in the seas ?
On land , dinosaurs and other reptiles stake their claim as the dominant race of the land , with species such as Dilophosaurus at the top .	Dilophosaurus	What was the highest order of species n land ?
Meanwhile , the first true mammals evolve , but remained relatively small sized .	true mammals	What other order evolved during the Jurassic ?
The climate was much more humid than the Triassic , and as a result , the world was very tropical .	more humid	What feature of the climate produced a more tropical world ?
Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic , Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild .	Mesozoic	At what time was tectonic formation mild ?
The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic , creating the Innuitian orogeny , the Brooks Range , the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia , and the Khingan Mountains in Manchuria .	Arctic	Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur ?
Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent , Laurasia , and a southern continent , Gondwana .	Pangaea	What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents ?
Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent , Laurasia , and a southern continent , Gondwana .	Laurasia	What was the northern continent split from Pangaea ?
Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent , Laurasia , and a southern continent , Gondwana .	Gondwana	What was Pangaea 's southern continent called ?
Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems , with high biodiversity , complex food webs and a variety of niches , took much longer to reestablish , recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic , 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian -- Triassic extinction event .	specialized animals	What type of animals took longer to reestablish ?
Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems , with high biodiversity , complex food webs and a variety of niches , took much longer to reestablish , recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic , 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian -- Triassic extinction event .	30M years	How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion ?
Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems , with high biodiversity , complex food webs and a variety of niches , took much longer to reestablish , recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic , 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian -- Triassic extinction event .	mid-Triassic	When did recovery of these diverse animals begin ?
Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurian reptiles : dinosaurs , pterosaurs , and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs , plesiosaurs , and mosasaurs .	reptiles	What dominated animal life in the Triassic ?
Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems , with high biodiversity , complex food webs and a variety of niches , took much longer to reestablish , recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic , 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian -- Triassic extinction event .	4M to 6M	How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin ?
The era began in the wake of the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth 's history , and ended with the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs , as well as other plant and animal species .	Permian–Triassic extinction	At what point did the Mesozoic era begin ?
The era began in the wake of the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth 's history , and ended with the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs , as well as other plant and animal species .	Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction	When did the Mesozoic end ?
The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic , climate and evolutionary activity .	tectonic	What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic ?
The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic , climate and evolutionary activity .	evolutionary	Besides climate changes , what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic ?
The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic , but would remain small -- less than 15 kg -LRB- 33 lb -RRB- -- until the Cenozoic .	Cenozoic	When mamals appeared they remained small until what period ?
The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago .	247 million to 237 million	What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic ?
The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea , and the beginning of the Tethys Sea .	breakup of Pangaea	What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic ?
The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying .	the Great Dying	From what had the ecosystem had to recover ?
The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea , and the beginning of the Tethys Sea .	Tethys Sea	During the breakup of Pangaea , what sea was created ?
Phytoplankton , coral , and crustaceans all had recovered , and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger .	reptiles	What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large ?
The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago .	163 million to 145 million	How many years did the Late Jurassic cover ?
The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction .	sauropods and Ichthyosaurs	What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct ?
The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction .	Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction	What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called ?
Sea levels rose , destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake .	Sea levels rose	What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows ?
The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time .	Atlantic sea	What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways ?
The Triassic was generally dry , a trend that began in the late Carboniferous , and highly seasonal , especially in the interior of Pangaea .	dry	What was the general rainfall in the Triassic ?
Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes .	Low sea levels	What could have made temperatures more extreme ?
Because much of the land that constituted Pangaea was distant from the oceans , temperatures fluctuated greatly , and the interior of Pangaea probably included expansive areas of desert .	desert	Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures , what was the interior of Pangaea like ?
Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions , but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall .	increased rainfall	What were there periods of during the Triassic ?
Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions , but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall .	increased rainfall	What was the Carnian Pluvial event ?
The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms , which are vascular , cone-bearing , non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating .	gymnosperms	What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic ?
The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms , which are vascular , cone-bearing , non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating .	conifers	What is an example of a gymnosperm ?
This is opposed to the earth 's current flora , in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms .	angiosperms	What are the dominate plant species on Earth now ?
As well , the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic .	Mesozoic	When did the Ginkgo evolve ?
As well , the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic .	Sequoia	What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic ?
It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible , such as with ISDN networks , assuring a minimum bit rate -LRB- usually 128 kilobits/s -RRB- for compressed video and audio transmission .	the 1980s	In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible ?
It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible , such as with ISDN networks , assuring a minimum bit rate -LRB- usually 128 kilobits/s -RRB- for compressed video and audio transmission .	128 kilobits/s	What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission ?
Many of these technologies , such as the Media space , are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research .	the Media space	What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication ?
The first dedicated systems started to appear in the market as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world .	ISDN networks	In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as ?
One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp. , which had an Initial Public Offering in November , 1984 .	PictureTel Corp.	What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system ?
The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane , which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation , endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls .	The MC	What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane ?
The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane , which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation , endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls .	endpoint signaling	What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system ?
The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane , which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation , endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls .	the signaling plane	Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation ?
While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations , the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint .	the media plane	On what plane does the MC operate ?
The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference .	The MP	What generates output streams from each endpoint ?
High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased .	High speed Internet connectivity	What technology has become more widely available and affordable ?
Consequently , personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam , personal computer system , software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become affordable to the general public .	webcam	What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool ?
The availability of freeware -LRB- often as part of chat programs -RRB- has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many .	The availability of freeware	What has made videoconferencing accessible to many ?
The availability of freeware -LRB- often as part of chat programs -RRB- has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many .	chat programs	Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs ?
Videophone calls -LRB- also : videocalls , video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form -RRB- , differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals , not groups .	serve individuals, not groups	Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way ?
Videophone calls -LRB- also : videocalls , video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form -RRB- , differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals , not groups .	Skype	What is an example of a videophone call program ?
In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units .	videoconferencing	What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units ?
Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link .	a video link	What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as ?
Videophone calls -LRB- also : videocalls , video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form -RRB- , differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals , not groups .	video chat	What is another name for videophone calls ?
Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video , audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks , independent of location .	the 2010s	In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices ?
Mobile collaboration systems now allow multiple people in previously unreachable locations , such as workers on an off-shore oil rig , the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away .	Mobile collaboration systems	What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away ?
Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well , such as those that allow for live and still image streaming .	still image streaming	What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer ?
Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well , such as those that allow for live and still image streaming .	mobile	What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer ?
Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video , audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks , independent of location .	hand-held mobile devices	What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today ?
Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums .	participating in two-way communication forums	What can videoconferencing offer students ?
Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums .	students	Who can benefit from two-way communication forums ?
Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another , although language barriers will continue to persist .	language	What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities ?
Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students , especially those in geographically isolated locations , and to the economically disadvantaged .	virtual field trips	What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing ?
Through videoconferencing , students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers , and visit museums and educational facilities .	visit museums	What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve ?
One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T 's videophone -LRB- trademarked as the `` Picturephone '' -RRB- was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World 's Fair -- two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city .	AT&T	What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications ?
One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T 's videophone -LRB- trademarked as the `` Picturephone '' -RRB- was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World 's Fair -- two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city .	Picturephone	What was the name of AT&T 's videophone device ?
One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T 's videophone -LRB- trademarked as the `` Picturephone '' -RRB- was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World 's Fair -- two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city .	1964	In what year was AT&T 's `` Picturephone '' device introduced ?
One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T 's videophone -LRB- trademarked as the `` Picturephone '' -RRB- was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World 's Fair -- two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city .	1964 New York World's Fair	Where was AT&T 's `` Picturephone '' device unveiled ?
Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP -LRB- Internet -RRB- services in the 1990s .	1990s	In what decade were more efficient ways of using sign language via video-telephony developed ?
In the increasingly globalized film industry , videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production .	film	In what industry has videoconferencing become useful ?
For example , for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen , Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs , which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months .	Frozen	On what film was videoconferencing widely used ?
For example , for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen , Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs , which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months .	2013	What year was the movie Frozen released ?
For example , for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen , Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs , which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months .	14	How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing ?
A videoconference -LRB- also known as a videoteleconference -RRB- allows two or more locations to communicate via live , simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions .	videoteleconference	What is a video-conference also known as ?
This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit -LRB- a centralized distribution and call management system -RRB- or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit .	a multipoint control unit	What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations ?
This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit -LRB- a centralized distribution and call management system -RRB- or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit .	call management system	What is a multi-point control unit ?
Again , technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications .	web-based applications	How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other ?
A videoconference -LRB- also known as a videoteleconference -RRB- allows two or more locations to communicate via live , simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions .	two or more	How many locations can one use videoconferencing for ?
This technique was very expensive , though , and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine , distance education , and business meetings .	telemedicine	What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used ?
Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video , such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation , first researched in the 1950s , failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques .	AT&T Corporation	Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video ?
Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video , such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation , first researched in the 1950s , failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques .	the 1950s	When was the first slow-scan video systems researched ?
The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success , mostly due to its high cost , but also due to a lack of network effect -- with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world , users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to , and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades .	6 Mbit/s	What was the bit rate of AT&T 's Picturephone ?
The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success , mostly due to its high cost , but also due to a lack of network effect -- with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world , users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to , and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades .	1 MHz	What was the bandwidth of AT&T 's Picturephone ?
While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks , one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1 .	1992	What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place ?
While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks , one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1 .	IBM	What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing ?
While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks , one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1 .	PCS/1	What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on ?
Over the next 15 years , Project DIANE -LRB- Diversified Information and Assistance Network -RRB- grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools , neighborhood centers , libraries , science museums , zoos and parks , public assistance centers , and other community oriented organizations .	Diversified Information and Assistance Network	What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for ?
Over the next 15 years , Project DIANE -LRB- Diversified Information and Assistance Network -RRB- grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools , neighborhood centers , libraries , science museums , zoos and parks , public assistance centers , and other community oriented organizations .	15	How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow ?
Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit -LRB- MCU -RRB- .	Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)	What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points ?
There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing .	IP	What is one type of MCU bridge ?
An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle , its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols , and features such as Continuous Presence , in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once .	the number of simultaneous calls it can handle	In what way can an MCU be characterized ?
An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle , its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols , and features such as Continuous Presence , in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once .	Continuous Presence	What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time ?
MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices , or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units .	dedicated videoconferencing units	Where can an MCU be embedded ?
Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice , with time and money savings .	money savings	In what one way can videoconferencing help a person ?
Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk , especially for businesses with widespread offices .	VoIP	What technology can be used along with videoconferencing ?
The technology is also used for telecommuting , in which employees work from home .	telecommuting	What is another use of VoIP ?
The technology is also used for telecommuting , in which employees work from home .	work from home	What is telecommuting ?
One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that , as of June 2010 , 54 % of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it `` all of the time '' or `` frequently '' .	54%	What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time ?
Finally , in the 1990s , Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible , and more efficient video compression technologies were developed , permitting desktop , or personal computer -LRB- PC -RRB- - based videoconferencing .	1990s	In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible ?
Finally , in the 1990s , Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible , and more efficient video compression technologies were developed , permitting desktop , or personal computer -LRB- PC -RRB- - based videoconferencing .	desktop	In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in ?
In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. .	1992	In what year was CU-SeeMe , a desktop-based videoconferencing tool , developed ?
In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place , linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town .	1995	In what year did the first public video-conference take place ?
In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place , linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town .	Cape Town	What South African city participated in the first public video-conference ?
The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec -LRB- coder/decoder -RRB- .	a codec (coder/decoder)	What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression ?
Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved .	1:500	How high can compression rates go ?
The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets , which are then transmitted through a digital network of some kind -LRB- usually ISDN or IP -RRB- .	IP	What is one digital network through which a digital stream can be transmitted ?
The use of audio modems in the transmission line allow for the use of POTS , or the Plain Old Telephone System , in some low-speed applications , such as videotelephony , because they convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves in the audio spectrum range .	Plain Old Telephone System	What does POTS stand for ?
The use of audio modems in the transmission line allow for the use of POTS , or the Plain Old Telephone System , in some low-speed applications , such as videotelephony , because they convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves in the audio spectrum range .	convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves	What do POTS do ?
Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one , one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal , business , educational , deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical , diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services .	deaf Video Relay Service	What is a common use of conferencing technology ?
New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing , such as teachers and psychologists conducting online sessions , personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries , and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities , are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis .	teachers	What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions ?
New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing , such as teachers and psychologists conducting online sessions , personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries , and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities , are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis .	personal videocalls to inmates	What is one way that videocalling can be used ?
Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one , one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal , business , educational , deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical , diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services .	tele-medical	What is a common use of conferencing technology ?
Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications , such as diagnosis , consulting , transmission of medical images , etc. .	real-time telemedicine	What is one way that videoconferencing is useful ?
Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes , thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money .	Rural	What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing ?
For example , a rural medical center in Ohio , United States , used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles -LRB- 110 km -RRB- away .	Ohio	In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals ?
For example , a rural medical center in Ohio , United States , used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles -LRB- 110 km -RRB- away .	70 miles	How far away was the hospital from this rural area ?
This had previously cost nearly $ 10,000 per transfer .	$10,000 per transfer	How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save ?
VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since the first decade of the 2000s .	Sweden	In what European country has VRS services become well developed ?
With the exception of Sweden , VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s , and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries , with most European countries still lacking the legislation or the financing for large-scale VRS services , and to provide the necessary telecommunication equipment to deaf users .	financing	What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries ?
Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe , while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services .	Germany	What European country is a leader in providing VRS services to its citizens ?
Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe , while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services .	United States	What country is a world leader in providing VRS services ?
In May 2005 , the first high definition video conferencing systems , produced by LifeSize Communications , were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas , Nevada , able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution .	2005	What year was the first HD video conferencing system displayed ?
In May 2005 , the first high definition video conferencing systems , produced by LifeSize Communications , were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas , Nevada , able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution .	LifeSize Communications	Who produced the first high definition video conferencing system ?
In May 2005 , the first high definition video conferencing systems , produced by LifeSize Communications , were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas , Nevada , able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution .	Las Vegas, Nevada	Where was the first HD video conferencing system displayed ?
Polycom introduced its first high definition video conferencing system to the market in 2006 .	Polycom	What company introduced the first HD video conferencing system to the general market ?
In May 2005 , the first high definition video conferencing systems , produced by LifeSize Communications , were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas , Nevada , able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution .	1280 by 720	What was the resolution of the first HD video conferencing system ?
These use a standards-based H. 323 technique known as `` decentralized multipoint '' , where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central `` manager '' or other bottleneck .	a standards-based H.323 technique	What do systems with no MCU use in order to perform multipoint conferencing ?
The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they do n't have to be relayed through a central point .	higher quality	What is one advantage of using an H. 323 technique ?
This added convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth , because every station must transmit to every other station directly .	increased network bandwidth	What is one disadvantage of using the H. 323 technique ?
These use a standards-based H. 323 technique known as `` decentralized multipoint '' , where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central `` manager '' or other bottleneck .	decentralized multipoint	What is the H. 323 technique also known as ?
The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they do n't have to be relayed through a central point .	they don't have to be relayed through a central point	Why is the video and audio of the H. 323 technique higher quality ?
The U.S. Social Security Administration -LRB- SSA -RRB- , which oversees the world 's largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability Adjudication and Review -LRB- ODAR -RRB- , has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations .	U.S.	Who has the world 's largest administrative judicial system ?
The U.S. Social Security Administration -LRB- SSA -RRB- , which oversees the world 's largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability Adjudication and Review -LRB- ODAR -RRB- , has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations .	Social Security Administration (SSA)	What US Department oversees the World 's largest administrative judicial system ?
In Fiscal Year -LRB- FY -RRB- 2009 , the U.S. Social Security Administration -LRB- SSA -RRB- conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings , a 55 % increase over FY 2008 .	2009	In what year did the SSA see a 55 % increase in videoconferenced hearings ?
In August 2010 , the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center -LRB- NHC -RRB- , in St. Louis , Missouri .	August 2010	When did the SSA open its largest videoconferencing-only center ?
In August 2010 , the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center -LRB- NHC -RRB- , in St. Louis , Missouri .	St. Louis, Missouri	Where is the SSA 's fifth videoconferencing only center located ?
Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year , or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates .	two consecutive years	What does duel dating use to show the date ?
Old Style and New Style -LRB- N.S. -RRB- indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January -LRB- N.S. -RRB- even though documents written at the time use a different start of year -LRB- O.S. -RRB- , or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar -LRB- O.S. -RRB- rather than the Gregorian -LRB- N.S. -RRB- .	Julian calendar	What is the Old Style date mean ?
To unambiguously specify the date , dual dating or Old Style -LRB- O.S. -RRB- and New Style -LRB- N.S. -RRB- are sometimes used with dates .	New Style	What is N.S. stand for ?
Old Style and New Style -LRB- N.S. -RRB- indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January -LRB- N.S. -RRB- even though documents written at the time use a different start of year -LRB- O.S. -RRB- , or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar -LRB- O.S. -RRB- rather than the Gregorian -LRB- N.S. -RRB- .	Gregorian	What are New Style dates ?
Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year , or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates .	starting date of the year	Why use two consecutive year dates ?
The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII , after whom the calendar was named , by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582 .	Pope Gregory XIII	Who revised the Julian calendar ?
The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII , after whom the calendar was named , by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582 .	1582	When was the Gregorian Calendar introduced ?
The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII , after whom the calendar was named , by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582 .	Julian calendar	What calendar was used in the reform to create the Gregorian calendar ?
The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church .	Easter	What holiday was the inducement to revise the Julian calendar ?
Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day , it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria -LRB- see Easter for the issues which arose -RRB- .	on the same day	When did the First Council of Nicaea rule that Easter be celebrated by all Christians ?
Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar , which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe , as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy .	Philip II of Spain	What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar ?
Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar , which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe , as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy .	Spain and Portugal	Besides part of Italy , over what areas did Phillip rule ?
In these territories , as well as in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth -LRB- ruled by Anna Jagiellon -RRB- and in the Papal States , the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull , with Julian Thursday , 4 October 1582 , being followed by Gregorian Friday , 15 October 1582 .	Friday, 15 October 1582	What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar ?
In these territories , as well as in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth -LRB- ruled by Anna Jagiellon -RRB- and in the Papal States , the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull , with Julian Thursday , 4 October 1582 , being followed by Gregorian Friday , 15 October 1582 .	Thursday, 4 October 1582	What was the last day the Julian calendar was used ?
The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication .	delay in communication	Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar ?
During the period between 1582 , when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar , and 1923 , when the last European country adopted it , it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar , for example , `` 10/21 February 1750/51 '' , where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date .	1923	When did the last country to adopt the Gregorian calendar start using it ?
During the period between 1582 , when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar , and 1923 , when the last European country adopted it , it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar , for example , `` 10/21 February 1750/51 '' , where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date .	1582	At what date did the first country start using the new calendar ?
During the period between 1582 , when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar , and 1923 , when the last European country adopted it , it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar , for example , `` 10/21 February 1750/51 '' , where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date .	in both	How which calendar did some countries notate the date ?
Woolley , writing in his biography of John Dee -LRB- 1527 -- 1608/9 -RRB- , notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers `` customarily '' used `` two dates '' on their letters , one OS and one NS .	Woolley	Who said that English writers usually used both dates on writings ?
Even before 1582 , the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries .	different beginnings of the year	What difference in dating caused the use of double-dating documents ?
The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar amounting to a 0.002 % correction in the length of the year .	0.002%	What was the percentsge of correction from the Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar ?
The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar amounting to a 0.002 % correction in the length of the year .	length of the year	What was the correction due to ?
The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church .	celebration of Easter	What change in date motivated the change in calendars ?
Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox , the Roman Catholic Church considered the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long to be undesirable .	spring equinox	To what astrological date was Easter tied ?
Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox , the Roman Catholic Church considered the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long to be undesirable .	slightly too long	What was wrong in the Julian calendar ?
The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar .	solar	What kind of calendar is the Gregorian calendar ?
A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days , but as in the Julian calendar , in a leap year , a leap day is added to February .	365	How many days are in the Gregorian calendar ?
In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years , but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years .	every 4 years	How often is a leap day added to the Julian calendar year ?
In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years , but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years .	every 400 years	When does the Gregorian calendar omit 3 leap days ?
In the Julian calendar , this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February , and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day .	24 February	On what day did both the Julian and Gregorian calendars add leap day ?
Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon , whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox .	15th day	When was Easter Sunday celebrated after the equinox ?
Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day .	compromise	What did churches do to settle the date if there was a difference ?
By the 10th century all churches -LRB- except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire -RRB- had adopted the Alexandrian Easter , which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March , although Bede had already noted its drift in 725 -- it had drifted even further by the 16th century .	10th century	By what century had almost all churches begun celebrating Easter according to the Alexandrian Easter ?
By the 10th century all churches -LRB- except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire -RRB- had adopted the Alexandrian Easter , which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March , although Bede had already noted its drift in 725 -- it had drifted even further by the 16th century .	eastern border	On what border of the Byzantine Empire were the last holdouts for celebrating according the Alexandrian Easter ?
By the 10th century all churches -LRB- except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire -RRB- had adopted the Alexandrian Easter , which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March , although Bede had already noted its drift in 725 -- it had drifted even further by the 16th century .	vernal equinox	What date placement drifted increasingly off the true date on the calendar ?
Firstly , he proposed a correction to the length of the year .	length of the year	What did Lilius first propose to correct in the calendar ?
As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days , the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year .	11 minutes	By how much is the Julian calendar too long ?
The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years .	three days	How much difference does the extra 11 minutes make over 400 years time ?
At the time of Gregory 's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea , resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March , and if unreformed it would drift further .	21 March	On what date was the original vernal equinox set ?
At the time of Gregory 's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea , resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March , and if unreformed it would drift further .	10 or 11 March	By the time of Lilius where was the equinox falling ?
Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar .	1 January	On what date did most European countries set the start of the new year ?
For example , Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 -LRB- this means that 1599 was a short year -RRB- .	1600	When did Scotland begin to use January 1 as the start of the new year ?
England , Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 -LRB- so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days -RRB- though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March -LRB- O.S. -RRB- , 5 April -LRB- N.S. -RRB- till 1800 , when it moved to 6 April .	1752	When did the other British states and colonies set the year start date to January 1 ?
These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar -LRB- New Style -RRB- Act 1750 .	Calendar (New Style) Act 1750	What act did Britain use to implement the use of the Gregorian calendar ?
England , Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 -LRB- so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days -RRB- though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March -LRB- O.S. -RRB- , 5 April -LRB- N.S. -RRB- till 1800 , when it moved to 6 April .	1800	When did England finally change the tax year to 6 April ?
Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar , which should be used with some caution .	caution	Attempting to use Gregorian dates for earlier events on the Julian calendar should be used with what action ?
For example , the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin 's Day .	25 October 1415	When was the Battle of Agincourt ?
For ordinary purposes , the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar , with the year starting on 1 January , and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents .	prior to 15 October 1582	When are events usually shown as they appeared on the Julian calendar ?
For example , the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin 's Day .	Saint Crispin's Day	What other date is 25 October known for , that keeps the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October ,1415 ?
For ordinary purposes , the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar , with the year starting on 1 January , and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents .	1 January	In the Julian calendar when is the start of the new year ?
A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one 's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand .	language-independent	Why would a knuckle - space count be used to determine months ?
A knuckle represents a month of 31 days , and a space represents a short month -LRB- a 28 - or 29-day February or any 30-day month -RRB- .	31	A knuckle count is a month of how many days ?
A knuckle represents a month of 31 days , and a space represents a short month -LRB- a 28 - or 29-day February or any 30-day month -RRB- .	short month	The space between knuckles is what kind of month ?
A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one 's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand .	one's two fists	What are held together for a knuckle-space month count ?
The Gregorian reform contained two parts : a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII 's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church , with the Julian calendar , to calculate the date of Easter .	two parts	How many parts did the Gregorian calendar reform have ?
The Gregorian reform contained two parts : a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII 's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church , with the Julian calendar , to calculate the date of Easter .	Julian calendar	What was the first reform concerning the calendar ?
The Gregorian reform contained two parts : a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII 's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church , with the Julian calendar , to calculate the date of Easter .	lunar cycle	What was the second reform of the calendar ?
The Gregorian reform contained two parts : a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII 's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church , with the Julian calendar , to calculate the date of Easter .	date of Easter	What was calculated using the lunar calendar ?
His proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97 , by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common instead of leap years .	number of leap years	What did Lilius 's calendar plan to reduce in every 400 years ?
Prior to 1917 , Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes .	lunar Islamic	What calendar did Turkey use before 1917 for general purposes ?
Prior to 1917 , Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes .	Julian	What calendar did Turkey utilize for fiscal purposes ?
The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year -LRB- see Rumi calendar -RRB- .	1 March	Where did Turkey start the fiscal year ?
From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian , rather than Julian .	1 March 1917	When did Turkey begin to use the Gregorian calendar for fiscal means ?
On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries .	1 January 1926	When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes ?
Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value .	subtract one day	How many days do you subtract to convert days from a calendar ?
When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful , when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 -LRB- Julian -RRB- , to remember that February 29 is discounted .	February 29 is discounted	What does one need to remember about the date of February 29 in the Julian calendar ?
Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24 .	-4	If you need a date of four days less , what do you subtract from the Julian calendar ?
In addition to the change in the mean length of the calendar year from 365.25 days -LRB- 365 days 6 hours -RRB- to 365.2425 days -LRB- 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds -RRB- , a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year , the Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these lengths .	10 minutes 48 seconds	What is the difference in time between the calendars ?
In addition to the change in the mean length of the calendar year from 365.25 days -LRB- 365 days 6 hours -RRB- to 365.2425 days -LRB- 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds -RRB- , a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year , the Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these lengths .	accumulated difference	With what other difference did the Gregorian calendar concern itself ?
The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century , when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the year 's position in the leap year cycle .	20 March or 21 March	When was the vernal equinox at the end of the third century ?
As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox the equinox was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes and the earliest date for Easter was fixed at 22 March .	22 March	In order to account for the full moon coming after the equinox , when was the equinox set ?
The Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days .	removing ten days	How did the Gregorian calendar set these same of the full moon not preceding Easterconditions ?
The Council of Trent approved a plan in 1563 for correcting the calendrical errors , requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift .	1563	When did the Council of Trent agree to the corrected calendar ?
The Council of Trent approved a plan in 1563 for correcting the calendrical errors , requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift .	325	To what time did the Council require the date of the vernal equinox to be set ?
Some of these experts , including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto , believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon , rather than using a tabular method , but these recommendations were not adopted .	motions of the sun and moon	What did mathematicians of the time want to use to set the date of Easter ?
Some of these experts , including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto , believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon , rather than using a tabular method , but these recommendations were not adopted .	tabular method	What method was used instead of computations of the sun and moon ?
The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius -LRB- or Lilio -RRB- .	Aloysius Lilius	Whose modified proposal was adopted ?
A month after having decreed the reform , the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio , the brother of Luigi Lilio , the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years .	3 April 1582	When were the rights to publish the calendar granted ?
A month after having decreed the reform , the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio , the brother of Luigi Lilio , the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years .	the pope	Who awarded the rights to publish the calendar ?
The papal brief was later revoked , on 20 September 1582 , because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies .	demand for copies	What problem caused the papal brief granting the right to publish to be withdrawn ?
The papal brief was later revoked , on 20 September 1582 , because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies .	20 September 1582	When were the rights to print the calendar withdrawn ?
The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti , one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform , notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio -LRB- Con licentia delli Superiori ... et permissu Ant -LRB- onii -RRB- Lilij -RRB- .	Rome	Where were the first calendars printed ?
The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year , which began on the day when consuls first entered office -- probably 1 May before 222 BC , 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC .	consular year	What year did the Roman Republic use for dates ?
The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year , which began on the day when consuls first entered office -- probably 1 May before 222 BC , 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC .	consuls first entered office	What event started the consular year ?
The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year , which began on the day when consuls first entered office -- probably 1 May before 222 BC , 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC .	1 May	What was the date of the consular year before 222 BC ?
The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year , which began on the day when consuls first entered office -- probably 1 May before 222 BC , 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC .	15 March	What was the date of the start of the consular year from 222 BC ?
The Julian calendar , which began in 45 BC , continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year .	45 BC	When did Rome begin to use the Julian calendar ?
In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks .	system of weeks	What other system of calculations are inherent in the Gregorian calendar ?
Calculating the day of the week is not very simple , because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system .	irregularities	Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple ?
When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country , the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted .	uninterrupted	After each country adopted the calendar how did the weekly cycle continue ?
For example , in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar 's adoption , Friday , 15 October 1582 , the preceding date was Thursday , 4 October 1582 -LRB- Julian calendar -RRB- .	Thursday, 4 October 1582	What was the previous day 's date by the Julian calendar ?
For example , in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar 's adoption , Friday , 15 October 1582 , the preceding date was Thursday , 4 October 1582 -LRB- Julian calendar -RRB- .	Friday, 15 October 1582	What was the date of adoption for the calendar ?
Because the spring equinox was tied to the date of Easter , the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable .	Roman Catholic Church	Who thought that the seasonal drift in the date of Easter unacceptable ?
Because the spring equinox was tied to the date of Easter , the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable .	spring equinox	What even is tired to the date for Easter ?
The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon -LRB- computed using the Metonic cycle -RRB- that falls on or after the vernal equinox , which they placed on 21 March .	Metonic cycle	What did the Church of Alexandria use to calculate the date of Easter ?
The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon -LRB- computed using the Metonic cycle -RRB- that falls on or after the vernal equinox , which they placed on 21 March .	21 March	Where did the Church of Alexandria place the vernal equinox ?
However , the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March as the equinox -LRB- until 342 -RRB- and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon .	25 March	Until 342 when did the Church of Rome think the vernal equinox fell ?
Christopher Clavius , the architect of the Gregorian calendar , noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year .	Christopher Clavius	Who was the architect of the Gregorian calendar ?
Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies .	discrepancies	What did the architects of the calendar notice about the astronomical tables ?
The Gregorian leap year rule -LRB- 97 leap years in 400 years -RRB- was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560 .	Petrus Pitatus	Whose solution to the discrepancies of the tables would have been agreeable to astronomers ?
The Gregorian leap year rule -LRB- 97 leap years in 400 years -RRB- was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560 .	1560	When did Pitatus offer his solution to the leap year problem ?
The Gregorian leap year rule -LRB- 97 leap years in 400 years -RRB- was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560 .	Gregorian leap year rule	What is the theory about leap year called ?
`` Old Style '' -LRB- OS -RRB- and `` New Style '' -LRB- NS -RRB- are sometimes added to dates to identify which system is used in the British Empire and other countries that did not immediately change .	"Old Style" (OS) and "New Style"	What designation was added to British dates to differentiate them from countries not using the new calendar ?
Because the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year , and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar , there is some confusion as to what these terms mean .	1750	When was the Calendar act enacted ?
Because the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year , and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar , there is some confusion as to what these terms mean .	Gregorian calendar	With what did the Calendar Act align the British calendar ?
Because the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year , and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar , there is some confusion as to what these terms mean .	confusion	What did the use of Old Style and New Style cause ?
Because the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year , and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar , there is some confusion as to what these terms mean .	Calendar Act of 1750	What law did the British make to cause the use of the Gregorian calendar ?
The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years , giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long .	Julian	The Gregorian calendar is an improvement over what other calendar ?
The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years , giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long .	three Julian leap days	How many days must be skipped to align the calendar with mean solar days in a year ?
This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,300 years with respect to the mean tropical year .	one day	What is the approximate error for every 3,300 years ?
However , because of the precession of the equinoxes , the error with respect to the vernal equinox -LRB- which occurs , on average , 365.24237 days apart near 2000 -RRB- is 1 day every 7,700 years , assuming a constant time interval between vernal equinoxes , which is not true .	1 day	What is the error rate of the vernal equinox per every 7,700 years ?
By any criterion , the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar -LRB- average year 365.25 days -RRB- .	1 day in 128 years	What was the error rate in the Julian calendar ?
In February 2003 , planning for the Xenon software platform began , and was headed by Microsoft 's Vice President J Allard .	J Allard	What Microsoft executive was in charge of 360 development ?
On August 12 , 2003 , ATI signed on to produce the graphic processing unit for the new console , a deal which was publicly announced two days later .	ATI	What manufacturer was enlisted to design the 360 's graphics processor ?
Also that month , Peter Moore , former president of Sega of America , joined Microsoft .	Sega of America	Where did Peter Moor work before being recruited to help on the 360 ?
Before the launch of the Xbox 360 , several Alpha development kits were spotted using Apple 's Power Mac G5 hardware .	Apple's Power Mac G5	Original 360 Alpha dev kits used what existing system 's hardware ?
This was because the system 's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM 's Xenon processor .	IBM's Xenon processor	What CPU did the 360 use ?
At launch , the Xbox 360 was available in two configurations : the `` Xbox 360 '' package -LRB- unofficially known as the 20 GB Pro or Premium -RRB- , priced at US$ 399 or GB # 279.99 , and the `` Xbox 360 Core '' , priced at US$ 299 and GB # 209.99 .	20 GB	The Xbox 360 Pro included what size hard drive storage ?
At launch , the Xbox 360 was available in two configurations : the `` Xbox 360 '' package -LRB- unofficially known as the 20 GB Pro or Premium -RRB- , priced at US$ 399 or GB # 279.99 , and the `` Xbox 360 Core '' , priced at US$ 299 and GB # 209.99 .	Xbox 360 Core	What was the official name of the lower-priced 360 SKU at launch ?
The Elite package was launched later at US$ 479 .	US$479	The Xbox 360 Elite eventually launched at what price point ?
The `` Xbox 360 Core '' was replaced by the `` Xbox 360 Arcade '' in October 2007 and a 60 GB version of the Xbox 360 Pro was released on August 1 , 2008 .	60 GB	The 360 Pro 's original storage was replaced by a hard drive of what size in 2008 ?
The `` Xbox 360 Core '' was replaced by the `` Xbox 360 Arcade '' in October 2007 and a 60 GB version of the Xbox 360 Pro was released on August 1 , 2008 .	Xbox 360 Arcade	What did Microsoft name the SKU that replaced the 360 Core ?
The Xbox 360 launched with 14 games in North America and 13 in Europe .	14 games	How many titles did the 360 have at launch in North America ?
The console 's best-selling game for 2005 , Call of Duty 2 , sold over a million copies .	Call of Duty 2	What title was the console 's best seller in 2005 ?
Gears of War would become the best-selling game on the console with 3 million copies in 2006 , before being surpassed in 2007 by Halo 3 with over 8 million copies .	8 million copies	How many copies did Halo 3 sell ?
Gears of War would become the best-selling game on the console with 3 million copies in 2006 , before being surpassed in 2007 by Halo 3 with over 8 million copies .	2007	Halo 3 was released in what year ?
Five other games sold over a million copies in the console 's first year on the market : Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter , The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , Dead or Alive 4 , Saints Row , and Gears of War .	Five	Other than Call of Duty 2 , how many games sold at least 1 million copies the first year of the 360 ?
The Xbox 360 supports videos in Windows Media Video -LRB- WMV -RRB- format -LRB- including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos -RRB- , as well as H. 264 and MPEG-4 media .	Windows Media Video (WMV) format (including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos), as well as H.264 and MPEG-4	What 3 video formats did the 360 support natively at launch ?
The December 2007 dashboard update added support for the playback of MPEG-4 ASP format videos .	MPEG-4 ASP	Support for what video format was added in 2007 ?
The console can also display pictures and perform slideshows of photo collections with various transition effects , and supports audio playback , with music player controls accessible through the Xbox 360 Guide button .	the Xbox 360 Guide button	How are music player controls accessed by 360 users ?
The console can also display pictures and perform slideshows of photo collections with various transition effects , and supports audio playback , with music player controls accessible through the Xbox 360 Guide button .	transition effects	What is one feature of 360 photo slide shows ?
When the Xbox 360 was released , Microsoft 's online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade , adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver -LRB- later renamed Xbox Live Free -RRB- to its already established premium subscription-based service -LRB- which was renamed Gold -RRB- .	Xbox Live Silver	What was the name of the non-subscription Xbox online gaming service ?
When the Xbox 360 was released , Microsoft 's online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade , adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver -LRB- later renamed Xbox Live Free -RRB- to its already established premium subscription-based service -LRB- which was renamed Gold -RRB- .	Gold	What was the `` color '' name given to the premium version of Xbox Live ?
A Live Free account does not generally support multiplayer gaming ; however , some games that have rather limited online functions already , -LRB- such as Viva Piñata -RRB- or games that feature their own subscription service -LRB- e.g. EA Sports games -RRB- can be played with a Free account .	multiplayer gaming	What key feature is not supported by the free version of Live ?
A Live Free account does not generally support multiplayer gaming ; however , some games that have rather limited online functions already , -LRB- such as Viva Piñata -RRB- or games that feature their own subscription service -LRB- e.g. EA Sports games -RRB- can be played with a Free account .	EA Sports games	Which popular gaming titles have their own online service outside Xbox Live ?
Xbox Live also supports voice the latter a feature possible with the Xbox Live Vision .	Xbox Live Vision	Voice support came online with what feature addition ?
The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime .	Xbox Live	What is the name of the 360 's online service ?
Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games -LRB- through Xbox Live Arcade -RRB- and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications .	Xbox Live Arcade	What is the name of the feature that allows users to download games from Live ?
In addition to online multimedia features , the Xbox 360 allows users to stream media from local PCs .	stream media	What can people owning both a PC and 360 do ?
Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera .	the Kinect	What is the name of the 360 's motion sensing camera peripheral ?
The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment .	a hub for living-room computing entertainment	The 360 's multimedia capabilities transformed it from a game console to what ?
By March 2008 , the Xbox 360 had reached a software attach rate of 7.5 games per console in the US ; the rate was 7.0 in Europe , while its competitors were 3.8 -LRB- PS3 -RRB- and 3.5 -LRB- Wii -RRB- , according to Microsoft .	7.5 games per console in the US	What was the software attach rate in the US for the 360 by March of 2008 ?
As well as enjoying exclusives such as additions to the Halo franchise and Gears of War , the Xbox 360 has managed to gain a simultaneous release of titles that were initially planned to be PS3 exclusives , including Devil May Cry , Ace Combat , Virtua Fighter , Grand Theft Auto IV , Final Fantasy XIII , Tekken 6 , Metal Gear Solid : Rising , and L.A. Noire .	the Halo franchise and Gears of War	What are two prominent 360 exclusive franchises ?
In addition , Xbox 360 versions of cross-platform games were generally considered superior to their PS3 counterparts in 2006 and 2007 , due in part to the difficulties of programming for the PS3 .	the difficulties of programming for the PS3	Why were early multi-platform games considered superior on the 360 ?
The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the platform with 38 nominations and 12 wins -- more than any other platform .	Game Critics Awards	The 360 earned 38 nominations and 12 wins from what organization in 2007 ?
At the 2008 Game Developers Conference , Microsoft announced that it expected over 1,000 games available for Xbox 360 by the end of the year .	over 1,000	Microsoft hoped to have how many titles available for the 360 by the end of 2008 ?
To aid customers with defective consoles , Microsoft extended the Xbox 360 's manufacturer 's warranty to three years for hardware failure problems that generate a `` General Hardware Failure '' error report .	"General Hardware Failure" error	What hardware defect code plagued the 360 ?
This error is often known as the `` Red Ring of Death '' .	Red Ring of Death	What is the flashing indicator of a general hardware error known as ?
To aid customers with defective consoles , Microsoft extended the Xbox 360 's manufacturer 's warranty to three years for hardware failure problems that generate a `` General Hardware Failure '' error report .	Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years	How did Microsoft react to general hardware error problems ?
In April 2009 the warranty was extended to also cover failures related to the E74 error code .	E74 error code	What other error code was eventually covered by this warranty extension ?
A `` General Hardware Failure '' is recognized on all models released before the Xbox 360 S by three quadrants of the ring around the power button flashing red .	the ring around the power button	Where did users see the flashing light error codes display on their 360s ?
In 2009 , IGN named the Xbox 360 the sixth-greatest video game console of all time , out of a field of 25 .	IGN	What online source called the 360 the 6th greatest console of all time in 2009 ?
Although not the best-selling console of the seventh-generation , the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential , by emphasizing digital media distribution and online gaming through Xbox Live , and by popularizing game achievement awards .	most influential	TechRadar honored the 360 by calling it what ?
Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut , the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released , which set the record of being the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history , and extended the life of the console .	Kinect	What 360 peripheral was the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history ?
PC Magazine considered the Xbox 360 the prototype for online gaming as it `` proved that online gaming communities could thrive in the console space '' .	online gaming	According to PC Magazine , the 360 created the prototype for what ?
Edge ranked Xbox 360 the second-best console of the 1993 -- 2013 period , stating `` It had its own social network , cross-game chat , new indie games every week , and the best version of just about every multiformat game ... Killzone is no Halo and nowadays Gran Turismo is no Forza , but it 's not about the exclusives -- there 's nothing to trump Naughty Dog 's PS3 output , after all .	Edge	What magazine ranked the 360 as the second best console of the 1993-2013 period ?
The inexpensive Nintendo Wii did sell the most console units but eventually saw a collapse of third-party software support in its later years , and it has been viewed by some as a fad since the succeeding Wii U had a poor debut in 2012 .	collapse of third-party software support in its later years	What problem hurt Nintendo 's Wii console ?
The PlayStation 3 struggled for a time due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles , making it far less dominant than its predecessor , the PlayStation 2 , and it took until late in the PlayStation 3 's lifespan for its sales and game titles to reach parity with the Xbox 360 .	due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles	The Playstation 3 originally struggled for market share for what reasons ?
The Xbox 360 sold much better than its predecessor , and although not the best-selling console of the seventh-generation , it is regarded as a success since it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market at the expense of well-established rivals .	it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market	Why was the 360 considered a market success for Microsoft ?
TechRadar proclaimed that `` Xbox 360 passes the baton as the king of the hill -- a position that puts all the more pressure on its successor , Xbox One '' .	Xbox One	What is the successor to the 360 called ?
The inexpensive Nintendo Wii did sell the most console units but eventually saw a collapse of third-party software support in its later years , and it has been viewed by some as a fad since the succeeding Wii U had a poor debut in 2012 .	Nintendo Wii	Which console sold the most units in the seventh generation era ?
The Xbox 360 's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard ; a tabbed interface that featured five `` Blades '' -LRB- formerly four blades -RRB- , and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain .	Xbox 360 Dashboard	What was the original user interface for the 360 called ?
The Xbox 360 's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard ; a tabbed interface that featured five `` Blades '' -LRB- formerly four blades -RRB- , and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain .	AKQA and Audiobrain	Who designed this user interface ?
A simplified version of it was also accessible at any time via the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad .	the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad	The simple dashboard could be accessed by pressing what controller button ?
The Xbox 360 's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard ; a tabbed interface that featured five `` Blades '' -LRB- formerly four blades -RRB- , and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain .	five	How many tabs were on the 360 dashboard interface ?
The Xbox 360 's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard ; a tabbed interface that featured five `` Blades '' -LRB- formerly four blades -RRB- , and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain .	Blades	The tabs on the user interface were called what ?
In addition to classic arcade games such as Ms. Pac-Man , the service offers some new original games like Assault Heroes .	Ms. Pac-Man	What was a classic title originally offered by the Xbox Live Arcade ?
In addition to classic arcade games such as Ms. Pac-Man , the service offers some new original games like Assault Heroes .	Assault Heroes	What was a new , original title originally available from Arcade ?
The service was first launched on November 3 , 2004 , using a DVD to load , and offered games for about US$ 5 to $ 15 .	November 3, 2004	What date did the Xbox Live Arcade launch on ?
On November 22 , 2005 , Xbox Live Arcade was re-launched with the release of the Xbox 360 , in which it was now integrated with the Xbox 360 's dashboard .	November 22, 2005	When was Arcade Live relaunched with 360 support ?
Game Room is a gaming service for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows that lets players compete in classic arcade and console games in a virtual arcade .	Game Room	What is the name of the online virtual arcade that launched in 2010 ?
At the 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 Consumer Electronics Shows , Microsoft had announced that IPTV services would soon be made available to use through the Xbox 360 .	Consumer Electronics Shows	At what conventions did Microsoft announce IPTV support through the 360 ?
In 2007 , Microsoft chairman Bill Gates stated that IPTV on Xbox 360 was expected to be available to consumers by the holiday season , using the Microsoft TV IPTV Edition platform .	Bill Gates	Which Microsoft executive announced IPTV as `` soon '' in 2007 ?
In 2008 , Gates and president of Entertainment & Devices Robbie Bach announced a partnership with BT in the United Kingdom , in which the BT Vision advanced TV service , using the newer Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV platform , would be accessible via Xbox 360 , planned for the middle of the year .	Robbie Bach	Who was Microsoft 's president of Entertainment & Devices in 2008 ?
In 2008 , Gates and president of Entertainment & Devices Robbie Bach announced a partnership with BT in the United Kingdom , in which the BT Vision advanced TV service , using the newer Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV platform , would be accessible via Xbox 360 , planned for the middle of the year .	BT	What UK company did Microsoft partner with to bring IPTV to the 360 ?
In 2010 , while announcing version 2.0 of Microsoft Mediaroom , Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer mentioned that AT&T 's U-verse IPTV service would enable Xbox 360s to be used as set-top boxes later in the year .	Steve Ballmer	What Microsoft executive announced the launch of version 2.0 of Mediaroom ?
The Xbox Live Marketplace is a virtual market designed for the console that allows Xbox Live users to download purchased or promotional content .	Xbox Live Marketplace	What XBox Live service allows users to buy games and downloadable content ?
These features are available to both Free and Gold members on Xbox Live .	Free and Gold members	Which levels of Xbox Live membership may access the Marketplace ?
A hard drive or memory unit is required to store products purchased from Xbox Live Marketplace .	A hard drive or memory unit	What hardware is required to use the Marketplace ?
Microsoft Points can also be purchased through Xbox Live with a credit card in 500 , 1,000 , 2,000 and 5,000-point denominations .	Microsoft Points	What virtual currency is used to make Marketplace purchases ?
Launched worldwide across 2005 -- 2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe .	2005–2006	What was the initial launch window of the 360 console ?
The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called `` Red Ring of Death '' , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period .	high failure rate	What was one adverse condition that characterized early versions of the console ?
Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 .	Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013	What were the designations of the two redesigned 360 models and when did they come out ?
As of June 2014 , 84 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide , making it the sixth-highest-selling video game console in history , and the highest-selling console made by an American company .	84 million	As of June 2014 , how many 360s across all SKUs have been sold worldwide ?
The Xbox 360 's successor , the Xbox One , was released on November 22 , 2013 .	November 22, 2013	When did the Xbox One launch ?
In May 2008 Microsoft announced that 10 million Xbox 360s had been sold and that it was the `` first current generation gaming console '' to surpass the 10 million figure in the US .	10 million	What sales figure was the 360 the first console of its generation to surpass ?
In the US , the Xbox 360 was the leader in current-generation home console sales until June 2008 , when it was surpassed by the Wii .	June 2008	When did the 360 surrender its lead in total sales ?
In the US , the Xbox 360 was the leader in current-generation home console sales until June 2008 , when it was surpassed by the Wii .	the Wii	What console eventually passed the 360 in total sales ?
Between January 2011 and October 2013 , the Xbox 360 was the best-selling console in the United States for these 32 consecutive months .	January 2011 and October 2013	During what 32-month later period was the 360 the best selling console ?
In May 2008 Microsoft announced that 10 million Xbox 360s had been sold and that it was the `` first current generation gaming console '' to surpass the 10 million figure in the US .	May 2008	When did the Xbox achieve 10 million units sold ?
TechRadar deemed the Xbox 360 as the most influential game system through its emphasis of digital media distribution , Xbox Live online gaming service , and game achievement feature .	game achievement feature	Besides online gaming and media distribution , what other feature made the 360 influential , according to TechRadar ?
Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut , the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released , which became the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history , and extended the life of the console .	Five years	How many years after initial launch of the console was Kinect released ?
Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut , the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released , which became the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history , and extended the life of the console .	extended the life of the console	Besides it 's features , what did Kinect do for the 360 in terms of sales ?
Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut , the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released , which became the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history , and extended the life of the console .	motion capture camera	What is Kinect ?
Kinect is a `` controller-free gaming and entertainment experience '' for the Xbox 360 .	a "controller-free gaming and entertainment experience"	How did Microsoft describe Kinect ?
It was first announced on June 1 , 2009 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo , under the codename , Project Natal .	June 1, 2009	When was Kinect first announced ?
It was first announced on June 1 , 2009 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo , under the codename , Project Natal .	Electronic Entertainment Expo	At what event was Kinect announced ?
It was first announced on June 1 , 2009 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo , under the codename , Project Natal .	Project Natal	What was the secret code name for Kinect while in development ?
The add-on peripheral enables users to control and interact with the Xbox 360 without a game controller by using gestures , spoken commands and presented objects and images .	by using gestures, spoken commands and presented objects and images	How can users utilize the Kinect to interact with their 360 consoles ?
Modifications include a reduction in the number , size , and placement of components , the addition of dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU as glue to prevent movement relative to the board during heat expansion , and a second GPU heatsink to dissipate more heat .	a reduction in the number, size, and placement of components	How did Microsoft modify the architecture of the 360 to reduce failure rates ?
Modifications include a reduction in the number , size , and placement of components , the addition of dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU as glue to prevent movement relative to the board during heat expansion , and a second GPU heatsink to dissipate more heat .	heat	What was the root cause of hardware failures with the 360 ?
The newer Xbox 360 S model indicates system overheating when the console 's power button begins to flash red , unlike previous models where the first and third quadrant of the ring would light up red around the power button if overheating occurred .	system overheating	When the newer 360 S models have their power buttons flash red , it means ?
The system will then warn the user of imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled , whereas a flashing power button that alternates between green and red is an indication of a `` General Hardware Failure '' unlike older models where three of the quadrants would light up red .	imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled	How does the 360 S then react to an overheating situation ?
Modifications include a reduction in the number , size , and placement of components , the addition of dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU as glue to prevent movement relative to the board during heat expansion , and a second GPU heatsink to dissipate more heat .	dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges	How did Microsoft attempt to deal with potential heat-related expansion with GPU and CPU components ?
On November 6 , 2006 , Microsoft announced the Xbox Video Marketplace , an exclusive video store accessible through the console .	Xbox Video Marketplace	What was the name of the 360 's video store service ?
Launched in the United States on November 22 , 2006 , the first anniversary of the Xbox 360 's launch , the service allows users in the United States to download high-definition and standard-definition television shows and movies onto an Xbox 360 console for viewing .	November 22, 2006	When was this video service launched ?
They expire in 14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing , whichever comes first .	14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing	When do movies rented through this marketplace expire ?
Downloaded files use 5.1 surround audio and are encoded using VC-1 for video at 720p , with a bitrate of 6.8 Mbit/s .	720p	What resolution are videos sold through this service ?
Downloaded files use 5.1 surround audio and are encoded using VC-1 for video at 720p , with a bitrate of 6.8 Mbit/s .	5.1 surround audio	What sound standard is supported for the marketplace videos ?
While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan , selling just 2 million units while it was on the market -LRB- between 2002 and 2005 -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly , selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011 .	sold poorly	How did the original Xbox fare in Japan in general ?
While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan , selling just 2 million units while it was on the market -LRB- between 2002 and 2005 -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly , selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011 .	2 million units	How many original Xboxes were sold in Japan between 2002 and 2005 ?
While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan , selling just 2 million units while it was on the market -LRB- between 2002 and 2005 -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly , selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011 .	1.5 million units	Between 2005 and 2011 , how many 360 consoles were sold in Japan ?
Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan , where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo , had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely .	Sony and Nintendo	What two console manufacturers dominate the Japanese market ?
Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan , where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo , had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely .	scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales	Lackluster sales caused Japanese retailers to take what action with the 360 ?
Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models ; the Xbox 360 S -LRB- also referred to as the `` Slim '' -RRB- replaced the original `` Elite '' and `` Arcade '' models in 2010 .	Two	How many major hardware revisions has the 360 had ?
Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models ; the Xbox 360 S -LRB- also referred to as the `` Slim '' -RRB- replaced the original `` Elite '' and `` Arcade '' models in 2010 .	"Slim"	By what other name is the 360 S model known ?
Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models ; the Xbox 360 S -LRB- also referred to as the `` Slim '' -RRB- replaced the original `` Elite '' and `` Arcade '' models in 2010 .	the original "Elite" and "Arcade" models	Which SKUs did the 360 S replace ?
The S model carries a smaller , streamlined appearance with an angular case , and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to alleviate the hardware and overheating issues experienced by prior models .	a redesigned motherboard	What component of the 360 S prevents overheating issues prevalent in prior versions ?
In addition to its revised aesthetics , Xbox 360 E also has one fewer USB port and no longer supports S/PDIF .	S/PDIF	What video input format is not supported by the 360 E ?
Six games were initially available in Japan , while eagerly anticipated titles such as Dead or Alive 4 and Enchanted Arms were released in the weeks following the console 's launch .	Six	How many launch titles did the 360 have in Japan ?
Microsoft also had the support of Japanese developer Mistwalker , founded by Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi .	Mistwalker	What was the name of the Japanese developer that strongly supported the 360 ?
Mistwalker 's first game , Blue Dragon , was released in 2006 and had a limited-edition bundle which sold out quickly with over 10,000 pre-orders .	Blue Dragon	What was Mistwalker 's first title for the 360 ?
Blue Dragon is one of three Xbox 360 games to surpass 200,000 units in Japan , along with Tales of Vesperia and Star Ocean : The Last Hope .	200,000 units	Blue Dragon surpassed this sales figure in Japan ?
Mistwalker 's second game , Lost Odyssey also sold over 100,000 copies .	Lost Odyssey	What was Mistwalker 's second 360 title to be released ?
Music , photos and videos can be played from standard USB mass storage devices , Xbox 360 proprietary storage devices -LRB- such as memory cards or Xbox 360 hard drives -RRB- , and servers or computers with Windows Media Center or Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher within the local-area network in streaming mode .	Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher	What PC operating system is required to stream content to a 360 ?
As the Xbox 360 uses a modified version of the UPnP AV protocol , some alternative UPnP servers such as uShare -LRB- part of the GeeXboX project -RRB- and MythTV can also stream media to the Xbox 360 , allowing for similar functionality from non-Windows servers .	UPnP	What modified AV protocol does the 360 utilize ?
This is possible with video files up to HD-resolution and with several codecs -LRB- MPEG-2 , MPEG-4 , WMV -RRB- and container formats -LRB- WMV , MOV , TS -RRB- .	MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV	What codecs are supported for 360 streaming from uShare ?
This is possible with video files up to HD-resolution and with several codecs -LRB- MPEG-2 , MPEG-4 , WMV -RRB- and container formats -LRB- WMV , MOV , TS -RRB- .	WMV, MOV, TS	What video formats are supported for UPnP streaming ?
Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions .	integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions	What extra features do Xbox Live Gold members get ?
Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information , friends list , and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold .	profile information, friends list, and games history	What information does Microsoft allow users to retain when transitioning Live subscriptions ?
To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system , users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com .	users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com	What does a user need to do to transfer a Live account to the new system ?
As of January 5 , 2011 , Xbox Live has over 30 million subscribers .	30 million	How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live ?
On May 26 , 2009 , Microsoft announced the future release of the Zune HD -LRB- in the fall of 2009 -RRB- , the next addition to the Zune product range .	the Zune	What hardware device was merged with the video marketplace ?
Further details were released at the Microsoft press conference at E3 2009 .	E3 2009	Where and when was the Zune HD marketplace announced ?
This is of an impact on the Xbox Live Video Store as it was also announced that the Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store will be merged to form the Zune Marketplace , which will be arriving on Xbox Live in 7 countries initially , the United Kingdom , the United States , France , Italy , Germany , Ireland and Spain .	Xbox Live Video Store	The Zune video marketplace was merged with what Live feature ?
This is of an impact on the Xbox Live Video Store as it was also announced that the Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store will be merged to form the Zune Marketplace , which will be arriving on Xbox Live in 7 countries initially , the United Kingdom , the United States , France , Italy , Germany , Ireland and Spain .	Zune Marketplace	What was the new name of this Live video store ?
This is of an impact on the Xbox Live Video Store as it was also announced that the Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store will be merged to form the Zune Marketplace , which will be arriving on Xbox Live in 7 countries initially , the United Kingdom , the United States , France , Italy , Germany , Ireland and Spain .	7	How many countries were slated for the Zune Marketplace launch ?
Beginning in 1689 , the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America , the most important of which were Queen Anne 's War , in which the British conquered French colony Acadia , and the final French and Indian War -LRB- 1754 -- 63 -RRB- when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America .	1689	When did wars between Britain and France in North America start ?
Beginning in 1689 , the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America , the most important of which were Queen Anne 's War , in which the British conquered French colony Acadia , and the final French and Indian War -LRB- 1754 -- 63 -RRB- when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America .	Queen Anne's War	What was the most important North American conflict between France and Britain called ?
Beginning in 1689 , the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America , the most important of which were Queen Anne 's War , in which the British conquered French colony Acadia , and the final French and Indian War -LRB- 1754 -- 63 -RRB- when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America .	Acadia	What French colony did Great Britain conquer in Queen Anne 's War ?
Beginning in 1689 , the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America , the most important of which were Queen Anne 's War , in which the British conquered French colony Acadia , and the final French and Indian War -LRB- 1754 -- 63 -RRB- when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America .	1754–63	When was the final French and Indian War fought ?
This final war was to give thousands of colonists , including Virginia colonel George Washington , military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War .	George Washington	What future American founding father fought in the French and Indian War ?
By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812 .	the War of 1812	What was the biggest war the US got involved with in the early 19th century ?
With Britain locked in a major war with Napoleon 's France , its policy was to block American shipments to France .	a major war with Napoleon's France	What conflict caused Britain to blockade trade ?
Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest , with the goal of creating an Indian state there that would block American expansion .	Indian insurrection	What uprising did Britain support in North America ?
The United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812 , the first time the U.S. had officially declared war .	the United Kingdom	What country was the first the US ever declared war upon ?
Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy , the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada , hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip .	invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip	What was the initial US strategy in the War of 1812 ?
Secretary of War Elihu Root -LRB- 1899 -- 1904 -RRB- led the modernization of the Army .	Elihu Root	Who was the Secretary of War who modernized the US military at the beginning of the 20th century ?
His goal of a uniformed chief of staff as general manager and a European-type general staff for planning was stymied by General Nelson A. Miles but did succeed in enlarging West Point and establishing the U.S. Army War College as well as the General Staff .	West Point	Which military academy did Root help grow ?
His goal of a uniformed chief of staff as general manager and a European-type general staff for planning was stymied by General Nelson A. Miles but did succeed in enlarging West Point and establishing the U.S. Army War College as well as the General Staff .	General Staff	What military advisement committee was established by Root ?
He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line .	the principle of rotating officers from staff to line	What officer rotation doctrine was developed under Root 's guidance ?
Root was concerned about the Army 's role in governing the new territories acquired in 1898 and worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to the Cubans , and wrote the charter of government for the Philippines .	the Philippines	What then-US protectorate did Root write a government charter for ?
The United States originally wished to remain neutral when World War I broke out in August 1914 .	neutral	When World War I started , what was the official US position ?
The United States originally wished to remain neutral when World War I broke out in August 1914 .	August 1914	When did World War I commence ?
In 1917 the Germans resumed submarine attacks , knowing that it would lead to American entry .	submarine attacks	What German war policy precipitated US involvement in WWI ?
In 1917 the Germans resumed submarine attacks , knowing that it would lead to American entry .	1917	What year did the US enter World War I ?
Meanwhile , the U.S. continued to provide supplies and money to Britain and France , and initiated the first peacetime draft .	peacetime draft	The United States built its army prior to joining the war in what way ?
One side views the war as a necessary part of the Containment policy , which allowed the enemy to choose the time and place of warfare .	Containment	The Vietnam War was an element of what US diplomatic policy ?
Others note the U.S. made major strategic gains as the Communists were defeated in Indonesia , and by 1972 both Moscow and Beijing were competing for American support , at the expense of their allies in Hanoi .	Indonesia	Communists were defeated in what country in 1972 ?
Critics see the conflict as a `` quagmire '' -- an endless waste of American blood and treasure in a conflict that did not concern US interests .	a "quagmire"	What term did critics of the Vietnam War use to describe it ?
The draft became extremely unpopular , and President Nixon ended it in 1973 , forcing the military -LRB- the Army especially -RRB- to rely entirely upon volunteers .	1973	When did the draft end ?
The draft became extremely unpopular , and President Nixon ended it in 1973 , forcing the military -LRB- the Army especially -RRB- to rely entirely upon volunteers .	1973	Which president ended the draft ?
The Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States .	34	How many nations were against Iraq in the US-led coalition ?
The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 which was met with immediate economic sanctions by the United Nations against Iraq .	the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait	What precipitated the Persian Gulf War ?
The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 which was met with immediate economic sanctions by the United Nations against Iraq .	August 1990	When did this precipitating event take place ?
The coalition commenced hostilities in January 1991 , resulting in a decisive victory for the U.S. led coalition forces , which drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait with minimal coalition deaths .	January 1991	When did hostilities in the Persian Gulf War begin ?
Despite the low death toll , over 180,000 US veterans would later be classified as `` permanently disabled '' according to the US Department of Veterans Affairs -LRB- see Gulf War Syndrome -RRB- .	180,000	How many US veterans of the Persian Gulf War have been classed as permanently disabled ?
US troops participated in a UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia beginning in 1992 .	Somalia	In what African country did US troops participate in peacekeeping operations ?
By 1993 the US troops were augmented with Rangers and special forces with the aim of capturing warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid , whose forces had massacred peacekeepers from Pakistan .	Mohamed Farrah Aidid	What was the name of the Somalian warlord who directed massacres of peacekeeping troops ?
During a raid in downtown Mogadishu , US troops became trapped overnight by a general uprising in the Battle of Mogadishu .	Mogadishu	In what Somalian city did American troops become trapped ?
Eighteen American soldiers were killed , and a US television crew filmed graphic images of the body of one soldier being dragged through the streets by an angry mob .	Eighteen	How many US soldiers were killed in the battle of Mogadishu ?
The book Black Hawk Down was written about the battle , and was the basis for the later movie of the same name .	Black Hawk Down	What is the title of the book and movie about the Mogadishu uprising ?
In January 2002 , the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops -LRB- later raised to 2,000 -RRB- to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida , such as Abu Sayyaf , under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines .	January 2002	When did the US send troops to the Philippines to battle terrorists ?
In January 2002 , the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops -LRB- later raised to 2,000 -RRB- to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida , such as Abu Sayyaf , under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines .	al-Qaida	Terrorists in the Philippines were linked to what larger terrorist organization ?
Operations have taken place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago , where terrorists and other groups are active .	the Sulu Archipelago	Where did anti-terrorist fighting take place ?
In January 2002 , the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops -LRB- later raised to 2,000 -RRB- to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida , such as Abu Sayyaf , under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines .	1,200	How many troops did the US initially send to the Philippines ?
In January 2002 , the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops -LRB- later raised to 2,000 -RRB- to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida , such as Abu Sayyaf , under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines .	Abu Sayyaf	What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the US was sent to help combat ?
A British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga .	Saratoga	What battle ended a British invasion from Canada in the Revolutionary War ?
A British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga .	1777	When was the battle of Saratoga fought ?
With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben , the training and discipline along Prussian lines began , and the Continental Army began to evolve into a modern force .	General von Steuben	What Prussian expatriate helped train the Continental army ?
France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain as Allies of the US , ending its naval advantage and escalating the conflict into a world war .	France and Spain	What two European countries entered the Revolutionary War against Britain ?
France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain as Allies of the US , ending its naval advantage and escalating the conflict into a world war .	its naval advantage	What advantage did Britain lose when the European countries entered the war ?
When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793 , the United States sought to remain neutral , but the Jay Treaty , which was favorable to Great Britain , angered the French government , which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance .	to remain neutral	What was the US policy when France declared war on England in 1793 ?
When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793 , the United States sought to remain neutral , but the Jay Treaty , which was favorable to Great Britain , angered the French government , which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance .	the Jay Treaty	What treaty with England conflicted with the United States ' Treaty of Alliance with France ?
Fought at sea from 1798 to 1800 , the United States won a string of victories in the Caribbean .	the Caribbean	Where did US ships and French privateers fight between 1798 and 1800 ?
George Washington was called out of retirement to head a `` provisional army '' in case of invasion by France , but President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce , in which France agreed to terminate the prior alliance and cease its attacks .	John Adams	What US President negotiated a truce with France to end the undeclared war at sea ?
When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793 , the United States sought to remain neutral , but the Jay Treaty , which was favorable to Great Britain , angered the French government , which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance .	1778	When was the Treaty of Alliance with France signed ?
In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution , the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States , without consulting the Shawnee , Cherokee , Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there .	Treaty of Paris	What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the Mississippi River ?
In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution , the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States , without consulting the Shawnee , Cherokee , Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there .	Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw	What three major tribes occupied these formerly British territories ?
This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly ; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians .	1791	When was the Battle of Wabash fought ?
President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region , which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 .	the Battle of Fallen Timbers	What was the decisive battle in the Northwest territories against the native population there ?
President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region , which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 .	1794	When was this deciding battle fought ?
Sectional tensions had long existed between the states located north of the Mason -- Dixon line and those south of it , primarily centered on the `` peculiar institution '' of slavery and the ability of states to overrule the decisions of the national government .	the Mason–Dixon line	What dividing line separated slave states from free states ?
After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 -LRB- who southerners thought would work to end slavery -RRB- states in the South seceded from the United States , beginning with South Carolina in late 1860 .	1860	When was Lincoln elected ?
After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 -LRB- who southerners thought would work to end slavery -RRB- states in the South seceded from the United States , beginning with South Carolina in late 1860 .	states in the South seceded from the United States	How did slave states react to Lincoln 's election ?
On April 12 , 1861 , forces of the South -LRB- known as the Confederate States of America or simply the Confederacy -RRB- opened fire on Fort Sumter , whose garrison was loyal to the Union .	April 12, 1861	When did Confederate forces bombard Fort Sumter ?
After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 -LRB- who southerners thought would work to end slavery -RRB- states in the South seceded from the United States , beginning with South Carolina in late 1860 .	South Carolina	What was the first state to formally secede ?
The Army performed well in combat in Cuba .	Cuba	Where did the American army fight the Spanish in the Spanish American War ?
It relied on volunteers and state militia units , which faced logistical , training and food problems in the staging areas in Florida .	volunteers and state militia	The army in this war was primarily made up of what sort of units ?
By the peace treaty Spain ceded to the United States its colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines .	Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines	What colonies did Spain hand over to the US after the war ?
The Navy set up coaling stations there and in Hawaii -LRB- which voluntarily joined the U.S. in 1898 -RRB- .	Hawaii	What island territory voluntarily joined the US as a colony in 1898 ?
The U.S. Navy now had a major forward presence across the Pacific and -LRB- with the lease of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba -RRB- a major base in the Caribbean guarding the approaches to the Gulf Coast and the Panama Canal .	Guantánamo Bay Naval Base	What is the name of the naval base the US leased from a newly independent Cuba ?
The Philippine -- American War -LRB- 1899 -- 1902 -RRB- was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces following the ceding of the Philippines to the United States after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila .	1899–1902	When was the Philippine-American War fought ?
The Philippine -- American War -LRB- 1899 -- 1902 -RRB- was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces following the ceding of the Philippines to the United States after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila .	Manila	Where did the US defeat occupying Spanish forces prior to the Philippine American War ?
The Army sent in 100,000 soldiers -LRB- mostly from the National Guard -RRB- under General Elwell Otis .	General Elwell Otis	Who led American forces in this war ?
The Army sent in 100,000 soldiers -LRB- mostly from the National Guard -RRB- under General Elwell Otis .	100,000	How many troops did the US send to the Philippines ?
The insurgency collapsed in March 1901 when the leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston and his Macabebe allies .	Emilio Aguinaldo	Who was the rebel leader captured by US forces at the end of this war ?
The loss of eight battleships and 2,403 Americans at Pearl Harbor forced the U.S. to rely on its remaining aircraft carriers , which won a major victory over Japan at Midway just six months into the war , and on its growing submarine fleet .	eight	How many battleships did the US Navy lose at Pearl Harbor ?
The loss of eight battleships and 2,403 Americans at Pearl Harbor forced the U.S. to rely on its remaining aircraft carriers , which won a major victory over Japan at Midway just six months into the war , and on its growing submarine fleet .	2,403	How many Americans were killed during the Pearl Harbor attack ?
The Navy and Marine Corps followed this up with an island hopping campaign across the central and south Pacific in 1943 -- 45 , reaching the outskirts of Japan in the Battle of Okinawa .	island hopping	What term describes the overall US strategy in the Pacific in WWII ?
During 1942 and 1943 , the U.S. deployed millions of men and thousands of planes and tanks to the UK , beginning with the strategic bombing of Nazi Germany and occupied Europe and leading up to the Allied invasions of occupied North Africa in November 1942 , Sicily and Italy in 1943 , France in 1944 , and the invasion of Germany in 1945 , parallel with the Soviet invasion from the east .	1942	When did the Allies invade North Africa ?
The U.S. used atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to destroy the Japanese war effort and to shock the Japanese leadership , which quickly caused the surrender of Japan .	Hiroshima and Nagasaki	Which two Japanese cities were hit with atomic bombs ?
Allies of North Korea included the People 's Republic of China , which supplied military forces , and the Soviet Union , which supplied combat advisors and aircraft pilots , as well as arms , for the Chinese and North Korean troops .	the People's Republic of China	What country supplied troops to North Korea during the Korean War ?
Allies of North Korea included the People 's Republic of China , which supplied military forces , and the Soviet Union , which supplied combat advisors and aircraft pilots , as well as arms , for the Chinese and North Korean troops .	the Soviet Union	What country supplied advisors , pilots , and war materiel to North Korea ?
The Korean War was a conflict between the United States and its United Nations allies and the communist powers under influence of the Soviet Union -LRB- also a UN member nation -RRB- and the People 's Republic of China -LRB- which later also gained UN membership -RRB- .	the United States	What country was the principal ally of South Korea during the war ?
The Korean War was a conflict between the United States and its United Nations allies and the communist powers under influence of the Soviet Union -LRB- also a UN member nation -RRB- and the People 's Republic of China -LRB- which later also gained UN membership -RRB- .	United Nations	What organization did all combatants on both sides of the war belong to ?
The principal combatants were North and South Korea .	North and South Korea	Which two countries were the primary fighters for territory in the Korean War ?
North Korean forces struck massively in the summer of 1950 and nearly drove the outnumbered US and ROK defenders into the sea .	1950	When did North Korean forces initiate attacks on US and UN forces in the Korean war ?
However the United Nations intervened , naming Douglas MacArthur commander of its forces , and UN-US-ROK forces held a perimeter around Pusan , gaining time for reinforcement .	Pusan	What South Korean city did the US and ROK forces defend while building reinforcements ?
MacArthur , in a bold but risky move , ordered an amphibious invasion well behind the front lines at Inchon , cutting off and routing the North Koreans and quickly crossing the 38th Parallel into North Korea .	amphibious invasion	What type of attack was used on Inchon ?
As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China , the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel .	the Yalu River	Chinese troops attacked the UN forces when they crossed what river ?
However the United Nations intervened , naming Douglas MacArthur commander of its forces , and UN-US-ROK forces held a perimeter around Pusan , gaining time for reinforcement .	Douglas MacArthur	What general was fired for defying President Truman 's containment strategy ?
Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam -LRB- South Vietnam or the `` RVN '' -RRB- , the United States , supplemented by South Korea , Thailand , Australia , New Zealand , and the Philippines .	RVN	What acronym was given to South Vietnamese troops ?
The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army -LRB- NVA -RRB- as well as the National Liberation Front -LRB- NLF , also known as Viet communists Viet Cong -RRB- , or `` VC '' , a guerrilla force within South Vietnam .	NVA	What acronym was given to North Vietnamese army regulars ?
The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army -LRB- NVA -RRB- as well as the National Liberation Front -LRB- NLF , also known as Viet communists Viet Cong -RRB- , or `` VC '' , a guerrilla force within South Vietnam .	Viet Cong	By what name were fighters of the National Liberation Front known ?
The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army -LRB- NVA -RRB- as well as the National Liberation Front -LRB- NLF , also known as Viet communists Viet Cong -RRB- , or `` VC '' , a guerrilla force within South Vietnam .	South Vietnam	The VC operated in what geographic area ?
The NVA received substantial military and economic aid from the Soviet Union and China , turning Vietnam into a proxy war .	Soviet Union and China	The NVA was aided by military and financial aid from what two countries ?
The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons , and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails , especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail .	Hanoi and Haiphong	What two northern Vietnamese cities did the US avoid bombing at the outset of the war ?
The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons , and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails , especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail .	the Ho Chi Minh Trail	What was the major supply trail for the Northern Vietnamese forces ?
The most controversial Army commander was William Westmoreland whose strategy involved systematic defeat of all enemy forces in the field , despite heavy American casualties that alienated public opinion back home .	William Westmoreland	What US commander 's strategy caused a loss of public opinion in the US ?
The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons , and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails , especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail .	the White House	Who helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War ?
The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons , and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails , especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail .	1972	When did the US start bombing Hanoi ?
In 1983 fighting between Palestinian refugees and Lebanese factions reignited that nation 's long-running civil war .	1983	When did fighting between Palestinians and the Lebanese begin ?
US Marines landed in August 1982 along with Italian and French forces .	1982	When did US marines land in Lebanon ?
On October 23 , 1983 , a suicide bomber driving a truck filled with 6 tons of TNT crashed through a fence and destroyed the Marine barracks , killing 241 Marines ; seconds later , a second bomber leveled a French barracks , killing 58 .	October 23, 1983	When did a suicide bomber successfully attack the marine barracks in Lebanon ?
On October 23 , 1983 , a suicide bomber driving a truck filled with 6 tons of TNT crashed through a fence and destroyed the Marine barracks , killing 241 Marines ; seconds later , a second bomber leveled a French barracks , killing 58 .	241	How many marines were killed in the attack ?
While US President Ronald Reagan was initially defiant , political pressure at home eventually forced the withdrawal of the Marines in February 1984 .	February 1984	When did President Reagan withdraw marines from Lebanon ?
There is general agreement that US technological superiority was a crucial factor but the speed and scale of the Iraqi collapse has also been attributed to poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale among Iraqi troops , which resulted from a history of incompetent leadership .	US technological superiority	What is the main reason the US-led coalition won a decisive victory in the Persian Gulf War ?
After devastating initial strikes against Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities on 17 January 1991 , coalition forces achieved total air superiority almost immediately .	on 17 January 1991	US airstrikes on Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities began when ?
There is general agreement that US technological superiority was a crucial factor but the speed and scale of the Iraqi collapse has also been attributed to poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale among Iraqi troops , which resulted from a history of incompetent leadership .	poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale	What faults in the Iraqi forces led to their rapid defeat ?
Over 6 weeks of relentless pounding by planes and helicopters , the Iraqi army was almost completely beaten but did not retreat , under orders from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein , and by the time the ground forces invaded on 24 February , many Iraqi troops quickly surrendered to forces much smaller than their own ; in one instance , Iraqi forces attempted to surrender to a television camera crew that was advancing with coalition forces .	Iraqi President Saddam Hussein	Who ordered Iraqi forces to hold their ground despite air bombardments ?
Over 6 weeks of relentless pounding by planes and helicopters , the Iraqi army was almost completely beaten but did not retreat , under orders from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein , and by the time the ground forces invaded on 24 February , many Iraqi troops quickly surrendered to forces much smaller than their own ; in one instance , Iraqi forces attempted to surrender to a television camera crew that was advancing with coalition forces .	24 February	When did US ground forces attack Iraqi positions ?
After just 100 hours of ground combat , and with all of Kuwait and much of southern Iraq under coalition control , US President George H. W. Bush ordered a cease-fire and negotiations began resulting in an agreement for cessation of hostilities .	100 hours	How long did ground combat operations last in the Persian Gulf War ?
After just 100 hours of ground combat , and with all of Kuwait and much of southern Iraq under coalition control , US President George H. W. Bush ordered a cease-fire and negotiations began resulting in an agreement for cessation of hostilities .	US President George H. W. Bush	Who ordered the cease-fire that effectively ended hostilities ?
Some US politicians were disappointed by this move , believing Bush should have pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power ; there is little doubt that coalition forces could have accomplished this if they had desired .	pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power	What did some US Politicians think Coalition forces should have been allowed to have done ?
Still , the political ramifications of removing Hussein would have broadened the scope of the conflict greatly , and many coalition nations refused to participate in such an action , believing it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region .	refused to participate	Coalition nations did what with regards to invading Northern Iraq to precipitate the cease fire ?
Still , the political ramifications of removing Hussein would have broadened the scope of the conflict greatly , and many coalition nations refused to participate in such an action , believing it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region .	it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region	Why did Coalition nations fear the removal of Hussein from power ?
The War on Terrorism is a global effort by the governments of several countries -LRB- primarily the United States and its principal allies -RRB- to neutralize international terrorist groups -LRB- primarily Islamic Extremist terrorist groups , including al-Qaeda -RRB- and ensure that countries considered by the US and some of its allies to be Rogue Nations no longer support terrorist activities .	The War on Terrorism	What term is given to the attempt by the US and her allies to fight global terrorist groups ?
The War on Terrorism is a global effort by the governments of several countries -LRB- primarily the United States and its principal allies -RRB- to neutralize international terrorist groups -LRB- primarily Islamic Extremist terrorist groups , including al-Qaeda -RRB- and ensure that countries considered by the US and some of its allies to be Rogue Nations no longer support terrorist activities .	Islamic Extremist	What religious groups are primarily targeted by this war ?
The War on Terrorism is a global effort by the governments of several countries -LRB- primarily the United States and its principal allies -RRB- to neutralize international terrorist groups -LRB- primarily Islamic Extremist terrorist groups , including al-Qaeda -RRB- and ensure that countries considered by the US and some of its allies to be Rogue Nations no longer support terrorist activities .	al-Qaeda	What is one prominent , specific terrorist group targeted by the War on Terrorism ?
It has been adopted primarily as a response to the September 11 , 2001 attacks on the United States .	the September 11, 2001 attacks	The War On Terrorism was caused by what event ?
Since 2001 , terrorist motivated attacks upon service members have occurred in Arkansas and Texas .	Arkansas and Texas	Since the start of the war on Terrorism , attacks on US service members have occurred in which two US states ?
After the lengthy Iraq disarmament crisis culminated with an American demand that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq , which was refused , a coalition led by the United States and the United Kingdom fought the Iraqi army in the 2003 invasion of Iraq .	that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq	What demand did the US make before invading Iraq in 2003 ?
Approximately 250,000 United States troops , with support from 45,000 British , 2,000 Australian and 200 Polish combat forces , entered Iraq primarily through their staging area in Kuwait .	250,000	How many US troops participated in the invasion ?
-LRB- Turkey had refused to permit its territory to be used for an invasion from the north . -RRB-	Turkey	What country refused to allow forces to stage within it ?
After approximately three weeks of fighting , Hussein and the Ba'ath Party were forcibly removed , followed by 9 years of military presence by the United States and the coalition fighting alongside the newly elected Iraqi government against various insurgent groups .	approximately three weeks	How long did the first phase of fighting last ?
After approximately three weeks of fighting , Hussein and the Ba'ath Party were forcibly removed , followed by 9 years of military presence by the United States and the coalition fighting alongside the newly elected Iraqi government against various insurgent groups .	9 years	How long did the US and its coalition partners have to occupy Iraq ?
As a result of the Libyan Civil War , the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 , which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya , and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi .	United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973	What declaration established a no-fly zone over Libya ?
As a result of the Libyan Civil War , the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 , which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya , and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi .	Muammar Gaddafi	What is the name of the Libyan leader opposed by US and UN forces ?
The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector , the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition 's actions in the theater .	Operation Unified Protector	What was the name of the military action against Libya ?
Throughout the conflict however , the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians , while the real conflict was between Gaddafi 's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him .	to protect civilians	What was the goal of this operation ?
Throughout the conflict however , the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians , while the real conflict was between Gaddafi 's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him .	Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him	The Libyan conflict was primarily fought between which groups ?
His biggest challenge was logistics , since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment , munitions , clothing , paychecks , or even the food supply of the soldiers .	logistics	What was the biggest problem General Washington faced ?
Washington 's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776 , and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga -LRB- 1777 -RRB- and Yorktown -LRB- 1781 -RRB- .	Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781)	Where were the two major surrenders of British forces in the war ?
The Loyalists , on whom the British had relied too heavily , comprised about 20 % of the population but never were well organized .	20%	What percentage of the Colonial population were loyal to the Crown ?
Washington astonished the world when , instead of seizing power , he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia .	he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.	What did Washington do after defeating the British Army ?
As a strategist , however , he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did .	he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did	What advantage did Washington have over the British generals ?
The Berbers along the Barbary Coast -LRB- modern day Libya -RRB- sent pirates to capture merchant ships and hold the crews for ransom .	modern day Libya	Where was the Barbary Coast ?
The Berbers along the Barbary Coast -LRB- modern day Libya -RRB- sent pirates to capture merchant ships and hold the crews for ransom .	The Berbers	Who sent pirates to capture merchant ships ?
The U.S. paid protection money until 1801 , when President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay and sent in the Navy to challenge the Barbary States , the First Barbary War followed .	The U.S. paid protection money until 1801	How did the United States initially deal with this problem ?
After the U.S.S. Philadelphia was captured in 1803 , Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a raid which successfully burned the captured ship , preventing Tripoli from using or selling it .	Stephen Decatur	What American naval officer led a raid that destroyed a captured American ship ?
In 1805 , after William Eaton captured the city of Derna , Tripoli agreed to a peace treaty .	Derna	What city did William Eaton capture to end the first Barbary War ?
The Confederacy hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene , or else by wearing down the North 's willingness to fight .	getting Britain and France to intervene	What was the Confederate overall strategy to win the Civil War ?
The U.S. sought a quick victory focused on capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond , Virginia .	capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia	What was the Union 's original war aim ?
The Confederates under Robert E. Lee tenaciously defended their capital until the very end .	Robert E. Lee	Who led the Confederate forces defending Richmond throughout the war ?
Most of the material and personnel of the South were used up , while the North prospered .	the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered	How did the war effect both sides ?
The Navy was modernized in the 1880s , and by the 1890s had adopted the naval power strategy of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan -- as indeed did every major navy .	the 1880s	When in the 19th century was the US navy modernized ?
The old sailing ships were replaced by modern steel battleships , bringing them in line with the navies of Britain and Germany .	modern steel battleships	What replaced the older sailing ships in the navy ?
In 1907 , most of the Navy 's battleships , with several support vessels , dubbed the Great White Fleet , were featured in a 14-month circumnavigation of the world .	the Great White Fleet	By what name was the US fleet known at the start of the 20th Century ?
Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt , it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy 's capability to extend to the global theater .	President Theodore Roosevelt	Who ordered this fleet to sail around the world ?
Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt , it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy 's capability to extend to the global theater .	to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater	What was the purpose of this order ?
The Mexican Revolution involved a civil war with hundreds of thousands of deaths and large numbers fleeing combat zones .	The Mexican Revolution	What early 20th century conflict sent tens of thousands of refugees to the US ?
Tens of thousands fled to the U.S. President Wilson sent U.S. forces to occupy the Mexican city of Veracruz for six months in 1914 .	Veracruz	US forces were sent to occupy what Mexican City during the Revolution ?
In early 1916 Pancho Villa a Mexican general ordered 500 soldiers on a murderous raid on the American city of Columbus New Mexico , with the goal of robbing banks to fund his army .	Pancho Villa	What was the name of the Mexican general who attacked an American city in New Mexico ?
The German Secret Service encouraged Pancho Villa in his attacks to involve the United States in an intervention in Mexico which would distract the United States from its growing involvement in the war and divert aid from Europe to support the intervention .	The German Secret Service	What foreign organization encouraged Villa 's guerilla war against the US ?
Wilson called up the state militias -LRB- National Guard -RRB- and sent them and the U.S. Army under General John J. Pershing to punish Villa in the Pancho Villa Expedition .	General John J. Pershing	What US General led troops against Villa ?
After the costly U.S. involvement in World War I , isolationism grew within the nation .	isolationism	What general sentiment was the result of losses in World War I ?
Congress refused membership in the League of Nations , and in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia , the gradually more restrictive Neutrality Acts were passed , which were intended to prevent the U.S. from supporting either side in a war .	the League of Nations	Congress refused to allow the US to join what organization ?
Congress refused membership in the League of Nations , and in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia , the gradually more restrictive Neutrality Acts were passed , which were intended to prevent the U.S. from supporting either side in a war .	Neutrality Acts	What legislation was passed to discourage the country from getting involved in a foreign war ?
President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to support Britain , however , and in 1940 signed the Lend-Lease Act , which permitted an expansion of the `` cash and carry '' arms trade to develop with Britain , which controlled the Atlantic sea lanes .	Franklin D. Roosevelt	Which US President sought to circumvent Neutrality acts to aid Britain ?
President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to support Britain , however , and in 1940 signed the Lend-Lease Act , which permitted an expansion of the `` cash and carry '' arms trade to develop with Britain , which controlled the Atlantic sea lanes .	the Lend-Lease Act	What was the name of the 1940 program to send arms to Britain ?
Over 16 million served -LRB- about 11 % of the population -RRB- , and over 400,000 died during the war .	Over 16 million	How many Americans served in the military in World War II ?
Over 16 million served -LRB- about 11 % of the population -RRB- , and over 400,000 died during the war .	400,000	How many American service personnel died in World War II ?
The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union , and unlike the Soviet Union , the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war .	the Soviet Union	What other country besides the United States became a super power after World War II ?
World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country 's greatest triumph , and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as `` the Greatest Generation . ''	the Greatest Generation	What name is given to those Americans who served in World War II ?
During and following World War II , the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship .	Britain	Both during and after the conclusion of World War II , the United States formed a firm alliance with what country ?
The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia , but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles , corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , and ever increasing protests at home .	Communism	The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology ?
The Tet Offensive in 1968 , although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated , marked the psychological turning point in the war .	The Tet Offensive	What was the psychological turning point of the war ?
The Tet Offensive in 1968 , although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated , marked the psychological turning point in the war .	1968	When did this offensive take place ?
After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded , American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory , and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified .	1973	When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam ?
With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China , American policy shifted to `` Vietnamization , '' -- providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves .	"Vietnamization,"	The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what ?
Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen .	1774	When did Britain declare martial law in a North American colony ?
Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen .	Massachusetts	What colony was placed under martial law ?
When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 , militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city .	Lexington and Concord	What were the first conflicts of the American Revolution ?
The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army , which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia .	The Continental Congress	Who appointed Washington to serve as commander in chief ?
Meanwhile , the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states , and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4 , 1776 .	July 4, 1776	When did the colonies declare independence ?
The United States was a minor military power during this time , having only a modest army , Marine corps , and navy .	having only a modest army	What quality made the US only a minor military power after the Revolutionary War ?
A traditional distrust of standing armies , combined with faith in the abilities of local militia , precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps .	A traditional distrust of standing armies	Why was the US military so small initially ?
A traditional distrust of standing armies , combined with faith in the abilities of local militia , precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps .	local militia	The founding fathers had faith in what military groups ?
Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy , fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars , and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power .	foreign wars	What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve America in ?
Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy , fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars , and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power .	a domestic tyrant to seize power	Early leaders also feared a large army would allow what internal conflict to take place ?
Several tribes , especially the Sioux and Comanche , fiercely resisted confinement to reservations .	the Sioux and Comanche	What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations ?
After the Civil War , population expansion , railroad construction , and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains .	population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds	What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War ?
The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other , William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge .	William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan	Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations ?
A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876 , when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho nations .	1876	When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought ?
A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876 , when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho nations .	Col. George Armstrong Custer	What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn ?
Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery , thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890 -- 1910 .	Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske	What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century ?
He immediately grasped the potential for air power , and called for the development of a torpedo plane .	torpedo plane	What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of ?
Fiske , as aide for operations in 1913 -- 15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument .	Franklin D. Roosevelt	What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under ?
Fiske , as aide for operations in 1913 -- 15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument .	1913–15	When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated ?
By summer 1918 , a million American soldiers , or `` doughboys '' as they were often called , of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing , with 25,000 more arriving every week .	doughboys	What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918 ?
By summer 1918 , a million American soldiers , or `` doughboys '' as they were often called , of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing , with 25,000 more arriving every week .	American Expeditionary Forces	What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918 ?
By summer 1918 , a million American soldiers , or `` doughboys '' as they were often called , of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing , with 25,000 more arriving every week .	John J. Pershing	Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe ?
The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender , the Armistice , ending the war against the western front on November 11 , 1918 .	November 11, 1918	When did fighting on the western front end ?
The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender , the Armistice , ending the war against the western front on November 11 , 1918 .	the Armistice	What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front ?
Starting in 1940 -LRB- 18 months before Pearl Harbor -RRB- , the nation mobilized , giving high priority to air power .	air power	What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II ?
The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Hawaii .	8 December 1941	When did the US officially enter World War II ?
The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Hawaii .	the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii	What event led to America entering the war ?
Japanese forces soon seized American , Dutch , and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia , except for Australia , which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii .	seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia	At the start of the conflict with the Allies , what did Japan do ?
Japanese forces soon seized American , Dutch , and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia , except for Australia , which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii .	Australia	What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan ?
The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos -LRB- see Secret War -RRB- and in the strategic bombing -LRB- see Operation Rolling Thunder -RRB- of North Vietnam .	between 1959 and 1975	When was the Vietnam War fought ?
The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos -LRB- see Secret War -RRB- and in the strategic bombing -LRB- see Operation Rolling Thunder -RRB- of North Vietnam .	Cambodia and Laos	Besides Vietnam , what other countries saw fighting in this war ?
The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos -LRB- see Secret War -RRB- and in the strategic bombing -LRB- see Operation Rolling Thunder -RRB- of North Vietnam .	Operation Rolling Thunder	What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam ?
Major American military involvement began in 1964 , after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution .	1964	When did American military involvement ramp up in Vietnam ?
Major American military involvement began in 1964 , after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution .	the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam ?
Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran , and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters , but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled ; in comparison , the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier , and major changes in US doctrine , equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire .	8 years of war with Iran	What conflict was supposed to have provided Iraqi forces with battle experience ?
Before the war , many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties -LRB- certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam -RRB- , and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II .	North Africa during World War II	Some observers thought that the Persian Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war ?
Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran , and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters , but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled ; in comparison , the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier , and major changes in US doctrine , equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire .	late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters	What equipment did the Iraqi army possess ?
Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran , and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters , but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled ; in comparison , the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier , and major changes in US doctrine , equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire .	Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier	Prior to the Persian Gulf War , where and when was the last major American military conflict ?
Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran , and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters , but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled ; in comparison , the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier , and major changes in US doctrine , equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire .	the antiaircraft weapons were crippled	What problem did the Iraqi forces have ?
With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria , a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention .	ISIL	What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria ?
Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law .	Sharia law	What legal ethos does ISIL operate under ?
The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers .	kidnapping and decapitation	What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers ?
The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August , and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory .	airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories	How did the US intervene against ISIL ?
The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August , and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory .	degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory	What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria ?
San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a crude and distorted cover of Eddie Cochran 's classic `` Summertime Blues '' , from their 1968 debut album Vincebus Eruptum , that outlined much of the later hard rock and heavy metal sound .	San Francisco	Where was the band Blue Cheer from ?
San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a crude and distorted cover of Eddie Cochran 's classic `` Summertime Blues '' , from their 1968 debut album Vincebus Eruptum , that outlined much of the later hard rock and heavy metal sound .	"Summertime Blues"	What classic song did Blue Cheer cover ?
The same month , Steppenwolf released its self-titled debut album , including `` Born to Be Wild '' , which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the film Easy Rider -LRB- 1969 -RRB- .	"Born to Be Wild"	What was the hit off Steppenwolf 's self-titled debut lp ?
The same month , Steppenwolf released its self-titled debut album , including `` Born to Be Wild '' , which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the film Easy Rider -LRB- 1969 -RRB- .	Easy Rider	What movie featured that Steppenwolf single ?
The same month , Steppenwolf released its self-titled debut album , including `` Born to Be Wild '' , which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the film Easy Rider -LRB- 1969 -RRB- .	heavy metal	The lyrics to `` Born To Be Wild '' contain the first reference to what hard rock style ?
From outside the United Kingdom and the United States , the Canadian trio Rush released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974 -- 75 -LRB- Rush , Fly by Night and Caress of Steel -RRB- before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album 2112 .	Canadian	The band Rush is what nationality ?
From outside the United Kingdom and the United States , the Canadian trio Rush released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974 -- 75 -LRB- Rush , Fly by Night and Caress of Steel -RRB- before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album 2112 .	Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel	What are the first three Rush albums ?
The Irish band Thin Lizzy , which had formed in the late 1960s , made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album Jailbreak and their worldwide hit `` The Boys Are Back in Town '' , which reached number 8 in the UK and number 12 in the US .	Irish	What nationality was Thin Lizzy ?
The Irish band Thin Lizzy , which had formed in the late 1960s , made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album Jailbreak and their worldwide hit `` The Boys Are Back in Town '' , which reached number 8 in the UK and number 12 in the US .	"The Boys Are Back in Town"	What was Thin Lizzy 's hit single ?
The arrival of Scorpions from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre .	Germany	The Scorpions hailed from what country ?
Bon Jovi 's third album , Slippery When Wet -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity and spent a total of 8 weeks at the top of the Billboard 200 album chart , selling 12 million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three top 10 singles -- two of which reached number one .	Slippery When Wet	What is the title of Bon Jovi 's third lp ?
Bon Jovi 's third album , Slippery When Wet -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity and spent a total of 8 weeks at the top of the Billboard 200 album chart , selling 12 million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three top 10 singles -- two of which reached number one .	12 million	How many copies did this record sell ?
The anthemic The Final Countdown -LRB- 1986 -RRB- by Swedish group Europe was an international hit , reaching number eight on the US charts while hitting the top 10 in nine other countries .	The Final Countdown	What was the band Europe 's international hit ?
Van Halen released 5150 -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals , which was number one in the US for three weeks and sold over 6 million copies .	5150	What was Van Halen 's 1986 album called ?
Van Halen released 5150 -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals , which was number one in the US for three weeks and sold over 6 million copies .	Sammy Hagar	Who was the new lead singer for Van Halen on 5150 ?
In 1998 , Aerosmith released the number one hit `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' , which remains the only single by a hard rock band to debut at number one .	"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing"	What Aerosmith ballad debuted at number one on the charts ?
AC/DC produced the double platinum Ballbreaker -LRB- 1995 -RRB- .	Ballbreaker	What was the title of AC/DC 's 1995 double lp ?
Bon Jovi 's 1995 album These Days was a bigger hit in Europe than it was in the United States , spawning four Top 10 singles on the UK Singles Chart .	These Days	Bon Jovi 's 1995 album was called what ?
Among the most successful acts were the Foo Fighters , Candlebox , Live , Collective Soul , Australia 's Silverchair and England 's Bush , who all cemented post-grunge as one of the most commercially viable subgenres by the late 1990s .	post-grunge	What commercially successful sub-genre emerged from the grunge movement ?
Some established acts continued to enjoy commercial success , such as Aerosmith , with their number one multi-platinum albums : Get a Grip -LRB- 1993 -RRB- , which produced four Top 40 singles and became the band 's best-selling album worldwide -LRB- going on to sell over 10 million copies -RRB- , and Nine Lives -LRB- 1997 -RRB- .	1993	When did Aerosmith 's album Get A Grip come out ?
Established bands made a comeback in the mid-1980s and it reached a commercial peak in the 1980s , with glam metal bands like Bon Jovi and Def Leppard and the rawer sounds of Guns N ' Roses , which followed up with great success in the later part of that decade .	Bon Jovi and Def Leppard	What are two examples of glam metal bands ?
Hard rock began losing popularity with the commercial success of grunge and later Britpop in the 1990s .	grunge and later Britpop	What two genres cut into hard rock 's popularity at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s ?
Hard rock developed into a major form of popular music in the 1970s , with bands such as Led Zeppelin , The Who , Deep Purple , Aerosmith , AC/DC and Van Halen .	Led Zeppelin, The Who, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC and Van Halen	What were some hard rock bands of the 1970s ?
During the 1980s , some hard rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock , while others began to return to a hard rock sound .	pop rock	What style did some hard rock bands embrace in the 1980s ?
The roots of hard rock can be traced back to the 1950s , particularly electric blues , which laid the foundations for key elements such as a rough declamatory vocal style , heavy guitar riffs , string-bending blues-scale guitar solos , strong beat , thick riff-laden texture , and posturing performances .	electric blues	What genre laid the roots for hard rock ?
Other antecedents include Link Wray 's instrumental `` Rumble '' in 1958 , and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale , such as `` Let 's Go Trippin ' '' -LRB- 1961 -RRB- and `` Misirlou '' -LRB- 1962 -RRB- .	Link Wray	Who recorded `` Rumble '' ?
Other antecedents include Link Wray 's instrumental `` Rumble '' in 1958 , and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale , such as `` Let 's Go Trippin ' '' -LRB- 1961 -RRB- and `` Misirlou '' -LRB- 1962 -RRB- .	1958	When was `` Rumble '' released ?
Other antecedents include Link Wray 's instrumental `` Rumble '' in 1958 , and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale , such as `` Let 's Go Trippin ' '' -LRB- 1961 -RRB- and `` Misirlou '' -LRB- 1962 -RRB- .	"Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962)	What were two of Dick Dale 's better known songs ?
Electric blues guitarists began experimenting with hard rock elements such as driving rhythms , distorted guitar solos and power chords in the 1950s , evident in the work of Memphis blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis , Willie Johnson , and particularly Pat Hare , who captured a `` grittier , nastier , more ferocious electric guitar sound '' on records such as James Cotton 's `` Cotton Crop Blues '' -LRB- 1954 -RRB- .	Memphis	What city 's blues style produced hard rock precursors in electric blues ?
In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones developed their hard rock sound with Exile on Main St. -LRB- 1972 -RRB- .	Exile on Main St.	What was the landmark hard rock album recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1972 ?
Led Zeppelin began to mix elements of world and folk music into their hard rock from Led Zeppelin III -LRB- 1970 -RRB- and Led Zeppelin IV -LRB- 1971 -RRB- .	Led Zeppelin IV	Which Led Zeppelin album featured the hit `` Stairway to Heaven '' ?
Deep Purple continued to define hard rock , particularly with their album Machine Head -LRB- 1972 -RRB- , which included the tracks `` Highway Star '' and `` Smoke on the Water '' .	"Highway Star" and "Smoke on the Water"	What two hard rock songs are featured on Deep Purple 's Machine Head album ?
In 1975 guitarist Ritchie Blackmore left , going on to form Rainbow and after the break-up of the band the next year , vocalist David Coverdale formed Whitesnake .	Ritchie Blackmore	Who was Deep Purple 's guitarist ?
Subsequent albums , including Quadrophenia -LRB- 1973 -RRB- , built on this sound before Who Are You -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , their last album before the death of pioneering rock drummer Keith Moon later that year .	Keith Moon	Who was the drummer for The Who ?
The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts , including the deaths of Bon Scott , the lead singer of AC/DC , and John Bonham , drummer with Led Zeppelin .	Bon Scott	Who was the original lead singer of AC/DC who died ?
The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts , including the deaths of Bon Scott , the lead singer of AC/DC , and John Bonham , drummer with Led Zeppelin .	John Bonham	Who was the Led Zeppelin drummer who passed away ?
Black Sabbath had split with original singer Ozzy Osbourne in 1979 and replaced him with Ronnie James Dio , formerly of Rainbow , giving the band a new sound and a period of creativity and popularity beginning with Heaven and Hell -LRB- 1980 -RRB- .	Ronnie James Dio	What singer replaced Ozzy Osbourne in Black Sabbath ?
Osbourne embarked on a solo career with Blizzard of Ozz -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , featuring American guitarist Randy Rhoads .	Blizzard of Ozz	What was Ozzy Osbourne 's first solo album ?
The creation of thrash metal , which mixed heavy metal with elements of hardcore punk from about 1982 , particularly by Metallica , Anthrax , Megadeth and Slayer , helped to create extreme metal and further remove the style from hard rock , although a number of these bands or their members would continue to record some songs closer to a hard rock sound .	Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer	What are some thrash metal bands ?
The multi-platinum releases of AC/DC 's The Razors Edge -LRB- 1990 -RRB- , Guns N ' Roses ' Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II -LRB- both in 1991 -RRB- , Ozzy Osbourne 's No More Tears -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , and Van Halen 's For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge -LRB- 1991 -RRB- showcased this popularity .	1991	Guns N Roses released both Use Your Illusion albums in what year ?
Additionally , The Black Crowes released their debut album , Shake Your Money Maker -LRB- 1990 -RRB- , which contained a bluesy classic rock sound and sold five million copies .	The Black Crowes	What band 's debut was titled Shake Your Money Maker ?
In 1992 , Def Leppard followed up 1987 's Hysteria with Adrenalize , which went multi-platinum , spawned four Top 40 singles and held the number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks .	Adrenalize	What was the title of Def Leppard 's 1992 album ?
In 1992 , Def Leppard followed up 1987 's Hysteria with Adrenalize , which went multi-platinum , spawned four Top 40 singles and held the number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks .	Hysteria	Adrenalize followed what 1987 Def Leppard record ?
In 1992 , Def Leppard followed up 1987 's Hysteria with Adrenalize , which went multi-platinum , spawned four Top 40 singles and held the number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks .	five weeks	Adrenalize topped US album charts for how long ?
The follow-up , One Way Ticket to Hell ... and Back -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , reached number 11 , before the band broke up in 2006 .	2006	When did the band The Darkness break up ?
The term `` retro-metal '' has been applied to such bands as Texas based The Sword , California 's High on Fire , Sweden 's Witchcraft and Australia 's Wolfmother .	retro-metal	The Sword , High on Fire , Witchcraft and Wolfmother are all examples of what hard rock sub-genre ?
Fellow Australians Airbourne 's début album Runnin ' Wild -LRB- 2007 -RRB- followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC .	Runnin' Wild	What is the title of Airbourne 's debut lp ?
Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by sending up 80s glam metal .	Los Angeles	Glam metal band Steel Panther is from what city ?
A more serious attempt to revive glam metal was made by bands of the sleaze metal movement in Sweden , including Vains of Jenna , Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet .	Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet	What are some Swedish sleaze metal revivalist bands ?
Early forms of hard rock can be heard in the work of Chicago blues musicians Elmore James , Muddy Waters , and Howlin ' Wolf , The Kingsmen 's version of `` Louie Louie '' -LRB- 1963 -RRB- which made it a garage rock standard , and the songs of rhythm and blues influenced British Invasion acts , including `` You Really Got Me '' by The Kinks -LRB- 1964 -RRB- , `` My Generation '' by The Who -LRB- 1965 -RRB- , `` Shapes of Things '' -LRB- 1966 -RRB- by The Yardbirds and '' -LRB- I Ca n't Get No -RRB- Satisfaction '' -LRB- 1965 -RRB- by The Rolling Stones .	Elmore James, Muddy Waters, and Howlin' Wolf	Who were three Chicago blues players who influenced hard rock ?
Early forms of hard rock can be heard in the work of Chicago blues musicians Elmore James , Muddy Waters , and Howlin ' Wolf , The Kingsmen 's version of `` Louie Louie '' -LRB- 1963 -RRB- which made it a garage rock standard , and the songs of rhythm and blues influenced British Invasion acts , including `` You Really Got Me '' by The Kinks -LRB- 1964 -RRB- , `` My Generation '' by The Who -LRB- 1965 -RRB- , `` Shapes of Things '' -LRB- 1966 -RRB- by The Yardbirds and '' -LRB- I Ca n't Get No -RRB- Satisfaction '' -LRB- 1965 -RRB- by The Rolling Stones .	The Kinks	Who recorded `` You Really Got Me '' ?
Early forms of hard rock can be heard in the work of Chicago blues musicians Elmore James , Muddy Waters , and Howlin ' Wolf , The Kingsmen 's version of `` Louie Louie '' -LRB- 1963 -RRB- which made it a garage rock standard , and the songs of rhythm and blues influenced British Invasion acts , including `` You Really Got Me '' by The Kinks -LRB- 1964 -RRB- , `` My Generation '' by The Who -LRB- 1965 -RRB- , `` Shapes of Things '' -LRB- 1966 -RRB- by The Yardbirds and '' -LRB- I Ca n't Get No -RRB- Satisfaction '' -LRB- 1965 -RRB- by The Rolling Stones .	The Yardbirds	`` Shapes of Things '' was a 1966 single by what band ?
Early forms of hard rock can be heard in the work of Chicago blues musicians Elmore James , Muddy Waters , and Howlin ' Wolf , The Kingsmen 's version of `` Louie Louie '' -LRB- 1963 -RRB- which made it a garage rock standard , and the songs of rhythm and blues influenced British Invasion acts , including `` You Really Got Me '' by The Kinks -LRB- 1964 -RRB- , `` My Generation '' by The Who -LRB- 1965 -RRB- , `` Shapes of Things '' -LRB- 1966 -RRB- by The Yardbirds and '' -LRB- I Ca n't Get No -RRB- Satisfaction '' -LRB- 1965 -RRB- by The Rolling Stones .	"Louie Louie"	What garage rock classic was recorded by The Kingsmen ?
Early forms of hard rock can be heard in the work of Chicago blues musicians Elmore James , Muddy Waters , and Howlin ' Wolf , The Kingsmen 's version of `` Louie Louie '' -LRB- 1963 -RRB- which made it a garage rock standard , and the songs of rhythm and blues influenced British Invasion acts , including `` You Really Got Me '' by The Kinks -LRB- 1964 -RRB- , `` My Generation '' by The Who -LRB- 1965 -RRB- , `` Shapes of Things '' -LRB- 1966 -RRB- by The Yardbirds and '' -LRB- I Ca n't Get No -RRB- Satisfaction '' -LRB- 1965 -RRB- by The Rolling Stones .	1965	When did the Rolling Stones release '' -LRB- I Ca n't Get No '' Satisfaction '' ?
After the breakup of the band in 1973 , vocalist Paul Rodgers joined supergroup Bad Company , whose eponymous first album -LRB- 1974 -RRB- was an international hit .	1973	When did Free break up ?
After the breakup of the band in 1973 , vocalist Paul Rodgers joined supergroup Bad Company , whose eponymous first album -LRB- 1974 -RRB- was an international hit .	Bad Company	What band did Free lead singer Paul Rodgers help form ?
After the breakup of the band in 1973 , vocalist Paul Rodgers joined supergroup Bad Company , whose eponymous first album -LRB- 1974 -RRB- was an international hit .	1974	Bad Company 's self titled debut album was released in what year ?
Scottish band Nazareth released their self-titled début album in 1971 , producing a blend of hard rock and pop that would culminate in their best selling , Hair of the Dog -LRB- 1975 -RRB- , which contained the proto-power ballad `` Love Hurts '' .	Scottish	What nationality was the band Nazareth ?
The latter featured the single `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , which stayed at number one in the UK charts for nine weeks .	"Bohemian Rhapsody"	What was Queen 's massive 1975 hit single called ?
Often categorised with the New Wave of British Heavy Metal , in 1981 Def Leppard released their second album High 'n' Dry , mixing glam-rock with heavy metal , and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade .	the New Wave of British Heavy Metal	What sub-genre of hard rock does Def Leppard belong to ?
Often categorised with the New Wave of British Heavy Metal , in 1981 Def Leppard released their second album High 'n' Dry , mixing glam-rock with heavy metal , and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade .	High 'n' Dry	What was Def Leppard 's second album called ?
The follow-up Pyromania -LRB- 1983 -RRB- , reached number two on the American charts and the singles `` Photograph '' , `` Rock of Ages '' and `` Foolin ' '' , helped by the emergence of MTV , all reached the Top 40 .	"Photograph", "Rock of Ages" and "Foolin'"	What were the three Top 40 singles from Def Leppard 's Pyromania album ?
Quiet Riot 's album Metal Health -LRB- 1983 -RRB- was the first glam metal album , and arguably the first heavy metal album of any kind , to reach number one in the Billboard music charts and helped open the doors for mainstream success by subsequent bands .	Quiet Riot	What band had the first glam metal album to hit number one on the Billboard charts ?
This was followed by US acts like Mötley Crüe , with their albums Too Fast for Love -LRB- 1981 -RRB- and Shout at the Devil -LRB- 1983 -RRB- and , as the style grew , the arrival of bands such as Ratt , White Lion , Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot .	1983	When did Motley Crue 's album Shout At The Devil come out ?
This was particularly evident after the success of Nirvana 's Nevermind -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a `` dirty '' sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion , fuzz and feedback , along with darker lyrical themes than their `` hair band '' predecessors .	Nevermind	What was the title of Nirvana 's 1991 album ?
While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade , alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of grunge in the US and Britpop in the UK .	grunge	What was the hard rock style that emerged in the early 1990s ?
Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock , several , including Pearl Jam , Alice in Chains , Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden , were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal , while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock .	Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden	What are some grunge bands with a strong 1970s influence ?
Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock , several , including Pearl Jam , Alice in Chains , Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden , were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal , while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock .	Stone Temple Pilots	What 1990s hard rock band had a big stadium rock sound ?
In the UK , Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound .	a hard rock sound	What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands ?
Although Foo Fighters continued to be one of the most successful rock acts , with albums like In Your Honor -LRB- 2005 -RRB- reaching number two in the US and UK , many of the first wave of post-grunge bands began to fade in popularity .	2005	When did the Foo Fighters album In Your Honor come out ?
These were joined by bands with hard rock leanings that emerged in the mid-2000s from the garage rock or post punk revival , including Black Rebel Motorcycle Club and Kings of Leon , and Queens of the Stone Age from the US , Three Days Grace from Canada , Jet from Australia and The Datsuns from New Zealand .	Canada	Three Days Grace is from what country ?
These were joined by bands with hard rock leanings that emerged in the mid-2000s from the garage rock or post punk revival , including Black Rebel Motorcycle Club and Kings of Leon , and Queens of the Stone Age from the US , Three Days Grace from Canada , Jet from Australia and The Datsuns from New Zealand .	Australia	The band Jet is from what country ?
In 2009 Them Crooked Vultures , a supergroup that brought together Foo Fighters ' Dave Grohl , Queens of the Stone Age 's Josh Homme and Led Zeppelin bass player John Paul Jones attracted attention as a live act and released a self-titled debut album that reached the top 20 in the US and UK and the top ten in several other countries .	Them Crooked Vultures	What supergroup featured members of Foo Fighters , Queens of the Stone Age and Led Zeppelin ?
Acts with more conventional hard rock sounds included Andrew W.K. , Beautiful Creatures and Buckcherry , whose breakthrough album 15 -LRB- 2006 -RRB- went platinum and spawned the single `` Sorry '' -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , which made the Top 10 of the Billboard 100 .	"Sorry"	What was the title of Buckcherry 's 2007 hit single ?
The electric guitar is often emphasised , used with distortion and other effects , both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity , and as a solo lead instrument .	The electric guitar	What instrument is usually at the center of a hard rock sound ?
The electric guitar is often emphasised , used with distortion and other effects , both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity , and as a solo lead instrument .	repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity	Rhythm guitar in hard rock usually plays what ?
The electric guitar is often emphasised , used with distortion and other effects , both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity , and as a solo lead instrument .	a solo lead instrument	In hard rock , an electric guitar can also be used for what ?
Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms , strong bass drum and a backbeat on snare , sometimes using cymbals for emphasis .	snare	What carries the backbeat in hard rock drumming ?
The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums , occasionally playing riffs , but usually providing a backing for the rhythm and lead guitars .	The bass guitar	What instrument works in tandem with the drums to provide hard rock rhythms ?
Cream , in songs like `` I Feel Free '' -LRB- 1966 -RRB- combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia , particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton .	Eric Clapton	Who was the guitarist for the band Cream ?
Dave Davies of The Kinks , Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones , Pete Townshend of The Who , Hendrix , Clapton and Beck all pioneered the use of new guitar effects like phasing , feedback and distortion .	Dave Davies	Who was the guitarist in the Kinks ?
Dave Davies of The Kinks , Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones , Pete Townshend of The Who , Hendrix , Clapton and Beck all pioneered the use of new guitar effects like phasing , feedback and distortion .	Pete Townshend	Who played guitar in The Who ?
The Beatles began producing songs in the new hard rock style beginning with the White Album in 1968 and , with the track `` Helter Skelter '' , attempted to create a greater level of noise than the Who .	1968	When did The White Album come out ?
Dave Davies of The Kinks , Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones , Pete Townshend of The Who , Hendrix , Clapton and Beck all pioneered the use of new guitar effects like phasing , feedback and distortion .	The Rolling Stones	Keith Richards is the guitarist of what band ?
In the United States , macabre-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with the top ten album School 's Out -LRB- 1972 -RRB- .	Alice Cooper	Who recorded the album School 's Out ?
In the following year blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their eponymous début , as did Southern rockers Lynyrd Skynyrd and proto-punk outfit New York Dolls , demonstrating the diverse directions being pursued in the genre .	ZZ Top	Tres Hombres is the name of an album by what band ?
Montrose , including the instrumental talent of Ronnie Montrose and vocals of Sammy Hagar and arguably the first all American hard rock band to challenge the British dominance of the genre , released their first album in 1973 .	Sammy Hagar	Who was the lead singer of Montrose ?
in 1975 and helping to take hard rock into the stadium rock era .	1975	Kiss ' double live album Alive ! came out in what year ?
Blue Öyster Cult , formed in the late 60s , picked up on some of the elements introduced by Black Sabbath with their breakthrough live gold album On Your Feet or on Your Knees -LRB- 1975 -RRB- , followed by their first platinum album , Agents of Fortune -LRB- 1976 -RRB- , containing the hit single '' -LRB- Do n't Fear -RRB- The Reaper '' , which reached number 12 on the Billboard charts .	Blue Öyster Cult	Who had a hit single with '' -LRB- Do n't Fear -RRB- The Reaper '' ?
After an 8-year separation , Deep Purple returned with the classic Machine Head line-up to produce Perfect Strangers -LRB- 1984 -RRB- , which reached number five in the UK , hit the top five in five other countries , and was a platinum-seller in the US .	Perfect Strangers	What was the title of Deep Purple 's 1980s reunion album ?
After somewhat slower sales of its fourth album , Fair Warning , Van Halen rebounded with the Top 3 album Diver Down in 1982 , then reached their commercial pinnacle with 1984 .	1984	What album was Van Halen 's commercial high point ?
Among the first were ZZ Top , who mixed hard blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles , beginning with `` Gim me All Your Lovin ' '' -LRB- 1983 -RRB- , which helped their albums Eliminator -LRB- 1983 -RRB- and Afterburner -LRB- 1985 -RRB- achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively .	1983	In what year did ZZ Top release Eliminator ?
Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads , including REO Speedwagon with `` Keep on Loving You '' -LRB- 1980 -RRB- and `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' -LRB- 1984 -RRB- , Journey with `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' -LRB- 1981 -RRB- and `` Open Arms '' -LRB- 1982 -RRB- , Foreigner 's `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' , Scorpions ' `` Still Loving You '' -LRB- both from 1984 -RRB- , Heart 's `` What About Love '' -LRB- 1985 -RRB- and `` These Dreams '' -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , and Boston 's `` Amanda '' -LRB- 1986 -RRB- .	REO Speedwagon	What band recorded `` Keep On Loving You '' ?
Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads , including REO Speedwagon with `` Keep on Loving You '' -LRB- 1980 -RRB- and `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' -LRB- 1984 -RRB- , Journey with `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' -LRB- 1981 -RRB- and `` Open Arms '' -LRB- 1982 -RRB- , Foreigner 's `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' , Scorpions ' `` Still Loving You '' -LRB- both from 1984 -RRB- , Heart 's `` What About Love '' -LRB- 1985 -RRB- and `` These Dreams '' -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , and Boston 's `` Amanda '' -LRB- 1986 -RRB- .	Boston	The hit single `` Amanda '' was recorded by what band ?
In 1995 Van Halen released Balance , a multi-platinum seller that would be the band 's last with Sammy Hagar on vocals .	Balance	What was Van Halen 's last album with Sammy Hagar ?
Drummer Steven Adler was fired in 1990 , guitarist Izzy Stradlin left in late 1991 after recording Use Your Illusion I and II with the band .	Steven Adler	Who was the Guns N Roses drummer who was fired by the band ?
In 1996 David Lee Roth returned briefly and his replacement , former Extreme singer Gary Cherone , was fired soon after the release of the commercially unsuccessful 1998 album Van Halen III and Van Halen would not tour or record again until 2004 .	Gary Cherone	What former member of Extreme briefly served as the lead singer for Van Halen ?
Axl Rose , the only original member , worked with a constantly changing lineup in recording an album that would take over fifteen years to complete .	Axl Rose	Who was the only original member left in Guns N Roses ?
Guitarist Slash left in 1996 , followed by bassist Duff McKagan in 1997 .	1996	Slash left Guns N Roses in what year ?
In the late 1960s , the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock , but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity .	heavy metal	By the late 60s , what term was synonymous with hard rock ?
Heavy metal took on `` darker '' characteristics after Black Sabbath 's breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s .	Black Sabbath	What heavy metal group introduced darker themes to the music ?
In the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres , often termed extreme metal , some of which were influenced by hardcore punk , and which further differentiated the two styles .	hardcore punk	What genre was an influence on extreme metal in the 1980s ?
While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity , including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks , heavy metal 's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them .	bluesy	Hard rock is differentiated from heavy metal by containing more of an influence of what genre ?
While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity , including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks , heavy metal 's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them .	stand-alone melodies	In heavy metal , riffs typically form what element of a song ?
By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin , who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin -LRB- 1969 -RRB- and Led Zeppelin II -LRB- 1969 -RRB- , and Deep Purple , who began as a progressive rock group but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album , In Rock -LRB- 1970 -RRB- .	1969	Led Zeppelin 's first two albums both came out in what year ?
By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin , who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin -LRB- 1969 -RRB- and Led Zeppelin II -LRB- 1969 -RRB- , and Deep Purple , who began as a progressive rock group but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album , In Rock -LRB- 1970 -RRB- .	In Rock	What was the title of Deep Purple 's hard rock 1970 album ?
Also significant was Black Sabbath 's Paranoid -LRB- 1970 -RRB- , which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror .	occult and elements of Gothic horror	Black Sabbath 's lyrics contained references to what cultural touchstones ?
Also significant was Black Sabbath 's Paranoid -LRB- 1970 -RRB- , which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror .	Paranoid	What is the title of Black Sabbath 's 1970 album ?
All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal , but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music , with bands like Judas Priest following Sabbath 's lead into territory that was often `` darker and more menacing '' , hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant , good-time music .	Judas Priest	What is one band directly influenced by Black Sabbath ?
With the rise of disco in the US and punk rock in the UK , hard rock 's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade .	disco in the US and punk rock in the UK	What two genres made inroads on hard rock in the 1970s ?
Early punk bands like The Ramones explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock , with almost all of their songs clocking in around two minutes with no guitar solos .	The Ramones	What punk band 's songs rarely exceeded two minutes in length ?
Midwestern groups like Kansas , REO Speedwagon and Styx helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock .	Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx	What were three midwestern hard rock bands ?
In 1978 , Van Halen emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen .	Los Angeles	What city was Van Halen originally from ?
He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called tapping , showcased on the song `` Eruption '' from the album Van Halen , which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion , while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar .	"Eruption"	Which Van Halen instrumental showcased the guitar mastery of Eddie Van Halen ?
Established acts benefited from the new commercial climate , with Whitesnake 's self-titled album -LRB- 1987 -RRB- selling over 17 million copies , outperforming anything in Coverdale 's or Deep Purple 's catalogue before or since .	17 million	How many copies did Whitesnake 's 1987 self title album sell ?
Aerosmith 's comeback album Permanent Vacation -LRB- 1987 -RRB- would begin a decade long revival of their popularity .	Permanent Vacation	What was the title of Aerosmith 's 1987 comeback album ?
Mötley Crüe with Girls , Girls , Girls -LRB- 1987 -RRB- continued their commercial success and Def Leppard with Hysteria -LRB- 1987 -RRB- hit their commercial peak , the latter producing seven hit singles -LRB- a record for a hard rock act -RRB- .	seven	Def Leppard 's album Hysteria churned out how many hit singles ?
Guns N ' Roses released the best-selling début of all time , Appetite for Destruction -LRB- 1987 -RRB- .	Appetite for Destruction	What Guns N Roses album was the second best selling debut of all time ?
With a `` grittier '' and `` rawer '' sound than most glam metal , it produced three top 10 hits , including the number one `` Sweet Child O ' Mine '' .	"Sweet Child O' Mine"	What Guns N Roses song became a number one single ?
Additionally , hard rock supergroups , such as Audioslave -LRB- with former members of Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden -RRB- and Velvet Revolver -LRB- with former members of Guns N ' Roses , punk band Wasted Youth and Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland -RRB- , emerged and experienced some success .	Audioslave	What hard rock supergroup contained members of Soundgarden and Rage Against the Machine ?
Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with `` It 's My Life '' from their double platinum-certified album Crush -LRB- 2000 -RRB- .	"It's My Life"	What was the title of Bon Jovi 's 2000 hit single ?
and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip -LRB- 2000 -RRB- Aerosmith released a number two platinum album , Just Push Play -LRB- 2001 -RRB- , which saw the band foray further into pop with the Top 10 hit `` Jaded '' , and a blues cover album , Honkin ' on Bobo , which reached number five in 2004 .	AC/DC	What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000 ?
Additionally , hard rock supergroups , such as Audioslave -LRB- with former members of Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden -RRB- and Velvet Revolver -LRB- with former members of Guns N ' Roses , punk band Wasted Youth and Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland -RRB- , emerged and experienced some success .	Scott Weiland	Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots ?
The long awaited Guns N ' Roses album Chinese Democracy was finally released in 2008 , but only went platinum and failed to come close to the success of the band 's late 1980s and early 1990s material .	Chinese Democracy	What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called ?
The term `` Great Plains '' , for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains , was not generally used before the early 20th century .	"Great Plains	what is the name of the region east of the Rocky Mountains ?
Nevin Fenneman 's 1916 study , Physiographic Subdivision of the United States , brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage .	Nevin Fenneman's	who brought the term great plains into widespread usage ?
Nevin Fenneman 's 1916 study , Physiographic Subdivision of the United States , brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage .	1916	what year was Nevin Fenneman 's study ?
Before that the region was almost invariably called the High Plains , in contrast to the lower Prairie Plains of the Midwestern states .	the High Plains	what was theregion called before `` the great plans '' ?
Much of the Great Plains became open range , or rangeland where cattle roamed free , hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle .	open range	what type of land is much of the great plans ?
In the spring and fall , ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves , treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale .	spring and fall	when did ranchers usually have a cattle round up ?
In the spring and fall , ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves , treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale .	branded	in a cattle round up , what did ranchers do to the new calves ?
In 1866-95 , cowboys herded 10 million cattle north to rail heads such as Dodge City , Kansas and Ogallala , Nebraska ; from there , cattle were shipped eastward .	10 million	from 1866-95 about how many cattle did cowboys herd ?
With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado , a Spanish conquistador , the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas , Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542 .	Francisco Vázquez de Coronado	who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans ?
In that same time period , Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is now Oklahoma and Texas .	Hernando de Soto	who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas ?
Today this is known as the De Soto Trail .	the De Soto Trail	what is the section of oklahoma and texas that Hernando de Soto traveled ?
The Spanish thought the Great Plains were the location of the mythological Quivira and Cíbola , a place said to be rich in gold .	The Spanish	who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and Cíbola ?
The Spanish thought the Great Plains were the location of the mythological Quivira and Cíbola , a place said to be rich in gold .	gold	what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and Cíbola were rich in ?
The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches -LRB- 510 millimetres -RRB- or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in -LRB- 510 mm -RRB- .	The 100th meridian	what is the name of the line that divides the great plains ?
The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches -LRB- 510 millimetres -RRB- or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in -LRB- 510 mm -RRB- .	20 inches	about how much rainfall does the great plains get per year ?
The region -LRB- especially the High Plains -RRB- is periodically subjected to extended periods of drought ; high winds in the region may then generate devastating dust storms .	dust storms	what do high winds in the area sometimes cause ?
The eastern Great Plains near the eastern boundary falls in the humid subtropical climate zone in the southern areas , and the northern and central areas fall in the humid continental climate .	humid subtropical climate	what type of climate does the eastern great plains fall into ?
After 1870 , the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides .	1870	after about what year did railroads bring hunters to the great plains ?
After 1870 , the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides .	bison	what animal did hunters kill off for their hides ?
The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers , who rushed to settle the land .	European farmers	what farmers rushed in to settle the land with the help of the railroads ?
The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers , who rushed to settle the land .	packages of land and transportation	what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area ?
The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920 .	a third	how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920 ?
Several hundred thousand square miles -LRB- several hundred thousand square kilometers -RRB- of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile -LRB- 2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer -RRB- -- the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the American frontier `` closed '' in 1893 .	Frederick Jackson Turner	who declated the American frontier `` closed '' in 1893 ?
There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone , according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald .	more than 6,000	how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas ?
The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable , and there has been a proposal - the `` Buffalo Commons '' - to return approximately 139,000 square miles -LRB- 360,000 km2 -RRB- of these drier parts to native prairie land .	139,000 square miles	how much prarie land does the `` Buffalo Commons '' want to return ?
Women organized shared meals and potluck events , as well as extended visits between families .	Women	who usually organized shared meals and potluck events ?
From the 1950s on , many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings .	1950s	around when did the great plains become productive for crop growing
The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer , a huge underground layer of water-bearing strata dating from the last ice age .	Ogallala Aquifer	what is the large underground layer of water in the great plains called ?
Center pivot irrigation is used extensively in drier sections of the Great Plains , resulting in aquifer depletion at a rate that is greater than the ground 's ability to recharge .	Center pivot irrigation	what type of irrigation is used in the great plains ?
The Great Plains is the broad expanse of flat land -LRB- a plain -RRB- , much of it covered in prairie , steppe and grassland , that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada .	broad expanse of flat land	what is the great plains ?
The Great Plains is the broad expanse of flat land -LRB- a plain -RRB- , much of it covered in prairie , steppe and grassland , that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada .	west of the Mississippi River	where does the great plains lie ?
The region is known for supporting extensive cattle ranching and dry farming .	extensive cattle ranching	what is the region known for ?
The North American Environmental Atlas , produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation , a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican , American , and Canadian governments uses the `` Great Plains '' as an ecoregion synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiographic region defined by topography .	Commission for Environmental Cooperation	who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by ?
The North American Environmental Atlas , produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation , a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican , American , and Canadian governments uses the `` Great Plains '' as an ecoregion synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiographic region defined by topography .	Mexican, American, and Canadian governments	what countries is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation made up of ?
The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement , for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East , and Europe .	railroads	what mainly opened the great plains for settlement ?
The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement , for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East , and Europe .	ship wheat and other crops	what did the railroads make it easy to do ?
Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in expectation they would generate traffic as soon as farms were established .	immigrants	who did the railroads sell cheap lands to ?
New technology including sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles .	sewing and washing machines	who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s ?
During the Cenozoic era , specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs , the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands .	about 25 million years ago	about how long ago did the climate become favorable ?
The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals , including many ungulates and glires , that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets .	mammals	what animals did the grasslands provide a new home for ?
The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals , including many ungulates and glires , that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets .	grazing diets	what diet did the mammals switch to from browsing diets ?
Traditionally , the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked .	development of grazers	the spread of grasslands and what have been strongly linked ?
To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population , the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862 : it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres -LRB- 65 ha -RRB- of land , provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it .	1862	when did the US pass the Homestead ACt ?
To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population , the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862 : it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres -LRB- 65 ha -RRB- of land , provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it .	up to 160 acres	how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim ?
To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population , the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862 : it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres -LRB- 65 ha -RRB- of land , provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it .	five years	how long did the person have to live on the land ?
The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act of 1904 to include a homestead of an entire section .	1904	when was the Kinkaid Act brought about ?
The Dominion Lands Act of 1871 served a similar function for establishing homesteads on the prairies in Canada .	1871	the dominion act was passed in what year
Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected .	active near-infrared illumination	What technology is used by night-vision devices ?
Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space , such as molecular clouds ; detect objects such as planets , and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe .	Infrared astronomy	What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds ?
Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems , to observe changing blood flow in the skin , and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus .	Infrared thermal-imaging cameras	What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss ?
Infrared radiation is used in industrial , scientific , and medical applications .	scientific	Along with industrial and medical , in what applications is infrared radiation used ?
The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength , so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources .	700 nm	At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light ?
However , particularly intense near-IR light -LRB- e.g. , from IR lasers , IR LED sources , or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels -RRB- can be detected up to approximately 780 nm , and will be perceived as red light .	near-IR	What sort of light is generated by IR lasers ?
However , particularly intense near-IR light -LRB- e.g. , from IR lasers , IR LED sources , or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels -RRB- can be detected up to approximately 780 nm , and will be perceived as red light .	780 nm	Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red ?
Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources , causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark -LRB- usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination -RRB- .	1050 nm	Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color ?
Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR , and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked , and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter , it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage .	Leaves	What objects are notably bright in near IR ?
The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects .	emissivity	What is the term for the property that describes how a surface 's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body ?
For example , for any pre-set emissivity value , objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter , and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler .	hotter	How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity ?
For that reason , incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers .	infrared cameras	Along with pyrometers , what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly ?
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy -LRB- see also near-infrared spectroscopy -RRB- is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds .	Infrared vibrational spectroscopy	What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them ?
If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency .	it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency	What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed ?
The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light .	the frequencies of infrared light	What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to ?
Typically , the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000 -- 400 cm − 1 , the mid-infrared .	the mid-infrared	What is the term for light radiation in the 4000 -- 400 cm − 1 spectrum ?
In infrared photography , infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum .	infrared filters	What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum ?
Digital cameras often use infrared blockers .	Digital cameras	What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers ?
There is also a technique called ` T-ray ' imaging , which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation .	'T-ray' imaging	What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation ?
There is also a technique called ` T-ray ' imaging , which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation .	far-infrared	What is another name for terahertz radiation ?
Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy .	terahertz time-domain spectroscopy	What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging ?
Infrared reflectography -LRB- fr ; it ; es -RRB- , as called by art conservators , can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner , in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide .	Infrared reflectography	What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it ?
This often reveals the artist 's use of carbon black , which shows up well in reflectograms , as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting .	carbon black	What shows up particularly well in reflectograms ?
Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between -- such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist .	pentimenti	What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist ?
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel , the astronomer , in the early 19th century .	William Herschel	Who discovered infrared radiation ?
Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London .	the Royal Society of London	To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation ?
Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London .	1800	In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation ?
Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared , beyond the red part of the spectrum , through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer .	a prism	What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared ?
He was surprised at the result and called them `` Calorific Rays '' .	Calorific Rays	What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum ?
Infrared radiation is popularly known as `` heat radiation '' -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them .	heat radiation	What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation ?
Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49 % of the heating of Earth , with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths .	49%	What percentage of the Earth 's heat is derived from the Sun 's infrared light ?
Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band , but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects -LRB- see black body and Wien 's displacement law -RRB- .	8 to 25	What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects , in micrometers ?
Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49 % of the heating of Earth , with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths .	visible	Other than infrared light , what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth ?
Infrared tracking , also known as infrared homing , refers to a passive missile guidance system , which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it .	Infrared tracking	What is another term for infrared homing ?
Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as `` heat-seekers '' , since infrared -LRB- IR -RRB- is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies .	Missiles	What devices make use of infrared homing ?
Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as `` heat-seekers '' , since infrared -LRB- IR -RRB- is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies .	heat-seekers	What is a common name for missiles that make use of infrared seeking ?
Many objects such as people , vehicle engines , and aircraft generate and retain heat , and as such , are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background .	vehicle engines	Along with aircraft and people , what objects notably create and retain heat ?
Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as `` heat-seekers '' , since infrared -LRB- IR -RRB- is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies .	infrared	What does IR stand for ?
High , cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white , lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly .	Cumulonimbus	Along with Cirrus , what types of clouds are cold and high ?
High , cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white , lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly .	white	What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared ?
High , cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white , lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly .	Stratocumulus	Along with Stratus , what clouds are lower and warmer ?
High , cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white , lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly .	grey	What color are Strarus clouds in infrared ?
However , using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel -LRB- 10.3 -- 11.5 µm -RRB- and the near-infrared channel -LRB- 1.58 -- 1.64 µm -RRB- , low cloud can be distinguished , producing a fog satellite picture .	1.58–1.64	What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers ?
The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere , which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows .	water vapor in the atmosphere	What limits the sensitivity of infrared telescopes on Earth ?
This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude , or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft .	at a high altitude	To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere , where can an observatory be sited ?
This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude , or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft .	balloon	Along with aircraft , what object can be used to carry a telescope aloft ?
Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap , and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy .	Space telescopes	What sorts of telescopes completely avoid water vapor in Earth 's atmosphere ?
Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye , mid - and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum .	Near-infrared	What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see ?
Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms -LRB- emission peaks , vs. bands , water absorption -RRB- and the newest follow technical reasons -LRB- the common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm , while InGaAs 's sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm , depending on the specific configuration -RRB- .	water absorption	Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms , what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared ?
Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms -LRB- emission peaks , vs. bands , water absorption -RRB- and the newest follow technical reasons -LRB- the common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm , while InGaAs 's sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm , depending on the specific configuration -RRB- .	1,050	In micrometers , when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive ?
Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms -LRB- emission peaks , vs. bands , water absorption -RRB- and the newest follow technical reasons -LRB- the common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm , while InGaAs 's sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm , depending on the specific configuration -RRB- .	950	What is the lowest level of sensitivity , in micrometers , for InGaAs ?
Heat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference .	Heat	What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature ?
Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection , thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum .	thermal radiation	What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum ?
Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength , and at very high temperatures such radiations are associated with spectra far above the infrared , extending into visible , ultraviolet , and even X-ray regions -LRB- i.e. , the solar corona -RRB- .	the solar corona	What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum ?
Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength , and at very high temperatures such radiations are associated with spectra far above the infrared , extending into visible , ultraviolet , and even X-ray regions -LRB- i.e. , the solar corona -RRB- .	infrared	The visible , ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum ?
Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum -LRB- roughly 900 -- 14,000 nanometers or 0.9 -- 14 μm -RRB- and produce images of that radiation .	0.9–14	What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers ?
Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum -LRB- roughly 900 -- 14,000 nanometers or 0.9 -- 14 μm -RRB- and produce images of that radiation .	900–14,000	In nanometers , what is the electromagnetic spectrum 's range ?
Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures , according to the black body radiation law , thermography makes it possible to `` see '' one 's environment with or without visible illumination .	the black body radiation law	What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature ?
The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature , therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature -LRB- hence the name -RRB- .	increases	What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases ?
Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum -LRB- roughly 900 -- 14,000 nanometers or 0.9 -- 14 μm -RRB- and produce images of that radiation .	Thermographic	What type of cameras see infrared radiation ?
Cold , dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars .	imbedded stars	What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow ?
Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light .	protostars	What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light ?
Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum , so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected .	Stars	What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light ?
Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see .	night vision	What sort of equipment uses the infrared spectrum in the absence of sufficient visible light ?
Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light .	electrons	What do night vision devices convert ambient light photons into ?
Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light .	electrical	Along with a chemical process , what type of process is used by night vision devices to convert infrared into visible light ?
These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA , the Infrared Data Association .	the Infrared Data Association	What is the IrDA ?
Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes -LRB- LEDs -RRB- to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam .	light-emitting diodes	What does the acronym LEDs stand for ?
The beam is modulated , i.e. switched on and off , to encode the data .	modulated	What is a term for when something is switched on and off ?
The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current .	silicon photodiode	What device is used to transform infrared radiation into an electric current ?
IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms .	IR does not penetrate walls	Why does infrared not cause trouble for devices in adjacent rooms ?
By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer , the index of refraction -LRB- n -RRB- and the extinction Coefficient -LRB- k -RRB- can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion equations .	n	What letter represents the index of refraction ?
By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer , the index of refraction -LRB- n -RRB- and the extinction Coefficient -LRB- k -RRB- can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion equations .	k	What letter represents the extinction Coefficient ?
By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer , the index of refraction -LRB- n -RRB- and the extinction Coefficient -LRB- k -RRB- can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion equations .	Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion	What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient ?
The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension , depth , and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures .	sidewall angle	Along with critical dimension and depth , what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures ?
By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer , the index of refraction -LRB- n -RRB- and the extinction Coefficient -LRB- k -RRB- can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion equations .	light	What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer 's surface to determine the index of refraction ?
Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner , film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan .	Infrared cleaning	What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches ?
It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels -LRB- red , green , and blue -RRB- .	green	Along with red and blue , what is the third visible color channel ?
Once located , those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by inpainting .	scaling	Along with replacement via inpainting , what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust ?
The infrared channel , in combination with the other channels , is used to detect the location of scratches and dust .	infrared	Along with the visible light channels , what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners ?
Earth 's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere .	clouds	Along with the surface of the Earth , what objects absorb radiation from the sun ?
Earth 's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere .	infrared	After Earth surface 's absorbs radiation , in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted ?
Certain substances in the atmosphere , chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor , but also carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , sulfur hexafluoride , and chlorofluorocarbons , absorb this infrared , and re-radiate it in all directions including back to Earth .	cloud droplets	Along with water vapor , what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth ?
Thus , the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if the infrared absorbers were absent from the atmosphere .	greenhouse	What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to ?
Biodiversity , a contraction of `` biological diversity , '' generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth .	Biodiversity	What term refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth ?
This can refer to genetic variation , ecosystem variation , or species variation -LRB- number of species -RRB- within an area , biome , or planet .	genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation	What types of variations does Biodiversity refer to ?
Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator , which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity .	Terrestrial biodiversity	What type of biodiversity happens near the equator ?
It is richest in the tropics .	It is richest in the tropics.	Where on Earth is biodiversity the most abundnant ?
Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific , where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans .	along coasts in the Western Pacific	Where is sea surface temperature the highest ?
An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources -LRB- IUCN -RRB- for the 1982 World National Parks Conference .	Bruce A. Wilcox	Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper ?
An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources -LRB- IUCN -RRB- for the 1982 World National Parks Conference .	International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)	Who commissioned the biodiversity research paper ?
An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources -LRB- IUCN -RRB- for the 1982 World National Parks Conference .	1982 World National Parks Conference	At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented ?
The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined `` biological diversity '' as `` the variability among living organisms from all sources , including , ` inter alia ' , terrestrial , marine , and other aquatic ecosystems , and the ecological complexes of which they are part : this includes diversity within species , between species and of ecosystems '' .	1992	What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define `` biological diversity '' ?
On the other hand , changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model -LRB- widely used in population biology , demography and macrosociology , as well as fossil biodiversity -RRB- than with exponential and logistic models .	the Phanerozoic	What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model ?
On the other hand , changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model -LRB- widely used in population biology , demography and macrosociology , as well as fossil biodiversity -RRB- than with exponential and logistic models .	hyperbolic model	What model is widely used in macrosociology ?
On the other hand , changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic model -LRB- widely used in population biology , demography and macrosociology , as well as fossil biodiversity -RRB- than with exponential and logistic models .	exponential and logistic models	What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback ?
Hyperbolic model implies a second-order positive feedback .	Hyperbolic model	What model implies a second-order positive feedback ?
The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth can be similarly accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity .	The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth	What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity ?
Interspecific crop diversity is , in part , responsible for offering variety in what we eat .	Interspecific crop diversity	What has some responsibility for offering variety in what we eat ?
Interspecific crop diversity is , in part , responsible for offering variety in what we eat .	Interspecific crop diversity	What is the variety of alleles within a single species ?
If a crop fails in a monoculture , we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new .	If a crop fails in a monoculture	When do we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new ?
If a wheat crop is destroyed by a pest we may plant a hardier variety of wheat the next year , relying on intraspecific diversity .	a pest	What can destroy a wheat crop ?
Even an agricultural society which primarily grows monocultures , relies on biodiversity at some point .	agricultural society	What type of a society primarily grows monocultures ?
In absolute terms , the planet has lost 52 % of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund .	52%	What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970
In absolute terms , the planet has lost 52 % of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund .	2014	What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund ?
Of that number , 39 % accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone , 39 % for the marine wildlife gone , and 76 % for the freshwater wildlife gone .	39%	What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone ?
Of that number , 39 % accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone , 39 % for the marine wildlife gone , and 76 % for the freshwater wildlife gone .	39%	What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone ?
Of that number , 39 % accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone , 39 % for the marine wildlife gone , and 76 % for the freshwater wildlife gone .	76%	What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone ?
A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent -- that diversity among species requires diversity within a species , and vice versa .	2007	In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent ?
A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent -- that diversity among species requires diversity within a species , and vice versa .	National Science Foundation	Who conducted the 2007 study ?
`` If any one type is removed from the system , the cycle can break down , and the community becomes dominated by a single species . ''	If any one type is removed from the system	What can cause a break down of a biodiversity system ?
At present , the most threatened ecosystems are found in fresh water , according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 , which was confirmed by the `` Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment '' , organised by the biodiversity platform , and the French Institut de recherche pour le développement -LRB- MNHNP -RRB- .	in fresh water	Where are the most threatened ecosystems found ?
Finally , an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces .	an introduced species	What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces ?
In Belgium , Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts , disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly -LRB- which feeds on the leaves -RRB- .	In Belgium	Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner ?
Introducing new species often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive .	leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive	What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa ?
Introducing new species often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive .	endemic and other local species	What species struggle to with the introduction of new species ?
The exotic organisms may be predators , parasites , or may simply outcompete indigenous species for nutrients , water and light .	The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites	What types of new species can be introduced ?
The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic .	The forests	What plays a vital role in harbouring floral and faunal species ?
The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic .	5150	How many endemic floral species do forests harbor ?
The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic .	1837	How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor ?
Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species .	endemic species	What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific geographical area ?
In reserved forests , rights to activities like hunting and grazing are sometimes given to communities living on the fringes of the forest , who sustain their livelihood partially or wholly from forest resources or products .	hunting and grazing	What types of activities are granted rights in reserved forests ?
Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity , give `` sovereign national rights over biological resources '' -LRB- not property -RRB- .	the Convention on Biological Diversity	What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over biological resources ?
Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity , give `` sovereign national rights over biological resources '' -LRB- not property -RRB- .	the Convention on Biological Diversity	What agreement commits countries to conserve biodiversity ?
Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity , give `` sovereign national rights over biological resources '' -LRB- not property -RRB- .	the Convention on Biological Diversity	What agreement commits countries to develop resources for sustainability ?
Biodiverse countries that allow bioprospecting or collection of natural products , expect a share of the benefits rather than allowing the individual or institution that discovers/exploits the resource to capture them privately .	bioprospecting	What is the process of collecting natural products ?
Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions .	Rapid environmental changes	What can typically cause mass extinctions ?
More than 99 percent of all species , amounting to over five billion species , that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct .	More than 99 percent	What percentage of species is estimated to be extinct ?
More than 99 percent of all species , amounting to over five billion species , that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct .	over five billion species	How many species have ever lived on earth ?
Estimates on the number of Earth 's current species range from 10 million to 14 million , of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described .	Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,	How many species currently live on earth ?
The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037 , and weighs 50 billion tonnes .	50 billion tonnes	What is the estimated weight of the total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth ?
The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic -LRB- the last 540 million years -RRB- , starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion -- a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared .	the Cambrian explosion	Which era included a rapid growth period ?
The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic -LRB- the last 540 million years -RRB- , starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion -- a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared .	the last 540 million years	The Phanerozoic era covers what time period ?
The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic -LRB- the last 540 million years -RRB- , starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion -- a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared .	the Cambrian explosion	In which era , did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear ?
Over the next 400 million years or so , invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend , and vertebrate diversity shows an overall exponential trend .	vertebrate diversity	What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend ?
The worst was the Permian-Triassic extinction event , 251 million years ago .	the Permian-Triassic extinction event	In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous ?
Jared Diamond describes an `` Evil Quartet '' of habitat destruction , overkill , introduced species , and secondary extinctions .	Jared Diamond	Who describes the `` Evil Quartet '' ?
Jared Diamond describes an `` Evil Quartet '' of habitat destruction , overkill , introduced species , and secondary extinctions .	Evil Quartet	What describes habitat destruction , overkill , introduced species , and secondary extinctions ?
Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO , standing for Habitat destruction , Invasive species , Pollution , human over-Population , and Over-harvesting .	HIPPO	What describes Habitat destruction , Invasive species , Pollution , human over-Population , and Over-harvesting ?
The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN 's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy , the World Wildlife Fund , Conservation International , and BirdLife International .	IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats	What is the most authoritative classification in use today ?
The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN 's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy , the World Wildlife Fund , Conservation International , and BirdLife International .	the World Wildlife Fund	What funding organization uses the IUCN 's Classification of Direct Threats ?
Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution , i.e. uncontrolled hybridization , introgression and genetic swamping .	genetic pollution	What can threaten endemic species with extinction ?
Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution , i.e. uncontrolled hybridization , introgression and genetic swamping .	uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping	What are another names for genetic pollution ?
Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species .	either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species	What causes genetic pollution ?
Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion .	Hybridization and introgression	What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion ?
The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species , swamping its gene pool .	The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species	What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool ?
The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old .	about 4.54 billion years old	What is the estimate age of the Earth ?
The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago , during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon .	the Eoarchean Era	What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth ?
The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago , during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon .	Hadean Eon	What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth ?
There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia .	Western Australia	Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found ?
Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland .	Western Greenland	Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered ?
The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history .	The fossil record	What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history ?
However , not all scientists support this view , since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections .	how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections.	Why are some scientists uncertain about the fossil record ?
Estimates of the present global macroscopic species diversity vary from 2 million to 100 million , with a best estimate of somewhere near 9 million , the vast majority arthropods .	from 2 million to 100 million	What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity ?
Diversity appears to increase continually in the absence of natural selection .	Diversity	What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection ?
Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ` planned ' diversity or ` associated ' diversity .	‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity	What are two types of Agricultural diversity ?
Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged , planted or raised -LRB- e.g. : crops , covers , symbionts and livestock , among others -RRB- , which can be contrasted with the associated diversity that arrives among the crops , uninvited -LRB- e.g. : herbivores , weed species and pathogens , among others -RRB- .	Planned diversity	What type of diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged , planted or raised ?
Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged , planted or raised -LRB- e.g. : crops , covers , symbionts and livestock , among others -RRB- , which can be contrasted with the associated diversity that arrives among the crops , uninvited -LRB- e.g. : herbivores , weed species and pathogens , among others -RRB- .	associated diversity	What type of diversity arrives uninvited ?
Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged , planted or raised -LRB- e.g. : crops , covers , symbionts and livestock , among others -RRB- , which can be contrasted with the associated diversity that arrives among the crops , uninvited -LRB- e.g. : herbivores , weed species and pathogens , among others -RRB- .	associated diversity	What type of diversity includes herbivores and pathogens ?
Biodiversity 's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue , as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss .	Biodiversity's relevance to human health	What is becoming an international political issue ?
This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change , as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity -LRB- e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors , scarcity of fresh water , impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc. -RRB- This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission , while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission , such as that of West Nile Virus , Lyme disease and Hantavirus , according to a study done co-authored by Felicia Keesing , an ecologist at Bard College , and Drew Harvell , associate director for Environment of the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future -LRB- ACSF -RRB- at Cornell University .	climate change	What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity ?
This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change , as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity -LRB- e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors , scarcity of fresh water , impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc. -RRB- This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission , while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission , such as that of West Nile Virus , Lyme disease and Hantavirus , according to a study done co-authored by Felicia Keesing , an ecologist at Bard College , and Drew Harvell , associate director for Environment of the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future -LRB- ACSF -RRB- at Cornell University .	changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources	What changes in biodiversity have an effect on the climate ?
This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change , as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity -LRB- e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors , scarcity of fresh water , impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc. -RRB- This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission , while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission , such as that of West Nile Virus , Lyme disease and Hantavirus , according to a study done co-authored by Felicia Keesing , an ecologist at Bard College , and Drew Harvell , associate director for Environment of the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future -LRB- ACSF -RRB- at Cornell University .	those that buffer against infectious disease transmission	What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced ?
Since life began on Earth , five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity .	five major mass extinctions	How many mass extinctions have happened since Life began on Earth ?
The Phanerozoic eon -LRB- the last 540 million years -RRB- marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion -- a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared .	the Cambrian explosion	When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared ?
In the Carboniferous , rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life .	rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life.	What happened in the Carboniferous ?
The Permian -- Triassic extinction event , 251 million years ago , was the worst ; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years .	251 million years ago	When was the Permian -- Triassic extinction event ?
The Permian -- Triassic extinction event , 251 million years ago , was the worst ; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years .	30 million years	How long did vertebrate recovery take ?
The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s .	1900s	What century started the increase of species invasions ?
Species are increasingly being moved by humans -LRB- on purpose and accidentally -RRB- .	humans	Who intentionally and unintentionally moves species around ?
In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats -LRB- e.g. : zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Great Lakes region and the lion fish along the North American Atlantic coast -RRB- .	zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer	What invaders are causing changes in the Great Lakes region ?
In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats -LRB- e.g. : zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Great Lakes region and the lion fish along the North American Atlantic coast -RRB- .	lion fish	What invaders are causing changes along the North American Atlantic coast ?
Brazil 's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot , containing roughly 20,000 plant species , 1,350 vertebrates , and millions of insects , about half of which occur nowhere else .	20,000 plant species	How many plant species does Brazil 's Atlantic Forest contain ?
Brazil 's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot , containing roughly 20,000 plant species , 1,350 vertebrates , and millions of insects , about half of which occur nowhere else .	1,350 vertebrates	How many vertebrates does Brazil 's Atlantic Forest contain ?
About 10 % of the species of the Earth can be found in Colombia , including over 1,900 species of bird , more than in Europe and North America combined , Colombia has 10 % of the world 's mammals species , 14 % of the amphibian species , and 18 % of the bird species of the world .	Colombia	Which country has the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide ?
About 10 % of the species of the Earth can be found in Colombia , including over 1,900 species of bird , more than in Europe and North America combined , Colombia has 10 % of the world 's mammals species , 14 % of the amphibian species , and 18 % of the bird species of the world .	Colombia	Which country has about 10 % of the species on Earth ?
Madagascar dry deciduous forests and lowland rainforests possess a high ratio of endemism .	Madagascar	What island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago ?
The existence of a `` global carrying capacity '' , limiting the amount of life that can live at once , is debated , as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species .	global carrying capacity	What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth ?
While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth , life on land -LRB- insects , plants and tetrapods -RRB- shows an exponential rise in diversity .	life in the sea	What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of growth ?
While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth , life on land -LRB- insects , plants and tetrapods -RRB- shows an exponential rise in diversity .	life on land	What type of animal shows an exponential rise in diversity ?
As one author states , `` Tetrapods have not yet invaded 64 per cent of potentially habitable modes , and it could be that without human influence the ecological and taxonomic diversity of tetrapods would continue to increase in an exponential fashion until most or all of the available ecospace is filled . ''	64 per cent	What percentage of potentially habitable modes have Tetrapods not yet invaded ?
From 1950 to 2011 , world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century .	world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion	What was the increase in population from 1950 to 2011 ?
From 1950 to 2011 , world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century .	From 1950	What year started the increase of population to 7 billion ?
From 1950 to 2011 , world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century .	more than 9 billion	What is the forecast plateau that the population will reach during the 21st century ?
Sir David King , former chief scientific adviser to the UK government , told a parliamentary inquiry : `` It is self-evident that the massive growth in the human population through the 20th century has had more impact on biodiversity than any other single factor . ''	Sir David King	Who is the former chief scientific adviser to the UK government ?
On monoculture farms , the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides , mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques , then to rotate crops .	monoculture farms	What farms use biologically destructive pesticides
The control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face .	The control of associated biodiversity	What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face ?
Although some polyculture farmers use the same techniques , they also employ integrated pest management strategies as well as strategies that are more labor-intensive , but generally less dependent on capital , biotechnology and energy .	polyculture farmers	What farmers use integrated pest management strategies ?
Although some polyculture farmers use the same techniques , they also employ integrated pest management strategies as well as strategies that are more labor-intensive , but generally less dependent on capital , biotechnology and energy .	polyculture farmers	What farmers are generally less dependent on capital , biotechnology and energy ?
National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation .	National park and nature reserve	What types of parks receive special protection against damage or degradation ?
National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation .	governments or private organizations	Who selects National parks ?
National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation .	with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation	What is the goal of protecting National Parks from damage ?
National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments .	national or state governments	Who usually owns and manages National parks ?
Forestry operations , grazing of animals and hunting of animals are prohibited .	Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals	What activities are prohibited in national parks ?
In 2007 , German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30 % of all species will be extinct by 2050 .	Sigmar Gabriel	Who is the German Federal Environment Minister ?
In 2007 , German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30 % of all species will be extinct by 2050 .	2050	What year did Gabriel estimate 30 % of of all species will be extinct by ?
Of these , about one eighth of known plant species are threatened with extinction .	about one eighth	How many plant species are close to extinction ?
As of 2012 , some studies suggest that 25 % of all mammal species could be extinct in 20 years .	25%	2012 studies estimated what percentage of mammals could be extinct in 20 years ?
Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related .	Habitat size	What is systematically related to the numbers of species ?
Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area .	Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans	What animals are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area ?
Conversion to `` trivial '' standardized ecosystems -LRB- e.g. , monoculture following deforestation -RRB- effectively destroys habitat for the more diverse species that preceded the conversion .	monoculture following deforestation	How is a standardized ecosystem formed ?
In some countries lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement necessarily leads to biodiversity loss -LRB- degradation costs having to be supported by the community -RRB- .	lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement	What leads to biodiversity loss is some countries ?
In cases such as the zebra mussel , invasion of US waterways was unintentional .	the zebra mussel	What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways ?
In other cases , such as mongooses in Hawaii , the introduction is deliberate but ineffective -LRB- nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoose -RRB- .	mongooses	What animal intentionally invaded Hawaii ?
In other cases , such as mongooses in Hawaii , the introduction is deliberate but ineffective -LRB- nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoose -RRB- .	nocturnal rats	What animals were not vulnerable to the mongoose ?
In other cases , such as oil palms in Indonesia and Malaysia , the introduction produces substantial economic benefits , but the benefits are accompanied by costly unintended consequences .	Indonesia and Malaysia,	What countries experienced unintended consequences from species invasion ?
Contemporary biodiversity physics is `` firmly fixated on the visible -LSB- macroscopic -RSB- world '' .	Contemporary biodiversity physics	What type of science is firmly fixated on the visible world ?
For example , microbial life is metabolically and environmentally more diverse than multicellular life -LRB- see e.g. , extremophile -RRB- .	microbial life	What type of life is more metabolically diverse than multicellular life ?
For example , microbial life is metabolically and environmentally more diverse than multicellular life -LRB- see e.g. , extremophile -RRB- .	microbial life	What type of life is more enviromentally diverse than multicellular life ?
Insect extinction rates are high -- supporting the Holocene extinction hypothesis .	Insect extinction rates	What rate supports the Holocene extinction hypothesis ?
The number and variety of plants , animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity .	biodiversity	What term describes the number and variety of plants , animals and other organisms in existence ?
The number and variety of plants , animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity .	biodiversity	What ensures the survival of human species by providing food , shelter , other resources to mankind ?
The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region .	the climatic conditions and area of the region	What influences richness of biodiversity ?
All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date .	flora	What term describes all the species of plants in existence ?
The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation .	Raymond F. Dasmann	Which scientist first used the term biological diversity ?
The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation .	A Different Kind of Country	What book first contained the term biological diversity ?
The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade , when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental policy .	the 1980s	What decade did the term biological diversity become common usage in science and economics ?
Thomas Lovejoy , in the foreword to the book Conservation Biology , introduced the term to the scientific community .	Thomas Lovejoy	Who introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community ?
Until then the term `` natural diversity '' was common , introduced by The Science Division of The Nature Conservancy in an important 1975 study , `` The Preservation of Natural Diversity . ''	"natural diversity"	What term was common before biological diversity ?
Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources .	Biodiversity	What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources ?
A significant proportion of drugs are derived , directly or indirectly , from biological sources : at least 50 % of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants , animals , and micro-organisms , while about 80 % of the world population depends on medicines from nature -LRB- used in either modern or traditional medical practice -RRB- for primary healthcare .	at least 50%	What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants , animals , and micro-organisms ?
Biodiversity has been critical to advances throughout the field of bionics .	bionics	What field has biodiversity made critical advances in ?
A significant proportion of drugs are derived , directly or indirectly , from biological sources : at least 50 % of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants , animals , and micro-organisms , while about 80 % of the world population depends on medicines from nature -LRB- used in either modern or traditional medical practice -RRB- for primary healthcare .	about 80%	What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature ?
In agriculture and animal husbandry , the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield .	the Green Revolution	What popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield ?
Often hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and diseases .	local climate and diseases	What did the high yield strains become resistant to ?
Local governments and industry have been pushing hybridization .	Local governments and industry	Who has been pushing for hybridization ?
Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion and genetic pollution .	Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion	What caused the loss of biodiversity ?
Originally based on the English alphabet , ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right .	English alphabet	What is the ASCII based on ?
Originally based on the English alphabet , ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right .	128 specified characters	How many specific characters are there in the ASCII code ?
ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters : 33 are non-printing control characters -LRB- many now obsolete -RRB- that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters , including the space -LRB- which is considered an invisible graphic :223 -RRB- .	33 are non-printing control characters	How many are non-printing control characters ?
ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters : 33 are non-printing control characters -LRB- many now obsolete -RRB- that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters , including the space -LRB- which is considered an invisible graphic :223 -RRB- .	95 printable characters	How many characters are printable characters ?
ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters : 33 are non-printing control characters -LRB- many now obsolete -RRB- that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters , including the space -LRB- which is considered an invisible graphic :223 -RRB- .	invisible graphic:223	What is the space also known as what ?
The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together , and all graphic codes were together , for ease of identification .	for ease of identification	Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together ?
The first two columns -LRB- 32 positions -RRB- were reserved for control characters. :220 , 236 § 8,9 -RRB- The `` space '' character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier , so it became position 20hex ; :237 § 10 for the same reason , many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits .	32 positions	How many positions are in the first two columns ?
The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets , and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes , :228 , 237 § 14 as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code .	to support uppercase 64-character alphabets	What did the committee decide was important ?
To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics , the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters , and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard. :238 § 18 The digits 0 -- 9 were arranged so they correspond to values in binary prefixed with 011 , making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward .	41hex	Where was the letter A places in position ?
ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols , so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets .	Unicode	ASCII was incorporated into what other character set ?
ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols , so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets .	128 symbols	How many of the symbols are the same in the beginning of the ASCII and Unicode ?
This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII , as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters .	UTF-8	What set is backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII ?
When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S -LRB- XOFF , an abbreviation for transmit off -RRB- , it caused the tape reader to stop ; receiving Control-Q -LRB- XON , `` transmit on '' -RRB- caused the tape reader to resume .	a Control-S	What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop ?
When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S -LRB- XOFF , an abbreviation for transmit off -RRB- , it caused the tape reader to stop ; receiving Control-Q -LRB- XON , `` transmit on '' -RRB- caused the tape reader to resume .	Control-Q	What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again ?
This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a `` handshaking '' signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow ; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique .	handshaking	What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow ?
The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control-R -LRB- DC2 -RRB- and Control-T -LRB- DC4 -RRB- to start and stop the tape punch ; on some units equipped with this function , the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively .	Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)	What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR ?
By the time so-called `` glass TTYs '' -LRB- later called CRTs or terminals -RRB- came along , the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention .	CRTs or terminals	What are glass TTYs also known as ?
When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention .	RT-11	What did Gary Kildall clone to create CP/M ?
Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981 , IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless .	1981	When was the introduction of PC DOS ?
Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981 , IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless .	EBCDIC	What programming did IBM use in the 1970s ?
IBM 's PC DOS -LRB- also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft -RRB- inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M , and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS .	MS-DOS	What was IBM 's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft ?
C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C , although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use .	C trigraphs	What was created to solve the problem for ANSI C ?
C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C , although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use .	their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers	Why was their use limited ?
Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII , so plain-text in Swedish , German etc. -LRB- for example , in e-mail or Usenet -RRB- contained '' -LCB- , -RCB- '' and similar variants in the middle of words , something those programmers got used to .	US-ASCII	What did many programmers keep their computers on ?
Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII , so plain-text in Swedish , German etc. -LRB- for example , in e-mail or Usenet -RRB- contained '' -LCB- , -RCB- '' and similar variants in the middle of words , something those programmers got used to .	contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words	What what happening to the words that were sent from programmers ?
The X3 .2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems .	teleprinter encoding systems	What was ASCII based on ?
Like other character encodings , ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols -LRB- i.e. graphemes and control characters -RRB- .	digital bit patterns and character symbols	ASCII specifies correspondence between what ?
This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process , store , and communicate character-oriented information such as written language .	communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information	What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do ?
Before ASCII was developed , the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters , 10 numerical digits , and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols .	11 to 25 special graphic symbols	How many graphic symbols were used before ASCII ?
To include all these , and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique -LRB- CCITT -RRB- International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 -LRB- ITA2 -RRB- standard , Fieldata , and early EBCDIC , more than 64 codes were required for ASCII .	more than 64 codes	How many codes were required for ASCII ?
ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph 's TWX -LRB- TeletypeWriter eXchange -RRB- network .	1963	When was ASCII first commercially used ?
ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph 's TWX -LRB- TeletypeWriter eXchange -RRB- network .	a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network	What was it used for ?
TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2 , which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system .	five-bit ITA2	What did TWX use before ASCII ?
Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence .	Bob Bemer	Who is the father of ASCII ?
His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work -- according to Bemer , `` so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer-Ross Code in Europe '' .	Bemer-Ross Code	What was the code first called in Europe ?
For example , character 10 represents the `` line feed '' function -LRB- which causes a printer to advance its paper -RRB- , and character 8 represents `` backspace '' .	causes a printer to advance its paper	What does the `` line feed '' function do ?
For example , character 10 represents the `` line feed '' function -LRB- which causes a printer to advance its paper -RRB- , and character 8 represents `` backspace '' .	character 10	What character represents the `` line feed '' function ?
For example , character 10 represents the `` line feed '' function -LRB- which causes a printer to advance its paper -RRB- , and character 8 represents `` backspace '' .	backspace	What does character 8 represent ?
RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return , line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters .	control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters	What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters ?
Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal .	assigned special meanings	What did some software do to the ASCII characters ?
Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation , for example , interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning `` remove previously-typed input character '' , and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems .	interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character"	What interpretation became common in Unix systmes ?
Most other systems used BS for that meaning and used DEL to mean `` remove the character at the cursor '' .	remove the character at the cursor	What do most other systmes use the DEL to mean ?
Most other systems used BS for that meaning and used DEL to mean `` remove the character at the cursor '' .	BS	What did other systmes us for `` remove previously-typed input character '' ?
Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings , machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings , and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII .	CR-LF	What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings ?
The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII `` Network Virtual Terminal '' -LRB- NVT -RRB- , so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network .	by transmitting a standard text format over the network	How were the connections supported ?
The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol , including use of the Network Virtual Terminal , for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode .	The File Transfer Protocol	Who else adopted this practice from Telnet ?
The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII `` Network Virtual Terminal '' -LRB- NVT -RRB- , so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network .	so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported	Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal ?
Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings , machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings , and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII .	LF	What do computers using operating systems use for line endings ?
From early in its development , ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard , ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 -LRB- 1972 -RRB- , which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for `` national use . ''	1972	When was ISO/IEC 646 published ?
From early in its development , ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard , ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 -LRB- 1972 -RRB- , which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for `` national use . ''	one of several national variants of an international character code standard	What was ASCII inteded to be ?
However , the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO 's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII 's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world , causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points .	1967	When was ISO 's first acceptance of an international recommendation ?
However , the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO 's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII 's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world , causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points .	ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world	What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points ?
Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs , and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0 -- 31 with more graphics .	their own 8-bit character sets	What did most early home computers develop ?
Kaypro CP/M computers used the `` upper '' 128 characters for the Greek alphabet .	the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet	What did Kaypro CP/M computers use ?
The IBM PC defined code page 437 , which replaced the control-characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces , and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions .	graphic symbols such as smiley faces	What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with ?
Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set -LRB- DEC-MCS -RRB- for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics .	Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS)	What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop ?
The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also defined a set , both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics , more like modern character sets .	typographic punctuation marks	What did Macintosh use instead of graphics ?
ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007 , when it was surpassed by UTF-8 , which is fully backward compatibe to ASCII .	UTF-8	Who surpassed ASCII ?
ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007 , when it was surpassed by UTF-8 , which is fully backward compatibe to ASCII .	December 2007	ASCI was the most common character encoding on the world wide web until when ?
ASCII -LRB- i / ˈæski / ASS-kee -RRB- , abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange , is a character-encoding scheme -LRB- the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII -RRB- .	is a character-encoding scheme	What is the definition of ASCII ?
ASCII codes represent text in computers , communications equipment , and other devices that use text .	text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text	What does ASCII code represent ?
ASCII -LRB- i / ˈæski / ASS-kee -RRB- , abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange , is a character-encoding scheme -LRB- the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII -RRB- .	American Standard Code for Information Interchange	What does ASCII stand for ?
The committee debated the possibility of a shift function -LRB- like in ITA2 -RRB- , which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code .	would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code	Why did the committee debate adding a shift function ?
In a shifted code , some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes .	some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes	What is different in a shifted code ?
It allows compact encoding , but is less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable .	less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable	Why did they decide against shifting code ?
The `` escape '' character -LRB- ESC , code 27 -RRB- , for example , was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning .	to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning	What was the `` escape '' character originally intended for ?
An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation , as in the TECO and vi text editors .	most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation	What does modern ESC code do ?
In graphical user interface -LRB- GUI -RRB- and windowing systems , ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit -LRB- terminate -RRB- altogether .	an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether	What does ESC generally mean for graphical user interfaces and windowing systems ?
For this reason , EOF , or end-of-file , was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute .	end-of-file	What does EOF stand for ?
A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX code convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream , usually from a keyboard .	to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard	What is still the conventional use of the ETX code ?
Older operating systems such as TOPS-10 , along with CP/M , tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z -LRB- SUB -RRB- to mark the end of the actual text in the file .	Control-Z (SUB)	What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text ?
The end-of-text code -LRB- ETX -RRB- , also known as Control-C , was inappropriate for a variety of reasons , while using Z as the control code to end a file is analogous to it ending the alphabet and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid .	Control-C	What else is the end-of-text code known as ?
ASCII developed from telegraphic codes .	telegraphic codes	What was ASCII developed from ?
Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services .	a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services	What was the first commercial use of ASCII ?
Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6 , 1960 , with the first meeting of the American Standards Association 's -LRB- ASA -RRB- X3 .2 subcommittee .	October 6, 1960	When did work on the ASCII standard begin ?
The first edition of the standard was published during 1963 , underwent a major revision during 1967 , and experienced its most recent update during 1986 .	1963	When was the first edition of the standard published ?
The first edition of the standard was published during 1963 , underwent a major revision during 1967 , and experienced its most recent update during 1986 .	1967	When was the first major revision of the code done ?
The committee considered an eight-bit code , since eight bits -LRB- octets -RRB- would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal .	eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal	Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code ?
The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission .	minimize costs associated with data transmission	Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead ?
Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position , it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired. :217 , 236 § 5 Eight-bit machines -LRB- with octets as the native data type -RRB- that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0 .	perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position	What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed ?
With the other special characters and control codes filled in , ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963 , leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning , reserved for future standardization , and one unassigned control code. :66 , 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet. :435 The indecision did not last long : during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to columns 6 and 7 , and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard .	ASA X3.4-1963	What was ASCII published as and when ?
With the other special characters and control codes filled in , ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963 , leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning , reserved for future standardization , and one unassigned control code. :66 , 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet. :435 The indecision did not last long : during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to columns 6 and 7 , and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard .	28 code positions	How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization ?
The X3 .2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting .	May 1963	When was the change to ASCII made official ?
Locating the lowercase letters in columns 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit , which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers .	simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers	The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter , what did this cause ?
Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII , with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States , such as the symbol for the United Kingdom 's pound sterling -LRB- # -RRB- .	ISO/IEC 646	What is a retified versionof ASCII ?
Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII , with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States , such as the symbol for the United Kingdom 's pound sterling -LRB- # -RRB- .	extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States	What type of extensions do these other character encodings have ?
Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII , since ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries .	ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries	Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII ?
Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII , true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard .	true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard	Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII ?
Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR , which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option .	Teletype Model 33 ASR	What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters ?
Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR , which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option .	a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option	What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR ?
Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s , less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape .	until the 1980s	When was paper tape popular ?
Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s , less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape .	less costly and in some ways less fragile	Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape ?
Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol -LRB- from ASCII-1963 , which had this character instead of underscore -RRB- , a noncompliant use of code 15 -LRB- Control-O , Shift In -RRB- interpreted as `` delete previous character '' was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected .	code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)	What code eventually became neglected ?
The inherent ambiguity of many control characters , combined with their historical usage , created problems when transferring `` plain text '' files between systems .	The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage	Why were problems created when transferring files between systems ?
Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both `` Carriage Return '' -LRB- which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line -RRB- and `` Line Feed '' -LRB- which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead -RRB- .	"Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)	Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line , what were they ?
The name `` Carriage Return '' comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary .	on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary	Where does the name `` Carriage Return '' come from ?
The entire carriage had to be pushed -LRB- returned -RRB- to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line .	right	What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line ?
Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 -LRB- 1878 -RRB- , the first typewriter with a shift key , and the shifted values of 23456789 - were '' # $ % _ & ' -LRB- -RRB- -- early typewriters omitted 0 and 1 , using O -LRB- capital letter o -RRB- and l -LRB- lowercase letter L -RRB- instead , but 1 !	1878	When was the first typewritter with a shift key created ?
Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 -LRB- 1878 -RRB- , the first typewriter with a shift key , and the shifted values of 23456789 - were '' # $ % _ & ' -LRB- -RRB- -- early typewriters omitted 0 and 1 , using O -LRB- capital letter o -RRB- and l -LRB- lowercase letter L -RRB- instead , but 1 !	using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead	What were used instead of 0 and 1 ?
This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards , notably the Teletype Model 33 , which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII , not to traditional mechanical typewriters .	which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII	What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use ?
Electric typewriters , notably the more recently introduced IBM Selectric -LRB- 1961 -RRB- , used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers -- following the IBM PC -LRB- 1981 -RRB- , especially Model M -LRB- 1984 -RRB- -- and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did .	do not correspond as closely	Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table ?
Code 127 is officially named `` delete '' but the Teletype label was `` rubout '' .	delete	What is the official name of code 127 ?
Code 127 is officially named `` delete '' but the Teletype label was `` rubout '' .	rubout	What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype ?
The original Teletype meaning , and the intent of the standard , was to make it an ignored character , the same as NUL -LRB- all zeroes -RRB- .	to make it an ignored character	Why did Teletype have the code for `` rubout '' ?
Unfortunately , requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone .	introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone	Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome ?
To simplify matters plain text data streams , including files , on Multics used line feed -LRB- LF -RRB- alone as a line terminator .	line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator	What id Multics use to simplify plain text data ?
The original Macintosh OS , Apple DOS , and ProDOS , on the other hand , used carriage return -LRB- CR -RRB- alone as a line terminator ; however , since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system , they now use line feed -LRB- LF -RRB- as well .	Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS	What used carriage return -LRB- CR -RRB- alone as a line terminator ?
Unix and Unix-like systems , and Amiga systems , adopted this convention from Multics .	Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems	Who adopted this practice from Multics ?
The original Macintosh OS , Apple DOS , and ProDOS , on the other hand , used carriage return -LRB- CR -RRB- alone as a line terminator ; however , since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system , they now use line feed -LRB- LF -RRB- as well .	since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system	When did Apple replace their CR with line feed -LRB- LF -RRB- ?
In the human digestive system , food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication -LRB- chewing -RRB- , a form of mechanical digestion , and the wetting contact of saliva .	the action of mastication (chewing)	What is the first step in the human digestive system ?
Saliva , a liquid secreted by the salivary glands , contains salivary amylase , an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food ; the saliva also contains mucus , which lubricates the food , and hydrogen carbonate , which provides the ideal conditions of pH -LRB- alkaline -RRB- for amylase to work .	a liquid secreted by the salivary glands	What is saliva ?
Saliva , a liquid secreted by the salivary glands , contains salivary amylase , an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food ; the saliva also contains mucus , which lubricates the food , and hydrogen carbonate , which provides the ideal conditions of pH -LRB- alkaline -RRB- for amylase to work .	salivary amylase	What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches ?
After undergoing mastication and starch digestion , the food will be in the form of a small , round slurry mass called a bolus .	a small, round slurry mass	What is the definition of bolus ?
It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis .	peristalsis	What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called ?
Other animals , such as rabbits and rodents , practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food , especially in the case of roughage .	eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food	What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours ?
Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut .	extract more nutrition	Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice ?
Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately .	excreted and generally consumed immediately	What happens with these soft feacal pellets ?
They also produce normal droppings , which are not eaten .	not eaten	Are normal droppings also eaten ?
There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion .	internal and external digestion	What are the two types of digestion ?
External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history , and most fungi still rely on it .	earlier in evolutionary history	When did external digestion develop ?
External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history , and most fungi still rely on it .	most fungi	What still uses the external digestion system ?
Animals have a tube -LRB- gastrointestinal tract -RRB- in which internal digestion occurs , which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured , and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled .	gastrointestinal tract	What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion ?
Animals have a tube -LRB- gastrointestinal tract -RRB- in which internal digestion occurs , which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured , and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled .	more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled	Why is internal digection better than external ?
Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells .	Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids	What elements can transfer to plant cells ?
Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines , which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources .	the plant cell nucleus	Where do transferred genes enter ?
Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines , which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources .	opines	What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources ?
The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria , which are in turn endosymbionts -LRB- or parasites -RRB- of the infected plant .	The Ti and Ri plasmids	What are endosymbionts of the bacteria ?
Teeth -LRB- singular tooth -RRB- are small whitish structures found in the jaws -LRB- or mouths -RRB- of many vertebrates that are used to tear , scrape , milk and chew food .	in the jaws (or mouths)	Where are teeth found ?
Teeth -LRB- singular tooth -RRB- are small whitish structures found in the jaws -LRB- or mouths -RRB- of many vertebrates that are used to tear , scrape , milk and chew food .	to tear, scrape, milk and chew food	What are teeth used for ?
Teeth are not made of bone , but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness , such as enamel , dentine and cementum .	enamel, dentine and cementum	What are teeth made out of ?
Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply which enables proprioception .	a blood and nerve supply	What in human teeth enables proprioception ?
This is the ability of sensation when chewing , for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth , such as a chipped plate mixed in food , our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it can not be chewed , so we stop trying .	our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying.	What happens when you bite something you cant chew ?
The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants .	The abomasum	What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants ?
It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach -LRB- e.g. , those in humans or pigs -RRB- , and digesta is processed here in much the same way .	a monogastric stomach	What is the abomasums close equivalent ?
It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein , preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine .	a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine.	What does this site serve primarily as ?
Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine , where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs .	the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs	What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine ?
Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine .	Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine	What is also digested in the small intestine ?
An earthworm 's digestive system consists of a mouth , pharynx , esophagus , crop , gizzard , and intestine .	a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine.	What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of ?
The mouth is surrounded by strong lips , which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass , leaves , and weeds , with bits of soil to help chew .	dead grass, leaves, and weeds	What does an earthworm eat ?
The mouth is surrounded by strong lips , which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass , leaves , and weeds , with bits of soil to help chew .	The mouth is surrounded by strong lips	What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds ?
In the pharynx , the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage .	mucus	What is the food coated with for easier passage ?
The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt .	The powerful muscles of the gizzard	What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food ?
Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides .	in the mouth	Where does the digestions of some fats start ?
However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine .	the small intestine	Where are fats mainly digested ?
The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids .	produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver	What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine ?
The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids .	helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids	What does bile from the liver help do ?
Complete digestion of one molecule of fat -LRB- a triglyceride -RRB- results a mixture of fatty acids , mono - and di-glycerides , as well as some undigested triglycerides , but no free glycerol molecules .	a triglyceride	What is one molecule of fat ?
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma .	the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma	What is digestion ?
In certain organisms , these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream .	these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream	In some organisms , how are these molecules absorbed ?
Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down : mechanical and chemical digestion .	mechanical and chemical digestion	What are the two ways that food is broken down ?
The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes .	the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes	What is mechanical digestion ?
In chemical digestion , enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use .	enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use	What is chemical digestion ?
Different phases of digestion take place including : the cephalic phase , gastric phase , and intestinal phase .	the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase	What are three digestions phases ?
The cephalic phase occurs at the sight , thought and smell of food , which stimulate the cerebral cortex .	at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex	Where does the cephalic phase occur ?
Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata .	the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata	Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to ?
The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours .	3 to 4 hours	How long does the gastric phase take ?
In a channel transupport system , several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria .	several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria	What happens in a chennel transupport system ?
It is a simple system , which consists of only three protein subunits : the ABC protein , membrane fusion protein -LRB- MFP -RRB- , and outer membrane protein -LRB- OMP -RRB- -LSB- specify -RSB- .	the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]	What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system ?
This secretion system transports various molecules , from ions , drugs , to proteins of various sizes -LRB- 20 - 900 kDa -RRB- .	various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes	What does this secretion system transport ?
In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above , Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material : the formation of outer membrane vesicles .	the formation of outer membrane vesicles	What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material ?
Portions of the outer membrane pinch off , forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials .	, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials	What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane ?
While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions , the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective .	response to stress conditions	What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate ?
Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors , some have immunomodulatory effects , and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells .	some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells	What virulence factors do some bacterial species have ?
Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis .	swallowing and peristalsis	What muscle movements are used for digestion ?
Each step in digestion requires energy , and thus imposes an `` overhead charge '' on the energy made available from absorbed substances .	energy	What does every stpe of digestion require ?
Each step in digestion requires energy , and thus imposes an `` overhead charge '' on the energy made available from absorbed substances .	an "overhead charge"	What does needing energy to digest impose ?
Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle , behavior , and even physical structures .	lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures	Over head charges influence what ?
Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes .	in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes	Where does digestion begin ?
Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis .	a bolus	What is food formed into before it is swallowed ?
Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis .	the stomach	Where does food go after the esophagus ?
Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis .	peristalsis	What is the action of food being moved into the stomach ?
Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection .	hydrochloric acid and pepsin	What does gastric juice consist of ?
Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts , glucose and galactose .	an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts	What is lactase ?
Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts , glucose and galactose .	glucose and galactose	What are lactoses component parts ?
Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine .	small intestine	Where are glucose and galactose absorbed ?
Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods .	Approximately 65 percent	What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods ?
This is commonly known as lactose intolerance .	lactose intolerance	What is knon as when you are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods ?
After some time -LRB- typically 1 -- 2 hours in humans , 4 -- 6 hours in dogs , 3 -- 4 hours in house cats -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the resulting thick liquid is called chyme .	chyme	What is the resulting thick liquid called ?
When the pyloric sphincter valve opens , chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine , in which digestion continues .	digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver	What does chyme mix with in the duodenum ?
When the pyloric sphincter valve opens , chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine , in which digestion continues .	the small intestine	Where does hyme go after the duodenum ?
When the chyme is fully digested , it is absorbed into the blood .	blood	Where is chyme absorbed into ?
95 % of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine .	the small intestine	Where does 95 % of absobtion of nutrients occur ?
In mammals , preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach .	the cephalic phase	What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion in mammals ?
In mammals , preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach .	saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach	What is the cephalic phase ?
Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed , and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches .	Mechanical and chemical digestion	What digestions begin in the mouth ?
The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes .	The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes	What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches ?
Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract , and the process finishes with defecation .	in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract	Where does absorption occur ?
Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes , pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas , break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids .	in the stomach and duodenum	Where does protein digestion occur ?
Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes , pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas , break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids .	pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin	What are the three main enzymes that break down food ?
The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors , the zymogens .	inactive precursors, the zymogens	What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as ?
Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes , pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas , break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids .	amino acids	What are dipeptidases broken down into ?
Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes , pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas , break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids .	the pancreas	What organ secretes chymotrypsin ?
Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers .	wiretapping	What tool did Hoover use to find bootleggers ?
In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States , in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping , the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure , as long as the FBI did not break into a person 's home to complete the tapping .	Olmstead v. United States	In what supreme court case was it ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment ?
After Prohibition 's repeal , Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934 , which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping , but allowed bugging .	Communications Act of 1934	What Act did Congress pass to outlaw non-consensual phone tapping ?
In the 1939 case Nardone v. United States , the court ruled that due to the 1934 law , evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court .	Nardone v. United States	In what case was it ruled that evidence obtained by the FBI via wiretapping was inadmissible in court ?
After the 1967 case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging , Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act , allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations as long as they obtain a warrant beforehand .	a warrant	What is now necessary to tap someone 's telephone ?
Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers .	Hoover	Which president was the first to use wiretaps to find bootleggers ?
In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States , in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping , the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure , as long as the FBI did not break into a person 's home to complete the tapping .	Olmstead v. United States	What case centered around a bootlegger caught through phone tapping ?
After Prohibition 's repeal , Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934 , which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping , but allowed bugging .	Communications Act of 1934	What did Congress pass to outlaw phone tapping ?
After the 1967 case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging , Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act , allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations as long as they obtain a warrant beforehand .	a warrant	What is now required to wire tap a citizen ?
After the 1967 case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging , Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act , allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations as long as they obtain a warrant beforehand .	beforehand	Is a warrant required before or after a wiretap ?
In March 1971 , the residential office of an FBI agent in Media , Pennsylvania was burglarized by a group calling itself the Citizens ' Commission to Investigate the FBI .	Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI	Which group broke into an FBI office in Media , Pennsylvania ?
Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers , including The Harvard Crimson .	Numerous files were taken	Did the Citizens ' Commission to Investigate the FBI take files ?
The files detailed the FBI 's extensive COINTELPRO program , which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizens -- including a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman Henry Reuss of Wisconsin .	COINTELPRO program	What files was the Citizens ' Commission to Investigate the FBI 's raid mainly focused on ?
The files detailed the FBI 's extensive COINTELPRO program , which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizens -- including a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman Henry Reuss of Wisconsin .	investigations into lives of ordinary citizens	What did the files about COINTELPRO reveal ?
The country was `` jolted '' by the revelations , which included assassinations of political activists , and the actions were denounced by members of Congress , including House Majority Leader Hale Boggs .	The country was "jolted"	How did the US react to these discoveries ?
From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s , the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime , and made violent crime the sixth national priority .	the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime	Did the FBI reassign agents from counter-intelligence to violent crime ?
From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s , the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime , and made violent crime the sixth national priority .	sixth national priority	What priority were violent crimes in the 1990s , according to the FBI ?
With reduced cuts to other well-established departments , and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the Cold War , the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines , which is a federal offense .	With reduced cuts to other well-established departments	Did the new priorities of the FBI mean cutting other departments ?
With reduced cuts to other well-established departments , and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the Cold War , the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines , which is a federal offense .	terrorism was no longer considered a threat	Was terrorism considered a threat after the cold war ?
The FBI Laboratory helped develop DNA testing , continuing its pioneering role in identification that began with its fingerprinting system in 1924 .	The FBI	What agency pioneered DNA testing ?
The 9/11 Commission 's final report on July 22 , 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency -LRB- CIA -RRB- were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11 , 2001 attacks .	FBI and Central Intelligence Agency	What agencies were to blame for 9/11 ?
While the FBI has acceded to most of the recommendations , including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence , some former members of the 9/11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005 , claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes .	acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight	Did 9/11 lead to more FBI oversight ?
While the FBI has acceded to most of the recommendations , including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence , some former members of the 9/11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005 , claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes .	resisting any meaningful changes	Did many believe the FBI was resisting important changes ?
In its most damning assessment , the report concluded that the country had `` not been well served '' by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes within the FBI .	not been well served	Did the people believe they were served well by the FBI ?
The Criminal Justice Information Services -LRB- CJIS -RRB- Division , is located in Clarksburg , West Virginia .	Clarksburg, West Virginia	Where is the CJIS located ?
Organized beginning in 1991 , the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division .	1991	When was the CJIS created ?
It provides a main repository for information in various data systems .	main repository for information	What purpose does the CJIS serve ?
Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime Information Center -LRB- NCIC -RRB- , Uniform Crime Reporting -LRB- UCR -RRB- , Fingerprint Identification , Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System -LRB- IAFIS -RRB- , NCIC 2000 , and the National Incident-Based Reporting System -LRB- NIBRS -RRB- .	Under the roof of the CJIS	Where is the data for the NCIC located ?
Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications .	Many state and local agencies use these data	Do states have access to CJIS ?
The FBI director is responsible for the day-to-day operations at the FBI .	The FBI director	Who is responsible for day-to-day FBI operations ?
Along with his deputies , the director makes sure cases and operations are handled correctly .	his deputies	Who assists the FBI director ?
Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks , the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI .	Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act	What acts were passed relating to the FBI after 9/11 ?
Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks , the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI .	FBI director	Who used to brief the President ?
Since then , the director now reports to the Director of National Intelligence -LRB- DNI -RRB- , who in turn reports to the President .	Director of National Intelligence	Who now reports to the President ?
The Uniform Crime Reports -LRB- UCR -RRB- compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country .	The Uniform Crime Reports	What compiles data from around 17,000 law enforcement agencies ?
The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes , hate crimes , and property crimes .	violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes	What does UCR focus on ?
Created in the 1920s , the UCR system has not proven to be as uniform as its name implies .	1920s	Where was the UCR created ?
FBI records show that 85 % of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed `` subversive '' , including communist and socialist organizations ; organizations and individuals associated with the Civil Rights Movement , including Martin Luther King , Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations ; black nationalist groups ; the American Indian Movement ; a broad range of organizations labeled `` New Left '' , including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen ; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War , as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation ; the National Lawyers Guild ; organizations and individuals associated with the women 's rights movement ; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico , United Ireland , and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch 's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement .	85%	What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were targeted at FBI labeled subversive groups ?
FBI records show that 85 % of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed `` subversive '' , including communist and socialist organizations ; organizations and individuals associated with the Civil Rights Movement , including Martin Luther King , Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations ; black nationalist groups ; the American Indian Movement ; a broad range of organizations labeled `` New Left '' , including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen ; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War , as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation ; the National Lawyers Guild ; organizations and individuals associated with the women 's rights movement ; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico , United Ireland , and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch 's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement .	including Martin Luther King, Jr.	Did the FBI target MLK ?
The remaining 15 % of COINTELPRO resources were expended to marginalize and subvert white hate groups , including the Ku Klux Klan and the National States ' Rights Party .	15%	What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were used to target white hate groups ?
The remaining 15 % of COINTELPRO resources were expended to marginalize and subvert white hate groups , including the Ku Klux Klan and the National States ' Rights Party .	Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party	What were the key white hate groups targeted ?
FBI records show that 85 % of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed `` subversive '' , including communist and socialist organizations ; organizations and individuals associated with the Civil Rights Movement , including Martin Luther King , Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations ; black nationalist groups ; the American Indian Movement ; a broad range of organizations labeled `` New Left '' , including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen ; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War , as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation ; the National Lawyers Guild ; organizations and individuals associated with the women 's rights movement ; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico , United Ireland , and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch 's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement .	New Left	What was the term for the liberal groups appearing at this time ?
Although many of FBI 's functions are unique , its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB .	British MI5 and the Russian FSB	What is the FBI comparable to ?
Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency -LRB- CIA -RRB- , which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas , FBI is primarily a domestic agency , maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States , and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation .	FBI is primarily a domestic agency	What kind of agency is the FBI ?
Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency -LRB- CIA -RRB- , which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas , FBI is primarily a domestic agency , maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States , and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation .	56	How many field offices does the FBI have in major cities ?
Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency -LRB- CIA -RRB- , which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas , FBI is primarily a domestic agency , maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States , and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation .	400	Around how many offices does the FBI have in minor cities ?
At an FBI field office , a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence .	senior-level FBI officer	Who serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence ?
The bureau 's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the `` White Slave Traffic Act , '' or Mann Act , passed on June 25 , 1910 .	visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution	What was the bureau 's first task ?
The bureau 's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the `` White Slave Traffic Act , '' or Mann Act , passed on June 25 , 1910 .	White Slave Traffic Act	What act was the bureau initially tasked with enforcing ?
The bureau 's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the `` White Slave Traffic Act , '' or Mann Act , passed on June 25 , 1910 .	White Slave Traffic Act	What was the other formal name of the Mann Act ?
The bureau 's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the `` White Slave Traffic Act , '' or Mann Act , passed on June 25 , 1910 .	June 25, 1910	When was the Mann Act passed ?
In 1932 , it was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation .	In 1932,	When was the bureau renamed ?
During the 1950s and 1960s , FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders , whom they believed had communist ties or were unduly influenced by them .	1950s and 1960s	When did the FBI become concerned about Civil Rights ?
During the 1950s and 1960s , FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders , whom they believed had communist ties or were unduly influenced by them .	communist ties	What ties did the FBI believe civil rights leaders had ?
In 1956 , for example , Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr. T.R.M. Howard , a civil rights leader , surgeon , and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of George W. Lee , Emmett Till , and other blacks in the South .	Dr. T.R.M. Howard	Who did Hoover send an open letter denouncing ?
In 1956 , for example , Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr. T.R.M. Howard , a civil rights leader , surgeon , and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of George W. Lee , Emmett Till , and other blacks in the South .	FBI	What agency had Dr. T.R.M. Howard criticized ?
The FBI carried out controversial domestic surveillance in an operation it called the COINTELPRO , which was short for `` COunter-INTELligence PROgram . ''	COINTELPRO	What was the controversial domestic surveillance operation in this era ?
Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s , the bureau investigated cases of espionage against the United States and its allies .	1940s	When did the FBI begin investigating espionage ?
Eight Nazi agents who had planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested , and six were executed -LRB- Ex parte Quirin -RRB- under their sentences .	Eight	How many Nazis were arrested ?
Also during this time , a joint US/UK code-breaking effort -LRB- the Venona project -RRB- -- with which the FBI was heavily involved -- broke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes , allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications .	the Venona project	What project broke Soviet codes ?
Hoover was administering this project but failed to notify the Central Intelligence Agency -LRB- CIA -RRB- until 1952 .	CIA	What agency did Hoover not tell about the code break and the discoveries gained from it ?
In 2003 a congressional committee called the FBI 's organized crime informant program `` one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law enforcement . ''	In 2003	When did a committee oppose the FBI 's organized crime informant program ?
The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the March 1965 gangland murder of Edward `` Teddy '' Deegan in order to protect Vincent Flemmi , an FBI informant .	four	How many innocent men did the FBI allow to be convicted ?
Three of the men were sentenced to death -LRB- which was later reduced to life in prison -RRB- , and the fourth defendant was sentenced to life in prison .	life in prison	What was the death sentence reduced to ?
Two of the four men died in prison after serving almost 30 years , and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years .	Two	How many of the men died in prison ?
The U.S. Government was ordered to pay $ 100 million in damages to the four defendants .	$100 million	How much was the US government ordered to pay in damages ?
Between 1993 and 1996 , the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City , New York ; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996 .	Between 1993 and 1996	When did the FBI increase it 's counter-terrorism role ?
Between 1993 and 1996 , the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City , New York ; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996 .	World Trade Center bombing	What prompted the FBI increase in counter-terrorism ?
Between 1993 and 1996 , the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City , New York ; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996 .	New York City, New York	Where was the World Trade Center ?
Between 1993 and 1996 , the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City , New York ; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996 .	1995	When was Oklahoma city bombed ?
Justice Department investigations into the FBI 's roles in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents were found to be obstructed by agents within the Bureau .	obstructed	What did agents within the FBI do to investigations of the agency ?
During the September 11 , 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center , FBI agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower and stayed when it collapsed .	South Tower	What tower was Leonard W. Hatton Jr attempting to evacuate ?
Within months after the attacks , FBI Director Robert Mueller , who had been sworn in a week before the attacks , called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations .	re-engineering	What did the FBI 's new director want ?
He made countering every federal crime a top priority , including the prevention of terrorism , countering foreign intelligence operations , addressing cyber security threats , other high-tech crimes , protecting civil rights , combating public corruption , organized crime , white-collar crime , and major acts of violent crime .	countering every federal crime	What was the new head of the FBI 's top priority ?
Within months after the attacks , FBI Director Robert Mueller , who had been sworn in a week before the attacks , called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations .	structure and operations	What part of the FBI did Mueller want to re-engineer ?
On July 8 , 2007 The Washington Post published excerpts from UCLA Professor Amy Zegart 's book Spying Blind : The CIA , the FBI , and the Origins of 9/11 .	July 8, 2007	When did the Washington Post publish excerpts from the book Spying Blind ?
The Post reported from Zegart 's book that government documents show the CIA and FBI missed 23 potential chances to disrupt the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 .	23	How many chances to disrupt the 9/11 attacks did the FBI dismiss ?
The primary reasons for the failures included : agency cultures resistant to change and new ideas ; inappropriate incentives for promotion ; and a lack of cooperation between the FBI , CIA and the rest of the United States Intelligence Community .	FBI, CIA	What two agencies had a lack of co-operation ?
The book blamed the FBI 's decentralized structure , which prevented effective communication and cooperation among different FBI offices .	FBI's decentralized structure	What was to blame for the FBI 's failure ?
The book blamed the FBI 's decentralized structure , which prevented effective communication and cooperation among different FBI offices .	effective communication	What did the FBI 's decentralized structure prevent ?
The USA PATRIOT Act increased the powers allotted to the FBI , especially in wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity .	USA PATRIOT Act	What increased the powers of the FBI ?
One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so-called sneak and peek provision , granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away , and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterwards .	sneak and peek provision	What was one of the most controversial parts of the Patriot Act ?
One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so-called sneak and peek provision , granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away , and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterwards .	search a house while the residents are away	What new residential powers did the FBI now have ?
Under the PATRIOT Act 's provisions , the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records of those who are suspected of terrorism -LRB- something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s -RRB- .	FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records	Could the FBI inquire into library records ?
Under the PATRIOT Act 's provisions , the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records of those who are suspected of terrorism -LRB- something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s -RRB- .	those who are suspected of terrorism	Who 's library records did the FBI look into ?
The FBI Laboratory , established with the formation of the BOI , did not appear in the J. Edgar Hoover Building until its completion in 1974 .	1974	When did the FBI lab first appear ?
The FBI Laboratory , established with the formation of the BOI , did not appear in the J. Edgar Hoover Building until its completion in 1974 .	J. Edgar Hoover Building	Where was the FBI lab ?
The services of the FBI Laboratory are used by many state , local , and international agencies free of charge .	state, local, and international agencies	Who uses the FBI lab services ?
The services of the FBI Laboratory are used by many state , local , and international agencies free of charge .	free	How much does the FBI charges for lab services ?
The lab also maintains a second lab at the FBI Academy .	FBI Academy	Where is the second FBI lab ?
In 2000 , the FBI began the Trilogy project to upgrade its outdated information technology -LRB- IT -RRB- infrastructure .	2000	When did the FBI begin the Trilogy project ?
In 2000 , the FBI began the Trilogy project to upgrade its outdated information technology -LRB- IT -RRB- infrastructure .	Trilogy project	What project centered on upgrading FBI Information Technology Infrastructure ?
This project , originally scheduled to take three years and cost around $ 380 million , ended up going far over budget and behind schedule .	far over budget	Did the Trilogy project go over budget ?
In January 2005 , more than two years after the software was originally planned for completion , the FBI officially abandoned the project .	January 2005	When did the FBI abandon the VCF project ?
An FBI special agent is issued a Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber .	Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber	What gun are FBI special agents issued ?
If they fail their first qualification , they are issued either a Glock 17 or Glock 19 , to aid in their next qualification .	Glock 17 or Glock 19	What are FBI special agents issued if they fail their first qualification ?
In May 1997 , the FBI officially adopted the Glock .40 S&W pistol for general agent use and first issued it to New Agent Class 98-1 in October 1997 .	Glock .40 S&W pistol	What did the FBI adopt in May 1997
In May 1997 , the FBI officially adopted the Glock .40 S&W pistol for general agent use and first issued it to New Agent Class 98-1 in October 1997 .	general agent use	What did the FBI adopt the Glock .40 S&W pistol for ?
In May 1997 , the FBI officially adopted the Glock .40 S&W pistol for general agent use and first issued it to New Agent Class 98-1 in October 1997 .	New Agent Class 98-1	What class was the first to receive the Glock .40 S&W pistol ?
Due to the decision in Robert P. Isabella v. Department of State and Office of Personnel Management , 2008 M.S.P.B. 146 , preference-eligible veterans may apply after age 37 .	preference-eligible veterans	What group of people may apply to join the FBI after age 37 ?
To apply to become an FBI agent , one must be between the ages of 23 and 37 .	23	What is the minimum age to join the FBI ?
The applicant must also hold American citizenship , be of high moral character , have a clean record , and hold at least a four-year bachelor 's degree .	must also hold American citizenship	Is American citizenship required to be an FBI agent ?
To obtain a security clearance , all potential FBI personnel must pass a series of Single Scope Background Investigations -LRB- SSBI -RRB- , which are conducted by the Office of Personnel Management .	Single Scope Background Investigations	What is a SSBI ?
To obtain a security clearance , all potential FBI personnel must pass a series of Single Scope Background Investigations -LRB- SSBI -RRB- , which are conducted by the Office of Personnel Management .	Office of Personnel Management	Who conducts SSBIs ?
The FBI has maintained files on numerous people , including celebrities such as Elvis Presley , Frank Sinatra , John Denver , John Lennon , Jane Fonda , Groucho Marx , Charlie Chaplin , the band MC5 , Lou Costello , Sonny Bono , Bob Dylan , Michael Jackson , and Mickey Mantle .	including celebrities such as Elvis Presley	Did the FBI keep files on Elvis Presley ?
Some of the subjects were investigated for alleged ties to the Communist party -LRB- Charlie Chaplin and Groucho Marx -RRB- , or in connection with antiwar activities during the Vietnam War -LRB- John Denver , John Lennon , and Jane Fonda -RRB- .	antiwar activities	What activities was the FBI concerned with during the Vietnam war ?
Numerous celebrity files concern threats or extortion attempts against them -LRB- Sonny Bono , John Denver , John Lennon , Elvis Presley , Michael Jackson , Mickey Mantle , Groucho Marx , and Frank Sinatra -RRB- .	threats or extortion attempts	What kinds of treats were celebrities receiving ?
Some of the subjects were investigated for alleged ties to the Communist party -LRB- Charlie Chaplin and Groucho Marx -RRB- , or in connection with antiwar activities during the Vietnam War -LRB- John Denver , John Lennon , and Jane Fonda -RRB- .	Communist party	What party was the FBI concerned with ?
In December 1994 , after being tipped off by his former FBI handler about a pending indictment under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act , Bulger fled Boston and went into hiding .	his former FBI handler	Who tipped of Bulger ?
In December 1994 , after being tipped off by his former FBI handler about a pending indictment under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act , Bulger fled Boston and went into hiding .	Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	What act was the indictment under ?
For 16 years , he remained at large .	16	How long did Bulger remain at large ?
For 12 of those years , Bulger was prominently listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list .	prominently listed	Was Bulger on the 10 Most Wanted Fugitives List ?
The revelation caused great embarrassment to the FBI .	great embarrassment	What did the revelations about Bulger cause ?
In August 2007 Virgil Griffith , a Caltech computation and neural-systems graduate student , created a searchable database that linked changes made by anonymous Wikipedia editors to companies and organizations from which the changes were made .	computation and neural-systems	What was Virgil Griffith focused on ?
Griffith was motivated by the edits from the United States Congress , and wanted to see if others were similarly promoting themselves .	United States Congress	What part of the government was editing its own wikipedia page ?
The tool was designed to detect conflict of interest edits .	conflict of interest edits	What was Griffith 's tool designed to detect ?
Wikipedia spokespersons received Griffith 's `` WikiScanner '' positively , noting that it helped prevent conflicts of interest from influencing articles as well as increasing transparency and mitigating attempts to remove or distort relevant facts .	transparency	What did Griffith 's tool help increase ?
Wikipedia spokespersons received Griffith 's `` WikiScanner '' positively , noting that it helped prevent conflicts of interest from influencing articles as well as increasing transparency and mitigating attempts to remove or distort relevant facts .	positively	How as Griffith 's wikipedia scanner viewed by wikipedia ?
On 20 February 2001 , the bureau announced that a special agent , Robert Hanssen -LRB- born 1944 -RRB- had been arrested for spying for the Soviet Union and then Russia from 1979 to 2001 .	20 February 2001	When did the FBI announce Robert Hanssen 's arrest ?
On 20 February 2001 , the bureau announced that a special agent , Robert Hanssen -LRB- born 1944 -RRB- had been arrested for spying for the Soviet Union and then Russia from 1979 to 2001 .	spying for the Soviet Union	What was Hanssen arrested for ?
On 20 February 2001 , the bureau announced that a special agent , Robert Hanssen -LRB- born 1944 -RRB- had been arrested for spying for the Soviet Union and then Russia from 1979 to 2001 .	1979 to 2001	When was Hanssen a spy for Russia/the SU ?
He is serving 15 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence , a federal supermax prison near Florence , Colorado .	15	How many life time sentences is Hanssen serving ?
The Federal Bureau of Investigation -LRB- FBI -RRB- is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States , which simultaneously serves as the nation 's prime federal law enforcement organization .	FBI	What agency is the domestic intelligence and security service for the US ?
Operating under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice , FBI is concurrently a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence .	U.S. Department of Justice	What organization is the FBI a subset of ?
Operating under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice , FBI is concurrently a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence .	Director of National Intelligence	What Director does the FBI report to ?
A leading U.S. counterterrorism , counterintelligence , and criminal investigative organization , FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes .	200	How many categories of federal crimes does the FBI have jurisdiction over ?
J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972 , a combined 48 years with the BOI , DOI , and FBI .	J. Edgar Hoover	Who was Director from 1924 to 1972 ?
J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972 , a combined 48 years with the BOI , DOI , and FBI .	48	How many years was Hoover the FBI director ?
He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory , or the FBI Laboratory , which officially opened in 1932 , as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government .	Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory	What laboratory was Hoover responsible for creating ?
He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory , or the FBI Laboratory , which officially opened in 1932 , as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government .	FBI Laboratory	What was the other name for the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory ?
He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory , or the FBI Laboratory , which officially opened in 1932 , as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government .	1932	When did the FBI laboratory open ?
Despite its domestic focus , the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint , operating 60 Legal Attache -LRB- LEGAT -RRB- offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe .	domestic	What kind of work was the FBI focused on ?
Despite its domestic focus , the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint , operating 60 Legal Attache -LRB- LEGAT -RRB- offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe .	60	How many LEGAT offices does the FBI operate ?
These overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries .	coordination with foreign security services	Why does the FBI operate LEGAT offices ?
These overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries .	not usually	Do LEGAT offices conduct unilateral operations in host countries ?
The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas , just as the CIA has a limited domestic function ; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies .	coordination	What do oversea operations require ?
In 1939 , the Bureau began compiling a custodial detention list with the names of those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations .	1939	When did the Bureau begin compiling a custodial detention list ?
In 1939 , the Bureau began compiling a custodial detention list with the names of those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations .	in the event of war with Axis	When would the people on the custodial detention list be arrested ?
The majority of the names on the list belonged to Issei community leaders , as the FBI investigation built on an existing Naval Intelligence index that had focused on Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the West Coast , but many German and Italian nationals also found their way onto the secret list .	Issei community leaders	Who were the majority of names on the custodial detention list ?
Robert Shivers , head of the Honolulu office , obtained permission from Hoover to start detaining those on the list on December 7 , 1941 , while bombs were still falling over Pearl Harbor .	December 7, 1941	When was Pearl Harbor bombed ?
The Bureau continued surveillance on Japanese Americans throughout the war , conducting background checks on applicants for resettlement outside camp , and entering the camps -LRB- usually without the permission of War Relocation Authority officials -RRB- and grooming informants in order to monitor dissidents and `` troublemakers . ''	Japanese Americans	What group did the FBI continue surveillance on ?
In response to organized crime , on August 25 , 1953 , the FBI created the Top Hoodlum Program .	organized crime	What was the Top Hoodlum Program a response to ?
The national office directed field offices to gather information on mobsters in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers .	mobsters	What did the Top Hoodlum Program gather information on ?
After the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act , or RICO Act , took effect , the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition-organized groups , which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns .	former Prohibition-organized groups	After the RICO Act took effect what did the FBI start investigating ?
Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a National Crime Syndicate in the United States , the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families , including those headed by Sam Giancana and John Gotti .	National Crime Syndicate	What groups did Hoover deny the existence of ?
The RICO Act is still used today for all organized crime and any individuals who might fall under the Act .	The RICO Act is still used	Is the RICO Act still used today ?
After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act -LRB- CALEA , 1994 -RRB- , the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act -LRB- HIPAA , 1996 -RRB- , and the Economic Espionage Act -LRB- EEA , 1996 -RRB- , the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998 , just as it did with its CART team in 1991 .	CALEA	What spurred the FBIs technological upgrade ?
After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act -LRB- CALEA , 1994 -RRB- , the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act -LRB- HIPAA , 1996 -RRB- , and the Economic Espionage Act -LRB- EEA , 1996 -RRB- , the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998 , just as it did with its CART team in 1991 .	CART	What team underwent a technological upgrade in 1991 ?
Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center -LRB- CITAC -RRB- and the National Infrastructure Protection Center -LRB- NIPC -RRB- were created to deal with the increase in Internet-related problems , such as computer viruses , worms , and other malicious programs that threatened US operations .	Internet-related problems	What were CITAC and NIPC created to deal with ?
Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center -LRB- CITAC -RRB- and the National Infrastructure Protection Center -LRB- NIPC -RRB- were created to deal with the increase in Internet-related problems , such as computer viruses , worms , and other malicious programs that threatened US operations .	US operations	What were computer viruses seen as a threat to ?
With these developments , the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations , adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems .	FBI increased its electronic surveillance	Did the FBI increase electronic surveillance ?
It analyzed the bullets with the goal of matching them chemically , not only to a single batch of ammunition coming out of a factory , but also to a single box of bullets .	single box of bullets	What precision did the FBI believe they could reach with chemical signatures ?
The National Academy of Sciences conducted an 18-month independent review of comparative bullet-lead analysis .	18-month	How long was the National Academy of Sciences independent review ?
It found the analytic model used by the FBI for interpreting results was deeply flawed , and the conclusion , that bullet fragments could be matched to a box of ammunition , was so overstated that it was misleading under the rules of evidence .	deeply flawed	What did the National Academy of Sciences independent review discover about the FBIs analytical model ?
In 2003 , its National Research Council published a report whose conclusions called into question 30 years of FBI testimony .	National Research Council	Why did the FBI stop doing bullet lead analysis ?
The FBI 's chief tool against organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations -LRB- RICO -RRB- Act .	RICO	What is the FBI 's main tool against organized crime ?
The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of Justice -LRB- DOJ -RRB- .	Civil Rights Act of 1964	What act is the FBI required to enforce ?
The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of Justice -LRB- DOJ -RRB- .	DOJ	What organization does the FBI prosecute violations of the United States Civil Rights Act with ?
The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement Administration -LRB- DEA -RRB- in the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 .	DEA	What organization does the FBI share jurisdiction with ?
The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement Administration -LRB- DEA -RRB- in the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 .	Controlled Substances Act of 1970	What Substance act does the FBI enforce ?
The FBI often works in conjunction with other Federal agencies , including the U.S. Coast Guard -LRB- USCG -RRB- and U.S. Customs and Border Protection -LRB- CBP -RRB- in seaport and airport security , and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents .	seaport and airport security	When does the FBI work with the US Coast Guard and US Customs and Board Protection ?
The FBI often works in conjunction with other Federal agencies , including the U.S. Coast Guard -LRB- USCG -RRB- and U.S. Customs and Border Protection -LRB- CBP -RRB- in seaport and airport security , and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents .	investigating airplane crashes	When does the FBI work with the National Transportation Safety Board ?
Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations -LRB- ICE-HSI -RRB- has nearly the same amount of investigative man power as the FBI , and investigates the largest range of crimes .	ICE-HSI	What organization in the US government investigates the largest array of crimes ?
In the wake of the September 11 attacks , then-Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security .	FBI	What organization did General Ashcroft assign to lead organization in terrorism investigations ?
ICE-HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force .	Joint Terrorism Task Force	What are the FBI and ICE-HSI both members of ?
The FBI Academy , located in Quantico , Virginia , is home to the communications and computer laboratory the FBI utilizes .	The FBI Academy	Where are agents sent to become FBI Special Agents ?
The FBI Academy , located in Quantico , Virginia , is home to the communications and computer laboratory the FBI utilizes .	Quantico, Virginia	Where is the FBI Academy ?
Going through the 21-week course is required for every Special Agent .	21-week	How long is the course required for all special agents ?
The Academy trains state and local law enforcement agencies , which are invited to the law enforcement training center .	state and local law enforcement agencies	What other groups does the FBI Academy train ?
The FBI frequently investigated Martin Luther King , Jr. .	frequently	Did the FBI investigate Martin Luther King Jr. . ?
In the mid-1960s , King began publicly criticizing the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of terrorism by white supremacists .	the Bureau	Who did MLK begin criticizing in the mid-1960s ?
In the mid-1960s , King began publicly criticizing the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of terrorism by white supremacists .	white supremacists	What group did MLK believe needed more attention from the FBI ?
Hoover responded by publicly calling King the most `` notorious liar '' in the United States .	notorious liar	What did Hoover call MLK ?
In his 1991 memoir , Washington Post journalist Carl Rowan asserted that the FBI had sent at least one anonymous letter to King encouraging him to commit suicide .	anonymous	What kind of letter did the FBI send to MLK ?
The National Incident Based Reporting System -LRB- NIBRS -RRB- crime statistics system aims to address limitations inherent in UCR data .	address limitations inherent in UCR data	What is the goal of the NIBRS ?
The system is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes .	the United States	Who uses the NIBRS ?
The system is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes .	collecting and reporting data	What is the NIBRS used for ?
The system is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes .	crimes	What does the NIBRS collect information on ?
The NIBRS system is in greater detail than the summary-based UCR system .	NIBRS	Does the NIBRS system or UCR system have more detailed data ?
The FBI also spied upon and collected information on Puerto Rican independence leader Pedro Albizu Campos and his Nationalist political party in the 1930s .	Pedro Albizu Campos	What Puerto Rican leader did the FBI spy on ?
The FBI also spied upon and collected information on Puerto Rican independence leader Pedro Albizu Campos and his Nationalist political party in the 1930s .	Nationalist	What party was Pedro Albizu Campos part of ?
Abizu Campos was convicted three times in connection with deadly attacks on US government officials : in 1937 -LRB- Conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States -RRB- , in 1950 -LRB- attempted murder -RRB- , and in 1954 -LRB- after an armed assault on the US House of Representatives while in session ; although not present , Abizu Campos was considered the mastermind -RRB- .	three	How many times was Pedro Albizu Campos convicted of attacks on US officials ?
The FBI operation was covert and did not become known until U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez had it made public via the Freedom of Information Act in the 1980s .	Luis Gutierrez	Who released the Campos operation to the public ?
The FBI operation was covert and did not become known until U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez had it made public via the Freedom of Information Act in the 1980s .	1980s	When was the Abizu Campos operation made public ?
The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director , which contains most administrative offices .	Office of the Director	What office contains the FBI 's administrative offices ?
An executive assistant director manages each branch .	An executive assistant director	Who manages each FBI branch ?
Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions , each headed by an assistant director .	offices and divisions	What is a FBI branch divided into ?
Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions , each headed by an assistant director .	an assistant director	Who heads an office or division ?
The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches , led by deputy assistant directors .	deputy assistant directors	Who leaders the sub-divisions of offices or divisions ?
The FBI is headquartered at the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington , D.C. , with 56 field offices in major cities across the United States .	J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C.,	Where is the FBI located ?
Many specialized FBI functions are located at facilities in Quantico , Virginia , as well as a `` data campus '' in Clarksburg , West Virginia , where 96 million sets of fingerprints `` from across the United States are stored , along with others collected by American authorities from prisoners in Saudi Arabia and Yemen , Iraq and Afghanistan . ''	Quantico, Virginia	Where are specialized FBI functions located ?
Many specialized FBI functions are located at facilities in Quantico , Virginia , as well as a `` data campus '' in Clarksburg , West Virginia , where 96 million sets of fingerprints `` from across the United States are stored , along with others collected by American authorities from prisoners in Saudi Arabia and Yemen , Iraq and Afghanistan . ''	Clarksburg, West Virginia	Where is the FBI 's data campus ?
The FBI is in process of moving its Records Management Division , which processes Freedom of Information Act -LRB- FOIA -RRB- requests , to Winchester , Virginia .	FOIA	What act is the FBI required to process requests for ?
Many specialized FBI functions are located at facilities in Quantico , Virginia , as well as a `` data campus '' in Clarksburg , West Virginia , where 96 million sets of fingerprints `` from across the United States are stored , along with others collected by American authorities from prisoners in Saudi Arabia and Yemen , Iraq and Afghanistan . ''	96 million	How many sets of fingerprints does the FBI have ?
Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration ; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications .	Carnivore	What was the electronic eavesdropping system used by the FBI during the Clinton presidency ?
Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration ; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications .	email and electronic communications	What did Carnivore monitor ?
After prolonged negative coverage in the press , the FBI changed the name of its system from `` Carnivore '' to `` DCS1000 . ''	DCS1000	What was Carnivore renamed to ?
The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001 , in favor of commercially available software , such as NarusInsight .	2001	When did the FBI abandon Carnivore ?
The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001 , in favor of commercially available software , such as NarusInsight .	commercially available	What kind of software replaced Carnivore ?
FBI Directors are appointed by the President of the United States .	President of the United States	Who appoints FBI directors ?
They must be confirmed by the United States Senate and serve a term of office of five years , with a maximum of ten years , if reappointed , unless they resign or are fired by the President before their term ends .	United States Senate	What legislative body confirms FBI directors ?
They must be confirmed by the United States Senate and serve a term of office of five years , with a maximum of ten years , if reappointed , unless they resign or are fired by the President before their term ends .	five years	How long is the term of a FBI director ?
J. Edgar Hoover , appointed by Calvin Coolidge in 1924 , was by far the longest-serving director , serving until his death in 1972 .	his death	What made Hoover stop serving as the FBI Director ?
The current FBI Director is James B. Comey , who was appointed in 2013 by Barack Obama .	James B. Comey	Who is the current FBI director ?
The FBI has been frequently depicted in popular media since the 1930s .	1930s	When did the FBI first appear in popular media ?
A few of the notable portrayals of the FBI on television are the 1993-2002 series The X-Files , which concerned investigations into paranormal phenomena by five fictional Special Agents and the fictional Counter Terrorist Unit -LRB- CTU -RRB- agency in the TV drama 24 , which is patterned after the FBI Counterterrorism Division .	X-Files	What notable TV show was concerned with FBI investigations of the paranormal ?
A few of the notable portrayals of the FBI on television are the 1993-2002 series The X-Files , which concerned investigations into paranormal phenomena by five fictional Special Agents and the fictional Counter Terrorist Unit -LRB- CTU -RRB- agency in the TV drama 24 , which is patterned after the FBI Counterterrorism Division .	FBI Counterterrorism Division	What is the TV drama 24 designed on ?
The 1991 movie Point Break is based on the true story of an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated a gang of bank robbers .	undercover FBI agent	Who is the movie Point Break Based on ?
The 1997 movie Donnie Brasco is based on the true story of undercover FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone infiltrating the Mafia .	Joseph D. Pistone	Who is the movie Donnie Brasco based on ?
During the period from 1993 to 2011 , FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions ; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases , in none of the 5 cases were people wounded .	289	How many times did FBI agents first their weapons from 1993 to 2011 ?
During the period from 1993 to 2011 , FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions ; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases , in none of the 5 cases were people wounded .	5 cases	How many times were FBI shots not justified ?
During the period from 1993 to 2011 , FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions ; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases , in none of the 5 cases were people wounded .	none	How many people were wounded in the cases where FBI shooting was not justified ?
Samuel Walker , a professor of criminal justice at the University of Nebraska Omaha said the number of shots found to be unjustified was `` suspiciously low . ''	suspiciously low	How did Samuel Walker describe the number of unjustified shots fired ?
In a 2002 case in Maryland , an innocent man was shot , and later paid $ 1.3 million by the FBI after agents mistook him for a bank robber ; the internal investigation found that the shooting was justified , based on the man 's actions .	the man's actions	On what was the shooting of an innocent Maryland man deemed justified ?
In 2005 , fugitive Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos died in a gun battle with FBI agents in 2005 in what some charged was an assassination .	2005	When did Puerto Rican Nationalist Filiberto Ojeda Ríos die ?
In 2005 , fugitive Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos died in a gun battle with FBI agents in 2005 in what some charged was an assassination .	FBI agents	Who killed Filiberto Ojeda Ríos ?
In 2005 , fugitive Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos died in a gun battle with FBI agents in 2005 in what some charged was an assassination .	assassination	How did some people describe Filiberto Ojeda Ríos 's death ?
The FBI refused to release information beyond the official press release , citing security and agent privacy issues .	The FBI refused	How did the FBI respond to requests to release information beyond the initial press release ?
The case was dismissed by the U.S Supreme Court .	Supreme Court	What US court dismissed the Puerto Rican case for information crucial to their own investigation of Filiberto Ojeda Ríos 's killing ?
Within all of these perspectives , adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood , whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles .	a transitional period between childhood and adulthood	Adolescene is viewed as what ?
A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives , including psychology , biology , history , sociology , education , and anthropology .	information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology.	A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on what ?
Within all of these perspectives , adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood , whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles .	preparation of children for adult roles.	What is the purpose of adolescence ?
Within all of these perspectives , adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood , whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles .	preparation of children for adult roles	What is the cultural purpose of adolescence ?
Within all of these perspectives , adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood , whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles .	adolescence	What is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood viewed as ?
It is a period of multiple transitions involving education , training , employment and unemployment , as well as transitions from one living circumstance to another .	multiple transitions	Is adolescence a period of one transition or multiple transitions ?
It is a period of multiple transitions involving education , training , employment and unemployment , as well as transitions from one living circumstance to another .	education, training, employment and unemployment	What transitions occur during puberty in addition to living circumstances ?
It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics -LRB- for example , a deeper voice and larger adam 's apple in boys , and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls -RRB- and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state .	a deeper voice and larger adam's apple	Puberty causes what to happen in boys ?
The testes primarily release testosterone , and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen .	The testes	What releases testosterone ?
The testes primarily release testosterone , and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen .	the ovaries	What releases estrogen ?
Some boys may develop gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormones , tissue responsiveness or obesity .	obesity.	What causes gynecomastia ?
Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production , which in turn causes a number of physical changes .	a surge in hormone production	What causes puberty ?
Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production , which in turn causes a number of physical changes .	Puberty	A surge in hormone production triggers a number of physical changes during what stage of life ?
This is triggered by the pituitary gland , which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream , initiating a chain reaction to occur .	pituitary	Which gland secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream ?
The testes primarily release testosterone , and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen .	testes	Which part of the body releases testosterone in males ?
The testes primarily release testosterone , and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen .	ovaries	Which part of the body relesases estrogen in females ?
Some boys may develop gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormones , tissue responsiveness or obesity .	gynecomastia	An imbalance in sex hormones , tissue responsiveness , or obesity can cause what in boys ?
Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents ' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity .	increase in both size and capacity	How do a person 's heart and lungs change during puberty ?
These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise .	increased strength and tolerance for exercise	Increased size and capacity of the heart and lungs result in what changes to the body ?
Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop `` larger hearts and lungs , higher systolic blood pressure , a lower resting heart rate , a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood , a greater power for neutralizing the chemical products of muscular exercise , higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood cells '' .	males	Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs ?
Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop `` larger hearts and lungs , higher systolic blood pressure , a lower resting heart rate , a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood , a greater power for neutralizing the chemical products of muscular exercise , higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood cells '' .	males	Which sex tends to have more red blood cells than the other ?
Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents ' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity .	respiratory	Which body system are a person 's lungs a major proponent of ?
The human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty .	not	Is a person 's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty ?
The biggest changes in the folds of the brain during this time occur in the parts of the cortex that process cognitive and emotional information .	cognitive and emotional	The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information ?
The brain reaches 90 % of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age .	six	The brain reaches 90 % of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age ?
However , the creases in the brain continue to become more complex until the late teens .	creases	What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens ?
The brain reaches 90 % of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age .	90%	The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old ?
Serotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior .	Serotonin	Which neuromodulator is involved in regulation of mood and behavior ?
The effect of serotonin is not limited to the limbic system : Several serotonin receptors have their gene expression change dramatically during adolescence , particularly in the human frontal and prefrontal cortex .	not	Are the effects of serotonin limited to the limbic system ?
Serotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior .	mood and behavior	Serotonin is a neuromodulator that is involved in regulation of what ?
Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information .	limbic	Which system in the brain determines rewards and punishments , emotional experiences , and social information ?
Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin in the limbic system make adolescents more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stress .	dopamine and serotonin	Which two neurotransmitters cause adolescents to be more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stresses ?
One manifestation of the adolescent 's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning , which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking .	hypothetical	Deductive reasoning leads to the development of what type of thinking ?
Adolescents ' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children : they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists .	children	Are adolescents or children more bound to concrete events ?
One manifestation of the adolescent 's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning , which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking .	hypothetical	What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters ?
Adolescents also develop a more sophisticated understanding of probability .	probability	Adolescents develop a more sophisticated understanding of what mathematical concept thanks to their increased hypothetical thinking abilties ?
Studies have shown that early maturing boys are more likely to be sexually active and are more likely to participate in risky behaviors .	early	Are sexual actvity and risky behaviors more likely in boys that mature early or later ?
However , early puberty is not always positive for boys ; early sexual maturation in boys can be accompanied by increased aggressiveness due to the surge of hormones that affect them .	hormones	Increased aggresiveness and early sexual maturation in adolescent boys are due to a surge of what ?
Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends .	Early	Are early or late maturing boys generally taller and stronger than their friends ?
Late maturing boys can be less confident because of poor body image when comparing themselves to already developed friends and peers .	poor body image	What is one reason a late maturing boy may be less confident when comparing himself to others ?
Wisdom , or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience , increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five , then levels off .	capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience	How is wisdom defined ?
Wisdom , or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience , increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five , then levels off .	twenty-five	Wisdom increases between age fourteen and what ?
Wisdom is not the same as intelligence : adolescents do not improve substantially on IQ tests since their scores are relative to others in their same age group , and relative standing usually does not change -- everyone matures at approximately the same rate in this way .	not	Is wisdom the same thing as intelligence ?
Wisdom is not the same as intelligence : adolescents do not improve substantially on IQ tests since their scores are relative to others in their same age group , and relative standing usually does not change -- everyone matures at approximately the same rate in this way .	not	Do adolescents perform significantly better on IQ tests than other age groups ?
Wisdom , or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience , increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five , then levels off .	Wisdom	What word is defined as the capacity for insight and judgement that is developed through experience ?
In studying adolescent development , adolescence can be defined biologically , as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth ; cognitively , as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally ; or socially , as a period of preparation for adult roles .	the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth	How is adolescence defined biologically ?
In studying adolescent development , adolescence can be defined biologically , as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth ; cognitively , as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally ; or socially , as a period of preparation for adult roles .	changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally	How is adolescence defined cognitively ?
In studying adolescent development , adolescence can be defined biologically , as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth ; cognitively , as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally ; or socially , as a period of preparation for adult roles .	a period of preparation for adult roles	How is adolescence defined socially ?
Major pubertal and biological changes include changes to the sex organs , height , weight , and muscle mass , as well as major changes in brain structure and organization .	biological	Changes to sex organs , height , weight , and muscle mass are examples of which type of change ?
Cognitive advances encompass both increases in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively .	Cognitive	Increases in knowledge and the ability to think abstractly are examples of which kind of change ?
Jean Macfarlane founded the University of California , Berkeley 's Institute of Human Development , formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare , in 1927 .	Jean Macfarlane	Who founded the University of California , Berkeley 's Institude of Human Development ?
Jean Macfarlane founded the University of California , Berkeley 's Institute of Human Development , formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare , in 1927 .	1927	What year was the University of California , Berkeley 's Instutute of Human Development founded ?
Jean Macfarlane founded the University of California , Berkeley 's Institute of Human Development , formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare , in 1927 .	Institute of Child Welfare	What was the Univerity of California , Berkeley 's Institute of Human Development formerly called ?
The Oakland Growth Study , initiated by Harold Jones and Herbert Stolz in 1931 , aimed to study the physical , intellectual , and social development of children in the Oakland area .	1931	What year was the Oakland Growth Study initiated ?
Data collection began in 1932 and continued until 1981 , allowing the researchers to gather longitudinal data on the individuals that extended past adolescence into adulthood .	1981	What year did data for the Oakland Growth Study stop being collected ?
The major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation , which occurs , on average , at age 13 .	first ejaculation	What is a male 's major landmark of puberty ?
The major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation , which occurs , on average , at age 13 .	13	At what average age does a male 's first ejaculation occur ?
For females , it is menarche , the onset of menstruation , which occurs , on average , between ages 12 and 13 .	menstruation	What is a female 's major landmark of puberty ?
The age of menarche is influenced by heredity , but a girl 's diet and lifestyle contribute as well .	diet and lifestyle	Besides heredity , what other factors contribute to when menustration begins ?
Girls who experience malnutrition or are in societies in which children are expected to perform physical labor also begin menstruating at later ages .	later	Do girls who are malnourished start menustrating earlier or later than those with high-fat diets ?
Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors , trying to guide the actual self toward the ideal self -LRB- who the adolescent wishes to be -RRB- and away from the feared self -LRB- who the adolescent does not want to be -RRB- .	who the adolescent wishes to be	How can the ideal self be described in terms of the adolescent ?
Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors , trying to guide the actual self toward the ideal self -LRB- who the adolescent wishes to be -RRB- and away from the feared self -LRB- who the adolescent does not want to be -RRB- .	who the adolescent does not want to be	How can the feared self be described in terms of the adolescent ?
Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors , trying to guide the actual self toward the ideal self -LRB- who the adolescent wishes to be -RRB- and away from the feared self -LRB- who the adolescent does not want to be -RRB- .	ideal	Do adolescents demonstrate intended behavior moving towards the ideal or feared self ?
Menarche , the beginning of menstruation , is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes .	Menarche	What term is the beginning of menstruation given ?
Generally , a girl is not fully fertile until several years after menarche , as regular ovulation follows menarche by about two years .	two years	How many years does regular ovulation follow menarche ?
In females , changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus , vagina , and other aspects of the reproductive system .	uterus, vagina	What are two areas of the reproductive system that experience growth in females during puberty ?
Unlike males , therefore , females usually appear physically mature before they are capable of becoming pregnant .	females	Do males or females appear physically mature before they are capable of reproduction ?
The first ejaculation of seminal fluid generally occurs about one year after the beginning of accelerated penis growth , although this is often determined culturally rather than biologically , since for many boys first ejaculation occurs as a result of masturbation .	masturbation	What activity often results in a boy 's first ejaculation ?
Primary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs .	those directly related to the sex organs	What are primary sex characteristics ?
In males , the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum , followed by growth of the penis .	growth of the testes and scrotum	What does the first stage of puberty involve for males ?
In males , the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum , followed by growth of the penis .	penis	After growth of the testes and scrotum , while male body part experiences growth next ?
At the time that the penis develops , the seminal vesicles , the prostate , and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge and develop .	seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland	Which male body parts enlarge and develop at the same time as the penis ?
Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully , but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence , when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals .	early adolescence	At what stage do parents see their children as equals ?
When children go through puberty , there is often a significant increase in parent -- child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond .	puberty	During what stage of development is there increased parent-child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond ?
Regarding their important life issues , most adolescents still share the same attitudes and values as their parents .	same	During puberty and adolescence , do most children share the same or different attitudes and values as their parents ?
Some of the most developmentally significant changes in the brain occur in the prefrontal cortex , which is involved in decision making and cognitive control , as well as other higher cognitive functions .	prefrontal cortex	Which part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control ?
Specifically , developments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are important for controlling impulses and planning ahead , while development in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is important for decision making .	dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Which area of the brain is important for controlling impulses and planning ahead ?
Changes in the orbitofrontal cortex are important for evaluating rewards and risks .	orbitofrontal cortex	Which part of the brain is important for evaluating rewards and risks ?
The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions , such as motor and sensory areas .	those involving primary functions	Which are the first areas to be pruned during puberty ?
The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions , such as motor and sensory areas .	primary	Motor and sensory skills are examples of what kind of brain function ?
Peer groups can have positive influences on an individual , such as on academic motivation and performance .	academic motivation and performance	What is one area in which peer groups can have positive influences on an individual ?
Peers can have negative influences , such as encouraging experimentation with drugs , drinking , vandalism , and stealing through peer pressure .	experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing	What are some of the negative experiences that peer pressure can influence during adolescence ?
Susceptibility to peer pressure increases during early adolescence , peaks around age 14 , and declines thereafter .	14	At what age does succeptability to peer pressure peak ?
Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy , sharing , and leadership .	empathy, sharing, and leadership	What are some social skills that peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop ?
One is the constructivist view of cognitive development .	constructivist	What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take ?
Based on the work of Piaget , it takes a quantitative , state-theory approach , hypothesizing that adolescents ' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic .	sudden and drastic	Did Piaget believe that cognitive improvement was sudden and drastic or slow and steadied ?
Based on the work of Piaget , it takes a quantitative , state-theory approach , hypothesizing that adolescents ' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic .	quantitative, state-theory	Besides the information-processing perspective , what is the other major approach to understanding cognitive change during adolescence ?
The second is the information-processing perspective , which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process .	artificial intelligence	The information-processing perspective towards cognitive development derives from the study of what ?
While adolescents may engage in casual sexual encounters -LRB- often referred to as hookups -RRB- , most sexual experience during this period of development takes place within romantic relationships .	hookups	Casual sexual encounters are often referred to as what ?
While adolescents may engage in casual sexual encounters -LRB- often referred to as hookups -RRB- , most sexual experience during this period of development takes place within romantic relationships .	within	Do most sexual experiences during adolescence take place within or seperate from romantic relationships ?
Adolescents can use technologies and social media to seek out romantic relationships as they feel it is a safe place to try out dating and identity exploration .	social media	Where do some adolescents feel is a safe place to seek out romantic relationships , try out dating and indentity exploration ?
Among young adolescents , `` heavy '' sexual activity , marked by genital stimulation , is often associated with violence , depression , and poor relationship quality .	genital stimulation	What seperates `` heavy '' sexual activity from other forms of affection ?
For old adolescents , though , sexual activity in the context of romantic relationships was actually correlated with lower levels of deviant behavior after controlling for genetic risks , as opposed to sex outside of a relationship -LRB- hook-ups -RRB-	lower	For older adolescents , is sexual activity in a romantic relationship associated with lower or higher levels of deviant behavior ?
A third gain in cognitive ability involves thinking about thinking itself , a process referred to as metacognition .	metacognition	What is the term used to describe thinking about thinking itself ?
Adolescents are much better able than children to understand that people do not have complete control over their mental activity .	Adolescents	Are adolescents or children better able to understand that people do not have complete control over their thoughts ?
These likely peak at age fifteen , along with self-consciousness in general .	fifteen	The imaginary audience and personal fable peak at what age ?
These likely peak at age fifteen , along with self-consciousness in general .	fifteen	At what age does self-consciousness in general peak ?
A questionnaire called the teen timetable has been used to measure the age at which individuals believe adolescents should be able to engage in behaviors associated with autonomy .	teen timetable	What questionaire has been used to measure the age in which adolescents should be able to engage in autonomous behaviors ?
This questionnaire has been used to gauge differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy , finding , for instance , that White parents and adolescents tend to expect autonomy earlier than those of Asian descent .	White	Do White or Asian parents tend to expect autonomy earlier than the other ?
This questionnaire has been used to gauge differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy , finding , for instance , that White parents and adolescents tend to expect autonomy earlier than those of Asian descent .	differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy	What has the teen timetable questionnaire been used to guage ?
Having unprotected sex , using poor birth control methods -LRB- e.g. withdrawal -RRB- , having multiple sexual partners , and poor communication are some aspects of sexual behavior that increase individual and/or social risk .	withdrawal	What is an example of a poor birth control method ?
Some qualities of adolescents ' lives that are often correlated with risky sexual behavior include higher rates of experienced abuse , lower rates of parental support and monitoring .	lower	Are higher or lower levels of parental support associated with risky sexual behavior ?
Such exploratory sexual behavior can be seen as similar to other aspects of identity , including the exploration of vocational , social , and leisure identity , all of which involve some risk .	similar	Is exploratory sexual behavior seen as similar or seperate to other aspects of identity ?
Having unprotected sex , using poor birth control methods -LRB- e.g. withdrawal -RRB- , having multiple sexual partners , and poor communication are some aspects of sexual behavior that increase individual and/or social risk .	increase	Does having unprotected sex , multiple sexual partners , and poor communication increase or decrease individual and social risk ?
Research seems to favor the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk in similar ways , but hold different values and thus come to different conclusions .	favor	Does research favor or reject the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk similarly but hold different values and therefore come to different conclusions ?
Risktaking may also have reproductive advantages : adolescents have a newfound priority in sexual attraction and dating , and risk-taking is required to impress potential mates .	impress potential mates	A priority in sexual attraction and dating can prove helpful in order to complete what reproductive advantage ?
Research also indicates that baseline sensation seeking may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan .	baseline sensation seeking	What does research indicate may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan ?
For most , the search for identity begins in the adolescent years .	adolescent years	When does the search for identity begin for most individuals ?
But , developing and maintaining identity -LRB- in adolescent years -RRB- is a difficult task due to multiple factors such as family life , environment , and social status .	family life, environment, and social status	What are some factors that make developing and maintaining an identity during the adolescent years a difficult task ?
The two main aspects of identity development are self-clarity and self-esteem .	self-clarity and self-esteem	What are two main aspects of identity development ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Researchers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development : self-concept , sense of identity , and self-esteem .	self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem	What are the three general approaches to understanding identity development ?
Studies done by the American Psychological Association have shown that adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more difficult time developing their identity .	more difficult	Do adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more or less difficult time developing their identity ?
Research since reveals self-examination beginning early in adolescence , but identity achievement rarely occurring before age 18 .	18	Identity achievement rarely occurs before what age ?
Studies also confirm the impermanence of the stages ; there is no final endpoint in identity development .	no	Is there a final endpoint in identity development ?
For the most part , evidence has supported Erikson 's stages : each correlates with the personality traits he originally predicted .	Erikson	Evidence has supported which theorist 's idea concerning stages of development ?
Research since reveals self-examination beginning early in adolescence , but identity achievement rarely occurring before age 18 .	early	Does self-examination begin early or late in adolescence ?
Everyone has a self-concept , whereas Erik Erikson argued that not everyone fully achieves identity .	Erik Erikson	Which theorist argued that not everyone fully achieves identity ?
Adolescents begin by defining themselves based on their crowd membership .	crowd membership	How do adolescents initially define themselves ?
The result is classification of the individual into a -RRB- identity diffusion in which all children begin , b -RRB- Identity Foreclosure in which commitments are made without the exploration of alternatives , c -RRB- Moratorium , or the process of exploration , or d -RRB- Identity Achievement in which Moratorium has occurred and resulted in commitments .	process of exploration	How is Moratorium defined ?
Researcher James Marcia developed the current method for testing an individual 's progress along these stages .	James Marcia	Which researcher developed the current method for testing an individual 's process along the stages of identity ?
His questions are divided into three categories : occupation , ideology , and interpersonal relationships .	three	James Marcia divides questions into how many categories ?
Self-esteem is defined as one 's thoughts and feelings about one 's self-concept and identity .	Self-esteem	Which term is defined as one 's thoughts and feelings about one 's self-concept and identity ?
Contrary to popular belief , there is no empirical evidence for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence .	no	Is there evidence to support a drop in self-esteem during adolescence ?
`` Barometric self-esteem '' fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety , but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence .	Barometric self-esteem	Which type of self-esteem fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety ?
`` Barometric self-esteem '' fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety , but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence .	baseline self-esteem	Which type of self-esteem remains stable throughout adolescence ?
Girls are most likely to enjoy high self-esteem when engaged in supportive relationships with friends , the most important function of friendship to them is having someone who can provide social and moral support .	having someone who can provide social and moral support	What is the most important function of friendship ?
A study of 194 lesbian , gay , and bisexual youths under the age of 21 found that having an awareness of one 's sexual orientation occurred , on average , around age 10 , but the process of coming out to peers and adults occurred around age 16 and 17 , respectively .	10	At what age does awareness of one 's sexual orientation occur on average ?
A study of 194 lesbian , gay , and bisexual youths under the age of 21 found that having an awareness of one 's sexual orientation occurred , on average , around age 10 , but the process of coming out to peers and adults occurred around age 16 and 17 , respectively .	16	At what age does coming out to one 's peers occur on average ?
A study of 194 lesbian , gay , and bisexual youths under the age of 21 found that having an awareness of one 's sexual orientation occurred , on average , around age 10 , but the process of coming out to peers and adults occurred around age 16 and 17 , respectively .	17	At what age does coming out to adults occur on average ?
Because of this , statistically the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents is up to four times higher than that of their heterosexual peers due to bullying and rejection from peers or family members .	four	How many times higher is the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents than their heterosexual peers ?
Because of this , statistically the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents is up to four times higher than that of their heterosexual peers due to bullying and rejection from peers or family members .	bullying and rejection from peers or family members	What are factors causing a hightened suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents ?
A study conducted by Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal -LRB- 2009 -RRB- showed that adolescents at the age of 14 who identify their parents as authoritative figures are more likely to complete secondary education by the age of 22 -- as support and encouragement from an authoritative parent motivates the adolescence to complete schooling to avoid disappointing that parent .	more	Are adolescents with authoritative parents more or less likely to complete secondary education by age 22 ?
Adolescents who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to engage in various risk behaviors , such as smoking , drinking , fighting , and/or unprotected sexual intercourse .	less likely	Are adolescents that have a good relationship with their parents more or less likely to smoke , drink , fight , or engage in unprotected sex ?
A study conducted by Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal -LRB- 2009 -RRB- showed that adolescents at the age of 14 who identify their parents as authoritative figures are more likely to complete secondary education by the age of 22 -- as support and encouragement from an authoritative parent motivates the adolescence to complete schooling to avoid disappointing that parent .	Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal	Which researchers conducted a 2009 study that concerned adolescents , their parents , and secondary education completion ?
Modern day teenagers are exposed to more media on a daily basis than any generation before them .	more	Are modern day teenagers exposed to more or less media than other generations ?
Recent studies have indicated that the average teenager watches roughly 1500 hours of television per year .	1500	How many hours of television does the average teenager watch per year ?
In teenagers , body dissatisfaction is often associated with body mass , low self-esteem , and atypical eating patterns .	body dissatisfaction	Teenagers ' views on body mass , loe self-esteem , and atypical eating patterns results in what ?
The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance has been defined as `` body dissatisfaction '' .	The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance	How is `` body dissatisfaction '' defined ?
With the divorce rate up to about 50 % , divorce is common and adds to the already great amount of change in adolescence .	about 50%	What is the current divorce rate ?
Divorce usually results in less contact between the adolescent and their noncustodial parent .	less	Does divorce usually result in more or less contact with the noncustodial parent ?
Another recent study put forth a new theory entitled the adolescent epistemological trauma theory , which posited that traumatic life events such as parental divorce during the formative period of late adolescence portend lifelong effects on adult conflict behavior that can be mitigated by effective behavioral assessment and training .	epistemological trauma theory	What new theory states that traumatic events during adolescence have lifelong effects ?
These negative effects include romantic relationships and conflict style , meaning as adults , they are more likely to use the styles of avoidance and competing in conflict management .	negative	Does a parental divorce during childhood or adulthood have a positive or negative effect on a person during early adulthood ?
Some examples of social and religious transition ceremonies that can be found in the U.S. , as well as in other cultures around the world , are Confirmation , Bar and Bat Mitzvahs , Quinceañeras , sweet sixteens , cotillions , and débutante balls .	Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quinceañeras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and débutante balls	What are a few examples of social and religious transition ceremonies ?
This transition may be accompanied by obvious physical changes , which can vary from a change in clothing to tattoos and scarification .	tattoos and scarification	What are some physical ways that some cultures mark the transition into adulthood ?
Furthermore , transitions into adulthood may also vary by gender , and specific rituals may be more common for males or for females .	vary	Do cultural transitions into adulthood vary , or are they the same ?
Romantic relationships tend to increase in prevalence throughout adolescence .	increase	Do romantic relationships tend to increase or decrease throughout adolescence ?
By age 15 , 53 % of adolescents have had a romantic relationship that lasted at least one month over the course of the previous 18 months .	53%	How many percent of adolescents have had a romantic relationship lasting one month or longer by age 15 ?
A 2002 American study found that those aged 15 -- 44 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females .	17.0	At what average age did American males report their first sexual intercourse took place ?
A 2002 American study found that those aged 15 -- 44 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females .	17.3	At what average age did American females report their first sexual intercourse took place ?
The typical duration of relationships increases throughout the teenage years as well .	increases	Does the typical duration of relationships increase or decrease throughout the teenage years ?
Culture has been defined as the `` symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued '' .	symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued	How is culture defined ?
Culture is learned and socially shared , and it affects all aspects of an individual 's life .	all	Does culture affect all , some , or none of the aspects of an individual 's life ?
Furthermore , to avoid ethnocentrism , researchers must be careful not to define the culture 's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs .	not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs	What is a challenge researchers face when studying culture and adolescents ?
However , `` culture '' should not be seen as synonymous with nation or ethnicity .	not	Should culture be directly connected to a nation or ethnicity ?
Adolescents use online technology to experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups , such as increasing the amount of friends acquired on Facebook and other social media sites .	experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups	How do adolescents use online technology ?
Channel , in this respect , refers to the form of communication , be it face-to-face , email , text message , phone or other .	form of communication	To what does `` channel '' refer in terms if adolescent communication ?
Some adolescents use these newer channels to enhance relationships with peers however there can be negative uses as well such as cyberbullying , as mentioned previously , and negative impacts on the family .	cyberbullying	What is a potential negative effect of using newer online channels of communication ?
One in four sexually active teenagers will contract an STI .	One in four	What percentage of sexually active teenagers will contract an STI ?
Girls 15 to 19 have higher rates of gonorrhea than any other age group .	gonorrhea	Girls ages 15 to 19 have higher rates of what STD than any other age group ?
One-quarter of all new HIV cases occur in those under the age of 21 .	One-quarter	What ratio of all new HIV cases occur in those under age 21 ?
Multrine also states in her article that according to a March survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation , eighty-one percent of parents want schools to discuss the use of condoms and contraception with their children .	eighty-one percent	According to a survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation , what percentage of parents want schools to discuss contraception with their children ?
Across the country , clinicians report rising diagnoses of herpes and human papillomavirus -LRB- HPV -RRB- , which can cause genital warts , and is now thought to affect 15 percent of the teen population .	15	What percent of the teenage population is affected by herpes and HPV ?
Furthermore , since the advent of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 -LRB- children here defined as under 18 -RRB- , almost every country in the world -LRB- except the U.S. and South Sudan -RRB- has legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminatory stance towards young people of all ages .	1989	In what year was the Convention on the Rights of the Child created ?
Furthermore , since the advent of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 -LRB- children here defined as under 18 -RRB- , almost every country in the world -LRB- except the U.S. and South Sudan -RRB- has legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminatory stance towards young people of all ages .	U.S. and South Sudan	What two countries have not legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminaory stance towards young people ?
A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through legal emancipation .	legal emancipation	A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through what process ?
In many societies , those who reach a certain age -LRB- often 18 , though this varies -RRB- are considered to have reached the age of majority and are legally regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions .	regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions	What is legally different for an individual who has reached the age of majority ?
For instance , in many developing countries it is common for children to attend fewer years of formal schooling so that , when they reach adolescence , they can begin working .	fewer	In developing countries , is it common for children to attend fewer or greater years of formal schooling ?
For instance , in many developing countries it is common for children to attend fewer years of formal schooling so that , when they reach adolescence , they can begin working .	so that, when they reach adolescence, they can begin working	Why , in developting countries , do children often attend fewer years of formal schooling ?
According to family economic and financial education specialists , adolescents develop sound money management skills through the practices of saving and spending money , as well as through planning ahead for future economic goals .	saving and spending money	According to family economic and financial education specialists , how do adolescents develop sound money management skills ?
For example , menarche -LRB- the first menstrual period of a female -RRB- , or semenarche -LRB- the first ejaculation of a male -RRB- are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures .	semenarche	What word refers to the first ejactulation of a male ?
For example , menarche -LRB- the first menstrual period of a female -RRB- , or semenarche -LRB- the first ejaculation of a male -RRB- are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures .	menarche	What word refers to the first menstrual period in females ?
Restrictive cultures overtly discourage sexual activity in unmarried adolescents or until an adolescent undergoes a formal rite of passage .	Restrictive	What is the term for a culture that discourages sexual activity in unmarried adolescents ?
In permissive societies , overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable , and is sometimes even encouraged .	permissive	What is the term for cultures that perceive sexual behavior among unmarried teens as acceptable or even encouraged ?
Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive , there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality .	discrepancies	Are males and females expected to express their sexuality in the same ways or are there discrepancies between genders and cultures ?
Drinking habits and the motives behind them often reflect certain aspects of an individual 's personality ; in fact , four dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of personality demonstrate associations with drinking motives -LRB- all but ` Openness ' -RRB- .	Openness	Which of the Five-Factor Model dimensions does not demonstrate an association with drinking motives ?
Alcohol use as a negative emotion control mechanism often links with many other behavioral and emotional impairments , such as anxiety , depression , and low self-esteem .	negative	Is alcohol use a positive or negative emotion control mechanism ?
Greater enhancement motives for alcohol consumption tend to reflect high levels of extraversion and sensation-seeking in individuals ; such enjoyment motivation often also indicates low conscientiousness , manifesting in lowered inhibition and a greater tendency towards aggression .	enjoyment	Which motivation for drinking alcohol results in low conscientiousness , lowered inhibition , and greater tendency towards aggression ?
On the other hand , drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with high neuroticism and low agreeableness .	high neuroticism and low agreeableness	Drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with what behavioral qualities ?
The more conclusive finding has been that Internet use has a negative effect on the physical health of adolescents , as time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities .	negative	According to research findings , does Internet use have a positive or negative effect on teen physical health ?
However , other research suggests that Internet communication brings friends closer and is beneficial for socially anxious teens , who find it easier to interact socially online .	easier to interact socially online	How can the Internet be beneficial for socially anxious teens ?
The more conclusive finding has been that Internet use has a negative effect on the physical health of adolescents , as time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities .	time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities	Why do research findings believe the Internet has a negative effect on teen physical health ?
A 2015 review reported that `` adolescents lack awareness of strategies to cope with cyberbullying , which has been consistently associated with an increased likelihood of depression . ''	cyberbullying	Which online activity has been consistently associated with increased liklihood of depression ?
Following a steady decline , beginning in the late 1990s up through the mid-2000s , illicit drug use among adolescents has been on the rise in the U.S. Aside from alcohol , marijuana is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years .	alcohol	What is the most commonly abused substance during adolescent years in the U.S. ?
The heightened usage of ecstasy most likely ties in at least to some degree with the rising popularity of rave culture .	ecstasy	The heightened usage of what drug is most likely due at least in some part to the rising popularity of rave culture ?
Following a steady decline , beginning in the late 1990s up through the mid-2000s , illicit drug use among adolescents has been on the rise in the U.S. Aside from alcohol , marijuana is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years .	marijuana	Aside from alcohol , what is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years ?
Following a steady decline , beginning in the late 1990s up through the mid-2000s , illicit drug use among adolescents has been on the rise in the U.S. Aside from alcohol , marijuana is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years .	decline	From the late 1990s to mid 2000s , was drug use in teens on the rise or decline ?
Distinctions between the reasons for alcohol consumption of males and females begin to emerge around ages 14 -- 15 ; overall , boys tend to view drinking in a more social light than girls , who report on average a more frequent use of alcohol as a coping mechanism .	14–15	During what ages do reasons for alcohol consumption between males and females begin to diverge ?
Distinctions between the reasons for alcohol consumption of males and females begin to emerge around ages 14 -- 15 ; overall , boys tend to view drinking in a more social light than girls , who report on average a more frequent use of alcohol as a coping mechanism .	boys	Do boys or girls view drinking in a more social light ?
Distinctions between the reasons for alcohol consumption of males and females begin to emerge around ages 14 -- 15 ; overall , boys tend to view drinking in a more social light than girls , who report on average a more frequent use of alcohol as a coping mechanism .	girls	Which gender reports most frequently using alcohol as a coping mechanism ?
The latter effect appears to shift in late adolescence and onset of early adulthood -LRB- 18 -- 19 years of age -RRB- ; however , despite this trend , age tends to bring a greater desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping in both boys and girls .	greater	Does age bring a greater or smaller desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping ?
Adolescence -LRB- from Latin adolescere , meaning `` to grow up '' -RRB- is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood -LRB- age of majority -RRB- .	Latin	From which language does the word `` adolescence '' originate ?
Adolescence -LRB- from Latin adolescere , meaning `` to grow up '' -RRB- is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood -LRB- age of majority -RRB- .	to grow up	What is the Latin meaning of the word `` adolescere '' ?
Adolescence -LRB- from Latin adolescere , meaning `` to grow up '' -RRB- is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood -LRB- age of majority -RRB- .	age of majority	What is another term for legal adulthood ?
Physical growth , as distinct from puberty -LRB- particularly in males -RRB- , and cognitive development generally seen in adolescence , can also extend into the early twenties .	early twenties	Physical growth and cognitive development generally observed in adolescents can extend to what age ?
Within the past ten years , the amount of social networking sites available to the public has greatly increased as well as the number of adolescents using them .	greatly increased	In recent years , has the amount of social networking sites available to the public increased or decreased ?
Several sources report a high proportion of adolescents who use social media : 73 % of 12 -- 17 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile ; two-thirds -LRB- 68 % -RRB- of teens text every day , half -LRB- 51 % -RRB- visit social networking sites daily , and 11 % send or receive tweets at least once every day .	68%	What percentage of teens say they text every day ?
Several sources report a high proportion of adolescents who use social media : 73 % of 12 -- 17 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile ; two-thirds -LRB- 68 % -RRB- of teens text every day , half -LRB- 51 % -RRB- visit social networking sites daily , and 11 % send or receive tweets at least once every day .	73%	What percentage of 12-17 year olds claim to have at least one social networking profile ?
Several sources report a high proportion of adolescents who use social media : 73 % of 12 -- 17 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile ; two-thirds -LRB- 68 % -RRB- of teens text every day , half -LRB- 51 % -RRB- visit social networking sites daily , and 11 % send or receive tweets at least once every day .	51%	What percentage of teens report visiting social netorking sites daily ?
One in four -LRB- 23 % -RRB- teens are `` heavy '' social media users , meaning they use at least two different types of social media each and every day .	One in four (23%)	What ratio of teens are `` heavy '' social media users , using two types of media daily ?
Consequently , girls that reach sexual maturation early are more likely than their peers to develop eating disorders -LRB- such as anorexia nervosa -RRB- .	more likely	Are girls reaching sexual maturation early more or less likely to develop eating disorers ?
Nearly half of all American high school girls ' diets are to lose weight .	lose weight	Nearly half of Americam high school girls hope to achieve what goal with their diet ?
In addition to having earlier sexual experiences and more unwanted pregnancies than late maturing girls , early maturing girls are more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse .	early maturing	Are early or late maturing girls more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse ?
In addition to having earlier sexual experiences and more unwanted pregnancies than late maturing girls , early maturing girls are more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse .	early maturing	Do early or late maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies ?
Those who have had such experiences tend to perform not as well in school as their `` inexperienced '' peers .	inexperienced	Who performs better in school : sexually experienced or inexperienced teen females ?
This process is different for females and males .	different	Is change in bodily distribution of fat and muscle the same or different between males and females during puberty ?
In contrast , though both sexes experience an increase in body fat , the increase is much more significant for girls .	girls	Do boys or girls experience a more significant increase in body fat ?
Before puberty , there are nearly no sex differences in fat and muscle distribution ; during puberty , boys grow muscle much faster than girls , although both sexes experience rapid muscle development .	boys	Do boys or girls grow muscle faster during puberty ?
The ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys is around three to one , while for girls it is about five to four .	three to one	What is the ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys ?
The ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys is around three to one , while for girls it is about five to four .	five to four	What is the ratio between muscle and fat amoung post-pubertal girls ?
Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction .	every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction	What is a secondary sex characteristic change ?
The changes in secondary sex characteristics that take place during puberty are often referred to in terms of five Tanner stages , named after the British pediatrician who devised the categorization system .	five	How many Tanner stages are there ?
The changes in secondary sex characteristics that take place during puberty are often referred to in terms of five Tanner stages , named after the British pediatrician who devised the categorization system .	pediatrician	What was the occupation of the person who devised the Tanner categorization system ?
Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction .	Changes in secondary sex characteristics	Elevation of the breasts , development of pubic hair , and elevation of the nippes are examples of what type of changes ?
Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction .	secondary	Is deepening of the voice in males a primary or secondary sex characteristic ?
Compared to children , adolescents are more likely to question others ' assertions , and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths .	adolescents	Are children or adolescents more likely to question assertions and less likely to accept facts ?
They begin to differentiate between rules instituted out of common sense -- not touching a hot stove -- and those that are based on culturally-relative standards -LRB- codes of etiquette , not dating until a certain age -RRB- , a delineation that younger children do not make .	common sense	Is refraining from touching a hot stoce a common sense or culturally-relative standard ?
They begin to differentiate between rules instituted out of common sense -- not touching a hot stove -- and those that are based on culturally-relative standards -LRB- codes of etiquette , not dating until a certain age -RRB- , a delineation that younger children do not make .	culturally-relative	Is not dating until a certain age a common sense or culturally-relative standard ?
The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall 's `` Adolescence in 1904 . ''	G. Stanley Hall	Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association ?
From the '50s until the '80s , the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them .	describing	From the '50s to the '80s , was the field 's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them ?
The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall 's `` Adolescence in 1904 . ''	Adolescence in 1904	What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology ?
This understanding of youth was based on two then new ways of understanding human behavior : Darwin 's evolutionary theory and Freud 's psychodynamic theory .	Darwin	Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution ?
As a result , adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple , concrete , and global self-descriptions typical of young children ; as children , they defined themselves by physical traits whereas as adolescents , they define themselves based on their values , thoughts , and opinions .	adolescents	Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values , thoughts , and opinions ?
The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently , consistent and stable .	self-concept	Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently , consistent , and stable ?
As a result , adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple , concrete , and global self-descriptions typical of young children ; as children , they defined themselves by physical traits whereas as adolescents , they define themselves based on their values , thoughts , and opinions .	by physical traits	How do children tend to define themselves ?
Early in adolescence , cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness , greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments , the ability to think about abstract , future possibilities , and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once .	cognitive	Greater self-awareness , greater awareness of others , and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments ?
While most adolescent studies are conducted on white , middle class children , studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have , the more successfully they develop their identity .	white	Which adolescent ethninticy is most often studied ?
While most adolescent studies are conducted on white , middle class children , studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have , the more successfully they develop their identity .	middle class	What social class of adolescents is most often studied ?
Accordingly , youth , a period that spans late adolescence and early adulthood , has become a more prominent stage of the life course .	youth	The period of one 's life that spans late adolescence and early adulthood is known as what ?
An adolescent from an inner city or a crime-driven neighborhood is more likely to be exposed to an environment that can be detrimental to their development .	more likely	Is an inner city or crime-driven neighborhood more or less likely to be detrimental to one 's development ?
A child from a more privileged upbringing is exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general .	exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general	Why are children from suburban communities more likely to participate in activies that benefit their identity ?
Research shows that relationships have the largest affect over the social development of an individual .	relationships	What has the largest affect over one 's social development ?
As an adolescent 's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances , they often become heavily emotionally invested in friends .	heavily emotionally invested in friends	Do adolescents become heavily emotionally invested in friends or are they generally anti-social ?
Communication with peers increases significantly during adolescence and peer relationships become more intense than in other stages and more influential to the teen , affecting both the decisions and choices being made .	increases	Does communication with peers increase or decrease during adolescence ?
Adolescents also associate with friends of the opposite sex much more than in childhood and tend to identify with larger groups of peers based on shared characteristics .	Adolescents	Do children or adolescents tend to associae with friends of the opposite sex more ?
Peer groups are especially important during adolescence , a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision .	a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision	How is adolescence defined socially ?
Sexual events -LRB- such as sexual touching , sexual intercourse -RRB- were less common than romantic events -LRB- holding hands -RRB- and social events -LRB- being with one 's partner in a group setting -RRB- .	social events	Did adolescents report more sexual or social events to researchers ?
The researchers state that these results are important because the results focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents and their social and romantic interactions rather than focusing on sexual behavior and its consequences .	focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents	Why do researchers believe the social event reporting by adolescents -LRB- rather than sexual activity -RRB- is important ?
Sexual events -LRB- such as sexual touching , sexual intercourse -RRB- were less common than romantic events -LRB- holding hands -RRB- and social events -LRB- being with one 's partner in a group setting -RRB- .	romantic	Holding hands with one 's partner and telling others about a relationship are examples of what kind of adolescent event ?
Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy : emotional independence , behavioral autonomy , and cognitive autonomy .	emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy	What are the three main types of autonomy ?
Behavioral autonomy encompasses an adolescent 's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior , to act on personal decisions , and to self-govern .	encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern	How is behavioral autonomy defined ?
Behavioral autonomy encompasses an adolescent 's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior , to act on personal decisions , and to self-govern .	Behavioral	Adolescent cultural differences are especially visible in which type of autonomy ?
Cognitive autonomy describes the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation .	the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation	How is cognitive autonomy defined ?
Furthermore , it has been found that adolescents ' mental health is best when their feelings about autonomy match closely with those of their parents .	match closely	Is an adolescent 's mental health at its best when their feelings of autonomy match closely with their parents or when they are at odds ?
American teenagers spend less time in school or working and more time on leisure activities -- which include playing sports , socializing , and caring for their appearance -- than do adolescents in many other countries .	less	Do American teenagers spend more or less time in shool than adolescents in other countires ?
American teenagers spend less time in school or working and more time on leisure activities -- which include playing sports , socializing , and caring for their appearance -- than do adolescents in many other countries .	more	Do American teenagers spend more or less time on leisure activities than adolescents in other countries ?
Furthermore , the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural norms and expectations , as well as various socioeconomic factors .	varies greatly	Does the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure vary from culture to culture or reman relatively constant ?
Furthermore , the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural norms and expectations , as well as various socioeconomic factors .	cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors	What are two potential reasons that adolescents in different cultures spend varying time on work and leisure activities ?
Teenage alcohol drug use is currently at an all-time low .	low	Is teenage alcohol drug use at al all-time high or low ?
More drastically , cigarette smoking has become a far less prevalent activity among American middle - and high-school students ; in fact , a greater number of teens now smoke marijuana than smoke cigarettes , with one recent study showing a respective 15.2 % versus 11.7 % of surveyed students .	marijuana	Do teens smoke marijuana or cigarettes more commonly ?
Recent studies have shown that male late adolescents are far more likely to smoke cigarettes rather than females .	male	Are male or female late adolescents more likely to smoke cigarettes ?
This may be attributed to recent changing social and political views towards marijuana ; issues such as medicinal use and legalization have tended towards painting the drug in a more positive light than historically , while cigarettes continue to be vilified due to associated health risks .	recent changing social and political views towards marijuana	What is one possible explanation for the shift towards marijuana and away from cigarettes ?
Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents ' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts .	Social engagement and personal enjoyment	What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts ?
Surveys conducted in Argentina , Hong Kong , and Canada have each indicated the most common reason for drinking among adolescents to relate to pleasure and recreation ; 80 % of Argentinian teens reported drinking for enjoyment , while only 7 % drank to improve a bad mood .	7%	What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood ?
Surveys conducted in Argentina , Hong Kong , and Canada have each indicated the most common reason for drinking among adolescents to relate to pleasure and recreation ; 80 % of Argentinian teens reported drinking for enjoyment , while only 7 % drank to improve a bad mood .	pleasure and recreation	What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina , Hong Kong , and Canada ?
In Hong Kong , female participants most frequently reported drinking for social enjoyment , while males most frequently reported drinking to feel the effects of alcohol .	males	In Hong Kong , did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol ?
A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood .	adolescence	The transition from child-to-adulthood can be broadly defined as what ?
In some countries , such as the United States , adolescence can last nearly a decade , but in others , the transition -- often in the form of a ceremony -- can last for only a few days .	nearly a decade	How long does the United States believe adolescence lasts ?
However , the time frame of this transition varies drastically by culture .	varies drastically by culture	Does the time frame of adolescence vary from culture to culture or remain universally agreed upon ?
A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood .	adolescence	Leaving school , starting a full-time job , getting married , and becoming a parent for the first time are markers in what stage of one 's development , according to Hogan & Astone ?
Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians , including less supervision as compared to preadolescence .	independence	Is adolescence usually accompanied by increased parental supervision or increased independence ?
Furthermore , even within a single nation state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered -LRB- chronologically and legally -RRB- mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsibilities .	different ages	Do milestones such as driving a vechile , serving on a jury , voting , and marriage all have a common age of responsibility ?
The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function .	varies by country	Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country ?
Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty : The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip , typically between 14 to 17 years of age .	between 14 to 17 years of age	When do the first facial hairs present in pubescent males ?
Facial hair continues to get coarser , darker and thicker for another 2 -- 4 years after puberty .	2–4 years after puberty	For how long does facial hair continue to get darker , coarser , and thicker ?
Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty : The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip , typically between 14 to 17 years of age .	corners of the upper lip	Where does facial hair first present during puberty ?
Males experience their growth spurt about two years later , on average , than females .	females	Do males or females experience growth spurts first ?
Males experience their growth spurt about two years later , on average , than females .	two years later	How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt ?
During their peak height velocity -LRB- the time of most rapid growth -RRB- , adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler -- about 4 inches -LRB- 10.3 cm -RRB- a year for males and 3.5 inches -LRB- 9 cm -RRB- for females .	4 inches (10.3 cm) a year	What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent ?
During their peak height velocity -LRB- the time of most rapid growth -RRB- , adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler -- about 4 inches -LRB- 10.3 cm -RRB- a year for males and 3.5 inches -LRB- 9 cm -RRB- for females .	3.5 inches (9 cm)	What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent ?
During their peak height velocity -LRB- the time of most rapid growth -RRB- , adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler -- about 4 inches -LRB- 10.3 cm -RRB- a year for males and 3.5 inches -LRB- 9 cm -RRB- for females .	toddler	Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage ?
Over the course of adolescence , the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly , while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern .	increases	Does the amount of white matter in the brain increase or decrease over the course of adolescence ?
Over the course of adolescence , the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly , while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern .	inverted-U pattern	Does the amount of grey matter in the brain increase linearly or follow an inverted-U pattern over the course of adolescence ?
Through a process called synaptic pruning , unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down .	synaptic pruning	During which process are unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain eliminated ?
However , this does not mean that the brain loses functionality ; rather , it becomes more efficient due to increased myelination -LRB- insulation of axons -RRB- and the reduction of unused pathways .	more efficient	Does the brain become more or less efficient as a result of synaptic pruning ?
Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual 's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease .	Piaget	Who describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual 's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form ?
A combination of behavioural and fMRI studies have demonstrated development of executive functions , that is , cognitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behaviour , which are generally associated with the prefrontal cortex .	executive functions	What is another term for congitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behavior ?
A combination of behavioural and fMRI studies have demonstrated development of executive functions , that is , cognitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behaviour , which are generally associated with the prefrontal cortex .	prefrontal cortex	Which cortex is commonly associated with the coordination of thoughts and behavior ?
Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual 's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease .	decrease	Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence ?
For example , adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns , proverbs , metaphors , and analogies .	adolescents	Do adolescents or children understand puns , proverbs , metaphors , and analogies most effectively ?
-LRB- Children younger than age nine often can not comprehend sarcasm at all . -RRB-	nine	Children under what age often can not comprehend sarcasm ?
For example , adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns , proverbs , metaphors , and analogies .	higher-order	Are puns , proverbs , metaphors , and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic ?
The appearance of more systematic , abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence .	cognitive	The appearance of more systematic , abstract thinking is a notable aspect of what type of development during adolescence ?
Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior -LRB- car crashes , alcohol , unprotected sex -RRB- , a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking .	risky behavior	Most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to what ?
The behavioral decision-making theory proposes that adolescents and adults both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action .	both	Do adolescents , adults , or both weight the potential rewards and consequences of an action ?
However , research has shown that adolescents seem to give more weight to rewards , particularly social rewards , than do adults .	adolescents	Do adolescents or adults seem to give more weight to rewards ?
The behavioral decision-making theory proposes that adolescents and adults both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action .	behavioral decision-making theory	Which theory proposes that adults and adolescents both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action ?
Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence .	by mid-adolescence	When does differentiation appear fully developed ?
The recognition of inconsistent content in the self-concept is a common source of distress in these years -LRB- see Cognitive dissonance -RRB- , but this distress may benefit adolescents by encouraging structural development .	distress	Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one 's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent ?
Further distinctions in self-concept , called `` differentiation , '' occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others , and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves .	differentiation	When adolescents begin to qualify their traits , what are they demonstrating ?
In 1989 , Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity .	1989	In what year did Troiden propose a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity ?
The first stage , known as sensitization , usually starts in childhood , and is marked by the child 's becoming aware of same-sex attractions .	sensitization	What is Troiden 's first stage of development known as ?
The first stage , known as sensitization , usually starts in childhood , and is marked by the child 's becoming aware of same-sex attractions .	childhood	When does sensitization usually start ?
The second stage , identity confusion , tends to occur a few years later .	identity confusion	In what stage is youth overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation ?
The second stage , identity confusion , tends to occur a few years later .	identity confusion	Troiden 's second stage is referred to as what ?
In same-sex sibling pairs , intimacy increases during early adolescence , then remains stable .	increases	Does intimacy between same-sex siblings increase or decrease during adolescence ?
Siblings are able to act as peers , and may increase one another 's sociability and feelings of self-worth .	increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth	When siblings act as peers , what positive effects are possible ?
Mixed-sex siblings pairs act differently ; siblings drift apart during early adolescent years , but experience an increase in intimacy starting at middle adolescence .	middle adolescence	At what stage to mixed-sex siblings generally experience an increase in intimacy ?
Adolescents tend to associate with `` cliques '' on a small scale and `` crowds '' on a larger scale .	small	Do adolescents associate with `` cliques '' on a large or small scale ?
Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence , they may help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity .	help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity	What are the positive effects that cliques may have on an adolescent ?
During early adolescence , adolescents often associate in cliques , exclusive , single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close .	exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close	How are cliques defined ?
Adolescents tend to associate with `` cliques '' on a small scale and `` crowds '' on a larger scale .	larger	Do adolescents associate with `` crowds '' on a large or small scale ?
When surveyed , 10-45 % of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression .	10-45%	What percentage of adolescents reporting having experienced physical violence in a relationship ?
When surveyed , 10-45 % of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression .	a quarter to a third	What percentage of adolescents reported experiencing psychological aggression ?
Physical aggression in relationships tends to decline from high school through college and young adulthood .	Physical	Hitting , throwing objects , and slaps are examples of what type of aggression ?
In heterosexual couples , there is no significant difference between the rates of male and female aggressors , unlike in adult relationships .	no	In heterosexual adolescent couples , is there a significant difference in the rates of male and female aggressors ?
Physical aggression in relationships tends to decline from high school through college and young adulthood .	decline	Does physical aggression decline or increase during high-school , college , and early adulthood ?
Some research has shown that adolescent participation in family work and routines has a positive influence on the development of an adolescent 's feelings of self-worth , care , and concern for others .	positive	Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth , care , and concern for others ?
Household chores are frequently divided into self-care tasks and family-care tasks .	self-care tasks and family-care tasks	How are household chores frequently divided ?
The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior .	The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities	What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior ?
An adolescent begins to develop a unique belief system through his or her interaction with social , familial , and cultural environments .	interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments	Through what means does an adolescent develop a unique belief system ?
Adolescence is frequently characterized by a transformation of an adolescent 's understanding of the world , the rational direction towards a life course , and the active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority .	Adolescence	The active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority is known as what stage of development ?
While organized religion is not necessarily a part of every adolescent 's life experience , youth are still held responsible for forming a set of beliefs about themselves , the world around them , and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in .	themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in	What things are youth responsible for forming a set of beliefs about during adolescence ?
This process is often accompanied or aided by cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood through a ceremony , ritual , confirmation , or rite of passage .	cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood	Ceremonies , rituals , and confirmations are examples of what ?
Almost all American households have at least one television , more than three-quarters of all adolescents ' homes have access to the Internet , and more than 90 % of American adolescents use the Internet at least occasionally .	more than three-quarters	What percentage of adolescent homes have access to the internet ?
Almost all American households have at least one television , more than three-quarters of all adolescents ' homes have access to the Internet , and more than 90 % of American adolescents use the Internet at least occasionally .	90%	What percentage of adolescents use the internet at least occasionally ?
In the last decade , the amount of time that adolescents spend on the computer has greatly increased .	greatly increased	In the last decade , has the amount oftime adolescents spend on the computer increased or dereased ?
Online activities with the highest rates of use among adolescents are video games -LRB- 78 % of adolescents -RRB- , email -LRB- 73 % -RRB- , instant messaging -LRB- 68 % -RRB- , social networking sites -LRB- 65 % -RRB- , news sources -LRB- 63 % -RRB- , music -LRB- 59 % -RRB- , and videos -LRB- 57 % -RRB- .	(65%)	What percentage of adolescents report using social networking sites ?
Online activities with the highest rates of use among adolescents are video games -LRB- 78 % of adolescents -RRB- , email -LRB- 73 % -RRB- , instant messaging -LRB- 68 % -RRB- , social networking sites -LRB- 65 % -RRB- , news sources -LRB- 63 % -RRB- , music -LRB- 59 % -RRB- , and videos -LRB- 57 % -RRB- .	video games	What online activity has the largest number of reported adolescent particpation ?
Developmental Intervention Science -LRB- DIS -RRB- is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences .	a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences	What is DIS ?
At the decision-making point of their lives , youth is susceptible to drug addiction , sexual abuse , peer pressure , violent crimes and other illegal activities .	drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities	What are some of the negative things adolescents are susceptible to ?
This association conducts youth interventions that mutually assist both the needs of the community as well as psychologically stranded youth by focusing on risky and inappropriate behaviors while promoting positive self-development along with self-esteem among adolescents .	risky and inappropriate behaviors	What does the DIS focus on in adolescents ?
Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence ; as such , the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates .	the substance use of friends and other classmates	What does the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped by ?
Perhaps the strong correlation between peer influence in middle school and cigarette smoking in high school may be explained by the addictive nature of cigarettes , which could lead many students to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence .	addictive nature of cigarettes	What is one possible reasoning behind many students choosing to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence ?
Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence ; as such , the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates .	significantly greater	Do peer acceptance and social norms have a greater or lesser effect on behavior at the onset of adolescence ?
The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions , ranging from 12 to 20 years , as does the age at which people are allowed to marry .	12 to 20 years	What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions ?
Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military , gambling , and the purchase of alcohol , cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels .	enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels	What are other areas in which legal societal age varies ?
Antarctica is considered a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm -LRB- 8 in -RRB- along the coast and far less inland .	desert	What type of land is Antarctica considered to be ?
Antarctica is considered a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm -LRB- 8 in -RRB- along the coast and far less inland .	200 mm (8 in)	What is Antarctica 's annual precipitation along the coast ?
The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 °C -LRB- − 128.6 °F -RRB- , though the average for the third quarter -LRB- the coldest part of the year -RRB- is − 63 °C -LRB- − 81 °F -RRB- .	−63 °C (−81 °F)	What is Antarctica 's average temperature during the coldest part of the year ?
There are no permanent human residents , but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent .	anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000	Approximately how many people live throughout the year at research stations across Antarctica ?
Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae , bacteria , fungi , plants , protista , and certain animals , such as mites , nematodes , penguins , seals and tardigrades .	mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades	What are some animals native to Antarctica ?
Antarctica , on average , is the coldest , driest , and windiest continent , and has the highest average elevation of all the continents .	Antarctica	Which continent is the highest in elevation ?
Antarctica is considered a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm -LRB- 8 in -RRB- along the coast and far less inland .	200 mm	What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica ?
The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 °C -LRB- − 128.6 °F -RRB- , though the average for the third quarter -LRB- the coldest part of the year -RRB- is − 63 °C -LRB- − 81 °F -RRB- .	−63 °C	What is the average coldest temperature ?
The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 °C -LRB- − 128.6 °F -RRB- , though the average for the third quarter -LRB- the coldest part of the year -RRB- is − 63 °C -LRB- − 81 °F -RRB- .	−89.2 °C	What is the coldest recorded temperature ?
Vegetation , where it occurs , is tundra .	tundra	Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica ?
Geologically , West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America .	the Andes mountain range of South America	What does West Antarctica most resemble geologically ?
The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras .	by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments	How was the Antarctic Peninsula formed ?
The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras .	late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic	During what eras was the Antarctic Peninsula formed ?
The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic period .	andesite and rhyolite volcanics	What are the most common rocks found in West Antarctica ?
There is also evidence of volcanic activity , even after the ice sheet had formed , in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island .	Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island	Where has evidence of volcanic activity been discovered in Antarctica ?
Geologically , West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America .	Andes	To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar ?
The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras .	sea bed sediments	An uplift of what formed Antarctica ?
The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras .	early Mesozoic	Starting from the late Paleozoic era , when did Antarctica finish forming ?
The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic period .	andesite and rhyolite	What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica ?
There is also evidence of volcanic activity , even after the ice sheet had formed , in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island .	volcanic	What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets ?
Integral to the story of the origin of the name `` Antarctica '' is how it was not named Terra Australis -- this name was given to Australia instead , and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia .	Australia	What country was given the name Terra Australis instead of Antarctica ?
Explorer Matthew Flinders , in particular , has been credited with popularizing the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia .	Explorer Matthew Flinders	Who was credited with popularizing the use of name Terra Australis to Australia ?
He justified the titling of his book A Voyage to Terra Australis -LRB- 1814 -RRB- by writing in the introduction :	1814	In what year did Matthew Flinders write his book A Voyage to Terra Australis ?
Integral to the story of the origin of the name `` Antarctica '' is how it was not named Terra Australis -- this name was given to Australia instead , and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia .	significant landmass	What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia ?
Explorer Matthew Flinders , in particular , has been credited with popularizing the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia .	Matthew Flinders	What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia ?
He justified the titling of his book A Voyage to Terra Australis -LRB- 1814 -RRB- by writing in the introduction :	A Voyage to Terra Australis	What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia ?
He justified the titling of his book A Voyage to Terra Australis -LRB- 1814 -RRB- by writing in the introduction :	1814	When did Flinders write his book of discovery ?
Integral to the story of the origin of the name `` Antarctica '' is how it was not named Terra Australis -- this name was given to Australia instead , and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia .	mistake	What event caused people to misname Antarctica ?
The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life -LRB- CoML -RRB- and has disclosed some remarkable findings .	Census of Marine Life	Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life ?
A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010 .	International Polar Year	When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica ?
More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions , having bridged the gap of 12,000 km -LRB- 7,456 mi -RRB- .	235	How many sea animals live in Earth 's polar regions ?
Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually .	cetaceans	Besides birds , what large animals travel from one pole to the other ?
Various factors may aid in their distribution -- fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C , and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages .	5 °C	What is the amount of difference in temperature in the deep ocean ?
During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907 , parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole .	Ernest Shackleton	What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica ?
During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907 , parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole .	Edgeworth David	Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus ?
Douglas Mawson , who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return , went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931 .	Douglas Mawson	Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole ?
Douglas Mawson , who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return , went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931 .	1931	When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions ?
An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911 , using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier .	14 December 1911	When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole ?
The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act -LRB- 1978 -RRB- in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica .	1978	When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S. ?
The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty , as can the extraction of any indigenous species .	criminal	What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring ?
The illegal fishing of toothfish has been increasing , with estimates of 32,000 tonnes -LRB- 35,300 short tons -RRB- in 2000 .	32,000	How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000 ?
The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources -LRB- CCAMLR -RRB- , a treaty that came into force in 1980 , requires that regulations managing all Southern Ocean fisheries consider potential effects on the entire Antarctic ecosystem .	1980	When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources come into force ?
The overfishing of krill , which plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem , led officials to enact regulations on fishing .	krill	Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing ?
Small-scale `` expedition tourism '' has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions , but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators -LRB- IAATO -RRB- .	1957	Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica ?
Small-scale `` expedition tourism '' has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions , but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators -LRB- IAATO -RRB- .	Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol	What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to ?
Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO , but IAATO members account for 95 % of the tourist activity .	95%	How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO ?
Travel is largely by small or medium ship , focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife .	small or medium ship	What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours ?
A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006 -- 07 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships .	37,506	How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season ?
The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal .	coal	What is the main mineral found on Antarctica ?
It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition , and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains .	Beardmore Glacier	Where was coal first found on Antarctica ?
It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition , and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains .	Nimrod Expedition	What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica ?
The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore .	Prince Charles Mountains	Where is iron ore found on Antarctica ?
The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore , namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973 .	Ross Sea	Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica ?
On 6 September 2007 , Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station , the world 's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change .	climate change	What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study ?
Costing $ 16.3 million , the prefabricated station , which is part of the International Polar Year , was shipped to the South Pole from Belgium by the end of 2008 to monitor the health of the polar regions .	$16.3 million	How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost ?
On 6 September 2007 , Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station , the world 's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change .	zero-emissions	What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature ?
Costing $ 16.3 million , the prefabricated station , which is part of the International Polar Year , was shipped to the South Pole from Belgium by the end of 2008 to monitor the health of the polar regions .	Belgium	From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped ?
Johan Berte is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project which conducts research in climatology , glaciology and microbiology .	Johan Berte	Who is the leader of the station design team ?
Melting of floating ice shelves -LRB- ice that originated on the land -RRB- does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise -LRB- since the ice displaces only its own mass of water -RRB- .	floating ice shelves	What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea ?
Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica , especially along the Antarctic Peninsula .	collapses	What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica ?
Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica , especially along the Antarctic Peninsula .	Antarctic Peninsula	Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves ?
Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass .	glacial outflow	What could the displacement of ice cause ?
This effect is offset by snow falling back onto the continent .	snow falling	What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves ?
The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form .	vegetation	What can not grow extensively in Antarctica ?
A combination of freezing temperatures , poor soil quality , lack of moisture , and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth .	plant growth	What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit ?
As a result , the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution .	diversity of plant life	hat is low and limited in Antarctica ?
There are about 100 species of mosses and 25 species of liverworts , but only three species of flowering plants , all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula : Deschampsia antarctica -LRB- Antarctic hair grass -RRB- , Colobanthus quitensis -LRB- Antarctic pearlwort -RRB- and the non-native Poa annua -LRB- annual bluegrass -RRB- .	100	How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica ?
New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole .	1959	Since what year have claims been suspended in Antarctica ?
Antarctica 's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements , collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System .	Antarctic Treaty System	What document regulates Antarctica 's status ?
Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60 ° S for the purposes of the Treaty System .	south of 60° S	What latitude is defined as being Antarctica 's border ?
The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union -LRB- and later Russia -RRB- , the United Kingdom , Argentina , Chile , Australia , and the United States .	twelve	How many countries signed the treaty protecting Antarctica from claims ?
It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve , established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection , and banned military activity on Antarctica .	scientific preserve	What does the treaty set Antarctica aside as ?
European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook 's ships , HMS Resolution and Adventure , crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773 , in December 1773 and again in January 1774 .	17 January 1773	When did Cook 's ships cross the Antarctic circle ?
Cook came within about 120 km -LRB- 75 mi -RRB- of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773 .	field ice	What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica ?
According to various organizations -LRB- the National Science Foundation , NASA , the University of California , San Diego , and other sources -RRB- , ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in 1820 : von Bellingshausen -LRB- a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy -RRB- , Edward Bransfield -LRB- a captain in the Royal Navy -RRB- , and Nathaniel Palmer -LRB- a sealer out of Stonington , Connecticut -RRB- .	three	How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820 ?
The expedition led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny reached a point within 32 km -LRB- 20 mi -RRB- from Queen Maud 's Land and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69 ° 21 ′ 28 ″ S 2 ° 14 ′ 50 ″ W / 69.35778 ° S 2.24722 ° W / -69.35778 ; -2.24722 , which became known as the Fimbul ice shelf .	32 km	How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica ?
The first recorded and confirmed landing was at Cape Adair in 1895 .	1895	When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica ?
Since the 1970s , an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica .	ozone layer	What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s ?
In 1985 , three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer .	1985	When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer ?
In 1985 , three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer .	Brunt Ice Shelf	Where in Antarctica is Halley Station ?
It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by chlorofluorocarbons -LRB- CFCs -RRB- emitted by human products .	chlorofluorocarbons	What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone ?
With the ban of CFCs in the Montreal Protocol of 1989 , climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070 .	Montreal Protocol	What agreement banned the use of CFC s ?
During the Cambrian period , Gondwana had a mild climate .	mild	What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period ?
West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere , and during this period large amounts of sandstones , limestones and shales were deposited .	Northern	In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian ?
East Antarctica was at the equator , where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas .	equator	Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period ?
By the start of the Devonian period -LRB- 416 Ma -RRB- , Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler , though fossils of land plants are known from this time .	cooler	What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period ?
Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period -LRB- 360 Ma -RRB- , as Gondwana became centered on the South Pole and the climate cooled , though flora remained .	South Pole	Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period ?
Antarctica -LRB- US English i / æntˈɑːrktɪkə / , UK English / ænˈtɑːktɪkə / or / ænˈtɑːtɪkə / or / ænˈɑːtɪkə / -RRB- -LSB- Note 1 -RSB- is Earth 's southernmost continent , containing the geographic South Pole .	Antarctica	What is the Earth 's most southern continent ?
Antarctica -LRB- US English i / æntˈɑːrktɪkə / , UK English / ænˈtɑːktɪkə / or / ænˈtɑːtɪkə / or / ænˈɑːtɪkə / -RRB- -LSB- Note 1 -RSB- is Earth 's southernmost continent , containing the geographic South Pole .	South Pole	Which pole is located in Antarctica ?
It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean .	Southern Ocean	What ocean surrounds Antarctica ?
At 14,000,000 square kilometres -LRB- 5,400,000 square miles -RRB- , it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia , Africa , North America , and South America .	14,000,000 square kilometres	What is the size of Antarctica ?
About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km -LRB- 1.2 mi ; 6,200 ft -RRB- in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula .	98%	How much of Antarctica is ice covered ?
Antarctica is the coldest of Earth 's continents .	Antarctica	Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth ?
The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was − 89.2 °C -LRB- − 128.6 °F -RRB- at the Soviet -LRB- now Russian -RRB- Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983 .	−89.2 °C	What was the coldest temperature ever recorded ?
The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was − 89.2 °C -LRB- − 128.6 °F -RRB- at the Soviet -LRB- now Russian -RRB- Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983 .	21 July 1983	On what date was the Earth 's coldest temperature recorded ?
Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation ; the South Pole itself receives less than 10 cm -LRB- 4 in -RRB- per year , on average .	frozen desert	What is Antarctica topographically ?
Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it .	Sunburn	What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica ?
Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. .	Aristotle	Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C. ?
The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius -LRB- 1 -- 2 centuries A.D. -RRB- used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus , from which derived the Old French pole antartike -LRB- modern pôle antarctique -RRB- attested in 1270 , and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer -LRB- modern Antarctic Pole -RRB- .	polus antarcticus	What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole ?
Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. .	Marinus of Tyre	What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D. ?
The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius -LRB- 1 -- 2 centuries A.D. -RRB- used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus , from which derived the Old French pole antartike -LRB- modern pôle antarctique -RRB- attested in 1270 , and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer -LRB- modern Antarctic Pole -RRB- .	pol antartik	What did Chaucer call the area in 1391 ?
The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius -LRB- 1 -- 2 centuries A.D. -RRB- used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus , from which derived the Old French pole antartike -LRB- modern pôle antarctique -RRB- attested in 1270 , and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer -LRB- modern Antarctic Pole -RRB- .	pole antartike	What was the old French words for the Antarctic ?
Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica -LRB- and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere -RRB- .	climatic change	In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ?
Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the local stratosphere .	6 °C	How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica ?
Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere .	ultraviolet radiation	What light does ozone absorb ?
As a result , the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures , and the peripheral areas of Antarctica , especially the Antarctic Peninsula , are subject to higher temperatures , which promote accelerated melting .	accelerated melting	What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice ?
Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent .	Several governments	Who has research stations in Antarctica ?
The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer , giving it a population density between 70 and 350 inhabitants per million square kilometres -LRB- 180 and 900 per million square miles -RRB- at these times .	between 70 and 350	What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica ?
Many of the stations are staffed year-round , the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment .	one-year	About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica ?
An Orthodox church -- Trinity Church , opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station -- is manned year-round by one or two priests , who are similarly rotated every year .	Bellingshausen Station	What station has an Orthodox church representative ?
An Orthodox church -- Trinity Church , opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station -- is manned year-round by one or two priests , who are similarly rotated every year .	2004	When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station ?
Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle , Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean ; alternatively , it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans , or by the southern waters of the World Ocean .	Antarctica	What is the southern most continent ?
It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 -LRB- 5,400,000 sq mi -RRB- , making it the fifth-largest continent , about 1.3 times as large as Europe .	5,400,000	What is the size of Antarctica in square miles ?
It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 -LRB- 5,400,000 sq mi -RRB- , making it the fifth-largest continent , about 1.3 times as large as Europe .	fifth-largest	What is Antarctica 's ranking among the continents ?
The coastline measures 17,968 km -LRB- 11,165 mi -RRB- and is mostly characterized by ice formations , as the following table shows :	11,165	How many miles long is Antarctica 's coast line ?
Some species of marine animals exist and rely , directly or indirectly , on the phytoplankton .	phytoplankton	What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live ?
The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica , while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin .	winter	During what season does the emperor penguin breed ?
The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica , while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin .	emperor penguin	What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica ?
The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes , giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes .	feathers	What feature does the rockhopper penguin have around its eyes ?
The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica , while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin .	Adélie	Which penguin breeds the furterest south of all the penguin breeds ?
Vinson Massif , the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m -LRB- 16,050 ft -RRB- , is located in the Ellsworth Mountains .	Vinson Massif	What is the highest peak in Antarctica ?
Vinson Massif , the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m -LRB- 16,050 ft -RRB- , is located in the Ellsworth Mountains .	4,892 m	How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif ?
Vinson Massif , the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m -LRB- 16,050 ft -RRB- , is located in the Ellsworth Mountains .	Ellsworth Mountains	In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif ?
In 2004 , a potentially active underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers .	underwater	What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers ?
Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world 's southernmost active volcano .	Mount Erebus	What is the Earth 's most southern volcano ?
In 1983 , the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica .	1983	When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica ?
In 1988 , the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources -LRB- CRAMRA -RRB- was adopted .	1988	When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon ?
A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region , led largely by Greenpeace International , which established its own scientific station -- World Park Base -- in the Ross Sea region and conducted annual expeditions to document environmental effects of humans on Antarctica .	Greenpeace International,	What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica ?
The following year , however , Australia and France announced that they would not ratify the convention , rendering it dead for all intents and purposes .	Australia and France	Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica ?
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty -LRB- the `` Madrid Protocol '' -RRB- was negotiated as other countries followed suit and on 14 January 1998 it entered into force .	Madrid Protocol	What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France ?
As a result of continued warming , the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert .	desert	What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted ?
In Eastern Antarctica , seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time .	pteridosperms	What plants were abundant during this time ?
Synapsids , commonly known as `` mammal-like reptiles '' , were common in Antarctica during the Early Triassic and included forms such as Lystrosaurus .	Synapsids	What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic ?
The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period -LRB- 206 -- 146 Ma -RRB- , and islands gradually rose out of the ocean .	Jurassic period	When did the Antarctic peninsula form ?
In West Antarctica , coniferous forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period -LRB- 146 -- 66 Ma -RRB- , though southern beech became more prominent towards the end of this period .	Cretaceous	During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart ?
Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system ; most are thought to come from asteroids , but some may have originated on larger planets .	Meteorites	What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica ?
Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system ; most are thought to come from asteroids , but some may have originated on larger planets .	asteroids	What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites ?
The first meteorite was found in 1912 , and named the Adelie Land meteorite .	1912	When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica ?
In 1969 , a Japanese expedition discovered nine meteorites .	Japanese	What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969 ?
Compared with meteorites collected in more temperate regions on Earth , the Antarctic meteorites are well-preserved .	well-preserved.	What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places ?
Due to its location at the South Pole , Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation .	South Pole	What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation ?
This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice .	ice	In what condition is most water in the Antarctica ?
Precipitation is low -LRB- most of Antarctica is a desert -RRB- and almost always in the form of snow , which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet which covers the land .	snow	What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic ?
Precipitation is low -LRB- most of Antarctica is a desert -RRB- and almost always in the form of snow , which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet which covers the land .	giant ice sheet	What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce ?
Parts of this ice sheet form moving glaciers known as ice streams , which flow towards the edges of the continent .	glaciers	What are ice streams otherwise called ?
The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica -LRB- areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence -RRB- were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia , from 1786 onward .	South Georgia	Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live ?
The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica -LRB- areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence -RRB- were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia , from 1786 onward .	1786	In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia ?
The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica -LRB- areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence -RRB- were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia , from 1786 onward .	sealers	What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia ?
Most of the whalers were Norwegian , with an increasing proportion of Britons .	Norwegian	What was the nationality of most whalers ?
Among them was the founder of Grytviken , Captain Carl Anton Larsen , a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who , along with his family , adopted British citizenship in 1910 .	1910	When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen ?
Some of Antarctica has been warming up ; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula .	Antarctic Peninsula	Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed ?
There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions , but this remains ambiguous .	carbon dioxide emissions	What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming ?
This study also noted that West Antarctica has warmed by more than 0.1 °C -LRB- 0.2 °F -RRB- per decade in the last 50 years , and this warming is strongest in winter and spring .	0.1 °C	How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years ?
Instead the recent increases in glacier outflow are believed to be due to an inflow of warm water from the deep ocean , just off the continental shelf .	inflow of warm water	What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow ?
The net contribution to sea level from the Antarctic Peninsula is more likely to be a direct result of the much greater atmospheric warming there .	atmospheric warming	What is the thinking of the cause of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level .
The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom .	Antarctic fur seal	What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries ?
The Weddell seal , a `` true seal '' , is named after Sir James Weddell , commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea .	British sealing expeditions	What did Sir James Weddell command ?
The Weddell seal , a `` true seal '' , is named after Sir James Weddell , commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea .	Sir James Weddell	For whom is the Weddell seal named ?
Antarctic krill , which congregate in large schools , is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean , and is an important food organism for whales , seals , leopard seals , fur seals , squid , icefish , penguins , albatrosses and many other birds .	Antarctic krill	What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean ?
Antarctic krill , which congregate in large schools , is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean , and is an important food organism for whales , seals , leopard seals , fur seals , squid , icefish , penguins , albatrosses and many other birds .	important food	Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area ?
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty -LRB- also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol -RRB- came into force in 1998 , and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica .	1998	When did the Environmental Protocol become effective ?
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty -LRB- also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol -RRB- came into force in 1998 , and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica .	conservation	What is the main concern of the Protocol ?
A major concern within this committee is the risk to Antarctica from unintentional introduction of non-native species from outside the region .	non-native species	What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica ?
The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environmental and conservation issues in Antarctica by the Committee for Environmental Protection .	Committee for Environmental Protection	What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting ?
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty -LRB- also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol -RRB- came into force in 1998 , and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica .	biodiversity	Besides conservation , what is the Environmental Protocol 's goal to manage ?
The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources .	resources	What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate ?
In 1998 , a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining , to be reviewed in 2048 , further limiting economic development and exploitation .	1998	In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica ?
In 1998 , a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining , to be reviewed in 2048 , further limiting economic development and exploitation .	2048	When will the mining ban be reviewed ?
The primary economic activity is the capture and offshore trading of fish .	trading of fish	What is the major economic activity near Antarctica ?
Antarctic fisheries in 2000 -- 01 reported landing 112,934 tonnes .	112,934 tonnes	How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01 ?
This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets .	better understanding	How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system ?
Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon , and probably Mars , by impacts .	Moon	From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come ?
New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found .	New types	Beside rare types of meteorites , what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica ?
These specimens , particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET , are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars .	Mars	About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data ?
Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation , the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies .	cosmic radiation	What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is ?
In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula 's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed .	2002	When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse ?
Between 28 February and 8 March 2008 , about 570 km2 -LRB- 220 sq mi -RRB- of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed , putting the remaining 15,000 km2 -LRB- 5,800 sq mi -RRB- of the ice shelf at risk .	Wilkins Ice Shelf	What Antarctic ice shelf collapsed in 2008 ?
According to NASA , the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005 , when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze ; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C -LRB- 41 °F -RRB- .	California	How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze ?
According to NASA , the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005 , when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze ; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C -LRB- 41 °F -RRB- .	2005	When did the most widespread melting of ice occur ?
According to NASA , the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005 , when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze ; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C -LRB- 41 °F -RRB- .	5 °C	How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting ?
Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century .	19th century	When was the first time humans visited Antarctica ?
However , belief in the existence of a Terra Australis -- a vast continent in the far south of the globe to `` balance '' the northern lands of Europe , Asia and North Africa -- had existed since the times of Ptolemy -LRB- 1st century AD -RRB- , who suggested the idea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world .	balance	What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers ?
However , belief in the existence of a Terra Australis -- a vast continent in the far south of the globe to `` balance '' the northern lands of Europe , Asia and North Africa -- had existed since the times of Ptolemy -LRB- 1st century AD -RRB- , who suggested the idea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world .	symmetry	What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass would do to preserve ?
Even in the late 17th century , after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled `` Antarctica '' , geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size .	Antarctica	Of what did early explores think Australia and South America were part ?
Even in the late 17th century , after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled `` Antarctica '' , geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size .	larger	Early geographers thought that Antarctica was what in size ?
About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km -LRB- 1.0 mi -RRB- thick .	98%	How much of Antarctica is covered by ice ?
The continent has about 90 % of the world 's ice -LRB- and thereby about 70 % of the world 's fresh water -RRB- .	90%	How much of Earth 's ice is in Antarctica ?
About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km -LRB- 1.0 mi -RRB- thick .	1.6 km	How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica ?
The continent has about 90 % of the world 's ice -LRB- and thereby about 70 % of the world 's fresh water -RRB- .	70%	How much of the Earth 's fresh water is held in Antarctica ?
In most of the interior of the continent , precipitation is very low , down to 20 mm -LRB- 0.8 in -RRB- per year ; in a few `` blue ice '' areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative .	20 mm	What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica ?
There is some evidence , in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m -LRB- 1,300 ft -RRB- above the water line , that Lake Vostok 's waters may contain microbial life .	Lake Vostok	What lake is thought to contain microbial life ?
The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter 's moon , Europa .	Europa	To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble ?
The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter 's moon , Europa .	Jupiter's moon	With what is Europa associated ??
On 7 February 2008 , a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee , searching for extremophiles in its highly alkaline waters .	7 February 2008	When did NASA go on an expedition to Lake Untersee ?
On 7 February 2008 , a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee , searching for extremophiles in its highly alkaline waters .	extremophiles	For what was NASA searching ?
Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic , around 160 Ma , followed by the Indian subcontinent in the early Cretaceous -LRB- about 125 Ma -RRB- .	Jurassic	In what period did Africa beak off from Antarctica ?
By the end of the Cretaceous , about 66 Ma , Antarctica -LRB- then connected to Australia -RRB- still had a subtropical climate and flora , complete with a marsupial fauna .	end of the Cretaceous	When was Antarctica still joined to Australia ?
By the end of the Cretaceous , about 66 Ma , Antarctica -LRB- then connected to Australia -RRB- still had a subtropical climate and flora , complete with a marsupial fauna .	subtropical	What type of climate did Antarctica have in the Cretaceous period ?
In the Eocene epoch , about 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica , so that latitudinal currents could isolate Antarctica from Australia , and the first ice began to appear .	Eocene epoch	When did Australia separate from Antarctica ?
In the Eocene epoch , about 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica , so that latitudinal currents could isolate Antarctica from Australia , and the first ice began to appear .	ice	After the division from Australia , what began to appear ?
Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons .	Antarctica	Which of the the poles is colder ?
First , much of the continent is more than 3,000 m -LRB- 9,800 ft -RRB- above sea level , and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere .	3,000 m	How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level ?
Second , the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone : the ocean 's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica .	warmth is transferred	How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic ?
The orbital distance contributes to a colder Antarctic winter -LRB- and a warmer Antarctic summer -RRB- but the first two effects have more impact .	orbital distance	What contributes to the Antarctic cold ?
First , much of the continent is more than 3,000 m -LRB- 9,800 ft -RRB- above sea level , and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere .	decreases	What does temperature do with elevation ?
Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south -LRB- the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty -RRB- , as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland , in 1978 at Base Esperanza , on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula ; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life .	Emilio Marcos Palma	Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel ?
Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south -LRB- the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty -RRB- , as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland , in 1978 at Base Esperanza , on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula ; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life .	60th parallel south	Where is the continental limit of Antarctica ?
Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south -LRB- the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty -RRB- , as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland , in 1978 at Base Esperanza , on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula ; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life .	1978	When was Palma born ?
Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south -LRB- the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty -RRB- , as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland , in 1978 at Base Esperanza , on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula ; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life .	suitable for family life	What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine ?
About 1150 species of fungi have been recorded from Antarctica , of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming and 400 are lichen-forming .	1150	How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica ?
Some of these species are cryptoendoliths as a result of evolution under extreme conditions , and have significantly contributed to shaping the impressive rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges .	cryptoendoliths	What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica ?
About 1150 species of fungi have been recorded from Antarctica , of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming and 400 are lichen-forming .	400	How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming ?
Those features can also be observed in algae and cyanobacteria , suggesting that these are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica .	adaptations	What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms ?
This has led to speculation that , if life ever occurred on Mars , it might have looked similar to Antarctic fungi such as Cryomyces minteri .	similar to Antarctic	How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved ?
On 18 December 2012 , the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II 's Diamond Jubilee .	Queen Elizabeth Land	What did the British claim in 2012 ?
On 18 December 2012 , the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II 's Diamond Jubilee .	Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee	To what was the claim of land in tribute ?
On 22 December 2012 , the UK ambassador to Argentina , John Freeman , was summoned to the Argentine government as protest against the claim .	protest	What was the response of the Argentine response to the British land claim ?
On 18 December 2012 , the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II 's Diamond Jubilee .	18 December 2012	When did the British claim Queen Elizabeth Land in Antarctica ?
Argentine -- UK relations had previously been damaged throughout 2012 due to disputes over the sovereignty of the nearby Falkland Islands , and the 30th anniversary of the Falklands War .	Falklands War	Of what war was 2012 the anniversary ?
There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors .	visitors	The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica ?
Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota .	stricter regulations	What do environmentalists want enacted ?
Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota .	tourism quota	What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists ?
The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop , through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO , `` site use guidelines '' setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites .	site use guidelines	What have the authorities produced in response to these requests ?
Antarctic sightseeing flights -LRB- which did not land -RRB- operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the fatal crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 on Mount Erebus , which killed all 257 aboard .	1979	When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus ?
Geologists tend to study plate tectonics , meteorites from outer space , and resources from the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana .	Geologists	What group of scientists study tectonics ?
Biologists , in addition to examining the wildlife , are interested in how harsh temperatures and the presence of people affect adaptation and survival strategies in a wide variety of organisms .	Biologists	Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans ?
Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice , seasonal snow , glaciers , and ice sheets .	Glaciologists	Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice ?
Many astronomical observations are better made from the interior of Antarctica than from most surface locations because of the high elevation , which results in a thin atmosphere ; low temperature , which minimizes the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere ; and absence of light pollution , thus allowing for a view of space clearer than anywhere else on Earth .	astronomical	What kind of observations use the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space ?
Antarctic ice serves as both the shield and the detection medium for the largest neutrino telescope in the world , built 2 km -LRB- 1.2 mi -RRB- below Amundsen -- Scott station .	Amundsen–Scott station.	Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth ?
According to the apocryphal Gospel of James , Mary was the daughter of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne .	Saint Joachim and Saint Anne	Who were Mary 's parents ?
Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old , much like Hannah took Samuel to the Tabernacle as recorded in the Old Testament .	three years old	How old was Mary when she was consecrated as a virgin ?
Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph , Mary was 12 -- 14 years old , and he was thirty years old , but such accounts are unreliable .	Joseph	Who was Mary betrothed to ?
Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph , Mary was 12 -- 14 years old , and he was thirty years old , but such accounts are unreliable .	12–14 years old	When she was betrothed to Joseph , approximately how old was Mary ?
Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old , much like Hannah took Samuel to the Tabernacle as recorded in the Old Testament .	the Temple in Jerusalem	Where was Mary consecrated as a virgin ?
The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary 's life with the Annunciation , when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus .	Gabriel	Which angel appeared to Mary ?
According to Apocryphal writings , at some time soon after her death , her incorrupt body was assumed directly into Heaven , to be reunited with her soul , and the apostles thereupon found the tomb empty ; this is known in Christian teaching as the Assumption .	assumed directly into Heaven	What happened to Mary 's body at death ?
The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary 's life with the Annunciation , when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus .	her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus	What did Gabriel announce to Mary at the Annunciation ?
The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary 's life with the Annunciation , when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus .	mother of Jesus	How was Mary related to Jesus ?
The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary 's life with the Annunciation , when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus .	Gospel of Luke	Which goespel begins its story of Mary with the Annunciation ?
The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption , which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus .	1950	When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church ?
The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption , which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus .	Munificentissimus Deus	In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined ?
The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption , which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus .	Pope Pius XII	Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus ?
In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed , and celebrated with her Dormition , where they believe she died .	Eastern Orthodox Church	Other than the Roman Catholic Church , which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true ?
The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven .	Dormition	What is another name for the Assumption of Mary ?
After Mary continued in the `` blood of her purifying '' another 33 days for a total of 40 days , she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem , -LSB- Luke 2:22 -RSB- so the priest could make atonement for her sins , being cleansed from her blood .	40 days	How long in total was the `` blood of her purifying '' for Mary ?
After Mary continued in the `` blood of her purifying '' another 33 days for a total of 40 days , she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem , -LSB- Luke 2:22 -RSB- so the priest could make atonement for her sins , being cleansed from her blood .	the Temple in Jerusalem	Where did Mary bring a burnt offering and sin offering ?
-LSB- Leviticus 12:1 -8 -RSB- They also presented Jesus -- `` As it is written in the law of the Lord , Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord '' -LRB- Luke 2:23 other verses -RRB- .	Jesus	Who was presented at the Temple in Jerusalem ?
After the prophecies of Simeon and the prophetess Anna in Luke 2:25 -38 concluded , Joseph and Mary took Jesus and `` returned into Galilee , to their own city Nazareth '' .	Simeon and the prophetess Anna in	Who prophesized in Luke 2:25 -38 ?
After the prophecies of Simeon and the prophetess Anna in Luke 2:25 -38 concluded , Joseph and Mary took Jesus and `` returned into Galilee , to their own city Nazareth '' .	Nazareth	To which Galilean city did Joseph and Mary take Jesus ?
According to the writer of Luke , Mary was a relative of Elizabeth , wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah , who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi .	priest	What was Zechariah 's occupation ?
According to the writer of Luke , Mary was a relative of Elizabeth , wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah , who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi .	Levi	Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to ?
-LRB- Aaron 's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah , so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah . -RRB-	Elisheba	Who was Aaron 's wife ?
-LRB- Aaron 's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah , so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah . -RRB-	Judah	Which tribe did Elisheba belong to ?
-LSB- Luke 1:5 ; 1:36 -RSB- Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side , consider that Mary , like Joseph , to whom she was betrothed , was of the House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah , and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan , third son of David and Bathsheba , is in fact the genealogy of Mary , -LSB- need quotation to verify -RSB- while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph .	Nathan	Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba ?
Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near `` the disciple whom Jesus loved '' along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene , -LSB- Jn 19:25 -26 -RSB- to which list Matthew 27:56 adds `` the mother of the sons of Zebedee '' , presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40 .	Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene	Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus ?
While not recorded in the Gospel accounts , Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art , called a `` pietà '' or `` pity '' .	pietà	In art , what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus ?
Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near `` the disciple whom Jesus loved '' along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene , -LSB- Jn 19:25 -26 -RSB- to which list Matthew 27:56 adds `` the mother of the sons of Zebedee '' , presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40 .	Salome	In Matthew , who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion ?
While not recorded in the Gospel accounts , Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art , called a `` pietà '' or `` pity '' .	pity	What does pieta mean ?
This representation is called a Stabat Mater .	a Stabat Mater	What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called ?
`` When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary , one may initially observe iconographic similarities .	Isis	Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to ?
`` When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary , one may initially observe iconographic similarities .	Egyptian	What type of goddess is Isis ?
These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary .	iconographic	What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary ?
In the 19th century , a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found , based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich , an Augustinian nun in Germany .	Turkey	In which country is Ephesus ?
In the 19th century , a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found , based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich , an Augustinian nun in Germany .	Anne Catherine Emmerich	Whose visions led to the identification of the House of the Virgin Mary ?
The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with the Disciple whom Jesus loved , -LSB- Jn 19:27 -RSB- identified as John the Evangelist .	John the Evangelist	Which disciple is known as `` the Disciple whom Jesus loved ? ''
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Irenaeus and Eusebius of Caesarea wrote in their histories that John later went to Ephesus , which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary also lived in Ephesus with John .	John	With whom is it believed that Mary lived with in Ephesus ?
In the 19th century , a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found , based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich , an Augustinian nun in Germany .	19th	In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found ?
Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary , given that the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents , and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same .	787	In which year was the Second Council of Nicea ?
Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary , given that the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents , and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same .	842	In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary ?
The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church .	icon of the Virgin Theotokos	Which icon is most venerated in the Orthodox Church ?
There is a long tradition of Roman Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child .	Marian art	What is the name given to artistic depictions of Mary ?
According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice , however , believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat , two-dimensional icons , and not three-dimensional statues .	flat, two-dimensional icons	In the Orthodox church , what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before ?
Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary , the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death .	Ephesus	Where is the site of the first Church dedicated to Mary ?
Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess .	Artemis	Which goddess was worshipped in Ephesus before Mary ?
According to William E. Phipps , in the book Survivals of Roman Religion `` Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary . ''	William E. Phipps	Who was the author of the book , `` Survivals of Roman Religion ? ''
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus being regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th Century .	Queen Theodora	Which Queen furthered the cult of Mary in the 6th Century ?
Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary , the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death .	Ephesus	Where was Mary rumored to have died ?
Some titles have a Biblical basis , for instance the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus , who was sometimes referred to as the `` King of Kings '' due to his lineage of King David .	King David	Jesus was known as the `` King of Kings '' because of his lieage from who ?
Other titles have arisen from reported miracles , special appeals or occasions for calling on Mary , e.g. , Our Lady of Good Counsel , Our Lady of Navigators or Our Lady of Ransom who protects captives .	Our Lady of Ransom	Which name is given to Mary because of her role as a protector of captives ?
Some titles have a Biblical basis , for instance the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus , who was sometimes referred to as the `` King of Kings '' due to his lineage of King David .	Mary	Who was the mother of Jesus ?
The biblical basis for the term Queen can be seen in the Gospel of Luke 1:32 and the Book of Isaiah 9:6 , and Queen Mother from 1 Kings 2:19 -20 and Jeremiah 13:18 -19 .	Luke	Which New Testament book provides a basis for the term Queen when referring to Mary ?
Despite Martin Luther 's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints , theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church .	Martin Luther	Who wrote polemics regarding Roman Catholic beliefs about Mary ?
Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther , some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854 , was a firm adherent of that view .	1854	In which year was the Immaculate Conception dogmatized ?
Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther , some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854 , was a firm adherent of that view .	Pope Pius IX	Which pope was responsible for the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception ?
He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos or Mother of God .	Mother of God	What does Theotokos mean ?
His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death :	Wittenberg	Where did Martin Luther preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death ?
While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15 , some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the Theotokos , and may do so on August 28 , if they follow the Julian calendar .	August 15	On what date does the Catholic Church celebrate the Feast of the Assumption ?
While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15 , some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the Theotokos , and may do so on August 28 , if they follow the Julian calendar .	Dormition of the Theotokos	What do Eastern Catholics call the Feast of the Assumption ?
While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15 , some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the Theotokos , and may do so on August 28 , if they follow the Julian calendar .	August 28	On what date of the Julian calendar do Eastern Catholics celebrate the Domition of the Theotokos ?
The Eastern Orthodox also celebrate it as the Dormition of the Theotokos , one of their 12 Great Feasts .	12	How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate ?
Protestants do not celebrate this , or any other Marian feasts .	do not	Do Protestants celebrate Marian feasts or not ?
In paintings , Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue .	blue	Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings ?
A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe , the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli , a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold .	lapis lazuli	What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe ?
A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe , the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli , a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold .	Afghanistan	From which country was lapis lazuli imported ?
A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe , the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli , a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold .	gold	Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal ?
This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire , from c. 500 AD , where blue was `` the colour of an empress '' .	Byzantine Empire	Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue ?
Nontrinitarians , such as Unitarians , Christadelphians and Jehovah 's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ , but do not recognise Marian titles such as `` Mother of God '' as these groups generally reject Christ 's divinity .	biological mother	According to Nontrinitarian belief , what is Mary 's relationship to Jesus ?
Emanuel Swedenborg says God as he is in himself could not directly approach evil spirits to redeem those spirits without destroying them -LRB- Exodus 33:20 , John 1:18 -RRB- , so God impregnated Mary , who gave Jesus Christ access to the evil heredity of the human race , which he could approach , redeem and save .	Emanuel Swedenborg	Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God can not approach eveil spirits to redeem them ?
Nontrinitarians , such as Unitarians , Christadelphians and Jehovah 's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ , but do not recognise Marian titles such as `` Mother of God '' as these groups generally reject Christ 's divinity .	Nontrinitarians	Unittarians , Christadelphians and Jehovah 's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church ?
Nontrinitarians , such as Unitarians , Christadelphians and Jehovah 's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ , but do not recognise Marian titles such as `` Mother of God '' as these groups generally reject Christ 's divinity .	Marian	`` Mother of God '' is an example of what kind of title ?
The Qur ` an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam -LRB- Mary -RRB- in two places , Qur ` an 3:35 -- 47 and 19:16 -- 34 .	Maryam	By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur ` an ?
The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke , and both of these -LRB- Luke , Sura 19 -RRB- begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya -LRB- Zecharias -RRB- and Good News of the birth of Yahya -LRB- John -RRB- , followed by the account of the annunciation .	19	Which Sura in the Qur ` an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya ?
The Qur ` an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam -LRB- Mary -RRB- in two places , Qur ` an 3:35 -- 47 and 19:16 -- 34 .	two	In how many places does the Qur ` an give detailed accounts of Mary ?
The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke , and both of these -LRB- Luke , Sura 19 -RRB- begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya -LRB- Zecharias -RRB- and Good News of the birth of Yahya -LRB- John -RRB- , followed by the account of the annunciation .	Luke	Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur ` an ?
The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke , and both of these -LRB- Luke , Sura 19 -RRB- begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya -LRB- Zecharias -RRB- and Good News of the birth of Yahya -LRB- John -RRB- , followed by the account of the annunciation .	Zakariya	Who was visited by an angel in Sura 19 of the Qur ` an ?
The term Ever-Virgin -LRB- Greek ἀειπάρθενος -RRB- is applied in this case , stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life , making Jesus her biological and only son , whose conception and birth are held to be miraculous .	Ever-Virgin	What term is used to describe the belief that Mary remained a virgin for her entire life ?
While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus ' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed , step-siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed , Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus ' cousins .	Jerome	Which Latin father described the belief that Jesus ' siblings were his cousins ?
While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus ' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed , step-siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed , Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus ' cousins .	Orthodox Churches	Which churches teach that Jesus ' brothers and sister were step-siblings from a previous marriage of Joseph the Betrothed ?
While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus ' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed , step-siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed , Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus ' cousins .	Protoevangelium of James	What document teaches that Jesus ' brothers and sisters were older children of Joseph from a previous marriage ?
The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary 's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man .	The Perpetual Virginity of Mary	Which doctrine describes the belief that Mary remained a virgin , even though she gave birth to Jesus ?
Within the Orthodox tradition , the order of the saints begins with : The Theotokos , Angels , Prophets , Apostles , Fathers , Martyrs , etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels .	Angels	In Orthodox tradition , what comes next in precdence after The Theotokos in the order of the saints ?
The Theotokia -LRB- i.e. , hymns to the Theotokos -RRB- are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ .	The Theotokia	What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition ?
The Theotokia -LRB- i.e. , hymns to the Theotokos -RRB- are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ .	the Theotokos	In the liturgical sequences of the Eastern Church , who is placed next in prominence after Christ ?
She is also proclaimed as the `` Lady of the Angels '' .	"Lady of the Angels"	What is Mary proclaimed to be in the Orthodox tradition ?
The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ 's birth .	a virgin	What do the Orthodox believe Mary remained to be before and after she gave birth to Christ ?
The multiple churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church -LRB- the Church of England -RRB- understands itself to be both `` catholic '' and `` Reformed '' .	the Church of England	What is the mother church of the Angican Communion ?
Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large , the Anglican Communion -LRB- which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States -RRB- includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary .	the Episcopal Church	Which church in the United States is associated with the Angican Communion ?
Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large , the Anglican Communion -LRB- which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States -RRB- includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary .	veneration of Mary	What practice differentiates the Angican Communon from Protestant churches at large ?
Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large , the Anglican Communion -LRB- which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States -RRB- includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary .	Protestant	What branch of Christianity does the Angican Communion fall under ?
Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants ; but , they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary .	venerating Mary	For what practice did the first Protestants criticize the Roman Catholics ?
Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century , as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics , Protestant interest in Mary decreased .	16th	In which century did the Council of Trent occur ?
During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared , although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her .	Anglicans and Lutherans	Which Protestant churches still honor Mary ?
During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared , although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her .	Age of the Enlightenment	During which historical era did Protestant interest in Mary almost disappear ?
Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century , as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics , Protestant interest in Mary decreased .	Catholics	Marian veneration became associated with which Christians after the Council of Trent ?
As such , Methodists believe that Mary was conceived in her womb through the Holy Ghost and accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth , although they , along with Orthodox Christians and other Protestant Christians , reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception .	the Immaculate Conception	Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject ?
John Wesley , the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England , believed that Mary `` continued a pure and unspotted virgin '' , thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary .	John Wesley	Who was the founder of the Methodist movement ?
Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds .	Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds	What are the sources of beliefs about Mary held by Methodists ?
John Wesley , the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England , believed that Mary `` continued a pure and unspotted virgin '' , thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary .	the Church of England	The Methodist movement began in which church ?
John Wesley , the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England , believed that Mary `` continued a pure and unspotted virgin '' , thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary .	the perpetual virginity of Mary	Which Marian doctrine did John Wesley uphold in founding Methodism ?
She is the only woman directly named in the Qur ` an ; declared -LRB- uniquely along with Jesus -RRB- to be a Sign of God to humanity ; as one who `` guarded her chastity '' ; an obedient one ; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb ; uniquely -LRB- amongst women -RRB- Accepted into service by God ; cared for by -LRB- one of the prophets as per Islam -RRB- Zakariya -LRB- Zacharias -RRB- ; that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab -LRB- understood to be the Holy of Holies -RRB- , and was provided with heavenly `` provisions '' by God .	Allah	To whom was Mary dedicated while still in the womb ?
She is the only woman directly named in the Qur ` an ; declared -LRB- uniquely along with Jesus -RRB- to be a Sign of God to humanity ; as one who `` guarded her chastity '' ; an obedient one ; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb ; uniquely -LRB- amongst women -RRB- Accepted into service by God ; cared for by -LRB- one of the prophets as per Islam -RRB- Zakariya -LRB- Zacharias -RRB- ; that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab -LRB- understood to be the Holy of Holies -RRB- , and was provided with heavenly `` provisions '' by God .	Zakariya	Which prophet cared for Mary ?
She is the only woman directly named in the Qur ` an ; declared -LRB- uniquely along with Jesus -RRB- to be a Sign of God to humanity ; as one who `` guarded her chastity '' ; an obedient one ; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb ; uniquely -LRB- amongst women -RRB- Accepted into service by God ; cared for by -LRB- one of the prophets as per Islam -RRB- Zakariya -LRB- Zacharias -RRB- ; that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab -LRB- understood to be the Holy of Holies -RRB- , and was provided with heavenly `` provisions '' by God .	Al-Mihrab	What is understood to be the Holy of Holies in Islam ?
She is the only woman directly named in the Qur ` an ; declared -LRB- uniquely along with Jesus -RRB- to be a Sign of God to humanity ; as one who `` guarded her chastity '' ; an obedient one ; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb ; uniquely -LRB- amongst women -RRB- Accepted into service by God ; cared for by -LRB- one of the prophets as per Islam -RRB- Zakariya -LRB- Zacharias -RRB- ; that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab -LRB- understood to be the Holy of Holies -RRB- , and was provided with heavenly `` provisions '' by God .	the Temple	Where did Mary reside in her chilhood ?
She is the only woman directly named in the Qur ` an ; declared -LRB- uniquely along with Jesus -RRB- to be a Sign of God to humanity ; as one who `` guarded her chastity '' ; an obedient one ; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb ; uniquely -LRB- amongst women -RRB- Accepted into service by God ; cared for by -LRB- one of the prophets as per Islam -RRB- Zakariya -LRB- Zacharias -RRB- ; that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab -LRB- understood to be the Holy of Holies -RRB- , and was provided with heavenly `` provisions '' by God .	heavenly "provisions"	What did God provide for Mary ?
In the 2nd century , as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics , Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera .	Celsus	Who suggested that Jesus was the son of a Roman soldier ?
In the 2nd century , as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics , Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera .	Panthera	What was the name of the Roman soldier said by Celsus to be the father of Jesus ?
The views of Celsus drew responses from Origen , the Church Father in Alexandria , Egypt , who considered it a fabricated story .	Alexandria	Origen was a Church Father in which Egyptian city ?
In the 2nd century , as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics , Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera .	2nd	In which century did Celsus suggest that Jesus ' father was a Roman soldier ?
From the early stages of Christianity , belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus , as stated in the gospels , holy and supernatural , was used by detractors , both political and religious , as a topic for discussions , debates and writings , specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike .	to challenge the divinity of Jesus	For what purpose did detractors use the idea of Mary 's virginity and the virgin conception of Jesus ?
The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox , Roman Catholic , Anglican , and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary , as Mother of Jesus , is the Mother of God and the Theotokos , literally `` Giver of birth to God '' .	Giver of birth to God	What is the literal meaning of Theotokos ?
Many Protestants minimize Mary 's role within Christianity , based on the argued brevity of biblical references .	Protestants	Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary ?
Mary -LRB- Maryam -RRB- also has a revered position in Islam , where a whole chapter of the Qur ` an is devoted to her , also describing the birth of Jesus .	Maryam	What is Mary called in Islam ?
Many Protestants minimize Mary 's role within Christianity , based on the argued brevity of biblical references .	brevity of biblical references	What is the basis for Mary 's diminished role in Protestantism ?
The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox , Roman Catholic , Anglican , and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary , as Mother of Jesus , is the Mother of God and the Theotokos , literally `` Giver of birth to God '' .	Anglican, and Lutheran	Which two Protestant churches , along with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches , believe that Mary is the Mother of God ?
Mary resided in `` her own house '' -LSB- Lk .1:56 -RSB- in Nazareth in Galilee , possibly with her parents , and during her betrothal -- the first stage of a Jewish marriage -- the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit , and she responded , `` I am the handmaid of the Lord .	betrothal	What is the first stage of Jewish marriage ?
Mary resided in `` her own house '' -LSB- Lk .1:56 -RSB- in Nazareth in Galilee , possibly with her parents , and during her betrothal -- the first stage of a Jewish marriage -- the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit , and she responded , `` I am the handmaid of the Lord .	Gabriel	Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah ?
After a number of months , when Joseph was told of her conception in a dream by `` an angel of the Lord '' , he planned to divorce her ; but the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife , which Joseph did , thereby formally completing the wedding rites .	divorce her	What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary 's coneption in a dream ?
Mary resided in `` her own house '' -LSB- Lk .1:56 -RSB- in Nazareth in Galilee , possibly with her parents , and during her betrothal -- the first stage of a Jewish marriage -- the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit , and she responded , `` I am the handmaid of the Lord .	in Nazareth in Galilee	Where did Mary live when she was visited by the angel Gabriel ?
After a number of months , when Joseph was told of her conception in a dream by `` an angel of the Lord '' , he planned to divorce her ; but the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife , which Joseph did , thereby formally completing the wedding rites .	an angel of the Lord	In his dream , who told Joseph about Mary 's conception ?
The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14 , mistranslating the Hebrew word alma -LRB- `` young woman '' -RRB- in Isaiah 7:14 as `` virgin '' , though .	Matthew	Which Gospel says that Mary fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah ?
The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14 , mistranslating the Hebrew word alma -LRB- `` young woman '' -RRB- in Isaiah 7:14 as `` virgin '' , though .	alma	What Hebrew word is used to describe Mary in Isaiah 7:14 ?
The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century .	19th	Until which century was the Virgin birth of Jesus held almost universally among Christians ?
-LSB- Mt 1:18 -RSB- -LSB- Mt 1:25 -RSB- -LSB- Lk 1:34 -RSB- This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit , and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else .	1:34	Which verse in Luke states that Mary had `` no relations with man '' before Jesus ' birth ?
It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds , which state that Jesus `` was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary '' -LRB- the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form -RRB- and the Apostles ' Creed .	the Apostles' Creed	Along with the Nicene Creed , which other Christian creed asserts the Virgin birth of Jesus ?
In the Catholic Church , Mary is accorded the title `` Blessed '' , -LRB- from Latin beatus , blessed , via Greek μακάριος , makarios and Latin facere , make -RRB- in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her .	Blessed	What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church ?
In the Catholic Church , Mary is accorded the title `` Blessed '' , -LRB- from Latin beatus , blessed , via Greek μακάριος , makarios and Latin facere , make -RRB- in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her .	beatus	What is the Latin word from which Mary 's title of Blessed is derived ?
The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are : Mother of God , Perpetual virginity of Mary , Immaculate Conception -LRB- of Mary -RRB- and Assumption of Mary .	four	How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary ?
The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are : Mother of God , Perpetual virginity of Mary , Immaculate Conception -LRB- of Mary -RRB- and Assumption of Mary .	Perpetual virginity of Mary	Along with Mother of God , Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary , what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary ?
One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists -LRB- i.e. standing hymns -RRB- is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn .	standing hymns	What are Akathists ?
Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary .	Five	How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary ?
One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists -LRB- i.e. standing hymns -RRB- is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn .	the Akathist Hymn	What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary ?
The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary 's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration .	Sunday of Orthodoxy	Which event on the Orthodox calendar is related to Mary and icon veneration ?
The Annunciation is called the `` Annunciation of our Lady '' in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer .	Annunciation of our Lady	What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer ?
Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May , though in some provinces the traditional date of July 2 is kept .	31 May	On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin ?
This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2 .	the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary	What is another name for the feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple in the Anglican Communion ?
This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2 .	February 2	On what date is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple celebrated by Anglicans ?
The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on March 25 was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year 's Day in England .	New Year's Day	On what day was the Annunciation tradtionally celebrated in England until the 18th century ?
Within these views , Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected , e.g. , theologian Karl Barth wrote that `` the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology '' .	Karl Barth	Which theologian described Mariology as `` the heresy of the Catholic Church ? ''
Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints. :1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus , but was an ordinary woman devoted to God .	mother	Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus ?
Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints. :1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus , but was an ordinary woman devoted to God .	veneration and invocation	Protestants reject what practices in relation to the Saints ?
Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints. :1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus , but was an ordinary woman devoted to God .	God	Protestants describe Mary as devoted to whom ?
According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah , meaning young woman of childbearing age , was translated into Greek as parthenos , which only means virgin , in Isaiah 7:14 , which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23 .	Virgin Mary	Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14 ?
According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah , meaning young woman of childbearing age , was translated into Greek as parthenos , which only means virgin , in Isaiah 7:14 , which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23 .	1:23	Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah 's prohecy of the Virgin Mary ?
While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth , John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus 's father .	Luke	Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew 's ?
According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah , meaning young woman of childbearing age , was translated into Greek as parthenos , which only means virgin , in Isaiah 7:14 , which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23 .	virgin	What is the English tranlation of the Greek word `` parthenos ? ''
Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos -LRB- i.e. , until -RRB- denotes a state up to a point , but does not mean that the state ended after that point , and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus .	until	What is the meaning of the Greek word `` heos ? ''
Whoever does the will of God is my brother , and sister , and mother ' . ''	Whoever does the will of God	Who did Jesus say were his `` brother , and sister , and mother ? ''
-LSB- 3:31 -35 -RSB- Other verses suggest a conflict between Jesus and his family , including an attempt to have Jesus restrained because `` he is out of his mind '' , and the famous quote : `` A prophet is not without honor except in his own town , among his relatives and in his own home . ''	A prophet	According to Jesus , who is `` without honor except in his own town ? ''
A leading Biblical scholar commented : `` there are clear signs not only that Jesus 's family rejected his message during his public ministry but that he in turn spurned them publicly '' .	rejected	What do some Biblical scholars claim that Jesus ' family did with his message during his ministry ?
In Roman Catholic theology , the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration , latria for the worship of God , and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels .	hyperdulia	What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology ?
The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria , hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 .	787	In what year was the hierarchy of latria , hyperdulia and dulia established ?
In Roman Catholic theology , the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration , latria for the worship of God , and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels .	other saints and angels	Who is venerated in the Roman Catholic practice of dulia ?
Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as `` superior to all created beings '' and `` ceaselessly pray for her intercession '' .	Sergei Bulgakov	Which theologian wrote that Mary is considered to be `` superior to all created beings , '' but is not to be the object of worhip ?
In Roman Catholic theology , the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration , latria for the worship of God , and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels .	latria	What is the Roman Catholic term used to denote the worship of God ?
Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodoxy , the Anglican Church , and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos , a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council -LRB- held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius , in 431 -RRB- .	431	In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus ?
Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodoxy , the Anglican Church , and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos , a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council -LRB- held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius , in 431 -RRB- .	Nestorius	Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council ?
The equivalent phrase `` Mater Dei '' -LRB- Mother of God -RRB- is more common in Latin and so also in the other languages used in the Western Catholic Church , but this same phrase in Greek -LRB- Μήτηρ Θεοῦ -RRB- , in the abbreviated form of the first and last letter of the two words -LRB- ΜΡ ΘΥ -RRB- , is the indication attached to her image in Byzantine icons .	Mother of God	What does the phrase `` Mater Dei '' mean ?
Theotokos -LRB- and its Latin equivalents , `` Deipara '' and `` Dei genetrix '' -RRB- literally means `` Godbearer '' .	"Deipara" and "Dei genetrix"	What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term `` Theokotos ? ''
Theotokos -LRB- and its Latin equivalents , `` Deipara '' and `` Dei genetrix '' -RRB- literally means `` Godbearer '' .	Godbearer	What is the literal translation of Theokotos ?
The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical feast by that name , kept on December 8 .	December 8	On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church ?
Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary , as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854 , namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother 's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin .	Pope Pius IX	Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary ?
Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary , as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854 , namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother 's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin .	1854	In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary ?
Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary , as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854 , namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother 's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin .	in her mother's womb	According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception , where was Mary when she first become filled with grace ?
Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin -LRB- the Greek term corresponding to the Latin `` original sin '' -RRB- differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Roman Catholic Church .	ancestral sin	What is the Greek term that means the same thing as `` original sin ? ''
The Protoevangelium of James , an extra-canonical book , has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary .	The Protoevangelium of James	What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary ?
The account of Mary 's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three .	three	At what age was Mary consecrated ?
The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations .	Zachariah	Which priest officiated at Mary 's consecration ?
While in the temple , Mary was miraculously fed by an angel , until she was twelve years old .	an angel	While Mary lived in the temple , who was said to have fed her ?
In the Islamic tradition , Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth , for God imposed a veil between them and Satan .	Islamic	Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary ?
The Messiah , Jesus son of Mary , was but a Messenger of God , and a Word of His -LRB- Power -RRB- which He conveyed to Mary , and a spirit from Him .	a Messenger of God	According to Shabbir Akhtar , what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold ?
So believe in Allah -LRB- as the One , Unique God -RRB- , and His Messengers -LRB- including Jesus , as Messenger -RRB- ; and do not say : -LRB- Allah is one of -RRB- a trinity .	Allah	Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One , Unique God ?
`` O People of the Book !	People of the Book	What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar ?
The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu , the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century , it is far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus .	the Toledot Yeshu	Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found ?
The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts as such , and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity .	warding off conversions to Christianity	According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus , for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written ?
The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos -LRB- virgin -RRB- and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus which includes very little historical evidence .	virgin	What is the meaning of the term `` parthenos ? ''
Robert Van Voorst states that given that Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document and due to its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience , it is `` most unlikely '' to have reliable historical information .	medieval	During what historical period was the Toledot Yeshu written ?
The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos -LRB- virgin -RRB- and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus which includes very little historical evidence .	the birth of Jesus	What event does Raymond E. Brown believe the Toledot Yeshu describes ?
The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport -LRB- also called Tullamarine Airport -RRB- , which is the second busiest in Australia , and the Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo .	Melbourne Airport	What is the second busiest airport in Australia ?
The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport -LRB- also called Tullamarine Airport -RRB- , which is the second busiest in Australia , and the Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo .	Tullamarine Airport	What is another name Melbourne Airport is called ?
The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station , and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station .	Flinders Street Station	What is Melbourne 's main metropolitan train terminus called ?
The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station , and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station .	Southern Cross Station	What is Melbourne 's main regional train and coach terminus called ?
The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport -LRB- also called Tullamarine Airport -RRB- , which is the second busiest in Australia , and the Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo .	the Port of Melbourne	What is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo ?
The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport -LRB- also called Tullamarine Airport -RRB- , which is the second busiest in Australia , and the Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo .	Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)	What airport serves Melbourne ?
The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station , and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station .	Flinders Street Station	What is the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne ?
The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station , and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station .	Southern Cross Station	What is the main regional train and coach terminus in Melbourne ?
Melbourne is also home to Australia 's most extensive freeway network and has the world 's largest urban tram network .	Melbourne	What city is known to be home to Australia 's most extensive freeway network ?
Melbourne is also home to Australia 's most extensive freeway network and has the world 's largest urban tram network .	Australia	What country has the world 's largest urban tram network ?
The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport -LRB- also called Tullamarine Airport -RRB- , which is the second busiest in Australia , and the Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo .	Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)	What passenger airport serves Melbourne ?
The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport -LRB- also called Tullamarine Airport -RRB- , which is the second busiest in Australia , and the Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo .	Port of Melbourne	What is the busiest seaport in Melbourne ?
The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station , and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station .	Flinders Street Station	What is the name of the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne ?
Melbourne is also home to Australia 's most extensive freeway network and has the world 's largest urban tram network .	Australia	Who has the most extensive freeway network ?
The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station , and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station .	Southern Cross Station	What is the name of the coach terminus in Melbourne ?
The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport -LRB- also called Tullamarine Airport -RRB- , which is the second busiest in Australia , and the Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo .	Tullamarine Airport	What is another name for Melborne Airport ?
The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport -LRB- also called Tullamarine Airport -RRB- , which is the second busiest in Australia , and the Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo .	Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)	Which airport is the second busiest in Australia ?
The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport -LRB- also called Tullamarine Airport -RRB- , which is the second busiest in Australia , and the Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo .	Port of Melbourne	Which port in Melborne is the busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo ?
The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station , and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station .	Flinders Street Station	What is Melborne 's main metropolitan train terminus ?
Melbourne is also home to Australia 's most extensive freeway network and has the world 's largest urban tram network .	Melbourne	Where is the world 's largest urban tram network located ?
Between 1836 and 1842 Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed -LSB- by whom ? -RSB-	Between 1836 and 1842	Between what year 's did Victorian aboriginal groups dispossessed ?
By January 1844 , there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne .	675	In 1844 how many Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne ?
The British Colonial Office appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria , in 1839 , however their work was nullified by a land policy that favoured squatters to take possession of Aboriginal lands .	The British Colonial Office	Who appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria in 1839 ?
By 1845 , fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come .	240 wealthy Europeans	Who were the people that were power political and economic force in Victoria in 1845 ?
By January 1844 , there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne .	675	How many Aborigines were said to be resident in squalid camps in Melbourne in January 1844 ?
The British Colonial Office appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria , in 1839 , however their work was nullified by a land policy that favoured squatters to take possession of Aboriginal lands .	five	How many Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria were appointed in 1839 ?
By 1845 , fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come .	1845	By what year did fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans hold all the pastoral licenses ?
Between 1836 and 1842 Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed -LSB- by whom ? -RSB-	Between 1836 and 1842	During what years were Victorian Aboriginal groups largely displaced from their land ?
With the gold rush largely over by 1860 , Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining , as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria , especially wool , and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs .	1860	When was the gold rush over in Melbourne ?
With the gold rush largely over by 1860 , Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining , as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria , especially wool , and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs .	gold mining	How did Melbourne grow as major port for exporting the agricultural products ?
With the gold rush largely over by 1860 , Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining , as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria , especially wool , and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs .	wool	What was protected by high tarriffs ?
The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80 % total decrease by 1863 , due primarily to introduced diseases , particularly smallpox , frontier violence and dispossession from their lands .	diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.	In 1863 , why was Aboriginal population declining ?
With the gold rush largely over by 1860 , Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining , as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria , especially wool , and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs .	1860	By what year was the gold rush largely over ?
With the gold rush largely over by 1860 , Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining , as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria , especially wool , and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs .	wool	What was one of the major agricultural products of Victoria around 1860 ?
The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80 % total decrease by 1863 , due primarily to introduced diseases , particularly smallpox , frontier violence and dispossession from their lands .	introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands	What were some of the reasons the Aboriginal population continued to recline ?
The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80 % total decrease by 1863 , due primarily to introduced diseases , particularly smallpox , frontier violence and dispossession from their lands .	smallpox	Which disease in particular caused the Aboriginal population to continue a decline ?
The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80 % total decrease by 1863 , due primarily to introduced diseases , particularly smallpox , frontier violence and dispossession from their lands .	80%	The Aboriginal population declined by what estimated percentage by 1863 ?
Melbourne -LRB- / ˈmɛlbərn / , AU i / ˈmɛlbən / -RRB- is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania .	Melbourne	What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria ?
Melbourne -LRB- / ˈmɛlbərn / , AU i / ˈmɛlbən / -RRB- is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania .	Oceania	What is the second most populas city in Australia ?
The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley .	large natural bay of Port Phillip	Where is the Metropolis ?
It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013 , and its inhabitants are called Melburnians .	4,347,955 as of 2013	What is the population of Melbourne ?
It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013 , and its inhabitants are called Melburnians .	Melburnians	What are inhabitants of Melbourne called ?
Melbourne -LRB- / ˈmɛlbərn / , AU i / ˈmɛlbən / -RRB- is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania .	Melbourne	Which city is the capital of Victoria ?
Melbourne -LRB- / ˈmɛlbərn / , AU i / ˈmɛlbən / -RRB- is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania .	Melbourne	Which city is the most populous city in Victoria ?
Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities .	31	Melbourne consists of how many municipalities ?
It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013 , and its inhabitants are called Melburnians .	4,347,955	What was Melbourne 's population in 2013 ?
It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013 , and its inhabitants are called Melburnians .	Melburnians	What are the inhabitants of Melbourne called ?
A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city 's economy , sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small `` land banks '' and building societies collapsed , and 133 limited companies went into liquidation .	1890s	When did severe depression hit Melbourne 's city ?
A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city 's economy , sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small `` land banks '' and building societies collapsed , and 133 limited companies went into liquidation .	16 small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies	What went into liquidation in Melbourne around the 1890 's ?
The effects of the depression on the city were profound , with virtually no new construction until the late 1890s .	late 1890s	When did new construction start in Melbourne ?
The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor in the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and the Australian banking crisis of 1893 .	1893.	When did Australia have a banking crisis ?
A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city 's economy , sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small `` land banks '' and building societies collapsed , and 133 limited companies went into liquidation .	early 1890s	During what decade did Melbourne suffer a sever economic depression ?
A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city 's economy , sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small `` land banks '' and building societies collapsed , and 133 limited companies went into liquidation .	133	How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne ?
A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city 's economy , sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small `` land banks '' and building societies collapsed , and 133 limited companies went into liquidation .	16	How many `` land banks '' and building societies collapsed during the 1890s depression in Melbourne ?
The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor in the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and the Australian banking crisis of 1893 .	Australian	The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to what banking crisis in 1893 ?
The effects of the depression on the city were profound , with virtually no new construction until the late 1890s .	late 1890s	When did new construction start to reimerge after the early 1890s depression in Melbourne ?
An influx of interstate and overseas migrants , particularly Irish , German and Chinese , saw the development of slums including a temporary `` tent city '' established on the southern banks of the Yarra .	tent city	What term is given to the slums established on the souther banks of the Yarra ?
Chinese migrants founded the Melbourne Chinatown in 1851 , which remains the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World .	1851	In what year was Melbourne Chinatown founded ?
An influx of interstate and overseas migrants , particularly Irish , German and Chinese , saw the development of slums including a temporary `` tent city '' established on the southern banks of the Yarra .	Irish, German and Chinese	Which ethninticities contributed an influx of interstate and overseas migrants to Melbourne ?
Chinese migrants founded the Melbourne Chinatown in 1851 , which remains the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World .	Melbourne Chinatown	Which community is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World ?
The nationalities involved in the Eureka revolt and Burke and Wills expedition gave an indication of immigration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century .	second half of the nineteenth century	During the second half of what century did the Burke and Wills expedition give an indication of immigration flows ?
In 1880 a telephone exchange was established and in the same year the foundations of St Paul 's , were laid ; in 1881 electric light was installed in the Eastern Market , and in the following year a generating station capable of supplying 2,000 incandescent lamps was in operation .	1880	In what year was a telephone exchange established in Melbourne ?
In 1880 a telephone exchange was established and in the same year the foundations of St Paul 's , were laid ; in 1881 electric light was installed in the Eastern Market , and in the following year a generating station capable of supplying 2,000 incandescent lamps was in operation .	1881	When was the first electric light installed in the Eastern Market ?
In 1885 the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system was built , becoming one of the worlds most extensive systems by 1890 .	1885	In what year was the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system built ?
The decade began with the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880 , held in the large purpose-built Exhibition Building .	Exhibition Building	In what building was the Melbourne Internation Exhibition of 1880 held ?
This often occurs in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times in a day , giving Melbourne a reputation for having `` four seasons in one day '' , a phrase that is part of local popular culture and familiar to many visitors to the city .	four seasons in one day	What weather phrase has become part of local popular culture in Melbourne and concerns the city 's rapid change in weather ?
The lowest temperature on record is − 2.8 °C -LRB- 27.0 °F -RRB- , on 21 July 1869 .	−2.8 °C (27.0 °F)	What is the lowest temperature on Melbourne 's record ?
The lowest temperature on record is − 2.8 °C -LRB- 27.0 °F -RRB- , on 21 July 1869 .	21 July 1869	On what date did the lowest temperature in Melbourne 's records occur ?
The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 °C -LRB- 115.5 °F -RRB- , on 7 February 2009 .	46.4 °C (115.5 °F)	What is Melbourne 's highest temperature recorded ?
The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 °C -LRB- 115.5 °F -RRB- , on 7 February 2009 .	7 February 2009	On what date was Melbourne 's highest temperature recorded ?
The Rialto tower , the city 's second tallest , remains the tallest building in the old CBD ; its observation deck for visitors has recently closed .	closed	Is the observation deck in The Rialto currently opened or closed ?
Melbourne 's CBD , compared with other Australian cities , has comparatively unrestricted height limits and as a result of waves of post-war development contains five of the six tallest buildings in Australia , the tallest of which is the Eureka Tower , situated in Southbank .	Southbank	On which of Melbourne 's banks is the Eureka Tower located ?
The Rialto tower , the city 's second tallest , remains the tallest building in the old CBD ; its observation deck for visitors has recently closed .	The Rialto	Which tower is Melbourne 's second tallest ?
The Rialto tower , the city 's second tallest , remains the tallest building in the old CBD ; its observation deck for visitors has recently closed .	The Rialto tower	What building is the tallest building in the old CBD ?
Melbourne 's CBD , compared with other Australian cities , has comparatively unrestricted height limits and as a result of waves of post-war development contains five of the six tallest buildings in Australia , the tallest of which is the Eureka Tower , situated in Southbank .	Eureka Tower	What is the tallest tower in Australia ?
There has been substantial international investment in the city 's industries and property market .	industries and property market	To what areas has Melbourne dedicated substantial international investment ?
Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank , Port Melbourne , Melbourne Docklands and more recently , South Wharf .	Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf	In what areas has major inner-city urban renewal occurred ?
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics , Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004 .	Australian Bureau of Statistics	Melbourne has sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate in any Australian city according to what organization ?
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics , Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004 .	three	How many years did Melbourne sustain the highest population increase and economic growth ?
This housing boom has increased house prices and rents , as well as the availability of all types of housing .	increased	What effect has the housing boom had on house prices and rents ?
Melbourne is experiencing high population growth , generating high demand for housing .	high population growth	What is generating high demand for housing in Melbourne ?
of planning policies to encourage medium-density and high-density development in existing areas with greater access to public transport and other services , Melbourne 's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment .	middle and outer-ring	Which of Melbourne 's suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment in recent years ?
of planning policies to encourage medium-density and high-density development in existing areas with greater access to public transport and other services , Melbourne 's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment .	medium-density and high-density	What types of surburban development did Melbourne policies promote ?
It was named `` Melbourne '' by the Governor of New South Wales , Sir Richard Bourke , in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne .	the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke	Who was Melbourne named by ?
It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847 , after which it became the capital of the newly founded colony of Victoria in 1851 .	1847	What year was Melbourne officially declared a city ?
It was named `` Melbourne '' by the Governor of New South Wales , Sir Richard Bourke , in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne .	the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne	Who was Melbourne named in honor of ?
After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as the nation 's interim seat of government until 1927 .	1927	What year did Melbourne cease in serving as the nations interim seat of government ?
It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847 , after which it became the capital of the newly founded colony of Victoria in 1851 .	Victoria	Melbourne became the capital of what colony in 1851 ?
In response to attribution of recent climate change , the City of Melbourne , in 2002 , set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2020 and Moreland City Council established the Zero Moreland program , however not all metropolitan municipalities have followed , with the City of Glen Eira notably deciding in 2009 not to become carbon neutral .	2002	In what year did Melbourne set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero ?
In response to attribution of recent climate change , the City of Melbourne , in 2002 , set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2020 and Moreland City Council established the Zero Moreland program , however not all metropolitan municipalities have followed , with the City of Glen Eira notably deciding in 2009 not to become carbon neutral .	City of Glen Eira	Which city notably opted not to become carbon neutral in 2009 ?
In response to attribution of recent climate change , the City of Melbourne , in 2002 , set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2020 and Moreland City Council established the Zero Moreland program , however not all metropolitan municipalities have followed , with the City of Glen Eira notably deciding in 2009 not to become carbon neutral .	2020	By what year did Melbourne state it wished to be completely carbon neutral ?
Melbourne has one of the largest urban footprints in the world due to its low density housing , resulting in a vast suburban sprawl , with a high level of car dependence and minimal public transport outside of inner areas .	largest	Does Melbourne have one of the largest or smallest carbon footprints in the world ?
Responsibility for regulating pollution falls under the jurisdiction of the EPA Victoria and several local councils .	EPA Victoria and several local councils	Who is responsible for regulating pollution in Melbourne ?
The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , built on the site of several grand classical Victorian buildings , two of which -- the Rialto Building -LRB- 1889 -RRB- designed by William Pitt and the Winfield Building -LRB- 1890 -RRB- designed by Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight -- still remain today and more recently hi-rise apartment buildings including Eureka Tower -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , which is listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014 .	William Pitt	Who designed the Rialto Building in 1889 ?
The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , built on the site of several grand classical Victorian buildings , two of which -- the Rialto Building -LRB- 1889 -RRB- designed by William Pitt and the Winfield Building -LRB- 1890 -RRB- designed by Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight -- still remain today and more recently hi-rise apartment buildings including Eureka Tower -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , which is listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014 .	Eureka Tower	Which building was listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014 ?
The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , built on the site of several grand classical Victorian buildings , two of which -- the Rialto Building -LRB- 1889 -RRB- designed by William Pitt and the Winfield Building -LRB- 1890 -RRB- designed by Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight -- still remain today and more recently hi-rise apartment buildings including Eureka Tower -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , which is listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014 .	Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight	Who designed the Winfield Building in 1890 ?
The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , built on the site of several grand classical Victorian buildings , two of which -- the Rialto Building -LRB- 1889 -RRB- designed by William Pitt and the Winfield Building -LRB- 1890 -RRB- designed by Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight -- still remain today and more recently hi-rise apartment buildings including Eureka Tower -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , which is listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014 .	2006	In what year was the Eureka Tower completed ?
In 2012 , the city contained a total of 594 high-rise buildings , with 8 under construction , 71 planned and 39 at proposal stage making the city 's skyline the second largest in Australia .	second largest	How does Melbourne 's skyline rank in terms of other skylines in Australia ?
In May and June 1835 , the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman , a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen 's Land -LRB- now known as Tasmania -RRB- , who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres -LRB- 2,400 km2 -RRB- with eight Wurundjeri elders .	Van Diemen's Land	Tasmania was formerly known as what ?
In May and June 1835 , the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman , a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen 's Land -LRB- now known as Tasmania -RRB- , who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres -LRB- 2,400 km2 -RRB- with eight Wurundjeri elders .	600,000	How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase ?
In May and June 1835 , the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman , a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen 's Land -LRB- now known as Tasmania -RRB- , who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres -LRB- 2,400 km2 -RRB- with eight Wurundjeri elders .	John Batman	Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom ?
In May and June 1835 , the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman , a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen 's Land -LRB- now known as Tasmania -RRB- , who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres -LRB- 2,400 km2 -RRB- with eight Wurundjeri elders .	eight	How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with ?
Batman and his group arrived on 2 September 1835 and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement .	2 September 1835	On what date did Batman reach Melbourne ?
Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century , it expanded with the underlying notion of a ` quarter acre home and garden ' for every family , often referred to locally as the Australian Dream .	quarter acre home and garden	What is locally referred to as the Australian Dream ?
The city centre , Docklands , St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms .	high-density	Do the Docklands , St. Kilda Road , and Southbank areas feature high-density or low-density forms ?
This , coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945 , led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs .	1945	Which year marked the start of the private automobile 's popularity increase ?
Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl , whilst its inner city areas feature predominantly medium-density , transit-oriented urban forms .	low density	Is much of Melbourne 's metropolitan area characterized as low-density sprawl or high-density sprawl ?
With the wealth brought on by the gold rush following closely on the heels of the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony and the subsequent need for public buildings , a program of grand civic construction soon began .	public buildings	When Victoria was established as a seperate colony , the need for what followed ?
The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House , the Treasury Building , the Old Melbourne Gaol , Victoria Barracks , the State Library , University , General Post Office , Customs House , the Melbourne Town Hall , St Patrick 's cathedral , though many remained uncompleted for decades , with some still not finished .	1850s and 1860s	During what two decades were the Parliament House , Treasury Building , Victoria Barracks , State Library , and General Post Office commenced ?
With the wealth brought on by the gold rush following closely on the heels of the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony and the subsequent need for public buildings , a program of grand civic construction soon began .	gold rush	Melbourne 's weath was due in part to what event ?
The city is home to significant writers ' festivals , most notably the Melbourne Writers Festival .	Melbourne Writers Festival	Which writer 's festival is home to Melbourne ?
Significant novels set in Melbourne include Fergus Hume 's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab , Helen Garner 's Monkey Grip and Christos Tsiolkas ' The Slap .	novels	What type of work are The Mystery of a Hansom Cab , Monkey Grip , and The Slap ?
Significant novels set in Melbourne include Fergus Hume 's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab , Helen Garner 's Monkey Grip and Christos Tsiolkas ' The Slap .	set in Melbourne	What do the novels The Mystery of a Hansom Cab , Monkey Grip , and The Slap have in common ?
Notable writers and poets from Melbourne include Thomas Browne , C. J. Dennis , Germaine Greer and Peter Carey .	Melbourne	Where are Peter Carey , Germaine Greer , and Thomas Browne from ?
Notable writers and poets from Melbourne include Thomas Browne , C. J. Dennis , Germaine Greer and Peter Carey .	writers and poets	What occupation to Peter Carey , Germaine Greer , and Thomas Browne hold ?
During a visit in 1885 English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase `` Marvellous Melbourne '' , which stuck long into the twentieth century and is still used today by Melburnians .	Marvellous Melbourne	Which phrase was coined by George Augustus Henry Sala during a visit to Melbourne in 1885 ?
Growing building activity culminated in a `` land boom '' which , in 1888 , reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by consumer confidence and escalating land value .	1888	In what year did the land boom reach its peak of development ?
The establishment of a hydraulic facility in 1887 allowed for the local manufacture of elevators , resulting in the first construction of high-rise buildings ; most notably the APA Building , amongst the world 's tallest commercial buildings upon completion in 1889 .	1887	In what year was a hydraulic facility established ?
The establishment of a hydraulic facility in 1887 allowed for the local manufacture of elevators , resulting in the first construction of high-rise buildings ; most notably the APA Building , amongst the world 's tallest commercial buildings upon completion in 1889 .	1889	In what year was the APA Building completed ?
The establishment of a hydraulic facility in 1887 allowed for the local manufacture of elevators , resulting in the first construction of high-rise buildings ; most notably the APA Building , amongst the world 's tallest commercial buildings upon completion in 1889 .	elevators	What did Melbourne 's hydraulic facilities help create that spurred high-rise developments ?
Melbourne rates highly in education , entertainment , health care , research and development , tourism and sport , making it the world 's most liveable city -- for the fifth year in a row in 2015 , according to the Economist Intelligence Unit .	Economist Intelligence Unit	Melbourne is the world 's most liveable city according to whom ?
Melbourne rates highly in education , entertainment , health care , research and development , tourism and sport , making it the world 's most liveable city -- for the fifth year in a row in 2015 , according to the Economist Intelligence Unit .	fifth year in a row	For how many years has Melbourne been considered the world 's most liveable city ?
It is home to many of Australia 's largest and oldest cultural institutions such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria , the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building .	Melbourne	Which city is referred to as Australia 's cultural capital ?
Referred to as Australia 's `` cultural capital '' , it is the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , the Australian film and television industries , and Australian contemporary dance such as the Melbourne Shuffle .	Melbourne Shuffle	What is one example of Australian contemporary dance ?
Of the top twenty high schools in Australia according to the Better Education ranking , six are located in Melbourne .	six	How many of the top twenty high school sin Australia are located in Mebourne according to the Better Education ranking ?
Furthermore , Melbourne was ranked the world 's fourth top university city in 2008 after London , Boston and Tokyo in a poll commissioned by the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology .	fourth	According to the Toyal Melbourne Institute of Technology , how did Melborne rank as a top university city in 2008 ?
Melbourne is the home of seven public universities : the University of Melbourne , Monash University , Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology -LRB- RMIT University -RRB- , Deakin University , La Trobe University , Swinburne University of Technology and Victoria University .	seven	How many public universities are located in Melbourne ?
Melbourne is the home of seven public universities : the University of Melbourne , Monash University , Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology -LRB- RMIT University -RRB- , Deakin University , La Trobe University , Swinburne University of Technology and Victoria University .	public	Is the University of Melbourne a public or private institution ?
There has also been a rapid increase in the number of International students studying in the city .	rapid increase	Has there been a recent increase or decrease in international students studying in Melbourne ?
Height limits in the Melbourne CBD were lifted in 1958 , after the construction of ICI House , transforming the city 's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers .	1958	In what year were height limits lifted in the Melbourne CBD ?
Suburban expansion then intensified , serviced by new indoor malls beginning with Chadstone Shopping Centre .	Chadstone Shopping Centre	Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne ?
Many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era were also either demolished or subdivided .	demolished or subdivided	What happened to many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era ?
The post-war period also saw a major renewal of the CBD and St Kilda Road which significantly modernised the city .	CBD and St Kilda Road	Which two areas saw a significant renewal after the post-war period and significantly modernised the city ?
Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games -LRB- the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania , with all previous games held in Europe and the United States -RRB- , along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games .	1956	In what year was Melbourne the host city for the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere ?
Melbourne was proclaimed the `` World 's Ultimate Sports City '' , in 2006 , 2008 and 2010 .	2006, 2008 and 2010	In what three years was Melbourne proclaimed the `` World 's Ultimate Sports City '' ?
Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games -LRB- the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania , with all previous games held in Europe and the United States -RRB- , along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games .	Europe and the United States	Previous to Melbourne , where were all Olympic games held ?
It reopened in 2008 in the Olympic Stand .	Olympic Stand	Where did the National Sports Museum reopen in 2008 ?
Melbourne is so far the southernmost city to host the games .	Melbourne	Which city is so far the southernmost city to host the Olympic Games ?
In 1836 , Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales , and commissioned the first plan for the city , the Hoddle Grid , in 1837 .	1837	In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned ?
On 13 April 1837 the settlement 's general post office officially opened with that name .	13 April 1837	On what date did the official general post office open ?
In 1836 , Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales , and commissioned the first plan for the city , the Hoddle Grid , in 1837 .	the Hoddle Grid	What was the first plan for the city in 1837 called ?
The settlement was named Batmania after Batman .	Batmania	What was the settlement originally named ?
In 2009 , Melbourne was less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities .	less affected	Was Melbourne more or less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities ?
At this time , more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city -- almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities , Brisbane and Perth , combined , and Melbourne 's property market remained strong , resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases .	property market	Which market in Melbourne remained strong during the Late-2000s financial crisis and resulted in historically high property prices and rent increases ?
At this time , more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city -- almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities , Brisbane and Perth , combined , and Melbourne 's property market remained strong , resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases .	Brisbane and Perth	After Melbourne , which were the next two fastest growing Australian cities in 2009 ?
Predictions of the city 's population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne @ Five Million strategy .	Melbourne @ Five Million strategy	What is the name given to Melbourne 's population strategy that was revised in 2008 ?
Two of the big four banks , NAB and ANZ , are headquartered in Melbourne .	Two	How many of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne ?
Two of the big four banks , NAB and ANZ , are headquartered in Melbourne .	NAB and ANZ	Which two of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne ?
Melbourne is also an important financial centre .	Melbourne	Which city is Australia 's second-largest industrial centre ?
The south-eastern suburb of Scoresby is home to Nintendo 's Australian headquarters .	Scoresby	Which south-eastern suburb is home to Nintendo 's Australian headquarters ?
The city also boasts a research and development hub for Ford Australia , as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota respectively .	Ford Australia	Melbourne is home to a research and development hub for which auto manufacturer ?
The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern , cut through by wide radial boulevards , and string of gardens surrounding the central city was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s .	1850s and 1860s	In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne 's inner suburbs established ?
In 1855 the Melbourne Cricket Club secured possession of its now famous ground , the MCG .	1855	In what year did the Melbourne Cricket Club secure possession of its now famous ground , the MCG ?
Members of the Melbourne Football Club codified Australian football in 1859 , and Yarra rowing clubs and `` regattas '' became popular about the same time .	1859	Around what year did Yarra rowing clubs and `` regattas '' become popular ?
In 1861 the Melbourne Cup was first run .	1861	In what year was the Melbourne Cup first run ?
In 1864 Melbourne acquired its first public monument -- the Burke and Wills statue .	the Burke and Wills statue	What was the first public monumnet acquired in Melbourne in 1864 ?
Over two-thirds of Melburnians speak only English at home -LRB- 68.1 % -RRB- .	68.1%	What percentage of Melburnians speak only English at home ?
Chinese -LRB- mainly Cantonese and Mandarin -RRB- is the second-most-common language spoken at home -LRB- 3.6 % -RRB- , with Greek third , Italian fourth and Vietnamese fifth , each with more than 100,000 speakers .	Chinese	What is the second-most-common language in Melborne ?
Although Victoria 's net interstate migration has fluctuated , the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70,000 people a year since 2005 .	70,000	The Melbourne statistical division population has grown by how many people each year since 2005 ?
Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants -LRB- 48,000 -RRB- finding it outpacing Sydney 's international migrant intake on percentage , along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living .	more affordable housing and cost of living	What factors make Melbourne more attractie than Sydney for overseas immigrants ?
This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause very strong cold fronts to form .	spring and summer	During which seasons are Melbourne 's temperature differentials most pronounced ?
These cold fronts can be responsible for all sorts of severe weather from gales to severe thunderstorms and hail , large temperature drops , and heavy rain .	cold fronts	Which type of weather fronts are responsible for severe weather such as gales , thunderstorms , hail , and heavy rain in Melbourne ?
Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification Cfb -RRB- and is well known for its changeable weather conditions .	changeable	Is Melbourne known for changeable or steady weather patterns ?
Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification Cfb -RRB- and is well known for its changeable weather conditions .	Cfb	What is Melbourne 's Koppen climate classification ?
This is mainly due to Melbourne 's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean .	Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean	What is one cause for Melbourne 's fluctuating weather patterns ?
Another recent environmental issue in Melbourne was the Victorian government project of channel deepening Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay -- the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project .	the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project	Which government project aimed to deepen Melbourne ports by dredging ?
It was subject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected by the disturbance of heavy metals and other industrial sediments .	fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected	Why was the Port Phillip Channel Deppening Project subject to controversy and strict regulations ?
Up to 350,000 cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day .	350,000	Up to how many cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day in Melbourne ?
In February 2010 , The Transition Decade , an initiative to transition human society , economics and environment towards sustainability , was launched in Melbourne .	The Transition Decade	What initiative was launched in Melbourne in February 2010 as an effort to transition human society towards sustainability ?
Other major pollution problems in Melbourne include levels of bacteria including E. coli in the Yarra River and its tributaries caused by septic systems , as well as litter .	septic systems, as well as litter	What causes increased pollution and levels of bacteria such as E. coli to rise in the Yarra River and its tributaries ?
In later years , with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership , the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner city population .	freeway and highway developments	Investment in what greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawn and declining inner city population ?
The Bolte government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne .	Bolte	Which government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne ?
Major road projects including the remodelling of St Kilda Junction , the widening of Hoddle Street and then the extensive 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan changed the face of the city into a car-dominated environment .	Hoddle Street	The widening of what street helped to change the face of Melbourne into a car-dominated environment ?
Major road projects including the remodelling of St Kilda Junction , the widening of Hoddle Street and then the extensive 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan changed the face of the city into a car-dominated environment .	car-dominated	Did the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan change Melbourne into a more car-dominated or tram-dominated environment ?
In later years , with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership , the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner city population .	declining	Did the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and highway developments lead to an increasing or declining inner city population ?
The Melbourne rail network has its origins in privately built lines from the 1850s gold rush era , and today the suburban network consists of 209 suburban stations on 16 lines which radiate from the City Loop , a partially underground metro section of the network beneath the Central Business District -LRB- Hoddle Grid -RRB- .	16	How many lines does the Melbourne rail network have ?
Flinders Street Station is Melbourne 's busiest railway station , and was the world 's busiest passenger station in 1926 .	Flinders Street Station	Which rail station is Melbourne 's busiest ?
Flinders Street Station is Melbourne 's busiest railway station , and was the world 's busiest passenger station in 1926 .	Flinders Street Station	Which Melbourne rail station was the world 's busiest passenger station in 1926 ?
In the 2013 -- 2014 financial year , the Melbourne rail network recorded 232.0 million passenger trips , the highest in its history .	2013–2014	During which financial year did the Melbourne rail network record its highest volume of passenger trips ?
The Overland to Adelaide departs Southern Cross twice a week , while the XPT to Sydney departs twice a day .	twice a day	How often does the XPT to Sydney depart ?
Deakin University maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong , and is the third largest university in Victoria .	Deakin University	Which university maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong and is the third largest university in Victoria ?
Education in Melbourne is overseen by the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development -LRB- DEECD -RRB- , whose role is to ` provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education ' .	'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education	What is the role of the DEECD ?
Education in Melbourne is overseen by the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development -LRB- DEECD -RRB- , whose role is to ` provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education ' .	Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD)	Who oversees education in Melbourne ?
Melbourne is often referred to as Australia 's garden city , and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state .	Melbourne	Which city is often referred to as Australia 's garden city ?
Melbourne is often referred to as Australia 's garden city , and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state .	Victoria	Which Australian state was once known as the garden state ?
The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs -LRB- for addressing and postal purposes -RRB- , and administered as local government areas 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area .	addressing and postal purposes	Why is urban Melbourne divided into hundreds of suburbs ?
Melbourne receives 48.6 clear days annually .	48.6	Approximately how many sunny days does Melbourne receive annually ?
Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from 9.5 °C -LRB- 49.1 °F -RRB- to 11.7 °C -LRB- 53.1 °F -RRB- .	9.5 °C (49.1 °F) to 11.7 °C (53.1 °F)	What is the range of Melbourne 's dewpoint temperatures in the summer ?
Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the same places -LRB- usually the eastern suburbs -RRB- for an extended period , while the rest of Melbourne and surrounds stays dry .	eastern suburbs	Which suburbs usually are affected by relatively narrow streams of heavy showers ?
Port Phillip is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass , particularly in spring and autumn ; this can set up a `` bay effect '' similar to the `` lake effect '' seen in colder climates where showers are intensified leeward of the bay .	warmer	Is Port Phillip generally warmer or colder than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass ?
The local councils are responsible for providing the functions set out in the Local Government Act 1989 such as urban planning and waste management .	Local Government Act 1989	Which act sets functions for Melbourne such as urban planning and waste management ?
Most other government services are provided or regulated by the Victorian state government , which governs from Parliament House in Spring Street .	Parliament House in Spring Street	From where does the Victorian state government operate ?
Most other government services are provided or regulated by the Victorian state government , which governs from Parliament House in Spring Street .	state government	Contrary to other countires , are public transport , traffic control , policing , and education the responsibility of local or state government ?
The Hoddle Grid -LRB- dimensions of 1 by 1⁄2 mile -LRB- 1.61 by 0.80 km -RRB- -RRB- forms the centre of Melbourne 's central business district .	1 by 1⁄2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)	What are the dimensions of the Hoddle Grid ?
The city centre has a reputation for its historic and prominent lanes and arcades -LRB- most notably Block Place and Royal Arcade -RRB- which contain a variety of shops and cafés and are a byproduct of the city 's layout .	Royal Arcade	What is the name of a popular arcade located within the Hoddle Grid ?
The grid 's southern edge fronts onto the Yarra River .	southern	Which edge of the Hoddle Grid fronts onto the Yarra River ?
Some of the most architecturally noteworthy historic buildings include the World Heritage Site-listed Royal Exhibition Building , constructed over a two-year period for the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880 , A.C. Goode House , a Neo Gothic building located on Collins Street designed by Wright , Reed & Beaver -LRB- 1891 -RRB- , William Pitt 's Venetian Gothic style Old Stock Exchange -LRB- 1888 -RRB- , William Wardell 's Gothic Bank -LRB- 1883 -RRB- which features some of Melbourne 's finest interiors , the incomplete Parliament House , St Paul 's Cathedral -LRB- 1891 -RRB- and Flinders Street Station -LRB- 1909 -RRB- , which was the busiest commuter railway station in the world in the mid-1920s .	Flinders Street Station	Which railway station was the busiest in the world in the mid-1920s ?
Some of the most architecturally noteworthy historic buildings include the World Heritage Site-listed Royal Exhibition Building , constructed over a two-year period for the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880 , A.C. Goode House , a Neo Gothic building located on Collins Street designed by Wright , Reed & Beaver -LRB- 1891 -RRB- , William Pitt 's Venetian Gothic style Old Stock Exchange -LRB- 1888 -RRB- , William Wardell 's Gothic Bank -LRB- 1883 -RRB- which features some of Melbourne 's finest interiors , the incomplete Parliament House , St Paul 's Cathedral -LRB- 1891 -RRB- and Flinders Street Station -LRB- 1909 -RRB- , which was the busiest commuter railway station in the world in the mid-1920s .	Collins Street	On which street is the A.C. Goode House located ?
Some of the most architecturally noteworthy historic buildings include the World Heritage Site-listed Royal Exhibition Building , constructed over a two-year period for the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880 , A.C. Goode House , a Neo Gothic building located on Collins Street designed by Wright , Reed & Beaver -LRB- 1891 -RRB- , William Pitt 's Venetian Gothic style Old Stock Exchange -LRB- 1888 -RRB- , William Wardell 's Gothic Bank -LRB- 1883 -RRB- which features some of Melbourne 's finest interiors , the incomplete Parliament House , St Paul 's Cathedral -LRB- 1891 -RRB- and Flinders Street Station -LRB- 1909 -RRB- , which was the busiest commuter railway station in the world in the mid-1920s .	1909	In what year was construction on the Flinders Street Station completed ?
Some of the most architecturally noteworthy historic buildings include the World Heritage Site-listed Royal Exhibition Building , constructed over a two-year period for the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880 , A.C. Goode House , a Neo Gothic building located on Collins Street designed by Wright , Reed & Beaver -LRB- 1891 -RRB- , William Pitt 's Venetian Gothic style Old Stock Exchange -LRB- 1888 -RRB- , William Wardell 's Gothic Bank -LRB- 1883 -RRB- which features some of Melbourne 's finest interiors , the incomplete Parliament House , St Paul 's Cathedral -LRB- 1891 -RRB- and Flinders Street Station -LRB- 1909 -RRB- , which was the busiest commuter railway station in the world in the mid-1920s .	Wright, Reed & Beaver	Who designed the A.C. Goode House ?
Some of the most architecturally noteworthy historic buildings include the World Heritage Site-listed Royal Exhibition Building , constructed over a two-year period for the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880 , A.C. Goode House , a Neo Gothic building located on Collins Street designed by Wright , Reed & Beaver -LRB- 1891 -RRB- , William Pitt 's Venetian Gothic style Old Stock Exchange -LRB- 1888 -RRB- , William Wardell 's Gothic Bank -LRB- 1883 -RRB- which features some of Melbourne 's finest interiors , the incomplete Parliament House , St Paul 's Cathedral -LRB- 1891 -RRB- and Flinders Street Station -LRB- 1909 -RRB- , which was the busiest commuter railway station in the world in the mid-1920s .	Neo Gothic	What style of architecture is the A.C. Goode House ?
Australian rules football and cricket are the most popular sports in Melbourne .	Australian rules football and cricket	What are the two most popular sports in Melbourne ?
The first official Test cricket match was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in March 1877 .	March 1877	When was the first official Test cricket match played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ?
The Australian Football League is headquartered at Docklands Stadium .	Docklands Stadium	Where is the Australian Football League headquartered ?
Nine of the League 's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area : Carlton , Collingwood , Essendon , Hawthorn , Melbourne , North Melbourne , Richmond , St Kilda , and Western Bulldogs .	Nine	How many of the Australian Football League 's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area ?
Up to five AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne , attracting an average 40,000 people per game .	five	Up to how many AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne ?
The Port of Melbourne is Australia 's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest .	The Port of Melbourne	Which port is Australia 's largest container and general cargo port ?
Ferries and water taxis run from berths along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay .	South Yarra	How far upstream to water taxis run along the Yarra River ?
The port handled two million shipping containers in a 12-month period during 2007 , making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere .	two million	How many shipping containers did the Port of Melbourne handle during a 12-month period in 2007 , making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere ?
The Port of Melbourne is Australia 's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest .	The Port of Melbourne	Which is Australia 's busiest port ?
Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay is the main passenger ship terminal with cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross Bass Strait to Tasmania docking there .	Port Phillip Bay	Where is Station Pier located ?
Melbourne has an important ICT industry that employs over 60,000 people -LRB- one third of Australia 's ICT workforce -RRB- , with a turnover of $ 19.8 billion and export revenues of $ 615 million .	60,000	How many people are employed by the ICT industry in Melbourne ?
Melbourne has an important ICT industry that employs over 60,000 people -LRB- one third of Australia 's ICT workforce -RRB- , with a turnover of $ 19.8 billion and export revenues of $ 615 million .	one third	What percentage of Australia 's ICT workforce is imployed in Melbourne 's ICT industry ?
In 2008 , Melbourne overtook Sydney with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city , accounting for around $ 15.8 billion annually .	Sydney	In 2008 , Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city ?
In 2008 , Melbourne overtook Sydney with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city , accounting for around $ 15.8 billion annually .	$15.8 billion	Domestic visitors spend about how much money in the city of Melbourne annually ?
In addition , tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne 's economy , with about 7.6 million domestic visitors and 1.88 million international visitors in 2004 .	1.88 million	How many international visitors did Melbourne have in 2004 ?
Melbourne 's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039 , according to the first scenario projected by the ABS ; primarily due to larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney .	larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney	Melbourne 's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039 primarily due to what factor ?
Melbourne could overtake Sydney in population by 2028 , The ABS has projected in two scenarios that Sydney will remain larger than Melbourne beyond 2056 , albeit by a margin of less than 3 % compared to a margin of 12 % today .	two	In how many scenarios will Sydney remain higher than Melbourne in population beyond 2056 ?
Melbourne 's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039 , according to the first scenario projected by the ABS ; primarily due to larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney .	2037 or 2039	According to the first scenario projected by the ABS , how soon could Melbourne overtake Sydney 's population level ?
Melbourne 's live performance institutions date from the foundation of the city , with the first theatre , the Pavilion , opening in 1841 .	Pavilion	Which theatre was Melbourne 's first live performance institution ?
The city 's East End Theatre District includes theatres that similarly date from 1850s to the 1920s , including the Princess Theatre , Regent Theatre , Her Majesty 's Theatre , Forum Theatre , Comedy Theatre , and the Athenaeum Theatre .	East End Theatre District	The Princess Theatre , Regent Theatre , and Forum Theatre are members of which of Melbourne 's theater districts ?
Melbourne 's live performance institutions date from the foundation of the city , with the first theatre , the Pavilion , opening in 1841 .	1841	In what year did the Pavilion open ?
The Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre -LRB- principal home of the MTC , which includes the Sumner and Lawler performance spaces -RRB- are also located in Southbank .	Southbank	Where are the Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre located ?
The Sidney Myer Music Bowl , which dates from 1955 , is located in the gardens of Kings Domain ; and the Palais Theatre is a feature of the St Kilda Beach foreshore .	1955	From what year does the Sidney Myer Music Bowl date ?
Three daily newspapers serve Melbourne : the Herald Sun -LRB- tabloid -RRB- , The Age -LRB- formerly broadsheet , now compact -RRB- and The Australian -LRB- national broadsheet -RRB- .	Three	How many daily newspapers serve Melbourne ?
Six free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong : ABC Victoria , -LRB- ABV -RRB- , SBS Victoria -LRB- SBS -RRB- , Seven Melbourne -LRB- HSV -RRB- , Nine Melbourne -LRB- GTV -RRB- , Ten Melbourne -LRB- ATV -RRB- , C31 Melbourne -LRB- MGV -RRB- -- community television .	Six	How many free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong ?
C31 is only broadcast from the transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra .	transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra	From where is C31 broadcast ?
Hybrid digital/print media companies such as Broadsheet and ThreeThousand are based in and primarily serve Melbourne .	Hybrid digital/print media	What type of companies are Broadsheet and ThreeThousand ?
The city is home to many professional franchises/teams in national competitions including : cricket clubs Melbourne Stars , Melbourne Renegades and Victorian Bushrangers , which play in the Big Bash League and other domestic cricket competitions ; soccer clubs Melbourne Victory and Melbourne City FC -LRB- known until June 2014 as Melbourne Heart -RRB- , which play in the A-League competition , both teams play their home games at AAMI Park , with the Victory also playing home games at Etihad Stadium .	June 2014	When did Melbourne Heart become known as Melbourne City FC ?
Rugby league club Melbourne Storm which plays in the NRL competition ; rugby union clubs Melbourne Rebels and Melbourne Rising , which play in the Super Rugby and National Rugby Championship competitions respectively ; netball club Melbourne Vixens , which plays in the trans-Tasman trophy ANZ Championship ; basketball club Melbourne United , which plays in the NBL competition ; Bulleen Boomers and Dandenong Rangers , which play in the WNBL ; ice hockey teams Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs , who play in the Australian Ice Hockey League ; and baseball club Melbourne Aces , which plays in the Australian Baseball League .	Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs	What are Melbourne 's two ice hockey teams named ?
The city previously held the nation 's premier long distance swimming event the annual Race to Prince 's Bridge , in the Yarra River .	Yarra	In which river was the annual Race to Prince 's Bridge held ?
The city is home to many professional franchises/teams in national competitions including : cricket clubs Melbourne Stars , Melbourne Renegades and Victorian Bushrangers , which play in the Big Bash League and other domestic cricket competitions ; soccer clubs Melbourne Victory and Melbourne City FC -LRB- known until June 2014 as Melbourne Heart -RRB- , which play in the A-League competition , both teams play their home games at AAMI Park , with the Victory also playing home games at Etihad Stadium .	Etihad Stadium	Where does the soccer club Melbourne Victory play home games ?
Rugby league club Melbourne Storm which plays in the NRL competition ; rugby union clubs Melbourne Rebels and Melbourne Rising , which play in the Super Rugby and National Rugby Championship competitions respectively ; netball club Melbourne Vixens , which plays in the trans-Tasman trophy ANZ Championship ; basketball club Melbourne United , which plays in the NBL competition ; Bulleen Boomers and Dandenong Rangers , which play in the WNBL ; ice hockey teams Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs , who play in the Australian Ice Hockey League ; and baseball club Melbourne Aces , which plays in the Australian Baseball League .	Melbourne United	Which basketball club in Melbourne plays in the NBL ?
Like many Australian cities , Melbourne has a high dependency on the automobile for transport , particularly in the outer suburban areas where the largest number of cars are bought , with a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using 22,320 km -LRB- 13,870 mi -RRB- of road , and one of the highest lengths of road per capita in the world .	high	Does Melbourne have a high or low dependency on the automobile ?
Major highways feeding into the city include the Eastern Freeway , Monash Freeway and West Gate Freeway -LRB- which spans the large West Gate Bridge -RRB- , whilst other freeways circumnavigate the city or lead to other major cities , including CityLink -LRB- which spans the large Bolte Bridge -RRB- , Eastlink , the Western Ring Road , Calder Freeway , Tullamarine Freeway -LRB- main airport link -RRB- and the Hume Freeway which links Melbourne and Sydney .	CityLink	Which freeway spans the large Bolte Bridge ?
Like many Australian cities , Melbourne has a high dependency on the automobile for transport , particularly in the outer suburban areas where the largest number of cars are bought , with a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using 22,320 km -LRB- 13,870 mi -RRB- of road , and one of the highest lengths of road per capita in the world .	3.6 million	How many private vehicles travel Melbourne 's 13,870 miles of road ?
Major highways feeding into the city include the Eastern Freeway , Monash Freeway and West Gate Freeway -LRB- which spans the large West Gate Bridge -RRB- , whilst other freeways circumnavigate the city or lead to other major cities , including CityLink -LRB- which spans the large Bolte Bridge -RRB- , Eastlink , the Western Ring Road , Calder Freeway , Tullamarine Freeway -LRB- main airport link -RRB- and the Hume Freeway which links Melbourne and Sydney .	Hume Freeway	Which freeway links Melbourne and Sydney ?
After a trend of declining population density since World War II , the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs , aided in part by Victorian Government planning , such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl .	curtail urban sprawl	What have Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 aimed to do ?
Surrounding inner city suburbs experienced an increase in population density between 2012 and 2013 ; Carlton -LRB- 9,000 people per km2 -RRB- and Fitzroy -LRB- 7,900 -RRB- .	9,000	How many people did Carlton have per km2 between 2012 and 2013 ?
Surrounding inner city suburbs experienced an increase in population density between 2012 and 2013 ; Carlton -LRB- 9,000 people per km2 -RRB- and Fitzroy -LRB- 7,900 -RRB- .	7,900	How many people did Fitzroy have per km2 between 2012 and 2013 ?
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013 , inner city Melbourne had the highest population density with 12,400 people per km2 .	12,400	According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013 , inner city Melbourne had a population density of how many people per km2 ?
Melbourne is also known as the game show capital of Australia ; productions such as Million Dollar Minute , Millionaire Hot Seat and Family Feud are all based in Melbourne .	Melbourne	Where are Million Dollar Minute and Family Feud based ?
Reality television productions such as Dancing with the Stars , MasterChef , The Block and The Real Housewives of Melbourne are all filmed in and around Melbourne .	in and around Melbourne	Where are Dancing with the Stars , MasterChef , and The Block filmed ?
Television shows are produced in Melbourne , most notably Neighbours , Kath & Kim , Winners and Losers , Offspring , Underbelly , House Husbands , Wentworth and Miss Fisher 's Murder Mysteries , along with national news-based programs such as The Project , Insiders and ABC News Breakfast .	Television shows	Neighbours , Kath & Kim , Winners and Losers , Offspring , and Underbelly are examples of what kind of media produced in Melbourne ?
Television shows are produced in Melbourne , most notably Neighbours , Kath & Kim , Winners and Losers , Offspring , Underbelly , House Husbands , Wentworth and Miss Fisher 's Murder Mysteries , along with national news-based programs such as The Project , Insiders and ABC News Breakfast .	The Project, Insiders and ABC News Breakfast	Which national news-based programs are based in Melbourne ?
Melbourne is also known as the game show capital of Australia ; productions such as Million Dollar Minute , Millionaire Hot Seat and Family Feud are all based in Melbourne .	Melbourne	Which city is known as the game show capital of Australia ?
Melbourne has four airports .	four	How many airports does Melbourne have ?
Melbourne Airport , at Tullamarine , is the city 's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia .	Melbourne Airport	Which airport is the city 's main international and domestic gateway ?
Melbourne Airport , at Tullamarine , is the city 's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia .	Melbourne Airport	Which airport is the second busiest in all of Australia ?
Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city 's main airports .	Buses and taxis	What are the only forms of public transport to and from the city 's main airports ?
Flinders Street Station was the world 's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne 's tram network overtook Sydney 's to become the world 's largest in the 1940s , at which time 25 % of travellers used public transport but by 2003 it had declined to just 7.6 % .	Flinders Street Station	Which rail station was the world 's busiest passenger station in 1927 ?
Flinders Street Station was the world 's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne 's tram network overtook Sydney 's to become the world 's largest in the 1940s , at which time 25 % of travellers used public transport but by 2003 it had declined to just 7.6 % .	25%	In the 1940s , what percentage of travellers used public transport ?
Flinders Street Station was the world 's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne 's tram network overtook Sydney 's to become the world 's largest in the 1940s , at which time 25 % of travellers used public transport but by 2003 it had declined to just 7.6 % .	7.6%	In 2003 , what percentage of travellers used public transport ?
The public transport system was privatised in 1999 , symbolising the peak of the decline .	1999	In what year was the public transport system privatised ?
A target of 20 % public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020 was set by the state government in 2006 .	20%	What was the target percentage of public transport mode share that was set by the state government in 2006 ?
Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water , which is owned by the Victorian Government .	Melbourne Water	Who manages the water storage and supply for Melbourne ?
Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water , which is owned by the Victorian Government .	the Victorian Government	Who owns Melbourne Water ?
The largest dam , the Thomson River Dam , located in the Victorian Alps , is capable of holding around 60 % of Melbourne 's water capacity , while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam , Yan Yean Reservoir , and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies .	Thomson River Dam	Which is Melbourne 's largest dam ?
The largest dam , the Thomson River Dam , located in the Victorian Alps , is capable of holding around 60 % of Melbourne 's water capacity , while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam , Yan Yean Reservoir , and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies .	Victorian Alps	Where is the Thomson River Dam located ?
The largest dam , the Thomson River Dam , located in the Victorian Alps , is capable of holding around 60 % of Melbourne 's water capacity , while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam , Yan Yean Reservoir , and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies .	60%	How much of Melbourne 's water capacity is the Thomson River Dam capable of holding ?
The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid 1851 led to the Victorian gold rush , and Melbourne , which served as the major port and provided most services for the region , experienced rapid growth .	gold	Melbourne experienced rapid growth after 1851 due to the discovery of what ?
Additionally , Melbourne along with the Victorian regional cities of Ballarat and Geelong became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era .	Ballarat and Geelong	Melbourne and which other regional cities became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era ?
Within months , the city 's population had increased by nearly three-quarters , from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants .	three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants	How much did Melbourne 's population increase within months of the gold rush ?
Thereafter , growth was exponential and by 1865 , Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia 's most populous city .	1865	By what year had Melbourne overtaken Sydney as Australia 's most populous city ?
The first federal parliament was convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building , subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House where it was located until 1927 , when it was moved to Canberra .	Royal Exhibition Building	Where was the first federal parliament convened in 1901 ?
The Governor-General of Australia resided at Government House in Melbourne until 1930 and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century .	1930	The Governor-General of Australia resided at the Government House in Melbourne until what year ?
The first federal parliament was convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building , subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House where it was located until 1927 , when it was moved to Canberra .	Canberra	Where was the federal parliament moved after 1927 ?
The first federal parliament was convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building , subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House where it was located until 1927 , when it was moved to Canberra .	9 May 1901	On what date was the first federal parliament convened ?
As the centre of Australia 's `` rust belt '' , Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 to 1992 , following the collapse of several local financial institutions .	1989 to 1992	During which years did Melbourne experience an economic downturn ?
During this period the Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from Adelaide .	Adelaide	The Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from where ?
As the centre of Australia 's `` rust belt '' , Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 to 1992 , following the collapse of several local financial institutions .	Melbourne	Which city is the center of Australia 's `` rust belt '' ?
In 1992 the newly elected Kennett government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works coupled with the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism .	Kennett	Which government in 1992 began a campaign to revive the economy ?
The Little River , and the township of the same name , marks the border between Melbourne and neighbouring Geelong city .	Little River	Which body of water and township of the same name marks the border between Melbourne and Geelong ?
The Little River , and the township of the same name , marks the border between Melbourne and neighbouring Geelong city .	Geelong	Little River marks the boundary between Melbourne and which city ?
The Little River , and the township of the same name , marks the border between Melbourne and neighbouring Geelong city .	Melbourne	Little River marks the boundary between Geelong and which other city ?
Melbourne 's air quality is generally good and has improved significantly since the 1980s .	improved significantly	Has Melbourne 's air quality improved or declined since the 1980s ?
Drought in Victoria , low rainfalls and high temperatures deplete Melbourne water supplies and climate change may have a long-term impact on the water supplies of Melbourne .	Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures	What factors deplete Melbourne water supplies ?
In response to low water supplies and low rainfall due to drought , the government implemented water restrictions and a range of other options including : water recycling schemes for the city , incentives for household water tanks , greywater systems , water consumption awareness initiatives , and other water saving and reuse initiatives ; also , in June 2007 , the Bracks Government announced that a $ 3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant would be built on Victoria 's south-east coast , capable of treating 150 billion litres of water per year , as well as a 70 km -LRB- 43 mi -RRB- pipeline from the Goulburn area in Victoria 's north to Melbourne and a new water pipeline linking Melbourne and Geelong .	Bracks Government	Which government announced a $ 3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant in June 2007 ?
In response to low water supplies and low rainfall due to drought , the government implemented water restrictions and a range of other options including : water recycling schemes for the city , incentives for household water tanks , greywater systems , water consumption awareness initiatives , and other water saving and reuse initiatives ; also , in June 2007 , the Bracks Government announced that a $ 3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant would be built on Victoria 's south-east coast , capable of treating 150 billion litres of water per year , as well as a 70 km -LRB- 43 mi -RRB- pipeline from the Goulburn area in Victoria 's north to Melbourne and a new water pipeline linking Melbourne and Geelong .	150 billion litres	How many litres of water will the Wonthaggi desalination plant be capbale of treating per year ?
The climate , waterfront location and nightlife make it one of the most vibrant destinations in Australia .	The climate, waterfront location and nightlife	Which factors make Melbourne one of the moust vibrant destinations in Australia ?
For five years in a row -LRB- as of 2015 -RRB- it has held the top position in a survey by The Economist Intelligence Unit of the world 's most liveable cities on the basis of a number of attributes which include its broad cultural offerings .	five	For how many years in a row has Melbourne held the top position in a survey of the world 's most liveable cities ?
The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists , of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014 .	just under two million	How many international overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014 ?
The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists , of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014 .	57.7 million	How many domestic overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014 ?
The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types , including Australia 's largest free community festival -- Moomba , the Melbourne International Arts Festival , Melbourne International Film Festival , Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Melbourne Fringe Festival .	Moomba	What is Australia 's largest free community festival ?
The Story of the Kelly Gang , the world 's first feature film , was shot in Melbourne in 1906 .	The Story of the Kelly Gang	What was the world 's first feature film ?
The Story of the Kelly Gang , the world 's first feature film , was shot in Melbourne in 1906 .	Melbourne	In what city was the world 's first feature film shot in 1906 ?
Melbourne filmmakers continued to produce bushranger films until they were banned by Victorian politicians in 1912 for the perceived promotion of crime , thus contributing to the decline of one of the silent film era 's most productive industries .	perceived promotion of crime	Why were films banned by Victorian politicans in 1912 ?
Melbourne filmmakers continued to produce bushranger films until they were banned by Victorian politicians in 1912 for the perceived promotion of crime , thus contributing to the decline of one of the silent film era 's most productive industries .	1912	What year were bushranger films banned by Victorian politicians ?
A notable film shot and set in Melbourne during Australia 's cinematic lull is On the Beach -LRB- 1959 -RRB- .	1959	In what `` lull '' year was On the Beach filmed ?
Free standing dwellings with relatively large gardens are perhaps the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne .	Free standing dwellings with relatively large gardens	What are the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne ?
Residential architecture is not defined by a single architectural style , but rather an eclectic mix of houses , townhouses , condominiums , and apartment buildings in the metropolitan area -LRB- particularly in areas of urban sprawl -RRB- .	single architectural style	Is residential architecture in Melbourne defined by a single architectural style or an eclectic mix of buildings ?
Residential architecture is not defined by a single architectural style , but rather an eclectic mix of houses , townhouses , condominiums , and apartment buildings in the metropolitan area -LRB- particularly in areas of urban sprawl -RRB- .	metropolitan area (particularly in areas of urban sprawl)	Are townhouses , condominiums , and apartment buildings found more prevalent in the metropolitan area or outside the city ?
Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance , manufacturing , research , IT , education , logistics , transportation and tourism .	finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism	In which areas does Melbourne 's diversified economy have strengths ?
Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance , manufacturing , research , IT , education , logistics , transportation and tourism .	Melbourne	Which city is home to Australia 's largest and busiest seaport ?
Melbourne houses the headquarters for many of Australia 's largest corporations , including five of the ten largest in the country -LRB- based on revenue -RRB- , and four of the largest six in the country -LRB- based on market capitalisation -RRB- -LRB- ANZ , BHP Billiton -LRB- the world 's largest mining company -RRB- , the National Australia Bank and Telstra -RRB- , as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions .	BHP Billiton	Which company is the world 's largest mining company ?
Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance , manufacturing , research , IT , education , logistics , transportation and tourism .	Melbourne	Which city is home to Australia 's second busiest airport ?
The city is home to Australia 's largest and busiest seaport which handles more than $ 75 billion in trade every year and 39 % of the nation 's container trade .	$75 billion	How much money in trade does Australia 's largest and busiest seaport handle ?
Melbourne has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe , a population comparable to some larger Greek cities like Larissa and Volos .	Melbourne	Which city has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe ?
The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is the second most common in Melbourne 's phone book after Smith .	Smith	What is the most common surname in Melbourne 's phone book ?
Thessaloniki is Melbourne 's Greek sister city .	Thessaloniki	Which city in Greece is Melbourne 's sister city ?
The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is the second most common in Melbourne 's phone book after Smith .	Nguyen	What is the secondmost common surname in Melbourne 's phone book ?
Swinburne University has campuses in Malaysia , while Monash has a research centre based in Prato , Italy .	Swinburne University	Which Melbourne based university has campuses in Malaysia ?
The University of Melbourne , the second oldest university in Australia , was ranked first among Australian universities in the 2010 THES international rankings .	The University of Melbourne	Which university is the second oldest in Australia ?
Swinburne University has campuses in Malaysia , while Monash has a research centre based in Prato , Italy .	Monash	Which Melbourne based college has a research centre in Prato , Italy ?
Both universities are members of the Group of Eight , a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education .	a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education	What is the Group of Eight ?
Youth alternatives include ABC Triple J and youth run SYN .	ABC Triple J and youth run SYN	What are examples of Youth radio stations ?
Triple J , and similarly PBS and Triple R , strive to play under represented music .	Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R	Which music stations strive to play under represented music ?
JOY 94.9 caters for gay , lesbian , bisexual and transgender audiences .	JOY 94.9	Which radio station caters for gay , lesbian , bisexual , and transgender audiences ?
For sport fans and enthusiasts there is SEN 1116 .	SEN 1116	Which station caters to sports fans and enthusiasts ?
For fans of classical music there are 3MBS and ABC Classic FM .	classical	3MBS and ABC Classic FM play what type of music ?
Melbourne has the largest tram network in the world which had its origins in the city 's 1880s land boom .	the city's 1880s land boom	What are the origins of Melbourne 's tram network ?
In 2013 -- 2014 , 176.9 million passenger trips were made by tram .	176.9 million	How many passenger trips were made by tram in Melbourne between 2013-2014 ?
Melbourne 's is Australia 's only tram network to comprise more than a single line and consists of 250 km -LRB- 155.3 mi -RRB- of track , 487 trams , 25 routes , and 1,763 tram stops .	1,763	How many tram stops are on Melbourne 's tram network ?
Melbourne 's bus network consists of almost 300 routes which mainly service the outer suburbs and fill the gaps in the network between rail and tram services .	almost 300	How many routes does Melbourne 's bus network consist of ?
127.6 million passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne 's buses in 2013 -- 2014 , an increase of 10.2 percent on the previous year .	127.6 million	How many passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne 's buses in 2013-2014
John was born to Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine on 24 December 1166 .	24 December 1166	When was John born ?
Henry married the powerful Eleanor of Aquitaine , who reigned over the Duchy of Aquitaine and had a tenuous claim to Toulouse and Auvergne in southern France , in addition to being the former wife of Louis VII of France .	Eleanor of Aquitaine	Who did Henry marry ?
Henry had often allied himself with the Holy Roman Emperor against France , making the feudal relationship even more challenging .	Holy Roman Emperor	Who was Henry 's ally ?
In 1173 John 's elder brothers , backed by Eleanor , rose in revolt against Henry in the short-lived rebellion of 1173 to 1174 .	Eleanor	Who backed John 's elder brothers ?
Growing irritated with his subordinate position to Henry II and increasingly worried that John might be given additional lands and castles at his expense , Henry the Young King travelled to Paris and allied himself with Louis VII .	Paris	Where did Henry travel to ?
Henry the Young King was allowed to travel widely in Europe with his own household of knights , Richard was given Aquitaine back , and Geoffrey was allowed to return to Brittany ; only Eleanor was imprisoned for her role in the revolt .	Geoffrey	Who returned to Brittany ?
Henry the Young King was allowed to travel widely in Europe with his own household of knights , Richard was given Aquitaine back , and Geoffrey was allowed to return to Brittany ; only Eleanor was imprisoned for her role in the revolt .	Eleanor	Who was imprisoned ?
After Richard 's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne : John , whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II , and young Arthur I of Brittany , who held a claim as the son of John 's elder brother Geoffrey .	6 April 1199	When did Richard die ?
After Richard 's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne : John , whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II , and young Arthur I of Brittany , who held a claim as the son of John 's elder brother Geoffrey .	John	Who was the sole surviving son ?
John was supported by the bulk of the English and Norman nobility and was crowned at Westminster , backed by his mother , Eleanor .	Westminster	Where was John crowned ?
With Arthur 's army pressing up the Loire valley towards Angers and Philip 's forces moving down the valley towards Tours , John 's continental empire was in danger of being cut in two .	Arthur	Whose army pressed up the Loire valley ?
Hugh did exactly this in 1201 and Philip summoned John to attend court in Paris in 1202 , citing the Le Goulet treaty to strengthen his case .	1202	When did Philip summon John to attend court ?
Philip argued that he was summoning John not as the Duke of Normandy , but as the Count of Poitou , which carried no such special status .	Count of Poitou	What was John summoned as ?
John 's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas , or `` force and will '' , taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions , often justified on the basis that a king was above the law .	vis et voluntas	What principle did John 's predecessors use ?
Both Henry II and Richard had argued that kings possessed a quality of `` divine majesty '' ; John continued this trend and claimed an `` almost imperial status '' for himself as ruler .	divine majesty	What quality did Henry II and Richard possess ?
During the 12th century , there were contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship , and many contemporary writers believed that monarchs should rule in accordance with the custom and the law , and take counsel of the leading members of the realm .	12th century	What century were there contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship ?
Modern historians remain divided as to whether John suffered from a case of `` royal schizophrenia '' in his approach to government , or if his actions merely reflected the complex model of Angevin kingship in the early 13th century .	royal schizophrenia	What did John suffer from ?
At the start of John 's reign there was a sudden change in prices , as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals .	sudden change in prices	What happened at the start of John 's reign ?
This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England .	13th century	How long did the inflationary pressure continue ?
John attempted to address some of the problems with the English currency in 1204 and 1205 by carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage , improving its quality and consistency .	1204 and 1205	When did John address problems with the English currency ?
John attempted to address some of the problems with the English currency in 1204 and 1205 by carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage , improving its quality and consistency .	carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage	How did he address the problems with the English currency ?
John , the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine , was at first not expected to inherit significant lands .	John	Who was Henry 's favorite child ?
He was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent .	1177	When was John appointed the Lord of Ireland ?
John 's elder brothers William , Henry and Geoffrey died young ; by the time Richard I became king in 1189 , John was a potential heir to the throne .	1189	When did Richard I become king ?
John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard 's royal administrators whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade .	John	Who unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard 's royal administrators ?
The character of John 's relationship with his second wife , Isabella of Angoulême , is unclear .	Isabella of Angoulême	Who was John 's second wife ?
John did not provide a great deal of money for his wife 's household and did not pass on much of the revenue from her lands , to the extent that historian Nicholas Vincent has described him as being `` downright mean '' towards Isabella .	downright mean	Nicholas Vincent was described as what ?
Chroniclers recorded that John had a `` mad infatuation '' with Isabella , and certainly John had conjugal relationships with Isabella between at least 1207 and 1215 ; they had five children .	1207 and 1215	When did John have conjugal relationships with Isabella ?
Chroniclers recorded that John had a `` mad infatuation '' with Isabella , and certainly John had conjugal relationships with Isabella between at least 1207 and 1215 ; they had five children .	five children	How many children did John and Isabella have ?
When war with France broke out again in 1202 , John achieved early victories , but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman , Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204 .	1202	When did war with France break out ?
An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John 's excommunication in 1209 , a dispute finally settled by the king in 1213 .	1209	When was John excommunicated ?
Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215 , neither side complied with its conditions .	1215	When was the Magna Carta peace treaty agreed upon ?
John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216 ; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year .	Henry III	Who won victory over Louis and the rebel barons ?
Baronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition , and only a smaller force under William Longespée deployed to Poitou .	Baronial unrest in England	What prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition ?
In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself , but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile .	1206	When did Poitou depart ?
In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself , but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile .	to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile	Why did John divert south ?
Philip moved south to meet John ; the year 's campaigning ended in stalemate and a two-year truce was made between the two rulers .	to meet John	Why did Philip move south ?
Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170 , but was not given any formal powers by his father ; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance .	1170	When was Henry crowned King of England ?
Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170 , but was not given any formal powers by his father ; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance .	Normandy and Anjou	What was Henry promised as part of his future inheritance ?
Richard was to be appointed the Count of Poitou with control of Aquitaine , whilst Geoffrey was to become the Duke of Brittany .	Geoffrey	Who became the Duke of Brittany ?
At this time it seemed unlikely that John would ever inherit substantial lands , and he was jokingly nicknamed `` Lackland '' by his father .	Lackland	What was John 's nickname ?
John grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in -LRB- 1.68 m -RRB- tall , relatively short , with a `` powerful , barrel-chested body '' and dark red hair ; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou .	5 ft 5 in	How tall was John ?
John enjoyed reading and , unusually for the period , built up a travelling library of books .	travelling library of books	What did John build up ?
John would become a `` connoisseur of jewels '' , building up a large collection , and became famous for his opulent clothes and also , according to French chroniclers , for his fondness for bad wine .	John	Who became a connoisseur of jewels ?
As John grew up , he became known for sometimes being `` genial , witty , generous and hospitable '' ; at other moments , he could be jealous , over-sensitive and prone to fits of rage , `` biting and gnawing his fingers '' in anger .	biting and gnawing his fingers	What did John do in fits of rage ?
When the Archbishop of Canterbury , Hubert Walter , died on 13 July 1205 , John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the king 's excommunication .	13 July 1205	When did Hubert Walter die ?
When the Archbishop of Canterbury , Hubert Walter , died on 13 July 1205 , John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the king 's excommunication .	a dispute with Pope Innocent III	What lead to the king 's excommunication ?
Pope Innocent was , according to historian Ralph Turner , an `` ambitious and aggressive '' religious leader , insistent on his rights and responsibilities within the church .	historian Ralph Turner	Who said Pope Innocent was an ambitious and aggressive religious leader ?
In 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland , accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators .	1185	When did John make his first visit to Ireland ?
In 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland , accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators .	300	How many knights accompanied John to Ireland ?
John infamously offended the local Irish rulers by making fun of their unfashionable long beards , failed to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers , began to lose ground militarily against the Irish and finally returned to England later in the year , blaming the viceroy , Hugh de Lacy , for the fiasco .	making fun of their unfashionable long beards	How did John offend the local Irish rulers ?
Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England , Normandy and Aquitaine .	Richard	Who did Henry fight a short war with in 1183 ?
Henry II moved in support of Richard , and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign .	dysentery	How did Henry the Young King die ?
With his primary heir dead , Henry rearranged the plans for the succession : Richard was to be made King of England , albeit without any actual power until the death of his father ; Geoffrey would retain Brittany ; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard .	John	Who became the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard ?
The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184 .	1184	When did the war end ?
Under mounting political pressure , John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation , and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover .	May 1213	When were the papal terms for submission accepted ?
As part of the deal , John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy for a feudal service of 1,000 marks -LRB- equivalent to # 666 at the time -RRB- annually : 700 marks -LRB- # 466 -RRB- for England and 300 marks -LRB- # 200 -RRB- for Ireland , as well as recompensing the church for revenue lost during the crisis .	1,000	How many marks did John surrender ?
The agreement was formalised in the Bulla Aurea , or Golden Bull .	Bulla Aurea	Where was the agreement formalised ?
John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II , freshly returned from the crusade .	French king Philip II	Who did John explore an alliance with ?
When Richard still did not return from the crusade , John began to assert that his brother was dead or otherwise permanently lost .	assert that his brother was dead	What did John do when Richard did not return from his crusade ?
Richard had in fact been captured en route to England by the Duke of Austria and was handed over to Emperor Henry VI , who held him for ransom .	Duke of Austria	Who captured Richard ?
John 's military position was weak and he agreed to a truce ; in early 1194 the king finally returned to England , and John 's remaining forces surrendered .	1194	When did the king return to England ?
Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy .	Longchamp	Who refused to work with Puiset ?
Armed conflict broke out between John and Longchamp , and by October 1191 Longchamp was isolated in the Tower of London with John in control of the city of London , thanks to promises John had made to the citizens in return for recognition as Richard 's heir presumptive .	October 1191	When was Longchamp isolated in the Tower of London ?
At this point Walter of Coutances , the Archbishop of Rouen , returned to England , having been sent by Richard to restore order .	England	Where did Walter of Coutances return to ?
They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John , appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader .	Northampton	Where did the rebel barons congregate ?
They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John , appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader .	Robert fitz Walter	Who was the rebel baron leader ?
John instructed Langton to organise peace talks with the rebel barons .	organise peace talks with the rebel barons	What did John instruct Langton to do ?
The new peace would only last for two years ; war recommenced in the aftermath of John 's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême .	two years	How long did the new peace last ?
The new peace would only last for two years ; war recommenced in the aftermath of John 's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême .	August 1200	When was John 's decision to marry Isabella ?
On the other hand , the Angoumois lands that came with Isabella were strategically vital to John : by marrying Isabella , John was acquiring a key land route between Poitou and Gascony , which significantly strengthened his grip on Aquitaine .	Gascony	John acquired key land between Poitou and where ?
After his coronation , John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders .	France	John moved south into where ?
Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced ; John 's position was now stronger , thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne had renewed the anti-French alliances they had previously agreed to with Richard .	Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne	Who renewed the anti-French alliances ?
John and Philip negotiated the May 1200 Treaty of Le Goulet ; by this treaty , Philip recognised John as the rightful heir to Richard in respect to his French possessions , temporarily abandoning the wider claims of his client , Arthur .	May 1200	When was the Treaty of Le Goulet negotiated ?
John 's policy earned him the disrespectful title of `` John Softsword '' from some English chroniclers , who contrasted his behaviour with his more aggressive brother , Richard .	John Softsword	What nickname did John 's policy earn him ?
The rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them : Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile , a granddaughter of Henry II .	French prince Louis	The rebel barons invited who to lead them ?
The rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them : Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile , a granddaughter of Henry II .	Blanche of Castile	Who was Henry II 's granddaughter ?
Once John contained Alexander in Scotland , he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion .	he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion	What did John do once he contained Alexander in Scotland ?
He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict , but Innocent 's efforts were unsuccessful .	Pope Innocent III	Who did John attempt to convince ?
Arthur had initially been imprisoned at Falaise and was then moved to Rouen .	Falaise	Where was Arthur imprisoned ?
Arthur 's sister , Eleanor , who had also been captured at Mirebeau , was kept imprisoned by John for many years , albeit in relatively good conditions .	Eleanor	Who was kept imprisoned by John for many years ?
John 's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at Mirebeau , but John 's treatment of his new prisoners and of his ally , William de Roches , quickly undermined these gains .	Mirebeau	What victory strengthened John 's position ?
William de Roches and other of John 's regional allies in Anjou and Brittany deserted him in favour of Philip , and Brittany rose in fresh revolt .	William de Roches	Who deserted John in favor of Philip ?
John 's financial situation was tenuous : once factors such as the comparative military costs of materiel and soldiers were taken into account , Philip enjoyed a considerable , although not overwhelming , advantage of resources over John .	tenuous	How was John 's financial situation ?
In the aftermath of John 's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III .	William Marshal	Who was declared the protector of Henry III after John 's death ?
Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth .	Louis	Who gave up their claim to the English throne ?
The failed Magna Carta agreement was resuscitated by Marshal 's administration and reissued in an edited form in 1217 as a basis for future government .	Magna Carta	What agreement failed ?
Henry III continued his attempts to reclaim Normandy and Anjou until 1259 , but John 's continental losses and the consequent growth of Capetian power in the 13th century proved to mark a `` turning point in European history '' .	1259	Until when did Henry III continue his attempts to reclaim Normandy ?
One of John 's principal challenges was acquiring the large sums of money needed for his proposed campaigns to reclaim Normandy .	acquiring the large sums of money needed	What was one of John 's principal challenges ?
Matters were not helped by Richard 's sale of many royal properties in 1189 , and taxation played a much smaller role in royal income than in later centuries .	1189	When did Richard sell many royal properties ?
He derived income from fines , court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges .	fines, court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges	Where did John derive income from ?
The administration of justice was of particular importance to John .	administration of justice	What was of particular importance to John ?
John increased the professionalism of local sergeants and bailiffs , and extended the system of coroners first introduced by Hubert Walter in 1194 , creating a new class of borough coroners .	1194	When was the system of coroners first introduced ?
Seen more critically , John may have been motivated by the potential of the royal legal process to raise fees , rather than a desire to deliver simple justice ; John 's legal system also only applied to free men , rather than to all of the population .	potential of the royal legal process to raise fees	Why was John motivated ?
In the 1940s , new interpretations of John 's reign began to emerge , based on research into the record evidence of his reign , such as pipe rolls , charters , court documents and similar primary records .	1940s	When did new interpretations of John 's reign begin to emerge ?
Notably , an essay by Vivian Galbraith in 1945 proposed a `` new approach '' to understanding the ruler .	Vivian Galbraith	Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a `` new approach ? ''
Specialists in Irish medieval history , such as Sean Duffy , have challenged the conventional narrative established by Lewis Warren , suggesting that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than was previously supposed .	Lewis Warren	Who suggested that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than previously supposed ?
John was deeply suspicious of the barons , particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king .	the barons	John was deeply suspicious of who ?
Numerous barons were subjected to John 's malevolentia , even including William Marshal , a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty .	William Marshal	What famous knight was subjected to John 's malevolentia ?
De Braose was subjected to punitive demands for money , and when he refused to pay a huge sum of 40,000 marks -LRB- equivalent to # 26,666 at the time -RRB- , -LSB- nb 13 -RSB- his wife and one of his sons were imprisoned by John , which resulted in their deaths .	40,000	How many marks did De Braose refuse to pay ?
De Braose died in exile in 1211 , and his grandsons remained in prison until 1218 .	1211	When did De Braose die ?
In the Norman period , suffering the king 's ill-will meant difficulties in obtaining grants , honours or petitions ; Henry II had infamously expressed his fury and ill-will towards Thomas Becket ; this ultimately resulted in Becket 's death .	Thomas Becket	Who did Henry II express his fury and ill-will towards ?
This trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia -- `` anger and ill-will '' -- and John 's own personality .	the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons	What was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia ?
John now had the additional ability to `` cripple his vassals '' on a significant scale using his new economic and judicial measures , which made the threat of royal anger all the more serious .	cripple his vassals	John had to additional ability to do what ?
John spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion .	securing England	John spent much of 1205 doing what ?
As an emergency measure , John recreated a version of Henry II 's Assize of Arms of 1181 , with each shire creating a structure to mobilise local levies .	1181	When did John recreate a version of Henry II 's Assize of Arms ?
To achieve this , John reformed the English feudal contribution to his campaigns , creating a more flexible system under which only one knight in ten would actually be mobilised , but would be financially supported by the other nine ; knights would serve for an indefinite period .	one	How many knights out of ten would be mobilised ?
During the remainder of his reign , John focused on trying to retake Normandy .	Normandy	John focused on trying to retake what ?
The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power .	Capetian power	John did not regard the loss of Duchy as a permanent shift in what ?
John 's preferred plan was to use Poitou as a base of operations , advance up the Loire valley to threaten Paris , pin down the French forces and break Philip 's internal lines of communication before landing a maritime force in the Duchy itself .	use Poitou as a base of operations	What was John 's preferred plan ?
John remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign .	Lord of Ireland	John remained what throughout his reign ?
In 1210 the king crossed into Ireland with a large army to crush a rebellion by the Anglo-Norman lords ; he reasserted his control of the country and used a new charter to order compliance with English laws and customs in Ireland .	1210	When did the king cross into Ireland with a large army ?
During Richard 's rule , John had successfully increased the size of his lands in Ireland , and he continued this policy as king .	increased the size of his lands in Ireland	During Richard 's rule , what did John successfully do ?
In the late 12th and early 13th centuries the border and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed , with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England .	late 12th and early 13th centuries	When was the political relationship between England and Scotland disputed ?
John 's father , Henry II , had forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of Falaise in 1174 .	Henry II	Who forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him ?
John invaded Scotland and forced William to sign the Treaty of Norham , which gave John control of William 's daughters and required a payment of # 10,000 .	Treaty of Norham	What did John force William to sign ?
John treated the interdict as `` the equivalent of a papal declaration of war '' .	the equivalent of a papal declaration of war	John treated the interdict as what ?
John seized the lands of those clergy unwilling to conduct services , as well as those estates linked to Innocent himself ; he arrested the illicit concubines that many clerics kept during the period , only releasing them after the payment of fines ; he seized the lands of members of the church who had fled England , and he promised protection for those clergy willing to remain loyal to him .	those clergy unwilling to conduct services	John seized the lands of who ?
When this threat failed , Innocent excommunicated the king in November 1209 .	November 1209	When did Innocent excommunicate the king ?
John simply tightened his existing measures and accrued significant sums from the income of vacant sees and abbeys : one 1213 estimate , for example , suggested the church had lost an estimated 100,000 marks -LRB- equivalent to # 66,666 at the time -RRB- to John .	100,000	How many marks did the church lose ?
He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual , as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris , and about the process as a whole .	the Capetian court in Paris	John felt Langton was overly influenced by what ?
He barred Langton from entering England and seized the lands of the archbishopric and other papal possessions .	England	Who was barred Langton from entering England ?
Innocent then placed an interdict on England in March 1208 , prohibiting clergy from conducting religious services , with the exception of baptisms for the young , and confessions and absolutions for the dying .	March 1208	when did Innocent place an interdict on England ?
John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine , a key stronghold , forcing Louis to give battle against John 's larger army .	Roche-au-Moine	John besieged what castle ?
The local Angevin nobles refused to advance with the king ; left at something of a disadvantage , John retreated back to La Rochelle .	The local Angevin nobles	Who refused to advance with the king ?
Shortly afterwards , Philip won the hard-fought battle of Bouvines in the north against Otto and John 's other allies , bringing an end to John 's hopes of retaking Normandy .	Philip	Who won the battle of Bouvines ?
A peace agreement was signed in which John returned Anjou to Philip and paid the French king compensation ; the truce was intended to last for six years .	six years	How long was the truce intended to last for ?
In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip .	1214	When did John begin his final campaign to reclaim Normandy ?
John was optimistic , as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto , Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders ; he was enjoying papal favour ; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of his experienced army .	Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders	Who did John build alliances with ?
Nonetheless , when John left for Poitou in February 1214 , many barons refused to provide military service ; mercenary knights had to fill the gaps .	February 1214	When did John leave for Poitou ?
The rebels made the first move in the war , seizing the strategic Rochester Castle , owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop .	rebels	Who made the first move in the war ?
The rebels made the first move in the war , seizing the strategic Rochester Castle , owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop .	Rochester Castle	What did the rebels seize ?
John put off dealing with the badly deteriorating situation in North Wales , where Llywelyn the Great was leading a rebellion against the 1211 settlement .	Llywelyn the Great	Who lead the rebellion against the 1211 settlement ?
John 's strategy was to isolate the rebel barons in London , protect his own supply lines to his key source of mercenaries in Flanders , prevent the French from landing in the south-east , and then win the war through slow attrition .	isolate the rebel barons in London	What was John 's strategy ?
The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter ; they packed the baronial council with their own hardliners and refused to demobilise their forces or surrender London as agreed .	rebel barons	Who suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable ?
Despite his promises to the contrary , John appealed to Innocent for help , observing that the charter compromised the pope 's rights under the 1213 agreement that had appointed him John 's feudal lord .	Innocent	John appealed to who for help ?
The failure of the agreement led rapidly to the First Barons ' War .	First Barons' War	The failure of the agreement lead to what ?
The king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way .	significant part of his baggage	What did the king lose on his way to the west ?
Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a `` stalemate '' , `` a military situation uncompromised by defeat '' .	October 1216	When did John face a stalemate ?
Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this , suggesting that the king 's belongings , including the Crown Jewels , were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which empties into the Wash , being sucked in by quicksand and whirlpools .	as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries	When were the Crown Jewels lost ?
In September 1216 John began a fresh , vigorous attack .	September 1216	When did John begin a fresh , vigorous attack ?
He marched from the Cotswolds , feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle , and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia .	Cotswolds	Where did John march from ?
-LSB- nb 17 -RSB- In King 's Lynn , John contracted dysentery , which would ultimately prove fatal .	King's Lynn	Where did John contract dysentery ?
Meanwhile , Alexander II invaded northern England again , taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions ; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way .	Alexander II	Who invaded northern England ?
Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king , focusing on John 's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king .	Tudor historians	Which historians were favourably inclined towards the king ?
John Speed 's Historie of Great Britaine in 1632 praised John 's `` great renown '' as a king ; he blamed the bias of medieval chroniclers for the king 's poor reputation .	John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine	What praised John 's `` great renown '' as a king ?
In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John .	16th century	When did political and religious changes alter the attitude of historians towards John ?
Nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir Walter Scott 's historical romance , Ivanhoe , which presented `` an almost totally unfavourable picture '' of the king ; the work drew on Victorian histories of the period and on Shakespeare 's play .	Ivanhoe	What heavily influenced nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John ?
Claude Rains played John in the 1938 colour version alongside Errol Flynn , starting a trend for films to depict John as an `` effeminate ... arrogant and cowardly stay-at-home '' .	Claude Rains	Who played John in 1938 ?
During the 20th century , John was normally depicted in fictional books and films alongside Robin Hood .	Robin Hood	Who was John depicted alongside ?
One group of chroniclers wrote early in John 's life , or around the time of his accession , including Richard of Devizes , William of Newburgh , Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto .	Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto	Which historians wrote early in John 's life ?
These historians were generally unsympathetic to John 's behaviour under Richard 's rule , but slightly more positive towards the very earliest years of John 's reign .	unsympathetic	How did historians feel about John 's behavior under Richard 's rule ?
Much of John 's later , negative reputation was established by two chroniclers writing after the king 's death , Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris , the latter claiming that John attempted conversion to Islam in exchange for military aid from the Almohad ruler Muhammad al-Nasir - a story which is considered to be untrue by modern historians .	Islam	John attempted conversion of what in exchange for military aid ?
Popular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period , mirroring the revisionist histories of the time .	Tudor period	When did popular representations of John begin to emerge ?
Anthony Munday 's play The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington portrays many of John 's negative traits , but adopts a positive interpretation of the king 's stand against the Roman Catholic Church , in line with the contemporary views of the Tudor monarchs .	The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington	What was Anthony Munday 's play ?
The anonymous play The Troublesome Reign of King John portrayed the king as a `` proto-Protestant martyr '' , similar to that shown in John Bale 's morality play Kynge Johan , in which John attempts to save England from the `` evil agents of the Roman Church '' .	proto-Protestant martyr	In The Troublesome Reign of King John , John portrayed the king as what ?
Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John 's performance as king , and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards .	Contemporary chroniclers	Who was critical of John 's performance as king ?
Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John 's positive qualities , observing that John is today usually considered a `` hard-working administrator , an able man , an able general '' .	Jim Bradbury	What historian summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John 's positive qualities ?
These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era , and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture , primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends .	Western	John remains a recurring character within what culture ?
Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais , the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy .	Aquitaine	Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of what ?
Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais , the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy .	the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy	Who was Alais ?
For his part in the potential marriage alliance , Henry II transferred the castles of Chinon , Loudun and Mirebeau into John 's name ; as John was only five years old his father would continue to control them for practical purposes .	Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau	What castles did Henry II transfer into John 's name ?
In return for this service , Richard withdrew his malevolentia -LRB- ill-will -RRB- towards John , restored him to the county of Gloucestershire and made him again the Count of Mortain .	malevolentia	Richard withdrew what towards John ?
In return for this service , Richard withdrew his malevolentia -LRB- ill-will -RRB- towards John , restored him to the county of Gloucestershire and made him again the Count of Mortain .	John	Who was the Count of Mortain ?
In 1195 John successfully conducted a sudden attack and siege of Évreux castle , and subsequently managed the defences of Normandy against Philip .	1195	When did John successfully conduct a sudden attack and siege of Evreux castle ?
Unfortunately , Isabella was already engaged to Hugh of Lusignan , an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of Count Raoul of Eu , who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border .	Hugh of Lusignan	Who was Isabella engaged to ?
Unfortunately , Isabella was already engaged to Hugh of Lusignan , an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of Count Raoul of Eu , who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border .	a key Poitou noble family	Hugh of Lusignan was an important member of what ?
Rather than negotiating some form of compensation , John treated Hugh `` with contempt '' ; this resulted in a Lusignan uprising that was promptly crushed by John , who also intervened to suppress Raoul in Normandy .	contempt	John treated Hugh with what ?
In late 1203 , John attempted to relieve Château Gaillard , which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy .	Château Gaillard	What did John attempt to relieve in late 1203 ?
John 's relief operation was blocked by Philip 's forces , and John turned back to Brittany in an attempt to draw Philip away from eastern Normandy .	Philip's forces	Who blocked John 's relief operation ?
In March 1204 , Gaillard fell .	March 1204	When did Gaillard fall ?
John 's only remaining possession on the Continent was now the Duchy of Aquitaine .	Duchy of Aquitaine	What was John 's only remaining possession on the Continent ?
-LSB- nb 10 -RSB- John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king , as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs .	eleven	How many times did John levi scutage payments ?
Building on the successful sale of sheriff appointments in 1194 , John initiated a new round of appointments , with the new incumbents making back their investment through increased fines and penalties , particularly in the forests .	1194	When did John initiate a new round of appointments ?
The Jews , who held a vulnerable position in medieval England , protected only by the king , were subject to huge taxes ; # 44,000 was extracted from the community by the tallage of 1210 ; much of it was passed on to the Christian debtors of Jewish moneylenders .	The Jews	Who were subject to huge taxes ?
-LSB- nb 12 -RSB- John created a new tax on income and movable goods in 1207 -- effectively a version of a modern income tax -- that produced # 60,000 ; he created a new set of import and export duties payable directly to the crown .	1207	When did John create a new tax on income and movable goods ?
It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses , but chroniclers complained that John 's mistresses were married noblewomen , which was considered unacceptable .	married noblewomen	Many of John 's mistresses were what ?
John had at least five children with mistresses during his first marriage to Isabelle of Gloucester , and two of those mistresses are known to have been noblewomen .	five	How many children did John have with mistresses during his first marriage ?
None of John 's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried , and there is no actual documentary proof of adultery after that point , although John certainly had female friends amongst the court throughout the period .	None	How many of John 's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried ?
By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large galleys available ; another 54 vessels were built between 1209 and 1212 .	50	How many galleys were available by the end of 1204 ?
By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large galleys available ; another 54 vessels were built between 1209 and 1212 .	1209 and 1212	54 vessels were built between what years ?
William of Wrotham was appointed `` keeper of the galleys '' , effectively John 's chief admiral .	William of Wrotham	Who was appointed `` keeper of the galleys ? ''
John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well , visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and marrying his illegitimate daughter , Joan , to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great .	Wales	Where did John visit every year between 1204 and 1211 ?
John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well , visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and marrying his illegitimate daughter , Joan , to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great .	Llywelyn the Great	Who did John marry Joan to ?
The king used the marcher lords and the native Welsh to increase his own territory and power , striking a sequence of increasingly precise deals backed by royal military power with the Welsh rulers .	marcher lords and the native Welsh	What did John use to increase his own territory and power ?
A major royal expedition to enforce these agreements occurred in 1211 , after Llywelyn attempted to exploit the instability caused by the removal of William de Braose , through the Welsh uprising of 1211 .	1211	When did a royal expedition to enforce agreements occur ?
Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards , and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised .	1209	Where were Monastic communities allowed to celebrate Mass in private ?
Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards , and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised .	1212	When was the Holy Viaticum for the dying authorised ?
By 1213 , though , John was increasingly worried about the threat of French invasion .	French invasion	What threat was John worried about ?
John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring .	London	Where did John hold a council in January 1215 ?
In the meantime , John began to recruit fresh mercenary forces from Poitou , although some were later sent back to avoid giving the impression that the king was escalating the conflict .	Poitou	Where did John recruit mercenary forces from ?
John announced his intent to become a crusader , a move which gave him additional political protection under church law .	a crusader	John announced his intent to become what ?
In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault .	November	When did John retake Rochester Castle ?
In January 1216 John marched against Alexander II of Scotland , who had allied himself with the rebel cause .	Alexander II of Scotland	John marched against who in January 1216 ?
Having regained the south-east John split his forces , sending William Longespée to retake the north side of London and East Anglia , whilst John himself headed north via Nottingham to attack the estates of the northern barons .	north side of London and East Anglia	John sent William Longespee to retake what ?
John 's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther ; John died on the night of 18 October .	18 October	When did John die ?
A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made for him in 1232 , in which his remains now rest .	1232	When was a new sarcophagus made for him ?
His body was escorted south by a company of mercenaries and he was buried in Worcester Cathedral in front of the altar of St Wulfstan .	Worcester Cathedral	Where was John buried ?
Kate Norgate , for example , argued that John 's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy , but due to his `` almost superhuman wickedness '' , whilst James Ramsay blamed John 's family background and his cruel personality for his downfall .	James Ramsay	Who blamed John 's family background for his cruel personality ?
Historians in the `` Whiggish '' tradition , focusing on documents such as the Domesday Book and Magna Carta , trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period .	Domesday Book and Magna Carta	What documents trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England ?
By the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John 's moral personality .	Victorian	What period in the 19th century were historians more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers ?
John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France , which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century .	King Philip II of France	John lost the duchy of Normandy to who ?
The baronial revolt at the end of John 's reign led to the sealing of the Magna Carta , a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom .	baronial revolt	What led to the sealing of the Magna Carta ?
John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France , which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century .	Capetian	The collapse of the Angevin Empire contributed to the growth in power of what dynasty ?
Eleanor then left for Poitiers , the capital of Aquitaine , and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey .	Poitiers	Where did Eleanor leave to ?
John was probably , like his brothers , assigned a magister whilst he was at Fontevrault , a teacher charged with his early education and with managing the servants of his immediate household ; John was later taught by Ranulph Glanville , a leading English administrator .	Ranulph Glanville	John was taught by who ?
John was probably , like his brothers , assigned a magister whilst he was at Fontevrault , a teacher charged with his early education and with managing the servants of his immediate household ; John was later taught by Ranulph Glanville , a leading English administrator .	magister	John was assigned what whilst he was at Fontevrault ?
John had spent the conflict travelling alongside his father , and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement ; from then onwards , most observers regarded John as Henry II 's favourite child , although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession .	his father	John spent the conflict traveling alongside who ?
In 1175 he appropriated the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall and gave them to John .	1175	When did Henry II appropriate the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall ?
In 1177 , at the Council of Oxford , Henry dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland and replaced him with the ten-year-old John .	Henry	Who dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland ?
Mandeville immediately died , and Longchamp took over as joint justiciar with Puiset , which would prove to be a less than satisfactory partnership .	Longchamp	Who took over as joint justiciar with Puiset after Mandeville died ?
Eleanor , the queen mother , convinced Richard to allow John into England in his absence .	Eleanor	Who convinced Richard to allow John to join into England ?
When John 's elder brother Richard became king in September 1189 , he had already declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade .	September 1189	When did Richard become king ?
Warfare in Normandy at the time was shaped by the defensive potential of castles and the increasing costs of conducting campaigns .	defensive potential of castles	Warfare in Normandy was shaped by what ?
Feudal levies could only be raised for a fixed length of time before they returned home , forcing an end to a campaign ; mercenary forces , often called Brabançons after the Duchy of Brabant but actually recruited from across northern Europe , could operate all year long and provide a commander with more strategic options to pursue a campaign , but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces .	Brabançons	What were mercenary forces called ?
The Norman frontiers had limited natural defences but were heavily reinforced with castles , such as Château Gaillard , at strategic points , built and maintained at considerable expense .	Château Gaillard	What castle was built at a strategic point ?
Accompanied by William de Roches , his seneschal in Anjou , he swung his mercenary army rapidly south to protect her .	William de Roches	Who accompanied John ?
With his southern flank weakening , Philip was forced to withdraw in the east and turn south himself to contain John 's army .	southern flank weakening	Why was Philip forced to withdraw in the east ?
His forces caught Arthur by surprise and captured the entire rebel leadership at the battle of Mirebeau .	Arthur	Who was caught by surprised ?
John inherited a sophisticated system of administration in England , with a range of royal agents answering to the Royal Household : the Chancery kept written records and communications ; the Treasury and the Exchequer dealt with income and expenditure respectively ; and various judges were deployed to deliver justice around the kingdom .	sophisticated system of administration	What did John inherit in England ?
John inherited a sophisticated system of administration in England , with a range of royal agents answering to the Royal Household : the Chancery kept written records and communications ; the Treasury and the Exchequer dealt with income and expenditure respectively ; and various judges were deployed to deliver justice around the kingdom .	the Treasury and the Exchequer	Who dealt with income and expenditure ?
In part he was following in the tradition of Henry I and Henry II , but by the 13th century the volume of administrative work had greatly increased , which put much more pressure on a king who wished to rule in this style .	Henry I and Henry II	John followed in the tradition of who ?
John 's royal household was based around several groups of followers .	several groups of followers	John 's royal household was based around what ?
Another section of royal followers were the curia regis ; these curiales were the senior officials and agents of the king and were essential to his day-to-day rule .	senior officials and agents of the king	Who were the curia regis ?
These men included soldiers who would become infamous in England for their uncivilised behaviour , including Falkes de Breauté , Geard d'Athies , Engelard de Cigongé and Philip Marc .	their uncivilised behaviour	The mercenary leaders became infamous in England for what ?
John 's lack of religious conviction has been noted by contemporary chroniclers and later historians , with some suspecting that John was at best impious , or even atheistic , a very serious issue at the time .	impious	Historians suspected that John was at best what ?
Other historians have been more cautious in interpreting this material , noting that chroniclers also reported John 's personal interest in the life of St Wulfstan of Worcester and his friendships with several senior clerics , most especially with Hugh of Lincoln , who was later declared a saint .	Hugh of Lincoln	Who was later declared a saint ?
Financial records show a normal royal household engaged in the usual feasts and pious observances -- albeit with many records showing John 's offerings to the poor to atone for routinely breaking church rules and guidance .	John's offerings to the poor	Many records showed what ?
During the truce of 1206 -- 1208 , John focused on building up his financial and military resources in preparation for another attempt to recapture Normandy .	focused on building up his financial and military resources	What did John do during the truce of 1206-1208 ?
By 1212 John had successfully concluded alliances with his nephew Otto IV , a contender for the crown of Holy Roman Emperor in Germany , as well as with the counts Renaud of Boulogne and Ferdinand of Flanders .	Otto IV	By 1212 , John had successfully concluded alliances with who ?
He launched his new fleet to attack the French at the harbour of Damme .	the harbour of Damme	John launched his new fleet to attach the French where ?
John wanted John de Gray , the Bishop of Norwich and one of his own supporters , to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Walter , but the cathedral chapter for Canterbury Cathedral claimed the exclusive right to elect Walter 's successor .	John de Gray	Who did John want to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury ?
Innocent disavowed both Reginald and John de Gray , and instead appointed his own candidate , Stephen Langton .	Reginald and John de Gray	Who did Innocent disavow ?
John forced the Canterbury chapter to change their support to John de Gray , and a messenger was sent to Rome to inform the papacy of the new decision .	Canterbury chapter	Who did John force to change their support to John de Gray ?
Many of the disaffected barons came from the north of England ; that faction was often labelled by contemporaries and historians as `` the Northerners '' .	north of England	Where did many of the disaffected barons come from ?
For some the appointment of Peter des Roches as justiciar was an important factor , as he was considered an `` abrasive foreigner '' by many of the barons .	Peter des Roches	Who was appointed justiciar ?
The failure of John 's French military campaign in 1214 was probably the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John 's final years as king ; James Holt describes the path to civil war as `` direct , short and unavoidable '' following the defeat at Bouvines .	The failure of John's French military campaign	What was the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John 's final years as king ?
John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede , near Windsor Castle , on 15 June 1215 .	15 June 1215	When did John meet the rebel leaders at Runnymede ?
A council of twenty-five barons would be created to monitor and ensure John 's future adherence to the charter , whilst the rebel army would stand down and London would be surrendered to the king .	twenty-five	A council of how many barons was created to monitor John 's future adherence to the charter ?
Langton 's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement ; it was later renamed Magna Carta , or `` Great Charter '' .	Magna Carta	The peace agreement was renamed what ?
Prince Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216 , and John assembled a naval force to intercept him .	May 1216	When did Prince Louis int to land in the south of England ?
John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately , either due to the risks of open battle or over concerns about the loyalty of his own men .	due to the risks of open battle	Why did John hesitate to attack Louis ?
By the end of the summer the rebels had regained the south-east of England and parts of the north .	end of the summer	When did the rebels regain the south-east of England ?
John 's first wife , Isabel , Countess of Gloucester , was released from imprisonment in 1214 ; she remarried twice , and died in 1217 .	1214	When was Isabel released from imprisonment ?
Joan married Alexander II of Scotland to become his queen consort .	Alexander II of Scotland	Who did Joan marry to become queen consort ?
John had five legitimate children , all by Isabella .	five	How many legitimate children did John have ?
His eldest son , Henry III , ruled as king for the majority of the 13th century .	Henry III	Who was John 's eldest son ?
Most historians today , including John 's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren , argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch , but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th - and 13th-century chroniclers .	Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren	What biographers argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch ?
Bradbury takes a moderate line , but suggests that in recent years modern historians have been overly lenient towards John 's numerous faults .	John's numerous faults	Modern historians have been over lenient towards what ?
John Gillingham , author of a major biography of Richard I , follows this line too , although he considers John a less effective general than do Turner or Warren , and describes him `` one of the worst kings ever to rule England '' .	a less effective general	John Gillingham considers John what ?
The Macintosh , however , was expensive , which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers , as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses .	expensive	What hindered the competetive ability of Apple when it was introduced ?
Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade .	education and desktop publishing	Where did Macintosh initially find success in the market ?
In the 1990s , improvements in the rival Wintel platform , notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0 , then Windows 95 , gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems .	Wintel	Which platform , when improved in the 1990 's , took market share from Macintosh ?
The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intel 's Pentium , and in 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer .	performance	What type of advantage did Intel 's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1990 's ?
The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intel 's Pentium , and in 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer .	Compaq	Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1994 , leaving Apple in 3rd place ?
Smith 's first Macintosh board was built to Raskin 's design specifications : it had 64 kilobytes -LRB- kB -RRB- of RAM , used the Motorola 6809E microprocessor , and was capable of supporting a 256 × 256-pixel black-and-white bitmap display .	64 kilobytes (kB)	How much RAM did the first Maciuntosh board have ?
Bud Tribble , a member of the Mac team , was interested in running the Apple Lisa 's graphical programs on the Macintosh , and asked Smith whether he could incorporate the Lisa 's Motorola 68000 microprocessor into the Mac while still keeping the production cost down .	Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team	Whose idea was it to run Apple Lisa 's graphical programs on the Macintosh ?
Bud Tribble , a member of the Mac team , was interested in running the Apple Lisa 's graphical programs on the Macintosh , and asked Smith whether he could incorporate the Lisa 's Motorola 68000 microprocessor into the Mac while still keeping the production cost down .	Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor	What did Tribble first incorporate into the Mac ?
Smith 's design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa , which made production of the board significantly more cost-efficient .	fewer RAM chips than the Lisa	Which design feature did Smith eventually use to make production of a newly designed board more cost-efficient ?
Though there were no memory slots , its RAM was expandable to 512 kB by means of soldering sixteen IC sockets to accept 256 kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips .	memory slots	What feature was missing from the final Mac design produced by Smith ?
Apple spent $ 2.5 million purchasing all 39 advertising pages in a special , post-election issue of Newsweek , and ran a `` Test Drive a Macintosh '' promotion , in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards .	$2.5 million	How much did Apple spend to advertise in a special post-election issue of Newsweek ?
Apple spent $ 2.5 million purchasing all 39 advertising pages in a special , post-election issue of Newsweek , and ran a `` Test Drive a Macintosh '' promotion , in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards .	"Test Drive a Macintosh"	What was the name of the big promotion Apple ran in the special edition of Newsweek ?
Apple spent $ 2.5 million purchasing all 39 advertising pages in a special , post-election issue of Newsweek , and ran a `` Test Drive a Macintosh '' promotion , in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards .	a Macintosh	What did Apple allow potential buyers to take home and try for 24 hours ?
While 200,000 people participated , dealers disliked the promotion , the supply of computers was insufficient for demand , and many were returned in such a bad condition that they could no longer be sold .	a bad condition	How were many computers returned during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion that made them unsellable ?
This marketing campaign caused CEO John Sculley to raise the price from US$ 1,995 to US$ 2,495 -LRB- about $ 5,200 when adjusted for inflation in 2010 -RRB- .	John Sculley	Who was the CEO of Apple during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion ?
The Mac Plus was an immediate success and remained in production , unchanged , until October 15 , 1990 ; on sale for just over four years and ten months , it was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple 's history .	The Mac Plus	What was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple 's history while it was in production ?
The Mac Plus was an immediate success and remained in production , unchanged , until October 15 , 1990 ; on sale for just over four years and ten months , it was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple 's history .	just over four years and ten months	How long did the Mac Plus remain in production , unchanged ?
In September 1986 , Apple introduced the Macintosh Programmer 's Workshop , or MPW , an application that allowed software developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh , rather than cross compiling from a Lisa .	Macintosh Programmer's Workshop	In 1986 , what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh ?
In August 1987 , Apple unveiled HyperCard and MultiFinder , which added cooperative multitasking to the Macintosh .	cooperative multitasking	What did Apple 's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh ?
In August 1987 , Apple unveiled HyperCard and MultiFinder , which added cooperative multitasking to the Macintosh .	HyperCard and MultiFinder	After their unveiling in 1987 , what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh ?
With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988 , which had benefited from internal improvements , including an on-board MMU .	the Macintosh IIx	What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU ?
Later that year , the Macintosh IIci , running at 25 MHz , was the first Mac to be `` 32-bit clean . ''	the Macintosh IIci	What was the first Mac to be `` 32-bit clean '' ?
The following year , the Macintosh IIfx , starting at US$ 9,900 , was unveiled .	US$9,900	What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled ?
Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor , it had significant internal architectural improvements , including faster memory and two Apple II CPUs -LRB- 6502s -RRB- dedicated to I/O processing .	two	How many Apple II CPUS 's did the new Macintosh llfx include ?
Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor , it had significant internal architectural improvements , including faster memory and two Apple II CPUs -LRB- 6502s -RRB- dedicated to I/O processing .	40 MHz	How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx ?
As for Mac OS , System 7 was a 32-bit rewrite from Pascal to C++ that introduced virtual memory and improved the handling of color graphics , as well as memory addressing , networking , and co-operative multitasking .	Mac OS, System 7	Which Mac is known for improving the handling of color graphics ?
Also during this time , the Macintosh began to shed the `` Snow White '' design language , along with the expensive consulting fees they were paying to Frogdesign .	Frogdesign	Who did Apple pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work ?
Apple instead brought the design work in-house by establishing the Apple Industrial Design Group , becoming responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products .	the Apple Industrial Design Group	What was established for bringing Apple 's design work in-house ?
Apple instead brought the design work in-house by establishing the Apple Industrial Design Group , becoming responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products .	Apple Industrial Design Group	Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products ?
As for Mac OS , System 7 was a 32-bit rewrite from Pascal to C++ that introduced virtual memory and improved the handling of color graphics , as well as memory addressing , networking , and co-operative multitasking .	co-operative multitasking	How did the Mac System 7 improve multitasking ?
When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company 's purchase of NeXT , he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 -LRB- in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS -RRB- .	Steve Jobs	Who returned to Apple in 1997 ?
When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company 's purchase of NeXT , he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 -LRB- in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS -RRB- .	Mac OS 8	What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.7 to be branded as ?
Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third parties , this move effectively ended the clone line .	the clone line	What did the branding of the Mac OS 8 effectively end ?
The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola , who produced the StarMax ; Umax , who produced the SuperMac ; and Power Computing , who offered several lines of Mac clones , including the PowerWave , PowerTower , and PowerTower Pro .	significant financial losses	What effect did Mac 's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola ?
Without the higher profit margins of high-end systems , however , Umax judged this would not be profitable and exited the Mac clone market in May 1998 , having lost USD$ 36 million on the program .	USD$36 million	How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market ?
Mac OS continued to evolve up to version 9.2.2 , including retrofits such as the addition of a nanokernel and support for Multiprocessing Services 2.0 in Mac OS 8.6 , though its dated architecture made replacement necessary .	replacement	What did dated architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary ?
Initially developed in the Pascal programming language , it was substantially rewritten in C++ for System 7 .	Pascal	What programming language was the Mac OS initially developed in ?
Initially developed in the Pascal programming language , it was substantially rewritten in C++ for System 7 .	C++	What language replaced Pascal for System 7 ?
As such , Apple introduced Mac OS X , a fully overhauled Unix-based successor to Mac OS 9 .	Mac OS X	What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 9 ?
It was released to the public in September 2000 , as the Mac OS X Public Beta , featuring a revamped user interface called `` Aqua '' .	Aqua	Upon release , what interface allowed Mac users to sample Apple 's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release ?
The Macintosh is the only mainstream computer platform to have successfully transitioned to a new CPU architecture , and has done so twice .	Macintosh	What is the only mainstream computer platform to successfully transition to a new CPU architecture ?
All current Mac models ship with at least 8 GB of RAM as standard other than the 1.4 GHz Mac Mini , MacBook Pro -LRB- without Retina Display -RRB- , and MacBook Air .	8 GB	What is the standard amount of RAM included with almost all current Mac models ?
MacBook Pro , iMac , MacBook Air , and Mac Mini computers now also feature the `` Thunderbolt '' port , which Apple says can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second .	Thunderbolt	Which MacBook Pro port can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second ?
Starting with the then-new iMac G5 , released in October 2005 , Apple started to include built-in iSight cameras on appropriate models , and a media center interface called Front Row that can be operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer .	October 2005	When was the iMac G5 released ?
Starting with the then-new iMac G5 , released in October 2005 , Apple started to include built-in iSight cameras on appropriate models , and a media center interface called Front Row that can be operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer .	Front Row	Which interface did Apple introduce that was capable of being operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer ?
All current Mac models ship with at least 8 GB of RAM as standard other than the 1.4 GHz Mac Mini , MacBook Pro -LRB- without Retina Display -RRB- , and MacBook Air .	8 GB	What is the standard amount of RAM shipped with most Mac models ?
The current Mac product family uses Intel x86-64 processors .	Intel x86-64	What processors are used by the current Mac product family ?
Current Macs include two standard data transfer ports : USB and Thunderbolt -LRB- except for the MacBook -LRB- 2015 version -RRB- , which only has a USB-C port and headphone port -RRB- .	two	How many data transfer ports are included in most current Macs ?
MacBook Pro , iMac , MacBook Air , and Mac Mini computers now also feature the `` Thunderbolt '' port , which Apple says can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second .	up to 10 gigabits per second.	According to Apple , how fast can the Thunderbolt port transfer data ?
The most common workaround , is to boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application .	boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application	Which technique was once used to boot an alternate operating system than Mac OS ?
Used even by Apple for A/UX and MkLinux , this technique is no longer necessary since the introduction of Open Firmware-based PCI Macs , though it was formerly used for convenience on many Old World ROM systems due to bugs in the firmware implementation .	Open Firmware-based PCI Macs	What was introduced that made using Mac OS alternative operating systems easier ?
Used even by Apple for A/UX and MkLinux , this technique is no longer necessary since the introduction of Open Firmware-based PCI Macs , though it was formerly used for convenience on many Old World ROM systems due to bugs in the firmware implementation .	bugs in the firmware implementation	What were Open Firmware-based PCI Macs used as a convenience because of ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Now , Mac hardware boots directly from Open Firmware in most PowerPC-based Macs or EFI in all Intel-based Macs .	EFI	Where does Mac hardware boot directly to in all Intel-based Macs ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Now , Mac hardware boots directly from Open Firmware in most PowerPC-based Macs or EFI in all Intel-based Macs .	Open Firmware	Where does Mac harware boot directly to in most PowerPC-based Macs ?
In 1982 , Regis McKenna was brought in to shape the marketing and launch of the Macintosh .	Regis McKenna	Who was brought in to shape the marketing of Macintosh in 1982 ?
Cunningham and Anderson were the primary authors of the Macintosh launch plan .	primary authors	What role did Andy Cunningham and Jane Anderson have in the Macintosh launch plan ?
The launch of the Macintosh pioneered many different tactics that are used today in launching technology products , including the `` multiple exclusive , '' event marketing -LRB- credited to John Sculley , who brought the concept over from Pepsi -RRB- , creating a mystique around a product and giving an inside look into a product 's creation .	John Sculley	Who introduced the `` multiple exclusive '' event marketing concept to Apple ?
The launch of the Macintosh pioneered many different tactics that are used today in launching technology products , including the `` multiple exclusive , '' event marketing -LRB- credited to John Sculley , who brought the concept over from Pepsi -RRB- , creating a mystique around a product and giving an inside look into a product 's creation .	Pepsi	Which company first used the `` multiple exclusive '' event marketing concept ?
The launch of the Macintosh pioneered many different tactics that are used today in launching technology products , including the `` multiple exclusive , '' event marketing -LRB- credited to John Sculley , who brought the concept over from Pepsi -RRB- , creating a mystique around a product and giving an inside look into a product 's creation .	a mystique	What did the `` multiple exclusive '' event marketing concept create around a product ?
Compaq , who had previously held the third place spot among PC manufacturers during the 1980s and early-mid 1990s , initiated a successful price war in 1994 that vaulted them to the biggest by the year end , overtaking a struggling IBM and relegating Apple to third place .	Compaq	Who initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1994 ?
Compaq , who had previously held the third place spot among PC manufacturers during the 1980s and early-mid 1990s , initiated a successful price war in 1994 that vaulted them to the biggest by the year end , overtaking a struggling IBM and relegating Apple to third place .	IBM	Who did Compaq overtake in the price war of 1994 ?
Apple 's market share further struggled due to the release of the Windows 95 operating system , which unified Microsoft 's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products .	struggled	What happened to Apple 's market share with the release of Windows 95 ?
Apple 's market share further struggled due to the release of the Windows 95 operating system , which unified Microsoft 's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products .	Windows 95	What unified Microsoft 's MS-DOS and Windows products ?
Windows 95 significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers , and brought the capabilities of Windows to parity with the Mac OS GUI .	Windows 95	What significantly enhanced the multimedia capability of IBM PC compatible computers ?
Statistics from late 2003 indicate that Apple had 2.06 percent of the desktop share in the United States that had increased to 2.88 percent by Q4 2004 .	2.06	What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2003 ?
As of October 2006 , research firms IDC and Gartner reported that Apple 's market share in the U.S. had increased to about 6 percent .	research firms	Who are IDC and Gartner ?
Figures from December 2006 , showing a market share around 6 percent -LRB- IDC -RRB- and 6.1 percent -LRB- Gartner -RRB- are based on a more than 30 percent increase in unit sale from 2005 to 2006 .	6.1 percent	What was Apple 's market share in the U.S. by 2006 ?
Figures from December 2006 , showing a market share around 6 percent -LRB- IDC -RRB- and 6.1 percent -LRB- Gartner -RRB- are based on a more than 30 percent increase in unit sale from 2005 to 2006 .	30	What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2006 ?
The installed base of Mac computers is hard to determine , with numbers ranging from 5 % -LRB- estimated in 2009 -RRB- to 16 % -LRB- estimated in 2005 -RRB- .	16%	What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2009 ?
The Macintosh SE was released at the same time as the Macintosh II for $ 2900 -LRB- or $ 3900 with hard drive -RRB- , as the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot .	the Macintosh II	When was the Macintosh SE released at the same time as ?
The Macintosh SE was released at the same time as the Macintosh II for $ 2900 -LRB- or $ 3900 with hard drive -RRB- , as the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot .	The Macintosh SE	What was the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot ?
The Macintosh SE was released at the same time as the Macintosh II for $ 2900 -LRB- or $ 3900 with hard drive -RRB- , as the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot .	$2900	What was the starting price of the Macintosh SE ?
The SE 's expansion slot was located inside the case along with the CRT , potentially exposing an upgrader to high voltage .	high voltage	What did the location of the SE 's expansion slot potentially expose an upgrader to ?
For this reason , Apple recommended users bring their SE to an authorized Apple dealer to have upgrades performed .	an authorized Apple dealer	Who did Apple suggest users go to for performing updates on their SE 's ?
This has been attributed , in part , to the success of the iPod and the iPhone , a halo effect whereby satisfied iPod or iPhone owners purchase more Apple products , and Apple has since capitalized on that with the iCloud cloud service that allows users to seamlessly sync data between these devices and Macs .	the success of the iPod and the iPhone	What is partially credited for the significant boost in sales of Macs in recent years ?
This has been attributed , in part , to the success of the iPod and the iPhone , a halo effect whereby satisfied iPod or iPhone owners purchase more Apple products , and Apple has since capitalized on that with the iCloud cloud service that allows users to seamlessly sync data between these devices and Macs .	iCloud cloud service	What allows users to easily sync data between an iPhone and a Mac ?
Nonetheless , like other personal computer manufacturers , the Macintosh lines have been hurt by consumer trend towards smartphones and tablet computers -LRB- particularly Apple 's own iPhone and iPad , respectively -RRB- as the computing devices of choice among consumers .	smartphones and tablet computers	What consumer trend has hurt many personal computer manufacturers ?
Nonetheless , like other personal computer manufacturers , the Macintosh lines have been hurt by consumer trend towards smartphones and tablet computers -LRB- particularly Apple 's own iPhone and iPad , respectively -RRB- as the computing devices of choice among consumers .	Apple's own iPhone	Which smartphone has hurt personal computer manufacterers the most ?
Nonetheless , like other personal computer manufacturers , the Macintosh lines have been hurt by consumer trend towards smartphones and tablet computers -LRB- particularly Apple 's own iPhone and iPad , respectively -RRB- as the computing devices of choice among consumers .	iPhone and iPad	What are the top two computing devices consumers are choosing ?
In response , Apple introduced a range of relatively inexpensive Macs in October 1990 .	relatively inexpensive Macs	What did Apple introduce in 1990 to combat competition from smartphones ?
The Macintosh Classic , essentially a less expensive version of the Macintosh SE , was the least expensive Mac offered until early 2001 .	The Macintosh Classic	What was the less expensive version of the Macintosh SE that was offered until 2001 ?
The 68020-powered Macintosh LC , in its distinctive `` pizza box '' case , offered color graphics and was accompanied by a new , low-cost 512 × 384 pixel monitor .	LC	Which Macintosh had a distinctive `` pizza box '' case ?
The Macintosh IIsi was essentially a 20 MHz IIci with only one expansion slot .	only one	How many expansion slots did the Macintosh IIsi have ?
All three machines sold well , although Apple 's profit margin on them was considerably lower than that on earlier models .	considerably lower	How did Apple 's profit margin on the lower cost Mac 's compare to the profit margin onearlier models ?
Starting in 2006 , Apple 's industrial design shifted to favor aluminum , which was used in the construction of the first MacBook Pro .	2006	When did Apple begin to favor aluminum in their design ?
Starting in 2006 , Apple 's industrial design shifted to favor aluminum , which was used in the construction of the first MacBook Pro .	MacBook Pro	Which Mac used aluminum in it 's construction ?
Glass was added in 2008 with the introduction of the unibody MacBook Pro .	Glass	Which material did Apple add with the 2008 unibody MacBrook Pro ?
These materials are billed as environmentally friendly .	environmentally friendly	Are aluminum and glass considered to be environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful ?
Chief designer Jonathan Ive continues to guide products towards a minimalist and simple feel , including eliminating of replaceable batteries in notebooks .	replaceable batteries	What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in Mac notebooks ?
The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin , an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use , low-cost computer for the average consumer .	Jef Raskin	Who began the Macintosh project in 1979 ?
The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin , an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use , low-cost computer for the average consumer .	an Apple employee	What was Jef Raskin 's profession ?
The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin , an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use , low-cost computer for the average consumer .	easy-to-use, low-cost	What did Jef Raskin envision for a computer to be for an average consumer ?
He wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple , the McIntosh , but the spelling was changed to `` Macintosh '' for legal reasons as the original was the same spelling as that used by McIntosh Laboratory , Inc. , the audio equipment manufacturer .	for legal reasons	Why was the spelling of McIntosh changed to Macintosh ?
He wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple , the McIntosh , but the spelling was changed to `` Macintosh '' for legal reasons as the original was the same spelling as that used by McIntosh Laboratory , Inc. , the audio equipment manufacturer .	audio equipment	What did McIntosh Laboratory , Inc. manufacture ?
After the Lisa 's announcement , John Dvorak discussed rumors of a mysterious `` MacIntosh '' project at Apple in February 1983 .	John Dvorak	Who discussed rumors of a mysterious `` MacIntosh '' project in 1983 ?
The company announced the Macintosh 128K -- manufactured at an Apple factory in Fremont , California -- in October 1983 , followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December .	Apple factory in Fremont, California	Where was the Macintosh 128K manufactured ?
The Macintosh was introduced by a US$ 1.5 million Ridley Scott television commercial , `` 1984 '' .	US$1.5 million	How much did the television commercial `` 1984 '' cost ?
The company announced the Macintosh 128K -- manufactured at an Apple factory in Fremont , California -- in October 1983 , followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December .	Macintosh 128K	What did the television commercial `` 1984 '' introduce ?
Regis McKenna called the ad `` more successful than the Mac itself . ''	"more successful than the Mac itself."	What did Regis McKenna call the `` 1984 '' ad that was aired during the Super Bowl ?
The Macintosh -LRB- / ˈmækᵻntɒʃ / MAK-in-tosh ; branded as Mac since 1997 -RRB- is a series of personal computers -LRB- PCs -RRB- designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc. .	1997	When was the Macintosh branded as Mac ?
The Macintosh -LRB- / ˈmækᵻntɒʃ / MAK-in-tosh ; branded as Mac since 1997 -RRB- is a series of personal computers -LRB- PCs -RRB- designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc. .	Apple Inc.	Who designed , develped , and marketed the Mac computers ?
Steve Jobs introduced the original Macintosh computer on January 24 , 1984 .	original Macintosh computer	What did Steve Jobs introduce on January 24 , 1984 ?
This was the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse .	integral graphical user	What interface type did the original Macintosh include ?
Since 1998 , Apple has largely phased out the Macintosh name in favor of `` Mac '' , though the product family has been nicknamed `` Mac '' or `` the Mac '' since the development of the first model .	Since 1998	When did Apple begin phasing out Macintosh in favor of `` Mac '' ?
In 1985 , the combination of the Mac , Apple 's LaserWriter printer , and Mac-specific software like Boston Software 's MacPublisher and Aldus PageMaker enabled users to design , preview , and print page layouts complete with text and graphics -- an activity to become known as desktop publishing .	1985	When was the activity of desktop publishing first used ?
Initially , desktop publishing was unique to the Macintosh , but eventually became available for other platforms .	Macintosh	What company was desktop publishing unique to at it 's beginning ?
In 1985 , the combination of the Mac , Apple 's LaserWriter printer , and Mac-specific software like Boston Software 's MacPublisher and Aldus PageMaker enabled users to design , preview , and print page layouts complete with text and graphics -- an activity to become known as desktop publishing .	Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher	What three things were combined to develop desktop publishing ?
In 1985 , the combination of the Mac , Apple 's LaserWriter printer , and Mac-specific software like Boston Software 's MacPublisher and Aldus PageMaker enabled users to design , preview , and print page layouts complete with text and graphics -- an activity to become known as desktop publishing .	design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics	What did desktop publishing enable users to do ?
Later , applications such as Macromedia FreeHand , QuarkXPress , and Adobe 's Photoshop and Illustrator strengthened the Mac 's position as a graphics computer and helped to expand the emerging desktop publishing market .	Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator	What applications strengthened Mac 's position as a graphics computer ?
Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project in September 1979 , and he immediately asked his long-time colleague , Brian Howard , to join him .	September 1979	What year was Raskin hired by Apple ?
Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project in September 1979 , and he immediately asked his long-time colleague , Brian Howard , to join him .	his long-time colleague, Brian Howard	Who did Raskin immediately hire to help him on the Apple project in 1979 ?
His initial team would eventually consist of himself , Howard , Joanna Hoffman , Burrell Smith , and Bud Tribble .	Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble	Who comprised the original Mac team besides Raskin ?
The rest of the original Mac team would include Bill Atkinson , Bob Belleville , Steve Capps , George Crow , Donn Denman , Chris Espinosa , Andy Hertzfeld , Bruce Horn , Susan Kare , Larry Kenyon , and Caroline Rose with Steve Jobs leading the project .	Steve Jobs	Who eventually lead the project on the Mac team ?
Apple reported worldwide sales of 3.36 million Macs during the 2009 holiday season .	3.36 million	How many Macs did Apple sell worldwide during the 2009 holiday season ?
As of Mid-2011 , the Macintosh continues to enjoy rapid market share increase in the US , growing from 7.3 % of all computer shipments in 2010 to 9.3 % in 2011 .	7.3%	What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2010 ?
As of Mid-2011 , the Macintosh continues to enjoy rapid market share increase in the US , growing from 7.3 % of all computer shipments in 2010 to 9.3 % in 2011 .	9.3%	What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2011 ?
Apple now sits in the number five spot , with a global market share of about 6 % during 2014 , behind Lenovo , HP , Dell and Acer .	about 6%	What ranking was Apple in the PC global market share during 2014 ?
Apple now sits in the number five spot , with a global market share of about 6 % during 2014 , behind Lenovo , HP , Dell and Acer .	Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer	Who outperformed Apple in the 2014 PC global market share ?
In 1987 , Apple spun off its software business as Claris .	Claris	In 1987 , what did Apple spin off its software business as ?
In the late 1980s , Claris released a number of revamped software titles ; the result was the `` Pro '' series , including MacDraw Pro , MacWrite Pro , and FileMaker Pro .	"Pro" series	Which series of applications was Claris responsible for inventing ?
To provide a complete office suite , Claris purchased the rights to the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program on the Mac , renaming it Claris Resolve , and added the new presentation software Claris Impact .	Claris Resolve	What did Claris rename the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program ?
When Claris was reincorporated back into Apple in 1998 , ClarisWorks was renamed AppleWorks beginning with version 5.0 .	AppleWorks	What was ClarisWorks renamed beginning with version 5.0 ?
When Claris was reincorporated back into Apple in 1998 , ClarisWorks was renamed AppleWorks beginning with version 5.0 .	1998	When was ClarisWorks reincorporated back into Apple ?
Two days after `` 1984 '' aired , the Macintosh went on sale , and came bundled with two applications designed to show off its interface : MacWrite and MacPaint .	MacWrite and MacPaint	What two applications came bundled with Macs 2 days after `` 1984 '' was aired ?
This was a time-consuming task that many software developers chose not to undertake , and could be regarded as a reason for an initial lack of software for the new system .	This was a time-consuming task	Why did many software developers choose not to redesign the Mac operating system and rewrite the programming code ?
In April 1984 , Microsoft 's MultiPlan migrated over from MS-DOS , with Microsoft Word following in January 1985 .	1984	What year did Microsoft 's MultiPlan migrate over from MS-DOS ?
In 1985 , Lotus Software introduced Lotus Jazz for the Macintosh platform after the success of Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC , although it was largely a flop .	1985	What year was Apple 's Macintosh Office suite introduced ?
Infamous for insulting its own potential customers , the ad was not successful .	insulting its own potential customers	What did Apple 's `` Lemmings '' ad , which introduced Macintosh Office , do that made the ad unsuccessful ?
Apple has generally dominated the premium PC market , having a 91 percent market share for PCs priced at more than $ 1,000 in 2009 , according to NPD .	Apple	According to NPD , who has generally dominated the premium PC market ?
The Macintosh ranked third on the `` list of intended brands for desktop purchases '' for the 2011 holiday season , then moved up to second in 2012 by displacing Hewlett Packard , and in 2013 took the top spot ahead of Dell .	third	What was Macintosh ranked on the `` list of intended brands for desktop purchases '' for the 2011 holiday season ?
The Macintosh ranked third on the `` list of intended brands for desktop purchases '' for the 2011 holiday season , then moved up to second in 2012 by displacing Hewlett Packard , and in 2013 took the top spot ahead of Dell .	Hewlett Packard	Who did Macintosh displace from 2nd place on the 2012 holiday season `` list of intended brands for desktop purchases '' ?
The Macintosh ranked third on the `` list of intended brands for desktop purchases '' for the 2011 holiday season , then moved up to second in 2012 by displacing Hewlett Packard , and in 2013 took the top spot ahead of Dell .	Dell	Who did Macintosh displace from 1st place on the 2013 holiday season `` list of intended brands for desktop purchases '' ?
While sales of the Macintosh have largely held steady , in comparison to Apple 's sales of the iPhone and iPad which increased significantly during the 2010s , Macintosh computers still enjoy high margins on a per unit basis , with the majority being their MacBooks that are focused on the ultraportable niche that is the most profitable and only growing segment of PCs .	MacBooks	Which of Apple 's products is focused on the ultraportable niche of PC 's ?
The Macintosh 's minimal memory became apparent , even compared with other personal computers in 1984 , and could not be expanded easily .	memory	What part of the Mac 's could not be expanded easily in 1984 ?
It also lacked a hard disk drive or the means to easily attach one .	a hard disk drive	What did Mac 's lack in 1984 and have no means to easily attach ?
Suggestions revolved around either upgrading the memory to 512 KB or removing the computer 's 16 memory chips and replacing them with larger-capacity chips , a tedious and difficult operation .	larger-capacity chips	What did some small companies suggest Mac 's 16 memory chips be replaced with ?
In October 1984 , Apple introduced the Macintosh 512K , with quadruple the memory of the original , at a price of US$ 3,195 .	quadruple	How much more memory did Apple 's Macintosh 512K , introduced in 1984 , have than the original ?
It also offered an upgrade for 128k Macs that involved replacing the logic board .	the logic board	What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 128k Macs ?
In 1988 , Apple sued Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard on the grounds that they infringed Apple 's copyrighted GUI , citing -LRB- among other things -RRB- the use of rectangular , overlapping , and resizable windows .	they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI	On what grounds did Apple sue Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1988 ?
After four years , the case was decided against Apple , as were later appeals .	against Apple	How was the lawsuit decided for Apple vs. Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard ?
Apple 's actions were criticized by some in the software community , including the Free Software Foundation -LRB- FSF -RRB- , who felt Apple was trying to monopolize on GUIs in general , and boycotted GNU software for the Macintosh platform for seven years .	seven years	How long did the FSF boycott GNU software for the Macintosh platform ?
In 1988 , Apple sued Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard on the grounds that they infringed Apple 's copyrighted GUI , citing -LRB- among other things -RRB- the use of rectangular , overlapping , and resizable windows .	the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows	What are some of the issues Apple cited in the lawsuit against Microsoft and HP ?
Apple 's actions were criticized by some in the software community , including the Free Software Foundation -LRB- FSF -RRB- , who felt Apple was trying to monopolize on GUIs in general , and boycotted GNU software for the Macintosh platform for seven years .	GUIs in general	What did the FSF feel that Apple was trying to monopolize on ?
Furthermore , Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers .	confused potential buyers	What did Apple 's creation of too many similar models do to potential buyers ?
These models competed against Macintosh clones , hardware manufactured by third parties that ran Apple 's System 7 .	Macintosh clones	What was the hardware manufactured by third parties for Apple 's System 7 known as ?
This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh 's market share somewhat , and provided cheaper hardware for consumers , but hurt Apple financially as existing Apple customers began to buy cheaper clones which cannibalized the sales of Apple 's higher-margin Macintosh systems , yet Apple still shouldered the burden of developing the Mac OS platform .	cheaper hardware	What did the Macintosh clones provide for consumers ?
This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh 's market share somewhat , and provided cheaper hardware for consumers , but hurt Apple financially as existing Apple customers began to buy cheaper clones which cannibalized the sales of Apple 's higher-margin Macintosh systems , yet Apple still shouldered the burden of developing the Mac OS platform .	market share	What did Macintosh clones succeed in increasing for Macintosh ?
This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh 's market share somewhat , and provided cheaper hardware for consumers , but hurt Apple financially as existing Apple customers began to buy cheaper clones which cannibalized the sales of Apple 's higher-margin Macintosh systems , yet Apple still shouldered the burden of developing the Mac OS platform .	Apple	Who did the Macintosh clones hurt financially ?
In early 2001 , Apple began shipping computers with CD-RW drives and emphasized the Mac 's ability to play DVDs by including DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives as standard .	early 2001	When did Apple begin shipping computers with CD-RW drives ?
Steve Jobs admitted that Apple had been `` late to the party '' on writable CD technology , but felt that Macs could become a `` digital hub '' that linked and enabled an `` emerging digital lifestyle '' .	Steve Jobs	Who admitted that Apple was late to the party with writable CD technology ?
In early 2001 , Apple began shipping computers with CD-RW drives and emphasized the Mac 's ability to play DVDs by including DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives as standard .	DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives	What did Apple begin offering as standard features meant for playing DVD 's ?
Apple would later introduce an update to its iTunes music player software that enabled it to burn CDs , along with a controversial `` Rip , Mix , Burn '' advertising campaign that some felt encouraged media piracy .	"Rip, Mix, Burn"	Which Apple campaign did some people feel encouraged media piracy ?
Apple continued to launch products , such as the unsuccessful Power Mac G4 Cube , the education-oriented eMac , and the titanium -LRB- and later aluminium -RRB- PowerBook G4 laptop for professionals .	Power Mac G4 Cube	What is the name of one of Apple 's unsuccessful products ?
It was not long until Apple released their first portable computer , the Macintosh Portable in 1989 .	Macintosh Portable	What was the name of Apple 's first portable computer ?
It was not long until Apple released their first portable computer , the Macintosh Portable in 1989 .	1989	When was the Macintosh Portable first released ?
Although due to considerable design issues , it was soon replaced in 1991 with the first of the PowerBook line : the PowerBook 100 , a miniaturized portable ; the 16 MHz 68030 PowerBook 140 ; and the 25 MHz 68030 PowerBook 170 .	the PowerBook line	What replaced the Macintosh Portable in 1991 ?
The 1993 PowerBook 165c was Apple 's first portable computer to feature a color screen , displaying 256 colors with 640 x 400-pixel resolution .	a color screen	What was the 1993 PowerBook 165c Apple 's first portable computer to feature ?
The second generation of PowerBooks , the 68040-equipped 500 series , introduced trackpads , integrated stereo speakers , and built-in Ethernet to the laptop form factor in 1994 .	second	Which generation of PowerBooks introduced trackpads ?
In 2001 , Apple introduced Mac OS X , based on Darwin and NEXTSTEP ; its new features included the Dock and the Aqua user interface .	Darwin and NEXTSTEP	What was Apple 's Mac OS X based on ?
It is free of charge to everyone running Snow Leopard or later and is compatible with most Macs from 2007 and later .	everyone running Snow Leopard or later	Who did Apple make Maverick free to ?
It is free of charge to everyone running Snow Leopard or later and is compatible with most Macs from 2007 and later .	most Macs from 2007 and later	What computers is Maverick compatible with ?
Mavericks brought a lot of the iOS apps , functions , and feel to the Mac as well as better multi display support , iBooks , Maps , app nap , and other upgrades to improve performance and battery life .	Mavericks	What brought better multi display support to Mac ?
Apple introduced Mavericks at WWDC 2013 in June , and released it on October 15 of that year .	2013	When was Mavericks introduced ?
In 2000 , Apple released the Power Mac G4 Cube , their first desktop since the discontinued Power Macintosh G3 , to slot between the iMac G3 and the Power Mac G4 .	Power Mac G4 Cube	What desktop did Apple release after the discontinued Power Macintosh G3 ?
Even with its innovative design , it was initially priced US$ 200 higher than the comparably-equipped and more-expandable base Power Mac G4 , while also not including a monitor , making it too expensive and resulting in slow sales .	too expensive	Why were sales of the Power Mac G4 Cube slow ?
A price drop and hardware upgrades could not offset the earlier perception of the Cube 's reduced value compared to the iMac and Power Mac G4 lineup , and it was discontinued in July 2001 .	earlier perception	What did the Power Mac G4 have trouble overcoming after they dropped their price and upgraded their hardware ?
A price drop and hardware upgrades could not offset the earlier perception of the Cube 's reduced value compared to the iMac and Power Mac G4 lineup , and it was discontinued in July 2001 .	July 2001	When was the Power Mac G4 discontinued ?
Apple sold just 29,000 Cubes in Q4 of 2000 which was one third of expectations , compared to 308,000 Macs during that same quarter , and Cube sales dropped to 12,000 units in Q1 of 2001 .	one third of expectations	How did the actual sales of the G4 's compare to the sales expectations ?
Historically , Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that affect Microsoft Windows users .	malware and spyware	Historically , what is near-absent in Mac OS X compared to Microsoft Windows ?
In early 2011 , Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks , and malware such as Mac Defender , MacProtector , and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users .	early 2011	When did Mac OS X experience a large increase in malware attacks ?
In early 2011 , Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks , and malware such as Mac Defender , MacProtector , and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users .	an increasing problem	How was Mac 's malware seen by many Mac users in 2011 ?
An estimated 100,000 users were affected .	100,000	How many users were affected by the increase in malware ?
Initially , Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue , but as the malware spread , a support document was issued .	the removal	What were Apple support staff initially instructed not to assist with concerning malware ?
By March 2011 , the market share of OS X in North America had increased to slightly over 14 % .	slightly over 14%	What was the market share of OS X in North America by March 2011 ?
Apple has positioned the Mac as a higher-end personal computer , and so it may be misleading to compare it to a budget PC .	a budget PC	Being positioned as a higher end PC , what is it misleading to compare the Mac to ?
Regardless of the Mac 's market share , Apple has remained profitable since Steve Jobs ' return and the company 's subsequent reorganization .	Steve Jobs' return	Apple has remained profitable since what time ?
Market research indicates that Apple draws its customer base from a higher-income demographic than the mainstream personal computer market .	a higher-income demographic	According to market research , who does Apple draw it 's customer base from ?
Regardless of the Mac 's market share , Apple has remained profitable since Steve Jobs ' return and the company 's subsequent reorganization .	Steve Jobs	Whose return to Apple resulted in the company 's reorganization ?
In 1989 , Jean-Louis Gassée had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers , then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year , forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple 's margins .	Jean-Louis Gassée	Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989 ?
In 1989 , Jean-Louis Gassée had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers , then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year , forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple 's margins .	a component shortage	What problem rocked the PC industry in 1989 ?
In 1989 , Jean-Louis Gassée had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers , then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year , forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple 's margins .	cut prices	What did the component shortage of 1989 force Allan Loren to do with Macs ?
In 1989 , Jean-Louis Gassée had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers , then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year , forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple 's margins .	Apple USA head	Who was Allan Loren ?
Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990 , the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the significantly costlier Macintosh .	May 1990	When was Microsoft Windows 3.0 released ?
Starting in 2002 , Apple moved to eliminate CRT displays from its product line as part of aesthetic design and space-saving measures with the iMac G4 .	CRT displays	What did Apple begin to eliminate in 2002 ?
However , the new iMac with its flexible LCD flat-panel monitor was considerably more expensive on its debut than the preceding iMac G3 , largely due to the higher cost of the LCD technology at the time .	higher cost of the LCD technology	Why was the new iMac G4 considerably more expensive than the G3 ?
In order to keep the Macintosh affordable for the education market and due to obsolescence of the iMac G3 , Apple created the eMac in April 2002 as the intended successor ; however the eMac 's CRT made it relatively bulky and somewhat outdated , while its all-in-one construction meant it could not be expanded to meet consumer demand for larger monitors .	the education market	Who did Apple create the more affordable eMac in April 2002 for ?
In order to keep the Macintosh affordable for the education market and due to obsolescence of the iMac G3 , Apple created the eMac in April 2002 as the intended successor ; however the eMac 's CRT made it relatively bulky and somewhat outdated , while its all-in-one construction meant it could not be expanded to meet consumer demand for larger monitors .	relatively bulky and somewhat outdated	What was the main problem with the eMac 's CRT ?
For the next half-decade while Macintosh sales held steady , it would instead be the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service that would drive Apple 's sales growth .	the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service	After Apple 's failed desktop sales , what products drove their sales growth ?
The sales breakdown of the Macintosh have seen sales of desktop Macs stayed mostly constant while being surpassed by that of Mac notebooks whose sales rate has grown considerably ; seven out of ten Macs sold were laptops in 2009 , a ratio projected to rise to three out of four by 2010 .	seven out of ten	In 2009 , how many Macs sold were laptops ?
The use of Intel microprocessors has helped Macs more directly compete with their Windows counterparts on price and performance , and by the 2010s Apple was receiving Intel 's latest CPUs first before other PC manufacturers .	The use of Intel microprocessors	What has helped Macs more directly compete with Windows on price and performance ?
The use of Intel microprocessors has helped Macs more directly compete with their Windows counterparts on price and performance , and by the 2010s Apple was receiving Intel 's latest CPUs first before other PC manufacturers .	Intel's latest CPUs	In 2010 , what did Apple receive before other PC manufacturers ?
By contrast the MSRP of the MacBook laptop lines have dropped through successive generations such that the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro constitute the lowest price of entry to a Mac , with the exception of the even more inexpensive Mac Mini -LRB- the only sub - $ 1000 offering from Apple , albeit without a monitor and keyboard -RRB- , not surprisingly the MacBooks are the top-selling form factors of the Macintosh platform today .	MacBooks	What are the top-selling form factors of the Mac platform today ?
By contrast the MSRP of the MacBook laptop lines have dropped through successive generations such that the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro constitute the lowest price of entry to a Mac , with the exception of the even more inexpensive Mac Mini -LRB- the only sub - $ 1000 offering from Apple , albeit without a monitor and keyboard -RRB- , not surprisingly the MacBooks are the top-selling form factors of the Macintosh platform today .	Mac Mini	What is the name of the most inexpensive Mac offered ?
In 1998 , after the return of Steve Jobs , Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the all-in-one iMac G3 , which became a commercial success and revitalized the brand .	its multiple consumer-level desktop models	What did Apple consolidate in 1998 ?
In 1998 , after the return of Steve Jobs , Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the all-in-one iMac G3 , which became a commercial success and revitalized the brand .	iMac G3	What all-in-one product was created in 1998 through Apple 's consolidations ?
In 1998 , after the return of Steve Jobs , Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the all-in-one iMac G3 , which became a commercial success and revitalized the brand .	revitalized the brand	What did the iMac G3 do to the Mac reputation ?
Its Xserve server was discontinued in 2011 in favor of the Mac Mini and Mac Pro .	2011	When was Mac 's Xserve server discontinued ?
Its Xserve server was discontinued in 2011 in favor of the Mac Mini and Mac Pro .	Mac Mini and Mac Pro	What took the place of Mac 's Xserve server ?
Raskin left the team in 1981 over a personality conflict with Jobs .	over a personality conflict with Jobs	Why did Raskin leave the Apple team in 1981 ?
Team member Andy Hertzfeld said that the final Macintosh design is closer to Jobs ' ideas than Raskin 's .	Jobs	According to Andy Hertzfeld , whose idea is the final Mac design closer to ?
After hearing of the pioneering GUI technology being developed at Xerox PARC , Jobs had negotiated a visit to see the Xerox Alto computer and its Smalltalk development tools in exchange for Apple stock options .	Apple stock options	What did Steve Jobs offer Xerox to visit and see their latest technology ?
The Lisa and Macintosh user interfaces were influenced by technology seen at Xerox PARC and were combined with the Macintosh group 's own ideas .	Xerox PARC	Whose technology influenced the user interfaces of the Lisa and Macintosh ?
However , Jobs ' leadership at the Macintosh project did not last ; after an internal power struggle with new CEO John Sculley , Jobs resigned from Apple in 1985 .	an internal power struggle	What caused Steve Jobs to resign from Apple in 1985 ?
Jobs stated during the Macintosh 's introduction `` we expect Macintosh to become the third industry standard '' , after the Apple II and IBM PC .	the third industry standard	What did Jobs state that he expected Macintosh to become ?
Only about ten applications including MacWrite and MacPaint were widely available , although many non-Apple software developers participated in the introduction and Apple promised that 79 companies including Lotus , Digital Research , and Ashton-Tate were creating products for the new computer .	Only about ten	How many applications were widely available during Macintosh 's introduction ?
Only about ten applications including MacWrite and MacPaint were widely available , although many non-Apple software developers participated in the introduction and Apple promised that 79 companies including Lotus , Digital Research , and Ashton-Tate were creating products for the new computer .	79	How many companies did Apple promise were develping products for the new computer ?
After one year , it had less than one quarter of the software selection available compared to the IBM PC -- including only one word processor , two databases , and one spreadsheet -- although Apple had sold 280,000 Macintoshes compared to IBM 's first year sales of fewer than 100,000 PCs .	280,000	How many Macintoshes had Apple sold after one year ?
After one year , it had less than one quarter of the software selection available compared to the IBM PC -- including only one word processor , two databases , and one spreadsheet -- although Apple had sold 280,000 Macintoshes compared to IBM 's first year sales of fewer than 100,000 PCs .	two	How many databases did Apple have available the first year ?
Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible , and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II at $ 5500 , powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor .	Motorola	Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II ?
Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible , and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II at $ 5500 , powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor .	a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor	What powered the Macintosh II ?
Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible , and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II at $ 5500 , powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor .	$5500	How much did the Macintosh II sell for ?
The Macintosh II marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh , as now for the first time it had an open architecture with several NuBus expansion slots , support for color graphics and external monitors , and a modular design similar to that of the IBM PC .	The Macintosh II	What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh ?
The Macintosh II marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh , as now for the first time it had an open architecture with several NuBus expansion slots , support for color graphics and external monitors , and a modular design similar to that of the IBM PC .	the IBM PC	What was the Macintosh II 's new modular design similar to ?
Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990 , and according to a common saying at the time `` Windows was not as good as Macintosh , but it was good enough for the average user '' .	Macintosh	When Microsfot Windows 3.0 was released , what was it commonly said to not be as good as ?
Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990 , and according to a common saying at the time `` Windows was not as good as Macintosh , but it was good enough for the average user '' .	the average user	Who was Microsoft Windows 3.0 commonly said to be good enough for ?
Finally , there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry in 1989 , forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple 's margins .	a component shortage	What was responsible for the drop in Apple 's margins in 1989 ?
Finally , there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry in 1989 , forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple 's margins .	Apple USA head Allan Loren	Who made the decision in 1989 to cut prices on Mac computers ?
Though still a graphical wrapper that relied upon MS-DOS , 3.0 was the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the much more expensive Macintosh platform .	Macintosh platform	What was Microsoft Windows 3.0 's performance comparable to ?
Intel had tried unsuccessfully to push Apple to migrate the Macintosh platform to Intel chips .	Intel chips	What did Intel unsuccessfully try to push Apple to migrate to ?
While the Motorola 68040 offered the same features as the Intel 80486 and could on a clock-for-clock basis significantly outperform the Intel chip , the 486 had the ability to be clocked significantly faster without suffering from overheating problems , especially the clock-doubled i486DX2 which ran the CPU logic at twice the external bus speed , giving such equipped IBM compatible systems a significant performance lead over their Macintosh equivalents .	Motorola 68040	Which platform did Apple choose to use ?
In 1993 Intel rolled out the Pentium processors as the successor to the 486 , while the Motorola 68050 was never released , leaving the Macintosh platform a generation behind IBM compatibles in the latest CPU technology .	Intel	Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1993 ?
In 1993 Intel rolled out the Pentium processors as the successor to the 486 , while the Motorola 68050 was never released , leaving the Macintosh platform a generation behind IBM compatibles in the latest CPU technology .	a generation	How far behind was Macintosh set back compared to the new IBM compatibles ?
In 1994 , Apple abandoned Motorola CPUs for the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the AIM alliance of Apple Computer , IBM , and Motorola .	1994	When did Apple abandon Motorola CPU 's ?
Its translucent plastic case , originally Bondi blue and later various additional colors , is considered an industrial design landmark of the late 1990s .	Bondi blue	What color was Apples new iMac , which was introduced in 1998 ?
The iMac did away with most of Apple 's standard -LRB- and usually proprietary -RRB- connections , such as SCSI and ADB , in favor of two USB ports .	two USB ports	What did the iMac replace most of Apple 's standard connections with ?
It replaced a floppy disk drive with a CD-ROM drive for installing software , but was incapable of writing to CDs or other media without external third-party hardware .	a CD-ROM drive	What did the iMac replace the floppy disk drive with ?
It replaced a floppy disk drive with a CD-ROM drive for installing software , but was incapable of writing to CDs or other media without external third-party hardware .	external third-party hardware	What did the iMac need to use in order to write CDs or other media ?
The iMac proved to be phenomenally successful , with 800,000 units sold in 139 days .	800,000	How many iMac units sold in the first 139 days ?
Apple discontinued the use of PowerPC microprocessors in 2006 .	2006	When did Apple discontinue the use of PowerPC microprocessors ?
In March 2006 , a group of hackers announced that they were able to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac .	a group of hackers	Who announced the capability to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac in 2006 ?
The group released their software as open source and has posted it for download on their website .	for download on their website	How did hackers release their software for running Windows on Macs ?
On April 5 , 2006 , Apple announced the availability of the public beta of Boot Camp , software that allows owners of Intel-based Macs to install Windows XP on their machines ; later versions added support for Windows Vista and Windows 7 .	April 5, 2006	When did Apple announce software that would allow Windows XP to be run on Intel-based Macs ?
On April 5 , 2006 , Apple announced the availability of the public beta of Boot Camp , software that allows owners of Intel-based Macs to install Windows XP on their machines ; later versions added support for Windows Vista and Windows 7 .	Boot Camp	What is the name of the software that Apple introduced for running Windows XP ?
Apple was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels .	Apple	Who was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels ?
Apple continued to offer only single button mice , in both wired and Bluetooth wireless versions , until August 2005 , when it introduced the Mighty Mouse .	Mighty Mouse	What was the name of the 1st multiple button mouse introduced by Apple ?
While it looked like a traditional one-button mouse , it actually had four buttons and a scroll ball , capable of independent x - and y-axis movement .	four	How many buttons did the Mighty Mouse have ?
In October 2009 , Apple introduced the Magic Mouse , which uses multi-touch gesture recognition -LRB- similar to that of the iPhone -RRB- instead of a physical scroll wheel or ball .	multi-touch gesture recognition	What did Apple introduce to take the place of a physical scroll wheel in 2009 ?
In October 2009 , Apple introduced the Magic Mouse , which uses multi-touch gesture recognition -LRB- similar to that of the iPhone -RRB- instead of a physical scroll wheel or ball .	Magic Mouse	What Apple mouse 1st used multi-touch gesture recognition ?
Following the release of Intel-based Macs , third-party platform virtualization software such as Parallels Desktop , VMware Fusion , and VirtualBox began to emerge .	third-party platform virtualization	What type of software began to emerge following the release of Intel-based Macs ?
These programs allow users to run Microsoft Windows or previously Windows-only software on Macs at near native speed .	at near native speed	At what speed do programs such as VirtualBox allow Microsoft Windows to run on Macs ?
Though not condoned by Apple , it is possible to run the Linux operating system using Boot camp or other virtualization workarounds .	the Linux operating system	What is possible to run by using Boot camp , even though it is not condoned by Apple ?
In particular , Intel-based macs lack the A20 gate .	the A20 gate	What do Macs lack that makes them unable to run many legacy PC operating systems ?
Although the PC market declined , Apple still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 -LRB- the majority of which are the MacBook Air -RRB- compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks , although there were dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11-inch and 13-inch models of the MacBook Air .	MacBook Air	What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.S. ?
Although the PC market declined , Apple still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 -LRB- the majority of which are the MacBook Air -RRB- compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks , although there were dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11-inch and 13-inch models of the MacBook Air .	MacBook Air	What earned the title as best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable ?
The Air was among the first to receive Intel 's latest CPUs before other PC manufacturers , and OS X has gained market share on Windows in recent years .	Intel's latest CPUs	What did the Air receive before other PC manufacturers ?
Through July 1 , 2013 , the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all Ultrabook sales in the United States , although being one of the higher-priced competitors , though several Ultrabooks with better features were often more expensive than the MacBook Air .	56	Through 7/1/13 , what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs ?
The competitive pricing of MacBooks was particularly effective when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks , as this contradicted the established `` elitist aura '' perception that Apple products cost more but were higher quality , which made these most expensive Ultrabooks seem exorbitant no matter how valid their higher prices were .	when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks	When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially effective ?
Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as `` all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action . ''	counter-air defence	What is another term for anti-aircraft warfare ?
Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as `` all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action . ''	the effectiveness of hostile air action	NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare as measures to reduce what ?
They include ground-and air-based weapon systems , associated sensor systems , command and control arrangements and passive measures -LRB- e.g. barrage balloons -RRB- .	passive measures	Barrage balloons are an example of what type of weapons system ?
However , for most countries the main effort has tended to be ` homeland defence ' .	homeland defence	What is the primary effort been for most countries when it comes to anti-aircraft warfare ?
NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare .	anti-aircraft warfare	What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as ?
Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak -LRB- Fliegerabwehrkanone , `` aircraft defence cannon '' , also cited as Flugabwehrkanone -RRB- , whence English flak , and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona -LRB- Cyrillic : Противовозду́шная оборо́на -RRB- , a literal translation of `` anti-air defence '' , abbreviated as PVO .	Protivovozdushnaya oborona	What is the Russian term for air defence ?
In Russian the AA systems are called zenitnye -LRB- i.e. `` pointing to zenith '' -RRB- systems -LRB- guns , missiles etc. -RRB- .	zenitnye	What are the AA systems called in Russian ?
Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak -LRB- Fliegerabwehrkanone , `` aircraft defence cannon '' , also cited as Flugabwehrkanone -RRB- , whence English flak , and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona -LRB- Cyrillic : Противовозду́шная оборо́на -RRB- , a literal translation of `` anti-air defence '' , abbreviated as PVO .	PVO	How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated ?
In French , air defence is called DCA -LRB- Défense contre les aéronefs , `` aéronef '' being the generic term for all kind of airborne device -LRB- airplane , airship , balloon , missile , rocket , etc. -RRB- -RRB- .	DCA	What is air defence called in French ?
In French , air defence is called DCA -LRB- Défense contre les aéronefs , `` aéronef '' being the generic term for all kind of airborne device -LRB- airplane , airship , balloon , missile , rocket , etc. -RRB- -RRB- .	aéronef	What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French ?
Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s , but were quickly superseded by radar , which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s .	during the First World War	When were sensors initially developed ?
Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s , but were quickly superseded by radar , which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s .	optronics	Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s ?
Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s , when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army 's AA Command , although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements .	Britain	What country created an integrated system for ADGB ?
Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s , when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army 's AA Command , although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements .	the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command	What did the integrated system for ADGB link ?
NATO later called these arrangements an `` air defence ground environment '' , defined as `` the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations '' .	NATO	What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment ?
The most extreme case was the Soviet Union , and this model may still be followed in some countries : it was a separate service , on a par with the navy or ground force .	Soviet Union	Which country had the most severe case ?
In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO , and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems .	Voyska PVO	This separate service was known as what in the Soviet Union ?
In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO , and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems .	fighter aircraft and ground-based systems	What two systems did Voyska PVO have ?
This was divided into two arms , PVO Strany , the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland , created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954 , and PVO SV , Air Defence of the Ground Forces .	1954	What year did the PVO Strany become independent ?
This was divided into two arms , PVO Strany , the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland , created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954 , and PVO SV , Air Defence of the Ground Forces .	PVO SV	What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces ?
On 30 September 1915 , troops of the Serbian Army observed three enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac .	30 September 1915	When did Serbian troops notice enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac ?
Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city , hitting military installations , the railway station and many other , mostly civilian , targets in the city .	45	How many bombs did the three aircraft drop on the city ?
During the bombing raid , private Radoje Ljutovac fired his cannon at the enemy aircraft and successfully shot one down .	Radoje Ljutovac	Which private shot down one aircraft with a cannon ?
It crashed in the city and both pilots died from their injuries .	both pilots died	What happened to the pilots that were in the aircraft shot down ?
The cannon Ljutovac used was not designed as an anti-aircraft gun , it was a slightly modified Turkish cannon captured during the First Balkan War in 1912 .	First Balkan War in 1912	Which war was the cannon used in prior to this event ?
The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target 's future position , with various factors affecting the shells ' predicted trajectory .	successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position	What was the problem with AA gunnery ?
The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target 's future position , with various factors affecting the shells ' predicted trajectory .	predicted trajectory	Different things could affect what with the shell ?
This was called deflection gun-laying , ` off-set ' angles for range and elevation were set on the gunsight and updated as their target moved .	'off-set' angles for range and elevation	What was updated on the gunsight as a target moved ?
In this method when the sights were on the target , the barrel was pointed at the target 's future position .	the target's future position	Where was the barrel pointed when the sights were on a target ?
Range and height of the target determined fuse length .	Range and height of the target	What two things figured the fuse length ?
World War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield , but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue , presenting both a threat and an opportunity .	World War I	What showed that aircraft could be a significant contribution to the battlefield ?
The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and Gotha G.V bombers had particularly influenced the British and was one of if not the main driver for forming an independent air force .	Gotha G.V bombers	In addition to Zeppelins , what attacked London for four years with air attacks ?
The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and Gotha G.V bombers had particularly influenced the British and was one of if not the main driver for forming an independent air force .	an independent air force	The four year air attack was instrumental in Britain forming what ?
As the capabilities of aircraft and their engines improved it was clear that their role in future war would be even more critical as their range and weapon load grew .	their range and weapon load	The future of aircraft in war situations was important because of the growth in what two areas ?
However , in the years immediately after World War I the prospect of another major war seemed remote , particularly in Europe where the most militarily capable nations were , and little financing was available .	Europe	Where were most of the nations who had the strongest military after World War I ?
From the early 1930s eight countries developed radar , these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted , although equipment was retained .	eight	How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s ?
Furthermore , in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed in 1925 provided a network of observation posts to report hostile aircraft flying over Britain .	Britain	Where was the Observer Corps based ?
Furthermore , in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed in 1925 provided a network of observation posts to report hostile aircraft flying over Britain .	1925	When was the Observer Corps formed ?
Furthermore , in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed in 1925 provided a network of observation posts to report hostile aircraft flying over Britain .	hostile aircraft flying over Britain	What did the Observer Corps observe and report on ?
Initially radar was used for airspace surveillance to detect approaching hostile aircraft .	radar	What was originally used to see hostile aircraft approaching ?
Until this time the British , at RAF insistence , continued their World War I use of machine guns , and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD .	RAF	Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I ?
The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50 - inch .	.50-inch	The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what ?
However , in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an impact fused 2 lb HE shell .	an impact fused 2 lb HE shell	What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935 ?
The air-cooled Bofors was vastly superior for land use , being much lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom , and UK production of the Bofors 40 mm was licensed .	The air-cooled Bofors	What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom ?
The Predictor AA No 3 , as the Kerrison Predictor was officially known , was introduced with it .	The Predictor AA No 3	What is the Kerrison Predictor 's official name ?
During the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain .	solid fuel rockets	What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s ?
In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire , it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision .	for anti-aircraft fire	Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets ?
However , rockets , or ` unrotated projectiles ' as they were called could the used for anti-aircraft barrages .	unrotated projectiles	What were rockets called at this time ?
A 2-inch rocket using HE or wire obstacle warheads was introduced first to deal with low-level or dive bombing attacks on smaller targets such as airfields .	2-inch	How big was the rocket that was introduced to handle dive bombing attacks ?
The 3-inch was in development at the end of the inter-war period .	3-inch	What size rocket was being developed at the end of the war ?
The British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm , and introduced these into service .	the Bofors 40 mm	What did the British get a license to build ?
These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size , yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung .	aircraft of any size	While light , the Bofors 40mm were powerful enough to take down what size aircraft ?
The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produced a movie , The Gun , that encouraged workers on the assembly line to work harder .	a movie	What was produced to inspire people on the assembly line to work harder ?
The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produced a movie , The Gun , that encouraged workers on the assembly line to work harder .	The Gun	What was the movie made to inspire assembly line workers called ?
The Imperial measurement production drawings the British had developed were supplied to the Americans who produced their own -LRB- unlicensed -RRB- copy of the 40 mm at the start of the war , moving to licensed production in mid-1941 .	Americans	Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war ?
The interceptor aircraft -LRB- or simply interceptor -RRB- is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft , particularly bombers , usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities .	The interceptor aircraft	What kind of aircraft is used to intercept and destroy other aircraft ?
The interceptor aircraft -LRB- or simply interceptor -RRB- is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft , particularly bombers , usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities .	bombers	What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most ?
A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger , the F-106 Delta Dart , and the MiG-25 were built in the period starting after the end of World War II and ending in the late 1960s , when they became less important due to the shifting of the strategic bombing role to ICBMs .	after the end of World War II	When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built ?
A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger , the F-106 Delta Dart , and the MiG-25 were built in the period starting after the end of World War II and ending in the late 1960s , when they became less important due to the shifting of the strategic bombing role to ICBMs .	the late 1960s	When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore ?
A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger , the F-106 Delta Dart , and the MiG-25 were built in the period starting after the end of World War II and ending in the late 1960s , when they became less important due to the shifting of the strategic bombing role to ICBMs .	ICBMs	The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what ?
Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser .	the laser	What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use ?
Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s , only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered `` experimental usefulness '' .	the late 1960s	When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat ?
In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the anti-aircraft and anti-missile role .	Tactical High Energy Laser	What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s ?
Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s , only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered `` experimental usefulness '' .	experimental usefulness	The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what ?
believe it is reasonable to suggest that lasers will play a major role in air defence starting in the next ten years .	in the next ten years	When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence ?
Area air defence , the air defence of a specific area or location , -LRB- as opposed to point defence -RRB- , have historically been operated by both armies -LRB- Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army , for instance -RRB- and Air Forces -LRB- the United States Air Force 's CIM-10 Bomarc -RRB- .	Area air defence	What is the air defence of a certain area called ?
Area air defence , the air defence of a specific area or location , -LRB- as opposed to point defence -RRB- , have historically been operated by both armies -LRB- Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army , for instance -RRB- and Air Forces -LRB- the United States Air Force 's CIM-10 Bomarc -RRB- .	Air Forces	Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences ?
Area air defence , the air defence of a specific area or location , -LRB- as opposed to point defence -RRB- , have historically been operated by both armies -LRB- Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army , for instance -RRB- and Air Forces -LRB- the United States Air Force 's CIM-10 Bomarc -RRB- .	CIM-10 Bomarc	What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence ?
Area defence systems have medium to long range and can be made up of various other systems and networked into an area defence system -LRB- in which case it may be made up of several short range systems combined to effectively cover an area -RRB- .	medium to long range	What range do area defence systems have ?
An example of area defence is the defence of Saudi Arabia and Israel by MIM-104 Patriot missile batteries during the first Gulf War , where the objective was to cover populated areas .	to cover populated areas	What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War ?
The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain -LRB- ADGB -RRB- was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925 .	Britain	Which country probably coined the term air defence ?
The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain -LRB- ADGB -RRB- was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925 .	Air Defence of Great Britain	What does ADGB stand for ?
The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain -LRB- ADGB -RRB- was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925 .	1925	What year was the ADGB created ?
Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include AA , AAA or triple-A , an abbreviation of anti-aircraft artillery ; `` ack-ack '' -LRB- from the spelling alphabet used by the British for voice transmission of `` AA '' -RRB- ; and archie -LRB- a World War I British term probably coined by Amyas Borton and believed to derive via the Royal Flying Corps from the music-hall comedian George Robey 's line `` Archibald , certainly not ! '' -RRB-	Amyas Borton	Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns ?
Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include AA , AAA or triple-A , an abbreviation of anti-aircraft artillery ; `` ack-ack '' -LRB- from the spelling alphabet used by the British for voice transmission of `` AA '' -RRB- ; and archie -LRB- a World War I British term probably coined by Amyas Borton and believed to derive via the Royal Flying Corps from the music-hall comedian George Robey 's line `` Archibald , certainly not ! '' -RRB-	"Archibald, certainly not!"	What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname ?
The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them .	detect hostile aircraft	What is the first purpose of air defence ?
The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them .	destroy them	What is the second purpose of air defence ?
The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space ; an attack must not only match these three coordinates , but must do so at the time the target is at that position .	to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space	What is the critical issue in air defence ?
This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hit the target , or aimed at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it , taking into account speed and direction of both the target and the projectile .	at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it	Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where ?
This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hit the target , or aimed at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it , taking into account speed and direction of both the target and the projectile .	speed and direction	What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target ?
Passive air defence is defined by NATO as `` Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel , essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack '' .	Passive air defence	What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people , buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks ?
It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attacking aircraft .	ground forces	Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence ?
It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attacking aircraft .	concealment	Passive air defence includes camouflage and what ?
Measures such as camouflaging important buildings were common in the Second World War .	important buildings	What was camouflaged during World War II ?
During the Cold War the runways and taxiways of some airfields were painted green .	the Cold War	Some airfield runways were painted green during what war ?
The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements .	2 to 12	How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery ?
The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements .	fire control elements	In addition to guns or missile launchers , what else comprises the battery ?
These batteries , particularly with guns , usually deploy in a small area , although batteries may be split ; this is usual for some missile systems .	in a small area	Where do batteries typically get deployed ?
SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with individual launchers several kilometres apart .	SHORAD	Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another ?
When MANPADS is operated by specialists , batteries may have several dozen teams deploying separately in small sections ; self-propelled air defence guns may deploy in pairs .	MANPADS	Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist ?
Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air .	in the air	It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where ?
Both high explosive -LRB- HE -RRB- and shrapnel were used , mostly the former .	shrapnel	In addition to high explosive , what else was used ?
Airburst fuses were either igniferious -LRB- based on a burning fuse -RRB- or mechanical -LRB- clockwork -RRB- .	igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)	Airburst fuses could be which two things ?
Zeppelins , being hydrogen filled balloons , were targets for incendiary shells and the British introduced these with airburst fuses , both shrapnel type-forward projection of incendiary ` pot ' and base ejection of an incendiary stream .	Zeppelins	What were hydrogen filled balloons called ?
Smoke shells were also available for some AA guns , these bursts were used as targets during training .	Smoke shells	What was used as targets in training practices ?
Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire ; first , aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height .	aimed fire	What was the primary method for HAA fire ?
Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire ; first , aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height .	its height	Along with predicting the gun data from tracking the target , what else needed to be known about the target to enable the aimed fire ?
Second , that the target would maintain a steady course , speed and height .	speed and height	Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors ?
This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,000 feet .	24,000 feet	Targets could be how many feet for the HAA to engage them ?
Mechanical , as opposed to igniferous , time fuses were required because the speed of powder burning varied with height so fuse length was not a simple function of time of flight .	Mechanical	What kind of fuses were needed ?
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period .	throughout the inter-war period	When were improvements developed for these guns ?
The M1 version was approved in 1940 .	1940	What year was the M1 version approved ?
However , in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun , but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun , with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air , sea and ground targets .	90 mm AA gun	Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun ?
However , in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun , but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun , with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air , sea and ground targets .	1924	When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun ?
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period .	two 3-inch AA guns	What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with ?
In some countries , such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War , the Soviet Union and NATO 's Allied Command Europe , ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control .	Soviet Union	Which country 's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control ?
In some countries , such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War , the Soviet Union and NATO 's Allied Command Europe , ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control .	NATO's Allied Command Europe	What other group has also been under this integrated command and control ?
However , while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities , forces in the field , wherever they are , invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat .	forces in the field	Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat ?
A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent .	A surface-based air defence capability	What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent ?
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role -LRB- AA/ground -RRB- automatic 37 mm cannon , designed by John M. Browning .	a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon	What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War ?
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role -LRB- AA/ground -RRB- automatic 37 mm cannon , designed by John M. Browning .	John M. Browning	Who designed this cannon ?
However , while the shell was a bit light -LRB- well under 2 lbs -RRB- it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute ; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939 .	125	How many rounds did this cannon fire per second ?
The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming , and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm .	Bofors 40 mm	What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues ?
The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy , but none were acquired before 1939 .	US Navy	What other US group was interested in the Bofors ?
Germany 's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp , designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors , but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance .	a 75 mm gun from Krupp	High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what ?
Germany 's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp , designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors , but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance .	Bofors	Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun ?
In response Krupp 's engineers presented a new 88 mm design , the FlaK 36 .	a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36	Because higher performance was needed , Krupp 's workers designed what ?
First used in Spain during the Spanish Civil War , the gun proved to be one of the best anti-aircraft guns in the world , as well as particularly deadly against light , medium , and even early heavy tanks .	Spain	Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used ?
First used in Spain during the Spanish Civil War , the gun proved to be one of the best anti-aircraft guns in the world , as well as particularly deadly against light , medium , and even early heavy tanks .	Spanish Civil War	What war was the FlaK first used in ?
A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces , and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons , seeing service on both land and sea .	1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system	What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea ?
The similar Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems of the American forces were also quite capable , although they receive little attention .	Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems	What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention ?
Their needs could cogently be met with smaller-calibre ordnance beyond using the usual singly-mounted M2 .50 caliber machine gun atop a tank 's turret , as four of the ground-used `` heavy barrel '' -LRB- M2HB -RRB- guns were mounted together on the American Maxson firm 's M45 Quadmount weapons system -LRB- as a direct answer to the Flakvierling -RRB- , which were often mounted on the back of a half-track to form the Half Track , M16 GMC , Anti-Aircraft .	four	How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system ?
Their needs could cogently be met with smaller-calibre ordnance beyond using the usual singly-mounted M2 .50 caliber machine gun atop a tank 's turret , as four of the ground-used `` heavy barrel '' -LRB- M2HB -RRB- guns were mounted together on the American Maxson firm 's M45 Quadmount weapons system -LRB- as a direct answer to the Flakvierling -RRB- , which were often mounted on the back of a half-track to form the Half Track , M16 GMC , Anti-Aircraft .	the Flakvierling	This system was a direct answer to what ?
Although of less power than Germany 's 20 mm systems , the typical 4 or 5 combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread many kilometers apart from each other , rapidly attaching and detaching to larger ground combat units to provide welcome defence from enemy aircraft .	many kilometers	The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other ?
Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets .	barrage balloons	What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence ?
Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets .	bomber aircraft over cities	What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to ?
Firstly , it and the steel cable were a danger to any aircraft that tried to fly among them .	steel cable	How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground ?
Secondly , to avoid the balloons , bombers had to fly at a higher altitude , which was more favorable for the guns .	fly at a higher altitude	What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons ?
Barrage balloons were limited in application , and had minimal success at bringing down aircraft , being largely immobile and passive defences .	minimal	What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft ?
The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure .	The maximum distance	What is an important number when it comes to guns engaging an aircraft ?
For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajectory can be usefully used .	only the ascending part of the trajectory	What can be used to determine the maximum distance for an AA gun ?
One term is ` ceiling ' , maximum ceiling being the height a projectile would reach if fired vertically , not practically useful in itself as few AA guns are able to fire vertically , and maximum fuse duration may be too short , but potentially useful as a standard to compare different weapons .	maximum ceiling	What is the term used to describe the height that a projectile would go to if it was fired vertically ?
One term is ` ceiling ' , maximum ceiling being the height a projectile would reach if fired vertically , not practically useful in itself as few AA guns are able to fire vertically , and maximum fuse duration may be too short , but potentially useful as a standard to compare different weapons .	vertically	Few AA guns are able to fire which way ?
As this process continued , the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns .	guns	The missile started being used more often instead of what weapon ?
Smaller missiles soon followed , eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars and tank chassis .	armored cars and tank chassis	Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what ?
These started replacing , or at least supplanting , similar gun-based SPAAG systems in the 1960s , and by the 1990s had replaced almost all such systems in modern armies .	in the 1960s	When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems ?
Man-portable missiles , MANPADs as they are known today , were introduced in the 1960s and have supplanted or even replaced even the smallest guns in most advanced armies .	MANPADs	What are man-portable missiles better known as ?
Man-portable missiles , MANPADs as they are known today , were introduced in the 1960s and have supplanted or even replaced even the smallest guns in most advanced armies .	the 1960s	When were MANPADs introduced ?
Unlike the heavier guns , these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target .	ability to quickly follow the target	Smaller weapons are able to be used because of their low cost as well as what other factor ?
Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 , 36 gun , both designed by Bofors of Sweden .	Bofors of Sweden	Who designed the 40 mm autocannon ?
Artillery weapons of this sort have for the most part been superseded by the effective surface-to-air missile systems that were introduced in the 1950s , although they were still retained by many nations .	1950s	When were the surface-to-air missile systems introduced ?
The development of surface-to-air missiles began in Nazi Germany during the late World War II with missiles such as the Wasserfall , though no working system was deployed before the war 's end , and represented new attempts to increase effectiveness of the anti-aircraft systems faced with growing threat from -LSB- bomber -RSB- s. Land-based SAMs can be deployed from fixed installations or mobile launchers , either wheeled or tracked .	in Nazi Germany	Where were surface-to-air missiles first developed ?
The development of surface-to-air missiles began in Nazi Germany during the late World War II with missiles such as the Wasserfall , though no working system was deployed before the war 's end , and represented new attempts to increase effectiveness of the anti-aircraft systems faced with growing threat from -LSB- bomber -RSB- s. Land-based SAMs can be deployed from fixed installations or mobile launchers , either wheeled or tracked .	from fixed installations or mobile launchers	How can land-based SAMs be deployed ?
Smaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons , which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence .	machine-guns or fast cannons	What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships ?
Smaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons , which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence .	a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence	These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what ?
Carrier battle groups are especially well defended , as not only do they typically consist of many vessels with heavy air defence armament but they are also able to launch fighter jets for combat air patrol overhead to intercept incoming airborne threats .	Carrier battle groups	What type of ships are particularly well defended ?
Carrier battle groups are especially well defended , as not only do they typically consist of many vessels with heavy air defence armament but they are also able to launch fighter jets for combat air patrol overhead to intercept incoming airborne threats .	fighter jets	Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats ?
Rocket-propelled grenades can be -- and often are -- used against hovering helicopters -LRB- e.g. , by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu -LRB- 1993 -RRB- -RRB- .	Rocket-propelled grenades	What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters ?
In Somalia , militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG 's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters .	a steel plate	What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter ?
In Somalia , militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG 's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters .	US helicopters	What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at ?
Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user , because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground .	the backblast	An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground ?
Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user , because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground .	the user	When an RPG is fired at a steep angle , who is in danger ?
The British adopted `` effective ceiling '' , meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target ; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun 's capability .	"effective ceiling"	What term is used to describe the altitude for a gun to shoot shells against a target that is moving ?
The British adopted `` effective ceiling '' , meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target ; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun 's capability .	The British	Who adopted the use of the term , effective ceiling ?
By the late 1930s the British definition was `` that height at which a directly approaching target at 400 mph -LRB- = 643.6 km/h -RRB- can be engaged for 20 seconds before the gun reaches 70 degrees elevation '' .	for 20 seconds	Along with other factors , how long must a target be engaged to have effective ceiling ?
However , effective ceiling for heavy AA guns was affected by non-ballistic factors :	non-ballistic factors	What affected the effective ceiling for heavy AA guns ?
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon ; guided missiles then became dominant , except at the very shortest ranges .	guns firing ballistic munitions	What was the standard weapon until the 1950s ?
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon ; guided missiles then became dominant , except at the very shortest ranges .	guided missiles	After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal , what weapon took their place ?
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon ; guided missiles then became dominant , except at the very shortest ranges .	the very shortest ranges	Which range did not use guided missiles ?
Targets are not always easy to destroy ; nonetheless , damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and , even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory , may be out of action for days or permanently .	permanently	Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what ?
Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns , ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm .	at least 150 mm	What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns ?
The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out ; on 8 July 1914 , the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to ` dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers , each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design , ' while ' a complete circle of towers ' was to be built around ` naval installations ' and ` at other especially vulnerable points . '	8 July 1914	When did the British see the need to add anti-aircraft capability ?
The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out ; on 8 July 1914 , the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to ` dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers , each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design , ' while ' a complete circle of towers ' was to be built around ` naval installations ' and ` at other especially vulnerable points . '	the coasts of the British Isles	Where did the New York times report say towers with guns should go ?
The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out ; on 8 July 1914 , the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to ` dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers , each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design , ' while ' a complete circle of towers ' was to be built around ` naval installations ' and ` at other especially vulnerable points . '	complete circle of towers	What was built around naval installations ?
By December 1914 the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve -LRB- RNVR -RRB- was manning AA guns and searchlights assembled from various sources at some nine ports .	Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)	Who manned AA guns and searchlights ?
The Royal Garrison Artillery -LRB- RGA -RRB- was given responsibility for AA defence in the field , using motorised two-gun sections .	Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)	Who used motorised two-gun sections ?
In Britain and some other armies , the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence , although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However , during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere , and this included light air defences .	Royal Navy	Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI
In Britain and some other armies , the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence , although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However , during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere , and this included light air defences .	RAF Regiment	Who protected airfields in WWII ?
In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force 's operating bases in UK .	Cold War	The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what ` war ' ?
However , all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force -LRB- RAF -RRB- jurisdiction in 2004 .	2004	What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF ?
The British Army 's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955 , but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF 's Fighter Command operated long-range air - defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK .	British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command	What was disbanded in 1955 ?
The British dealt with range measurement first , when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting .	range measurement	What helped with better fuse setting ?
This led to the Height/Range Finder -LRB- HRF -RRB- , the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2 , a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod .	Barr & Stroud UB2	What was the first model of HRF -LRB- Height Range Finder -RRB- used by the British ?
It measured the distance to the target and the elevation angle , which together gave the height of the aircraft .	elevation angle	The HRF measured target distance and what else ?
The HRF was soon joined by the Height/Fuse Indicator -LRB- HFI -RRB- , this was marked with elevation angles and height lines overlaid with fuse length curves , using the height reported by the HRF operator , the necessary fuse length could be read off .	Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI)	What was the HRF used with to set fuses ?
The HRF was soon joined by the Height/Fuse Indicator -LRB- HFI -RRB- , this was marked with elevation angles and height lines overlaid with fuse length curves , using the height reported by the HRF operator , the necessary fuse length could be read off .	HRF operator	The fuse length could be set using height reported by whom ?
By the early 20th century balloon , or airship , guns , for land and naval use were attracting attention .	balloon, or airship, guns	What kind of guns started attracting attention ?
The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated .	The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail	In addition to ammo proposals , what other need was articulated ?
Fuzing options were also examined , both impact and time types .	Fuzing options	The impact and time types of what were analyzed ?
Trials were underway in most countries in Europe but only Krupp , Erhardt , Vickers Maxim , and Schneider had published any information by 1910 .	Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider	As of 1910 , who had published info available for gun designs ?
The French balloon gun appeared in 1910 , it was an 11-pounder but mounted on a vehicle , with a total uncrewed weight of 2 tons .	French balloon gun	What gun made the scene in 1910 ?
All armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces , notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm , typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward .	French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm	What two guns were propped up against a hillside to get the muzzles pointed up ?
The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitable for AA use , the 13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III was issued in 1915 .	13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III	What anti-aircraft gun did the British Army begin to use ?
It remained in service throughout the war but 18-pdr guns were lined down to take the 13-pdr shell with a larger cartridge producing the 13-pr QF 9 cwt and these proved much more satisfactory .	18-pdr guns	What gun size was relined to take 13-pounder shells ?
With little experience in the role , no means of measuring target , range , height or speed the difficulty of observing their shell bursts relative to the target gunners proved unable to get their fuse setting correct and most rounds burst well below their targets .	get their fuse setting correct	What was difficult to get set right on the new guns ?
With little experience in the role , no means of measuring target , range , height or speed the difficulty of observing their shell bursts relative to the target gunners proved unable to get their fuse setting correct and most rounds burst well below their targets .	well below their targets	Where did most rounds shot at aircraft usually explode ?
The Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons , and for example , the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden .	Treaty of Versailles	What treaty was supposed to stop Germany from having antiaircraft weapons ?
Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s .	in the late 1920s	When did covert antiaircraft training start in Germany ?
In the late 1930s the 10.5 cm FlaK 38 appeared soon followed by the 39 , this was designed primarily for static sites but had a mobile mounting and the unit had 220v 24 kW generators .	In the late 1930s	When did the 10.5 centimeter FlaK 38 appear in Germany ?
In 1938 design started on the 12.8 cm FlaK .	1938	When did the design begin for the 12.8 centimeter FlaK ?
In the late 1930s the 10.5 cm FlaK 38 appeared soon followed by the 39 , this was designed primarily for static sites but had a mobile mounting and the unit had 220v 24 kW generators .	220v 24 kW generators	What did the FlaK 39 have ?
Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles .	track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles	What did the tachymetric devices do ?
The French Brocq system was electrical , the operator entered the target range and had displays at guns ; it was used with their 75 mm .	French Brocq	Which system had electrical tracking ?
The French Brocq system was electrical , the operator entered the target range and had displays at guns ; it was used with their 75 mm .	75 mm	What gun was the French Brocq system used with ?
The British Wilson-Dalby gun director used a pair of trackers and mechanical tachymetry ; the operator entered the fuse length , and deflection angles were read from the instruments .	British Wilson-Dalby gun director	Which system used a pair of trackers ?
However , the problem of deflection settings -- ` aim-off ' -- required knowing the rate of change in the target 's position .	aim-off	Deflection settings were also called what ?
Poland 's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries .	German attack	Poland and other European countries could not defend against what ?
Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940 .	Battle of Britain	What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare ?
The Army 's Anti-aircraft command , which was under command of the Air Defence UK organisation , grew to 12 AA divisions in 3 AA corps .	Army's Anti-aircraft command	What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation ?
The Army 's Anti-aircraft command , which was under command of the Air Defence UK organisation , grew to 12 AA divisions in 3 AA corps .	3	The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps ?
In addition the RAF regiment was formed in 1941 with responsibility for airfield air defence , eventually with Bofors 40mm as their main armament .	RAF regiment	What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields ?
Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun , 3.6-inch , in 1918 .	1918	When was the successful test of the 3.6-inch HAA gun ?
In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution , but it took 6 years to gain funding .	1928	When did the 3.7-inch HAA gun become preferred ?
At the same time the Royal Navy adopted a new 4.5-inch -LRB- 114 mm -RRB- gun in a twin turret , which the army adopted in simplified single-gun mountings for static positions , mostly around ports where naval ammunition was available .	4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret	What gun did the Royal Navy start using ?
However , the performance of both 3.7 and 4.5-in guns was limited by their standard fuse No 199 , with a 30-second running time , although a new mechanical time fuse giving 43 seconds was nearing readiness .	30-second running time	How long of a running time did the Number 199 fuse have ?
In 1939 a Machine Fuse Setter was introduced to eliminate manual fuse setting .	Machine Fuse Setter	What was introduced in 1939 ?
Service trials demonstrated another problem however : that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible .	ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets	What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials ?
At short range , the apparent target area is relatively large , the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short , allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers .	by watching the tracers	How was target lead watched at short range ?
At short range , the apparent target area is relatively large , the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short , allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers .	short range	Target area is relatively large at what range ?
At long range , the aircraft remains in firing range for a long time , so the necessary calculations can in theory be done by slide rules - though , because small errors in distance cause large errors in shell fall height and detonation time , exact ranging is crucial .	slide rules	At long range what , in theory , could be used to set ranging calculations ?
At long range , the aircraft remains in firing range for a long time , so the necessary calculations can in theory be done by slide rules - though , because small errors in distance cause large errors in shell fall height and detonation time , exact ranging is crucial .	small errors in distance	What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding ?
Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38 .	Rheinmetall	In the 1920s , which company developed the automatic 20 mm ?
Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38 .	Oerlikon	Which Switzerland company obtained the patent for an automatic 20 mm gun during the first World War ?
Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38 .	Mauser-Werke	Which company redesigned the rapid fire 2 cm FlaK 30 ?
Germany therefore added a 3.7 cm .	a 3.7 cm	What did Germany add to the 20 mm to make it more effective ?
It was introduced in 1935 and production stopped the following year .	1935	When was the first 3.7 cm FlaK 18 introduced ?
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses , some more than six stories high , which were known as Hochbunker `` High Bunkers '' or `` Flaktürme '' flak towers , on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery .	Hochbunker "High Bunkers"	What were the large blockhouses called that the Germans developed ?
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses , some more than six stories high , which were known as Hochbunker `` High Bunkers '' or `` Flaktürme '' flak towers , on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery .	"Flaktürme" flak towers	Another name for the High Bunkers was what ?
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses , some more than six stories high , which were known as Hochbunker `` High Bunkers '' or `` Flaktürme '' flak towers , on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery .	anti-aircraft artillery	What was placed on the blockhouses by the Germans ?
Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945 .	Berlin	What city had some of the last buildings to fall in 1945 ?
The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea , the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns .	Maunsell Forts	What structure did the British build in the North Sea ?
In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns .	the U.S. Army	Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities ?
US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system , an almost fully automated system including the radar , computers , power , and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform .	the 75 mm Skysweeper system	What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers ?
The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army , notably the 40 mm Bofors .	the 40 mm Bofors	The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using , including which one ?
In Europe NATO 's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system , NATO Air Defence Ground Environment -LRB- NADGE -RRB- , that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System .	NATO Air Defence Ground Environment	What does NADGE stand for ?
In Europe NATO 's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system , NATO Air Defence Ground Environment -LRB- NADGE -RRB- , that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System .	the NATO Integrated Air Defence System	What did NADGE become ?
The solution was automation , in the form of a mechanical computer , the Kerrison Predictor .	the Kerrison Predictor	What was the name of the mechanical computer that used automation ?
Operators kept it pointed at the target , and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun .	the proper aim point automatically	What did the Predictor calculate after it was pointed at a target ?
Operators kept it pointed at the target , and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun .	as a pointer mounted on the gun	How did the Predictor display the information needed ?
The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells .	followed the pointer and loaded the shells	What two things did the operators of the gun have to do ?
Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war , also adding radar ranging as the war progressed .	Germany	What other country designed similar systems to the Predictor ?
Although the firearms used by the infantry , particularly machine guns , can be used to engage low altitude air targets , on occasion with notable success , their effectiveness is generally limited and the muzzle flashes reveal infantry positions .	infantry positions	What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal ?
Speed and altitude of modern jet aircraft limit target opportunities , and critical systems may be armored in aircraft designed for the ground attack role .	altitude	Along with speed of the modern jet , what else limits target opportunities ?
Adaptations of the standard autocannon , originally intended for air-to-ground use , and heavier artillery systems were commonly used for most anti-aircraft gunnery , starting with standard pieces on new mountings , and evolving to specially designed guns with much higher performance prior to World War II .	most anti-aircraft gunnery	Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what ?
Some nations started rocket research before World War II , including for anti-aircraft use .	World War II	Rocket research began prior to which war in some countries ?
The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch , which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries , and were also fitted to warships .	the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch	What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships ?
The firing of one of these devices during an air raid is suspected to have caused the Bethnal Green disaster in 1943 .	1943	When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur ?
Facing the threat of Japanese Kamikaze attacks the British and US developed surface-to-air rockets like British Stooge or the American Lark as counter measures , but none of them were ready at the end of the war .	American Lark	What was the US military 's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes ?
The Germans missile research was the most advanced of the war as the Germans put considerable effort in the research and development of rocket systems for all purposes .	Germans missile research	Which country 's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles ?
The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy .	guided missile	Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy ?
Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems , none became operational during World War II .	Germany	Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful ?
The US started an upgrade of their defences using the Nike Ajax missile , and soon the larger anti-aircraft guns disappeared .	the Nike Ajax missile	What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with ?
The US started an upgrade of their defences using the Nike Ajax missile , and soon the larger anti-aircraft guns disappeared .	the larger anti-aircraft guns	The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear ?
The same thing occurred in the USSR after the introduction of their SA-2 Guideline systems .	SA-2 Guideline systems	The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR ?
The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun .	the railgun	Where can the future of projectile based weapons possibly be found ?
Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk -LRB- missile -RRB- , but at a fraction of the cost .	a Tomahawk	Testing is being done on weapons to create as much damage as what missile at a much lower cost ?
In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun ; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles -LRB- 9,000 km -RRB- per hour using 10 megajoules of energy .	February 2008	When did the United States Navy test a railgun ?
In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun ; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles -LRB- 9,000 km -RRB- per hour using 10 megajoules of energy .	5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour	How fast was the shell that the Navy fired from the railgun ?
It is expected to be ready in 2020 to 2025 .	2020 to 2025	When is the railgun expected to be ready ?
The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses -LRB- barometric , time-delay , or proximity -RRB- to explode close to the airborne target , releasing a shower of fast metal fragments .	barometric, time-delay, or proximity	What are two types of fuses used for shells ?
For shorter-range work , a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required , to increase a hit probability on a fast airborne target .	a higher rate of fire	At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets ?
Weapons between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber have been widely used in this role .	between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber	What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets ?
Smaller weapons , typically .50 caliber or even 8 mm rifle caliber guns have been used in the smallest mounts .	smallest mounts	Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what ?
Air defence in naval tactics , especially within a carrier group , is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre .	a system of concentric layers	Air defence in such places as a carrier group are built around what ?
The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier 's aircraft , specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP .	AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP	What protects the outer layer ?
If an attacker is able to penetrate this layer , then the next layers would come from the surface-to-air missiles carried by the carrier 's escorts ; the area-defence missiles , such as the RIM-67 Standard , with a range of up to 100 nmi , and the point-defence missiles , like the RIM-162 ESSM , with a range of up to 30 nmi .	the carrier's escorts	The next layer 's surface-to-air missiles are carried by what ?
If an attacker is able to penetrate this layer , then the next layers would come from the surface-to-air missiles carried by the carrier 's escorts ; the area-defence missiles , such as the RIM-67 Standard , with a range of up to 100 nmi , and the point-defence missiles , like the RIM-162 ESSM , with a range of up to 30 nmi .	100	What is the range in nautical miles of the RIM-67 Standard ?
Finally , virtually every modern warship will be fitted with small-calibre guns , including a CIWS , which is usually a radar-controlled Gatling gun of between 20mm and 30mm calibre capable of firing several thousand rounds per minute .	several thousand rounds per minute	What is the rate of fire for a radar-controlled Gatling gun of 20 and 30 millimeter ?
If current trends continue , missiles will replace gun systems completely in `` first line '' service .	missiles	What is likely to entirely replace gun systems ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles , such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS , which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence .	Guns	What is being lead to specialty roles ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles , such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS , which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence .	GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun	What gun is used in the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS ?
Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems , such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile , which is smaller , faster , and allows for mid-flight course correction -LRB- guidance -RRB- to ensure a hit .	RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile	What RIM weapon permits mid-flight course adjustments ?
To bridge the gap between guns and missiles , Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS , which uses both guns and missiles for final defence .	Kashtan CIWS	What weapon 's system uses guns and missiles ?
Most modern air defence systems are fairly mobile .	mobile	Contemporary air defence systems are usually what ?
Even the larger systems tend to be mounted on trailers and are designed to be fairly quickly broken down or set up .	trailers	What are larger weapon systems usually mounted on ?
Even systems that consist of many components -LRB- transporter/erector/launchers , radars , command posts etc. -RRB- benefit from being mounted on a fleet of vehicles .	a fleet of vehicles	Radars , command posts and other such things are usually mounted on what ?
In general , a fixed system can be identified , attacked and destroyed whereas a mobile system can show up in places where it is not expected .	places where it is not expected	A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where ?
Soviet systems especially concentrate on mobility , after the lessons learnt in the Vietnam war between the USA and Vietnam .	Soviet	What systems are really geared toward mobility ?
Most Western and Commonwealth militaries integrate air defence purely with the traditional services , of the military -LRB- i.e. army , navy and air force -RRB- , as a separate arm or as part of artillery .	Western and Commonwealth militaries	What military forces usually integrate air defnce as a separate arm or part of artillery ?
In the United States Army for instance , air defence is part of the artillery arm , while in the Pakistan Army , it was split off from Artillery to form a separate arm of its own in 1990 .	artillery arm	Air defence in the US Army is part of what arm ?
In the United States Army for instance , air defence is part of the artillery arm , while in the Pakistan Army , it was split off from Artillery to form a separate arm of its own in 1990 .	1990	Air defence in Pakistan was separated from the Army in what year ?
This is in contrast to some -LRB- largely communist or ex-communist -RRB- countries where not only are there provisions for air defence in the army , navy and air force but there are specific branches that deal only with the air defence of territory , for example , the Soviet PVO Strany .	largely communist or ex-communist	What type of countries have set branches for territorial air defence ?
The USSR also had a separate strategic rocket force in charge of nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles .	USSR	Who had a separate military force for controlling nuclear ICBMs ?
Armies typically have air defence in depth , from integral MANPADS such as the RBS 70 , Stinger and Igla at smaller force levels up to army-level missile defence systems such as Angara and Patriot .	air defence	What do armies tend to have in depth ?
Armies typically have air defence in depth , from integral MANPADS such as the RBS 70 , Stinger and Igla at smaller force levels up to army-level missile defence systems such as Angara and Patriot .	army-level missile defence systems	Angara and Patriot are two examples of what type of system ?
Armies typically have air defence in depth , from integral MANPADS such as the RBS 70 , Stinger and Igla at smaller force levels up to army-level missile defence systems such as Angara and Patriot .	smaller force levels	Stinger and Igla are two examples of what type of system ?
These may be deployed at regiment-level and consist of platoons of self-propelled anti-aircraft platforms , whether they are self-propelled anti-aircraft guns -LRB- SPAAGs -RRB- , integrated air-defence systems like Tunguska or all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms like Roland or SA-8 Gecko .	self-propelled anti-aircraft guns	What does SPAAG stand for ?
These may be deployed at regiment-level and consist of platoons of self-propelled anti-aircraft platforms , whether they are self-propelled anti-aircraft guns -LRB- SPAAGs -RRB- , integrated air-defence systems like Tunguska or all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms like Roland or SA-8 Gecko .	all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms	What kind of platform are Roland and SA-8 Gecko ?
Israel , and The US Air Force , in conjunction with the members of NATO , has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression .	Israel	In agreement with NATO members , the US Air Force and which country has created tactics for air defence suppression ?
Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system .	Dedicated weapons	The goal of what is to suppress opposing air defence systems ?
It is an arms race ; as better jamming , countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed , so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending .	SAM systems with ECCM capabilities	As better weapons are created , what systems continue to improve as well to counter them ?
In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence -LRB- AAAD -RRB- is used for air defence by non-specialist troops .	All-Arms Air Defence	What does AAAD stand for ?
Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD -LRB- Ground Based AD -RRB- with related terms SHORAD -LRB- Short Range AD -RRB- and MANPADS -LRB- `` Man Portable AD Systems '' : typically shoulder-launched missiles -RRB- .	Ground Based AD	What does GBAD stand for ?
Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD -LRB- Ground Based AD -RRB- with related terms SHORAD -LRB- Short Range AD -RRB- and MANPADS -LRB- `` Man Portable AD Systems '' : typically shoulder-launched missiles -RRB- .	Short Range AD	What does SHORAD stand for ?
Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD -LRB- Ground Based AD -RRB- with related terms SHORAD -LRB- Short Range AD -RRB- and MANPADS -LRB- `` Man Portable AD Systems '' : typically shoulder-launched missiles -RRB- .	Man Portable AD Systems	What does MANPADS stand for ?
Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile , abbreviated and pronounced `` SAM '' and Surface to Air Guided Weapon -LRB- SAGW -RRB- .	Surface to Air Guided Weapon	What does SAGW stand for ?
Throughout the 20th century air defence was one of the fastest-evolving areas of military technology , responding to the evolution of aircraft and exploiting various enabling technologies , particularly radar , guided missiles and computing -LRB- initially electromechanical analog computing from the 1930s on , as with equipment described below -RRB- .	air defence	What was one of the quickest areas to evolve in military technology in the 20th century ?
Throughout the 20th century air defence was one of the fastest-evolving areas of military technology , responding to the evolution of aircraft and exploiting various enabling technologies , particularly radar , guided missiles and computing -LRB- initially electromechanical analog computing from the 1930s on , as with equipment described below -RRB- .	aircraft	The evolution of air defence was in answer to the evolution of what ?
Throughout the 20th century air defence was one of the fastest-evolving areas of military technology , responding to the evolution of aircraft and exploiting various enabling technologies , particularly radar , guided missiles and computing -LRB- initially electromechanical analog computing from the 1930s on , as with equipment described below -RRB- .	guided missiles	In addition to radar and computing , what else did air defence want to exploit ?
Air defence evolution covered the areas of sensors and technical fire control , weapons , and command and control .	command and control	In addition to sensors and technical fire control , and weapons , what else did air defence evolution cover ?
Batteries are usually grouped into battalions or equivalent .	into battalions	How are batteries typically grouped ?
In the field army a light gun or SHORAD battalion is often assigned to a manoeuvre division .	light gun or SHORAD	What type of battalion is normally tasked to a manoeuvre division in the field army ?
Homeland air defence may have a full military structure .	Homeland air defence	Which military section could have a full military structure ?
For example , the UK 's Anti-Aircraft Command , commanded by a full British Army general was part of ADGB .	a full British Army general	Who commanded the UK 's Anti-Aircraft Command ?
At its peak in 1941 -- 42 it comprised three AA corps with 12 AA divisions between them .	three AA corps	How many corps was the UK 's Anti-Aircraft Command ?
German air attacks on the British Isles increased in 1915 and the AA efforts were deemed somewhat ineffective , so a Royal Navy gunnery expert , Admiral Sir Percy Scott , was appointed to make improvements , particularly an integrated AA defence for London .	the British Isles	Air attacks headed by Germany increased in 1915 in what area ?
German air attacks on the British Isles increased in 1915 and the AA efforts were deemed somewhat ineffective , so a Royal Navy gunnery expert , Admiral Sir Percy Scott , was appointed to make improvements , particularly an integrated AA defence for London .	Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott	Who was tasked with the job to make improvements to the AA as a result of the German attacks ?
Since most attacks were at night , searchlights were soon used , and acoustic methods of detection and locating were developed .	searchlights	What was used because of night attacks ?
By December 1916 there were 183 AA Sections defending Britain -LRB- most with the 3-inch -RRB- , 74 with the BEF in France and 10 in the Middle East .	183	How many AA Sections were defending Britain by December 1916 ?
By December 1916 there were 183 AA Sections defending Britain -LRB- most with the 3-inch -RRB- , 74 with the BEF in France and 10 in the Middle East .	74	How many AA Sections were with the BEF in France during the same time ?
As aircraft started to be used against ground targets on the battlefield , the AA guns could not be traversed quickly enough at close targets and , being relatively few , were not always in the right place -LRB- and were often unpopular with other troops -RRB- , so changed positions frequently .	AA guns	What was many times unpopular with other troops ?
Soon the forces were adding various machine-gun based weapons mounted on poles .	machine-gun based weapons	What was mounted on poles by forces ?
These short-range weapons proved more deadly , and the `` Red Baron '' is believed to have been shot down by an anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun .	anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun	What type of weapon is thought to have shot down the Red Baron ?
When the war ended , it was clear that the increasing capabilities of aircraft would require better means of acquiring targets and aiming at them .	increasing capabilities of aircraft	What made acquiring targets and aiming more required ?
Nevertheless , a pattern had been set : anti-aircraft weapons would be based around heavy weapons attacking high-altitude targets and lighter weapons for use when they came to lower altitudes .	lighter weapons	Heavy weapons shot at high-altitude targets and what shot at low-altitude targets ?
In 1925 the British adopted a new instrument developed by Vickers .	1925	What year did the British adopt the new Vickers instrument ?
It was a mechanical analogue computer Predictor AA No 1 .	Predictor AA No 1	What was the Vickers device adopted by the British named ?
Similar systems were adopted in other countries and for example the later Sperry device , designated M3A3 in the US was also used by Britain as the Predictor AA No 2 .	M3A3	What was the designation name of the Sperry device in the US ?
Similar systems were adopted in other countries and for example the later Sperry device , designated M3A3 in the US was also used by Britain as the Predictor AA No 2 .	Predictor AA No 2	What did the British designate the Sperry device as ?
Height finders were also increasing in size , in Britain , the World War I Barr & Stroud UB 2 -LRB- 7 feet optical base -RRB- was replaced by the UB 7 -LRB- 9 feet optical base -RRB- and the UB 10 -LRB- 18 feet optical base , only used on static AA sites -RRB- .	UB 7	What replaced the UB 2 ?
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit .	1943	When year did the Dambusters raid happen ?
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit .	knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit	What did the new system designed after the Dambusters raid supposed to do ?
The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun , but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it .	a new 55 mm gun	What replaced the 50 millimeter gun that was not accurate ?
The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar , which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics , and then sent electrical commands to the guns , which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds .	a centralised control system	What type of control system did the 55 millimeter gun use ?
The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar , which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics , and then sent electrical commands to the guns , which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds .	hydraulics	What was used to aim the guns after electrical commands were sent ?
AAA battalions were also used to help suppress ground targets .	AAA battalions	What was also utilized to control ground targets ?
Their larger 90 mm M3 gun would prove , as did the eighty-eight , to make an excellent anti-tank gun as well , and was widely used late in the war in this role .	90 mm M3 gun	Along with the 88 , what other AAA battalion gun made a good anti-tank weapon ?
Also available to the Americans at the start of the war was the 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun , which was the most powerful AA gun with an impressive 60,000 ft -LRB- 18 km -RRB- altitude capability .	120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun	What did the Americans use at the beginning of the war ?
Also available to the Americans at the start of the war was the 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun , which was the most powerful AA gun with an impressive 60,000 ft -LRB- 18 km -RRB- altitude capability .	60,000 ft	What was the altitude range in feet of the stratosphere gun ?
The 90 mm and 120 mm guns would continue to be used into the 1950s .	1950s	What decade were the 90 and 120 millimeter guns used until ?
The allies ' most advanced technologies were showcased by the anti-aircraft defence against the German V-1 cruise missiles -LRB- V stands for Vergeltungswaffe , `` retaliation weapon '' -RRB- .	German V-1 cruise missiles	What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against ?
The 419th and 601st Antiaircraft Gun Battalions of the US Army were first allocated to the Folkestone-Dover coast to defend London , and then moved to Belgium to become part of the `` Antwerp X '' project .	Folkestone-Dover coast	Where did the US Army 's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London ?
The 419th and 601st Antiaircraft Gun Battalions of the US Army were first allocated to the Folkestone-Dover coast to defend London , and then moved to Belgium to become part of the `` Antwerp X '' project .	Belgium	Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project ?
With the liberation of Antwerp , the port city immediately became the highest priority target , and received the largest number of V-1 and V-2 missiles of any city .	Antwerp	What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other ?
Incoming targets were acquired and automatically tracked by SCR-584 radar , developed at the MIT Rad Lab .	SCR-584 radar	What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets ?
In the 1982 Falklands War , the Argentine armed forces deployed the newest west European weapons including the Oerlikon GDF-002 35 mm twin cannon and SAM Roland .	1982 Falklands War	In what war did the armed forces from Argentina use the SAM Roland ?
The Rapier missile system was the primary GBAD system , used by both British artillery and RAF regiment , a few brand-new FIM-92 Stinger were used by British special forces .	British artillery and RAF regiment	What two units used the Rapier missile system ?
British naval missiles used included Sea Dart and the older Sea Slug longer range systems , Sea Cat and the new Sea Wolf short range systems .	Sea Slug longer range systems	What older system did the British naval use ?
British naval missiles used included Sea Dart and the older Sea Slug longer range systems , Sea Cat and the new Sea Wolf short range systems .	Sea Wolf	What new short range systems did the British naval use ?
Machine guns in AA mountings was used both ashore and afloat .	Machine guns	What was used in AA mountings on both land and water ?
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers , but can be towed/re-deployed at will .	Larger SAMs	What can be deployed in fixed launchers but re-deploy at will ?
The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems -LRB- MANPADS -RRB- .	MANPADS	What are the SAMs called that are launched by individuals in the US ?
The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems -LRB- MANPADS -RRB- .	Man-Portable Air Defence Systems	What does MANPADS mean ?
Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar , then tracked before/while a SAM is `` locked-on '' and then fired .	air-search radar	How are targets aquired for non-ManPAD SAMs ?
The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role .	autocannons	Short range missiles are replacing what weapons ?
However , as stealth technology grows , so does anti-stealth technology .	anti-stealth technology	What continues to grow along with stealth technology ?
Multiple transmitter radars such as those from bistatic radars and low-frequency radars are said to have the capabilities to detect stealth aircraft .	Multiple transmitter radars	What can detect stealth aircraft ?
Advanced forms of thermographic cameras such as those that incorporate QWIPs would be able to optically see a Stealth aircraft regardless of the aircraft 's RCS .	Advanced forms of thermographic cameras	What can see stealth aircraft even with RCS ?
The newest SAM 's have a claimed ability to be able to detect and engage stealth targets , with the most notable being the S-400 , which is claimed to be able to detect a target with a 0.05 meter squared RCS from 90 km away .	the S-400	What is the most notable SAM that can detect a stealth target ?
The newest SAM 's have a claimed ability to be able to detect and engage stealth targets , with the most notable being the S-400 , which is claimed to be able to detect a target with a 0.05 meter squared RCS from 90 km away .	90 km away	How far away can the S-400 detect a target ?
Sanskrit -LRB- / ˈsænskrɪt / ; Sanskrit : saṃskṛtam -LSB- səmskr̩t̪əm -RSB- or saṃskṛta , originally saṃskṛtā vāk , `` refined speech '' -RRB- is the primary sacred language of Hinduism , a philosophical language in Buddhism , Hinduism , Sikhism and Jainism , and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India .	Hinduism	Sanskrit is the primary sacred language of which religion ?
Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand .	22	How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India ?
Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand .	Uttarakhand	Which Indian state has Sanskrit as its official language ?
Sanskrit -LRB- / ˈsænskrɪt / ; Sanskrit : saṃskṛtam -LSB- səmskr̩t̪əm -RSB- or saṃskṛta , originally saṃskṛtā vāk , `` refined speech '' -RRB- is the primary sacred language of Hinduism , a philosophical language in Buddhism , Hinduism , Sikhism and Jainism , and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India .	Sikhism	Sanskrit is used as a pkilsosophical language in Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and which other religion ?
It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan , originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European .	Old Indo-Aryan	Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of which language ?
Sanskrit -LRB- / ˈsænskrɪt / ; Sanskrit : saṃskṛtam -LSB- səmskr̩t̪əm -RSB- or saṃskṛta , originally saṃskṛtā vāk , `` refined speech '' -RRB- is the primary sacred language of Hinduism , a philosophical language in Buddhism , Hinduism , Sikhism and Jainism , and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India .	Sanskrit	What language is the sacred language of Hinduism ?
Sanskrit -LRB- / ˈsænskrɪt / ; Sanskrit : saṃskṛtam -LSB- səmskr̩t̪əm -RSB- or saṃskṛta , originally saṃskṛtā vāk , `` refined speech '' -RRB- is the primary sacred language of Hinduism , a philosophical language in Buddhism , Hinduism , Sikhism and Jainism , and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India .	lingua franca	Besides its uses as language of religions , for what other application can Sanskrit be used ?
Sanskrit -LRB- / ˈsænskrɪt / ; Sanskrit : saṃskṛtam -LSB- səmskr̩t̪əm -RSB- or saṃskṛta , originally saṃskṛtā vāk , `` refined speech '' -RRB- is the primary sacred language of Hinduism , a philosophical language in Buddhism , Hinduism , Sikhism and Jainism , and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India .	India	Where is Sanskrit usually found ?
It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan , originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European .	Old Indo-Aryan	From what is Sanskrit an adaption ?
It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan , originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European .	Vedic Sanskrit	From what language did Sanskrit originate ?
Sudharma , a daily newspaper in Sanskrit , has been published out of Mysore , India , since 1970 , while Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam started in Gujarat during the last five years .	1970	In what year was the daily newspaper Sudharma first published ?
Sudharma , a daily newspaper in Sanskrit , has been published out of Mysore , India , since 1970 , while Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam started in Gujarat during the last five years .	Gujarat	Where are Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam published ?
Since 1974 , there has been a short daily news broadcast on state-run All India Radio .	1974	In what year did daily news broadcasts in Sankrit begin on state-run All India Radio ?
Over 90 weeklies , fortnightlies and quarterlies are published in Sanskrit .	Over 90	Approximately how many weeklies , fortnightlies and quarterlies published in Sanskrit ?
Sanskrit news is broadcast on TV and on the internet through the DD National channel at 6:55 AM IST .	6:55 AM IST	What is the broadcast time for Sanskrit news on the DD National channel ?
Sudharma , a daily newspaper in Sanskrit , has been published out of Mysore , India , since 1970 , while Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam started in Gujarat during the last five years .	daily newspaper	What is the publication , Sudharma ?
Sudharma , a daily newspaper in Sanskrit , has been published out of Mysore , India , since 1970 , while Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam started in Gujarat during the last five years .	Mysore, India	Where is the newspaper Sudharma published ?
Over 90 weeklies , fortnightlies and quarterlies are published in Sanskrit .	Sanskrit	What language are many periodicals published in in India ?
Since 1974 , there has been a short daily news broadcast on state-run All India Radio .	1974	Since what year has there been a daily broadcast on All India Radio ?
These broadcasts are also made available on the internet on AIR 's website .	AIR's website	Where can the Sanskrit broadcasts be found online ?
Sanskrit , as the learned language of Ancient India , thus existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits , which were Middle Indo-Aryan languages .	Prakrits	In Ancient India , which vernacular languages existed alongside Sanskrit ?
Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India , and the language was taught mainly to members of the higher castes through the close analysis of Vyākaraṇins such as Pāṇini and Patanjali , who exhorted proper Sanskrit at all times , especially during ritual .	Pāṇini and Patanjali	The works of which two scholars were used to teach Sanskrit to the higher castes of India ?
Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India , and the language was taught mainly to members of the higher castes through the close analysis of Vyākaraṇins such as Pāṇini and Patanjali , who exhorted proper Sanskrit at all times , especially during ritual .	social class and educational attainment	The use of Sanskrit was considered to be a marker of what in Ancient India ?
Sanskrit , as the learned language of Ancient India , thus existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits , which were Middle Indo-Aryan languages .	Middle Indo-Aryan	What type of language were Prakrits ?
Sanskrit linguist Madhav Deshpande says that when the term `` Sanskrit '' arose it was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages , but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking .	Madhav Deshpande	Which Sanskrit linguist describes Sanskrit as a `` particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking ? ''
Sanskrit linguist Madhav Deshpande says that when the term `` Sanskrit '' arose it was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages , but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking .	perfected manner	What style of speech did linguist Madhav Deshpande say Sanskrit started out as ?
Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India , and the language was taught mainly to members of the higher castes through the close analysis of Vyākaraṇins such as Pāṇini and Patanjali , who exhorted proper Sanskrit at all times , especially during ritual .	social class	Of what was Sanskrit once thought to be a divider ?
Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India , and the language was taught mainly to members of the higher castes through the close analysis of Vyākaraṇins such as Pāṇini and Patanjali , who exhorted proper Sanskrit at all times , especially during ritual .	ritual	How was Sanskrit originally used ?
Sanskrit , as the learned language of Ancient India , thus existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits , which were Middle Indo-Aryan languages .	Ancient India	Where was Sanskrit a learned language of the high classes ?
Sanskrit , as the learned language of Ancient India , thus existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits , which were Middle Indo-Aryan languages .	vernacular Prakrits	With what did Sanskrit exist beside ?
Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries , the Gupta script , derived from Brahmi , became prevalent .	between the fourth and eighth centuries	Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit ?
Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi , Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent .	Kharosthi	What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai ?
Around the eighth century , the Śāradā script evolved out of the Gupta script .	Śāradā	Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century ?
The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century , with intermediary stages such as the Siddhaṃ script .	11th or 12th century	In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent ?
The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century , with intermediary stages such as the Siddhaṃ script .	Devanagari	Which script replaced the Gupta script ?
Brahmi evolved into a multiplicity of Brahmic scripts , many of which were used to write Sanskrit .	Brahmic scripts	What were used to write Sanskrit ?
Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries , the Gupta script , derived from Brahmi , became prevalent .	Gupta	Between the forth and eighth century , what script evolved ?
Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi , Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent .	Kharosthi	What script was used in the northwest of India ?
Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries , the Gupta script , derived from Brahmi , became prevalent .	Brahmi	From what was Gupta derived ?
Around the eighth century , the Śāradā script evolved out of the Gupta script .	Śāradā	What script evolved from the Gupta script ?
Similarly , Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords , although more are derived from Spanish .	Philippine	Tagalog is what kind of language ?
Similarly , Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords , although more are derived from Spanish .	Spanish	From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived ?
A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā , or spoken language , which is used to refer to the names of many languages .	bhāṣā	What is an example of a Sanskrit loanword used in Southeast Asian languages ?
A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā , or spoken language , which is used to refer to the names of many languages .	spoken language	What is the meaning of the Sanskrit loanword `` bhāṣā ? ''
Other Austronesian languages , such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian , also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit , albeit to a lesser extent , with a larger proportion derived from Arabic .	Malay	What is an example of a traditional language that derives much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit ?
Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages , such as Javanese , particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed .	Austronesian languages	Where were many Sanskrit words found ?
Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages , such as Javanese , particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed .	Javanese	In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit ?
A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā , or spoken language , which is used to refer to the names of many languages .	bhāṣā	What Sanskrit borrowed word is found in many Asian languages ?
A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā , or spoken language , which is used to refer to the names of many languages .	spoken language	What is the meaning of bhasa ?
Other Austronesian languages , such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian , also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit , albeit to a lesser extent , with a larger proportion derived from Arabic .	Sanskrit	Where does traditional Malay get many of its loanwords ?
A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry -- the Ramayana and Mahabharata .	the Ramayana and Mahabharata	What are two examples of epic poetry written in Sanskrit ?
In some contexts , there are also more `` prakritisms '' -LRB- borrowings from common speech -RRB- than in Classical Sanskrit proper .	borrowings from common speech	What are prakritisms ?
Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is a literary language heavily influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages , based on early Buddhist Prakrit texts which subsequently assimilated to the Classical Sanskrit standard in varying degrees .	Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit	Which Sanskrit literary language has been influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages ?
For nearly 2000 years , Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia , Inner Asia , Southeast Asia , and to a certain extent East Asia .	2000 years	How long was Sanskrit a language of culture ?
A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry -- the Ramayana and Mahabharata .	Ramayana and Mahabharata	What epic poems are written in post-Vedic Sanskrit ?
A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry -- the Ramayana and Mahabharata .	Indian epic poetry	Where is a post-Vedic form of Sanskrit found ?
The deviations from Pāṇini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits , or innovations , and not because they are pre-Paninian .	Prakrits	Of what are deviations in the epics thought to be the influence ?
In some contexts , there are also more `` prakritisms '' -LRB- borrowings from common speech -RRB- than in Classical Sanskrit proper .	prakritisms	What is found to a lesser extent in Classical Sanskrit ?
From the Rigveda until the time of Pāṇini -LRB- fourth century BCE -RRB- the development of the early Vedic language can be observed in other Vedic texts : the Samaveda , Yajurveda , Atharvaveda , Brahmanas , and Upanishads .	fourth century BCE	When was the time of Panini ?
From the Rigveda until the time of Pāṇini -LRB- fourth century BCE -RRB- the development of the early Vedic language can be observed in other Vedic texts : the Samaveda , Yajurveda , Atharvaveda , Brahmanas , and Upanishads .	Vedic texts	What type of text is the Samaveda ?
During this time , the prestige of the language , its use for sacred purposes , and the importance attached to its correct enunciation all served as powerful conservative forces resisting the normal processes of linguistic change .	sacred purposes	What was Sanskrit used for ?
During this time , the prestige of the language , its use for sacred purposes , and the importance attached to its correct enunciation all served as powerful conservative forces resisting the normal processes of linguistic change .	conservative	How was Sanskrit viewed to be in relation to maintaining class ?
During this time , the prestige of the language , its use for sacred purposes , and the importance attached to its correct enunciation all served as powerful conservative forces resisting the normal processes of linguistic change .	change	To what did the use of Sanskrit as a upper class language produce a resistance ?
Sheldon Pollock argues that `` most observers would agree that , in some crucial way , Sanskrit is dead '' .	Sheldon Pollock	Who has said the Sanskrit is dead ?
:393 Pollock has further argued that , while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India , it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in the modern age. :416 Instead , it was reduced to `` reinscription and restatements '' of ideas already explored , and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses. :398 A notable exception are the military references of Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara 's 17th-century commentary on the Mahābhārata .	literary cultures	According to Pollock , how is Sanskrit solely used ?
:393 Pollock has further argued that , while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India , it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in the modern age. :416 Instead , it was reduced to `` reinscription and restatements '' of ideas already explored , and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses. :398 A notable exception are the military references of Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara 's 17th-century commentary on the Mahābhārata .	restatements	How is Sanskrit limited in it function towards ideas ?
:393 Pollock has further argued that , while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India , it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in the modern age. :416 Instead , it was reduced to `` reinscription and restatements '' of ideas already explored , and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses. :398 A notable exception are the military references of Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara 's 17th-century commentary on the Mahābhārata .	hymns	To what is Sanskrit restricted ?
The CBSE -LRB- Central Board of Secondary Education -RRB- of India , along with several other state education boards , has made Sanskrit an alternative option to the state 's own official language as a second or third language choice in the schools it governs .	alternative option	To what has the Central Board of Education of India relegated Sanskrit ?
The CBSE -LRB- Central Board of Secondary Education -RRB- of India , along with several other state education boards , has made Sanskrit an alternative option to the state 's own official language as a second or third language choice in the schools it governs .	second or third	Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option ?
In such schools , learning Sanskrit is an option for grades 5 to 8 -LRB- Classes V to VIII -RRB- .	5 to 8	What grades in Indian schools have an option for Sanskrit study ?
This is true of most schools affiliated with the ICSE board , especially in those states where the official language is Hindi .	Hindi	In what language states is Sanskrit considered an option ?
Sanskrit is also taught in traditional gurukulas throughout India .	gurukulas	In what other type of schools is Sanskrit also taught ?
St James Junior School in London , England , offers Sanskrit as part of the curriculum .	St James Junior School	What English school offers Sanskrit as a language study ?
In the United States , since September 2009 , high school students have been able to receive credits as Independent Study or toward Foreign Language requirements by studying Sanskrit , as part of the `` SAFL : Samskritam as a Foreign Language '' program coordinated by Samskrita Bharati .	September 2009	Since what date has Sanskrit been offered as a language option in the U.S. ?
In the United States , since September 2009 , high school students have been able to receive credits as Independent Study or toward Foreign Language requirements by studying Sanskrit , as part of the `` SAFL : Samskritam as a Foreign Language '' program coordinated by Samskrita Bharati .	Foreign Language	What is the credit towards in study in the U.S. ?
In the United States , since September 2009 , high school students have been able to receive credits as Independent Study or toward Foreign Language requirements by studying Sanskrit , as part of the `` SAFL : Samskritam as a Foreign Language '' program coordinated by Samskrita Bharati .	Samskrita Bharati.	Who coordinates the study program of Samskritam as a Foreign Language ?
In Australia , the Sydney private boys ' high school Sydney Grammar School offers Sanskrit from years 7 through to 12 , including for the Higher School Certificate .	Sydney Grammar School	What school in Australia offers Sanskrit as a study ?
Sanskrit originated in an oral society , and the oral tradition was maintained through the development of early classical Sanskrit literature .	oral tradition	Under what type of tradition did Sanskrit begin ?
Writing was not introduced to India until after Sanskrit had evolved into the Prakrits ; when it was written , the choice of writing system was influenced by the regional scripts of the scribes .	Prakrits	After what language evolved was writing introduced ?
Therefore , Sanskrit has no native script of its own .	native script	What does Sanskrit not have of its own ?
Writing was not introduced to India until after Sanskrit had evolved into the Prakrits ; when it was written , the choice of writing system was influenced by the regional scripts of the scribes .	regional scripts	What feature of written text influenced the use of scripts ?
As such , virtually all the major writing systems of South Asia have been used for the production of Sanskrit manuscripts .	all	Which writing systems have been used to write Sanskrit ?
Since the late 18th century , Sanskrit has been transliterated using the Latin alphabet .	late 18th century	From what time has the Latin alphabet been used to transcribe Sanskrit ?
The system most commonly used today is the IAST -LRB- International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration -RRB- , which has been the academic standard since 1888 .	IAST	What transliteration system is most common today ?
The system most commonly used today is the IAST -LRB- International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration -RRB- , which has been the academic standard since 1888 .	since 1888	How long has IAST been the standard system used for transliteration of Sanskrit ?
These include Harvard-Kyoto and ITRANS , a transliteration scheme that is used widely on the Internet , especially in Usenet and in email , for considerations of speed of entry as well as rendering issues .	ITRANS	What transliteration scheme is often used on the internet ?
Sanskrit has also influenced Sino-Tibetan languages through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation .	Buddhist texts	What in the use of Sanskrit has influenced Sino-Tibetan languages ?
Buddhism was spread to China by Mahayana missionaries sent by Ashoka , mostly through translations of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit .	Buddhism	What religion was spread to China through Sanskrit translations ?
Buddhism was spread to China by Mahayana missionaries sent by Ashoka , mostly through translations of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit .	Ashoka	Who sent missionaries to China ?
Many terms were transliterated directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary .	Many terms	What were transliterated and added to the Chinese language ?
Many Sanskrit texts survive only in Tibetan collections of commentaries to the Buddhist teachings , the Tengyur .	Tibetan collections	Where do many Sanskrit texts survive ?
Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base ; for instance , Hindi is a `` Sanskritised register '' of the Khariboli dialect .	Sanskrit	What language has influenced the languages of India ?
Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base ; for instance , Hindi is a `` Sanskritised register '' of the Khariboli dialect .	Khariboli	From what dialect is Hindi descended ?
Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base ; for instance , Hindi is a `` Sanskritised register '' of the Khariboli dialect .	Sanskritised register	Of what is Hindi considered to be in relation to Sanskrit ?
Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated at roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages , as well as the literary forms of Malayalam and Kannada .	fifty percent	What is the percentage of Sanskrit words thought to be in modern Indo-Aryan languages ?
Literary texts in Telugu are lexically Sanskrit or Sanskritised to an enormous extent , perhaps seventy percent or more .	Telugu	What language texts are as much as 70 % Sanskrit ?
The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit date to the first century BCE .	first century BCE	From when are the earliest dated Sanskrit inscriptions ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- They are in the Brahmi script , which was originally used for Prakrit , not Sanskrit .	Brahmi	In what script are the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- They are in the Brahmi script , which was originally used for Prakrit , not Sanskrit .	Prakrit	In what language was Brahmi first used ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- They are in the Brahmi script , which was originally used for Prakrit , not Sanskrit .	Prakrit	What language is the descendant of Sanskrit ?
The sacred texts were preserved orally , and were set down in writing `` reluctantly '' -LRB- according to one commentator -RRB- , and at a comparatively late date .	orally	How were early sacred texts offered ?
The Sanskrit grammatical tradition , Vyākaraṇa , one of the six Vedangas , began in the late Vedic period and culminated in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini , which consists of 3990 sutras -LRB- ca .	Vyākaraṇa	What is the Sanskrit grammatical tradition ?
The Sanskrit grammatical tradition , Vyākaraṇa , one of the six Vedangas , began in the late Vedic period and culminated in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini , which consists of 3990 sutras -LRB- ca .	late Vedic	In what period did Vyakarana begin ?
The Sanskrit grammatical tradition , Vyākaraṇa , one of the six Vedangas , began in the late Vedic period and culminated in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini , which consists of 3990 sutras -LRB- ca .	3990 sutras	How many sutras are in the Astadhyayi ?
About a century after Pāṇini -LRB- around 400 BCE -RRB- , Kātyāyana composed Vārtikas on the Pāṇini sũtras .	Kātyāyana	Who composed Vartikas on the Panini sutras ?
This abbreviation is called the Pratyāhara .	Pratyāhara	What is the abbreviated alphabet called ?
Sanskrit , as defined by Pāṇini , evolved out of the earlier Vedic form .	earlier Vedic	According to Panini , from where did Sanskrit evolve ?
The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE -LRB- for Rig-vedic -RRB- .	second millennium BCE	To what time can the present form of Sanskrit be traced ?
Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or `` Pāṇinian '' Sanskrit as separate dialects .	separate dialects	As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed ?
Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas , a large collection of hymns , incantations -LRB- Samhitas -RRB- and theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas and Upanishads .	the Vedas	What is Vedic Sanskrit meant to be used as ?
Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest , composed by many authors over several centuries of oral tradition .	Rigveda Samhita	What hymns are thought to be the earliest ?
In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages , many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory , asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE .	early second millennium BCE	When is it thought that early speakers of Sanskrit came to India ?
Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages , vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages , and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna .	close	What is the relationship between Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages ?
In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages , many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory , asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE .	north-west	From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India ?
In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages , many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory , asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE .	India and Pakistan	Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries ?
In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages , many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory , asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE .	Indo-Aryan migration theory	What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India ?
Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits , spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education .	Sanskrit dramas	What form of speech shows that Sanskrit and Prakrits existed together ?
Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits , spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education .	multilingual	What type of speakers spoke Sanskrit ?
In the medieval era , Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written , particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication .	scholarly communication	For what did Brahmins use Sanskrit ?
Centres like Varanasi , Paithan , Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions , and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times .	British times	Until what period was high Sanskrit used ?
This was a thin layer of Indian society , but covered a wide geography .	thin layer	How large of a group in society use Sanskrit ?
Samskrita Bharati is an organisation working for Sanskrit revival .	Samskrita Bharati	What organization is trying to revive Sanskrit ?
The `` All-India Sanskrit Festival '' -LRB- since 2002 -RRB- holds composition contests .	composition contests	What kind of competitions does the All-India Sanskrit Festival have ?
The 1991 Indian census reported 49,736 fluent speakers of Sanskrit .	49,736	How many speakers of Sanskrit were there by the 1991 census ?
The Mattur village in central Karnataka claims to have native speakers of Sanskrit among its population .	Mattur village	Where in India is Sanskrit still spoken by the population ?
Historically , the village was given by king Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire to Vedic scholars and their families , while people in his kingdom spoke Kannada and Telugu .	king Krishnadevaraya	Who originally gave Mattur village to Sanskrit scholars ?
Orientalist scholars of the 18th century like Sir William Jones marked a wave of enthusiasm for Indian culture and for Sanskrit .	18th century	When was Sanskrit and Indian culture popular ?
According to Thomas Trautmann , after this period of `` Indomania '' , a certain hostility to Sanskrit and to Indian culture in general began to assert itself in early 19th century Britain , manifested by a neglect of Sanskrit in British academia .	early 19th century	In what century was Indian culture accorded a more hostile reception ?
According to Thomas Trautmann , after this period of `` Indomania '' , a certain hostility to Sanskrit and to Indian culture in general began to assert itself in early 19th century Britain , manifested by a neglect of Sanskrit in British academia .	neglect	How did the British academics show their feelings about Sanskrit ?
This was the beginning of a general push in favor of the idea that India should be culturally , religiously and linguistically assimilated to Britain as far as possible .	assimilated to Britain	What did British of the 19th century want India to be as soon as possible ?
Trautmann considers two separate and logically opposite sources for the growing hostility : one was `` British Indophobia '' , which he calls essentially a developmentalist , progressivist , liberal , and non-racial-essentialist critique of Hindu civilisation as an aid for the improvement of India along European lines ; the other was scientific racism , a theory of the English `` common-sense view '' that Indians constituted a `` separate , inferior and unimprovable race '' .	inferior	Besides assimilation of British culture , what else did the British consider Indians to be ?
Satyagraha , an opera by Philip Glass , uses texts from the Bhagavad Gita , sung in Sanskrit .	Philip Glass	Who wrote an opera in Sanskrit ?
Satyagraha , an opera by Philip Glass , uses texts from the Bhagavad Gita , sung in Sanskrit .	Bhagavad Gita	On what was the Philip Glass opera based ?
The song `` Cyber-raga '' from Madonna 's album Music includes Sanskrit chants , and Shanti/Ashtangi from her 1998 album Ray of Light , which won a Grammy , is the ashtanga vinyasa yoga chant .	Madonna	Which well known performer has used Sanskrit chants in her music ?
Composer John Williams featured choirs singing in Sanskrit for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace .	John Williams	Which composer featured Sanskrit music in his movies ?
The theme song of Battlestar Galactica 2004 is the Gayatri Mantra , taken from the Rigveda .	Rigveda	What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica ?
Valencia -LRB- / vəˈlɛnsiə / ; Spanish : -LSB- baˈlenθja -RSB- -RRB- , or València -LRB- Valencian : -LSB- vaˈlensia -RSB- -RRB- , is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona , with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre .	Spain	What country is Valencia in ?
Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.5 million people .	1.5 million	What is the population of Valencia 's urban area ?
Valencia -LRB- / vəˈlɛnsiə / ; Spanish : -LSB- baˈlenθja -RSB- -RRB- , or València -LRB- Valencian : -LSB- vaˈlensia -RSB- -RRB- , is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona , with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre .	third	Where does Valencia rank among Spain 's largest cities ?
The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea .	the Mediterranean Sea	What body of water is Valencia located on ?
Valencia -LRB- / vəˈlɛnsiə / ; Spanish : -LSB- baˈlenθja -RSB- -RRB- , or València -LRB- Valencian : -LSB- vaˈlensia -RSB- -RRB- , is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona , with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre .	the autonomous community of Valencia	What is the city of Valencia the capital of ?
The city 's economy is service-oriented , as nearly 84 % of the working population is employed in service sector occupations -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	service sector occupations	What is the main type of employment in Valencia ?
However , the city still maintains an important industrial base , with 5.5 % of the population employed in this sector .	5.5	What percentage of Valencia 's workers are employed in industry ?
Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality , even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9 % of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves .	1.9	What percentage of Valencia 's workers are employed in the agricultural sector ?
Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality , even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9 % of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves .	3973 hectares	How much of Valencia 's land is used for agriculture ?
Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality , even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9 % of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves .	orchards and citrus groves	What are Valencia 's agricultural areas mainly planted with ?
Valencia Airport is situated 9 km -LRB- 5.6 mi -RRB- west of Valencia city centre .	Valencia Airport	What airport is closest to Valencia ?
Alicante Airport is situated about 170 km -LRB- 110 mi -RRB- south of Valencia .	Alicante Airport	What airport is south of Valencia ?
The Estació del Nord -LRB- North Station -RRB- is the main railway terminus in Valencia .	Estació del Nord	What is the main train station in Valencia ?
Public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana -LRB- FGV -RRB- , which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services .	Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana	What group runs Valencia 's public transit ?
A new temporary station , Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla , has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed AVE trains to and from Madrid , Barcelona , Seville and Alicante .	Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla	What station in Valencia was built for high-speed trains ?
The Paseo Marítimo , a 4 km -LRB- 2 mi -RRB- long palm tree-lined promenade was constructed along the beaches of the north side of the port -LRB- Playa Las Arenas , Playa Cabañal and Playa de la Malvarrosa -RRB- .	The Paseo Marítimo	What promenade was built north of Valencia 's port ?
The Paseo Marítimo , a 4 km -LRB- 2 mi -RRB- long palm tree-lined promenade was constructed along the beaches of the north side of the port -LRB- Playa Las Arenas , Playa Cabañal and Playa de la Malvarrosa -RRB- .	4 km (2 mi)	How long is the Paseo Maritimo ?
Many local landmarks were restored , including the ancient Towers of the medieval city -LRB- Serrano Towers and Quart Towers -RRB- , and the San Miguel de los Reyes monastery , which now holds a conservation library .	San Miguel de los Reyes monastery	What Valencian landmark contains a conservation library ?
Starting in the mid-1990s , Valencia , formerly an industrial centre , saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and touristic possibilities , and transformed it into a newly vibrant city .	the mid-1990s	When did Valencia 's rapid development begin ?
Whole sections of the old city , for example the Carmen Quarter , have been extensively renovated .	the Carmen Quarter	What is an example of a section of Valencia that was majorly renovated ?
The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them .	16 months	How long did the English occupy Valencia ?
After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707 , the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom 's support of Charles of Austria .	Battle of Almansa	At what battle were the Bourbons victorious ?
After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707 , the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom 's support of Charles of Austria .	Philip V	Who ordered Valencia punished for supporting Charles ?
By the Nueva Planta decrees -LRB- Decretos de Nueva Planta -RRB- the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter .	Nueva Planta decrees	What abolished Valencia 's ancient charters ?
Philip ordered the Cortes to meet with the Viceroy of Valencia , Cardinal Luis de Belluga , who opposed the change of capital because of the proximity of Orihuela , a religious , cultural and now political centre , to Murcia -LRB- capital of another viceroyalty and his diocese -RRB- .	Cardinal Luis de Belluga	Who resigned in protest against Philip ?
The city remained in the hands of Christian troops until 1102 , when the Almoravids retook the city and restored the Muslim religion .	1102	In what year did Christian troops lose control of Valencia ?
Although the self-styled 'Em peror of All Spain ' , Alfonso VI of León and Castile , drove them from the city , he was not strong enough to hold it .	Alfonso VI of León and Castile	Who called himself the Emperor of All Spain ?
The event was commemorated in a poem by Ibn Khafaja in which he thanked Yusuf ibn Tashfin for the city 's liberation.The declining power of the Almoravids coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa , the Almohads , who seized control of the peninsula from the year 1145 , although their entry into Valencia was deterred by Ibn Mardanis , King of Valencia and Murcia until 1171 , at which time the city finally fell to the North Africans .	Ibn Khafaja	Who wrote poetry about Valencia 's capture by the Almoravids ?
The event was commemorated in a poem by Ibn Khafaja in which he thanked Yusuf ibn Tashfin for the city 's liberation.The declining power of the Almoravids coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa , the Almohads , who seized control of the peninsula from the year 1145 , although their entry into Valencia was deterred by Ibn Mardanis , King of Valencia and Murcia until 1171 , at which time the city finally fell to the North Africans .	1145	When did the Almohads gain control of the peninsula ?
The event was commemorated in a poem by Ibn Khafaja in which he thanked Yusuf ibn Tashfin for the city 's liberation.The declining power of the Almoravids coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa , the Almohads , who seized control of the peninsula from the year 1145 , although their entry into Valencia was deterred by Ibn Mardanis , King of Valencia and Murcia until 1171 , at which time the city finally fell to the North Africans .	Ibn Mardanis	Who prevented the Almohads from entering Valencia ?
The 15th century was a time of Islamic economic expansion , known as the Valencian Golden Age , in which culture and the arts flourished .	15th century	When was the Valencian Golden Age ?
Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon .	Crown of Aragon	Of what area was Valencia the largest city ?
At the end of the century the Silk Exchange -LRB- Llotja de la Seda -RRB- building was erected as the city became a commercial emporium that attracted merchants from all over Europe .	Silk Exchange	What building attracted merchants from other countries to Valencia ?
Local industry , led by textile production , reached a great development , and a financial institution , the Canvi de Taula , was created to support municipal banking operations ; Valencian bankers lent funds to Queen Isabella I of Castile for Columbus 's voyage in 1492 .	Queen Isabella I of Castile	Who borrowed money from Valencian bankers in 1492 ?
Local industry , led by textile production , reached a great development , and a financial institution , the Canvi de Taula , was created to support municipal banking operations ; Valencian bankers lent funds to Queen Isabella I of Castile for Columbus 's voyage in 1492 .	textile production	What was Valencia 's leading industry ?
The vicereine Germaine of Foix brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders , and this accelerated the authoritarian centralisation of the government of Charles I. Queen Germaine favoured harsh treatment of the agermanats .	Germaine of Foix	Who suppressed agermanats ' uprising ?
The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighbouring Castile , who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520 -- 1522 .	1520–1522	When did a similar revolt occur in Castile ?
The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighbouring Castile , who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520 -- 1522 .	comuneros	What group in Castile was similar to the agermanats ?
She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally , and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred .	800	Up to how many executions took place after the agermanats ' revolt ?
The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighbouring Castile , who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520 -- 1522 .	Charles	Whom did the comuneros rebel against ?
The silk industry had disappeared , but there was a large production of hides and skins , wood , metals and foodstuffs , this last with substantial exports , particularly of wine and citrus .	wine and citrus	What were Valencia 's main food exports in the early 20th century ?
The best expression of this dynamic was in the regional exhibitions , including that of 1909 held next to the pedestrian avenue L'Albereda -LRB- Paseo de la Alameda -RRB- , which depicted the progress of agriculture and industry .	1909	When was an exhibition held that showed agricultural and industrial progress ?
Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style , such as the North Station -LRB- Gare du Nord -RRB- and the Central and Columbus markets .	Art Nouveau	What architectural style was particularly successful ?
Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style , such as the North Station -LRB- Gare du Nord -RRB- and the Central and Columbus markets .	North Station (Gare du Nord)	What station was built in the Art Nouveau style ?
Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style , such as the North Station -LRB- Gare du Nord -RRB- and the Central and Columbus markets .	Central and Columbus	What markets were built in the Art Nouveau style ?
Its average annual temperature is 18.4 °C -LRB- 65.1 °F -RRB- .	18.4 °C	What is Valencia 's average yearly temperature ?
In the warmest month -- August , the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28 -- 34 °C -LRB- 82 -- 93 °F -RRB- , about 23 °C -LRB- 73 °F -RRB- at night .	August	Which month is the hottest in Valencia ?
In the coldest month -- January , the maximum temperature typically during the day ranges from 13 to 21 °C -LRB- 55 to 70 °F -RRB- , the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 4 to 12 °C -LRB- 39 to 54 °F -RRB- .	January	Which month is the chilliest in Valencia ?
The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe .	May and September	In northern Europe , which months have temperatures similar to Valencia 's in January ?
In the warmest month -- August , the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28 -- 34 °C -LRB- 82 -- 93 °F -RRB- , about 23 °C -LRB- 73 °F -RRB- at night .	28–34 °C	What is the average maximum daytime temperature in August in Valencia ?
The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment in Europe , and its humanistic ideals influenced such men as Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer in Valencia , who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time .	18th century	When was the age of Enlightenment ?
The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment in Europe , and its humanistic ideals influenced such men as Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer in Valencia , who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time .	Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer	Who in Valencia was influenced by the age of Enlightenment 's ideas ?
In this atmosphere of the exaltation of ideas the Economic Society of Friends of the Country -LRB- Societat Econòmica d'Amics del País -RRB- was founded in 1776 ; it introduced numerous improvements in agriculture and industry and promoted various cultural , civic , and economic institutions in Valencia .	1776	When was the Economic Society of Friends created ?
The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles .	woven silk and ceramic tiles	What was manufactured that helped the Valencian economy improve ?
The Palau de Justícia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule -LRB- 1758 -- 1802 -RRB- during the rule of Charles III .	Charles III	Who reigned during the most affluent period of Bourbon rule ?
The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes even led by the Church .	Franco	Whose regime prohibited political parties ?
The Francoist administrations of Valencia silenced publicity of the catastrophic consequences of the floods of 1949 with the attendant dozens of deaths , but could not do the same after the even more tragic flood of 1957 when the river Turia overflowed its banks again , killing many Valencians -LRB- officially , eighty-one died ; the actual figure is not known -RRB- .	eighty-one	According to official figures , how many died in the flood of 1957 ?
The Francoist administrations of Valencia silenced publicity of the catastrophic consequences of the floods of 1949 with the attendant dozens of deaths , but could not do the same after the even more tragic flood of 1957 when the river Turia overflowed its banks again , killing many Valencians -LRB- officially , eighty-one died ; the actual figure is not known -RRB- .	Turia	What river flooded in 1957 ?
The old riverbed is now a verdant sunken park called the ` Garden of the Turia ' -LRB- Jardí del Túria or Jardín del Turia -RRB- that allows cyclists and pedestrians to traverse much of the city without the use of roads ; overhead bridges carry motor traffic across the park .	Garden of the Turia	What park is located in the previous river bed ?
The old river bed was abandoned for years , and successive Francoist mayors proposed making it a motorway , but that option was finally rejected with the advent of democracy and fervent neighbourhood protests .	motorway	What suggested use for the river bed was rejected ?
Valencia 's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast , the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic , handling 20 % of Spain 's exports .	20	What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia 's port handle ?
Valencia 's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast , the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic , handling 20 % of Spain 's exports .	Mediterranean western coast	Valencia has the largest port on which coast ?
Valencia 's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast , the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic , handling 20 % of Spain 's exports .	second	Where does Valencia 's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic ?
Other exports include oranges , furniture , ceramic tiles , fans , textiles and iron products .	oranges	What type of fruit is exported from Valencia ?
A fervent follower of the absolutist cause , Elío had played an important role in the repression of the supporters of the Constitution of 1812 .	Elío	Who helped repress the supporters of the Constitution and was later executed for it ?
For this , he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting .	1822	When was Elio killed ?
For this , he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting .	by garroting	How was Elio executed ?
Conflict between absolutists and liberals continued , and in the period of conservative rule called the Ominous Decade -LRB- 1823 -- 1833 -RRB- , which followed the Trienio Liberal , there was ruthless repression by government forces and the Catholic Inquisition .	Ominous Decade	What are the years from 1823-1833 called ?
The last victim of the Inquisition was Gaietà Ripoli , a teacher accused of being a deist and a Mason who was hanged in Valencia in 1824 .	Gaietà Ripoli	Who was the last person killed by the Inquisition ?
On 9 July 2006 , during Mass at Valencia 's Cathedral , Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica , Pope Benedict XVI used , at the World Day of Families , the Santo Caliz , a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail .	Santo Caliz	What is the name of the cup that some Catholics think is the Grail ?
On 9 July 2006 , during Mass at Valencia 's Cathedral , Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica , Pope Benedict XVI used , at the World Day of Families , the Santo Caliz , a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail .	Benedict XVI	Which pope used the Santo Caliz for mass in Valencia ?
On 9 July 2006 , during Mass at Valencia 's Cathedral , Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica , Pope Benedict XVI used , at the World Day of Families , the Santo Caliz , a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail .	9 July 2006	When was the Santo Caliz used for mass in Valencia ?
It was supposedly brought to that church by Emperor Valerian in the 3rd century , after having been brought by St. Peter to Rome from Jerusalem .	St. Peter	According to legend , who took the Santo Caliz to Rome ?
During the Cantonal Revolution of 1873 , a cantonalist uprising that took place during the First Spanish Republic , the city was consolidated with most of the nearby cities in the Federal Canton of Valencia -LRB- proclaimed on 19 July and dissolved on 7 August -RRB- .	1873	In what year did the cantonalist uprising occur ?
It did not have the revolutionary fervor of the movement in cities like Alcoy , as it was initiated by the bourgeoisie , but the Madrid government sent General Martinez-Campos to stifle the rebellion by force of arms and subjected Valencia to an intense bombardment .	General Martinez-Campos	Who was sent to stop Valencia 's uprising ?
The city surrendered on 7 August ; Alfonso XII was proclaimed king on 29 December 1874 , and arrived in Valencia on 11 January 1875 on his way to Madrid , marking the end of the first republic .	Alfonso XII	Who became king in 1874 ?
The city surrendered on 7 August ; Alfonso XII was proclaimed king on 29 December 1874 , and arrived in Valencia on 11 January 1875 on his way to Madrid , marking the end of the first republic .	11 January 1875	When did Alfonso XXII reach Valencia ?
Despite the Bourbon restoration , the roughly even balance between conservatives and liberals in the government was sustained in Valencia until the granting of universal male suffrage in 1890 , after which the Republicans , led by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez , gained considerably more of the popular vote .	Vicente Blasco Ibáñez	Who was the Republican leader after the granting of male suffrage ?
World-renowned -LRB- and city-born -RRB- architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences -LRB- Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències -RRB- , which contains an opera house/performing arts centre , a science museum , an IMAX cinema/planetarium , an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants .	Santiago Calatrava	Who designed the City of Arts and Sciences ?
Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city .	centre of the city	Where is the bridge named for Calatrava located ?
The Music Palace -LRB- Palau De La Música -RRB- is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia .	modern	What type of architecture does the Music Palace have ?
World-renowned -LRB- and city-born -RRB- architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences -LRB- Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències -RRB- , which contains an opera house/performing arts centre , a science museum , an IMAX cinema/planetarium , an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants .	City of Arts and Sciences	Which of Calatrava 's creations contains an IMAX theater ?
Valencia is a bilingual city : Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages .	two	How many official languages does Valencia have ?
Despite the differentiated denomination , the distinct dialectal traits and political tension between Catalonia and the Valencian Country , Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible and are considered two varieties of the same language .	Catalan	What is very similar to Valencian and is considered another variety of the same language ?
Valencia is a bilingual city : Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages .	Spanish	What language is official in Valencia besides Valencian ?
Furthermore , education entirely in Valencian is offered in more than 70 state-owned schools in the city , as well as by the University of Valencia across all disciplines .	more than 70	How many schools offer education completely in Valencian ?
Valencian recovered its official status , prestige and use in education after the transition to democracy in 1978 .	1978	When did Valencian regain its offical status ?
Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years , exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la Música , the Palacio de Congresos , the Metro , the City of Arts and Sciences -LRB- Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències -RRB- , the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity -LRB- Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad -RRB- , and the Institute of Modern Art -LRB- Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno -RRB- .	the last thirty years	During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge ?
The various productions of Santiago Calatrava , a renowned structural engineer , architect , and sculptor and of the architect Félix Candela have contributed to Valencia 's international reputation .	Santiago Calatrava	Which structural engineer 's work has helped Valencia 's reputation ?
The various productions of Santiago Calatrava , a renowned structural engineer , architect , and sculptor and of the architect Félix Candela have contributed to Valencia 's international reputation .	Félix Candela	Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia 's reputation ?
These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City -LRB- Ciutat Vella -RRB- have helped improve the city 's livability and tourism is continually increasing .	Old City	What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements ?
Among the parish churches are Saints John -LRB- Baptist and Evangelist -RRB- , rebuilt in 1368 , whose dome , decorated by Palonino , contains some of the best frescoes in Spain ; El Templo -LRB- the Temple -RRB- , the ancient church of the Knights Templar , which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III ; the former convent of the Dominicans , at one time the headquarters of the Capital General , the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room , large columns imitating palm trees ; the Colegio del Corpus Christi , which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament , and in which perpetual adoration is carried on ; the Jesuit college , which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front , but later rebuilt ; and the Colegio de San Juan -LRB- also of the Society -RRB- , the former college of the nobles , now a provincial institute for secondary instruction .	Saints John	What church holds some of Spain 's greatest frescoes ?
Among the parish churches are Saints John -LRB- Baptist and Evangelist -RRB- , rebuilt in 1368 , whose dome , decorated by Palonino , contains some of the best frescoes in Spain ; El Templo -LRB- the Temple -RRB- , the ancient church of the Knights Templar , which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III ; the former convent of the Dominicans , at one time the headquarters of the Capital General , the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room , large columns imitating palm trees ; the Colegio del Corpus Christi , which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament , and in which perpetual adoration is carried on ; the Jesuit college , which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front , but later rebuilt ; and the Colegio de San Juan -LRB- also of the Society -RRB- , the former college of the nobles , now a provincial institute for secondary instruction .	Palonino	Who decorated the Saints John 's dome ?
Among the parish churches are Saints John -LRB- Baptist and Evangelist -RRB- , rebuilt in 1368 , whose dome , decorated by Palonino , contains some of the best frescoes in Spain ; El Templo -LRB- the Temple -RRB- , the ancient church of the Knights Templar , which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III ; the former convent of the Dominicans , at one time the headquarters of the Capital General , the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room , large columns imitating palm trees ; the Colegio del Corpus Christi , which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament , and in which perpetual adoration is carried on ; the Jesuit college , which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front , but later rebuilt ; and the Colegio de San Juan -LRB- also of the Society -RRB- , the former college of the nobles , now a provincial institute for secondary instruction .	the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front	Who destroyed the Jesuit college ?
Among the parish churches are Saints John -LRB- Baptist and Evangelist -RRB- , rebuilt in 1368 , whose dome , decorated by Palonino , contains some of the best frescoes in Spain ; El Templo -LRB- the Temple -RRB- , the ancient church of the Knights Templar , which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III ; the former convent of the Dominicans , at one time the headquarters of the Capital General , the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room , large columns imitating palm trees ; the Colegio del Corpus Christi , which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament , and in which perpetual adoration is carried on ; the Jesuit college , which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front , but later rebuilt ; and the Colegio de San Juan -LRB- also of the Society -RRB- , the former college of the nobles , now a provincial institute for secondary instruction .	Capital General	What was once headquartered in the former Dominican convent ?
Among the parish churches are Saints John -LRB- Baptist and Evangelist -RRB- , rebuilt in 1368 , whose dome , decorated by Palonino , contains some of the best frescoes in Spain ; El Templo -LRB- the Temple -RRB- , the ancient church of the Knights Templar , which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III ; the former convent of the Dominicans , at one time the headquarters of the Capital General , the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room , large columns imitating palm trees ; the Colegio del Corpus Christi , which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament , and in which perpetual adoration is carried on ; the Jesuit college , which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front , but later rebuilt ; and the Colegio de San Juan -LRB- also of the Society -RRB- , the former college of the nobles , now a provincial institute for secondary instruction .	Colegio de San Juan	What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education ?
With the Byzantine invasion of the southwestern Iberian peninsula in 554 the city acquired strategic importance .	554	When did the Byzantines invade the Iberian peninsula ?
After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625 , Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified .	625	When were the Byzantines expelled ?
During Visigothic times Valencia was an episcopal See of the Catholic Church , albeit a suffragan diocese subordinate to the archdiocese of Toledo , comprising the ancient Roman province of Carthaginensis in Hispania .	Toledo	What archdiocese was Valencia under during the time of the Visigoths ?
A few centuries later , coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples -LRB- Suevi , Vandals and Alans , and later the Visigoths -RRB- and the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration , the church assumed the reins of power in the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings .	the church	Who took power in Valencia after the Roman administration was gone ?
After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625 , Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified .	Visigothic military contingents	After the Byzantines left , who was stationed in Valencia ?
In the 15th century the dome was added and the naves extended back of the choir , uniting the building to the tower and forming a main entrance .	15th century	When was the dome built ?
Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros began the building of the main chapel in 1674 ; the walls were decorated with marbles and bronzes in the Baroque style of that period .	Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros	Who started the construction of the main chapel ?
At the beginning of the 18th century the German Conrad Rudolphus built the façade of the main entrance .	beginning of the 18th century	When was the main entrance constructed ?
The other two doors lead into the transept ; one , that of the Apostles in pure pointed Gothic , dates from the 14th century , the other is that of the Paláu .	Gothic	In what style is the door of the Apostles ?
There are two paintings by Francisco Goya in the San Francesco chapel .	Francisco Goya	Who painted the pictures that are in the San Francesco chapel ?
In 1238 , King James I of Aragon , with an army composed of Aragonese , Catalans , Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava , laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender .	King James I of Aragon	What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238 ?
In 1238 , King James I of Aragon , with an army composed of Aragonese , Catalans , Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava , laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender .	28 September	When did Valencia surrender ?
After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest , according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment -LRB- Book of Distribution -RRB- .	the Muslim population	Who was expelled from Valencia after James I 's victory ?
James I granted the city new charters of law , the Furs of Valencia , which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia .	Furs of Valencia	What were Valencia 's new charters called ?
In 1238 , King James I of Aragon , with an army composed of Aragonese , Catalans , Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava , laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender .	Order of Calatrava	What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to ?
In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city 's reputation and put it in the international spotlight , e.g. , the Regional Exhibition of 1909 , the 32nd and the 33rd America 's Cup competitions , the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing , the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament , and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports .	the 32nd and the 33rd	Which America 's Cup competitions did Valencia host ?
In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city 's reputation and put it in the international spotlight , e.g. , the Regional Exhibition of 1909 , the 32nd and the 33rd America 's Cup competitions , the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing , the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament , and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports .	Global Champions Tour	What equestrian event has Valencia hosted ?
In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city 's reputation and put it in the international spotlight , e.g. , the Regional Exhibition of 1909 , the 32nd and the 33rd America 's Cup competitions , the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing , the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament , and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports .	Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament	What tennis event has Valencia hosted ?
In its long history , Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals , among them the Falles , which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest -LRB- Fiestas de Interés Turístico Internacional -RRB- on 25 January 1965 , and the Water Tribunal of Valencia -LRB- Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia -RRB- , which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity -LRB- Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad -RRB- in 2009 .	2009	When was the Water Tribunal declared a cultural heritage of humanity ?
In its long history , Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals , among them the Falles , which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest -LRB- Fiestas de Interés Turístico Internacional -RRB- on 25 January 1965 , and the Water Tribunal of Valencia -LRB- Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia -RRB- , which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity -LRB- Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad -RRB- in 2009 .	Falles	What Valencian festivals were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest ?
Abd al-Rahman I , the first emir of Cordoba , ordered the city destroyed in 755 during his wars against other nobility , but several years later his son , Abdullah , had a form of autonomous rule over the province of Valencia .	Abd al-Rahman I	Who commanded that Valencia be destroyed ?
Among his administrative acts he ordered the building of a luxurious palace , the Russafa , on the outskirts of the city in the neighbourhood of the same name .	the Russafa	What did Abdullah have built outside Valencia ?
Also at this time Valencia received the name Medina al-Turab -LRB- City of Sand -RRB- .	Medina al-Turab	What was Valencia named during the time of Abdullah ?
The city had surrendered without a fight to the invading Moors -LRB- Berbers and Arabs -RRB- by 714 AD , and the cathedral of Saint Vincent was turned into a mosque .	by 714 AD	When did Valencia surrender to the Moors ?
The architectural legacy of this period is abundant in Valencia and can still be appreciated today in the remnants of the old walls , the Baños del Almirante bath house , Portal de Valldigna street and even the Cathedral and the tower , El Micalet -LRB- El Miguelete -RRB- , which was the minaret of the old mosque .	El Micalet	What feature of Valencia used to be a minaret ?
Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period , including the Serranos Towers -LRB- 1392 -RRB- , the Lonja -LRB- 1482 -RRB- , the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo .	1392	When were the Serranos Towers constructed ?
By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch , an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers , from Cervantes to Shakespeare .	Tirant lo Blanch	What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write ?
Ausiàs March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian , instead of the troubadour language , Occitan .	Ausiàs March	Who was an early poet to use Valencian ?
Also around this time , between 1499 and 1502 , the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General -LRB- `` studium generale '' , place of general studies -RRB- .	between 1499 and 1502	When was the University of Valencia founded ?
Also around this time , between 1499 and 1502 , the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General -LRB- `` studium generale '' , place of general studies -RRB- .	Estudio General	What was the University of Valencia 's original name ?
The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession -LRB- 1702 -- 1709 -RRB- that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia .	War of Spanish Succession	What war took place from 1702-1709 ?
During the War of the Spanish Succession , Valencia sided with Charles of Austria .	Charles of Austria	With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession ?
On 24 January 1706 , Charles Mordaunt , 3rd Earl of Peterborough , 1st Earl of Monmouth , led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona , capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt , and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal .	24 January 1706	When did English cavalry enter Valencia ?
On 24 January 1706 , Charles Mordaunt , 3rd Earl of Peterborough , 1st Earl of Monmouth , led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona , capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt , and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal .	Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth	Who led the English cavalry into Valencia ?
On 24 January 1706 , Charles Mordaunt , 3rd Earl of Peterborough , 1st Earl of Monmouth , led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona , capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt , and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal .	fortress at Sagunt	What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona ?
The mutineers seized the Citadel , a Supreme Junta government took over , and on 26 -- 28 June , Napoleon 's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia .	Moncey	Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it ?
Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811 , and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812 .	8 January 1812	When did Valencia surrender to the French ?
Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811 , and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812 .	Suchet	Who led the successful attack against Valencia ?
The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia , and the French troops withdrew in July .	Battle of Vitoria	What forced Suchet to leave Valencia ?
After the capitulation , the French instituted reforms in Valencia , which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne , José I -LRB- Joseph Bonaparte , Napoleon 's elder brother -RRB- , moved the Court there in the summer of 1812 .	Valencia	What city did Jose I make Spain 's capital ?
The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos , descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502 .	Moriscos	What people group was descended from Muslim converts to Christianity ?
The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos , descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502 .	1609	When were the Jews expelled ?
From 1609 through 1614 , the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa .	North Africa	Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain ?
They were concentrated in the former Kingdom of Aragon , where they constituted a fifth of the population , and the Valencia area specifically , where they were roughly a third of the total population .	a third	What proportion of the Valencia area 's population were the Moriscos ?
The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvi in 1613 .	1613	When was the Taula de Canvi bankrupted ?
During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs ; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops , .	land-owners	Who got rich from the Valencian orange crop and vineyards ?
In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente , and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart , founder of the still extant cultural society , Lo Rat Penat , which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture .	Lo Rat Penat	What group still exists and promotes Valencian culture ?
In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente , and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart , founder of the still extant cultural society , Lo Rat Penat , which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture .	Teodor Llorente	What poet was an early influence on the Valencian Renaissance ?
In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente , and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart , founder of the still extant cultural society , Lo Rat Penat , which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture .	Constantine Llombart	Who founded Lo Rat Penat ?
During the regency of Maria Cristina , Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841 .	Espartero	Who was Spain 's 18th Prime Minister ?
During the regency of Maria Cristina , Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841 .	16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841	When did Espartero rule ?
Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies .	progressive	What type of government did Espartero have ?
During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates of the Church , its congregations , and its religious orders were national property -- though in Valencia , most of this property was subsequently acquired by the local bourgeoisie .	local bourgeoisie	Who ended up getting most of Valencia 's church property ?
City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate , with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans , and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of General Cabrera .	General Cabrera	Whose troops threatened reprisals in Valencia ?
43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured .	43	How many people died when the Valencia metro derailed ?
The Valencia Metro derailment occurred on 3 July 2006 at 1 pm .	3 July 2006	When did the Valencia metro derail ?
Both the Valencian government spokesman Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá called the accident a `` fortuitous '' event .	Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá	Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous ?
CEST -LRB- 1100 UTC -RRB- between Jesús and Plaça d'Espanya stations on Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system .	1	On which Valencia metro line did the derailment occur ?
43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured .	more than ten	How many people were gravely injured by the derailment ?
During the 20th century Valencia remained the third most populous city of Spain as its population tripled , rising from 213,550 inhabitants in 1900 to 739,014 in 2000 .	739,014	What was Valencia 's population in 2000 ?
Valencia was also third in industrial and economic development ; notable milestones include urban expansion of the city in the latter 1800s , the creation of the Banco de Valencia in 1900 , construction of the Central and Columbus markets , and the construction of the Gare du Nord railway station , completed in 1921 .	third	Where did Valencia rank in economic development among Spanish cities in the 1900s ?
During the 20th century Valencia remained the third most populous city of Spain as its population tripled , rising from 213,550 inhabitants in 1900 to 739,014 in 2000 .	third	Where did Valencia rank in size among Spanish cities in the 1900s ?
Valencia was also third in industrial and economic development ; notable milestones include urban expansion of the city in the latter 1800s , the creation of the Banco de Valencia in 1900 , construction of the Central and Columbus markets , and the construction of the Gare du Nord railway station , completed in 1921 .	1921	When was the Gare du Nord station finished ?
The new century was marked in Valencia with a major event , the Valencian regional exhibition of 1909 -LRB- La Exposición Regional Valenciana de 1909 -RRB- , which emulated the national and universal expositions held in other cities .	1909	When was the Valencian regional exhibition held ?
On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana ; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarló , its ministries occupying various other buildings .	Manuel Azana	Who was prime minister in 1936 ?
On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana ; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarló , its ministries occupying various other buildings .	Palau de Benicarló	What building did the government move to in 1936 ?
The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea , necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population .	over two hundred	How many bomb shelters were built ?
On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy , which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini .	13 January 1937	When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia ?
The Republican government passed to Juan Negrín on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona .	Barcelona	Where did the government relocate to in 1937 ?
In April 2013 , the television program Salvados questioned the official version of the incident as there were indications that the Valencian Government had tried to downplay the accident , which coincided with the visit of the pope to Valencia , or even to hide evidence , as the book of train breakdowns was never found .	Salvados	What TV program questioned the official account of the crash ?
In April 2013 , the television program Salvados questioned the official version of the incident as there were indications that the Valencian Government had tried to downplay the accident , which coincided with the visit of the pope to Valencia , or even to hide evidence , as the book of train breakdowns was never found .	visit of the pope to Valencia	What happened at the same time as the crash , which may have contributed to the government downplaying it ?
In April 2013 , the television program Salvados questioned the official version of the incident as there were indications that the Valencian Government had tried to downplay the accident , which coincided with the visit of the pope to Valencia , or even to hide evidence , as the book of train breakdowns was never found .	book of train breakdowns	What evidence related to the crash remains missing ?
In March 2012 , the newspaper El Mundo published a story according to which FGV had instructed employees who were to testify at the crash commission investigation , providing a set of possible questions and guidelines to prepare the answers .	El Mundo	Which paper published an article that raised questions about the handling of the investigation ?
In March 2012 , the newspaper El Mundo published a story according to which FGV had instructed employees who were to testify at the crash commission investigation , providing a set of possible questions and guidelines to prepare the answers .	March 2012	When did El Mundo 's article with information about the crash investigation come out ?
In 1409 , a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa María de los Inocentes ; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles -LRB- 4.8 km -RRB- around it .	Santa María de los Inocentes	Who was the hospital 's patroness ?
At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital , and continued its work under the name of `` Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados '' .	Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados	What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital ?
The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados -LRB- Virgin of the Forsaken -RRB- , and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina , on 31 June 1652 , laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name .	Archbishop Pedro de Urbina	Who placed the chapel 's cornerstone ?
The archiepiscopal palace , a grain market in the time of the Moors , is simple in design , with an inside cloister and a handsome chapel .	a grain market	What was the archiepiscopal palace during the Moorish period ?
King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel , and in 1647 the Viceroy , Conde de Oropesa , who had been preserved from the bubonic plague , insisted on carrying out their project .	Conde de Oropesa	Who insisted on building the new chapel ?
Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club , Valencia C.F. , which won the Spanish league in 2002 and 2004 -LRB- the year it also won the UEFA Cup -RRB- , for a total of six times , and was a UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2000 and 2001 .	2004	When did Valencia C.F. win the UEFA Cup ?
Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club , Valencia C.F. , which won the Spanish league in 2002 and 2004 -LRB- the year it also won the UEFA Cup -RRB- , for a total of six times , and was a UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2000 and 2001 .	six	How many times did Valencia C.F. win the Spanish league ?
The team 's stadium is the Mestalla ; its city rival Levante UD also plays in the highest division after gaining promotion in 2010 , their stadium is Estadi Ciutat de València .	Estadi Ciutat de València	What is Levante UD 's stadium ?
From the year 2011 there has been a third team in the city , Huracán Valencia , who play their games in Municipal de Manises , in the Segunda División B.	Municipal de Manises	Where does Huracan Valencia play ?
Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC .	138 BC	When was Valencia 's founding ?
The city is situated on the banks of the Turia , on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula , fronting the Gulf of Valencia on the Mediterranean Sea .	Turia	On what river is Valencia located ?
Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain , with approximately 169 hectares ; this heritage of ancient monuments , views and cultural attractions makes Valencia one of the country 's most popular tourist destinations .	169 hectares	How big is Valencia 's historic centre ?
The Institut Valencià d'Art Modern -LRB- Valencian Institute of Modern Art -RRB- houses both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and photography .	Institut Valencià d'Art Modern	What Valencian museum has a photography collection ?
The Museu de Belles Arts de València houses a large collection of paintings from the 14th to the 18th centuries , including works by Velázquez , El Greco , and Goya , as well as an important series of engravings by Piranesi .	Museu de Belles Arts de València	What Valencian museum contains pieces by Velazquez and other famous artists ?
The Albufera , a freshwater lagoon and estuary about 11 km -LRB- 7 mi -RRB- south of the city , is one of the largest lakes in Spain .	11 km	How far from Valencia is the Albufera ?
The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911 , and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera -LRB- Albufera Nature Reserve -RRB- , with a surface area of 21,120 hectares -LRB- 52,200 acres -RRB- .	Parc Natural de l'Albufera	In what park is the Albufera located ?
At its founding by the Romans , it stood on a river island in the Turia , 6.4 km -LRB- 4 mi -RRB- from the sea .	6.4 km	How far from the sea was Valencia when it was founded ?
At its founding by the Romans , it stood on a river island in the Turia , 6.4 km -LRB- 4 mi -RRB- from the sea .	Romans	Who founded Valencia ?
The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911 , and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera -LRB- Albufera Nature Reserve -RRB- , with a surface area of 21,120 hectares -LRB- 52,200 acres -RRB- .	Crown of Spain	From what entity was the Albufera bought ?
The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union , Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 -LRB- 52 sq mi -RRB- .	809,267	How many inhabitants live within Valencia 's limits ?
Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14 % increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia , Romania and Italy .	14%	How much did Valencia 's foreign population rise from 2007 to 2008 ?
The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union , Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 -LRB- 52 sq mi -RRB- .	24th	Where does Valencia 's population rank among EU municipalities ?
The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union , Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 -LRB- 52 sq mi -RRB- .	134.6 km2	How much land is within Valencia 's limits ?
Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14 % increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia , Romania and Italy .	Bolivia, Romania and Italy	From which countries does the biggest rise in Valencia 's foreign population come ?
About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico .	Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico	Who was the ruler of Valencia in 138 BC ?
About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico .	two thousand	How many Romans lived in Valencia in 138 BC ?
This was a typical Roman city in its conception , as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta , the imperial road that connected the province to Rome , the capital of the empire .	Via Augusta	What road crossed Valencia 's island in Roman times ?
The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen .	Plaza de la Virgen	What is now located at the former centre of Valencia ?
Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus , which remain the two main axes of the city .	Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus	In Roman times , what two roads met at Valencia 's centre ?
The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar , known as El Cid , who was intent on possessing his own principality on the Mediterranean , entered the province in command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and besieged the city beginning in 1092 .	Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar	What was El Cid 's real name ?
El Cid was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege , whereupon his wife Ximena Díaz ruled in his place for two years .	July 1099	When did El Cid die ?
El Cid was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege , whereupon his wife Ximena Díaz ruled in his place for two years .	Ximena Díaz	Who took El Cid 's position after his death ?
By the time the siege ended in May 1094 , he had carved out his own fiefdom -- which he ruled from 15 June 1094 to July 1099 .	15 June 1094 to July 1099	When did El Cid rule ?
The town grew , and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built , remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City -LRB- Ciutat Vella -RRB- today .	Abd al-Aziz	Who was the ruler when the new city wall was constructed ?
On the one hand were the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics -- and on the other , the series of wars and riots that followed .	1348	When did Valencia suffer from the Black Death ?
In these years the coexistence of the three communities that occupied the city -- Christian , Jewish and Muslim -- was quite contentious .	Christian, Jewish and Muslim	Which three religious groups lived in Valencia ?
Meanwhile , Muslims who remained in the city after the conquest were entrenched in a Moorish neighbourhood next to the present-day market Mosen Sorel .	Mosen Sorel	The Muslims lived near what current market ?
In 1391 an uncontrolled mob attacked the Jewish quarter , causing its virtual disappearance and leading to the forced conversion of its surviving members to Christianity .	1391	When was the Jewish section attacked ?
The Muslim quarter was attacked during a similar tumult among the populace in 1456 , but the consequences were minor .	1456	When was the Muslim section attacked ?
This manifested early in 1519 -- 1523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia , now part of the Crown of Aragon , with most of the fighting done in 1521 .	Charles I	Whose government did the guilds rebel against ?
This manifested early in 1519 -- 1523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia , now part of the Crown of Aragon , with most of the fighting done in 1521 .	1519–1523	When did the guilds ' rebellion take place ?
The revolt was an anti-monarchist , anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics , and a social revolt against the nobility who had fled the city before an epidemic of plague in 1519 .	plague	What caused the nobility to leave Valencia ?
The revolt was an anti-monarchist , anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics , and a social revolt against the nobility who had fled the city before an epidemic of plague in 1519 .	Italian republics	From where did the anti-monarchists get inspiration ?
This manifested early in 1519 -- 1523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia , now part of the Crown of Aragon , with most of the fighting done in 1521 .	the Germanies	What were the artisan guilds called ?
With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions , and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile , top civil officials were no longer elected , but instead were appointed directly from Madrid , the king 's court city , the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats .	foreign aristocrats	What type of people often held Valencia 's offices ?
With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions , and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile , top civil officials were no longer elected , but instead were appointed directly from Madrid , the king 's court city , the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats .	Madrid	From where were Valencia 's officials chosen ?
Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city , living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja , which served as a barracks until 1762 .	Santo Domingo	What convent was close to the area where troops lived ?
Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city , living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja , which served as a barracks until 1762 .	1762	Until when was the Lonja used to quarter troops ?
Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid .	Valencia	Where did Ferdinand go rather than Madrid ?
Thus began six years -LRB- 1814 -- 1820 -RRB- of absolutist rule , but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal , a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820 -- 1823 .	six years	How long did absolutist rule last ?
Thus began six years -LRB- 1814 -- 1820 -RRB- of absolutist rule , but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal , a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820 -- 1823 .	1820–1823	When was the Trieno Liberal ?
The king abolished the Constitution of 1812 .	1812	When was the Constitution abolished ?
Here , on 17 April , General Elio invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King 's disposition .	General Elio	Who offered troops to the King ?
The public water supply network was completed in 1850 , and in 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés , Antonino Sancho , and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls -LRB- a second version was printed in 1868 -RRB- .	1858	When were plans for city expansion drawn ?
The public water supply network was completed in 1850 , and in 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés , Antonino Sancho , and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls -LRB- a second version was printed in 1868 -RRB- .	public water supply network	What was finished in 1850 ?
Electricity was introduced to Valencia in 1882 .	1882	When did Valencia get electricity ?
By 1860 the municipality had 140,416 inhabitants , and beginning in 1866 the ancient city walls were almost entirely demolished to facilitate urban expansion .	city walls	What was knocked down in 1866 ?
By 1860 the municipality had 140,416 inhabitants , and beginning in 1866 the ancient city walls were almost entirely demolished to facilitate urban expansion .	140,416	What was Valencia 's population in 1860 ?
With the advent of democracy in Spain , the ancient kingdom of Valencia was established as a new autonomous entity , the Valencian Community , the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital .	the Valencian Community	When democracy began in Spain , what did the kingdom of Valencia become ?
On the night of 23 February 1981 , shortly after Antonio Tejero had stormed Congress , the Captain General of the Third Military Region , Jaime Milans del Bosch , rose up in Valencia , put tanks on the streets , declared a state of emergency and tried to convince other senior military figures to support the coup .	Jaime Milans del Bosch	Who led a coup in Valencia ?
After the televised message of King Juan Carlos I , those in the military who had not yet aligned themselves decided to remain loyal to the government , and the coup failed .	King Juan Carlos I	Whose message convinced much of the military to stay loyal ?
Despite this lack of support , Milans del Bosch only surrendered at 5 a.m. on the next day , 24 February .	24 February	When did Milans del Bosch surrender ?
With the advent of democracy in Spain , the ancient kingdom of Valencia was established as a new autonomous entity , the Valencian Community , the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital .	Statute of Autonomy	What law made Valencia the capital of its region ?
The largest plaza in Valencia is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento ; it is home to the City Hall -LRB- Ayuntamiento -RRB- on its western side and the central post office -LRB- Edificio de Correos -RRB- on its eastern side , a cinema that shows classic movies , and many restaurants and bars .	Plaza del Ayuntamiento	Where is Valencia 's City Hall located ?
The largest plaza in Valencia is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento ; it is home to the City Hall -LRB- Ayuntamiento -RRB- on its western side and the central post office -LRB- Edificio de Correos -RRB- on its eastern side , a cinema that shows classic movies , and many restaurants and bars .	the central post office	What is on the eastern side of Valencia 's largest plaza ?
The plaza is triangular in shape , with a large cement lot at the southern end , normally surrounded by flower vendors .	triangular	What shape is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento ?
There is a large fountain at the northern end .	a large fountain	What is in the north part of the plaza ?
It serves as ground zero during the Les Falles when the fireworks of the Mascletà can be heard every afternoon .	during the Les Falles	When are firewords heard every day ?
The Valencia Cathedral was called Iglesia Mayor in the early days of the Reconquista , then Iglesia de la Seo -LRB- Seo is from the Latin sedes , i.e. , -LRB- archiepiscopal -RRB- See -RRB- , and by virtue of the papal concession of 16 October 1866 , it was called the Basilica Metropolitana .	Basilica Metropolitana	What was the Valencia Cathedral called from 1866 ?
It is situated in the centre of the ancient Roman city where some believe the temple of Diana stood .	Diana	What pagan deity may have had a temple where the Valencia Cathedral is now ?
The tower is about 58 m high and topped with a belfry -LRB- 1660 -- 1736 -RRB- .	58 m	How tall is the cathedral 's tower ?
Bishop Vidal de Blanes built the chapter hall , and James I added the tower , called El Miguelete because it was blessed on St. Michael 's day in 1418 .	El Miguelete	What is the tower called ?
The Valencia Cathedral was called Iglesia Mayor in the early days of the Reconquista , then Iglesia de la Seo -LRB- Seo is from the Latin sedes , i.e. , -LRB- archiepiscopal -RRB- See -RRB- , and by virtue of the papal concession of 16 October 1866 , it was called the Basilica Metropolitana .	Iglesia Mayor	What was the Cathedral 's name from early in the Reconquista ?
The final race in 2012 European Grand Prix saw an extremely popular winner , since home driver Fernando Alonso won for Ferrari in spite of starting halfway down the field .	Fernando Alonso	Who won the last race of the European Grand Prix in 2012 ?
The Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix -LRB- Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme -RRB- is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo -LRB- also known as Circuit de Valencia -RRB- .	Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix	What motorcycle event is held in Valencia ?
Once a year between 2008 -- 2012 the European Formula One Grand Prix took place in the Valencia Street Circuit .	2008–2012	In which years was the European Formula One Grand Prix in Valencia ?
The Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix -LRB- Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme -RRB- is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo -LRB- also known as Circuit de Valencia -RRB- .	Circuit de Valencia	What is another name for the Circuit Recardo Tormo ?
It has been said that GE got into computer manufacturing because in the 1950s they were the largest user of computers outside the United States federal government , aside from being the first business in the world to own a computer .	1950s	During which decade did GE start manufacuring computers ?
Its major appliance manufacturing plant `` Appliance Park '' was the first non-governmental site to host one .	Appliance Park	What was the name of GE 's major appliance manufacturing plant ?
However , in 1970 , GE sold its computer division to Honeywell , exiting the computer manufacturing industry , though it retained its timesharing operations for some years afterwards .	1970	In what year did GE sell its computer division to Honeywell ?
GE was a major provider of computer timesharing services , through General Electric Information Services -LRB- GEIS , now GXS -RRB- , offering online computing services that included GEnie .	GXS	What division of GE provides computer timesharing services ?
It has been said that GE got into computer manufacturing because in the 1950s they were the largest user of computers outside the United States federal government , aside from being the first business in the world to own a computer .	GE	What was the name of first business in the world to own a computer ?
During 1889 , Thomas Edison had business interests in many electricity-related companies : Edison Lamp Company , a lamp manufacturer in East Newark , New Jersey ; Edison Machine Works , a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady , New York ; Bergmann & Company , a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures , sockets , and other electric lighting devices ; and Edison Electric Light Company , the patent-holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison 's lighting experiments .	Edison Lamp Company	What was the name of the lamp manufacturer in East Newark which Thomas Edison an interest in ?
During 1889 , Thomas Edison had business interests in many electricity-related companies : Edison Lamp Company , a lamp manufacturer in East Newark , New Jersey ; Edison Machine Works , a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady , New York ; Bergmann & Company , a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures , sockets , and other electric lighting devices ; and Edison Electric Light Company , the patent-holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison 's lighting experiments .	Schenectady, New York	Where was Edison Machine Works located ?
During 1889 , Thomas Edison had business interests in many electricity-related companies : Edison Lamp Company , a lamp manufacturer in East Newark , New Jersey ; Edison Machine Works , a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady , New York ; Bergmann & Company , a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures , sockets , and other electric lighting devices ; and Edison Electric Light Company , the patent-holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison 's lighting experiments .	J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family	Who provided financial backing for the Edison Lighting Company ?
In 1889 , Drexel , Morgan & Co. , a company founded by J.P. Morgan and Anthony J. Drexel , financed Edison 's research and helped merge those companies under one corporation to form Edison General Electric Company which was incorporated in New York on April 24 , 1889 .	1889	In what year did Drexel , Morgan & Co. begin to finance Edison 's research and form Edison General Electric Company ?
During 1889 , Thomas Edison had business interests in many electricity-related companies : Edison Lamp Company , a lamp manufacturer in East Newark , New Jersey ; Edison Machine Works , a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady , New York ; Bergmann & Company , a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures , sockets , and other electric lighting devices ; and Edison Electric Light Company , the patent-holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison 's lighting experiments .	Edison Electric Light Company	What was the name of the company that held the patents from Edison 's research ?
Since over half of GE 's revenue is derived from financial services , it is arguably a financial company with a manufacturing arm .	financial services	What is the business source of the majority of GE 's revenues ?
Even though the first wave of conglomerates -LRB- such as ITT Corporation , Ling-Temco-Vought , Tenneco , etc. -RRB- fell by the wayside by the mid-1980s , in the late 1990s , another wave -LRB- consisting of Westinghouse , Tyco , and others -RRB- tried and failed to emulate GE 's success .	Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco	Besides ITT Corporation , which two companies tried to emulate GE , but failed by the mid-1980 's ?
Since over half of GE 's revenue is derived from financial services , it is arguably a financial company with a manufacturing arm .	over half	How much of GE 's revenues is derived from the financial services it provides ?
It is also one of the largest lenders in countries other than the United States , such as Japan .	Japan	In what other country besides the US does GE provide lending services ?
The changes included a new corporate color palette , small modifications to the GE logo , a new customized font -LRB- GE Inspira -RRB- and a new slogan , `` Imagination at work '' , composed by David Lucas , to replace the slogan `` We Bring Good Things to Life '' used since 1979 .	David Lucas	Who composed GE 's slogan `` Imagination at work ? '' ?
The changes included a new corporate color palette , small modifications to the GE logo , a new customized font -LRB- GE Inspira -RRB- and a new slogan , `` Imagination at work '' , composed by David Lucas , to replace the slogan `` We Bring Good Things to Life '' used since 1979 .	We Bring Good Things to Life	What was GE 's slogan prior to `` Imagination at work ? ''
The changes included a new corporate color palette , small modifications to the GE logo , a new customized font -LRB- GE Inspira -RRB- and a new slogan , `` Imagination at work '' , composed by David Lucas , to replace the slogan `` We Bring Good Things to Life '' used since 1979 .	1979	In what year was the slogan `` We Bring Good Things to Life '' first used ?
The changes were designed by Wolff Olins and are used on GE 's marketing , literature and website .	Wolff Olins	Which company designed the standard format for GE 's marketing literature and website ?
In 2014 , a second typeface family was introduced : GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday created under art direction by Wolff Olins .	GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday	What is the name of the typeface family created for GE in 2014 ?
Based on year 2000 data , researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute listed the corporation as the fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States , with more than 4.4 million pounds per year -LRB- 2,000 tons -RRB- of toxic chemicals released into the air .	fourth-largest	Based on year 2000 data , where is GE ranked among the largest corporate producers of air pollution in the US ?
Based on year 2000 data , researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute listed the corporation as the fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States , with more than 4.4 million pounds per year -LRB- 2,000 tons -RRB- of toxic chemicals released into the air .	2,000	How many tons of toxic chemicals does GE release into the atmosphere each year ?
According to EPA documents , only the United States Government , Honeywell , and Chevron Corporation are responsible for producing more Superfund toxic waste sites .	EPA	According to which government agency is GE a leading producer of Superfund toxic waste sites ?
According to EPA documents , only the United States Government , Honeywell , and Chevron Corporation are responsible for producing more Superfund toxic waste sites .	Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation	Which two commercial businesses produce more Superfund toxic waste sites than GE ?
Based on year 2000 data , researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute listed the corporation as the fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States , with more than 4.4 million pounds per year -LRB- 2,000 tons -RRB- of toxic chemicals released into the air .	Political Economy Research Institute	Which organization identified GE as the fourth largest corporate producer of air pollution in the US ?
General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady , New York , and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn , Massachusetts , with the support of Drexel , Morgan & Co. .	1892	In what year was General Electric formed ?
The company was incorporated in New York , with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter .	New York	In which US state was GE incorporated ?
The company was incorporated in New York , with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter .	Schenectady	Which city was the home of GE 's first headquarters ?
At about the same time , Charles Coffin , leading the Thomson-Houston Electric Company , acquired a number of competitors and gained access to their key patents .	Charles Coffin	Who led the Thomson-Houston Electric Company when GE was formed ?
General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady , New York , and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn , Massachusetts , with the support of Drexel , Morgan & Co. .	Lynn, Massachusetts	Where was the Thomson-Houston Electric Company based ?
From circa 1932 until 1977 , General Electric polluted the Housatonic River with PCBs discharges from the General Electric plant at Pittsfield , Massachusetts .	Housatonic River	Which river did GE pollute with PCBs from its plant in Pittsfield , MA ?
This is estimated to be about 11,000 pounds of PCBs .	11,000	How many pounds of PCBs are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam ?
The highest concentrations of PCBs in the Housatonic River are found in Woods Pond in Lenox , Massachusetts , just south of Pittsfield , where they have been measured up to 110 mg/kg in the sediment .	110 mg/kg	How high have the levels of PCBs in the sediments behind Woods Pond dam been measured at ?
Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260 , made by Monsanto was the primary contaminant of the pollution .	Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260	What were the primary contaminants contained in the pollution discharged into the Housatonic River ?
Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260 , made by Monsanto was the primary contaminant of the pollution .	Monsanto	Which company produced the Aroctor 1254 and Aroctor 1260 ?
Since entering the renewable energy industry in 2002 , GE has invested more than $ 850 million in renewable energy commercialization .	2002	In what year did GE enter the renewable energy industry ?
Since entering the renewable energy industry in 2002 , GE has invested more than $ 850 million in renewable energy commercialization .	more than $850 million	How much money has GE invested in renewable energy commercialization ?
In August 2008 it acquired Kelman Ltd , a Northern Ireland company specializing in advanced monitoring and diagnostics technologies for transformers used in renewable energy generation , and announced an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland in May 2010 .	2008	In what year did GE acquire Kelman Ltd. . ?
In 2009 , GE 's renewable energy initiatives , which include solar power , wind power and GE Jenbacher gas engines using renewable and non-renewable methane-based gases , employ more than 4,900 people globally and have created more than 10,000 supporting jobs .	more than 4,900	As of 2009 , how many people did GE employ in its renewable energy initiatives ?
In August 2008 it acquired Kelman Ltd , a Northern Ireland company specializing in advanced monitoring and diagnostics technologies for transformers used in renewable energy generation , and announced an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland in May 2010 .	May 2010	When did GE announce an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland ?
In May 2005 , GE announced the launch of a program called `` Ecomagination , '' intended , in the words of CEO Jeff Immelt `` to develop tomorrow 's solutions such as solar energy , hybrid locomotives , fuel cells , lower-emission aircraft engines , lighter and stronger durable materials , efficient lighting , and water purification technology '' .	May 2005	When did GE announce its Ecoimagination program ?
In May 2005 , GE announced the launch of a program called `` Ecomagination , '' intended , in the words of CEO Jeff Immelt `` to develop tomorrow 's solutions such as solar energy , hybrid locomotives , fuel cells , lower-emission aircraft engines , lighter and stronger durable materials , efficient lighting , and water purification technology '' .	Jeff Immelt	Who was the CEO of GE when it announced its Ecoimagination program ?
In May 2005 , GE announced the launch of a program called `` Ecomagination , '' intended , in the words of CEO Jeff Immelt `` to develop tomorrow 's solutions such as solar energy , hybrid locomotives , fuel cells , lower-emission aircraft engines , lighter and stronger durable materials , efficient lighting , and water purification technology '' .	water purification technology	What type of technology related to water was to be developed under the Ecoimagination program ?
The announcement prompted an op-ed piece in The New York Times to observe that , `` while General Electric 's increased emphasis on clean technology will probably result in improved products and benefit its bottom line , Mr. Immelt 's credibility as a spokesman on national environmental policy is fatally flawed because of his company 's intransigence in cleaning up its own toxic legacy . ''	The New York Times	Which newspaper printed an op-ed piece that questioned Immelt 's credibility as a spokesman on environmental policy ?
In May 2005 , GE announced the launch of a program called `` Ecomagination , '' intended , in the words of CEO Jeff Immelt `` to develop tomorrow 's solutions such as solar energy , hybrid locomotives , fuel cells , lower-emission aircraft engines , lighter and stronger durable materials , efficient lighting , and water purification technology '' .	hybrid	What type of locomotive technology was to be developed by GE under its Ecoimagination program ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Led by Sanford Alexander Moss , GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I , and continued to develop them during the Interwar period .	Sanford Alexander Moss	Who led GE 's effort to build the first turbosupercharges during World War I ?
This experience , in turn , made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W. 1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941 .	Whittle W.1	Which jet engine did GE introduce in 1941 ?
GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts .	ninth	What was GE 's rank among US corporations in the value of wartime production contracts during World War II ?
Although their early work with Whittle 's designs was later handed to Allison Engine Company , GE Aviation emerged as one of the world 's largest engine manufacturers , second only to the British company , Rolls-Royce plc. .	Allison Engine Company	To which company did GE hand off their work on Whittle 's jet engines ?
Although their early work with Whittle 's designs was later handed to Allison Engine Company , GE Aviation emerged as one of the world 's largest engine manufacturers , second only to the British company , Rolls-Royce plc. .	Rolls-Royce plc	Which company is ranked as the largest engine manufacturer in the world ?
General Electric heavily contaminated the Hudson River with polychlorinated biphenyls -LRB- PCBs -RRB- between 1947-77 .	1947-77	In what time period did GE pollute the Hudson River with PCBs ?
Musician Pete Seeger founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to draw attention to the problem .	Pete Seeger	Who founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to bring attention to the pollution caused by GE ?
General Electric heavily contaminated the Hudson River with polychlorinated biphenyls -LRB- PCBs -RRB- between 1947-77 .	polychlorinated biphenyls	What does PCB stand for ?
The activism led to the site being designated by the EPA as one of the superfund sites requiring extensive cleanup .	superfund	What designation did the EPA give to the site of GE 's Hudson River pollution
Other sources of pollution , including mercury contamination and sewage dumping , have also contributed to problems in the Hudson River watershed .	mercury contamination and sewage dumping	What other types of pollution have contaminated the Hudson River watershed ?
GE has said that it will invest $ 1.4 billion in clean technology research and development in 2008 as part of its Ecomagination initiative .	$1.4 billion	How much money has GE said it will invest in 2008 for clean technology R&D ?
As of October 2008 , the scheme had resulted in 70 green products being brought to market , ranging from halogen lamps to biogas engines .	70	How many green products did GE bring to market via its Ecoimagination program as of October 2008 ?
As of October 2008 , the scheme had resulted in 70 green products being brought to market , ranging from halogen lamps to biogas engines .	biogas	What type of engine did GE bring to market as part of its Ecoimagination project ?
As of October 2008 , the scheme had resulted in 70 green products being brought to market , ranging from halogen lamps to biogas engines .	halogen	What type of lamp was introduced by GE as part of its Ecoimagination initiative ?
In 2007 , GE raised the annual revenue target for its Ecomagination initiative from $ 20 billion in 2010 to $ 25 billion following positive market response to its new product lines .	$25 billion	What was GE 's new revenue target for its Ecoimagination program in 2010 ?
Short Films , Big Ideas was launched at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival in partnership with cinelan .	Short Films, Big Ideas	What was the name of the project introduced by GE at the 2011 Toronto International Fils Festival ?
Short Films , Big Ideas was launched at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival in partnership with cinelan .	cinelan	Which company was GE 's partner in the Short Fils , Big Ideas project ?
Stories included breakthroughs in Slingshot -LRB- water vapor distillation system -RRB- , cancer research , energy production , pain management and food access .	water vapor distillation	What type of system is Sligshot ?
The winning amateur director film , The Cyborg Foundation , was awarded a US$ 100,000 prize at the 2013 at Sundance Film Festival .	US$100,000	What prize was awarded to the winning amateur dirctor film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- According to GE , the campaign garnered more than 1.5 billion total media impressions , 14 million online views , and was seen in 156 countries .	14 million	How many online views did the Short Films , Big Ideas campaign generate ?
In April 2014 , it was announced that GE was in talks to acquire the global power division of French engineering group Alstom for a figure of around $ 13 billion .	April 2014	When did GE announce it was in talks to acquire the French engineering group Alstom ?
In June 2014 a formal offer From GE worth $ 17 billion was agreed by the Alstom board .	$17 billion	What was the final acquisition price paid by GE for Alstom ?
Part of the transaction involved the French government taking a 20 % stake in Alstom to help secure France 's energy and transport interests , and French jobs .	20%	How big was the stake in Alstom taken by the French government as part of the acquisition deal ?
In June 2014 a formal offer From GE worth $ 17 billion was agreed by the Alstom board .	June 2014	When was GE 's acquisition of Alstom agreed to by Alstom 's board ?
A rival offer from Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was rejected .	Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries	From which company did the Alstom board reject a rival acquisition proposal ?
GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Fairfield , Connecticut .	Fairfield, Connecticut	Where is GE 's headquarters located ?
GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974 .	Lexington Avenue	On what street in New York was GE headquartered before moving to Fairfield ?
GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974 .	1974	In what year did GE move its headquarters to Fairfield ?
It was formerly known as the GE Building for the prominent GE logo on the roof ; NBC 's headquarters and main studios are also located in the building .	NBC	Which television broadcast company is located in the same building as GE 's main offices in New York City ?
Its main offices are located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center in New York City , known now as the Comcast Building .	30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center	What was the former name of the Comcast Building , location of GE 's main offices ?
In 1983 , New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams filed suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York to compel GE to pay for the cleanup of what was claimed to be more than 100,000 tons of chemicals dumped from their plant in Waterford , New York .	Robert Abrams	Which New York State Attorney General filed suit in US District Court to force GE to pay for the cleanup of chemicals dumped by their plant in Waterford , NY ?
In 1999 , the company agreed to pay a $ 250 million settlement in connection with claims it polluted the Housatonic River -LRB- Pittsfield , Massachusetts -RRB- and other sites with polychlorinated biphenyls -LRB- PCBs -RRB- and other hazardous substances .	$250 million	How much did GE agree to pay in claims for the pollution it caused in the Housatonic River and other sites ?
In 1983 , New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams filed suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York to compel GE to pay for the cleanup of what was claimed to be more than 100,000 tons of chemicals dumped from their plant in Waterford , New York .	more than 100,000	How many tons of PCBs were claimed to have been dumped by GE 's Waterford Plant in the 1983 lawsuit ?
In 1999 , the company agreed to pay a $ 250 million settlement in connection with claims it polluted the Housatonic River -LRB- Pittsfield , Massachusetts -RRB- and other sites with polychlorinated biphenyls -LRB- PCBs -RRB- and other hazardous substances .	1999	In which year was a settlement reached regarding GE 's pollution of the Housatonic River ?
In 1999 , the company agreed to pay a $ 250 million settlement in connection with claims it polluted the Housatonic River -LRB- Pittsfield , Massachusetts -RRB- and other sites with polychlorinated biphenyls -LRB- PCBs -RRB- and other hazardous substances .	Pittsfield, Massachusetts	What was the location of the pollution caused by GE in the Housatonic River ?
The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the Continental Congress as a unified army for the colonies to fight Great Britain , with George Washington appointed as its commander .	14 June 1775	When was the Continental Army created ?
The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the Continental Congress as a unified army for the colonies to fight Great Britain , with George Washington appointed as its commander .	George Washington	Who was the commander of the Continental Army ?
A number of European soldiers came on their own to help , such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , who taught the army Prussian tactics and organizational skills .	Prussian tactics and organizational skills	What did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben teach the Continental Army ?
While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959 , in intelligence & advising/training roles , they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965 , after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident .	1959	What year did American forces start being stationed in Vietnam ?
While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959 , in intelligence & advising/training roles , they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965 , after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident .	Gulf of Tonkin Incident	What caused American forces to deploy in large number in 1965 ?
American forces effectively established and maintained control of the `` traditional '' battlefield , however they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army .	communist	What political structure did Vietnam have ?
During World War I , the `` National Army '' was organized to fight the conflict , replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers .	the "National Army"	What was organized to replace the concept of U.S. Volunteers ?
It was demobilized at the end of World War I , and was replaced by the Regular Army , the Organized Reserve Corps , and the State Militias .	end of World War I	When was the National Army demobilized ?
In the 1920s and 1930s , the `` career '' soldiers were known as the `` Regular Army '' with the `` Enlisted Reserve Corps '' and `` Officer Reserve Corps '' augmented to fill vacancies when needed .	"Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps"	Who filled vacancies in the Regular Army ?
The Chief of Staff of the Army , who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army , serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the Secretary of the Army , i.e. , its service chief ; and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States , the Secretary of Defense , and the National Security Council on operational military matters , under the guidance of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff .	The Chief of Staff	Who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army ?
The Chief of Staff of the Army , who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army , serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the Secretary of the Army , i.e. , its service chief ; and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States , the Secretary of Defense , and the National Security Council on operational military matters , under the guidance of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff .	Secretary of the Army	Who does the Chief of Staff serve as the principal military adviser to ?
The Chief of Staff of the Army , who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army , serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the Secretary of the Army , i.e. , its service chief ; and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States , the Secretary of Defense , and the National Security Council on operational military matters , under the guidance of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff .	four	How many military services beling to the Department of Defense ?
In 1986 , the Goldwater -- Nichols Act mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the unified combatant commanders , who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility .	1986	In what year did the Goldwater-Nichols act take place ?
The United States Army -LRB- USA -RRB- is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations .	The United States Army	What branch of the USA Armed Forces is the largest ?
It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution , Article 2 , Section 2 , Clause 1 and United States Code , Title 10 , Subtitle B , Chapter 301 , Section 3001 .	seven	How many uniformed services are there in the US ?
As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed -LRB- 14 June 1775 -RRB- to fight the American Revolutionary War -LRB- 1775 -- 83 -RRB- -- before the U.S. was established as a country .	1775–83	What years did the American Revolutionary War span ?
After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 , to replace the disbanded Continental Army .	3 June 1784	What date was the U.S. Army created ?
After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 , to replace the disbanded Continental Army .	Continental Army	What did the U.S Army replace ?
The War of 1812 , the second and last American war against the United Kingdom , was less successful for the U.S. than the Revolution and Northwest Indian War against natives had been , though it ended on a high note for Americans as well .	United Kingdom	The War of 1812 consisted of the U.S against whom ?
After the taking control of Lake Erie in 1813 , the Americans were able to seize parts of western Upper Canada , burn York and defeat Tecumseh , which caused his Indian Confederacy to collapse .	1813	In what year did the U.S. take control of Lake Eerie ?
After the taking control of Lake Erie in 1813 , the Americans were able to seize parts of western Upper Canada , burn York and defeat Tecumseh , which caused his Indian Confederacy to collapse .	Tecumseh	Who did the U.S. defeat to collapse the Indian Confederacy ?
Two weeks after a treaty was signed -LRB- but not ratified -RRB- , Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and became a national hero .	Andrew Jackson	In the Battle of New Orleans , who defeated the British ?
After the war , though , the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates and disbanded in a reflection of the republican distrust of standing armies .	republican	What political party did not have trust in standing armies ?
The Regular Army was at first very small , and after General St. Clair 's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash , the Regular Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States , which was established in 1791 and renamed the `` United States Army '' in 1796 .	General St. Clair	Who was defeated at the Battle of the Wabash ?
However , because of continuing conflict with Native Americans , it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army .	Native Americans	Who did the state militias have ongoing conflict with ?
The Regular Army was at first very small , and after General St. Clair 's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash , the Regular Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States , which was established in 1791 and renamed the `` United States Army '' in 1796 .	1791	In what year was the Legion of the United States established ?
The Regular Army was at first very small , and after General St. Clair 's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash , the Regular Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States , which was established in 1791 and renamed the `` United States Army '' in 1796 .	1796	In what year was the Legion of the United States renamed to the United States Army ?
Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit 's assigned station , but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers -LRB- CTC -RRB- ; the National Training Center -LRB- NTC -RRB- at Fort Irwin , California , the Joint Readiness Training Center -LRB- JRTC -RRB- at Fort Polk , Louisiana , and the Joint Multinational Training Center -LRB- JMRC -RRB- at the Hohenfels Training Area in Hohenfels , Germany .	Fort Irwin, California	Where is the National Training Center located ?
Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit 's assigned station , but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers -LRB- CTC -RRB- ; the National Training Center -LRB- NTC -RRB- at Fort Irwin , California , the Joint Readiness Training Center -LRB- JRTC -RRB- at Fort Polk , Louisiana , and the Joint Multinational Training Center -LRB- JMRC -RRB- at the Hohenfels Training Area in Hohenfels , Germany .	Fort Polk, Louisiana	Where is the Joint Readiness Training Center located ?
Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit 's assigned station , but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers -LRB- CTC -RRB- ; the National Training Center -LRB- NTC -RRB- at Fort Irwin , California , the Joint Readiness Training Center -LRB- JRTC -RRB- at Fort Polk , Louisiana , and the Joint Multinational Training Center -LRB- JMRC -RRB- at the Hohenfels Training Area in Hohenfels , Germany .	Hohenfels, Germany	Where is the Joint Multinational Training Center located ?
ARFORGEN is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2006 to meet the need to continuously replenish forces for deployment , at unit level , and for other echelons as required by the mission .	2006	In what year was ARFORGEN approved ?
Individual-level replenishment still requires training at a unit level , which is conducted at the continental US -LRB- CONUS -RRB- replacement center at Fort Bliss , in New Mexico and Texas , before their individual deployment .	New Mexico and Texas	In what states is Fort Bliss located ?
Its eastern armies fought well , but the western armies were defeated one after another until the Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862 along with the Tennessee River .	1862	In what year did the Union Forces capture New Orleans ?
In the famous Vicksburg Campaign of 1862 -- 63 , Ulysses Grant seized the Mississippi River and cut off the Southwest .	Ulysses Grant	Who took control of the Mississippi River in 1862-63 ?
Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties , he had Lee under siege in Richmond as William T. Sherman captured Atlanta and marched through Georgia and the Carolinas .	William T. Sherman	Who captured Atlanta ?
The Confederate capital was abandoned in April 1865 and Lee subsequently surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House ; all other Confederate armies surrendered within a few months .	Appomattox Court House	Where did Lee surrender his army ?
The end of World War II set the stage for the East -- West confrontation known as the Cold War .	Cold War	What war occurred after the end of World War II ?
Two corps , V and VII , were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and American strength in Europe rose from one division to four .	1950	In what year were corps V and corps VII reactivated ?
Two corps , V and VII , were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and American strength in Europe rose from one division to four .	four	How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Europe ?
The United States joined World War II in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor .	December 1941	What month and year did the U.S. join World War II ?
The United States joined World War II in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor .	Japanese	Which military force attacked Pearl Harbor ?
On D-Day , June 6 , 1944 , and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of Nazi Germany , millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role .	June 6, 1944	What is the month , day and year of `` D-Day '' ?
In the Pacific War , U.S. Army soldiers participated alongside the United States Marine Corps in capturing the Pacific Islands from Japanese control .	Pacific War	What war lead to the capture of the Pacific Islands by the U.S. ?
Also , in 1948 , the army was desegregated by order of President Harry S. Truman .	Harry S. Truman	Who was responsible for the desegregation of the army ?
The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involves treating the three components of the army -- the Regular Army , the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force .	General Creighton Abrams	Who adopted the Total Force Policy ?
The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involves treating the three components of the army -- the Regular Army , the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force .	Vietnam War	What war was responsible for the creation of the Total Force Policy ?
The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involves treating the three components of the army -- the Regular Army , the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force .	three	How many army components were affected by the Total Force Policy ?
In response to the September 11 attacks , and as part of the Global War on Terror , U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001 , displacing the Taliban government .	Afghanistan	Which country was invaded by the U.S. in October 2001 ?
The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003 .	2003	The U.S. Army invaded Iraq in what year ?
In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency , resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members -LRB- as of March 2008 -RRB- and injuries to thousands more .	more than 4,000	About how many U.S. soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency ?
23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003 -- 2011 .	23,813	How many Iraqi insurgents were killed from 2003-2011 ?
Before 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized -LRB- i.e. , activated -RRB- by the President .	state soldiers	What were National Guard members considered before 1903 ?
Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status : as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and , when activated , as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President .	1903	In what year did the Milita Act take place ?
Currently , the army is divided into the Regular Army , the Army Reserve , and the Army National Guard .	the Army	The Air Defense Artillery is a branch of what ?
Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status : as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and , when activated , as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President .	the governor	National Guardsmen are under the authority of who ?
The U.S. Army currently consists of 10 active divisions as well as several independent units .	10	How many divisions are there in the U.S. Army ?
In June 2013 , the Army announced plans to downsize to 32 active combat brigade teams by 2015 to match a reduction in active duty strength to 490,000 soldiers .	32	How many brigade teams did the Army downsize to by 2015 ?
Army Chief of Staff Raymond Odierno has projected that by 2018 the Army will eventually shrink to `` 450,000 in the active component , 335,000 in the National Guard and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve . ''	Raymond Odierno	Who is the Army Chief of Staff ?
Army Chief of Staff Raymond Odierno has projected that by 2018 the Army will eventually shrink to `` 450,000 in the active component , 335,000 in the National Guard and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve . ''	450,000	By 2018 , how many active Army members will there be ?
Army Chief of Staff Raymond Odierno has projected that by 2018 the Army will eventually shrink to `` 450,000 in the active component , 335,000 in the National Guard and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve . ''	195,000	How many Army Reserve members will there be by 2018 ?
Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories -- individual and collective .	individual and collective	What categories are U.S. Army training divided into ?
Basic training consists of 10 weeks for most recruits followed by Advanced Individualized Training -LRB- AIT -RRB- where they receive training for their military occupational specialties -LRB- MOS -RRB- .	10 weeks	How long does basic training last ?
Some individuals MOSs range anywhere from 14 -- 20 weeks of One Station Unit Training -LRB- OSUT -RRB- , which combines Basic Training and AIT .	14–20 weeks	How long does military occupation specialties training last ?
Some individuals MOSs range anywhere from 14 -- 20 weeks of One Station Unit Training -LRB- OSUT -RRB- , which combines Basic Training and AIT .	One Station Unit Training	What does OSUT stand for ?
Depending on the needs of the army , Basic Combat Training for combat arms soldiers is conducted at a number of locations , but two of the longest-running are the Armor School and the Infantry School , both at Fort Benning , Georgia .	Fort Benning, Georgia	Where are the Armor School and the Infantry School both located ?
Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons , including the M249 SAW -LRB- Squad Automatic Weapon -RRB- , to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level .	Squad Automatic Weapon	What does the SAW in M249 SAW stand for ?
Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons , including the M249 SAW -LRB- Squad Automatic Weapon -RRB- , to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level .	suppressive fire	What kind of gunfire is the M249 SAW generally used for ?
The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat .	door breaching and close-quarters combat	What is the Mossberg 590 used for ?
The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen .	M14EBR	What gun do designated marksmen use ?
Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle , the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle , and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle .	M110	What semi-automatic sniper do Snipers use ?
The Pentagon bought 25,000 MRAP vehicles since 2007 in 25 variants through rapid acquisition with no long-term plans for the platforms .	25,000	How many MRAP vehicles has the Pentagon bought since 2007 ?
Of the total number of vehicles the Army will keep , 5,036 will be put in storage , 1,073 will be used for training , and the remainder will be spread across the active force .	1,073	How many of the vehicles will be used for training ?
The Army plans to divest 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585 .	7,456	How many of the 25,000 vehicles do they plan on getting rid of ?
The Oshkosh M-ATV will be kept the most at 5,681 vehicles , as it is smaller and lighter than other MRAPs for off-road mobility .	Oshkosh M-ATV	The Army will be keeping 5,681 of what vehicle ?
The other most retained vehicle will be the Navistar MaxxPro Dash with 2,633 vehicles , plus 301 Maxxpro ambulances .	Maxxpro	What type of ambulance will the Army have 301 of ?
The U.S. Army black beret -LRB- having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap -RRB- is no longer worn with the new ACU for garrison duty .	black beret	What piece of the uniform has been replaced by the patrol cap ?
After years of complaints that it was n't suited well for most work conditions , Army Chief of Staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011 .	General Martin Dempsey	Who was the Army Chief of Staff at this time ?
After years of complaints that it was n't suited well for most work conditions , Army Chief of Staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011 .	June 2011	What month and year was the black beret replaced ?
Soldiers still wear berets who are currently in a unit in jump status , whether the wearer is parachute-qualified , or not -LRB- maroon beret -RRB- , Members of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade -LRB- tan beret -RRB- , and Special Forces -LRB- rifle green beret -RRB- and may wear it with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions .	maroon	If a soldier is in a unit in jump status , what color beret do they wear ?
Soldiers still wear berets who are currently in a unit in jump status , whether the wearer is parachute-qualified , or not -LRB- maroon beret -RRB- , Members of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade -LRB- tan beret -RRB- , and Special Forces -LRB- rifle green beret -RRB- and may wear it with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions .	Special Forces	The rifle green beret is worn by whom ?
As a uniformed military service , the Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense .	three	How many military departments does the Department of Defense have ?
The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the Secretary of the Army -LRB- SECARMY -RRB- , and by a chief military officer , the Chief of Staff of the Army -LRB- CSA -RRB- who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff .	Secretary of the Army	What does SECARMY stand for ?
The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the Secretary of the Army -LRB- SECARMY -RRB- , and by a chief military officer , the Chief of Staff of the Army -LRB- CSA -RRB- who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff .	Chief of Staff of the Army	What does CSA stand for ?
In the fiscal year 2016 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army -LRB- USA -RRB- was 475,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard -LRB- ARNG -RRB- had 342,000 soldiers , and the United States Army Reserve -LRB- USAR -RRB- had 198,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,015,000 soldiers .	475,000	At the end of 2016 , how many soldiers were in the Regular Army ?
In the fiscal year 2016 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army -LRB- USA -RRB- was 475,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard -LRB- ARNG -RRB- had 342,000 soldiers , and the United States Army Reserve -LRB- USAR -RRB- had 198,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,015,000 soldiers .	1,015,000	How many soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016 ?
The army 's major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles .	Seminoles	What Indian tribe was the Army 's major campaign against ?
It took long wars -LRB- 1818 -- 58 -RRB- to finally defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma .	1818–58	During what years did the wars between the Army and the Seminoles take place ?
It took long wars -LRB- 1818 -- 58 -RRB- to finally defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma .	Oklahoma	What state were the Seminoles moved to ?
The usual strategy in Indian wars was to seize control of the Indians winter food supply , but that was no use in Florida where there was no winter .	winter food supply	What did the Army traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians ?
The second strategy was to form alliances with other Indian tribes , but that too was useless because the Seminoles had destroyed all the other Indians when they entered Florida in the late eighteenth century .	eighteenth	During what century did the Seminoles enter Florida ?
The Korean War began in 1950 , when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security meeting , removing their possible veto .	1950	What year did the Korean War start ?
The Korean War began in 1950 , when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security meeting , removing their possible veto .	the Soviets	Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting ?
During the Cold War , American troops and their allies fought Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam .	Korea and Vietnam	In what two countries did the American troops fight Communist forces ?
After repeated advances and retreats by both sides , and the PRC People 's Volunteer Army 's entry into the war , the Korean Armistice Agreement returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953 .	1953	In what year did the Korean war end ?
By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23 % , from 750,000 to 580,000 .	580,000	In 1989 , what did the Pentagon plan to reduce the army end strength to ?
In 1990 Iraq invaded its smaller neighbor , Kuwait , and U.S. land forces , quickly deployed to assure the protection of Saudi Arabia .	Kuwait	Which country did Iraq invade in 1990 ?
In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm commenced , a U.S.-led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops , the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations , to drive out Iraqi forces .	Desert Storm	What operation began in January 1991 ?
In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm commenced , a U.S.-led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops , the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations , to drive out Iraqi forces .	500,000	How many troops were involved in Operation Desert Storm ?
The campaign ended in total victory , as Western coalition forces routed the Iraqi Army , organized along Soviet lines , in just one hundred hours .	one hundred hours	How long did Operation Desert Storm last ?
The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775 .	1775	What year was the U.S. army organized ?
During times of war , the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments .	United States Volunteers	What group combined with the U.S. Army ?
During times of war , the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments .	various state governments	Who raised the United States Volunteers ?
The United States Army is made up of three components : the active component , the Regular Army ; and two reserve components , the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve .	Regular Army	What is the active component of the U.S. Army ?
The United States Army is made up of three components : the active component , the Regular Army ; and two reserve components , the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve .	Army National Guard and the Army Reserve	What are the two reserve components of the U.S. Army ?
Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month , known as battle assemblies or unit training assemblies -LRB- UTAs -RRB- , and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year .	unit training assemblies	What are UTAs ?
Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under Title 10 of the United States Code , while the National Guard is organized under Title 32 .	10	The U.S. Army is organized under what title of the United States Code ?
While the Army National Guard is organized , trained and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army , when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state and territorial governors ; the District of Columbia National Guard , however , reports to the U.S. President , not the district 's mayor , even when not federalized .	the U.S. President	Who does the D.C. National Guard report to ?
Following their basic and advanced training at the individual-level , soldiers may choose to continue their training and apply for an `` additional skill identifier '' -LRB- ASI -RRB- .	additional skill identifier	What does ASI stand for ?
For example , a combat medic , whose duties are to provide pre-hospital emergency treatment , may receive ASI training to become a cardiovascular specialist , a dialysis specialist , or even a licensed practical nurse .	provide pre-hospital emergency treatment	What is are combat medics duties ?
After commissioning , officers undergo branch specific training at the Basic Officer Leaders Course , -LRB- formerly called Officer Basic Course -RRB- , which varies in time and location according their future assignments .	Basic Officer Leaders Course	Where do the officers go to complete their branch specific training ?
Further career development is available through the Army Correspondence Course Program .	Army Correspondence Course Program	If the officers want to advance their careers even further , where is that available ?
The army has relied heavily on tents to provide the various facilities needed while on deployment .	tents	What does the army use for facilities while they are deployed ?
The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary barracks -LRB- sleeping quarters -RRB- , DFAC buildings -LRB- dining facilities -RRB- , forward operating bases -LRB- FOBs -RRB- , after action review -LRB- AAR -RRB- , tactical operations center -LRB- TOC -RRB- , morale , welfare , and recreation -LRB- MWR -RRB- facilities , and security checkpoints .	TOC	What is the abbreviation for a tactical operations center ?
The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary barracks -LRB- sleeping quarters -RRB- , DFAC buildings -LRB- dining facilities -RRB- , forward operating bases -LRB- FOBs -RRB- , after action review -LRB- AAR -RRB- , tactical operations center -LRB- TOC -RRB- , morale , welfare , and recreation -LRB- MWR -RRB- facilities , and security checkpoints .	forward operating bases	What does FOB stand for ?
The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary barracks -LRB- sleeping quarters -RRB- , DFAC buildings -LRB- dining facilities -RRB- , forward operating bases -LRB- FOBs -RRB- , after action review -LRB- AAR -RRB- , tactical operations center -LRB- TOC -RRB- , morale , welfare , and recreation -LRB- MWR -RRB- facilities , and security checkpoints .	DFAC buildings	Where are the dining facilities called ?
The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary barracks -LRB- sleeping quarters -RRB- , DFAC buildings -LRB- dining facilities -RRB- , forward operating bases -LRB- FOBs -RRB- , after action review -LRB- AAR -RRB- , tactical operations center -LRB- TOC -RRB- , morale , welfare , and recreation -LRB- MWR -RRB- facilities , and security checkpoints .	sleeping quarters	What are the barracks used for ?
The American Civil War was the costliest war for the U.S. in terms of casualties .	The American Civil War	Which war had the most U.S. casualties associated with it ?
Forces of the United States -LRB- the `` Union '' or `` the North '' -RRB- formed the Union Army consisting of a small body of regular army units and a large body of volunteer units raised from every state , north and south , except South Carolina .	the "Union" or "the North"	What were the U.S. forces referred to as ?
Forces of the United States -LRB- the `` Union '' or `` the North '' -RRB- formed the Union Army consisting of a small body of regular army units and a large body of volunteer units raised from every state , north and south , except South Carolina .	South Carolina	What state did not contribute any troops to the Union Army ?
Starting in 1910 , the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft .	1910	In what year did the army start using fixed-wing aircraft ?
In 1916 , Pancho Villa , a major rebel leader , attacked Columbus , New Mexico , prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917 .	Pancho Villa	Who attacked New Mexico in 1916 ?
The United States joined World War I in 1917 on the side of Britain , France , Russia , Italy and other allies .	1917	What year did the U.S. join World War I ?
In 1916 , Pancho Villa , a major rebel leader , attacked Columbus , New Mexico , prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917 .	7 February 1917	What date did the U.S. intervention in New Mexico end ?
In 1967 Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to 8 divisions -LRB- 1 mechanized infantry , 2 armored , and 5 infantry -RRB- , but increased the number of brigades from 7 to 18 -LRB- 1 airborne , 1 armored , 2 mechanized infantry , and 14 infantry -RRB- .	Robert McNamara	Who was the Secretary of Defense in 1967 ?
In 1967 Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to 8 divisions -LRB- 1 mechanized infantry , 2 armored , and 5 infantry -RRB- , but increased the number of brigades from 7 to 18 -LRB- 1 airborne , 1 armored , 2 mechanized infantry , and 14 infantry -RRB- .	8	How many divisions did the Secretary of Defense cut the original 15 down to ?
In 1967 Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to 8 divisions -LRB- 1 mechanized infantry , 2 armored , and 5 infantry -RRB- , but increased the number of brigades from 7 to 18 -LRB- 1 airborne , 1 armored , 2 mechanized infantry , and 14 infantry -RRB- .	18	How many brigades did the Secretary of Defense increase the number to ?
On September 11 , 2001 , 53 Army civilians -LRB- 47 employees and six contractors -RRB- and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al-Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building , as part of the September 11 attacks .	125	How many victims were killed in the attack on the Pentagon ?
On September 11 , 2001 , 53 Army civilians -LRB- 47 employees and six contractors -RRB- and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al-Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building , as part of the September 11 attacks .	American Airlines Flight 77	What aircraft was hijacked ?
Lieutenant General Timothy Maude was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon , and the most senior U.S. Army officer killed by foreign action since the death of Lieutenant General Simon B. Buckner , Jr. on June 18 , 1945 , in the Battle of Okinawa during World War II .	Lieutenant General Timothy Maude	Who was the highest ranking official killed in the attack ?
The army is also changing its base unit from divisions to brigades .	brigades	What is the army replacing divisions with ?
The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular , i.e. , all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same , and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division .	modular	How will the brigades be structured ?
Division lineage will be retained , but the divisional headquarters will be able to command any brigade , not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage .	divisional headquarters	Who can command any brigade ?
The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol ; the M11 pistol is also used .	9 mm M9 pistol	What is the primary sidearm used by the U.S. Army ?
Soldiers are also equiped with various hand grenades , such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade .	M67	What type of frag grenade is used by the U.S. Army ?
Soldiers are also equiped with various hand grenades , such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade .	smoke	The M18 is a type of what kind of grenade ?
Both handguns are to be replaced through the Modular Handgun System program .	Modular Handgun System	Through what system are handguns being replacedby the U.S. Army ?
The army 's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle -LRB- HMMWV -RRB- , commonly called the Humvee , which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier , weapons platform , and ambulance , among many other roles .	High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle	What does HMMWV stand for ?
The army 's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle -LRB- HMMWV -RRB- , commonly called the Humvee , which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier , weapons platform , and ambulance , among many other roles .	Humvee	What is the HMMWV also known as ?
The M1A2 Abrams is the army 's main battle tank , while the M2A3 Bradley is the standard infantry fighting vehicle .	battle tank	The M1A2 Abrams is an example of what ?
Other vehicles include the Stryker , and the M113 armored personnel carrier , and multiple types of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected -LRB- MRAP -RRB- vehicles .	Mine Resistant Ambush Protected	What does MRAP stand for ?
The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king , Wilhelm I , uniting Germany as a nation-state .	Wilhelm I	Under what Prussian king did the German empire unite as a nation-state ?
The Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine , which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine -LRB- Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen -RRB- .	10 May 1871	What was the date of the Treaty of Frankfurt ?
The Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine , which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine -LRB- Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen -RRB- .	Alsace-Lorraine	The Treaty of Frankfurt gave Germany which Imperial territory ?
The German conquest of France and the unification of Germany upset the European balance of power , that had existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and Otto von Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades .	Otto von Bismarck	Following the unification of Germany , who maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades ?
French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war , along with British apprehension about the balance of power , became factors in the causes of World War I.	another Franco-German war	Which specific fear was a factor in causing World War I ?
The Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended .	Ems telegram	What telegram had the intended effect on French public opinion ?
Gramont , the French foreign minister , declared that he felt `` he had just received a slap '' .	he felt "he had just received a slap"	Following the Ems telegram , what reaction did the French foreign minister report that he felt ?
The leader of the monarchists in Parliament , Adolphe Thiers , spoke for moderation , arguing that France had won the diplomatic battle and there was no reason for war , but he was drowned out by cries that he was a traitor and a Prussian .	Adolphe Thiers	In Parliament , who was the leader of the monarchists ?
Napoleon 's new prime minister , Emile Ollivier , declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war , and that he accepted the responsibility `` with a light heart . ''	Emile Ollivier	Which French prime minister believed he had done all that he could to prevent a war ?
On 19 July 1870 a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government .	19 July 1870	On which date did France issue a declaration of war to the Prussian government ?
The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame , which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design .	Battle of Königgrätz	In which battle did the Dreyse needle gun gain its fame ?
The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame , which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design .	25-year-old design	At the start of the Franco-Prussian War , what was the age of the Dreyse gun 's design ?
The rifle had a range of only 600 m -LRB- 2,000 ft -RRB- and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots .	600 m (2,000 ft)	What was the Dreyse rifle 's tactical range ?
The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensated for by the famous Krupp 6-pounder -LRB- 3 kg -RRB- steel breech-loading cannons being issued to Prussian artillery batteries .	Krupp	What was the name of the famous cannon issued to Prussian soldiers at the time ?
Firing a contact-detonated shell , the Krupp gun had a longer range and a higher rate of fire than the French bronze muzzle loading cannon , which relied on faulty time fuses .	a contact-detonated shell	What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire ?
The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870 .	4 August 1870	What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War ?
During the day , elements of a Bavarian and two Prussian corps became engaged and were aided by Prussian artillery , which blasted holes in the defenses of the town .	Bavarian and two Prussian corps	On that date , which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces ?
This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps , with some attached cavalry , which was posted to watch the border , attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army .	General Douay of I Corps	Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border ?
Douay held a very strong position initially , thanks to the accurate long-range fire of the Chassepots but his force was too thinly stretched to hold it .	long-range fire of the Chassepots	Douay 's initial success was credited by what ?
Douay was killed in the late morning when a caisson of the divisional mitrailleuse battery exploded near him ; the encirclement of the town by the Prussians threatened the French avenue of retreat .	the encirclement of the town by the Prussians	What threatened the French avenue of retreat ?
The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once .	German numerical superiority	What factor were the French unaware of at the start of the battle ?
Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes , Frossard did not request additional support from other units .	Frossard	Which French commander miscalculated the severity of the battle ?
Seriously flawed communications between Frossard and those in reserve under Bazaine slowed down so much that by the time the reserves received orders to move out to Spicheren , German soldiers from the 1st and 2nd armies had charged up the heights .	Seriously flawed communications	What was a key factor in Frossard 's disasterous retreat to the south ?
The German casualties were relatively high due to the advance and the effectiveness of the chassepot rifle .	effectiveness of the chassepot rifle	What factor was credited to the large number of German casualties ?
They were quite startled in the morning when they had found out that their efforts were not in vain -- Frossard had abandoned his position on the heights .	Frossard had abandoned his position	What outcome surprised the Germans the following day ?
The Battle of Gravelotte , or Gravelotte -- St. Privat -LRB- 18 August -RRB- , was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War .	18 August	On which date was the Battle of Gravelotte ?
The Battle of Gravelotte , or Gravelotte -- St. Privat -LRB- 18 August -RRB- , was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War .	The Battle of Gravelotte	Which battle was considered the biggest in the war ?
It was fought about 6 miles -LRB- 9.7 km -RRB- west of Metz , where on the previous day , having intercepted the French army 's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour , the Prussians were now closing in to complete the destruction of the French forces .	6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz	Where was the location of the Battle of Gravelotte ?
The combined German forces , under Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke , were the Prussian First and Second Armies of the North German Confederation numbering about 210 infantry battalions , 133 cavalry squadrons , and 732 heavy cannons totaling 188,332 officers and men .	Count Helmuth von Moltke	Under which Field Marshall were the combined German forces commanded ?
The French Army of the Rhine , commanded by Marshal François-Achille Bazaine , numbering about 183 infantry battalions , 104 cavalry squadrons , backed by 520 heavy cannons , totaling 112,800 officers and men , dug in along high ground with their southern left flank at the town of Rozerieulles , and their northern right flank at St. Privat .	Marshal François-Achille Bazaine	Who commanded the French Army of the Rhine ?
With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine 's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte , the French were forced to retire to Metz , where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies .	the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army	What factor forced the French to retreat to Metz ?
With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine 's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte , the French were forced to retire to Metz , where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies .	over 150,000	At Metz , what was the approximate number of Prussian troops ?
Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons , to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine .	Napoleon III and MacMahon	Who formed the new French Army of Chalons ?
With this army and the Prussian Third Army , Moltke marched northward and caught up with the French at Beaumont on 30 August .	the Prussian Third Army	Along with the Army of the Meuse , what other army did Moltke march north with ?
After a sharp fight in which they lost 5,000 men and 40 cannons , the French withdrew toward Sedan .	5,000 men	How many casualties did Moltke suffer at Beaumont ?
When the war had begun , European public opinion heavily favored the Germans ; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera .	the Germans	At the start of the war , which country did European public opinion champion ?
When the war had begun , European public opinion heavily favored the Germans ; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera .	Florence	In which city did many Italians attempt to proffer their services to the Prussian embassy ?
Bismarck 's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy , which was best exemplified by the reaction of Garibaldi soon after the revolution in Paris , who told the Movimento of Genoa on 7 September 1870 that `` Yesterday I said to you : war to the death to Bonaparte .	Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace	What caused a dramatic shift in Italian sentiment toward the war ?
Bismarck 's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy , which was best exemplified by the reaction of Garibaldi soon after the revolution in Paris , who told the Movimento of Genoa on 7 September 1870 that `` Yesterday I said to you : war to the death to Bonaparte .	Garibaldi	To whom is the quote , `` Rescue the French Republic by every means '' attributed ?
Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges , with which he operated around Dijon till the end of the war .	the Army of the Vosges	What army did Garibaldi gain command of in France ?
On 10 October , hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orléans .	10 October	On which date did hostilities between the German and French troops begin near Orleans ?
At first , the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November .	the Germans	Which side was initially successful at the Battle of Coulmiers ?
At first , the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November .	9 November	On which date did the French triump over the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers ?
The French were forced to abandon Orléans on 4 December , and were finally defeated at the Battle of Le Mans -LRB- 10 -- 12 January -RRB- .	4 December	On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans ?
A second French army which operated north of Paris was turned back at the Battle of Amiens -LRB- 27 November -RRB- , the Battle of Bapaume -LRB- 3 January 1871 -RRB- and the Battle of St. Quentin -LRB- 13 January -RRB- .	Battle of Amiens	Of the three battles that occured north of Paris , which was the first that forced the French army to retreat ?
Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians , the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer , and that Gambetta 's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris .	any form of surrender	What was public opinion in Paris strongly opposed to ?
President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was replaced by Favre , who signed the surrender two days later at Versailles , with the armistice coming into effect at midnight .	25 January	On what date did president Trochu resign ?
President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was replaced by Favre , who signed the surrender two days later at Versailles , with the armistice coming into effect at midnight .	Favre	Who replaced President Trochu ?
President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was replaced by Favre , who signed the surrender two days later at Versailles , with the armistice coming into effect at midnight .	Versailles	In which French city was the surrender made official ?
At Tours , Gambetta received word from Paris on 30 January that the Government had surrendered .	Gambetta	Who disregarded the surrender and launched a failed attack on the Germans ?
The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers , many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war .	The quick German victory	What stunned neutral observers about the end of the war ?
The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers , many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war .	French victory	What outcome had most people expected from the war ?
The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased .	the Germans	Whose strategic advantages were not appreciated until after the war over ?
Other countries quickly discerned the advantages given to the Germans by their military system , and adopted many of their innovations , particularly the General Staff , universal conscription and highly detailed mobilization systems .	their military system	What German advantages were discerned by other countries in the aftermath ?
Other countries quickly discerned the advantages given to the Germans by their military system , and adopted many of their innovations , particularly the General Staff , universal conscription and highly detailed mobilization systems .	highly detailed mobilization systems	What is at least one German innovation that other countries would later adopt in other wars ?
The effect of these differences was accentuated by the pre-war preparations .	pre-war preparations	The effect of German victory and ensuing influence stems back to what factor ?
The Prussian General Staff had drawn up minutely detailed mobilization plans using the railway system , which in turn had been partly laid out in response to recommendations of a Railway Section within the General Staff .	detailed mobilization plans using the railway system	What was the Prussian General staff quick to utilize at the onset of the war ?
The French railway system , with multiple competing companies , had developed purely from commercial pressures and many journeys to the front in Alsace and Lorraine involved long diversions and frequent changes between trains .	multiple competing companies	What was one factor behind the inefficiency of the French railway system ?
The French railway system , with multiple competing companies , had developed purely from commercial pressures and many journeys to the front in Alsace and Lorraine involved long diversions and frequent changes between trains .	frequent changes between trains	What factor especially affected travel to the front in Alsace and Lorraine ?
Rail sidings and marshalling yards became choked with loaded wagons , with nobody responsible for unloading them or directing them to the destination .	nobody	Who was responsible for dealing with chaotic train yards and unloaded wagons ?
At the Battle of Mars-la-Tours , the Prussian 12th Cavalry Brigade , commanded by General Adalbert von Bredow , conducted a charge against a French artillery battery .	General Adalbert von Bredow	Who commanded the Prussian 12 Cavalry Brigade ?
At the Battle of Mars-la-Tours , the Prussian 12th Cavalry Brigade , commanded by General Adalbert von Bredow , conducted a charge against a French artillery battery .	a French artillery battery	What did General von Bredow lead a charge against at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour ?
The attack was a costly success and came to be known as `` von Bredow 's Death Ride '' , which was held to prove that cavalry charges could still prevail on the battlefield .	von Bredow's Death Ride	What did von Bredow 's Pyrrhic victory become known as ?
Use of traditional cavalry on the battlefields of 1914 proved to be disastrous , due to accurate , long-range rifle fire , machine-guns and artillery .	Use of traditional cavalry	What military tactic proved to be unsuccessful on the 1914 battlefields ?
Von Bredow 's attack had succeeded only because of an unusually effective artillery bombardment just before the charge , along with favorable terrain that masked his approach .	favorable terrain that masked his approach	What was one of two factors that led von Bredow 's narrow success on the battlefield ?
In the Prussian province of Posen , with a large Polish population , there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories -- a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling .	Posen	In which Prussian province did a large Polish population reside ?
In the Prussian province of Posen , with a large Polish population , there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories -- a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling .	the French	What was there strong support of in Posen ?
Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army -- though these went mainly unheeded .	to desert from the Prussian Army	What calls were made for the Polish recruits ?
An alarming report on the Posen situation , sent to Bismarck on 16 August 1870 , led to the quartering of reserve troop contingents in the restive province .	16 August 1870	On what date did Bismarkck receive the disturbing report on the Posen situation ?
The Franco-Prussian War thus turned out to be a significant event also in German -- Polish relations , marking the beginning of a prolonged period of repressive measures by the authorities and efforts at Germanisation .	prolonged period of repressive measures	What significant consequence was a result of German-Polish relations ?
The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany .	the unification of Germany	What are the causes of the Franco-Prussian War deeply rooted in ?
In the aftermath of the Austro -- Prussian War of 1866 , Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation .	North German Confederation	In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian war , formed what group ?
This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars .	new power destabilized	What was the effect of that new group on the European balance of power ?
This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars .	the Congress of Vienna	What established the European balance of power in 1815 ?
France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states , which would have significantly strengthened the Prussian military .	strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states	As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms , what stance did France assume ?
The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers , some of them regulars , others conscripts who until 1869 served the comparatively long period of seven years with the colours .	400,000	In peacetime , what the approximate number of French soldiers ?
Some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War , Algeria , the Franco-Austrian War in Italy , and in the Franco-Mexican War .	the Franco-Austrian War	Veterans of the French Army had prviously fought in which war in Italy ?
However , following the `` Seven Weeks War '' between Prussia and Austria four years earlier , it had been calculated that the French Army could field only 288,000 men to face the Prussian Army when perhaps 1,000,000 would be required .	Prussia and Austria	The `` Seven Weeks War '' was between which two countries ?
Under Marshal Adolphe Niel , urgent reforms were made .	Marshal Adolphe Niel	Who reformed the low numbers of troops by implementing universal conscription ?
Those who for any reason were not conscripted were to be enrolled in the Garde Mobile , a militia with a nominal strength of 400,000 .	the Garde Mobile	If a citizen was for some reason not conscripted , in what militia were they were registered ?
The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff , under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke .	the General Staff	What entity controlled the Prussian army ?
The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff , under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke .	Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke	Who commanded the General Staff ?
The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence , whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy , and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logistics and communications .	to prepare the overall war strategy	What was the unique purpose of the Prussian Army during peacetime ?
The officers of the General Staff were hand-picked from the Prussian Kriegsakademie -LRB- War Academy -RRB- .	Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy)	The officers of the General Staff were hand-selected from which place ?
Moltke embraced new technology , particularly the railroad and telegraph , to coordinate and accelerate mobilisation of large forces .	the railroad and telegraph	What new technologies in particular were courted by Moltke ?
General Frossard 's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine 's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August , and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbrücken with a series of direct attacks .	2 August	On which date did Frossard 's and Bazaines 's troops cross the German border ?
The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle , with French riflemen regularly outdistancing their Prussian counterparts in the skirmishing around Saarbrücken .	The Chassepot rifle	What proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle ?
General Frossard 's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine 's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August , and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbrücken with a series of direct attacks .	the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division	Which regiment did their respective corps force from the town of Saarbrucken ?
However the Prussians resisted strongly , and the French suffered 86 casualties to the Prussian 83 casualties .	86 casualties	How many casualties did the French suffer at Saarbrucken ?
However the Prussians resisted strongly , and the French suffered 86 casualties to the Prussian 83 casualties .	83 casualties	How many casualties did the Prussians suffer at Saarbrucken ?
According to some historians , Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne , then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador , to make it appear that the French had been insulted .	King William	A dispatch was edited about a meeting between the French ambassador and what Prussian king ?
According to some historians , Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne , then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador , to make it appear that the French had been insulted .	to make it appear that the French had been insulted	What was the purpose of editing the dispatch ?
On 16 July 1870 , the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia and hostilities began three days later .	16 July 1870	On which date did the French parliament vote to declare war on Prussia ?
According to some historians , Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne , then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador , to make it appear that the French had been insulted .	succession to the Spanish throne	What diplomatic crisis was Bismarck credited with skillfully creating ?
The German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France .	northeastern France	Where did the quickly mobilised troops first invade in France ?
The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans .	Wissembourg	Which town 's people surrendered to the Germans ?
The French troops who did not surrender retreated westward , leaving behind 1,000 dead and wounded and another 1,000 prisoners and all of their remaining ammunition .	westward	In which direction did the French troops who did not surrender head ?
The French troops who did not surrender retreated westward , leaving behind 1,000 dead and wounded and another 1,000 prisoners and all of their remaining ammunition .	1,000 dead	How many dead troops leave behind ?
The French troops who did not surrender retreated westward , leaving behind 1,000 dead and wounded and another 1,000 prisoners and all of their remaining ammunition .	1,000 prisoners	How many prisoners did the French leave behind ?
The attackers had an initial superiority of numbers , a broad deployment which made envelopment highly likely but the effectiveness of French Chassepot rifle-fire inflicted costly repulses on infantry attacks , until the French infantry had been extensively bombarded by the Prussian artillery .	French Chassepot	What weapon once again increased the effectiveness of the infantry attacks ?
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War -LRB- German : Deutsch-Französischer Krieg , lit .	Franco-German War	What is the Franco-Prussian War also known as ?
Franco-German War -RRB- , often referred to in France as the War of 1870 -LRB- 19 July 1870 -- 10 May 1871 -RRB- , was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia .	the War of 1870	What was the war often referred to in France as ?
Franco-German War -RRB- , often referred to in France as the War of 1870 -LRB- 19 July 1870 -- 10 May 1871 -RRB- , was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia .	the Kingdom of Prussia	In the conflict , who lead the German states of the North German Confederation ?
The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification .	Prussian ambitions	Whose ambitions are credited with causing the conflict ?
Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states -- Baden , Württemberg , Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt -- into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia , while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded .	Otto von Bismarck	Which Prussian chancellor 's motives in the conflict are still disputed ?
The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of a Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen , a Prussian prince , to the throne of Spain .	Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen	In whose cadidacy did the immediate cause of war reside ?
France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain .	encirclement	What did France fear by an alliance between Prussia and Spain ?
The Hohenzollern prince 's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure , but Otto von Bismarck goaded the French into declaring war by altering a telegram sent by William I. Releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public , Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion , which inflamed public opinion in France .	Otto von Bismarck	Who goaded the French into war by editing a telegram sent by William I ?
The Hohenzollern prince 's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure , but Otto von Bismarck goaded the French into declaring war by altering a telegram sent by William I. Releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public , Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion , which inflamed public opinion in France .	Ems Dispatch	What was the name of the famous telelgram ?
The Hohenzollern prince 's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure , but Otto von Bismarck goaded the French into declaring war by altering a telegram sent by William I. Releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public , Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion , which inflamed public opinion in France .	inflamed public opinion	What was the reaction of the French people to the deceptively crafted offense in the Ems Dispatch ?
The Battle of Wörth -LRB- also known as Fröschwiller or Reichshoffen -RRB- began when the two armies clashed again on 6 August near Wörth in the town of Fröschwiller , about 10 miles -LRB- 16 km -RRB- from Wissembourg .	The Battle of Wörth	What battle began when two armies collided in the town of Froschwiller ?
The Battle of Wörth -LRB- also known as Fröschwiller or Reichshoffen -RRB- began when the two armies clashed again on 6 August near Wörth in the town of Fröschwiller , about 10 miles -LRB- 16 km -RRB- from Wissembourg .	6 August	On what date did the Battle of Worth begin ?
The Crown Prince of Prussia 's 3rd army had , on the quick reaction of his Chief of Staff General von Blumenthal , drawn reinforcements which brought its strength up to 140,000 troops .	140,000 troops	What was the estimated number of troops in Prussia 's 3rd Army ?
The French had been slowly reinforced and their force numbered only 35,000 .	35,000	What number of troops did France have to contend with ?
The German 3rd army did not pursue the French but remained in Alsace and moved slowly south , attacking and destroying the French garrisons in the vicinity .	Alsace	Instead of pursuing the French as they retreated , the Germans decided to remain where ?
In Prussia , some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire .	Prussia	In which country was a war against France condsidered desirable ?
In Prussia , some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire .	unification of a great German empire	What was the overarching Prussian motive in starting a war with France ?
This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck 's later statement : `` I did not doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised . ''	Chancellor Otto von Bismarck	Who had no doubts that a Franco-German war was totally necessary ?
Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia , hence giving Germans numerical superiority .	France	Who did Bismarck feel needed to be viewed as the aggressor in the conflict ?
Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia , hence giving Germans numerical superiority .	Germans numerical superiority	In bringing the southern German states to align with Prussia , what tactical outcome was achieved ?
On 18 August , the battle began when at 08:00 Moltke ordered the First and Second Armies to advance against the French positions .	18 August	On what date did the battle begin ?
On 18 August , the battle began when at 08:00 Moltke ordered the First and Second Armies to advance against the French positions .	Moltke	Who order the First and Second armies to advance against the French ?
By 12:00 , General Manstein opened up the battle before the village of Amanvillers with artillery from the 25th Infantry Division .	General Manstein	Which general opened the battle with artillery from the 25th Infantry Division ?
The battle at first appeared to favor the French with their superior Chassepot rifle .	the French	Who did the battle first appear to favor ?
By 14:30 , General Steinmetz , the commander of the First Army , unilaterally launched his VIII Corps across the Mance Ravine in which the Prussian infantry were soon pinned down by murderous rifle and mitrailleuse fire from the French positions .	General Steinmetz	Who was the commander of the First Army ?
French infantry were equipped with the breech-loading Chassepot rifle , one of the most modern mass-produced firearms in the world at the time .	Chassepot rifle	What modern , mass-produced weapon were the French infantry provided ?
With a rubber ring seal and a smaller bullet , the Chassepot had a maximum effective range of some 1,500 metres -LRB- 4,900 ft -RRB- with a short reloading time .	1,500 metres (4,900 ft)	What was the maximum effective range of the Chassepot rifle ?
French tactics emphasised the defensive use of the Chassepot rifle in trench-warfare style fighting -- the so-called feu de bataillon .	trench-warfare	In which type of warfare did the French best utilize the Chassepot ?
The army also possessed a precursor to the machine-gun : the mitrailleuse , which could unleash significant , concentrated firepower but nevertheless lacked range and was comparatively immobile , and thus prone to being easily overrun .	the mitrailleuse	What precedent of the machine gun did the French troops also possess ?
The mitrailleuse was mounted on an artillery gun carriage and grouped in batteries in a similar fashion to cannon .	on an artillery gun carriage	On what was the mitrailleuse mounted ?
On 1 September 1870 , the battle opened with the Army of Châlons , with 202 infantry battalions , 80 cavalry squadrons and 564 guns , attacking the surrounding Prussian Third and Meuse Armies totaling 222 infantry battalions , 186 cavalry squadrons and 774 guns .	1 September 1870	On which date did the battle begin with the Army of Chalons attacking various Prussian divisions ?
General De Wimpffen , the commander of the French V Corps in reserve , hoped to launch a combined infantry and cavalry attack against the Prussian XI Corps .	General De Wimpffen	Who commanded the French V Corps in reserve ?
But by 11:00 , Prussian artillery took a toll on the French while more Prussian troops arrived on the battlefield .	more Prussian troops	As the French were hard-hit by the Prussian artillery , what continued to show up to the battlefield ?
The French cavalry , commanded by General Marguerite , launched three desperate attacks on the nearby village of Floing where the Prussian XI Corps was concentrated .	General Marguerite	Which commander of the French calvary led three desperate attacks on Floing ?
The French lost over 17,000 men , killed or wounded , with 21,000 captured .	over 17,000 men	How many casualties did the French suffer ?
A pre-war plan laid out by the late Marshal Niel called for a strong French offensive from Thionville towards Trier and into the Prussian Rhineland .	Marshal Niel	Pre-war , who planned for a strong French offensive ?
A pre-war plan laid out by the late Marshal Niel called for a strong French offensive from Thionville towards Trier and into the Prussian Rhineland .	the Prussian Rhineland	From Thionville towards Trier , what was the final destination of the offensive ?
This plan was discarded in favour of a defensive plan by Generals Charles Frossard and Bartélemy Lebrun , which called for the Army of the Rhine to remain in a defensive posture near the German border and repel any Prussian offensive .	Bartélemy Lebrun	Niel 's plan was cast aside in favour of a plan by General Frossard and what other general ??
This plan was discarded in favour of a defensive plan by Generals Charles Frossard and Bartélemy Lebrun , which called for the Army of the Rhine to remain in a defensive posture near the German border and repel any Prussian offensive .	Army of the Rhine	The new plan called for which army to remain in a defensive grouping at the German border ?
On the French side , planning after the disaster at Wissembourg had become essential .	the disaster at Wissembourg	Which disaster made French planning supremely essential ?
General Le Bœuf , flushed with anger , was intent upon going on the offensive over the Saar and countering their loss .	General Le Bœuf	Which general was determined to go on the attack over Saar ?
However , planning for the next encounter was more based upon the reality of unfolding events rather than emotion or pride , as Intendant General Wolff told him and his staff that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible .	the reality of unfolding events	Planning for the next battle was less based on emotion and more focused on what ?
However , planning for the next encounter was more based upon the reality of unfolding events rather than emotion or pride , as Intendant General Wolff told him and his staff that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible .	General Wolff	Who told LeBoeuf that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible ?
Therefore , the armies of France would take up a defensive position that would protect against every possible attack point , but also left the armies unable to support each other .	a defensive position	What did the French armies decide on to protect against every possible attack point ?
Following the Army of the Loire 's defeats , Gambetta turned to General Faidherbe 's Army of the North .	Army of the Loire's	What army 's defeats turned Gambetta to the Army of the North ?
Following the Army of the Loire 's defeats , Gambetta turned to General Faidherbe 's Army of the North .	General Faidherbe	Who led the Army of the North ?
The army had achieved several small victories at towns such as Ham , La Hallue , and Amiens and was protected by the belt of fortresses in northern France , allowing Faidherbe 's men to launch quick attacks against isolated Prussian units , then retreat behind the fortresses .	belt of fortresses	Several smaller victories were acheived by the protection of what ?
The army had achieved several small victories at towns such as Ham , La Hallue , and Amiens and was protected by the belt of fortresses in northern France , allowing Faidherbe 's men to launch quick attacks against isolated Prussian units , then retreat behind the fortresses .	northern France	The belt of fortresses were in what area of France ?
The army had achieved several small victories at towns such as Ham , La Hallue , and Amiens and was protected by the belt of fortresses in northern France , allowing Faidherbe 's men to launch quick attacks against isolated Prussian units , then retreat behind the fortresses .	Faidherbe's	This position in the north allowed whose men to launch fast attacks against Prussian units ?
Despite odds of four to one , the III Corps launched a risky attack .	four to one	What odds were at stake for the attack launched by the III Corps ?
The French were routed and the III Corps captured Vionville , blocking any further escape attempts to the west .	Vionville	What town were the III Corps able to capture ?
The French were routed and the III Corps captured Vionville , blocking any further escape attempts to the west .	escape attempts	In capturing Vionville , what was further blocked in the west ?
The battle soon erupted , and III Corps was shattered by incessant cavalry charges , losing over half its soldiers .	incessant cavalry charges	With battle at Metz , what factor shattered the efforts of III Corps ?
The German Official History recorded 15,780 casualties and French casualties of 13,761 men .	15,780	The Germans recorded how many causualties in the battle ?
With the defeat of the First Army , Prince Frederick Charles ordered a massed artillery attack against Canrobert 's position at St. Privat to prevent the Guards attack from failing too .	Prince Frederick Charles	Which prince ordered an artillery attack against Canrobert ?
With the defeat of the First Army , Prince Frederick Charles ordered a massed artillery attack against Canrobert 's position at St. Privat to prevent the Guards attack from failing too .	defeat of the First Army,	Which army 's defeat compelled Prince Charles to attack ?
At 19:00 the 3rd Division of Fransecky 's II Corps of the Second Army advanced across Ravine while the XII Corps cleared out the nearby town of Roncourt and with the survivors of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a fresh attack against the ruins of St. Privat .	Roncourt	As the Second Army pushed into Ravine , the XII Corps cleared out which adjacent town ?
At 19:00 the 3rd Division of Fransecky 's II Corps of the Second Army advanced across Ravine while the XII Corps cleared out the nearby town of Roncourt and with the survivors of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a fresh attack against the ruins of St. Privat .	ruins of St. Privat	The surving soldiers of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a new attack against what ?
The next morning , the French Army of the Rhine , rather than resume the battle with an attack of its own against the battle-weary German armies , retreated to Metz where they were besieged and forced to surrender two months later .	French Army of the Rhine	Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later ?
When the war began , the French government ordered a blockade of the North German coasts , which the small North German navy -LRB- Norddeutsche Bundesmarine -RRB- with only five ironclads could do little to oppose .	North German coasts	A blockade of what coastline was ordered by the French government at the start of the war ?
When the war began , the French government ordered a blockade of the North German coasts , which the small North German navy -LRB- Norddeutsche Bundesmarine -RRB- with only five ironclads could do little to oppose .	only five	The small North German navy had how many ironclads at their disposal ?
For most of the war , the three largest German ironclads were out of service with engine troubles ; only the turret ship SMS Arminius was available to conduct operations .	SMS Arminius	What was the name of the only turret ship that was able to conduct operations ?
Spotting a blockade-runner became unwelcome because of the question du charbon ; pursuit of Prussian ships quickly depleted the coal reserves of the French ships .	coal reserves	In pursuing Prussian ships , what resource was quickly depleted ?
The Battle of Spicheren , on 5 August , was the second of three critical French defeats .	Battle of Spicheren	Which battle was the second of three key French losses ?
The Battle of Spicheren , on 5 August , was the second of three critical French defeats .	5 August	On what date did the battle of Spicheren take place ?
Moltke had originally planned to keep Bazaine 's army on the Saar River until he could attack it with the 2nd Army in front and the 1st Army on its left flank , while the 3rd Army closed towards the rear .	the Saar River	Moltke had originally planned to kee Bazaine 's army on what river ?
The aging General von Steinmetz made an overzealous , unplanned move , leading the 1st Army south from his position on the Moselle .	General von Steinmetz	Which general 's zeal and lack of planning led to cutting off Prince Charles from his calvary ?
He moved straight toward the town of Spicheren , cutting off Prince Frederick Charles from his forward cavalry units in the process .	Spicheren	Which town was the site of General von Steinmetz 's grave error ?
The Prussian General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be extremely effective , in contrast to the traditional French school .	extremely effective	The General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be what ?
This was in large part due to the fact that the Prussian General Staff was created to study previous Prussian operations and learn to avoid mistakes .	previous Prussian operations	What was key factor did the Prussian General Staff study ?
This was in large part due to the fact that the Prussian General Staff was created to study previous Prussian operations and learn to avoid mistakes .	learn to avoid mistakes	What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations ?
The structure also greatly strengthened Moltke 's ability to control large formations spread out over significant distances .	significant distances	The structure also reinforced Moltke 's ability control large formations spread out over what ?
The Chief of the General Staff , effectively the commander in chief of the Prussian army , was independent of the minister of war and answered only to the monarch .	The Chief of the General Staff	Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army ?
The Germans expected to negotiate an end to the war but immediately ordered an advance on Paris ; by 15 September Moltke issued the orders for an investment of Paris and on 20 September the encirclement was complete .	an end to the war	What did the Germans expect to negotiate ?
The Germans expected to negotiate an end to the war but immediately ordered an advance on Paris ; by 15 September Moltke issued the orders for an investment of Paris and on 20 September the encirclement was complete .	20 September	On what date was the encirclement of Paris complete ?
Bismarck met Favre on 18 September at the Château de Ferrières and demanded a frontier immune to a French war of revenge , which included Strasbourg , Alsace and most the Moselle department in Lorraine of which Metz was the capital .	18 September	Bismarck and Favre met on what date ?
Bismarck met Favre on 18 September at the Château de Ferrières and demanded a frontier immune to a French war of revenge , which included Strasbourg , Alsace and most the Moselle department in Lorraine of which Metz was the capital .	the Château de Ferrières	What was the location of Bismarck and Favre 's meeting ?
In return for an armistice for the French to elect a National Assembly , Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and the fortress city of Toul .	Toul	Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and what fortress city ?
By 16:50 , with the Prussian southern attacks in danger of breaking up , the Prussian 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade of the Second Army opened an attack against the French positions at St. Privat which were commanded by General Canrobert .	breaking up	By late afternoon , what were the Prussian southern attacks at risk of ?
By 16:50 , with the Prussian southern attacks in danger of breaking up , the Prussian 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade of the Second Army opened an attack against the French positions at St. Privat which were commanded by General Canrobert .	General Canrobert	Which Prussian general commanded the attack against the French at St. Privat ?
All of the Prussian Guard attacks were pinned down by lethal French gunfire from the rifle pits and trenches .	lethal French gunfire	What factor immobilised the Prussian Guard ?
By 18:30 , a considerable portion of the VII and VIII Corps disengaged from the fighting and withdrew towards the Prussian positions at Rezonville .	Rezonville	By nightfall a major component of the VII and VII Corps withdrew towards what Prussian position ?
The Prussian Army , under the terms of the armistice , held a brief victory parade in Paris on 17 February ; the city was silent and draped with black and the Germans quickly withdrew .	a brief victory parade	What did the Prussian Army hold in Paris on 17 February ?
The Prussian Army , under the terms of the armistice , held a brief victory parade in Paris on 17 February ; the city was silent and draped with black and the Germans quickly withdrew .	the terms of the armistice	Under what provision was the Prussian Army permitted to have a victory parade ?
Bismarck honoured the armistice , by allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to the east of the city , prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity .	food	To hounour the armistice , Bismarck allowed train loads of what into Paris ?
Bismarck honoured the armistice , by allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to the east of the city , prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity .	five billion franc	France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity ?
An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people , predominantly middle-class , went to the countryside .	200,000	An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside ?
When the news arrived at Paris of the surrender at Sedan of Napoleon III and 80,000 men , the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris , which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu , Favre and Gambetta at Paris on 4 September , the new government calling itself the Government of National Defence .	Napoleon III	Whose surrender hit Paris as big news ?
When the news arrived at Paris of the surrender at Sedan of Napoleon III and 80,000 men , the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris , which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu , Favre and Gambetta at Paris on 4 September , the new government calling itself the Government of National Defence .	the Second Empire	Which empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris ?
When the news arrived at Paris of the surrender at Sedan of Napoleon III and 80,000 men , the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris , which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu , Favre and Gambetta at Paris on 4 September , the new government calling itself the Government of National Defence .	Provisional Government and a Third Republic	The uprising forced a proclamation of what ?
When the news arrived at Paris of the surrender at Sedan of Napoleon III and 80,000 men , the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris , which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu , Favre and Gambetta at Paris on 4 September , the new government calling itself the Government of National Defence .	Government of National Defence	How did the new government refer to itself ?
Bismarck wanted an early peace but had difficulty in finding a legitimate French authority with which to negotiate .	a legitimate French authority	Bismarck desired an early piece but lacked what in the negotiation process ?
A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France , culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan , saw the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated -LRB- Napoleon III had been captured at Sedan on 2 September -RRB- .	eastern France	A series of Prussian and German victories took place in what part of France ?
A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France , culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan , saw the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated -LRB- Napoleon III had been captured at Sedan on 2 September -RRB- .	Siege of Metz	What seige did these victories lead to ?
A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France , culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan , saw the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated -LRB- Napoleon III had been captured at Sedan on 2 September -RRB- .	Battle of Sedan	What battle was a result of the Prussian and German victories in eastern France ?
A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France , culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan , saw the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated -LRB- Napoleon III had been captured at Sedan on 2 September -RRB- .	the army of the Second Empire	Which army definitively defeated Napolean III ?
A Government of National Defence declared the Third Republic in Paris on 4 September and continued the war and for another five months , the German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France .	4 September	On what date did the Government of National Defence declare the the Third Republic in Paris ?
Some historians argue that Napoleon III also sought war , particularly for the diplomatic defeat in 1866 in leveraging any benefits from the Austro-Prussian War , and he believed he would win a conflict with Prussia .	war	Some historians counter that Napolean III sought what ?
Some historians argue that Napoleon III also sought war , particularly for the diplomatic defeat in 1866 in leveraging any benefits from the Austro-Prussian War , and he believed he would win a conflict with Prussia .	Prussia	Napoleon III belived he would win the Astro-Prussian war and win a conflict with what country ?
They also argue that he wanted a war to resolve growing domestic political problems .	domestic political problems	It is also argued that Napoleon III thought a war would resolve the growing issue of what ?
On 8 May 1870 , shortly before the war , French voters had overwhelmingly supported Napoleon III 's program in a national plebiscite , with 7,358,000 votes yes against 1,582,000 votes no , an increase of support of two million votes since the legislative elections in 1869 .	a national plebiscite	Before the war , French voters overwhelming supported what program of Napoleon III ?
According to Milza , the Emperor had no need for a war to increase his popularity .	Milza	Who proposed that Emperor needed no war to increase his public appeal ?
To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace-Lorraine , Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of northern Germany as soon as war began .	invasion of northern Germany	What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack ?
The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war , with its 50,000-strong army and the Royal Danish Navy .	Denmark	What country were the French hoping to be allied with ?
The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war , with its 50,000-strong army and the Royal Danish Navy .	the Royal Danish Navy	What military strength could Denmark to France in a war ?
It was discovered that Prussia had recently built defences around the big North German ports , including coastal artillery batteries with Krupp heavy artillery , which with a range of 4,000 yards -LRB- 3,700 m -RRB- , had double the range of French naval guns .	defences	What had Prussia been discovered building around big north German ports ?
The French Navy lacked the heavy guns to engage the coastal defences and the topography of the Prussian coast made a seaborne invasion of northern Germany impossible .	heavy guns	What did the French navy lack in engaging coastal defenses ?
The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts .	conscripts	What was the Prussian Army composed of , instead of regulars ?
Service was compulsory for all of men of military age , and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war .	of military age	Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature ?
Service was compulsory for all of men of military age , and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war .	1,000,000	Together , Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers ?
German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery offensively whenever possible .	Cannae	What is an example of a German encirclement battle ?
German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery offensively whenever possible .	encirclement battles	German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy ?
In addition , the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model ; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking .	military education	What Prussian system was superior to the French example ?
In addition , the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model ; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking .	independent thinking	Prussian military officers were trained to exude what type thinking ?
Indeed , this was Moltke 's expectation .	Moltke	What commander of the General Staff held the expectaion of independent thinking in his officers ?
The French , meanwhile , suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development .	intellectual development	What did the French dearth of an education and promotion system stifle ?
According to the military historian Dallas Irvine , the system `` was almost completely effective in excluding the army 's brain power from the staff and high command .	Dallas Irvine	Which military historian criticized the French system as being defective ?
The French breech-loading rifle , the Chassepot , had a far longer range than the German needle gun ; 1,500 yards -LRB- 1,400 m -RRB- compared to 600 yd -LRB- 550 m -RRB- .	longer range	What aspect of the Chassepot was superior to the German needle gun ?
The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon , the mitrailleuse , which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd -LRB- 1,100 m -RRB- .	the mitrailleuse	What French weapon was considered a rough prototype of the first machine gun ?
The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon , the mitrailleuse , which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd -LRB- 1,100 m -RRB- .	thirty-seven barrels	How many barrels did the mitrailleuse feature ?
The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon , the mitrailleuse , which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd -LRB- 1,100 m -RRB- .	1,200 yd (1,100 m)	What was the range of the mitrailleuse ?
It was developed in such secrecy , that little training with the weapon had occurred , leaving French gunners with no experience ; the gun was treated like artillery and in this role it was ineffective .	artillery	Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective
The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III .	French Army of Châlons	The French Marines and naval infantry were dispatched to reinforce what ?
The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III .	at Sedan	The French navy fell captive where ?
The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III .	Napoleon III	Who also was captured at Sedan ?
As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships , the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter .	the North Sea	The autumn storms of what sea forced the return of yet more French ships ?
As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships , the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter .	September 1870	On which rough date did the French navy abandon their blockade ?
Marshal MacMahon , now closest to Wissembourg , spread his four divisions over 20 miles -LRB- 32 km -RRB- to react to any Prussian invasion .	Marshal MacMahon	Which marshal was closest to Wissembourg ?
Marshal MacMahon , now closest to Wissembourg , spread his four divisions over 20 miles -LRB- 32 km -RRB- to react to any Prussian invasion .	four divisions	How many divisions did MacMahon command ?
Marshal MacMahon , now closest to Wissembourg , spread his four divisions over 20 miles -LRB- 32 km -RRB- to react to any Prussian invasion .	20 miles	Over how many miles did MacMahon 's divisions cover ?
What made a bad situation much worse was the conduct of General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot , commander of the 1st Division .	General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot	Whose conduct made a bad situation worse ?
What made a bad situation much worse was the conduct of General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot , commander of the 1st Division .	the 1st Division	What group did General Ducrot command ?
During the war , the Paris National Guard , particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris , had become highly politicised and units elected officers ; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government .	Paris National Guard	What became highly politicised during the war ?
During the war , the Paris National Guard , particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris , had become highly politicised and units elected officers ; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government .	working-class neighbourhoods	In what type of neighborhoods did the occur especially ?
During the war , the Paris National Guard , particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris , had become highly politicised and units elected officers ; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government .	uniforms	What did the National Guard refuse to wear ?
During the war , the Paris National Guard , particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris , had become highly politicised and units elected officers ; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government .	commands from the national government	What did the National Guard refuse to obey ?
The red flag replaced the French tricolour and a civil war began between the Commune and the regular army , which attacked and recaptured Paris from 21 -- 28 May in La Semaine Sanglante -LRB- Bloody week -RRB- .	21–28 May	On which dates did La Semaine Sanglante occur in Paris ?
While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth , the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken .	General MacMahon	Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth ?
While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth , the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken .	German 3rd Army	Which German divisison did MacMahon engage ?
While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth , the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken .	Steinmetz	Who commanded the German 1st Army ?
A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard 's army farther off on a distant plateau south of the town of Spicheren , and took this as a sign of Frossard 's retreat .	decoy fires	What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated ?
Ignoring Moltke 's plan again , both German armies attacked Frossard 's French 2nd Corps , fortified between Spicheren and Forbach .	Moltke's	Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard ?
The casualties were horrible , especially for the attacking Prussian forces .	the attacking Prussian forces	Who were the casualties especially terrible for ?
A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed , wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle .	20,163	What was the grand total of German casualties and those missing in action ?
The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war -LRB- half of them were wounded -RRB- for a total of 12,275 .	7,855	What were the number of French killed and wounded ?
The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war -LRB- half of them were wounded -RRB- for a total of 12,275 .	4,420	What was the number of French prisoners ?
While most of the Prussians fell under the French Chassepot rifles , most French fell under the Prussian Krupp shells .	French Chassepot rifles	What did most Prussians fall under ?
While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia , Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense , declared on 6 September that France would not `` yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses . ''	war reparations	What was the republican government amenable to ?
While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia , Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense , declared on 6 September that France would not `` yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses . ''	Favre	Who declared that France would not yield `` an inch of its territory ? ''
While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia , Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense , declared on 6 September that France would not `` yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses . ''	Government of National Defense	Who was Favre speaking on behalf of ?
While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia , Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense , declared on 6 September that France would not `` yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses . ''	6 September	When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories ?
The republic then renewed the declaration of war , called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre à outrance .	declaration of war	What did this cause the Republic to renew ?
Albrecht von Roon , the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873 , put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s .	Albrecht von Roon	Who was the Prussian Minister of War ?
Albrecht von Roon , the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873 , put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s .	1859 to 1873	What was the time span that von Roon acted as minister ?
Albrecht von Roon , the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873 , put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s .	reforms	He instituted a series of what regarding the Prussian military ?
The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army and the Landwehr reserves .	a reorganization of the army	What was the first step in the reforms ?
The second was the provision for the conscription of every male Prussian of military age in the event of mobilization .	the conscription of every male	What was the second reform ?
The French were equipped with bronze , rifled muzzle-loading artillery , while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns , which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire .	bronze, rifled muzzle-loading	What type of artillery were the French equipped with ?
The French were equipped with bronze , rifled muzzle-loading artillery , while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns , which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire .	steel breech-loading guns	What newer artillery were Prussians using ?
Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire , which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition .	ammunition	What did the French believe was overly wasted in artillery with a higher rate of fire ?
In addition , the Prussian artillery batteries had 30 % more guns than their French counterparts .	30% more	The Prussian artillery batteries had what percentage more of guns than the French ?
The Prussian guns typically opened fire at a range of 2 -- 3 kilometres -LRB- 1.2 -- 1.9 mi -RRB- , beyond the range of French artillery or the Chassepot rifle .	2–3 kilometres	What was the typical range that Prussian guns could fire ?
On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians .	28 January 1871	On what date did the Government of National Defence negotiate an armistice ?
On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians .	the Prussians	With whom did the French government negotiate ?
With Paris starving , and Gambetta 's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another , French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck .	starving	What consequence of war were Parisians suffering ?
With Paris starving , and Gambetta 's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another , French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck .	Favre	Which French minister traveled to Versailles to discuss peace ?
With Paris starving , and Gambetta 's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another , French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck .	24 January	What was the date on which jFarve and Bismarck met ?
During the fighting , the Communards killed c. 500 people , including the Archbishop of Paris , and burned down many government buildings , including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville .	500 people	How many were killed by the Communards ?
During the fighting , the Communards killed c. 500 people , including the Archbishop of Paris , and burned down many government buildings , including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville .	Archbishop of Paris	Which religious official was also killed during the fighting ?
During the fighting , the Communards killed c. 500 people , including the Archbishop of Paris , and burned down many government buildings , including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville .	government buildings	What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down ?
During the fighting , the Communards killed c. 500 people , including the Archbishop of Paris , and burned down many government buildings , including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville .	Tuileries Palace	What famous palace was also burned down ?
More recent histories , based on studies of the number buried in Paris cemeteries and in mass graves after the fall of the Commune , put the number killed at between 6,000 and 10,000 .	between 6,000 and 10,000	What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed ?
At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War , 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them , the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration .	462,000	At the start of the war , how many German troops were focused on the French frontier ?
At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War , 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them , the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration .	270,000	How many French troops were available to stand again the Germans ?
Each Prussian Corps was based within a Kreis -LRB- literally `` circle '' -RRB- around the chief city in an area .	literally "circle"	What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word `` Kreis ? ''
At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War , 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them , the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration .	having lost 100,000 stragglers	What did the French military numbers suffer from the most ?
The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years .	military thinking	The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what ?
Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system , the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry .	general staff system	Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system ?
The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914 , exemplified in the French 75 , an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry .	European armies	Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914 ?
The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914 , exemplified in the French 75 , an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry .	advancing infantry	What was the French 75 optimised to directly support ?
Most European armies ignored the evidence of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 -- 05 which suggested that infantry armed with new smokeless-powder rifles could engage gun crews effectively .	Russo-Japanese War	Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles ?
The creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars .	Congress of Vienna	A unified German Empire ended the balance of power in which congress ?
Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world .	the main power	At the end of the Napoleonic wars , Germany had established itself as what , in continental Europe ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Although Great Britain remained the dominant world power , British involvement in European affairs during the late 19th century was very limited , allowing Germany to exercise great influence over the European mainland .	Great Britain	Who remained the dominant world power at this time ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Although Great Britain remained the dominant world power , British involvement in European affairs during the late 19th century was very limited , allowing Germany to exercise great influence over the European mainland .	very limited	British involvement in European matters in the late 19th century was considered what ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Besides , the Crown Prince 's marriage with the daughter of Queen Victoria was only the most prominent of several German -- British relationships .	the daughter of Queen Victoria	The Crown Prince 's marriage to whom was considered the most prominent of German-British royal liasons ?
At Buya in Eritrea , one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists .	Buya	Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids ?
Dated to over 1 million years old , it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans .	over 1 million years	How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea ?
It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution , and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans .	section of the Danakil Depression	What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution ?
Dated to over 1 million years old , it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans .	hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans	What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea ?
Dated to over 1 million years old , it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans .	it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind	What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea ?
The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia , noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict .	Scottish traveler	Who was James Bruce ?
The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia , noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict .	James Bruce	In 1770 , who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia ?
The Bahre-Nagassi -LRB- `` Kings of the Sea '' -RRB- alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances .	"Kings of the Sea"	How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated ?
The Bahre-Nagassi -LRB- `` Kings of the Sea '' -RRB- alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances .	geopolitical circumstances	What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians ?
That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans , who began making inroads in the Red Sea area .	16th	Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans ?
Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence , ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993 .	annexation	What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence ?
In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia , the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea .	1947	When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia , the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea ?
Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted , leading to the Eritrean -- Ethiopian War of 1998 -- 2000 and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia .	Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia	What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000 ?
Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence , ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993 .	Eritrean independence	What was the result of the War of Independence ?
The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent , distinct kingdoms and sultanates -LRB- for example , Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa -RRB- eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea .	modern-day Eritrea	What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates ?
Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group .	the Gash Group	What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of ?
Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group .	an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization	What is the Gash Group ?
Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group .	central Eritrea	Where is Agordat located ?
According to Peter Behrens -LRB- 1981 -RRB- and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches , respectively .	linguistic	What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches ?
Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group -LRB- Temehu -RRB- pastoral culture , which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500 -- 1500 BC .	between 2500–1500 BC	When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley ?
The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae , which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times .	religious	What purpose did stelae serve ?
The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae , which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times .	The Aksumites	Who erected a number of large stelae in pre-Christian times ?
One of these granite columns , the obelisk of Aksum , is the largest such structure in the world , standing at 90 feet .	the obelisk of Aksum	Which stelae is considered the largest in the world , standing at 90 feet ?
One of these granite columns , the obelisk of Aksum , is the largest such structure in the world , standing at 90 feet .	Aksum	Where is the Ark of the Covenant believed to be resting ?
One of these granite columns , the obelisk of Aksum , is the largest such structure in the world , standing at 90 feet .	Aksum	Who eventually adopted Christianity under Ezana ?
The nation holds a seat on the United Nations ' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions -LRB- ACABQ -RRB- .	ACABQ	What is the abbreviation for the United Nations ' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions ?
Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development , International Finance Corporation , International Criminal Police Organization -LRB- INTERPOL -RRB- , Non-Aligned Movement , Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , Permanent Court of Arbitration , and the World Customs Organization .	International Criminal Police Organization	What does the acronym INTERPOL stand for ?
Eritrea is a member of the United Nations , the African Union , and is an observing member of the Arab League .	Arab League	Which league is Eritrea an observing member of ?
Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales , who also governed the port of Adulis .	Zoskales	Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis ?
The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency .	by minting their own Aksumite currency	How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade ?
The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula , eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom .	on the Arabian peninsula	Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of ?
The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula , eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom .	Himyarite Kingdom	Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula ?
The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory , which was exported throughout the ancient world .	throughout the ancient world	Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ?
The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888 , and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911 .	1888	When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati ?
The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888 , and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911 .	1911	When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands ?
The Asmara -- Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time , but was later dismantled by the British in World War II .	The Asmara–Massawa Cableway	What was the longest line in the world during its time ?
The Asmara -- Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time , but was later dismantled by the British in World War II .	the British	Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway ?
It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa , and employed many Eritreans in public service , particularly in the police and public works departments .	police and public works departments	In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed ?
Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A -LRB- V -RRB- in December 1950 , Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States .	United States	Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950 ?
Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A -LRB- V -RRB- in December 1950 , Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States .	390A(V)	Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor ?
The federal government , which for all intents and purposes was the existing imperial government , was to control foreign affairs -LRB- including commerce -RRB- , defense , finance , and transportation .	foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation	What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A -LRB- V -RRB- ??
The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence , but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy .	independence	Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A -LRB- V -RRB- ignore ?
The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence , but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy .	democratic rights and a measure of autonomy	What did Resolution 390A -LRB- V -RRB- guarantee the population of Eritrea ?
Additionally , the Italian Eritrea administration opened a number of new factories , which produced buttons , cooking oil , pasta , construction materials , packing meat , tobacco , hide and other household commodities .	a number of new factories	What did the Eritrea administration open to produce products such as buttons and construction materials ?
In 1939 , there were around 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens .	around 2,198	How many factories were in Eritrea by 1939 ?
In 1939 , there were around 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens .	Eritrean citizens	Who were the main employees in the factories of Eritrea ?
The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities .	Italians	Besides Eritreans , which other nationality increased its city population because of new industries ?
The number of Italians residing in the territory increased from 4,600 to 75,000 in five years ; and with the involvement of Eritreans in the industries , trade and fruit plantation was expanded across the nation , while some of the plantations were owned by Eritreans .	from 4,600 to 75,000	How much did the number of Italians residing in Eritrea increase in 5 years due to factories being built ?
Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region .	Lions	What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region ?
In December 2001 a herd of about 30 , including 10 juveniles , was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River .	about 30	In December 2001 , how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River ?
The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons , with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants , while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system .	olive baboons	What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with ?
Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds , and they are thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence .	elephant	Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence ?
Eritrea can be split into three ecoregions .	three	How many ecoregions make up Eritrea ?
The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another.The highest point of the country , Emba Soira , is located in the center of Eritrea , at 3,018 meters -LRB- 9,902 ft -RRB- above sea level .	Emba Soira	What is the highest point in Eritrea ?
The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another.The highest point of the country , Emba Soira , is located in the center of Eritrea , at 3,018 meters -LRB- 9,902 ft -RRB- above sea level .	in the center of Eritrea	Where is Emba Soira located ?
The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another.The highest point of the country , Emba Soira , is located in the center of Eritrea , at 3,018 meters -LRB- 9,902 ft -RRB- above sea level .	3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level	How high is Emba Soira ?
The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another.The highest point of the country , Emba Soira , is located in the center of Eritrea , at 3,018 meters -LRB- 9,902 ft -RRB- above sea level .	The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression	What is the probably location in Eritrea where three tectonic plates are pulling away from each other ?
It is estimated that there are around 100 elephants left in Eritrea , the most northerly of East Africa 's elephants .	around 100	How many elephants are believed to be left in Eritrea ?
In Gash Barka , deadly snakes like saw-scaled viper are common .	deadly	What type of snakes are common in Gash Barka ?
Puff adder and red spitting cobra are widespread and can be found even in the highlands.In the coastal areas marine species that are common include dolphin , dugong , whale shark , turtles , marlin/swordfish , and manta ray .	widespread	Where in Eritrea can puff adder and red spitting cobra be found ?
Puff adder and red spitting cobra are widespread and can be found even in the highlands.In the coastal areas marine species that are common include dolphin , dugong , whale shark , turtles , marlin/swordfish , and manta ray .	coastal areas	Where in Eritrea are marine species such as dolphin , turtles and manta ray found ?
The endangered African wild dog -LRB- Lycaon pictus -RRB- was previously found in Eritrea , but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country .	African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)	Which dog , previously found in Eritrea , is now considered extirpated from the entire country ?
According to Human Rights Watch , the government 's human rights record is considered among the worst in the world .	among the worst	According to Human Rights Watch , how do the human rights in Eritrea compare to the rest of the world ?
In June 2015 , a 500-page United Nations Human Rights Council report accused Eritrea 's government of extrajudicial executions , torture , indefinitely prolonged national service and forced labour , and indicated that sexual harassment , rape and sexual servitude by state officials are also widespread .	sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude	According to a 500-page UN Human Rights Council report , what was widespread behavior by state officials in Eritrea ?
Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed .	a one-party state	What type of state government exists in Eritrea ?
Most Western countries have accused the Eritrean authorities of arbitrary arrest and detentions , and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism .	for their political activism	According to many western countries , why have Eritrean authorities detained an unknown number of people ?
In June 2015 , a 500-page United Nations Human Rights Council report accused Eritrea 's government of extrajudicial executions , torture , indefinitely prolonged national service and forced labour , and indicated that sexual harassment , rape and sexual servitude by state officials are also widespread .	2015	In what year was the United Nations Human Rights Council report written ?
In an attempt at reform , Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues .	In an attempt at reform	Why have Eritrean government officials participated in numerous meetings with NGO representatives ?
In 2007 , the Eritrean government also banned female genital mutilation .	female genital mutilation	What did the Eritrean government ban in 2007 ?
Additionally , a new movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009 .	Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea	What new movement is aimed at opening dialogue between the government and opposition ?
The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government .	some people close to the government	Who , along with ordinary citizens , makes up the Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea ?
They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this .	health concerns and individual freedom	What are the main concerns Eritreans speak about in terms of female circumcision ?
In its 2014 Press Freedom Index , Reporters Without Borders ranked the media environment in Eritrea at the very bottom of a list of 178 countries , just below totalitarian North Korea .	Reporters Without Borders	In the 2014 Press Freedom Index , what organization ranked the media environment in Eritrea as the worse of 178 countries ?
In its 2014 Press Freedom Index , Reporters Without Borders ranked the media environment in Eritrea at the very bottom of a list of 178 countries , just below totalitarian North Korea .	just below	How did Reporters Without Borders rank the media environment of Eritrea compared to totalitarian North Korea ?
Independent media have been banned since 2001 .	Independent	What type of media has been banned from Eritrea since 2001 ?
According to the BBC , `` Eritrea is the only African country to have no privately owned news media '' , and Reporters Without Borders said of the public media , '' -LSB- they -RSB- do nothing but relay the regime 's belligerent and ultra-nationalist discourse .	Eritrea	According to the BBC , which African country is the only one that has no privately owned news media ?
... Not a single -LSB- foreign correspondent -RSB- now lives in Asmara . ''	Asmara	According to Reporters Without Borders , where does n't a single foreign news correspondent live ?
Even during the war , Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure by asphalting new roads , improving its ports , and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo Program .	Warsay Yika'alo	Under which program did Eritrea develp and repair its transportation infrastructure during the war ?
The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting Massawa with Asseb , as well as the rehabilitation of the Eritrean Railway .	more than 500 km	How long was the coastal highway between Massawa and Asseb ?
Steam locomotives are sometimes used for groups of enthusiasts .	Steam	What type of locomotives are sometimes used on the Eritrean Railway to cater to groups of enthusiasts ?
The rail line has been restored between the port of Massawa and the capital Asmara , although services are sporadic .	Asmara	What is the capital of Eritrea ?
The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting Massawa with Asseb , as well as the rehabilitation of the Eritrean Railway .	Eritrean	Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program ?
The nation has no official language , as the Constitution establishes the `` equality of all Eritrean languages '' .	The nation has no official language	What is the official language of Eritrea ?
However , Tigrinya serves as the de facto language of national identity .	Tigrinya	What was the most widely spoken language in Eritrea in 2006 ?
The nation has no official language , as the Constitution establishes the `` equality of all Eritrean languages '' .	equality	What does the Constitution establish of all Eritrean languages ?
Modern Standard Arabic and English serve as de facto working languages , with the latter used in university education and many technical fields .	Modern Standard Arabic and English	What languages serve as de facto working languages in Eritrea ?
Modern Standard Arabic and English serve as de facto working languages , with the latter used in university education and many technical fields .	English	What language is used in Eritrean university education and many technical fields ?
Eritrea has achieved significant improvements in health care and is one of the few countries to be on target to meet its Millennium Development Goal -LRB- MDG -RRB- targets in health , in particular child health .	child health	Which part of Eritrea 's health care goals have they been most successful in ?
Life expectancy at birth has increased from 39.1 in 1960 to 59.5 years in 2008 , maternal and child mortality rates have dropped dramatically and the health infrastructure has been expanded .	39.1	What was the Eritrean life expectancy at birth in 1960 ?
Life expectancy at birth has increased from 39.1 in 1960 to 59.5 years in 2008 , maternal and child mortality rates have dropped dramatically and the health infrastructure has been expanded .	59.5	What was the Eritrean life expectancy st birth in 2008 ?
The Eritrean government has banned female genital mutilation -LRB- FGM -RRB- , saying the practice was painful and put women at risk of life-threatening health problems .	female genital mutilation	Which practice was banned by the Eritrean government with claimes it is painful and has life-threatening health problems for women ?
The National Malaria Protection Unit of the Ministry of Health has registered tremendous improvements in reducing malarial mortality by as much as 85 % and the number of cases by 92 % between 1998 and 2006 .	85%	How much did the National Malaria Protection Unit reduce malarial mortality by from 1998 - 2006 ?
Additionally , owing to its colonial history , cuisine in Eritrea features more Italian influences than are present in Ethiopian cooking , including more pasta and greater use of curry powders and cumin.The Italian Eritrean cuisine started to be practiced during the colonial times of the Kingdom of Italy , when a large number of Italians moved to Eritrea .	its colonial history	Where does the Italian influences on Eritrean cuisine come from ?
Mies is another popular local alcoholic beverage , made out of honey .	honey	What is Eritrea 's popular alcoholic beverage Mies made out of ?
They brought the use of `` pasta '' to Italian Eritrea , and it is one of the main food eaten in present-day Asmara .	pasta	What food item did Italians bring to Eritrea during colonial times ?
An Italian Eritrean cuisine emerged , and dishes common dishes are ` Pasta al Sugo e Berbere ' , which means `` Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere '' -LRB- spice -RRB- , but there are many more like `` lasagna '' and `` cotoletta alla milanese '' -LRB- milano cutlet -RRB- .	"Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere" (spice)	How does ` Pasta al Sugo e Berbere ' translate in English ?
They brought the use of `` pasta '' to Italian Eritrea , and it is one of the main food eaten in present-day Asmara .	pasta	What is the main food , influenced by Italy , eaten in Eritrea 's capital today ?
The culture of Eritrea has been largely shaped by the country 's location on the Red Sea coast .	Red Sea coast	What geographical location in Eritrea has largely shaped the culture of Eritrea ?
The coffee is served in three rounds : the first brew or round is called awel in Tigrinya meaning first , the second round is called kalaay meaning second , and the third round is called bereka meaning `` to be blessed '' .	three	How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony ?
One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony .	the coffee ceremony	What is one of the most recognizable parts of Eritran culture that can be offered when visiting friends as well as being a daily staple of life ?
If coffee is politely declined , then most likely tea -LRB- `` shai '' ሻሂ shahee -RRB- will instead be served .	most likely tea	What do Eritrean 's offer a person who declines coffee ?
The coffee is served in three rounds : the first brew or round is called awel in Tigrinya meaning first , the second round is called kalaay meaning second , and the third round is called bereka meaning `` to be blessed '' .	awel	What is the first round of the coffee ceremony called ?
With its capital at Asmara , it is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast .	Sudan	What country borders Eritrea in the west ?
With its capital at Asmara , it is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast .	Ethiopia	What country borders Eritrea in the south ?
With its capital at Asmara , it is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast .	Djibouti	What country borders Eritrea in the southeast ?
The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea .	Red Sea	What extensive coastline makes up a portion of Eritrea 's East border ?
The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 -LRB- 45,406 sq mi -RRB- , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands .	117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi)	What is the total area of the nation of Eritrea ?
Amongst the Tigrinya , the best known traditional musical genre is the guaila .	guaila	What is the best know musical genre amongst the Tigrinya ?
Traditional instruments of Eritrean folk music include the stringed krar , kebero , begena , masenqo and the wata -LRB- a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin -RRB- .	a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin	What is the Eritrean traditional instrument , the wata ?
The most popular Eritrean artist is the Tigrinya singer Helen Meles , who is noted for her powerful voice and wide singing range .	Helen Meles	Who is the most popular Eritrean singing artist ?
The most popular Eritrean artist is the Tigrinya singer Helen Meles , who is noted for her powerful voice and wide singing range .	her powerful voice and wide singing range	What is Helen Meles noted for ?
Eritrea 's ethnic groups each have their own styles of music and accompanying dances .	ethnic groups	Who , in Eritrea , have their own styles of music and accompanying dance ?
During the Middle Ages , the Eritrea region was known as Medri Bahri -LRB- `` sea-land '' -RRB- .	Medri Bahri	What was the Eritrean region known as during the Middle Ages ?
During the Middle Ages , the Eritrea region was known as Medri Bahri -LRB- `` sea-land '' -RRB- .	sea-land	What is the English translation of Medri Bahri ?
Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia in 1953 -LRB- nominally within a federation until 1962 -RRB- and an Eritrean Liberation Front formed in 1960 .	1953	When was Eritrea annexed by Ethiopia ?
Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia in 1953 -LRB- nominally within a federation until 1962 -RRB- and an Eritrean Liberation Front formed in 1960 .	1960	When did the Eritrean Liberation Front form ?
Eritrea gained independence following the 1993 referendum , and the name of the new state was defined as State of Eritrea in the 1997 constitution .	following the 1993 referendum	When did Eritrea gain independence ?
In 2010 , a genetic study was conducted on the mummified remains of baboons that were brought back as gifts from Punt by the ancient Egyptians .	genetic	In 2010 , what was conducted on mummified remains of baboons ?
The researchers found that the mummies most closely matched modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia , which they suggested implied that Punt was likely a narrow region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea .	modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia	Who was determined to be the closest match for the baboon mummies ?
Led by a research team from the Egyptian Museum and the University of California , the scientists used oxygen isotope analysis to examine hairs from two baboon mummies that had been preserved in the British Museum .	oxygen isotope analysis	What type of analysis did the scientists use to examine hairs from the 2 baboon mummies formerly preserved in the British Museum ?
In 2010 , a genetic study was conducted on the mummified remains of baboons that were brought back as gifts from Punt by the ancient Egyptians .	Punt	Where did the 2 baboons ' mummified remains originate ?
The researchers found that the mummies most closely matched modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia , which they suggested implied that Punt was likely a narrow region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea .	region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea	Where did researchers suggest that Punt was located ?
After the decline of Aksum , the Eritrean highlands were under the domain of Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus .	Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus	What domain were the Eritrean highlands under after the decline of Aksum ?
It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash , the Medri Bahri -LRB- `` Sea land '' in Tingrinya , although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb , today in Ethiopia -RRB- .	Medri Bahri	What was the area in the Eritrean highlands named under Emperor Zaro Yaqob ?
With its capital at Debarwa , the state 's main provinces were Hamasien , Serae and Akele Guzai .	Debarwa	What was the capitol of Medri Bahri ?
With its capital at Debarwa , the state 's main provinces were Hamasien , Serae and Akele Guzai .	Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai	What were the main provinces of Medri Bahri ?
It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash , the Medri Bahri -LRB- `` Sea land '' in Tingrinya , although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb , today in Ethiopia -RRB- .	Sea land	What is the English translation of Medri Bahri ?
In 1922 , Benito Mussolini 's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea .	Benito Mussolini's	Whose rise to power in 1922 brought profounc change to the government in Italian Eritrea ?
After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936 , Italian Eritrea -LRB- enlarged with northern Ethiopia 's regions -RRB- and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa -LRB- Africa Orientale Italiana -RRB- administrative territory .	After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire	When was Italian Eritrea significantly enlarged ?
After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936 , Italian Eritrea -LRB- enlarged with northern Ethiopia 's regions -RRB- and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa -LRB- Africa Orientale Italiana -RRB- administrative territory .	May 1936	When was the birth of the Italian Empire declared ?
Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa .	industrial center of Italian East Africa	What was Eritrea chosen to be by the Italian government during the Italian Empire ?
After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936 , Italian Eritrea -LRB- enlarged with northern Ethiopia 's regions -RRB- and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa -LRB- Africa Orientale Italiana -RRB- administrative territory .	Italian East Africa	What does Africa Orientale Italiana mean ?
When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962 , the Eritrean Liberation Front -LRB- ELF -RRB- waged an armed struggle for independence .	Emperor Haile Selassie	Who dissolved the Eritrean parliament in 1962 ?
When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962 , the Eritrean Liberation Front -LRB- ELF -RRB- waged an armed struggle for independence .	ELF	Who waged an armed struggle for independence in 1962 after Eritrea was annexed ?
When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962 , the Eritrean Liberation Front -LRB- ELF -RRB- waged an armed struggle for independence .	Eritrean Liberation Front	What does the acroynm ELF stand for ?
The ensuing Eritrean War for Independence went on for 30 years against successive Ethiopian governments until 1991 , when the Eritrean People 's Liberation Front -LRB- EPLF -RRB- , a successor of the ELF , defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea and helped a coalition of Ethiopian rebel forces take control of the Ethiopian Capital Addis Ababa .	30 years	How long did the Eritrean War for Independence last ?
The ensuing Eritrean War for Independence went on for 30 years against successive Ethiopian governments until 1991 , when the Eritrean People 's Liberation Front -LRB- EPLF -RRB- , a successor of the ELF , defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea and helped a coalition of Ethiopian rebel forces take control of the Ethiopian Capital Addis Ababa .	EPLF	What is the acronym for Eritrean People 's Liberation Front ?
Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war .	stalemate	What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in ?
The stalemate led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council .	take action on Ethiopia	What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In 2011 , Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit in Addis Ababa , which was later supported by a UN report .	Ethiopia	Who accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In 2011 , Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit in Addis Ababa , which was later supported by a UN report .	a UN report	What supported the accusation that Eritrea planted bombs at the African Union summit ?
Eritrea denied the claims .	denied the claims	What did Eritrea do when it was accused of planting bombs at the African Union summit ?
Despite number of physicians increasing from only 0.2 in 1993 to 0.5 in 2004 per 1000 population , this is still very low .	0.5	In 2004 , how many physicians did Eritrea have per 1000 people ?
HIV prevalence among the 15 -- 49 group exceeds 2 % .	exceeds 2%	How prevalent is HIV among the 15-49 age group in Eritrea ?
The fertility rate is at about 5 births per woman .	5 births per woman	What is the fertility rate in Eriterea ?
Similarly , between 1995 and 2002 , the number of births attended by skilled health personnel has doubled but still is only 28.3 % .	28.3%	As of 2002 , how many births were attended by skilled health personnel in Eriterea ?
A major cause of death in neonates is by severe infection .	severe infection	What is a major cause of death in neonates in Eriterea ?
In the larger cities , most people dress in Western casual dress such as jeans and shirts .	Western casual	How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea ?
In offices , both men and women often dress in suits .	suits	How do both men and women often dress in offices in Eritrea ?
Traditional clothing for Christian Tigrinya-speaking highlanders consists of bright white gowns called zurias for the women , and long white shirts accompanied by white pants for the men .	bright white gowns	What are zurias , the traditional clothes still worn by Christian highlander women in Eritrea ?
In Muslim communities in the Eritrean lowland , the women traditionally dress in brightly colored clothes .	in brightly colored clothes	How do women in the Muslim communities of the Eritrean lowland dress ?
Only Rashaida women maintain a tradition of covering half of their faces , though they do not cover their hair .	Rashaida women	Who are the only women who follow the tradition of covering half of their faces , though not their hair ?
Football and cycling are the most popular sports in Eritrea .	Football and cycling	What are the most popular sports in Eritrea ?
Zersenay Tadese , an Eritrean athlete , currently holds the world record in half marathon distance running .	half marathon distance running	What world record is held by Eritrean athlete Zersenay Tadese ?
The Tour of Eritrea , a multi-stage international cycling event , is held annually throughout the country .	Tour of Eritrea	What is the name of the multi-stage international cycling event held throughout Eritrea ?
Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France when they were selected by the MTN -- Qhubeka team for the 2015 edition of the race , where , on 9 July , Teklehaimanot became the first African rider to wear the polkadot jersey .	Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus	Who became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France ?
Six Eritrean riders have been signed to international cycling teams , including Natnael Berhane and Daniel Teklehaimanot .	Daniel Teklehaimanot	Who became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a Espana in 2012 ?
During the last interglacial period , the Red Sea coast of Eritrea was occupied by early anatomically modern humans .	early anatomically modern humans	Who occupied the Red Sea coast during the last interglacial period ?
In 1999 , the Eritrean Research Project Team composed of Eritrean , Canadian , American , Dutch and French scientists discovered a Paleolithic site with stone and obsidian tools dated to over 125,000 years old near the Bay of Zula south of Massawa , along the Red Sea littoral .	over 125,000 years old	How old were the obsidian tools that were discovered by the Eritrean Research Project Team ?
In 1999 , the Eritrean Research Project Team composed of Eritrean , Canadian , American , Dutch and French scientists discovered a Paleolithic site with stone and obsidian tools dated to over 125,000 years old near the Bay of Zula south of Massawa , along the Red Sea littoral .	near the Bay of Zula	Where did the Research Project Team find the obsidian tools ?
In 1999 , the Eritrean Research Project Team composed of Eritrean , Canadian , American , Dutch and French scientists discovered a Paleolithic site with stone and obsidian tools dated to over 125,000 years old near the Bay of Zula south of Massawa , along the Red Sea littoral .	Eritrean Research Project Team	What Team was composed of Eritrean , Canadian , American , Dutch and French scientists ?
The tools are believed to have been used by early humans to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters .	to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters	What were the tools believed to have been used for by early humans ?
At the end of the 16th century , the Aussa Sultanate was established in the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea .	end of the 16th century	When was the Aussa Sultanate established ?
At the end of the 16th century , the Aussa Sultanate was established in the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea .	Denkel lowlands of Eritrea	Where was the Aussa Sultanate established ?
In 1734 , the Afar leader Kedafu , head of the Mudaito clan , seized power and established the Mudaito Dynasty .	Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan	Who was the leader of Afar in 1734 ?
In 1734 , the Afar leader Kedafu , head of the Mudaito clan , seized power and established the Mudaito Dynasty .	Mudaito Dynasty	What did Kedafu establish in 1734 ?
In 1734 , the Afar leader Kedafu , head of the Mudaito clan , seized power and established the Mudaito Dynasty .	Mudaito Dynasty	What marked the start of a new and sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period ?
In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II , Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea , a colony of the Kingdom of Italy .	1889	When did Emperor Yohannes II die ?
In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II , Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea , a colony of the Kingdom of Italy .	the Kingdom of Italy	What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of ?
In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II , Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea , a colony of the Kingdom of Italy .	the new colony of Italian Eritrea	What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast ?
In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II , Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea , a colony of the Kingdom of Italy .	1889	When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed ?
His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelek II -LRB- r. 1889 -- 1913 -RRB- made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory .	1889–1913	What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding ?
In the 1950s , the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland .	Eritrea and Italian Somaliland	What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950 's ?
The British and Americans preferred to cede all of Eritrea except the Western province to the Ethiopians as a reward for their support during World War II .	as a reward for their support during World War II	Why did the British and Americans want to cede most of Eritrea to the Ethiopians ?
In the 1950s , the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland .	Emperor Haile Selassie	Who laid claim to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt ?
The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties consistently requested from the UN General Assembly that a referendum be held immediately to settle the Eritrean question of sovereignty .	The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties	Who consistently requested that a referendum be held immediately to settle the question of Eritrean sovereignty ?
The British and Americans preferred to cede all of Eritrea except the Western province to the Ethiopians as a reward for their support during World War II .	The British and Americans	Who did Ethiopians support in World War II ?
The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification .	according to the road classification	How is the Eritrean highway system named ?
Typically they are improved earth roads which are occasionally paved .	improved earth roads which are occasionally paved	What are T roads , the lowest level that typically serves local interests ?
The three levels of classification are : primary -LRB- P -RRB- , secondary -LRB- S -RRB- , and tertiary -LRB- T -RRB- .	primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T)	What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea ?
The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals .	single-layered asphalt road	What are S roads , the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals ?
Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted -LRB- throughout their entire length -RRB- and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Eritrea .	fully asphalted (throughout their entire length)	What are P roads , those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea ?
According to recent estimates , 50 % of the population adheres to Christianity , Islam 48 % , while 2 % of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism .	50%	What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity ?
According to recent estimates , 50 % of the population adheres to Christianity , Islam 48 % , while 2 % of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism .	48%	What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam ?
All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process .	a registration process	What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo ?
Since May 2002 , the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church -LRB- Oriental Orthodox -RRB- , Sunni Islam , the Eritrean Catholic Church -LRB- a Metropolitanate sui juris -RRB- and the Evangelical Lutheran church .	May 2002	When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches ?
Among other things , the government 's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to worship .	personal information	What does the government 's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership ?
Education in Eritrea is officially compulsory between seven and 13 years of age .	between seven and 13 years of age	What ages are officially compulsary for education in Eritrea ?
Statistics vary at the elementary level , suggesting that between 65 and 70 % of school-aged children attend primary school ; Approximately 61 % attend secondary school .	70%	What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend primary school ?
Statistics vary at the elementary level , suggesting that between 65 and 70 % of school-aged children attend primary school ; Approximately 61 % attend secondary school .	61%	What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school ?
Student-teacher ratios are high : 45 to 1 at the elementary level and 54 to 1 at the secondary level .	45 to 1	What is the student-teacher ratio in elementary schools ?
Student-teacher ratios are high : 45 to 1 at the elementary level and 54 to 1 at the secondary level .	54 to 1	What is the student-teacher ratio in secondary schools ?
A typical traditional Eritrean dish consists of injera accompanied by a spicy stew , which frequently includes beef , kid , lamb or fish .	beef, kid, lamb or fish	What meat does a traditional Eritrean stew consist of ?
Overall , Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles those of neighboring Ethiopia , Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine on account of their coastal location .	Ethiopia	Which neighbor does Eritrean cuisine strongly resemble ?
Overall , Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles those of neighboring Ethiopia , Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine on account of their coastal location .	their coastal location	Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine ?
Eritrean dishes are also frequently `` lighter '' in texture than Ethiopian meals .	lighter	How does the texture of Eritrean dishes compare to Ethiopian meals ?
They likewise tend to employ less seasoned butter and spices and more tomatoes , as in the tsebhi dorho delicacy .	seasoned butter and spices	What ingredients fo Eritreans tend to use less of than Ethiopians ?
Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials .	Depleted	What kind of uranium is sometimes used to shield radioactive materials in containers ?
While the metal itself is radioactive , its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium .	radium	What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium ?
Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces , as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material .	ballast	How is depleted uranium used in missile re-entry vehicles ?
Due to its high density , this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses .	high density	What trait causes depleted uranium to be used in gyroscopic compasses ?
The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity -LRB- uranium being only a weak alpha emitter -RRB- .	weak	What type of alpha emitter is uranium ?
The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore -LRB- pitchblende -RRB- by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium , which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials .	pitchblende	What is another term for uranium ore ?
The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore -LRB- pitchblende -RRB- by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium , which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials .	Marie Curie	Who isolated radium in uranium ore ?
The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore -LRB- pitchblende -RRB- by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium , which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials .	glow-in-the-dark	In what types of paints was radium first used ?
The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore -LRB- pitchblende -RRB- by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium , which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials .	clock and aircraft dials	What devices were painted with radium paint ?
Besides the pottery glazes , uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use , including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green , yellow , mauve , black , blue , red and other colors .	mauve	Along with red , blue , black , yellow and green , what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze ?
The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory -LRB- ORNL -RRB- in Oak Ridge , Tennessee , formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile , was the world 's second artificial nuclear reactor -LRB- after Enrico Fermi 's Chicago Pile -RRB- and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation .	Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile	What was the world 's first artificial nuclear reactor ?
The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory -LRB- ORNL -RRB- in Oak Ridge , Tennessee , formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile , was the world 's second artificial nuclear reactor -LRB- after Enrico Fermi 's Chicago Pile -RRB- and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation .	Tennessee	In what state is the X-10 Graphite Reactor located ?
The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory -LRB- ORNL -RRB- in Oak Ridge , Tennessee , formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile , was the world 's second artificial nuclear reactor -LRB- after Enrico Fermi 's Chicago Pile -RRB- and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation .	the Clinton Pile	Along with the X-10 Pile , what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor previously known as ?
Argonne National Laboratory 's Experimental Breeder Reactor I , located at the Atomic Energy Commission 's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco , Idaho , became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951 .	Idaho	In what state is Argonne National Laboratory 's Experimental Breeder Reactor I located ?
Argonne National Laboratory 's Experimental Breeder Reactor I , located at the Atomic Energy Commission 's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco , Idaho , became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951 .	20 December 1951	On what date did Breeder Reactor I first make electricity ?
Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth 's crust .	51st	Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth 's crust ?
Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron , it is only naturally formed in supernovae .	in supernovae	Where is uranium naturally formed ?
The decay of uranium , thorium , and potassium-40 in the Earth 's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection , which in turn drives plate tectonics .	thorium	Along with potassium-40 and uranium , the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics ?
The decay of uranium , thorium , and potassium-40 in the Earth 's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection , which in turn drives plate tectonics .	liquid	In what state is the Earth 's outer core ?
If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei , a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or -LRB- in special circumstances -RRB- an explosion .	an explosion	When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 does n't result in a burst of heat , what does it result in ?
On bombardment with slow neutrons , its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei , releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons .	two	How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons ?
In a nuclear reactor , such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison , absorbing some of the free neutrons .	neutron poison	What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor ?
In a nuclear reactor , such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison , absorbing some of the free neutrons .	free neutrons	What does a neutron poison absorb ?
In nature , uranium -LRB- VI -RRB- forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards .	carbonate	What type of complexes does uranium -LRB- VI -RRB- form in nature ?
However , it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp .	carbonate	The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate ?
However , it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp .	Sphingomonas sp.	What is BSAR-1 a strain of ?
It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$ 59 per lb of uranium , while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources -LRB- reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction -RRB- .	5.5	How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves , in millions of tonnes ?
It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$ 59 per lb of uranium , while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources -LRB- reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction -RRB- .	35	How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources ?
This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration , with US$ 200 million being spent worldwide in 2005 , a 54 % increase on the previous year .	US$200 million	In 2005 , how much money was spent on uranium exploration ?
This trend continued through 2006 , when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $ 774 million , an increase of over 250 % compared to 2004 .	$774 million	How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006 ?
A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays -LRB- electrons or positrons from the elements produced ; see beta particle -RRB- .	1934	When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission ?
A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays -LRB- electrons or positrons from the elements produced ; see beta particle -RRB- .	Enrico Fermi	Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions ?
The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94 , which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome , Orso Mario Corbino , christened ausonium and hesperium , respectively .	hesperium	What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94 ?
The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94 , which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome , Orso Mario Corbino , christened ausonium and hesperium , respectively .	Dean of the Faculty of Rome	What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino ?
Lise Meitner and her nephew , the physicist Otto Robert Frisch , published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process `` nuclear fission '' .	Lise Meitner	Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch ?
The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium -LRB- VI -RRB- cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution .	carbonate containing solution	In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium -LRB- VI -RRB- ?
While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water -LRB- students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water -RRB- , uranium carbonates are often soluble in water .	uranium	What notable carbonates are often water soluble ?
This is because a U -LRB- VI -RRB- cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes .	anionic complexes	What does a uranium -LRB- VI -RRB- cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates ?
Uranium is more plentiful than antimony , tin , cadmium , mercury , or silver , and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum .	molybdenum	Along with arsenic , what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium ?
Uranium is more plentiful than antimony , tin , cadmium , mercury , or silver , and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum .	antimony	Along with silver , mercury , tin and cadmium , what metal is uranium more plentiful than ?
Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals , including uraninite -LRB- the most common uranium ore -RRB- , carnotite , autunite , uranophane , torbernite , and coffinite .	uraninite	What is the most prevalent uranium ore ?
Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits , and minerals such as lignite , and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores -LRB- it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1 % uranium -RRB- .	lignite	What mineral sometimes contains uranium ?
Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits , and minerals such as lignite , and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores -LRB- it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1 % uranium -RRB- .	phosphate	What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium ?
Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes : uranium-238 -LRB- 99.28 % natural abundance -RRB- , uranium-235 -LRB- 0.71 % -RRB- , and uranium-234 -LRB- 0.0054 % -RRB- .	uranium-234	What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium ?
Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes : uranium-238 -LRB- 99.28 % natural abundance -RRB- , uranium-235 -LRB- 0.71 % -RRB- , and uranium-234 -LRB- 0.0054 % -RRB- .	0.71%	What is the natural abundance of uranium-235 ?
There are also five other trace isotopes : uranium-239 , which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission , releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom ; uranium-237 , which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more , which then decays to neptunium-237 ; uranium-233 , which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237 ; and finally , uranium-236 and -240 , which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244 .	uranium-239	What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission ?
There are also five other trace isotopes : uranium-239 , which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission , releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom ; uranium-237 , which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more , which then decays to neptunium-237 ; uranium-233 , which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237 ; and finally , uranium-236 and -240 , which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244 .	uranium-233	When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237 ?
It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay , which would produce uranium-232 , but this has not yet been observed experimentally .	thorium-232	What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay ?
An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water -LRB- Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible -RRB- .	4.6 billion	About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea ?
In 2012 , ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules , atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water , according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .	HiCap	What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules ?
There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water , but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water .	carbonate	The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium ?
In 2012 , ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules , atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water , according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .	Pacific Northwest National Laboratory	Where were ORNL 's results verified ?
In 2012 , ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules , atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water , according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .	2012	When was HiCap announced ?
Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope .	Uranium-235	What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature ?
Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons , and is fertile , meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor .	Uranium-238	What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor ?
Another fissile isotope , uranium-233 , can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology .	uranium-233	What uranium isotope is produced from thorium ?
While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons , uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons .	uranium-233	Along with uranium-235 , what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons ?
Depleted uranium -LRB- 238U -RRB- is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating .	Depleted uranium	What is 238U ?
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration -LRB- OSHA -RRB- has set the permissible exposure limit for uranium exposure in the workplace as 0.25 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday .	Occupational Safety and Health Administration	What is OSHA ?
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration -LRB- OSHA -RRB- has set the permissible exposure limit for uranium exposure in the workplace as 0.25 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday .	0.25 mg/m3	What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 8-hour workday ?
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health -LRB- NIOSH -RRB- has set a recommended exposure limit -LRB- REL -RRB- of 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 0.6 mg/m3 .	recommended exposure limit	What does REL stand for ?
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health -LRB- NIOSH -RRB- has set a recommended exposure limit -LRB- REL -RRB- of 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 0.6 mg/m3 .	0.2 mg/m3	What is the NIOSH uranium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday ?
At levels of 10 mg/m3 , uranium is immediately dangerous to life and health .	10 mg/m3	At what level of exposure does uranium become imminently dangerous to health ?
The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octoxide -LRB- U 3O 8 -RRB- and UO 2 .	triuranium octoxide	Along with UO2 , what is the commonest form of uranium oxide ?
Triuranium octoxide is -LRB- depending on conditions -RRB- the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature .	Triuranium octoxide	What is the stablest uranium compound ?
Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel .	Uranium dioxide	In what form is uranium most often used as fuel for nuclear reactors ?
The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE , when it was used to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes .	79 CE	What was the earliest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used ?
Yellow glass with 1 % uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples , Italy , by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912 .	Italy	In what county was glass with uranium oxide content found ?
The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE , when it was used to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes .	yellow	What color of ceramic glaze was extracted from uranium oxide ?
Yellow glass with 1 % uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples , Italy , by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912 .	1912	In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass discovered ?
Yellow glass with 1 % uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples , Italy , by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912 .	the University of Oxford	What institution did R.T. Gunther belong to ?
On 2 December 1942 , as part of the Manhattan Project , another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction , Chicago Pile-1 .	Chicago Pile-1	What was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created by human beings called ?
On 2 December 1942 , as part of the Manhattan Project , another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction , Chicago Pile-1 .	2 December 1942	On what date was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created artificially ?
On 2 December 1942 , as part of the Manhattan Project , another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction , Chicago Pile-1 .	Manhattan	What project was Fermi working for ?
Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago , the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 400 short tons -LRB- 360 metric tons -RRB- of graphite , 58 short tons -LRB- 53 metric tons -RRB- of uranium oxide , and six short tons -LRB- 5.5 metric tons -RRB- of uranium metal , a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process .	University of Chicago	On the campus of what educational institution was Chicago Pile-1 created ?
Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago , the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 400 short tons -LRB- 360 metric tons -RRB- of graphite , 58 short tons -LRB- 53 metric tons -RRB- of uranium oxide , and six short tons -LRB- 5.5 metric tons -RRB- of uranium metal , a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process .	53	How many metric tons of uranium oxide was used in Chicago Pile-1 ?
Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues .	orange-red	Along with lemon yellow , what color is produced in uranium glass ?
The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth , who named the new element after the planet Uranus .	Martin Heinrich Klaproth	Who discovered uranium in pitchblende ?
Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel .	Eugène-Melchior Péligot	Who was responsible for first isolating uranium ?
Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel .	Henri Becquerel	Who discovered that uranium was radioactive ?
Research by Otto Hahn , Lise Meitner , Enrico Fermi and others , such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy , the first nuclear weapon used in war .	Little Boy	What was the first nuclear weapon used in a war called ?
In nature , uranium is found as uranium-238 -LRB- 99.2742 % -RRB- and uranium-235 -LRB- 0.7204 % -RRB- .	0.7204%	What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235 ?
The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a ` critical mass ' .	critical mass	What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction ?
In nature , uranium is found as uranium-238 -LRB- 99.2742 % -RRB- and uranium-235 -LRB- 0.7204 % -RRB- .	uranium-238	What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium ?
In nature , uranium is found as uranium-238 -LRB- 99.2742 % -RRB- and uranium-235 -LRB- 0.7204 % -RRB- .	99.2742%	What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238 ?
Isotope separation concentrates -LRB- enriches -RRB- the fissionable uranium-235 for nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants , except for gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors .	pressurised heavy water	Along with gas cooled reactors , what type of reactor does n't use uranium-235 ?
The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators .	high-density penetrators	What is uranium used for most often in the military ?
This ammunition consists of depleted uranium -LRB- DU -RRB- alloyed with 1 -- 2 % other elements , such as titanium or molybdenum .	molybdenum	Along with titanium , what element often makes up the portion of high-density penetrators not made of depleted uranium ?
This ammunition consists of depleted uranium -LRB- DU -RRB- alloyed with 1 -- 2 % other elements , such as titanium or molybdenum .	1–2%	What percentage of high-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium ?
The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US , UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil -LRB- see Gulf War Syndrome -RRB- .	Persian Gulf	Along with the Balkans , in what geographical location did a war take place where the UK used depleted uranium munitions ?
The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US , UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil -LRB- see Gulf War Syndrome -RRB- .	Gulf War Syndrome	What illness is possibly tied to the use of depleted uranium munitions ?
The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth .	Martin Heinrich Klaproth	Who discovered uranium ?
While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789 , Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound -LRB- likely sodium diuranate -RRB- by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide .	1789	In what year did the discovery of uranium occur ?
While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789 , Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound -LRB- likely sodium diuranate -RRB- by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide .	Berlin	In what city was uranium discovered ?
While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789 , Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound -LRB- likely sodium diuranate -RRB- by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide .	sodium diuranate	What did Klaproth probably create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid ?
He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus , -LRB- named after the primordial Greek god of the sky -RRB- , which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel .	William Herschel	Who discovered the planet Uranus ?
Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25 % uranium oxides .	0.01 to 0.25%	What percentage range of uranium oxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore ?
Uranium ore is mined in several ways : by open pit , underground , in-situ leaching , and borehole mining -LRB- see uranium mining -RRB- .	borehole	Along with underground , open pit and in-situ leaching , what sort of mining is used to mine uranium ?
High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan , Canada can contain up to 23 % uranium oxides on average .	Canada	In what country are high-grade uranium ores notably found ?
High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan , Canada can contain up to 23 % uranium oxides on average .	Saskatchewan	In what province of Canada is the Athabasca Basin ?
High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan , Canada can contain up to 23 % uranium oxides on average .	23%	What is the average percentage of uranium oxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin ?
Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II : a uranium-based device -LRB- codenamed `` Little Boy '' -RRB- whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium , and a plutonium-based device -LRB- see Trinity test and `` Fat Man '' -RRB- whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238 .	Little Boy	What was the uranium-based bomb made by the US in World War II called ?
Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II : a uranium-based device -LRB- codenamed `` Little Boy '' -RRB- whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium , and a plutonium-based device -LRB- see Trinity test and `` Fat Man '' -RRB- whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238 .	Fat Man	What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb created in the Second World War ?
The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 .	6 August 1945	On what date was Little Boy detonated ?
Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT , the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people -LRB- see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki -RRB- .	12,500	What was the equivalent yield in TNT of the Little Boy bomb , in tonnes ?
The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 .	Hiroshima	Over what city was Little Boy detonated ?
In 2005 , seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides , with Canada -LRB- 27.9 % of world production -RRB- and Australia -LRB- 22.8 % -RRB- being the largest producers and Kazakhstan -LRB- 10.5 % -RRB- , Russia -LRB- 8.0 % -RRB- , Namibia -LRB- 7.5 % -RRB- , Niger -LRB- 7.4 % -RRB- , Uzbekistan -LRB- 5.5 % -RRB- , the United States -LRB- 2.5 % -RRB- , Argentina -LRB- 2.1 % -RRB- , Ukraine -LRB- 1.9 % -RRB- and China -LRB- 1.7 % -RRB- also producing significant amounts .	Canada	As of 2005 , what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides ?
In 2005 , seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides , with Canada -LRB- 27.9 % of world production -RRB- and Australia -LRB- 22.8 % -RRB- being the largest producers and Kazakhstan -LRB- 10.5 % -RRB- , Russia -LRB- 8.0 % -RRB- , Namibia -LRB- 7.5 % -RRB- , Niger -LRB- 7.4 % -RRB- , Uzbekistan -LRB- 5.5 % -RRB- , the United States -LRB- 2.5 % -RRB- , Argentina -LRB- 2.1 % -RRB- , Ukraine -LRB- 1.9 % -RRB- and China -LRB- 1.7 % -RRB- also producing significant amounts .	2.1%	What percentage of world uranium oxide production is produced by Argentina ?
In 2005 , seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides , with Canada -LRB- 27.9 % of world production -RRB- and Australia -LRB- 22.8 % -RRB- being the largest producers and Kazakhstan -LRB- 10.5 % -RRB- , Russia -LRB- 8.0 % -RRB- , Namibia -LRB- 7.5 % -RRB- , Niger -LRB- 7.4 % -RRB- , Uzbekistan -LRB- 5.5 % -RRB- , the United States -LRB- 2.5 % -RRB- , Argentina -LRB- 2.1 % -RRB- , Ukraine -LRB- 1.9 % -RRB- and China -LRB- 1.7 % -RRB- also producing significant amounts .	Uzbekistan	What country produced 5.5 % of the world 's concentrated uranium oxide in 2005 ?
In 2005 , seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides , with Canada -LRB- 27.9 % of world production -RRB- and Australia -LRB- 22.8 % -RRB- being the largest producers and Kazakhstan -LRB- 10.5 % -RRB- , Russia -LRB- 8.0 % -RRB- , Namibia -LRB- 7.5 % -RRB- , Niger -LRB- 7.4 % -RRB- , Uzbekistan -LRB- 5.5 % -RRB- , the United States -LRB- 2.5 % -RRB- , Argentina -LRB- 2.1 % -RRB- , Ukraine -LRB- 1.9 % -RRB- and China -LRB- 1.7 % -RRB- also producing significant amounts .	seventeen	How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2005 ?
Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world 's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12,826 tonnes , compared to Canada with 11,100 t and Australia with 9,430 t .	9,430	How many tonnes of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009 ?
During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium .	United States	Who was the Soviet Union 's opponent in the Cold War ?
Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 , an estimated 600 short tons -LRB- 540 metric tons -RRB- of highly enriched weapons grade uranium -LRB- enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads -RRB- have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states .	40,000	How many nuclear warheads can be made with 540 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium ?
From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection , Control , and Accounting Program , operated by the federal government of the United States , spent approximately US $ 550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia .	US $550 million	What was the expenditure of the Material Protection , Control , and Accounting Program between 1993 and 2005 ?
According to an interview from the article , one facility had been storing samples of enriched -LRB- weapons grade -RRB- uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project ; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box .	weapons grade	What is another term for uranium that is enriched ?
Police in Asia , Europe , and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium , most of which was from ex-Soviet sources .	16	Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2005 ?
The most common ionic forms are U3 + -LRB- brown-red -RRB- , U4 + -LRB- green -RRB- , UO + 2 -LRB- unstable -RRB- , and UO2 + 2 -LRB- yellow -RRB- , for U -LRB- III -RRB- , U -LRB- IV -RRB- , U -LRB- V -RRB- , and U -LRB- VI -RRB- , respectively .	green	What is the color of U4 + ?
The UO2 + 2 ion represents the uranium -LRB- VI -RRB- state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate , uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate .	uranium(VI)	What state is represented by the UO2 + 2 ion ?
The UO2 + 2 ion represents the uranium -LRB- VI -RRB- state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate , uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate .	uranyl carbonate	Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride , what compound is formed by the UO2 + 2 ion ?
UO2 + 2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents , the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate .	uranyl acetate	What common complex is formed by the UO2 + 2 ion with organic chelating agents ?
Some organisms , such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter , can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment .	Citrobacter	What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium ?
Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate -LRB- or other similar organic phosphates -RRB- .	glycerol phosphate	What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions ?
Some organisms , such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter , can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment .	Trapelia involuta	What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment ?
The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water .	Geobacter	What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium ?
The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant .	Glomus intraradices	What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase ?
Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C -LRB- 482 to 572 °F -RRB- reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride .	482 to 572	At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride ?
Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C -LRB- 482 to 572 °F -RRB- reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride .	hydrogen	What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride ?
Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist : an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C .	250 °C	Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride created ?
This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide , nitride , and halide compounds .	nitride	Along with uranium carbide and halide , what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride ?
Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist : an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C .	Two	How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant ?
Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide -LRB- UC -RRB- , uranium dicarbide -LRB- UC 2 -RRB- , and diuranium tricarbide -LRB- U 2C 3 -RRB- .	diuranium tricarbide	Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide , what is a notable carbide of uranium ?
Stable below 1800 °C , U 2C 3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC 2 to mechanical stress .	1800 °C	Below what temperature is U2C3 stable ?
To be considered ` enriched ' , the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3 % and 5 % .	3% and 5%	Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched ?
The price of uranium has risen since 2001 , so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35 % uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment , driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $ 130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $ 5 in 2001 .	2001	In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase ?
To be considered ` depleted ' , the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3 % .	0.3%	What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted ?
The price of uranium has risen since 2001 , so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35 % uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment , driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $ 130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $ 5 in 2001 .	$5	What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001 ?
The price of uranium has risen since 2001 , so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35 % uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment , driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $ 130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $ 5 in 2001 .	$130	How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007 ?
Normal functioning of the kidney , brain , liver , heart , and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure , because , besides being weakly radioactive , uranium is a toxic metal .	kidney	Along with the heart , brain and liver , what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium ?
Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation , the primary form of 238U decay , has a very short range , and will not penetrate skin .	alpha radiation	What is the main form of 238U decay ?
Uranyl -LRB- UO2 + 2 -RRB- ions , such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds , have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals .	hexavalent	What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate ?
Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric ; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature .	room	At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air ?
The gas centrifuge process , where gaseous uranium hexafluoride -LRB- UF 6 -RRB- is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges , is the cheapest and leading enrichment process .	gas centrifuge	What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process ?
The gas centrifuge process , where gaseous uranium hexafluoride -LRB- UF 6 -RRB- is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges , is the cheapest and leading enrichment process .	uranium hexafluoride	What compound is UF6 ?
The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project .	gaseous diffusion	What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project ?
In this process , uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane , and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate -LRB- since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235 -RRB- .	uranium hexafluoride	In the gaseous diffusion process , what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane ?
In this process , uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane , and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate -LRB- since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235 -RRB- .	heavier	How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235 ?
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92 .	U	What is uranium 's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements ?
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92 .	92	What is the atomic number of uranium ?
It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table .	silvery-white	What color is uranium ?
A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons , of which 6 are valence electrons .	6	How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium ?
It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table .	actinide	Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part ?
Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements -LRB- with an exception of the noble gases -RRB- and their compounds , with reactivity increasing with temperature .	noble gases	What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to ?
When finely divided , it can react with cold water ; in air , uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide .	uranium oxide	What coats uranium metal in air ?
Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium , but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly .	Hydrochloric	Along with nitric acids , what acids dissolve uranium ?
Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry .	uranium dioxide	What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction ?
When finely divided , it can react with cold water ; in air , uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide .	cold water	What reacts with finely divided uranium ?
During the later stages of World War II , the entire Cold War , and to a lesser extent afterwards , uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons .	World War II	During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons ?
Later , a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb -LRB- thermonuclear weapon -RRB- was built , that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion .	deuterium	What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb ?
Later , a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb -LRB- thermonuclear weapon -RRB- was built , that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion .	thermonuclear weapon	What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb ?
Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile -LRB- unenriched -RRB- uranium case , and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process .	unenriched	What does non-fissile mean ?
Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals -LRB- especially uranium nitrate as a toner -RRB- , in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs , to improve the appearance of dentures , and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes .	nitrate	What product of uranium was used as toner ?
Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense `` stains '' in transmission electron microscopy , to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses , isolated cell organelles and macromolecules .	Uranyl acetate	Along with uranyl formate , what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy ?
Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals -LRB- especially uranium nitrate as a toner -RRB- , in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs , to improve the appearance of dentures , and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes .	stage	What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium ?
Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals -LRB- especially uranium nitrate as a toner -RRB- , in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs , to improve the appearance of dentures , and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes .	wood	Along with leather , what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains ?
Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool .	silk	In addition to wool , what is uranium salt a mordant of ?
In 1972 , the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon , West Africa , collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors .	French	Of what nationality was Perrin ?
In 1972 , the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon , West Africa , collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors .	Gabon	In what county was the Oklo mine located ?
The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old ; then , uranium-235 constituted about 3 % of the total uranium on Earth .	1.7 billion years	How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine ?
The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old ; then , uranium-235 constituted about 3 % of the total uranium on Earth .	3%	When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being , what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-235 ?
The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the nuclear waste products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository .	Yucca Mountain	Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository ?
Uranium 's average concentration in the Earth 's crust is -LRB- depending on the reference -RRB- 2 to 4 parts per million , or about 40 times as abundant as silver .	40	How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth 's crust ?
The Earth 's crust from the surface to 25 km -LRB- 15 mi -RRB- down is calculated to contain 1017 kg -LRB- 2 × 1017 lb -RRB- of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg -LRB- 2 × 1013 lb -RRB- .	1013	How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans ?
The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million -LRB- up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers -RRB- , and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion .	phosphate fertilizers	Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high ?
The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million -LRB- up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers -RRB- , and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion .	3 parts per billion	What is the concentration of uranium in sea water ?
Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium , with a half-life of about 4.468 × 109 years , roughly the age of the Earth .	Uranium-238	What isotope of uranium has the most stability ?
Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium , with a half-life of about 4.468 × 109 years , roughly the age of the Earth .	4.468×109 years	About how old is the Earth ?
Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13 × 108 years , and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48 × 105 years .	2.48×105 years	What is the half-life of uranium-234 ?
When the Earth was young , probably about one-fifth of its uranium was uranium-235 , but the percentage of 234U was probably much lower than this .	one-fifth	What fraction of the Earth 's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth 's youth ?
For natural uranium , about 49 % of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom , and also 49 % by 234U -LRB- since the latter is formed from the former -RRB- and about 2.0 % of them by the 235U .	49%	What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U ?
Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion .	excreted	What happens to a majority of ingested uranium ?
Only 0.5 % is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium , such as its oxide , are ingested , whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5 % .	5%	Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested ?
Only 0.5 % is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium , such as its oxide , are ingested , whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5 % .	0.5%	About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested ?
After entering the bloodstream , the absorbed uranium tends to bioaccumulate and stay for many years in bone tissue because of uranium 's affinity for phosphates .	phosphates	What does uranium have an affinity for ?
After entering the bloodstream , the absorbed uranium tends to bioaccumulate and stay for many years in bone tissue because of uranium 's affinity for phosphates .	bone tissue	Where does uranium accumulate in the body ?
Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire , the Viceroy of India , and the colonial governors , as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom .	nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors	How were the appointments to the Order of the British Empire made ?
As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth , nominations continued to come from the Commonwealth realms , in which the monarch remained head of state .	the monarch	What remained the head of state of the British Empire ?
As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth , nominations continued to come from the Commonwealth realms , in which the monarch remained head of state .	Empire	What evolved as the Commonwealth nominations continued ?
These overseas nominations have been discontinued in realms that have established their own Orders -- such as the Order of Australia , the Order of Canada , and the New Zealand Order of Merit -- but members of the Order are still appointed in the British Overseas Territories .	established their own Orders	Why did the oversea nominations discontinue ?
These overseas nominations have been discontinued in realms that have established their own Orders -- such as the Order of Australia , the Order of Canada , and the New Zealand Order of Merit -- but members of the Order are still appointed in the British Overseas Territories .	Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit	What countries established new orders ?
Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband , ribbon or bow as the badge .	Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry	Who could wear a emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves ?
It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen 's Gallantry Medal .	1974	What year was it replaced ?
Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband , ribbon or bow as the badge .	two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge	What was the emblem ?
It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen 's Gallantry Medal .	Queen's Gallantry Medal	What kind of medal was replaced in 1974 ?
If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the Order , whether for gallantry or otherwise , they continued to wear also the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves .	lower grade with the oak leaves	They continued to wear what the insignia of what ?
Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State , and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame .	Honorary knighthoods	Who are appointed to citizens of nations ?
Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State , and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame .	citizens of nations	Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State ?
Occasionally honorary appointees are , incorrectly , referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof , for example .	Sir or Dame	What is honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to ?
Occasionally honorary appointees are , incorrectly , referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof , for example .	Bill Gates or Bob Geldof	Who are examples of Sir of Dame ?
An example is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan , who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005 and on successful application for dual British and Irish citizenship was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as `` Sir Terry Wogan KBE '' .	Terry Wogan	What is an example of irish broadcaster ?
The Order has six officials : the Prelate ; the Dean ; the Secretary ; the Registrar ; the King of Arms ; and the Usher .	Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher	Who are the six officials of The Order ?
The Dean of St Paul 's is ex officio the Dean of the Order .	ex officio the Dean of the Order	Who was The Dean of St. Paul ?
The Bishop of London , a senior bishop in the Church of England , serves as the Order 's Prelate .	The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England	Who serves as the Order 's Prelate ?
The Order 's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms , as are many other heraldic officers .	The Order's King of Arms	Who is not a member of the College of Arms ?
The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod ; he does not -- unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent , the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod -- perform any duties related to the House of Lords .	Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod	What is the Usher of the Order ?
Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia , the Order of Canada , and the New Zealand Order of Merit .	Appointments to the Order of the British Empire	Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms ?
Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia , the Order of Canada , and the New Zealand Order of Merit .	Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit	Who established a national system of honours and awards ?
Canada , Australia , and New Zealand all have -LRB- in increasing level of precedence -RRB- Members of , Officers of , and Companions to -LRB- rather than Commanders of -RRB- their respective orders , with both Australia and New Zealand having Knights and Dames as their highest classes .	Canada, Australia, and New Zealand	How were the different levels of award and honour reflected the imperial system ?
Canada , Australia , and New Zealand all have -LRB- in increasing level of precedence -RRB- Members of , Officers of , and Companions to -LRB- rather than Commanders of -RRB- their respective orders , with both Australia and New Zealand having Knights and Dames as their highest classes .	Knights and Dames	What were the highest class ?
The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965 .	The members of The Beatles	Who were MBE 'S ?
The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965 .	1965	In what year was the Beatles made MBE 's ?
John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order : `` Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE -LSB- status -RSB- received theirs for heroism in the war -- for killing people ... We received ours for entertaining other people .	John Lennon	Who compared military membership in the Order ?
John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order : `` Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE -LSB- status -RSB- received theirs for heroism in the war -- for killing people ... We received ours for entertaining other people .	John Lennon	Who said `` lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war .
Lennon later returned his MBE insignia on 25 November 1969 as part of his ongoing peace protests .	25 November 1969	When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia ?
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the `` order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy '' , rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences , work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service .	order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy	Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire ?
It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V , and comprises five classes , in civil and military divisions , the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male , or dame if female .	4 June 1917	When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established ?
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the `` order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy '' , rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences , work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service .	"order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy	Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences ?
It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V , and comprises five classes , in civil and military divisions , the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male , or dame if female .	King George V	Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy ?
It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V , and comprises five classes , in civil and military divisions , the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male , or dame if female .	knight if male, or dame if female	Who is the recipient ?
At the foundation of the Order , the `` Medal of the Order of the British Empire '' was instituted , to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership .	Medal of the Order of the British Empire	What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation ?
In 1922 , this was renamed the `` British Empire Medal '' .	British Empire Medal	What was the medal renamed as ?
In 1922 , this was renamed the `` British Empire Medal '' .	1922	In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established ?
It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours system , but was again awarded beginning in 2012 , starting with 293 BEMs awarded for the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee .	1993	When was it stopped being rewarded ?
It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours system , but was again awarded beginning in 2012 , starting with 293 BEMs awarded for the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee .	293	How many BEM 's were awarded for the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee ?
From 1940 , the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander , Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery -LRB- not in the face of the enemy -RRB- below the level required for the George Medal .	1940	From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander , Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire ?
From 1940 , the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander , Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery -LRB- not in the face of the enemy -RRB- below the level required for the George Medal .	below the level required for the George Medal	Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint ?
From 14 January 1958 , these awards were designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry .	14 January 1958	When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry ?
The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual , and not by the level of gallantry -LRB- and with more junior people instead receiving the British Empire Medal -RRB- .	same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry	What grade was determined ?
Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir , and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame , to their forenames .	Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander	Who would prefix Sir , and Dames Grand Cross ?
Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir , and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame , to their forenames .	Dames Grand Cross	Who would prefix Dame , to their forenames ?
-LSB- b -RSB- Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames , but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames .	Wives of Knights	Who would prefix Lady to their surnames ?
Such forms are not used by peers and princes , except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms .	peers and princes	Such forms are not used by whom ?
Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir or Dame as they do not receive the accolade -LRB- i.e. , they are not dubbed `` knight '' with a sword -RRB- , although they do append the post-nominal letters .	Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland	Who would n't use the title Sir of Dame ?
India , while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth , chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain .	India	Who has set honours awarded by the President of India ?
India , while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth , chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain .	President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain	What is referred to as the Padma Awards ?
India , while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth , chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain .	President of India	Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain ?
These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhushan , Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri in descending order .	Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri	What does the Padma Awards consist of ?
These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhushan , Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri in descending order .	Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri	What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person ?
The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross , 845 Knights and Dames Commander , and 8,960 Commanders .	300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross	How many Knights are in The Order ?
The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross , 845 Knights and Dames Commander , and 8,960 Commanders .	8,960	How many commanders are in The Order ?
The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross , 845 Knights and Dames Commander , and 8,960 Commanders .	845	How many Knights and Dames Commander ?
There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes , but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year .	858 Officers and 1,464 Members	How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year ?
Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British Orders of Chivalry , with over 100,000 living members worldwide , there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders .	Order of the British Empire	Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry ?
Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence .	positions in the order of precedence	What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to ?
Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence , as do sons , daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander ; relatives of Ladies of the Order , however , are not assigned any special precedence .	Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law	Who of the male members feature on the order ?
Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence , as do sons , daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander ; relatives of Ladies of the Order , however , are not assigned any special precedence .	relatives of Ladies of the Order	Who are not assigned any special precedence ?
As a general rule , individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands , but not from their mothers or wives -LRB- see order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions -RRB- .	fathers or husbands	Who can individuals derive precedence from ?
As a general rule , individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands , but not from their mothers or wives -LRB- see order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions -RRB- .	mothers or wives	Who can individuals can not derive precedence from ?
French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715 , the year that Louis XIV died , and 1789 , the beginning of the French Revolution .	1715	What year did the Enlightenment begin according to French historians ?
Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s , with the start of the scientific revolution .	scientific revolution	Recent historians begin the period of Enlightenment in the 1620 's which was also the start of what revolution ?
A variety of 19th-century movements , including liberalism and neo-classicism , trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment .	the Enlightenment.	A variety of movements such as liberalism and neoclassicism 's intellectual heritage can be traced back to what period of time ?
The Philosophes , the French term for the philosophers of the period , widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies , Masonic lodges , literary salons and coffee houses , and through printed books and pamphlets .	The Philosophes	What was the French term for philosophers in the period of Enlightenment ?
French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715 , the year that Louis XIV died , and 1789 , the beginning of the French Revolution .	1715	In what year did Louis XIV die ?
French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715 , the year that Louis XIV died , and 1789 , the beginning of the French Revolution .	1789	In what year did the French Revolution begin ?
Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s , with the start of the scientific revolution .	1620s	In what decade did the scientific revolution begin ?
Francis Hutcheson , a moral philosopher , described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides , in his words , `` the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers '' .	Francis Hutcheson	Who said that virtue provides `` the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers '' ?
Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method -LRB- the nature of knowledge , evidence , experience , and causation -RRB- and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith .	David Hume	Who was a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy ?
Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method -LRB- the nature of knowledge , evidence , experience , and causation -RRB- and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith .	Adam Smith	Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by David Hume and what other philosopher ?
Francis Hutcheson , a moral philosopher , described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides , in his words , `` the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers '' .	Francis Hutcheson	Which moral philosopher said `` the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers '' ?
Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method -LRB- the nature of knowledge , evidence , experience , and causation -RRB- and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith .	David Hume and Adam Smith	Which two men were Francis Hutecheson 's proteges ?
Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method -LRB- the nature of knowledge , evidence , experience , and causation -RRB- and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith .	the scientific method	The nature of knowledge , evidence , experience , and causation together are called what ?
Francis Hutcheson , a moral philosopher , described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides , in his words , `` the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers '' .	moral	What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson ?
Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy .	skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions	In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure ?
Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery , while other poems were written directly about scientific topics .	scientific topics	What kind of topics began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment ?
James Thomson -LRB- 1700 -- 1748 -RRB- penned his `` Poem to the Memory of Newton , '' which mourned the loss of Newton , but also praised his science and legacy .	James Thomson	Who penned a poem called `` Poem to the Memory of Newton '' to mourn the loss and praise the legacy of Newton ?
Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation , a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books -LRB- 1712 -RRB- .	Newtonian system	Sir Richard Blackmore committed what system to verse in Creation ?
After Newton 's death in 1727 , poems were composed in his honour for decades .	1727	What year was Newton 's death ?
James Thomson -LRB- 1700 -- 1748 -RRB- penned his `` Poem to the Memory of Newton , '' which mourned the loss of Newton , but also praised his science and legacy .	James Thomson	Who wrote `` Poem to the Memory of Newton ? ''
After Newton 's death in 1727 , poems were composed in his honour for decades .	1727	In what year did Newton die ?
After Newton 's death in 1727 , poems were composed in his honour for decades .	Newton	Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades ?
Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation , a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books -LRB- 1712 -RRB- .	Sir Richard Blackmore	Who wrote Creation , a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books ?
Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation , a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books -LRB- 1712 -RRB- .	1712	In what year was Creation , a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written ?
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651 .	Thomas Hobbes	Who developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought ?
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651 .	Leviathan	Thomas Hobbes ushered in the new debate of social contract theory through which work of his ?
John Locke , one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers , based his governance philosophy in social contract theory , a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought .	social contract theory	What did John Locke base his governance philosophy on ?
John Locke , one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers , based his governance philosophy in social contract theory , a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought .	social contract theory	What did John Locke base his governance philosphy in ?
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651 .	Thomas Hobbes	Which English philosopher wrote Leviathan in 1651 ?
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651 .	Thomas Hobbes	Who developed the view that all legitimate political power must be `` representative ? ''
Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought : the right of the individual ; the natural equality of all men ; the artificial character of the political order -LRB- which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state -RRB- ; the view that all legitimate political power must be `` representative '' and based on the consent of the people ; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid .	the artificial character of the political order	Which of Hobbes ' ideas led to the distinction between civil society and the state ?
For Locke the law of nature is grounded on mutual security , or the idea that one can not infringe on another 's natural rights , as every man is equal and has the same inalienable rights .	the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights	How does John Locke define mutual security ?
These natural rights include perfect equality and freedom , and the right to preserve life and property .	perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property	What do Locke 's idea of natural rights include ?
Additionally , Locke argues that one person can not enslave another because it is morally reprehensible , although he introduces a caveat by saying that enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one 's natural rights .	because it is morally reprehensible	Why did John Locke believe that one person can not enslave another ?
Additionally , Locke argues that one person can not enslave another because it is morally reprehensible , although he introduces a caveat by saying that enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one 's natural rights .	enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights	What was John Locke 's one exception to denouncing slavery ?
The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Second Treatise , when he introduces the state of nature .	Second Treatise	In which of John Locke 's works are natural rights most famously defined and discussed ?
Thomas Jefferson in the Jefferson Bible went further ; he dropped any passages dealing with miracles , visitations of angels , and the resurrection of Jesus after his death .	Thomas Jefferson	Who dropped any passages dealing with miracles or visitations of angels from his work the Jefferson Bible ?
Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe , especially the Thirty Years ' War .	Thirty Years' War	The Enlightenment era religious commentary was , in part , a response to which war ?
For moderate Christians , this meant a return to simple Scripture .	a return to simple Scripture	What did the Enlightenment mean for moderate Christians ?
For example , in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches .	France	In which country did the Enlightenment become associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism ?
The British government for the most part ignored the Enlightenment 's leaders in England and Scotland , although it did give Isaac Newton a knighthood and a very lucrative government office .	Isaac Newton	Which of the Enlightenment 's leaders did the British government give a knighthood and lucrative government office ?
In France , the government was hostile , and the philosophes fought against its censorship , sometimes being imprisoned or hounded into exile .	France	In which country did the government respond with hostility to the Enlightenment , even imprisoning philosophes ?
Government responses varied widely .	varied	Was government response to the Enlightenment uniformly positive or widely varied ?
For example , in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches .	middle	In which class did the Enlightenment reach deepest , expressing a nationalistic tone ?
By 1794 , they pointed to the Terror during the French Revolution as confirmation of their predictions .	Terror during the French Revolution	By 1794 , what did those against the Enlightenment point to as confirmation of their predictions ?
As the Enlightenment was ending , Romantic philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment , because it disregarded the bonds of history , myth , faith and tradition that were necessary to hold society together .	Romantic	Which type of philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment ?
From the start there was a Counter-Enlightenment in which conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attacked materialism and skepticism as evil forces that encouraged immorality .	materialism and skepticism	What two ideas did conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attack as evil forces that encouraged immorality ?
As to its end , most scholars use the last years of the century , often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars -LRB- 1804 -- 15 -RRB- as a convenient point in time with which to date the end of the Enlightenment .	French Revolution	Most scholars use the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars or which other battle as a convenient date to end the Enlightenment ?
French historians usually place the period , called the Siècle des Lumières -LRB- Century of Enlightenments -RRB- , between 1715 and 1789 , from the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution .	Louis XV	French historians generally use the beginning of which King 's reign to date the start of the Enlightenment ?
French historians usually place the period , called the Siècle des Lumières -LRB- Century of Enlightenments -RRB- , between 1715 and 1789 , from the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution .	Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments)	What do French historians commonly call the Age of Enlightenment ?
If taken back to the mid-17th century , the Enlightenment would trace its origins to Descartes ' Discourse on Method , published in 1637 .	1637	In what year was Descartes ' Discourse on Method published ?
In France , many cited the publication of Isaac Newton 's Principia Mathematica in 1687 .	1687	In what year was Issaac Newton 's Principia Mathematica published ?
The creation of the public sphere has been associated with two long-term historical trends : the rise of the modern nation state and the rise of capitalism .	rise of the modern nation state	The creation of the public sphere is associated with the rise of capitalism and which other historical trend ?
Capitalism also increased society 's autonomy and self-awareness , and an increasing need for the exchange of information .	Capitalism	What increased society 's autonomy , self-awareness , and need for exchange of information ?
In France , the creation of the public sphere was helped by the aristocracy 's move from the King 's palace at Versailles to Paris in about 1720 , since their rich spending stimulated the trade in luxuries and artistic creations , especially fine paintings .	1720	In what year did the aristocracy move from the King 's palace at Versailles to Paris ?
The desire to explore , record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications .	music	The desire to explore , record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on what other form of publication ?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 's Dictionnaire de musique -LRB- published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris -RRB- was a leading text in the late 18th century .	Dictionnaire de musique	What publication of Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a leading text in the late 18th century and was published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris ?
Another text influenced by Enlightenment values was Charles Burney 's A General History of Music : From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period -LRB- 1776 -RRB- , which was a historical survey and an attempt to rationalize elements in music systematically over time .	1776	In what year was Charles Burney 's A General History of Music : From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period published ?
For example , Rose Rosengard Subotnik 's Deconstructive Variations -LRB- subtitled Music and Reason in Western Society -RRB- compares Mozart 's Die Zauberflöte -LRB- 1791 -RRB- using the Enlightenment and Romantic perspectives , and concludes that the work is `` an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment '' .	Die Zauberflöte (1791)	What Mozart piece did Rose Rosengard Subotnik conclude is `` an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment '' ?
For example , Rose Rosengard Subotnik 's Deconstructive Variations -LRB- subtitled Music and Reason in Western Society -RRB- compares Mozart 's Die Zauberflöte -LRB- 1791 -RRB- using the Enlightenment and Romantic perspectives , and concludes that the work is `` an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment '' .	Enlightenment and Romantic	Which two perspectives did Rose Rosengard Subotnik use to compare Mozart 's Die Cauberflote ?
The salon was the principal social institution of the republic , and `` became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment . ''	salon	What was the principal social institution of the republic during the French Enlightenment ?
Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment , due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons , as the contrast to the male philosophes .	salonnières	What female occupation allowed women to play an essential part in the French Enlightenment ?
While women were marginalized in the public culture of the Ancien Régime , the French Revolution destroyed the old cultural and economic restraints of patronage and corporatism -LRB- guilds -RRB- , opening French society to female participation , particularly in the literary sphere .	French Revolution	Which event destroyed the former patronage and corporatism of France and allowed women to participate in society ?
On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothèque Bleue , a collection of cheaply produced books published in Troyes , France .	Troyes, France	Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located ?
Intended for a largely rural and semi-literate audience these books included almanacs , retellings of medieval romances and condensed versions of popular novels , among other things .	largely rural and semi-literate	For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written ?
The Tatler and The Spectator , two influential periodicals sold from 1709 to 1714 , were closely associated with coffee house culture in London , being both read and produced in various establishments in the city .	The Tatler and The Spectator	Which two influential periodicals were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714 ?
While some historians have argued against the Enlightenment 's penetration into the lower classes , the Bibliothèque Bleue represents at least a desire to participate in Enlightenment sociability .	Bibliothèque Bleue	What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class ' desire to participate in the Enlightenment ?
The target audience of natural history was French polite society , evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works .	French polite society	Who was the target audience of natural history ?
Naturalists catered to polite society 's desire for erudition -- many texts had an explicit instructive purpose .	erudition	Many texts had explicit instructive purposes as Naturalists catered to polite society 's desire for what ?
The idea of taste -LRB- le goût -RRB- was a social indicator : to truly be able to categorize nature , one had to have the proper taste , an ability of discretion shared by all members of polite society .	taste (le goût)	The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class ?
The target audience of natural history was French polite society , evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works .	specific discourse of the genre	Was the target audience of natural history evidenced more by the price of publications or its specific discourse of the genre ?
The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum : Or , An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences .	John Harris	Who drafted the first technical dictionary ?
The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum : Or , An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences .	Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences	What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled ?
Harris ' book avoided theological and biographical entries ; instead it concentrated on science and technology .	science and technology	Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology ?
Published in 1704 , the Lexicon technicum was the first book to be written in English that took a methodical approach to describing mathematics and commercial arithmetic along with the physical sciences and navigation .	1704	What year was the Lexicon Technicum published ?
Published in 1704 , the Lexicon technicum was the first book to be written in English that took a methodical approach to describing mathematics and commercial arithmetic along with the physical sciences and navigation .	English	In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written ?
The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity , in the vernacular , and with the entertainment of readers in mind , was Bernard de Fontenelle 's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds -LRB- 1686 -RRB- .	Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds	What book was published in 1686 specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing ?
The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity , in the vernacular , and with the entertainment of readers in mind , was Bernard de Fontenelle 's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds -LRB- 1686 -RRB- .	Bernard de Fontenelle	Who was the author of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds -LRB- 1686 -RRB- ?
Sarah Trimmer wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature -LRB- 1782 -RRB- , which was published for many years after in eleven editions .	Sarah Trimmer	Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature -LRB- 1782 -RRB- ?
Sarah Trimmer wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature -LRB- 1782 -RRB- , which was published for many years after in eleven editions .	eleven	How many editions were published of Sarah Trimmer 's history textbook for children ?
Émilie du Châtelet 's translation of the Principia , published after her death in 1756 , also helped to spread Newton 's theories beyond scientific academies and the university .	Principia	Emilie du Chatelet 's translation of what Newton work was published after her death in 1756 ?
The practice of contests dated back to the Middle Ages , and was revived in the mid-17th century .	Middle Ages	The practice of contests dates back to what time period ?
The subject matter had previously been generally religious and/or monarchical , featuring essays , poetry , and painting .	generally religious and/or monarchical	Previous to 1725 , what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques ?
Topics of public controversy were also discussed such as the theories of Newton and Descartes , the slave trade , women 's education , and justice in France .	theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice	Which topics of public controversy became more widely discussed around 1725 ?
Topics of public controversy were also discussed such as the theories of Newton and Descartes , the slave trade , women 's education , and justice in France .	public	Were the concours academiques public or private matters ?
The first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650 .	Oxford	Where did the first English coffeehouse open in 1650 ?
Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into `` penny universities '' , offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions .	less	According to Brian Cowan , was learning more or less formal in coffehouses as opposed to private institutions ?
Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into `` penny universities '' , offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions .	penny universities	What term did Brian Cowan give Oxford coffeehouses ?
Historians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment .	Freemasonry	Diderot , Voltaire , Mozart , Goethe , and Benjamin Franklin were all members of what secret network ?
It was especially attractive to powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals , artists and political activists .	powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists	To whom was Freemasonry most attractive ?
Norman Davies said that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of Liberalism in Europe , from about 1700 to the twentieth century .	Europe	Freemasonry expanded rapidly to nearly every country in which continent ?
Some European rulers , including Catherine II of Russia , Joseph II of Austria and Frederick I of Prussia , tried to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance , which became known as enlightened absolutism .	enlightened absolutism	Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what ?
The Americans Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson came to Europe during the period and contributed actively to the scientific and political debate , and the ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into the United States Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States .	Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson	Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate ?
The Americans Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson came to Europe during the period and contributed actively to the scientific and political debate , and the ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into the United States Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States .	Declaration of Independence and the Constitution	The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents ?
The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution .	preceded	Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment ?
Kant 's work continued to shape German thought , and indeed all of European philosophy , well into the 20th century .	20th	Kant 's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century ?
Immanuel Kant -LRB- 1724 -- 1804 -RRB- tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief , individual freedom and political authority , as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason .	1724	In what year was Immanuel Kant born ?
She is best known for her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman -LRB- 1791 -RRB- .	A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)	For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known ?
She is best known for her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman -LRB- 1791 -RRB- .	1791	In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published ?
She argued for a society based on reason , and that women , as well as men , should be treated as rational beings .	reason	Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea ?
Modern sociology largely originated from this movement , and Hume 's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison -LRB- and thus the U.S. Constitution -RRB- and as popularised by Dugald Stewart , would be the basis of classical liberalism .	Hume	The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts ?
Modern sociology largely originated from this movement , and Hume 's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison -LRB- and thus the U.S. Constitution -RRB- and as popularised by Dugald Stewart , would be the basis of classical liberalism .	Hume	Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution ?
Modern sociology largely originated from this movement , and Hume 's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison -LRB- and thus the U.S. Constitution -RRB- and as popularised by Dugald Stewart , would be the basis of classical liberalism .	Dugald Stewart	Who popularised Hume 's philosophical concepts ?
While quite different works , Locke , Hobbes , and Rousseau agreed that a social contract , in which the government 's authority lies in the consent of the governed , is necessary for man to live in civil society .	social contract	What did Locke , Hobbes , and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society ?
Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality , respectively .	Rousseau	Who wrote Discourse on Inequality ?
Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality , respectively .	Locke	Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government ?
Rousseau said that people join into civil society via the social contract to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom .	to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom	For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society ?
However , when one citizen breaks the Law of Nature , both the transgressor and the victim enter into a state of war , from which it is virtually impossible to break free .	state of war	From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free ?
These rulers are called `` enlightened despots '' by historians .	enlightened despots	Leaders of the Enlightenment that helped design laws and programs to reform the court system are called what by historians ?
They included Frederick the Great of Prussia , Catherine the Great of Russia , Leopold II of Tuscany , and Joseph II of Austria .	Joseph II of Austria	Which enlightened despot was so over-enthusiastic that revolts broke out and nearly all of his programs were reversed ?
In Poland , the model constitution of 1791 expressed Enlightenment ideals , but was in effect for only one year as the nation was partitioned among its neighbors .	Poland	In what country was the model constitution of 1791 in effect for only one year ?
They included Frederick the Great of Prussia , Catherine the Great of Russia , Leopold II of Tuscany , and Joseph II of Austria .	Russia	From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great ?
A good religion based in instinctive morals and a belief in God should not theoretically need force to maintain order in its believers , and both Mendelssohn and Spinoza judged religion on its moral fruits , not the logic of its theology .	moral fruits	Did Mendelssohn and Spinoza judge religion on its moral fruits or logic of its theology ??
Enlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war .	organized religion	What did Enlightenment scholars seek to curtail and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war ?
Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology -LRB- e.g. disregarding Judaic law -RRB- .	politics	Spinoza was determined to remove what from contemporary and historical theology ?
Moses Mendelssohn advised affording no political weight to any organized religion , but instead recommended that each person follow what they found most convincing .	what they found most convincing	Did Moses Mendelssohn advise to follow a specific organized religion , or to whatever one found most convincing ?
In France , Voltaire said `` we look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization . ''	Scotland	Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization ?
The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen , physician and chemist ; James Anderson , an agronomist ; Joseph Black , physicist and chemist ; and James Hutton , the first modern geologist .	agronomist	What was the profession of James Anderson ?
The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen , physician and chemist ; James Anderson , an agronomist ; Joseph Black , physicist and chemist ; and James Hutton , the first modern geologist .	James Hutton	Who was the first modern geologist ?
The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen , physician and chemist ; James Anderson , an agronomist ; Joseph Black , physicist and chemist ; and James Hutton , the first modern geologist .	physicist and chemist	William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations ?
The term `` Enlightenment '' emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century , with particular reference to French philosophy , as the equivalent of the French term ` Lumières ' -LRB- used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751 -RRB- .	1733	In what year was the French term Lumieres first used ?
the German term became ` Aufklärung ' -LRB- aufklären = to illuminate ; sich aufklären = to clear up -RRB- .	Aufklärung	What term became the German equivalent to the French term Lumieres ?
The term `` Enlightenment '' emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century , with particular reference to French philosophy , as the equivalent of the French term ` Lumières ' -LRB- used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751 -RRB- .	19th	In what century did the term Enlightenment emerge in English ?
Terms like `` les Lumières '' -LRB- French -RRB- , `` illuminismo '' -LRB- Italian -RRB- , `` ilustración '' -LRB- Spanish -RRB- and `` Aufklärung '' -LRB- German -RRB- referred to partly overlapping movements .	illuminismo	What is the Italian equivalent to the French term Lumieres ?
Terms like `` les Lumières '' -LRB- French -RRB- , `` illuminismo '' -LRB- Italian -RRB- , `` ilustración '' -LRB- Spanish -RRB- and `` Aufklärung '' -LRB- German -RRB- referred to partly overlapping movements .	overlapping	Did the terms , Enlightenment , Lumieres , Aufklarung and illuminismo refer to distinct or overlapping movements ?
Rising efficiency in production techniques and communication lowered the prices of consumer goods and increased the amount and variety of goods available to consumers -LRB- including the literature essential to the public sphere -RRB- .	lowered	Did rising efficiency in production and communication lower or raise the prices of consumer goods ?
Rising efficiency in production techniques and communication lowered the prices of consumer goods and increased the amount and variety of goods available to consumers -LRB- including the literature essential to the public sphere -RRB- .	increased	Was the variety of goods available to consumers increased or decreased by the economic and social change of the Industrial Revolution ?
The context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution : `` economic expansion , increasing urbanization , rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century '' . ''	Industrial Revolution	The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution ?
As the economy and the middle class expanded , there was an increasing number of amateur musicians .	musicians	A the economy and middle class expanded , what artistic profession had an increasing number of members ?
As the economy and the middle class expanded , there was an increasing number of amateur musicians .	middle	Which economic class expansion led to the emergence of music magazines and reviews ?
Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers , and increased their presence in the amateur performers ' scene , especially with keyboard music .	keyboard	Women increased their presence in the amateur performers scene with what instrument , especially ?
The majority of the works that were published were for keyboard , voice and keyboard , and chamber ensemble .	keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble	Which musican mediums were the majority of amateur music works published for ?
In France , the established men of letters -LRB- gens de lettres -RRB- had fused with the elites -LRB- les grands -RRB- of French society by the mid-18th century .	mid-18th century	By what century in France had the men of letters fused with the elites ?
This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere , Grub Street , the domain of a `` multitude of versifiers and would-be authors '' .	Grub Street	What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a `` multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors '' ?
These men came to London to become authors , only to discover that the literary market simply could not support large numbers of writers , who , in any case , were very poorly remunerated by the publishing-bookselling guilds .	not	Could the London market support the large numbers of writers that were emerging ?
These men came to London to become authors , only to discover that the literary market simply could not support large numbers of writers , who , in any case , were very poorly remunerated by the publishing-bookselling guilds .	very poorly	Were men travelling to London to become authors paid well or poorly by the publishing-bookselling guilds ?
The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment .	the Enlightenment	During which movement were the first scientific and literary journals established ?
The first journal , the Parisian Journal des Sçavans , appeared in 1665 .	the Parisian Journal des Sçavans	What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal ?
The first journal , the Parisian Journal des Sçavans , appeared in 1665 .	1665	In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear ?
French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication , but there was also a steady demand for material in German and Dutch .	French and Latin	Which two languages were the most dominant languages of scientific and literary publications ?
This in turn gave precedence to the publishing industry in Holland , where the vast majority of these French language periodicals were produced .	Holland	Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced ?
The Marperger Curieuses Natur - , Kunst - , Berg - , Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon -LRB- 1712 -RRB- explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education .	The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon	Which work published in 1712 explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education ?
For example , over five columns of text were dedicated to wine , while geometry and logic were allocated only twenty-two and seventeen lines , respectively .	over five	In the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon -LRB- 1721 -RRB- how many colums of text were dedicated to wine ?
Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon -LRB- 1721 -RRB- was better known than the Handlungs-Lexicon , and underscored technical subjects rather than scientific theory .	technical subjects	Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon -LRB- 1721 -RRB- more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory ?
The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica -LRB- 1771 -RRB- was modelled along the same lines as the German lexicons .	1771	In what year was the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica published ?
In Germany , practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century .	Germany	The Encyclopaedia Britannica was modelled along the same lines as a work from which country ?
More importantly , the contests were open to all , and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging .	anonymity	What enforced contest rule guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging ?
Indeed , although the `` vast majority '' of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society -LRB- `` the liberal arts , the clergy , the judiciary , and the medical profession '' -RRB- , there were some cases of the popular classes submitting essays , and even winning .	wealthier strata of society	Were the vast majority of contest participants from the wealthier strata of society or the popular classes ?
Indeed , the majority of the winning entries were for poetry competitions , a genre commonly stressed in women 's education .	poetry	Women 's education common stressed which literary genre ?
Of a total of 2300 prize competitions offered in France , women won 49 -- perhaps a small number by modern standards , but very significant in an age in which most women did not have any academic training .	49	How many prize competitions did women win out of the 2300 in France ?
Indeed , the majority of the winning entries were for poetry competitions , a genre commonly stressed in women 's education .	poetry	What literary genre were the majority of female winning contest entries ?
The Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686 ; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city .	Paris	Where was the Cafe Procope established in 1686 ?
The Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686 ; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city .	around 400	By the 1720s . how many cafes were in Paris ?
The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the Encyclopédie .	The Café Procope	In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created ?
These bruits were allegedly a much better source of information than were the actual newspapers available at the time .	bruits	Were bruits or newspapers allegedly a better source of information ?
Freemasonry as a systematic creed with its own myths , values and set of rituals originated in Scotland around 1600 and spread first to England and then across the Continent in the eighteenth century .	Scotland	Where did Freemasonry originate ?
Freemasonry as a systematic creed with its own myths , values and set of rituals originated in Scotland around 1600 and spread first to England and then across the Continent in the eighteenth century .	England	Where did Freemasonry first spread ?
Freemasonry was particularly prevalent in France -- by 1789 , there were perhaps as many as 100,000 French Masons , making Freemasonry the most popular of all Enlightenment associations .	France	In what country was Freemaonry particularly prevalent ?
Freemasonry was particularly prevalent in France -- by 1789 , there were perhaps as many as 100,000 French Masons , making Freemasonry the most popular of all Enlightenment associations .	Freemasonry	What was the most popular of all Enlightenment associations ?
One example was the `` Illuminati '' founded in Bavaria in 1776 , which was copied after the Freemasons but was never part of the movement .	Illuminati	Which group was copied from the Freemasons and founded in Bavaria in 1776 ?
Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to `` Life , Liberty and Property '' , and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor .	Locke	Who is known for his statement that individuals have a right to `` Life , Liberty and Property '' ?
Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to `` Life , Liberty and Property '' , and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor .	labor	Locke believed that the natural right to property is derived from what ?
Locke 's theory of natural rights has influenced many political documents , including the United States Declaration of Independence and the French National Constituent Assembly 's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen .	French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen	Locke 's theory of natural rights influenced what French document ?
Frederick the Great , the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 , saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin .	Frederick the Great	Which king of Prussia saw himself as the leader of the Enlightenment ?
Voltaire , who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government , was eager to accept Frederick 's invitation to live at his palace .	Voltaire	Which Enlightenment theorist was extended an invitation to live at the palace after being iprisoned by the French government ?
Frederick the Great , the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 , saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin .	Frederick the Great,	Who was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 ?
Several Americans , especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson , played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers .	Benjamin Franklin	Which American Enlightenment sympathiser was known for his political activism and advances in physics ?
The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic .	both directions	Did the cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment travel exclusively to America or did information travel in both directions , back across the Atlantic to Europe ?
As deists , they were influenced by ideas of John Toland -LRB- 1670 -- 1722 -RRB- and Matthew Tindal -LRB- 1656 -- 1733 -RRB- .	John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733)	As diests , Americans were influenced by the ideas of which two Enlightenment followers ?
Attempts to reconcile science and religion resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy , miracle and revealed religion in preference for Deism -- especially by Thomas Paine in The Age of Reason and by Thomas Jefferson in his short Jefferson Bible -- from which all supernatural aspects were removed .	The Age of Reason	All supernatural aspects were removed from which Thomas Paine work ?
Attempts to reconcile science and religion resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy , miracle and revealed religion in preference for Deism -- especially by Thomas Paine in The Age of Reason and by Thomas Jefferson in his short Jefferson Bible -- from which all supernatural aspects were removed .	science and religion	Attempts to reconcile which two fields resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy ?
The writers of Grub Street , the Grub Street Hacks , were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters , and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle .	the Grub Street Hacks	What term was given to the writers of Grub Street ?
Written mostly in the form of pamphlets , the libelles `` slandered the court , the Church , the aristocracy , the academies , the salons , everything elevated and respectable , including the monarchy itself '' .	pamphlets	Libelles were generally written in what form ?
More importantly , according to Darnton , the Grub Street hacks inherited the `` revolutionary spirit '' once displayed by the philosophes , and paved the way for the French Revolution by desacralizing figures of political , moral and religious authority in France .	the Grub Street hacks	Which group inherited the `` revolutionary spirit '' once displayed by the philosophes , according to Darnton ?
Written mostly in the form of pamphlets , the libelles `` slandered the court , the Church , the aristocracy , the academies , the salons , everything elevated and respectable , including the monarchy itself '' .	the libelles	Which works by the Grub Street Hacks `` slandered the court , the Church , the aristocracy , the academies , the salons , everything elevated and respectable , including the monarchy itself . '' ?
Coffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas .	Coffeehouses	Which venue created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life could gather and share ideas ?
They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an environment in which class and its accompanying titles and privileges were disregarded .	nobles	Coffehouses were criticized by which group of people , fearing the possiblity of an environmentin which class was disregarded ?
Monarchs also resented the idea of their subjects convening as one to discuss political matters , especially those concerning foreign affairs - rulers thought political affairs to be their business only , a result of their supposed divine right to rule .	Monarchs	Which societal group believed they held a divine right to rule and resented the idea of their subjects convening to discuss political matters ?
Monarchs also resented the idea of their subjects convening as one to discuss political matters , especially those concerning foreign affairs - rulers thought political affairs to be their business only , a result of their supposed divine right to rule .	Monarchs	What societal group derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people ?
Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes .	upper	Did natural history in particular become increasingly popular amoung the upper or lower classes ?
Outside ancien régime France , natural history was an important part of medicine and industry , encompassing the fields of botany , zoology , meteorology , hydrology and mineralogy .	natural history	Which type of history encompassed botany , zoology , meteorolgy , hydrology , and mineralogy ?
Works of natural history include René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur 's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty 's La Myologie complète , ou description de tous les muscles du corps humain -LRB- 1746 -RRB- .	René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur	Who wrote the Histoire naturelle des insectes ?
This was especially true on the Continent : when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s , their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities .	1730s	In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent ?
This was especially true on the Continent : when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s , their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities .	British	The Freemason embodiment of what country 's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities ?
For example , the Parisian lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles .	the Parisian lodge	Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles ?
British lodges assigned themselves the duty to `` initiate the unenlightened '' .	British	Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to `` initate the unenlightened '' ?
In fact , many lodges praised the Grand Architect , the masonic terminology for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe .	Grand Architect	What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe ?
Coffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities .	Coffeehouses	Which venue represents a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities ?
Coffeehouses were essential to the Enlightenment , for they were centers of free-thinking and self-discovery .	the Enlightenment	Coffehouses were essential to what movement by becoming centers of free-thinking and self-discovery ?
Together , Steele and Addison published The Spectator -LRB- 1711 -RRB- , a daily publication which aimed , through fictional narrator Mr. Spectator , both to entertain and to provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters .	1711	In what year was The Spectator published ?
Together , Steele and Addison published The Spectator -LRB- 1711 -RRB- , a daily publication which aimed , through fictional narrator Mr. Spectator , both to entertain and to provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters .	The Spectator	Which literary work used the fictional narrator Mr. Spectator to entertain and provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters ?
The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church , so that in countries with a large Catholic element , such as France , Italy , Spain , and Mexico , much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry .	Roman Catholic Church	Who was the major opponent to Freemasonry ?
The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church , so that in countries with a large Catholic element , such as France , Italy , Spain , and Mexico , much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry .	France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico	Which countries had a large Catholic element and therefore had confrontation with Freemasons ?
American historians , while noting that Benjamin Franklin and George Washington were indeed active Masons , have downplayed the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution because the Masonic order was non-political and included both Patriots and their enemy the Loyalists .	the Loyalists	Who was the political enemy of the Patriots ?
American historians , while noting that Benjamin Franklin and George Washington were indeed active Masons , have downplayed the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution because the Masonic order was non-political and included both Patriots and their enemy the Loyalists .	non-political	Were the Masons political or non-political in the American Revolution ?
The Enlightenment -- known in French as the Siècle des Lumières , the Century of Enlightenment , and in German as the Aufklärung -- was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century .	Siècle des Lumières	How was the Enlightenment known in French ?
The Enlightenment -- known in French as the Siècle des Lumières , the Century of Enlightenment , and in German as the Aufklärung -- was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century .	The Enlightenment	Which movement dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century ?
In France , the central doctrines of the Lumières were individual liberty and religious tolerance , in opposition to the principle of absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church .	individual liberty and religious tolerance	In France , what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres ?
In France , the central doctrines of the Lumières were individual liberty and religious tolerance , in opposition to the principle of absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church .	Roman Catholic Church	The principle of absolute monarchy of which group was at odds with those following the Enlightenment ?
In the mid-18th century , Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas .	Paris	Which city in the mid-18th century became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity ?
The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau , who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine , for a new civil order based on natural law , and for science based on experiments and observation .	Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Who were the two leaders of Paris ' philosophic movement ?
The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau , who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine , for a new civil order based on natural law , and for science based on experiments and observation .	reason	Rousseau argued for a society based on what , rather than faith ?
The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government , a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution .	Montesquieu	Which philosopher introduced the idea of a separation of powers in government ?
The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government , a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution .	the United States Constitution	Montesquieu 's ideas were enthusiastically adopted by the authors of what American document ?
The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie , compiled by Denis Diderot and -LRB- until 1759 -RRB- by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers .	the Encyclopédie	What was the most influential publication of the Enlightenment ?
It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes , and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond .	thirty-five	The Encyclopedie was comprised of how many volumes ?
Other landmark publications were the Dictionnaire philosophique -LRB- Philosophical Dictionary , 1764 -RRB- and Letters on the English -LRB- 1733 -RRB- written by Voltaire ; Rousseau 's Discourse on Inequality -LRB- 1754 -RRB- and The Social Contract -LRB- 1762 -RRB- ; and Montesquieu 's Spirit of the Laws -LRB- 1748 -RRB- .	1733	Voltaire wrote Letters on the English in what year ?
Other landmark publications were the Dictionnaire philosophique -LRB- Philosophical Dictionary , 1764 -RRB- and Letters on the English -LRB- 1733 -RRB- written by Voltaire ; Rousseau 's Discourse on Inequality -LRB- 1754 -RRB- and The Social Contract -LRB- 1762 -RRB- ; and Montesquieu 's Spirit of the Laws -LRB- 1748 -RRB- .	1754	When was Rousseau 's Discourse on Inequality published ?
The ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution , which began in 1789 .	1789	What year did the French Revolution begin ?
Both lines of thought were opposed by the conservative Counter-Enlightenment .	Counter-Enlightenment.	What was the name of the conservative group opposing the Enlightenment ?
There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought : the radical enlightenment , inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza , advocating democracy , individual liberty , freedom of expression , and eradication of religious authority ; and a second , more moderate variety , supported by René Descartes , John Locke , Christian Wolff , Isaac Newton and others , which sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith .	Spinoza	The radical enlightenment was inspired by the philosophy of whom ?
There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought : the radical enlightenment , inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza , advocating democracy , individual liberty , freedom of expression , and eradication of religious authority ; and a second , more moderate variety , supported by René Descartes , John Locke , Christian Wolff , Isaac Newton and others , which sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith .	Spinoza	Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated democracy , individual liberty , freedom of expression , and eradication of religious authority ?
There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought : the radical enlightenment , inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza , advocating democracy , individual liberty , freedom of expression , and eradication of religious authority ; and a second , more moderate variety , supported by René Descartes , John Locke , Christian Wolff , Isaac Newton and others , which sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith .	René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others	Which Enlightenment philosophers sought accomodatin between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith ?
The `` Radical Enlightenment '' promoted the concept of separating church and state , an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke -LRB- 1632 -- 1704 -RRB- .	John Locke	Who is credited with the concept of separating church and state ?
The `` Radical Enlightenment '' promoted the concept of separating church and state , an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke -LRB- 1632 -- 1704 -RRB- .	The "Radical Enlightenment"	Which term describes John Locke 's movement to seperate church and state ?
The `` Radical Enlightenment '' promoted the concept of separating church and state , an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke -LRB- 1632 -- 1704 -RRB- .	1632	In what year was John Locke born ?
According to his principle of the social contract , Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience , as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control .	the realm of individual conscience	In what realm did John Locke feel the government lacked authority ?
Deism , according to Thomas Paine , is the simple belief in God the Creator , with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source .	the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source	According to Thomas Paine , what is the definition of Deism ?
Some followed Pierre Bayle and argued that atheists could indeed be moral men .	Pierre Bayle	Which philosopher argued that atheists could indeed be moral men ?
Many others like Voltaire held that without belief in a God who punishes evil , the moral order of society was undermined .	Voltaire	Which philosopher argued that without belief in a God who punishes evil , the moral order of society was undermined ?
Many others like Voltaire held that without belief in a God who punishes evil , the moral order of society was undermined .	Voltaire	Who felt that since atheists gave themselves no Supreme Authority and no law , they were more likely to disrupt society ?
Additionally , most institutions of the public sphere excluded both women and the lower classes .	women and the lower classes	Whixh population groups were excluded from most institutions of the public sphere ?
Cross-class influences occurred through noble and lower class participation in areas such as the coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges .	coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges	Which two areas experienced criss-cross influences through noble and lower class participation ?
Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the `` public '' with that of the people : Condorcet contrasted `` opinion '' with populace , Marmontel `` the opinion of men of letters '' with `` the opinion of the multitude , '' and d'Alembert the `` truly enlightened public '' with `` the blind and noisy multitude '' .	"the opinion of the multitude,"	Marmontel contrasted `` the opinion of men of letters '' with what ?
Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the `` public '' with that of the people : Condorcet contrasted `` opinion '' with populace , Marmontel `` the opinion of men of letters '' with `` the opinion of the multitude , '' and d'Alembert the `` truly enlightened public '' with `` the blind and noisy multitude '' .	"the blind and noisy multitude"	d'Alembert contrasted the `` truly enlightened public '' with whom ?
The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the `` social '' Enlightenment .	reading materials	The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the `` social '' Enlightenment ?
Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices , encouraging the spread of books , pamphlets , newspapers and journals -- `` media of the transmission of ideas and attitudes '' .	the Industrial Revolution	Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices ?
Commercial development likewise increased the demand for information , along with rising populations and increased urbanisation .	demand for information	In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation , what else did Commercial development increase the need for ?
Literacy rates are difficult to gauge , but in France at least , the rates doubled over the course of the 18th century .	France	In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century ?
Reflecting the decreasing influence of religion , the number of books about science and art published in Paris doubled from 1720 to 1780 , while the number of books about religion dropped to just one-tenth of the total .	just one-tenth of the total	The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage ?
As musicians depended more and more on public support , public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers ' and composers ' incomes .	performers' and composers'	Whose incomes did public concerts help support ?
He gained considerable fame there with performances of his operas and oratorios .	operas and oratorios	Handel gained considerable fame with performances of what two types of artistic work ?
The music of Haydn and Mozart , with their Viennese Classical styles , are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals .	Haydn and Mozart	Which two composers are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals ?
The music of Haydn and Mozart , with their Viennese Classical styles , are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals .	Viennese Classical	What style of music did Haydn and Mozart share ?
The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science , founded in 1635 in Paris .	1635	What year was the Academy of Science in France founded ?
It also contributed to the enhancement of scientists ' social status , considering them to be the `` most useful of all citizens '' .	scientists	Members of what group were considered to be the `` most useful of all citizens ? ''
Academies demonstrate the rising interest in science along with its increasing secularization , as evidenced by the small number of clerics who were members -LRB- 13 percent -RRB- .	13 percent	What percentage of clerics were members of the Academy of Science ?
The presence of the French academies in the public sphere can not be attributed to their membership ; although the majority of their members were bourgeois , the exclusive institution was only open to elite Parisian scholars .	elite Parisian scholars	The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group ?
They perceived themselves as `` interpreters of the sciences for the people '' .	interpreters of the sciences for the people	How did elite Parisian scholars perceive themselves ?
Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe , with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden , Göttingen , Halle , Montpellier , Uppsala and Edinburgh .	northern Europe	Where were many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles located ?
Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe , with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden , Göttingen , Halle , Montpellier , Uppsala and Edinburgh .	Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh	Which six universities were the most renowned in northern Europe ?
These universities , especially Edinburgh , produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on Britain 's North American colonies and , later , the American Republic .	Edinburgh	Which university , especially , produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on the colonies ?
In France , the major exception was the medical university at Montpellier .	the medical university at Montpellier	Which of France 's universities was the exception and was hospitable to the Enlightenment ?
The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward , especially in northern European countries was associationism , the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines .	the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines	How can associationism be defined ?
The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward , especially in northern European countries was associationism , the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines .	associationism,	What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward ?
Children were taught to memorize facts through oral and graphic methods that originated during the Renaissance .	the Renaissance	Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period ?
However , the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries .	universal encyclopedias	What were the prime examples of reference works that systemasized scientific knowledge in the age oif Enlightenment ?
It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work .	to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work	What was the goal of universal encyclopedias ?
The most well-known of these works is Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert 's Encyclopédie , ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences , des arts et des métiers .	Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers	Which universal encyclopedia began publication in 1751 and was composed of 35 volumes and over 71,000 seperate entries ?
In d'Alembert 's Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot , the work 's goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences is outlined :	Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot	In what work is the goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences outlined ?
In d'Alembert 's Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot , the work 's goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences is outlined :	d'Alembert's	Who wrote the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot ?
The study of science , under the heading of natural philosophy , was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry and natural history , which included anatomy , biology , geology , mineralogy , and zoology .	natural history	Anatomy , biology , geology , mineralogy , and zoology are all studies of which subject ?
As with most Enlightenment views , the benefits of science were not seen universally ; Rousseau criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier .	Rousseau	Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier ?
Science during the Enlightenment was dominated by scientific societies and academies , which had largely replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development .	scientific societies and academies	Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment ?
Some historians have marked the 18th century as a drab period in the history of science ; however , the century saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine , mathematics , and physics ; the development of biological taxonomy ; a new understanding of magnetism and electricity ; and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline , which established the foundations of modern chemistry .	the 18th century	Which century is considered by some as a `` drab '' period , however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine , mathematics , and physics , the development of biological taxonomy , a new understanding of magnetism , and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline ?
Philosophes introduced the public to many scientific theories , most notably through the Encyclopédie and the popularization of Newtonianism by Voltaire and Émilie du Châtelet .	Newtonianism	Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy ?
Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought .	the development of free speech and thought	Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what ?
Scientific progress during the Enlightenment included the discovery of carbon dioxide -LRB- fixed air -RRB- by the chemist Joseph Black , the argument for deep time by the geologist James Hutton , and the invention of the steam engine by James Watt .	chemist Joseph Black	Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air ?
Scientific progress during the Enlightenment included the discovery of carbon dioxide -LRB- fixed air -RRB- by the chemist Joseph Black , the argument for deep time by the geologist James Hutton , and the invention of the steam engine by James Watt .	geologist James Hutton	Who created the argument for deep time ?
Scientific progress during the Enlightenment included the discovery of carbon dioxide -LRB- fixed air -RRB- by the chemist Joseph Black , the argument for deep time by the geologist James Hutton , and the invention of the steam engine by James Watt .	James Watt	Who invented the steam engine ?
The experiments of Lavoisier were used to create the first modern chemical plants in Paris , and the experiments of the Montgolfier Brothers enabled them to launch the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon on 21 November 1783 , from the Château de la Muette , near the Bois de Boulogne .	the Montgolfier Brothers	Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783 ?
Cesare Beccaria , a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers , became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments -LRB- 1764 -RRB- , which was later translated into 22 languages .	Crimes and Punishments (1764)	For which masterpiece did Cesare Beccaria become famous ?
Cesare Beccaria , a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers , became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments -LRB- 1764 -RRB- , which was later translated into 22 languages .	22	Into how many languages was Cesare Beccaria 's Crimes and Punishments -LRB- 1764 -RRB- translated ?
Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano , who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici -LRB- Political Essays , 1783 -RRB- , one of the major works of the Enlightenment in Naples , and Considerazioni sul processo criminale -LRB- Considerations on the criminal trial , 1787 -RRB- , which established him as an international authority on criminal law .	Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787)	Which work established Francesco Mario Pagano as an international authority on criminal law ?
Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano , who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici -LRB- Political Essays , 1783 -RRB- , one of the major works of the Enlightenment in Naples , and Considerazioni sul processo criminale -LRB- Considerations on the criminal trial , 1787 -RRB- , which established him as an international authority on criminal law .	1783	In what year did Francesco Mario Pagano publish Saggi Politici ?
However , contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientific societies by claiming that the university 's utility was in the transmission of knowledge , while societies functioned to create knowledge .	transmission of knowledge	What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies ?
However , contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientific societies by claiming that the university 's utility was in the transmission of knowledge , while societies functioned to create knowledge .	to create knowledge	Contemporary sources considered societies functioned for what purpose in contrast to universities ?
After 1700 , a tremendous number of official academies and societies were founded in Europe , and by 1789 there were over seventy official scientific societies .	1789	By what year were there over seventy official scientific societies ?
In reference to this growth , Bernard de Fontenelle coined the term `` the Age of Academies '' to describe the 18th century .	Bernard de Fontenelle	Who coined the term `` the Age of Academies '' to describe the 18th century ?
The Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789 .	1789	The Enlightenment is frequently linked to the French Revolution of what year ?
One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the `` consent of the governed '' philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government -LRB- 1689 -RRB- represented a paradigm shift from the old governance paradigm under feudalism known as the `` divine right of kings '' .	Locke	Who delineated the `` consent of the governed '' in Two Treatises of Government -LRB- 1689 -RRB- ?
One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the `` consent of the governed '' philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government -LRB- 1689 -RRB- represented a paradigm shift from the old governance paradigm under feudalism known as the `` divine right of kings '' .	"consent of the governed"	The `` divine right of kings '' was in direct conflict with which of Locke 's philosophies ?
In this view , the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused by the fact that this governance paradigm shift often could not be resolved peacefully , and therefore violent revolution was the result .	governance paradigm shift	According to Locke , the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused when what could not be resolved peacefully ?
In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society , Ferguson uses the four stages of progress , a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time , to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without `` signing '' a social contract .	An Essay on the History of Civil Society	In what work did Ferguson explain how humans advanced from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without `` signing '' a social contract ?
In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society , Ferguson uses the four stages of progress , a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time , to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without `` signing '' a social contract .	1767	In what year did Ferguson publish An Essay on the History of Civil Society ?
In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society , Ferguson uses the four stages of progress , a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time , to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without `` signing '' a social contract .	four	How many stages of progress did Ferguson theorize ?
Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists , both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp .	David Hume	Who , along with Adam Ferguson , criticized the idea of social contract theorists ?
The Russian enlightenment centered on the individual instead of societal enlightenment and encouraged the living of an enlightened life .	the individual	What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment ?
She used her own interpretation of Enlightenment ideals , assisted by notable international experts such as Voltaire -LRB- by correspondence -RRB- and , in residence , world class scientists such as Leonhard Euler and Peter Simon Pallas .	Voltaire	From whom did Catherine the Great receive assistance in her Enlightenment ideals via correspondence ?
Bertrand Russell saw the Enlightenment as a phase in a progressive development , which began in antiquity , and that reason and challenges to the established order were constant ideals throughout that time .	Bertrand Russell	Which philosopher believed that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation ?
Russell said that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of the Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation , and that philosophical views such as affinity for democracy against monarchy originated among 16th-century Protestants to justify their desire to break away from the Catholic Church .	16th-century Protestants	Where did Betrand Russell believe views such as affinity for democracy against monarachy originated from ?
Though many of these philosophical ideals were picked up by Catholics , Russell argues , by the 18th century the Enlightenment was the principal manifestation of the schism that began with Martin Luther .	Martin Luther	Who does Betrand Russell started the schism that lead to the Enlightenment ?
Alexis de Tocqueville described the French Revolution as the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment .	the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment	How did Alexis de Tocqueville describe the French Revolution ?
Alexis de Tocqueville described the French Revolution as the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment .	men of letters	Which group was considered `` a substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerful and without real power '' according to Tocqueville ?
This illusory power came from the rise of `` public opinion '' , born when absolutist centralization removed the nobility and the bourgeoisie from the political sphere .	the rise of "public opinion"	From where did Tocqueville believe the illusory power of the men of letters came from ?
In 1783 , Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason .	Moses Mendelssohn	Which Jewish philosopher referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason ?
Immanuel Kant called Enlightenment `` man 's release from his self-incurred tutelage '' , tutelage being `` man 's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another '' .	"man's release from his self-incurred tutelage"	How did Immanuel Kant describe the Enlightenment ?
Immanuel Kant called Enlightenment `` man 's release from his self-incurred tutelage '' , tutelage being `` man 's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another '' .	Immanuel Kant	For whom was Enlightenment mankind 's final coming of age , the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance ? ''
According to historian Roy Porter , the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance is the epitome of what the Age of Enlightenment was trying to capture .	the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance	According to historian Roy Porter , what was the Age of Enlightenment trying to capture ?
Thomas Jefferson called for a `` wall of separation between church and state '' at the federal level .	Thomas Jefferson	John Locke , Francis Bacon , and Isaac Newton where considered the the greatest men who ever lived by which American colonist ?
These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience , along with the social contract , became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution .	the United States Constitution	Religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience was particularly influential in the drafting of which American document ?
Jefferson 's political ideals were greatly influenced by the writings of John Locke , Francis Bacon , and Isaac Newton whom he considered the three greatest men that ever lived .	Isaac Newton	Whom , along with Francis Bacon and John Locke , did Thomas Jefferson consider to be one of the three greatest men that ever lived ?
From a historical standpoint , one of the most important features of the debating society was their openness to the public ; women attended and even participated in almost every debating society , which were likewise open to all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee .	openness to the public	From a historical standpoint , what was one of the most important features of the debating society ?
From a historical standpoint , one of the most important features of the debating society was their openness to the public ; women attended and even participated in almost every debating society , which were likewise open to all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee .	all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee	Were debates only open to certain economic classes , or could all attend ?
In addition to debates on religion , societies discussed issues such as politics and the role of women .	politics and the role of women	What were some of the issues discussed in addition to debates on religion ?
Intellectuals such as Robert Darnton and Jürgen Habermas have focused on the social conditions of the Enlightenment .	social conditions	What aspect of the Enlightenment did Robert Darnton and Jurgen Habermas focus on within the Enlightenment ?
Habermas said that the public sphere was bourgeois , egalitarian , rational , and independent from the state , making it the ideal venue for intellectuals to critically examine contemporary politics and society , away from the interference of established authority .	bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state	How did Habermas describe the public sphere ?
Habermas described the creation of the `` bourgeois public sphere '' in 18th-century Europe , containing the new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange .	the "bourgeois public sphere"	The new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange were given what term by Habermas in 18th century Europe ?
He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century , and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century .	the ideas themselves	What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century ?
Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization `` was based on a largely shared core of faith , tradition and authority '' .	largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority	What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s ?
Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations .	social and economic	Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations ?
He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century , and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century .	1650 to the end of the 18th century	What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on ?
One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere , a `` realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate , more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability , and an explosion of print culture , '' in the late 17th century and 18th century .	realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture	How was the public sphere defined ?
One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere , a `` realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate , more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability , and an explosion of print culture , '' in the late 17th century and 18th century .	late 17th century and 18th century	During what centuries was the rise of the public sphere ?
Habermas uses the term `` common concern '' to describe those areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously the exclusive territory of the state and religious authorities , now open to critical examination by the public sphere .	common concern	What term did Habermas give to describe the areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously exlusive territory of the state and religious authorities ?
Elements of the public sphere included : it was egalitarian , it discussed the domain of `` common concern , '' and argument was founded on reason .	reason	The argument of the public sphere was founded on what ?
The values of this bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to be supreme , considering everything to be open to criticism -LRB- the public sphere is critical -RRB- , and the opposition of secrecy of all sorts .	secrecy of all sorts	The values of the bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to the supreme , considering everything open to criticism , and the opposition of what ?
Across continental Europe , but in France especially , booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness .	France	Book sellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness in what country , especially ?
The Encyclopédie , for example , narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes , the man in charge of the French censure .	The Encyclopédie	Which work narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes ?
Across continental Europe , but in France especially , booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness .	France	Many publishing companies were located outside of which country to avoid overzealous censors ?
Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about criminals and political corruption than they were in political theory itself .	criminals and political corruption	Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about what topics than they were in political theory itself ?
The second most popular category , `` general works '' -LRB- those books `` that did not have a dominant motif and that contained something to offend almost everyone in authority '' -RRB- demonstrated a high demand for generally low-brow subversive literature .	general works	What was the term given to books that did not have a dominant motif and contained something to offend almost everyone in authority ?
The Encyclopédie , for example , condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII , nevertheless found its way into print with the help of the aforementioned Malesherbes and creative use of French censorship law .	Malesherbes	Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively ?
The Encyclopédie , for example , condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII , nevertheless found its way into print with the help of the aforementioned Malesherbes and creative use of French censorship law .	The Encyclopédie	The King and Clement XII condemned which literary work ?
Borrowing records from libraries in England , Germany and North America indicate that more than 70 percent of books borrowed were novels .	70	What percentage of books borrowed in England , Germany , and Norath America were novels ?
Less than 1 percent of the books were of a religious nature , indicating the general trend of declining religiosity .	1	What percentage of books borrowed were of a religious nature in England , Germany , and North America ?
It was a forum that supported `` free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation '' .	free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation	What did the Republic of Letters support ?
Immanuel Kant considered written communication essential to his conception of the public sphere ; once everyone was a part of the `` reading public '' , then society could be said to be enlightened .	the "reading public"	Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened ?
The people who participated in the Republic of Letters , such as Diderot and Voltaire , are frequently known today as important Enlightenment figures .	Diderot and Voltaire	Who were two of the figures that participated in the Republic of Letters ?
Immanuel Kant considered written communication essential to his conception of the public sphere ; once everyone was a part of the `` reading public '' , then society could be said to be enlightened .	written communication	What did Immanuel Kant consider essential to his conception of the public sphere ?
Jonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture .	Jonathan Israel	Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture ?
They shifted the attention of the `` cultivated public '' away from established authorities to novelty and innovation , and promoted the `` enlightened '' ideals of toleration and intellectual objectivity .	established authorities	To what did the journals shift attention of the cultivated public away from and towards novelty and innovation ?
They shifted the attention of the `` cultivated public '' away from established authorities to novelty and innovation , and promoted the `` enlightened '' ideals of toleration and intellectual objectivity .	toleration and intellectual objectivity	What enlightened ideas were promoted by the journals ?
Being a source of knowledge derived from science and reason , they were an implicit critique of existing notions of universal truth monopolized by monarchies , parliaments , and religious authorities .	science and reason	The journals were a source of knowledge derived from what topics ?
Although the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times , the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries .	from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words	How did dictionaries and encyclopedias change in the 18th century ?
The works were part of an Enlightenment movement to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite .	to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite	What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote ?
Volumes tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs , particularly science and technology , rather than matters of theology .	tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology	How did the content of encyclopedias change in the 18th century ?
Volumes tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs , particularly science and technology , rather than matters of theology .	secular affairs, particularly science and technology	Encyclopedias in the 18th century tended to focus more strongly on what topics , rather than theology ?
The massive work was arranged according to a `` tree of knowledge . ''	according to a "tree of knowledge."	How was the Encyclopedie arranged ?
The tree reflected the marked division between the arts and sciences , which was largely a result of the rise of empiricism .	the arts and sciences	The rise of empiricism caused a division between which two subjects ?
Both areas of knowledge were united by philosophy , or the trunk of the tree of knowledge .	philosophy	What was considered the trunk of the tree of knowledge ?
The quarto and octavo editions were much less expensive than previous editions , making the Encyclopédie more accessible to the non-elite .	quarto and octavo	Which editions of the Encyclopedie were less expensive and more accessible to the non-elite ?
Robert Darnton estimates that there were approximately 25 000 copies of the Encyclopédie in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution .	25 000	How many copies of the Encyclopedie were estimated to be in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution ?
In England , the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas .	Royal Society of London	Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas ?
It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662 .	1662	In what year was the Royal Society of London given a royal charter ?
The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle 's experimental philosophy around Europe , and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange .	Robert Boyle	Whose method based knowledge on experiementation , which had to be witnessed ?
However , not just any witness was considered to be credible ; `` Oxford professors were accounted more reliable witnesses than Oxfordshire peasants . ''	Oxford professors	Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants ?
Two factors were taken into account : a witness 's knowledge in the area ; and a witness 's `` moral constitution '' .	a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's "moral constitution"	What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society ?
Before the Enlightenment , most intellectual debates revolved around `` confessional '' -- that is , Catholic , Lutheran , Reformed -LRB- Calvinist -RRB- , or Anglican issues , and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of faith ought to have the `` monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority '' .	"confessional"	Before the Enlightenment , most intellectual debates revoled around what subject ?
Before the Enlightenment , most intellectual debates revolved around `` confessional '' -- that is , Catholic , Lutheran , Reformed -LRB- Calvinist -RRB- , or Anglican issues , and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of faith ought to have the `` monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority '' .	"confessional"	Catholic , Lutheran , Reformed -LRB- Calvinist -RRB- , or Anglican issues were called what ?
After the second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century , a `` general process of rationalization and secularization set in , '' and confessional disputes were reduced to a secondary status in favor of the `` escalating contest between faith and incredulity '' .	second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century	During what time period did a `` general process of rationalization and secularization set in '' ?
Before the Enlightenment , most intellectual debates revolved around `` confessional '' -- that is , Catholic , Lutheran , Reformed -LRB- Calvinist -RRB- , or Anglican issues , and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of faith ought to have the `` monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority '' .	the "monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority"	The aim of confessional debates was to establish which bloc of faith should have what ?
German historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed that `` On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment : the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges . ''	the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges	According to German historian Reinhart Koselleck , which two social structures left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment ?
Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that `` although the Masons did promote international and cross-social contacts which were essentially non-religious and broadly in agreement with enlightened values , they can hardly be described as a major radical or reformist network in their own right . ''	Thomas Munck	Which Scottish professor believes that Masons were not a major radical or reformist network in their own right ?
Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspiring enlightened political thought .	political thought	Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspriting what type of thinking ?
On the negative side , Daniel Roche contests claims that Masonry promoted egalitarianism .	egalitarianism	Daniel Roche claims that Masonry promoted what idea by only attracting men of similar social background ?
The presence of noble women in the French `` lodges of adoption '' that formed in the 1780s was largely due to the close ties shared between these lodges and aristocratic society .	noble women	The presence of whom in the French `` lodges of adoption '' formed in the 1780s was die to the close ties shared with aristocratic society ?
Along with secular matters , readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines .	alphabetical	What ordering scheme did readers prefer ?
The historian Charles Porset , commenting on alphabetization , has said that `` as the zero degree of taxonomy , alphabetical order authorizes all reading strategies ; in this respect it could be considered an emblem of the Enlightenment . ''	Charles Porset	Who believed the avoidance of thematic and heirarhical systems allowed free interpretation of the works and caused them to beomce an example of eglitarianism ?
Encyclopedias and dictionaries also became more popular during the Age of Reason as the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply .	the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply	Why did Encyclopedias and dictionaries become more popular during the Age of Reason ?
In the later half of the 18th century , the number of dictionaries and encyclopedias published by decade increased from 63 between 1760 and 1769 to approximately 148 in the decade proceeding the French Revolution -LRB- 1780 -- 1789 -RRB- .	63	How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published between 1760 and 1769 ?
In the later half of the 18th century , the number of dictionaries and encyclopedias published by decade increased from 63 between 1760 and 1769 to approximately 148 in the decade proceeding the French Revolution -LRB- 1780 -- 1789 -RRB- .	148	How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published in the decade preceding the French Revolution ?
The new literate population was due to a high rise in the availability of food .	a high rise in the availability of food	What caused an increasingly literate population to develop in the Enlightenment era ?
This enabled many people to rise out of poverty , and instead of paying more for food , they had money for education .	education	Instead of paying more for food , on what did people spend their money ?
Popularization was generally part of an overarching Enlightenment ideal that endeavoured `` to make information available to the greatest number of people . ''	Popularization	Which ideal endeavoured to make information available to the greatest number of people ?
Sir Isaac Newton 's celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education in the classics until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze the text in the vernacular .	Sir Isaac Newton	Who wrote the celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ?
Sir Isaac Newton 's celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education in the classics until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze the text in the vernacular .	Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica	Which work of Isaac Newton was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze it in the vernacular ?
Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes .	environmental changes	For what do Circadian rhythms let an organism prepare ?
They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources -LRB- e.g. light and food -RRB- compared to those that can not predict such availability .	resources	What can an organism that uses circadian rhythms use to its advantage that others can not ?
It has therefore been suggested that circadian rhythms put organisms at a selective advantage in evolutionary terms .	selective advantage	By better using resources , how does that improve an organism 's chances of surviving ?
However , rhythmicity appears to be as important in regulating and coordinating internal metabolic processes , as in coordinating with the environment .	internal metabolic	By improving what processes does the use of circadian rhythms serve to benefit the individual ?
This is suggested by the maintenance -LRB- heritability -RRB- of circadian rhythms in fruit flies after several hundred generations in constant laboratory conditions , as well as in creatures in constant darkness in the wild , and by the experimental elimination of behavioral , but not physiological , circadian rhythms in quail .	fruit flies	What insect has been studied concerning the inheritability of rhythms ?
Norwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals -LRB- ptarmigan , reindeer -RRB- show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets .	Arctic animals	What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times ?
Norwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals -LRB- ptarmigan , reindeer -RRB- show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets .	sunrises and sunsets	What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need ?
In one study of reindeer , animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn , winter and spring , but not in the summer .	autumn, winter and spring	In a study , when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms ?
Reindeer on Svalbard at 78 degrees North showed such rhythms only in autumn and spring .	78 degrees	At what degree north did reindeer show rhythms only in autumn and summer ?
The researchers suspect that other Arctic animals as well may not show circadian rhythms in the constant light of summer and the constant dark of winter .	other Arctic animals	What aninmals do researchers think might also show a variance in circadian rhythms in different seasons ?
The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day .	central oscillator	What produces a self-sustaining rhythm ?
The morning loop consists of CCA1 -LRB- Circadian and Clock-Associated 1 -RRB- and LHY -LRB- Late Elongated Hypocotyl -RRB- , which encode closely related MYB transcription factors that regulate circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis , as well as PRR 7 and 9 -LRB- Pseudo-Response Regulators . -RRB-	morning	When do the CCA1 and LHY function ?
The evening loop consists of GI -LRB- Gigantea -RRB- and ELF4 , both involved in regulation of flowering time genes .	evening	Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions ?
While it was previously hypothesised that these three genes model a negative feedback loop in which over-expressed CCA1 and LHY repress TOC1 and over-expressed TOC1 is a positive regulator of CCA1 and LHY , it was shown in 2012 by Andrew Millar and others that TOC1 in fact serves as a repressor not only of CCA1 , LHY , and PRR7 and 9 in the morning loop but also of GI and ELF4 in the evening loop .	negative feedback loop	What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop ?
While it was previously hypothesised that these three genes model a negative feedback loop in which over-expressed CCA1 and LHY repress TOC1 and over-expressed TOC1 is a positive regulator of CCA1 and LHY , it was shown in 2012 by Andrew Millar and others that TOC1 in fact serves as a repressor not only of CCA1 , LHY , and PRR7 and 9 in the morning loop but also of GI and ELF4 in the evening loop .	Andrew Millar	What researcher showed that the gene feedback loop serves as a repressor ?
A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila `` period '' gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS -LRB- Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome -RRB- , underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution .	sleep disorder FASPS	What is the Drosophila gene the cause of ?
A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila `` period '' gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS -LRB- Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome -RRB- , underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution .	period	What is the Drosophila gene also known as ?
A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila `` period '' gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS -LRB- Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome -RRB- , underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution .	FASPS	What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome ?
Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known .	biological clock	What kind of clock have genetic functions ?
Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day .	time of the day	What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop ?
Due to the work nature of airline pilots , who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day , and spend many hours awake both day and night , they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm ; this situation can easily lead to fatigue .	airline pilots	Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern ?
Due to the work nature of airline pilots , who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day , and spend many hours awake both day and night , they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm ; this situation can easily lead to fatigue .	fatigue	What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause ?
The NTSB cites this as contributing to many accidents -LSB- unreliable medical source ? -RSB-	NTSB	What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents ?
and has conducted several research studies in order to find methods of combating fatigue in pilots .	research studies	What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue ?
and has conducted several research studies in order to find methods of combating fatigue in pilots .	combating fatigue	Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing ?
The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E. , when Androsthenes , a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great , described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree .	Androsthenes	What ship captain described daily leaf movements ?
The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E. , when Androsthenes , a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great , described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree .	tamarind	What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe ?
The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century , including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle , the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year .	medical	What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans ?
The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century , including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle , the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year .	13th century	When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points ?
Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators .	when to flower	What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm ?
Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators .	pollinators	What do plants need to attract to their flowering ?
Circadian rhythms occur as a plant entrains to synchronize with the light cycle of its surrounding environment .	light cycle	With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync ?
Anticipation of changes in the environment allows appropriate changes in a plant 's physiological state , conferring an adaptive advantage .	Anticipation of changes	What does adaptive advantage allow for plants ?
A better understanding of plant circadian rhythms has applications in agriculture , such as helping farmers stagger crop harvests to extend crop availability and securing against massive losses due to weather .	agriculture	Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage ?
The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria .	prokaryotic cyanobacteria	What has the simplest known circadian clock ?
Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins -LRB- KaiA , KaiB , KaiC -RRB- of their central oscillator .	three proteins	With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect ?
Previous explanations of the prokaryotic circadian timekeeper were dependent upon a DNA transcription/translation feedback mechanism .	DNA	What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock ?
This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhythm over several days upon the addition of ATP .	22-hour	How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment ?
Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins -LRB- KaiA , KaiB , KaiC -RRB- of their central oscillator .	KaiA, KaiB, KaiC	What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment ?
The rhythm is linked to the light -- dark cycle .	light–dark cycle	To what is the circadian rhythm tied ?
Animals , including humans , kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm .	total darkness	What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans ?
The environmental cues that reset the rhythms each day are called zeitgebers -LRB- from the German , `` time-givers '' -RRB- .	zeitgebers	What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm ?
Although they lack image-forming eyes , their photoreceptors -LRB- which detect light -RRB- are still functional ; they do surface periodically as well .	photoreceptors	What do blind mole rats have in place of vision ?
Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime .	Melatonin	What chemical is absent or low during daylight ?
Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime .	Melatonin	At its onset , what can be measured in blood or saliva ?
Both DLMO and the midpoint -LRB- in time -RRB- of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers .	hormone	The presence of what is a circadian marker ?
Benloucif et al. found that melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than the core temperature minimum .	melatonin phase	What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing ?
For temperature studies , subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously .	temperatures	What physical factor must be continuously monitored during temperature studies >
Though variation is great among normal chronotypes , the average human adult 's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 -LRB- 5 a.m. -RRB- , about two hours before habitual wake time .	05:00	At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature ?
Though variation is great among normal chronotypes , the average human adult 's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 -LRB- 5 a.m. -RRB- , about two hours before habitual wake time .	two hours	How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached ?
Baehr et al. found that , in young adults , the daily body temperature minimum occurred at about 04:00 -LRB- 4 a.m. -RRB- for morning types but at about 06:00 -LRB- 6 a.m. -RRB- for evening types .	04:00	When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest ?
Baehr et al. found that , in young adults , the daily body temperature minimum occurred at about 04:00 -LRB- 4 a.m. -RRB- for morning types but at about 06:00 -LRB- 6 a.m. -RRB- for evening types .	06:00	What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults ?
In 1896 , Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation , sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours .	Patrick and Gilbert	Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period ?
In 1918 , J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature .	J.S. Szymanski	Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes ?
In the early 20th century , circadian rhythms were noticed in the rhythmic feeding times of bees .	bees	What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer isolated the first clock mutant in Drosophila in the early 1970s and mapped the `` period '' gene , the first discovered genetic determinant of behavioral rhythmicity .	"period"	What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s ?
Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation -LRB- clockΔ19 -RRB- using mice in 1994 .	circadian clock	What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994 ?
It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell ; i.e. , it is cell-autonomous .	single cell	Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate ?
It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell ; i.e. , it is cell-autonomous .	cell-autonomous	By functioning within a single , what is the system ?
These may interface with endocrine glands of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones .	endocrine glands	What section of the brain periodically releases hormones ?
This is how the timing of , for example , sleep/wake , body temperature , thirst , and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock .	biological clock	How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated ?
The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronise the peripheral clocks of various organs .	synchronise	What do body hormone receptors do with the body 's organs ?
Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors .	Light	What signals plants to synchronize their internal clocks ?
Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors .	photoreceptors	What do plants use to sense light ?
Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes .	phytochromes and cryptochromes	What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants ?
One phytochrome , phyA , is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the dark but rapidly degrades in light to produce Cry1 .	phyA	Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth ?
Phytochromes B -- E are more stable with phyB , the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the light .	phyB	What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light ?
Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep -- wake cycles , in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed , for over a month .	28-hour	What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans ?
Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep -- wake cycles , in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed , for over a month .	time cues	What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?
Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep -- wake cycles , in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed , for over a month .	month	How long did the suppression of time clues study last ?
Because normal people can not entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- this is referred to as a forced desynchrony protocol .	forced desynchrony	What is this forced type of study called ?
Sleep and wake episodes are uncoupled from the endogenous circadian period of about 24.18 hours and researchers are allowed to assess the effects of circadian phase on aspects of sleep and wakefulness including sleep latency and other functions .	24.18 hours	When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period ?
Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body .	profound consequences	What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body ?
Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes .	body mass	Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase ?
-LSB- medical citation needed -RSB- In humans , shift-work that favors irregular eating times is associated with altered insulin sensitivity and higher body mass .	insulin sensitivity	How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin ?
-LSB- medical citation needed -RSB- In humans , shift-work that favors irregular eating times is associated with altered insulin sensitivity and higher body mass .	higher body mass	Besides insulin sensitivity , what other effect does shift-work have on the body ?
Shift-work also leads to increased metabolic risks for cardio-metabolic syndrome , hypertension , inflammation .	Shift-work	What type of work can lead to heart , hypertension and inflammation ?
Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs .	abusive drugs	What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system ?
It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker .	circadian pacemaker	What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system ?
Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms .	disrupted rhythms	What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes ?
These disrupted rhythms can increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse .	abuse and relapse	What can the disrupted circadian system cause ?
It is possible that genetic and/or environmental disturbances to the normal sleep and wake cycle can increase the susceptibility to addiction .	susceptibility to addiction	What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause ?
Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells , with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytime .	photosensitive proteins	What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms ?
Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells , with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytime .	replicating DNA	What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect ?
Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells , with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytime .	ultraviolet radiation	From what did DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells ?
The current view is that circadian changes in environmental oxygen levels and the production of reactive oxygen species -LRB- ROS -RRB- in the presence of daylight are likely to have driven a need to evolve circadian rhythms to preempt , and therefore counteract , damaging redox reactions on a daily basis .	redox reactions	One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?
Recent studies instead highlight the importance of co-evolution of redox proteins with circadian oscillators in all three kingdoms of life following the Great Oxidation Event approximately 2.3 billion years ago .	Great Oxidation Event	What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago ?
Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events ; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese , and have altered glucose metabolism .	cellular/metabolic events	What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure ?
Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events ; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese , and have altered glucose metabolism .	hyperphagic and obese	What do mice without the clock gene become ?
Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events ; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese , and have altered glucose metabolism .	glucose metabolism	Beside obesity , how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect the mice ?
However , it is not clear whether there is a strong association between clock gene polymorphisms in humans and the susceptibility to develop the metabolic syndrome .	not clear	How certain is it that these circadian clock effects are the same in humans ?
In mice , deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and changes the balance between glucose and lipid utilization predisposing to diabetes .	Rev-ErbA alpha clock	What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice ?
The primary circadian `` clock '' in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus -LRB- or nuclei -RRB- -LRB- SCN -RRB- , a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus .	suprachiasmatic nucleus	Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans ?
The primary circadian `` clock '' in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus -LRB- or nuclei -RRB- -LRB- SCN -RRB- , a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus .	hypothalamus	Where are these cell groups found in humans ?
Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep -- wake rhythm .	complete absence	What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm ?
The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes .	eyes	What provides information to the SCN ?
But the retina also contains specialized ganglion cells that are directly photosensitive , and project directly to the SCN , where they help in the entrainment -LRB- synchronization -RRB- of this master circadian clock .	ganglion	What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells ?
Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping .	25 hours	What did early research show people preferred as a day length ?
However , this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light .	artificial light	What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length ?
Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase .	delayed	What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours , 11 minutes : much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync .	solar day	To what is the 24 hours , 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours , 11 minutes : much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync .	1999	When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day ?
More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei -LRB- SCN -RRB- , the `` master clock '' .	organs and cells	Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found ?
These clocks , called peripheral oscillators , are found in the adrenal gland , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- oesophagus , lungs , liver , pancreas , spleen , thymus , and skin .	peripheral oscillators	What is the term for the independent clocks ?
More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei -LRB- SCN -RRB- , the `` master clock '' .	master clock	What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators ?
These clocks , called peripheral oscillators , are found in the adrenal gland , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- oesophagus , lungs , liver , pancreas , spleen , thymus , and skin .	adrenal gland	In what body gland are the peripheral oscillators located ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Though oscillators in the skin respond to light , a systemic influence has not been proven .	light	To what do oscillators in the skin respond ?
Elizabeth 's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope .	Elizabeth	Who is the world 's oldest reigning monarch ?
In 2015 , she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother , Queen Victoria , to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history .	Queen Victoria	Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer ?
In 2015 , she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother , Queen Victoria , to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history .	great-great-grandmother	How is Victoria related to Elizabeth ?
In 2015 , she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother , Queen Victoria , to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history .	2015	In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria 's length of rule ?
In 2015 , she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother , Queen Victoria , to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history .	world history	In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen ?
During the war , plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales .	Elizabeth	Who did England propose to affiliate with Wales to quell Welsh nationalism ?
Proposals , such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru -LRB- the Welsh League of Youth -RRB- , were abandoned for various reasons , which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd , at a time when Britain was at war .	Britain was at war	Why did Britain not want Elizabeth to associate with conscientious objectors ?
In 1946 , she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales .	Welsh Gorsedd of Bards	What did Elizabeth join in 1946 ?
Home Secretary , Herbert Morrison supported the idea , but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent .	heir apparent	Who was the always the Prince of Wales ?
Home Secretary , Herbert Morrison supported the idea , but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent .	Herbert Morrison	Who wanted to name Elizabeth Princess of Wales ?
Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey .	20 November 1947	When were Elizabeth and Philip married ?
Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey .	Westminster Abbey	At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married ?
They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world .	2500	How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive ?
Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war , Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown , which was designed by Norman Hartnell .	Norman Hartnell	Who designed Elizabeth 's wedding gown ?
The Duke of Windsor , formerly King Edward VIII , was not invited either .	Duke of Windsor	What former King was not invited to the wedding ?
Amid preparations for the coronation , Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend , a divorcé ‚ 16 years Margaret 's senior , with two sons from his previous marriage .	Peter Townsend	Who did Princess Margaret want to marry ?
The Queen asked them to wait for a year ; in the words of Martin Charteris , `` the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess , but I think she thought -- she hoped -- given time , the affair would peter out . ''	wait for a year	What did Queen Elizabeth ask Margaret to do instead of marring Townsend ?
Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce .	remarriage after divorce	What act would the Church of England not permit ?
In 1960 , she married Antony Armstrong-Jones , who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year .	Antony Armstrong-Jones	Who did Princess Margaret marry in 1960 ?
In 1960 , she married Antony Armstrong-Jones , who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year .	Earl of Snowdon	What title was Armstrong-Jones given ?
The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden 's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen .	Suez crisis	Aside from her choice of Eden 's successor , what crisis caused Elizabeth to be criticized ?
In a magazine , which he owned and edited , Lord Altrincham accused her of being `` out of touch '' .	out of touch	What did Lord Altrincham accuse Elizabeth of being ?
Six years later , in 1963 , Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister , advice that she followed .	1963	When did Macmillan resign ?
Six years later , in 1963 , Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister , advice that she followed .	Earl of Home	Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister after the resignation of Macmillan ?
In 1965 , the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader , thus relieving her of involvement .	1965	When was a formal mechanism for electing the Minister adopted ?
A year later , at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis , the Australian Prime Minister , Gough Whitlam , was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam 's budget proposals .	Gough Whitlam	During the Australian constitutional crisis , what Prime Minister was dismissed ?
A year later , at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis , the Australian Prime Minister , Gough Whitlam , was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam 's budget proposals .	Governor-General Sir John Kerr	Who dismissed Whilam from the post of Australian Prime Minister ?
As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives , Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr 's decision .	Speaker Gordon Scholes	Who appealed to Elizabeth to reverse the dismissal of Whitlam ?
As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives , Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr 's decision .	a majority	What did Whitlam have in the House of Representatives ?
She declined , stating that she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the governor-general .	interfere	What did Elizabeth decline to do in response to the appeal by Scholes ?
In 1987 , in Canada , Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments , prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes , including Pierre Trudeau .	1987	When did Elizabeth support constitutional amendments in Canada ?
In 1987 , in Canada , Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments , prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes , including Pierre Trudeau .	Pierre Trudeau	What politician criticized the proposed changes ?
The same year , the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup .	Fijian government	In 1987 what elected government was removed in a coup ?
Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic .	republic	What did coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka declare Fiji to be ?
By the start of 1991 , republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen 's private wealth -- which were contradicted by the Palace -- and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family .	private wealth	In 1991 what money issue of the Queen was a feature of public criticism ?
In 2002 , Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee .	Golden Jubilee	What did Elizabeth celebrate in 2002 ?
Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively , and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure .	March	When did Elizabeth 's mother die in 2002 ?
Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively , and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure .	Her sister	What relative of Elizabeth died in February of 2002 ?
A million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London , and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected .	million	How many people in London attended each day of the the three day event ?
A million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London , and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected .	journalists	What group was surprised by the public 's approval of the Queen ?
The Queen , who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London , making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries .	1976	When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal ?
The Queen , who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London , making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries .	2012	When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London ?
For the London Olympics , she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony , alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond .	London Olympics	For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies ?
For the London Olympics , she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony , alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond .	Daniel Craig	What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film ?
On 4 April 2013 , she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called `` the most memorable Bond girl yet '' at the award ceremony .	patronage	For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award ?
Elizabeth 's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years .	personal fortune	What has been a subject of speculation concerning Elizabeth 's wealth ?
Jock Colville , who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth in 1971 at # 2 million -LRB- equivalent to about # 25 million today -RRB- .	£2 million	What was Elizabeth 's wealth extimated to be in 1971 ?
In 1993 , Buckingham Palace called estimates of # 100 million `` grossly overstated '' .	"grossly overstated"	What did the palace call estimates of Elizabeth wealth in 1993 ?
The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her private wealth at # 340 million , making her the 302nd richest person in the UK .	£340 million	What did the Sunday Times estimate Elizabeth 's fortune to be in 2015 ?
The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her private wealth at # 340 million , making her the 302nd richest person in the UK .	302nd	Where does Elizabeth 's wealth place her in the list of the richest in the UK ?
Times of personal significance have included the births and marriages of her children , grandchildren and great grandchildren , her coronation in 1953 , and the celebration of milestones such as her Silver , Golden and Diamond Jubilees in 1977 , 2002 , and 2012 , respectively .	1953	When was Elizabeth 's coronation ?
Times of personal significance have included the births and marriages of her children , grandchildren and great grandchildren , her coronation in 1953 , and the celebration of milestones such as her Silver , Golden and Diamond Jubilees in 1977 , 2002 , and 2012 , respectively .	2012	When was Elizabeth 's Diamond Jubilee ?
Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father , aged 56 ; the assassination of Prince Philip 's uncle , Lord Mountbatten ; the breakdown of her children 's marriages in 1992 -LRB- her annus horribilis -RRB- ; the death in 1997 of her son 's former wife , Diana , Princess of Wales ; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002 .	56	How old was Elizabeth 's father at the time of his death ?
Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father , aged 56 ; the assassination of Prince Philip 's uncle , Lord Mountbatten ; the breakdown of her children 's marriages in 1992 -LRB- her annus horribilis -RRB- ; the death in 1997 of her son 's former wife , Diana , Princess of Wales ; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002 .	assassination	How did Prince Philip 's uncle , Lord Mounbatten , die ?
Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father , aged 56 ; the assassination of Prince Philip 's uncle , Lord Mountbatten ; the breakdown of her children 's marriages in 1992 -LRB- her annus horribilis -RRB- ; the death in 1997 of her son 's former wife , Diana , Princess of Wales ; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002 .	1997	In what year did Elizabeth 's son 's ex-wife die ?
Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March , the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned , as Mary had asked before she died .	2 June 1953	When was the coronation of Elizabeth as Queen ?
The ceremony in Westminster Abbey , with the exception of the anointing and communion , was televised for the first time .	televised	How was much of the ceremony of Elizabeth 's coronation presented to the public ?
-LSB- d -RSB- Elizabeth 's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries : English Tudor rose ; Scots thistle ; Welsh leek ; Irish shamrock ; Australian wattle ; Canadian maple leaf ; New Zealand silver fern ; South African protea ; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon ; and Pakistan 's wheat , cotton , and jute .	floral emblems	What Commonwealth symbols were embroidered on Elizabeth 's gown ?
-LSB- d -RSB- Elizabeth 's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries : English Tudor rose ; Scots thistle ; Welsh leek ; Irish shamrock ; Australian wattle ; Canadian maple leaf ; New Zealand silver fern ; South African protea ; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon ; and Pakistan 's wheat , cotton , and jute .	Tudor rose	What is the emblem of England ?
-LSB- d -RSB- Elizabeth 's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries : English Tudor rose ; Scots thistle ; Welsh leek ; Irish shamrock ; Australian wattle ; Canadian maple leaf ; New Zealand silver fern ; South African protea ; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon ; and Pakistan 's wheat , cotton , and jute .	Scots	What people have a thistle for their Commonwealth emblem ?
In 1957 , she made a state visit to the United States , where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth .	1957	When did Elizabeth address the UN General Assembly ?
On the same tour , she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament , becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session .	23rd Canadian Parliament	What parliamentary session did Elizabeth open in 1957 while on tour ?
On a visit to Ghana the same year , she dismissed fears for her safety , even though her host , President Kwame Nkrumah , who had replaced her as head of state , was a target for assassins .	her safety	On a tour to Ghana in 1961 what did Elizabeth dismiss as a fear ?
Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964 , the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth 's assassination .	Elizabeth's assassination	In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?
In 1977 , Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession .	Silver	What Jubilee did Elizabeth celebrate in 1977 ?
In 1977 , Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession .	1977	When did Princess Margaret separate from her husband ?
In 1978 , the Queen endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania 's communist dictator , Nicolae Ceaușescu , and his wife , Elena , though privately she thought they had `` blood on their hands '' .	1978	In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu visit the UK ?
The following year brought two blows : one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt , former Surveyor of the Queen 's Pictures , as a communist spy ; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army .	Anthony Blunt	Who , in 1979 , was discovered to be a communist spy ?
The following year brought two blows : one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt , former Surveyor of the Queen 's Pictures , as a communist spy ; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army .	Provisional Irish Republican Army	What group assassinated Lord Mountbatten ?
In the 1950s , as a young woman at the start of her reign , Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous `` fairytale Queen '' .	"fairytale Queen"	As what was Elizabeth portrayed in the 1950s ?
Lord Altrincham 's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a `` priggish schoolgirl '' was an extremely rare criticism .	"priggish schoolgirl"	Of what did Lord Altrincham say Elizabeth 's speeches resembled ?
In the late 1960s , attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles 's investiture as Prince of Wales .	Prince of Wales	What investiture featuring Prince Charles was televised in the late 1960s ?
In public , she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats , which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd .	solid-colour overcoats	In the 1960s , what did Elizabeth begin wearing to events ?
After the trauma of the Second World War , it was a time of hope , a period of progress and achievement heralding a `` new Elizabethan age '' .	"new Elizabethan age"	What was the time after WWII heralded as ?
The Royal Collection , which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels , is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust , as are her official residences , such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle , and the Duchy of Lancaster , a property portfolio valued in 2014 at # 442 million .	Crown Jewels	What famous jewelry collection is held in trust by Elizabeth ?
The Royal Collection , which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels , is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust , as are her official residences , such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle , and the Duchy of Lancaster , a property portfolio valued in 2014 at # 442 million .	official residences	What residences of Elizabeth are held in trust and not owned by Elizabeth ?
Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen .	Balmoral Castle	What Scottish estate is privately owned by Elizabeth ?
The British Crown Estate -- with holdings of # 9.4 billion in 2014 -- is held in trust by the sovereign and can not be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity .	£9.4 billion	How much is the worth of the British Crown Estate ?
The British Crown Estate -- with holdings of # 9.4 billion in 2014 -- is held in trust by the sovereign and can not be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity .	in trust	How is the British Crown Estate held by Elizabeth ?
Elizabeth 's only sibling , Princess Margaret , was born in 1930 .	Princess Margaret	Who was Elizabeth only sibling?P
Elizabeth 's only sibling , Princess Margaret , was born in 1930 .	1930	When was Princess Margaret born ?
The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess , Marion Crawford , who was casually known as `` Crawfie '' .	governess	Who was Marion Crawford to the princesses ?
Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret 's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950 , much to the dismay of the royal family .	The Little Princesses	What was the title of the book written by Crawford about the princesses ?
The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess , Marion Crawford , who was casually known as `` Crawfie '' .	at home	Where were the royal princesses educated ?
In 1943 , at the age of 16 , Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards , of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year .	16	At what age was Elizabeth when she went on her first solo public appearance ?
In 1943 , at the age of 16 , Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards , of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year .	Grenadier Guards	Where did Elizabeth visit on her first solo public appearance ?
As she approached her 18th birthday , parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father 's incapacity or absence abroad , such as his visit to Italy in July 1944 .	Counsellors of State	In case of her father 's absence , in what capacity could Elizabeth act ?
In February 1945 , she joined the Women 's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873 .	February 1945	When did Elizabeth join the Women 's Auxiliary Territorial Service ?
She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later .	driver and mechanic	In what capacity did Elizabeth serve in the Auxiliary ?
The engagement was not without controversy : Philip had no financial standing , was foreign-born -LRB- though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War -RRB- , and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links .	Royal Navy	Where did Philip serve during WWII ?
Marion Crawford wrote , `` Some of the King 's advisors did not think him good enough for her .	good enough	What did Crawford report that some of the King 's advisers thought of Philip ?
The engagement was not without controversy : Philip had no financial standing , was foreign-born -LRB- though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War -RRB- , and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links .	German noblemen	To whom did Philip 's sisters marry ?
Elizabeth 's mother was reported , in later biographies , to have opposed the union initially , even dubbing Philip `` The Hun '' .	"The Hun"	What did Elizabeth 's mother call Philip ?
In later life , however , she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was `` an English gentleman '' .	"an English gentleman"	What did Elizabeth 's mother later say that Philip was ?
During 1951 , George VI 's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events .	health declined	What was the state of George VI 's health during 1951 ?
On 6 February 1952 , they had just returned to their Kenyan home , Sagana Lodge , after a night spent at Treetops Hotel , when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth 's immediate accession to the throne .	6 February 1952	On what date did Elizabeth 's father , King George VI , die ?
In early 1952 , Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya .	Kenya	In what country was Elizabeth when George VI died ?
In 1956 , the British and French prime ministers , Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet , discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth .	1956	When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth ?
The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome , which established the European Economic Community , the precursor to the European Union .	Treaty of Rome	What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth ?
The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome , which established the European Economic Community , the precursor to the European Union .	European Union	To what was the European Economic Community the precurser ?
In November 1956 , Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal .	November 1956	When did Britain and France invade Egypt ?
The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome , which established the European Economic Community , the precursor to the European Union .	European Economic Community	What did the Treaty of Rome establish ?
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean .	1960s and 1970s	When did the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean accelerate ?
Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government .	Over 20 countries	How many countries got independence from Britain during decolonization ?
As Britain 's ties to its former empire weakened , the British government sought entry to the European Community , a goal it achieved in 1973 .	1973	When did Britain join the European Community ?
In 1965 , however , the Rhodesian Prime Minister , Ian Smith , in opposition to moves toward majority rule , declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing `` loyalty and devotion '' to Elizabeth .	independence from Britain	What did the Rhodesian president declare in 1965 ?
Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration , and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia , his regime survived for over a decade .	over a decade	In spite of sanctions by the international community , how long did the Ian Smith 's regime last ?
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony and only six weeks before the wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales , and Lady Diana Spencer , six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse , Burmese .	Trooping the Colour	During what ceremony were shots fired at the Queen ?
The 17-year-old assailant , Marcus Sarjeant , was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three .	Marcus Sarjeant	Who was the assailant who shot at Queen Elizabeth ?
From April to September 1982 , the Queen remained anxious but proud of her son , Prince Andrew , who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War .	Prince Andrew	Which of Elizabeth 's sons served in the Falklands War ?
On 9 July , the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder , Michael Fagan , in the room with her .	Michael Fagan	Who was the intruder Elizabeth awoke to find in her bedroom ?
Though she hosted US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visited his Californian ranch in 1983 , she was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada , one of her Caribbean realms , without informing her .	Grenada	What island 's invasion angered Elizabeth ?
Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory , republicanism was still a minority viewpoint , and the Queen herself had high approval ratings .	republicanism	What political feeling is still a minority view in Britain ?
In the years to follow , public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana 's marriage continued .	Charles and Diana's marriage	What state of affairs produced revelations and problems for Elizabeth ?
Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory , republicanism was still a minority viewpoint , and the Queen herself had high approval ratings .	high	In spite of criticisms what kind of approval ratings did Elizabeth have ?
Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen 's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions .	monarchy	What institution was being criticized during the time of Charles and Diana 's breakup ?
In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister , John Major , as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury , George Carey , and her private secretary , Robert Fellowes , she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995 , saying that a divorce was desirable .	December 1995	When did Elizabeth write to tell Charles and Diana to get a divorce ?
The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010 , again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth .	2010	When was the second address to the UN by Elizabeth ?
The UN Secretary General , Ban Ki-moon , introduced her as `` an anchor for our age '' .	Ban Ki-moon	Who was UN Secretary General when Elizabeth addressed the UN ?
The UN Secretary General , Ban Ki-moon , introduced her as `` an anchor for our age '' .	"an anchor for our age"	As what did Ban Ki-Moon introduce Elizabeth to the UN ?
During her visit to New York , which followed a tour of Canada , she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the September 11 attacks .	British victims	For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial ?
The Queen 's visit to Australia in October 2011 -- her sixteenth visit since 1954 -- was called her `` farewell tour '' in the press because of her age .	October 2011	When was Elizabeth 's farewell visit to Australia ?
From 21 April 1944 until her accession , Elizabeth 's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent , the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George .	Tudor rose	Until she became queen , what flower was on Elizabeth 's coat of arms ?
Upon her accession , she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign .	Upon her accession	When did Elizabeth acquire her father 's arms ?
The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Jamaica , Barbados , and elsewhere .	royal standards	Besides personal flags , what other types of flags does Elizabeth have ?
The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Jamaica , Barbados , and elsewhere .	personal	What type of flags are used in foreign countries ?
From 21 April 1944 until her accession , Elizabeth 's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent , the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George .	21 April 1944	When did Elizabeth start to bear a coat of royal arms ?
Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York , later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , and was the elder of their two daughters .	London	In what city was Elizabeth born ?
Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York , later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , and was the elder of their two daughters .	Duke and Duchess of York	At the time of her birth , what was the rank of Elizabeth 's parents ?
Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York , later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , and was the elder of their two daughters .	King George VI and Queen Elizabeth	What were Elizabeth 's parents ' titles after ascending to the throne ?
Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York , later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , and was the elder of their two daughters .	two daughters	How many children did Elizabeth 's parents have ?
Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936 , from which time she was the heir presumptive .	abdication of his brother	What event caused Elizabeth 's father to become King ?
During her grandfather 's reign , Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne , behind her uncle Edward , Prince of Wales , and her father , the Duke of York .	third	When she was born , where in the order of succession was Elizabeth ?
During her grandfather 's reign , Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne , behind her uncle Edward , Prince of Wales , and her father , the Duke of York .	Edward, Prince of Wales	Before Elizabeth 's father who was next in line for the throne ?
When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII , she became second-in-line to the throne , after her father .	1936	When did Elizabeth 's grandfather die ?
Later that year Edward abdicated , after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis .	proposed marriage	What event caused Edward to abdicate the throne ?
Later that year Edward abdicated , after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis .	constitutional crisis	What did Edward 's proposed marriage to Simpson cause ?
With Elizabeth 's accession , it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband 's name , becoming the House of Mountbatten , in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband 's surname on marriage .	Mountbatten,	What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip ?
The British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , and Elizabeth 's grandmother , Queen Mary , favoured the retention of the House of Windsor , and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house .	Winston Churchill	What Prime Minister objected to the name change ?
The British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , and Elizabeth 's grandmother , Queen Mary , favoured the retention of the House of Windsor , and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house .	House of Windsor	What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name ?
In 1960 , after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955 , the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth 's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles .	Mountbatten-Windsor	What name was adopted for Elizabeth 's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles ?
In 1960 , after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955 , the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth 's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles .	1960	When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the surname ?
Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury , the Lord President of the Council .	Lord Salisbury	Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new Prime Minister ?
Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury , the Lord President of the Council .	Lord President of the Council	What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government ?
Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir , the Lord Chancellor , consulted the British Cabinet , Winston Churchill , and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee , resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate : Harold Macmillan .	Harold Macmillan	Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister ?
Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir , the Lord Chancellor , consulted the British Cabinet , Winston Churchill , and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee , resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate : Harold Macmillan .	Lord Chancellor	What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?
Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir , the Lord Chancellor , consulted the British Cabinet , Winston Churchill , and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee , resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate : Harold Macmillan .	British Cabinet	Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult ?
In February 1974 , the British Prime Minister , Edward Heath , advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim , requiring her to fly back to Britain .	February 1974	When did Edward Heath ask Elizabeth to call a general election ?
In February 1974 , the British Prime Minister , Edward Heath , advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim , requiring her to fly back to Britain .	Austronesian Pacific Rim	Where was Elizabeth when Heath advised that sh call for an election ?
In February 1974 , the British Prime Minister , Edward Heath , advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim , requiring her to fly back to Britain .	fly back to Britain	What did Elizabeth do after Heath adviser her ?
Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered , after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition , Labour 's Harold Wilson , to form a government .	resigned	What did Heath do after his party could not form a coalition with the Labor party ?
Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered , after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition , Labour 's Harold Wilson , to form a government .	Harold Wilson	Who did Elizabeth ask to form a government ?
Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press , not all of which were entirely true .	sensational stories	What did high public interest in the private lives of the royal family cause in the press ?
As Kelvin MacKenzie , editor of The Sun , told his staff : `` Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals .	Kelvin MacKenzie	Who was editor of The Sun in the 1980s ?
Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986 : `` The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers do n't check their facts or accept denials : they do n't care if the stories are true or not . ''	royal soap opera	What did the editor of The Observer call the sensational stories about the royals ?
Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party -- Thatcher 's political opponents .	Thatcher's political opponents	Who , it was rumored , did Margaret Thatcher say the Queen would vote for ?
Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a `` behind the scenes force '' in ending apartheid .	Brian Mulroney	Who said the Elizabeth was a behind the scenes force in ending apartheid ?
In 1997 , a year after the divorce , Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris .	car crash	What incident killed Diana in Paris ?
In 1997 , a year after the divorce , Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris .	1997	When did Diana die ?
After that single public appearance , for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private , but the royal family 's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay .	five days	How long did Elizabeth and the royal family remain in seclusion at Balmoral ?
After that single public appearance , for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private , but the royal family 's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay .	fly a flag at half-mast	What failure did the public find dismaying ?
Pressured by the hostile reaction , the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September , the day before Diana 's funeral .	live television broadcast	What did Elizabeth do to diffuse hostile public sentiment ?
Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne , and celebrations were held throughout her realms , the wider Commonwealth , and beyond .	60 years	How many years has Elizabeth been Queen ?
Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne , and celebrations were held throughout her realms , the wider Commonwealth , and beyond .	Diamond Jubilee	What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen ?
Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne , and celebrations were held throughout her realms , the wider Commonwealth , and beyond .	2012	What year marks Elizabeth 's Diamond Jubilee ?
She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom , while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf .	United Kingdom	Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee ?
On 18 December , she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781 .	1781	When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting ?
As a constitutional monarch , she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum .	constitutional monarch	What governmental style of monarch is Elizabeth ?
Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews , little is known of her personal feelings .	rarely	How often does Elizabeth give interviews ?
She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions , including five popes : Pius XII , John XXIII , John Paul II , Benedict XVI and Francis .	inter-faith relations	What type of political religious beliefs does Elizabeth seemed to support ?
Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England , she is personally a member of that church and the national Church of Scotland .	Supreme Governor	What is Elizabeth 's ranking in the Church of England ?
Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England , she is personally a member of that church and the national Church of Scotland .	Church of Scotland	Apart from her membership in the Church of England , to what other church does she belong ?
Elizabeth was born at 02:40 -LRB- GMT -RRB- on 21 April 1926 , during the reign of her paternal grandfather , King George V .	King George V	During whose reign was Elizabeth born ?
Her father , Prince Albert , Duke of York -LRB- later King George VI -RRB- , was the second son of the King .	Prince Albert, Duke of York	What was Elizabeth 's fathers title at the time of her birth ?
Her father , Prince Albert , Duke of York -LRB- later King George VI -RRB- , was the second son of the King .	King George VI	What title and name did Elizabeth 's father take upon becoming king ?
She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York , Cosmo Gordon Lang , in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May , -LSB- c -RSB- and named Elizabeth after her mother , Alexandra after George V 's mother , who had died six months earlier , and Mary after her paternal grandmother .	Cosmo Gordon Lang	Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth ?
Called `` Lilibet '' by her close family , based on what she called herself at first , she was cherished by her grandfather George V , and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery .	Lilibet	What was Elizabeth 's nickname when she was young ?
In September 1939 , Britain entered the Second World War , which lasted until 1945 .	September 1939	When did Britain enter WWII ?
The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth 's mother , who declared , `` The children wo n't go without me .	Lord Hailsham	Who recommended that the two princesses be evacuated to Canada ?
The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth 's mother , who declared , `` The children wo n't go without me .	Elizabeth's mother	Who rejected the idea of sending the princesses away ?
From February to May 1940 , they lived at Royal Lodge , Windsor , until moving to Windsor Castle , where they lived for most of the next five years .	Windsor Castle	Where did the two princesses live for most of the war ?
In 1940 , the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC 's Children 's Hour , addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities .	1940	When did Elizabeth make her first radio broadcast ?
Following their wedding , the couple leased Windlesham Moor , near Windsor Castle , until 4 July 1949 , when they took up residence at Clarence House in London .	Windlesham Moor	Where did the newly married Elizabeth and Philip stay until 1949 ?
Following their wedding , the couple leased Windlesham Moor , near Windsor Castle , until 4 July 1949 , when they took up residence at Clarence House in London .	Clarence House	After 1949 where did Elizabeth live in London ?
At various times between 1949 and 1951 , the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer .	Royal Navy	In which armed force was the Duke of Edinburgh ?
At various times between 1949 and 1951 , the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer .	British Crown Colony of Malta	Where was Philip stationed during WWII ?
He and Elizabeth lived intermittently , for several months at a time , in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa , at Villa Guardamangia , the rented home of Philip 's uncle , Lord Mountbatten .	Lord Mountbatten	In whose home did Elizabeth and Philip stay in Malta ?
From Elizabeth 's birth onwards , the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations .	Commonwealth of Nations	What entity did the British Empire slowly become during Elizabeth 's reign ?
By the time of her accession in 1952 , her role as head of multiple independent states was already established .	1952	In what year did Elizabeth become Queen ?
In 1953 , the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour , visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land , sea and air .	round-the-world tour	What tour did Elizabeth take in 1953 ?
In 1953 , the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour , visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land , sea and air .	13 countries	How many nations did Elizabeth visit on tour in 1953 ?
In 1953 , the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour , visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land , sea and air .	40,000 miles	How many miles did Elizabeth cover on her world tour ?
According to Paul Martin , Sr. , by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried that the Crown `` had little meaning for '' Pierre Trudeau , the Canadian Prime Minister .	Pierre Trudeau	About whom was Elizabeth worried in the 1970s ?
In 1980 , Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen `` better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats '' .	Canadian constitution	What was the subject under consideration in discussions in 1980 ?
Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution , but the monarchy was retained .	British parliament	What did patriation of the Canadian Constitution remove from the constitution ?
Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution , but the monarchy was retained .	monarchy	What was retained in the constitution ?
Trudeau said in his memoirs that the Queen favoured his attempt to reform the constitution and that he was impressed by `` the grace she displayed in public '' and `` the wisdom she showed in private '' .	reform	What did Trudeau say Elizabeth favored ?
In a speech on 24 November 1992 , to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession , Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis , meaning horrible year .	her accession	What did Elizabeth 's speech on 24 November , 1992 mark ?
In a speech on 24 November 1992 , to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession , Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis , meaning horrible year .	annus horribilis	What did Elizabeth call her past year ?
In March , her second son , Prince Andrew , Duke of York , and his wife , Sarah , separated ; in April , her daughter , Princess Anne , divorced Captain Mark Phillips ; during a state visit to Germany in October , angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her ; and , in November , a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle , one of her official residences .	March	When did Price Andrew separate from his wife ?
In March , her second son , Prince Andrew , Duke of York , and his wife , Sarah , separated ; in April , her daughter , Princess Anne , divorced Captain Mark Phillips ; during a state visit to Germany in October , angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her ; and , in November , a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle , one of her official residences .	Captain Mark Phillips	Who did Princess Anne divorce in April ?
In March , her second son , Prince Andrew , Duke of York , and his wife , Sarah , separated ; in April , her daughter , Princess Anne , divorced Captain Mark Phillips ; during a state visit to Germany in October , angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her ; and , in November , a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle , one of her official residences .	Windsor Castle	What great house caught fire in November ?
In May 2007 , The Daily Telegraph , citing unnamed sources , reported that the Queen was `` exasperated and frustrated '' by the policies of the British Prime Minister , Tony Blair , that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan , and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair .	Prime Minister, Tony Blair	Who , in 2007 , frustrated Elizabeth ?
She was , however , said to admire Blair 's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland .	peace in Northern Ireland	What issue of Blair 's did Elizabeth admire ?
On 20 March 2008 , at the Church of Ireland St Patrick 's Cathedral , Armagh , the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales .	20 March 2008	When did Elizabeth attend a service at Armagm , in Ireland ?
On 20 March 2008 , at the Church of Ireland St Patrick 's Cathedral , Armagh , the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales .	Maundy	What service did Elizabeth attend in Armagm ?
At the invitation of the Irish President , Mary McAleese , the Queen made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011 .	May 2011.	When did Elizabeth make the first visit to Ireland by a British monarch ?
The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother , Queen Victoria , to become the longest-lived British monarch in December 2007 , and the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 .	Queen Victoria	Who did Elizabeth surpass in longest lived British monarch ?
The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother , Queen Victoria , to become the longest-lived British monarch in December 2007 , and the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 .	great-great-grandmother	What relation was Victoria to Elizabeth ?
The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother , Queen Victoria , to become the longest-lived British monarch in December 2007 , and the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 .	9 September 2015	When did Elizabeth become the longest reigning monarch ?
She is the longest-reigning queen regnant in history , the world 's oldest reigning monarch and second-longest-serving current head of state after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand .	world's oldest	In age of monarchs , what is the rank of Elizabeth 's reign ?
She is the longest-reigning queen regnant in history , the world 's oldest reigning monarch and second-longest-serving current head of state after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand .	King Bhumibol Adulyadej	What head of stat has served longer than Elizabeth ?
At her Silver Jubilee in 1977 , the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic , but in the 1980s , public criticism of the royal family increased , as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth 's children came under media scrutiny .	1977	When was Elizabeth 's Silver Jubilee ?
At her Silver Jubilee in 1977 , the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic , but in the 1980s , public criticism of the royal family increased , as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth 's children came under media scrutiny .	public criticism	What increased in the 1980s ?
At her Silver Jubilee in 1977 , the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic , but in the 1980s , public criticism of the royal family increased , as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth 's children came under media scrutiny .	royal family	What was the main subject of public criticism in the 80 's ?
Elizabeth 's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s .	popularity	What attribute of Elizabeth fell to low in the 1990s ?
Under pressure from public opinion , she began to pay income tax for the first time , and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public .	income tax	What did Elizabeth start paying in the 1990 s ?
In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula : Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica , Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia , etc. .	similar formula	What feature do Elizabeth 's titles usually follow in each country ?
In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man , which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms , she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann , respectively .	Crown dependencies	What are the Channel Islands and the Isle of Mann ?
In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man , which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms , she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann , respectively .	Duke of Normandy	What si Elizabeth 's title in the Channel Islands ?
In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man , which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms , she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann , respectively .	Lord of Mann	What is Elizabeth 's title on the Isle of Mann ?
When in conversation with the Queen , the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am .	Ma'am	Once in conversation with the Queen , how is Elizabeth addressed ?
Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation , but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic , hormonal , and environmental influences .	genetic, hormonal, and environmental	What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation ?
They favor biologically-based theories , which point to genetic factors , the early uterine environment , both , or the inclusion of genetic and social factors .	biologically-based	What is the favored influence as to the cause of sexual orientation ?
There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation .	no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role	IS there evidence that parenting and/or childhood play a role in determining sexual orientation ?
Research over several decades has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum , from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex .	exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.	What is the observed continuum for sexual orientation ?
Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation , but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic , hormonal , and environmental influences .	Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation	Do scientists know the cause of sexual orientation ?
There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation .	There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation	Do scientists believe that parenting and/or childhood play a role in sexual orientation ?
Research over several decades has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum , from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex .	exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.	What are the two extremes of the continuum of sexual orientation ?
Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation , but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic , hormonal , and environmental influences .	Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation	Has science research figured out the cause of sexual orientation preferences ?
They favor biologically-based theories , which point to genetic factors , the early uterine environment , both , or the inclusion of genetic and social factors .	biologically-based theories	What type of theories are favored by scientists studying sexual orientation ?
Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation , but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic , hormonal , and environmental influences .	Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation	Do scientist 's know what can cause somebodys sexual orientation ?
Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation , but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic , hormonal , and environmental influences .	they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences.	What can scientifically be considered the main factors in somebodys sexual orientation ?
There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation .	There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation.	What can not be considered a factor in sexual orientation due to the lack of evidence ?
Research over several decades has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum , from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex .	has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.	What has the research that has been done already show about sexual orientation show ?
They favor biologically-based theories , which point to genetic factors , the early uterine environment , both , or the inclusion of genetic and social factors .	They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors	Which ideas do scientist lean towards causing sexual orientation ?
Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation , but they are distinguished , with sexual identity referring to an individual 's conception of themselves , behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual , and orientation referring to `` fantasies , attachments and longings . ''	individual's conception of themselves	What is sexual identity defined as ?
Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation , but they are distinguished , with sexual identity referring to an individual 's conception of themselves , behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual , and orientation referring to `` fantasies , attachments and longings . ''	actual sexual acts performed by the individual	What is sexual behavior defined as ?
People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as ` closeted ' .	People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity	What does the term closeted mean ?
In studies related to sexual orientation , when dealing with the degree to which a person 's sexual attractions , behaviors and identity match , scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance .	concordance or discordance	What are the terms related to the degree to which a person 's sexual attractions , behavior and identity match ?
Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation , but they are distinguished , with sexual identity referring to an individual 's conception of themselves , behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual , and orientation referring to `` fantasies , attachments and longings . ''	fantasies, attachments and longings	What is sexual orientation defined as ?
Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation , but they are distinguished , with sexual identity referring to an individual 's conception of themselves , behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual , and orientation referring to `` fantasies , attachments and longings . ''	sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual	What are the differences in sexual identity and sexual behaviour ?
Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors .	Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors.	Does a person have to show their sexual oreintation in their personal acts ?
People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as ` closeted ' .	closeted	What is a term that can be used for someone who does not show their homosexuality openly ?
In studies related to sexual orientation , when dealing with the degree to which a person 's sexual attractions , behaviors and identity match , scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance .	discordance	What word is used when somebodys sexual orientation , behaviors , and idenity do not match ?
In studies related to sexual orientation , when dealing with the degree to which a person 's sexual attractions , behaviors and identity match , scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance .	concordance	Which word is used when somebodys sexual orientation , behaviors , and idenity match ?
Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons , including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism .	desire for a perceived traditional family	What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior ?
Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons , including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism .	concerns of discrimination	What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior ?
Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons , including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism .	religious ostracism	What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior ?
While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses , others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages .	develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages	What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship ?
While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses , others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages .	hide their respective orientations from their spouses	What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship ?
Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons , including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism .	desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism	What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex ?
While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses , others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages .	others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages	Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex ?
Coming out of the closet to oneself , a spouse of the opposite sex , and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children .	Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children	What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage ?
While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses , others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages .	some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses	Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys ?
No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation .	have adopted policy statements	How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation ?
No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation .	cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation	What do these policy statements suggest ?
These include the American Psychiatric Association , American Psychological Association , American Counseling Association , National Association of Social Workers in the USA , the Royal College of Psychiatrists , and the Australian Psychological Society .	American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association	What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements ?
These include the American Psychiatric Association , American Psychological Association , American Counseling Association , National Association of Social Workers in the USA , the Royal College of Psychiatrists , and the Australian Psychological Society .	National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.	What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements ?
No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation .	No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation	Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation ?
No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation .	cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.	What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices ?
These include the American Psychiatric Association , American Psychological Association , American Counseling Association , National Association of Social Workers in the USA , the Royal College of Psychiatrists , and the Australian Psychological Society .	the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,	What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs ?
Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual 's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales , A -LRB- homosexual -RRB- and B -LRB- heterosexual -RRB- .	Magnus Hirschfeld	Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896 ?
Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual 's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales , A -LRB- homosexual -RRB- and B -LRB- heterosexual -RRB- .	measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire	What did the published scheme attempt to do ?
Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual 's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales , A -LRB- homosexual -RRB- and B -LRB- heterosexual -RRB- .	on two independent 10-point scales	How did the scheme measure desire ?
Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual 's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales , A -LRB- homosexual -RRB- and B -LRB- heterosexual -RRB- .	A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual)	What were the two scales defined as ?
Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual 's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales , A -LRB- homosexual -RRB- and B -LRB- heterosexual -RRB- .	10-point	How many points were on each scale ?
From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe , there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories .	From at least the late nineteenth century	When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin ?
Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual 's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales , A -LRB- homosexual -RRB- and B -LRB- heterosexual -RRB- .	Magnus Hirschfeld	Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire ?
Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual 's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales , A -LRB- homosexual -RRB- and B -LRB- heterosexual -RRB- .	1896	What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire .
A heterosexual individual may be A0 , B5 ; a homosexual individual may be A5 , B0 ; an asexual would be A0 , B0 ; and someone with an intense attraction to both sexes would be A9 , B9 .	a homosexual individual may be A5, B0	On Magnus 's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered ?
A heterosexual individual may be A0 , B5 ; a homosexual individual may be A5 , B0 ; an asexual would be A0 , B0 ; and someone with an intense attraction to both sexes would be A9 , B9 .	an asexual would be A0, B0	On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as ?
A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale , making one a tradeoff of the other .	it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality	What was a concern of the Kinsey scale ?
Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum , with each end representing opposite extremes .	as independent concepts on a separate scale	How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured ?
When compared on the same scale , they act as tradeoffs such , whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa .	they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa	What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale ?
When they are measured independently , the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined , rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale .	the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual	What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately ?
A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale , making one a tradeoff of the other .	inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale	What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale ?
Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum , with each end representing opposite extremes .	more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum	What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity ?
Similarly , considering heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either .	would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either.	What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales ?
When they are measured independently , the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined , rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale .	the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,	What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale ?
Research focusing on sexual orientation uses scales of assessment to identify who belongs in which sexual population group .	scales of assessment	How does research identify sexual population groups ?
It is assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation .	to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation	What is the understanding of the scales used ?
However , it is difficult to determine an individual 's sexual orientation through scales of assessment , due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation .	due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation	Why might the scales fail ?
Generally , there are three components of sexual orientation used in assessment .	three components	How many components are used in assessment ?
Research focusing on sexual orientation uses scales of assessment to identify who belongs in which sexual population group .	scales of assessment	What does the research on sexual orientation use to determine who belongs in which sexual populaiton group ?
It is assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation .	assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation.	What is the general idea regading these scales that are used ?
However , it is difficult to determine an individual 's sexual orientation through scales of assessment , due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation .	ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation	What can cause problems with these scales that are used ?
Generally , there are three components of sexual orientation used in assessment .	there are three components of sexual orientation	How many components are used in an assessment ?
For this reason , in the 1970s Bruce Voeller , the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10 % for the whole population by averaging a 13 % number for men and a 7 % number for women .	that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population	What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70 's ?
For this reason , in the 1970s Bruce Voeller , the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10 % for the whole population by averaging a 13 % number for men and a 7 % number for women .	averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women	What were the calculations of this myth ?
Voeller generalized this finding and used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that `` we -LSB- gays and lesbians -RSB- are everywhere '' .	we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere	What message did Voeller deliver using this myth ?
Knowing how much of the population is made up of homosexual individuals influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies .	influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies	What comes along with defining how much of the population is homosexual ?
Knowing how much of the population is made up of homosexual individuals influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies .	how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies	What does knowing the sexual population influence ?
For this reason , in the 1970s Bruce Voeller , the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10 % for the whole population by averaging a 13 % number for men and a 7 % number for women .	Bruce Voeller	Who was the cahir of the national gay and lesbian task force in the 1970s ?
Voeller generalized this finding and used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that `` we -LSB- gays and lesbians -RSB- are everywhere '' .	used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".	What did Bruce Voeller do with his findings ?
For this reason , in the 1970s Bruce Voeller , the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10 % for the whole population by averaging a 13 % number for men and a 7 % number for women .	that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women	What myth did Bruce Voeller preserve in the 1970s ?
Another study on men and women 's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal , independent of their sexual orientations .	men and women have different patterns of arousal	Do men and women 's patterns of arousal differ ?
Another study on men and women 's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal , independent of their sexual orientations .	independent of their sexual orientations	Are the patterns related to orientation ?
The study found that women 's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex -LRB- heterosexual and homosexual -RRB- and from videos showing non-human primates -LRB- bonobos -RRB- having sex .	both human and nonhuman stimuli	What types of stimuli were found to arouse women ?
Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli , their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest -LRB- women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men -RRB- .	to non-human visual stimuli	What stimuli did men show no arousal towards ?
Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli , their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest -LRB- women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men -RRB- .	their specific sexual interest	Men 's arousal patterns were found to be with ?
Another study on men and women 's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal , independent of their sexual orientations .	confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations	What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show ?
The study found that women 's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex -LRB- heterosexual and homosexual -RRB- and from videos showing non-human primates -LRB- bonobos -RRB- having sex .	become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual	Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation ?
Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli , their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest -LRB- women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men -RRB- .	, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).	Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests ?
Androphilia and gynephilia -LRB- or gynecophilia -RRB- are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction , as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization .	Androphilia and gynephilia	What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction ?
Androphilia and gynephilia -LRB- or gynecophilia -RRB- are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction , as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization .	to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization	These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization ?
They are used for identifying a subject 's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject .	a sex assignment or gender identity	What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described ?
Related terms such as pansexual and polysexual do not make any such assignations to the subject .	pansexual and polysexual	What are other terms that do not make similar assignments ?
People may also use terms such as queer , pansensual , polyfidelitous , ambisexual , or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic .	queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual	What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual ?
Androphilia and gynephilia -LRB- or gynecophilia -RRB- are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction , as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization .	Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia	Which terms are used in describing sexual desires ?
Androphilia and gynephilia -LRB- or gynecophilia -RRB- are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction , as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization .	homosexual and heterosexual	What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia ?
They are used for identifying a subject 's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject .	identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject	What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for ?
People may also use terms such as queer , pansensual , polyfidelitous , ambisexual , or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic .	queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.	What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people ?
Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures .	Translation	What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures ?
Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation .	Language	What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation ?
The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization .	mass media	Where are the meanings of words negotiated ?
New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation .	New words	What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation ?
Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures .	Translation	What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures ?
Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages , while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language .	English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language.	Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures ?
Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation .	can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation	What problems can arise due to translation issues ?
Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others .	Language	What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others ?
The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject 's own sex .	the subject's own sex	Early writers linked orientation to what concept ?
This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century , such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs , Richard von Krafft-Ebing , Magnus Hirschfeld , Havelock Ellis , Carl Jung , and Sigmund Freud , as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves .	Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,	What theorists agreed with this concept ?
However , this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time , and , through the second half of the twentieth century , gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation .	gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation	What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another ?
An individual homosexual , heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine , feminine , or androgynous , and in addition , many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the `` gender-conforming heterosexual '' and the `` gender-nonconforming homosexual '' as negative stereotypes .	gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual	What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding ?
Nevertheless , studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years .	gender-nonconformity	What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood ?
However , this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time , and , through the second half of the twentieth century , gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation .	phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation	What did gender idenity become to be seen as ?
An individual homosexual , heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine , feminine , or androgynous , and in addition , many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the `` gender-conforming heterosexual '' and the `` gender-nonconforming homosexual '' as negative stereotypes .	"gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual"	What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities ?
Nevertheless , studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years .	Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker	Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues ?
For example , it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes , and vice versa .	it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.	What was thought of early lesbians and gay men ?
Nevertheless , studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years .	during their childhood years.	In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced ?
In the United States , non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority , where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities , nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group .	non-Caucasian LGBT	Who is finding themselves in a double minority in the US ?
Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community where racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes , such that Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine , while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive .	Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine	What is an example of a stereotype found in this double minority ?
In the United States , non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority , where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities , nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group .	neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group	What do the non-Caucasian LGBT experience ?
For example , '' Ô-Môi '' for Vietnamese American queer females .	Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.	What is an example of a culturally specific support network ?
In the United States , non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority , where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities , nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group .	in a double minority,	Where can lgbt people who are not white find themselves in the united states ?
In the United States , non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority , where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities , nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group .	they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group	What does it mean for the LGBT people who are in a double monority ?
Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community where racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes , such that Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine , while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive .	racism	What do many people in the dominant LGBT community face ?
Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community where racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes , such that Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine , while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive .	racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes	Why is racism so bad in the non white LGBT community ?
For example , '' Ô-Môi '' for Vietnamese American queer females .	Ô-Môi	What is the name of the Vietnamese American support network for the LGBT community ?
Some research suggests that '' -LSB- f -RSB- or some -LSB- people -RSB- the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span ... '' `` There ... -LSB- was , as of 1995 , -RSB- essentially no research on the longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span ... It -LSB- was -RSB- ... still an unanswered question whether ... -LSB- the -RSB- measure -LSB- of ` the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time ' -RSB- will predict future behavior or orientation .	Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span	Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life ?
Some studies report that '' -LSB- a number of -RSB- lesbian women , and some heterosexual women as well , perceive choice as an important element in their sexual orientations . ''	choice	What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation ?
In 2012 , the Pan American Health Organization -LRB- the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization -RRB- released a statement cautioning against services that purport to `` cure '' people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people , and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and can not be regarded as a pathological condition .	2012,	When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals ?
In 2012 , the Pan American Health Organization -LRB- the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization -RRB- released a statement cautioning against services that purport to `` cure '' people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people , and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and can not be regarded as a pathological condition .	they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,	Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement ?
In 2012 , the Pan American Health Organization -LRB- the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization -RRB- released a statement cautioning against services that purport to `` cure '' people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people , and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and can not be regarded as a pathological condition .	pathological condition	What condition do they state can not be linked to homosexuality ?
Additionally , the Pan American Health Organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation , as they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements .	violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.	What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated ?
Additionally , the Pan American Health Organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation , as they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements .	that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,	What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality ?
The Kinsey scale provides a classification of sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one 's history at a given time .	sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time.	What does the Kinsey scale provide a classification for ?
The classification scheme works such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories .	such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories	How does the classifiacation scheme work on the Kinsey scale ?
The position on the scale is based on the relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one 's history , rather than the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response .	relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history	What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on ?
The position on the scale is based on the relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one 's history , rather than the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response .	the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response	What positions does the KInsey scale not use ?
The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation -LRB- SASO -RRB- was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such , measures sexual orientation on a continuum , considers various dimensions of sexual orientation , and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately .	Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation	What does SASO stand for ?
The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation -LRB- SASO -RRB- was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such , measures sexual orientation on a continuum , considers various dimensions of sexual orientation , and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately .	to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid	Why was SASO created ?
The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation -LRB- SASO -RRB- was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such , measures sexual orientation on a continuum , considers various dimensions of sexual orientation , and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately .	measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately	What did SASO find wrong with the KInsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid ?
Rather than providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation , the SASO is meant to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation .	providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation	What is one of SASO 's main goals ?
Rather than providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation , the SASO is meant to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation .	measurements of sexual orientation.	What is SASO causing discussion and debate about ?
As there is no research indicating which of the three components is essential in defining sexual orientation , all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation .	all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation	How are the three component used to determine sexual orientation ?
Savin Williams -LRB- 2006 -RRB- discusses this issue and notes that by basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component , researchers may not actually capture the intended population .	(2006)	When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components ?
Savin Williams -LRB- 2006 -RRB- discusses this issue and notes that by basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component , researchers may not actually capture the intended population .	basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population	What issues to Savin address during this talk ?
Because of the limited populations that each component captures , consumers of research should be cautious in generalizing these findings .	Because of the limited populations that each component captures	Why does basing sexual orientation on one component cause problems ?
Because of the limited populations that each component captures , consumers of research should be cautious in generalizing these findings .	should be cautious in generalizing these findings.	How should consumers of the research approach these findings ?
More recently , scientists have started to focus on measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal , by using brain-scanning techniques .	measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal	What have scientists started spending the most time on ?
More recently , scientists have started to focus on measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal , by using brain-scanning techniques .	by using brain-scanning techniques	How do scientiest measure brain activity ?
A study on how heterosexual and homosexual men 's brains react to seeing pictures of naked men and women has found that both hetero - and homosexual men react positively to seeing their preferred sex , using the same brain regions .	positively	How did both gay and straight men react to pictures of both naked men and women ?
The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala , a brain region known to be involved in regulating fear .	The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala,	What was the only difference in the study between gay and straight men ?
The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala , a brain region known to be involved in regulating fear .	known to be involved in regulating fear.	What does the amygdala region of the brain do ?
Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated .	Perceived sexual orientation	What can affect how a person is treated ?
For instance , in the United States , the FBI reported that 15.6 % of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were `` because of a sexual-orientation bias '' .	15.6%	What percent of hate crimes did the FBI relate to sexual orientation bias ?
Under the UK Employment Equality -LRB- Sexual Orientation -RRB- Regulations 2003 , as explained by Advisory , Conciliation and Arbitration Service , `` workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation , their perceived sexual orientation or because they associate with someone of a particular sexual orientation '' .	2003,	When was the UK emloyment eequality -LRB- sexual orientation -RRB- regulations law take effect ?
Under the UK Employment Equality -LRB- Sexual Orientation -RRB- Regulations 2003 , as explained by Advisory , Conciliation and Arbitration Service , `` workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation , their perceived sexual orientation or because they associate with someone of a particular sexual orientation '' .	workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation	Under this law what does this state that is required by employers ?
Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component , such as the direction of an individual 's erotic desires , or a behavioral component , which focuses on the sex of the individual 's sexual partner/s .	psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component	What do the majority of defintions surronding sexual orientation include ?
Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component , such as the direction of an individual 's erotic desires , or a behavioral component , which focuses on the sex of the individual 's sexual partner/s .	focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s.	What does a behaviorial component focus on when defining sexual orientation ?
Some people prefer simply to follow an individual 's self-definition or identity .	an individual's self-definition	What do other people use to determine a persons sexual idenity ?
Scientific and professional understanding is that `` the core attractions that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence '' .	typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence	When do scientists and professions agree that sexual orientation shows in a person ?
Sexual orientation differs from sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others , while sexual identity is a concept of self .	sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.	What is the difference between sexual idenity and sexual orientation ?
In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male -LRB- 1948 -RRB- and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female -LRB- 1953 -RRB- , by Alfred C. Kinsey et al. , people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual .	In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953	Which two studies where created by Alfred C. KInsey ?
In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male -LRB- 1948 -RRB- and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female -LRB- 1953 -RRB- , by Alfred C. Kinsey et al. , people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual .	people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual.	What where people asked to do in these research studies ?
Kinsey reported that when the individuals ' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed , most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual -- i.e. , most people have some attraction to either sex , although usually one sex is preferred .	that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual	What did KInsey find during these studies ?
According to Kinsey , only a minority -LRB- 5 -- 10 % -RRB- can be considered fully heterosexual or homosexual .	(5–10%	In Kinseys mind what percentage of people are considered to be fully heterosexual or homosexual ?
Kinsey 's methods have been criticized as flawed , particularly with regard to the randomness of his sample population , which included prison inmates , male prostitutes and those who willingly participated in discussion of previously taboo sexual topics .	the randomness of his sample population,	Why do people say KInseys work is not correct ?
Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud .	Innate bisexuality	What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table ?
According to this theory , all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term , that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes .	all humans are born bisexual	What does Sigmunds idea theorize ?
In Freud 's view , this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically , with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality .	this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality	Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual ?
Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women , but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures .	both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures	What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire ?
Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders .	that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders	Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true ?
For example , people may use other labels , such as pansexual or polysexual , or none at all .	pansexual or polysexual,	Whar words may people use for sexual idenity ?
According to the American Psychological Association , sexual orientation `` also refers to a person 's sense of identity based on those attractions , related behaviors , and membership in a community of others who share those attractions '' .	a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions	What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to ?
Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization .	Androphilia and gynephilia	What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization ?
Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity ; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity .	sexual attraction to masculinity	What is androphilia used to describe ?
Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity ; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity .	the sexual attraction to femininity	What is gynephilia used to describe ?
The American Psychological Association states that '' -LSB- s -RSB- exual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional , romantic , and/or sexual attractions to men , women , or both sexes '' and that '' -LSB- t -RSB- his range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and nations throughout the world .	an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes	What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to ?
Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions .	identity labels	What do a lot of cultures use to describe homosexual people ?
In the United States , the most frequent labels are lesbians -LRB- women attracted to women -RRB- , gay men -LRB- men attracted to men -RRB- , and bisexual people -LRB- men or women attracted to both sexes -RRB- .	lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes).	What are the most used labels in America to describe homosexuals ?
According to psychologists , sexual orientation also refers to a person 's choice of sexual partners , who may be homosexual , heterosexual , or bisexual .	a person’s choice of sexual partners	What do psychologists says sexual orientation can also mean ?
The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality -LRB- NARTH -RRB- , which describes itself as a `` professional , scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality , '' disagrees with the mainstream mental health community 's position on conversion therapy , both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality , or as a disease , but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect .	The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality	What does NARTH stand for ?
The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality -LRB- NARTH -RRB- , which describes itself as a `` professional , scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality , '' disagrees with the mainstream mental health community 's position on conversion therapy , both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality , or as a disease , but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect .	a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,	What does NARTH consider itself to be ?
The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality -LRB- NARTH -RRB- , which describes itself as a `` professional , scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality , '' disagrees with the mainstream mental health community 's position on conversion therapy , both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality , or as a disease , but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect .	the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy	What does NARTH disagree with ?
The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality -LRB- NARTH -RRB- , which describes itself as a `` professional , scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality , '' disagrees with the mainstream mental health community 's position on conversion therapy , both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality , or as a disease , but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect .	its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality	What does NARTH state is wrong with the mainstream mental healths stand on conversion therapy ?
The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish .	that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish	What concerns did both the American Psychological Association and the Royal College of PSychiatrist have with NARTH ?
Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures , as well as when describing intersex and transgender people .	confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people	What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent ?
Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects .	confusion	What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause ?
Sexologist Milton Diamond writes , `` The terms heterosexual , homosexual , and bisexual are better used as adjectives , not nouns , and are better applied to behaviors , not people .	are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.	What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual , homosexual , and bisexual ?
This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals .	when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals	What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have ?
The Kinsey scale has been praised for dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality .	dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality.	What has the KInsey scaled been praised for ?
However , the scale has been criticized because it is still not a true continuum .	because it is still not a true continuum	What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for ?
Despite seven categories being able to provide a more accurate description of sexual orientation than a dichotomous scale it is still difficult to determine which category individuals should be assigned to .	seven	How many categories are used in the KInsey scale ?
Particularly , they found it difficult to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person 's history when using the scale .	to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale	In a study by Masters and Johnson what did the find difficult about KIneys ratings ?
They report finding it difficult to assign ratings 2-4 for individuals with a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences .	a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences	What in somebodys past caused problems for the Kinsey scale ?
The SASO consists of 12 questions .	12	How many questions does the SASO contain ?
Six of these questions assess sexual attraction , four assess sexual behavior , and two assess sexual orientation identity .	sexual attraction	What do six of the questions asses ?
Six of these questions assess sexual attraction , four assess sexual behavior , and two assess sexual orientation identity .	four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity	What do the other six questions asses ?
For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions .	heterosexuality	What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones ?
However , results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality , heterosexuality , bisexuality or asexuality .	into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.	How are the results simplified when using the SASO ?
The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established .	The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established	Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet ?
To date , a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics , hormonal action , development dynamics , social and cultural influences -- which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it .	that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it	What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think ?
It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development , resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships , including childhood sexual abuse .	the result of faulty psychological development	What was once thought to cause homosexuality ?
It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation .	this was based on prejudice and misinformation.	What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality ?
One of the uses for scales that assess sexual orientation is determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population .	determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population	What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for ?
Depending on subject 's age , culture and sex , the prevalence rates of homosexuality vary depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed : sexual attraction , sexual behavior , or sexual identity .	which component of sexual orientation is being assessed	What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary ?
Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population whereby the proportion of individuals indicating they are same sex attracted is two to three times greater than the proportion reporting same sex behavior or identify as gay , lesbian , or bisexual .	Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population	Out of sexual attraction , sexual behovior , and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population ?
As female fetuses have two X chromosomes and male ones a XY pair , the chromosome Y is the responsible for producing male differentiation on the defect female development .	chromosome Y	Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development ?
The differentiation process is driven by androgen hormones , mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone -LRB- DHT -RRB- .	androgen hormones,	What is the differentiation process driven by ?
The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the secretion of androgens , that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus , included its brain .	secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain	What results in sexual differences in males and females ?
This fact has led some scientists to test in various ways the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life .	the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life	What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences ?
One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately .	Karl Heinrich Ulrichs	Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes ?
One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately .	in the 1860s	When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme ?
The classification scheme , which was meant only to describe males , separated them into three basic categories : dionings , urnings and uranodionings .	meant only to describe males	Was his classification scheme meant for males or females ?
The classification scheme , which was meant only to describe males , separated them into three basic categories : dionings , urnings and uranodionings .	dionings, urnings and uranodionings	What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme ?
These categories directly correspond with the categories of sexual orientation used today : heterosexual , homosexual , and bisexual .	the categories of sexual orientation used today:	What did these three categories correspond with ?
Weinrich et al. -LRB- 1993 -RRB- and Weinberg et al. -LRB- 1994 -RRB- criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories .	lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories.	What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for ?
Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score .	collapsing the two values into one final score	What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale ?
A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience .	A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience	Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem ?
It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information .	to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information	How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information ?
Beyond behavior and reactions , one could also assess attraction , identification , lifestyle etc. .	one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle	Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale ?
Of all the questions on the scale , Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as `` extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other , same , both sexes or neither '' than either sexual identity or sexual behavior .	those assessing sexual attraction	What questions did Sell consider the most important on the KInsey scale ?
Of all the questions on the scale , Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as `` extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other , same , both sexes or neither '' than either sexual identity or sexual behavior .	sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation	Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important ?
Of all the questions on the scale , Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as `` extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other , same , both sexes or neither '' than either sexual identity or sexual behavior .	extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither	Rather than define sexual orientation as sexual idenity or behavior what did Sell define it as ?
Major criticisms of the SASO have not been established , but a concern is that the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined .	the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.	What is a huge concern for SASO ?
The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people 's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time .	people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time	What reflects the prevalence rates varying ?
Furthermore , sexuality is fluid such that one 's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life .	such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.	What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid ?
Diamond -LRB- 2003 -RRB- found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once , with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings .	over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,	What did Diamond find about the women ?
Furthermore , women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour .	the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour	What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual ?
Therefore , individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be .	individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed	What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not ?
Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional , some academics and researchers , especially in queer studies , have argued that it is a historical and social construction .	Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional	Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction ?
In 1976 , philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century ; that people instead spoke of `` sodomy , '' which referred to sexual acts .	Michel Foucault	Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century ?
In 1976 , philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century ; that people instead spoke of `` sodomy , '' which referred to sexual acts .	1976	In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality ?
He wrote , '' ` Sexuality ' is an invention of the modern state , the industrial revolution , and capitalism . ''	'Sexuality	What did he state was an invention of the modern state ?
Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored , but sometimes punished severely -LRB- see sodomy law -RRB- .	Sodomy	What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored ?
Some researchers who study sexual orientation argue that the concept may not apply similarly to men and women .	the concept may not apply similarly to men and women	What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation ?
A study of sexual arousal patterns found that women , when viewing erotic films which show female-female , male-male and male-female sexual activity -LRB- oral sex or penetration -RRB- , have patterns of arousal which do not match their declared sexual orientations as well as men 's .	female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match	What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations ?
On the contrary , men 's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations , with heterosexual men showing more penis arousal to female-female sexual activity and less arousal to female-male and male-male sexual stimuli , and homosexual and bisexual men being more aroused by films depicting male-male intercourse and less aroused by other stimuli .	men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,	What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference ?
Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences , but that open identification of one 's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings .	is independent of cultural and other social influences	What does research show about sexual orientation ?
Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences , but that open identification of one 's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings .	homophobic/hetereosexist settings.	What can being openly gay be hindered by ?
The majority of empirical and clinical research on LGBT populations are done with largely white , middle-class , well-educated samples , however there are pockets of research that document various other cultural groups , although these are frequently limited in diversity of gender and sexual orientation of the subjects .	white, middle-class, well-educated	What group of the LGBT community are the most researched ?
Social systems such as religion , language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of sexual orientation .	religion, language and ethnic traditions	What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference ?
American culture puts a great emphasis on individual attributes , and views the self as unchangeable and constant .	individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant.	What does the american culture put a large emphasis on ?
It is common to distinguish a person 's sexuality according to their sexual role -LRB- active/passive ; insertive/penetrated -RRB- .	according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)	What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality ?
In this distinction , the passive role is typically associated with femininity and/or inferiority , while the active role is typically associated with masculinity and/or superiority .	femininity and/or inferiority	When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with ?
In this distinction , the passive role is typically associated with femininity and/or inferiority , while the active role is typically associated with masculinity and/or superiority .	masculinity and/or superiority	When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with ?
Little is known about same-sex attracted females , or sexual behavior between females in these cultures .	Little	How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures ?
Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic , hormonal , and environmental influences , with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment , they favor biological models for the cause .	a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences	What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation ?
Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic , hormonal , and environmental influences , with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment , they favor biological models for the cause .	a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause	What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation ?
They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice , and some of them believe that it is established at conception .	not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception.	What do they believe about sexual orientation ?
However , scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals , which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself .	statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals	What differences hace scientist found in certain studies ?
However , scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals , which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself .	the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself	What can these results be caused from ?
Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West , and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures .	a concept that evolved in the industrialized West	What concept is sexual orientation argued as ?
Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West , and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures .	the universality of its application in other societies or cultures	What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation ?
The validity of the notion of sexual orientation as defined in the West , as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period , has also been questioned within the industrialized Western society -RRB- .	as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period	What is the notion of sexual orientation in west defined as ?
Some researchers , such as Bruce Bagemihl , have criticized the labels `` heterosexual '' and `` homosexual '' as confusing and degrading .	confusing and degrading	What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as ?
Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma .	it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.	What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is ?
Often , sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished , which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change ; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual 's life , and may or may not align with biological sex , sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation .	sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished	What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity ?
While the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association state that sexual orientation is innate , continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people , but is fluid or changes over time for others , the American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation -LRB- an innate attraction -RRB- and sexual orientation identity -LRB- which may change at any point in a person 's life -RRB- .	sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others,	What does the Centre For Addiction and Mental heal along with the American Psychiatric association state about sexual orientation ?
While the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association state that sexual orientation is innate , continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people , but is fluid or changes over time for others , the American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation -LRB- an innate attraction -RRB- and sexual orientation identity -LRB- which may change at any point in a person 's life -RRB- .	sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).	What does the American Psychological Assocation distinguish between ?
Known as the fraternal birth order -LRB- FBO -RRB- effect , this theory has been backed up by strong evidence of its prenatal origin , although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism .	fraternal birth order	What does the FBO effect stand for ?
Known as the fraternal birth order -LRB- FBO -RRB- effect , this theory has been backed up by strong evidence of its prenatal origin , although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism .	prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism	What does this theory entail ?
However , research suggests that this may be of immunological origin , caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy , which becomes increasingly likely after every male gestation .	this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy,	What does research show about the FBO effect ?
This process , known as the maternal immunization hypothesis -LRB- MIH -RRB- , would begin when cells from a male fetus enter the mother 's circulation during pregnancy or while giving birth .	maternal immunization hypothesis	What does MIH stand for ?
From here , the anti-male bodies would then cross the blood/brain barrier -LRB- BBB -RRB- of the developing fetal brain , altering sex-dimorphic brain structures relative to sexual orientation , causing the exposed son to be more attracted to men over women .	blood/brain barrier	What does BBB stand for ?
The Kinsey scale , also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale , was first published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male -LRB- 1948 -RRB- by Alfred Kinsey , Wardell Pomeroy , and Clyde Martin and also featured in Sexual Behavior in the Human Female -LRB- 1953 -RRB- .	Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale	What other name does the KInsey scale go by ?
The Kinsey scale , also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale , was first published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male -LRB- 1948 -RRB- by Alfred Kinsey , Wardell Pomeroy , and Clyde Martin and also featured in Sexual Behavior in the Human Female -LRB- 1953 -RRB- .	1948	When was the KInsey scale first published ?
The scale was developed to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual and that these two types represent antitheses in the sexual world .	to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual	Why was the KInsey scale developed ?
Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior and psychic responses , Kinsey et al. , stated :	Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior	What did KInsey state as his reasoning for the scale ?
The Kinsey scale , also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale , was first published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male -LRB- 1948 -RRB- by Alfred Kinsey , Wardell Pomeroy , and Clyde Martin and also featured in Sexual Behavior in the Human Female -LRB- 1953 -RRB- .	Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin	Who else was featured in The sexual behavior of the human male ?
In response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation , Fritz Klein developed the Klein sexual orientation grid -LRB- KSOG -RRB- , a multidimensional scale for describing sexual orientation .	Klein sexual orientation grid	What does KSOG stand for ?
In response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation , Fritz Klein developed the Klein sexual orientation grid -LRB- KSOG -RRB- , a multidimensional scale for describing sexual orientation .	Fritz Klein	Who invented the KSOG ?
In response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation , Fritz Klein developed the Klein sexual orientation grid -LRB- KSOG -RRB- , a multidimensional scale for describing sexual orientation .	response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation	Why did pritz klein come up with the KSOG ?
Introduced in Klein 's book The Bisexual Option , the KSOG uses a 7-point scale to assess seven different dimensions of sexuality at three different points in an individual 's life : past -LRB- from early adolescence up to one year ago -RRB- , present -LRB- within the last 12 months -RRB- , and ideal -LRB- what would you choose if it were completely your choice -RRB- .	a 7-point scale	What kind of scale does the KSOG use ?
Introduced in Klein 's book The Bisexual Option , the KSOG uses a 7-point scale to assess seven different dimensions of sexuality at three different points in an individual 's life : past -LRB- from early adolescence up to one year ago -RRB- , present -LRB- within the last 12 months -RRB- , and ideal -LRB- what would you choose if it were completely your choice -RRB- .	past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).	What three points in life does the KSOG evaluate ?
Though sexual attraction , behavior , and identity are all components of sexual orientation , if a person defined by one of these dimensions were congruent with those defined by another dimension it would not matter which was used in assessing orientation , but this is not the case .	sexual orientation	What are sexual attraction . behavior , and idenity components of ?
Individuals typically experience diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity , experimentation , social pressure and is not necessarily indicative of an underlying sexual orientation .	diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure	What do individuals typically experience ?
There is `` little coherent relationship between the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person 's biography and that person 's choice to label himself or herself as bisexual , homosexual , or heterosexual '' .	the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself	What is there little coherent relationships between ?
, Ritch Savin-Williams proposes two different approaches to assessing sexual orientation until well positioned and psychometrically sound and tested definitions are developed that would allow research to reliably identify the prevalence , causes , and consequences of homosexuality .	Ritch Savin-Williams	Who wrote the paper `` Whos Gay ? Does It Matter ?
He first suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction over behaviour and identity because it is less prone to self - and other-deception , social conditions and variable meanings .	suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction	What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper ?
To measure attraction and arousal he proposed that biological measures should be developed and used .	that biological measures should be developed and used.	What did he propose to measure attraction ?
Secondly , Savin-Williams suggests that researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether and assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated .	researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether	What else does Savin-Williams suggest ?
Secondly , Savin-Williams suggests that researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether and assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated .	assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated	What components does he believe shoud be used in studies ?
These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli .	that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns	What do these studies suggest ?
These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli .	in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli.	How is this reflected in the studies ?
Sexual orientation has many dimensions -LRB- attractions , behavior , identity -RRB- , of which sexual arousal is the only product of sexual attractions which can be measured at present with some degree of physical precision .	attractions, behavior, identity	What are some dimensions of sexual orientation ?
In contrast , men 's sexual orientations tend to be primarily focused on the physical component of attractions and , thus , their sexual feelings are more exclusively oriented according to sex .	physical component of attractions	What do mens sexual orientations tend be focused on ?
Some researchers argue that women 's sexual orientation depends less on their patterns of sexual arousal than men 's and that other components of sexual orientation -LRB- like emotional attachment -RRB- must be taken into account when describing women 's sexual orientations .	emotional attachment	What do researches believe must be taken into account for women in these studies ?
One person may presume knowledge of another person 's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics , such as appearance , clothing , tone of voice , and accompaniment by and behavior with other people .	perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people	What can make a person believe they know someone elses sexual orientation ?
The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar ; some studies have found that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance .	gaydar	What is a term for someone who tries to determine someones sexuality ?
The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar ; some studies have found that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance .	that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance	What have somes studies show when researching how someone uses `` gaydar '' ?
2015 research suggests that `` gaydar '' is an alternate label for using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation , and that face-shape is not an accurate indication of orientation .	using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation	What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar ?
2015 research suggests that `` gaydar '' is an alternate label for using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation , and that face-shape is not an accurate indication of orientation .	not an accurate indication of orientation.	What did this research also show about face-shape ?
Estimates for the percentage of the population that are bisexual vary widely , at least in part due to differing definitions of bisexuality .	due to differing definitions of bisexuality.	What is part of the reason for the varying estimates of the bisexual population ?
Some studies only consider a person bisexual if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes , and others consider a person bisexual if they are at all attracted to the same sex -LRB- for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons -RRB- or to the opposite sex -LRB- for otherwise mostly homosexual persons -RRB- .	if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes,	What is one way a study can view bisexuality ?
Some studies only consider a person bisexual if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes , and others consider a person bisexual if they are at all attracted to the same sex -LRB- for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons -RRB- or to the opposite sex -LRB- for otherwise mostly homosexual persons -RRB- .	they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons)	What is another way studies can view bisexuality ?
A study in 2004 placed the prevalence of asexuality at 1 % .	1%.	What is the percentage of asexuals ?
Some historians and researchers argue that the emotional and affectionate activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as `` gay '' and `` heterosexual '' change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries .	activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries.	What do historians and researches argue about concerning the emotional and affectionate activities ?
For example , in many English-speaking nations , it is assumed that same-sex kissing , particularly between men , is a sign of homosexuality , whereas various types of same-sex kissing are common expressions of friendship in other nations .	is a sign of homosexuality	What can be assumed in english speaking nations when two men kiss ?
Also , many modern and historic cultures have formal ceremonies expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends , even though homosexuality itself is taboo within the cultures .	expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends	What do some cultures have formal ceremonies for ?
Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list , until 2014 .	51	What number was dell on the Fortune 500 list until 2014 ?
After going private in 2013 , the newly confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune .	2013	When did Dell go private ?
Dell is currently the # 1 shipper of PC monitors in the world .	PC monitors	Dell is currently the # 1 shipper of what ?
Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue , according to Fortune magazine .	Texas	In which state is Dell the sixth largest company ?
In 2014 it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo and HP .	third largest	What PC vendor rank did Dell hold ?
Originally , Dell did not emphasize the consumer market , due to the higher costs and unacceptably low profit margins in selling to individuals and households ; this changed when the company 's Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997 .	consumer market	What market did Dell ignore at first ?
Originally , Dell did not emphasize the consumer market , due to the higher costs and unacceptably low profit margins in selling to individuals and households ; this changed when the company 's Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997 .	1996	When did Dell 's internet site gain popularity ?
While the industry 's average selling price to individuals was going down , Dell 's was going up , as second - and third-time computer buyers who wanted powerful computers with multiple features and did not need much technical support were choosing Dell .	going up	What was happening to Dell 's average sale to individuals ?
In early 1997 , Dell created an internal sales and marketing group dedicated to serving the home market and introduced a product line designed especially for individual users .	1997	When did Dell create their internal marketing group ?
Dell had long stuck by its direct sales model .	direct	What sales model did Dell use for a long time ?
Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years , yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone , as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first .	Consumers	Who were the main driving force behind PC sales ?
Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years , yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone , as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first .	consumer electronics retail stores	Where were consumers going to buy devices other than online ?
The lack of a retail presence stymied Dell 's attempts to offer consumer electronics such as flat-panel TVs and MP3 players .	retail	What market presence did Dell lack ?
Dell responded by experimenting with mall kiosks , plus quasi-retail stores in Texas and New York .	Texas	What was one city that Dell tested retail stores in ?
In the shrinking PC industry , Dell continued to lose market share , as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world .	PC	What industry was getting smaller ?
In the shrinking PC industry , Dell continued to lose market share , as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world .	2011	When did Dell fall behind Lenovo ?
Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo , Asus , and Acer , all of which had lower production costs and willing to accept lower profit margins .	Hewlett Packard	What other American company fell behind Lenovo with Dell ?
In addition , while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design , for instance Lenovo 's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell 's laptops , Dell 's customer service and reputation had been slipping .	ThinkPad	What PC was taking corporate customers from Dell ?
Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor , as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012 , behind Apple Inc. 's Macintosh that took 45 percent , seven percent at Hewlett Packard , six percent at Lenovo and Asus , and one percent for Acer .	Apple Inc.	What company was Dell behind in profits in 2012 ?
Dell 's manufacturing process covers assembly , software installation , functional testing -LRB- including `` burn-in '' -RRB- , and quality control .	manufacturing	Which of Dell 's processes handles PC assembly , testing , and quality control ?
Throughout most of the company 's history , Dell manufactured desktop machines in-house and contracted out manufacturing of base notebooks for configuration in-house .	in-house	Where did Dell configure their notebooks ?
The company 's approach has changed , as cited in the 2006 Annual Report , which states , `` We are continuing to expand our use of original design manufacturing partnerships and manufacturing outsourcing relationships . ''	2006	When did Dell describe their changing approach to manufacturing ?
The Wall Street Journal reported in September 2008 that `` Dell has approached contract computer manufacturers with offers to sell '' their plants .	The Wall Street Journal	Who reported that Dell was offering to sell their manufacturing plants ?
By the late 2000s , Dell 's `` configure to order '' approach of manufacturing -- delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities .	Asian	What manufacturers was Dell losing to efficiency-wise ?
Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television , the Internet , magazines , catalogs and newspapers .	advertisements	What type of Dell media has appeared on TV , on the internet , and in magazines ?
Some of Dell Inc 's marketing strategies include lowering prices at all times of the year , free bonus products -LRB- such as Dell printers -RRB- , and free shipping to encourage more sales and stave off competitors .	free	One of Dell 's marketing strategies is what kind of shipping ?
In 2006 , Dell cut its prices in an effort to maintain its 19.2 % market share .	2006	What year did Dell cut its prices to keep its market share ?
This also cut profit-margins by more than half , from 8.7 to 4.3 percent .	half	By how much did Dell cut it 's margins when it cut its prices ?
To maintain its low prices , Dell continues to accept most purchases of its products via the Internet and through the telephone network , and to move its customer-care division to India and El Salvador .	Internet	Where does Dell take most of its purchases for its products ?
In May 2008 , Dell reached an agreement with office supply chain , Officeworks -LRB- part of Coles Group -RRB- , to stock a few modified models in the Inspiron desktop and notebook range .	2008	What year did Dell make an agreement with Officeworks ?
In May 2008 , Dell reached an agreement with office supply chain , Officeworks -LRB- part of Coles Group -RRB- , to stock a few modified models in the Inspiron desktop and notebook range .	Inspiron	What computer model did Dell ask Officeworks to carry ?
Dell continued its retail push in the Australian market with its partnership with Harris Technology -LRB- another part of Coles Group -RRB- in November of the same year .	Australian	In which country did Dell partner with Harris Technology ?
Dell and Dick Smith Electronics -LRB- owned by Woolworths Limited -RRB- reached an agreement to expand within Dick Smith 's 400 stores throughout Australia and New Zealand in May 2009 -LRB- 1 year since Officeworks -- owned by Coles Group -- reached a deal -RRB- .	Dick Smith Electronics	What company did Dell team with in late 2008 ?
On March 31 , 2010 Dell announced to Australian Kiosk employees that they were shutting down the Australian/New Zealand Dell kiosk program .	2010	What year did Dell 's Australian program end up shutting down ?
On August 17 , 2007 , Dell Inc. announced that after an internal investigation into its accounting practices it would restate and reduce earnings from 2003 through to the first quarter of 2007 by a total amount of between $ 50 million and $ 150 million , or 2 cents to 7 cents per share .	accounting	What department did Dell launch an internal investigation on ?
On August 17 , 2007 , Dell Inc. announced that after an internal investigation into its accounting practices it would restate and reduce earnings from 2003 through to the first quarter of 2007 by a total amount of between $ 50 million and $ 150 million , or 2 cents to 7 cents per share .	$50 million	What was the minimum amount of earnings that would be restated by Dell 's investigation ?
The investigation , begun in November 2006 , resulted from concerns raised by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission over some documents and information that Dell Inc. had submitted .	2006	What year did Dell 's internal investigation begin ?
It was alleged that Dell had not disclosed large exclusivity payments received from Intel for agreeing not to buy processors from rival manufacturer AMD .	AMD	Who did Dell agree to not buy processors from ?
In 2010 Dell finally paid $ 100 million to settle the SEC 's charges of fraud .	$100 million	How much did Dell pay in fines to settle fraud charges against it ?
The major three providers of servers at the time were IBM , Hewlett Packard , and Compaq , many of which were based on proprietary technology , such as IBM 's Power4 microprocessors or various proprietary versions of the Unix operating system .	servers	IBM , Hewlett Packard , and Compaq were the major providers of what ?
Dell 's new PowerEdge servers did not require a major investment in proprietary technologies , as they ran Microsoft Windows NT on Intel chips , and could be built cheaper than its competitors .	PowerEdge	What servers did Dell create that they tried to break into the market with ?
Consequently , Dell 's enterprise revenues , almost nonexistent in 1994 , accounted for 13 percent of the company 's total intake by 1998 .	1998	What year did Dell 's enterprise revenue make up a large chunk of its profit ?
Three years later , Dell passed Compaq as the top provider of Intel-based servers , with 31 percent of the market .	Compaq	Which company did Dell exceed as a server provider ?
The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market , which constituted 66 % of Dell 's sales , and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC businesses segments such as storage , services and servers .	PC	What market made up the majority of Dell 's sales ?
Dell 's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs , but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company 's supply chain , and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell , weakening Dell 's traditional price differentiation .	price	What advantage did Dell hold in the PC market ?
Dell 's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs , but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company 's supply chain , and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell , weakening Dell 's traditional price differentiation .	manufacturing	What operation did Hewlett Packard and Acer make more efficient to compete with Dell ?
The laptop segment had become the fastest-growing of the PC market , but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dell 's manufacturing cost advantages , plus Dell 's reliance on Internet sales meant that it missed out on growing notebook sales in big box stores .	big box stores	Where did Dell miss out on sales due to relying on the internet ?
CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers , which prevented it from offering more exciting devices that consumers demanded .	CNET	What company stated that Dell was preventing itself from innovating ?
By the late 2000s , Dell 's `` configure to order '' approach of manufacturing -- delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities .	2000s	What decade did Dell 's manufacturing process become less efficient ?
Dell closed plants that produced desktop computers for the North American market , including the Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center in Austin , Texas -LRB- original location -RRB- and Lebanon , Tennessee -LRB- opened in 1999 -RRB- in 2008 and early 2009 , respectively .	Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center	What plant did Dell close in Texas ?
The desktop production plant in Winston-Salem , North Carolina , received US$ 280 million in incentives from the state and opened in 2005 , but ceased operations in November 2010 .	North Carolina	What state was the Dell plant that received $ 280 million but was later closed ?
Dell 's contract with the state required them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions , and they sold the North Carolina plant to Herbalife .	Herbalife	What company bought the North Carolina plant from Dell ?
The Miami , Florida , facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation , while Dell continues to produce its servers -LRB- its most profitable products -RRB- in Austin , Texas .	Florida	The plant in what US state still remains in operation ?
EMC was being pressured by Elliott Management , a hedge fund holding 2.2 % of EMC 's stock , to reorganize their unusual `` Federation '' structure , in which EMC 's divisions were effectively being run as independent companies .	Elliott Management	What hedge fund group was pressuring EMC into restructuring ?
It 's thought that the company 's value has roughly doubled since then .	doubled	How much has Dell 's value increased since they went private ?
The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $ 27.3 billion from personal computers and $ 8.9 bn from servers , while EMC had $ 16.5 bn from EMC II , $ 1bn from RSA Security , $ 6bn from VMware , and $ 230 million from Pivotal Software .	The Wall Street Journal	What news source published revenue estimations between Dell and EMC ?
Once the acquisition closes Dell will again publish quarterly financial results , having ceased these on going private in 2013 .	2013	What year did Dell go private ?
Dell opened plants in Penang , Malaysia in 1995 , and in Xiamen , China in 1999 .	Malaysia	In what foreign country did Dell open plants in 1995 ?
These facilities serve the Asian market and assemble 95 % of Dell notebooks .	95%	What percentage of Dell notebooks are assembled in their asian plants ?
an estimated $ 60 million in a new manufacturing unit in Chennai , India , to support the sales of its products in the Indian subcontinent .	$60 million	How much did Dell spend to construct a new plant in India ?
In 2007 the Chennai facility had the target of producing 400,000 desktop PCs , and plans envisaged it starting to produce notebook PCs and other products in the second half of 2007 .	400,000	How many PCs was Dell 's Indian plant slated to make in 2007 ?
Michael Dell , the founder of the company , serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer .	Michael Dell	Who is the founder of Dell ?
Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings , and those board members who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board , which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation .	nine	How many board members does Dell have ?
The board of directors usually sets up five committees having oversight over specific matters .	five	How many committees are appointed by the board of directors at Dell ?
These committees include the Audit Committee , which handles accounting issues , including auditing and reporting ; the Compensation Committee , which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company ; the Finance Committee , which handles financial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions ; the Governance and Nominating Committee , which handles various corporate matters -LRB- including nomination of the board -RRB- ; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee , which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws .	Audit Committee	Which Dell committee handles accounting issues ?
These committees include the Audit Committee , which handles accounting issues , including auditing and reporting ; the Compensation Committee , which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company ; the Finance Committee , which handles financial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions ; the Governance and Nominating Committee , which handles various corporate matters -LRB- including nomination of the board -RRB- ; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee , which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws .	Antitrust Compliance Committee	Which Dell committee keeps the company from violating antitrust laws ?
In the early 1990s , Dell sold its products through Best Buy , Costco and Sam 's Club stores in the United States .	1990s	What decade did Dell sell electronics through big box stores ?
Dell stopped this practice in 1994 , citing low profit-margins on the business , exclusively distributing through a direct-sales model for the next decade .	1994	what year did Dell stop selling products through physical retailers ?
In 2003 , Dell briefly sold products in Sears stores in the U.S. .	Sears	What store did Dell sell electronics at in 2003 ?
In 2007 , Dell started shipping its products to major retailers in the U.S. once again , starting with Sam 's Club and Wal-Mart .	2007	What year did Dell begin selling products at retailers again ?
Staples , the largest office-supply retailer in the U.S. , and Best Buy , the largest electronics retailer in the U.S. , became Dell retail partners later that same year .	Best Buy	Who is the largest electronics retailer in the US ?
Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal -LRB- in 2004 -RRB- and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006 .	product-recycling goal	What was Dell the first IT company to establish ?
Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal -LRB- in 2004 -RRB- and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006 .	2006	What year did Dell enact its global consumer recycling program ?
On July 19 , 2007 , Dell announced that it had exceeded targets in working to achieve a multi-year goal of recovering 275 million pounds of computer equipment by 2009 .	275 million pounds	How much electronics did Dell recycle by 2009 ?
The company reported the recovery of 78 million pounds -LRB- nearly 40,000 tons -RRB- of IT equipment from customers in 2006 , a 93-percent increase over 2005 ; and 12.4 % of the equipment Dell sold seven years earlier .	2006	What year was 78 million pounds of Dell equipment recycled ?
The company reported the recovery of 78 million pounds -LRB- nearly 40,000 tons -RRB- of IT equipment from customers in 2006 , a 93-percent increase over 2005 ; and 12.4 % of the equipment Dell sold seven years earlier .	12.4%	What percentage of Dell electronics from the previous seven years were recycled ?
In the 1990s , Dell switched from using primarily ATX motherboards and PSU to using boards and power supplies with mechanically identical but differently wired connectors .	1990s	What decade did Dell switch to PSUs and boards that had differently wired connectors ?
This meant customers wishing to upgrade their hardware would have to replace parts with scarce Dell-compatible parts instead of commonly available parts .	Dell-compatible parts	With what kind of parts were consumers able to upgrade their Dell systems with ?
While motherboard power connections reverted to the industry standard in 2003 , Dell continues to remain secretive about their motherboard pin-outs for peripherals -LRB- such as MMC readers and power on/off switches and LEDs -RRB- .	2003	What year did Dell revert its power connectors to industry standard ones ?
While motherboard power connections reverted to the industry standard in 2003 , Dell continues to remain secretive about their motherboard pin-outs for peripherals -LRB- such as MMC readers and power on/off switches and LEDs -RRB- .	pin-outs	What part of their motherboards does Dell not reveal the specifications of ?
Dell traces its origins to 1984 , when Michael Dell created Dell Computer Corporation , which at the time did business as PC 's Limited , while a student of the University of Texas at Austin .	1984	When did Michael Dell found his company ?
Dell dropped out of school to focus full-time on his fledgling business , after getting $ 1,000 in expansion-capital from his family .	$1,000	How much did Dell receive as capital from his family ?
Dell traces its origins to 1984 , when Michael Dell created Dell Computer Corporation , which at the time did business as PC 's Limited , while a student of the University of Texas at Austin .	University of Texas at Austin	What school did Dell go to and later drop out of while he ran his business ?
In 1985 , the company produced the first computer of its own design , the Turbo PC , which sold for $ 795 .	1985	What year did Dell design its own computer ?
The company grossed more than $ 73 million in its first year of operation .	$73 million	How much did Dell profit in its first year ?
From 1997 to 2004 , Dell enjoyed steady growth and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps .	steady growth	What did Dell enjoy from 1997 to 2004 ?
Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999 .	Compaq	What company did Dell overtake as the largest PC manufacturer ?
Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell 's $ 35 billion in revenue in 2002 , compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard , 25 percent at Gateway , and 46 percent at Cisco .	$35 billion	How much were Dell profiting in 2002 ?
In 2002 , when Compaq merged with Hewlett Packard -LRB- the fourth-place PC maker -RRB- , the newly combined Hewlett Packard took the top spot but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead .	Hewlett Packard	What company did Compaq merge with in 2002 ?
Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s .	Dell	What company was the fastest growing in the early 2000s ?
Dell had a reputation as a company that relied upon supply chain efficiencies to sell established technologies at low prices , instead of being an innovator .	supply chain efficiencies	What did Dell rely on that gave it a reputation ?
Dell 's low spending on R&D relative to its revenue -LRB- compared to IBM , Hewlett Packard , and Apple Inc. -RRB- -- which worked well in the commoditized PC market -- prevented it from making inroads into more lucrative segments , such as MP3 players and later mobile devices .	R&D	What did Dell maintain lower spending on than its competitors ?
Dell had done well with a horizontal organization that focused on PCs when the computing industry moved to horizontal mix-and-match layers in the 1980s , but by the mid-2000 the industry shifted to vertically integrated stacks to deliver complete IT solutions and Dell lagged far behind competitors like Hewlett Packard and Oracle .	horizontal	What was Dell 's organizational structure considered ?
Dell had done well with a horizontal organization that focused on PCs when the computing industry moved to horizontal mix-and-match layers in the 1980s , but by the mid-2000 the industry shifted to vertically integrated stacks to deliver complete IT solutions and Dell lagged far behind competitors like Hewlett Packard and Oracle .	IT solutions	Dell lagged behind Hewlett Packard and Oracle in delivering what kind of solutions ?
Dell announced a change campaign called `` Dell 2.0 , '' reducing the number of employees and diversifying the company 's products .	Dell 2.0	What was the name of Dell 's change campaign ?
While chairman of the board after relinquishing his CEO position , Michael Dell still had significant input in the company during Rollins ' years as CEO .	Michael Dell	Who relinquished his position as CEO to take a seat on the board ?
These include elimination of 2006 bonuses for employees with some discretionary awards , reduction in the number of managers reporting directly to Michael Dell from 20 to 12 , and reduction of `` bureaucracy '' .	2006	Michael Dell removed employee bonuses from what year with his new incentive ?
Jim Schneider retired as CFO and was replaced by Donald Carty , as the company came under an SEC probe for its accounting practices .	Donald Carty	Who replaced Jim Schneider as Dell CFO ?
Dell has been attempting to offset its declining PC business , which still accounted for half of its revenue and generates steady cash flow , by expanding into the enterprise market with servers , networking , software , and services .	half	How much of Dell 's revenue was its PC division ?
It avoided many of the acquisition writedowns and management turnover that plagued its chief rival Hewlett Packard .	Hewlett Packard	Who was Dell 's main business rival ?
Despite spending $ 13 billion on acquisitions to diversify its portfolio beyond hardware , the company was unable to convince the market that it could thrive or made the transformation in the post-PC world , as it suffered continued declines in revenue and share price .	$13 billion	How much did Dell spend on acquiring different divisions ?
Despite spending $ 13 billion on acquisitions to diversify its portfolio beyond hardware , the company was unable to convince the market that it could thrive or made the transformation in the post-PC world , as it suffered continued declines in revenue and share price .	declines	What happened to Dell 's revenue and share price in the post-PC market ?
Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin , Texas ; Plano , Texas ; Nashua , New Hampshire ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; Peoria , Illinois ; Hillsboro , Oregon -LRB- Portland area -RRB- ; Winston-Salem , North Carolina ; Eden Prairie , Minnesota -LRB- Dell Compellent -RRB- ; Bowling Green , Kentucky ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; and Miami , Florida .	Nashua	What city is Dell 's New Hampshire facility in ?
Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin , Texas ; Plano , Texas ; Nashua , New Hampshire ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; Peoria , Illinois ; Hillsboro , Oregon -LRB- Portland area -RRB- ; Winston-Salem , North Carolina ; Eden Prairie , Minnesota -LRB- Dell Compellent -RRB- ; Bowling Green , Kentucky ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; and Miami , Florida .	Nashville	What city is Dell 's Tennessee facility in ?
Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin , Texas ; Plano , Texas ; Nashua , New Hampshire ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; Peoria , Illinois ; Hillsboro , Oregon -LRB- Portland area -RRB- ; Winston-Salem , North Carolina ; Eden Prairie , Minnesota -LRB- Dell Compellent -RRB- ; Bowling Green , Kentucky ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; and Miami , Florida .	Eden Prairie	What city is Dell 's Minnesota facility in ?
Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin , Texas ; Plano , Texas ; Nashua , New Hampshire ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; Peoria , Illinois ; Hillsboro , Oregon -LRB- Portland area -RRB- ; Winston-Salem , North Carolina ; Eden Prairie , Minnesota -LRB- Dell Compellent -RRB- ; Bowling Green , Kentucky ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; and Miami , Florida .	Miami	What city is Dell 's Florida facility in ?
Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin , Texas -LRB- original location -RRB- and Lebanon , Tennessee -LRB- opened in 1999 -RRB- , which have been closed in 2008 and early 2009 , respectively .	Austin	What city is Dell 's Texas facility in ?
Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin , Texas -LRB- original location -RRB- and Lebanon , Tennessee -LRB- opened in 1999 -RRB- , which have been closed in 2008 and early 2009 , respectively .	1999	What year was Dell 's Tennessee facility opened ?
The plant in Winston-Salem , North Carolina received $ 280 million USD in incentives from the state and opened in 2005 , but ceased operations in November 2010 , and Dell 's contract with the state requires them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions .	North Carolina	What state was the Dell plant that received $ 280 million in incentives in ?
Most of the work that used to take place in Dell 's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico , or some of Dell 's own factories overseas .	Asia	What continent did a lot of work from Dell 's plants get transferred to ?
The Miami , Florida facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation , while Dell continues to produce its servers -LRB- its most profitable products -RRB- in Austin , Texas .	Alienware	What subsidiary of Dell remains operating in Florida ?
Dell committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40 % by 2015 , with 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year .	greenhouse gas	What emissions did Dell strive to reduce ?
Dell committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40 % by 2015 , with 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year .	40%	By 2015 , how much did Dell slate to reduce its emissions ?
In November 2011 , Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers -LRB- increasing its score to 5.1 from 4.9 , which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010 -RRB- .	2011	What year did Dell rank 2nd for product greenness ?
It is listed in Greenpeace 's Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability , climate and energy and how green their products are .	Greenpeace	What organization scores electronics manufacturers based on how environmentally friendly their products are ?
In July 2009 , Dell apologized after drawing the ire of the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission for twice refusing to honour a flood of orders against unusually low prices offered on its Taiwanese website .	2009	What year did Dell come under fire from the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission ?
In the second instance , Dell offered its Latitude E4300 notebook at NT$ 18,558 -LRB- US$ 580 -RRB- , 70 % lower than usual price of NT$ 60,900 -LRB- US$ 1900 -RRB- .	70%	What percent lower was Dell selling its notebooks in Taiwan ?
In the first instance , Dell offered a 19 '' LCD panel for $ 15 .	19" LCD	What did dell sell for $ 19 in Taiwan ?
The consumer rights authorities in Taiwan fined Dell NT$ 1 million -LRB- US$ 31250 -RRB- for customer rights infringements .	NT$1 million	How much did Taiwan fine Dell for its practices ?
The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce , particularly its direct-sales model and its `` build-to-order '' or `` configure to order '' approach to manufacturing -- delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications .	supply chain	Innovations in what kind of management is Dell known for ?
The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce , particularly its direct-sales model and its `` build-to-order '' or `` configure to order '' approach to manufacturing -- delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications .	direct-sales	What sales model did Dell follow ?
Dell was a pure hardware vendor for much of its existence , but with the acquisition in 2009 of Perot Systems , Dell entered the market for IT services .	hardware	For the majority of Dell 's existence , what were they a vendor of ?
Dell was a pure hardware vendor for much of its existence , but with the acquisition in 2009 of Perot Systems , Dell entered the market for IT services .	Perot Systems	What company did Dell acquire in 2009 ?
Dell was a pure hardware vendor for much of its existence , but with the acquisition in 2009 of Perot Systems , Dell entered the market for IT services .	IT services	What market did Dell begin to compete in in 2009 ?
In 1993 , to complement its own direct sales channel , Dell planned to sell PCs at big-box retail outlets such as Wal-Mart , which would have brought in an additional $ 125 million in annual revenue .	1993	What year did Dell plan to sell PCs at retailers ?
In 1993 , to complement its own direct sales channel , Dell planned to sell PCs at big-box retail outlets such as Wal-Mart , which would have brought in an additional $ 125 million in annual revenue .	Wal-Mart	What was one retailer that were going to sell Dell PCs ?
Bain consultant Kevin Rollins persuaded Michael Dell to pull out of these deals , believing they would be money losers in the long run .	Kevin Rollins	Who convinced Michael Dell to not use retailers to sell PCs ?
Rollins would soon join Dell full-time and eventually become the company President and CEO .	CEO	What position at Dell did Kevin Rollins eventually attain ?
In 1986 , Michael Dell brought in Lee Walker , a 51-year-old venture capitalist , as president and chief operating officer , to serve as Michael 's mentor and implement Michael 's ideas for growing the company .	1986	What year did Michael Dell bring in Lee Walker to the company ?
Walker was also instrumental in recruiting members to the board of directors when the company went public in 1988 .	board of directors	What did Lee Walker recruit members to Dell for ?
Walker retired in 1990 due to health , and Michael Dell hired Morton Meyerson , former CEO and president of Electronic Data Systems to transform the company from a fast-growing medium-sized firm into a billion-dollar enterprise .	1990	What year did Walker retire ?
Walker retired in 1990 due to health , and Michael Dell hired Morton Meyerson , former CEO and president of Electronic Data Systems to transform the company from a fast-growing medium-sized firm into a billion-dollar enterprise .	CEO	What was Morton Meyerson 's position at his former company ?
Despite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments , Dell was heavily dependent on U.S. corporate PC market , as desktop PCs sold to both commercial and corporate customers accounted for 32 percent of its revenue , 85 percent of its revenue comes from businesses , and Sixty-four percent of its revenue comes from North and South America , according to its 2006 third-quarter results .	32 percent	What percentage of Dell 's profits were desktop PCs being sold to commercial and corporate buyers ?
Despite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments , Dell was heavily dependent on U.S. corporate PC market , as desktop PCs sold to both commercial and corporate customers accounted for 32 percent of its revenue , 85 percent of its revenue comes from businesses , and Sixty-four percent of its revenue comes from North and South America , according to its 2006 third-quarter results .	2006	What year were Dell 's PC profits shrinking ?
The last cycle started around 2002 , three or so years after companies started buying PCs ahead of the perceived Y2K problems , and corporate clients were not expected to upgrade again until extensive testing of Microsoft 's Windows Vista -LRB- expected in early 2007 -RRB- , putting the next upgrade cycle around 2008 .	Microsoft's Windows Vista	What operating system was slated to be the next system upgrade for corporate clients ?
Dell 's own mobility division has not managed success with developing smartphones or tablets , whether running Windows or Google Android .	mobility	Which division of Dell were unsuccessful in developing mobile devices ?
The release of Apple 's iPad tablet computer had a negative impact on Dell and other major PC vendors , as consumers switched away from desktop and laptop PCs .	iPad	The release of what electronic had a negative impact on Dell ?
The Dell Streak was a failure commercially and critically due to its outdated OS , numerous bugs , and low resolution screen .	Streak	What Dell product was a commercial failure ?
Dell has responded by pushing higher-end PCs , such as the XPS line of notebooks , which do not compete with the Apple iPad and Kindle Fire tablets .	XPS	What line of high end electronics did Dell create that failed to compete with Apple products ?
In December 2012 , Dell suffered its first decline in holiday sales in five years , despite the introduction of Windows 8 .	2012	What year did Dell see its first decline in holiday sales ?
Dell 's reputation for poor customer service , since 2002 , which was exacerbated as it moved call centres offshore and as its growth outstripped its technical support infrastructure , came under increasing scrutiny on the Web .	customer service	What did Dell have a poor reputation for ?
Dell 's reputation for poor customer service , since 2002 , which was exacerbated as it moved call centres offshore and as its growth outstripped its technical support infrastructure , came under increasing scrutiny on the Web .	offshore	Where did Dell move its call centers ?
Rollins responded by shifting Dick Hunter from head of manufacturing to head of customer service .	Dick Hunter	Which Dell employee was moved from head of manufacturing to head of customer service ?
By 2006 , Dell had spent $ 100 million in just a few months to improve on this , and rolled out DellConnect to answer customer inquiries more quickly .	$100 million	How much had Dell spent by 2006 on improving customer service ?
In March 2013 , the Blackstone Group and Carl Icahn expressed interest in purchasing Dell .	2013	What year did the Blackstone Group express interest in acquiring Dell ?
Analysts said that the biggest challenge facing Silver Lake would be to find an `` exit strategy '' to profit from its investment , which would be when the company would hold an IPO to go public again , and one warned `` But even if you can get a $ 25bn enterprise value for Dell , it will take years to get out . ''	Silver Lake	What company did analysts feel would need to find an exit strategy to profit from acquiring Dell ?
Analysts said that the biggest challenge facing Silver Lake would be to find an `` exit strategy '' to profit from its investment , which would be when the company would hold an IPO to go public again , and one warned `` But even if you can get a $ 25bn enterprise value for Dell , it will take years to get out . ''	$25bn	How much was the potential enterprise value of Dell ?
On April 23 , 2008 , Dell announced the closure of one of its biggest Canadian call-centers in Kanata , Ontario , terminating approximately 1100 employees , with 500 of those redundancies effective on the spot , and with the official closure of the center scheduled for the summer .	2008	What year did Dell close its largest Canadian call center ?
On April 23 , 2008 , Dell announced the closure of one of its biggest Canadian call-centers in Kanata , Ontario , terminating approximately 1100 employees , with 500 of those redundancies effective on the spot , and with the official closure of the center scheduled for the summer .	1100	How many employees lost jobs when Dell closed their call center ?
Less than a year later , Dell planned to double its workforce to nearly 3,000 workers add a new building .	3,000	How many workers did Dell plan to have at their Ottawa call center ?
In total , Dell announced the ending of about 8,800 jobs in 2007 -- 2008 -- 10 % of its workforce .	10%	What percentage of its workforce did Dell terminate in from 2007 to 2008 ?
The combined business is expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture , converged infrastructure and private cloud computing , playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell .	private cloud computing	What type of computing is the combined effort of EMC and Dell slated to address ?
Commentators have questioned the deal , with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a `` ton of sense '' for Dell , it 's a `` nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies '' for EMC .	FBR Capital Markets	What organization commented on the deal between EMC and Dell ?
The value of VMware stock fell 10 % after the announcement , valuing the deal at around $ 63 -- 64bn rather than the $ 67bn originally reported .	10%	How much did VMware stock fall after the merger announcement ?
The value of VMware stock fell 10 % after the announcement , valuing the deal at around $ 63 -- 64bn rather than the $ 67bn originally reported .	$67bn	What was the original valuation of the merger ?
After several weeks of rumors , which started around January 11 , 2013 , Dell announced on February 5 , 2013 that it had struck a $ 24.4 billion leveraged buyout deal , that would have delisted its shares from the NASDAQ and Hong Kong Stock Exchange and taken it private .	$24.4 billion	What was the value of Dell 's buyout deal ?
After several weeks of rumors , which started around January 11 , 2013 , Dell announced on February 5 , 2013 that it had struck a $ 24.4 billion leveraged buyout deal , that would have delisted its shares from the NASDAQ and Hong Kong Stock Exchange and taken it private .	2013	What year did Dell announce its buyout deal ?
Reuters reported that Michael Dell and Silver Lake Partners , aided by a $ 2 billion loan from Microsoft , would acquire the public shares at $ 13.65 apiece .	$2 billion	What was the value of the loan that Dell received from Microsoft ?
It is also the largest technology buyout ever , surpassing the 2006 buyout of Freescale Semiconductor for $ 17.5 billion .	$17.5 billion	What was the value of the second largest technology buyout ?
In 2000 , Dell announced that it would lease 80,000 square feet -LRB- 7,400 m2 -RRB- of space in the Las Cimas office complex in unincorporated Travis County , Texas , between Austin and West Lake Hills , to house the company 's executive offices and corporate headquarters .	80,000 square feet	How much space did Dell lease in Texas ?
100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000 .	100	How many senior executives were slated to work in the building Dell leased ?
In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant ; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured .	2002	What year did Dell announce its plans to sublease its building ?
By 2003 , Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock .	Round Rock	Where did Dell move its headquarters back to in 2003 ?
It leased all of Las Cimas I and II , with a total of 312,000 square feet -LRB- 29,000 m2 -RRB- , for about a seven-year period after 2003 .	312,000 square feet	What was the total amount of space that Dell leased in Las Cimas 1 and 2 ?
Dell previously had its headquarters in the Arboretum complex in northern Austin , Texas .	Austin	What Texas city was Dell 's headquarters previously in ?
In 1990 , Dell had 1,200 employees in its headquarters .	1,200	How many employees worked at Dell 's Texas headquarters ?
In 1994 , Dell announced that it was moving most of its employees out of the Arboretum , but that it was going to continue to occupy the top floor of the Arboretum and that the company 's official headquarters address would continue to be the Arboretum .	1994	What year did Dell announce that it was moving most of its employees out of Texas ?
The top floor continued to hold Dell 's board room , demonstration center , and visitor meeting room .	top floor	Where was the board room located at Dells Arboretum building ?
Less than one month prior to August 29 , 1994 , Dell moved 1,100 customer support and telephone sales employees to Round Rock .	1,100	How many customer support employees did Dell move to Round Rock in 1994 ?
Dell assembled computers for the EMEA market at the Limerick facility in the Republic of Ireland , and once employed about 4,500 people in that country .	EMEA	For what market did Dell make computers for in Ireland ?
Dell assembled computers for the EMEA market at the Limerick facility in the Republic of Ireland , and once employed about 4,500 people in that country .	4,500	How many Irish employees did Dell hire ?
European Union officials said they would investigate a $ 52.7 million aid package the Polish government used to attract Dell away from Ireland .	€52.7million	What was the value of the aid package given to Dell that the European Union investigated ?
On January 8 , 2009 , Dell announced that it would move all Dell manufacturing in Limerick to Dell 's new plant in the Polish city of Łódź by January 2010 .	2009	What year did Dell announce it was relocating its Irish facility ?
Construction of EMF4 in Łódź , Poland has started -LSB- update -RSB- : Dell started production there in autumn 2007 .	2007	What year did Dell begin production in the Lodz , Poland facility ?
In addition , the company provides protection services , advisory services , multivendor hardware support , `` how-to '' support for software applications , collaborative support with many third-party vendors , and online parts and labor dispatching for customers who diagnose and troubleshoot their hardware .	multivendor	What kind of hardware support does Dell provide ?
Dell also provides Dell ProSupport customers access to a crisis-center to handle major outages , or problems caused by natural disasters .	ProSupport	What kind of customers does Dell provide support to for major outages ?
Dell also provide on-line support by using the computer 's service-tag that provides full list of the hardware elements installed originally , purchase date and provides the latest upgrades for the original hardware drivers .	on-line support	What kind of support does Dell provide using a computer 's service-tag ?
Dell service and support brands include the Dell Solution Station -LRB- extended domestic support services , previously `` Dell on Call '' -RRB- , Dell Support Center -LRB- extended support services abroad -RRB- , Dell Business Support -LRB- a commercial service-contract that provides an industry-certified technician with a lower call-volume than in normal queues -RRB- , Dell Everdream Desktop Management -LRB- `` Software as a Service '' remote-desktop management , originally a SaaS company founded by Elon Musk 's cousin , Lyndon Rive , which Dell bought in 2007 -RRB- , and Your Tech Team -LRB- a support-queue available to home users who purchased their systems either through Dell 's website or through Dell phone-centers -RRB- .	Dell on Call	What is the alternate name for the Dell Solution Station ?
Dell service and support brands include the Dell Solution Station -LRB- extended domestic support services , previously `` Dell on Call '' -RRB- , Dell Support Center -LRB- extended support services abroad -RRB- , Dell Business Support -LRB- a commercial service-contract that provides an industry-certified technician with a lower call-volume than in normal queues -RRB- , Dell Everdream Desktop Management -LRB- `` Software as a Service '' remote-desktop management , originally a SaaS company founded by Elon Musk 's cousin , Lyndon Rive , which Dell bought in 2007 -RRB- , and Your Tech Team -LRB- a support-queue available to home users who purchased their systems either through Dell 's website or through Dell phone-centers -RRB- .	Dell Business Support	What Dell service offers certified technicians to tackle commercial technical support ?
Dell service and support brands include the Dell Solution Station -LRB- extended domestic support services , previously `` Dell on Call '' -RRB- , Dell Support Center -LRB- extended support services abroad -RRB- , Dell Business Support -LRB- a commercial service-contract that provides an industry-certified technician with a lower call-volume than in normal queues -RRB- , Dell Everdream Desktop Management -LRB- `` Software as a Service '' remote-desktop management , originally a SaaS company founded by Elon Musk 's cousin , Lyndon Rive , which Dell bought in 2007 -RRB- , and Your Tech Team -LRB- a support-queue available to home users who purchased their systems either through Dell 's website or through Dell phone-centers -RRB- .	Dell Everdream Desktop Management	What Dell service offers remote desktop management ?
Dell service and support brands include the Dell Solution Station -LRB- extended domestic support services , previously `` Dell on Call '' -RRB- , Dell Support Center -LRB- extended support services abroad -RRB- , Dell Business Support -LRB- a commercial service-contract that provides an industry-certified technician with a lower call-volume than in normal queues -RRB- , Dell Everdream Desktop Management -LRB- `` Software as a Service '' remote-desktop management , originally a SaaS company founded by Elon Musk 's cousin , Lyndon Rive , which Dell bought in 2007 -RRB- , and Your Tech Team -LRB- a support-queue available to home users who purchased their systems either through Dell 's website or through Dell phone-centers -RRB- .	Your Tech Team	What is the name of the Dell service that gives home-users a support queue ?
In late 2006 -LSB- update -RSB- , Dell lost its lead in the PC-business to Hewlett-Packard .	2006	What year did Dell lose its tech lead to Hewlett-Packard ?
Dell 's 3.6 % growth paled in comparison to HP 's 15 % growth during the same period .	15%	What was HP 's growth during the third quarter of 2006 ?
The problem got worse in the fourth quarter , when Gartner estimated that Dell PC shipments declined 8.9 % -LRB- versus HP 's 23.9 % growth -RRB- .	8.9%	What was the rate of decline that Dell experienced in PC shipments ?
As a result , at the end of 2006 Dell 's overall PC market-share stood at 13.9 % -LRB- versus HP 's 17.4 % -RRB- .	13.9%	What was Dell 's market share at the end of 2006 ?
Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride -LRB- PVC -RRB- and brominated flame retardants -LRB- BFRs -RRB- , which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009 .	polyvinyl chloride	What toxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products ?
It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products .	2011	By what year does Dell plan to remove chemicals from its computers ?
In March 2010 , Greenpeace activists protested at Dell offices in Bangalore , Amsterdam and Copenhagen calling for Dell 's founder and CEO Michael Dell to ` drop the toxics ' and claiming that Dell 's aspiration to be ` the greenest technology company on the planet ' was ` hypocritical ' .	Greenpeace	What activists protested at Dell 's offices in response to the usage of toxic chemicals ?
Dell has launched its first products completely free of PVC and BFRs with the G-Series monitors -LRB- G2210 and G2410 -RRB- in 2009 .	2009	What year did Dell launch its first products that were free of toxic chemicals ?
Issues included call transfers of more than 45 % of calls and long wait times .	45%	What percentage of Dell support calls were transferred ?
Dell 's blog detailed the response : `` We 're spending more than a $ 100 million -- and a lot of blood , sweat and tears of talented people -- to fix this . ''	$100 million	How much did Dell originally spend to fix their customer service ?
Later in the year , the company increased its spending on customer service to $ 150 million .	$150 million	What amount did Dell increase its customer service budget to ?
The company aims to reduce its external environmental impact through energy-efficient evolution of products , and also reduce its direct operational impact through energy-efficiency programs .	external environmental impact	What does Dell aim to reduce by creating energy efficient products ?
Internal energy-efficiency programs reportedly save the company more than $ 3 million annually in energy-cost savings .	$3 million	How much does energy efficiency save Dell per year ?
The largest component of the company 's internal energy-efficiency savings comes through PC power management : the company expects to save $ 1.8 million in energy costs through using specialized energy-management software on a network of 50,000 PCs .	PC power management	What is the largest contributor to Dell 's energy efficiency savings ?
The largest component of the company 's internal energy-efficiency savings comes through PC power management : the company expects to save $ 1.8 million in energy costs through using specialized energy-management software on a network of 50,000 PCs .	50,000	How many PCs does Dell employ energy management software on ?
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level , the case then goes into a direct review .	direct review	What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial ?
An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not .	appellate	In a direct review , what type of court looks at the record ?
Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes .	three	How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review ?
An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not .	trial	In a direct review , what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court ?
About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact .	60	What percentage of convictions survive direct review ?
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 , a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court .	1996	In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed ?
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 , a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court .	one	How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court ?
In recent times , however , prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 -- codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 -- which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights .	42 U.S.C. § 1983	What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871 ?
In recent times , however , prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 -- codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 -- which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights .	to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights	Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871 ?
The moratorium ended on January 17 , 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah .	Gary Gilmore	Who was executed by firing squad on January 17 , 1977 ?
The moratorium ended on January 17 , 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah .	Utah	In what state was Gary Gilmore executed ?
The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25 , 1979 .	May 25, 1979	On what date was John Spenkelink executed ?
The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22 , 1979 .	Nevada	In what state did Jesse Bishop 's execution occur ?
The first use of lethal injection was on December 7 , 1982 , when Charles Brooks , Jr. , was executed in Texas .	lethal injection	How was Charles Brooks , Jr. executed ?
Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky ; however , Alabama 's electric chair became known as the `` Yellow Mama '' due to its unique color .	Old Sparky	What was a common nickname for the electric chair ?
Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky ; however , Alabama 's electric chair became known as the `` Yellow Mama '' due to its unique color .	Yellow	What color was Alabama 's electric chair ?
Some , particularly in Florida , were noted for malfunctions , which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution .	Florida	What state notably had electric chair malfunctions ?
Some , particularly in Florida , were noted for malfunctions , which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution .	lethal injection	Due to electric chair malfunctions , what method of execution became preferred ?
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century .	Electrocution	Prior to the popularity of lethal injection , what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America ?
Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin -LRB- the only state with only one execution -RRB- , Rhode Island -LRB- although later reintroduced , it was unused and abolished again -RRB- , Maine , North Dakota , Minnesota , West Virginia , Iowa , and Vermont .	Wisconsin	What state has had only a single execution ?
The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty ; it was last used in 1957 .	1957	When was the last person executed in the District of Columbia ?
Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings .	1984	When did Oregon reinstate the death penalty ?
Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings .	1978	In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty , only to be shot down due to a court ruling ?
Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin -LRB- the only state with only one execution -RRB- , Rhode Island -LRB- although later reintroduced , it was unused and abolished again -RRB- , Maine , North Dakota , Minnesota , West Virginia , Iowa , and Vermont .	Rhode Island	What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it , but did n't use it again ?
Within the context of the overall murder rate , the death penalty can not be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States ; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed , or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions .	700	In the United States , how many murders are there for each execution ?
Within the context of the overall murder rate , the death penalty can not be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States ; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed , or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions .	325	How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution ?
However , 32 of the 50 states still execute people .	32	How many states in the US have the death penalty ?
Among them , Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences .	Alabama	What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person ?
This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty .	overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty	What does Alabama law allow judges to do that is n't allowed in other states ?
Puerto Rico 's constitution expressly forbids capital punishment , stating `` The death penalty shall not exist '' , setting it apart from all U.S. states and territories other than Michigan , which also has a constitutional prohibition -LRB- eleven other states and the District of Columbia have abolished capital punishment through statutory law -RRB- .	Puerto Rico's	What territory 's constitution says `` The death penalty shall not exist '' ?
Puerto Rico 's constitution expressly forbids capital punishment , stating `` The death penalty shall not exist '' , setting it apart from all U.S. states and territories other than Michigan , which also has a constitutional prohibition -LRB- eleven other states and the District of Columbia have abolished capital punishment through statutory law -RRB- .	Michigan	What US state prohibits the death penalty in its constitution ?
Puerto Rico 's constitution expressly forbids capital punishment , stating `` The death penalty shall not exist '' , setting it apart from all U.S. states and territories other than Michigan , which also has a constitutional prohibition -LRB- eleven other states and the District of Columbia have abolished capital punishment through statutory law -RRB- .	eleven	How many US states have passed laws outlawing the death penalty ?
However , capital punishment is still applicable to offenses committed in Puerto Rico , if they fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government , though federal death penalty prosecutions there have generated significant controversy .	federal	Under what jurisdiction can capital offenses still be committed in Puerto Rico ?
Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court 's decision in Furman v. Georgia .	1972	In what year was the death penalty suspended in the US ?
Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court 's decision in Furman v. Georgia .	Furman v. Georgia	What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being suspended ?
The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2 , 1967 .	Luis Monge	Who was executed on June 2 , 1967 ?
In this case , the court found that the death penalty was being imposed in an unconstitutional manner , on the grounds of cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution .	Eighth	What amendment to the United States Constitution forbids cruel and unusual punishment ?
Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court 's decision in Furman v. Georgia .	1976	In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended ?
Connecticut General Statute § 54 -- 100 requires death sentences to be conducted in an `` enclosure '' which `` shall be so constructed as to exclude public view . ''	Connecticut	What state 's law says that death sentences must take place in an `` enclosure '' ?
North Carolina General Statute § 15-188 requires death sentences to be executed `` within the walls '' of the penitentiary , as do Oklahoma Statute Title 22 § 1015 and Montana Code § 46-19-103 .	North Carolina	What state 's law requires that capital punishment occur `` within the walls '' of a penitentiary ?
Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220 and Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730 contain substantially identical language .	Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220	What law has similar language to Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730 ?
United States Code Title 18 § 3596 and the Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4 limit the witnesses permitted at federal executions .	Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4	Along with United States Code Title 18 § 3596 , what federal law limits the people who can witness a federal execution ?
New Mexico 's former death penalty , since repealed , see N.M. Stat .	New Mexico's	What state 's law mandated that executions occur in '' `` room or place enclosed from public view '' ?
In 1976 , contemporaneously with Woodson and Roberts , the Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld a procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases .	1976	In what year was Gregg v. Georgia decided ?
In 1976 , contemporaneously with Woodson and Roberts , the Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld a procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases .	sentencing	Along with the guilt-innocence phase , what is the other phase of a death penalty trial under Gregg v. Georgia ?
At the first proceeding , the jury decides the defendant 's guilt ; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first-degree murder , the death penalty will not be imposed .	first-degree murder	What is the only conviction that can lead to the death penalty ?
At the second hearing , the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist , whether any mitigating factors exist , and , in many jurisdictions , weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty -- either death or life in prison , either with or without parole .	mitigating	Along with aggravating factors , what other factors are considered at the second hearing ?
At the first proceeding , the jury decides the defendant 's guilt ; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first-degree murder , the death penalty will not be imposed .	the defendant's guilt	What is decided at the first proceeding ?
Possibly in part due to expedited federal habeas corpus procedures embodied in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 , the pace of executions picked up , reaching a peak of 98 in 1999 and then they declined gradually to 28 in 2015 .	98	How many executions occurred in 1999 ?
Possibly in part due to expedited federal habeas corpus procedures embodied in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 , the pace of executions picked up , reaching a peak of 98 in 1999 and then they declined gradually to 28 in 2015 .	28	What was the number of people executed in 2015 ?
Since the death penalty was reauthorized in 1976 , 1,411 people have been executed , almost exclusively by the states , with most occurring after 1990 .	1976	In what year did the reauthorization of capital punishment occur ?
Since the death penalty was reauthorized in 1976 , 1,411 people have been executed , almost exclusively by the states , with most occurring after 1990 .	1,411	How many people have been executed in the United States since 1976 ?
California has the greatest number of prisoners on death row , has issued the highest number of death sentences but has held relatively few executions .	California	Which state has the largest number of people awaiting execution ?
Demarcus Sears remains under a death sentence in Georgia for the crime of `` kidnapping with bodily injury . ''	Demarcus Sears	In November 2008 , who was on death penalty without a murder conviction ?
Sears was convicted in 1986 for the kidnapping and bodily injury of victim Gloria Ann Wilbur .	Gloria Ann Wilbur	Who did Demarcus Sears kidnap ?
Wilbur was kidnapped and beaten in Georgia , raped in Tennessee , and murdered in Kentucky .	Kentucky	In what state was Gloria Ann Wilbur murdered ?
Sears was convicted in 1986 for the kidnapping and bodily injury of victim Gloria Ann Wilbur .	1986	In what year was Demarcus Sears convicted of kidnapping ?
Sears was never charged with the murder of Wilbur in Kentucky , but was sentenced to death by a jury in Georgia for `` kidnapping with bodily injury . ''	Georgia	A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to death ?
Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state-level trial , as is usually the case , the first step in collateral review is state collateral review .	state collateral review	When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state , what is the first step of collateral review ?
Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review .	6	About what percentage of capital convictions are overturned due to state collateral review ?
In 2010 , the death sentences of 53 inmates were overturned as a result of legal appeals or high court reversals .	53	In 2010 , how many death sentences were overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals ?
Most often these are claims , such as ineffective assistance of counsel , which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record , something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal .	ineffective assistance of counsel	What is an example of an issue that is raised in collateral review ?
In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case , however , the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state 's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment .	Hill v. McDonough	In what case did the Supreme Court allow Section 1983 to be used to challenge a method of execution ?
In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case , however , the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state 's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment .	2006	In what year was Hill v. McDonough decided ?
In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case , however , the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state 's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment .	Eighth	What amendment of the Constitution does cruel and unusual punishment violate ?
Further , the Court 's decision in Baze v. Rees , upholding a lethal injection method used by many states , has drastically narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983 .	Baze v. Rees	What case notably upheld the use of a method of lethal injection ?
Traditionally , Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus , not Section 1983 , is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death .	habeas corpus	Along with Section 1983 , through what means can a convict on death row challenge his execution ?
The largest single execution in United States history was the hanging of 38 American Indians convicted of murder and rape during the Dakota War of 1862 .	38	How many people were killed in the largest mass execution in US history ?
They were executed simultaneously on December 26 , 1862 , in Mankato , Minnesota .	December 26, 1862	On what date did the largest mass execution in American history take place ?
They were executed simultaneously on December 26 , 1862 , in Mankato , Minnesota .	Minnesota	In what state did the largest American mass execution occur ?
The second-largest mass execution was also a hanging : the execution of 13 African-American soldiers for taking part in the Houston Riot of 1917 .	African-American	What was the ethnicity of the people executed in the second-largest mass execution in US history ?
The largest non-military mass execution occurred in one of the original thirteen colonies in 1723 , when 26 convicted pirates were hanged in Newport , Rhode Island by order of the Admiralty Court .	1723	In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport , Rhode Island ?
The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 , which restricted significantly its previous scope .	the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996	What act restricted the scope of federal habeas corpus ?
Federal habeas corpus is a species of collateral review , and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court -LRB- other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review -RRB- .	Federal habeas corpus	How may state prisoners seek to have a death sentence overturned in federal court ?
After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review , the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus , which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts .	federal	In what courts can federal habeas corpus suits be brought ?
Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime , though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process , evidence of innocence must be truly compelling .	truly compelling	If prisoners use federal habeas corpus to present evidence that they 're innocent , what must the evidence be ?
In New Jersey and Illinois , all death row inmates had their sentences commuted to life in prison without parole when the death penalty repeal bills were signed into law .	Illinois	Along with New Jersey , what state commuted all life sentences when bills to repeal the death penalty were passed ?
In Maryland , Governor Martin O'Malley commuted the state 's four remaining death sentences to life in prison without parole in January 2015 .	Maryland	The governor of what state commuted four death sentences in January 2015 ?
In Maryland , Governor Martin O'Malley commuted the state 's four remaining death sentences to life in prison without parole in January 2015 .	Martin O'Malley	Who was governor of Maryland in January 2015 ?
While the bill repealing capital punishment in Connecticut was not retroactive , the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 in State v. Santiago that the legislature 's decision to prospectively abolish capital punishment rendered it an offense to `` evolving standards of decency , '' thus commuting the sentences of the 11 men remaining on death row to life in prison without parole .	Connecticut	In what state 's supreme court was State v. Santiago decided ?
While the bill repealing capital punishment in Connecticut was not retroactive , the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 in State v. Santiago that the legislature 's decision to prospectively abolish capital punishment rendered it an offense to `` evolving standards of decency , '' thus commuting the sentences of the 11 men remaining on death row to life in prison without parole .	11	How many people had their sentences commuted by State v. Santiago ?
The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant 's mental health violate the defendant 's Eighth Amendment rights , saying that the jury is to be instructed to consider mitigating factors when answering unrelated questions .	United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit	In what court was Bigby v. Dretke decided ?
The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant 's mental health violate the defendant 's Eighth Amendment rights , saying that the jury is to be instructed to consider mitigating factors when answering unrelated questions .	United States Supreme Court	What court heard the case Penry v. Lynaugh ?
The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant 's mental health violate the defendant 's Eighth Amendment rights , saying that the jury is to be instructed to consider mitigating factors when answering unrelated questions .	Eighth	What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh address ?
This ruling suggests that specific explanations to the jury are necessary to weigh mitigating factors .	mitigating	What sentencing factors did Bigby v. Dretke consider ?
-LRB- However , the United States government executed Tony Chebatoris at the Federal Correctional Institution in Milan , Michigan in 1938 . -RRB-	1938	In what year was Tony Chebatoris killed ?
Article 4 , Section 46 of Michigan 's fourth Constitution -LRB- ratified in 1963 ; effective in 1964 -RRB- prohibits any law providing for the penalty of death .	1963	When was Michigan 's fourth Constitution ratified ?
-LRB- However , the United States government executed Tony Chebatoris at the Federal Correctional Institution in Milan , Michigan in 1938 . -RRB-	Milan	In what city was Tony Chebatoris executed ?
In 2004 , a constitutional amendment proposed to allow capital punishment in some circumstances failed to make it on the November ballot after a resolution failed in the legislature and a public initiative failed to gather enough signatures .	2004	In what year was there a failed Michigan constitutional amendment to allow the death penalty ?
Article 4 , Section 46 of Michigan 's fourth Constitution -LRB- ratified in 1963 ; effective in 1964 -RRB- prohibits any law providing for the penalty of death .	4	What article of the fourth Michigan Constitution forbids laws allowing capital punishment ?
For offenses under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 , the method of execution is lethal injection .	Drug Kingpin Act of 1988	Under what federal statute are offenses punished by lethal injection ?
The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place .	Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994	According to what law are federal prisoners executed according to the procedures in place in the state in which they were convicted ?
Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001 , and Louis Jones , Jr. was put to death on March 18 , 2003 .	June 2001	In what month and year was Juan Garza executed ?
Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001 , and Louis Jones , Jr. was put to death on March 18 , 2003 .	Louis Jones, Jr.	Who was executed by the federal government on March 18 , 2003 ?
The Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute , Indiana is currently the home of the only death chamber for federal death penalty recipients in the United States , where inmates are put to death by lethal injection .	Indiana	In what state is the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute ?
In October 2009 , the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962 , as part of the Model Penal Code , `` in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment . ''	1962	In what year did the American Law Institute create a death penalty framework for the Model Penal Code ?
In October 2009 , the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962 , as part of the Model Penal Code , `` in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment . ''	2009	In what year did the American Law Institute change their mind about their contribution on the death penalty to the Model Penal Code ?
A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled .	systemic fairness for minorities	What goal did the ALI 's study say could not be reconciled with the goal of individualized execution decisions ?
In 1977 , the Supreme Court 's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman , and implied that the death penalty was inappropriate for any offense against another person other than murder .	1977	In what year was Coker v. Georgia decided ?
In 1977 , the Supreme Court 's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman , and implied that the death penalty was inappropriate for any offense against another person other than murder .	rape of an adult woman	For what offense did Coker v. Georgia forbid the death penalty ?
Prior to the decision , the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States , and at the time of the decision , the State of Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense .	U.S. Federal government	Along with Georgia , what American jurisdiction allowed people to be executed for the rape of an adult prior to Coker ?
In 2008 , the Kennedy v. Louisiana decision barred the death penalty for child rape .	Kennedy v. Louisiana	What ruling forbid the government from executing child rapists ?
However , three states maintained the death penalty for child rape , as the Coker decision only imposed a ban on executions for the rape of an adult woman .	three	Prior to Kennedy v. Louisiana , how many states criminalized child rape ?
Four states in the modern era , Nebraska in 2008 , New York and Kansas in 2004 , and Massachusetts in 1984 , had their statutes ruled unconstitutional by state courts .	2008	In what year was Nebraska 's death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court ?
Four states in the modern era , Nebraska in 2008 , New York and Kansas in 2004 , and Massachusetts in 1984 , had their statutes ruled unconstitutional by state courts .	Massachusetts	What state 's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984 ?
Kansas successfully appealed State v. Kleypas , the Kansas Supreme Court decision that declared the state 's death penalty statute unconstitutional , to the United States Supreme Court .	State v. Kleypas	In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas ?
Nebraska 's death penalty statute was rendered ineffective on February 8 , 2008 when the required method , electrocution , was ruled unconstitutional by the Nebraska Supreme Court .	electrocution	What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule unconstitutional ?
In 2009 , Nebraska enacted a bill that changed its method of execution to lethal injection .	lethal injection	After electrocution was outlawed , how were Nebraska death row inmates executed ?
Hospira , the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental , stopped making the drug in 2011 .	sodium thiopental	What death penalty drug ceased to be manufactured in 2011 ?
Hospira , the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental , stopped making the drug in 2011 .	Hospira	Up until 2011 , who manufactured sodium thiopental ?
Another alternative , pentobarbital , is also only manufactured in the European Union , which has caused the Danish producer to restrict distribution to U.S. government customers .	Danish	What is the nationality of the company that makes pentobarbital ?
In the 2010s , American jurisdictions have experienced a shortage of lethal injection drugs , due to anti-death penalty advocacy and low production volume .	low production volume	Along with anti-death penalty advocacy , why has there been a shortage in drugs for lethal injections in the United States ?
The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution ; this has prevented executioners from using EU-manufactured anesthetics like propofol which are needed for general medical purposes .	execution	The EU outlawed the export of products that could be used in what activity ?
The highest level of support for the death penalty recorded overall was 80 percent in 1994 -LRB- 16 percent opposed -RRB- , and the lowest recorded was 42 percent in 1966 -LRB- 47 percent opposed -RRB- .	1994	In what year did the most polled American support capital punishment ?
The highest level of support for the death penalty recorded overall was 80 percent in 1994 -LRB- 16 percent opposed -RRB- , and the lowest recorded was 42 percent in 1966 -LRB- 47 percent opposed -RRB- .	47	What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1966 ?
On the question of the death penalty vs. life without parole , the strongest preference for the death penalty was 61 percent in 1997 -LRB- 29 percent favoring life -RRB- , and the lowest preference for the death penalty was 47 percent in 2006 -LRB- 48 percent favoring life -RRB- .	29	In a 1977 poll , what percentage of respondents preferred life imprisonment to the death penalty ?
On the question of the death penalty vs. life without parole , the strongest preference for the death penalty was 61 percent in 1997 -LRB- 29 percent favoring life -RRB- , and the lowest preference for the death penalty was 47 percent in 2006 -LRB- 48 percent favoring life -RRB- .	47	In a 2006 poll , what percentage of polled Americans preferred the death penalty to life without parole ?
Other capital crimes include : the use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death , espionage , terrorism , certain violations of the Geneva Conventions that result in the death of one or more persons , and treason at the federal level ; aggravated rape in Louisiana , Florida , and Oklahoma ; extortionate kidnapping in Oklahoma ; aggravated kidnapping in Georgia , Idaho , Kentucky and South Carolina ; aircraft hijacking in Alabama and Mississippi ; assault by an escaping capital felon in Colorado ; armed robbery in Georgia ; drug trafficking resulting in a person 's death in Florida ; train wrecking which leads to a person 's death , and perjury which leads to a person 's death in California , Colorado , Idaho and Nebraska .	aggravated rape	What is a notable capital crime in Louisiana ?
Other capital crimes include : the use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death , espionage , terrorism , certain violations of the Geneva Conventions that result in the death of one or more persons , and treason at the federal level ; aggravated rape in Louisiana , Florida , and Oklahoma ; extortionate kidnapping in Oklahoma ; aggravated kidnapping in Georgia , Idaho , Kentucky and South Carolina ; aircraft hijacking in Alabama and Mississippi ; assault by an escaping capital felon in Colorado ; armed robbery in Georgia ; drug trafficking resulting in a person 's death in Florida ; train wrecking which leads to a person 's death , and perjury which leads to a person 's death in California , Colorado , Idaho and Nebraska .	Oklahoma	In what state is extortionate kidnapping a capital offense ?
Other capital crimes include : the use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death , espionage , terrorism , certain violations of the Geneva Conventions that result in the death of one or more persons , and treason at the federal level ; aggravated rape in Louisiana , Florida , and Oklahoma ; extortionate kidnapping in Oklahoma ; aggravated kidnapping in Georgia , Idaho , Kentucky and South Carolina ; aircraft hijacking in Alabama and Mississippi ; assault by an escaping capital felon in Colorado ; armed robbery in Georgia ; drug trafficking resulting in a person 's death in Florida ; train wrecking which leads to a person 's death , and perjury which leads to a person 's death in California , Colorado , Idaho and Nebraska .	Mississippi	Along with Alabama , where is hijacking an aircraft a death penalty offense ?
Other capital crimes include : the use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death , espionage , terrorism , certain violations of the Geneva Conventions that result in the death of one or more persons , and treason at the federal level ; aggravated rape in Louisiana , Florida , and Oklahoma ; extortionate kidnapping in Oklahoma ; aggravated kidnapping in Georgia , Idaho , Kentucky and South Carolina ; aircraft hijacking in Alabama and Mississippi ; assault by an escaping capital felon in Colorado ; armed robbery in Georgia ; drug trafficking resulting in a person 's death in Florida ; train wrecking which leads to a person 's death , and perjury which leads to a person 's death in California , Colorado , Idaho and Nebraska .	Georgia	In what state is armed robbery a capital crime ?
Other capital crimes include : the use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death , espionage , terrorism , certain violations of the Geneva Conventions that result in the death of one or more persons , and treason at the federal level ; aggravated rape in Louisiana , Florida , and Oklahoma ; extortionate kidnapping in Oklahoma ; aggravated kidnapping in Georgia , Idaho , Kentucky and South Carolina ; aircraft hijacking in Alabama and Mississippi ; assault by an escaping capital felon in Colorado ; armed robbery in Georgia ; drug trafficking resulting in a person 's death in Florida ; train wrecking which leads to a person 's death , and perjury which leads to a person 's death in California , Colorado , Idaho and Nebraska .	California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska	In what states is perjury leading to death a capital offense ?
Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan , Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as `` cruel and unusual '' punishment .	William J. Brennan, Jr.	Along with Marshall , who believed that the Eighth Amendment forbade the death penalty ?
Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty .	William O. Douglas	Along with Stewart , what Supreme Court justice was concerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement ?
The narrowest opinions , those of Byron White and Potter Stewart , expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law .	Byron White	Aside from Stewart , what justice believed that the death penalty could be constitutional ?
In total , 156 prisoners have been either acquitted , or received pardons or commutations on the basis of possible innocence , between 1973 to 2015 .	156	Between 1973 and 2015 , how amny prisoners were acquitted or received pardons or commutations of their death sentences due to possible innocence ?
A 2004 Cornell University study showed that while 2.5 percent of murderers convicted nationwide were sentenced to the death penalty , in Nevada 6 percent were given the death penalty .	2.5	What percentage of murderers in the United States are given a death sentence ?
A 2004 Cornell University study showed that while 2.5 percent of murderers convicted nationwide were sentenced to the death penalty , in Nevada 6 percent were given the death penalty .	6	How many murderers in Nevada were given a capital sentence ?
Texas , however , executed 40 percent of those sentenced , which was about four times higher than the national average .	Texas	What state notably executes 40 % of those given the death penalty ?
Texas , however , executed 40 percent of those sentenced , which was about four times higher than the national average .	four times	How much higher is the rate of execution in Texas versus the national average ?
California had executed only 1 percent of those sentenced .	1	What percentage of murderers in California are given the death penalty and subsequently executed ?
Congress acted defiantly toward the Supreme Court by passing the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994 that made roughly fifty crimes punishable by death , including crimes that do not always involve the death of someone .	fifty	Under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994 , about how many crimes were punishable by death ?
Congress acted defiantly toward the Supreme Court by passing the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994 that made roughly fifty crimes punishable by death , including crimes that do not always involve the death of someone .	Congress	What body passed the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 ?
Such non-death capital offenses include treason , espionage -LRB- spying for another country -RRB- , and high-level drug trafficking .	espionage	What is another term for the act of spying for another country ?
Such non-death capital offenses include treason , espionage -LRB- spying for another country -RRB- , and high-level drug trafficking .	high-level drug trafficking	Along with treason and espionage , what non-death offense is still a federal capital crime ?
Executions resumed on January 17 , 1977 , when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah .	Gary Gilmore	Who was executed on January 17 , 1977 ?
Executions resumed on January 17 , 1977 , when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah .	firing squad	By what method was Gary Gilmore executed ?
Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s , only ten people besides Gilmore -LRB- who had waived all of his appeal rights -RRB- were actually executed prior to 1984 .	ten	Aside from Gary Gilmore , how many people were executed in the United States between January 17 , 1977 and 1984 ?
But the pace was quite slow due to the use of litigation tactics which involved filing repeated writs of habeas corpus , which succeeded for many in delaying their actual execution for many years .	filing repeated writs of habeas corpus	What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their executions ?
After the September 2011 execution of Troy Davis , believed by many to be innocent , Richard Dieter , the director of the Death Penalty Information Center , said this case was a clear wake-up call to politicians across the United States .	September 2011	In what month and year was Troy Davis executed ?
After the September 2011 execution of Troy Davis , believed by many to be innocent , Richard Dieter , the director of the Death Penalty Information Center , said this case was a clear wake-up call to politicians across the United States .	Richard Dieter	Who was the Death Penalty Information Center director ?
Brian Evans of Amnesty International , which led the campaign to spare Davis 's life , said that there was a groundswell in America of people `` who are tired of a justice system that is inhumane and inflexible and allows executions where there is clear doubts about guilt '' .	Amnesty International	What organization did Brian Evans work for ?
Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used .	five	How many execution methods are currently used in the United States ?
Historically , burning , crushing , breaking on wheel , and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions , while hanging was the most common method .	hanging	What was the most common historical method of execution in the United States ?
The last person burned at the stake was a black slave in South Carolina in August 1825 .	South Carolina	In what state did the last burning at the stake take place in the US ?
The last person to be hanged in chains was a murderer named John Marshall in West Virginia on April 4 , 1913 .	John Marshall	Who was the last person hanged in chains in the Untied States ?
Although beheading was a legal method in Utah from 1851 to 1888 , it was never used .	1888	When was execution by beheading ended in Utah ?
African Americans made up 41 percent of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 percent of the general population .	41	What percentage of American death row prisoners are African American ?
-LRB- They have made up 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976 . -RRB-	34	What percentage of people executed in the United States since 1976 have been African American ?
However , that number is lower than that of prison inmates , which is 47 percent .	47	What percentage of American prison inmates are African American ?
According to the US Department of Justice , African Americans accounted for 52.5 % of homicide offenders from 1980 to 2008 , with whites 45.3 % and Native Americans and Asians 2.2 % .	2.2%	What percentage of homicides were committed by Asians between 1980 and 2008 ?
13.5 % of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent , while they make up 17.4 % of the general population .	17.4%	What percentage of the American population is Hispanic ?
Typically , it involves four critical steps : -LRB- 1 -RRB- sentencing , -LRB- 2 -RRB- direct review , -LRB- 3 -RRB- state collateral review , and -LRB- 4 -RRB- federal habeas corpus .	four	In the United States , how many important steps are usually present in the administration of capital punishment ?
-LRB- Clemency or pardon , through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence , is an executive rather than judicial process . -RRB-	Governor	Along with the President , what officeholder can issue pardons ?
The number of new death sentences handed down peaked in 1995 -- 1996 -LRB- 309 -RRB- .	309	How many death sentences were issued in the period 1995-1996 ?
There were 73 new death sentences handed down in 2014 , the lowest number since 1973 -LRB- 44 -RRB- .	44	How many capital sentences were given in 1973 ?
There were 73 new death sentences handed down in 2014 , the lowest number since 1973 -LRB- 44 -RRB- .	2014	In what year were there 73 death penalty convictions ?
For example , Fred Adams was legally hanged in Kennett , Missouri , on April 2 , 1937 , within a 10-foot -LRB- 3 m -RRB- wooden stockade .	April 2, 1937	On what date was Fred Adams hanged ?
All of the executions which have taken place since the 1936 hanging of Bethea in Owensboro have been conducted within a wall or enclosure .	Owensboro	Where was Bethea hanged ?
Roscoe `` Red '' Jackson was hanged within a stockade in Galena , Missouri , on May 26 , 1937 .	Red	What was Roscoe Jackson 's nickname ?
For example , Fred Adams was legally hanged in Kennett , Missouri , on April 2 , 1937 , within a 10-foot -LRB- 3 m -RRB- wooden stockade .	Missouri	In what state did the hanging of Adams take place ?
The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11 , 2001 was witnessed by some 300 people , some by closed-circuit television .	300	How many people witnessed Timothy McVeigh 's execution ?
James Liebman , a professor of law at Columbia Law School , stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was `` a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995 . ''	Columbia Law School	What institution does James Liebman work for ?
James Liebman , a professor of law at Columbia Law School , stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was `` a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995 . ''	law	What does James Liebman teach ?
James Liebman , a professor of law at Columbia Law School , stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was `` a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995 . ''	40	According to Liebman , about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995 ?
Similarly , a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher , finding that between `` 1976 and 1991 , approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted . ''	47	According to Tabak , what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991 ?
James Liebman , a professor of law at Columbia Law School , stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was `` a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995 . ''	1996	In what year did Liebman announce his findings ?
The last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30 , 1960 .	James W. Rodgers	Who was executed on March 30 , 1960 ?
The last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30 , 1960 .	firing squad	What method of execution was used on James W. Rodgers ?
The last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30 , 1960 .	Utah	In what state was Rodgers executed ?
The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22 , 1965 .	June 22, 1965	On what date was George York executed ?
The last use of the electric chair between the first electrocution on August 6 , 1890 and the moratorium was when Oklahoma electrocuted James French on August 10 , 1966 .	Oklahoma	Which state executed James French ?
Since 1642 -LRB- in the 13 colonies , the United States under the Articles of Confederation , and the current United States -RRB- an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government .	364	About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1642 ?
The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642 .	1642	In what year was Thomas Graunger executed ?
Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976 , in seven states .	Twenty-two	Since 1976 , how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles ?
The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney , who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16 , 1944 .	14	How old was George Stinney when he was executed ?
The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley , who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10 , 1959 , at the age of 17 .	gas chamber	What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley ?
In May 2014 , Oklahoma Director of Corrections , Robert Patton , recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett .	Oklahoma	What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014 ?
In May 2014 , Oklahoma Director of Corrections , Robert Patton , recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett .	Director of Corrections	As of May 2014 , what was Robert Patton 's job title ?
In May 2014 , Oklahoma Director of Corrections , Robert Patton , recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett .	African-American	What race was Clayton Lockett ?
In 2015 , the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution .	nitrogen	What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015 ?
The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution , and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin , resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness , trying to get up , and to speak , before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later , after the attempted execution had been called off .	heart attack	What was Clayton Lockett 's cause of death ?
Furthermore , some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial , socio-economic , geographic , and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate .	socio-economic	Along with gender , geography and race , what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration ?
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime , risks the execution of the innocent , is unnecessarily barbaric in nature , cheapens human life , and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder .	human life	According to opponents of the death penalty , what does the death penalty cheapen ?
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime , risks the execution of the innocent , is unnecessarily barbaric in nature , cheapens human life , and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder .	criminals involved in murder	According to death penalty opponents , on whose moral level does execution place the government ?
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime , risks the execution of the innocent , is unnecessarily barbaric in nature , cheapens human life , and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder .	deterring crime	What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment is n't effective at doing ?
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime , risks the execution of the innocent , is unnecessarily barbaric in nature , cheapens human life , and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder .	the innocent	Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed ?
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma .	Sixteen	According to Thompson v. Oklahoma , what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed ?
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma .	1988	In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided ?
The Court , considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005 , found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5 -- 4 margin , effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18 .	March 2005	In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided ?
The Court , considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005 , found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5 -- 4 margin , effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18 .	5	In Roper v. Simmons , how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional ?
The Court , considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005 , found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5 -- 4 margin , effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18 .	18	Based on Roper v. Simmons , what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States ?
For example , in 1919 , the Missouri legislature adopted a statute -LRB- L. 1919 , p. 781 -RRB- which required , `` the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail , if convenient , and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail . ''	1919	In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail ?
The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals -LRB- usually local citizens -RRB- whom he believed should witness the hanging , but the sheriffs -- for various reasons -- sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch .	hanging	What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919 ?
The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals -LRB- usually local citizens -RRB- whom he believed should witness the hanging , but the sheriffs -- for various reasons -- sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch .	the local sheriff	In the Missouri of 1919 , who handed out passes to witness executions ?
Around 1890 , a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions .	1890	In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US ?
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico , when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty .	Toney Anaya	Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986 ?
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico , when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty .	New Mexico	Of what state was Toney Anaya governor ?
In 1991 , outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners , among them all four women on the state 's death row .	Dick Celeste	Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991 ?
In 1991 , outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners , among them all four women on the state 's death row .	four	How many women were on Ohio 's death row in 1991 ?
And during his two terms -LRB- 1979 -- 1987 -RRB- as Florida 's Governor , Bob Graham , although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others , agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of `` possible innocence '' or `` disproportionality . ''	1979	In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida ?
In 2010 , bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota -LRB- which had a de facto moratorium at the time -RRB- were rejected .	Kansas	Along with South Dakota , what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010 ?
Idaho ended its de facto moratorium , during which only one volunteer had been executed , on November 18 , 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades ; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30 , 2012 , ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed .	Paul Ezra Rhoades	Who did Idaho execute in 2011 ?
Idaho ended its de facto moratorium , during which only one volunteer had been executed , on November 18 , 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades ; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30 , 2012 , ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed .	Donald Moeller	Who was executed on October 30 , 2012 ?
Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976 , 11 waived their rights to appeal .	12	Since 1976 , how many prisoners has Nevada executed ?
Colorado -LRB- in 1997 -RRB- and Wyoming -LRB- in 1992 -RRB- have executed only one prisoner , respectively .	1992	Since 1976 , in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming ?
For example , Hospira , the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental , the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail , announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market , in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union 's Torture Regulation , which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture -LRB- as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation -RRB- .	sodium thiopental	What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira ?
For example , Hospira , the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental , the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail , announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market , in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union 's Torture Regulation , which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture -LRB- as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation -RRB- .	2011	When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States ?
For example , Hospira , the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental , the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail , announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market , in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union 's Torture Regulation , which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture -LRB- as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation -RRB- .	Italy	In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today ?
For example , Hospira , the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental , the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail , announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market , in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union 's Torture Regulation , which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture -LRB- as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation -RRB- .	Torture Regulation	What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union ?
Katsuyah Nakawaka attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype and found that it was easy to use and had no discomfort .	Katsuyah Nakawaka	Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype ?
Ultimately though , they did install a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an arcade-style joystick could be used optionally .	15-pin expansion port	What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used ?
The controllers were hard-wired to the console with no connectors for cost reasons .	cost reasons	Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with no connectors ?
The game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines , although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks , even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked .	Game & Watch machines	Where were the game pad controllers copied from ?
This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System , or the colloquial `` NES '' .	NES	What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System ?
Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York City on October 18 , 1985 , following up with a full-fledged North American release of the console in February of the following year .	October 18, 1985	What day did Nintendo unveil the new systems ?
Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York City on October 18 , 1985 , following up with a full-fledged North American release of the console in February of the following year .	New York City	Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems ?
At June 1985 's Consumer Electronics Show -LRB- CES -RRB- , Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom .	Consumer Electronics Show	What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Famicom ?
In June 1989 , Nintendo of America 's vice president of marketing Peter Main , said that the Famicom was present in 37 % of Japan 's households .	Peter Main	In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America 's vice president of marketing ?
By 1990 , 30 % of American households owned the NES , compared to 23 % for all personal computers .	30%	In 1990 , what percentage of American households owned an NES ?
-LSB- better source needed -RSB- The slogan for this brand was It ca n't be beaten .	It can't be beaten	What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand ?
In Europe and South America , however , the NES was outsold by Sega 's Master System , while the Nintendo Entertainment System was not available in the Soviet Union .	Sega's Master System	What outsold the NES in Europe and South America ?
In Europe and South America , however , the NES was outsold by Sega 's Master System , while the Nintendo Entertainment System was not available in the Soviet Union .	Soviet Union	Where was Nintendo not available ?
Japanese -LRB- Famicom -RRB- cartridges are shaped slightly differently .	Japanese (Famicom)	Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently ?
While the NES used a 72-pin interface , the Famicom system used a 60-pin design .	72-pin	Which interface did the NES use ?
While the NES used a 72-pin interface , the Famicom system used a 60-pin design .	60-pin	Which interface did Famicom use ?
This allowed these companies to develop their own customized chips designed for specific purposes , such as chips that increased the quality of sound in their games .	develop their own customized chips	Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics ?
In the longer run , however , with the NES near its end of its life many third-party publishers such as Electronic Arts supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation , which eroded and then took over Nintendo 's dominance in the home console market , respectively .	Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation	With the NES at its end , which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported ?
In the longer run , however , with the NES near its end of its life many third-party publishers such as Electronic Arts supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation , which eroded and then took over Nintendo 's dominance in the home console market , respectively .	Electronic Arts	Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher ?
Consoles from Nintendo 's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo , which relied more heavily on first-party games .	first-party games	Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support ?
Consoles from Nintendo 's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo , which relied more heavily on first-party games .	post-SNES era	Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support ?
Nintendo took steps to stop game rentals , but did n't take any formal legal action until Blockbuster Video began to make game rentals a large-scale service .	Blockbuster Video	Who caused Nintendo to take formal action regarding rentals ?
Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games .	would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games	According to Nintendo what was the danger in renting games ?
Blockbuster was banned from including original , copyrighted instruction booklets with their rented games .	copyrighted instruction booklets	Blockbuster was banned from including what with their games ?
In compliance with the ruling , Blockbuster produced their own short instructions -- usually in the form of a small booklet , card , or label stuck on the back of the rental box -- that explained the game 's basic premise and controls .	produced their own short instructions	What did Blockbuster do instead of use copyrighted instruction booklets ?
When the NES was first released in those countries , it was distributed by Mattel and Nintendo decided to use a lockout chip specific to those countries , different from the chip used in other European countries .	Mattel	Which company distributed the NES to the UK , Italy , and Australia ?
When Nintendo took over European distribution in 1990 , they produced consoles that were then labelled `` NES Version '' ; therefore , the only differences between the two are the text on the front flap and texture on the top/bottom of the casing .	1990	When did Nintendo take over European distribution ?
In the UK , Italy and Australia which share the PAL A region , two versions of the NES were released ; the `` Mattel Version '' and `` NES Version '' .	UK, Italy and Australia	Which three countries share the PAL A region ?
In the UK , Italy and Australia which share the PAL A region , two versions of the NES were released ; the `` Mattel Version '' and `` NES Version '' .	"Mattel Version" and "NES Version"	What two versions of the NES were released in the UK , Italy , and Australia ?
Nintendo also made two turbo controllers for the NES called NES Advantage and the NES Max .	NES Advantage and the NES Max	What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES ?
This feature allowed players to shoot much faster during shooter games .	shoot much faster during shooter games	What did the Turbo feature allow players to do ?
The NES Max also had the Turbo Feature , but it was not adjustable , in contrast with the Advantage .	The NES Max	Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature ?
Other accessories include the Power Pad and the Power Glove , which was featured in the movie The Wizard .	Power Pad and the Power Glove	Which two accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard ?
It also did not have the `` Slow '' button .	"Slow" button	The NES Max also did not feature what ?
In 1986 , Nintendo released the Famicom Disk System -LRB- FDS -RRB- in Japan , a type of floppy drive that uses a single-sided , proprietary 5 cm -LRB- 2 '' -RRB- disk and plugs into the cartridge port .	1986	What year did Nintendo release the Famicom Disk System ?
The disks were originally obtained from kiosks in malls and other public places where buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk .	kiosks in malls	Where could the disks for the game be obtained ?
The disks were originally obtained from kiosks in malls and other public places where buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk .	buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk	How were the disks purchased ?
The disks were used both for storing the game and saving progress and total capacity was 128k -LRB- 64k per side -RRB- .	storing the game and saving progress	What were the storage disks used for ?
The disks were used both for storing the game and saving progress and total capacity was 128k -LRB- 64k per side -RRB- .	128k	What was the total capacity of a disk ?
The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985 , but the release date was pushed back .	spring of 1985	When was the system originally supposed to be released ?
After test-marketing in the New York City area in late fall , retailers had reportedly stated the system `` failed miserably '' .	New York City	Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales ?
-LSB- contradictory -RSB- While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City , Nintendo tried a second time ; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986 , with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986 .	February 1986	When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES ?
-LSB- contradictory -RSB- While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City , Nintendo tried a second time ; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986 , with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986 .	September 1986	When was the nationwide release of the NES ?
In Europe and Australia , the system was released to two separate marketing regions .	Europe and Australia	Where was the system released to two separate marketing areas ?
One region consisted of most of mainland Europe -LRB- excluding Italy -RRB- , and distribution there was handled by a number of different companies , with Nintendo responsible for most cartridge releases .	Italy	One region comprised the entirety of mainland Europe save for which country ?
One region consisted of most of mainland Europe -LRB- excluding Italy -RRB- , and distribution there was handled by a number of different companies , with Nintendo responsible for most cartridge releases .	Nintendo	Who released cartridges in mainland Europe ?
Mattel handled distribution for the other region , consisting of the United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , Italy , Australia and New Zealand , starting the following year .	Mattel	Who handled distribution in the other region ?
Not until the 1990s did Nintendo 's newly created European branch direct distribution throughout Europe .	1990s	When did the European brance finally directly distribute throughout Europe ?
As the 1990s dawned , gamers predicted that competition from technologically superior systems such as the 16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis would mean the immediate end of the NES 's dominance .	16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis	Which example of a system started to mark the end of the NES dominance ?
The console remained popular in Japan and North America until late 1993 , when the demand for new NES software abruptly plummeted .	late 1993	When did the demand for new NES software dry up ?
The final Famicom game released in Japan is Takahashi Meijin no Bōken Jima IV -LRB- Adventure Island IV -RRB- , while in North America , Wario 's Woods is the final licensed game .	Wario's Woods	What was the final Famicom game released in North America ?
In the wake of ever decreasing sales and the lack of new software titles , Nintendo of America officially discontinued the NES by 1995 .	1995	What year did Nintendo officially discontinue the NES ?
However , Nintendo kept producing new Famicom units in Japan until September 25 , 2003 , and continued to repair Famicom consoles until October 31 , 2007 , attributing the discontinuation of support to insufficient supplies of parts .	October 31, 2007	How late did Nintendo continue to repair Famicom units ?
Unlike Atari , which never actively courted third-party developers -LRB- and even went to court in an attempt to force Activision to cease production of Atari 2600 games -RRB- , Nintendo had anticipated and encouraged the involvement of third-party software developers ; strictly , however , on Nintendo 's terms .	Activision	Who did Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system ?
Unlike Atari , which never actively courted third-party developers -LRB- and even went to court in an attempt to force Activision to cease production of Atari 2600 games -RRB- , Nintendo had anticipated and encouraged the involvement of third-party software developers ; strictly , however , on Nintendo 's terms .	third-party software developers	Nintendo actively encouraged the involvement of what ?
Some of the Nintendo platform-control measures were adopted by later console manufacturers such as Sega , Sony , and Microsoft , although not as stringent .	Sega, Sony, and Microsoft	Nintendo 's measures for third party game developers were also adopted by which later manufacturers ?
Most of these companies created circuits that used a voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip in the NES .	voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip	Companies did what in an effort to circumvent Nintendo 's console authentication ?
Several companies , refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo , found ways to circumvent the console 's authentication system .	refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo	Why did the companies circumvent the authentication system ?
A few unlicensed games released in Europe and Australia came in the form of a dongle that would be connected to a licensed game , in order to use the licensed game 's 10NES chip for authentication .	Europe and Australia	Where did unlicensed games feature a dongle ?
In order to combat unlicensed games , Nintendo of America threatened retailers who sold them with losing their supply of licensed titles .	threatened retailers	What did Nintendo do to curb unlicensed game sales ?
The Nintendo Entertainment System -LRB- also abbreviated as NES -RRB- is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo .	NES	What is the abbreviation of Nintendo Entertainment System ?
It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer -LRB- Japanese : ファミリーコンピュータ , Hepburn : Famirī Konpyūta ? -RRB-	Family Computer	what was it called in Japan ?
and abbreviated as FC -RRB- on July 15 , 1983 , and was later released in North America during 1985 , in Europe during 1986 , and Australia in 1987 .	July 15, 1983	When was the Family Computer -LRB- Famicom -RRB- released in Japan ?
and abbreviated as FC -RRB- on July 15 , 1983 , and was later released in North America during 1985 , in Europe during 1986 , and Australia in 1987 .	1987	When was it released in Australia ?
It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System .	Super Nintendo Entertainment System	What succeeded the Famicom ?
Problems with the 10NES lockout chip frequently resulted in the console 's most infamous problem : the blinking red power light , in which the system appears to turn itself on and off repeatedly because the 10NES would reset the console once per second .	blinking red power light	What was the console 's most common problem ?
Problems with the 10NES lockout chip frequently resulted in the console 's most infamous problem : the blinking red power light , in which the system appears to turn itself on and off repeatedly because the 10NES would reset the console once per second .	once per second	The 10NES would reset the system how often ?
Dirty , aging and bent connectors would often disrupt the communication , resulting in the blink effect .	Dirty, aging and bent connectors	What disrupted the communication as well ?
Users attempted to solve this problem by blowing air onto the cartridge connectors , inserting the cartridge just far enough to get the ZIF to lower , licking the edge connector , slapping the side of the system after inserting a cartridge , shifting the cartridge from side to side after insertion , pushing the ZIF up and down repeatedly , holding the ZIF down lower than it should have been , and cleaning the connectors with alcohol .	blowing air onto the cartridge connectors	What was one example of what users did to combat the blinking problem ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In 1989 , Nintendo released an official NES Cleaning Kit to help users clean malfunctioning cartridges and consoles .	1989	When did Nintendo release a cleaning kit ?
By the beginning of 1985 , the Famicom had sold more than 2.5 million units in Japan and Nintendo soon announced plans to release it in North America as the Advanced Video Entertainment System -LRB- AVS -RRB- that same year .	2.5 million units	How many units of the Famicom were sold in Japan by the beginning of 1985 ?
By the beginning of 1985 , the Famicom had sold more than 2.5 million units in Japan and Nintendo soon announced plans to release it in North America as the Advanced Video Entertainment System -LRB- AVS -RRB- that same year .	Advanced Video Entertainment System	What was this system to be called in North America ?
The American video game press was skeptical that the console could have any success in the region , with the March 1985 issue of Electronic Games magazine stating that `` the videogame market in America has virtually disappeared '' and that `` this could be a miscalculation on Nintendo 's part . ''	Electronic Games magazine	What magazine stated that Nintendo could be errant in their anticipated product success ?
Near the end of the NES 's lifespan , upon the release of the AV Famicom and the top-loading NES 2 , the design of the game controllers was modified slightly .	NES 2	Which console featured a top-loading design ?
Near the end of the NES 's lifespan , upon the release of the AV Famicom and the top-loading NES 2 , the design of the game controllers was modified slightly .	game controllers	The design of what was modified slightly ?
Though the original button layout was retained , the redesigned device abandoned the brick shell in favor of a dog bone shape .	brick	the original design of the controller was what shape ?
Though the original button layout was retained , the redesigned device abandoned the brick shell in favor of a dog bone shape .	dog bone	What was the new design shape of the controller ?
However , the controllers included with the Famicom AV had cables which were 90 cm -LRB- 3 feet -RRB- long , as opposed to the standard 180 cm -LRB- 6 feet -RRB- of NES controllers .	6 feet	How long were standard NES controller cables ?
By 1988 , industry observers stated that the NES 's popularity had grown so quickly that the market for Nintendo cartridges was larger than that for all home computer software .	1988	What year did Nintendo 's market surpass all computer software ?
Compute !	Compute!	Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems ?
reported in 1989 that Nintendo had sold seven million NES systems in 1988 , almost as many as the number of Commodore 64s sold in its first five years .	1989	When did Compute ! report the number of systems sold at 7 million ?
reported in 1989 that Nintendo had sold seven million NES systems in 1988 , almost as many as the number of Commodore 64s sold in its first five years .	Commodore 64s	The 7 million sold almost equated to which console 's five year span ?
Nintendo also charged developers considerable amounts of money to produce FDS games , and many refused to develop for it , instead continuing to make cartridge titles .	FDS games	Nintendo charged producers hefty sums to make what ?
Nintendo also charged developers considerable amounts of money to produce FDS games , and many refused to develop for it , instead continuing to make cartridge titles .	make cartridge titles	What did companies do instead of making FDS games ?
Many FDS disks have no dust covers -LRB- except in some unlicensed and bootleg variants -RRB- and are easily prone to getting dirt on the media .	dust covers	Many FDS disks lack what ?
In addition , the drive use a belt which breaks frequently and requires invasive replacement .	belt	What broke frequently and needed replacement in the machine ?
After only two years , the FDS was discontinued , although vending booths remained in place until 1993 and Nintendo continued to service drives , and to rewrite and offer replacement disks until 2003 .	2003	How long did Nintendo service drives and offer replacement disks ?
The Sharp Corporation produced at least two such clones : the Twin Famicom and the SHARP 19SC111 television .	Sharp Corporation	Which company produced the Twin Famicom and the 19SC111 TV ?
The Sharp Corporation produced at least two such clones : the Twin Famicom and the SHARP 19SC111 television .	Twin Famicom	What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and FDS systems ?
A similar licensing deal was reached with Hyundai Electronics , who licensed the system under the name Comboy in the South Korean market .	Comboy	Hyundai licensed the Sharp 19SC111 TV with what name in South Korea ?
This deal with Hyundai was made necessary because of the South Korean government 's wide ban on all Japanese `` cultural products '' , which remained in effect until 1998 and ensured that the only way Japanese products could legally enter the South Korean market was through licensing to a third-party -LRB- non-Japanese -RRB- distributor -LRB- see also Japan -- Korea disputes -RRB- .	1998	Until how long did South Korea ban Japanese cultural products ?
This deal with Hyundai was made necessary because of the South Korean government 's wide ban on all Japanese `` cultural products '' , which remained in effect until 1998 and ensured that the only way Japanese products could legally enter the South Korean market was through licensing to a third-party -LRB- non-Japanese -RRB- distributor -LRB- see also Japan -- Korea disputes -RRB- .	licensing to a third-party (non-Japanese) distributor	How could Japanese products only enter South Korea ?
With the exception of The Legend of Zelda and Zelda II : The Adventure of Link , manufactured in gold-plastic carts , all licensed NTSC and PAL cartridges are a standard shade of gray plastic .	gray	What is the standard color of all other cartridges ?
All licensed US cartridges were made by Nintendo , Konami and Acclaim .	licensed US cartridges	What was distinctly made by Nintendo , Konami , and Acclaim ?
The instruction label on the back included the opening lyric from the show 's theme song , `` Life is like a hurricane '' .	Life is like a hurricane	What was the opening lyric from the Duck Tales theme show ?
Nintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements .	antitrust behavior	What was Nintendo accused of ?
Nintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements .	strict licensing requirements	Why was Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior ?
The FTC conducted an extensive investigation which included interviewing hundreds of retailers .	FTC	Who interviewed retailers as part of their investigation ?
The United States Department of Justice and several states began probing Nintendo 's business practices , leading to the involvement of Congress and the Federal Trade Commission -LRB- FTC -RRB- .	United States Department of Justice	Who began probing Nintendo 's business ?
Nintendo and the FTC settled the case in April 1991 , with Nintendo required to send vouchers giving a $ 5 discount off to a new game , to every person that had purchased a NES title between June 1988 and December 1990 .	$5	How much were the vouchers worth that Nintendo sent out ?
The first emulator was the Japanese-only Pasofami .	Pasofami	What was the first NES emulator ?
It was soon followed by iNES , which was available in English and was cross-platform , in 1996 .	iNES	What was the first English available emulator ?
NESticle , a popular MS-DOS emulator , was released on April 3 , 1997 .	MS-DOS	What platform was NESticle available for use ?
NESticle , a popular MS-DOS emulator , was released on April 3 , 1997 .	April 3, 1997	When was NESticle released ?
The Famicom contained no lockout hardware and , as a result , unlicensed cartridges -LRB- both legitimate and bootleg -RRB- were extremely common throughout Japan and the Far East .	lockout hardware	What did the Famicom sorely lack ?
Known regions are : USA/Canada -LRB- 3193 lockout chip -RRB- , most of Europe -LRB- 3195 -RRB- , Asia -LRB- 3196 -RRB- and UK , Italy and Australia -LRB- 3197 -RRB- .	3193	What was the lockout chip number for the USA and Canada ?
Known regions are : USA/Canada -LRB- 3193 lockout chip -RRB- , most of Europe -LRB- 3195 -RRB- , Asia -LRB- 3196 -RRB- and UK , Italy and Australia -LRB- 3197 -RRB- .	3195	What was the lockout chip number for most of Europe , save the UK and Italy ?
Known regions are : USA/Canada -LRB- 3193 lockout chip -RRB- , most of Europe -LRB- 3195 -RRB- , Asia -LRB- 3196 -RRB- and UK , Italy and Australia -LRB- 3197 -RRB- .	3196	What was the lockout chip number for Asia ?
Known regions are : USA/Canada -LRB- 3193 lockout chip -RRB- , most of Europe -LRB- 3195 -RRB- , Asia -LRB- 3196 -RRB- and UK , Italy and Australia -LRB- 3197 -RRB- .	3197	What was the lockout chip number for UK , Italy , and Australia ?
Masayuki Uemura designed the system .	Masayuki Uemura	Who designed the Famicom system ?
Original plans called for an advanced 16-bit system which would function as a full-fledged computer with a keyboard and floppy disk drive , but Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi rejected this and instead decided to go for a cheaper , more conventional cartridge-based game console as he felt that features such as keyboards and disks were intimidating to non-technophiles .	Hiroshi Yamauchi	Who was the Nintendo president at the time ?
A test model was constructed in October 1982 to verify the functionality of the hardware , after which work began on programming tools .	October 1982	When was the test model constructed ?
Early Famicom games were written on a system that ran on an NEC PC-8001 computer and LEDs on a grid were used with a digitizer to design graphics as no software design tools for this purpose existed at that time .	NEC PC-8001	Early Famicom games were written on what computer system ?
Such devices included , but were not limited to , the Zapper -LRB- a light gun -RRB- , the R.O.B. , and the Power Pad .	Zapper	What was the light gun controller called ?
The original Famicom featured a deepened DA-15 expansion port on the front of the unit , which was used to connect most auxiliary devices .	DA-15	What was the name of the auxiliary port used to connect additional devices on the Famicom ?
On the NES , these special controllers were generally connected to one of the two control ports on the front of the console .	control ports on the front	How were the special controllers connected to the NES ?
The video game market crash of 1983 had occurred in significant part due to a lack of consumer and retailer confidence in video games , which had in turn been due partially to confusion and misrepresentation in the marketing of video games .	1983	What year did the video game market crash ?
The video game market crash of 1983 had occurred in significant part due to a lack of consumer and retailer confidence in video games , which had in turn been due partially to confusion and misrepresentation in the marketing of video games .	marketing	The crash was caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games ?
Prior to the NES , the packaging of many video games presented bombastic artwork which exaggerated the graphics of the actual game .	artwork	What specifically was misrepresented on game products ?
By stark contrast , Nintendo 's marketing strategy aimed to regain consumer and retailer confidence , by delivering a singular platform whose technology was not in need of heavy exaggeration and whose qualities were clearly defined .	confidence	Nintendo 's marketing strategy aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism ?
The Deluxe Set , retailing at US$ 199.99 -LRB- equivalent to $ 475 in 2016 -RRB- , included R.O.B. , a light gun called the NES Zapper , two controllers , and two Game Paks : Gyromite , and Duck Hunt .	$475	How much was the selling price equivalent to in today 's money ?
The Deluxe Set , retailing at US$ 199.99 -LRB- equivalent to $ 475 in 2016 -RRB- , included R.O.B. , a light gun called the NES Zapper , two controllers , and two Game Paks : Gyromite , and Duck Hunt .	US$199.99	How much did the Deluxe NES sell for ?
The Basic Set , retailing at US$ 89.99 with no game , and US$ 99.99 bundled with `` Super Mario Bros. '' The Action Set , retailing in 1988 for US$ 149.99 , came with the Control Deck , two game controllers , an NES Zapper , and a dual Game Pak containing both Super Mario Bros. and Duck Hunt .	US$99.99	How much did the console sell for bundled with just the Super Mario Bros. game ?
The Basic Set , retailing at US$ 89.99 with no game , and US$ 99.99 bundled with `` Super Mario Bros. '' The Action Set , retailing in 1988 for US$ 149.99 , came with the Control Deck , two game controllers , an NES Zapper , and a dual Game Pak containing both Super Mario Bros. and Duck Hunt .	Duck Hunt	Super Mario Bros was paired with which game in the Action Set ?
The Basic Set , first released in 1987 , was repackaged for a retail US$ 89.99 .	US$89.99	The Basic Set sold for how much at release ?
The unlicensed clone market has flourished following Nintendo 's discontinuation of the NES .	unlicensed clone market	What thrived after the NES was discontinued ?
Some of the more exotic of these resulting systems have gone beyond the functionality of the original hardware and have included variations such as a portable system with a color LCD -LRB- e.g. PocketFami -RRB- .	color LCD	What feature does the PocketFami have ?
Before the NES/Famicom , Nintendo was known as a moderately successful Japanese toy and playing card manufacturer , and the popularity of the NES/Famicom helped the company grow into an internationally recognized name almost synonymous with video games as Atari had been during the 2600 era and set the stage for Japanese dominance of the video game industry .	playing card	Nintendo produced toys and what other item before its game system ?
Before the NES/Famicom , Nintendo was known as a moderately successful Japanese toy and playing card manufacturer , and the popularity of the NES/Famicom helped the company grow into an internationally recognized name almost synonymous with video games as Atari had been during the 2600 era and set the stage for Japanese dominance of the video game industry .	Atari	Nintendo 's era was compared with who as another video game manufacturer ?
With the NES , Nintendo also changed the relationship of console manufacturers and third-party software developers by restricting developers from publishing and distributing software without licensed approval .	licensed approval	Nintendo required what from its software developers ?
This led to higher quality software titles , which helped to change the attitude of a public that had grown weary from poorly produced titles for other game systems of the day .	higher quality	What did licensing lead to regarding games ?
Atari Games created a line of NES products under the name Tengen and took a different approach .	Tengen	Atari created NES products under which name ?
Nintendo sued Tengen for copyright infringement , which Tengen lost as it could not prove that the legally obtained patent documents had not been used by the reverse engineering team .	copyright infringement	What did Nintendo sue Tengen for ?
The company attempted to reverse engineer the lockout chip to develop its own `` Rabbit '' chip .	"Rabbit" chip	Tengen reverse engineered the lockout chip to develop what animal monikered prototype ?
However , Tengen also obtained a description of the lockout chip from the United States Patent and Trademark Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case .	United States Patent and Trademark Office	Tengen got a description of Nintendo 's chip from whom ?
In December 1993 , the Famicom received a similar redesign .	December 1993	What month and year did the Famicom receive a redesign ?
Because HVC-101 used composite video output instead of being RF only like the HVC-001 , Nintendo marketed the newer model as the AV Famicom -LRB- AV仕様ファミコン , Eibui Shiyō Famikon ? -RRB-	HVC-101	What used composite video output ?
Because HVC-101 used composite video output instead of being RF only like the HVC-001 , Nintendo marketed the newer model as the AV Famicom -LRB- AV仕様ファミコン , Eibui Shiyō Famikon ? -RRB-	HVC-001	What device was RF only ?
Because HVC-101 used composite video output instead of being RF only like the HVC-001 , Nintendo marketed the newer model as the AV Famicom -LRB- AV仕様ファミコン , Eibui Shiyō Famikon ? -RRB-	AV Famicom	What was the newer model called ?
Nintendo had also released a 3D graphic capable headset .	3D graphic capable headset	What did Nintendo release in Japan only ?
The NES uses a custom-made Picture Processing Unit -LRB- PPU -RRB- developed by Ricoh .	Ricoh	Who developed Nintendo 's PPU ?
All variations of the PPU feature 2 kB of video RAM , 256 bytes of on-die `` object attribute memory '' -LRB- OAM -RRB- to store the positions , colors , and tile indices of up to 64 sprites on the screen , and 28 bytes of on-die palette RAM to allow selection of background and sprite colors .	2	How many kb of Video RAM did the PPU have ?
The system has an available color palette of 48 colors and 6 grays .	48	The system has how many colors available on it ?
The system has an available color palette of 48 colors and 6 grays .	6	How many grays could be used as well ?
The standard display resolution of the NES is 256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels .	256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels	What is the standard display resolution of the NES ?
Nintendo entered into negotiations with Atari to release the Famicom under Atari 's name as the name Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System .	Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System	Nintendo agreed with Atari to release the Famicom under what name ?
The deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1983 .	June 1983	When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show held ?
However , Atari discovered at that show that its competitor Coleco was illegally demonstrating its Coleco Adam computer with Nintendo 's Donkey Kong game .	Coleco	Which company was illegally demonstrating a Nintendo game ?
Atari 's CEO Ray Kassar was fired the next month , so the deal went nowhere , and Nintendo decided to market its system on its own.g -LSB- ' -RSB-	Ray Kassar	What was the name of the fired Atari CEO ?
The overall system was referred to as an `` Entertainment System '' instead of a `` video game system '' , which was centered upon a machine called a `` Control Deck '' instead of a `` console '' , and which featured software cartridges called `` Game Paks '' instead of `` video games '' .	Entertainment System	What was Nintendo 's euphemism for `` video game system ? ''
The overall system was referred to as an `` Entertainment System '' instead of a `` video game system '' , which was centered upon a machine called a `` Control Deck '' instead of a `` console '' , and which featured software cartridges called `` Game Paks '' instead of `` video games '' .	Control Deck	What did Nintendo use instead of the word console ?
The 10NES lockout chip system acted as a lock-and-key coupling of each Game Pak and Control Deck , deterring the copying or production of NES games which had not first achieved Nintendo 's licensed approval .	Game Pak	What was the term used by Nintendo instead of `` video games ? ''
A ` seal of quality ' was printed on all appropriately licensed game and accessory packaging .	seal of quality	What was printed on all licensed games and accessories by Nintendo ?
This text was later changed to `` Official Nintendo Seal of Quality '' .	Official Nintendo Seal of Quality	The seal of quality took on what eventual name ?
The original model Famicom featured two game controllers , both of which were hardwired to the back of the console .	hardwired	How were the Famicom controllers attached to the console ?
The second controller lacked the START and SELECT buttons , but featured a small microphone .	SELECT	The second Famicom controller lacked START and what other button ?
The second controller lacked the START and SELECT buttons , but featured a small microphone .	microphone	What did the second Famicom controller have as a unique feature ?
The earliest produced Famicom units initially had square A and B buttons .	square	What shape were the A and B buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers ?
This was changed to the circular designs because of the square buttons being caught in the controller casing when pressed down and glitches within the hardware causing the system to freeze occasionally while playing a game .	circular	What shape did the A and B buttons eventually become ?
Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega , which did not permit third-party publishing until Mediagenic in late summer 1988 .	summer 1988	When did Sega finally permit third-party publishing ?
Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega , which did not permit third-party publishing until Mediagenic in late summer 1988 .	Mediagenic	What was the name of the 1st company Sega permitted ?
Nintendo required that they be the sole manufacturer of all cartridges , and that the publisher had to pay in full before the cartridges for that game be produced .	cartridges	Nintendo was the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers ?
Cartridges could not be returned to Nintendo , so publishers assumed all the risk .	risk	As cartridges could n't be returned to Nintendo , the developers took on the entirety of what ?
A 1988 shortage of DRAM and ROM chips also reportedly caused Nintendo to only permit 25 % of publishers ' requests for cartridges .	1988	What year was there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips ?
One result of this philosophy was to disguise the cartridge slot design as a front-loading zero insertion force -LRB- ZIF -RRB- cartridge socket , designed to resemble the front-loading mechanism of a VCR .	zero insertion force	What does ZIF stand for ?
One result of this philosophy was to disguise the cartridge slot design as a front-loading zero insertion force -LRB- ZIF -RRB- cartridge socket , designed to resemble the front-loading mechanism of a VCR .	VCR	The ZIF insertion used by Nintendo was set to emulate what device ?
When a user inserted the cartridge into the NES , the force of pressing the cartridge down and into place bent the contact pins slightly , as well as pressing the cartridge 's ROM board back into the cartridge itself .	bent the contact pins slightly	The force of pushing in the cartridge did what to the device over eventual use ?
These design issues were not alleviated by Nintendo 's choice of materials ; the console slot nickel connector springs would wear due to design and the game cartridge copper connectors were also prone to tarnishing .	nickel	What material were the connector springs made of ?
These design issues were not alleviated by Nintendo 's choice of materials ; the console slot nickel connector springs would wear due to design and the game cartridge copper connectors were also prone to tarnishing .	copper	What material comprised the game cartridge connectors ?
In response to these hardware flaws , `` Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers '' sprang up across the U.S. .	Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers	To address the shoddy hardware , what popped up across the United States ?
According to Nintendo , the authorization program was designed to ensure that the machines were properly repaired .	ensure that the machines were properly repaired	What did the repair centers promise ?
In practice , the authorization process consisted of nothing more than paying a fee to Nintendo for the privilege .	paying a fee	What was done to have the privilege of working on an NES for repair ?
The original HVC-001 model of the Family Computer featured only radio frequency -LRB- RF -RRB- modulator output .	radio frequency (RF)	The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod output ?
The HVC-101 model of the Famicom dropped the RF modulator entirely and adopted composite video output via a proprietary 12-pin `` multi-out '' connector first introduced for the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System .	composite video	The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which output for use in North America and Europe ?
Conversely , the North American re-released NES-101 model most closely resembled the original HVC-001 model Famicom , in that it featured RF modulator output only .	RF modulator	The re-released NES-101 model in North America went back to what perceived primitive output ?
Also in contrast to the Famicom , the controllers included with the NES were identical to each other -- the second controller lacked the microphone that was present on the Famicom model and possessed the same START and SELECT buttons as the primary controller .	identical	Unlike the Famicom , the NES controllers possessed what consistent feature ?
Also in contrast to the Famicom , the controllers included with the NES were identical to each other -- the second controller lacked the microphone that was present on the Famicom model and possessed the same START and SELECT buttons as the primary controller .	primary controller	The second controller possessed the START and SELECT buttons as what other device ?
Some NES localizations of games , such as The Legend of Zelda , which required the use of the Famicom microphone in order to kill certain enemies , suffered from the lack of hardware to do so .	Famicom microphone	What did the Legend of Zelda require in certain instances to kill enemies ?
In particular , the Dendy -LRB- Russian : Де́нди -RRB- , an unlicensed hardware clone produced in Taiwan and sold in the former Soviet Union , emerged as the most popular video game console of its time in that setting and it enjoyed a degree of fame roughly equivalent to that experienced by the NES/Famicom in North America and Japan .	Dendy	What was the name of the NES clone produced in Taiwan ?
In particular , the Dendy -LRB- Russian : Де́нди -RRB- , an unlicensed hardware clone produced in Taiwan and sold in the former Soviet Union , emerged as the most popular video game console of its time in that setting and it enjoyed a degree of fame roughly equivalent to that experienced by the NES/Famicom in North America and Japan .	Soviet Union	Where was the Dendy sold ?
A Famicom clone was marketed in Argentina under the name of `` Family Game '' , resembling the original hardware design .	Argentina	Which country marketed a clone called `` Family Game ? ''
The Micro Genius -LRB- Simplified Chinese : 小天才 -RRB- was marketed in Southeast Asia as an alternative to the Famicom ; Samurai was the popular PAL alternative to the NES ; and in Central Europe , especially Poland , the Pegasus was available .	Pegasus	What was the name of the clone in Poland ?
Samurai was also available in India in early 90s which was the first instance of console gaming in India .	Samurai	India 's first gaming console was also a clone , called what ?
The unit itself weighs approximately 11.7 pounds without a TV .	11.7	How much does the NES unit weigh in pounds ?
The television it is connected to -LRB- typically 11 '' to 14 '' -RRB- is meant to be placed atop it .	typically 11" to 14"	How large was the typical television recommended for the device ?
The television it is connected to -LRB- typically 11 '' to 14 '' -RRB- is meant to be placed atop it .	atop	Where was the Television meant to be placed ?
The NES Test Station 's front features a Game Pak slot and connectors for testing various components -LRB- AC adapter , RF switch , Audio/Video cable , NES Control Deck , accessories and games -RRB- , with a centrally-located selector knob to chose which component to test .	Game Pak slot	What 's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the NES test device ?
Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews , implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74 % of Jews worldwide .	74%	According to Sergio DellaPergola , what percent of Jews worldwide do Ashkenazi Jews 's make up ?
It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world 's Jewish population , while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world 's Jews .	11th century	During what century did Ashkenazi Jews make up around three percent of the Jewish population worldwide ?
Immediately prior to the Holocaust , the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million .	Holocaust	Prior to which major event were there approximately 16.7 million Jews in the world ?
It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world 's Jewish population , while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world 's Jews .	1931	During what year did Ashkenazi Jews account for 92 percent of Jews worldwide ?
It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world 's Jewish population , while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world 's Jews .	92 percent	By 1931 , what percentage of the world 's Jews were Ashkenazi Jews ?
Immediately prior to the Holocaust , the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million .	16.7 million	How many Jews were there in the world just prior to the Holocaust ?
It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world 's Jewish population , while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world 's Jews .	three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent	From the 11th century until 1931 , the population of Ashkenazi Jews grew by what percent ?
Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews , implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74 % of Jews worldwide .	Sergio DellaPergola	Who made rough calculations and implied that Ashkenazi Jews make up less than 74 % of the Jewish population worldwide ?
Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews , oscillating between 10 million and 11.2 million .	10 million and 11.2 million	The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers ?
In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania , which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria , but later became associated with Germania .	Yoma	In which tractate of the Babylonian Talmud is the name Gomer given as Germania ?
Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia , viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes , as early as a 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius .	cradle of Germanic tribes	Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia , which is viewed as what ?
His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories , and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs , and Eastern and Central Europe .	Slavic	Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories ?
His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories , and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs , and Eastern and Central Europe .	Saadia Gaon	Who identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories ?
In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania , which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria , but later became associated with Germania .	Germanikia in northwestern Syria	Even though Gomer is rendered as Germania in the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud , in other rabbinical literature it was identified with what ?
-LSB- better source needed -RSB- King Dagobert I of the Franks expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629 .	King Dagobert I of the Franks	Who expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629 ?
In Gaul and Germany itself , with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne , the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews , primarily itinerant traders or artisans .	very few Jews	Does the archeological record suggest that there was a rather large or small population of Jews in Gaul and Germany ?
In Gaul and Germany itself , with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne , the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews , primarily itinerant traders or artisans .	traders or artisans	In antiquity , most Jews in Gaul or Germany probably occupied what two roles ?
A substantial Jewish population emerged in northern Gaul by the Middle Ages , but Jewish communities existed in 465 CE in Brittany , in 524 CE in Valence , and in 533 CE in Orleans .	465 CE	In what year did Jewish communities exist in Brittany ?
Throughout this period and into the early Middle Ages , some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures , mostly through conversion to Christianity .	conversion to Christianity	During the Middle Ages , some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures by doing what ?
People of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5 % of Israeli Jews -LRB- and therefore 35 -- 36 % of Israelis -RRB- .	47.5%	What percentage of Israeli Jews are people of Ashkenazi descent ?
During the first decades of Israel as a state , strong cultural conflict occurred between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews -LRB- mainly east European Ashkenazim -RRB- .	Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews	When Israel was in its infancy as a state , there were cultural conflicts between which two groups ?
The roots of this conflict , which still exists to a much smaller extent in present-day Israeli society , are chiefly attributed to the concept of the `` melting pot '' .	the concept of the "melting pot"	What was the conflict between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews attributed to ?
People of Ashkenazi descent constitute around 47.5 % of Israeli Jews -LRB- and therefore 35 -- 36 % of Israelis -RRB- .	35–36%	What percentage of all Israelis are thought to be of Ashkenazi descent ?
During the first decades of Israel as a state , strong cultural conflict occurred between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews -LRB- mainly east European Ashkenazim -RRB- .	east European Ashkenazim	When Israel was in its infancy as a state , the Ashkenazi Jews involved in conflicts with Sephardic Jews were mainly what type of Jews ?
Culturally , an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit , which means `` Jewishness '' in the Yiddish language .	Yiddishkeit	Culturally , an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept ?
Although a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish , Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech , in styles of humor , in patterns of association .	a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish	Is there a larger or smaller number of Jews that speak Yiddish today than in the past ?
Culturally , an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit , which means `` Jewishness '' in the Yiddish language .	"Jewishness"	What does Yiddishkeit mean in the Yiddish language ?
From the Rhineland to Riga to Romania , most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew , and spoke Yiddish in their secular lives .	liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew	In the past most Jews prayed in what language ?
From the Rhineland to Riga to Romania , most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew , and spoke Yiddish in their secular lives .	Yiddish	In the past , while most Jews prayed in one language , they used which other language in their secular lives ?
For roughly a thousand years , the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe , despite living in many countries , with little inflow or outflow from migration , conversion , or intermarriage with other groups , including other Jews .	For roughly a thousand years	For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe ?
However , a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA , from the University of Huddersfield in England , suggests that at least 80 percent of the Ashkenazi maternal lineages derive from the assimilation of mtDNAs indigenous to Europe , probably as a consequence of conversion .	University of Huddersfield in England	A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university ?
In an ethnic sense , an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe .	Central Europe	In an ethnic sense , Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where ?
Since the middle of the 20th century , many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried , both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths .	many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths	In the last 50-60 years , have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community ?
Human geneticists have argued that genetic variations have been identified that show high frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews , but not in the general European population , be they for patrilineal markers -LRB- Y-chromosome haplotypes -RRB- and for matrilineal markers -LRB- mitotypes -RRB- .	high frequencies	Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews ?
Relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm .	have not always been warm	In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold ?
This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers led by Saadia Marciano a Moroccan Jew .	led to protest movements	What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers ?
North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel .	as second-class citizens	How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews ?
This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers led by Saadia Marciano a Moroccan Jew .	Saadia Marciano	Who led the Israeli Black Panthers ?
This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers led by Saadia Marciano a Moroccan Jew .	Moroccan Jew	Where was Saadia Marciano from ?
A 2010 study by Bray et al. , using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome , between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin , and that European `` admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome '' with this reference point .	35 to 55 percent	What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin ?
A 2010 study by Bray et al. , using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome , between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin , and that European `` admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome '' with this reference point .	admixture is considerably higher	Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought ?
On the Bray et al. tree , Ashkenazi Jews were found to be a genetically more divergent population than Russians , Orcadians , French , Basques , Italians , Sardinians and Tuscans .	a genetically more divergent population	Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians , Orcadians , French , and Basques ?
The study also observed that Ashkenazim are more diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives , which was counterintuitive because Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset , not a superset , of their assumed geographical source population .	more diverse	In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives ?
The study also observed that Ashkenazim are more diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives , which was counterintuitive because Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset , not a superset , of their assumed geographical source population .	Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset	Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population ?
These studies -- researching both their paternal and maternal lineages -- point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins .	ancient Levantine origins	Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have found a significant prevalence of what type of origins ?
But they have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of their European ancestry .	they have arrived at diverging conclusions	Have studies on the genetics of the Ashkenazim come to similar or divergent conclusions regarding the degree and sources of their European ancestry ?
These studies -- researching both their paternal and maternal lineages -- point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins .	researching both their paternal and maternal lineages	Have these studies on Ashkenazim genetics researched their paternal lineages , maternal lineages , or both ?
Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant , and how much derives from European populations .	the Levant	Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where ?
In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names , Spain was denominated Sefarad -LRB- Obadiah 20 -RRB- , France was called Tsarefat -LRB- 1 Kings 17:9 -RRB- , and Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan .	Sefarad	The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that Spain was referred to as what ?
In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names , Spain was denominated Sefarad -LRB- Obadiah 20 -RRB- , France was called Tsarefat -LRB- 1 Kings 17:9 -RRB- , and Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan .	Tsarefat	The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that France was called ?
In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names , Spain was denominated Sefarad -LRB- Obadiah 20 -RRB- , France was called Tsarefat -LRB- 1 Kings 17:9 -RRB- , and Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan .	1 Kings 17:9	The reference to France as Tsarefat was taken from which biblical passage ?
Rashi uses leshon Ashkenaz -LRB- Ashkenazi language -RRB- to describe German speech , and Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters referred to the Crusaders as Ashkenazim .	as Ashkenazim	How did Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters refer to the Crusaders ?
Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France and Germany following the Carolingian unification , the term Ashkenazi came to refer to both the Jews of medieval Germany and France .	medieval Germany and France	Following the Carolingian unification , the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of what two places ?
Charlemagne 's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800 , including northern Italy and Rome , brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia .	a brief period of stability	Did Charlemagne 's expansion of the Frankish empire bring about a brief period of upheaval or stability in Francia ?
This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps .	north of the Alps	Charlemagne 's expansion of the Frankish empire created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle where ?
Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once enjoyed under the Roman Empire .	Roman Empire	Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Returning to Frankish lands , many Jewish merchants took up occupations in finance and commerce , including money lending , or usury .	finance and commerce	When Jews began to return to Frankish lands many took up occupations in which two fields ?
Yiddish emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars in the medieval period .	Yiddish	Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period ?
Furthermore , Jews lived almost exclusively in shtetls , maintained a strong system of education for males , heeded rabbinic leadership , and scorned the life-style of their neighbors ; and all of these tendencies increased with every outbreak of antisemitism .	shtetls	The lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe lies in part to the fact that they lived almost exclusively in what ?
Furthermore , Jews lived almost exclusively in shtetls , maintained a strong system of education for males , heeded rabbinic leadership , and scorned the life-style of their neighbors ; and all of these tendencies increased with every outbreak of antisemitism .	a strong system of education	A lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe is also attributed to males taking part in what type of system ?
Furthermore , Jews lived almost exclusively in shtetls , maintained a strong system of education for males , heeded rabbinic leadership , and scorned the life-style of their neighbors ; and all of these tendencies increased with every outbreak of antisemitism .	increased with every outbreak of antisemitism	In central and eastern Europe it is thought that Jewish scorn for the life-style of their neighbors increased due to what ?
Furthermore , Jews lived almost exclusively in shtetls , maintained a strong system of education for males , heeded rabbinic leadership , and scorned the life-style of their neighbors ; and all of these tendencies increased with every outbreak of antisemitism .	heeded rabbinic leadership	Besides living in shtetls , maintaining a strong system of education for males , and scorning the life-style of their neighbors , Jews in central and eastern Europe also did what ?
According to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm , Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century .	Rabbi Elijah of Chelm	Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century ?
Further evidence of German communities in the holy city comes in the form of halakhic questions sent from Germany to Jerusalem during the second half of the 11th century .	halakhic questions	Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem ?
According to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm , Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century .	16th-century	Mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm is from what century ?
So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem , one of Dolberger 's family members who was among them rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to Worms to repay the favor .	Worms	In the story told by mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm , one of the German 's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to where in order to repay a previous favor ?
Of the estimated 8.8 million Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II , the majority of whom were Ashkenazi , about 6 million -- more than two-thirds -- were systematically murdered in the Holocaust .	8.8 million	At the beginning of World War II , about how many Jews lived in Europe ?
Of the estimated 8.8 million Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II , the majority of whom were Ashkenazi , about 6 million -- more than two-thirds -- were systematically murdered in the Holocaust .	about 6 million	Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II , about how many were Ashkenazi ?
These included 3 million of 3.3 million Polish Jews -LRB- 91 % -RRB- ; 900,000 of 1.5 million in Ukraine -LRB- 60 % -RRB- ; and 50 -- 90 % of the Jews of other Slavic nations , Germany , Hungary , and the Baltic states , and over 25 % of the Jews in France .	91%	What percentage of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust ?
As the large majority of the victims were Ashkenazi Jews , their percentage dropped from nearly 92 % of world Jewry in 1931 to nearly 80 % of world Jewry today .	nearly 80%	The percentage of Ashkenazi Jews went from being close to 92 % of all Jews in the world in 1931 prior to WWII to what percentage today ?
The Holocaust also effectively put an end to the dynamic development of the Yiddish language in the previous decades , as the vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust , around 5 million , were Yiddish speakers .	Yiddish	The vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust spoke which language ?
Religious Jews have Minhagim , customs , in addition to Halakha , or religious law , and different interpretations of law .	customs	For religious Jews , what does Minhagim mean ?
On certain issues , Orthodox Jews are required to follow the customs of their ancestors , and do not believe they have the option of picking and choosing .	Orthodox Jews	What type of Jew is required to follow the customs of their ancestors without the option of picking and choosing ?
Religious Jews have Minhagim , customs , in addition to Halakha , or religious law , and different interpretations of law .	religious law	For religious Jews , what does Halakha mean ?
In this sense , `` Ashkenazic '' refers both to a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry .	a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry	For religious Jews , `` Ashkenazic '' refers to what two things ?
Reform Judaism , which does not necessarily follow those minhagim , did nonetheless originate among Ashkenazi Jews .	Ashkenazi Jews	Reform Judaism originated among what type of Jew ?
As Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe , mostly in the form of aliyah to Israel , or immigration to North America , and other English-speaking areas ; and Europe -LRB- particularly France -RRB- and Latin America , the geographic isolation that gave rise to Ashkenazim has given way to mixing with other cultures , and with non-Ashkenazi Jews who , similarly , are no longer isolated in distinct geographic locales .	Israel	Most of the Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe either immigrating to North America , or other English speaking areas but most to which place ?
Hebrew has replaced Yiddish as the primary Jewish language for many Ashkenazi Jews , although many Hasidic and Hareidi groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life .	Hebrew	For most Ashkenazi Jews , Yiddish was replaced with what language ?
Hebrew has replaced Yiddish as the primary Jewish language for many Ashkenazi Jews , although many Hasidic and Hareidi groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life .	many Hasidic and Hareidi groups	What two groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life ?
A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a clear , homogeneous genetic subgroup .	a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup	A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a what ?
Strikingly , regardless of the place of origin , Ashkenazi Jews can be grouped in the same genetic cohort -- that is , regardless of whether an Ashkenazi Jew 's ancestors came from Poland , Russia , Hungary , Lithuania , or any other place with a historical Jewish population , they belong to the same ethnic group .	ethnic group	Ashkenazi Jews , regardless of their place of origin , belong to the same what ?
Moreover , though intermarriage among Jews of Ashkenazi descent has become increasingly common , many Haredi Jews , particularly members of Hasidic or Hareidi sects , continue to marry exclusively fellow Ashkenazi Jews .	Hasidic or Hareidi sects	Members of which two Haredi Jewish sects continue to marry exclusively within the Ashkenazi Jewish population ?
It is noteworthy that these Haredi Jews often have extremely large families .	Haredi Jews often have extremely large families	Do Haredi Jews tend to have large or small families ?
While they make up about 2 % of the U.S. population , 27 % of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century , a quarter of Fields Medal winners , 25 % of ACM Turing Award winners , half the world 's chess champions , including 8 % of the top 100 world chess players , and a quarter of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry .	2%	What percentage of the US population is comprised of Ashkenazi Jews ?
While they make up about 2 % of the U.S. population , 27 % of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century , a quarter of Fields Medal winners , 25 % of ACM Turing Award winners , half the world 's chess champions , including 8 % of the top 100 world chess players , and a quarter of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry .	8%	What percentage of the top 100 world chess players come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community ?
While they make up about 2 % of the U.S. population , 27 % of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century , a quarter of Fields Medal winners , 25 % of ACM Turing Award winners , half the world 's chess champions , including 8 % of the top 100 world chess players , and a quarter of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry .	27%	What percentage of Nobel award winners from the United States in the 20th century have been Ashkenazi Jews ?
While they make up about 2 % of the U.S. population , 27 % of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century , a quarter of Fields Medal winners , 25 % of ACM Turing Award winners , half the world 's chess champions , including 8 % of the top 100 world chess players , and a quarter of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry .	a quarter	About how many Fields Medal winners have been Ashkenazi Jews ?
While they make up about 2 % of the U.S. population , 27 % of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century , a quarter of Fields Medal winners , 25 % of ACM Turing Award winners , half the world 's chess champions , including 8 % of the top 100 world chess players , and a quarter of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry .	half the world's chess champions	About how many of the world 's chess champions come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community ?
Although the Jewish people in general were present across a wide geographical area as described , genetic research done by Gil Atzmon of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine suggests `` that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of the destruction of the First Temple , 2,500 years ago ... flourished during the Roman Empire but then went through a ` severe bottleneck ' as they dispersed , reducing a population of several million to just 400 families who left Northern Italy around the year 1000 for Central and eventually Eastern Europe . ''	the destruction of the First Temple	Researcher Gil Atzmon suggests that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of what ?
Although the Jewish people in general were present across a wide geographical area as described , genetic research done by Gil Atzmon of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine suggests `` that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of the destruction of the First Temple , 2,500 years ago ... flourished during the Roman Empire but then went through a ` severe bottleneck ' as they dispersed , reducing a population of several million to just 400 families who left Northern Italy around the year 1000 for Central and eventually Eastern Europe . ''	2,500 years ago	The destruction of the First Temple was how many years ago ?
Although the Jewish people in general were present across a wide geographical area as described , genetic research done by Gil Atzmon of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine suggests `` that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of the destruction of the First Temple , 2,500 years ago ... flourished during the Roman Empire but then went through a ` severe bottleneck ' as they dispersed , reducing a population of several million to just 400 families who left Northern Italy around the year 1000 for Central and eventually Eastern Europe . ''	1000	It is estimated that 400 families left Northern Italy around what year ?
Although the Jewish people in general were present across a wide geographical area as described , genetic research done by Gil Atzmon of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine suggests `` that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of the destruction of the First Temple , 2,500 years ago ... flourished during the Roman Empire but then went through a ` severe bottleneck ' as they dispersed , reducing a population of several million to just 400 families who left Northern Italy around the year 1000 for Central and eventually Eastern Europe . ''	Central and eventually Eastern Europe	Ashkenazi families that left Northern Italy went where ?
A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries .	Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations	A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that which two populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries ?
The authors also report on Eu 19 -LRB- R1a -RRB- chromosomes , which are very frequent in Central and Eastern Europeans -LRB- 54 % -- 60 % -RRB- at elevated frequency -LRB- 12.7 % -RRB- in Ashkenazi Jews .	54%–60%	Levels of the Eu 19 -LRB- R1a -RRB- chromosome are typically seen between what two percentages in Central and Eastern Europeans ?
The authors also report on Eu 19 -LRB- R1a -RRB- chromosomes , which are very frequent in Central and Eastern Europeans -LRB- 54 % -- 60 % -RRB- at elevated frequency -LRB- 12.7 % -RRB- in Ashkenazi Jews .	12.7%	Levels of the Eu 19 -LRB- R1a -RRB- chromosome were seen in what percentage of the Ashkenazi Jewish population ?
They hypothesized that the differences among Ashkenazim Jews could reflect low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation .	low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation	The difference in percentages of the levels of Eu 19 -LRB- R1a -RRB- chromosomes between Central and Eastern Europeans and the Ashkenazi population would indicate what ?
In the late Middle Ages the center of gravity of the Ashkenazi population , and its traditional cultural life , shifted steadily eastward , out of the German lands into Poland and Lithuania -LRB- including present-day Belarus and Ukraine -RRB- .	shifted steadily eastward	In the late Middle Ages , the Ashkenazi population shifted in which direction ?
In the late Middle Ages the center of gravity of the Ashkenazi population , and its traditional cultural life , shifted steadily eastward , out of the German lands into Poland and Lithuania -LRB- including present-day Belarus and Ukraine -RRB- .	German lands	In the late Middle Ages , as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved from what location ?
In the late Middle Ages the center of gravity of the Ashkenazi population , and its traditional cultural life , shifted steadily eastward , out of the German lands into Poland and Lithuania -LRB- including present-day Belarus and Ukraine -RRB- .	Poland and Lithuania (including present-day Belarus and Ukraine)	In the late Middle Ages , as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved into which location ?
In the course of the late 18th and 19th centuries , those Jews who remained in or returned to the German lands experienced a cultural reorientation ; under the influence of the Haskalah and the struggle for emancipation , as well the intellectual and cultural ferment in urban centers , they gradually abandoned the use of Yiddish , while developing new forms of Jewish religious life and cultural identity .	a cultural reorientation	In the late 18th and 19th centuries , Jews who returned to German lands experienced what ?
The name Ashkenazi derives from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz , the first son of Gomer , son of Khaphet , son of Noah , and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations -LRB- Genesis 10 -RRB- .	Ashkenaz	The name of Ashkenazi derives from which biblical figure ?
The name Ashkenazi derives from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz , the first son of Gomer , son of Khaphet , son of Noah , and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations -LRB- Genesis 10 -RRB- .	Gomer	Ashkenaz was the first son of whom ?
The name of Gomer has often been linked to the ethnonym Cimmerians .	Cimmerians	The name of Gomer has often been linked to what ethnonym ?
Biblical Ashkenaz is usually derived from Assyrian Aškūza -LRB- cuneiform Aškuzai / Iškuzai -RRB- , a people who expelled the Cimmerians from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates , whose name is usually associated with the name of the Scythians .	Cimmerians	Assyrian Aškūza expelled which group from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates ?
The study found that contemporary Jews -LRB- excluding Indian and Ethiopian Jews -RRB- have a close genetic relationship with people from the Levant .	the Levant	Recent studies have found that contemporary Jews -LRB- excluding Indian and Ethiopian Jews -RRB- have a close genetic relationship to the people of what area ?
The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among all major Jewish groups , including Ashkenazim , as well as the genetic relationship between these Jewish groups and non-Jewish ethnic populations .	all major Jewish groups	The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among which Jewish groups ?
The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among all major Jewish groups , including Ashkenazim , as well as the genetic relationship between these Jewish groups and non-Jewish ethnic populations .	non-Jewish ethnic populations	The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationship between Jewish groups and what other population ?
The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece , when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age .	Archaic Era of Greece	The history of Jews in Greece goes back to which era ?
The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews , whom he called `` Palestinian Syrians '' , and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians .	Herodotus	Which Greek historian knew of the Jews ?
The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between 267 and 396 CE .	267 and 396 CE	The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates ?
The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews , whom he called `` Palestinian Syrians '' , and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians .	"Palestinian Syrians"	What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as ?
The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews , whom he called `` Palestinian Syrians '' , and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians .	the invading Persians	The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom ?
In an essay on Sephardi Jewry , Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews in the last thousand years , noting that at the end of the 11th century , 97 % of world Jewry was Sephardic and 3 % Ashkenazi ; by the end of XVI century , the : ` Treaty on the redemption of captives ' , by Gracian of the God 's Mother , Mercy Priest , who was imprisoned by Turks , cites a Tunisian Hebrew , made captive when arriving to Gaeta , who aided others with money , named : ` Simon Escanasi ' , in the mid-17th century , `` Sephardim still outnumbered Ashkenazim three to two '' , but by the end of the 18th century , `` Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim three to two , the result of improved living conditions in Christian Europe versus the Ottoman Muslim world . ''	97%	According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs , at the end of the 11th century , what percentage of the world 's Jewry was Sephardic ?
In an essay on Sephardi Jewry , Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews in the last thousand years , noting that at the end of the 11th century , 97 % of world Jewry was Sephardic and 3 % Ashkenazi ; by the end of XVI century , the : ` Treaty on the redemption of captives ' , by Gracian of the God 's Mother , Mercy Priest , who was imprisoned by Turks , cites a Tunisian Hebrew , made captive when arriving to Gaeta , who aided others with money , named : ` Simon Escanasi ' , in the mid-17th century , `` Sephardim still outnumbered Ashkenazim three to two '' , but by the end of the 18th century , `` Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim three to two , the result of improved living conditions in Christian Europe versus the Ottoman Muslim world . ''	3%	According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs , at the end of the 11th century , what percentage of the world 's Jewry was Ashkenazi ?
By 1931 , Ashkenazi Jews accounted for nearly 92 % of world Jewry .	92%	By 1931 , Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry ?
In Israel , the term Ashkenazi is now used in a manner unrelated to its original meaning , often applied to all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic .	in a manner unrelated to its original meaning	In Israel , the term Ashkenazi is now used in what manner ?
In Israel , the term Ashkenazi is now used in a manner unrelated to its original meaning , often applied to all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic .	all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic	In Israel , the term Ashkenazi is now used to refer to whom ?
Jews of mixed background are increasingly common , partly because of intermarriage between Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi , and partly because many do not see such historic markers as relevant to their life experiences as Jews .	Jews of mixed background are increasingly common	Are Jews of mixed backgrounds more or less common today ?
By tradition , a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her children to be Ashkenazi Jews ; conversely an Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man is expected to take on Sephardic practice and the children inherit a Sephardic identity , though in practice many families compromise .	Ashkenazi Jews	By tradition , when a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family she raises her children to be which type of Jew ?
By tradition , a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her children to be Ashkenazi Jews ; conversely an Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man is expected to take on Sephardic practice and the children inherit a Sephardic identity , though in practice many families compromise .	children inherit a Sephardic identity	When an Ashkenazi woman marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man it is expected that her children will take on which kind of identity ?
A convert generally follows the practice of the beth din that converted him or her .	the practice of the beth din that converted him or her	A convert generally follows which practice ?
But after emancipation , a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged , especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus affair in the 1890s .	1890s	When did the Dreyfus affair occur ?
In the 1920s and 1930s , Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism , the Russian revolution , and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression .	the 1920s and 1930s	In what years did large numbers of Jews arrive in France ?
In the 1920s and 1930s , Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism , the Russian revolution , and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression .	antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression	What three factors led to large numbers of Jews moving to France ?
By the 1930s , Paris had a vibrant Yiddish culture , and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements .	a vibrant Yiddish culture, and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements	By the 1930s , Paris was noted for which two things related to Jews ?
The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz -LRB- Hebrew , `` liturgical tradition '' , or rite -RRB- used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur -LRB- prayer book -RRB- .	prayer book	What is the Siddur ?
The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz -LRB- Hebrew , `` liturgical tradition '' , or rite -RRB- used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur -LRB- prayer book -RRB- .	the nusach Ashkenaz	The term Ashkenazi also refers to what ?
The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz -LRB- Hebrew , `` liturgical tradition '' , or rite -RRB- used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur -LRB- prayer book -RRB- .	"liturgical tradition", or rite	The nusach Ashkenaz refers to what in Hebrew ?
Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are Nusach Sefard -LRB- not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual -RRB- , which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach , and Nusach Ari , as used by Lubavitch Hasidim .	Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari	Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are what ?
Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are Nusach Sefard -LRB- not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual -RRB- , which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach , and Nusach Ari , as used by Lubavitch Hasidim .	Lubavitch Hasidim	Nusach Ari is used by whom ?
Currently , there are three types of genetic origin testing , autosomal DNA -LRB- atDNA -RRB- , mitochondrial DNA -LRB- mtDNA -RRB- , and Y-chromosomal DNA -LRB- Y-DNA -RRB- .	three types of genetic origin testing	How many types of genetic origin testing currently exist ?
Efforts to identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis began in the 1990s .	the 1990s	When did efforts begin to try and identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis ?
Autosomal DNA is a mixture from an individual 's entire ancestry , Y-DNA shows a male 's lineage only along his strict-paternal line , mtDNA shows any person 's lineage only along the strict-maternal line .	a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line	What does Y-DNA show ?
Currently , there are three types of genetic origin testing , autosomal DNA -LRB- atDNA -RRB- , mitochondrial DNA -LRB- mtDNA -RRB- , and Y-chromosomal DNA -LRB- Y-DNA -RRB- .	autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)	What are the three types of origin testing ?
Autosomal DNA is a mixture from an individual 's entire ancestry , Y-DNA shows a male 's lineage only along his strict-paternal line , mtDNA shows any person 's lineage only along the strict-maternal line .	a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry	Autosomal DNA is what ?
In 2006 , a study by Behar et al. , based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K -LRB- mtDNA -RRB- , suggested that about 40 % of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women , or `` founder lineages '' , that were `` likely from a Hebrew/Levantine mtDNA pool '' originating in the Middle East in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE .	40%	A 2006 study by Behar et al , suggested that what percentage of the current Ashkenazi population was descended from `` founder lineages '' ?
In 2006 , a study by Behar et al. , based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K -LRB- mtDNA -RRB- , suggested that about 40 % of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women , or `` founder lineages '' , that were `` likely from a Hebrew/Levantine mtDNA pool '' originating in the Middle East in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE .	from just four women	A 2006 study by Behar et al , suggested that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from how many women ?
In 2006 , a study by Behar et al. , based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K -LRB- mtDNA -RRB- , suggested that about 40 % of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women , or `` founder lineages '' , that were `` likely from a Hebrew/Levantine mtDNA pool '' originating in the Middle East in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE .	founder lineages	The women that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended from are also known as what ?
In 2006 , a study by Behar et al. , based on what was at that time high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K -LRB- mtDNA -RRB- , suggested that about 40 % of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women , or `` founder lineages '' , that were `` likely from a Hebrew/Levantine mtDNA pool '' originating in the Middle East in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE .	Hebrew/Levantine	The founder lineages were likely from what type of mtDNA pool ?
Speculation that the Ashkenazi arose from Khazar stock surfaced in the later 19th century and has met with mixed fortunes in the scholarly literature .	in the later 19th century	When did the idea that the Ashkenazi may have come from Khazar stock come about ?
In late 2012 Eran Elhaik , a research associate studying genetics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health , argued for Khazar descent in his paper The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry : Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses .	argued for Khazar descent	Did Eran Elhaik , from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent ?
A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA found no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA , as would be predicted by the Khazar hypothesis .	no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA	What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea ?
Sporadic epigraphic evidence in grave site excavations , particularly in Brigetio -LRB- Szőny -RRB- , Aquincum -LRB- Óbuda -RRB- , Intercisa -LRB- Dunaújváros -RRB- , Triccinae -LRB- Sárvár -RRB- , Savaria -LRB- Szombathely -RRB- , Sopianae -LRB- Pécs -RRB- , and Osijek in Croatia , attest to the presence of Jews after the 2nd and 3rd centuries where Roman garrisons were established , There was a sufficient number of Jews in Pannonia to form communities and build a synagogue .	the 2nd and 3rd centuries	Grave site excavations near where Roman garrisons were established attest to the presence of Jews after what centuries ?
Sporadic epigraphic evidence in grave site excavations , particularly in Brigetio -LRB- Szőny -RRB- , Aquincum -LRB- Óbuda -RRB- , Intercisa -LRB- Dunaújváros -RRB- , Triccinae -LRB- Sárvár -RRB- , Savaria -LRB- Szombathely -RRB- , Sopianae -LRB- Pécs -RRB- , and Osijek in Croatia , attest to the presence of Jews after the 2nd and 3rd centuries where Roman garrisons were established , There was a sufficient number of Jews in Pannonia to form communities and build a synagogue .	a synagogue	The large number of Jews in Pannonia formed communities and built what ?
After Pannonia was ceded to the Huns in 433 , the garrison populations were withdrawn to Italy , and only a few , enigmatic traces remain of a possible Jewish presence in the area some centuries later .	433	In what year were the Roman garrison populations withdrawn to Italy ?
With the onset of the Crusades in 1095 , and the expulsions from England -LRB- 1290 -RRB- , France -LRB- 1394 -RRB- , and parts of Germany -LRB- 15th century -RRB- , Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland -LRB- 10th century -RRB- , Lithuania -LRB- 10th century -RRB- , and Russia -LRB- 12th century -RRB- .	1095	What year marked the onset of the Crusades ?
With the onset of the Crusades in 1095 , and the expulsions from England -LRB- 1290 -RRB- , France -LRB- 1394 -RRB- , and parts of Germany -LRB- 15th century -RRB- , Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland -LRB- 10th century -RRB- , Lithuania -LRB- 10th century -RRB- , and Russia -LRB- 12th century -RRB- .	Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century)	As Jews were expelled from England , France , and parts of Germany they head into which three countries ?
With the onset of the Crusades in 1095 , and the expulsions from England -LRB- 1290 -RRB- , France -LRB- 1394 -RRB- , and parts of Germany -LRB- 15th century -RRB- , Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland -LRB- 10th century -RRB- , Lithuania -LRB- 10th century -RRB- , and Russia -LRB- 12th century -RRB- .	1290	What year were the expulsions from England ?
With the onset of the Crusades in 1095 , and the expulsions from England -LRB- 1290 -RRB- , France -LRB- 1394 -RRB- , and parts of Germany -LRB- 15th century -RRB- , Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland -LRB- 10th century -RRB- , Lithuania -LRB- 10th century -RRB- , and Russia -LRB- 12th century -RRB- .	1394	What year were the expulsions from France ?
With the onset of the Crusades in 1095 , and the expulsions from England -LRB- 1290 -RRB- , France -LRB- 1394 -RRB- , and parts of Germany -LRB- 15th century -RRB- , Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland -LRB- 10th century -RRB- , Lithuania -LRB- 10th century -RRB- , and Russia -LRB- 12th century -RRB- .	Jewish migration pushed eastward	After expulsions from England and France , Jewish migration headed in which direction ?
In the Midrash compilation , Genesis Rabbah , Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz , Riphath , and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands .	Rabbi Berechiah	What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah ?
In the Midrash compilation , Genesis Rabbah , Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz , Riphath , and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands .	Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah	What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah ?
This view of Berechiah is based on the Talmud -LRB- Yoma 10a ; Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 71b -RRB- , where Gomer , the father of Ashkenaz , is translated by Germamia , which evidently stands for Germany , and which was suggested by the similarity of the sound .	the Talmud	Rabbi Berechiah 's view is based on what ?
In the Midrash compilation , Genesis Rabbah , Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz , Riphath , and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands .	Genesis Rabbah	What is the name of the Midrash compilation ?
In the generations after emigration from the west , Jewish communities in places like Poland , Russia , and Belarus enjoyed a comparatively stable socio-political environment .	a comparatively stable socio-political environment	After emigration from the west , did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment ?
A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement as well as major Jewish academic centers .	A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries	What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement ?
After two centuries of comparative tolerance in the new nations , massive westward emigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries in response to pogroms in the east and the economic opportunities offered in other parts of the world .	in the 19th and 20th centuries	Massive western emigration occurred around what time ?
Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since 1750 .	1750	Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when ?
Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel are obliged to follow the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in halakhic matters .	the chief Ashkenazi rabbi	Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel follow the authority of whom in certain matters ?
The role of religious parties , including small religious parties that play important roles as coalition members , results in turn from Israel 's composition as a complex society in which competing social , economic , and religious interests stand for election to the Knesset , a unicameral legislature with 120 seats .	a unicameral legislature with 120 seats	What is the Knesset ?
Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel are obliged to follow the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in halakhic matters .	halakhic matters	Religious Ashkenazi Jews look to the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in which matters ?
In North American cities , social trends such as the chavurah movement , and the emergence of `` post-denominational Judaism '' often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds .	social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism"	What two things were mentioned as contributing to bringing younger Jews together in North American cities ?
In recent years , there has been increased interest in Kabbalah , which many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework .	Kabbalah	What do many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework ?
Another trend is the new popularity of ecstatic worship in the Jewish Renewal movement and the Carlebach style minyan , both of which are nominally of Ashkenazi origin .	ecstatic worship	Which new trend has been associated with the Jewish Renewal movement ?
However , most people with this surname hail from within Sephardic communities , particularly from the Syrian Jewish community .	Syrian Jewish community	Most people with the surname Ashkenazi , hail from which particular community ?
Some have shortened the name to Ash .	Ash	Some people with the surname shorten it to what ?
Several famous people have Ashkenazi as a surname , such as Vladimir Ashkenazy .	Vladimir Ashkenazy	What famous person is mentioned as having the surname Ashkenazi ?
Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples , but uncommon in the general European population .	Middle Eastern peoples	It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people ?
Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples , but uncommon in the general European population .	uncommon in the general European population	It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people ?
This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East .	the Middle East	The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where ?
The 2013 study estimated that 80 percent of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe , and only 8 percent from the Near East , while the origin of the remainder is undetermined .	80 percent	A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe ?
The 2013 study estimated that 80 percent of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe , and only 8 percent from the Near East , while the origin of the remainder is undetermined .	8 percent	A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women from the Near East ?
The 2013 study estimated that 80 percent of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe , and only 8 percent from the Near East , while the origin of the remainder is undetermined .	while the origin of the remainder is undetermined	A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women of undetermined origins ?
A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated `` Two major groups were identified by principal component , phylogenetic , and identity by descent -LRB- IBD -RRB- analysis : Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews .	Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews	In a 2010 study , which two groups were identified by principal component , phylogenetic , and identity by descent analysis ?
The study also found that with respect to non-Jewish European groups , the population most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews are modern-day Italians .	modern-day Italians	The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews ?
The study speculated that the genetic-similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be due to inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire .	inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire	Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors ?
A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists , from 13 universities and academies , from 9 countries , assembling the largest data set available to date , for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews .	30 geneticists	How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study ?
A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists , from 13 universities and academies , from 9 countries , assembling the largest data set available to date , for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews .	found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews	What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins ?
A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists , from 13 universities and academies , from 9 countries , assembling the largest data set available to date , for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews .	13 universities and academies	How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study ?
The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe .	through what is now Italy	The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country ?
The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since pre-Christian times .	pre-Christian times	The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time ?
Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until 212 CE , when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege .	212 CE	Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year ?
Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until 212 CE , when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege .	Emperor Caracalla	Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship ?
Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century .	8th and 9th century	Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries ?
By the 11th century Jewish settlers , moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers , appear to have begun to settle in the north , especially along the Rhine , often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers .	11th century	Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century ?
By the 11th century Jewish settlers , moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers , appear to have begun to settle in the north , especially along the Rhine , often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers .	often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers	What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas ?
In the first half of the 11th century , Hai Gaon refers to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz , by which he undoubtedly means Germany .	the first half of the 11th century	When did Hai Gaon refer to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz ?
In the first half of the 11th century , Hai Gaon refers to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz , by which he undoubtedly means Germany .	Germany	Who is Hai Gaon thought to be referring to when he says Ashkenaz ?
Rashi in the latter half of the 11th century refers to both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz .	both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz	In the latter half of the 11th century , Rashi refers to what two things ?
Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages , by the time of the French Revolution , there were two distinct Jewish populations .	the Middle Ages	When did France expel its original Jewish population ?
Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages , by the time of the French Revolution , there were two distinct Jewish populations .	two distinct Jewish populations	By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations ?
All studies nevertheless agree that genetic overlap with the Fertile Crescent exists in both lineages , albeit at differing rates .	Fertile Crescent	All studies agree that genetic overlap with what location exists in both lineages ?
Thus , in 2002 , in line with this model of origin , David Goldstein , now of Duke University , reported that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages , the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities `` did not seem to be Middle Eastern '' , and that each community had its own genetic pattern and even that `` in some cases the mitochondrial DNA was closely related to that of the host community . ''	2002	What year did David Goldstein report that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages , the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities did not seem to be Middle Eastern ?
A 2006 study by Seldin et al. used over five thousand autosomal SNPs to demonstrate European genetic substructure .	five thousand	In a 2006 study , how many autosomal SNPs were used ?
Saint Athanasius of Alexandria -LRB- / ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs / ; Greek : Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας , Athanásios Alexandrías ; c. 296 -- 298 -- 2 May 373 -RRB- , also called Athanasius the Great , Athanasius the Confessor or , primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church , Athanasius the Apostolic , was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria -LRB- as Athanasius I -RRB- .	Saint Athanasius of Alexandria	Who was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria ?
Saint Athanasius of Alexandria -LRB- / ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs / ; Greek : Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας , Athanásios Alexandrías ; c. 296 -- 298 -- 2 May 373 -RRB- , also called Athanasius the Great , Athanasius the Confessor or , primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church , Athanasius the Apostolic , was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria -LRB- as Athanasius I -RRB- .	Athanasius the Great	What was one nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria ?
His episcopate lasted 45 years -LRB- c. 8 June 328 -- 2 May 373 -RRB- , of which over 17 were spent in five exiles ordered by four different Roman emperors .	45 years	For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a bishop ?
His episcopate lasted 45 years -LRB- c. 8 June 328 -- 2 May 373 -RRB- , of which over 17 were spent in five exiles ordered by four different Roman emperors .	17	How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in exile ?
Saint Athanasius of Alexandria -LRB- / ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs / ; Greek : Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας , Athanásios Alexandrías ; c. 296 -- 298 -- 2 May 373 -RRB- , also called Athanasius the Great , Athanasius the Confessor or , primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church , Athanasius the Apostolic , was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria -LRB- as Athanasius I -RRB- .	2 May 373	When did Saint Athanasius die ?
Saint Athanasius of Alexandria -LRB- / ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs / ; Greek : Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας , Athanásios Alexandrías ; c. 296 -- 298 -- 2 May 373 -RRB- , also called Athanasius the Great , Athanasius the Confessor or , primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church , Athanasius the Apostolic , was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria -LRB- as Athanasius I -RRB- .	Athanasius the Great	What name is Saint Athanasius also known as ?
Saint Athanasius of Alexandria -LRB- / ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs / ; Greek : Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας , Athanásios Alexandrías ; c. 296 -- 298 -- 2 May 373 -RRB- , also called Athanasius the Great , Athanasius the Confessor or , primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church , Athanasius the Apostolic , was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria -LRB- as Athanasius I -RRB- .	Alexandria	Of what city was he bishop ?
His episcopate lasted 45 years -LRB- c. 8 June 328 -- 2 May 373 -RRB- , of which over 17 were spent in five exiles ordered by four different Roman emperors .	45 years	How long did his episcopate last ?
Saint Athanasius of Alexandria -LRB- / ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs / ; Greek : Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας , Athanásios Alexandrías ; c. 296 -- 298 -- 2 May 373 -RRB- , also called Athanasius the Great , Athanasius the Confessor or , primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church , Athanasius the Apostolic , was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria -LRB- as Athanasius I -RRB- .	Athanasius the Confessor	What is another name that Saint Athanasius is know as ?
He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape , and was consecrated in 326 , when he was about thirty years of age .	326	In what year was Athanasius consecrated ?
He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape , and was consecrated in 326 , when he was about thirty years of age .	about thirty years of age	How old was Athanasius when he became the Patriarch of Alexandria ?
He was most unwilling to accept the dignity , for he clearly foresaw the difficulties in which it would involve him .	He was most unwilling to accept	Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria ?
The clergy and people were determined to have him as their bishop , Patriarch of Alexandria , and refused to accept any excuses .	people were determined to have him	Did the people want Athanasius as their bishop ?
1 , Ch XVII : On the death of Alexander , five months after the termination of the Council of Nice , Athanasius was unanimously elected to fill the vacant see .	five months	How long after the Council of Nice did Saint Athanasius die ?
He was most unwilling to accept the dignity , for he clearly foresaw the difficulties in which it would involve him .	unwilling	Was Saint Athanasius willing or unwilling to fill the vacancy ?
He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape , and was consecrated in 326 , when he was about thirty years of age .	in 326	In what year was he consecrated ?
He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape , and was consecrated in 326 , when he was about thirty years of age .	thirty years of age.	How old was he when he was consecrated ?
Athanasius , after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city , finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt , where he remained for a period of six years , living the life of the monks , devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings ; `` Apology to Constantius '' , the `` Apology for his Flight '' , the `` Letter to the Monks '' , and the `` History of the Arians '' .	Upper Egypt	Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk ?
Athanasius , after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city , finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt , where he remained for a period of six years , living the life of the monks , devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings ; `` Apology to Constantius '' , the `` Apology for his Flight '' , the `` Letter to the Monks '' , and the `` History of the Arians '' .	Letter to the Monks	What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk ?
Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople , an Arian bishop , George of Cappadocia , was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria .	George of Cappadocia	Who took over after Athanasius ?
Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople , an Arian bishop , George of Cappadocia , was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria .	the Eusebian faction at Constantinople	Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler ?
Athanasius , after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city , finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt , where he remained for a period of six years , living the life of the monks , devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings ; `` Apology to Constantius '' , the `` Apology for his Flight '' , the `` Letter to the Monks '' , and the `` History of the Arians '' .	the desert of Upper Egypt	To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw ?
Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople , an Arian bishop , George of Cappadocia , was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria .	the Eusebian faction at Constantinople	Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia ?
Athanasius , after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city , finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt , where he remained for a period of six years , living the life of the monks , devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings ; `` Apology to Constantius '' , the `` Apology for his Flight '' , the `` Letter to the Monks '' , and the `` History of the Arians '' .	six years	How long did he spend in the desert ?
Athanasius , after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city , finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt , where he remained for a period of six years , living the life of the monks , devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings ; `` Apology to Constantius '' , the `` Apology for his Flight '' , the `` Letter to the Monks '' , and the `` History of the Arians '' .	Apology to Constantius	What is one thing he wrote during this time ?
Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople , an Arian bishop , George of Cappadocia , was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria .	George of Cappadocia	Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria ?
The Emperor Constantius , who had been the cause of so much trouble , died 4 November , 361 and was succeeded by Julian .	Julian	Who succeeded Emperor Constantius ?
An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus was immediately chosen by the Arians to succeed him , when fresh news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope .	Pistus	Who succeeded George of Cappadocia ?
Athanasius received a summons from his own flock , and he accordingly re-entered his episcopal capitol on 22 February , 362 .	362	In what year did Athanasius return to his episcopal capitol ?
The Emperor Constantius , who had been the cause of so much trouble , died 4 November , 361 and was succeeded by Julian .	361	In what year did Emperor Constantius die ?
George , the usurping Bishop , was flung into prison and murdered .	murdered	How did George of Cappadocia die in prison ?
The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front to their orthodox opponents .	The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front	Were the Arians united in their oppostion ?
Athanasius received a summons from his own flock , and he accordingly re-entered his episcopal capitol on 22 February , 362 .	22 February, 362	When did Athanasius re-enter the capitol ?
The Emperor Constantius , who had been the cause of so much trouble , died 4 November , 361 and was succeeded by Julian .	Julian	Who succeeded the Emperor Constantius ?
An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus was immediately chosen by the Arians to succeed him , when fresh news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope .	An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus	Who then succeeded George ?
George , the usurping Bishop , was flung into prison and murdered .	flung into prison and murdered	What happened to the usurping bishop , George ?
The accession of Valens gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party .	Arian	What party benefited from the accession of Valens ?
He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius , but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees .	Constantius	Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who ?
The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself , and the prefect , in order to prevent a serious outbreak , gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor .	Athanasius	What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria ?
The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself , and the prefect , in order to prevent a serious outbreak , gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor .	Alexandria	Valens ' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city ?
He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius , but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees .	banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius	What did the decree of Valens do ?
The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself , and the prefect , in order to prevent a serious outbreak , gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor .	case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor	When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius , what did the prefect do ?
He quietly withdrew from Alexandria , 5 October , and took up his abode in a country house outside the city .	withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October	What did Athanasius do to protect himself ?
Valens , who seems to have sincerely dreaded the possible consequences of another popular outbreak , within a few weeks issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see .	issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see	How did Valens get him to return ?
Depicting Anthony as an illiterate and holy man who through his existence in a primordial landscape has an absolute connection to the divine truth , the biography also resembles the life of his biographer Athanasius .	Athanasius	Who wrote the biography entitled Life of Antony ?
Translated into several languages , it played an important role in the spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity .	Eastern and Western Christianity	Life of Antony played an important role in the spreading of ascetic ideals in what religion ?
Depicting Anthony as an illiterate and holy man who through his existence in a primordial landscape has an absolute connection to the divine truth , the biography also resembles the life of his biographer Athanasius .	Athanasius	The biography , Life of Antony , also resembles of the life of who ?
The so-called Athanasian Creed dates from well after Athanasius 's death and draws upon the phraseology of Augustine 's De trinitate .	Augustine's De trinitate	The so-called Athanasian Creed draws upon the phraseology of what ?
His biography of Anthony the Great entitled Life of Antony -LRB- Βίος καὶ Πολιτεία Πατρὸς Ἀντωνίου , Vita Antonii -RRB- became his most widely-read work .	Anthony the Great	About whom did he write his most widely-read work ?
Translated into several languages , it played an important role in the spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity .	spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity	Why was this work considered to be important ?
Depicting Anthony as an illiterate and holy man who through his existence in a primordial landscape has an absolute connection to the divine truth , the biography also resembles the life of his biographer Athanasius .	illiterate and holy	How did he depict Anthony ?
The so-called Athanasian Creed dates from well after Athanasius 's death and draws upon the phraseology of Augustine 's De trinitate .	Augustine's De trinitate	What does the Athanasian Creed draw upon ?
Depicting Anthony as an illiterate and holy man who through his existence in a primordial landscape has an absolute connection to the divine truth , the biography also resembles the life of his biographer Athanasius .	Athanasius	Whose life did Anthony 's resemble ?
In 325 , at the age of 27 , Athanasius began his leading role against the Arians as his bishop 's assistant during the First Council of Nicaea .	27	Athanasius began his leading role at what age ?
In 325 , at the age of 27 , Athanasius began his leading role against the Arians as his bishop 's assistant during the First Council of Nicaea .	325	In what year was the First Council of Nicaea ?
He was known as `` Athanasius Contra Mundum '' -LRB- Latin for Athanasius Against the World -RRB- .	Athanasius Contra Mundum	Athanasius was also known as what ?
Three years after that council , Athanasius succeeded his mentor as archbishop of Alexandria .	Three years	How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become archbishop ?
In addition to the conflict with the Arians -LRB- including powerful and influential Arian churchmen led by Eusebius of Nicomedia -RRB- , he struggled against the Emperors Constantine , Constantius II , Julian the Apostate and Valens .	Constantine	Who is one emporer Athanasius struggled against ?
Conflict with Arius and Arianism as well as successive Roman emperors shaped Athanasius 's career .	Conflict with Arius and Arianism	What conflict shaped his career ?
Roman emperor Constantine the Great had convened the council in May -- August 325 to address the Arian position that the Son of God , Jesus of Nazareth , is of a distinct substance from the Father .	Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father	Why was the First Council of Nicaea convened ?
He was known as `` Athanasius Contra Mundum '' -LRB- Latin for Athanasius Against the World -RRB- .	Athanasius Against the World	Because of his conflicts with the emperors , how was he known ?
Roman emperor Constantine the Great had convened the council in May -- August 325 to address the Arian position that the Son of God , Jesus of Nazareth , is of a distinct substance from the Father .	the Arian position	Whose position was it that Jesus was the Son of God ?
After questioning Athanasius , Bishop Alexander informed him that the baptisms were genuine , as both the form and matter of the sacrament had been performed through the recitation of the correct words and the administration of water , and that he must not continue to do this as those baptized had not been properly catechized .	the baptisms were genuine	Were the pretend baptisms real ?
Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window , he watched boys playing on the seashore below , imitating the ritual of Christian baptism .	ritual of Christian baptism	As a child , Athanasius imitated what ritual ?
He invited Athanasius and his playfellows to prepare for clerical careers .	clerical careers	What work did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius ?
After questioning Athanasius , Bishop Alexander informed him that the baptisms were genuine , as both the form and matter of the sacrament had been performed through the recitation of the correct words and the administration of water , and that he must not continue to do this as those baptized had not been properly catechized .	not been properly catechized	Why was Athanasius instructed to stop pretend baptising ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This persecution was most severe in the East , particularly in Egypt and Palestine .	in the East	Where was persecution of Christianity the worst ?
Still , in later works , Athanasius quotes Homer more than once -LRB- Hist .	Homer	What famous Greek author did Athanasius quote ?
Peter of Alexandria , the 17th archbishop of Alexandria , was martyred in 311 in the closing days of that persecution , and may have been one of those teachers .	in 311	In what year was Peter of Alexandria martyred ?
Peter of Alexandria , the 17th archbishop of Alexandria , was martyred in 311 in the closing days of that persecution , and may have been one of those teachers .	Peter of Alexandria	Who could have been one of Athanasius 's teachers ?
Athanasius 's earliest work , Against the Heathen -- On the Incarnation -LRB- written before 319 -RRB- , bears traces of Origenist Alexandrian thought -LRB- such as repeatedly quoting Plato and used a definition from Aristotle 's Organon -RRB- but in an orthodox way .	quoting Plato	What suggests that Athanasius was familiar with ancient Greek philosophers ?
He embraced a subordinationist Christology which taught that Christ was the divine Son -LRB- Logos -RRB- of God , made , not begotten , heavily influenced by Alexandrian thinkers like Origen , and which was a common Christological view in Alexandria at the time .	Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten	What made Arius 's belief about Jesus different from Alexander 's ?
He embraced a subordinationist Christology which taught that Christ was the divine Son -LRB- Logos -RRB- of God , made , not begotten , heavily influenced by Alexandrian thinkers like Origen , and which was a common Christological view in Alexandria at the time .	common Christological view	Was this differing view common among Christians of the day ?
Support for Arius from powerful bishops like Eusebius of Caesarea and Eusebius of Nicomedia , further illustrate how Arius 's subordinationist Christology was shared by other Christians in the Empire .	powerful bishops	What other leaders believed this ?
Arius was subsequently excommunicated by Alexander , and he would begin to elicit the support of many bishops who agreed with his position .	excommunicated by Alexander	What eventually happened to Arius ?
Athanasius 's episcopate began on 9 May 328 as the Alexandrian Council elected Athanasius to succeed the aged Alexander .	Alexander	Who did Athanasius succeed ?
Patriarch Athanasius spent over 17 years in five exiles ordered by four different Roman Emperors , not counting approximately six more incidents in which Athanasius fled Alexandria to escape people seeking to take his life .	five exiles	How many exiles did he endure ?
However , during his first years as bishop , Athanasius visited the churches of his territory , which at that time included all of Egypt and Libya .	Egypt and Libya	The churches of what countries were in his territory ?
Shortly thereafter , Athanasius became occupied with the theological disputes against Arians within the Byzantine Empire that would occupy much of his life .	disputes against Arians	Was he united with the Arians in his beliefs ?
Early in the year 343 we find Athanasius had travelled , via Rome , from Alexandria , North Africa , to Gaul ; nowadays Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas , where Hosius of Cordoba was Bishop , the great champion of orthodoxy in the West .	Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas	Where is Gaul currently located ?
Once more , at the Council of Sardica , was his innocence reaffirmed .	his innocence reaffirmed	What was the verdict at the Council of Sardica ?
Early in the year 343 we find Athanasius had travelled , via Rome , from Alexandria , North Africa , to Gaul ; nowadays Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas , where Hosius of Cordoba was Bishop , the great champion of orthodoxy in the West .	Hosius of Cordoba	With whom did Athanasius travel to Sardica ?
At this great gathering of prelates , leaders of the Church , the case of Athanasius was taken up once more , that is , Athanasius was formally questioned over misdemeanours and even murder , -LRB- a man called Arsenius and using his body for magic , -- an absurd charge . -RRB-	misdemeanours and even murder	About what did the Council of the Church question Athanasius ?
Their objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops , about a hundred were orthodox , who were the majority .	objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops	Was Athanasius permitted admission to the Council ?
Pope Julius had died in April , 352 , and was succeeded by Liberius .	352	In what year did Pope Julius die ?
For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius ; but driven at last into exile , he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula , from which the great Nicene text , the `` homoousion '' , had been studiously omitted .	Liberius had been favourable	Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius ?
On the night of 8 February , 356 , while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas , a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest .	armed men	Where the men armed who arrested him ?
In 355 a council was held at Milan , where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops , a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world .	a fourth condemnation of Athanasius	What was the outcome of the Council of Milan ?
On the night of 8 February , 356 , while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas , a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest .	engaged in services	What was Athanasius doing when he was arrested ?
Constantius , renewing his previous policies favoring the Arians , banished Athanasius from Alexandria once again .	the Arians	Who had a policy of condemning Athanasius ?
This was followed , in 356 , by an attempt to arrest Athanasius during a vigil service .	a vigil service	What was Athanasius doing the next time an arrest was attempted ?
Athanasius fled to Upper Egypt , where he stayed in several monasteries and other houses .	Upper Egypt	Where did Athanasius flee to after this attempt ?
Constantius 's persistence in his opposition to Athanasius , combined with reports Athanasius received about the persecution of non-Arians by the new Arian bishop George of Laodicea , prompted Athanasius to write his more emotional History of the Arians , in which he described Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist .	History of the Arians	In which work did he refer to Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist ?
During this period , Athanasius completed his work Four Orations against the Arians and defended his own recent conduct in the Apology to Constantius and Apology for His Flight .	Four Orations against the Arians	What did he write during this time ?
Constantius , summoned the bishops of the East to meet at Seleucia in Isauria , and those of the West to Rimini in Italy .	Rimini in Italy	Where did bishops of the West meet ?
It was after this Council that Jerome said : '' ... the whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian . ''	Arian	What belief was accepted by Constantius ?
A `` Homoeon '' creed was adopted , declaring The Son to be `` like the Father '' .	The Son to be "like the Father"	What was the belief that was approved at this council ?
The orthodox fathers refused to accept any creed but the Nicene , while the others were equally in favour of the Sirmian .	the Nicene	What did the orthodox leaders believe ?
A preliminary conference was held by the Arians at Sirmium , to agree a formula of faith .	a formula of faith	What did the Arians agree upon at Sirmium ?
In the meanwhile , Julian , who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria , addressed an order to Ecdicius , the Prefect of Egypt , peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate , on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency .	Prefect of Egypt	What position did Ecdicius hold ?
On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor 's decree ; but Athanasius urged them to submit , consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration .	short duration	Did he think he would be gone a long time ?
In the meanwhile , Julian , who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria , addressed an order to Ecdicius , the Prefect of Egypt , peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate , on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency .	Julian	Who was jealous of Athanasius 's influence ?
In the meanwhile , Julian , who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria , addressed an order to Ecdicius , the Prefect of Egypt , peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate , on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency .	expulsion	What did Julian try to do to Athanasius ?
On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor 's decree ; but Athanasius urged them to submit , consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration .	urged them to submit	Did Athanasius tell the people to protest ?
Completed probably early in his life , before the Arian controversy , they constitute the first classic work of developed Orthodox theology .	before the Arian controversy	When did he write his first works on Orthodox Christianity ?
Athanasius also wrote a two-part Against the Heathen and The Incarnation of the Word of God .	Against the Heathen	Which of the two first works addresses pagan practices ?
Also in these books , Athanasius put forward the belief that the Son of God , the eternal Word through whom God created the world , entered that world in human form to lead men back into the harmony from which they had earlier fallen away .	in human form	How did he believe Jesus came into the world ?
Athanasius also wrote a two-part Against the Heathen and The Incarnation of the Word of God .	Incarnation of the Word of God	Which of his works addresses redemption and the Son of God ?
In the light of Mother F. A. Forbes research and reference to Pope Saint Gregory 's writings , it would appear that Athanasius was constrained to be Bishop : She writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius , who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop .	fled	What did he do when he thought he might be made Bishop ?
`` When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch , the whole Catholic population surrounded the church , holding up their hands to Heaven and crying ; `` Give us Athanasius ! ''	"Give us Athanasius!"	Who did the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop ?
In the light of Mother F. A. Forbes research and reference to Pope Saint Gregory 's writings , it would appear that Athanasius was constrained to be Bishop : She writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius , who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop .	on his death-bed	When did Alexander ask to see Athanasius ?
The Bishops had nothing better .	The Bishops had nothing better	Was there someone else that was preferred as Bishop ?
Throughout most of his career , Athanasius had many detractors .	many detractors	Was Athanasius well liked by everyone ?
Classical scholar Timothy Barnes relates contemporary allegations against Athanasius : from defiling an altar , to selling Church grain that had been meant to feed the poor for his own personal gain , and even violence and murder to suppress dissent .	defiling an altar	What was he accused of doing to a church ?
Classical scholar Timothy Barnes relates contemporary allegations against Athanasius : from defiling an altar , to selling Church grain that had been meant to feed the poor for his own personal gain , and even violence and murder to suppress dissent .	his own personal gain	He was accused of selling grain for what reason ?
Athanasius used `` Arian '' to describe both followers of Arius , and as a derogatory polemical term for Christians who disagreed with his formulation of the Trinity .	Christians who disagreed with his formulation	What did the term Arian mean to him ?
Athanasius called many of his opponents `` Arian '' , except for Miletus .	Arian	What did he call his detractors ?
Nonetheless , within a few years of his death , Gregory of Nazianzus called him the `` Pillar of the Church '' .	Pillar of the Church	What was he known as soon after he died ?
Athanasius is venerated as a Christian saint , whose feast day is 2 May in Western Christianity , 15 May in the Coptic Orthodox Church , and 18 January in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches .	18 January	What day is he celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church ?
In the Eastern Orthodox Church , he is labeled the `` Father of Orthodoxy '' .	Father of Orthodoxy	How does the Eastern Orthodox Church refer to him ?
Some Protestants label him `` Father of the Canon '' .	Father of the Canon	What do the Protestants call him ?
Athanasius is venerated as a Christian saint , whose feast day is 2 May in Western Christianity , 15 May in the Coptic Orthodox Church , and 18 January in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches .	2 May	What is his feast day in Western Christianity ?
Alexandria was the most important trade center in the whole empire during Athanasius 's boyhood .	important trade center	What was Alexandria known for ?
Its famous catechetical school , while sacrificing none of its famous passion for orthodoxy since the days of Pantaenus , Clement of Alexandria , Origen of Alexandria , Dionysius and Theognostus , had begun to take on an almost secular character in the comprehensiveness of its interests , and had counted influential pagans among its serious auditors .	secular character	Was the famous school in Alexandria religious only ?
Its famous catechetical school , while sacrificing none of its famous passion for orthodoxy since the days of Pantaenus , Clement of Alexandria , Origen of Alexandria , Dionysius and Theognostus , had begun to take on an almost secular character in the comprehensiveness of its interests , and had counted influential pagans among its serious auditors .	influential pagans	Did only Christians attend the school ?
Intellectually , morally , and politically -- it epitomized the ethnically diverse Graeco-Roman world , even more than Rome or Constantinople , Antioch or Marseilles .	ethnically diverse	Was Alexandria welcoming to other cultures ?
However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298 , based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303 , which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time .	Maximian persecution	What famous event happened in 303 ?
Secondly , the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius , among other charges , of not having yet attained the canonical age -LRB- 30 -RRB- and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328 .	the Festal Epistles	What writing mentions the Arian accusation that Athanasius was under aged ?
Secondly , the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius , among other charges , of not having yet attained the canonical age -LRB- 30 -RRB- and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328 .	canonical age (30)	At what age was a man eligible to be ordained at Patriarch of Alexandria ?
Athanasius 's first problem lay with Meletius of Lycopolis and his followers , who had failed to abide by the First Council of Nicaea .	failed to abide	Did the followers of Meletius obey the guidelines of Nicaea ?
At that meeting , the Arians claimed Athanasius would try to cut off essential Egyptian grain supplies to Constantinople .	cut off essential Egyptian grain	What was Athanasius accused of planning against the Arians ?
He was found guilty , and sent into exile to Augusta Treverorum in Gaul -LRB- now Trier in Germany -RRB- .	was found guilty	What was the verdict of the accusation ?
That council also anathematized Arius .	anathematized	What was his punishment ?
Accused of mistreating Arians and Meletians , Athanasius answered those charges at a gathering of bishops in Tyre , the First Synod of Tyre , in 335 .	Arians and Meletians	Who was he accused of harming ?
Athanasius knew Greek and admitted not knowing Hebrew -LSB- see , e.g. , the 39th Festal Letter of St. Athan . -RSB-	knew Greek	Did Athanasius speak Greek ?
Athanasius knew Greek and admitted not knowing Hebrew -LSB- see , e.g. , the 39th Festal Letter of St. Athan . -RSB-	not knowing Hebrew	Did he understand Hebrew ?
Only rarely did he use other Greek versions -LRB- to Aquila once in the Ecthesis , to other versions once or twice on the Psalms -RRB- , and his knowledge of the Old Testament was limited to the Septuagint .	limited to the Septuagint	Did he know all of the Old Testament ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The combination of Scriptural study and of Greek learning was characteristic of the famous Alexandrian School .	Scriptural study and of Greek	What did students learn in the school in Alexandria ?
The Old Testament passages he quotes frequently come from the Septuagint Greek translation .	Septuagint Greek	What translation of the Old Testament did he study ?
After the death of the replacement bishop Gregory in 345 , Constans used his influence to allow Athanasius to return to Alexandria in October 345 , amidst the enthusiastic demonstrations of the populace .	Constans	Who did he have to thank for his ability to come back to Alexandria in 345 ?
After the death of the replacement bishop Gregory in 345 , Constans used his influence to allow Athanasius to return to Alexandria in October 345 , amidst the enthusiastic demonstrations of the populace .	enthusiastic demonstrations	Were the people glad to have him home ?
This began a `` golden decade '' of peace and prosperity , during which time Athanasius assembled several documents relating to his exiles and returns from exile in the Apology Against the Arians .	Apology Against the Arians	In what writing did he recount his time in exiles ?
However , upon Constans 's death in 350 , another civil war broke out , which left pro-Arian Constantius as sole emperor .	civil war	What happened when Constans died ?
However , upon Constans 's death in 350 , another civil war broke out , which left pro-Arian Constantius as sole emperor .	pro-Arian	Did the new emperor agree or disagree with the Arians ?
Frances A. M. Forbes writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius , who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop .	fled	What did Athanasius do to avoid speaking to Alexander on his deathbed ?
`` When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch , the whole Catholic population surrounded the church , holding up their hands to Heaven and crying ; `` Give us Athanasius ! ''	Give us Athanasius	Who did the Alexandrian people want to be their Bishop ?
The Bishops had nothing better .	Bishops had nothing better	Did the Bishops have someone else in mind ?
Frances A. M. Forbes writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius , who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop .	called Athanasius	Who did Alexander ask for when he was dieing ?
Constantius hereupon sent for him under a strict guard to Milan , where , in a conference recorded by Theodoret , he boldly told Constantius that Athanasius had been acquitted at Sardica , and his enemies proved calumniators -LRB- see : `` calumny '' -RRB- and impostors , and that it was unjust to condemn a person who could not be legally convicted of any crime .	Constantius	Who tried to bribe Liberius ?
Constantius , ordered Liberius into exile in 356 giving him , then , three days to comply .	three days	How much warning was Liberius given before his exile ?
He was ordered into banishment to Beroea , in Thrace ; Beroea -LRB- Thrace -RRB- .	Beroea	Where did Liberius go ?
He sent expensive presents , too , if he were to accept the Arian position but were refused .	were refused	Did bribery work in convincing Liberius to believe the Arians ?
He assented , upon condition that he should comply with the bishops , then , at court .	comply with the bishops	What did Liberius have to promise to do in order to return ?
When Emperor Constantine I died , Athanasius was allowed to return to his See of Alexandria .	When Emperor Constantine I died	At what point could Athanasius return to Alexandria ?
Athanasius went to Rome , where he was under the protection of Constans , the Emperor of the West .	Constans	Who provided for his protection while he was in Rome ?
During this time , Gregory of Cappadocia was installed as the Patriarch of Alexandria , usurping the absent Athanasius .	Gregory of Cappadocia	Who became Patriarch in Alexandria while Athanasius was away ?
Athanasius did , however , remain in contact with his people through his annual Festal Letters , in which he also announced on which date Easter would be celebrated that year .	Festal Letters	How did the people of Alexandria know when to celebrate Easter ?
Shortly thereafter , however , Constantine 's son , the new Roman Emperor Constantius II , renewed the order for Athanasius 's banishment in 338 .	Constantius II	Who declared Athanasius to be exiled again ?
The fathers terrified of the threats of the Emperor , an avowed Arian , they consented to the condemnation of Athanasius .	threats of the Emperor	Why did the Bishops condemn Athanasius ?
Those who refused were sent into exile .	sent into exile	What happened to the Bishops who did not take the oath ?
The Pope refused to accept their decision , and requested the Emperor to hold another Council , in which the charges against Athanasius could be freely investigated .	Pope refused to accept	Did the Pope agree with this order ?
To this Constantius consented , for he felt able to control it , at Milan .	Constantius consented	Did the Emperor agree to a new trial for Athanasius ?
He presented an Arian formula of faith for their acceptance .	Arian formula of faith	What oath did the Bishops have to take at the trial ?
In 361 , after the death of Emperor Constantius , shortly followed by the murder of the very unpopular Bishop George , Athanasius returned to his patriarchate .	murder	What happened to Bishop George ?
Mild measures were agreed on for those heretic bishops who repented , but severe penance was decreed for the chief leaders of the major heresies .	severe penance	What happened to Bishop leaders who did not agree with the doctrine ?
In 361 , after the death of Emperor Constantius , shortly followed by the murder of the very unpopular Bishop George , Athanasius returned to his patriarchate .	after the death of Emperor Constantius	When did Athanasius return to his position as Patriarch ?
The following year he convened a council at Alexandria , and presided over it with Eusebius of Vercelli .	Eusebius of Vercelli	Who joined him when he formed a council to encourage unity among Christians ?
Two years later , the Emperor Valens , who favored the Arian position , in his turn exiled Athanasius .	Arian	What Christian beliefs did Emperor Valens adhere to ?
This time however , Athanasius simply left for the outskirts of Alexandria , where he stayed for only a few months before the local authorities convinced Valens to retract his order of exile .	outskirts of Alexandria	Where did Athanasius during his latest exile ?
This time however , Athanasius simply left for the outskirts of Alexandria , where he stayed for only a few months before the local authorities convinced Valens to retract his order of exile .	few months	For how long was he exiled this time ?
It was during this period , the final exile , that he is said to have spent four months in hiding in his father 's tomb .	his father's tomb	Where did he hide during this time ?
This time however , Athanasius simply left for the outskirts of Alexandria , where he stayed for only a few months before the local authorities convinced Valens to retract his order of exile .	local authorities	Who convinced Valens to let him return to Alexandria ?
Athanasius is the first person to identify the same 27 books of the New Testament that are in use today .	Athanasius	Who standardized the books of the New Testament ?
Up until then , various similar lists of works to be read in churches were in use .	various	What books were used before his decision to standardize ?
Athanasius includes the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah and places the Book of Esther among the `` 7 books not in the canon but to be read '' along with the Wisdom of Solomon , Sirach -LRB- Ecclesiasticus -RRB- , Judith , Tobit , the Didache , and the Shepherd of Hermas .	7 books	How many books are listed that should be included but were not ?
Athanasius is the first person to identify the same 27 books of the New Testament that are in use today .	27 books	How many books are in the New Testament ?
Athanasius is the first person to identify the same 27 books of the New Testament that are in use today .	in use today	Have those books changed over time ?
This letter shows clearly his stand that accepting Jesus is the Divine Son of God is not optional but necessary ; `` I know moreover that not only this thing saddens you , but also the fact that while others have obtained the churches by violence , you are meanwhile cast out from your places .	not optional but necessary	Did Athanasius feel that it was important to believe that Jesus was the Son of God ?
Clearly the true Faith .	the true Faith	Did his place more value on his Faith or where he was living ?
They are , it is true , in the places , but outside of the true Faith ; while you are outside the places indeed , but the Faith , within you .	outside of the true Faith	Did he think that the people that had exiled him were true believers ?
They are , it is true , in the places , but outside of the true Faith ; while you are outside the places indeed , but the Faith , within you .	within you	Where did Athanasius think Faith resides ?
Perhaps , his most notable letter was his Festal Letter , written to his Church in Alexandria when he was in exile , as he could not be in their presence .	his Church in Alexandria	Who was the Festal Letter written for ?
Alban Butler , writes on the subject : `` Five months after this great Council , Nicae , St Alexander lying on his death-bed , recommended to his clergy and people the choice of Athanasius for his successor , thrice repeating his name .	thrice repeating his name	How did the people know that Alexander had chosen Athanasius as his successor ?
He seems , then , to have been about thirty years of age . ''	thirty years	How old was Athanasius when he was chosen as Patriarch ?
In consequence of his recommendation , the bishops of all Egypt assembled at Alexandria , and finding the people and clergy unanimous in their choice of Athanasius for patriarch , they confirmed the election about the middle of year 326 .	bishops of all Egypt	Who came to Alexandria to confirm the choice ?
In consequence of his recommendation , the bishops of all Egypt assembled at Alexandria , and finding the people and clergy unanimous in their choice of Athanasius for patriarch , they confirmed the election about the middle of year 326 .	unanimous in their choice	Did all the people want him as Patriarch ?
Alban Butler , writes on the subject : `` Five months after this great Council , Nicae , St Alexander lying on his death-bed , recommended to his clergy and people the choice of Athanasius for his successor , thrice repeating his name .	Five months	How long after the Council of Nicae did Alexander die ?
The Gospel of John and particularly the first chapter demonstrates the Divinity of Jesus .	Gospel of John	Which of the Gospels most agrees with Athanasius ?
The Gospel of John and particularly the first chapter demonstrates the Divinity of Jesus .	the Divinity of Jesus	What does this Gospel show that Athanasius also believed ?
The Gospel of John 's first chapter began to be said at the end of Mass , we believe as a result of Athanasius , and his life 's stand , but quietly .	a result of Athanasius	Why is the Gospel of John said at the end of Catholic Mass ?
Nevertheless , the practice of saying it at the altar grew ; eventually Pius V made this practice universal for the Roman Rite in his edition of the Missal -LRB- 1570 -RRB- .	at the altar	Where was this Gospel said ?
So the Missals showed different last Gospel for certain Feast days .	certain Feast days	When are different Gospels said ?
Scholars now believe that the Arian Party was not monolithic , but held drastically different theological views that spanned the early Christian theological spectrum .	different theological views	Did all Arians believe the same things ?
They supported the tenets of Origenist thought and theology , but had little else in common .	supported the tenets	Were Arians also Origenists ?
In addition , non-Homoousian bishops disagreed with being labeled as followers of Arius , since Arius was merely a presbyter , while they were fully ordained bishops .	bishops disagreed	Did the bishops consider themselves Arians ?
However , others point to the Council of Nicaea as proof in and of itself that Arianism was a real theological ideology .	a real theological ideology	What did the Council of Nicaea decide about Arianism ?
Scholars now believe that the Arian Party was not monolithic , but held drastically different theological views that spanned the early Christian theological spectrum .	not monolithic	Did Arians have one set of beliefs ?
Logging was Seattle 's first major industry , but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush .	Klondike Gold Rush	To what golden event was Seattle the portal ?
The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s , with companies like Microsoft becoming established in the region .	Microsoft	Which large technology giant established its home base in Seattle ?
Logging was Seattle 's first major industry , but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush .	Alaska	In what area was the Klondike Gold Rush located ?
Logging was Seattle 's first major industry , but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush .	Logging	What was Seattle 's first primary money maker ?
Growth returned during and after World War II , due partially to the local Boeing company , which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing .	Boeing	What was the airplane company that helped Seattle return to economic stability ?
Seattle -LRB- i/si ˈætəl / -RRB- is a West Coast seaport city and the seat of King County .	King County	Of which Washington county is Seattle the center ?
With an estimated 662,400 residents as of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America .	662,400	By 2015 what was Seattle 's population ?
A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the third largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 .	third largest	What is Seattle 's ranking in North America in terms of container processing ?
In July 2013 it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States , and remained in the top five in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1 % .	July 2013	By what time was Seattle the most rapidly growing city in the US ?
The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound -LRB- an inlet of the Pacific Ocean -RRB- and Lake Washington , about 100 miles -LRB- 160 km -RRB- south of the Canada -- United States border .	100 miles	How far away is the Canadian border from Seattle ?
After a difficult winter , most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square .	Denny Party	What group of settlers established a site at Pioneer Square ?
Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location and reestablished their old land claim and called it `` New York '' , but renamed `` New York Alki '' in April 1853 , from a Chinook word meaning , roughly , `` by and by '' or `` someday '' .	April 1853	When was New York Alki established ?
Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location and reestablished their old land claim and called it `` New York '' , but renamed `` New York Alki '' in April 1853 , from a Chinook word meaning , roughly , `` by and by '' or `` someday '' .	New York	by what name did Charles Terry and John Low first name their settlement ?
Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location and reestablished their old land claim and called it `` New York '' , but renamed `` New York Alki '' in April 1853 , from a Chinook word meaning , roughly , `` by and by '' or `` someday '' .	New York Alki	What was the Chinook enhanced name of Terry and Low 's settlement ?
For the next few years , New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance , but in time Alki was abandoned and its residents moved across the bay to join the rest of the settlers .	New York Alki	What site was eventually abandoned when the settlers moved back in with Denny ?
The name `` Seattle '' appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23 , 1853 , when the first plats for the village were filed .	May 23, 1853	At what date did the name Seattle first appear on official papers ?
The corporate seal of the City of Seattle carries the date `` 1869 '' and a likeness of Chief Sealth in left profile .	Chief Sealth	What famous Indian appears on the seal of Seattle ?
The name `` Seattle '' appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23 , 1853 , when the first plats for the village were filed .	May 23, 1853	When were the first land allocations made in Seattle ?
On January 14 , 1865 , the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of trustees managing the city .	January 14, 1865	At what date was Seattle incorporated as a town ?
The town of Seattle was disincorporated January 18 , 1867 and remained a mere precinct of King County until late 1869 , when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated December 2 , 1869 with a Mayor-council government .	Mayor-council	What type of governing body did Seattle have in 1869 ?
The first such boom , covering the early years of the city , rode on the lumber industry .	lumber	What was the industry source that produced Seattle 's first financial vigor ?
-LRB- During this period the road now known as Yesler Way won the nickname `` Skid Road '' , supposedly after the timber skidding down the hill to Henry Yesler 's sawmill .	Skid Road	What name was given to the street Yesler Way ?
The later dereliction of the area may be a possible origin for the term which later entered the wider American lexicon as Skid Row . -RRB-	Skid Row	After Yesler Way fell into ill refute , what was the term generally used for this type of decline ?
In 1900 , Asians were 4.2 % of the population .	4.2%	What percentage of the Seattle population was Asian in 1900 ?
Like much of the American West , Seattle saw numerous conflicts between labor and management , as well as ethnic tensions that culminated in the anti-Chinese riots of 1885 -- 1886 .	anti-Chinese riots	What events occurred in 1885-1886 due to racial disputes ?
The second and most dramatic boom and bust resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush , which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893 ; in a short time , Seattle became a major transportation center .	Klondike Gold Rush	After lumbering , what was Seattle 's second big economic boom ?
The second and most dramatic boom and bust resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush , which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893 ; in a short time , Seattle became a major transportation center .	depression	What event ended the Gold Rush ?
The second and most dramatic boom and bust resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush , which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893 ; in a short time , Seattle became a major transportation center .	Panic of 1893	What was the start of the depression that stopped the Gold Rush ?
On July 14 , 1897 , the S.S. Portland docked with its famed `` ton of gold '' , and Seattle became the main transport and supply point for the miners in Alaska and the Yukon .	miners	For whom was Seattle the main port of supply ?
In 1907 , 19-year-old James E. Casey borrowed $ 100 from a friend and founded the American Messenger Company -LRB- later UPS -RRB- .	American Messenger Company	What company did James E. Casey found in 1907 with a borrowed $ 100 ?
War work again brought local prosperity during World War II , this time centered on Boeing aircraft .	Boeing aircraft	During WWII what company added substantially to Seattle 's economy ?
The war dispersed the city 's numerous Japanese-American businessmen due to the Japanese American internment .	Japanese American internment	What national event during WWII left Seattle without Japanese businessmen ?
It rose again with Boeing 's growing dominance in the commercial airliner market .	commercial airliner market	In what facet of the economy did Boeing excel ?
Seattle celebrated its restored prosperity and made a bid for world recognition with the Century 21 Exposition , the 1962 World 's Fair .	1962 World's Fair	How did Seattle celebrate its economic rise in 1962 ?
Another major local economic downturn was in the late 1960s and early 1970s , at a time when Boeing was heavily affected by the oil crises , loss of Government contracts , and costs and delays associated with the Boeing 747 .	Boeing	What company 's downturn drastically effected Seattle 's economy ?
Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who , starting in 1902 , opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies .	vaudeville	What type of theater did Alexander Pantages start in Seattle ?
Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who , starting in 1902 , opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies .	1902	When did Pantages open his movie houses ?
Between Pantages and his rival John Considine , Seattle was for a while the western United States ' vaudeville mecca .	John Considine	Who was Pantages competitor in the theater business ?
B. Marcus Priteca , the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect , built several theaters for Pantages , including some in Seattle .	B. Marcus Priteca	Who was the architect who built a number of theaters in the Seattle area ?
The theaters he built for Pantages in Seattle have been either demolished or converted to other uses , but many other theaters survive in other cities of the U.S. , often retaining the Pantages name ; Seattle 's surviving Paramount Theatre , on which he collaborated , was not a Pantages theater .	Paramount Theatre	Which of Seattle 's famous , and still extant , theaters did Priteca disign ?
Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001 , when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities ; the headquarters were moved to Chicago .	2001	When did Boeing move its headquarters to Chicago ?
Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001 , when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities ; the headquarters were moved to Chicago .	Seattle	Before 2001 , where was Boeing headquartered ?
Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001 , when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities ; the headquarters were moved to Chicago .	production facilities	What did Boeing separate from its headquarters facilities ?
The Seattle area is still home to Boeing 's Renton narrow-body plant -LRB- where the 707 , 720 , 727 , and 757 were assembled , and the 737 is assembled today -RRB- and Everett wide-body plant -LRB- assembly plant for the 747 , 767 , 777 , and 787 -RRB- .	Everett	Besides the Renton plant , where else are airplanes made for Boeing ?
The company 's credit union for employees , BECU , remains based in the Seattle area , though it is now open to all residents of Washington .	all residents	To whom is the Boeing credit union open ?
A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I , making Seattle somewhat of a company town ; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919 , the first general strike in the country .	World War I	When was ship building the economic master in Seattle ?
Violence during the Maritime Strike of 1934 cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic , which was rerouted to the Port of Los Angeles .	Port of Los Angeles.	What city profited by Seattle 's Maritime Strike ?
A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I , making Seattle somewhat of a company town ; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919 , the first general strike in the country .	Seattle General Strike	What was the first general labor strike in the 20th century ?
A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I , making Seattle somewhat of a company town ; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919 , the first general strike in the country .	1919	When did the General Strike happen in Seattle ?
Violence during the Maritime Strike of 1934 cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic , which was rerouted to the Port of Los Angeles .	Maritime Strike	What major strike in 1934 damaged Seattle 's maritime economy ?
As prosperity began to return in the 1980s , the city was stunned by the Wah Mee massacre in 1983 , when 13 people were killed in an illegal gambling club in the International District , Seattle 's Chinatown .	Wah Mee massacre	What violent act happened in Seattle 's Chinatown in 1983 ?
As prosperity began to return in the 1980s , the city was stunned by the Wah Mee massacre in 1983 , when 13 people were killed in an illegal gambling club in the International District , Seattle 's Chinatown .	gambling club	What type of establishment was Wan Mee ?
Beginning with Microsoft 's 1979 move from Albuquerque , New Mexico to nearby Bellevue , Washington , Seattle and its suburbs became home to a number of technology companies including Amazon.com , RealNetworks , Nintendo of America , McCaw Cellular -LRB- now part of AT&T Mobility -RRB- , VoiceStream -LRB- now T-Mobile -RRB- , and biomedical corporations such as HeartStream -LRB- later purchased by Philips -RRB- , Heart Technologies -LRB- later purchased by Boston Scientific -RRB- , Physio-Control -LRB- later purchased by Medtronic -RRB- , ZymoGenetics , ICOS -LRB- later purchased by Eli Lilly and Company -RRB- and Immunex -LRB- later purchased by Amgen -RRB- .	Microsoft	Which huge tech corporation moved its headquarters the Seattle area ?
This success brought an influx of new residents with a population increase within city limits of almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000 , and saw Seattle 's real estate become some of the most expensive in the country .	real estate	What item for sale in 2000 Seattle was some of the most costly in the US ?
Many of the Seattle area 's tech companies remained relatively strong , but the frenzied dot-com boom years ended in early 2001 .	early 2001	About what time did the big tech boom in Seattle fizzle ?
Seattle in this period attracted widespread attention as home to these many companies , but also by hosting the 1990 Goodwill Games and the APEC leaders conference in 1993 , as well as through the worldwide popularity of grunge , a sound that had developed in Seattle 's independent music scene .	Goodwill Games	What sporting event did Seattle sponsor in 1990 ?
The city was further shaken by the Mardi Gras Riots in 2001 , and then literally shaken the following day by the Nisqually earthquake .	Nisqually earthquake	What was the geologic event that followed the Mardi Gras Riots in2001 ?
Seattle in this period attracted widespread attention as home to these many companies , but also by hosting the 1990 Goodwill Games and the APEC leaders conference in 1993 , as well as through the worldwide popularity of grunge , a sound that had developed in Seattle 's independent music scene .	grunge	What is Seattle 's musical genre developed in the 1990s ?
Another bid for worldwide attention -- hosting the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 -- garnered visibility , but not in the way its sponsors desired , as related protest activity and police reactions to those protests overshadowed the conference itself .	1999	When did Seattle offer the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference ?
Another bid for worldwide attention -- hosting the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 -- garnered visibility , but not in the way its sponsors desired , as related protest activity and police reactions to those protests overshadowed the conference itself .	police reactions	What caused bad press during the conference protests in Seattle ?
Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound -LRB- an arm of the Pacific Ocean -RRB- to the west and Lake Washington to the east .	Puget Sound	What water mass is located west of Seattle ?
To the west , beyond Puget Sound , are the Kitsap Peninsula and Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula ; to the east , beyond Lake Washington and the eastside suburbs , are Lake Sammamish and the Cascade Range .	Olympic Peninsula	What land area is west of Puget Sound ?
Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound -LRB- an arm of the Pacific Ocean -RRB- to the west and Lake Washington to the east .	Lake Washington	What lake is to the east of Seattle ?
The city 's chief harbor , Elliott Bay , is part of Puget Sound , which makes the city an oceanic port .	Elliott Bay	Where is Seattle 's prime harbor ?
The city 's chief harbor , Elliott Bay , is part of Puget Sound , which makes the city an oceanic port .	oceanic port	Because Elliott Bay is salt water , what kind of port is Seattle ?
Amazon.com moved its headquarters from North Beacon Hill to South Lake Union and began a rapid expansion .	Amazon.com	What large company moved its headquarters to South Lake Union in Seattle ?
For the five years beginning in 2010 , Seattle gained an average of 14,511 residents per year , with the growth strongly skewed toward the center of the city , as unemployment dropped from roughly 9 percent to 3.6 percent .	2010	When did Amazon begin its latest expansion ?
The city has found itself `` bursting at the seams , '' with over 45,000 households spending more than half their income on housing and at least 2,800 people homeless , and with the country 's sixth-worst rush hour traffic .	more than half	How much of their income do half of Seattle 's population have to spend on housing ?
For the five years beginning in 2010 , Seattle gained an average of 14,511 residents per year , with the growth strongly skewed toward the center of the city , as unemployment dropped from roughly 9 percent to 3.6 percent .	14,511	How many new people move to Seattle each year ?
The city has found itself `` bursting at the seams , '' with over 45,000 households spending more than half their income on housing and at least 2,800 people homeless , and with the country 's sixth-worst rush hour traffic .	sixth-worst	Where does Seattle rank in rush hour traffic ?
Due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire , Seattle is in a major earthquake zone .	Pacific Ring of Fire	What hazardous geologic area does Seattle inhabit ?
On February 28 , 2001 , the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake did significant architectural damage , especially in the Pioneer Square area -LRB- built on reclaimed land , as are the Industrial District and part of the city center -RRB- , but caused only one fatality .	reclaimed land	What type of land area is at most risk of earthquake damage ?
On February 28 , 2001 , the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake did significant architectural damage , especially in the Pioneer Square area -LRB- built on reclaimed land , as are the Industrial District and part of the city center -RRB- , but caused only one fatality .	6.8	What was the magnitude of the Nisqually quake ?
On February 28 , 2001 , the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake did significant architectural damage , especially in the Pioneer Square area -LRB- built on reclaimed land , as are the Industrial District and part of the city center -RRB- , but caused only one fatality .	February 28, 2001	On what date did the Nisqually earthquake occur that damaged the Pioneer Square area ?
The Cascadia subduction zone poses the threat of an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or greater , capable of seriously damaging the city and collapsing many buildings , especially in zones built on fill .	9.0 or greater	What is the amount of magnitude possible on the Cascadia subduction zone ?
Like Rome , the city is said to lie on seven hills ; the lists vary , but typically include Capitol Hill , First Hill , West Seattle , Beacon Hill , Queen Anne , Magnolia , and the former Denny Hill .	Rome	What other famous city , besides Seattle , lies on seven hills ?
Many of the hilliest areas are near the city center , with Capitol Hill , First Hill , and Beacon Hill collectively constituting something of a ridge along an isthmus between Elliott Bay and Lake Washington .	ridge	What type of land area does Capital hill , First Hill , and Beacon Hill constitute ?
The topography of the city center was also changed by the construction of a seawall and the artificial Harbor Island -LRB- completed 1909 -RRB- at the mouth of the city 's industrial Duwamish Waterway , the terminus of the Green River .	Harbor Island	What artificial geological feature was added to Seattle in 1909 ?
The highest point within city limits is at High Point in West Seattle , which is roughly located near 35th Ave SW and SW Myrtle St. Other notable hills include Crown Hill , View Ridge/Wedgwood/Bryant , Maple Leaf , Phinney Ridge , Mt. Baker Ridge and Highlands/Carkeek/Bitterlake .	High Point	Where is the highest place in Seattle ?
The topography of the city center was also changed by the construction of a seawall and the artificial Harbor Island -LRB- completed 1909 -RRB- at the mouth of the city 's industrial Duwamish Waterway , the terminus of the Green River .	Duwamish Waterway	Where was Harbor Island built ?
From 1981 to 2010 , the average annual precipitation measured at Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport was 37.49 inches -LRB- 952 mm -RRB- .	37.49 inches	What is the average rainfall in Seattle ?
Around 80 mi -LRB- 129 km -RRB- to the west , the Hoh Rain Forest in Olympic National Park on the western flank of the Olympic Mountains receives an annual average precipitation of 142 in -LRB- 3.61 m -RRB- .	Hoh Rain Forest	Where on the Olympic Peninsula does the rainfall average 142 inches a year ?
Around 80 mi -LRB- 129 km -RRB- to the west , the Hoh Rain Forest in Olympic National Park on the western flank of the Olympic Mountains receives an annual average precipitation of 142 in -LRB- 3.61 m -RRB- .	Olympic Mountains	What mountain range is the cause of the variance in rainfall ?
Due to local variations in microclimate , Seattle also receives significantly lower precipitation than some other locations west of the Cascades .	variations in microclimate	What weather factor produces a great variance in local climates in the Seattle area ?
Sixty miles to the south of Seattle , the state capital Olympia , which is out of the Olympic Mountains ' rain shadow , receives an annual average precipitation of 50 in -LRB- 1,270 mm -RRB- .	Olympia	What is the capital of the state of Washington ?
In November , Seattle averages more rainfall than any other U.S. city of more than 250,000 people ; it also ranks highly in winter precipitation .	November	During which month does Seattle get more precipitation than other US cities ?
Conversely , the city receives some of the lowest precipitation amounts of any large city from June to September .	June to September	When does Seattle get it lowest levels of precipitation ?
Seattle is one of the five rainiest major U.S. cities as measured by the number of days with precipitation , and it receives some of the lowest amounts of annual sunshine among major cities in the lower 48 states , along with some cities in the Northeast , Ohio and Michigan .	Seattle	In the lower 48 states , which city receives some of the least sunny days that any other ?
Thunderstorms are rare , as the city reports thunder on just seven days per year .	Thunderstorms	What weather feature is highly unusual in Seattle ?
Thunderstorms are rare , as the city reports thunder on just seven days per year .	seven	About how many days a year is thunder a reported weather event in Seattle ?
Temperature extremes are moderated by the adjacent Puget Sound , greater Pacific Ocean , and Lake Washington .	Temperature extremes	What does the local water ways regulate in the Seattle area ?
Official weather and climatic data is collected at Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport , located about 19 km -LRB- 12 mi -RRB- south of downtown in the city of SeaTac , which is at a higher elevation , and records more cloudy days and fewer partly cloudy days per year .	Seattle–Tacoma International Airport	At what location is most weather data collected for the Seattle area ?
The region is largely shielded from Pacific storms by the Olympic Mountains and from Arctic air by the Cascade Range .	Olympic Mountains	What land mass protects Seattle from Pacific caused weather ?
The region is largely shielded from Pacific storms by the Olympic Mountains and from Arctic air by the Cascade Range .	Cascade Range	What geologic feature protects Seattle from the Arctic cold winds ?
This reputation stems from the frequency of light precipitation in the fall , winter , and spring .	light precipitation	What type of rain fall does Seattle most often experience ?
The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle 's weather .	Puget Sound Convergence Zone	What is a very significant part of Seattle 's weather system ?
Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean ; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle 's west , then reunited to the east .	streams of air	Of what is the Convergence Zone comprised ?
Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean ; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle 's west , then reunited to the east .	Pacific Ocean	From where do the two streams of air come ?
Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean ; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle 's west , then reunited to the east .	Olympic Mountains	What mountain Range splits the wind stream in the west of Seattle ?
The Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm in December 2006 is an exception that brought heavy rain and winds gusting up to 69 mph -LRB- 111 km/h -RRB- , an event that was not caused by the Puget Sound Convergence Zone and was widespread across the Pacific Northwest .	Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm	What bad wind and rain event was not caused by the Convergence Zone ?
Seattle typically receives some snowfall on an annual basis but heavy snow is rare .	heavy snow	What type of snowfall is not often seen in Seattle ?
Average annual snowfall , as measured at Sea-Tac Airport , is 6.8 inches -LRB- 17.3 cm -RRB- .	6.8 inches	What is the usual average snowfall in Seattle ?
Single calendar-day snowfall of six inches or greater has occurred on only 15 days since 1948 , and only once since February 17 , 1990 , when 6.8 in -LRB- 17.3 cm -RRB- of snow officially fell at Sea-Tac airport on January 18 , 2012 .	once	How many times has snowfall been reported at more than 6 inches since 1990 ?
Another moderate snow event occurred from December 12 -- 25 , 2008 , when over one foot -LRB- 30 cm -RRB- of snow fell and stuck on much of the roads over those two weeks , when temperatures remained below 32 °F -LRB- 0 °C -RRB- , causing widespread difficulties in a city not equipped for clearing snow .	December 12–25, 2008	When was there a moderate snowfall of over one foot that lasted on the ground two weeks ?
The largest documented snowstorm occurred from January 5 -- 9 , 1880 , with snow drifting to 6 feet -LRB- 1.8 m -RRB- in places at the end of the snow event .	January 5–9, 1880	On what dates did Seattle experience a snow event of 6 feet ?
Winters are cool and wet with December , the coolest month , averaging 40.6 °F -LRB- 4.8 °C -RRB- , with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark , and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day ; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F -LRB- − 7 °C -RRB- .	40.6 °F	What is Seattle 's average December temperature ?
Winters are cool and wet with December , the coolest month , averaging 40.6 °F -LRB- 4.8 °C -RRB- , with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark , and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day ; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F -LRB- − 7 °C -RRB- .	28 annual days	How many winter days reach freezing in Seattle ?
Summers are sunny , dry and warm , with August , the warmest month , averaging 66.1 °F -LRB- 18.9 °C -RRB- , and with temperatures reaching 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- on 3.1 days per year , although 2011 is the most recent year to not reach 90 °F .	August	What month is the warmest in Seattle ?
Summers are sunny , dry and warm , with August , the warmest month , averaging 66.1 °F -LRB- 18.9 °C -RRB- , and with temperatures reaching 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- on 3.1 days per year , although 2011 is the most recent year to not reach 90 °F .	66.1 °F	What is August 's usual temperature ?
The average window for freezing temperatures is November 16 thru March 10 , allowing a growing season of 250 days .	250 days	How long is the growing season in the Seattle area ?
Seattle experiences its heaviest rainfall during the months of November , December and January , receiving roughly half of its annual rainfall -LRB- by volume -RRB- during this period .	half	What quantity of yearly rainfall does Seattle have during the winter ?
Seattle experiences its heaviest rainfall during the months of November , December and January , receiving roughly half of its annual rainfall -LRB- by volume -RRB- during this period .	heaviest rainfall	What type of weather does Seattle have in the winter months ?
In late fall and early winter , atmospheric rivers -LRB- also known as `` Pineapple Express '' systems -RRB- , strong frontal systems , and Pacific low pressure systems are common .	Pineapple Express	What are atmospheric rivers called in the Seattle area ?
One such event occurred on December 2 -- 4 , 2007 , when sustained hurricane-force winds and widespread heavy rainfall associated with a strong Pineapple Express event occurred in the greater Puget Sound area and the western parts of Washington and Oregon .	December 2–4, 2007	When did Seattle have hurricane type winds and heavy rains ?
Lack of adaptation to the heavy rain contributed to five deaths and widespread flooding and damage .	five deaths	How many deaths occurred during the 2007 heavy rains ?
In 2006 , after growing by 4,000 citizens per year for the previous 16 years , regional planners expected the population of Seattle to grow by 200,000 people by 2040 .	200,000	How many more people does Seattle expect to have by 2040 ?
The Seattle City Council later voted to relax height limits on buildings in the greater part of Downtown , partly with the aim to increase residential density in the city centre .	height limits	What change in building heights did Seattle make to increase population density in its downtown ?
However , former mayor Greg Nickels supported plans that would increase the population by 60 % , or 350,000 people , by 2040 and worked on ways to accommodate this growth while keeping Seattle 's single-family housing zoning laws .	Greg Nickels	Who wanted to grow Seattle by 60 % by 2040 ?
As a sign of increasing inner-city growth , the downtown population crested to over 60,000 in 2009 , up 77 % since 1990 .	77%	How much increase in population has the inner Seattle city had since 1990 ?
As a sign of increasing inner-city growth , the downtown population crested to over 60,000 in 2009 , up 77 % since 1990 .	60,000	What was the downtown Seattle population in 2009 ?
Seattle 's foreign-born population grew 40 % between the 1990 and 2000 censuses .	40%	How much did Seattle 's foreign born population expand between 1990-2000 ?
Additionally , the Seattle area had the highest percentage of self-identified mixed-race people of any large metropolitan area in the United States , according to the 2000 United States Census Bureau .	self-identified mixed-race	What other group of people does Seattle have the largest percentage of in the US ?
The earliest Chinese-Americans that came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were almost entirely from Guangdong province .	Guangdong province	From where in China did most of the first immigrants come ?
The Seattle area is also home to a large Vietnamese population of more than 55,000 residents , as well as over 30,000 Somali immigrants .	55,000	How many Vietnamese residents are there in Seattle ?
The Seattle-Tacoma area is also home to one of the largest Cambodian communities in the United States , numbering about 19,000 Cambodian Americans , and one of the largest Samoan communities in the mainland U.S. , with over 15,000 people having Samoan ancestry .	19,000	What is the population of Cambodian immigrants in Seattle ?
In 1960 , whites comprised 91.6 % of the city 's population , while in 2010 they comprised 69.5 % .	91.6%	In 1960 , what was the percentage of whites in the Seattle area ?
Seattle 's population historically has been predominantly white .	white	What is the basic race of most people in Seattle ?
In 1960 , whites comprised 91.6 % of the city 's population , while in 2010 they comprised 69.5 % .	69.5%	According to the 2010 census , what was the white population in Seattle ?
According to the 2006 -- 2008 American Community Survey , approximately 78.9 % of residents over the age of five spoke only English at home .	78.9%	In 2006-2008 , how many people in Seattle spoke English at home ?
Those who spoke Asian languages other than Indo-European languages made up 10.2 % of the population , Spanish was spoken by 4.5 % of the population , speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 3.9 % , and speakers of other languages made up 2.5 % .	10.2%	What is the percentage of Asian speakers in Seattle ?
Four companies on the 2013 Fortune 500 list of the United States ' largest companies , based on total revenue , are headquartered in Seattle : Internet retailer Amazon.com -LRB- # 49 -RRB- , coffee chain Starbucks -LRB- # 208 -RRB- , department store Nordstrom -LRB- # 227 -RRB- , and freight forwarder Expeditors International of Washington -LRB- # 428 -RRB- .	Four	How many of the Fortune 500 companies are based in Seattle ?
The city has a reputation for heavy coffee consumption ; coffee companies founded or based in Seattle include Starbucks , Seattle 's Best Coffee , and Tully 's .	coffee	What drink do the people of Seattle excel in drinking ?
Four companies on the 2013 Fortune 500 list of the United States ' largest companies , based on total revenue , are headquartered in Seattle : Internet retailer Amazon.com -LRB- # 49 -RRB- , coffee chain Starbucks -LRB- # 208 -RRB- , department store Nordstrom -LRB- # 227 -RRB- , and freight forwarder Expeditors International of Washington -LRB- # 428 -RRB- .	Starbucks	What famous coffee chain is home in Seattle ?
Four companies on the 2013 Fortune 500 list of the United States ' largest companies , based on total revenue , are headquartered in Seattle : Internet retailer Amazon.com -LRB- # 49 -RRB- , coffee chain Starbucks -LRB- # 208 -RRB- , department store Nordstrom -LRB- # 227 -RRB- , and freight forwarder Expeditors International of Washington -LRB- # 428 -RRB- .	Amazon.com	Which huge internet seller is headquartered in Seattle ?
Microsoft -LRB- # 35 -RRB- is located in Redmond .	Redmond	In what city near Seattle is Microsoft based ?
Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago , aerospace manufacturer Boeing -LRB- # 30 -RRB- was the largest company based in Seattle .	Boeing	Before they moved to Chicago , what was the biggest company headquartered in Seattle ?
In 2005 , Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels .	buying a house	For what did Forbes rank Seattle the most expensive ?
Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton , and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton , so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area .	Everett and Renton	Where in the Seattle area does Boeing have manufacturing plants ?
Former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006 .	Mayor Greg Nickels	Which past mayor of Seattle has been criticized for favoring the rich of industry at the expense of the people ?
Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway , in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city , joining biotech companies Corixa -LRB- acquired by GlaxoSmithKline -RRB- , Immunex -LRB- now part of Amgen -RRB- , Trubion , and ZymoGenetics .	biotech companies	What type of businesses did Nickles want to attract to Seattle ?
The city 's gross metropolitan product was $ 231 billion in 2010 , making it the 11th largest metropolitan economy in the United States .	$231 billion	What was Seattle 's gross product in 2010 ?
The city 's gross metropolitan product was $ 231 billion in 2010 , making it the 11th largest metropolitan economy in the United States .	11th largest	Where does Seattle rank in size of economy in 2010 ?
The Port of Seattle , which also operates Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport , is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska , and is the 8th largest port in the United States in terms of container capacity .	8th largest port	How does the Port of Seattle container capability rank as compared to others in the US ?
In February 2010 , the city government committed Seattle to becoming North America 's first `` climate neutral '' city , with a goal of reaching zero net per capita greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 .	2030	When does Seattle want to be rated as a climate neutral city ?
Though it was affected by the Great Recession , Seattle has retained a comparatively strong economy , and remains a hotbed for start-up businesses , especially in green building and clean technologies : it was ranked as America 's No. 1 `` smarter city '' based on its government policies and green economy .	start-up businesses	What type of industry thrives in Settle ?
According to a 2006 study by UCLA , 12.9 % of city residents polled identified as gay , lesbian , or bisexual .	12.9%	By a UCLA study , how many Seattle residents identify as gay , lesbian or bisexual ?
This was the second-highest proportion of any major U.S. city , behind San Francisco Greater Seattle also ranked second among major U.S. metropolitan areas , with 6.5 % of the population identifying as gay , lesbian , or bisexual .	second-highest	How does the numbers in the gay community rank compared to other US cities ?
This was the second-highest proportion of any major U.S. city , behind San Francisco Greater Seattle also ranked second among major U.S. metropolitan areas , with 6.5 % of the population identifying as gay , lesbian , or bisexual .	San Francisco	What city ranked higher in population in the gay community ?
According to 2012 estimates from the United States Census Bureau , Seattle has the highest percentage of same-sex households in the United States , at 2.6 per cent , surpassing San Francisco .	2.6	What is Seattle 's percentage of same sex households ?
According to 2012 estimates from the United States Census Bureau , Seattle has the highest percentage of same-sex households in the United States , at 2.6 per cent , surpassing San Francisco .	highest percentage	What is Seattle 's ranking for same sex households as compared with the rest of the US ?
Seattle has `` around 100 '' theatrical production companies and over two dozen live theatre venues , many of them associated with fringe theatre ; Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters -LRB- 28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors ' Equity contract -RRB- .	around 100	How many theater companies does Seattle have in residence ?
Seattle has `` around 100 '' theatrical production companies and over two dozen live theatre venues , many of them associated with fringe theatre ; Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters -LRB- 28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors ' Equity contract -RRB- .	28	How many equity theaters does Seattle have ?
The 5th Avenue Theatre , built in 1926 , stages Broadway-style musical shows featuring both local talent and international stars .	5th Avenue Theatre	What Seattle theater was built in 1926 ?
Seattle has `` around 100 '' theatrical production companies and over two dozen live theatre venues , many of them associated with fringe theatre ; Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters -LRB- 28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors ' Equity contract -RRB- .	fringe theatre	To what type of theater are the two dozen live venues in Seattle associated ?
Seattle has `` around 100 '' theatrical production companies and over two dozen live theatre venues , many of them associated with fringe theatre ; Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters -LRB- 28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors ' Equity contract -RRB- .	equity theaters	To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York ?
The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet , which perform at McCaw Hall -LRB- opened 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center -RRB- , are comparably distinguished , with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner and the PNB School -LRB- founded in 1974 -RRB- ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States .	PNB School	What Seattle organization is one of the top ballet schools in the US ?
The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra is among the world 's most recorded and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall .	Benaroya Hall	In what venue does the Seattle symphony perform ?
The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet , which perform at McCaw Hall -LRB- opened 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center -RRB- , are comparably distinguished , with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner and the PNB School -LRB- founded in 1974 -RRB- ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States .	McCaw Hall	Where do the Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet perform ?
The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet , which perform at McCaw Hall -LRB- opened 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center -RRB- , are comparably distinguished , with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner and the PNB School -LRB- founded in 1974 -RRB- ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States .	Seattle Opera House	What structure was originally at site of the McCaw Hall ?
Seattle 's current official nickname is the `` Emerald City '' , the result of a contest held in 1981 ; the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area .	Emerald City	What is Seattle 's present nickname ?
The city has two official slogans or mottos : `` The City of Flowers '' , meant to encourage the planting of flowers to beautify the city , and `` The City of Goodwill '' , adopted prior to the 1990 Goodwill Games .	The City of Goodwill	What did Seattle call itself at the time of the Goodwill Games ?
Seattle 's current official nickname is the `` Emerald City '' , the result of a contest held in 1981 ; the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area .	evergreen forests	To what distinct feature of the area does Emerald City refer ?
Seattle is also referred to informally as the `` Gateway to Alaska '' for being the nearest major city in the contiguous US to Alaska , `` Rain City '' for its frequent cloudy and rainy weather , and `` Jet City '' from the local influence of Boeing .	Gateway to Alaska	Since Seattle is near Alaska , what is the city called ?
Seattle is also referred to informally as the `` Gateway to Alaska '' for being the nearest major city in the contiguous US to Alaska , `` Rain City '' for its frequent cloudy and rainy weather , and `` Jet City '' from the local influence of Boeing .	Boeing	From what company does Seattle get its nickname Jet City ?
Among Seattle 's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival , Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend , numerous Seafair events throughout July and August -LRB- ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races -RRB- , the Bite of Seattle , one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States , and the art and music festival Bumbershoot , which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend .	Seattle International Film Festival	What Seattle fair lasts 24 days ?
Among Seattle 's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival , Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend , numerous Seafair events throughout July and August -LRB- ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races -RRB- , the Bite of Seattle , one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States , and the art and music festival Bumbershoot , which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend .	Bite of Seattle	What is Seattle 's gay pride parade called ?
All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually , as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations .	two	How many Independence Day celebrations does Seattle have yearly ?
Among Seattle 's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival , Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend , numerous Seafair events throughout July and August -LRB- ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races -RRB- , the Bite of Seattle , one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States , and the art and music festival Bumbershoot , which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend .	July and August	When are Seafair events held in Seattle ?
Among Seattle 's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival , Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend , numerous Seafair events throughout July and August -LRB- ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races -RRB- , the Bite of Seattle , one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States , and the art and music festival Bumbershoot , which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend .	art and music	What is the focus of the Bumbershoot festival ?
Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament .	2001	When did Seattle host the national Poetry Slam Tournament ?
The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that -LRB- launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997 -RRB- has featured local , regional , national , and international names in poetry .	Poetry Circus	What poetry festival was first held in 1997 ?
The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that -LRB- launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997 -RRB- has featured local , regional , national , and international names in poetry .	biennial	How often is the Seattle Poetry festival held ?
Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield , two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ ; Anis Mojgani , two-time National Poetry Slam Champ ; and Danny Sherrard , 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ .	annually	How often does Seattle send to the National Poetry Slam ?
Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield , two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ ; Anis Mojgani , two-time National Poetry Slam Champ ; and Danny Sherrard , 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ .	performance poets	To what style of poet does Seattle consider itself home ?
Seattle is considered the home of grunge music , having produced artists such as Nirvana , Soundgarden , Alice in Chains , Pearl Jam , and Mudhoney , all of whom reached international audiences in the early 1990s .	grunge	What genre of music are Nirvana and Soundgarden ?
Rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix , Duff McKagan , and Nikki Sixx spent their formative years in Seattle .	Seattle	Where did artists such as Hendrix and Sixx spend their early years ?
The city is also home to such varied artists as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz , hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer , hip hop artists Sir Mix-a-Lot , Macklemore , Blue Scholars , and Shabazz Palaces , smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G , classic rock staples Heart and Queensrÿche , and alternative rock bands such as Foo Fighters , Harvey Danger , The Presidents of the United States of America , The Posies , Modest Mouse , Band of Horses , Death Cab for Cutie , and Fleet Foxes .	avant-garde jazz	What type of musician is Bill Frisell ?
The city is also home to such varied artists as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz , hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer , hip hop artists Sir Mix-a-Lot , Macklemore , Blue Scholars , and Shabazz Palaces , smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G , classic rock staples Heart and Queensrÿche , and alternative rock bands such as Foo Fighters , Harvey Danger , The Presidents of the United States of America , The Posies , Modest Mouse , Band of Horses , Death Cab for Cutie , and Fleet Foxes .	hip hop	What style of music does Sir Mix-a-Lot and Macklemore represent in Seattle ?
The city is also home to such varied artists as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz , hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer , hip hop artists Sir Mix-a-Lot , Macklemore , Blue Scholars , and Shabazz Palaces , smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G , classic rock staples Heart and Queensrÿche , and alternative rock bands such as Foo Fighters , Harvey Danger , The Presidents of the United States of America , The Posies , Modest Mouse , Band of Horses , Death Cab for Cutie , and Fleet Foxes .	alternative rock	What type of music do Foo Fighters and Harvey Danger perform ?
The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927 , the first public art museum in Washington .	1927	When did the first art gallery open in Washington state ?
The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927 , the first public art museum in Washington .	Henry Art Gallery	What was the name of the first art museum in Washington ?
The Seattle Art Museum -LRB- SAM -RRB- opened in 1933 ; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 -LRB- expanded and reopened 2007 -RRB- ; since 1991 , the 1933 building has been SAM 's Seattle Asian Art Museum -LRB- SAAM -RRB- .	1933	When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors ?
SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park -LRB- opened 2007 -RRB- on the waterfront north of the downtown piers .	Olympic Sculpture Park	Besides the museums , what other art offering does SAM operate ?
Seattle has artist-run galleries , including 10-year veteran Soil Art Gallery , and the newer Crawl Space Gallery .	artist-run	Aside from publically operated museums , what other type of person galleries does Seattle offer ?
There are other annual events , ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show ; an anime convention , Sakura-Con ; Penny Arcade Expo , a gaming convention ; a two-day , 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic , and specialized film festivals , such as the Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival , the Seattle Asian American Film Festival -LRB- formerly known as the Northwest Asian American Film Festival -RRB- , Children 's Film Festival Seattle , Translation : the Seattle Transgender Film Festival , the Seattle Gay and Lesbian Film Festival , and the Seattle Polish Film Festival .	Sakura-Con	What anime convention is held in Seattle ?
There are other annual events , ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show ; an anime convention , Sakura-Con ; Penny Arcade Expo , a gaming convention ; a two-day , 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic , and specialized film festivals , such as the Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival , the Seattle Asian American Film Festival -LRB- formerly known as the Northwest Asian American Film Festival -RRB- , Children 's Film Festival Seattle , Translation : the Seattle Transgender Film Festival , the Seattle Gay and Lesbian Film Festival , and the Seattle Polish Film Festival .	gaming	What is focus of the Penny Arcade Expo ?
There are other annual events , ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show ; an anime convention , Sakura-Con ; Penny Arcade Expo , a gaming convention ; a two-day , 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic , and specialized film festivals , such as the Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival , the Seattle Asian American Film Festival -LRB- formerly known as the Northwest Asian American Film Festival -RRB- , Children 's Film Festival Seattle , Translation : the Seattle Transgender Film Festival , the Seattle Gay and Lesbian Film Festival , and the Seattle Polish Film Festival .	Seattle Transgender Film Festival	What festival does Seattle have for the transgender community ?
There are other annual events , ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show ; an anime convention , Sakura-Con ; Penny Arcade Expo , a gaming convention ; a two-day , 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic , and specialized film festivals , such as the Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival , the Seattle Asian American Film Festival -LRB- formerly known as the Northwest Asian American Film Festival -RRB- , Children 's Film Festival Seattle , Translation : the Seattle Transgender Film Festival , the Seattle Gay and Lesbian Film Festival , and the Seattle Polish Film Festival .	Seattle Polish Film Festival	What is Seattle 's festival for the Polish community ?
Seattle 's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the PCHA 's Seattle Metropolitans , which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the Stanley Cup .	PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans	What was the first American hockey team to win a Stanley Cup ?
From 1967 to 2008 Seattle was also home to an National Basketball Association -LRB- NBA -RRB- franchise : the Seattle SuperSonics , who were the 1978 -- 79 NBA champions .	1978–79	When did the Seattle Super Sonics win an NBA championship ?
Seattle 's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the PCHA 's Seattle Metropolitans , which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the Stanley Cup .	1917	In what year did the Seattle Metropolitans win the Stanley Cup ?
The Pilots relocated to Milwaukee , Wisconsin and became the Milwaukee Brewers for the 1970 season .	Milwaukee, Wisconsin	To where did Seattle 's Baseball team relocate in 1969 ?
The Pilots relocated to Milwaukee , Wisconsin and became the Milwaukee Brewers for the 1970 season .	Milwaukee Brewers	What was the new name of the Seattle team ?
The Seahawks have advanced to the Super Bowl three times : 2005 , 2013 and 2014 .	three	How many times have the Seattle Seahawks played in the World Series ?
They defeated the Denver Broncos 43-8 to win their first Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLVIII , but lost 24-28 against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX .	Denver Broncos	Who did the Seahawks beat to win the Super Bowl ?
They defeated the Denver Broncos 43-8 to win their first Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLVIII , but lost 24-28 against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX .	New England Patriots	What team defeated the Seattle Seahawks to win Super Bowl XLIX ?
Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009 , sharing CenturyLink Field with the Seahawks , as a continuation of earlier teams in the lower divisions of American soccer .	Seattle Sounders FC	What is the Seattle soccer club named ?
Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009 , sharing CenturyLink Field with the Seahawks , as a continuation of earlier teams in the lower divisions of American soccer .	Seahawks	With what team do the Sounders share Century Link Field ?
Seattle is widely considered one of the most liberal cities in the United States , even surpassing its neighbor , Portland , Oregon .	liberal	What is Seattle thought to be politically ?
In the 2012 U.S. general election , an overwhelming majority of Seattleites voted to approve Referendum 74 and legalize gay marriage in Washington state .	gay marriage	What did the people of Seattle vote to legalize in 2012 ?
In the same election , an overwhelming majority of Seattleites also voted to approve the legalization of the recreational use of cannabis in the state .	use of cannabis	What other political hot issue did voters in Seattle vote to legalize in 2012 ?
Like much of the Pacific Northwest -LRB- which has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism -RRB- , church attendance , religious belief , and political influence of religious leaders are much lower than in other parts of America .	atheism	What do residents of Seattle believe in matters of religion ?
Like much of the Pacific Northwest -LRB- which has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism -RRB- , church attendance , religious belief , and political influence of religious leaders are much lower than in other parts of America .	much lower	How does Seattle compare in church attendance to the rest oF the US ?
Seattle 's political culture is very liberal and progressive for the United States , with over 80 % of the population voting for the Democratic Party .	over 80%	How many people in Seattle vote Democratic ?
All precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election .	Barack Obama	For whom did the residents of Seattle vote in the 2012 presidential election ?
In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and United States Congress , nearly all elections are won by Democrats .	Democrats	What party members win most state and national legislative elections ?
Seattle is considered the first major American city to elect a female mayor , Bertha Knight Landes .	Bertha Knight Landes	Who was Seattle 's , and the nation 's , first female mayor ?
The majority of the current city council is female , while white men comprise a minority .	female	What is the sex of the majority of Seattle 's city council ?
Federally , Seattle is part of Washington 's 7th congressional district , represented by Democrat Jim McDermott , elected in 1988 and one of Congress 's liberal members .	7th congressional district	Of what Congressional district is Seattle a part ?
Like most parts of the United States , government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives -LRB- allowing citizens to pass or reject laws -RRB- , referenda -LRB- allowing citizens to approve or reject legislation already passed -RRB- , and propositions -LRB- allowing specific government agencies to propose new laws/tax increases directly to the people -RRB- .	Like most	To which states ' election laws are Seattle 's law and ballots similar ?
Federally , Seattle is part of Washington 's 7th congressional district , represented by Democrat Jim McDermott , elected in 1988 and one of Congress 's liberal members .	Jim McDermott	Who is the representative for Seattle 's district ?
Federally , Seattle is part of Washington 's 7th congressional district , represented by Democrat Jim McDermott , elected in 1988 and one of Congress 's liberal members .	1988	When was McDermott elected to office ?
Ed Murray is currently serving as mayor .	Ed Murray	Who is the present mayor of Seattle ?
Of the city 's population over the age of 25 , 53.8 % -LRB- vs. a national average of 27.4 % -RRB- hold a bachelor 's degree or higher , and 91.9 % -LRB- vs. 84.5 % nationally -RRB- have a high school diploma or equivalent .	53.8%	What percentage of the Seattle population has a bachelor 's degree ?
The city was listed as the most literate of the country 's 69 largest cities in 2005 and 2006 , the second most literate in 2007 and the most literate in 2008 in studies conducted by Central Connecticut State University .	most literate	How was Seattle ranked on literacy in 2005-2006 ?
Of the city 's population over the age of 25 , 53.8 % -LRB- vs. a national average of 27.4 % -RRB- hold a bachelor 's degree or higher , and 91.9 % -LRB- vs. 84.5 % nationally -RRB- have a high school diploma or equivalent .	27.4%	What is the national average of obtaining a bachelor 's degree ?
Of the city 's population over the age of 25 , 53.8 % -LRB- vs. a national average of 27.4 % -RRB- hold a bachelor 's degree or higher , and 91.9 % -LRB- vs. 84.5 % nationally -RRB- have a high school diploma or equivalent .	91.9%	How much of the Seattle population have high school diplomas ?
Of the city 's population over the age of 25 , 53.8 % -LRB- vs. a national average of 27.4 % -RRB- hold a bachelor 's degree or higher , and 91.9 % -LRB- vs. 84.5 % nationally -RRB- have a high school diploma or equivalent .	84.5%	What is the national average of high school diploma holding citizens ?
Non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KPLU-FM 88.5 -LRB- Tacoma -RRB- , as well as classical music station KING-FM 98.1 .	Non-commercial	What type of radio stations abound in Seattle ?
Many Seattle radio stations are also available through Internet radio , with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio .	Internet radio	Where has KEXP pioneered in Radio ?
Non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KPLU-FM 88.5 -LRB- Tacoma -RRB- , as well as classical music station KING-FM 98.1 .	NPR affiliates	What are KUOW and KPLU radio stations ?
Other stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 -LRB- affiliated with the UW -RRB- , community radio KBCS-FM 91.3 -LRB- affiliated with Bellevue College -RRB- , and high school radio KNHC-FM 89.5 , which broadcasts an electronic dance music radio format and is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School .	UW	With what educational facility is KEXP-FM aligned ?
Other stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 -LRB- affiliated with the UW -RRB- , community radio KBCS-FM 91.3 -LRB- affiliated with Bellevue College -RRB- , and high school radio KNHC-FM 89.5 , which broadcasts an electronic dance music radio format and is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School .	KNHC-FM 89.5	What radio station is operated by the public school system ?
As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , Seattle has one major daily newspaper , The Seattle Times .	The Seattle Times	What is the Seattle newspaper as of 2010 ?
Real Change is a weekly street newspaper that is sold mainly by homeless persons as an alternative to panhandling .	homeless persons	Who sells the newspaper Real Change on the street ?
The Seattle Post-Intelligencer , known as the P-I , published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17 , 2009 , before switching to a strictly on-line publication .	on-line	In what venue does the Seattle Post-Intelligencer publish ?
The Seattle Post-Intelligencer , known as the P-I , published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17 , 2009 , before switching to a strictly on-line publication .	1863	In what year did the Seattle Post-Intelligencer first publish ?
The weekly LGBT newspaper is the Seattle Gay News .	Seattle Gay News	What is the LGBT newspaper called ?
King County Metro provides frequent stop bus service within the city and surrounding county , as well as a South Lake Union Streetcar line between the South Lake Union neighborhood and Westlake Center in downtown .	King County Metro	What is Seattle 's bus line called ?
King County Metro provides frequent stop bus service within the city and surrounding county , as well as a South Lake Union Streetcar line between the South Lake Union neighborhood and Westlake Center in downtown .	South Lake Union Streetcar	What service runs between South Lake Union and Westlake Center ?
Washington State Ferries , which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third largest in the world , connects Seattle to Bainbridge and Vashon Islands in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and Southworth on the Kitsap Peninsula .	Washington State Ferries	What organization runs the largest line of ferries in the US ?
Washington State Ferries , which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third largest in the world , connects Seattle to Bainbridge and Vashon Islands in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and Southworth on the Kitsap Peninsula .	third largest	How does the Seattle ferry line compare to the rest of the world ?
Washington State Ferries , which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third largest in the world , connects Seattle to Bainbridge and Vashon Islands in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and Southworth on the Kitsap Peninsula .	Bainbridge and Vashon	To what two islands does the ferry service connect ?
Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood , Seattle Children 's , formerly Children 's Hospital and Regional Medical Center , is the pediatric referral center for Washington , Alaska , Montana , and Idaho .	pediatric referral center	What kind of hospital is Seattle Children 's ?
Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood , Seattle Children 's , formerly Children 's Hospital and Regional Medical Center , is the pediatric referral center for Washington , Alaska , Montana , and Idaho .	Alaska	Besides serving Washington , Idaho , and Montana , what northern state uses Seattle Children 's ?
The University District is home to the University of Washington Medical Center which , along with Harborview , is operated by the University of Washington .	University of Washington	What entity operates Harborview ?
The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood .	Eastlake	In what neighborhood is the Fred Hutchington Cancer Research Center located ?
Seattle is also served by a Veterans Affairs hospital on Beacon Hill , a third campus of Swedish in Ballard , and Northwest Hospital and Medical Center near Northgate Mall .	Beacon Hill	Where is the Veterans Affairs Hospital located ?
The advent of the automobile sounded the death knell for rail in Seattle .	automobile	What machine caused the end of city rail lines in Seattle ?
Rails on city streets were paved over or removed , and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941 .	trolleybus	The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941 ?
Tacoma -- Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett -- Seattle service came to an end in 1939 , replaced by inexpensive automobiles running on the recently developed highway system .	1929	When did the Tacoma-Seattle rail service end ?
Tacoma -- Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett -- Seattle service came to an end in 1939 , replaced by inexpensive automobiles running on the recently developed highway system .	1939	In what year did the Everett-Seattle rail lines cease ?
The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines .	1889	In what year were the first streetcars used in Seattle ?
The main mode of transportation , however , relies on Seattle 's streets , which are laid out in a cardinal directions grid pattern , except in the central business district where early city leaders Arthur Denny and Carson Boren insisted on orienting their plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true North .	streets	What is mainly used for transportation in Seattle ?
State Route 99 runs through downtown Seattle on the Alaskan Way Viaduct , which was built in 1953 .	Alaskan Way Viaduct	What road was built in 1953 and later damaged by an earthquake ?
However , due to damage sustained during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake the viaduct will be replaced by a tunnel .	tunnel	What is planned to replace the Alaska Way Viaduct ?
Unfortunately , due to issues with the worlds largest tunnel boring machine -LRB- TBM -RRB- , which is nicknamed `` Bertha '' and is 57 feet -LRB- 17 m -RRB- in diameter , the projected date of completion has been pushed back to 2017 .	2017	When is the tunnel now expected to be finished ?
Seattle is home to the University of Washington , as well as the institution 's professional and continuing education unit , the University of Washington Educational Outreach .	University of Washington	What educational institution is at home in Seattle ?
Seattle also has a number of smaller private universities including Seattle University and Seattle Pacific University , the former a Jesuit Catholic institution , the latter Free Methodist ; universities aimed at the working adult , like City University and Antioch University ; colleges within the Seattle Colleges District system , comprising North , Central , and South ; seminaries , including Western Seminary and a number of arts colleges , such as Cornish College of the Arts , Pratt Fine Arts Center , and The Art Institute of Seattle .	arts colleges	Where can a student find to study art in Seattle ?
Seattle is home to the University of Washington , as well as the institution 's professional and continuing education unit , the University of Washington Educational Outreach .	continuing education	What is the purpose of the University of Washington Outreach ?
In 2001 , Time magazine selected Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year , stating the school `` pushes diverse students to work together in small teams '' .	2001	In what year did Time magazine choose Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year ?
Seattle also has a number of smaller private universities including Seattle University and Seattle Pacific University , the former a Jesuit Catholic institution , the latter Free Methodist ; universities aimed at the working adult , like City University and Antioch University ; colleges within the Seattle Colleges District system , comprising North , Central , and South ; seminaries , including Western Seminary and a number of arts colleges , such as Cornish College of the Arts , Pratt Fine Arts Center , and The Art Institute of Seattle .	private universities	Beside the public universities , what other type of institutions provide education in Seattle ?
The city has started moving away from the automobile and towards mass transit .	mass transit	On what type of transportation system has Seattle begun to focus ?
The city has started moving away from the automobile and towards mass transit .	automobile	From what kind of transportation has Seattle been moving away ?
In 2006 , voters in King County passed proposition 2 -LRB- Transit Now -RRB- which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five bus rapid transit lines called RapidRide .	RapidRide	What measure was passed by Seattle voters in 2006 ?
An extension north to the University of Washington is scheduled to open in 2016 ; and further extensions are planned to reach Lynnwood to the north , Des Moines to the south , and Bellevue and Redmond to the east by 2023 .	2023	By what year do plans call for the completion of a rail line to Bellevue ?
Former mayor Michael McGinn has supported building light rail from downtown to Ballard and West Seattle .	Michael McGinn	Which former mayor backed the expansion of rail lines from downtown to Ballard ?
In psychology , memory is the process in which information is encoded , stored , and retrieved .	process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.	Which three processes does phychology recognize as memory ?
Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information , and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons .	the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons.	Why may some memory retrieval processes fail ?
Storage is the second memory stage or process .	Storage	What is the second memory stage ?
Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that has been stored .	retrieval of information that has been stored	What is the third process that happens during the memory process ?
Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information , and to a lesser extent a visual code .	an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code.	What does short-term memory depend on ?
Conrad -LRB- 1964 -RRB- found that test subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar -LRB- e.g. E , P , D -RRB- .	subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar	What did conrad find about test subjects ?
Conrad 's -LRB- 1964 -RRB- study , however , deals with the encoding of written text ; thus , while memory of written language may rely on acoustic components , generalisations to all forms of memory can not be made .	encoding of written text;	What was Conrads deal with ?
Short-term memory is also known as working memory .	working memory.	What is another name for short-term memory ?
Short-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal .	recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal	What exactly does short-term memory allow a person to do ?
Its capacity is also very limited : George A. Miller -LRB- 1956 -RRB- , when working at Bell Laboratories , conducted experiments showing that the store of short-term memory was 7 ± 2 items -LRB- the title of his famous paper , `` The magical number 7 ± 2 '' -RRB- .	capacity is also very limited	How much information can one store and recall in short-term memory ?
Modern estimates of the capacity of short-term memory are lower , typically of the order of 4 -- 5 items ; however , memory capacity can be increased through a process called chunking .	chunking.	How can one higher their memory capacity ?
This method of remembering telephone numbers is far more effective than attempting to remember a string of 10 digits ; this is because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers .	because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers	Why do some countries display numbers in chunks of two to four numbers ?
The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration , which means that information is not retained indefinitely .	The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration	Why ca n't some memories be held onto forever ?
By contrast , long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration -LRB- sometimes a whole life span -RRB- .	sometimes a whole life span)	If a memory that is stored in with long term-memories , how long can you possibly rememeber it ?
Its capacity is immeasurable .	capacity is immeasurable	What is the capacity of long term memory ?
For example , given a random seven-digit number we may remember it for only a few seconds before forgetting , suggesting it was stored in our short-term memory .	in our short-term memory	If you knew a telephone number one week ago , but have forgotten it now , where was this memory stored ?
For example , short-term memory can be broken up into different units such as visual information and acoustic information .	visual information and acoustic information	What are some examples of units that short-term memory can be categorized in to ?
In a study by Zlonoga and Gerber -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , patient ` KF ' demonstrated certain deviations from the Atkinson -- Shiffrin model .	Zlonoga and Gerber	Who performed a study in 1986 invovling a participant known as KF ?
In a study by Zlonoga and Gerber -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , patient ` KF ' demonstrated certain deviations from the Atkinson -- Shiffrin model .	Atkinson–Shiffrin model.	What did KF disprove during this study ?
Patient KF was brain damaged , displaying difficulties regarding short-term memory .	difficulties regarding short-term memory.	What did KF have trouble doing ?
Interestingly , visual short-term memory was unaffected , suggesting a dichotomy between visual and audial memory .	a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.	What did this study seem to conclude ?
Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication , dependent on regions of the frontal lobe -LRB- especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -RRB- and the parietal lobe .	frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe	Which part of the brain does short-term memory seem to rely on ?
The hippocampus is essential -LRB- for learning new information -RRB- to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory , although it does not seem to store information itself .	hippocampus	Which part of the brain does long-term memory rely on ?
The hippocampus is essential -LRB- for learning new information -RRB- to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory , although it does not seem to store information itself .	does not	How much information can the hippocampus store ?
Furthermore , it may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning .	may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.	If the hippocampus does n't store information what does it do ?
Sensory memory holds sensory information less than one second after an item is perceived .	less than one second	How long does sensory memory to to store information ?
It is out of cognitive control and is an automatic response .	It is out of cognitive control	Can we control what is stored in our sensory memory ?
The first experiments exploring this form of sensory memory were conducted by George Sperling -LRB- 1963 -RRB- using the `` partial report paradigm '' .	George Sperling	Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory memory ?
Because this form of memory degrades so quickly , participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items -LRB- 12 in the `` whole report '' procedure -RRB- before they decayed .	this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items	What did Spellings ' findings reveal ?
While short-term memory encodes information acoustically , long-term memory encodes it semantically : Baddeley -LRB- 1966 -RRB- discovered that , after 20 minutes , test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings -LRB- e.g. big , large , great , huge -RRB- long-term .	acoustically	How does short term memory encode information ?
While short-term memory encodes information acoustically , long-term memory encodes it semantically : Baddeley -LRB- 1966 -RRB- discovered that , after 20 minutes , test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings -LRB- e.g. big , large , great , huge -RRB- long-term .	recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings	What did Baddeleys test subjects have touble doing ?
While short-term memory encodes information acoustically , long-term memory encodes it semantically : Baddeley -LRB- 1966 -RRB- discovered that , after 20 minutes , test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings -LRB- e.g. big , large , great , huge -RRB- long-term .	semantically	How does long term memory encode information ?
Another part of long-term memory is episodic memory , `` which attempts to capture information such as ` what ' , ` when ' and ` where ' '' .	"which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'	What is episodic memory ?
Another part of long-term memory is episodic memory , `` which attempts to capture information such as ` what ' , ` when ' and ` where ' '' .	episodic memory,	If someone where to recall a wedding they had went to a year before , which type of memory would be used ?
Infants do not have the language ability to report on their memories and so verbal reports can not be used to assess very young children 's memory .	do not have the language ability to report on their memories	Why do infants and young childrens memories need to be assesed differently ?
Throughout the years , however , researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants ' recognition memory and their recall memory .	, researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants’ recognition memory and their recall memory.	Can researchers study an infants or young childs memories ?
Habituation and operant conditioning techniques have been used to assess infants ' recognition memory and the deferred and elicited imitation techniques have been used to assess infants ' recall memory .	elicited imitation techniques	How can a researcher study a childs memory ?
Thus , retrospective memory as a category includes semantic , episodic and autobiographical memory .	semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory	What are some catgories of retrospective memory ?
Time-based prospective memories are triggered by a time-cue , such as going to the doctor -LRB- action -RRB- at 4pm -LRB- cue -RRB- .	Time-based prospective memories	If a memory is triggered by a time , which kind of memory is this ?
Cues do not need to be related to the action -LRB- as the mailbox/letter example -RRB- , and lists , sticky-notes , knotted handkerchiefs , or string around the finger all exemplify cues that people use as strategies to enhance prospective memory .	Cues	What is something somebody can use to remember something ?
Event-based prospective memories are intentions triggered by cues , such as remembering to post a letter -LRB- action -RRB- after seeing a mailbox -LRB- cue -RRB- .	Event-based prospective memories	If Bob realized he needed to mail his mother a letter after seeing the postal office , which kind of memory did he trigger ?
Later research showed this to be false .	research showed this to be false	Was Hebb 's thought of the relationship between short and long term memory true ?
Research has shown that direct injections of cortisol or epinephrine help the storage of recent experiences .	cortisol or epinephrine	Which drugs seemed to help someone remember earlier events ?
This proves that excitement enhances memory by the stimulation of hormones that affect the amygdala .	excitement enhances memory	What relationship does excitement and memory share ?
The hippocampus receives input from different parts of the cortex and sends its output out to different parts of the brain also .	hippocampus	Bob was in a car accident and could n't remember his wifes name , what part of his brain could have been damaged ?
One question that is crucial in cognitive neuroscience is how information and mental experiences are coded and represented in the brain .	that is crucial	Is it important to know how information is coded in the brain ?
Scientists have gained much knowledge about the neuronal codes from the studies of plasticity , but most of such research has been focused on simple learning in simple neuronal circuits ; it is considerably less clear about the neuronal changes involved in more complex examples of memory , particularly declarative memory that requires the storage of facts and events -LRB- Byrne 2007 -RRB- .	have gained much knowledge	Have researchers learned anything studying plasticity ?
Convergence-divergence zones might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved .	might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.	What are the roles of Covergence-divergence zones ?
Scientists have gained much knowledge about the neuronal codes from the studies of plasticity , but most of such research has been focused on simple learning in simple neuronal circuits ; it is considerably less clear about the neuronal changes involved in more complex examples of memory , particularly declarative memory that requires the storage of facts and events -LRB- Byrne 2007 -RRB- .	simple learning in simple neuronal circuits;	What has most of the research on memories revolved around ?
Cognitive neuroscientists consider memory as the retention , reactivation , and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation .	the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation	What do cognitive neuroscientists believe memory is ?
The term of internal representation implies that such definition of memory contains two components : the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level , and the underpinning physical neural changes -LRB- Dudai 2007 -RRB- .	term of internal representation	What suggests that memory has two different components ?
Some neuroscientists and psychologists mistakenly equate the concept of engram and memory , broadly conceiving all persisting after-effects of experiences as memory ; others argue against this notion that memory does not exist until it is revealed in behavior or thought -LRB- Moscovitch 2007 -RRB- .	Moscovitch 2007	What showed that memory exists even before that memory is known to the person ?
The term of internal representation implies that such definition of memory contains two components : the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level , and the underpinning physical neural changes -LRB- Dudai 2007 -RRB- .	the underpinning physical neural changes	What is an engram trace ?
In contrast , procedural memory -LRB- or implicit memory -RRB- is not based on the conscious recall of information , but on implicit learning .	implicit memory	What is another term for procedural memory ?
In contrast , procedural memory -LRB- or implicit memory -RRB- is not based on the conscious recall of information , but on implicit learning .	procedural memory	If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using ?
Procedural memory is primarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a subset of implicit memory .	motor skills	What set of skills is reliant on procedural memory ?
It is revealed when one does better in a given task due only to repetition - no new explicit memories have been formed , but one is unconsciously accessing aspects of those previous experiences .	no new explicit memories have been formed,	If Bob does throws 15 more free throws than he did last week , how many more explicit memories has he gained ?
The working memory model explains many practical observations , such as why it is easier to do two different tasks -LRB- one verbal and one visual -RRB- than two similar tasks -LRB- e.g. , two visual -RRB- , and the aforementioned word-length effect .	working memory model	Which model explains why bob has an easier time reading a book , and then discussing it rather than reading two books ?
However , the concept of a central executive as noted here has been criticised as inadequate and vague .	concept of a central executive	Which concept is criticised for being unworthy and too broad ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Working memory is also the premise for what allows us to do everyday activities involving thought .	Working memory	Which part of memory allows us to go about our daily lives ?
One of the key concerns of older adults is the experience of memory loss , especially as it is one of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer 's disease .	memory loss,	What do most elderly people worry about ?
However , memory loss is qualitatively different in normal aging from the kind of memory loss associated with a diagnosis of Alzheimer 's -LRB- Budson & Price , 2005 -RRB- .	memory loss is qualitatively different	Is an eldery person with alzheimers having the same problem as a similar aged person experiencing memory loss ?
Research has revealed that individuals ' performance on memory tasks that rely on frontal regions declines with age .	frontal regions	Which part of the brain is associated with the memory loss an elderly person suffers ?
Older adults can manage their problems with prospective memory by using appointment books , for example .	prospective memory	Which memory is an elderly person helping by using appointment books ?
It should be noted that although 6-month-olds can recall information over the short-term , they have difficulty recalling the temporal order of information .	can recall information over the short-term	Does a 6 month old have short term memory ?
It is only by 9 months of age that infants can recall the actions of a two-step sequence in the correct temporal order - that is , recalling step 1 and then step 2 .	9 months of age	What age can an infabt recall steps in an order ?
Younger infants -LRB- 6-month-olds -RRB- can only recall one step of a two-step sequence .	one step of a two-step sequence	What part of a two step sequence can a 6 month old remember ?
Researchers have suggested that these age differences are probably due to the fact that the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed at the age of 6-months .	the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed	What part of the brain is not fully developed in infants which can cause the memory differences in ages ?
Episodic memories often reflect the `` firsts '' in life such as a first kiss , first day of school or first time winning a championship .	Episodic memories	When remembering your first day of school or first dance , which memory are you using ?
Semantic memory allows the encoding of abstract knowledge about the world , such as `` Paris is the capital of France '' .	Semantic memory	Which type of memory enables us to remember knowledge of the world ?
Autobiographical memory - memory for particular events within one 's own life - is generally viewed as either equivalent to , or a subset of , episodic memory .	Autobiographical memory	When fondly remembering your memory , which type of memory are you using ?
Visual memory is part of memory preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience .	Visual memory	Which type of memory is used when remembering something that we 've seen ?
Stress has a significant effect on memory formation and learning .	Stress	What can cause your memory to deterioriate or not work as well ?
Behavioural research on animals shows that chronic stress produces adrenal hormones which impact the hippocampal structure in the brains of rats .	adrenal hormones	Which hormones are produces when a animal is stressed out ?
An experimental study by German cognitive psychologists L. Schwabe and O. Wolf demonstrates how learning under stress also decreases memory recall in humans .	L. Schwabe and O. Wolf	Who performed a study that involved having peoples hands in cold water while also memorizing words ?
The researchers suggest that stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process .	stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.	What did L. Schwabes and O. Wolfs study seem to conlcude ?
Interference can hamper memorization and retrieval .	can hamper memorization and retrieval	What trouble can interference cause ?
There is retroactive interference , when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information and proactive interference , where prior learning disrupts recall of new information .	when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information	What is retroactive interference ?
There is retroactive interference , when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information and proactive interference , where prior learning disrupts recall of new information .	where prior learning disrupts recall of new information	What is proactive interference ?
Knowing Latin , for instance , can help an individual learn a related language such as French -- this phenomenon is known as positive transfer .	positive transfer.	What is a term used to describe being able to learn something quicker due to an older ability ?
Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode , retain , and retrieve information .	Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information.	In 1960 did people believe an infant was able to remember things ?
Furthermore , research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time ; 6-month-olds can recall information after a 24-hour period , 9-month-olds after up to five weeks , and 20-month-olds after as long as twelve months .	Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time	Does a persons memory capacity increase with age ?
Furthermore , research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time ; 6-month-olds can recall information after a 24-hour period , 9-month-olds after up to five weeks , and 20-month-olds after as long as twelve months .	9-month-olds	Who has a better memory retention a 6 month old or a 9 month old ?
For example , the hippocampus is believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning , while the amygdala is thought to be involved in emotional memory .	thought to be involved in emotional memory	What role does the amygdala play in memory ?
Further , it is not sufficient to describe memory , and its counterpart , learning , as solely dependent on specific brain regions .	it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions	Can you pin point certain areas of the brain to certain memories .
Learning and memory are attributed to changes in neuronal synapses , thought to be mediated by long-term potentiation and long-term depression .	neuronal synapses,	What changes can be linked to learning and memory ?
For example , the hippocampus is believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning , while the amygdala is thought to be involved in emotional memory .	believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning	What is the hippocampus 's relationship to memory ?
Research shows that subjects placed in a stressful situation for a short amount of time still have blood glucocorticoid levels that have increased drastically when measured after the exposure is completed .	levels that have increased drastically	Whar does research show happens to blood glucorticoid levels during stressful events ?
Although the stress is applied prenatally , the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life .	prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life.	Can a unborn child face issues with stress than can affect their future abilities ?
When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they have often difficulties .	When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they have often difficulties	Do the people studied in different research perform as well after stress as they did before becoming in contact with stressful situations ?
The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus are destroyed due to glucocorticoids decreasing the release of glucose and the reuptake of glutamate .	The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus	What neurons are damaged during stressful events ?
Therefore , the more stressful situations that someone encounters , the more susceptible they are to memory loss later on .	the more stressful situations that someone encounters,	What can make someone more prone to memory loss as they age ?
Stressful life experiences can also cause repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind .	repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind	What will a person often do with extremely stressful memories ?
This high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors which in return kills neurons .	high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors	What is the cause of neuron loss due to stress ?
There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory , as memories are enhanced through active consolidation .	There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory,	Does sleep hurt a persons memory ?
System consolidation takes place during slow-wave sleep -LRB- SWS -RRB- .	slow-wave sleep	What does SWS stand for ?
System consolidation takes place during slow-wave sleep -LRB- SWS -RRB- .	System consolidation	What take place during SWS ?
The neocortex then reviews and processes memories , which moves them into long-term memory .	reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory	What is the role of the neocortex whe it relates to memory ?
Additionally , data obtained from neuroimaging studies have shown activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day , suggesting that new memories may be solidified through such rehearsal .	activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day	In studies what is a relationship between sleeping and learning ?
A UCLA research study published in the June 2006 issue of the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry found that people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency through simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises , healthy eating , physical fitness and stress reduction into their daily lives .	people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency	Can one increase their brain efficency ?
A UCLA research study published in the June 2006 issue of the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry found that people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency through simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises , healthy eating , physical fitness and stress reduction into their daily lives .	simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction	What can a person do to increase their brain efficiency ?
After 14 days , they showed greater word fluency -LRB- not memory -RRB- compared to their baseline performance .	After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance.	In a study performed with 17 subjects , what relationship did healthy changes and brain efficiency have ?
No long term follow up was conducted , it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory .	it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory.	Do lifestyle changes definitely have an affect on long term memory ?
Loss of memory is known as amnesia .	amnesia.	What is a term to describe memory loss ?
Other neurological disorders such as Alzheimer 's disease and Parkinson 's disease can also affect memory and cognition .	Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease	What diseases can have a major imact on memory ?
Korsakoff 's syndrome , also known as Korsakoff 's psychosis , amnesic-confabulatory syndrome , is an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex .	an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex.	What is Korsakoff 's syndrome ?
There are many sorts of amnesia , and by studying their different forms , it has become possible to observe apparent defects in individual sub-systems of the brain 's memory systems , and thus hypothesize their function in the normally working brain .	There are many sorts of amnesia,	Is amnesia only seen in one form ?
Hyperthymesia , or hyperthymesic syndrome , is a disorder that affects an individual 's autobiographical memory , essentially meaning that they can not forget small details that otherwise would not be stored .	that they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored	What happens to a person whose autobiographic memory is damaged ?
Physical exercise , particularly continuous aerobic exercises such as running , cycling and swimming , has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain .	has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain.	Does excersice have any role on cognitive brain function ?
The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children 's academic performance , maintaining mental abilities in old age , and the prevention and potential cure of neurological diseases .	The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance	Is a child who excercies likely to perform better in school ?
Influences on the brain include increases in neurotransmitter levels , improved oxygen and nutrient delivery , and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus .	increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus	What positive things can happen to your brain when you excersise ?
Physical exercise , particularly continuous aerobic exercises such as running , cycling and swimming , has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain .	aerobic exercises	What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain ?
However , memory performance can be enhanced when material is linked to the learning context , even when learning occurs under stress .	when material is linked to the learning context,	What can impact memory performance in a positive way ?
All participants in the experiment , both stressed and unstressed , performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar .	both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.	In their study what was the relationship that both groups shared ?
The room in which the experiment took place was infused with the scent of vanilla , as odour is a strong cue for memory .	strong cue for memory.	What can the scent of vanilla be used for ?
A separate study by cognitive psychologists Schwabe and Wolf shows that when retention testing is done in a context similar to or congruent with the original learning task -LRB- i.e. , in the same room -RRB- , memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated .	memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated.	What did a study performed by Schwabe and wolf show ?
Seventy-two healthy female and male university students , randomly assigned to the SECPT stress test or to a control group , were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards -- a computerized version of the card game `` Concentration '' or `` Memory '' .	were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards –	In Schwabe and wolfs study what where particpants asked to memorize ?
Interestingly , research has revealed that asking individuals to repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced could result in false memories .	repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced	What can cause a person to have fake memories ?
For instance , Goff and Roediger -LRB- 1998 -RRB- asked participants to imagine that they performed an act -LRB- e.g. , break a toothpick -RRB- and then later asked them whether they had done such a thing .	Goff and Roediger	Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task ?
The researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children .	researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children	What did a similar study done by Garry find ?
In fact , research has revealed that our memories are constructed .	our memories are constructed	What has research shown about our memories ?
People can construct their memories when they encode them and/or when they recall them .	when they encode them and/or when they recall them.	How does a person build their memories ?
The findings of this experiment were replicated around the world , and researchers consistently demonstrated that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember , a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect .	that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect.	What did a study done by Elizabeth Loftus and John palmer show ?
There was no broken glass depicted in the film .	broken glass	In their study what did people say they say when they really had n't due to having the word `` smashed '' inserted into the question ?
Rote learning is the method most often used .	Rote learning	What is the most widely used way in learing ?
Also relevant is the Zeigarnik effect which states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones .	states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones.	What is the Zeigarnik effect ?
Memorization is a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim .	a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim	What does memorization mean ?
Methods of memorizing things have been the subject of much discussion over the years with some writers , such as Cosmos Rossellius using visual alphabets .	using visual alphabets.	What learning tool did Cosmos rosselliius write about ?
The spacing effect shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time .	shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time	What is the spacing effect ?
In 1790 , the first federal population census was taken in the United States .	1790	When was the first federal population census taken in the US ?
Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or `` other . ''	white or "other."	What were the two categories for race in the census ?
Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850 .	Only the heads of households	Who all was identified by name in the house holds ?
Native Americans were included among `` Other ; '' in later censuses , they were included as `` Free people of color '' if they were not living on Indian reservations .	"Free people of color"	What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others ?
In 1790 , the first federal population census was taken in the United States .	In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States	When was the first US federal population census taken ?
Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850 .	Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850.	Was every resident listed by name ?
Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery .	until the Civil War and end of slavery.	when did any changes to counting procedures happen ?
Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery .	Slaves were counted separately from free persons	Were all residents counted together or separately ?
In 1790 , the first federal population census was taken in the United States .	1790	When did the US begin to take census ?
Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850 .	1850	At what point were all members of the household named on a census ?
In later censuses , people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto -LRB- which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African -RRB- or black .	visible European ancestry in addition to African	What does mulatto mean ?
Native Americans were included among `` Other ; '' in later censuses , they were included as `` Free people of color '' if they were not living on Indian reservations .	Native Americans	Who were considered `` free people of color '' ?
Native Americans were included among `` Other ; '' in later censuses , they were included as `` Free people of color '' if they were not living on Indian reservations .	Indian reservations	Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census ?
By 1990 , the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census , reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity , but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s .	more than a dozen	The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s ?
According to the Census Bureau , as of 2002 , over 75 % of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries .	over 75%	By 2002 , what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries ?
By 1990 , the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census , reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity , but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s .	due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s	Why were there more immigrants in the US ?
The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity .	allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity	How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data ?
Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects , as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data .	federal assistance	What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data ?
By 1990 , the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census , reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity , but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s .	By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,	How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census ?
The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity .	The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity	Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently ?
According to the Census Bureau , as of 2002 , over 75 % of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries .	According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.	About how many African American have multiracial ancestries
Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects , as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data .	Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as	Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes ?
Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects , as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data .	federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data	How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups ?
By 1990 , the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census , reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity , but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s .	1990	Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when ?
By 1990 , the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census , reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity , but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s .	in the 1960s	When did laws allow for more immigrants ?
According to the Census Bureau , as of 2002 , over 75 % of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries .	over 75%	How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002 ?
Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects , as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data .	assistance to historically underserved groups	What type of federal assistance depends on Census data ?
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons : slavery , partus sequitur ventrem , one-eighth law , the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation , have frequently been classified as black -LRB- historically -RRB- or African American , even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry .	black (historically) or African American	Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race ?
As slavery became a racial caste , those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed `` hypodescent '' according to the lower status ethnic group .	hypodescent	What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term ?
Many of majority European ancestry and appearance `` married white '' and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages , such as generations of families identified as Melungeons , now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry .	European and sub-Saharan African ancestry	Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races ?
Many of majority European ancestry and appearance `` married white '' and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages , such as generations of families identified as Melungeons , now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry .	for its social and economic advantages	What did many with European ancetry `` marry white '' and want to be part of the white society ?
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons : slavery , partus sequitur ventrem , one-eighth law , the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation , have frequently been classified as black -LRB- historically -RRB- or African American , even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry .	Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry	Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black ?
As slavery became a racial caste , those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed `` hypodescent '' according to the lower status ethnic group .	slavery became a racial caste	What caused lower classification status for African Americans ?
Many of majority European ancestry and appearance `` married white '' and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages , such as generations of families identified as Melungeons , now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry .	Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society	How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages ?
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons : slavery , partus sequitur ventrem , one-eighth law , the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation , have frequently been classified as black -LRB- historically -RRB- or African American , even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry .	slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation	What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black ?
Many of majority European ancestry and appearance `` married white '' and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages , such as generations of families identified as Melungeons , now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry .	Melungeons,	What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white ?
Many of majority European ancestry and appearance `` married white '' and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages , such as generations of families identified as Melungeons , now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry .	genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.	What is Melungeon ?
Many of majority European ancestry and appearance `` married white '' and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages , such as generations of families identified as Melungeons , now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry .	assimilated into white society	What does it mean to have `` marred white '' ?
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons : slavery , partus sequitur ventrem , one-eighth law , the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation , have frequently been classified as black -LRB- historically -RRB- or African American , even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry .	black (historically) or African American	What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as ?
As slavery became a racial caste , those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed `` hypodescent '' according to the lower status ethnic group .	hypodescent	What were slaves and Africans classified by ?
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era , and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country , more people are openly forming interracial unions .	more people are openly forming interracial unions	What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage ?
Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States , such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos .	Diverse immigration	What has caused more people of mixed races to the US ?
After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era , and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country , more people are openly forming interracial unions .	in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era	When was there a period of formal racial segregation ?
In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States ; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American .	Barack Obama	Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States ?
Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins , the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial .	Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins	Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200 ?
In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States ; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American .	In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States	Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US
Since the 1980s , the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement -LRB- cf. Loving Day -RRB- .	Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement	When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement ?
Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States , such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos .	large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos	Who are `` mestizos '' ?
Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins , the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial .	the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial	When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form ?
In addition , social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to `` pass '' as white .	try to "pass" as white	What was it once considered socially advantageous to do ?
Since the 1980s , the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement -LRB- cf. Loving Day -RRB- .	Loving Day	What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work ?
In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States ; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American .	African American	What does the first multiracial president identify as ?
Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins , the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial .	2000	When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked ?
In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States ; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American .	2008	When was an African American president elected ?
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries , but this did not prevent white slaveholders , their sons , or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them .	Anti-miscegenation laws	What were put in place to prevent the mix of races ?
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries , but this did not prevent white slaveholders , their sons , or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them .	white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them	Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing ?
In California and the western US , there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents .	In California and the western US	Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents ?
White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s .	1950s	When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted ?
In California and the western US , there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents .	Latino and Asian residents	What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites ?
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries , but this did not prevent white slaveholders , their sons , or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them .	Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries	When were anti-miscegenation laws passed ?
These were prohibited from official relationships with whites .	were prohibited from official relationships with whites.	Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites ?
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries , but this did not prevent white slaveholders , their sons , or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them .	this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines	Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men ?
In California and the western US , there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents .	In California and the western US,	Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents ?
White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s .	White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.	Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US ?
In California and the western US , there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents .	Latino and Asian residents	In the western US , who were not allowed to have relationships with whites ?
White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s .	the 1950s	When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians ?
Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries , but this did not prevent white slaveholders , their sons , or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them .	white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men	Who were taking slaves as concubines ?
After the American Revolutionary War , the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed .	After the American Revolutionary War	When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically ?
Most northern states abolished slavery , sometimes , like New York , in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed .	in programs of gradual emancipation	How were the laws in New York abolished ?
Most northern states abolished slavery , sometimes , like New York , in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed .	more than two decades to be completed	How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws ?
In connection with the Second Great Awakening , Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves .	Quaker and Methodist preachers	Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south ?
The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827 .	The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827.	When were the last slaves freed in New York state ?
After the American Revolutionary War , the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed .	After the American Revolutionary War	When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South ?
In connection with the Second Great Awakening , Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves .	Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves	Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves ?
Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves , some by deed and others by will , so that from 1782 to 1810 , the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South .	Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves	What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves ?
Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves , some by deed and others by will , so that from 1782 to 1810 , the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South .	the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.	How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810 ?
Most northern states abolished slavery , sometimes , like New York , in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed .	gradual emancipation	What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program ?
The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827 .	1827	The last slave in New York was freed when ?
In connection with the Second Great Awakening , Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves .	Second Great Awakening	What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves ?
Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves , some by deed and others by will , so that from 1782 to 1810 , the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South .	nearly 10 percent	In 1810 , how many black people were considered free ?
Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves , some by deed and others by will , so that from 1782 to 1810 , the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South .	Revolutionary ideals	What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810 ?
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation , in the early 20th century , most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule , defining as black , persons with any known African ancestry .	defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry	What is the one-drop rule ?
Some courts called it `` the traceable amount rule . ''	"the traceable amount rule."	What did some courts call the one-drop rule ?
Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule , meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group .	meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group	What is a hypodesecnt rule ?
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation , in the early 20th century , most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule , defining as black , persons with any known African ancestry .	in the early 20th century	When was the one-drop rule in effect ?
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation , in the early 20th century , most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule , defining as black , persons with any known African ancestry .	black, persons with any known African ancestry.	What is the one-drop rule ?
Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule , meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group .	racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.	What is the hypodescent rule ?
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation , in the early 20th century , most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule , defining as black , persons with any known African ancestry .	In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation	Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted ?
This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century ; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association .	it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association.	What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century ?
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation , in the early 20th century , most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule , defining as black , persons with any known African ancestry .	persons with any known African ancestry	In the early 1900s , what was did black mean in southern states ?
This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century ; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association .	judging a person by appearance and association.	Prior to the 1900s , what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation ?
Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule , meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group .	a hypodescent rule	What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group ?
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation , in the early 20th century , most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule , defining as black , persons with any known African ancestry .	the one-drop rule	What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called ?
Some courts called it `` the traceable amount rule . ''	the traceable amount rule	What was the rule in the 1800s called ?
In the 2010 US census , approximately 9 million individuals , or 2.9 % of the population , self-identified as multiracial .	In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial.	Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census ?
Prior to the mid-20th century , many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities .	many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities	Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage ?
Prior to the mid-20th century , many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities .	Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities.	Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not ?
While many Americans may be biologically multiracial , they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally , any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries .	While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it	Are all muticultural Americans aware of their cultural heritage ?
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of `` two or more races '' .	Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races"	What is the accepted definition of `` multicultural '' ancestry ?
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of `` two or more races '' .	Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races".	What is the accepted definition of `` multicultural '' ancestry ?
Prior to the mid-20th century , many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities .	Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities	Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage ?
Historical reasons , including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans , often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity , generally that of the culture in which they were raised .	, generally that of the culture in which they were raised.	Which cultural do multicultural people usually identify with ?
While many Americans may be biologically multiracial , they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally , any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries .	While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it	Are all multicultural Americans aware of their heritage ?
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of `` two or more races '' .	mixed ancestry of "two or more races"	What does it mean to be a mutliracial ?
In the 2010 US census , approximately 9 million individuals , or 2.9 % of the population , self-identified as multiracial .	approximately 9 million individuals	How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010 ?
Prior to the mid-20th century , many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities .	the mid-20th century	When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage ?
Historical reasons , including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans , often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity , generally that of the culture in which they were raised .	the culture in which they were raised	What are people most likely to identify themselves as ?
There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number , but people live according to social and cultural identities , not DNA .	higher number	Would DNA show a higher number or lower number of mutliracial people than those reported in the census ?
Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of `` two or more races '' .	two or more races	What does it mean to be a mutliracial ?
The African-American Civil Rights Movement -LRB- 1955 -- 1968 -RRB- and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities .	The African-American Civil Rights Movement	What occured from 1955 to 1968 ?
In the 2000s , less than 5 % of the population identified as multiracial .	less than 5%	How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s ?
Some consider themselves multiracial , while acknowledging race as a social construct .	a social construct	What is race sometimes seen as ?
The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups , many of which have now developed nations .	The American people	Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups ?
In many instances , mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual 's family history -LRB- for instance , before the Civil War or earlier -RRB- , that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification .	mixed racial ancestry	What does affect recent identification in many cases ?
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called `` white Indians '' .	Europeans living among Indigenous Americans	Who were considered `` white Indians '' ?
Some traders , who kept bases in the cities , had what ware called `` country wives '' among Indigenous Americans , with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city .	Some traders	Who had Indigenous `` Country wives '' ?
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called `` white Indians '' .	"white Indians"	Who lived in native communities , speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes ?
Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education .	for their education	Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe ?
Some traders , who kept bases in the cities , had what ware called `` country wives '' among Indigenous Americans , with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city .	in the city	Where were legal wives usually kept ?
In the colonial years , while conditions were more fluid , white women , indentured servant or free , and African men , servant , slave or free , made unions .	In the colonial years	When could white women and black men be in a union ?
The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790 -- 1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years .	Virginia in colonial years	Where did 80 % of free people of color in NC come from ?
The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790 -- 1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years .	scholar	What is Paul Heinegg ?
The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790 -- 1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years .	from 1790–1810	What censuses did he study ?
Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process , as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War , meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records .	slaves	Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war ?
In addition , many white fathers who used slave women sexually , even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson 's with Sally Hemings , did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records , so paternity was lost .	Sally Hemings	Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with ?
In addition , many white fathers who used slave women sexually , even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson 's with Sally Hemings , did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records , so paternity was lost .	paternity	Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost ?
Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information .	elder family members	Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people ?
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands .	traders	Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii ?
Long-termly , the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks .	the Anglo-Saxon presence	What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly ?
For centuries prior the arrival of Christians , first nation Hawaiian aesthetics , such as dark skin and ample bodies , had been considered signs of nobility .	dark skin and ample bodies	What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came ?
No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard , some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as `` Hawaiian squaws . ''	Hawaiian squaws	What did westerners call the women of Hawaii ?
By the last half of the 19th century , some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic .	By the last half of the 19th century	When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies ?
After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks , white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy .	white Democrats	Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws ?
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century , for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia 's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states , in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity .	1924	When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws ?
After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks , white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy .	to restore white supremacy	Why were laws limiting people of color passed ?
Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century , for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia 's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states , in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity .	eugenics and ideas of racial purity	What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination ?
People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry .	that many whites had multiracial ancestry.	What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws ?
... -LSB- W -RSB- hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth , a person is not defined solely as a member of that group .	exceed one-fourth	A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what ?
... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites , and therefore are less threatening to whites .	African blacks and whites	Who are consdered to have the most physical differences ?
... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites , and therefore are less threatening to whites .	less threatening to whites	What are groups other than blacks considered to be ?
Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing can not yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations .	Geneticists	Who says genetic tests ca n't tell the difference between different Native American nations ?
Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for .	the pattern of markers	What are geneticists looking for ?
There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America , but not for more recent historic differentiation .	three major migrations into North America	What is there genetic evidence of ?
Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society .	marginalized by U.S. society	How do some mixed raced people feel ?
Typically , about five race choices are given , with the instruction to `` check only one . ''	Typically, about five race choices	How many racial choices are there on standardized tests ?
Typically , about five race choices are given , with the instruction to `` check only one . ''	only one	How many race choices may someone check ?
While some surveys offer an `` other '' box , this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types -LRB- ex : European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians -RRB- .	groups together individuals of many different multiracial types	What does the `` other '' box do ?
For example , when applying to schools or for a job , or when taking standardized tests , Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity .	when applying to schools or for a job	When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized ?
More importantly , social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law .	social acceptance	What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person 's race ?
In frontier areas , there were fewer questions about origins .	frontier areas	Where did people not ask about racial background ?
The community looked at how people performed , whether they served in the militia and voted , which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens .	they served in the militia and voted	What were the hallmarks of free citizens ?
When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues , for instance , litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors .	neighbors	Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues ?
Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama , whose father was from Kenya , some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants .	Kenya	The President 's father is from what country ?
They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community .	American slave descendant community	What community still has some effects of slavery ?
They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds .	recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds	What must Africans who recently immigrated do ?
Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama , whose father was from Kenya , some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants .	some black writers	Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants ?
In the 1980s , parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children .	In the 1980s	When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers ?
When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of `` bi-racial '' or `` multiracial '' in 1988 , the response from the public was mostly negative .	mostly negative	What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial ?
Some African-American organizations , and African-American political leaders , such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins , were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category , as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification .	if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification	What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial ?
Some African-American organizations , and African-American political leaders , such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins , were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category , as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification .	Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins	Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers ?
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe 's kinship system .	the tribe's kinship system	What determined a child 's social identity ?
Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast , the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian , as they gained their social status from their mother 's clans and tribes , and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives .	matrilineal	What heritage system do Southeast tribes use ?
Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast , the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian , as they gained their social status from their mother 's clans and tribes , and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives .	Indian	What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast ?
By contrast , among the patrilineal Omaha , for example , the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered `` white '' ; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected , but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man .	white	What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be ?
By contrast , among the patrilineal Omaha , for example , the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered `` white '' ; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected , but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man .	if adopted by a man	How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe ?
In the late nineteenth century , Charles Eastman , a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University , married Elaine Goodale , a European-American woman from New England .	Charles Eastman	Who was a doctor ?
His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman , an artist and Army officer from New England , who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota .	Sioux woman	Who did the relative of the doctor marry ?
His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman , an artist and Army officer from New England , who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota .	Seth Eastman	Who was the doctor related to ?
In the late 19th century , three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program .	three European-American middle-class female teachers	Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute ?
In the late nineteenth century , Charles Eastman , a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University , married Elaine Goodale , a European-American woman from New England .	Sioux	What tribe was Eastman related to ?
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart 's assertion that `` most '' African Americans have significant Native American heritage , is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies .	Sherrel W. Stewart	Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage ?
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart 's assertion that `` most '' African Americans have significant Native American heritage , is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies .	genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies	Who disproved Sherrel 's hypothesis ?
The TV series on African-American ancestry , hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates , Jr. , had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans .	Henry Louis Gates	Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans ?
Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States , beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers , who took native women as companions .	explorers and soldiers	What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold ?
After European settlement increased , traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes .	traders and fur trappers	Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased ?
In the 17th century , faced with a continuing , critical labor shortage , colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony , imported Africans as laborers , sometimes as indentured servants and , increasingly , as slaves .	a continuing, critical labor shortage	Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves ?
African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English .	the Dutch	Who first imported slaves to New York ?
Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years .	their masters	Who freed some of the early slaves ?
Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders , overseers , or master 's sons and women slaves , the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings .	Sally Hemings	President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who ?
As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit , Slavery at Monticello : The Paradox of Liberty , Jefferson , then a widower , took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years .	Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty	What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship ?
As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit , Slavery at Monticello : The Paradox of Liberty , Jefferson , then a widower , took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years .	nearly 40 years	How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship ?
Of the descendants of Madison Hemings , who continued to identify as black , some in future generations eventually identified as white and `` married out '' , while others continued to identify as African American .	Madison Hemings	Which child of Jefferson identified as black ?
Seven-eighths white by ancestry , all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults ; three of the four entered the white community , and all their descendants identified as white .	Seven-eighths	How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white ?
The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana , for instance , although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language , and practice of Catholicism .	traditionally free people of color in Louisiana	As an example , whose status was downgraded after the civil war ?
In 20th-century changes , during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements , the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power .	people of any portion of African descent	Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century ?
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers , primarily on the West Coast and in western territories .	primarily on the West Coast and in western territories	Where did most Chinese men enter the US ?
Following the Reconstruction era , as blacks set up independent farms , white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor .	white planters	Who imported Chinese laborers ?
In 1882 , the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed , and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them .	the Chinese Exclusion Act	What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882 ?
In the South , some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities , as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses .	they did not take white spouses	What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people ?
They rapidly left working as laborers , and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South .	set up groceries in small towns throughout the South	What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work ?
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997 , when the Office of Management and Budget -LRB- OMB -RRB- changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses .	the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)	What office is responsible for the census form changes ?
Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997 , when the Office of Management and Budget -LRB- OMB -RRB- changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses .	1997	When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form ?
This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census , which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories , which were , in brief : `` White , '' `` Black or African American , '' `` Asian , '' `` American Indian or Alaskan Native , '' `` Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander , '' and `` Other . ''	participants to select more than one of the six available categories	What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census ?
The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003 .	2003	When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form ?
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers , and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father , under partus sequitur ventrem .	born into slavery	What was the result of a child having an African mother ?
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers , and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father , under partus sequitur ventrem .	partus sequitur ventrem	What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves ?
By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings .	Anita Florence Hemmings	Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College ?
Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry : a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto , with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon , and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon .	parents were black and white	What makes a person mulatto ?
Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry : a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto , with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon , and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon .	one black great-grandparent and the remainder white	What does a person have to have to be an octoroon ?
Because he has no slave blood in him . ''	Because he has no slave blood in him	Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama ?
She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term `` black '' or `` white '' .	"black" or "white"	What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as ?
Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice -LRB- who was famously mistaken for a `` recent American immigrant '' by French President Nicolas Sarkozy -RRB- , said `` descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start , and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that . ''	recent American immigrant	What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was ?
Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election , Charles Kenzie Steele , Jr. , CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said , `` Why are they attacking Michelle Obama , and not really attacking , to that degree , her husband ?	CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference	Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr ?
He later claimed his comment was intended to be `` provocative '' but declined to expand on the subject .	to be "provocative"	Why did Steele say what he did ?
For instance , on April 5 , 1614 , Pocahontas , a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia , married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown .	April 5, 1614	When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas ?
As a result , English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white .	considered English or white	What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being ?
Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them .	male settlers	Who married Indigenous women early on ?
For instance , on April 5 , 1614 , Pocahontas , a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia , married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown .	present-day Virginia	Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas ?
Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia .	Thomas Rolfe	Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia ?
Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales , and plantation records in all the former colonies , often have much more information about slaves , from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories .	Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies	What has helped geneologists researching slaves ?
As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write , black families passed along oral histories , which have had great persistence .	learn to read and write	What were slaves usually not allowed to do ?
As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write , black families passed along oral histories , which have had great persistence .	oral histories	What replaced written records for black families ?
When those terms were dropped , as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc , the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white , as was typical in segregated southern states .	Southern Congressional bloc	Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto ?
Until 1930 , census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race .	1930	When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census ?
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves .	Indigenous American tribes	Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves ?
For example , in 1726 , the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them .	1726	When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves ?
Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language .	Numerous advertisements	What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language ?
The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery .	through the institution of slavery	How did natives and Africans come to know each other ?
Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered ` Great Medicine ' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations .	because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases	Why did natives consider Africans to have a ` Great Medicine ' ?
Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother , according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem , regardless of the father 's race or citizenship .	gave children the social status of their mother	What did the laws passed in the 17th century do ?
Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother , according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem , regardless of the father 's race or citizenship .	partus sequitur ventrem	What is the rule called that causes a father 's race to not matter ?
In some cases , white fathers provided for their multiracial children , paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them , particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution .	paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them	What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children ?
This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children -- this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children , whether legitimate or not .	a man gave his status to his children	English common law generally said what ?
Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo , Amerindian , or other mixed race .	mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race	What are many Latin American migrants ?
Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance ; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans -LRB- who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features -RRB- , and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans -LRB- often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status -RRB- , especially some of the actors on the telenovelas .	white	What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be ?
Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance ; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans -LRB- who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features -RRB- , and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans -LRB- often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status -RRB- , especially some of the actors on the telenovelas .	the U.S. Hispanic media	Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people ?
Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance ; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans -LRB- who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features -RRB- , and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans -LRB- often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status -RRB- , especially some of the actors on the telenovelas .	blond and blue/green-eyed white	What does the typical latino in media look like ?
In Virginia prior to 1920 , for example , a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry .	if having seven-eights or more white ancestry	Before 1920 , how would a person be white by law ?
The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920 ; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black .	1920	What year was mulatto left off the US Census ?
This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules .	Southern-dominated Congress	Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category ?
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece `` Obama 's mother is of white U.S. stock .	Stanley Crouch	Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama ?
During the 2008 campaign , the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a `` Magic Negro '' , a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white -LRB- as cultural protagonists/drivers -RRB- agenda .	"Magic Negro",	What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008 ?
Ehrenstein went on to say `` He 's there to assuage white ` guilt ' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history . ''	assuage white 'guilt'	What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people ?
His father is a black Kenyan , '' in a column entitled `` What Obama Is n't : Black Like Me . ''	"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me."	What was the title of Crouch 's article ?
Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races , there remains some write-in responses which fall into the `` Mixture '' heading which can not be racially categorized .	cannot be racially categorized	What does the `` mixture '' heading mean ?
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census 's enumerated races .	2000	What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing ?
Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races , there remains some write-in responses which fall into the `` Mixture '' heading which can not be racially categorized .	Mixture	Bi-racial would be coded as what ?
Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races , there remains some write-in responses which fall into the `` Mixture '' heading which can not be racially categorized .	five enumerated races	How many race options were there ?
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected .	Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans	What is considered to be neglected in American history ?
The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502 , when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves .	April 1502	When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest ?
Some escaped , and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo , the first Black Indians were born .	Santo Domingo	Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves ?
In June of that year , Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina .	near the mouth of the Pee Dee River	Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony ?
Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans .	100 enslaved Africans	How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception ?
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line : The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams ; One Drop : My Father 's Hidden Life -- A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard ; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave ; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport , Louisiana .	Anatole Broyard	Who is related to Bliss Broyard ?
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line : The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams ; One Drop : My Father 's Hidden Life -- A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard ; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave ; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport , Louisiana .	autobiography	Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book ?
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line : The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams ; One Drop : My Father 's Hidden Life -- A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard ; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave ; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport , Louisiana .	Colored White Boy	What documentary features a white man in North Carolina ?
By the 1980s , parents of mixed-race children -LRB- and adults of mixed-race ancestry -RRB- began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms .	the 1980s	When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms ?
When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of `` bi-racial '' or `` multiracial '' in 1988 , the response from the general public was mostly negative .	mostly negative	How did the public react to the categories of `` bi-racial '' and `` multiracial '' ?
Some African-American organizations and political leaders , such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins , were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category .	Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins	Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations ?
They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category .	a loss in political and economic power	What did they fear would happen ?
In the early 19th century , the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea , who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West , married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau .	French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau	Who married Sacagewea ?
Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women .	European men and Indigenous American women	Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives ?
Depending on the kinship system of the woman 's tribe , their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe .	the kinship system of the woman's tribe	What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe ?
Nations that had matrilineal systems , such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast , gave the mixed-race children status in their mother 's clans and tribes .	Creek and Cherokee	What nations are considered matrilineal ?
Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male , they could have no social status in it .	adopted into the tribe by an adult male	How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe ?
For African Americans , the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity .	the one-drop rule	What brought African Americans together ?
Additionally , African Americans found it , near , impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information .	family elders	Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans ?
Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process , especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans , because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write , and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English , nor read or wrote it .	to learn to read and write	Slaves were not allowed to do what ?
Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process , especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans , because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write , and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English , nor read or wrote it .	spoke English, nor read or wrote it	What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage ?
African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture , or social/economic stratification .	their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification	What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans ?
The figure of the `` tragic octoroon '' was a stock character of abolitionist literature : a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father 's household , until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization .	"tragic octoroon"	What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture ?
The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child 's `` The Quadroons '' -LRB- 1842 -RRB- , a short story .	Lydia Maria Child	Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon ?
The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child 's `` The Quadroons '' -LRB- 1842 -RRB- , a short story .	"The Quadroons"	What story was written by Child in 1842 ?
This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and , unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands , did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier .	sexual exploitation in slavery	What does the tragic octoroon point out ?
This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and , unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands , did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier .	abolitionists	Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon ?
In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine , which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt .	John Abel	Who identified the active substance ?
Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state , and licensed the technology to Parke Davis .	Jokichi Takamine	Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state ?
Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin .	Parke Davis	Who marketed epinephrine ?
Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin .	Adrenalin	What trade name was epinephrine marketed under ?
By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion .	nasal congestion	As an inhaler , what was epinephrine used to treat ?
Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state , and licensed the technology to Parke Davis .	Jokichi Takamine	Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it 's pure form ?
By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion .	nasal congestion	What could epinephrine treat ?
Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks , and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 -LRB- Primatene Mist -RRB- .	2011	When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States ?
In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine , which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt .	1897	In what year was epinephrine discovered ?
Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin .	Adrenalin	What was the trade name of epinephrine ?
In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine , which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt .	John Abel	Who first discovered epinephrine ?
Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks , and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 -LRB- Primatene Mist -RRB- .	asthma attacks	What is epinephrine used to treat ?
Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks , and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 -LRB- Primatene Mist -RRB- .	2011	In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States ?
Amphetamine was developed by Smith , Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler .	Smith, Kline and French	Who developed Amphetamine ?
Following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome , academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929 .	Gordon Alles	Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma ?
The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects , but produced sensations of exhilaration and palpitations .	sensations of exhilaration and palpitations	What are common side effects of Amphetamine ?
It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s .	1960s	When were tricyclic antidepressants developed ?
Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy , post-encepheletic parkinsonism , and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications .	narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications	What were some uses for Amphetamine ?
A structurally similar compound , ephedrine , was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma .	asthma	Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness ?
Following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome , academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929 .	1929	In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients ?
Amphetamine was developed by Smith , Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler .	Benzedrine Inhaler	What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant ?
It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s .	1937	In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use ?
It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s .	1960s	In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created ?
A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas .	absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas	What is diabetes caused from ?
Soon , the extract was demonstrated to work in people , but development of insulin therapy as a routine medical procedure was delayed by difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity .	difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity	Why was insulin therapy delayed ?
In 1869 , Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas .	surgical removal of the pancreas	How can diabetes be induced in dogs ?
Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months .	only a few months	Before insulin , what was the life expectancy of diabetics ?
In 1921 , Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study , and found that injections of pancreatic extract reversed the symptoms produced by pancreas removal .	Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best	Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal ?
A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas .	pancreas	Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ ?
Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months .	a few months	Left untreated , how long were diabetic patients were expected to live ?
Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced .	pH	What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin ?
The researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the company 's experience with large scale purification of biological materials .	Eli Lilly and Co.	To purify insulin , Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company ?
In 1869 , Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas .	dogs	Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal ?
Today , amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy .	epilepsy	What is phenobarbital used for ?
In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid , formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid , phosphorus oxychloride and urea , induces sleep in dogs .	Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering	Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs ?
The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals , which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904 .	Veronal	What sleep aid was marketed in 1904 ?
Today , amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy .	attention deficit disorder	What is amphetamine used for today ?
The 1950s and 1960s saw increased awareness of the addictive properties and abuse potential of barbiturates and amphetamines and led to increasing restrictions on their use and growing government oversight of prescribers .	addictive properties and abuse potential	Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted ?
In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid , formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid , phosphorus oxychloride and urea , induces sleep in dogs .	diethylbarbituric acid	What compound was discovered to induce sleep ?
The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals , which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904 .	Veronal	What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid ?
Today , amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy .	epilepsy	What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today ?
Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action led to the discovery of phenobarbital at Bayer in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912 .	1911	In what year was phenobarbital discovered ?
The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals , which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904 .	sleep aid	What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market ?
In 1911 arsphenamine , the first synthetic anti-infective drug , was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin .	Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim	Who developed Arsphenamine ?
Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis , a disease which prior to that time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration , neurological damage , and death .	Arsphenamine	What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis ?
Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis , a disease which prior to that time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration , neurological damage , and death .	severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death	What complications are associated with Syphilis ?
In 1911 arsphenamine , the first synthetic anti-infective drug , was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin .	Institute of Experimental Therapy	What is Amphetamine 's market name ?
In 1911 arsphenamine , the first synthetic anti-infective drug , was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin .	Berlin	Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located ?
In 1911 arsphenamine , the first synthetic anti-infective drug , was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin .	arsphenamine	What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug ?
Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis , a disease which prior to that time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration , neurological damage , and death .	syphilis	Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease ?
In 1911 arsphenamine , the first synthetic anti-infective drug , was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin .	1911	In what year was arsphenamine discovered ?
The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan .	Salvarsan	What was the commercial name of arsphenamine ?
The first of these were local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid 1800s .	mid 1800s	When was Morphine and Quinine first available ?
Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine , analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium , by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sertürner , who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams , Morpheus .	Morpheus	Who was the compound named after ?
Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine , analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium , by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sertürner , who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams , Morpheus .	Friedrich Sertürner	Who came up with the name Morphine ?
Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine , analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium , by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sertürner , who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams , Morpheus .	opium	Where were was Morphine extracted from ?
By the late 1880s , German dye manufacturers had perfected the purification of individual organic compounds from coal tar and other mineral sources and had also established rudimentary methods in organic chemical synthesis .	German dye manufacturers	Who is responsible for purification of compounds found in mineral sources ?
Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine , analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium , by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sertürner , who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams , Morpheus .	Morpheus	Morphine was named after what Greek god ?
Multinational corporations including Merck , Hoffman-La Roche , Burroughs-Wellcome -LRB- now part of Glaxo Smith Kline -RRB- , Abbott Laboratories , Eli Lilly and Upjohn -LRB- now part of Pfizer -RRB- began as local apothecary shops in the mid-1800s .	Glaxo Smith Kline	Burroughs-Wellcome is now part of what medical company ?
Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine , analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium , by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sertürner , who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams , Morpheus .	Friedrich Sertürner	Who discovered morphine ?
Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine , analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium , by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sertürner , who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams , Morpheus .	opium	What is the name of the plant that produces morphine ?
Ehrlich 's approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists , including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer , Fritz Mietzsch , and Gerhard Domagk .	Gerhard Domagk	Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939 ?
This work , also based in the testing of compounds available from the German dye industry , led to the development of Prontosil , the first representative of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics .	antibiotics	Prontosil is in what drug class ?
Ehrlich 's approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists , including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer , Fritz Mietzsch , and Gerhard Domagk .	Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk	Who is responsible for creating Prontosil ?
Compared to arsphenamine , the sulfonamides had a broader spectrum of activity and were far less toxic , rendering them useful for infections caused by pathogens such as streptococci .	pathogens	What causes Streptococci ?
Nonetheless , the dramatic decrease in deaths from infectious diseases that occurred prior to World War II was primarily the result of improved public health measures such as clean water and less crowded housing , and the impact of anti-infective drugs and vaccines was significant mainly after World War II .	infectious diseases	Many deaths occurred before World War II due to what ?
This work , also based in the testing of compounds available from the German dye industry , led to the development of Prontosil , the first representative of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics .	Prontosil	What was the name of the first sulfonamine antibiotic ?
In 1939 , Domagk received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery .	Nobel Prize in Medicine	What award did Domagk receive in 1939 ?
Nonetheless , the dramatic decrease in deaths from infectious diseases that occurred prior to World War II was primarily the result of improved public health measures such as clean water and less crowded housing , and the impact of anti-infective drugs and vaccines was significant mainly after World War II .	World War II	Anti-infective drugs became more prominent after what war ?
Compared to arsphenamine , the sulfonamides had a broader spectrum of activity and were far less toxic , rendering them useful for infections caused by pathogens such as streptococci .	less	Were sulfonamides more or less toxic than arsphenamine ?
Compared to arsphenamine , the sulfonamides had a broader spectrum of activity and were far less toxic , rendering them useful for infections caused by pathogens such as streptococci .	sulfonamides	Streptococci and other pathogens could be treated by what type of antibiotics ?
In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first rabies vaccine .	Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux	Who created the first rabies vaccine ?
The United States recorded 206,000 cases of diphtheria in 1921 resulting in 15,520 deaths .	206,000	How many cases of Diphtheria were there in 1921 ?
In 1923 parallel efforts by Gaston Ramon at the Pasteur Institute and Alexander Glenny at the Wellcome Research Laboratories -LRB- later part of GlaxoSmithKline -RRB- led to the discovery that a safer vaccine could be produced by treating diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde .	formaldehyde	In 1923 , what was discovered to be safer to treat Diphtheria Toxin ?
In 1944 , Maurice Hilleman of Squibb Pharmaceuticals developed the first vaccine against Japanese encephelitis .	Maurice Hilleman	Who created a vaccine to treat Japanese Encephalitis ?
The United States recorded 206,000 cases of diphtheria in 1921 resulting in 15,520 deaths .	15,520	How many deaths occurred due to Diphtheria ?
In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first rabies vaccine .	1885	The rabies vaccine was created in what year ?
The first diphtheria vaccines were produced in 1914 from a mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin -LRB- produced from the serum of an inoculated animal -RRB- , but the safety of the inoculation was marginal and it was not widely used .	1914	In what year was the diphtheria vaccine made ?
In 1923 parallel efforts by Gaston Ramon at the Pasteur Institute and Alexander Glenny at the Wellcome Research Laboratories -LRB- later part of GlaxoSmithKline -RRB- led to the discovery that a safer vaccine could be produced by treating diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde .	formaldehyde	What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use ?
In 1944 , Maurice Hilleman of Squibb Pharmaceuticals developed the first vaccine against Japanese encephelitis .	Maurice Hilleman	Who developed the first encephalitis vaccine ?
Hilleman would later move to Merck where he would play a key role in the development of vaccines against measles , mumps , chickenpox , rubella , hepatitis A , hepatitis B , and meningitis .	Merck	What company did Hilleman later work for ?
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting `` Elixir Sulfanilamide '' manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee .	S.E. Massengill Company	Who manufactured `` Elixir Sulfanilamide '' ?
In response to this episode , the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act of 1938 , which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold , and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims .	explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims	What was one of the things the Federal Food , Drug and Cosmetic Act do ?
In response to this episode , the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act of 1938 , which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold , and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims .	1938	What year did Congress pass the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act ?
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting `` Elixir Sulfanilamide '' manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee .	Elixir Sulfanilamide	What drug killed 100 people in 1937 ?
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol , a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze .	antifreeze	What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now ?
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting `` Elixir Sulfanilamide '' manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee .	S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee	What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide ?
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting `` Elixir Sulfanilamide '' manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee .	Elixir Sulfanilamide	What drug killed over 100 people in 1937 ?
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol , a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze .	antifreeze	Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid ?
In response to this episode , the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act of 1938 , which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold , and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims .	Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938	What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident ?
Under the laws extant at that time , prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an `` elixir '' , which literally implied a solution in ethanol .	ethanol	The name `` elixir '' implied a solution in what liquid ?
Streptomycin , discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman 's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943 , became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis .	1943	When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered ?
At the time of its discovery , sanitoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were an ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries , with 50 % dying within 5 years of admission .	cities in developed countries	50 % of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where ?
Streptomycin , discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman 's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943 , became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis .	Streptomycin	What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis ?
The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins -LRB- developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham -RRB- , streptomycin -LRB- discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman 's laboratory -RRB- , the tetracyclines -LRB- discovered at Lederle Laboratories , now a part of Pfizer -RRB- , erythromycin -LRB- discovered at Eli Lilly and Co. -RRB- and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens .	Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham	Who was Eli Lilly 's work based off of ?
The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins -LRB- developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham -RRB- , streptomycin -LRB- discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman 's laboratory -RRB- , the tetracyclines -LRB- discovered at Lederle Laboratories , now a part of Pfizer -RRB- , erythromycin -LRB- discovered at Eli Lilly and Co. -RRB- and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens .	Lederle Laboratories	Where was Tetracyclines discovered ?
Streptomycin , discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman 's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943 , became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis .	Streptomycin	What was the first treatment for tuberculosis ?
At the time of its discovery , sanitoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were an ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries , with 50 % dying within 5 years of admission .	50%	What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years ?
Streptomycin , discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman 's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943 , became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis .	1943	In what year was streptomycin discovered ?
The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins -LRB- developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham -RRB- , streptomycin -LRB- discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman 's laboratory -RRB- , the tetracyclines -LRB- discovered at Lederle Laboratories , now a part of Pfizer -RRB- , erythromycin -LRB- discovered at Eli Lilly and Co. -RRB- and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens .	World War II	Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war ?
Vaccine development continued to accelerate , with the most notable achievement of the period being Jonas Salk 's 1954 development of the polio vaccine under the funding of the non-profit National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis .	1954	When was the Polio vaccine created ?
In 2004 the United States Cancer Institute announced that it had concluded that SV40 is not associated with cancer in people .	United States Cancer Institute	Who announced that SV40 was not associated with cancer ?
In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus , which was later shown to cause tumors in many mammalian species .	Maurice Hilleman	Who identified the SV40 virus ?
In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus , which was later shown to cause tumors in many mammalian species .	cause tumors	What was a complication of the SV40 virus ?
Vaccine development continued to accelerate , with the most notable achievement of the period being Jonas Salk 's 1954 development of the polio vaccine under the funding of the non-profit National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis .	National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis	Who funded the Polio vaccine ?
Vaccine development continued to accelerate , with the most notable achievement of the period being Jonas Salk 's 1954 development of the polio vaccine under the funding of the non-profit National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis .	1954	In what year was the polio vaccine created ?
Vaccine development continued to accelerate , with the most notable achievement of the period being Jonas Salk 's 1954 development of the polio vaccine under the funding of the non-profit National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis .	Jonas Salk	Who created the polio vaccine ?
In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus , which was later shown to cause tumors in many mammalian species .	SV40	What virus caused tumors in most mammals ?
It was later determined that SV40 was present as a contaminant in polio vaccine lots that had been administered to 90 % of the children in the United States .	polio	SV40 was present in what vaccine ?
On 2 July 2012 , GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $ 3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company .	$3 billion	How much was the settlement GlaxoSmithKline agree to ?
The settlement is related to the company 's illegal promotion of prescription drugs , its failure to report safety data , bribing doctors , and promoting medicines for uses for which they were not licensed .	illegal promotion of prescription drugs	What was one of the causes of the health-care fraud case ?
On 2 July 2012 , GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $ 3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company .	2 July 2012	When did GlaxoSmithKline plead guilty ?
Those and the drugs Imitrex , Lotronex , Flovent , and Valtrex were involved in the kickback scheme .	Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex	What drugs were related to a kickback scheme ?
The drugs involved were Paxil , Wellbutrin , Advair , Lamictal , and Zofran for off-label , non-covered uses .	Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran	What drugs were used for off-label uses ?
On 2 July 2012 , GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $ 3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company .	2012	In what year did GlaxoSmithKline pay a $ 3 billion dollar settlement ?
On 2 July 2012 , GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $ 3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company .	$3 billion	How much was the largest healthcare fraud case in the US settled for ?
On 2 July 2012 , GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $ 3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company .	GlaxoSmithKline	What company was sued for promoting medicines for unlicensed uses and bribing doctors ?
The expectation is that relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent .	become fully transparent.	What is the speculation of the relationship between doctors and the drug industry ?
In the US , starting in 2013 , under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports -LRB- part of the Sunshine Act -RRB- , the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals .	Sunshine Act	What is the Physician Financial Transparency Report part of ?
Data are made public in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website .	Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website	Where can you obtain information about the Sunshine Act ?
In the US , starting in 2013 , under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports -LRB- part of the Sunshine Act -RRB- , the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals .	financial relationships with physicians and hospitals.	What information is collected by Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services ?
In the US , starting in 2013 , under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports -LRB- part of the Sunshine Act -RRB- , the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals .	starting in 2013	When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information ?
In the US , starting in 2013 , under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports -LRB- part of the Sunshine Act -RRB- , the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals .	Sunshine Act	The Physician Financial Transparency Reports was part of what other act ?
In the US , starting in 2013 , under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports -LRB- part of the Sunshine Act -RRB- , the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals .	2013	In what year were Medicaid and Medicare required to disclose information about their relationships with doctors and hospitals ?
Data are made public in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website .	Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website	Where can financial relationships between Medicaid , Medicare and pharmaceutical companies be found ?
The expectation is that relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent .	relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent	What is expected when the relationships are made public ?
Notable among these was a 75 % decline in deaths due to tuberculosis .	tuberculosis	What disease had the biggest decline of deaths ?
The report concluded that `` it appears that the use of antibiotics , early diagnosis , and other factors have limited the epidemic spread and thus the number of these diseases which have occurred '' .	use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors	What was responsible for the decline in spreading diseases ?
The report found that over the period 1946-1955 , there was a 42 % drop in the incidence of diseases for which antibiotics were effective and only a 20 % drop in those for which antibiotics were not effective .	1946-1955	What period was the report issued in 1958 cover ?
A Federal Trade Commission report issued in 1958 attempted to quantify the effect of antibiotic development on American public health .	Federal Trade Commission	Who issued the report in 1958 ?
The study further examined mortality rates for eight common diseases for which antibiotics offered effective therapy -LRB- syphilis , tuberculosis , dysentery , scarlet fever , whooping cough , meningococcal infections , and pneumonia -RRB- , and found a 56 % decline over the same period .	mortality rates	What were eight diseases examined for ?
The study further examined mortality rates for eight common diseases for which antibiotics offered effective therapy -LRB- syphilis , tuberculosis , dysentery , scarlet fever , whooping cough , meningococcal infections , and pneumonia -RRB- , and found a 56 % decline over the same period .	56%	How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955 ?
Notable among these was a 75 % decline in deaths due to tuberculosis .	75%	How much did the mortality rate of tuberculosis drop between 1946-1955 ?
A Federal Trade Commission report issued in 1958 attempted to quantify the effect of antibiotic development on American public health .	Federal Trade Commission	Who issued a report describing the effects of antibiotic developments ?
A Federal Trade Commission report issued in 1958 attempted to quantify the effect of antibiotic development on American public health .	1958	In what year was the FTC 's report issued ?
HIV was and is an epidemic in South Africa , and ARVs at the time cost between 10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year .	10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year	How much did treatment for each patient in Africa cost ?
After international protest in favour of public health rights -LRB- including the collection of 250,000 signatures by MSF -RRB- , the governments of several developed countries -LRB- including The Netherlands , Germany , France , and later the US -RRB- backed the South African government , and the case was dropped in April of that year .	The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US	Who backed the South African government which caused the case to be dropped ?
In March 2001 , 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies brought litigation against South Africa for its Medicines Act , which allowed the generic production of antiretroviral drugs -LRB- ARVs -RRB- for treating HIV , despite the fact that these drugs were on-patent .	40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies	Who brought litigation to South Africa ?
After international protest in favour of public health rights -LRB- including the collection of 250,000 signatures by MSF -RRB- , the governments of several developed countries -LRB- including The Netherlands , Germany , France , and later the US -RRB- backed the South African government , and the case was dropped in April of that year .	250,000 signatures	How many signatures were collected by MSF ?
In March 2001 , 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies brought litigation against South Africa for its Medicines Act , which allowed the generic production of antiretroviral drugs -LRB- ARVs -RRB- for treating HIV , despite the fact that these drugs were on-patent .	March 2001	When was litigation brought to South Africa ?
In March 2001 , 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies brought litigation against South Africa for its Medicines Act , which allowed the generic production of antiretroviral drugs -LRB- ARVs -RRB- for treating HIV , despite the fact that these drugs were on-patent .	40	How many companies sued South Africa for its Medicines Act ?
In March 2001 , 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies brought litigation against South Africa for its Medicines Act , which allowed the generic production of antiretroviral drugs -LRB- ARVs -RRB- for treating HIV , despite the fact that these drugs were on-patent .	antiretroviral	South Africa 's Medicines Act allowed for the generic production of what kind of drugs ?
HIV was and is an epidemic in South Africa , and ARVs at the time cost between 10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year .	between 10,000 and 15,000 USD	How much did ARV drugs cost patients yearly ?
After international protest in favour of public health rights -LRB- including the collection of 250,000 signatures by MSF -RRB- , the governments of several developed countries -LRB- including The Netherlands , Germany , France , and later the US -RRB- backed the South African government , and the case was dropped in April of that year .	250,000	How many signatures were collected supporting public health rights ?
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act , which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs .	Pure Food and Drugs Act	What Act forbade misbranded drugs ?
In the United States , increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin .	contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin	What caused a Tetanus outbreak ?
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs .	The Biologics Control Act of 1902	What act allowed premarket approval for drugs ?
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act , which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs .	1906	When did the Pure Food and Drugs Act get implemented ?
The government 's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government 's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug 's ingredients .	Supreme Court	Who restricted the federal government 's enforcement powers ?
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs .	Biologics Control Act of 1902	What was the name of the law that required premarket approval for producing drugs ?
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act , which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs .	Pure Food and Drugs Act	What law banned the interstate distribution of mislabeled food and drugs ?
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act , which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs .	1906	In what year was the Pure Food and Drugs Act passed ?
Moreover , under the TRIPS agreement of the World Trade Organization , countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented .	World Trade Organization	Who adopted the Doha Declaration ?
Moreover , under the TRIPS agreement of the World Trade Organization , countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented .	countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented	What did the TRIPS agreement accomplish ?
Patents have been criticized in the developing world , as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines .	thought to reduce access to existing medicines	Why are patents criticized ?
In 2001 , the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration , which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind , and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies : via compulsory licensing or parallel imports , even before patent expiration .	indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies	What did the Doha Declaration do ?
In 2001 , the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration , which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind , and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies : via compulsory licensing or parallel imports , even before patent expiration .	2001	When was the Doha Declaration adopted ?
Patents have been criticized in the developing world , as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines .	Patents	What has been accused of reducing access to medicines in developing countries ?
In 2001 , the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration , which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind , and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies : via compulsory licensing or parallel imports , even before patent expiration .	compulsory licensing or parallel imports	The Doha Declaration allows for what ways for monopolies to be bypassed ?
In 2001 , the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration , which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind , and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies : via compulsory licensing or parallel imports , even before patent expiration .	2001	When did the World Trade Organization adopt the Doha Declaration ?
Of this amount $ 2.5 billion was recovered through False Claims Act cases in FY 2010 .	$2.5 billion	How much money was recovered through the False Claims ?
These include : Good Manufacturing Practice -LRB- GMP -RRB- Violations , Off Label Marketing , Best Price Fraud , CME Fraud , Medicaid Price Reporting , and Manufactured Compound Drugs .	Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs.	What are some of the schemes used to defraud the health care system ?
Pharmaceutical fraud involves deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company .	deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company	What is pharmaceutical fraud ?
Examples of fraud cases include the GlaxoSmithKline $ 3 billion settlement , Pfizer $ 2.3 billion settlement and Merck & Co. $ 650 million settlement .	GlaxoSmithKline	Who had the biggest fraud case settlement ?
Damages from fraud can be recovered by use of the False Claims Act , most commonly under the qui tam provisions which rewards an individual for being a `` whistleblower '' , or relator -LRB- law -RRB- .	qui tam	What provision rewards `` whistle-blowers '' ?
Pharmaceutical fraud involves deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company .	Pharmaceutical fraud	What kind of fraud financially benefits a drug company ?
It affects individuals and public and private insurers .	individuals and public and private insurers	Who is affected by pharmaceutical fraud ?
Of this amount $ 2.5 billion was recovered through False Claims Act cases in FY 2010 .	$2.5 billion	How much money lost to pharmaceutical fraud was recovered in 2010 ?
Damages from fraud can be recovered by use of the False Claims Act , most commonly under the qui tam provisions which rewards an individual for being a `` whistleblower '' , or relator -LRB- law -RRB- .	False Claims Act	Which act allows whistleblowers to recover money lost from pharmaceutical fraud ?
A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death -LRB- RR 0.89 -RRB- , stroke -LRB- RR 0.63 -RRB- , coronary heart disease -LRB- RR 0.84 -RRB- , and cardiovascular events -LRB- RR 0.70 -RRB- in people with high blood pressure .	thiazide antihypertensive drugs	What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with high blood pressure ?
A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death -LRB- RR 0.89 -RRB- , stroke -LRB- RR 0.63 -RRB- , coronary heart disease -LRB- RR 0.84 -RRB- , and cardiovascular events -LRB- RR 0.70 -RRB- in people with high blood pressure .	Cochrane	Who conducted the review on Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs ?
In the ensuring years other classes of antihypertensive drug were developed and found wide acceptance in combination therapy , including loop diuretics -LRB- Lasix/furosemide , Hoechst Pharmaceuticals , 1963 -RRB- , beta blockers -LRB- ICI Pharmaceuticals , 1964 -RRB- ACE inhibitors , and angiotensin receptor blockers .	combination therapy	What were Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs used with ?
ACE inhibitors reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease -LSB- RR 0.71 -RSB- and death -LSB- RR 0.84 -RSB- in diabetic patients , irrespective of whether they have hypertension .	reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients	What do ACE inhibitors do ?
A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death -LRB- RR 0.89 -RRB- , stroke -LRB- RR 0.63 -RRB- , coronary heart disease -LRB- RR 0.84 -RRB- , and cardiovascular events -LRB- RR 0.70 -RRB- in people with high blood pressure .	2009	In what year did Cochrane release the report ?
ACE inhibitors reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease -LSB- RR 0.71 -RSB- and death -LSB- RR 0.84 -RSB- in diabetic patients , irrespective of whether they have hypertension .	ACE inhibitors	What reduces the risk of new onset kidney diseases and death ?
A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death -LRB- RR 0.89 -RRB- , stroke -LRB- RR 0.63 -RRB- , coronary heart disease -LRB- RR 0.84 -RRB- , and cardiovascular events -LRB- RR 0.70 -RRB- in people with high blood pressure .	thiazide antihypertensive drugs	What type of drugs reduced the risk of strokes and heart disease for people with high blood pressure ?
A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death -LRB- RR 0.89 -RRB- , stroke -LRB- RR 0.63 -RRB- , coronary heart disease -LRB- RR 0.84 -RRB- , and cardiovascular events -LRB- RR 0.70 -RRB- in people with high blood pressure .	2009	In what year was thiazide antihypertensive drugs shown to help those with heart problems ?
A 2012 report by the President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology made several key recommendations to reduce regulatory burdens to new drug development , including 1 -RRB- expanding the FDA 's use of accelerated approval processes , 2 -RRB- creating an expedited approval pathway for drugs intended for use in narrowly defined populations , and 3 -RRB- undertaking pilot projects designed to evaluate the feasibility of a new , adaptive drug approval process .	President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology	Who put out a report in 2012 ?
Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation , and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease .	excessive regulation	What has been argued restricted innovation ?
A 2012 report by the President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology made several key recommendations to reduce regulatory burdens to new drug development , including 1 -RRB- expanding the FDA 's use of accelerated approval processes , 2 -RRB- creating an expedited approval pathway for drugs intended for use in narrowly defined populations , and 3 -RRB- undertaking pilot projects designed to evaluate the feasibility of a new , adaptive drug approval process .	expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes	What was a recommendations brought about from the report ?
Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation , and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease .	therapeutic innovation	What is one thing excessive regulations causes ?
A 2012 report by the President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology made several key recommendations to reduce regulatory burdens to new drug development , including 1 -RRB- expanding the FDA 's use of accelerated approval processes , 2 -RRB- creating an expedited approval pathway for drugs intended for use in narrowly defined populations , and 3 -RRB- undertaking pilot projects designed to evaluate the feasibility of a new , adaptive drug approval process .	pilot projects	What can be used to evaluate new approval processes ?
Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation , and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease .	therapeutic innovation	What is excessive drug regulation said to suppress ?
A 2012 report by the President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology made several key recommendations to reduce regulatory burdens to new drug development , including 1 -RRB- expanding the FDA 's use of accelerated approval processes , 2 -RRB- creating an expedited approval pathway for drugs intended for use in narrowly defined populations , and 3 -RRB- undertaking pilot projects designed to evaluate the feasibility of a new , adaptive drug approval process .	2012	In what year was a report made to reduce the burdens of drug development ?
Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation , and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease .	current cost of regulator-required clinical trials	What was argued to be holding back new knowledge for treating diseases ?
In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator , hydralazine .	researchers at Ciba	Who discovered Hydralazine ?
The inventors were recognized by a Public Health Lasker Award in 1975 for `` the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension '' .	the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension	Why were the researchers recognized in 1975 ?
This development was associated with a substantial decline in the mortality rate among people with hypertension .	hypertension	What is Chlorothiazide used to treat ?
A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time -LRB- tachyphylaxis -RRB- .	lost its effectiveness over time	What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine ?
In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator , hydralazine .	hydralazine	What was the name of the first oral vasodilator ?
In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer , James M. Sprague , John E. Baer , and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered and developed chlorothiazide , which remains the most widely used antihypertensive drug today .	chlorothiazide	What is the most used antihypertensive drug today ?
The inventors were recognized by a Public Health Lasker Award in 1975 for `` the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension '' .	Public Health Lasker Award	Beyer , Sprague , Baer , and Novello received what award in 1975 ?
In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator , hydralazine .	1952	In what year was hydralazine discovered ?
This development was associated with a substantial decline in the mortality rate among people with hypertension .	hypertension	Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease ?
In the U.S. , a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959 .	FD&C	What act needed provisions ?
In the U.S. , a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959 .	Senator Estes Kefauver	Who led the congressional hearings ?
The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues , including advertising abuses , questionable efficacy of drugs , and the need for greater regulation of the industry .	advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry	What were the major issues that needed to be addressed ?
While momentum for new legislation temporarily flagged under extended debate , a new tragedy emerged that underscored the need for more comprehensive regulation and provided the driving force for the passage of new laws .	a new tragedy emerged	What caused a need for more regulation ?
In the U.S. , a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959 .	1959	When did this push occur ?
In the U.S. , a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959 .	FD&C	Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act ?
In the U.S. , a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959 .	Senator Estes Kefauver	Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959 ?
The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues , including advertising abuses , questionable efficacy of drugs , and the need for greater regulation of the industry .	greater	Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals ?
The first 20 years of licensed measles vaccination in the U.S. prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease , 17,400 cases of mental retardation , and 5,200 deaths .	an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths	What did the first measles prevent in it 's first 20 years ?
Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles -LRB- 1962 , John Franklin Enders of Children 's Medical Center Boston , later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck -RRB- , Rubella -LRB- 1969 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- and mumps -LRB- 1967 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- The United States incidences of rubella , congenital rubella syndrome , measles , and mumps all fell by > 95 % in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination .	John Franklin Enders	Who originally created the measles vaccine ?
Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles -LRB- 1962 , John Franklin Enders of Children 's Medical Center Boston , later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck -RRB- , Rubella -LRB- 1969 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- and mumps -LRB- 1967 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- The United States incidences of rubella , congenital rubella syndrome , measles , and mumps all fell by > 95 % in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination .	>95%	How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of the measles vaccine ?
Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles -LRB- 1962 , John Franklin Enders of Children 's Medical Center Boston , later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck -RRB- , Rubella -LRB- 1969 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- and mumps -LRB- 1967 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- The United States incidences of rubella , congenital rubella syndrome , measles , and mumps all fell by > 95 % in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination .	1969	When did the Rubella vaccine come out ?
Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles -LRB- 1962 , John Franklin Enders of Children 's Medical Center Boston , later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck -RRB- , Rubella -LRB- 1969 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- and mumps -LRB- 1967 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- The United States incidences of rubella , congenital rubella syndrome , measles , and mumps all fell by > 95 % in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination .	Maurice Hilleman	Who recreated the measles vaccine ?
Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles -LRB- 1962 , John Franklin Enders of Children 's Medical Center Boston , later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck -RRB- , Rubella -LRB- 1969 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- and mumps -LRB- 1967 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- The United States incidences of rubella , congenital rubella syndrome , measles , and mumps all fell by > 95 % in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination .	1962	In what year was the measles vaccine made ?
Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles -LRB- 1962 , John Franklin Enders of Children 's Medical Center Boston , later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck -RRB- , Rubella -LRB- 1969 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- and mumps -LRB- 1967 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- The United States incidences of rubella , congenital rubella syndrome , measles , and mumps all fell by > 95 % in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination .	Maurice Hilleman	Who helped refine the measles vaccine ?
Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles -LRB- 1962 , John Franklin Enders of Children 's Medical Center Boston , later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck -RRB- , Rubella -LRB- 1969 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- and mumps -LRB- 1967 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- The United States incidences of rubella , congenital rubella syndrome , measles , and mumps all fell by > 95 % in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination .	1967	In what year was the mumps vaccine made ?
Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles -LRB- 1962 , John Franklin Enders of Children 's Medical Center Boston , later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck -RRB- , Rubella -LRB- 1969 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- and mumps -LRB- 1967 , Hilleman , Merck -RRB- The United States incidences of rubella , congenital rubella syndrome , measles , and mumps all fell by > 95 % in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination .	>95%	How much did rubella , measles , and mumps infections drop after vaccination ?
The first 20 years of licensed measles vaccination in the U.S. prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease , 17,400 cases of mental retardation , and 5,200 deaths .	52 million	Measles vaccinations helped prevent how many estimated cases of the illness ?
The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver 's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress , and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962 .	10 October 1962	When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law ?
The law required that all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective .	all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective	What did this new law require ?
An FDA - National Academy of Sciences collaborative study showed that nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective .	nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective	What did the National Academy of Science 's study discover ?
A similarly comprehensive study of over-the-counter products began ten years later .	ten years later	How long after the National Academy of Science 's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur ?
The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver 's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress , and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962 .	The thalidomide tragedy	What brought up enhancement of drug regulations ?
The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver 's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress , and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962 .	10 October 1962	When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law ?
The FDA received authority to regulate advertising of prescription drugs and to establish good manufacturing practices .	FDA	What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs ?
The law required that all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective .	1938 and 1962	Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market ?
An FDA - National Academy of Sciences collaborative study showed that nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective .	40 percent	What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study ?
Over 20,000 Americans received thalidomide in this `` study , '' including 624 pregnant patients , and about 17 known newborns suffered the effects of the drug .	Over 20,000	How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon ?
The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application -- until November 1961 , when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities .	November 1961	When was the drug taken off shelves in Germany ?
Over 20,000 Americans received thalidomide in this `` study , '' including 624 pregnant patients , and about 17 known newborns suffered the effects of the drug .	about 17	How many newborns were born with issues due to Kevadon ?
Though the drug was never approved in the USA , the firm distributed Kevadon to over 1,000 physicians there under the guise of investigational use .	under the guise of investigational use	How was Kevadon distributed to doctors ?
The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application -- until November 1961 , when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities .	association with grave congenital abnormalities	Why was this drug pulled off shelves ?
The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application -- until November 1961 , when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities .	1961	In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany ?
The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application -- until November 1961 , when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities .	congenital abnormalities	What adverse effect was thalidomide associated with ?
Though the drug was never approved in the USA , the firm distributed Kevadon to over 1,000 physicians there under the guise of investigational use .	Kevadon	Thalidomide was distributed in the USA by what name ?
Over 20,000 Americans received thalidomide in this `` study , '' including 624 pregnant patients , and about 17 known newborns suffered the effects of the drug .	Over 20,000	About how many Americans received thalidomide in a supposed study ?
Over 20,000 Americans received thalidomide in this `` study , '' including 624 pregnant patients , and about 17 known newborns suffered the effects of the drug .	17	How many newborn American babies were affected by thalidomide ?
Prior to the second world war , birth control was prohibited in many countries , and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws .	Comstock laws	What law prohibited birth control ?
Based on fundamental research performed by Gregory Pincus and synthetic methods for progesterone developed by Carl Djerassi at Syntex and by Frank Colton at G.D. Searle & Co. , the first oral contraceptive , Enovid , was developed by E.D. Searle and Co. and approved by the FDA in 1960 .	1960	When was Enovid first approved ?
The availability of a convenient form of temporary contraceptive led to dramatic changes in social mores including expanding the range of lifestyle options available to women , reducing the reliance of women on men for contraceptive practice , encouraging the delay of marriage , and increasing pre-marital co-habitation .	pre-marital co-habitation	What increased due to the availability of birth control ?
Nonetheless , by 1962 , 1.2 million American women were on the pill , and by 1965 the number had increased to 6.5 million .	6.5 million	In 1965 , how many women were on the birth control pill ?
Prior to the second world war , birth control was prohibited in many countries , and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws .	Comstock laws	Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws ?
Based on fundamental research performed by Gregory Pincus and synthetic methods for progesterone developed by Carl Djerassi at Syntex and by Frank Colton at G.D. Searle & Co. , the first oral contraceptive , Enovid , was developed by E.D. Searle and Co. and approved by the FDA in 1960 .	Enovid	What was the name of the first oral contraceptive ?
Nonetheless , by 1962 , 1.2 million American women were on the pill , and by 1965 the number had increased to 6.5 million .	6.5 million	By 1965 , about how many American women were taking Enovid ?
Based on fundamental research performed by Gregory Pincus and synthetic methods for progesterone developed by Carl Djerassi at Syntex and by Frank Colton at G.D. Searle & Co. , the first oral contraceptive , Enovid , was developed by E.D. Searle and Co. and approved by the FDA in 1960 .	1960	When did the FDA approve Enovid ?
Prior to the second world war , birth control was prohibited in many countries , and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws .	second world war	Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war ?
Endo was awarded the 2006 Japan Prize , and the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 2008 .	Endo	Who received the Laser-Debakey Clinical Medical Research Aware ?
In 1995 , Zocor and Mevacor both made Merck over US$ 1 billion .	over US$1 billion	How much money did Merk make in 1995 ?
Researchers tested simvastatin , later sold by Merck as Zocor , on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease .	4,444	How many patients received Zocor ?
In April 1994 , the results of a Merck-sponsored study , the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study , were announced .	Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study	What study did Merk sponsor in 1994 ?
After five years , the study concluded the patients saw a 35 % reduction in their cholesterol , and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42 % .	a 35% reduction in their cholesterol, and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42%	What did the study reveal after 5 years ?
Researchers tested simvastatin , later sold by Merck as Zocor , on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease .	Zocor	What was the brand name of simvastatin ?
After five years , the study concluded the patients saw a 35 % reduction in their cholesterol , and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42 % .	35%	Patients treated with Zocor had their cholesterol reduced by how much ?
After five years , the study concluded the patients saw a 35 % reduction in their cholesterol , and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42 % .	42%	How much did Zocor reduce the chance of dying from a heart attack ?
In 1995 , Zocor and Mevacor both made Merck over US$ 1 billion .	over US$1 billion	How much money did Merck make from sales of Zocor and Mevacor ?
Endo was awarded the 2006 Japan Prize , and the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 2008 .	Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award	Endo received what award in 2008 ?
Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed .	the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed	What is a drug discovery ?
A great deal of early-stage drug discovery has traditionally been carried out by universities and research institutions .	universities and research institutions	Who is usually responsible for early stages of drug discovery ?
Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a disease state or pathogen , and manipulating these pathways using molecular biology or biochemistry .	molecular biology or biochemistry	What is used to manipulate pathways ?
In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery .	isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery	What is involved in drug discovery ?
Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a disease state or pathogen , and manipulating these pathways using molecular biology or biochemistry .	biotechnology	What focuses on metabolic pathways ?
Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed .	Drug discovery	What is the name of the process in which possible drugs are discovered ?
A great deal of early-stage drug discovery has traditionally been carried out by universities and research institutions .	research institutions	What groups carry out most early drug discoveries ?
Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a disease state or pathogen , and manipulating these pathways using molecular biology or biochemistry .	biotechnology	What kind of technology studies the understanding and manipulation of disease states and pathogens ?
In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery .	active ingredient	Most drugs have been found by isolating what from traditional remedies ?
If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account , the cost of developing a successful new drug -LRB- new chemical entity , or NCE -RRB- , has been estimated at about 1.3 billion USD -LRB- not including marketing expenses -RRB- .	about 1.3 billion	How much does it cost to develop a new drug ?
Since 2001 , the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research has averaged 22.9 approvals a year .	averaged 22.9 approvals	How many approvals of new drugs happen every year ?
Since 2001 , the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research has averaged 22.9 approvals a year .	Center for Drug Evaluation and Research	Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs ?
On the other hand , there were only 18 approvals in total in 2007 and 22 back in 2006 .	18 approvals	How many drugs were approved in 2007 ?
Professors Light and Lexchin reported in 2012 , however , that the rate of approval for new drugs has been a relatively stable average rate of 15 to 25 for decades .	Professors Light and Lexchin	Who reported the stable average rate in 2012 ?
In 2010 18 NMEs -LRB- New Molecular Entities -RRB- were approved and three biologics by the FDA , or 21 in total , which is down from 26 in 2009 and 24 in 2008 .	New Molecular Entities	What does NMEs stand for ?
Since 2001 , the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research has averaged 22.9 approvals a year .	22.9	How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001 ?
If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account , the cost of developing a successful new drug -LRB- new chemical entity , or NCE -RRB- , has been estimated at about 1.3 billion USD -LRB- not including marketing expenses -RRB- .	1.3 billion USD	What is the approximate cost of developing a new drug , including the costs of failure ?
Professors Light and Lexchin reported in 2012 , however , that the rate of approval for new drugs has been a relatively stable average rate of 15 to 25 for decades .	15 to 25	What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs ?
Some approved drugs , such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient -LRB- also referred to as Line-extensions -RRB- are much less expensive to develop .	those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient	What drugs are the least expensive to develop ?
Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized -LRB- see Time-value of money -RRB- .	opportunity cost of investing capital	What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs ?
A direct consequence within the pharmaceutical industry value chain is that major pharmaceutical multinationals tend to increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research , which somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies playing an increasingly important role , and overall strategies being redefined accordingly .	increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research	What is the consequence in the value chain ?
A direct consequence within the pharmaceutical industry value chain is that major pharmaceutical multinationals tend to increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research , which somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies playing an increasingly important role , and overall strategies being redefined accordingly .	somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies	What happens when companies outsource ?
Some approved drugs , such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient -LRB- also referred to as Line-extensions -RRB- are much less expensive to develop .	Line-extensions	What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to ?
Because of the very long time needed for discovery , development , and approval of pharmaceuticals , these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense .	nearly half the total expense	Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much ?
A direct consequence within the pharmaceutical industry value chain is that major pharmaceutical multinationals tend to increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research , which somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies playing an increasingly important role , and overall strategies being redefined accordingly .	biotechnology	What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development ?
A direct consequence within the pharmaceutical industry value chain is that major pharmaceutical multinationals tend to increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research , which somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies playing an increasingly important role , and overall strategies being redefined accordingly .	major pharmaceutical multinationals	What firms tend to outsource drug development ?
Mevastatin was never marketed , because of its adverse effects of tumors , muscle deterioration , and sometimes death in laboratory dogs .	adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death	Why was Mevastatin never marketed ?
In 1971 , Akira Endo , a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo , identified mevastatin -LRB- ML-236B -RRB- , a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum , as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase , a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol .	Akira Endo	Who discovered Mevastatin ?
In 1971 , Akira Endo , a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo , identified mevastatin -LRB- ML-236B -RRB- , a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum , as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase , a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol .	cholesterol	What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing ?
In 1971 , Akira Endo , a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo , identified mevastatin -LRB- ML-236B -RRB- , a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum , as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase , a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol .	Penicillium citrinum	Where did Endo discover ML-236B ?
Animal trials showed very good inhibitory effect as in clinical trials , however a long term study in dogs found toxic effects at higher doses and as a result mevastatin was believed to be too toxic for human use .	too toxic for human use	What was discovered in long term studies ?
In 1971 , Akira Endo , a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo , identified mevastatin -LRB- ML-236B -RRB- , a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum , as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase , a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol .	1971	In what year was mevastatin discovered ?
In 1971 , Akira Endo , a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo , identified mevastatin -LRB- ML-236B -RRB- , a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum , as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase , a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol .	Akira Endo	Who discovered mevastatin ?
In 1971 , Akira Endo , a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo , identified mevastatin -LRB- ML-236B -RRB- , a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum , as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase , a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol .	Penicillium citrinum	What organism produces mevastatin ?
In 1971 , Akira Endo , a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo , identified mevastatin -LRB- ML-236B -RRB- , a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum , as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase , a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol .	HMG-CoA reductase	What enzyme helps produce cholesterol ?
In the Bextra case , the government also charged Pfizer with illegally marketing another antipsychotic , Geodon ; Pfizer settled that part of the claim for $ 301 million , without admitting any wrongdoing .	$301 million	How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for ?
One involved Eli Lilly 's antipsychotic Zyprexa , and the other involved Bextra .	Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra	What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines ?
In the Bextra case , the government also charged Pfizer with illegally marketing another antipsychotic , Geodon ; Pfizer settled that part of the claim for $ 301 million , without admitting any wrongdoing .	Geodon	What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing ?
Every major company selling the antipsychotics -- Bristol-Myers Squibb , Eli Lilly , Pfizer , AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson -- has either settled recent government cases , under the False Claims Act , for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud .	Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson	What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases ?
Every major company selling the antipsychotics -- Bristol-Myers Squibb , Eli Lilly , Pfizer , AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson -- has either settled recent government cases , under the False Claims Act , for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud .	False Claims Act	What do illegal marketing cases fall under ?
Every major company selling the antipsychotics -- Bristol-Myers Squibb , Eli Lilly , Pfizer , AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson -- has either settled recent government cases , under the False Claims Act , for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud .	False Claims Act	Firms such as Eli Lilly , Pfizer , and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act ?
One involved Eli Lilly 's antipsychotic Zyprexa , and the other involved Bextra .	Eli Lilly	Zyprexa was owned by what company ?
In the Bextra case , the government also charged Pfizer with illegally marketing another antipsychotic , Geodon ; Pfizer settled that part of the claim for $ 301 million , without admitting any wrongdoing .	Geodon	Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug ?
In the Bextra case , the government also charged Pfizer with illegally marketing another antipsychotic , Geodon ; Pfizer settled that part of the claim for $ 301 million , without admitting any wrongdoing .	$301 million	Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money ?
The article noted that major healthcare organizations such as National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health , the President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology , the World Economic Forum , the Gates Foundation , the Wellcome Trust , and the Food and Drug Administration had encouraged greater interactions between physicians and industry in order to bring greater benefits to patients .	World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration	Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry ?
In contrast to this viewpoint , an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments , and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interest .	May 2015	When did the article come out about the importance of interactions ?
The article noted that major healthcare organizations such as National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health , the President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology , the World Economic Forum , the Gates Foundation , the Wellcome Trust , and the Food and Drug Administration had encouraged greater interactions between physicians and industry in order to bring greater benefits to patients .	bring greater benefits to patients	What was the reason behind these interactions ?
In contrast to this viewpoint , an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments , and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interest .	moral outrage over industry malfeasance	What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest ?
In contrast to this viewpoint , an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments , and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interest .	New England Journal of Medicine	Who printed the article about the importance of interactions ?
In contrast to this viewpoint , an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments , and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interest .	New England Journal of Medicine	What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015 ?
In contrast to this viewpoint , an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments , and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interest .	May 2015	When was the editorial published ?
The article noted that major healthcare organizations such as National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health , the President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology , the World Economic Forum , the Gates Foundation , the Wellcome Trust , and the Food and Drug Administration had encouraged greater interactions between physicians and industry in order to bring greater benefits to patients .	encouraged greater interactions	Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries ?
An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $ 500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009 , with half of the top earners working in psychiatry , and about $ 2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services .	ProPublica	Who conduced an investigation on doctors ?
AstraZeneca , Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly have paid billions of dollars in federal settlements over allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses .	AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly	Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies ?
An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $ 500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009 , with half of the top earners working in psychiatry , and about $ 2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services .	more than $500,000	How much was discovered to have been paid to doctors by drug companies ?
AstraZeneca , Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly have paid billions of dollars in federal settlements over allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses .	allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses	What was the reason these companies have to pay fines ?
An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $ 500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009 , with half of the top earners working in psychiatry , and about $ 2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services .	at least 21	How many doctors have been paid by varies companies ?
An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $ 500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009 , with half of the top earners working in psychiatry , and about $ 2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services .	more than $500,000	A ProPublica study found that some doctors were being paid how much money for speeches ?
An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $ 500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009 , with half of the top earners working in psychiatry , and about $ 2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services .	psychiatry	Half of the top earners were mostly in what field ?
An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $ 500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009 , with half of the top earners working in psychiatry , and about $ 2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services .	$2 billion	Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money ?
Often , collaborative agreements between research organizations and large pharmaceutical companies are formed to explore the potential of new drug substances .	to explore the potential of new drug substances	Why are collaborative agreements important ?
Often , large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration , participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development , manufacturing and quality control , marketing , sales , and distribution .	participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution	How do large corporations show vertical integration ?
More recently , multi-nationals are increasingly relying on contract research organizations to manage drug development .	to manage drug development	What are large companies relying on outside organizations for ?
Smaller organizations , on the other hand , often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations .	focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations	What are smaller organizations responsible for ?
Often , large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration , participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development , manufacturing and quality control , marketing , sales , and distribution .	vertical	What type of integration do large corporations often do ?
Smaller organizations , on the other hand , often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations .	a specific aspect	What type of integration do smaller organizations do ?
Often , collaborative agreements between research organizations and large pharmaceutical companies are formed to explore the potential of new drug substances .	collaborative agreements	What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs ?
More recently , multi-nationals are increasingly relying on contract research organizations to manage drug development .	contract research	What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on ?
The British National Formulary is the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians .	The British National Formulary	Who is the core guide ?
In the UK , the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use , though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency , an agency of the European Union based in London .	Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency	Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom ?
Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA .	comes later	After an approval in the United States , when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries ?
Then it is the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence -LRB- NICE -RRB- , for England and Wales , who decides if and how the National Health Service -LRB- NHS -RRB- will allow -LRB- in the sense of paying for -RRB- their use .	National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)	Who decides how NHS will allow drugs ?
In the UK , the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use , though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency , an agency of the European Union based in London .	European Medicines Agency	Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom ?
In the UK , the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use , though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency , an agency of the European Union based in London .	Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency	What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs ?
In the UK , the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use , though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency , an agency of the European Union based in London .	European Medicines Agency	What UK organization evaluates drugs ?
Then it is the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence -LRB- NICE -RRB- , for England and Wales , who decides if and how the National Health Service -LRB- NHS -RRB- will allow -LRB- in the sense of paying for -RRB- their use .	National Institute for Health and Care Excellence	What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs ?
The British National Formulary is the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians .	British National Formulary	What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians ?
For example , diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States , or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act .	diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances	What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act ?
Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous , companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions , fee waivers , and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time -LRB- seven years -RRB- , regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents .	tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents	What is given to companies who develop drugs for `` orphan diseases '' ?
Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous , companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions , fee waivers , and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time -LRB- seven years -RRB- , regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents .	Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous	Why are these companies rewarded ?
For example , diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States , or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act .	fewer than 200,000 patients	What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act ?
Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous , companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions , fee waivers , and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time -LRB- seven years -RRB- , regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents .	tax reductions	What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs ?
Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous , companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions , fee waivers , and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time -LRB- seven years -RRB- , regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents .	seven years	What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug ?
There are special rules for certain rare diseases -LRB- `` orphan diseases '' -RRB- in several major drug regulatory territories .	orphan diseases	What is a term for rare diseases in some territories ?
Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators -- such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency -LRB- MHRA -RRB- in the UK , or the Food and Drug Administration -LRB- FDA -RRB- in the United States -- advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees between the regulator and the companies and friendships develop between regulator and company employees .	Ben Goldacre	Who argued against regulators ?
Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators -- such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency -LRB- MHRA -RRB- in the UK , or the Food and Drug Administration -LRB- FDA -RRB- in the United States -- advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees between the regulator and the companies and friendships develop between regulator and company employees .	Ben Goldacre	Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients ?
Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators -- such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency -LRB- MHRA -RRB- in the UK , or the Food and Drug Administration -LRB- FDA -RRB- in the United States -- advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees between the regulator and the companies and friendships develop between regulator and company employees .	regulator and company employees	The business friendships between which parties have been criticized ?
He argues that regulators do not require that new drugs offer an improvement over what is already available , or even that they be particularly effective .	regulators	Goldacre argued that which party did n't require that new drugs be improved at all ?
In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circumstances drugs and technologies will be made available by the NHS , whilst similar arrangements exist with the Scottish Medicines Consortium in Scotland , and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee in Australia .	England and Wales	NICE decides the availability of drugs in which two countries ?
In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circumstances drugs and technologies will be made available by the NHS , whilst similar arrangements exist with the Scottish Medicines Consortium in Scotland , and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee in Australia .	Scottish Medicines Consortium	What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs ?
A product must pass the threshold for cost-effectiveness if it is to be approved .	cost-effectiveness	What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved ?
The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $ 75.6 billion in sales , with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $ 10.7 billion in sales .	$75.6 billion	How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013 ?
The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $ 75.6 billion in sales , with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $ 10.7 billion in sales .	Humira	What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013 ?
The best-selling drug ever , Lipitor , averaged $ 13 billion annually and netted $ 141 billion total over its lifetime before Pfizer 's patent expired in November 2011 .	Lipitor	What was the bestselling drug in history ?
The best-selling drug ever , Lipitor , averaged $ 13 billion annually and netted $ 141 billion total over its lifetime before Pfizer 's patent expired in November 2011 .	$141 billion	How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired ?
The best-selling drug ever , Lipitor , averaged $ 13 billion annually and netted $ 141 billion total over its lifetime before Pfizer 's patent expired in November 2011 .	2011	In what year did Pfizer 's patent over Lipitor expire ?
Depending on a number of considerations , a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug , or the process of producing the drug , granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years .	20 years	How long do drug exclusivity rights usually last ?
However , only after rigorous study and testing , which takes 10 to 15 years on average , will governmental authorities grant permission for the company to market and sell the drug .	10 to 15 years on average	Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years ?
Patent protection enables the owner of the patent to recover the costs of research and development through high profit margins for the branded drug .	Patent protection	What enables a drug 's owner to recover R&D costs ?
When the patent protection for the drug expires , a generic drug is usually developed and sold by a competing company .	generic	What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires ?
Restructuring has therefore become routine , driven by the patent expiration of products launched during the industry 's `` golden era '' in the 1990s and companies ' failure to develop sufficient new blockbuster products to replace lost revenues .	1990s	What decade was the pharmaceutical industry 's `` golden era '' ?
In the United States , new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration -LRB- FDA -RRB- as being both safe and effective .	Food and Drug Administration	The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US ?
This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials .	Investigational New Drug	What type of filing is used before beginning human trials ?
Following IND approval , three phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted .	three	How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval ?
Following the successful completion of phase III testing , a New Drug Application is submitted to the FDA .	New Drug Application	What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials ?
The FDA review the data and if the product is seen as having a positive benefit-risk assessment , approval to market the product in the US is granted .	positive benefit-risk	What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market ?
Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people -LRB- often called ` drug reps ' or , an older term , ` detail men ' -RRB- to market directly and personally to physicians and other healthcare providers .	Pharmaceutical companies	`` Drug reps '' are usually hired by what type of firms ?
Marketing of prescription drugs in the US is regulated by the federal Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987 .	Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987	What law regulates drug marketing in the US ?
Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people -LRB- often called ` drug reps ' or , an older term , ` detail men ' -RRB- to market directly and personally to physicians and other healthcare providers .	directly and personally to physicians	Who do drug reps market to ?
There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps , including the constant provision of marketing ` gifts ' and biased information to health professionals ; highly prevalent advertising in journals and conferences ; funding independent healthcare organizations and health promotion campaigns ; lobbying physicians and politicians -LRB- more than any other industry in the US -RRB- ; sponsorship of medical schools or nurse training ; sponsorship of continuing educational events , with influence on the curriculum ; and hiring physicians as paid consultants on medical advisory boards .	'gifts' and biased information	Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals ?
There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps , including the constant provision of marketing ` gifts ' and biased information to health professionals ; highly prevalent advertising in journals and conferences ; funding independent healthcare organizations and health promotion campaigns ; lobbying physicians and politicians -LRB- more than any other industry in the US -RRB- ; sponsorship of medical schools or nurse training ; sponsorship of continuing educational events , with influence on the curriculum ; and hiring physicians as paid consultants on medical advisory boards .	physicians	Drug marketers have hired who as paid consultants ?
There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps , including the constant provision of marketing ` gifts ' and biased information to health professionals ; highly prevalent advertising in journals and conferences ; funding independent healthcare organizations and health promotion campaigns ; lobbying physicians and politicians -LRB- more than any other industry in the US -RRB- ; sponsorship of medical schools or nurse training ; sponsorship of continuing educational events , with influence on the curriculum ; and hiring physicians as paid consultants on medical advisory boards .	journals and conferences	What publications can drug ads be commonly found ?
The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria , most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680 -- 692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740 -- 743 CE .	692	In what year CE did the Second Muslim Civil War end ?
The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria , most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680 -- 692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740 -- 743 CE .	740–743 CE	During what period did the Berber Revolt occur ?
During the Second Civil War , leadership of the Umayyad clan shifted from the Sufyanid branch of the family to the Marwanid branch .	Marwanid	What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War ?
Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan .	661	In what year was Ali killed ?
Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan .	Kharijite partisan	Who killed Ali ?
Six months later in the same year , in the interest of peace , Hasan ibn Ali , highly regarded for his wisdom and as a peacemaker , and the Second Imam for the Shias , and the grandson of Muhammad , made a peace treaty with Muawiyah I .	Hasan ibn Ali	Who made peace with Muawiyah I ?
Following this , Mu'awiyah broke the conditions of the agreement and began the Umayyad dynasty , with its capital in Damascus .	Damascus	Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty ?
Muhammad had stated explicitly during his lifetime that abrahamic religious groups -LRB- still a majority in times of the Umayyad Caliphate -RRB- , should be allowed to practice their own religion , provided that they paid the jizya taxation .	jizya	What form of tax were Christians required to pay ?
Muawiya 's wife Maysum -LRB- Yazid 's mother -RRB- was also a Christian .	Maysum	Who was the mother of Yazid ?
Muawiya 's wife Maysum -LRB- Yazid 's mother -RRB- was also a Christian .	Christian	What was Maysum 's religion ?
Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya -RRB- was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad .	four	How many major Islamic caliphates existed after Muhammad 's death ?
The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph , Uthman ibn Affan -LRB- r. 644 -- 656 -RRB- , but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan , long-time governor of Syria , after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE/41 AH .	Uthman ibn Affan	Who was the third caliph ?
The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph , Uthman ibn Affan -LRB- r. 644 -- 656 -RRB- , but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan , long-time governor of Syria , after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE/41 AH .	Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan	Who founded the Umayyad regime ?
At its greatest extent , the Umayyad Caliphate covered 15 million km2 -LRB- 5.79 million square miles -RRB- , making it the largest empire -LRB- in terms of area - not in terms of population -RRB- the world had yet seen , and the fifth largest ever to exist .	5.79	How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size ?
consider Caliph Muawiyah -LRB- 661 -- 80 -RRB- to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty , even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads ' right to rule on a dynastic principle .	661	When did Muawiyah become caliph ?
It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan -LRB- 644 -- 656 -RRB- , a member of Umayyad clan himself , that witnessed the revival and then the ascendancy of the Umayyad clan to the corridors of power .	656	When did the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan end ?
Most notable was the appointment of Marwan ibn al-Hakam , Uthman 's first cousin , as his top advisor , which created a stir among the Hashimite companions of Muhammad , as Marwan along with his father Al-Hakam ibn Abi al - ` As had been permanently exiled from Medina by Muhammad during his lifetime .	Marwan ibn al-Hakam	Who was the son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al - ` As ?
Following the death of Husayn , Ibn al-Zubayr , although remaining in Mecca , was associated with two opposition movements , one centered in Medina and the other around Kharijites in Basra and Arabia .	Kharijites	What opposition movement was based in Arabia and Basra ?
In 683 , Yazid dispatched an army to subdue both movements .	Yazid	Who sent an army in 683 to stop the opposition movements ?
The army suppressed the Medinese opposition at the Battle of al-Harrah .	Battle of al-Harrah	In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated ?
Yazid 's army continued on and laid siege to Mecca .	Mecca	Where is the Kaaba located ?
According to tradition , the Umayyad family -LRB- also known as the Banu Abd-Shams -RRB- and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor , Abd Manaf ibn Qusai , and they originally came from the city of Mecca .	Banu Abd-Shams	What is another term for the Umayyads ?
According to tradition , the Umayyad family -LRB- also known as the Banu Abd-Shams -RRB- and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor , Abd Manaf ibn Qusai , and they originally came from the city of Mecca .	Abd Manaf ibn Qusai	Traditionally , who did the Umayyads and Muhammad both descend from ?
According to tradition , the Umayyad family -LRB- also known as the Banu Abd-Shams -RRB- and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor , Abd Manaf ibn Qusai , and they originally came from the city of Mecca .	Mecca	From what city did the Umayyads originate ?
Muhammad descended from Abd Manāf via his son Hashim , while the Umayyads descended from Abd Manaf via a different son , Abd-Shams , whose son was Umayya .	Umayya	What son of Abd-Shams was the ancestor of the Umayyads ?
Following this battle , Ali fought a battle against Muawiyah , known as the Battle of Siffin .	Battle of Siffin	Where did Muawiyah fight Ali ?
After the battle Amr ibn al-As was appointed by Muawiyah as an arbitrator , and Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashaari .	Abu Musa Ashaari	Who was appointed arbitrator by Ali ?
In 659 Ali 's forces and the Kharijites met in the Battle of Nahrawan .	Battle of Nahrawan	In what battle did Ali fight the Kharjites ?
This group came to be known as the Kharijites -LRB- `` those who leave '' -RRB- .	those who leave	What did the term Kharjites mean ?
Previously , the second caliph Umar was very firm on the governors and his spies kept an eye on them .	Umar	Who was the second caliph ?
Following the Roman -- Persian Wars and the Byzantine -- Sassanid Wars , deep rooted differences between Iraq , formally under the Persian Sassanid Empire , and Syria , formally under the Byzantine Empire , also existed .	Byzantine Empire	Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad ?
Following the Roman -- Persian Wars and the Byzantine -- Sassanid Wars , deep rooted differences between Iraq , formally under the Persian Sassanid Empire , and Syria , formally under the Byzantine Empire , also existed .	Persian Sassanid Empire	Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs ?
The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan -LRB- Utba ibn Rabi'ah , Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah -RRB- killed by Hashimites -LRB- Ali , Hamza ibn ` Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith -RRB- in a three-on-three melee .	three	How many top leaders of the Umayyads were killed in the Battle of Badr ?
Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca , as did their son -LRB- the future caliph Muawiyah I -RRB- .	Muawiyah I	Who was the son of Abu Sufyan ?
While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad , the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr .	Hashimites	Who did the Umayyads fight in the Battle of Badr ?
The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims , as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans .	Battle of Uhud	What do historians see as the first military defeat of Islam ?
After the battle , Abu Sufyan 's wife Hind , who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah , is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza , taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat .	Hind	Who was the spouse of Abu Sufyan ?
These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam , but were subject to a tax -LRB- jizyah -RRB- which was not imposed upon Muslims .	jizyah	What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period ?
It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation , but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab -LRB- mawali -RRB- Muslims , and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam .	mawali	What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab ?
During the Umayyad period , the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim , but Christian , Jewish , Zoroastrian , or members of other small groups .	Zoroastrian	Along with Christians and Jews , what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads ?
After the assassination of Uthman in 656 , Ali , a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad , was elected as the caliph .	656	When did Uthman die ?
After the assassination of Uthman in 656 , Ali , a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad , was elected as the caliph .	Quraysh	What tribe did Ali belong to ?
The resulting conflict , which lasted from 656 until 661 , is known as the First Fitna -LRB- `` civil war '' -RRB- .	civil war	What does Fitna mean ?
After the assassination of Uthman in 656 , Ali , a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad , was elected as the caliph .	son-in-law	Along with being his cousin , what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad ?
Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa .	Medina	Where was the capital before Ali changed it ?
Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan .	Egyptians	What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan ?
When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old , Marwan I , a relative of Muawiyah I , slipped into the vacuum , became his secretary , slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions .	Muawiyah I	Who was Marwan I related to ?
In 656 , Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr , the son of Abu Bakr , the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib , and the great grandfather of Ja ` far al-Sadiq , showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan .	Ali ibn Abi Talib	Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ?
In 656 , Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr , the son of Abu Bakr , the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib , and the great grandfather of Ja ` far al-Sadiq , showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan .	Ja'far al-Sadiq	Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr ?
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca .	Mecca	Where did Ibn al-Zubayr flee to in 680 ?
Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him .	Muslim bin Agail	Who did Al-Husayn send to Kufa ?
When the news reached Yazid I , he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad , ruler of Basrah , with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn .	Basrah	What did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad rule ?
The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail .	Muslim bin Agail	Who did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad murder ?
In the year 712 , Muhammad bin Qasim , an Umayyad general , sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river .	712	When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan ?
In the year 712 , Muhammad bin Qasim , an Umayyad general , sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river .	Sindh	Along with the Punjab , what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer ?
However , further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan .	Rajasthan	At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads ?
The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century .	Nagabhata	Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty ?
The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century .	Pratihara	To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong ?
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem .	Jerusalem	Where was the Dome of the Rock built ?
Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain , the building seems to have been completed in 692 , which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr .	692	In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished ?
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem .	Abd al-Malik	During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed ?
Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria , granting his reign with `` peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike '' , and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun , the father of John of Damascus .	John of Damascus	Who was the son of Sarjun ?
During his reign , Rhodes and Crete were occupied , and several assaults were launched against Constantinople .	Crete	Along with Rhodes , what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy ?
After their failure , and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites , Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium .	Mardaites	Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah ?
Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa -LRB- the foundation of Kairouan -RRB- and in Central Asia -LRB- the conquest of Kabul , Bukhara , and Samarkand -RRB- .	Kairouan	What did Muawiyah found in North Africa ?
Yazid 's son Muawiya II -LRB- 683 -- 84 -RRB- initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria .	Muawiya II	Who was the son of Yazid ?
Yazid 's son Muawiya II -LRB- 683 -- 84 -RRB- initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria .	683	When did Muawiya II 's reign begin ?
The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit , near Damascus , in 684 , and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter .	684	In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur ?
Two factions developed within Syria : the Confederation of Qays , who supported Ibn al-Zubayr , and the Quda'a , who supported Marwan , a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah .	Ibn al-Zubayr	Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays ?
Two factions developed within Syria : the Confederation of Qays , who supported Ibn al-Zubayr , and the Quda'a , who supported Marwan , a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah .	Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah	From whom was Marwan descended ?
Marwan was succeeded by his son , Abd al-Malik -LRB- 685 -- 705 -RRB- , who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate .	Marwan	Who was the father of Abd al-Malik ?
Marwan was succeeded by his son , Abd al-Malik -LRB- 685 -- 705 -RRB- , who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate .	685	When did Abd al-Malik 's rule begin ?
The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar , which was based in Kufa .	Kufa	Where was Al-Mukhtar based ?
Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah , another son of Ali , to the caliphate , although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt .	Ali	Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah ?
In 691 , Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq , and in 692 the same army captured Mecca .	692	In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die ?
Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah .	khalifah	Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire ?
Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province , with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus .	Damascus	Where was the government of the Umayyads based ?
The governor was in charge of the religious officials , army leaders , police , and civil administrators in his province .	religious officials	Along with army leaders , police and civil administration , what did the governor control in his province ?
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east , where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan , with its center at Balkh , and Transoxiana , with its center at Samarkand .	Balkh	What was the main city of Tokharistan ?
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east , where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan , with its center at Balkh , and Transoxiana , with its center at Samarkand .	Samarkand	What was the central part of Transoxiana called ?
Following the Umayyad defeat in the `` Day of Thirst '' in 724 , Ashras ibn ` Abd Allah al-Sulami , governor of Khurasan , promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam , but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues .	724	In what year did the Day of Thirst occur ?
Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731 , and in 734 , al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike , capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv .	al-Harith ibn Surayj	Who was the leader of the revolt of 734 ?
Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731 , and in 734 , al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike , capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv .	Battle of the Defile	What notable battle occurred in 731 ?
The Hashimiyya movement -LRB- a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia -RRB- , led by the Abbasid family , overthrew the Umayyad caliphate .	Kaysanites Shia	What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of ?
The Hashimiyya movement -LRB- a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia -RRB- , led by the Abbasid family , overthrew the Umayyad caliphate .	Abbasid family	Who led the Hashimiyya movement ?
According to certain traditions , Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali , the head of the Abbasid family , and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor .	Muhammad ibn Ali	Who was named successor by Abu Hashim ?
The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan , rivals of the Umayyads , but the word `` Hashimiyya '' seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim , a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya .	Hashim	Of what clan were the Abbasids members of ?
According to certain traditions , Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali , the head of the Abbasid family , and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor .	717	What year saw the death of Abu Hashim ?
From the caliphate 's north-western African bases , a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads -LRB- starting in 711 -RRB- , and on into south-eastern Gaul -LRB- last stronghold at Narbonne in 759 -RRB- .	711	When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia ?
From the caliphate 's north-western African bases , a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads -LRB- starting in 711 -RRB- , and on into south-eastern Gaul -LRB- last stronghold at Narbonne in 759 -RRB- .	759	What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne ?
Marwan ibn Muhammad , the future Marwan II , finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga , but the Khazars remained unsubdued .	Marwan ibn Muhammad	What was Marwan II 's name before he became caliph ?
Hisham 's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west , following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732 .	Franks	Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours ?
In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa , which was subdued only with difficulty , but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus .	739	In what year did the Berber Revolt begin ?
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham -LRB- 724 -- 43 -RRB- , whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion .	Abd al-Malik	Who was the father of Hisham ?
Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria , which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus , and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines , which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople .	northern	In what part of Syria was Resafa located ?
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham -LRB- 724 -- 43 -RRB- , whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion .	724	When did Hisham 's reign start ?
Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria , which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus , and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines , which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople .	Resafa	Where did Hisham base his court ?
The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia , but also in a major defeat -LRB- the Battle of Akroinon -RRB- , and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion .	Battle of Akroinon	What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham ?
Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe , that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria .	Maysum	What was the name of Muawiyah 's wife ?
Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe , that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria .	Kalb	What tribe did Muawiyah 's wife belong to ?
Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe , that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria .	Syria	Where was the Kalb tribe based ?
Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe , that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria .	Christian	What was the religion of Muawiyah 's wife 's tribe ?
Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe , that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria .	Arab	What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe ?
Only Umayyad ruler -LRB- Caliphs of Damascus -RRB- , Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz , is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice .	Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz	What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars ?
In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam .	converts to Islam	For whom did Umar end the jizya ?
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720 .	720	In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die ?
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720 .	poisoned	What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz 's cause of death ?
In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam .	Mawali	What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to ?
Around 746 , Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan .	Abu Muslim	Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746 ?
In 747 , he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule , which was carried out under the sign of the black flag .	black flag	What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads ?
Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April , and in August , Marwan was killed in Egypt .	Egypt	Where did Marwan die ?
He soon established control of Khurasan , expelling its Umayyad governor , Nasr ibn Sayyar , and dispatched an army westwards .	Nasr ibn Sayyar	Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim ?
Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749 , the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq , Wasit , was placed under siege , and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa .	749	When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa ?
Iran was Sunni at the time .	Sunni	In the later Abbasid era , what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to ?
Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find , from all the sources .	Al-Tabri	What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period ?
There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire .	Arab	What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell ?
Marwan II -LRB- 740 -- 50 -RRB- abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus -LRB- cohort -RRB- , a small compact body .	cohort	What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English ?
Marwan II -LRB- 740 -- 50 -RRB- abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus -LRB- cohort -RRB- , a small compact body .	Marwan II	What caliph reigned from 740 to 750 ?
The artillery used arradah -LRB- ballista -RRB- , manjaniq -LRB- the mangonel -RRB- and dabbabah or kabsh -LRB- the battering ram -RRB- .	manjaniq	What did the Umayyads call the mangonel ?
Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion .	Greek	What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II ?
The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions : infantry , cavalry and artillery .	cavalry	Along with artillery and infantry , what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II ?
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service , Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire , and Walid made full use of it .	Mu'awiyah	Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands ?
Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway .	Khurasan	Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais ?
Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar , the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year .	4,000,000	In dirhams , what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor ?
The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles -LRB- 19 km -RRB- each and each stage had horses , donkeys or camels ready to carry the post .	donkeys	Along with horses and camels , what animals were used by the postal service ?
The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles -LRB- 19 km -RRB- each and each stage had horses , donkeys or camels ready to carry the post .	19	In kilometers , how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways ?
The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria .	Byzantine	What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk ?
The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria .	Heraclius	Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk ?
The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria .	Jerusalem	Along with Syria , where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk ?
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah 's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad .	Abu Sufyan ibn Harb	Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan ?
Muawiyah , Abu Sufyan ibn Harb , Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk .	Hind bint Utbah	Along with Muawiyah , Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan , what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk ?
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate , which included Christians , Jews , Zoroastrians , and pagan Berbers , were called dhimmis .	dhimmis	What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called ?
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate , which included Christians , Jews , Zoroastrians , and pagan Berbers , were called dhimmis .	Jews	Along with Berbers , Zoroastrians and Christians , what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate ?
Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities , but as time wore on , many of the intellectuals converted to Islam , leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities .	Christians	Along with Jews , what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads ?
Despite some notable exceptions , the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families , and in particular their own , over those of newly converted Muslims -LRB- mawali -RRB- .	mawali	What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam ?
As G.R. Hawting has written , `` Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy . ''	G.R. Hawting	Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith ?
Despite some notable exceptions , the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families , and in particular their own , over those of newly converted Muslims -LRB- mawali -RRB- .	old Arab	What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to ?
St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration .	John of Damascus	What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator ?
As the Muslims took over cities , they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators .	Roman	What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions ?
Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam .	not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam	In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims , for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads ?
In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah -LRB- `` successor of the messenger of God '' , the title preferred by the tradition -RRB- , but rather as khalifat Allah -LRB- `` deputy of God '' -RRB- .	khalifat Allah	What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves ?
In reconstructing this history , therefore , it is necessary to rely mainly on sources , such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri , that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad .	Baghdad	Where was the Abbasid court based ?
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians , who have accused them of promoting a kingship -LRB- mulk , a term with connotations of tyranny -RRB- instead of a true caliphate -LRB- khilafa -RRB- .	mulk	What is the Arabic term for kingship ?
In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah -LRB- `` successor of the messenger of God '' , the title preferred by the tradition -RRB- , but rather as khalifat Allah -LRB- `` deputy of God '' -RRB- .	khalifat rasul Allah	What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs ?
In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah -LRB- `` successor of the messenger of God '' , the title preferred by the tradition -RRB- , but rather as khalifat Allah -LRB- `` deputy of God '' -RRB- .	deputy of God	What does khalifat Allah translate to in English ?
Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as `` oil sands '' in Alberta , Canada , and the similar `` tar sands '' in Utah , US .	Utah	Besides occurrences in Canada , where in the US is asphalt found ?
The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world 's reserves of natural bitumen , in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres -LRB- 55,000 sq mi -RRB- , an area larger than England or New York state .	most	How much of the planet 's asphalt is located in Canada ?
The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world 's reserves of natural bitumen , in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres -LRB- 55,000 sq mi -RRB- , an area larger than England or New York state .	142,000 square kilometres	What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits ?
Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads , nearly all of the bitumen is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States .	oil refineries	Where does most of Canada 's asphalt end up these days ?
The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples .	indigenous peoples	What group initially made use of asphalt ?
All three used the substance as an adhesive .	adhesive	For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt ?
On the west coast , as early as the 13th century , the Tongva , Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits .	petroleum	What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay ?
It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water .	watertight	What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets ?
Asphaltum was used also to seal the planks on ocean-going canoes .	canoes	On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks ?
When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements , such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface , the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures .	new pavement mixtures	What is used asphalt turned back into ?
According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association , more than 99 % of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements , roadbeds , shoulders and embankments .	99%	How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed ?
With some 95 % of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt , a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year .	95%	What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt ?
When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements , such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface , the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures .	maintenance	During what action is asphalt often reclaimed ?
When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements , such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface , the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures .	worn or damaged	For what reason is asphalt removed from a road ?
In Alberta , five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products : The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray , Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel ; the Syncrude Canada , Canadian Natural Resources , and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil ; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery .	five	How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta ?
In Alberta , five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products : The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray , Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel ; the Syncrude Canada , Canadian Natural Resources , and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil ; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery .	crude oil	What synthetic product is produced by upgraders ?
In Alberta , five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products : The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray , Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel ; the Syncrude Canada , Canadian Natural Resources , and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil ; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery .	diesel fuel	Besides crude oil , what does the Suncor Energy plant produce ?
A sixth upgrader , under construction in 2015 near Redwater , Alberta , will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel , with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants .	Redwater, Alberta	Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta ?
A sixth upgrader , under construction in 2015 near Redwater , Alberta , will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel , with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants .	half	How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel ?
Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C -LRB- 302 °F -RRB- .	150 °C	About what temperature is asphalt shipped ?
Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity ; upon delivery , these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture .	liquidity	To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping ?
This mixture is often called `` bitumen feedstock '' , or BFS .	bitumen feedstock	What is the liquefied mixture called ?
Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm .	engine exhaust	What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm ?
Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns .	environmental	Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt ?
The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans .	Romans	What ancient group used bitumen extraction ?
After centuries of silence , the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868 , when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological description of the deposits of Albanian bitumen .	1868	When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania ?
In 1875 , the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912 , they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa .	Ottoman	What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction ?
In 1875 , the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912 , they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa .	1912	When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company ?
Since 1945 , the mine was exploited by the Albanian government and from 2001 to date , the management passed to a French company , which organized the mining process for the manufacture of the natural bitumen on an industrial scale .	2001	When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French ?
The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English , in turn from French asphalte , based on Late Latin asphalton , asphaltum , which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος -LRB- ásphaltos , ásphalton -RRB- , a word meaning `` asphalt/bitumen/pitch '' , which perhaps derives from ἀ - , `` without '' and σφάλλω -LRB- sfallō -RRB- , `` make fall '' .	late Middle English	What is the last origination of the word asphalt ?
The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English , in turn from French asphalte , based on Late Latin asphalton , asphaltum , which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος -LRB- ásphaltos , ásphalton -RRB- , a word meaning `` asphalt/bitumen/pitch '' , which perhaps derives from ἀ - , `` without '' and σφάλλω -LRB- sfallō -RRB- , `` make fall '' .	Greek	From what language does asphalt initially come ?
The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English , in turn from French asphalte , based on Late Latin asphalton , asphaltum , which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος -LRB- ásphaltos , ásphalton -RRB- , a word meaning `` asphalt/bitumen/pitch '' , which perhaps derives from ἀ - , `` without '' and σφάλλω -LRB- sfallō -RRB- , `` make fall '' .	asphalt/bitumen/pitch	What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt ?
Note that in French , the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring bitumen-soaked limestone deposits , and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the `` asphaltic concrete '' used to pave roads .	asphalte	What is the French term for natural asphalt ?
Specifically Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall .	wall	To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon ?
The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance .	interchangeably	How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used ?
Outside the United States , the product is often called bitumen .	United States	Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils ?
Geologists often prefer the term bitumen .	Geologists	What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt ?
Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as `` tar '' , such as at the La Brea Tar Pits .	tar	What is a naming term for asphalt ?
Outside the United States , the product is often called bitumen .	bitumen	What is asphalt called outside of the US ?
The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum .	petroleum	From where does most asphalt come ?
Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient , microscopic algae -LRB- diatoms -RRB- and other once-living things .	once-living things	What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt ?
Under the heat -LRB- above 50 °C -RRB- and pressure of burial deep in the earth , the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen , kerogen , or petroleum .	above 50 °C	How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt ?
Under the heat -LRB- above 50 °C -RRB- and pressure of burial deep in the earth , the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen , kerogen , or petroleum .	pressure	Besides heat , what other requirement is needed to form asphalt ?
Under the heat -LRB- above 50 °C -RRB- and pressure of burial deep in the earth , the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen , kerogen , or petroleum .	kerogen	What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum produce ?
The world 's largest deposit of natural bitumen , known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta .	Athabasca oil sands	What is the name of the world 's greatest deposit of bitumen ?
The world 's largest deposit of natural bitumen , known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta .	Northern Alberta	Where are the Athabasca oil sands located ?
This formation is from the early Cretaceous , and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20 % oil .	early Cretaceous	What formative period produced bitumen ?
Isotopic studies attribute the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old .	110 million years	How old are the Athabasca deposits ?
The other 80 % has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage .	80%	What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells ?
Bitumen was used in early photographic technology .	photographic	In what early technology was bitumen used ?
In 1826 or 1827 , it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature .	Joseph Nicéphore Niépce	What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture ?
Many hours of exposure in the camera were required , making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography , but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes .	hours of exposure	What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical ?
Many hours of exposure in the camera were required , making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography , but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes .	1850s to the 1920s	During what period was bitumen used in printing processes ?
Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble , so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained .	light	Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates ?
Then on 25 November 1837 , Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt -LRB- patent # 7849 -RRB- , for use in asphalte pavement , having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms , who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain .	25 November 1837	When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement ?
The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was ` Cassell 's patent asphalte or bitumen ' in 1834 .	1834	When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen ?
Then on 25 November 1837 , Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt -LRB- patent # 7849 -RRB- , for use in asphalte pavement , having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms , who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain .	France and Belgium	Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement ?
Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father , Samuel Ryland Phipson , a friend of Claridge , was also `` instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement -LRB- in 1836 -RRB- '' .	Samuel Ryland Phipson	What friend of Claridge 's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements ?
Indeed , mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge , but without success .	mastic	What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge ?
Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870 , when a street in front of the Newark , NJ City Hall was paved .	1870	Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US ?
Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870 , when a street in front of the Newark , NJ City Hall was paved .	City Hall	In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870 ?
In many cases , these early pavings were made from naturally occurring `` bituminous rock '' , such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County , West Virginia from 1852 to 1873 .	bituminous rock	What natural substance was used in early road pavings ?
In many cases , these early pavings were made from naturally occurring `` bituminous rock '' , such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County , West Virginia from 1852 to 1873 .	Ritchie Mines	From what Virginia mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings ?
Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring , paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century , following similar trends in Europe .	waterproofing	For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths ?
In 1838 , there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen , which had uses beyond paving .	1838	In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving ?
For example , asphalt could also used for flooring , damp proofing in buildings , and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths , with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century .	pools and baths	In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing ?
For example , asphalt could also used for flooring , damp proofing in buildings , and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths , with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century .	damp proofing	For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings ?
In England , `` Claridge 's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s ''	1840s and 50s	When was Claridge 's asphalt the most often used ?
And numerous patents were granted in France , with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other .	patents	Many of what were granted in France , but denied in Britain ?
In 1915 , Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton , Alberta .	Sidney Ells	Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier ?
During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant , which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels -LRB- 50 m3 -RRB- per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark 's method .	Dr. Karl A. Clark	What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen ?
In 1915 , Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton , Alberta .	1915	When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta ?
During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant , which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels -LRB- 50 m3 -RRB- per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark 's method .	Robert C. Fitzsimmons	Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant ?
Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs , but other uses included fuels , lubrication oils , printers ink , medicines , rust and acid-proof paints , fireproof roofing , street paving , patent leather , and fence post preservatives .	roofs	For what was most of the the Bitumont plant 's output was used for waterproofing ?
Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition , and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery .	extremely viscous	What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines ?
Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products such as gasoline , diesel fuel , and refined asphalt without any preprocessing .	modern oil refineries	What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing ?
Given the choice , such heavy oil refineries usually prefer to buy bitumen rather than synthetic oil because the cost is lower , and in some cases because they prefer to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline .	cost is lower	Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil ?
By 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over 1.3 million barrels -LRB- 210 × 10 ^ 3 m3 -RRB- per day , of which about 65 % was exported to the United States .	65%	How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015 ?
These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form `` cutbacks '' with reduced melting point , or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion .	emulsion	What does mixing bitumen with water create ?
Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70 % asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5 % chemical additives .	70%	What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions ?
There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates , cationic and anionic .	cationic and anionic	What are the two types of bitumen emulsions ?
Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt , several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements .	recycled	What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product ?
Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt , several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements .	hot-mixed	What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble ?
Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from `` Oil sands '' , currently under development in Alberta , Canada .	Alberta, Canada	Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production ?
Canada has most of the world 's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen , covering 140,000 square kilometres -LRB- an area larger than England -RRB- , giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world .	140,000 square kilometres	How much area does Canada 's natural bitumen cover ?
Canada has most of the world 's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen , covering 140,000 square kilometres -LRB- an area larger than England -RRB- , giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world .	second-largest	Where does Canada rank in world 's oil supplies ?
The Athabasca oil sands is the largest asphalt/bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining , although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in situ methods .	Athabasca oil sands	What is Canada 's only surface bitumen mine ?
The total amount of crude asphalt/bitumen in Alberta which could be extracted is estimated to be about 310 billion barrels -LRB- 50 × 10 ^ 9 m3 -RRB- , which at a rate of 4,400,000 barrels per day -LRB- 700,000 m3/d -RRB- would last about 200 years .	310 billion barrels	What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta ?
Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption .	Roofing shingles	Besides fuels and paving , what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen ?
Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black , a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel , and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink , and to make the color much darker .	Japan black	What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production ?
Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black , a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel , and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink , and to make the color much darker .	weather resistance	Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint ?
Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black , a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel , and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink , and to make the color much darker .	permanence	Besides weather resistance , why else is Japan black used in paints ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Asphalt/bitumen is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process .	alkaline batteries	What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant ?
The expression `` bitumen '' originated in the Sanskrit , where we find the words jatu , meaning `` pitch , '' and jatu-krit , meaning `` pitch creating '' , `` pitch producing '' -LRB- referring to coniferous or resinous trees -RRB- .	Sanskrit	What language originated the word bitumen ?
The expression `` bitumen '' originated in the Sanskrit , where we find the words jatu , meaning `` pitch , '' and jatu-krit , meaning `` pitch creating '' , `` pitch producing '' -LRB- referring to coniferous or resinous trees -RRB- .	pitch creating	What does the Sanskrit word translate as ?
The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men -LRB- pertaining to pitch -RRB- , and by others , pixtumens -LRB- exuding or bubbling pitch -RRB- , which was subsequently shortened to bitumen , thence passing via French into English .	pitch	To what English word does the Latin translate ?
The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men -LRB- pertaining to pitch -RRB- , and by others , pixtumens -LRB- exuding or bubbling pitch -RRB- , which was subsequently shortened to bitumen , thence passing via French into English .	French	Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English ?
From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu -LRB- mastix -RRB- , the German word Kitt -LRB- cement or mastic -RRB- and the old Norse word kvada .	mastix	To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate ?
Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with `` coal tar '' , which is a visually similar black , thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal .	coal tar	To what similar substance can asphalt be confused ?
During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced , coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates .	binder	For what was coal tar used in road paving ?
The addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac , which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials .	tarmac	What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam ?
However , since the 1970s , when natural gas succeeded town gas , asphalt/bitumen has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications .	natural gas	What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar ?
Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands , both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar .	bitumen	Instead of tar , what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain ?
One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 , Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto , a mixture of pitch and bitumen , was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone .	Pierre Belon	Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships ?
One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 , Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto , a mixture of pitch and bitumen , was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone .	1553	When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations ?
An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France .	1838	In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt ?
But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830 .	revolution of 1830	After what event in France did asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses ?
One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835 .	Place de la Concorde	Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement ?
In 1838 , Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March , and Ireland on 23 April , and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents , by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge .	1838	In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt ?
This was Claridge 's Patent Asphalte Company , formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain `` Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France '' , and `` laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall '' .	Pyrimont Seysell	From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt ?
`` The formation in 1838 of Claridge 's Patent Asphalte Company -LRB- with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons , and Marc and Isambard Brunel as , respectively , a trustee and consulting engineer -RRB- , gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry '' .	British asphalt industry	What did Claridge 's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire ?
This was Claridge 's Patent Asphalte Company , formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain `` Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France '' , and `` laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall '' .	Whitehall	In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement ?
`` By the end of 1838 , at least two other companies , Robinson 's and the Bastenne company , were in production '' , with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton , Herne Bay , Canterbury , Kensington , the Strand , and a large floor area in Bunhill-row , while meantime Claridge 's Whitehall paving `` continue -LRB- d -RRB- in good order '' .	two	By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge 's were offering asphalt ?
Canada has the world 's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes .	canoes	For what did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material ?
In 1719 , a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson 's Bay Company , who was the first recorded European to see it .	Henry Kelsey	Who was the first European trader to see asphalt ?
In 1719 , a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson 's Bay Company , who was the first recorded European to see it .	Hudson’s Bay Company	For what trading company did Kelsey work ?
However , it was n't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said , `` At about 24 miles from the fork -LRB- of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers -RRB- are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance . ''	Alexander MacKenzie	Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands ?
Canada has the world 's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes .	Canada	What country has the largest deposits of bitumen ?
Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt -LRB- asphalt concrete -RRB- in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen -LRB- binder -RRB- content , usually around 7 -- 10 % of the whole aggregate mix , as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete , which has only around 5 % added asphalt/bitumen .	5%	How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have ?
This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground .	waterproofing	How is asphalt used in the construction industry ?
Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt -LRB- asphalt concrete -RRB- in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen -LRB- binder -RRB- content , usually around 7 -- 10 % of the whole aggregate mix , as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete , which has only around 5 % added asphalt/bitumen .	7–10%	What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt ?
Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 °C -LRB- 410 °F -RRB- and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters -LRB- 0.79 inches -RRB- thick .	210 °C	Prior to spreading , how hot is mastic asphalt heated ?
Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 °C -LRB- 410 °F -RRB- and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters -LRB- 0.79 inches -RRB- thick .	20 millimeters	What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs ?
Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines , non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil , called synbit .	diluted	What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines ?
Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines , non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil , called synbit .	dilbit	What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen ?
Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines , non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil , called synbit .	synbit	What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called ?
However , to meet international competition , much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen , conventional crude oil , synthetic crude oil , and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select .	Western Canadian Select	What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named ?
This sour , heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude .	refining	In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel ?
Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites .	meteorites	To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar ?
The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals , mainly algae , that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta .	living material	What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as ?
The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals , mainly algae , that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta .	plants and animals	What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen ?
The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals , mainly algae , that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta .	ocean	What feature originally covered Alberta ?
They were covered by mud , buried deeply over the eons , and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 °C -LRB- 120 to 300 °F -RRB- .	50 to 150 °C	What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons ?
Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector .	Selenizza	What component is added to bitumen to improve it ?
Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks , bridges , car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry .	mastic asphalts	To what other paving material is Selenizza added ?
Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks , bridges , car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry .	fluid additives	What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry ?
It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks , but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants .	granular	In what form is Selenizza offered ?
Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in big bags or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags .	bags	How is Selenizza shipped ?
In British English , the word ` asphalt ' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen -LRB- also called tarmac in common parlance -RRB- .	mixture	To what type of aggregate did asphalt used to refer ?
In British English , the word ` asphalt ' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen -LRB- also called tarmac in common parlance -RRB- .	tarmac	What is the mixture of bitumen and minerals called ?
When bitumen is mixed with clay it is usually called asphaltum .	asphaltum	When mixed wit clay , what is bitumen called ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In American English , ` asphalt ' is equivalent to the British ` bitumen ' .	'asphalt	With what word in America , is bitumen used interchangeably ?
Bitumen is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum .	Bitumen	What is the geological term for asphalt ?
Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century .	Bitumen	What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably ?
Unless thoroughly diluted , bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact .	solidifies	What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly ?
The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings , for instance those of Delacroix .	deterioration	What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings ?
Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Théodore Géricault 's Raft of the Medusa -LRB- 1818 -- 1819 -RRB- , where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle .	Théodore Géricault's	What artist 's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen ?
Although widely used for a time , it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting , especially when mixed with the most common diluents , such as linseed oil , varnish and turpentine .	unstable	What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be ?
Two products resulted , namely Clarmac , and Clarphalte , with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge 's Patent Asphalte Co. , although Clarmac was more widely used .	Clarmac	Which of Claridge 's two tar macadams was the more successful ?
-LSB- note 1 -RSB- However , the First World War impacted financially on the Clarmac Company , which entered into liquidation in 1915 .	1915	When did Claridge 's company liquidate ?
-LSB- note 1 -RSB- However , the First World War impacted financially on the Clarmac Company , which entered into liquidation in 1915 .	First World War	What world event caused the end of Claridge 's company ?
In 1914 , Claridge 's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam , with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. .	Clarmac Roads Ltd	What was the subsidiary company that lead Claridge into ruin ?
The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge 's Company , which was itself compulsorily wound up , ceasing operations in 1917 , having invested a substantial amount of funds into the new venture , both at the outset , and in a subsequent attempt to save the Clarmac Company .	substantial amount	What kind of money did Claridge invest in attempting to save his companies ?
The largest use of asphalt/bitumen is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces and accounts for approximately 85 % of the asphalt consumed in the United States .	road surfaces	What is the biggest use of asphalt ?
The largest use of asphalt/bitumen is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces and accounts for approximately 85 % of the asphalt consumed in the United States .	85%	How much is the percentage of use of bitumen for roads is there in the US ?
Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5 % asphalt/bitumen cement and 95 % aggregates -LRB- stone , sand , and gravel -RRB- .	5%	How much bitumen is in usual concrete mixtures ?
Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5 % asphalt/bitumen cement and 95 % aggregates -LRB- stone , sand , and gravel -RRB- .	95%	What percentage of concrete mixes is aggregates ?
There are about 4,000 asphalt concrete mixing plants in the U.S. , and a similar number in Europe .	4,000	How many concrete plants are in the US ?
Synthetic crude oil , also known as syncrude , is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada .	syncrude	What is synthetic crude oil usually called ?
Bituminous sands are mined using enormous -LRB- 100 ton capacity -RRB- power shovels and loaded into even larger -LRB- 400 ton capacity -RRB- dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility .	upgrading facility	Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining ?
The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s .	Dr. Karl Clark	Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands ?
The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s .	1920s	Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process ?
By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels -LRB- 160 × 10 ^ 3 m3 -RRB- per day of synthetic crude oil , of which 75 % was exported to oil refineries in the United States .	1 million barrels	How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015 ?
About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984 -LSB- needs update -RSB- .	40,000,000	How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984 ?
Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt .	500 °C	What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt ?
Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil -LRB- such as naphtha , gasoline and diesel -RRB- .	Vacuum distillation	What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials ?
Further processing is possible by `` blowing '' the product : namely reacting it with oxygen .	blowing	What is the process used to harden the asphalt ?
In a de-asphalting unit , the crude asphalt is treated with either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to extract the lighter molecules , which are then separated .	de-asphalting	In processing asphalt , what is the unit used to separate it ?
Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice , in Albania , the only European asphalt mine still in use .	Selenice, in Albania	To what location is Selenizza bitumen native ?
Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice , in Albania , the only European asphalt mine still in use .	still in use	What is it about the mine that is unusual ?
The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins , filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction .	rock asphalt	In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands ?
The bitumen content varies from 83 % to 92 % -LRB- soluble in carbon disulphide -RRB- , with a penetration value near to zero and a softening point -LRB- ring & ball -RRB- around 120 °C .	83% to 92%	What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt ?
The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins , filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction .	veins	How is the rock asphalt mainly found ?
People can be exposed to asphalt in the workplace by breathing in fumes or skin absorption .	fumes or skin	By what means can humans be exposed to bitumen ?
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health -LRB- NIOSH -RRB- has set a Recommended exposure limit -LRB- REL -RRB- of 5 mg/m3 over a 15-minute period .	5 mg/m3	What is the nationally set limit for exposure of asphalt in a 15 minute period ?
Asphalt is basically an inert material that must be heated or diluted to a point where it becomes workable for the production of materials for paving , roofing , and other applications .	heated or diluted	How must asphalt be treated to be workable ?
In particular , temperatures greater than 199 °C -LRB- 390 °F -RRB- , were shown to produce a greater exposure risk than when asphalt was heated to lower temperatures , such as those typically used in asphalt pavement mix production and placement .	greater than 199 °C	At what temperatures is heated asphalt seen to be a greater health risk ?
In examining the potential health hazards associated with asphalt , the International Agency for Research on Cancer -LRB- IARC -RRB- determined that it is the application parameters , predominantly temperature , that effect occupational exposure and the potential bioavailable carcinogenic hazard/risk of the asphalt emissions .	temperature	What feature in the treatment of asphalt in the workplace causes the most potential danger ?
Victoria married her first cousin , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1840 .	Prince Albert	Who did Victoria marry ?
Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent , tying them together and earning her the sobriquet `` the grandmother of Europe '' .	the grandmother of Europe	What is her nickname that she was given because her children married into royal families across the continent ?
As a result of her seclusion , republicanism temporarily gained strength , but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered .	her popularity recovered	In the later half of her reign , what happened to her popularity ?
After Albert 's death in 1861 , Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances .	1861	What year did Prince Albert die ?
Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent , tying them together and earning her the sobriquet `` the grandmother of Europe '' .	nine	How many children did she have ?
Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent , tying them together and earning her the sobriquet `` the grandmother of Europe '' .	nine	How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have ?
After Albert 's death in 1861 , Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances .	1861	What was the year of Alberts death ?
Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration .	celebration	Queen Victorias Golden and Diamond jubilees were a time of public what ?
Victoria married her first cousin , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1840 .	Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	What was the name the first cousing that Victoria married ?
Victoria married her first cousin , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1840 .	first cousin	What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria because all of her children married into noble families ?
Victoria married her first cousin , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1840 .	Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	What was the name of the first cousin that Queen Victoria was married to ?
Victoria married her first cousin , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1840 .	1840	Whatyear did Victoria marry Prince Albert ?
Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent , tying them together and earning her the sobriquet `` the grandmother of Europe '' .	nine	How many children did Victoria and Albert have ?
As a result of her seclusion , republicanism temporarily gained strength , but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered .	republicanism	Due to Victorias mourning over Alberts death , what political party gained strength ?
Victoria married her first cousin , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1840 .	1840	When did Queen Victoria get married ?
Victoria married her first cousin , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1840 .	Prince Albert	What was the name of Victoria 's husband ?
Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent , tying them together and earning her the sobriquet `` the grandmother of Europe '' .	the grandmother of Europe	What was Queen Victoria 's nickname ?
After Albert 's death in 1861 , Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances .	After Albert's death in 1861	When did republicanism gain strength during Queen Victoria 's reign ?
Victoria married her first cousin , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1840 .	Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Who did Victoria marry ?
Victoria married her first cousin , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1840 .	1840	When were Victoria and Prince Albert married ?
Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent , tying them together and earning her the sobriquet `` the grandmother of Europe '' .	nine	How many children did Victoria and Prince Albert have ?
Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent , tying them together and earning her the sobriquet `` the grandmother of Europe '' .	the grandmother of Europe	What was Victoria 's unofficial title ?
After Albert 's death in 1861 , Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances .	1861	When did Prince Albert die ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	mother	Who was extremely protective over Victoria ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	Kensington System	What system of rules kept her isolated from other children ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	Sir John Conroy	Who was the Dutchess ' rumored lover ?
Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night , studied with private tutors to a regular timetable , and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel , Dash .	Dash	What was Victoria 's dog 's name ?
Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night , studied with private tutors to a regular timetable , and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel , Dash .	dolls	During her free time , what did she play with ?
Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night , studied with private tutors to a regular timetable , and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel , Dash .	her mother	Who did Victoria share a bedroom with when she was a child ?
Her lessons included French , German , Italian , and Latin , but she spoke only English at home .	French, German, Italian, and Latin	What languages did Victoria take lessons in ?
Her lessons included French , German , Italian , and Latin , but she spoke only English at home .	English	What was the only language Victoria spoke at home ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	Sir John Conroy	Who was Victoria 's mothers lover ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	Kensington System	What is the formal name given to the system of rules Victoria was raised under ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	Kensington System	What system did Victorias mother raise her under ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	Sir John Conroy	Who was Victorias mothers comptroller ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	Sir John Conroy	Who was rumored to be Victorias mothers lover ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	Sir John Conroy	Who was the Duchess 's suspected lover ?
Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night , studied with private tutors to a regular timetable , and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel , Dash .	Dash	What was the name of Victoria 's childhood dog ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess	What was the Kensington System ?
Victoria later described her childhood as `` rather melancholy '' .	rather melancholy	How did Victoria describe her childhood ?
Her lessons included French , German , Italian , and Latin , but she spoke only English at home .	French, German, Italian, and Latin	What languages did Victoria study ?
Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night , studied with private tutors to a regular timetable , and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel , Dash .	Dash	What was the name of Victoria 's King Charles Spaniel ?
Her lessons included French , German , Italian , and Latin , but she spoke only English at home .	French, German, Italian, and Latin	What are some of the languages that Victoria studied ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	Kensington System	What system was in place to raise and educate Victoria ; while also rendering her weak and dependent ?
Her mother was extremely protective , and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called `` Kensington System '' , an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller , Sir John Conroy , who was rumoured to be the Duchess 's lover .	Sir John Conroy	Who was the Duchess ' comptroller and cohort ?
The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable -LRB- including most of her father 's family -RRB- , and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them .	most of her father's family	Who was included in the list of people that the Duchess and Sir John Conroy did n't want the Princess Victoria associating with ?
In 1853 , Victoria gave birth to her eighth child , Leopold , with the aid of the new anaesthetic , chloroform .	Leopold	Who was Victoria 's eighth child ?
In 1853 , Victoria gave birth to her eighth child , Leopold , with the aid of the new anaesthetic , chloroform .	chloroform	What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child ?
Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies .	post-natal depression	What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies ?
Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child , Beatrice , despite opposition from members of the clergy , who considered it against biblical teaching , and members of the medical profession , who thought it dangerous .	thought it dangerous	Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth ?
For example , about a month after Leopold 's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her `` continuance of hysterics '' over a `` miserable trifle '' .	her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle"	What did Albert complain about Victoria ?
In 1853 , Victoria gave birth to her eighth child , Leopold , with the aid of the new anaesthetic , chloroform .	Leopold	What was the name of Victoria 's eighth child ?
Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies .	post-natal depression	Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what ?
In 1853 , Victoria gave birth to her eighth child , Leopold , with the aid of the new anaesthetic , chloroform .	chloroform	What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold ?
Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child , Beatrice , despite opposition from members of the clergy , who considered it against biblical teaching , and members of the medical profession , who thought it dangerous .	1857	What year did Victoria give birth to her final child ?
Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child , Beatrice , despite opposition from members of the clergy , who considered it against biblical teaching , and members of the medical profession , who thought it dangerous .	Beatrice	What was the name of Victoria 's final child ?
In 1853 , Victoria gave birth to her eighth child , Leopold , with the aid of the new anaesthetic , chloroform .	1853	When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child ?
In 1853 , Victoria gave birth to her eighth child , Leopold , with the aid of the new anaesthetic , chloroform .	Leopold	What was the name of Victorias eighth child ?
In 1853 , Victoria gave birth to her eighth child , Leopold , with the aid of the new anaesthetic , chloroform .	chloroform.	What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth ?
Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child , Beatrice , despite opposition from members of the clergy , who considered it against biblical teaching , and members of the medical profession , who thought it dangerous .	1857	What year was victorias final child born ?
Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child , Beatrice , despite opposition from members of the clergy , who considered it against biblical teaching , and members of the medical profession , who thought it dangerous .	Beatrice	What was the name of Victorias final child ?
Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child , Beatrice , despite opposition from members of the clergy , who considered it against biblical teaching , and members of the medical profession , who thought it dangerous .	1857	When was Victoria 's final child , Beatrice , born ?
In 1853 , Victoria gave birth to her eighth child , Leopold , with the aid of the new anaesthetic , chloroform .	chloroform	What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths ?
Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child , Beatrice , despite opposition from members of the clergy , who considered it against biblical teaching , and members of the medical profession , who thought it dangerous .	considered it against biblical teaching	Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform ?
Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control .	loss of self-control	What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children ?
In 1853 , Victoria gave birth to her eighth child , Leopold , with the aid of the new anaesthetic , chloroform .	Leopold	What was the name of Victoria 's eigth child ?
In 1853 , Victoria gave birth to her eighth child , Leopold , with the aid of the new anaesthetic , chloroform .	chloroform	What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria 's time ?
Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child , Beatrice , despite opposition from members of the clergy , who considered it against biblical teaching , and members of the medical profession , who thought it dangerous .	Beatrice	What was the name of Victoria 's ninth child ?
Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child , Beatrice , despite opposition from members of the clergy , who considered it against biblical teaching , and members of the medical profession , who thought it dangerous .	considered it against biblical teaching	Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth ?
Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies .	post-natal depression	After nine pregnancies , what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed ?
In March 1861 , Victoria 's mother died , with Victoria at her side .	1861	During which year did Victoria 's mother die ?
Through reading her mother 's papers , Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply ; she was heart-broken , and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for `` wickedly '' estranging her from her mother .	Through reading her mother's papers	How did Victoria realize that her mother deeply loved her ?
To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief , Albert took on most of her duties , despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble .	chronic stomach trouble	What was Albert ill with ?
She blamed her husband 's death on worry over the Prince of Wales 's philandering .	Prince of Wales's philandering	What did Victoria blame Albert 's death on ?
In August , Victoria and Albert visited their son , the Prince of Wales , who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin , and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney .	army manoeuvres	What was Prince of Wales attending to in Dublin ?
In March 1861 , Victoria 's mother died , with Victoria at her side .	1861	What year did Victoria 's mother die ?
He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner , and died on 14 December 1861 .	1861	What year did Albert die ?
Through reading her mother 's papers , Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply ; she was heart-broken , and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for `` wickedly '' estranging her from her mother .	Conroy and Lehzen	Who did Victoria blame for her poor relationship with her mother ?
To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief , Albert took on most of her duties , despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble .	Albert	Who took on most of Victoria 's duties while she grieved her mothers death ?
To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief , Albert took on most of her duties , despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble .	chronic stomach trouble	What illness was Albert suffering from while he helped Victoria through her grief ?
In March 1861 , Victoria 's mother died , with Victoria at her side .	March 1861	When did Victoria 's mother die ?
He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner , and died on 14 December 1861 .	typhoid fever	What disease was Albert diagnosed with ?
He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner , and died on 14 December 1861 .	14 December 1861	When did Albert die of his illness ?
Her seclusion earned her the nickname `` widow of Windsor '' .	widow of Windsor	What was Victoria 's nickname following Alberts death ?
In November , Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland .	an actress in Ireland	Who was the Prince of Wales suspected to be having an affair with ?
In March 1861 , Victoria 's mother died , with Victoria at her side .	1861	When did the Duchess die ?
Through reading her mother 's papers , Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply ; she was heart-broken , and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for `` wickedly '' estranging her from her mother .	Conroy and Lehzen	Who did Victoria blame for the problems between herself and the Duchess ?
He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner , and died on 14 December 1861 .	typhoid fever	What caused Prince Albert 's death ?
In August , Victoria and Albert visited their son , the Prince of Wales , who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin , and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney .	their son, the Prince of Wales	Who did Victoria blame for Prince Albert 's death ?
In November , Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland .	had slept with an actress in Ireland	What gossip did Prince Albert hear about their son ?
On 2 March 1882 , Roderick Maclean , a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria 's refusal to accept one of his poems , shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station .	Roderick Maclean	Who shot at the queen ?
On 2 March 1882 , Roderick Maclean , a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria 's refusal to accept one of his poems , shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station .	2 March 1882	When was the shooting ?
On 2 March 1882 , Roderick Maclean , a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria 's refusal to accept one of his poems , shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station .	poet	What was Maclean 's occupation ?
Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas , until he was hustled away by a policeman .	Eton College	Which college were to two boys attending ?
Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas , until he was hustled away by a policeman .	umbrellas	With what did the college boy 's hit the shooter with ?
On 2 March 1882 , Roderick Maclean , a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria 's refusal to accept one of his poems , shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station .	Roderick Maclean	Who shot Queen Victoria ?
On 2 March 1882 , Roderick Maclean , a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria 's refusal to accept one of his poems , shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station .	1882	What year was the Queen shot ?
Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas , until he was hustled away by a policeman .	Two schoolboys from Eton College	Who stopped Maclean after he shot the Queen ?
Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity , but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was `` worth being shot at -- to see how much one is loved '' .	not guilty by reason of insanity	What did the court determine was the fate for Maclean after shooting the Queen ?
Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas , until he was hustled away by a policeman .	struck him with their umbrellas	How did the schoolboys stop Maclean ?
On 2 March 1882 , Roderick Maclean , a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria 's refusal to accept one of his poems , shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station .	Roderick Maclean	What disgruntled poet shot at Victoria 's carriage on March 2 , 1882 ?
Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas , until he was hustled away by a policeman .	Eton College	What school did the boys who defended the Queen with umbrellas attend ?
Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity , but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was `` worth being shot at -- to see how much one is loved '' .	he was found not guilty by reason of insanity	What was the verdict in Roderick Maclean 's trial ?
On 2 March 1882 , Roderick Maclean , a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria 's refusal to accept one of his poems , shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station .	offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems	What provoked the attack on Queen Victoria as she left Windsor ?
Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity , but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was `` worth being shot at -- to see how much one is loved '' .	outraged	What was Victoria 's reaction to the verdict ?
On 2 March 1882 , Roderick Maclean , a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria 's refusal to accept one of his poems , shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station .	Roderick Maclean	Who attempted to assassinate the Queen ?
Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity , but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was `` worth being shot at -- to see how much one is loved '' .	not guilty by reason of insanity	What was the verdict in Maclean 's trial ?
Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity , but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was `` worth being shot at -- to see how much one is loved '' .	"worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved"	What position did Victoria take on being shot at ?
On 2 March 1882 , Roderick Maclean , a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria 's refusal to accept one of his poems , shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station .	2 March 1882	When did Maclean attempt to shoot Victoria ?
On 2 March 1882 , Roderick Maclean , a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria 's refusal to accept one of his poems , shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station .	refusal to accept one of his poems	Why did Maclean shoot at Victoria ?
Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election ; he was 82 years old .	1892	What year did Gladstone return to power ?
Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election ; he was 82 years old .	82	How old was Gladstone in 1892 ?
In 1894 , Gladstone retired and , without consulting the outgoing prime minister , Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister .	1894	What year did Gladstone retire ?
In 1894 , Gladstone retired and , without consulting the outgoing prime minister , Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister .	prime minister	What position did Victoria appoint Lord Rosebery ?
Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election ; he was 82 years old .	1892	What year did Gadstone return to power ?
His government was weak , and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him .	Lord Salisbury	Who replaced Lord Rosebery the year following his appointment ?
Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election ; he was 82 years old .	82 years old	How old was Gladstone when he returned to power ?
In 1894 , Gladstone retired and , without consulting the outgoing prime minister , Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister .	Lord Rosebery	Who did Victoria appoint to replace Gladstone ?
Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election ; he was 82 years old .	82 years old	How old was Gladstone after the general election in 1892 ?
Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet , so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him .	Henry Labouchere	What radical MP did Victoria object to being appointed to the cabinet by Gladstone ?
In 1894 , Gladstone retired and , without consulting the outgoing prime minister , Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister .	Lord Rosebery	Who did Victoria appoint to Prime Minister after Gladstone retired in 1894 ?
His government was weak , and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him .	Lord Salisbury	Who replaced Lord Rosenbery after only a year of government ?
Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria 's reign .	for the remainder of Victoria's reign	How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister ?
Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election ; he was 82 years old .	Gladstone	Who was returned to power in 1892 ?
In 1894 , Gladstone retired and , without consulting the outgoing prime minister , Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister .	Lord Rosebery	Who did Victoria appoint as Gladstone 's succesor ?
His government was weak , and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him .	His government was weak	How did Lord Roseberry fare as Prime Minister ?
His government was weak , and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him .	Lord Salisbury	Who replaced Lord Roseberry as Prime Minister ?
Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria 's reign .	the remainder of Victoria's reign	How long was Lord Sailsbury Prime Minister ?
On 25 January , Edward VII , the Kaiser and Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught , helped lift her body into the coffin .	Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught	Which two people helped lift Victoria 's body into the coffin ?
She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil .	wedding veil	What item from her wedding was Victoria dressed in inside her coffin ?
She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil .	white	What color was her dress ?
One of Albert 's dressing gowns was placed by her side , with a plaster cast of his hand , while a lock of John Brown 's hair , along with a picture of him , was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers .	Albert's	Who 's dressing gown was placed by her side ?
One of Albert 's dressing gowns was placed by her side , with a plaster cast of his hand , while a lock of John Brown 's hair , along with a picture of him , was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers .	his hand	A plaster cast of what part of Alberts body was placed in the coffin with the Queen ?
Her funeral was held on Saturday , 2 February , in St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , and after two days of lying-in-state , she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park .	St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle	Where was the funeral of Queen Victoria held ?
She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil .	a white dress and her wedding veil	What clothing was Queen Victoria laid to rest in ?
In 1897 , Victoria had written instructions for her funeral , which was to be military as befitting a soldier 's daughter and the head of the army , and white instead of black .	1897	What year did Queen Victoria die ?
One of Albert 's dressing gowns was placed by her side , with a plaster cast of his hand , while a lock of John Brown 's hair , along with a picture of him , was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers .	a lock of John Brown's hair	What was placed in the Queens left hand when she was placed in her coffin ?
She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil .	She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil	What did Victoria wear upon her death in her coffin ?
One of Albert 's dressing gowns was placed by her side , with a plaster cast of his hand , while a lock of John Brown 's hair , along with a picture of him , was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers .	John Brown	Whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers ?
Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown 's mother , given to her by Brown in 1883 .	1883	When did John Brown give Victoria his mother 's wedding ring ?
Her funeral was held on Saturday , 2 February , in St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , and after two days of lying-in-state , she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park .	Saturday, 2 February	When was Queen Victoria 's funeral held ?
Her funeral was held on Saturday , 2 February , in St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , and after two days of lying-in-state , she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park .	Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park	Where was Queen Victoria laid to rest after her death ?
Her funeral was held on Saturday , 2 February , in St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , and after two days of lying-in-state , she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park .	Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park	Where was Victoria laid to rest ?
Her funeral was held on Saturday , 2 February , in St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , and after two days of lying-in-state , she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park .	2 February	When was Queen Victoria 's funeral held ?
One of Albert 's dressing gowns was placed by her side , with a plaster cast of his hand , while a lock of John Brown 's hair , along with a picture of him , was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers .	a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him	What was hidden in Queen Victoria 's hand by her father 's family ?
She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil .	a white dress and her wedding veil	How was Victoria dressed for burial ?
On 25 January , Edward VII , the Kaiser and Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught , helped lift her body into the coffin .	Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught	Who placed Victoria into her coffin ?
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold , whom Victoria considered her `` best and kindest adviser '' , to thank him `` for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me , in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy .	uncle Leopold	Who was considered Victoria 's best and kindest advisor ?
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold , whom Victoria considered her `` best and kindest adviser '' , to thank him `` for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me , in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy .	Albert	Who did Victoria describe as sensible , kind , and amiable ?
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold , whom Victoria considered her `` best and kindest adviser '' , to thank him `` for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me , in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy .	uncle Leopold	Who introduced Albert to Victoria ?
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold , whom Victoria considered her `` best and kindest adviser '' , to thank him `` for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me , in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy .	Leopold	What Uncle was Victoria 's favorite adviser ?
However at 17 , Victoria , though interested in Albert , was not yet ready to marry .	17	How old was Victoria when she met Albert ?
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold , whom Victoria considered her `` best and kindest adviser '' , to thank him `` for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me , in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy .	her uncle Leopold	Who introduced Victoria and Albert ?
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold , whom Victoria considered her `` best and kindest adviser '' , to thank him `` for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me , in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy .	every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy	What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him ?
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold , whom Victoria considered her `` best and kindest adviser '' , to thank him `` for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me , in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy .	uncle Leopold	Whom did Queen Victoria consider her `` best and kindest adviser '' ?
However at 17 , Victoria , though interested in Albert , was not yet ready to marry .	Albert	Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17 ?
He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see . ''	the most pleasing and delightful exterior	What was Victoria 's opinion of Albert 's appearance ?
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold , whom Victoria considered her `` best and kindest adviser '' , to thank him `` for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me , in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy .	her uncle Leopold	Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert ?
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold , whom Victoria considered her `` best and kindest adviser '' , to thank him `` for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me , in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy .	He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy	What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age ?
He is so sensible , so kind , and so good , and so amiable too .	sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable	What were Albert 's best qualities ?
He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see . ''	most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance	How did Victoria find Albert 's looks ?
However at 17 , Victoria , though interested in Albert , was not yet ready to marry .	17	How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert ?
The Queen commissioned a Tory , Sir Robert Peel , to form a new ministry .	to form a new ministry	What did the Queen commission Sir Robert Peel to do ?
In 1839 , Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories -LRB- both of whom Victoria detested -RRB- voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica .	1839	In what year did Melbourne resign ?
The Queen commissioned a Tory , Sir Robert Peel , to form a new ministry .	Tory	Which party was Sir Robert Peel a part of ?
In what became known as the bedchamber crisis , Victoria , advised by Melbourne , objected to their removal .	bedchamber crisis	What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs ?
In 1839 , Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories -LRB- both of whom Victoria detested -RRB- voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica .	1839	What year did Melbourne resign ?
In 1839 , Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories -LRB- both of whom Victoria detested -RRB- voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica .	Radicals and Tories	Who voted against the bill to end the constitution of Jamaica ?
The Queen commissioned a Tory , Sir Robert Peel , to form a new ministry .	Sir Robert Peel	Who did the Queen commission to form a new ministry ?
Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen , and consequently resigned his commission , allowing Melbourne to return to office .	Melbourne	Who returned to office after Peel resigned ?
In what became known as the bedchamber crisis , Victoria , advised by Melbourne , objected to their removal .	the bedchamber crisis	The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what ?
In 1839 , Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories -LRB- both of whom Victoria detested -RRB- voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica .	Melbourne	Who resigned their position in 1839 ?
The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery .	The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery.	Why did the Radicals and Tories oppose the bill about the constitution of Jamaica ?
The Queen commissioned a Tory , Sir Robert Peel , to form a new ministry .	Sir Robert Peel	What Tory did Victoria commision after Melbourne resigned his postion ?
Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen , and consequently resigned his commission , allowing Melbourne to return to office .	resigned his commission	After Queen Victoria refuse to replace her ladies with wives of Tories , what did Sir Robert Peel do ?
Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen , and consequently resigned his commission , allowing Melbourne to return to office .	Melbourne	Who did Victoria reappoint to the position after the Bedchamber Crisis ?
In 1839 , Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories -LRB- both of whom Victoria detested -RRB- voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica .	voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica	What did the Radicals and Tories do that made Melbourne resign ?
The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery .	plantation owners	Which group was resisting the abolisment of slavery and were subsequently removed from power when the bill was voted down ?
Many of the Queen 's ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs , and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories .	wives of Tories	Who did Robert Peel want to replace the ladies of the bedchamber with , instead of wives of Whigs ?
Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen , and consequently resigned his commission , allowing Melbourne to return to office .	Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen	Why did Peel resign his comission ?
Internationally , Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain .	France and Britain	Which two countries was Victoria trying to improve relations between ?
She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans , who were related by marriage through the Coburgs .	by marriage through the Coburgs	How was the House of Orleans and the British Royal family related ?
In 1843 and 1845 , she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at château d'Eu in Normandy ; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French one since the meeting of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 .	King Louis Philippe I	Who did Victoria stay with in Normandy ?
Victoria 's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success , but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism .	1849	What year did Victoria first visit Ireland ?
When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844 , he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign .	1844	What year did Louis Philippe visit England ?
Internationally , Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain .	France and Britain	What two countries did Victoria take a large interest in improving relations between ?
Victoria 's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success , but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism .	1849	What year was Victorias first visit to Ireland ?
She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans , who were related by marriage through the Coburgs .	House of Orleans	Queen Victoria set up meetings between The Britian royal family and what house to help improve relations between Britain and France ?
In 1843 and 1845 , she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at château d'Eu in Normandy ; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French one since the meeting of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 .	King Louis Philippe I	What was the name of the King of Normandy that Victoria and Albert stayed with in 1843 and 1845 ?
When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844 , he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign .	Louis Philippe	Who was the first French King to visit Queen Victoria ?
When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844 , he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign .	Louis Philippe	Who was the first French king to visit Queen Victoria ?
Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848 , and fled to exile in England .	fled to exile in England	What happened to Louis Philippe after the revolution in France ?
At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848 , Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House , a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped .	Osborne House	Where did Victoria and her family retreat to safety during a conflict in 1848 ?
Victoria 's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success , but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism .	Ireland	What nation was visited for the first time by Victoria in 1849 ?
She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans , who were related by marriage through the Coburgs .	House of Orleans	What French family did Victoria try to foster relations with ?
Internationally , Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain .	improvement of relations between France and Britain	What was one of Victoria 's major concerns ?
Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848 , and fled to exile in England .	1848	When was Louis Phillipe deposed ?
At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848 , Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House , a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped .	Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight	Where did Victoria and her family go to for safety during the revolutionary scare of April 1848 ?
At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848 , Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House , a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped .	1845	When was Osborne house purchased ?
Demonstrations by Chartists and Irish nationalists failed to attract widespread support , and the scare died down without any major disturbances .	Chartists and Irish nationalists	Which groups were demonstrating and trying to bring about a revolution before , ultimately , failing ?
On 14 January 1858 , an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England .	Britain	Where was Orsini from ?
On 14 January 1858 , an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England .	Napoleon III	Who did Orsini try to assassinate ?
Derby 's ministry did not last long , and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office .	Victoria recalled Palmerston to office	What happened in June 1859 ?
Derby was reinstated as prime minister .	prime minister	What position did Derby hold ?
On 14 January 1858 , an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England .	14 January 1858	What was the date of an attempted assasination on Napoleon ?
On 14 January 1858 , an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England .	Orsini	What was the name of the person that attempted to assasinate Napoleon ?
Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858 , in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere .	port of Cherbourg	What was the name of the French military port that opened on 5 August 1858 ?
On 14 January 1858 , an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England .	England	Where was the bomb that Orsini used to attempt to assasinate Napoleon made ?
The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government , and Palmerston resigned .	Palmerston	Who resigned due to the attempt on Napoleons life ?
On 14 January 1858 , an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England .	Napoleon III	Who survived an assasination attempt by the Italian refugee Orsini in 1858 ?
The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government , and Palmerston resigned .	Palmerston	Who resigned their position following the scandal due to Orsini 's bomb being made in England ?
Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858 , in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere .	Cherbourg	What new military port in France did Victoria and Albert visit after the crisis in 1858 ?
On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one .	the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one	Why did Victoria repremend Derby following her visit with Napolean III ?
Derby 's ministry did not last long , and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office .	Palmerston	Who did Victoria recall to office following her disappointment with Derby in June of 1859 ?
On 14 January 1858 , an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England .	an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini	Who attempted to assassinate Napoleon ?
On 14 January 1858 , an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England .	14 January 1858	When did Orsinin attempt to assassinate Napoleon ?
On 14 January 1858 , an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England .	a bomb	How did Orsini try to assassinate Napoleon ?
Derby 's ministry did not last long , and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office .	June 1859	When did Victoria ask Palmerston to resume his office ?
Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858 , in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere .	French military port of Cherbourg	Where did Victoria visit that led her to reprimand Derby for the state of the Royal Navy ?
Palmerston died in 1865 , and after a brief ministry led by Russell , Derby returned to power .	Palmerston	Who died in 1865 ?
Derby resigned in 1868 , to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli , who charmed Victoria .	Derby	Who resigned in 1868 ?
Disraeli 's ministry only lasted a matter of months , and at the end of the year his Liberal rival , William Ewart Gladstone , was appointed prime minister .	matter of months	How long was Disraeli in office ?
Disraeli 's ministry only lasted a matter of months , and at the end of the year his Liberal rival , William Ewart Gladstone , was appointed prime minister .	William Ewart Gladstone	Who was Disraeli 's rival ?
Disraeli 's ministry only lasted a matter of months , and at the end of the year his Liberal rival , William Ewart Gladstone , was appointed prime minister .	Liberal	What political view did Gladstone hold ?
Palmerston died in 1865 , and after a brief ministry led by Russell , Derby returned to power .	1865	What year did Palmerston die ?
Palmerston died in 1865 , and after a brief ministry led by Russell , Derby returned to power .	Russell	Who let the ministry for a very short time after the death of Palmerston ?
Palmerston died in 1865 , and after a brief ministry led by Russell , Derby returned to power .	Derby	Who returned to power after Russels brief rule of the ministry ?
In 1866 , Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert 's death .	1866	Following Alberts death , what was the first year that Victoria attended the State opening of Parliment ?
Derby resigned in 1868 , to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli , who charmed Victoria .	Benjamin Disraeli	Who replaced Derby after his resignation ?
Palmerston died in 1865 , and after a brief ministry led by Russell , Derby returned to power .	1865	What year did Pamerston die ?
In 1866 , Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert 's death .	State Opening of Parliament	What event did Victoria attend in 1866 for the first time following Albert 's death ?
The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men , though she was not in favour of votes for women .	Reform Act 1867	What Act by Victoria granted the ability to vote to working men , but not women ?
Derby resigned in 1868 , to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli , who charmed Victoria .	Benjamin Disraeli	Who replaced Derby when he resigned in 1868 ?
Disraeli 's ministry only lasted a matter of months , and at the end of the year his Liberal rival , William Ewart Gladstone , was appointed prime minister .	William Ewart Gladstone	What Liberal replaced Disraeli after only a few short months in office ?
Palmerston died in 1865 , and after a brief ministry led by Russell , Derby returned to power .	1865	When did Palmerston die ?
Derby resigned in 1868 , to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli , who charmed Victoria .	Derby	Who was ultimately returned to office after Palmerston 's death ?
Derby resigned in 1868 , to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli , who charmed Victoria .	1868	When did Derby resign ?
Derby resigned in 1868 , to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli , who charmed Victoria .	Benjamin Disraeli	Who was Derby 's replacement ?
Disraeli 's ministry only lasted a matter of months , and at the end of the year his Liberal rival , William Ewart Gladstone , was appointed prime minister .	only lasted a matter of months	How long did Disralei last in office ?
Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited .	50	How many kings and princes were invited to the Golden Jubilee ?
Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited .	fiftieth anniversary	What year anniversary does the Golden Jubilee celebrate ?
Her family and retainers were appalled , and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League , and biasing the Queen against the Hindus .	Her family and retainers	Who accused Karim of spying ?
Equerry Frederick Ponsonby -LRB- the son of Sir Henry -RRB- discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage , and reported to Lord Elgin , Viceroy of India , `` the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do . ''	his parentage	What was Munshi lying about ?
In 1887 , the British Empire celebrated Victoria 's Golden Jubilee .	1887	What year was Victoria 's Golden Jubilee held ?
Equerry Frederick Ponsonby -LRB- the son of Sir Henry -RRB- discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage , and reported to Lord Elgin , Viceroy of India , `` the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do . ''	Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India	Who did Ponsonby report the Munshis lies about his parentage to ?
Two days later on 23 June , she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters , one of whom was Abdul Karim .	Abdul Karim	What was the name of the waited that was promoted to Munshi ?
Equerry Frederick Ponsonby -LRB- the son of Sir Henry -RRB- discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage , and reported to Lord Elgin , Viceroy of India , `` the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do . ''	Sir Henry	Whio was Equerry Frederick Ponsonby 's father ?
Equerry Frederick Ponsonby -LRB- the son of Sir Henry -RRB- discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage , and reported to Lord Elgin , Viceroy of India , `` the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do . ''	Equerry Frederick Ponsonby	Who discovered that Victoria 's new Munshi lied about his parentage ?
In 1887 , the British Empire celebrated Victoria 's Golden Jubilee .	1887	When was Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee ?
He was soon promoted to `` Munshi '' : teaching her Hindustani , and acting as a clerk .	Hindustani	What was Abdul Karim teaching Queen Victoria after his promotion ?
Her family and retainers were appalled , and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League , and biasing the Queen against the Hindus .	Muslim Patriotic League	Who was Karim accused of spying for by Victoria 's family ?
Equerry Frederick Ponsonby -LRB- the son of Sir Henry -RRB- discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage , and reported to Lord Elgin , Viceroy of India , `` the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do . ''	Equerry Frederick Ponsonby	Who discovered that Karim had lied about his parentage to Victoria ?
Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited .	20 June	What day did Queen Victoria celebrate her Golden Jubilee at a dinner with kings and queens from other nations ?
In 1887 , the British Empire celebrated Victoria 's Golden Jubilee .	1887	When was Victoria 's Golden Jubilee ?
Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited .	the fiftieth anniversary of her accession	What is the point of the Golden Jubilee ?
Her family and retainers were appalled , and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League , and biasing the Queen against the Hindus .	Abdul Karim	Who was promoted from waiter to Munshi ?
Her family and retainers were appalled , and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League , and biasing the Queen against the Hindus .	spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus	Why did Victoria 's family disapprove of Abdul Karim ?
Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension on her death .	until he returned to India with a pension on her death	How long was Karim in the Queen 's employment ?
Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays .	Victoria	Who was the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain ?
In 1889 , during a stay in Biarritz , she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit .	1889	What year did Queen Victoria first set foot in Spain ?
By April 1900 , the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable .	1900	What year did Victoria stop her annual visits to Spain due to the Boer war ?
Instead , the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861 , in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war .	Ireland	Where did Victoria visit instead of Spain during the Boer war ?
By April 1900 , the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable .	1900	What year did Victoria 's second son Alfred die ?
In 1889 , during a stay in Biarritz , she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit .	Biarritz	Where did Victoria stay in Spain in 1889 ?
By April 1900 , the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable .	Boer War	What war prevented Queen Victoria from taking her annual trip to France in 1900 ?
Instead , the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861 , in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war .	Ireland	What country did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer War ?
In July , her second son Alfred -LRB- `` Affie '' -RRB- died ; `` Oh , God !	her second son Alfred	Which of Queen Victoria 's children died in July of that year ?
Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays .	mainland Europe	Where did Victoria often go for holiday ?
In 1889 , during a stay in Biarritz , she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit .	set foot in Spain	In 1889 , what was Victoria the first reining monarch from Britian to do ?
Instead , the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861 , in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war .	acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war	Why did Victoria visit Ireland in 1861 ?
By April 1900 , the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable .	the Boer War	Why was Victoria advised not to visit France in April of 1900 ?
In July , her second son Alfred -LRB- `` Affie '' -RRB- died ; `` Oh , God !	her second son Alfred ("Affie") died	What tragedy did Victoria face in July of 1900 ?
Victoria was physically unprepossessing -- she was stout , dowdy and no more than five feet tall -- but she succeeded in projecting a grand image .	no more than five feet tall	How tall was Queen Victoria ?
Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public .	her diary and letters	The extent of Victorias political influence became well known after the publishing of what ?
The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith , in 1964 and 1972 respectively , are still widely admired .	1964	What year did Elizabeth Longford write a biography of Victoria ?
The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith , in 1964 and 1972 respectively , are still widely admired .	1972	What year did Cecil Woodham Smith writ Victorias biography ?
Victoria was physically unprepossessing -- she was stout , dowdy and no more than five feet tall -- but she succeeded in projecting a grand image .	five feet	How tall was Queen Victoria ?
Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available , such as Lytton Strachey 's Queen Victoria of 1921 , are now considered out of date .	Lytton Strachey	Who wrote the biography about Queen Victoria that is now considered to be out of date ?
The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith , in 1964 and 1972 respectively , are still widely admired .	Elizabeth Longford	What woman wrote a biography of Queen Victoria in 1964 ?
The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith , in 1964 and 1972 respectively , are still widely admired .	1972	When did Celcil Woodham-Smith also write a well recieved biography about Victoria ?
Victoria was physically unprepossessing -- she was stout , dowdy and no more than five feet tall -- but she succeeded in projecting a grand image .	stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall	What was Victoria like , physically ?
Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public .	after the release of her diary and letters	When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria ?
The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith , in 1964 and 1972 respectively , are still widely admired .	Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith	Who were two good biographers of Queen Victoria ?
The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith , in 1964 and 1972 respectively , are still widely admired .	1964 and 1972	When were the best biographies of Queen Victoria written ?
They , and others , conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional , obstinate , honest , and straight-talking .	emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking	What kind of person was Victoria ?
In 1830 , the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills , stopping at towns and great country houses along the way .	the centre of England	In 1830 , what part of England did Victoria travel to with Dutchess of Kent and Conroy ?
In 1830 , the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills , stopping at towns and great country houses along the way .	Malvern Hills	What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip with the Dutchess of kent and Conroy ?
Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832 , 1833 , 1834 and 1835 .	1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835	What years were journeys similar to the Queen trip to Melvern Hills made ?
William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive .	his rival	Willam was concerned that Victoria would was being portrayed as what because of her trips to central England ?
William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive .	William	Who was annoyed that Victoria was welcomed at each of her visits to central England ?
William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive .	William	Who was annoyed at how well recieved Victoria was on her tours of the countryside of England and Wales ?
At Ramsgate in October 1835 , Victoria contracted a severe fever , which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence .	Ramsgate	Where did Victoria become seriously ill during one of her trips ?
While Victoria was ill , Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary .	Conroy	Who did Victoria dislike so much she banned him from her presence once she became Queen ?
While Victoria was ill , Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary .	private secretary	What position did Conroy try and fail to get Victoria to appoint him to during her illness and later ?
In 1830 , the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills , stopping at towns and great country houses along the way .	the Duchess of Kent and Conroy	Who took Victoria on a trip to Malvern Hills in 1830 ?
As a teenager , Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff .	Conroy	Who was Victoria convinced to make her secretery when she was very ill ?
Victoria disliked the trips ; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill , and there was little time for her to rest .	disliked	How did Victoria feel about all of the trips ?
To the King 's annoyance , Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops .	enthusiastically welcomed in each	What annoyed the King about the way Victoria was received at her stops ?
William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive .	concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival	Why did the King dislike Victoria taking the trips ?
Once queen , she banned him from her presence , but he remained in her mother 's household .	banned him from her presence	When she was made Queen , what did Victoria do about Conroy ?
At the time of her accession , the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne , who at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced Queen , who relied on him for advice .	Lord Melbourne	Who was in charge of the Governemnt at the time of Victorias ascession ?
At the time of her accession , the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne , who at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced Queen , who relied on him for advice .	Lord Melbourne	What was the name of the Whig Prime minister at the time of Victorias ascession ?
Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey .	28 June 1838	When was Queen Victorias coronation held ?
Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey .	Westminster Abbey	Where was Victorias coronation held ?
Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations .	Over 400,000	How many visitors came to London for Victorias coronation ?
Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey .	28 June 1838	When did Victoria 's coronation take place at Westminster Abbey ?
Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was `` passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one '' , and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure .	Charles Greville	Who thought that Melbourne saw Victoria as if she was his daughter ?
Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations .	400,000	How many people visited London for the Coronation of Queen Victoria ?
She became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace and inherited the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall as well as being granted a civil list allowance of # 385,000 per year .	£385,000 per year	What was Victoria 's allowance upon becoming Queen ?
At the time of her accession , the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne , who at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced Queen , who relied on him for advice .	Lord Melbourne	What Whig was prime minister during Victoria 's accession ?
At the time of her accession , the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne , who at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced Queen , who relied on him for advice .	Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne	Who was leading the government at the time of Victoria 's accension ?
At the time of her accession , the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne , who at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced Queen , who relied on him for advice .	powerful	What kind of influence was Melbourne to Victoria ?
Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey .	28 June 1838	When was Victoria 's coronation ?
Financially prudent , she paid off her father 's debts .	she paid off her father's debts	What major accomplishment did Victoria achieve with her civil list allowance ?
She became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace and inherited the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall as well as being granted a civil list allowance of # 385,000 per year .	Buckingham Palace	Where did Queen Victoria reside ?
In 1845 , Ireland was hit by a potato blight .	1845	What year was the potato blight in Ireland ?
She personally donated # 2,000 to famine relief , more than any other individual donor , and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland , despite Protestant opposition .	£2,000	How much money did Victoria donate to famine relief ?
In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine .	four years	How long did the Great Famine last ?
In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine .	over a million	How many Irish people died during the Great Famine ?
In Ireland , Victoria was labelled `` The Famine Queen '' .	The Famine Queen	What was the label given to Queen Victoria during the Great Famine ?
In 1845 , Ireland was hit by a potato blight .	potato blight	What crisis struck Ireland during 1845 ?
In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine .	over a million	How many people died during the Great Famine in Ireland ?
In Ireland , Victoria was labelled `` The Famine Queen '' .	The Famine Queen	What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine ?
The story that she donated only # 5 in aid to the Irish , and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home , was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century .	that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home	What story was later proven false about Victoria during the Great Famine ?
She personally donated # 2,000 to famine relief , more than any other individual donor , and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland , despite Protestant opposition .	£2,000	How much did Queen Victoria actually donate to support relief in Ireland , making her the top individual donor ?
In 1845 , Ireland was hit by a potato blight .	potato blight	What happened that decimated a large portion of Ireland ?
In 1845 , Ireland was hit by a potato blight .	1845	When did the potato blight begin ?
In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine .	a million	How many people did Ireland lose to the potato blight ?
In Ireland , Victoria was labelled `` The Famine Queen '' .	The Famine Queen	What did the potato blight cause Victoria to be called ?
She personally donated # 2,000 to famine relief , more than any other individual donor , and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland , despite Protestant opposition .	£2,000	How much did Victoria donate to Ireland to help with famine relief ?
Victoria 's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy , and encouraged the growth of the republican movement .	the republican movement	When Victoria isolated herself from the public , what movement began to grow ?
She did undertake her official government duties , yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences -- Windsor Castle , Osborne House , and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847 , Balmoral Castle .	in her royal residences	Where did Victoria isolate herself ?
She did undertake her official government duties , yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences -- Windsor Castle , Osborne House , and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847 , Balmoral Castle .	Balmoral Castle	What was the name of the private Estate in Scotland that Albert and Victoria purchased ?
She did undertake her official government duties , yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences -- Windsor Castle , Osborne House , and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847 , Balmoral Castle .	1847	What year did the Queen and Albert purchase Balmoral Castle ?
In March 1864 , a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced `` these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant 's declining business '' .	1864	What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold ?
She did undertake her official government duties , yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences -- Windsor Castle , Osborne House , and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847 , Balmoral Castle .	Balmoral Castle	What private estate did Victoria aquire with Albert in 1847 ?
In March 1864 , a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced `` these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant 's declining business '' .	Buckingham Palace	Where did a protector put a notice because of Queen Victoria 's lack of public appearances in March of 1864 ?
She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage .	the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington	Where did Victoria visit after Leopold advised her to make more public appearances ?
Victoria 's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy , and encouraged the growth of the republican movement .	republican movement	What movement gained popularity due to the lack of Victoria appearing in public ?
Victoria 's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy , and encouraged the growth of the republican movement .	self-imposed isolation from the public	What was a major reason Victoria 's monarchy was not as popular as some others ?
Victoria 's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy , and encouraged the growth of the republican movement .	the growth of the republican movement	What did Victoria 's isolation give way to ?
Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public .	Her uncle Leopold	Who advised Vicotria to begin appaering in public ?
She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage .	Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington	Where did Victoria visit to become more in the public view ?
She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage .	take a drive through London in an open carriage	What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image ?
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the British East India Company , which had ruled much of India , was dissolved , and Britain 's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire .	1857	What year was the Indian Rebellion ?
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the British East India Company , which had ruled much of India , was dissolved , and Britain 's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire .	British East India Company	What company was dissolved after the Indian Rebellion ?
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the British East India Company , which had ruled much of India , was dissolved , and Britain 's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire .	British East India Company	What company ruled much of India before the end of the Indian Rebellion ?
The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict , and condemned atrocities on both sides .	both sides	Who did the Queen condemn in the Indian Rebellion ?
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the British East India Company , which had ruled much of India , was dissolved , and Britain 's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire .	British East India Company	What ruler was dissolved after the Indian Rebellion in 1857 ?
She wrote of `` her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war '' , and insisted , urged on by Albert , that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state `` should breathe feelings of generosity , benevolence and religious toleration '' .	Albert	Who encouraged Victoria to issue an official statement on the conflict of the civil war in India ?
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the British East India Company , which had ruled much of India , was dissolved , and Britain 's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire .	were formally incorporated into the British Empire	What happened to the British possesions after the Rebellion of 1857 ?
At her behest , a reference threatening the `` undermining of native religions and customs '' was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom .	a reference threatening the "undermining of native religions and customs"	What statement was replaced in her proclamation about the civil war ?
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the British East India Company , which had ruled much of India , was dissolved , and Britain 's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire .	British East India Company	Before 1857 , who controlled most of India ?
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the British East India Company , which had ruled much of India , was dissolved , and Britain 's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire .	the Indian Rebellion of 1857	What caused the British East India Company to lose control of India ?
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the British East India Company , which had ruled much of India , was dissolved , and Britain 's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire .	formally incorporated into the British Empire	What happened to the assets of the British East India Company after it was removed from power ?
The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict , and condemned atrocities on both sides .	relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides	How did the Queen view the Indian Rebellion ?
She wrote of `` her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war '' , and insisted , urged on by Albert , that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state `` should breathe feelings of generosity , benevolence and religious toleration '' .	"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration"	What did Victoria believe that an official proclamation transferring control from the company to the monarchy would do ?
On 17 March 1883 , she fell down some stairs at Windsor , which left her lame until July ; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter .	1883	What year did Victoria fall down the stairs at Windsor ?
On 17 March 1883 , she fell down some stairs at Windsor , which left her lame until July ; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter .	rheumatism thereafter	After her fall down the stairs , what health issue was Victoria plaged with thereafter ?
Brown died 10 days after her accident , and to the consternation of her private secretary , Sir Henry Ponsonby , Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown .	Brown	Who died 10 days after Victorias fall down the stairs ?
On the day after the first anniversary of Brown 's death , Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son , Leopold , had died in Cannes .	by telegram	How was Victoria notified of her youngest son leopolds death ?
Brown died 10 days after her accident , and to the consternation of her private secretary , Sir Henry Ponsonby , Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown .	Sir Henry Ponsonby	Who was Victorias private secretary during the years following her accident at Windsor ?
On 17 March 1883 , she fell down some stairs at Windsor , which left her lame until July ; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter .	17 March 1883	When was Queen Victoria get injured after taking a fall down some stairs ?
In early 1884 , Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands , a sequel to her earlier book , which she dedicated to her `` devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown '' .	John Brown	Who did Queen Victoria write a biography about that was never published ?
On the day after the first anniversary of Brown 's death , Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son , Leopold , had died in Cannes .	Cannes	Where did Victoria 's youngest son , Leopold die ?
The following month , Victoria 's youngest child , Beatrice , met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria 's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry 's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg .	Prince Henry of Battenberg	Victoria initially opposed Beatrice 's marriage to what man ?
The following month , Victoria 's youngest child , Beatrice , met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria 's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry 's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg .	at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse	Where did Beatrice meet and fall in love with Prince Henry ?
On 17 March 1883 , she fell down some stairs at Windsor , which left her lame until July ; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter .	she fell down some stairs at Windsor	What caused Victoria 's rheumatism ?
Brown died 10 days after her accident , and to the consternation of her private secretary , Sir Henry Ponsonby , Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown .	Brown	Who died 10 days after Victoria 's accident ?
Brown died 10 days after her accident , and to the consternation of her private secretary , Sir Henry Ponsonby , Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown .	a eulogistic biography	What did Victoria begin working on after Brown 's death ?
Brown died 10 days after her accident , and to the consternation of her private secretary , Sir Henry Ponsonby , Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown .	Sir Henry Ponsonby	Who was opposed to Victoria writing a biography of Brown ?
On the day after the first anniversary of Brown 's death , Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son , Leopold , had died in Cannes .	her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes	What happened in Victoria 's life on the day after the one year anniversary of Brown 's death ?
Victoria 's youngest son , Leopold , was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters , Alice and Beatrice , were carriers .	haemophilia B	What blood clotting disease did Victorias youngest son have ?
Victoria 's youngest son , Leopold , was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters , Alice and Beatrice , were carriers .	two	How many of Victorias daughters were carriers of the blood clotting disease that Leopold had ?
The presence of the disease in Victoria 's descendants , but not in her ancestors , led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent but a haemophiliac .	the Duke of Kent	It was believed that Victorias true father was a hemophiliac and not who ?
There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria 's mother , and as male carriers always suffer the disease , even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill .	male	What is the sex of carriers that always suffer the blood clotting disease haemophi ; ia B ?
It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria 's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers .	over 50	How old was Victorias father at the time of her conception ?
Victoria 's youngest son , Leopold , was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters , Alice and Beatrice , were carriers .	the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B	What disease did Victoria 's youngest son have ?
Victoria 's youngest son , Leopold , was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters , Alice and Beatrice , were carriers .	Alice and Beatrice	Which two of Victoria 's daughters also were carriers for the blood clotting disorder ?
The presence of the disease in Victoria 's descendants , but not in her ancestors , led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent but a haemophiliac .	a haemophiliac	Who was Queen Victoria 's father rumored to be instead of the Duke of Kent ?
Victoria 's youngest son , Leopold , was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters , Alice and Beatrice , were carriers .	haemophilia B	What disease affected Leopold and was carried by two of Victoria 's daughters ?
Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons , Tsarevich Alexei of Russia , Alfonso , Prince of Asturias , and Infante Gonzalo of Spain .	Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain	Which Royal haemophiliacs are said to have descended from Victoria ?
Victoria 's youngest son , Leopold , was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters , Alice and Beatrice , were carriers .	Alice and Beatrice	Which of Victoria 's daughters were carriers of haemophilia ?
It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria 's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers .	older fathers	What is a big factor on whether or not an offspring will spontaneously develop haemophilia ?
Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases .	about a third of cases	In how many births do spontaneous cases of haemophilia arise ?
Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn , the fourth son of King George III .	Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III	Who was Queen Victorias father ?
Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820 , and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld .	1820	What year did Victorias Father die ?
She inherited the throne aged 18 , after her father 's three elder brothers had all died , leaving no surviving legitimate children .	18	How old was Victoria when she inherited the throne ?
Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820 , and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld .	1820	What year did King George III die ?
Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn , the fourth son of King George III .	Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn	What was the name of Victoria 's father ?
Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820 , and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld .	1820	When did the Duke of Kent die ?
Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820 , and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld .	Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	What was Victoria 's mother 's name ?
She inherited the throne aged 18 , after her father 's three elder brothers had all died , leaving no surviving legitimate children .	18	At what age did Victoria inherit the throne , upon the death of her father 's three eldest brothers ?
Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn , the fourth son of King George III .	Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III	Who was Victoria 's father ?
Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820 , and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld .	mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Who raised Victoria ?
She inherited the throne aged 18 , after her father 's three elder brothers had all died , leaving no surviving legitimate children .	aged 18	When did Victoria inherit the throne of England ?
She inherited the throne aged 18 , after her father 's three elder brothers had all died , leaving no surviving legitimate children .	her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children	Why did Victoria inherit the throne ?
The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy , in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power .	constitutional monarchy	What kind of government did England have at the time ?
At birth , Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers : the Prince Regent , the Duke of York , and the Duke of Clarence -LRB- later William IV -RRB- .	fifth	What was Victorias place in line of succession to the throne when she was born ?
Victoria 's grandfather and father died in 1820 , within a week of each other , and the Duke of York died in 1827 .	1820	What year did Victoria 's father and grandfather die ?
On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830 , Victoria became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle , William IV .	1830	What year did Victorias Uncle George IV die ?
Victoria 's grandfather and father died in 1820 , within a week of each other , and the Duke of York died in 1827 .	within a week of each other	What was th elength of time between the deaths of Victoria 's father and grandfather ?
Victoria 's grandfather and father died in 1820 , within a week of each other , and the Duke of York died in 1827 .	1827	What year did the Duke of York die ?
At birth , Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers : the Prince Regent , the Duke of York , and the Duke of Clarence -LRB- later William IV -RRB- .	fifth	What place was Victoria in the line of succession after her birth ?
At birth , Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers : the Prince Regent , the Duke of York , and the Duke of Clarence -LRB- later William IV -RRB- .	Duke of Clarence	Whose infant daugheters both died , leaving him without an heir to the throne of England ?
On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830 , Victoria became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle , William IV .	1830	When did George IV die ?
The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor .	made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.	What was the Regency Act of 1830 ?
King William distrusted the Duchess 's capacity to be regent , and in 1836 declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria 's 18th birthday , so that a regency could be avoided .	King William	Who distrusted the Duchesses capability to reign in Victoria 's place until she became of age ?
At birth , Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers : the Prince Regent , the Duke of York , and the Duke of Clarence -LRB- later William IV -RRB- .	fifth	Where did Victoria fall in the line of succession ?
At birth , Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers : the Prince Regent , the Duke of York , and the Duke of Clarence -LRB- later William IV -RRB- .	her father and his three older brothers	Who came in line for the throne before Victoria ?
On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830 , Victoria became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle , William IV .	became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle	What happened when Victoria 's Uncle George IV died ?
On the death of her uncle George IV in 1830 , Victoria became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle , William IV .	William IV	Who was Victoria 's last surviving uncle ?
The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor .	Duchess of Kent	Who was to act as regent if George died while Victoria was still a minor ?
Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837 , and a regency was avoided .	24 May 1837	On what date did Victoria turn 18 ?
On 20 June 1837 , William IV died at the age of 71 , and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom .	20 June 1837	On what date did William IV die ?
On 20 June 1837 , William IV died at the age of 71 , and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom .	71	How old was William IV when he died ?
Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle , the King , was no more , and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning , and consequently that I am Queen . ''	12 minutes past 2	What was the exact time that Victorias Uncle , the King , died ?
Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria , but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again .	Alexandrina Victoria	What is the name given to Victoria on official documents ?
Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837 , and a regency was avoided .	24 May 1837	When did Victoria turn 18 ?
On 20 June 1837 , William IV died at the age of 71 , and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom .	20 June 1837	When did Victoria become Queen upon William IV 's death ?
Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria , but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again .	Alexandrina Victoria	What name was Victoria referred to as on only the first day of her reign ?
On 20 June 1837 , William IV died at the age of 71 , and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom .	71	How old was Victoria 's Uncle , King Willaim on his death ?
In her diary she wrote , `` I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma , who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me .	the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham	Who informed Victoria of her Uncle 's passing and that she was now to become Queen of England ?
On 20 June 1837 , William IV died at the age of 71 , and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom .	20 June 1837, William IV died	What caused Victoria to become the Queen of the United Kingdom ?
In her diary she wrote , `` I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma , who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me .	Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham	Who came to tell Victoria that she was to be Queen of the United Kingdom ?
Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria , but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again .	Alexandrina Victoria	What name did the first official documents of Victoria 's monarchy have her listed as ?
I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room -LRB- only in my dressing gown -RRB- and alone , and saw them .	sitting-room	Where did she receive the news that she was to be queen ?
Though queen , as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother , despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother 's continued reliance on Conroy .	unmarried	What was the marital status of Victoria when she became the queen ?
Though queen , as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother , despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother 's continued reliance on Conroy .	her mother	Whi did Victoria have to live with because she was unmarried ?
Though queen , as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother , despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother 's continued reliance on Conroy .	Kensington System	Victoria and her mother had differences over what system ?
Though queen , as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother , despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother 's continued reliance on Conroy .	Conroy	Victoria and her mother had differences over her mothers reliances on who ?
Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace , and Victoria often refused to see her .	a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace	Where was Victorias mother assigned to live ?
Though queen , as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother , despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother 's continued reliance on Conroy .	the Kensington System	What did Victoria and her mother disagree on ?
Though queen , as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother , despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother 's continued reliance on Conroy .	Conroy	Whom did Victoria 's mother continue to rely on , despite Victoria 's displeasure ?
When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother 's close proximity promised `` torment for many years '' , Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage , which Victoria called a `` schocking -LSB- sic -RSB- alternative '' .	Melbourne	To whom did Queen Victoria lament that marriage was a shocking alternative to her mother 's prescence ?
Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace , and Victoria often refused to see her .	Buckingham Palace	Where did both Queen Victoria and her mother reside after she became Queen ?
Though queen , as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother , despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother 's continued reliance on Conroy .	with her mother	Where did Victoria live at the beginning of her reign ?
Though queen , as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother , despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother 's continued reliance on Conroy .	was required by social convention	Why did Victoria live with her mother at the beginning of her reign ?
When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother 's close proximity promised `` torment for many years '' , Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage , which Victoria called a `` schocking -LSB- sic -RSB- alternative '' .	marriage	What could have allowed Victoria freedom from living with her mother ?
When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother 's close proximity promised `` torment for many years '' , Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage , which Victoria called a `` schocking -LSB- sic -RSB- alternative '' .	a "schocking  [sic] alternative"	How did Victoria feel about having to be married in order to escape living with her mother ?
When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother 's close proximity promised `` torment for many years '' , Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage , which Victoria called a `` schocking -LSB- sic -RSB- alternative '' .	close proximity promised "torment for many years"	How did Victoria feel about the prospect of having to live with her mother , no matter how far away in the palace they put her ?
On 29 May 1842 , Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall , London , when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire ; he escaped .	John Francis	What was the name of the man that tried to shoot Queen Victoria ?
On 29 May 1842 , Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall , London , when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire ; he escaped .	the gun did not fire	Why did Francis fail to kill Queen Victoria ?
On 29 May 1842 , Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall , London , when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire ; he escaped .	29 May 1842	On what date did John Francis try to shoot Queen Victoria ?
On 29 May 1842 , Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall , London , when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire ; he escaped .	riding in a carriage along The Mall, London	Where was Queen Victoria when Francis tried to shoot her ?
On 29 May 1842 , Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall , London , when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire ; he escaped .	he escaped	What happened to Francis after his attempt to shoot Victoria ?
On 29 May 1842 , Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall , London , when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire ; he escaped .	John Francis	Who made two unsuccessful attempts on Queen Victoria 's life in 1842 ?
On 3 July , two days after Francis 's death sentence was commuted to transportation for life , John William Bean also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen , but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge .	transportation for life	What was John Francis 's eventual sentence for the attempt on the Queens life ?
On 3 July , two days after Francis 's death sentence was commuted to transportation for life , John William Bean also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen , but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge .	John William Bean	Who shot at Queen Victoria on July 3 , days after John Francis 's sentence was commuted ?
In a similar attack in 1849 , unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria 's carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill , London .	William Hamilton	Who fired a shot at Queen Victoria 's carriage in 1849 ?
In 1850 , the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer , Robert Pate .	Robert Pate	What person recieved a seven year transportation sentence for striking Victoria on the head with his cane ?
On 29 May 1842 , Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall , London , when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire ; he escaped .	John Francis	Who escaped Victoria 's guards after attempting to fire a shot at her ?
On 3 July , two days after Francis 's death sentence was commuted to transportation for life , John William Bean also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen , but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge .	death sentence was commuted to transportation for life	What happened to John Francis after his second attempt to fire on the Queen ?
On 3 July , two days after Francis 's death sentence was commuted to transportation for life , John William Bean also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen , but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge .	paper and tobacco	What did John William Bean try to fire at Queen Victoria ?
Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail .	18 months in jail	What were the consequences of John William Bean 's attempt to fire at the Queen ?
In a similar attack in 1849 , unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria 's carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill , London .	1849	When did William Hamilton fire a powder charge at Victoria 's carriage ?
Russell 's ministry , though Whig , was not favoured by the Queen .	Whig	What political party was Russells ministry ?
The following year , President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III , by which time Russell 's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby .	Emperor Napoleon III	What was president Bonapartes name changed to ?
She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary , Lord Palmerston , who often acted without consulting the Cabinet , the Prime Minister , or the Queen .	Lord Palmerston	What was the name of the foreign secretary that Victoria found offensive ?
Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge , but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative , despite her repeated remonstrances .	Russell	To whom did Victoria complain about Palmerston ?
It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government 's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte 's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister .	1851	What year was Palmerston removed from office ?
She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary , Lord Palmerston , who often acted without consulting the Cabinet , the Prime Minister , or the Queen .	Foreign Secretary	What position did Lord Palmerston hold ?
It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government 's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte 's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister .	he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister	What scandal prompted Palmerstons removal in 1851 ?
The following year , President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III , by which time Russell 's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby .	Emperor Napoleon III	President Bonaparte was declared what in France ?
The following year , President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III , by which time Russell 's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby .	Lord Derby	Who briefly replaced Russell as Prime Minister ?
Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge , but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative , despite her repeated remonstrances .	Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge	What did Victoria express her displeasure at to Russell about Palmerton ?
She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary , Lord Palmerston , who often acted without consulting the Cabinet , the Prime Minister , or the Queen .	Lord Palmerston	Who was the Foreign Secretary of Russell 's ministry ?
Russell 's ministry , though Whig , was not favoured by the Queen .	Whig	To what party did Russell and Palmerston belong ?
The following year , President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III , by which time Russell 's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby .	a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby	What replaced Russell 's administration ?
The following year , President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III , by which time Russell 's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby .	declared Emperor Napoleon III	What happened to President Bonaparte in 1852 ?
It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government 's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte 's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister .	Prime Minister	Whom did Palmerston fail to gain approval from befoe announcing the support of the British government of Napoleon 's coup ?
Eleven days after Orsini 's assassination attempt in France , Victoria 's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London .	Prince Frederick William of Prussia	Who did Victorias eldest daughter marry ?
Eleven days after Orsini 's assassination attempt in France , Victoria 's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London .	London	Where did Victoria 's oldest daughter get married ?
They had been betrothed since September 1855 , when Princess Victoria was 14 years old ; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and Prince Albert until the bride was 17 .	14	How old was Princess Victoria when she agreed to marry the Prince ?
They had been betrothed since September 1855 , when Princess Victoria was 14 years old ; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and Prince Albert until the bride was 17 .	17	How old was Princess Victoria when she was married ?
Victoria felt `` sick at heart '' to see her daughter leave England for Germany ; `` It really makes me shudder '' , she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters , `` when I look round to all your sweet , happy , unconscious sisters , and think I must give them up too -- one by one . ''	Germany	Where did princess Victoria move to after she was married ?
Eleven days after Orsini 's assassination attempt in France , Victoria 's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London .	Prince Frederick William of Prussia	Who did Princess Victoria marry at the age of 17 ?
They had been betrothed since September 1855 , when Princess Victoria was 14 years old ; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and Prince Albert until the bride was 17 .	14	How old was Princess Victoria when she became engaged to Prince Frederick ?
Victoria felt `` sick at heart '' to see her daughter leave England for Germany ; `` It really makes me shudder '' , she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters , `` when I look round to all your sweet , happy , unconscious sisters , and think I must give them up too -- one by one . ''	Germany	Where did Princess Victoria and her husband leave for after their marriage ?
Almost exactly a year later , Princess Victoria gave birth to the Queen 's first grandchild , Wilhelm , who would become the last German Kaiser .	Wilhelm	What was the name of Queen Victoria 's first grandchild ?
Almost exactly a year later , Princess Victoria gave birth to the Queen 's first grandchild , Wilhelm , who would become the last German Kaiser .	last German Kaiser	What position did Wilhelm later hold in Germany ?
Eleven days after Orsini 's assassination attempt in France , Victoria 's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London .	Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt	When was Victoria 's oldest daughter married ?
They had been betrothed since September 1855 , when Princess Victoria was 14 years old ; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and Prince Albert until the bride was 17 .	17	How old was Victoria 's oldest daughter when she was amrried ?
The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state .	liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state	What did Queen Victoria hope for the marriage between her daughter and Prince Frederick William ?
Almost exactly a year later , Princess Victoria gave birth to the Queen 's first grandchild , Wilhelm , who would become the last German Kaiser .	Wilhelm	Who was the Queen 's first grandchild ?
Almost exactly a year later , Princess Victoria gave birth to the Queen 's first grandchild , Wilhelm , who would become the last German Kaiser .	the last German Kaiser	What future awaited the first grandson of Queen Victoria ?
Victoria 's father was Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn , the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom , George III .	Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn	Who was Queen Victorias father ?
Until 1817 , Edward 's niece , Princess Charlotte of Wales , was the only legitimate grandchild of George III .	Princess Charlotte of Wales	Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817 ?
Victoria 's father was Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn , the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom , George III .	George III	Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817 ?
Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children .	1817	What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales die ?
In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , a widowed German princess with two children -- Carl -LRB- 1804 -- 1856 -RRB- and Feodora -LRB- 1807 -- 1872 -RRB- -- by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen .	Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1818 ?
Until 1817 , Edward 's niece , Princess Charlotte of Wales , was the only legitimate grandchild of George III .	Princess Charlotte of Wales	Who was the only legitimate grandchild of George III ?
In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , a widowed German princess with two children -- Carl -LRB- 1804 -- 1856 -RRB- and Feodora -LRB- 1807 -- 1872 -RRB- -- by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen .	Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Who did Prince Edward marry in 1818 in the hopes of producing a child ?
In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , a widowed German princess with two children -- Carl -LRB- 1804 -- 1856 -RRB- and Feodora -LRB- 1807 -- 1872 -RRB- -- by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen .	Prince of Leiningen	Who was Princess Victoria widowed from ?
Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte 's widower .	Leopold	Who was Princess Charlotte married to until her death ?
The Duke and Duchess of Kent 's only child , Victoria , was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London .	The Duke and Duchess of Kent	Who are Queen Victoria 's mother and father ?
The Duke and Duchess of Kent 's only child , Victoria , was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London .	4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819	When was Queen Victoria born ?
Victoria 's father was Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn , the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom , George III .	Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III	What was Queen Victoria 's father 's official title ?
In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , a widowed German princess with two children -- Carl -LRB- 1804 -- 1856 -RRB- and Feodora -LRB- 1807 -- 1872 -RRB- -- by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen .	Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	What was Queen Victoria 's mother 's official title ?
In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , a widowed German princess with two children -- Carl -LRB- 1804 -- 1856 -RRB- and Feodora -LRB- 1807 -- 1872 -RRB- -- by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen .	Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)	Who were Princess Victoria 's children from her previous marriage ?
By 1836 , the Duchess 's brother , Leopold , who had been King of the Belgians since 1831 , hoped to marry his niece to his nephew , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha .	the Belgians	The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the King of what country ?
By 1836 , the Duchess 's brother , Leopold , who had been King of the Belgians since 1831 , hoped to marry his niece to his nephew , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha .	1831	What year did Leopold become King of the Belgians ?
By 1836 , the Duchess 's brother , Leopold , who had been King of the Belgians since 1831 , hoped to marry his niece to his nephew , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha .	Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Who was the nephew of leopold ?
Leopold , Victoria 's mother , and Albert 's father -LRB- Ernest I , Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha -RRB- were siblings .	Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Who was Alberts father ?
Alexander , on the other hand , was `` very plain '' .	very plain	How did Victoria describe the physical appearance of Alexander ?
William IV , however , disapproved of any match with the Coburgs , and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands , second son of the Prince of Orange .	William IV	Who disapproved of the proposed marriage between Victoria and Albert ?
William IV , however , disapproved of any match with the Coburgs , and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands , second son of the Prince of Orange .	Prince Alexander of the Netherlands	Who was the man William IV wanted Victoria to wed instead ?
William IV , however , disapproved of any match with the Coburgs , and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands , second son of the Prince of Orange .	Prince of Orange	Prince Alexander was the second son of whom ?
Alexander , on the other hand , was `` very plain '' .	very plain	What did Victoria think of her suiter , the Prince Alexander of Orange ?
According to her diary , she enjoyed Albert 's company from the beginning .	enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning	How did Victoria feel about Albert ?
By 1836 , the Duchess 's brother , Leopold , who had been King of the Belgians since 1831 , hoped to marry his niece to his nephew , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha .	the Duchess's brother, Leopold	Who wanted to see Victoria and Albert marry ?
William IV , however , disapproved of any match with the Coburgs , and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands , second son of the Prince of Orange .	William IV	Who opposed Victoria marrying Albert , or any Coburg ?
William IV , however , disapproved of any match with the Coburgs , and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands , second son of the Prince of Orange .	Prince Alexander of the Netherlands	Who did William IV feel was a suitable husband for Victoria ?
At the start of her reign Victoria was popular , but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother 's ladies-in-waiting , Lady Flora Hastings , developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy .	an abdominal growth	What health issue did Flora hastings develope that began to ruin Victorias reputation ?
At the start of her reign Victoria was popular , but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother 's ladies-in-waiting , Lady Flora Hastings , developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy .	one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting	What was the job of lady Flora Hastings in Victorias household ?
At the start of her reign Victoria was popular , but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother 's ladies-in-waiting , Lady Flora Hastings , developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy .	an out-of-wedlock pregnancy	What was Flora hastings abdominal growth rumored to be ?
At the start of her reign Victoria was popular , but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother 's ladies-in-waiting , Lady Flora Hastings , developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy .	Sir John Conroy	Who was rumored to be the father of Flora Hastings `` pregnancy '' ?
At the start of her reign Victoria was popular , but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother 's ladies-in-waiting , Lady Flora Hastings , developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy .	1839	What year did Victorias reputation begin to suffer ?
At the start of her reign Victoria was popular , but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother 's ladies-in-waiting , Lady Flora Hastings , developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy .	Lady Flora Hastings	What lady in waiting was at the heart of a 1839 court scandal ?
When Lady Flora died in July , the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen .	large tumour on her liver	What was the cause of Lady Flora 's death in July ?
She hated Conroy , and despised `` that odious Lady Flora '' , because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System .	Conroy and the Duchess of Kent	With whom did Lady Flora consipire against Queen Victoria ?
At public appearances , Victoria was hissed and jeered as `` Mrs. Melbourne '' .	Mrs. Melbourne	What was Queen Victoria called after Lady Flora 's death due ?
At the start of her reign Victoria was popular , but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother 's ladies-in-waiting , Lady Flora Hastings , developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy .	one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings	Who , in Victoria 's court , was accused of having a pregnancy outside of mariage ?
At the start of her reign Victoria was popular , but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother 's ladies-in-waiting , Lady Flora Hastings , developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy .	Sir John Conroy	Who was believed to be the father of Lady Flor 's `` baby '' ?
She hated Conroy , and despised `` that odious Lady Flora '' , because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System .	despised	What did Victoria think of Lady Flora ?
She hated Conroy , and despised `` that odious Lady Flora '' , because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess of Kent in the Kensington System .	the Kensington System	Why did Victoria hate Sir Conroy and Lady Flora ?
When Lady Flora died in July , the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen .	large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen	What was actually the cause of Lady Flora 's `` pregnancy '' ?
In 1870 , republican sentiment in Britain , fed by the Queen 's seclusion , was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic .	1870	What year was the Third French Republic established ?
A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria 's removal , and Radical MPs spoke against her .	Trafalgar Square	Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias removal ?
A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria 's removal , and Radical MPs spoke against her .	Radical MPs	Who spoke against Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square ?
In August and September 1871 , she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm , which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray .	arm	In 1871 , Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body ?
In August and September 1871 , she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm , which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray .	Joseph Lister	Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm ?
In 1870 , republican sentiment in Britain , fed by the Queen 's seclusion , was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic .	boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic	How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed ?
A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria 's removal , and Radical MPs spoke against her .	Trafalgar Square	Where was a rally calling for Queen Victoria 's removal held ?
In August and September 1871 , she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm , which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray .	new antiseptic carbolic acid spray	What cutting edge treatment did Joseph Lister use to treat Queen Victoria 's illness ?
In late November 1871 , at the height of the republican movement , the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever , the disease that was believed to have killed his father , and Victoria was fearful her son would die .	typhoid fever	What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life ?
In August and September 1871 , she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm , which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray .	acid spray	WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870 's ?
In 1870 , republican sentiment in Britain , fed by the Queen 's seclusion , was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic .	establishment of the Third French Republic	What helped to boost the rebublicians in 1870 ?
In 1870 , republican sentiment in Britain , fed by the Queen 's seclusion , was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic .	1870	When did the Third French Republic come onto the scene ?
In August and September 1871 , she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm , which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray .	carbolic acid spray	WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870 's ?
In late November 1871 , at the height of the republican movement , the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever , the disease that was believed to have killed his father , and Victoria was fearful her son would die .	typhoid fever	What disease was contracted by the Prince of Wales that nearly ended his life ?
A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria 's removal , and Radical MPs spoke against her .	Radical MPs	Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square ?
As the tenth anniversary of her husband 's death approached , her son 's condition grew no better , and Victoria 's distress continued .	the tenth anniversary of her husband's death	After what event did the Prince of Wales ' health begin to improve ?
During Victoria 's first pregnancy in 1840 , in the first few months of the marriage , 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother .	1840	What year was Queen Victorias first pregnancy ?
During Victoria 's first pregnancy in 1840 , in the first few months of the marriage , 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother .	Edward Oxford	Who attempted to assasinate Victoria while she was riding in a carriage ?
During Victoria 's first pregnancy in 1840 , in the first few months of the marriage , 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother .	Prince Albert	Who was riding in the carriage with Victoria when Oxford attempted to assasinate her ?
Oxford fired twice , but either both bullets missed or , as he later claimed , the guns had no shot .	twice	How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and miss ?
During Victoria 's first pregnancy in 1840 , in the first few months of the marriage , 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother .	Edward Oxford	Who tried to assassinate Queen Victoria while she was pregnant with her first child ?
Nevertheless , over the following seventeen years , she and Albert had a further eight children : Albert Edward , Prince of Wales -LRB- b. 1841 -RRB- , Alice -LRB- b. 1843 -RRB- , Alfred -LRB- b. 1844 -RRB- , Helena -LRB- b. 1846 -RRB- , Louise -LRB- b. 1848 -RRB- , Arthur -LRB- b. 1850 -RRB- , Leopold -LRB- b. 1853 -RRB- and Beatrice -LRB- b. 1857 -RRB- .	eight	Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had how many more children after Victoria 's birth ?
Her daughter , also named Victoria , was born on 21 November 1840 .	21 November 1840	When was Queen Victoria 's first daughter born ?
Nevertheless , over the following seventeen years , she and Albert had a further eight children : Albert Edward , Prince of Wales -LRB- b. 1841 -RRB- , Alice -LRB- b. 1843 -RRB- , Alfred -LRB- b. 1844 -RRB- , Helena -LRB- b. 1846 -RRB- , Louise -LRB- b. 1848 -RRB- , Arthur -LRB- b. 1850 -RRB- , Leopold -LRB- b. 1853 -RRB- and Beatrice -LRB- b. 1857 -RRB- .	1841	What year was Albert Edward , Queen Victoria 's first born son born ?
During Victoria 's first pregnancy in 1840 , in the first few months of the marriage , 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother .	first pregnancy	What major life event was Victoria facing when she also had to contend with her first assassination attempt ?
During Victoria 's first pregnancy in 1840 , in the first few months of the marriage , 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother .	1840	When was Victoria 's first assassination attempt ?
In the immediate aftermath of the attack , Victoria 's popularity soared , mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis .	popularity soared	What did the first assassination attempt do for Victoria 's reign ?
He was tried for high treason and found guilty , but was acquitted on the grounds of insanity .	high treason	What was Edward Oxford charged with after his assassination attempt ?
He was tried for high treason and found guilty , but was acquitted on the grounds of insanity .	acquitted on the grounds of insanity	What happened to Edward Oxford to after he was found guilty of high treason ?
Between April 1877 and February 1878 , she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War , but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin .	Russia	Who did Victoria try to convince Disraeli to act against during the Russo-Turkish war ?
Between April 1877 and February 1878 , she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War , but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin .	no impact	What impact did Victorias threats have on the impact of the Russo = Turkish war ?
Disraeli 's expansionist foreign policy , which Victoria endorsed , led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War .	expansionist foreign policy	What Disraeli policy did Victoria endorse ?
To Victoria 's dismay , Disraeli lost the 1880 general election , and Gladstone returned as prime minister .	Disraeli	Who lost the Disraeli general election in 1880 ?
To Victoria 's dismay , Disraeli lost the 1880 general election , and Gladstone returned as prime minister .	Gladstone	Who returned as prime minister when Disraeli lost the general election in 1880 ?
Between April 1877 and February 1878 , she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War , but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin .	Russo-Turkish War	What caused Queen Victoria to threaten to abdicate five times ?
Between April 1877 and February 1878 , she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War , but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin .	Congress of Berlin	What ended the Russo-Turkish War ?
Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign , protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers : `` It is not in our custom to annexe countries '' , she said , `` unless we are obliged & forced to do so . ''	protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers	Why did Queen Victoria want to take over other countries ?
To Victoria 's dismay , Disraeli lost the 1880 general election , and Gladstone returned as prime minister .	Gladstone	Who was elected Prime Minister after Disareli lost the election in 1880 ?
When Disraeli died the following year , she was blinded by `` fast falling tears '' , and erected a memorial tablet `` placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend , Victoria R.I. ''	Disraeli	To whom did Queen Victoria dedicate a memorial after his death for grateful service ?
`` If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power '' , she wrote , `` we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars , somewhere or other , CONTINUALLY . ''	be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY	What position did Victoria take on how to be a successful and top notch power ?
To Victoria 's dismay , Disraeli lost the 1880 general election , and Gladstone returned as prime minister .	Gladstone	Who won the 1880 general election ?
Disraeli 's expansionist foreign policy , which Victoria endorsed , led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War .	Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War	What conflicts can be attributed to Disraeli 's stance on foreign policy ?
When Disraeli died the following year , she was blinded by `` fast falling tears '' , and erected a memorial tablet `` placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend , Victoria R.I. ''	a memorial tablet	What did Victoria place to memorialize Disraeli ?
Napoleon III , since the Crimean War Britain 's closest ally , visited London in April 1855 , and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit .	Napoleon III	who was britains closest ally since the Crimean war ?
Napoleon III , since the Crimean War Britain 's closest ally , visited London in April 1855 , and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit .	April 1855	When did Napoleon iii visit London ?
Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris .	Dunkirk	Where did Napoleon Meet Victoria and Albert ?
Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris .	Paris	Napoleon accompanied Victoria and Alber to what city diring the visit ?
They visited the Exposition Universelle -LRB- a successor to Albert 's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition -RRB- and Napoleon I 's tomb at Les Invalides -LRB- to which his remains had only been returned in 1840 -RRB- , and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles .	the Palace of Versailles	Victoria and Albert were the guests of honor at a large ball that took place where ?
Napoleon III , since the Crimean War Britain 's closest ally , visited London in April 1855 , and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit .	Napoleon III	Who was Britains 's closest ally following the Crimean War ?
They visited the Exposition Universelle -LRB- a successor to Albert 's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition -RRB- and Napoleon I 's tomb at Les Invalides -LRB- to which his remains had only been returned in 1840 -RRB- , and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles .	Exposition Universelle	What did Napoleon III and the royal couple visit ?
They visited the Exposition Universelle -LRB- a successor to Albert 's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition -RRB- and Napoleon I 's tomb at Les Invalides -LRB- to which his remains had only been returned in 1840 -RRB- , and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles .	1840	When were Napoleon I remains returned to their resting place at Les Invalides ?
Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris .	Dunkirk	Where did Napoleon III meet Victoria and Albert , before accompanying them to Paris ?
They visited the Exposition Universelle -LRB- a successor to Albert 's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition -RRB- and Napoleon I 's tomb at Les Invalides -LRB- to which his remains had only been returned in 1840 -RRB- , and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles .	1840	When were Napoleon I 's remains interred in his mausoleum ?
Napoleon III , since the Crimean War Britain 's closest ally , visited London in April 1855 , and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit .	Napoleon III	Who was Britian 's closest ally after the Crimean War ?
They visited the Exposition Universelle -LRB- a successor to Albert 's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition -RRB- and Napoleon I 's tomb at Les Invalides -LRB- to which his remains had only been returned in 1840 -RRB- , and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles .	Palace of Versailles	Where were Victoria and Albert honored guests at ball thrown by Napoleon III ?
Napoleon III , since the Crimean War Britain 's closest ally , visited London in April 1855 , and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit .	April 1855	When did Napoleon III visit London ?
Through the 1860s , Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland , John Brown .	John Brown	What was the name of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1860 's ?
Through the 1860s , Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland , John Brown .	Scotland	Where was John brown , Victorias manservant , from ?
Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print , and the Queen was referred to as `` Mrs. Brown '' .	a romantic connection	What kind of a connection was rumored to exist between Victoria and John Brown ?
Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print , and the Queen was referred to as `` Mrs. Brown '' .	Mrs. Brown	What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown arose ?
The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown .	Mrs. Brown	What was the name of the 1997 movie depicting the relationship between Victoria and John brown ?
Through the 1860s , Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland , John Brown .	Scotland	What country was Queen Victoria 's manservant with whom she was rumored to have a romantic interest ?
The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown .	Mrs. Brown	What was the name of the movie that told the story of Queen Victoria 's romance with John Brown ?
A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy , and Victoria published a book , Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands , which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly .	Sir Edwin Henry Landseer	What artist painted the Queen and Brown which hung in the Royal Academy ?
A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy , and Victoria published a book , Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands , which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly .	Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands	In what memior written by Queen Victoria was John Brown praised ?
Through the 1860s , Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland , John Brown .	John Brown	Which manservent was Victoria 's most trusted ally ?
The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown .	Mrs. Brown	Which movie was made about the scandalous affair that Victoria was believed to have had with John Brown ?
A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy , and Victoria published a book , Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands , which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly .	Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands	Which book did Victoria publish that did nothing to take away from the rumors about her and John Brown ?
Through the 1860s , Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland , John Brown .	John Brown	Who did the Queen feature in her book that drew so much criticism ?
Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood , Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight .	Osborne House	Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1900 ?
Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood , Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight .	on the Isle of Wight	Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at located ?
Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame , and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts .	Rheumatism in her legs	What had caused Victoria to be lame ?
Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame , and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts .	cataracts	Why was Victorias eyesight clouded ?
She died on Tuesday , 22 January 1901 , at half past six in the evening , at the age of 81 .	22 January 1901	What was the date of Queen Victorias death ?
Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood , Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight .	Isle of Wight	Where was Osborne House located ?
She died on Tuesday , 22 January 1901 , at half past six in the evening , at the age of 81 .	Tuesday, 22 January 1901	When did Queen Victoria die ?
She died on Tuesday , 22 January 1901 , at half past six in the evening , at the age of 81 .	81	How old was Queen Victoria upon her death ?
Her son and successor King Edward VII , and her eldest grandson , Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany , were at her deathbed .	King Edward VII	Who was Queen Victoria 's successor after her death ?
Her favourite pet Pomeranian , Turri , was laid upon her deathbed as a last request .	pet Pomeranian, Turri	Who did she wish to see on her deathbed , making it her last request ?
Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood , Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight .	Osborne House on the Isle of Wight	Where did Victoria usually spend Christmases ?
Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame , and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts .	Rheumatism	What caused Victoria limited mobility later in life ?
She died on Tuesday , 22 January 1901 , at half past six in the evening , at the age of 81 .	Tuesday, 22 January 1901	Whaen did Queen Victoria die ?
She died on Tuesday , 22 January 1901 , at half past six in the evening , at the age of 81 .	81	How old was Victoria when she died ?
Her son and successor King Edward VII , and her eldest grandson , Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany , were at her deathbed .	King Edward VII	Who was Queen Victoria 's successor ?
He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament , so that Victoria took the title `` Empress of India '' from 1 May 1876 .	Royal Titles Act 1876	What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1876 ?
He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament , so that Victoria took the title `` Empress of India '' from 1 May 1876 .	Empress of India	In 1876 Victoria held what title ?
He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 , which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported .	1874	What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed ?
She preferred short , simple services , and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England .	presbyterian Church of Scotland	What Church did Victoria consider herself aligned with ?
In the 1874 general election , Disraeli was returned to power .	1874	In a general election of what year was Disraeli returned to power ?
He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 , which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported .	Public Worship Regulation Act 1874	What removed Catholic Rituals from Anglican services ?
She preferred short , simple services , and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England .	presbyterian Church of Scotland	Which church did Queen Victoria consider her favorite ?
In the 1874 general election , Disraeli was returned to power .	Disraeli	Who published the Royal Titles Act of 1876 ?
He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament , so that Victoria took the title `` Empress of India '' from 1 May 1876 .	1 May 1876	When was Queen Victoria named the Empress of India ?
The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877 .	Delhi Durbar	Where was the new title of Empress of India proclaimed ?
In the 1874 general election , Disraeli was returned to power .	1874	When was Disraeli returned to office ?
He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 , which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported .	removed Catholic rituals	What change , supported by Victoria , did Disraeli make to the Anglician liturgy ?
She preferred short , simple services , and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England .	presbyterian Church of Scotland	Where did Victoria really align herself when it came to religion ?
He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament , so that Victoria took the title `` Empress of India '' from 1 May 1876 .	Royal Titles Act 1876	What allowed Victoria to become the Empress of India ?
He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 , which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported .	Public Worship Regulation Act 1874	Whic act , passed by Disraeli , allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy ?
Through Victoria 's reign , the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued .	modern constitutional monarchy	What kind of monarchy was formed under Queen Victoria ?
Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch .	the voting system	Reforms to what system increased the power of the house fo commons ?
As Victoria 's monarchy became more symbolic than political , it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values , in contrast to the sexual , financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy .	morality and family values	As Victorias rule became less polital , what values were emphasized ?
The concept of the `` family monarchy '' , with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify , was solidified .	family monarchy	What type of monarchy was established as time went on in Victorias rule ?
Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch .	increased the power	How did the reforms of Britains voting system affect the House of Commons ?
As Victoria 's monarchy became more symbolic than political , it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values , in contrast to the sexual , financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy .	emphasis on morality and family values	What was most important as the monarchy under Queen Victoria shifted from political to symbolic ?
The concept of the `` family monarchy '' , with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify , was solidified .	family monarchy	What idea was solidified to which the increasing middle classes in Britain could identify with ?
Through Victoria 's reign , the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued .	modern constitutional monarchy	What was Queen Victoria 's reign considered ?
Through Victoria 's reign , the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued .	modern constitutional monarchy	What kind of government was Victoria 's reign leaning towards ?
Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch .	Reforms of the voting system	What increased the power in the House of Commons ?
Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch .	House of Lords and the monarch	Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system ?
As Victoria 's monarchy became more symbolic than political , it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values , in contrast to the sexual , financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy .	symbolic	Rather than political , what was Victoria 's monarchy seen as ?
The concept of the `` family monarchy '' , with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify , was solidified .	family	What was a monarchy that the more middle clas could get behind and support ?
Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated .	1885	What year did Gladstone resign ?
Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated .	his budget	Gladstone resigned after what was defeted ?
She thought his government was `` the worst I have ever had '' , and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum .	General Gordon at Khartoum.	Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who ?
Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury .	Lord Salisbury	Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned ?
Salisbury 's government only lasted a few months , however , and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone , whom she referred to as a `` half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man '' .	a few months	How long did Lord Salisburys government last ?
She thought his government was `` the worst I have ever had '' , and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum .	General Gordon	What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum ?
Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury .	Lord Salisbury	Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months ?
Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule , but to Victoria 's glee it was defeated .	granting Ireland home rule	What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state , much to Queen Victoria 's pleasure ?
In the ensuing election , Gladstone 's party lost to Salisbury 's and the government switched hands again .	Salisbury	Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction ?
Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated .	his budget was defeated	Why did Gladstone resign in 1885 ?
Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated .	1885	When did Gladstone resign ?
Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated .	his budget was defeated	Why did Gladstone resign ?
Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated .	pleased	How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone ?
She thought his government was `` the worst I have ever had '' , and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum .	General Gordon	Who 's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone ?
Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury .	Lord Salisbury	Who replaced Gladstone ?
According to one of her biographers , Giles St Aubyn , Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life .	average of 2,500	How many words a day did Victoria write ?
From July 1832 until just before her death , she kept a detailed journal , which eventually encompassed 122 volumes .	1832	What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal ?
From July 1832 until just before her death , she kept a detailed journal , which eventually encompassed 122 volumes .	122	How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal ?
After Victoria 's death , her youngest daughter , Princess Beatrice , was appointed her literary executor .	Princess Beatrice	Who was Victorias youngest daughter ?
Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria 's accession onwards , and burned the originals in the process .	transcribed and edited	What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death ?
From July 1832 until just before her death , she kept a detailed journal , which eventually encompassed 122 volumes .	122	How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime ?
Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria 's accession onwards , and burned the originals in the process .	burned the originals	What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them ?
After Victoria 's death , her youngest daughter , Princess Beatrice , was appointed her literary executor .	Princess Beatrice	Who was appointed as Queen Victoria 's literary executor upon her death ?
In addition to Beatrice 's edited copy , Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them .	Lord Esher	Who transcribed Queen Victoria 's journals from 1832 to 1861 ?
According to one of her biographers , Giles St Aubyn , Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life .	Giles St Aubyn	What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals ?
According to one of her biographers , Giles St Aubyn , Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life .	Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day	How avid of a writer was the Queen ?
From July 1832 until just before her death , she kept a detailed journal , which eventually encompassed 122 volumes .	122 volumes	How many volumes did her journal span ?
Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria 's accession onwards , and burned the originals in the process .	transcribed and edited	What did Beatrice do with her mother 's journals ?
After Victoria 's death , her youngest daughter , Princess Beatrice , was appointed her literary executor .	her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice	Who was Victoria 's literary executer ?
Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria 's accession onwards , and burned the originals in the process .	burned	What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother 's diaries ?
Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition .	Recognition	What concept determines relationships between Grand Lodges ?
When two Grand Lodges are not in amity , inter-visitation is not allowed .	amity	What must two lodges be in , in order to inter-visit ?
When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other , they are said to be in amity , and the brethren of each may visit each other 's Lodges and interact Masonically .	Masonic communication	What , besides Recognition , must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity ?
There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another , but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity .	Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity	What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another ?
When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other , they are said to be in amity , and the brethren of each may visit each other 's Lodges and interact Masonically .	brethren	What are the members of a Grand Lodge called ?
When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other , they are said to be in amity , and the brethren of each may visit each other 's Lodges and interact Masonically .	amity	Gran Lodges are in what when they are in Masonic Communication with each other ?
Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition .	Recognition	What concept is used to determine relations between Grand Lodges ?
Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises .	a list	What does each Grand Lodge maintain ?
When two Grand Lodges are not in amity , inter-visitation is not allowed .	inter-visitation	What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are not in amity ?
There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another , but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity .	Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity	What are the two most common reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold recognition from another ?
The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia .	The fifteenth century	When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture ?
Since the middle of the 19th century , Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges , dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century .	middle of the 19th century	How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement ?
Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons , they relate a mythologised history of the craft , the duties of its grades , and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining .	fidelity	What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join ?
Since the middle of the 19th century , Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges , dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century .	Regius Poem	What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary ?
Since the middle of the 19th century , Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges , dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century .	1425	When was the Regius Poem written ?
Since the middle of the 19th century , Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges , dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century .	middle of the 19th century	When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement ?
Since the middle of the 19th century , Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges , dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century .	Old Charges	What are the old Masonic document referred as ?
Since the middle of the 19th century , Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges , dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century .	about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century	The Old Charges are dated from when to when ?
The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia .	ceremonial regalia.	The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history ?
Since the middle of the 19th century , Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges , dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century .	Old Charges	The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents ?
A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that , as Freemasonry was not a religion , it should not require a religious belief .	Freemasonry was not a religion	Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry should n't require religious belief ?
The new constitutions read , `` Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity '' , the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out .	existence of God and the immortality of the soul	What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution ?
The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England , a situation that continues today .	United Grand Lodge of England	Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France ?
It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time .	political tension between France and Britain	What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it 's recognition of the Grand Orient de France ?
The new constitutions read , `` Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity '' , the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out .	Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity	How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution ?
A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that , as Freemasonry was not a religion , it should not require a religious belief .	1875	What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion ?
The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England , a situation that continues today .	Grand Orient of France	What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England ?
It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time .	political tension between France and Britain	What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England 's objection ?
A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that , as Freemasonry was not a religion , it should not require a religious belief .	Grand Orient de France	Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils ?
At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era , during the 1720s , James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons , the basis for most subsequent constitutions , which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry .	during the 1720s	When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed ?
At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era , during the 1720s , James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons , the basis for most subsequent constitutions , which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry .	James Anderson	Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry ?
At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era , during the 1720s , James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons , the basis for most subsequent constitutions , which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry .	women	Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions ?
As Freemasonry spread , continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption , which worked three degrees with the same names as the men 's but different content .	Lodges of Adoption	What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread ?
The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century .	early 19th century	When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned ?
At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era , during the 1720s , James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons , the basis for most subsequent constitutions , which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry .	during the 1720s	When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era ?
At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era , during the 1720s , James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons , the basis for most subsequent constitutions , which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry .	James Anderson	Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons ?
At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era , during the 1720s , James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons , the basis for most subsequent constitutions , which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry .	women	Who is excluded from Freemasonry ?
As Freemasonry spread , continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption , which worked three degrees with the same names as the men 's but different content .	Lodges of Adoption	What were lodges called that included women ?
The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century .	The French	Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19 ` th century ?
In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism , Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism , occultism , and even Satanism .	mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism	What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry ?
In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism , Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism , occultism , and even Satanism .	rationalism and naturalism	What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry ?
No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry .	No one voice	Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry ?
Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted -LRB- in some cases misquoted -RRB- by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues .	Albert Pike	Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism , Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry ?
His writings represented his personal opinion only , and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA .	late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA	What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in ?
In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism , Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism , occultism , and even Satanism .	Protestant	What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic ?
In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism , Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism , occultism , and even Satanism .	Catholic	What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational ?
Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted -LRB- in some cases misquoted -RRB- by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues .	Albert Pike	Who was controversial among Freemasons ?
No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry .	No one	Who has spoke for all Freemasons ?
His writings represented his personal opinion only , and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA .	late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA	Albert Pike 's opinions were grounded in what ?
In 1799 , English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation .	Parliamentary proclamation	What put English Freemasonry at risk ?
In the wake of the French Revolution , the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation .	meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation	What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban ?
In the wake of the French Revolution , the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation .	1799	When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented ?
As a result , Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act , provided that each private lodge 's Secretary placed with the local `` Clerk of the Peace '' a list of the members of his lodge once a year .	a list of the members of his lodge	What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year ?
The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt -LRB- who was not a Freemason -RRB- and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work .	Prime Minister William Pitt	Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society ?
In 1799 , English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation .	1799	English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year ?
In 1799 , English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation .	Parliamentary proclamation	Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799 ?
In the wake of the French Revolution , the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation .	the Unlawful Societies Act 1799	What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation ?
The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt -LRB- who was not a Freemason -RRB- and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work .	Prime Minister William Pitt	Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799 ?
This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament .	1967	What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons ?
In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism .	antisemitism and anti-Zionism	What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with ?
For example , In 1980 , the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein 's ruling Ba'ath Party , making it a felony to `` promote or acclaim Zionist principles , including Freemasonry , or who associate -LSB- themselves -RSB- with Zionist organisations '' .	1980	What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony ?
Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes : `` Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion , antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry , so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order '' .	Professor Andrew Prescott	Who wrote that it was not suprising that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order ?
Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes : `` Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion , antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry , so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order '' .	Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion	According to Professor Andrew Prescott , how long has antisemitism gone together with anti-masonry ?
In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism .	antisemitism and anti-Zionism	In some countries , anti-Masonry is related to what ?
For example , In 1980 , the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein 's ruling Ba'ath Party , making it a felony to `` promote or acclaim Zionist principles , including Freemasonry , or who associate -LSB- themselves -RSB- with Zionist organisations '' .	Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party	Who change the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1980 ?
Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes : `` Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion , antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry , so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order '' .	Professor Andrew Prescott	Who suggested the September 11 attacks on the United States were inspired by a masonic world order ?
The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies .	degree ceremonies	What do most masonic rituals consist of ?
Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry , first in the degree of Entered Apprentice .	Entered Apprentice	What is the first degree of Masonry ?
Some time later , in a separate ceremony , they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft , and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason .	Fellowcraft	What is the second degree of Masonry ?
Some time later , in a separate ceremony , they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft , and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason .	Master Mason	What is the final degree of Masonry ?
In all of these ceremonies , the candidate is entrusted with passwords , signs and grips peculiar to his new rank .	passwords, signs and grips	What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry ?
The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies .	degree ceremonies	The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what ?
Some time later , in a separate ceremony , they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft , and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason .	the degree of Fellowcraft	What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice ?
Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry , first in the degree of Entered Apprentice .	the degree of Entered Apprentice	What is the first of degree ceremonies ?
Some time later , in a separate ceremony , they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft , and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason .	the degree of Master Mason	What is the final degree in the Freemasons ?
Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge .	the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge	What annual ceremony do Freemasons have ?
English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s , first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites , and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns .	the 1720s	When did English Freemasonry arrive in France ?
English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s , first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites , and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns .	lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites	Who were the first English Freemasons in France ?
From France and England , Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century .	18th century	When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Europe ?
The Grande Loge de France formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont , who exercised only nominal authority .	Duke of Clermont	Who formed the Grand Loge de France ?
His successor , the Duke of Orléans , reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773 .	Duke of Orléans	Who was the successor to the Duke of Clermont ?
English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s , first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites , and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns .	the 1720s	When did English Freemasonry spread to France ?
From France and England , Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century .	the 18th century	When did Freemasonry spread to most of the Continental Europe ?
The Grande Loge de France formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont , who exercised only nominal authority .	the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont	The Grand Loge de France formed under who ?
His successor , the Duke of Orléans , reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773 .	the Duke of Orléans	Who was the successor to the Grand Mastership of The Duke of Clermont ?
His successor , the Duke of Orléans , reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773 .	1773	When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France reconstituted ?
In 1961 , an umbrella organisation , Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg -LRB- CLIPSAS -RRB- was set up , which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide .	provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide	Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg set up ?
In 1961 , an umbrella organisation , Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg -LRB- CLIPSAS -RRB- was set up , which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide .	1961	When was CLIPSAS set up ?
This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry .	Anglo-American and Continental	What are two major sections of Freemasonry ?
The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal -LRB- Continental -RRB- strand to be Irregular , and thus withhold recognition .	Irregular	What is the Continental Strand consideres to be by most of Freemasonry ?
The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal -LRB- Continental -RRB- strand to be Irregular , and thus withhold recognition .	the Liberal (Continental) strand	What strand is considered to be irregular by the majority of Freemasons ?
In 1961 , an umbrella organisation , Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg -LRB- CLIPSAS -RRB- was set up , which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide .	1961	The CLIPSAS Organization was formed in what year ?
Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories , including mixed and women 's organisations .	70	How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are listed in the CLIPSAS list ?
The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions , and expects its allies to follow suit .	does not communicate	Does the United Grand Lodge of England communicate with any of the 70 lodges on the CLIPSAS list ?
The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church .	the Roman Catholic Church	Whao has always opposed Freemasonry ?
The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine .	teaches a naturalistic deistic religion	Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly ?
The first was Pope Clement XII 's In eminenti apostolatus , 28 April 1738 ; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII 's Ab apostolici , 15 October 1890 .	Pope Clement XII	Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry ?
The first was Pope Clement XII 's In eminenti apostolatus , 28 April 1738 ; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII 's Ab apostolici , 15 October 1890 .	28 April 1738	When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made ?
The first was Pope Clement XII 's In eminenti apostolatus , 28 April 1738 ; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII 's Ab apostolici , 15 October 1890 .	Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890	What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry ?
The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church .	the Roman Catholic Church	Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry ?
The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication , and banned books favouring Freemasonry .	The 1917 Code of Canon Law	What law banned books favoring Freemasonry ?
The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine .	Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion	The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what ?
The first was Pope Clement XII 's In eminenti apostolatus , 28 April 1738 ; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII 's Ab apostolici , 15 October 1890 .	Pope Clement XII	What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons ?
The first was Pope Clement XII 's In eminenti apostolatus , 28 April 1738 ; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII 's Ab apostolici , 15 October 1890 .	Pope Leo XIII	What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons ?
In 1933 , the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus , until he repents , the person involved with Freemasonry can not partake of the Eucharist .	cannot partake of the Eucharist	What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons ?
The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions : `` Freemasonry can not be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation , acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism . ''	cannot be at all compatible with Christianity	What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church ?
In 1933 , the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus , until he repents , the person involved with Freemasonry can not partake of the Eucharist .	constitutes an act of apostasy	What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason ?
In 1933 , the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus , until he repents , the person involved with Freemasonry can not partake of the Eucharist .	1933	When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy ?
The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions : `` Freemasonry can not be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation , acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism . ''	Roman Catholic and Protestant	Which other major religions hold the same beliefs , on Freemasonry , as the Orthodox Church of Greece ?
In 1933 , the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus , until he repents , the person involved with Freemasonry can not partake of the Eucharist .	1933	In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy ?
The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions : `` Freemasonry can not be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation , acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism . ''	Christianity	Freemasonry can not be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church ?
In 1933 , the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus , until he repents , the person involved with Freemasonry can not partake of the Eucharist .	the Eucharist	Freemason can not partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece ?
In addition , most Grand Lodges require the candidate to declare a belief in a Supreme Being .	belief in a Supreme Being	What belief is required of a candidate by the Grand Lodge ?
In a few cases , the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion .	few cases	Are candadites required to express belief in a specific religion ?
At the other end of the spectrum , `` Liberal '' or Continental Freemasonry , exemplified by the Grand Orient de France , does not require a declaration of belief in any deity , and accepts atheists -LRB- a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry -RRB- .	Continental Freemasonry	Which branch of Freemasonry does not require a belief in a supreme being ?
At the other end of the spectrum , `` Liberal '' or Continental Freemasonry , exemplified by the Grand Orient de France , does not require a declaration of belief in any deity , and accepts atheists -LRB- a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry -RRB- .	"Liberal" or Continental	Which branch of Freemasonry accepts atheists ?
The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia -LRB- known as the Swedish Rite -RRB- , for example , accepts only Christians .	Swedish Rite	Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts Christians ?
In addition , most Grand Lodges require the candidate to declare a belief in a Supreme Being .	a Supreme Being	Most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in what ?
The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia -LRB- known as the Swedish Rite -RRB- , for example , accepts only Christians .	Christians	Freemasons most common in Scandinavia only accept who as members ?
At the other end of the spectrum , `` Liberal '' or Continental Freemasonry , exemplified by the Grand Orient de France , does not require a declaration of belief in any deity , and accepts atheists -LRB- a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry -RRB- .	the Grand Orient de France	What Freemason group accept atheists ?
At the other end of the spectrum , `` Liberal '' or Continental Freemasonry , exemplified by the Grand Orient de France , does not require a declaration of belief in any deity , and accepts atheists -LRB- a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry -RRB- .	Liberal" or Continental Freemasonry	The Grand Orient de France is considered what type of Freemasonry ?
Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area .	only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area	What is Exclusive Jurisdiction ?
If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area , the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them , and they may not all decide to recognise the same one .	the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them	What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area ?
Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction -LRB- for example , since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut , the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply , and other Grand Lodges may recognise both -RRB- .	Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived	What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction ?
Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction -LRB- for example , since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut , the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply , and other Grand Lodges may recognise both -RRB- .	recognise both	If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction , who must the other Grand Lodges recognize ?
Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed . -RRB-	choose between them	What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges can not agree to share the territory ?
Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area .	Exclusive Jurisdiction	What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area ?
-LRB- In 1849 , for example , the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions , each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge .	1849	In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions ?
Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction -LRB- for example , since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut , the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply , and other Grand Lodges may recognise both -RRB- .	when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction	When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived ?
There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today 's Masonic Lodges , but the earliest rituals and passwords known , from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th -- 18th centuries , show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons , as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known .	17th–18th	From what centuries are the earliest passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known ?
The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh -LRB- Mary 's Chapel -RRB- No. 1 in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge .	Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland	What is the oldest Masonic lodge in the world ?
There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today 's Masonic Lodges , but the earliest rituals and passwords known , from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th -- 18th centuries , show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons , as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known .	accepted or speculative Masons	What were members who did not practice the physical craft known as ?
There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today 's Masonic Lodges , but the earliest rituals and passwords known , from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th -- 18th centuries , show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons , as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known .	show continuity	When compared , how similar are the rituals and passwords from the turn of the 17 - 18 centuries to the ones from the later 18th century ?
The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh -LRB- Mary 's Chapel -RRB- No. 1 in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge .	the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1	What is the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world ?
The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh -LRB- Mary 's Chapel -RRB- No. 1 in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge .	1598	When was the Lodge of Edinburgh started ?
There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today 's Masonic Lodges , but the earliest rituals and passwords known , from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th -- 18th centuries , show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons , as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known .	in the later 18th century	When did rituals become similar between different Masonic Lodges ?
Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans .	refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans	Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed ?
In 1775 , an African-American named Prince Hall , along with fourteen other African-Americans , was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland , having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston .	1775	When was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed ?
When the UGLE was formed in 1813 , all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls -- due largely to the War of 1812 .	U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls	What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813 ?
Thus , separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge , African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge , Number 1 -- and became a de facto `` Grand Lodge '' -LRB- this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa -RRB- .	African Lodge, Number 1	What did Africian Lodge , Number 459 become after they were removed from the UGLE ?
Thus , separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge , African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge , Number 1 -- and became a de facto `` Grand Lodge '' -LRB- this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa -RRB- .	became a de facto "Grand Lodge"	What was Africian Lodge , Number 1 considered after they changed from Africian Lodge , Number 459 ?
Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans .	Prince Hall Freemasonry	What exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans ?
In 1775 , an African-American named Prince Hall , along with fourteen other African-Americans , was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland , having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston .	1775	In what year was Prince Hall admitted into the British military lodge ?
In 1784 , these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England -LRB- GLE -RRB- and formed African Lodge , Number 459 .	1784	When was the African Lodge , number 459 , formed ?
When the UGLE was formed in 1813 , all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls -- due largely to the War of 1812 .	1813	When was the UGLE formed ?
Thus , separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge , African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge , Number 1 -- and became a de facto `` Grand Lodge '' -LRB- this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa -RRB- .	the African Lodge, Number 1	The African Lodge re-titled itself what ?
Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882 , then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge .	1882	When was Maria Deraismes initiated into Freemasonry ?
Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882 , then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge .	allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge	Why did Deraismes resign from Freemasonry ?
Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England , which spread to other countries .	Disagreements over ritual	What led to exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England ?
Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body , she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that actually worked masonic ritual .	Georges Martin	Who , along with Maria Dersaismes , started a mixed gender masonic lodge ?
Annie Besant spread the phenomenon to the English speaking world .	Annie Besant	Who brought the message of mixed gender , practicing masonic lodges to the English speaking ?
Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882 , then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge .	Maria Deraismes	Who resigned from the Freemasons for their lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge ?
Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body , she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that actually worked masonic ritual .	Georges Martin	Maria Deraismes and who else started a mixed masonic lodge ?
Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882 , then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge .	1882	What year was Maria Deraismes initiated into the Freemasons ?
Meanwhile , the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901 , only to cast it aside again in 1935 .	1901	What year was an all-female masonic lodge created ?
Meanwhile , the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901 , only to cast it aside again in 1935 .	1935	What year was the all-female masonic lodge cast aside ?
Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both antisemitism and Anti-Zionism , though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal -LRB- the false Messiah -RRB- .	al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah	What do Islamic anti-masonics link Freemasonry to ?
Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque in order to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem .	rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem	Why do muslim anti-masonics believe that the Freemasons want to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque ?
In article 28 of its Covenant , Hamas states that Freemasonry , Rotary , and other similar groups `` work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ... ''	Rotary	What is another group that anti-masonic muslims link to zionism ?
Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both antisemitism and Anti-Zionism , though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal -LRB- the false Messiah -RRB- .	antisemitism and Anti-Zionism	What are most of the arguements by anti-masonic muslims centered on ?
Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque in order to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem .	Jews	Who 's interests are the muslin anti-masonics afraid that the Freemasons are protecting ?
Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both antisemitism and Anti-Zionism , though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal -LRB- the false Messiah -RRB- .	linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah)	What do many Islamic and anti-Masonic argue about Freemasonry ?
Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque in order to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem .	the interests of the Jews	Some Muslims argue that Freemasonry promotes what ?
In article 28 of its Covenant , Hamas states that Freemasonry , Rotary , and other similar groups `` work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ... ''	article 28	What article states that Freemasonry work in the interest of Zionism ?
While the number is not accurately known , it is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime .	between 80,000 and 200,000	How many Freemasons are believed to have been killed under Hitler 's Nazi Regime ?
Masonic concentration camp inmates were graded as political prisoners and wore an inverted red triangle .	political prisoners	What kind of prisioner was a Freemason considered to be ?
Masonic concentration camp inmates were graded as political prisoners and wore an inverted red triangle .	inverted red triangle	What identifier did the Nazis make the Freemason prisioners wear ?
RSHA Amt VII -LRB- Written Records -RRB- was overseen by Professor Franz Six and was responsible for `` ideological '' tasks , by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda .	Professor Franz Six	Who was responsible for creating antisemetic and anti-masonic propaganda ?
The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt -LRB- the Reich Security Main Office -RRB- show the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust .	The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office)	Where is most of the informaton about Freemasons persecuted in the Holocaust located ?
The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt -LRB- the Reich Security Main Office -RRB- show the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust .	Reichssicherheitshauptamt	What is the Relch Security Main Office also called ?
RSHA Amt VII -LRB- Written Records -RRB- was overseen by Professor Franz Six and was responsible for `` ideological '' tasks , by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda .	Professor Franz Six	Who was responsible for ideological tasks of the written records ?
While the number is not accurately known , it is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime .	between 80,000 and 200,000	How many Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime ?
Masonic concentration camp inmates were graded as political prisoners and wore an inverted red triangle .	an inverted red triangle.	What did Masonic concentration camp inmates have to wear ?
Freemasonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons , which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients .	local fraternities of stonemasons	Where are the origins of Freemasonry ?
Freemasonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons , which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients .	regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients	What were the fraternaties of stonemasons origionally responsible for ?
The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds , those of Apprentice , Journeyman or fellow -LRB- now called Fellowcraft -RRB- , and Master Mason .	the three grades of medieval craft guilds	Where did the degrees of Freemasonry derived from ?
The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds , those of Apprentice , Journeyman or fellow -LRB- now called Fellowcraft -RRB- , and Master Mason .	Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason	What are the degrees of Freemasonry ?
Freemasonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons , which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients .	the local fraternities of stonemasons	Freemasons trace their origins to what ?
The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds , those of Apprentice , Journeyman or fellow -LRB- now called Fellowcraft -RRB- , and Master Mason .	three grades	How many grades are there in medieval craft guilds ?
These are the degrees offered by Craft -LRB- or Blue Lodge -RRB- Freemasonry .	Blue Lodge	Craft Freemasonry is also known as what ?
Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons .	Freemasons or Masons	Members of Craft Masonry are called what ?
The onus is on candidates to ask to join ; while candidates may be encouraged to ask , they are never invited .	they are never invited	How are Freemasons invited to join a lodge ?
The onus is on candidates to ask to join ; while candidates may be encouraged to ask , they are never invited .	The onus is on candidates to ask to join	How does one become a Freemason ?
If the candidate decides to proceed from here , the Lodge ballots on the application before he -LRB- or she , depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction -RRB- can be accepted .	depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction	Can women ask to be a member of the Masonic Lodge ?
In modern times , interested people often track down a local Lodge through the Internet .	track down a local Lodge through the Internet	How can you find a lodge to ask to be a member of ?
Candidates for Freemasonry will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining before they are initiated .	will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining	Candidates for Freemasonry must do what before being initiated ?
The process varies between jurisdictions , but the candidate will typically have been introduced by a friend at a Lodge social function , or at some form of open evening in the Lodge .	a friend	Candidates are normally introduced to the lodge by whom ?
In modern times , interested people often track down a local Lodge through the Internet .	the Internet	Now days , many interested people find a Masonic Lodge using what ?
The onus is on candidates to ask to join ; while candidates may be encouraged to ask , they are never invited .	never invited	Candidates are never what to a Masonic lodge ?
Once the initial inquiry is made , an interview usually follows to determine the candidate 's suitability .	an interview	What usually follows an initial inquiry of a candidate ?
Freemasonry , as it exists in various forms all over the world , has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide .	around six million worldwide	How large is the membership of Freemasonry ?
The largest single jurisdiction , in terms of membership , is the United Grand Lodge of England -LRB- with a membership estimated at around a quarter million -RRB- .	United Grand Lodge of England	What is the largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry ?
The largest single jurisdiction , in terms of membership , is the United Grand Lodge of England -LRB- with a membership estimated at around a quarter million -RRB- .	around a quarter million	How many members does the UGLE have ?
In the United States total membership is just under two million .	just under two million	What are the membership numbers of the United States ?
The Grand Lodge of Scotland and Grand Lodge of Ireland -LRB- taken together -RRB- have approximately 150,000 members .	150,000	How many members does the Grand Lodge of Scotland and the Grand Lodge of Ireland have , together ?
Freemasonry , as it exists in various forms all over the world , has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide .	around six million worldwide	How many members are in Freemasonry ?
The largest single jurisdiction , in terms of membership , is the United Grand Lodge of England -LRB- with a membership estimated at around a quarter million -RRB- .	the United Grand Lodge of England	What lodge has the single largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry ?
The largest single jurisdiction , in terms of membership , is the United Grand Lodge of England -LRB- with a membership estimated at around a quarter million -RRB- .	around a quarter million	How many members are in the Grand Lodge of England ?
The Grand Lodge of Scotland and Grand Lodge of Ireland -LRB- taken together -RRB- have approximately 150,000 members .	approximately 150,000 members	The Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland have how many member ?
In the United States total membership is just under two million .	just under two million	The United States has how many Freemason members ?
Accordingly , Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret , and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law .	Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret	Are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree ?
In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law , whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother -LRB- usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition -RRB- .	on a Volume of Sacred Law	How are oaths taken ?
In Progressive continental Freemasonry , books other than scripture are permissible , a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges .	Progressive continental Freemasonry	In what branch can books , other than scripture , be used for the purpose of oath taking ?
In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law , whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother -LRB- usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition -RRB- .	whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother	What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Law ?
Accordingly , Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret , and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law .	have broken the law	Masons swear to protect their brethren unless they what ?
In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law , whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother -LRB- usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition -RRB- .	Volume of Sacred Law	Most lodges have the oath taken on what ?
Accordingly , Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret , and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law .	keep the contents of that degree secret	Mason swear at each degree to do what ?
The earliest known American lodges were in Pennsylvania .	Pennsylvania	Where were the earliest known American Logdes located ?
The Collector for the port of Pennsylvania , John Moore , wrote of attending lodges there in 1715 , two years before the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London .	1715	What is the earliest that lodges appeared in America ?
The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731 , based in Pennsylvania .	1731	When was a Provincial Grand Master for North America appointed ?
Other lodges in the colony obtained authorisations from the later Antient Grand Lodge of England , the Grand Lodge of Scotland , and the Grand Lodge of Ireland , which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army .	Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland	Where did other American Lodges obtain their authoriisations from ?
Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge , applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival .	after they were confident of their own survival	When did the lodges without prior authorisations apply to be recognized ?
The earliest known American lodges were in Pennsylvania .	Pennsylvania	Where were the earliest lodges in America ?
The Collector for the port of Pennsylvania , John Moore , wrote of attending lodges there in 1715 , two years before the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London .	John Moore	Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715 ?
The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731 , based in Pennsylvania .	1731	A Provincial Grand Master for North America was first appointed when ?
The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731 , based in Pennsylvania .	Pennsylvania	The Provincial Grand Master for North America was base where ?
Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917 , when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England -LRB- UGLE -RRB- was opened .	as early as 1917	How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq ?
Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s , and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923 .	Nine	How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s ?
This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein ; the death penalty was `` prescribed '' for those who `` promote or acclaim Zionist principles , including freemasonry , or who associate -LSB- themselves -RSB- with Zionist organisations . ''	the death penalty	What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now ?
However , the position changed following the revolution , and all lodges were forced to close in 1965 .	1965	When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close ?
Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s , and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923 .	1923	When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq ?
Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917 , when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England -LRB- UGLE -RRB- was opened .	1917	When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq ?
Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917 , when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England -LRB- UGLE -RRB- was opened .	the United Grand Lodge of England	Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq ?
Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s , and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923 .	1923	When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq ?
However , the position changed following the revolution , and all lodges were forced to close in 1965 .	1965	All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year ?
This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein ; the death penalty was `` prescribed '' for those who `` promote or acclaim Zionist principles , including freemasonry , or who associate -LSB- themselves -RSB- with Zionist organisations . ''	Saddam Hussein	Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq ?
The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813 .	1813	When was the United Grand Lodge of England Formed ?
However the two jurisdictions continued in amity -LRB- mutual recognition -RRB- until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them .	the 1860s and 1870s	The Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England continued in amity until when ?
In 1868 the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana , recognised by the Grand Orient de France , but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction .	1868	What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana appear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana ?
In 1983 , the Church issued a new code of canon law .	1983	In what year was a new code to the Canon Law issued by the church ?
However , the matter was clarified when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger -LRB- later Pope Benedict XVI -RRB- , as the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , issued a Declaration on Masonic Associations , which states : '' ... the Church 's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged since their principles have always been considered irreconcilable with the doctrine of the Church and therefore membership in them remains forbidden .	Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger	Who clarified the new code of Canon law of 1983 ?
For its part , Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity .	Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity	Do Freemasons allow Catholics into their fraternity ?
In the UK , Masons working in the justice system , such as judges and police officers , were from 1999 to 2009 required to disclose their membership .	from 1999 to 2009	Judges and police officers had to disclose their Freemason membership in what years in England ?
The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership of applicants for judicial office -LRB- judges and magistrates -RRB- was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw -LRB- who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s -RRB- .	Justice Secretary Jack Straw	Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2009 ?
Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate , since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons .	the rule was considered disproportionate	Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds ?
The Masonic Lodge is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry .	The Masonic Lodge	What is the basic organizational unit of Freemasonry ?
The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the usual formal business of any small organisation -LRB- pay bills , organise social and charitable events , elect new members , etc. -RRB- .	pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members	Name examples of usual formal business that Freemasons have at their lodge .
At the conclusion of the meeting , the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner , or festive board , sometimes involving toasting and song .	a formal dinner	What usually happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting ?
During the ceremony of initiation , the candidate is expected to swear -LRB- usually on a volume of sacred text appropriate to his personal religious faith -RRB- to fulfil certain obligations as a Mason .	During the ceremony of initiation	When does a candidate swear to fullfil his obligations as a Mason ?
During the ceremony of initiation , the candidate is expected to swear -LRB- usually on a volume of sacred text appropriate to his personal religious faith -RRB- to fulfil certain obligations as a Mason .	usually on a volume of sacred text	What does a candidate swear on ?
In the course of three degrees , new masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders , and to support a fellow Mason in distress -LRB- as far as practicality and the law permit -RRB- .	three degrees	How many degrees must a Mason swear to keep the secrets from outsiders ?
There is instruction as to the duties of a Freemason , but on the whole , Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying .	Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying	Are Freemasons free to explore the craft ?
Regularity is a concept based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks , the basic membership requirements , tenets and rituals of the craft .	Regularity	What concept is based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks , basic membership requirements , and tenets and rituals of the craft ?
Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are , and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular -LRB- and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges -RRB- .	Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition	Is each definition of regularity the same throughout all Masonic Lodges ?
If the differences are significant , one Grand Lodge may declare the other `` Irregular '' and withdraw or withhold recognition .	If the differences are significant	When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as irregular ?
All Freemasons begin their journey in the `` craft '' by being progressively initiated , passed and raised into the three degrees of Craft , or Blue Lodge Masonry .	Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry	All Freemasons are progressively initiated , passed , and raised in three degrees of what ?
The initiations are part allegory and part lecture , and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon , and the artistry and death of his chief architect , Hiram Abiff .	lecture	The initiations are part allegory and part what ?
The degrees are those of Entered apprentice , Fellowcraft and Master Mason .	Master Mason	What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry ?
The initiations are part allegory and part lecture , and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon , and the artistry and death of his chief architect , Hiram Abiff .	Hiram Abiff	Who was the chief architect of the Temple of Solomon ?
While many different versions of these rituals exist , with at least two different lodge layouts and versions of the Hiram myth , each version is recognisable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction .	at least two	How many versions of the Hiram myth are there ?
The first Grand Lodge , the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster -LRB- later called the Grand Lodge of England -LRB- GLE -RRB- -RRB- , was founded on 24 June 1717 , when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner .	GLE	The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what ?
The first Grand Lodge , the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster -LRB- later called the Grand Lodge of England -LRB- GLE -RRB- -RRB- , was founded on 24 June 1717 , when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner .	24 June 1717	When was the Grand Lodge of England founded ?
However , many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual -LRB- they came to be known as the Moderns -RRB- , and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751 , which they called the `` Antient Grand Lodge of England . ''	17 July 1751	The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date ?
They united on 27 December 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England -LRB- UGLE -RRB- .	27 December 1813	The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date ?
However , many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual -LRB- they came to be known as the Moderns -RRB- , and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751 , which they called the `` Antient Grand Lodge of England . ''	the Moderns	Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what ?
By the 1980s , such discrimination was a thing of the past , and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts , and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition .	By the 1980s	When did North American Masonic lodges recognize members of the Prince Hall Lodge ?
While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans , Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion .	Prince Hall is open to all men	Who is the Prince Hall Lodge open to ?
The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges .	The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges	Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges ?
In general , Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women , dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them , in 1899 , to form their own grand council , recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite .	the 1890s	When did the French try to create co-masonic lodges ?
The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women 's grand lodges there to be regular in all but the participants .	1999	When did the United Grand Lodge of England recognize the two female Masonic lodges ?
In general , Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women , dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them , in 1899 , to form their own grand council , recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite .	the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite	What did the french lodges promote to try to get women accepted into the Freemasons ?
The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons .	most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons	Do Anglo-American grand lodges accept women as members today ?
Since the founding of Freemasonry , many Bishops of the Church of England have been Freemasons , such as Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher .	Geoffrey Fisher	What English Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons ?
The former Archbishop of Canterbury , Dr Rowan Williams , appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual , whilst being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England .	Dr Rowan Williams	What former Archbishop of Canterbury has reservations about the Freemasons ?
In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth .	2003	What year did Dr. Rowan Williams apologize to the Freemasons ?
In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth .	Bishop of Monmouth	Dr. Rowan Williams was also Bishop of what ?
In Italy , Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the Propaganda Due lodge -LRB- a.k.a. P2 -RRB- .	Propaganda Due lodge	Freemasonry was linked to scandal in Italy due to what ?
This lodge was chartered by the Grande Oriente d'Italia in 1877 , as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges .	Grande Oriente d'Italia	The Propaganda Due Lodge was chartered by who ?
This lodge was chartered by the Grande Oriente d'Italia in 1877 , as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges .	1877	When did the Grande Oriente d'italia charter the Propaganda Due Lodge ?
In Italy , Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the Propaganda Due lodge -LRB- a.k.a. P2 -RRB- .	P2	The Propaganda Due Lodge was also know as what ?
However , by this time the lodge was operating independently and irregularly , as the Grand Orient had revoked its charter and expelled Gelli in 1976 .	1976	When did the Grand Orient d'italia expel Licio Gelli and revoked the charter of P2 ?
On 29 November 1947 , the United Nations General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine .	29 November 1947	When did the UN recommend the Partition Plan ?
The end of the British Mandate for Palestine was set for midnight on 14 May 1948 .	midnight on 14 May 1948	When was the end of the British Mandate set ?
That day , David Ben-Gurion , the executive head of the Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine , declared `` the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel , to be known as the State of Israel , '' which would start to function from the termination of the mandate .	David Ben-Gurion	Who was the executive head of the Zionist Organization ?
Israel -LRB- / ˈɪzreɪəl / or / ˈɪzriːəl / ; Hebrew : יִשְׂרָאֵל Yisrā ` el ; Arabic : إِسْرَائِيل Isrāʼīl -RRB- , officially the State of Israel -LRB- Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל Medīnat Yisrā ` el -LSB- mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- ; Arabic : دولة إِسْرَائِيل Dawlat Isrāʼīl -LSB- dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl -RSB- -RRB- , is a sovereign state in Western Asia .	Israel	What is the official State of Israel ?
The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea .	Middle East	Where is Israel located ?
Israel 's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country 's governmental administration .	Tel Aviv	What 's Israel 's financial and technology center ?
The population of Israel , as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , was estimated in 2016 to be 8,476,600 people .	8,476,600	What was the population of Israel in 2016 ?
It is the world 's only Jewish-majority state , with 6,345,400 citizens , or 74.9 % , being designated as Jewish .	6,345,400	How many citizens in Israel are Jewish ?
The country 's second largest group of citizens are denoted as Arabs , numbering 1,760,400 people -LRB- including the Druze and most East Jerusalem Arabs -RRB- .	1,760,400	How many citizens in Israel are Arab ?
In its Basic Laws , Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state .	Jewish and democratic state	Israel defines itself as what ?
The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the fourth highest in Asia , and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world .	fourth	Where is Israel 's standard of living ranked in Asia ?
Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations , lasting 430 years , until Moses , a great-great grandson of Jacob , led the Israelites back into Canaan during the `` Exodus '' .	a great-great grandson of Jacob	Who was Moses ?
Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations , lasting 430 years , until Moses , a great-great grandson of Jacob , led the Israelites back into Canaan during the `` Exodus '' .	Moses	Who led the Israelites back into Canaan during the `` Exodus ? ''
The name `` Israel '' -LRB- Standard Yisraʾel , Isrāʾīl ; Septuagint Greek : Ἰσραήλ Israēl ; ` El -LRB- God -RRB- persists/rules ' though , after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as `` struggle with God '' -RRB- in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who , according to the Hebrew Bible , was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord .	Jacob	What does the word `` Israel '' refer to ?
The notion of the `` Land of Israel '' , known in Hebrew as Eretz Yisrael , has been important and sacred to the Jewish people since Biblical times .	Eretz Yisrael	What is the `` Land of Israel '' known as in Hebrew ?
According to the Torah , God promised the land to the three Patriarchs of the Jewish people .	three	According to the Torah , God promised the land to how many people ?
On the basis of scripture , the period of the three Patriarchs has been placed somewhere in the early 2nd millennium BCE , and the first Kingdom of Israel was established around the 11th century BCE .	early 2nd millennium BCE	When was the first Kingdom of Israel established ?
The first record of the name Israel -LRB- as ysrỉꜣr -RRB- occurs in the Merneptah stele , erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE , `` Israel is laid waste and his seed is not . ''	Merneptah stele	When does the first record of the name Israel occurs ?
This `` Israel '' was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands , well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony , but an ethnic group rather than an organised state ; Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples .	Semites	Who did the ancestors of Israelites include ?
McNutt says , `` It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age a population began to identify itself as ` Israelite ' '' , differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage , an emphasis on family history and genealogy , and religion .	intermarriage	What did Canaanites prohibit ?
Around 930 BCE , the kingdom split into a southern Kingdom of Judah and a northern Kingdom of Israel .	930 BCE	When did the kingdom split ?
Under Tiglath-Pileser III it first split Israel 's territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital , Samaria -LRB- 722 BCE -RRB- .	Samaria	What was the name of the destroyed capital ?
An Israelite revolt -LRB- 724 -- 722 BCE -RRB- was crushed after the siege and capture of Samaria by the Assyrian king Sargon II .	Assyrian king Sargon II	Who captured Samaria ?
In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah .	King Nebuchadnezzar II	Who conquered Judah ?
According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans , led by Zerubabel , returned to Judah and rebuilt the temple .	50,000	How many Judeans did Zerubabel return to Judah ?
A second group of 5,000 , led by Ezra and Nehemiah , returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return .	5,000	How many Judeans did Ezra lead ?
The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt , which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah , which later expanded over much of modern Israel , as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region .	167 BCE	When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt ?
The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt , which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah , which later expanded over much of modern Israel , as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region .	Hasmonean Kingdom	What was established in the Maccabean Revolt ?
With successive Persian rule , the region , divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata , was gradually developing back into urban society , largely dominated by Judeans .	Judeans	Who dominated the society ?
Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE .	132 CE	When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region ?
After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE , the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628 .	Byzantine Empire	Who conquered the country in 628 ?
Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism , when the area stood under Byzantine rule .	Christianity	What was evolving over Roman paganism ?
During the siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099 , the Jewish inhabitants of the city fought side by side with the Fatimid garrison and the Muslim population who tried in vain to defend the city against the Crusaders .	Fatimid garrison	Who did the Jewish inhabitants fight side by side with ?
When the city fell , about 60,000 people were massacred , including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue .	60,000	How many people were massacred when the city fell ?
When the city fell , about 60,000 people were massacred , including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue .	6,000	How many Jews were seeking refuge ?
In 1165 Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount , in the `` great , holy house '' .	1165	When did Maimonides visit Jerusalem ?
In 1141 Spanish-Jewish poet , Yehuda Halevi , issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel , a journey he undertook himself .	Yehuda Halevi	Who issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel ?
In 1187 Sultan Saladin , founder of the Ayyubid dynasty , defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and subsequently captured Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine .	Sultan Saladin	Who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty ?
In 1211 , the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England , among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides , the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews .	1211	When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis ?
In 1211 , the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England , among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides , the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews .	Nachmanides	Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry ?
He wrote `` If the gentiles wish to make peace , we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms ; but as for the land , we shall not leave it in their hands , nor in the hands of any nation , not in any generation . ''	"If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms	What did Nachmanides write ?
In 1260 , control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt .	1260	When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt ?
The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power , Cairo and Damascus , and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities .	Cairo and Damascus	What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located ?
In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering , which previously would be able to enter it for a fee .	1266	When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs ?
Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora , many Jews have aspired to return to `` Zion '' and the `` Land of Israel '' , though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute .	Zion	Many Jews have aspired to return to where ?
After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492 , some communities settled in Palestine .	Palestine	Where did some Jewish communities settle after they were expelled from Spain ?
During the 16th century , Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities -- Jerusalem , Tiberias , Hebron , and Safed -- and in 1697 , Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem .	1,500	Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of how many Jews into Jerusalem ?
The first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine , known as the First Aliyah , began in 1881 , as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe .	First Aliyah	What was the first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine known as ?
The first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine , known as the First Aliyah , began in 1881 , as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe .	1881	When did the First Aliyah begin ?
Although the Zionist movement already existed in practice , Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl is credited with founding political Zionism , a movement which sought to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel , thus offering a solution to the so-called Jewish Question of the European states , in conformity with the goals and achievements of other national projects of the time .	Theodor Herzl	Who is credited as founding political Zionism ?
The Second Aliyah -LRB- 1904 -- 14 -RRB- , began after the Kishinev pogrom ; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine , although nearly half of them left eventually .	after the Kishinev pogrom	When did the Second Aliyah begin ?
The Second Aliyah -LRB- 1904 -- 14 -RRB- , began after the Kishinev pogrom ; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine , although nearly half of them left eventually .	40,000	How many Jews settled into Palestine ?
Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews , although the Second Aliyah included socialist groups who established the kibbutz movement .	Orthodox Jews	The first and second wave of migrants were mainly who ?
The Jewish Legion , a group primarily of Zionist volunteers , assisted , in 1918 , in the British conquest of Palestine .	a group primarily of Zionist volunteers	What is the Jewish Legion ?
In 1922 , the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews , and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians .	1922	When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine ?
Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah -LRB- meaning `` The Defense '' in Hebrew -RRB- , from which the Irgun and Lehi , or Stern Gang , paramilitary groups later split off .	The Defense	What does Haganah mean in Hebrew ?
The Third -LRB- 1919 -- 23 -RRB- and Fourth Aliyahs -LRB- 1924 -- 29 -RRB- brought an additional 100,000 Jews to Palestine .	100,000	How many Jews did the Third and Fourth Aliyahs bring to Palestine ?
On July 22 , 1946 , Irgun attacked the British administrative headquarters for Palestine , which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem .	July 22, 1946	When did Irgun attack the British administrative headquarters ?
By the end of World War II , the Jewish population of Palestine had increased to 33 % of the total population .	33%	What was the Jewish population in Palestine by the end of World War II ?
After World War II , Britain found itself in intense conflict with the Jewish community over Jewish immigration limits , as well as continued conflict with the Arab community over limit levels .	Britain	What country experienced conflict with the Jewish community after World War II ?
Escalating violence culminated with the 1946 King David Hotel bombing which Bruce Hoffman characterized as one of the `` most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century '' .	1946	When was the King David Hotel bombing ?
In 1947 , the British government announced it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine , stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews .	1947	When did the British government announce it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine ?
On 15 May 1947 , the General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations resolved that a committee , United Nations Special Committee on Palestine -LRB- UNSCOP -RRB- , be created `` to prepare for consideration at the next regular session of the Assembly a report on the question of Palestine '' .	United Nations Special Committee on Palestine	What is the UNSCOP ?
On 15 May 1947 , the General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations resolved that a committee , United Nations Special Committee on Palestine -LRB- UNSCOP -RRB- , be created `` to prepare for consideration at the next regular session of the Assembly a report on the question of Palestine '' .	15 May 1947	When was the UNSCOP formed ?
In the Report of the Committee dated 3 September 1947 to the UN General Assembly , the majority of the Committee in Chapter VI proposed a plan to replace the British Mandate with `` an independent Arab State , an independent Jewish State , and the City of Jerusalem ... the last to be under an International Trusteeship System '' .	City of Jerusalem	What was the last to be under an International Trusteeship System ?
The following day , the armies of four Arab countries -- Egypt , Syria , Transjordan and Iraq -- entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine , launching the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War ; Contingents from Yemen , Morocco , Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war .	Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq	What four Arab countries entered British Mandatory Palestine ?
The following day , the armies of four Arab countries -- Egypt , Syria , Transjordan and Iraq -- entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine , launching the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War ; Contingents from Yemen , Morocco , Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war .	1948	When was the Arab-Israeli War launched ?
According to Benny Morris , Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews .	slaughter the Jews	What were the invading Arab armies aim ?
Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet -LRB- `` Institution for Illegal Immigration '' -RRB- .	Israeli Immigration Department	Who aided the immigration to Israel ?
The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan .	One Million Plan	The immigration was in accordance to what ?
Mossad LeAliyah Bet continued to take part in immigration efforts until its disbanding in 1953 .	1953	When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband ?
Consequently , the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million between 1948 and 1958 .	two million	The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to what between 1948 and 1958 ?
Some believed in a Zionist ideology , while others moved to escape persecution .	Zionist	What ideology did some immigrants believe in ?
Between 1948 and 1970 , approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel .	1,150,000	Between 1948 and 1970 , how many Jewish refugees relocated to Israel ?
Some new immigrants arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot ; by 1952 , over 200,000 immigrants were living in these tent cities .	ma'abarot	What were temporary camps known as ?
Some new immigrants arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot ; by 1952 , over 200,000 immigrants were living in these tent cities .	over 200,000	How many immigrants lived in these tent cities ?
The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea that Israel could accept monetary compensation for the Holocaust .	Ben-Gurion	Who signed a reparations agreement with West Germany ?
In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel 's borders .	1950	When did Egypt close the Suez Canal to Israel ?
During the 1950s , Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen , nearly always against civilians , mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip , leading to several Israeli counter-raids .	Palestinian fedayeen	Who was Israel frequently attacked by ?
The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration .	significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration	What did the war result in ?
Arab nationalists led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser refused to recognize Israel , and called for its destruction .	Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser	Who refused toe recognize Israel ?
In May 1967 , Egypt massed its army near the border with Israel , expelled UN peacekeepers , stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1957 , and blocked Israel 's access to the Red Sea -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	1967	When did Egypt mass it 's army near the border with Israel ?
Jerusalem 's boundaries were enlarged , incorporating East Jerusalem , and the 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories .	Green Line	What became the administrative boundary between Israel and occupied territories ?
In the late 1960s and early 1970s , Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks against Israeli and Jewish targets around the world , including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich .	1972 Summer Olympics in Munich	Where was the massacre of the Israeli athletes ?
Following the 1967 war and the `` three nos '' resolution of the Arab League , during the 1967 -- 1970 War of Attrition Israel faced attacks from the Egyptians in the Sinai , and from Palestinian groups targeting Israelis in the occupied territories , in Israel proper , and around the world .	three nos	What was the resolution of the Arab league ?
Most important among the various Palestinian and Arab groups was the Palestinian Liberation Organization -LRB- PLO -RRB- , established in 1964 , which initially committed itself to `` armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland '' .	armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland	What did the ELO commit itself on ?
On 6 October 1973 , as Jews were observing Yom Kippur , the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights , that opened the Yom Kippur War .	6 October 1973	When did the Egyptian and Syrian armies launch a surprise attack against Israeli forces ?
The war ended on 26 October with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but having suffered over 2,500 soldiers killed in a war which collectively took 10 -- 35,000 lives in just 20 days .	10–35,000	How many lives were lost ?
An internal inquiry exonerated the government of responsibility for failures before and during the war , but public anger forced Prime Minister Golda Meir to resign .	Prime Minister Golda Meir	Who was forced to resign ?
Later that year , Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state .	Israel	Where did Anwar El Sadat make a trip to ?
In the two years that followed , Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords -LRB- 1978 -RRB- and the Israel -- Egypt Peace Treaty -LRB- 1979 -RRB- .	Camp David Accords	What did Sadat and Begin sign ?
In return , Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula , which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War in 1967 , and agreed to enter negotiations over an autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip .	Sinai Peninsula	Israel withdrew from where ?
On 11 March 1978 , a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre .	11 March 1978	When did the Coastal Road Massacre occur ?
Most PLO fighters withdrew , but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over .	Israel	Who secured southern Lebanon ?
Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River .	south of the Litani River	Where were the PLO bases located ?
In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights , although annexation was not recognized internationally .	1981	When did Israel annex the Golan Heights ?
The Basic Law : Jerusalem , the Capital of Israel , passed in 1980 , was believed by some to reaffirm Israel 's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree , and reignited international controversy over the status of the city .	Jerusalem	What is the Capital of Israel ?
Meanwhile , Begin 's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank , increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area .	Begin's government	Who provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank ?
On 7 June 1981 , the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq 's sole nuclear reactor , in order to impede Iraq 's nuclear weapons program .	7 June 1981	When did the Israeli air force destroy Iraq 's sole nuclear reactor ?
On 7 June 1981 , the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq 's sole nuclear reactor , in order to impede Iraq 's nuclear weapons program .	impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program	Why did they destroy the nuclear reactor ?
An Israeli government inquiry -- the Kahan Commission -- would later hold Begin , Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre .	Kahan Commission	What government inquiry held Begin ?
The First Intifada , a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule , broke out in 1987 , with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza .	1987	When did the First Intifada break out ?
More than a thousand people were killed in the violence .	More than a thousand people	How many people were killed in the violence ?
During the 1991 Gulf War , the PLO supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Scud missile attacks against Israel .	Saddam Hussein	PLO supported who during the Gulf War ?
In 1992 , Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel 's neighbors .	Yitzhak Rabin	Who became the Prime Minister in 1992 ?
In 1994 , the Israel -- Jordan Treaty of Peace was signed , making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel .	1994	When was the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace signed ?
Finally , while leaving a peace rally in November 1995 , Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a far-right-wing Jew who opposed the Accords .	November 1995	When was Yitzhak Rabin assassinated ?
At the end of the 1990s , Israel , under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu , withdrew from Hebron , and signed the Wye River Memorandum , giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority .	Benjamin Netanyahu	Who led Israel in the 1990s ?
At the end of the 1990s , Israel , under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu , withdrew from Hebron , and signed the Wye River Memorandum , giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority .	Wye River Memorandum	What did Benjamin Netanyahu sign ?
Ehud Barak , elected Prime Minister in 1999 , began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit .	Ehud Barak	Who was elected Prime Minister in 1999 ?
After the collapse of the talks and a controversial visit by Likud leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount , the Second Intifada began .	Ariel Sharon	Who visited the Temple Mount ?
Sharon became prime minister in a 2001 special election .	2001	When did Ariel Sharon become prime minister ?
The Palestinian fatalities , by 30 April 2008 , reached 4,745 killed by Israeli security forces , 44 killed by Israeli civilians , and 577 killed by Palestinians .	4,745	How many Palestinian fatalities were they by 30 April 2008 ?
On 6 September 2007 , the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria .	6 September 2007	When did the Israeli Air Force destroy a nuclear reactor in Syria ?
Hamas announced its own ceasefire , with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings .	Hamas	Who announced its own ceasefire ?
In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities , Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012 , lasting eight days .	eight days	How long did the operation in Gaza in November last ?
East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley , which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer -LRB- 4,039 mi -RRB- Great Rift Valley .	East of the central highlands	Where does the Jordan Rift Valley lie ?
The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to 57 percent of the nation 's population .	Israeli Coastal Plain	What 's home to 57 % of the nation 's population ?
The sovereign territory of Israel -LRB- according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War -RRB- is approximately 20,770 square kilometers -LRB- 8,019 sq mi -RRB- in area , of which two percent is water .	20,770 square kilometers	How big is the sovereign territory of Israel ?
The Jordan River runs along the Jordan Rift Valley , from Mount Hermon through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea , the lowest point on the surface of the Earth .	Jordan River	What river runs along the Jordan Rift Valley ?
The largest makhtesh in the world is Ramon Crater in the Negev , which measures 40 by 8 kilometers -LRB- 25 by 5 mi -RRB- .	Ramon Crater	What is the largest makhtesh in the world ?
A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin .	plant species	Israel has the largest number of what per square meter in the basin ?
The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform -LRB- DSF -RRB- fault system .	Jordan Rift Valley	What is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform ?
This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region .	high seismic activity in the region	What does the tectonic disposition lead to ?
The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw ~ 7.4 .	Mw~7.4.	The deficit can cause an earthquake of what magnitude to occur ?
The most catastrophic earthquakes we know of occurred in 31 BCE , 363 , 749 , and 1033 CE , that is every ca. 400 years on average .	31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE	When did the most catastrophic earthquakes occur ?
While stringent construction regulations are currently in place and recently built structures are earthquake-safe , as of 2007 -LSB- update -RSB- the majority of the buildings in Israel were older than these regulations and many public buildings as well as 50,000 residential buildings did not meet the new standards and were `` expected to collapse '' if exposed to a strong quake .	50,000	How many residential buildings did not meet construction standards ?
Destructive earthquakes leading to serious loss of life strike about every 80 years .	every 80 years	How often do earthquakes that lead to serious loss of life occur ?
Coastal areas , such as those of Tel Aviv and Haifa , have a typical Mediterranean climate with cool , rainy winters and long , hot summers .	Mediterranean	What kind of climate does Tel Aviv have ?
The Southern Negev and the Arava areas have desert climate with very hot and dry summers , and mild winters with few days of rain .	desert	What kind of climate does Arava have ?
The highest temperature in the continent of Asia -LRB- 54.0 °C or 129.2 °F -RRB- was recorded in 1942 at Tirat Zvi kibbutz in the northern Jordan river valley .	54.0 °C	What was the highest recorded temperature in Tirat Zvi ?
With scarce water resources , Israel has developed various water-saving technologies , including drip irrigation .	various water-saving technologies	Israel developed what ?
Israelis also take advantage of the considerable sunlight available for solar energy , making Israel the leading nation in solar energy use per capita -LRB- practically every house uses solar panels for water heating -RRB- .	sunlight	What does Israelis take advantage of ?
Israelis also take advantage of the considerable sunlight available for solar energy , making Israel the leading nation in solar energy use per capita -LRB- practically every house uses solar panels for water heating -RRB- .	Israel	Who leads the nation in solar energy use ?
In 2016 , Israel 's population was an estimated 8,476,600 million people , of whom 6,345,400 -LRB- 74.9 % -RRB- were recorded by the civil government as Jews .	8,476,600	What was Israel 's population in 2016 ?
By June 2012 , approximately 60,000 African migrants had entered Israel .	60,000	How many African migrants entered Israel by June 2012 ?
About 92 % of Israelis live in urban areas .	92%	How many Israelis live in urban areas ?
In 2009 -LSB- update -RSB- , over 300,000 Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements such as Ma'ale Adumim and Ariel , including settlements that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six-Day War , in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion .	over 300,000	How many Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements ?
20,000 Israelis live in Golan Heights settlements .	20,000	How many Israelis lived in Golan Heights settlements ?
Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip , until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan .	2005	When were Israelis evacuated from Gaza Strip ?
Israel was established as a homeland for the Jewish people and is often referred to as a Jewish state .	Israel	What 's the homeland for Jewish people ?
Approximately 75 % of Israeli Jews are born in Israel , 17 % are immigrants from Europe and the Americas , and 8 % are immigrants from Asia and Africa -LRB- including the Arab World -RRB- .	75%	Approximately how many Israeli Jews are born in Israel ?
Jewish intermarriage rates run at over 35 % and recent studies suggest that the percentage of Israelis descended from both Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews increases by 0.5 percent every year , with over 25 % of school children now originating from both communities .	35%	What percent are Jewish intermarriage rates at ?
Israel has two official languages , Hebrew and Arabic .	Hebrew and Arabic	What are the two official languages of Israel ?
French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis , mostly originating from France and North Africa -LRB- see Maghrebi Jews -RRB- .	700,000	How many Israelis speak French ?
More than one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the former Soviet Union states between 1990 and 2004 .	one million	How many Russian immigrants arrived in Israel ?
Making up 16 % of the population , Muslims constitute Israel 's largest religious minority .	16%	Muslims make up how much of the Israel 's population ?
About 2 % of the population is Christian and 1.5 % is Druze .	1.5%	Druze makes up what percent ?
About 2 % of the population is Christian and 1.5 % is Druze .	Christian	2 % of the population in Israel are what ?
The city of Jerusalem is of special importance to Jews , Muslims and Christians as it is the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs , such as the Old City that incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount , the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre .	Old City	What incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount ?
A number of other religious landmarks are located in the West Bank , among them Joseph 's Tomb in Nablus , the birthplace of Jesus and Rachel 's Tomb in Bethlehem , and the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron .	Bethlehem	Where is Rachel 's Tomb ?
Bahá ' í staff in Israel do not teach their faith to Israelis following strict policy .	Bahá'í staff	Who do not teach their faith to Israelis ?
In 2012 , the country ranked second among OECD countries -LRB- tied with Japan and after Canada -RRB- for the percentage of 25 - to 64-year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 46 percent compared with the OECD average of 32 percent .	second	What was Israel ranked among OECD countries ?
In 2012 , the country ranked third in the world in the number of academic degrees per capita -LRB- 20 percent of the population -RRB- .	third	What did it rank in the number of academic degrees per capita ?
Many international business leaders and organizations such as Microsoft founder Bill Gates have praised Israel for its high quality of education in helping spur Israel 's economic development .	Bill Gates	Who praised Israel for its high quality education ?
Israel has a school life expectancy of 15.5 years and a literacy rate of 97.1 % according to the United Nations .	15.5 years	What is the school expectancy in Israel ?
Israel has a school life expectancy of 15.5 years and a literacy rate of 97.1 % according to the United Nations .	97.1%	What is the literacy rate in Israel ?
Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics , the Hebrew language , Hebrew and general literature , the English language , history , Biblical scripture and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate .	Biblical scripture and civics	What is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate ?
Israel has nine public universities that are subsidized by the state and 49 private colleges .	Israel	How many public universities does Israel have ?
Israel has nine public universities that are subsidized by the state and 49 private colleges .	49	How many private colleges does Israel have ?
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Israel 's second-oldest university after the Technion , houses the National Library of Israel , the world 's largest repository of Judaica and Hebraica .	Technion	What is the oldest university in Israel ?
Israel operates under a parliamentary system as a democratic republic with universal suffrage .	parliamentary	Israel operates under what kind of system ?
Membership of the Knesset is based on proportional representation of political parties , with a 3.25 % electoral threshold , which in practice has resulted in coalition governments .	proportional representation of political parties	Knesset member is based on what ?
Israel has a three-tier court system .	three-tier	What kind of court system does Israel have ?
The third and highest tier is the Supreme Court , located in Jerusalem ; it serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the High Court of Justice .	Jerusalem	Where is the Supreme Court located ?
The third and highest tier is the Supreme Court , located in Jerusalem ; it serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the High Court of Justice .	Supreme Court	What is the highest tier ?
Israel 's legal system combines three legal traditions : English common law , civil law , and Jewish law .	English common law, civil law, and Jewish law	What legal traditions does Israel combine ?
It is based on the principle of stare decisis -LRB- precedent -RRB- and is an adversarial system , where the parties in the suit bring evidence before the court .	stare decisis	What principle is it based on ?
Israel 's Basic Law : Human Dignity and Liberty seeks to defend human rights and liberties in Israel .	Human Dignity	What is Israel 's Basic Law ?
The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts , known as mehozot -LRB- מחוזות ; singular : mahoz -RRB- -- Center , Haifa , Jerusalem , North , Southern , and Tel Aviv Districts , as well as the Judea and Samaria Area in the West Bank .	six	The State of Israel is divided into how many administrative districts ?
The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts , known as mehozot -LRB- מחוזות ; singular : mahoz -RRB- -- Center , Haifa , Jerusalem , North , Southern , and Tel Aviv Districts , as well as the Judea and Samaria Area in the West Bank .	mehozot	What are these districts known as ?
Districts are further divided into fifteen sub-districts known as nafot -LRB- נפות ; singular : nafa -RRB- , which are themselves partitioned into fifty natural regions .	fifteen	How many sub-districts are there ?
For statistical purposes , the country is divided into three metropolitan areas : Tel Aviv metropolitan area -LRB- population 3,206,400 -RRB- , Haifa metropolitan area -LRB- population 1,021,000 -RRB- , and Beer Sheva metropolitan area -LRB- population 559,700 -RRB- .	three	How many metropolitan areas are there ?
For statistical purposes , the country is divided into three metropolitan areas : Tel Aviv metropolitan area -LRB- population 3,206,400 -RRB- , Haifa metropolitan area -LRB- population 1,021,000 -RRB- , and Beer Sheva metropolitan area -LRB- population 559,700 -RRB- .	Tel Aviv	What metropolitan area has the largest population ?
For statistical purposes , the country is divided into three metropolitan areas : Tel Aviv metropolitan area -LRB- population 3,206,400 -RRB- , Haifa metropolitan area -LRB- population 1,021,000 -RRB- , and Beer Sheva metropolitan area -LRB- population 559,700 -RRB- .	559,700	What is the population of Beer Sheva ?
The UN Security Council has declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem to be `` null and void '' and continues to view the territories as occupied .	UN Security Council	Who declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem ?
The International Court of Justice , principal judicial organ of the United Nations , asserted , in its 2004 advisory opinion on the legality of the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier , that the lands captured by Israel in the Six-Day War , including East Jerusalem , are occupied territory .	Israeli West Bank	What was captured by Israel in the Six-Day War ?
Israel withdrew its military forces and dismantled the Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip as part of its disengagement from Gaza though it continues to maintain control of its airspace and waters .	Gaza Strip	Where did Israel withdraw and disband its military forces ?
The status of East Jerusalem in any future peace settlement has at times been a difficult issue in negotiations between Israeli governments and representatives of the Palestinians , as Israel views it as its sovereign territory , as well as part of its capital .	sovereign territory	Israel views East Jerusalem as what ?
Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 , which emphasises `` the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war '' , and calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states , a principle known as `` Land for peace '' .	United Nations Security Council Resolution 242	What emphasises the inadmissability of the acquisition of territory by war ?
Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 , which emphasises `` the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war '' , and calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states , a principle known as `` Land for peace '' .	Land for peace	What is the principle of normalization of relations with Arab states ?
The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950 , following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine .	1950	When was the West Bank annexed by Jordan ?
The population are mainly Palestinians , including refugees of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War .	Palestinians	What was the majority of the population in the West Bank ?
When completed , approximately 13 % of the Barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87 % inside the West Bank .	13%	What percentage of the barrier will be constructed on the Green Line ?
The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967 .	Egypt	The Gaza Strip was occupied by who from 1948 to 1967 ?
The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967 .	Israel	Who occupied the Gaza Strip after 1967 ?
Following June 2007 , when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip , Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border , as well as by sea and air , and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian .	June 2007	When did Hamas assume it 's power in the Gaza Strip ?
Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world ; countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries .	158	How many countries does Israel maintain diplomatic relations ?
Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world ; countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries .	107	How many diplomatic missions do they have ?
Only three members of the Arab League have normalized relations with Israel : Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties in 1979 and 1994 , respectively , and Mauritania opted for full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999 .	three	How many Arab League members have relations with Israel ?
The United States and the Soviet Union were the first two countries to recognize the State of Israel , having declared recognition roughly simultaneously .	United States and the Soviet Union	Who were the first two countries to recognize the State of Israel ?
The United States regards Israel as its `` most reliable partner in the Middle East , '' based on `` common democratic values , religious affinities , and security interests '' .	The United States	Who regards Israel as it 's most reliable partner in the Middle East ?
The United States has provided $ 68 billion in military assistance and $ 32 billion in grants to Israel since 1967 , under the Foreign Assistance Act -LRB- period beginning 1962 -RRB- , more than any other country for that period until 2003 .	$68 billion	How much did the United States provide in military assistance ?
Under the reparations agreement , by 2007 -LSB- update -RSB- Germany had paid 25 billion euros in reparations to the Israeli state and individual Israeli Holocaust survivors .	25 billion euros	How much did Germany pay in reparations to the Israeli state ?
Relations between the two countries were also made stronger by former prime minister Tony Blair 's efforts for a two state resolution .	Tony Blair	What prime minister helped relations ?
Israel is included in the European Union 's European Neighbourhood Policy -LRB- ENP -RRB- , which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer .	European Neighbourhood Policy	What aims at bringing EU and its neighbours closer ?
Although Turkey and Israel did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1991 , Turkey has cooperated with the State since its recognition of Israel in 1949 .	1991	When did Turkey and Israel establish full diplomatic relations ?
IHH , which organized the flotilla , is a Turkish charity that has been challenged on ties to Hamas and Al-Qaeda .	IHH	Who organized the flotilla ?
Relations between Turkey and Israel took a downturn after the 2008 -- 09 Gaza War and Israel 's raid of the Gaza flotilla .	after the 2008–09 Gaza War	When did Israel and Turkey 's relations take a downturn ?
India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military , technological and cultural partnership with the country since then .	1992	When did India establish full diplomatic ties with Israel ?
According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry , India is the most pro-Israel country in the world .	India	Who 's the most pro-Israel country in the world ?
India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation .	Russian Federation	Israel is the second-largest military trading partner of India after who ?
Israeli foreign aid ranks very low among OECD nations , spending less than 0.1 % of its GNI on foreign aid , as opposed to the recommended 0.7 % .	less than 0.1%	How much does Israel spend on foreign aid ?
Israel 's humanitarian efforts officially began in 1958 , with the establishment of MASHAV , the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs Agency for International Development Cooperation .	1958	When was MASHAV established ?
However , Israel has a history of providing emergency aid and humanitarian response teams to disasters across the world .	emergency aid	Israel has a history of providing what ?
Between 1985 and 2015 , Israel sent 24 delegations of IDF search and rescue unit to 22 countries .	24	How many delegations of IDF search and rescue units between 1985 and 2015 ?
Israel sent over 200 medical doctors and personnel to start treating injured Haitians at the scene .	over 200	How many doctors did Israel send to Haiti ?
After treating 200 patients in two weeks , the departing emergency team donated its equipment to the Japanese .	200	How many patients did Israeli doctors treat in Japan ?
The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces , and is headed by its Chief of General Staff , the Ramatkal , subordinate to the Cabinet .	Israel Defense Forces	What is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces ?
The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces , and is headed by its Chief of General Staff , the Ramatkal , subordinate to the Cabinet .	Ramatkal	Who is the head of the IDF ?
It was founded during the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations -- chiefly the Haganah -- that preceded the establishment of the state .	1948	When was the IDF founded ?
Most Israelis are drafted into the military at the age of 18 .	18	What age are most Israelis drafted into the military ?
Men serve two years and eight months and women two years .	two years	How long do women serve in the military ?
Arab citizens of Israel -LRB- except the Druze -RRB- and those engaged in full-time religious studies are exempt from military service , although the exemption of yeshiva students has been a source of contention in Israeli society for many years .	Arab citizens	What citizens are exempt from military service ?
The nation 's military relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems designed and manufactured in Israel as well as some foreign imports .	high-tech weapons systems	The military relies on what ?
The Python air-to-air missile series is often considered one of the most crucial weapons in its military history .	Python air-to-air missile series	What is one of the most crucial weapons in Israel 's military history ?
The success of the Ofeq program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching such satellites .	Ofeq	The success of what program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching satellites ?
Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons as well as chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction .	nuclear weapons	Israel is widely believed to possess what ?
The Israeli Navy 's Dolphin submarines are believed to be armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles , offering nuclear second strike capability .	Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines	What is armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles ?
Since the Gulf War in 1991 , when Israel was attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles , all homes in Israel are required to have a reinforced security room , Merkhav Mugan , impermeable to chemical and biological substances .	Merkhav Mugan	All homes in Israel are required to have a room called what ?
Israel has one of the highest ratios of defense spending to GDP of all developed countries , only topped by Oman and Saudi Arabia .	Oman and Saudi Arabia	What two countries have a higher defense spending to GDP ratio than Israel ?
In 1984 , for example , the country spent 24 % of its GDP on defense .	24%	What percentage of it 's GDP was spent on defense in 1984 ?
Israel is consistently rated low in the Global Peace Index , ranking 148th out of 162 nations for peacefulness in 2015 .	148th	What was Israel 's Global Peace Index rank in 2015 ?
Israel is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia and the Middle East in economic and industrial development .	Israel	Who is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia ?
In 2010 , it joined the OECD .	2010	When did Israel join the OECD ?
Imports to Israel , totaling $ 77.59 billion in 2012 , include raw materials , military equipment , investment goods , rough diamonds , fuels , grain , consumer goods .	$77.59 billion	Imports to Israel totaled what in 2012 ?
Leading exports include electronics , software , computerized systems , communications technology , medical equipment , pharmaceuticals , fruits , chemicals , military technology , and cut diamonds ; in 2012 , Israeli exports reached $ 64.74 billion .	$64.74 billion	Israeli exports reached what in 2012 ?
Leading exports include electronics , software , computerized systems , communications technology , medical equipment , pharmaceuticals , fruits , chemicals , military technology , and cut diamonds ; in 2012 , Israeli exports reached $ 64.74 billion .	electronics, software, computerized systems	What are the leading exports in Israel ?
Israel is a leading country in the development of solar energy .	solar energy	Israel is a leading country of what development ?
According to the OECD , Israel is also ranked 1st in the world in expenditure on Research and Development -LRB- R&D -RRB- as a percentage of GDP .	expenditure on Research and Development	Israel is ranked 1st in the world in what ?
Intel and Microsoft built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel , and other high-tech multi-national corporations , such as IBM , Google , Apple , HP , Cisco Systems , and Motorola , have opened R&D facilities in the country .	Intel and Microsoft	What companies built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel ?
In July 2007 , American business magnate and investor Warren Buffett 's holding company Berkshire Hathaway bought an Israeli company , Iscar , its first non-U.S. acquisition , for $ 4 billion .	Warren Buffett	What investor bought Iscar ?
Since the 1970s , Israel has received military aid from the United States , as well as economic assistance in the form of loan guarantees , which now account for roughly half of Israel 's external debt .	1970s	When did United States begin to provide foreign aid to Israel ?
Israel has one of the lowest external debts in the developed world , and is a net lender in terms of net external debt -LRB- the total value of assets vs. liabilities in debt instruments owed abroad -RRB- , which in December 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- stood at a surplus of US$ 118 billion .	US$118 billion	What was Israel 's debt surplus in December 2015 ?
Days of working time in Israel are Sunday through Thursday -LRB- for a five-day workweek -RRB- , or Friday -LRB- for a six-day workweek -RRB- .	Sunday through Thursday	What are the days of working in Israel ?
In observance of Shabbat , in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish , Friday is a `` short day '' , usually lasting till 14:00 in the winter , or 16:00 in the summer .	short day	Friday is considered what ?
Several proposals have been raised to adjust the work week with the majority of the world , and make Sunday a non-working day , while extending working time of other days or replacing Friday with Sunday as a work day .	make Sunday a non-working day	Several proposals have been raised to do what ?
Israeli universities are among 100 top world universities in mathematics -LRB- Hebrew University , TAU and Technion -RRB- , physics -LRB- TAU , Hebrew University and Weizmann Institute of Science -RRB- , chemistry -LRB- Technion and Weizmann Institute of Science -RRB- , computer science -LRB- Weizmann Institute of Science , Technion , Hebrew University , TAU and BIU -RRB- and economics -LRB- Hebrew University and TAU -RRB- .	100	Israeli universities rank where in mathematics ?
Israel has produced six Nobel Prize-winning scientists since 2002 and has been frequently ranked as one of the countries with the highest ratios of scientific papers per capita in the world .	six	How many Nobel Prize-winning scientists has Israel produced ?
Israel has led the world in stem-cell research papers per capita since 2000 .	stem-cell research	Israel leads the world in what research papers per capita ?
In 2011 , its water technology industry was worth around $ 2 billion a year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars .	$2 billion a year	How much is Israel 's water technology industry worth ?
The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis -LRB- SWRO -RRB- plant , the largest in the world , was voted ` Desalination Plant of the Year ' in the Global Water Awards in 2006 .	The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis	What 's the largest desalination plant in the world ?
By 2014 , Israel 's desalination programs provided roughly 35 % of Israel 's drinking water and it is expected to supply 40 % by 2015 and 70 % by 2050 .	35%	How much drinking water is produced by Israel 's desalination programs ?
Over 90 % of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water , the highest per capita in the world .	Over 90%	How many homes in Israel use solar energy for hot water ?
According to government figures , the country saves 8 % of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating .	8%	How much electricity does the country save per year ?
However , Israel 's trailblazing electric car company Better Place shut down in 2013 .	2013	When did Better Place shut down ?
The Israeli Space Agency coordinates all Israeli space research programs with scientific and commercial goals .	Israeli Space Agency	What coordinates with all Israeli space research programs ?
In 2012 Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron 's Space Competitiveness Index .	ninth in the world	Futron 's Space Competitiveness Index ranked Israel what in 2012 ?
It was first launched in 1988 , making Israel the eighth nation to have a space launch capability .	1988	When did Israel launch it 's first satellite ?
Israel has 18,096 kilometers -LRB- 11,244 mi -RRB- of paved roads , and 2.4 million motor vehicles .	18,096	How many kilometers of paved roads does Israel have ?
Israel has 5,715 buses on scheduled routes , operated by several carriers , the largest of which is Egged , serving most of the country .	5,715	How many buses have scheduled routes in Israel ?
Following major investments beginning in the early to mid-1990s , the number of train passengers per year has grown from 2.5 million in 1990 , to 35 million in 2008 ; railways are also used to transport 6.8 million tons of cargo , per year .	6.8 million tons	How much cargo do railways transport per year ?
Israel is served by two international airports , Ben Gurion International Airport , the country 's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv-Yafo , Ovda Airport in the south , as well as several small domestic airports .	Ben Gurion International Airport	What is the country 's main hub for international air travel ?
On the Mediterranean coast , Haifa Port is the country 's oldest and largest port , while Ashdod Port is one of the few deep water ports in the world built on the open sea .	Haifa Port	What is the country 's oldest and largest port ?
Israel is served by two international airports , Ben Gurion International Airport , the country 's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv-Yafo , Ovda Airport in the south , as well as several small domestic airports .	two	How many international airports are in Israel ?
Tourism , especially religious tourism , is an important industry in Israel , with the country 's temperate climate , beaches , archaeological , other historical and biblical sites , and unique geography also drawing tourists .	Tourism	What is an important industry in Israel ?
In 2013 , a record of 3.54 million tourists visited Israel with the most popular site of attraction being the Western Wall with 68 % of tourists visiting there .	3.54 million	How many tourists visited Israel in 2013 ?
In 2013 , a record of 3.54 million tourists visited Israel with the most popular site of attraction being the Western Wall with 68 % of tourists visiting there .	Western Wall	What is the most popular tourist attraction in Israel ?
Israel 's diverse culture stems from the diversity of its population : Jews from diaspora communities around the world have brought their cultural and religious traditions back with them , creating a melting pot of Jewish customs and beliefs .	diversity of its population	Where does Israel 's diverse culture stem from ?
Israel is the only country in the world where life revolves around the Hebrew calendar .	Hebrew calendar	Life revolves around what in Israel ?
Work and school holidays are determined by the Jewish holidays , and the official day of rest is Saturday , the Jewish Sabbath .	Jewish holidays	Work and school holidays are determined by what ?
Israeli literature is primarily poetry and prose written in Hebrew , as part of the renaissance of Hebrew as a spoken language since the mid-19th century , although a small body of literature is published in other languages , such as English .	Hebrew	Israeli literature is primarily written in what ?
The Hebrew Book Week is held each June and features book fairs , public readings , and appearances by Israeli authors around the country .	June	When is the Hebrew Book Week held ?
During the week , Israel 's top literary award , the Sapir Prize , is presented .	the Sapir Prize	What is Israel 's top literary reward ?
In 1966 , Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs .	Nelly Sachs	Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize with who in 1966 ?
The Israeli-Arab satirist Sayed Kashua -LRB- who writes in Hebrew -RRB- is also internationally known .	Sayed Kashua	What Israel-Arab satirist is internationally known ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Israel has also been the home of two leading Palestinian poets and writers : Emile Habibi , whose novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist , and other writings , won him the Israel prize for Arabic literature ; and Mahmoud Darwish , considered by many to be `` the Palestinian national poet . ''	Emile Habibi	Who wrote the novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist ?
Among Israel 's world-renowned orchestras is the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra , which has been in operation for over seventy years and today performs more than two hundred concerts each year .	Israel Philharmonic Orchestra	What Israeli orchestra has been in operation for more than seventy years ?
Itzhak Perlman , Pinchas Zukerman and Ofra Haza are among the internationally acclaimed musicians born in Israel .	Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman and Ofra Haza	What three internationally acclaimed musicians were born in Israel ?
Eilat has hosted its own international music festival , the Red Sea Jazz Festival , every summer since 1987 .	Eilat	Who hosts its own international music festival every summer ?
The nation 's canonical folk songs , known as `` Songs of the Land of Israel , '' deal with the experiences of the pioneers in building the Jewish homeland .	Songs of the Land of Israel	What the nation 's canonical folk songs known as ?
The Hora circle dance introduced by early Jewish settlers was originally popular in the Kibbutzim and outlying communities .	Hora circle dance	What became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Modern dance in Israel is a flourishing field , and several Israeli choreographers such as Ohad Naharin , Rami Beer , Barak Marshall and many others , are considered -LSB- by whom ? -RSB-	Modern dance	What 's a flourishing field in Israel ?
Israel is home to many Palestinian musicians , including internationally acclaimed oud and violin virtuoso Taiseer Elias , singer Amal Murkus , and brothers Samir and Wissam Joubran .	Taiseer Elias	What internationally acclaimed violin virtuoso is from Israel ?
Israeli Arab musicians have achieved fame beyond Israel 's borders : Elias and Murkus frequently play to audiences in Europe and America , and oud player Darwish Darwish -LRB- Prof. Elias 's student -RRB- was awarded first prize in the all-Arab oud contest in Egypt in 2003 .	Darwish Darwish	Who was awarded first prize in the all-Arab oud contest in Egypt in 2003 ?
The Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance has an advanced degree program , headed by Taiseer Elias , in Arabic music .	Taiseer Elias	Who is the head of the advanced degree program in Arabic music ?
The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel 's most important cultural institutions and houses the Dead Sea scrolls , along with an extensive collection of Judaica and European art .	The Israel Museum in Jerusalem	What is one of Israel 's most important culturural institutions ?
Beth Hatefutsoth -LRB- the Diaspora Museum -RRB- , on the campus of Tel Aviv University , is an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world .	Beth Hatefutsoth	What is an interactive museum on the campus of Tel Aviv University ?
Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad is the largest art museum in the north of the country .	Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad	What is the largest art museum in the north of the country ?
Since the establishment of the State in 1948 , and particularly since the late 1970s , an Israeli fusion cuisine has developed .	1948	When was Israeli fusion cuisine first developed ?
Kosher restaurants , though rare in the 1960s , make up around 25 % of the total as of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , perhaps reflecting the largely secular values of those who dine out .	25%	Kosher restaurants make up what percent of total restaurants ?
Together with non-kosher fish , rabbits and ostriches , pork -- often called `` white meat '' in Israel -- is produced and consumed , though it is forbidden by both Judaism and Islam .	white meat	What is pork often called in Israel ?
Israeli cuisine has adopted , and continues to adapt , elements of various styles of Jewish cuisine , particularly the Mizrahi , Sephardic , and Ashkenazi styles of cooking , along with Moroccan Jewish , Iraqi Jewish , Ethiopian Jewish , Indian Jewish , Iranian Jewish and Yemeni Jewish influences .	Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi	What styles of cooking has Israeli cuisine adopted ?
It incorporates many foods traditionally eaten in the Arab , Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisines , such as falafel , hummus , shakshouka , couscous , and za'atar , which have become common ingredients in Israeli cuisine .	falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za'atar	What common ingredients are in Israeli cuisine ?
Schnitzel , pizza , hamburgers , French fries , rice and salad are also very common in Israel .	Israel	Schnitzel , pizza , hamburgers , French fries , rice and salad are also very common where ?
The most popular spectator sports in Israel are association football and basketball .	association football and basketball	What are the most popular spectator sports in Israel ?
The Israeli Premier League is the country 's premier football league , and the Israeli Basketball Super League is the premier basketball league .	Israeli Premier League	What is the country 's premier football league ?
The Israeli Premier League is the country 's premier football league , and the Israeli Basketball Super League is the premier basketball league .	Israeli Basketball Super League	What is the premier basketball league ?
In 1964 Israel hosted and won the Asian Nations Cup ; in 1970 the Israel national football team managed to qualify to the FIFA World Cup , which is still considered -LSB- by whom ? -RSB-	1964	When did Israel host and win the Asian Nations Cup ?
In 1964 Israel hosted and won the Asian Nations Cup ; in 1970 the Israel national football team managed to qualify to the FIFA World Cup , which is still considered -LSB- by whom ? -RSB-	1970	When did the Israel national football team qualify to the FIFA World Cup ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The 1974 Asian Games held in Tehran , were the last Asian Games in which Israel participated , and was plagued by the Arab countries which refused to compete with Israel , and Israel since ceased competing in Asian competitions .	1974 Asian Games	What were the last Asian Games that Israel participated in ?
Chess is a leading sport in Israel and is enjoyed by people of all ages .	Chess	What 's a leading sport in Israel ?
The city of Beersheba has become a national chess center , with the game being taught in the city 's kindergartens .	Beersheba	What city has become a national chess center ?
Israeli grandmaster Boris Gelfand won the Chess World Cup in 2009 and the 2011 Candidates Tournament for the right to challenge the world champion .	Boris Gelfand	Who won the Chess Cup in 2009 ?
Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes .	Greek Science	What mathematician advance Greek Science ?
The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , Alexandrian poetry , the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism .	Hellenistic	What period saw the rise of New Comedy ?
The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek -LRB- Hellenic -RRB- history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year .	31 BC	When was the Battle of Actium ?
The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek -LRB- Hellenic -RRB- history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year .	323 BC	When did Alexander the Great die ?
The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , Alexandrian poetry , the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism .	Hellenistic	What period saw the rise of the Septuagint ?
The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis , eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism .	Buddhism	dd
The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek -LRB- Hellenic -RRB- history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year .	Alexander the Great	What ruler 's death in 323 BC marks the beginning of the Hellenistic period ?
The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek -LRB- Hellenic -RRB- history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year .	31 BC	In what year did the Battle of Actium take place ?
The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek -LRB- Hellenic -RRB- history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year .	Ptolemaic Egypt	What kingdom did the Romans take over the year after the Battle of Actium ?
The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , Alexandrian poetry , the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism .	Alexandrian poetry	What type of poetry debuted in the Hellenistic period ?
The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis , eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism .	Buddhism	What ancient religion did Greece embrace during the Hellenistic period ?
The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek -LRB- Hellenic -RRB- history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year .	Battle of Actium	What signified the emergence of the Roman Empire ?
The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek -LRB- Hellenic -RRB- history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year .	death of Alexander the Great	What event is the recognized beginning of the Hellenistic Period ?
Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes .	the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes	Who advanced Greek Science ?
This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect , known as Koine Greek , which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world .	Koine Greek	What is a common Attic-based dialect ?
After Alexander the Great 's ventures in the Persian Empire , Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia -LRB- Seleucid Empire , Kingdom of Pergamon -RRB- , north-east Africa -LRB- Ptolemaic Kingdom -RRB- and South Asia -LRB- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom , Indo-Greek Kingdom -RRB- .	north-east Africa	Where is the Ptolemaic Kingdom ?
After Alexander the Great 's ventures in the Persian Empire , Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia -LRB- Seleucid Empire , Kingdom of Pergamon -RRB- , north-east Africa -LRB- Ptolemaic Kingdom -RRB- and South Asia -LRB- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom , Indo-Greek Kingdom -RRB- .	South Asia	Where is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom ?
After Alexander the Great 's ventures in the Persian Empire , Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia -LRB- Seleucid Empire , Kingdom of Pergamon -RRB- , north-east Africa -LRB- Ptolemaic Kingdom -RRB- and South Asia -LRB- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom , Indo-Greek Kingdom -RRB- .	South Asia	Where is the Indo-Greek Kingdom ?
After Alexander the Great 's ventures in the Persian Empire , Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia -LRB- Seleucid Empire , Kingdom of Pergamon -RRB- , north-east Africa -LRB- Ptolemaic Kingdom -RRB- and South Asia -LRB- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom , Indo-Greek Kingdom -RRB- .	south-west Asia	Where is the Kingdom of Pergamon ?
After Alexander the Great 's ventures in the Persian Empire , Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia -LRB- Seleucid Empire , Kingdom of Pergamon -RRB- , north-east Africa -LRB- Ptolemaic Kingdom -RRB- and South Asia -LRB- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom , Indo-Greek Kingdom -RRB- .	north-east Africa	Where was the Ptolemaic Kingdom located ?
After Alexander the Great 's ventures in the Persian Empire , Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia -LRB- Seleucid Empire , Kingdom of Pergamon -RRB- , north-east Africa -LRB- Ptolemaic Kingdom -RRB- and South Asia -LRB- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom , Indo-Greek Kingdom -RRB- .	Persian Empire	Alexander the Great was the emperor of what ?
The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization -LRB- as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th -- 6th centuries BC -RRB- which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa .	Asia and Africa	The Hellenistic Period expanded the Greek Empire into what 2 continents ?
This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect , known as Koine Greek , which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world .	Koine Greek	What was the new , Attic-based dialect called ?
The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War , with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC , or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD .	31 BC	When was the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom ?
The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War , with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC , or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD .	Constantine the Great	Who was the Roman emporer ?
The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War , with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC , or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD .	Constantinople	Where did the Roman Empire move to in 330 AD ?
`` Hellenistic '' is distinguished from `` Hellenic '' in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence , while the latter refers to Greece itself .	Hellenistic	What term defines the influence of Greek culture ?
The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War , with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC , or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD .	330 AD	When did the capital of the Roman Empire move to Constantinople ?
`` Hellenistic '' is distinguished from `` Hellenic '' in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence , while the latter refers to Greece itself .	Hellenic	Which era refers primarily to just Greece ?
The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War , with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC , or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD .	Constantine	Who moved the Roman Empire capital in 330 AD ?
The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War , with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC , or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD .	Achean War	Rome 's final conquest of Greek lands followed which war ?
`` Hellenistic '' is distinguished from `` Hellenic '' in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence , while the latter refers to Greece itself .	Hellenistic	What is the period called that comprises all Greek influence ?
Although words related in form or meaning , e.g. Hellenist -LRB- Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνιστής , Hellēnistēs -RRB- , have been attested since ancient times , it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century , who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus , i.e. History of Hellenism , coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander 's conquest .	J. G. Droysen	Who wrote Geschichte des Hellenismus ?
Although words related in form or meaning , e.g. Hellenist -LRB- Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνιστής , Hellēnistēs -RRB- , have been attested since ancient times , it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century , who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus , i.e. History of Hellenism , coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander 's conquest .	History of Hellenism	What does Geschichte des Hellenismus mean ?
Following Droysen , Hellenistic and related terms , e.g. Hellenism , have been widely used in various contexts ; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold , where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism .	Matthew Arnold	Who wrote Culture and Anarchy ?
Following Droysen , Hellenistic and related terms , e.g. Hellenism , have been widely used in various contexts ; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold , where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism .	Hellenism	In Culture and Anarchy , Hebraism is contrasted with what ?
`` Hellenistic '' is a modern word and a 19th-century concept ; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece .	19th-century	The word `` Hellenistic '' was derived in what time period ?
Although words related in form or meaning , e.g. Hellenist -LRB- Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνιστής , Hellēnistēs -RRB- , have been attested since ancient times , it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century , who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus , i.e. History of Hellenism , coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander 's conquest .	J. G. Droysen	Who coined the term `` Hellenistic ? ''
Although words related in form or meaning , e.g. Hellenist -LRB- Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνιστής , Hellēnistēs -RRB- , have been attested since ancient times , it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century , who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus , i.e. History of Hellenism , coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander 's conquest .	Geschichte des Hellenismus	What was Droysen 's work called that explained the era ?
Following Droysen , Hellenistic and related terms , e.g. Hellenism , have been widely used in various contexts ; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold , where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism .	Hebraism	Hellenism contrasts with what other similar concept of era ?
Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others .	Some	How much of the conquered world was affected by Greek influences ?
The Greek population and the native population did not always mix ; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture , but interaction did not always occur .	not always	How often did Greek population and natives mix ?
The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled , while in many cases , the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations .	Hellenistic	What term implies that Greek populations were a majority in the regions they settled ?
The Greek population and the native population did not always mix ; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture , but interaction did not always occur .	moved	I could n't could up with another question . But i need to fill this space because I ca n't submit the hit .
The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis -LRB- c. 200-118 -RRB- , a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage .	Polybius	What is the earliest , most credible source of the Hellenistic period ?
The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis -LRB- c. 200-118 -RRB- , a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage .	Megalopolis	Where was Polybius from ?
The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis -LRB- c. 200-118 -RRB- , a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage .	Rome	Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage ?
His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books , covering the years 220 to 167 BCE .	220 to 167 BCE	What years do Polybius books cover ?
The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis -LRB- c. 200-118 -RRB- , a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage .	Achaean	What League was Polybius a statesman ?
The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BCE and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus , but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus -LRB- 301 -RRB- .	60 and 30 BCE	When did Diodorus Siculus write Bibliotheca historica ?
The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BCE and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus , but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus -LRB- 301 -RRB- .	battle of Ipsus	What battle marks the end of Diodorus Siculus ' work ?
Another important source , Plutarch 's -LRB- c. 50 -- c. 120 -RRB- Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality , outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures .	Plutarch	Who wrote Parallel Lives ?
Appian of Alexandria -LRB- late first century CE-before 165 CE -RRB- wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms .	Alexandria	Where was Apprian from ?
Another important source , Plutarch 's -LRB- c. 50 -- c. 120 -RRB- Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality , outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures .	Plutarch	Which writer outlined the history of important Hellenistic figures ?
After the Peloponnesian War -LRB- 431 -- 404 BC -RRB- , Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony , in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful .	431–404 BC	When was the Peloponnesian War ?
Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra -LRB- 371 BC -RRB- , but after the Battle of Mantinea -LRB- 362 BC -RRB- , all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence .	Theban	What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra ?
Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra -LRB- 371 BC -RRB- , but after the Battle of Mantinea -LRB- 362 BC -RRB- , all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence .	371 BC	When was the Battle of Leuctra ?
Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra -LRB- 371 BC -RRB- , but after the Battle of Mantinea -LRB- 362 BC -RRB- , all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence .	362 BC	When was the Battle of Mantinea ?
It was against this backdrop , that the ascendancy of Macedon began , under king Philip II .	Philip II	Which king lend the rise of Macedon ?
In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia .	352 BC	When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia ?
Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory .	Philip II	Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia ?
In 338 BC , Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict .	338 BC	When was the Battle of Chaeronea ?
In the aftermath , Philip formed the League of Corinth , effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway .	Philip	Who formed the League of Corinth ?
He was elected Hegemon of the league , and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned .	Achaemenid Empire of Persia	Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated ?
Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander 's half-brother , Philip Arrhidaeus , while Perdiccas , the leading cavalry commander , supported waiting until the birth of Alexander 's unborn child by Roxana .	Alexander	Who was Philip Arrhidaues ' half brother ?
Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander 's half-brother , Philip Arrhidaeus , while Perdiccas , the leading cavalry commander , supported waiting until the birth of Alexander 's unborn child by Roxana .	Perdiccas	Who was the leading calvary commander ?
Soon , however , Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered , and assumed full control .	Perdiccas	Who order the death of Meleager ?
The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire , but Perdiccas ' position was shaky , because , as Arrian writes , `` everyone was suspicious of him , and he of them '' .	Babylon	What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas ?
The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire , but Perdiccas ' position was shaky , because , as Arrian writes , `` everyone was suspicious of him , and he of them '' .	Arrian	Who documented that Perdiccas ' was under suspicion ?
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander 's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus ' leadership in Asia Minor .	Cleopatra	Who did Diadochi plan to marry ?
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander 's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus ' leadership in Asia Minor .	Cleopatra	Who was Alexander 's sister ?
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander 's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus ' leadership in Asia Minor .	Antigonus I Monophthalmus	Who was the leader in Asia Minor ?
Antigonus fled for Greece , and then , together with Antipater and Craterus -LRB- the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war -RRB- invaded Anatolia .	Anatolia	Along with Antipater and Craterus , Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region ?
Although Eumenes , satrap of Cappadocia , defeated the rebels in Asia Minor , Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon , Seleucus , and Antigenes -LRB- possibly with Ptolemy 's aid -RRB- during his invasion of Egypt -LRB- c. 21 May to 19 June , 320 -RRB- .	Perdiccas	Peithon , Seleucus , and Antigenes murdered whom ?
The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC .	319 BC	When did Antipater die ?
Passing over his own son , Cassander , Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent .	Polyperchon	Who did Antipater declar as his successor ?
In 317 , Cassander invaded Macedonia , attaining control of Macedon , sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV , and his mother .	317	When did Cassander invade Macedonia ?
In Asia , Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed .	Antigonus	Who ordered Eumenes ' execution ?
In 317 , Cassander invaded Macedonia , attaining control of Macedon , sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV , and his mother .	Cassander	Who sentenced Olympias to death ?
He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana , Persepolis and Susa , making off with 25,000 talents .	25,000	How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana , Persepolis and Susa ?
Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus ' son , Demetrius Poliorcetes , in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia , and the eastern satrapies .	Ptolemy	Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes ?
Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus ' son , Demetrius Poliorcetes , in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia , and the eastern satrapies .	312 BC	When was the Battle of Gaza ?
In 310 , Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered , ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries .	Cassander	Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV ?
In 310 , Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered , ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries .	310	What year did the Argead Dynasty end ?
Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece .	Demetrius	Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece ?
In 307 he took Athens , expelling Demetrius of Phaleron , Cassander 's governor , and proclaiming the city free again .	307	When did Demetrius take control of Athens ?
In the aftermath of this victory , Antigonus took the title of king -LRB- basileus -RRB- and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes , the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit .	Antigonus	Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes ?
Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy , defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus .	Battle of Salamis	What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy ?
Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy , defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus .	Cyprus	What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis ?
Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE .	Seleucus	Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia ?
Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE .	Antigonus	Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus ?
Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE .	301 BCE	When was the Battle of Ipsus ?
Meanwhile , Lysimachus took over Ionia , Seleucus took Cilicia , and Ptolemy captured Cyprus .	Cilicia	After Antigonus was killed , what region did Seleucus take over ?
Meanwhile , Lysimachus took over Ionia , Seleucus took Cilicia , and Ptolemy captured Cyprus .	Cyprus	After Antigonus was killed , what region did Ptolemy take over ?
After Cassander 's death in 298 BCE , however , Demetrius , who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet , invaded Macedon , seized the Macedonian throne -LRB- 294 -RRB- and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece -LRB- 293-291 -RRB- .	298 BCE	When did Cassander die ?
After Cassander 's death in 298 BCE , however , Demetrius , who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet , invaded Macedon , seized the Macedonian throne -LRB- 294 -RRB- and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece -LRB- 293-291 -RRB- .	294	When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne ?
After initial successes , he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity .	Seleucus	Who captured Demetrius ?
Lysimachus , who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself , was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium , near Sardis .	281 BCE	What year was Seleucus killed ?
Lysimachus , who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself , was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium , near Sardis .	Battle of Corupedium	At what battle was Seleucus killed ?
The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch , capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively .	Alexandria	What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt ?
The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch , capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively .	Antioch	What was the capital of Seleucid Syria ?
The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch , capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively .	Hellenistic	Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture ?
The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world , making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant .	Alexander	What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world ?
It led to a steady emigration , particularly of the young and ambitious , to the new Greek empires in the east .	young and ambitious	What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires ?
One example is Athens , which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war -LRB- 323-322 -RRB- and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy .	323-322	When was the Lamian war ?
After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy , the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king .	307	When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens ?
After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy , the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king .	Antigonus	Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes ' father ?
Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule , eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon .	Ptolemaic Egypt	Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule ?
In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors , Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War -LRB- 267-61 -RRB- .	267-61	When was the Chremonidean War ?
The Spartan king Cleomenes III -LRB- 235 -- 222 BCE -RRB- staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power .	235–222 BCE	What years did Cleomenes III rule ?
Sparta 's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia -LRB- 222 -RRB- by the Achaean league and Macedon , who restored the power of the ephors .	Battle of Sellasia	In 222 BCE , Sparta lost what Battle ?
Sparta 's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia -LRB- 222 -RRB- by the Achaean league and Macedon , who restored the power of the ephors .	Sparta	Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia ?
Sparta remained independent , but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese .	independent	What was Sparta 's afilliation in the Peloponnese ?
Other city states formed federated states in self-defense , such as the Aetolian League -LRB- est. 370 BCE -RRB- , the Achaean League -LRB- est. 280 BCE -RRB- , the Boeotian league , the `` Northern League '' -LRB- Byzantium , Chalcedon , Heraclea Pontica and Tium -RRB- and the `` Nesiotic League '' of the Cyclades .	370 BCE	When was the Aetolian League formed ?
Other city states formed federated states in self-defense , such as the Aetolian League -LRB- est. 370 BCE -RRB- , the Achaean League -LRB- est. 280 BCE -RRB- , the Boeotian league , the `` Northern League '' -LRB- Byzantium , Chalcedon , Heraclea Pontica and Tium -RRB- and the `` Nesiotic League '' of the Cyclades .	280 BCE	When was the Achaean League formed ?
Other city states formed federated states in self-defense , such as the Aetolian League -LRB- est. 370 BCE -RRB- , the Achaean League -LRB- est. 280 BCE -RRB- , the Boeotian league , the `` Northern League '' -LRB- Byzantium , Chalcedon , Heraclea Pontica and Tium -RRB- and the `` Nesiotic League '' of the Cyclades .	Northern League	Byzantium , Chalcedon , Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league ?
These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs , while leaving most of the local governing to the city states , a system termed sympoliteia .	sympoliteia	What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states ?
The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth , which duly joined the league .	Achean	What league freed Corinth ?
After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes -LRB- 304-305 BCE -RRB- , the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory .	Colossus of Rhodes	What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes ?
With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean , Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period .	Hellenistic	What period did Rhodes prosper ?
They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy , by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms .	navy	What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence ?
After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes -LRB- 304-305 BCE -RRB- , the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory .	304-305 BCE	What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes ?
Antigonus II , a student of Zeno of Citium , spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece , first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War , and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon .	Chremonidean War	What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians ?
Under the Antigonids , Macedonia was often short on funds , the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II , the wealth from Alexander 's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion .	Pangaeum	What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids ?
Up to two thirds of the population emigrated , and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men , a significantly smaller force than under Philip II .	25,000 men	How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids ?
Antigonus II , a student of Zeno of Citium , spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece , first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War , and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon .	Zeno of Citium	Who taught Antigonus II ?
Antigonus II , a student of Zeno of Citium , spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece , first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War , and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon .	Epirus	Who did Antigonus II defend against ?
Philip V , who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC , was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the `` cloud rising in the west '' : the ever-increasing power of Rome .	221 BC	When did Doson die ?
Philip V , who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC , was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the `` cloud rising in the west '' : the ever-increasing power of Rome .	Philip V	Who took control when Doson died ?
Philip V , who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC , was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the `` cloud rising in the west '' : the ever-increasing power of Rome .	Philip V	Which ruler had the last , best chance of uniting Greece ?
He was known as `` the darling of Hellas '' .	the darling of Hellas	What was Philip V known as ?
Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus -LRB- 217 BC -RRB- brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues -LRB- the social war 220-217 -RRB- to an end , and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens , Rhodes and Pergamum .	217 BC	When was the Peace of Naupactus ?
In 215 BC Philip , with his eye on Illyria , formed an alliance with Rome 's enemy Hannibal of Carthage , which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League , Rhodes and Pergamum .	215 BC	When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage ?
The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC , and ended inconclusively in 205 BC .	212 BC	When did the First Macedonian War begin ?
The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC , and ended inconclusively in 205 BC .	205 BC	When did the First Macedonian War end ?
The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC , and ended inconclusively in 205 BC .	inconclusively	How did the First Macedonian War end ?
In 198 BC , during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper .	Titus Quinctius Flamininus	Who defeated Philip ?
The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei , who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta -LRB- reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE -RRB- .	231 BC to 227 BCE	What years did Queen Teutra reign ?
Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks -LRB- such as the Illyrian type helmet , originally a Greek type -RRB- and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts -LRB- a single one has been found , dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon -RRB- .	Ancient Greeks	From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor ?
Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks -LRB- such as the Illyrian type helmet , originally a Greek type -RRB- and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts -LRB- a single one has been found , dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon -RRB- .	Ancient Macedon	What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts ?
The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei , who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta -LRB- reigned 231 BC to 227 BCE -RRB- .	Illyrian	What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast ?
Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes which covers most of the modern republic of Macedonia .	Agrianes	What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia ?
The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace .	Thrace	What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom ?
The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry , forming about one fifth of his army .	Alexander	Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry ?
The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry , forming about one fifth of his army .	one fifth	What fraction of Alexander 's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes ?
The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility .	Greek	What language was spoken by the Odrysians ?
Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized .	Thracian	Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized ?
Southern Italy -LRB- Magna Graecia -RRB- and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century .	Magna Graecia	What was Southern Italy refered to as ?
Southern Italy -LRB- Magna Graecia -RRB- and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century .	8th	Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century ?
Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily , fought a long war with the Carthaginians , at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there .	Carthaginian	In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army ?
During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse -LRB- 361 -- 289 BCE -RRB- who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE .	Agathocles of Syracuse	Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period ?
Agathocles then invaded Italy -LRB- c. 300 BCE -RRB- in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans , but was unsuccessful .	300 BCE	In defense of Tarentum , when did Agathocles attack Italy ?
The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia , which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants .	Massalia	What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean ?
The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia , which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants .	6,000	How many inhabitants were in Massalia ?
Massalia was also the local hegemon , controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde .	Massalia	Who controlled Nice and Agde ?
The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia -LRB- 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE -RRB- and according to Strabo , Massalia was also a center of education , where Celts went to learn Greek .	Strabo	Massalia was the center of education according to whom ?
A staunch ally of Rome , Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar 's forces .	49 BCE	When did Massalia side with Pompey ?
The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers .	Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors	Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt ?
Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution .	military and paramilitary forces	Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues ?
Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people , this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion .	the monarch	Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion ?
Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution .	royal estates	What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms ?
The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers .	Greco-Macedonian settlers	Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt ?
Ptolemy , a somatophylax , one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great 's generals and deputies , was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander 's death in 323 BC .	Ptolemy	Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander 's death ?
Ptolemy , a somatophylax , one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great 's generals and deputies , was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander 's death in 323 BC .	323 BC	When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position ?
In 305 BC , he declared himself King Ptolemy I , later known as `` Soter '' -LRB- saviour -RRB- for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes .	305 BC	When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I ?
In 305 BC , he declared himself King Ptolemy I , later known as `` Soter '' -LRB- saviour -RRB- for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes .	Soter	What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy ?
Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country , especially in the region of the Faiyum .	Faiyum	Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans ?
The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs , such as marrying their siblings -LRB- Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom -RRB- , having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress , and participating in Egyptian religious life .	Egyptian Pharaohs	Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt ?
Ptolemy I even created a new god , Serapis , who was combination of two Egyptian gods : Apis and Osiris , with attributes of Greek gods .	Serapis	What god did Ptolemy I create ?
External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi , military commanders appointed by the crown .	strategoi	Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom ?
Ptolemaic administration was , like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy , highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs , excise duties , fines , taxes and so forth .	Ancient Egyptian	By using a central government that taxes heavily , Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy ?
Ptolemy I even created a new god , Serapis , who was combination of two Egyptian gods : Apis and Osiris , with attributes of Greek gods .	Serapis	Apis and Osiris combined to make which god ?
He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids , known as the Syrian wars , over the region of Coele-Syria .	the Seleucids	The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom ?
He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids , known as the Syrian wars , over the region of Coele-Syria .	Coele-Syria	What region was fought for during the Syrian wars ?
Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia -LRB- 217 BCE -RRB- against the Seleucids , using native Egyptians trained as phalangites .	Ptolemy IV	Who won the great battle of Raphia ?
Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia -LRB- 217 BCE -RRB- against the Seleucids , using native Egyptians trained as phalangites .	217 BCE	When was the great battle of Raphia ?
Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia -LRB- 217 BCE -RRB- against the Seleucids , using native Egyptians trained as phalangites .	Seleucids	Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia ?
Ptolemy 's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC .	30 BC	Till what year did Ptolemy 's family rule Egypt ?
All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy .	Ptolemy	All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty ?
Ptolemaic queens , some of whom were the sisters of their husbands , were usually called Cleopatra , Arsinoe or Berenice .	Ptolemaic queens	Cleopatra , Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom ?
The most famous member of the line was the last queen , Cleopatra VII , known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey , and later between Octavian and Mark Antony .	Cleopatra VII	Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty ?
Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest .	suicide	How did Cleoptra die ?
Following division of Alexander 's empire , Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia .	Babylonia	After Alexander 's empire was split , what region did Seleucus I Nicator receive ?
Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him .	Eumenes I	Pergamum was led by whom when they defeated a Seleucid army ?
Like the Ptolemies , Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult , deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus , officially said to be descended from Apollo , had his own priests and monthly sacrifices .	Antiochus I	Who defied his father Seleucus I , and set up a religous cult ?
The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II , who was forced to fight a civil war -LRB- 239-236 -RRB- against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria , Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away .	Antiochus Hierax	What was the name of Seleucus II brother , whom he fought in civil war ?
Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself , but was defeated , along with his Galatian allies , by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship .	Attalus I	Who ultimately defeated Seleucid Anatolia ?
The vast Seleucid Empire was , like Egypt , mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite .	Greco-Macedonian political elite	The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom ?
Apart from these cities , there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons -LRB- choria -RRB- , military colonies -LRB- katoikiai -RRB- and Greek villages -LRB- komai -RRB- which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule .	choria	What are Seleucid garrisons called ?
Apart from these cities , there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons -LRB- choria -RRB- , military colonies -LRB- katoikiai -RRB- and Greek villages -LRB- komai -RRB- which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule .	katoikiai	What are Seleucid military colonies called ?
After being defeated by Ptolemy IV 's forces at Raphia -LRB- 217 -RRB- , Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces -LRB- 212-205 -RRB- including Bactria , Parthia , Ariana , Sogdiana , Gedrosia and Drangiana .	Ptolemy IV	Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia ?
After the death of Ptolemy IV -LRB- 204 -RRB- , Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war -LRB- 202-195 -RRB- .	204	What year did Ptolemy IV die ?
After the death of Lysimachus , one of his officers , Philetaerus , took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus ' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent .	Philetaerus	Which officer took control of Pergamum in 282 BC ?
After the death of Lysimachus , one of his officers , Philetaerus , took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus ' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent .	Seleucus I	Who did Philetaerus declare himself loyal to ?
Attalus I -LRB- 241 -- 197BC -RRB- , was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars .	Philip V of Macedon	Attalus I was a strong ally of Rome and which ruler ?
Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch .	Pergamon	Where was the library of Pergamum located ?
Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city .	Pergamum Altar	What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city ?
The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC .	Thrace	Where did the Celts who settled in Galatia pass through ?
They were defeated by Seleucus I in the ` battle of the Elephants ' , but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia .	battle of the Elephants	What battle did the Celts lose to Seleucus I ?
The theme of the Dying Gaul -LRB- a famous statue displayed in Pergamon -RRB- remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy .	Dying Gaul	What famous statue signified the victory of the Greeks over a worthy enemy ?
In the early 2nd century BC , the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great , the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor .	2nd century BC	What century did the Galatians become allies of Antiochus the Great ?
In 189 BC , Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians .	Rome	Who sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians ?
The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia .	The Bithynians	Who were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia ?
After Alexander 's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas , who defeated Calas , a general of Alexander the Great , and maintained the independence of Bithynia .	Calas	King Bas defeated which general of Alexander ?
His son , Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I , and assumed the title of king -LRB- basileus -RRB- in 297 BCE .	Zipoetes I	Who assumed the title of king from Bas ?
His son , Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I , and assumed the title of king -LRB- basileus -RRB- in 297 BCE .	297 BCE	When did Zipoetes I assume the role of king ?
His son and successor , Nicomedes I , founded Nicomedia , which soon rose to great prosperity , and during his long reign -LRB- c. 278 -- c. 255 BCE -RRB- , as well as those of his successors , the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia .	Nicomedes I	Who founded Nicomedia ?
In 255 B.C. , Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice , a daughter of Antiochus II , remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom .	Ariarathes III	Who married Stratonice ?
In 255 B.C. , Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice , a daughter of Antiochus II , remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom .	255 B.C.	When did Stratonice marry Ariarathes III ?
In 255 B.C. , Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice , a daughter of Antiochus II , remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom .	Antiochus II	Who was Stratonice 's father ?
Under Ariarathes IV , Cappadocia came into relations with Rome , first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great , then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids .	Ariarathes IV	Cappadocia began it 's realtionship with Rome under whom ?
Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus , a claimant to the throne of Pergamon , and their forces were annihilated in 130 BCE .	130 BCE	What year was Ariarathes V defeated ?
The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea .	Pontus	What kingdom was Hellenistic and on the southern coast of the Black Sea ?
It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC .	Mithridates I	Who founded the Kingdom of Pontus ?
It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC .	291 BC	When was the Kingdom of Pontus founded ?
It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC .	63 BC	When was the Kingdom of Pontus taken over by the Roman Republic ?
By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator , Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken .	Greek	What was the official language of the Kingdom of Pontus during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator ?
The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI , who conquered Colchis , Cappadocia , Paphlagonia , Bithynia , Lesser Armenia , the Bosporan Kingdom , the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia .	Mithridates VI	Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus ' was at it 's biggest ?
Mithridates VI , himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry , presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the ` barbarians ' of Rome styling himself as `` King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus . ''	Mithridates VI	Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus ?
Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from .	anastole	What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander ?
Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from .	Herakles	Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from ?
After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars , Pontus was defeated , part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom .	Mithridatic	Pontus was defeated in what wars ?
Orontid Armenia formally passed to empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia .	Persia	Orontid Armenia was given to Alexander the Great after he took control of what area ?
Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia .	Mithranes	Who did Alexander apoint to govern Armenia ?
Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire , but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy , retaining its native rulers .	Seleucid	Armenia became a vassal state of what Empire ?
Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms , Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene including Commagene or Armenia Minor .	212 BC	What year did Armenia split into Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene ?
The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers .	Antiochus III the Great	Who attacked Armenia when they became too distant from Seleucid rule ?
After the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC , the kings of Sophene and Greater Armenia revolted and declared their independence , with Artaxias becoming the first king of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia in 188 .	190 BC	When did the Seleucid defeat the Battle of Magnesia ?
After the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC , the kings of Sophene and Greater Armenia revolted and declared their independence , with Artaxias becoming the first king of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia in 188 .	Artaxias	Who was the first king of Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia ?
Some coins describe the Armenian kings as `` Philhellenes '' .	Philhellenes	Artaxian coins called some Armenian kings what ?
During the reign of Tigranes the Great -LRB- 95 -- 55 BC -RRB- , the kingdom of Armenia reached its greatest extent , containing many Greek cities including the entire Syrian tetrapolis .	95–55 BC	What years did Tigranes the Great reign ?
Tigranes ' successor Artavasdes II even composed Greek tragedies himself .	Artavasdes II	Which Tigranes successor composed Greek tragedies ?
In 247 BC , following the death of Antiochus II Theos , Andragoras , the Seleucid governor of Parthia , proclaimed his independence and began minting coins showing himself wearing a royal diadem and claiming kingship .	247 BC	When did Andragoras proclaim his independence ?
He ruled until 238 BCE when Arsaces , the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia , killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty .	238 BCE	When did Andragoras ' reign end ?
He ruled until 238 BCE when Arsaces , the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia , killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty .	Arsaces	Who killed Andragoras ?
He ruled until 238 BCE when Arsaces , the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia , killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty .	Parni	What tribe was Arsaces the leader of ?
Antiochus III recaptured Arsacid controlled territory in 209 BC from Arsaces II .	209 BC	When did Antiochus III regain territory from Arsaces II ?
The Seleucid -- Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes -LRB- r. 138 -- 129 BC -RRB- , but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack .	Antiochus VII Sidetes	The Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under whose guidance ?
The Seleucid -- Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes -LRB- r. 138 -- 129 BC -RRB- , but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack .	Parthian	Who was Antiochus VII Sidetes killed by which army ?
After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty , the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman -- Parthian Wars -LRB- 66 BC -- 217 AD -RRB- .	66 BC – 217 AD	What years were the Roman -- Parthian Wars ?
The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language -LRB- though lesser than Greek -RRB- as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage .	Greek drachmas	What was the currency in the Parthian Empire ?
The Parthians continued worhipping Greek gods syncretized together with Iranian deities .	Iranian	The Parthian Empire worshipped Greek Gods and what other cultures deities ?
The Nabatean Kingdom was an Arab state located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula .	Nabatean Kingdom	What Arab State lied between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula ?
Its capital was the city of Petra , an important trading city on the incense route .	Petra	What was the capital of the Nabatean Kingdom ?
The Nabateans resisted the attacks of Antigonous and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the Seleucids , but later fought against Herod the great .	Hasmoneans	Who allied with the Nabatean Kingdom to fight against the Seleucids ?
Nabatean material culture does not show any Greek influence until the reign of Aretas III Philhellene in the 1st century BCE .	Aretas III Philhellene	Under whose reign did Nabatean culture begin to show Greek influence ?
Nabatean material culture does not show any Greek influence until the reign of Aretas III Philhellene in the 1st century BCE .	1st	What century did Aretas III Philhellene reign ?
During the Hellenistic period , Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars , changing hands several times during these conflicts .	Judea	What are was in between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt during Hellenistic times ?
This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism , which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch , and then spread to Judea .	Judaism	What religion rose in Judea durring the Hellenistic period ?
This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism , which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch , and then spread to Judea .	Antioch	Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region ?
Under the Hellenistic kingdoms , Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal .	High Priest of Israel	Judea was ruled by whom during the Hellenistic period ?
Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace , and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army , which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class -LRB- e.g. the Tobiads -RRB- .	the Tobiads	What was the Jewish elite class called ?
The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire ; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute .	Antiochus III	Judea was brought into the Seleucid empire by which leader ?
The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire ; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute .	198	When did Jerusalem fall to Antiochus III ?
Whatever the case , tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174 -- 135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus -LRB- whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah -RRB- .	Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus	What victorious uprising is celebrated in the Jewish festival Hanukkah ?
Whatever the case , tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174 -- 135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus -LRB- whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah -RRB- .	174–135 BCE	What years were the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus ?
Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty , which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE .	Hasmonaean Dynasty	What independent kingdom was formed out of the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus ?
Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty , which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE .	165 BCE to 63 BCE	What years did the Hasmonaean Dynasty exist ?
The last Hasmonean ruler , Antigonus II Mattathias , was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BCE .	Antigonus II Mattathias	Who was the last Hasmonean ruler ?
The last Hasmonean ruler , Antigonus II Mattathias , was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BCE .	Herod	Who was Antigonus II Mattathias captured by ?
The last Hasmonean ruler , Antigonus II Mattathias , was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BCE .	37 BCE	When was Antigonus II Mattathias executed ?
Between 255-246 BCE , the governor of Bactria , Sogdiana and Margiana -LRB- most of present-day Afghanistan -RRB- , one Diodotus , took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king .	Diodotus	Bactria was led by what king from 255-246 BCE ?
Diodotus II , son of Diodotus , was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus , possibly the satrap of Sogdiana , who then started his own dynasty .	230 BC	When was Diodotus II overthrown ?
Diodotus II , son of Diodotus , was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus , possibly the satrap of Sogdiana , who then started his own dynasty .	Euthydemus	What leader overthrew Diodotus II ?
In c. 210 BC , the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III .	Antiochus III	The Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by what Seleucid leader ?
While victorious in the field , it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo -LRB- perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria -RRB- , and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus 's son , thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty .	Euthydemus	Antiochus III married his daughter off to whose son ?
According to Strabo , the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes -LRB- Strabo , XI.XI.I -RRB- .	Strabo	Who stated that the Greco-Bactrians had connections through the silk road ?
Demetrius , son and successor of Euthydemus , invaded north-western India in 180 BC , after the destruction of the Mauryan empire there ; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians -LRB- and Seleucids -RRB- .	180 BC	When did Demetrius , son of Euthydemus invade north-western India ?
Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC ; numismatic evidence suggest the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter .	Demetrius	Whose death signifies the beginning of confusing documentation of Greco-Bactrian history ?
Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria , his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions -LRB- Scythian and Yuezhi -RRB- , by about 130 BCE .	Heliocles	Who was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria ?
After Demetrius ' death , civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I -LRB- from c. 180/175 BCE -RRB- to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king -LRB- who did not rule from Bactria -RRB- .	Apollodotus I	Who was the first Indo-Greek king who did not rule from Bactria ?
Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II , likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I .	Antimachus II	Who succeeded or ruled alongside Apollodotus I ?
In about 155 -LRB- or 165 -RRB- BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings , Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism , and seems to have been a great patron of the religion ; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as ` Milinda ' .	Buddhism	What religion did Menander I convert to ?
In about 155 -LRB- or 165 -RRB- BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings , Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism , and seems to have been a great patron of the religion ; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as ` Milinda ' .	Milinda	What was Menander I refered to by in Buddhist texts ?
After the death of Menander -LRB- c. 130 BC -RRB- , the Kingdom appears to have fragmented , with several ` kings ' attested contemporaneously in different regions .	130 BC	When did Menander die ?
The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east .	Indo-Scythian	What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the east ?
Around 70 BC , the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions , presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom .	Paropamisadae	Around 70 BC , Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion ?
The Mahabharata compliments them as `` the all-knowing Yavanas '' -LRB- sarvajnaa yavanaa -RRB- i.e. `` The Yavanas , O king , are all-knowing ; the Suras are particularly so .	the all-knowing Yavanas	What does `` sarvajnaa yavanaa '' mean ?
The Mahabharata compliments them as `` the all-knowing Yavanas '' -LRB- sarvajnaa yavanaa -RRB- i.e. `` The Yavanas , O king , are all-knowing ; the Suras are particularly so .	The Mahabharata	Who said `` The Yavanas , O king , are all-knowing ; the Suras are particularly so . '' ?
The `` Brihat-Samhita '' of the mathematician Varahamihira says : `` The Greeks , though impure , must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein , excelled others ... '' .	Varahamihira	Who wrote the Brihat-Samhita ?
The Mahabharata compliments them as `` the all-knowing Yavanas '' -LRB- sarvajnaa yavanaa -RRB- i.e. `` The Yavanas , O king , are all-knowing ; the Suras are particularly so .	The Mahabharata	Who said `` The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy . ''
The `` Brihat-Samhita '' of the mathematician Varahamihira says : `` The Greeks , though impure , must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein , excelled others ... '' .	Varahamihira	Who said `` The Greeks , though impure , must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein , excelled others ... ''
Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period .	Hellenistic	What period was Hellenistic culture at it 's height ?
Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period .	Hellenistic	Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks , they still were influenced by which culture ?
Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms .	Hellenistic	Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom ?
Before the Hellenistic period , Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas .	Crimean	Before Hellenestic influence , Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula ?
The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians , Thracians , Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty -LRB- 438 -- 110 BCE -RRB- .	Bosporan	What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians , Thracians , Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians ?
The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe , and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea , such as in the Scythian Neapolis .	Pontic-Caspian steppe	Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with ?
Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria .	Greeks of Bactria	From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture ?
These Hellenized Scythians were known as the `` young Scythians '' .	young Scythians	Hellenized Scythians were known as ?
In Arabia , Bahrain , which was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos , the centre of pearl trading , when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great .	Tylos	What did the Greeks call Bahrain ?
In Arabia , Bahrain , which was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos , the centre of pearl trading , when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great .	Bahrain	Where was the central point of pearl trading ?
The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander 's commanders to visit these islands .	Nearchus	Which of Alexanders commanders were the first to visit Bahrain ?
Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists , and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged , Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world : the language of the upper classes was Greek -LRB- although Aramaic was in everyday use -RRB- , while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams .	Greek	Alexander planned to colonized the eastern bank of the Persian Gulf with what ethnicity of colonist ?
Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists , and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged , Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world : the language of the upper classes was Greek -LRB- although Aramaic was in everyday use -RRB- , while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams .	Shams	Tylos worshipped Zeus in the form of what Arabian sun-god ?
Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia .	Tunisia	Carthage was on the coast of what country ?
While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language , they did adopt some Hellenistic ways , one of the most prominent of which was their military practices .	military	What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture ?
In 550 BCE , Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon , Tyrant of Syracuse .	Mago I of Carthage	Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE ?
The core of Carthage 's military was the Greek-style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service , though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries .	phalanx	What Greek style was the core of Carthage 's military ?
After their defeat in the first Punic war , Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain , Xanthippus of Carthage to reform their military forces .	Xanthippus of Carthage	What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage 's military ?
Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula , and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule .	Italian	Rome dominated what peninsula ?
Although they initially resisted , allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus , and defeating the Romans at several battles , the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic .	Roman	Greek cities were absorbed by what republic ?
Shortly afterwards , Rome became involved in Sicily , fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War .	First Punic War	Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war ?
The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily , including its previously powerful Greek cities , by the Romans .	Romans	Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war ?
Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria -LRB- the First and , Second Illyrian Wars -RRB- .	Roman	Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire ?
Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon , Philip V harbored one of the chief pirates , Demetrius of Pharos -LRB- a former client of Rome -RRB- .	Philip V	What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos ?
As a result , in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans , Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae -LRB- 216 BC -RRB- during the Second Punic War .	the Romans	Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae ?
As a result , in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans , Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae -LRB- 216 BC -RRB- during the Second Punic War .	216 BC	When was the Battle of Cannae ?
As a result , in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans , Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae -LRB- 216 BC -RRB- during the Second Punic War .	Second Punic War	In what war was the Battle of Cannae ?
Once the Second Punic War had been resolved , and the Romans had begun to regather their strength , they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans , and to curb the expansion of Philip .	the Balkans	In what region did the Romans aim to re-bolster the influence after the Second Punic war ?
Once the Second Punic War had been resolved , and the Romans had begun to regather their strength , they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans , and to curb the expansion of Philip .	Philip	Whose refusal to end wars with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes led to the Second Macedonian War ?
The Romans , also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states -LRB- which resented Philip 's power -RRB- , thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC , starting the Second Macedonian War .	200 BC	What year did the Second Macedonian War begin ?
This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae -LRB- 197 BC -RRB- .	Battle of Cynoscephalae	What battle signaled the end to the Second Macedonian War ?
This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae -LRB- 197 BC -RRB- .	Roman	What empire won the Second Macedonian War ?
The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC , agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt , Ptolemy V .	Philip V	Antiochus III allied with what king in 203 BC ?
After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War , Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor .	Antiochus	Who defeated Ptolemy ?
After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War , Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor .	Fifth Syrian War	In what war was Ptolemy defeated ?
This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and ` liberate ' it from Roman influence , thus starting the Roman-Syrian War -LRB- 192 -- 188 BC -RRB- .	Roman-Syrian War	What war bgean when Antiochus III invaded Greece ?
This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and ` liberate ' it from Roman influence , thus starting the Roman-Syrian War -LRB- 192 -- 188 BC -RRB- .	192–188 BC	What years did the Roman-Syrian war take place ?
Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence , Philip V 's son Perseus incurred the wrath of the Romans , resulting in the Third Macedonian War -LRB- 171 -- 168 BC -RRB- .	Perseus	What was the name of Philip V 's son who wanted to bring back Greek independence ?
Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence , Philip V 's son Perseus incurred the wrath of the Romans , resulting in the Third Macedonian War -LRB- 171 -- 168 BC -RRB- .	Third Macedonian War	Perseus fought the Romans in what war ?
Victorious , the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom , replacing it with four puppet republics ; these lasted a further twenty years before Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman province -LRB- 146 BC -RRB- after yet another rebellion under Andriscus .	146 BC	When was Macedonia annexed by the Romans ?
The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth , which was razed to the ground .	Lucius Mummius	Which Roman consul defeated the Greeks at Corinth ?
In 146 BC , the Greek peninsula , though not the islands , became a Roman protectorate .	146 BC	When did the Greek peninsula become a Roman protectorate ?
The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer ; a Roman ally until the end , its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir , and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion , willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic .	Attalus III	Who was the final king of the Attalid dynasty ?
The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer ; a Roman ally until the end , its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir , and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion , willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic .	133 BC	When did Attalus III die ?
The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer ; a Roman ally until the end , its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir , and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion , willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic .	Attalus III	Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic ?
The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC , when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome , captured Roman held Anatolia , and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor .	88 BC	In what year was the final Greek resistance ?
The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC , when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome , captured Roman held Anatolia , and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor .	Mithridates of Pontus	Who led the final Greek resistance ?
Contrarily , having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs , the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire -LRB- perhaps because it posed no threat -RRB- ; and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly , while acting as a protector of sorts , in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over -LRB- including the famous line-in-the-sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt -RRB- .	Antiochus IV Epiphanes	Who tried to invade Egypt in the famous line-in-the-sand incident ?
Eventually , instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state , absorbing much of Syria into the Roman republic .	Pompey the Great	Which Roman proconsul ablished the Seleucid rump state ?
After the defeat of Anthony and his lover , the last Ptolemaic monarch , Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium , Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom .	Cleopatra VII	Who was the last Ptolemaic monarch ?
After the defeat of Anthony and his lover , the last Ptolemaic monarch , Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium , Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom .	Battle of Actium	At what battle was Mark Anthony defeated ?
After the defeat of Anthony and his lover , the last Ptolemaic monarch , Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium , Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom .	Egypt	What region did Augustus take on as his personal fiefdom ?
The preservation of many classical and archaic works of art and literature -LRB- including the works of the three great classical tragedians , Aeschylus , Sophocles , and Euripides -RRB- are due to the efforts of the Hellenistic Greeks .	Hellenistic Greeks	Who is most responsible for the preservation of Hellenistic culture ?
The museum and library of Alexandria was the center of this conservationist activity .	Alexandria	What museum and ilbrary was the center of Hellenistic culture conservation ?
Most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period studied at Alexandria and conducted research there .	Alexandria	Where did most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period study ?
Athens retained its position as the most prestigious seat of higher education , especially in the domains of philosophy and rhetoric , with considerable libraries and philosophical schools .	Athens	Which city held the most prestigious seat of higher education ?
Alexandria had the monumental Museum -LRB- i.e. research center -RRB- and Library of Alexandria which was estimated to have had 700,000 volumes .	Library of Alexandria	What library was estimated to have 700,000 volumes ?
The city of Pergamon also had a large library and became a major center of book production .	Pergamon	Which city became a major center of book production ?
The island of Rhodes had a library and also boasted a famous finishing school for politics and diplomacy .	Rhodes	What island has a famous finishing school for diplomacy and politics ?
Seleucia replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris .	Seleucia	What replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris ?
The language of Philip II 's and Alexander 's court and army -LRB- which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples -RRB- was a version of Attic Greek , and over time this language developed into Koine , the lingua franca of the successor states .	Attic Greek	Philip II and Alexander 's court army spoke a version of what language ?
The language of Philip II 's and Alexander 's court and army -LRB- which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples -RRB- was a version of Attic Greek , and over time this language developed into Koine , the lingua franca of the successor states .	Koine	Attic Greek developed into what lingua franca ?
Settlements such as Ai-Khanoum , situated on trade routes , allowed Greek culture to mix and spread .	trade	Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes ?
The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities , a practice termed ` Interpretatio graeca ' , facilitated the building of Greek-style temples , and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings such as gymnasia and theaters became common .	Interpretatio graeca	The practice of identifying local gods with Greek deities is called what ?
An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is Plutarch 's story of the death of Crassus , in which his head was taken to the Parthian court and used as a prop in a performance of The Bacchae .	Plutarch	Who wrote the story of Crassus ?
An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is Plutarch 's story of the death of Crassus , in which his head was taken to the Parthian court and used as a prop in a performance of The Bacchae .	The Bacchae	Crassus ' head is used a prop in what performance ?
Theaters have also been found : for example , in Ai-Khanoum on the edge of Bactria , the theater has 35 rows -- larger than the theater in Babylon .	Ai-Khanoum	A 35 row theater at the edge of Bactria was found in what region ?
It seems likely that Alexander himself pursued policies which led Hellenization , such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies .	Alexander	Who led Hellenization practices by founding new Greek cities and colonies ?
Alexander also seems to have attempted to create a mixed Greco-Persian elite class as shown by the Susa weddings and his adoption of some forms of Persian dress and court culture .	Persian	Susa weddings were an example of how Alexander mixed Greek culture with what other culture ?
This approach was bitterly resented by the Macedonians and discarded by most of the Diadochi after Alexander 's death .	the Macedonians	Who bitterly resented Alexander 's pragmatic approach of selecting his military ?
These policies can also be interpreted as the result of Alexander 's possible megalomania during his later years .	megalomania	Alexander suffered from what mental disorder ?
Most of the native population was not Hellenized , had little access to Greek culture and often found themselves discriminated against by their Hellenic overlords .	Greek	Native populations in the Hellenistic world were discriminated by what peoples ?
Gymnasiums and their Greek education , for example , were for Greeks only .	Greeks	Hellinistic Gymnasiums could only be used by whom ?
The degree of influence that Greek culture had throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms was therefore highly localized and based mostly on a few great cities like Alexandria and Antioch .	highly localized	What are the areas of concentration from where Greek culture eminates ?
In the Seleucid empire for example , this group amounted to only 2.5 percent of the official class .	2.5	What percent of the Seleucid empire were comprised of native elites ?
The Indo-Greek kingdom , we find kings who were converts to Buddhism -LRB- e.g. Menander -RRB- .	Buddhism	Menander converted to what religion ?
In the Ptolemaic kingdom , we find some Egyptianized Greeks by the 2nd century onwards .	2nd	Egyptianized Greeks in the Ptolemaic kingdom started to exist by which century ?
The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become ` localized ' , adopting local customs as appropriate .	customs	Greeks adopted what from local cultures ?
The farther away from the Mediterranean and the lower in social status , the more likely that a colonist was to adopt local ways , while the Greco-Macedonian elites and Royal families , usually remained thoroughly Greek and viewed most non-Greeks with disdain .	adopt local ways	A colonist far from the Mediterranean and low in social rank would be more likely to do what ?
The farther away from the Mediterranean and the lower in social status , the more likely that a colonist was to adopt local ways , while the Greco-Macedonian elites and Royal families , usually remained thoroughly Greek and viewed most non-Greeks with disdain .	Greek	Greco-Macedonian elites remained commited to what culture ?
The farther away from the Mediterranean and the lower in social status , the more likely that a colonist was to adopt local ways , while the Greco-Macedonian elites and Royal families , usually remained thoroughly Greek and viewed most non-Greeks with disdain .	non-Greeks	Who did Greeks look down upon ?
It is only until Cleopatra VII , that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the Egyptian language of their subjects .	Cleopatra VII	Who was the first Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language ?
This varied greatly on location , Athens , Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods -LRB- with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens -RRB- , while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices , including Egyptian , Jewish and Greek .	Isis	What Egyptian god was worshipped in Athens ?
A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon , Aphrodite Hagne -LRB- a Hellenized Atargatis -RRB- and Isis-Demeter .	Hagne	Aphrodite was paired with which local god ?
The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period , most notably in Egypt , where the Ptolemies adopted earlier Pharaonic practice , and established themselves as god-kings .	Pharaonic	What practice did the Ptolemies adopt in which they dubbed themselves god-kings ?
The setting up of ruler cults was more based on the systematized honors offered to the kings -LRB- sacrifice , proskynesis , statues , altars , hymns -RRB- which put them on par with the gods -LRB- isotheism -RRB- than on actual belief of their divine nature .	isotheism	What theism is practice of putting your self on the level of gods ?
The worship of Alexander was also popular , as in the long lived cult at Erythrae and of course , at Alexandria , where his tomb was located .	Alexander	A long lived cult in Erythrae worshiped which dead leader ?
The worship of Alexander was also popular , as in the long lived cult at Erythrae and of course , at Alexandria , where his tomb was located .	Alexandria	Where was Alexander 's tomb located ?
The Hellenistic age also saw a rise in the disillusionment with traditional religion .	traditional	The Hellinistic age marked the rise in what type of religion ?
The Sophists proclaimed the centrality of humanity and agnosticism ; the belief in Euhemerism -LRB- the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes -RRB- , became popular .	Sophists	Who declared the centrality of humanity and agnosticism ?
The Sophists proclaimed the centrality of humanity and agnosticism ; the belief in Euhemerism -LRB- the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes -RRB- , became popular .	Euhemerism	What is the view `` that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes '' called ?
The popular philosopher Epicurus promoted a view of disinterested gods living far away from the human realm in metakosmia .	Epicurus	Who thought that gods were distant and uninterested ?
The apotheosis of rulers also brought the idea of divinity down to earth .	down to earth	Rulers brought the concept of divinity to where ?
Throughout the Hellenistic world , people would consult oracles , and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells .	charms	How would people ward off misfortune in Hellenistic times ?
Also developed in this era was the complex system of astrology , which sought to determine a person 's character and future in the movements of the sun , moon , and planets .	astrology	What is the complex system based on the sun , moon , and planets movements that determine your personality ?
Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche -LRB- luck , fortune -RRB- , which grew in popularity during this period .	Tyche	Astrology was associated with which cult ?
Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche -LRB- luck , fortune -RRB- , which grew in popularity during this period .	luck	What does Tyche mean ?
Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche -LRB- luck , fortune -RRB- , which grew in popularity during this period .	grew	What was the trajectory of Astrology during Hellenistic times ?
The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , the only few surviving representative texts being those of Menander -LRB- born 342/1 BCE -RRB- .	New Comedy	Menander is one of the few remaining pieces of what time of liteary work ?
Only one play , Dyskolos , survives in its entirety .	Dyskolos	What is the only play that remains in it 's entirety from the New Comedy era ?
The Supplementum Hellenisticum , a modern collection of extant fragments , contains the fragments of 150 authors .	The Supplementum Hellenisticum	What is the name of the collection that holds fragments of works from 150 authors ?
The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , the only few surviving representative texts being those of Menander -LRB- born 342/1 BCE -RRB- .	342/1 BCE	What two years are debated as the date in which Menander was born ?
Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings , and wrote works in their honor .	kings	Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court ?
The poet-critic Callimachus , a staunch elitist , wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo .	Callimachus	Who wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo ?
The poet-critic Callimachus , a staunch elitist , wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo .	Callimachus	Who said `` Big book , big evil '' ?
He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria , the famous Pinakes .	Pinakes	What was the name of Callimachus ' catalog at the library of Alexandria ?
Another poet , Apollonius of Rhodes , attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica .	Apollonius of Rhodes	Who wrote Argonautica ?
Athens , with its multiple philosophical schools , continued to remain the center of philosophical thought .	Athens	What city remained the center of philosophical thought ?
In this political climate , Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia -LRB- un-disturbedness -RRB- , autarky -LRB- self-sufficiency -RRB- and apatheia -LRB- freedom from suffering -RRB- , which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune .	un-disturbedness	What does ataraxia mean ?
In this political climate , Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia -LRB- un-disturbedness -RRB- , autarky -LRB- self-sufficiency -RRB- and apatheia -LRB- freedom from suffering -RRB- , which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune .	self-sufficiency	What does autarky mean ?
In this political climate , Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia -LRB- un-disturbedness -RRB- , autarky -LRB- self-sufficiency -RRB- and apatheia -LRB- freedom from suffering -RRB- , which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune .	freedom from suffering	What does apatheia mean ?
Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal .	Epicurus	Who promoted freedom from pain as the ultimate goal ?
Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions -LRB- nomos -RRB- as unnatural and useless .	Diogenes of Sinope	Who said social norms and material possesions were unnatural and useless ?
The Cyrenaics meanwhile , embraced hedonism , arguing that pleasure was the only true good .	Cyrenaics	Which group embraced hedonism ?
Stoicism , founded by Zeno of Citium , taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos .	Zeno of Citium	Who founded Stoicism ?
The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon -LRB- c. 90 BCE -RRB- in favor of Neoplatonism .	Antiochus of Ascalon	Who rejected Academic Skepticism in favor of Neoplatonism ?
Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways : first , it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world ; secondly , to some extent , it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander 's successors .	Hellenistic	The Royal patrons of Alexander 's successors supported what type of science ?
Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt , which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC .	Alexandria	What city was especially important to Hellinistic science ?
Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt , which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC .	3rd	What century did Alexandria become scientific research hub ?
Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes -LRB- c. 287 -- 212 BC -RRB- , Apollonius of Perga -LRB- c. 262 -- c. 190 BC -RRB- , and Euclid -LRB- c. 325 -- 265 BC -RRB- , whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century , built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans .	212 BC	When did Archimedes die ?
Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes -LRB- c. 287 -- 212 BC -RRB- , Apollonius of Perga -LRB- c. 262 -- c. 190 BC -RRB- , and Euclid -LRB- c. 325 -- 265 BC -RRB- , whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century , built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans .	325	When was Euclid born ?
Euclid developed proofs for the Pythagorean Theorem , for the infinitude of primes , and worked on the ﬁve Platonic solids .	Euclid	Who worked on the five Platonic solids ?
Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth .	Eratosthenes	Who measured the circumference of the Earth ?
Known as the `` Father of Geography '' , Eratosthenes also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians , based on the available geographical knowledge of the era .	Eratosthenes	Who was the Father of Geomtery ?
Astronomers like Hipparchus -LRB- c. 190 -- c. 120 BC -RRB- built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him , to measure the precession of the Earth .	190	When was Hipparchus born ?
Astronomers like Hipparchus -LRB- c. 190 -- c. 120 BC -RRB- built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him , to measure the precession of the Earth .	Earth	Hipparchus measured the precession of what ?
Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star -LRB- it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet -RRB- and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars , so that other new stars could be discovered .	Pliny	Who stated that Hipparchus created the first systematic star map ?
It has recently been claimed that a celestial globe based on Hipparchus 's star catalog sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd-century Roman statue known as the Farnese Atlas .	Farnese Atlas	Hipparchus ' star may be depicted in a statue called what ?
Another astronomer , Aristarchos of Samos developed a heliocentric system .	Aristarchos of Samos	Whch astronomer developed a heliocentric system ?
The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism -LRB- 150 -- 100 BC -RRB- .	Antikythera mechanism	What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon ?
Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century , when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar , Al-Biruni .	10th	Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found ?
Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century , when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar , Al-Biruni .	Al-Biruni	What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism ?
The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism -LRB- 150 -- 100 BC -RRB- .	150–100 BC	What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created ?
Medicine , which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition , saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos , who theorized that blood traveled through the veins .	Praxagoras of Kos	Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins ?
Herophilos -LRB- 335 -- 280 BC -RRB- was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body , animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system , liver and other key organs .	Herophilos	Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers ?
250 -RRB- , a student of Herophilos , a new medical sect emerged , the Empiric school , which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school .	Empiric	Which school of medicine was based on strict observation ?
Herophilos -LRB- 335 -- 280 BC -RRB- was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body , animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system , liver and other key organs .	Herophilos	Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system ?
Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon , particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx , a dense formation of pikemen , in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry .	Macedonian Phalanx	Philip II used a dense military formation called what ?
Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries -LRB- misthophoroi ; men-for-pay -RRB- and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians , Galatians , Egyptians and Iranians .	larger	Were Hellenistic armies smaller or larger than traditional Greek armies ?
This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword .	Thureos	The Thorakitai used what type of oval shield ?
Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire , and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus .	Mauryan empire	From whom did Seleucus receive war elephants ?
The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant .	African elephant	What kind of elephant did the Ptolemies use ?
The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity .	Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres	What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity ?
An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult -LRB- ca. 360 -RRB- and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista , the Polybolos .	Dionysios of Alexandria	Who invented the Polybolos ?
An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult -LRB- ca. 360 -RRB- and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista , the Polybolos .	ballista	What type of weapon is the Polybolos ?
Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns , especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis , filled with artillery .	160 ton	Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower ?
Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns , especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis , filled with artillery .	12-month	How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes ?
Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic , perfected , calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion -LRB- pathos -RRB- and character -LRB- ethos -RRB- .	pathos	Emotion is called what in Hellenistic art ?
Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic , perfected , calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion -LRB- pathos -RRB- and character -LRB- ethos -RRB- .	ethos	Character is called what in Hellenistic art ?
The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art -LRB- aletheia -RRB- is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis , who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them .	Zeuxis	Who is the artist that drew grapes so lifelike , birds flew up and pecked at them ?
The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion .	passion	The ideals of Hellenistic art are sensuality and what ?
The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic -LRB- e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa 's Pothos -RRB- .	Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles	What painting epitomized the female nude ?
Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings .	Peiraikos	Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects ?
Even barbarians , such as the Galatians , were depicted in heroic form , prefiguring the artistic theme of the noble savage .	Galatians	Which barbarians were depicted in heroic form ?
The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme , and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander 's youthful look .	Alexander the Great	All of the diadochi painted themselves to look like what leader ?
A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to the Hellenistic period , including Laocoön and his Sons , Venus de Milo , and the Winged Victory of Samothrace .	Hellenistic	Venus de Milo belongs to which period ?
Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting .	Zeuxis	Which Greek painter experimented in chiaroscuro ?
Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones , such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus , the temple of Artemis at Sardis , and the temple of Apollo at Didyma -LRB- rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BCE -RRB- .	larger	Were Greek temples built in the Hellenistic period larger or smaller than classical temples ?
Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones , such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus , the temple of Artemis at Sardis , and the temple of Apollo at Didyma -LRB- rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BCE -RRB- .	Seleucus	Who rebuilt the Apollo at Didyma in 300 BCE ?
The royal palace -LRB- basileion -RRB- also came into its own during the Hellenistic period , the first extant example being the massive fourth-century villa of Cassander at Vergina .	basileion	What is a Greek royal palace called ?
The royal palace -LRB- basileion -RRB- also came into its own during the Hellenistic period , the first extant example being the massive fourth-century villa of Cassander at Vergina .	villa of Cassander at Vergina	What is the first example of Hellenistic period royal palace ?
Pliny the Elder , after having described the sculpture of the classical period says : Cessavit deinde ars -LRB- `` then art disappeared '' -RRB- .	Pliny the Elder	Who said `` then art dissapeared '' ?
The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries , such as the tombs of Vergina , allow a better appreciation of this period 's artistic richness .	Vergina	The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art ?
There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style , following of the Golden Age of Classical Athens .	Golden Age of Classical Athens	Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style period ?
The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied , to the art of this complex and individual period .	18th	What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from ?
Many 19th century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece .	19th	What century of scholars considered the Hellenistic period a decline in culture from classic Greece ?
The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods ; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living .	a mirror	How did 19th century scholars view the Hellenistic period ?
Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless , it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again .	unfair	The viewpoint that the Hellenistic period represented a decline in culture was proven to be meaningless and what ?
However , William Woodthorpe Tarn , between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations , focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule .	William Woodthorpe Tarn	Who focused on the issue of racial and cultural confrontation ?
Michael Rostovtzeff , who fled the Russian Revolution , concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule .	Russian Revolution	Which organization did Michael Rostovtzeff flee from ?
Arnaldo Momigliano , an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War , studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas .	Arnaldo Momigliano	Who studied the problem mutual understanding between races in conquered areas ?
Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s , while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period , focusing mainly on class relations .	class	Frank William Walbank mainly focused on which relations in his depictions of Hellinistic culture ?
Recently , however , papyrologist C. Préaux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system , interactions between kings and cities and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period .	C. Préaux	Whish Hellinistic historian focused primarely on the economic system ?
As Napoleon I , he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 , and again in 1815 .	the French	Napoleon spent ten years as emperor of what people ?
He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles , building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815 .	1815	When did Napoleon 's empire collapse ?
Often considered one of the greatest commanders in history , his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide .	military schools	Where are Napoleon 's campaigns still studied today ?
In civil affairs , Napoleon had a major long-term impact by bringing liberal reforms to the territories that he conquered , especially the Low Countries , Switzerland , and large parts of modern Italy and Germany .	liberal reforms	What did Napoleon bring civilly to his territories ?
-LSB- note 1 -RSB- His lasting legal achievement , the Napoleonic Code , has been adopted in various forms by a quarter of the world 's legal systems , from Japan to Quebec .	the Napoleonic Code	What is Napoleon 's legal achievement , still reaching a quarter of the world 's legal systems ?
Napoléon Bonaparte -LRB- / nəˈpoʊliən , - ˈpoʊljən / ; French : -LSB- napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt -RSB- , born Napoleone di Buonaparte ; 15 August 1769 -- 5 May 1821 -RRB- was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars .	15 August 1769	When was Napoleon Bonaparte born ?
Napoléon Bonaparte -LRB- / nəˈpoʊliən , - ˈpoʊljən / ; French : -LSB- napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt -RSB- , born Napoleone di Buonaparte ; 15 August 1769 -- 5 May 1821 -RRB- was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars .	5 May 1821	When did Napoleon Bonaparte die ?
Napoléon Bonaparte -LRB- / nəˈpoʊliən , - ˈpoʊljən / ; French : -LSB- napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt -RSB- , born Napoleone di Buonaparte ; 15 August 1769 -- 5 May 1821 -RRB- was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars .	French	What was Napoleon Bonaparte 's nationality ?
Napoléon Bonaparte -LRB- / nəˈpoʊliən , - ˈpoʊljən / ; French : -LSB- napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt -RSB- , born Napoleone di Buonaparte ; 15 August 1769 -- 5 May 1821 -RRB- was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars .	the French Revolution	During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence ?
He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles , building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815 .	1815	When did Napoleon Bonaparte 's empire finally collapse ?
Napoleon was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of noble Tuscan ancestry .	Tuscan	Of what ancestry was Napoleon ?
Two years later , he saved the French government from collapse by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons .	by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons	How did Napoleon save the French government in 1795 ?
The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26 , when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies , scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe .	26	How old was Napoleon when he was given command of the Army of Italy ?
He followed the defeat of the Allies in Europe by commanding a military expedition to Egypt in 1798 , invading and occupying the Ottoman province after defeating the Mamelukes and launching modern Egyptology through the discoveries made by his army .	Egypt	Where did Napoleon lead his troops in 1798 ?
The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26 , when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies , scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe .	the Austrians	Against whom was Napoleon 's first military campaign waged ?
Napoleon was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of noble Tuscan ancestry .	Corsica	Where was Napoleon born ?
Napoleon supported the French Revolution from the outset in 1789 while serving in the French army , and he tried to spread its ideals to Corsica but was banished from the island in 1793 .	1793	When was Napoleon banished from Corsica ?
The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26 , when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies , scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe .	26	At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy ?
The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26 , when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies , scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe .	the Austrians and their Italian allies	Who did Napoleon fight his first military campaign against ?
He followed the defeat of the Allies in Europe by commanding a military expedition to Egypt in 1798 , invading and occupying the Ottoman province after defeating the Mamelukes and launching modern Egyptology through the discoveries made by his army .	1798	When did Napoleon command his military expedition to Egypt ?
After returning from Egypt , Napoleon engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic .	November 1799	When did Napoleon engineer a coup ?
Another victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo in 1800 secured his political power .	Battle of Marengo	What victory in 1800 secured Napoleon 's political power ?
With the Concordat of 1801 , Napoleon restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church while keeping the lands seized by the Revolution .	Concordat of 1801	What document restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church ?
He extended his political control over France until the Senate declared him Emperor of the French in 1804 , launching the French Empire .	1804	When was Napoleon named Emperor of the French ?
Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph at the Battle of Austerlitz , which led to the elimination of the Holy Roman Empire .	Holy Roman Empire	What did Napoleon eliminate in October 1805 ?
Another victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo in 1800 secured his political power .	the Battle of Marengo	Napoleon 's political power was secured by his victory at which 1800 battle ?
With the Concordat of 1801 , Napoleon restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church while keeping the lands seized by the Revolution .	the Catholic Church	At the Concordat of 1801 , Napoleon restored the religious privileges of what entity ?
He extended his political control over France until the Senate declared him Emperor of the French in 1804 , launching the French Empire .	1804	When did the French Senate declare Napoleon Emperor ?
Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph at the Battle of Austerlitz , which led to the elimination of the Holy Roman Empire .	the Battle of Austerlitz	Napoleon 's victory at which battle led to the end of the Holy Roman Empire ?
In October 1805 , however , a Franco-Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Trafalgar , allowing Britain to impose a naval blockade of the French coasts .	the Battle of Trafalgar	The results of which battle allowed the British to blockade French coasts ?
Hoping to extend the Continental System , Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808 .	Iberia	What country did Napoleon invade to extend the Continental System ?
The Peninsular War lasted six years , noted for its brutal guerrilla warfare , and culminated in an Allied victory .	six years	How long did the Peninsular War last ?
Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of Wagram , dissolving the Fifth Coalition formed against France .	Battle of Wagram	With what victory did Napoleon dissolve the Fifth Coalition against France ?
By 1811 , Napoleon ruled over 70 million people across an empire that had domination in Europe , which had not witnessed this level of political consolidation since the days of the Roman Empire .	over 70 million	How many people did Napoleon rule by 1811 ?
By 1811 , Napoleon ruled over 70 million people across an empire that had domination in Europe , which had not witnessed this level of political consolidation since the days of the Roman Empire .	the Roman Empire	When , before Napoleon , had Europe last seen the same level of political consolidation ?
Hoping to extend the Continental System , Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808 .	Iberia	What region did Napoleon invade in an effort to extend the Continental System ?
Hoping to extend the Continental System , Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808 .	his brother Joseph	Who did Napoleon declare King of Spain in 1808 ?
Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of Wagram , dissolving the Fifth Coalition formed against France .	the Battle of Wagram	Napoleon 's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition ?
By 1811 , Napoleon ruled over 70 million people across an empire that had domination in Europe , which had not witnessed this level of political consolidation since the days of the Roman Empire .	over 70 million people	By 1811 , what was the population of Napoleon 's Empire ?
To enforce his blockade , Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812 .	Russia	What nation did Napoleon invade in 1812 to enforce his blockade ?
The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic collapse of the Grand Army , forcing the French to retreat , as well as leading to the widespread destruction of Russian lands and cities .	the Grand Army	The 1812 invasion of Russia resulted in the collapse of which military unit ?
In 1813 , Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France .	1813	In what year was the Sixth Coalition formed ?
In 1813 , Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France .	Prussia and Austria	In addition to Russia , the Sixth Coalition consisted of forces from which two nations ?
The next year , the Allies invaded France and captured Paris , forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814 .	1814	In what year did the Allies capture Paris and force Napoleon 's abdication ?
Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769 , to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino , in his family 's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio , the capital of the island of Corsica .	Carlo Maria di Buonaparte	Who was Napoleon 's father ?
Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769 , to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino , in his family 's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio , the capital of the island of Corsica .	Maria Letizia Ramolino	Who was Napoleon 's mother ?
Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769 , to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino , in his family 's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio , the capital of the island of Corsica .	Corsica	On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located ?
Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769 , to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino , in his family 's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio , the capital of the island of Corsica .	Casa Buonaparte	What was the name of Napoleon 's family home ?
He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte , probably named after an uncle -LRB- an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone -RRB- .	an uncle	Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation ?
In January 1779 , he was enrolled at a religious school in Autun .	January 1779	When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun ?
In May , he was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Château .	Brienne-le-Château	Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located ?
His first language was Corsican , and he always spoke French with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell French properly .	Corsican	What was Napoleon 's first language ?
He was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading .	his accent	Why did other students often tease Napoleon ?
An examiner observed that Napoleon `` has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics .	mathematics	According to a school examiner , Napoleon was best at which academic subject ?
Upon graduating in September 1785 , Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment .	September 1785	When did Napoleon graduate ?
Upon graduating in September 1785 , Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment .	second lieutenant	What commission did Napoleon receive upon his graduation ?
Upon graduating in September 1785 , Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment .	La Fère artillery regiment	What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation ?
At this time , he was a fervent Corsican nationalist , and wrote to Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789 , `` As the nation was perishing I was born .	Pasquale Paoli	What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments ?
-LSB- note 4 -RSB- He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789 , and took nearly two years ' leave in Corsica and Paris during this period .	1789	When did the Revolution begin ?
Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794 , but Napoleon 's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs .	Nice	Where was Napoleon put under house arrest ?
Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794 , but Napoleon 's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs .	the Thermidorian Reaction	What historical event brought about the fall of the Robespierres ?
Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794 , but Napoleon 's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs .	July 1794	When did the Thermidorian Reaction take place ?
According to Bourrienne , jealousy was responsible , between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy -LRB- with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time -RRB- .	the Army of Italy	At the time of his house arrest , Napoleon was serving with what military entity ?
Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defense in a letter to the commissar Salicetti , and he was subsequently acquitted of any wrongdoing .	Salicetti	After his house arrest , who was the commissar that Napoleon sent a letter to protesting innocence ?
By 1795 , Bonaparte had become engaged to Désirée Clary , daughter of François Clary .	Désirée Clary	Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795 ?
In April 1795 , he was assigned to the Army of the West , which was engaged in the War in the Vendée -- a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée , a region in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean .	the Army of the West	In April 1795 , what military organization was Napoleon assigned to ?
In April 1795 , he was assigned to the Army of the West , which was engaged in the War in the Vendée -- a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée , a region in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean .	the War in the Vendée	At the time of Napoleon 's assignment , what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in ?
Désirée 's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte 's elder brother Joseph .	Joseph	Which older brother of Napoleon 's did Désirée Clary 's sister Julie marry ?
As an infantry command , it was a demotion from artillery general -- for which the army already had a full quota -- and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting .	poor health	What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command ?
He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan .	Constantinople	After his move to the Committee of Public Safety , where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to ?
During this period , he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eugénie , about a soldier and his lover , in a clear parallel to Bonaparte 's own relationship with Désirée .	Clisson et Eugénie	Inspired by his own relationship , what romantic tale did Napoleon author ?
On 15 September , Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vendée campaign .	15 September	On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vendée ?
He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan .	the Bureau of Topography	In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve ?
During this period , he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eugénie , about a soldier and his lover , in a clear parallel to Bonaparte 's own relationship with Désirée .	Désirée	Napoleon 's novella `` Clisson et Eugénie '' was based on his relationship with whom ?
Two days after the marriage , Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy .	the Army of Italy	After his marriage , Napoleon left Paris to lead what army ?
In a series of rapid victories during the Montenotte Campaign , he knocked Piedmont out of the war in two weeks .	the Montenotte Campaign	In which series of battles did Napoleon eliminate the forces of Piedmont from the war ?
The decisive French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy .	January 1797	When did the French victory at Rivoli occur ?
At Rivoli , the Austrians lost up to 14,000 men while the French lost about 5,000 .	14,000	Up to how many Austrian soldiers died at Rivoli ?
At Rivoli , the Austrians lost up to 14,000 men while the French lost about 5,000 .	5,000	Around how many casualties did the French suffer at Rivoli ?
French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796 , but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon 's assault .	1796	In what year were the French defeated in Southern Germany by the Archduke Charles ?
French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796 , but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon 's assault .	Vienna	After Napoleon 's attack , the Archduke pulled back his forces to defend which city ?
In the first notable encounter between the two commanders , Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797 .	the Battle of Tarvis	What was the first noteworthy confrontation between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles ?
In the first notable encounter between the two commanders , Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797 .	March 1797	When did the Battle of Tarvis take place ?
The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben , about 100 km from Vienna , and finally decided to sue for peace .	100 km	Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna ?
If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy , he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge , swing round to fight one until it fled , then turn to face the other .	envelopment	What was Napoleon 's favorite strategy ?
In this Italian campaign , Bonaparte 's army captured 150,000 prisoners , 540 cannons , and 170 standards .	150,000	How many prisoners did Napoleon 's army capture in the Italian campaign ?
In this Italian campaign , Bonaparte 's army captured 150,000 prisoners , 540 cannons , and 170 standards .	540	How many cannons did Napoleon 's army capture in the Italian campaign ?
The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte 's tactics .	artillery	In what area did the French army display superior technology to its opponents ?
In this Italian campaign , Bonaparte 's army captured 150,000 prisoners , 540 cannons , and 170 standards .	170	How many standards did Napoleon 's army capture in the Italian campaign ?
The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator .	looting	For what action during the Italian campaign did the royalists condemn Bonaparte ?
All told , Napoleon 's forces extracted an estimated $ 45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there , another $ 12 million in precious metals and jewels ; atop that , his forces confiscated more than three-hundred priceless paintings and sculptures .	$45 million	About how much money did Napoleon 's army take from Italy during the conflict there ?
All told , Napoleon 's forces extracted an estimated $ 45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there , another $ 12 million in precious metals and jewels ; atop that , his forces confiscated more than three-hundred priceless paintings and sculptures .	three-hundred	Approximately how many valuable paintings and sculpture 's did Napoleon 's forces loot from Italy during the campaign there ?
Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a coup d'état and purge the royalists on 4 September -- Coup of 18 Fructidor .	Pierre Augereau	What was the name of the general sent to Paris by Napoleon to organize a coup against the royalists there ?
These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio , and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero .	the Treaty of Campo Formio	Napoleon 's peace negotiations with Austria brought about what treaty ?
General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July .	the Royal Navy	Before landing at Alexandria , Napoleon succeeded in evading what military entity ?
General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July .	1 July	On what date did Napoleon land at Alexandria ?
He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks , Egypt 's ruling military caste .	the Battle of Shubra Khit	What battle did Napoleon fight against the Mamluks ?
He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks , Egypt 's ruling military caste .	the Mamluks	What was the name of Egypt 's dominant military class ?
Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed .	2,000	Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids ?
On 1 August , the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile , defeating Bonaparte 's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean .	the Battle of the Nile	In what battle did the British fleet seize or destroy most of the French vessels in Egypt ?
On 1 August , the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile , defeating Bonaparte 's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean .	Horatio Nelson	Who led the British during the Battle of the Nile ?
In early 1799 , he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus -LRB- Syria and Galilee -RRB- .	1799	In what year did Napoleon lead his army into Damascus ?
The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal .	Jaffa	During the battles in Damascus , the attack on which city was know for its brutality ?
Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish , Gaza , Jaffa , and Haifa .	13,000	Approximately how many troops were in the army Napoleon led into Damascus ?
Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men ; 1,500 were reported missing , 1,200 died in combat , and thousands perished from disease -- mostly bubonic plague .	13,000	How many men were in Napoleon 's army when the battle began ?
Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men ; 1,500 were reported missing , 1,200 died in combat , and thousands perished from disease -- mostly bubonic plague .	1,200	How many soldiers in Napoleon 's army died in combat ?
Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men ; 1,500 were reported missing , 1,200 died in combat , and thousands perished from disease -- mostly bubonic plague .	1,500	How many soldiers from Napoleon 's army were reported missing ?
Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men ; 1,500 were reported missing , 1,200 died in combat , and thousands perished from disease -- mostly bubonic plague .	bubonic plague	What disease took the heaviest toll on Napoleon 's army ?
To speed up the retreat , Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium ; the number who died remains disputed , ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580 .	opium	To speed his retreat to Egypt , Napoleon ordered the poisoning of sick men with what substance ?
He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès , his brother Lucien , speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos , director Joseph Fouché , and Talleyrand , and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'état on 9 November 1799 -LRB- `` the 18th Brumaire '' according to the revolutionary calendar -RRB- , closing down the council of five hundred .	the Council of Five Hundred	Napoleon 's ally Roger Ducos was the speaker for what organization ?
He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès , his brother Lucien , speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos , director Joseph Fouché , and Talleyrand , and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'état on 9 November 1799 -LRB- `` the 18th Brumaire '' according to the revolutionary calendar -RRB- , closing down the council of five hundred .	9 November 1799	On what date did Napoleon 's alliance overthrow the Directory ?
He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès , his brother Lucien , speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos , director Joseph Fouché , and Talleyrand , and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'état on 9 November 1799 -LRB- `` the 18th Brumaire '' according to the revolutionary calendar -RRB- , closing down the council of five hundred .	the council of five hundred	Napoleon 's successful coup against the directory resulted in the closure of what organization ?
Napoleon became `` first consul '' for ten years , with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only .	"first consul"	After his successful coup against the Directory , what political office did Napoleon assume ?
His power was confirmed by the new `` Constitution of the Year VIII '' , originally devised by Sieyès to give Napoleon a minor role , but rewritten by Napoleon , and accepted by direct popular vote -LRB- 3,000,000 in favor , 1,567 opposed -RRB- .	3,000,000	What was the count of the popular vote in favor of the `` Constitution of the Year VIII '' ?
Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called `` dictatorship by plebiscite . ''	"dictatorship by plebiscite."	What was historian Martin Lyons ' term for the political system created by Napoleon ?
He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul , taking up residence at the Tuileries .	the Constitution of the Year VIII	What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon ?
He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul , taking up residence at the Tuileries .	the Tuileries.	After his election to First Consul , where did Napoleon take up residence ?
The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January , with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting `` yes . ''	99.94	What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon 's constitution ?
Napoleon 's brother , Lucien , had falsified the returns to show that 3 million people had participated in the plebiscite ; the real number was 1.5 million .	1.5 million	What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon 's constitution ?
In the spring of 1800 , Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy , aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt .	1800	In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy ?
The fierce resistance of this French army , under André Masséna , gave the northern striking force precious time to carry out their operations with little interference .	André Masséna	Who led the French army defending Genoa against the Austrian siege ?
After spending several days looking for each other , the two armies finally collided at the Battle of Marengo on June 14 .	June 14	What was the date of the Battle of Marengo ?
General Melas had a numerical advantage , fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops .	General Melas	Who led the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo ?
General Melas had a numerical advantage , fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops .	24,000	How many troops did Napoleon field at the Battle of Marengo ?
Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle , they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy , choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west , near or along the coastline .	the north	From what direction did Napoleon elect to invade Italy ?
Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle , they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy , choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west , near or along the coastline .	the west	What direction did French invasions of Italy normally come from ?
As Chandler points out , Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign ; in 1800 , it took him only a month to achieve the same goal .	a year	Around how long did it take Napoleon to push Austria out of Italy in his first experiences there ?
As Chandler points out , Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign ; in 1800 , it took him only a month to achieve the same goal .	a month	How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800 ?
German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that `` Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless '' while '' -LSB- attaining -RSB- the object of the campaign : the conquest of North Italy . ''	the conquest of North Italy	According to Alfred von Shlieffen , what was the object of Napoleon 's 1800 Italian campaign ?
Napoleon 's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home , but it did not lead to an immediate peace .	Marengo	Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur ?
Bonaparte 's brother , Joseph , led the complex negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria , emboldened by British support , would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired .	Lunéville	Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon 's brother take place ?
As negotiations became increasingly fractious , Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more .	Moreau	What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria ?
As a result , the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801 .	the Treaty of Lunéville	What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden ?
Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800 .	Hohenlinden	Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800 ?
After a decade of constant warfare , France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802 , bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end .	the Treaty of Amiens	What 1802 treaty between Britain and France ended the Revolutionary Wars ?
After a decade of constant warfare , France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802 , bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end .	1802	What year was the Treaty of Amiens signed ?
In a new plebiscite during the spring of 1802 , the French public came out in huge numbers to approve a constitution that made the Consulate permanent , essentially elevating Napoleon to dictator for life .	1802	In what year did French voters approve a constitution making the Consulate permanent ?
There was no secret ballot in 1802 and few people wanted to openly defy the regime ; the constitution gained approval with over 99 % of the vote .	over 99%	What percentage of the French vote approved Napoleon 's new constitution ?
The French people name , and the Senate proclaims Napoleon-Bonaparte First Consul for Life .	First Consul for Life	What position was Napoleon granted in Article 1 of the new French constitution ?
The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on the French colonies abroad .	the French colonies abroad	During the short peace in Europe , where did Napoleon turn his focus ?
Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars , with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801 .	Saint-Domingue	During the Revolutionary War , which French colony had moved towards political independence ?
Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars , with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801 .	Toussaint Louverture	Who was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue in 1801 ?
During the Revolution , the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794 .	1794	In February of what year did the national Convention vote to get rid of slavery ?
Napoleon sent an expedition under General Leclerc designed to reassert control over Sainte-Domingue .	Leclerc	What was the name of the French general who led the forces that attempted to regain control of Sainte-Domingue ?
During the Consulate , Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots , including the Conspiration des poignards -LRB- Dagger plot -RRB- in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise -LRB- also known as the Infernal Machine -RRB- two months later .	the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise	What was the name of the assassination plot against Napoleon also known as the Infernal Machine ?
During the Consulate , Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots , including the Conspiration des poignards -LRB- Dagger plot -RRB- in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise -LRB- also known as the Infernal Machine -RRB- two months later .	October 1800	When did the Conspiration des poignards take place ?
In January 1804 , his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family , the former rulers of France .	the Bourbon family	What family was supposed to have supported the January 1804 assassination plot targeting Napoleon ?
During the Consulate , Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots , including the Conspiration des poignards -LRB- Dagger plot -RRB- in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise -LRB- also known as the Infernal Machine -RRB- two months later .	Dagger plot	What was another name for the Conspiration des poignards ?
On the advice of Talleyrand , Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien , violating the sovereignty of Baden .	Baden	The kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien violated the sovereignty of what locale ?
To expand his power , Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model .	the Roman	The imperial system Napoleon created was based on what model ?
To expand his power , Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model .	assassination plots	What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system ?
He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family 's succession was entrenched in the constitution .	Bourbon	Napoleon wrote his family 's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family ?
Launching yet another referendum , Napoleon was elected as Emperor of the French by a tally exceeding 99 % .	99%	Napoleon was elected Emperor of the French by more than what percentage of voters ?
As with the Life Consulate two years earlier , this referendum produced heavy participation , bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls .	3.6 million	About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French ?
Napoleon 's coronation took place on December 2 , 1804 .	December 2, 1804	On what date did Napoleon 's coronation occur ?
Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony : a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne 's crown .	Two	How many crowns were used in Napoleon 's coronation ceremony ?
Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy , with the Iron Crown of Lombardy , at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26 , 1805 .	Italy	Other than France , what country was Napoleon crowned king of ?
Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy , with the Iron Crown of Lombardy , at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26 , 1805 .	May 26, 1805	When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy ?
Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy , with the Iron Crown of Lombardy , at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26 , 1805 .	at the Cathedral of Milan	Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy ?
Before the formation of the Third Coalition , Napoleon had assembled an invasion force , the Armée d'Angleterre , around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France .	the Armée d'Angleterre	What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition ?
Before the formation of the Third Coalition , Napoleon had assembled an invasion force , the Armée d'Angleterre , around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France .	Boulogne	Where in Northern France were the camps of the Armée d'Angleterre located ?
He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England .	England	What country was the Armée d'Angleterre intended to strike at ?
The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called La Grande Armée .	La Grande Armée.	What was the name of the later military organization that the Armée d'Angleterre formed the foundation of ?
By 1805 , the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350,000 men , who were well equipped , well trained , and led by competent officers .	350,000	How many men were in the Grande Armée by 1805 ?
Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle , so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics .	the Royal Navy	Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat ?
The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies .	the West Indies.	Napoleon 's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands ?
In the face of this attack , it was hoped , the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean , allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade .	the Western Approaches	Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where ?
However , the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805 .	the Battle of Cape Finisterre	Napoleon 's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle ?
However , the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805 .	July 1805	When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur ?
Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies , he decided to strike first and turned his army 's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine .	the Rhine	By August 1805 , Napoleon changed the primary target of his army 's efforts from the English Channel to what area ?
On 25 September , after great secrecy and feverish marching , 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of 260 km -LRB- 160 mi -RRB- .	25 September	On what date did French troops begin to cross the Rhine ?
On 25 September , after great secrecy and feverish marching , 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of 260 km -LRB- 160 mi -RRB- .	200,000	How many French troops were involved in the crossing of the Rhine ?
Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia .	Karl Mack	Who was the Austrian commander who led the army at the fortress of Ulm ?
For just 2000 French casualties , Napoleon had managed to capture a total of 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army 's rapid marching .	2000	How many casualties did the French suffer at the Battle of Ulm ?
Following the Ulm Campaign , French forces managed to capture Vienna in November .	Vienna	In November , after the Ulm Campaign , what city was captured by French forces ?
The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets , 500 cannons , and the intact bridges across the Danube .	100,000	How many muskets did the French capture in the fall of Vienna ?
The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets , 500 cannons , and the intact bridges across the Danube .	500	How many cannons did the French capture when Vienna fell ?
At the Battle of Austerlitz , in Moravia on 2 December , he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank , enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line .	2 December	When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought ?
At the Battle of Austerlitz , in Moravia on 2 December , he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank , enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line .	Moravia	In what country was the Battle of Austerlitz fought ?
The Allied disaster at Austerlitz significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the British-led war effort .	Austerlitz	The Allied defeat at what location caused Emperor Francis to doubt the chances of the war effort ?
France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after on 26 December .	the Treaty of Pressburg	What was the name of the treaty signed by France and Austria on 26 December ?
France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after on 26 December .	26 December	On what date was the Treaty of Pressburg signed ?
Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lunéville between the two powers .	Austria	The Treaty of Pressburg resulted in which country leaving the war ?
It also imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories and back to their home soil .	40 million francs	How much did the Habsburgs have to pay as a result of the Treaty of Pressburg ?
Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia , and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire .	the Middle East	Napoleon 's master plan was to establish a French presence in what part of the world ?
In February 1806 , Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor .	Selim III	In 1806 , what Ottoman ruler recognized Napoleon as Emperor ?
In February 1806 , Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor .	1806	In what year did Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognize Napoleon as Emperor ?
A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between Napoleon and the Persian Empire of Fat ′ h-Ali Shah Qajar .	Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar	Napoleon formed an alliance with the empire of which Persian ruler ?
It collapsed in 1807 , when France and Russia themselves formed an unexpected alliance .	1807	In what year did Napoleon 's Franco-Persian alliance end ?
After Austerlitz , Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 .	the Confederation of the Rhine	What is the name of the political body composed of German states established by Napoleon in 1806 ?
After Austerlitz , Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 .	1806	When was the Confederation of the Rhine formed ?
A collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe , the creation of the Confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire and significantly alarmed the Prussians .	the Holy Roman Empire	The existence of the Confederation of the Rhine brought about the end of which imperial power ?
At the insistence of his court , especially his wife Queen Louise , Frederick William III decided to challenge the French domination of Central Europe by going to war .	Frederick William III	Which Prussian ruler chose to go to war with France for control of Central Europe ?
At the insistence of his court , especially his wife Queen Louise , Frederick William III decided to challenge the French domination of Central Europe by going to war .	Queen Louise	What other royal figure strongly influenced Frederick William III 's decision to go to war with France ?
Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops , rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale .	180,000	How many troops did Napoleon use for the invasion of Prussia ?
Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army , the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force .	the Saale	What river did the French cross to engage the Prussian army ?
In a notable letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign , Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase le bataillon-carré -LRB- ` square battalion ' -RRB- .	Marshal Soult	To whom did Napoleon send a letter detailing his plans for the campaign with Prussia ?
At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt , fought on 14 October , the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties .	14 October	On what date were the battles of Jena and Auerstedt fought ?
In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the `` peak of Napoleonic warfare , '' according to historian Richard Brooks , the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers , over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons , all in a single month .	140,000	How many Prussian soldiers were captured at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt ?
Following his triumph , Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806 .	the Berlin Decree	In what 1806 proclamation did Napoleon begin to impose the Continental System ?
The Continental System , which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain , was widely violated throughout his reign .	The Continental System	What was the system Napoleon imposed though the Berlin Decree ?
Following his triumph , Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806 .	November 1806	When was the Berlin Decree issued ?
In the next few months , Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and was involved in the bloody stalemate at the Battle of Eylau in February 1807 .	1807	In what year was the Battle of Eylau ?
On 14 June , however , Napoleon finally obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the Battle of Friedland , wiping out the majority of the Russian army in a very bloody struggle .	the Battle of Friedland	In what 14 June conflict did Napoleon win a decisive victory over the Russians ?
Alexander faced pressure from his brother , Duke Constantine , to make peace with Napoleon .	Constantine	What is the name of the Duke who pressured Alexander to make peace with Napoleon ?
Given the victory he had just achieved , the French emperor offered the Russians relatively lenient terms -- demanding that Russia join the Continental System , withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldavia , and hand over the Ionian Islands to France .	the Ionian Islands	Which ocean territories did Napoleon demand Russia cede to France as part of the terms for peace ?
Wiping out half of Prussian territories from the map , Napoleon created a new kingdom of 1,100 square miles called Westphalia .	Westphalia	What was the name of the new kingdom Napoleon created from Prussian territories ?
He then appointed his young brother Jérôme as the new monarch of this kingdom .	Jérôme	What was the name of the younger brother who Napoleon appointed as the ruler of Westphalia ?
Despite these problems , the Treaties of Tilsit at last gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France , which he had not seen in over 300 days .	the Treaties of Tilsit	What was the name of the series of agreements that ended war for a time and allowed Napoleon to return to France ?
The settlements at Tilsit gave Napoleon time to organize his empire .	Tilsit	Where did the agreements that gave Napoleon time to structure his empire take place ?
One of his major objectives became enforcing the Continental System against the British .	the British	One of Napoleon 's primary goals was to enforce the Continental System against whom ?
He decided to focus his attention on the Kingdom of Portugal , which consistently violated his trade prohibitions .	the Kingdom of Portugal	Napoleon chose to focus his attention on which country that flouted his trade restrictions ?
After defeat in the War of the Oranges in 1801 , Portugal adopted a double-sided policy .	1801	In what year did Portugal experience defeat in the War of the Oranges ?
The situation changed dramatically after the Franco-Spanish defeat at Trafalgar ; John grew bolder and officially resumed diplomatic and trade relations with Britain .	Britain	After the Franco-Spanish loss at Trafalgar , John VI resumed relations with what nation ?
On 17 October 1807 , 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish cooperation and headed towards Portugal to enforce Napoleon 's orders .	17 October 1807	When did Napoleon 's invasion of Portugal begin ?
On 17 October 1807 , 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish cooperation and headed towards Portugal to enforce Napoleon 's orders .	24,000	How many troops did Napoleon send to begin the invasion of Portugal ?
On 17 October 1807 , 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish cooperation and headed towards Portugal to enforce Napoleon 's orders .	General Junot	Who did Napoleon select to lead the troops sent to invade Portugal ?
This attack was the first step in what would eventually become the Peninsular War , a six-year struggle that significantly sapped French strength .	the Peninsular War	The invasion of Portugal was the beginning of what six-year conflict ?
Marshal Murat led 120,000 troops into Spain and the French arrived in Madrid on 24 March , where wild riots against the occupation erupted just a few weeks later .	120,000	How many troops did Marshal Murat lead into Spain ?
At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808 , Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria .	the Congress of Erfurt	At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts ?
At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808 , Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria .	1808	In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held ?
The two sides reached an agreement , the Erfurt Convention , that called upon Britain to cease its war against France , that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden , and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria `` to the best of its ability . ''	France	The Erfurt Convention insisted that Britain stop war against which nation ?
The two sides reached an agreement , the Erfurt Convention , that called upon Britain to cease its war against France , that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden , and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria `` to the best of its ability . ''	Finland	The Erfurt Convention recognized the Russian takeover of which formerly Swedish possession ?
The British were swiftly driven to the coast , and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809 .	January 1809	When was the Battle of Corunna fought ?
Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe , but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence .	the Austrians	Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom ?
Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War , the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations .	300,000	Approximately how many French troops were kept in Iberia during the Peninsular War ?
The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain , largely absent from the French campaigns in Central Europe , severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication .	Spain	During the Peninsular War , in what country did guerrilla warfare frequently occur ?
By 1814 , after scores of battles and sieges throughout Iberia , the Allies had managed to push the French out of the peninsula .	1814	By what year did the Allies force the French out of the Iberian peninsula ?
After the invasion of Russia in 1812 , the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe .	1812	In what year did the invasion of Russia take place ?
Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians , but reneged before conflict began .	Frederick William	Who was the Prussian ruler who at first claimed he would help Austria in its battle with France , but later refused to ?
A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized .	1809	The finance minister of Austria predicted that if the country kept its large army mobilized , the national treasury would be bankrupt by the middle of what year ?
Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon , a stance that landed him in the so-called `` peace party , '' he did not want to see the army demobilized either .	Charles	Which Archduke warned that Austria was n't prepared for an additional conflict with Napoleon ?
On 8 February 1809 , the advocates for war finally succeeded when the Imperial Government secretly decided on another confrontation against the French .	8 February 1809	On what date did the Austrian government secretly decide on going to war with France ?
In the early morning of 10 April , leading elements of the Austrian army crossed the Inn River and invaded Bavaria .	10 April	On what date did the Austrian army first cross the Inn River ?
The early Austrian attack surprised the French ; Napoleon himself was still in Paris when he heard about the invasion .	Paris	Where was Napoleon when he received news of an Austrian invasion ?
He arrived at Donauwörth on the 17th to find the Grande Armée in a dangerous position , with its two wings separated by 75 miles -LRB- 121 km -RRB- and joined together by a thin cordon of Bavarian troops .	75 miles (121 km)	When Napoleon reached Donauwörth , how much distance were the wings of the Grande Armée separated by ?
In response , Napoleon came up with a plan to cut off the Austrians in the celebrated Landshut Maneuver .	Landshut Maneuver	What was the name of the plan Napoleon devised to cut off the Austrians during battle ?
The French scored a convincing win in the resulting Battle of Eckmühl , forcing Charles to withdraw his forces over the Danube and into Bohemia .	Battle of Eckmühl	What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia ?
By 17 May , the main Austrian army under Charles had arrived on the Marchfeld .	17 May	On what date did the main Austrian army arrive at the Marchfield ?
By 17 May , the main Austrian army under Charles had arrived on the Marchfeld .	Charles	Who led the main Austrian army ?
On 21 May , the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube , precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling .	21 May	On what date did French forces make their first significant attempt to cross the Danube ?
The Austrians enjoyed a comfortable numerical superiority over the French throughout the battle ; on the first day , Charles disposed of 110,000 soldiers against only 31,000 commanded by Napoleon .	110,000	How many soldiers did Charles initially lead against the French at the Battle of Aspern-Essling ?
Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other .	23,000	Around how many casualties did the French experience at the Battle of Aspern-Essling ?
After the setback at Aspern-Essling , Napoleon took more than six weeks in planning and preparing for contingencies before he made another attempt at crossing the Danube .	six weeks	Approximately how long did Napoleon take to prepare another Danube crossing after his defeat at Aspern-Essling ?
From 30 June to the early days of July , the French recrossed the Danube in strength , with more than 180,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians .	30 June	On what date did the French begin the re-crossing of the Danube ?
From 30 June to the early days of July , the French recrossed the Danube in strength , with more than 180,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians .	180,000	Approximately how many French troops met Charles at the Battle of Wagram ?
Charles received the French with 150,000 of his own men .	150,000	How many Austrian troops did Charles lead at the Battle of Wagram ?
In the ensuing Battle of Wagram , which also lasted two days , Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then .	two days	How long did the Battle of Wagram last ?
In the Kingdom of Holland , the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians .	the Walcheren Campaign	What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war ?
In the Kingdom of Holland , the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians .	the Austrians	The Walcheren Campaign was intended to relieve the military pressure on whom ?
The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July , by which point the Austrians had already been defeated .	30 July	On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren ?
The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed `` Walcheren Fever . ''	"Walcheren Fever."	What was the popular name of the disease that caused many casualties during the Walcheren Campaign ?
Over 4000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign , and the rest withdrew in December 1809 .	December 1809	When did the British withdraw from Walcheren ?
The resulting Treaty of Schönbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory .	October 1809	When was the Treaty of Schönbrunn signed ?
Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal , and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers .	the Habsburg Empire	The goal of Metternich and Archduke Charles regarding the Treaty of Schönbrunn was to attempt the preservation of what ?
Nevertheless , while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm , France received Carinthia , Carniola , and the Adriatic ports , while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians .	Galicia	In the Treaty of Schönbrunn , what territory was given to the Poles ?
Nevertheless , while most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm , France received Carinthia , Carniola , and the Adriatic ports , while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians .	the Bavarians	In the Treaty of Schönbrunn , who received the Salzburg area of the Tyrol ?
Austria lost over three million subjects , about one-fifth of her total population , as a result of these territorial changes .	three million	Approximately how many subjects did Austria lose as the result of the changes brought about by the Treaty of Schönbrunn ?
Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war .	domestic affairs	After the war , what did Napoleon focus on ?
Desperate for a legitimate heir , Napoleon divorced Joséphine in January 1810 and started looking for a new wife .	January 1810	When did Napoleon divorce Josephine ?
Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection , Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise , who was 18 years old at the time .	Archduchess Marie Louise	After his divorce from Josephine , who did Napoleon marry ?
Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection , Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise , who was 18 years old at the time .	18	How old was Archduchess Marie Louise when she married Napoleon ?
On 20 March 1811 , Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy , whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of King of Rome .	20 March 1811	When did Marie Louise give birth ?
In 1808 , Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance .	the Congress of Erfurt	What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808 ?
In 1808 , Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance .	1808	In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place ?
The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807 .	Tilsit	Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet ?
The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807 .	1807	In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet ?
A major strain on the relationship between the two nations became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians , which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain .	the Continental System	Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France ?
In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots , Napoleon termed the war the Second Polish War -- the First Polish War had been the Bar Confederation uprising by Polish nobles against Russia in 1768 .	the Second Polish War	What did Napoleon name the war with Russia in an effort to garner support from Poland ?
In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots , Napoleon termed the war the Second Polish War -- the First Polish War had been the Bar Confederation uprising by Polish nobles against Russia in 1768 .	the First Polish War	What was the name of the 1768 war that involved the Bar Confederation uprising against Russia ?
Polish patriots wanted the Russian part of Poland to be joined with the Duchy of Warsaw and an independent Poland created .	the Duchy of Warsaw	Polish nationalists wanted Russian territories in Poland to be joined with which national entity ?
This was rejected by Napoleon , who stated he had promised his ally Austria this would not happen .	Austria	Napoleon rejected Polish demands for an independent state because of prior promises to which ally ?
The serfs later committed atrocities against French soldiers during France 's retreat .	serfs	During France 's retreat , atrocities were committed against French soldiers by which Russian subjects ?
The Russians avoided Napoleon 's objective of a decisive engagement and instead retreated deeper into Russia .	Russia	To avoid direct fighting with Napoleon , the Russians retreated into which country ?
A brief attempt at resistance was made at Smolensk in August ; the Russians were defeated in a series of battles , and Napoleon resumed his advance .	Smolensk	Where did the Russians try to resist Napoleon and get defeated ?
A brief attempt at resistance was made at Smolensk in August ; the Russians were defeated in a series of battles , and Napoleon resumed his advance .	August	In what month were the Russians defeated at Smolensk ?
Owing to the Russian army 's scorched earth tactics , the French found it increasingly difficult to forage food for themselves and their horses .	scorched earth tactics	What methods used by the Russian army made it hard for the French to find food ?
The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September : the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead , wounded or captured , and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time .	Moscow	Outside what city did the Battle of Borodino occur ?
The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September : the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead , wounded or captured , and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time .	7 September	On what date did the Battle of Borodino take place ?
The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September : the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead , wounded or captured , and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time .	44,000	Approximately how many Russians were hurt , killed , or captured in the Battle of Borodino ?
The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September : the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead , wounded or captured , and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time .	35,000	Around how many French were killed , injured , or taken prisoner in the Battle of Borodino ?
Although the French had won , the Russian army had accepted , and withstood , the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive .	the French	Who won the Battle of Borodino ?
Napoleon entered the city , assuming its fall would end the war and Alexander would negotiate peace .	Alexander	When Napoleon entered Moscow , he expected an offer of peace from whom ?
However , on orders of the city 's governor Feodor Rostopchin , rather than capitulation , Moscow was burned .	Feodor Rostopchin	What was the name of the governor who ordered the burning of Moscow ?
After five weeks , Napoleon and his army left .	five weeks	How long did Napoleon stay in Moscow before leaving ?
In early November Napoleon got concerned about loss of control back in France after the Malet coup of 1812 .	the Malet coup	What 1812 event turned Napoleon 's attention back to France ?
His army walked through snow up to their knees and nearly 10,000 men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November alone .	10,000	Approximately how many French men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November ?
The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813 .	the Frankfurt proposals	The Allies suggested peace terms in which set of proposals ?
The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813 .	November 1813	When were the Frankfurt proposals made ?
Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France , but it would be reduced to its `` natural frontiers . ''	Emperor	The Frankfurt proposals allowed Napoleon to retain what position in France ?
Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France , but it would be reduced to its `` natural frontiers . ''	its "natural frontiers."	The Frankfurt proposals sought to reduce France to what ?
Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer ; after further victories , the terms would be harsher and harsher .	Metternich	Who told Napoleon that the Frankfurt proposals were probably the best terms the Allies would offer ?
Napoleon , expecting to win the war , delayed too long and lost this opportunity ; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer .	December	The Allies took back their offer to Napoleon in what month ?
When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals .	1814	In what year did Napoleon attempt to resume peace talks ?
When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals .	the Frankfurt proposals	Which peace initiative did Napoleon refer to when he attempted to make peace in 1814 ?
The Allies now had new , harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries , which meant the loss of Belgium .	1791	The new Allied demands for peace insisted France return to its boundaries of what year ?
The Allies now had new , harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries , which meant the loss of Belgium .	Belgium	In the new Allied peace proposal , what territory would France have been forced to surrender ?
On 1 April , Alexander addressed the Sénat conservateur .	1 April	On what date did Alexander speak to the Sénat conservateur ?
Long docile to Napoleon , under Talleyrand 's prodding it had turned against him .	Talleyrand's	The Sénat conservateur became hostile to Napoleon due to whose efforts ?
The next day , the Sénat passed the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur -LRB- `` Emperor 's Demise Act '' -RRB- , which declared Napoleon deposed .	the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur	What was the act passed by the Sénat conservateur that deposed Napoleon ?
Napoleon had advanced as far as Fontainebleau when he learned that Paris was lost .	Fontainebleau	Where had Napoleon advanced to when he received word that Paris was lost ?
When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital , his senior officers and marshals mutinied .	mutinied	What did Napoleon 's senior officers and marshals do when he suggested they march on Paris ?
In the Treaty of Fontainebleau , the Allies exiled him to Elba , an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean , 20 km -LRB- 12 mi -RRB- off the Tuscan coast .	the Treaty of Fontainebleau	In which treaty was Napoleon exiled ?
In the Treaty of Fontainebleau , the Allies exiled him to Elba , an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean , 20 km -LRB- 12 mi -RRB- off the Tuscan coast .	Elba	What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to ?
In the Treaty of Fontainebleau , the Allies exiled him to Elba , an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean , 20 km -LRB- 12 mi -RRB- off the Tuscan coast .	the Mediterranean	In what sea is Elba located ?
They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor .	Emperor	The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title ?
Its potency had weakened with age , however , and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria .	Austria	When Napoleon was exiled , where did his wife and son go for shelter ?
The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on March 7 , 1815 .	The 5th Regiment	What military unit was charged with intercepting Napoleon ?
The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on March 7 , 1815 .	March 7, 1815	On what date was Napoleon contacted by the 5th Regiment ?
The soldiers quickly responded with , `` Vive L'Empereur ! ''	"Vive L'Empereur!"	When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him , how did they respond ?
Ney , who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king , Louis XVIII , that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage , affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch .	an iron cage	Ney had told Louis XVIII that he would carry Napoleon to Paris in what kind of container ?
The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing he had little political support .	Belgium	After fleeing France , where did Louis XVIII go ?
Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him .	Paris	Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him ?
Realizing his position was untenable , he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son .	22 June	On what date did Napoleon abdicate ?
He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine 's former palace in Malmaison -LRB- on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres -LRB- 11 mi -RRB- west of Paris -RRB- .	three days	How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris ?
Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris , the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France -LRB- arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June -RRB- , with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne .	29 June	On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris ?
He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine 's former palace in Malmaison -LRB- on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres -LRB- 11 mi -RRB- west of Paris -RRB- .	Josephine	When Napoleon left Paris , he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom ?
In 1840 , Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon 's remains to France .	1840	In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon 's remains to France ?
On 15 December 1840 , a state funeral was held .	15 December 1840	On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon ?
The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées , across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme 's Chapel , where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed .	the Arc de Triomphe	At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon 's remains begin its procession ?
The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées , across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme 's Chapel , where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed .	St Jérôme's Chapel	In what building was the cupola where Napoleon 's remains were first placed located ?
In 1861 , Napoleon 's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides .	1861	In what year was Napoleon 's final tomb completed ?
In 1955 , the diaries of Napoleon 's valet , Louis Marchand , were published .	1955	When were the diaries of Napoleon 's valet published ?
In 1955 , the diaries of Napoleon 's valet , Louis Marchand , were published .	Louis Marchand	What was the name of Napoleon 's valet ?
His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death , including deliberate arsenic poisoning .	arsenic poisoning	What was the possible cause for Napoleon 's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper ?
His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death , including deliberate arsenic poisoning .	Sten Forshufvud	In 1961 , who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic ?
Forshufvud , in a 1978 book with Ben Weider , noted that Napoleon 's body was found to be remarkably well preserved when moved in 1840 .	well preserved	What condition was Napoleon 's body in when it was moved in 1840 ?
They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison .	potassium tartrate	What substance used in Napoleon 's treatment is it suggested prevented his stomach from expelling arsenic compounds ?
They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison .	his thirst	What do those who think Napoleon was poisoned cite as a symptom that would suggest this ?
According to a 2007 article , the type of arsenic found in Napoleon 's hair shafts was mineral , the most toxic , and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz , this supported the conclusion that he was murdered .	that he was murdered	According to Patrick Knize , what conclusion does the type of arsenic found in Napoleon 's hair shafts suggest ?
According to a 2007 article , the type of arsenic found in Napoleon 's hair shafts was mineral , the most toxic , and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz , this supported the conclusion that he was murdered .	2007	In what year was the article describing the type of arsenic found in Napoleon 's hair published ?
-LSB- note 7 -RSB- Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning , and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death .	arsenic poisoning	Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon 's death ?
-LSB- note 7 -RSB- Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning , and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death .	peptic ulcer and gastric cancer	Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon 's death ?
In a 2008 study , researchers analysed samples of Napoleon 's hair from throughout his life , as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries .	hair	A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon 's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family ?
All samples had high levels of arsenic , approximately 100 times higher than the current average .	100 times	The 2008 study related to Napoleon 's death found that hair collected from Napoleon 's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries , had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages ?
Napoleon had a civil marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais , without religious ceremony .	civil	What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Joséphine de Beauharnais ?
During the campaign in Egypt , Napoleon showed much tolerance towards religion for a revolutionary general , holding discussions with Muslim scholars and ordering religious celebrations , but General Dupuy , who accompanied Napoleon , revealed , shortly after Pope Pius VI 's death , the political reasons for such behaviour : `` We are fooling Egyptians with our pretended interest for their religion ; neither Bonaparte nor we believe in this religion more than we did in Pius the Defunct 's one '' .	religion	What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt ?
During the campaign in Egypt , Napoleon showed much tolerance towards religion for a revolutionary general , holding discussions with Muslim scholars and ordering religious celebrations , but General Dupuy , who accompanied Napoleon , revealed , shortly after Pope Pius VI 's death , the political reasons for such behaviour : `` We are fooling Egyptians with our pretended interest for their religion ; neither Bonaparte nor we believe in this religion more than we did in Pius the Defunct 's one '' .	Pope Pius VI	General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon 's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure ?
However , according to Juan Cole , `` Bonaparte 's admiration for the Prophet Muhammad , in contrast , was genuine '' and during his captivity on St Helena he defended him against Voltaire 's critical play Mahomet .	Juan Cole	Who argued that Bonaparte 's admiration for Muhammad was sincere ?
Napoleon had a civil marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais , without religious ceremony .	religious	Napoleon 's marriage to Joséphine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony ?
Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII .	2 December 1804	When was Napoleon crowned Emperor ?
Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII .	Notre Dame de Paris	Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor ?
Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII .	Pope Pius VII	Who crowned Napoleon Emperor ?
On 1 April 1810 , Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise .	1 April 1810	When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise ?
During his brother 's rule in Spain , he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813 .	the Spanish Inquisition	What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813 , during his brother 's rule there ?
Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics , the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII .	the Concordat of 1801	What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics ?
Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics , the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII .	Pope Pius VII	Along with Napoleon , who signed the Concordat of 1801 ?
It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status .	the Roman Catholic Church	The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France ?
Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics , the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII .	15 July 1801	What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed ?
As a part of the Concordat , he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles .	the Concordat	What were the Organic Articles a part of ?
While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy , the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon 's favour .	the papacy	The Concodat restored significant power to what position ?
While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy , the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon 's favour .	Napoleon's	Despite the Concordat , the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor ?
Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful .	the pope	Other than Napoleon , who else found the Concordat to be of use ?
French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon .	Napoleon	The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom ?
Napoleon said in April 1801 , `` Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests .	1801	In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests ?
At 5 ft 6 in -LRB- 168 cm -RRB- , he was not physically imposing but in one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic impact on people and seemingly bent the strongest leaders to his will .	5 ft 6 in	How tall was Napoleon , in feet and inches ?
At 5 ft 6 in -LRB- 168 cm -RRB- , he was not physically imposing but in one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic impact on people and seemingly bent the strongest leaders to his will .	168 cm	How tall was Napoleon in centimeters ?
He was an innovator in using the financial , bureaucratic , and diplomatic resources of France .	an innovator	How do historians describe Napoleon in his use of France 's financial , bureaucratic , and diplomatic systems ?
George F. E. Rudé stresses his `` rare combination of will , intellect and physical vigour . ''	George F. E. Rudé	What is the name of the historian who stresses Napoleon 's `` rare combination of will , intellect , and physical vigour ? ''
At 5 ft 6 in -LRB- 168 cm -RRB- , he was not physically imposing but in one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic impact on people and seemingly bent the strongest leaders to his will .	hypnotic	How do historians describe Napoleon 's impact on people in one-on-one encounters ?
Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck ; Napoleon responded , `` Give me lucky generals , '' aware that `` luck '' comes to leaders who recognize opportunity , and seize it .	luck	According to critics , what was the reason Napoleon won many battles ?
Dwyer argues that Napoleon 's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity , leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility .	1805-06	When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena ?
By the Russian campaign in 1812 , however , Napoleon seems to have lost his verve .	1812	In what year did the Russian campaign take place ?
Dwyer argues that Napoleon 's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity , leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility .	Dwyer	Who argues that Napoleon 's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity ?
He cheated at cards , but repaid the losses ; he had to win at everything he attempted .	cheated	What did Napoleon do at cards , though he repaid losses ?
He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for great wars .	France	What did Napoleon reorganize to supply the personnel and money required to fight great wars ?
Above all he inspired his men -- Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers , for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals .	40,000	How many soldiers did Wellington believe Napoleon 's presence on the field was worth ?
Above all he inspired his men -- Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers , for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals .	Wellington	Who said that Napoleon 's presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers ?
At the Battle of Auerstadt in 1806 , King Frederick William III of Prussia outnumbered the French by 63,000 to 27,000 ; however , when he mistakenly was told that Napoleon was in command , he ordered a hasty retreat that turned into a rout .	1806	In what year did the Battle of Auerstadt take place ?
At the Battle of Auerstadt in 1806 , King Frederick William III of Prussia outnumbered the French by 63,000 to 27,000 ; however , when he mistakenly was told that Napoleon was in command , he ordered a hasty retreat that turned into a rout .	King Frederick William III	Who led the Prussian forces that outnumbered Napoleon at the Battle of Auerstadt ?
During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant , poised to invade .	the British press	Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant ?
He was often referred to by the British as Boney .	Boney	What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon ?
The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height , and this image persists .	Tory	Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average ?
The myth of the `` Napoleon Complex '' -- named after him to describe men who have an inferiority complex -- stems primarily from the fact that he was listed , incorrectly , as 5 feet 2 inches -LRB- in French units -RRB- at the time of his death .	5 feet 2 inches	What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death ?
In fact , he was 1.68 metres -LRB- 5 ft 6 in -RRB- tall , an average height for a man in that period .	5 ft 6 in	What was Napoleon 's actual height , in feet and inches ?
When he became First Consul and later Emperor , Napoleon eschewed his general 's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform -LRB- non-Hussar -RRB- of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard , the regiment that often served as his personal escort , with a large bicorne .	colonel	After becoming First Consul , Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank , rather than general ?
When he became First Consul and later Emperor , Napoleon eschewed his general 's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform -LRB- non-Hussar -RRB- of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard , the regiment that often served as his personal escort , with a large bicorne .	the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard	What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon 's escort ?
He also habitually wore -LRB- usually on Sundays -RRB- the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers -LRB- blue with white facings and red cuffs -RRB- .	blue	What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays ?
He also wore his Légion d'honneur star , medal and ribbon , and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations , white French-style culottes and white stockings .	white	What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear ?
He also wore his Légion d'honneur star , medal and ribbon , and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations , white French-style culottes and white stockings .	white	What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear ?
Napoleon instituted lasting reforms , including higher education , a tax code , road and sewer systems , and established the Banque de France , the first central bank in French history .	the Banque de France	What was the name of the first central bank in France , that Napoleon established ?
He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church , which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime .	the Concordat of 1801	What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church ?
It was presented alongside the Organic Articles , which regulated public worship in France .	the Organic Articles	What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801 ?
It was presented alongside the Organic Articles , which regulated public worship in France .	public worship	What did the Organic Articles regulate in France ?
His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century .	the Holy Roman Empire	What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany ?
Napoleon 's set of civil laws , the Code Civil -- now often known as the Napoleonic Code -- was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès , the Second Consul .	the Code Civil	What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon ?
Napoleon 's set of civil laws , the Code Civil -- now often known as the Napoleonic Code -- was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès , the Second Consul .	the Napoleonic Code	What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now ?
Napoleon 's set of civil laws , the Code Civil -- now often known as the Napoleonic Code -- was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès , the Second Consul .	Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès	What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil ?
Other codes -LRB- `` Les cinq codes '' -RRB- were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law ; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published , which enacted rules of due process .	Code of Criminal Instruction	What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process ?
His opponents learned from Napoleon 's innovations .	His opponents	Who learned from Napoleon 's innovations ?
The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force , the growth in artillery numbers , and changes in artillery practices .	1807	Napoleon 's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year ?
McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and , later , France 's inferiority in cavalry numbers .	McConachy	Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry ?
As a result of these factors , Napoleon , rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy 's defenses , now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy 's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry .	artillery	What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses , rather than the traditional reliance on infantry ?
The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society .	September 1799	When was the metric system officially introduced ?
The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society .	the metric system	What system , introduced in September 1799 , was unpopular among much of French society ?
Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles -LRB- traditional units of measurement -RRB- for retail trade -- a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre ; for example the livre metrique -LRB- metric pound -RRB- was 500 g instead of 489.5 g -- the value of the livre du roi -LRB- the king 's pound -RRB- .	1812	What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade ?
Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles -LRB- traditional units of measurement -RRB- for retail trade -- a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre ; for example the livre metrique -LRB- metric pound -RRB- was 500 g instead of 489.5 g -- the value of the livre du roi -LRB- the king 's pound -RRB- .	500	How many grams were in the livre metrique ?
Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles -LRB- traditional units of measurement -RRB- for retail trade -- a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre ; for example the livre metrique -LRB- metric pound -RRB- was 500 g instead of 489.5 g -- the value of the livre du roi -LRB- the king 's pound -RRB- .	489.5	How many grams were in the livre du roi ?
Napoleon 's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe .	Napoleon's educational reforms	What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe ?
He made French the only official language .	French	What language did Napoleon make the only official one ?
He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders , but he offered public support to secondary education .	public support	What did Napoleon offer to secondary education ?
Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools -LRB- lycées -RRB- designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France .	lycées	What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France ?
All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages .	the sciences	Along with modern and classical languages , what were all students in the lycées taught ?
Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions .	grandiose	How have many historians described Napoleon 's foreign policy ambitions ?
The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles , but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much , until his empire collapsed .	1808	As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired ?
In the political realm , historians debate whether Napoleon was `` an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or , instead , a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler . ''	historians	Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot , or a megalomaniac ?
The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles , but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much , until his empire collapsed .	his empire	Some scholars maintain Napoleon 's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse ?
Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France .	Napoleon	Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France ?
His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France 's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation .	slavery	Napoleon 's decision to reinstate what practice in France 's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation ?
He was , however , considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents .	his opponents	Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper ?
His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France 's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation .	the Haitian Revolution	Napoleon 's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation ?
His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands , turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike .	His critics	Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands ?
Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories : French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon 's forces from across Europe .	plunder	What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon ?
Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum ; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators .	the Musée du Louvre	Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum ?
He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005 .	Pieter Geyl	Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947 ?
He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005 .	Claude Ribbe	Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005 ?
David G. Chandler , a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare , wrote in 1973 that , `` Nothing could be more degrading to the former -LSB- Napoleon -RSB- and more flattering to the latter -LSB- Hitler -RSB- .	David G. Chandler	In 1973 , which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler ?
Critics argue Napoleon 's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule : historian Victor Davis Hanson writes , `` After all , the military record is unquestioned -- 17 years of wars , perhaps six million Europeans dead , France bankrupt , her overseas colonies lost . ''	Victor Davis Hanson	Which historian describes Napoleon 's legacy in terms of years spent at war , numbers of European dead , and France 's bankruptcy and loss of colonies ?
McLynn notes that , `` He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars . ''	McLynn	Which historian views Napoleon 's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war ?
However , Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name , when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions which aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution .	Vincent Cronin	Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution , rather than that of Napoleon ?
Critics argue Napoleon 's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule : historian Victor Davis Hanson writes , `` After all , the military record is unquestioned -- 17 years of wars , perhaps six million Europeans dead , France bankrupt , her overseas colonies lost . ''	17	How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon 's military record ?
Critics argue Napoleon 's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule : historian Victor Davis Hanson writes , `` After all , the military record is unquestioned -- 17 years of wars , perhaps six million Europeans dead , France bankrupt , her overseas colonies lost . ''	six million	Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon 's military record ?
Napoleon 's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power , legitimated his régime , and established his image for posterity .	propaganda	Napoleon 's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power , legitimized his rule , and improved his posthumous reputation ?
Strict censorship , controlling aspects of the press , books , theater , and art , was part of his propaganda scheme , aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France .	censorship	Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media , books , and the arts ?
Strict censorship , controlling aspects of the press , books , theater , and art , was part of his propaganda scheme , aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France .	France	Napoleon 's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country ?
Specifically targeting his civilian audience , Napoleon fostered an important , though uneasy , relationship with the contemporary art community , taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals .	civilian	Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience ?
Widespread rumors of Napoleon 's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism , individual and collective liberties , and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials , displaying the tricolor and rosettes .	St. Helena	Rumors of Napoleon 's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers ?
There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon 's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations -- they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime .	royal celebrations	Anniversaries of Napoleon 's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what ?
There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon 's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations -- they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime .	the Bourbon regime	Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon 's followers ?
Widespread rumors of Napoleon 's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism , individual and collective liberties , and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials , displaying the tricolor and rosettes .	rosettes	Seditious material distributed by Napoleon 's followers often displayed the tricolor , and what other design ?
Datta -LRB- 2005 -RRB- shows that , following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s , the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture .	the late 1880s	When did militaristic Boulangism collapse ?
Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period -- Victorien Sardou 's Madame Sans-Gêne -LRB- 1893 -RRB- , Maurice Barrès 's Les Déracinés -LRB- 1897 -RRB- , Edmond Rostand 's L'Aiglon -LRB- 1900 -RRB- , and André de Lorde and Gyp 's Napoléonette -LRB- 1913 -RRB- Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle Époque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends .	1893	What year was Victorien Sardou 's Madame Sans-Gêne written ?
Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period -- Victorien Sardou 's Madame Sans-Gêne -LRB- 1893 -RRB- , Maurice Barrès 's Les Déracinés -LRB- 1897 -RRB- , Edmond Rostand 's L'Aiglon -LRB- 1900 -RRB- , and André de Lorde and Gyp 's Napoléonette -LRB- 1913 -RRB- Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle Époque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends .	1897	What year was Maurice Barrès 's Les Déracinés written ?
Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period -- Victorien Sardou 's Madame Sans-Gêne -LRB- 1893 -RRB- , Maurice Barrès 's Les Déracinés -LRB- 1897 -RRB- , Edmond Rostand 's L'Aiglon -LRB- 1900 -RRB- , and André de Lorde and Gyp 's Napoléonette -LRB- 1913 -RRB- Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle Époque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends .	1900	In what year was Edmond Rostand 's L'Aiglon written ?
Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period -- Victorien Sardou 's Madame Sans-Gêne -LRB- 1893 -RRB- , Maurice Barrès 's Les Déracinés -LRB- 1897 -RRB- , Edmond Rostand 's L'Aiglon -LRB- 1900 -RRB- , and André de Lorde and Gyp 's Napoléonette -LRB- 1913 -RRB- Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle Époque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends .	1913	In what year was André de Lorde and Gyp 's Napoléonette written ?
After the fall of Napoleon , not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands , Belgium , parts of Italy and Germany , but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic , the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec .	Napoleonic Code	After the fall of Napoleon , many countries retained what system of law ?
After the fall of Napoleon , not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands , Belgium , parts of Italy and Germany , but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic , the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec .	law	Outside Europe , Napoleonic Code has been used as the basis for certain parts of what ?
The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable , for his support for independence and opposition to Russia , his legal code , the abolition of serfdom , and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies .	favorable	How can the memory of Napoleon in Poland be characterized as ?
The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable , for his support for independence and opposition to Russia , his legal code , the abolition of serfdom , and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies .	Russia	Poland views Napoleon in a positive light partially based on his opposition to what country ?
The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable , for his support for independence and opposition to Russia , his legal code , the abolition of serfdom , and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies .	serfdom	One reason Poland views Napoleon favorably is due to his abolition of what form of indentured servitude ?
Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany .	Germany	Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation ?
After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire , he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50 , paving the way to German Unification .	the Holy Roman Empire	What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved ?
After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire , he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50 , paving the way to German Unification .	300	How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers ?
After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire , he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50 , paving the way to German Unification .	less than 50	How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers ?
Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson .	15 million dollars	How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for ?
Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796 , when he was 26 ; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution .	Joséphine de Beauharnais	Who did Napoleon marry in 1796 ?
Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796 , when he was 26 ; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution .	1796	In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais ?
Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796 , when he was 26 ; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution .	26	How old was Napoleon when he married Joséphine de Beauharnais ?
Until she met Bonaparte , she had been known as `` Rose '' , a name which he disliked .	Rose	What was the disliked name Joséphine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon ?
Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son : Charles Léon -LRB- 1806 -- 1881 -RRB- by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne .	Charles Léon	What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon ?
Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son : Charles Léon -LRB- 1806 -- 1881 -RRB- by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne .	Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne	Who was the mother of Charles Léon ?
Alexandre Colonna-Walewski -LRB- 1810 -- 1868 -RRB- , the son of his mistress Maria Walewska , although acknowledged by Walewska 's husband , was also widely known to be his child , and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon 's Y-chromosome haplotype .	Alexandre Colonna-Walewski	Who was Napoleon 's illegitimate son by his mistress , Maria Walewska ?
Alexandre Colonna-Walewski -LRB- 1810 -- 1868 -RRB- , the son of his mistress Maria Walewska , although acknowledged by Walewska 's husband , was also widely known to be his child , and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon 's Y-chromosome haplotype .	Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype	DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski 's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon 's ?
He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well , such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte -LRB- 1816 -- 1907 -RRB- by Albine de Montholon .	Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld	Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon 's illegitimate children ?
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation -LRB- or the Gates Foundation , abbreviated as BMGF -RRB- is the largest private foundation in the world , founded by Bill and Melinda Gates .	Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world	What is the largest private foundation in the world ?
The foundation , based in Seattle , Washington , is controlled by its three trustees : Bill Gates , Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett .	The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington	Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based ?
On June 25 , 2006 , Warren Buffett -LRB- then the world 's richest person , estimated worth of US$ 62 billion as of April 16 , 2008 -RRB- pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares spread over multiple years through annual contributions , with the first year 's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately US$ 1.5 billion .	Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)	What was warren Buffett 's estimated net worth in 2008
On June 25 , 2006 , Warren Buffett -LRB- then the world 's richest person , estimated worth of US$ 62 billion as of April 16 , 2008 -RRB- pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares spread over multiple years through annual contributions , with the first year 's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately US$ 1.5 billion .	pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares	How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation
In July 2013 , Buffet announced another donation of his company 's Class B , this time in the amount worth $ 2 billion , is going to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation .	In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion	In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much
In November 2014 , the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access -LRB- OA -RRB- policy for publications and data , `` to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation , including any underlying data sets '' .	In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data	What did the foundation announce in November 2014
In November 2014 , the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access -LRB- OA -RRB- policy for publications and data , `` to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation , including any underlying data sets '' .	open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation	What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?
As of January 1 , 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements .	As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.	What does the OA policy cover ?
The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities : the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation -LRB- foundation -RRB- and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust -LRB- trust -RRB- .	trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust	What two entities was the foundation divided into
The foundation section , based in Seattle , US , `` focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty , '' and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett .	The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty	What does the foundation entity focus on
The trust section manages `` the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation 's charitable goals '' -- it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates , who are the sole trustees , and receives contributions from Buffett .	The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals	What does the Trust entity focus on
The trust section manages `` the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation 's charitable goals '' -- it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates , who are the sole trustees , and receives contributions from Buffett .	it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett	What is held in the trust entity
The foundation trust invests undistributed assets , with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment .	The foundation trust invests undistributed assets	What does the Trust invest
The foundation trust invests undistributed assets , with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment .	exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment	What is the goal of the Trust investments
As a result , its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty .	its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries	What are some of the negatives of the investments
These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world .	These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world	What type of company 's are critiscized
In March 2006 , the foundation announced a US$ 5 million grant for the International Justice Mission -LRB- IJM -RRB- , a human rights organization based in Washington , D.C. , US to work in the area of sex trafficking .	a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking.	What is the International Justice Mission
The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to `` create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery '' that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking , following research .	the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery	What would the grant allow the IJM to do
The office was opened for three years for the following purposes : `` conducting undercover investigations , training law enforcement , rescuing victims , ensuring appropriate aftercare , and seeking perpetrator accountability '' .	conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".	What did the office that ijm opened do specifically
The IJM used the grant money to found `` Project Lantern '' and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu .	The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern	What was the name of the project founded by the IJM
The IJM used the grant money to found `` Project Lantern '' and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu .	"Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.	Where did project lantern open an office
In 2010 the results of the project were published , in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to `` an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases , an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project , and an increase in services -- like shelter , counseling and career training -- provided to trafficking survivors '' .	IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases	What did project lantern announce in 2010
In 2010 the results of the project were published , in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to `` an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases , an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project , and an increase in services -- like shelter , counseling and career training -- provided to trafficking survivors '' .	increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors"	What services were also increased by project lantern
At the time that the results were released , the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions .	the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.	What was project Lantern exploring
The Water , Sanitation and Hygiene -LRB- WSH -RRB- program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a `` Learning Initiative , '' and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010 .	The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005	What was the WSH program launched in 2005
The Water , Sanitation and Hygiene -LRB- WSH -RRB- program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a `` Learning Initiative , '' and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010 .	and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010	When did the WSH become a full fledeged program
The Foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research , experimentation , reflection , advocacy , and field implementation .	since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation	What efforts have the WSH taken
In 2009 , the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor , using non-piped sanitation services -LRB- i.e. without the use of sewers -RRB- , and less on water supply .	In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services	What did the foundation decide in 2009
This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments , and because the Foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments .	This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments	WHy did the foundation make the switch
Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology -LRB- `` transformative technologies '' -RRB- , delivery models at scale , urban sanitation markets , building demand for sanitation , measurement and evaluation as well as policy , advocacy and communications .	Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies")	What has been the focus since 2011
Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology -LRB- `` transformative technologies '' -RRB- , delivery models at scale , urban sanitation markets , building demand for sanitation , measurement and evaluation as well as policy , advocacy and communications .	delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications	What models have been delivered
In mid 2011 , the Foundation announced in its new `` Water , Sanitation , Hygiene Strategy Overview '' that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation , particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia , because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions .	funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions	What is the purpose of the new overview
In mid 2011 , the Foundation announced in its new `` Water , Sanitation , Hygiene Strategy Overview '' that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation , particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia , because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions .	In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview"	What did the foundation announce in 2011
Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need , but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation -LRB- JMP -RRB- of UNICEF and WHO .	Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need	What is need in the developing world
Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need , but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation -LRB- JMP -RRB- of UNICEF and WHO .	Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected	What does data collected by unicef and Who show
About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters , behind bushes or in open water bodies , with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks .	About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies	How many people have no sanatation facilities
India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation : around 600 million people .	India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people	What country is the worst violator
India has also become a focus country for the foundation 's sanitation activities which has become evident since the `` Reinvent the Toilet Fair '' in Delhi , India in March 2014 .	"Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.	India is host to what activity
In 2011 , the foundation launched a program called `` Reinvent the Toilet Challenge '' with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation .	In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge	When was reinvent the toilet launched
In 2011 , the foundation launched a program called `` Reinvent the Toilet Challenge '' with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation .	to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation	What is the aim of reinvent the toilet
It was complemented by a program called `` Grand Challenges Explorations '' -LRB- 2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015 -RRB- which involved grants of US$ 100,000 each in the first round .	It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)	WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet
Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts .	Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts	What was excluded by the funding schemes
Since the launch of the `` Reinvent the Toilet Challenge '' , more than a dozen research teams , mainly at universities in the U.S. , Europe , India , China and South Africa , have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor .	universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions	What countries have received grants
The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase , followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase ; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge .	The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase	How much were the grants for
The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase , followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase ; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge .	many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.	What did many investigate
The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic , stand-alone toilet .	The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet	What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop
This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying -LRB- called by the foundation the `` Omni-Ingestor '' -RRB- and fecal sludge processing -LRB- called `` Omni-Processor '' -RRB- .	This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying	What compliments the challenge
The aim of the `` Omni Processor '' is to convert excreta -LRB- for example fecal sludge -RRB- into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue .	The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients	What does the Omni processor do
The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS , tuberculosis and malaria , protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases .	The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria	The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of
The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS , tuberculosis and malaria , protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases .	protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases	How many children were protected from death
First , sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation , but `` by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS , Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained , higher-paid clinicians , diverting staff from basic care '' in sub-Saharan Africa .	Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa	What are some consequences of the investments
Second , `` the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation '' .	"the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation	What has the focus on a few diseases caused
Third , `` Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore -- even discourage patients from discussing -- ailments that the vaccinations can not prevent '' .	discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".	Vaccinations programs encouraged what
Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation `` has decided not to fund abortion '' .	has decided not to fund abortion"	What did the foundation decide not to fund
In response to questions about this decision , Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she `` struggle -LSB- s -RSB- with the issue '' and that `` the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning '' .	the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning	WHy did they decide not to fund abortion
Up to 2013 , the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $ 71 million to Planned Parenthood , the primary U.S. abortion provider , and affiliated organizations .	Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood	Before 2013 the foundation gave how how much to planned parenthood
In 1997 , the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of `` ensuring that if you can get to a public library , you can reach the internet '' .	U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet	what is the US libraries initiative
Only 35 % of the world 's population has access to the Internet .	Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet	How much of the worlds population can reach the internet
The foundation has given grants , installed computers and software , and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access and knowledge .	The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide	what have the grants provided public libraries
Helping provide access and training for these resources , this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age .	this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.	What has the grant enabled
A key aspect of the Gates Foundation 's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country 's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels , including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers ' unions .	A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels	what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US
A key aspect of the Gates Foundation 's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country 's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels , including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers ' unions .	including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs	What do these efforts include
It spent $ 373 million on education in 2009 .	It spent $373 million on education in 2009.	how much did it spend in 2009
The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative .	The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.	It was an early backer of what
One of the foundation 's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States , and the organization has funded `` Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery '' grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students , with a goal of increasing graduation rates .	One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States	What is 1 foundation goal
One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster , but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges .	One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster	One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is
One of the foundation 's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States , and the organization has funded `` Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery '' grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students , with a goal of increasing graduation rates .	Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations	how did they work on college financing
As part of its education-related initiatives , the foundation has funded journalists , think tanks , lobbying organizations and governments .	As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments	What has been funded as part of the education initiatives
Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education , including more than $ 1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education .	Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education	what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do
While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage , the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees , who have editorial independence .	critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage	Critics do n't like the foundations use of media why
While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage , the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees , who have editorial independence .	the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly	Where does the foundation list grants
Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus , which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs , of `` astroturfing '' .	Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs	who founded teach plus
The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals , parents , and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates ' predetermined policy preferences .	they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences	Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized
Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools , charter schools , and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive , but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm .	Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes	What are several of the gates backed policies
Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools , charter schools , and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive , but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm .	but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm	Have the policies been criticized
Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance	Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance	What does 1 specific study of charter schools show
In October 2006 , the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities : the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust , which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , which '' ... conducts all operations and grantmaking work , and it is the entity from which all grants are made '' .	the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation	What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016
Also announced was the decision to '' ... spend all of -LSB- the Trust 's -RSB- resources within 20 years after Bill 's and Melinda 's deaths '' .	spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths	When must the trust resources be spent
In the same announcement it was reiterated that Warren Buffett '' ... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled '' .	the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years	What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death
Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans , for whom the City of Evanston is named , and eight other lawyers , businessmen and Methodist leaders .	John Evans	Who founded Northwestern University ?
Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans , for whom the City of Evanston is named , and eight other lawyers , businessmen and Methodist leaders .	1851	What year was Northwestern founded ?
Instruction began in 1855 ; women were admitted in 1869 .	1855	In what year did Northwestern University began teaching ?
Instruction began in 1855 ; women were admitted in 1869 .	1869	What year were women allowed to attend Northwestern University ?
In 2008 , the university opened a campus in Education City , Doha , Qatar with programs in journalism and communication .	Education City, Doha, Qatar	Where did Northwestern University opened an additional campus at in 2008 ?
Its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory , an area that today includes the states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota .	to serve the Northwest Territory	What was Northwestern 's founding purpose in 1851 ?
Instruction began in 1855 ; women were admitted in 1869 .	1855	When did instruction begin at Northwestern ?
Instruction began in 1855 ; women were admitted in 1869 .	1869	When were women first admitted to Northwestern ?
In 2008 , the university opened a campus in Education City , Doha , Qatar with programs in journalism and communication .	journalism and communication	What programs are offered at Northwestern 's Quatar campus ?
Today , the main campus is a 240-acre -LRB- 97 ha -RRB- parcel in Evanston , along the shores of Lake Michigan just 12 miles north of downtown Chicago .	Lake Michigan	Which great lake is Northwestern located along ?
Today , the main campus is a 240-acre -LRB- 97 ha -RRB- parcel in Evanston , along the shores of Lake Michigan just 12 miles north of downtown Chicago .	Chicago	What is the name of the city located 12 miles north of Northwestern ?
The school 's nine founders , all of whom were Methodists -LRB- three of them ministers -RRB- , knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting .	nine	How many founders did Northwestern University have ?
Although they affiliated the university with the Methodist Episcopal Church , they were committed to non-sectarian admissions , believing that Northwestern should serve all people in the newly developing territory .	Methodist Episcopal Church	What type of church is Northwestern University associated with ?
The foundation of Northwestern University is traceable to a meeting on May 31 , 1850 of nine prominent Chicago businessmen , Methodist leaders and attorneys who had formed the idea of establishing a university to serve what had once been known as the Northwest Territory .	May 31, 1850	What was the date that lay down the foundation for Northwestern University ?
The school 's nine founders , all of whom were Methodists -LRB- three of them ministers -RRB- , knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting .	three	How many ministers founded Northwestern University ?
The school 's nine founders , all of whom were Methodists -LRB- three of them ministers -RRB- , knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting .	Methodists	What denomination did the all of the founders associated with ?
The foundation of Northwestern University is traceable to a meeting on May 31 , 1850 of nine prominent Chicago businessmen , Methodist leaders and attorneys who had formed the idea of establishing a university to serve what had once been known as the Northwest Territory .	a meeting	In what environment was the foundation for Northwestern University planned on May 31 , 1850 ?
On January 28 , 1851 , the Illinois General Assembly granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University , making it the first chartered university in Illinois .	the Illinois General Assembly	Who granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University in January of 1851 ?
The school 's nine founders , all of whom were Methodists -LRB- three of them ministers -RRB- , knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting .	Methodists	What was the religious affiliation of all 9 founding members of Northwestern ?
The school 's nine founders , all of whom were Methodists -LRB- three of them ministers -RRB- , knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting .	three	How many of Northwestern 's 9 founders were ministers ?
Although they affiliated the university with the Methodist Episcopal Church , they were committed to non-sectarian admissions , believing that Northwestern should serve all people in the newly developing territory .	Methodist Episcopal	Which church did the 9 founders of Northwestern affiliate the university with ?
The first building , Old College , opened on November 5 , 1855 .	Old College	What was the name of the first building opened in 1855 ?
To raise funds for its construction , Northwestern sold $ 100 `` perpetual scholarships '' entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition .	$100 "perpetual scholarships"	What did Northwestern sell to raise funds for it 's first building ?
To raise funds for its construction , Northwestern sold $ 100 `` perpetual scholarships '' entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition .	the purchaser and his heirs	Who received free tuition after buying the $ 100 perpetual scholarships ?
In 1873 the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern , and Frances Willard , who later gained fame as a suffragette and as one of the founders of the Woman 's Christian Temperance Union -LRB- WCTU -RRB- , became the school 's first dean of women .	Evanston College for Ladies	Who did Northwestern merge with in 1873 ?
In 1873 the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern , and Frances Willard , who later gained fame as a suffragette and as one of the founders of the Woman 's Christian Temperance Union -LRB- WCTU -RRB- , became the school 's first dean of women .	Frances Willard	Who was Northwestern 's first dean of women ?
Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882 , later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference .	intercollegiate football	What sports team did Northwestern field its first of in 1882 ?
In the 1870s and 1880s , Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law , medicine , and dentistry in Chicago .	schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago	Which already existing schools did Northwestern affiliate itself with in the 1870 's and 1880 's ?
The Northwestern University School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago .	Northwestern University School of Law	What is the oldest law school in Chicago ?
The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917 .	The Association of American Universities	What organization invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917 ?
Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882 , later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference .	a founding member	What type of member was Northwestern of the Big Ten Conference ?
Under Walter Dill Scott 's presidency from 1920 to 1939 , Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools ; established the Kellogg School of Management ; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus , Dyche Stadium -LRB- now named Ryan Field -RRB- and Deering Library among others .	integrated	What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott 's presidency ?
Under Walter Dill Scott 's presidency from 1920 to 1939 , Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools ; established the Kellogg School of Management ; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus , Dyche Stadium -LRB- now named Ryan Field -RRB- and Deering Library among others .	Dyche Stadium	What was the orginal name for Northwestern 's Ryan Field ?
In 1933 , a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected .	Northwestern with the University of Chicago	What merger was proposed and rejected in 1933 ?
Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps -LRB- NROTC -RRB- in the 1920s .	a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC)	What was Northwestern one of the first six universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920 's ?
Northwestern played host to the first-ever NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939 in the original Patten Gymnasium , which was later demolished and relocated farther north along with the Dearborn Observatory to make room for the Technological Institute .	NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship	What first-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939 ?
Like other American research universities , Northwestern was transformed by World War II .	World War II	Which war transformed many colleges , including Northwestern ?
Franklyn B. Snyder led the university from 1939 to 1949 , when nearly 50,000 military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses .	nearly 50,000	Between 1939 and 1949 , how many military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses ?
After the war , surging enrollments under the G.I. Bill drove drastic expansion of both campuses .	G.I. Bill	Under what Bill did enrollments surge after the war ?
In 1948 prominent anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits founded the Program of African Studies at Northwestern , the first center of its kind at an American academic institution .	Program of African Studies at Northwestern	What center was founded by Melville J. Herskovits in 1948 ?
In 1978 , the first and second Unabomber attacks occurred at Northwestern University .	first and second Unabomber	In 1978 , what famous attacks occured at Northwestern ?
In 1999 , Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution , and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men .	Northwestern student journalists	In 1999 , who uncovered information that exonerated death row inmate Anthony Porter only 2 days before his scheduled death ?
In 1999 , Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution , and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men .	the Innocence Project	What Northwestern program is responsible for exonerating more than 10 men ?
On January 11 , 2003 , in a speech at Northwestern School of Law 's Lincoln Hall , then Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates .	Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall	In 2003 , where did Governor George Ryan announce that the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates would be commuted ?
Though government support for universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s , President Arnold R. Weber was able to stabilize university finances , leading to a revitalization of the campuses .	stabilize	What was President Arnold R. Weber able to do with Northwestern 's finances as the government 's support of universities declined in the 70 's and 80 's ?
Purple became Northwestern 's official color in 1892 , replacing black and gold after a university committee concluded that too many other universities had used these colors .	Purple	What has been Northwestern 's official color since 1892 ?
Purple became Northwestern 's official color in 1892 , replacing black and gold after a university committee concluded that too many other universities had used these colors .	too many other universities had used these colors	Why did Northwestern replace it 's original official colors of black and gold ?
The Latin phrase on Northwestern 's seal , Quaecumque sunt vera -LRB- Whatsoever things are true -RRB- is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 4:8 , while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John 1:14 : ο λόγος πλήρης χάριτος και αληθείας -LRB- The Word full of grace and truth -RRB- .	Whatsoever things are true	What is the meaning of the Latin phrase on Northwestern 's seal ?
The Latin phrase on Northwestern 's seal , Quaecumque sunt vera -LRB- Whatsoever things are true -RRB- is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 4:8 , while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John 1:14 : ο λόγος πλήρης χάριτος και αληθείας -LRB- The Word full of grace and truth -RRB- .	The Word full of grace and truth	What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an open book on the seal mean ?
Today , Northwestern 's official color is purple , although white is something of an official color as well , being mentioned in both the university 's earliest song , Alma Mater -LRB- 1907 -RRB- -LRB- `` Hail to purple , hail to white '' -RRB- and in many university guidelines .	white	What color besides purple is often considered an official color of Northwestern ?
In the 1960s , the University created an additional 84 acres -LRB- 34.0 ha -RRB- by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan .	by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan	How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1960 's ?
Northwestern 's Evanston campus , where the undergraduate schools , the Graduate School , and the Kellogg School of Management are located , runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road .	Evanston	Which campus holds the undergraduate schools , the Graduate school , and the Kellogg school of Management ?
North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres , owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other .	atmospheres	What is noticably different between Northwestern 's North and South Campuses ?
North Campus is home to the fraternity quads , the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities , the Technological Institute , Dearborn Observatory , and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly , and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center .	North Campus	Which campus is home to the fraternity quads ?
South Campus is home to the University 's humanities buildings , Pick-Staiger Concert Hall and other music buildings , the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art , and the sorority quads .	South Campus	Which campus is home to the music and art buildings ?
The Chicago Transit Authority 's elevated train running through Evanston is called the Purple Line , taking its name from Northwestern 's school color .	the Purple Line	What is the name of the Chicago Transit Authority 's elevated train through Evanston ?
The Chicago Transit Authority 's elevated train running through Evanston is called the Purple Line , taking its name from Northwestern 's school color .	Northwestern's school color	What was Chicago 's Purple Line train route named after ?
The Foster and Davis stations are within walking distance of the southern end of the campus , while the Noyes station is close to the northern end of the campus .	Foster and Davis	Which train stations are within walking distance of the southern end of campus ?
The Foster and Davis stations are within walking distance of the southern end of the campus , while the Noyes station is close to the northern end of the campus .	Noyes	Which train station is close to the northern end of campus ?
The Central station is close to Ryan Field , Northwestern 's football stadium .	Ryan Field	What is the name of Northwestern 's football stadium ?
In connection with a 1917 master plan for a central Chicago campus and President Walter Dill Scott 's capital campaign , 8.5 acres -LRB- 3.44 ha -RRB- of land were purchased at the corner of Chicago Avenue and Lake Shore Drive for $ 1.5 million in 1920 .	8.5	In 1920 , how many acres were purchased for $ 8 million for a new central Chicago campus ?
The architect James Gamble Rogers was commissioned to create a master plan for the principal buildings on the new campus which he designed in collegiate gothic style .	collegiate gothic	What style did architect James Gamble Rogers use for the principal buildings on the new Chicago campus ?
In 1923 , Mrs. Montgomery Ward donated $ 8 million to the campaign to finance the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building which would house the medical and dental schools and to create endowments for faculty chairs , research grants , scholarships , and building maintenance .	Mrs. Montgomery Ward	Who donated $ 8 million in 1923 for the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building ?
In 1923 , Mrs. Montgomery Ward donated $ 8 million to the campaign to finance the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building which would house the medical and dental schools and to create endowments for faculty chairs , research grants , scholarships , and building maintenance .	medical and dental	What two schools were housed in the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building ?
In 1923 , Mrs. Montgomery Ward donated $ 8 million to the campaign to finance the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building which would house the medical and dental schools and to create endowments for faculty chairs , research grants , scholarships , and building maintenance .	Montgomery Ward Memorial Building	Which building became the first university skyscraper in the U.S. ?
Through the Medill School of Journalism and School of Communication , NU-Q offers bachelor 's degrees in journalism and communication respectively .	NU-Q	What branch did Northwestern open in Education City , Doha , Qatar ?
Through the Medill School of Journalism and School of Communication , NU-Q offers bachelor 's degrees in journalism and communication respectively .	journalism	What bachelor 's degree is offered at NU-Q through the Medill School of Journalism ?
The Qatar Foundation for Education , Science and Community Development provided funding for construction and administrative costs as well as support to hire 50 to 60 faculty and staff , some of whom rotate between the Evanston and Qatar campuses .	The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development	Who provided the funding for the construction and administrative costs for NU-Q ?
In February 2016 , Northwestern reached an agreement with the Qatar Foundation to extend the operations of the NU-Q branch for an additional decade , through the 2027-2028 academic year .	through the 2027-2028 academic year	How long is the NU-Q branch of Northwestern scheduled to operate through an agreement in 2016 ?
Through the Medill School of Journalism and School of Communication , NU-Q offers bachelor 's degrees in journalism and communication respectively .	journalism	What bachelor 's degree is offered at NU-Q through the School of Communication ?
In January 2009 , the Green Power Partnership -LRB- GPP , sponsored by the EPA -RRB- listed Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing energy from renewable sources .	Green Power Partnership	In 2009 , who named Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing renewable energy ?
This green power commitment represents 30 percent of the university 's total annual electricity use and places Northwestern in the EPA 's Green Power Leadership Club .	30 percent	How much of the university 's total annual electric bill is represented by the green power commitment ?
The 2010 Report by The Sustainable Endowments Institute awarded Northwestern a `` B - '' on its College Sustainability Report Card .	B-	What grade was given to Northwestern on the 2010 College Sustainability Report Card by The Sustainable Endowments Institute ?
This green power commitment represents 30 percent of the university 's total annual electricity use and places Northwestern in the EPA 's Green Power Leadership Club .	Green Power Leadership Club	Which EPA club is Northwestern University included in ?
In January 2009 , the Green Power Partnership -LRB- GPP , sponsored by the EPA -RRB- listed Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing energy from renewable sources .	the EPA	Who sponsored the Green Power Partnership ?
New construction and renovation projects will be designed to provide at least a 20 % improvement over energy code requirements where technically feasible .	at least a 20%	What percentage of improvement over energy code requirements will be the goal of all new construction and renovations ?
Annually more than 1,500 tons are recycled at Northwestern , which represents 30 % of the waste produced on campus .	1,500	How many tons of waste are recycled at Northwestern yearly ?
Additionally , all landscape waste at the university is composted .	composted	How is all university landscape waste used ?
The university also released at the beginning of the 2008 -- 09 academic year the Evanston Campus Framework Plan , which outlines plans for future development of the Evanston Campus .	future development of the Evanston Campus	What does the Evanston Campus Framework Plan outline ?
Northwestern is privately owned and is governed by an appointed Board of Trustees .	an appointed Board of Trustees	Who governs Northwestern ?
The board , composed of 70 members and as of 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- chaired by William A. Osborn ' 69 , delegates its power to an elected president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university .	70	How many members are on Northwestern 's Board of Trustees ?
The board , composed of 70 members and as of 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- chaired by William A. Osborn ' 69 , delegates its power to an elected president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university .	an elected president	Who does the Board of Trustees delegate it 's power to ?
Northwestern has had sixteen presidents in its history -LRB- excluding interim presidents -RRB- , the current president , Morton O. Schapiro , an economist , having succeeded Henry Bienen whose 14-year tenure ended on August 31 , 2009 .	sixteen	How many presidents , excluding interrims , has Northwestern had ?
Daniel I. Linzer , provost since September 2007 , serves under the president as the chief academic officer of the university to whom the deans of every academic school , leaders of cross-disciplinary units , and chairs of the standing faculty committee report .	the president	Who has a staff of vice-presidents , directors , and other administrative assistants ?
Accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the respective national professional organizations for chemistry , psychology , business , education , journalism , music , engineering , law , and medicine , the university offers 124 undergraduate programs and 145 graduate and professional programs .	124	How many undergraduate programs are offered by Northwestern ?
Accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the respective national professional organizations for chemistry , psychology , business , education , journalism , music , engineering , law , and medicine , the university offers 124 undergraduate programs and 145 graduate and professional programs .	145	How many graduate and professional programs are offered by Northwestern ?
Northwestern conferred 2,190 bachelor 's degrees , 3,272 master 's degrees , 565 doctoral degrees , and 444 professional degrees in 2012 -- 2013 .	3,272	How many master 's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term ?
Northwestern conferred 2,190 bachelor 's degrees , 3,272 master 's degrees , 565 doctoral degrees , and 444 professional degrees in 2012 -- 2013 .	565	How many doctoral degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term ?
Northwestern conferred 2,190 bachelor 's degrees , 3,272 master 's degrees , 565 doctoral degrees , and 444 professional degrees in 2012 -- 2013 .	2,190	How many bachelor 's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term ?
The four-year , full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction in the arts and sciences , plus the professions of engineering , journalism , communication , music , and education .	full-time undergraduate	Which 4-year program comprises the majority of enrollments at Northwestern ?
Although a foundation in the liberal arts and sciences is required in all majors , there is no required common core curriculum ; individual degree requirements are set by the faculty of each school .	the faculty of each school	Who sets individual degree requirements at Northwestern ?
Undergraduates typically take four courses each quarter and twelve courses in an academic year and are required to complete at least twelve quarters on campus to graduate .	at least twelve	How many quarters are undergraduates required to complete on campus to graduate ?
Undergraduates typically take four courses each quarter and twelve courses in an academic year and are required to complete at least twelve quarters on campus to graduate .	four	How many courses do undergrads typically take each quarter ?
Undergraduate tuition for the 2012/13 school year was $ 61,240 ; this includes the basic tuition of $ 43,380 , fees -LRB- health $ 200 , etc. -RRB- , room and board of $ 13,329 -LRB- less if commuting -RRB- , books and supplies $ 1,842 , personal expenses $ 1,890 , transportation cost of $ 400 .	$61,240	What was the total undergrad tuition for the 2012/2013 school year ?
Northwestern awards financial aid solely on the basis of need through loans , work-study , grants , and scholarships .	need	On what basis does Northwestern award financial aid ?
Approximately 44 percent of the June 2010 graduates had received federal and/or private loans for their undergraduate education , graduating with an average debt of $ 17,200 .	Approximately 44	What percentage of the June 2010 graduates received federal or private loans ?
Approximately 44 percent of the June 2010 graduates had received federal and/or private loans for their undergraduate education , graduating with an average debt of $ 17,200 .	$17,200	What was the average debt for the June 2010 graduates ?
The University processed in excess of $ 472 million in financial aid for the 2009 -- 2010 academic year .	in excess of $472 million	How much financial aid did Northwestern process for the 2009-2010 academic year ?
In the fall of 2014 , among the six undergraduate schools , 40.6 % of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences , 21.3 % in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science , 14.3 % in the School of Communication , 11.7 % in the Medill School of Journalism , 5.7 % in the Bienen School of Music , and 6.4 % in the School of Education and Social Policy .	Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences	In the fall of 2014 , which school did 40.6 % of undergraduates enroll in ?
In the fall of 2014 , among the six undergraduate schools , 40.6 % of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences , 21.3 % in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science , 14.3 % in the School of Communication , 11.7 % in the Medill School of Journalism , 5.7 % in the Bienen School of Music , and 6.4 % in the School of Education and Social Policy .	McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science	In the fall of 2014 , which school did 21.3 % of undergraduates enroll in ?
In the fall of 2014 , among the six undergraduate schools , 40.6 % of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences , 21.3 % in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science , 14.3 % in the School of Communication , 11.7 % in the Medill School of Journalism , 5.7 % in the Bienen School of Music , and 6.4 % in the School of Education and Social Policy .	School of Communication	In the fall of 2014 , which school did 14.3 % of undergraduates enroll in ?
In the fall of 2014 , among the six undergraduate schools , 40.6 % of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences , 21.3 % in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science , 14.3 % in the School of Communication , 11.7 % in the Medill School of Journalism , 5.7 % in the Bienen School of Music , and 6.4 % in the School of Education and Social Policy .	Medill School of Journalism	In the fall of 2014 , which school did 11.7 % of undergraduates enroll in ?
In the fall of 2014 , among the six undergraduate schools , 40.6 % of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences , 21.3 % in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science , 14.3 % in the School of Communication , 11.7 % in the Medill School of Journalism , 5.7 % in the Bienen School of Music , and 6.4 % in the School of Education and Social Policy .	Bienen School of Music	In the fall of 2014 , which school did 5.7 % of undergraduates enroll in ?
Admissions are characterized as `` most selective '' by U.S. News & World Report .	most selective	How selective are admissions at Northwestern characterized by U.S. News & World Report ?
There were 35,099 applications for the undergraduate class of 2020 -LRB- entering 2016 -RRB- , and 3,751 -LRB- 10.7 % -RRB- were admitted , making Northwestern one of the most selective schools in the United States .	10.7%	What percentage of applications were admitted for the undergraduate class entering in 2016 ?
For freshmen enrolling in the class of 2019 , the interquartile range -LRB- middle 50 % -RRB- on the SAT was 690 -- 760 for critical reading and 710-800 for math , ACT composite scores for the middle 50 % ranged from 31 -- 34 , and 91 % ranked in the top ten percent of their high school class .	91%	What percentage of freshman students enrolling in the class of 2019 ranked in the top 10 % of their high school class ?
For freshmen enrolling in the class of 2019 , the interquartile range -LRB- middle 50 % -RRB- on the SAT was 690 -- 760 for critical reading and 710-800 for math , ACT composite scores for the middle 50 % ranged from 31 -- 34 , and 91 % ranked in the top ten percent of their high school class .	690–760	For freshman enrolling in the class of 2019 , what was the interquartile range on the SAT for critical reading ?
For freshmen enrolling in the class of 2019 , the interquartile range -LRB- middle 50 % -RRB- on the SAT was 690 -- 760 for critical reading and 710-800 for math , ACT composite scores for the middle 50 % ranged from 31 -- 34 , and 91 % ranked in the top ten percent of their high school class .	710-800	For freshman enrolling in the class of 2019 , what was the interquartile range on the SAT for math ?
In April 2016 , Northwestern announced that it signed on to the Chicago Star Partnership , a City Colleges initiative .	the Chicago Star Partnership	What City College initiative did Northwestern announce signing on with in 2016 ?
The partnership was influenced by Mayor Rahm Emanuel , who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school district .	Mayor Rahm Emanuel	Who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school districts ?
Through this partnership , Northwestern is one of 15 Illinois public and private universities that will `` provide scholarships to students who graduate from Chicago Public Schools , get their associate degree from one of the city 's community colleges , and then get admitted to a bachelor 's degree program . ''	scholarships	Through the Chicago Star Partnership , what is provided to students from Chicago public schools that meet further educational criteria ?
The partnership was influenced by Mayor Rahm Emanuel , who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school district .	Rahm Emanuel	Which mayor influenced the Chicago Star Partnership ?
The Northwestern library system consists of four libraries on the Evanston campus including the present main library , University Library and the original library building , Deering Library ; three libraries on the Chicago campus ; and the library affiliated with Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary .	four	How many libraries are on the Evanston campus ?
The University Library contains over 4.9 million volumes , 4.6 million microforms , and almost 99,000 periodicals making it -LRB- by volume -RRB- the 30th-largest university library in North America and the 10th-largest library among private universities .	over 4.9 million	How many volumes does the University Library contain ?
The University Library contains over 4.9 million volumes , 4.6 million microforms , and almost 99,000 periodicals making it -LRB- by volume -RRB- the 30th-largest university library in North America and the 10th-largest library among private universities .	the 30th-largest	How does the University Library rank among North American university libraries ?
The library system participates with 15 other universities in digitizing its collections as a part of the Google Book Search project .	digitizing its collections	What does the Google Book Search project help libraries with ?
Notable collections in the library system include the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies , the largest Africana collection in the world , an extensive collection of early edition printed music and manuscripts as well as late-modern works , and an art collection noted for its 19th and 20th-century Western art and architecture periodicals .	Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies	What is the largest African collection in the world that is part of the Northwesern library system ?
Northwestern was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1917 and remains a research university with `` very high '' research activity .	1917	When was Northwestern elected to the Association of American Universities ?
Northwestern 's schools of management , engineering , and communication are among the most academically productive in the nation .	management, engineering, and communication	Which of Northwestern 's schools are among the most academically productive in the nation ?
Northwestern received $ 550 million in research funding in 2014 .	$550 million	In 2014 , how much research funding did Northwestern receive ?
The bulk of revenue has come from a patent on pregabalin , a synthesized organic molecule discovered by chemistry professor Richard Silverman , which ultimately was marketed as Lyrica , a drug sold by Pfizer , to combat epilepsy , neuropathic pain , and fibromyalgia .	chemistry professor Richard Silverman	Who discovered the drug that was ultimately marketed as Lyrica ?
Through the Innovation and New Ventures Office -LRB- INVO -RRB- , Northwestern researchers disclosed 247 inventions , filed 270 patents applications , received 81 foreign and US patents , started 12 companies , and generated $ 79.8 million in licensing revenue in 2013 .	12	How many companies were started through Northwestern 's Innovations and New Ventures Office ?
Northwestern is home to the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics , Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems , Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center , Materials Research Center , Institute for Policy Research , International Institute for Nanotechnology , Center for Catalysis and Surface Science , Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies , the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern and the Argonne/Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center and other centers for interdisciplinary research .	Northwestern	Where is the home of the Center for Catalysis and Surface Science ?
Northwestern is home to the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics , Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems , Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center , Materials Research Center , Institute for Policy Research , International Institute for Nanotechnology , Center for Catalysis and Surface Science , Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies , the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern and the Argonne/Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center and other centers for interdisciplinary research .	Northwestern	Where is the home of the International Institute for Nanotechnology ?
Northwestern is home to the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics , Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems , Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center , Materials Research Center , Institute for Policy Research , International Institute for Nanotechnology , Center for Catalysis and Surface Science , Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies , the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern and the Argonne/Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center and other centers for interdisciplinary research .	Northwestern	Where is the home of the Materials Research Center ?
Northwestern is home to the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics , Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems , Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center , Materials Research Center , Institute for Policy Research , International Institute for Nanotechnology , Center for Catalysis and Surface Science , Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies , the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern and the Argonne/Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center and other centers for interdisciplinary research .	Northwestern	Where is the home for the Institute for Policy Research ?
Northwestern is home to the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics , Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems , Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center , Materials Research Center , Institute for Policy Research , International Institute for Nanotechnology , Center for Catalysis and Surface Science , Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies , the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern and the Argonne/Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center and other centers for interdisciplinary research .	Northwestern	Where is the home of the Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies ?
Dance Marathon , a 30-hour philanthropic event , has raised more than 13 million dollars in its history for various children 's charities .	more than 13 million dollars	How much money has the traditional Northwestern Dance Marathon raised for children 's charities ?
Primal Scream is held at 9 p.m. on the Sunday before finals week every quarter ; students lean out of windows or gather in courtyards and scream .	scream	What do students do during the traditional Primal Scream event held before finals week every quarter ?
Armadillo Day , or , more popularly , Dillo Day , a day of music and food , is held on Northwestern 's Lakefill every Spring on the weekend after Memorial Day .	Dillo Day	What is the popular name for Northwestern 's traditional Armadillo Day ?
Armadillo Day , or , more popularly , Dillo Day , a day of music and food , is held on Northwestern 's Lakefill every Spring on the weekend after Memorial Day .	on the weekend after Memorial Day	When is Armadillo Day held every year ?
And in one of the University 's newer traditions , every year during freshman orientation , known as Wildcat Welcome , freshmen and transfer students pass through Weber Arch to the loud huzzahs of upperclassmen and the music of the University Marching Band .	Wildcat Welcome	What name is freshman orientation known as ?
They will also jingle keys at the beginning of each kickoff .	jingle keys	What do students traditionally do at the beginning of each football game kickoff ?
In the past , before the tradition was discontinued , students would throw marshmallows during games .	students would throw marshmallows during games	What football game tradition has since been discontinued ?
The Clock Tower at the Rebecca Crown Center glows purple , instead of its usual white , after a winning game , thereby proclaiming the happy news .	purple	What color does the Clock Tower glow after a winning football game ?
Students growl like wildcats when the opposing team controls the ball , while simulating a paw with their hands .	growl	What noise do students make when the opposing team has control of the football ?
The Clock Tower remains purple until a loss or until the end of the sports season .	until a loss or until the end of the sports season	How long does the Clock Tower remain purple after a winning game ?
Two annual productions are especially notable : the Waa-Mu show , and the Dolphin show .	the Waa-Mu show, and the Dolphin show	What are the two most notable productions each year at Northwestern ?
Waa-Mu is an original musical , written and produced almost entirely by students .	students	Who is the Waa-Muu show primarily written and produced by ?
Its umbrella organization -- the Student Theatre Coalition , or StuCo , organizes nine student theatre companies , multiple performance groups and more than sixty independent productions each year .	Student Theatre Coalition	What does StuCo stand for ?
Its umbrella organization -- the Student Theatre Coalition , or StuCo , organizes nine student theatre companies , multiple performance groups and more than sixty independent productions each year .	nine	How many student theatre companies does StuCo organize ?
Chicago 's Lookingglass Theatre Company , for example , which began life in the Great Room in Jones Residential College , was founded in 1988 by several alumni , including David Schwimmer ; in 2011 , it won the Regional Tony Award .	Chicago's Lookingglass	Which theater company was founded by several Northwestern alumni in 1988 ?
Annual events include Dance Marathon , a thirty-hour event that raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011 ; and Project Pumpkin , a Halloween celebration hosted by the Northwestern Community Development Corps -LRB- NCDC -RRB- to which more than 800 local children are invited for an afternoon of games and sweets .	Dance Marathon	What 30 hour event raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011 ?
Annual events include Dance Marathon , a thirty-hour event that raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011 ; and Project Pumpkin , a Halloween celebration hosted by the Northwestern Community Development Corps -LRB- NCDC -RRB- to which more than 800 local children are invited for an afternoon of games and sweets .	Project Pumpkin	What is the name of the Halloween celebration to which over 800 local children are invited ?
Northwestern students also participate in the Freshman Urban Program , a program for students interested in community service .	Freshman Urban Program	What is the name of the Northwestern program for students interested in community service ?
A large and growing number of students participate in the university 's Global Engagement Summer Institute -LRB- GESI -RRB- , a group service-learning expedition in Asia , Africa , or Latin America , in conjunction with the Foundation for Sustainable Development .	Global Engagement Summer Institute	What is the name of the university 's group service-learning expedition in Asia , Africa or Latin America ?
Annual events include Dance Marathon , a thirty-hour event that raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011 ; and Project Pumpkin , a Halloween celebration hosted by the Northwestern Community Development Corps -LRB- NCDC -RRB- to which more than 800 local children are invited for an afternoon of games and sweets .	Northwestern Community Development Corps	What does NCDC stand for ?
In Winter 2013 , 39 % of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority .	39%	What percentage of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority in Winter 2013 ?
Northwestern recognizes 21 fraternities and 18 sororities .	21	How many fraternities does Northwestern recognize ?
Northwestern recognizes 21 fraternities and 18 sororities .	18	How many sororities does Northwestern recognize ?
Among the residential colleges are the Residential College of Cultural and Community Studies -LRB- CCS -RRB- , Ayers College of Commerce and Industry , Jones Residential College -LRB- Arts -RRB- , and Slivka Residential College -LRB- Science and Engineering -RRB- .	Slivka	What is the name of the Residential College that houses students with an interest in science and engineering ?
Dorms include 1835 Hinman , Bobb-McCulloch , Foster-Walker complex -LRB- commonly referred to as Plex -RRB- , and several more .	Foster-Walker complex	Which dorms are commonly referred to as Plex ?
The Daily Northwestern is the main student newspaper .	The Daily Northwestern	What is the name of Northwestern 's main student newspaper ?
Established in 1881 , and published on weekdays during the academic year , it is directed entirely by undergraduates .	undergraduates	Who is The Daily Northwestern entirely directed by ?
Syllabus is the undergraduate yearbook .	Syllabus	What is the name of Northwestern 's undergraduate yearbook ?
It is owned by the Students Publishing Company .	the Students Publishing Company	Who owns The Daily Northwestern ?
Northwestern Flipside is an undergraduate satirical magazine .	Northwestern Flipside	What undergraduate satirical magazine was founded in 2009 ?
The Northwestern University Law Review is a scholarly legal publication and student organization at Northwestern University School of Law .	The Northwestern University Law Review	What is the name of the scholarly legal publication at Northwestern School of Law ?
The Law Review 's primary purpose is to publish a journal of broad legal scholarship .	a journal of broad legal scholarship	What type of journal does the Law Review strive to publish ?
The Law Review publishes four issues each year .	four	How many issues does the Law Review publish each year ?
The Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property is a law review published by an independent student organization at Northwestern University School of Law .	an independent student organization at Northwestern University School of Law	Who publishes the Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property ?
Student editors make the editorial and organizational decisions and select articles submitted by professors , judges , and practitioners , as well as student pieces .	Student editors	Who makes the editorial decisions for The Northwestern University Law Review ?
The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review is a scholarly legal publication published annually by an editorial board of Northwestern University undergraduates .	The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review	What journal was founded in 2008 that features articles by professors and law students ?
The journal is funded by the Buffett Center for International and Comparative Studies and the Office of the Provost .	Buffett Center for International and Comparative Studies and the Office of the Provost	Who funds The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review ?
The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review is a scholarly legal publication published annually by an editorial board of Northwestern University undergraduates .	annually	How often is The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review published ?
The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review is a scholarly legal publication published annually by an editorial board of Northwestern University undergraduates .	an editorial board of Northwestern University undergraduates	Who publishes The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review ?
Sherman Ave is a humor website that formed in January 2011 .	Sherman Ave	What is the name Northwestern 's humor website formed in 2011 ?
The website often publishes content about Northwestern student life , and most of Sherman Ave 's staffed writers are current Northwestern undergraduate students writing under pseudonyms .	pseudonyms	What do many of the writers staffed by Sherman Ave write under ?
Sherman Ave is a humor website that formed in January 2011 .	Sherman Ave	Which website publishes the well known `` Freshman Guide '' ?
Politics & Policy was founded at Northwestern and is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy .	Politics & Policy	What is the publication that is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy ?
Begun in 2010 by students in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences , School of Communication , and Medill School of Journalism , the organization reaches students on more than 250 college campuses around the world .	250	How many college campuses does Politics & Policy reach worldwide ?
Run entirely by undergraduates , Politics & Policy publishes several times a week with material ranging from short summaries of events to extended research pieces .	undergraduates	Who completely runs Politics and Policy ?
The organization is funded in part by the Buffett Center .	the Buffett Center	Who partially funds Politics and Policy ?
Run entirely by undergraduates , Politics & Policy publishes several times a week with material ranging from short summaries of events to extended research pieces .	several times a week	How often is Politics & Policy published ?
Northwestern fields 19 intercollegiate athletic teams -LRB- 8 men 's and 11 women 's -RRB- in addition to numerous club sports .	8	How many men 's intercollegiate athletic teams are fielded by Northwestern ?
Northwestern fields 19 intercollegiate athletic teams -LRB- 8 men 's and 11 women 's -RRB- in addition to numerous club sports .	11	How many women 's intercollegiate athletic teams are fielded by Northwestern ?
The women 's lacrosse team won five consecutive NCAA national championships between 2005 and 2009 , went undefeated in 2005 and 2009 , added more NCAA championships in 2011 and 2012 , giving them 7 NCAA championships in 8 years , and holds several scoring records .	five	How many consecutive NCAA championships did the women 's larcrosse team win between 2005 and 2009 ?
The men 's basketball team is recognized by the Helms Athletic Foundation as the 1931 National Champion .	Helms Athletic Foundation	Who recognized the men 's basketball team as the 1931 National Champion ?
Overall , 12 of Northwestern 's 19 varsity programs had NCAA or bowl postseason appearances .	12	How many of Northwestern 's 19 varsity programs had NCAA or bowl postseason appearances ?
The football team plays at Ryan Field -LRB- formerly known as Dyche Stadium -RRB- ; the basketball , wrestling , and volleyball teams play at Welsh-Ryan Arena .	Welsh-Ryan Arena	Where do Northwestern 's basketball , wrestling , and volleyball teams play ?
Northwestern 's athletic teams are nicknamed the Wildcats .	Wildcats	What is the nickname given to Northwestern 's athletic teams ?
Before 1924 , they were known as `` The Purple '' and unofficially as `` The Fighting Methodists . ''	The Purple	What was the official nickname of Northwestern 's athletic teams prior to 1924 ?
Before 1924 , they were known as `` The Purple '' and unofficially as `` The Fighting Methodists . ''	The Fighting Methodists	What was the unofficial nickname of the Northwestern athletic teams prior to 1924 ?
In 1972 , the student body voted to change the official nickname from `` Wildcats '' to `` Purple Haze '' but the new name never stuck .	Purple Haze	What name did the student body unsuccessfully try to rename the Wildcats in 1972 ?
The mascot of Northwestern Athletics is Willie the Wildcat .	Willie the Wildcat	Who is the mascot of Northwestern Athletics ?
The first mascot , however , was a live , caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo named Furpaw who was brought to the playing field on the day of a game to greet the fans .	a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo	What was the first mascot of Northwestern Athletics ?
The first mascot , however , was a live , caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo named Furpaw who was brought to the playing field on the day of a game to greet the fans .	Furpaw	What was the name of Northwestern Athletics 's bear cub mascot ?
But after a losing season , the team , deciding that Furpaw was to blame for its misfortune , banished him from campus forever .	Furpaw	Who did the athletic team blame for it 's first losing season ?
But after a losing season , the team , deciding that Furpaw was to blame for its misfortune , banished him from campus forever .	banished him from campus forever	What did the athletic team do with Furpaw after they lost the first season ?
Northwestern 's football team has made 73 appearances in the top 10 of the AP poll since 1936 -LRB- including 5 at # 1 -RRB- and has won eight Big Ten conference championships since 1903 .	73	How many appearances has Northwestern 's football team made in the top 10 AP poll since 1936 ?
At one time , Northwestern had the longest losing streak in Division I-A , losing 34 consecutive games between 1979 and 1982 .	34	How many consecutive games did Northwestern lose during it 's longest losing streak between 1979 and 1982 ?
They did not appear in a bowl game after 1949 until the 1996 Rose Bowl .	1996 Rose Bowl	What was the first bowl game Northwestern appeared in after 1949 ?
The team did not win a bowl since the 1949 Rose Bowl until the 2013 Gator Bowl .	2013 Gator Bowl	What was the first bowl won by Northwestern after the 1949 Rose Bowl ?
Following the sudden death of football coach Randy Walker in 2006 , 31-year-old former All-American Northwestern linebacker Pat Fitzgerald assumed the position , becoming the youngest Division I FBS coach at the time .	Pat Fitzgerald	In 2006 , which Northwestern linebacker became the youngest Division/FBS coach at the time ?
In 1998 , two former Northwestern basketball players were charged and convicted for sports bribery as a result of being paid to shave points in games against three other Big Ten schools during the 1995 season .	sports bribery	What were 2 former Northwestern basketball players charged and convicted for in 1998 ?
The football team became embroiled in a different betting scandal later that year when federal prosecutors indicted four former players for perjury related to betting on their own games .	perjury related to betting on their own games	What did federal prosecutors indict four former players for in a separate betting scandal ?
An autopsy revealed that he had ephedrine , a stimulant banned by the NCAA , in his system , which prompted Northwestern to investigate the prevalence of stimulants and other banned substances across all of its athletic programs .	ephedrine	What did an autopsy reveal was in Rashidi Wheeler 's system after he died during a practice ?
In 2006 , the Northwestern women 's soccer team was suspended and coach Jenny Haigh resigned following the release of images of alleged hazing .	the release of images of alleged hazing	In 2006 , what prompted the women 's soccer team coach , Jenny Haigh , to resign ?
An autopsy revealed that he had ephedrine , a stimulant banned by the NCAA , in his system , which prompted Northwestern to investigate the prevalence of stimulants and other banned substances across all of its athletic programs .	all	After the death of Rashidi Wheeler in 2001 , which athletic programs were investigated for stimulants and other banned substances ?
The university employs 3,401 full-time faculty members across its eleven schools , including 18 members of the National Academy of Sciences , 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , 19 members of the National Academy of Engineering , and 6 members of the Institute of Medicine .	3,401	How many full-time faculty members does Northwestern employ ?
Notable faculty include 2010 Nobel Prize -- winning economist Dale T. Mortensen ; nano-scientist Chad Mirkin ; Tony Award-winning director Mary Zimmerman ; management expert Philip Kotler ; King Faisal International Prize in Science recipient Sir Fraser Stoddart ; Steppenwolf Theatre director Anna Shapiro ; sexual psychologist J. Michael Bailey ; Holocaust denier Arthur Butz ; Federalist Society co-founder Steven Calabresi ; former Weatherman Bernardine Rae Dohrn ; ethnographer Gary Alan Fine ; Pulitzer Prize -- winning historian Garry Wills ; American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow Monica Olvera de la Cruz and MacArthur Fellowship recipients Stuart Dybek , and Jennifer Richeson .	Arthur Butz	Who is Northwestern 's faculty member notable for being a Holocaust denier ?
Notable faculty include 2010 Nobel Prize -- winning economist Dale T. Mortensen ; nano-scientist Chad Mirkin ; Tony Award-winning director Mary Zimmerman ; management expert Philip Kotler ; King Faisal International Prize in Science recipient Sir Fraser Stoddart ; Steppenwolf Theatre director Anna Shapiro ; sexual psychologist J. Michael Bailey ; Holocaust denier Arthur Butz ; Federalist Society co-founder Steven Calabresi ; former Weatherman Bernardine Rae Dohrn ; ethnographer Gary Alan Fine ; Pulitzer Prize -- winning historian Garry Wills ; American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow Monica Olvera de la Cruz and MacArthur Fellowship recipients Stuart Dybek , and Jennifer Richeson .	historian Garry Wills	Who is Northwestern 's faculty member notable for winning a Pulitzer Prize ?
Notable faculty include 2010 Nobel Prize -- winning economist Dale T. Mortensen ; nano-scientist Chad Mirkin ; Tony Award-winning director Mary Zimmerman ; management expert Philip Kotler ; King Faisal International Prize in Science recipient Sir Fraser Stoddart ; Steppenwolf Theatre director Anna Shapiro ; sexual psychologist J. Michael Bailey ; Holocaust denier Arthur Butz ; Federalist Society co-founder Steven Calabresi ; former Weatherman Bernardine Rae Dohrn ; ethnographer Gary Alan Fine ; Pulitzer Prize -- winning historian Garry Wills ; American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow Monica Olvera de la Cruz and MacArthur Fellowship recipients Stuart Dybek , and Jennifer Richeson .	Mary Zimmerman	Who is Northwestern 's faculty member notable for becoming a Tony Award-winning director ?
Notable former faculty include political advisor David Axelrod , artist Ed Paschke , writer Charles Newman , Nobel Prize -- winning chemist John Pople , and military sociologist and `` do n't ask , do n't tell '' author Charles Moskos .	chemist John Pople	Who is Northwestern 's faculty member notable for winning the Nobel Prize ?
Among Northwestern 's more notable alumni are U.S. Senator and presidential candidate George McGovern , Nobel Prize -- winning economist George J. Stigler , Nobel Prize -- winning novelist Saul Bellow , Pulitzer Prize -- winning composer and diarist Ned Rorem , the much-decorated composer Howard Hanson , Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Ali Babacan , the historian and novelist Wilma Dykeman , and the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast Abraham Vereide .	George McGovern	Which of Northwestern 's alumni is notable for becoming a U.S. Senator and presidential candidate ?
Among Northwestern 's more notable alumni are U.S. Senator and presidential candidate George McGovern , Nobel Prize -- winning economist George J. Stigler , Nobel Prize -- winning novelist Saul Bellow , Pulitzer Prize -- winning composer and diarist Ned Rorem , the much-decorated composer Howard Hanson , Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Ali Babacan , the historian and novelist Wilma Dykeman , and the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast Abraham Vereide .	Ali Babacan	Which of Northwestern 's alumni is notable for becoming The Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey ?
Among Northwestern 's more notable alumni are U.S. Senator and presidential candidate George McGovern , Nobel Prize -- winning economist George J. Stigler , Nobel Prize -- winning novelist Saul Bellow , Pulitzer Prize -- winning composer and diarist Ned Rorem , the much-decorated composer Howard Hanson , Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Ali Babacan , the historian and novelist Wilma Dykeman , and the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast Abraham Vereide .	Abraham Vereide	Which of Northwestern 's alumni is notable for being the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast ?
U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens , Supreme Court Justice and Ambassador to the United Nations Arthur Joseph Goldberg , and Governor of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson are among the graduates of the Northwestern School of Law .	Adlai Stevenson	Which of Northwestern 's alumni is notable for becoming the Governor of Illinois and a presidential candidate ?
Many Northwestern alumni play or have played important roles in Chicago and Illinois , such as former Illinois governor and convicted felon Rod Blagojevich , Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf , and theater director Mary Zimmerman .	Rod Blagojevich	Which of Northwestern 's alumni is notable for becoming the Illinois Governor and convicted felon ?
Amsterdam-based comedy theater Boom Chicago was founded by Northwestern alumni , and the school has become a training ground for future The Second City , I.O. , ComedySportz , Mad TV and Saturday Night Live talent .	Northwestern alumni	Who founded the Amsterdam based comedy theater Boom Chicago ?
Northwestern 's School of Communication has been especially fruitful in the number of actors , actresses , playwrights , and film and television writers and directors it has produced .	Northwestern's School of Communication	Where did actor Warren Beatty attend school ?
Northwestern 's School of Communication has been especially fruitful in the number of actors , actresses , playwrights , and film and television writers and directors it has produced .	Northwestern's School of Communication	Where did actor Charlton Heston attend school ?
Northwestern 's School of Communication has been especially fruitful in the number of actors , actresses , playwrights , and film and television writers and directors it has produced .	Northwestern's School of Communication	Where did director Gerald Freedman attend school ?
Lee Phillip Bell hosted a talk show in Chicago from 1952 to 1986 and co-created the Daytime Emmy Award-winning soap operas The Young and the Restless in 1973 and The Bold and the Beautiful in 1987 .	Lee Phillip Bell	Which alumni was a co-creator of `` The Young and the Restless '' , and `` The Bold and the Beautiful '' ?
The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates .	38	How many Pulitzer Prize laureates attended the Medill School of Journalism ?
The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates .	The Medill School of Journalism	Where did NBC correspondant Kelly O'Donnell attend school ?
The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates .	The Medill School of Journalism	Where did bestselling author George R. R. Martin earn his B.S. and M.S. ?
Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards and 4 Edward R. Murrow Awards .	13	How many Emmy awards did alumni Elisabeth Leamy receive ?
National correspondents , reporters and columnists such as The New York Times 's Elisabeth Bumiller , David Barstow , Dean Murphy , and Vincent Laforet , USA Today 's Gary Levin , Susan Page and Christine Brennan , NBC correspondent Kelly O'Donnell , CBS correspondent Richard Threlkeld , CNN correspondent Nicole Lapin and former CNN and current Al Jazeera America anchor Joie Chen , and ESPN personalities Rachel Nichols , Michael Wilbon , Mike Greenberg , Steve Weissman , J. A. Adande , and Kevin Blackistone .	Richard Threlkeld	Which CBS correspondant graduated from The Medill School of Journalism ?
The Feinberg School of Medicine -LRB- previously the Northwestern University Medical School -RRB- has produced a number of notable graduates , including Mary Harris Thompson , Class of 1870 , ad eundem , first female surgeon in Chicago , first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital , and founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital , Roswell Park , Class of 1876 , prominent surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo , New York , is named , Daniel Hale Williams , Class of 1883 , performed the first successful American open heart surgery ; only black charter member of the American College of Surgeons , Charles Horace Mayo , Class of 1888 , co-founder of Mayo Clinic , Carlos Montezuma , Class of 1889 , one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school , and founder of the Society of American Indians , Howard T. Ricketts , Class of 1897 , who discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia , and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever , Allen B. Kanavel , Class of 1899 , founder , regent , and president of the American College of Surgeons , internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery , Robert F. Furchgott , Class of 1940 , received a Lasker Award in 1996 and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide , Thomas E. Starzl , Class of 1952 , performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004 and a Lasker Award in 2012 , Joseph P. Kerwin , first physician in space , flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA , C. Richard Schlegel , Class of 1972 , developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus -LRB- administered as Gardasil -RRB- to prevent cervical cancer , David J. Skorton , Class of 1974 , a noted cardiologist became president of Cornell University in 2006 , and Andrew E. Senyei , Class of 1979 , inventor , venture capitalist , and entrepreneur , founder of biotech and genetics companies , and a university trustee .	Mary Harris Thompson	Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the Roswell Park Cancer Institute named after ?
The Feinberg School of Medicine -LRB- previously the Northwestern University Medical School -RRB- has produced a number of notable graduates , including Mary Harris Thompson , Class of 1870 , ad eundem , first female surgeon in Chicago , first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital , and founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital , Roswell Park , Class of 1876 , prominent surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo , New York , is named , Daniel Hale Williams , Class of 1883 , performed the first successful American open heart surgery ; only black charter member of the American College of Surgeons , Charles Horace Mayo , Class of 1888 , co-founder of Mayo Clinic , Carlos Montezuma , Class of 1889 , one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school , and founder of the Society of American Indians , Howard T. Ricketts , Class of 1897 , who discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia , and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever , Allen B. Kanavel , Class of 1899 , founder , regent , and president of the American College of Surgeons , internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery , Robert F. Furchgott , Class of 1940 , received a Lasker Award in 1996 and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide , Thomas E. Starzl , Class of 1952 , performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004 and a Lasker Award in 2012 , Joseph P. Kerwin , first physician in space , flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA , C. Richard Schlegel , Class of 1972 , developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus -LRB- administered as Gardasil -RRB- to prevent cervical cancer , David J. Skorton , Class of 1974 , a noted cardiologist became president of Cornell University in 2006 , and Andrew E. Senyei , Class of 1979 , inventor , venture capitalist , and entrepreneur , founder of biotech and genetics companies , and a university trustee .	Daniel Hale Williams	Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine performed the first successful American open heart surgery ?
The Feinberg School of Medicine -LRB- previously the Northwestern University Medical School -RRB- has produced a number of notable graduates , including Mary Harris Thompson , Class of 1870 , ad eundem , first female surgeon in Chicago , first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital , and founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital , Roswell Park , Class of 1876 , prominent surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo , New York , is named , Daniel Hale Williams , Class of 1883 , performed the first successful American open heart surgery ; only black charter member of the American College of Surgeons , Charles Horace Mayo , Class of 1888 , co-founder of Mayo Clinic , Carlos Montezuma , Class of 1889 , one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school , and founder of the Society of American Indians , Howard T. Ricketts , Class of 1897 , who discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia , and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever , Allen B. Kanavel , Class of 1899 , founder , regent , and president of the American College of Surgeons , internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery , Robert F. Furchgott , Class of 1940 , received a Lasker Award in 1996 and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide , Thomas E. Starzl , Class of 1952 , performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004 and a Lasker Award in 2012 , Joseph P. Kerwin , first physician in space , flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA , C. Richard Schlegel , Class of 1972 , developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus -LRB- administered as Gardasil -RRB- to prevent cervical cancer , David J. Skorton , Class of 1974 , a noted cardiologist became president of Cornell University in 2006 , and Andrew E. Senyei , Class of 1979 , inventor , venture capitalist , and entrepreneur , founder of biotech and genetics companies , and a university trustee .	Charles Horace Mayo	Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine co-founded the Mayo Clinic ?
The Feinberg School of Medicine -LRB- previously the Northwestern University Medical School -RRB- has produced a number of notable graduates , including Mary Harris Thompson , Class of 1870 , ad eundem , first female surgeon in Chicago , first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital , and founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital , Roswell Park , Class of 1876 , prominent surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo , New York , is named , Daniel Hale Williams , Class of 1883 , performed the first successful American open heart surgery ; only black charter member of the American College of Surgeons , Charles Horace Mayo , Class of 1888 , co-founder of Mayo Clinic , Carlos Montezuma , Class of 1889 , one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school , and founder of the Society of American Indians , Howard T. Ricketts , Class of 1897 , who discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia , and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever , Allen B. Kanavel , Class of 1899 , founder , regent , and president of the American College of Surgeons , internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery , Robert F. Furchgott , Class of 1940 , received a Lasker Award in 1996 and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide , Thomas E. Starzl , Class of 1952 , performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004 and a Lasker Award in 2012 , Joseph P. Kerwin , first physician in space , flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA , C. Richard Schlegel , Class of 1972 , developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus -LRB- administered as Gardasil -RRB- to prevent cervical cancer , David J. Skorton , Class of 1974 , a noted cardiologist became president of Cornell University in 2006 , and Andrew E. Senyei , Class of 1979 , inventor , venture capitalist , and entrepreneur , founder of biotech and genetics companies , and a university trustee .	Allen B. Kanavel	Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine founded the American College of Surgeons ?
The Feinberg School of Medicine -LRB- previously the Northwestern University Medical School -RRB- has produced a number of notable graduates , including Mary Harris Thompson , Class of 1870 , ad eundem , first female surgeon in Chicago , first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital , and founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital , Roswell Park , Class of 1876 , prominent surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo , New York , is named , Daniel Hale Williams , Class of 1883 , performed the first successful American open heart surgery ; only black charter member of the American College of Surgeons , Charles Horace Mayo , Class of 1888 , co-founder of Mayo Clinic , Carlos Montezuma , Class of 1889 , one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school , and founder of the Society of American Indians , Howard T. Ricketts , Class of 1897 , who discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia , and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever , Allen B. Kanavel , Class of 1899 , founder , regent , and president of the American College of Surgeons , internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery , Robert F. Furchgott , Class of 1940 , received a Lasker Award in 1996 and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide , Thomas E. Starzl , Class of 1952 , performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004 and a Lasker Award in 2012 , Joseph P. Kerwin , first physician in space , flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA , C. Richard Schlegel , Class of 1972 , developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus -LRB- administered as Gardasil -RRB- to prevent cervical cancer , David J. Skorton , Class of 1974 , a noted cardiologist became president of Cornell University in 2006 , and Andrew E. Senyei , Class of 1979 , inventor , venture capitalist , and entrepreneur , founder of biotech and genetics companies , and a university trustee .	Joseph P. Kerwin	Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the first physician in space ?
Hokkien originated from a dialect in southern Fujian .	southern Fujian.	Where did Hokkien originate ?
It is closely related to the Teochew , though mutual comprehension is difficult , and is somewhat more distantly related to Hainanese .	Teochew	What dialect is Hokkien closely related to ?
Hokkien / hɒˈkiɛn / -LRB- traditional Chinese : 福建話 ; simplified Chinese : 福建话 ; pinyin : Fújiànhuà ; Pe̍h - ōe-jī : Hok-kiàn oē -RRB- or Quanzhang -LRB- Quanzhou -- Zhangzhou / Chinchew -- Changchew ; BP : Zuánziū -- Ziāngziū -RRB- is a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia , Taiwan , and by many other overseas Chinese .	a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese.	What is Hokkien ?
Hokkien / hɒˈkiɛn / -LRB- traditional Chinese : 福建話 ; simplified Chinese : 福建话 ; pinyin : Fújiànhuà ; Pe̍h - ōe-jī : Hok-kiàn oē -RRB- or Quanzhang -LRB- Quanzhou -- Zhangzhou / Chinchew -- Changchew ; BP : Zuánziū -- Ziāngziū -RRB- is a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia , Taiwan , and by many other overseas Chinese .	Southeast Asia	Where is Hokkien spoken ?
Hokkien originated from a dialect in southern Fujian .	southern Fujian	Where did Hokkien originate ?
It is closely related to the Teochew , though mutual comprehension is difficult , and is somewhat more distantly related to Hainanese .	Teochew	What language is Hokkien closely related to ?
It is closely related to the Teochew , though mutual comprehension is difficult , and is somewhat more distantly related to Hainanese .	Hainanese	What language is Hokkien distantly related to ?
Besides Hokkien , there are also other Min and Hakka dialects in Fujian province , most of which are not mutually intelligible with Hokkien .	Fujian province	Min and Hakka dialects are found where ?
In Chinese linguistics , these dialects are known by their classification under the Quanzhang Division -LRB- Chinese : 泉漳片 ; pinyin : Quánzhāng piàn -RRB- of Min Nan , which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers Quanzhou and Zhangzhou .	Quanzhou and Zhangzhou.	What at the main Hokkioen urban centers ?
The term Hokkien -LRB- Chinese : 福建話 ; Pe̍h - ōe-jī : hok-kiàn oē ; Tâi-lô : Hok-kiàn-uē -RRB- , on the other hand , is used commonly in South East Asia to refer to Min-nan dialects .	Min-nan dialects.	What dialects does Hokkien refer to ?
The term Hokkien -LRB- Chinese : 福建話 ; Pe̍h - ōe-jī : hok-kiàn oē ; Tâi-lô : Hok-kiàn-uē -RRB- , on the other hand , is used commonly in South East Asia to refer to Min-nan dialects .	South East Asia	Where is the term Hokkien mainly used ?
The term Hokkien -LRB- 福建 ; hɔk˥˥kɪɛn˨˩ -RRB- is itself a term not used in Chinese to refer to the dialect , as it simply means Fujian province .	Fujian province	What does Hokkien mean ?
In Chinese linguistics , these dialects are known by their classification under the Quanzhang Division -LRB- Chinese : 泉漳片 ; pinyin : Quánzhāng piàn -RRB- of Min Nan , which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers Quanzhou and Zhangzhou .	Quanzhang Division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan	What division of dialects does Hokkien belong to ?
The term Hokkien -LRB- Chinese : 福建話 ; Pe̍h - ōe-jī : hok-kiàn oē ; Tâi-lô : Hok-kiàn-uē -RRB- , on the other hand , is used commonly in South East Asia to refer to Min-nan dialects .	Hokkien	In South East Asia , what term is commonly used to refer to Min-nan dialects ?
In Chinese linguistics , these dialects are known by their classification under the Quanzhang Division -LRB- Chinese : 泉漳片 ; pinyin : Quánzhāng piàn -RRB- of Min Nan , which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers Quanzhou and Zhangzhou .	Hokkien	Where are quanzhou and Zhangzhou located ?
Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5 % of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines , among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē -LRB- `` Our people 's language '' -RRB- .	98.5%	What percentage of Chinese Filipino are reportedly native Hokkien speakers ?
Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5 % of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines , among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē -LRB- `` Our people 's language '' -RRB- .	Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language").	What is Hokkien known as locally in the Phillippines ?
Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore , Malaysia and Indonesia .	Hokkien speakers	Who form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore ?
Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore , Malaysia and Indonesia .	Hokkien speakers	Who form the largest group of Chinese in Malaysia ?
Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore , Malaysia and Indonesia .	Hokkien speakers	Who form the largest group of Chinese in Indonesia ?
Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian , and brought the language to what is now Burma -LRB- Myanmar -RRB- , Indonesia -LRB- the former Dutch East Indies -RRB- and present day Malaysia and Singapore -LRB- formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements -RRB- .	Han Chinese emigrants	Who brought the language Hokkien to Myanmar ?
Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian , and brought the language to what is now Burma -LRB- Myanmar -RRB- , Indonesia -LRB- the former Dutch East Indies -RRB- and present day Malaysia and Singapore -LRB- formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements -RRB- .	Burma	What is the current name for Myanmar ?
Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian , and brought the language to what is now Burma -LRB- Myanmar -RRB- , Indonesia -LRB- the former Dutch East Indies -RRB- and present day Malaysia and Singapore -LRB- formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements -RRB- .	Dutch East Indies	What is the former name for Indonesia ?
Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5 % of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines , among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē -LRB- `` Our people 's language '' -RRB- .	98.5%	What percent of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines spoeak Hokkien ?
Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5 % of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines , among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē -LRB- `` Our people 's language '' -RRB- .	Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē	What is the local name for Hokkien in the Philippines ?
During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China , there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China .	China	The Three Kings Period was a period of time in what country ?
During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China , there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China .	the Central Plain of China	Where was war concentrated during the Three Kings Period ?
However , the massive migration of northern Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the Disaster of Yongjia .	the Disaster of Yongjia	What disaster caused a massive migration in the Fujiian region ?
They brought the old Chinese -- spoken in Central Plain of China from prehistoric era to 3rd century -- into Fujian .	old Chinese	What language was spoken in the central plain of China up until the 3rd century ?
The Jìn court fled from the north to the south , causing large numbers of northern Han Chinese to move into Fujian region .	north to the south	What direction did the jin court flee during the Three Kings period ?
In 677 -LRB- during the reign of Emperor Gaozong -RRB- , Chen Zheng -LRB- 陳政 -RRB- , together with his son Chen Yuanguang -LRB- 陳元光 -RRB- , led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian .	Emperor Gaozong	Who was the ruler of China in 677 ?
In 677 -LRB- during the reign of Emperor Gaozong -RRB- , Chen Zheng -LRB- 陳政 -RRB- , together with his son Chen Yuanguang -LRB- 陳元光 -RRB- , led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian .	Chen Zheng	Who led the military expedition in Fujian ?
In 677 -LRB- during the reign of Emperor Gaozong -RRB- , Chen Zheng -LRB- 陳政 -RRB- , together with his son Chen Yuanguang -LRB- 陳元光 -RRB- , led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian .	Chen Yuanguang	What is the name of the son of Chen Zheng ?
They settled in Zhangzhou and brought the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China during the 7th century into Zhangzhou ; In 885 , -LRB- during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang -RRB- , the two brothers Wang Chao -LRB- 王潮 -RRB- and Wang Shenzhi -LRB- 王審知 -RRB- , led a military expedition force to pacify the Huang Chao rebellion .	Emperor Xizong of Tang	Who was the ruler of China in 885 ?
These two waves of migrations from the north generally brought the language of northern Middle Chinese into the Fujian region .	two waves of migrations from the north	What was responsible for bringing the language of North middle China to the Fujian region ?
Xiamen dialect , sometimes known as Amoy , is the main dialect spoken in the Chinese city of Xiamen and its surrounding regions of Tong ` an and Xiang ` an , both of which are now included in the Greater Xiamen area .	Amoy	What is another name for Xiamen dialect ?
Xiamen dialect , sometimes known as Amoy , is the main dialect spoken in the Chinese city of Xiamen and its surrounding regions of Tong ` an and Xiang ` an , both of which are now included in the Greater Xiamen area .	Xiamen dialect	What is the main dialect spoken in Xiamen ?
This dialect developed in the late Ming dynasty when Xiamen was increasingly taking over Quanzhou 's position as the main port of trade in southeastern China .	late Ming dynasty	During what dynasty did the Xiamen dialect develope ?
This dialect developed in the late Ming dynasty when Xiamen was increasingly taking over Quanzhou 's position as the main port of trade in southeastern China .	Xiamen	What city took over Quanzhou 's position as the main port of trade in SE China ?
Quanzhou traders began travelling southwards to Xiamen to carry on their businesses while Zhangzhou peasants began traveling northwards to Xiamen in search of job opportunities .	in search of job opportunities	Why did peasants from Zhangzhou travel north to Xiamen ?
Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties , with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese .	Hokkien	What Chinese dialect has more consonants than standard Mandarin or Cantonese ?
Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin .	similar	How do Hokkien vowels compare to Standard Mandarin vowels ?
Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties .	many pronunciations	What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties ?
Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties , with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese .	phoneme inventories	Hokkien has one of the most diverse what , among Chinese varieties ?
In general , Hokkien dialects have 5 to 7 phonemic tones .	5 to 7	How many phonemic tones do Hokkien dialects have ?
According to the traditional Chinese system , however , there are 7 to 9 `` tones '' , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- more correctly termed tone classes since two of them are non-phonemic `` entering tones '' -LRB- see the discussion on Chinese tone -RRB- .	tone classes	What is another name for phonemic tones ?
There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems .	minor	What type of variations are there between the Quanznou and Zhangzhou tone system ?
Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou , depending on the area of Taiwan .	Amoy or Quanzhou	What patterns do Taiwanese tones follow ?
Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou , depending on the area of Taiwan .	the area of Taiwan	What is the pattern used un Taiwanese tones determined by ?
The Amoy dialect -LRB- Xiamen -RRB- is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects .	Quanzhou and Zhangzhou	The Amoy dialect is a hybrid of what two dialects ?
Taiwanese is also a hybrid of these two dialects .	Taiwanese	Besides Amoy , what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou ?
Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on the Quanzhou variety , whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech .	Quanzhou	What is Taiwanese in Northern Taiwan based on ?
Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on the Quanzhou variety , whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech .	Zhangzhou speech	What is Taiwanese in Southern Taiwan based on ?
On the other hand , the variants spoken in Singapore and Malaysia have a substantial number of loanwords from Malay and to a lesser extent , from English and other Chinese varieties , such as the closely related Teochew and some Cantonese .	Malay	In Singapore , the varient of Hokkien has a significant amount of loanwords from where ?
Hokkien dialects are analytic ; in a sentence , the arrangement of words is important to its meaning .	meaning	In Hokkien dialects , the arrangent of words is important to what ?
A basic sentence follows the subject -- verb -- object pattern -LRB- i.e. a subject is followed by a verb then by an object -RRB- , though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent .	subject–verb–object	What pattern does a basic Hokkien sentence follow ?
A basic sentence follows the subject -- verb -- object pattern -LRB- i.e. a subject is followed by a verb then by an object -RRB- , though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent .	subject–verb–object	Being topic prominant , what basic sentence pattern is often not used ?
Unlike synthetic languages , seldom do words indicate time , gender and plural by inflection .	time, gender and plural	Unlike synthetic languages , what do Hokkien sentences not indicate ?
Different particles are added to a sentence to further specify its status or intonation .	Different particles	What is added to sentences to specify status or tone ?
The existence of literary and colloquial readings -LRB- 文白異讀 -RRB- , called tha̍k - im -LRB- 讀音 -RRB- , is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south .	tha̍k-im	What are literary and colloquial readings called ?
The bulk of literary readings -LRB- 文讀 , bûn-tha ̍k -RRB- , based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty , are mainly used in formal phrases and written language -LRB- e.g. philosophical concepts , surnames , and some place names -RRB- , while the colloquial -LRB- or vernacular -RRB- ones -LRB- 白讀 , pe̍h - tha̍k -RRB- are basically used in spoken language and vulgar phrases .	vernacular)	What is another name for colloquial ?
The bulk of literary readings -LRB- 文讀 , bûn-tha ̍k -RRB- , based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty , are mainly used in formal phrases and written language -LRB- e.g. philosophical concepts , surnames , and some place names -RRB- , while the colloquial -LRB- or vernacular -RRB- ones -LRB- 白讀 , pe̍h - tha̍k -RRB- are basically used in spoken language and vulgar phrases .	formal phrases and written language	Literary readings are usually used where ?
The bulk of literary readings -LRB- 文讀 , bûn-tha ̍k -RRB- , based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty , are mainly used in formal phrases and written language -LRB- e.g. philosophical concepts , surnames , and some place names -RRB- , while the colloquial -LRB- or vernacular -RRB- ones -LRB- 白讀 , pe̍h - tha̍k -RRB- are basically used in spoken language and vulgar phrases .	spoken language and vulgar phrases	colloquial reading are usually used where ?
The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon .	Min	Colloquial stratum can be traced to several strata in what lexicon ?
The earliest , colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty -LRB- 206 BCE - 220 CE -RRB- ; the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties -LRB- 420 - 589 CE -RRB- ; the third stratum of pronunciations -LRB- typically literary ones -RRB- comes from the Tang Dynasty -LRB- 618 -- 907 CE -RRB- and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang ` an -LRB- modern day Xi'an -RRB- , its capital .	Han dynasty	The earliest colloquial stratum can be traced to what ?
The earliest , colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty -LRB- 206 BCE - 220 CE -RRB- ; the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties -LRB- 420 - 589 CE -RRB- ; the third stratum of pronunciations -LRB- typically literary ones -RRB- comes from the Tang Dynasty -LRB- 618 -- 907 CE -RRB- and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang ` an -LRB- modern day Xi'an -RRB- , its capital .	206 BCE - 220 CE	When was the Han Dynasty ?
The earliest , colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty -LRB- 206 BCE - 220 CE -RRB- ; the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties -LRB- 420 - 589 CE -RRB- ; the third stratum of pronunciations -LRB- typically literary ones -RRB- comes from the Tang Dynasty -LRB- 618 -- 907 CE -RRB- and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang ` an -LRB- modern day Xi'an -RRB- , its capital .	420 - 589 CE	When were the Southern and Northern Dynasties ?
The earliest , colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty -LRB- 206 BCE - 220 CE -RRB- ; the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties -LRB- 420 - 589 CE -RRB- ; the third stratum of pronunciations -LRB- typically literary ones -RRB- comes from the Tang Dynasty -LRB- 618 -- 907 CE -RRB- and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang ` an -LRB- modern day Xi'an -RRB- , its capital .	618–907 CE	When was the Tang Dynasty ?
Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu -LRB- where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and later words from Middle Chinese as well , have retained the original meanings in Hokkien , while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use , have been substituted with other words -LRB- some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments -RRB- , or have developed newer meanings .	in the state of Wu	Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate ?
Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu -LRB- where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and later words from Middle Chinese as well , have retained the original meanings in Hokkien , while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use , have been substituted with other words -LRB- some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments -RRB- , or have developed newer meanings .	the state of Chu	Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where ?
Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu -LRB- where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and later words from Middle Chinese as well , have retained the original meanings in Hokkien , while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use , have been substituted with other words -LRB- some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments -RRB- , or have developed newer meanings .	Mandarin Chinese	Many middle chinese words have retained their meanings in Hokkein but not in what ?
Hokkien originated from Quanzhou .	Quanzhou	Where did Hokkein originate ?
After the Opium War in 1842 , Xiamen -LRB- Amoy -RRB- became one of the major treaty ports to be opened for trade with the outside world .	1842	What year was the Opium war ?
After the Opium War in 1842 , Xiamen -LRB- Amoy -RRB- became one of the major treaty ports to be opened for trade with the outside world .	Amoy	What is another name for Xiamen ?
After the Opium War in 1842 , Xiamen -LRB- Amoy -RRB- became one of the major treaty ports to be opened for trade with the outside world .	Xiamen	What port became one of the major treaty ports after the Opium War ?
From mid-19th century until the end of World War II , western diplomats usually learned Amoy Hokkien as the preferred dialect if they were to communicate with the Hokkien-speaking populace in China or South-East Asia .	Amoy Hokkien	What dialect did western diplomats learn to communicate with the Hokkien speaking people in China ?
In the 1990s , marked by the liberalization of language development and mother tongue movement in Taiwan , Taiwanese Hokkien had undergone a fast pace in its development .	In the 1990s	When did Taiwanese Hokkien have a fast change in development ?
In 1993 , Taiwan became the first region in the world to implement the teaching of Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwanese schools .	1993	What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools ?
In 2001 , the local Taiwanese language program was further extended to all schools in Taiwan , and Taiwanese Hokkien became one of the compulsory local Taiwanese languages to be learned in schools .	2001	What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools ?
In 2007 , the Ministry of Education in Taiwan also completed the standardization of Chinese characters used for writing Hokkien and developed Tai-lo as the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide .	Tai-lo	What is the name of the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide ?
In 2007 , the Ministry of Education in Taiwan also completed the standardization of Chinese characters used for writing Hokkien and developed Tai-lo as the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide .	2007	What year did the Ministry of Education develope tai-lo ?
Hokkien dialects are typically written using Chinese characters -LRB- 漢字 , Hàn-jī -RRB- .	Chinese	Hokkien is usually written using what characters ?
However , the written script was and remains adapted to the literary form , which is based on classical Chinese , not the vernacular and spoken form .	classical Chinese	Written Hokkein is based on what ?
Furthermore , the character inventory used for Mandarin -LRB- standard written Chinese -RRB- does not correspond to Hokkien words , and there are a large number of informal characters -LRB- 替字 , thè-jī or thòe-jī ; ` substitute characters ' -RRB- which are unique to Hokkien -LRB- as is the case with Cantonese -RRB- .	Mandarin	What is another name for standard written chinese ?
For instance , about 20 to 25 % of Taiwanese morphemes lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character .	20 to 25%	Approximately what percentage of Chinese morphemes lack a standard chinese character ?
While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters , they are not always etymological or phono-semantic .	standard designated	Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters ?
In other cases , characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme -LRB- a common example is the character in , which represents the personal pronoun `` they '' -RRB- .	a particular morpheme	In some cases , charcters are invented to represent what ?
While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters , they are not always etymological or phono-semantic .	etymological or phono-semantic	Hokkien morphemes are not always what ?
Similar-sounding , similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme .	Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters	What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme ?
Hokkien , especially Taiwanese , is sometimes written in the Latin script using one of several alphabets .	Latin	Hokkien is sometimes written in what script ?
Of these the most popular is Pe̍h - ōe-jī -LRB- traditional Chinese : 白話字 ; simplified Chinese : 白话字 ; pinyin : Báihuàzì -RRB- .	Pe̍h-ōe-jī	What is the name of the traditional Chinese alphabet ?
Of these the most popular is Pe̍h - ōe-jī -LRB- traditional Chinese : 白話字 ; simplified Chinese : 白话字 ; pinyin : Báihuàzì -RRB- .	Pe̍h-ōe-jī	What is another name for POJ ?
POJ was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries in China and later by the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan ; use of this alphabet has been actively promoted since the late 19th century .	Presbyterian missionaries in China	Who developed POJ ?
POJ was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries in China and later by the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan ; use of this alphabet has been actively promoted since the late 19th century .	19th	POJ alphabet has been used since late in what century ?
Min Nan texts , all Hokkien , can be dated back to the 16th century .	the 16th century	When can Min Nan texts be dated back to ?
One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china , presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines .	Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china	What is an example of the Min Nan Texts ?
One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china , presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines .	after 1587	What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written ?
One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china , presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines .	Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines	Who wrote Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china ?
Another is a Ming Dynasty script of a play called Romance of the Lychee Mirror -LRB- 1566 -RRB- , supposedly the earliest Southern Min colloquial text .	Romance of the Lychee Mirror	What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text ?
All Latin characters required by Pe̍h - ōe-jī can be represented using Unicode -LRB- or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646 : Universal Character Set -RRB- , using precomposed or combining -LRB- diacritics -RRB- characters .	the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set	What is another name for unicode ?
All Latin characters required by Pe̍h - ōe-jī can be represented using Unicode -LRB- or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646 : Universal Character Set -RRB- , using precomposed or combining -LRB- diacritics -RRB- characters .	diacritics	Using precomposed or combining characters is called what ?
All Latin characters required by Pe̍h - ōe-jī can be represented using Unicode -LRB- or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646 : Universal Character Set -RRB- , using precomposed or combining -LRB- diacritics -RRB- characters .	Unicode	All LAtin characters required by POJ can be represented by what ?
This proposal encountered strong opposition not only from Mainlander groups but also from Hakka and Taiwanese aboriginal groups who felt that it would slight their home languages , as well as others including Hoklo who objected to the proposal on logistical grounds and on the grounds that it would increase ethnic tensions .	This proposal encountered strong opposition	How was the proposal taken from mainland and aboriginal groups ?
Because of these objections , support for this measure was lukewarm among moderate Taiwan independence supporters , and the proposal did not pass .	the proposal did not pass	What was the fate of the proposal to make Taiwanese the second official language ?
In 2002 , the Taiwan Solidarity Union , a party with about 10 % of the Legislative Yuan seats at the time , suggested making Taiwanese a second official language .	2002	What year was it proposed to make Taiwanese the second official language ?
This proposal encountered strong opposition not only from Mainlander groups but also from Hakka and Taiwanese aboriginal groups who felt that it would slight their home languages , as well as others including Hoklo who objected to the proposal on logistical grounds and on the grounds that it would increase ethnic tensions .	ethnic	Hoklo objected to the proposal because it would increase what tensions ?
In 2002 , the Taiwan Solidarity Union , a party with about 10 % of the Legislative Yuan seats at the time , suggested making Taiwanese a second official language .	Taiwan Solidarity Union	What party wanted to make Taiwanese a second official language ?
It is classified as a Beta World City , ranking seventh in Latin America and 73rd in the world .	a Beta World City	What is Montevideo classified as ?
Described as a `` vibrant , eclectic place with a rich cultural life '' , and `` a thriving tech center and entrepreneurial culture '' , Montevideo ranks 8th in Latin America on the 2013 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index .	8th	What rank did Montevideo hold in Latin America during 2013 ?
It is the hub of commerce and higher education in Uruguay as well as its chief port .	Uruguay	Montevideo is the hub of commerce and higher education in what area ?
It is the hub of commerce and higher education in Uruguay as well as its chief port .	Uruguay	Montevideo is the chief port of what area ?
The city is also the financial and cultural hub of a larger metropolitan area , with a population of around 2 million .	around 2 million	What is the population of Montevideo ?
A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires , organized by the Spanish governor of that city , Bruno Mauricio de Zabala .	Bruno Mauricio de Zabala	Who organized the Spanish expedition ?
On 22 January 1724 , the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city , initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were called by the locals `` guanches '' , `` guanchos '' or `` canarios '' .	22 January 1724	What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location ?
There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues .	Jorge Burgues	Who was one significant early italian resident ?
A few years after its foundation , Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the Río de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River , competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce .	Montevideo	What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata ?
A few years after its foundation , Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the Río de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River , competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce .	maritime commerce	What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over ?
The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions , including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions .	Buenos Aires	The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city ?
On 3 February 1807 , British troops under the command of General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Charles Stirling occupied the city during the Battle of Montevideo -LRB- 1807 -RRB- , but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when John Whitelocke was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental -- roughly the same area as modern Uruguay -- and of Buenos Aires .	3 February 1807	When did British troops occupy the city of Montevideo ?
On 3 February 1807 , British troops under the command of General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Charles Stirling occupied the city during the Battle of Montevideo -LRB- 1807 -RRB- , but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when John Whitelocke was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental -- roughly the same area as modern Uruguay -- and of Buenos Aires .	2 September	When did the Spanish recapture the city of Montevideo ?
On 3 February 1807 , British troops under the command of General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Charles Stirling occupied the city during the Battle of Montevideo -LRB- 1807 -RRB- , but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when John Whitelocke was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental -- roughly the same area as modern Uruguay -- and of Buenos Aires .	John Whitelocke	Who was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental ?
Elío disestablished the Junta when Liniers was replaced by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros .	Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros	Who replaced Liniers ?
During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata , the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo .	Rio de la Plata	After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces ?
During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata , the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo .	Montevideo	Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata ?
During that year and the next , Uruguayan revolutionary José Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain .	José Gervasio Artigas	Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires ?
The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814 .	1814	What year was the Spanish governor expelled ?
In 1816 , Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821 , it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil .	1816	What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory ?
Juan Antonio Lavalleja and his band called the Treinta y Tres Orientales -LRB- `` Thirty-Three Orientals '' -RRB- re-established the independence of the region in 1825 .	Treinta y Tres Orientales	What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja 's band caled ?
Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828 , with Montevideo as the nation 's capital .	1828	What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state ?
Uruguay 's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera , the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja , each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction .	Empire of Brazil	Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought against what empire ?
Uruguay 's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera , the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja , each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction .	Lavalleja	Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought under whose command ?
Politics were divided between Oribe 's Blancos -LRB- `` whites '' -RRB- , represented by the National Party , and Rivera 's Colorados -LRB- `` reds '' -RRB- , represented by the Colorado Party , with each party 's name taken from the colour of its emblems .	National Party	Who represented Oribe 's Blancos ?
Politics were divided between Oribe 's Blancos -LRB- `` whites '' -RRB- , represented by the National Party , and Rivera 's Colorados -LRB- `` reds '' -RRB- , represented by the Colorado Party , with each party 's name taken from the colour of its emblems .	Colorado Party	Who represented Rivera 's Colorados ?
The city of Montevideo suffered a siege of eight years between 1843 and 1851 , during which it was supplied by sea with British and French support .	a siege	What did Montevideo suffer between 1843 and 1851 ?
The city of Montevideo suffered a siege of eight years between 1843 and 1851 , during which it was supplied by sea with British and French support .	by sea	How did the British and French supply the city of Montevideo ??
Finally , in 1851 , with the additional support of Argentine rebels who opposed Rosas , the Colorados defeated Oribe .	1851	What year did the Colorados defeat Oribe ?
In 1853 a stagecoach bus line was established joining Montevideo with the newly formed settlement of Unión and the first natural gas street lights were inaugurated .	1853	What year was a stagecoach bus line established in Montevideo ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- From 1854 to 1861 the first public sanitation facilities were constructed .	1854 to 1861	Between what years were the first natural gas street lights constructed ?
In 1856 the Teatro Solís was inaugurated , 15 years after the beginning of its construction .	1856	What year was the Teatro Solis inaugurated ?
In 1866 , an underwater telegraph line connected the city with Buenos Aires .	1866	What year was an underwater telegraph line made that connected Montevideo with Buenos Aires ?
In 1868 , the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión , the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro , at the time called Cosmopolis .	1868	What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union ?
In 1868 , the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión , the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro , at the time called Cosmopolis .	1868	What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated ?
In 1869 , the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay was inaugurated connecting Bella Vista with the town of Las Piedras .	1869	What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated ?
In 1878 , Bulevar Circunvalación was constructed , a boulevard starting from Punta Carretas , going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro .	1878	What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed ?
The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886 .	1882	When were the first telephone lines installed ?
The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886 .	1886	When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights ?
The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888 , and the neighbourhoods of Reus del Sur , Reus del Norte and Conciliación were inaugurated in 1889 .	1888	When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating ?
In 1894 the new port was constructed , and in 1897 , the Central Railway Station of Montevideo was inaugurated .	1897	When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated ?
In the early 20th century , many Europeans -LRB- particularly Spaniards and Italians but also thousands from Central Europe -RRB- immigrated to the city .	early 20th century	What century did many Europeans immigrate to the city of Montevideo ?
In 1908 , 30 % of the city 's population of 300,000 was foreign-born .	30%	In 1908 what percent of the city 's population was foreign-born ?
The Rodó Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central were also established , which served as poles of urban development .	urban development	The Rodo Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central serves as poles of what ?
During World War II , a famous incident involving the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee took place in Punta del Este , 200 kilometers -LRB- 120 mi -RRB- from Montevideo .	Admiral Graf Spee	Who was the Admiral of the German pocket ship ?
During World War II , a famous incident involving the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee took place in Punta del Este , 200 kilometers -LRB- 120 mi -RRB- from Montevideo .	Punta del Este	Where did the famous incident involving the German pocket battleship take place in ?
After the Battle of the River Plate with the Royal Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy on 13 December 1939 , the Graf Spee retreated to Montevideo 's port , which was considered neutral at the time .	13 December 1939	When year did the Battle of the River Plate take place ?
Montevideo is situated on the north shore of the Río de la Plata , the arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the south coast of Uruguay from the north coast of Argentina ; Buenos Aires lies 230 kilometres -LRB- 140 mi -RRB- west on the Argentine side .	the Río de la Plata	Montevideo is situated on the north shore of what ?
The Santa Lucía River forms a natural border between Montevideo and San José Department to its west .	Santa Lucía River	What river forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jose Department ?
The Bay of Montevideo forms a natural harbour , the nation 's largest and one of the largest in the Southern Cone , and the finest natural port in the region , functioning as a crucial component of the Uruguayan economy and foreign trade .	a natural harbour	What does the Bay of Montevideo form ?
The city has an average elevation of 43 metres -LRB- 141 ft -RRB- .	43 metres	The city of Montevideo has an average elevation of what ?
The approximate distances to the neighbouring department capitals by road are , 90 kilometres -LRB- 56 mi -RRB- to San Jose de Mayo -LRB- San Jose Department -RRB- and 46 kilometres -LRB- 29 mi -RRB- to Canelones -LRB- Canelones Department -RRB- .	90 kilometres	How far is to the neighboring capitol of San Jose de Mayo ?
The approximate distances to the neighbouring department capitals by road are , 90 kilometres -LRB- 56 mi -RRB- to San Jose de Mayo -LRB- San Jose Department -RRB- and 46 kilometres -LRB- 29 mi -RRB- to Canelones -LRB- Canelones Department -RRB- .	46 kilometres	How far is to the neighboring capitol of Canelones ?
The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of 18 December 1908 .	18 December 1908	The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of what ?
The municipality 's first mayor -LRB- 1909 -- 1911 -RRB- was Daniel Muñoz .	Daniel Muñoz	Who was the municipality 's first mayor ?
Municipalities were abolished by the Uruguayan Constitution of 1918 , effectively restored during the 1933 military coup of Gabriel Terra , and formally restored by the 1934 Constitution .	Uruguayan Constitution of 1918	Municipalities were abolished by what ?
As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities -LRB- Municipios -RRB- , referred to with the letters from A to G , including CH , each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency .	8	How many political municipalities has the city of Montevideo been divided into as of 2010 ?
The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or -LRB- if female -RRB- alcaldesa .	an alcalde	What is the head of each Municipio called ?
As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities -LRB- Municipios -RRB- , referred to with the letters from A to G , including CH , each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency .	the citizens registered in the constituency	Who elects the mayor of the political municipalities ?
Many of the city 's barrios -- such as Sayago , Ituzaingó and Pocitos -- were previously geographically separate settlements , later absorbed by the growth of the city .	geographically separate settlements	What had many of the city 's barrios previously been ?
A neighbourhood of great significance is Ciudad Vieja , that was surrounded by a protective wall until 1829 .	Ciudad Vieja	What is a neighborhood of great significance ?
A neighbourhood of great significance is Ciudad Vieja , that was surrounded by a protective wall until 1829 .	a protective wall	What surrounded the neighborhood of Ciudad Vieja ?
In 1860 , Montevideo had 57,913 inhabitants including a number of people of African origin who had been brought as slaves and had gained their freedom around the middle of the century .	57,913	How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860 ?
By 1880 , the population had quadrupled , mainly because of the great European immigration .	the great European immigration	The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what ?
By 1880 , the population had quadrupled , mainly because of the great European immigration .	had quadrupled	What happened to the population by the year 1880 ?
In 1908 , its population had grown massively to 309,331 inhabitants .	309,331 inhabitants	What had the population grown to in 1908 ?
According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004 , Montevideo had a population of 1,325,968 persons , compared to Uruguay 's total population of 3,241,003 .	1,325,968 persons	According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004 , what was Montevideo 's population ?
According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004 , Montevideo had a population of 1,325,968 persons , compared to Uruguay 's total population of 3,241,003 .	3,241,003	According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004 , what was Uruguay 's population ?
The female population was 707,697 -LRB- 53.4 % -RRB- while the male population accounted for 618,271 -LRB- 46.6 % -RRB- .	707,697	According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004 , what was Montevideo 's female population ?
The female population was 707,697 -LRB- 53.4 % -RRB- while the male population accounted for 618,271 -LRB- 46.6 % -RRB- .	618,271	According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004 , what was Montevideo 's male population ?
As the capital of Uruguay , Montevideo is the economic and political centre of the country .	Montevideo	What is the economic and political centre of the country ?
Since the 1990s the city has undergone rapid economic development and modernization , including two of Uruguay 's most important buildings -- the World Trade Center Montevideo -LRB- 1998 -RRB- , and Telecommunications Tower -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , the headquarters of Uruguay 's government-owned telecommunications company ANTEL , increasing the city 's integration into the global marketplace .	1998	What year was the World Trade Center Montevideo constructed ?
Since the 1990s the city has undergone rapid economic development and modernization , including two of Uruguay 's most important buildings -- the World Trade Center Montevideo -LRB- 1998 -RRB- , and Telecommunications Tower -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , the headquarters of Uruguay 's government-owned telecommunications company ANTEL , increasing the city 's integration into the global marketplace .	(2000	What year was the Telecommunications Tower constructed ?
The most important state-owned companies headquartered in Montevideo are : AFE -LRB- railways -RRB- , ANCAP -LRB- Energy -RRB- , Administracion Nacional de Puertos -LRB- Ports -RRB- , ANTEL -LRB- telecommunications -RRB- , BHU -LRB- savings and loan -RRB- , BROU -LRB- bank -RRB- , BSE -LRB- insurance -RRB- , OSE -LRB- water & sewage -RRB- , UTE -LRB- electricity -RRB- .	Energy	What kind of company does ANCAP run ?
The most important state-owned companies headquartered in Montevideo are : AFE -LRB- railways -RRB- , ANCAP -LRB- Energy -RRB- , Administracion Nacional de Puertos -LRB- Ports -RRB- , ANTEL -LRB- telecommunications -RRB- , BHU -LRB- savings and loan -RRB- , BROU -LRB- bank -RRB- , BSE -LRB- insurance -RRB- , OSE -LRB- water & sewage -RRB- , UTE -LRB- electricity -RRB- .	telecommunications	What kind of company does ANTEL run ?
Banking has traditionally been one of the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay : the country was once dubbed `` the Switzerland of America '' , mainly for its banking sector and stability , although that stability has been threatened in the 21st century by the recent global economic climate .	Banking	What has traditionally been the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay ?
Banking has traditionally been one of the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay : the country was once dubbed `` the Switzerland of America '' , mainly for its banking sector and stability , although that stability has been threatened in the 21st century by the recent global economic climate .	the Switzerland of America	Uruguay was once dubbed as what ?
The largest bank in Uruguay is Banco Republica -LRB- BROU -RRB- , based in Montevideo .	Banco Republica	What is the largest bank in Uruguay ?
The largest bank in Uruguay is Banco Republica -LRB- BROU -RRB- , based in Montevideo .	Montevideo	Where is Banco Republica based in ?
Tourism accounts for much of Uruguay 's economy .	Tourism	What accounts for much of Uruguay 's economy ?
Tourism in Montevideo is centered in the Ciudad Vieja area , which includes the city 's oldest buildings , several museums , art galleries , and nightclubs , with Sarandí Street and the Mercado del Puerto being the most frequented venues of the old city .	Ciudad Vieja area	Where is tourism in Montevideo centered in ?
On the edge of Ciudad Vieja , Plaza Independencia is surrounded by many sights , including the Solís Theatre and the Palacio Salvo ; the plaza also constitutes one end of 18 de Julio Avenue , the city 's most important tourist destination outside of Ciudad Vieja .	18 de Julio Avenue	Plaza Independencia constitutes one end of what ?
The Sheraton has 207 guest rooms and 10 suites and is luxuriously furnished with imported furniture .	207	How many guest rooms does the Sheraton have ?
The Sheraton has 207 guest rooms and 10 suites and is luxuriously furnished with imported furniture .	10	How many suites does the Sheraton have ?
The Radisson Montevideo has 232 rooms and contains a casino and is served by the Restaurante Arcadia .	232	How many rooms does The Radisson Montevideo have ?
Montevideo is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay .	Montevideo	What is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay ?
Montevideo is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay .	Montevideo	What city has become the centre of business and real estate ?
In 1985 , the first shopping centre in Rio de la Plata , Montevideo Shopping was built .	1985	What year was Montevideo Shopping built ?
The architecture of Montevideo ranges from Neoclassical buildings such as the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral to the Postmodern style of the World Trade Center Montevideo or the 158-metre -LRB- 518 ft -RRB- ANTEL Telecommunication Tower , the tallest skyscraper in the country .	Neoclassical	What style of building is the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral ?
The architecture of Montevideo ranges from Neoclassical buildings such as the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral to the Postmodern style of the World Trade Center Montevideo or the 158-metre -LRB- 518 ft -RRB- ANTEL Telecommunication Tower , the tallest skyscraper in the country .	Postmodern	What style of building is the World Trade Center Montevideo ?
The architecture of Montevideo ranges from Neoclassical buildings such as the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral to the Postmodern style of the World Trade Center Montevideo or the 158-metre -LRB- 518 ft -RRB- ANTEL Telecommunication Tower , the tallest skyscraper in the country .	ANTEL Telecommunication Tower	What is the tallest skyscraper in the country ?
The Pocitos district , near the beach of the same name , has many homes built by Bello and Reboratti between 1920 and 1940 , with a mixture of styles .	Pocitos	What district has many homes built by Bello and reboratti ?
The Pocitos district , near the beach of the same name , has many homes built by Bello and Reboratti between 1920 and 1940 , with a mixture of styles .	1920 and 1940	Between what years did Bello and Reboratti built most of the homes in the Pocitos district ?
Other landmarks in Pocitos are the `` Edificio Panamericano '' designed by Raul Sichero , and the `` Positano '' and `` El Pilar '' designed by Adolfo Sommer Smith and Luis García Pardo in the 1950s and 1960s .	Raul Sichero	Who designed the Edificio Panamericano ?
However , the construction boom of the 1970s and 1980s transformed the face of this neighbourhood , with a cluster of modern apartment buildings for upper and upper middle class residents .	modern apartment buildings	What types of apartment buildings were constructed during the boom of the 1970 's and 1980 's ?
World Trade Center Montevideo officially opened in 1998 , although work is still ongoing as of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- .	1998	When did World Trade Center Montevideo officially open ?
World Trade Center 1 was the first building to be inaugurated , in 1998 .	World Trade Center 1	What was the first building to be inaugurated ?
World Trade Center 2 was inaugurated in 2002 , a twin tower of World Trade Center 1 .	2002	When was World Trade Center 2 inaugurated ?
Finally , in 2009 , World Trade Center 3 and the World Trade Center Plaza and the Towers Square were inaugurated .	2009	When was World Trade Center 3 inaugurated ?
The Towers Square , is an area of remarkable aesthetic design , intended to be a platform for the development of business activities , art exhibitions , dance and music performances and social place .	The Towers Square	What was intended to be a platform for the development of business activities ?
The square contains various works of art , notably a sculpture by renowned Uruguayan sculptor Pablo Atchugarry .	Pablo Atchugarry	The square contains a sculpture by what renowned Uruguayan sculptor ?
World Trade Center 4 , with 40 floors and 53,500 square metres -LRB- 576,000 sq ft -RRB- of space is under construction as of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- .	53,500 square metres	How much space is World Trade Center 4 projected to have ?
The Solís Theatre is Uruguay 's oldest theatre .	The Solís Theatre	What is Uruguay 's oldest theater ?
It was built in 1856 and is currently owned by the government of Montevideo .	1856	When was The Solis Theater built ?
It was built in 1856 and is currently owned by the government of Montevideo .	the government of Montevideo	Who owns The Solis Theater ?
In 1998 , the government of Montevideo started a major reconstruction of the theatre , which included two US$ 110,000 columns designed by Philippe Starck .	1998	What year did the government of Montevideo start a major reconstruction of the Solis Theater ?
The reconstruction was completed in 2004 , and the theatre reopened in August of that year .	2004	What year was the reconstruction of the solis theater completed ?
Palacio Salvo , at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia , was designed by the architect Mario Palanti and completed in 1925 .	Mario Palanti	Who designed the Palacio Salvo ?
Palacio Salvo , at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia , was designed by the architect Mario Palanti and completed in 1925 .	1925	What year was the Palacio Salvo completed ?
Palacio Salvo stands 100 metres -LRB- 330 ft -RRB- high , including its antenna .	100 metres (330 ft) high	How high does the Palacio Salvo stand ?
Also of major note in Ciudad Vieja is the Plaza de la Constitución -LRB- or Plaza Matriz -RRB- .	Plaza de la Constitución	What is also a major note in Ciudad Vieja ?
On the square are the Cabildo -- the seat of colonial government -- and the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral .	the seat of colonial government	What is the Cabildo ?
On the square are the Cabildo -- the seat of colonial government -- and the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral .	Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral	What is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera ?
Another notable square is Plaza Zabala with the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala .	Plaza Zabala	Where is the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala located ?
Parque Batlle -LRB- formerly : Parque de los Aliados , translation : `` Park of the Allies '' -RRB- is a major public central park , located south of Avenida Italia and north of Avenue Rivera .	Parque Batlle	What major public central park is located south of Avenida Italia ?
The current barrio of Parque Battle includes four former districts : Belgrano , Italiano , Villa Dolores and Batlle Park itself and borders the neighbourhoods of La Blanqueada , Tres Cruces , Pocitos and Buceo .	four	How many former districts does the current barrio of Parque Battle include ?
Villa Dolores , a subdistrict of Parque Batlle , took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell y Rius and of Doña Dolores Pereira de Rossel .	Villa Dolores	What sub district of Parque Batlle took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell Y Rius ?
Parque Batlle is named in honour of José Batlle y Ordóñez , President of Uruguay from 1911 to 1915 .	José Batlle y Ordóñez	Parque Batlle is named in honor of who ?
Parque Batlle is named in honour of José Batlle y Ordóñez , President of Uruguay from 1911 to 1915 .	Uruguay	Jose Batile y Ordonez was president of where ?
Parque Batlle is named in honour of José Batlle y Ordóñez , President of Uruguay from 1911 to 1915 .	1911 to 1915	Between what years was Jose batlle y Ordonez president of Uruguay ?
The park was originally proposed by an Act of March 1907 , which also projected wide boulevards and avenues .	an Act of March 1907	Parque Batlle was originally proposed by what ?
Parque Rodó is both a barrio -LRB- neighbourhood -RRB- of Montevideo and a park which lies mostly outside the limits of the neighbourhood itself and belongs to Punta Carretas .	Punta Carretas	Parque Rodo belongs to who ?
The name `` Rodó '' commemorates José Enrique Rodó , an important Uruguayan writer whose monument is in the southern side of the main park .	José Enrique Rodó	What does the name `` Rodo '' commemorate ?
The name `` Rodó '' commemorates José Enrique Rodó , an important Uruguayan writer whose monument is in the southern side of the main park .	José Enrique Rodó	Who was an important Uruguayan writer that is commemorated by Parque Rodo ?
The park was conceived as a French-style city park .	a French-style city park	Parque Rodo was originally conceived as what ?
On the east side of the main park area is the National Museum of Visual Arts .	the National Museum of Visual Arts	What is on the east side of the park ?
On this side , a very popular street market takes place every Sunday .	a very popular street market	What takes part on the east side of the main park every Sunday ?
On the north side is an artificial lake with a little castle housing a municipal library for children .	north side	What side has an artificial lake with a little castle ?
On the north side is an artificial lake with a little castle housing a municipal library for children .	a municipal library	What does the little castle on the north side of the park house ?
The first set of subsidiary forts were planned by the Portuguese at Montevideo in 1701 to establish a front line base to stop frequent insurrections by the Spaniards emanating from Buenos Aires .	Portuguese	Who planned the first set of subsidiary forts ?
The first set of subsidiary forts were planned by the Portuguese at Montevideo in 1701 to establish a front line base to stop frequent insurrections by the Spaniards emanating from Buenos Aires .	1701	When were the first set of subsidiary forts planned ?
The first set of subsidiary forts were planned by the Portuguese at Montevideo in 1701 to establish a front line base to stop frequent insurrections by the Spaniards emanating from Buenos Aires .	frequent insurrections by the Spaniards	the subsidiary forts were established to stop what ?
The first set of subsidiary forts were planned by the Portuguese at Montevideo in 1701 to establish a front line base to stop frequent insurrections by the Spaniards emanating from Buenos Aires .	Buenos Aires	Where were the Spaniards emanating from ?
Fortaleza del Cerro overlooks the bay of Montevideo .	Fortaleza del Cerro	What overlooks the bay of Montevideo ?
In 1802 , a beacon replaced the observation post ; construction of the fortress began in 1809 and was completed in 1839 .	a beacon	What replaced the observation post in 1802 ?
In 1802 , a beacon replaced the observation post ; construction of the fortress began in 1809 and was completed in 1839 .	1809	When did construction of the fortress begin ?
In 1802 , a beacon replaced the observation post ; construction of the fortress began in 1809 and was completed in 1839 .	1839	When did construction of the fortress finish ?
The Rambla is an avenue that goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo .	The Rambla	What avenue goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo ?
The literal meaning of the Spanish word rambla is `` avenue '' or `` watercourse '' , but in the Americas it is mostly used as `` coastal avenue '' , and since all the southern departments of Uruguay border either the Río de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean , they all have ramblas as well .	rambla	Avenue or Watercourse is the literal meaning of what Spanish word ?
The literal meaning of the Spanish word rambla is `` avenue '' or `` watercourse '' , but in the Americas it is mostly used as `` coastal avenue '' , and since all the southern departments of Uruguay border either the Río de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean , they all have ramblas as well .	"coastal avenue"	In the Americas rambla is mostly used to refer to what ?
The largest cemetery is the Cementerio del Norte , located in the northern-central part of the city .	Cementerio del Norte	What is the largest cemetery ?
The Central Cemetery -LRB- Spanish : Cementerio central -RRB- , located in Barrio Sur in the southern area of the city , is one of Uruguay 's main cemeteries .	Barrio Sur	Where is the Central Cemetery located ?
It was one of the first cemeteries -LRB- in contrast to church graveyards -RRB- in the country , founded in 1835 in a time where burials were still carried out by the Catholic Church .	1835	What year was the Central Cemetery founded ?
The British Cemetery Montevideo -LRB- Cementerio Británico -RRB- is another of the oldest cemeteries in Uruguay , located in the Buceo neighborhood .	Buceo neighborhood	Where is the British Cemetery Montevideo located ?
The cemetery originated when the Englishman Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents in 1828 .	Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood	Who purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents ?
The cemetery originated when the Englishman Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents in 1828 .	1828	When did Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchase a plot of land at the British Cemetery Montevideo ?
However , in 1884 the government compensated the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo to accommodate city growth .	1884	When did the government compensate the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo ?
Uruguayan tango is a unique form of dance that originated in the neighbourhoods of Montevideo towards the end of the 1800s .	Uruguayan tango	What unique form of dance originated in the neighbourhods of Montevideo ?
Tango , candombe and murga are the three main styles of music in this city .	music	Tango , candombe and murga are three main styles of what ?
There are two movie theatre companies running seven cinemas , around ten independent ones and four art film cinemas in the city .	two	How many movie theater companies are there in Montevideo ?
The Solís Theatre is the most prominent theatre in Uruguay and the oldest in South America .	The Solís Theatre	What is the most prominent theater in Uruguay ?
The first public library in Montevideo was formed by the initial donation of the private library of Father José Manuel Pérez Castellano , who died in 1815 .	Father José Manuel Pérez Castellano	Who gave the initial donation of the private library ?
The first public library in Montevideo was formed by the initial donation of the private library of Father José Manuel Pérez Castellano , who died in 1815 .	1815	When did Father Jose Manuel Perez Castellano die ?
Its promoter , director and organizer was Father Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga , who also made a considerable donation along with donations from José Raimundo Guerra , as well as others from the Convent of San Francisco in Salta .	Father Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga	Who was the promoter , director and organizer of the first public library in Montevideo ?
In Montevideo , as throughout the Rio de Plata region , the most popular forms of music are tango , milonga and vals criollo .	Rio de Plata region	Tango , milonga and vals criollo are the most popular forms of music in what region ?
Fun Fun ' Bar , established in 1935 , is one of the most important places for tango in Uruguay as is El Farolito , located in the old part of the city and Joventango , Café Las Musas , Garufa and Vieja Viola .	1935	When was Fun Fun Bar established ?
Fun Fun ' Bar , established in 1935 , is one of the most important places for tango in Uruguay as is El Farolito , located in the old part of the city and Joventango , Café Las Musas , Garufa and Vieja Viola .	the old part of the city	Where is El Farolito located ?
In the early 1970s -LRB- 1973 , to be particular -RRB- when the military junta took over power in Uruguay , art suffered in Montevideo .	art	What suffered when the military junta took over power in Uruguay ?
The art studios went into protest mode , with Rimer Cardillo , one of the country 's leading artists , making the National Institute of Fine Arts , Montevideo a `` hotbed of resistance '' .	artists	Rimer Cardillo was one of the country 's leading what ?
The art studios went into protest mode , with Rimer Cardillo , one of the country 's leading artists , making the National Institute of Fine Arts , Montevideo a `` hotbed of resistance '' .	Rimer Cardillo	Who made the National Institute of Fine Arts ?
The Montevideo Cabildo was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata .	The Montevideo Cabildo	What was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata ?
It is located in front of Constitution Square , in Ciudad Vieja .	front of Constitution Square	Where is the Montevideo Cabildo located ?
Built between 1804 and 1869 in Neoclassical style , with a series of Doric and Ionic columns , it became a National Heritage Site in 1975 .	between 1804 and 1869	Between what years was the Montevideo Cabildo built ?
Built between 1804 and 1869 in Neoclassical style , with a series of Doric and Ionic columns , it became a National Heritage Site in 1975 .	Neoclassical style	What style was the Montevideo Cabildo ?
Built between 1804 and 1869 in Neoclassical style , with a series of Doric and Ionic columns , it became a National Heritage Site in 1975 .	1975.	When did the Montevideo Cabildo become a National Heritage Site ?
The Palacio Taranco is located in front of the Plaza Zabala , in the heart of Ciudad Vieja .	the heart of Ciudad Vieja	Where is the Palacio Taranco located ?
It was erected in the early 20th century as the residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers on the ruins of Montevideo 's first theatre -LRB- of 1793 -RRB- , during a period in which the architectural style was influenced by French architecture .	early 20th century	When was the Palacio Taranco erected ?
It was erected in the early 20th century as the residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers on the ruins of Montevideo 's first theatre -LRB- of 1793 -RRB- , during a period in which the architectural style was influenced by French architecture .	Ortiz Taranco brothers	The Palacio Taranco was erected to be the residence for whom ?
The palace was designed by French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot León who also designed the Petit Palais and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris .	French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot León	Who designed the Palacio Taranco ?
The National History Museum of Montevideo is located in the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera .	the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera	The National History Museum of Montevideo is located where ?
One of them , on the same block with the main building , is the historic residence of Antonio Montero , which houses the Museo Romantico .	Antonio Montero	What houses the Museo Romantico ?
The Historical Museum has annexed eight historical houses in the city , five of which are located in the Ciudad Vieja .	eight	How many houses has the Historical Museum annexed ?
The Museo Torres García is located in the Old Town , and exhibits Joaquín Torres García 's unusual portraits of historical icons and cubist paintings akin to those of Picasso and Braque .	the Old Town	The Museo Torres Garcia is located where ?
The Museo Torres García is located in the Old Town , and exhibits Joaquín Torres García 's unusual portraits of historical icons and cubist paintings akin to those of Picasso and Braque .	Joaquín Torres García	The Museo Torres Garcia exhibits whose unusual portraits ?
The museum was established by Manolita Piña Torres , the widow of Torres Garcia , after his death in 1949 .	Manolita Piña Torres	Who established The Museo Torres Garcia ?
The museum was established by Manolita Piña Torres , the widow of Torres Garcia , after his death in 1949 .	Torres Garcia	Manolita Pina Torres was the widow of who ?
The National Museum of Visual Arts in Parque Rodó has Uruguay 's largest collection of paintings .	Parque Rodó	Where is the National Museum of Visual Arts located ?
The National Museum of Visual Arts in Parque Rodó has Uruguay 's largest collection of paintings .	paintings	What does the National Museum of Visual Arts have the largest collection of in Uruguay ?
The Juan Manuel Blanes Museum was founded in 1930 , the 100th anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay , significant with regard to the fact that Juan Manuel Blanes painted Uruguayan patriotic themes .	1930	When was the Juan Manuel Blanes Museum founded ?
The Juan Manuel Blanes Museum was founded in 1930 , the 100th anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay , significant with regard to the fact that Juan Manuel Blanes painted Uruguayan patriotic themes .	Juan Manuel Blanes	Who painted Uruguayan patriotic themes ?
The Museo de Historia del Arte , located in the Palacio Municipal , features replicas of ancient monuments and exhibits a varied collection of artifacts from Egypt , Mesopotamia , Persia , Greece , Rome and Native American cultures including local finds of the pre-Columbian period .	the Palacio Municipal	Where is the Museo de Historia del Arte located ?
The Museo del Gaucho y de la Moneda , located in the Centro , has distinctive displays of the historical culture of Uruguay 's gauchos , their horse gear , silver work and mate -LRB- tea -RRB- , gourds , and bombillas -LRB- drinking straws -RRB- in odd designs .	the Centro	Where is the Museo de Guacho y de la Moneda located ?
The Museo del Gaucho y de la Moneda , located in the Centro , has distinctive displays of the historical culture of Uruguay 's gauchos , their horse gear , silver work and mate -LRB- tea -RRB- , gourds , and bombillas -LRB- drinking straws -RRB- in odd designs .	(drinking straws	What are bombillas ?
The Museo Naval , is located on the eastern waterfront in Buceo and offers exhibits depicting the maritime history of Uruguay .	the eastern waterfront in Buceo	Where is the Museo Naval located ?
The Museo y Parque Fernando García in Carrasco , a transport and automobile museum , includes old horse carriages and some early automobiles .	Carrasco	Where is the Museo y Parque Fernando Garcia located ?
The center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo is the Mercado del Puerto -LRB- `` Port Market '' -RRB- .	the Mercado del Puerto	What is the center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo ?
A torta frita is a pan-fried cake consumed in Montevideo and throughout Uruguay .	a pan-fried cake	What is a torta frita ?
Notable restaurants in Montevideo include Arcadia atop the Plaza Victoria , widely regarded to be the finest restaurant in the city .	atop the Plaza Victoria	Where is Arcadia located ?
There is an Irish pub in the eastern part of the Old District named Shannon Irish pub , another testament to the European heritage of the city .	the eastern part of the Old District	Where is Shannon Irish pub located ?
The major annual festival is the annual Montevideo Carnaval which is part of the national festival of Carnival Week , celebrated throughout Uruguay , with central activities in the capital , Montevideo .	the annual Montevideo Carnaval	What is the major annual festival in Montevideo ?
The major annual festival is the annual Montevideo Carnaval which is part of the national festival of Carnival Week , celebrated throughout Uruguay , with central activities in the capital , Montevideo .	the national festival of Carnival Week	What is the annual Montevideo Carnaval part of ?
`` Tablados '' or popular scenes , both fixed and movable , are erected in the whole city .	popular scenes	What does Tablados mean ?
Notable displays include `` Desfile de las Llamadas '' -LRB- `` Parade of the Calls '' -RRB- , which is a grand united parade held on the south part of downtown , where it used to be a common ritual back in the early 20th century .	Parade of the Calls	What does Desfile de las Llamadas mean ?
Church and state are officially separated since 1916 in Uruguay .	1916	Church and state have been officially separated in Uruguay since what year ?
The religion with most followers in Montevideo is Roman Catholicism and has been so since the foundation of the city .	Roman Catholicism	What religion has the most followers in Montevideo ?
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo was created as the Apostolic Vicariate of Montevideo in 1830 .	1830	When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created ?
Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón -LRB- `` Our Lady of the Sacred Heart '' -RRB- , also known as Iglesia Punta Carretas -LRB- `` Punta Carretas Church '' -RRB- , was built between 1917 and 1927 in the Romanesque Revival style .	Our Lady of the Sacred Heart	What does Nuestra Senora del Sagrado Corazon mean ?
Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón -LRB- `` Our Lady of the Sacred Heart '' -RRB- , also known as Iglesia Punta Carretas -LRB- `` Punta Carretas Church '' -RRB- , was built between 1917 and 1927 in the Romanesque Revival style .	Punta Carretas Church	What does Iglesia Punta Carretas mean ?
Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón -LRB- `` Our Lady of the Sacred Heart '' -RRB- , also known as Iglesia Punta Carretas -LRB- `` Punta Carretas Church '' -RRB- , was built between 1917 and 1927 in the Romanesque Revival style .	between 1917 and 1927	Between what years was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built ?
Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón -LRB- `` Our Lady of the Sacred Heart '' -RRB- , also known as Iglesia Punta Carretas -LRB- `` Punta Carretas Church '' -RRB- , was built between 1917 and 1927 in the Romanesque Revival style .	Romanesque Revival style	What stle was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built in ?
The University of the Republic is the country 's largest and most important university , with a student body of 81,774 , according to the census of 2007 .	The University of the Republic	What is the country 's largest university ?
The University of the Republic is the country 's largest and most important university , with a student body of 81,774 , according to the census of 2007 .	81,774	In 2007 the University of the Republic had a student body of how many people ?
It was founded on 18 July 1849 in Montevideo , where most of its buildings and facilities are still located .	18 July 1849	When was the University of the Republic founded ?
Its current Rector is Dr. Rodrigo Arocena .	Dr. Rodrigo Arocena	Who is the current rector of The University of the Republic ?
The process of founding the country 's public university began on 11 June 1833 with the passage of a law proposed by Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga .	11 June 1833	When did the process of funding the country 's public university begin ?
The process of founding the country 's public university began on 11 June 1833 with the passage of a law proposed by Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga .	Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga	Who proposed the law that began the process of funding the country 's public university ?
In 1836 , the House of General Studies was formed , housing the departments of Latin , philosophy , mathematics , theology and jurisprudence .	1836	When was the House of General Studies formed ?
On 27 May 1838 , Manuel Oribe passed a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic .	27 May 1838	When did Manuel Oribe pass a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic ?
ORT Uruguay was first established as a non-profit organization in 1942 , and was officially certified as a private university in September 1996 , becoming the second private educational institution in the country to achieve that status .	ORT Uruguay	What is the largest private university in Uruguay ?
ORT Uruguay was first established as a non-profit organization in 1942 , and was officially certified as a private university in September 1996 , becoming the second private educational institution in the country to achieve that status .	1942	When was ORT Uruguay established ?
ORT Uruguay was first established as a non-profit organization in 1942 , and was officially certified as a private university in September 1996 , becoming the second private educational institution in the country to achieve that status .	September 1996	When was ORT Uruguay officially certified as a private university ?
The university has about 8,000 students , distributed among 5 faculties and institutes , mainly geared towards the sciences and technology/engineering .	about 8,000	How many students does the ORT Uruguay university have ?
The Montevideo Crandon Institute is an American School of missionary origin and the main Methodist educational institution in Uruguay .	The Montevideo Crandon Institute	What is the main methodist educational institution in Uruguay ?
Founded in 1879 and supported by the Women 's Society of the Methodist Church of the United States , it is one of the most traditional and emblematic institutions in the city inculcating John Wesley 's values .	1879	When was the Montevideo Crandon Institute founded ?
The Montevideo Crandon Institute boasts of being the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught .	The Montevideo Crandon Institute	What is the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught ?
The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College is a private , co-educational , not-for-profit Catholic school located in the wealthy residential southeastern neighbourhood of Carrasco .	Carrasco	Where is the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College located ?
Established in 1955 , it is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country , blending a rigorous curriculum with strong extracurricular activities .	1955	When was the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College established ?
The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College is a private , co-educational , not-for-profit Catholic school located in the wealthy residential southeastern neighbourhood of Carrasco .	The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College	What is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country ?
The school 's headmaster , history professor Juan Pedro Toni , is a member of the Stella Maris Board of Governors and the school is a member of the International Baccalaureate Organization -LRB- IBO -RRB- .	professor Juan Pedro Toni	Who is the headmaster of the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College ?
Also in Carrasco is The British Schools of Montevideo , one of the oldest educational institutions in the country , established in 1908 .	Carrasco	Where is the British Schools of Montevideo located ?
Also in Carrasco is The British Schools of Montevideo , one of the oldest educational institutions in the country , established in 1908 .	1908	When was the British Schools of Montevideo established ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Its original purpose was to give Uruguayan children a complete education , on par with the best schools of the United Kingdom and to establish strong bonds between the British and Uruguayan children living in the country .	to give Uruguayan children a complete education	What was the British Schools of Montevideo original purpose ?
Located in Cordon , St.Brendan ´ s school , before named St.Catherine ´ s is a non-profit civil association , which has a solid institutional culture with a clear vision of the future .	Cordon	Where is St. Brendan 's school located ?
Located in Cordon , St.Brendan ´ s school , before named St.Catherine ´ s is a non-profit civil association , which has a solid institutional culture with a clear vision of the future .	St.Catherine´s	What was St. Brendan 's school previously named ?
Located in Cordon , St.Brendan ´ s school , before named St.Catherine ´ s is a non-profit civil association , which has a solid institutional culture with a clear vision of the future .	St.Brendan´s school	What is the only school in the country implementing three international Baccalaureate Programmes ?
Estadio Centenario , the national football stadium in Parque Batlle , was opened in 1930 for the first World Cup , as well as to commemorate the centennial of Uruguay 's first constitution .	Estadio Centenario	What is the national football stadium in Parque Batlle ?
Estadio Centenario , the national football stadium in Parque Batlle , was opened in 1930 for the first World Cup , as well as to commemorate the centennial of Uruguay 's first constitution .	1930	When was Estadio Centenario opened ?
The stadium has 70,000 seats .	70,000	How many seats does the Estadio Centenario have ?
The Uruguayan Basketball League is headquartered in Montevideo and most of its teams are from the city , including Defensor Sporting , Biguá , Aguada , Goes , Malvín , Unión Atlética , and Trouville .	Montevideo	Where is the Uruguayan Basketball League headquartered ?
The Golf Club of Punta Carretas was founded in 1894 covers all the area encircled by the west side of Bulevar Artigas , the Rambla -LRB- Montevideo 's promenade -RRB- and the Parque Rodó -LRB- Fun Fair -RRB- .	1894	When was the Golf Club of Punta Carretas founded ?
Montevideo is also a centre of rugby ; equestrianism , which regained importance in Montevideo after the Maroñas Racecourse reopened ; golf , with the Club de Punta Carretas ; and yachting , with the Puerto del Buceo , an ideal place to moor yachts .	the Maroñas Racecourse reopened	Equestrianism regained importance in Montevideo after what ?
The Dirección Nacional de Transporte -LRB- DNT -RRB- , part of the national Ministry of Transport and Public Works , is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo 's transport infrastructure .	Dirección Nacional de Transporte	What does DNT stand for ?
The Dirección Nacional de Transporte -LRB- DNT -RRB- , part of the national Ministry of Transport and Public Works , is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo 's transport infrastructure .	Dirección Nacional de Transporte	Who is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo 's transport infrastructure ?
An international bus station , the Tres Cruces Bus Terminal , is located on the lower level of the Tres Cruces Shopping Center , on the side of Artigas Boulevard .	the lower level of the Tres Cruces Shopping Center	Where is the Tres Cruces Bus Terminal located ?
The State Railways Administration of Uruguay -LRB- AFE -RRB- operates three commuter rail lines , namely the Empalme Olmos , San Jose and Florida .	The State Railways Administration of Uruguay	What does the AFE stand for ?
The historic 19th century General Artigas Central Station located in the neighbourhood of Aguada , six blocks from the central business district , was abandoned 1 March 2003 and remains closed .	Aguada	What neighborhood is the General Artigas Central Station located ?
The historic 19th century General Artigas Central Station located in the neighbourhood of Aguada , six blocks from the central business district , was abandoned 1 March 2003 and remains closed .	1 March 2003	When was the General Artigas Central Station abandoned ?
The port on Montevideo Bay is one of the reasons the city was founded .	The port on Montevideo Bay	What gives natural protection to ships in Montevideo ?
The main engineering work on the port occurred between the years 1870 and 1930 .	1870 and 1930	Between what years did the main engineering work on the port of Montevideo Bay take place ?
A major storm in 1923 necessitated repairs to many of the city 's engineering works .	A major storm	What happened in 1923 that required repairs to many of the city 's engineering works ?
Hospital Maciel is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay and stands on the block bounded by the streets Maciel , 25 de Mayo , Guaraní and Washington , with the main entrance at 25 de Mayo , 172 .	Hospital Maciel	What is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay ?
The land was originally donated in Spanish colonial times by philanthropist Francisco Antonio Maciel , who teamed up with Mateo Vidal to establish a hospital and charity .	Francisco Antonio Maciel	Who originally donated the land for Hospital Macie ?
The first building was constructed between 1781 and 1788 and later expanded upon .	between 1781 and 1788	When was the first building of the Hospital Maciel established ?
Hospital Vilardebó is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo .	Hospital Vilardebó	What is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo ?
Named after the physician and naturalist Teodoro Vilardebó Matuliche , it opened 21 May 1880 .	Teodoro Vilardebó Matuliche	Who is Hospital Vilardebo named after ?
Named after the physician and naturalist Teodoro Vilardebó Matuliche , it opened 21 May 1880 .	21 May 1880	When did the Hospital Vilardebo open ?
The hospital was originally one of the best of Latin America and in 1915 grew to 1,500 inpatients .	1,500 inpatients	How many inpatients did the the Hospital Vilardebo have in 1915 ?
Poultry -LRB- / ˌpoʊltriː / -RRB- are domesticated birds kept by humans for the eggs they produce , their meat , their feathers , or sometimes as pets .	kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets.	What is the significance of poultry in the lives of humans ?
Poultry also includes other birds that are killed for their meat , such as the young of pigeons -LRB- known as squabs -RRB- but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game .	but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game.	Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry ?
These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae -LRB- fowl -RRB- , especially the order Galliformes -LRB- which includes chickens , quails and turkeys -RRB- and the family Anatidae , in order Anseriformes , commonly known as `` waterfowl '' and including domestic ducks and domestic geese .	chickens, quails and turkeys	What types of birds are most commonly considered poultry ?
The word `` poultry '' comes from the French/Norman word poule , itself derived from the Latin word pullus , which means small animal .	from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.	Was the Latin word for poultry also used to decribe other small animals as opposed to any poulty ?
These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae -LRB- fowl -RRB- , especially the order Galliformes -LRB- which includes chickens , quails and turkeys -RRB- and the family Anatidae , in order Anseriformes , commonly known as `` waterfowl '' and including domestic ducks and domestic geese .	domestic ducks and domestic geese.	Are any other birds considered common in the world of poultry ?
The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago .	domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago	How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?
Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs , but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food .	cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs	What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?
Selective breeding for fast growth , egg-laying ability , conformation , plumage and docility took place over the centuries , and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors .	Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place	Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty ?
Selective breeding for fast growth , egg-laying ability , conformation , plumage and docility took place over the centuries , and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors .	modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors.	Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?
Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and , along with eggs , provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat .	Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally	How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?
The Encyclopædia Britannica lists the same bird groups but also includes guinea fowl and squabs -LRB- young pigeons -RRB- .	guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons)	What two addtional types of birds are listed in teh Encyclopedia Britanica as poultry ?
In R. D. Crawford 's Poultry breeding and genetics , squabs are omitted but Japanese quail and common pheasant are added to the list , the latter frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild .	R. D. Crawford	Who is the authoor of the book Poultry Breeding and Genetics ?
In R. D. Crawford 's Poultry breeding and genetics , squabs are omitted but Japanese quail and common pheasant are added to the list , the latter frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild .	frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild.	What is the most likely outout for the common variety of pheasant ?
In his 1848 classic book on poultry , Ornamental and Domestic Poultry : Their History , and Management , Edmund Dixon included chapters on the peafowl , guinea fowl , mute swan , turkey , various types of geese , the muscovy duck , other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams .	peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams	Edmund Dixon is most famous for what inclusions in his 1854 book on poultry ?
In colloquial speech , the term `` fowl '' is often used near-synonymously with `` domesticated chicken '' -LRB- Gallus gallus -RRB- , or with `` poultry '' or even just `` bird '' , and many languages do not distinguish between `` poultry '' and `` fowl '' .	many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl	Do all language make the distinction between poultry and fowls ?
Males , known as cocks , are usually larger , more boldly coloured , and have more exaggerated plumage than females -LRB- hens -RRB- .	cocks	What are male chickens called ?
Males , known as cocks , are usually larger , more boldly coloured , and have more exaggerated plumage than females -LRB- hens -RRB- .	cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens).	How are male chickens able to be identified ?
Chickens are gregarious , omnivorous , ground-dwelling birds that in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds , invertebrates , and other small animals .	in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals.	What do chickens normally consume when in the natural wild environment ?
They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger , preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached .	They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached.	Do chickens fly like other birds ?
Today 's domestic chicken -LRB- Gallus gallus domesticus -RRB- is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia , with some additional input from grey junglefowl .	Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia	From what birds are chickens decended from ?
By the mid-20th century , the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry .	By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry	When did the poultry business boom in the United States ?
Male birds are unwanted in the egg-laying industry and can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling .	can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling	How can you normally identify a cock when recently hatched ?
Poultry breeding has produced breeds and strains to fulfil different needs ; light-framed , egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year ; fast-growing , fleshy birds destined for consumption at a young age , and utility birds which produce both an acceptable number of eggs and a well-fleshed carcase .	light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption	How has breeding helped in the pultry industry ?
Since their domestication , a large number of breeds of chickens have been established , but with the exception of the white Leghorn , most commercial birds are of hybrid origin .	with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin.	Are there any purebreed lines for poultry today ?
A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken , either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed , or a `` true bantam '' with no larger counterpart .	A bantam	What breed of chicken is named after a town in Java ?
A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken , either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed , or a `` true bantam '' with no larger counterpart .	A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart	How are bantams different from other chickens ?
Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs .	Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs	Do bantams lay regular sized eggs ?
They are kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production , use as broody hens , ornamental purposes , and showing .	kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.	Where are bantams kept ?
Cockfighting is said to be the world 's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago .	Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago.	How long ago was the sport of fighting chickens been around ?
Cockfighting is said to be the world 's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago .	Cockfighting	What is the termed used to define the game of fighting chickens called ?
Two mature males -LRB- cocks or roosters -RRB- are set to fight each other , and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed .	fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed.	Do chickens die in the sport of cockfighting ?
Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour .	Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour	Have theere been any types of chickens who were really good at cockfighting ?
The sport formed part of the culture of the ancient Indians , Chinese , Greeks , and Romans , and large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter .	large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter.	Do people bet on the cockfighting or is it just for entertainment ?
Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills , eyes on the side of the head , fairly long necks , short legs set far back on the body , and webbed feet .	medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet.	How can you identify a duck from other poultry ?
Males , known as drakes , are often larger than females -LRB- simply known as ducks -RRB- and are differently coloured in some breeds .	drakes	What do you call a male duck ?
Males , known as drakes , are often larger than females -LRB- simply known as ducks -RRB- and are differently coloured in some breeds .	larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds	How can you identify a drake from a the female of the species ?
Domestic ducks are omnivores , eating a variety of animal and plant materials such as aquatic insects , molluscs , worms , small amphibians , waterweeds , and grasses .	aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses.	What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?
Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly , and they are social birds , preferring to live and move around together in groups .	Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly	Do all ducks fly south for the winter ?
Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture .	Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture	How long have ducks possibly been in domesticated domicile with humans ?
Even if this is not the case , domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West .	domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West	How far behind the east society was the western culture in domesticating ducks ?
Lucius Columella , writing in the first century BC , advised those who sought to rear ducks to collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen , because when raised in this way , the ducks `` lay aside their wild nature and without hesitation breed when shut up in the bird pen '' .	collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen,	How did Lucius Columella recommend that one go abbout the business of domesticating ducks . ?
Despite this , ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD , when they began to be mentioned alongside geese , chickens , and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners .	ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD	When did ducks begin to appear in the books of Western Europeon Society ?
Despite this , ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD , when they began to be mentioned alongside geese , chickens , and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners .	mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners.	Where ducks ever used as a type of commerence in the world ?
It is widely agreed that the mallard -LRB- Anas platyrhynchos -RRB- is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck -LRB- with the exception of the Muscovy duck -LRB- Cairina moschata -RRB- , which is not closely related to other ducks -RRB- .	mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck	What breed of duck is considered the first ?
As is the case with chickens , various breeds have been developed , selected for egg-laying ability , fast growth , and a well-covered carcase .	various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase.	What are the outcomes of the breeding of ducks for humans ?
The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck , which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg -LRB- 7.7 lb -RRB- in 44 days .	Pekin duck	What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K.
The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck , which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg -LRB- 7.7 lb -RRB- in 44 days .	can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days	Why is the Pekin duck the favored of the western world ?
Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments .	Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in	Why is duck more common than other poultry in the east society ??
The greylag goose -LRB- Anser anser -RRB- was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago , and a different wild species , the swan goose -LRB- Anser cygnoides -RRB- , domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later , is known as a Chinese goose .	The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago	When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans ?
The greylag goose -LRB- Anser anser -RRB- was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago , and a different wild species , the swan goose -LRB- Anser cygnoides -RRB- , domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later , is known as a Chinese goose .	Chinese goose	What other name is the swan goose know by ?
The greylag goose -LRB- Anser anser -RRB- was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago , and a different wild species , the swan goose -LRB- Anser cygnoides -RRB- , domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later , is known as a Chinese goose .	Siberia	Where is it believed that the greylag goose was first domesticated in theworld ?
Despite their early domestication , geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks .	Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks.	Are geese an important part of the poultry industry ?
Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks , an upright posture , and large bodies with broad rear ends .	Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends	do domestic and wild geese have the same apperearance ?
The greylag-derived birds are large and fleshy and used for meat , while the Chinese geese have smaller frames and are mainly used for egg production .	The greylag-derived birds	What types of geese are used for human consumption ?
The greylag-derived birds are large and fleshy and used for meat , while the Chinese geese have smaller frames and are mainly used for egg production .	Chinese geese	What types of geese are used most efficiently for their egg production ?
The fine down of both is valued for use in pillows and padded garments .	use in pillows and padded garments	What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ?
The flesh of meat geese is dark-coloured and high in protein , but they deposit fat subcutaneously , although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids .	they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids	Why is the meat of geese considered fatty ?
The modern domesticated turkey is descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey -LRB- Meleagris gallopavo -RRB- found in the present Mexican states of Jalisco , Guerrero and Veracruz .	descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey	How many species is the recent day turkey suspected to have embarked from ?
Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC , and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC .	Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC	When were turkeys first used in a domestication setting ?
They used the feathers for robes , blankets , and ceremonial purposes .	feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes	What other purposes have the domesticated turkey been used for aside from food ?
Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC , and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC .	Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC.	When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ?
Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions .	Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions	What type of accomidations are domesticated turkey normally grown in ?
The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day , or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly .	The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly	What type of conditions are used to increase the weight and profitability of commercial turkeys ?
Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19 .	Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19	At what age is the average turkey considered ready for the initial step of the commercial food process ?
Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts .	Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts	How much more does a average commercial turkey weigh in comparison to its wild turkey cousins ?
Turkeys were at one time mainly consumed on special occasions such as Christmas -LRB- 10 million birds in the United Kingdom -RRB- or Thanksgiving -LRB- 60 million birds in the United States -RRB- .	60 million birds in the United States	What the average for the amount of turkeys are consumed in the U.S on Thanksgiving Day ?
They were originally kept as songbirds , and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests .	They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.	Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?
In its natural environment , it is found in bushy places , in rough grassland , among agricultural crops , and in other places with dense cover .	it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover.	Where can quails typically be found in the wild ?
It feeds on seeds , insects , and other small invertebrates .	seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates.	What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?
These were the common quail -LRB- Coturnix coturnix -RRB- , but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail -LRB- Coturnix japonica -RRB- which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan .	modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)	From what country do most domesticated quails today descend from ?
In the early 20th century , Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production .	Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production.	Why did the Japanses begin to breed quails in teh 20th century ?
By 1940 , the quail egg industry was flourishing , but the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type , as well as almost all of those bred for egg production .	By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing,	When did the quail egg business begin to really become an economic driven industry ?
By 1940 , the quail egg industry was flourishing , but the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type , as well as almost all of those bred for egg production .	the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production	What caused a marked sownturn in the production of quail eggs following the industry boom ?
Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year and countries such as Japan , India , China , Italy , Russia , and the United States have established commercial Japanese quail farming industries .	Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year	How many eggs can be laid by the present day decendants of the Japanese quail ?
Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics , embryology , nutrition , physiology , pathology , and toxicity studies .	Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies	Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ?
Guinea fowl originated in southern Africa , and the species most often kept as poultry is the helmeted guineafowl -LRB- Numida meleagris -RRB- .	Africa	What continent is the evolution of guinea fowl credited to ?
It is a medium-sized grey or speckled bird with a small naked head with colourful wattles and a knob on top , and was domesticated by the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans .	ancient Greeks and Romans.	Who first domesticated the guinea fowl ?
They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease .	They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease.	Aside from consumption how are Guinea fowl useful to humans .
They happily roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators .	roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators.	What are Guinea fowl also praised for accomplishing for humans ?
A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table .	A squab	What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?
Like other domesticated pigeons , birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon -LRB- Columba livia -RRB- .	rock pigeon (Columba livia)	From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen ?
When they hatch , the squabs are fed by both parents on `` pigeon 's milk '' , a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop .	When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop	Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption ?
By this time , the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months .	a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months	How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?
Worldwide , more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry , with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs .	Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry	What is the most popular type of poulty that is farmed ?
Worldwide , more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry , with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs .	50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs.	How many birds are routinely raised in the world for the consumption process ?
High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production .	High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production	How is the cost of the price for animal feed related to the poulty cost for consumers ?
Traditionally , such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks , foraging during the day and housed at night .	birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night.	Before industrialization how were chickens normally cared for ?
This is still the case in developing countries , where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry .	the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry	What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries ?
Often , this is in large enclosures , but the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours .	the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours	What is the benefit to chickens of being in a free-range farming location ?
A more intensive system is yarding , in which the birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate .	birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate	What is yarding in relation to the pultry industry ?
The most intensive system for egg-laying chickens is battery cages , often set in multiple tiers .	battery cages, often set in multiple tiers	What is the most intensive type of enclosure system used in the poultry business ?
The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection .	The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection	How are eggs collected in teh battery cage system ?
Breeds have been developed that can grow to an acceptable carcass size -LRB- 2 kg -LRB- 4.4 lb -RRB- -RRB- in six weeks or less .	carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb))	What is the average size of chickens used extensively for it 's meat production raised in an intensive environment ?
Breeds have been developed that can grow to an acceptable carcass size -LRB- 2 kg -LRB- 4.4 lb -RRB- -RRB- in six weeks or less .	six weeks or less	How long does it take for an broiler raisedin an intensive environment very to reach optimum size ?
Mortality rates at 1 % are much higher than for less-intensively reared laying birds which take 18 weeks to reach similar weights .	Mortality rates at 1%	What is the death rate among chickens who are intensivley breed to be broilers ?
Broilers grow so fast , their legs can not always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles .	their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles.	Do chicken raised in the intensive broiler method suffer from health condions ?
Mortality rates at 1 % are much higher than for less-intensively reared laying birds which take 18 weeks to reach similar weights .	18 weeks to reach similar weights	How long does it take for a chicken raised in a less intensive envionment to reach optimal broiler size ?
In intensive systems , cannibalism , feather pecking and vent pecking can be common , with some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure .	cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common	What are some of the major concerns with intensive breeding programs ?
In intensive systems , cannibalism , feather pecking and vent pecking can be common , with some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure .	some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure	What harsh measures do farmers use to prevent the chickens from harming themselves or others ?
In extensive systems , the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds .	the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds.	What are some of the major concerns with extensive breeding programs such as free range ?
In Southeast Asia , a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza .	In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.	How is the spread of the avian flu related to the conditions in which chickens are kept ?
Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare .	Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare.	What is considered the most alarming setting for chickens to be raised in ?
In many countries , national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards .	In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds	Is there a pplace where lovers of the chicken are able to see some of its best attributes ?
In many countries , national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards .	birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards	In such competitions what are the chickens juged on ? What attibutes are considered viable ?
Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying , meat-type , and purely ornamental birds , aiming for uniformity .	Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity	Are there breed standards used for the competitions ?
Sometimes , poultry shows are part of general livestock shows , and sometimes they are separate events such as the annual `` National Championship Show '' in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain .	the annual "National Championship Show" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.	What are some of the most widely known poultry tournaments ?
The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal , as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry .	The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry	From where does the idea of a poultry tournament orginate ?
Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world , accounting for about 30 % of total meat production worldwide compared to pork at 38 % .	Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide	Jo w common is the consumtion of poultry in the world ?
Sixteen billion birds are raised annually for consumption , more than half of these in industrialised , factory-like production units .	Sixteen billion birds are raised annually	How many animals of the poultry variety are raised for consumtion each year ?
Sixteen billion birds are raised annually for consumption , more than half of these in industrialised , factory-like production units .	more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units	What type of enviornment is poultry most commonly raised in ?
There are two distinct models of production ; the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin .	There are two distinct models of production;	How many industry models are followed for the production process of poultry ?
There are two distinct models of production ; the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin .	the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin	What is the Europeon model of the poultry business ?
World production of duck meat was about 4.2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total , some 1.7 billion birds .	China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds	How many ducks did China produce for consumption in 2011 ?
Other notable duck-producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam , Thailand , Malaysia , Myanmar , Indonesia and South Korea -LRB- 12 % in total -RRB- .	Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total)	What other countries are important to the duck husbandry business ?
France -LRB- 3.5 % -RRB- is the largest producer in the West , followed by other EU nations -LRB- 3 % -RRB- and North America -LRB- 1.7 % -RRB- .	France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West,	Who is the largest producer of duck meat among the western nations ?
China was also by far the largest producer of goose and guinea fowl meat , with a 94 % share of the 2.6 million tonne global market .	94% share	What is the market percentage held by the country that controls the biggest share of the global market for goose and guinea fowl meat
The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest , called `` breast '' meat , and the walking muscles on the legs , called the `` thigh '' and `` drumstick '' .	The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the "thigh" and "drumstick"	What is the most substantial part of a birds antomy as it apples to consupmtion og the meat ?
The wings are also eaten -LRB- Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States -RRB- and may be split into three segments , the meatier `` drumette '' , the `` wingette '' -LRB- also called the `` flat '' -RRB- , and the wing tip -LRB- also called the `` flapper '' -RRB- .	wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments,	Are certain parts of the bird used for particular reasons in relation to receipes ?
Poultry is available fresh or frozen , as whole birds or as joints -LRB- cuts -RRB- , bone-in or deboned , seasoned in various ways , raw or ready cooked .	fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked.	Is poultry available in various forms ?
The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin , which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells .	The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells	Are there reasons for the dark meat that poultry has ?
White muscle , in contrast , is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as , for chickens , flying .	White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying	What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?
Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours , an optical phenomenon sometimes called structural colouration .	the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours	What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations ?
Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight , such as ducks and geese , have red muscle -LRB- and therefore dark meat -RRB- throughout .	birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout	Do some varities of poultry have more dark meat than others ?
A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47 % of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus , and 52 % of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics .	Translational Genomics Research	When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home ?
A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47 % of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus , and 52 % of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics .	47%	What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria ?
Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria , but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present .	Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria,	Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of ?
Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria , but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present .	a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present	What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used ??
In general , avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people ; however , people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia , where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected .	people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus	Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals ?
In general , avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people ; however , people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia , where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected .	areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected	What portion of the world is considered to be most at risk for the rapid spread of the avian flu ?
The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic .	The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.	What is the danger to humans in regards to the spread of avian flu to humans ?
In general , avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people ; however , people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia , where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected .	the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected.	Can the avian flu be sread from wild birds to birds kept in husbandry ?
Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs .	Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs.	What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption ?
A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised , but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available .	egg allergies are unable to be immunised	What is the major difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines ?
Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements , a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine .	process that takes about six months	How long does it take for the flu vaccine to be fully ready for deployment into the population ?
Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media , but viruses need living cells in which to replicate .	viruses need living cells in which to replicate	In order to make a vaccine , what do viruses require that bacteria does not ?
Poultry meat and eggs provide nutritionally beneficial food containing protein of high quality .	protein of high quality	What is the nutitional value to humans of poultry and poultry products ?
A 100-g serving of baked chicken breast contains 4 g of fat and 31 g of protein , compared to 10 g of fat and 27 g of protein for the same portion of broiled , lean skirt steak .	4 g of fat and 31 g of protein	What is the fat and protien content of a 100g ram serving of baked chicken breast contain ?
Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured by weight .	two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat	How much healthy fat in in the average serving of poultry ?
This is accompanied by low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids .	low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids	Does chicken contain fat ?
Arsenal was the first club from the south of England to join The Football League , in 1893 .	1893	In what year did Arsenal join The Football League ?
In the 1930s , Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups , and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war .	five	During the 1930s , Arsenal won how many League Championships ?
In 1970 -- 71 , they won their first League and FA Cup Double .	1970–71	When did Arsenal win their first Double Cup ?
Between 1988 and 2005 , they won five League titles and five FA Cups , including two more Doubles .	five	Over a 17 year period which began in the late 80s , stretching five years into the new millenia , how many FA Cups did Arsenal win ?
Arsenal was the first club from the south of England to join The Football League , in 1893 .	Arsenal	What was the first football club from southern England to join The Football League ?
Arsenal was the first club from the south of England to join The Football League , in 1893 .	1893	When did Arsenal join the Football League ?
They entered the First Division in 1904 , and have since accumulated the second most points .	1904	In what year did Arsenal qualify to be in the First Division ?
In the 1930s , Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups , and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war .	five	How many league championships did Arsenal win in the 1930s ?
They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position .	highest average	What was Arsenal 's league position ranking at the end of the last century ?
In 1886 , Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square .	Dial Square	What was the original name of the Arsenal team ?
In 1886 , Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square .	1886	When was Arsenal originally formed ?
In 1913 , the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury .	1913	When did Arsenal become based in Highbury ?
In 2006 , they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway .	2006	In what year did Arsenal move to Holloway ?
Forbes estimates the club was worth $ 1.3 billion in 2015 .	$1.3 billion	How does Forbe 's believe the Arsenal club was worth in 2015 ?
Arsenal Football Club was formed as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich , south-east London , and were renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards .	workers	What group from the munitions plant in Woolwich formed the Arsenal club ?
The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893 .	1893	By what year had Arsenal become a limited company ?
Norris sought to move the club elsewhere , and in 1913 , soon after relegation back to the Second Division , Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury , north London ; they dropped `` Woolwich '' from their name the following year .	1913	When did Arsenal move to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury ?
Arsenal only finished in fifth place in the second division during the last pre-war competitive season of 1914 -- 15 , but were nevertheless elected to rejoin the First Division when competitive football resumed in 1919 -- 20 , at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur .	second division	In which division was Arsenal ranked by the start of WWI ?
Arsenal only finished in fifth place in the second division during the last pre-war competitive season of 1914 -- 15 , but were nevertheless elected to rejoin the First Division when competitive football resumed in 1919 -- 20 , at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur .	First Division	By 1920 where was Arsenal ranked in division ?
Arsenal appointed Herbert Chapman as manager in 1925 .	Herbert Chapman	What manager was appointed to lead Arsenal in 1925 ?
His revolutionary tactics and training , along with the signings of star players such as Alex James and Cliff Bastin , laid the foundations of the club 's domination of English football in the 1930s .	revolutionary	What was Chapman 's style of tactics that provided the basis for the Arsenal club 's success ?
His revolutionary tactics and training , along with the signings of star players such as Alex James and Cliff Bastin , laid the foundations of the club 's domination of English football in the 1930s .	1930s	In what decade did Arsenal dominate in English football ?
In addition , Chapman was behind the 1932 renaming of the local London Underground station from `` Gillespie Road '' to `` Arsenal '' , making it the only Tube station to be named specifically after a football club .	Chapman	What football club manager got an underground station renamed for Arsenal ?
Under his guidance Arsenal won their first major trophies -- victory in the 1930 FA Cup Final preceded two League Championships , in 1930 -- 31 and 1932 -- 33 .	1930 FA Cup Final	What was one of Arsenal 's first major wins ?
Arsenal began winning silverware again with the surprise appointment of club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as manager in 1966 .	1966	When was Bertie Mee become manager of Arsenal ?
Arsenal began winning silverware again with the surprise appointment of club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as manager in 1966 .	physiotherapist	What position did Mee hold in the Arsenal club prior to becoming manager ?
After losing two League Cup finals , they won their first European trophy , the 1969 -- 70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup .	1969–70	In which season did Arsenal win its first European trophy ?
This marked a premature high point of the decade ; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the following decade was characterised by a series of near misses , starting with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972 , and First Division runners-up in 1972 -- 73 .	decade	For how long after Arsenal 's first trophy win the team do poorly competitions ?
This was followed by an even greater triumph : their first League and FA Cup double in 1970 -- 71 .	1970–71	In what season did Arsenal win their first League and FA Cup double ?
Terry Neill was recruited by the Arsenal board to replace Bertie Mee on 9 July 1976 and at the age of 34 he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date .	9 July 1976	On what date was Bertie Mee replaced by Arsenal ?
Terry Neill was recruited by the Arsenal board to replace Bertie Mee on 9 July 1976 and at the age of 34 he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date .	Terry Neill	What Arsenal manager replaced Mee ?
With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings , and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton , the club enjoyed their best form since the 1971 double , reaching a trio of FA Cup finals -LRB- 1978 , 1979 and 1980 -RRB- , and losing the 1980 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final on penalties .	new signings	What action brought prosperity to Arsenal ?
With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings , and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton , the club enjoyed their best form since the 1971 double , reaching a trio of FA Cup finals -LRB- 1978 , 1979 and 1980 -RRB- , and losing the 1980 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final on penalties .	trio	What number of cup finals did Arsenal reach in
With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings , and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton , the club enjoyed their best form since the 1971 double , reaching a trio of FA Cup finals -LRB- 1978 , 1979 and 1980 -RRB- , and losing the 1980 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final on penalties .	1978, 1979 and 1980	In what years did Arsenal get into the FA Cup finals ?
The return of former player George Graham as manager in 1986 brought a third period of glory .	George Graham	What former Arsenal player became manager in 1986 ?
Arsenal won the League Cup in 1987 , Graham 's first season in charge .	League Cup	Under the direction of Graham , what trophy did Arsenal win in 1987 ?
This was followed by a League title win in 1988 -- 89 , won with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool .	Liverpool	What competitor did Arsenal defeat to win a league title in the 1988-89 season ?
Graham 's Arsenal won another title in 1990 -- 91 , losing only one match , won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993 , and a second European trophy , the European Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1994 .	1994	In what year did Arsenal win their second European cup ?
Graham 's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players , and he was dismissed in 1995 .	kickbacks	What action did Graham get caught doing to get fired by Arsenal ?
The club 's success in the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century owed a great deal to the 1996 appointment of Arsène Wenger as manager .	Arsène Wenger	What manager in the late 1990s brought success to Arsenal ?
Wenger brought new tactics , a new training regime and several foreign players who complemented the existing English talent .	foreign players	Besides improved tactics and training , what did Wenger add to the Arsenal team ?
Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997 -- 98 and a third in 2001 -- 02 .	1997–98	In what season did Arsenal win their second League and Cup double ?
In addition , the club reached the final of the 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup -LRB- losing on penalties to Galatasaray -RRB- , were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups , and won the Premier League in 2003 -- 04 without losing a single match , an achievement which earned the side the nickname `` The Invincibles '' .	penalties	What caused Arsenal 's loss to Galatasarey in the 1999-2000 season ?
In addition , the club reached the final of the 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup -LRB- losing on penalties to Galatasaray -RRB- , were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups , and won the Premier League in 2003 -- 04 without losing a single match , an achievement which earned the side the nickname `` The Invincibles '' .	Premier League	What trophy did Arsenal win in the 2003-2004 season without losing a match ?
As of July 2013 , they were one of only five teams , the others being Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , and Manchester City , to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992 .	five	Including Arsenal , how many teams had won the Premier League up to 2013 ?
As of July 2013 , they were one of only five teams , the others being Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , and Manchester City , to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992 .	1992	In what year was the Premier League created ?
Arsenal had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005 -- 06 ; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition 's fifty-year history to reach the final , in which they were beaten 2 -- 1 by Barcelona .	Barcelona	What team defeated Arsenal in the finals of the Champions League in 2005-2006 season ?
In July 2006 , they moved into the Emirates Stadium , after 93 years at Highbury .	Emirates Stadium	To what stadium did Arsenal FC move in 2006 ?
In July 2006 , they moved into the Emirates Stadium , after 93 years at Highbury .	93	For how many years did Arsenal play at Highbury ?
Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups , losing 2 -- 1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively .	Chelsea	What famous team defeated Arsenal for the League Cup in 2007 ?
Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups , losing 2 -- 1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively .	Birmingham City	Who beat Arsenal for the 2011 League Cup >
Nine months after their Community Shield triumph , Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second year in a row , thrashing Aston Villa 4 -- 0 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament 's history with 12 titles .	12	How many wins did Arsenal have to make the team the most successful in FA Cup history ?
On 2 August 2015 , Arsenal beat Chelsea 1 -- 0 at Wembley Stadium to retain the Community Shield and earn their 14th Community Shield title .	Chelsea	What team did Arsenal defeat at Wembley in 2015 ?
Unveiled in 1888 , Royal Arsenal 's first crest featured three cannon viewed from above , pointing northwards , similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich -LRB- nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich -RRB- .	1888	In what year did Arsenal first create a crest for the team ?
Unveiled in 1888 , Royal Arsenal 's first crest featured three cannon viewed from above , pointing northwards , similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich -LRB- nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich -RRB- .	three cannon	What part of the Arsenal crest is sometimes mistaken for chimneys ?
This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913 , only to be reinstated in 1922 , when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon , pointing eastwards , with the club 's nickname , The Gunners , inscribed alongside it ; this crest only lasted until 1925 , when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down .	Highbury	After the team moved to what city were the cannon left off the crest ?
This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913 , only to be reinstated in 1922 , when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon , pointing eastwards , with the club 's nickname , The Gunners , inscribed alongside it ; this crest only lasted until 1925 , when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down .	The Gunners	What nickname prompted a return to the canon on the club crest ?
This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913 , only to be reinstated in 1922 , when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon , pointing eastwards , with the club 's nickname , The Gunners , inscribed alongside it ; this crest only lasted until 1925 , when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down .	1925	In what year was the canon image further refined on the Arsenal crest ?
In 1949 , the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club 's name , set in blackletter , and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club 's newly adopted Latin motto , Victoria Concordia Crescit `` victory comes from harmony '' , coined by the club 's programme editor Harry Homer .	Victoria Concordia Crescit	What Latin motto was added to the crest in 1949 ?
For the first time , the crest was rendered in colour , which varied slightly over the crest 's lifespan , finally becoming red , gold and green .	rendered in colour	In 1949 what new addition was done to enhance the Arsenal club crest ?
Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark , and had fought -LRB- and eventually won -RRB- a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold `` unofficial '' Arsenal merchandise , Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection .	trademark	What legal stance did Arsenal use to win a law suit against a merchant ?
Therefore , in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style , which was copyrightable .	2002	In what year did Arsenal produce a remodeled crest that could be copyrighted ?
The new crest was criticised by some supporters ; the Arsenal Independent Supporters ' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal 's history and tradition with such a radical modern design , and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue .	fans	Who did Arsenal supporters think should have been consulted before announcing the new crest ?
This early example of a corporate logo , introduced as part of Herbert Chapman 's rebranding of the club in the 1930s , was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium , including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors .	corporate logo	Of what is the early logo of Arsenal an example ?
This early example of a corporate logo , introduced as part of Herbert Chapman 's rebranding of the club in the 1930s , was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium , including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors .	Highbury Stadium	Where is the Art Deco style badge design used prominently ?
From 1967 , a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts , until replaced by the club crest , sometimes with the addition of the nickname `` The Gunners '' , in the 1990s .	The Gunners	What Arsenal club nickname sometimes appeared on club shirts ?
From 1967 , a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts , until replaced by the club crest , sometimes with the addition of the nickname `` The Gunners '' , in the 1990s .	1990s	When was the white canon logo replaced with the club crest ?
In the 2011 -- 12 season , Arsenal celebrated their 125th year anniversary .	125th year anniversary	What celebration did Arsenal have in the 2011-12 season ?
The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub .	founding members	What do the 15 oak leaves on the anniversary crest indicate ?
To complete the crest , 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto `` Forward '' at the bottom of the crest .	1886 and 2011	What dates are depicted on the Arsenal anniversary crest ?
To complete the crest , 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto `` Forward '' at the bottom of the crest .	Forward	What motto is shown on the Arsenal club anniversary crest ?
The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season .	on their jerseys	Where did the Arsenal team wear the anniversary crest ?
For much of Arsenal 's history , their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts , though this has not always been the case .	bright red	What has the color of the Arsenal home shirts been ?
The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest , soon after Arsenal 's foundation in 1886 .	charitable donation	In recognition of what event was the color red adopted for Arsenal shirts ?
Two of Dial Square 's founding members , Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates , were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work .	Dial Square	What was the early name for the Arsenal FC ?
Two of Dial Square 's founding members , Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates , were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work .	Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates	Which founding members were responsible for the red shirts ?
The shirt was redcurrant , a dark shade of red , and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops .	white	What was the color of the early uniforms ' shorts and socks ?
In 1933 , Herbert Chapman , wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed , updated the kit , adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red .	Herbert Chapman	What manager updated the players uniforms in 1933 ?
In 1933 , Herbert Chapman , wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed , updated the kit , adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red .	pillar box red	What brighter shade of red did Chapman adopt ?
Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves .	white sleeves	What distinctive change did Chapman make to the Arsenal shirts ?
Regardless of which story is true , the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since , aside from two seasons .	red and white	For what style of shirts Arsenal known ?
The second was 2005 -- 06 , the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury , when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913 , their first season in the stadium ; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season .	first season	What did Arsenal want to commemorate by wearing dark red shirts in their last season at Highbury ?
In 1909 , Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time ; in 1938 , Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip .	Sparta Prague	What early team copied the Arsenal 's red current color in 1909 ?
In 1909 , Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time ; in 1938 , Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip .	Hibernian	What team in 1938 used the same style of kit , but in green ?
In 1920 , Sporting Clube de Braga 's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team 's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal 's red with white sleeves and shorts , giving rise to the team 's nickname of Os Arsenalistas .	Os Arsenalistas	By coping the Arsenal team kit exactly , what nickname was given to Sporting Clube de Braga ?
These teams still wear those designs to this day .	to this day	For how long have the Arsenal inspired copy-cat clubs worn their uniforms ?
In 1920 , Sporting Clube de Braga 's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team 's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal 's red with white sleeves and shorts , giving rise to the team 's nickname of Os Arsenalistas .	green	What was Sporting Clube de Braga 's original color ?
In the 1969 -- 70 season , Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts .	1969–70 season	During what season were Arsenal 's away colors white shirts and white or black shorts ?
In the 1969 -- 70 season , Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts .	1969–70 season	When did Arsenal adolpt the away colors or yellow shirts and blue shorts ?
This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history .	1971 FA Cup Final	For what competition did Arsenal use the yellow and blue away kit ?
Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their `` lucky '' yellow and blue strip , which remained the club 's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982 -- 83 .	lucky	What did Arsenal consider the yellow and blue colors to be after losing a FA Cup final wearing red and white ?
The following season , Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme , albeit with a darker shade of blue than before .	darker shade	What is the difference in the Arsenal color of blue in the away kit after 1983 ?
When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal 's kit provider in 1994 , Arsenal 's away colours were again changed to two-tone blue shirts and shorts .	Nike	What manufacturer became Arsenal 's uniform provider in 1994 ?
When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal 's kit provider in 1994 , Arsenal 's away colours were again changed to two-tone blue shirts and shorts .	Adidas	Which brand was the kit provider prior to 1994 ?
Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market , the away kits have been changed regularly , with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits .	replica kit market	To appeal to what are the kits changed regularly ?
During this period the designs have been either all blue designs , or variations on the traditional yellow and blue , such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001 -- 02 season , the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007 , and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013 .	yellow and blue	What traditional Arsenal colors have frequently been employed for away kits ?
As of 2009 , the away kit is changed every season , and the outgoing away kit becomes the third-choice kit if a new home kit is being introduced in the same year .	2009	Since what year has the away kit been changed every year ?
Widely referred to as Highbury , Arsenal Stadium was the club 's home from September 1913 until May 2006 .	May 2006	When did Arsenal FC leave Highbury stadium ?
Widely referred to as Highbury , Arsenal Stadium was the club 's home from September 1913 until May 2006 .	September 1913	When did Arsenal Stadium at Highbury first become the club 's home ?
The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch , and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time , with a single covered stand and three open-air banks of terracing .	Archibald Leitch	What architect designed the original stadium at Highbury ?
The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s : new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed , opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively , and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace , which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954 .	1930s	In what decade was Arsenal Stadium overhauled ?
The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s : new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed , opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively , and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace , which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954 .	Second World War	When was the Arsenal stadium bombed ?
Highbury could hold more than 60,000 spectators at its peak , and had a capacity of 57,000 until the early 1990s .	60,000	What was the most people that Highbury stadium could host ?
The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993 -- 94 season , thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators .	1993–94 season	When did League regulations make Arsenal reduce the seating in Highbury ?
This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards , so much so that for two seasons , from 1998 to 2000 , Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley , which could house more than 70,000 spectators .	Wembley	Where did Arsenal play matches because of increased seating capacity ?
This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards , so much so that for two seasons , from 1998 to 2000 , Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley , which could house more than 70,000 spectators .	1998 to 2000	During what time did Arsenal play at Wembley ?
This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards , so much so that for two seasons , from 1998 to 2000 , Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley , which could house more than 70,000 spectators .	70,000	What seating capacity did Wembley offer that have to lure Arsenal to play there ?
After considering various options , in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove , since named the Emirates Stadium , about 500 metres south-west of Highbury .	2000	When did Arsenal offer a plan to build a new stadium at Ashburton Grove ?
After considering various options , in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove , since named the Emirates Stadium , about 500 metres south-west of Highbury .	Emirates Stadium	By what name was the new Arsenal stadium finally known ?
The stadium was named after its sponsors , the airline company Emirates , with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history , worth around # 100 million ; some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove , or the Grove , as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names .	£100 million	What was the amount of the Emirates airline company deal ?
The stadium was named after its sponsors , the airline company Emirates , with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history , worth around # 100 million ; some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove , or the Grove , as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names .	corporate sponsorship	Of what facet of stadium naming do some fans disapprove ?
The stadium was named after its sponsors , the airline company Emirates , with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history , worth around # 100 million ; some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove , or the Grove , as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names .	sponsorship deal	What type of agreement is the deal with Emirates ?
Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as `` Gooners '' , the name derived from the team 's nickname , `` The Gunners '' .	Gooners	What is the common nickname of Arsenal supporters ?
Arsenal fans often refer to themselves as `` Gooners '' , the name derived from the team 's nickname , `` The Gunners '' .	The Gunners	From what name does Gooners come ?
The club 's location , adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury , mixed areas such as Islington , Holloway , Highbury , and the adjacent London Borough of Camden , and largely working-class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington , has meant that Arsenal 's supporters have come from a variety of social classes .	variety of social classes	From what groups do the supporters of Arsenal come ?
The fanbase is large and generally loyal , and virtually all home matches sell out ; in 2007 -- 08 Arsenal had the second-highest average League attendance for an English club -LRB- 60,070 , which was 99.5 % of available capacity -RRB- , and , as of 2015 , the third-highest all-time average attendance .	second-highest average	Where did the attendance at Arsenal games rank in relation to other English clubs ?
The club 's location , adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury , mixed areas such as Islington , Holloway , Highbury , and the adjacent London Borough of Camden , and largely working-class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington , has meant that Arsenal 's supporters have come from a variety of social classes .	location	What aspect of the fan base is one of the reasons for large game attendance ?
Like all major English football clubs , Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters ' clubs , including the Arsenal Football Supporters ' Club , which works closely with the club , and the Arsenal Independent Supporters ' Association , which maintains a more independent line .	domestic supporters' clubs	What type of clubs does Arsenal have ?
Like all major English football clubs , Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters ' clubs , including the Arsenal Football Supporters ' Club , which works closely with the club , and the Arsenal Independent Supporters ' Association , which maintains a more independent line .	Arsenal Football Supporters' Club	Which fan club is closely allied to the Arsenal club ?
Like all major English football clubs , Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters ' clubs , including the Arsenal Football Supporters ' Club , which works closely with the club , and the Arsenal Independent Supporters ' Association , which maintains a more independent line .	Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association	What supporters club is more loosely tied to Arsenal ?
The Arsenal Supporters ' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans .	Arsenal Supporters' Trust	What fan group wants more ownership rights in the Arsenal club ?
In addition to the usual English football chants , supporters sing `` One-Nil to the Arsenal '' -LRB- to the tune of `` Go West '' -RRB- .	One-Nil to the Arsenal	What is a common chant of Arsenal supporters ?
There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London , and since the advent of satellite television , a supporter 's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography .	satellite television	What medium has added to the fan base of Arsenal ?
Consequently , Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world ; in 2007 , 24 UK , 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club .	49	How many supporter clubs outside Britain were there in 2007 affiliated with Arsenal ?
A 2011 report by SPORT+MARKT estimated Arsenal 's global fanbase at 113 million .	113 million	In 2011 what was Arsenal 's estimated fan base ?
The club 's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014 -- 15 season .	fifth highest	What was the world ranking of Arsenal 's social media in 2015-15 season ?
There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London , and since the advent of satellite television , a supporter 's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography .	geography	In this era of satelites and social media , on what are fans now less dependent ?
Arsenal 's longest-running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbours , Tottenham Hotspur ; matches between the two are referred to as North London derbies .	Tottenham Hotspur	What football club is Arsenal 's greatest rival ?
Arsenal 's longest-running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbours , Tottenham Hotspur ; matches between the two are referred to as North London derbies .	North London derbies	Since the Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspurs are geographically so close , what is the contest between them called ?
In addition , Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on-pitch rivalry in the late 1980s , which intensified in recent years when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title -- so much so that a 2003 online poll by the Football Fans Census listed Manchester United as Arsenal 's biggest rivals , followed by Tottenham and Chelsea .	Manchester United	What club has Arsenal have an increased rivalry since the 1980s ?
In addition , Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on-pitch rivalry in the late 1980s , which intensified in recent years when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title -- so much so that a 2003 online poll by the Football Fans Census listed Manchester United as Arsenal 's biggest rivals , followed by Tottenham and Chelsea .	Premier League title	What competition sparked the rivalry with Manchester ?
A 2008 poll listed the Tottenham rivalry as more important .	2008	What year 's poll of supporters said that the Tottenham rivalry was greatest ?
The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke .	Stan Kroenke	What individual is the biggest shareholder on the Arsenal board ?
In April 2011 , Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman , taking his shareholding to 62.89 % .	62.89%	What percentage of shares in Arsenal did Kroenke own by 2011 ?
Ivan Gazidis has been the club 's Chief Executive since 2009 .	Ivan Gazidis	Who is Arsenal 's Chief Executive ?
As of June 2015 , Kroenke owns 41,698 shares -LRB- 67.02 % -RRB- and Red & White Securities own 18,695 shares -LRB- 30.04 % -RRB- .	Red & White Securities	Who is Kroenke 's chief competitor for Arsenal stock ?
In April 2011 , Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman , taking his shareholding to 62.89 % .	April 2011	In what year did Kreonke achieve take over of Arsenal stock ?
Arsenal 's parent company , Arsenal Holdings plc , operates as a non-quoted public limited company , whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs .	non-quoted public limited	By what means does Arsenal operate as a company ?
Only 62,217 shares in Arsenal have been issued , and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM ; instead , they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange , a specialist market .	62,217	How many shares of Arsenal stock are there ?
On 10 March 2016 , a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of # 15,670 , which sets the club 's market capitalisation value at approximately # 975m .	£15,670	On March 10,2016 what was the value of a share of Arsenal stock ?
Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $ 1.3 billion in 2015 .	$1.3 billion	What value did Forbes place on Arsenal in 2015 ?
Research by the Henley Business School modelled the club 's value at # 1.118 billion in 2015 , the second highest in the Premier League .	second highest	At what rank in value in the Premier League is Arsenal ?
They put Arsenal 's footballing revenue at # 331.3 m -LRB- $ 435.5 m -RRB- , ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs .	seventh	Where does Deloitte Football Money League rank Arsenal in the world football clubs ?
They put Arsenal 's footballing revenue at # 331.3 m -LRB- $ 435.5 m -RRB- , ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs .	£331.3m	What value does Deloitte place on Arsenal ?
Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as # 100.4 m , more than any other football stadium in the world .	£100.4m	What is the match day earning of Emirates Stadium ?
Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as # 100.4 m , more than any other football stadium in the world .	more	How does Arsenal match day revenue compare with other stadium in the world ?
Arsenal 's financial results for the 2014 -- 15 season show group revenue of # 344.5 m , with a profit before tax of # 24.7 m .	£24.7m	What does Arsenal report a before tax profit for 2014-15 ?
On 22 January 1927 , their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio .	broadcast live on radio	Why was Arsenal 's match on 22 Jan. 1927 at Highbury a first ?
On 22 January 1927 , their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio .	Sheffield United	What team did Arsenal play at the time of the radio broadcast in 1927 ?
A decade later , on 16 September 1937 , an exhibition match between Arsenal 's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live .	16 September 1937	When was Arsenal 's match the first to be televised live ?
Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC 's Match of the Day , which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964 .	BBC's Match of the Day	To what first broadcast did Arsenal provide match highlights ?
BSkyB 's coverage of Arsenal 's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television .	3D television	In what form was Arsenal 's broadcast of a 2010 match against Manchester United ?
They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football-related films , The Arsenal Stadium Mystery -LRB- 1939 -RRB- .	The Arsenal Stadium Mystery	In what film was Arsenal FC shown ?
Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves and manager George Allison was given a speaking part .	George Allison	What Arsenal manager had a speaking part in the 1939 film ?
More recently , the book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby 's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular .	Fever Pitch	What book by Nick Hornby has twice been adapted for film ?
Published in 1992 , it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s .	1992	When was Hornby 's book published ?
Published in 1992 , it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s .	1990s	In what decade did film and literature help revive football in Britain ?
Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and `` boring '' side , especially during the 1970s and 1980s ; many comedians , such as Eric Morecambe , made jokes about this at the team 's expense .	defensive and "boring"	How have Arsenal players portrayed in media ?
Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and `` boring '' side , especially during the 1970s and 1980s ; many comedians , such as Eric Morecambe , made jokes about this at the team 's expense .	1970s and 1980s	In what decades were Arsenal players stereotyped in a negative way ?
The theme was repeated in the 1997 film The Full Monty , in a scene where the lead actors move in a line and raise their hands , deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence 's offside trap , in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine .	The Full Monty	What film featured a Arsenal play in derogatory way ?
Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and `` boring '' side , especially during the 1970s and 1980s ; many comedians , such as Eric Morecambe , made jokes about this at the team 's expense .	Eric Morecambe	Which comic made numerous jokes about Arsenal players ?
Another film reference to the club 's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane , in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal 's long-serving full backs -- the right-sided Lee Dixon and the left-sided Nigel Winterburn .	Plunkett & Macleane	What film uses characters named after Arsenal full backs ?
Arsenal 's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football , after Manchester United -LRB- 20 -RRB- and Liverpool -LRB- 18 -RRB- , and they were the first club to reach 8 League Championships .	13	How many League Championships has Arsenal won ?
Arsenal 's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football , after Manchester United -LRB- 20 -RRB- and Liverpool -LRB- 18 -RRB- , and they were the first club to reach 8 League Championships .	third highest	Where does Arsenal 's total League Championships place it as compared to other English teams ?
They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies , 12 .	FA Cup trophies	Of what type of trophies does Arsenal have the most ?
Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League , in 2006 , losing the final 2 -- 1 to Barcelona .	UEFA Champions League	In what competition was Arsenal the first to enter the finals ?
Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League , in 2006 , losing the final 2 -- 1 to Barcelona .	Barcelona	What team beat Arsenal to win the 2006 UEFA Champions League ?
The men 's and women 's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties ; Arsenal Ladies are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium , though they usually play their home matches at Boreham Wood .	Boreham Wood.	At what stadium do Arsenal Ladies usually play ?
In the 2008 -- 09 season , they won all three major English trophies -- the FA Women 's Premier League , FA Women 's Cup and FA Women 's Premier League Cup , and , as of 2009 , were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women 's Cup , having done so in the 2006 -- 07 season as part of a unique quadruple .	UEFA Women's Cup	By 2009 what competition has Arsenal Ladies been the only ladies team to have won ?
Founded in 1987 , they turned semi-professional in 2002 and are managed by Clare Wheatley .	2002	When did the Arsenal Ladies team become semi-professional ?
Arsenal Ladies are the most successful team in English women 's football .	most successful	How does Arsenal Ladies rank as compared with other English women 's football teams ?
Arsenal Ladies are the women 's football club affiliated to Arsenal .	Arsenal Ladies	What is the name of the football club affiliated with Arsenal ?
Outside of the Low Countries , it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname , and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten .	Suriname	In what place with the word `` name '' in it do most people speak Dutch ?
Outside of the Low Countries , it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname , and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten .	Aruba	Islands in the Caribbean that include Dutch as an official language include Curaçao , Sint Maarten , and what other place ?
Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany , and in Indonesia , -LSB- n 1 -RSB- while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States , Canada and Australia combined .	half a million	It 's been estimated that up to what number of native Dutch speakers live in Australia , the U.S. , and Canada ?
-LSB- n 2 -RSB- The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans , a mutually intelligible daughter language -LSB- n 3 -RSB- which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people , mainly in South Africa and Namibia .	Afrikaans	In Southern Africa , Dutch has developed over many years into what daughter language ?
-LSB- n 2 -RSB- The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans , a mutually intelligible daughter language -LSB- n 3 -RSB- which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people , mainly in South Africa and Namibia .	16 million	What the low estimate for the number of people who speak Afrikaans ?
Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English -LSB- n 5 -RSB- and is said to be roughly in between them .	German and English	Which two languages does Dutch most closely resemble ?
-LSB- n 6 -RSB- Dutch , like English , has not undergone the High German consonant shift , does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker , has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive , and has levelled much of its morphology , including the case system .	umlaut	Which Germanic accent mark do both the English and the Dutch language not use ?
-LSB- n 7 -RSB- Features shared with German include the survival of three grammatical genders -- albeit with few grammatical consequences -LSB- n 8 -RSB- -- as well as the use of modal particles , final-obstruent devoicing , and a similar word order .	three	Unlike English , both German and Dutch use how many genders in their grammar ?
-LSB- n 6 -RSB- Dutch , like English , has not undergone the High German consonant shift , does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker , has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive , and has levelled much of its morphology , including the case system .	subjunctive	Which verb tense have both English and Dutch mostly gotten rid of ?
-LSB- n 9 -RSB- Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates more Romance loans than German but fewer than English .	more	Does Dutch borrow more or less from Romance languages for its vocabulary than German ?
While Dutch generally refers to the language as a whole , Belgian varieties are sometimes collectively referred to as Flemish .	Flemish	What are variations on Dutch used in Belgium sometimes called ?
In both Belgium and the Netherlands , the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands , and its dialects have their own names , e.g. Hollands `` Hollandish '' , West-Vlaams `` Western Flemish '' , Brabants `` Brabantian '' .	Nederlands	What is the Dutch language officially called in the Netherlands ?
The use of the word Vlaams -LRB- `` Flemish '' -RRB- to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there , however , is common in the Netherlands and Belgium .	Vlaams	What would someone in Belgium call the variation of Dutch spoken in Flanders ?
In both Belgium and the Netherlands , the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands , and its dialects have their own names , e.g. Hollands `` Hollandish '' , West-Vlaams `` Western Flemish '' , Brabants `` Brabantian '' .	Hollands	What is the Dutch name for the `` Hollandish '' dialect of the language ?
In both Belgium and the Netherlands , the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands , and its dialects have their own names , e.g. Hollands `` Hollandish '' , West-Vlaams `` Western Flemish '' , Brabants `` Brabantian '' .	Western Flemish	If `` Vlaams '' is `` Flemish , '' what would English speakers call `` West-Vlaams '' ?
It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk , one of the first names ever used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe , meaning -LRB- pertaining to the language -RRB- of the people , that is , the native Germanic language .	theudisk	What Old Germanic term was used to describe the non-Romance languages that developed in Europe ?
The term was used as opposed to Latin , the non-native language of writing and the Catholic Church .	Latin	What language was used for writing and by the Catholic Church instead of the language `` of the people '' ?
In the first text in which it is found , dating from 784 , it refers to the Germanic dialects of Britain .	784	The word `` theudisk '' was first found in a text from what year ?
In the Oaths of Strasbourg -LRB- 842 -RRB- it appeared as teudisca to refer to the Germanic -LRB- Rhenish Franconian -RRB- portion of the oath .	842	What year were the Oaths of Strasbourg written ?
In the Oaths of Strasbourg -LRB- 842 -RRB- it appeared as teudisca to refer to the Germanic -LRB- Rhenish Franconian -RRB- portion of the oath .	teudisca	What word was used in the Oaths of Strasbourg for the oath 's Germanic section ?
Therefore , in the 16th century , a differentiation took place .	16th	In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages ?
A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch , which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers .	Pennsylvania Dutch	What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state ?
A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch , which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers .	Deitsch	What 's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language ?
Jersey Dutch , on the other hand , as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey , is a Dutch-based creole .	1950s	In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch ?
Nederlands , the official Dutch word for `` Dutch '' , did not become firmly established until the 19th century .	19th	Dutch people did n't have an officially established word for the `` Dutch '' language until what century ?
This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century , but received competition from the more popular terminology Nederduits , `` Low Dutch '' , for several reasons .	Nederduits	What word meaning `` Low Dutch '' was sometimes used to distinguish Dutch from Germany 's language ?
One of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits , `` High Dutch '' , meaning the language spoken in Germany .	Hoogduits	Instead of `` German , '' what word used to refer to the language of the country of Germany ?
One of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits , `` High Dutch '' , meaning the language spoken in Germany .	High Dutch	What does `` Hoogduits '' translate to in English ?
The Hoog was later dropped , and thus , Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language .	Duits	Now that `` Nederlands '' is used for Dutch in Dutch , what do Dutch speakers call German ?
The term Nederduits , however introduced new confusion , since the non standardised dialects spoken in the north of Germany came to be known as Niederdeutsch as well , and thus the Duits reference in the name was dropped , leading to Nederlands as designation to refer to the Dutch language .	Nederduits	What was the new word for Dutch that still caused some confusion with the language spoken in Germany ?
The repeated use of Neder -LRB- or `` low '' -RRB- to refer to the Dutch language is a reference to the Netherlands ' downriver location at the Rhine -- Meuse -- Scheldt delta near the North Sea , harking back to Latin nomenclature , e.g. Germania Inferior .	low	What does the word `` Neder '' translate to in English ?
The repeated use of Neder -LRB- or `` low '' -RRB- to refer to the Dutch language is a reference to the Netherlands ' downriver location at the Rhine -- Meuse -- Scheldt delta near the North Sea , harking back to Latin nomenclature , e.g. Germania Inferior .	Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta	The Netherlands are `` low '' because of their placement near what delta by the North Sea ?
The repeated use of Neder -LRB- or `` low '' -RRB- to refer to the Dutch language is a reference to the Netherlands ' downriver location at the Rhine -- Meuse -- Scheldt delta near the North Sea , harking back to Latin nomenclature , e.g. Germania Inferior .	Latin	What language started the trend of referring to the Netherlands as `` Germania Inferior '' ?
The term Nederduits , however introduced new confusion , since the non standardised dialects spoken in the north of Germany came to be known as Niederdeutsch as well , and thus the Duits reference in the name was dropped , leading to Nederlands as designation to refer to the Dutch language .	north	`` Nederduits '' often caused people to mix up the language of the Netherlands with that spoken in what directional area of Germany ?
Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries : Frisian in the north and along the western coast ; Saxon in the east -LRB- contiguous with the Low German area -RRB- ; and Franconian in the centre and south .	Three	How many different versions of a Germanic language were spoken in the Low Countries ?
Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries : Frisian in the north and along the western coast ; Saxon in the east -LRB- contiguous with the Low German area -RRB- ; and Franconian in the centre and south .	Saxon	Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the eastern region ?
It is the Franconian dialects that is designated as Old Dutch , and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch .	Franconian	Which dialects are referred to as `` Old Dutch '' ?
The division in these development phases is mostly conventional , since the transition between them was very gradual .	gradual	Was the transition from Old Dutch to Modern Dutch gradual , or did it happen quickly ?
Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries : Frisian in the north and along the western coast ; Saxon in the east -LRB- contiguous with the Low German area -RRB- ; and Franconian in the centre and south .	Frisian	Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the north and west of the Low Countries ?
Within the Indo-European language tree , Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages , which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English , German , and Scandinavian languages .	Indo-European	Which language tree groups Dutch with English ?
All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm 's law and Verner 's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages .	Germanic	What group of languages have to comply with Grimm 's law ?
This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe .	Iron Age	In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop ?
All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm 's law and Verner 's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages .	Verner's law	Along with Grimm 's law , what 's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called ?
Within the Indo-European language tree , Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages , which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English , German , and Scandinavian languages .	common ancestor	What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic ?
The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups : West , East and North Germanic .	three	Into how many groups are Germanic languages usually split ?
They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period .	the Migration Period	In what historical period did the different types of Germanic languages stop being collectively understood ?
Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group , that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic .	West Germanic	What group of Germanic languages includes Dutch , English , and German ?
The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups : Ingvaeonic -LRB- North Sea Germanic -RRB- , Istvaeonic -LRB- Weser-Rhine Germanic -RRB- and Irminonic -LRB- Elbe Germanic -RRB- .	Ingvaeonic	What 's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called ?
It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest , still seen in modern Dutch .	Istvaeonic	Which dialect group included most Frankish tribes ?
A Frankish identity emerged and so did their Frankish or Franconian language .	Franconian	What 's another term for `` Frankish '' ?
A notable exception is the Bergakker inscription , found near the Dutch city of Tiel , which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish .	Tiel	What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription ?
Although some placenames recorded in Roman texts could arguably be considered as the oldest `` Dutch '' single words , like vadam -LRB- modern Dutch : wad , English : `` mudflat '' -RRB- , the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology , but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text .	vadam	What word found in Roman writings became `` wad '' in modern Dutch ?
Although some placenames recorded in Roman texts could arguably be considered as the oldest `` Dutch '' single words , like vadam -LRB- modern Dutch : wad , English : `` mudflat '' -RRB- , the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology , but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text .	mudflat	What does the Dutch word `` wad '' mean in English ?
At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law led to the development of Old Saxon , Old Frisian -LRB- Anglo-Frisian -RRB- and Old English -LRB- Anglo-Saxon -RRB- .	Anglo-Frisian	What 's another name for Old Frisian ?
At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law led to the development of Old Saxon , Old Frisian -LRB- Anglo-Frisian -RRB- and Old English -LRB- Anglo-Saxon -RRB- .	Anglo-Saxon	What 's another name for Old English ?
Hardly influenced by either development , Old Dutch remained close to the original language of the Franks , the people that would rule Europe for centuries .	Old Dutch	What language stayed very similar to the language spoken by Franks ?
In fact , by judging from the find at Bergakker , it would seem that the language already experienced this characteristic during the Old Frankish period .	Old Frankish	What period is the Bergakker inscription from that shows characteristics of the Old Dutch language ?
The `` Low '' in Old Low Franconian refers to the Frankish spoken in the Low Countries where it was not influenced by the High German consonant shift , as opposed to Central and high Franconian in Germany .	Old Low Franconian	What 's another name for Old Dutch that demonstrates its difference from German Franconian ?
Attestations of Old Dutch sentences are extremely rare .	rare	Are written records of Old Dutch rare or common ?
The oldest one first recorded has been found in the Salic law .	the Salic law	What Frankish document contains the oldest recorded instance of Dutch ?
Another old fragment of Dutch is Visc flot aftar themo uuatare -LRB- A fish was swimming in the water -RRB- .	fish	What creature is swimming in the Dutch phrase `` Visc flot aftar themo uuatare '' ?
Probably the most famous sentence Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan , hinase hic enda tu , wat unbidan we nu -LRB- All birds have started making nests , except me and you , what are we waiting for -RRB- , is dated around the year 1100 , written by a Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester , England .	Rochester, England	Where did the monk who wrote the most famous Old Dutch sentence live ?
The oldest conserved larger Dutch text is the Utrecht baptismal vow -LRB- 776-800 -RRB- starting with Forsachistu diobolae -LSB- ... -RSB- ec forsacho diabolae -LRB- Do you forsake the devil ?	the Utrecht baptismal vow	What historically significant Dutch document begins with the phrase `` Forsachistu diobolae '' ?
Old Dutch naturally evolved into Middle Dutch .	Old Dutch	What language did Middle Dutch come from ?
The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity , but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing and during this period a rich Medieval Dutch literature developed .	1150	What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed ?
There was at that time no overarching standard language ; Middle Dutch is rather a collective name for a number of closely related dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch .	closely related dialects	Rather than a single language , what group sharing origins in Old Dutch does the term `` Middle Dutch '' refer to ?
In fact , since Dutch is a rather conservative language , the various literary works of that time today are often very readable for modern-day speakers .	readable	Would a text written in Middle Dutch be readable or unintelligible for a Dutch speaker today ?
A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages , especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon -LRB- Brussels after 1477 -RRB- .	Burgundian Ducal Court	What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch ?
The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time .	Flanders and Brabant	Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages ?
The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century , mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp .	16th	Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp ?
In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army : many fled to the Northern Netherlands , where the Dutch Republic declared its independence from Spain .	1585	What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp ?
In 1637 , a further important step was made towards a unified language , when the Statenvertaling , the first major Bible translation into Dutch , was created that people from all over the new republic could understand .	Statenvertaling	What was the first Dutch Bible translation called ?
In the Southern Netherlands -LRB- now Belgium and Luxembourg -RRB- developments were different .	Southern Netherlands	What was the old name for the geographical region that 's now Belgium and Luxembourg ?
Under Spanish , then Austrian , and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill .	French	What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians ?
In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty .	1980	What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other 's language ?
In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty .	Language Union Treaty	What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together ?
Therefore , the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands , although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation , comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English .	American English	The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language ?
Dutch belongs to its own West Germanic sub-group , West Low Franconian , paired with its sister language Limburgish , or East Low Franconian .	Limburgish	What 's the `` cheesy '' name for East Low Franconian ?
Closest relative is the mutual intelligible daughter language Afrikaans .	Afrikaans	What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch ?
Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German , English and the Frisian languages , and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish .	Frisian	Along with German and English , what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch ?
Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German , English and the Frisian languages , and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish .	Low German	Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language ?
Unlike German , Dutch -LRB- apart from Limburgish -RRB- has not been influenced at all by the ` south to north ' movement of the High German sound shift , and had some changes of its own .	German	As opposed to Dutch , what language was influenced by the High German sound shift ?
In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area , comprising the provinces of Groningen , Drenthe and Overijssel , and parts of the province of Gelderland as well .	Dutch Low Saxon	What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe ?
The IJssel river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here .	IJssel	What 's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands ?
In other words , this group is Dutch synchronically but not diachronically .	Dutch	Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German , it 's synchronically included with which language ?
In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area , comprising the provinces of Groningen , Drenthe and Overijssel , and parts of the province of Gelderland as well .	Gelderland	Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon ?
From the 14th to 15th century onward , its urban centers -LRB- Deventer , Zwolle and Kampen as well as Zutphen and Doesburg -RRB- have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area .	14th to 15th century	When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse ?
Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline .	Geert Driessen	What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining ?
In 1995 , 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis , while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent .	27	What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995 ?
In 1995 , 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language , while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent .	4 percent	How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011 ?
Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most -LRB- in 2011 among adults 54 % , among children 31 % -RRB- and Dutch Low Saxon least -LRB- adults 15 % , children 1 % -RRB- ; Frisian occupies a middle position -LRB- adults 44 % , children 22 % -RRB- .	Limburgish	What 's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands ?
Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most -LRB- in 2011 among adults 54 % , among children 31 % -RRB- and Dutch Low Saxon least -LRB- adults 15 % , children 1 % -RRB- ; Frisian occupies a middle position -LRB- adults 44 % , children 22 % -RRB- .	44%	In 2011 , what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian ?
This leaves f.e. no difference between `` held '' -LRB- hero -RRB- and `` geld '' -LRB- money -RRB- .	geld	What 's the Dutch word for `` money '' ?
For example , an oddity of West Flemings -LRB- and to a lesser extent , East Flemings -RRB- is that , the voiced velar fricative -LRB- written as `` g '' in Dutch -RRB- shifts to a voiced glottal fricative -LRB- written as `` h '' in Dutch -RRB- , while the letter `` h '' in West Flemish becomes mute -LRB- just like in French -RRB- .	"h"	West Flemings pronounce the Dutch `` g '' as a voiced glottal frivative , which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch ?
For example , an oddity of West Flemings -LRB- and to a lesser extent , East Flemings -RRB- is that , the voiced velar fricative -LRB- written as `` g '' in Dutch -RRB- shifts to a voiced glottal fricative -LRB- written as `` h '' in Dutch -RRB- , while the letter `` h '' in West Flemish becomes mute -LRB- just like in French -RRB- .	French	What other European language has a mute `` h '' like the West Flemings do ?
This leaves f.e. no difference between `` held '' -LRB- hero -RRB- and `` geld '' -LRB- money -RRB- .	held	What word that means `` hero '' would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as `` geld '' ?
Or in some cases , they are aware of the problem , and hyper-correct the `` h '' into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound , again leaving no difference .	g-sound	If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent `` h , '' they might over-correct into what sound ?
In that language , the words `` ja '' -LRB- yes -RRB- and `` nee '' -LRB- no -RRB- are also conjugated to the -LRB- often implicit -RRB- subject of the sentence .	nee	What 's the West Flemish word for `` no '' ?
In that language , the words `` ja '' -LRB- yes -RRB- and `` nee '' -LRB- no -RRB- are also conjugated to the -LRB- often implicit -RRB- subject of the sentence .	ja	How would you tell a West Flemish speaker `` yes '' ?
In that language , the words `` ja '' -LRB- yes -RRB- and `` nee '' -LRB- no -RRB- are also conjugated to the -LRB- often implicit -RRB- subject of the sentence .	subject	What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a `` yes '' or `` no '' to ?
These separate grammar rules are a lot more difficult to imitate correctly than simple sound shifts , making it easy to recognise people who did n't grow up in a certain region , even decades after they moved .	easy	Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands ?
These separate grammar rules are a lot more difficult to imitate correctly than simple sound shifts , making it easy to recognise people who did n't grow up in a certain region , even decades after they moved .	sound shifts	Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate : grammar rules or sound shifts ?
West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety .	West Flemish	What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it 's often considered a language variant ?
Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries , but reflect older , medieval divisions .	political boundaries	What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend , reflecting medieval divisions ?
West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders -LRB- part of the Dutch province of Zeeland -RRB- , and by older people in French Flanders -LRB- a small area that borders Belgium -RRB- .	Zeeland	What province is Zeelandic Flanders in ?
West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders -LRB- part of the Dutch province of Zeeland -RRB- , and by older people in French Flanders -LRB- a small area that borders Belgium -RRB- .	French Flanders	What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish ?
The Brabantian dialect group , for instance , also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands , and so does Limburgish .	Brabantian	Along with Limburgish , what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands ?
Many native speakers of Dutch , both in Belgium and the Netherlands , assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch : a daughter language and a sister language , respectively .	West Frisian	What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch ?
Many native speakers of Dutch , both in Belgium and the Netherlands , assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch : a daughter language and a sister language , respectively .	Afrikaans	Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it 's often called a daughter language ?
Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects , but had influences from various other languages in South Africa .	17th	Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century ?
Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects , but had influences from various other languages in South Africa .	South Africa	The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country ?
However , it is still largely mutually intelligible with Dutch .	mutually intelligible	What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other ?
In Europe , Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands -LRB- 96 % -RRB- and Belgium -LRB- 59 % -RRB- as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France 's French Flanders , where it is in the ultimate stage of language death .	59%	What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch ?
In Europe , Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands -LRB- 96 % -RRB- and Belgium -LRB- 59 % -RRB- as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France 's French Flanders , where it is in the ultimate stage of language death .	the Netherlands	What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers ?
In Europe , Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands -LRB- 96 % -RRB- and Belgium -LRB- 59 % -RRB- as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France 's French Flanders , where it is in the ultimate stage of language death .	French Flanders	What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death ?
Dutch is a monocentric language , with all speakers using the same standard form -LRB- authorized by the Dutch Language Union -RRB- based on a Dutch orthography employing the Latin alphabet when writing .	Dutch Language Union	What 's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric ?
In stark contrast to its written uniformity , Dutch lacks a prestige dialect and has a large dialectal continuum consisting of 28 main dialects , which can themselves be further divided into at least 600 distinguishable varieties .	28	How many different major dialects of Dutch are there ?
Outside of the Netherlands and Belgium , the dialect around the German town of Kleve -LRB- South Guelderish -RRB- both historically and genetically belongs to the Dutch language .	Kleve	What town in Germany has always had mostly Dutch speakers ?
In Northeastern France , the area around Calais was historically Dutch-speaking -LRB- West Flemish -RRB- of which an estimated 20,000 daily speakers .	20,000	About how many people around Calais , France speak Dutch every day ?
The cities of Dunkirk , Gravelines and Bourbourg only became predominantly French-speaking by the end of the 19th century .	19th	It took until the end of what century for people in French cities like Gravelines to finally switch over to French from Dutch ?
In the countryside , until World War I , many elementary schools continued to teach in Dutch , and the Catholic Church continued to preach and teach the catechism in Flemish in many parishes .	the Catholic Church	Which church often preached in Flemish prior to World War I ?
In Northeastern France , the area around Calais was historically Dutch-speaking -LRB- West Flemish -RRB- of which an estimated 20,000 daily speakers .	Northeastern France	In what area of France is Calais located ?
During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language .	Prussia	In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century ?
In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech .	German or French	In France and Germany , what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects ?
Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany , either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations .	younger generations	In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent ?
Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany , either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations .	Germany	Other than France , what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language ?
During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language .	Dutch	What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century ?
In French-speaking Belgium , over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses , followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia , and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais -LRB- of which 4,550 are in primary school -RRB- .	300,000	About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch ?
In French-speaking Belgium , over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses , followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia , and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais -LRB- of which 4,550 are in primary school -RRB- .	4,550	How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais ?
At an academic level , the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany -LRB- 30 universities -RRB- , followed by France -LRB- 20 universities -RRB- and the United Kingdom -LRB- 5 universities -RRB- .	Germany	What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek ?
At an academic level , the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany -LRB- 30 universities -RRB- , followed by France -LRB- 20 universities -RRB- and the United Kingdom -LRB- 5 universities -RRB- .	20	How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses ?
In French-speaking Belgium , over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses , followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia , and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais -LRB- of which 4,550 are in primary school -RRB- .	Lower Saxony	Besides North Rhine-Westphalia , which German state has the most pupils of Dutch ?
Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years , as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies , the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation , or employed in the legal profession , as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch .	almost 350 years	For how long have there been Dutch speakers in Indonesia ?
Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years , as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies , the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation , or employed in the legal profession , as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch .	the legal profession	In what profession is Dutch often required in the Dutch East Indies ?
Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia , the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre -LRB- ETC -RRB- in Jakarta .	Erasmus Language Centre	What institution in Jakarta still teaches Dutch ?
In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students .	35,000	About how many pupils in all of Indonesia study Dutch as part of their coursework ?
Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language , mainly for law and history students .	history	In addition to students pursuing law degrees , what other course of study often includes Dutch ?
In the last quarter of the 19th century , however , a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business .	19th	Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch ?
In the last quarter of the 19th century , however , a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business .	local elite	What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government ?
Nevertheless , the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony .	destabilising the colony	What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch ?
Dutch , the language of power , was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite .	power	Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it 's the language of what ?
After independence , Dutch was dropped as an official language and replaced by Malay .	Malay	What became the official language of Indonesia after they declared their independence ?
One scholar argues that 20 % of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words , many of which are transliterated to reflect phonetic pronunciation e.g. kantoor -LRB- Dutch for `` office '' -RRB- in Indonesian is kantor , while bus -LRB- `` bus '' -RRB- becomes bis .	kantor	What 's the Indonesian word for `` office '' ?
In addition , many Indonesian words are calques on Dutch , for example , rumah sakit -LRB- Indonesian for `` hospital '' -RRB- is calqued on the Dutch ziekenhuis -LRB- literally `` house of the sick '' -RRB- , kebun binatang -LRB- `` zoo '' -RRB- on dierentuin -LRB- literally `` animal garden '' -RRB- , undang-undang dasar -LRB- `` constitution '' -RRB- from grondwet -LRB- literally `` ground law '' -RRB- .	calques	What term describes the literally translated Indonesian versions of Dutch terms that have become standard ?
In addition , many Indonesian words are calques on Dutch , for example , rumah sakit -LRB- Indonesian for `` hospital '' -RRB- is calqued on the Dutch ziekenhuis -LRB- literally `` house of the sick '' -RRB- , kebun binatang -LRB- `` zoo '' -RRB- on dierentuin -LRB- literally `` animal garden '' -RRB- , undang-undang dasar -LRB- `` constitution '' -RRB- from grondwet -LRB- literally `` ground law '' -RRB- .	kebun binatang	What is the Indonesian calque for the Dutch word that literally translates as `` animal garden '' ?
In addition , many Indonesian words are calques on Dutch , for example , rumah sakit -LRB- Indonesian for `` hospital '' -RRB- is calqued on the Dutch ziekenhuis -LRB- literally `` house of the sick '' -RRB- , kebun binatang -LRB- `` zoo '' -RRB- on dierentuin -LRB- literally `` animal garden '' -RRB- , undang-undang dasar -LRB- `` constitution '' -RRB- from grondwet -LRB- literally `` ground law '' -RRB- .	ziekenhuis	What Dutch word for a hospital was calqued into the Indonesian `` rumah sakit '' ?
In Suriname today , Dutch is the sole official language , and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue .	60	About what percentage of residents of Suriname speak Dutch ?
Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname , even for non-native speakers .	Dutch	What language would you hear teachers speak if you attended school in Suriname ?
Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the Dutch Language Union since 2004 .	1975	When did Suriname officially become independent from the Netherlands ?
Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the Dutch Language Union since 2004 .	2004	What year did Suriname join the Dutch Language Union ?
The lingua franca of Suriname , however , is Sranan Tongo , spoken natively by about a fifth of the population .	Sranan Tongo	What 's the common language that around 20 % of Suriname 's people speak ?
In the United States , an almost extinct dialect of Dutch , Jersey Dutch , spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties , was still spoken as late as 1921 .	1921	What 's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken , according to records ?
Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch -LRB- in Albany , New York -RRB- , Berbice -LRB- in Guyana -RRB- , Skepi -LRB- in Essequibo , Guyana -RRB- and Negerhollands -LRB- in the United States Virgin Islands -RRB- .	Mohawk Dutch	What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany , New York ?
Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German .	Pennsylvania German	What 's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it 's not a Dutch dialect ?
Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch -LRB- in Albany , New York -RRB- , Berbice -LRB- in Guyana -RRB- , Skepi -LRB- in Essequibo , Guyana -RRB- and Negerhollands -LRB- in the United States Virgin Islands -RRB- .	Negerhollands	Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands ?
Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch -LRB- in Albany , New York -RRB- , Berbice -LRB- in Guyana -RRB- , Skepi -LRB- in Essequibo , Guyana -RRB- and Negerhollands -LRB- in the United States Virgin Islands -RRB- .	Guyana	In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken ?
European Dutch remained the literary language until the start of the 1920s , when under pressure of Afrikaner nationalism the local `` African '' Dutch was preferred over the written , European-based standard .	1920s	In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa ?
It is estimated that between 90 % to 95 % of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin .	95%	At the high end , what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch ?
The constitution of 1983 only listed English and Afrikaans as official languages .	constitution	What South African document from 1983 does n't list Dutch as an official language ?
In 1925 , section 137 of the 1909 constitution of the Union of South Africa was amended by Act 8 of 1925 , stating `` the word Dutch in article 137 -LSB- ... -RSB- is hereby declared to include Afrikaans '' .	137	What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch ?
European Dutch remained the literary language until the start of the 1920s , when under pressure of Afrikaner nationalism the local `` African '' Dutch was preferred over the written , European-based standard .	Afrikaner nationalism	What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s ?
Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible , although this relation can in some fields -LRB- such as lexicon , spelling and grammar -RRB- be asymmetric , as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch .	Afrikaans speakers	Who has a more difficult time understanding the other 's language : Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers ?
Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch , and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner , e.g. vogel becomes voël -LRB- `` bird '' -RRB- and regen becomes reën -LRB- `` rain '' -RRB- .	less complex	Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch ?
Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch , and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner , e.g. vogel becomes voël -LRB- `` bird '' -RRB- and regen becomes reën -LRB- `` rain '' -RRB- .	vogel	What 's the Dutch word for `` bird '' ?
Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch , and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner , e.g. vogel becomes voël -LRB- `` bird '' -RRB- and regen becomes reën -LRB- `` rain '' -RRB- .	reën	What is the Afrikaans word for `` rain '' ?
In South Africa , the number of students following Dutch at university , is difficult to estimate , since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch .	difficult	Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch ?
It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers -LRB- ~ 13.5 % -RRB- , of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites .	13.5%	Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers ?
It is the lingua franca in Namibia , where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households .	Namibia	Which country has 11 % of households who speak Afrikaans ?
In 1996 , 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication .	40 percent	How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans ?
In total , Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide , compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively , for Dutch .	6.8 million	About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language ?
In total , Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide , compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively , for Dutch .	5 million	Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language ?
Dutch also retains full use of the velar fricatives that were present in Proto-Germanic , but lost or modified in many other Germanic languages .	velar fricatives	What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages ?
Like English , Dutch did not participate in the second consonant shift .	the second consonant shift	Along with English , what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo ?
Dutch has final-obstruent devoicing : at the end of a word , voicing distinction is neutralised and all obstruents are pronounced voiceless .	voiceless	How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words ?
For example , goede -LRB- `` good '' -RRB- is / ˈɣudə / but the related form goed is / ɣut / .	goede	How would you say `` good '' in Dutch ?
Dutch shares with German Final-obstruent devoicing -LRB- Du brood -LSB- broːt -RSB- and German Brot vs Eng bread -RRB- .	German	What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing ?
Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs , although less in Dutch than in German -LRB- Du zeven , Germ sieben -LSB- z -RSB- vs. Eng seven and LG seven -LSB- s -RSB- -RRB- , and also the shift in / θ / > / d / .	German	Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German ?
Dutch shares only with Low German the development of / xs / > / ss / -LRB- Du vossen , ossen and LG Vösse , Ossen vs. Germ Füchse , Ochsen and Eng foxes , oxen -RRB- , and also the development of / ft / → / xt / though it is far more common in Dutch -LRB- Du zacht and LG sacht vs. Germ sanft and Eng soft , but Du kracht vs. LG/Germ kraft and Eng cognate craft -RRB- .	Dutch	Does the development of / ft / to / xt / occur more in Low German or Dutch ?
Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs , although less in Dutch than in German -LRB- Du zeven , Germ sieben -LSB- z -RSB- vs. Eng seven and LG seven -LSB- s -RSB- -RRB- , and also the shift in / θ / > / d / .	seven	What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German ?
Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs , although less in Dutch than in German -LRB- Du zeven , Germ sieben -LSB- z -RSB- vs. Eng seven and LG seven -LSB- s -RSB- -RRB- , and also the shift in / θ / > / d / .	sieben	What 's the German word for `` seven '' ?
Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs , although less in Dutch than in German -LRB- Du zeven , Germ sieben -LSB- z -RSB- vs. Eng seven and LG seven -LSB- s -RSB- -RRB- , and also the shift in / θ / > / d / .	zeven	Although spelled differently , the first consonant of what Dutch word for `` seven '' is pronounced the same as its German counterpart ?
Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology , because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality .	length	What quality of Dutch vowels is n't usually recognized as distinctive ?
And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality , new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length .	true	Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality ?
Compare zonne -LRB- n -RRB- -LSB- ˈzɔnə -RSB- -LRB- `` suns '' -RRB- versus zone -LSB- ˈzɔːnə -RSB- -LRB- `` zone '' -RRB- versus zonen -LSB- ˈzoːnə -LRB- n -RRB- -RSB- -LRB- `` sons '' -RRB- , or kroes -LSB- krus -RSB- -LRB- `` mug '' -RRB- versus cruise -LSB- kruːs -RSB- -LRB- `` cruise '' -RRB- .	zonen	How would you say `` sons '' in Dutch ?
The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects , and in some there may be little difference at all , with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature .	length	Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects , what 's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them ?
Compare zonne -LRB- n -RRB- -LSB- ˈzɔnə -RSB- -LRB- `` suns '' -RRB- versus zone -LSB- ˈzɔːnə -RSB- -LRB- `` zone '' -RRB- versus zonen -LSB- ˈzoːnə -LRB- n -RRB- -RSB- -LRB- `` sons '' -RRB- , or kroes -LSB- krus -RSB- -LRB- `` mug '' -RRB- versus cruise -LSB- kruːs -RSB- -LRB- `` cruise '' -RRB- .	mug	What does the Dutch word `` kroes '' mean in English ?
The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with / ɛi / -LRB- written as ij or ei -RRB- as / aɪ / , -LRB- like the English vowel y -RRB- which does not normally lead to confusion among native listeners , since in a number of dialects -LRB- e.g. in Amsterdam -RRB- the same pronunciation is heard .	y	What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with `` ij '' or `` ei '' in them ?
All three are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes in Dutch .	three	How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch ?
Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental , followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal / l / and after a short vowel , creating the diphthong / ɑu / e.g. , Dutch goud , zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold , Solt , Bolt ; German Gold , Salz , Balt and English gold , salt , bold .	diphthong	What 's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch `` goud '' or `` zout '' ?
Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental , followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal / l / and after a short vowel , creating the diphthong / ɑu / e.g. , Dutch goud , zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold , Solt , Bolt ; German Gold , Salz , Balt and English gold , salt , bold .	ol + dental	What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into ?
The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects , and is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift , and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern High German , which centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch .	English Great Vowel Shift	What linguistic event in English could we parallel with the Dutch lowering of diphthongs ?
This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently , in the 1970s , and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes .	1970s	In what decade did the Dutch diphthong lowering occur ?
This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently , in the 1970s , and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes .	women	The lowering of diphthongs is intriguing partly because it 's associated with what single gender ?
Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically `` natural '' and inevitable development and that Dutch , after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English , `` should '' have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well .	Stroop	What researcher posited that the lowering of diphthongs is `` natural '' ?
Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically `` natural '' and inevitable development and that Dutch , after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English , `` should '' have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well .	English	Which language , in addition to German , did Stroop use to compare Dutch with when stating that the diphthongs `` should '' have lowered ?
Instead , he argues , this development has been artificially frozen in an `` intermediate '' state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century , where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard .	"intermediate"	What word did Stroop use to describe the static stage of diphthong pronunciation ?
Instead , he argues , this development has been artificially frozen in an `` intermediate '' state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century , where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard .	educated classes	What classes in the 16th century sneered at the pronunciation of Dutch by rural people ?
Stroop compares the role of Polder Dutch with the urban variety of British English pronunciation called Estuary English .	Estuary English	What distinct kind of British English does Stroop say has a similar function to Polder Dutch ?
Instead , he argues , this development has been artificially frozen in an `` intermediate '' state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century , where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard .	standardisation	What phenomenon of Dutch pronunciation was brought about by the attitudes of the elite in the 16th century ?
Instead , he argues , this development has been artificially frozen in an `` intermediate '' state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century , where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard .	lowered diphthongs	What specific type of diphthongs were the less educated Dutch speakers in the countryside using in the 16th century ?
Standard Dutch uses three genders to differentiate between natural gender and three when discerning grammatical gender .	three	How many genders does standard Dutch use for both natural and grammatical gender ?
But for most non-Belgian speakers , the masculine and feminine genders have merged to form the common gender -LRB- de -RRB- , while the neuter -LRB- het -RRB- remains distinct as before .	the common gender	What gender does the majority of non-Belgian Dutch speakers use instead of the masculine and feminine ?
But for most non-Belgian speakers , the masculine and feminine genders have merged to form the common gender -LRB- de -RRB- , while the neuter -LRB- het -RRB- remains distinct as before .	neuter	Apart from the common gender in non-Belgian Dutch , what other gender do speakers use ?
This gender system is similar to those of most Continental Scandinavian languages .	Continental Scandinavian languages	The common/neuter system used in Dutch is a lot like the system used in what other language category ?
As in English , but to a lesser degree , the inflectional grammar of the language -LRB- e.g. , adjective and noun endings -RRB- has simplified over time .	English	In its simplified inflectional grammar , what language is Dutch similar to ?
The Dutch written grammar has simplified over the past 100 years : cases are now mainly used for the pronouns , such as ik -LRB- I -RRB- , mij , me -LRB- me -RRB- , mijn -LRB- my -RRB- , wie -LRB- who -RRB- , wiens -LRB- whose : masculine or neuter singular -RRB- , wier -LRB- whose : feminine singular ; masculine , feminine or neuter plural -RRB- .	mijn	What 's the Dutch word for `` my '' ?
The Dutch written grammar has simplified over the past 100 years : cases are now mainly used for the pronouns , such as ik -LRB- I -RRB- , mij , me -LRB- me -RRB- , mijn -LRB- my -RRB- , wie -LRB- who -RRB- , wiens -LRB- whose : masculine or neuter singular -RRB- , wier -LRB- whose : feminine singular ; masculine , feminine or neuter plural -RRB- .	100 years	Over what span of time have the rules for written Dutch become less complicated ?
The Dutch written grammar has simplified over the past 100 years : cases are now mainly used for the pronouns , such as ik -LRB- I -RRB- , mij , me -LRB- me -RRB- , mijn -LRB- my -RRB- , wie -LRB- who -RRB- , wiens -LRB- whose : masculine or neuter singular -RRB- , wier -LRB- whose : feminine singular ; masculine , feminine or neuter plural -RRB- .	pronouns	What part of speech does Dutch mostly use cases for ?
Nouns and adjectives are not case inflected -LRB- except for the genitive of proper nouns -LRB- names -RRB- : - s , - 's or - ' -RRB- .	Nouns and adjectives	Which parts of speech are n't normally case-specific in Dutch ?
In the spoken language cases and case inflections had already gradually disappeared from a much earlier date on -LRB- probably the 15th century -RRB- as in many continental West Germanic dialects .	15th	In what century long before Dutch did most West Germanic dialects probably lose case inflection ?
These are usually remnants of cases -LRB- in this instance , the genitive case which is still used in German , cf. Der Herr des Hauses -RRB- and other inflections no longer in general use today .	genitive	What case no longer used in Dutch is still present in German phrases like `` Der Herr des Hauses '' ?
More complex inflection is still found in certain lexicalized expressions like de heer des huizes -LRB- literally , the man of the house -RRB- , etc. .	de heer des huizes	How would you say `` the man of the house '' in Dutch ?
More complex inflection is still found in certain lexicalized expressions like de heer des huizes -LRB- literally , the man of the house -RRB- , etc. .	lexicalized	What word described standalone expressions that retain some outdated convention as an exception ?
In such lexicalized expressions remnants of strong and weak nouns can be found too , e.g. in het jaar des Heren -LRB- Anno Domini -RRB- , where '' - en '' is actually the genitive ending of the weak noun .	Heren	Which word in the phrase `` het jaar des Heren '' is a weak noun with a genitive ending added ?
In an interrogative main clause the usual word order is : conjugated verb followed by subject ; other verbs in final position : `` Kun jij je pen niet vinden ? ''	interrogative main clause	In what type of Dutch clause does the subject usually follow the conjugated verb ?
In the Dutch equivalent of a wh-question the word order is : interrogative pronoun -LRB- or expression -RRB- + conjugated verb + subject ; other verbs in final position : `` Waarom kun jij je pen niet vinden ? ''	a wh-question	What 's the English type equivalent for the Dutch word order that is an interrogative pronoun/expression , then a verb followed by a subject ?
In a tag question the word order is the same as in a declarative clause : `` Jij kunt je pen niet vinden ? ''	declarative clause	What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question ?
A subordinate clause does not change its word order : `` Kun jij je pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is ? ''	word order	What never changes in a subordinate clause in Dutch ?
-LRB- literally `` Can you your pen not find ? '' -RRB-	"Can you your pen not find?"	What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase , `` Kun jij je pen niet vinden ? ''
In Dutch , the diminutive is not merely restricted to nouns and exist in numerals -LRB- met z 'n tweetjes , `` the two of us '' -RRB- , pronouns -LRB- onderonsje , `` tête-à-tête '' -RRB- , verbal particles -LRB- moetje , `` shotgun marriage '' -RRB- , and even prepositions -LRB- toetje , `` dessert '' -RRB- .	moetje	What word do Dutch speakers use for what we call a `` shotgun marriage '' ?
The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun , the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the - s appended , e.g. adjective : groen -LRB- `` green '' -RRB- → noun : groentje -LRB- `` rookie '' -RRB- ; adverb : even -LRB- `` just '' -RRB- → adverb : eventjes -LRB- `` just a minute '' -RRB- .	noun	In Dutch , what part of speech does an adjective with a diminutive ending become ?
The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun , the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the - s appended , e.g. adjective : groen -LRB- `` green '' -RRB- → noun : groentje -LRB- `` rookie '' -RRB- ; adverb : even -LRB- `` just '' -RRB- → adverb : eventjes -LRB- `` just a minute '' -RRB- .	adverb	When the diminutive ending '' - tjes '' is added to the adverb `` even , '' as what part of speech does it function ?
The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun , the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the - s appended , e.g. adjective : groen -LRB- `` green '' -RRB- → noun : groentje -LRB- `` rookie '' -RRB- ; adverb : even -LRB- `` just '' -RRB- → adverb : eventjes -LRB- `` just a minute '' -RRB- .	groen	What 's the Dutch word for `` green '' ?
The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun , the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the - s appended , e.g. adjective : groen -LRB- `` green '' -RRB- → noun : groentje -LRB- `` rookie '' -RRB- ; adverb : even -LRB- `` just '' -RRB- → adverb : eventjes -LRB- `` just a minute '' -RRB- .	rookie	With the diminutive ending '' - tje '' added to the Dutch word for `` green , '' what does the new formation translate to in English ?
`` small flower '' -RRB- , but bloemetje -LRB- lit .	bloemetje	Which diminutive of `` bloem '' means a `` bouquet '' ?
A few nouns exist solely in a diminutive form , e.g. zeepaardje -LRB- seahorse -RRB- , while many , e.g. meisje -LRB- girl -RRB- , originally a diminutive of meid -LRB- maid -RRB- , have acquired a meaning independent of their non-diminutive forms .	zeepaardje	What 's the Dutch word for `` seahorse '' that has no non-diminutive form ?
A few nouns exist solely in a diminutive form , e.g. zeepaardje -LRB- seahorse -RRB- , while many , e.g. meisje -LRB- girl -RRB- , originally a diminutive of meid -LRB- maid -RRB- , have acquired a meaning independent of their non-diminutive forms .	meid	What Dutch word did their word for `` girl '' come from that has a totally different meaning ?
Some diminutive forms only exist in plural , e.g. kleertjes -LRB- clothing -RRB- .	kleertjes	What 's the Dutch word for the items like shirts and pants that you wear that only exists in a plural form ?
A diminutive can sometimes be added to an uncountable noun to refer to a single portion : ijs -LRB- ice , ice cream -RRB- → ijsje -LRB- ice cream treat , cone of ice cream -RRB- , bier -LRB- beer -RRB- → biertje .	a single portion	Sometimes uncountable nouns in Dutch get a diminutive ending to make them refer to what , like an ice cream cone ?
Like in English , Dutch has generalised the dative over the accusative case for all pronouns , e.g. Du me , je , Eng me , you , vs. Germ mich/mir dich/dir .	English	What language besides Dutch uses the dative case instead of the accusative for pronouns ?
There is one exception : the standard language prescribes that in the third person plural , hen is to be used for the direct object , and hun for the indirect object .	hen	In the lone exception to the dative case , which pronoun is prescribed for the third person plural direct object ?
This distinction was artificially introduced in the 17th century by grammarians , and is largely ignored in spoken language and not well understood by Dutch speakers .	17th century	When did the grammarians first draw the line between third person plural pronouns for Dutch ?
Consequently , the third person plural forms hun and hen are interchangeable in normal usage , with hun being more common .	hun	Since most Dutch speakers do n't bother with the hen/hun rule , which of the two most often gets used ?
The shared unstressed form ze is also often used as both direct and indirect objects and is a useful avoidance strategy when people are unsure which form to use .	ze	When speakers get confused about whether to use hen or hun , what interchangeable unstressed form would they probably use ?
Like most Germanic languages , Dutch forms noun compounds , where the first noun modifies the category given by the second -LRB- hondenhok = doghouse -RRB- .	hondenhok	How would a Dutch speaker say `` doghouse '' ?
Unlike English , where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces , Dutch -LRB- like the other Germanic languages -RRB- either uses the closed form without spaces -LRB- boomhuis = tree house -RRB- or inserts a hyphen -LRB- VVD-coryfee = outstanding member of the VVD , a political party -RRB- .	Unlike	Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns ?
Unlike English , where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces , Dutch -LRB- like the other Germanic languages -RRB- either uses the closed form without spaces -LRB- boomhuis = tree house -RRB- or inserts a hyphen -LRB- VVD-coryfee = outstanding member of the VVD , a political party -RRB- .	boomhuis	`` Tree house , '' which is two words in English , would be what single word in Dutch ?
Like German , Dutch allows arbitrarily long compounds , but the longer they get , the less frequent they tend to be .	German	What language is like Dutch in allowing compounds to be any length ?
Unlike English , where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces , Dutch -LRB- like the other Germanic languages -RRB- either uses the closed form without spaces -LRB- boomhuis = tree house -RRB- or inserts a hyphen -LRB- VVD-coryfee = outstanding member of the VVD , a political party -RRB- .	spaces	In English , what usually separates newer compound nouns written in open form ?
Dutch vocabulary is predominantly Germanic in origin , with an additional share of loanwords of 20 % .	20%	What percentage of loanwords are present in Dutch vocabulary ?
The main foreign influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century and culminating in the French period has been French and -LRB- northern -RRB- French , accounting for an estimated 6.8 % , or more than a third of all loanwords .	French	What language has exerted the most influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century ?
Latin , that has been spoken for centuries in the south of the Low Countries , and has since then for centuries plaid a major role as the language of science and religion , follows with 6.1 % .	Latin	What language does Dutch get its second highest percentage of loanwords from ?
High German and Low German , influential until the mid of the 19th century , account for 2.7 % , but are mostly unrecognizable since many German loanwords have been `` Dutchified '' , e.g. German `` Fremdling '' become Dutch `` vreemdeling '' .	2.7%	Together , what percentage of Dutch loanwords comes from High and Low German ?
Conversely , Dutch contributed many loanwords to English , accounting for 1.3 % .	Dutch	In the loanword sharing between Dutch and English , which language got the higher percentage of loanwords ?
Dutch uses one additional character beyond the standard alphabet , the digraph IJ .	one	How many extra characters does Dutch have in addition to the standard alphabet ?
Dutch uses one additional character beyond the standard alphabet , the digraph IJ .	digraph	What 's the name for the additional character Dutch uses ?
It has a relatively high proportion of doubled letters , both vowels and consonants , due to the formation of compound words and also to the spelling devices for distinguishing the many vowel sounds in the Dutch language .	doubled letters	Because Dutch has many vowel sounds and compound words , what occurs frequently in Dutch spelling ?
An example of five consecutive doubled letters is the word voorraaddoos -LRB- food storage container -RRB- .	voorraaddoos	What is an example of a Dutch word that has double vowels or consonants five times in a row ?
Generally , other diacritical marks only occur in loanwords , though the acute accent can also be used for emphasis or to differentiate between two forms .	acute accent	What 's the name for the type of accent that Dutch used to mark the difference between the word for `` a '' or `` an '' and the word for `` one '' ?
Originally known as Buckingham House , the building at the core of today 's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years .	Buckingham House	What was Buckingham Palace orginally known as ?
Originally known as Buckingham House , the building at the core of today 's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years .	Duke of Buckingham	Who was Buckingham Palace was originally built for ?
It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as `` The Queen 's House '' .	King George III	Which king acquired the Buckingham House in 1761 ?
It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as `` The Queen 's House '' .	"The Queen's House"	What was Buckingham House known as when Queen Charlotte resided there ?
During the 19th century it was enlarged , principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore , who constructed three wings around a central courtyard .	John Nash and Edward Blore	Which two architects were commissioned to enlarge Buckingham in the 19th century ?
Originally known as Buckingham House , the building at the core of today 's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years .	Duke of Buckingham	For whom was Buckingham house originally built ?
It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as `` The Queen 's House '' .	King George III	Who bought Buckingham House in 1761 ?
During the 19th century it was enlarged , principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore , who constructed three wings around a central courtyard .	John Nash and Edward Blore	Who enlarged the house in the 19th century ?
Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 .	1837	When did the palace become the London residence for the monarchs ?
King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme .	Belle Époque cream and gold	What colors were added in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII ?
The original early 19th-century interior designs , many of which survive , include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis , on the advice of Sir Charles Long .	brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis	What original colors from the 19th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long ?
The palace has 775 rooms , and the garden is the largest private garden in London .	775 rooms	How many rooms does the palace have ?
Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House .	Chinese regency style	In which style are many of the smaller reception rooms furnished in ?
Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House .	Carlton House	What house were many of the furniture and fittings brought from ?
The original early 19th-century interior designs , many of which survive , include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis , on the advice of Sir Charles Long .	Sir Charles Long	Who suggested the use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis ?
King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme .	King Edward VII	Who oversaw the redecoration that used a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme ?
Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House .	Chinese regency style	Smaller reception rooms are decorated in which style ?
Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House .	Carlton House	Furniture and fittings were brought over from which house ?
The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn , which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace .	river Tyburn	Which river runs underneath the palace ?
Ownership of the site changed hands many times ; owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times , and , after the Norman Conquest , William the Conqueror .	Edith of Wessex	The site of the palace was once owned by which queen consort in the late Saxon times ?
William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville , who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey .	Geoffrey de Mandeville	Who did William the Conqueror give the site of the palace to ?
William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville , who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey .	Westminster Abbey	The site was passed to monks from which abbey ?
In the Middle Ages , the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury -LRB- also called Eia -RRB- .	Manor of Ebury	The site of the palace formed part of which Manor in the Middles ages ?
Where the river was fordable -LRB- at Cow Ford -RRB- , the village of Eye Cross grew .	Eye Cross	What was the name of the village that grew at Cow Ford ?
William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville , who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey .	Geoffrey de Mandeville	Who gave the site to the monks of Westminster ?
In the Middle Ages , the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury -LRB- also called Eia -RRB- .	Manor of Ebury	What was the name of the manor that previously existed on the site ?
Eventually , in the late 17th century , the freehold was inherited from the property tycoon Sir Hugh Audley by the great heiress Mary Davies .	Sir Hugh Audley	Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 17th century ?
By then , the old village of Eye Cross had long since fallen into decay , and the area was mostly wasteland .	Eye Cross	Which village had fallen into decay ?
Needing money , James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the site on which he established a 4-acre -LRB- 16,000 m2 -RRB- mulberry garden for the production of silk .	James I	Who established a mulberry garden on the property ?
Needing money , James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the site on which he established a 4-acre -LRB- 16,000 m2 -RRB- mulberry garden for the production of silk .	silk	What product did the mulberry garden produce ?
Clement Walker in Anarchia Anglicana -LRB- 1649 -RRB- refers to `` new-erected sodoms and spintries at the Mulberry Garden at S. James 's '' ; this suggests it may have been a place of debauchery .	Clement Walker	Who suggests that the mulberry garden is likely a place for debauchery ?
Various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century .	the freehold	What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 17th century ?
By then , the old village of Eye Cross had long since fallen into decay , and the area was mostly wasteland .	Eye Cross	Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century ?
Needing money , James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the site on which he established a 4-acre -LRB- 16,000 m2 -RRB- mulberry garden for the production of silk .	James I	Who sold off part of the Crown Freehold ?
Needing money , James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the site on which he established a 4-acre -LRB- 16,000 m2 -RRB- mulberry garden for the production of silk .	mulberry	What type of garden did James I create ?
Needing money , James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the site on which he established a 4-acre -LRB- 16,000 m2 -RRB- mulberry garden for the production of silk .	silk.	What did the mulberry garden produce ?
Possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake , around 1624 .	Sir William Blake	Who built the first house on the site ?
The next owner was Lord Goring , who from 1633 extended Blake 's house and developed much of today 's garden , then known as Goring Great Garden .	Lord Goring	Which owner developed much of the garden still seen today ?
The next owner was Lord Goring , who from 1633 extended Blake 's house and developed much of today 's garden , then known as Goring Great Garden .	Goring Great Garden	What was Lord Goring 's garden known as ?
It was this critical omission that helped the British royal family regain the freehold under King George III .	King George III	Under which king did the Royal Family regain the freehold title of the property ?
Unbeknown to Goring , in 1640 the document `` failed to pass the Great Seal before King Charles I fled London , which it needed to do for legal execution '' .	King Charles I	Which king failed to execute Goring 's freehold document before fleeing to London ?
Possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake , around 1624 .	Sir William Blake	Who owned the first house built on the site ?
The next owner was Lord Goring , who from 1633 extended Blake 's house and developed much of today 's garden , then known as Goring Great Garden .	Lord Goring	Who developed what is much of today 's garden at Buckingham ?
The next owner was Lord Goring , who from 1633 extended Blake 's house and developed much of today 's garden , then known as Goring Great Garden .	Goring Great Garden	What was the name of Lord Goring Garden ?
Unbeknown to Goring , in 1640 the document `` failed to pass the Great Seal before King Charles I fled London , which it needed to do for legal execution '' .	King Charles I	Which king fled to London leaving allowing the Royal family to keep it 's freehold on the property ?
The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde .	1703	In what year did William Winde design the house which forms the core of the palace ?
Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham 's descendant , Sir Charles Sheffield , in 1761 to George III for # 21,000 .	Sir Charles Sheffield	Who sold Buckingham house in 1761 ?
Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham 's descendant , Sir Charles Sheffield , in 1761 to George III for # 21,000 .	£21,000	How much did George III pay for the house ?
Sheffield 's leasehold on the mulberry garden site , the freehold of which was still owned by the royal family , was due to expire in 1774 .	1774	In what year was the leasehold of the Mulberry site due to expire ?
The style chosen was of a large , three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings .	two	How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House have ?
The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde .	Duke of Buckingham and Normanby	The house which is the core of Buckingham was first built for who ?
The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde .	William Winde	Who designed the house for the Duke of Buckingham ?
The style chosen was of a large , three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings .	two	How many flanking service wings did Buckingham House have ?
Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham 's descendant , Sir Charles Sheffield , in 1761 to George III for # 21,000 .	George III	Who bought Buckingham House in 1761 ?
Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham 's descendant , Sir Charles Sheffield , in 1761 to George III for # 21,000 .	£21,000	How much did George III pay for Buckingham House ?
After his accession to the throne in 1820 , King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small , comfortable home .	a small, comfortable home	What did King George IV originally want the structure to be ?
At one stage , William considered converting the palace into the new Houses of Parliament , after the destruction of the Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834 .	new Houses of Parliament	King William thought about converting the palace into what after a fire destroyed the Palace of Westminster in 1834 ?
While the work was in progress , in 1826 , the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect John Nash .	John Nash	Which architect helped modify the house into a palace ?
The cost of the renovations grew dramatically , and by 1829 the extravagance of Nash 's designs resulted in his removal as architect .	1829	In what year was Nash removed as architect ?
On the death of George IV in 1830 , his younger brother King William IV hired Edward Blore to finish the work .	Edward Blore	Who was hired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace ?
Remodelling of the structure began in 1762 .	1762	What year did remodeling of Buckingham House begin ?
After his accession to the throne in 1820 , King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small , comfortable home .	a small, comfortable home	What was George IV 's original plan for the house ?
While the work was in progress , in 1826 , the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect John Nash .	1826	What year did the king decide to make it into a palace ?
While the work was in progress , in 1826 , the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect John Nash .	John Nash	Who was the main architect that transformed the house into the palace ?
On the death of George IV in 1830 , his younger brother King William IV hired Edward Blore to finish the work .	Edward Blore	Who did King William IV hired to finish the work after Nash was fired ?
Buckingham Palace finally became the principal royal residence in 1837 , on the accession of Queen Victoria , who was the first monarch to reside there ; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion .	Queen Victoria	Who was the first monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace ?
Buckingham Palace finally became the principal royal residence in 1837 , on the accession of Queen Victoria , who was the first monarch to reside there ; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion .	William IV	Who died before the palace was completed ?
Buckingham Palace finally became the principal royal residence in 1837 , on the accession of Queen Victoria , who was the first monarch to reside there ; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion .	1837	Buckingham became a principle residence for the Royal Family in which year ?
For one thing , it was reported the chimneys smoked so much that the fires had to be allowed to die down , and consequently the court shivered in icy magnificence .	the chimneys smoked	What was the problem with chimneys in the palace ?
The problems were all rectified by the close of 1840 .	1840	At the end of which year were most of the design problems of the palace rectified under Prince Albert ?
Buckingham Palace finally became the principal royal residence in 1837 , on the accession of Queen Victoria , who was the first monarch to reside there ; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion .	1837	When did Buckingham officially become the principle royal residence ?
Buckingham Palace finally became the principal royal residence in 1837 , on the accession of Queen Victoria , who was the first monarch to reside there ; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion .	Queen Victoria	Who was the first monarch to reside there ?
Buckingham Palace finally became the principal royal residence in 1837 , on the accession of Queen Victoria , who was the first monarch to reside there ; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion .	William IV	Who died before seeing Buckingham Palace 's completion ?
For one thing , it was reported the chimneys smoked so much that the fires had to be allowed to die down , and consequently the court shivered in icy magnificence .	the chimneys smoked	What was the problem with the palace 's chimneys ?
Following the queen 's marriage in 1840 , her husband , Prince Albert , concerned himself with a reorganisation of the household offices and staff , and with the design faults of the palace .	Prince Albert	Who dealt with the design faults of the palace ?
By 1847 , the couple had found the palace too small for court life and their growing family , and consequently the new wing , designed by Edward Blore , was built by Thomas Cubitt , enclosing the central quadrangle .	Edward Blore	Who designed the new wing for the palace in 1847 ?
By 1847 , the couple had found the palace too small for court life and their growing family , and consequently the new wing , designed by Edward Blore , was built by Thomas Cubitt , enclosing the central quadrangle .	Thomas Cubitt	The new wing was built by whom ?
The large East Front , facing The Mall , is today the `` public face '' of Buckingham Palace , and contains the balcony from which the royal family acknowledge the crowds on momentous occasions and after the annual Trooping the Colour .	"public face" of Buckingham Palace	What is the East front of the palace known as ?
The large East Front , facing The Mall , is today the `` public face '' of Buckingham Palace , and contains the balcony from which the royal family acknowledge the crowds on momentous occasions and after the annual Trooping the Colour .	the balcony	The East Front contains what famous feature ?
The ballroom wing and a further suite of state rooms were also built in this period , designed by Nash 's student Sir James Pennethorne .	Sir James Pennethorne.	Who was the student of Nash that designed the ballroom wing ?
By 1847 , the couple had found the palace too small for court life and their growing family , and consequently the new wing , designed by Edward Blore , was built by Thomas Cubitt , enclosing the central quadrangle .	Edward Blore	Who designed a new wing for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert when they felt they needed more space ?
By 1847 , the couple had found the palace too small for court life and their growing family , and consequently the new wing , designed by Edward Blore , was built by Thomas Cubitt , enclosing the central quadrangle .	Thomas Cubitt	Who built the new wing ?
The large East Front , facing The Mall , is today the `` public face '' of Buckingham Palace , and contains the balcony from which the royal family acknowledge the crowds on momentous occasions and after the annual Trooping the Colour .	The large East Front	What is considered the public face of the palace ?
The ballroom wing and a further suite of state rooms were also built in this period , designed by Nash 's student Sir James Pennethorne .	The ballroom wing	What other wing was built during this time ?
The ballroom wing and a further suite of state rooms were also built in this period , designed by Nash 's student Sir James Pennethorne .	Sir James Pennethorne	Which of Nash 's students designed The Ballroom ?
Before Prince Albert 's death , the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments , and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace .	musical entertainments	The palace frequently hosted which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert ?
The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions .	Felix Mendelssohn	Which composer played at Buckingham on three occasions ?
Strauss 's `` Alice Polka '' was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen 's daughter , Princess Alice .	Alice Polka	Which piece of music by Johann Strauss was first performed at Buckingham in honor of Princess Alice ?
Under Victoria , Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls , in addition to the usual royal ceremonies , investitures and presentations .	lavish costume balls	Queen Victoria hosted which type of balls ?
Before Prince Albert 's death , the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments , and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace .	musical entertainments	Before Prince Albert died what sort of entertainment was held at Buckingham ?
The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions .	Felix Mendelssohn	Which composer played there on three occasions ?
Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England .	Johann Strauss II	Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice ?
Under Victoria , Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls , in addition to the usual royal ceremonies , investitures and presentations .	lavish costume balls	What type of balls did Queen Victoria hold ?
Widowed in 1861 , the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle , Balmoral Castle and Osborne House .	1861	When year did Prince Albert die ?
Eventually , public opinion forced the Queen to return to London , though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible .	public opinion	What forced the Queen to return to London ?
For many years the palace was seldom used , even neglected .	the palace was seldom used, even neglected.	What was the fate of Buckingham after the left ?
Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle , presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black , while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year .	Windsor Castle	Where were court functions held upon the Queens return to London ?
Widowed in 1861 , the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle , Balmoral Castle and Osborne House .	1861	When did Prince Albert die ?
Widowed in 1861 , the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle , Balmoral Castle and Osborne House .	left Buckingham Palace	What did Queen Victoria do in response to his death ?
Widowed in 1861 , the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle , Balmoral Castle and Osborne House .	Osborne House	Which house did Queen Victoria stay at after she left Buckingham ?
For many years the palace was seldom used , even neglected .	palace was seldom used, even neglected	What happened to Buckingham after Queen Victoria left ?
Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle , presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black , while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year .	Windsor Castle	Where did Queen Victoria hold court functions during this time ?
There are 775 rooms , including 19 state rooms , 52 principal bedrooms , 188 staff bedrooms , 92 offices , and 78 bathrooms .	52	How many principle bedrooms does the palace have ?
There are 775 rooms , including 19 state rooms , 52 principal bedrooms , 188 staff bedrooms , 92 offices , and 78 bathrooms .	78	How many bathrooms are there ?
The centre of this ornate suite of state rooms is the Music Room , its large bow the dominant feature of the façade .	the Music Room	A large bow is a large feature of the facade in which stateroom ?
At the centre of the suite , serving as a corridor to link the state rooms , is the Picture Gallery , which is top-lit and 55 yards -LRB- 50 m -RRB- long .	55 yards	How long is the Picture Gallery in yards ?
The Guard Room contains white marble statues of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , in Roman costume , set in a tribune lined with tapestries .	The Guard Room	Which rooms has large white marble statues of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria ?
The palace measures 108 metres -LRB- 354 ft -RRB- by 120 metres -LRB- 390 ft -RRB- , is 24 metres -LRB- 79 ft -RRB- high and contains over 77,000 m2 -LRB- 830,000 sq ft -RRB- of floorspace .	77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft)	What is the floor space of the palace ?
There are 775 rooms , including 19 state rooms , 52 principal bedrooms , 188 staff bedrooms , 92 offices , and 78 bathrooms .	19 state rooms	How many staterooms does the palace have ?
There are 775 rooms , including 19 state rooms , 52 principal bedrooms , 188 staff bedrooms , 92 offices , and 78 bathrooms .	78 bathrooms	How many bathrooms does the palace have ?
There are 775 rooms , including 19 state rooms , 52 principal bedrooms , 188 staff bedrooms , 92 offices , and 78 bathrooms .	92 offices	How many offices does the palace have ?
Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors , such as the 1844 Room , decorated in that year for the State visit of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia , and , on the other side of the Bow Room , the 1855 Room , in honour of the visit of Emperor Napoleon III of France .	Emperor Napoleon III of France	The 1855 Room is name for which European emperor ?
Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors , such as the 1844 Room , decorated in that year for the State visit of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia , and , on the other side of the Bow Room , the 1855 Room , in honour of the visit of Emperor Napoleon III of France .	1844 Room	Which room is named for visit of Tsar Nicolas I of Russia ?
At the centre of this suite is the Bow Room , through which thousands of guests pass annually to the Queen 's Garden Parties in the Gardens .	Bow Room	Guests attending the Queen 's Garden Parties will mostly likely see which room ?
The Queen and Prince Philip use a smaller suite of rooms in the north wing .	the north wing	Where are the suites located that the Queen and Prince Phillip use ?
Directly underneath the State Apartments is a suite of slightly less grand rooms known as the semi-state apartments .	the semi-state apartments	Which rooms are used for less formal entertaining such as luncheons or private audiences ?
Directly underneath the State Apartments is a suite of slightly less grand rooms known as the semi-state apartments .	semi-state apartments	What is the name of the slightly less luxurious staterooms located underneath the State Apartments ?
Opening from the Marble Hall , these rooms are used for less formal entertaining , such as luncheon parties and private audiences .	less formal entertaining	What type of entertaining are the semi-state apartments used for ?
Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors , such as the 1844 Room , decorated in that year for the State visit of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia , and , on the other side of the Bow Room , the 1855 Room , in honour of the visit of Emperor Napoleon III of France .	Tsar Nicholas I of Russia	Who is the 1844 Room named after ?
Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors , such as the 1844 Room , decorated in that year for the State visit of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia , and , on the other side of the Bow Room , the 1855 Room , in honour of the visit of Emperor Napoleon III of France .	Emperor Napoleon III of France	Who is the 1855 Room named after ?
The Queen and Prince Philip use a smaller suite of rooms in the north wing .	the north wing	Where are the Queen and Prince Phillip 's apartments located ?
Between 1847 and 1850 , when Blore was building the new east wing , the Brighton Pavilion was once again plundered of its fittings .	Brighton Pavilion	Where did many of the fittings for the new east wing come from ?
Between 1847 and 1850 , when Blore was building the new east wing , the Brighton Pavilion was once again plundered of its fittings .	Between 1847 and 1850	When was the new east wing built ?
As a result , many of the rooms in the new wing have a distinctly oriental atmosphere .	oriental	What is the theme for the new east wing ?
The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room is made up from parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms with a large oriental chimney piece sculpted by Richard Westmacott .	large oriental chimney piece	The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room has what as a main feature ?
It has nodding mandarins in niches and fearsome winged dragons , designed by Robert Jones .	Robert Jones	Who designed the chimney piece in The Yellow Drawing Room ?
Between 1847 and 1850 , when Blore was building the new east wing , the Brighton Pavilion was once again plundered of its fittings .	the new east wing	What was Blore building between 1847 and 1850 ?
As a result , many of the rooms in the new wing have a distinctly oriental atmosphere .	oriental	Many rooms in the new east wing are in what style ?
The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room is made up from parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms with a large oriental chimney piece sculpted by Richard Westmacott .	The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room	Parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms from Brighton Pavilion make up which Buckingham Room ?
At the centre of this wing is the famous balcony with the Centre Room behind its glass doors .	Centre Room	Which room has the famous balcony used by the royals ?
This is a Chinese-style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary , who , working with the designer Sir Charles Allom , created a more `` binding '' Chinese theme in the late 1920s , although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873 .	Chinese	What is the main theme of the Centre Room ?
This is a Chinese-style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary , who , working with the designer Sir Charles Allom , created a more `` binding '' Chinese theme in the late 1920s , although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873 .	Queen Mary	Which Queen enhanced the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1920s ?
This is a Chinese-style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary , who , working with the designer Sir Charles Allom , created a more `` binding '' Chinese theme in the late 1920s , although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873 .	1873	The lacquer doors in the Centre Room were brought from Brighton in which year ?
It has mirrored doors , and mirrored cross walls reflecting porcelain pagodas and other oriental furniture from Brighton .	mirrored doors	The Principle Corridor features which type of doors ?
At the centre of this wing is the famous balcony with the Centre Room behind its glass doors .	Centre Room	Which room feature the famous balcony ?
This is a Chinese-style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary , who , working with the designer Sir Charles Allom , created a more `` binding '' Chinese theme in the late 1920s , although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873 .	Sir Charles Allom	Which designer did Queen Mary work with to enhance the Centre Room ?
It has mirrored doors , and mirrored cross walls reflecting porcelain pagodas and other oriental furniture from Brighton .	mirrored doors	The Principle Corridor has which type of doors ?
This is a Chinese-style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary , who , working with the designer Sir Charles Allom , created a more `` binding '' Chinese theme in the late 1920s , although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873 .	1873	What year were the lacquer doors brought from Brighton ?
They are allocated a large suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite , situated at the foot of the Minister 's Staircase , on the ground floor of the north-facing Garden Wing .	the Belgian Suite	Where do foreign heads of stay usually stay in Buckingham Palace ?
They are allocated a large suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite , situated at the foot of the Minister 's Staircase , on the ground floor of the north-facing Garden Wing .	ground floor	What floor are the Belgian Suites located ?
They are allocated a large suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite , situated at the foot of the Minister 's Staircase , on the ground floor of the north-facing Garden Wing .	the Minister's Staircase	The Belgian Suite is located at the foot of which staircase ?
The rooms of the suite are linked by narrow corridors , one of them is given extra height and perspective by saucer domes designed by Nash in the style of Soane .	by narrow corridors	How are the rooms of the Belgian Suites linked ?
The rooms of the suite are linked by narrow corridors , one of them is given extra height and perspective by saucer domes designed by Nash in the style of Soane .	the style of Soane	What is the style of the saucer domes in the Belgian Suite ?
They are allocated a large suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite , situated at the foot of the Minister 's Staircase , on the ground floor of the north-facing Garden Wing .	the Belgian Suite	Where do foreign heads of stay at Buckingham Palace ?
They are allocated a large suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite , situated at the foot of the Minister 's Staircase , on the ground floor of the north-facing Garden Wing .	Minister's Staircase	The Belgian Suite is located at the bottom of which staircase ?
They are allocated a large suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite , situated at the foot of the Minister 's Staircase , on the ground floor of the north-facing Garden Wing .	the ground floor	On which floor is the Belgian Suite located ?
The rooms of the suite are linked by narrow corridors , one of them is given extra height and perspective by saucer domes designed by Nash in the style of Soane .	by narrow corridors	How are the rooms in the Belgian Suite connected ?
The rooms of the suite are linked by narrow corridors , one of them is given extra height and perspective by saucer domes designed by Nash in the style of Soane .	the style of Soane	The saucer domes are in whose style ?
Thus , Buckingham Palace is a symbol and home of the British monarchy , an art gallery and a tourist attraction .	art gallery	Aside from being the home of the monarchy and a tourist attraction , what else is Buckingham Palace known for ?
Behind the gilded railings and gates which were completed by the Bromsgrove Guild in 1911 and Webb 's famous façade , which has been described in a book published by the Royal Collection as looking `` like everybody 's idea of a palace '' , is not only a weekday home of the Queen and Prince Philip but also the London residence of the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex .	Bromsgrove Guild	Who made the palaces gilded railings and gates ?
The palace also houses the offices of the Queen , Prince Philip , Duke of York , Earl and Countess of Wessex , Princess Royal , and Princess Alexandra , and is the workplace of more than 800 people .	more than 800	How many people work at Buckingham Palace ?
Behind the gilded railings and gates which were completed by the Bromsgrove Guild in 1911 and Webb 's famous façade , which has been described in a book published by the Royal Collection as looking `` like everybody 's idea of a palace '' , is not only a weekday home of the Queen and Prince Philip but also the London residence of the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex .	Duke of York	Buckingham Palace is also the London Residence for which Duke ?
Thus , Buckingham Palace is a symbol and home of the British monarchy , an art gallery and a tourist attraction .	the British monarchy	Who is Buckingham palace home to ?
Behind the gilded railings and gates which were completed by the Bromsgrove Guild in 1911 and Webb 's famous façade , which has been described in a book published by the Royal Collection as looking `` like everybody 's idea of a palace '' , is not only a weekday home of the Queen and Prince Philip but also the London residence of the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex .	Bromsgrove Guild	Who completed the palaces gilded railing and gates ?
Behind the gilded railings and gates which were completed by the Bromsgrove Guild in 1911 and Webb 's famous façade , which has been described in a book published by the Royal Collection as looking `` like everybody 's idea of a palace '' , is not only a weekday home of the Queen and Prince Philip but also the London residence of the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex .	1911	In what year were the railings and gates completed ?
The palace also houses the offices of the Queen , Prince Philip , Duke of York , Earl and Countess of Wessex , Princess Royal , and Princess Alexandra , and is the workplace of more than 800 people .	800 people	How many people work at Buckingham Palace ?
The palace , like Windsor Castle , is owned by the Crown Estate .	Crown Estate	Buckingham Palace is actually owned by whom ?
Many of the contents from Buckingham Palace , Windsor Castle , Kensington Palace , and St James 's Palace are part of the Royal Collection , held in trust by the Sovereign ; they can , on occasion , be viewed by the public at the Queen 's Gallery , near the Royal Mews .	Queen's Gallery	Where can the public view items from the Royal Collection ?
It occupies the site of the chapel destroyed by an air raid in World War II .	chapel	What was located on the site that is now the Queen 's Gallery ?
The palace 's state rooms have been open to the public during August and September and on selected dates throughout the year since 1993 .	The palace's state rooms	What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and September and other select dates since 1993 ?
The palace , like Windsor Castle , is owned by the Crown Estate .	Crown Estate	Who owns Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle ?
Many of the contents from Buckingham Palace , Windsor Castle , Kensington Palace , and St James 's Palace are part of the Royal Collection , held in trust by the Sovereign ; they can , on occasion , be viewed by the public at the Queen 's Gallery , near the Royal Mews .	at the Queen's Gallery	Where can the public view the Royal Collection ?
The palace 's state rooms have been open to the public during August and September and on selected dates throughout the year since 1993 .	since 1993	Since when have the palaces rooms been opened to the public ?
476,000 people visited the palace in the 2014 -- 15 financial year .	476,000 people	How many people visited the palace in the 2014.2015 fiscal year ?
Today , there is no official dress code .	there is no official dress code	What is the official dress code today at Buckingham Palace ?
After World War I , when Queen Mary wished to follow fashion by raising her skirts a few inches from the ground , she requested a lady-in-waiting to shorten her own skirt first to gauge the king 's reaction .	Queen Mary	Which Queen tried and failed to raise the hemline of her dress after WWI ?
King George V was horrified , so the queen kept her hemline unfashionably low .	King George V	Which King was horrified to see the Queen 's hemline raised a few inches ?
Following their accession in 1936 , King George VI and his consort , Queen Elizabeth , allowed the hemline of daytime skirts to rise .	1936	The hemline of daytime skirts were allowed to rise after which year ?
Formerly , men not wearing military uniform wore knee breeches of an 18th-century design .	18th-century design	The knee breeches men formerly wore to the palace were of what era 's design ?
Formerly , men not wearing military uniform wore knee breeches of an 18th-century design .	18th-century design	From what century were men 's knee breeches worn at Buckingham designed in ?
Women 's evening dress included obligatory trains and tiaras or feathers in their hair -LRB- or both -RRB- .	tiaras or feathers	What were women obliged to wear in their hair ?
After World War I , when Queen Mary wished to follow fashion by raising her skirts a few inches from the ground , she requested a lady-in-waiting to shorten her own skirt first to gauge the king 's reaction .	Queen Mary	Which queen wanted to shorten her skirt 's hemline ?
King George V was horrified , so the queen kept her hemline unfashionably low .	George V	Which King was horrified to see the raised hemline on the Queen ?
Today , there is no official dress code .	there is no official dress code	What is the dress code today at Buckingham ?
Court presentations of aristocratic young ladies to the monarch took place at the palace from the reign of Edward VII .	Edward VII	Under whose reign did court presentations of young aristocratic ladies take place ?
These young women were known as débutantes , and the occasion -- termed their `` coming out '' -- represented their first entrée into society .	coming out	What was the name for the ceremony where debutantes had their first introduction into society ?
Débutantes wore full court dress , with three tall ostrich feathers in their hair .	ostrich feathers	Debutantes wore the feather of which bird in their hair ?
After World War II , the ceremony was replaced by less formal afternoon receptions , usually without choreographed curtsies and court dress .	less formal afternoon receptions	After WWII `` coming out '' ceremonies were replaces with what event ?
Court presentations of aristocratic young ladies to the monarch took place at the palace from the reign of Edward VII .	Edward VII	Under whose reign were young debutantes presented to society at Court ?
Débutantes wore full court dress , with three tall ostrich feathers in their hair .	ostrich feathers	What types of feathers did debutantes wear in their hair ?
These young women were known as débutantes , and the occasion -- termed their `` coming out '' -- represented their first entrée into society .	"coming out"	What was the occasion where debutantes were presented to society called ?
After World War II , the ceremony was replaced by less formal afternoon receptions , usually without choreographed curtsies and court dress .	less formal afternoon receptions	After WWII what was the coming out ceremony replaced with ?
Investitures , which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword , and other awards take place in the palace 's Ballroom , built in 1854 .	in the palace's Ballroom	Where do Investitures take place ?
Investitures , which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword , and other awards take place in the palace 's Ballroom , built in 1854 .	1854	What year was The Ballroom built ?
It has replaced the throne room in importance and use .	the throne room	Which room has The Ballroom replaced in terms of both use and importance ?
Investitures , which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword , and other awards take place in the palace 's Ballroom , built in 1854 .	the palace's Ballroom	What is the largest room in the palace ?
During investitures , the Queen stands on the throne dais beneath a giant , domed velvet canopy , known as a shamiana or a baldachin , that was used at the Delhi Durbar in 1911 .	the throne dais	What does the Queen stand on during Investitures ?
Investitures , which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword , and other awards take place in the palace 's Ballroom , built in 1854 .	a sword	Knighthood is given by being dubbed with what object ?
Investitures , which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword , and other awards take place in the palace 's Ballroom , built in 1854 .	Ballroom	What is the largest room in the palace ?
It has replaced the throne room in importance and use .	the throne room	The Ballroom replaced which other room in terms of importance and use ?
State banquets also take place in the Ballroom ; these formal dinners are held on the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state .	the Ballroom	Where do State Banquets take place ?
The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November when the Queen entertains members of the diplomatic corps .	November	In what month does the Queen entertain the diplomatic corps ?
On these occasions , for up to 170 guests in formal `` white tie and decorations '' , including tiaras , the dining table is laid with the Grand Service , a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales , later George IV .	the Grand Service	What is used to set the dining table for formal dinners ?
On these occasions , for up to 170 guests in formal `` white tie and decorations '' , including tiaras , the dining table is laid with the Grand Service , a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales , later George IV .	1811	When was the Grand Service made ?
On these occasions , for up to 170 guests in formal `` white tie and decorations '' , including tiaras , the dining table is laid with the Grand Service , a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales , later George IV .	the Prince of Wales	For whom was the Grand Service made ?
State banquets also take place in the Ballroom ; these formal dinners are held on the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state .	in the Ballroom	Where do state banquets take place ?
State banquets also take place in the Ballroom ; these formal dinners are held on the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state .	the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state	When are state banquets held ?
On these occasions , for up to 170 guests in formal `` white tie and decorations '' , including tiaras , the dining table is laid with the Grand Service , a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales , later George IV .	the Grand Service	What is the dining table laid with for state banquets ?
On these occasions , for up to 170 guests in formal `` white tie and decorations '' , including tiaras , the dining table is laid with the Grand Service , a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales , later George IV .	Prince of Wales	Who was the Grand Service originally made for ?
Adjacent to the palace is the Royal Mews , also designed by Nash , where the royal carriages , including the Gold State Coach , are housed .	Nash	Who designed the Royal Mews ?
Adjacent to the palace is the Royal Mews , also designed by Nash , where the royal carriages , including the Gold State Coach , are housed .	the Royal Mews	Where is the Gold State Coach housed ?
This rococo gilt coach , designed by Sir William Chambers in 1760 , has painted panels by G. B. Cipriani .	Sir William Chambers	Who designed the Gold State Coach ?
It was first used for the State Opening of Parliament by George III in 1762 and has been used by the monarch for every coronation since George IV .	1762	When was the Gold State Coach first used ?
Also housed in the mews are the coach horses used at royal ceremonial processions .	horses	The Royal Mews houses which type of animal ?
Adjacent to the palace is the Royal Mews , also designed by Nash , where the royal carriages , including the Gold State Coach , are housed .	the Royal Mews	Where is the Gold State Coach kept ?
It was first used for the State Opening of Parliament by George III in 1762 and has been used by the monarch for every coronation since George IV .	1762	In what year was the Gold State Coach first used ?
Also housed in the mews are the coach horses used at royal ceremonial processions .	horses	What animals are kept in the mews ?
In 1901 the accession of Edward VII saw new life breathed into the palace .	1901	In what year did Edward VII ascend to the throne ?
The new King and his wife Queen Alexandra had always been at the forefront of London high society , and their friends , known as `` the Marlborough House Set '' , were considered to be the most eminent and fashionable of the age .	"the Marlborough House Set"	Kind Edward VII and Queen Alexandra 's friends were know as what ?
Buckingham Palace -- the Ballroom , Grand Entrance , Marble Hall , Grand Staircase , vestibules and galleries redecorated in the Belle époque cream and gold colour scheme they retain today -- once again became a setting for entertaining on a majestic scale but leaving some to feel King Edward 's heavy redecorations were at odds with Nash 's original work .	Nash's	Some thought that King Edward VII 's redecoration choices were at odds with whose prior work ?
Buckingham Palace -- the Ballroom , Grand Entrance , Marble Hall , Grand Staircase , vestibules and galleries redecorated in the Belle époque cream and gold colour scheme they retain today -- once again became a setting for entertaining on a majestic scale but leaving some to feel King Edward 's heavy redecorations were at odds with Nash 's original work .	King Edward	Which king commissioned massive redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and gold color scheme ?
The new King and his wife Queen Alexandra had always been at the forefront of London high society , and their friends , known as `` the Marlborough House Set '' , were considered to be the most eminent and fashionable of the age .	the Marlborough House Set	What were the group of friends of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra called ?
Buckingham Palace -- the Ballroom , Grand Entrance , Marble Hall , Grand Staircase , vestibules and galleries redecorated in the Belle époque cream and gold colour scheme they retain today -- once again became a setting for entertaining on a majestic scale but leaving some to feel King Edward 's heavy redecorations were at odds with Nash 's original work .	King Edward's heavy redecorations	What was at odds with Nash 's original work in the palace ?
In 1901 the accession of Edward VII saw new life breathed into the palace .	1901	When did King Edward VII take the throne ?
Buckingham Palace -- the Ballroom , Grand Entrance , Marble Hall , Grand Staircase , vestibules and galleries redecorated in the Belle époque cream and gold colour scheme they retain today -- once again became a setting for entertaining on a majestic scale but leaving some to feel King Edward 's heavy redecorations were at odds with Nash 's original work .	Belle époque cream and gold	What colors were used in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VII ?
The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when , in 1913 , Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore 's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni 's Lyme Park in Cheshire .	King George V	Under whose reign did the last major building works take place ?
This new , refaced principal façade -LRB- of Portland stone -RRB- was designed to be the backdrop to the Victoria Memorial , a large memorial statue of Queen Victoria , placed outside the main gates .	Portland stone	The principle facade of the East Front is made from what type of stone ?
George V , who had succeeded Edward VII in 1910 , had a more serious personality than his father ; greater emphasis was now placed on official entertaining and royal duties than on lavish parties .	George V	Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties ?
George V 's wife Queen Mary was a connoisseur of the arts , and took a keen interest in the Royal Collection of furniture and art , both restoring and adding to it .	Queen Mary	Who added and restored furniture to The Royal Collection ?
Queen Mary was also responsible for the decoration of the Blue Drawing Room .	Queen Mary	Who was responsible for decorating The Blue Drawing Room ?
The last major building work took place during the reign of King George V when , in 1913 , Sir Aston Webb redesigned Blore 's 1850 East Front to resemble in part Giacomo Leoni 's Lyme Park in Cheshire .	Sir Aston Webb	Who redesigned Blore 's 1850 East Front ?
This new , refaced principal façade -LRB- of Portland stone -RRB- was designed to be the backdrop to the Victoria Memorial , a large memorial statue of Queen Victoria , placed outside the main gates .	Portland stone	The refaced facade was made from what type of stone ?
George V , who had succeeded Edward VII in 1910 , had a more serious personality than his father ; greater emphasis was now placed on official entertaining and royal duties than on lavish parties .	George V	Which king placed more emphasis on official entertaining and royal duties instead of lavish parties ?
George V 's wife Queen Mary was a connoisseur of the arts , and took a keen interest in the Royal Collection of furniture and art , both restoring and adding to it .	Royal Collection of furniture and art	What collection did Queen Mary take an interest in by adding and restoring pieces ?
Queen Mary was also responsible for the decoration of the Blue Drawing Room .	Queen Mary	Who decorated the Blue Drawing Room ?
During World War I , the palace , then the home of King George V and Queen Mary , escaped unscathed .	King George V and Queen Mary	Who lived at Buckingham Palace during WWI ?
Its more valuable contents were evacuated to Windsor but the royal family remained in situ .	Windsor	Where were valuable items from Buckingham Palace taken during WWI ?
To the King 's later regret , David Lloyd George persuaded him to go further by ostentatiously locking the wine cellars and refraining from alcohol , to set a good example to the supposedly inebriated working class .	alcohol	The king refrained from doing what during the war ?
In 1938 , the north-west pavilion , designed by Nash as a conservatory , was converted into a swimming pool .	1938	In what year was the north-west pavilion turned into a swimming pool ?
To the King 's later regret , David Lloyd George persuaded him to go further by ostentatiously locking the wine cellars and refraining from alcohol , to set a good example to the supposedly inebriated working class .	David Lloyd George	Who persuaded the king to lock the wine cellars during WWI ?
During World War I , the palace , then the home of King George V and Queen Mary , escaped unscathed .	World War I	Buckingham Palace was untouched during which war ?
Its more valuable contents were evacuated to Windsor but the royal family remained in situ .	Windsor	Where were valuables evacuated to during the war ?
To the King 's later regret , David Lloyd George persuaded him to go further by ostentatiously locking the wine cellars and refraining from alcohol , to set a good example to the supposedly inebriated working class .	alcohol	What did the King give up during the war ?
To the King 's later regret , David Lloyd George persuaded him to go further by ostentatiously locking the wine cellars and refraining from alcohol , to set a good example to the supposedly inebriated working class .	David Lloyd George	Who convinced the king to lock the wine cellars ?
In 1938 , the north-west pavilion , designed by Nash as a conservatory , was converted into a swimming pool .	swimming pool	What was the north-west pavilion converted into in 1938 ?
During World War II , the palace was bombed nine times , the most serious and publicised of which resulted in the destruction of the palace chapel in 1940 .	nine times	How many times was the palace bombed in WWII ?
During World War II , the palace was bombed nine times , the most serious and publicised of which resulted in the destruction of the palace chapel in 1940 .	the palace chapel	What was destroyed in 1940 ?
One bomb fell in the palace quadrangle while King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were in residence , and many windows were blown in and the chapel destroyed .	King George VI and Queen Elizabeth	Which monarchs were in residence at Buckingham Palace during WWII ?
Coverage of this event was played in cinemas all over the UK to show the common suffering of rich and poor .	the common suffering of rich and poor	The bombing of Buckingham Palace showed what to the public ?
One bomb fell in the palace quadrangle while King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were in residence , and many windows were blown in and the chapel destroyed .	the chapel	What was destroyed in one of the bombing that hit the palace in WWII ?
The King and Queen were filmed inspecting their bombed home , the smiling Queen , as always , immaculately dressed in a hat and matching coat seemingly unbothered by the damage around her .	inspecting their bombed home	The King and Queen were filmed doing what after a bombing ?
The royal family were seen as sharing their subjects ' hardship , as The Sunday Graphic reported :	their subjects' hardship	The royal family was seen as sharing what with their subjects after the bombings ?
On 15 September 1940 , known as the Battle of Britain Day , an RAF pilot , Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF rammed a German bomber he believed was going to bomb the Palace .	15 September 1940	What is the date of the Battle of Britain Day ?
On 15 September 1940 , known as the Battle of Britain Day , an RAF pilot , Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF rammed a German bomber he believed was going to bomb the Palace .	the Palace	What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to bomb ?
In fact the Dornier Do 17 bomber was empty .	Dornier Do 17 bomber	What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes rammed into ?
The British pilot became a King 's Messenger after the war , and died at the age of 90 in 2005 .	King's Messenger	After the war what did Holmes become ?
The British pilot became a King 's Messenger after the war , and died at the age of 90 in 2005 .	2005	What year did Ray Holmes die ?
On 15 September 1940 , known as the Battle of Britain Day , an RAF pilot , Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF rammed a German bomber he believed was going to bomb the Palace .	the Battle of Britain Day	What is September 15 , 1940 known as ?
On 15 September 1940 , known as the Battle of Britain Day , an RAF pilot , Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF rammed a German bomber he believed was going to bomb the Palace .	the Palace	What did Ray Holmes believe the German pilot was targeting ?
Holmes had run out of ammunition and made the quick decision to ram it .	ram it	What did Holmes do to stop the German Plane ?
In fact the Dornier Do 17 bomber was empty .	Dornier Do 17 bomber	What type of aircraft was the German Plane ?
The British pilot became a King 's Messenger after the war , and died at the age of 90 in 2005 .	2005	When did Holmes die ?
An incandescent light bulb , incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature , by passing an electric current through it , until it glows with visible light -LRB- incandescence -RRB- .	electric current	What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow ?
An incandescent light bulb , incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature , by passing an electric current through it , until it glows with visible light -LRB- incandescence -RRB- .	wire filament	Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated ?
The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass .	feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass	What part of a halogen light bulb supplies electric current ?
Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections .	a socket	What provides the electricity to most light bulbs ?
An incandescent light bulb , incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature , by passing an electric current through it , until it glows with visible light -LRB- incandescence -RRB- .	incandescent light bulb	Which type of light bulb uses inert gas ?
Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting ; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5 % of the energy they use into visible light , with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2 % .	less efficient	Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting ?
Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting ; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5 % of the energy they use into visible light , with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2 % .	2.2%	What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light ?
The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt , compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps .	LED	Which is more efficient : compact fluorescent or LED lights ?
Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting ; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs .	1,000 hours	How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last ?
The remaining energy is converted into heat .	The remaining energy is converted into heat.	What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light ?
Some jurisdictions , such as the European Union , China , Canada and United States , are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others , including Colombia , Mexico , Cuba , Argentina , Brazil and Australia , have prohibited them already .	prohibited them already	What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs ?
Some jurisdictions , such as the European Union , China , Canada and United States , are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others , including Colombia , Mexico , Cuba , Argentina , Brazil and Australia , have prohibited them already .	phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs	How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs ?
Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light , such as fluorescent lamps , compact fluorescent lamps -LRB- CFL -RRB- , cold cathode fluorescent lamps -LRB- CCFL -RRB- , high-intensity discharge lamps , and light-emitting diode lamps -LRB- LED -RRB- .	cold cathode fluorescent lamps	What does the acronym CCFL refer to ?
Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light , such as fluorescent lamps , compact fluorescent lamps -LRB- CFL -RRB- , cold cathode fluorescent lamps -LRB- CCFL -RRB- , high-intensity discharge lamps , and light-emitting diode lamps -LRB- LED -RRB- .	compact fluorescent lamps	What does the acronym CFL refer to ?
Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light , such as fluorescent lamps , compact fluorescent lamps -LRB- CFL -RRB- , cold cathode fluorescent lamps -LRB- CCFL -RRB- , high-intensity discharge lamps , and light-emitting diode lamps -LRB- LED -RRB- .	light-emitting diode	What does the acronym LED refer to ?
In 1872 , Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874 .	Alexander Lodygin	Who patented an incandescent light bulb in Russia in 1874 ?
He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver , hermetically sealed , and filled with nitrogen , electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed .	two carbon rods	What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp ?
Later he lived in the USA , changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium , iridium , rhodium , ruthenium , osmium , molybdenum and tungsten filaments , and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris .	1900	In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World 's Fair ?
Later he lived in the USA , changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium , iridium , rhodium , ruthenium , osmium , molybdenum and tungsten filaments , and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris .	Alexander de Lodyguine	What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA ?
In 1872 , Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874 .	1872	When did Lodygin invent his first lamp ?
-LSB- dubious -- discuss -RSB- On 18 December 1878 , a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society , and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 17 January 1879 .	at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society	Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879 ?
With the help of Charles Stearn , an expert on vacuum pumps , in 1878 , Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening .	Charles Stearn	Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp ?
He devised a method of treating cotton to produce ` parchmentised thread ' and obtained British Patent 4933 in 1880 .	'parchmentised thread'	Why was Swan 's first lamp not commercially viable ?
He devised a method of treating cotton to produce ` parchmentised thread ' and obtained British Patent 4933 in 1880 .	1880	When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread ?
In 1881 , the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster , London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs , which was the first theatre , and the first public building in the world , to be lit entirely by electricity .	the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London	What was the first public building to install electric lighting ?
Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878 .	1878	When did Edison begin research into incandescent lighting ?
After many experiments , first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals , in the end Edison returned to a carbon filament .	carbon	With what material did Edison make his first filament ?
The first successful test was on 22 October 1879 , and lasted 13.5 hours .	13.5 hours	How long did Edison 's light burn during his first successful test in 1879 ?
Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using `` cotton and linen thread , wood splints , papers coiled in various ways , '' Edison and his team later discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last more than 1200 hours .	bamboo	What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament ?
In 1880 , the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company steamer , Columbia , became the first application for Edison 's incandescent electric lamps -LRB- it was also the first ship to execute use of a dynamo -RRB- .	Columbia	What was the name of the first ship to use Edison 's lamp ?
Albon Man , a New York lawyer , started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer .	Albon Man	Who founded Electro-Dynamic Light Company ?
Hiram S. Maxim was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company .	Hiram S. Maxim	Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company ?
This company did n't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercantile Safe Deposit Company in New York City , about six months after the Edison incandescent lamps had been installed on the Columbia .	Mercantile Safe Deposit Company	Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights ?
This company did n't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercantile Safe Deposit Company in New York City , about six months after the Edison incandescent lamps had been installed on the Columbia .	fall of 1880	When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights ?
Albon Man , a New York lawyer , started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer .	Electro-Dynamic Light Company	Which company was organized first , Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company ?
Lewis Latimer , employed at the time by Edison , developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes , such as the characteristic `` M '' shape of Maxim filaments .	Lewis Latimer	Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes ?
On 17 January 1882 , Latimer received a patent for the `` Process of Manufacturing Carbons '' , an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments , which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company .	17 January 1882	When did Latimer patent his `` Process of Manufacturing Carbons '' ?
On 17 January 1882 , Latimer received a patent for the `` Process of Manufacturing Carbons '' , an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments , which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company .	United States Electric Light Company	Which company purchased Latimer 's patent ?
Lewis Latimer , employed at the time by Edison , developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes , such as the characteristic `` M '' shape of Maxim filaments .	Edison	Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent ?
On 13 December 1904 , Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent -LRB- No. 34541 -RRB- for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament .	Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman	Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp ?
On 13 December 1904 , Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent -LRB- No. 34541 -RRB- for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament .	13 December 1904	When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp ?
Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904 .	Tungsram	Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp ?
Filling a bulb with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen retards the evaporation of the tungsten filament compared to operating it in a vacuum .	argon or nitrogen	What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb ?
This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries .	Tungsram-bulbs	What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe ?
The radiant luminous efficacy -LRB- LER -RRB- is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted -LRB- the luminous flux -RRB- to the total power radiated over all wavelengths .	radiant luminous efficacy	What does the acronym LER refer to ?
The maximum LER possible is 683 lm/W for monochromatic green light at 555 nanometers wavelength , the peak sensitivity of the human eye .	683 lm/W	What is the maximum LER possible ?
Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways .	two ways	In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source ?
The radiant luminous efficacy -LRB- LER -RRB- is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted -LRB- the luminous flux -RRB- to the total power radiated over all wavelengths .	the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths	What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy ?
The source luminous efficacy -LRB- LES -RRB- is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted -LRB- the luminous flux -RRB- to the total power input to the source , such as a lamp .	source luminous efficacy	What does the acronym LES refer to ?
Donald L. Klipstein explains it this way : `` An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6,300 °C -LRB- 6,600 K ; 11,400 °F -RRB- .	6,300 °C	At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light ?
An upper limit for incandescent lamp luminous efficacy -LRB- LER -RRB- is around 52 lumens per watt , the theoretical value emitted by tungsten at its melting point .	52 lumens per watt	What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp ?
Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid -- below 3,695 K -LRB- 3,422 °C ; 6,191 °F -RRB- .	infrared radiation	What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions ?
The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye ; the light emitted does not appear white , and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive .	the light emitted does not appear white,	What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb ?
An upper limit for incandescent lamp luminous efficacy -LRB- LER -RRB- is around 52 lumens per watt , the theoretical value emitted by tungsten at its melting point .	52 lumens per watt	What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point ?
White-balancing is still required to avoid too `` warm '' or `` cool '' colors , but this is a simple process that requires only the color temperature in Kelvin as input for modern , digital visual reproduction equipment such as video or still cameras unless it is completely automated .	to avoid too "warm" or "cool" colors	What is the purpose of white-balancing ?
The color-rendering performance of incandescent lights can not be matched by LEDs or fluorescent lights , although they can offer satisfactory performance for non-critical applications such as home lighting .	incandescent lights	Of incandescent lights , fluorescent lights and LEDs , which has the best color-rendering performance ?
Although inefficient , incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important , since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition , with a color rendering index of 100 -LRB- the best possible -RRB- .	100	What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light ?
Although inefficient , incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important , since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition , with a color rendering index of 100 -LRB- the best possible -RRB- .	the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament	Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering ?
Although inefficient , incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important , since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition , with a color rendering index of 100 -LRB- the best possible -RRB- .	100	What is the highest possible color rendering index score ?
There are many non-incandescent light sources , such as the fluorescent lamp , high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps , which have higher luminous efficiency , and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights .	higher	Do fluorescent lights have a higher or lower luminous efficiency than incandescents ?
By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used , and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution , the spectrum emitted can be tuned to mimic the appearance of incandescent sources , or other different color temperatures of white light .	By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution	How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents ?
Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum , the light is not ideal for applications such as photography and cinematography .	Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum	Why are luminescent light sources not ideal for photography ?
When used for lighting in houses and commercial buildings , the energy lost to heat can significantly increase the energy required by a building 's air conditioning system .	a building's air conditioning system	What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting ?
Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting , an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive .	shorter	Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources ?
A comparison of incandescent lamp operating cost with other light sources must include illumination requirements , cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps -LRB- taking into account effective lamp lifetime -RRB- , cost of electricity used , effect of lamp operation on heating and air conditioning systems .	illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used	What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting ?
Some types of lamp , including incandescent and fluorescent , emit less light as they age ; this may be an inconvenience , or may reduce effective lifetime due to lamp replacement before total failure .	less	Do incandescent lights emit more , less , or the same amount of light as they age ?
During the heating season heat produced by the bulbs is not wasted , although in most cases it is more cost effective to obtain heat from the heating system .	heat from the heating system	What is more cost-effective , heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building 's heating system ?
Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps , many governments have introduced measures to ban their use , by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps .	more	Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps ?
In the Europe the EC has calculated that the ban contributes 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and saves 40 TWh of electricity every year , translating in CO2 emission reductions of 15 million tonnes .	5 to 10 billion euros	How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year ?
In the Europe the EC has calculated that the ban contributes 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and saves 40 TWh of electricity every year , translating in CO2 emission reductions of 15 million tonnes .	40 TWh of electricity	How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year ?
In the Europe the EC has calculated that the ban contributes 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and saves 40 TWh of electricity every year , translating in CO2 emission reductions of 15 million tonnes .	15 million tonnes	How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year ?
Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps , many governments have introduced measures to ban their use , by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps .	by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps	How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs ?
However , even though they contain mercury , the environmental performance of CFLs is much better than that of light bulbs , mostly because they consume much less energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production .	better	Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents ?
LED lamps are even more efficient , and are free of mercury .	LED lamps	Which type of light bulbs is considered most cost effective and robust ?
Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps .	higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps	What are some objections to banning incandescent bulbs ?
However , even though they contain mercury , the environmental performance of CFLs is much better than that of light bulbs , mostly because they consume much less energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production .	mercury	What substance in CFL bulbs raises health concerns ?
However , even though they contain mercury , the environmental performance of CFLs is much better than that of light bulbs , mostly because they consume much less energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production .	much less	Do CFLs consume more , less , or the same amount of energy as incandescent bulbs ?
Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency , new `` hybrid '' incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips .	Philips	Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs ?
The `` Halogena Energy Saver '' incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W ; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents , by using a reflective capsule to reflect formerly wasted infrared radiation back to the filament from which it can be re-emitted as visible light .	30 percent	How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents ?
This concept was pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980 with a commercial product that produced 29.8 lm/W .	Duro-Test	What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency ?
More advanced reflectors based on interference filters or photonic crystals can theoretically result in higher efficiency , up to a limit of about 270 lm/W -LRB- 40 % of the maximum efficacy possible -RRB- .	270 lm/W	What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs ?
Laboratory proof-of-concept experiments have produced as much as 45 lm/W , approaching the efficacy of compact fluorescent bulbs .	45 lm/W	What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs ?
Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure -LRB- the envelope , or bulb -RRB- with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb , through which an electric current is passed .	the envelope	What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb ?
Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure -LRB- the envelope , or bulb -RRB- with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb , through which an electric current is passed .	tungsten wire	What is the filament made of ?
Contact wires and a base with two -LRB- or more -RRB- conductors provide electrical connections to the filament .	two (or more)	How many conductors are present in the bulb 's base ?
Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb 's base that allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without air or gas leaks .	a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base	What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb ?
Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires .	Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires	What function do small wires in a light bulb 's stem perform ?
The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin .	kaolin	What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs ?
Kaolin , or kaolinite , is a white , chalky clay in a very fine powder form , that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb .	blown in and electrostatically deposited	How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb ?
It diffuses the light emitted from the filament , producing a more gentle and evenly distributed light .	a more gentle and evenly distributed light	What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast ?
These are created by coloring the glass with a dopant ; which is often a metal like cobalt -LRB- blue -RRB- or chromium -LRB- green -RRB- .	by coloring the glass with a dopant	How are Christmas colored light bulbs created ?
It diffuses the light emitted from the filament , producing a more gentle and evenly distributed light .	It diffuses the light emitted from the filament	How does kaolin create a more gentle light ?
Large lamps may have a screw base -LRB- one or more contacts at the tip , one at the shell -RRB- or a bayonet base -LRB- one or more contacts on the base , shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support -RRB- .	screw base	What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell ?
Large lamps may have a screw base -LRB- one or more contacts at the tip , one at the shell -RRB- or a bayonet base -LRB- one or more contacts on the base , shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support -RRB- .	bayonet base	What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support ?
Contacts in the lamp socket allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament .	allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament	What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket ?
Power ratings for incandescent light bulbs range from about 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts .	0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts	What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs ?
Miniature lamps may have a wedge base and wire contacts , and some automotive and special purpose lamps have screw terminals for connection to wires .	automotive and special purpose lamps	Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires ?
It however introduces heat losses -LRB- and therefore efficiency loss -RRB- from the filament , by heat conduction and heat convection .	introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss)	What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb ?
For these properties , chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable .	chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight	What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb ?
The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament , without introducing significant heat losses .	to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses	What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb ?
The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament , reducing its evaporation and allowing it to be operated at higher temperature without reducing its life -LRB- or , for operating at the same temperature , prolongs the filament life -RRB- .	The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament	How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament ?
In manufacturing the glass bulb , a type of `` ribbon machine '' is used .	ribbon machine	What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs .
After the bulbs are blown , and cooled , they are cut off the ribbon machine ; a typical machine of this sort produces 50,000 bulbs per hour .	50,000	How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour ?
The filament and its supports are assembled on a glass stem , which is fused to the bulb .	assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb	How is the filament attached to the bulb ?
The air is pumped out of the bulb , and the evacuation tube in the stem press is sealed by a flame .	by a flame	How is the evacuation tube sealed ?
A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt , heated in a furnace , and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds .	precisely aligned air nozzles	What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape ?
The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon -LRB- from carbonized paper or bamboo -RRB- .	carbon	What material were the first light bulb filaments made from ?
Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance -- as they got hotter , their electrical resistance decreased .	as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased	What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments ?
The carbon deposited on the filament by this treatment improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency .	improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency	What were the positive effects of the flashing process ?
This transformed the carbon into graphite which further strengthened and smoothed the filament .	further strengthened and smoothed the filament	What properties of graphite improved the filament ?
This also changed the filament to have a positive temperature coefficient , like a metallic conductor , and helped stabilize the lamp 's power consumption , temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage .	helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage	What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient ?
In 1902 , the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament .	Siemens	What company invented the tantalum light filament ?
In 1902 , the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament .	1902	In what year was the tantalum light filament invented ?
These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures .	These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures.	What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament ?
General Electric bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produced them in the US until 1913 .	General Electric	Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens ?
General Electric bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produced them in the US until 1913 .	1913	When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament ?
Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires .	Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires.	What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament ?
By 1910 , a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form of tungsten .	William D. Coolidge	Who developed the ductile form of tungsten ?
By 1910 , a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form of tungsten .	1910	When was the ductile form of tungsten invented ?
In 1906 , the tungsten filament was introduced .	1906	When was the tungsten filament introduced ?
It was found that very pure tungsten formed filaments that sagged in use , and that a very small `` doping '' treatment with potassium , silicon , and aluminium oxides at the level of a few hundred parts per million greatly improved the life and durability of the tungsten filaments .	potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides	What other materials were combined with tungsten ?
For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp , the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inches -LRB- 580 mm -RRB- , and the filament diameter is 0.0018 inches -LRB- 0.046 mm -RRB- .	22.8 inches	How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 60-watt bulb ?
The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly than a straight filament of the same surface area and light-emitting power .	The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly	What is the advantage of a coiled-coil filament over a straight filament ?
As a result , the filament can then run hotter , which results in a more efficient light source , while reducing the evaporation so that the filament will last longer than a straight filament at the same temperature .	more efficient light source	What positive effects does a slower-evaporating filament enable ?
For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp , the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inches -LRB- 580 mm -RRB- , and the filament diameter is 0.0018 inches -LRB- 0.046 mm -RRB- .	0.0018 inches	What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb ?
Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause `` hot spots '' to form at points of higher resistivity ; a variation of diameter of only 1 % will cause a 25 % reduction in service life .	a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life	What is the negative effect of `` hot spots '' forming on the filament ?
Irving Langmuir found that an inert gas , instead of vacuum , would retard evaporation .	Irving Langmuir	Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation ?
General service incandescent light bulbs over about 25 watts in rating are now filled with a mixture of mostly argon and some nitrogen , or sometimes krypton .	argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton	Which gases are typically used in a light bulb ?
Lamps operated on direct current develop random stairstep irregularities on the filament surface which may cut lifespan in half compared to AC operation ; different alloys of tungsten and rhenium can be used to counteract the effect .	alloys of tungsten and rhenium	Which type of alloys can decrease `` stairstep '' irregularities in light bulb filaments ?
While inert gas reduces filament evaporation , it also conducts heat from the filament , thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency .	conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament	Why does inert gas reduce efficiency ?
At constant pressure and temperature , the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules .	molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules	What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas ?
Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity , because both the molecular weight is higher and also the cross sectional area is higher .	Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity	How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity ?
Xenon gas improves efficiency because of its high molecular weight , but is also more expensive , so its use is limited to smaller lamps .	more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps	Why is xenon gas not more widely used ?
While inert gas reduces filament evaporation , it also conducts heat from the filament , thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency .	reduces filament evaporation	What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb ?
During ordinary operation , the tungsten of the filament evaporates ; hotter , more-efficient filaments evaporate faster .	hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster	What determines how fast a tungsten filament evaporates ?
The trade-off is typically set to provide a lifetime of several hundred to 2,000 hours for lamps used for general illumination .	several hundred to 2,000 hours	What is the typical goal for the life of a tungsten filament bulb ?
Theatrical , photographic , and projection lamps may have a useful life of only a few hours , trading life expectancy for high output in a compact form .	Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps	Which types of lamps may have particularly short lives ?
Because of this , the lifetime of a filament lamp is a trade-off between efficiency and longevity .	efficiency and longevity	What is the typical tradeoff in light bulb design ?
In a conventional lamp , the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope , darkening it .	the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope	What darkens a conventional bulb over its lifetime ?
An incandescent lamp that gives 93 % or less of its initial light output at 75 % of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory , when tested according to IEC Publication 60064 .	An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory	What is the IEC guideline for an unacceptable level of light loss ?
Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening .	Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening	What are the primary causes of light loss ?
When a filling of inert gas is used , the evaporated tungsten is carried in the thermal convection currents of the gas , depositing preferentially on the uppermost part of the envelope and blackening just that portion of the envelope .	on the uppermost part of the envelope	Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when inert gas is used ?
For bulbs that contain a vacuum , the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope .	across the entire surface of the envelope	Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when a vacuum is used ?
The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps will significantly increase darkening .	significantly increase darkening	How does water vapor inside a light bulb affect lamp darkening ?
The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal , and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp .	The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp.	Why does water increase lamp darkening ?
Small amounts of substances such as zirconium are placed within the lamp as a getter to react with any oxygen that may bake out of the lamp components during operation .	zirconium	What is an example of a substance that is added to light bulbs to reduce this effect ?
The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps will significantly increase darkening .	The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps	How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect ?
The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure , rather than an inert gas .	reduces	Does the halogen bulp increase , reduce , or have no effect on filament evaporation ?
The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament .	by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament	How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time ?
The halogen lamp can operate its filament at a higher temperature than a standard gas filled lamp of similar power without loss of operating life .	higher	Does a halogen bulb operate at a higher or lower temperature than an incandescent ?
Such bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs , and are widely used where intense illumination is needed in a limited space .	bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs	How does the size of a halogen bulb compare to an incandescent ?
Such bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs , and are widely used where intense illumination is needed in a limited space .	where intense illumination is needed in a limited space	What is the most common situation when a halogen bulb is used ?
A variation of the incandescent lamp did not use a hot wire filament , but instead used an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode to produce heat .	an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode	What did an alternate version of the incandescent lamp substitute for a wire filament ?
Such lamps were used for projection or illumination for scientific instruments such as microscopes .	scientific instruments such as microscopes	What was a common application for this type of bulb ?
Developed around 1915 , these lamps were displaced by mercury and xenon arc lamps .	1915	When was this style of lamp developed ?
Developed around 1915 , these lamps were displaced by mercury and xenon arc lamps .	mercury and xenon arc lamps	What displaced this style of lamp ?
This means the actual power consumed -LRB- in watts -RRB- and the apparent power -LRB- in volt-amperes -RRB- are equal .	the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal	What does a power factor of 1 mean ?
This is measured in watts and depends mainly on the resistance of the filament , which in turn depends mainly on the filament 's length , thickness , and material .	the resistance of the filament	What principally determines the wattage of an incandescent bulb ?
This is measured in watts and depends mainly on the resistance of the filament , which in turn depends mainly on the filament 's length , thickness , and material .	the filament's length, thickness, and material	What determines the resistance of the filament ?
Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads with a power factor of 1 .	Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads	How close do incandescent lamps come to pure resistive loads ?
For two bulbs of the same voltage , type , color , and clarity , the higher-powered bulb gives more light .	the higher-powered bulb gives more light	All other things being equal , how does wattage affect light emitted ?
The actual resistance of the filament is temperature dependent .	temperature	What determines the resistance of a filament ?
Electrical contacts may carry a `` T '' rating symbol indicating that they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps .	they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps	What does a `` T '' rating symbol on an electrical contact mean ?
For a 100-watt , 120-volt general-service lamp , the current stabilizes in about 0.10 seconds , and the lamp reaches 90 % of its full brightness after about 0.13 seconds .	0.13 seconds	How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90 % of its brightness ?
The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance when the lamp is operating .	The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance	How does the cold resistance of tungsten filament lamps compare to the hot resistance ?
For example , a 100-watt , 120-volt lamp has a resistance of 144 ohms when lit , but the cold resistance is much lower -LRB- about 9.5 ohms -RRB- .	144 ohms	What is the resistance of a typical lit 100-watt incandescent bulb ?
The letters represent the shape of the bulb .	the shape of the bulb	What do the letters identify in a bulb shape designation ?
The numbers represent the maximum diameter , either in 1⁄8 of an inch , or in millimeters , depending on the shape and the region .	the maximum diameter	What do the numbers identify in a bulb shape designation ?
The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions .	The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions	Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary ?
The numbers represent the maximum diameter , either in 1⁄8 of an inch , or in millimeters , depending on the shape and the region .	1⁄8 of an inch, or in millimeters	What units are the bulb sizes measured in ?
General Electric introduced standard base sizes for tungsten incandescent lamps under the Mazda trademark in 1909 .	General Electric	Which company introduced standard base sizes for incandescent lamps ?
General Electric introduced standard base sizes for tungsten incandescent lamps under the Mazda trademark in 1909 .	1909	In what year were standard base sizes introduced for incandescent lamps ?
Technical standards for lamp bases include ANSI standard C81 .67 and IEC standard 60061-1 for common commercial lamp sizes , to ensure interchangeablitity between different manufacturer 's products .	ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1	What are some common technical standards for lamp bases ?
Bayonet base lamps are frequently used in automotive lamps to resist loosening due to vibration .	Bayonet base lamps	What is the typical base type for automotive lamps ?
A bipin base is often used for halogen or reflector lamps .	bipin base	What is the typical base type for halogen lamps ?
This means that a 5 % reduction in operating voltage will more than double the life of the bulb , at the expense of reducing its light output by about 16 % .	a 5% reduction in operating voltage	What level of voltage reduction is required to double the life of an incandescent bulb ?
Early bulbs had a life of up to 2500 hours , but in 1924 a cartel agreed to limit life to 1000 hours .	1924	When did light bulb manufacturers establish a cartel to limit bulb life ?
When this was exposed in 1953 , General Electric and other leading American manufacturers were banned from limiting the life .	1953	When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel ?
Early bulbs had a life of up to 2500 hours , but in 1924 a cartel agreed to limit life to 1000 hours .	1000 hours	What was the artificially low limit on bulb life placed by the cartel ?
This may be a very acceptable trade off for a light bulb that is in a difficult-to-access location -LRB- for example , traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings -RRB- .	difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings)	What is an example of a good application for a long-life bulb ?
The `` Centennial Light '' is a light bulb that is accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records as having been burning almost continuously at a fire station in Livermore , California , since 1901 .	1901	When did the `` Centennial Light '' begin burning ?
However , the bulb emits the equivalent light of a four watt bulb .	the equivalent light of a four watt bulb	How much light does the bulb emit ?
A similar story can be told of a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908 .	21 September 1908	When did the long-lasting bulb in Texas begin continuing illumination ?
It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow , and was moved to an area museum in 1977 .	an opera house	Where did the Texas bulb begin its life ?
A 50-hour-life projection bulb , for instance , is designed to operate only 50 °C -LRB- 122 °F -RRB- below that melting point .	50 °C (122 °F)	At what temperature does a typical 50-hour-life projection bulb operate ?
Tungsten is the metal with the highest melting point , 3,695 K -LRB- 6,191 °F -RRB- .	Tungsten	Which metal has the highest melting point ?
Compared to general-service bulbs , for the same power , these bulbs produce far more light , and -LRB- more importantly -RRB- light at a higher color temperature , at the expense of greatly reduced life -LRB- which may be as short as two hours for a type P1 lamp -RRB- .	as short as two hours	What is the typical life of a P1 lamp ?
Compared to general-service bulbs , for the same power , these bulbs produce far more light , and -LRB- more importantly -RRB- light at a higher color temperature , at the expense of greatly reduced life -LRB- which may be as short as two hours for a type P1 lamp -RRB- .	higher color temperature	How does the color temperature differ for photographic lighting ?
For example , a 100-watt , 120-volt lamp will produce about 17.1 lumens per watt .	17.1 lumens per watt	How many lumens per watt does a typical 100-watt , 120-volt lamp produce ?
A lamp with the same rated lifetime but designed for 230 V would produce only around 12.8 lumens per watt , and a similar lamp designed for 30 volts -LRB- train lighting -RRB- would produce as much as 19.8 lumens per watt .	as much as 19.8 lumens per watt	How many lumens per watt does a typical train light produce ?
Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament , for the same power rating .	Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament	How does filament size relate to voltage level ?
They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates .	They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.	What is the effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature ?
They conclude that Edison 's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors : an effective incandescent material , a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve -LRB- by use of the Sprengel pump -RRB- and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable .	high resistance	What made power distribution economically viable in Edison 's lamp ?
In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp , historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison .	22	How many inventors came up with electric lamps before Thomas Edison ?
They conclude that Edison 's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors : an effective incandescent material , a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve -LRB- by use of the Sprengel pump -RRB- and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable .	by use of the Sprengel pump	How did Edison achieve a higher vacuum than other inventors ?
In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp , historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison .	Robert Friedel and Paul Israel	Which historians wrote about the advantages of Edison 's lamp over other early versions ?
Physically , clothing serves many purposes : it can serve as protection from the elements , and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking .	safety	What can clothing provide during hazardous activities ?
It protects the wearer from rough surfaces , rash-causing plants , insect bites , splinters , thorns and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment .	rough	What type of surfaces can clothing protect from ?
Further , they can provide a hygienic barrier , keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body .	body	What does clothing keep toxic materials away from ?
Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions .	Clothes	What can insulate against cold or hot conditions ?
Clothing also provides protection from harmful UV radiation .	UV	What type of radiation can clothing provide some protection from ?
There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed , but some information has been inferred by studying lice .	when clothing was first developed	What is n't it easy to determine about clothing ?
The body louse specifically lives in clothing , and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago , suggesting that clothing existed at that time .	lice	What organism has provided some information about the timeline of clothing ?
The body louse specifically lives in clothing , and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago , suggesting that clothing existed at that time .	clothing	What habitat is the body louse specific to ?
Another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 thousand years ago .	primates	What may modern humans be the only survivor of several species of ?
Another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 thousand years ago .	650	How many thousands of years ago may have clothing been worn ?
The most obvious function of clothing is to improve the comfort of the wearer , by protecting the wearer from the elements .	comfort	What obvious improvement does clothing bestow upon the wearer ?
In hot climates , clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage , while in cold climates its thermal insulation properties are generally more important .	hot	In what type of climate does clothing protect against sunburn and wind damage ?
In hot climates , clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage , while in cold climates its thermal insulation properties are generally more important .	thermal insulation	What property of clothing is important in cold climates ?
Similarly , clothing has seasonal and regional aspects , so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are generally worn in warmer seasons and regions than in colder ones .	clothing	What has seasonal and regional aspects ?
Similarly , clothing has seasonal and regional aspects , so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are generally worn in warmer seasons and regions than in colder ones .	thinner	What type of material tends to be worn in warmer seasons ?
Clothing can and has in history been made from a very wide variety of materials .	very wide	What variety has there been in the materials of clothing throughout history ?
Articles carried rather than worn -LRB- such as purses -RRB- , worn on a single part of the body and easily removed -LRB- scarves -RRB- , worn purely for adornment -LRB- jewelry -RRB- , or those that serve a function other than protection -LRB- eyeglasses -RRB- , are normally considered accessories rather than clothing , as are footwear and hats .	purses	What is an article that is carried rather than worn that is n't regarded as clothing ?
Articles carried rather than worn -LRB- such as purses -RRB- , worn on a single part of the body and easily removed -LRB- scarves -RRB- , worn purely for adornment -LRB- jewelry -RRB- , or those that serve a function other than protection -LRB- eyeglasses -RRB- , are normally considered accessories rather than clothing , as are footwear and hats .	adornment	Jewelry is n't considered clothing because it 's usually worn purely for what reason ?
Articles carried rather than worn -LRB- such as purses -RRB- , worn on a single part of the body and easily removed -LRB- scarves -RRB- , worn purely for adornment -LRB- jewelry -RRB- , or those that serve a function other than protection -LRB- eyeglasses -RRB- , are normally considered accessories rather than clothing , as are footwear and hats .	accessories	What are footwear and hats both considered ?
Articles carried rather than worn -LRB- such as purses -RRB- , worn on a single part of the body and easily removed -LRB- scarves -RRB- , worn purely for adornment -LRB- jewelry -RRB- , or those that serve a function other than protection -LRB- eyeglasses -RRB- , are normally considered accessories rather than clothing , as are footwear and hats .	eyeglasses	What is an example of something that serves a function other than protection ?
Clothing protects against many things that might injure the uncovered human body .	the uncovered human body	What does clothing protect from things which may injure it ?
Clothes protect people from the elements , including rain , snow , wind , and other weather , as well as from the sun .	elements	Rain , snow , and wind are what class of things clothing protects the wearer from ?
However , clothing that is too sheer , thin , small , tight , etc. , offers less protection .	protection	Clothing that is too sheer will offer less what ?
Some clothing protects from specific environmental hazards , such as insects , noxious chemicals , weather , weapons , and contact with abrasive substances .	environmental	What type of hazard is noxious chemicals ?
Conversely , clothing may protect the environment from the clothing wearer , as with doctors wearing medical scrubs .	medical scrubs	What type of clothing do doctors wear to protect their surroundings ?
Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards .	Humans	What animal has shown extreme inventiveness in the clothing it has devised ?
Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards .	environmental hazards	What are space suits an example of a solution to ?
Wearing clothes also has social implications .	social	What type of implication might a certain type of clothing have ?
Meanwhile , the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut -- since clothes designed to be fashionable often have protective value and clothes designed for function often consider fashion in their design .	protective	What value may clothing designed to be fashionable also have ?
They cover parts of the body that social norms require to be covered , act as a form of adornment , and serve other social purposes .	social norms	Why are some parts of the body covered ?
Although dissertations on clothing and its function appear from the 19th century as colonising countries dealt with new environments , concerted scientific research into psycho-social , physiological and other functions of clothing -LRB- e.g. protective , cartage -RRB- occurred in the first half of the 20th century , with publications such as J. C. Flügel 's Psychology of Clothes in 1930 , and Newburgh 's seminal Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing in 1949 .	19th	What century do dissertation on clothing first appear from ?
Although dissertations on clothing and its function appear from the 19th century as colonising countries dealt with new environments , concerted scientific research into psycho-social , physiological and other functions of clothing -LRB- e.g. protective , cartage -RRB- occurred in the first half of the 20th century , with publications such as J. C. Flügel 's Psychology of Clothes in 1930 , and Newburgh 's seminal Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing in 1949 .	1930	What year was J. C. Flügel 's Psychology of Clothes published ?
Although dissertations on clothing and its function appear from the 19th century as colonising countries dealt with new environments , concerted scientific research into psycho-social , physiological and other functions of clothing -LRB- e.g. protective , cartage -RRB- occurred in the first half of the 20th century , with publications such as J. C. Flügel 's Psychology of Clothes in 1930 , and Newburgh 's seminal Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing in 1949 .	Newburgh's	Whose book entitled Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing was published in 1949 ?
By 1968 , the field of environmental physiology had advanced and expanded significantly , but the science of clothing in relation to environmental physiology had changed little .	little	How much had the science of clothing in relation to environmental factors changed by 1968 ?
While considerable research has since occurred and the knowledge-base has grown significantly , the main concepts remain unchanged , and indeed Newburgh 's book is still cited by contemporary authors , including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development .	the main concepts	What have remained unchanged while the knowledge has grown ?
Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing , but are nowadays worn by both genders .	Trousers	What is an example of clothing that was once seen as exclusively for males ?
Male clothes are often more practical -LRB- that is , they can function well under a wide variety of situations -RRB- , but a wider range of clothing styles are available for females .	Male	What gender 's clothing is often more practical ?
Males are typically allowed to bare their chests in a greater variety of public places .	their chests	What can males typically bare in more places ?
It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing , while the converse is unusual .	male clothing	What would be unlikely to raise eyebrows if a woman were to wear it ?
It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing , while the converse is unusual .	unusual	What is a common opinion about men wearing women 's clothing ?
In ancient Rome , for example , only senators could wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple .	senators	Who was allowed to wear gamrents dyed with Tyrian purple in ancient Rome ?
In traditional Hawaiian society , only high-ranking chiefs could wear feather cloaks and palaoa , or carved whale teeth .	high-ranking chiefs	Who was allowed to wear feather cloaks and palaoa in old school Hawaiian society ?
Under the Travancore Kingdom of Kerala , -LRB- India -RRB- , lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body .	the right to cover their upper body	What right were lower caste women required to pay a tax to acquire ?
In China , before establishment of the republic , only the emperor could wear yellow .	China	What country once only allowed their emperor to wear yellow ?
In addition , peer pressure influences clothing choice .	clothing choice	What can peer pressure influence ?
According to archaeologists and anthropologists , the earliest clothing likely consisted of fur , leather , leaves , or grass that were draped , wrapped , or tied around the body .	tied around	How was the earliest clothing kept on the body ?
Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential , since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone , bone , shell and metal artifacts .	deteriorate	What does clothing materials do more quickly compared to stone and bone ?
Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC , found near Kostenki , Russia in 1988 .	Archeologists	Who has identified needles from about 30,000 B.C. ?
Dyed flax fibers that could have been used in clothing have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP .	a prehistoric cave	Where have flax fibers which may have been used in clothing found ?
Dyed flax fibers that could have been used in clothing have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP .	Dyed flax fibers	What dates back to 36,000 BP ?
Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes .	Scientists	What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes ?
Ralf Kittler , Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking , anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology , have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that suggests clothing originated quite recently , around 170,000 years ago .	genetic	What type of analysis has been conducted on human body lice ?
Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing , since most humans have sparse body hair , and lice thus require human clothing to survive .	survive	What do lice require human clothing to do ?
Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern Homo sapiens away from the warm climate of Africa , thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago .	northward migration	What may have the invention of clothing happened with ?
For now , the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved .	the date	What about the origin of clothing remains unanswered ?
Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth .	cloth	Various cultures have come up with ways of making clothes from what ?
Many people wore , and still wear , garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit -- for example , the dhoti for men and the sari for women in the Indian subcontinent , the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong .	rectangles	Many people still wear clothes that are what shape ?
Many people wore , and still wear , garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit -- for example , the dhoti for men and the sari for women in the Indian subcontinent , the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong .	Scottish	What nationality wears kilts ?
The clothes may simply be tied up , as is the case of the first two garments ; or pins or belts hold the garments in place , as in the case of the latter two .	garments	Pins or belts hold what in place ?
The precious cloth remains uncut , and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment .	cloth	What precious material may remain uncut ?
By the early years of the 21st century , western clothing styles had , to some extent , become international styles .	western clothing styles	What had somewhat became an international style by the early 21st century ?
The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world , spreading Western culture and styles .	centuries	Cultural dissemination has continued over the what ?
The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world , spreading Western culture and styles .	markets throughout the world	What have Western corporations penetrated ?
The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world , spreading Western culture and styles .	Western media corporations	Who has been spreading Western culture and styles ?
Donated used clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations .	charity organizations	Who donates discard Western clothing to people in poor places ?
Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing , for practical , comfort or safety reasons .	special	Safety reasons may be why someone wears this type of clothing .
Common sportswear garments include shorts , T-shirts , tennis shirts , leotards , tracksuits , and trainers .	sportswear	Leotards are an example of what type of garment ?
Also , spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat .	sweat	What does spandex soak up ?
Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments , such as volleyball , wrestling , track & field , dance , gymnastics and swimming .	Spandex	What 's an example of a form fitting garment ?
Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments , such as volleyball , wrestling , track & field , dance , gymnastics and swimming .	active	What type of sport is wrestling considered ?
The world of clothing is always changing , as new cultural influences meet technological innovations .	technological	Changes keep happening because new cultural stuff meets these type of innovations .
Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles , for example , clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature , repel bullets , project images , and generate electricity .	prototypes	What have researchers in science labs been making ?
Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles , for example , clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature , repel bullets , project images , and generate electricity .	electricity	What elementary force can some specialized fabrics generate ?
Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles , for example , clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature , repel bullets , project images , and generate electricity .	bullets	What can garments made with kevlar resist ?
Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics that are coated with chemical mixtures that reduce the absorption of liquids .	absorption of liquids	Stain-resistant fabrics are coated with chemicals to reduce what ?
Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid-20th century , garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor .	challenging	What type of conditions do many garment works endure ?
Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops , typified by long work hours , lack of benefits , and lack of worker representation .	Mass-produced	What type of clothing is frequently the product of sweatshops ?
Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops , typified by long work hours , lack of benefits , and lack of worker representation .	long work hours	What is a feature of sweatshops beyond lack of benefits and representation ?
While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries , clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly , often staffed by undocumented immigrants .	industrialized	Poor conditions found in developing countries may also be found in what type of nations ?
While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries , clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly , often staffed by undocumented immigrants .	undocumented	What type of immigrant often staff sweatshops ?
Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh , China , India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement -LRB- MFA -RRB- was abolished .	Outsourcing production to low wage countries	The abolishing of the MFA made what possible ?
The MFA , which placed quotas on textiles imports , was deemed a protectionist measure .	textiles imports	What did the MFA put quotas on ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers .	Globalization	What is often identified as the reason for less than ideal working conditions for garment workers ?
Although many countries recognize treaties like the International Labor Organization , which attempt to set standards for worker safety and rights , many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties or failed to thoroughly enforce them .	the International Labor Organization	What treaty tries to set standards for worker safety and rights ?
India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty .	India	What country has failed to ratify sections 87 and 92 of the ILO ?
The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times .	animal fur	What have humans used for clothing since prehistoric times ?
It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive , designer clothing , although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection .	arctic	Indigenous people in what zones use fur for warmth and protection ?
Once uncontroversial , it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that campaigners consider it cruel and unnecessary .	uncontroversial	Using animal fur as clothing was once considered what ?
Once uncontroversial , it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that campaigners consider it cruel and unnecessary .	campaigners	Who considers animal fur to be cruel and unnecessary ?
PETA , along with other animal rights and animal liberation groups have called attention to fur farming and other practices they consider cruel .	PETA	What 's the four letter name of an animal liberation group ?
Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles .	to remove wrinkles	What 's the point of ironing clothing ?
Ironed clothes are believed to look clean , fresh , and neat .	Ironed	What type of clothing is believed to look neat , fresh and clean ?
Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle , and do not require ironing .	knit	What material does n't easily wrinkle ?
Some clothing is permanent press , having been treated with a coating -LRB- such as polytetrafluoroethylene -RRB- that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing .	a coating	Permanent press materials have been treated with what ?
Some clothing is permanent press , having been treated with a coating -LRB- such as polytetrafluoroethylene -RRB- that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing .	wrinkles	What does polytetrafluoroethylene suppress ?
A resin used for making non-wrinkle shirts releases formaldehyde , which could cause contact dermatitis for some people ; no disclosure requirements exist , and in 2008 the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest levels were in non-wrinkle shirts and pants .	A resin	What releases formaldehyde ?
A resin used for making non-wrinkle shirts releases formaldehyde , which could cause contact dermatitis for some people ; no disclosure requirements exist , and in 2008 the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest levels were in non-wrinkle shirts and pants .	formaldehyde	What can cause contact dermatitis for some people ?
A resin used for making non-wrinkle shirts releases formaldehyde , which could cause contact dermatitis for some people ; no disclosure requirements exist , and in 2008 the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest levels were in non-wrinkle shirts and pants .	Accountability	What government office found high levels of formaldehyde in non-wrinkle clothing in 2008 ?
In 1999 , a study of the effect of washing on the formaldehyde levels found that after 6 months after washing , 7 of 27 shirts had levels in excess of 75 ppm , which is a safe limit for direct skin exposure .	75	How many ppm is a safe limit for direct skin exposure to formaldehyde ?
In 1999 , a study of the effect of washing on the formaldehyde levels found that after 6 months after washing , 7 of 27 shirts had levels in excess of 75 ppm , which is a safe limit for direct skin exposure .	6	How many months of washing did a 1999 study look at ?
In past times , mending was an art .	mending	What used to be considered an art , back in the day ?
A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible .	tear	What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible ?
When the raw material -- cloth -- was worth more than labor , it made sense to expend labor in saving it .	worth more than labor	Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth ?
Today clothing is considered a consumable item .	a consumable item	What is clothing considered today ?
The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems .	thrifty	What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons ?
The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team located on the North Side of Chicago , Illinois .	The Chicago Cubs	What American professional baseball team is located on the North side of Chicago , IL ?
The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball -LRB- MLB -RRB- as a members of the National League -LRB- NL -RRB- Central division ; the team plays its home baseball games at Wrigley Field .	the National League	What league are the Chicago Cubs in ?
The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball -LRB- MLB -RRB- as a members of the National League -LRB- NL -RRB- Central division ; the team plays its home baseball games at Wrigley Field .	Wrigley Field	Where do the Chicago Cubs play their home games ?
The team is currently owned by Thomas S. Ricketts , son of TD Ameritrade founder Joe Ricketts .	Joe Ricketts	Who currently owns the Chicago Cubs ?
The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League -LRB- NL -RRB- , eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season .	1876	When did the Chicago Cubs play their first game ?
The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League -LRB- NL -RRB- , eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season .	1903 season	What year did the Chicago Cubs ' name become official ?
Officially , the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club , along with the Atlanta Braves , which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings -LRB- Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league . -RRB-	Atlanta Braves	What other team besides the Chicago Cubs is tied for being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club ?
In 1906 , the franchise recorded a Major League record 116 wins -LRB- tied by the 2001 Seattle Mariners -RRB- and posted a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , which still stands today .	1906	What year did the cubs record a Major League record of 116 wins ?
In 1906 , the franchise recorded a Major League record 116 wins -LRB- tied by the 2001 Seattle Mariners -RRB- and posted a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , which still stands today .	.763	What is the winning percentage the Cubs posted that still stands today ?
The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first Major League team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics , and the first to win it twice .	The Cubs	Who was the first team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics ?
The team has appeared in seven World Series following their 1908 title , most recently in 1945 .	seven	How many world series have the Cubs appeared in ?
The Cubs began play as the Chicago White Stockings , joining the National League -LRB- NL -RRB- as a charter member .	the Chicago White Stockings	Who did the Cubs began play as ?
Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players , such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes , Deacon White , and Adrian `` Cap '' Anson , to join the team prior to the N.L. 's first season .	William Hulbert	When the Cubs started playing , who was their owner ?
The White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds , against the bloods and quickly established themselves as one of the new league 's top teams .	West Side Grounds	Where did the White Stockings play their home games ?
After back-to-back pennants in 1880 and 1881 , Hulbert died , and Spalding , who had retired to start Spalding sporting goods , assumed ownership of the club .	Spalding	Who assumed ownership of the Cubs after Hulbert died ?
The White Stockings , with Anson acting as player/manager , captured their third consecutive pennant in 1882 , and Anson established himself as the game 's first true superstar .	1882	What year did the White Stockings capture their third consecutive pennant ?
In all , the Anson-led Chicago Base Ball Club won six National League pennants between 1876 and 1886 .	six	While Anson led the Chicago cubs how many National League pennants did they win ?
As a result , Chicago 's club nickname transitioned , and by 1890 they had become known as the Chicago Colts , or sometimes `` Anson 's Colts '' , referring to Cap 's influence within the club .	Chicago Colts	What did the Chicago Cubs become know as by 1890 ?
Anson was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits .	Anson	Who was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits ?
In 1902 , Spalding , who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century , sold the club to Jim Hart .	Jim Hart	Who did Spalding sell the Cubs to in 1902 ?
The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902 , although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season .	Chicago Daily News	Who nicknamed the franchise the Cubs in 1902 ?
However , the Cubs have not won a World Series since ; this remains the longest championship drought in North American professional sports .	the Cubs	Who holds the longest championship drought in North American professional sports ?
During this period , which has become known as baseball 's dead-ball era , Cub infielders Joe Tinker , Johnny Evers , and Frank Chance were made famous as a double-play combination by Franklin P. Adams ' poem Baseball 's Sad Lexicon .	Franklin P. Adams	Who wrote the poem Baseball 's Sad Lexicon ?
In 1914 , advertising executive Albert Lasker obtained a large block of the club 's shares and before the 1916 season assumed majority ownership of the franchise .	Albert Lasker	Who obtained a large block of the Cub 's shares in 1914 ?
In 1914 , advertising executive Albert Lasker obtained a large block of the club 's shares and before the 1916 season assumed majority ownership of the franchise .	Albert Lasker	Who assumed majority ownership of the Cubs franchise by the 1916 season ?
Lasker brought in a wealthy partner , Charles Weeghman , the proprietor of a popular chain of lunch counters who had previously owned the Chicago Whales of the short-lived Federal League .	Charles Weeghman	Who did Albert Lasker bring in to be his partner of the Chicago Cubs ?
As principal owners , the pair moved the club from the West Side Grounds to the much newer Weeghman Park , which had been constructed for the Whales only two years earlier , where they remain to this day .	Weeghman Park	Where did the Cubs move to after leaving the West Side Grounds ?
There were some historic moments for the Cubs as well ; In 1930 , Hack Wilson , one of the top home run hitters in the game , had one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history , hitting 56 home runs and establishing the current runs-batted-in record of 191 .	1930	What year did Hack Wilson have one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history ?
In 1935 the Cubs claimed the pennant in thrilling fashion , winning a record 21 games in a row in September .	21	How many games in a row did the Cubs win in a row during 1935 ?
Near the end of the first decade of the double-Bills ' guidance , the Cubs won the NL pennant in 1929 and then achieved the unusual feat of winning a pennant every three years , following up the 1929 flag with league titles in 1932 , 1935 , and 1938 .	1929	What year did the Cubs win the NL pennant ?
Due to the wartime travel restrictions , the first three games of the 1945 World Series were played in Detroit , where the Cubs won two games , including a one-hitter by Claude Passeau , and the final four were played at Wrigley .	wartime travel restrictions	Why were the first three games of the 1945 World Series played in Detroit ?
Due to the wartime travel restrictions , the first three games of the 1945 World Series were played in Detroit , where the Cubs won two games , including a one-hitter by Claude Passeau , and the final four were played at Wrigley .	Wrigley	Where were the final four games of the 1945 World Series played ?
In Game 4 of the Series , the Curse of the Billy Goat was allegedly laid upon the Cubs when P.K. Wrigley ejected Billy Sianis , who had come to Game 4 with two box seat tickets , one for him and one for his goat .	Game 4 of the Series	In what game was the Curse of the Billy Goat allegedly laid upon the Cubs ?
They paraded around for a few innings , but Wrigley demanded the goat leave the park due to its unpleasant odor .	goat	What was ejected from Wrigley park because of it 's bad odor ?
Longtime infielder/manager Phil Cavarretta , who had been a key player during the '45 season , was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the team was unlikely to finish above fifth place .	Phil Cavarretta	Who had been a key player in the 1945 season ?
Longtime infielder/manager Phil Cavarretta , who had been a key player during the '45 season , was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the team was unlikely to finish above fifth place .	the '45 season	What season was Phil Cavarretta a key player for the Cubs ?
Longtime infielder/manager Phil Cavarretta , who had been a key player during the '45 season , was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the team was unlikely to finish above fifth place .	Phil Cavarretta	Who was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the Cubs were unlikely to finish above fifth place ?
In 1969 the Cubs , managed by Leo Durocher , built a substantial lead in the newly created National League Eastern Division by mid-August .	Leo Durocher	Who managed the Cubs in 1969 ?
In 1969 the Cubs , managed by Leo Durocher , built a substantial lead in the newly created National League Eastern Division by mid-August .	National League Eastern Division	The Cubs built a substantial lead in what league under management of Leo Durocher ?
Ken Holtzman pitched a no-hitter on August 19 , and the division lead grew to 8 1⁄2 games over the St. Louis Cardinals and by 9 1⁄2 games over the New York Mets .	August 19	When did Ken Hoitzman pitch a no-hitter ?
In a key play in the second game , on September 11 , Cubs starter Dick Selma threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo , who was nowhere near the bag or the ball .	Dick Selma	Who threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo ?
After the core players of those teams started to move on , the 70s got worse for the team , and they became known as `` The Loveable Losers . ''	the 70s	During what decade did the Cubs become known as `` The Loveable Losers '' ?
Again , the Cubs ' unusually high number of day games is often pointed to as one reason for the team 's inconsistent late season play .	unusually high number of day games	What is often pointed to as the one reason for the Cubs ' inconsistent late season play ?
In 1977 , the team found some life , but ultimately experienced one of its biggest collapses .	1977	What year did the Cubs experience one of their biggest collapses ?
After over a dozen more subpar seasons , in 1981 the Cubs hired GM Dallas Green from Philadelphia to turn around the franchise .	1981	What year did the Cubs hire GM Dallas Green ?
After over a dozen more subpar seasons , in 1981 the Cubs hired GM Dallas Green from Philadelphia to turn around the franchise .	Philadelphia	Where was GM Dallas Green from ?
Green had managed the 1980 Phillies to the World Series title .	Phillies	What team had Dallas Green managed in 1980 ?
Green shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions .	Green	Who shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions ?
In December , 1983 Scott Sanderson was acquired from Montreal in a three-team deal with San Diego for Carmelo Martínez .	December, 1983	When was Scott Sanderson acquired from Montreal ?
In spring training , moves continued : LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier came from Philadelphia on March 26 , for Bill Campbell and a minor leaguer .	March 26	When did LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier come from Philadelphia to the Cubs ?
The team 's commitment to contend was complete when Green made a midseason deal on June 15 to shore up the starting rotation due to injuries to Rick Reuschel -LRB- 5 -- 5 -RRB- and Sanderson .	June 15	When did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation ?
The team 's commitment to contend was complete when Green made a midseason deal on June 15 to shore up the starting rotation due to injuries to Rick Reuschel -LRB- 5 -- 5 -RRB- and Sanderson .	due to injuries to Rick Reuschel (5–5) and Sanderson	Why did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation ?
The deal brought 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher Rick Sutcliffe from the Cleveland Indians .	Rick Sutcliffe	Who was the 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher ?
The deal brought 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher Rick Sutcliffe from the Cleveland Indians .	the Cleveland Indians	Where had Rick Sutcliffe been before moving to the Cubs ?
The shift in the Cubs ' fortunes was characterized June 23 on the `` NBC Saturday Game of the Week '' contest against the St. Louis Cardinals .	NBC Saturday Game of the Week	What contest shift the Cubs ' Fortunes ?
it has since been dubbed simply `` The Sandberg Game . ''	The Sandberg Game	What had the contest between the Cubs and the St. Louis Cardinals been dubbed as ?
With the nation watching and Wrigley Field packed , Sandberg emerged as a superstar with not one , but two game-tying home runs against Cardinals closer Bruce Sutter .	two	How many game-tying home runs did Sandberg get against the Cardinals at the Sandber Game ?
In 1984 , each league had two divisions , East and West .	1984	In what year did the league have two divisions ?
The divisional winners met in a best-of-5 series to advance to the World Series , in a `` 2 -- 3 '' format , first two games were played at the home of the team who did not have home field advantage .	best-of-5 series	The division winners met in what kind of series to advance to the World Series ?
Thus the first two games were played at Wrigley Field and the next three at the home of their opponents , San Diego .	Wrigley Field	Where were the first two games of the 1984 division winners held ?
The confusion may stem from the fact that Major League Baseball did decide that , should the Cubs make it to the World Series , the American League winner would have home field advantage unless the Cubs hosted home games at an alternate site since the Cubs home field of Wrigley Field did not yet have lights .	Wrigley Field did not yet have lights	Why did the cubs need to host their home games at an alternative site ?
Rumor was the Cubs could hold home games across town at Comiskey Park , home of the American League 's Chicago White Sox .	Comiskey Park	Where was it rumored that the Cubs could home their home games ?
Rumor was the Cubs could hold home games across town at Comiskey Park , home of the American League 's Chicago White Sox .	Chicago White Sox	Comiskey Park was the home to what team ?
In the 1983 World Series the Baltimore Orioles of the AL had home field advantage .	Baltimore Orioles	Who had the home field advantage in 1983 ?
In the NLCS , the Cubs easily won the first two games at Wrigley Field against the San Diego Padres .	, the Cubs	Who easily won the first two games in the NLCS ?
In the NLCS , the Cubs easily won the first two games at Wrigley Field against the San Diego Padres .	Wrigley Field	Where did the Cubs easily win the first two games of the NLCS ?
In the NLCS , the Cubs easily won the first two games at Wrigley Field against the San Diego Padres .	San Diego Padres	Who did the cubs play against in the first two games of the NLCS ?
In 1989 , the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field , Don Zimmer 's Cubs were led by a core group of veterans in Ryne Sandberg , Rick Sutcliffe and Andre Dawson , who were boosted by a crop of youngsters such as Mark Grace , Shawon Dunston , Greg Maddux , Rookie of the Year Jerome Walton , and Rookie of the Year Runner-Up Dwight Smith .	1989	What year was the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field ?
In 1989 , the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field , Don Zimmer 's Cubs were led by a core group of veterans in Ryne Sandberg , Rick Sutcliffe and Andre Dawson , who were boosted by a crop of youngsters such as Mark Grace , Shawon Dunston , Greg Maddux , Rookie of the Year Jerome Walton , and Rookie of the Year Runner-Up Dwight Smith .	Jerome Walton	Who was rookie of the year in 1989 ?
In 1989 , the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field , Don Zimmer 's Cubs were led by a core group of veterans in Ryne Sandberg , Rick Sutcliffe and Andre Dawson , who were boosted by a crop of youngsters such as Mark Grace , Shawon Dunston , Greg Maddux , Rookie of the Year Jerome Walton , and Rookie of the Year Runner-Up Dwight Smith .	Dwight Smith	Who was rookie of the year Runner-Up in 1989 ?
This time the Cubs met the San Francisco Giants in the NLCS .	San Francisco Giants	Who did the Cubs meet in the NLCS during 1989 ?
The '98 season would begin on a somber note with the death of legendary broadcaster Harry Caray .	Harry Caray	What legendary broadcaster died in the '98 season ?
After the retirement of Sandberg and the trade of Dunston , the Cubs had holes to fill and the signing of Henry Rodríguez , known affectionately as `` H-Rod '' to bat cleanup provided protection for Sammy Sosa in the lineup , as Rodriguez slugged 31 round-trippers in his first season in Chicago .	Henry Rodríguez	Who was affectionately known as `` H-Rod '' ?
After the retirement of Sandberg and the trade of Dunston , the Cubs had holes to fill and the signing of Henry Rodríguez , known affectionately as `` H-Rod '' to bat cleanup provided protection for Sammy Sosa in the lineup , as Rodriguez slugged 31 round-trippers in his first season in Chicago .	31	How many round-trippers did Rodriguez slug in his first season in Chicago ?
Despite losing fan favorite Grace to free agency , and the lack of production from newcomer Todd Hundley , skipper Don Baylor 's Cubs put together a good season in 2001 .	Don Baylor	Who put together a good season for the Cubs in 2001 ?
The season started with Mack Newton being brought in to preach `` positive thinking . ''	Mack Newton	Who was brought in to preach `` positive thinking '' ?
That run died when Preston Wilson hit a three run walk off homer off of closer Tom `` Flash '' Gordon , which halted the team 's momentum .	Preston Wilson	Who hit a three run walk off homer off of closer Tom `` Flash '' Gordon ?
On July 5 , 2002 the Cubs promoted assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry to the General Manager position .	July 5, 2002	When did the Cubs promote assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry ?
On July 5 , 2002 the Cubs promoted assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry to the General Manager position .	the General Manager position	What was Jim Hendry promoted to ?
The club responded by hiring Dusty Baker and by making some major moves in ' 03 .	Dusty Baker	Who did the Cubs hire in response to Jim Hendry 's promotion ?
Florida shut the Cubs out in Game 5 , but young pitcher Mark Prior led the Cubs in Game 6 as they took a 3 -- 0 lead into the 8th inning and it was at this point when a now-infamous incident took place .	Game 5	In what game did Florida shut the Cubs out ?
Florida shut the Cubs out in Game 5 , but young pitcher Mark Prior led the Cubs in Game 6 as they took a 3 -- 0 lead into the 8th inning and it was at this point when a now-infamous incident took place .	Mark Prior	What pitcher led the Cubs in Game 6 ?
Several spectators attempted to catch a foul ball off the bat of Luis Castillo .	Luis Castillo	Who hit the foul ball that several spectators attempted to catch ?
In 2004 , the Cubs were a consensus pick by most media outlets to win the World Series .	2004	What year did most media outlets pick the Cubs to win the World Series ?
The offseason acquisition of Derek Lee -LRB- who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee-seop Choi -RRB- and the return of Greg Maddux only bolstered these expectation .	Derek Lee	Who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee-seop Choi ?
Despite a mid-season deal for Nomar Garciaparra , misfortune struck the Cubs again .	Nomar Garciaparra	Who was the mid-season deal for ?
Despite the fact that the Cubs had won 89 games , this fallout was decidedly unlovable , as the Cubs traded superstar Sammy Sosa after he had left the season 's final game early and then lied about it publicly .	Sammy Sosa	Who did the Cubs trade after leaving the final game early and lieing about it ?
Despite the fact that the Cubs had won 89 games , this fallout was decidedly unlovable , as the Cubs traded superstar Sammy Sosa after he had left the season 's final game early and then lied about it publicly .	Sammy Sosa	Who was a controversial figure due to a corked-bat incident ?
Additionally , the '04 season led to the departure of popular commentator Steve Stone , who had become increasingly critical of management during broadcasts and was verbally attacked by reliever Kent Mercker .	Steve Stone	What popular commentator left during the '04 season ?
Additionally , the '04 season led to the departure of popular commentator Steve Stone , who had become increasingly critical of management during broadcasts and was verbally attacked by reliever Kent Mercker .	Kent Mercker	Who verbally attacked Steve Stone ?
After finishing last in the NL Central with 66 wins in 2006 , the Cubs re-tooled and went from `` worst to first '' in 2007 .	66	How many wins did the Cubs finish the NL Central with in 2006 ?
In the offseason they signed Alfonso Soriano to a contract at 8 years for $ 136 million , and replaced manager Dusty Baker with fiery veteran manager Lou Piniella .	Alfonso Soriano	Who was signed to a contract at 8 years for $ 136 million ?
In the offseason they signed Alfonso Soriano to a contract at 8 years for $ 136 million , and replaced manager Dusty Baker with fiery veteran manager Lou Piniella .	Lou Piniella	Who replaced Dusty Baker as the Cubs manager ?
The offseason was dominated by three months of unsuccessful trade talks with the Orioles involving 2B Brian Roberts , as well as the signing of Chunichi Dragons star Kosuke Fukudome .	Kosuke Fukudome	What Chunichi Dragons start was signed to the Cubs in 2008 ?
Reed Johnson and Jim Edmonds were added early on and Rich Harden was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July .	Rich Harden	Who was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July ?
The Cubs headed into the All-Star break with the N.L. 's best record , and tied the league record with eight representatives to the All-Star game , including catcher Geovany Soto , who was named Rookie of the Year .	Geovany Soto	Who was named Rookie of the Year in 2008 ?
On September 14 , in a game moved to Miller Park due to Hurricane Ike , Zambrano pitched a no-hitter against the Astros , and six days later the team clinched by beating St. Louis at Wrigley .	Zambrano	Who pitched a no-hitter against the Astros on Spetember 14th ?
The Ricketts family acquired a majority interest in the Cubs in 2009 , ending the Tribune years .	2009	When did the Ricketts family acquire a majority interest in the Cubs ?
Chicago engaged St. Louis in a see-saw battle for first place into August 2009 , but the Cardinals played to a torrid 20 -- 6 pace that month , designating their rivals to battle in the Wild Card race , from which they were eliminated in the season 's final week .	St. Louis	Who did Chicago engage in a see-saw battle for first place into August 2009 ?
The Cubs were plagued by injuries in 2009 , and were only able to field their Opening Day starting lineup three times the entire season .	injuries	What plagued the Cubs in 2009 ?
Rookie Starlin Castro debuted in early May -LRB- 2010 -RRB- as the starting shortstop .	Starlin Castro	Who debuted as the starting shortstop in early May 2010 ?
Rookie Starlin Castro debuted in early May -LRB- 2010 -RRB- as the starting shortstop .	early May (2010)	When did Starlin Castro debut as the starting shortstop ?
On August 22 , Lou Piniella , who had already announced his retirement at the end of the season , announced that he would leave the Cubs prematurely to take care of his sick mother .	Lou Piniella	Who announced on August 22nd they were leaving the Cubs prematurely ?
On August 22 , Lou Piniella , who had already announced his retirement at the end of the season , announced that he would leave the Cubs prematurely to take care of his sick mother .	take care of his sick mother	Why did Lou Piniella leave the cubs prematurely ?
Despite trading for pitcher Matt Garza and signing free-agent slugger Carlos Peña , the Cubs finished the 2011 season 20 games under .500 with a record of 71-91 .	20	How many games under .500 did the Cubs finish the 2011 season with ?
Weeks after the season came to an end , the club was rejuvenated in the form of a new philosophy , as new owner Tom Ricketts signed Theo Epstein away from the Boston Red Sox , naming him club President and giving him a five-year contract worth over $ 18 million , and subsequently discharged manager Mike Quade .	Tom Ricketts	Who was the new owner of the Cubs ?
Weeks after the season came to an end , the club was rejuvenated in the form of a new philosophy , as new owner Tom Ricketts signed Theo Epstein away from the Boston Red Sox , naming him club President and giving him a five-year contract worth over $ 18 million , and subsequently discharged manager Mike Quade .	Theo Epstein	Who did the new owner of the Cubs sign from the Boston Red Sox ?
Weeks after the season came to an end , the club was rejuvenated in the form of a new philosophy , as new owner Tom Ricketts signed Theo Epstein away from the Boston Red Sox , naming him club President and giving him a five-year contract worth over $ 18 million , and subsequently discharged manager Mike Quade .	$18 million	How much was the contract given to Theo Epstein worth ?
Shortly before the trade deadline , the Cubs traded Matt Garza to the Texas Rangers for Mike Olt , C. J. Edwards , Neil Ramirez , and Justin Grimm .	Matt Garza	Who did the Cubs trade to the Texas Rangers for Mike Olt , C.J. Edwards , Neil Ramirez , and Justin Grimm ?
Three days later , the Cubs sent Alfonso Soriano to the New York Yankees for minor leaguer Corey Black .	Alfonso Soriano	Who did the Cubs send to the New York Yankees for minor leaguer Corey Black ?
On September 30 , 2013 , Theo Epstein made the decision to fire manager Dale Sveum after just two seasons at the helm of the Cubs .	September 30, 2013	When did Theo Epstein made the decision to fire Dale Sveum ?
On September 30 , 2013 , Theo Epstein made the decision to fire manager Dale Sveum after just two seasons at the helm of the Cubs .	two seasons	How many seasons did Dale Sveum spend with the Cubs before getting fired ?
On November 2 , 2014 , the Cubs announced that Joe Maddon had signed a five-year contract to be the 54th manager in team history .	November 2, 2014	When did the Cubs announce that Joe Maddon had signed a five-year contract to be the 54th manager ?
On December 10 , 2014 , Maddon announced that the team had signed free agent Jon Lester to a 6-year , $ 155 million contract .	Jon Lester	Who did the team sign on December 10 , 2014 as a free agent ?
On December 10 , 2014 , Maddon announced that the team had signed free agent Jon Lester to a 6-year , $ 155 million contract .	$155 million	How much was Jon Lester 's contract worth ?
The Cubs finished the 2015 season with a record of 97 -- 65 , third best in the majors .	97–65	What was the record the Cubs finished with during the 2015 season ?
On September 23 , 1908 , the Cubs and New York Giants were involved in a tight pennant race .	September 23, 1908	When were the Cubs and New York Giants involved in a tight pennant race ?
On September 23 , 1908 , the Cubs and New York Giants were involved in a tight pennant race .	New York Giants	Who were the Cubs involved with for a tight pennant race on September 23 , 1908 ?
The two clubs were tied in the bottom of the ninth inning at the Polo Grounds , and N.Y. had runners on first and third and two outs when Al Bridwell singled , scoring Moose McCormick from third with the Giants ' apparent winning run , but the runner on first base , rookie Fred Merkle , left the field without touching second base .	Fred Merkle	Who was the runner on first base ?
On October 1 , 1932 , in game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees , Babe Ruth allegedly stepped to the plate , pointed his finger to Wrigley Field 's center field bleachers and hit a long home run to center .	October 1, 1932	When was game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees ?
On October 1 , 1932 , in game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees , Babe Ruth allegedly stepped to the plate , pointed his finger to Wrigley Field 's center field bleachers and hit a long home run to center .	Babe Ruth	Who allegedly hit a home run to the Center ?
There is speculation as to whether the `` facts '' surrounding the story are true or not , but nevertheless Ruth did help the Yankees secure a World Series win that year and the home run accounted for his 15th and last home run in the post season before he retired in 1935 .	1935	When did Babe Ruth retire ?
Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in in 1930 , breaking Lou Gehrig 's MLB record of 176 RBI .	1930	When did Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in ?
Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in in 1930 , breaking Lou Gehrig 's MLB record of 176 RBI .	Hack Wilson	Who Broke Lou Gehrig 's MLB record of 176 RBI ?
The closest anyone has come to the mark in the last 75 years was Manny Ramirez 's 165 RBI in 1999 .	1999	When did Manny Ramirez get his 165 RBI ?
Wilson was named `` Most Useful '' player that year by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America , as the official N.L. Most Valuable Player Award was not awarded until the next season .	"Most Useful" player	What was Wilson named by the Baseball Writer 's Association of America ?
On April 25 , 1976 , at Dodger Stadium , father-and-son protestors ran into the outfield and tried to set fire to a U.S. flag .	April 25, 1976	When did protesters run into the outfield and try to set fire to the U.S. flag ?
On April 25 , 1976 , at Dodger Stadium , father-and-son protestors ran into the outfield and tried to set fire to a U.S. flag .	Dodger Stadium	What stadium did protesters try to burn the U.S. flag ?
When Cubs outfielder Rick Monday noticed the flag on the ground and the man and boy fumbling with matches and lighter fluid , he dashed over and snatched the flag to thunderous applause .	Rick Monday	Who grabbed the flag before protesters could light it on fire ?
In June , 1998 Sammy Sosa exploded into the pursuit of Roger Maris ' home run record .	1998	When did Sammy Sosa explode into pursuit of Roger Maris ' home run record ?
In June , 1998 Sammy Sosa exploded into the pursuit of Roger Maris ' home run record .	Sammy Sosa	Who was in pursuit of Roger Maris ' home run record ?
In June , 1998 Sammy Sosa exploded into the pursuit of Roger Maris ' home run record .	Roger Maris	Sammy Sosa was in pursuit of beating whose home run record ?
Sosa finished with 66 and won the NL MVP Award .	the NL MVP Award	What award did Sammy Sosa win ?
On April 23 , 2008 , against the Colorado Rockies , the Cubs recorded the 10,000 th regular-season win in their franchise 's history dating back to the beginning of the National League in 1876 .	April 23, 2008	When did the Cubs record their 10,000 regular-season win ?
On April 23 , 2008 , against the Colorado Rockies , the Cubs recorded the 10,000 th regular-season win in their franchise 's history dating back to the beginning of the National League in 1876 .	Colorado Rockies	Who did the Cubs record their 10,000 regular-season against ?
On April 23 , 2008 , against the Colorado Rockies , the Cubs recorded the 10,000 th regular-season win in their franchise 's history dating back to the beginning of the National League in 1876 .	1876	When was the beginning of the National League ?
In only his third career start , Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against Houston on May 6 , 1998 .	20	How many batters did Kerry Wood strike out against Houston ?
In only his third career start , Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against Houston on May 6 , 1998 .	May 6, 1998	When did Kerry Wood strike out 20 batters against Houston ?
In only his third career start , Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against Houston on May 6 , 1998 .	Houston	Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against what team ?
107 seasons is the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues , which also includes the National Football League -LRB- NFL -RRB- , the National Basketball Association -LRB- NBA -RRB- , and the National Hockey League -LRB- NHL -RRB- .	107 seasons	What is the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues ?
It is this unfortunate distinction that has led to the club often being known as `` The Lovable Losers . ''	The Lovable Losers	The championship drought has led to the Chicago Cubs being know as what ?
The Chicago Cubs have not won a World Series championship since 1908 , and have not appeared in the Fall Classic since 1945 , although between their postseason appearance in 1984 and their most recent in 2015 , they have made the postseason seven times .	1945	When was the last time the Chicago Cubs appeared in the Fall Classic ?
The Chicago Cubs have not won a World Series championship since 1908 , and have not appeared in the Fall Classic since 1945 , although between their postseason appearance in 1984 and their most recent in 2015 , they have made the postseason seven times .	1908	When was the last time the Chicago Cubs win a World Series championship ?
On May 11 , 2000 , Glenallen Hill , facing Brewers starter Steve Woodard , became the first , and thus far only player , to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story residential building across Waveland Ave , beyond Wrigley Field 's left field wall .	Glenallen Hill	Who was the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave ?
On May 11 , 2000 , Glenallen Hill , facing Brewers starter Steve Woodard , became the first , and thus far only player , to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story residential building across Waveland Ave , beyond Wrigley Field 's left field wall .	May 11, 2000	When did the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave ?
In 1948 , Bill Nicholson barely missed the scoreboard when he launched a home run ball onto Sheffield Avenue and in 1959 , Roberto Clemente came even closer with a home run ball hit onto Waveland Avenue .	Bill Nicholson	Who barely missed the scoreboard when he launched a home run ball onto Sheffield Avenue ?
Before signing a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars in 2012 , the Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with the Peoria Chiefs -LRB- 1985 -- 1995 and 2004 -- 2012 -RRB- .	2012	When did the Cubs sign a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars ?
Before signing a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars in 2012 , the Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with the Peoria Chiefs -LRB- 1985 -- 1995 and 2004 -- 2012 -RRB- .	Peoria Chiefs	The Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with who ?
On September 16 , 2014 the Cubs announced a move of their top Class A affiliate from Daytona in the Florida State League to Myrtle Beach in the Carolina League for the 2015 season .	September 16, 2014	When did the Cubs announce a move of their top class A affiliate from Daytona to Myrtle Beach ?
The Chicago White Stockings , -LRB- today 's Chicago Cubs -RRB- , began spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas in 1886 .	Chicago White Stockings	Who began spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas in 1886 ?
President Albert Spalding -LRB- founder of Spalding Sporting Goods -RRB- and player/manager Cap Anson brought their players to Hot Springs and played at the Hot Springs Baseball Grounds .	Albert Spalding	Who is the founder of Spalding Sporting Goods ?
The Chicago White Stockings , -LRB- today 's Chicago Cubs -RRB- , began spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas in 1886 .	Hot Springs, Arkansas	Whittington Park , Majestic Park , and Fogel Field were all built where ?
The Cubs ' current spring training facility is located in Sloan Park in | Mesa , Arizona , where they play in the Cactus League .	Sloan Park	Where is the Cubs ' current spring training facility located ?
The park seats 15,000 , making it Major League baseball 's largest spring training facility by capacity .	15,000	How many seats are in the Cubs ' Sloan Park training facility ?
Before Sloan Park opened in 2014 , the team played games at HoHoKam Park - Dwight Patterson Field from 1979 .	2014	When did Sloan Park open ?
In addition to Mesa , the club has held spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas -LRB- 1886 , 1896 -- 1900 -RRB- , -LRB- 1909 -- 1910 -RRB- New Orleans -LRB- 1870 , 1907 , 1911 -- 1912 -RRB- ; Champaign , Illinois -LRB- 1901 -- 02 , 1906 -RRB- ; Los Angeles -LRB- 1903 -- 04 , 1948 -- 1949 -RRB- , Santa Monica , California -LRB- 1905 -RRB- ; French Lick , Indiana -LRB- 1908 , 1943 -- 1945 -RRB- ; Tampa , Florida -LRB- 1913 -- 1916 -RRB- ; Pasadena , California -LRB- 1917 -- 1921 -RRB- ; Santa Catalina Island , California -LRB- 1922 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 , 1950 -- 1951 -RRB- ; Rendezvous Park in Mesa -LRB- 1952 -- 1965 -RRB- ; Blair Field in Long Beach , California -LRB- 1966 -RRB- ; and Scottsdale , Arizona -LRB- 1967 -- 1978 -RRB- .	Mesa	Where is Rendezvous Park ?
In addition to Mesa , the club has held spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas -LRB- 1886 , 1896 -- 1900 -RRB- , -LRB- 1909 -- 1910 -RRB- New Orleans -LRB- 1870 , 1907 , 1911 -- 1912 -RRB- ; Champaign , Illinois -LRB- 1901 -- 02 , 1906 -RRB- ; Los Angeles -LRB- 1903 -- 04 , 1948 -- 1949 -RRB- , Santa Monica , California -LRB- 1905 -RRB- ; French Lick , Indiana -LRB- 1908 , 1943 -- 1945 -RRB- ; Tampa , Florida -LRB- 1913 -- 1916 -RRB- ; Pasadena , California -LRB- 1917 -- 1921 -RRB- ; Santa Catalina Island , California -LRB- 1922 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 , 1950 -- 1951 -RRB- ; Rendezvous Park in Mesa -LRB- 1952 -- 1965 -RRB- ; Blair Field in Long Beach , California -LRB- 1966 -RRB- ; and Scottsdale , Arizona -LRB- 1967 -- 1978 -RRB- .	Long Beach, California	Where is Blair Field ?
In addition to Mesa , the club has held spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas -LRB- 1886 , 1896 -- 1900 -RRB- , -LRB- 1909 -- 1910 -RRB- New Orleans -LRB- 1870 , 1907 , 1911 -- 1912 -RRB- ; Champaign , Illinois -LRB- 1901 -- 02 , 1906 -RRB- ; Los Angeles -LRB- 1903 -- 04 , 1948 -- 1949 -RRB- , Santa Monica , California -LRB- 1905 -RRB- ; French Lick , Indiana -LRB- 1908 , 1943 -- 1945 -RRB- ; Tampa , Florida -LRB- 1913 -- 1916 -RRB- ; Pasadena , California -LRB- 1917 -- 1921 -RRB- ; Santa Catalina Island , California -LRB- 1922 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 , 1950 -- 1951 -RRB- ; Rendezvous Park in Mesa -LRB- 1952 -- 1965 -RRB- ; Blair Field in Long Beach , California -LRB- 1966 -RRB- ; and Scottsdale , Arizona -LRB- 1967 -- 1978 -RRB- .	(1967–1978)	Between what years did the club hold spring training in Scottsdale , Arizona ?
Wrigley constructed a ballpark on the island to house the Cubs in spring training : it was built to the same dimensions as Wrigley Field .	a ballpark	What did Wrigley construct on the island to house the Cubs in Spring training ?
However , by 1951 the team chose to leave Catalina Island and spring training was shifted to Mesa , Arizona .	1951	When did the Cubs choose to leave Catalina Island ?
The former location in Mesa is actually the second HoHoKam Park ; the first was built in 1976 as the spring-training home of the Oakland Athletics who left the park in 1979 .	the second HoHoKam Park	Where was the former location in Mesa ?
Apart from HoHoKam Park and Sloan Park the Cubs also have another Mesa training facility called Fitch Park , this complex provides 25,000 square feet -LRB- 2,300 m2 -RRB- of team facilities , including major league clubhouse , four practice fields , one practice infield , enclosed batting tunnels , batting cages , a maintenance facility , and administrative offices for the Cubs .	25,000 square feet	How many square feet does Fitch Park provide ?
The former location in Mesa is actually the second HoHoKam Park ; the first was built in 1976 as the spring-training home of the Oakland Athletics who left the park in 1979 .	1976	When was the spring training home of the Oakland Athletics built ?
Jack Brickhouse manned the Cubs radio and especially the TV booth for parts of five decades , the 34-season span from 1948 to 1981 .	Jack Brickhouse	Who manned the Cubs radio and TV booth for parts of five decades ?
His trademark call `` Hey Hey ! ''	Hey Hey!	What was Jack Brickhouse 's trademark call ?
When he approached retirement age , he personally recommended his successor .	he personally recommended his successor	What did Jack Brickhouse do when he approached his retirement age ?
Harry Caray 's stamp on the team is perhaps even deeper than that of Brickhouse , although his 17-year tenure , from 1982 to 1997 , was half as long .	17-year	How long was Harry Caray 's tenure with the Cubs ?
First , Caray had already become a well-known Chicago figure by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade , after having been a St Louis Cardinals icon for 25 years .	by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade	How did Caray become a well-known Chicago figure ?
First , Caray had already become a well-known Chicago figure by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade , after having been a St Louis Cardinals icon for 25 years .	25 years	How long had Caray been a St Louis Cardinals icon ?
Caray had lively discussions with commentator Steve Stone , who was hand-picked by Harry himself , and producer Arne Harris .	Steve Stone	Who did Harry hand-pick himself ?
Caray often playfully quarreled with Stone over Stone 's cigar and why Stone was single , while Stone would counter with poking fun at Harry being `` under the influence . ''	Stone	Who did Caray often playfully quarrel with ?
Caray often playfully quarreled with Stone over Stone 's cigar and why Stone was single , while Stone would counter with poking fun at Harry being `` under the influence . ''	over Stone's cigar	Why did Caray often playfully quarrel with Stone ?
The Cubs still have a `` guest conductor '' , usually a celebrity , lead the crowd in singing `` Take me out to the ballgame '' during the 7th inning stretch to honor Caray 's memory .	Take me out to the ballgame	What does the crowd sing during the 7th inning to honor Caray 's memory ?
In 1981 , after 6 decades under the Wrigley family , the Cubs were purchased by Tribune Company for $ 20,500,000 .	Tribune Company	What company purchased the Cubs in 1981 ?
In 1981 , after 6 decades under the Wrigley family , the Cubs were purchased by Tribune Company for $ 20,500,000 .	$20,500,000	How much did Tribune Company purchase the Cubs for ?
In 1981 , after 6 decades under the Wrigley family , the Cubs were purchased by Tribune Company for $ 20,500,000 .	6 decades	How long were the Cubs ran under the Wrigley family ?
`` Baseball 's Sad Lexicon , '' also known as `` Tinker to Evers to Chance '' after its refrain , is a 1910 baseball poem by Franklin Pierce Adams .	"Tinker to Evers to Chance"	What was `` Baseball 's Sad Lexicon '' also known as ?
`` Baseball 's Sad Lexicon , '' also known as `` Tinker to Evers to Chance '' after its refrain , is a 1910 baseball poem by Franklin Pierce Adams .	Franklin Pierce Adams	Who wrote `` Baseball 's Sad Lexicon '' ?
`` Baseball 's Sad Lexicon , '' also known as `` Tinker to Evers to Chance '' after its refrain , is a 1910 baseball poem by Franklin Pierce Adams .	"Baseball's Sad Lexicon,	What poem did Franklin Pierce Adams write ?
The official Cubs team mascot is a young bear cub , named Clark , described by the team 's press release as a young and friendly Cub .	a young bear cub	What is the official Cubs team mascot ?
The official Cubs team mascot is a young bear cub , named Clark , described by the team 's press release as a young and friendly Cub .	Clark	What is the official Cubs team mascot 's name ?
Clark made his debut at Advocate Health Care on January 13 , 2014 , the same day as the press release announcing his installation as the club 's first ever official physical mascot .	January 13, 2014	When did Clark make his debut ?
The Cubs had no official physical mascot prior to Clark , though a man in a ` polar bear ' looking outfit , called `` The Bear-man '' -LRB- or Beeman -RRB- , which was mildly popular with the fans , paraded the stands briefly in the early 1990s .	'polar bear' looking outfit	What did `` The Bear-man '' wear as an outfit ?
Through the 2013 season , there were `` Cubbie-bear '' mascots outside of Wrigley on game day , but none are employed by the team .	2013 season	During what season were `` cubbie-bear '' mascots outside of Wrigley on game day ?
Billy Cub , who is played by fan John Paul Weier , had unsuccessfully petitioned the team to become the official mascot .	John Paul Weier	Who played Billy Cub ?
Another unofficial but much more well-known mascot is Ronnie `` Woo Woo '' Wickers who is a longtime fan and local celebrity in the Chicago area .	Ronnie "Woo Woo" Wickers	What is another unofficial well-known mascot ?
He is known to Wrigley Field visitors for his idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games , generally punctuated with an exclamatory `` Woo ! ''	idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games	What is Ronnie known for to Wrigley Field visitors ?
Longtime Cubs announcer Harry Caray dubbed Wickers `` Leather Lungs '' for his ability to shout for hours at a time .	"Leather Lungs	What did Harry Caray dub Wickers ?
Located in Chicago 's Lake View neighborhood , Wrigley Field sits on an irregular block bounded by Clark and Addison Streets and Waveland and Sheffield Avenues .	Chicago's Lake View neighborhood	Where is Wrigley Field located ?
The area surrounding the ballpark is typically referred to as Wrigleyville .	Wrigleyville	What is the area surrounding the ballpark typically referred to ?
Many of the apartment buildings surrounding Wrigley Field on Waveland and Sheffield Avenues have built bleachers on their rooftops for fans to view games and other sell space for advertisement .	bleachers	What have many apartment buildings surrounding Wrigley Field built on their rooftops ?
In 2013 , Tom Ricketts and team president Crane Kenney unveiled plans for a five-year , $ 575 million privately funded renovation of Wrigley Field .	2013	When did Tom Ricketts and Crane Kenney unveil plans for a five-year funded renovation of Wrigley Field ?
In 2013 , Tom Ricketts and team president Crane Kenney unveiled plans for a five-year , $ 575 million privately funded renovation of Wrigley Field .	$575 million	How much money has been funded to the renovation of Wrigley Field ?
Called the 1060 Project , the proposed plans included vast improvements to the stadium 's facade , infrastructure , restrooms , concourses , suites , press box , bullpens , and clubhouses , as well as a 6,000-square foot jumbotron to be added in the left field bleachers , batting tunnels , a 3,000-square-foot video board in right field , and , eventually , an adjacent hotel , plaza , and office-retail complex .	6,000-square foot	How big is the jumbotron going to be ?
The `` Bleacher Bums '' is a name given to fans , many of whom spend much of the day heckling , who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field .	Bleacher Bums	What nickname has been given to the fans who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field ?
The current group is headed by Derek Schaul -LRB- Derek the Five Dollar Kid -RRB- .	Derek Schaul	Who heads the current group ?
Prior to the 2006 season , they were updated , with new shops and private bar -LRB- The Batter 's Eye -RRB- being added , and Bud Light bought naming rights to the bleacher section , dubbing them the Bud Light Bleachers .	the Bud Light Bleachers	What did Bud Light dub the bleacher section ?
In 1975 , a group of Chicago Cubs fans based in Washington , D.C. formed the Emil Verban Society .	1975	What year did a group of Chicago Cubs fans form the Emil Verban Society ?
The society is a select club of high profile Cub fans , currently headed by Illinois Senator Dick Durbin which is named for Emil Verban , who in three seasons with the Cubs in the 1940s batted .280 with 39 runs batted in and one home run .	Illinois Senator Dick Durbin	Who currently heads the Emil Verban Society ?
During the summer of 1969 , a Chicago studio group produced a single record called `` Hey Hey !	1969	What year was the single `` Hey Hey ! Holy Mackerel ! -LRB- The Cubs Song -RRB- '' produced ?
Several members of the Cubs recorded an album called Cub Power which contained a cover of the song .	Cub Power	What was the name of the album several members of the cubs recorded ?
-LRB- The Cubs Song -RRB- '' whose title and lyrics incorporated the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers for the Cubs , Jack Brickhouse and Vince Lloyd .	the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers	What did The Cubs Song incorporate ?
An album entitled Take Me Out to a Cubs Game was released in 2008 .	2008	When was Take Me Out to a Cubs game released ?
It is a collection of 17 songs and other recordings related to the team , including Harry Caray 's final performance of `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' on September 21 , 1997 , the Steve Goodman song mentioned above , and a newly recorded rendition of `` Talkin ' Baseball '' -LRB- subtitled `` Baseball and the Cubs '' -RRB- by Terry Cashman .	17 songs	How many songs are on the Take Me Out to a Cubs Game album ?
It is a collection of 17 songs and other recordings related to the team , including Harry Caray 's final performance of `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' on September 21 , 1997 , the Steve Goodman song mentioned above , and a newly recorded rendition of `` Talkin ' Baseball '' -LRB- subtitled `` Baseball and the Cubs '' -RRB- by Terry Cashman .	September 21, 1997	When was Harry Caray 's final performance of `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' ?
The 1989 film Back to the Future Part II depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series , ending the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues .	Back to the Future Part II	What film depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series ?
In 2015 , the Miami Marlins failed to make the playoffs and were able to make it to the 2015 National League Wild Card round and move on to the 2015 National League Championship Series by October 21 , 2015 , the date where protagonist Marty McFly traveled to the future in the film .	Miami Marlins	What team failed to make it to the playoffs in 2015 ?
However , it was on October 21 that the Cubs were swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS .	October 21	What day were the Cubs swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS ?
Germany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states -LRB- German : Bundesland , or Land -RRB- .	sixteen	How many federal states does Germany have ?
With an emphasis on geographical conditions , Berlin and Hamburg are frequently called Stadtstaaten -LRB- city-states -RRB- , as is the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , which in fact includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven .	Stadtstaaten (city-states)	What are Hamburg and Berlin called ?
With an emphasis on geographical conditions , Berlin and Hamburg are frequently called Stadtstaaten -LRB- city-states -RRB- , as is the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , which in fact includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven .	Bremen and Bremerhaven	The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which two cities ?
Germany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states -LRB- German : Bundesland , or Land -RRB- .	sixteen federal states	How many federal states does Germany have ?
-LSB- a -RSB- Since today 's Germany was formed from an earlier collection of several states , it has a federal constitution , and the constituent states retain a measure of sovereignty .	measure of sovereignty	What do constituent states still have ?
With an emphasis on geographical conditions , Berlin and Hamburg are frequently called Stadtstaaten -LRB- city-states -RRB- , as is the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , which in fact includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven .	Berlin and Hamburg	What are the two major city-states ?
With an emphasis on geographical conditions , Berlin and Hamburg are frequently called Stadtstaaten -LRB- city-states -RRB- , as is the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , which in fact includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven .	Free Hanseatic City of Bremen	What is the name of the city-state that contains Bremen and Bremerhaven ?
The remaining 13 states are called Flächenländer -LRB- literally : area states -RRB- .	Flächenländer	What do Germans call the other 13 states ?
Germany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states -LRB- German : Bundesland , or Land -RRB- .	sixteen	How many states are in Germany ?
With an emphasis on geographical conditions , Berlin and Hamburg are frequently called Stadtstaaten -LRB- city-states -RRB- , as is the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , which in fact includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven .	Berlin and Hamburg	Which cities are called Stadtstaaten , other than Bremen ?
Germany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states -LRB- German : Bundesland , or Land -RRB- .	Bundesland, or Land	What is the German terms for states ?
The remaining 13 states are called Flächenländer -LRB- literally : area states -RRB- .	13	How many states are called `` Flächenländer '' ?
With an emphasis on geographical conditions , Berlin and Hamburg are frequently called Stadtstaaten -LRB- city-states -RRB- , as is the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , which in fact includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven .	Bremen and Bremerhaven	The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which cities ?
The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states -LRB- which were previously under American , British , and French administration -RRB- created in the aftermath of World War II .	1949	What year was the Federal Republic of Germany created ?
The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states -LRB- which were previously under American , British , and French administration -RRB- created in the aftermath of World War II .	World War II	The Federal Republic of Germany was founded after which world war ?
West Berlin , while officially not part of the Federal Republic , was largely integrated and considered as a de facto state .	West Berlin	What area was initially not apart of the Federal Republic of Germany ?
The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states -LRB- which were previously under American , British , and French administration -RRB- created in the aftermath of World War II .	1949	When was the Federal Republic of Germany formed ?
The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states -LRB- which were previously under American , British , and French administration -RRB- created in the aftermath of World War II .	the aftermath of World War II	How did this republic come to be ?
The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states -LRB- which were previously under American , British , and French administration -RRB- created in the aftermath of World War II .	American, British, and French administration	How was the republic controlled at the end World War II ?
West Berlin , while officially not part of the Federal Republic , was largely integrated and considered as a de facto state .	West Berlin	Which state was NOT a part of the Federal Republic in 1949 ?
The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states -LRB- which were previously under American , British , and French administration -RRB- created in the aftermath of World War II .	1949	When was the Federal Republic of Germany created
The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states -LRB- which were previously under American , British , and French administration -RRB- created in the aftermath of World War II .	American, British, and French	Which countries administrations was the Federal Republic of Germany previously under ?
West Berlin , while officially not part of the Federal Republic , was largely integrated and considered as a de facto state .	West Berlin	Which city was originally not a part of the Federal Republic of Germany ?
The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states -LRB- which were previously under American , British , and French administration -RRB- created in the aftermath of World War II .	World War II	What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of ?
In 1952 , following a referendum , Baden , Württemberg-Baden , and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg .	following a referendum	How did Baden-Württemberg form ?
German reunification in 1990 , in which the German Democratic Republic -LRB- East Germany -RRB- ascended into the Federal Republic , resulted in the addition of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-West Pomerania -LRB- in German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern -RRB- , Saxony -LRB- Sachsen -RRB- , Saxony-Anhalt -LRB- Sachsen-Anhalt -RRB- , and Thuringia -LRB- Thüringen -RRB- , as well as the reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state .	German reunification	When did the the Saar Protectorate rejoin the republic ?
German reunification in 1990 , in which the German Democratic Republic -LRB- East Germany -RRB- ascended into the Federal Republic , resulted in the addition of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-West Pomerania -LRB- in German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern -RRB- , Saxony -LRB- Sachsen -RRB- , Saxony-Anhalt -LRB- Sachsen-Anhalt -RRB- , and Thuringia -LRB- Thüringen -RRB- , as well as the reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state .	German reunification	What was it called when East Germany joined the republic ?
German reunification in 1990 , in which the German Democratic Republic -LRB- East Germany -RRB- ascended into the Federal Republic , resulted in the addition of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-West Pomerania -LRB- in German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern -RRB- , Saxony -LRB- Sachsen -RRB- , Saxony-Anhalt -LRB- Sachsen-Anhalt -RRB- , and Thuringia -LRB- Thüringen -RRB- , as well as the reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state .	West and East Berlin	What states formed Berlin in 1990 ?
A regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg as `` Berlin-Brandenburg '' failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg , while a majority of Berliners voted in favour of the merger .	Brandenburg	Who did Berlin fail to merge with in 1996 ?
In 1952 , following a referendum , Baden , Württemberg-Baden , and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg .	Baden-Württemberg	Which city did Baden , Württemberg-Baden , and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge into ?
In 1952 , following a referendum , Baden , Württemberg-Baden , and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg .	1952	In what year did Baden , Württemberg-Baden , and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge ?
In 1957 , the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland .	Saarland	In 1957 , the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city ?
German reunification in 1990 , in which the German Democratic Republic -LRB- East Germany -RRB- ascended into the Federal Republic , resulted in the addition of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-West Pomerania -LRB- in German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern -RRB- , Saxony -LRB- Sachsen -RRB- , Saxony-Anhalt -LRB- Sachsen-Anhalt -RRB- , and Thuringia -LRB- Thüringen -RRB- , as well as the reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state .	1990	When did the German reunification take place ?
A regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg as `` Berlin-Brandenburg '' failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg , while a majority of Berliners voted in favour of the merger .	failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg	Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail ?
Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany .	Federalism	What is an entrenched constitutional principle in Germany ?
According to the German constitution -LRB- called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law -RRB- , some topics , such as foreign affairs and defense , are the exclusive responsibility of the federation -LRB- i.e. , the federal level -RRB- , while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation ; the states retain residual legislative authority for all other areas , including `` culture '' , which in Germany includes not only topics such as financial promotion of arts and sciences , but also most forms of education and job training .	the federation	In Germany , foreign affairs is under the exclusive purvey of what ?
According to the German constitution -LRB- called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law -RRB- , some topics , such as foreign affairs and defense , are the exclusive responsibility of the federation -LRB- i.e. , the federal level -RRB- , while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation ; the states retain residual legislative authority for all other areas , including `` culture '' , which in Germany includes not only topics such as financial promotion of arts and sciences , but also most forms of education and job training .	culture	What is an example of what states retain authority over ?
Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level , the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area : in matters that affect them directly , the states defend their interests at the federal level through the Bundesrat -LRB- literally Federal Council , the upper house of the German Federal Parliament -RRB- and in areas where they have legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties `` with the consent of the federal government '' .	the Bundesrat	The states defend their interests at the federal level through what ?
Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level , the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area : in matters that affect them directly , the states defend their interests at the federal level through the Bundesrat -LRB- literally Federal Council , the upper house of the German Federal Parliament -RRB- and in areas where they have legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties `` with the consent of the federal government '' .	the federal government	Whose consent do the states need to make international treaties ?
The use of the term Länder -LRB- Lands -RRB- dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919 .	the Weimar Constitution of 1919	What does the term Länder date back to ?
Before this time , the constituent states of the German Empire were called Staaten -LRB- States -RRB- .	Staaten	Before 1919 what were the German states called ?
Three Länder call themselves Freistaaten -LRB- Free States , which is the old-fashioned German expression for Republic -RRB- , Bavaria -LRB- since 1919 -RRB- , Saxony -LRB- originally since 1919 and again since 1990 -RRB- , and Thuringia -LRB- since 1994 -RRB- .	Freistaaten	What does Bavaria refer to itself as ?
There is little continuity between the current states and their predecessors of the Weimar Republic with the exception of the three free states , and the two city-states of Hamburg and Bremen .	three	How many free states are there in Germany ?
There is little continuity between the current states and their predecessors of the Weimar Republic with the exception of the three free states , and the two city-states of Hamburg and Bremen .	Hamburg and Bremen	What are the two city-states in Germany ?
A new delimitation of the federal territory keeps being debated in Germany , though `` Some scholars note that there are significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes ... '' , as political scientist Arthur B. Gunlicks remarks .	delimitation of the federal territory	What keeps being debated in Germany ?
He summarizes the main arguments for boundary reform in Germany : '' ... the German system of dual federalism requires strong Länder that have the administrative and fiscal capacity to implement legislation and pay for it from own source revenues .	pay for it from own source revenues	What does Gunlick remark that the German System of dual federalism requires strong Länder to have other than the capacity to implement legislation ?
But several proposals have failed so far ; territorial reform remains a controversial topic in German politics and public perception .	several	How many proposals have failed so far ?
The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796 .	more than 300	The Holy Roman Empire comprised of how many petty states ?
The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars -LRB- 1796 -- 1814 -RRB- .	the Napoleonic Wars	The number of territories was greatly reduced during what ?
After the Congress of Vienna -LRB- 1815 -RRB- , 39 states formed the German Confederation .	the German Confederation	A North German Federation under Prussian hegemony replaced what confederation ?
The empire was dominated by Prussia , which controlled 65 % of the territory and 62 % of the population .	62%	How much of the population did Prussia control ?
The empire was dominated by Prussia , which controlled 65 % of the territory and 62 % of the population .	65%	How much of the land did Prussia control ?
During the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments .	Allied military governments	Who redrew Germany 's internal borders after World War II ?
No single state comprised more than 30 % of either population or territory ; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia had been in the past .	30%	No single state comprised of how much of the population after World War II ?
Initially , only seven of the pre-War states remained : Baden -LRB- in part -RRB- , Bavaria -LRB- reduced in size -RRB- , Bremen , Hamburg , Hesse -LRB- enlarged -RRB- , Saxony , and Thuringia .	seven	After WWII how many states initially remained in Germany ?
Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line fell under either Polish or Soviet administration but attempts were made at least symbolically not to abandon sovereignty well into the 1960s .	Polish or Soviet administration	Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line went under which countries administration ?
However , no attempts were made to establish new states in these territories as they lay outside the jurisdiction of West Germany at that time .	no attempts	How many made to establish new states in the territories lying east of the Oder-Neisse Line ?
Upon its founding in 1949 , West Germany had eleven states .	eleven	How many states did West Germany have at its founding ?
West Berlin was under the sovereignty of the Western Allies and neither a Western German state nor part of one .	Western Allies	What was West Berlin under the sovereignty of ?
West Berlin was under the sovereignty of the Western Allies and neither a Western German state nor part of one .	neither a Western German state nor part of one	Which state was West Berlin apart of ?
From 1957 , when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and formed into the Saarland , the Federal Republic consisted of ten states , which are referred to as the `` Old States '' today .	1957	When did the Saarland form ?
These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states -LRB- South Baden , Württemberg-Hohenzollern , and Württemberg-Baden -RRB- merged to form Baden-Württemberg .	1952	How many states was Germany reduced to in 1952
Later , the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people .	had successfully achieved the unity of Germany	What was the German constitution later amended to say about the citizens of the 16 states ?
Article 23 , which had allowed `` any other parts of Germany '' to join , was rephrased .	"any other parts of Germany" to join	Article 23 , before it was rephrased allowed what ?
It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the Saar Protectorate as the Saarland into the Federal Republic , and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990 .	Saar Protectorate	Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate ?
The amended article now defines the participation of the Federal Council and the 16 German states in matters concerning the European Union .	the 16 German states	The amended article 23 now defines the participation of the Federal Council and what else ?
A new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before .	new delimitation of the federal territory	What has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 ?
Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states ; academics -LRB- Rutz , Miegel , Ottnad etc. -RRB- and politicians -LRB- Döring , Apel , and others -RRB- made proposals -- some of them far-reaching -- for redrawing boundaries but hardly anything came of these public discussions .	a reduction of the number of states	What have experts advocated in regards to delimitation ?
Territorial reform is sometimes propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers .	Territorial reform	What is propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers ?
The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution .	1919	When did the debate on delimitation begin in Germany ?
Hugo Preuss , the father of the Weimar Constitution , drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states .	Hugo Preuss	Who was the father of the Weimar Constitution ?
Hugo Preuss , the father of the Weimar Constitution , drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states .	14	How many states was the German Reich to divided into ?
In fact , until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states : The 7 Thuringian states were merged in 1920 , whereby Coburg opted for Bavaria , Pyrmont joined Prussia in 1922 , and Waldeck did so in 1929 .	four	Until 1933 how many configurations in the German states occurred ?
In fact , until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states : The 7 Thuringian states were merged in 1920 , whereby Coburg opted for Bavaria , Pyrmont joined Prussia in 1922 , and Waldeck did so in 1929 .	1922	When did Pyrmont join Prussia ?
After the Nazi Party seized power in January 1933 , the Länder increasingly lost importance .	January 1933	When did the Nazi Party seize power ?
They became administrative regions of a centralised country .	They became administrative regions	What happened to the Länder as they lost importance during the Nazi regime ?
Three changes are of particular note : on January 1 , 1934 , Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with the neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz ; and , by the Greater Hamburg Act -LRB- Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz -RRB- , from April 1 , 1937 , the area of the city-state was extended , while Lübeck lost its independence and became part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein .	Mecklenburg-Strelitz	on January 1 , 1934 , Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with which state ?
Three changes are of particular note : on January 1 , 1934 , Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with the neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz ; and , by the Greater Hamburg Act -LRB- Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz -RRB- , from April 1 , 1937 , the area of the city-state was extended , while Lübeck lost its independence and became part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein .	April 1, 1937	When did the Greater Hamburg Act occur ?
Three changes are of particular note : on January 1 , 1934 , Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with the neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz ; and , by the Greater Hamburg Act -LRB- Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz -RRB- , from April 1 , 1937 , the area of the city-state was extended , while Lübeck lost its independence and became part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein .	Schleswig-Holstein	Which Prussian province did Lübeck become a part of ?
There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory : the Federal Territory must be revised ... -LRB- paragraph 1 -RRB- .	the Federal Territory must be revised	In the revision of Article 29 , what was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory ?
If at least one tenth of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections were in favour of a revision , the federal government had to include the proposal into its legislation .	one tenth	How much of the population must have been in favor of the revision ?
Then a referendum was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed -LRB- paragraph 3 -RRB- .	a referendum	What was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed ?
The reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force -LRB- paragraph 6 -RRB- .	paragraph 6	Which paragraph stated that reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force ?
In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954 , France offered to establish an independent `` Saarland '' , under the auspices of the Western European Union -LRB- WEU -RRB- , but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7 % to 32.3 % -LRB- out of a 96.5 % turnout : 423,434 against , 201,975 for -RRB- despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan .	Paris Agreements	In what negotiation did France offer to establish the independent Saarland ?
In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954 , France offered to establish an independent `` Saarland '' , under the auspices of the Western European Union -LRB- WEU -RRB- , but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7 % to 32.3 % -LRB- out of a 96.5 % turnout : 423,434 against , 201,975 for -RRB- despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan .	67.7%	In the 23 October 1955 Saar Statute referendum , what percentage opposed the formation of the Saarland ?
In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954 , France offered to establish an independent `` Saarland '' , under the auspices of the Western European Union -LRB- WEU -RRB- , but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7 % to 32.3 % -LRB- out of a 96.5 % turnout : 423,434 against , 201,975 for -RRB- despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan .	96.5%	What was the Saar Statute referendum voter turnout ?
In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954 , France offered to establish an independent `` Saarland '' , under the auspices of the Western European Union -LRB- WEU -RRB- , but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7 % to 32.3 % -LRB- out of a 96.5 % turnout : 423,434 against , 201,975 for -RRB- despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan .	Chancellor Konrad Adenauer	Which political figure supported the Saar Statute referendum ?
The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany .	join the Federal Republic of Germany.	The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what ?
Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years .	three	Paragraph 6 of Article 29 states that a referendum , in the event of a successful petition should be held within how many years ?
Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958 .	filed a constitutional complaint	What did the Hesse state government due when the May 5 , 1958 deadline passed ?
The complaint was dismissed in July 1961 on the grounds that Article 29 had made the new delimitation of the federal territory an exclusively federal matter .	July 1961	When was the Hesse state government 's complaint dismissed ?
The complaint was dismissed in July 1961 on the grounds that Article 29 had made the new delimitation of the federal territory an exclusively federal matter .	exclusively federal matter	On what grounds was the Hesse state government 's complaint dismissed
In his investiture address , given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn , Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order .	Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order	What did Chancellor Willy Brandt propose in his 28 October 1969 address ?
In his investiture address , given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn , Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order .	Bonn	Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his 28 October 1969 address ?
An expert commission was established , named after its chairman , the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst .	Werner Ernst	An expert commission was established under which chairman ?
In the Center and South West either Rhineland-Palatinate -LRB- with the exception of the Germersheim district but including the Rhine-Neckar region -RRB- should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland -LRB- solution C -RRB- , the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-Württemberg .	the district of Germersheim	When did the expert commission deliver its report ?
In the Center and South West either Rhineland-Palatinate -LRB- with the exception of the Germersheim district but including the Rhine-Neckar region -RRB- should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland -LRB- solution C -RRB- , the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-Württemberg .	Baden-Württemberg	Which state would the district of Germersheim be a part of ?
The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany , the federal constitution , stipulates that the structure of each Federal State 's government must `` conform to the principles of republican , democratic , and social government , based on the rule of law '' -LRB- Article 28 -RRB- .	Article 28	Which article stipulates that the structure of each Federal State 's government must `` conform to the principles of republican , democratic , and social government , based on the rule of law '' ?
Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Ministerpräsident -LRB- Minister-President -RRB- , together with a unicameral legislative body known as the Landtag -LRB- State Diet -RRB- .	Ministerpräsident	Most states are governed by what figure ?
Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Ministerpräsident -LRB- Minister-President -RRB- , together with a unicameral legislative body known as the Landtag -LRB- State Diet -RRB- .	Landtag	What are most state legislatures called ?
The states are parliamentary republics and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system : the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years -LRB- depending on the state -RRB- , and the Minister-President is then chosen by a majority vote among the Landtag 's members .	a majority vote among the Landtag's members	How is the Minister President chosen ?
The Minister-President appoints a cabinet to run the state 's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state 's government .	a cabinet	Who does Minister-President choose to run state agencies ?
The governments in Berlin , Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate .	Senate	What are the governments in Berlin , Bremen and Hamburg called ?
In the three free states of Bavaria , Saxony , and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government -LRB- Staatsregierung -RRB- , and in the other ten states the term Land Government -LRB- Landesregierung -RRB- is used .	the State Government	What is the government called in the three free states of Bavaria , Saxony , and Thuringia ?
Before January 1 , 2000 , Bavaria had a bicameral parliament , with a popularly elected Landtag , and a Senate made up of representatives of the state 's major social and economic groups .	a bicameral parliament	What did Bavaria 's government have before 2001 ?
In each of those cities , the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight , selected by the state 's parliament ; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers in the larger states .	eight	How many people are in the executive branch senate in Berlin ?
The parliament for Berlin is called the Abgeordnetenhaus -LRB- House of Representatives -RRB- , while Bremen and Hamburg both have a Bürgerschaft .	Abgeordnetenhaus	The parliament in Berlin is called what ?
The Districts of Germany -LRB- Kreise -RRB- are administrative districts , and every state except the city-states of Berlin , Hamburg , and Bremen consists of `` rural districts '' -LRB- Landkreise -RRB- , District-free Towns/Cities -LRB- Kreisfreie Städte , in Baden-Württemberg also called `` urban districts '' , or Stadtkreise -RRB- , cities that are districts in their own right , or local associations of a special kind -LRB- Kommunalverbände besonderer Art -RRB- , see below .	administrative districts	What are the districts of Germany considered ?
The Districts of Germany -LRB- Kreise -RRB- are administrative districts , and every state except the city-states of Berlin , Hamburg , and Bremen consists of `` rural districts '' -LRB- Landkreise -RRB- , District-free Towns/Cities -LRB- Kreisfreie Städte , in Baden-Württemberg also called `` urban districts '' , or Stadtkreise -RRB- , cities that are districts in their own right , or local associations of a special kind -LRB- Kommunalverbände besonderer Art -RRB- , see below .	"rural districts"	Every state , other than the free states , consist of districts called what ?
The state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen consists of two urban districts , while Berlin and Hamburg are states and urban districts at the same time .	two	How many urban districts are in Bremen ?
The state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen consists of two urban districts , while Berlin and Hamburg are states and urban districts at the same time .	urban districts	Berlin and Hamburg are states and what else at the same time ?
Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level .	one or more Kreisfreie Städte	Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with what ?
Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level .	administrative entities at the district level	What do local associations replace ?
They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level .	simplification of administration	What are local associations intended to implement ?
Typically , a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland are grouped into such an association , or Kommunalverband besonderer Art .	Kommunalverband besonderer Art	What is the association a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland typically grouped into ?
Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state , since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states .	the issuing of special laws	What does a Kommunalverband besonderer Art require ?
Municipalities -LRB- Gemeinden -RRB- : Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities , while every urban district is a municipality in its own right .	municipalities	Every rural district is subdivided into what ?
Municipalities -LRB- Gemeinden -RRB- : Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities , while every urban district is a municipality in its own right .	municipality	Every urban district is what in its own right ?
There are -LRB- as of 6 March 2009 -LSB- update -RSB- -RRB- 12,141 municipalities , which are the smallest administrative units in Germany .	12,141	How many municipalities are there ?
Municipalities -LRB- Gemeinden -RRB- : Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities , while every urban district is a municipality in its own right .	a municipality	What is the smallest administrative unit in Germany ?
Cities and towns are municipalities as well , also having city rights or town rights -LRB- Stadtrechte -RRB- .	Stadtrechte	What are town rights called ?
Under this broad statement of competence , local governments can justify a wide range of activities .	local governments can justify	Municipalities have how many major policy responsibilities ?
Second , Article 28 -LRB- 2 -RRB- of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities `` the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law . ''	Article 28(2)	What article grants the municipalities `` the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law .
Under this broad statement of competence , local governments can justify a wide range of activities .	a wide range of activities	Under Article 28 -LRB- 2 -RRB- local governments can justify what ?
For instance , many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial trading estates .	development	What is one way municipalities develop the economic infrastructure ?
The Korean War -LRB- in South Korean Hangul : 한국전쟁 , Hanja : 韓國戰爭 , Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosungul : 조국해방전쟁 , Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng , `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 -RRB- -LSB- a -RSB- was started when North Korea invaded South Korea .	1950	In what year did the Korean War begin ?
The Korean War -LRB- in South Korean Hangul : 한국전쟁 , Hanja : 韓國戰爭 , Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosungul : 조국해방전쟁 , Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng , `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 -RRB- -LSB- a -RSB- was started when North Korea invaded South Korea .	North Korea invaded South Korea	What caused the start of the Korean War ?
The Korean War -LRB- in South Korean Hangul : 한국전쟁 , Hanja : 韓國戰爭 , Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosungul : 조국해방전쟁 , Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng , `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 -RRB- -LSB- a -RSB- was started when North Korea invaded South Korea .	Korea	What country was divided at the end of World War II ?
The United Nations , with United States as the principal force , came to aid of South Korea .	United States	Which country aided South Korea during the war ?
The Korean War -LRB- in South Korean Hangul : 한국전쟁 , Hanja : 韓國戰爭 , Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosungul : 조국해방전쟁 , Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng , `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 -RRB- -LSB- a -RSB- was started when North Korea invaded South Korea .	27 July 1953	When did the Korean War end ?
U.S. forces subsequently occupied the south and Japan surrendered .	Japan	What nation ruled Korea in 1910 ?
In August 1945 , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and -- by agreement with the United States -- occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel .	north of the 38th parallel	What part of Korea did the Soviet Union occupy ?
U.S. forces subsequently occupied the south and Japan surrendered .	U.S. forces	Who occupied Korea south of the 38th parallel ?
On that day , the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire .	United Nations Security Council	What United Nation 's committee considered the invasion of Korea to be an act of aggression ?
Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea , with the United States providing 88 % of the UN 's military personnel .	Twenty-one	How many countries assisted in the defense of South Korea ?
After the first two months of the conflict , South Korean forces were on the point of defeat , forced back to the Pusan Perimeter .	Pusan Perimeter	At the beginning of the conflict , where were South Korean forces pushed back to ?
Those that escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River , or into the mountainous interior .	China	In 1950 , what country got involved in the war ?
After these dramatic reversals of fortune , which saw Seoul change hands four times , the last two years of conflict became a war of attrition , with the front line close to the 38th parallel .	four	How many times did the control of Seoul change ?
After these dramatic reversals of fortune , which saw Seoul change hands four times , the last two years of conflict became a war of attrition , with the front line close to the 38th parallel .	close to the 38th parallel	On land , where was the last two years of the war fought ?
Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history , and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their Communist allies .	air-to-air combat	What type of combat was seen for the first time in the history of war ?
In China , the war is officially called the `` War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea '' -LRB- simplified Chinese : 抗美援朝战争 ; traditional Chinese : 抗美援朝戰爭 ; pinyin : Kàngměiyuáncháo zhànzhēng -RRB- , although the term `` Chaoxian -LRB- Korean -RRB- War '' -LRB- simplified Chinese : 朝鲜战争 ; traditional Chinese : 朝鮮戰爭 ; pinyin : Cháoxiǎn zhànzhēng -RRB- is also used in unofficial contexts , along with the term `` Korean Conflict '' -LRB- simplified Chinese : 韩战 ; traditional Chinese : 韓戰 ; pinyin : Hán Zhàn -RRB- more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau .	War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea	In , China what is the war officially called ?
In China , the war is officially called the `` War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea '' -LRB- simplified Chinese : 抗美援朝战争 ; traditional Chinese : 抗美援朝戰爭 ; pinyin : Kàngměiyuáncháo zhànzhēng -RRB- , although the term `` Chaoxian -LRB- Korean -RRB- War '' -LRB- simplified Chinese : 朝鲜战争 ; traditional Chinese : 朝鮮戰爭 ; pinyin : Cháoxiǎn zhànzhēng -RRB- is also used in unofficial contexts , along with the term `` Korean Conflict '' -LRB- simplified Chinese : 韩战 ; traditional Chinese : 韓戰 ; pinyin : Hán Zhàn -RRB- more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau .	Korean Conflict	What did Macau and Hong Kong call the Korean War ?
In China , the war is officially called the `` War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea '' -LRB- simplified Chinese : 抗美援朝战争 ; traditional Chinese : 抗美援朝戰爭 ; pinyin : Kàngměiyuáncháo zhànzhēng -RRB- , although the term `` Chaoxian -LRB- Korean -RRB- War '' -LRB- simplified Chinese : 朝鲜战争 ; traditional Chinese : 朝鮮戰爭 ; pinyin : Cháoxiǎn zhànzhēng -RRB- is also used in unofficial contexts , along with the term `` Korean Conflict '' -LRB- simplified Chinese : 韩战 ; traditional Chinese : 韓戰 ; pinyin : Hán Zhàn -RRB- more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau .	unofficial contexts	When is the term ` Chaoxian War ' used as a name for the Korean War ?
Korea was considered to be part of the Empire of Japan as an industrialized colony along with Taiwan , and both were part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere .	Empire of Japan	Along with Taiwan , what empire was Korea considered to be apart of ?
In 1937 , the colonial Governor-General , General Jirō Minami , commanded the attempted cultural assimilation of Korea 's 23.5 million people by banning the use and study of Korean language , literature , and culture , to be replaced with that of mandatory use and study of their Japanese counterparts .	General Jirō Minami	Who was the colonial Governor-General that mandated cultural assimilation of Korea 's people ?
In 1937 , the colonial Governor-General , General Jirō Minami , commanded the attempted cultural assimilation of Korea 's 23.5 million people by banning the use and study of Korean language , literature , and culture , to be replaced with that of mandatory use and study of their Japanese counterparts .	Japanese	What language were the Korean people forced to learn ?
Starting in 1939 , the populace was required to use Japanese names under the Sōshi-kaimei policy .	Sōshi-kaimei policy	What policy forced Koreans to change their names to Japanese names ?
Conscription of Koreans for labor in war industries began in 1939 , with as many as 2 million Koreans conscripted into either the Japanese Army or into the Japanese labor force .	Conscription	In 1939 , what caused nearly 2 million Koreans to be forced into the labor force or the army ?
Japanese forces in Korea increased from 46,000 soldiers in 1941 to 300,000 in 1945 .	300,000	How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945 ?
Japanese Korea conscripted 2.6 million forced laborers controlled with a collaborationist Korean police force ; some 723,000 people were sent to work in the overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan .	overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan	Where were 723,000 Koreans sent to work ?
Japanese Korea conscripted 2.6 million forced laborers controlled with a collaborationist Korean police force ; some 723,000 people were sent to work in the overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan .	Korean police force	Who did Japan collaborate with to help control the citizens of Korea ?
By January 1945 , Koreans made up 32 % of Japan 's labor force .	32%	By 1945 , what percentage of Koreans made up the Japanese labor force ?
By 1942 , Korean men were being conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army .	Imperial Japanese Army	What army were Korean men conscripted into ?
On the night of 10 August in Washington , American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel .	dividing the Korean Peninsula	What job were Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III given ?
This was incorporated into America 's General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August .	General Order No. 1	What order was the division of Korea included in ?
On the night of 10 August in Washington , American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel .	Soviet and U.S. occupation zones	What two areas was Korea divided into ?
Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel , Rusk observed , `` even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces , in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops '' .	the capital of Korea	What was a factor in deciding where to divide the occupation zones ?
Stalin , however , maintained his wartime policy of co-operation , and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south .	Stalin	Who had to agree to the US 's decision to divide Korea at the 38th parallel ?
On 8 September 1945 , U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel .	Gen. John R. Hodge	Who accepted Japan 's surrender ?
Appointed as military governor , General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea -LRB- USAMGIK 1945 -- 48 -RRB- .	United States Army Military Government in Korea	What was General Hodge appointed the head of ?
The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short-lived People 's Republic of Korea -LRB- PRK -RRB- because it suspected it was communist .	People's Republic of Korea	What government was not recognized by the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea ?
The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short-lived People 's Republic of Korea -LRB- PRK -RRB- because it suspected it was communist .	it was communist	Why was the People 's Republic of Korea not recognized ?
He established control by restoring to power the key Japanese colonial administrators , but in the face of Korean protests he quickly reversed this decision .	Japanese colonial administrators	Who did General Hodge restore power to , resulting in protests ?
Civil disorder spread throughout the country in what became known as the Autumn uprising .	the Autumn uprising	What is the civil disobedience caused by the railroad worker 's strike called ?
On 1 October 1946 , Korean police killed three students in the Daegu Uprising ; protesters counter-attacked , killing 38 policemen .	1946	When was the Daegu Uprising ?
On 3 October , some 10,000 people attacked the Yeongcheon police station , killing three policemen and injuring some 40 more ; elsewhere , some 20 landlords and pro-Japanese South Korean officials were killed .	10,000	How many people attacked the Yeongcheon police station ?
On 23 September 1946 , an 8,000-strong railroad worker strike began in Pusan .	23 September 1946	When did the Pusasn railroad strike begin ?
The USAMGIK declared martial law .	declared martial law	How did the USAMGIK respond to the uprisings ?
Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress , the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea .	hold an election	What did the Joint Commission 's lack of progress cause the US government to do ?
The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair , and many South Korean politicians also boycotted it .	it would not be fair	Why did the Korean Communists and the Soviets refuse to cooperate in the elections and creation of independent Korea ?
A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948 .	10 May 1948	When was the South Korean general election held ?
It was marred by terrorism and sabotage resulting in 600 deaths .	terrorism and sabotage	What problems did the elections face ?
North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August .	North Korea	Who held parliamentary elections on August 25 , 1948 ?
The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948 , and elected Syngman Rhee as President on 20 July 1948 .	1948	When was South Korea 's constitution created ?
The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948 , and elected Syngman Rhee as President on 20 July 1948 .	Syngman Rhee	Who was elected president of South Korea on July 20 , 1948 ?
The Republic of Korea -LRB- South Korea -RRB- was established on 15 August 1948 .	1948	What year was the Republic of Korea established ?
In the Russian Korean Zone of Occupation , the Soviet Union established a Communist North Korean government led by Kim Il-sung .	Kim Il-sung	Who led the Russian Koran Zone of Occupation ?
President Rhee 's régime excluded communists and leftists from southern politics .	communists and leftists	What two groups were excluded from the South Korean political process ?
While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria , they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower .	North Korean government	Who supported the Chinese Communists during the civil war in Manchuria ?
With the end of the war with Japan , the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists .	Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists	What two groups were fighting in the Chinese Civil War ?
While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria , they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower .	supremacy in Manchuria	What did the Chinese Communists want ?
According to Chinese sources , the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of matériel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army -LRB- PLA -RRB- during the war .	Chinese People's Liberation Army	What army did North Koreans serve in during the civil war ?
According to Chinese sources , the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of matériel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army -LRB- PLA -RRB- during the war .	2,000 railway cars worth	How much material did the North Koreans give to the Chinese communists ?
China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea .	China	What country helped North Korea invade South Korea ?
The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 .	1949	When was the People 's Republic of China created ?
The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists , and Kim Il-sung 's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu , who was later purged by Kim .	Chinese support	What caused a problem within the Korean Communist Party ?
The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists , and Kim Il-sung 's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu , who was later purged by Kim .	Pak Il-yu	Who led the faction that challenged Kim-Il-sung ?
China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea .	the North Koreans	Who did China pledge to support if a conflict should occur between North and South Korea ?
After the formation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , the Chinese government named the Western nations , led by the United States , as the biggest threat to its national security .	Western nations	What country did China see as a threat to the People 's Republic of China ?
Basing this judgment on China 's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century , American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War , and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries , the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States ' crusade against Communism .	China	Where was it believed that that fight against Communism would take place ?
As a countermeasure and to elevate China 's standing among the worldwide Communist movements , the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China 's periphery .	promoted Communist revolutions	To show their strength in the international Communist movement , what did China do ?
Basing this judgment on China 's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century , American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War , and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries , the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States ' crusade against Communism .	the Nationalists	Who did America support during the Chinese Civil War ?
The Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb in September 1949 ; American soldiers had fully withdrawn from Korea ; the Americans had not intervened to stop the communist victory in China , and Stalin calculated that the Americans would be even less willing to fight in Korea -- which had seemingly much less strategic significance .	1949	When did the Soviets first detonate a nuclear bomb ?
Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments , including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino -- Soviet Friendship , Alliance , and Mutual Assistance Treaty .	Sino–Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty	What treaty did Stalin and China enter into ?
The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the US to communicate with the US embassy in Moscow , and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation .	US	What country did not prevent a Communist victory in China ?
The Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb in September 1949 ; American soldiers had fully withdrawn from Korea ; the Americans had not intervened to stop the communist victory in China , and Stalin calculated that the Americans would be even less willing to fight in Korea -- which had seemingly much less strategic significance .	Stalin	Who was convinced that the US did was no longer interested in Korea ?
Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments , including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino -- Soviet Friendship , Alliance , and Mutual Assistance Treaty .	Asia	Where did Stalin engage in an aggressive political strategy ?
Mao was concerned that the Americans would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion .	Mao	Who had to agree to send reinforcements for Stalin to give permission for the invasion of Korea ?
Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat , to avoid a direct war with the Americans .	the Americans	Who did the Soviets not want to engage in conflict ?
Mao was concerned that the Americans would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion .	the Americans would intervene	What concern did Mao have about the South Korean invasion ?
China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets .	China	Who needed Soviet financial and military aid ?
Once Mao 's commitment was secured , preparations for war accelerated .	preparations for war	What did Mao 's assistance allow North Korea to accelerate ?
Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group .	Soviet generals	Who did the Soviets send to North Korea ?
The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea .	Ongjin Peninsula	Where did the conflict in South Korea begin ?
Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group .	the Soviet Advisory Group	What were the generals sent to North Korea collectively called ?
These generals completed the plans for the attack by May .	May	When did the generals finalize their attack strategy ?
On 7 June 1950 , Kim Il-sung called for a Korea-wide election on 5 -- 8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15 -- 17 June 1950 .	Kim Il-sung	Who called for Korean elections in 1950 ?
On 11 June , the North sent three diplomats to the South , as a peace overture that Rhee rejected .	Rhee	Who rejected the peace gesture ?
On 21 June , Kim Il-Sung revised his war plan to involve general attack across the 38th parallel , rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula .	revised his war plan	What did Kim Il-Sung do after the peace overture was rejected ?
Kim was concerned that South Korean agents had learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses .	South Korean agents had learned about the plans	Why did Kim 's war plan need revising ?
On 7 June 1950 , Kim Il-sung called for a Korea-wide election on 5 -- 8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15 -- 17 June 1950 .	1950	When did Kim Il-Sung call for the Haeju conference ?
While these preparations were underway in the North , there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel , especially at Kaesong and Ongjin , many initiated by the South .	the South	Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel ?
The Republic of Korea Army -LRB- ROK Army -RRB- was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group -LRB- KMAG -RRB- .	U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group	What group trained the Republic of Korea army ?
On the eve of war , KMAG 's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide `` target practice '' .	General William Lynn Roberts	What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea 's army ?
For his part , Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North , including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June .	Syngman Rhee	Who wanted to take over North Korea ?
For his part , Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North , including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June .	John Foster Dulles	Who was the diplomat that visited Korea ?
At dawn on Sunday , 25 June 1950 , the Korean People 's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire .	Korean People's Army	Who provoked a conflict by crossing the 38th parallel ?
Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west .	Ongjin peninsula	Where did the fighting begin ?
There were initial South Korean claims that they had captured the city of Haeju , and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans actually fired first .	the South Koreans	Who claimed to have taken control of Haeju ?
There were initial South Korean claims that they had captured the city of Haeju , and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans actually fired first .	scholars	Who questioned the claim that South Korean did not provoke the KPA ?
The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops had attacked first , and that they were aiming to arrest and execute the `` bandit traitor Syngman Rhee '' .	Syngman Rhee	Who was the Korean People 's Army trying to execute ?
On 27 June , Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government .	Rhee	Who , along with members of the South Korean government , fled South Korea ?
On 28 June , at 2 am , the South Korean Army blew up the highway bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army .	Han River	What bridge were refugees attempting to cross when it was blown up by the South Korean Army ?
A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell , and forty-eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North .	forty-eight	How many South Korean National Assemblyman pledged their allegiance to Seoul ?
On 28 June , at 2 am , the South Korean Army blew up the highway bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army .	blew up the highway bridge	What did South Korea do to cause members of the South Korean military unit to become trapped near the Han River ?
On 28 June , at 2 am , the South Korean Army blew up the highway bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army .	28 June	What day was the city of Seoul captured ?
While there was no United States policy that dealt with South Korea directly as a national interest , its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea .	Japan	What country was believed to provide a counterbalance to China 's and the Soviet Union 's involvement in Korea ?
Said Kim : `` The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman 's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan . ''	President Truman	Which President decided to intervene after realizing that Japan 's security would be affected by the hostility in Korea ?
Said Kim : `` The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman 's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan . ''	US policy toward Japan	Why was South Korea important to the US ?
Said Kim : `` The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman 's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan . ''	US policy toward Japan	What affected America 's response to the situation in South Korea ?
A major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the US intervened .	Soviet reaction	What was the Truman administration concerned about that was preventing them from getting involved in the Korean conflict ?
The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the US immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end .	The UN Security Council	What agency approved the use of force in South Korea ?
The Administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone .	advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power	Why did the US not send in ground troops after the United Nations approved the use of force ?
Truman believed if aggression went unchecked a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere .	Truman	Who believed that if the issues in Korea were not dealt with the communist aggression would spread ?
The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the US immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end .	air and naval forces	What resources did the US devote to South Korea after the Security Council approved engaging in an armed conflict ?
On 25 June 1950 , the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea , with UN Security Council Resolution 82 .	United Nations Security Council	Who condemned the actions of North Korea ?
The Soviet Union , a veto-wielding power , had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950 , protesting that the Republic of China -LRB- Taiwan -RRB- , not the People 's Republic of China , held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council .	Soviet Union	Which permanent member of the UN Security Council boycotted council meetings in protest of Taiwan 's seat in the United Nations ?
After debating the matter , the Security Council , on 27 June 1950 , published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea .	Resolution 83	What resolution encouraged Security Council Members to send military assistance to the Republic of Korea ?
On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea .	the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister	Who accused the United States of beginning an armed intervention in South Korea ?
On 25 June 1950 , the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea , with UN Security Council Resolution 82 .	condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea	What did UN Security Council Resolution 82 accomplish ?
The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons .	Soviet Union	What country challenged the legitimacy of the Korean War ?
The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence ; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN , which violated UN Charter Article 32 ; and the Korean conflict was beyond the UN Charter 's scope , because the initial north -- south border fighting was classed as a civil war .	U.S. Intelligence	Where did the intelligence information that led to the passage of Resolution 83 come from ?
Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time , legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of the five permanent members .	unanimous vote	What type of vote is required for the Security Council to commit to military action in Korea .
Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time , legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of the five permanent members .	five	How many permanent members did the UN Security Council have ?
The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence ; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN , which violated UN Charter Article 32 ; and the Korean conflict was beyond the UN Charter 's scope , because the initial north -- south border fighting was classed as a civil war .	UN Charter Article 32	What charter did the US believe was violated by intervening in the Korean conflict ?
By mid-1950 , North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops , organized into 10 infantry divisions , one tank division , and one air force division , with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks , who captured scheduled objectives and territory , among them Kaesong , Chuncheon , Uijeongbu , and Ongjin .	10	How many infantry divisions did N. Korea have engaged in the war ?
By mid-1950 , North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops , organized into 10 infantry divisions , one tank division , and one air force division , with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks , who captured scheduled objectives and territory , among them Kaesong , Chuncheon , Uijeongbu , and Ongjin .	200,000	What was the maximum number of North Korean troops engaged in the war ?
In addition to the invasion force , the North KPA had 114 fighters , 78 bombers , 105 T-34-85 tanks , and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea .	30,000	How many reserve soldiers did North Korea have ?
Although each navy consisted of only several small warships , the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea-borne artillery for their in-country armies .	small warships	What type of naval ships did the South and North Koreans have ?
In contrast , the ROK Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped .	Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped	What was the problem with the ROK Army ?
The ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers -LRB- 65,000 combat , 33,000 support -RRB- , no tanks -LRB- they had been requested from the U.S. military , but requests were denied -RRB- , and a 22-piece air force comprising 12 liaison-type and 10 AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes .	U.S. military	Who declined the ROK 's request for tanks ?
There were no large foreign military garrisons in Korea at the time of the invasion , but there were large U.S. garrisons and air forces in Japan .	Japan	In what country did the US maintain air forces and garrisons ?
In South to the Naktong , North to the Yalu -LRB- 1961 -RRB- , R.E. Appleman reports the ROK forces ' low combat readiness as of 25 June 1950 .	R.E. Appleman	Who reported that South Korea 's military was not ready for combat ?
On Saturday , 24 June 1950 , U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea .	Dean Acheson	Which Secretary of State did President Truman hold discussions about how the US would respond to the invasion of South Korea ?
Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act , paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler 's aggressions in the 1930s , with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated .	the mistake of appeasement	What did the US not want to see repeated ?
However , President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 -LRB- NSC-68 -RRB- -LRB- declassified in 1975 -RRB- :	the global containment of communism	The US involvement in the Korean War was important to achieving what goal ?
However , President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 -LRB- NSC-68 -RRB- -LRB- declassified in 1975 -RRB- :	National Security Council Report 68	What report discussed the United States 's goals for containing communism ?
Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act , paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler 's aggressions in the 1930s , with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated .	Adolf Hitler's aggressions	The North Korean invasion of South Korea was compared to what event ?
As an initial response , Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea , and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only ` on paper ' , since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request .	U.S. Navy no longer had the warships	Why was the US naval blockade not feasible ?
The impact of the Truman administration 's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt , as American troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions .	defense budget cutbacks	Why was the US not able to provide an adequate response to the Korean invasion ?
General Omar Bradley , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , was faced with re-organizing and deploying an American military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart .	General Omar Bradley	Who was tasked with reorganization and deploying of the US military ?
The impact of the Truman administration 's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt , as American troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions .	American troops	Who was forced to retreat back to the Pusan Peninsula due to unpreparedness ?
In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950 , Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that `` Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action , unit by unit , man by man ... -LSB- T -RSB- hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament . ''	Major General Floyd L. Parks	Who stated that winning the war does not excuse putting US troops into a bad situation ?
Acting on State Secretary Acheson 's recommendation , President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the Army of the Republic of Korea while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals .	General MacArthur	What general provided material to the Republic of Korea and evacuated US nationals ?
Acting on State Secretary Acheson 's recommendation , President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the Army of the Republic of Korea while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals .	President Truman	Who disagreed with the idea of unilaterally bombing the North Korean military ?
The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces , and ordered the US Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China -LRB- Taiwan -RRB- , whose government asked to fight in Korea .	US Seventh Fleet	What fleet was sent to the Taiwan Strait ?
The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces , and ordered the US Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China -LRB- Taiwan -RRB- , whose government asked to fight in Korea .	Republic of China	Fearing the provocation of Communist China , what country 's request for combat troops did the US deny ?
Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to `` neutralize '' the Taiwan Strait , Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as `` armed aggression on Chinese territory . ''	Zhou Enlai	Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression ?
The Battle of Osan , the first significant American engagement of the Korean War , involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith , which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan .	Battle of Osan	What battle is considered the US 's first significant fight in the Korean War ?
The Battle of Osan , the first significant American engagement of the Korean War , involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith , which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan .	24th Infantry Division	Which infantry division was involved in the Battle of Osan ?
The KPA progressed southwards , pushing back the US force at Pyongtaek , Chonan , and Chochiwon , forcing the 24th Division 's retreat to Taejeon , which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon ; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured , including the Division 's Commander , Major General William F. Dean .	Taejeon	Where was the 24th Division forced to retreat to what location ?
The KPA progressed southwards , pushing back the US force at Pyongtaek , Chonan , and Chochiwon , forcing the 24th Division 's retreat to Taejeon , which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon ; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured , including the Division 's Commander , Major General William F. Dean .	Battle of Taejon	At what Battle did the 24th Infantry Division suffer major losses ?
The Battle of Osan , the first significant American engagement of the Korean War , involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith , which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan .	Japan	In what country is the US 's Task Force Smith located ?
In their southward advance , the KPA purged the Republic of Korea 's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals .	by killing civil servants and intellectuals	How did the KPA hurt the Republic of Korea 's intellectual core ?
On 20 August , General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il-sung that he was responsible for the KPA 's atrocities .	Kim Il-sung	Who was held responsible for the actions of the KPA ?
By August , the KPA had pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army to the vicinity of Pusan in southeast Korea .	southeast Korea	Where did the Eighth United States and ROK get pushed back to ?
By September , the UN Command controlled the Pusan perimeter , enclosing about 10 % of Korea , in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River .	Nakdong River	What body of water provided a natural border to the UN command-controlled Pusan perimeter ?
By September , the UN Command controlled the Pusan perimeter , enclosing about 10 % of Korea , in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River .	10%	How much of Korea was under the control of the United Nations ?
To counter a possible U.S. deployment , Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover , and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border , under the command of Gao Gang .	To counter a possible U.S. deployment	Why did Zhou Enlai want a commitment the Soviet Union to commit to supporting the Chinese troops ?
Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon .	Incheon	Where did North Korea predict that MacArthur would enter Korea ?
Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea , and directed Lei Yingfu , Zhou 's military advisor in Korea , to analyze the military situation in Korea .	Chai Chengwen	Who helped North Korea prepare for war by surveying the country ?
After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur 's most likely strategy , Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei 's findings , and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for American naval activity in the Korea Strait .	the Korean border	Where did the Chinese military deploy troops in preparation for the arrival of US troops ?
Although Kim 's early successes had led him to predict that he would end the war by the end of August , Chinese leaders were more pessimistic .	Chinese leaders	Even though it was predicted that the Korean War would end in August , who was less than optimistic about the prediction ?
To deny matériel to the KPA , the USAF destroyed logistics depots , petroleum refineries , and harbors , while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs .	KPA	Which army was trying to capture Teague and the Naktong Bulge ?
KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night .	to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night	What did the US Air Force 's daytime attacks cause the KPA to do ?
On 27 August , 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council 's attention to China 's complaint about the incident .	aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory	Why did the Soviet Union complain about the action of the US to the UN Security Council ?
The US proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the US should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the US proposal .	Sweden	Along with India , what other nation was to determine the how much the US would have to compensate China ?
The US proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the US should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the US proposal .	the Soviets vetoed the US proposal	Why did India and Sweden never determine how much the US would compensate China ?
Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan , the largest Korean port .	San Francisco	Where in the United States was the tank battalion located ?
Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan , the largest Korean port .	the port of Pusan	What is Korea 's largest port ?
Meanwhile , U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter .	Japan	Besides the United States , what other country sent military personnel to Korea ?
In early September 1950 , ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers .	KPA	Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea ?
The UN forces , once prepared , counterattacked and broke out of the Pusan Perimeter .	UN forces	Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter ?
To relieve the Pusan Perimeter , General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Inchon -LRB- now known as Incheon -RRB- , near Seoul and well over 100 miles -LRB- 160 km -RRB- behind the KPA lines .	To relieve the Pusan Perimeter	Why did General MacArthur suggest an amphibious landing at Inchon ?
On 6 July , he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay , Commander , 1st Cavalry Division , to plan the division 's amphibious landing at Incheon ; on 12 -- 14 July , the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama , Japan to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter .	Major General Hobart R. Gay	Who did General MacArthur ask to plan the amphibious attack ?
On 6 July , he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay , Commander , 1st Cavalry Division , to plan the division 's amphibious landing at Incheon ; on 12 -- 14 July , the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama , Japan to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter .	Yokohama, Japan	Where did the 1st Infantry deploy from ?
Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements , the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied ; unlike the UN Command , they lacked naval and air support .	the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied	Why were KPA forces unable to adequately defend themselves against UN forces ?
Soon after the war began , General MacArthur had begun planning a landing at Incheon , but the Pentagon opposed him .	the Pentagon	Who initially opposed General MacArthur 's landing plan ?
The X Corps , led by General Edward Almond , Commander , consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division , the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers .	The X Corps	What Corps included 40,000 men from the 1st Marine Division ?
The X Corps , led by General Edward Almond , Commander , consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division , the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers .	General Edward Almond	Who coordinated the efforts of the ROK Army , Marine Corps and the US Army to stage a successful battle ?
`` Task Force Lynch '' -LRB- after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch -RRB- , 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry Regiment , and two 70th Tank Battalion units -LRB- Charlie Company and the Intelligence -- Reconnaissance Platoon -RRB- effected the `` Pusan Perimeter Breakout '' through 106.4 miles -LRB- 171.2 km -RRB- of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan .	Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch	Whose nickname was ` Task Force Lynch ' ?
`` Task Force Lynch '' -LRB- after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch -RRB- , 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry Regiment , and two 70th Tank Battalion units -LRB- Charlie Company and the Intelligence -- Reconnaissance Platoon -RRB- effected the `` Pusan Perimeter Breakout '' through 106.4 miles -LRB- 171.2 km -RRB- of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan .	the "Pusan Perimeter Breakout"	What was the 106 mile push through enemy territory called ?
The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul , thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea .	the KPA	Who was defeated near Seoul , Korea ?
On 18 September , Stalin dispatched General H. M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il-sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul .	General H. M. Zakharov	Who was sent to Korea to act as an advisor to Kim Il-Sung ?
On 18 September , Stalin dispatched General H. M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il-sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul .	to defend Seoul	Why did Kim Il-Sung redeploy his military troops ?
Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans .	Chinese commanders	Who was not being briefed on the operational plans or the number of troops in combat ?
As the overall commander of Chinese forces , Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Inchon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men ; otherwise , he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north .	if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men	When was it advised for North Koreans to attempt to defeat the opposing forces at Inchon ?
On 27 September , Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo , in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat .	Politburo	What emergency session was called by Stalin ?
During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers managed to rejoin the Northern KPA lines .	25,000 to 30,000	How many troops made it back to the KPA lines after retreating ?
On 27 September , Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo , in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat .	Soviet military advisers	Who was held responsible for the defeat of North Korean troops ?
On 25 September , Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces .	South Korean forces.	Who reclaimed the Seoul ?
North Korean troops in the south , instead of effectively withdrawing north , rapidly disintegrated , leaving Pyongyang vulnerable .	Pyongyang	What city was left vulnerable by North Korea 's quick retreat ?
On 27 September , MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if `` at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces , no announcements of intended entry , nor a threat to counter our operations militarily ... '' On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee .	National Security Council Memorandum 81/1	What memorandum stated the circumstances for engaging in conflict above the 38th parallel ?
On 27 September , MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if `` at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces , no announcements of intended entry , nor a threat to counter our operations militarily ... '' On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee .	Syngman Rhee	Who controlled the newly restored government of the Republic of Korea ?
On 30 September , Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur : `` We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel . ''	Defense Secretary George Marshall	Who sent a message to MacArthur giving him the authority to proceed past the 38th parallel ?
During October , the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea , and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951 .	ROK police	Who executed people who were believed to be loyal to North Korea ?
During October , the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea , and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951 .	1951	What year did the executions stop ?
On 30 September , Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel .	China	Who vowed to intervene if the US was to engage in conflict North of the 38th parallel ?
Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek 's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s , but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively .	Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns	The tactics Zhou Enlai advised the North Koreans to use during their withdrawal was the same the Chinese used to escape event ?
Historian Bruce Cumings argues , however , the KPA 's rapid withdrawal was strategic , with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts .	Bruce Cumings	Who believes that the North Koreans only appeared to fail to effective execute their withdrawal plan ?
Historian Bruce Cumings argues , however , the KPA 's rapid withdrawal was strategic , with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts .	launch guerrilla raids	What may have been North Korea 's goal in the way they rapidly withdrew from South Korea ?
Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek 's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s , but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively .	Chiang Kai-shek	Who 's control did the Chinese Communists escape in the 1930 's ?
MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA 's unconditional surrender .	MacArthur	Who issued a statement calling for North Korea 's unconditional surrender ?
Six days later , on 7 October , with UN authorization , the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards .	the UN	Who authorized giving troops the ability to follow the North Korean forces north ?
The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China , preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang ; and to rescue American prisoners of war .	cut the road north going to China	How did the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team prevent North Korean leaders from fleeing ?
At month 's end , UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war .	135,000	How many North Korean prisoners of war were held by UN forces ?
On 27 June 1950 , two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war , President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait , to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China -LRB- Taiwan -RRB- and the People 's Republic of China -LRB- PRC -RRB- .	dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait	What did President Truman do to prevent hostilities between the People 's Republic of China and Taiwan ?
On 4 August 1950 , with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted , Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People 's Liberation Army 's -LRB- PLA -RRB- Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force .	1950	What year did China decide to enter the war ?
China justified its entry into the war as a response to `` American aggression in the guise of the UN '' .	American aggression in the guise of the UN	What provoked China to join the war ?
On 4 August 1950 , with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted , Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People 's Liberation Army 's -LRB- PLA -RRB- Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force .	the Politburo	Where did Mao Zedong declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict ?
In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2 -- 5 October , Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea .	whether to send Chinese troops into Korea	What was discussed at the emergency talks held by Chinese leaders ?
Mao strongly supported intervention , and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him .	Mao	Who was a proponent for intervening in Korea ?
After Lin Biao politely refused Mao 's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea -LRB- citing his upcoming medical treatment -RRB- , Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao 's position .	Peng Dehuai	Who was Lin Biao replaced with when he declined to lead the Chinese troops in Korea ?
Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders .	Peng	Who convinced the Chinese leaders who were against entering the war that it was a good idea ?
On 8 October 1950 , Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army -LRB- PVA -RRB- .	People's Volunteer Army	What did Mao Zedong 's reinvented PLA North East Frontier Force become ?
In order to enlist Stalin 's support , Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October , arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin 's home at the Black Sea .	the Black Sea	Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China ?
Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition , but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union 's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations .	two or three months	How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist
In a subsequent meeting , Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis , and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace , and only after an undisclosed period of time .	Chinese airspace	Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time ?
Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951 .	March 1951	When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support ?
Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful , as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu .	the south side of the Yalu	Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese ?
UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime , because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection .	their march and bivouac discipline	What made seeing the PVA units difficult during the day ?
During daylight activity or marching , soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared , until it flew away ; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators .	remain motionless	What were PVA troops told to do when planes flew by ?
Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-division army to march the 286 miles -LRB- 460 km -RRB- from An-tung , Manchuria , to the combat zone in some 19 days .	19	How many days did it take PVA forces to march 286 miles ?
During daylight activity or marching , soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared , until it flew away ; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators .	shoot security violators	What were PVA officers supposed to do if troops disobeyed the security protocol ?
The PVA marched `` dark-to-dark '' -LRB- 19:00 -- 03:00 -RRB- , and aerial camouflage -LRB- concealing soldiers , pack animals , and equipment -RRB- was deployed by 05:30 .	19:00–03:00	When would PVA forces march to minimize the chances of being seen ?
On 15 October , after moderate KPA resistance , the 7th Cavalry Regiment and Charlie Company , 70th Tank Battalion captured Namchonjam city .	KPA	Who did not capture the city of Namchonjam ?
On 17 October , they flanked rightwards , away from the principal road -LRB- to Pyongyang -RRB- , to capture Hwangju .	Pyongyang	What was the capital city in the North ?
Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved its capital to Sinuiju -- although as UNC forces approached , the government again moved -- this time to Kanggye .	Sinuiju	Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital ?
Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved its capital to Sinuiju -- although as UNC forces approached , the government again moved -- this time to Kanggye .	UNC forces approached	What caused the North Koreans to move their capital for the second time ?
Two days later , the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang , the North 's capital city , on 19 October 1950 .	October 1950	When was Pyongyang captured ?
On 15 October 1950 , President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean .	Wake Island	Where did President Truman and General MacArthur meet on October 15 , 1950 ?
On 15 October 1950 , President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean .	General MacArthur	Who refused to meet on continental United States ?
To President Truman , MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea , and that the PRC 's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed .	little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea	What was President Truman told at this meeting ?
On 15 October 1950 , President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean .	General MacArthur	Who was not concerned about the idea of Chinese troops moving south into Korea ?
He further concluded that , although half of those forces might cross south , `` if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang , there would be the greatest slaughter '' without air force protection .	the greatest slaughter	What was believed would happen if the Chinese entered the conflict ?
After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October , the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October , attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border .	PVA 13th Army Group	Who initiated the First Phase offensive ?
This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union .	Soviet Union	Who did the First Phase offensive motivated to send more troops and resources to Korea ?
After decimating the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong , the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950 ; deep in North Korea , thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three-prong assaults -- from the north , northwest , and west -- and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan .	1 November 1950	When did the Chinese and US military have their first confrontation in Korea ?
The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch ` ongch ` on River , while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory .	Ch'ongch'on River	Where did UN forces retreat to when the PVA executed their sneak attack ?
The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch ` ongch ` on River , while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory .	Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts	What is unusual about the PVA 's successful , surprise attack ?
The UN Command retreated ; the U.S. Eighth Army 's retreat -LRB- the longest in US Army history -RRB- was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade 's successful , but very costly , rear-guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days -LRB- 27 -- 29 November -RRB- .	U.S. Eighth Army's	Whose retreat during the Korean war was the longest in the history of the US Army ?
The UN Command retreated ; the U.S. Eighth Army 's retreat -LRB- the longest in US Army history -RRB- was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade 's successful , but very costly , rear-guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days -LRB- 27 -- 29 November -RRB- .	Turkish Brigade	Whose actions helped the Eighth Army be able to retreat ?
On 27 November at the Korean eastern front , a U.S. 7th Infantry Division Regimental Combat Team -LRB- 3,000 soldiers -RRB- and the U.S. 1st Marine Division -LRB- 12,000 -- 15,000 marines -RRB- were unprepared for the PVA 9th Army Group 's three-pronged encirclement tactics at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir , but they managed to escape under Air Force and X Corps support fire -- albeit with some 15,000 collective casualties .	12,000–15,000	How many casualties did the 1st Marines face at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir ?
On 27 November at the Korean eastern front , a U.S. 7th Infantry Division Regimental Combat Team -LRB- 3,000 soldiers -RRB- and the U.S. 1st Marine Division -LRB- 12,000 -- 15,000 marines -RRB- were unprepared for the PVA 9th Army Group 's three-pronged encirclement tactics at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir , but they managed to escape under Air Force and X Corps support fire -- albeit with some 15,000 collective casualties .	PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics	What tactics of the PVA were US and ROK troops not prepared to handle ?
By 30 November , the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea .	the U.S. Eighth Army	Who did the PVA 13th Army Group force out of northwest Korea ?
UN morale hit rock bottom when commanding General Walton Walker of the U.S. Eighth Army was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident .	General Walton Walker	Whose death was not a direct casualty of the war ?
The X Corps were forced to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south .	to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army	Why did the X Corps leave Hungnam ?
UN morale hit rock bottom when commanding General Walton Walker of the U.S. Eighth Army was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident .	UN morale hit rock bottom	What effect did the death of General Walton Walker have on the troops ?
The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees , the largest rescue operation by a single ship , even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers .	SS Meredith Victory	What was the name of the ship responsible for undertaking the largest rescue operation by a single ship ?
Before escaping , the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city , especially the port facilities ; and on 16 December 1950 , President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914 , 3 C.F.R. 99 -LRB- 1953 -RRB- , which remained in force until 14 September 1978 .	declared a national emergency	What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914 , 3 1950 do ?
Before escaping , the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city , especially the port facilities ; and on 16 December 1950 , President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914 , 3 C.F.R. 99 -LRB- 1953 -RRB- , which remained in force until 14 September 1978 .	1978	What year was the Presidential Proclamation lifted ?
-LSB- b -RSB- The next day -LRB- 17 December 1950 -RRB- Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China .	Kim Il-sung	Who was stripped of their commanding rights by China ?
Following that , on 1 February 1951 , United Nations General Assembly adopted a draft resolution condemning China as an aggressor in the Korean War .	China	What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea ?
With Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December , the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive -LRB- also known as the `` Chinese New Year 's Offensive '' -RRB- on New Year 's Eve of 1950 .	Chinese New Year's Offensive	What is the Third Phase Offensive also known as ?
Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise , the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs , which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy .	facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy	Why goals were accomplished the the KPA and PVA 's use gongs during these attacks ?
UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic , and as a result some soldiers panicked , abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south .	some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south	How did some UN troops react to the use of noise ?
The Chinese New Year 's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces , allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951 .	Seoul	What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive
With Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December , the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive -LRB- also known as the `` Chinese New Year 's Offensive '' -RRB- on New Year 's Eve of 1950 .	Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway	Who was commanding the U.S. Eight Army at the time of the Third Phase Offensive ?
The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food , ammunition , and matériel were carried nightly , on foot and bicycle , from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines .	The PVA had outrun its logistics capability	Why was the PVA unable to advance beyond Seoul ?
In late January , upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines , General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force , which became Operation Roundup -LRB- 5 February 1951 -RRB- .	PVA had abandoned their battle lines	What caused General Ridgway to initiate Operation Roundup ?
A full-scale X Corps advance proceeded , which fully exploited the UN Command 's air superiority , concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju .	UN Command's air superiority	What facilitated the success of Operation Roundup ?
A full-scale X Corps advance proceeded , which fully exploited the UN Command 's air superiority , concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju .	Wonju	What city was recaptured as a result of the Ridgway 's operation ?
The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food , ammunition , and matériel were carried nightly , on foot and bicycle , from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines .	on foot and bicycle	How was the PVA transporting supplies at one point ?
In early February , the South Korean 11th Division ran the operation to destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea .	destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea	What to be achieved by the Sancheong-Hamyang and Geochang massacres in South Korea ?
In mid-February , the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong .	the PVA	Who 's attack resulted in victory at Hoengseong ?
In mid-February , the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong .	the Fourth Phase Offensive	What is considered to be the the Korean War 's equivalent to Gettysburg ?
Units of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division and the French Battalion fought a short but desperate battle that broke the attack 's momentum .	broke the attack's momentum	What did the French Battalion 's efforts do to the PVA forces ?
Surrounded on all sides , the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division Warrior Division 's 23rd Regimental Combat Team with an attached French Battalion was hemmed in by more than 25,000 Chinese Communist forces .	more than 25,000	How many PVA soldiers fought in this battle and lost ?
In the last two weeks of February 1951 , Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer , carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army .	Operation Killer	What Operation was initiated after the successful Operation Roundup ?
It was a full-scale , battlefront-length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible .	to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible	What the the goal of the operation that followed Operation Roundup ?
Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River , and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong .	capturing Hoengseong	What signified the end of Operation Killer ?
This was the city 's fourth conquest in a years ' time , leaving it a ruin ; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000 , and people were suffering from severe food shortages .	This was the city's fourth conquest	How many times was Seoul captured in a year ?
This was the city 's fourth conquest in a years ' time , leaving it a ruin ; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000 , and people were suffering from severe food shortages .	severe food shortages	Other than the drastic decrease in population , what other issue did the people in Seoul face ?
Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort , Stalin finally agreed to supply two air force divisions , three anti-aircraft divisions , and six thousand trucks .	the Chinese war effort	Why did Stalin send two air forces divisions and other assistance to the Chinese ?
PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war .	logistical problems	What issues plagued the PVA throughout the war ?
What Chinese soldiers feared , Hong said , was not the enemy , but that they had nothing to eat , no bullets to shoot , and no trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded .	they had nothing to eat	What was a great concern of many Chinese troops ?
Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA 's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply , but these efforts were never completely sufficient .	increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply	What was Zhou 's ineffective response to the issue plaguing the PVA ?
At the same time , large-scale air defense training programs were carried out , and the Chinese Air Force began to participate in the war from September 1951 onward .	the Chinese Air Force	What did China introduce to the war in 1951 ?
On 11 April 1951 , Commander-in-Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur , the Supreme Commander in Korea .	General MacArthur	Who was relieved from his duties as Commander in Korea ?
On 11 April 1951 , Commander-in-Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur , the Supreme Commander in Korea .	Truman	Who did not have faith in MacArthur 's claim that victory was the only respectable outcome ?
MacArthur had crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war , leading to major allied losses .	the Chinese would not enter the war	What mistake did MacArthur make regarding the 38th parallel ?
While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome , Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia , and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution .	a truce and orderly withdrawal	What did Truman want to see happen in Korea ?
General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander , Korea ; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks , while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army .	General Ridgway	Who was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea after the removal of General MacArthur ?
The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north .	get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north	What was the goal of Operation Tomahawk ?
The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations , dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission .	The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance	Who was responsible for supply humanitarian aid to civilians ?
Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces ; Operations Courageous -LRB- 23 -- 28 March 1951 -RRB- and Tomahawk -LRB- 23 March 1951 -RRB- were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul .	depleted the PVA and KPA forces	Under the guidance of Generals Van Fleet and Ridgway , joint forces were able to achieve what goal ?
The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951 , with the Fifth Phase Offensive , also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive , with three field armies -LRB- approximately 700,000 men -RRB- .	Chinese Spring Offensive	What was the Fifth Phase of the Chinese counter initiative called ?
The UN 's `` Line Kansas '' halt and subsequent offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953 .	Line Kansas	What may have began as an effective series of attacks by the Chinese regained what area ?
The UN 's `` Line Kansas '' halt and subsequent offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953 .	the stalemate	What ended with the armistice of 1953 ?
The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951 , with the Fifth Phase Offensive , also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive , with three field armies -LRB- approximately 700,000 men -RRB- .	three field armies	How many armies did the Chinese use in the Fifth Phase Offensive ?
At month 's end , the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained `` Line Kansas '' , just north of the 38th parallel .	just north of the 38th parallel	Where was Line Kansas located ?
Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued , and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong .	Kaesong	Where did armistice negotiations occur ?
Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated ; the UN Command forces ' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory .	recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory	What did the UN Command want to achieve with the armistice talks ?
The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations , and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command 's resolve to continue the war .	military and psychological operations	What tactics were used by the PVA to coax the UN Command to continuing the war ?
Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued , and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong .	Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued	Was there a cease fire during the talks ?
On the Chinese side , Zhou Enlai directed peace talks , and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team .	Zhou Enlai	Who directed the armistice negotiation for the Chinese ?
The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge -LRB- 18 August -- 15 September 1951 -RRB- , the Battle of the Punchbowl -LRB- 31 August-21 September 1951 -RRB- , the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge -LRB- 13 September -- 15 October 1951 -RRB- , the Battle of Old Baldy -LRB- 26 June -- 4 August 1952 -RRB- , the Battle of White Horse -LRB- 6 -- 15 October 1952 -RRB- , the Battle of Triangle Hill -LRB- 14 October -- 25 November 1952 -RRB- , the Battle of Hill Eerie -LRB- 21 March -- 21 June 1952 -RRB- , the sieges of Outpost Harry -LRB- 10 -- 18 June 1953 -RRB- , the Battle of the Hook -LRB- 28 -- 29 May 1953 -RRB- , the Battle of Pork Chop Hill -LRB- 23 March -- 16 July 1953 -RRB- , and the Battle of Kumsong -LRB- 13 -- 27 July 1953 -RRB- .	6–15 October 1952	When was the Battle of White Horse ?
The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge -LRB- 18 August -- 15 September 1951 -RRB- , the Battle of the Punchbowl -LRB- 31 August-21 September 1951 -RRB- , the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge -LRB- 13 September -- 15 October 1951 -RRB- , the Battle of Old Baldy -LRB- 26 June -- 4 August 1952 -RRB- , the Battle of White Horse -LRB- 6 -- 15 October 1952 -RRB- , the Battle of Triangle Hill -LRB- 14 October -- 25 November 1952 -RRB- , the Battle of Hill Eerie -LRB- 21 March -- 21 June 1952 -RRB- , the sieges of Outpost Harry -LRB- 10 -- 18 June 1953 -RRB- , the Battle of the Hook -LRB- 28 -- 29 May 1953 -RRB- , the Battle of Pork Chop Hill -LRB- 23 March -- 16 July 1953 -RRB- , and the Battle of Kumsong -LRB- 13 -- 27 July 1953 -RRB- .	1951	What year was the Battle of Bloody Ridge ?
The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge -LRB- 18 August -- 15 September 1951 -RRB- , the Battle of the Punchbowl -LRB- 31 August-21 September 1951 -RRB- , the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge -LRB- 13 September -- 15 October 1951 -RRB- , the Battle of Old Baldy -LRB- 26 June -- 4 August 1952 -RRB- , the Battle of White Horse -LRB- 6 -- 15 October 1952 -RRB- , the Battle of Triangle Hill -LRB- 14 October -- 25 November 1952 -RRB- , the Battle of Hill Eerie -LRB- 21 March -- 21 June 1952 -RRB- , the sieges of Outpost Harry -LRB- 10 -- 18 June 1953 -RRB- , the Battle of the Hook -LRB- 28 -- 29 May 1953 -RRB- , the Battle of Pork Chop Hill -LRB- 23 March -- 16 July 1953 -RRB- , and the Battle of Kumsong -LRB- 13 -- 27 July 1953 -RRB- .	the Battle of the Hook	What was the shortest of the major battles fought during the stalemate ?
Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment , serious logistical problems , overextended communication and supply lines , and the constant threat of UN bombers .	Chinese troops	Did the UN troops or Chinese troops experience more war casualties ?
The situation became so serious that , on November 1951 , Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA 's logistical problems .	called a conference in Shenyang	What did Zhou Enlai do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties ?
The situation became so serious that , on November 1951 , Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA 's logistical problems .	discuss the PVA's logistical problems	What was the purpose of the Shengyang meeting ?
These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops .	These commitments did little to directly address the problems	Did the actions of the Chinese fix their problems ?
In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities .	Peng Dehuai	Who believed that neither side would see a victory at the end of the Korean War ?
On 24 February 1952 , the Military Commission , presided over by Zhou , discussed the PVA 's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort .	the Military Commission,	What meeting was conducted to discuss the PVA 's problems ?
Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings , where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups , to be dispatched to Korea in shifts ; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots ; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines ; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union ; to provide the army with more food and clothing ; and , to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government .	PVA would be divided into three groups	What actions were taken to help the PVA ?
Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings , where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups , to be dispatched to Korea in shifts ; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots ; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines ; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union ; to provide the army with more food and clothing ; and , to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government .	the central government	Who ended up in charge of logistics as a result of the restructuring of the PVA ?
The on-again , off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years , first at Kaesong , on the border between North and South Korea , and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom .	two years	How long did the armistice talks last ?
A major , problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war -LRB- POW -RRB- repatriation .	prisoner of war (POW) repatriation	What issues stalled the armistice talks ?
The PVA , KPA , and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north , which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans .	many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north	What was deemed unacceptable to North Koreans and the Chinese during POW negotiations ?
In the final armistice agreement , signed on 27 July 1953 , a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission , under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya , was set up to handle the matter .	27 July 1953	When was the armistice agreement finally signed ?
In the final armistice agreement , signed on 27 July 1953 , a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission , under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya , was set up to handle the matter .	Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,	What was established to deal with the issues surrounding prisoners of war ?
In 1952 , the United States elected a new president , and on 29 November 1952 , the president-elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War .	Dwight D. Eisenhower	Who did the US elect as president during the Korean War ?
With the United Nations ' acceptance of India 's proposed Korean War armistice , the KPA , the PVA , and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel .	the United Nations	Who approved the Korean War armistice that officially declared a ceasefire ?
Upon agreeing to the armistice , the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone -LRB- DMZ -RRB- , which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA , United States , and Joint UN Commands .	Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)	What area was created by the parties involved in the Korean conflict ?
Upon agreeing to the armistice , the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone -LRB- DMZ -RRB- , which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA , United States , and Joint UN Commands .	United States	Along with the Joint UN Commands , ROKA and KPA , what country also still patrols the demilitarized zone ?
In 1952 , the United States elected a new president , and on 29 November 1952 , the president-elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War .	went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War	What was one of the first things that the newly-elected Dwight Eisenhower did after the election ?
The old Korean capital city of Kaesong , site of the armistice negotiations , originally was in pre-war South Korea , but now is part of North Korea .	North Korea	Where is the capital city of Kaesong now located ?
The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel ; to the south , it travels west .	The Demilitarized Zone	What area is directly north and south of the 38th parallel ?
The United Nations Command , supported by the United States , the North Korean People 's Army , and the Chinese People 's Volunteers , signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting .	27 July 1953	When was the Armistice Agreement signed ?
The war is considered to have ended at this point , even though there was no peace treaty .	there was no peace treaty	Was there ever an official peace treaty after the war ?
North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War .	North Korea	Who believes that they were victorious in the war ?
After the war , Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954 , to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead .	to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead	What was the point of Operation Glory ?
The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead , and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner-of-war camps were delivered to the South Korean government .	4,167	How many US service members were exchanged during this operation ?
After Operation Glory , 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific -LRB- The Punchbowl -RRB- , on the island of Oahu , Hawaii .	National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific	Where are the remains of the 416 unidentified soldiers who died in the Korean War ?
From 1996 to 2006 , the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border .	220	How many remains were recovered from the Sino-Korean border between 1996 and 2006 ?
After a new wave of UN sanctions , on 11 March 2013 , North Korea claimed that it had invalidated the 1953 armistice .	new wave of UN sanctions	Why is North Korea insisting that the 1953 armistice was violated ?
On 13 March 2013 , North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea `` is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression '' .	13 March 2013	When did North Korea call an end to the armistice ?
Speaking on 4 April 2013 , the U.S. Secretary of Defense , Chuck Hagel , informed the press that Pyongyang had `` formally informed '' the Pentagon that it had `` ratified '' the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea , Japan and the United States of America , including Guam and Hawaii .	South Korea	In 2013 , who what country did North Korea declare war on ?
Speaking on 4 April 2013 , the U.S. Secretary of Defense , Chuck Hagel , informed the press that Pyongyang had `` formally informed '' the Pentagon that it had `` ratified '' the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea , Japan and the United States of America , including Guam and Hawaii .	a nuclear weapon	What weapon does North Korea claim it now has the ability to use ?
Hagel also stated that the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam , because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea .	credible and realistic nuclear threat	How does the United States view North Korea 's threats ?
Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor .	ground attack aircraft	What form of attack was an effective measure of slowing Korean armor ?
The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces were aided by the use of Soviet T-34-85 tanks .	Soviet T-34-85 tanks	What weapon did the the KPA use that was successful early in the Korean conflict ?
The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear , including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks , along with the British Centurion , Churchill , and Cromwell tanks .	the North Koreans suffered major tank losses	What helped the UN forces and shifted the war in their favor ?
The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear , including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks , along with the British Centurion , Churchill , and Cromwell tanks .	the UN forces brought heavier equipment	What actions of the UN also helped them improve their results during the war ?
A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion .	120	How many tanks were in the North Korean tank corps ?
Because neither Korea had a significant navy , the Korean War featured few naval battles .	neither Korea had a significant navy	Why were naval skirmishes not really seen in the Korean War ?
Thereafter , vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea .	the UN nations	Who pretty much gained and maintained control of the sea ?
A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950 ; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau , the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica , and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats , and sank them .	the UN Command	Who dominated any battles that may have taken place at sea ?
The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon , days before the Battle of Incheon ; the ROK ship PC-703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island , near Inchon .	Inchon	Where was the last sea battle of the Korean War ?
During most of the war , the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea , sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea .	supply and ammunition ships	What type of ships did the US spend most of its time sinking ?
Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries , the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mines .	magnetic mines	What weapon posed a significant threat to US navy ships ?
Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships , resulting in slight to moderate damage .	87	How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines ?
During most of the war , the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea , sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea .	the west and east coasts of North Korea	Where were the majority of US naval patrols of Korea ?
Fearful of confronting the United States directly , the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role , but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian .	the Soviet Union	Who denied having anything more than an advisory role in the Korean War ?
This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked , lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union , and potentially escalate into atomic warfare .	UN Command	Who ignored the direct participation of the Soviet Union to prevent expanding the Korean War to the Soviet Union ?
This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked , lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union , and potentially escalate into atomic warfare .	atomic warfare	What may have occurred if the war was expanded to the Soviet Union ?
Fearful of confronting the United States directly , the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role , but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian .	dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian	What did the Soviet pilots start doing when accused of playing an integral role in the Korean War ?
This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked , lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union , and potentially escalate into atomic warfare .	Soviet Union	Who feared engaging in direct conflict with the United States ?
The USAF countered the MiG-15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter , the F-86 Sabre .	F-86 Sabre	What plane did the US send to Korea to counter the power of the MiG-15 ?
B-29 losses could not be avoided , and the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing of targets .	switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing	To mitigate the loses of the B-29 , what did the US Air Force do ?
The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor .	bomber interceptor	What was the MiG designed to be ?
In February 1907 , the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies : the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the `` Shell '' Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom .	February 1907	When was Royal Shell Group Created ?
The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Sumatra , and initially led by August Kessler , Hugo Loudon , and Henri Deterding .	1890	When was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded ?
The `` Shell '' Transport and Trading Company -LRB- the quotation marks were part of the legal name -RRB- was a British company , founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel , 1st Viscount Bearsted , and his brother Samuel Samuel .	1897	When WAS the `` Shell '' Transport and Trading Company founded ?
In February 1907 , the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies : the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the `` Shell '' Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom .	the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom	The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the merger of which two rival companies ?
It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil .	the need to compete globally with Standard Oil	What was the main reason for the creation of the Royal Dutch Shell Group ?
In February 1907 , the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies : the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the `` Shell '' Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom .	1907	In what year was the Royal Dutch Shell Group created ?
The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Sumatra , and initially led by August Kessler , Hugo Loudon , and Henri Deterding .	1890	In what year was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded ?
The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Sumatra , and initially led by August Kessler , Hugo Loudon , and Henri Deterding .	to develop an oilfield in Sumatra	Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created ?
It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind .	wind	Aside from biofuels what other renewable energy activities is Shell involved with ?
It has operations in over 90 countries , produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide .	over 90	How many countries does Shell operate in ?
It has operations in over 90 countries , produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide .	3.1 million barrels	How much oil per day does Shell produce ?
It has operations in over 90 countries , produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide .	44,000 service stations	How many services stations does Shell have ?
It has operations in over 90 countries , produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide .	over 90	In how many countries does Shell have operations ?
It has operations in over 90 countries , produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide .	3.1 million	How many barrels of oil equivalent does Shell produce per day ?
It has operations in over 90 countries , produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide .	44,000	Shell has how many service stations worldwide ?
Shell Oil Company , its subsidiary in the United States , is one of its largest businesses .	Shell Oil Company	What is the name of Shell 's subsidiary in the United States ?
It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind .	biofuels and wind	Shell has minor renewable energy activities in which two areas ?
The terms of the merger gave 60 percent ownership of the new group to the Dutch arm and 40 percent to the British .	60	What percent of ownership did the merger award the Dutch branch ?
National patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies .	National patriotic sensibilities	What prevented a full-scale merger of the two companies ?
A British company was formed , called the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company , based in London , to direct the transport and storage of the products .	to direct the transport and storage of the products	What was the primary function of the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company ?
For various reasons , the new firm operated as a dual-listed company , whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence , but operated as a single-unit partnership for business purposes .	a dual-listed company	The new firm operated as what type of company ?
The terms of the merger gave 60 percent ownership of the new group to the Dutch arm and 40 percent to the British .	40	What percent of ownership of the new company was awarded to the British ?
In November 2004 , following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves , it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure , creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc , with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange , a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange , its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague , Netherlands and its registered office in London .	2004	In what year was it announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure ?
In November 2004 , following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves , it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure , creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc , with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange , a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange , its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague , Netherlands and its registered office in London .	Royal Dutch Shell plc	What was the name of the Shell Group 's new parent company ?
In November 2004 , following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves , it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure , creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc , with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange , a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange , its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague , Netherlands and its registered office in London .	the London Stock Exchange	On what exchange was the Shell Group 's new parent company primarily listed ?
In November 2004 , following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves , it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure , creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc , with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange , a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange , its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague , Netherlands and its registered office in London .	The Hague, Netherlands	Where was the Royal Dutch Shell plc headquartered ?
In November 2004 , following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves , it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure , creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc , with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange , a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange , its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague , Netherlands and its registered office in London .	the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves	What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure ?
In February 2010 Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture , Raízen , comprising all of Cosan 's Brazilian ethanol , energy generation , fuel distribution and sugar activities , and all of Shell 's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses .	2010	In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture ?
In February 2010 Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture , Raízen , comprising all of Cosan 's Brazilian ethanol , energy generation , fuel distribution and sugar activities , and all of Shell 's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses .	Raízen	What was the name of the 50:50 joint venture formed by Shell and Cosan ?
In March 2010 , Shell announced the sale of some of its assets , including its liquid petroleum gas -LRB- LPG -RRB- business , to meet the cost of a planned $ 28bn capital spending programme .	to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme	Why did Shell sell some of its assets in March 2010 ?
Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids , due by 22 March , with a plan to raise $ 2 -- 3bn from the sale .	$2–3bn	How much did Shell plan to raise from the sale of its assets ?
In June 2010 , Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of East Resources for a cash consideration of $ 4.7 billion .	East Resources	Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of what entity in June 2010 ?
Over the course of 2013 , the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and cancelled a US$ 20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana .	US shale gas	Which assets did the corporation begin to sell in 2013 ?
Over the course of 2013 , the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and cancelled a US$ 20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana .	US$20 billion	What was the value of the cancelled gas project that was to be contstructed in Louisiana ?
A new CEO Ben van Beurden was appointed in January 2014 , prior to the announcement that the corporation 's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012 -- the value of Shell 's shares fell by 3 per cent as a result .	the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012	The appointment of a new CEO in 2014 came prior to what announcement ?
Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014 , the corporation plans to sell a further US$ 15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015 , with deals announced in Australia , Brazil and Italy .	2014	In what year did the corporation sell the majority of its Australian assets ?
Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014 , the corporation plans to sell a further US$ 15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015 , with deals announced in Australia , Brazil and Italy .	US$15 billion	What was the value of assets the corporation planned to sell leading up to 2015 ?
The presence of companies like Shell in the Niger-Delta has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta .	The presence of companies like Shell	What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta ?
Many pipelines in the Niger-Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded .	old and corroded	Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what ?
Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes .	new	Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition ?
Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes .	responsibility for environmental causes	In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new , Shell has denied what ?
It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental groups , and human rights groups .	boycott Shell	Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what ?
The name Shell is linked to The `` Shell '' Transport and Trading Company .	The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company	The name Shell is connected to what company ?
In 1833 , the founder 's father , Marcus Samuel , founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors .	to sell seashells to London collectors	What was the purpose of the created of The `` Shell '' Transport and Trading Company ?
When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892 , the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world 's first purpose-built oil tanker , the Murex -LRB- Latin for a type of snail shell -RRB- , to enter this market ; by 1907 the company had a fleet .	there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region	What did the younger founder of The `` Shell '' Transport and Trading company discover while collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area ?
When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892 , the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world 's first purpose-built oil tanker , the Murex -LRB- Latin for a type of snail shell -RRB- , to enter this market ; by 1907 the company had a fleet .	1907	By what year did the company have a fleet of oil tankers operating in the Caspian Sea region ?
Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames , there is no evidence of this having provided the name .	Thames	The company operated a refinery on what river for several decades ?
Shell 's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company .	the management of a vertically integrated oil company	What is Shell 's primary business ?
The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration , from the initial search for oil -LRB- exploration -RRB- through its harvesting -LRB- production -RRB- , transportation , refining and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded .	technical and commercial	The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded ?
Similar competencies were required for natural gas , which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved , and which contributes a significant proportion of the company 's profits .	natural gas	One of the most important business in which Shell is involved is what ?
While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry , each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company .	self-supporting	Each business now seeks to become what type of unit ?
While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry , each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company .	vertically integrated	The business model that provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry is called what ?
Traditionally , Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide -LRB- especially in the downstream -RRB- with companies in over 100 countries , each of which operated with a high degree of independence .	heavily decentralised	Shell was traditionally considered what type of business worldwide ?
Traditionally , Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide -LRB- especially in the downstream -RRB- with companies in over 100 countries , each of which operated with a high degree of independence .	over 100	Shell operated companies in how many countries ?
The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague .	the central offices in The Hague	A good deal of technical and financial direction for the upstream came from what entity ?
Nevertheless , there were very large `` exploration and production '' companies in a few major oil and gas production centres such as the United Kingdom -LRB- Shell Expro , a Joint Venture with Exxon -RRB- , Nigeria , Brunei , and Oman .	"exploration and production"	What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers ?
Downstream operations , which now also includes the chemicals business , generates a third of Shell 's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries .	chemicals	Downstream operations currently includes what type of business ?
Downstream operations , which now also includes the chemicals business , generates a third of Shell 's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries .	a third	Downstream operations produces what percent of Shell 's profits worldwide ?
Downstream operations , which now also includes the chemicals business , generates a third of Shell 's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries .	more than 40,000	How many petrol stationsare included in Shell 's downstream operations global network ?
The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local `` operating companies '' -- often with middle and senior management reinforced by expatriates .	local	Prior to the 1990s , Shell 's downstream businesses were essentially considered what kind of businesses ?
In the 1990s , this paradigm began to change , and the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced .	the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced	In what way did the business paradigm of Shell 's downstream operations begin to change ?
In April 2010 , Shell announced its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and `` Helios '' .	its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and "Helios"	What did Shell announce in April 2010 ?
In several countries such as Tunisia , protests and strikes broke out .	protests and strikes broke out	What happened in several countries in response to Shell 's April 2010 announcement ?
In June 2013 , the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria , hinting that assets could be divested .	Nigeria	In June 2013 , Shell announced a review of its operations in which country ?
In August 2014 , the company disclosed it was in the process of finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields .	finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.	In August 2014 , Shell announced it was in the process of doing what ?
In June 2013 , the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria , hinting that assets could be divested .	assets could be divested	What did Shell indicate was a reason for the strategic review of operations in Nigeria ?
On 27 August 2007 , Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group , the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia , announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway , Sweden , Finland and Denmark , subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country .	Reitan Group	What company was the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia ?
On 27 August 2007 , Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group , the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia , announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway , Sweden , Finland and Denmark , subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country .	2007	In what year did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group announce an agreement ?
On 27 August 2007 , Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group , the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia , announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway , Sweden , Finland and Denmark , subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country .	some 269	How many service stations did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group agree to re-brand ?
On April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations .	trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland	Shell announced it was in the process of doing what in April 2010 ?
On October 2010 Shell 's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden , along with a refinery located in Gothenburg , Sweden were sold to St1 , a Finnish energy company , more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy .	gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden	In October 2010 , Shell sold what to St1 ?
Through most of Shell 's early history , the Shell Oil Company business in the United States was substantially independent with its stock being traded on the NYSE and with little direct involvement from the group 's central offices in the running of the American business .	substantially independent	Shell Oil Company 's United States business throughout its early history is described as what ?
Through most of Shell 's early history , the Shell Oil Company business in the United States was substantially independent with its stock being traded on the NYSE and with little direct involvement from the group 's central offices in the running of the American business .	the NYSE	On which exchange was Shell Oil Company 's U.S. stock historically traded ?
Through most of Shell 's early history , the Shell Oil Company business in the United States was substantially independent with its stock being traded on the NYSE and with little direct involvement from the group 's central offices in the running of the American business .	the group's central offices	Shell Oil Company historically had little direct involvement from what entity in the running of its American businesses ?
However , in 1984 , Royal Dutch Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own -LRB- around 30 % -RRB- and despite opposition from some minority shareholders , which led to a court case , Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $ 5.7 billion .	1984	In what year did Royal Dutch Shell make a bid to purchase approximately 30 % of Shell Oil Company 's shares ?
However , in 1984 , Royal Dutch Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own -LRB- around 30 % -RRB- and despite opposition from some minority shareholders , which led to a court case , Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $ 5.7 billion .	a court case	What did Royal Dutch Shell 's bid to purchase Shell Oil Company 's shares lead to ?
On 20 May 2011 , Royal Dutch Shell 's final investment decision for the world 's first floating liquefied natural gas -LRB- FLNG -RRB- facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field -- located off Australia 's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves -- in 2007 .	the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility	The final investment decision for what was finalized by Royal Dutch Shell in May 2011 ?
On 20 May 2011 , Royal Dutch Shell 's final investment decision for the world 's first floating liquefied natural gas -LRB- FLNG -RRB- facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field -- located off Australia 's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves -- in 2007 .	off Australia's northwestern coast	The remote offshore Prelude field was discovered where ?
FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas -LRB- LNG -RRB- developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas , often too small to extract any other way .	liquefied natural gas (LNG)	On what developments was FLNG technology based ?
On 20 May 2011 , Royal Dutch Shell 's final investment decision for the world 's first floating liquefied natural gas -LRB- FLNG -RRB- facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field -- located off Australia 's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves -- in 2007 .	3 trillion	The Prelude field was estimated to contain how many cubic feet of natural gas reserves ?
FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas -LRB- LNG -RRB- developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas , often too small to extract any other way .	the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas	FLNG technology faciliates what ?
Shell sold 9.5 % of its 23.1 % stake in Woodside Petroleum in June 2014 and advised that it had reached an agreement for Woodside to buy back 9.5 % of its shares at a later stage .	9.5%	What percent of its stake in Woodside Petroleum did Shell sell in June 2014 ?
Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer Peter Costello and the corporation has been open about its intention to sell its stake in Woodside as part of its target to shed assets .	2001	Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a takeover attempt was blocked in what year ?
Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer Peter Costello and the corporation has been open about its intention to sell its stake in Woodside as part of its target to shed assets .	then federal Treasurer Peter Costello	Who blocked the takeover attempt ?
At a general body meeting , held on 1 August 2014 , 72 percent of shareholders voted to approve the buy-back , short of the 75 percent vote that was required for approval .	72	What percentage of shareholders voted to approve the 2014 buy-back ?
At a general body meeting , held on 1 August 2014 , 72 percent of shareholders voted to approve the buy-back , short of the 75 percent vote that was required for approval .	75	What percentage of shareholder votes was need to approve the 2014 buy-back ?
Following the purchase of an offshore lease in 2005 , Shell initiated its US$ 4.5 billion Arctic drilling program in 2006 , after the corporation purchased the `` Kulluk '' oil rig and leased the Noble Discoverer drillship .	an offshore lease	Shell purchased what in 2005 ?
Following the purchase of an offshore lease in 2005 , Shell initiated its US$ 4.5 billion Arctic drilling program in 2006 , after the corporation purchased the `` Kulluk '' oil rig and leased the Noble Discoverer drillship .	its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program	What did Shell initate after its 2005 purchase ?
At inception , the project was led by Pete Slaiby , a Shell executive who had previously worked in the North Sea .	Pete Slaiby	What executive initially led the Artic drilling project ?
However , after the purchase of a second offshore lease in 2008 , Shell only commenced drilling work in 2012 , due to the refurbishment of rigs , permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits .	the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits	What caused the delay in drilling after Shell 's 2008 purchase ?
The plans to drill in the Arctic led to protests from environmental groups , particularly Greenpeace ; furthermore , analysts in the energy field , as well as related industries , also expressed skepticism due to perceptions that drilling in the region is `` too dangerous because of harsh conditions and remote locations '' .	Greenpeace	Shell 's plans to drill in the Artic led to protests from which particular environmental group ?
Additionally , difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the `` Kulluk '' incident at the end of the year .	difficult weather	What conditions caused the delay of drilling in mid-2012 ?
Additionally , difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the `` Kulluk '' incident at the end of the year .	the "Kulluk" incident	What worsened the situation at the end of 2012 ?
Royal Dutch Shell had invested nearly US$ 5 billion by this stage of the project .	nearly US$5 billion	What amount had Royal Dutch Shell invested in the project by the end of 2012 ?
Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012 , as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits , Coast Guard certification of a marine vessel and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment .	2012	In what year did drilling in the Arctic region begin ?
As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season , a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews , as well as the rescue service , to lose control of the situation .	to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season	Why was the Kulluk oil rig being towed to Washington ?
As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season , a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews , as well as the rescue service , to lose control of the situation .	a winter storm	What caused towing crews and rescue service to lose control while the Kulluk rig was in transport to Washington ?
As of 1 January 2013 , the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island , near the eastern end of Kodiak Island .	Sitkalidak	On January 1 , 2013 , the Kulluk was grounded off the coast of which island ?
Following the accident , a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney , the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M , and he explained that `` A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season . ''	Fortune	Following the incident , which magazine contacted Larry McKinney ?
Following the accident , a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney , the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M , and he explained that `` A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season . ''	wipe out the entire drilling season	Larry McKinney explained that a two-month delay in drilling could do what ?
It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013 , following the `` Kulluk '' incident and , in February 2013 , the corporation stated that it would `` pause '' its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013 , and will instead prepare for future exploration .	the "Kulluk" incident	Following what event was it uncertain if Shell would recommence drilling ?
It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013 , following the `` Kulluk '' incident and , in February 2013 , the corporation stated that it would `` pause '' its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013 , and will instead prepare for future exploration .	its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast	In February 2013 , Shell Corporation announced that it would pause what ?
In January 2014 , the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic , with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is `` under review '' due to both market and internal issues .	the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic	Shell Corporation announced what in January 2014 ?
In January 2014 , the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic , with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is `` under review '' due to both market and internal issues .	van Beurden	Which Shell Corporation executive explained the reason for the January 2014 announcement ?
In January 2014 , the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic , with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is `` under review '' due to both market and internal issues .	the project is "under review" due to both market and internal issues.	What reason did the executive give for Shell 's January 2014 announcement ?
In the 1990s , protesters criticised the company 's environmental record , particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea .	the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea	For what particular reason did protesters criticize the company 's environmental record in the 1990s ?
Despite support from the UK government , Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally better .	the UK government	What entity supported Shell during the 1990s protests ?
Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development , supported by executive speeches reinforcing this commitment .	an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development	Following the reversal of its decision , Shell published what ?
In the beginning of 1996 , several human rights groups brought cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria , including summary execution , crimes against humanity , torture , inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention .	alleged human rights violations in Nigeria	In 1996 , multiple groups filed lawsuits to hold Shell accountable for what ?
In particular , Shell stood accused of collaborating in the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other leaders of the Ogoni tribe of southern Nigeria , who were hanged in 1995 by Nigeria 's then military rulers .	Ken Saro-Wiwa	Shell was accused of participating in the execution of which southern Nigerian tribal leader ?
In 2009 , Shell agreed to pay $ 15.5 m in a legal settlement .	2009	In what year did Shell agree to settle the lawsuits filed in 1996 ?
In 2009 , Shell agreed to pay $ 15.5 m in a legal settlement .	$15.5m	For what amount did Shell agree to settle the 1996 lawsuits ?
Shell has not accepted any liability over the allegations against it .	accepted any liability over the allegations against it	In contrast to its agreement to settle the 1996 lawsuits , Shell refused to do what ?
In 2010 , a leaked cable revealed that Shell claims to have inserted staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government and know `` everything that was being done in those ministries '' , according to Shell 's top executive in Nigeria .	staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government	A 2010 leaked communication revealed that Shell claimed to have inserted what into which entities ?
In 2010 , a leaked cable revealed that Shell claims to have inserted staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government and know `` everything that was being done in those ministries '' , according to Shell 's top executive in Nigeria .	"everything that was being done in those ministries"	The same leaked communication revealed Shell claimed to know what ?
The same executive also boasted that the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell 's infiltration .	the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration	About what did the Shell executive boast in relation to the leaked communication ?
Documents released in 2009 -LRB- but not used in the court case -RRB- reveal that Shell regularly made payments to the Nigerian military in order to prevent protests .	the Nigerian military	Documents released in 2009 showed that Shell made regular payments to which entity ?
Documents released in 2009 -LRB- but not used in the court case -RRB- reveal that Shell regularly made payments to the Nigerian military in order to prevent protests .	to prevent protests	For what purpose did Shell make regular payments to the entity cited in the documents released in 2009 ?
On 16 March 2012 , 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica , multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell 's drilling rigs near Alaska .	52	How many Greenpeace activists boarded Fennica and Nordica in March 2012 ?
On 16 March 2012 , 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica , multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell 's drilling rigs near Alaska .	five	How many countries did the group of Greenpeace activists represent ?
On 16 March 2012 , 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica , multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell 's drilling rigs near Alaska .	multipurpose icebreakers	What types of vehicles were the Fennica and Nordica ?
On 16 March 2012 , 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica , multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell 's drilling rigs near Alaska .	to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska	Why were the Fennica and Nordica chartered ?
Around the same time period , a reporter for Fortune magazine spoke with Edward Itta , an Inupiat Eskimo leader and the former mayor of the North Slope Borough , who expressed that he was conflicted about Shell 's plans in the Arctic , as he was very concerned that an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo 's hunting-and-fishing culture , but his borough also received major tax revenue from oil and gas production ; additionally , further revenue from energy activity was considered crucial to the future of the living standard in Itta 's community .	an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture	What was the main concern of Edward Itta ?
In response , Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests , and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was `` trampling American 's rights . ''	to seek injunctions from possible protests	Why did Shell file lawsuits ?
In response , Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests , and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was `` trampling American 's rights . ''	"trampling American's rights."	Jealous and Radford asserted that the legal action taken by Shell was what ?
According to Greenpeace , Shell lodged a request with Google to ban video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One -LRB- F1 -RRB- Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013 , in which `` SaveTheArctic.org '' banners appear at the winners ' podium ceremony .	video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix	Greenpeace claimed that Shell requested Google to ban what ?
According to Greenpeace , Shell lodged a request with Google to ban video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One -LRB- F1 -RRB- Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013 , in which `` SaveTheArctic.org '' banners appear at the winners ' podium ceremony .	"SaveTheArctic.org"	What banners appeared on the winners ' podium at the August 2013 ceremony ?
In the video , the banners rise up automatically -- activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas -- revealing the website URL , alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear 's head and half of the Shell logo .	the use of four radio car antennas	At the 2013 ceremony , activitsts controlled their appearance with what ?
Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement .	routinely invoke legal and technological measures	How do creators of content protect their work from infringement ?
Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission , infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder , such as the right to reproduce , distribute , display or perform the protected work , or to make derivative works .	right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works	What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected ?
The copyright holder is typically the work 's creator , or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned .	The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned	Who is protected by copyright laws ?
Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission , infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder , such as the right to reproduce , distribute , display or perform the protected work , or to make derivative works .	to make derivative works	You wrote a song that was based on an original work , what is this called ?
Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission , infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder , such as the right to reproduce , distribute , display or perform the protected work , or to make derivative works .	Copyright infringement	What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission ?
Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission , infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder , such as the right to reproduce , distribute , display or perform the protected work , or to make derivative works .	copyright law	How do creators of content protect their work from infringement ?
The copyright holder is typically the work 's creator , or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned .	work's creator	Who is protected by copyright laws ?
Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement .	copyright infringement	What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission ?
Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission , infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder , such as the right to reproduce , distribute , display or perform the protected work , or to make derivative works .	derivative works	You wrote a song that was based on an original work , what is this called ?
Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation , a notice and take down process , or litigation in civil court .	direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court	How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement ?
Shifting public expectations , advances in digital technology , and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread , anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online , and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize -- as `` indirect '' infringers -- the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others .	Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet	Why has copyright infringement increased recently ?
Shifting public expectations , advances in digital technology , and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread , anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online , and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize -- as `` indirect '' infringers -- the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others .	expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize – as "indirect" infringers – the service providers and software distributors	What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement ?
Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement , especially when it involves counterfeiting , is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system .	sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system	What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale ?
Shifting public expectations , advances in digital technology , and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread , anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online , and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize -- as `` indirect '' infringers -- the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others .	service providers and software distributors	What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works ?
Shifting public expectations , advances in digital technology , and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread , anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online , and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize -- as `` indirect '' infringers -- the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others .	expanding copyright law	What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement ?
Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement , especially when it involves counterfeiting , is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system .	prosecuted via the criminal justice system	What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale ?
Shifting public expectations , advances in digital technology , and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread , anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online , and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize -- as `` indirect '' infringers -- the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others .	service providers and software distributors	What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works ?
The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement .	piracy and theft	What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own ?
The original meaning of piracy is `` robbery or illegal violence at sea '' , but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement .	piracy	What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea ?
However , copyright is a type of intellectual property , an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft , offenses related only to tangible property .	intellectual property	What kind of property is copyright used for ?
However , copyright is a type of intellectual property , an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft , offenses related only to tangible property .	related only to tangible property	What is the difference between robbery and piracy ?
Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss , and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft .	theft	In the 1980 's , the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what ?
Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710 , the Stationers ' Company of London in 1557 , received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter .	monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter	What did the Royal Charter give to the Stationers ' Company of London ?
Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works uses the term `` piracy '' in relation to copyright infringement , stating `` Pirated works may be seized on importation into those countries of the Union where the original work enjoys legal protection . ''	in relation to copyright infringement	How does Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy ?
Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works uses the term `` piracy '' in relation to copyright infringement , stating `` Pirated works may be seized on importation into those countries of the Union where the original work enjoys legal protection . ''	seized on importation	What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original is protected by copyright law ?
Article 61 of the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights -LRB- TRIPs -RRB- requires criminal procedures and penalties in cases of `` willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale . ''	1994	When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights enacted ?
Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain , though more recently , copyright holders have described online copyright infringement , particularly in relation to peer-to-peer file sharing networks , as `` piracy . ''	peer-to-peer file sharing networks	Piracy has been more recently described online in relation to what ?
In copyright law , infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner 's possession , but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization .	authorization	When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law , you are exercising exclusive rights without what ?
Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft .	copyright infringement and theft	What have courts said there is a difference between ?
Instead , `` interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft , conversion , or fraud .	theft, conversion, or fraud	In Dowling v. United States , what did bootleg records NOT constitute ?
The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright : ' -LSB- ... -RSB- an infringer of the copyright . ' ''	The Copyright Act	What is the separate term of art to define misappropriation of copyright ?
The court said that in the case of copyright infringement , the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law -- certain exclusive rights -- is invaded , but no control , physical or otherwise , is taken over the copyright , nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held .	certain exclusive rights	What did the court say was invaded ?
Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause .	partial compliance	What is a possible cause of copyright infringement ?
In 2004 , the US Army paid US$ 4.5 million for a license of 500 users , while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users ; the case was settled for US$ 50 million .	US Army	Who did Texas software company Apptricity write software for ?
In 2004 , the US Army paid US$ 4.5 million for a license of 500 users , while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users ; the case was settled for US$ 50 million .	500 users	How many users were paid for in 2004 ?
In 2004 , the US Army paid US$ 4.5 million for a license of 500 users , while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users ; the case was settled for US$ 50 million .	US$50 million	How much was the lawsuit settled for ?
Major anti-piracy organizations , like the BSA , conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance .	the BSA	Who is an example of a major anti-piracy organization ?
Cara Cusumano , director of the Tribeca Film Festival , stated in April 2014 : `` Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy -- people saying , ' I want to watch Spiderman right now ' and downloading it '' .	immediacy	What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people want ?
The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used the Internet to present its content , while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online .	used the Internet to present its content	What had the festival done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made ?
The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used the Internet to present its content , while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online .	work exclusively online	It was the first year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what ?
Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free :	downloading	What behavior is not just done by people who want content for free ?
In response to Cusumano 's perspective , Screen Producers Australia executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry : `` Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process -LSB- monetizing through returns -RSB- and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage the maximum number of people to go to the cinema . ''	Matt Deaner	Who made clear the motivations of the filmmakers ?
In response to Cusumano 's perspective , Screen Producers Australia executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry : `` Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process -LSB- monetizing through returns -RSB- and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage the maximum number of people to go to the cinema . ''	Distributors	Who encourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film ?
In response to Cusumano 's perspective , Screen Producers Australia executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry : `` Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process -LSB- monetizing through returns -RSB- and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage the maximum number of people to go to the cinema . ''	immediate access to online	What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at the theater ?
Deaner further explained the matter in terms of the Australian film industry , stating : `` there are currently restrictions on quantities of tax support that a film can receive unless the film has a traditional cinema release . ''	tax support that a film can receive	What is restricted unless the film has a traditional theater release ?
In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics , and reported on in early May 2014 , researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people , aged seven to 84 .	University of Portsmouth	What researchers conducted a study in the early part of May 2014 ?
In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics , and reported on in early May 2014 , researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people , aged seven to 84 .	6,000	How many people were part of the study ?
In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics , and reported on in early May 2014 , researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people , aged seven to 84 .	seven to 84	What was the age range of people studied ?
The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving ; the ability to access material not on general release , or before it was released ; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios .	artists	Who did downloaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies ?
According to the same study , even though digital piracy inflicts additional costs on the production side of media , it also offers the main access to media goods in developing countries .	main access to media goods	Even though piracy adds costs to production , what else is offered to developing countries ?
The strong tradeoffs that favor using digital piracy in developing economies dictate the current neglected law enforcements toward digital piracy .	current neglected law enforcements	What do the tradeoffs of digital piracy support ?
In China , the issue of digital infringement is not merely legal , but social -- originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods .	China	In what country is the issue of digital infringement social ?
In China , the issue of digital infringement is not merely legal , but social -- originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods .	cheap and affordable goods	What is in high demand in this country ?
In China , the issue of digital infringement is not merely legal , but social -- originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods .	connections	What does the government of this country provide to businesses that produce content ?
There have been instances where a country 's government bans a movie , resulting in the spread of copied videos and DVDs .	the spread of copied videos and DVDs	What happens when a country bans a movie ?
Romanian-born documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu wrote a New York Times article telling the story of Irina Margareta Nistor , a narrator for state TV under Nicolae Ceauşescu 's regime .	New York Times	Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu write an article for ?
Romanian-born documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu wrote a New York Times article telling the story of Irina Margareta Nistor , a narrator for state TV under Nicolae Ceauşescu 's regime .	a narrator for state TV	What was Irina Margareta Nistor 's job in Romania ?
A visitor from the west gave her bootlegged copies of American movies , which she dubbed for secret viewings through Romania .	bootlegged copies of American movies	What did a visitor give to Nistor ?
According to the article , she dubbed more than 3,000 movies and became the country 's second-most famous voice after Ceauşescu , even though no one knew her name until many years later .	3,000	How many movies did Nistor dub for secret viewings in Romania ?
In the U.S. , copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via lawsuits in civil court , against alleged infringers directly , or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying .	civil court	In the U.S. , where is copyright infringement contested ?
For example , major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services Grokster and Streamcast for their contributory role in copyright infringement .	Grokster and Streamcast	Who did MGM studios file a lawsuit against ?
In 2005 , the Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM , holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and , indeed , willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies .	MGM	In 2005 , who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of ?
In 2005 , the Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM , holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and , indeed , willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies .	venues for acquiring copyrighted movies	What did P2P file sharing services market themselves as ?
The MGM v. Grokster case did not overturn the earlier Sony decision , but rather clouded the legal waters ; future designers of software capable of being used for copyright infringement were warned .	Sony	What studio 's case decision was NOT overturned ?
In some jurisdictions , copyright or the right to enforce it can be contractually assigned to a third party which did not have a role in producing the work .	third party	Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions ?
When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial , but rather only takes them just far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers , critics commonly refer to the party as a `` copyright troll . ''	to identify and exact settlements	What do outside lawyers take infringers to court for ?
When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial , but rather only takes them just far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers , critics commonly refer to the party as a `` copyright troll . ''	copyright troll	What do critics usually call these lawyers ?
Such practices have had mixed results in the U.S.	mixed results	What do these lawsuits have in the U.S. ?
The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897 , which established a misdemeanor penalty for `` unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions '' if the violation had been `` willful and for profit . ''	1897	When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added ?
The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897 , which established a misdemeanor penalty for `` unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions '' if the violation had been `` willful and for profit . ''	misdemeanor	What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit ?
Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted `` for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain . ''	for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain	What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted ?
The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or , in other words , possessed the necessary mens rea .	that defendant willfully infringed	What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement ?
Misdemeanor infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works .	very low threshold	What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works ?
535 -LRB- 1994 -RRB- was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that , under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time , committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law .	1994	When was United States v. LaMacchia contested ?
535 -LRB- 1994 -RRB- was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that , under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time , committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law .	non-commercial motives	At the time , what infringement could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law ?
The ruling gave rise to what became known as the `` LaMacchia Loophole , '' wherein criminal charges of fraud or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards , so long as there was no profit motive involved .	LaMacchia Loophole	What loophole did the ruling give rise to ?
The ruling gave rise to what became known as the `` LaMacchia Loophole , '' wherein criminal charges of fraud or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards , so long as there was no profit motive involved .	dismissed	If there is no profit involved , what would happen to criminal charges of fraud ?
The United States No Electronic Theft Act -LRB- NET Act -RRB- , a federal law passed in 1997 , in response to LaMacchia , provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances , even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement .	No Electronic Theft Act	What federal law did the United States pass in 1997 , in response to the LaMacchia Loophole ?
Maximum penalties can be five years in prison and up to $ 250,000 in fines .	five years in prison	What is the maximum prison time for infringement under the new law ?
Maximum penalties can be five years in prison and up to $ 250,000 in fines .	$250,000	What is the maximum monetary fine under the new law ?
The NET Act also raised statutory damages by 50 % .	50%	How much were statutory damages raised by ?
The court 's ruling explicitly drew attention to the shortcomings of current law that allowed people to facilitate mass copyright infringement while being immune to prosecution under the Copyright Act .	Copyright Act	What was the law called that let people be immune to prosecution ?
The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the EU Copyright Directive of 2001 , which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization , as long as they are for personal , noncommerical use .	EU Copyright Directive of 2001	What directive in 2001 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use ?
The Copyright Directive was not intended to legitimize file-sharing , but rather the common practice of space shifting copyright-protected content from a legally purchased CD -LRB- for example -RRB- to certain kinds of devices and media , provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection measures are circumvented .	legitimize file-sharing	What was the directive NOT intended for ?
Rights-holder compensation takes various forms , depending on the country , but is generally either a levy on `` recording '' devices and media , or a tax on the content itself .	a tax on the content itself	Compensation to the rights-holder is generally a levy or what else ?
In some countries , such as Canada , the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives , portable media players , and phones , for which no levies are collected , has been the subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law .	Canada	What is an example of a country that has no levies collected ?
In some countries , such as Canada , the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives , portable media players , and phones , for which no levies are collected , has been the subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law .	computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones	What are examples of general purpose storage devices ?
In some countries , the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied was obtained legitimately -- i.e. , from authorized sources , not file-sharing networks .	was obtained legitimately	What does the personal copying exemption explicitly need ?
Other countries , such as the Netherlands , make no such distinction ; the exemption there had been assumed , even by the government , to apply to any such copying , even from file-sharing networks .	Netherlands	What is an example of a country that the exemption was assumed ?
However , in April 2014 , the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that `` national legislation which makes no distinction between private copies made from lawful sources and those made from counterfeited or pirated sources can not be tolerated . ''	April 2014	When did the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction ?
Thus , in the Netherlands , for example , downloading from file-sharing networks is no longer legal .	Netherlands	In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network no longer legal ?
Title I of the U.S. DMCA , the WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act has provisions that prevent persons from `` circumvent -LSB- ing -RSB- a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work '' .	DMCA	What is the U.S. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it 's Title I ?
Title I of the U.S. DMCA , the WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act has provisions that prevent persons from `` circumvent -LSB- ing -RSB- a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work '' .	"circumvent[ing] a technological measure	What is it called when someone intentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game ?
Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software , dongle or password access device installed in instances of the work , any attempt to bypass such a copy protection scheme may be actionable -- though the US Copyright Office is currently reviewing anticircumvention rulemaking under DMCA -- anticircumvention exemptions that have been in place under the DMCA include those in software designed to filter websites that are generally seen to be inefficient -LRB- child safety and public library website filtering software -RRB- and the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that have malfunctioned , have caused the instance of the work to become inoperable or which are no longer supported by their manufacturers .	inefficient	Anticircumvention exemptions are generally seen to be be what ?
Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software , dongle or password access device installed in instances of the work , any attempt to bypass such a copy protection scheme may be actionable -- though the US Copyright Office is currently reviewing anticircumvention rulemaking under DMCA -- anticircumvention exemptions that have been in place under the DMCA include those in software designed to filter websites that are generally seen to be inefficient -LRB- child safety and public library website filtering software -RRB- and the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that have malfunctioned , have caused the instance of the work to become inoperable or which are no longer supported by their manufacturers .	website	What are child safety and public library software used to filter ?
In addition , intermediaries are now also generally understood to include Internet portals , software and games providers , those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without a moderation system , aggregators of various kinds , such as news aggregators , universities , libraries and archives , web search engines , chat rooms , web blogs , mailing lists , and any website which provides access to third party content through , for example , hyperlinks , a crucial element of the World Wide Web .	intermediaries	What includes Internet portals , software and games ?
In addition , intermediaries are now also generally understood to include Internet portals , software and games providers , those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without a moderation system , aggregators of various kinds , such as news aggregators , universities , libraries and archives , web search engines , chat rooms , web blogs , mailing lists , and any website which provides access to third party content through , for example , hyperlinks , a crucial element of the World Wide Web .	interactive forums and comment facilities	What examples provide virtual information ?
In addition , intermediaries are now also generally understood to include Internet portals , software and games providers , those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without a moderation system , aggregators of various kinds , such as news aggregators , universities , libraries and archives , web search engines , chat rooms , web blogs , mailing lists , and any website which provides access to third party content through , for example , hyperlinks , a crucial element of the World Wide Web .	aggregators	News , universities and libraries and archives are examples of what ?
In addition , intermediaries are now also generally understood to include Internet portals , software and games providers , those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without a moderation system , aggregators of various kinds , such as news aggregators , universities , libraries and archives , web search engines , chat rooms , web blogs , mailing lists , and any website which provides access to third party content through , for example , hyperlinks , a crucial element of the World Wide Web .	hyperlinks	What is an important element of the World Wide Web ?
Early court cases focused on the liability of Internet service providers -LRB- ISPs -RRB- for hosting , transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law , such as libel , defamation , or pornography .	Internet service providers	Who did early court cases focus on ?
Early court cases focused on the liability of Internet service providers -LRB- ISPs -RRB- for hosting , transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law , such as libel , defamation , or pornography .	libel, defamation, or pornography	What could be sued for under civil or criminal law ?
As different content was considered in different legal systems , and in the absence of common definitions for `` ISPs , '' `` bulletin boards '' or `` online publishers , '' early law on online intermediaries ' liability varied widely from country to country .	varied widely from country to country	What was the result of early law on online liability ?
The first laws on online intermediaries ' liability were passed from the mid-1990s onwards .	mid-1990s	When were the first laws of liability passed ?
The U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act -LRB- 1998 -RRB- and the European E-Commerce Directive -LRB- 2000 -RRB- provide online intermediaries with limited statutory immunity from liability for copyright infringement .	Digital Millennium Copyright Act	What law enacted in the U.S. in 1998 gave online intermediaries limited statutory immunity ?
In U.S. law this is characterized as `` safe harbor '' provisions .	safe harbor	How is this law characterized in the U.S. ?
Under European law , the governing principles for Internet Service Providers are `` mere conduit '' , meaning that they are neutral ` pipes ' with no knowledge of what they are carrying ; and ` no obligation to monitor ' meaning that they can not be given a general mandate by governments to monitor content .	mere conduit	In the E.U. , what are the governing principles for ISP 's ?
Under European law , the governing principles for Internet Service Providers are `` mere conduit '' , meaning that they are neutral ` pipes ' with no knowledge of what they are carrying ; and ` no obligation to monitor ' meaning that they can not be given a general mandate by governments to monitor content .	no obligation to monitor	What is it called when intermediaries can not be given an order by governments to monitor what happens on their services ?
These two principles are a barrier for certain forms of online copyright enforcement and they were the reason behind an attempt to amend the European Telecoms Package in 2009 to support new measures against copyright infringement .	European Telecoms Package	What was attempted to be amended in 2009 to support new ways to prevent copyright infringement ?
These types of intermediaries do not host or transmit infringing content , themselves , but may be regarded in some courts as encouraging , enabling or facilitating infringement by users .	host or transmit infringing content	What do certain type of intermediaries NOT do ?
In the case of the BitTorrent protocol , intermediaries may include the torrent tracker and any websites or search engines which facilitate access to torrent files .	BitTorrent	What protocol do intermediaries use that include a torrent tracker ?
Torrent files do n't contain copyrighted content , but they may make reference to files that do , and they may point to trackers which coordinate the sharing of those files .	copyrighted content	What do Torrent files NOT contain ?
Some torrent indexing and search sites , such as The Pirate Bay , now encourage the use of magnet links , instead of direct links to torrent files , creating another layer of indirection ; using such links , torrent files are obtained from other peers , rather than from a particular website .	The Pirate Bay	What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to share peer-to-peer ?
Nevertheless , whether and to what degree any of these types of intermediaries have secondary liability is the subject of ongoing litigation .	subject of ongoing litigation	What is the legal status of secondary liability ?
The decentralised structure of peer-to-peer networks , in particular , does not sit easily with existing laws on online intermediaries ' liability .	decentralised structure	What makes peer-to-peer networks different than other online providers ?
The BitTorrent protocol established an entirely decentralised network architecture in order to distribute large files effectively .	distribute large files effectively	What was the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol ?
Recent developments in peer-to-peer technology towards more complex network configurations are said to have been driven by a desire to avoid liability as intermediaries under existing laws .	to avoid liability as intermediaries	What are the reasons for more complex network configurations in peer-to-peer software development ?
Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright , so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls `` fair practice , '' including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education .	fair practice	What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright ?
Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright , so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls `` fair practice , '' including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education .	journalism and education	Where are minimal quotations commonly used ?
The laws implementing these limitations and exceptions for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either fair use or fair dealing .	fair use or fair dealing	What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into ?
In common law systems , these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents , and are considered essential to freedom of speech .	principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents	What do these statutes represent ?
In common law systems , these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents , and are considered essential to freedom of speech .	freedom of speech	What are these statutes essential to ?
Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing , which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works , such as compilations and live performances of music .	compulsory licensing	What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses ?
Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing , which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works , such as compilations and live performances of music .	compilations and live performances of music	What are two examples of this licensing ?
Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works , no infringement occurs as long as a royalty , at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation , is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective .	no infringement occurs	What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative ?
Some fair dealing laws , such as Canada 's , include similar royalty requirements .	Canada	What country has fair dealing laws ?
In Europe , the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs ; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators ; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator 's service , also infringed the copyright of the news generators .	Europe	Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested ?
In Europe , the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs ; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators ; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator 's service , also infringed the copyright of the news generators .	news generators	Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on ?
The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators ; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union -LRB- CJEU -RRB- , which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators .	June 2014	When was the second part of the case decided ?
The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators ; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union -LRB- CJEU -RRB- , which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators .	temporary web cache of consumers	What did the courts rule was NOT infringement ?
In order to qualify for protection , a work must be an expression with a degree of originality , and it must be in a fixed medium , such as written down on paper or recorded digitally .	in a fixed medium	If a work must include a degree of originality , what else must it contain to be protected ?
The idea itself is not protected .	The idea itself	What is NOT protected ?
That is , a copy of someone else 's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person 's unique , tangible expression of the idea .	it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea	What makes a copy of an original idea infringing ?
Some of these limitations , especially regarding what qualifies as original , are embodied only in case law -LRB- judicial precedent -RRB- , rather than in statutes .	what qualifies as original	What limitation is only embodied in case law , rather than statues ?
In the U.S. , for example , copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied .	U.S.	Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied ?
Likewise , courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test -LRB- AFC Test -RRB- to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection , or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing .	Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test	What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing ?
Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D , effort and expense put into a work 's creation does n't affect copyright protection .	doesn't affect copyright protection	What has software case law determined about R&D , effort and expense put into creation ?
Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement , with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement .	Corporations and legislatures	Who takes different steps to prevent infringement ?
Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement , with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement .	preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement	What is the major focus of these steps ?
Strategies include education , civil & criminal legislation , and international agreements , as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection , such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws , which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased .	civil & criminal	What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement ?
Strategies include education , civil & criminal legislation , and international agreements , as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection , such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws , which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased .	limit the amount of control consumers have	What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do ?
Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing .	narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing	How have governments lowered infringement rates ?
Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions , nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses .	enacted compulsory licensing laws	Besides upholding international treaty , what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses ?
For example , in the U.S. , the DMCA , an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty , considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective 's royalty and reporting requirements are met .	DMCA	What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met ?
The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement , thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing .	safe harbor	What else does this law provide to service providers ?
The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement , thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing .	providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement	Who does this law target ?
Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive , `` open '' licensing strategies : rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission , the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use , as long as they adhere to certain conditions .	employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing	What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement ?
Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive , `` open '' licensing strategies : rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission , the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use , as long as they adhere to certain conditions .	adhere to certain conditions	What must a user do under a prepared license ?
This has the effect of reducing infringement -- and the burden on courts -- by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable .	reducing infringement	Besides lessening the burden on the courts , what is the effect of this license ?
Examples include free software licenses , like the GNU General Public License -LRB- GPL -RRB- , and the Creative Commons licenses , which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works .	GNU General Public License	What is an example of a free software license ?
Examples include free software licenses , like the GNU General Public License -LRB- GPL -RRB- , and the Creative Commons licenses , which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works .	visual and literary works	What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to ?
To prevent piracy of films , the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters -LRB- theatrical window -RRB- , on average approximately 16 and a half weeks , before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD -LRB- entering its video window -RRB- .	approximately 16 and a half weeks	How long is a movie typically released in theaters for ?
During the theatrical window , digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission .	by couriers	During this time , how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices ?
The data can be encrypted , with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens .	encrypted	What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times ?
Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down .	Anti-Piracy marks can be added	What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies ?
As a result of these measures , the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually `` cams '' made by video recordings of the movie screens , which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version .	"cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens	What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called ?
The U.S. GAO 's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body 's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies .	U.S. GAO	What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement ?
The U.S. GAO 's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body 's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies .	three	How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on ?
The GAO report explained that the sources -- a Federal Bureau of Investigation -LRB- FBI -RRB- estimate , a Customs and Border Protection -LRB- CBP -RRB- press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate -- `` can not be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology . ''	estimate	What did the FBI use as a source ?
The GAO report explained that the sources -- a Federal Bureau of Investigation -LRB- FBI -RRB- estimate , a Customs and Border Protection -LRB- CBP -RRB- press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate -- `` can not be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology . ''	GAO report	What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source ?
According to a 2007 BSA and International Data Corporation -LRB- IDC -RRB- study , the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were : 1 .	BSA and International Data Corporation	Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy ?
U.S. -LRB- 20 % -RRB- ; 2 .	U.S.	Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy ?
The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss , in terms of U.S. dollars , with $ 14,090,000 , followed by the European Union , with a loss of $ 12,383,000 ; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region , where $ 2,446,000 was documented .	Asia-Pacific	Which region had the highest loss ?
The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss , in terms of U.S. dollars , with $ 14,090,000 , followed by the European Union , with a loss of $ 12,383,000 ; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region , where $ 2,446,000 was documented .	$12,383,000	How much did the EU lose ?
The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss , in terms of U.S. dollars , with $ 14,090,000 , followed by the European Union , with a loss of $ 12,383,000 ; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region , where $ 2,446,000 was documented .	Middle East/Africa region	Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost ?
In its 2011 report , conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs , the BSA stated : `` Over half of the world 's personal computer users -- 57 percent -- admit to pirating software . ''	IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs	Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with ?
In its 2011 report , conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs , the BSA stated : `` Over half of the world 's personal computer users -- 57 percent -- admit to pirating software . ''	57 percent	What percentage of people admit to pirating software ?
The ninth annual `` BSA Global Software Piracy Study '' claims that the `` commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software '' was worth US$ 63.4 billion in 2011 , with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period -LRB- US$ 9,773,000 -RRB- .	US$63.4 billion	What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011 ?
According to the 2011 study , Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate , at 92 % , while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S. , at 19 % .	Zimbabwe	What nation had the higest piracy rate ?
According to the 2011 study , Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate , at 92 % , while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S. , at 19 % .	19%	What was the U.S. 's piracy rate ?
In 2007 , the Institute for Policy Innovation -LRB- IPI -RRB- reported that music piracy took $ 12.5 billion from the U.S. economy .	Institute for Policy Innovation	Who reported that piracy took $ 12.5 billion from the U.S. economy ?
Retailers have lost over a billion dollars , while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs .	over a billion dollars	How much money have retailers lost ?
Retailers have lost over a billion dollars , while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs .	46,000	How many production-level jobs were lost ?
The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy , losing $ 422 million in tax revenue .	U.S. government	Which government lost $ 422 million in potential tax money ?
Professor Aram Sinnreich , in his book The Piracy Crusade , states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous , based on correlation rather than causation .	The Piracy Crusade	What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write ?
Professor Aram Sinnreich , in his book The Piracy Crusade , states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous , based on correlation rather than causation .	tenuous	What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site ?
He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion , what he describes as a '' ` perfect bubble ' -- a confluence of economic , political , and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century '' .	artificial expansion	What was the industry going through ?
He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion , what he describes as a '' ` perfect bubble ' -- a confluence of economic , political , and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century '' .	perfect bubble	What does he call the merging of economic , political and technological forces that drove the music industry ?
The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard , estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $ 59 billion in 2010 , with emerging markets accounting for $ 31.9 billion , over half of the total .	$59 billion	What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010 ?
The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard , estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $ 59 billion in 2010 , with emerging markets accounting for $ 31.9 billion , over half of the total .	emerging markets	Who accounted for over half the total ?
Furthermore , mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010 , making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide .	less PC shipments than emerging economies	What did the established markets receive for the first time ?
China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $ 8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $ 9.7 billion in 2011 .	China	What country has the highest retail value of software ?
In 2011 , the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated -LRB- excluding South Africa -RRB- .	83 percent	What percentage of software in Africa is illegal ?
Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula , it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and Turkey to the northeast .	Balkan peninsula	On what peninsula is Greece located ?
Greece consists of nine geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands -LRB- including the Dodecanese and Cyclades -RRB- , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands .	nine	How many geographic regions make up Greece ?
Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km -LRB- 8,498 mi -RRB- in length , featuring a vast number of islands , of which 227 are inhabited .	8,498 mi	How long is the coastline of Greece ?
Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km -LRB- 8,498 mi -RRB- in length , featuring a vast number of islands , of which 227 are inhabited .	227	How many of Greece 's islands are inhabited ?
Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres -LRB- 9,573 ft -RRB- .	Mount Olympus	What is the tallest mountain in Greece ?
Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC .	Philip of Macedon	Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together ?
His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world , spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River .	Alexander the Great	Who was the son of Philip of Macedon ?
Annexed by Rome in the second century BC , Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire .	Rome	Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC ?
The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church , which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World .	first century AD	When was the Greek Orthodox Church started ?
Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century , the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence .	1830	What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece ?
A founding member of the United Nations , Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities -LRB- precursor to the European Union -RRB- and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001 .	United Nations	Greece is one of the members who founded what organization ?
Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy , a high quality of life and a very high standard of living .	democratic	Which political philosophy does Greece follow ?
A founding member of the United Nations , Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities -LRB- precursor to the European Union -RRB- and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001 .	2001	When did Greece join the Eurozone ?
Greece , which is one of the world 's largest shipping powers , middle powers and top tourist destinations , has the largest economy in the Balkans , where it is an important regional investor .	Balkans	Greece has the biggest economic power where ?
Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada -LRB- Greek : Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα -RRB- and its official name is the Hellenic Republic , in English it is referred to as Greece , which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans , which literally means ` the land of the Greeks ' , and derives from the Greek name Γραικός .	Hellas	What is one of the names the Greeks call their country ?
Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada -LRB- Greek : Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα -RRB- and its official name is the Hellenic Republic , in English it is referred to as Greece , which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans , which literally means ` the land of the Greeks ' , and derives from the Greek name Γραικός .	Hellenic Republic	What is the official name of Greece ?
Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada -LRB- Greek : Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα -RRB- and its official name is the Hellenic Republic , in English it is referred to as Greece , which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans , which literally means ` the land of the Greeks ' , and derives from the Greek name Γραικός .	Graecia	From what word is Greece derived ?
Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada -LRB- Greek : Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα -RRB- and its official name is the Hellenic Republic , in English it is referred to as Greece , which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans , which literally means ` the land of the Greeks ' , and derives from the Greek name Γραικός .	the land of the Greeks	What does the work Graecia mean ?
Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada -LRB- Greek : Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα -RRB- and its official name is the Hellenic Republic , in English it is referred to as Greece , which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans , which literally means ` the land of the Greeks ' , and derives from the Greek name Γραικός .	Romans	Who called Greece Graecia ?
The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans , dated to 270,000 BC , is to be found in the Petralona cave , in the Greek province of Macedonia .	270,000 BC	Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year ?
The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans , dated to 270,000 BC , is to be found in the Petralona cave , in the Greek province of Macedonia .	Petralona cave	Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation ?
All three stages of the stone age -LRB- Paleolithic , Mesolithic , and Neolithic -RRB- are represented in Greece , for example in the Franchthi Cave .	Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic	The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras ?
Neolithic settlements in Greece , dating from the 7th millennium BC , are the oldest in Europe by several centuries , as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe .	7th millennium BC	Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period ?
Neolithic settlements in Greece , dating from the 7th millennium BC , are the oldest in Europe by several centuries , as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe .	farming	What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements ?
Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization , -LSB- citation clutter -RSB- beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC , the Minoan civilization in Crete -LRB- 2700 -- 1500 BC -RRB- , and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland -LRB- 1900 -- 1100 BC -RRB- .	Western civilization	Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born ?
Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization , -LSB- citation clutter -RSB- beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC , the Minoan civilization in Crete -LRB- 2700 -- 1500 BC -RRB- , and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland -LRB- 1900 -- 1100 BC -RRB- .	Mycenaean	What was the last civilization to rule Greece ?
The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans , but collapsed violently around 1200 BC , during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse .	1200 BC	The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period ?
The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans , but collapsed violently around 1200 BC , during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse .	Bronze Age collapse	Around 1200 BC , what was the fall of the regional civilizations called ?
This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages , from which written records are absent .	Greek Dark Ages	What is the time period called from which no writing can be found .
The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC , the year of the first Olympic Games .	776 BC	When did the Olympic Game begin ?
The Iliad and the Odyssey , the foundational texts of Western literature , are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC With the end of the Dark Ages , there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula , which spread to the shores of the Black Sea , Southern Italy -LRB- Latin : Magna Graecia , or Greater Greece -RRB- and Asia Minor .	Homer	The literary work `` The Odyssey : , was written by whom ?
The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC , the year of the first Olympic Games .	776 BC	What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages ?
The Iliad and the Odyssey , the foundational texts of Western literature , are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC With the end of the Dark Ages , there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula , which spread to the shores of the Black Sea , Southern Italy -LRB- Latin : Magna Graecia , or Greater Greece -RRB- and Asia Minor .	Greater Greece	Magna Graecia is Latin for what term ?
In 508 BC , Cleisthenes instituted the world 's first democratic system of government in Athens .	508 BC	In what year is Democracy considered to have begun ?
By 500 BC , the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well .	Persian Empire	In 500 BC , Greece was ruled over by who ?
Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed , and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC , but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC .	Battle of Marathon	What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC ?
Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas , and a simultaneous naval engagement at Artemisium , -LSB- page needed -RSB- Persian forces occupied Athens , which had been evacuated in time , as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece .	Thermopylae	The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location ?
Led by Athens and Sparta , the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history , as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens , the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization .	Greco-Persian Wars	The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what ?
Led by Athens and Sparta , the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history , as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens , the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization .	Golden Age of Athens	After the Persians left Europe , the time period that followed was called what ?
The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War -LRB- 431 -- 404 BC -RRB- , won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece .	Peloponnesian War	The war from 431-404 BC is known as what ?
Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states .	Lack of political unity	What often caused strife between Greek states ?
The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War -LRB- 431 -- 404 BC -RRB- , won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece .	Sparta	Who won the Peloponnesian war ?
Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon , with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth -LRB- also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League -RRB- under the guidance of Phillip II , who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history .	Macedon	Who eventually brought the Greeks together ?
Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon , with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth -LRB- also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League -RRB- under the guidance of Phillip II , who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history .	Phillip II	Who was the first leader of a unified Greece ?
After a period of confusion following Alexander 's death , the Antigonid dynasty , descended from one of Alexander 's generals , established its control over Macedon and most of the Greek city-states by 276 BC .	the Antigonid dynasty	Who controlled Macedon after Alexander died ?
From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon .	200 BC	The Roman Empire became more controlling of Greece starting in what year ?
Macedon 's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power in Greece .	Battle of Pydna	Macedon lost what war in 168 BC ?
In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome , and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate .	146 BC	In what year did Greece become a part of Rome ?
Macedon 's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power in Greece .	168 BC	The end of Antigonid rule began in what year ?
The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea .	Augustus	What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece ?
Despite their military superiority , the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture , hence Horace 's famous statement : Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit -LRB- `` Greece , although captured , took its wild conqueror captive '' -RRB- .	"Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"	What saying by Horace became famous ?
The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66 , and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games , despite the rules against non-Greek participation .	Nero	What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD ?
The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil , and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles .	Homer	What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works ?
Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus , tended to study philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed .	Scipio Africanus	What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science ?
The New Testament was written in Greek , and some of its sections -LRB- Corinthians , Thessalonians , Philippians , Revelation of St. John of Patmos -RRB- attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity .	Greek	In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived ?
Nevertheless , much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism , and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD , when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391-392 .	paganism	What religion did early Greece practice ?
The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393 , and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed .	393	The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year ?
Nevertheless , much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism , and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD , when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391-392 .	Theodosius I	Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor ?
The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity , although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that .	Justinian	Which Emperor closed the school in Athens ?
The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula .	7th century	When did the Slavs invade Greece ?
From the 4th century , the Empire 's Balkan territories , including Greece , suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions .	Barbarian	What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century .
Following the Slavic invasion , the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas , particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens , Corinth and Thessalonica , while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority .	islands and coastal areas	After the Slav 's invaded , the government only controlled what areas ?
The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again , in stages , during the 9th century .	8th	The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century ?
The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again , in stages , during the 9th century .	9th	The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century ?
This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula , while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated .	Asia Minor	Slavs that were caught were moved to what area ?
During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth -- much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire .	strong economic growth	A stable Greece allowed it to have what ?
Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the `` Latins '' in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus -LRB- a Byzantine successor state -RRB- and Frankish rule -LRB- known as the Frankokratia -RRB- , while some islands came under Venetian rule .	1204	Greece was split into sections of different rulers in what year ?
The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire 's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula , although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century , while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control .	1261	Constantinople once again became a capital in what year ?
The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire 's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula , although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century , while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control .	Genoese and Venetian	The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who ?
The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire 's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula , although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century , while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control .	Byzantine	In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire ?
In the 14th century , much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire at first to the Serbs and then to the Ottomans .	Byzantine Empire	A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century ?
By the beginning of the 15th century , the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city , Thessaloniki , and the Peloponnese -LRB- Despotate of the Morea -RRB- .	Thessaloniki	At the start of 15th century , the biggest Byzantine city was what ?
After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 , the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans .	the Ottomans	Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453 ?
However , this , too , fell to the Ottomans in 1460 , completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece .	1460	The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year ?
With the Turkish conquest , many Byzantine Greek scholars , who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge , fled to the West , taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance .	Byzantine Greek scholars	Who had a large impact on the Renaissance ?
While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century , Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively .	Cyprus and Crete	The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians ?
The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands , which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797 , then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864 .	1797	In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French ?
The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands , which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797 , then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864 .	United Kingdom	Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809 ?
While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century , Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively .	Aegean islands	The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century ?
While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century , Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively .	Cyprus and Crete	The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century ?
Discrimination against Christians , particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities , led to conversions to Islam , if only superficially .	Islam	Due to discrimination , some Christians converted to what religion ?
The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire , whether ethnically Greek or not .	Greek Orthodox Church	What is the name of one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population ?
The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire , whether ethnically Greek or not .	Ottoman Empire	Which empire thought that Christians were inferior ?
Prior to the Greek revolution , there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans , such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 , the Epirus peasants ' revolts of 1600 -- 1601 , the Morean War of 1684 -- 1699 , and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770 , which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests .	1571	The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year ?
Prior to the Greek revolution , there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans , such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 , the Epirus peasants ' revolts of 1600 -- 1601 , the Morean War of 1684 -- 1699 , and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770 , which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests .	1684–1699	The Morean War took place during which years ?
Prior to the Greek revolution , there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans , such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 , the Epirus peasants ' revolts of 1600 -- 1601 , the Morean War of 1684 -- 1699 , and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770 , which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests .	1770	The Orlov Revolt took place in what year ?
Prior to the Greek revolution , there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans , such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 , the Epirus peasants ' revolts of 1600 -- 1601 , the Morean War of 1684 -- 1699 , and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770 , which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests .	Russian	The Orlov Revolt was for which nation 's supposed benefit ?
When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states , Greeks usually took arms against the Empire , with few exceptions .	Ottoman Empire	During battles of the 1600 and 1700 's , the Greeks usually fought against who ?
The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a `` dark age '' in Greek history , with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination .	16th and 17th centuries	Greece 's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods ?
However , in the 18th century , there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class .	18th	Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- In the late 18th century , Rigas Feraios , the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state , published a series of documents relating to Greek independence , including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece , in Vienna , and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798 .	Rigas Feraios	Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- In the late 18th century , Rigas Feraios , the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state , published a series of documents relating to Greek independence , including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece , in Vienna , and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798 .	1798	Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year ?
In 1814 , a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria -LRB- Society of Friends -RRB- was founded with the aim of liberating Greece .	1814	In which year did the Society of Friends begin ?
In 1814 , a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria -LRB- Society of Friends -RRB- was founded with the aim of liberating Greece .	liberating Greece	The Society of Friends goal was what ?
In 1814 , a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria -LRB- Society of Friends -RRB- was founded with the aim of liberating Greece .	Filiki Eteria	The Society of Friends was also known by what name ?
The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis , but it was soon put down by the Ottomans .	6 March 1821	The first of several revolutions began when ?
The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans .	17 March 1821	War was started with the Ottomans when ?
By the end of the month , the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa .	1821	In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa ?
By the end of the month , the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa .	Theodoros Kolokotronis	Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821 ?
Meanwhile , the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea .	Aegean Sea	The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters ?
In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands , including Chios and Psara , committing wholesale massacres of the population .	1822 and 1824	Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years ?
Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions , leading to two consecutive civil wars .	two	How many successive civil wars occurred between Greek clans ?
Meanwhile , the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt , who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain .	Ibrahim Pasha	Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army ?
Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success : by the end of 1825 , most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control , and the city of Missolonghi -- put under siege by the Turks since April 1825 -- fell in April 1826 .	February 1825	Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when ?
Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success : by the end of 1825 , most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control , and the city of Missolonghi -- put under siege by the Turks since April 1825 -- fell in April 1826 .	1826	In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians ?
Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani , he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken .	Mani	Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where ?
After years of negotiation , three Great Powers , Russia , the United Kingdom and France , decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece .	Russia, the United Kingdom and France	What three countries sent their Navy to Greece ?
Following news that combined Ottoman -- Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra , the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman -- Egyptian fleet at Navarino .	the allied fleet	Which navy won the battle of Hydra ?
Following news that combined Ottoman -- Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra , the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman -- Egyptian fleet at Navarino .	Ottoman–Egyptian	Which navy 's ships intended to attack Hydra ?
As a result of years of negotiation , the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830 .	1830	The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year ?
As a result of years of negotiation , the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830 .	London Protocol	What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called ?
Corruption and Trikoupis ' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy , forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country 's debtors .	public insolvency	In 1893 Greece announced what ?
Corruption and Trikoupis ' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy , forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country 's debtors .	International Financial Control authority	To pay off the people they owed , Greece had to accept what ?
The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic .	Demotic	The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them ?
Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek : the language question .	language	A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what ?
When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877 , Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia 's side , but Greece was too poor , and too concerned of British intervention , to officially enter the war .	1877	War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year ?
Especially in Crete , a prolonged revolt in 1866 -- 1869 had raised nationalist fervour .	Crete	A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island ?
Nevertheless , in 1881 , Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin , while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete .	1881	In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur ?
In the following years , the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country 's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country 's political scene , and divided the country into two opposing groups .	the country's foreign policy	What divided Greece into two political groups ?
During parts of the First World War , Greece had two governments ; a royalist pro-German government in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki .	two	How many governments did Greece have in World War 1 ?
The two governments were united in 1917 , when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente .	the Triple Entente	When Greece entered World War I , on whose side did they fight ?
The two governments were united in 1917 , when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente .	1917	Greece 's multiple governments came together in what year ?
In the aftermath of the First World War , Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor , a region with a large native Greek population at the time , but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919 -- 1922 , contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks .	1919–1922	What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place ?
In the aftermath of the First World War , Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor , a region with a large native Greek population at the time , but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919 -- 1922 , contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks .	Asia Minor	After World War I , Greece wanted to expand into what area ?
The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war .	Treaty of Lausanne	An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement ?
These events overlapped , with both happening during the Greek genocide -LRB- 1914-1922 -RRB- , a period during which , according to various sources , Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks .	1914-1922	In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place ?
These events overlapped , with both happening during the Greek genocide -LRB- 1914-1922 -RRB- , a period during which , according to various sources , Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks .	Ottoman and Turkish officials	Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks ?
The following era was marked by instability , as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey had to be integrated into Greek society .	1.5 million	How many Greek refugees came from Turkey ?
The task was undertaken by settling the Pontians and Cappadocians in the Macedonian mountains , where they would adapt better , and settling the Demotic speakers and non Greeks in the Greek Isles and cities , where they were already adapted to .	Macedonian mountains	Pontian and Cappadocian refugees were relocated to where ?
The task was undertaken by settling the Pontians and Cappadocians in the Macedonian mountains , where they would adapt better , and settling the Demotic speakers and non Greeks in the Greek Isles and cities , where they were already adapted to .	Greek Isles and cities	Demotic speaking Greek refugees were placed where ?
Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935 .	Premier Georgios Kondylis	The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who ?
Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor , the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared .	Second Hellenic Republic	In 1924 , what was established ?
Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935 .	Premier Georgios Kondylis	Who became the Greek leader in 1935 ?
A coup d'état followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime .	1936	In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form ?
Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor , the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared .	1924	The Greek Monarchy was abolished when ?
Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941 -- 1942 , tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and collaborators , the country 's economy was ruined and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps .	Over 100,000	How many Greeks starved due to Nazi occupation ?
Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941 -- 1942 , tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and collaborators , the country 's economy was ruined and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps .	1941–1942	In what years did thousands of Greeks starve ?
The Greek Resistance , one of the most effective resistance movements in Europe fought vehemently against the Nazis and their collaborators .	The Greek Resistance	What civilian group in Greece fought against Nazi occupation ?
In the course of the concerted anti-guerrilla campaign , hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,000,000 Greeks left homeless .	almost 1,000,000	How many Greek citizens were displace due to Nazi retaliations ?
Meanwhile , Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement -LRB- PASOK -RRB- in response to Karamanlis 's conservative New Democracy party , with the two political formations alternating in government ever since .	Andreas Papandreou	Who founded the PASOK ?
Meanwhile , Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement -LRB- PASOK -RRB- in response to Karamanlis 's conservative New Democracy party , with the two political formations alternating in government ever since .	Panhellenic Socialist Movement	What does PASOK stand for ?
Greece rejoined NATO in 1980 .	1980	In what year did Greece rejoin NATO ?
Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999 , leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey 's bid for EU membership .	1999	Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year ?
Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities -LRB- subsequently subsumed by the European Union -RRB- on 1 January 1981 , ushering in a period of sustained growth .	1 January 1981	Greece joined what later became the European Union when ?
Located in Southern Europe , Greece consists of a mountainous , peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans , ending at the Peloponnese peninsula -LRB- separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth -RRB- and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa .	Southern Europe	Greece is where geographically ?
Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands , Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km -LRB- 8,498 mi -RRB- ; its land boundary is 1,160 km -LRB- 721 mi -RRB- .	11th longest	Where does Greece 's coastline place in world rankings ?
Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands , Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km -LRB- 8,498 mi -RRB- ; its land boundary is 1,160 km -LRB- 721 mi -RRB- .	8,498 mi	How long is Greece 's coastline ?
Mount Olympus , the mythical abode of the Greek Gods , culminates at Mytikas peak 2,918 metres -LRB- 9,573 ft -RRB- , the highest in the country .	9,573 ft	How tall is Mount Olympus ?
The Pindus , a continuation of the Dinaric Alps , reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m -LRB- 8,652 ft -RRB- at Mt. Smolikas -LRB- the second-highest in Greece -RRB- and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel .	Mt. Smolikas	The tallest mountain in the Pindus range is what ?
The Pindus , a continuation of the Dinaric Alps , reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m -LRB- 8,652 ft -RRB- at Mt. Smolikas -LRB- the second-highest in Greece -RRB- and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel .	8,652 ft	How tall is Mt. Smolikas ?
The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese , crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean , in the island of Crete where it eventually ends .	the island of Crete	Where does the Pindus mountain range end ?
The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland .	underwater mountains	Islands in the Aegean Sea are formed by what ?
The spectacular Vikos Gorge , part of the Vikos-Aoos National Park in the Pindus range , is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world .	Vikos Gorge	What is the deepest gorge in the world ?
The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters : The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens , the Cyclades , a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea , the North Aegean islands , a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey , the Dodecanese , another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey , the Sporades , a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea , and the Ionian Islands , located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea .	Athens	The Saronic gulf is near what city ?
The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters : The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens , the Cyclades , a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea , the North Aegean islands , a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey , the Dodecanese , another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey , the Sporades , a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea , and the Ionian Islands , located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea .	central part of the Aegean Sea	The Cyclade islands are located where ?
The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters : The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens , the Cyclades , a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea , the North Aegean islands , a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey , the Dodecanese , another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey , the Sporades , a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea , and the Ionian Islands , located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea .	west coast of Turkey	The North Aegean islands are located where ?
The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters : The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens , the Cyclades , a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea , the North Aegean islands , a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey , the Dodecanese , another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey , the Sporades , a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea , and the Ionian Islands , located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea .	between Crete and Turkey	The Dodecanese islands are located where ?
The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters : The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens , the Cyclades , a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea , the North Aegean islands , a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey , the Dodecanese , another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey , the Sporades , a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea , and the Ionian Islands , located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea .	off the coast of northeast Euboea	The Sporades islands are located where ?
The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean , featuring mild , wet winters and hot , dry summers .	Mediterranean	Greece 's climate is mainly of what type ?
The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country , as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average -LRB- due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture -RRB- than the areas lying to the east of the range -LRB- due to a rain shadow effect -RRB- .	Pindus mountain range	Greece 's climate is affected by what range ?
The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country , as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average -LRB- due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture -RRB- than the areas lying to the east of the range -LRB- due to a rain shadow effect -RRB- .	a rain shadow effect	East of the Pindus mountains , the climate is drier due to what ?
The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece -LRB- parts of Epirus , Central Greece , Thessaly , Western Macedonia -RRB- as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese -- including parts of the regional units of Achaea , Arcadia and Laconia -- feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls .	Alpine climate	The climate of Greece in the Northwest is known as what ?
The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece -LRB- parts of Epirus , Central Greece , Thessaly , Western Macedonia -RRB- as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese -- including parts of the regional units of Achaea , Arcadia and Laconia -- feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls .	heavy snowfalls	The Alpine climate of Greece gets what kind of weather ?
The inland parts of northern Greece , in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold , damp winters and hot , dry summers with frequent thunderstorms .	temperate	Northern Greece inland features what type of climate ?
Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas , and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas , such as Athens .	Athens	It has been known to snow even in what Southern city ?
Phytogeographically , Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region .	the Boreal Kingdom	Greece 's plant distribution belongs to what ?
According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency , the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions : the Illyrian deciduous forests , Pindus Mountains mixed forests , Balkan mixed forests , Rhodope montane mixed forests , Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests .	six	How many ecoregions occupies Greece ?
According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency , the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions : the Illyrian deciduous forests , Pindus Mountains mixed forests , Balkan mixed forests , Rhodope montane mixed forests , Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests .	mixed forests	The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what ?
According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency , the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions : the Illyrian deciduous forests , Pindus Mountains mixed forests , Balkan mixed forests , Rhodope montane mixed forests , Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests .	Mediterranean forests	The Crete ecoregion is known as what ?
According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency , the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions : the Illyrian deciduous forests , Pindus Mountains mixed forests , Balkan mixed forests , Rhodope montane mixed forests , Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests .	deciduous forests	The Illyrian ecoregion is known as what ?
Greece is a unitary parliamentary republic .	unitary parliamentary	What type of republic is Greece ?
The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic , who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term .	President of the Republic	What is the title of the leader of Greece ?
The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic , who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term .	the Parliament	Who elects the president of Greece ?
The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic , who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term .	five-year term	How long does the President of Greece serve ?
The Constitution , which consists of 120 articles , provides for a separation of powers into executive , legislative , and judicial branches , and grants extensive specific guarantees -LRB- further reinforced in 2001 -RRB- of civil liberties and social rights .	120	Greece 's constitution has how many articles ?
From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President 's duties were curtailed to a significant extent , and they are now largely ceremonial ; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister .	1986	The constitution was amended to reduce the President 's power in what year ?
From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President 's duties were curtailed to a significant extent , and they are now largely ceremonial ; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister .	Prime Minister	Who has the most political power in Greece ?
The position of Prime Minister , Greece 's head of government , belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament .	the Parliament	The Prime Minister is elected by who ?
The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and , on his recommendation , appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet .	President of the Republic	Who formally names the Prime Minister ?
Parliamentary elections are held every four years , but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet , in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance .	every four years	How often are elections help for parliament ?
Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic .	President of the Republic	Parliamentary statutes are put into effect by who ?
The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012 .	The coalition government	In May 2012 , who started the parliamentary elections ?
The power of the traditional Greek political parties , PASOK and New Democracy , declined from 43 % to 13 % and from 33 % to 18 % , respectively , due to their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures .	their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures	What led to the loss of power of traditional Greek parties ?
The leftist party of SYRIZA became the second major party , with an increase from 4 % to 16 % .	The leftist party of SYRIZA	Who became the second major party after the elections ?
No party could form a sustainable government , which led to the parliamentary elections of June 2012 .	No party could form a sustainable government	What caused the second election of 2012 ?
The result of the second elections was the formation of a coalition government composed of New Democracy -LRB- 29 % -RRB- , PASOK -LRB- 12 % -RRB- and Democratic Left -LRB- 6 % -RRB- parties .	coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.	What was the demographic result of the second election ?
Greece 's foreign policy is conducted through the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its head , the Minister for Foreign Affairs .	Minister for Foreign Affairs	Who is the head for Greece 's foreign policy ?
The current minister is Nikos Kotzias .	Nikos Kotzias	Who is the present Minister of Foreign Affairs ?
According to the official website , the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations ; safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad ; the promotion of Greek culture ; the fostering of closer relations with the Greek diaspora ; and the promotion of international cooperation .	represent Greece before other states and international organizations	The goal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is what ?
Additionally , due to its political and geographical proximity to Europe , Asia , the Middle East and Africa , Greece is a country of significant geostrategic importance and is considered to be a middle power and has developed a regional policy to help promote peace and stability in the Balkans , the Mediterranean , and the Middle East .	a middle power	Greece is though of as what kind of power ?
Additionally , due to its political and geographical proximity to Europe , Asia , the Middle East and Africa , Greece is a country of significant geostrategic importance and is considered to be a middle power and has developed a regional policy to help promote peace and stability in the Balkans , the Mediterranean , and the Middle East .	significant	Greece has how much strategic importance ?
Greece has universal compulsory military service for males , while females are exempted from conscription but may otherwise serve in the military .	universal compulsory	What type of military service does Greece require ?
Greece has universal compulsory military service for males , while females are exempted from conscription but may otherwise serve in the military .	females are exempted from conscription	Can females be drafted into the military ?
As of 2009 -LSB- update -RSB- , mandatory military service is nine months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45 .	nine months	What is the length of military service required of men ?
Additionally , Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard .	18 and 60	At what age might men required to serve in the National Guard ?
Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011 , Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities .	thirteen	How many regions exist in Greece since 2011 ?
Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011 , Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities .	325	How many municipalities exist in Greece ?
Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011 , Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities .	Kallikratis programme reform	What went into effect on January 1 , 2011 ?
There is also one autonomous area , Mount Athos -LRB- Greek : Agio Oros , `` Holy Mountain '' -RRB- , which borders the region of Central Macedonia .	Mount Athos	What is the one autonomous area in Greece ?
There is also one autonomous area , Mount Athos -LRB- Greek : Agio Oros , `` Holy Mountain '' -RRB- , which borders the region of Central Macedonia .	borders the region of Central Macedonia	Where is Mount Athos located ?
Its economy mainly comprises the service sector -LRB- 85.0 % -RRB- and industry -LRB- 12.0 % -RRB- , while agriculture makes up 3.0 % of the national economic output .	the service sector	The largest sector of Greece 's economy is what ?
Its economy mainly comprises the service sector -LRB- 85.0 % -RRB- and industry -LRB- 12.0 % -RRB- , while agriculture makes up 3.0 % of the national economic output .	85.0%	What percentage of the economy is Greece 's service sector ?
Its economy mainly comprises the service sector -LRB- 85.0 % -RRB- and industry -LRB- 12.0 % -RRB- , while agriculture makes up 3.0 % of the national economic output .	3.0%	What percentage of the economy does agriculture comprise ?
Important Greek industries include tourism -LRB- with 14.9 million international tourists in 2009 , it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world by the United Nations World Tourism Organization -RRB- and merchant shipping -LRB- at 16.2 % of the world 's total capacity , the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world -RRB- , while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer -LRB- including fisheries -RRB- within the union .	14.9 million	How many tourist visited Greece in 2009 ?
Important Greek industries include tourism -LRB- with 14.9 million international tourists in 2009 , it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world by the United Nations World Tourism Organization -RRB- and merchant shipping -LRB- at 16.2 % of the world 's total capacity , the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world -RRB- , while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer -LRB- including fisheries -RRB- within the union .	16th	Greece holds what rank among most visited countries in the world ?
With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined , Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans , and an important regional investor .	larger than all the Balkan economies combined	Greece 's economy is what size ?
Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania , the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria , at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia .	number-two	What rank does Greece hold as an Albania investor ?
Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania , the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria , at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia .	number-three	What rank does Greece hold as an Bulgaria investor ?
Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania , the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria , at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia .	Republic of Macedonia	Greece is the largest foreign investor of what area ?
The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries .	Greek telecommunications company	OTE is known as what ?
The Greek economy is classified as advanced and high-income .	advanced and high-income	What classification does the Greek economy hold ?
Greece was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -LRB- OECD -RRB- and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation -LRB- BSEC -RRB- .	Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)	Greece help found what economic organizations ?
Greece was accepted into the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union on 19 June 2000 , and in January 2001 adopted the Euro as its currency , replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachma to the Euro .	19 June 2000	When was Greece accepted into the European Union ?
Greece was accepted into the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union on 19 June 2000 , and in January 2001 adopted the Euro as its currency , replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachma to the Euro .	January 2001	When did Greece start using the Euro as its currency ?
Greece was accepted into the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union on 19 June 2000 , and in January 2001 adopted the Euro as its currency , replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachma to the Euro .	the Greek drachma	What was Greece 's former currency ?
According to Der Spiegel credits given to European governments were disguised as `` swaps '' and consequently did not get registered as debt .	swaps	What was used to hide debts ?
These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means , while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union .	spend beyond their means	Swaps allow Greece to do what ?
As Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives , a German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that `` The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps , '' and `` In previous years , Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank . ''	Italy	What other country hid its debt through swaps ?
As Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives , a German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that `` The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps , '' and `` In previous years , Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank . ''	The Maastricht rules	What can legally be overcome with swaps ?
In terms of total number of ships , the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide , with 3,150 ships -LRB- 741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports -RRB- .	4th worldwide	Where is the Greek Merchant Navy ranked ?
In terms of total number of ships , the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide , with 3,150 ships -LRB- 741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports -RRB- .	3,150	How many ships does the Greek Merchant Navy have ?
In terms of ship categories , Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers , fourth in the number of containers , and fifth in other ships .	first	Where does Greece rank in number of tankers ?
The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent , numbering 12.7 million , while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom , -LRB- 2.6 million -RRB- , followed closely by those from Germany -LRB- 2.3 million -RRB- .	the European continent	Where does most of Greece 's visitors come from ?
The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent , numbering 12.7 million , while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom , -LRB- 2.6 million -RRB- , followed closely by those from Germany -LRB- 2.3 million -RRB- .	12.7 million	How many of Greece 's visitors are from Europe ?
The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent , numbering 12.7 million , while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom , -LRB- 2.6 million -RRB- , followed closely by those from Germany -LRB- 2.3 million -RRB- .	United Kingdom	What is the single nation with the most visitors ?
In 2010 , the most visited region of Greece was that of Central Macedonia , with 18 % of the country 's total tourist flow -LRB- amounting to 3.6 million tourists -RRB- , followed by Attica with 2.6 million and the Peloponnese with 1.8 million .	Central Macedonia	Which part of Greece is the most visited ?
Northern Greece is the country 's most-visited geographical region , with 6.5 million tourists , while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million .	6.5 million	Northern Greece gets how many visitors ?
A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established , while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km -LRB- 1,600 mi -RRB- network is underway .	1,600 mi	How long is the Greek railway system ?
A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established , while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km -LRB- 1,600 mi -RRB- network is underway .	double lines	A current railway upgrade plans to do what ?
A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established , while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km -LRB- 1,600 mi -RRB- network is underway .	Athens and Thessaloniki	A new modern rail connection has been made between which two cities ?
3G/4G mobile internet usage has been on a sharp increase in recent years , with a 340 % increase between August 2011 and August 2012 .	3G/4G mobile internet	In recent years , what usage has risen dramatically ?
3G/4G mobile internet usage has been on a sharp increase in recent years , with a 340 % increase between August 2011 and August 2012 .	340%	How much did internet usage increase in one year ?
The United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks Greece among the top 30 countries with a highly developed information and communications infrastructure .	among the top 30 countries	Where does Greece rank in the work with communications ?
Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency -LRB- ESA -RRB- since 2005 .	European Space Agency (ESA)	Greece has been a member of what agency since 2005 ?
In 1994 Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement .	1994	Greece and ESA signed their first agreement in what year ?
Having formally applied for full membership in 2003 , Greece became the ESA 's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005 .	2003	When did / Greece apply for ESA membership ?
Having formally applied for full membership in 2003 , Greece became the ESA 's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005 .	sixteenth	Greece is ranked as what member of ESA ?
Having formally applied for full membership in 2003 , Greece became the ESA 's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005 .	16 March 2005	Greece became a full ESA member when ?
Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos , Georgios Papanikolaou -LRB- inventor of the Pap test -RRB- , Nicholas Negroponte , Constantin Carathéodory -LRB- known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture -RRB- , Manolis Andronikos -LRB- discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina -RRB- , Michael Dertouzos , John Argyris , Panagiotis Kondylis , John Iliopoulos -LRB- 2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark , a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model , the modern theory of Elementary Particles -RRB- , Joseph Sifakis -LRB- 2007 Turing Award , the `` Nobel Prize '' of Computer Science -RRB- , Christos Papadimitriou -LRB- 2002 Knuth Prize , 2012 Gödel Prize -RRB- , Mihalis Yannakakis -LRB- 2005 Knuth Prize -RRB- , Dimitri Nanopoulos and Helene Ahrweiler .	Georgios Papanikolaou	What Greek scientist invented the Pap test ?
Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos , Georgios Papanikolaou -LRB- inventor of the Pap test -RRB- , Nicholas Negroponte , Constantin Carathéodory -LRB- known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture -RRB- , Manolis Andronikos -LRB- discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina -RRB- , Michael Dertouzos , John Argyris , Panagiotis Kondylis , John Iliopoulos -LRB- 2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark , a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model , the modern theory of Elementary Particles -RRB- , Joseph Sifakis -LRB- 2007 Turing Award , the `` Nobel Prize '' of Computer Science -RRB- , Christos Papadimitriou -LRB- 2002 Knuth Prize , 2012 Gödel Prize -RRB- , Mihalis Yannakakis -LRB- 2005 Knuth Prize -RRB- , Dimitri Nanopoulos and Helene Ahrweiler .	Manolis Andronikos	Who found the tomb of Philip II of Macedon ?
Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos , Georgios Papanikolaou -LRB- inventor of the Pap test -RRB- , Nicholas Negroponte , Constantin Carathéodory -LRB- known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture -RRB- , Manolis Andronikos -LRB- discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina -RRB- , Michael Dertouzos , John Argyris , Panagiotis Kondylis , John Iliopoulos -LRB- 2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark , a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model , the modern theory of Elementary Particles -RRB- , Joseph Sifakis -LRB- 2007 Turing Award , the `` Nobel Prize '' of Computer Science -RRB- , Christos Papadimitriou -LRB- 2002 Knuth Prize , 2012 Gödel Prize -RRB- , Mihalis Yannakakis -LRB- 2005 Knuth Prize -RRB- , Dimitri Nanopoulos and Helene Ahrweiler .	Joseph Sifakis	What Greek won the 2007 Turing award ?
Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos , Georgios Papanikolaou -LRB- inventor of the Pap test -RRB- , Nicholas Negroponte , Constantin Carathéodory -LRB- known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture -RRB- , Manolis Andronikos -LRB- discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina -RRB- , Michael Dertouzos , John Argyris , Panagiotis Kondylis , John Iliopoulos -LRB- 2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark , a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model , the modern theory of Elementary Particles -RRB- , Joseph Sifakis -LRB- 2007 Turing Award , the `` Nobel Prize '' of Computer Science -RRB- , Christos Papadimitriou -LRB- 2002 Knuth Prize , 2012 Gödel Prize -RRB- , Mihalis Yannakakis -LRB- 2005 Knuth Prize -RRB- , Dimitri Nanopoulos and Helene Ahrweiler .	Christos Papadimitriou	What Greek won the 2002 Knuth prize ?
Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos , Georgios Papanikolaou -LRB- inventor of the Pap test -RRB- , Nicholas Negroponte , Constantin Carathéodory -LRB- known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture -RRB- , Manolis Andronikos -LRB- discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina -RRB- , Michael Dertouzos , John Argyris , Panagiotis Kondylis , John Iliopoulos -LRB- 2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark , a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model , the modern theory of Elementary Particles -RRB- , Joseph Sifakis -LRB- 2007 Turing Award , the `` Nobel Prize '' of Computer Science -RRB- , Christos Papadimitriou -LRB- 2002 Knuth Prize , 2012 Gödel Prize -RRB- , Mihalis Yannakakis -LRB- 2005 Knuth Prize -RRB- , Dimitri Nanopoulos and Helene Ahrweiler .	Mihalis Yannakakis	What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize ?
Estimates of the recognized Greek Muslim minority , which is mostly located in Thrace , range from 98,000 to 140,000 , -LRB- about 1 % -RRB- while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000 .	Muslim	What is the religious minority in Greece ?
Estimates of the recognized Greek Muslim minority , which is mostly located in Thrace , range from 98,000 to 140,000 , -LRB- about 1 % -RRB- while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000 .	Thrace	The Muslim minority is mostly located in what city ?
Albanian immigrants to Greece are usually associated with the Muslim religion , although most are secular in orientation .	Muslim	Immigrants from Albania are usually what religion ?
About 500,000 Muslims from Greece , predominantly those defined as Turks , but also Greek Muslims like the Vallahades of western Macedonia , were exchanged with approximately 1,500,000 Greeks from Turkey .	Turkey	Greek Muslims were in a population exchange with what country ?
Greek citizens who are Roman Catholic are estimated to be at around 50,000 with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000 .	50,000	How many Greek natural citizens are Catholic ?
Greek citizens who are Roman Catholic are estimated to be at around 50,000 with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000 .	200,000	How many Roman Catholic immigrants are in Greece ?
Protestants , including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches , stand at about 30,000 .	30,000	How many Protestants live in Greece ?
Independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches .	120	How many churches does the biggest Protestant denomination have ?
The Jehovah 's Witnesses report having 28,874 active members .	28,874	How many Jehovah 's Witnesses are in Greece ?
During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the Greek language question , on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa , created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language , or the Dimotiki , the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people .	During the 19th and 20th centuries	When did the Greek Language dispute take place ?
During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the Greek language question , on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa , created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language , or the Dimotiki , the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people .	the 19th century	When was the Greek language Katharevousa created ?
During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the Greek language question , on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa , created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language , or the Dimotiki , the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people .	Dimotiki	Which language was considered the language of the people ?
The dispute was finally resolved in 1976 , when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language , and Katharevousa fell to disuse .	Dimotiki	What language was made the only official variation in 1976 ?
During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the Greek language question , on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa , created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language , or the Dimotiki , the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people .	Byzantine Greek	From which language did Dimotiki evolve ?
Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms , with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language .	Greek	What is the language spoken by most Greeks ?
Among the Greek-speaking population , speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group .	Asia Minor	Greeks who speak the Pontic dialect came from where ?
The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well , but is endangered and is barely spoken now .	Cappadocian	Which Greek dialect is barely spoken currently ?
The Tsakonian language , a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek , is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese .	Doric Greek	From which language did the Tsakonian language derive ?
The Muslim minority in Thrace , which amounts to approximately 0.95 % of the total population , consists of speakers of Turkish , Bulgarian -LRB- Pomaks -RRB- and Romani .	0.95%	Muslims make up how much of the Greek population ?
Their use has decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority .	assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority	Minority languages have been reduce due to what ?
Romani is also spoken by Christian Roma in other parts of the country .	Christian Roma	In parts of the country , Romani is spoken by who ?
This goes for the Arvanites , an Albanian-speaking group mostly located in the rural areas around the capital Athens , and for the Aromanians and Moglenites , also known as Vlachs , whose language is closely related to Romanian and who used to live scattered across several areas of mountainous central Greece .	Aromanians and Moglenites	What groups are called Vlachs ?
Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic -- speaking groups , locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking , most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks .	northern Greek borders	Where are Slavic speaking groups generally found ?
It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923 , Macedonia had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers .	200,000 to 400,000	Macedonia has how many Slavic speakers ?
The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino -LRB- Judeo-Spanish -RRB- , today maintained only by a few thousand speakers .	Ladino	Greece 's Jewish community spoke what language traditionally ?
Other notable minority languages include Armenian , Georgian , and the Greco-Turkic dialect spoken by the Urums , a community of Caucasus Greeks from the Tsalka region of central Georgia and ethnic Greeks from southeastern Ukraine who arrived in mainly Northern Greece as economic migrants in the 1990s .	Greco-Turkic	The Urums are known to speak what dialect ?
A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship , constituting around 7 % of total population .	762,191	In 2001 , how many Greek residents were not citizens ?
A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship , constituting around 7 % of total population .	7%	In 2001 , what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens ?
The majority come from Eastern European countries : Albania -LRB- 56 % -RRB- , Bulgaria -LRB- 5 % -RRB- and Romania -LRB- 3 % -RRB- , while migrants from the former Soviet Union -LRB- Georgia , Russia , Ukraine , Moldova , etc. -RRB- comprise 10 % of the total .	Eastern European countries	From where did most non-citizen residents come ?
In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000 .	600,000	What is the total Albanian population in Greece ?
Greece , together with Italy and Spain , is a major entry point for illegal immigrants trying to enter the EU .	illegal immigrants	Greece is a major destination for what to enter ?
In 2012 , the majority of illegal immigrants entering Greece came from Afghanistan , followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis .	Afghanistan	In 2012 , most illegal immigrants entered Greece from where ?
In 2015 , arrivals of refugees by sea have increased dramatically mainly due to the ongoing Syrian civil war .	Syrian civil war	Immigrants arriving by sea are coming mainly for what reason ?
There were 856,723 arrivals by sea in Greece , an almost fivefold increase to the same period of 2014 , of which the Syrians represent almost 45 % .	856,723	How many immigrants arrived by sea in 2015 ?
An estimated 8 % of the arrivals applied for asylum in Greece .	8%	What percentage of sea immigrants asked for asylum in Greece ?
Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia -LRB- education -RRB- .	education	Paideia is also known as what ?
Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the city 's fall to the Ottomans in 1453 .	Constantinople	The first European university was created in what city ?
Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the city 's fall to the Ottomans in 1453 .	1453	When was Constantinople taken over by the Ottoman ?
Greece 's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types : unified upper secondary schools -LRB- Γενικό Λύκειο , Genikό Lykeiό -RRB- and technical -- vocational educational schools -LRB- Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια , `` TEE '' -RRB- .	two	Greece 's secondary education has how many school types ?
Greece 's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types : unified upper secondary schools -LRB- Γενικό Λύκειο , Genikό Lykeiό -RRB- and technical -- vocational educational schools -LRB- Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια , `` TEE '' -RRB- .	unified upper secondary schools	What is one type of Greece 's secondary education ?
Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes -LRB- Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης , `` IEK '' -RRB- which provide a formal but unclassified level of education .	vocational training	What type of institute does secondary education also include ?
Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes -LRB- Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης , `` IEK '' -RRB- which provide a formal but unclassified level of education .	formal but unclassified	What type of education do vocational institutes provide ?
According to the Framework Law -LRB- 3549/2007 -RRB- , Public higher education `` Highest Educational Institutions '' -LRB- Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα , Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata , '' ΑΕΙ '' -RRB- consists of two parallel sectors : the University sector -LRB- Universities , Polytechnics , Fine Arts Schools , the Open University -RRB- and the Technological sector -LRB- Technological Education Institutions -LRB- TEI -RRB- and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education -RRB- .	University sector	What is one of the education sectors according to the Framework Law ?
There are also State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration -LRB- 2 to 3 years -RRB- which operate under the authority of other Ministries .	2 to 3 years	How long do the Tertiary institute courses last ?
Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio .	third grade	Examinations for Tertiary institutes are given at what grade level ?
Additionally , students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery .	over twenty-two years old	At what age may students be admitted to Hellenic university through lottery ?
The Capodistrian University of Athens is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean .	The Capodistrian University of Athens	What is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean ?
Greece has universal health care .	universal health care	What kind of health care exists in Greece ?
In a 2000 World Health Organization report , its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed .	14th	Where does Greece 's health care system rank out of 191 countries surveyed ?
In a 2013 Save the Children report , Greece was ranked the 19th best country -LRB- out of 176 countries surveyed -RRB- for the state of mothers and newborn babies .	19th	What rank does Greece hold for the condition of mothers and new born babies ?
In 2010 , there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country , but on 1 July 2011 , the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds , as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards .	138	In 2010 , how many hospitals were there in Greece ?
In 2010 , there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country , but on 1 July 2011 , the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds , as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards .	77	In 2011 , plans were made to decrease hospitals to how many ?
The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years , beginning in Mycenaean Greece and continuing most notably into Classical Greece , through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern continuation , the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire .	Mycenaean Greece	Where did Greece culture begin ?
Other cultures and nations , such as the Latin and Frankish states , the Ottoman Empire , the Venetian Republic , the Genoese Republic , and the British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture , although historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single , cohesive entity of its multi-faceted culture .	Greek War of Independence	What do historians credit with revitalizing Greek culture ?
The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years , beginning in Mycenaean Greece and continuing most notably into Classical Greece , through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern continuation , the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire .	thousands of years	The evolution of Grecian culture has evolved over what time period ?
The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought , including biology , geometry , history , philosophy , physics and mathematics .	systematic thought	Greeks were pioneers in many scientific fields that require what ?
Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people , trial by jury , and equality under the law .	Modern democracies	What did Greece 's political philosophy affect ?
In ancient times , Greece was the birthplace of Western culture .	Western culture	Ancient Greece was the birthplace of what ?
The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence , in the early 19th century , and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama , such as the Italian opera .	early 19th century	Modern Greek theater began when ?
The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence , in the early 19th century , and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama , such as the Italian opera .	Heptanesean theatre and melodrama	Modern Greek theater was influenced by what ?
The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera , Spyridon Xyndas ' The Parliamentary Candidate -LRB- based on an exclusively Greek libretto -RRB- was performed .	Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù	What was the first theater of modern Greece ?
The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera , Spyridon Xyndas ' The Parliamentary Candidate -LRB- based on an exclusively Greek libretto -RRB- was performed .	The Parliamentary Candidate	What was the first Greek opera ?
The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera , Spyridon Xyndas ' The Parliamentary Candidate -LRB- based on an exclusively Greek libretto -RRB- was performed .	Spyridon Xyndas	Who created the first opera , The Parliamentary Candidate ?
Aristotle of Stagira , the most important disciple of Plato , shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity .	Aristotle of Stagira	Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important ?
But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms , his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience .	the supra-sensual	Plato 's philosophy attempted to explain life from what standpoint ?
But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms , his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience .	experience	Aristotle 's philosophy was based from what standpoint ?
Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism , Epicureanism , Skepticism and Neoplatonism .	Skepticism and Neoplatonism	What is the name of two schools of philosophy ?
At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer : the Iliad and the Odyssey .	Iliad and the Odyssey	What are two works by Homer ?
Though dates of composition vary , these works were fixed around 800 BC or after .	800 BC	During what time period did Homer write the Iliad and the Odyssey ?
The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar .	Sappho and Pindar	Who were two major lyrical poets ?
The Classical era also saw the dawn of drama .	Classical era	When did drama first begin in history ?
Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907 .	1896	What year did cinema first appear in Greece ?
Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907 .	1907	In what year did the first cinema theater open in Greece ?
In 1914 the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films began .	Asty Films	In 1914 what was the name of the film company that was founded ?
Golfo -LRB- Γκόλφω -RRB- , a well known traditional love story , is considered the first Greek feature film , although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this .	Golfo	What was the first Greek feature film ?
In 1931 Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe -LRB- Δάφνις και Χλόη -RRB- , containing the first nude scene in the history of European cinema ; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad .	Orestis Laskos	Who directed the first nude scene in Greek film history ?
The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many to be a golden age of Greek cinema .	1950s and early 1960s	Which time period is considered the golden age of Greek cinema ?
More than sixty films per year were made , with the majority having film noir elements .	More than sixty	During the Greek cinema golden age , how many films were made each year ?
Notable films were Η κάλπικη λίρα -LRB- 1955 directed by Giorgos Tzavellas -RRB- , Πικρό Ψωμί -LRB- 1951 , directed by Grigoris Grigoriou -RRB- , O Drakos -LRB- 1956 directed by Nikos Koundouros -RRB- , Stella -LRB- 1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis -RRB- .	Nikos Koundouros	Who directed the movie O Drakos in 1956 ?
Notable films were Η κάλπικη λίρα -LRB- 1955 directed by Giorgos Tzavellas -RRB- , Πικρό Ψωμί -LRB- 1951 , directed by Grigoris Grigoriou -RRB- , O Drakos -LRB- 1956 directed by Nikos Koundouros -RRB- , Stella -LRB- 1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis -RRB- .	Cacoyannis	Who directed the movie Stella in 1955 ?
Notable films were Η κάλπικη λίρα -LRB- 1955 directed by Giorgos Tzavellas -RRB- , Πικρό Ψωμί -LRB- 1951 , directed by Grigoris Grigoriou -RRB- , O Drakos -LRB- 1956 directed by Nikos Koundouros -RRB- , Stella -LRB- 1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis -RRB- .	Kampanellis	Who wrote the movie Stella in 1955 ?
Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations .	Zorba the Greek	What other famous movie did Cacoyannis direct ?
Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations .	Anthony Quinn	Who starred in the movie Zorba the Greek ?
His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival .	Eternity and a Day	What film won the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1998 ?
During the 1970s and 1980s Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies .	Theo Angelopoulos	Who directed the film Eternity and a Day ?
Greek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet , which is epitomized by dishes of Crete .	Greek cuisine	What is a characteristic of the Mediterranean diet ?
Greek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet , which is epitomized by dishes of Crete .	Crete	The epitome of the Mediterranean diet are dishes from where ?
Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia -LRB- a thick purée of walnuts , almonds , crushed garlic and olive oil -RRB- , lentil soup , retsina -LRB- white or rosé wine sealed with pine resin -RRB- and pasteli -LRB- candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey -RRB- .	skordalia	What food can be traced back to ancient Greece ?
Olive oil is added to almost every dish .	Olive oil	What is added to almost every dish in Greece ?
Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko , and drinks such as ouzo , metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina .	galaktoboureko	What is the name of one sweet dessert in Greece ?
It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines : oregano , mint , garlic , onion , dill and bay laurel leaves .	oregano	What is one of the flavorings commonly used in Greek Mediterranean food ?
Many Greek recipes , especially in the northern parts of the country , use `` sweet '' spices in combination with meat , for example cinnamon and cloves in stews .	cinnamon	What is one of the sweet spices Greeks like to use with meat ?
Greek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment , celebration and spiritual reasons .	ancient times	Greek vocal music goes back how far in history ?
Instruments during that period included the double-reed aulos and the plucked string instrument , the lyre , especially the special kind called a kithara .	lyre	What is one of the musical instruments used in ancient Greece ?
Boys were taught music from the age of six .	six	During ancient Greece , at what age were boys taught music ?
While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West , the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change .	polyphony	The Eastern Orthodox Church resisted what change in music ?
Therefore , Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment .	monophonic	Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what ?
Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant ; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power .	Byzantine chant	One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what ?
Along with the Byzantine -LRB- Church -RRB- chant and music , the Greek people also cultivated the Greek folk song which is divided into two cycles , the akritic and klephtic .	akritic and klephtic	What are the two cycles of the Greek folk song ?
The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites -LRB- frontier guards -RRB- of the Byzantine empire , the most well known being the stories associated with Digenes Akritas .	9th and 10th	Between what centuries was the akritic cycle of Greek song created ?
The klephtic cycle , together with historical songs , paraloghes -LRB- narrative song or ballad -RRB- , love songs , mantinades , wedding songs , songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks .	klephtic	Which Greek song cycle expresses the life of the Greeks ?
The Heptanesean kantádhes -LRB- καντάδες ` serenades ' ; sing. : καντάδα -RRB- became the forerunners of the Greek modern song , influencing its development to a considerable degree .	Heptanesean kantádhes	What was the forerunner of Greek modern song ?
The most successful songs during the period 1870 -- 1930 were the so-called Athenian serenades , and the songs performed on stage -LRB- επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια ` theatrical revue songs ' -RRB- in revue , operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens ' theater scene .	1870–1930	Athenian serenades were most successful during what time period ?
The Heptanesean kantádhes -LRB- καντάδες ` serenades ' ; sing. : καντάδα -RRB- became the forerunners of the Greek modern song , influencing its development to a considerable degree .	Heptanesean kantádhes	What influenced Greek modern song considerably ?
Rebetiko , initially a music associated with the lower classes , later -LRB- and especially after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey -RRB- reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished , sometimes to the point of unrecognizability .	Rebetiko	What music began associated with the lower classes ?
It was the base of the later laïkó -LRB- song of the people -RRB- .	laïkó	Rebetiko was the base of what ?
The leading performers of the genre include Apostolos Kaldaras , Grigoris Bithikotsis , Stelios Kazantzidis , George Dalaras , Haris Alexiou and Glykeria .	Apostolos Kaldaras	One of the leading performers of the laiko genre is who ?
Regarding the classical music , it was through the Ionian islands -LRB- which were under western rule and influence -RRB- that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks .	Ionian	Through which islands was European classical music introduced to the Greeks ?
The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music -LRB- Heptanesean or Ionian School , Greek : Επτανησιακή Σχολή -RRB- , established in 1815 .	1815	When was the first school of modern Greek classical music formed ?
Manolis Kalomiris is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music .	Manolis Kalomiris	Who is considered the Greek National School of Music founder ?
In the 20th century , Greek composers have had a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music , with figures such as Iannis Xenakis , Nikos Skalkottas , and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence .	Iannis Xenakis	Who is one 20th century Greek composers that has had an impact on modern classical music ?
At the same time , composers and musicians such as Mikis Theodorakis , Manos Hatzidakis , Eleni Karaindrou , Vangelis and Demis Roussos garnered an international following for their music , which include famous film scores such as Zorba the Greek , Serpico , Never on Sunday , America America , Eternity and a Day , Chariots of Fire , Blade Runner , among others .	Zorba the Greek	What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored ?
Greek American composers known for their film scores include Yanni and Basil Poledouris .	Yanni	Who is one of the Greek composers known for their film scores ?
Notable Greek opera singers and classical musicians of the 20th and 21st century include Maria Callas , Nana Mouskouri , Mario Frangoulis , Leonidas Kavakos , Dimitris Sgouros and others .	Maria Callas	Who is one of the notable Greek opera singers in the 20th century ?
Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 35 times after its debut at the 1974 Contest .	35	How many time has Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest ?
In 2005 , Greece won with the song `` My Number One '' , performed by Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou .	2005	In what year did Greece win the Eurovision Song Contest ?
In 2005 , Greece won with the song `` My Number One '' , performed by Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou .	My Number One	What Greek song won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005 ?
In 2005 , Greece won with the song `` My Number One '' , performed by Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou .	Elena Paparizou	Who performed the song , My Number One , in the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest ?
The 51st Eurovision Song Contest was held in Athens at the Olympic Indoor Hall of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Maroussi , with hosted by Maria Menounos and Sakis Rouvas .	Athens	Where was the 51st Eurovision Song Contest held ?
Greece is the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games , first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia , and hosted the modern Olympic Games twice , the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics .	Olympic Games	Greece is the birthplace of what sporting event ?
Greece is the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games , first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia , and hosted the modern Olympic Games twice , the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics .	776 BC	The first Olympic games was recorded in what year ?
Greece is the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games , first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia , and hosted the modern Olympic Games twice , the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics .	Olympia	Where were the first Olympic games in 775 BC held ?
During the parade of nations Greece is always called first , as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics .	Greece	During the Olympic parade of nations , who is always called first ?
Having won a total of 110 medals -LRB- 30 gold , 42 silver and 38 bronze -RRB- , Greece is ranked 32nd by gold medals in the all-time Summer Olympic medal count .	32nd	What ranking does Greece hold in all-time summer Olympics gold medal count ?
The Greek national football team , ranking 12th in the world in 2014 -LRB- and having reached a high of 8th in the world in 2008 and 2011 -RRB- , were crowned European Champions in Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport and became one of the most successful national teams in European football , being one of only nine national teams to have won the UEFA European Championship .	12th	What ranking did the Greek national football team hold in 2014 .
The Greek national football team , ranking 12th in the world in 2014 -LRB- and having reached a high of 8th in the world in 2008 and 2011 -RRB- , were crowned European Champions in Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport and became one of the most successful national teams in European football , being one of only nine national teams to have won the UEFA European Championship .	Euro 2004	Greek was crowned the European champions in what event ?
The Greek national football team , ranking 12th in the world in 2014 -LRB- and having reached a high of 8th in the world in 2008 and 2011 -RRB- , were crowned European Champions in Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport and became one of the most successful national teams in European football , being one of only nine national teams to have won the UEFA European Championship .	nine	How many national teams have won the UEFA European Championship ?
The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country comprising eighteen teams .	eighteen	How many teams are in the Greek Super League ?
The most successful are Olympiacos , Panathinaikos , AEK Athens and PAOK .	Olympiacos	Who is one of the most successful teams in the Greek Super League ?
As of 2012 , it ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in Europe .	4th	The Greek national basketball team held what world ranking in 2012 ?
As of 2012 , it ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in Europe .	2nd	The Greek national basketball in 2012 held what ranking in Europe ?
They have won the European Championship twice in 1987 and 2005 , and have reached the final four in two of the last four FIBA World Championships , taking the second place in the world in 2006 FIBA World Championship , after a spectacular 101 -- 95 win against Team USA in the tournament 's semifinal .	twice	How many times has the Greek national basketball team won the European championship ?
They have won the European Championship twice in 1987 and 2005 , and have reached the final four in two of the last four FIBA World Championships , taking the second place in the world in 2006 FIBA World Championship , after a spectacular 101 -- 95 win against Team USA in the tournament 's semifinal .	Team USA	Who did the Greek basketball team beat in the 2006 FIBA World Championship ?
The domestic top basketball league , A1 Ethniki , is composed of fourteen teams .	A1 Ethniki	What is the name of Greece 's top domestic basketball league ?
The Greece women 's national water polo team have emerged as one of the leading powers in the world , becoming World Champions after their gold medal win against the hosts China at the 2011 World Championship .	2011	In what year did Greece 's women 's water polo team win the World Championship ?
They have also won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics , the gold medal at the 2005 World League and the silver medals at the 2010 and 2012 European Championships .	silver	Which medal did Greece 's women 's water polo team win at the 2004 Summer Olympics ?
They have also won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics , the gold medal at the 2005 World League and the silver medals at the 2010 and 2012 European Championships .	gold	Which medal did Greece 's women 's water polo team win at the 2005 World League ?
The Greece men 's national water polo team became the third best water polo team in the world in 2005 , after their win against Croatia in the bronze medal game at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Canada .	third	The Greece Men 's water polo team held which world ranking in 2005 ?
The Greece men 's national water polo team became the third best water polo team in the world in 2005 , after their win against Croatia in the bronze medal game at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Canada .	Croatia	Who did Greece Men 's water polo team beat in the 2005 World Aquatics Championships ?
The Greek men 's national volleyball team has won two bronze medals , one in the European Volleyball Championship and another one in the European Volleyball League , a 5th place in the Olympic Games and a 6th place in the FIVB Volleyball Men 's World Championship .	two	The Greek Men 's national volleyball team has won how many bronze medals ?
The Greek men 's national volleyball team has won two bronze medals , one in the European Volleyball Championship and another one in the European Volleyball League , a 5th place in the Olympic Games and a 6th place in the FIVB Volleyball Men 's World Championship .	5th	The Greek Men 's national volleyball team came in what place in the Olympic games ?
Olympiacos is the most successful volleyball club in the country having won the most domestic titles and being the only Greek club to have won European titles ; they have won two CEV Cups , they have been CEV Champions League runners-up twice and they have played in as many as 12 Final Fours in the European competitions , making them one of the most traditional volleyball clubs in Europe .	Olympiacos	What Greek volleyball club is the most successful in the country ?
Olympiacos is the most successful volleyball club in the country having won the most domestic titles and being the only Greek club to have won European titles ; they have won two CEV Cups , they have been CEV Champions League runners-up twice and they have played in as many as 12 Final Fours in the European competitions , making them one of the most traditional volleyball clubs in Europe .	Olympiacos	Who is the only Greek volleyball club to win European titles ?
The principal gods of the ancient Greek religion were the Dodekatheon , or the Twelve Gods , who lived on the top of Mount Olympus .	Mount Olympus	Where did the mythical Greek gods live ?
The principal gods of the ancient Greek religion were the Dodekatheon , or the Twelve Gods , who lived on the top of Mount Olympus .	Dodekatheon	The main gods of ancient Greece known as the what ?
The most important of all ancient Greek gods was Zeus , the king of the gods , who was married to Hera , who was also Zeus 's sister .	Zeus	The most important of the ancient gods was who ?
The most important of all ancient Greek gods was Zeus , the king of the gods , who was married to Hera , who was also Zeus 's sister .	Hera	Zeus was married to which goddess ?
The most important of all ancient Greek gods was Zeus , the king of the gods , who was married to Hera , who was also Zeus 's sister .	Hera	Who was Zeus 's sister ?
According to Greek law , every Sunday of the year is a public holiday .	holiday	Greek law says that every Sunday of the year is a what ?
In addition , there are four mandatory official public holidays : 25 March -LRB- Greek Independence Day -RRB- , Easter Monday , 15 August -LRB- Assumption or Dormition of the Holy Virgin -RRB- , and 25 December -LRB- Christmas -RRB- .	four	How many official Greek mandatory public holidays are there ?
The list of these non-fixed national holidays rarely changes and has not changed in recent decades , giving a total of eleven national holidays each year .	eleven	How many Greek national holidays are there each year ?
1 May -LRB- Labour Day -RRB- and 28 October -LRB- Ohi Day -RRB- are regulated by law as being optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off .	Labour Day	What is one of the holidays regulated by law as optional ?
In 2011 , it became apparent that the bail-out would be insufficient and a second bail-out amounting to $ 130 billion -LRB- $ 173 billion -RRB- was agreed in 2012 , subject to strict conditions , including financial reforms and further austerity measures .	$173 billion	in 2012 , what was the amount of the bailout ?
As part of the deal , there was to be a 53 % reduction in the Greek debt burden to private creditors and any profits made by Eurozone central banks on their holdings of Greek debt are to be repatriated back to Greece .	53%	How much debt to creditors was Greece suppose to reduce ?
Greece achieved a primary government budget surplus in 2013 .	2013	In what year did Greece realize a budget surplus ?
In April 2014 , Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold $ 3 billion worth of five-year government bonds at a yield of 4.95 % .	€3 billion	How much did Greece make from a bond sale in 2014 ?
Greece returned to growth after six years of economic decline in the second quarter of 2014 , and was the Eurozone 's fastest-growing economy in the third quarter .	six years	After how many years did it take for Greece to gain back growth in the economy ?
Following the assassination of Phillip II , his son Alexander III -LRB- `` The Great '' -RRB- assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC .	Phillip II	Alexander III was the son of whom ?
Following the assassination of Phillip II , his son Alexander III -LRB- `` The Great '' -RRB- assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC .	Persian	Alexander III invaded what empire after his father was killed ?
Following the assassination of Phillip II , his son Alexander III -LRB- `` The Great '' -RRB- assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC .	334 BC	What year did Alexander III Invade Persia ?
Undefeated in battle , Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire in its entirety by 330 BC .	330 BC	The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander by what year ?
By the time of his death in 323 BC , he had created one of the largest empires in history , stretching from Greece to India .	323 BC	In which year did Alexander III die ?
Mammals range in size from the 30 -- 40 mm -LRB- 1.2 -- 1.6 in -RRB- bumblebee bat to the 33-meter -LRB- 108 ft -RRB- blue whale .	blue whale	Which specific mammal is the largest today ?
Mammals range in size from the 30 -- 40 mm -LRB- 1.2 -- 1.6 in -RRB- bumblebee bat to the 33-meter -LRB- 108 ft -RRB- blue whale .	bumblebee bat	Which mammal is the smallest ?
Mammals include the largest animals on the planet , the rorquals and other large whales , as well as some of the most intelligent , such as elephants , primates , including humans , and cetaceans .	elephants	Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest ?
Mammals range in size from the 30 -- 40 mm -LRB- 1.2 -- 1.6 in -RRB- bumblebee bat to the 33-meter -LRB- 108 ft -RRB- blue whale .	30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in)	About how small is the average bumble bee bat ?
The word `` mammal '' is modern , from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 , derived from the Latin mamma -LRB- `` teat , pap '' -RRB- .	Carl Linnaeus	Who coined the name `` mammal '' from the scientific name Mammalia ?
All female mammals nurse their young with milk , which is secreted from special glands , the mammary glands .	nurse their young with milk	What do all female mammals have in common when they have children ?
According to Mammal Species of the World , 5,416 species were known in 2006 .	5,416	How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006 ?
These were grouped in 1,229 genera , 153 families and 29 orders .	153 families	How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006 ?
Except for the five species of monotremes -LRB- egg-laying mammals -RRB- , all modern mammals give birth to live young .	five species	How many species of mammals do not have a live birth ?
The three largest orders in numbers , are first Rodentia : mice , rats , porcupines , beavers , capybaras , and other gnawing mammals ; then Chiroptera : bats ; and then Soricomorpha : shrews , moles and solenodons .	Rodentia	Which group consist of the most mammals ?
The next three orders , depending on the biological classification scheme used , are the Primates including the humans ; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals ; and the Carnivora , that is , cats , dogs , weasels , bears , seals , and their relatives .	Primates	Which group do humans belong too ?
The next three orders , depending on the biological classification scheme used , are the Primates including the humans ; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals ; and the Carnivora , that is , cats , dogs , weasels , bears , seals , and their relatives .	Carnivora	Which group do cats and dogs belong too ?
At the end of the Carboniferous period , this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today 's reptiles and birds .	Carboniferous period	From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from ?
The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era , after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago .	66 million years ago	When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct ?
The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs , a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon .	sphenacodont pelycosaurs	Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden ?
In an influential 1988 paper , Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals , the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes -LRB- echidnas and platypuses -RRB- and therian mammals -LRB- marsupials and placentals -RRB- and all descendants of that ancestor .	Timothy Rowe	Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals ?
Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period , Rowe 's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic , despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century .	Triassic	By Rowe 's definition , when did he start to exclude animals ?
In an influential 1988 paper , Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals , the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes -LRB- echidnas and platypuses -RRB- and therian mammals -LRB- marsupials and placentals -RRB- and all descendants of that ancestor .	therian mammals	Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to ?
Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians ; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic , this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group .	monotremes	Which group are Ambondro 's closely related to ?
Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians ; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic , this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group .	Amphilestes and Amphitherium	Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals ?
Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians ; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic , this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group .	167 million years	How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back ?
The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp 's definitions is Tikitherium , dated 225 Ma , so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date .	225 Ma	About what year do synapsid date back to ?
George Gaylord Simpson 's `` Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals '' -LRB- AMNH Bulletin v. 85 , 1945 -RRB- was the original source for the taxonomy listed here .	George Gaylord Simpson	Who wrote the `` Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals ?
Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century .	20th	Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century ?
Since Simpson 's classification , the paleontological record has been recalibrated , and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself , partly through the new concept of cladistics .	cladistics	Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization ?
In 1997 , the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell , which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification .	Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell	In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals ?
The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History , New York .	American Museum of Natural History	Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist ?
McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and , with Bell , constructed a completely updated hierarchical system , covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia .	Simpson	From whom did McKenna inherit the project from ?
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years .	DNA analysis	Through Molecular studies , what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families ?
Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals - Afrotheria , Xenarthra , and Boreoeutheria - which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous .	Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria	During these Molecular studies , which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period ?
Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages - Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria .	Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria	Afrotheria , Xenartha , and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages ?
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous .	Carboniferous	From which period did the first known amniotes arise from ?
They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods , which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns , mosses and other plants .	reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods	From which group did amniotes descendents of ?
Within a few million years , two important amniote lineages became distinct : the synapsids , which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals ; and the sauropsids , which would eventually come to include turtles , lizards , snakes , crocodilians , dinosaurs and birds .	the synapsids	Two important Amniotes lineages became distinct , what was the name of that distinction ?
Within a few million years , two important amniote lineages became distinct : the synapsids , which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals ; and the sauropsids , which would eventually come to include turtles , lizards , snakes , crocodilians , dinosaurs and birds .	turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds	Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group ?
Synapsids have a single hole -LRB- temporal fenestra -RRB- low on each side of the skull .	single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull	What is a distinct trait of Synapsids ?
Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian , about 265 million years ago , and became the dominant land vertebrates .	pelycosaurs	From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from ?
Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian , about 265 million years ago , and became the dominant land vertebrates .	265 million years ago	Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal ?
The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages , beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts , some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals .	probainognathian cynodonts	At which group did Therapsids end with ?
The Permian -- Triassic extinction event , which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses , ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids .	Permian–Triassic	What was the name of extinction level event that ended the dominance of the carnivores among therapsids ?
In the early Triassic , all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which , over an extended period of time -LRB- 35 million years -RRB- , came to include the crocodylomorphs , the pterosaurs , and the dinosaurs .	Triassic	During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore ?
In the early Triassic , all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which , over an extended period of time -LRB- 35 million years -RRB- , came to include the crocodylomorphs , the pterosaurs , and the dinosaurs .	crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs	Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of ?
By the Jurassic , the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well .	dinosaurs	During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores ?
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria -LRB- `` true beasts '' -RRB- is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis , or `` Jurassic mother from China '' , dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic .	shrewlike Juramaia sinensis	What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group ?
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria -LRB- `` true beasts '' -RRB- is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis , or `` Jurassic mother from China '' , dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic .	160 million years ago	How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to ?
A later eutherian , Eomaia , dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous , possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals , evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage .	125 million years ago	In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials ?
A later eutherian , Eomaia , dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous , possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals , evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage .	placental	Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost ?
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene .	100 to 85 million years ago	How long ago did most placental orders diverge from ?
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene .	Eocene through the Miocene	Which two major time periods did placentals appear ?
The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene , after the extinction of the dinosaurs .	Paleocene	Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear ?
The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago .	55 million years ago	When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist ?
This tiny primate weighed 20 -- 30 grams -LRB- 0.7 -- 1.1 ounce -RRB- and could fit within a human palm .	20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce)	How much did the first primate weigh ?
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda , from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic .	164 million years ago	When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist ?
In the 1950s , it was suggested that the foramina -LRB- passages -RRB- in the maxillae and premaxillae -LRB- bones in the front of the upper jaw -RRB- of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae -LRB- whiskers -RRB- and so were evidence of hair or fur ; it was soon pointed out , however , that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae , as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon .	1950s	When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs ?
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda , from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic .	Jurassic	Which major time period were these suggested hairs from ?
Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals , but there is evidence that some of their ancestors , perhaps including ancestors of the therians , may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians .	monotremes	Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals ?
Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates , but it is not conclusive .	Triassic	Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate ?
For small animals , an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature .	maintenance of a high and stable body temperature	Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering ?
Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities ; it flows through the larynx , trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli .	larynx, trachea and bronchi	When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities , where does it flow through ?
During exercise , the abdominal wall contracts , increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm , thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully .	exercise	Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by ?
This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith 's bellows .	bellows lung	A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to ?
This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith 's bellows .	blacksmith's bellows	Where did the term Bellows Lung come from ?
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick ; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer .	10 to 30 cells thick	What is the typical thickness of the epidermis ?
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick ; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer .	to provide a waterproof layer	What is the main function of the epidermis ?
The middle layer , the dermis , is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis .	15 to 40 times thicker	How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis ?
The dermis is made up of many components , such as bony structures and blood vessels .	bony structures and blood vessels	What is the dermis mainly consist of ?
The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue .	adipose tissue	What does the Hyperdermis consist of ?
Mammalian hair , also known as pelage , can vary in color between populations , organisms within a population , and even on the individual organism .	pelage	What is another name used for mammalian hair ?
Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa .	Light-dark color	Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa ?
Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals , although there is also evidence that sexual selection , communication , and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well .	sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes	Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors , what other reasons have been discovered ?
Most mammals are viviparous , giving birth to live young .	viviparous	What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young ?
However , the five species of monotreme , the platypuses and the echidnas , lay eggs .	five species	How many species of mammals lay eggs ?
In particular , the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal .	chicken	The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal ?
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria ; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses .	Theria	Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in ?
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria ; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses .	marsupial and placental	Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses ?
This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals ; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy .	epipubic bones	What is present in all non-placental mammals ?
In intelligent mammals , such as primates , the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain .	cerebrum	Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates ?
Rats , for example , are considered to be highly intelligent , as they can learn and perform new tasks , an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat .	Rats	Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task ?
In some mammals , food gathering appears to be related to intelligence : a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat , which must think to outwit its prey .	prey	Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain ?
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive -- mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet .	nutritious and plentiful diet	To be able to maintain a constant body temperature , what do mammals need to maintain ?
An omnivore eats both prey and plants .	eats both prey and plants	What does a omnivore imply ?
Furthermore , mammals that weigh more than 18 oz -LRB- 500 g -RRB- usually can not collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves .	insects	What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat ?
The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type .	The size	What determines a mammals diet type ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- These may form zones of gradation known as clines .	clines	What is the name given when zones of gradation exits ?
Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid , the liger , which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses ; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison , which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo .	liger	What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid ?
Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid , the liger , which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses ; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison , which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo .	Beefalo	What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison ?
Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean .	1588	The Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year ?
The permission was granted , and despite the defeat of the English Armada in 1589 , on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions .	1589	What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Indina Ocean ?
Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean .	Queen Elizabeth I	Who did the London merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean ?
The permission was granted , and despite the defeat of the English Armada in 1589 , on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions .	three	how many ships sailed Torbay ?
One of them , Edward Bonventure , then sailed around Cape Comorin and on to the Malay Peninsula and subsequently returned to England in 1594 .	Edward Bonventure	who returned to england after sailing around Cape Comorin ?
Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean .	1588	in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year ?
The permission was granted , and despite the defeat of the English Armada in 1589 , on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions .	three	how many ships sailed from Torbay ?
This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies .	a Royal Charter	What did the Queen give them for suceeding ?
This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies .	Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies	What was the name of the Royal Charter ?
For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan .	a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan	What did this charter give them ?
Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603 .	Sir James Lancaster	Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603 ?
General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610 .	General William Keeling	Who led the third voyage ?
and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage .	Sir Henry Middleton	Who commanded the second voyage in 1604 ?
General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610 .	General	What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage ?
This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies .	Merchants of London	what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies ?
For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan .	fifteen	how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade ?
In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal .	town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal	Where was the first factory in south India ?
But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years .	indefinite	In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time ?
But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years .	charter would cease to be in force	what would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least 3 years ?
The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England .	high profits	why did King James I licence other trading companies from england ?
In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal .	Machilipatnam	Where was the first factory in south India ?
The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England .	high profits	What initially moved King James 1 to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England ?
But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years .	the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.	While the company was giving an indefinite period when renewing thier charter what clause did King james use to make sure the company stayed profitable
But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years .	three consecutive years	how many years did the Merchants of London have to become profitabl when their charter was renewed by king james ?
The company established trading posts in Surat -LRB- 1619 -RRB- , Madras -LRB- 1639 -RRB- , Bombay -LRB- 1668 -RRB- , and Calcutta -LRB- 1690 -RRB- .	1668	when was the bombay trading post established ?
By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen , and 90 employees in India .	factor or master merchant and governor	who commanded the factories owned by the East India company ?
The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure their ports in China .	Dutch United East India Company	who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships ?
By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen , and 90 employees in India .	90	how many employees were in the factories in India ?
The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle .	major factories	what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts ?
The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure their ports in China .	Dutch	who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships ?
By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen , and 90 employees in India .	23	by 1647 how many factories did the company have ?
The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations , eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza .	commercial trading operations	the east india company changed how it did business by moving from focusing on royal patronage to what type of business ?
The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations , eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza .	Portuguese Estado da Índia	when the east india company move to commercial trading what company did they surpass ?
The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle .	walled forts	The top or most important factories had what physical feature in common ?
With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and Dutch East India Company -LRB- VOC -RRB- entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries .	Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries	Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company
The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 .	ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41	what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits ?
In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade .	1717	what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities ?
In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade .	English traders	who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to ?
In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade .	Bengal	what region was made available to english traders by the Mughal emperor ?
In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade .	waived customs duties	in 1717 what made the region of Bengal so appealing to English traders ?
The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea .	indigo dye	why type of dye was one of the East India company 's main products ?
The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 .	The Dutch	Who were the main competitors that had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan ?
With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and Dutch East India Company -LRB- VOC -RRB- entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries .	Anglo-Dutch Wars	what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries ?
The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some # 50,000 to # 60,000 worth of treasure .	£50,000 to £60,000	How much treasure was taken by pirates ?
The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed .	Ganj-i-Sawai,	waht was the name of largest ship operating in the Indian ocean ?
In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha .	annual	how often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mocha ?
In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha .	English pirate	What type of Captain was Henry Every ?
In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha .	Captain Henry Every	What was the name of the Pirate on board the Fancy who later teamed up with five other pirate captiains to attack the Indian Fleet ?
In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha .	1695	When did Captain Henry Every attack the Indian Fleet
In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha .	Mocha	Where was the indian Fleet headed when they were attacked by Captain Every
The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed .	Ganj-i-Sawai	What was reportly the largest ship in the Mughal Convoy in the Indian Fleet ?
The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between # 325,000 and # 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates .	500,000	how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai ?
The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between # 325,000 and # 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates .	£325,000 and £600,000	What was the total value of cargo on the Ganj-i-Sawai ?
Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue .	a relative of the Grand Mughal	who was on the Ganji-i-Sawai according to the EIC ?
The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between # 325,000 and # 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates .	richest ship ever taken by pirates	what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for ?
The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between # 325,000 and # 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates .	£600,000	What was reportedly the high value of of loot that the Ganj-i-Sawai had ?
The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between # 325,000 and # 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates .	Ganj-i-Sawai	as times has past what has become know as the richest ship ever taken by Pirates ?
The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between # 325,000 and # 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates .	500,000 gold and silver pieces	how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai ?
In response , a combined bounty of # 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history .	Every	Who caused the first worldwide manhunt ?
In response , a combined bounty of # 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history .	£1,000	What was the total bounty offered for Captian Every after England heard that the Ganj-i-Sawai was taken
In response , a combined bounty of # 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history .	manhunt	Captian Every was the focus of the first recorded worldwide ... . what in history ?
In response , a combined bounty of # 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history .	Privy Council	What was the name of the council that offered part of the bounty for Captain Every
The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India .	Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb	Who took 4 East India ship and arrested their officers as a reaction to the attack on Ganj-i-Sawai
To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace -LRB- pardons -RRB- and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates .	Acts of Grace	Due to the danger the Captian Every put the trading abiliy of East India Company what Act would he never qualify for that other pirate were later offered ?
This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years .	prohibited by act of parliament	enlish firms were allow to trade with India unless ?
By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company -LRB- officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies -RRB- was floated under a state-backed indemnity of # 2 million .	English Company Trading to the East Indies	what was the name of the second East india company that ended up runnig parallel to the first ?
The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade .	India	The two parallel East India company had a power stuggle in both England and ?
By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company -LRB- officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies -RRB- was floated under a state-backed indemnity of # 2 million .	1698	In what year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company ?
The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of # 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body .	£315,000	The stock holder of the Original East India company rasied how much money to try and deal with the parallel East India Company ?
By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby .	15%	in 1720 what % of import goods were from India ?
The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits .	Parliament	Who passed the acts that effected the profits of East india company
In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament .	company lobby	Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involded the East India Company
In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of # 1 million .	£1 million	The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money
In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of # 1 million .	monetary consequences of a war	What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company ?
Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America .	Seven Years' War	What was the name of the war that lasted from 1756 to 1763 ?
Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America .	colonies in North America	The seven years ' war changed the British state focus from trade to protecting europe and defending which colonies ?
Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America .	1763	in what year did the Seven years ' war
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals .	Industrial Revolution	what was the type of Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals ?
William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London -LRB- 1808 -RRB- that :	The Microcosm of London	What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808 ?
The company became the single largest player in the British global market .	The company	What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne ?
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals .	Britain	What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution ?
Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production .	raw	The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material ?
Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre .	saltpetre	Due to agreed debt what 250 tons product was first permitted to be exported by the company after the seven years ' war ?
Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at # 37,000 between the king and the company .	1673	in what year did Banks negotiate between the king and the East india company for 700 tons of saltpetre ?
So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales .	armed forces	Saltpetre was used for what people , specifically the need for this product had people overlooking untaxed sales ?
One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt .	salt	One of the governor of the company said that he would rather have saltpetre then ____ in its raw form ?
Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at # 37,000 between the king and the company .	£37,000	how much did 700 tons of saltpetre go for in the contract negotiated by Banks in 1673
By the Treaty of Paris -LRB- 1763 -RRB- , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war -LRB- Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar -RRB- but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal -LRB- art .	1763	what year was the Treaty of Paris agreed on ?
By the Treaty of Paris -LRB- 1763 -RRB- , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war -LRB- Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar -RRB- but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal -LRB- art .	five	The treaty of Paris return how many esablishment captured by the British ?
By the Treaty of Paris -LRB- 1763 -RRB- , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war -LRB- Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar -RRB- but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal -LRB- art .	Bengal	The Treaty of Paris prevented France from keeping troops in what location ?
Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence .	French Revolutionary Wars	in 1793 what war was the french involded in even without a big military presences ?
In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards .	EIC	what is the acronym for the East india company ?
The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3000 regular troops .	3000	In 1750 how many regular troops did the EIC have ?
It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines .	Indian	in 1778 most of the troops that the EIC had were from where ?
By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 .	1763	what year did the EIC have 26,000 troops in their employ
With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab , the Delhi-Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack -LRB- which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat/the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal -RRB- , Bombay -LRB- Mumbai -RRB- and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India .	three	how many Anglo Maratha wars were there ?
With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab , the Delhi-Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack -LRB- which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat/the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal -RRB- , Bombay -LRB- Mumbai -RRB- and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India .	Maratha empire	What empire ended after the three Anglo - Maratha wars ?
With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab , the Delhi-Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack -LRB- which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat/the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal -RRB- , Bombay -LRB- Mumbai -RRB- and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India .	India	With the formal end of Maratha Empire the EIC created a firm hold on what country ?
With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab , the Delhi-Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack -LRB- which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat/the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal -RRB- , Bombay -LRB- Mumbai -RRB- and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India .	gradual	Was the Maratha Empire ended quick or gradual ?
With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab , the Delhi-Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack -LRB- which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat/the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal -RRB- , Bombay -LRB- Mumbai -RRB- and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India .	British	what country took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end ?
Within the Army , British officers who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long their service .	Addiscombe Military Seminary	What was the name of EIC military company ?
The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar-Major -LRB- or Rissaldar-Major in cavalry units -RRB- , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent .	Subadar-Major	what was the highest rank an Indian could be in the EIC army
Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best .	seniority	While in EIC army the British officer outrank the indian officer they both promoted based on ?
In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling .	death penalty	in 1838 what was the sentence for smuggling opium in to China ?
In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling .	1,400 tons	in 1838 about how many tone of Opium was smuggled in to China per year ?
In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling .	Special Imperial Commissioner	what was the title of the person people were sent to if they were caught smuggling Opium in to China ?
This resulted in the First Opium War -LRB- 1839 -- 42 -RRB- .	1839	when did the first Opium war start ?
A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium .	France	Britian faught side by side with what country in the second Opium war ?
The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members .	Parliament	EIC was leased back the land they held in British India by what part of the British goverment ?
It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the Company at # 40,000 for two years .	£40,000	How much did the parliament lease British india for to EIC -LRB- the lease was for two years -RRB- ?
Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta .	five	The British Government created a how many man council in Calcutta ?
The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members .	two	How many council member weres allow to be from the EIC ?
The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members .	outvote	By having 3 members on the council in Calcutta from the British Government they were always able to ____ the two EIC members ?
British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system .	British	in British indian a jugde had to come from where to oversee the legal system ?
The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers .	The Governor General	The highest ranking persons title in British india is ?
The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers .	Governor General	The highest ranking person 's title in British india is ?
The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain .	trade	Did EIC have a monopoly over the governement or trade in british india
The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain .	export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain	Other then money what did it cost the EIC to have the control in trade the had in British India
Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective .	Pitt's Act	The name of the Act that was a failure in creating bourdaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective ?
The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories .	humanitarian	after the Pitt act the Crown began to focus more on _______ efforts of its people in it territories ?
Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 .	Edmund Burke	what was the name of the person who was once a large shareholder in EIC and talk to the issues with with the new Regulating bill in 1793 ?
The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors .	defeated	Was the new Regulating Bill of 1793 passed or defeated ?
By the middle of the 19th century , the Company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence .	fifth	by the middle of the 19th century how much of the worlds population was effected by EIC and it trade ?
In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the Company 's Indian territories .	Penang	To EIC in Malaya what state was the forth most improtant settlement ?
After this point , the Company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation .	regularised subsidiary	during this time the relationship change between Britian and the EIC . the EIC became more of a what to the crown ??
After this point , the Company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation .	greater accountability	when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown
The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India -LRB- except for the Punjab and Sindh -RRB- , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty .	Lord Wellesley	What Lord helped the EIC through his politics , take control over all of india ?
But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company 's finances .	the expense of wars	in the past the deals under the crown strained the finances of EIC now as they expained throughout India what was the biggest strain on their finances
The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India -LRB- except for the Punjab and Sindh -RRB- , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty .	Sugauli Treaty	what treaty allowed the Eic in to the then kingdom of nepal ?
The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India -LRB- except for the Punjab and Sindh -RRB- , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty .	Sindh	While the EIc took over all of India there were , two exception the first being Punjab , what was the Second ?
This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things :	Charter Act of 1813	EIC reached out to parliament for help with finances . this lead to which Act ?
The Company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street .	London	Where were the EIC headquarters located ?
The Company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street .	East India House	What was the name of EIC headquartes ?
After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the Company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street .	Leadenhall Street	between 1638 and 1648 what street was EIC headquarters on ?
After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the Company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street .	Craven House	Where was the EIC headquarters moved to after 1648 ?
The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building .	the Lloyd's building	What building now sits where the EIC headquarters last sat ?
In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks -LRB- the East India Docks -RRB- primarily for the use of ships trading with India .	promoted by the East India Company	in 1803 was act of parliament supported by EIC ?
In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks -LRB- the East India Docks -RRB- primarily for the use of ships trading with India .	East India Dock Company	the 1803 act created what dock program ?
In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks -LRB- the East India Docks -RRB- primarily for the use of ships trading with India .	aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India	The goal of the East in dock company was first what ?
The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north .	Brunswick Dock	What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1803 act ?
In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company .	West India Dock Company	in 1838 what company did the East india dock company merge with ?
From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England .	St George's Cross	in the period of 1600 what Canton cross repesented England
With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain .	St Andrew's cross	after the act of 1707 what was the second cross added to the Canton for great britian
With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain .	1707	IN what year did the canton become a flag with crosses on it and not just a cross ?
After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .	1800	in wat year did ireland join with great britian offically ?
After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .	United Kingdom	What is the name of the union that Ireland and Great Britian created when they came together ?
The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' -LRB- Latin : God Indicates -RRB- .	God Indicates	What does DEUS INDICAT mean ?
`` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . ''	roses	what type of flowers did Gules use ?
The supporters were two sea lions -LRB- lions with fishes ' tails -RRB- and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET -LRB- Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Hurts -RRB- .	sea lions	after the DEUS INDICAT what type of sea animals were pictured ?
`` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . ''	three	in the above quote how many ship and masts were indicated ?
`` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . ''	leopard	What animal was listed as part of the four fleur-de-lis in the above quote
The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . ''	lion	The EIC Arms feature what king of the jungle animal on it ?
The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . ''	crown	in the arms of EIC what was the lion holding in his forepaws
The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . ''	Two	how many lions were on the EIC arms
The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . ''	1698	what year did the EIC arms include both france and england ?
During the period of the Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson .	Napoleonic Wars	During what war Did the EIC get letter of marque for its vessels
This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China -LRB- that they could do without permission -RRB- but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy .	should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy	Why did EIC want tthe letters of marque most ?
This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China -LRB- that they could do without permission -RRB- but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy .	cannon	With out the letters of marque what wepon did they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship ?
Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque .	six	The Earl of Mornington would have how many ___ guns on the EIc ships ?
At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off .	Battle of Pulo Aura	What was the most notable naval victory EIC had ?
Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena .	General Goddard	what general played the biggest role in the capture of the seven Dutch East Indiamen ?
Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena .	off St Helena	Where were the 7 Dutch Easteast indiamen capture ?
On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired .	bluffing	In 1797 how did the Woodford get to safety without firing one bullet ?
Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton-Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , and Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates .	Captain Charles Lennox	in 1797 who was the captian of the Woodford that is first listed of the 5 captians ?
Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company -LRB- and its successor the India Office -RRB- are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections .	British Library in London	Where are the records of the EIC housed today ?
Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company -LRB- and its successor the India Office -RRB- are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections .	The National Archives at Kew	Where are the British government 's records houseed today ?
The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues .	The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues	Are you able to search most of the records online today ?
All of the states except for East Timor are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations -LRB- ASEAN -RRB- .	East Timor	Which state is not a member of the Southeast Asian Nations -LRB- ASEAN -RRB- ?
Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN , and is currently an observer .	Papua New Guinea	Which country is considering joining the Southeast Asian Nations -LRB- ASEAN -RRB- ?
The area , together with part of South Asia , was widely known as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century .	East Indies	What was Southeast Asia commonly known as before ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea .	Sovereignty	What type of issue exist over the territories in the South China sea ?
Christmas Island and the Cocos -LRB- Keeling -RRB- Islands -LSB- citation needed -RSB- are considered part of Southeast Asia though they are governed by Australia .	Australia	Which country is Christmas Island governed by ?
Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN , and is currently an observer .	Papua New Guinea	Which country has stated that it might join ASEAN ?
All of the states except for East Timor are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations -LRB- ASEAN -RRB- .	Association of Southeast Asian Nations	What does ASEAN mean ?
Christmas Island and the Cocos -LRB- Keeling -RRB- Islands -LSB- citation needed -RSB- are considered part of Southeast Asia though they are governed by Australia .	Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Which two Islands governed by Australia are considered a part of ASEAN ?
All of the states except for East Timor are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations -LRB- ASEAN -RRB- .	East Timor	Which state is not a member of ASEAN ?
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Southeast Asia .	India	What country is Nicobar Island apart of ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The rest of the island of New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia , namely , Papua New Guinea , is sometimes included so are Palau , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands , which were all part of the Spanish East Indies .	Papua New Guinea	What part of New Guinea is also considered to be apart of Southeast Asia ?
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Southeast Asia .	Andaman	What island in India is also considered to be geographically a part of Southeast Asia besides Nicobar Island ?
The Seven Sister States of India are also geographically part of Southeast Asia .	Southeast Asia	What is the Seven Sister States of India geographically apart of ?
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Southeast Asia .	The Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Which Island is geographically considered a part of Southeast Asia ?
Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India are culturally part of Southeast Asia and sometimes considered both South Asian and Southeast Asian .	Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India	Which countries are culturally a part of Southeast Asia ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The rest of the island of New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia , namely , Papua New Guinea , is sometimes included so are Palau , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands , which were all part of the Spanish East Indies .	Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands	Which islands were a part of the Spanish East Indies ?
Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago , having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent .	45,000 years ago	How many years ago did Homo sapiens reached the Southeast Asia region ?
Austronesian people , who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia , Malaysia , Brunei , East Timor , and the Philippines , may have migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan .	Austronesian people	Which type of people might have migrated from Taiwan into Southeast Asia ?
They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC , and as they spread through the archipelago , they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions .	Indonesia	What country did the Austronesian people arrived at first ?
Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago , when they became extinct .	Homo floresiensis	Which group became extinct after living in the region for about 12,000 years ?
They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC , and as they spread through the archipelago , they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions .	2000 BC	When did the Austronesian people arrive in indonesia ?
They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC , and as they spread through the archipelago , they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions .	coastal areas	Where did the Austronesian people settle down in Indonesia ?
Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago , when they became extinct .	Homo floresiensis	Which people became extinct after the Homosapiens arrived ?
Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago , when they became extinct .	12,000 years ago	How long ago did the Homo floresiensis live before they became extinct ?
The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra existed around 200 BCE .	Jawa Dwipa Hindu	Which kingdom during 200 BCE that is located in Java and Sumatra exist ?
Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China , who also discovered the Malay world at an early date .	Indian	What nationality were the traders that came to archipelago ?
Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China , who also discovered the Malay world at an early date .	China	What country did the merchants the traders did trade with come from ?
The history of the Malay-speaking world began with the advent of Indian influence , which dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE .	3rd century BCE	How long did the Indian influence date back to for the Malay-speaking world ?
Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the Malay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE , and from there spread across the archipelago .	Buddhism	What religion besides Hinduism became well established in the Malay Peninsula ?
The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra existed around 200 BCE .	Jawa Dwipa	Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE ?
Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China , who also discovered the Malay world at an early date .	Indian traders	Which traders came to the archipelago for trade ?
Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China , who also discovered the Malay world at an early date .	abundant forest and maritime products	The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what ?
Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the Malay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE , and from there spread across the archipelago .	Hinduism and Buddhism	Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE ?
Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China , who also discovered the Malay world at an early date .	merchants from China	Apart from the Indian traders , who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade ?
The Majapahit Empire was an Indianised kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500 .	The Majapahit Empire	Which Indianised kingdom was based in eastern java ?
Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk , whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire 's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula , Borneo , Sumatra , and Bali .	Hayam Wuruk	Which ruler reigned between 1350 to 1389 ?
The Majapahit Empire was an Indianised kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500 .	1293 to around 1500	How long did the Majapahit Empire last ?
Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi , Maluku , and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines , making it the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history .	parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines	How far did the Majapahit Empire 's influence stretch ?
The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram -LRB- Kedah -RRB- , the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive .	Srivijaya kingdom	Which kingdom did the Chola navy attack during the 11th century ?
The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram -LRB- Kedah -RRB- , the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive .	Sangrama Vijayatungavarman	What was the capital of Srivijaya kingdom ?
Soon after that , the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith , and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136 .	Phra Ong Mahawangsa	Which king of Kedah converted to Islam in the year 1267 ?
Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka -LRB- 1908 -- 1981 -RRB- wrote in 1961 : `` The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim , Admiral Zheng He . ''	Hamka	Name an Indonesian Islamic scholar who lived from 1908-1981 ?
Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka -LRB- 1908 -- 1981 -RRB- wrote in 1961 : `` The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim , Admiral Zheng He . ''	Admiral Zheng He	Which Chinese admiral was related to the development of Islam in Indonesia & Malaya ?
The ruler of the region 's most important port , Malacca Sultanate , embraced Islam in the 15th century , heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes .	Malacca Sultanate	In the 15th century , the ruler of which port embraced Islam ?
Many settled in Indonesia , Singapore , and Malaysia .	Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia	Where did the traders from Yemen settle ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region .	The Sufi missionaries	Which missionary helped to spread Islam ?
The ruler of the region 's most important port , Malacca Sultanate , embraced Islam in the 15th century , heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes .	Islam	Which religion proved a positive force among the ruling & trading classes ?
During World War II , Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies .	Imperial Japan	The western colonies were invaded by whom during World War II ?
The Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour , such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia .	4 to 10 million	According to the UN report , what was the count of people who perished due to famine ?
The Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour , such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia .	Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour	What violent acts did the Showa regime commit ?
The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence .	The Allied powers	Who defeated Japan during the World War II ?
Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size -LRB- according to the CIA World Factbook -RRB- .	Indonesia	Name the largest country in Southeast Asia .
Geologically , the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world .	volcanically active	Geologically what is Indonesia 's region most active for ?
The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical -- hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall .	tropical–hot and humid	What is the climate like in Southeast Asia ?
The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon .	Southeast Asia	Which region has the 2nd largest rain-forest in the world ?
Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate , which has a cold winter with snow .	Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas	Which regions in Southeast Asia see cold winter with snow ?
The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season .	The tropical rain belt	What causes additional rainfall during monsoon ?
The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon .	seasonal shift in winds or monsoon	What causes the Southeast Asian regions to experience wet & dry seasons ?
The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line .	Wallace Line	Name the line that splits the Indonesian Archipelago ?
The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone , where both types occur , known as Wallacea .	The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua	What region comprises of the Wallacea ?
Indonesia , for example , has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose .	Indonesia	Which country has created a system of national parks & preserves ?
Even so , such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction , with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java .	Javan rhinoceros	Which species in Java face extinction ?
As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia , concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region 's environment .	impact of human activity on the region's environment.	What is the concern in Southeast Asian region due to development & population expansion ?
According to Conservation International , marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat -LRB- Indonesia -RRB- is the highest recorded on Earth .	Raja Ampat	Where on Earth is the highest marine activity recorded ?
Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia , Philippines , and Papua New Guinea .	Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.	Which areas are composed as the Coral Triangle ?
The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world 's coral reef biodiversity , the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world 's `` center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity '' .	The Coral Triangle	Which area is called the heart of the world 's Coral reef biodiversity ?
The whale shark , the world 's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines .	The whale shark	Name the largest species of fish in the world .
Predictions have been made that more than 40 % of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century .	40%	What percentage of plant and animal species extinction is predicted in the 21st century ?
The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze , mostly caused by `` slash and burn '' activities in Sumatra and Borneo .	Sumatra and Borneo	Where has haze been predominant ?
The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze , mostly caused by `` slash and burn '' activities in Sumatra and Borneo .	caused by "slash and burn" activities	How is a haze formed ?
In reaction , several countries in Southeast Asia signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution to combat haze pollution .	Transboundary Haze Pollution	What agreement has the Southeast Asian countries signed to combat haze pollution ?
The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze , mostly caused by `` slash and burn '' activities in Sumatra and Borneo .	1997 and 2006	When did the 2 worst haze pollution occur in Southeast Asia ?
A wide range of commodities originated in the region , but especially important were spices such as pepper , ginger , cloves , and nutmeg .	pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg	Name some important commodities that originated in Southeast asian region ?
The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants , but it also brought Europeans to the region .	Indian and Arab merchants	Who developed the spice trade initially ?
As a result , the Dutch moved into Indonesia , the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo , the French into Indochina , and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines .	Dutch	Which European traders moved into Indonesia ?
The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century , when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia , Thailand , and other Southeast Asian countries .	Chinese	The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century ?
Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949 , which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China .	Communist Revolution	The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution ?
Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949 , which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China .	1949	When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia ?
These business communities are connected through the bamboo network , a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties .	the bamboo network	What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with ?
Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are plentiful .	Oil reserves	What reserves are abundant in Southeast Asia ?
The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture , but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors .	Vietnam	Which region manufactures textiles , heavy industrial products & high-tech electronic goods ?
An emerging market , Indonesia is the largest economy in this region .	Indonesia	Of the Southeast Asian countries , which country has the largest economy ?
The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture , but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors .	agriculture	Which sector is the Southeast Asia heavily dependent on ?
Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries , especially Cambodia .	Cambodia	Of the Southeast Asian countries , which one 's key economic development is based on Tourism ?
According to UNESCO , `` tourism , if correctly conceived , can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet . ''	UNESCO	According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet ?
In 1995 , Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8 % .	Singapore	Who was the regional leader in tourism in 1995 ?
Since 2000 , Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15 % of its GDP from tourism in 2006 .	tourism	From 2000 , Cambodia has surpassed other ASEAN countries in generating GDP on which sector ?
Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,000,000 km2 -LRB- 1.6 million square miles -RRB- .	4,000,000 km2	What is the approximate area of Southeast Asia ?
Indonesia is the most populous country with 255 million people as of 2015 , and also the 4th most populous country in the world .	Indonesia	Among the Southeast Asian countries , which one is densely populated ?
As of 2013 , Around 625 million people lived in the region , more than a fifth of them -LRB- 143 million -RRB- on the Indonesian island of Java , the most densely populated large island in the world .	Java	Which Island in Southeast Asia is densely populated ?
In modern times , the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia , with more than 100 million people , mostly concentrated in Java , Indonesia .	the Javanese	name the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia .
Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups , while Malaysia is split between half Malays and one-quarter Chinese .	Javanese and Sundanese	Which ethnic groups dominate in Indonesia ?
Within the Philippines , the Tagalog , Cebuano , Ilocano , and Hiligaynon groups are significant .	Philippines	The Tagalog , Cebuano , Ilocano & Hiligaynon groups are significant within which country in Southeast Asia ?
Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups , while Malaysia is split between half Malays and one-quarter Chinese .	Malaysia	The ethnic groups Malays & Chinese are predominant in which country ?
Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia , numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40 % of the entire population , with majorities in Indonesia , Brunei , Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world .	Islam	Which religion is widely practiced in Southeast Asia ?
Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia , numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40 % of the entire population , with majorities in Indonesia , Brunei , Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world .	Indonesia	Among the Southeast Asian countries , which country has the most populous Muslims among them ?
The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia .	Philippines	Roman Catholic population is predominant in which Asian country ?
Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia , numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40 % of the entire population , with majorities in Indonesia , Brunei , Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world .	40%	What percentage of the population in Southeast Asia practice Islam ?
East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule .	Portuguese	East Timor is predominantly catholic due to which European rule 's history ?
Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia ; they are in the majority in East Timor and the Philippines , Asia 's largest Christian nation .	Philippines	Which is Asia 's largest christian nation ?
Garuda -LRB- Sanskrit : Garuḍa -RRB- , the phoenix who is the mount -LRB- vahanam -RRB- of Vishnu , is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia ; in the Philippines , gold images of Garuda have been found on Palawan ; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on Mindanao .	Thailand and Indonesia	Garuda is the national symbol of which 2 countries ?
In the world 's most populous Muslim nation , Indonesia , Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali .	Hinduism	Which religion is dominant on the Island of Bali ?
In the world 's most populous Muslim nation , Indonesia , Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali .	Indonesia	Name the most Muslim populous region in Asia ?
In Vietnam , Mahayana Buddhism is practised , which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis on Ancestor Worship .	Vietnam	What is practiced in Vietnam ?
Also Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia .	Brunei	Arabia has a strong influence in which Southeast Asian country ?
While in Indonesia , the Philippines and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous Austronesian , Indian , Islamic , Western , and Chinese cultures .	Chinese	Singapore & Vietnam shows which influence predominantly ?
Indian influence in Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants , which influenced , to some extent , the cuisine of Singapore .	Singapore	The Indian influence is evident in which country through the Tamil migrants ?
Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court ; in particular , Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Empire , which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism .	into their court	Where did the Southeast Asians introduce their dance ?
Apsara Dance , famous for strong hand and feet movement , is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance .	Apsara Dance	Which dance was famous for strong feet & hand movements ?
Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court ; in particular , Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Empire , which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism .	Indian Hinduism	The Khmer Empire was influenced by what ?
Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries , a famous one being Wayang from Indonesia .	Puppetry and shadow plays	What were the favorite forms of entertainment in Southeast Asia ?
The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism , which was brought to them centuries ago .	Hinduism	Art & literature in Southeast Asia is influenced by which religion ?
The wayang kulit show has been recognized by UNESCO on November 7 , 2003 , as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity .	The wayang kulit	The UNESCO has recognized which show as a Masterpiece of Oral & Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Indonesia , despite conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art , has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices , culture , art and literature .	Indonesia	Which country despite converting to Islam has retained many forms of Hindu practices , culture , art & literature ?
It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods , but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves -- joyous , earthy , yet divine .	the life of the gods	What did the Khmer & Indonesian classical arts depict of ?
The Tai , coming late into Southeast Asia , brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions , but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions , and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples , especially the tapering roof , and in their lacquerware .	Tai	Which group brought with them the Chinese artistic traditions to the Southeast Asian country ?
It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods , but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves -- joyous , earthy , yet divine .	life of the peoples themselves	According to the Southeast Asian people , the life of the Gods were comparable to what ?
Note each palm leaf section was only several lines , written longitudinally across the leaf , and bound by twine to the other sections .	palm leaf	Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper ?
The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be abugidas , until the arrival of the Europeans , who used words that also ended in consonants , not just vowels .	abugidas	What were the alphabets of Southeast Asia ?
Other forms of official documents , which did not use paper , included Javanese copperplate scrolls .	copperplate scrolls	What other forms of writing materials were used during this period ?
Note each palm leaf section was only several lines , written longitudinally across the leaf , and bound by twine to the other sections .	longitudinally	In what direction were the writings on a palm leaf ?
Note each palm leaf section was only several lines , written longitudinally across the leaf , and bound by twine to the other sections .	twine	The sections of the palm leafs were bound by what material ?
Professional wrestling -LRB- colloquially abbreviated to pro wrestling or wrestling -RRB- is an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport .	pro wrestling	What is professional wrestling abbreviated as ?
Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions , it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles , which include classical wrestling , catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts , as well as an innovative style based on grappling -LRB- holds/throws -RRB- , striking , and aerialism .	classical wrestling, catch wrestling	What are a couple of styles of combat based on ?
Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions , it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles , which include classical wrestling , catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts , as well as an innovative style based on grappling -LRB- holds/throws -RRB- , striking , and aerialism .	touring promotions	Who are live events held by ?
Professional wrestling -LRB- colloquially abbreviated to pro wrestling or wrestling -RRB- is an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport .	an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport	What is professional wrestling ?
Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions , it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles , which include classical wrestling , catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts , as well as an innovative style based on grappling -LRB- holds/throws -RRB- , striking , and aerialism .	it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling	What kind of style does wrestling show ?
The content including match outcomes is choreographed and the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from , yet simulate , pain .	the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain	How are the actions conducted ?
By and large , the true nature of the content is ignored by the performing promotion in official media in order to sustain and promote the willing suspension of disbelief for the audience by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude .	willing suspension of disbelief for the audience	What are the fan encouraged to do ?
The content including match outcomes is choreographed and the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from , yet simulate , pain .	match outcomes is choreographed	How is the end result of the match planned out ?
Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media -LRB- i.e. , interviews -RRB- will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle .	will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.	What do wrestlers have to say about the realness or fakeness of the matches ?
While it has greatly declined in Europe , in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century and a half of existence .	it has greatly declined in Europe	What part of the world has wrestling become less popular in ?
Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls , professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe , and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry .	Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe	Where did wrestling originally come from ?
Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls , professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe , and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry .	later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls	Where was wrestling later showcased in North America ?
Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls , professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe , and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry .	is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry	What is wrestling now thought to be ?
The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet , and wrestling -LRB- along with boxing -RRB- was instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery .	The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet	What did television do for wrestling ?
Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales , network television broadcasts , pay-per-view broadcasts , personal appearances by performers , branded merchandise and home video .	live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video	Where does the money made from wrestling come from ?
Particularly since the 1950s , pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas , including Madison Square Garden , as well as football stadiums , by promotions including the WWE , the NWA territory system , WCW , and AWA .	Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums	Where large places are some of the major wrestling shows held at ?
In modern day , internet programming has been utilized by a number of companies to air web shows , internet pay-per-views -LRB- iPPVs -RRB- or on-demand content , helping to generate internet-related revenue earnings from the evolving World Wide Web .	to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content	What has the internet been utilized for in wrestling ?
Annual shows such as WrestleMania , SummerSlam , Royal Rumble , and formerly Bash at the Beach , Halloween Havoc and Starrcade are among the highest-selling pay-per-view programming each year .	WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade	what wrestling shows occur yearly ?
Particularly since the 1950s , pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas , including Madison Square Garden , as well as football stadiums , by promotions including the WWE , the NWA territory system , WCW , and AWA .	Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas	In which decade did wrestling start becoming very popular ?
There have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling ; the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke .	2008 film The Wrestler	What is one popular wrestling film ?
There have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling ; the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke .	several Oscar nominations	What award was The Wrestler nominated for ?
Several documentaries have been produced looking at professional wrestling , most notably , Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein , and Wrestling with Shadows featuring wrestler Bret Hart and directed by Paul Jay .	Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows	What are the names of a couple wrestling documentaries ?
Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts , wrestling constitutes a recurring topic in both academia and the media .	in both academia and the media	Where does wrestling keep coming up as a subject ?
Currently , the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE , which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century , as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling -LRB- ECW -RRB- in early 2001 .	the United States-based WWE	What is the biggest wrestling company ?
Currently , the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE , which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century , as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling -LRB- ECW -RRB- in early 2001 .	WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)	Which companies are some of WWE 's competition ?
Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling -LRB- TNA -RRB- and Ring of Honor -LRB- ROH -RRB- , Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre -LRB- CMLL -RRB- and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración -LRB- AAA -RRB- in Mexico , and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling -LRB- NJPW -RRB- , All Japan Pro Wrestling -LRB- AJPW -RRB- , and Pro Wrestling Noah -LRB- NOAH -RRB- leagues .	Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA)	What are some other major wrestling companies ?
Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling -LRB- TNA -RRB- and Ring of Honor -LRB- ROH -RRB- , Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre -LRB- CMLL -RRB- and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración -LRB- AAA -RRB- in Mexico , and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling -LRB- NJPW -RRB- , All Japan Pro Wrestling -LRB- AJPW -RRB- , and Pro Wrestling Noah -LRB- NOAH -RRB- leagues .	Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW)	What is the name of a Japanese wrestling company ?
Gradually , the predetermined nature of professional wrestling became an open secret , as prominent figures in the wrestling business -LRB- including WWE owner Vince McMahon -RRB- began to publicly admit that wrestling was entertainment , not competition .	prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon)	Who confessed that wrestling was not competition ?
This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community , as some feel that exposure ruins the experience to the spectators as does exposure in illusionism .	This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community	How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment ?
Despite the public admission of the theatrical nature of professional wrestling , many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports .	many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports	How do many U.S. states handle wrestling ?
The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators to the sporting event being portrayed , and are encouraged to interact as such .	The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators	How do the wrestlers treat the audience ?
This leads to a high level of audience participation ; in fact , their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds .	This leads to a high level of audience participation	How does the audience being acknowledged by the wrestlers impact the show ?
This leads to a high level of audience participation ; in fact , their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds .	their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds.	What can the audience do during a show ?
Often , individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between `` babyfaces '' -LRB- often shortened to just `` faces '' -RRB- and `` heels '' .	Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between "babyfaces" (often shortened to just "faces") and "heels".	What kind of conflict can arise during a show ?
`` Faces '' -LRB- the `` good guys '' -RRB- are those whose actions are intended to encourage the audience to cheer , while `` heels '' -LRB- the `` bad guys '' -RRB- act to draw the spectators ' ire .	"heels" (the "bad guys")	Which of the wrestlers are the bad guys ?
Most wrestling matches last for a set number of falls , with the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls , submissions , or countouts being the winner .	the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner.	Who wins in a wrestling match ?
Historically , matches were wrestled to 3 falls -LRB- `` best 2 out of 3 '' -RRB- or 5 falls -LRB- `` best 3 out of 5 '' -RRB- .	Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls ("best 2 out of 3") or 5 falls ("best 3 out of 5").	How could a wrestler win in the past ?
The standard for modern matches is one fall .	The standard for modern matches is one fall.	How can a wrestler win in modern times ?
These matches are given a time limit ; if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit , the match is declared a draw .	if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw.	In what instance will a match be declared a draw ?
Modern matches are generally given a 10 - to 30-minute time limit for standard matches ; title matches can go for up to one hour .	title matches can go for up to one hour	How long can a title match be ?
Any wrestler who has a fall scored against them is forced out of the match , and the match continues until only one remains .	is forced out of the match	What happens when a wrestler has a fall against them ?
However , heel champions often find advantages , not in champion 's advantage , but in the use of weapons and outside interference , as these poly-sided matches tend to involve no holds barred rules .	no holds barred rules	What kind of rules does a poly-sided match usually have ?
However , it is much more common when more than two wrestlers are involved to simply go one fall , with the one scoring the fall , regardless of who they scored it against , being the winner .	to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner.	What usually happens when two or more wrestlers are involved ?
In championship matches , this means that , unlike one-on-one matches -LRB- where the champion can simply disqualify themselves or get themselves counted out to retain the title via the `` champion 's advantag '' -RRB- , the champion does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship .	does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship.	How can a champion lose a championship ?
The most common of these is the ladder match .	The most common of these is the ladder match	What is the most common of the special matches ?
In the basic ladder match , the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring .	In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring.	What must the wrestlers do in a ladder match ?
The key to winning this match is that the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team .	the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team.	How does one win a ladder match ?
The prizes include -- but are not limited to any given championship belt -LRB- the traditional prize -RRB- , a document granting the winner the right to a future title shot , or any document that matters to the wrestlers involved in the match -LRB- such as one granting the winner a cash prize -RRB- .	championship belt	What is a common prize in a ladder match ?
In a battle royal , all the wrestlers enter the ring to the point that there are 20-30 wrestlers in the ring at one time .	20-30 wrestlers	How many wrestlers are in a standard battle royal match ?
Although their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect , referees are subject to certain general rules and requirements in order to maintain the theatrical appearance of unbiased authority .	their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect	What determines how the referee acts ?
The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification .	The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification.	What is a common rule about referees ?
Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous , though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names .	Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names.	What are referees called ?
This allows for heel characters to gain a scripted advantage by distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent .	distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent.	How can a wrestler gain an advantage by using a referee ?
Special guest referees may be used from time to time ; by virtue of their celebrity status , they are often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact .	Special guest referees may be used from time to time;	What kind of referees are occasionally used ?
They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler 's entourage/stable , who may otherwise interfere with the match .	They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match.	What do special referees have the ability to do ?
Matches are held within a wrestling ring , an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner .	an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner.	What material is within a wrestling ring ?
Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring , suspended with turnbuckles which are connected to the posts .	Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring,	What is around the ring ?
For safety , the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring .	For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring.	What is used for protection in the ring ?
Two wrestlers must make physical contact -LRB- typically palm-to-palm -RRB- in order to transfer this legal status .	Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status.	What does a `` tag '' entail ?
This is known as a `` tag '' , with the participants `` tagging out '' and `` tagging in '' .	"tagging out" and "tagging in".	What are two things that can be done with tagging ?
Typically the wrestler who is tagging out has a 5-second count to leave the ring , whereas the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time , resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face .	has a 5-second count to leave the ring	How long does a wrestler have to leave the ring once they are tagged out ?
Typically the wrestler who is tagging out has a 5-second count to leave the ring , whereas the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time , resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face .	the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face.	How much time does a wrestler have once they tag in ?
One of the most mainstream examples of this is the four-corner match , the most common type of match in the WWE before it was replaced with its equivalent fatal four-way ; four wrestlers , each for themselves , fight in a match , but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time .	four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time.	What happens in a fatal four-way ?
The other two are positioned in the corner , and tags can be made between any two wrestlers .	tags can be made between any two wrestlers.	In a fatal four-way , who can make tags ?
One of the most mainstream examples of this is the four-corner match , the most common type of match in the WWE before it was replaced with its equivalent fatal four-way ; four wrestlers , each for themselves , fight in a match , but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time .	four-corner match	What was the most common type of match before the fatal four-way ?
Outside of kayfabe , this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action -LRB- as these matches tend to go on for long periods of time -RRB- , and to make the action in the ring easier to choreograph .	this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action	Why are tagging rules made ?
A count may be started at any time that a wrestler 's shoulders are down -LRB- both shoulders touching the mat -RRB- , back-first and any part of the opponent 's body is lying over the wrestler .	any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler.	At what point can a count be started ?
For example , an attacking wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent , or a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent 's body , prompting a three-count from the referee .	a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee.	What can happen to an arrogant wrestler ?
For example , an attacking wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent , or a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent 's body , prompting a three-count from the referee .	wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent	What might a partially conscious wrestler do ?
However , although almost any scenario where one wrestler is covering another prone , back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt , there is one important exception to that rule : Pin attempts broken up by other wrestlers .	one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt	What happens during a pin attempt ?
The most common attacks for breaking pins are a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head , as they are simple to pull off in the spur of the moment .	a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head	What is a common offensive move to break a pin attack ?
Despite the pinning wrestler still technically being on top of the pinned wrestler , the referee will still consider the pin attempt to be broken .	broken	What can the referee consider a pin attempt to be , even if the attacker is still on top of the pinned wrester ?
Illegal pinning methods include using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent 's clothing , which are therefore popular cheating methods for heels , unless certain stipulations make such an advantage legal .	using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing,	What is a pinning method that is n't allowed ?
Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee -LRB- as they have to see if their shoulders are down -RRB- and are subsequently often used by heels and on occasion by cheating faces to win matches .	Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee	How often are illegal pinning methods seen by the referee ?
Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee -LRB- as they have to see if their shoulders are down -RRB- and are subsequently often used by heels and on occasion by cheating faces to win matches .	cheating	What are the illegal pinning methods called ?
Even if it is noticed , it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification -LRB- see below -RRB- , and instead it simply results in nullification of the pin attempt , so the heel wrestler rarely has anything to lose for trying it , anyway .	it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification	Can illegal pinning methods result in being disqualified ?
Even if it is noticed , it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification -LRB- see below -RRB- , and instead it simply results in nullification of the pin attempt , so the heel wrestler rarely has anything to lose for trying it , anyway .	results in nullification of the pin attempt,	What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee ?
A wrestler may voluntarily submit by verbally informing the referee -LRB- usually used in moves such as the Mexican Surfboard , where all four limbs are incapacitated , making tapping impossible -RRB- .	verbally informing the referee	How can a wrestler willingly submit ?
A wrestler may voluntarily submit by verbally informing the referee -LRB- usually used in moves such as the Mexican Surfboard , where all four limbs are incapacitated , making tapping impossible -RRB- .	Mexican Surfboard	What is the move called where all limbs are incapicitated ?
Also , since Ken Shamrock -LRB- a legitimate UFC competitor in its early days -RRB- popularized it in 1997 , a wrestler can indicate a voluntary submission by `` tapping out '' , that is , tapping a free hand against the mat or against an opponent .	tapping out	What can a wrestler do to show a willing submission ?
Despite this , some wrestlers , such as Chris Jericho , The Undertaker , Ric Flair , Bret Hart , Kurt Angle , Ken Shamrock , Dean Malenko , Chris Benoit , and Tazz , became famous for winning matches via submission .	submission	Several well-known wrestlers were famous for winning with a move called what ?
A wrestler with a signature submission technique is portrayed as better at applying the hold , making it more painful or more difficult to get out of than others who use it , or can be falsely credited as inventing the hold -LRB- such as when Tazz popularized the kata ha jime judo choke in pro wrestling as the `` Tazzmission '' -RRB- .	Tazzmission	What move did Tazz make popular ?
Submission was initially a large factor in professional wrestling , but following the decline of the submission-oriented catch-as-catch-can style from mainstream professional wrestling , the submission largely faded until the rise of the legitimate sport of mixed martial arts .	mixed martial arts	What legitimate sport related to wrestling began to become popular ?
Most holds leave an arm or leg free , so that the person can tap out if they want .	an arm or leg	Many holds will leave what body parts free ?
Since all contact between the wrestlers must cease if any part of the body is touching , or underneath , the ropes , many wrestlers will attempt to break submission holds by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes .	if any part of the body is touching, or underneath, the ropes,	When must contact stop between wrestlers ?
Since all contact between the wrestlers must cease if any part of the body is touching , or underneath , the ropes , many wrestlers will attempt to break submission holds by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes .	by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes	How might a wrestler attempt to break a submission hold ?
If the referee reaches the count of five , and the wrestler still does not break the hold , they are disqualified .	the count of five	How long does a wrestler have to get themselves free of the hold ?
If the referee reaches the count of five , and the wrestler still does not break the hold , they are disqualified .	they are disqualified	What happens if the wrestler does n't break a hold ?
To check for a knockout in this manner , a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler 's face ; if the wrestler does not react in any way , the referee will award the victory to the other wrestler .	a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face	How does a referee check for a knockout ?
If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count , the match is ruled a draw .	If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw.	What happens if all wrestlers are down ?
If all the active wrestlers in a match are down inside the ring at the same time , the referee will begin a count -LRB- usually ten seconds , twenty in Japan -RRB- .	usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan	If all wrestlers are down , how long do they have to rise ?
In a Last Man Standing match , this form of a knockout is the only way that the match can end , so the referee will count when one or more wrestlers are down , and one wrestler standing up before the 10-count does n't stop the count for another wrestler who is still down .	Last Man Standing	What kind of match has to end in a knockout ?
A wrestler can win by knockout -LRB- sometimes referred to as a referee stoppage -RRB- if they do not resort to submission holds , but stills pummels their opponent to the point that they are unconscious or are unable to intelligently defend themselves .	referee stoppage	What is another name for a knockout ?
A referee may stop the match when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler can not safely continue the match .	when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match	In what case can a referee choose to end the match ?
This may be decided if the wrestler can not continue the match due to an injury .	an injury	What is one reason that a wrestler may not be able to continue ?
At the Great American Bash in 2008 , Chris Jericho was declared the winner of a match against Shawn Michaels when Michaels could not defend himself due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision .	due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision	Why could n't Shawn Michaels defend himself ?
At the Great American Bash in 2008 , Chris Jericho was declared the winner of a match against Shawn Michaels when Michaels could not defend himself due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision .	Great American Bash	Where did Chris Jericho win in 2008 ?
A countout -LRB- alternatively `` count-out '' or `` count out '' -RRB- happens when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten -LRB- twenty in some promotions -RRB- and thus disqualified .	"count-out" or "count out"	What are a couple other ways to write countout ?
A countout -LRB- alternatively `` count-out '' or `` count out '' -RRB- happens when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten -LRB- twenty in some promotions -RRB- and thus disqualified .	when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten	What happens during a countout ?
Playing into this , some wrestlers will `` milk '' the count by sliding in the ring , and immediately sliding back out .	sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out	What will some wrestlers do to take advantage of the countout ?
This is often referred to by commentators as `` breaking the count . ''	breaking the count.	What is the trick of sliding in and then back out of the ring called ?
Disqualification -LRB- sometimes abbreviated as `` DQ '' -RRB- occurs when a wrestler violates the match 's rules , thus losing automatically .	DQ	What else is disqualification called ?
Disqualification -LRB- sometimes abbreviated as `` DQ '' -RRB- occurs when a wrestler violates the match 's rules , thus losing automatically .	wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically	How can a wrestler be disqualified ?
A no disqualification match can still end by countout -LRB- although this is rare -RRB- ; typically , a match must be declared a `` no holds barred '' match , a `` street fight '' or some other term , in order for both disqualifications and countouts to be waived .	must be declared a "no holds barred" match, a "street fight" or some other term	In what case can a countout and disqualification be done away with entirely ?
Usually , the only offenses that the referee will see and immediately disqualify the match on -LRB- as opposed to having multiple offenses -RRB- are low blows , weapon usage , interference , or assaulting the referee .	low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee	What are the usual reasons for an automatic disqualification ?
In WWE , a referee must see the violation with their own eyes to rule that the match end in a disqualification -LRB- simply watching the video tape is not usually enough -RRB- and the referee 's ruling is almost always final , although Dusty finishes -LRB- named after , and made famous by , Dusty Rhodes -RRB- will often result in the referee 's decision being overturned .	must see the violation with their own eyes	What must the referee do to rule the match at an end via disqualification ?
In WWE , a referee must see the violation with their own eyes to rule that the match end in a disqualification -LRB- simply watching the video tape is not usually enough -RRB- and the referee 's ruling is almost always final , although Dusty finishes -LRB- named after , and made famous by , Dusty Rhodes -RRB- will often result in the referee 's decision being overturned .	Dusty finishes	In what case can a referee 's decision be overturned ?
It is not uncommon for the referees themselves to get knocked out during a match , which is commonly referred to by the term `` ref bump '' .	ref bump	What is it called when a ref is knocked out ?
While the referee remains `` unconscious '' , wrestlers are free to violate rules until the referee is revived or replaced .	free to violate rules	What can wrestlers do when a ref is out ?
A professional wrestling match can end in a draw .	in a draw	What is one way a match can end ?
A draw occurs if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified -LRB- as via countout or if the referee loses complete control of the match and both opponents attack each other with no regard to being in a match , like Brock Lesnar vs. Undertaker at Unforgiven in 2002 -RRB- , neither opponent is able to answer a ten-count , or both opponents simultaneously win the match .	if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified	What is one reason a draw can result ?
Traditionally , a championship may not change hands in the event of a draw -LRB- though it may become vacant -RRB- , though some promotions such as TNA have endorsed rules where the champion may lose a title by disqualification .	may not change hands in the event of a draw	What usually happens regarding a championship during a draw ?
A variant of the draw is the time-limit draw , where the match does not have a winner by a specified time period -LRB- a one-hour draw , which was once common , is known in wrestling circles as a `` Broadway '' -RRB- .	"Broadway"	What is another name for a one hour draw ?
This can be due to excessive interference , loss of referee 's control over the match , one or more participants sustaining debilitating injury not caused by the opponent , or the inability of a scheduled match to even begin .	debilitating	What kind of injury can cause a no contest ruling ?
A no contest is a state separate and distinct from a draw -- a draw indicates winning conditions were met .	state separate and distinct from a draw	How is no contest related to a draw , if at all ?
This can be due to excessive interference , loss of referee 's control over the match , one or more participants sustaining debilitating injury not caused by the opponent , or the inability of a scheduled match to even begin .	loss of referee's control over the match	How can a referee 's action result in a no contest ?
While each wrestling match is ostensibly a competition of athletics and strategy , the goal of each match from a business standpoint is to excite and entertain the audience .	to excite and entertain the audience	What is the point of a match ?
Heightened interest results in higher attendance rates , increased ticket sales , higher ratings on television broadcasts -LRB- which result in greater ad revenue -RRB- , higher pay-per-view buyrates , and sales of branded merchandise and recorded video footage .	Heightened interest	Higher attendance and more ticket sales can be the result of what ?
Although the competition is staged , dramatic emphasis can be utilized to draw out the most intense reaction from the audience .	dramatic emphasis	Though the contest is staged , what can garner more interest from the crowd ?
In Latin America and English-speaking countries , most wrestlers -LRB- and other on-stage performers -RRB- portray character roles , sometimes with personalities wildly different from their own .	portray character roles	What do most wrestlers do , as far as how they act ?
Some can be unrealistic and cartoon-like -LRB- such as Doink the Clown -RRB- , while others carry more verisimilitude and can be seen as exaggerated versions of the performer 's real life personality -LRB- such as Chris Jericho , The Rock , John Cena , Stone Cold Steve Austin , and CM Punk -RRB- .	Doink the Clown	What is the name of one wrestler who acts like a cartoonish character ?
Some can be unrealistic and cartoon-like -LRB- such as Doink the Clown -RRB- , while others carry more verisimilitude and can be seen as exaggerated versions of the performer 's real life personality -LRB- such as Chris Jericho , The Rock , John Cena , Stone Cold Steve Austin , and CM Punk -RRB- .	exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality	The Rock 's persona is seen as what ?
In lucha libre , many characters wear masks , adopting a secret identity akin to a superhero , a near-sacred tradition .	masks	What is common apparel in lucha libre ?
It 's actually considered proper decorum for fellow wrestlers to refer to each other by their stage names/characters rather than their birth/legal names , unless otherwise introduced .	by their stage names/characters	What is the popular way for wrestlers to refer to one another ?
Sometimes a character is owned and trademarked by the company , forcing the wrestler to find a new one when they leave -LRB- although a simple typeset change , such as changing Rhyno to Rhino , can usually get around this -RRB- , and sometimes a character is owned by the wrestler .	the wrestler	Other than a company , who else can own a character ?
Sometimes a character is owned and trademarked by the company , forcing the wrestler to find a new one when they leave -LRB- although a simple typeset change , such as changing Rhyno to Rhino , can usually get around this -RRB- , and sometimes a character is owned by the wrestler .	typeset change	How can a wrestler get around changing their ring name entirely ?
Sometimes , a wrestler may change their legal name in order to obtain ownership of their ring name -LRB- examples include Andrew Martin and Warrior -RRB- .	change their legal name	What else might a wrestler do to obtain their ring name ?
Typically , matches are staged between a protagonist -LRB- historically an audience favorite , known as a babyface , or `` the good guy '' -RRB- and an antagonist -LRB- historically a villain with arrogance , a tendency to break rules , or other unlikable qualities , called a heel -RRB- .	babyface, or "the good guy"	What are other names for a protagonist ?
Typically , matches are staged between a protagonist -LRB- historically an audience favorite , known as a babyface , or `` the good guy '' -RRB- and an antagonist -LRB- historically a villain with arrogance , a tendency to break rules , or other unlikable qualities , called a heel -RRB- .	break rules	What will an antagonist usually do ?
There is also a less common role of a `` tweener '' , who is neither fully face nor fully heel yet able to play either role effectively -LRB- case in point , Samoa Joe during his first run in TNA from June 2005 to November 2006 -RRB- .	tweener	What is a wrestler whose persona is somewhere between the two norms called ?
Typically , matches are staged between a protagonist -LRB- historically an audience favorite , known as a babyface , or `` the good guy '' -RRB- and an antagonist -LRB- historically a villain with arrogance , a tendency to break rules , or other unlikable qualities , called a heel -RRB- .	protagonist	Who is generally the audience favorite ?
At times a character may `` turn '' , altering their face/heel alignment .	turn	What might a character do with their persona ?
Some turns become defining points in a wrestler 's career , as was the case when Hulk Hogan turned heel after being a top face for over a decade .	heel	What did Hulk Hogan become ?
Vince McMahon is a good example of having more heel and face turns than anyone in WWE history .	Vince McMahon	Who has the most turns in the WWE ?
As with personae in general , a character 's face or heel alignment may change with time , or remain constant over its lifetime -LRB- the most famous example of the latter is Ricky Steamboat , a WWE Hall of Famer who remained a babyface throughout his entire career -RRB- .	Ricky Steamboat	Who is a wrestler who never turned ?
Another legendary example is Stone Cold Steve Austin , who was originally booked as a heel , with such mannerisms as drinking on the job , using profanity , breaking company property , and even breaking into people 's private homes .	heel	What did Stone Cold Steve Austin start as ?
Sometimes a character 's heel turn will become so popular that eventually the audience response will alter the character 's heel-face cycle to the point where the heel persona will , in practice , become a face persona , and what was previously the face persona , will turn into the heel persona , such as when Dwayne Johnson first began using `` The Rock '' persona as a heel character , as opposed to his original `` Rocky Maivia '' babyface persona .	Rocky Maivia	What was The Rock 's original character ?
However , much to WWF 's surprise , the fans enjoyed Austin 's antics so much that he became one of the greatest antiheroes in the history of the business .	one of the greatest antiheroes	What did Steve Austin become ?
Such performers have historically employed a manager , who speaks on their behalf and adds to the performance .	manager	Who helps out a wrestler with poor speaking abilities ?
Managers have sometimes become major personalities , including Bobby Heenan , Paul Heyman , Ernie Roth , and Paul Bearer .	become major personalities	What sometimes happens with managers ?
A manager role may also be filled by a `` valet '' , typically an appealing female who may participate in love triangle storylines , `` damsel in distress '' situations , and scripted fights with female wrestlers .	"valet	Who else can perform the manager role ?
A manager role may also be filled by a `` valet '' , typically an appealing female who may participate in love triangle storylines , `` damsel in distress '' situations , and scripted fights with female wrestlers .	an appealing female	Who might participate in a love triangle story ?
While true exhibition matches are not uncommon , most matches tell a story analogous to a scene in a play or film , or an episode of a serial drama : The face will sometimes win -LRB- triumph -RRB- or sometimes lose -LRB- tragedy -RRB- .	a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama:	What do most matches have ?
While true exhibition matches are not uncommon , most matches tell a story analogous to a scene in a play or film , or an episode of a serial drama : The face will sometimes win -LRB- triumph -RRB- or sometimes lose -LRB- tragedy -RRB- .	tragedy	What is it called when the protagonist loses ?
While true exhibition matches are not uncommon , most matches tell a story analogous to a scene in a play or film , or an episode of a serial drama : The face will sometimes win -LRB- triumph -RRB- or sometimes lose -LRB- tragedy -RRB- .	triumph	What do they call it when a protagonist wins ?
Also , anything from a character 's own hair to their job with the promotion can be wagered in a match .	from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion	What can be wagered in a match ?
Outside of performance , these are referred to as feuds .	feuds	What are rivalries often called ?
A feud can exist between any number of participants and can last for a few days up to multiple decades .	a few days up to multiple decades	How long might a feud last ?
The feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat lasted from the late 1970s into the early 1990s and allegedly spanned over two thousand matches -LRB- although most of those matches were mere dark matches -RRB- .	late 1970s into the early 1990s	How long did the feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat last ?
The career-spanning history between characters Mike Awesome and Masato Tanaka is another example of a long-running feud , as is the case of Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon , one of the most lucrative feuds in the World Wrestling Federation -LRB- WWF -RRB- during 1998 and 1999 .	Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon	What is an example of a popular feud ?
Some promotions have included supernatural elements such as magic , curses , the undead and Satanic imagery -LRB- most notably The Undertaker and his Ministry of Darkness , a stable that regularly performed evil rituals and human sacrifice in Satanic-like worship of a hidden power figure -RRB- .	magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery	What supernatural things have been portrayed in matches ?
Also , anything that can be used as an element of drama can exist in professional wrestling stories : romantic relationships -LRB- including love triangles and marriage -RRB- , racism , classism , nepotism , favoritism , corporate corruption , family bonds , personal histories , grudges , theft , cheating , assault , betrayal , bribery , seduction , stalking , confidence tricks , extortion , blackmail , substance abuse , self-doubt , self-sacrifice ; even kidnapping , sexual fetishism , necrophilia , misogyny , rape and death have been portrayed in wrestling .	anything that can be used as an element of drama	What can be used in a wrestling story ?
Also , anything that can be used as an element of drama can exist in professional wrestling stories : romantic relationships -LRB- including love triangles and marriage -RRB- , racism , classism , nepotism , favoritism , corporate corruption , family bonds , personal histories , grudges , theft , cheating , assault , betrayal , bribery , seduction , stalking , confidence tricks , extortion , blackmail , substance abuse , self-doubt , self-sacrifice ; even kidnapping , sexual fetishism , necrophilia , misogyny , rape and death have been portrayed in wrestling .	love triangles and marriage	What romantic drama might be used in a story ?
Behind the scenes , the bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer , or those the bookers believe will generate fan interest in terms of event attendance and television viewership .	bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer,	What happens behind the scenes of a match ?
Behind the scenes , the bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer , or those the bookers believe will generate fan interest in terms of event attendance and television viewership .	those the bookers believe will generate fan interest	Who else do bookers focus on ?
Lower ranked titles may also be used on the performers who show potential , thus allowing them greater exposure to the audience .	performers who show potential	Who might they use a lower ranked title on ?
In general , a wrestler with multiple title reigns or an extended title reign is indicative of a wrestler 's ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler 's ability to perform in the ring .	ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler's ability to perform in the ring	What does it show when a wrestler has many titles ?
A wrestler 's championship accomplishments can be central to their career , becoming a measure of their performance ability and drawing power .	championship accomplishments	What can be important in a wrestler 's career ?
A wrestler 's championship accomplishments can be central to their career , becoming a measure of their performance ability and drawing power .	performance ability and drawing power	What do those accomplishments indicate ?
American wrestler Ric Flair has had multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades .	multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades	What has Ric Flair accomplished ?
Japanese wrestler Último Dragón once held and defended a record 10 titles simultaneously .	Último Dragón	Who held 10 records at once ?
All notable wrestlers now enter the ring accompanied by music , and regularly add other elements to their entrance .	accompanied by music	What occurs when a wrestler enters the ring ?
The music played during the ring entrance will usually mirror the wrestler 's personality .	the wrestler's personality	What does the music playing indicate ?
When a match is won , the victor 's theme music is usually also played in celebration .	victor's theme music is usually also played	What typically happens when a match is won ?
Many wrestlers , particularly in America , have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance .	have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance	What happens with many wrestlers ?
The women 's division of professional wrestling has maintained a recognized world champion since 1937 , when Mildred Burke won the original World Women 's title .	Mildred Burke	Who won the women 's title in 1937 ?
She then formed the World Women 's Wrestling Association in the early 1950s and recognized herself as the first champion , although the championship would be vacated upon her retirement in 1956 .	Women's Wrestling Association	What did Mildred Burke form ?
Upon Byers ' retirement in 1964 , The Fabulous Moolah , who won a junior heavyweight version of the NWA World Women 's Championship -LRB- the predecessor to the WWE 's Women 's Championship -RRB- in a tournament back in 1958 , was recognized by most NWA promoters as champion by default .	1964	What year did June Byers retire ?
She then formed the World Women 's Wrestling Association in the early 1950s and recognized herself as the first champion , although the championship would be vacated upon her retirement in 1956 .	1956	What year did Mildred Burke retire ?
In Japan , professional wrestling done by female wrestlers is called joshi puroresu -LRB- 女子プロレス -RRB- or joshi puro for short .	joshi puroresu	What is professional female wrestling called in Japan ?
In Japan , professional wrestling done by female wrestlers is called joshi puroresu -LRB- 女子プロレス -RRB- or joshi puro for short .	joshi puro	What is the short form for joshi puroresu ?
All Japan Women 's Pro-Wrestling was the dominant joshi organization from the 1970s to the 1990s .	Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling	What was the major joshi organization for two decades ?
In the 1980s , mixed tag team matches began to take place , with a male and female on each team and a rule stating that each wrestler could only attack the opponent of the same gender .	a male and female on each team	What does a mixed tag team consist of ?
In the 1980s , mixed tag team matches began to take place , with a male and female on each team and a rule stating that each wrestler could only attack the opponent of the same gender .	1980s	When did mixed tag teams start ?
If a tag was made , the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well .	the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well	What happened when a tag was made ?
In lucha libre , cheap-shots and male-female attacks are not uncommon .	cheap-shots and male-female attacks	What is n't uncommon in lucha libre ?
Intergender singles bouts were first fought on a national level in the 1990s .	1990s	When were intergender singles bouts fought on a national scale ?
Later , Chyna became the first female to hold a belt that was not exclusive to women when she won the Intercontinental Championship .	Chyna	Who was the first woman to hold a belt that was n't exclusive to women ?
Also , ODB 's kayfabe husband and tag team partner Eric Young held the Knockouts Tag Team Championship for a record 478 days before it was stripped by Brooke Hogan because Young was a male .	478 days	What was the record before it was stripped ?
Also , ODB 's kayfabe husband and tag team partner Eric Young held the Knockouts Tag Team Championship for a record 478 days before it was stripped by Brooke Hogan because Young was a male .	Brooke Hogan	Who stripped the previous record ?
Some wrestlers may have their own specific `` mini me '' , like Mascarita Sagrada , Alebrije has Quije , etc. .	mini me	A wrestler may have a small person called what ?
There are also cases in which midgets can become valets for a wrestler , and even get physically involved in matches , like Alushe , who often accompanies Tinieblas , or KeMonito , who is portrayed as Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre 's mascot and is also a valet for Mistico .	become valets	What else can a little person do in the match ?
Dave Finlay was often aided in his matches by a midget known mainly as Hornswoggle while in WWE , who hid under the ring and gave a shillelagh to Finlay to use on his opponent .	Hornswoggle	Who was Dave Finlay often helped by ?
Finlay also occasionally threw him at his opponent -LRB- s -RRB- .	occasionally threw him at his opponent(s	What else did Finlay do with his little person ?
Hornswoggle has also been given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship and feuded with D-Generation X in 2009 .	given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship	What happened to Hornswoggle ?
Perhaps the most famous wrestling bears are Ginger , Victor , Hercules and Terrible Ted .	Ginger, Victor, Hercules and Terrible Ted	Who are the most well-known wrestling bears ?
Though they have not had the level of exposure as other wrestlers , bears have long been a part of professional wrestling .	bears	What animal has been a part of wrestling for a long time ?
Usually declawed and muzzled , they often wrestled shoot matches against audience members , offered a cash reward if they could pin the bear .	declawed and muzzled	What condition are bears usually brought in in ?
Usually declawed and muzzled , they often wrestled shoot matches against audience members , offered a cash reward if they could pin the bear .	audience members	Who do the bears fight ?
As of 2006 , it is banned in 20 U.S. states .	20	How many states have banned bear wrestling as of 2006 ?
There is a story for each match , and even a longer story for successive matches .	a story	What does every match have ?
The stories usually contain characters like faces and heels , and less often antiheroes and tweeners .	characters like faces and heels	Who is usually included in stories ?
It is a `` triumph '' if the face wins , while it is a `` tragedy '' if the heel wins .	It is a "triumph" if the face wins, while it is a "tragedy" if the heel wins.	What are the possibly outcomes of a story ?
The characters usually have strong and sharp personalities , with examples like Doink the Clown , whose personality is melodramatic , slapstick and fantastical .	melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical	What is Doink the Clown 's persona like ?
The opposition between faces and heels is very intense in the story , and the heels may even attack the faces during TV interviews .	heels may even attack the faces	What might happen during interviews ?
Although professional wrestling in Mexico -LRB- lucha libre -RRB- also has stories and characters , they are less emphasized .	they are less emphasized	How do characters differ in Mexican wrestling ?
Wrestlers in Mexico are traditionally more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers than professional wrestlers in the U.S. who , more often , rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents .	more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers	How are Mexican wrestlers different ?
Wrestlers in Mexico are traditionally more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers than professional wrestlers in the U.S. who , more often , rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents .	rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents	What do American wrestlers depend on ?
Lucha libre is also known for its tag team wrestling matches , in which the teams are often made up of three members , instead of two as is common in the U.S.	tag team wrestling matches	What else is lucha libre known for ?
Despite the similarity to its American counterpart in that the outcome of the matches remains predetermined , the phenomena are different in the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport ; it is treated as a full contact combat sport as it mixes hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds , while in the U.S. it is rather more regarded as an entertainment show .	outcome of the matches remains predetermined	How is Japanese wrestling similar to American ?
Despite the similarity to its American counterpart in that the outcome of the matches remains predetermined , the phenomena are different in the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport ; it is treated as a full contact combat sport as it mixes hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds , while in the U.S. it is rather more regarded as an entertainment show .	the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport	How does Japanese wrestling differ ?
Despite the similarity to its American counterpart in that the outcome of the matches remains predetermined , the phenomena are different in the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport ; it is treated as a full contact combat sport as it mixes hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds , while in the U.S. it is rather more regarded as an entertainment show .	hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds	What does Japanese wrestling combine ?
Wrestlers incorporate kicks and strikes from martial arts disciplines , and a strong emphasis is placed on submission wrestling , and unlike the use of involved storylines in the U.S. , they are not as intricate in Japan , more emphasis is placed on the concept of Fighting Spirit , meaning the Wrestlers display of physical and mental stamina are valued a lot more than theatrics .	Fighting Spirit	What is the emphasis placed on in Japanese wrestling ?
Many of Japan 's wrestlers including top stars such as Shinya Hashimoto , Riki Choshu and Keiji Mutoh came from a legitimate martial arts background and many Japanese wrestlers in the 1990s began to pursue careers in mixed martial arts organizations such as Pancrase and Shooto which at the time retained the original look of puroresu , but were actual competitions .	legitimate martial arts	What is a common background for a Japanese wrestler ?
New performers are expected to `` pay their dues '' for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions and working as ring crew before working their way upward .	to "pay their dues" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions	What is expected of newcomers ?
For many decades -LRB- and still to a lesser extent today -RRB- , performers were expected to keep the illusions of wrestling 's legitimacy alive even while not performing , essentially acting in character any time they were in public .	keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive	What were wrestlers expected to do for decades ?
For many decades -LRB- and still to a lesser extent today -RRB- , performers were expected to keep the illusions of wrestling 's legitimacy alive even while not performing , essentially acting in character any time they were in public .	acting in character	How did wrestlers have to act in public ?
Some veterans speak of a `` sickness '' among wrestling performers , an inexplicable pull to remain active in the wrestling world despite the devastating effects the job can have on one 's life and health .	devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health	What effects can wrestling have on the wrestlers ?
Fans of professional wrestling have their own subculture , comparable to those of science fiction , video games , or comic books -LRB- in some cases , the `` fandoms '' overlap ; in recent years , some professional wrestlers , particularly those who nurture an anti-establishment rebel persona , such as CM Punk , have made guest appearances at comic book conventions -RRB- .	their own subculture	What do the fans have ?
Fans of professional wrestling have their own subculture , comparable to those of science fiction , video games , or comic books -LRB- in some cases , the `` fandoms '' overlap ; in recent years , some professional wrestlers , particularly those who nurture an anti-establishment rebel persona , such as CM Punk , have made guest appearances at comic book conventions -RRB- .	overlap	What sometimes happens with fandoms ?
Fans of professional wrestling have their own subculture , comparable to those of science fiction , video games , or comic books -LRB- in some cases , the `` fandoms '' overlap ; in recent years , some professional wrestlers , particularly those who nurture an anti-establishment rebel persona , such as CM Punk , have made guest appearances at comic book conventions -RRB- .	comic book conventions	Where have some wrestlers appeared ?
Some fans enjoy a pastime of collecting tapes of wrestling shows from specific companies , of certain wrestlers , or of specific genres .	collecting tapes of wrestling shows	What do some fans like to do ?
The Internet has given fans exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling they would be unable to see otherwise .	exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling	What has the internet done for wrestling fans ?
Since the 1990s , many companies have been founded which deal primarily in wrestling footage .	1990s	Many companies who handle wrestling footage have been founded since what decade ?
When the WWF purchased both WCW and ECW in 2001 , they also obtained the entire past video libraries of both productions and have released many past matches online and on home video .	WCW and ECW	What companies did WWF purchase in 2001 ?
From the first established world championship , the top professional wrestlers have garnered fame within mainstream society .	fame within mainstream society	What kind of notoriety have wrestlers achieved ?
A prime example of this is The Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection of the 1980s , which combined wrestling with MTV .	combined wrestling with MTV	What did the Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection do ?
Each successive generation has produced a number of wrestlers who extend their careers into the realms of music , acting , writing , business , politics or public speaking , and are known to those who are unfamiliar with wrestling in general .	music, acting, writing, business, politics or public speaking	What are some other career paths wrestlers embarked on ?
In the wildly popular Rocky series of films about the fictional boxer Rocky Balboa , Rocky III saw its hero fighting a `` boxer vs. wrestler '' exhibition match against the enormous and villainous wrestler `` Thunderlips '' , portrayed by real-life soon-to-be wrestling icon Hulk Hogan .	Rocky series	Name a popular series of boxing films ?
At least two stage plays set in the world of pro wrestling have been produced : The Baron is a comedy that retells the life of an actual performer known as Baron von Raschke .	Baron von Raschke	Who is the movie The Baron about ?
The 2009 South Park episode `` W.T.F. '' played on the soap operatic elements of professional wrestling .	"W.T.F."	What episode of South Park dealt with wrestling ?
The 2008 film The Wrestler , about a washed-up professional wrestler , garnered several Oscar nominations .	The Wrestler	What critically acclaimed wrestling film came out in 2008 ?
Many television shows and films have been produced which portray in-character professional wrestlers as protagonists , such as Ready to Rumble , ¡ Mucha Lucha !	television shows and films	Many of what forms of entertainment have portrayed wrestlers ?
With its growing popularity , professional wrestling has attracted attention as a subject of serious academic study and journalistic criticism .	academic study and journalistic criticism	What other areas has wrestling garnered interest from ?
It is often included as part of studies on theatre , sociology , performance , and media .	theatre, sociology, performance, and media	What areas of study is wrestling talked about in ?
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a course of study on the cultural significance of professional wrestling , and anthropologist Heather Levi has written an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre in Mexico .	an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre	What did Heather Levi write ?
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a course of study on the cultural significance of professional wrestling , and anthropologist Heather Levi has written an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre in Mexico .	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	What college has a course about the cultural impact of wrestling ?
However , this was not always the case ; in the early 20th century , once it became apparent that the `` sport '' was worked , pro wrestling was looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class -- an attitude that still exists to varying degrees today .	looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class	What impact did the revelation of wrestling being `` fixed '' have ?
The French theorist Roland Barthes was among the first to propose that wrestling was worthy of deeper analysis , in his essay `` The World of Wrestling '' from his book Mythologies , first published in 1957 .	1957	When was Roland Barthes book published ?
According to Barthes , the function of a wrestler is not to win : it is to go exactly through the motions which are expected of them and to give the audience a theatrical spectacle .	a theatrical spectacle	What did Barthes believe a wrestler give the audience ?
The French theorist Roland Barthes was among the first to propose that wrestling was worthy of deeper analysis , in his essay `` The World of Wrestling '' from his book Mythologies , first published in 1957 .	"The World of Wrestling"	What was the name of Roland Barthes ' essay ?
While pro wrestling is often described simplistically as a `` soap opera for males '' , it has also been cited as filling the role of past forms of literature and theatre ; a synthesis of classical heroics , commedia dell ` arte , revenge tragedies , morality plays , and burlesque .	"soap opera for males"	What is wrestling sometimes called ?
Wrestling 's high levels of violence and masculinity make it a vicarious outlet for aggression during peacetime .	vicarious outlet for aggression	What is wrestling to people during a peaceful time ?
While pro wrestling is often described simplistically as a `` soap opera for males '' , it has also been cited as filling the role of past forms of literature and theatre ; a synthesis of classical heroics , commedia dell ` arte , revenge tragedies , morality plays , and burlesque .	past forms of literature and theatre;	What role does wrestling fill ?
Documentary filmmakers have studied the lives of wrestlers and the effects the profession has on them and their families .	Documentary filmmakers	Who has studied the lives of wrestlers ?
The 1999 theatrical documentary Beyond the Mat focused on Terry Funk , a wrestler nearing retirement ; Mick Foley , a wrestler within his prime ; Jake Roberts , a former star fallen from grace ; and a school of wrestling student trying to break into the business .	1999	When did Beyond the Mat come out ?
Pro wrestling has been featured several times on HBO 's Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel .	Bryant Gumbel	Who hosts Real Sports ?
Bloodstained Memoirs explored the careers of several pro wrestlers , including Chris Jericho , Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper .	Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper	Who are a few wrestlers who have had memoirs written about them ?
Although professional wrestling is worked , there is a high chance of injury , and even death .	high chance of injury, and even death	What are the risks of wrestling ?
The ring is often made out of 2 by 8 timber planks .	2 by 8 timber planks	What is the ring commonly made of ?
Many of the injuries that occur in pro wrestling are shoulders , knee , back , neck , and rib injuries .	shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries	What are common injuries in wrestling ?
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries have also been linked to pro wrestling , including in the double-murder suicide case involving Chris Benoit .	Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries	What other injuries have been connected with wrestling ?
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries have also been linked to pro wrestling , including in the double-murder suicide case involving Chris Benoit .	double-murder suicide case	Chris Benoit was involved in what tragic event ?
Ultimately sensitivity is limited by the quantum efficiency of the film or sensor .	sensitivity	What does the film 's quantum efficiency limit ?
Relatively insensitive film , with a correspondingly lower speed index , requires more exposure to light to produce the same image density as a more sensitive film , and is thus commonly termed a slow film .	slow film	What speed of film is produced by insensitive film ?
In both digital and film photography , the reduction of exposure corresponding to use of higher sensitivities generally leads to reduced image quality -LRB- via coarser film grain or higher image noise of other types -RRB- .	reduction of exposure	What leads to lower quality images ?
Highly sensitive films are correspondingly termed fast films .	Highly sensitive films	What types of film are considered fast films ?
In both digital and film photography , the reduction of exposure corresponding to use of higher sensitivities generally leads to reduced image quality -LRB- via coarser film grain or higher image noise of other types -RRB- .	reduced image quality	What effect does highly sensitive film have on images ?
The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer consisted of a frame holding an opaque screen with an array of typically 25 numbered , gradually pigmented squares brought into contact with the photographic plate during a timed test exposure under a phosphorescent tablet excited before by the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon .	The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer	What consists of 25 pigmented squares touching a plate below a phosphorescent tablet under the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon ?
The speed of the emulsion was then expressed in ` degrees ' Warnerke -LRB- sometimes seen as Warn .	The speed of the emulsion	What do degrees Warnerke measure ?
Each number represented an increase of 1/3 in speed , typical plate speeds were between 10 ° and 25 ° Warnerke at the time .	an increase of 1/3 in speed	How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke ?
Each number represented an increase of 1/3 in speed , typical plate speeds were between 10 ° and 25 ° Warnerke at the time .	between 10° and 25° Warnerke	What were usual ranges of Warnerke speeds ?
The speed of the emulsion was then expressed in ` degrees ' Warnerke -LRB- sometimes seen as Warn .	'degrees' Warnerke	What does the last exposed number on the plate represent ?
system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner -LRB- 1858 -- 1913 -RRB- in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography .	the German astronomer Julius Scheiner	Who created the Scheinergrade system ?
system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner -LRB- 1858 -- 1913 -RRB- in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography .	comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography	What is the Scheinergrade system used for ?
Scheiner 's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development .	the speed of a plate	What do degrees Scheiner indicate ?
corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity , which meant that an increment of 3 ° Sch .	an increment of 3° Sch	Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity ?
The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder -LRB- 1855 -- 1944 -RRB- and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht -LRB- de -RRB- -LRB- 1896 -- 1960 -RRB- , -LRB- who , in 1919/1920 , jointly developed their Eder -- Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in Eder -- Hecht grades -RRB- .	Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)	Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner 's invention ?
The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder -LRB- 1855 -- 1944 -RRB- and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht -LRB- de -RRB- -LRB- 1896 -- 1960 -RRB- , -LRB- who , in 1919/1920 , jointly developed their Eder -- Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in Eder -- Hecht grades -RRB- .	emulsion speeds	What did the Eder-Hecht device measure ?
Still , it remained difficult for manufactures to reliably determine film speeds , often only by comparing with competing products , so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread , which no longer followed Scheiner 's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability .	comparing with competing products	What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds ?
Still , it remained difficult for manufactures to reliably determine film speeds , often only by comparing with competing products , so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread , which no longer followed Scheiner 's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability .	modified semi-Scheiner-based systems	What type of measurement methods began to proliferate ?
Still , it remained difficult for manufactures to reliably determine film speeds , often only by comparing with competing products , so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread , which no longer followed Scheiner 's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability .	modified semi-Scheiner-based systems	What eliminated comparability ?
The DIN system , officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung -LRB- but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß -LRB- DNA -RRB- at this time -RRB- , was published in January 1934 .	January 1934	When was the DIN system established ?
The DIN system , officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung -LRB- but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß -LRB- DNA -RRB- at this time -RRB- , was published in January 1934 .	Deutsches Institut für Normung	Who created the DIN system ?
It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committee for sensitometry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für photographische Forschung since 1930 and presented by Robert Luther -LRB- de -RRB- -LRB- 1868 -- 1945 -RRB- and Emanuel Goldberg -LRB- 1881 -- 1970 -RRB- at the influential VIII .	a standardized method of sensitometry	What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography ?
It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committee for sensitometry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für photographische Forschung since 1930 and presented by Robert Luther -LRB- de -RRB- -LRB- 1868 -- 1945 -RRB- and Emanuel Goldberg -LRB- 1881 -- 1970 -RRB- at the influential VIII .	Robert Luther (de) (1868–1945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970)	Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN ?
International Congress of Photography -LRB- German : Internationaler Kongreß für wissenschaftliche und angewandte Photographie -RRB- held in Dresden from August 3 to 8 , 1931 .	Dresden	Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held ?
As in the Scheiner system , speeds were expressed in ` degrees ' .	degrees	What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds ?
Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with ` tenths ' -LRB- for example `` 18/10 ° DIN '' -RRB- , where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed .	as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN")	How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system ?
The degree symbol was finally dropped with DIN 4512:1961 -10 .	with DIN 4512:1961-10	When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system ?
This revision also saw significant changes in the definition of film speeds in order to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard , so that film speeds of black-and-white negative film effectively would become doubled , that is , a film previously marked as `` 18 ° DIN '' would now be labeled as `` 21 DIN '' without emulsion changes .	to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard	Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably ?
This revision also saw significant changes in the definition of film speeds in order to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard , so that film speeds of black-and-white negative film effectively would become doubled , that is , a film previously marked as `` 18 ° DIN '' would now be labeled as `` 21 DIN '' without emulsion changes .	would become doubled	What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film ?
On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974 , ISO 2240:1982 , and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as `` ISO 100/21 ° '' -LRB- now again with degree symbol -RRB- .	ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979	What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system ?
On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974 , ISO 2240:1982 , and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as `` ISO 100/21 ° '' -LRB- now again with degree symbol -RRB- .	in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°"	How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems ?
These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as well .	ISO standards	What standards did the DIN begin to use ?
On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974 , ISO 2240:1982 , and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as `` ISO 100/21 ° '' -LRB- now again with degree symbol -RRB- .	in the 1980s	When were the ISO standards first adopted ?
Finally , the latest DIN 4512 revisions were replaced by corresponding ISO standards , DIN 4512-1 :1993 -05 by DIN ISO 6:1996 -02 in September 2000 , DIN 4512-4 :1985 -08 by DIN ISO 2240:1998 -06 and DIN 4512-5 :1990 -11 by DIN ISO 5800:1998 -06 both in July 2002 .	July 2002	When were the last ISO standards adopted ?
Before the advent of the ASA system , the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston -LRB- 1878 -- 1971 -RRB- and his father Dr. Edward Weston -LRB- 1850 -- 1936 -RRB- , a British-born electrical engineer , industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation , with the Weston model 617 , one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters , in August 1932 .	the system of Weston film speed ratings	What system was used previous to the ASA system ?
Before the advent of the ASA system , the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston -LRB- 1878 -- 1971 -RRB- and his father Dr. Edward Weston -LRB- 1850 -- 1936 -RRB- , a British-born electrical engineer , industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation , with the Weston model 617 , one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters , in August 1932 .	Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936)	Who devised the Weston film speed ratings ?
Before the advent of the ASA system , the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston -LRB- 1878 -- 1971 -RRB- and his father Dr. Edward Weston -LRB- 1850 -- 1936 -RRB- , a British-born electrical engineer , industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation , with the Weston model 617 , one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters , in August 1932 .	the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation	What company did Dr. Edward Weston start ?
Before the advent of the ASA system , the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston -LRB- 1878 -- 1971 -RRB- and his father Dr. Edward Weston -LRB- 1850 -- 1936 -RRB- , a British-born electrical engineer , industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation , with the Weston model 617 , one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters , in August 1932 .	August 1932	When was the Weston model 617 created ?
The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin , Jr. , who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering .	William Nelson Goodwin, Jr.	Who is credited with creating the film and meter system ?
The Weston Cadet -LRB- model 852 introduced in 1949 -RRB- , Direct Reading -LRB- model 853 introduced 1954 -RRB- and Master III -LRB- models 737 and S141 .3 introduced in 1956 -RRB- were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead .	The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956)	Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale ?
The company continued to publish Weston film ratings after 1955 , but while their recommended values often differed slightly from the ASA film speeds found on film boxes , these newer Weston values were based on the ASA system and had to be converted for use with older Weston meters by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop as per Weston 's recommendation .	the ASA system	What were updated Weston values based on ?
The company continued to publish Weston film ratings after 1955 , but while their recommended values often differed slightly from the ASA film speeds found on film boxes , these newer Weston values were based on the ASA system and had to be converted for use with older Weston meters by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop as per Weston 's recommendation .	by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop	How were Weston values changed to ASA values ?
This conversion was not necessary on Weston meters manufactured and Weston film ratings published since 1956 due to their inherent use of the ASA system ; however the changes of the ASA PH2.5-1960 revision may be taken into account when comparing with newer ASA or ISO values .	1956	Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary ?
Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca. 1955 .	1955	Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale ?
General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946 .	General Electric	Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946 ?
Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale -LRB- labeled `` Exposure Index '' -RRB- already .	1946	Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter ?
For some of the older meters with scales in `` Film Speed '' or `` Film Value '' -LRB- e.g. models DW-48 , DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants -RRB- , replaceable hoods with ASA scales were available from the manufacturer .	replaceable hoods with ASA scales	How did older models convert to ASA scale ?
Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale -LRB- labeled `` Exposure Index '' -RRB- already .	labeled "Exposure Index"	How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946 ?
The company continued to publish recommended film values after that date , however , they were now aligned to the ASA scale .	they were now aligned to the ASA scale	What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946 ?
Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones -LRB- 1884 -- 1954 -RRB- of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values , the American Standards Association -LRB- now named ANSI -RRB- defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943 .	Loyd Ancile Jones	Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values ?
Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones -LRB- 1884 -- 1954 -RRB- of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values , the American Standards Association -LRB- now named ANSI -RRB- defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943 .	Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values	What standards were the ANSI developed from ?
Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones -LRB- 1884 -- 1954 -RRB- of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values , the American Standards Association -LRB- now named ANSI -RRB- defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943 .	black-and-white negative films	What types of film did the ANSI measure ?
Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones -LRB- 1884 -- 1954 -RRB- of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values , the American Standards Association -LRB- now named ANSI -RRB- defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943 .	1943	When did the ANSI define its new measure ?
Originally , ASA values were frequently referred to as American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers .	American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers	What were ANSI values often called in the beginning ?
The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960 , when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned , effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films .	1960	In what year were big changes made to the ANSI ?
The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960 , when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned , effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films .	effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films	What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to ?
Similar changes were applied to the DIN system with DIN 4512:1961 -10 and the BS system with BS 1380:1963 in the following years .	the DIN system	Which other system were these changes applied to ?
The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960 , when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned , effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films .	safety factors against under-exposure	What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards ?
Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film , known as the D -- log H curve or Hurter -- Driffield curve .	the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve	What is the plot from which film speed is derived called ?
There typically are five regions in the curve : the base + fog , the toe , the linear region , the shoulder , and the overexposed region .	five	How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have ?
Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film , known as the D -- log H curve or Hurter -- Driffield curve .	a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film	What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve ?
The exposure Hm , in lux-s , is that for point m when the specified contrast condition is satisfied .	The exposure Hm, in lux-s	What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met ?
There typically are five regions in the curve : the base + fog , the toe , the linear region , the shoulder , and the overexposed region .	the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region	What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve ?
The effective f-number is proportional to the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter , the diameter itself being proportional to the square root of the aperture area .	the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter	What is the effective f-number proportional to ?
Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters .	Film speed	What is used to discover the right exposure parameters ?
Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect : lighting , film speed , f-number -LRB- aperture size -RRB- , and shutter speed -LRB- exposure time -RRB- .	lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time)	What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect ?
Thus , a lens set to f/1 .4 allows twice as much light to strike the focal plane as a lens set to f/2 .	twice as much	A lens with a setting of f/1 .4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2 ?
The equation may be expressed as ratios , or , by taking the logarithm -LRB- base 2 -RRB- of both sides , by addition , using the APEX system , in which every increment of 1 is a doubling of exposure ; this increment is commonly known as a `` stop '' .	"stop"	In the APEX system , the increment that doubles the exposure is called what ?
Upon exposure , the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion .	the amount of light energy that reaches the film	What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure ?
In practice , reciprocity works reasonably well for normal photographic films for the range of exposures between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second .	between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second	In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work ?
If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera 's shutter speed and aperture , so that the energy received is the same , the film will be developed to the same density .	by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture	How is the exposure of film changed ?
The systems for determining the sensitivity for an emulsion are possible because reciprocity holds .	because reciprocity holds	How are ways of finding an emulsion 's sensitivity possible ?
However , this relationship breaks down outside these limits , a phenomenon known as reciprocity failure .	reciprocity failure	What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range ?
Some high-speed black-and-white films , such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200 , are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method .	Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200	What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed ?
For example , the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film , according to its data sheet .	ISO 1000	What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200 ?
Kodak and Fuji also marketed E6 films designed for pushing -LRB- hence the `` P '' prefix -RRB- , such as Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600 , both with a base speed of ISO 400 .	Kodak and Fuji	Which two companies produced E6 films meant for `` pushing '' ?
Kodak and Fuji also marketed E6 films designed for pushing -LRB- hence the `` P '' prefix -RRB- , such as Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600 , both with a base speed of ISO 400 .	ISO 400	What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600 ?
Some high-speed black-and-white films , such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200 , are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method .	high-speed black-and-white films	What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200 ?
For digital photo cameras -LRB- `` digital still cameras '' -RRB- , an exposure index -LRB- EI -RRB- rating -- commonly called ISO setting -- is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure .	ISO setting	What is another name for an exposure index rating ?
Some camera designs provide at least some EI choices by adjusting the sensor 's signal gain in the digital realm .	by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm	How do some camera designs give some EI choices ?
For digital photo cameras -LRB- `` digital still cameras '' -RRB- , an exposure index -LRB- EI -RRB- rating -- commonly called ISO setting -- is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure .	the manufacturer	Who provides the exposure index rating ?
For digital photo cameras -LRB- `` digital still cameras '' -RRB- , an exposure index -LRB- EI -RRB- rating -- commonly called ISO setting -- is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure .	digital still cameras	What are digital photo cameras also called ?
Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light , with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600 , a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography .	Digital cameras	What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film ?
Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light , with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600 , a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography .	409,600	What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain ?
Faster processors , as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed the moment the photo is captured , allowing photographers to store images that have a higher level of refinement and would have been prohibitively time consuming to process with earlier generations of digital camera hardware .	Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques	What is responsible for these vast increases in speed ?
Faster processors , as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed the moment the photo is captured , allowing photographers to store images that have a higher level of refinement and would have been prohibitively time consuming to process with earlier generations of digital camera hardware .	prohibitively time consuming to process	What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware ?
Faster processors , as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed the moment the photo is captured , allowing photographers to store images that have a higher level of refinement and would have been prohibitively time consuming to process with earlier generations of digital camera hardware .	a higher level of refinement	What does the higher speed do for the images produced ?
The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model .	five	How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006 ?
Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard , while two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files are introduced from CIPA DC-004 .	two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files	What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide ?
Depending on the technique selected , the exposure index rating can depend on the sensor sensitivity , the sensor noise , and the appearance of the resulting image .	the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image	What factors affect the exposure index rating ?
The standard specifies the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components such as digital sensors , although Kodak has reported using a variation to characterize the sensitivity of two of their sensors in 2001 .	the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components	What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify ?
The standard specifies the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components such as digital sensors , although Kodak has reported using a variation to characterize the sensitivity of two of their sensors in 2001 .	2001	In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors ?
The Recommended Exposure Index -LRB- REI -RRB- technique , new in the 2006 version of the standard , allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model 's EI choices arbitrarily .	to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily	What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers ?
This is also the only technique available under the standard when multi-zone metering -LRB- also called pattern metering -RRB- is used .	pattern metering	What is another name for multi-zone metering ?
This is the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space .	the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space	What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have ?
The Recommended Exposure Index -LRB- REI -RRB- technique , new in the 2006 version of the standard , allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model 's EI choices arbitrarily .	2006	When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced ?
The Recommended Exposure Index -LRB- REI -RRB- technique , new in the 2006 version of the standard , allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model 's EI choices arbitrarily .	Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique	What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used ?
The Standard Output Sensitivity -LRB- SOS -RRB- technique , also new in the 2006 version of the standard , effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18 % gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no exposure compensation .	2006	What year was the Standard Output Sensitivity technique introduced ?
Because the output level is measured in the sRGB output from the camera , it is only applicable to sRGB images -- typically JPEG -- and not to output files in raw image format .	sRGB images—typically JPEG	What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to ?
Because the output level is measured in the sRGB output from the camera , it is only applicable to sRGB images -- typically JPEG -- and not to output files in raw image format .	the sRGB output from the camera	What is the output level measured in ?
It is not applicable when multi-zone metering is used .	multi-zone metering	With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used ?
The Standard Output Sensitivity -LRB- SOS -RRB- technique , also new in the 2006 version of the standard , effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18 % gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no exposure compensation .	ISO 2721	With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated ?
The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques , and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values .	REI or SOS techniques	Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004 ?
Consequently , the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models -LRB- approximately 2007 and later -RRB- .	approximately 2007 and later	In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used ?
As those earlier techniques did not allow for measurement from images produced with lossy compression , they can not be used at all on cameras that produce images only in JPEG format .	cameras that produce images only in JPEG format	With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used ?
The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques , and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values .	Japanese	What nation 's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to ?
The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques , and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values .	the Exif specification	What does the DC-008 change ?
Typically , the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself , but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter , the saturation speed can be increased .	lower limit of the saturation speed	What does the sensor usually determine ?
Typically , the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself , but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter , the saturation speed can be increased .	with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter	How can the saturation speed be increased ?
The factor √ 2 indicates that there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100 % reflecting white surface .	there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface	What is indicated by the factor √ 2 ?
where is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output .	clipped or bloomed camera output	What can too much exposure lead to ?
Two ratios are used , the 40:1 -LRB- `` excellent image quality '' -RRB- and the 10:1 -LRB- `` acceptable image quality '' -RRB- ratio .	the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio	Which ratios are employed to calculate noise-based speed ?
The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels .	the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels	What is the noise-based speed ?
These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm -LRB- 178 DPI -RRB- when viewed at 25 cm -LRB- 9.8 inch -RRB- distance .	subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance	How are the two ratios found ?
The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels .	the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels	What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio ?
The noise-based speed is mostly determined by the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter .	the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter	What factors influence the noise-based speed ?
In addition , an exposure latitude can be specified , ranging from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed .	from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed	What is the range for exposure latitude ?
The camera may also report the SOS-based speed -LRB- explicitly as being an SOS speed -RRB- , rounded to the nearest standard speed rating .	SOS-based speed	What is another speed that can also be reported by the camera ?
If the noise-based speed -LRB- 40:1 -RRB- is higher than the saturation-based speed , the noise-based speed should be reported , rounded downwards to a standard value -LRB- e.g. 200 , 250 , 320 , or 400 -RRB- .	the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed	When should the noise-based speed be used ?
The rationale is that exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image .	exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image	Why should noise-based speed be rounded down to a lower standard ?
The standard specifies how speed ratings should be reported by the camera .	how speed ratings should be reported by the camera	What does the standard specify ?
Despite these detailed standard definitions , cameras typically do not clearly indicate whether the user `` ISO '' setting refers to the noise-based speed , saturation-based speed , or the specified output sensitivity , or even some made-up number for marketing purposes .	the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes	What measures might the user `` ISO '' setting correspond to ?
Because the 1998 version of ISO 12232 did not permit measurement of camera output that had lossy compression , it was not possible to correctly apply any of those measurements to cameras that did not produce sRGB files in an uncompressed format such as TIFF .	measurement of camera output that had lossy compression	What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit ?
Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006 , Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS .	REI or SOS	What types of sensitivity ratings can be specified by a camera ?
Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006 , Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS .	CIPA DC-004	What standards changed what Japanese camera makers have to specify ?
Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006 , Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS .	2006	In what year was CIPA DC-004 introduced ?
It is located in the Valley of Mexico -LRB- Valle de México -RRB- , a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 metres -LRB- 7,350 ft -RRB- .	7,350	How man feet above sea level is Mexico City
The city consists of sixteen municipalities -LRB- previously called boroughs -RRB- .	sixteen	How many municipalities are in Mexico City ?
The city consists of sixteen municipalities -LRB- previously called boroughs -RRB- .	boroughs	What did they used to call the municipalities within Mexico City ?
Mexico City , or the City of Mexico -LRB- Spanish : Ciudad de México audio -LRB- help · info -RRB- American Spanish : -LSB- sjuˈða -LRB- ð -RRB- ðe ˈméxiko -RSB- ; abbreviated as `` CDMX '' -RRB- , is the capital of Mexico .	Ciudad de México	What is the Spanish word for Mexico City ?
It is located in the Valley of Mexico -LRB- Valle de México -RRB- , a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 metres -LRB- 7,350 ft -RRB- .	2,240	How many meters above sea is Mexico City ?
The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product -LRB- GDP -RRB- of US$ 411 billion in 2011 , making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world .	US$411 billion	How big is Mexico City 's GDP ?
As a stand-alone country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America -- five times as large as Costa Rica 's and about the same size as Peru 's .	five times	How much bigger is Mexico City 's GDP 's than Costa Rica 's ?
The city was responsible for generating 15.8 % of Mexico 's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22 % of total national GDP .	22%	What percent of the Mexican GDP is the metropolitan area of Mexico City responsible for ?
As a stand-alone country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America -- five times as large as Costa Rica 's and about the same size as Peru 's .	Peru	Which country has about the same size GDP as Mexico city ?
The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan , and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards .	Tenochtitlan	What was the original name of Mexico City ?
The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan , and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards .	the Aztecs	Who originally built Mexico City ?
After independence from Spain was achieved , the Federal District was created in 1824 .	1824	When was the Federal District formed ?
The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan , and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards .	on an island of Lake Texcoco	Where was the city first built ?
In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México -LRB- Mexico City -RRB- .	1585	When was Mexico City officially founded by the Spanish ?
Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution , however , as the seat of the powers of the Union , it can never become a state , lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere .	Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution	Why ca n't Mexico City become a state ?
After years of demanding greater political autonomy , residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997 .	1997	When did people become able to vote for representation ?
Ever since , the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution -LRB- PRD -RRB- has controlled both of them .	Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)	What political party controls the Mexico City legislature ?
On January 29 , 2016 , it ceased to be called the Federal District -LRB- Spanish : Distrito Federal or D.F. -RRB- and is now in transition to become the country 's 32nd federal entity , giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state .	Federal District	What was Mexico City 's old affiliation with the nation of Mexico ?
After years of demanding greater political autonomy , residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997 .	popular vote	How are officials elected to the legislature ?
A major labor draft , the desagüe , compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding .	the desagüe	What was the labor draft called ?
A major labor draft , the desagüe , compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding .	Indians	Who helped build infrastructure around the lake ?
As the depth of the lake water fluctuated , Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding .	flooding	What was the main problem with being so close to the lake ?
However , draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital .	changed the habitat for fish and birds	What was a negative of regulating the lake 's water height ?
A major labor draft , the desagüe , compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding .	thousands	How many Indians helped build the infrastructure ?
Many of these palaces can still be seen today , leading to Mexico City 's nickname of `` The city of palaces '' given by Alexander Von Humboldt .	The city of palaces	What is a common nickname for Mexico City ?
Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself , then spending the revenues in the capital , building churches , supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes .	building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes	How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City ?
The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century .	the last half of the 18th century	When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down ?
Mexico 's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27 , 1821 , after a decade of war .	September 27, 1821	When did Mexico gain independence ?
Mexico 's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27 , 1821 , after a decade of war .	a decade	How long was the war ?
The Battle of Guanajuato , the first major engagement of the insurgency , occurred four days later .	The Battle of Guanajuato	What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called ?
The `` Grito '' was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , a Roman Catholic priest .	Grito	What was the battle cry of the war ?
The Grito de Dolores -LRB- `` Cry of Dolores '' -RRB- also known as El Grito de la Independencia -LRB- `` Cry of Independence '' -RRB- , uttered from the small town of Dolores near Guanajuato on September 16 , 1810 , is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence and is the most important national holiday observed in Mexico .	September 16, 1810	When did the war begin ?
The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war .	Winfield Scott	Who commanded the U.S. Army in the battle against Mexico City ?
The Battle for Mexico City was the series of engagements from September 8 to September 15 , 1847 , in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the Mexican -- American War .	Mexican–American War	What war did America and Mexico fight in ?
The Battle for Mexico City was the series of engagements from September 8 to September 15 , 1847 , in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the Mexican -- American War .	September 8 to September 15, 1847	When did the battle for Mexico City take place
After defeating the Saint Patrick 's Battalion , the Mexican -- American War came to a close after the United States deployed combat units deep into Mexico resulting in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the U.S. Army 's 1st , 2nd , 3rd and 4th Divisions .	U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th	What American divisions got into Mexico City ?
During this battle , on September 13 , the 4th Division , under John A. Quitman , spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle .	John A. Quitman	Who led the 4th division ?
The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city .	Guadalupe Hidalgo	What treaty was signed ?
Future Confederate generals George E. Pickett and James Longstreet participated in the attack .	George E. Pickett and James Longstreet	Who were the future confederate generals ?
During this battle , on September 13 , the 4th Division , under John A. Quitman , spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle .	the 4th Division	Who carried the castle ?
During this battle , on September 13 , the 4th Division , under John A. Quitman , spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle .	on September 13	When did the castle fall ?
Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed , replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical , gas and sewage utilities by 1908 .	by 1908	When was most of the urbanization completed ?
Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed , replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical , gas and sewage utilities by 1908 .	Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed	The extensive modernization started with what ?
While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals , schools , factories and massive public works , perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue .	hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works	What was built during the modernization ?
While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals , schools , factories and massive public works , perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue .	Reforma Avenue	What famous street was built during this period of modernization ?
Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz 's new senate hall , but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed , this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such , it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz .	the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall	What was turned into a monument after the war ?
Diaz 's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma ; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition , with many projects being left half-completed .	Diaz	Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City ?
One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution .	the Mexican Revolution	Why was n't Diaz 's plan completed ?
Diaz 's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma ; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition , with many projects being left half-completed .	Porfirian/French style	What was the overall design plan of Mexico City ?
Diaz 's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma ; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition , with many projects being left half-completed .	Colonia Roma	What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style ?
Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obregón and culminated the Mexican Revolution .	Plutarco Elias Calles	Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution ?
After willing to be re-elected , he was killed by José de León Toral , a devout Catholic , in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel in 1928 .	in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel	Where was Alvaro Obregon killed ?
After willing to be re-elected , he was killed by José de León Toral , a devout Catholic , in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel in 1928 .	1928	When was Alvaro Obregon killed ?
Zapatist forces , which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District , which included Xochimilco , Tlalpan , Tláhuac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza .	Morelos	Where were the Zapatist forces from ?
After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta , Álvaro Obregón took power .	Adolfo de la Huerta	Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution ?
In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City .	half	How many of the industrial jobs in the county were based in Mexico City in the late 20th century ?
With no housing available , they took over lands surrounding the city , creating huge shantytowns that extended for many miles .	shantytowns	What did the countryside workers make to live in ?
This caused serious air pollution in Mexico City and water pollution problems , as well as subsidence due to overextraction of groundwater .	serious air pollution	What did the shantytowns create ?
On Thursday , September 19 , 1985 , at 7:19 am local time , Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale .	Thursday	What day of the week did the major earthquake strike Mexico City ?
On Thursday , September 19 , 1985 , at 7:19 am local time , Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale .	8.1 on the Richter scale	How strong was the powerful earthquake that hit Mexico City in 1985 ?
On Thursday , September 19 , 1985 , at 7:19 am local time , Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale .	September	What month did the 8.1 earthquake hit Mexico City in 1985 ?
The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption , forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well .	paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption	Why did the one-party government struggle after the major earthquake in 1985 ?
The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption , forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well .	ordinary citizens	Who led the rescue effort after the earthquake of 1985 ?
It has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters -LRB- 7,200 feet -RRB- above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 metres -LRB- 16,000 feet -RRB- .	2,200	What is the minimum height in meters of the region Mexico City is located in ?
Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico , sometimes called the Basin of Mexico .	Valley of Mexico	Where is Mexico City located ?
It has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters -LRB- 7,200 feet -RRB- above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 metres -LRB- 16,000 feet -RRB- .	5,000 metres (16,000 feet)	How high do the mountains get in Mexico City 's region ?
This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides , making the city vulnerable to flooding .	no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides	Why is Mexico City vulnerable to flooding ?
Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century .	canals and tunnels	How does the city prevent flooding ?
Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century .	17th century	When did draining of Lake Texcoco begin ?
Although none of the lake waters remain , the city rests on the lake bed 's heavily saturated clay .	none	How much water is there , approximately , in the lake Mexico City is on ?
Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as nine metres -LRB- 30 feet -RRB- in some areas .	as much as nine metres (30 feet)	How much has the city fallen ?
Mexico city primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco .	Lake Texcoco	What does Mexico City rest on ?
The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city 's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of Milpa Alta , Tlalpan and Xochimilco .	southern boroughs	Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City ?
The area receives about 820 millimetres -LRB- 32.3 in -RRB- of annual rainfall , which is concentrated from June through September/October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year .	820 millimetres (32.3 in)	How much rain falls on Mexico City ?
The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain .	March to May	When is it warm , yet does not rain ?
The rainy season runs from June to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea .	June to October	When does the majority of the rain fall in Mexico City ?
The cold period spans from November to February when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry .	November to February	When is it coldest in Mexico City ?
The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain .	tropical winds	What mostly controls the rain in Mexico City ?
These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan , and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods .	destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan	What happened to the dikes the Aztecs built ?
Only a small section of the original lake remains , located outside the Federal District , in the municipality of Atenco , State of Mexico .	municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico	Where does the lake still remain ?
The Aztecs built dikes to separate the fresh water used to raise crops in chinampas and to prevent recurrent floods .	The Aztecs	Who first built the dikes in Lake Texcoco ?
Originally much of the valley laid beneath the waters of Lake Texcoco , a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes .	a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes	What made up Lake Texcoco ?
Only a small section of the original lake remains , located outside the Federal District , in the municipality of Atenco , State of Mexico .	Federal District	Where is the lake located in Atenco ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Despite the cleanup , the metropolitan area is still the most ozone-polluted part of the country , with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits .	2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits	How bad is the ozone in Mexico City ?
By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution had dropped dramatically , while levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were nearly three times lower than in 1992 .	1992	Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year ?
The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles .	Los Angeles	What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution ?
By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world 's most polluted cities ; however the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels .	1990s	When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution ?
The introduction of Metrobús bus rapid transit and the Ecobici bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate , greener forms of transportation .	Metrobús	What is the bus system called in Mexico City ?
The introduction of Metrobús bus rapid transit and the Ecobici bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate , greener forms of transportation .	Ecobici	What is the bike-sharing program called in Mexico City ?
When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels , contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories , changing school hours , and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week .	two days	How many days a week does the city encourage people to go without a car ?
To clean up pollution , the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions , such as ozone and nitrogen oxides .	ozone and nitrogen oxides	What pollutants does the city closely monitor ?
The government also instituted industrial technology improvements , a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuels .	biannual	How often do citizens need to get their cars examined ?
The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Querétaro .	Querétaro	What was the other city in the running to become capital of Mexico ?
In addition , Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located .	Section XXVIII of Article 50	What part of the constitution established the right to create a capital city ?
The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of January 31 , 1824 , and the Federal Constitution of October 4 , 1824 , fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence .	October 4, 1824	When was the federal constitution signed ?
This location would then be appropriated as federal land , with the federal government acting as the local authority .	federal	What type of land is Mexico City ?
This location would then be appropriated as federal land , with the federal government acting as the local authority .	federal government	Who is in charge of the land of Mexico City according to the original constitution ?
The choice was official on November 18 , 1824 , and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square -LRB- 8,800 acres -RRB- centered on the Zocalo .	November 18, 1824	When was Mexico City declared the capital ?
The choice was official on November 18 , 1824 , and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square -LRB- 8,800 acres -RRB- centered on the Zocalo .	two leagues square (8,800 acres)	How large was the area the federal government would proclaim to be the capital ?
This area was then separated from the State of Mexico , forcing that state 's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition -LRB- now Museum of Mexican Medicine -RRB- in the city to Texcoco .	Palace of the Inquisition	Where was the state government located when Mexico City was declared the capital ?
This area was then separated from the State of Mexico , forcing that state 's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition -LRB- now Museum of Mexican Medicine -RRB- in the city to Texcoco .	Museum of Mexican Medicine	What is the Palace of the Inquisition known as now ?
This area was then separated from the State of Mexico , forcing that state 's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition -LRB- now Museum of Mexican Medicine -RRB- in the city to Texcoco .	Texcoco	Where was the government of Mexico City moved to at the time it was declared capital of Mexico ?
By that time , the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two .	twenty-two	How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height ?
The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902 , reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 -LRB- 571 sq mi -RRB- by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos .	1,479 km2 (571 sq mi)	What is the current area of Mexico City ?
In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 -LRB- 80 to 660 sq mi -RRB- , annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion .	1,700 km2	How large was Mexico City at its largest ?
The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902 , reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 -LRB- 571 sq mi -RRB- by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos .	1902	When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted ?
In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 -LRB- 80 to 660 sq mi -RRB- , annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion .	Antonio López de Santa Anna	Who increased the size of Mexico City to it 's largest ?
In 1903 , Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District .	1903	When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced ?
Eventually , in December 1928 , the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District .	1928	When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated ?
In place of the municipalities , the Federal District was divided into one `` Central Department '' and 13 delegaciones -LRB- boroughs -RRB- administered directly by the government of the Federal District .	13	How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established ?
In 1903 , Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District .	Porfirio Díaz	Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City ?
While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor , the municipalities within it were autonomous , and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century .	an appointed governor	Who led Mexico City ?
In 1941 , the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department , which was then renamed `` Mexico City '' -LRB- thus reviving the name , but not the autonomous municipality -RRB- .	1941	When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City ?
In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones : Cuauhtémoc , Miguel Hidalgo , Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez , increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen .	four	How man boroughs was the borough of Mexico City split into in 1970 ?
In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones : Cuauhtémoc , Miguel Hidalgo , Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez , increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen .	sixteen	How many districts does the federal government control in 1970 ?
In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones : Cuauhtémoc , Miguel Hidalgo , Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez , increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen .	Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez	Which boroughs was the Mexico City borough split into ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In the 1980s , given the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades , the inherent political inconsistencies of the system , as well as the dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake , residents began to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs .	the 1985 earthquake	What event caused the citizens to reconsider how the government of Mexico City was set up ?
Therefore , it was the president , representing the federation , who used to designate the head of government of the Federal District , a position which is sometimes presented outside Mexico as the `` Mayor '' of Mexico City .	Mayor	What do people call the leader of Mexico City ?
Therefore , it was the president , representing the federation , who used to designate the head of government of the Federal District , a position which is sometimes presented outside Mexico as the `` Mayor '' of Mexico City .	the president	Who declared the `` Mayor '' of Mexico City ?
Mexico City , being the seat of the powers of the Union , did not belong to any particular state but to all .	all	What state does Mexico City belong to ?
In response to the demands , in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy , with the elaboration the first Statute of Government -LRB- Estatuto de Gobierno -RRB- , and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives .	1987	When did the Federal District receive more power ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In the 1990s , this autonomy was further expanded and , starting from 1997 , residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly -LRB- which succeeded the previous Assembly -RRB- by popular vote .	1997	When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In the 1990s , this autonomy was further expanded and , starting from 1997 , residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly -LRB- which succeeded the previous Assembly -RRB- by popular vote .	popular vote	How is the leader of Mexico City now established ?
In response to the demands , in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy , with the elaboration the first Statute of Government -LRB- Estatuto de Gobierno -RRB- , and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives .	first Statute of Government	What gave the Federal District more autonomy ?
In 2006 , Marcelo Ebrard was elected for the 2006 -- 2012 period .	Marcelo Ebrard	Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006 ?
Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him , who became the first woman -LRB- elected or otherwise -RRB- to govern Mexico City .	to run in the 2000 presidential elections	Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign ?
In 2000 Andrés Manuel López Obrador was elected , and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections , Alejandro Encinas being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term .	Andrés Manuel López Obrador	Who was the second head of government elected ?
Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him , who became the first woman -LRB- elected or otherwise -RRB- to govern Mexico City .	Rosario Robles	Who was head of government after the first elected head of government ?
Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him , who became the first woman -LRB- elected or otherwise -RRB- to govern Mexico City .	Rosario Robles	Who was the first woman to run Mexico City ?
The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District is formed , as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico , by both single-seat and proportional seats , making it a system of parallel voting .	The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District	What is the local government of Mexico City called ?
The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District is formed , as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico , by both single-seat and proportional seats , making it a system of parallel voting .	parallel voting	How is the local government of Mexico City formed ?
The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by proportionality -LRB- PR -RRB- with open-party lists , locally called `` plurinominal deputies '' .	plurinominal deputies	What is the proportionality voting referred to in Mexico City ?
The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by proportionality -LRB- PR -RRB- with open-party lists , locally called `` plurinominal deputies '' .	26	How many representatives make up the Federal District ?
Even though proportionality is confined to the proportional seats to prevent a part from being overrepresented , several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats ; namely , that no party can have more than 63 % of all seats , both uninominal and plurinominal .	63	What is the maximum percentage of seats a single party can control ?
In the 2006 elections leftist PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections , securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats .	34	How many seats of the uninominal elections did the PRD get in the 2006 elections ?
As such , the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation .	over-representation	Why does the government prevent more than 63 % of a party to control the legislature ?
In December 2009 , the Federal District became the first city in Latin America , and one of very few in the world , to legalize same-sex marriage .	December 2009	When was gay marriage legalized in Mexico City ?
The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country , whether with the support of the federal government -- as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s -- or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly .	1980s	When were the economic laws passed in Mexico City ?
The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country , whether with the support of the federal government -- as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s -- or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly .	more liberal than those of the rest of the country	What political leaning does Mexico City take ?
In December 2009 , the Federal District became the first city in Latin America , and one of very few in the world , to legalize same-sex marriage .	first	Compared to other cities in Latin America , how early did Mexico City legalize same sex marriage ?
While not fully equivalent to a municipality , the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy , and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality -LRB- they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District -RRB- .	16	How many boroughs make up Mexico City ?
While not fully equivalent to a municipality , the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy , and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality -LRB- they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District -RRB- .	plurality	How are the heads of the boroughs elected ?
While not fully equivalent to a municipality , the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy , and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality -LRB- they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District -RRB- .	appointed by the head of government of the Federal District	How were the heads of the boroughs originally established ?
Given that Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District , most of the city services are provided or organized by the Government of the Federal District and not by the boroughs themselves , while in the constituent states these services would be provided by the municipalities .	Government of the Federal District	Who provides the city services ?
While not fully equivalent to a municipality , the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy , and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality -LRB- they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District -RRB- .	2000	When did election of borough heads begin ?
The Historic Center is the oldest part of the city -LRB- along with some other , formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoacán and San Ángel -RRB- , some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century .	The Historic Center	What is the oldest part of the city ?
The Historic Center is the oldest part of the city -LRB- along with some other , formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoacán and San Ángel -RRB- , some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century .	16th century	How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City ?
Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa , known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene ; Colonia Roma , a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot , the Zona Rosa , formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants , now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities ; and Tepito and La Lagunilla , known for their local working-class foklore and large flea markets .	Zona Rosa	What used to be the main party district of Mexico City ?
Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa , known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene ; Colonia Roma , a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot , the Zona Rosa , formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants , now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities ; and Tepito and La Lagunilla , known for their local working-class foklore and large flea markets .	Art Deco architecture	What is the center of the LGBT community in Mexico City ?
Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa , known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene ; Colonia Roma , a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot , the Zona Rosa , formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants , now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities ; and Tepito and La Lagunilla , known for their local working-class foklore and large flea markets .	Condesa	What district is known for its Art Deco Architecture ?
West of the Historic Center -LRB- Centro Histórico -RRB- along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city 's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco , Lomas de Chapultepec , Bosques de las Lomas , Santa Fe , and -LRB- in the State of Mexico -RRB- Interlomas , which are also the city 's most important areas of class A office space , corporate headquarters , skyscrapers and shopping malls .	West of the Historic Center	Where are many of the wealthy neighborhoods located ?
West of the Historic Center -LRB- Centro Histórico -RRB- along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city 's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco , Lomas de Chapultepec , Bosques de las Lomas , Santa Fe , and -LRB- in the State of Mexico -RRB- Interlomas , which are also the city 's most important areas of class A office space , corporate headquarters , skyscrapers and shopping malls .	Centro Histórico	What is the Mexican name for the historic center ?
Nevertheless , areas of lower income colonias exist in some cases cheek-by-jowl with rich neighborhoods , particularly in the case of Santa Fe .	Santa Fe	Which rich neighborhood has a strong problem of impoverished lands around it ?
West of the Historic Center -LRB- Centro Histórico -RRB- along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city 's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco , Lomas de Chapultepec , Bosques de las Lomas , Santa Fe , and -LRB- in the State of Mexico -RRB- Interlomas , which are also the city 's most important areas of class A office space , corporate headquarters , skyscrapers and shopping malls .	along Paseo de la Reforma	Where are many of the corporate headquarters and other tall buildings located ?
The far southern boroughs of Xochimilco and Tláhuac have a significant rural population with Milpa Alta being entirely rural .	rural	What type of population lives in Tiahuac ?
The far southern boroughs of Xochimilco and Tláhuac have a significant rural population with Milpa Alta being entirely rural .	entirely rural	How is Milpa Alta constructed ?
Along Avenida Insurgentes from Paseo de la Reforma , near the center , south past the World Trade Center and UNAM university towards the Periférico ring road , is another important corridor of corporate office space .	Along Avenida Insurgentes	Where is the World Trade Center ?
The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal , and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoacán , San Ángel , and San Jerónimo .	Colonia del Valle	What is the name of one of the rich neighborhoods south of the city ?
In recent years much of northern Mexico City 's industry has moved to nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico .	nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico	Where is much of the industry now located ?
Northwest of Mexico City itself is Ciudad Satélite , a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area .	a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area.	What is Ciudad Satelite ?
North of the Historic Center , Azcapotzalco and Gustavo A. Madero have important industrial centers and neighborhoods that range from established middle-class colonias such as Claveria and Lindavista to huge low-income housing areas that share hillsides with adjacent municipalities in the State of Mexico .	North of the Historic Center	Where is Gustavo A. Madero ?
The Human Development Index report of 2005 shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index , 12 with a high HDI value -LRB- 9 above .85 -RRB- and one with a medium HDI value -LRB- almost high -RRB- .	three	How many boroughs had very high HDI scores in 2005 ?
The Human Development Index report of 2005 shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index , 12 with a high HDI value -LRB- 9 above .85 -RRB- and one with a medium HDI value -LRB- almost high -RRB- .	12	How many boroughs had high -LRB- not very high -RRB- HDI scores ?
Benito Juárez borough had the highest HDI of the country -LRB- .9510 -RRB- followed by Miguel Hidalgo which came up 4th nationally with a HDI of -LRB- .9189 -RRB- and Coyoacán -LRB- 5th nationally -RRB- with a HDI value of -LRB- .9169 -RRB- .	Benito Juárez	Which borough had the highest HDI score ?
The Human Development Index report of 2005 shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index , 12 with a high HDI value -LRB- 9 above .85 -RRB- and one with a medium HDI value -LRB- almost high -RRB- .	2005	What year was the report that said 3 boroughs had very high HDI scores ?
Benito Juárez borough had the highest HDI of the country -LRB- .9510 -RRB- followed by Miguel Hidalgo which came up 4th nationally with a HDI of -LRB- .9189 -RRB- and Coyoacán -LRB- 5th nationally -RRB- with a HDI value of -LRB- .9169 -RRB- .	Miguel Hidalgo	What borough was the second highest HDI score ?
In contrast , the boroughs of Xochimilco -LRB- 172th -RRB- , Tláhuac -LRB- 177th -RRB- and Iztapalapa -LRB- 183th -RRB- presented the lowest HDI values of the Federal District with values of .8481 , .8473 and .8464 respectively -- values still in the global high-HDI range .	Iztapalapa	What borough had the lowest HDI score in the federal district ?
The only borough that did not present a high HDI was that of rural Milpa Alta which presented a `` medium '' HDI of .7984 , far below all other boroughs -LRB- 627th nationally while the rest stood in the top 200 -RRB- .	Milpa Alta	Which borough had the lowest HDI score ?
The only borough that did not present a high HDI was that of rural Milpa Alta which presented a `` medium '' HDI of .7984 , far below all other boroughs -LRB- 627th nationally while the rest stood in the top 200 -RRB- .	627th	What rank was Milpa Alta nationally in terms of HDI score ?
The only borough that did not present a high HDI was that of rural Milpa Alta which presented a `` medium '' HDI of .7984 , far below all other boroughs -LRB- 627th nationally while the rest stood in the top 200 -RRB- .	top 200	All boroughs except for Milpa Alta were in what ranking of HDI score ?
The only borough that did not present a high HDI was that of rural Milpa Alta which presented a `` medium '' HDI of .7984 , far below all other boroughs -LRB- 627th nationally while the rest stood in the top 200 -RRB- .	.7984	What score did Milpa Alta get on the HDI test ?
The national public healthcare institution for private-sector employees , IMSS , has its largest facilities in Mexico City -- including the National Medical Center and the La Raza Medical Center -- and has an annual budget of over 6 billion pesos .	over 6 billion pesos	How large is the budget of the IMSS ?
Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country ; Hospital Ángeles , Hospital ABC and Médica Sur to name a few .	Hospital Ángeles	What is the name of one of the great hospitals in Mexico City ?
The IMSS and other public health institutions , including the ISSSTE -LRB- Public Sector Employees ' Social Security Institute -RRB- and the National Health Ministry -LRB- SSA -RRB- maintain large specialty facilities in the city .	National Health Ministry (SSA)	What is an organization that has a large presence in the city ?
The national public healthcare institution for private-sector employees , IMSS , has its largest facilities in Mexico City -- including the National Medical Center and the La Raza Medical Center -- and has an annual budget of over 6 billion pesos .	National Medical Center	What is the name of a large facility run by the IMSS in Mexico City ?
They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars ; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a catalytic converter , which reduces the emissions released .	catalytic converter	What do new cars in Mexico need to have ?
Also construction of an underground rail system was begun in 1968 in order to help curb air pollution problems and alleviate traffic congestion .	1968	When did the underground rail system begin construction ?
Today it has over 201 km -LRB- 125 mi -RRB- of track and carries over 5 million people every day .	5 million people	How many people ride the Mexico city subway system each day ?
Due to these initiatives and others , the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve , with the air becoming cleaner since 1991 , when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year .	355	How many days of the year in 1991 was the air pollution a serious health risk ?
Fees are kept low to encourage use of the system and during rush hours the crush is so great , that authorities have reserved a special carriage specifically for women .	reserved a special carriage specifically for women	What is one way the government helps with the `` Crush '' of the rush hour riding of the subway system ?
The city proper -LRB- Federal District -RRB- produces 15.8 % of the country 's gross domestic product .	15.8	What percentage of the National GDP does the Federal District produce ?
According to a study conducted by PwC , Mexico City had a GDP of $ 390 billion , ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world after the greater metropolitan areas of Tokyo , New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , Paris , London and Osaka/Kobe -LRB- and the richest in the whole of Latin America -RRB- .	$390 billion	What is the GDP of Mexico City ?
According to a study conducted by PwC , Mexico City had a GDP of $ 390 billion , ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world after the greater metropolitan areas of Tokyo , New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , Paris , London and Osaka/Kobe -LRB- and the richest in the whole of Latin America -RRB- .	eighth	What ranking in terms of GDP is Mexico City globally ?
Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country 's industrial GDP -LRB- 15.8 % -RRB- and also the greatest contributor to the country 's GDP in the service sector -LRB- 25.3 % -RRB- .	25.3	What percentage of service sector national GDP does Mexico City account for ?
Mexico City has one of the world 's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double by 2020 .	2020	By what year will the Mexico City GDP double by , according to research ?
The economic reforms of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari had a tremendous effect on the city , as a number of businesses , including banks and airlines , were privatized .	President Carlos Salinas de Gortari	Who privatized the airlines of Mexico ?
The economic reforms of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari had a tremendous effect on the city , as a number of businesses , including banks and airlines , were privatized .	President Carlos Salinas de Gortari	Who signed NAFTA for Mexico ?
This led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City 's economic base , from manufacturing to services , as most factories moved away to either the State of Mexico , or more commonly to the northern border .	led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services	What did NAFTA do to the businesses in Mexico City ?
This led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City 's economic base , from manufacturing to services , as most factories moved away to either the State of Mexico , or more commonly to the northern border .	northern border	Where did the factories of Mexico City move to most commonly ?
According to the 1921 census , 54.78 % of the city 's population was considered Mestizo -LRB- Indigenous mixed with European -RRB- , 22.79 % considered European , and 18.74 % considered Indigenous .	54.78	in 1921 , what percent of Mexico City 's population Mestizo ?
In 1921 , Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants .	less than one million	How many people lived in Mexico City in 1921 ?
According to the 1921 census , 54.78 % of the city 's population was considered Mestizo -LRB- Indigenous mixed with European -RRB- , 22.79 % considered European , and 18.74 % considered Indigenous .	18.74	What percentage of Mexico City 's population was indigenous in 1921 ?
Up to the 1990s , the Federal District was the most populous federal entity in Mexico , but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million .	8.7 million	How many people live in the Federal District ?
With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world .	19.8 million	What is the overall population of Mexico City in 2008 ?
The net migration rate of the Federal District from 1995 to 2000 was negative .	negative	What was the migration rate of Mexico City from 95-2000 ?
Nonetheless , the annual rate of growth of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico , a phenomenon most likely attributable to the environmental policy of decentralization .	much lower	Compared to other cities in Mexico , Mexico City 's growth is ?
On the other hand , Mexico City is also home to large communities of expatriates and immigrants , most notably from the rest of North America -LRB- U.S. and Canada -RRB- , from South America -LRB- mainly from Argentina and Colombia , but also from Brazil , Chile , Uruguay and Venezuela -RRB- , from Central America and the Caribbean -LRB- mainly from Cuba , Guatemala , El Salvador , Haiti and Honduras -RRB- ; from Europe -LRB- mainly from Spain , Germany and Switzerland , but also from Czech Republic , Hungary , France , Italy , Ireland , the Netherlands , Poland and Romania -RRB- , from the Middle East -LRB- mainly from Egypt , Lebanon and Syria -RRB- ; and recently from Asia-Pacific -LRB- mainly from China and South Korea -RRB- .	Argentina and Colombia	What countries do most of the South American immigrants come from ?
On the other hand , Mexico City is also home to large communities of expatriates and immigrants , most notably from the rest of North America -LRB- U.S. and Canada -RRB- , from South America -LRB- mainly from Argentina and Colombia , but also from Brazil , Chile , Uruguay and Venezuela -RRB- , from Central America and the Caribbean -LRB- mainly from Cuba , Guatemala , El Salvador , Haiti and Honduras -RRB- ; from Europe -LRB- mainly from Spain , Germany and Switzerland , but also from Czech Republic , Hungary , France , Italy , Ireland , the Netherlands , Poland and Romania -RRB- , from the Middle East -LRB- mainly from Egypt , Lebanon and Syria -RRB- ; and recently from Asia-Pacific -LRB- mainly from China and South Korea -RRB- .	China and South Korea	Where do most of the Asian immigrants come from ?
Historically since the era of New Spain , many Filipinos settled in the city and have become integrated in Mexican society .	since the era of New Spain	When did Filipinos start migrating to Mexico City ?
The Historic center of Mexico City -LRB- Centro Histórico -RRB- and the `` floating gardens '' of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO .	UNESCO	Who designated the floating gardens as a World Heritage site ?
The Historic center of Mexico City -LRB- Centro Histórico -RRB- and the `` floating gardens '' of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO .	World Heritage Sites	The Historic Center and the floating gardens are both examples of what ?
-LRB- The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables -RRB- .	1978	When was the Templo Mayor found ?
-LRB- The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables -RRB- .	workers were digging to place underground electric cables	How was Templo Mayor discovered ?
The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden Angel of Independence on the wide , elegant avenue Paseo de la Reforma , modeled by the order of the Emperor Maximilian of Mexico after the Champs-Élysées in Paris .	golden Angel of Independence	What is the most popular icon of Mexico City ?
The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden Angel of Independence on the wide , elegant avenue Paseo de la Reforma , modeled by the order of the Emperor Maximilian of Mexico after the Champs-Élysées in Paris .	the order of the Emperor Maximilian	Who made the Angel of Independence ?
This avenue was designed over the Americas ' oldest known major roadway in the 19th century to connect the National Palace -LRB- seat of government -RRB- with the Castle of Chapultepec , the imperial residence .	National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec	The angel of independence is over the roadway that connects what ?
Another important avenue is the Avenida de los Insurgentes , which extends 28.8 km -LRB- 17.9 mi -RRB- and is one of the longest single avenues in the world .	Avenida de los Insurgentes	What is the name of the longest avenue in Mexico City ?
Another important avenue is the Avenida de los Insurgentes , which extends 28.8 km -LRB- 17.9 mi -RRB- and is one of the longest single avenues in the world .	28.8 km (17.9 mi)	How long is the longest avenue in Mexico City ?
Chapultepec Park houses the Chapultepec Castle , now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums , monuments and the national zoo and the National Museum of Anthropology -LRB- which houses the Aztec Calendar Stone -RRB- .	Chapultepec Park	Chapultepec Castle is located where ?
Chapultepec Park houses the Chapultepec Castle , now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums , monuments and the national zoo and the National Museum of Anthropology -LRB- which houses the Aztec Calendar Stone -RRB- .	Chapultepec Park	Where is the National Museum of Anthropology located ?
Its construction began during the presidency of Porfirio Díaz and ended in 1934 , after being interrupted by the Mexican Revolution in the 1920s .	1934	When did construction of the Fine Arts Palace end ?
There is a double-decker bus , known as the `` Turibus '' , that circles most of these sites , and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed .	Turibus	What is the name of the tour bus that shows off the monuments of Mexico City ?
Its construction began during the presidency of Porfirio Díaz and ended in 1934 , after being interrupted by the Mexican Revolution in the 1920s .	interrupted by the Mexican Revolution	Why did the construction of the Fine Arts Palace take so long ?
In addition , the city has about 160 museums -- the world 's greatest single metropolitan concentration -- over 100 art galleries , and some 30 concert halls , all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year .	about 160	How many museums are in Mexico City ?
In addition , the city has about 160 museums -- the world 's greatest single metropolitan concentration -- over 100 art galleries , and some 30 concert halls , all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year .	over 100	How many art galleries are in Mexico City ?
In addition , the city has about 160 museums -- the world 's greatest single metropolitan concentration -- over 100 art galleries , and some 30 concert halls , all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year .	30	How many concert halls are in Mexico City ?
Many areas -LRB- e.g. Palacio Nacional and the National Institute of Cardiology -RRB- have murals painted by Diego Rivera .	Diego Rivera	Who has painted murals all over the city ?
The house where Leon Trotsky was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoacán .	Coyoacán	Where is the house that Leon Trotsky was murdered ?
Mexico City is served by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo , a 225.9 km -LRB- 140 mi -RRB- metro system , which is the largest in Latin America .	225.9 km (140 mi)	How large is the metro system of Mexico City ?
The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations .	1969	When was the Mexico City metro system first opened ?
The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations .	12	How many lines are in the metro system ?
The metro is one of the busiest in the world transporting approximately 4.5 million people every day , surpassed only by subway lines in Moscow -LRB- 7.5 million -RRB- , Tokyo -LRB- 5.9 million -RRB- , and New York City -LRB- 5.1 million -RRB- .	4.5 million	How many people ride the metro system each day ?
The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations .	195	How many stations are in the Mexico City metro system ?
The city 's first bus rapid transit line , the Metrobús , began operation in June 2005 , along Avenida Insurgentes .	Metrobús	What is the name of the city 's fast bus line ?
The city 's first bus rapid transit line , the Metrobús , began operation in June 2005 , along Avenida Insurgentes .	June 2005	When did Metrobus begin services ?
Line 2 opened in December 2008 , serving Eje 4 Sur , line 3 opened in February 2011 , serving Eje 1 Poniente , and line 4 opened in April 2012 connecting the airport with San Lázaro and Buenavista Station at Insurgentes .	December 2008	When did the second line of Metrobus open ?
As of June 2013 , 367 Metrobús buses transported 850,000 passengers daily .	850,000	How many people ride the Metrobus every day ?
Line 2 opened in December 2008 , serving Eje 4 Sur , line 3 opened in February 2011 , serving Eje 1 Poniente , and line 4 opened in April 2012 connecting the airport with San Lázaro and Buenavista Station at Insurgentes .	line 4	April 2012 was the year which Metrobus line opened ?
In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales ; high-volume one-way roads that cross , in theory , Mexico City proper from side to side .	ejes viales	What are the one-way roads in Mexico city called ?
A second level -LRB- where tolls are charged -RRB- of the Periférico , colloquially called the segundo piso -LRB- `` second floor '' -RRB- , was officially opened in 2012 , with sections still being completed .	tolls are charged	What is different about the second level roads ?
A second level -LRB- where tolls are charged -RRB- of the Periférico , colloquially called the segundo piso -LRB- `` second floor '' -RRB- , was officially opened in 2012 , with sections still being completed .	2012	When were these second level roads opened ?
The Viaducto Miguel Alemán crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport .	The Viaducto Miguel Alemán	What main road leads to the airport ?
In 2013 the Supervía Poniente opened , a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City .	the Supervía Poniente	What connects Santa Fe and the southwestern part of the city ?
There is an environmental program , called Hoy No Circula -LRB- `` Today Does Not Run '' , or `` One Day without a Car '' -RRB- , whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their license plates ; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion .	ending digit of their license plates	How do people know which days to not drive their car ?
While in 2003 , the program still restricted 40 % of vehicles in the metropolitan area , with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006 , in practice , these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests .	40%	How many cars were still restricted in 2003 ?
While in 2003 , the program still restricted 40 % of vehicles in the metropolitan area , with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006 , in practice , these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests .	2006	When were new emisson standards enacted ?
While in 2003 , the program still restricted 40 % of vehicles in the metropolitan area , with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006 , in practice , these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests .	pass regular emissions tests	How can cars get exempt from the restrictions ?
30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso -LRB- as of October 2013 -RRB- income from the parking-meter system -LRB- named `` ecoParq '' -RRB- is earmarked for neighborhood improvements .	ecoParq	What is the name of the parking meter system in Mexico City ?
The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters , Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario , has generated controversy .	Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario	Who operates the parking meters ?
30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso -LRB- as of October 2013 -RRB- income from the parking-meter system -LRB- named `` ecoParq '' -RRB- is earmarked for neighborhood improvements .	16 million-peso	How much money a month do the parking meters bring in ?
In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue , 721 parking meters -LRB- as of October 2013 -RRB- , have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec , Condesa , Roma , Polanco and Anzures , in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes , with offenders ' cars booted , costing about 500 pesos to remove .	8 AM to 8 PM	What are the hours of Mexico City Parking meters ?
In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue , 721 parking meters -LRB- as of October 2013 -RRB- , have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec , Condesa , Roma , Polanco and Anzures , in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes , with offenders ' cars booted , costing about 500 pesos to remove .	721	How many parking meters were installed as of October 2013 ?
This includes North America 's second-largest bicycle sharing system , EcoBici , launched in 2010 , in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year .	EcoBici	What is the name of the city 's bike sharing system ?
This includes North America 's second-largest bicycle sharing system , EcoBici , launched in 2010 , in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year .	2010	When did the bike sharing system of the city begin ?
There are , as of September 2013 , 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the Historic center to Polanco .	4,000	How many bikes are involved in the bike share system ?
Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclovías -LRB- dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets -RRB- , including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometres -LRB- 37 miles -RRB- from Polanco to Fierro del Toro , which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park , near the Morelos state line .	Ciclovías	What do they call the bike paths in Mexico City ?
The city 's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples , such as Denmark 's Copenhagenization .	Denmark	What country is the inspiration for Mexico City 's new programs ?
Mexico City is served by Mexico City International Airport -LRB- IATA Airport Code : MEX -RRB- .	Mexico City International Airport	What is the name of the major airport in Mexico City ?
Mexico City is served by Mexico City International Airport -LRB- IATA Airport Code : MEX -RRB- .	MEX	What is the short hand code for Mexico City 's largest airport ?
In 2014 , the airport handled well over 34 million passengers , just over 2 million more than the year before .	34 million	About how many passengers come through the Mexico City International Airport each year ?
Adolfo López Mateos International Airport -LRB- IATA Airport Code : TLC -RRB- in nearby Toluca , State of Mexico , although due to several airlines ' decisions to terminate service to TLC , the airport has seen a passenger drop to just over 700,000 passengers in 2014 from over 2.1 million passengers just four years prior .	Adolfo López Mateos International Airport	What is the name of the smaller airport near Mexico City ?
Adolfo López Mateos International Airport -LRB- IATA Airport Code : TLC -RRB- in nearby Toluca , State of Mexico , although due to several airlines ' decisions to terminate service to TLC , the airport has seen a passenger drop to just over 700,000 passengers in 2014 from over 2.1 million passengers just four years prior .	700,000	How many passengers come through Adolfo Lopez Mateos International Airport ?
In the Mexico City airport , the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal , which began operations in 2007 , and the enlargement of four other airports -LRB- at the nearby cities of Toluca , Querétaro , Puebla and Cuernavaca -RRB- that , along with Mexico City 's airport , comprise the Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de México , distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico .	2007	When did the second terminal open at the Mexico City Airport ?
Mexico City 's airport is the main hub for 11 of the 21 national airline companies .	21	How many national airlines are there in Mexico ?
Mexico City 's airport is the main hub for 11 of the 21 national airline companies .	11	How many of the main Mexican airlines are based in Mexico City ?
The city of Pachuca will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico 's airport network .	Pachuca	What is the new city that will be added to the group of Mexican Airports around Mexico City ?
During his annual state-of-the-nation address on September 2 , 2014 , President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto unveiled plans for a new international airport to ease the city 's notorious air traffic congestion , tentatively slated for a 2018 opening .	September 2, 2014	When were the new plans of the airport revealed ?
During his annual state-of-the-nation address on September 2 , 2014 , President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto unveiled plans for a new international airport to ease the city 's notorious air traffic congestion , tentatively slated for a 2018 opening .	2018	When are the new plans supposed to come to fruition for the airport ?
The new airport , which would have six runways , will cost $ 9.15 billion and would be built on vacant federal land east of Mexico City International Airport .	six	How many runways will be in the new airport ?
Goals are to eventually handle 120 million passengers a year , which would make it the busiest airport in the world .	120 million	How many passengers will the new airport be able to handle ?
The new airport , which would have six runways , will cost $ 9.15 billion and would be built on vacant federal land east of Mexico City International Airport .	$9.15 billion	How much does the new airport cost ?
While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived , the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the Conquest of Mexico .	Conquest of Mexico	When did Mexico City lost most of its artifacts ?
Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship , some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum .	pre-Classical period	When did the complex art of Mexico City begin ?
Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship , some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum .	National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum	What holds most of the old art of the Mexico city region ?
While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived , the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the Conquest of Mexico .	pottery and stone-engraving	What are the main artifacts that have survived ?
Much of the early colonial art stemmed from the codices -LRB- Aztec illustrated books -RRB- , aiming to recover and preserve some Aztec and other Amerindian iconography and history .	codices	What comprised most of the early art of Mexico City ?
From then , artistic expressions in Mexico were mostly religious in theme .	religious	Most of the art since the Aztecs took what style ?
The Metropolitan Cathedral still displays works by Juan de Rojas , Juan Correa and an oil painting whose authorship has been attributed to Murillo .	Juan de Rojas	Whose art is displayed at the large cathedral in Mexico City ?
Secular works of art of this period include the equestrian sculpture of Charles IV of Spain , locally known as El Caballito -LRB- `` The little horse '' -RRB- .	equestrian sculpture of Charles IV of Spain	`` The Little Horse '' is also known as what ?
This piece , in bronze , was the work of Manuel Tolsá and it has been placed at the Plaza Tolsá , in front of the Palacio de Minería -LRB- Mining Palace -RRB- .	Manuel Tolsá	Who created `` The Little Horse ? ''
During the 19th century , an important producer of art was the Academia de San Carlos -LRB- San Carlos Art Academy -RRB- , founded during colonial times , and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas -LRB- the National School of Arts -RRB- including painting , sculpture and graphic design , one of UNAM 's art schools .	Academia de San Carlos	What is the large art school in Mexico City ?
Many of the works produced by the students and faculty of that time are now displayed in the Museo Nacional de San Carlos -LRB- National Museum of San Carlos -RRB- .	Museo Nacional de San Carlos	Where does most of the artwork produced as the Academia de San Carlos get featured ?
One of the students , José María Velasco , is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century .	José María Velasco	Who is one of the most famous people to graduate from the large art school of Mexico City ?
The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt , Velázquez , Murillo , and Rubens .	Rembrandt, Velázquez, Murillo, and Rubens	The San Carlos Museum has art from who , among others ?
José Luis Cuevas opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics .	José Luis Cuevas	Who was a big proponent of modernism in art ?
During the 20th century , many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico , such as Leopoldo Méndez , an engraver from Veracruz , who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular -LRB- Popular Graphics Workshop -RRB- , designed to help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art .	20th century	When did artists start to immigrate to Mexico City ?
During the 20th century , many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico , such as Leopoldo Méndez , an engraver from Veracruz , who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular -LRB- Popular Graphics Workshop -RRB- , designed to help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art .	Leopoldo Méndez	Who was a famous engraver that migrated to Mexico City ?
During the 20th century , many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico , such as Leopoldo Méndez , an engraver from Veracruz , who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular -LRB- Popular Graphics Workshop -RRB- , designed to help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art .	help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art	What was the Popular Graphics Workshop mission ?
Other painters came from abroad , such as Catalan painter Remedios Varo and other Spanish and Jewish exiles .	Catalan	What nationality was Remedios Varas ?
The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican -LRB- born in the state of Oaxaca -RRB- painter Rufino Tamayo .	mid-1980s	When was the Museo Tamayo opened ?
The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican -LRB- born in the state of Oaxaca -RRB- painter Rufino Tamayo .	Rufino Tamayo	Who 's art collection was the reason the Museo Tamayo opened ?
The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican -LRB- born in the state of Oaxaca -RRB- painter Rufino Tamayo .	Oaxaca	Where was Rufino Tamayo born ?
In southern Mexico City , the Museo Carrillo Gil -LRB- Carrillo Gil Museum -RRB- showcases avant-garde artists , as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art -LRB- Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo -- or MUAC -RRB- , designed by famed Mexican architect Teodoro González de León , inaugurated in late 2008 .	avant-garde	What type of art is shown in The Museo Carrillo Gil ?
In southern Mexico City , the Museo Carrillo Gil -LRB- Carrillo Gil Museum -RRB- showcases avant-garde artists , as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art -LRB- Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo -- or MUAC -RRB- , designed by famed Mexican architect Teodoro González de León , inaugurated in late 2008 .	University Museum/Contemporary Art	What famous art building was opened in late 2008 ?
The Museo Soumaya , named after the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim , has the largest private collection of original Rodin sculptures outside Paris .	the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim	Who is the Museo Soumaya named after ?
It also has a large collection of Dalí sculptures , and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including El Greco , Velázquez , Picasso and Canaletto .	Dalí	What other famous sculpture has had his art displayed at the Museo Soumaya ?
It houses a large collection of pieces by all major Mexican artists of the last 400 years and also hosts visiting exhibits .	400	How many years worth of art does the Museum in the historic center hold ?
The Museo Soumaya , named after the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim , has the largest private collection of original Rodin sculptures outside Paris .	Paris	What city houses the only collection of Rodin sculptures that is larger than the one in Mexico City ?
The museum inaugurated a new futuristic-design facility in 2011 just north of Polanco , while maintaining a smaller facility in Plaza Loreto in southern Mexico City .	2011	When did the new design of the museum open ?
Another major addition to the city 's museum scene is the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance -LRB- Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia -RRB- , inaugurated in early 2011 .	2011	When did the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance open ?
The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum , the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide .	Holocaust	What main event inspired the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance ?
It also houses temporary exhibits ; one on Tibet was inaugurated by the Dalai Lama in September 2011 .	September 2011	The exhibit inaugurated by the Dalai Lama opened when ?
The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum , the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide .	discrimination and genocide	What is the main subject of the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance ?
These include the Mexico City Philharmonic , which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli ; the National Symphony Orchestra , whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes -LRB- Palace of the Fine Arts -RRB- , a masterpiece of art nouveau and art decó styles ; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico -LRB- OFUNAM -RRB- , and the Minería Symphony Orchestra , both of which perform at the Sala Nezahualcóyotl , which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976 .	Sala Ollin Yoliztli	Where does the Mexico City Philharmonic perform ?
These include the Mexico City Philharmonic , which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli ; the National Symphony Orchestra , whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes -LRB- Palace of the Fine Arts -RRB- , a masterpiece of art nouveau and art decó styles ; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico -LRB- OFUNAM -RRB- , and the Minería Symphony Orchestra , both of which perform at the Sala Nezahualcóyotl , which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976 .	1976	When was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere opened ?
These include the Mexico City Philharmonic , which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli ; the National Symphony Orchestra , whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes -LRB- Palace of the Fine Arts -RRB- , a masterpiece of art nouveau and art decó styles ; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico -LRB- OFUNAM -RRB- , and the Minería Symphony Orchestra , both of which perform at the Sala Nezahualcóyotl , which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976 .	National Symphony Orchestra	What is the name of one of the main orchestras of Mexico City ?
These include the Mexico City Philharmonic , which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli ; the National Symphony Orchestra , whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes -LRB- Palace of the Fine Arts -RRB- , a masterpiece of art nouveau and art decó styles ; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico -LRB- OFUNAM -RRB- , and the Minería Symphony Orchestra , both of which perform at the Sala Nezahualcóyotl , which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976 .	National Symphony Orchestra	The Palace of Fine Arts hosts what main symphony ?
These include the Mexico City Philharmonic , which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli ; the National Symphony Orchestra , whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes -LRB- Palace of the Fine Arts -RRB- , a masterpiece of art nouveau and art decó styles ; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico -LRB- OFUNAM -RRB- , and the Minería Symphony Orchestra , both of which perform at the Sala Nezahualcóyotl , which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976 .	Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico	What does OFUNAM stand for ?
In 2007 National Auditorium was selected world 's best venue by multiple genre media .	2007	What year was the National Auditorium voted best in the world ?
These include the 10,000-seat National Auditorium that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists , as well as many of the world 's leading performing arts ensembles , the auditorium also broadcasts Grand Opera performances from New York 's Metropolitan Opera on giant , high definition screens .	giant, high definition screens	How can you see the Grand Opera of New York in Mexico City ?
The Cirque du Soleil has held several seasons at the Carpa Santa Fe , in the Santa Fe district in the western part of the city .	Carpa Santa Fe	Where does Cirque du Soleil go in Mexico City ?
UNAM 's main campus , also in the southern part of the city , is home to the Centro Cultural Universitario -LRB- the University Culture Center -RRB- -LRB- CCU -RRB- .	UNAM's main campus	Where is the Centro Cultural Universitario ?
The CCU also houses the National Library , the interactive Universum , Museo de las Ciencias , the Sala Nezahualcóyotl concert hall , several theatres and cinemas , and the new University Museum of Contemporary Art -LRB- MUAC -RRB- .	National Library	The CCU holds , in addition to a music theater , what ?
A branch of the National University 's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs , known as Tlatelolco , in north-central Mexico City .	2007	The former Ministry of Foreign Affairs had a cultural center opened in what year ?
A branch of the National University 's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs , known as Tlatelolco , in north-central Mexico City .	Tlatelolco	What is the name of the CCU center opened in 2007 ?
A branch of the National University 's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs , known as Tlatelolco , in north-central Mexico City .	north-central Mexico City	Where is Tlatelolco located ?
The Papalote children 's museum , which houses the world 's largest dome screen , is located in the wooded park of Chapultepec , near the Museo Tecnológico , and La Feria amusement park .	world's largest dome screen	What makes the Papalote children 's museum so famous ?
The Papalote children 's museum , which houses the world 's largest dome screen , is located in the wooded park of Chapultepec , near the Museo Tecnológico , and La Feria amusement park .	wooded park of Chapultepec	Where is the Papalote Children 's Museum located ?
The theme park Six Flags México -LRB- the largest amusement park in Latin America -RRB- is located in the Ajusco neighborhood , in Tlalpan borough , southern Mexico City .	Six Flags México	What is the largest amusement park in Latin America ?
The theme park Six Flags México -LRB- the largest amusement park in Latin America -RRB- is located in the Ajusco neighborhood , in Tlalpan borough , southern Mexico City .	Tlalpan	What borough is Six Flags Mexico located ?
During the winter , the main square of the Zócalo is transformed into a gigantic ice skating rink , which is said to be the largest in the world behind that of Moscow 's Red Square .	Moscow	What city has the largest outdoor ice skating rink in the world ?
The Cineteca Nacional -LRB- the Mexican Film Library -RRB- , near the Coyoacán suburb , shows a variety of films , and stages many film festivals , including the annual International Showcase , and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema , to Jewish and LGBT-themed films .	near the Coyoacán suburb	Where is the Mexican Film Library located ?
The Cineteca Nacional -LRB- the Mexican Film Library -RRB- , near the Coyoacán suburb , shows a variety of films , and stages many film festivals , including the annual International Showcase , and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema , to Jewish and LGBT-themed films .	International Showcase	What large movie festival is hosted at the Mexican Film Library ?
Cinépolis and Cinemex , the two biggest film business chains , also have several film festivals throughout the year , with both national and international movies .	Cinépolis and Cinemex	What are the two large movie companies in Mexico ?
Mexico City tops the world in number of IMAX theatres , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- providing residents and visitors access to films ranging from documentaries to popular blockbusters on these especially large , dramatic screens .	IMAX	What type of theaters does Mexico City have the most of compared to other cities ?
Restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico 's 31 states are available in the city .	31	How many states does Mexico have ?
Also available are an array of international cuisines , including Canadian , French , Italian , Croatian , Spanish -LRB- including many regional variations -RRB- , Jewish , Lebanese , Chinese -LRB- again with regional variations -RRB- , Indian , Japanese , Korean , Thai , Vietnamese ; and of course fellow Latin American cuisines such as Argentine , Brazilian , and Peruvian .	Canadian, French, Italian,	What are some international cuisines offered in Mexico City ?
Haute , fusion , kosher , vegetarian and vegan cuisines are also available , as are restaurants solely based on the concepts of local food and slow Food .	kosher, vegetarian and vegan	What other specific types of food does the city offer ?
These include Paris ' Au Pied de Cochon and Brasserie Lipp , Philippe -LRB- by Philippe Chow -RRB- ; Nobu , Morimoto ; Pámpano , owned by Mexican-raised opera legend Plácido Domingo .	Plácido Domingo	What opera legend also has a famous restaurant in Mexico City ?
There are branches of the exclusive Japanese restaurant Suntory , Rome 's famed Alfredo , as well as New York steakhouses Morton 's and The Palm , and Monte Carlo 's BeefBar .	Alfredo	What famous Italian Restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City ?
Three of the most famous Lima-based Haute Peruvian restaurants , La Mar , Segundo Muelle and Astrid y Gastón have locations in Mexico City .	La Mar	What is one of the famous Lima-based restaurants in Mexico City ?
There are branches of the exclusive Japanese restaurant Suntory , Rome 's famed Alfredo , as well as New York steakhouses Morton 's and The Palm , and Monte Carlo 's BeefBar .	Suntory	What Japanese restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City ?
Its important venues in Mexico City include the Azteca Stadium , home to the Mexico national football team and giants América , which can seat 91,653 fans , making it the biggest stadium in Latin America .	Azteca Stadium	What famous soccer stadium is in Mexico City ?
Its important venues in Mexico City include the Azteca Stadium , home to the Mexico national football team and giants América , which can seat 91,653 fans , making it the biggest stadium in Latin America .	91,653	How many fans does Azteca Stadium hold ?
Its important venues in Mexico City include the Azteca Stadium , home to the Mexico national football team and giants América , which can seat 91,653 fans , making it the biggest stadium in Latin America .	Azteca Stadium	What is the largest stadium in Latin America ?
The country hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986 , and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice .	1986	What year did Mexico most recently host the World Cup ?
The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the First Division ; they are also part , with Guadalajara-based giants Club Deportivo Guadalajara , of Mexico 's traditional `` Big Four '' -LRB- though recent years have tended to erode the teams ' leading status at least in standings -RRB- .	First	What division are the Mexico City soccer teams in ?
Mexico City remains the only Latin American city to host the Olympic Games , having held the Summer Olympics in 1968 , winning bids against Buenos Aires , Lyon and Detroit .	1968	What year did Mexico City host the olympics ?
Mexico City remains the only Latin American city to host the Olympic Games , having held the Summer Olympics in 1968 , winning bids against Buenos Aires , Lyon and Detroit .	Detroit	Which American city did Mexico City defeat to host the 1968 olympics ?
The city hosted the 1955 and 1975 Pan American Games , the last after Santiago and São Paulo withdrew .	1955	What year did Mexico City first host the Pan America games ?
Lucha libre is a Mexican style of wrestling , and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country .	Lucha libre	What famous form of wrestling is native to Mexico ?
The main venues in the city are Arena México and Arena Coliseo .	Arena México and Arena Coliseo	What are the main arenas for Lucha Libre ?
The National Autonomous University of Mexico -LRB- UNAM -RRB- , located in Mexico City , is the largest university on the continent , with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds .	The National Autonomous University of Mexico	What university is the largest of the continent ?
The National Autonomous University of Mexico -LRB- UNAM -RRB- , located in Mexico City , is the largest university on the continent , with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds .	300,000	How many students attend UNAM ?
UNAM conducts 50 % of Mexico 's scientific research and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses , observatories and research centres .	50	What percent of scientific research is done at UNAM ?
UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by Times Higher Education -LRB- then called Times Higher Education Supplement -RRB- in 2006 , making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world .	74th	What worldwide ranking does UNAM hold ?
The sprawling main campus of the university , known as Ciudad Universitaria , was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007 .	Ciudad Universitaria	What is the main campus of UNAM called ?
The second largest higher-education institution is the National Polytechnic Institute -LRB- IPN -RRB- , which includes among many other relevant centers the Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados -LRB- Cinvestav -RRB- , where varied high-level scientific and technological research is done .	National Polytechnic Institute	What is the second biggest education center in Mexico City ?
In addition , the prestigious University of California maintains a campus known as `` Casa de California '' in the city .	University of California	What American University has a big campus in Mexico City ?
In addition , the prestigious University of California maintains a campus known as `` Casa de California '' in the city .	Casa de California	What does the University of California call its campus in Mexico City ?
The Universidad Tecnológica de México is also in Mexico City .	Mexico City	Where is the Universidad Tecnologica located ?
Unlike those of Mexican states ' schools , curricula of Mexico City 's public schools is managed by the federal Secretary of Public Education .	Secretary of Public Education	Who is in charge of the education in Mexico City ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The city 's public high school system is the Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal -LRB- IEMS-DF -RRB- .	Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal	What is the public high school system called in Mexico City ?
The whole funding is allocated by the government of Mexico City -LRB- in some specific cases , such as El Colegio de México , funding comes from both the city 's government and other public and private national and international entities -RRB- .	government of Mexico City	Who allocates the funding of the school systems ?
A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional , created during the district 's governmental period of Miguel Alemán Valdés to have , in Mexico , an institution similar to the College of France .	Miguel Alemán Valdés	Who created El Colegio Nacional ?
A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional , created during the district 's governmental period of Miguel Alemán Valdés to have , in Mexico , an institution similar to the College of France .	El Colegio Nacional	Where do the superior artists and scientists of Mexico City have the option to attend ?
Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals .	publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events	What must members of El Colegio Nacional do ?
A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional , created during the district 's governmental period of Miguel Alemán Valdés to have , in Mexico , an institution similar to the College of France .	College of France	What is El Colegio Nacional modeled after ?
Dozens of daily newspapers are published , including El Universal , Excélsior , Reforma and La Jornada .	Dozens	How many newspaper call Mexico City home ?
Dozens of daily newspapers are published , including El Universal , Excélsior , Reforma and La Jornada .	El Universal	What is one of the main papers of Mexico City ?
Leading magazines include Expansión , Proceso , Poder , as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as Vanidades , Quién , Chilango , TV Notas , and local editions of Vogue , GQ , and Architectural Digest .	Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest	What American magazines have a footprint in Mexico City ?
Leading magazines include Expansión , Proceso , Poder , as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as Vanidades , Quién , Chilango , TV Notas , and local editions of Vogue , GQ , and Architectural Digest .	dozens	How many entertainment magazines are published in Mexico City ?
Consumers may buy in fixed indoor markets , mobile markets -LRB- tianguis -RRB- , from street vendors , from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good , in convenience stores and traditional neighborhood stores , in modern supermarkets , in warehouse and membership stores and the shopping centers that they anchor , in department stores , big-box stores and in modern shopping malls .	tianguis	What are mobile markets in Mexico City called ?
Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market , ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods .	immense and varied	How is the retail market of Mexico City ?
Consumers may buy in fixed indoor markets , mobile markets -LRB- tianguis -RRB- , from street vendors , from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good , in convenience stores and traditional neighborhood stores , in modern supermarkets , in warehouse and membership stores and the shopping centers that they anchor , in department stores , big-box stores and in modern shopping malls .	in a street dedicated to a certain type of good	What is a common way stores are distributed in Mexico City ?
Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market , ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods .	basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods	What is the spectrum of gods you can get in Mexico City ?
A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent `` mercado '' .	mercado	What are the markets called that are located and run by the boroughs ?
These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products , such as fresh produce and meat/poultry , dry goods , tortillerías , and many other services such as locksmiths , herbal medicine , hardware goods , sewing implements ; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made , home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole .	aguas frescas and atole	What are some of the traditional drinks of Mexico City ?
A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent `` mercado '' .	mercado	What is the centerpiece of Mexico City 's markets
A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent `` mercado '' .	omnipresent	The author uses which adjective to describe the mercados ?
Street vendors play their trade from stalls in the tianguis as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals ; at plazas comerciales , where vendors of a certain `` theme '' -LRB- e.g. stationery -RRB- are housed ; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street ; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk .	plazas comerciales	Similar tianguis might set up shop where ?
In addition , food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets , pushing carts , from bicycles or the backs of trucks , or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground .	tarp or cloth laid on the ground	What is the most basic way a street vendor might sell their goods ?
Street vendors play their trade from stalls in the tianguis as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals ; at plazas comerciales , where vendors of a certain `` theme '' -LRB- e.g. stationery -RRB- are housed ; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street ; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk .	non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals	Street vendors might sell their goods in official places as well as where ?
Chapultepec Zoo is located in the first section of Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo .	Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo	Where is the Chapultepec Zoo located ?
It was opened in 1924 .	1924	When was the Chapultepec Zoo opened ?
In this zoo , opened in 1964 , there are species that are in danger of extinction such as the jaguar and the Mexican wolf .	species that are in danger of extinction	What sets the Zoo San Juan de Aragon apart from the others ?
Zoo Los Coyotes is a 27.68-acre -LRB- 11.2 ha -RRB- zoo located south of Mexico City in the Coyoacan .	27.68-acre (11.2 ha)	How big is the Zoo Los Coyotes ?
It has more than 301 specimens of 51 species of wild native or endemic fauna from the Mexico City .	more than 301 specimens	How many animals inhabit Zoo Los Coyotes ?
During Andrés López Obrador 's administration a political slogan was introduced : la Ciudad de la Esperanza -LRB- `` The City of Hope '' -RRB- .	Andrés López Obrador	Who termed the slogan `` la Ciudad de la Esperanza ? ''
This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname , but has faded since the new motto Capital en Movimiento -LRB- `` Capital in Movement '' -RRB- was adopted by the administration headed by Marcelo Ebrard , though the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media .	Capital en Movimiento	What is the nickname of the city that the government is trying to push now ?
Since 2013 , to refer to the City particularly in relation to government campaigns , the abbreviation CDMX has been used -LRB- from Ciudad de México -RRB- .	CDMX	How is the city commonly abbreviated ?
Since 2013 , to refer to the City particularly in relation to government campaigns , the abbreviation CDMX has been used -LRB- from Ciudad de México -RRB- .	2013	When did the abbreviation CDMX begin to take hold ?
This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname , but has faded since the new motto Capital en Movimiento -LRB- `` Capital in Movement '' -RRB- was adopted by the administration headed by Marcelo Ebrard , though the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media .	Marcelo Ebrard	Who more recently tried to change the nickname of Mexico city ?
The city is colloquially known as Chilangolandia after the locals ' nickname chilangos .	chilangos	What are locals of Mexico City called ?
The city is colloquially known as Chilangolandia after the locals ' nickname chilangos .	Chilangolandia	What do Mexicans call Mexico City ?
For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in la provincia -LRB- `` the provinces '' , the periphery -RRB- and many proudly embrace the term chilango .	proudly	How do Mexicans take being called `` chilangos ? ''
Residents of Mexico City are more recently called defeños -LRB- deriving from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish : D.F. , which is read `` De-Efe '' -RRB- .	defeños	What nickname are residents of Mexico given that more reflects the Spanish influence of the city ?
They are formally called capitalinos -LRB- in reference to the city being the capital of the country -RRB- , but '' -LSB- p -RSB- erhaps because capitalino is the more polite , specific , and correct word , it is almost never utilized '' .	capitalinos	What is the `` official '' term to denote a citizen of Mexico City ?
Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City ; however , the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher `` since most people are reluctant to report crime '' .	average of 478 crimes were reported each day	How many crimes occurred around the turn of the latest century ?
Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City ; however , the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher `` since most people are reluctant to report crime '' .	most people are reluctant to report crime	Why might more than 500 crimes have occurred each day at the turn of the century instead of the officially reported number ?
Under policies enacted by Mayor Marcelo Ebrard between 2009 and 2011 , Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country .	Marcelo Ebrard	What Mexican mayor tried to crack down on crime immensely ?
Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 security cameras around the city and a very large expansion of the police force .	installation of 11,000 security cameras	What is one way the city tried to combat crime ?
Mexico City has one of the world 's highest police officer-to-resident ratios , with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens .	one uniformed officer per 100 citizens	What is the ratio of cops to citizens in Mexico City ?
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world , roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans .	100 million	Approximately how many of the world population speak German as a native language ?
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world , roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans .	80 million	Of the population that speaks German as a native language how many of them consider themselves to be German ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States , Brazil -LRB- mainly in the South Region of the country -RRB- , Argentina , Canada , South Africa , the post-Soviet states -LRB- mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan -RRB- , and France , each accounting for at least 1 million .	80 million	How many of the worlds population claim German ancestors ?
-LSB- note 2 -RSB- Thus , the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million , depending on the criteria applied -LRB- native speakers , single-ancestry ethnic Germans , partial German ancestry , etc. -RRB- .	between 100 and more than 150 million	what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States , Brazil -LRB- mainly in the South Region of the country -RRB- , Argentina , Canada , South Africa , the post-Soviet states -LRB- mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan -RRB- , and France , each accounting for at least 1 million .	mainly in the South Region of the country	Where in Brazil is most of the German descendants located ?
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world , roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans .	100 million	How many native German speakers in the world are there ?
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world , roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans .	80 million	How many native German speakers consider themselves German ?
-LSB- note 2 -RSB- Thus , the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million , depending on the criteria applied -LRB- native speakers , single-ancestry ethnic Germans , partial German ancestry , etc. -RRB- .	100 and more than 150 million	How many people in the world claim to be from German ancestry ?
Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine .	Julius Caesar	What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine ?
Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans , but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany .	12 BC	In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans ?
Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans , but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany .	Battle of the Teutoburg Forest	The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle ?
Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized , and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule , Rome deeply influenced the development of German society , especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans .	Christianity	Roman 's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society ?
In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations , the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried , and Roman , Germanic , and Christian traditions intermingled .	Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried	Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine ?
Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans , but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany .	Augustus	Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans ?
The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity .	Christianity	What religion did Germans adopt ?
The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples ; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany , they encountered Celts to the south , and Balts and Slavs towards the east .	Balts and Slavs	During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what groups in the east ?
The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples ; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany , they encountered Celts to the south , and Balts and Slavs towards the east .	Celts	During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what group in the south ?
The Limes Germanicus was breached in AD 260 .	AD 260	The Limes Germanicus was breached in what year ?
The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted in Hun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe , the Huns initially were allies of the Roman Empire who fought against Germanic tribes , but later the Huns cooperated with the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths , and large numbers of Germans lived within the lands of the Hunnic Empire of Attila .	the Huns	Who allied with the Germans after previous fighting them along side the Romans ?
Attila had both Hunnic and Germanic families and prominent Germanic chiefs amongst his close entourage in Europe .	Attila	What leader had both prominent German and Hun families in his entourage throughout Europe ?
The Limes Germanicus was breached in AD 260 .	AD 260	When was the Limes Germanicus breached ?
The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples ; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany , they encountered Celts to the south , and Balts and Slavs towards the east .	Celts	Who did the Germans come in contact with to the south ?
The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted in Hun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe , the Huns initially were allies of the Roman Empire who fought against Germanic tribes , but later the Huns cooperated with the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths , and large numbers of Germans lived within the lands of the Hunnic Empire of Attila .	Ostrogoths	Which Germanic tribe did the Huns cooperate with ?
The Huns living in Germanic territories in Eastern Europe adopted an East Germanic language as their lingua franca .	East Germanic	What language did the Huns adopt ?
After Attila 's unexpected death the Hunnic Empire collapsed with the Huns disappearing as a people in Europe -- who either escaped into Asia , or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans .	either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans	What happened to the Huns after Attila 's death ?
These five tribes , sometimes with inclusion of the Frisians , are considered as the major groups to take part in the formation of the Germans .	five tribes	how many tribes are credited with the creation of the modern day germans ?
The varieties of the German language are still divided up into these groups .	German language	In modern day what is still influenced by the five tribes ?
By the 9th century , the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne , known in German as Karl der Große .	Charlemagne	What king united the tribes in the 9th century ?
Much of what is now Eastern Germany became Slavonic-speaking -LRB- Sorbs and Veleti -RRB- , after these areas were vacated by Germanic tribes -LRB- Vandals , Lombards , Burgundians and Suebi amongst others -RRB- which had migrated into the former areas of the Roman Empire .	Eastern Germany	What part of Germany became mostly Slavonic-speaking due to migration ?
Much of what is now Eastern Germany became Slavonic-speaking -LRB- Sorbs and Veleti -RRB- , after these areas were vacated by Germanic tribes -LRB- Vandals , Lombards , Burgundians and Suebi amongst others -RRB- which had migrated into the former areas of the Roman Empire .	Roman Empire	The tribes that moved out of east Germany took to inhabit what fallen empires lands ?
The migration-period peoples who later coalesced into a `` German '' ethnicity were the Germanic tribes of the Saxons , Franci , Thuringii , Alamanni and Bavarii .	Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii	What five tribes are attributed with coalescing into a German ethnicity ?
These five tribes , sometimes with inclusion of the Frisians , are considered as the major groups to take part in the formation of the Germans .	Frisians	What 6th tribe is sometimes included with the original 5 German tribes ?
By the 9th century , the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne , known in German as Karl der Große .	king Charlemagne	Who united the 5 tribes ?
By the 9th century , the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne , known in German as Karl der Große .	9th	What century did King Charlemagne reign ?
The process was gradual and lacked any clear definition , and the use of exonyms designating `` the Germans '' develops only during the High Middle Ages .	High Middle Ages	What period in history do we see the emergence of German culture ?
A German ethnicity emerged in the course of the Middle Ages , ultimately as a result of the formation of the kingdom of Germany within East Francia and later the Holy Roman Empire , beginning in the 9th century .	East Francia	The kingdom of Germany formed within what outer established empires ?
The title of rex teutonicum `` King of the Germans '' is first used in the late 11th century , by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII , to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV .	late 11th century	When was the Title King of the Germans first used ?
The title of rex teutonicum `` King of the Germans '' is first used in the late 11th century , by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII , to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV .	chancery of Pope Gregory VII,	Who coined the phrase `` king of the Germans ''
The title of rex teutonicum `` King of the Germans '' is first used in the late 11th century , by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII , to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV .	Henry IV	Who was given the prilavage of being called the first King of the Germans ?
A German ethnicity emerged in the course of the Middle Ages , ultimately as a result of the formation of the kingdom of Germany within East Francia and later the Holy Roman Empire , beginning in the 9th century .	the Middle Ages	When did a German ethnicity emerge ?
The title of rex teutonicum `` King of the Germans '' is first used in the late 11th century , by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII , to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV .	the late 11th century	When is the title of rex teutonicum first used ?
The title of rex teutonicum `` King of the Germans '' is first used in the late 11th century , by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII , to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV .	Pope Gregory VII	Who first used rex teutonicum ?
Natively , the term ein diutscher -LRB- `` a German '' -RRB- is used for the people of Germany from the 12th century .	12th century	When is ein diutscher first used ?
Natively , the term ein diutscher -LRB- `` a German '' -RRB- is used for the people of Germany from the 12th century .	a German	What does ein diutscher mean ?
After Christianization , the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts , known as Ostsiedlung .	Ostsiedlung	The Expansion of Germany by the Catholic Church into the areas of the Slavs and balts is know as what ?
During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights ; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians -LRB- the current reference to the people known then simply as the `` Prussians '' -RRB- , were conquered by the Germans .	Catholic German Teutonic Knights	What was the name of the group that waged war in the Baltic ?
The Old Prussians were an ethnic group related to the Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples .	Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples	Who was the Old Prussians ethnic group related to ?
The former German state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians , although it was led by Germans who had assimilated the Old Prussians ; the old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century .	17th or early 18th century	Although conquered the Persian language lived on till when ?
Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is of Slavic origin .	Karl von Clausewitz	Who is a famous German that name has Slavic origins ?
The former German state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians , although it was led by Germans who had assimilated the Old Prussians ; the old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century .	17th or early 18th century	When was the Prussian language extinct ?
The Slavic people of the Teutonic-controlled Baltic were assimilated into German culture and eventually there were many intermarriages of Slavic and German families , including amongst the Prussia 's aristocracy known as the Junkers .	were assimilated into German culture	What happened to the Slavic people of the Baltic ?
After Christianization , the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts , known as Ostsiedlung .	the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers	Who led the German expansion ?
Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is of Slavic origin .	Karl von Clausewitz	What famous German military strategist has a name with Slavic origin ?
Massive German settlement led to the assimilation of Baltic -LRB- Old Prussians -RRB- and Slavic -LRB- Wends -RRB- populations , who were exhausted by previous warfare .	Massive German settlement	What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations ?
At the same time , naval innovations led to a German domination of trade in the Baltic Sea and parts of Eastern Europe through the Hanseatic League .	naval innovations	German 's domination of trade in the Eastern Europe was credited to what ?
Along the trade routes , Hanseatic trade stations became centers of the German culture .	Hanseatic trade stations	Because of the increased trade what places became the hubs of German culture ?
German town law -LRB- Stadtrecht -RRB- was promoted by the presence of large , relatively wealthy German populations , their influence and political power .	Stadtrecht	What was promoted due to wealth and power of the German families ?
It had a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual structure , some of the smaller ethnicities and languages used at different times were Dutch , Italian , French , Czech and Polish .	multi-ethnic and multi-lingual	the holy roman empire due to its many different conquests was seen as what type of society ?
At the same time , naval innovations led to a German domination of trade in the Baltic Sea and parts of Eastern Europe through the Hanseatic League .	naval innovations	What helped the Germans dominate trade ?
German town law -LRB- Stadtrecht -RRB- was promoted by the presence of large , relatively wealthy German populations , their influence and political power .	Stadtrecht	What is the German work for German town law ?
The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German in any ethnic sense : many towns who joined the league were outside the Holy Roman Empire and a number of them may only loosely be characterized as German .	The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German	Was the Hanseatic league exclusively German ?
It had a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual structure , some of the smaller ethnicities and languages used at different times were Dutch , Italian , French , Czech and Polish .	Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish	What other ethnicities , besides German were part of The Empire ?
By the Middle Ages , large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture , including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language .	Middle Ages	By what time period had many of the Jewish population joined the Holy Roman Empire ?
Upon assimilating into German culture , the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish .	Yiddish	The Jewish populations upon migrating into the German society mingled languages to form what new language ?
However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries , with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language .	Crusades	What cause the tolerance and mixing into German Society to end for the Jews ?
However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries , with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language .	German	What language did many of the Jews speak after the crusades ?
By the Middle Ages , large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture , including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language .	Judeo-French	What language did the Jews speak prior to assimilating into German culture ?
Upon assimilating into German culture , the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish .	Yiddish.	After assimilating to German culture , what language did the Jews adopt ?
However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries , with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language .	during the Crusades	When did Jewish assimilation end ?
However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries , with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language .	forcefully expelled from Germany	What happened to the Jews during the crusades ?
The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire , and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism .	Napoleonic Wars	What was one of the main factors that caused the dissolve of the Holy Roman Empire ?
After the Congress of Vienna , Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors .	Congress of Vienna	What assured Europe would remain the same preventing Germany from becoming one country ?
These terms came to a sudden halt following the Revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War in 1856 , paving the way for German unification in the 1860s .	1856	When was the Crimean War ?
These terms came to a sudden halt following the Revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War in 1856 , paving the way for German unification in the 1860s .	1860s	When was Germany 's unification ?
Jewish German Eduard Lasker was a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century .	Eduard Lasker	What prominent Jewish German sought German unification in the mid 19th century ?
The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire , and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism .	The Napoleonic Wars	What was the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire ?
After the Congress of Vienna , Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors .	Austria and Prussia	What two countries emerged as competitors after the Congress of Vienna ?
Austria , trying to remain the dominant power in Central Europe , led the way in the terms of the Congress of Vienna .	Austria	Who led the way for the Congress of Vienna ?
These terms came to a sudden halt following the Revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War in 1856 , paving the way for German unification in the 1860s .	1860s	In what decade was German unification ?
Jewish German Eduard Lasker was a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century .	a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century	Who was Eduard Lasker ?
In 1866 , the feud between Austria and Prussia finally came to a head .	1866	When did the strife between Austria and Prussia erupt ?
In the final battle of the German war -LRB- Battle of Königgrätz -RRB- the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation .	(Battle of Königgrätz	in What conflict of the German war did the Prussians successfully create the North German Confederation ?
The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia , whilst excluding Austria .	Little Germany	What was Germany going to be called if Prussian won ?
The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unification but were not willing to give up any of the non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and take second place to Prussia .	non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire	What was Austria not willing to give up to settle the conflict ?
In 1866 , the feud between Austria and Prussia finally came to a head .	1866	When did Austria and Prussia go to war ?
The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia , whilst excluding Austria .	Little Germany	What did the Prussians want Germany to unify under ?
In the final battle of the German war -LRB- Battle of Königgrätz -RRB- the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation .	North German Confederation	What was created when the Prussians defeated Austria ??
In 1870 , after France attacked Prussia , Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany -LRB- among them Bavaria -RRB- were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War .	1870	When did France attack Prussia ?
In 1870 , after France attacked Prussia , Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany -LRB- among them Bavaria -RRB- were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War .	Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany	Who won the Franco-Prussian War ?
It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state , effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein .	1871	When was the German Empire founded ?
It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state , effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein .	effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy	What regions was excluded from the German Empire ?
Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria , especially among the liberals , the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany .	Protestant	What was the primary religion of Germany ?
It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state , effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein .	1871	When was the German empire created ?
It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state , effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein .	Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein	Who was excluded from the German Nation State ?
Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria , especially among the liberals , the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany .	Protestant	What religion was a majority in Germany ?
Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria , especially among the liberals , the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany .	Integrating the Austrians	What did many people in Germany still want to do ?
The Nazis , led by Adolf Hitler , attempted to unite all the people they claimed were `` Germans '' -LRB- Volksdeutsche -RRB- into one realm , including ethnic Germans in eastern Europe , many of whom had emigrated more than one hundred fifty years before and developed separate cultures in their new lands .	Adolf Hitler	What leader tried to unite all people considered themselves `` German ''
The Swiss resisted the idea .	The Swiss	Who resisted the uniting of people under Hitler ?
They had viewed themselves as a distinctly separate nation since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 .	1648	The Swiss has viewed themselves as their own country since what year ?
This idea was initially welcomed by many ethnic Germans in Sudetenland , Austria , Poland , Danzig and western Lithuania , particularly the Germans from Klaipeda -LRB- Memel -RRB- .	ethnic Germans	Who welcomed the idea in area such as Sudetenland and Poland ?
The Nazis , led by Adolf Hitler , attempted to unite all the people they claimed were `` Germans '' -LRB- Volksdeutsche -RRB- into one realm , including ethnic Germans in eastern Europe , many of whom had emigrated more than one hundred fifty years before and developed separate cultures in their new lands .	Adolf Hitler	Who headed the Nazis ?
The Swiss resisted the idea .	The Swiss	Who resisted the Nazi idea of uniting all Germans from the get go ?
They had viewed themselves as a distinctly separate nation since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 .	1648	Since when had the Swiss viewed themselves as a different nation ?
They had viewed themselves as a distinctly separate nation since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 .	1648	When was the Peace of Westphalia ?
The Nazis , led by Adolf Hitler , attempted to unite all the people they claimed were `` Germans '' -LRB- Volksdeutsche -RRB- into one realm , including ethnic Germans in eastern Europe , many of whom had emigrated more than one hundred fifty years before and developed separate cultures in their new lands .	The Nazis	Who wanted to unite all of the Germans all over the area ?
After World War II , eastern European countries such as the Soviet Union , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Hungary , Romania and Yugoslavia expelled the Germans from their territories .	expelled the Germans	With the conclusion of World War 2 what did most Eastern Europe countries do with their German citizens ?
Many of those had inhabited these lands for centuries , developing a unique culture .	for centuries	How long did many of the Germans live in the eastern Europe countries before being expelled ?
Between 12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens were expelled westwards to allied-occupied Germany .	12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens	Approximately how many Germans were expelled from their home after world war II ?
Between 12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens were expelled westwards to allied-occupied Germany .	westwards to allied-occupied Germany	After World War II where were Germans forced to relocate to ?
Between 12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens were expelled westwards to allied-occupied Germany .	Between 12 and 16,5 million	How many Germans were expelled after WWII ?
After World War II , eastern European countries such as the Soviet Union , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Hungary , Romania and Yugoslavia expelled the Germans from their territories .	World War II	After what war were Germans expelled from their territories ?
Between 12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens were expelled westwards to allied-occupied Germany .	allied-occupied Germany	Where were Germans that were inhabiting other lands expelled to ?
The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature .	Protestant Reformation	What is credited with the origins of the German identity ?
Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Martin Luther , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller .	literary and religious figures	How was early German culture developed ?
The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder .	Johann Gottfried Herder	What man is credited with the emergence of the German nation ?
The popularity of German identity arose in the aftermath of the French Revolution .	aftermath of the French Revolution	When did the popularity of the German nation increase ?
The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature .	Protestant Reformation	What is credited with creating the Origins of a German identity ?
The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder .	Johann Gottfried Herder	Who developed the concept of a German Nation ?
The popularity of German identity arose in the aftermath of the French Revolution .	in the aftermath of the French Revolution	When did the popularity of a German identity arise ?
The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder .	German philosopher	Who was Johann Herder ?
Persons who speak German as their first language , look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered `` most German '' , followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler -LRB- people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany -RRB- , Restdeutsche -LRB- people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany -RRB- , Auswanderer -LRB- people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German -RRB- , German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians , and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German .	most German	Residence that speak German as their mother tongue and families have been in place for generations are often consider ?
Persons who speak German as their first language , look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered `` most German '' , followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler -LRB- people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany -RRB- , Restdeutsche -LRB- people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany -RRB- , Auswanderer -LRB- people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German -RRB- , German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians , and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German .	Aussiedler	What is the name given to Germans who family left but came back to the lands ?
Persons who speak German as their first language , look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered `` most German '' , followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler -LRB- people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany -RRB- , Restdeutsche -LRB- people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany -RRB- , Auswanderer -LRB- people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German -RRB- , German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians , and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German .	Restdeutsche	What is the name of gven to the population that lives outside of current Germany boundary but still within historic Germany ?
Persons who speak German as their first language , look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered `` most German '' , followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler -LRB- people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany -RRB- , Restdeutsche -LRB- people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany -RRB- , Auswanderer -LRB- people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German -RRB- , German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians , and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German .	Auswanderer	What are refugees from Germany that still speak German referred to ?
Persons who speak German as their first language , look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered `` most German '' , followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler -LRB- people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany -RRB- , Restdeutsche -LRB- people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany -RRB- , Auswanderer -LRB- people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German -RRB- , German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians , and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German .	most German	People who have generations of family in Germany , and look and speak German are classified as what ?
Persons who speak German as their first language , look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered `` most German '' , followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler -LRB- people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany -RRB- , Restdeutsche -LRB- people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany -RRB- , Auswanderer -LRB- people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German -RRB- , German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians , and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German .	Aussiedler	Who are people of German ancestry but have lived in other parts of Europe , then returned to Germany ?
Persons who speak German as their first language , look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered `` most German '' , followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler -LRB- people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany -RRB- , Restdeutsche -LRB- people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany -RRB- , Auswanderer -LRB- people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German -RRB- , German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians , and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German .	Restdeutsche	What are people who have ancestral roots in Germany , but now live outside of Germany called ?
Persons who speak German as their first language , look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered `` most German '' , followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler -LRB- people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany -RRB- , Restdeutsche -LRB- people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany -RRB- , Auswanderer -LRB- people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German -RRB- , German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians , and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German .	Auswanderer	What are people called who have left Germany but still speak German ?
The native language of Germans is German , a West Germanic language , related to and classified alongside English and Dutch , and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages .	German	What is the native language of Germans ?
The native language of Germans is German , a West Germanic language , related to and classified alongside English and Dutch , and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages .	English and Dutch	What languages is German related to ?
Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers , German is one of the world 's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union .	100 million	How many natives speak German ?
Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers , German is one of the world 's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union .	German	What is the most commonly spoken language in the European Union ?
German has been replaced by English as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century .	English	What is the dominant language of science ?
United States is home to approximately 50 million German Americans or one third of the German diaspora , making it the largest centre of German-descended people outside Germany .	50 million	How many German Americans are there ?
Brazil is the second largest with 5 million people claiming German ancestry .	5 million	How many Germans live in Brazil ?
While the exact number of German-descended people is difficult to calculate , the available data makes it safe to claim the number is exceeding 100 million people .	100 million	How many people in the world have German heritage ?
United States is home to approximately 50 million German Americans or one third of the German diaspora , making it the largest centre of German-descended people outside Germany .	one third	America is home to what percentage of German decedent people ?
German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages -LRB- Albertus Magnus -RRB- .	Albertus Magnus	Who is a German philosopher from the middle ages ?
Later , Leibniz -LRB- 17th century -RRB- and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy .	17th century	When was Leibniz an active philosopher ?
Later , Leibniz -LRB- 17th century -RRB- and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy .	Kant	What German philosopher inspired Schopenhauer and Nietzsche ?
Engels helped develop communist theory in the second half of the 19th century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century .	Engels	In the late 19th century , which German philosopher helped develop the idea of communism ?
The University of Berlin founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt served as an influential model for a number of modern western universities .	1810	When was the University of Berlin founded ?
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays , an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 .	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	Who discovered X-Rays ?
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays , an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 .	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	Who won the first Nobel Prize in Physics ?
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays , an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 .	1901	In what year , was the first Nobel Prize in Physics won ?
The Walhalla temple for `` laudable and distinguished Germans '' , features a number of scientists , and is located east of Regensburg , in Bavaria .	Bavaria	Where is the Walhalla temple located ?
The work of David Hilbert and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics , which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger developed further .	David Hilbert and Max Planck	What two people were important to the creation of modern physics ?
In the field of music , Germany claims some of the most renowned classical composers of the world including Bach , Mozart and Beethoven , who marked the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music .	Germany	From which country is Bach , Mozart and Beethoven from ?
Other composers of the Austro-German tradition who achieved international fame include Brahms , Wagner , Haydn , Schubert , Händel , Schumann , Liszt , Mendelssohn Bartholdy , Johann Strauss II , Bruckner , Mahler , Telemann , Richard Strauss , Schoenberg , Orff , and most recently , Henze , Lachenmann , and Stockhausen .	Austro-German	In what tradition of music did Brahms Wagner and Hadyn achieve fame ?
In the field of music , Germany claims some of the most renowned classical composers of the world including Bach , Mozart and Beethoven , who marked the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music .	Beethoven	Who marked the switch from classical to romantic eras in classical music ?
As of 2008 -LSB- update -RSB- , Germany is the fourth largest music market in the world and has exerted a strong influence on Dance and Rock music , and pioneered trance music .	fourth largest	In 2008 , , where was Germany ranked as a world music market ?
As of 2008 -LSB- update -RSB- , Germany is the fourth largest music market in the world and has exerted a strong influence on Dance and Rock music , and pioneered trance music .	trance	What type of music was pioneered in Germany ?
German musicians and , particularly , the pioneering bands Tangerine Dream and Kraftwerk have also contributed to the development of electronic music .	electronic	What type of music does Kraftwerk make ?
The Rock am Ring festival is the largest music festival in Germany , and among the largest in the world .	Rock am Ring	What is the largest music festival in Germany ?
Germany hosts some of the largest Goth scenes and festivals in the entire world , with events like Wave-Gothic-Treffen and M'era Luna Festival easily attracting up to 30,000 people .	up to 30,000	How many people does M'era Luna Festival attract ?
German cinema dates back to the very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky .	Max Skladanowsky	Who was the original German cinematic ?
The Nazi era produced mostly propaganda films although the work of Leni Riefenstahl still introduced new aesthetics in film .	propaganda	What types of film were produced in the Nazi era ?
From the 1960s , New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff , Werner Herzog , Wim Wenders , Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West-German cinema back onto the international stage with their often provocative films , while the Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft controlled film production in the GDR .	Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft	Who controls film production in the GDR ?
From the 1960s , New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff , Werner Herzog , Wim Wenders , Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West-German cinema back onto the international stage with their often provocative films , while the Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft controlled film production in the GDR .	1960s	When did German cinema come back internationally ?
More recently , films such as Das Boot -LRB- 1981 -RRB- , The Never Ending Story -LRB- 1984 -RRB- Run Lola Run -LRB- 1998 -RRB- , Das Experiment -LRB- 2001 -RRB- , Good Bye Lenin !	1984	In what year was the never ending story made ?
In 2002 the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to Caroline Link 's Nowhere in Africa , in 2007 to Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck 's The Lives of Others .	Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film	What award did Nowhere in Africa win in 2002 ?
In 2002 the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to Caroline Link 's Nowhere in Africa , in 2007 to Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck 's The Lives of Others .	2007	In what year did The Lives of Others win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language ?
The Berlin International Film Festival , held yearly since 1951 , is one of the world 's foremost film and cinema festivals .	yearly	How often is the Berlin International Film Festival held ?
The Berlin International Film Festival , held yearly since 1951 , is one of the world 's foremost film and cinema festivals .	1951	What was the first year of the Berlin International Film Festival ?
In 1517 , Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith .	1517	In what year did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church ?
The Thirty Years ' War -LRB- 1618 -- 1648 -RRB- was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history .	1618–1648	During what years was the thirty year war ?
Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically .	Roman Catholicism	Until the Reformation , what was the established religion in Germany ?
The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany , and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe .	Germany	Where was the thirty year war primarily fought ?
The war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire .	Protestants and Catholics	Who was the thirty year war between ?
According to the latest nationwide census , Roman Catholics constituted 30.8 % of the total population of Germany , followed by the Evangelical Protestants at 30.3 % .	30.8	What percentage of Germans are Roman Catholic ?
According to the latest nationwide census , Roman Catholics constituted 30.8 % of the total population of Germany , followed by the Evangelical Protestants at 30.3 % .	30.3	What percentage of Germans are Evangelical Protestants ?
The North and East Germany is predominantly Protestant , the South and West rather Catholic .	Protestant	What religion is the North and East part of Germany ?
Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the East German states .	Hamburg and the East German states	Where is there a non-religious majority ?
Sport forms an integral part of German life , as demonstrated by the fact that 27 million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue such an activity individually .	27 million	How many Germans are members of sports clubs ?
Football is by far the most popular sport , and the German Football Federation -LRB- Deutscher Fußballbund -RRB- with more than 6.3 million members is the largest athletic organisation in the country .	Football	What is the most popular sport in Germany ?
Football is by far the most popular sport , and the German Football Federation -LRB- Deutscher Fußballbund -RRB- with more than 6.3 million members is the largest athletic organisation in the country .	German Football Federation	What is the largest athletic organisation in the country ?
Football is by far the most popular sport , and the German Football Federation -LRB- Deutscher Fußballbund -RRB- with more than 6.3 million members is the largest athletic organisation in the country .	6.3 million	How many members are in the German Football Federation ?
Since the 2006 FIFA World Cup , the internal and external evaluation of Germany 's national image has changed .	2006	What year was the turning point for Germany in the Nation Brands Index ?
Another global opinion poll , for the BBC , revealed that Germany is recognised for the most positive influence in the world in 2010 .	2010	What year did BBC reveal that Germany is the most positive influence in the world ?
A majority of 59 % have a positive view of the country , while 14 % have a negative view .	14%	what percentage have a negative view of Germany ?
A majority of 59 % have a positive view of the country , while 14 % have a negative view .	59	What percentage of people have a positive view of Germany ?
Pan-Germanism 's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars .	19th	In what century did the Pan-Germanisms origins begin ?
Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes .	Nationalism	What movement came out of the French Revolution ?
Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes .	aristocratic regimes	Who was threatened by Nationalism ?
Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries , ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs .	Romanovs and the Habsburgs	Who ruled central and Eastern Europe during the 19th century ?
The new German nationalists , mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia , sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German -LRB- Volksdeutsche -RRB- people .	East Prussia	Where was Johann Tillmann from ?
By the 1860s the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire were the two most powerful nations dominated by German-speaking elites .	Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire	Who were the two most powerful nations in the 1860 's ?
The German Empire -LRB- `` Second Reich '' -RRB- was created in 1871 following the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states , while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule .	1871	When was the German Empire created ?
The German Empire -LRB- `` Second Reich '' -RRB- was created in 1871 following the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states , while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule .	head of a union of German-speaking states	Who was Wilhelm I ?
Both sought to expand their influence and territory .	influence and territory	What were Prussia and Austria looking to expand ?
The Austrian Empire -- like the Holy Roman Empire -- was a multi-ethnic state , but German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority ; the creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities especially the Hungarians .	The Austrian Empire	Which empire was a multi ethnic state ?
At the treaty of Versailles Germany was substantially reduced in size .	treaty of Versailles	What greatly reduced the size of Germany after WWI ?
The name German-Austria was forbidden by the victorious powers of World War I. Volga Germans living in the Soviet Union were interned in gulags or forcibly relocated during the Second World War .	Volga Germans	Who was relocated during the second world war from the Soviet Union ?
Rump-Austria , which to a certain extent corresponded to the German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary -LRB- a complete split into language groups was impossible due to multi-lingual areas and language-exclaves -RRB- adopted the name `` German-Austria '' -LRB- German : Deutschösterreich -RRB- .	German-Austria	What name did Rump-Austria adopt ?
Rump-Austria , which to a certain extent corresponded to the German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary -LRB- a complete split into language groups was impossible due to multi-lingual areas and language-exclaves -RRB- adopted the name `` German-Austria '' -LRB- German : Deutschösterreich -RRB- .	Deutschösterreich	What is the German translation for German-Austria ?
During a study in 2009 , in which some 2,000 German citizens age 14 and upwards filled out a questionnaire , nearly 60 % of those surveyed agreed with the sentiment `` I 'm proud to be German . ''	60	What percentage of 14 year olds said they were proud to be German in 2009 ?
And 78 % , if free to choose their nation , would opt for German nationality with `` near or absolute certainty '' .	78	What percentage of 14 year olds in 2009 said they would choose German for their nationality if they got to choose ?
According to Eugen Buss , a sociology professor at the University of Hohenheim , there 's an ongoing normalisation and more and more Germans are becoming openly proud of their country .	University of Hohenheim	Where does Eugen Buss work ?
In the midst of the European sovereign-debt crisis , Radek Sikorski , Poland 's Foreign Minister , stated in November 2011 , `` I will probably be the first Polish foreign minister in history to say so , but here it is : I fear German power less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity .	Radek Sikorski	Who was Poland 's foreign minister in 2011 ?
The evolution in Germany 's national identity stems from focusing less on its Nazi past and more on its Prussian history , which many Germans believe was betrayed -- and not represented -- by Nazism .	Nazi past	What are Germans trying to forget ?
The evolution in Germany 's national identity stems from focusing less on its Nazi past and more on its Prussian history , which many Germans believe was betrayed -- and not represented -- by Nazism .	Prussian history	What are Germans trying to focus on ?
The evolution is further precipitated by Germany 's conspicuous position as Europe 's strongest economy .	Germany	Who is Europe 's strongest economy ?
It is the second-largest city in Connecticut -LRB- after Bridgeport -RRB- , with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census .	Bridgeport	What is the largest city in Connecticuty ?
According to a census of 1 July 2012 , by the Census Bureau , the city had a population of 130,741 .	130,741	What was the population of New Haven according to the 2012 Census ?
It is the second-largest city in Connecticut -LRB- after Bridgeport -RRB- , with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census .	129,779	What was the population of New Haven according to the 2010 Census ?
New Haven -LRB- local / nuː ˈheɪvən / , noo-HAY-vən -RRB- , in the U.S. state of Connecticut , is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010 .	862,477	What was the population of Greater New Haven in 2010 ?
It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , which in turn comprises the outer limits of the New York metropolitan area .	Long Island Sound	New Haven Harbor is located on the northern shore of what waterway ?
New Haven -LRB- local / nuː ˈheɪvən / , noo-HAY-vən -RRB- , in the U.S. state of Connecticut , is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010 .	Connecticut	In which US state is New Haven located ?
It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , which in turn comprises the outer limits of the New York metropolitan area .	New Haven County	In what county is New Haven located ?
It is the second-largest city in Connecticut -LRB- after Bridgeport -RRB- , with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census .	129,779	What is the population of New Haven according to the 2010 United States Census ?
It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , which in turn comprises the outer limits of the New York metropolitan area .	New York metropolitan area	New Haven County makes up the outer limits of what major metropolitan area ?
It is the second-largest city in Connecticut -LRB- after Bridgeport -RRB- , with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census .	129,779	What is the population of New Haven City in 2010 ?
It is the second-largest city in Connecticut -LRB- after Bridgeport -RRB- , with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census .	Bridgeport	What is Connecticut 's biggest city ?
It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , which in turn comprises the outer limits of the New York metropolitan area .	New Haven County,	In what county is New Haven located in ?
New Haven -LRB- local / nuː ˈheɪvən / , noo-HAY-vən -RRB- , in the U.S. state of Connecticut , is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010 .	862,477	The population of the Greater New Haven in 2010 ?
It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , which in turn comprises the outer limits of the New York metropolitan area .	New York	What is the metropolitan next to New Haven County , Connecticut ?
In April 1638 , the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor .	five hundred	How many Puritans were in the initial group that settled New Haven ?
The Quinnipiacs , who were under attack by neighboring Pequots , sold their land to the settlers in return for protection .	The Quinnipiacs	What group sold the land to the Puritans ?
The Quinnipiacs , who were under attack by neighboring Pequots , sold their land to the settlers in return for protection .	Pequots	The Quinnipiacs were under attack by what group ?
In April 1638 , the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor .	Reverend John Davenport	What is the name of the religious leader who co-led this founding group ?
In April 1638 , the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor .	Theophilus Eaton	What is the name of the London merchant who co-led this founding group ?
In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area and wintered over .	1637	In what year did the Puritans survey New Haven Harbor ?
In April 1638 , the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor .	Massachusetts Bay Colony	From what colony did the original 500 Puritan settlers originate ?
In April 1638 , the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor .	Reverend John Davenport	Who was the religious leader of the original Puritan settlers ?
In April 1638 , the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor .	1638	In what year did the original 500 Puritan settlers arrive in the New Haven harbor area ?
The Quinnipiacs , who were under attack by neighboring Pequots , sold their land to the settlers in return for protection .	Quinnipiacs	From what native tribe did the original Puritan settlers purchase land in exchange for the offer of providing protection ?
In April 1638 , the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor .	1638	What year begin the founding of New Haven Harbor ?
In April 1638 , the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor .	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Where did the settlers came from ?
The Quinnipiacs , who were under attack by neighboring Pequots , sold their land to the settlers in return for protection .	Quinnipiacs,	What was the name of the Native Americans that sold them the land ?
These settlers were hoping to establish a -LRB- in their mind -RRB- better theological community , with the government more closely linked to the church than the one they left in Massachusetts and sought to take advantage of the excellent port capabilities of the harbor .	better theological community	In comparison to Massachusetts what where settlers hoping to establish in New Haven Harbor ?
In April 1638 , the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor .	Reverend John Davenport	Who was the religious leader that lead the pilgrims to New Haven Harbor ?
One of the principal differences between the two colonies was that the New Haven colony was an intolerant theocracy that did not permit other churches to be established , while the Connecticut colony permitted the establishment of other churches .	New Haven colony was an intolerant theocracy that did not permit other churches to be established	How did New Haven colony differ from Connecticut colony in regard to religion ?
However , the area north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678 , when it was renamed Hamden .	Quinnipiac	What was the name of the settlement before it was called New Haven ?
However , the area north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678 , when it was renamed Hamden .	Hamden	What was the name of the area north of New Haven changed to in 1678 ?
At the time , the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony , which had been established to the north centering on Hartford .	Hartford	What was the town center of the Connecticut colony ?
By 1640 , the town 's theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place , and the town was renamed Newhaven from Quinnipiac .	theocratic government	What type of government did the Puritan settlers establish ?
By 1640 , the town 's theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place , and the town was renamed Newhaven from Quinnipiac .	1640	By what year did the Puritan settlers rename the area from Quinnipac to Newhaven ?
However , the area north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678 , when it was renamed Hamden .	1678	In what year was the northern area of New Haven renamed Hamden ?
At the time , the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony , which had been established to the north centering on Hartford .	Connecticut Colony	What colony was located to the north of New Haven Colony , centered around the area known as Hartford ?
One of the principal differences between the two colonies was that the New Haven colony was an intolerant theocracy that did not permit other churches to be established , while the Connecticut colony permitted the establishment of other churches .	other churches to be established	What did New Haven Colony not permit that principally distinguished it from Connecticut Colony ?
However , the area north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678 , when it was renamed Hamden .	Hamden	In 1678 what was the new name of the Northern part of New Haven ?
At the time , the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony , which had been established to the north centering on Hartford .	Hartford	New Haven Colony was separated from the Connecticut Colony which was located where ?
One of the principal differences between the two colonies was that the New Haven colony was an intolerant theocracy that did not permit other churches to be established , while the Connecticut colony permitted the establishment of other churches .	an intolerant theocracy	What made New Haven different from the other colonies in Connecticut ?
By 1640 , the town 's theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place , and the town was renamed Newhaven from Quinnipiac .	Quinnipiac	Where was the headquarters of the New Haven Colony located ?
On 23 April 1775 , which is still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day , the Second Company , Governor 's Foot Guard , of New Haven entered the struggle against the governing British parliament .	Powder House Day	What is the name given to the celebrated date of 23 April 1775 in New Haven ?
Under Captain Benedict Arnold , they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge , Massachusetts .	Benedict Arnold	Who was the captain of New Haven 's Second Company , Governor 's Foot Guard ?
Under Captain Benedict Arnold , they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge , Massachusetts .	a three-day march	How long did the march from New Haven to Cambridge , Massachusetts take Arnold and his men ?
As the American Revolution approached , General David Wooster and other influential residents hoped that the conflict with the government in Britain could be resolved short of rebellion .	General David Wooster	Who was the influential New Haven general that hoped to avoid conflict with the British Parliament as the American Revolution loomed closer ?
On 23 April 1775 , which is still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day , the Second Company , Governor 's Foot Guard , of New Haven entered the struggle against the governing British parliament .	23 April 1775	What date is still commemorated by Powder House Day in New Haven ?
On 23 April 1775 , which is still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day , the Second Company , Governor 's Foot Guard , of New Haven entered the struggle against the governing British parliament .	Governor's Foot Guard	What was the name of the Second Company in New Haven that was the first to enter the inaugural struggle with the British ?
Under Captain Benedict Arnold , they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge , Massachusetts .	Captain Benedict Arnold	Under whose leadership did the Governor 's Foot Guard break into the powder house to arm themselves ?
Under Captain Benedict Arnold , they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge , Massachusetts .	Cambridge, Massachusetts	Toward what area did the New Haven militia march for three days following the powder house incident ?
On 23 April 1775 , which is still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day , the Second Company , Governor 's Foot Guard , of New Haven entered the struggle against the governing British parliament .	23 April	Power House Day is celebrated on what day in New Haven ?
Under Captain Benedict Arnold , they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge , Massachusetts .	Benedict Arnold	What is the name of infamous historical person who played an important role on Power House Day ?
Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort George Washington from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge .	Cambridge	Where was George Washington planning to go after staying in New Haven ?
On 23 April 1775 , which is still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day , the Second Company , Governor 's Foot Guard , of New Haven entered the struggle against the governing British parliament .	Governor's Foot Guard	What is the name of the New Haven Militia that fought on during Powder House Day ?
Contemporary reports , from both sides , remark on the New Haven volunteers ' professional military bearing , including uniforms .	uniforms.	Although the militia were mainly made of volunteers what item distinguish them from other militia companies ?
On July 5 , 1779 , 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon , governor of New York , landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the 3,500-person town .	General William Tryon	What is the name of the General who led the raid against New Haven on July 5 , 1779 ?
Yale president Ezra Stiles recounted in his diary that while he moved furniture in anticipation of battle , he still could n't quite believe the revolution had begun .	Ezra Stiles	Who was the president of Yale at the time of the attack ?
New Haven was not torched as the invaders did with Danbury in 1777 , or Fairfield and Norwalk a week after the New Haven raid , so many of the town 's colonial features were preserved .	New Haven was not torched	Why did New Haven fair better than other invaded cities ?
On July 5 , 1779 , 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon , governor of New York , landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the 3,500-person town .	2,600	What was the size of the invading force ?
On July 5 , 1779 , 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon , governor of New York , landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the 3,500-person town .	General William Tryon	Who was the governor of New York under which the loyalist and British raid of New Haven took place ?
A militia of Yale students had been prepping for battle , and former Yale president and Yale Divinity School professor Naphtali Daggett rode out to confront the Redcoats .	Yale	The students of what New Haven university formed an ad-hoc militia to confront the Redcoats ?
A militia of Yale students had been prepping for battle , and former Yale president and Yale Divinity School professor Naphtali Daggett rode out to confront the Redcoats .	Naphtali Daggett	Who was the professor of Yale Divinity School that led the student militia to confront the Redcoats ?
On July 5 , 1779 , 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon , governor of New York , landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the 3,500-person town .	July 5, 1779	On what date did the loyalists and Redcoats land in New Haven Harbor to commence a raid on New Haven ?
Yale president Ezra Stiles recounted in his diary that while he moved furniture in anticipation of battle , he still could n't quite believe the revolution had begun .	Ezra Stiles	Who was the president of Yale that provided diary accounts expressing disbelief over the commencement of the revolution in New Haven ?
On July 5 , 1779 , 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon , governor of New York , landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the 3,500-person town .	William Tryon	What is the name of the general that lead British regulars to New Haven Harbor ?
A militia of Yale students had been prepping for battle , and former Yale president and Yale Divinity School professor Naphtali Daggett rode out to confront the Redcoats .	Yale	A group of militia from a very famous modern town in Connecticut came to fought in the Harbor , what was the name of their town ?
A militia of Yale students had been prepping for battle , and former Yale president and Yale Divinity School professor Naphtali Daggett rode out to confront the Redcoats .	Naphtali Daggett	The militia that fought in New Haven was lead by who ?
New Haven was not torched as the invaders did with Danbury in 1777 , or Fairfield and Norwalk a week after the New Haven raid , so many of the town 's colonial features were preserved .	town's colonial features were preserved.	After the battle were New Haven historical features lost or torched ?
The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of Eli Whitney , a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the cotton gin and establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the Hamden town line .	Eli Whitney	Who is the Yale graduate , inventor , and arms manufacturer that had a large positive impact on the New Haven economy in the late 18th century ?
The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of Eli Whitney , a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the cotton gin and establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the Hamden town line .	the cotton gin	What invention , for which he is primarily known , did Eli Whitney develop in New Haven ?
That area is still known as Whitneyville , and the main road through both towns is known as Whitney Avenue .	Whitneyville	What is the area near Hamden that was renamed for Eli Whitney ?
His factory , along with that of Simeon North , and the lively clock-making and brass hardware sectors , contributed to making early Connecticut a powerful manufacturing economy ; so many arms manufacturers sprang up that the state became known as `` The Arsenal of America '' .	"The Arsenal of America"	What was the nickname given to Connecticut due to the large number of arms manufacturers that arose in the state ?
It was in Whitney 's gun-manufacturing plant that Samuel Colt invented the automatic revolver in 1836 .	Samuel Colt	In 1836 , who invented the automatic revolver in Eli Whitney 's gun manufacturing plant ?
The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of Eli Whitney , a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the cotton gin and establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the Hamden town line .	Eli Whitney	What is the name of the inventor that created the cotton gin in New Haven ?
That area is still known as Whitneyville , and the main road through both towns is known as Whitney Avenue .	Whitney Avenue	What is the name of the main road that connects New Haven to Hamden ?
The factory is now the Eli Whitney Museum , which has a particular emphasis on activities for children and exhibits pertaining to the A. C. Gilbert Company .	A. C. Gilbert	What was the company that was responsible Connecticut rise as a manufacturing economy ?
His factory , along with that of Simeon North , and the lively clock-making and brass hardware sectors , contributed to making early Connecticut a powerful manufacturing economy ; so many arms manufacturers sprang up that the state became known as `` The Arsenal of America '' .	The Arsenal of America	The rise of gun factories within Connecticut earn the state what name ?
It was in Whitney 's gun-manufacturing plant that Samuel Colt invented the automatic revolver in 1836 .	1836	In what year was the first automatic revolver invented ?
New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when , in 1839 , the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven 's United States District Court .	1839	In what year did an important trial take place which situated New Haven among the forefront of the growing anti-slavery movement ?
New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when , in 1839 , the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven 's United States District Court .	Mende	What tribesman were being transported as slaves on a ship by the Spanish ?
New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when , in 1839 , the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven 's United States District Court .	Amistad	What was the name of the Spanish slave ship used to transport the Mende tribesmen ?
There is a statue of Joseph Cinqué , the informal leader of the slaves , beside City Hall .	Joseph Cinqué	Who was the informal leader of the slaves to whom there is a statue dedicated beside City Hall in New Haven ?
Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech on slavery in New Haven in 1860 , shortly before he secured the Republican nomination for President .	Abraham Lincoln	In 1860 , what notable U.S. president gave a speech on slavery in New Haven ?
There is a statue of Joseph Cinqué , the informal leader of the slaves , beside City Hall .	Joseph Cinqué	Who was the leader of slaves during the New Haven anti slavery movement in 1839
Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech on slavery in New Haven in 1860 , shortly before he secured the Republican nomination for President .	Abraham Lincoln	What famous president made a speech in New Haven in 1860 ?
New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when , in 1839 , the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven 's United States District Court .	Mende tribesmen	Exactly who were the slaves upon the Spanish slaveship ?
New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when , in 1839 , the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven 's United States District Court .	Amistad	What is the name of the slaveship that once sit in New Haven Harbor ?
The American Civil War boosted the local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods , including that of the New Haven Arms Company , which would later become the Winchester Repeating Arms Company .	American Civil War	What major war stimulated the New Haven economy by way of industrial goods purchased through the New Haven Arms Company ?
The American Civil War boosted the local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods , including that of the New Haven Arms Company , which would later become the Winchester Repeating Arms Company .	Winchester Repeating Arms Company	What was the New Haven Arms Company later renamed ?
After the war , population grew and doubled by the start of the 20th century , most notably due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe , particularly Italy .	Italy	The increase in immigrants from what country in southern Europe had a notable impact on the population growth in New Haven in the early 20th century ?
Today , roughly half the populations of East Haven , West Haven , and North Haven are Italian-American .	Italian-American	What ethnic group currently comprises approximately half the population of East Haven , West Haven and North Haven ?
Westville was the center of Jewish life in New Haven , though today many have fanned out to suburban communities such as Woodbridge and Cheshire .	Westville	What area of New Haven was known for being the center of the Jewish community ?
The American Civil War boosted the local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods , including that of the New Haven Arms Company , which would later become the Winchester Repeating Arms Company .	New Haven Arms Company	What was the original name of the famous rifle manufacturing companies in New Haven ?
Today , roughly half the populations of East Haven , West Haven , and North Haven are Italian-American .	Italian-American	In modern day New Haven who makes up for majority of the demographics in terms of ethnicity ?
After the war , population grew and doubled by the start of the 20th century , most notably due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe , particularly Italy .	population grew and doubled	The Civil War had many effects after the war , what was the main effect for New Haven ?
In 1954 , then-mayor Richard C. Lee began some of the earliest major urban renewal projects in the United States .	Richard C. Lee	What New Haven mayor is responsible for projects that placed the city among the forefront of urban renewal in the U.S. circa 1954 ?
Other parts of the city were affected by the construction of Interstate 95 along the Long Wharf section , Interstate 91 , and the Oak Street Connector .	Interstate 95	What major U.S. interstate runs along the Long Wharf section of New Haven ?
The Oak Street Connector -LRB- Route 34 -RRB- , running between Interstate 95 , downtown , and The Hill neighborhood , was originally intended as a highway to the city 's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area , with the area to the west becoming a boulevard -LRB- See `` Redevelopment '' below -RRB- .	The Oak Street Connector	What New Haven thoroughfare runs between Interstate 95 , downtown , and the neighborhood known as The Hill ?
The Oak Street Connector -LRB- Route 34 -RRB- , running between Interstate 95 , downtown , and The Hill neighborhood , was originally intended as a highway to the city 's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area , with the area to the west becoming a boulevard -LRB- See `` Redevelopment '' below -RRB- .	the city's western suburbs	What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service ?
The Oak Street Connector -LRB- Route 34 -RRB- , running between Interstate 95 , downtown , and The Hill neighborhood , was originally intended as a highway to the city 's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area , with the area to the west becoming a boulevard -LRB- See `` Redevelopment '' below -RRB- .	a boulevard	What did the western portion of Route 34 ultimately become ?
In 1954 , then-mayor Richard C. Lee began some of the earliest major urban renewal projects in the United States .	Richard C. Lee	What was the name of the mayor that lead the urban development project in New Haven 1954 ?
Other parts of the city were affected by the construction of Interstate 95 along the Long Wharf section , Interstate 91 , and the Oak Street Connector .	construction of Interstate 95	What was of the major urban development that affected several New Haven neighborhood ?
The Oak Street Connector -LRB- Route 34 -RRB- , running between Interstate 95 , downtown , and The Hill neighborhood , was originally intended as a highway to the city 's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area , with the area to the west becoming a boulevard -LRB- See `` Redevelopment '' below -RRB- .	becoming a boulevard	During this redevelopment process what happen to the West part of Route 34 ?
Since approximately 2000 , many parts of downtown New Haven have been revitalized , with new restaurants , nightlife , and small retail stores .	2000	In approximately what year did revitalization most recently begin to occur in downtown New Haven ?
In particular , the area surrounding the New Haven Green has experienced an influx of apartments and condominiums .	the area surrounding the New Haven Green	What specific area of downtown New Haven enjoyed a notable increase in apartments in condominiums at the beginning of the current century ?
In recent years , downtown retail options have increased with the opening of new stores such as Urban Oufitters , J Crew , Origins , American Apparel , Gant Clothing , and an Apple Store , joining older stores such as Barnes & Noble , Cutlers Records , and Raggs Clothing .	retail	What specific service sector has substantially increased in downtown New Haven in recent years ?
In addition , downtown 's growing residential population will be served by two new supermarkets , a Stop & Shop just outside downtown and Elm City Market located one block from the Green .	Elm City Market	In addition to Stop & Shop , what new supermarket is located one block from the Green and is poised to serve the growing downtown population ?
In recent years , downtown retail options have increased with the opening of new stores such as Urban Oufitters , J Crew , Origins , American Apparel , Gant Clothing , and an Apple Store , joining older stores such as Barnes & Noble , Cutlers Records , and Raggs Clothing .	the opening of new stores	In the 21st Century what has happen to most of Downtown New Haven in terms of retail ?
The recent turnaround of downtown New Haven has received positive press from various periodicals .	positive press from various periodicals.	How has the media perceive most of these changes to the Downtown area ?
In particular , the area surrounding the New Haven Green has experienced an influx of apartments and condominiums .	experienced an influx of apartments	What has happen in New Haven Green during the 2000s ?
In addition , downtown 's growing residential population will be served by two new supermarkets , a Stop & Shop just outside downtown and Elm City Market located one block from the Green .	Stop & Shop	Including to the growth , what market chain have expanded nearby Downtown New Haven ?
The 360 State Street project is now occupied and is the largest residential building in Connecticut .	360 State Street	What multi-use project in New Haven is the largest residential building in Connecticut ?
A new boathouse and dock is planned for New Haven Harbor , and the linear park Farmington Canal Trail is set to extend into downtown New Haven within the coming year .	Farmington Canal Trail	What park is anticipated to extend to downtown New Haven ?
A new boathouse and dock is planned for New Haven Harbor , and the linear park Farmington Canal Trail is set to extend into downtown New Haven within the coming year .	New Haven Harbor	For what area are a new boathouse and dock being planned ?
The city still hopes to redevelop the site of the New Haven Coliseum , which was demolished in 2007 .	New Haven Coliseum	What is the city landmark demolished in 2007 that the city ultimately wish to redevelop ?
Major projects include the current construction of a new campus for Gateway Community College downtown , and also a 32-story , 500-unit apartment/retail building called 360 State Street .	360 State Street.	What is the name of building project is taking place in Gateway Community College downtown ?
A new boathouse and dock is planned for New Haven Harbor , and the linear park Farmington Canal Trail is set to extend into downtown New Haven within the coming year .	dock is planned	The New Haven Harbor is receiving what kind of adjustment ?
The city still hopes to redevelop the site of the New Haven Coliseum , which was demolished in 2007 .	New Haven Coliseum	The city of New Haven wants to redevelop/build what sort of structure ?
A new boathouse and dock is planned for New Haven Harbor , and the linear park Farmington Canal Trail is set to extend into downtown New Haven within the coming year .	linear park Farmington Canal Trail	In terms of infrastructure , what is being develop in the downtown area ?
Additionally , foundation and ramp work to widen I-95 to create a new harbor crossing for New Haven , with an extradosed bridge to replace the 1950s-era Q Bridge , has begun .	an extradosed bridge	What type of bridge is replacing the old Q Bridge ?
In April 2009 , the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 18 white firefighters against the city .	2009	In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court entertain a lawsuit filed by 18 New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven ?
In April 2009 , the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 18 white firefighters against the city .	reverse discrimination	What was the distinguishing issue of the lawsuit over which 18 white firefighters in New Haven sought relief from the U.S. Supreme Court ?
In the subsequent Ricci v. DeStefano decision the court found 5-4 that New Haven 's decision to ignore the test results violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .	Ricci v. DeStefano	What was the name of the case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the city of New Haven had violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by denying any firefighter a promotion ?
The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department .	2003	In what year did low scores of black firefighters on a promotion test issued by the New Haven Fire Department ultimately halt promotions for all firefighters of any race in the city ?
As a result , a district court subsequently ordered the city to promote 14 of the white firefighters .	14	How many of the 18 white firefighters received promotions via district court order to the city of New Haven following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in favor of the petitioning firefighters ?
In the subsequent Ricci v. DeStefano decision the court found 5-4 that New Haven 's decision to ignore the test results violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .	to ignore the test results	What was the decision from the 2009 Supreme Court Case ?
In April 2009 , the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 18 white firefighters against the city .	firefighters against the city	The Court case was involve between which two parties ?
After the tests were scored , no black firefighters scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion , so the city announced that no one would be promoted .	no one would be promoted	What did the city do after the fail test scores for promotions ?
As a result , a district court subsequently ordered the city to promote 14 of the white firefighters .	14 of the white firefighters	Out of how many of the white fireman got a promotion afterwards ?
In 2010 and 2011 , state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut -LRB- and Massachusetts -RRB- to construct the Hartford Line , with a southern terminus at New Haven 's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield 's Union Station .	Hartford Line	Funding was awarded to Connecticut in 2010 and 2011 to build what line with a southern terminus in New Haven ?
In 2010 and 2011 , state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut -LRB- and Massachusetts -RRB- to construct the Hartford Line , with a southern terminus at New Haven 's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield 's Union Station .	Union Station	At what terminal in New Haven was the Hartford Line slated to originate ?
In 2010 and 2011 , state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut -LRB- and Massachusetts -RRB- to construct the Hartford Line , with a southern terminus at New Haven 's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield 's Union Station .	Springfield's Union Station	What location provided the northern terminus for the Hartford Line ?
The vision for this corridor is to restore the alignment to its original route via the Knowledge Corridor in western Massachusetts , improving trip time and increasing the population base that can be served . ''	Knowledge Corridor	What is the name of the corridor in western Massachusetts by which federal authorities sought to improve trip times and the amount of the population served in both New Haven and Springfield ?
Set for construction in 2013 , the `` Knowledge Corridor high speed intercity passenger rail '' project will cost approximately $ 1 billion , and the ultimate northern terminus for the project is reported to be Montreal in Canada .	2013	In what year was the `` Knowledge corridor high speed intercity passenger rail '' slated for construction ?
In 2010 and 2011 , state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut -LRB- and Massachusetts -RRB- to construct the Hartford Line , with a southern terminus at New Haven 's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield 's Union Station .	Hartford Line	What is the name of the train line that connects Connecticut and Massachusetts together ?
In 2010 and 2011 , state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut -LRB- and Massachusetts -RRB- to construct the Hartford Line , with a southern terminus at New Haven 's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield 's Union Station .	New Haven's Union Station	Where is the starting point of the terminus line in New Haven ?
According to the White House , `` This corridor -LSB- currently -RSB- has one train per day connecting communities in Connecticut and Massachusetts to the Northeast Corridor and Vermont .	Vermont	The purpose of the train line is to connect Connecticut and Massachusetts to what state north ?
Set for construction in 2013 , the `` Knowledge Corridor high speed intercity passenger rail '' project will cost approximately $ 1 billion , and the ultimate northern terminus for the project is reported to be Montreal in Canada .	in 2013	When does the Knowledge Corridor line begins it 's construction ?
Train speeds between will reportedly exceed 110 miles per hour -LRB- 180 km/h -RRB- and increase both cities ' rail traffic exponentially .	180 km/h	Generally how fast are these trains ?
New Haven 's best-known geographic features are its large deep harbor , and two reddish basalt trap rock ridges which rise to the northeast and northwest of the city core .	basalt trap rock ridges	In addition to the New Haven Harbor , what additional natural element is a prominent geographic feature of the area , flanking the northeast and northwest boundaries ?
West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east-west passage of the Wilbur Cross Parkway -LRB- the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut -RRB- , and once served as the hideout of the `` Regicides '' -LRB- see : Regicides Trail -RRB- .	West Rock	Which trap rock ridge was altered to accommodate the east-west portion of the Wilbur Park Crossway ?
West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east-west passage of the Wilbur Cross Parkway -LRB- the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut -RRB- , and once served as the hideout of the `` Regicides '' -LRB- see : Regicides Trail -RRB- .	"Regicides"	What was the name of the group that once utilized West Rock as a hideout , known colloquially as `` The Three Judges ? ''
East Rock features the prominent Soldiers and Sailors war monument on its peak as well as the `` Great/Giant Steps '' which run up the rock 's cliffside .	Soldiers and Sailors	What is the name of the war monument located at the peak of East Rock ?
East Rock features the prominent Soldiers and Sailors war monument on its peak as well as the `` Great/Giant Steps '' which run up the rock 's cliffside .	"Great/Giant Steps"	What is the name for the popular feature that ascends the cliffside of East Rock ?
New Haven 's best-known geographic features are its large deep harbor , and two reddish basalt trap rock ridges which rise to the northeast and northwest of the city core .	large deep harbor	What is New Haven best known for in terms of the main landmark and structure ?
These trap rocks are known respectively as East Rock and West Rock , and both serve as extensive parks .	as extensive parks	In terms of economy and geographic landscape what is the used for the two trop rocks ridges north nearby the city ?
West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east-west passage of the Wilbur Cross Parkway -LRB- the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut -RRB- , and once served as the hideout of the `` Regicides '' -LRB- see : Regicides Trail -RRB- .	highway tunnel	The West Rock is also used for what sort of infrastructure ?
East Rock features the prominent Soldiers and Sailors war monument on its peak as well as the `` Great/Giant Steps '' which run up the rock 's cliffside .	war monument	What does the Eastern Rocks offer as a park on the other hand ?
The city is drained by three rivers ; the West , Mill , and Quinnipiac , named in order from west to east .	three	By how many rivers is the city of New Haven drained ?
The West River discharges into West Haven Harbor , while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor .	West River	Which New Haven river releases into West Haven Harbor ?
The West River discharges into West Haven Harbor , while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor .	New Haven Harbor	Into what local body of water do the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge ?
Both harbors are embayments of Long Island Sound .	Long Island Sound	Into what larger waterway do the West Haven Harbor and New Haven Harbor recess as embayments ?
The city is drained by three rivers ; the West , Mill , and Quinnipiac , named in order from west to east .	the West	What is the name of the western river in the city of New Haven ?
The city is drained by three rivers ; the West , Mill , and Quinnipiac , named in order from west to east .	Quinnipiac	The eastern river bears the name of the Native American Tribes that once live in New Haven , what is the name ?
The West River discharges into West Haven Harbor , while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor .	New Haven Harbor	The two eastern rivers meets in which of New Haven Harbor ?
Both harbors are embayments of Long Island Sound .	Long Island Sound.	These two harbors are part of what estuary ?
Not all of these small streams have continuous flow year-round .	Not all of these small streams	Are all of New Haven 's smaller stream active through all four seasons ?
New Haven lies in the transition between a humid continental climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification : Dfa -RRB- and humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- , but having more characteristics of the former , as is typical of much of the New York metropolitan area .	Dfa	Though harboring transitive properties , what Koppen climate classification does the New Haven climate more closely characterize ?
Summers are humid and warm , with temperatures exceeding 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- on 7 -- 8 days per year .	Summers	What season is typically characterized as humid and warm in New Haven ?
Summers are humid and warm , with temperatures exceeding 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- on 7 -- 8 days per year .	90 °F (32 °C)	What baseline temperature threshold do temperatures normally exceed throughout the summer in New Haven ?
Winters are cold with moderate snowfall interspersed with rainfall and occasionally mixed precipitation .	moderate	How heavy is the snowfall typically throughout the winter in New Haven ?
New Haven lies in the transition between a humid continental climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification : Dfa -RRB- and humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- , but having more characteristics of the former , as is typical of much of the New York metropolitan area .	New York	New Haven 's climate is largely analogous to what major adjoining metropolitan area ?
New Haven lies in the transition between a humid continental climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification : Dfa -RRB- and humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- , but having more characteristics of the former , as is typical of much of the New York metropolitan area .	humid continental climate	The New Haven 's area closesly resemble which type of climate ?
Summers are humid and warm , with temperatures exceeding 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- on 7 -- 8 days per year .	7–8 days per year	Does summertime gets weather hotter than 90 degrees ?
Winters are cold with moderate snowfall interspersed with rainfall and occasionally mixed precipitation .	moderate snowfall	Due to being a coastal city , how much snow does the city gets ?
The weather patterns that affect New Haven result from a primarily offshore direction , thus reducing the marine influence of Long Island Sound -- although , like other marine areas , differences in temperature between areas right along the coastline and areas a mile or two inland can be large at times .	differences in temperature between areas	What is the main effects in New Haven 's weather due to being a coastal city ?
Upon founding , New Haven was laid out in a grid plan of nine square blocks ; the central square was left open , in the tradition of many New England towns , as the city green -LRB- a commons area -RRB- .	grid plan of nine square blocks	On what type of city plan was New Haven laid out upon the founding of the area ?
The city also instituted the first public tree planting program in America .	public tree planting program	For what environmental initiative is the city of New Haven known , primarily for instituting the first of its kind in America ?
As in other cities , many of the elms that gave New Haven the nickname `` Elm City '' perished in the mid-20th century due to Dutch Elm disease , although many have since been replanted .	"Elm City"	What was the nickname given to the city of New Haven due to an indigenous tree which largely perished in the mid-20th century ?
As in other cities , many of the elms that gave New Haven the nickname `` Elm City '' perished in the mid-20th century due to Dutch Elm disease , although many have since been replanted .	Dutch Elm disease	What was the cause of the sudden extinction of many of the elms in New Haven ?
The New Haven Green is currently home to three separate historic churches which speak to the original theocratic nature of the city .	New Haven Green	What public area in New Haven was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970 ?
As in other cities , many of the elms that gave New Haven the nickname `` Elm City '' perished in the mid-20th century due to Dutch Elm disease , although many have since been replanted .	Elm City"	What was New Haven 's nickname ?
The New Haven Green is currently home to three separate historic churches which speak to the original theocratic nature of the city .	New Haven Green	Due to the replanting of trees the center of the city is called what ?
It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970 .	1970	In what year did it became recognize as a landmark ?
Upon founding , New Haven was laid out in a grid plan of nine square blocks ; the central square was left open , in the tradition of many New England towns , as the city green -LRB- a commons area -RRB- .	nine square blocks	In the original plans of the city , how many city block were designed ?
The city also instituted the first public tree planting program in America .	public tree planting program	Because of it 's trees New Haven is known for being first to implemented what in the US ?
Downtown New Haven , occupied by nearly 7,000 residents , has a more residential character than most downtowns .	7,000	Approximately how many residents make up the population of downtown New Haven ?
The downtown area provides about half of the city 's jobs and half of its tax base and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants , several of which have garnered national praise -LRB- such as Ibiza , recognized by Esquire and Wine Spectator magazines as well as the New York Times as the best Spanish food in the country -RRB- , in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city .	Ibiza	What downtown New Haven restaurant was cited by the New York Times , Esquire and Wine Spectator for its outstanding Spanish cuisine ?
The downtown area provides about half of the city 's jobs and half of its tax base and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants , several of which have garnered national praise -LRB- such as Ibiza , recognized by Esquire and Wine Spectator magazines as well as the New York Times as the best Spanish food in the country -RRB- , in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city .	half	Downtown New Haven contributes approximately what amount of the overall tax base for the area ?
The downtown area provides about half of the city 's jobs and half of its tax base and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants , several of which have garnered national praise -LRB- such as Ibiza , recognized by Esquire and Wine Spectator magazines as well as the New York Times as the best Spanish food in the country -RRB- , in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city .	about half	Downtown New Haven contributes approximately how many jobs to the city ?
Downtown New Haven , occupied by nearly 7,000 residents , has a more residential character than most downtowns .	7,000 residents	How many people live in downtown New Haven ?
The downtown area provides about half of the city 's jobs and half of its tax base and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants , several of which have garnered national praise -LRB- such as Ibiza , recognized by Esquire and Wine Spectator magazines as well as the New York Times as the best Spanish food in the country -RRB- , in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city .	half of the city's jobs	In terms of economy the downtown portion is responsible for what ?
The downtown area provides about half of the city 's jobs and half of its tax base and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants , several of which have garnered national praise -LRB- such as Ibiza , recognized by Esquire and Wine Spectator magazines as well as the New York Times as the best Spanish food in the country -RRB- , in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city .	new upscale restaurants	Of the downtown area what gets the most positive media coverage ?
The downtown area provides about half of the city 's jobs and half of its tax base and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants , several of which have garnered national praise -LRB- such as Ibiza , recognized by Esquire and Wine Spectator magazines as well as the New York Times as the best Spanish food in the country -RRB- , in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city .	thousands of apartments and condominium	What has help the most with the continuous growth within the area ?
In addition to Downtown , centered on the central business district and the Green , are the following neighborhoods : the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight ; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill , historic water-front City Point -LRB- or Oyster Point -RRB- , and the harborside district of Long Wharf ; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood , West River , Westville , Amity , and West Rock-Westhills ; East Rock , Cedar Hill , Prospect Hill , and Newhallville in the northern side of town ; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square , an Italian-American neighborhood ; Fair Haven , an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers ; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River ; and facing the eastern side of the harbor , The Annex and East Shore -LRB- or Morris Cove -RRB- .	Downtown	What area of New Haven comprises the area centered around the business district and New Haven Green ?
In addition to Downtown , centered on the central business district and the Green , are the following neighborhoods : the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight ; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill , historic water-front City Point -LRB- or Oyster Point -RRB- , and the harborside district of Long Wharf ; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood , West River , Westville , Amity , and West Rock-Westhills ; East Rock , Cedar Hill , Prospect Hill , and Newhallville in the northern side of town ; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square , an Italian-American neighborhood ; Fair Haven , an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers ; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River ; and facing the eastern side of the harbor , The Annex and East Shore -LRB- or Morris Cove -RRB- .	City Point	What is the historic water-front neighborhood located in the southern area of New Haven ?
In addition to Downtown , centered on the central business district and the Green , are the following neighborhoods : the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight ; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill , historic water-front City Point -LRB- or Oyster Point -RRB- , and the harborside district of Long Wharf ; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood , West River , Westville , Amity , and West Rock-Westhills ; East Rock , Cedar Hill , Prospect Hill , and Newhallville in the northern side of town ; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square , an Italian-American neighborhood ; Fair Haven , an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers ; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River ; and facing the eastern side of the harbor , The Annex and East Shore -LRB- or Morris Cove -RRB- .	Wooster Square	What east-central neighborhood in New Haven is home to a large number of Italian-Americans ?
In addition to Downtown , centered on the central business district and the Green , are the following neighborhoods : the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight ; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill , historic water-front City Point -LRB- or Oyster Point -RRB- , and the harborside district of Long Wharf ; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood , West River , Westville , Amity , and West Rock-Westhills ; East Rock , Cedar Hill , Prospect Hill , and Newhallville in the northern side of town ; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square , an Italian-American neighborhood ; Fair Haven , an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers ; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River ; and facing the eastern side of the harbor , The Annex and East Shore -LRB- or Morris Cove -RRB- .	Fair Haven	What is the name of the neighborhood in New Haven that rests between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers , and is comprised primarily of an immigrant community ?
In addition to Downtown , centered on the central business district and the Green , are the following neighborhoods : the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight ; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill , historic water-front City Point -LRB- or Oyster Point -RRB- , and the harborside district of Long Wharf ; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood , West River , Westville , Amity , and West Rock-Westhills ; East Rock , Cedar Hill , Prospect Hill , and Newhallville in the northern side of town ; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square , an Italian-American neighborhood ; Fair Haven , an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers ; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River ; and facing the eastern side of the harbor , The Annex and East Shore -LRB- or Morris Cove -RRB- .	Long Wharf	What is the name of the district nearing the harbor of the city ?
In addition to Downtown , centered on the central business district and the Green , are the following neighborhoods : the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight ; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill , historic water-front City Point -LRB- or Oyster Point -RRB- , and the harborside district of Long Wharf ; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood , West River , Westville , Amity , and West Rock-Westhills ; East Rock , Cedar Hill , Prospect Hill , and Newhallville in the northern side of town ; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square , an Italian-American neighborhood ; Fair Haven , an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers ; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River ; and facing the eastern side of the harbor , The Annex and East Shore -LRB- or Morris Cove -RRB- .	central business district	Though the Green is the popular center of the city , there is another district , what 's the name ?
In addition to Downtown , centered on the central business district and the Green , are the following neighborhoods : the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight ; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill , historic water-front City Point -LRB- or Oyster Point -RRB- , and the harborside district of Long Wharf ; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood , West River , Westville , Amity , and West Rock-Westhills ; East Rock , Cedar Hill , Prospect Hill , and Newhallville in the northern side of town ; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square , an Italian-American neighborhood ; Fair Haven , an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers ; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River ; and facing the eastern side of the harbor , The Annex and East Shore -LRB- or Morris Cove -RRB- .	Newhallville	If you were to go northern part of New Haven , what district would you find ?
In addition to Downtown , centered on the central business district and the Green , are the following neighborhoods : the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight ; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill , historic water-front City Point -LRB- or Oyster Point -RRB- , and the harborside district of Long Wharf ; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood , West River , Westville , Amity , and West Rock-Westhills ; East Rock , Cedar Hill , Prospect Hill , and Newhallville in the northern side of town ; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square , an Italian-American neighborhood ; Fair Haven , an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers ; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River ; and facing the eastern side of the harbor , The Annex and East Shore -LRB- or Morris Cove -RRB- .	Fair Haven	Between two of it 's rivers lies a district with a heavy immigrant population , the name is ?
In addition to Downtown , centered on the central business district and the Green , are the following neighborhoods : the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight ; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill , historic water-front City Point -LRB- or Oyster Point -RRB- , and the harborside district of Long Wharf ; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood , West River , Westville , Amity , and West Rock-Westhills ; East Rock , Cedar Hill , Prospect Hill , and Newhallville in the northern side of town ; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square , an Italian-American neighborhood ; Fair Haven , an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers ; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River ; and facing the eastern side of the harbor , The Annex and East Shore -LRB- or Morris Cove -RRB- .	Italian-American	Wooster Square is known for what roots ?
New Haven 's economy originally was based in manufacturing , but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline ; the entire Northeast was affected , and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations , like New Haven , were hit particularly hard .	manufacturing	What sector originally provided the largest contribution to New Haven 's economy ?
Today , over half -LRB- 56 % -RRB- of the city 's economy is now made up of services , in particular education and health care ; Yale is the city 's largest employer , followed by Yale -- New Haven Hospital .	Yale	What entity serves as the largest employer in New Haven ?
Today , over half -LRB- 56 % -RRB- of the city 's economy is now made up of services , in particular education and health care ; Yale is the city 's largest employer , followed by Yale -- New Haven Hospital .	56%	What percentage of New Haven 's economy is based in services grounded in health care and education ?
Today , over half -LRB- 56 % -RRB- of the city 's economy is now made up of services , in particular education and health care ; Yale is the city 's largest employer , followed by Yale -- New Haven Hospital .	Yale – New Haven Hospital	What is the second largest employer in New Haven ?
Other large employers include St. Raphael Hospital , Smilow Cancer Hospital , Southern Connecticut State University , Assa Abloy Manufacturing , the Knights of Columbus headquarters , Higher One , Alexion Pharmaceuticals , Covidien and United Illuminating .	Alexion	What pharmaceutical company serves as a large employment provider for New Haven ?
New Haven 's economy originally was based in manufacturing , but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline ; the entire Northeast was affected , and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations , like New Haven , were hit particularly hard .	manufacturing	New Haven relied on what in terms of growth and economy ?
New Haven 's economy originally was based in manufacturing , but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline ; the entire Northeast was affected , and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations , like New Haven , were hit particularly hard .	entire Northeast was affected	Was the city the only one that suffer a decline within the manufacturing sector ?
Today , over half -LRB- 56 % -RRB- of the city 's economy is now made up of services , in particular education and health care ; Yale is the city 's largest employer , followed by Yale -- New Haven Hospital .	over half (56%)	In modern day how much does New Haven depend on blue collar jobs ?
Today , over half -LRB- 56 % -RRB- of the city 's economy is now made up of services , in particular education and health care ; Yale is the city 's largest employer , followed by Yale -- New Haven Hospital .	Yale	What institution has largest impact on the city 's job market ?
The Knights of Columbus , the world 's largest Catholic fraternal service organization and a Fortune 1000 company , is headquartered in New Haven .	The Knights of Columbus	What Fortune 1000 company , also the largest Catholic service organization in the world , is based in New Haven ?
Two more Fortune 1000 companies are based in Greater New Haven : the electrical equipment producers Hubbell , based in Orange , and Amphenol , based in Wallingford .	Hubbell	What prominent producer of electrical equipment , also a Fortune 1000 company , is based in Greater New Haven ?
New Haven-based companies traded on stock exchanges include NewAlliance Bank , the second largest bank in Connecticut and fourth-largest in New England -LRB- NYSE : NAL -RRB- , Higher One Holdings -LRB- NYSE : ONE -RRB- , a financial services firm United Illuminating , the electricity distributor for southern Connecticut -LRB- NYSE : UIL -RRB- , Achillion Pharmaceuticals -LRB- NASDAQ : ACHN -RRB- , Alexion Pharmaceuticals -LRB- NasdaqGS : ALXN -RRB- , and Transpro Inc. -LRB- AMEX : TPR -RRB- .	NewAlliance	What publicly traded bank , also the second largest in Connecticut , is based in New Haven ?
Other notable companies based in the city include the Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company -LRB- the candy-making division of the Hershey Company -RRB- , the American division of Assa Abloy -LRB- one of the world 's leading manufacturers of locks -RRB- , Yale University Press , and the Russell Trust Association -LRB- the business arm of the Skull and Bones Society -RRB- .	Russell Trust Association	What is the name of the New Haven-based business faction of the infamous Skull and Bones Society ?
The Southern New England Telephone Company -LRB- SNET -RRB- began operations in the city as the District Telephone Company of New Haven in 1878 ; the company remains headquartered in New Haven as a subsidiary of AT&T Inc. , now doing business as AT&T Connecticut , and provides telephone service for all but two municipalities in Connecticut .	1878	In what year did the Southern New England Telephone Company , formerly the District Telephone Company of New Haven , establish operations in the area ?
The Knights of Columbus , the world 's largest Catholic fraternal service organization and a Fortune 1000 company , is headquartered in New Haven .	Knights of Columbus	New Haven contains one of largest religious service organization in the world , it 's name ?
Two more Fortune 1000 companies are based in Greater New Haven : the electrical equipment producers Hubbell , based in Orange , and Amphenol , based in Wallingford .	Hubbell	Within the New Haven metropolitan area contain a Fortune 1000 company located in Orange , the name of the company ?
New Haven-based companies traded on stock exchanges include NewAlliance Bank , the second largest bank in Connecticut and fourth-largest in New England -LRB- NYSE : NAL -RRB- , Higher One Holdings -LRB- NYSE : ONE -RRB- , a financial services firm United Illuminating , the electricity distributor for southern Connecticut -LRB- NYSE : UIL -RRB- , Achillion Pharmaceuticals -LRB- NASDAQ : ACHN -RRB- , Alexion Pharmaceuticals -LRB- NasdaqGS : ALXN -RRB- , and Transpro Inc. -LRB- AMEX : TPR -RRB- .	NewAlliance Bank	What is the name of the second largest bank found in Connecticut ?
The Southern New England Telephone Company -LRB- SNET -RRB- began operations in the city as the District Telephone Company of New Haven in 1878 ; the company remains headquartered in New Haven as a subsidiary of AT&T Inc. , now doing business as AT&T Connecticut , and provides telephone service for all but two municipalities in Connecticut .	1878	As one of the oldest telephone companies , the SNET started in what year ?
The Southern New England Telephone Company -LRB- SNET -RRB- began operations in the city as the District Telephone Company of New Haven in 1878 ; the company remains headquartered in New Haven as a subsidiary of AT&T Inc. , now doing business as AT&T Connecticut , and provides telephone service for all but two municipalities in Connecticut .	subsidiary of AT&T	In modern day SNET operates as what in New Haven ?
The U.S. Census Bureau reports a 2010 population of 129,779 , with 47,094 households and 25,854 families within the city of New Haven .	47,094	How many households are located in New Haven according to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau report ?
The racial makeup of the city is 42.6 % White , 35.4 % African American , 0.5 % Native American , 4.6 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 12.9 % from other races , and 3.9 % from two or more races .	42.6%	What percentage of New Haven 's population is comprised by individuals identifying as White ?
The racial makeup of the city is 42.6 % White , 35.4 % African American , 0.5 % Native American , 4.6 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 12.9 % from other races , and 3.9 % from two or more races .	35.4%	What percentage of New Haven 's population is comprised by individuals identifying as African American ?
The city 's demography is shifting rapidly : New Haven has always been a city of immigrants and currently the Latino population is growing rapidly .	Latino	What minority sector of the poulation in New Haven is currently experiencing rapid growth ?
The U.S. Census Bureau reports a 2010 population of 129,779 , with 47,094 households and 25,854 families within the city of New Haven .	129,779	What is the total population of New Haven as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2010 ?
The population density is 6,859.8 people per square mile -LRB- 2,648.6 / km ² -RRB- .	2,648.6/km²	In terms of population density , what is the average person per square kilometers in New Haven ?
The racial makeup of the city is 42.6 % White , 35.4 % African American , 0.5 % Native American , 4.6 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 12.9 % from other races , and 3.9 % from two or more races .	0.5%	In regards to it resident , what is the demographic for Native Americans living in the city ?
Previous influxes among ethnic groups have been African-Americans in the postwar era , and Irish , Italian and -LRB- to a lesser degree -RRB- Slavic peoples in the prewar period .	postwar	New Haven has a large immigrant population , what seems to be one of the main cause of it throughout the last century ?
Non-Hispanic Whites were 31.8 % of the population in 2010 , down from 69.6 % in 1970 .	down from 69.6% in 1970	In modern times has the population of White/Caucasian increase or decrease since the 70s ?
New Haven is a predominantly Roman Catholic city , as the city 's Dominican , Irish , Italian , Mexican , Ecuadorian , and Puerto Rican populations are overwhelmingly Catholic .	Roman Catholic	What is the most prominent religion in New Haven ?
The city is part of the Archdiocese of Hartford .	Archdiocese of Hartford	Under what immediate jurisdiction of the Catholic Church does New Haven fall ?
There are churches for all major branches of Christianity within the city , multiple store-front churches , ministries -LRB- especially in working-class Latino and Black neighborhoods -RRB- , a mosque , many synagogues -LRB- including two yeshivas -RRB- , and other places of worship ; the level of religious diversity in the city is high .	two	How many yeshivas are located in New Haven ?
There is a growing number of -LRB- mostly Puerto Rican -RRB- Pentecostals as well .	Pentecostals	With what religious movement do many Puerto Ricans in New Haven associate ?
Jews also make up a considerable portion of the population , as do Black Baptists .	Black Baptists	In addition to Jews , what other religious community comprises a large share of the non-Catholic population of New Haven ?
New Haven is a predominantly Roman Catholic city , as the city 's Dominican , Irish , Italian , Mexican , Ecuadorian , and Puerto Rican populations are overwhelmingly Catholic .	Roman Catholic	In terms of religious affiliation , what is the most prevalent religion in the city ?
Jews also make up a considerable portion of the population , as do Black Baptists .	Baptists	There are several religious group that have seem rise in demographics , one of which is popular among African Americans being ?
There are churches for all major branches of Christianity within the city , multiple store-front churches , ministries -LRB- especially in working-class Latino and Black neighborhoods -RRB- , a mosque , many synagogues -LRB- including two yeshivas -RRB- , and other places of worship ; the level of religious diversity in the city is high .	working-class	However Christianity can be found within the city , particularly which neighborhoods ?
New Haven is the birthplace of former president George W. Bush , who was born when his father , former president George H. W. Bush , was living in New Haven while a student at Yale .	George W. Bush	What former U.S. president was born in New Haven ?
President Clinton met his wife , former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton , while the two were students at Yale Law School .	Yale Law School	What New Haven institution did former U.S. president Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton both attend ?
Former vice presidents John C. Calhoun and Dick Cheney also studied in New Haven -LRB- although the latter did not graduate from Yale -RRB- .	John C. Calhoun	What former U.S. vice president graduated from Yale University ?
Before the 2008 election , the last time there was not a person with ties to New Haven and Yale on either major party 's ticket was 1968 .	1968	Prior to 2008 , in what year did the last election occur in which neither major party had an individual on the ticket with a connection to New Haven and Yale University ?
James Hillhouse , a New Haven native , served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate in 1801 .	James Hillhouse	Who was the President pro tempore of the Senate in 1801 that was native to New Haven ?
New Haven is the birthplace of former president George W. Bush , who was born when his father , former president George H. W. Bush , was living in New Haven while a student at Yale .	George W. Bush	Which former U.S. president have been born in New Haven ?
New Haven is the birthplace of former president George W. Bush , who was born when his father , former president George H. W. Bush , was living in New Haven while a student at Yale .	Yale	Multiple president have studied at this popular college , you can guess the name of the university ?
In addition to being the site of the college educations of both Presidents Bush , as Yale students , New Haven was also the temporary home of former presidents William Howard Taft , Gerald Ford , and Bill Clinton , as well as Secretary of State John Kerry .	John Kerry	Serving in President Obama 's cabinet , this man has also studied at Yale , can you guess who ?
Before the 2008 election , the last time there was not a person with ties to New Haven and Yale on either major party 's ticket was 1968 .	1968	Yale University is heavily affiliate with our presidential candidates since what year ?
Democracy and Power in An American City , a very influential book in political science by preeminent Yale professor Robert A. Dahl , which includes an extensive history of the city and thorough description of its politics in the 1950s .	Robert A. Dahl	Who is the author of `` Who Governs ? Democracy an Power in An American City ''
New Haven 's theocratic history is also mentioned several times by Alexis de Tocqueville in his classic volume on 19th-century American political life , Democracy in America .	Democracy in America	What penultimate work by Alexis de Tocqueville makes mention of New Haven 's original theocratic government ?
New Haven was the residence of conservative thinker William F. Buckley , Jr. , in 1951 , when he wrote his influential God and Man at Yale .	William F. Buckley, Jr.	To which prominent conservative , that authored God and Man at Yale , did New Haven provide residence in 1951 ?
William Lee Miller 's The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society -LRB- 1966 -RRB- similarly explores the relationship between local politics in New Haven and national political movements , focusing on Lyndon Johnson 's Great Society and urban renewal .	William Lee Miller	Who is the author of The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society ?
Democracy and Power in An American City , a very influential book in political science by preeminent Yale professor Robert A. Dahl , which includes an extensive history of the city and thorough description of its politics in the 1950s .	Democracy and Power in An American City	What is the name of popular book discussing the politics of New Haven published in the 50s ?
New Haven 's theocratic history is also mentioned several times by Alexis de Tocqueville in his classic volume on 19th-century American political life , Democracy in America .	Alexis de Tocqueville	What famous french historian mention the city within his book Democracy in America ?
New Haven was the residence of conservative thinker William F. Buckley , Jr. , in 1951 , when he wrote his influential God and Man at Yale .	William F. Buckley, Jr.	New Haven was the home to author that wrote God and Man at Yale , the writer 's name was ?
William Lee Miller 's The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society -LRB- 1966 -RRB- similarly explores the relationship between local politics in New Haven and national political movements , focusing on Lyndon Johnson 's Great Society and urban renewal .	the Great Society	What is the name of the book published in 1966 that had focus on the city politics in relations with President Johnson 's policies ?
In 1970 , the New Haven Black Panther trials took place , the largest and longest trials in Connecticut history .	New Haven Black Panther trials	What New Haven trial is known to be the longest in the history of Connecticut ?
In 1970 , the New Haven Black Panther trials took place , the largest and longest trials in Connecticut history .	1970	In what year did the New Haven Black Panther trials take place in New Haven ?
Black Panther Party co-founder Bobby Seale and ten other Party members were tried for murdering an alleged informant .	Bobby Seale	Who was the co-founder of the Black Panthers that was placed on trial in New Haven ?
Beginning on May Day , the city became a center of protest for 12,000 Panther supporters , college students , and New Left activists -LRB- including Jean Genet , Benjamin Spock , Abbie Hoffman , Jerry Rubin , and John Froines -RRB- , who amassed on the New Haven Green , across the street from where the trials were being held .	May Day	What day marked the beginning of New Haven being overwhelmed by 12,000 individuals protesting the Black Panther trials ?
Beginning on May Day , the city became a center of protest for 12,000 Panther supporters , college students , and New Left activists -LRB- including Jean Genet , Benjamin Spock , Abbie Hoffman , Jerry Rubin , and John Froines -RRB- , who amassed on the New Haven Green , across the street from where the trials were being held .	New Haven Green	In what central New Haven location did protesters of the Black Panther trials congregate ?
In 1970 , the New Haven Black Panther trials took place , the largest and longest trials in Connecticut history .	Black Panther	What political movement group is known in within city among non whites ?
Beginning on May Day , the city became a center of protest for 12,000 Panther supporters , college students , and New Left activists -LRB- including Jean Genet , Benjamin Spock , Abbie Hoffman , Jerry Rubin , and John Froines -RRB- , who amassed on the New Haven Green , across the street from where the trials were being held .	12,000	How many attended the trials of the Black Panther in 1970 ?
Violent confrontations between the demonstrators and the New Haven police occurred , and several bombs were set off in the area by radicals .	Violent confrontations	The protest of trial result in what specifically ?
The event became a rallying point for the New Left and critics of the Nixon Administration .	the Nixon Administration	The protest also initiate the start of criticizing what presidential administration ?
Black Panther Party co-founder Bobby Seale and ten other Party members were tried for murdering an alleged informant .	Bobby Seale	What was the name of one of the party 's leader that also happen to be on trial ?
In April 2009 , the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city .	2009	In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court agree to hear a lawsuit originally filed by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters seeking relief from the city of New Haven ?
In April 2009 , the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city .	reverse discrimination	What was the primary legal issue at the center of the suit filed against New Haven by firefighters ?
The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department .	2003	In what year did the city of New Haven deny all firefighters promotions citing the poor performance of black firefighters on performance tests ?
The case , Ricci v. DeStefano , became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee -LRB- and Yale Law School graduate -RRB- Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision .	Ricci v. DeStefano	What was the name of the 2009 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court awarded relief to New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven ?
The case , Ricci v. DeStefano , became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee -LRB- and Yale Law School graduate -RRB- Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision .	Sonia Sotomayor	Which Supreme Court Justice was a graduate of Yale Law School and was currently undergoing the nomination process at the time of the 2009 lawsuit filed by firefighters against the city of New Haven ?
In April 2009 , the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city .	20 white and Hispanic firefighters	The 2009 Supreme Court Case which had the City of New Haven versus who ?
On 29 June 2009 , the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters , agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race .	29 June 2009	What was the date of the final ruling ?
The case , Ricci v. DeStefano , became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee -LRB- and Yale Law School graduate -RRB- Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision .	Ricci v. DeStefano	The actual name for the case was what ?
The case , Ricci v. DeStefano , became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee -LRB- and Yale Law School graduate -RRB- Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision .	Sonia Sotomayor	The court cast was rather popular due to which person on the case ?
On 29 June 2009 , the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters , agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race .	because of their race	Upon reaching a verdict the summary statement was that city denied the firefighter a promotion because of what ?
Garry Trudeau , creator of the political Doonesbury comic strip , attended Yale University .	Garry Trudeau	Who is the famous comic strip author of Doonesbury that attended Yale University in New Haven ?
There he met fellow student and later Green Party candidate for Congress Charles Pillsbury , a long-time New Haven resident for whom Trudeau 's comic strip is named .	Charles Pillsbury	For which long-time New Haven resident and former Yale student is Doonesbury named ?
During his college years , Pillsbury was known by the nickname `` The Doones '' .	"The Doones"	What was the Charles Pillsbury 's nickname during college ?
A theory of international law , which argues for a sociological normative approach in regards to jurisprudence , is named the New Haven Approach , after the city .	the New Haven Approach	What is the name of the international law theory , grounded in jurisprudence framed by a sociological normative approach ?
Connecticut US senator Richard Blumenthal is a Yale graduate , as is former Connecticut US Senator Joe Lieberman who also was a New Haven resident for many years , before moving back to his hometown of Stamford .	Richard Blumenthal	What sitting Connecticut U.S. senator graduated from Yale University in New Haven ?
Connecticut US senator Richard Blumenthal is a Yale graduate , as is former Connecticut US Senator Joe Lieberman who also was a New Haven resident for many years , before moving back to his hometown of Stamford .	Joe Lieberman	Which past U.S. senator had lived in New Haven and graduated from Yale ?
A theory of international law , which argues for a sociological normative approach in regards to jurisprudence , is named the New Haven Approach , after the city .	A theory of international law,	The term , the New Haven Approach was what exactly ?
There he met fellow student and later Green Party candidate for Congress Charles Pillsbury , a long-time New Haven resident for whom Trudeau 's comic strip is named .	Charles Pillsbury	What is the name of the Green party member that also studied at Yale ?
For example , two cities of identical population can cover widely differing land areas , making such analyses irrelevant .	identical population	What constant in two cities can create disparities in analysis by way of distribution over differing land areas ?
The research organization called for comparisons based on neighborhoods , blocks , or standard methodologies -LRB- similar to those used by Brookings , DiversityData , and other established institutions -RRB- , not based on municipalities .	standard methodologies	Neighborhoods and blocks , as opposed to municipalities , are both examples of what ?
The research organization called for comparisons based on neighborhoods , blocks , or standard methodologies -LRB- similar to those used by Brookings , DiversityData , and other established institutions -RRB- , not based on municipalities .	based on municipalities	The organization stated that analysis should be based on comparison of neighborhoods within the city and not what ?
For example , two cities of identical population can cover widely differing land areas , making such analyses irrelevant .	cities of identical population	According to the institution what leads to inaccurate analysis of the city ?
Yale University , at the heart of downtown , is one of the city 's best known features and its largest employer .	Yale University	What private university is located in downtown New Haven ?
Gateway Community College has a campus in downtown New Haven , formerly located in the Long Wharf district ; Gateway consolidated into one campus downtown into a new state-of-the-art campus -LRB- on the site of the old Macy 's building -RRB- and was open for the Fall 2012 semester .	Gateway Community College	What community college is located in downtown New Haven ?
New Haven is also home to Southern Connecticut State University , part of the Connecticut State University System , and Albertus Magnus College , a private institution .	Southern Connecticut State University	What state university is located in New Haven ?
Yale University , at the heart of downtown , is one of the city 's best known features and its largest employer .	Yale University	What school serves as the largest employer of New Haven ?
Gateway Community College has a campus in downtown New Haven , formerly located in the Long Wharf district ; Gateway consolidated into one campus downtown into a new state-of-the-art campus -LRB- on the site of the old Macy 's building -RRB- and was open for the Fall 2012 semester .	2012	In what year did Gateway Community College open its newly consolidated downtown campus ?
Yale University , at the heart of downtown , is one of the city 's best known features and its largest employer .	heart of downtown	Where is Yale University located .
New Haven is also home to Southern Connecticut State University , part of the Connecticut State University System , and Albertus Magnus College , a private institution .	Southern Connecticut State University	What the name of a state university also located in the city ?
Gateway Community College has a campus in downtown New Haven , formerly located in the Long Wharf district ; Gateway consolidated into one campus downtown into a new state-of-the-art campus -LRB- on the site of the old Macy 's building -RRB- and was open for the Fall 2012 semester .	Long Wharf district	Before relocating to downtown area , New Haven has a community college that used to be located where ?
New Haven is also home to Southern Connecticut State University , part of the Connecticut State University System , and Albertus Magnus College , a private institution .	Albertus Magnus College	Other than Yale , New Haven has another private college in the city , it 's name ?
Gateway Community College has a campus in downtown New Haven , formerly located in the Long Wharf district ; Gateway consolidated into one campus downtown into a new state-of-the-art campus -LRB- on the site of the old Macy 's building -RRB- and was open for the Fall 2012 semester .	Fall 2012	When was the new Gateway Community College open ?
Hopkins School , a private school , was founded in 1660 and is the fifth-oldest educational institution in the United States .	Hopkins School	What private school , with the notable distinction of being the fifth-oldest educational institution in the U.S. , was founded in New Haven ?
Hopkins School , a private school , was founded in 1660 and is the fifth-oldest educational institution in the United States .	1660	In what year was Hopkins School founded in New Haven ?
New Haven is also home to two Achievement First charter schools , Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep , and to Common Ground , an environmental charter school .	Common Ground	What is the name of the environmental charter school located in New Haven ?
New Haven is also home to two Achievement First charter schools , Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep , and to Common Ground , an environmental charter school .	Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep	What are the names of the two Achievement First charter schools located in New Haven ?
New Haven is home to a number of other private schools as well as public magnet schools , including Metropolitan Business Academy , High School in the Community , Hill Regional Career High School , Co-op High School , New Haven Academy , ACES Educational Center for the Arts , the Foote School and the Sound School , all of which draw students from New Haven and suburban towns .	ACES Educational Center for the Arts	What magnet school in New Haven is centered around arts education ?
Hopkins School , a private school , was founded in 1660 and is the fifth-oldest educational institution in the United States .	Hopkins School	As one of the oldest school which was founded in 1660 , what is it 's name ?
Hopkins School , a private school , was founded in 1660 and is the fifth-oldest educational institution in the United States .	fifth-oldest	In terms of schools how old is it historically compare to others ?
New Haven is also home to two Achievement First charter schools , Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep , and to Common Ground , an environmental charter school .	two	How many charters schools are available in New Haven ?
The city is home to New Haven Promise , a scholarship funded by Yale University for students who meet the requirements .	New Haven Promise	What scholarship is awarded in New Haven by Yale University to public school students meeting specified criteria ?
Students must be enrolled in a public high school -LRB- charters included -RRB- for four years , be a resident of the city during that time , carry a 3.0 cumulative grade-point average , have a 90-percent attendance rate and perform 40 hours of service to the city .	3.0	What is the cumulative GPA necessary for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship ?
Students must be enrolled in a public high school -LRB- charters included -RRB- for four years , be a resident of the city during that time , carry a 3.0 cumulative grade-point average , have a 90-percent attendance rate and perform 40 hours of service to the city .	40 hours	How many hours of community service must a student perform in order to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship ?
Students must be enrolled in a public high school -LRB- charters included -RRB- for four years , be a resident of the city during that time , carry a 3.0 cumulative grade-point average , have a 90-percent attendance rate and perform 40 hours of service to the city .	90-percent	What is the minimum attendance rate for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise Scholarship ?
The initiative was launched in 2010 and there are currently more than 500 Scholars enrolled in qualifying Connecticut colleges and universities .	2010	In what year was the New Haven Promise scholarship initiated ?
The city is home to New Haven Promise , a scholarship funded by Yale University for students who meet the requirements .	New Haven Promise	What is the name of the scholarship is funded by Yale ?
Students must be enrolled in a public high school -LRB- charters included -RRB- for four years , be a resident of the city during that time , carry a 3.0 cumulative grade-point average , have a 90-percent attendance rate and perform 40 hours of service to the city .	40 hours of service to the city.	In terms of requirement what sort of service would one needs to fulfilled in order to apply ?
The initiative was launched in 2010 and there are currently more than 500 Scholars enrolled in qualifying Connecticut colleges and universities .	2010	When did the scholar project begin ?
The initiative was launched in 2010 and there are currently more than 500 Scholars enrolled in qualifying Connecticut colleges and universities .	more than 500 Scholars	Currently how many students total have been approve by the program ?
Livability.com named New Haven as the Best Foodie City in the country in 2014 .	Best Foodie City	What distinction was afforded to New Haven in 2014 by Livability.com ?
There are 56 Zagat-rated restaurants in New Haven , the most in Connecticut and the third most in New England -LRB- after Boston and Cambridge -RRB- .	56	How many Zagat-rated restaurants are located in New Haven ?
There are 56 Zagat-rated restaurants in New Haven , the most in Connecticut and the third most in New England -LRB- after Boston and Cambridge -RRB- .	New Haven	What city in Connecticut has the highest number of Zagat-rated restaurants ?
More than 120 restaurants are located within two blocks of the New Haven Green .	More than 120	How many restaurants can be accessed within a two block radius of New Haven Green ?
Livability.com named New Haven as the Best Foodie City in the country in 2014 .	Livability.com	What website gave critical acclaim to New Haven for the city 's food ?
More than 120 restaurants are located within two blocks of the New Haven Green .	More than 120 restaurants	How many restaurant are located in the center of New Haven 's city ?
There are 56 Zagat-rated restaurants in New Haven , the most in Connecticut and the third most in New England -LRB- after Boston and Cambridge -RRB- .	56	There are about how many Zagat-rated restaurants located in the city ?
The city is home to an eclectic mix of ethnic restaurants and small markets specializing in various foreign foods .	various foreign foods.	Within the cities there are markets that focus on what sort of cuisines ?
New Haven-style pizza , called `` apizza '' -LRB- pronounced ah-BEETS , -LSB- aˈpitts -RSB- in the original Italian dialect -RRB- , made its debut at the iconic Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana -LRB- known as Pepe 's -RRB- in 1925 .	New Haven-style pizza	What dish is commonly considered to be penultimate culinary achievement in New Haven ?
New Haven-style pizza , called `` apizza '' -LRB- pronounced ah-BEETS , -LSB- aˈpitts -RSB- in the original Italian dialect -RRB- , made its debut at the iconic Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana -LRB- known as Pepe 's -RRB- in 1925 .	"apizza"	What is the colloquial term afforded to New Haven-style pizza ?
New Haven-style pizza , called `` apizza '' -LRB- pronounced ah-BEETS , -LSB- aˈpitts -RSB- in the original Italian dialect -RRB- , made its debut at the iconic Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana -LRB- known as Pepe 's -RRB- in 1925 .	Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana	At what New Haven establishment did `` apizza '' make it 's inaugural appearance in 1925 ?
Apizza may be red -LRB- with a tomato-based sauce -RRB- or white -LRB- with a sauce of garlic and olive oil -RRB- , and pies ordered `` plain '' are made without the otherwise customary mozzarella cheese -LRB- originally smoked mozzarella , known as `` scamorza '' in Italian -RRB- .	mozzarella cheese	What ingredient is notably absent from a New Haven-style pizza when ordered plain ?
A white clam pie is a well-known specialty of the restaurants on Wooster Street in the Little Italy section of New Haven , including Pepe 's and Sally 's Apizza -LRB- which opened in 1938 -RRB- .	Little Italy	In what section of New Haven would one expect to find an outstanding white clam pie pizza on Wooster Street ?
New Haven 's greatest culinary claim to fame may be its pizza , which has been claimed to be among the best in the country , or even in the world .	pizza	New Haven , in terms of food is best known for what ?
New Haven-style pizza , called `` apizza '' -LRB- pronounced ah-BEETS , -LSB- aˈpitts -RSB- in the original Italian dialect -RRB- , made its debut at the iconic Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana -LRB- known as Pepe 's -RRB- in 1925 .	Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana	Where did New Haven pizza style originated from ?
Apizza is baked in coal - or wood-fired brick ovens , and is notable for its thin crust .	its thin crust	In general what are `` apizza '' known for ?
A white clam pie is a well-known specialty of the restaurants on Wooster Street in the Little Italy section of New Haven , including Pepe 's and Sally 's Apizza -LRB- which opened in 1938 -RRB- .	Wooster Street in the Little Italy section	White clam pie is found in what district of New Haven ?
New Haven-style pizza , called `` apizza '' -LRB- pronounced ah-BEETS , -LSB- aˈpitts -RSB- in the original Italian dialect -RRB- , made its debut at the iconic Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana -LRB- known as Pepe 's -RRB- in 1925 .	1925	In what year was New Haven-style pizza found ?
A second New Haven gastronomical claim to fame is Louis ' Lunch , which is located in a small brick building on Crown Street and has been serving fast food since 1895 .	Louis' Lunch	What landmark New Haven fast food establishment is located on Crown Street ?
A second New Haven gastronomical claim to fame is Louis ' Lunch , which is located in a small brick building on Crown Street and has been serving fast food since 1895 .	1895	In what year did Louis ' Lunch begin serving fast food in New Haven ?
Though fiercely debated , the restaurant 's founder Louis Lassen is credited by the Library of Congress with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich .	Louis Lassen	Who is the founder of Louis ' Lunch in New Haven ?
Though fiercely debated , the restaurant 's founder Louis Lassen is credited by the Library of Congress with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich .	Library of Congress	What body of the federal government credits New Haven resident Louis Lassen with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich ?
Louis ' Lunch broils hamburgers , steak sandwiches and hot dogs vertically in original antique 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons , patented by local resident Luigi Pieragostini in 1939 , that hold the meat in place while it cooks .	Luigi Pieragostini	Which New Haven resident patented a cast iron stove using grid irons in 1939 ?
Though fiercely debated , the restaurant 's founder Louis Lassen is credited by the Library of Congress with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich .	the hamburger	Louis ' Lunch is popular for serving what ?
Louis ' Lunch broils hamburgers , steak sandwiches and hot dogs vertically in original antique 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons , patented by local resident Luigi Pieragostini in 1939 , that hold the meat in place while it cooks .	1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons	What specifically how does Louis ' Lunch cooks its ' food ?
A second New Haven gastronomical claim to fame is Louis ' Lunch , which is located in a small brick building on Crown Street and has been serving fast food since 1895 .	1895	When was Louis 's Lunch found ?
The carts cluster at three main points : by Yale -- New Haven Hospital in the center of the Hospital Green -LRB- Cedar and York streets -RRB- , by Yale 's Trumbull College -LRB- Elm and York streets -RRB- , and on the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets by the Yale School of Management .	Cedar and York streets	At what cross streets , marking the center of the Hospital Green of Yale - New Haven Hospital , do food carts congregate on weekdays ?
The carts cluster at three main points : by Yale -- New Haven Hospital in the center of the Hospital Green -LRB- Cedar and York streets -RRB- , by Yale 's Trumbull College -LRB- Elm and York streets -RRB- , and on the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets by the Yale School of Management .	Trumbull College	What college of Yale is located at Elm and York Streets in New Haven ?
The carts cluster at three main points : by Yale -- New Haven Hospital in the center of the Hospital Green -LRB- Cedar and York streets -RRB- , by Yale 's Trumbull College -LRB- Elm and York streets -RRB- , and on the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets by the Yale School of Management .	Yale School of Management	What school of Yale is located nearest the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets ?
Popular farmers ' markets , managed by the local non-profit CitySeed , set up shop weekly in several neighborhoods , including Westville/Edgewood Park , Fair Haven , Upper State Street , Wooster Square , and Downtown/New Haven Green .	CitySeed	What New Haven non-profit manages the farmer 's markets that service various neighborhoods weekly throughout the area ?
During weekday lunchtime , over 150 lunch carts and food trucks from neighborhood restaurants cater to different student populations throughout Yale 's campus .	over 150	How many lunch carts are there in Yale 's Campus during lunchtime ?
Popular farmers ' markets , managed by the local non-profit CitySeed , set up shop weekly in several neighborhoods , including Westville/Edgewood Park , Fair Haven , Upper State Street , Wooster Square , and Downtown/New Haven Green .	Fair Haven,	Who manages New Haven 's farmers ' market ?
The carts cluster at three main points : by Yale -- New Haven Hospital in the center of the Hospital Green -LRB- Cedar and York streets -RRB- , by Yale 's Trumbull College -LRB- Elm and York streets -RRB- , and on the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets by the Yale School of Management .	Cedar and York streets	New Haven Hospital is located at where in Hospital Green ?
The city hosts numerous theatres and production houses , including the Yale Repertory Theatre , the Long Wharf Theatre , and the Shubert Theatre .	Long Wharf Theatre, and the Shubert Theatre	In addition to Yale Reparatory Theatre , what are two additional major theatre houses located in New Haven ?
There is also theatre activity from the Yale School of Drama , which works through the Yale University Theatre and the student-run Yale Cabaret .	Yale Cabaret	What is the name of the student-run group at Yale University provides theatrical productions in New Haven ?
Southern Connecticut State University hosts the Lyman Center for the Performing Arts .	Lyman Center for the Performing Arts	What New Haven performance venue is hosted by Southern Connecticut State University ?
The shuttered Palace Theatre -LRB- opposite the Shubert Theatre -RRB- is being renovated and will reopen as the College Street Music Hall in May , 2015 .	Palace Theatre	What was the original name of the College Street Music Hall ?
The shuttered Palace Theatre -LRB- opposite the Shubert Theatre -RRB- is being renovated and will reopen as the College Street Music Hall in May , 2015 .	2015	In what year did the newly renovated College Street Music Hall reopen ?
There is also theatre activity from the Yale School of Drama , which works through the Yale University Theatre and the student-run Yale Cabaret .	Yale University Theatre	What theater sits on Yale 's campus ?
Southern Connecticut State University hosts the Lyman Center for the Performing Arts .	Lyman Center	The Southern Connecticut State University has it own theater as while , it 's name ?
The shuttered Palace Theatre -LRB- opposite the Shubert Theatre -RRB- is being renovated and will reopen as the College Street Music Hall in May , 2015 .	The shuttered Palace Theatre	What theater is currently under renovation in the city ?
Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School also boasts a state-of-the-art theatre on College Street .	Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School	What school in New Haven is known for it 's theater being used by both students and church ?
There is also theatre activity from the Yale School of Drama , which works through the Yale University Theatre and the student-run Yale Cabaret .	Yale Cabaret.	Yale also has a theater managed by its ' own student , then name ?
The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library features an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible .	Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library	At what New Haven museum is an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible housed ?
There is also the Connecticut Children 's Museum ; the Knights of Columbus museum near that organization 's world headquarters ; the Peabody Museum of Natural History ; the Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments ; the Eli Whitney Museum -LRB- across the town line in Hamden , Connecticut , on Whitney Avenue -RRB- ; the Yale Center for British Art , which houses the largest collection of British art outside the U.K. , and the Yale University Art Gallery , the nation 's oldest college art museum .	Yale University Art Gallery	What New Haven landmark serves as the nation 's oldest college art museum ?
There is also the Connecticut Children 's Museum ; the Knights of Columbus museum near that organization 's world headquarters ; the Peabody Museum of Natural History ; the Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments ; the Eli Whitney Museum -LRB- across the town line in Hamden , Connecticut , on Whitney Avenue -RRB- ; the Yale Center for British Art , which houses the largest collection of British art outside the U.K. , and the Yale University Art Gallery , the nation 's oldest college art museum .	Yale Center for British Art	What New Haven museum offers the largest collection of British art available outside of the UK ?
There is also the Connecticut Children 's Museum ; the Knights of Columbus museum near that organization 's world headquarters ; the Peabody Museum of Natural History ; the Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments ; the Eli Whitney Museum -LRB- across the town line in Hamden , Connecticut , on Whitney Avenue -RRB- ; the Yale Center for British Art , which houses the largest collection of British art outside the U.K. , and the Yale University Art Gallery , the nation 's oldest college art museum .	Eli Whitney Museum	What museum is located in Hamden on Whitney Street and dedicated to a notable New Haven inventor ?
New Haven has a variety of museums , many of them associated with Yale .	Yale	With what major university are the majority of museums in New Haven associated ?
The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library features an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible .	The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript	Which museum feature the original copy of the Gutenberg Bible ?
There is also the Connecticut Children 's Museum ; the Knights of Columbus museum near that organization 's world headquarters ; the Peabody Museum of Natural History ; the Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments ; the Eli Whitney Museum -LRB- across the town line in Hamden , Connecticut , on Whitney Avenue -RRB- ; the Yale Center for British Art , which houses the largest collection of British art outside the U.K. , and the Yale University Art Gallery , the nation 's oldest college art museum .	Yale University Art Gallery	Yale claim to have the oldest college art museum in the United States , what is the name of the place ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- New Haven is also home to the New Haven Museum and Historical Society on Whitney Avenue , which has a library of many primary source treasures dating from Colonial times to the present .	New Haven Museum and Historical Society	There is a museum on Whitney Avenue that contain a variety of historical treasure , what is its ' name ?
There is also the Connecticut Children 's Museum ; the Knights of Columbus museum near that organization 's world headquarters ; the Peabody Museum of Natural History ; the Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments ; the Eli Whitney Museum -LRB- across the town line in Hamden , Connecticut , on Whitney Avenue -RRB- ; the Yale Center for British Art , which houses the largest collection of British art outside the U.K. , and the Yale University Art Gallery , the nation 's oldest college art museum .	the Eli Whitney Museum	What is the name of the museum that specifically focus on a single inventor located the city ?
Artspace on Orange Street is one of several contemporary art galleries around the city , showcasing the work of local , national , and international artists .	Artspace	What is the name of a prominent contemporary art gallery on Orange Street in New Haven ?
Others include City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery in the downtown area .	City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery	What are two contemporary art galleries located in downtown New Haven ?
Westville galleries include Kehler Liddell , Jennifer Jane Gallery , and The Hungry Eye .	Westville	In what area of New Haven are Kehler Liddel , Jennider Jane Gallery , and The Hungry Eye Gallery located ?
The Erector Square complex in the Fair Haven neighborhood houses the Parachute Factory gallery along with numerous artist studios , and the complex serves as an active destination during City-Wide Open Studios held yearly in October .	Parachute Factory	What New Haven gallery is housed in the Erector Square complex located in the Fair Haven neighborhood ?
The Erector Square complex in the Fair Haven neighborhood houses the Parachute Factory gallery along with numerous artist studios , and the complex serves as an active destination during City-Wide Open Studios held yearly in October .	City-Wide Open Studios	For what annual New Haven art event , held in early October , is the Erector Square complex used ?
Artspace on Orange Street is one of several contemporary art galleries around the city , showcasing the work of local , national , and international artists .	Artspace	What is the name of the art gallery that hosts multiple artist locally and around the world ?
Westville galleries include Kehler Liddell , Jennifer Jane Gallery , and The Hungry Eye .	Westville galleries	This gallery contains works of artist such as The Hungry Eye , what is name of the place ?
The Erector Square complex in the Fair Haven neighborhood houses the Parachute Factory gallery along with numerous artist studios , and the complex serves as an active destination during City-Wide Open Studios held yearly in October .	Fair Haven neighborhood houses	The Erector Square complex is a gallery that is located where ?
The Erector Square complex in the Fair Haven neighborhood houses the Parachute Factory gallery along with numerous artist studios , and the complex serves as an active destination during City-Wide Open Studios held yearly in October .	October	During which month is the complex particularly active ?
The New Haven Green is the site of many free music concerts , especially during the summer months .	New Haven Green	What public area in New Haven is home to free concerts in the summer ?
These have included the New Haven Symphony Orchestra , the July Free Concerts on the Green in July , and the New Haven Jazz Festival in August .	New Haven Jazz Festival	What musical festival was initiated in 1982 in New Haven ?
The Jazz Festival , which began in 1982 , is one of the longest-running free outdoor festivals in the U.S. , until it was canceled for 2007 .	2007	In what year was the New Haven Jazz Festival cancelled , thereby precluding it from being one of the longest running free outdoor festivals in the U.S. ?
The New Haven Jazz Festival was revived in 2008 and has been sponsored since by Jazz Haven .	Jazz Haven	Who sponsors the New Haven Jazz Festival ?
These have included the New Haven Symphony Orchestra , the July Free Concerts on the Green in July , and the New Haven Jazz Festival in August .	July Free Concerts	What is the name for the concerts held on New Haven Green throughout the month of July ?
The New Haven Green is the site of many free music concerts , especially during the summer months .	free music concerts	What popular events that place in New Haven Green area ?
The Jazz Festival , which began in 1982 , is one of the longest-running free outdoor festivals in the U.S. , until it was canceled for 2007 .	1982	When did the first Jazz Festival made it debut ?
Headliners such as The Breakfast , Dave Brubeck , Ray Charles and Celia Cruz have historically drawn 30,000 to 50,000 fans , filling up the New Haven Green to capacity .	30,000 to 50,000 fans	In general how many people attend these music concerts ?
The New Haven Jazz Festival was revived in 2008 and has been sponsored since by Jazz Haven .	Jazz Haven	After being cancel in 2007 , what organization currently support New Haven Jazz Festival ?
In addition to the Jazz Festival -LRB- described above -RRB- , New Haven serves as the home city of the annual International Festival of Arts and Ideas .	International Festival of Arts and Ideas	To what annual art festival is the city of New Haven home ?
New Haven 's Saint Patrick 's Day parade , which began in 1842 , is New England 's oldest St. Patty 's Day parade and draws the largest crowds of any one-day spectator event in Connecticut .	1842	What was the inaugural year of the New Haven St. Patrick 's Day parade ?
The St. Andrew the Apostle Italian Festival has taken place in the historic Wooster Square neighborhood every year since 1900 .	Wooster Square	In what historic New Haven neighborhood does the St. Andrew the Apostle Italian festival take place ?
New Haven celebrates Powder House Day every April on the New Haven Green to commemorate the city 's entrance into the Revolutionary War .	Powder House Day	What annual festival , celebrated on New Haven Green , memorializes the New Haven 's passage into the Revolutionary War ?
The Film Fest New Haven has been held annually since 1995 .	1995	In what year did Film Fest New Haven begin ?
In addition to the Jazz Festival -LRB- described above -RRB- , New Haven serves as the home city of the annual International Festival of Arts and Ideas .	International Festival of Arts and Ideas	What international event celebrating art is hosted in New Haven ?
New Haven 's Saint Patrick 's Day parade , which began in 1842 , is New England 's oldest St. Patty 's Day parade and draws the largest crowds of any one-day spectator event in Connecticut .	1842	As one of the oldest and largest traditions , how long have the city been celebrating Saint Patrick 's Day ?
The St. Andrew the Apostle Italian Festival has taken place in the historic Wooster Square neighborhood every year since 1900 .	St. Andrew the Apostle Italian Festival	Which event takes place every year in Wooster Square since the beginning of the 20th century ?
The annual Wooster Square Cherry Blossom Festival commemorates the 1973 planting of 72 Yoshino Japanese Cherry Blossom trees by the New Haven Historic Commission in collaboration with the New Haven Parks Department and residents of the neighborhood .	New Haven Historic Commission	What organization was responsible for the planting of several cherry blossom trees in 1973 ?
The Festival now draws well over 5,000 visitors .	over 5,000 visitors	In general how many people attend the yearly Wooster Square Cheery Blossom Festival ?
New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register , the weekly `` alternative '' New Haven Advocate -LRB- which is run by Tribune , the corporation owning the Hartford Courant -RRB- , the online daily New Haven Independent , and the monthly Grand News Community Newspaper .	New Haven Register	What is the name of the major daily editorial newspaper for the city of New Haven ?
Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum , Design New Haven .	Design New Haven	What is the civic news forum that specifically reports on downtown New Haven ?
The Register also backs PLAY magazine , a weekly entertainment publication .	PLAY magazine	What weekly entertainment print news source for New Haven is backed by The Register ?
WTNH Channel 8 , the ABC affiliate for Connecticut , WCTX Channel 59 , the MyNetworkTV affiliate for the state , and Connecticut Public Television station WEDY channel 65 , a PBS affiliate , broadcast from New Haven .	Connecticut Public Television	Channel 65 is New Haven 's home to what PBS affiliate ?
The city is also served by several student-run papers , including the Yale Daily News , the weekly Yale Herald and a humor tabloid , Rumpus Magazine .	Yale Herald	What weekly publication in New Haven is issued by Yale University ?
New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register , the weekly `` alternative '' New Haven Advocate -LRB- which is run by Tribune , the corporation owning the Hartford Courant -RRB- , the online daily New Haven Independent , and the monthly Grand News Community Newspaper .	New Haven Register	What is the main newspaper company for New Haven ?
New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register , the weekly `` alternative '' New Haven Advocate -LRB- which is run by Tribune , the corporation owning the Hartford Courant -RRB- , the online daily New Haven Independent , and the monthly Grand News Community Newspaper .	Tribune	The other newspaper , New Haven Advocate is run by which company ?
New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register , the weekly `` alternative '' New Haven Advocate -LRB- which is run by Tribune , the corporation owning the Hartford Courant -RRB- , the online daily New Haven Independent , and the monthly Grand News Community Newspaper .	Grand News Community Newspaper	There is newspaper company within the city that runs monthly , it 's name ?
The city is also served by several student-run papers , including the Yale Daily News , the weekly Yale Herald and a humor tabloid , Rumpus Magazine .	Rumpus Magazine	What is the name of the tabloid that is run by mainly college students ?
All New York City news and sports team stations broadcast to New Haven County .	All New York City news and sports	In terms of news and sports does New Haven receive television broadcasting from other cities ?
New Haven has a history of professional sports franchises dating back to the 19th century and has been the home to professional baseball , basketball , football , hockey , and soccer teams -- including the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1973 to 1974 , who played at the Yale Bowl .	New York Giants	What NFL team played at the Yale Bowl from 1973-1974 ?
Throughout the second half of the 20th century , New Haven consistently had minor league hockey and baseball teams , which played at the New Haven Arena -LRB- built in 1926 , demolished in 1972 -RRB- , New Haven Coliseum -LRB- 1972 -- 2002 -RRB- , and Yale Field -LRB- 1928 -- present -RRB- .	1972	In what year was the New Haven Arena demolished ?
Throughout the second half of the 20th century , New Haven consistently had minor league hockey and baseball teams , which played at the New Haven Arena -LRB- built in 1926 , demolished in 1972 -RRB- , New Haven Coliseum -LRB- 1972 -- 2002 -RRB- , and Yale Field -LRB- 1928 -- present -RRB- .	New Haven Arena (built in 1926, demolished in 1972), New Haven Coliseum (1972–2002)	At what currently defunct New Haven venues did minor league hockey and baseball teams play throughout the latter half of the 20th century ?
Throughout the second half of the 20th century , New Haven consistently had minor league hockey and baseball teams , which played at the New Haven Arena -LRB- built in 1926 , demolished in 1972 -RRB- , New Haven Coliseum -LRB- 1972 -- 2002 -RRB- , and Yale Field -LRB- 1928 -- present -RRB- .	1928	In what year was Yale field established in New Haven ?
New Haven has a history of professional sports franchises dating back to the 19th century and has been the home to professional baseball , basketball , football , hockey , and soccer teams -- including the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1973 to 1974 , who played at the Yale Bowl .	19th century	The city of New Haven has been known for it various sport teams for how long ?
New Haven has a history of professional sports franchises dating back to the 19th century and has been the home to professional baseball , basketball , football , hockey , and soccer teams -- including the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1973 to 1974 , who played at the Yale Bowl .	New York Giants	What famous NFL team played in New Haven own stadium in the 70s ?
Throughout the second half of the 20th century , New Haven consistently had minor league hockey and baseball teams , which played at the New Haven Arena -LRB- built in 1926 , demolished in 1972 -RRB- , New Haven Coliseum -LRB- 1972 -- 2002 -RRB- , and Yale Field -LRB- 1928 -- present -RRB- .	New Haven Arena	The city has couple of sport stadium which one of them was torn down in 20th century ?
Throughout the second half of the 20th century , New Haven consistently had minor league hockey and baseball teams , which played at the New Haven Arena -LRB- built in 1926 , demolished in 1972 -RRB- , New Haven Coliseum -LRB- 1972 -- 2002 -RRB- , and Yale Field -LRB- 1928 -- present -RRB- .	Yale Field	In modern day which of the stadiums have continue to host minor sport leagues ?
Throughout the second half of the 20th century , New Haven consistently had minor league hockey and baseball teams , which played at the New Haven Arena -LRB- built in 1926 , demolished in 1972 -RRB- , New Haven Coliseum -LRB- 1972 -- 2002 -RRB- , and Yale Field -LRB- 1928 -- present -RRB- .	1928–present	How long has Yale Field been open and active ?
When John DeStefano , Jr. , became mayor of New Haven in 1995 , he outlined a plan to transform the city into a major cultural and arts center in the Northeast , which involved investments in programs and projects other than sports franchises .	John DeStefano, Jr.	What 1995 mayor of New Haven sought to reinvent the area into a northeastern hub of art and culture ?
As nearby Bridgeport built new sports facilities , the brutalist New Haven Coliseum rapidly deteriorated .	New Haven Coliseum	What sports complex was shuttered in New Haven by the DeStefano administration in 2002 ?
New Haven 's last professional sports team , the New Haven County Cutters , left in 2009 .	New Haven County Cutters	What was New Haven 's last professional sports team ?
The DeStefano administration did , however , see the construction of the New Haven Athletic Center in 1998 , a 94,000-square-foot -LRB- 8,700 m2 -RRB- indoor athletic facility with a seating capacity of over 3,000 .	New Haven Athletic Center	What indoor sporting complex in New Haven was constructed by the DeStefano administration in 1998 ?
The DeStefano administration did , however , see the construction of the New Haven Athletic Center in 1998 , a 94,000-square-foot -LRB- 8,700 m2 -RRB- indoor athletic facility with a seating capacity of over 3,000 .	over 3,000	What is the approximate seating capacity of the New Haven Athletic Center ?
As nearby Bridgeport built new sports facilities , the brutalist New Haven Coliseum rapidly deteriorated .	New Haven Coliseum	Due to the heavy upkeep , DeStefano decided to close what major infrastructure in the city ?
New Haven 's last professional sports team , the New Haven County Cutters , left in 2009 .	2009	When was the last time New Haven had a professional sport team ?
The DeStefano administration did , however , see the construction of the New Haven Athletic Center in 1998 , a 94,000-square-foot -LRB- 8,700 m2 -RRB- indoor athletic facility with a seating capacity of over 3,000 .	over 3,000	In terms of capacity how big was the new constructed New Haven Athletic Center ?
New Haven was the host of the 1995 Special Olympics World Summer Games ; then-President Bill Clinton spoke at the opening ceremonies .	1995	In what year did New Haven host the Special Olympic Summer World Games ?
The city is home to the Pilot Pen International tennis event , which takes place every August at the Connecticut Tennis Center , one of the largest tennis venues in the world .	Pilot Pen International	What major tennis event take place annually every August in New Haven ?
The city is home to the Pilot Pen International tennis event , which takes place every August at the Connecticut Tennis Center , one of the largest tennis venues in the world .	Connecticut Tennis Center	What is the name of the tennis complex , cited as one of the largest worldwide , located in New Haven ?
New Haven biannually hosts `` The Game '' between Yale and Harvard , the country 's second-oldest college football rivalry .	"The Game"	What is the nickname of the historic football rivalry between Yale and Harvard hosted annually in New Haven ?
New Haven was the host of the 1995 Special Olympics World Summer Games ; then-President Bill Clinton spoke at the opening ceremonies .	1995	What year did New Haven became a host for the Specials Olympics ?
The city is home to the Pilot Pen International tennis event , which takes place every August at the Connecticut Tennis Center , one of the largest tennis venues in the world .	every August	The city also host a large international tennis event , when does it usually take place ?
New Haven biannually hosts `` The Game '' between Yale and Harvard , the country 's second-oldest college football rivalry .	college football	`` The Game '' is a special event that focus on what sort of rivalry between the colleges ?
Numerous road races take place in New Haven , including the USA 20K Championship during the New Haven Road Race .	USA 20K Championship	What is the name of major road race that places within the city ?
The city has been home to a number of architects and architectural firms that have left their mark on the city including Ithiel Town and Henry Austin in the 19th century and Cesar Pelli , Warren Platner , Kevin Roche , Herbert Newman and Barry Svigals in the 20th .	Ithiel Town and Henry Austin	New Haven served as home to what two notable 19th century architects ?
The Yale School of Architecture has fostered this important component of the city 's economy .	The Yale School of Architecture	What division of Yale University is credited with nurturing the architectural component of New Havens economy ?
Cass Gilbert , of the Beaux-Arts school , designed New Haven 's Union Station and the New Haven Free Public Library and was also commissioned for a City Beautiful plan in 1919 .	Cass Gilbert	Who is the notable artist of the Beaux-Arts school responsible for designing both New Haven 's Union Station and New Haven Public Library ?
Cass Gilbert , of the Beaux-Arts school , designed New Haven 's Union Station and the New Haven Free Public Library and was also commissioned for a City Beautiful plan in 1919 .	1919	In what year did New Haven commission the City Beautiful plan ?
Yale 's 1950s-era Ingalls Rink , designed by Eero Saarinen , was included on the America 's Favorite Architecture list created in 2007 .	Eero Saarinen	Who is responsible for designing Ingalls Rink at Yale University in New Haven ?
The Yale School of Architecture has fostered this important component of the city 's economy .	Yale School of Architecture	New Haven is also known for a very notable architecture institution , it 's name ?
Cass Gilbert , of the Beaux-Arts school , designed New Haven 's Union Station and the New Haven Free Public Library and was also commissioned for a City Beautiful plan in 1919 .	Cass Gilbert	Who was the architect that design the New Haven Free Public Library ?
Yale 's 1950s-era Ingalls Rink , designed by Eero Saarinen , was included on the America 's Favorite Architecture list created in 2007 .	Ingalls Rink	What was the name of the building that was feature in America 's Favorite Architecture list of 2007 ?
Many historical sites exist throughout the city , including 59 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places .	59	How many properties in New Haven are featured on the National Register of Historic Places ?
The Hillhouse Avenue area , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also a part of Yale 's campus , has been called a walkable museum , due to its 19th-century mansions and street scape ; Charles Dickens is said to have called Hillhouse Avenue `` the most beautiful street in America '' when visiting the city in 1868 .	Charles Dickens	In 1868 , which famous author is reported to have declared New Haven 's Hillhouse Avenue to be `` the most beautiful street in America ? ''
Below one of the churches -LRB- referred to as the Center Church on-the-Green -RRB- lies a 17th-century crypt , which is open to visitors .	Center Church on-the-Green	Of the three churches flanking New Haven Green , which is home to a notorious 17th century crypt ?
Some of the more famous burials include the first wife of Benedict Arnold and the aunt and grandmother of President Rutherford B. Hayes ; Hayes visited the crypt while President in 1880 .	Benedict Arnold	What famous American traitor has a first wife buried in a 17th century crypt in a New Haven church flanking New Haven Green ?
The Old Campus of Yale University is located next to the Green , and includes Connecticut Hall , Yale 's oldest building and a National Historic Landmark .	Connecticut Hall	What structure of Yale University , listed on the National Register of Historic Places , holds the distinction of being the oldest building on campus ?
Many historical sites exist throughout the city , including 59 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places .	59	According to the National Register of Historic Places how many historical sites are there in New Haven ?
The New Haven Green , one of the National Historic Landmarks , was formed in 1638 , and is home to three 19th-century churches .	1638	In what year was the famous The New Haven Green founded ?
Below one of the churches -LRB- referred to as the Center Church on-the-Green -RRB- lies a 17th-century crypt , which is open to visitors .	a 17th-century crypt	What tourist spot can be found directly underneath the New Haven Green ?
The Hillhouse Avenue area , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also a part of Yale 's campus , has been called a walkable museum , due to its 19th-century mansions and street scape ; Charles Dickens is said to have called Hillhouse Avenue `` the most beautiful street in America '' when visiting the city in 1868 .	Hillhouse Avenue	Yale University also contains a historical site within it campus , the name of it ?
After the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776 , the Connecticut colonial government ordered the construction of Black Rock Fort -LRB- to be built on top of an older 17th-century fort -RRB- to protect the port of New Haven .	Black Rock Fort	What structure was ordered to be built in New Haven in 1776 to protect the port at the outset of the Revolutionary War ?
In 1779 , during the Battle of New Haven , British soldiers captured Black Rock Fort and burned the barracks to the ground .	1779	In what year was Black Rock Fort captured by the British in New Haven and incinerated ?
The fort was reconstructed in 1807 by the federal government -LRB- on orders from the Thomas Jefferson administration -RRB- , and rechristened Fort Nathan Hale , after the Revolutionary War hero who had lived in New Haven .	Nathan Hale	After which revolutionary war hero and New Haven native was Black Rock Fort rechristened upon reconstruction in 1807 ?
In 1863 , during the Civil War , a second Fort Hale was built next to the original , complete with bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat , to defend the city should a Southern raid against New Haven be launched .	bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat	What two fortifications distinguished the second Fort Hale built in New Haven during the Civil War ?
The United States Congress deeded the site to the state in 1921 , and all three versions of the fort have been restored .	1921	In what year did the U.S. Congress afford Connecticut the deed to the site at Fort Hale in New Haven ?
After the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776 , the Connecticut colonial government ordered the construction of Black Rock Fort -LRB- to be built on top of an older 17th-century fort -RRB- to protect the port of New Haven .	the American Revolutionary War	Black Rock Fort was built in response to what event in the 18th century ?
The fort was reconstructed in 1807 by the federal government -LRB- on orders from the Thomas Jefferson administration -RRB- , and rechristened Fort Nathan Hale , after the Revolutionary War hero who had lived in New Haven .	1807	The fort was destroy during the fighting only to be rebuilt in what year ?
The fort was reconstructed in 1807 by the federal government -LRB- on orders from the Thomas Jefferson administration -RRB- , and rechristened Fort Nathan Hale , after the Revolutionary War hero who had lived in New Haven .	Revolutionary War hero	Why exactly was the fort rename to Fort Nathan Hale ?
In 1863 , during the Civil War , a second Fort Hale was built next to the original , complete with bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat , to defend the city should a Southern raid against New Haven be launched .	a second Fort Hale was built	During the Civil War , New Haven needed to be further fortify incase of another invasion , what structure did the city built ?
The United States Congress deeded the site to the state in 1921 , and all three versions of the fort have been restored .	1921	The federal government pass the ownership of the fort to the state of Connecticut , what year was this ?
Grove Street Cemetery , a National Historic Landmark which lies adjacent to Yale 's campus , contains the graves of Roger Sherman , Eli Whitney , Noah Webster , Josiah Willard Gibbs , Charles Goodyear and Walter Camp , among other notable burials .	Grove Street	What cemetery in New Haven is situated next to the campus of Yale University and has been designated a National Historic Landmark ?
The cemetery is known for its grand Egyptian Revival gateway .	Egyptian Revival	In what architectural style is the gateway of Grove Street Cemetery notably designed ?
The Union League Club of New Haven building , located on Chapel Street , is notable for not only being a historic Beaux-Arts building , but also is built on the site where Roger Sherman 's home once stood ; George Washington is known to have stayed at the Sherman residence while President in 1789 -LRB- one of three times Washington visited New Haven throughout his lifetime -RRB- .	The Union League Club of New Haven building	What Beaux Arts structure on New Haven 's Chapel Street was built on the site believed to formerly feature the home of Roger Sherman ?
The Union League Club of New Haven building , located on Chapel Street , is notable for not only being a historic Beaux-Arts building , but also is built on the site where Roger Sherman 's home once stood ; George Washington is known to have stayed at the Sherman residence while President in 1789 -LRB- one of three times Washington visited New Haven throughout his lifetime -RRB- .	George Washington	What former U.S. president is believed to have stayed in New Haven at the home of Roger Sherman ?
Grove Street Cemetery , a National Historic Landmark which lies adjacent to Yale 's campus , contains the graves of Roger Sherman , Eli Whitney , Noah Webster , Josiah Willard Gibbs , Charles Goodyear and Walter Camp , among other notable burials .	Eli Whitney	Which notable New Haven resident inventor , credited with the cotton gin , is buried in Grove Street Cemetery ?
Grove Street Cemetery , a National Historic Landmark which lies adjacent to Yale 's campus , contains the graves of Roger Sherman , Eli Whitney , Noah Webster , Josiah Willard Gibbs , Charles Goodyear and Walter Camp , among other notable burials .	Grove Street Cemetery	What is the name of the historical site that site next to Yale 's campus ?
The cemetery is known for its grand Egyptian Revival gateway .	Egyptian Revival gateway	What is Grove Street Cemetery famously known for ?
The Union League Club of New Haven building , located on Chapel Street , is notable for not only being a historic Beaux-Arts building , but also is built on the site where Roger Sherman 's home once stood ; George Washington is known to have stayed at the Sherman residence while President in 1789 -LRB- one of three times Washington visited New Haven throughout his lifetime -RRB- .	Union League Club	Roger Sherman once lived in Chapel Street , in modern day what is the name building that sit in its ' place ?
The Union League Club of New Haven building , located on Chapel Street , is notable for not only being a historic Beaux-Arts building , but also is built on the site where Roger Sherman 's home once stood ; George Washington is known to have stayed at the Sherman residence while President in 1789 -LRB- one of three times Washington visited New Haven throughout his lifetime -RRB- .	1789	George Washington once paid visit to Sherman 's house , what year was this ?
Lighthouse Point Park , a public beach run by the city , was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties , attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb .	Lighthouse Point Park	Throughout the Roaring Twenties , what public beach in New Haven was a favored destination for tourists ?
Lighthouse Point Park , a public beach run by the city , was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties , attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb .	Babe Ruth	Which famed professional baseball player is known to have visited at Lighthouse Point Park in New Haven during the 1920 's ?
The park remains popular among New Haveners , and is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse , constructed in 1847 , and the Lighthouse Point Carousel , constructed in 1916 .	Five Mile Point Lighthouse	What notable New Haven attraction constructed in 1847 was located at Lighthouse Point Park ?
The park remains popular among New Haveners , and is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse , constructed in 1847 , and the Lighthouse Point Carousel , constructed in 1916 .	1916	In what year was New Haven 's Lighthouse Point carousel constructed ?
Five Mile Point Light was decommissioned in 1877 following the construction of Southwest Ledge Light at the entrance of the harbor , which remains in service to this day .	1877	In what year was Five Mile Point Lighthouse decommissioned upon construction of Southwest Ledge Lighthouse ?
Lighthouse Point Park , a public beach run by the city , was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties , attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb .	Lighthouse Point Park	What popular tourist site was particularly active during the 20s ?
The park remains popular among New Haveners , and is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse , constructed in 1847 , and the Lighthouse Point Carousel , constructed in 1916 .	Lighthouse	In 1847 , a new landmark was constructed at the park , what exactly was it ?
Five Mile Point Light was decommissioned in 1877 following the construction of Southwest Ledge Light at the entrance of the harbor , which remains in service to this day .	Southwest Ledge Light	After 1877 another lighthouse was build to replace File Mile Point , what was its ' name ?
Five Mile Point Light was decommissioned in 1877 following the construction of Southwest Ledge Light at the entrance of the harbor , which remains in service to this day .	in service to this day	Is Southwest Ledge Light still active today ?
Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines : the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York , Washington , D.C. and Boston , and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country ; the New Haven -- Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield , Massachusetts ; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington , D.C. , and Vermont , 15 miles -LRB- 24 km -RRB- from the Canadian border .	four	How many Amtrak lines service Union Station ?
Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines : the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York , Washington , D.C. and Boston , and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country ; the New Haven -- Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield , Massachusetts ; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington , D.C. , and Vermont , 15 miles -LRB- 24 km -RRB- from the Canadian border .	Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express	Which transit lines out of Union Station are ranked as the busiest routes in the U.S. ?
Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines : the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York , Washington , D.C. and Boston , and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country ; the New Haven -- Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield , Massachusetts ; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington , D.C. , and Vermont , 15 miles -LRB- 24 km -RRB- from the Canadian border .	New Haven–Springfield Line	Which transit line out of Union Station provides service to Hartford and Springfield , Massachusetts ?
Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines : the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York , Washington , D.C. and Boston , and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country ; the New Haven -- Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield , Massachusetts ; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington , D.C. , and Vermont , 15 miles -LRB- 24 km -RRB- from the Canadian border .	the Vermonter	Which transit line out of Union Station provides service between Vermont and Washington D.C. ?
Amtrak also codeshares with United Airlines for travel to any airport serviced by United Airlines , via Newark Airport -LRB- EWR -RRB- originating from or terminating at Union Station , -LRB- IATA : ZVE -RRB- .	United Airlines	With what airline does Amtrak codeshare for transit to Newark Airport that originates or terminates at Union Station ?
Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines : the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York , Washington , D.C. and Boston , and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country ; the New Haven -- Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield , Massachusetts ; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington , D.C. , and Vermont , 15 miles -LRB- 24 km -RRB- from the Canadian border .	Union Station	What is the name of the train station within New Haven ?
Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines : the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York , Washington , D.C. and Boston , and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country ; the New Haven -- Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield , Massachusetts ; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington , D.C. , and Vermont , 15 miles -LRB- 24 km -RRB- from the Canadian border .	New Haven–Springfield Line	The train line that connects Connecticut , Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what ?
Amtrak also codeshares with United Airlines for travel to any airport serviced by United Airlines , via Newark Airport -LRB- EWR -RRB- originating from or terminating at Union Station , -LRB- IATA : ZVE -RRB- .	United Airlines	In additions , the train line is also connected with which airline services ?
The New Haven Division buses follow routes that had originally been covered by trolley service .	trolley service	What form of public transportation preceded the current New Haven Division bus routes ?
Horse-drawn steetcars began operating in New Haven in the 1860s , and by the mid-1890s all the lines had become electric .	the 1860s	What decade ushered in the operation of horse-drawn carriages in New Haven ?
Horse-drawn steetcars began operating in New Haven in the 1860s , and by the mid-1890s all the lines had become electric .	all the lines had become electric	What advancement was made to New Haven trolley lines in the mid 1890 's ?
In the 1920s and 1930s , some of the trolley lines began to be replaced by bus lines , with the last trolley route converted to bus in 1948 .	bus lines	What mode of public transportation in New Haven phased out the trolley service in the 1920 's and 1930 's ?
In the 1920s and 1930s , some of the trolley lines began to be replaced by bus lines , with the last trolley route converted to bus in 1948 .	1948	In what year was the final trolley route in New Haven converted to a bus line ?
The New Haven Division buses follow routes that had originally been covered by trolley service .	trolley	Buses in New Haven uses what kind of route for their service ?
Horse-drawn steetcars began operating in New Haven in the 1860s , and by the mid-1890s all the lines had become electric .	Horse-drawn steetcars	Before 20th century , what was the form of public transportation in the city ?
The City of New Haven is in the very early stages of considering the restoration of streetcar -LRB- light-rail -RRB- service , which has been absent since the postwar period .	streetcar (light-rail) service	What further ideas for public transportation is the city currently considering ?
In the 1920s and 1930s , some of the trolley lines began to be replaced by bus lines , with the last trolley route converted to bus in 1948 .	1948	In what year were trolleys finally replaced completely by buses ?
The Farmington Canal Trail is a rail trail that will eventually run continuously from downtown New Haven to Northampton , Massachusetts .	The Farmington Canal Trail	What rail trail is slated to run between downtown New Haven and Northampton , Massachusetts ?
The scenic trail follows the path of the historic New Haven and Northampton Company and the Farmington Canal .	New Haven and Northampton Company	What historic trail does the Farmington Canal Trail follow ?
The scenic trail follows the path of the historic New Haven and Northampton Company and the Farmington Canal .	Farmington Canal	What canal lies adjacent to the Historic New Haven and Northamption company trail ?
The trail is part of the East Coast Greenway , a proposed 3,000-mile -LRB- 4,800 km -RRB- bike path that would link every major city on the East Coast from Florida to Maine .	East Coast Greenway	What proposed bike path , projected connect every major city on the eastern seaboard , is part of the Farmington Canal Trail ?
The Farmington Canal Trail is a rail trail that will eventually run continuously from downtown New Haven to Northampton , Massachusetts .	Farmington Canal Trail	What is the name of the trail that runs from to New Haven all the way to Eastern Massachusetts ?
Currently , there is a continuous 14-mile -LRB- 23 km -RRB- stretch of the trail from downtown , through Hamden and into Cheshire , making bicycle commuting between New Haven and those suburbs possible .	bicycle	Part of the rail trail is also accessible by what form of transportation ?
The trail is part of the East Coast Greenway , a proposed 3,000-mile -LRB- 4,800 km -RRB- bike path that would link every major city on the East Coast from Florida to Maine .	East Coast Greenway	Segments of the Farmington Canal is also part of which bicycle trail ?
The trail is part of the East Coast Greenway , a proposed 3,000-mile -LRB- 4,800 km -RRB- bike path that would link every major city on the East Coast from Florida to Maine .	3,000-mile	In terms of length , how long is the East Coast Greenway trail if it stretches from Maine to Florida ?
In 2004 , the first bike lane in the city was added to Orange Street , connecting East Rock Park and the East Rock neighborhood to downtown .	2004	In what year did Orange Street receive the first bike lane in New Haven ?
In 2004 , the first bike lane in the city was added to Orange Street , connecting East Rock Park and the East Rock neighborhood to downtown .	East Rock	For which New Haven neighborhood did the Orange Street bike lane provide a connection to downtown ?
The city has created recommended bike routes for getting around New Haven , including use of the Canal Trail and the Orange Street lane .	Canal Trail	In addition to Orange Street , what is a bike route recommended for use by the city of New Haven ?
As of the end of 2012 , bicycle lanes have also been added in both directions on Dixwell Avenue along most of the street from downtown to the Hamden town line , as well as along Howard Avenue from Yale New Haven Hospital to City Point .	2012	In what year were bike lanes added on Dixwell Avenue and Howard Avenue ?
In 2004 , the first bike lane in the city was added to Orange Street , connecting East Rock Park and the East Rock neighborhood to downtown .	2004	When was the first bicycle lane created in New Haven ?
In 2004 , the first bike lane in the city was added to Orange Street , connecting East Rock Park and the East Rock neighborhood to downtown .	downtown	The lane stretch from East Rock park to what part of the city ?
As of the end of 2012 , bicycle lanes have also been added in both directions on Dixwell Avenue along most of the street from downtown to the Hamden town line , as well as along Howard Avenue from Yale New Haven Hospital to City Point .	end of 2012	What year did New Haven finally integrated bike lanes to most of the city ?
A bike map of the city entire can be seen here , and bike maps broken down by area here .	bike map of the city	How is it possible to located the direction of bike lanes within the city ?
New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95 on the coast -- which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City , and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline , Rhode Island , and eastern Massachusetts -- and Interstate 91 , which leads northward to the interior of Massachusetts and Vermont and the Canadian border .	Interstate 95	What major interstate provides access between New Haven and New York City ?
New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95 on the coast -- which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City , and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline , Rhode Island , and eastern Massachusetts -- and Interstate 91 , which leads northward to the interior of Massachusetts and Vermont and the Canadian border .	Interstate 91	What major interstate in New Haven provides access northward into Massachusetts , Vermont , and eventually reaches the Canadian border ?
I-95 is infamous for traffic jams increasing with proximity to New York City ; on the east side of New Haven it passes over the Quinnipiac River via the Pearl Harbor Memorial , or `` Q Bridge '' , which often presents a major bottleneck to traffic .	Quinnipiac River	Over which New Haven river does 1-95 cross on the east side ?
I-95 is infamous for traffic jams increasing with proximity to New York City ; on the east side of New Haven it passes over the Quinnipiac River via the Pearl Harbor Memorial , or `` Q Bridge '' , which often presents a major bottleneck to traffic .	"Q Bridge"	What is the nickname given to the Pearl Harbor Memorial ?
I-91 , however , is relatively less congested , except at the intersection with I-95 during peak travel times .	I-91	Which New Haven interstate is less congested throughout times designated as peak travel ?
New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95 on the coast -- which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City , and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline , Rhode Island , and eastern Massachusetts -- and Interstate 91 , which leads northward to the interior of Massachusetts and Vermont and the Canadian border .	Interstate 95	New Haven is adjacent to what part of the national highway ?
I-91 , however , is relatively less congested , except at the intersection with I-95 during peak travel times .	is relatively less congested	Is I-91 similar to I-95 in terms of bad traffic ?
New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95 on the coast -- which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City , and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline , Rhode Island , and eastern Massachusetts -- and Interstate 91 , which leads northward to the interior of Massachusetts and Vermont and the Canadian border .	Interstate 91	Which of the nearby highway would take you north to Massachusetts ?
I-95 is infamous for traffic jams increasing with proximity to New York City ; on the east side of New Haven it passes over the Quinnipiac River via the Pearl Harbor Memorial , or `` Q Bridge '' , which often presents a major bottleneck to traffic .	traffic jams	Interstate 95 is also infamous for what exactly ?
I-95 is infamous for traffic jams increasing with proximity to New York City ; on the east side of New Haven it passes over the Quinnipiac River via the Pearl Harbor Memorial , or `` Q Bridge '' , which often presents a major bottleneck to traffic .	Quinnipiac River	What river crosses path with I-95 ?
The Oak Street Connector -LRB- Connecticut Route 34 -RRB- intersects I-91 at exit 1 , just south of the I-95 / I-91 interchange , and runs northwest for a few blocks as an expressway spur into downtown before emptying onto surface roads .	The Oak Street Connector	What downtown New Haven expressway spur intersects at exit 1 of 1-91 ?
The Wilbur Cross Parkway -LRB- Connecticut Route 15 -RRB- runs parallel to I-95 west of New Haven , turning northwards as it nears the city and then running northwards parallel to I-91 through the outer rim of New Haven and Hamden , offering an alternative to the I-95 / I-91 journey -LRB- restricted to non-commercial vehicles -RRB- .	The Wilbur Cross Parkway	What is another name for Connecticut Route 15 , which provides an alternate route from traveling on 1-95/1 / 91 ?
Route 15 in New Haven is the site of the only highway tunnel in the state -LRB- officially designated as Heroes Tunnel -RRB- , running through West Rock , home to West Rock Park and the Three Judges Cave .	Route 15	What thoroughfare in New Haven features the only highway tunnel in Connecticut ?
Route 15 in New Haven is the site of the only highway tunnel in the state -LRB- officially designated as Heroes Tunnel -RRB- , running through West Rock , home to West Rock Park and the Three Judges Cave .	Heroes Tunnel	What is the name of the highway tunnel on Route 15 in New Haven ?
Route 15 in New Haven is the site of the only highway tunnel in the state -LRB- officially designated as Heroes Tunnel -RRB- , running through West Rock , home to West Rock Park and the Three Judges Cave .	West Rock	Through what neighborhood in New Haven does Route 15 run ?
The Oak Street Connector -LRB- Connecticut Route 34 -RRB- intersects I-91 at exit 1 , just south of the I-95 / I-91 interchange , and runs northwest for a few blocks as an expressway spur into downtown before emptying onto surface roads .	I-91 at exit 1	Oak Street Connect crosses which interstate highway ?
The Wilbur Cross Parkway -LRB- Connecticut Route 15 -RRB- runs parallel to I-95 west of New Haven , turning northwards as it nears the city and then running northwards parallel to I-91 through the outer rim of New Haven and Hamden , offering an alternative to the I-95 / I-91 journey -LRB- restricted to non-commercial vehicles -RRB- .	I-95 west of New Haven,	Connecticut Route 15 is next to which highway ?
Route 15 in New Haven is the site of the only highway tunnel in the state -LRB- officially designated as Heroes Tunnel -RRB- , running through West Rock , home to West Rock Park and the Three Judges Cave .	Route 15	What is the name of the only highway tunnel in Connecticut ?
U.S. Route 1 -LRB- Columbus Avenue , Union Avenue , Water Street , Forbes Avenue -RRB- runs in an east-west direction south of downtown serving Union Station and leading out of the city to Milford , West Haven , East Haven and Branford .	U.S. Route 1	What east-west artery in New Haven serves Union Station ?
The main road from downtown heading northwest is Whalley Avenue -LRB- partly signed as Route 10 and Route 63 -RRB- leading to Westville and Woodbridge .	Whalley Avenue	What road leading northwest from downtown New Haven comprises both Route 10 and Route 63 at various points ?
Heading north towards Hamden , there are two major thoroughfares , Dixwell Avenue and Whitney Avenue .	Dixwell Avenue and Whitney Avenue	What two major thoroughfares lie to the north of New Haven towards Hamden ?
To the northeast are Middletown Avenue -LRB- Route 17 -RRB- , which leads to the Montowese section of North Haven , and Foxon Boulevard -LRB- Route 80 -RRB- , which leads to the Foxon section of East Haven and to the town of North Branford .	Middletown	What northeast avenue in New Haven is signed as Route 17 ?
To the west is Route 34 , which leads to the city of Derby .	Route 34	What western road provides access from New Haven to the city of Derby ?
U.S. Route 1 -LRB- Columbus Avenue , Union Avenue , Water Street , Forbes Avenue -RRB- runs in an east-west direction south of downtown serving Union Station and leading out of the city to Milford , West Haven , East Haven and Branford .	east-west direction	Where does U.S. Route 1 runs in terms of direction within the city ?
The main road from downtown heading northwest is Whalley Avenue -LRB- partly signed as Route 10 and Route 63 -RRB- leading to Westville and Woodbridge .	Whalley Avenue	What is the name of the route that heads north of downtown ?
To the west is Route 34 , which leads to the city of Derby .	Derby	What city does the western route 34 leads to ?
Other major intracity arteries are Ella Grasso Boulevard -LRB- Route 10 -RRB- west of downtown , and College Street , Temple Street , Church Street , Elm Street , and Grove Street in the downtown area .	Ella Grasso Boulevard	What is another surface arteries that is located west of downtown New Haven ?
New Haven Harbor is home to the Port of New Haven , a deep-water seaport with three berths capable of hosting vessels and barges as well as the facilities required to handle break bulk cargo .	New Haven Harbor	In what harbor is the Port of New Haven located ?
The port has the capacity to load 200 trucks a day from the ground or via loading docks .	200	How many trucks does the Port of New Haven have the daily capacity to load ?
The port has the capacity to load 200 trucks a day from the ground or via loading docks .	loading docks	In addition to ground service , what other function is available at the Port of New Haven for offloading truck cargo ?
Approximately 400,000 square feet -LRB- 40,000 m2 -RRB- of inside storage and 50 acres -LRB- 200,000 m2 -RRB- of outside storage are available at the site .	400,000	Approximately how many square feet of interior storage is available at the Port of New Haven ?
Approximately 400,000 square feet -LRB- 40,000 m2 -RRB- of inside storage and 50 acres -LRB- 200,000 m2 -RRB- of outside storage are available at the site .	50	Approximately how many acres of outside storage does the Port of New Haven offer ?
New Haven Harbor is home to the Port of New Haven , a deep-water seaport with three berths capable of hosting vessels and barges as well as the facilities required to handle break bulk cargo .	Port of New Haven	The name of New Haven harbor ?
Approximately 400,000 square feet -LRB- 40,000 m2 -RRB- of inside storage and 50 acres -LRB- 200,000 m2 -RRB- of outside storage are available at the site .	400,000 square feet	In terms of scale how big is the harbor ?
Five shore cranes with a 250-ton capacity and 26 forklifts , each with a 26-ton capacity , are also available .	26	How many forklift are available for use in it everyday production ?
The port has the capacity to load 200 trucks a day from the ground or via loading docks .	200	How many transport vehicle can the harbor actually hold ?
There are two major medical centers downtown : Yale -- New Haven Hospital has four pavilions , including the Yale -- New Haven Children 's Hospital and the Smilow Cancer Hospital ; the Hospital of Saint Raphael is several blocks north , and touts its excellent cardiac emergency care program .	two	How many major medical centers are located in downtown New Haven ?
There are two major medical centers downtown : Yale -- New Haven Hospital has four pavilions , including the Yale -- New Haven Children 's Hospital and the Smilow Cancer Hospital ; the Hospital of Saint Raphael is several blocks north , and touts its excellent cardiac emergency care program .	Yale – New Haven Hospital	What overarching New Haven medical center is the Smilow Cancer Hospital a part of ?
There are two major medical centers downtown : Yale -- New Haven Hospital has four pavilions , including the Yale -- New Haven Children 's Hospital and the Smilow Cancer Hospital ; the Hospital of Saint Raphael is several blocks north , and touts its excellent cardiac emergency care program .	Hospital of Saint Raphael	What hospital in New Haven provides notable cardiac emergency care ?
There are two major medical centers downtown : Yale -- New Haven Hospital has four pavilions , including the Yale -- New Haven Children 's Hospital and the Smilow Cancer Hospital ; the Hospital of Saint Raphael is several blocks north , and touts its excellent cardiac emergency care program .	four	How many pavilions comprise Yale -- New Haven Hospital ?
Smaller downtown health facilities are the Temple Medical Center located downtown on Temple Street , Connecticut Mental Health Center / across Park Street from Y-NHH , and the Hill Health Center , which serves the working-class Hill neighborhood .	Connecticut Mental Health Center	What is the mental health facility is located in New Haven ?
There are two major medical centers downtown : Yale -- New Haven Hospital has four pavilions , including the Yale -- New Haven Children 's Hospital and the Smilow Cancer Hospital ; the Hospital of Saint Raphael is several blocks north , and touts its excellent cardiac emergency care program .	four pavilions	How many pavilion are part of New Haven Hospital ?
Smaller downtown health facilities are the Temple Medical Center located downtown on Temple Street , Connecticut Mental Health Center / across Park Street from Y-NHH , and the Hill Health Center , which serves the working-class Hill neighborhood .	Hill Health Center,	What hospital is located nearby a working class district within the city ?
To the west in Milford is Milford Hospital , and to the north in Meriden is the MidState Medical Center .	MidState Medical Center	What is the hospital located north of New Haven in Meriden ?
There are two major medical centers downtown : Yale -- New Haven Hospital has four pavilions , including the Yale -- New Haven Children 's Hospital and the Smilow Cancer Hospital ; the Hospital of Saint Raphael is several blocks north , and touts its excellent cardiac emergency care program .	New Haven Children's Hospital	What is the name of the well known hospital specializes in young children patients ?
A large Veterans Affairs hospital is located in neighboring West Haven .	West Haven	What nearby city would you go to for war related injuries ?
Yale and New Haven are working to build a medical and biotechnology research hub in the city and Greater New Haven region , and are succeeding to some extent .	medical and biotechnology	Yale and New Haven are conjointly attempting to build the area into a research hub for what two industries ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The city , state and Yale together run Science Park , a large site three blocks northwest of Yale 's Science Hill campus .	Science Park	What large site is run by Yale , in conjunction with New Haven and the state , situated three blocks away from Yale 's Science hill campus ?
This multi-block site , approximately bordered by Mansfield Street , Division Street , and Shelton Avenue , is the former home of Winchester 's and Olin Corporation 's 45 large-scale factory buildings .	Winchester's and Olin	To what corporation did the multi-block site comprising Science Park formerly belong ?
Currently , sections of the site are large-scale parking lots or abandoned structures , but there is also a large remodeled and functioning area of buildings -LRB- leased primarily by a private developer -RRB- with numerous Yale employees , financial service and biotech companies .	biotech	In addition to Yale employees and financial services , companies in what industry can currently be found in the functioning areas Science Park ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The city , state and Yale together run Science Park , a large site three blocks northwest of Yale 's Science Hill campus .	Science Park	What is the name of the collaborated project between Yale University , Connecticut and New Haven city ?
This multi-block site , approximately bordered by Mansfield Street , Division Street , and Shelton Avenue , is the former home of Winchester 's and Olin Corporation 's 45 large-scale factory buildings .	45 large-scale factory buildings	The area of Science Park was originally filled with what ?
Currently , sections of the site are large-scale parking lots or abandoned structures , but there is also a large remodeled and functioning area of buildings -LRB- leased primarily by a private developer -RRB- with numerous Yale employees , financial service and biotech companies .	parking lots or abandoned structures	Although some of the Science Park area is used by multiple institutions and groups , what remains left over Winchester 's and Olin company ?
A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road , on land cleared for the never-built Route 34 extension .	Frontage	On the median strip of what road is New Haven planning to create a secondary biotechnology district ?
A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road , on land cleared for the never-built Route 34 extension .	Route 34 extension	What was originally slated to be built at the site of the proposed area for the secondary biotechnology district ?
As of late 2009 , a Pfizer drug-testing clinic , a medical laboratory building serving Yale -- New Haven Hospital , and a mixed-use structure containing parking , housing and office space , have been constructed on this corridor .	Pfizer	What major pharmaceutical company is currently operating a drug clinic in New Haven within the new biotechnology corridor ?
A former SNET telephone building at 300 George Street is being converted into lab space , and has been so far quite successful in attracting biotechnology and medical firms .	lab space	What is the former SNET building in New Haven currently being converted for in the effort of attracting new medical or biotechnology firms ?
A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road , on land cleared for the never-built Route 34 extension .	Frontage Road	Where will the second planned biotechnology district located ?
A former SNET telephone building at 300 George Street is being converted into lab space , and has been so far quite successful in attracting biotechnology and medical firms .	SNET telephone building	What was the former name of the place now serving as a biotech building on 300 George Street ?
As of late 2009 , a Pfizer drug-testing clinic , a medical laboratory building serving Yale -- New Haven Hospital , and a mixed-use structure containing parking , housing and office space , have been constructed on this corridor .	late 2009	When was the opening of first building in the second biotech district ?
Near New Haven there is the static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross Sound Cable .	HVDC Cross Sound Cable	What static inverter plant lies near New Haven ?
There are three PureCell Model 400 fuel cells placed in the city of New Haven -- one at the New Haven Public Schools and newly constructed Roberto Clemente School , one at the mixed-use 360 State Street building , and one at City Hall .	three	How many PureCell Model 400 fuel cells can be found in New Haven ?
According to Giovanni Zinn of the city 's Office of Sustainability , each fuel cell may save the city up to $ 1 million in energy costs over a decade .	$1 million	How much money is each PureCell Model 400 fuel cell projected to save the city of New Haven in energy costs over the course of a decade ?
The fuel cells were provided by ClearEdge Power , formerly UTC Power .	ClearEdge Power	What company provided New Haven with the fuel cells currently in place throughout the city ?
Near New Haven there is the static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross Sound Cable .	static inverter plant	The Cross Sound Cable company has what sort of structure located near New Haven ?
There are three PureCell Model 400 fuel cells placed in the city of New Haven -- one at the New Haven Public Schools and newly constructed Roberto Clemente School , one at the mixed-use 360 State Street building , and one at City Hall .	three	How many Model 400 fuel cell lies within New Haven ?
The fuel cells were provided by ClearEdge Power , formerly UTC Power .	UTC Power	What was the former name of the company that provided the fuel cells to the city ?
According to Giovanni Zinn of the city 's Office of Sustainability , each fuel cell may save the city up to $ 1 million in energy costs over a decade .	$1 million in energy costs	In terms of budget , what is the estimated savings from using the fuel cell system ?
Scenes in the film All About Eve -LRB- 1950 -RRB- are set at the Taft Hotel -LRB- now Taft Apartments -RRB- on the corner of College and Chapel streets , and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway `` tryouts '' is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon -LRB- 1953 -RRB- .	Taft Hotel	At what former lodging facility in New Haven were scenes from the 1950 's classic , All About Eve , filmed ?
Scenes in the film All About Eve -LRB- 1950 -RRB- are set at the Taft Hotel -LRB- now Taft Apartments -RRB- on the corner of College and Chapel streets , and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway `` tryouts '' is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon -LRB- 1953 -RRB- .	The Band Wagon	What Fred Astaire film depicts the reported history of New Haven theaters as `` tryouts '' for Broadway ?
The city was fictionally portrayed in the Steven Spielberg movie Amistad -LRB- 1997 -RRB- concerning the events around the mutiny trial of that ship 's rebelling captives .	Amistad	What Spielberg movie provided a fictional account of the slave ship mutiny trials that took place in New Haven ?
New Haven was also fictionalized in the movie The Skulls -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , which focused on conspiracy theories surrounding the real-life Skull and Bones secret society which is located in New Haven .	The Skulls	What movie produced in 2000 investigated conspiracy theories surrounding the notorious Skull and Bone Society in New Haven ?
Scenes in the film All About Eve -LRB- 1950 -RRB- are set at the Taft Hotel -LRB- now Taft Apartments -RRB- on the corner of College and Chapel streets , and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway `` tryouts '' is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon -LRB- 1953 -RRB- .	Taft Apartments	What is currently located at the site of the old Taft Hotel in New Haven ?
Scenes in the film All About Eve -LRB- 1950 -RRB- are set at the Taft Hotel -LRB- now Taft Apartments -RRB- on the corner of College and Chapel streets , and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway `` tryouts '' is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon -LRB- 1953 -RRB- .	All About Eve (1950)	What was the name of the movie that once film in the corner of College and Chapel streets ?
The city was fictionally portrayed in the Steven Spielberg movie Amistad -LRB- 1997 -RRB- concerning the events around the mutiny trial of that ship 's rebelling captives .	Steven Spielberg	The fim Amistad uses references to New Haven in the movie , who was the director of Amistad ?
New Haven was also fictionalized in the movie The Skulls -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , which focused on conspiracy theories surrounding the real-life Skull and Bones secret society which is located in New Haven .	The Skulls (2000)	New Haven was feature in what movie regarding secret society and conspiracy theories ?
Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven , including Mona Lisa Smile -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , with Julia Roberts , The Life Before Her Eyes -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , with Uma Thurman , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull -LRB- 2008 -RRB- directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford , Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf .	Mona Lisa Smile	What 2003 movie featuring Julia Roberts was filmed in New Haven ?
Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven , including Mona Lisa Smile -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , with Julia Roberts , The Life Before Her Eyes -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , with Uma Thurman , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull -LRB- 2008 -RRB- directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford , Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf .	Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull	What Spielberg franchise was filmed in New Haven in 2008 ?
Several downtown streets were closed to traffic and received a `` makeover '' to look like streets of 1957 , when the film is set .	1957	What year were the streets of downtown New Haven redesigned to resemble for the filming of the Crystal Skull ?
500 locals were cast as extras for the film .	500	How many New Haven locals were cast as extras throughout filming of the Crystal Skull ?
In Everybody 's Fine -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , Robert De Niro has a close encounter in what is supposed to be the Denver train station ; the scene was filmed in New Haven 's Union Station .	Union Station	In what New Haven landmark was the 2009 Robert De Niro movie , Everybody 's Fine , filmed ?
Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven , including Mona Lisa Smile -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , with Julia Roberts , The Life Before Her Eyes -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , with Uma Thurman , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull -LRB- 2008 -RRB- directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford , Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf .	Mona Lisa Smile (2003)	What was the name of popular movie film in New Haven featuring Julia Roberts ?
500 locals were cast as extras for the film .	500	The recent Indiana Jones movie feature how many of the local citizen in film ?
In Everybody 's Fine -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , Robert De Niro has a close encounter in what is supposed to be the Denver train station ; the scene was filmed in New Haven 's Union Station .	Everybody's Fine (2009)	Union Station was as a part of a set on a film , what was the name of the movie ?
New Haven is repeatedly referenced by Nick Carraway in F. Scott Fitzgerald 's literary classic The Great Gatsby , as well as by fellow fictional Yale alumnus C. Montgomery Burns , a character from The Simpsons television show .	The Great Gatsby	In what Fitzgerald classic does the fictional protagonist make repeated references to New Haven ?
New Haven is repeatedly referenced by Nick Carraway in F. Scott Fitzgerald 's literary classic The Great Gatsby , as well as by fellow fictional Yale alumnus C. Montgomery Burns , a character from The Simpsons television show .	C. Montgomery Burns	Who is the fictional Yale University alumnus , and ostensible former resident of New Haven , featured on The Simpsons ?
A fictional native of New Haven is Alex Welch from the novella , The Odd Saga of the American and a Curious Icelandic Flock .	Alex Welch	What fictional New Haven resident is featured in the novella , The Odd Saga of the American and a Curious Iceland Flock ?
The TV show Gilmore Girls is set -LRB- but not filmed -RRB- in New Haven and at Yale University , as are scenes in the film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 -LRB- 2008 -RRB- .	Yale	At what New Haven university is The Gilmore Girls hypothetically set , at least in part ?
New Haven is repeatedly referenced by Nick Carraway in F. Scott Fitzgerald 's literary classic The Great Gatsby , as well as by fellow fictional Yale alumnus C. Montgomery Burns , a character from The Simpsons television show .	The Great Gatsby	The city of New Haven was often referenced several time by a character in a very popular novel which name was ?
New Haven is repeatedly referenced by Nick Carraway in F. Scott Fitzgerald 's literary classic The Great Gatsby , as well as by fellow fictional Yale alumnus C. Montgomery Burns , a character from The Simpsons television show .	Montgomery Burns	The Simpson has a character that was set to graduated from Yale University , can you guess his name ?
The TV show Gilmore Girls is set -LRB- but not filmed -RRB- in New Haven and at Yale University , as are scenes in the film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 -LRB- 2008 -RRB- .	is set (but not filmed) in New Haven	What relations does the television show Gilmore Girls have to New Haven city ?
New Haven was the location of one of Jim Morrison 's infamous arrests while he fronted the rock group The Doors .	Jim Morrison	What infamous Doors frontman was once arrested in New Haven ?
The near-riotous concert and arrest in 1967 at the New Haven Arena was commemorated by Morrison in the lyrics to `` Peace Frog '' which include the line '' ... blood in the streets in the town of New Haven ... '' This was the first time a rock star had ever been arrested in concert .	New Haven Arena	At what venue was Jim Morrison arrested in New Haven ?
The near-riotous concert and arrest in 1967 at the New Haven Arena was commemorated by Morrison in the lyrics to `` Peace Frog '' which include the line '' ... blood in the streets in the town of New Haven ... '' This was the first time a rock star had ever been arrested in concert .	"Peace Frog"	What Morrison song pays homage to his New Haven arrest while mentioning the town by name ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This event is portrayed in the movie The Doors -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , starring Val Kilmer as Morrison , with a concert hall in Los Angeles used to depict the New Haven Arena .	The Doors	What 1991 film depicts the 1979 Morrison arrest in New Haven ?
New Haven was the location of one of Jim Morrison 's infamous arrests while he fronted the rock group The Doors .	Jim Morrison	A popular 70s rock band group once played in New Haven , which result in an accident with one of it member , the man name was ?
The near-riotous concert and arrest in 1967 at the New Haven Arena was commemorated by Morrison in the lyrics to `` Peace Frog '' which include the line '' ... blood in the streets in the town of New Haven ... '' This was the first time a rock star had ever been arrested in concert .	"Peace Frog"	What was the song sung that lead to the arrest of Morrison ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This event is portrayed in the movie The Doors -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , starring Val Kilmer as Morrison , with a concert hall in Los Angeles used to depict the New Haven Arena .	The Doors	The event in 1967 later lead to inspiration of what movie in 1991 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This event is portrayed in the movie The Doors -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , starring Val Kilmer as Morrison , with a concert hall in Los Angeles used to depict the New Haven Arena .	Los Angeles	The movie The Doors however did not film at New Haven , instead where did they film the reenactment ?
It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- LDS Church -RRB- , and , excluding online students , is the largest of any religious university and the third largest private university in the United States , with 29,672 on-campus students .	29,672	How many students attend BYU on campus ?
Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church , and one-third of its US students are from Utah .	99 percent	How many of the students are also members of the Latter Day Saints Church ?
Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church , and one-third of its US students are from Utah .	one-third	What portion of students are native Utah residents ?
Brigham Young University -LRB- often referred to as BYU or , colloquially , The Y -RRB- is a private research university located in Provo , Utah , United States .	Provo, Utah	Where is Brigham Young University ?
It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- LDS Church -RRB- , and , excluding online students , is the largest of any religious university and the third largest private university in the United States , with 29,672 on-campus students .	third	What is BYU 's ranking among private universities ?
It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- LDS Church -RRB- , and , excluding online students , is the largest of any religious university and the third largest private university in the United States , with 29,672 on-campus students .	29,672	How many students currently attend BYU on-campus ?
Brigham Young University -LRB- often referred to as BYU or , colloquially , The Y -RRB- is a private research university located in Provo , Utah , United States .	Provo, Utah	Where is BYU 's main campus ?
Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church , and one-third of its US students are from Utah .	one-third	How many of BYU 's students are native Utah residents ?
Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church , and one-third of its US students are from Utah .	one-third	What percentage of BYU students are from Utah ?
Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church , and one-third of its US students are from Utah .	Approximately 99 percent	What percentage of BYU students are members of the LDS Church ?
It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- LDS Church -RRB- , and , excluding online students , is the largest of any religious university and the third largest private university in the United States , with 29,672 on-campus students .	the third largest	How is BYU 's size ranked among all private university 's in the U.S. ?
It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- LDS Church -RRB- , and , excluding online students , is the largest of any religious university and the third largest private university in the United States , with 29,672 on-campus students .	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints	What does LDS stand for ?
It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- LDS Church -RRB- , and , excluding online students , is the largest of any religious university and the third largest private university in the United States , with 29,672 on-campus students .	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints	Who owns and operates Brigham University ?
Many students -LRB- 88 percent of men , 33 percent of women -RRB- either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries .	to serve as Mormon missionaries	For what reason to many student 's postpone their enrollment to BYU ?
An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities , since `` a significant portion '' of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church 's tithing funds .	the church's tithing funds	What is the source of much of BYU 's funding ?
Many students -LRB- 88 percent of men , 33 percent of women -RRB- either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries .	33 percent	How many women at BYU do missionary work ?
-LRB- Men typically serve for two-years , while women serve for 18 months . -RRB-	two-years	What is the average amount of time men serve as missionaries ?
Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code , which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty , adherence to dress and grooming standards , and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol .	LDS teachings	What is the basis of the behavioral code at BYU ?
An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities , since `` a significant portion '' of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church 's tithing funds .	the church's tithing funds	What is a significant portion of the BYU 's operating costs subsidized by ?
Many students -LRB- 88 percent of men , 33 percent of women -RRB- either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries .	88	What percentage of men delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary ?
Many students -LRB- 88 percent of men , 33 percent of women -RRB- either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries .	33	What percentage of women delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary ?
An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities , since `` a significant portion '' of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church 's tithing funds .	less expensive	How does the cost of attending BYU compare to the cost of attending similar universities ?
Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code , which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty , adherence to dress and grooming standards , and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol .	drugs and alcohol	What do all students at BYU agree to abstain from consuming ?
The university 's primary focus is on undergraduate education , but it also has 68 master 's and 25 doctoral degree programs .	undergraduate education	What is BYU 's main focal point ?
The university also administers two satellite campuses , one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City , while its parent organization , the Church Educational System -LRB- CES -RRB- , sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho .	Jerusalem	What foreign city holds a branch campus of BYU ?
The university also administers two satellite campuses , one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City , while its parent organization , the Church Educational System -LRB- CES -RRB- , sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho .	Church Educational System	What institution controls BYU ?
The university also administers two satellite campuses , one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City , while its parent organization , the Church Educational System -LRB- CES -RRB- , sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho .	Hawaii and Idaho	Where are BYU 's sibling schools located ?
The university 's primary focus is on undergraduate education , but it also has 68 master 's and 25 doctoral degree programs .	68	How many master 's programs does BYU have ?
The university is broadly organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus , with certain colleges and divisions defining their own admission standards .	11	How many colleges make up BYU at its main campus ?
The university also administers two satellite campuses , one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City , while its parent organization , the Church Educational System -LRB- CES -RRB- , sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho .	two	How many satellite campuses are run by BYU ?
The university also administers two satellite campuses , one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City , while its parent organization , the Church Educational System -LRB- CES -RRB- , sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho .	the Church Educational System (CES)	What is BYU 's parent organization ?
The university also administers two satellite campuses , one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City , while its parent organization , the Church Educational System -LRB- CES -RRB- , sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho .	Hawaii and Idaho	Where does CES sponsor BYU 's sister schools ?
On October 16 , 1875 , Brigham Young , then president of the LDS Church , personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper , Utah in 1867 .	October 16, 1875	When was the first property for what would become BYU acquired ?
On October 16 , 1875 , Brigham Young , then president of the LDS Church , personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper , Utah in 1867 .	Brigham Young	Who was responsible for acquiring BYU 's first building ?
On October 16 , 1875 , Brigham Young , then president of the LDS Church , personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper , Utah in 1867 .	Draper, Utah	Where was Brigham Young 's school originally believed to be located ?
Brigham Young University 's origin can be traced back to 1862 when a man named Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall , which was located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North .	Warren Dusenberry	Who began the school that previously existed at the site where BYU is now located ?
Brigham Young University 's origin can be traced back to 1862 when a man named Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall , which was located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North .	1862	What year can BYU 's origin be traced to with a building called Cluff Hall ?
On October 16 , 1875 , Brigham Young , then president of the LDS Church , personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper , Utah in 1867 .	Brigham Young	Which president of the LDS church purchased the Lewis Building after hinting at the building of a school ?
Said Young about his vision : `` I hope to see an Academy established in Provo ... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country . ''	atheistic	What type of influences did Brigham Young hope to avoid with BYU ?
On October 16 , 1875 , Brigham Young , then president of the LDS Church , personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper , Utah in 1867 .	1867	What is the commonly held founding year of BYU ?
Said Young about his vision : `` I hope to see an Academy established in Provo ... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country . ''	children of the Latter-day Saints	Who did Brigham Young hope to educate via BYU ?
The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy , with classes commencing on January 3 , 1876 .	University of Deseret	What college did BYU separate from to become its own entity ?
The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy , with classes commencing on January 3 , 1876 .	January 3, 1876	When did BYU first open its doors to students ?
Warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Young 's choice for principal arrived -- a German immigrant named Karl Maeser .	Warren Dusenberry	Who was the head of the school for its first few months ?
At that time , the school was also still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18 , 1896 .	July 18, 1896	When did the Latter Day Saints Church acknowledge and begin to support BYU ?
The school , however , did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluff , Jr 's term at the helm of the institution .	Benjamin Cluff, Jr	Who is responsible for proposing BYU 's current name ?
The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy , with classes commencing on January 3 , 1876 .	University of Deseret	Which school did Brigham Young Acadamy , now BYU , break off from in 1876 ?
Warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Young 's choice for principal arrived -- a German immigrant named Karl Maeser .	Karl Maeser	Who was the first Brigham Young Acadamy , now BYU , principal chosen by Brigham Young ?
The school , however , did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluff , Jr 's term at the helm of the institution .	a university	What did Brigham Young Acadamy become at the end of Benjamin Cluff Jr 's term at the helm ?
At that time , the school was also still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18 , 1896 .	members of the community	Who was BYU supported by before being sponsored by the LDS Church ?
One opponent to the decision , Anthon H. Lund , later said , `` I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat . ''	"I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat."	What did Board opponent Anthon H. Lund say after Brigham voted to change their name to a University ?
In 1903 , Brigham Young Academy was dissolved , and was replaced by two institutions : Brigham Young High School , and Brigham Young University .	1903	In what year was Brigham Young Academy split into two separate schools ?
Under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres -LRB- 69,000 m2 -RRB- of land from Provo called `` Temple Hill '' .	Temple Hill	What was the name of the land purchased by BYU in 1904 ?
He had not received a high school education until he was forty .	forty	How old was George H. Brimhall when he completed High School ?
Joseph F. Smith , LDS Church president , settled the question for a time by asking that evolution not be taught at the school .	evolution	What topic was excluded from being taught at BYU ?
The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU .	George H. Brimhall	Who was chosen to head BYU ?
In 1903 , Brigham Young Academy was dissolved , and was replaced by two institutions : Brigham Young High School , and Brigham Young University .	Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University	In 1903 , which two institutions was Brigham Young Univesity replaced with ?
-LRB- The BY High School class of 1907 was ultimately responsible for the famous giant `` Y '' that is to this day embedded on a mountain near campus . -RRB-	BY High School class of 1907	Who we responsible for the giant `` Y '' that is embedded on a mountain near the campus ?
He had not received a high school education until he was forty .	forty	At what age did BYU 's elected president in 1904 , George H. Brimhall , receive his high school education ?
Brimhall also presided over the University during a brief crisis involving the theory of evolution .	the theory of evolution	What brief crisis rose in the school at the time of Brimhall 's presidency that caused the crises ' theory to not be taught for a time ?
Under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres -LRB- 69,000 m2 -RRB- of land from Provo called `` Temple Hill '' .	Temple Hill	What property was George Brimhall responsible for purchasing for the campus ?
He was the first BYU president to have a doctoral degree .	doctoral degree	What sort of credentials did Franklin S. Harris have ?
Franklin S. Harris was appointed the university 's president in 1921 .	Franklin S. Harris	Who was responsible for getting BYU acknowledged as an official university ?
The university did not have the facilities to handle such a large influx , so he bought part of an Air Force Base in Ogden , Utah and rebuilt it to house some of the students .	an Air Force Base	What was purchased to accommodate more students ?
The next president , Ernest L. Wilkinson , also oversaw a period of intense growth , as the school adopted an accelerated building program .	Ernest L. Wilkinson	Which president was responsible for the most amount of growth to the campus ?
By the end of his stay , the school had grown nearly five times to an enrollment of 5,440 students .	nearly five times	How much did the student body expand under Howard S. McDonald ?
He was the first BYU president to have a doctoral degree .	doctoral	What type of degree did BYU 's appointed president of 1921 , Franklin S. Harris have that no former BYU president had ?
Franklin S. Harris was appointed the university 's president in 1921 .	Franklin S. Harris	Which BYU president was responsible for BYU becoming fully accredited under all major organizations ?
When he first received the position , the Second World War had just ended , and thousands of students were flooding into BYU .	the Second World War had just ended	What event prompted BYU Pres. Howard S. MacDonald to purchase a portion of an Air Force Base to house a sudden influx of students ?
During his tenure , the student body increased six times , making BYU the largest private school at the time .	six times	How much did the studen body of BYU increase under the term of Pres. Ernest L. Wilkinson to become the largest private school at the time ?
Finally , Wilkinson reorganized the LDS Church units on campus , with ten stakes and over 100 wards being added during his administration .	over 100	How many new LDS Church wards were added during Wilkinson 's presidency ?
Jeffrey R. Holland followed as president in 1980 , encouraging a combination of educational excellence and religious faith at the university .	Jeffrey R. Holland	Who was responsible for the BYU 's first campus outside of the U.S. ?
In 1989 , Holland was replaced by Rex E. Lee .	Rex E. Lee	Which BYU president suffered from a terminal illness ?
Shortly before his death , Lee was replaced in 1995 by Merrill J. Bateman .	Merrill J. Bateman	Who succeeded Rex E. Lee ?
Dallin H. Oaks replaced Wilkinson as president in 1971 .	Dallin H. Oaks	Who is responsible for the university 's expansion into law and management schools ?
He believed that one of the school 's greatest strengths was its religious nature and that this should be taken advantage of rather than hidden .	its religious nature	What did Jeffrey R. Holland believe to be BYU 's strongest asset ?
Oaks continued the expansion of his predecessor , adding a law school and proposing plans for a new School of Management .	law	Which new BYU school was added under Pres. Dallin H. Oaks in 1971 ?
During his administration , the university added a campus in Jerusalem , now called the BYU Jerusalem Center .	Jerusalem	In which foreign country did Jeffrey R. Holland open a BYU campus during his presidency ?
A cancer victim , Lee is memorialized annually at BYU during a cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run .	cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run	What annual event at BYU is carried out in memory of former president Rex E. Lee , who built the Museum of Art on campus ?
He believed that one of the school 's greatest strengths was its religious nature and that this should be taken advantage of rather than hidden .	its religious nature	What was believed to be one of the schools greatest strengths by Pres. Jeffrey R. Holland ?
During his administration , the university added a campus in Jerusalem , now called the BYU Jerusalem Center .	BYU Jerusalem Center	What is the name of the BYU campus in Jerusulem ?
Bateman was also president during the September 11th attacks in 2001 .	the September 11th attacks	What infamous event occurred during Bateman 's term as president ?
He was also one of several key college leaders who brought about the creation of the Mountain West Conference , which BYU 's athletics program joined -- BYU previously participated in the Western Athletic Conference .	the Western Athletic Conference	What was the name of the event the athletic program was involved with prior to the Mountain West Conference ?
A BYU satellite TV network also opened in 2000 under his leadership .	2000	In what year did the school begin a BYU television network ?
Samuelson was succeeded by Kevin J Worthen in 2014 .	Kevin J Worthen	Who replaced Bateman 's successor ?
A BYU satellite TV network also opened in 2000 under his leadership .	satellite	What type of BYU TV network opened in 2000 under Pres. Merrill J. Bateman ?
Previous plans for the devotional were altered , as Bateman led the student body in a prayer for peace .	led the student body in a prayer for peace	What did Pres. Bateman replace a scheduled devotial to do following the Sept. 11th , 2001 attacks ?
Bateman was responsible for the building of 36 new buildings for the university both on and off campus , including the expansion of the Harold B. Lee Library .	Harold B. Lee Library	What library was Pres. Bateman responsible for expanding ?
He was also one of several key college leaders who brought about the creation of the Mountain West Conference , which BYU 's athletics program joined -- BYU previously participated in the Western Athletic Conference .	the Mountain West Conference	What did BYU 's athletic program join under Pres. Bateman ?
He was also one of several key college leaders who brought about the creation of the Mountain West Conference , which BYU 's athletics program joined -- BYU previously participated in the Western Athletic Conference .	the Western Athletic Conference	Which did BYU 's athletic program belong to before joining the Mountain West Conference ?
BYU accepted 49 percent of the 11,423 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2013 .	49	What percentage of applicants did BYU accept for it 's summer term and fall semester in 2013 ?
The average GPA for these admitted students was 3.82 .	3.82	What was the average GPA for the accepted students in 2013 ?
BYU has one of the highest percentage of accepted applicants that go on to enroll -LRB- 78 percent in 2010 -RRB- .	78	What percentage of accepted BYU students went on to enroll in 2010 ?
In addition , BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars , with 88 in 2006 .	26th	What is BYU 's ranking in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars ?
In addition , BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars , with 88 in 2006 .	88	How many freshman at BYU were Merit Scholars in 2006 ?
Forbes Magazine ranked it as the No. 1 `` Top University to Work For in 2014 '' and as the best college in Utah .	Forbes Magazine	Who ranked BYU as the best college in Utah ?
BYU is designated as a research university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . -RSB- -RSB-	Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching	Who designated BYU as having high research activity ?
The Princeton Review has ranked BYU the best value for college in 2007 , and its library is consistently ranked in the nation 's top ten -- No. 1 in 2004 and No. 4 in 2007 .	The Princeton Review	Who ranked BYU the vest value for college in 2007 ?
BYU is also ranked No. 19 in the U.S. News and World Report 's `` Great Schools , Great Prices '' lineup , and No. 12 in lowest student-incurred debt .	U.S. News and World Report's "Great Schools, Great Prices" lineup	Where was BYU ranked No. 12 in schools with the lowest student-incurred debt ?
Due in part to the school 's emphasis on undergraduate research , in rankings for 2008-2009 , BYU was ranked No. 10 nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs , No. 1 nationally for students who go on to dental school , No. 6 nationally for students who go on to law school , and No. 10 nationally for students who go on to medical school .	No. 10	In 2008-2009 , how was BYU ranked nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs ?
In 2009 , the university 's Marriott School of Management received a No. 5 ranking by BusinessWeek for its undergraduate programs , and its MBA program was ranked by several sources : No. 22 ranking by BusinessWeek , No. 16 by Forbes , and No. 29 by U.S. News & World Report .	BusinessWeek	Who ranked BYU 's Marriott School of Mangement as No. 5 for it 's undergrad programs in 2009 ?
Among regional schools the MBA program was ranked No. 1 by The Wall Street Journal 's most recent ranking -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , and it was ranked No. 92 among business schools worldwide in 2009 by Financial Times .	The Wall Street Journal	Who ranked BYU 's MBA program No. 1 among regional schools in 2007 ?
Using 2010 fiscal year data , the Association of University Technology Managers ranked BYU No. 3 in an evaluation of universities creating the most startup companies through campus research .	No. 3	Using 2010 data , how was BYU ranked as a university creating the most startup companies through campus research ?
In 2010 , an article in the Wall Street Journal listing institutions whose graduates were the top-rated by recruiters ranked BYU No. 11 .	Wall Street Journal	Who ranked BYU as No. 11 of institutions whose grads were top-rated by recruiters in a 2010 article ?
Among regional schools the MBA program was ranked No. 1 by The Wall Street Journal 's most recent ranking -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , and it was ranked No. 92 among business schools worldwide in 2009 by Financial Times .	No. 92	How did Financial Times rank BYU among business schools worldwide in 2009 ?
Harvey Fletcher , also an alumnus of BYU , inventor of stereophonic sound , went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan , and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering .	College of Engineering	Which BYU college was founded by former alumnus Harvey Fletcher ?
Philo T. Farnsworth , inventor of the electronic television , received his education at BYU , and later returned to do fusion research , receiving an honorary degree from the university .	the electronic television	What did alumnus Philo T. Farnsworth invent before receiving his honorary degree from the college ?
H. Tracy Hall , inventor of the man-made diamond , left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU .	Tracy Hall	Which notable former BYU student invented the man-made diamond ?
While there , he invented a new type of diamond press , the tetrahedral press .	a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press	What did former student Tracy Hall invent as a BYU professor of chemistry and Director of Research ?
In student achievements , BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Oréal National Brandstorm Competition , and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop .	Magnetic Lasso	Which BYU student produced algorithm is found in Adobe Photoshop ?
Over three quarters of the student body has some proficiency in a second language -LRB- numbering 107 languages in total -RRB- .	Over three quarters	What percentage of the student body of BYU has some proficiency in a second language ?
This is partially due to the fact that 45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church , and many of them learned a foreign language as part of their mission assignment .	45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church	What can be attributed to BYU 's high percentage of second language proficient students ?
BYU offers courses in over 60 different languages , many with advanced courses that are seldom offered elsewhere .	over 60	How many languages are offered as courses at BYU ?
Several of its language programs are the largest of their kind in the nation , the Russian program being one example .	largest of their kind in the nation	What designation does BYU 's Russian language program hold ?
The university was selected by the United States Department of Education as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center , making the school a hub for experts on that region .	United States Department of Education	Who chose BYU as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center ?
Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly .	Nearly 2,000	How manys students take advantage of BYU 's study abroad programs ?
In 2001 , the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the U.S. to offer students study abroad opportunities .	number one	How did the Institute of International Education rank BYU in 2009 compared with U.S. universities that offer study abroad opportunities ?
The BYU Jerusalem Center , which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and , more recently , the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict , was reopened to students in the Winter 2007 semester .	BYU Jerusalem Center	Which foreign BYU campus was closed in 2000 due to security concerns ?
The BYU Jerusalem Center , which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and , more recently , the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict , was reopened to students in the Winter 2007 semester .	Winter 2007 semester	When was the BYU Jerusalem Center reopened for students following it 's closure in 2000 ?
The BYU Jerusalem Center , which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and , more recently , the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict , was reopened to students in the Winter 2007 semester .	2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict	What was the most recent conflict that affected the closure of BYU Jerusalem Center from 2000-2007 ?
For example , BYU 's International Cinema , featuring films in several languages , is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the country .	BYU's International Cinema	What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S. ?
As already noted , BYU also offers an intensive foreign language living experience , the Foreign Language Student Residence .	Foreign Language Student Residence	What is the name of BYU 's foreign language living experience ?
This is an on-campus apartment complex where students commit to speak only their chosen foreign language while in their apartments .	only their chosen foreign language	As part of the Foreign Language Student Residence program , what do students commit to speak while in their apartments ?
Each apartment has at least one native speaker to ensure correct language usage .	at least one	How many native speakers are in each apartment building in the Foreign Language Student Residence program ?
For example , BYU 's International Cinema , featuring films in several languages , is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the country .	International Cinema	Which BYU building features films in several languages ?
In 1992 , the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom , specifying that limitations may be placed upon `` expression with students or in public that : -LRB- 1 -RRB- contradicts or opposes , rather than analyzes or discusses , fundamental Church doctrine or policy ; -LRB- 2 -RRB- deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders ; or -LRB- 3 -RRB- violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest , illegal , unchaste , profane , or unduly disrespectful of others . ''	1992	In what year did BYU draft a new Statement on Academic Freedom ?
In 1992 , the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom , specifying that limitations may be placed upon `` expression with students or in public that : -LRB- 1 -RRB- contradicts or opposes , rather than analyzes or discusses , fundamental Church doctrine or policy ; -LRB- 2 -RRB- deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders ; or -LRB- 3 -RRB- violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest , illegal , unchaste , profane , or unduly disrespectful of others . ''	contradicts or opposes	The new Statement on Academic Freedom allows students to analyze and discuss Church doctrine but does not allow student expressions that do what ?
In 1992 , the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom , specifying that limitations may be placed upon `` expression with students or in public that : -LRB- 1 -RRB- contradicts or opposes , rather than analyzes or discusses , fundamental Church doctrine or policy ; -LRB- 2 -RRB- deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders ; or -LRB- 3 -RRB- violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest , illegal , unchaste , profane , or unduly disrespectful of others . ''	Honor Code	What can not be violated because the expression is dishonest according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom ?
These restrictions have caused some controversy as several professors have been disciplined according to the new rule .	several	How many professors have been disciplined according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom ?
The American Association of University Professors has claimed that `` infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor . ''	The American Association of University Professors	Who claimed that infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly por ?
Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of LDS Church .	Church Educational System of LDS Church	Which system is BYU part of ?
It is organized under a Board of Trustees , with the President of the Church -LRB- currently Thomas S. Monson -RRB- as chairman .	President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson)	Who acts as chairman of BYU ?
This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education , a pattern that has been in place since 1939 .	Church Board of Education	What board do the members of the BYU Board of Trustees also belong to ?
Prior to 1939 , BYU had a separate board of trustees that was subordinate to the Church Board of Education .	Prior to 1939	When did BYU have a separate board of trustees ?
The President of BYU , currently Kevin J Worthen , reports to the Board , through the Commissioner of Education .	through the Commissioner of Education	How does the President of BYU report to the Board ?
BYU 's Winter semester ends earlier than most universities in April since there is no Spring break , thus allowing students to pursue internships and other summer activities earlier .	there is no Spring break	Why does BYU 's Winter semester end earlier than most colleges ?
A typical academic year is broken up into two semesters : Fall -LRB- September -- December -RRB- and Winter -LRB- January -- April -RRB- , as well as two shorter terms during the summer months : Spring -LRB- May -- June -RRB- and Summer -LRB- July -- August -RRB- .	two	How many semesters is a typical BYU year broken up into ?
A typical academic year is broken up into two semesters : Fall -LRB- September -- December -RRB- and Winter -LRB- January -- April -RRB- , as well as two shorter terms during the summer months : Spring -LRB- May -- June -RRB- and Summer -LRB- July -- August -RRB- .	two	How many shorter terms does BYU have during the summer ?
The university operates under 11 colleges or schools , which collectively offer 194 bachelor 's degree programs , 68 master 's degree programs , 25 PhD programs , and a Juris Doctor program .	Juris	What type of Doctor Program is offered at BYU ?
BYU 's Winter semester ends earlier than most universities in April since there is no Spring break , thus allowing students to pursue internships and other summer activities earlier .	Winter semester ends earlier than most universities	What allows BYU students to pursue summer internships earlier than most college students ?
The main campus in Provo , Utah , United States sits on approximately 560 acres -LRB- 2.3 km2 -RRB- nestled at the base of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 295 buildings .	295	How many buildings are on BYU 's main campus ?
The main campus in Provo , Utah , United States sits on approximately 560 acres -LRB- 2.3 km2 -RRB- nestled at the base of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 295 buildings .	approximately 560	How many acres are included in BYU 's main campus ?
The main campus in Provo , Utah , United States sits on approximately 560 acres -LRB- 2.3 km2 -RRB- nestled at the base of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 295 buildings .	Provo, Utah	Where is BYU 's main campus located ?
BYU 's Harold B. Lee Library -LRB- also known as `` HBLL '' -RRB- , which The Princeton Review ranked as the No. 1 `` Great College Library '' in 2004 , has approximately 8 1/2 million items in its collections , contains 98 miles -LRB- 158 km -RRB- of shelving , and can seat 4,600 people .	98	How many miles of shelving are in BYU 's Harold B. Lee Library ?
The Spencer W. Kimball Tower , shortened to SWKT and pronounced Swicket by many students , is home to several of the university 's departments and programs and is the tallest building in Provo , Utah .	Spencer W. Kimball Tower	Which BYU building is the tallest in Provost , Utah ?
Home to more than 40,000 artifacts and 50,000 photographs , it documents BYU 's archaeological research .	50,000	How many photographs are in BYU 's Museum of Peoples and Cultures ?
The museum receives about 25,000 visitors every year .	about 25,000	How many visitors does BYU Museum of Paleontology receive each year ?
It holds many artifacts from the Jurassic Period -LRB- 210-140 million years ago -RRB- , and is one of the top five collections in the world of fossils from that time period .	Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago)	From which period does BYU Museum of Paleontology hold many artifacts from ?
The BYU Museum of Paleontology was built in 1976 to display the many fossils found by BYU 's Dr. James A. Jensen .	BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen	Who found many of the fossils displayed in BYU 's Museum of Paleontology ?
BYU 's Museum of Art , for example , is one of the largest and most attended art museums in the Mountain West .	Museum of Art	Which BYU building is one of the most attended art museus in the Mountain West ?
The de Jong Concert Hall seats 1282 people and is named for Gerrit de Jong Jr. .	1282	How many people does the de Jong Concert Hall seat ?
The Pardoe Theatre is named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe .	The Pardoe Theatre	What building is named after Earl and Kathryn Pardoe ?
The Margetts Theatre was named for Philip N. Margetts , a prominent Utah theatre figure .	The Margetts Theatre	What building was named after prominent Utah theater figure Philip N. Margetts ?
The Nelke Theatre , named for one of BYU 's first drama teachers , is used largely for instruction in experimental theater .	one of BYU's first drama teachers	Who was the Nelke Theatre named for ?
The Nelke Theatre , named for one of BYU 's first drama teachers , is used largely for instruction in experimental theater .	experimental	What type of theater is Nelke Theatre primarily used for ?
BYU is working to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans , replacing incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting , retrofitting campus buildings with low-E reflective glass , and upgraded roof insulation to prevent heat loss .	energy efficiency of its buildings	What is BYU working to increase by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans ?
BYU Recycles spearheaded the recent campaign to begin recycling plastics , which the university did after a year of student campaigning .	BYU Recycles	Who spearheaded BYU 's recent campaign to begin recycling plastics ?
BYU Recycles spearheaded the recent campaign to begin recycling plastics , which the university did after a year of student campaigning .	a year	How long after student campaigning did BYU begin recycling plastics ?
BYU has designated energy conservation , products and materials , recycling , site planning and building design , student involvement , transportation , water conservation , and zero waste events as top priority categories in which to further its efforts to be an environmentally sustainable campus .	zero	What type of waste event is a top priority at BYU for becoming environmentally sustainable ?
BYU is working to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans , replacing incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting , retrofitting campus buildings with low-E reflective glass , and upgraded roof insulation to prevent heat loss .	fluorescent	What is BYU replacing it 's incandescent lighting with ?
The BYU Ballroom Dance Company is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world , having won the U.S. National Formation Dance Championship every year since 1982 .	Ballroom Dance Company	What BYU group is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world ?
The NDCA National DanceSport championships have been held at BYU for several years , and BYU holds dozens of ballroom dance classes each semester and is consequently the largest collegiate ballroom dance program in the world .	NDCA National DanceSport	What dance championships have been held at BYU for several years ?
The NDCA National DanceSport championships have been held at BYU for several years , and BYU holds dozens of ballroom dance classes each semester and is consequently the largest collegiate ballroom dance program in the world .	the largest	How is BYU 's collegiate ballroom dance program rated worldwide ?
The Living Legends perform Latin , Native American , and Polynesian dancing .	Latin, Native American, and Polynesian	What types of dancing are performed by BYU 's The Living Legends ?
BYU has 21 NCAA varsity teams .	21	How many NCAA varsity teams does BYU have ?
The school 's fight song is the Cougar Fight Song .	Cougar Fight Song	What is the name of BYU 's fight song ?
Because many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years -LRB- men when they 're 18 , women when 19 -RRB- , BYU athletes are often older on average than other schools ' players .	many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years	Why are many BYU athletes older than other schools ' players ?
BYU has also received attention from sports networks for refusal to play games on Sunday , as well as expelling players due to honor code violations .	Sunday	When does BYU refuse to play athletic games that got the attention of the sports networks ?
BYU has also received attention from sports networks for refusal to play games on Sunday , as well as expelling players due to honor code violations .	honor code	What violation can lead to a player being expelled from a sports team ?
BYU 's stated mission `` is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life . ''	"is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life."	What is the stated mission of BYU ?
This weaving of the secular and the religious aspects of a religious university goes back as far as Brigham Young himself , who told Karl G. Maeser when the Church purchased the school : `` I want you to remember that you ought not to teach even the alphabet or the multiplication tables without the Spirit of God . ''	the Spirit of God	What did Brigham Young instruct Karl G. Maeser to not teach even the alphabet without ?
BYU is thus considered by its leaders to be at heart a religious institution , wherein , ideally , religious and secular education are interwoven in a way that encourages the highest standards in both areas .	religious	What type of institution do BYU leaders consider it to be at heart ?
BYU is thus considered by its leaders to be at heart a religious institution , wherein , ideally , religious and secular education are interwoven in a way that encourages the highest standards in both areas .	religious and secular	What two types of education does BYU strive to excel in while combining ?
BYU has been considered by some Latter-day Saints , as well as some university and church leaders , to be `` The Lord 's university '' .	"The Lord's university"	What phrase have some Latter-day Saints used in reference to BYU 's mission as ambassador to the world for the LDS Church ?
In the past , some students and faculty have expressed dissatisfaction with this nickname , stating that it gives students the idea that university authorities are always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted .	some students and faculty	Who has expressed dissatisfaction with the nickname `` The Lord 's University '' in the past ?
In the past , some students and faculty have expressed dissatisfaction with this nickname , stating that it gives students the idea that university authorities are always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted .	always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted	What perception do some feel that the nickname `` The Lord 's University '' gives about university officials ?
Leaders of the school , however , acknowledge that the nickname represents more a goal that the university strives for and not its current state of being .	more a goal	What do the leaders of BYU say `` The Lord 's University '' represents instead of being in reference to its current state of being ?
BYU mandates that its students who are members of the LDS Church be religiously active .	religiously active	What does BYU mandate of it 's student members of the LDS Church to be ?
Both LDS and Non-LDS students are required to provide an endorsement from an ecclesiastic leader with their application for admittance .	an ecclesiastic leader	Who are both LDS and Non-LDS students required to provide an endorsement from upon submitting their application ?
Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations .	Over 900	How many BYU campus rooms are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations ?
More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday .	More than 150	How many congregations meet on the BYU campus every Sunday ?
`` BYU 's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world '' with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus .	24,000	Approximately how many people attend church services on BYU 's campus ?
In October 2012 , the LDS Church announced at its general conference that young men could serve a mission after they turn 18 and have graduated from high school , rather than after age 19 under the old policy .	18	At what age , since 2012 , are men allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation ?
Female students may now begin their missionary service anytime after turning 19 , rather than age 21 under the previous policy .	19	At what age , since 2012 , are women allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation ?
For males , a full-time mission is two years in length , and for females it lasts 18 months .	two years	How long is a full-time mission for males ?
For males , a full-time mission is two years in length , and for females it lasts 18 months .	18 months	How long is a full-time mission for females ?
Some 97 percent of male BYU graduates and 32 percent of female graduates took a hiatus from their undergraduate studies at one point to serve as LDS missionaries .	97	What percentage of graduates had taken a hiatus from their BYU studies to serve as an LDS missionary ?
Maeser created the `` Domestic Organization '' , which was a group of teachers who would visit students at their homes to see that they were following the schools moral rules prohibiting obscenity , profanity , smoking , and alcohol consumption .	Domestic Organization	What group did President Maeser create that sent teachers to student 's homes to verify they were following the school 's moral rules ?
The Honor Code itself was not created until about 1940 , and was used mainly for cases of cheating and academic dishonesty .	about 1940	When was the BYU Honor Code actually created ?
The Honor Code itself was not created until about 1940 , and was used mainly for cases of cheating and academic dishonesty .	cases of cheating and academic dishonesty	What was BYU 's Honor Code mainly used for upon its creation ?
President Wilkinson expanded the Honor Code in 1957 to include other school standards .	1957	In what year was the Honor Code expanded to include other school standards , such as rules regarding drug use ?
A signed commitment to live the honor code is part of the application process , and must be adhered by all students , faculty , and staff .	all students, faculty, and staff	Who must sign a comitment to live by the honor code as part of the application process ?
The high rate of enrollment at the university by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- more than 98 percent -RRB- results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms ; BYU was ranked by The Princeton Review in 2008 as 14th in the nation for having the happiest students and highest quality of life .	14th in the nation	How was BYU ranked by The Princeton Review for having the happiest students and highest quality of life in 2008 ?
However , the quirkiness and sometimes `` too nice '' culture is often caricatured , for example , in terms of marrying early and being very conservative .	marrying early and being very conservative	What parts of the sometimes `` too nice '' BYU culture is often caricatured ?
The high rate of enrollment at the university by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -LRB- more than 98 percent -RRB- results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms ; BYU was ranked by The Princeton Review in 2008 as 14th in the nation for having the happiest students and highest quality of life .	amplification of	What does BYU 's high rate of enrollment by LDS members result in regarding LDS cultural norms ?
One of the characteristics of BYU most often pointed out is its reputation for emphasizing a `` marriage culture '' .	emphasizing a "marriage culture"	What is one of BYU 's characteristics that is most often pointed out through reputation ?
Approximately 51 percent of the graduates in BYU 's class of 2005 were married .	Approximately 51	What percentage of BYU 's class of 2005 were married ?
This is compared to a national marriage average among college graduates of 11 percent .	11 percent	What is the national marriage average among college graduates ?
BYU students on average marry at the age of 22 , according to a 2005 study , while the national average age is 25 years for men and 27 years for women .	22	What is the average age that BYU students marry according to a 2005 study ?
Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints highly value marriage and family , especially marriage within the faith .	marriage within the faith	What type of marriage is highly valued by LDS members ?
As mentioned earlier , The Princeton Review has rated BYU the '' # 1 stone cold sober school '' in the nation for several years running , an honor which the late LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley had commented on with pride .	The Princeton Review	Who rated BYU as the # 1 stone cold sober school in the nation for several years ?
BYU has used this and other honors awarded to the school to advertise itself to prospective students , showing that BYU is proud of the rating .	proud	How does BYU feel about being rated the # 1 stone cold sober school ?
Murder is rare , and robberies are about 1/10 the national average .	about 1/10	How do robberies at BYU 's Provo compare to the national average ?
Business Insider rated BYU as the # 1 safest college campus in the nation .	Business Insider	Who rated BYU as the # 1 safest college campus in the nation ?
Many visitors to BYU , and Utah Valley as a whole , report being surprised by the culturally conservative environment .	culturally conservative	What BYU environment seems to surprise many visitors to BYU as well as to the Utah Valley ?
The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is home to three television production studios , two television control rooms , radio studios , radio performance space , and master control operations .	three	How many television production studios is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to ?
The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is home to three television production studios , two television control rooms , radio studios , radio performance space , and master control operations .	two	How many radio studios is BYU BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to ?
The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is home to three television production studios , two television control rooms , radio studios , radio performance space , and master control operations .	two	How many television control rooms is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to ?
The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is an HD production and distribution facility that is home to local PBS affiliate KBYU-TV , local classical music station KBYU-FM Classical 89 , BYU Radio , BYU Radio Instrumental , BYU Radio International , BYUtv and BYU Television International with content in Spanish and Portuguese -LRB- both available via terrestrial , satellite , and internet signals -RRB- .	BYU Television International	Which BYU station offers content in both Spanish and Portugese ?
BYUtv is also available via cable throughout some areas of the United States .	BYUtv	Which BYU station is available via cable throughout some areas of the U.S. ?
The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer , as well as Philo Farnsworth -LRB- inventor of the electronic television -RRB- and Harvey Fletcher -LRB- inventor of the hearing aid -RRB- .	Nobel Prize winner	What is former alumnus Paul D. Boyer known for being ?
The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer , as well as Philo Farnsworth -LRB- inventor of the electronic television -RRB- and Harvey Fletcher -LRB- inventor of the hearing aid -RRB- .	the hearing aid	What did former BYU graduate Harvey Fletcher invent ?
Additionally , alumni of BYU who have served as business leaders include Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden ' 76 , former Dell CEO Kevin Rollins ' 84 , Deseret Book CEO Sheri L. Dew , and Matthew K. McCauley , CEO of children 's clothing company Gymboree .	Gymboree	Which famous clothing company was BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley CEO of ?
BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark , two time world 's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen , Michael K. Young ' 73 , current president of the University of Washington , Matthew S. Holland , current president of Utah Valley University , Stan L. Albrecht , current president of Utah State University , Teppo Felin , Professor at the University of Oxford , and Stephen D. Nadauld , previous president of Dixie State University .	two time world's most influential business thinker	What was BYU graduate Clayton M. Christensen known as ?
The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer , as well as Philo Farnsworth -LRB- inventor of the electronic television -RRB- and Harvey Fletcher -LRB- inventor of the hearing aid -RRB- .	Paul D. Boyer	Which Nobel Prize winner graduated from BYU ?
In literature and journalism , BYU has produced several best-selling authors , including Orson Scott Card ' 75 , Brandon Sanderson '00 & ' 05 , Ben English ' 98 , and Stephenie Meyer ' 95 .	BYU	Where did best selling author Stephenie Meyer graduate from in 1995 ?
Other media personalities include former CBS News correspondent Art Rascon , award-winning ESPN sportscaster and former Miss America Sharlene Wells Hawkes '86 and former co-host of CBS 's The Early Show Jane Clayson Johnson ' 90 .	Sharlene Wells Hawkes	Which former Miss America graduated from BYU ?
Other media personalities include former CBS News correspondent Art Rascon , award-winning ESPN sportscaster and former Miss America Sharlene Wells Hawkes '86 and former co-host of CBS 's The Early Show Jane Clayson Johnson ' 90 .	Jane Clayson Johnson	Which former co-host of CBS 's The Early Show graduated from BYU ?
Other media personalities include former CBS News correspondent Art Rascon , award-winning ESPN sportscaster and former Miss America Sharlene Wells Hawkes '86 and former co-host of CBS 's The Early Show Jane Clayson Johnson ' 90 .	Sharlene Wells Hawkes	Which award winning ESPN sports writer graduated form BYU ?
Other media personalities include former CBS News correspondent Art Rascon , award-winning ESPN sportscaster and former Miss America Sharlene Wells Hawkes '86 and former co-host of CBS 's The Early Show Jane Clayson Johnson ' 90 .	Art Rascon	Which former CBS News correspondent graduated from BYU ?
Professional basketball players include three-time NBA champion Danny Ainge ' 81 , 1952 NBA Rookie of the Year and 4-time NBA All-Star Mel Hutchins ' 51 , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer Krešimir Ćosić ' 73 , and consensus 2011 national college player of the year Jimmer Fredette ' 11 , currently with the New York Knicks organization .	Krešimir Ćosić	Which three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer graduated from BYU ?
BYU also claims notable professional football players including two-time NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP and Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young '84 & J.D. ' 96 , Heisman Trophy winner Ty Detmer ' 90 , and two-time Super Bowl winner Jim McMahon .	Ty Detmer	Which Heisman Trophy winner graduated from BYU ?
BYU also claims notable professional football players including two-time NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP and Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young '84 & J.D. ' 96 , Heisman Trophy winner Ty Detmer ' 90 , and two-time Super Bowl winner Jim McMahon .	Jim McMahon	Which two-time Super Bowl winner graduated from BYU ?
In golf , BYU alumni include two major championship winners : Johnny Miller -LRB- ' 69 -RRB- at the 1973 U.S. Open and 1976 British Open and Mike Weir -LRB- ' 92 -RRB- at the 2003 Masters .	Mike Weir	Which winner of the 2003 Golf Masters graduated from BYU ?
In golf , BYU alumni include two major championship winners : Johnny Miller -LRB- ' 69 -RRB- at the 1973 U.S. Open and 1976 British Open and Mike Weir -LRB- ' 92 -RRB- at the 2003 Masters .	Johnny Miller	Which BYU graduate has won both the 1976 British Open and the 1973 U.S. Open ?
Myocardial infarction -LRB- MI -RRB- or acute myocardial infarction -LRB- AMI -RRB- , commonly known as a heart attack , occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle .	Myocardial infarction	What does MI stand for ?
About 30 % of people have atypical symptoms , with women more likely than men to present atypically .	30%	WHat percentage of people suffer from atypical symptoms ?
The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder , arm , back , neck , or jaw .	chest pain or discomfort	What is the most common symptom of MI ?
Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes .	more than a few minutes	How long can the pain of MI last ?
The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn .	heartburn	What can the discomfort of MI feel like ?
An ECG may confirm an ST elevation MI if ST elevation is present .	ST elevation	What can ECG confirm ?
Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB .	troponin	What type of blood tests are used ?
Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease .	coronary artery disease	How do most MIs come about ?
The mechanism of an MI often involves the complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque .	complete blockage of a coronary artery	What is the main mechanism for MI ?
A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis , including electrocardiograms -LRB- ECGs -RRB- , blood tests , and coronary angiography .	electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography	Name one test used to recognize MI ?
Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI .	Aspirin	What can be used for immediate treatment for MI ?
Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain ; however , they do not improve overall outcomes .	chest pain	Nitroglycerin can be used to help what ?
People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction -LRB- NSTEMI -RRB- are often managed with the blood thinner heparin , with the additional use angioplasty in those at high risk .	non-ST elevation myocardial infarction	WHat does NSTEMI stand for ?
In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes , bypass surgery -LRB- CABG -RRB- may be recommended rather than angioplasty .	blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes	When is bypass surgery recommended ?
Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath .	Supplemental oxygen	What should be used for individuals with shortness of breath ?
Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute MI and is often described as a sensation of tightness , pressure , or squeezing .	Chest pain	What is the most common symptom of MI ?
Chest pain due to ischemia -LRB- a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply -RRB- of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris .	a lack of blood	What does ischemia refer too ?
Pain radiates most often to the left arm , but may also radiate to the lower jaw , neck , right arm , back , and upper abdomen , where it may mimic heartburn .	left arm	What does the pain usually stem from with MI ?
Levine 's sign , in which a person localizes the chest pain by clenching their fists over their sternum , has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain , although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor positive predictive value .	clenching their fists over their sternum	What is a tell tale sign of someone experiencing a cardiac chest pain ?
Shortness of breath occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle , causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema .	heart limits the output of the left ventricle	When might an individual experience shortness of breath ?
Other symptoms include diaphoresis -LRB- an excessive form of sweating -RRB- , weakness , light-headedness , nausea , vomiting , and palpitations .	excessive form of sweating	What does diaphoresis refer to ?
Loss of consciousness -LRB- due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock -RRB- and sudden death -LRB- frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation -RRB- can occur in MIs .	inadequate blood flow to the brain	What might cause an individual to lose consciousness from MI ?
Department stores today have sections that sell the following : clothing , furniture , home appliances , toys , cosmetics , gardening , toiletries , sporting goods , do it yourself , paint , and hardware and additionally select other lines of products such as food , books , jewelry , electronics , stationery , photographic equipment , baby products , and products for pets .	clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods	What sorts of departments might one see in a major department store ?
In the 1970s , they came under heavy pressure from discounters .	discounters	Who started influencing department stores in the 1970 's ?
Since 2010 , they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon .	online stores such as Amazon.	What has begun pressuring department stores in more recent years ?
Customers check out near the front of the store or , alternatively , at sales counters within each department .	at sales counters within each department.	Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store , where may customers check out ?
The origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century .	at the turn of the 19th century.	When did the idea of a `` consumer society '' begin ?
As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion , the affluent middle-class grew in size and wealth .	the affluent middle-class	What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution ?
As rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people , especially women -LRB- who found they could shop unaccompanied at department stores without damaging their reputation -RRB- , with disposable income in the late Georgian period , window shopping was transformed into a leisure activity and entrepreneurs , like the potter Josiah Wedgwood , pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence the prevailing tastes and preferences of society .	entrepreneurs	Who was Josiah Wedgewood ?
This urbanized social group , sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion , was the catalyst for the retail revolution .	urbanized social group	What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history ?
As rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people , especially women -LRB- who found they could shop unaccompanied at department stores without damaging their reputation -RRB- , with disposable income in the late Georgian period , window shopping was transformed into a leisure activity and entrepreneurs , like the potter Josiah Wedgwood , pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence the prevailing tastes and preferences of society .	women	What group of people were suddenly free to go shopping without fears of being judged or reprimanded ?
Increasingly , women became the major shoppers and middle-class households .	women	Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the nineteenth century ?
Kendals -LRB- formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner -RRB- in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendal 's , despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser .	Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner)	What business in Manchester claims to be the first department store ?
Kendals -LRB- formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner -RRB- in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendal 's , despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser .	House of Fraser	What did Kendals change it 's name to in 2005 ?
The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796 .	1836	What year did the Manchester institution begin ?
The store was especially known for its emphasis on quality and style over low prices giving it the nickname `` the Harrods of the North '' , although this was due in part to Harrods acquiring the store in 1919 .	Harrods	Who acquired the Manchester store in 1919 ?
Selfridges was established in 1909 by American-born Harry Gordon Selfridge on Oxford Street .	Harry Gordon Selfridge	Who founded Selfridges in 1909 ?
The company 's innovative marketing promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity and its techniques were adopted by modern department stores the world over .	the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity	What made Selfridges different from many department stores at the time ?
The store was extensively promoted through paid advertising .	paid advertising	How was the store most often presented to the public ?
Selfridge attracted shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits ; -- in 1909 , Louis Blériot 's monoplane was exhibited at Selfridges -LRB- Blériot was the first to fly over the English Channel -RRB- , and the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird took place in the department store in 1925 .	shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits	What sort of customers did Selfridges most often cater to ?
The Paris department store had its roots in the magasin de nouveautés , or novelty store ; the first , the Tapis Rouge , was created in 1784 .	magasin de nouveautés	What were the origins of the Paris department store ?
The Paris department store had its roots in the magasin de nouveautés , or novelty store ; the first , the Tapis Rouge , was created in 1784 .	1784	What year was the first Paris department store founded ?
Balzac described their functioning in his novel César Birotteau .	César Birotteau	What book described the functionality and operation of a contemporary Paris department/novelty store ?
In the 1840s , with the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought , they grew in size , and began to have large plate glass display windows , fixed prices and price tags , and advertising in newspapers .	the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought	What factors influenced the increase of department stores in Paris ?
In the 1840s , with the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought , they grew in size , and began to have large plate glass display windows , fixed prices and price tags , and advertising in newspapers .	newspapers	Where did department stores begin to advertise after the large influx of new shoppers ?
A novelty shop called Au Bon Marché had been founded in Paris in 1838 to sell lace , ribbons , sheets , mattresses , buttons , umbrellas and other assorted goods .	Au Bon Marché	What store was founded in Paris , in 1838 , which sold a wide variety of products ?
The entrepreneur Aristide Boucicaut became a partner in 1852 , and changed the marketing plan , instituting fixed prices and guarantees that allowed exchanges and refunds , advertising , and a much wider variety of merchandise .	Aristide Boucicaut	Who became a partner to this store in 1852 and drastically changed operations ?
The annual income of the store increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860 .	increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860	What was the change in profit to Au Bon Marche after these changes ?
In 1869 he built much larger building at 24 rue de Sèvres on the Left Bank , and enlarged the store again in 1872 , with help from the engineering firm of Gustave Eiffel , creator of the Eiffel Tower .	Gustave Eiffel	What engineering company helped the store expand in 1872
Boucicaut was famous for his marketing innovations ; a reading room for husbands while their wives shopped ; extensive newspaper advertising ; entertainment for children ; and six million catalogs sent out to customers .	marketing innovations	What was Boucicaut most widely known for ?
The Grands Magasins Dufayel was a huge department store with inexpensive prices built in 1890 in the northern part of Paris , where it reached a very large new customer base in the working class .	the northern part of Paris	Where was The Grands Magasins Dufayel built ?
It educated workers to approach shopping as an exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities , just as the bourgeoisie did at the famous department stores in the central city .	exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities	What were employees taught that made a shopping experience different ?
Like the bourgeois stores , it helped transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods .	bourgeois stores	What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel compared to ?
Like the bourgeois stores , it helped transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods .	transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods	How were these stores different than most during that time ?
Arnold , Constable was the first American department store .	Arnold, Constable	What is recognized as the `` first '' department store in America ?
It was founded in 1825 by Aaron Arnold -LRB- 1794 ?	Aaron Arnold	Who founded Arnold , Constable ?
In 1857 the store moved into a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House .	a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House.	Where was the store moved in 1857 ?
During the Civil War Arnold , Constable was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis .	was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis	What made Arnold , Constable stand out from other stores during the civil war ?
Recognized as an emporium for high-quality fashions , the store soon outgrew the Marble House and erected a cast-iron building on Broadway and Nineteenth Street in 1869 ; this `` Palace of Trade '' expanded over the years until it was necessary to move into a larger space in 1914 .	1869	When was the `` Palace of Trade '' built ?
In New York City in 1846 , Alexander Turney Stewart established the `` Marble Palace '' on Broadway , between Chambers and Reade streets .	on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets	Where was the `` Marble Palace '' built in 1846 ?
He offered European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods , and advertised a policy of providing `` free entrance '' to all potential customers .	"free entrance" to all potential customers.	What policy did the Marble Palace introduce ?
In 1862 , Stewart built a new store on a full city block with eight floors and nineteen departments of dress goods and furnishing materials , carpets , glass and china , toys and sports equipment , ranged around a central glass-covered court .	nineteen	How many departments did the new store have , built in 1862 ?
His innovations included buying from manufacturers for cash and in large quantities , keeping his markup small and prices low , truthful presentation of merchandise , the one-price policy -LRB- so there was no haggling -RRB- , simple merchandise returns and cash refund policy , selling for cash and not credit , buyers who searched worldwide for quality merchandise , departmentalization , vertical and horizontal integration , volume sales , and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases .	cash and not credit	What selling methods did the Marble Palace use ?
His innovations included buying from manufacturers for cash and in large quantities , keeping his markup small and prices low , truthful presentation of merchandise , the one-price policy -LRB- so there was no haggling -RRB- , simple merchandise returns and cash refund policy , selling for cash and not credit , buyers who searched worldwide for quality merchandise , departmentalization , vertical and horizontal integration , volume sales , and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases .	waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases	What customer services did the Marble Palace offer ?
In 1877 , John Wanamaker opened the United State 's first modern department store in a former Pennsylvania Railroad freight terminal in Philadelphia .	John Wanamaker	Who opened the original `` modern '' department store in America ?
Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination -LRB- 1878 -RRB- , the telephone -LRB- 1879 -RRB- , and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents -LRB- 1880 -RRB- to the department store business .	fixed prices marked on every article	What feature made Wanamakers different from other stores at the time ?
Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination -LRB- 1878 -RRB- , the telephone -LRB- 1879 -RRB- , and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents -LRB- 1880 -RRB- to the department store business .	pneumatic tubes	How were important documents and money transported throughout the store ?
Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination -LRB- 1878 -RRB- , the telephone -LRB- 1879 -RRB- , and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents -LRB- 1880 -RRB- to the department store business .	1878	When was electric lighting first installed and used in the store ?
In 1877 , John Wanamaker opened the United State 's first modern department store in a former Pennsylvania Railroad freight terminal in Philadelphia .	Pennsylvania	In what state was Wanamakers established ?
Marshall Field & Company originated in 1852 .	1852	In what year was Marshall Field and company established ?
It grew to become a major chain before converting to the Macy 's nameplate on 9 September 2006 .	9 September 2006	When did Marshall 's convert to the Macy 's name ?
Marshall Field 's Served as a model for other departments stores in that it had exceptional customer service .	exceptional customer service	What made Marshall 's such a good example for other stores ?
Field 's had the first European buying office , which was located in Manchester , England , and the first bridal registry .	Manchester, England	Where was Marshall 's European buying office located ?
The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper , and that service was provided without charge in every Field 's store , until the chain 's last days under the Marshall Field 's name .	personal shopper	What free service did Marshall 's provide customers until changing their name to Macy 's ?
David Jones was started by David Jones , a Welsh merchant who met Hobart businessman Charles Appleton in London .	merchant	What occupation did David Jones have ?
David Jones was started by David Jones , a Welsh merchant who met Hobart businessman Charles Appleton in London .	in London	Where did David Jones and Charles Appleton meet ?
Appleton established a store in Sydney in 1825 and Jones subsequently established a partnership with Appleton , moved to Australia in 1835 , and the Sydney store became known as Appleton & Jones .	Sydney	Where did Appleton begin a store in 1825 ?
Appleton established a store in Sydney in 1825 and Jones subsequently established a partnership with Appleton , moved to Australia in 1835 , and the Sydney store became known as Appleton & Jones .	Appleton & Jones	What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Australia ?
When the partnership was dissolved in 1838 , Jones moved his business to premises on the corner of George Street and Barrack Lane , Sydney .	1838	When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton end ?
Although there were a number of department stores in Australia for much of the 20th Century , including chains such as Grace Bros. and Waltons , many disappeared during the 1980s and 1990s .	Grace Bros. and Waltons	What were some of the original Australian department stores ?
When Russian-born migrant , Sidney Myer , came to Australia in 1899 he formed the Myer retail group with his brother , Elcon Myer .	1899	When did Sydney Myer come to Australia ?
In 1900 , they opened the first Myer department store , in Bendigo , Victoria .	Bendigo, Victoria	Where did the Myer Retail Group open it 's first store ?
Both , Myer and David Jones , are up-market chains , offering a wide variety of products from mid-range names to luxury brands .	up-market chains	What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones ?
Other retail chain stores such as Target -LRB- unrelated to the American chain of the same name -RRB- , Venture -LRB- now defunct -RRB- , Kmart and Big W , also located nationally , are considered to be Australia 's discount department stores .	Venture	What department store brand is now out of business in Australia ?
From its origins in the fur trade , the Hudson 's Bay Company is the oldest corporation in North America and was the largest department store operator in Canada until the mid-1980s , with locations across the country .	the fur trade	What business was the Hudson 's Bay Company originally involved in ?
It also previously owned Zellers , another major Canadian department store which ceased to exist in March 2013 after selling its lease holdings to Target Canada .	Zellers	What department store chain did Hudson 's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2013 ?
Woolco had 160 stores in Canada when operations ceased -LRB- Walmart bought out Woolco in 1994 -RRB- .	160	How many stores did Woolco operate before selling their shares to Walmart ?
Today low-price Walmart is by far the most dominant department store retailer in Canada with outlets throughout the country .	Walmart	Currently , what department store is most popular in Canada ?
Since then , they have suffered from strong competition from specialist stores .	specialist stores	What is one type of competition department stores face ?
Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores -LRB- Jones et al. 1994 ; Merrilees and Miller 1997 -RRB- .	superstores	What types of stores have created even more competition ?
But as residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs , the large , downtown department stores became inconvenient and lost business to the newer suburban shopping malls .	residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs	What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers ?
In 2003 , U.S. department store sales were surpassed by big-box store sales for the first time -LRB- though some stores may be classified as `` big box '' by physical layout and `` department store '' by merchandise -RRB- .	2003	In what year were department store sales beaten by larger stores ?
Since the opening policy in 1979 , the Chinese department stores also develops swiftly along with the fast-growing economy .	opening policy in 1979	What began the influx of Chinese department stores ?
For example , INTIME department store has the biggest market presence in Zhejiang province , while Jinying department stores dominate Jiangsu Province .	Zhejiang province	What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in ?
For example , INTIME department store has the biggest market presence in Zhejiang province , while Jinying department stores dominate Jiangsu Province .	Jinying	What department store has the most success in Jiangsu Province ?
Besides , there are many other department store groups , such as Pacific , Parkson , Wangfujing ， New World ， etc. , many of them are expanding quickly by listing in the financial market .	by listing in the financial market.	How are these foreign department stores expanding so quickly ?
The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road , Hong Kong Island .	1850	What year did Lane Crawford open ?
The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road , Hong Kong Island .	Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford	Who established Lane Crawford ?
At the beginning , the store mainly catered visiting ships ' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families .	visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families	What was the store 's original target customer base ?
In 1900 , the first ethnic-Chinese owned Sincere Department Store was opened by Ma Ying Piu , who returned from Australia and inspired by David Jones .	Ma Ying Piu	Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store ?
In Denmark you find three department store chains : Magasin -LRB- 1868 -RRB- , Illum -LRB- 1891 -RRB- , Salling -LRB- 1906 -RRB- .	Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906).	What are the 3 main department store companies in Denmark ?
Magasin is by far the largest with 6 stores all over the country , with the flagship store being Magasin du Nord on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen .	Magasin	Currently , what is the largest department store chain in Denmark ?
Magasin is by far the largest with 6 stores all over the country , with the flagship store being Magasin du Nord on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen .	Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen	Where is Magasin 's `` flagship '' store located ?
Salling has two stores in Jutland with one of these being the reason for the closure of a magasin store due to the competition .	two	How many stores does Salling have in Jutland ?
France 's major upscale department stores are Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps , which both have flagship stores on Boulevard Haussmann in Paris and branches around the country .	Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps	What are two main department stores in France ?
The first department store in France , Le Bon Marché in Paris , was founded in 1852 and is now owned by the luxury goods conglomerate LVMH .	1852	What year was the first department store open in France ?
The first department store in France , Le Bon Marché in Paris , was founded in 1852 and is now owned by the luxury goods conglomerate LVMH .	LVMH	Who currently owns Le Bon Marche ?
La Samaritaine , another upscale department store also owned by LVMH , closed in 2005 .	La Samaritaine	What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2005 ?
Mid-range department stores chains also exist in France such as the BHV -LRB- Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville -RRB- , part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette .	BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville)	What French department store is part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette ?
The design and function of department stores in Germany followed the lead of London , Paris and New York .	London, Paris and New York.	What cities influenced how department stores in Germany operated ?
Next to some smaller , independent department stores these are Karstadt -LRB- in 2010 taken over by Nicolas Berggruen , also operating the KaDeWe in Berlin , the Alsterhaus in Hamburg and the Oberpollinger in Munich -RRB- , GALERIA Kaufhof -LRB- part of the Metro AG -RRB- .	Karstadt	What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010 ?
Next to some smaller , independent department stores these are Karstadt -LRB- in 2010 taken over by Nicolas Berggruen , also operating the KaDeWe in Berlin , the Alsterhaus in Hamburg and the Oberpollinger in Munich -RRB- , GALERIA Kaufhof -LRB- part of the Metro AG -RRB- .	KaDeWe	What major department store operates in Berlin ?
Next to some smaller , independent department stores these are Karstadt -LRB- in 2010 taken over by Nicolas Berggruen , also operating the KaDeWe in Berlin , the Alsterhaus in Hamburg and the Oberpollinger in Munich -RRB- , GALERIA Kaufhof -LRB- part of the Metro AG -RRB- .	GALERIA Kaufhof	What store is a part of the Metro AG ?
The middle up segment is mainly occupied by Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and Sogo from Japan .	Singapore and Sogo from Japan	Where did the Metro Department store originally begin ?
2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta 's Seibu , poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols , which the latter closed in 2010 and yet plans to return .	2007	When did Seibu , located in Jakarta , re-open ?
Galeries Lafayette also joins the Indonesian market in 2013 inside Pacific Place Mall .	Pacific Place Mall	Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2013 , inside Indonesia ?
2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta 's Seibu , poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols , which the latter closed in 2010 and yet plans to return .	Harvey Nichols	What store led the Indonesian markets until 2010 when it closed ?
Parkson enters by acquiring local brand Centro Department Store in 2011 .	Centro Department Store	What store did Parkson buy in 2011 ?
Centro still operates for middle market while the ` Parkson ' brand itself , positioned for middle-up segment , enters in 2014 by opening its first store in Medan , followed by its second store in Jakarta .	Medan	Where did Centro open it 's first store of 2014 ?
Lotte , meanwhile , enters the market by inking partnership with Ciputra Group , creating what its called ` Lotte Shopping Avenue ' inside the Ciputra World Jakarta complex , as well as acquiring Makro and rebranding it into Lotte Mart .	Ciputra Group	Who did Lotte partner with ?
Lotte , meanwhile , enters the market by inking partnership with Ciputra Group , creating what its called ` Lotte Shopping Avenue ' inside the Ciputra World Jakarta complex , as well as acquiring Makro and rebranding it into Lotte Mart .	Ciputra World Jakarta complex	Where is the `` Lotte Shopping Avenue '' located ?
Lotte , meanwhile , enters the market by inking partnership with Ciputra Group , creating what its called ` Lotte Shopping Avenue ' inside the Ciputra World Jakarta complex , as well as acquiring Makro and rebranding it into Lotte Mart .	Lotte Mart	What was Makro re-labeled as after it 's purchase ?
Ireland developed a strong middle class , especially in the major cities , by the mid-nineteenth century .	mid-nineteenth century.	When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class ?
Delany 's New Mart was opened in 1853 in Dublin , Ireland .	Delany's New Mart	What department store was founded in 1853 ?
Delany 's New Mart was opened in 1853 in Dublin , Ireland .	Dublin	In what city was Delany 's New Mart opened ?
The word department store had not been invented at that time and thus it was called the `` Monster House '' .	Monster House	What was Delany 's originally called ?
The store was completely destroyed in the 1916 Easter Rising , but reopened in 1922 .	1916	In what year was the store destroyed ?
Mexico has a large number of department stores based in Mexico , of which the most traditional are El Palacio de Hierro -LRB- High end and luxury goods -RRB- and Liverpool -LRB- Upper-middle income -RRB- , with its middle income sister store Fabricas de Francia .	El Palacio de Hierro	What Mexican department store typically caters to high-end goods ?
Sanborns owns over 100 middle income level stores throughout the country .	Sanborns	What company is responsible for over 100 stores in the country ?
Grupo Carso operates Sears Mexico and two high-end Saks 5th Avenue stores .	Grupo Carso	What company operates Sears Mexico ?
Other large chains are Coppel and Elektra , which offer items for the bargain price seeker .	Coppel and Elektra	What chains typically cater to bargain shoppers ?
These offer high-end and luxury items .	high-end and luxury items	What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer ?
Additionally , Arthur Barnett -LRB- 1903 -RRB- operates in Dunedin .	Dunedin	What city is Arthur Barnett in ?
H & J Smith is a small chain operating throughout Southland with a large flagship store in Invercargill .	Invercargill	Where is H & J Smith 's flagship store ?
H & J Smith is a small chain operating throughout Southland with a large flagship store in Invercargill .	Southland	Where are H & J Smith stores typically located ?
Farmers is a mid-range national chain of stores -LRB- originally a mail-order firm known as Laidlaw Leeds founded in 1909 -RRB- .	1909	When was Laidlaw Leeds first established ?
Panama 's first department stores such as Bazaar Francés , La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century .	as textile retailers	How did Panama 's department stores originally begin ?
Panama 's first department stores such as Bazaar Francés , La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century .	at the turn of the nineteenth century	When did Panama 's Department stores first start ?
Of these only Felix B. Maduro -LRB- usually referred to as Felix by locals -RRB- and Danté remain strong .	Felix B. Maduro	What department store is often called `` Felix '' by the local population ?
All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market .	Cocos	What store has managed to survive despite much it 's competition going under ?
The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn 's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn , nephew of Nicholas Loney , the first British vice-consul in Iloilo .	1877	When was the first department store in the Philippines opened ?
The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn 's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn , nephew of Nicholas Loney , the first British vice-consul in Iloilo .	Henry Hoskyn	Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines ?
Some of the earliest department stores in the Philippines were located in Manila as early as 1898 with the opening of the American Bazaar , which was later named Beck 's .	Manila	Where were some of the original Philippine stores located ?
Other department stores included Aguinaldo 's , La Puerta del Sol , Estrella del Norte , and the Crystal Arcade , all of which were destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945 .	Battle of Manila in 1945	What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed ?
Since the foundation of these companies in the 1950s , there are now more than one hundred department stores to date .	1950s	When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan 's established ?
La New York was a Puerto Rican department store .	La New York	What department store in Puerto Rico is named after an American city ?
The mall is set to open in March 2015 .	March 2015	When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open ?
Retailers Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue also have plans to come to the Mall of San Juan , a new high-end retail project with over 100 tenants .	100 tenants	How many tenants are expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan ?
Retailers Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue also have plans to come to the Mall of San Juan , a new high-end retail project with over 100 tenants .	Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue	What two major retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens ?
The site where the Saint Petersburg Passage sprawls had been devoted to trade since the city 's foundation in the early 18th century .	early 18th century	When was Saint Petersburg established ?
It had been occupied by various shops and warehouses -LRB- Maly Gostiny Dvor , Schukin Dvor , Apraksin Dvor -RRB- until 1846 , when Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor acquired the grounds to build an elite shopping mall for the Russian nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie .	Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor	Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society ?
The edifice contained coffee-houses , confectioneries , panorama installations , an anatomical museum , a wax museum , and even a small zoo , described by Dostoyevsky in his extravaganza `` Crocodile , or Passage through the Passage '' .	Dostoyevsky	What famous author described parts of the mall in his books ?
Parenthetically , the Passage premises have long been associated with the entertainment industry and still remains home to the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre .	Komissarzhevskaya Theatre	What historical site still operates within the mall ?
Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores -LRB- GUM -RRB- , set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise .	State Department Stores (GUM)	What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism ?
By the late 1920s , however , GUM 's gandiose goals had proven unrealistic and largely alienated consumers , who instead learned a culture of complaint and entitlement .	late 1920s	When did GUM begin to decline and lose power ?
Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores -LRB- GUM -RRB- , set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise .	Lenin	Who formed the State Department Stores , AKA GUM ?
Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores -LRB- GUM -RRB- , set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise .	1921	When did they first establish the organization ?
In the 21st century the most famous department store in Russia is GUM in Moscow , followed by TsUM and the Petrovsky Passage .	Moscow	Where is the most notable Russian department store located ?
In St. Petersburg The Passage has been popular since the 1840s .	St. Petersburg	In what city is the Passage located ?
1956 Soviet film Behind Store Window -LRB- За витриной универмага -RRB- on YouTube depicts operation of a Moscow department store in 1950 's .	Behind Store Window	What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the former Soviet Union ?
1956 Soviet film Behind Store Window -LRB- За витриной универмага -RRB- on YouTube depicts operation of a Moscow department store in 1950 's .	1956	When was the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed ?
Lotte Department Store is the largest , operating more than 40 stores -LRB- include outlet , young plaza , foreign branches -RRB- .	Lotte Department Store	What department store chain operates the most stores ?
These five department stores are known to people as representative corporations in the field of distirution in South Korea .	South Korea	Where is the `` field of distribution '' most often associated with ?
As of 2010 the Shinsegae department store in Centum City , Busan , is the largest department store in the world .	Shinsegae department store	What store was the largest department store in the world in 2010 ?
As of 2010 the Shinsegae department store in Centum City , Busan , is the largest department store in the world .	Centum City, Busan	Where is the largest department store in the world located ?
The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona .	Almacenes el Siglo	What was the name of the first Spanish department store ?
The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona .	October 1881	When was the first Spanish department store opened ?
Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU -LRB- Sociedad Española de Precios Unicos -RRB- department store chain , which was one of Spain 's oldest , the market is now dominated by El Corte Inglés , founded in 1934 as a drapery store .	El Corte Inglés	What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain ?
Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU -LRB- Sociedad Española de Precios Unicos -RRB- department store chain , which was one of Spain 's oldest , the market is now dominated by El Corte Inglés , founded in 1934 as a drapery store .	1934	When was El Corte Ingles established ?
John Lewis Newcastle -LRB- formerly Bainbridge -RRB- in Newcastle upon Tyne , is the world 's oldest Department Store .	Bainbridge	What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle ?
John Lewis Newcastle -LRB- formerly Bainbridge -RRB- in Newcastle upon Tyne , is the world 's oldest Department Store .	John Lewis Newcastle	What is the world 's oldest department store ?
The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge , aged 21 , went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper 's and fashion in Market Street , Newcastle .	Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge	Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store ?
The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge , aged 21 , went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper 's and fashion in Market Street , Newcastle .	Market Street, Newcastle	What was the location of the first store ?
John Lewis bought the Bainbridge store in 1952 .	1952	When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store ?
Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835 .	Kendal Milne and Faulkner	Who purchased a small shop in 1835 , which would eventually become Kendals ?
Serving Manchester 's upmarket clientele for over 200 years , it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester -- although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals .	Manchester	Where was the store located ?
Serving Manchester 's upmarket clientele for over 200 years , it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester -- although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals .	over 200 years	How long did the store operate for ?
Serving Manchester 's upmarket clientele for over 200 years , it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester -- although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals .	House of Fraser	Who eventually purchased and assumed operation of the store ?
Washington , for example , after 1887 had Woodward & Lothrop and Garfinckel 's starting in 1905 .	1905	When did Garfinckel 's begin operating in Washington ?
Garfield 's went bankrupt in 1990 , as did Woodward & Lothrop in 1994 .	1990	In what year did Garfield 's go bankrupt ?
Baltimore had four major department stores : Hutzler 's was the prestige leader , followed by Hecht 's , Hochschild 's and Stewart 's .	four	How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time ?
By 2015 , most locally owned department stores around the country had been consolidated into larger chains , or had closed down entirely .	2015	By what year had most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations ?
J. C. Penney had four stores in 1908 , 312 in 1920 , and 1452 in 1930 .	1452	How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930 ?
The chains reached a middle-class audience , that was more interested in value than in upscale fashions .	middle-class audience	What demographic were most stores focusing on ?
Sears was a pioneer in creating department stores that catered to men as well as women , especially with lines of hardware and building materials .	Sears	What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time ?
Sears , Roebuck & Company , a giant mail-order house , opened its first eight retail stores in 1925 , and operated 338 by 1930 , and 595 by 1940 .	595	How many stores was Sears operating in 1940 ?
The solution in 1954 was to open the Northland Center in nearby Southfield , just beyond the city limits .	1954	In what year did Hudson 's address the issue of parking within cities ?
The solution in 1954 was to open the Northland Center in nearby Southfield , just beyond the city limits .	Northland Center	What was the store called in Southfield ?
By 1961 the downtown skyscraper accounted for only half of Hudson 's sales ; it closed in 1986 .	1986	In what year did the Hudson 's skyscraper close ?
The Northland Center Hudson 's , rebranded Macy 's in 2006 following acquisition by Federated Department Stores , was closed along with the remaining stores in the center in March 2015 due to the mall 's high storefront vacancy , decaying infrastructure , and financial mismanagement .	Federated Department Stores	What company purchased the Northland Center in 2006 ?
The Northland Center Hudson 's , rebranded Macy 's in 2006 following acquisition by Federated Department Stores , was closed along with the remaining stores in the center in March 2015 due to the mall 's high storefront vacancy , decaying infrastructure , and financial mismanagement .	Macy's	What was the Northfield Center renamed after it 's purchase by another company ?
George Dayton had founded his Dayton 's Dry Goods store in Minneapolis in 1902 and the AMC cooperative in 1912 .	George Dayton	Who opened Dayton 's Dry Goods ?
George Dayton had founded his Dayton 's Dry Goods store in Minneapolis in 1902 and the AMC cooperative in 1912 .	1902	In what year was Dayton 's Dry Goods established ?
His descendants built Southdale Center in 1956 , opened the Target discount store chain in 1962 and the B. Dalton Bookseller chain in 1966 .	1956	When was the Southdale Center opened ?
It acquired Mervyn 's in 1978 , Marshall Field 's in 1990 , and renamed itself the Target Corporation in 2000 .	Mervyn's	What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978 ?
In 1849 , Horne 's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store .	1849	In what year did Horne began doing business ?
In 1849 , Horne 's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store .	Pittsburgh	In what city did Horne begin their operations ?
In 1972 , Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne 's , and ADG expanded operations of Horne 's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie , Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio .	Associated Dry Goods	What company purchased Horne 's in 1972 ?
By 1994 , Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne 's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division , completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne 's name .	ten	How many Horne 's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994 ?
The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property -LRB- Schutz des geistigen Eigentums -RRB- to the confederation .	the North German Confederation	Which constitution gave legislative power to protect intellectual property ?
When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention -LRB- 1883 -RRB- and the Berne Convention -LRB- 1886 -RRB- merged in 1893 , they located in Berne , and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title , the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property .	1883	When was the Paris Convention ?
When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention -LRB- 1883 -RRB- and the Berne Convention -LRB- 1886 -RRB- merged in 1893 , they located in Berne , and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title , the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property .	1886	When was the Berne Convention ?
When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention -LRB- 1883 -RRB- and the Berne Convention -LRB- 1886 -RRB- merged in 1893 , they located in Berne , and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title , the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property .	1893	When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge ?
When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention -LRB- 1883 -RRB- and the Berne Convention -LRB- 1886 -RRB- merged in 1893 , they located in Berne , and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title , the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property .	United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property	What name did the merged secretariats adopt ?
The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown. , in which Justice Charles L. Woodbury wrote that `` only in this way can we protect intellectual property , the labors of the mind , productions and interests are as much a man 's own ... as the wheat he cultivates , or the flocks he rears . ''	October 1845	When was the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ruled on ?
The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown. , in which Justice Charles L. Woodbury wrote that `` only in this way can we protect intellectual property , the labors of the mind , productions and interests are as much a man 's own ... as the wheat he cultivates , or the flocks he rears . ''	Massachusetts Circuit Court	Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ?
The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown. , in which Justice Charles L. Woodbury wrote that `` only in this way can we protect intellectual property , the labors of the mind , productions and interests are as much a man 's own ... as the wheat he cultivates , or the flocks he rears . ''	Justice Charles L. Woodbury	Who wrote that `` only in this way can we protect intellectual property '' ?
Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated , `` All new discoveries are the property of the author ; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery , there shall be delivered to him a patent for five , ten or fifteen years . ''	1791	What year did the `` discoveries are property '' concept appear in French law ?
In Europe , French author A. Nion mentioned propriété intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs , artistes et inventeurs , published in 1846 .	1846	When did French author A. Nion mention intellectual property ?
Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws , though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist -- notably the principle of Hasagat Ge ` vul -LRB- unfair encroachment -RRB- was used to justify limited-term publisher -LRB- but not author -RRB- copyright in the 16th century .	Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment)	Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright ?
Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws , though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist -- notably the principle of Hasagat Ge ` vul -LRB- unfair encroachment -RRB- was used to justify limited-term publisher -LRB- but not author -RRB- copyright in the 16th century .	in the 16th century	When did Jewish law recognize copyright ?
In 500 BCE , the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year 's patent `` to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury '' .	one year	How long was a patent valid in Sybaris ?
In 500 BCE , the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year 's patent `` to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury '' .	500 BCE	When did Sybaris offer patents ?
A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor , giving the owner the right to exclude others from making , using , selling , offering to sell , and importing an invention for a limited period of time , in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention .	the government	Who grants a patent ?
A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor , giving the owner the right to exclude others from making , using , selling , offering to sell , and importing an invention for a limited period of time , in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention .	an inventor	Who is a patent granted to ?
An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem , which may be a product or a process and generally has to fulfil three main requirements : it has to be new , not obvious and there needs to be an industrial applicability. :17	three	How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent ?
An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem , which may be a product or a process and generally has to fulfil three main requirements : it has to be new , not obvious and there needs to be an industrial applicability. :17	technological	An invention is a solution to what type of problem ?
A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor , giving the owner the right to exclude others from making , using , selling , offering to sell , and importing an invention for a limited period of time , in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention .	public disclosure of the invention	What is a patent offered in exchange for ?
The stated objective of most intellectual property law -LRB- with the exception of trademarks -RRB- is to `` Promote progress . ''	Promote progress.	What is the stated objective of most intellectual property law ?
By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works , society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit , and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work .	create and disclose their work	What do patents create an incentive for inventors to do ?
This absolute protection or full value view treats intellectual property as another type of `` real '' property , typically adopting its law and rhetoric .	absolute protection or full value	Which view treats intellectual property as another type of `` real '' property ?
Other recent developments in intellectual property law , such as the America Invents Act , stress international harmonization .	America Invents Act	Which recent law stresses international harmonization ?
In 2013 the United States Patent & Trademark Office approximated that the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy is more than US$ 5 trillion and creates employment for an estimated 18 million American people .	more than US$5 trillion	How much was the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy in 2013 ?
In 2013 the United States Patent & Trademark Office approximated that the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy is more than US$ 5 trillion and creates employment for an estimated 18 million American people .	18 million	How many Americans did intellectual property create employment for in 2013 ?
In the UK , IP has become a recognised asset class for use in pension-led funding and other types of business finance .	the UK	Where has IP become a recognised asset class ?
However , in 2013 , the UK Intellectual Property Office stated : `` There are millions of intangible business assets whose value is either not being leveraged at all , or only being leveraged inadvertently '' .	millions	How many intangible assets are not being leveraged in the UK ?
Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder .	Patent infringement	What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission ?
This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes , or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug .	in the US	Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist ?
In general , patent infringement cases are handled under civil law -LRB- e.g. , in the United States -RRB- but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also -LRB- for example , Argentina , China , France , Japan , Russia , South Korea -RRB- .	civil	What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US ?
In general , patent infringement cases are handled under civil law -LRB- e.g. , in the United States -RRB- but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also -LRB- for example , Argentina , China , France , Japan , Russia , South Korea -RRB- .	criminal	What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China ?
In general , patent infringement cases are handled under civil law -LRB- e.g. , in the United States -RRB- but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also -LRB- for example , Argentina , China , France , Japan , Russia , South Korea -RRB- .	criminal	What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia ?
The ACTA trade agreement , signed in May 2011 by the United States , Japan , Switzerland , and the EU , and which has not entered into force , requires that its parties add criminal penalties , including incarceration and fines , for copyright and trademark infringement , and obligated the parties to active police for infringement .	May 2011	When was the ACTA trade agreement signed ?
The ACTA trade agreement , signed in May 2011 by the United States , Japan , Switzerland , and the EU , and which has not entered into force , requires that its parties add criminal penalties , including incarceration and fines , for copyright and trademark infringement , and obligated the parties to active police for infringement .	United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU	Which countries signed ACTA ?
Examples of such doctrines are the fair use and fair dealing doctrine .	fair use and fair dealing	Which doctrines allow limited use of copyrighted works ?
It is often called `` piracy '' .	piracy	What is the common term for copyright infringement ?
Trademark infringement occurs when one party uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party , in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services of the other party .	Trademark infringement	What occurs when someone uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by someone else ?
In many countries , a trademark receives protection without registration , but registering a trademark provides legal advantages for enforcement .	legal advantages for enforcement	What does registering a trademark provide ?
In many countries , a trademark receives protection without registration , but registering a trademark provides legal advantages for enforcement .	In many countries	Where is a trademark protected without registration ?
Infringement can be addressed by civil litigation and , in several jurisdictions , under criminal law .	civil litigation	How is trademark infringement addressed in most jurisdictions ?
Infringement can be addressed by civil litigation and , in several jurisdictions , under criminal law .	criminal law	How is trademark infringement addressed in a few jurisdictions ?
Trade secret misappropriation is different from violations of other intellectual property laws , since by definition trade secrets are secret , while patents and registered copyrights and trademarks are publicly available .	trade secrets	Which type of intellectual property is secret ?
In the United States , trade secrets are protected under state law , and states have nearly universally adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act .	Uniform Trade Secrets Act	What law do most US states use to protect trade secrets ?
The United States also has federal law in the form of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 -LRB- 18 U.S.C. § § 1831 -- 1839 -RRB- , which makes the theft or misappropriation of a trade secret a federal crime .	Economic Espionage Act	What US federal law protects trade secrets ?
In Commonwealth common law jurisdictions , confidentiality and trade secrets are regarded as an equitable right rather than a property right but penalties for theft are roughly the same as the United States .	an equitable right	Commonwealth common law regards trade secrets as what kind of right ?
In Commonwealth common law jurisdictions , confidentiality and trade secrets are regarded as an equitable right rather than a property right but penalties for theft are roughly the same as the United States .	a property right	US law regards trade secrets as what kind of right ?
Criticism of the term intellectual property ranges from discussing its vagueness and abstract overreach to direct contention to the semantic validity of using words like property and rights in fashions that contradict practice and law .	intellectual property	Which term is criticized as vague ?
Many detractors think this term specially serves the doctrinal agenda of parties opposing reform in the public interest or otherwise abusing related legislations ; and that it disallows intelligent discussion about specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright , patents , trademarks , etc. .	specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.	What does the term ` intellectual property ' disallow intelligent discussion about ?
Criticism of the term intellectual property ranges from discussing its vagueness and abstract overreach to direct contention to the semantic validity of using words like property and rights in fashions that contradict practice and law .	semantic	Critics criticize what type of validity of the term ` intellectual property ' ?
Criticism of the term intellectual property ranges from discussing its vagueness and abstract overreach to direct contention to the semantic validity of using words like property and rights in fashions that contradict practice and law .	intellectual property	Which term is criticized as having abstract overreach ?
Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that , although the term intellectual property is in wide use , it should be rejected altogether , because it `` systematically distorts and confuses these issues , and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion '' .	Richard Stallman	Who founded the Free Software Foundation ?
Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that , although the term intellectual property is in wide use , it should be rejected altogether , because it `` systematically distorts and confuses these issues , and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion '' .	Richard Stallman	Who said the term ` intellectual property ' should be rejected altogether ?
Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that , although the term intellectual property is in wide use , it should be rejected altogether , because it `` systematically distorts and confuses these issues , and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion '' .	Richard Stallman	Who said the term ` intellectual property ' `` operates as a catch-all '' ?
Stallman advocates referring to copyrights , patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term .	in the singular	How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights , patents , and trademarks ?
On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws , which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system , and later on , a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally , but never interfered with the freedom of average readers .	copyright	Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system ?
On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws , which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system , and later on , a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally , but never interfered with the freedom of average readers .	the printing press	What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for ?
Still referring to copyright , he cites legal literature such as the United States Constitution and case law to demonstrate that it is meant to be an optional and experimental bargain that temporarily trades property rights and free speech for public , not private , benefit in the form of increased artistic production and knowledge .	copyright	What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental ?
Still referring to copyright , he cites legal literature such as the United States Constitution and case law to demonstrate that it is meant to be an optional and experimental bargain that temporarily trades property rights and free speech for public , not private , benefit in the form of increased artistic production and knowledge .	property rights and free speech	What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit ?
On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws , which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system , and later on , a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally , but never interfered with the freedom of average readers .	Stallman	Who pointed out that `` if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time '' ?
Law professor , writer and political activist Lawrence Lessig , along with many other copyleft and free software activists , has criticized the implied analogy with physical property -LRB- like land or an automobile -RRB- .	Lawrence Lessig	Who is one advocate of copyleft ?
Stephan Kinsella has objected to intellectual property on the grounds that the word `` property '' implies scarcity , which may not be applicable to ideas .	Stephan Kinsella	Who has objected to the idea of IP because `` property '' implies scarcity ?
Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property , there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information : once it exists at all , it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original .	tangible	Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property ?
Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property , there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information : once it exists at all , it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original .	indefinitely	How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original ?
Some critics of intellectual property , such as those in the free culture movement , point at intellectual monopolies as harming health -LRB- in the case of pharmaceutical patents -RRB- , preventing progress , and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses , and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions , software patents , and business method patents .	health	What can be harmed by pharmaceutical patents ?
Some critics of intellectual property , such as those in the free culture movement , point at intellectual monopolies as harming health -LRB- in the case of pharmaceutical patents -RRB- , preventing progress , and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses , and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions , software patents , and business method patents .	the masses	IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment ?
Some critics of intellectual property , such as those in the free culture movement , point at intellectual monopolies as harming health -LRB- in the case of pharmaceutical patents -RRB- , preventing progress , and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses , and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions , software patents , and business method patents .	the public	Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP ?
More recently scientists and engineers are expressing concern that patent thickets are undermining technological development even in high-tech fields like nanotechnology .	patent	Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP ?
Some critics of intellectual property , such as those in the free culture movement , point at intellectual monopolies as harming health -LRB- in the case of pharmaceutical patents -RRB- , preventing progress , and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses , and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions , software patents , and business method patents .	intellectual	What type of monopolies does IP create ?
The World Intellectual Property Organization -LRB- WIPO -RRB- recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights .	World Intellectual Property Organization	Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights ?
In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called `` Human rights and intellectual property '' that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product ; in order to serve human well-being , intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws .	2001	When was a document called `` Human rights and intellectual property '' issued ?
In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called `` Human rights and intellectual property '' that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product ; in order to serve human well-being , intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws .	the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights	Who issued a document called `` Human rights and intellectual property '' ?
In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called `` Human rights and intellectual property '' that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product ; in order to serve human well-being , intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws .	the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights	Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health ?
In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization which argues that WIPO should `` focus more on the needs of developing countries , and to view IP as one of many tools for development -- not as an end in itself '' .	2004	When did the WIPO adopt ` The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization ' ?
Further along these lines , The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection .	socially valuable	For what type of goods are IP 's ethical problems most pertinent ?
Further along these lines , The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection .	life-saving medicines	What is an example of socially valuable goods ?
While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development , the price may exclude from the market anyone who can not afford the cost of the product , in this case a life-saving drug .	the marginal cost of production	What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than ?
While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development , the price may exclude from the market anyone who can not afford the cost of the product , in this case a life-saving drug .	anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product	Who might a higher price exclude from the market ?
This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity , for example Native American songs and stories ; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural `` property '' and its ever-changing nature .	community creativity	What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP ?
This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity , for example Native American songs and stories ; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural `` property '' and its ever-changing nature .	indigenous cultural "property"	What does n't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of ?
Simply asking native cultures to ` write down ' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative .	Western	Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias ?
Simply asking native cultures to ` write down ' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative .	written	The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative ?
Also with respect to copyright , the American film industry helped to change the social construct of intellectual property via its trade organization , the Motion Picture Association of America .	Motion Picture Association of America	What is the American film industry 's trade organization ?
Also with respect to copyright , the American film industry helped to change the social construct of intellectual property via its trade organization , the Motion Picture Association of America .	film	The Motion Picture Association of America is which industry 's trade organization ?
Additionally Congress 's awareness of the position of the United States as the world 's largest producer of films has made it convenient to expand the conception of intellectual property .	United States	Which country is the world 's largest producer of films ?
In amicus briefs in important cases , in lobbying before Congress , and in its statements to the public , the MPAA has advocated strong protection of intellectual-property rights .	intellectual-property	The MPAA has advocated strong protection of what kind of rights ?
The Recording Industry Association of America , in particular , has been on the front lines of the fight against copyright infringement , which the industry calls `` piracy '' .	copyright infringement	What does the recording industry call piracy ?
The industry has had victories against some services , including a highly publicized case against the file-sharing company Napster , and some people have been prosecuted for sharing files in violation of copyright .	file-sharing	What type of company was Napster ?
Laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act have been enacted , that use criminal law to prevent any circumvention of software used to enforce digital rights management systems .	Digital Millennium Copyright Act	What law enforces digital rights management systems ?
Equivalent provisions , to prevent circumvention of copyright protection have existed in EU for some time , and are being expanded in , for example , Article 6 and 7 the Copyright Directive .	Article 6 and 7	Which articles of the EU Copyright Directive address circumvention of copyright protection ?
Other examples are Article 7 of the Software Directive of 1991 -LRB- 91/250/EEC -RRB- , and the Conditional Access Directive of 1998 -LRB- 98/84/EEC -RRB- .	1998	When was the Conditional Access Directive passed in the EU ?
In the context of trademarks , this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of `` trademark '' , as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994 , which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law , or not at all , in member states .	1994	When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified ?
In the context of trademarks , this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of `` trademark '' , as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994 , which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law , or not at all , in member states .	common law	What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories ?
In the context of trademarks , this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of `` trademark '' , as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994 , which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law , or not at all , in member states .	trademark	What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of ?
Pursuant to TRIPs , any sign which is `` capable of distinguishing '' the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business is capable of constituting a trademark .	a trademark	What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business 's product from another business 's ?
Florida i / ˈflɒrɪdə / -LRB- Spanish for `` flowery land '' -RRB- is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States .	Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land")	What does Florida stand for
The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the north by Alabama and Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba .	to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida	What states border Florida
Tallahassee is the state capital .	Tallahassee is the state capital	What is the state capital of Florida
Florida is the 22nd most extensive , the 3rd most populous , and the 8th most densely populated of the United States .	the 3rd most populous	Where does Florida rank in US population
Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida , and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States .	Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida	What city has the most people in Florida
A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Straits of Florida , it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States , approximately 1,350 miles -LRB- 2,170 km -RRB- , and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean .	it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles	What is the longest Contiguous Coastline in the US
Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil .	Much of the state is at or near sea level	What level is most of the land in florida
The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south .	The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south	What is the florida climate
The American alligator , American crocodile , Florida panther , and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park .	American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee	Some animals and reptiles native to Florida
The American alligator , American crocodile , Florida panther , and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park .	Everglades National Park	Name a National Park in Florida
`` By May 1539 , Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida , searching for a deep harbor to land .	Hernando de Soto	What conquistador landed in Florida in 1539
-LSB- full citation needed -RSB- Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida , with varying degrees of success .	Both the Spanish and French established settlements	Who established early settlements in Florida
In 1559 , Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a colony at present-day Pensacola , one of the first European settlements in the continental United States , but it was abandoned by 1561 .	Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano	Who established 1 of the first Us settlements in Florida
Very soon , ` many smokes ' appeared ` along the whole coast ' , billowing against the sky , when the Native ancestors of the Seminole spotted the newcomers and spread the alarm by signal fires '' .	Native ancestors of the Seminole	What people were discovered by early settlers of Florida
The Spanish introduced Christianity , cattle , horses , sheep , the Spanish language , and more to Florida .	Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more	What did Spanish settlers introduce to Florida
In 1763 , Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana , Cuba , which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years ' War .	In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba	What did Spain trade Florida for
Almost the entire Spanish population left , taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba .	Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba	Who did the Spanish take from Florida to Cuba
The British soon constructed the King 's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia .	the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia	What road did the British construct
The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point , which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named `` Cow Ford '' , both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there .	the St. Johns River	What river does the Kings road cross
The British divided Florida into the two colonies of British East Florida and British West Florida .	British East Florida and British West Florida	What were the names of the 2 British colony 's in Florida
The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement .	officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement	Who was given Florida land grants
A large number of British colonists who were `` energetic and of good character '' moved to Florida , mostly coming from South Carolina , Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda .	coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda	Where did a large number of British Colonist come to florida from
This would be the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now Duval County , Baker County , St. Johns County and Nassau County .	what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County	The first Permanent Colony in Florida is Now known as
The British built good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane , indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber .	the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber	What did the Colonist cultivate
Furthermore , the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were , with the advice of councils , to establish courts .	British governors were directed to call general assemblies	What legal system was introduced by the British in Florida
Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence .	Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence	Did Florida send Representatives to Philadelphia for the Declaration of Independence
Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution .	Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.	Who did Florida side with during the revolution
This would be the first introduction of much of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury , habeas corpus and county-based government .	English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government	What legal system is still used by florida
Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina .	English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina	Where did English and Scotch Irish descent move to Florida from
These migrants , mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period , would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers .	Florida Crackers	Backwoods settlers of Northern Florida are known as
Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities , the Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to migrate into Florida unchecked .	Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers	Were the Spanish able to police the backwoods settlements
The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule , leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23 .	Spanish rule	What led to the rebellion in 1810
The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule , leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23 .	the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23	What did the rebellion lead to
After meetings beginning in June , rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge -LRB- now in Louisiana -RRB- , and unfurled the flag of the new republic : a single white star on a blue field .	a single white star on a blue field	What is known as the Bonnie Blue Flag
After meetings beginning in June , rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge -LRB- now in Louisiana -RRB- , and unfurled the flag of the new republic : a single white star on a blue field .	Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge	What did the rebels overthrow during the rebellion
Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements , and offering havens for runaway slaves .	Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements	Where did Seminole Indians raid
Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements , and offering havens for runaway slaves .	runaway slaves	Who did the Indians offer haven to
The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory , including the 1817 -- 1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War .	First Seminole War	What is the first Incursion led by Jackson known as now
Florida had become a burden to Spain , which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons .	Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons	Why did Madrid cede the territory to the US
Madrid therefore decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-Onís Treaty , which took effect in 1821 .	Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821	What was the name of the treaty which ceded florida to the US
President James Monroe was authorized on March 3 , 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance .	James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance	Which president was given control of Florida
On March 30 , 1822 , the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory .	On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory	When did East and West Florida Merge
By the early 1800s , Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida .	Indian removal was a significant issue	What was an issue in the early 1800 's
In 1830 , the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased , pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida .	In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act	What did congress pass in 1830
Seminoles harbored runaway blacks , known as the Black Seminoles , and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers .	runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles	Who did Seminoles harbor
In 1832 , the Treaty of Payne 's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida .	Treaty of Payne's Landing	What was the name of the treaty of 1832
The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean .	somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean	What tempers the Florida Climate
North of Lake Okeechobee , the prevalent climate is humid subtropical -LRB- Köppen : Cfa -RRB- , while areas south of the lake -LRB- including the Florida Keys -RRB- have a true tropical climate -LRB- Köppen : Aw -RRB- .	Lake Okeechobee	What divides Florida two climates
Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit -LRB- 32 -- 34 °C -RRB- .	Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s	What are Florida 's Mean temperatures in late July
Mean low temperatures for early to mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit -LRB- 4 -- 7 °C -RRB- in northern Florida to above 60 °F -LRB- 16 °C -RRB- from Miami on southward .	mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in northern Florida to above 60 °F (16 °C) from Miami on southward	Low temperatures in Florida average
With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F -LRB- 21.5 °C -RRB- , it is the warmest state in the country .	With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the country	The average daily temperature in Miami
Florida 's nickname is the `` Sunshine State '' , but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state .	Sunshine State	What is Florida 's nickname
Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States , as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country .	lightning capital of the United States	What is central Florida known as
Hurricanes pose a severe threat each year during the June 1 to November 30 hurricane season , particularly from August to October .	Hurricanes pose a severe threat	What posses a threat each year to Florida
Of the category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States , 83 % have either hit Florida or Texas .	category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas	What percentage of category 4 storms hit Florida
From 1851 to 2006 , Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes , 37 of them major -- category 3 and above .	Florida was struck by 114	How many storms hit Florida from 1851 to 2006
Extended systems of underwater caves , sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents .	Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs	What is found in Florida
During the last glacial period , lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula , largely savanna .	lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna.	What did the last glacial period provide
The Everglades , an enormously wide , slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula .	an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula	What are the Everglades
Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $ 2 billion from 2006 through 2010 .	Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010	How much sink hole damage did Florida suffer recently
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1 , 2015 , a 7.82 % increase since the 2010 United States Census .	The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015	What is the population of Florida
Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state in the U.S. in the 12-month period ending July 1 , 2012 .	Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state	Where did florida rank in population growth
The center of population has moved less than 5 miles -LRB- 8 km -RRB- to the east and approximately 1 mile -LRB- 1.6 km -RRB- to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in Polk County since the 1960 census .	Polk County since the 1960 census	What is the center of the Florida population
The population exceeded 19.7 million by December 2014 , surpassing the population of the state of New York for the first time .	surpassing the population of the state of New York	What state did Florida pass in population recently
Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws .	Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws.	How severe are Florida disenfranchisement laws
Florida requires felons to have completed sentencing , parole and/or probation , and then seven years later , to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges .	felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges	What doe s the law require for criminals
As in other aspects of the criminal justice system , this law has disproportionate effects for minorities .	this law has disproportionate effects for minorities	Who does this law effect most
As a result , according to Brent Staples , based on data from The Sentencing Project , the effect of Florida 's law is such that in 2014 '' -LSB- m -RSB- ore than one in ten Floridians -- and nearly one in four African-American Floridians -- are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions . ''	one in ten Floridians – and nearly one in four African-American Floridians – are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions	How does it effect elections
In 2010 , 6.9 % of the population -LRB- 1,269,765 -RRB- considered themselves to be of only American ancestry -LRB- regardless of race or ethnicity -RRB- .	6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry	What percentage of the population considers themselves American
In the 1980 United States census the largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry .	largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry	In the 1980 census the largest ancestry group in Florida was
Some of their ancestry went back to the original thirteen colonies .	back to the original thirteen colonies.	How far back did some of the Ancestry go
As of 2010 , those of -LRB- non-Hispanic white -RRB- European ancestry accounted for 57.9 % of Florida 's population .	those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population	As of 2010 what percentage of Florida was white / non Hispanic
In 1970 , non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80 % of Florida 's population .	In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80% of Florida's population	What percentage of florida was white Non Hispanic in 1970
Some native white Floridians , especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families , may refer to themselves as `` Florida crackers '' ; others see the term as a derogatory one .	long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as "Florida crackers	What do many white long term floridian families identify with
Like whites in most of the other Southern states , they descend mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers , as well as some other British American settlers .	mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers	Most white Florida Immigrants descend from
As of 2010 , those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5 % -LRB- 4,223,806 -RRB- of Florida 's population .	Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population	What percentage of the Florida population in 2010 was Hispanic
Out of the 22.5 % , the largest groups were 6.5 % -LRB- 1,213,438 -RRB- Cuban , 4.5 % -LRB- 847,550 -RRB- Puerto Rican , 3.3 % -LRB- 629,718 -RRB- Mexican , and 1.6 % -LRB- 300,414 -RRB- Colombian .	Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban	What Origin makes up most of the Hispanics in Florida
Nearly 80 % of Cuban Americans live in Florida , especially South Florida where there is a long-standing and affluent Cuban community .	Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida	What percentage of Cuban Americans live in Florida
Florida has the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York , as well as the fastest-growing in the nation .	the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation	What is percentage of Puerto Ricans in Florida
As of 2010 , those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0 % of Florida 's population , which includes African Americans .	As of 2010, those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population	What percentage of Florida was African american in 2010
During the early 1900s , black people made up nearly half of the state 's population .	During the early 1900s, black people made up nearly half of the state's population	what percentage of florida was black in the early 1900 's
In response to segregation , disfranchisement and agricultural depression , many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration , in waves from 1910 to 1940 , and again starting in the later 1940s .	response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities	What did many black migrate from florida
Aside from blacks descended from African slaves brought to the US south , there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian , recent African , and Afro-Latino immigrant origins , especially in the Miami/South Florida area .	African slaves brought to the US south, there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Afro-Latino immigrant origins	Where does the African population in florida have ancestry roots
From 1952 to 1964 , most voters were registered Democrats , but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964 .	1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964	Voter demographics of florida in the 1950 's
The following year , Congress passed and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities in order to prevent the discrimination and disenfranchisement that had excluded most of them for decades from the political process .	Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities	what did the voting rights act provide for
The following year , Congress passed and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities in order to prevent the discrimination and disenfranchisement that had excluded most of them for decades from the political process .	President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965	what president signed the voting right act
From the 1930s through much of the 1960s , Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats , who together with other Democrats of the Solid South , exercised considerable control in Congress .	1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats	What party dominated florida politics from 1930 to 1960
They gained federal money from national programs ; like other southern states , Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes : the state is a net beneficiary .	Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary	Does Florida benefit from taxes
Since the 1970s , the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party .	Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party	What party political party dominates Florida now
It has continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century , except in 1976 and 1996 , when the Democratic nominee was from the South .	continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South	How does Florida vote in presidential elections
They have had `` the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government while knowing that their congressional delegations will continue to protect federal spending . ''	the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government	What do these candidates that Florida supports pledge
The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast , where demographic changes were underway .	William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County	The first post - reconstruction era republican elected to florida
Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida , attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states .	Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states	What is Cramer credited for
In 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat , and maintained dominance for years .	1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years	What did the Democrat party do in the 1970
In 1998 , Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States , known colloquially as `` snowbirds '' .	In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals	What did democrat voters do in 1998
In 1998 , Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States , known colloquially as `` snowbirds '' .	white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as "snowbirds	What are snowbirds
Republicans , made up mostly of white conservatives , have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida , particularly in the more rural and suburban areas .	Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida	which party dominates most of the rest of florida
The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion , making it the biggest swing area in the state .	The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion	The area is viewed as what politically
Since the late 20th century , the voting results in this area , containing 40 % of Florida voters , has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections .	the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections	The vote in this area since the late 20th century decides what
Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives .	Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives	What has reappointment done to florida
The legislature 's redistricting , announced in 2012 , was quickly challenged in court , on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests .	The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests	What was challenged in 2012
In 2015 , the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature 's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010 ; it accepted a new map in early December 2015 .	Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments	How did the Florida supreme court rule on the challenge
In 2015 , the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature 's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010 ; it accepted a new map in early December 2015 .	it accepted a new map in early December 2015.	What hapend to the Florida congressional map in 2015
Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore , around 500 votes separated the two candidates for the all-decisive Florida electoral votes that landed Bush the election win .	Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore, around 500 votes separated the two candidates	What hapend in the 2000 election
Florida 's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states .	Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states	How severe is Florida 's Disenfranchisement law
A 2002 study in the American Sociological Review concluded that `` if the state 's 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians , Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida -- and the presidency -- by more than 80,000 votes . ''	if the state’s 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida	What did this mean in the 2000 election
The court ruled in 2014 , after lengthy testimony , that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering .	that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering	Why did the 2 districts have to be redrawn in 2014
After this was appealed , in July 2015 the Florida Supreme Court ruled that lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives , and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn .	lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn	How many were ruled to be redrawn in 2015
On December 2 , 2015 , a 5-2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts , some of which was drawn by challengers .	a 5-2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts	What was the court vote on the new congressional map in 2015
There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts .	There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts.	Are there any more changes coming to the map
The Gross Domestic Product -LRB- GDP -RRB- of Florida in 2010 was $ 748 billion .	Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Florida in 2010 was $748 billion	What was Florida 's GDP in 2010
Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States .	Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States	Where does Florida 's GDP rank
The major contributors to the state 's gross output in 2007 were general services , financial services , trade , transportation and public utilities , manufacturing and construction respectively .	were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively	What are some major contributors to states output
Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third `` Best State for Business '' in 2011 .	Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third "Best State for Business" in 2011	What was Florida named in 2011
At the end of the third quarter in 2008 , Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country , with 7.8 % of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days .	Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days	What was the mortgage delinquency rate in 2008
The early 21st-century building boom left Florida with 300,000 vacant homes in 2009 , according to state figures .	300,000 vacant homes in 2009	How many vacant homes in Florida in 2009
In 2009 , the US Census Bureau estimated that Floridians spent an average 49.1 % of personal income on housing-related costs , the third highest percentage in the country .	Floridians spent an average 49.1% of personal income on housing-related costs	What percentage of personal income was spent of Housing in florida
In 2009 , the US Census Bureau estimated that Floridians spent an average 49.1 % of personal income on housing-related costs , the third highest percentage in the country .	the third highest percentage in the country	Where did housing spending ranking nationally
After the watershed events of Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade , Tourism , and Economic Development .	the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade	What did Hurricane Andrew cause Florida to do
Governor Jeb Bush realized that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida 's backbone industry of tourism severely .	that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely	What did Govenor Bush Realize
The office was directed to target Medical/Bio-Sciences among others .	Medical/Bio-Sciences	What industry was targeted
Three years later , The Scripps Research Institute -LRB- TSRI -RRB- announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion .	The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion	Who chose to expand their corporation in Florida
Some sections of the state feature architectural styles including Spanish revival , Florida vernacular , and Mediterranean Revival Style .	architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style	What architectural styles are in Florida
It has the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world , most of which are located in the Miami metropolitan area , especially Miami Beach 's Art Deco District , constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination .	Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination	When did the art deco area of Miami boom
It has the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world , most of which are located in the Miami metropolitan area , especially Miami Beach 's Art Deco District , constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination .	the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami	What does Florida have the largest collection of
A unique architectural design found only in Florida is the post-World War II Miami Modern , which can be seen in areas such as Miami 's MiMo Historic District .	Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District.	What other Unique Architecture started in Miami after world war 2
Florida is served by Amtrak , operating numerous lines throughout , connecting the state 's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada .	Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada	What train line connects florida to the North
Until 2005 , Orlando was also the eastern terminus of the Sunset Limited , which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans , Houston , and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles .	Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles	Who does sunset limited service
Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains -LRB- the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor -RRB- , which operate between New York City and Miami .	Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami	Two othe ramtrak trains that serve Florida
NASCAR -LRB- headquartered in Daytona Beach -RRB- begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February , featuring the Daytona 500 , and ends all three Series in November at Homestead-Miami Speedway .	NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February	What is headquartered in Daytona
Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July .	Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July	Name another race in florida
The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world 's most prestigious endurance auto races .	The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races	What is the 24 hours of Daytona
The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and Grand Prix of Miami have held IndyCar races as well .	The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg	What does St Pete feature for a race
Before forming Queen , Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile .	Smile	What was the name of Brian May and Roger Taylor 's band before Queen ?
Freddie Mercury -LRB- then known by his birth name of Farrokh `` Freddie '' Bulsara -RRB- was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques .	Freddie Mercury	What was the stage name adopted by Farrokh Bulsara ?
In November 2014 , Queen released a new album , Queen Forever , featuring vocals from the late Mercury .	Queen Forever	What was the name of the album Queen released in 2014 ?
Their 1977 album , News of the World , contained `` We Will Rock You '' and `` We Are the Champions '' , which have become anthems at sporting events .	News of the World	What was the name of Queen 's 1977 album ?
In 1991 , Mercury died of bronchopneumonia , a complication of AIDS , and Deacon retired in 1997 .	1991	In what year did Freddie Mercury die ?
In late 1970 , after Staffell left to join the band Humpy Bong , the remaining Smile members , encouraged by Bulsara , changed their name to `` Queen '' and continued working together .	1970	Tim Staffell left the band Smile in what year ?
In late 1970 , after Staffell left to join the band Humpy Bong , the remaining Smile members , encouraged by Bulsara , changed their name to `` Queen '' and continued working together .	Humpy Bong	What band did Tim Staffell join after leaving Smile ?
While attending Ealing Art College , Tim Staffell became friends with Farrokh Bulsara , a fellow student who had assumed the English name of Freddie .	Ealing Art College	What was the name of the college Tim Staffell attended when he met Farrokh Bulsara ?
In late 1970 , after Staffell left to join the band Humpy Bong , the remaining Smile members , encouraged by Bulsara , changed their name to `` Queen '' and continued working together .	1970	In what year did Smile change their name to Queen ?
While attending Ealing Art College , Tim Staffell became friends with Farrokh Bulsara , a fellow student who had assumed the English name of Freddie .	Freddie	What was the English first name Farrokh Bulsara adopted ?
The band had a number of bass players during this period who did not fit with the band 's chemistry .	bass	John Deacon played what instrument ?
It was not until February 1971 that they settled on John Deacon and began to rehearse for their first album .	1971	In what year did John Deacon join Queen ?
It was also around this time Freddie changed his surname to `` Mercury '' , inspired by the line `` Mother Mercury , look what they 've done to me '' in the song `` My Fairy King '' .	Mercury	What did Freddie from Queen change his last name to ?
It was also around this time Freddie changed his surname to `` Mercury '' , inspired by the line `` Mother Mercury , look what they 've done to me '' in the song `` My Fairy King '' .	My Fairy King	What song inspired Freddie from Queen 's surname ?
On 2 July 1971 , Queen played their first show in the classic line-up of Mercury , May , Taylor and Deacon at a Surrey college outside London .	2 July 1971	On what date did Queen play their first show ?
Having attended art college , Mercury also designed Queen 's logo , called the Queen crest , shortly before the release of the band 's first album .	Mercury	Who designed Queen 's logo ?
The logo combines the zodiac signs of all four members : two lions for Leo -LRB- Deacon and Taylor -RRB- , a crab for Cancer -LRB- May -RRB- , and two fairies for Virgo -LRB- Mercury -RRB- .	Virgo	What was Freddie Mercury 's zodiac sign ?
The logo combines the zodiac signs of all four members : two lions for Leo -LRB- Deacon and Taylor -RRB- , a crab for Cancer -LRB- May -RRB- , and two fairies for Virgo -LRB- Mercury -RRB- .	Leo	Which zodiac sign did Deacon and Taylor share ?
The logo combines the zodiac signs of all four members : two lions for Leo -LRB- Deacon and Taylor -RRB- , a crab for Cancer -LRB- May -RRB- , and two fairies for Virgo -LRB- Mercury -RRB- .	Cancer	What was Brian May 's zodiac sign ?
The whole symbol bears a passing resemblance to the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom , particularly with the lion supporters .	United Kingdom	The early Queen logo resembled the coat of arms of what country ?
In 1972 , Queen entered discussions with Trident Studios after being spotted at De La Lane Studios by John Anthony and after discussions were offered a management deal by Norman Sheffield under Neptune Productions , a subsidiary of Trident to manage the band and enable them to use the facilities at Trident to record new material whilst the management search for a record label to sign Queen .	Norman Sheffield	Who offered Queen a management deal in 1972 ?
This suited both parties at the time as Trident were expanding into management and Queen under the deal were able to make use of the hi-tech recording facilities shared by bands at the time such as the Beatles and Elton John to produce new material .	Elton John	Which singer used Trident studios in addition to Queen and the Beatles ?
In 1972 , Queen entered discussions with Trident Studios after being spotted at De La Lane Studios by John Anthony and after discussions were offered a management deal by Norman Sheffield under Neptune Productions , a subsidiary of Trident to manage the band and enable them to use the facilities at Trident to record new material whilst the management search for a record label to sign Queen .	Neptune Productions	What was the name of Trident 's subsidiary ?
In 1972 , Queen entered discussions with Trident Studios after being spotted at De La Lane Studios by John Anthony and after discussions were offered a management deal by Norman Sheffield under Neptune Productions , a subsidiary of Trident to manage the band and enable them to use the facilities at Trident to record new material whilst the management search for a record label to sign Queen .	De La Lane Studios	Where was Queen spotted before entering discussions with Trident ?
In 1972 , Queen entered discussions with Trident Studios after being spotted at De La Lane Studios by John Anthony and after discussions were offered a management deal by Norman Sheffield under Neptune Productions , a subsidiary of Trident to manage the band and enable them to use the facilities at Trident to record new material whilst the management search for a record label to sign Queen .	1972	In what year did Queen enter discussions with Trident studios ?
In July 1973 , Queen finally under a Trident/EMI deal released their eponymous debut album , an effort influenced by the heavy metal and progressive rock of the day .	1973	In what year was Queen 's first album released ?
In July 1973 , Queen finally under a Trident/EMI deal released their eponymous debut album , an effort influenced by the heavy metal and progressive rock of the day .	Queen	What was the name of Queen 's first album ?
It drew little mainstream attention , and the lead single `` Keep Yourself Alive '' , a Brian May composition , sold poorly .	Keep Yourself Alive	What was the lead single from Queen 's first album ?
Retrospectively , `` Keep Yourself Alive '' is cited as the highlight of the album , and in 2008 Rolling Stone ranked it 31st in the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' , describing it as `` an entire album 's worth of riffs crammed into a single song '' .	Keep Yourself Alive	Which Queen song ranked as the 31st greatest guitar song in a 1998 Rolling Stone article ?
The album was received well by critics ; Gordon Fletcher of Rolling Stone said `` their debut album is superb '' , and Chicago 's Daily Herald called it an `` above average debut '' .	Gordon Fletcher	Which critic called Queen 's debut superb ?
The group 's second LP , Queen II , was released in 1974 , and features rock photographer Mick Rock 's iconic image of the band on the cover .	Queen II	What was the name of Queen 's second LP ?
The group 's second LP , Queen II , was released in 1974 , and features rock photographer Mick Rock 's iconic image of the band on the cover .	1974	What year was Queen 's second album released ?
The group 's second LP , Queen II , was released in 1974 , and features rock photographer Mick Rock 's iconic image of the band on the cover .	Mick Rock	Who designed the cover of Queen 's second album ?
Aside from its only single , the album also included the song `` The March of the Black Queen '' , a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus .	six-minute	How long is the song The March of the Black Queen ?
After the band 's six-night stand at New York 's Uris Theatre in May 1974 , Brian May collapsed and was diagnosed as having hepatitis .	hepatitis	What was Brian May diagnosed with after collapsing in 1974 ?
Released in 1974 , Sheer Heart Attack reached number two in the United Kingdom , sold well throughout Europe , and went gold in the United States .	Sheer Heart Attack	What was the name of Queen 's third album ?
Sheer Heart Attack introduced new sound and melody patterns that would be refined on their next album , A Night at the Opera .	A Night at the Opera	What Queen album was released after Sheer Heart Attack ?
Released in 1974 , Sheer Heart Attack reached number two in the United Kingdom , sold well throughout Europe , and went gold in the United States .	two	Queen 's Sheer Heart Attack reached what number on the United Kingdom charts ?
After the band 's six-night stand at New York 's Uris Theatre in May 1974 , Brian May collapsed and was diagnosed as having hepatitis .	New York's Uris Theatre	What was the name of the venue where Brian May collapsed ?
The single `` Killer Queen '' from Sheer Heart Attack reached number two on the British charts , and became their first US hit , reaching number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 .	Killer Queen	Which song was Queen 's first US hit ?
The album 's second single , `` Now I 'm Here '' , a more traditional hard rock composition , was a number eleven hit in Britain , while the high speed rocker `` Stone Cold Crazy '' featuring May 's uptempo riffs is a precursor to speed metal .	eleven	Queen 's song Now I 'm Here reached what number on the British charts ?
The album 's second single , `` Now I 'm Here '' , a more traditional hard rock composition , was a number eleven hit in Britain , while the high speed rocker `` Stone Cold Crazy '' featuring May 's uptempo riffs is a precursor to speed metal .	Stone Cold Crazy	What Queen song is known as an early speed metal song ?
It combines camp , vaudeville , and British music hall with May 's guitar virtuosity .	British music hall	What music style was found along with camp and vaudeville on the song Killer Queen ?
The single `` Killer Queen '' from Sheer Heart Attack reached number two on the British charts , and became their first US hit , reaching number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 .	12	Killer Queen reached what number on the Billboard Hot 100 ?
They toured the US as headliners , and played in Canada for the first time .	Canada	What country did Queen play in for the first time in 1975 ?
In September , after an acromonious split with Trident , the band negotiated themselves out of their Trident Studios contract and searched for new management .	Trident Studios	Queen had a bitter split with what management company in 1975 ?
One of the options they considered was an offer from Led Zeppelin 's manager , Peter Grant .	Peter Grant	What manager of Led Zeppelin tried to sign Queen ?
The band found the contract unacceptable and instead contacted Elton John 's manager , John Reid , who accepted the position .	John Reid	Whom did Queen eventually sign with after rejecting the Swan Song records contract ?
In late 1975 , Queen recorded and released A Night at the Opera , taking its name from the popular Marx Brothers movie .	A Night at the Opera	Which Queen album was released in 1975 ?
In late 1975 , Queen recorded and released A Night at the Opera , taking its name from the popular Marx Brothers movie .	Marx Brothers	Queen 's 1975 album took it 's name from a movie from which comedy act ?
In `` The Prophet 's Song '' , an eight-minute epic , the middle section is a canon , with simple phrases layered to create a full-choral sound .	eight-minute	How long was Queen 's The Prophet 's Song ?
The Mercury penned ballad , `` Love of My Life '' , featured a harp and overdubbed vocal harmonies .	Love of My Life	Which Queen ballad featured a harp and overdubbed harmonies ?
The album also featured the hit single `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , which was number one in the UK for nine weeks .	Bohemian Rhapsody	Which Queen song was number one on the UK charts for nine weeks ?
The album also featured the hit single `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , which was number one in the UK for nine weeks .	Bohemian Rhapsody	What is the third best selling single of all time in the UK ?
`` Bohemian Rhapsody '' has been voted numerous times the greatest song of all time .	Bohemian Rhapsody	What Queen single sold a million copies on two separate occasions ?
The band 's A Night at the Opera Tour began in November 1975 , and covered Europe , the United States , Japan , and Australia .	1975	In what year did Queen 's A Night at the Opera Tour begin ?
The band 's A Night at the Opera Tour began in November 1975 , and covered Europe , the United States , Japan , and Australia .	United States, Japan, and Australia	Queen 's 1975 tour included Europe and what three countries ?
By 1976 , Queen were back in the studio recording A Day at the Races , which is often regarded as a sequel album to A Night at the Opera .	A Day at the Races	What Queen album was released in 1976 ?
The major hit on the album was `` Somebody to Love '' , a gospel-inspired song in which Mercury , May , and Taylor multi-tracked their voices to create a 100-voice gospel choir .	Somebody to Love	What was the major hit from Queen 's 1976 album ?
The album also featured one of the band 's heaviest songs , May 's `` Tie Your Mother Down '' , which became a staple of their live shows .	Tie Your Mother Down	Which heavy Queen song is a favorite at live shows ?
The most recognisable of the Marx Brothers , Groucho Marx , invited Queen to visit him in his Los Angeles home in March 1977 ; there the band thanked him in person , and performed '' ' 39 '' a cappella .	Groucho Marx	Which comedian invited Queen to visit him in 1977 ?
The major hit on the album was `` Somebody to Love '' , a gospel-inspired song in which Mercury , May , and Taylor multi-tracked their voices to create a 100-voice gospel choir .	Mercury, May, and Taylor	Which Queen members layered their voices on Somebody to Love ?
During 1976 , Queen played one of their most famous gigs , a free concert in Hyde Park , London .	Hyde Park, London	Where did Queen host a free concert in 1976 ?
A concert organised by the entrepreneur Richard Branson , it set an attendance record with 150,000 people confirmed in the audience .	Richard Branson	Who organized a free concert by Queen in 1976 ?
A concert organised by the entrepreneur Richard Branson , it set an attendance record with 150,000 people confirmed in the audience .	150,000	How many people helped Queen set a 1976 attendance record ?
During the A Day at the Races Tour in 1977 , Queen performed sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden , New York , in February , and Earls Court , London , in June .	Madison Square Garden	Which US venue did Queen sell out in 1977 ?
During the A Day at the Races Tour in 1977 , Queen performed sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden , New York , in February , and Earls Court , London , in June .	Earls Court	Which British venue did Queen sell out in 1977 ?
The band 's sixth studio album News of the World was released in 1977 , which has gone four times platinum in the United States , and twice in the UK .	1977	Queen 's sixth album was released in what year ?
The band 's sixth studio album News of the World was released in 1977 , which has gone four times platinum in the United States , and twice in the UK .	four	How many times platinum did Queen 's News of the World go ?
The album contained many songs tailor-made for live performance , including two of rock 's most recognisable anthems , `` We Will Rock You '' and the rock ballad `` We Are the Champions '' , both of which became enduring international sports anthems , and the latter reached number four in the US .	"We Will Rock You" and the rock ballad "We Are the Champions"	Queen 's News of the World contained which two rock anthems ?
Queen commenced the News of the World Tour in October 1977 , and Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times called this concert tour the band 's `` most spectacularly staged and finely honed show '' .	1977	Queen 's News of the World Tour took place in what year ?
In 1978 , the band released Jazz , which reached number two in the UK and number six on the Billboard 200 in the US .	1978	In what year did Queen release the album Jazz ?
In 1978 , the band released Jazz , which reached number two in the UK and number six on the Billboard 200 in the US .	two	What number did Queen 's Jazz reach on UK charts ?
In 1978 , the band released Jazz , which reached number two in the UK and number six on the Billboard 200 in the US .	six	What number did Queen 's Jazz reach on the Billboard 200 ?
The album included the hit singles `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' and `` Bicycle Race '' on a double-sided record .	"Fat Bottomed Girls" and "Bicycle Race"	What were the two hit singles off of Queen 's album Jazz ?
Queen rented Wimbledon Stadium for a day to shoot the video , with 65 naked female models hired to stage a nude bicycle race .	Wimbledon Stadium	Queen rented what venue for a music video in 1978 ?
In December 1979 , Queen played the opening night at the Concert for the People of Kampuchea in London , having accepted a request by the event 's organiser Paul McCartney .	Paul McCartney	Who organized the Concert for the People of Kampuchea ?
They released their first live album , Live Killers , in 1979 ; it went platinum twice in the US .	1979	In what year was Queen 's Live Killers released ?
They released their first live album , Live Killers , in 1979 ; it went platinum twice in the US .	twice	How many times platinum did Queen 's Live Killers go in the US ?
Queen also released the very successful single `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' , a rockabilly inspired song done in the style of Elvis Presley .	Elvis Presley	Queen 's Crazy Little Thing Called Love was an ode to which singer ?
In December 1979 , Queen played the opening night at the Concert for the People of Kampuchea in London , having accepted a request by the event 's organiser Paul McCartney .	1979	In what year did Queen play the Concert for the People of Kampuchea ?
In September 1980 , Queen performed three sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden .	Madison Square Garden	Queen performed several sold out shows at what US venue ?
In 1980 , Queen also released the soundtrack they had recorded for Flash Gordon .	Flash Gordon	Queen recorded the soundtrack to what show ?
At the 1981 American Music Awards in January , `` Another One Bites the Dust '' won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single , and Queen were nominated for Favorite Pop/Rock Band , Duo , or Group .	Another One Bites the Dust	What Queen song won the award for best Pop/Rock single ?
After attending a Queen concert in Los Angeles , Michael Jackson suggested to Mercury backstage that `` Another One Bites the Dust '' be released as a single , and in October 1980 it spent three weeks at number one .	Michael Jackson	Which musical artist suggested Queen release Another One Bites the Dust as a single ?
Queen began their 1980s career with The Game .	The Game	Which Queen album kicked off the 1980s ?
In February 1981 , Queen travelled to South America as part of The Game Tour , and became the first major rock band to play in Latin American stadiums .	Queen	What band was the first major band to play in Latin American stadiums ?
The tour included five shows in Argentina , one of which drew the largest single concert crowd in Argentine history with an audience of 300,000 in Buenos Aires and two concerts at the Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo , Brazil , where they played to an audience of more than 131,000 people in the first night -LRB- then the largest paying audience for a single band anywhere in the world -RRB- and more than 120,000 people the following night .	five	The Game Tour of the band Queen included how many shows in Argentina ?
The tour included five shows in Argentina , one of which drew the largest single concert crowd in Argentine history with an audience of 300,000 in Buenos Aires and two concerts at the Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo , Brazil , where they played to an audience of more than 131,000 people in the first night -LRB- then the largest paying audience for a single band anywhere in the world -RRB- and more than 120,000 people the following night .	300,000	How large was Queen 's record audience in Argentina ?
One of Mercury 's most notable performances of The Game 's final track , `` Save Me '' , took place in Montreal , and the concert is recorded in the live album , Queen Rock Montreal .	Save Me	What was the final track on Queen 's The Game ?
On 24 and 25 November , Queen played two sell out nights at the Montreal Forum , Quebec , Canada .	Montreal Forum	What sold out venue did Queen play in Canada ?
In 1982 , the band released the album Hot Space , a departure from their trademark seventies sound , this time being a mixture of rock , pop rock , dance , funk , and R&B .	Hot Space	What album did Queen release in 1982 ?
Most of the album was recorded in Munich during the most turbulent period in the band 's history , and Taylor and May lamented the new sound , with both being very critical of the influence Mercury 's personal manager Paul Prenter had on the singer .	Munich	Where did Queen record their 1982 album ?
Most of the album was recorded in Munich during the most turbulent period in the band 's history , and Taylor and May lamented the new sound , with both being very critical of the influence Mercury 's personal manager Paul Prenter had on the singer .	Paul Prenter	What was the name of Freddie Mercury 's personal manager ?
Queen left Elektra Records , their label in the United States , Canada , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand , and signed onto EMI/Capitol Records .	Elektra Records	Queen left what label before signing with EMI ?
The band stopped touring North America after their Hot Space Tour , as their success there had waned , although they would perform on American television for the only time during the eighth season premiere of Saturday Night Live .	the eighth season	On which season of Saturday Night Live did Queen perform ?
That year , Queen began The Works Tour , the first tour to feature keyboardist Spike Edney as an extra live musician .	Spike Edney	Which Queen tour was the first to feature Spike Edney ?
That year , Queen began The Works Tour , the first tour to feature keyboardist Spike Edney as an extra live musician .	keyboardist	Queen 's Spike Edney plays what instrument ?
Queen donated to a school for the deaf and blind as a philanthropic gesture but were fined by the British Musicians ' Union and placed on the United Nations ' blacklisted artists .	British Musicians' Union	Who fined Queen for donating to a school for the deaf and blind ?
The band responded to the critics by stating that they were playing music for fans in South Africa , and they also stressed that the concerts were played before integrated audiences .	South Africa	Where did Queen play during the height of Apartheid ?
At Live Aid , held at Wembley on 13 July 1985 , in front of the biggest-ever TV audience of 1.9 billion , Queen performed some of their greatest hits , during which the sold-out stadium audience of 72,000 people clapped , sang , and swayed in unison .	13 July 1985	What date was Live Aid ?
At Live Aid , held at Wembley on 13 July 1985 , in front of the biggest-ever TV audience of 1.9 billion , Queen performed some of their greatest hits , during which the sold-out stadium audience of 72,000 people clapped , sang , and swayed in unison .	Wembley	Where was Live Aid held ?
At Live Aid , held at Wembley on 13 July 1985 , in front of the biggest-ever TV audience of 1.9 billion , Queen performed some of their greatest hits , during which the sold-out stadium audience of 72,000 people clapped , sang , and swayed in unison .	1.9 billion	How big was Live Aid 's TV audience ?
At Live Aid , held at Wembley on 13 July 1985 , in front of the biggest-ever TV audience of 1.9 billion , Queen performed some of their greatest hits , during which the sold-out stadium audience of 72,000 people clapped , sang , and swayed in unison .	72,000	How long was Live Aid 's stadium audience ?
The show 's organisers , Bob Geldof and Midge Ure , other musicians such as Elton John , Cliff Richard and Dave Grohl , and music journalists writing for the BBC , CNN , Rolling Stone , MTV , The Telegraph among others , stated that Queen stole the show .	Bob Geldof and Midge Ure	Who organized Live Aid ?
When interviewed for Mojo magazine the band said the most amazing sight at Live Aid was to see the audience clapping to `` Radio Ga Ga '' .	Radio Ga Ga	The audience at Live Aid clapped to what Queen Song ?
Brian May stated : `` I 'd never seen anything like that in my life and it was n't calculated either .	Brian May	Which magazine interviewed Brian May about Live Aid ?
We understood our audience and played to them but that was one of those weird accidents because of the -LRB- music -RRB- video .	(music) video	What medium helped Queen fans get used to their songs before Live Aid ?
The band , now revitalised by the response to Live Aid -- a `` shot in the arm '' Roger Taylor called it , -- and the ensuing increase in record sales , ended 1985 by releasing the single `` One Vision '' , which was the third time after `` Stone Cold Crazy '' and `` Under Pressure -LRB- with David Bowie -RRB- '' that all four bandmembers received a writing credit for the one song .	1985	What year was Queen 's One Vision released ?
The band , now revitalised by the response to Live Aid -- a `` shot in the arm '' Roger Taylor called it , -- and the ensuing increase in record sales , ended 1985 by releasing the single `` One Vision '' , which was the third time after `` Stone Cold Crazy '' and `` Under Pressure -LRB- with David Bowie -RRB- '' that all four bandmembers received a writing credit for the one song .	four	How many band members wrote Queen 's One Vision ?
Also , a limited-edition boxed set containing all Queen albums to date was released under the title of The Complete Works .	The Complete Works	What was the mid 1980s Queen boxed set called ?
The package included previously unreleased material , most notably Queen 's non-album single of Christmas 1984 , titled `` Thank God It 's Christmas '' .	Thank God It's Christmas	What was Queen 's 1984 Christmas song called ?
In summer of 1986 , Queen went on their final tour with Freddie Mercury .	1986	Queen 's final tour with Freddie Mercury was in what year ?
A sold-out tour in support of A Kind of Magic , once again they hired Spike Edney , leading to him being dubbed the unofficial fifth member .	A Kind of Magic	What was the name of Queen 's final tour with Freddie Mercury ?
The show sold out within two hours and over 120,000 fans packed the park for what was Queen 's final live performance with Mercury .	120,000	How many fans saw Queen in Knebworth park ?
The band also played behind the Iron Curtain when they performed to a crowd of 80,000 at the Népstadion in Budapest , in what was one of the biggest rock concerts ever held in Eastern Europe .	80,000	How many fans saw Queen at the Nepstadion in Budapest ?
Queen began the tour at the Råsunda Stadium in Stockholm , Sweden , and during the tour the band performed a concert at Slane Castle , Ireland , in front of an audience of 95,000 , which broke the venue 's attendance record .	95,000	How many fans saw Queen at Slane castle ?
After working on various solo projects during 1988 -LRB- including Mercury 's collaboration with Montserrat Caballé , Barcelona -RRB- , the band released The Miracle in 1989 .	Montserrat Caballé, Barcelona	Who did Freddie Mercury collaborate with in 1988 ?
After working on various solo projects during 1988 -LRB- including Mercury 's collaboration with Montserrat Caballé , Barcelona -RRB- , the band released The Miracle in 1989 .	1989	When did Queen release The Miracle ?
With The Miracle , the band 's songwriting became more collaborative , and they vowed to credit the final product only to Queen as a group .	The Miracle	Which Queen album had more shared writing credits ?
In 1990 , Queen ended their contract with Capitol and signed with Disney 's Hollywood Records , which has since remained the group 's music catalogue owner in the United States and Canada .	1990	When did Queen end their contract with Capitol ?
In 1990 , Queen ended their contract with Capitol and signed with Disney 's Hollywood Records , which has since remained the group 's music catalogue owner in the United States and Canada .	Disney's Hollywood Records	After leaving Capitol , who did Queen sign with ?
In 1990 , Queen ended their contract with Capitol and signed with Disney 's Hollywood Records , which has since remained the group 's music catalogue owner in the United States and Canada .	1990	What year was Freddie Mercury 's final public appearance with Queen ?
The band decided to continue making albums , starting with The Miracle in 1989 and continuing with Innuendo in 1991 .	Innuendo	Which Queen album was released in 1991 ?
Innuendo was released in early 1991 with an eponymous number 1 UK hit and other charting singles including , `` The Show Must Go On '' .	The Show Must Go On	What was one single from Queen 's Innuendo that charted in the UK ?
The band 's second greatest hits compilation , Greatest Hits II , followed in October 1991 , which is the eighth best-selling album of all time in the UK and has sold 16 million copies worldwide .	Greatest Hits II	What was the name of Queen 's second greatest hits compilation ?
The band 's second greatest hits compilation , Greatest Hits II , followed in October 1991 , which is the eighth best-selling album of all time in the UK and has sold 16 million copies worldwide .	Greatest Hits II	Which Queen album is the eighth best-selling album in the UK of all time ?
The rest of the band were ready to record when Mercury felt able to come in to the studio , for an hour or two at a time .	Mercury	Which band member of Queen was seriously ill in 1991 ?
The band 's second greatest hits compilation , Greatest Hits II , followed in October 1991 , which is the eighth best-selling album of all time in the UK and has sold 16 million copies worldwide .	16 million	Queen 's Greatest Hits II has sold how many copies worldwide ?
On 23 November 1991 , in a prepared statement made on his deathbed , Mercury confirmed that he had AIDS .	23 November 1991	When was Freddie Mercury 's deathbed confession made ?
Within 24 hours of the statement , he died of bronchial pneumonia , which was brought on as a complication of AIDS .	AIDS	What disease did Freddie Mercury disclose he had ?
Within 24 hours of the statement , he died of bronchial pneumonia , which was brought on as a complication of AIDS .	bronchial pneumonia, which was brought on as a complication of AIDS	What did Freddie Mercury die of ?
His funeral service on 27 November in Kensal Green , West London was private , and held in accordance with the Zoroastrian religious faith of his family .	Kensal Green, West London	Where was Freddie Mercury 's funeral service held ?
The music video for `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' contains Mercury 's final scenes in front of the camera .	These Are the Days of Our Lives	Which music video contains the last footage of Freddie Mercury ?
Queen 's popularity was stimulated in North America when `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was featured in the 1992 comedy film Wayne 's World .	Wayne's World	Which movie featured Queen 's Bohemian Rhapsody ?
Its inclusion helped the song reach number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks in 1992 -LRB- it remained in the Hot 100 for over 40 weeks -RRB- , and won the band an MTV Award at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards .	1992	What year did Queen get a boost in North American sales due to being featured in a movie ?
Its inclusion helped the song reach number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks in 1992 -LRB- it remained in the Hot 100 for over 40 weeks -RRB- , and won the band an MTV Award at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards .	1992	In what year did Queen win an MTV award ?
The compilation album Classic Queen also reached number four on the Billboard 200 , and is certified three times platinum in the US .	four	How high did the album Classic Queen chart on the Billboard 200 ?
The compilation album Classic Queen also reached number four on the Billboard 200 , and is certified three times platinum in the US .	three times	How many times platinum did Classic Queen go in the US ?
On 20 April 1992 , The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert was held at London 's Wembley Stadium to a 72,000-strong crowd .	20 April 1992	When was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held ?
On 20 April 1992 , The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert was held at London 's Wembley Stadium to a 72,000-strong crowd .	London's Wembley Stadium	Where was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held ?
Performers , including Def Leppard , Robert Plant , Guns N ' Roses , Elton John , David Bowie , George Michael , Annie Lennox , Seal , Extreme , and Metallica performed various Queen songs along with the three remaining Queen members -LRB- and Spike Edney . -RRB-	Queen	Which band was he largest benefit concert in history about ?
The concert is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as `` The largest rock star benefit concert '' , as it was televised to over 1.2 billion viewers worldwide , and raised over # 20,000,000 for AIDS charities .	1.2 billion viewers worldwide	How many viewers did the largest rock star benefit concert attract ?
Queen 's last album featuring Mercury , titled Made in Heaven , was finally released in 1995 , four years after his death .	Made in Heaven	What was Queen 's final album featuring Mercury vocals compiled from earlier recordings called ?
The album reached No. 1 on the UK charts immediately following its release , and has sold 20 million copies worldwide .	20 million	How many copies worldwide has Queen 's 1995 album sold ?
On 25 November 1996 , a statue of Mercury was unveiled in Montreux overlooking Lake Geneva , almost five years to the day since his death .	1996	In what year was a statue dedicated to Freddie Mercury unveiled in Montreux ?
Both stages of recording , before and after Mercury 's death , were completed at the band 's studio in Montreux , Switzerland .	Montreux	Where was Queen 's studio located in Switzerland ?
In 1997 , Queen returned to the studio to record `` No-One but You -LRB- Only the Good Die Young -RRB- '' , a song dedicated to Mercury and all those that die too soon .	1997	In what year did Queen release No-One but You
In 1997 , Queen returned to the studio to record `` No-One but You -LRB- Only the Good Die Young -RRB- '' , a song dedicated to Mercury and all those that die too soon .	Mercury	Who was No-One but You dedicated to ?
It was released as a bonus track on the Queen Rocks compilation album later that year .	Queen Rocks	Which compilation did Queen release in 1997 ?
In January 1997 , Queen performed `` The Show Must Go On '' live with Elton John and the Béjart Ballet in Paris on a night Mercury was remembered , and it marked the last performance and public appearance of John Deacon , who chose to retire .	Elton John and the Béjart Ballet	Who performed live with Queen on The Show Must Go On in 1997 ?
In January 1997 , Queen performed `` The Show Must Go On '' live with Elton John and the Béjart Ballet in Paris on a night Mercury was remembered , and it marked the last performance and public appearance of John Deacon , who chose to retire .	John Deacon	Which Queen member retired in 1997 ?
Brian May and Roger Taylor performed together at several award ceremonies and charity concerts , sharing vocals with various guest singers .	Brian May and Roger Taylor	Which two members of Queen performed together at several charity concerts ?
In 1998 , the duo appeared at Luciano Pavarotti 's benefit concert with May performing `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' with Pavarotti , later playing `` Radio Ga Ga '' , `` We Will Rock You '' , and `` We Are the Champions '' with Zucchero .	Pavarotti	Who performed with Brian May in 1998 at a benefit concert ?
They again attended and performed at Pavarotti 's benefit concert in Modena , Italy in May 2003 .	Modena, Italy	Where did Queen play in 2003 with a famous opera singer ?
Several of the guest singers recorded new versions of Queen 's hits under the Queen + name , such as Robbie Williams providing vocals for `` We Are the Champions '' for the soundtrack of A Knight 's Tale -LRB- 2001 -RRB- .	Robbie Williams	Which artist provided vocals for the Queen song found on the soundtrack to A Knight 's Tale ?
In 1999 , a Greatest Hits III album was released .	1999	What year was Queen 's third greatest hits album released ?
This featured , among others , `` Queen + Wyclef Jean '' on a rap version of `` Another One Bites the Dust '' .	Wyclef Jean	Who performed a rap version of Another One Bites The Dust ?
A live version of `` Somebody to Love '' by George Michael and a live version of `` The Show Must Go On '' with Elton John were also featured in the album .	George Michael	Alive version of Somebody to Love featured what artist ?
A live version of `` Somebody to Love '' by George Michael and a live version of `` The Show Must Go On '' with Elton John were also featured in the album .	Elton John	Which artist guested on a live version of Queen 's The Show Must Go On ?
On 29 November 2003 , May and Taylor performed at the 46664 Concert hosted by Nelson Mandela at Green Point Stadium , Cape Town , to raise awareness of the spread of HIV/AIDS in South Africa .	the 46664 Concert	In 2003 Queen performed for what Nelson Mandela hosted benefit ?
At the end of 2004 , May and Taylor announced that they would reunite and return to touring in 2005 with Paul Rodgers -LRB- founder and former lead singer of Free and Bad Company -RRB- .	2005	Paul Rodgers joined Queen in what year ?
At the end of 2004 , May and Taylor announced that they would reunite and return to touring in 2005 with Paul Rodgers -LRB- founder and former lead singer of Free and Bad Company -RRB- .	Free and Bad Company	Paul Rodgers used to be the lead singer of what two bands ?
The retired John Deacon would not be participating .	John Deacon	Which retired Queen member did not join the reunion ?
In November 2004 , Queen were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame , and the award ceremony was the first event at which Rodgers joined May and Taylor as vocalist .	2004	In what year was Queen inducted in the UK Hall of Fame ?
Between 2005 and 2006 , Queen + Paul Rodgers embarked on a world tour , which was the first time Queen toured since their last tour with Freddie Mercury in 1986 .	Between 2005 and 2006	Between what years did Queen and Paul Rodgers first embark on a world tour ?
The first leg was in Europe , the second in Japan , and the third in the US in 2006 .	Europe	Where was the first leg of Queen 's mid 2000s tour with Paul Rodgers ?
The band 's drummer Roger Taylor commented ; `` We never thought we would tour again , Paul -LSB- Rodgers -RSB- came along by chance and we seemed to have a chemistry .	Roger Taylor	What is the name of Queen 's drummer ?
Queen received the inaugural VH1 Rock Honors at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas , Nevada , on 25 May 2006 .	Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas	Where did Queen receive the inaugural VH1 Rock Honors ?
The first Queen + Paul Rodgers album , titled The Cosmos Rocks , was released in Europe on 12 September 2008 and in the United States on 28 October 2008 .	Queen + Paul Rodgers	Which band performed at Nelson Mandela 's 90th birthday ?
The first Queen + Paul Rodgers album , titled The Cosmos Rocks , was released in Europe on 12 September 2008 and in the United States on 28 October 2008 .	2008	When did Queen + Paul Rodgers release their debut album ?
The first Queen + Paul Rodgers album , titled The Cosmos Rocks , was released in Europe on 12 September 2008 and in the United States on 28 October 2008 .	The Cosmos Rocks	What was the name of Queen + Paul Rodgers debut album ?
Following the release of the album , the band again went on a tour through Europe , opening on Kharkiv 's Freedom Square in front of 350,000 Ukrainian fans .	350,000	How many people were at the Queen + Paul Rodgers concert in 2008 in Kharkiv ?
Queen + Paul Rodgers performed at the Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute held in Hyde Park , London on 27 June 2008 , to commemorate Mandela 's ninetieth birthday , and again promote awareness of the HIV/AIDS pandemic .	HIV/AIDS	In 2008 what disease did Queen perform benefit concerts for ?
On 20 May 2009 , May and Taylor performed `` We Are the Champions '' live on the season finale of American Idol with winner Kris Allen and runner-up Adam Lambert providing a vocal duet .	May and Taylor	On 20 May 2009 which Queen members performed We are the Champions on American Idol ?
In mid-2009 , after the split of Queen + Paul Rodgers , the Queen online website announced a new greatest hits compilation named Absolute Greatest .	Absolute Greatest	What was the name of the Greatest Hits compilation Queen released after the split from Paul Rodgers ?
On 20 May 2009 , May and Taylor performed `` We Are the Champions '' live on the season finale of American Idol with winner Kris Allen and runner-up Adam Lambert providing a vocal duet .	winner Kris Allen and runner-up Adam Lambert	Which two American idol contestants performed a duet with Queen on American Idol ?
The album was released on 16 November and peaked at number 3 in the official UK Chart .	16 November	What day in 2009 was Queen 's Absolute Greatest released ?
On 30 October 2009 , May wrote a fanclub letter on his website stating that Queen had no intentions to tour in 2010 but that there was a possibility of a performance .	May	Which member of Queen wrote a letter to fans in 2009 regarding touring for 2010 ?
On 15 November 2009 , May and Taylor performed `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' live on the British TV show The X Factor alongside the finalists .	15 November 2009	What date did May and Taylor of Queen perform Bohemian Rhapsody on X-Factor ?
The good news , though , is that Roger and I have a much closer mutual understanding these days -- privately and professionally ... and all ideas are carefully considered .	Roger	In 2009 , what was the first name of the former Queen member Brian May told fans he had a better understanding with ?
As I write , there is an important one-off performance on offer , in the USA , and it remains to be decided whether we will take up this particular challenge .	USA	Which country had made an offer to Queen for a one off performance in 2010 ?
On 7 May 2010 , May and Taylor announced that they were quitting their record label , EMI , after almost 40 years .	EMI	What record label did May and Taylor leave in 2010 ?
On 20 August 2010 , Queen 's manager Jim Beach put out a Newsletter stating that the band had signed a new contract with Universal Music .	Universal Music	What label did Queen join in August 2010 ?
During an interview for Hardtalk on the BBC on 22 September , May confirmed that the band 's new deal was with Island Records , a subsidiary of Universal Music Group .	Hardtalk	What program interviewed Queen on 22 September 2010 ?
During an interview for Hardtalk on the BBC on 22 September , May confirmed that the band 's new deal was with Island Records , a subsidiary of Universal Music Group .	Universal Music Group	Island records is a subsidiary of what group ?
At the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards on 6 November , Queen received the Global Icon Award , which Katy Perry presented to Brian May .	Katy Perry	Which artist presented the Global Icon Award to Queen in 2011 ?
Queen closed the awards ceremony , with Adam Lambert on vocals , performing `` The Show Must Go On '' , `` We Will Rock You '' and `` We Are the Champions '' .	Adam Lambert	Which artist performed with Queen at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards ?
At the 2011 Broadcast Music , Incorporated -LRB- BMI -RRB- Awards held in London on 4 October , Queen received the BMI Icon Award in recognition for their airplay success in the US .	London	Where were the BMI awards held in 2011 ?
In May 2011 , Jane 's Addiction vocalist Perry Farrell noted that Queen are currently scouting their once former and current live bassist Chris Chaney to join the band .	Jane's Addiction	What band was worried Queen would steal their live performance bassist ?
On 25 and 26 April , May and Taylor appeared on the eleventh series of American Idol at the Nokia Theatre , Los Angeles , performing a Queen medley with the six finalists on the first show , and the following day performed `` Somebody to Love '' with the ` Queen Extravaganza ' band .	May and Taylor	Which Queen members were appearing on American Idol in the late 2000s ?
Queen 's final concert with Freddie Mercury was in Knebworth in 1986 .	Knebworth	Where was Queen 's final concert with Freddie Mercury held in 1986 ?
It was later announced that Queen + Adam Lambert would play two shows at the Hammersmith Apollo , London on 11 and 12 July 2012 .	Hammersmith Apollo, London	Queen and Adam Lambert played two shows where in July 2012 ?
On 30 June , Queen + Lambert performed in Kiev , Ukraine at a joint concert with Elton John for the Elena Pinchuk ANTIAIDS Foundation .	ANTIAIDS Foundation	Elena Pinchuk has what kind of a foundation ?
Queen also performed with Lambert on 3 July 2012 at Moscow 's Olympic Stadium , and on 7 July 2012 at the Municipal Stadium in Wroclaw , Poland .	Moscow's Olympic Stadium	Where did Queen perform with Adam Lambert on 3 July 2012 ?
On 20 September 2013 , Queen + Adam Lambert performed at the iHeartRadio Music Festival at the MGM Grand Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas .	20 September 2013	When did Queen + Adam Lambert perform at the iHeartRadio Music Festival ?
On 20 September 2013 , Queen + Adam Lambert performed at the iHeartRadio Music Festival at the MGM Grand Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas .	MGM Grand Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas	Where was the iHeartRadio Music Festival held in 2013 ?
On 6 March 2014 , the band announced on Good Morning America that Queen + Adam Lambert will tour North America in Summer 2014 .	Good Morning America	On what show did Queen announce they would be touring with Adam Lambert ?
On 6 March 2014 , the band announced on Good Morning America that Queen + Adam Lambert will tour North America in Summer 2014 .	Summer 2014	When was the first Queen tour with Adam Lambert scheduled ?
In an interview with Rolling Stone , May and Taylor said that although the tour with Lambert is a limited thing , they are open to him becoming an official member , and cutting new material with him .	Lambert	Who did Queen members say they were open to making a regular member of the band in 2014 ?
Queen drew artistic influence from British rock acts of the 1960s and early 1970s , such as the Beatles , the Kinks , Cream , Led Zeppelin , Pink Floyd , the Who , Black Sabbath , Slade , Deep Purple , David Bowie , Genesis and Yes , in addition to American guitarist Jimi Hendrix , with Mercury also inspired by the gospel singer Aretha Franklin .	Jimi Hendrix	Which guitarist inspired Queen ?
Queen drew artistic influence from British rock acts of the 1960s and early 1970s , such as the Beatles , the Kinks , Cream , Led Zeppelin , Pink Floyd , the Who , Black Sabbath , Slade , Deep Purple , David Bowie , Genesis and Yes , in addition to American guitarist Jimi Hendrix , with Mercury also inspired by the gospel singer Aretha Franklin .	Aretha Franklin	What gospel singer did Freddie Mercury cite as an inspiration ?
At their outset in the early 1970s , Queen 's music has been characterised as `` Led Zeppelin meets Yes '' due to its combination of `` acoustic/electric guitar extremes and fantasy-inspired multi-part song epics '' .	Yes	Queen 's sound has been described as a mix of Led Zeppelin and what other band ?
Queen drew artistic influence from British rock acts of the 1960s and early 1970s , such as the Beatles , the Kinks , Cream , Led Zeppelin , Pink Floyd , the Who , Black Sabbath , Slade , Deep Purple , David Bowie , Genesis and Yes , in addition to American guitarist Jimi Hendrix , with Mercury also inspired by the gospel singer Aretha Franklin .	British	What nationality were the rock groups that influenced Queen ?
Queen drew artistic influence from British rock acts of the 1960s and early 1970s , such as the Beatles , the Kinks , Cream , Led Zeppelin , Pink Floyd , the Who , Black Sabbath , Slade , Deep Purple , David Bowie , Genesis and Yes , in addition to American guitarist Jimi Hendrix , with Mercury also inspired by the gospel singer Aretha Franklin .	Led Zeppelin	What band named after a floating vehicle influenced Queen ?
Similarly , `` Radio Ga Ga '' became a live favourite because it would have `` crowds clapping like they were at a Nuremberg rally '' .	Radio Ga Ga	Which Queen song inspired audience clapping ?
Several Queen songs were written with audience participation in mind , such as `` We Will Rock You '' and `` We Are the Champions '' .	"We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions"	Which two Queen songs were written with audience participation in mind ?
The genres they have been associated with include progressive rock , symphonic rock , art rock , glam rock , hard rock , heavy metal , pop rock , and psychedelic rock .	heavy metal	What kind of metal has Queen been associated with ?
Queen also wrote songs that were inspired by diverse musical styles which are not typically associated with rock groups , such as opera , music hall , folk music , gospel , ragtime , and dance/disco .	dance/disco	What 70s style of pop music was Queen associated with ?
In 1963 , the teenage Brian May and his father custom-built his signature guitar Red Special , which was purposely designed to feedback .	Red Special	What was the name of Brian May 's signature guitar ?
In 1963 , the teenage Brian May and his father custom-built his signature guitar Red Special , which was purposely designed to feedback .	1963	What year was Brian May 's signature guitar made ?
Some of the ground work for the development of this sound can be attributed to their former producer Roy Thomas Baker , and their engineer Mike Stone .	Roy Thomas Baker	Which producer influenced Queen 's feedback heavy sound ?
Some of the ground work for the development of this sound can be attributed to their former producer Roy Thomas Baker , and their engineer Mike Stone .	Mike Stone	What engineer helped with Queen 's feedback heavy sound ?
For instance , according to Brian May , there are over 180 vocal overdubs in `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' .	over 180	How many vocal overdubs are in Queen 's Bohemian Rhapsody ?
At the Disco ; and pop : Michael Jackson , George Michael , Robbie Williams , Adele , Lady Gaga and Katy Perry .	Michael Jackson	Which King of Pop was influenced by Queen ?
Moreover , like their music , the bands and artists that have claimed to be influenced by Queen and have expressed admiration for them are diverse , spanning different generations , countries , and genres , including heavy metal : Judas Priest , Iron Maiden , Metallica , Dream Theater , Trivium , Megadeth , Anthrax , Slipknot and Rage Against the Machine ; hard rock : Guns N ' Roses , Def Leppard , Van Halen , Mötley Crüe , Steve Vai , the Cult , the Darkness , Manic Street Preachers , Kid Rockand Foo Fighters ; alternative rock : Nirvana , Radiohead , Trent Reznor , Muse , Franz Ferdinand , Red Hot Chili Peppers , Jane 's Addiction , Faith No More , Melvins , the Flaming Lips , Yeah Yeah Yeahs and The Smashing Pumpkins ; pop rock : Meat Loaf , The Killers , My Chemical Romance , Fall Out Boy and Panic !	heavy metal	Several groups from which type of metal were influenced by Queen ?
Moreover , like their music , the bands and artists that have claimed to be influenced by Queen and have expressed admiration for them are diverse , spanning different generations , countries , and genres , including heavy metal : Judas Priest , Iron Maiden , Metallica , Dream Theater , Trivium , Megadeth , Anthrax , Slipknot and Rage Against the Machine ; hard rock : Guns N ' Roses , Def Leppard , Van Halen , Mötley Crüe , Steve Vai , the Cult , the Darkness , Manic Street Preachers , Kid Rockand Foo Fighters ; alternative rock : Nirvana , Radiohead , Trent Reznor , Muse , Franz Ferdinand , Red Hot Chili Peppers , Jane 's Addiction , Faith No More , Melvins , the Flaming Lips , Yeah Yeah Yeahs and The Smashing Pumpkins ; pop rock : Meat Loaf , The Killers , My Chemical Romance , Fall Out Boy and Panic !	Def Leppard	This band named after an animal was inspired by Queen ?
Moreover , like their music , the bands and artists that have claimed to be influenced by Queen and have expressed admiration for them are diverse , spanning different generations , countries , and genres , including heavy metal : Judas Priest , Iron Maiden , Metallica , Dream Theater , Trivium , Megadeth , Anthrax , Slipknot and Rage Against the Machine ; hard rock : Guns N ' Roses , Def Leppard , Van Halen , Mötley Crüe , Steve Vai , the Cult , the Darkness , Manic Street Preachers , Kid Rockand Foo Fighters ; alternative rock : Nirvana , Radiohead , Trent Reznor , Muse , Franz Ferdinand , Red Hot Chili Peppers , Jane 's Addiction , Faith No More , Melvins , the Flaming Lips , Yeah Yeah Yeahs and The Smashing Pumpkins ; pop rock : Meat Loaf , The Killers , My Chemical Romance , Fall Out Boy and Panic !	Guns N' Roses	This band with a flower in their name was influenced by Queen ?
In 2002 , Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was voted `` the UK 's favourite hit of all time '' in a poll conducted by the Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book .	Bohemian Rhapsody	What song was voted the UK 's favorite hit of all time in 2002 ?
In 2002 , Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was voted `` the UK 's favourite hit of all time '' in a poll conducted by the Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book .	Bohemian Rhapsody	What Queen song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2004 ?
In 2002 , Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was voted `` the UK 's favourite hit of all time '' in a poll conducted by the Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book .	Bohemian Rhapsody	Which Queen video was credited with launching the MTV video age ?
In 2002 , Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was voted `` the UK 's favourite hit of all time '' in a poll conducted by the Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book .	Queen	A 2005 poll stated that which band 's performance at Live Aid was the best ever ?
The band have released a total of eighteen number one albums , eighteen number one singles , and ten number one DVDs worldwide , making them one of the world 's best-selling music artists .	eighteen	How many number one singles did Queen release ?
The band have released a total of eighteen number one albums , eighteen number one singles , and ten number one DVDs worldwide , making them one of the world 's best-selling music artists .	ten	How many number one DVD 's has Queen released ?
Queen have sold over 150 million records , with some estimates in excess of 300 million records worldwide , including 34.5 million albums in the US as of 2004 .	over 150 million	How many albums has Queen sold worldwide ?
Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001 , the band is the only group in which every member has composed more than one chart-topping single , and all four members were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003 .	2001	When was Queen inducted into the Hall of Fame ?
The band have released a total of eighteen number one albums , eighteen number one singles , and ten number one DVDs worldwide , making them one of the world 's best-selling music artists .	eighteen	How many number one albums has Queen released ?
A 2001 survey discovered the existence of 12,225 websites dedicated to Queen bootlegs , the highest number for any band .	12,225	How many Queen bootleg sites were discovered in 2001 ?
Rolling Stone ranked Queen at number 52 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' , while ranking Mercury the 18th greatest singer , and May the twenty-sixth greatest guitarist .	number 52	Where did Queen rank on Rolling Stone 's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2001 ?
Queen were named 13th on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list , and in 2010 were ranked 17th on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list .	17th	In 2010 VH1 ranked Queen at what number on their Greatest Artist of All Time List ?
Bootleg recordings have contributed to the band 's popularity in certain countries where Western music is censored , such as Iran .	Iran	What country is a popular site for Queen bootlegs because it is outlawed ?
The original London production was scheduled to close on Saturday , 7 October 2006 , at the Dominion Theatre , but due to public demand , the show ran until May 2014 .	Saturday, 7 October	When was Queen 's London production scheduled to end in 2006 ?
The original London production was scheduled to close on Saturday , 7 October 2006 , at the Dominion Theatre , but due to public demand , the show ran until May 2014 .	Dominion Theatre	Where was Queen 's 2006 London production held ?
The original London production was scheduled to close on Saturday , 7 October 2006 , at the Dominion Theatre , but due to public demand , the show ran until May 2014 .	May 2014	When did Queen 's 2006 London production actually end ?
We Will Rock You has become the longest running musical ever to run at this prime London theatre , overtaking the previous record holder , the Grease musical .	We Will Rock You	What is the longest running show at the Dominion Theatre ?
We Will Rock You has become the longest running musical ever to run at this prime London theatre , overtaking the previous record holder , the Grease musical .	Grease	What is the second longest show at the Dominion Theatre ?
DVD releases of their 1986 Wembley concert -LRB- titled Live at Wembley Stadium -RRB- , 1982 Milton Keynes concert -LRB- Queen on Fire -- Live at the Bowl -RRB- , and two Greatest Video Hits -LRB- Volumes 1 and 2 , spanning the 1970s and 1980s -RRB- have seen the band 's music remixed into 5.1 and DTS surround sound .	1986	Queen 's Live at Wembley Stadium DVD covered what year ?
DVD releases of their 1986 Wembley concert -LRB- titled Live at Wembley Stadium -RRB- , 1982 Milton Keynes concert -LRB- Queen on Fire -- Live at the Bowl -RRB- , and two Greatest Video Hits -LRB- Volumes 1 and 2 , spanning the 1970s and 1980s -RRB- have seen the band 's music remixed into 5.1 and DTS surround sound .	Milton Keynes	Queen on Fire included this 1982 concert ?
A Night at the Opera was re-released with some revised 5.1 mixes and accompanying videos in 2005 for the 30th anniversary of the album 's original release -LRB- CD+DVD - Video set -RRB- .	2005	When was Queen 's A Night at the Opera re-released ?
In 2007 , a Blu-ray edition of Queen 's previously released concerts , Queen Rock Montreal & Live Aid , was released , marking their first project in 1080p HD .	2007	When was the first Queen Bluray released ?
Under the supervision of May and Taylor , numerous restoration projects have been under way involving Queen 's lengthy audio and video catalogue .	May and Taylor	Which band members were involved in the restoration of Queen 's prior projects ?
Queen have been featured multiple times in the Guitar Hero franchise : a cover of `` Killer Queen '' in the original Guitar Hero , `` We Are The Champions '' , `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' , and the Paul Rodgers collaboration `` C-lebrity '' in a track pack for Guitar Hero World Tour , `` Under Pressure '' with David Bowie in Guitar Hero 5 , `` I Want It All '' in Guitar Hero : Van Halen , `` Stone Cold Crazy '' in Guitar Hero : Metallica , and `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' in Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock .	Guitar Hero	Which music video game featured a plethora of Queen songs ?
Queen have been featured multiple times in the Guitar Hero franchise : a cover of `` Killer Queen '' in the original Guitar Hero , `` We Are The Champions '' , `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' , and the Paul Rodgers collaboration `` C-lebrity '' in a track pack for Guitar Hero World Tour , `` Under Pressure '' with David Bowie in Guitar Hero 5 , `` I Want It All '' in Guitar Hero : Van Halen , `` Stone Cold Crazy '' in Guitar Hero : Metallica , and `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' in Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock .	David Bowie	Who collaborated with Freddie Mercury on the song Under Pressure ?
On 13 October 2009 , Brian May revealed there was `` talk '' going on `` behind the scenes '' about a dedicated Queen Rock Band game .	Brian May	Which member of Queen discussed a possible Queen Rock Band video game ?
Queen have been featured multiple times in the Guitar Hero franchise : a cover of `` Killer Queen '' in the original Guitar Hero , `` We Are The Champions '' , `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' , and the Paul Rodgers collaboration `` C-lebrity '' in a track pack for Guitar Hero World Tour , `` Under Pressure '' with David Bowie in Guitar Hero 5 , `` I Want It All '' in Guitar Hero : Van Halen , `` Stone Cold Crazy '' in Guitar Hero : Metallica , and `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' in Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock .	Metallica	What Heavy Metal band had a video game in which Queen was featured ?
Queen contributed music directly to the films Flash Gordon -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , with `` Flash '' as the theme song , and Highlander -LRB- the original 1986 film -RRB- , with `` A Kind of Magic '' , `` One Year of Love '' , `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' , `` Hammer to Fall '' , and the theme `` Princes of the Universe '' , which was also used as the theme of the Highlander TV series -LRB- 1992 -- 1998 -RRB- .	Flash Gordon	Which 1980 movie contained song contributions from Queen ?
Queen contributed music directly to the films Flash Gordon -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , with `` Flash '' as the theme song , and Highlander -LRB- the original 1986 film -RRB- , with `` A Kind of Magic '' , `` One Year of Love '' , `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' , `` Hammer to Fall '' , and the theme `` Princes of the Universe '' , which was also used as the theme of the Highlander TV series -LRB- 1992 -- 1998 -RRB- .	Highlander	Which 1986 movie contained a Queen theme song ?
In the United States , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' was re-released as a single in 1992 after appearing in the comedy film Wayne 's World .	1992	In what year was Bohemian Rhapsody re-released in the US ?
The single subsequently reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 -LRB- with `` The Show Must Go On '' as the first track on the single -RRB- and helped rekindle the band 's popularity in North America .	two	How high did the 1992 Bohemian Rhapsody chart ?
A version of `` Somebody to Love '' by Anne Hathaway was in the 2004 film Ella Enchanted .	Anne Hathaway	ho sang a version of Queen 's Somebody to Love in 2004 's Ella Enchanted ?
In 2006 , Brittany Murphy also recorded a cover of the same song for the 2006 film Happy Feet .	Brittany Murphy	Which actress recorded a Queen song for 2006 's Happy Feet ?
In 2001 , a version of `` The Show Must Go On '' was performed by Jim Broadbent and Nicole Kidman in the film musical Moulin Rouge !	Moulin Rouge!	Which movie featured a cover of Queen 's The Show Must Go On ?
The 2001 film A Knight 's Tale has a version of `` We Are the Champions '' performed by Robbie Williams and Queen ; the film also features `` We Will Rock You '' played by the medieval audience .	A Knight's Tale	Which film had Robbie Williams performing a cover of Queen 's We Are the Champions ?
On 11 April 2006 , Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the American singing contest television show American Idol .	11 April	On what date in 2006 did May and Taylor of Queen appear on American Idol ?
Taylor and May again appeared on the American Idol season 8 finale in May 2009 , performing `` We Are the Champions '' with finalists Adam Lambert and Kris Allen .	May 2009	What month and year was the season finale of American Idol ?
Taylor and May again appeared on the American Idol season 8 finale in May 2009 , performing `` We Are the Champions '' with finalists Adam Lambert and Kris Allen .	Adam Lambert and Kris Allen	Who were the season 8 finalists on American Idol ?
On 15 November 2009 , Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the singing contest television show X Factor in the UK .	15 November 2009	On what date did Queen 's May and Taylor appear on UK X-factor ?
In the autumn of 2009 , Glee featured the fictional high school 's show choir singing `` Somebody to Love '' as their second act performance in the episode `` The Rhodes Not Taken '' .	Somebody to Love	Which Queen song was featured in the autumn of 2009 on Glee
In June 2010 , the choir performed `` Another One Bites the Dust '' in the episode `` Funk '' .	Another One Bites the Dust	What Queen song did the Glee choir perform in June 2010 ?
In May 2012 , the choir performed `` We Are the Champions '' in the episode `` Nationals '' , and the song features in The Graduation Album .	We Are the Champions	What Queen song was performed on a May 2012 episode of Glee ?
In May 2012 , the choir performed `` We Are the Champions '' in the episode `` Nationals '' , and the song features in The Graduation Album .	We Are the Champions	What Queen song is featured on Glee 's The Graduation Album ?
In September 2010 , Brian May announced in a BBC interview that Sacha Baron Cohen was to play Mercury in a film of the same name .	Sacha Baron Cohen	Who was originally chosen to play Freddie Mercury in the movie bearing his name ?
In December 2013 , it was announced that Ben Whishaw , best known for playing Q in the James Bond film Skyfall , had been chosen to replace Cohen in the role of Mercury .	Ben Whishaw	Who was the replacement to play Freddie Mercury in the film of the same name ?
The motion picture is being written by Peter Morgan , who had been nominated for Oscars for his screenplays The Queen and Frost/Nixon .	Peter Morgan	Who is writing the Freddie Mercury film ?
The film , which is being co-produced by Robert De Niro 's TriBeCa Productions , will focus on Queen 's formative years and the period leading up to the celebrated performance at the 1985 Live Aid concert .	Robert De Niro	Which actor is producing the Freddie Mercury film ?
The film , which is being co-produced by Robert De Niro 's TriBeCa Productions , will focus on Queen 's formative years and the period leading up to the celebrated performance at the 1985 Live Aid concert .	1985	In what year did Queen perform at Live Aid ?
Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles .	British Isles	Where can you trace back the origins of Presbyterianism back to ?
Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God , the authority of the Scriptures , and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ .	sovereignty of God	What does the Presbyterian church typically emphasize ?
Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707 which created the kingdom of Great Britain .	Great Britain	Which act created the kingdom of Great Britain ?
Most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government .	Scotland	Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to ?
The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century ; the example of John Calvin 's Geneva being particularly influential .	16th century	When did the reformation during the roots of Presbyterianism take place ?
Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches , such as Congregationalists , Lutherans , Anglicans , and Methodists .	Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists	Which group did Presbyterian churches union with ?
Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity , but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation .	Christianity	What other religion has history as being part of Presbyterian ?
Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin , who is credited with the development of Reformed theology , and the work of John Knox , a Scotsman who studied with Calvin in Geneva , Switzerland and brought his teachings back to Scotland .	John Calvin	Which frenchman greatly influenced Presbyterianism ?
In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom .	1560	In what year did the parliament of Scotland adopt the Scots Confession ?
In December 1560 , the First Book of Discipline was published , outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government , including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries .	First Book of Discipline	Which book was touted for establishing regulations for church and government ?
Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine , institutional organization -LRB- or `` church order '' -RRB- and worship ; often using a `` Book of Order '' to regulate common practice and order .	Book of Order	What term described the method used to regulate common practice and or order ?
Some of the splits have been due to doctrinal controversy , while some have been caused by disagreement concerning the degree to which those ordained to church office should be required to agree with the Westminster Confession of Faith , which historically serves as an important confessional document -- second only to the Bible , yet directing particularities in the standardization and translation of the Bible -- in Presbyterian churches .	Westminster Confession of Faith	Which document is an important confessional document second only to the Bible ?
The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism .	Calvinism	What other name is used when referring to the origins of the Presbyterian Church ?
Presbyterians place great importance upon education and lifelong learning .	education and lifelong learning	What do Presbyterians put importance into ?
Continuous study of the scriptures , theological writings , and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine are embodied in several statements of faith and catechisms formally adopted by various branches of the church , often referred to as `` subordinate standards '' .	scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine	What do their studies consist of ?
It is generally considered that the point of such learning is to enable one to put one 's faith into practice ; some Presbyterians generally exhibit their faith in action as well as words , by generosity , hospitality , as well as proclaiming the gospel of Christ .	by generosity, hospitality, as well as proclaiming the gospel of Christ.	How do Presbyterians exhibit their faith ?
Presbyterian government is by councils -LRB- known as courts -RRB- of elders .	councils (known as courts) of elders	What is the Presbyterian government known as ?
Teaching elders -LRB- pastors -RRB- have responsibility for teaching , worship , and performing sacraments .	teaching, worship, and performing sacraments	What are the responsibilities of the elder pastors ?
A congregation issues a call for the pastor 's service , but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery .	local presbytery	When the congregation issues a call for service by a pastor , who has to ratify it ?
Ruling elders are usually laymen -LRB- and laywomen in some denominations -RRB- who are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the teaching elders , assuming responsibility for nurture and leadership of the congregation .	the congregation	Who elects the ruling elders ?
Often , especially in larger congregations , the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings , finance , and temporal ministry to the needy in the congregation to a distinct group of officers -LRB- sometimes called deacons , which are ordained in some denominations -RRB- .	practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry	In very large congregations , what do the elders delegate ?
Often , especially in larger congregations , the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings , finance , and temporal ministry to the needy in the congregation to a distinct group of officers -LRB- sometimes called deacons , which are ordained in some denominations -RRB- .	deacons	There 's a group of officers in the congregation , what other names are they also known by ?
Above the sessions exist presbyteries , which have area responsibilities .	presbyteries	Which group from the Presbyterian church in rank is above sessions ?
Above the sessions exist presbyteries , which have area responsibilities .	area responsibilities	What responsibilities so Presbyterians have ?
These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations .	teaching elders and ruling elders	What are the area of responsibilities made up of ?
This congregation / presbytery / synod / general assembly schema is based on the historical structure of the larger Presbyterian churches , such as the Church of Scotland or the Presbyterian Church -LRB- U.S.A. -RRB- ; some bodies , such as the Presbyterian Church in America and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland , skip one of the steps between congregation and General Assembly , and usually the step skipped is the Synod .	Synod	In the American and Ireland Presbyterian church , which step is generally skipped ?
The Church of Scotland has now abolished the Synod .	Synod	Which step was recently abolished by Scotland ?
Presbyterianism is historically a confessional tradition .	confessional tradition	Presbyterianism is based on this type of tradition , what is it ?
The obvious one is that confessional churches express their faith in the form of `` confessions of faith , '' which have some level of authoritative status .	confessions of faith	Confessional churches express this form of confession , what is it named ?
However this is based on a more subtle point : In confessional churches , theology is not solely an individual matter .	theology	What is not a sole matter individually in a confessional church ?
While individuals are encouraged to understand Scripture , and may challenge the current institutional understanding , theology is carried out by the community as a whole .	by the community as a whole	How is theology carried out in a confessional church ?
Some Presbyterian traditions adopt only the Westminster Confession of Faith as the doctrinal standard to which teaching elders are required to subscribe , in contrast to the Larger and Shorter catechisms , which are approved for use in instruction .	Westminster Confession of Faith	What traditions do some Presbyterian churches only adopt as their doctrinal standard ?
Many Presbyterian denominations , especially in North America , have adopted all of the Westminster Standards as their standard of doctrine which is subordinate to the Bible .	Westminster Standards	Many Presbyterian churches in America have adopted this doctrine as their standard , what is it ?
The Presbyterian Church in Canada retains the Westminster Confession of Faith in its original form , while admitting the historical period in which it was written should be understood when it is read .	Westminster Confession of Faith	The Presbyterian church in Canada has retains which Doctrine in its original form ?
The Westminster Confession is `` The principal subordinate standard of the Church of Scotland '' but `` with due regard to liberty of opinion in points which do not enter into the substance of the Faith '' -LRB- V -RRB- .	The Westminster Confession	To the church of Scotland , what is the sub standard doctrine ?
This formulation represents many years of struggle over the extent to which the confession reflects the Word of God and the struggle of conscience of those who came to believe it did not fully do so -LRB- e.g. William Robertson Smith -RRB- .	William Robertson Smith	Who was one person who did not fully believe the struggle of conscience ?
Some Presbyterian Churches , such as the Free Church of Scotland , have no such `` conscience clause '' .	conscience clause	The Free Church in Scotland has something in place that only a few churches have implemented , what is it called ?
The Presbyterian Church -LRB- U.S.A. -RRB- has adopted the Book of Confessions , which reflects the inclusion of other Reformed confessions in addition to the Westminster Standards .	Book of Confessions	Which book has the Presbyterian church of America adopted ?
The Presbyterian Church -LRB- U.S.A. -RRB- has adopted the Book of Confessions , which reflects the inclusion of other Reformed confessions in addition to the Westminster Standards .	Westminster Standards	The Book of Confessions reflects the inclusion of another confession , what is it called ?
These other documents include ancient creedal statements -LRB- the Nicene Creed , the Apostles ' Creed -RRB- , 16th-century Reformed confessions -LRB- the Scots Confession , the Heidelberg Catechism , the Second Helvetic Confession -RRB- , and 20th century documents -LRB- The Theological Declaration of Barmen , Confession of 1967 and A Brief Statement of Faith -RRB- .	the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed	Which statements did these other documents include from the Westminster Standards ?
These other documents include ancient creedal statements -LRB- the Nicene Creed , the Apostles ' Creed -RRB- , 16th-century Reformed confessions -LRB- the Scots Confession , the Heidelberg Catechism , the Second Helvetic Confession -RRB- , and 20th century documents -LRB- The Theological Declaration of Barmen , Confession of 1967 and A Brief Statement of Faith -RRB- .	1967	I what year was the The Theological Declaration of Barmen document created ?
Presbyterian denominations that trace their heritage to the British Isles usually organise their church services inspired by the principles in the Directory of Public Worship , developed by the Westminster Assembly in the 1640s .	Directory of Public Worship	The Presbyterian denominations from the British Isles were inspired by these principles in what document ?
Presbyterian denominations that trace their heritage to the British Isles usually organise their church services inspired by the principles in the Directory of Public Worship , developed by the Westminster Assembly in the 1640s .	1640s	When was the Directory of Public Worship developed ?
It was enacted as law by the Scottish Parliament , and became one of the foundational documents of Presbyterian church legislation elsewhere .	Scottish Parliament	Which government enacted the Directory of Public Worship teachings into law ?
Over subsequent centuries , many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody , instrumental accompaniment , and ceremonial vestments into worship .	hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments	What did many Presbyterian churches introduce as a result of modifying prescriptions ?
Although there are set services for the `` Lord 's Day '' , one can find a service to be evangelical and even revivalist in tone -LRB- especially in some conservative denominations -RRB- , or strongly liturgical , approximating the practices of Lutheranism or Anglicanism -LRB- especially where Scottish tradition is esteemed -RRB- , -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- or semi-formal , allowing for a balance of hymns , preaching , and congregational participation -LRB- favored by probably most American Presbyterians -RRB- .	hymns, preaching, and congregational participation	What is favored by most American Presbyterian churches that is semi-formal service for the `` lords Day '' ?
Other Presbyterians , however , such as the Reformed Presbyterians , would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody , as well as eschew the celebration of holy days .	cappella exclusive psalmody	What do reformed Presbyterians practice ?
Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches , in which some Presbyterians are involved , clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble , but also cassock and surplice -LRB- typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb , an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite -RRB- , which some , particularly those identifying with the Liturgical Renewal Movement , hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past .	black Geneva gown	Among the emerging Protestant and Evangelical churches what are clergy moving away from ?
Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches , in which some Presbyterians are involved , clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble , but also cassock and surplice -LRB- typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb , an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite -RRB- , which some , particularly those identifying with the Liturgical Renewal Movement , hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past .	full length Old English style surplice	A Cassock and Surplice typically consisted of ?
Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches , in which some Presbyterians are involved , clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble , but also cassock and surplice -LRB- typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb , an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite -RRB- , which some , particularly those identifying with the Liturgical Renewal Movement , hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past .	Liturgical Renewal Movement	Which movement was representative of the ecumenical past ?
Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the `` church , '' which referred the members , and the `` meeting house , '' which was the building in which the church met .	the members	Presbyterians had to distinguished between `` Church '' and `` Meeting house '' What was `` Church '' referring too ?
Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the `` church , '' which referred the members , and the `` meeting house , '' which was the building in which the church met .	building	What did `` Meeting house '' refer to ?
Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the `` church , '' which referred the members , and the `` meeting house , '' which was the building in which the church met .	meeting house	What were churches called before the 19th century ?
No stained glass , no elaborate furnishings , and no images were to be found in the meeting-house .	No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images	Early churches were extremely plain , what did most churches not have in them ?
Instead , one will find a `` communion table , '' usually on the same level as the congregation .	communion table	What did Presbyterian churches have in them ?
In a Presbyterian -LRB- Reformed Church -RRB- there may be an altar cross , either on the communion table or on a table in the chancel .	communion table	What is the alter called in the Presbyterian church ?
The altar is called the communion table and the altar area is called the Chancel by Presbyterians .	Chancel	What is the alter area refered to as in the Presbyterian church ?
Some Presbyterian church buildings are often decorated with a cross that has a circle around the center , or Celtic cross .	Celtic cross	What is a decorated cross called in a Presbyterian church ?
By using the `` empty '' cross , or cross of the resurrection , Presbyterians emphasize the resurrection and that Christ is not continually dying , but died once and is alive for all eternity .	the resurrection	What did the Celtic Cross represent ?
John Knox -LRB- 1505 -- 1572 -RRB- , a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva , returned to Scotland and urged his countrymen to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines .	1572	What year did John Knox past away ?
John Knox -LRB- 1505 -- 1572 -RRB- , a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva , returned to Scotland and urged his countrymen to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines .	to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines	What did John Knox do when he returned to Scotland after studying under Calvin ?
The Church was eventually organised by Andrew Melville along Presbyterian lines to become the national Church of Scotland .	Andrew Melville	The church of Scotland was organized by this person , whats his name ?
Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , Charles II , despite the initial support that he received from the Covenanters , reinstated an episcopal form of government on the church .	1660	In what year was the Government of church reinstated ?
However , with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Church of Scotland was finally unequivocally recognised as a Presbyterian institution by the monarch due to Scottish Presbyterian support for the aforementioned revolution and the Acts of Union 1707 between Scotland and England guaranteed the Church of Scotland 's form of government .	1688	In what year was the Church of Scotland recognized as a Presbyterian institution by the moncarh ?
In 1733 , a group of ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery , another group seceded in 1761 to form the Relief Church and the Disruption of 1843 led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland .	Associate Presbytery	Which group was formed when ministries seceded from The Church of Scotland in 1733 ?
Further splits took place , especially over theological issues , but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland .	1929	What year were most Presbyterians in Scotland reunited ?
Further splits took place , especially over theological issues , but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland .	Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland	Which two groups were involved in the reuniting of Scotland 's Presbyterian churches ?
In England , Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592 .	1592	In what year was the Presbyterianism church formed in England ?
Thomas Cartwright is thought to be the first Presbyterian in England .	Thomas Cartwright	Who was the first known Presbyterian in England ?
Between 1645 and 1648 , a series of ordinances of the Long Parliament established Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England .	1645 and 1648	Between what years were the ordinances enacted Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England ?
In 1719 a major split , the Salter 's Hall controversy , occurred ; with the majority siding with nontrinitarian views .	1719	In what year did Salter 's Hall controversy , occur that would lead to a split ?
By the 18th century many English Presbyterian congregations had become Unitarian in doctrine .	18th century	When did the result in English Presbyterian congregations becomingUnitarian in doctrine ?
A number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by Scottish immigrants to England in the 19th century and later .	19th century	When was the earliest Presbyterian churches founded by Scotland in England ?
Following the ` Disruption ' in 1843 many of those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined what became the Presbyterian Church of England in 1876 .	1843	In what year during the Presbyterian movement in England was referred to as the `` Disruption '' ?
In 1972 , the Presbyterian Church of England -LRB- PCofE -RRB- united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to form the United Reformed Church -LRB- URC -RRB- .	1972	In what year did the Church of England and the Congregational Church in England and Waled unite ?
Two former Presbyterian congregations , St Columba 's , Cambridge -LRB- founded in 1879 -RRB- , and St Columba 's , Oxford -LRB- founded as a chaplaincy by the PCofE and the Church of Scotland in 1908 and as a congregation of the PCofE in 1929 -RRB- , continue as congregations of the URC and university chaplaincies of the Church of Scotland .	St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford	What are the two former Presbyterian congregations in England ?
In 1972 , the Presbyterian Church of England -LRB- PCofE -RRB- united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to form the United Reformed Church -LRB- URC -RRB- .	United Reformed Church	What was the name of the group that was created whenPresbyterian Church of England -LRB- PCofE -RRB- united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales were united ?
Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland -LRB- after the Anglican Church of Ireland -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland , later James I of England .	Presbyterianism	What is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland ?
Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland -LRB- after the Anglican Church of Ireland -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland , later James I of England .	Anglican Church of Ireland	What is the largest denomination of the entire Ireland Island ?
An estimated 100,000 Scottish Presbyterians moved to the northern counties of Ireland between 1607 and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 .	100,000	How many Scottie Presbyterians moved to the northern counties in Ireland ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The Presbytery of Ulster was formed in 1642 separately from the established Anglican Church .	1642	When was he Presbytery of Ulster formed ?
Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia .	1703	When did Presbyterianism arrive in America ?
Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia .	Philadelphia	In what city was the first Presbytery formed ?
In time , the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod -LRB- 1717 -RRB- and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789 .	1789	In what year would the original churches evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ?
The nation 's largest Presbyterian denomination , the Presbyterian Church -LRB- U.S.A. -RRB- -- PC -LRB- USA -RRB- -- can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA , as can the Presbyterian Church in America -LRB- PCA -RRB- , the Orthodox Presbyterian Church -LRB- OPC -RRB- , the Bible Presbyterian Church -LRB- BPC -RRB- , the Cumberland Presbyterian Church -LRB- CPC -RRB- , the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church -LRB- EPC -RRB- and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians -LRB- ECO -RRB- .	the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)	What is the name of the largest denomination of the Presbyterian Church in America ?
Other Presbyterian bodies in the United States include the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America -LRB- RPCNA -RRB- , the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church -LRB- ARP -RRB- , the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States -LRB- RPCUS -RRB- , the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly , the Reformed Presbyterian Church -- Hanover Presbytery , the Covenant Presbyterian Church , the Presbyterian Reformed Church , the Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States , the Korean American Presbyterian Church , and the Free Presbyterian Church of North America .	Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS)	What is the name of the first three listed reformed Presbyterian Church 's in the United States ?
Other Presbyterian bodies in the United States include the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America -LRB- RPCNA -RRB- , the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church -LRB- ARP -RRB- , the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States -LRB- RPCUS -RRB- , the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly , the Reformed Presbyterian Church -- Hanover Presbytery , the Covenant Presbyterian Church , the Presbyterian Reformed Church , the Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States , the Korean American Presbyterian Church , and the Free Presbyterian Church of North America .	Korean American Presbyterian Church	What is the name of the Asian Presbyterian Church in the United States ?
Other Presbyterian bodies in the United States include the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America -LRB- RPCNA -RRB- , the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church -LRB- ARP -RRB- , the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States -LRB- RPCUS -RRB- , the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly , the Reformed Presbyterian Church -- Hanover Presbytery , the Covenant Presbyterian Church , the Presbyterian Reformed Church , the Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States , the Korean American Presbyterian Church , and the Free Presbyterian Church of North America .	Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church	What is the full name of this American Presbyterian church under this abbreviation -LRB- ARP -RRB- ?
In the late 1800s , Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico .	1800s	Around when did Presbyterian missionaries arrived in New Mexico ?
This provided an alternative to the Catholicism , which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged .	Catholicism	The established Presbyterian church in New Mexico provided an alternative to which religion ?
This provided an alternative to the Catholicism , which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged .	Spanish Conquistadors	Who brought Catholicism into New Mexico ?
In Canada , the largest Presbyterian denomination -- and indeed the largest Protestant denomination -- was the Presbyterian Church in Canada , formed in 1875 with the merger of four regional groups .	Presbyterian Church in Canada	What is the largest Presbyterian church denomination in Canada ?
In 1925 , the United Church of Canada was formed by the majority of Presbyterians combining with the Methodist Church , Canada , and the Congregational Union of Canada .	1925	In what year was the United Church of Canada formed ?
In Canada , the largest Presbyterian denomination -- and indeed the largest Protestant denomination -- was the Presbyterian Church in Canada , formed in 1875 with the merger of four regional groups .	1875	When was the Presbyterian Church in Canada formed ?
The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico -LRB- Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México -RRB- , which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations , but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America .	National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México)	What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Mexico ?
The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico -LRB- Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México -RRB- , which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations , but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America .	2,500,000	How many members are in the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico ?
The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico -LRB- Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México -RRB- , which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations , but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America .	1875	When was the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico formed ?
In Brazil , the Presbyterian Church of Brazil -LRB- Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil -RRB- totals approximately 1,011,300 members ; other Presbyterian churches -LRB- Independents , United , Conservatives , Renovated , etc. -RRB- in this nation have around 350,000 members .	1,011,300	How many members are in the Presbyterian Church of Brazil ?
The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil was influenced by the charismatic movement and has about 131 000 members as of 2011 .	131 000	As of 2011 , how many members were in The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil ?
The Conservative Presbyterian Church was founded in 1940 and has eight presbyteries .	1940	When was Conservative Presbyterian Church formed ?
The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil has Dutch origin .	The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil	What is the name of the Presbyterian church in Brazil with Dutch origins ?
African Presbyterian churches often incorporate diaconal ministries , including social services , emergency relief , and the operation of mission hospitals .	social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals	Which services to most African Presbyterian churches offer ?
Also the Southminster Presbyterian Church , located near Pittsburgh , has partnerships with churches in Malawi and Kenya .	Malawi and Kenya	The Southminster Presbyterian Church in Pittsburg has partnerships with churches in which two countries ?
The missionary expedition of Mary Slessor and Hope Waddel and their group in the mid 18th century in this coastal regions of the ten British colony has brought about the beginning and the flourishing of this church in these areas .	Mary Slessor and Hope Waddel	Which two missionaries help bring Presbyterian churches in the south eastern states ?
The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has 150 congregations and 17 000 -- 20 000 members .	17 000–20 000 members	The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has a range of members between what amounts ?
Part of the Presbyterian Church in Malawi and Zambia is known as CCAP , Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian .	Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian	Which church is affiliated with the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi ?
education , health ministries as well as worship and spiritual development are important .	education, health ministries as well as worship	The Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian often offers what services ?
Most of the Korean Presbyterian denominations share the same name in Korean , 대한예수교장로회 -LRB- literally means the Presbyterian Church of Korea or PCK -RRB- , tracing its roots to the United Presbyterian Assembly before its long history of disputes and schisms .	Presbyterian Church of Korea	Most of the churches in Korea carry the same name , what is it ?
And in 1953 the second schism happened when the theological orientation of the Chosun Seminary -LRB- later Hanshin University -RRB- founded in 1947 could not be tolerated in the PCK and another minor group -LRB- The Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea , Kijang , 기장 -RRB- was separated .	1953	What year did the second schism take place ?
The last major schism had to do with the issue of whether the PCK should join the WCC .	whether the PCK should join the WCC	What was the main reason for the latest schism ?
And in 1953 the second schism happened when the theological orientation of the Chosun Seminary -LRB- later Hanshin University -RRB- founded in 1947 could not be tolerated in the PCK and another minor group -LRB- The Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea , Kijang , 기장 -RRB- was separated .	1947	What year was the Chosun Seminary founded ?
All major seminaries associated with each denomination claim heritage from the Pyung Yang Theological Seminary , therefore , not only Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary and Chongsin University which are related to PCK but also Hanshin University of PROK all celebrated the 100th class in 2007 , 100 years from the first graduates of Pyung Yang Theological Seminary .	2007	In what year did the Korean church celebrate the 100th class ?
Korean Presbyterian denominations are active in evangelism and many of its missionaries are being sent overseas , being the second biggest missionary sender in the world after the United States .	United States	Korean Presbyterian missionaries being sent over seas are second in numbers to only which other country ?
GSM , the missionary body of the `` Hapdong '' General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea , is the single largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea .	General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea	What is the name of the largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea ?
In addition there are many Korean-American Presbyterians in the United States , either with their own church sites or sharing space in pre-existing churches as is the case in Australia , New Zealand and even Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia with Korean immigration .	Saudi Arabia	Which muslim country does Korea have a Presbyterian church in ?
The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan -LRB- PCT -RRB- is by far the largest Protestant denomination in Taiwan , with some 238,372 members as of 2009 -LRB- including a majority of the island 's aborigines -RRB- .	The Presbyterian Church	What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Taiwan ?
The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan -LRB- PCT -RRB- is by far the largest Protestant denomination in Taiwan , with some 238,372 members as of 2009 -LRB- including a majority of the island 's aborigines -RRB- .	238,372	How many members make up The Presbyterian Church denomination ?
English Presbyterian missionary James Laidlaw Maxwell established the first Presbyterian church in Tainan in 1865 .	James Laidlaw Maxwell	Who was the first person to bring Presbyterianism into Taiwan ?
In the mainly Christian Indian state of Mizoram , the Presbyterian denomination is the largest denomination ; it was brought to the region with missionaries from Wales in 1894 .	1894	What year was the largest Presbyterian denomination brought to Mizoram ?
Prior to Mizoram , the Welsh Presbyterians -LRB- missionaries -RRB- started venturing into the north-east of India through the Khasi Hills -LRB- presently located within the state of Meghalaya in India -RRB- and established Presbyterian churches all over the Khasi Hills from the 1840s onwards .	Welsh Presbyterians	Before Mizoram , what was the name of the group of missionaries that ventured into east india ?
The Welsh missionaries built their first church in Sohra -LRB- aka Cherrapunji -RRB- in 1846 .	Sohra	Where did the Welsh Presbyterians build there first church ?
In Australia , Presbyterianism is the fourth largest denomination of Christianity , with nearly 600,000 Australians claiming to be Presbyterian in the 2006 Commonwealth Census .	600,000	How many members make up the Presbyterian church in Australia ?
The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia representing the Free Church of Scotland tradition , and congregations in Victoria of the Reformed Presbyterian Church , originally from Ireland , are the other existing denominations dating from colonial times .	The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia	Which Australian church follows the traditions of Scotland Presbyterians ?
Most of these bodies merged between 1859 and 1870 , and in 1901 formed a federal union called the Presbyterian Church of Australia but retaining their state assemblies .	1859 and 1870, and in 1901	Most of the churches in Australia merged in which years ?
In 1977 , two thirds of the Presbyterian Church of Australia , along with most of the Congregational Union of Australia and all the Methodist Church of Australasia , combined to form the Uniting Church in Australia .	1977	In what year did the Presbyterian Church of Australia , the Congregational Union of Australia , and all the Methodist Church of Australasia merge ?
The permission for the ordination of women given in 1974 was rescinded in 1991 without affecting the two or three existing woman ministers .	1991	In what year was ordination of woman ministries recsinded ?
The approval of women elders given in the 1960s has been rescinded in all states except New South Wales , which has the largest membership .	New South Wales	The approval of women elders which was given in 1960 has been rescinded in all of the Australian states except one , which state did not ?
The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu is the largest denomination in the country , with approximately one-third of the population of Vanuatu members of the church .	The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu	What is the name of the largest denomination of Presbyterian church in Vanuatu ?
The PCV was taken to Vanuatu by missionaries from Scotland .	Scotland	From which country did the Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu originate from ?
The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu is the largest denomination in the country , with approximately one-third of the population of Vanuatu members of the church .	The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu	What is the largest denomination church in Vanuatu ?
The PCV was taken to Vanuatu by missionaries from Scotland .	Scotland	Missionaries from which country started The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu ?
There are some Presbyterian people , but no organised Presbyterian churches in Penama and Torba , both of which are traditionally Anglican .	Penama and Torba	Which two towns have Presbyterian people , but no churches ?
Since the Protestant Reformation , the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been Lutheranism .	Lutheranism	What is the most common Christian denomination in Thuringia ?
Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious .	Today over two thirds of the population	How much of the Thuringia population is non-religious ?
The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany has had the largest number of members in the state , adhered to by 24.0 % of the population in 2009 .	The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany	Which church in the state has the largest amount of members ?
Members of the Catholic Church formed 7.8 % of the population , while 68.2 % of Thuringians were non-religious or adhere to other faiths .	7.8% of the population	How much of the Thuringia population are Catholic ?
There are only a few thousand Muslims -LRB- largely migrants -RRB- and about 750 Jews -LRB- mostly migrants from Russia -RRB- living in Thuringia .	750 Jews	How many Jews live in Thuringia ?
The name Thuringia or Thüringen derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii , who emerged during the Migration Period .	the Germanic tribe Thuringii	Where does the name Thuringia come from ?
The name Thuringia or Thüringen derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii , who emerged during the Migration Period .	the Migration Period	When did Thuringii emerge ?
Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the Huns , came to central Europe together with them , and lived before in what is Galicia today .	the Huns	Who are the theoretical allies of the Thuringians ?
Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus first mentioned the Thuringii around 400 ; during that period , the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses .	around 400	When were the thuringii first mentioned ?
The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later , the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region , persisting between 1131 and 1247 .	until 531 and later	How long did the Thuringian realm exist ?
The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later , the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region , persisting between 1131 and 1247 .	the Landgraviate of Thuringia	Which state was the largest in the region ?
Afterwards there was no state named Thuringia , nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the Harz mountains in the north , the Weiße Elster river in the east , the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west .	the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Weiße Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west.	Where is Thuringia located ?
After the Treaty of Leipzig , Thuringia had its own dynasty again , the Ernestine Wettins .	the Ernestine Wettins	Which dynasty formed after the Treaty of Leipzig ?
The Prussian territories around Erfurt , Mühlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945 .	Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen	Which Prussian territories joined Thuringia in 1945 ?
Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD .	in 1130 AD	When did Thuringia become a landgraviate ?
After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian Succession -LRB- 1247 -- 1264 -RRB- , the western half became independent under the name of `` Hesse '' , never to become a part of Thuringia again .	1247–1264	Which years were the War of the Thuringian Succession fought ?
After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian Succession -LRB- 1247 -- 1264 -RRB- , the western half became independent under the name of `` Hesse '' , never to become a part of Thuringia again .	1247	When did the western half of the state become Hesse ?
Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margraviate of Meissen , the nucleus of the later Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony .	Margraviate of Meissen	Where was the Wettin dynasty from ?
These were the `` Saxon duchies '' , consisting , among others , of the states of Saxe-Weimar , Saxe-Eisenach , Saxe-Jena , Saxe-Meiningen , Saxe-Altenburg , Saxe-Coburg , and Saxe-Gotha ; Thuringia became merely a geographical concept .	the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha	Who did the Saxon Duchies consist of ?
Thuringia generally accepted the Protestant Reformation , and Roman Catholicism was suppressed as early as 1520 -LSB- citation needed -RSB- ; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed , especially during the German Peasants ' War of 1525 .	as early as 1520	When did Roman Catholicism become suppressed ?
Thuringia generally accepted the Protestant Reformation , and Roman Catholicism was suppressed as early as 1520 -LSB- citation needed -RSB- ; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed , especially during the German Peasants ' War of 1525 .	were driven away	What happened to loyal Roman Catholicism priests ?
Thuringia generally accepted the Protestant Reformation , and Roman Catholicism was suppressed as early as 1520 -LSB- citation needed -RSB- ; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed , especially during the German Peasants ' War of 1525 .	during the German Peasants' War of 1525	When were most churches and monasteries destroyed ?
Thomas Müntzer , a leader of some non-peaceful groups of this sect , was active in this city .	a leader of some non-peaceful groups	Who was Thomas Muntzer ?
Within the borders of modern Thuringia the Roman Catholic faith only survived in the Eichsfeld district , which was ruled by the Archbishop of Mainz , and to a small degree in Erfurt and its immediate vicinity .	the Eichsfeld district	Which Thuringian district did the Roman Catholic faith survive in ?
Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814 , and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806 .	1795 to 1814	When was the German Mediatisation ?
The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states ' inclusion in the German Confederation ; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony .	The 1815 Congress of Vienna	When were the mediatisation changes confirmed ?
The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states ' inclusion in the German Confederation ; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony .	the Kingdom of Prussia	Which kingdom acquired some Thuringian territory ?
The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach , Saxe-Meiningen , Saxe-Altenburg , Saxe-Coburg-Gotha , Schwarzburg-Sondershausen , Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line .	Prussian-led	Who led the unification of Germany in 1871 ?
Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia .	Weimar	Which city became the capital of Thuringia after World War 1 ?
In 1930 Thuringia was one of the free states where the Nazis gained real political power .	1930	When did nazis gain power in Thuringia ?
Wilhelm Frick was appointed Minister of the Interior for the state of Thuringia after the Nazi Party won six delegates to the Thuringia Diet .	Wilhelm Frick	Who was the minister of the Interior for Thuringia in 1930 ?
Wilhelm Frick was appointed Minister of the Interior for the state of Thuringia after the Nazi Party won six delegates to the Thuringia Diet .	six delegates	How many delegates did the nazi party win in 1930 ?
In this position he removed from the Thuringia police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party .	anyone he suspected of being a republican	Who did Frick remove from the police force ?
In this position he removed from the Thuringia police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party .	men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party	Who did Frick replace republican police with ?
The far north is occupied by the Harz mountains , followed by the Goldene Aue , a fertile floodplain around Nordhausen with the Helme as most important river .	The far north	Where are the Harz mountains located ?
The north-west includes the Eichsfeld , a hilly and sometimes forested region , where the Leine river emanates .	hilly and sometimes forested	What is the landscape of Eichsfeld ?
Most of this range is forested and the Großer Beerberg -LRB- 983 m -RRB- is Thuringia 's highest mountain .	Großer Beerberg	What is Thuringia 's highest mountain ?
Between them lies the flat and forested Holzland in the north , the flat and fertile Orlasenke in the middle and the Vogtland , a hilly but in most parts non-forested region in the south .	in the middle	Where is Orlasenke located ?
The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east are the two big rivers running from south to north and forming densely settled valleys in this area .	The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east	How many big rivers flow through Thuringia ?
The most important river in Thuringia is the Saale -LRB- a tributary of the Elbe -RRB- with its tributaries Unstrut , Ilm and Weiße Elster , draining the most parts of Thuringia and the Werra -LRB- the headwater of the Weser -RRB- , draining the south-west and west of the Land .	the Saale	Which river in Thuringia is the most important ?
There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia , but it does have some of Germany 's biggest dams including the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam at Saale river same as the Leibis-Lichte Dam and the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station within the Highland .	There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia	Are there any large lakes in Thuringia ?
There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia , but it does have some of Germany 's biggest dams including the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam at Saale river same as the Leibis-Lichte Dam and the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station within the Highland .	the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam	What are some of the large dams located in Thuringia ?
Furthermore , some small parts on the southern border are drained by tributaries of the Main -LRB- a tributary of the Rhine -RRB- .	the Main (a tributary of the Rhine)	Which tributary is located on the southern border ?
Due to many centuries of intensive settlement , most of the area is shaped by human influence .	Due to many centuries of intensive settlement	Why is Thurnigia 's landscape shaped by human influence ?
In the uplands , a mixture of beech and spruce would be natural .	a mixture of beech and spruce	What type of nature is common in the highlands of Thuringia ?
The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with beech as its predominant species , as can still be found in the Hainich mountains today .	forest with beech as its predominant species	What is the original natural vegetation of Thuringia ?
Problems here are caused especially by increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months .	increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months	Where do most landscape problems come from ?
Since 1990 , Thuringia 's forests have been managed aiming for a more natural and tough vegetation more resilient to climate change as well as diseases and vermin .	more natural and tough vegetation	What has been the aim for the Thuringian forests since 1990 ?
Environmental damage in Thuringia has been reduced to a large extent after 1990 .	1990	Since when has environmental damage in Thuringia been reduced ?
The condition of forests , rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories , houses -LRB- decline of coal heating -RRB- and cars , and contaminated areas such as the former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated .	modernizing factories	What is one thing that helped to improve condition of forests , rivers and air ?
The condition of forests , rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories , houses -LRB- decline of coal heating -RRB- and cars , and contaminated areas such as the former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated .	Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated	What has been done to former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg ?
Today 's environmental problems are the salination of the Werra river , caused by discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach and overfertilisation in agriculture , damaging the soil and small rivers .	the salination of the Werra river	What are today 's big environmental problems ?
Today 's environmental problems are the salination of the Werra river , caused by discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach and overfertilisation in agriculture , damaging the soil and small rivers .	discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach	What is causing the salination of the Werra river ?
During the Middle Ages , Thuringia was situated at the border between Germanic and Slavic territories , marked by the Saale river .	the border between Germanic and Slavic territories	Where was Thuringia in the Middle Ages ?
The Ostsiedlung movement led to the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule .	the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule	What was the result of the Ostsiedlung movement ?
The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until World War I , before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990 .	World War I	When did population growth in Thuringia peak ?
smaller rates of decline than rural areas -LRB- many villages lost half of their population since 1950 , whereas the biggest cities -LRB- Erfurt and Jena -RRB- keep growing -RRB- .	1950	In what year did many cities in Thuringia lose half of their population ?
In July 2013 , there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia -LRB- 1.9 % of the population − among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany -RRB- .	41,000	How many non-Germans lived in Thuringia in 2013 ?
Nevertheless , the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011 , an increase of 24 % in only two years .	24%	What was the increase in non-German population between 2011 and 2013 ?
About 4 % of the population are migrants -LRB- including persons that already received the German citizenship -RRB- .	4%	How much of the Thuringian population are migrants ?
The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are -LRB- as of 2012 -RRB- : Russians -LRB- 3,100 -RRB- , Poles -LRB- 3,000 -RRB- , Vietnamese -LRB- 2,800 -RRB- , Turks -LRB- 2,100 -RRB- and Ukrainians -LRB- 2,000 -RRB- .	Russians	What is the largest group of foreigners ?
The amount of foreigners varies between regions : the college towns Erfurt , Jena , Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates , whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities .	Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau	Which towns have the highest immigrant population ?
Overall , there are 115 to 120 men per 100 women in the 25 -- 40 age group -LRB- `` family founders '' -RRB- which has negative consequences for the birth ratio .	115 to 120 men per 100 women	What is the sex ratio gap in Thuringia ?
The Thuringian population has a significant sex ratio gap , caused by the emigration of young women , especially in rural areas .	emigration of young women	What caused the wide sex ratio gap in Thuringia ?
Furthermore , the population is getting older and older with some rural municipalities recording more than 30 % of over-65s -LRB- pensioners -RRB- .	more than 30%	How many citizens of Thuringia are over the age of 65 ?
This is a problem for the regional labour market , as there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually .	there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.	What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia ?
From 2008 to 2012 , there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons -LRB- 33 per 1000 inhabitants -RRB- , +1,800 to Gera -LRB- 19 per 1000 -RRB- , +1,400 to Jena -LRB- 14 per 1000 -RRB- , +1,400 to Eisenach -LRB- 33 per 1000 -RRB- and +1,300 to Weimar -LRB- 21 per 1000 -RRB- .	+6,700 persons	How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012 ?
From 2008 to 2012 , there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons -LRB- 33 per 1000 inhabitants -RRB- , +1,800 to Gera -LRB- 19 per 1000 -RRB- , +1,400 to Jena -LRB- 14 per 1000 -RRB- , +1,400 to Eisenach -LRB- 33 per 1000 -RRB- and +1,300 to Weimar -LRB- 21 per 1000 -RRB- .	+1,400	How many migrants went to Eisenach ?
The international migration is fluctuating heavily .	The international migration is fluctuating heavily	Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating ?
Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia , 126 are classed as towns -LRB- within a district -RRB- or cities -LRB- forming their own urban district -RRB- .	850	How many municipalities are in Thuringia ?
Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia , 126 are classed as towns -LRB- within a district -RRB- or cities -LRB- forming their own urban district -RRB- .	126	How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as towns ?
Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000 ; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000 .	ten	How many towns have populations greater than 30,000 ?
The first towns emerged during the 12th century , whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century .	the 20th century	What was the latest a town was established in Thuringia ?
Independent cities -LRB- i.e. urban districts -RRB- have greater powers -LRB- the same as any district -RRB- than towns within a district .	Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.	Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power ?
Agriculture and forestry have declined in importance over the decades .	Agriculture and forestry	What is something more important to Thuringia than most areas of Germany ?
54 % of Thuringia 's territory is in agricultural use .	54%	How much of Thuringia 's territory is in agricultural use ?
The fertile basins such as the large Thuringian Basin or the smaller Goldene Aue , Orlasenke and Osterland are in intensive use for growing cereals , vegetables , fruits and energy crops .	the large Thuringian Basin	What is the largest fertile area of Thuringia ?
Important products are apples , strawberries , cherries and plums in the fruit sector , cabbage , potatoes , cauliflower , tomatoes -LRB- grown in greenhouses -RRB- , onions , cucumbers and asparagus in the vegetable sector , as well as maize , rapeseed , wheat , barley and sugar beets in the crop sector .	greenhouses	Where do they grow tomatoes in Thuringia ?
Nevertheless , they are more important than in the most other areas of Germany , especially within rural regions .	rural regions	Which regions value agriculture most ?
Like most other regions of central and southern Germany , Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation .	the mid-19th-century industrialisation	How far back does Thuringia 's industrial sector go back ?
The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies , leaving small and medium-sized ones to dominate the manufacturing sector .	the closure of most large-scale factories and companies	What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 ?
Especially the small and mid-sized towns in central and southwestern Thuringia -LRB- e.g. Arnstadt , Schmalkalden and Ohrdruf -RRB- are highly industrialised , whereas there are fewer industrial companies in the northern and eastern parts of the Land .	the northern and eastern parts of the Land.	Where in Thuringia are there fewer industrial companies ?
Traditional industries like production of glass , porcelain and toys collapsed during the economic crises between 1930 and 1990 .	between 1930 and 1990	When did traditional industries like glass and toy making collapse ?
Well-known industrial centres are Jena -LRB- a world centre for optical instruments with companies like Carl Zeiss , Schott and Jenoptik -RRB- and Eisenach , where BMW started its car production in the 1920s and an Opel factory is based today .	Eisenach	Where in Thuringia did BMW get it 's start in the 1920 's ?
Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages , especially within the mining towns of the Thuringian Forest such as Schmalkalden , Suhl and Ilmenau .	Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau	Which towns in Thuringia are known as mining towns ?
Following the industrial revolution , the old iron , copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong .	because the competition from imported metal was too strong	Why did the iron , copper and silver mines fail ?
These are the Südharzrevier in the north of the state , between Bischofferode in the west and Roßleben in the east with Sondershausen at its centre , and the Werrarevier on the Hessian border around Vacha and Bad Salzungen in the west .	the Südharzrevier	What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1900 ?
Between 1950 and 1990 , uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union 's need for this metal .	uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal	What did the Thuringian miners do to help the Soviet Union ?
After the reunification , the Südharzrevier was abandoned , whereas K+S took over the mines in the Werrarevier .	After the reunification	When did the Südharzrevier close ?
The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average , in line with the other former East German Lands .	below the national average	Where is the GDP of Thuringia ?
Until 2004 , Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the European Union .	Until 2004	For how long was Thuringia one of the weakest regions in the EU ?
The accession of several new countries , the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth in Germany since 2005 has brought the Thuringian GDP close to the EU average since then .	The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth	What has helped to improve Thuringia ?
The high economic subsidies granted by the federal government and the EU after 1990 are being reduced gradually and will end around 2020 .	around 2020	When will government subsidies to Thuringia end ?
The unemployment rate reached its peak of 20 % in 2005 .	20% in 2005	When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia peak ?
Since then , it has decreased to 7 % in 2013 , which is only slightly above the national average .	it has decreased to 7%	What is the current state of unemployment in Thuringia ?
The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria .	The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria.	How do wages in Thuringia compare to their neighbors ?
Therefore , many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters .	working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters	What do many Thuringian workers do to earn better wages ?
Nevertheless , the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors .	demographic transition	What has lead to a lack of workers in some sectors ?
During the 1930s , the first two motorways were built across the Land , the A4 motorway as an important east-west connection in central Germany and the main link between Berlin and south-west Germany , and the A9 motorway as the main north-south route in eastern Germany , connecting Berlin with Munich .	During the 1930s	When were the first motorways built in Thuringia ?
Both highways were widened from four to six lanes -LRB- three each way -RRB- after 1990 , including some extensive re-routing in the Eisenach and Jena areas .	Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990	When were the two motorways expanded ?
Furthermore , three new motorways were built during the 1990s and 2000s .	during the 1990s and 2000s	When were three additional roads built ?
The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71 has been one of Germany 's most expensive motorway segments with various tunnels -LRB- including Germany 's longest road tunnel , the Rennsteig Tunnel -RRB- and large bridges .	The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71	Which motorway is Thuringia 's most expensive ?
The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 -LRB- Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015 -RRB- .	The upgrading of federal highways	What is the top priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015 ?
The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is lignite , mined in the bordering Leipzig region .	lignite	What is Thuringia 's traditional energy supply ?
The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is lignite , mined in the bordering Leipzig region .	mined in the bordering Leipzig region	Where does Thuringia get it 's lignite ?
Since 2000 , the importance of environmentally unfriendly lignite combustion has declined in favour of renewable energies , which reached an amount of 40 % -LRB- in 2013 -RRB- , and more clean gas combustion , often carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations .	carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations	How is most of Thuringia 's clean gas consumption carried out ?
The most important forms of renewable energies are Wind power and Biomass , followed by Solar energy and Hydroelectricity .	Wind power and Biomass	What are Thuringia 's most important renewable energy sources ?
Furthermore , Thuringia hosts two big pumped storage stations : the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station and the Hohenwarte Dam .	big pumped storage stations	What is Hohenwarte Dam ?
Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing , whereas the bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt get enlarged .	bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt	Which hospitals are being expanded ?
Overall , there is an oversupply of hospital beds , caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system , so that many smaller hospitals generate losses .	rationalisation processes in the German health care system	Why are there too many hospital beds ?
On the other hand , there is a lack of family doctors , especially in rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing .	rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.	Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor ?
The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon .	four years	How long is Thuringian primary school ?
Since the 1950s , nearly all children have been using the service , whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany .	Since the 1950s	For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system ?
At the age of ten , pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule .	At the age of ten	When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia ?
Its inventor Friedrich Fröbel lived in Thuringia and founded the world 's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century .	Friedrich Fröbel	Who invented the early years education in Thuringia ?
The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education , while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years , comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany .	eight years	How many years of school do students attend after primary ?
The University of Jena is the biggest amongst Thuringia 's four universities and offers nearly every discipline .	The University of Jena	What is the biggest school in Thuringia ?
The University of Jena is the biggest amongst Thuringia 's four universities and offers nearly every discipline .	four	How many universities are there in Thuringia ?
The University of Erfurt , founded in 1392 , has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training .	5,000	How many students attend The University of Erfurt ?
The Bauhaus University Weimar with 4,000 students is Thuringia 's smallest university , specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts .	The Bauhaus University Weimar	What is Germany 's leading art school in Thuringia ?
It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany 's leading art school during the inter-war period , the Bauhaus .	1860	When was The Bauhaus University Weimar founded ?
In addition , there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students , the College of Music `` Franz Liszt '' in Weimar -LRB- 800 students -RRB- as well as two private colleges , the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt -LRB- 500 students -RRB- and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects -LRB- SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera -RRB- in Gera -LRB- 500 students -RRB- .	Gotha	Where is the civil service college of Thuringia ?
In addition , there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students , the College of Music `` Franz Liszt '' in Weimar -LRB- 800 students -RRB- as well as two private colleges , the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt -LRB- 500 students -RRB- and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects -LRB- SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera -RRB- in Gera -LRB- 500 students -RRB- .	800	How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia ?
The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in Erfurt -LRB- 4,500 students -RRB- , Jena -LRB- 5,000 students -RRB- , Nordhausen -LRB- 2,500 students -RRB- and Schmalkalden -LRB- 3,000 students -RRB- .	Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden	How many schools offer polytechnics ?
Both focus on technology , in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau .	life sciences and optics	What is the focus of Thuringia 's research center , Jena ?
Erfurt is a centre of Germany 's horticultural research , whereas Weimar and Gotha with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research .	Weimar and Gotha	Which universities are known for their historic and cultural aspects ?
Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research , with the notable exception of the optics sector at Jena .	publicly funded	How is most research in Thuringia funded ?
Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research , with the notable exception of the optics sector at Jena .	the optics sector at Jena.	What is one company that is able to get investments from large companies ?
The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880 .	the 1840s	When was Thuringia 's first railway built ?
Between 1950 and 2000 most of the branch lines were abandoned , reducing Thuringia 's network by half compared to 1940 .	Between 1950 and 2000	When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned ?
In 2017 , a new high speed line will be opened , diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines .	In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,	When will the new high speed train be open ?
The key characteristic of predation however is the predator 's direct impact on the prey population .	direct impact on the prey population	What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator ?
Other categories of consumption are herbivory -LRB- eating parts of plants -RRB- , fungivory -LRB- eating parts of fungi -RRB- , and detritivory -LRB- the consumption of dead organic material -LRB- detritus -RRB- -RRB- .	herbivory	How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants ?
Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them , but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey 's tissue through consumption .	absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption	A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed ?
For example , some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died .	parasitic species	A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what ?
Other categories of consumption are herbivory -LRB- eating parts of plants -RRB- , fungivory -LRB- eating parts of fungi -RRB- , and detritivory -LRB- the consumption of dead organic material -LRB- detritus -RRB- -RRB- .	detritivory	How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material ?
Other categories of consumption are herbivory -LRB- eating parts of plants -RRB- , fungivory -LRB- eating parts of fungi -RRB- , and detritivory -LRB- the consumption of dead organic material -LRB- detritus -RRB- -RRB- .	plants	What does an herbivore eat ?
On the other hand , detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the `` donor '' organism -LRB- s -RRB- .	no	Do detritivores have a direct impact on `` donor '' organisms ?
In an ecosystem , predation is a biological interaction where a predator -LRB- an organism that is hunting -RRB- feeds on its prey -LRB- the organism that is attacked -RRB- .	prey	What term is given to an organism that is being hunted ?
In an ecosystem , predation is a biological interaction where a predator -LRB- an organism that is hunting -RRB- feeds on its prey -LRB- the organism that is attacked -RRB- .	predation	What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey ?
The key characteristic of predation however is the predator 's direct impact on the prey population .	the predator's direct impact on the prey population	What is the key characteristic of predation ?
On the other hand , detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the `` donor '' organism -LRB- s -RRB- .	dead organic material	What do detritivores eat ?
The key characteristic of predation however is the predator 's direct impact on the prey population .	predator's direct impact on the prey population	What is the key characteristic of predation ?
Two factors are considered here : How close the predator and prey are -LRB- in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host -RRB- and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered , with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death .	Two factors	How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism ?
Two factors are considered here : How close the predator and prey are -LRB- in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host -RRB- and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered , with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death .	true predation	Proximity and the ending of life is called ?
Two factors are considered here : How close the predator and prey are -LRB- in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host -RRB- and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered , with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death .	parasitoidism	If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called ?
Instead of focusing on what they eat , this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat , and the general nature of the interaction between predator and prey species .	the way in which they eat	Instead of what predators eat , how else can they be classified ?
Two factors are considered here : How close the predator and prey are -LRB- in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host -RRB- and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered , with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death .	parasitoidism	Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification ?
Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation .	predation	The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what ?
Some animals that kill both large and small prey for their size -LRB- domestic cats and dogs are prime examples -RRB- may do either depending upon the circumstances ; either would devour a large insect whole but dismember a rabbit .	large and small prey	What do household animals prey upon ?
Baleen whales , for example , eat millions of microscopic plankton at once , the prey being broken down well after entering the whale .	Baleen whales	Name an exemplar of an predator that uses digestion to kill and gain nutrients from it 's prey .
Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way , this form kills them .	harm their prey in some way	To be classified as a predator , what action must be performed ?
A true predator can commonly be known as one that kills and eats another living thing .	kills and eats another living thing	What requirement must a true predator fulfill ?
Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way , this form kills them .	Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them	What is different about a true predator ?
Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way , this form kills them .	harm their prey in some way	All types of predators do what ?
Predators may hunt actively for prey in pursuit predation , or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance , as in ambush predators .	sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance	How do ambush predators hunt ?
Some predation entails venom that subdues a prey creature before the predator ingests the prey by killing , which the box jellyfish does , or disabling it , found in the behavior of the cone shell .	venom	What do box jellyfish use to hunt their pray ?
Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species , but this is seldom the case .	Grazing organisms	Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be
Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests , but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure .	browsing pressure	Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what ?
While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore , by the individualized nature of the organism , kill their prey , many only eat a small part of the plant .	zooplankton	Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species
Animals may also be ` grazed ' upon ; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring .	mosquitos	Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction ?
Animals may also be ` grazed ' upon ; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring .	female mosquitos	What is an organism that grazes upon other animals ?
Starfish may be grazed on , being capable of regenerating lost arms .	Starfish	What is an organism that can regrow lost arms ?
Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species , but this is seldom the case .	seldom	Do grazing organisms often kill their prey ?
Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests , but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure .	regrows at the base	How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon ?
Parasites can at times be difficult to distinguish from grazers .	Parasites	Species that rely on few or a single prey are called ?
This close living arrangement may be described by the term symbiosis , `` living together '' , but unlike mutualism the association significantly reduces the fitness of the host .	mutualism	Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship .
While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day , grazing on many plants in the process , parasites form very close associations with their hosts , usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime .	elephant	Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day .
Parasitic organisms range from the macroscopic mistletoe , a parasitic plant , to microscopic internal parasites such as cholera .	mistletoe	What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic ?
Their feeding behavior is similar in many ways , however they are noted for their close association with their host species .	close association with their host species	How are parasites distiguished from grazers ?
While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day , grazing on many plants in the process , parasites form very close associations with their hosts , usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime .	one or at most a few in their lifetime	How many hosts do parasites typically have ?
It is therefore wise to treat this classification system as a continuum rather than four isolated forms .	a continuum	How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms ?
This close living arrangement may be described by the term symbiosis , `` living together '' , but unlike mutualism the association significantly reduces the fitness of the host .	living together	What does the term symbiosis mean ?
A well-known example of a parasitoids are the ichneumon wasps , solitary insects living a free life as an adult , then laying eggs on or in another species such as a caterpillar .	ichneumon wasps	This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring .
Though limited mainly to the insect order Hymenoptera , Diptera and Coleoptera parasitoids make up as much as 10 % of all insect species .	10%	It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population ?
Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it , eventually leading to its death .	death	During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host ?
Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it , eventually leading to its death .	Parasitoids	What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host ?
Though limited mainly to the insect order Hymenoptera , Diptera and Coleoptera parasitoids make up as much as 10 % of all insect species .	10%	How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids ?
A well-known example of a parasitoids are the ichneumon wasps , solitary insects living a free life as an adult , then laying eggs on or in another species such as a caterpillar .	ichneumon	Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid ?
Its larva -LRB- e -RRB- feed on the growing host causing it little harm at first , but soon devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system resulting in prey death .	devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system	How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey ?
Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything -LRB- examples : humans , leopards , dogs and alligators -RRB- .	opportunistic	Species that are n't considered specialized are called what ?
This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium .	equilibrium	Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called ?
Some will switch to other prey -LRB- with varying degrees of success -RRB- when the preferred target is extremely scarce , and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible .	scarce	When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets , it 's like because it 's primary food source is ?
Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything -LRB- examples : humans , leopards , dogs and alligators -RRB- .	humans, leopards, dogs and alligators	What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything ?
This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium .	evolutionary arms race	What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other ?
This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium .	keep the populations of both species in equilibrium	What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race ?
Some will switch to other prey -LRB- with varying degrees of success -RRB- when the preferred target is extremely scarce , and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible .	herbivorous	If scavengers ' food becomes scarce , they may turn to what type of diet ?
One way of classifying predators is by trophic level .	trophic level	What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called ?
An apex predator in one environment may not retain this position as a top predator if introduced to another habitat , such as a dog among alligators , a skunk in the presence of the great horned owl immune to skunk spray , or a snapping turtle among jaguars ; a predatory species introduced into an area where it faces no predators , such as a domestic cat or a dog in some insular environments , can become an apex predator by default .	apex predator	What is the top predator in an environment called ?
Organisms that feed on autotrophs , the producers of the trophic pyramid , are known as herbivores or primary consumers ; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers .	trophic pyramid	When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes .
Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level , this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere , and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels , and may go only as high as three trophic levels -LRB- for example , a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest , which in turn eat grasses -RRB- .	energy	What limits the size of a trophic pyramid ?
Organisms that feed on autotrophs , the producers of the trophic pyramid , are known as herbivores or primary consumers ; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers .	Organisms that feed on autotrophs	Which organisms are known as primary consumers ?
Organisms that feed on autotrophs , the producers of the trophic pyramid , are known as herbivores or primary consumers ; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers .	feed on heterotrophs	What makes an organism a secondary consumer ?
A predator at the top of any food chain -LRB- that is , one that is preyed upon by no organism -RRB- is called an apex predator ; examples include the orca , sperm whale , anaconda , Komodo dragon , tiger , lion , tiger shark , Nile crocodile , and most eagles and owls -- and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears .	apex predator	What is an organism at the top of the food chain called ?
Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level , this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere , and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels , and may go only as high as three trophic levels -LRB- for example , a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest , which in turn eat grasses -RRB- .	five or six levels	How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb ?
A predator at the top of any food chain -LRB- that is , one that is preyed upon by no organism -RRB- is called an apex predator ; examples include the orca , sperm whale , anaconda , Komodo dragon , tiger , lion , tiger shark , Nile crocodile , and most eagles and owls -- and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears .	the top	In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators ?
Scavenging of carrion provides a significant part of the diet of some of the most fearsome predators .	carrion	Dead animals that died as a result of natural causes or non-fatal injuries are called ?
Many organisms -LRB- of which humans are prime examples -RRB- eat from multiple levels of the food chain and , thus , make this classification problematic .	eat from multiple levels of the food chain	Why are species can be difficult to classify because they ?
Carnivorous plants would be very difficult to fit into this classification , producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap .	Carnivorous plants	What are plants that eat both living species and consume sunlight for energy called ?
Organisms showing both carnivory and herbivory are known as omnivores .	omnivores	What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory ?
Many organisms -LRB- of which humans are prime examples -RRB- eat from multiple levels of the food chain and , thus , make this classification problematic .	Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain	What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid ?
Carnivorous plants would be very difficult to fit into this classification , producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap .	producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap	Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid ?
Organisms that eat detritivores or parasites would also be difficult to classify by such a scheme .	difficult	Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid ?
Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level , and thus that are potential competitors .	the same trophic level	Intraguild species consumer other species within ?
An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition : the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body -LRB- or ` survival machine ' -RRB- of the prey organism .	Richard Dawkins	Who proposes the concept of the `` survival machine ? ''
An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition : the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body -LRB- or ` survival machine ' -RRB- of the prey organism .	both the predator and prey	The argument of the `` survival machines '' proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes ?
Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level , and thus that are potential competitors .	potential competitors	Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are ?
An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition : the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body -LRB- or ` survival machine ' -RRB- of the prey organism .	Richard Dawkins	Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator ?
An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition : the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body -LRB- or ` survival machine ' -RRB- of the prey organism .	the body	To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the `` survival machine '' ?
Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level , and thus that are potential competitors .	those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level	What are intraguild predators ?
This is best understood in the context of the gene centered view of evolution .	gene centered view	Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition ?
Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level , and thus that are potential competitors .	Intraguild	What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition ?
Such predators are known as keystone species and may have a profound influence on the balance of organisms in a particular ecosystem .	keystone species	What is the title of a predator that maintains balance with an ecosystem ?
Predators may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant .	biodiversity	What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem ?
Predators may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant .	dominant	When a keystone species is lost another species might become ?
Predators may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant .	biodiversity of communities	What is increased by keeping a single species from being dominant in an ecosystem ?
Such predators are known as keystone species and may have a profound influence on the balance of organisms in a particular ecosystem .	keystone species	Predators that prevent others from becoming dominant are called what ?
Introduction or removal of this predator , or changes in its population density , can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem .	Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density	What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem 's equilibrium ?
In addition , wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas , which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon .	beavers	What animal 's food sources were greatly affected with the loss of wolves in Yellowstone National Park ?
Furthermore , predation keeps hydrological features such as creeks and streams in normal working order .	hydrological features	Broader ecological impacts can occur when an apex predator is removed , in the case of Yellowstone , this includes alteration to the ?
Increased browsing on willows and conifers along Blacktail Creek due to a lack of predation caused channel incision because they helped slow the water down and hold the soil in place .	channel incision	Loose soil from lack of trees along the river bed resulted in ?
The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid .	wolves	The removal of what animal from Yellowstonw National Park affected beaver populations ?
The removal of wolves had a direct effect on beaver populations , as their habitat became territory for grazing .	habitat became territory for grazing.	How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone affect beaver habitats ?
Without predation , herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species , affecting the area 's plant populations .	Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species	Why were plant populations affected after wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone ?
In addition , wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas , which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon .	wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon	How did wolves in Yellowstone help beavers eat well ?
The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages : Detection of prey , attack , capture and finally consumption .	maximum of four stages	At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction ?
The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages : Detection of prey , attack , capture and finally consumption .	Detection of prey	What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction ?
This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups .	array of adaptations	How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction ?
Sometimes , however , predation has indirect benefits to the prey species , though the individuals preyed upon themselves do not benefit .	the individuals preyed upon	Who does n't benefit from the predator-prey interaction ?
The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages : Detection of prey , attack , capture and finally consumption .	maximum of four stages	How many stages can predation be divided into ?
The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages : Detection of prey , attack , capture and finally consumption .	Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption	What are the four stages of predation ?
This means that , at each applicable stage , predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten .	obtain food or avoid being eaten	What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations ?
One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage , a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background .	camouflage	Which adaptation helps both predators and prey ?
One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage , a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background .	camouflage	What term is used for an adaptation that enables species to blend into the background ?
Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern .	shape and pattern	Camoflauge consists of what else , in addition to color ?
The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment -LRB- e.g. , the praying mantis to the right resembling dead leaves -RRB- or other organisms -LRB- e.g. , zebras ' stripes blend in with each other in a herd , making it difficult for lions to focus on a single target -RRB- .	other organisms	Ogranisms use camoflauge to blend with their habitat and what else ?
Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species .	Mimicry	What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called ?
One such example is the drone fly , which looks a lot like a bee , yet is completely harmless as it can not sting at all .	drone fly	Which organism looks like a bee but can not sting ?
Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species .	Mimicry	A moth that has markings resembling an owl 's eyes is an example of what phenomenon ?
When an insectivorous predator disturbs the moth , it reveals its hind wings , temporarily startling the predator and giving it time to escape .	startling the predator and giving it time to escape	What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used ?
Predators may also use mimicry to lure their prey , however .	to lure their prey	How can predators use mimicry ?
While successful predation results in a gain of energy , hunting invariably involves energetic costs as well .	gain of energy	What makes predation successful ?
The treatment of consumption in terms of cost-benefit analysis is known as optimal foraging theory , and has been quite successful in the study of animal behavior .	optimal foraging theory	Treating the hunt as a cost-benefit scenario is referred to a what ?
In general , costs and benefits are considered in energy gain per unit time , though other factors are also important , such as essential nutrients that have no caloric value but are necessary for survival and health .	energy gain per unit time	In optimal foraging theory , how are costs and benefits measured ?
Social predation offers the possibility of predators to kill creatures larger than those that members of the species could overpower singly .	Social predation	What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys ?
Extreme specialization of roles is evident in some hunting that requires co-operation between predators of very different species : humans with the aid of falcons or dogs , or fishing with cormorants .	humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants	What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species ?
Social predation is often very complex behavior , and not all social creatures -LRB- for example , domestic cats -RRB- perform it .	domestic cats)	What is a species that does not perform social predation ?
Lions , hyenas , wolves , dholes , African wild dogs , and piranhas can kill large herbivores that single animals of the same species usually do n't dispatch .	Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas	What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves ?
This interaction can range from peaceful coexistence to close companionship ; motivation to ignore the predatory instinct may result from mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters who have made clear that harming co-inhabitants will not be tolerated .	mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters	Well-fed animals in captivity can become friends with prey animals due to what motivation ?
Pet cats and pet dogs under human mastership often depend on each other for warmth , companionship , and even protection , particularly in rural areas .	warmth, companionship, and even protection	Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity ?
It has been observed that well-fed predator animals in a lax captivity -LRB- for instance , pet or farm animals -RRB- will usually differentiate between putative prey animals who are familiar co-inhabitants in the same human area from wild ones outside the area .	wild ones outside the area	Captive animals can distinguish co-inhabitats from what other group ?
The electric eel uses the same electric current to kill prey and to defend itself against animals -LRB- anacondas , caimans , egrets , jaguars , mountain lions , giant otters , humans , dogs , and cats -RRB- that ordinarily prey upon fish similar to an electric eel in size ; the electric eel thus remains an apex predator in a predator-rich environment .	(anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats	What are some predators of the electric eel ?
Many non-predatory prey animals , such as a zebra , can give a strong kick that can maim or kill , while others charge with tusks or horns .	strong kick that can maim or kill	What defense does a zebra have against predators ?
A predator small enough to be prey for others , the domestic cat uses its formidable teeth and claws as weapons against animals that might confuse a cat with easier prey .	formidable teeth and claws	What defenses does a domestic cat have against predators ?
The electric eel uses the same electric current to kill prey and to defend itself against animals -LRB- anacondas , caimans , egrets , jaguars , mountain lions , giant otters , humans , dogs , and cats -RRB- that ordinarily prey upon fish similar to an electric eel in size ; the electric eel thus remains an apex predator in a predator-rich environment .	to kill prey	The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose ?
It should also be noted that some species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack .	species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack	Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack , or can it play roles on both sides ?
Crows are frequently mobbed by smaller songbirds as they prey on eggs and young from these birds ' nests , but these same crows will cooperate with smaller birds to drive away hawks or larger mammalian predators .	Crows	Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks ?
On occasion , birds will mob animals that pose no threat .	On occasion	Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat ?
Crows are frequently mobbed by smaller songbirds as they prey on eggs and young from these birds ' nests , but these same crows will cooperate with smaller birds to drive away hawks or larger mammalian predators .	hawks or larger mammalian predators	Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators ?
Aposematism , where organisms are brightly colored as a warning to predators , is the antithesis of camouflage .	Aposematism	What scientific term is used to describe organisms that are brightly colored as a warning to predators ?
While that particular prey organism may be killed , the coloring benefits the prey species as a whole .	species as a whole	Does aposematism benefit only the organism ddirectly , or the entire population as a whole ?
Upon being harmed -LRB- e.g. , stung -RRB- by their prey , the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid .	Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid	How does aposematism help a species population ?
Aposematic coloring involves bright , easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns .	bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns	What visual cues are characteristic of aposematism ?
It is fairly clear that predators tend to lower the survival and fecundity of their prey , but on a higher level of organization , populations of predator and prey species also interact .	prey	What do predators depend on for survival ?
Eating a prey organism may simply make room for another if the prey population is approaching its carrying capacity .	carrying capacity	Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what ?
It is fairly clear that predators tend to lower the survival and fecundity of their prey , but on a higher level of organization , populations of predator and prey species also interact .	survival and fecundity	Predators lower what aspects of their prey ?
A lone naked human is at a physical disadvantage to other comparable apex predators in areas such as speed , bone density , weight , and physical strength .	speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength	What physical disadvantages do humans have against other apex predators ?
Early humans , such as Homo erectus , have been using stone tools and weapons for well over a million years .	well over a million years	For how long have humans been using stone tools and weapons ?
Anatomically modern humans have been apex predators since they first evolved , and many species of carnivorous megafauna actively avoid interacting with humans ; the primary environmental competitor for a human is other humans .	other humans	What are humans ' primary competitors ?
At least a few people , such as the Donner party , are said to have resorted to it in desperation .	the Donner party	What is one known istance of cannibalism ?
The one subspecies of carnivorous megafauna that does interact frequently with humans in predatory roles is the domestic dog , but usually as a partner in predation especially if they hunt together .	domestic dog	With what species do humans hunt in partnership ?
Having small population size is a characteristic almost universally inherent to apex predators , humans and dogs by far the most blatant exceptions .	humans and dogs	What two apex predators do not have a small population size ?
Having small population size is a characteristic almost universally inherent to apex predators , humans and dogs by far the most blatant exceptions .	small	Do apex predators generally have a large or small population ?
The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species ' ecological niches overlap , there is a very high likelihood of competition as both species are in direct competition for the same resources .	competitive exclusion principle	Which principle states that if two species ecologicl niches / overlap , both species are likely to be in competition with one another ?
This factor alone could lead to the extirpation of one or both species , but is compounded by the added factor of prey abundance .	prey abundance	What other factor is relevant to the competitive exclusion principle ?
If a predator hunts its prey species to numbers too low to sustain the population in the short term , they can cause not only the extinction or extirpation of the prey but also the extinction of their own species , a phenomenon known as coextinction .	coextinction	When a predator hunts too much of its prey , causing both populations to dissappear , the phenomenon is called what ?
However , if observed over a longer period of time , it is seen that the population of a predator will correlationally rise and fall with the population of its prey in a cycle similar to the boom and bust cycle of economics .	longer period of time	Are predator 's effects on prey easiest to see in the short-term or long-term ?
However , if observed over a longer period of time , it is seen that the population of a predator will correlationally rise and fall with the population of its prey in a cycle similar to the boom and bust cycle of economics .	boom and bust cycle of economics	The rise and fall of predator and prey populations are similar to what , in the US economy ?
Natural predators are an environmentally friendly and sustainable way of reducing damage to crops , and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides .	reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides	How can natural predators benefit crops ?
Besides their use in conservation biology , predators are also important for controlling pests in agriculture .	controlling pests	How are predators beneficial to agriculture ?
Although the aim in this situation is to remove the introduced species entirely , keeping its abundance down is often the only possibility .	keeping its abundance down	If removing an introduced species entirely is n't a posibility , what is the next best outcome ?
Although the aim in this situation is to remove the introduced species entirely , keeping its abundance down is often the only possibility .	introduced species	Predators are used in conservation to reduce what type of species from the environment ?
Most of Marvel 's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe , with locations that mirror real-life cities .	Marvel Universe	Captain America , Thor and Ultron all inhabit what fictional milieu ?
Most of Marvel 's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe , with locations that mirror real-life cities .	real-life cities	Fictional placements within this setting are modeled off what ?
Characters such as Spider-Man , the Fantastic Four , the Avengers , Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City , whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center , New York and Hulk 's stories often have been set in the American Southwest .	New York	Spiderman 's fictional city is based off what real American location ?
Characters such as Spider-Man , the Fantastic Four , the Avengers , Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City , whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center , New York and Hulk 's stories often have been set in the American Southwest .	Hulk	What Marvel character 's stories are set in an area resembling the American Southwest ?
Characters such as Spider-Man , the Fantastic Four , the Avengers , Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City , whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center , New York and Hulk 's stories often have been set in the American Southwest .	the Fantastic Four, the Avengers	Which two groups of Marvel crimefighters are based in a fictional version of New York City ?
Martin Goodman founded the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939 .	Martin Goodman	Who originally founded Marvel Comics ?
Martin Goodman founded the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939 .	Timely Publications	What was the original name of Marvel Comics ?
Martin Goodman founded the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939 .	1939	When was Marvel founded ?
Launching his new line from his existing company 's offices at 330 West 42nd Street , New York City , he officially held the titles of editor , managing editor , and business manager , with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher .	New York City	In what city was Marvel based when it was founded ?
Launching his new line from his existing company 's offices at 330 West 42nd Street , New York City , he officially held the titles of editor , managing editor , and business manager , with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher .	publisher	What was Abraham Goodman 's official title when Marvel was founded ?
Timely 's first publication , Marvel Comics # 1 -LRB- cover dated Oct. 1939 -RRB- , included the first appearance of Carl Burgos ' android superhero the Human Torch , and the first appearances of Bill Everett 's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner , among other features .	Oct. 1939	What was the cover date on Marvel Comics # 1 ?
The company 's first true editor , writer-artist Joe Simon , teamed with artist and emerging industry notable Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes , Captain America , in Captain America Comics # 1 -LRB- March 1941 -RRB- .	Joe Simon	Who was Marvel/Timely 's first true full-time editor ?
The company 's first true editor , writer-artist Joe Simon , teamed with artist and emerging industry notable Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes , Captain America , in Captain America Comics # 1 -LRB- March 1941 -RRB- .	Jack Kirby	Besides Simon , who co-created Captain America ?
Timely 's first publication , Marvel Comics # 1 -LRB- cover dated Oct. 1939 -RRB- , included the first appearance of Carl Burgos ' android superhero the Human Torch , and the first appearances of Bill Everett 's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner , among other features .	the Human Torch	What is the name of the character created by Carl Burgos ?
Timely 's first publication , Marvel Comics # 1 -LRB- cover dated Oct. 1939 -RRB- , included the first appearance of Carl Burgos ' android superhero the Human Torch , and the first appearances of Bill Everett 's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner , among other features .	Marvel Comics #1	In what issue was Namor , The Sub-Mariner introduced ?
Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton 's best-known features , `` Powerhouse Pepper '' , as well as a line of children 's funny-animal comics featuring popular characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal .	Basil Wolverton	What cartoon humorist did some high profile stories for Marvel in the early years ?
Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton 's best-known features , `` Powerhouse Pepper '' , as well as a line of children 's funny-animal comics featuring popular characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal .	"Powerhouse Pepper"	What was the name of the humorous feature penned by Wolverton ?
Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton 's best-known features , `` Powerhouse Pepper '' , as well as a line of children 's funny-animal comics featuring popular characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal .	Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal	What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues ?
While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these `` big three '' , some notable heroes -- many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks -- include the Whizzer , Miss America , the Destroyer , the original Vision , and the Angel .	Miss America	What early Marvel character may have been envisioned as a female counterpoint to Captain America ?
While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these `` big three '' , some notable heroes -- many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks -- include the Whizzer , Miss America , the Destroyer , the original Vision , and the Angel .	"big three"	The most popular early Marvel heroes were collectively and colloquially known as what ?
One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics # 55 -LRB- May 1944 -RRB- .	shell companies	Marvel Comics was part of many entities having what relationship with Timely ?
As well , some comics ' covers , such as All Surprise Comics # 12 -LRB- Winter 1946 -- 47 -RRB- , were labeled `` A Marvel Magazine '' many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961 .	1961	When were all of Goodman 's comic entities officially put under the moniker of Marvel Comics ?
As well , some comics ' covers , such as All Surprise Comics # 12 -LRB- Winter 1946 -- 47 -RRB- , were labeled `` A Marvel Magazine '' many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961 .	"A Marvel Magazine"	By what other name were some Marvel-related comic books published ?
One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics # 55 -LRB- May 1944 -RRB- .	Marvel Mystery Comics	Under what handle were Marvel 's detective fiction comics published ?
Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954 , with the Human Torch -LRB- art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers , variously -RRB- , the Sub-Mariner -LRB- drawn and most stories written by Bill Everett -RRB- , and Captain America -LRB- writer Stan Lee , artist John Romita Sr. -RRB- .	Bill Everett	Which writer and artist was behind the Sub-Mariner ?
Atlas , rather than innovate , took a proven route of following popular trends in television and movies -- Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time , drive-in movie monsters another time -- and even other comic books , particularly the EC horror line .	Atlas	What was Marvel 's major offshoot with Westerns , war stories , and monster comics called ?
Atlas also published a plethora of children 's and teen humor titles , including Dan DeCarlo 's Homer the Happy Ghost -LRB- à la Casper the Friendly Ghost -RRB- and Homer Hooper -LRB- à la Archie Andrews -RRB- .	Homer the Happy Ghost	What was Dan DeCarlo 's spooky but humorous comic aimed at kids called ?
Atlas also published a plethora of children 's and teen humor titles , including Dan DeCarlo 's Homer the Happy Ghost -LRB- à la Casper the Friendly Ghost -RRB- and Homer Hooper -LRB- à la Archie Andrews -RRB- .	Archie Andrews	DeCarlo also penned a knock-off of what teen comic superstar ?
Atlas also published a plethora of children 's and teen humor titles , including Dan DeCarlo 's Homer the Happy Ghost -LRB- à la Casper the Friendly Ghost -RRB- and Homer Hooper -LRB- à la Archie Andrews -RRB- .	Homer Hooper	What was the name of DeCarlo 's main character in his humorous teen series ?
Modern Marvel 's first superhero team , the titular stars of The Fantastic Four # 1 -LRB- Nov. 1961 -RRB- , broke convention with other comic book archetypes of the time by squabbling , holding grudges both deep and petty , and eschewing anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status .	The Fantastic Four	Marvel 's first team of superheroes was known by what alliterative name ?
Modern Marvel 's first superhero team , the titular stars of The Fantastic Four # 1 -LRB- Nov. 1961 -RRB- , broke convention with other comic book archetypes of the time by squabbling , holding grudges both deep and petty , and eschewing anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status .	Nov. 1961	What was the issue date when this superhero team debuted ?
In 1961 , writer-editor Stan Lee revolutionized superhero comics by introducing superheroes designed to appeal to more all-ages readers than the predominantly child audiences of the medium .	Stan Lee	What Marvel executive helped change the focus of Marvel 's stories and characters ?
Modern Marvel 's first superhero team , the titular stars of The Fantastic Four # 1 -LRB- Nov. 1961 -RRB- , broke convention with other comic book archetypes of the time by squabbling , holding grudges both deep and petty , and eschewing anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status .	celebrity status	In the Marvel Universe , the public treated conferred what response on the Fantastic Four ?
This applied to The Amazing Spider-Man title in particular , which turned out to be Marvel 's most successful book .	The Amazing Spider-Man	What is Marvel 's best-selling comic ?
Lee and freelance artist and eventual co-plotter Jack Kirby 's Fantastic Four originated in a Cold War culture that led their creators to revise the superhero conventions of previous eras to better reflect the psychological spirit of their age .	Jack Kirby	Who joined with Stan Lee in creating the Fantastic Four ?
Lee and freelance artist and eventual co-plotter Jack Kirby 's Fantastic Four originated in a Cold War culture that led their creators to revise the superhero conventions of previous eras to better reflect the psychological spirit of their age .	Cold War	What historic era did the Fantastic Four initially inhabit ?
Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first , having a monster as one of the heroes , and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a `` superheroes in the real world '' approach , the series represented a change that proved to be a great success .	costumes	What traditional superhero element did the Fantastic Four initially do without ?
Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first , having a monster as one of the heroes , and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a `` superheroes in the real world '' approach , the series represented a change that proved to be a great success .	secret identities	None of the Fantastic Four had what hidden element so common to other superheroes ?
Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first , having a monster as one of the heroes , and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a `` superheroes in the real world '' approach , the series represented a change that proved to be a great success .	"superheroes in the real world"	The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel 's 1960s comics is called what ?
In 1965 , Spider-Man and the Hulk were both featured in Esquire magazine 's list of 28 college campus heroes , alongside John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan .	Esquire	What magazine featured two Marvel Characters in a college campus heroes feature ?
In 1965 , Spider-Man and the Hulk were both featured in Esquire magazine 's list of 28 college campus heroes , alongside John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan .	Spider-Man and the Hulk	What two Marvel characters were part of that campus heroes section ?
In 2009 writer Geoff Boucher reflected that , `` Superman and DC Comics instantly seemed like boring old Pat Boone ; Marvel felt like The Beatles and the British Invasion .	DC Comics	Which publisher is Marvel 's biggest rival ?
In 2009 writer Geoff Boucher reflected that , `` Superman and DC Comics instantly seemed like boring old Pat Boone ; Marvel felt like The Beatles and the British Invasion .	Pat Boone	Writer Geoff Boucher compared DC to what dull 1960s crooner ?
In 1965 , Spider-Man and the Hulk were both featured in Esquire magazine 's list of 28 college campus heroes , alongside John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan .	John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan	What two real life persons were also part of the magazine feature alongside fictional Marvel characters ?
In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four , Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk , Thor , Ant-Man , Iron Man , the X-Men , Daredevil , the Inhumans , Black Panther , Doctor Strange , Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer , and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom , Magneto , Galactus , Loki , the Green Goblin , and Doctor Octopus , all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe , with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York , Los Angeles and Chicago .	New York, Los Angeles and Chicago	What actual US cities have fictional equivalents in Marvel 's comic milieu ?
In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four , Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk , Thor , Ant-Man , Iron Man , the X-Men , Daredevil , the Inhumans , Black Panther , Doctor Strange , Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer , and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom , Magneto , Galactus , Loki , the Green Goblin , and Doctor Octopus , all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe , with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York , Los Angeles and Chicago .	Ant-Man	What Marvel hero is related to a tiny insect ?
In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four , Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk , Thor , Ant-Man , Iron Man , the X-Men , Daredevil , the Inhumans , Black Panther , Doctor Strange , Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer , and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom , Magneto , Galactus , Loki , the Green Goblin , and Doctor Octopus , all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe , with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York , Los Angeles and Chicago .	the Marvel Universe	The shared milieu inhabited by all Marvel heroes and villains is known as ?
In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four , Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk , Thor , Ant-Man , Iron Man , the X-Men , Daredevil , the Inhumans , Black Panther , Doctor Strange , Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer , and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom , Magneto , Galactus , Loki , the Green Goblin , and Doctor Octopus , all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe , with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York , Los Angeles and Chicago .	Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four	Which two comic book titles were the precursors to the widening of this overall setting ?
In 1968 , while selling 50 million comic books a year , company founder Goodman revised the constraining distribution arrangement with Independent News he had reached under duress during the Atlas years , allowing him now to release as many titles as demand warranted .	50 million	How many comics did Marvel sell during 1968 ?
In 1968 , while selling 50 million comic books a year , company founder Goodman revised the constraining distribution arrangement with Independent News he had reached under duress during the Atlas years , allowing him now to release as many titles as demand warranted .	Independent News	What company was distributing Marvel 's titles at that point ?
Late that year he sold Marvel Comics and his other publishing businesses to the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation , which continued to group them as the subsidiary Magazine Management Company , with Goodman remaining as publisher .	the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation	To whom was Marvel sold in 1968 ?
Late that year he sold Marvel Comics and his other publishing businesses to the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation , which continued to group them as the subsidiary Magazine Management Company , with Goodman remaining as publisher .	Magazine Management Company	What wholly-owned affiliate of this company did Marvel operate within ?
In 1969 , Goodman finally ended his distribution deal with Independent by signing with Curtis Circulation Company .	Curtis Circulation Company	What distributor took over Marvel 's titles in 1969 ?
In 1971 , the United States Department of Health , Education , and Welfare approached Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Stan Lee to do a comic book story about drug abuse .	United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare	What government agency asked Marvel to do a series of stories to publicize an issue ?
In 1971 , the United States Department of Health , Education , and Welfare approached Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Stan Lee to do a comic book story about drug abuse .	drug abuse	What issue was Marvel asked to tackle for this agency ?
Lee agreed and wrote a three-part Spider-Man story portraying drug use as dangerous and unglamorous .	Spider-Man	What comic book series did stories related to this issue appear in ?
However , the industry 's self-censorship board , the Comics Code Authority , refused to approve the story because of the presence of narcotics , deeming the context of the story irrelevant .	Comics Code Authority	What industry censorship and standards organization tried to block publication of this series ?
Lee , with Goodman 's approval , published the story regardless in The Amazing Spider-Man # 96 -- 98 -LRB- May -- July 1971 -RRB- , without the Comics Code seal .	May–July 1971	What were the issue dates of the three-episode series on this public health issue ?
Once again , Marvel attempted to diversify , and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to horror -LRB- The Tomb of Dracula -RRB- , martial arts , -LRB- Shang-Chi : Master of Kung Fu -RRB- , sword-and-sorcery -LRB- Conan the Barbarian , Red Sonja -RRB- , satire -LRB- Howard the Duck -RRB- and science fiction -LRB- 2001 : A Space Odyssey , `` Killraven '' in Amazing Adventures , Battlestar Galactica , Star Trek , and , late in the decade , the long-running Star Wars series -RRB- .	the updating of the Comics Code	What situation allowed Marvel to expand into more adult-themed genre stories ?
Once again , Marvel attempted to diversify , and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to horror -LRB- The Tomb of Dracula -RRB- , martial arts , -LRB- Shang-Chi : Master of Kung Fu -RRB- , sword-and-sorcery -LRB- Conan the Barbarian , Red Sonja -RRB- , satire -LRB- Howard the Duck -RRB- and science fiction -LRB- 2001 : A Space Odyssey , `` Killraven '' in Amazing Adventures , Battlestar Galactica , Star Trek , and , late in the decade , the long-running Star Wars series -RRB- .	Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja	What were two of Marvel 's comic heroes in fantasy , swords and magic settings ?
Once again , Marvel attempted to diversify , and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to horror -LRB- The Tomb of Dracula -RRB- , martial arts , -LRB- Shang-Chi : Master of Kung Fu -RRB- , sword-and-sorcery -LRB- Conan the Barbarian , Red Sonja -RRB- , satire -LRB- Howard the Duck -RRB- and science fiction -LRB- 2001 : A Space Odyssey , `` Killraven '' in Amazing Adventures , Battlestar Galactica , Star Trek , and , late in the decade , the long-running Star Wars series -RRB- .	Howard the Duck	What waterfowl character had his own satire series of comic books ?
Marvel pulled ahead of rival DC Comics in 1972 , during a time when the price and format of the standard newsstand comic were in flux .	1972	In what year did Marvel 's sales overtake rival DC ?
Some of these were published in larger-format black and white magazines , under its Curtis Magazines imprint .	larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint	How were some of Marvel 's genre titles published in the 1970s ?
Goodman , now disconnected from Marvel , set up a new company called Seaboard Periodicals in 1974 , reviving Marvel 's old Atlas name for a new Atlas Comics line , but this lasted only a year and a half .	Seaboard Periodicals	What new venture did Marvel 's founder begin after leaving the company in the 1970s ?
Goodman , now disconnected from Marvel , set up a new company called Seaboard Periodicals in 1974 , reviving Marvel 's old Atlas name for a new Atlas Comics line , but this lasted only a year and a half .	Atlas Comics	What former Marvel title imprint did Goodman attempt to revive ?
Cult hits such as Howard the Duck fell victim to the distribution problems , with some titles reporting low sales when in fact the first specialty comic book stores resold them at a later date .	comic book stores	What new retail outlet came on board at the end of the 1970s to rival newsstands for comic sales ?
Goodman , now disconnected from Marvel , set up a new company called Seaboard Periodicals in 1974 , reviving Marvel 's old Atlas name for a new Atlas Comics line , but this lasted only a year and a half .	a year and a half	How long was the 1970s revival of Atlas Comics in business ?
In the mid-1970s a decline of the newsstand distribution network affected Marvel .	the mid-1970s	During what era did newsstand distribution begin to tail off markedly for Marvel ?
Marvel held its own comic book convention , Marvelcon ' 75 , in spring 1975 , and promised a Marvelcon ' 76 .	Marvelcon	What was Marvel 's self-hosted comic book convention called ?
At the 1975 event , Stan Lee used a Fantastic Four panel discussion to announce that Jack Kirby , the artist co-creator of most of Marvel 's signature characters , was returning to Marvel after having left in 1970 to work for rival DC Comics .	Jack Kirby	What artist 's return to Marvel was announced at this event ?
Captain Britain debuted exclusively in the UK , and later appeared in American comics .	Captain Britain	What Marvel character was specifically created to appeal to the UK market ?
Marvel held its own comic book convention , Marvelcon ' 75 , in spring 1975 , and promised a Marvelcon ' 76 .	spring 1975	When was the first Marvel-sponsored comics convention ?
In October 1976 , Marvel , which already licensed reprints in different countries , including the UK , created a superhero specifically for the British market .	October 1976	When did Marvel 's British-themed superhero first appear ?
In 1978 , Jim Shooter became Marvel 's editor-in-chief .	Jim Shooter	Who took over as head of Marvel in 1978 ?
Although a controversial personality , Shooter cured many of the procedural ills at Marvel , including repeatedly missed deadlines .	repeatedly missed deadlines	What is an example of a bad practice eliminated under Shooter 's regime at Marvel ?
During Shooter 's nine-year tenure as editor-in-chief , Chris Claremont and John Byrne 's run on the Uncanny X-Men and Frank Miller 's run on Daredevil became critical and commercial successes .	Frank Miller	What noted artist and writer made brought Daredevil to the forefront during the 1980s ?
During Shooter 's nine-year tenure as editor-in-chief , Chris Claremont and John Byrne 's run on the Uncanny X-Men and Frank Miller 's run on Daredevil became critical and commercial successes .	Chris Claremont and John Byrne	What team of artist and writer helped popularize the Uncanny X-Men line of comics in the 1980s ?
Shooter brought Marvel into the rapidly evolving direct market , institutionalized creator royalties , starting with the Epic Comics imprint for creator-owned material in 1982 ; introduced company-wide crossover story arcs with Contest of Champions and Secret Wars ; and in 1986 launched the ultimately unsuccessful New Universe line to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Marvel Comics imprint .	crossover story arcs	Secret Wars was an early example of what Marvel comics story trope ?
Marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the comic book boom of the early 1990s , launching the successful 2099 line of comics set in the future -LRB- Spider-Man 2099 , etc. -RRB- and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful Razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker Clive Barker .	2099 line	What 1990s comic line featured futuristic , sci-fi stories ?
Marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the comic book boom of the early 1990s , launching the successful 2099 line of comics set in the future -LRB- Spider-Man 2099 , etc. -RRB- and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful Razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker Clive Barker .	Razorline	What was the name of the specialty comics line created by Clive Barker for Marvel ?
In 1990 , Marvel began selling Marvel Universe Cards with trading card maker SkyBox International .	1990	In what year did Marvel introduce trading cards based on their characters ?
In 1990 , Marvel began selling Marvel Universe Cards with trading card maker SkyBox International .	SkyBox International	What trading card company did Marvel team up with to license these trading cards ?
The 1990s saw the rise of variant covers , cover enhancements , swimsuit issues , and company-wide crossovers that affected the overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe	overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe	What was affected by the increasing use at Marvel of crossover stories between comic characters ?
In 1996 , Marvel had some of its titles participate in `` Heroes Reborn '' , a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters such as the Avengers and the Fantastic Four , and outsource them to the studios of two of the former Marvel artists turned Image Comics founders , Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld .	Image Comics	What studio helped to relaunch and revamp classic marvel teams The Fantastic Four and the Avengers ?
In 1996 , Marvel had some of its titles participate in `` Heroes Reborn '' , a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters such as the Avengers and the Fantastic Four , and outsource them to the studios of two of the former Marvel artists turned Image Comics founders , Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld .	Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld	What two Marvel veterans founded Image ?
The relaunched titles , which saw the characters transported to a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream Marvel Universe , were a solid success amidst a generally struggling industry , but Marvel discontinued the experiment after a one-year run and returned the characters to the Marvel Universe proper .	a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream	How was the setting for the Image versions of Marvel characters different from the official comics ?
The relaunched titles , which saw the characters transported to a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream Marvel Universe , were a solid success amidst a generally struggling industry , but Marvel discontinued the experiment after a one-year run and returned the characters to the Marvel Universe proper .	a one-year run	How long did the Image run of Marvel characters last ?
In 1998 , the company launched the imprint Marvel Knights , taking place within Marvel continuity ; helmed by soon-to-become editor-in-chief Joe Quesada , it featured tough , gritty stories showcasing such characters as the Inhumans , Black Panther and Daredevil .	the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil	What three titles were part of the darker , grimmer Marvel Knights comics ?
In late 1994 , Marvel acquired the comic book distributor Heroes World Distribution to use as its own exclusive distributor .	Heroes World Distribution	What channel did Marvel buy to self-distribute its own comics in the 1990s ?
In late 1994 , Marvel acquired the comic book distributor Heroes World Distribution to use as its own exclusive distributor .	1994	When did Marvel purchase this distribution network ?
As the industry 's other major publishers made exclusive distribution deals with other companies , the ripple effect resulted in the survival of only one other major distributor in North America , Diamond Comic Distributors Inc. .	Diamond Comic Distributors Inc	Exclusive deals for distributing comics during the 1990s left this company as the only unaffiliated one .
In early 1997 , when Marvel 's Heroes World endeavor failed , Diamond also forged an exclusive deal with Marvel -- giving the company its own section of its comics catalog Previews .	1997	What year did Diamond Comic Distributors team up with Marvel ?
In early 1997 , when Marvel 's Heroes World endeavor failed , Diamond also forged an exclusive deal with Marvel -- giving the company its own section of its comics catalog Previews .	Marvel's Heroes World	The failure of what high profile business initiative caused Marvel to approach Diamond ?
With the new millennium , Marvel Comics emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings .	bankruptcy	What was the business state of Marvel by 2000 ?
In 2001 , Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics .	2001	When did Marvel withdraw from the Comics Code Authority ?
In 2001 , Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics .	Marvel Rating System	What in-house standards system did Marvel replace the Comics Code with ?
The first title from this era to not have the code was X-Force # 119 -LRB- October 2001 -RRB- .	X-Force #119	What was the first book published under this new ratings system ?
Marvel also created new imprints , such as MAX -LRB- an explicit-content line -RRB- and Marvel Adventures -LRB- developed for child audiences -RRB- .	MAX	What was the name of the adult themed comics imprint for Marvel with more explicit content ?
On August 31 , 2009 , The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Comics ' parent corporation , Marvel Entertainment , for $ 4 billion or $ 4.2 billion , with Marvel shareholders to receive $ 30 and 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they own .	The Walt Disney Company	What entertainment company purchased Marvel at the end of the 2000s ?
On August 31 , 2009 , The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Comics ' parent corporation , Marvel Entertainment , for $ 4 billion or $ 4.2 billion , with Marvel shareholders to receive $ 30 and 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they own .	August 31, 2009	When was the sale of Marvel to this entertainment conglomerate announced ?
On August 31 , 2009 , The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Comics ' parent corporation , Marvel Entertainment , for $ 4 billion or $ 4.2 billion , with Marvel shareholders to receive $ 30 and 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they own .	$4 billion or $4.2 billion	What was the sale price of Marvel ?
As of 2008 , Marvel and its major , longtime competitor DC Comics shared over 80 % of the American comic-book market .	80%	What is the readership market share enjoyed by Marvel and DC comics ?
As of September 2010 , Marvel switched its bookstores distribution company from Diamond Book Distributors to Hachette Distribution Services .	Hachette Distribution Services	In 2010 , Marvel switched to what distributor for bookstore comic book sales ?
Marvel discontinued its Marvel Adventures imprint in March 2012 , and replaced them with a line of two titles connected to the Marvel Universe TV block .	March 2012	When did the Marvel Adventures line cease publishing ?
Also in March , Marvel announced its Marvel ReEvolution initiative that included Infinite Comics , a line of digital comics , Marvel AR , an application software that provides an augmented reality experience to readers and Marvel NOW !	digital comics	Infinite Comics is related to what comics media platform ?
also saw the debut of new flagship titles including Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men .	Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men	What are two new titles under the Marvel NOW ! line of comics ?
Also in March , Marvel announced its Marvel ReEvolution initiative that included Infinite Comics , a line of digital comics , Marvel AR , an application software that provides an augmented reality experience to readers and Marvel NOW !	Marvel ReEvolution	Marvel NOW ! , Infinite Comics , and Marvel AR are under the umbrella of what in house business endeavor ?
Also in March , Marvel announced its Marvel ReEvolution initiative that included Infinite Comics , a line of digital comics , Marvel AR , an application software that provides an augmented reality experience to readers and Marvel NOW !	augmented reality	What does the AR in Marvel AR stand for ?
With ABC , a Once Upon a Time graphic novel was announced for publication in September .	ABC	What TV network shares a parent with Marvel ?
With ABC , a Once Upon a Time graphic novel was announced for publication in September .	Once Upon a Time	What series on this network was given a Marvel graphic novel ?
With Disney , Marvel announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first title under their joint `` Disney Kingdoms '' imprint `` Seekers of the Weird '' , a five-issue miniseries .	"Disney Kingdoms"	What is the Marvel and Disney line of comics called ?
With Disney , Marvel announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first title under their joint `` Disney Kingdoms '' imprint `` Seekers of the Weird '' , a five-issue miniseries .	"Seekers of the Weird"	What was the first title published in that joint line of comics ?
On January 3 , 2014 , fellow Disney subsidiary Lucasfilm Limited , LLC announced that as of 2015 , Star Wars comics would once again be published by Marvel .	Star Wars	What movie sci-fi franchise returned to Marvel in 2015 ?
Marvel first licensed two prose novels to Bantam Books , who printed The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder -LRB- 1967 -RRB- and Captain America : The Great Gold Steal by Ted White -LRB- 1968 -RRB- .	Bantam Books	What publisher did Marvel first license its characters to for novelization ?
Marvel first licensed two prose novels to Bantam Books , who printed The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder -LRB- 1967 -RRB- and Captain America : The Great Gold Steal by Ted White -LRB- 1968 -RRB- .	The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder	What was the first novel published under this deal ?
In 2003 , following publication of the prose young adult novel Mary Jane , starring Mary Jane Watson from the Spider-Man mythos , Marvel announced the formation of the publishing imprint Marvel Press .	Marvel Press	What was the name of the short-lived Marvel novelization book publisher during the 2000s ?
However , Marvel moved back to licensing with Pocket Books from 2005 to 2008 .	Pocket Books	In 2005 , Marvel dropped it 's own publishing rights for novelization and instead partnered with what publisher ?
With few books issued under the imprint , Marvel and Disney Books Group relaunched Marvel Press in 2011 with the Marvel Origin Storybooks line .	2011	Marvel Press was relaunched in what year ?
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts plans on creating original Marvel attractions at their theme parks , with Hong Kong Disneyland becoming the first Disney theme park to feature a Marvel attraction .	Hong Kong Disneyland	What Disney theme park will become the first to feature Marvel-specific attractions ?
Due to the licensing agreement with Universal Studios , signed prior to Disney 's purchase of Marvel , Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney are barred from having Marvel characters in their parks .	Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney	Because of a prior contract , what two Disney parks are barred from featuring Marvel characters ?
Due to the licensing agreement with Universal Studios , signed prior to Disney 's purchase of Marvel , Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney are barred from having Marvel characters in their parks .	Universal Studios	The contract with what non-Disney studio prevents some parks from using Marvel characters ?
This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets , merchandise , attractions and more with other Marvel characters not associated with the characters at Islands of Adventures , such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy as well as Baymax and Hiro from Big Hero 6 .	Guardians of the Galaxy	What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora ?
This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets , merchandise , attractions and more with other Marvel characters not associated with the characters at Islands of Adventures , such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy as well as Baymax and Hiro from Big Hero 6 .	Big Hero 6	What movie features the characters Baymax and Hiro ?
The British Empire comprised the dominions , colonies , protectorates , mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom .	British	The United Kingdom ruled what empire ?
The British Empire comprised the dominions , colonies , protectorates , mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom .	British	Which empire was the largest in history , at its height ?
By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people , one-fifth of the world 's population at the time , and covered more than 13,000,000 sq mi -LRB- 33,670,000 km2 -RRB- , almost a quarter of the Earth 's total land area .	1922	When did 458 million people live in the British Empire ?
By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people , one-fifth of the world 's population at the time , and covered more than 13,000,000 sq mi -LRB- 33,670,000 km2 -RRB- , almost a quarter of the Earth 's total land area .	one-fifth	How much of the world 's population did the British Empire rule in 1922 ?
By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people , one-fifth of the world 's population at the time , and covered more than 13,000,000 sq mi -LRB- 33,670,000 km2 -RRB- , almost a quarter of the Earth 's total land area .	13,000,000	How many square miles did the British Empire rule in 1922 ?
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe , and in the process established large overseas empires .	15th and 16th centuries	In which centuries was the Age of Discovery ?
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe , and in the process established large overseas empires .	Portugal and Spain	Which countries pioneered European exploration of the globe ?
A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England -LRB- and then , following union between England and Scotland in 1707 , Great Britain -RRB- the dominant colonial power in North America and India .	1707	When did England become Great Britain ?
Envious of the great wealth these empires generated , England , France , and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia .	England, France, and the Netherlands	Which countries began colonizing because they envied the empires of Portugal and Spain ?
A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England -LRB- and then , following union between England and Scotland in 1707 , Great Britain -RRB- the dominant colonial power in North America and India .	Scotland	Which country combined with England to form Great Britain ?
The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies .	1783	When did the Thirteen Colonies become independent from Britain ?
The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies .	American War of Independence	Which war caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies ?
After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars -LRB- 1792 -- 1815 -RRB- , Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century -LRB- with London the largest city in the world from about 1830 -RRB- .	the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars	In which wars was France defeated ?
Unchallenged at sea , British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica -LRB- `` British Peace '' -RRB- , a period of relative peace in Europe and the world -LRB- 1815 -- 1914 -RRB- during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman .	British Peace	What did Pax Britannica mean ?
In the early 19th century , the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain ; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the `` workshop of the world '' .	1851	When was Britain called the `` workshop of the world '' ?
By the start of the 20th century , Germany and the United States challenged Britain 's economic lead .	Germany and the United States	Which countries challenged Britain 's economic lead by the start of the 20th century ?
India , Britain 's most valuable and populous possession , achieved independence as part of a larger decolonisation movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the Empire .	India	Which country was Britain 's most valuable and populous possession ?
Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty .	overseas territories remain under British sovereignty	When did Britain transfer Hong Kong to China ?
Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty .	Fourteen	How many overseas territories remain under British sovereignty ?
The United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations , a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms , that share one monarch -- Queen Elizabeth II .	Queen Elizabeth II	Who is the Commonwealth 's monarch ?
In 1496 King Henry VII of England , following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration , commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic .	1496	When was John Cabot 's voyage commissioned ?
In 1496 King Henry VII of England , following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration , commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic .	King Henry VII of England	Who commissioned John Cabot 's voyage ?
In 1496 King Henry VII of England , following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration , commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic .	Asia	Where was Cabot trying to find a route to via the North Atlantic ?
Cabot sailed in 1497 , five years after the European discovery of America , and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland -LRB- mistakenly believing , like Christopher Columbus , that he had reached Asia -RRB- , there was no attempt to found a colony .	Newfoundland	Where did Cabot make landfall ?
Cabot sailed in 1497 , five years after the European discovery of America , and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland -LRB- mistakenly believing , like Christopher Columbus , that he had reached Asia -RRB- , there was no attempt to found a colony .	Christopher Columbus	Which explorer did Cabot make a mistake similar to ?
In the meantime the Protestant Reformation had turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies .	the Protestant Reformation	What had turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies ?
In 1562 , the English Crown encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic trade system .	1562	When did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships ?
In 1562 , the English Crown encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic trade system .	off the coast of West Africa	Where did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships ?
This effort was rebuffed and later , as the Anglo-Spanish Wars intensified , Elizabeth I gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic , laden with treasure from the New World .	Elizabeth I	Who gave their blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports ?
At the same time , influential writers such as Richard Hakluyt and John Dee -LRB- who was the first to use the term `` British Empire '' -RRB- were beginning to press for the establishment of England 's own empire .	John Dee	Which author was the first to use the term `` British Empire '' ?
In 1578 , Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration .	1578	When did Humphrey Gilbert first set sail for the West Indies ?
In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt , on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England , although no settlers were left behind .	1583	When was Humphrey Gilbert 's second attempt to set sail ?
In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt , on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England , although no settlers were left behind .	Newfoundland	What was Humphrey Gilbert 's second destination ?
Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England , and was succeeded by his half-brother , Walter Raleigh , who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584 .	Walter Raleigh	Who was Humphrey Gilbert 's half-brother ?
Later that year , Raleigh founded the colony of Roanoke on the coast of present-day North Carolina , but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail .	Roanoke	What colony did Walter Raleigh found ?
In 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , ascended -LRB- as James I -RRB- to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London , ending hostilities with Spain .	James VI, King of Scots	What was James I 's name/title before taking the English throne ?
In 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , ascended -LRB- as James I -RRB- to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London , ending hostilities with Spain .	1604	When did James I negotiate the Treaty of London ?
In 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , ascended -LRB- as James I -RRB- to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London , ending hostilities with Spain .	Spain	Which country did England negotiate the Treaty of London with ?
The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century , with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean , and the establishment of private companies , most notably the English East India Company , to administer colonies and overseas trade .	17th	In what century did the English East India Company form ?
This period , until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century , has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the `` First British Empire '' .	the "First British Empire"	What period ended towards the end of the 18th century ?
An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years , and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits .	1604	When did England first establish a colony in Guiana ?
Colonies in St Lucia -LRB- 1605 -RRB- and Grenada -LRB- 1609 -RRB- also rapidly folded , but settlements were successfully established in St. Kitts -LRB- 1624 -RRB- , Barbados -LRB- 1627 -RRB- and Nevis -LRB- 1628 -RRB- .	1605	When did England first establish a colony in St. Lucia ?
In 1655 , England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish , and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas .	1655	When did England annex the island of Jamaica from the Spanish ?
In 1655 , England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish , and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas .	1666	When did England colonize the Bahamas ?
An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years , and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits .	to find gold deposits	What was the goal of England 's colony in Guiana ?
England 's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown , led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company .	1607	When was England 's first permanent settlement in the Americas founded ?
England 's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown , led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company .	Jamestown	Where was England 's first permanent settlement in the Americas ?
England 's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown , led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company .	Captain John Smith	Who led England 's first permanent settlement in the Americas ?
Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck there of the Virginia Company 's flagship , and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company .	1615	When did the Somer Isles Company take over managing Bermuda ?
With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664 , England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland , renaming it New York .	New York	What did England rename New Netherland to ?
Two years later , the Royal African Company was inaugurated , receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean .	Royal African Company	Which company had monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean ?
Until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 , Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas , a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic .	1807	When was the British slave trade abolished ?
Until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 , Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas , a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic .	3.5 million	How many African slaves did Britain transport to the Americas ?
For the slave traders , the trade was extremely profitable , and became a major economic mainstay for such western British cities as Bristol and Liverpool , which formed the third corner of the so-called triangular trade with Africa and the Americas .	Bristol and Liverpool	The triangular slave trade was between Africa , the Americas , and which British cities ?
For the transported , harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average mortality rate during the Middle Passage was one in seven .	one in seven	What was the death rate during the Middle Passage ?
In 1695 , the Scottish Parliament granted a charter to the Company of Scotland , which established a settlement in 1698 on the isthmus of Panama .	1695	When was the Company of Scotland granted a charter ?
In 1695 , the Scottish Parliament granted a charter to the Company of Scotland , which established a settlement in 1698 on the isthmus of Panama .	1698	When was Panama colonized by Scotland ?
Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of New Granada , and afflicted by malaria , the colony was abandoned two years later .	two years	How long did the Scottish Panama colony survive ?
The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland -- a quarter of Scottish capital was lost in the enterprise -- and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire .	a quarter	How much Scottish capital was lost in the Panama colony attempt ?
This occurred in 1707 with the Treaty of Union , establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain .	1707	When was the Treaty of Union ?
At the end of the 16th century , England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal 's monopoly of trade with Asia , forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages -- the English , later British , East India Company and the Dutch East India Company , chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively .	1600	When was the British East India Company chartered ?
At the end of the 16th century , England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal 's monopoly of trade with Asia , forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages -- the English , later British , East India Company and the Dutch East India Company , chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively .	1602	When was the Dutch East India Company chartered ?
A deal between the two nations left the spice trade of the East Indies archipelago to the Netherlands and the textiles industry of India to England , but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability , and by 1720 , in terms of sales , the British company had overtaken the Dutch .	1720	When had the British East India Company overtaken the Dutch East India Company in sales ?
Although England ultimately eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power , in the short term the Netherlands ' more advanced financial system and the three Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia .	three	How many Anglo-Dutch Wars were there in the 17th century ?
A deal between the two nations left the spice trade of the East Indies archipelago to the Netherlands and the textiles industry of India to England , but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability , and by 1720 , in terms of sales , the British company had overtaken the Dutch .	spice	The Dutch East India Company focused on trade in which industry ?
The 18th century saw England -LRB- after 1707 , Britain -RRB- rise to be the world 's dominant colonial power , and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage .	France	Which country became Britain 's main rival in the 18th century ?
Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years ' War as allies , but the conflict -- waged in Europe and overseas between France , Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance -- left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch , who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe .	1688	When did England and the Netherlands make peace ?
Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years ' War as allies , but the conflict -- waged in Europe and overseas between France , Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance -- left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch , who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe .	Nine Years' War	In which war were England and the Netherlands allies ?
The 18th century saw England -LRB- after 1707 , Britain -RRB- rise to be the world 's dominant colonial power , and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage .	18th	In which century did Britain become the world 's dominant colonial power ?
At the concluding Treaty of Utrecht , Philip renounced his and his descendants ' right to the French throne and Spain lost its empire in Europe .	Treaty of Utrecht	King Philip renounced his right to the throne after what treaty ?
The British Empire was territorially enlarged : from France , Britain gained Newfoundland and Acadia , and from Spain , Gibraltar and Minorca .	France	Which country did Britain acquire Newfoundland and Acadia from ?
The British Empire was territorially enlarged : from France , Britain gained Newfoundland and Acadia , and from Spain , Gibraltar and Minorca .	Spain	Which country did Britain acquire Gibraltar and Minorca from ?
Spain also ceded the rights to the lucrative asiento -LRB- permission to sell slaves in Spanish America -RRB- to Britain .	permission to sell slaves in Spanish America	Which colony allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean ?
Spain also ceded the rights to the lucrative asiento -LRB- permission to sell slaves in Spanish America -RRB- to Britain .	asiento	What was the Spanish term for permission to sell slaves in Spanish America ?
During the middle decades of the 18th century , there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent , the Carnatic Wars , as the English East India Company -LRB- the Company -RRB- and its French counterpart , the Compagnie française des Indes orientales , struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire .	Compagnie française des Indes orientales	What was the French equivalent of the English East India Company ?
The Battle of Plassey in 1757 , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies , left the Company in control of Bengal and as the major military and political power in India .	1757	When was the Battle of Plassey ?
The Battle of Plassey in 1757 , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies , left the Company in control of Bengal and as the major military and political power in India .	Robert Clive	Who led the British in the Battle of Plassey ?
In the following decades the Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control , either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the British Indian Army , the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys .	British Indian Army	Where were the Carnatic Wars ?
In the following decades the Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control , either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the British Indian Army , the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys .	Indian sepoys	What was the British Indian Army mostly composed of ?
The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years ' War -LRB- 1756 -- 1763 -RRB- involving France , Britain and the other major European powers .	1756–1763	When was the Seven Years ' War ?
The signing of the Treaty of Paris -LRB- 1763 -RRB- had important consequences for the future of the British Empire .	1763	When was the Treaty of Paris ?
In North America , France 's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert 's Land , and the ceding of New France to Britain -LRB- leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control -RRB- and Louisiana to Spain .	Britain	Which country acquired New France from France ?
In North America , France 's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert 's Land , and the ceding of New France to Britain -LRB- leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control -RRB- and Louisiana to Spain .	Spain	Which country acquired Louisiana from France ?
Spain ceded Florida to Britain .	Britain	Which country acquired Florida from Spain ?
During the 1760s and early 1770s , relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained , primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament 's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent .	the Thirteen Colonies	British relations with which area became strained in the 1760s-1770s ?
This was summarised at the time by the slogan `` No taxation without representation '' , a perceived violation of the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen .	"No taxation without representation"	What was the American colonists ' anti-tax slogan ?
The following year , in 1776 , the United States declared independence .	1776	When did the US declare independence ?
The entry of France to the war in 1778 tipped the military balance in the Americans ' favour and after a decisive defeat at Yorktown in 1781 , Britain began negotiating peace terms .	1778	When did France enter the American Revolution war ?
American independence was acknowledged at the Peace of Paris in 1783 .	1783	When did Britain recognize American independence ?
Adam Smith 's Wealth of Nations , published in 1776 , had argued that colonies were redundant , and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion , dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal .	Wealth of Nations	What book by Adam Smith was published in 1776 ?
The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith 's view that political control was not necessary for economic success .	Smith	The growth of trade between the US and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm whose views ?
The loss of such a large portion of British America , at the time Britain 's most populous overseas possession , is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the `` first '' and `` second '' empires , in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia , the Pacific and later Africa .	Asia, the Pacific and later Africa	In the ` second ' British Empire period , Britain refocused on which areas ?
The loss of such a large portion of British America , at the time Britain 's most populous overseas possession , is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the `` first '' and `` second '' empires , in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia , the Pacific and later Africa .	British America	What had been Britain 's most populous overseas possession ?
Adam Smith 's Wealth of Nations , published in 1776 , had argued that colonies were redundant , and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion , dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal .	Adam Smith	Who argued that colonies were redundant ?
Events in America influenced British policy in Canada , where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated Loyalists had migrated from America following independence .	between 40,000 and 100,000	How many British loyalists moved from the US to Canada ?
The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys , then part of Nova Scotia , felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax , so London split off New Brunswick as a separate colony in 1784 .	Nova Scotia	New Brunswick was split off from which province ?
The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada -LRB- mainly English-speaking -RRB- and Lower Canada -LRB- mainly French-speaking -RRB- to defuse tensions between the French and British communities , and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain , with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution .	The Constitutional Act of 1791	Which act created the Upper Canada provinces ?
Since 1718 , transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various criminal offences in Britain , with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic .	one thousand	How many convicts per year had Britain been sending to the American colonies ?
Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the 13 Colonies in 1783 , the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia .	Australia	Where did Britain switch to sending their convicts after the loss of the American colonies ?
The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Jansz in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company , but there was no attempt to colonise it .	Willem Jansz	Who discovered Australia in 1606 ?
The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Jansz in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company , but there was no attempt to colonise it .	New Holland	What had the Dutch East India Company initially named Australia ?
In 1778 , Joseph Banks , Cook 's botanist on the voyage , presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement , and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail , arriving in 1788 .	1787	When did the first shipment of British convicts leave for Australia ?
During his voyage , Cook also visited New Zealand , first discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642 , and claimed the North and South islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively .	1642	When was New Zealand discovered by the Dutch ?
During his voyage , Cook also visited New Zealand , first discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642 , and claimed the North and South islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively .	Abel Tasman	Who discovered New Zealand for the Dutch ?
During his voyage , Cook also visited New Zealand , first discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642 , and claimed the North and South islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively .	1769	When did Cook visit New Zealand and claim the North Island ?
Initially , interaction between the indigenous Māori population and Europeans was limited to the trading of goods .	Māori	What is New Zealand 's native population called ?
On 6 February 1840 , Captain William Hobson and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi .	Captain William Hobson	Who signed a treaty with the Maori ?
French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy , which won a decisive victory over a Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805 .	French	The British Royal Navy blockaded which ports ?
French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy , which won a decisive victory over a Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805 .	Trafalgar	Where did the British Royal Navy defeat the French and Spanish in 1805 ?
Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied , including those of the Netherlands , which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810 .	1810	When were the Netherlands ' colonies annexed by Napoleon ?
France was finally defeated by a coalition of European armies in 1815 .	1815	When was Napoleon finally defeated ?
Britain returned Guadeloupe , Martinique , French Guiana , and Réunion to France , and Java and Suriname to the Netherlands , while gaining control of Ceylon -LRB- 1795 -- 1815 -RRB- .	Britain	The Napoleonic peace treaty had Ceylon given to which country ?
With support from the British abolitionist movement , Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807 , which abolished the slave trade in the empire .	1807	When was the Slave Trade Act enacted ?
With support from the British abolitionist movement , Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807 , which abolished the slave trade in the empire .	the Slave Trade Act	What abolished the British slave trade ?
In 1808 , Sierra Leone was designated an official British colony for freed slaves .	Sierra Leone	Which colony was the official British colony for freed slaves ?
The Slavery Abolition Act passed in 1833 abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 -LRB- with the exception of St. Helena , Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company , though these exclusions were later repealed -RRB- .	The Slavery Abolition Act	What abolished slavery throughout the British Empire ?
Under the Act , slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of 4 to 6 years of `` apprenticeship '' .	4 to 6 years	How long of an ` apprenticeship ' did slaves need to have before being fully freed ?
Between 1815 and 1914 , a period referred to as Britain 's `` imperial century '' by some historians , around 10,000,000 square miles -LRB- 26,000,000 km2 -RRB- of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire .	10,000,000	How many square miles of territory were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914 ?
Between 1815 and 1914 , a period referred to as Britain 's `` imperial century '' by some historians , around 10,000,000 square miles -LRB- 26,000,000 km2 -RRB- of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire .	400 million	How many people were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914 ?
Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival , other than Russia in central Asia .	Russia	Who was Britain 's last serious rival after Napoleon ?
Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries , such as China , Argentina and Siam , which has been characterised by some historians as `` Informal Empire '' .	Britain's dominant position in world trade	What was the period of Britain acting as the world 's police called ?
Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries , such as China , Argentina and Siam , which has been characterised by some historians as `` Informal Empire '' .	Informal Empire	Britain 's dominant position in world trade over some countries ' economies has been called what ?
From its base in India , the Company had also been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to China since the 1730s .	opium	What illegal trade was the British East India Company involved in ?
In 1839 , the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at Canton of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the First Opium War , and resulted in the seizure by Britain of Hong Kong Island , at that time a minor settlement .	20,000	How many chests of opium did China confiscate in 1839 ?
In 1839 , the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at Canton of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the First Opium War , and resulted in the seizure by Britain of Hong Kong Island , at that time a minor settlement .	Hong Kong	The First Opium War led to Britain seizing what island ?
This trade , illegal since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729 , helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea , which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China .	Qing	Which dynasty outlawed opium trade ?
This trade , illegal since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729 , helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea , which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China .	1729	When did China outlaw opium trade ?
A series of Acts of Parliament were passed , including the Regulating Act of 1773 , Pitt 's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company 's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired .	1773	When did Britain pass the Regulating Act ?
A series of Acts of Parliament were passed , including the Regulating Act of 1773 , Pitt 's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company 's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired .	1784	When did Britain pass Pitt 's India Act ?
A series of Acts of Parliament were passed , including the Regulating Act of 1773 , Pitt 's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company 's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired .	1813	When did Britain pass the Charter Act ?
The following year the British government dissolved the Company and assumed direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858 , establishing the British Raj , where an appointed governor-general administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India .	Government of India Act	The British East India Company was dissolved by which act ?
The following year the British government dissolved the Company and assumed direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858 , establishing the British Raj , where an appointed governor-general administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India .	Queen Victoria	Who was crowned the Empress of India ?
During the 19th century , Britain and the Russian Empire vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining Ottoman Empire , Qajar dynasty and Qing Dynasty .	Russian	Britain competed with which country to fill the Asian power vacuum in the 19th century ?
In 1839 , Britain moved to pre-empt this by invading Afghanistan , but the First Anglo-Afghan War was a disaster for Britain .	1839	When did Britain first invade Afghanistan ?
This rivalry in Eurasia came to be known as the `` Great Game '' .	the "Great Game"	What was the British-Russian rivalry called ?
As far as Britain was concerned , defeats inflicted by Russia on Persia and Turkey demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India .	India	Britain feared Russia would invade what country/territory ?
As far as Britain was concerned , defeats inflicted by Russia on Persia and Turkey demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India .	Persia and Turkey	Russian victories against which countries increased British fears ?
When Russia invaded the Turkish Balkans in 1853 , fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and Middle East led Britain and France to invade the Crimean Peninsula to destroy Russian naval capabilities .	1853	When did Russia invade the Turkish Balkans ?
The ensuing Crimean War -LRB- 1854 -- 56 -RRB- , which involved new techniques of modern warfare , and was the only global war fought between Britain and another imperial power during the Pax Britannica , was a resounding defeat for Russia .	Crimean War	What was took place in 1854-1856 ?
The ensuing Crimean War -LRB- 1854 -- 56 -RRB- , which involved new techniques of modern warfare , and was the only global war fought between Britain and another imperial power during the Pax Britannica , was a resounding defeat for Russia .	Russia	Who lost the Crimean War ?
The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades , with Britain annexing Baluchistan in 1876 and Russia annexing Kirghizia , Kazakhstan , and Turkmenistan .	1876	When did Britain take over Baluchistan ?
The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades , with Britain annexing Baluchistan in 1876 and Russia annexing Kirghizia , Kazakhstan , and Turkmenistan .	Russia	Which country took over Kazakhstan ?
The Dutch East India Company had founded the Cape Colony on the southern tip of Africa in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the East Indies .	1652	When was the southern tip of Africa colonized ?
The Dutch East India Company had founded the Cape Colony on the southern tip of Africa in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the East Indies .	The Dutch East India Company	Which entity founded the Cape Colony ?
Britain formally acquired the colony , and its large Afrikaner -LRB- or Boer -RRB- population in 1806 , having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands , following the invasion of the Netherlands by France .	1806	When did Britain formally acquire the Cape Colony ?
British immigration began to rise after 1820 , and pushed thousands of Boers , resentful of British rule , northwards to found their own -- mostly short-lived -- independent republics , during the Great Trek of the late 1830s and early 1840s .	Boers	What African people moved northwards to escape British rule ?
In 1902 Britain occupied both republics , concluding a treaty with the two Boer Republics following the Second Boer War -LRB- 1899 -- 1902 -RRB- .	1902	When did the Second Boer War end ?
In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III , linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean .	1869	When did the Suez Canal open ?
In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III , linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean .	Indian Ocean	Which ocean did the Suez Canal connect the Mediterranean to ?
In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III , linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean .	Napoleon III	Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened ?
In 1875 , the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha 's 44 percent shareholding in the Suez Canal for # 4 million -LRB- # 340 million in 2013 -RRB- .	£4 million	How much did Britain spend to buy Egypt 's share of the Suez Canal ?
The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position , but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople , which made the Canal officially neutral territory .	Convention of Constantinople	The Suez Canal became neutral territory by what treaty ?
A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the Mahdist Army in 1896 , and rebuffed a French attempted invasion at Fashoda in 1898 .	Fashoda	Where did France try to invade in 1898 ?
A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the Mahdist Army in 1896 , and rebuffed a French attempted invasion at Fashoda in 1898 .	Mahdist	What army did Britain and Egypt defeat together ?
The scramble continued into the 1890s , and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from Sudan .	1885	When did Britain withdraw from Sudan ?
With French , Belgian and Portuguese activity in the lower Congo River region undermining orderly incursion of tropical Africa , the Berlin Conference of 1884 -- 85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the `` Scramble for Africa '' by defining `` effective occupation '' as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims .	the "Scramble for Africa"	What was the period of European empires competing to control Africa called ?
With French , Belgian and Portuguese activity in the lower Congo River region undermining orderly incursion of tropical Africa , the Berlin Conference of 1884 -- 85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the `` Scramble for Africa '' by defining `` effective occupation '' as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims .	Berlin	Where was a conference held in 1884 to regulate European competition for Africa ?
The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 Durham Report , which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada , as a solution to political unrest there .	1839	When was it proposed to unify Upper and Lower Canada ?
This began with the passing of the Act of Union in 1840 , which created the Province of Canada .	Province of Canada	The Act of Union unified Canada into a territory by what name ?
With the passage of the British North America Act , 1867 by the British Parliament , Upper and Lower Canada , New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into the Dominion of Canada , a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of international relations .	1867	When was the British North America Act passed ?
Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900 , with the Australian colonies federating in 1901 .	after 1900	When did Australia achieve self-government ?
Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900 , with the Australian colonies federating in 1901 .	after 1900	When did New Zealand achieve self-government ?
Home rule was supported by the British Prime minister , William Gladstone , who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada 's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire , but his 1886 Home Rule bill was defeated in Parliament .	William Gladstone	Which British Prime Minister first supported home rule of Ireland ?
Home rule was supported by the British Prime minister , William Gladstone , who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada 's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire , but his 1886 Home Rule bill was defeated in Parliament .	Canada	The first Home Rule bill would have given Ireland less self-control than what other territory ?
A third bill was passed by Parliament in 1914 , but not implemented because of the outbreak of the First World War leading to the 1916 Easter Rising .	1916	When was the Easter Rising ?
A third bill was passed by Parliament in 1914 , but not implemented because of the outbreak of the First World War leading to the 1916 Easter Rising .	1914	When was a Home Rule bill passed ?
A third bill was passed by Parliament in 1914 , but not implemented because of the outbreak of the First World War leading to the 1916 Easter Rising .	the First World War	The passed Home Rule Bill was n't implemented because of which war ?
Germany was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war .	Germany	Which country seemed like Britain 's most likely threat in the early 20th century ?
Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy , Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907 , respectively .	Japan	Which country did Britain ally with in 1902 ?
Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy , Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907 , respectively .	France	Which country did Britain ally with in 1904 ?
Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy , Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907 , respectively .	Russia	Which country did Britain ally with in 1907 ?
Britain 's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War .	1914	When did the First World War begin ?
Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany 's overseas colonies in Africa .	Germany	When WW1 began , Britain took the opportunity to take over most of which country 's colonies ?
In the Pacific , Australia and New Zealand occupied German New Guinea and Samoa respectively .	Australia	Who took over German New Guinea ?
Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire , which had joined the war on Germany 's side , were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement .	Sykes–Picot Agreement	Who took over Samoa ?
Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire , which had joined the war on Germany 's side , were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement .	1916	The Sykes -- Picot Agreement was signed in what year ?
The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home , and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right .	1915	When was the Gallipoli Campaign ?
The important contribution of the Dominions to the war effort was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an Imperial War Cabinet to co-ordinate imperial policy .	David Lloyd George	Which British Prime Minister recognized the Dominions ' contributions in 1917 ?
The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home , and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right .	the Ottoman Empire	The Gallipoli Campaign fought against which country ?
The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home , and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right .	Gallipoli Campaign	The Imperial War Cabinet was created by which British Prime Minister ?
Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the Dominions , as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies .	Over 2.5 million	How many people were in the Dominions ' armies ?
Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919 , the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles -LRB- 4,700,000 km2 -RRB- and 13 million new subjects .	1919	When was the Treaty of Versailles signed ?
Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919 , the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles -LRB- 4,700,000 km2 -RRB- and 13 million new subjects .	1,800,000	How many square miles did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire ?
The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates .	Germany and the Ottoman Empire	Which countries ' colonies were given to the Allied powers in 1919 ?
The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own : the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa -LRB- modern-day Namibia -RRB- , Australia gained German New Guinea , and New Zealand Western Samoa .	Namibia	What modern-day country is South-West Africa ?
Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919 , the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles -LRB- 4,700,000 km2 -RRB- and 13 million new subjects .	13 million	How many people did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire ?
Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan , Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty , where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States .	1922	When did Britain sign the Washington Naval Treaty ?
This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s as militaristic governments took hold in Japan and Germany helped in part by the Great Depression , for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations .	Japan and Germany	The Great Depression helped which countries ' governments become more militaristic ?
Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan , Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty , where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States .	United States	When Britain had to choose between its Japanese alliance or the US , which did it choose ?
The changing world order that the war had brought about , in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers , and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland , caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy .	India and Ireland	British imperialism was being reconsidered in light of which territories ' independence movements ?
In 1919 , the frustrations caused by delays to Irish home rule led members of Sinn Féin , a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats at Westminster in the 1918 British general election , to establish an Irish assembly in Dublin , at which Irish independence was declared .	1919	When did Ireland establish their own assembly ?
In 1919 , the frustrations caused by delays to Irish home rule led members of Sinn Féin , a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats at Westminster in the 1918 British general election , to establish an Irish assembly in Dublin , at which Irish independence was declared .	Sinn Féin	What political party established Ireland 's assembly ?
The Anglo-Irish War ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty , creating the Irish Free State , a Dominion within the British Empire , with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown .	1921	When did the Anglo-Irish War end ?
The Anglo-Irish War ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty , creating the Irish Free State , a Dominion within the British Empire , with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown .	Anglo-Irish Treaty	What treaty was signed after the Anglo-Irish War ?
Northern Ireland , consisting of six of the 32 Irish counties which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920 Government of Ireland Act , immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom .	six	How many counties of Ireland are in Northern Ireland ?
A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence .	1919	When was the Government of India Act passed ?
Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar Conspiracy ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts .	the Ghadar Conspiracy	What event stoked fears of communist plots in India ?
This led to tension , particularly in the Punjab region , where repressive measures culminated in the Amritsar Massacre .	Punjab	In what region was the Amritsar Massacre ?
The subsequent Non-Co-Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident , and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years .	Non-Co-Operation	The Chauri Chaura incident led to the end of what movement ?
In 1922 , Egypt , which had been declared a British protectorate at the outbreak of the First World War , was granted formal independence , though it continued to be a British client state until 1954 .	1922	When did Egypt regain formal independence from Britain ?
In 1922 , Egypt , which had been declared a British protectorate at the outbreak of the First World War , was granted formal independence , though it continued to be a British client state until 1954 .	1954	When did Egypt stop being a British client state ?
British troops remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty in 1936 , under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal zone .	Anglo-Egyptian Treaty	What treaty was signed in 1936 ?
Iraq , a British mandate since 1920 , also gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932 .	1932	When did Iraq gain independence from Britain ?
As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s , Britain judged the support of the Arab population in the Middle East as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland , and shifted to a pro-Arab stance , limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a Jewish insurgency .	Jewish	Britain became more pro-Arab in the 1930s at the expense of which race ?
The ability of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy , independent of Britain , was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference .	1923	When was the right of Dominions to determine their own foreign policy recognized ?
Britain 's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa , and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne .	Treaty of Lausanne	Which treaty did Canada ignore ?
After pressure from Ireland and South Africa , the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration , declaring the Dominions to be `` autonomous Communities within the British Empire , equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another '' within a `` British Commonwealth of Nations '' .	1926	When was the Balfour Declaration issued ?
This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster .	1931	When was the status of Dominions as equal autonomous communities given legal force ?
Ireland distanced itself further from Britain with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937 , making it a republic in all but name .	1937	When did Ireland issue a new constitution ?
After the German occupation of France in 1940 , Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany , until the entry of the Soviet Union to the war in 1941 .	1940	When was France occupied by Germany ?
In August 1941 , Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the Atlantic Charter , which included the statement that `` the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live '' should be respected .	August 1941	When was the Atlantic Charter signed ?
In August 1941 , Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the Atlantic Charter , which included the statement that `` the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live '' should be respected .	Churchill	Which British Prime Minister signed the Atlantic Charter ?
In August 1941 , Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the Atlantic Charter , which included the statement that `` the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live '' should be respected .	Roosevelt	Which US President signed the Atlantic Charter ?
After the German occupation of France in 1940 , Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany , until the entry of the Soviet Union to the war in 1941 .	Soviet Union	Which country first entered World War 2 after France 's defeat ?
In December 1941 , Japan launched , in quick succession , attacks on British Malaya , the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , and Hong Kong .	Japan	Which country attacked British Malaya in 1941 ?
In December 1941 , Japan launched , in quick succession , attacks on British Malaya , the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , and Hong Kong .	Japan	Which country attacked Hong Kong in 1941 ?
This resulted in the 1951 ANZUS Pact between Australia , New Zealand and the United States of America .	1951	When was the ANZUS Pact formed ?
This resulted in the 1951 ANZUS Pact between Australia , New Zealand and the United States of America .	Australia, New Zealand and the United States	Which countries were in the ANZUS Pact ?
Most damaging of all was the fall of Singapore , which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar .	Singapore	Which territory had been compared to Gibraltar ?
Britain was left essentially bankrupt , with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $ US 4.33 billion loan -LRB- US$ 56 billion in 2012 -RRB- from the United States , the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006 .	$US 4.33 billion	How much money did the US loan to Britain after WW2 ?
Britain was left essentially bankrupt , with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $ US 4.33 billion loan -LRB- US$ 56 billion in 2012 -RRB- from the United States , the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006 .	2006	When did Britain finish paying back the US loan ?
Britain was left essentially bankrupt , with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $ US 4.33 billion loan -LRB- US$ 56 billion in 2012 -RRB- from the United States , the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006 .	1946	When did the US make a large loan to Britain ?
Between 1945 and 1965 , the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to five million , three million of whom were in Hong Kong .	700 million	How many people outside the UK were under British rule in 1945 ?
The pro-decolonisation Labour government , elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee , moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire : that of Indian independence .	Clement Attlee	Who led the British government elected in 1945 ?
India 's two major political parties -- the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League -- had been campaigning for independence for decades , but disagreed as to how it should be implemented .	the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League	What were India 's two largest political parties in the 1940s ?
Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state , whereas the League , fearing domination by the Hindu majority , desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim-majority regions .	Hindu	What was India 's majority religion in the 1940s ?
Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa , and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives .	Pakistan	When India was split into Hindu and Muslim areas , what country did the Muslim area become ?
Burma , which had been administered as part of the British Raj , and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948 .	1948	When did Burma get its independence ?
The British Mandate of Palestine , where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority , presented the British with a similar problem to that of India .	Arab	What race was the majority in Palestine in the 1940s ?
Frustrated by the intractability of the problem , attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence , Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve .	1947	When did Britain announce plans to withdraw from Palestine ?
The UN General Assembly subsequently voted for a plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state .	The UN General Assembly	Which entity decided to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states ?
The matter was complicated by large numbers of Jewish refugees seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the Holocaust , while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state .	Palestine	Where did many Jewish refugees want to move because of the Holocaust ?
The Malayan Emergency , as it was called , began in 1948 and lasted until 1960 , but by 1957 , Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth .	1948	When did the Malayan Emergency begin ?
The Malayan Emergency , as it was called , began in 1948 and lasted until 1960 , but by 1957 , Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth .	1957	When did Britain give the Federation of Malaya its independence ?
In 1963 , the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore , Sarawak and North Borneo joined to form Malaysia , but in 1965 Chinese-majority Singapore was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations .	1965	When did Singapore leave the Federation of Malaya ?
Brunei , which had been a British protectorate since 1888 , declined to join the union and maintained its status until independence in 1984 .	1984	When did Brunei get its independence ?
In 1951 , the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain , under the leadership of Winston Churchill .	Conservative Party	What party regained power in Britain in 1951 ?
In 1951 , the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain , under the leadership of Winston Churchill .	Conservative Party	Which party was Winston Churchill in ?
However , Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser 's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952 , and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955 , with independence to follow .	Gamal Abdul Nasser	Who ruled Egypt in 1952 ?
Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956 .	1 January 1956	When did Sudan receive independence ?
Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain 's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire , with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India .	Middle East	Britain wanted to retain control of the Suez Canal to help its importance in what region ?
In July 1956 , Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal .	July 1956	When was the Suez Canal nationalized ?
The response of Anthony Eden , who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister , was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on Egypt that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal .	Anthony Eden	Who became British Prime Minister after Winston Churchill ?
The response of Anthony Eden , who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister , was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on Egypt that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal .	France	Which country did Eden conspire with to cause an attack on Egypt ?
Eisenhower applied financial leverage by threatening to sell US reserves of the British pound and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency .	Eisenhower	Who decided to sell US reserves of the British pound to cause the pound to collapse ?
The response of Anthony Eden , who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister , was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on Egypt that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal .	Israeli	What country did Britain convince to attack Egypt ?
The events at Suez wounded British national pride , leading one MP to describe it as `` Britain 's Waterloo '' and another to suggest that the country had become an `` American satellite '' .	Suez	Where did ` Britain 's Waterloo ' occur ?
Margaret Thatcher later described the mindset she believed had befallen the British political establishment as `` Suez syndrome '' , from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982 .	Margaret Thatcher	Who referred to ` Suez Syndrome ' ?
Margaret Thatcher later described the mindset she believed had befallen the British political establishment as `` Suez syndrome '' , from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982 .	1982	When did Britain retake the Falkland Islands ?
Margaret Thatcher later described the mindset she believed had befallen the British political establishment as `` Suez syndrome '' , from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982 .	Argentina	From whom did Britain retake the Falkland Islands ?
The Suez Crisis very publicly exposed Britain 's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain 's decline on the world stage , demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence , if not the full support , of the United States .	Britain	A British minister thought which country was becoming an ` American satellite ' ?
The British withdrew from Aden in 1967 , Bahrain in 1971 , and Maldives in 1976 .	1967	When did Britain withdraw from Aden ?
The British withdrew from Aden in 1967 , Bahrain in 1971 , and Maldives in 1976 .	1971	When did Britain withdraw from Bahrain ?
The British withdrew from Aden in 1967 , Bahrain in 1971 , and Maldives in 1976 .	1976	When did Britain withdraw from the Maldives ?
In January 1968 , a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound , Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that British troops would be withdrawn from major military bases East of Suez , which included the ones in the Middle East , and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore .	Denis Healey	Who was Harold Wilson 's Defense Secretary ?
Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region , intervening in Oman -LRB- 1957 -RRB- , Jordan -LRB- 1958 -RRB- and Kuwait -LRB- 1961 -RRB- , though on these occasions with American approval , as the new Prime Minister Harold Macmillan 's foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States .	Kuwait	Where did Britain 's army attack in 1961 ?
Britain 's remaining colonies in Africa , except for self-governing Southern Rhodesia , were all granted independence by 1968 .	Southern Rhodesia	What was the last British colony remaining in Africa ?
Britain 's remaining colonies in Africa , except for self-governing Southern Rhodesia , were all granted independence by 1968 .	1968	When was the second-to-last British colony in Africa granted independence ?
In Rhodesia , the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the white minority resulted in a civil war that lasted until the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979 , which set the terms for recognised independence in 1980 , as the new nation of Zimbabwe .	1965	When was the Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Rhodesia ?
Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight-year Mau Mau Uprising .	Mau Mau Uprising	What new country did the Lancaster House Agreement recognize ?
Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight-year Mau Mau Uprising .	Kenyan	Where was the Mau Mau Uprising ?
Most of the UK 's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation , established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government , but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members .	Jamaica	Which British territory received independence in 1961 ?
Most of the UK 's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation , established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government , but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members .	Trinidad	Which British territory received independence in 1962 ?
Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands in the 1970s and 1980s , but Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence .	1966	When did Barbados get independence ?
Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands in the 1970s and 1980s , but Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence .	Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos	Which islands decided to return to British rule after receiving independence ?
Britain 's last colony on the American mainland , British Honduras , became a self-governing colony in 1964 and was renamed Belize in 1973 , achieving full independence in 1981 .	British Honduras	What was Britain 's last American mainland colony ?
The 1982 Canada Act passed by the British parliament ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution .	1982	When was Canada given full control of its constitution ?
In 1980 , Rhodesia , Britain 's last African colony , became the independent nation of Zimbabwe .	1980	When did Rhodesia become Zimbabwe ?
The passage of the British Nationality Act 1981 , which reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as `` British Dependent Territories '' -LRB- renamed British Overseas Territories in 2002 -RRB- meant that , aside from a scattering of islands and outposts the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete .	British Dependent Territories	What were the remaining British territories called in 1981 ?
The passage of the British Nationality Act 1981 , which reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as `` British Dependent Territories '' -LRB- renamed British Overseas Territories in 2002 -RRB- meant that , aside from a scattering of islands and outposts the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete .	British Overseas Territories	What were the remaining British territories called in 2002 ?
Britain 's ultimately successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War was viewed by many to have contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain 's status as a world power .	Falklands War	Which 1980s war victory helped Britain seem more like a world power again ?
In September 1982 , Prime minister Margaret Thatcher travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government on the future of Britain 's last major and most populous overseas territory , Hong Kong .	Margaret Thatcher	Who was the British Prime Minister in 1982 ?
Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking , Hong Kong Island itself had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity , but the vast majority of the colony was constituted by the New Territories , which had been acquired under a 99-year lease in 1898 , due to expire in 1997 .	Treaty of Nanking	Which treaty had given Hong Kong to Britain ?
The handover ceremony in 1997 marked for many , including Charles , Prince of Wales , who was in attendance , `` the end of Empire '' .	1997	When did Britain hand over Hong Kong to China ?
A deal was reached in 1984 -- under the terms of the Sino-British Joint Declaration , Hong Kong would become a special administrative region of the People 's Republic of China , maintaining its way of life for at least 50 years .	1984	When was the Sino-British Joint Declaration ?
Thatcher , seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands , initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty , though this was rejected by China .	Falkland Islands	Which territory did Margaret Thatcher compare Hong Kong to ?
Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles , which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002 .	14	How many overseas territories does Britain still have ?
Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles , which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002 .	2002	When did Britain decide to call its territories the British Overseas Territories ?
British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours : Gibraltar is claimed by Spain , the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina , and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles .	Spain	Which country besides Britain claims Gibraltar ?
British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours : Gibraltar is claimed by Spain , the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina , and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles .	Argentina	Which country besides Britain claims the Falkland Islands ?
British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours : Gibraltar is claimed by Spain , the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina , and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles .	Argentina	Which country besides Britain claims the South Sandwich Islands ?
Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 53 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations , a non-political , voluntary association of equal members , comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people .	53	How many Commonwealth nations are there ?
Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 53 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations , a non-political , voluntary association of equal members , comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people .	2.2 billion	What is the population of the Commonwealth ?
Sixteen Commonwealth realms voluntarily continue to share the British monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , as their head of state .	Sixteen	How many Commonwealth nations still consider the British Queen their head of state ?
Sixteen Commonwealth realms voluntarily continue to share the British monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , as their head of state .	Elizabeth II	Who is the British Queen ?
Millions left the British Isles , with the founding settler populations of the United States , Canada , Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland .	the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand	In which countries did the British Isles provide most of the founding settlers ?
Millions of people moved to and from British colonies , with large numbers of Indians emigrating to other parts of the empire , such as Malaysia and Fiji , and Chinese people to Malaysia , Singapore and the Caribbean .	Malaysia and Fiji	Where did many Indians move to ?
Millions of people moved to and from British colonies , with large numbers of Indians emigrating to other parts of the empire , such as Malaysia and Fiji , and Chinese people to Malaysia , Singapore and the Caribbean .	Chinese	Many people of which ethnicity moved to Malaysia , Singapore and the Caribbean ?
The demographics of Britain itself was changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies .	after the Second World War	When did many former colonies ' citizens begin immigrating into Britain ?
Botany , also called plant science -LRB- s -RRB- or plant biology , is the science of plant life and a branch of biology .	science of plant life	What is botany ?
The term `` botany '' comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη -LRB- botanē -RRB- meaning `` pasture '' , `` grass '' , or `` fodder '' ; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν -LRB- boskein -RRB- , `` to feed '' or `` to graze '' .	"to feed" or "to graze"	What does the word botany mean ?
A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specializes in this field .	A botanist	What is a plant scientist called ?
Traditionally , botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively , with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress .	included the study of fungi and algae	Does botany only study plants ?
Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify -- and later cultivate -- edible , medicinal and poisonous plants , making it one of the oldest branches of science .	herbalism	What science led to botany ?
Medieval physic gardens , often attached to monasteries , contained plants of medical importance .	plants of medical importance	What kind of plants did monasteries cultivate ?
They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities , founded from the 1540s onwards .	1540s onwards	When did universities start growing gardens ?
These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants .	facilitated the academic study of plants	Why did universities have these gardens ?
Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy , and led in 1753 to the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day .	to catalogue and describe their collections	Why was plant taxonomy developed ?
Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics , which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues .	molecular genetics and epigenetics	What is are the main themes of present-day botany ?
Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods , materials such as timber , oil , rubber , fibre and drugs , in modern horticulture , agriculture and forestry , plant propagation , breeding and genetic modification , in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production , in environmental management , and the maintenance of biodiversity .	providing staple foods	How can botany be applied to combating world hunger ?
Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods , materials such as timber , oil , rubber , fibre and drugs , in modern horticulture , agriculture and forestry , plant propagation , breeding and genetic modification , in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production , in environmental management , and the maintenance of biodiversity .	synthesis of chemicals and raw materials	How can botany be applied to the construction industry ?
Modern botany is a broad , multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology .	a broad, multidisciplinary subject	Is botany a narrow science ?
Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica , a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides .	De Materia Medica	What is the name of an ancient Greek work impacting botany ?
Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica , a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides .	herbal medicine	What was the De Materia Medica written about ?
Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica , a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides .	physician and pharmacologist	What was the profession of the man who wrote De Materia Medica ?
Important contributions from the medieval Muslim world include Ibn Wahshiyya 's Nabatean Agriculture , Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī 's -LRB- 828 -- 896 -RRB- the Book of Plants , and Ibn Bassal 's The Classification of Soils .	medieval Muslim world	Besides the Greeks , what other culture contributed to the study of botany ?
Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica , a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides .	five-volume	How long a book is the De Materia Medica ?
In the mid-16th century , `` botanical gardens '' were founded in a number of Italian universities -- the Padua botanical garden in 1545 is usually considered to be the first which is still in its original location .	Padua	What was the first botanical garden at an Italian university ?
In the mid-16th century , `` botanical gardens '' were founded in a number of Italian universities -- the Padua botanical garden in 1545 is usually considered to be the first which is still in its original location .	its original location	Where is the Padua garden ?
These gardens continued the practical value of earlier `` physic gardens '' , often associated with monasteries , in which plants were cultivated for medical use .	for medical use	Why did monasteries have gardens ?
Throughout this period , botany remained firmly subordinate to medicine .	medicine	What science was botany considered to be a part of ?
Botanical gardens came much later to northern Europe ; the first in England was the University of Oxford Botanic Garden in 1621 .	University of Oxford	Where was the first European botany garden at a university ?
Physician Valerius Cordus -LRB- 1515 -- 1544 -RRB- authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance , the Dispensatorium in 1546 .	Physician Valerius Cordus	Who wrote Historia Plantarum in 1544 ?
Naturalist Conrad von Gesner -LRB- 1516 -- 1565 -RRB- and herbalist John Gerard -LRB- 1545 -- c. 1611 -RRB- published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants .	John Gerard	What herbalist wrote about medicinal plants in the 16th century ?
Naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi -LRB- 1522 -- 1605 -RRB- was considered the father of natural history , which included the study of plants .	Ulisse Aldrovandi	Who is considered the father of natural history ?
In 1665 , using an early microscope , Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells , a term he coined , in cork , and a short time later in living plant tissue .	Robert Hooke	Who coined the term cells ?
In 1665 , using an early microscope , Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells , a term he coined , in cork , and a short time later in living plant tissue .	cork	In what plant were cells first discovered by microscope ?
During the 18th century , systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys , where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups -LRB- e.g. family , genus and species -RRB- by making a series of choices between pairs of characters .	choices between pairs	What is the meaning of dichotomous keys ?
The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in keys designed purely for identification -LRB- diagnostic keys -RRB- or more closely related to the natural or phyletic order of the taxa in synoptic keys .	diagnostic keys	What is the term for keys used for identification ?
By the 18th century , new plants for study were arriving in Europe in increasing numbers from newly discovered countries and the European colonies worldwide .	newly discovered countries	Why were new plants arriving in Europe in the 18th century ?
In 1753 Carl von Linné -LRB- Carl Linnaeus -RRB- published his Species Plantarum , a hierarchical classification of plant species that remains the reference point for modern botanical nomenclature .	Species Plantarum	What book is still used for nomenclature ?
For the purposes of identification , Linnaeus 's Systema Sexuale classified plants into 24 groups according to the number of their male sexual organs .	number of their male sexual organs	How are the plants classified ?
Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy , morphology and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus had indicated .	Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy	What led scientists to believe that plants should be classified according to something other than just sexual system ?
Adanson -LRB- 1763 -RRB- , de Jussieu -LRB- 1789 -RRB- , and Candolle -LRB- 1819 -RRB- all proposed various alternative natural systems of classification that grouped plants using a wider range of shared characters and were widely followed .	1819	In what year to Candolle introduce the Candollean system ?
The Candollean system reflected his ideas of the progression of morphological complexity and the later classification by Bentham and Hooker , which was influential until the mid-19th century , was influenced by Candolle 's approach .	morphological complexity	On what did Candolle base his classification system ?
Darwin 's publication of the Origin of Species in 1859 and his concept of common descent required modifications to the Candollean system to reflect evolutionary relationships as distinct from mere morphological similarity .	concept of common descent	What did Darwin introduce that changed classification systems ?
Botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first `` modern '' text book , Matthias Schleiden 's Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik , published in English in 1849 as Principles of Scientific Botany .	Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik	What was the first modern text book ?
Schleiden was a microscopist and an early plant anatomist who co-founded the cell theory with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow and was among the first to grasp the significance of the cell nucleus that had been described by Robert Brown in 1831 .	microscopist	What was Schleiden 's profession ?
In 1855 , Adolf Fick formulated Fick 's laws that enabled the calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion in biological systems .	calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion	What do Fick 's laws do ?
Schleiden was a microscopist and an early plant anatomist who co-founded the cell theory with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow and was among the first to grasp the significance of the cell nucleus that had been described by Robert Brown in 1831 .	cell theory	What theory did Schleiden co-found ?
The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming , who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities , and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today .	form communities	What did Warming believe that plants can do ?
Clements is credited with the idea of climax vegetation as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and Tansley introduced the concept of ecosystems to biology .	climax vegetation	What is the term for the most complex plant life in a specific environment ?
The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles , Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements .	Arthur Tansley	Who created the concept of ecosystems ?
Building on the extensive earlier work of Alphonse de Candolle , Nikolai Vavilov -LRB- 1887 -- 1943 -RRB- produced accounts of the biogeography , centres of origin , and evolutionary history of economic plants .	Alphonse de Candolle	Whose earlier work did Nicholas Vavilov build upon ?
Building on the extensive earlier work of Alphonse de Candolle , Nikolai Vavilov -LRB- 1887 -- 1943 -RRB- produced accounts of the biogeography , centres of origin , and evolutionary history of economic plants .	history of economic plants	What history did Vavilov write about ?
Particularly since the mid-1960s there have been advances in understanding of the physics of plant physiological processes such as transpiration -LRB- the transport of water within plant tissues -RRB- , the temperature dependence of rates of water evaporation from the leaf surface and the molecular diffusion of water vapour and carbon dioxide through stomatal apertures .	the transport of water within plant tissues	What is transpiration ?
Particularly since the mid-1960s there have been advances in understanding of the physics of plant physiological processes such as transpiration -LRB- the transport of water within plant tissues -RRB- , the temperature dependence of rates of water evaporation from the leaf surface and the molecular diffusion of water vapour and carbon dioxide through stomatal apertures .	temperature	What influences water evaporation on leaves ?
These developments , coupled with new methods for measuring the size of stomatal apertures , and the rate of photosynthesis have enabled precise description of the rates of gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere .	rate of photosynthesis	What influences the rate of gas produced by plants ?
The discovery and identification of the auxin plant hormones by Kenneth V. Thimann in 1948 enabled regulation of plant growth by externally applied chemicals .	auxin plant hormones	What enables the regulation of plant growth ?
The synthetic auxin 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 2,4-D was one of the first commercial synthetic herbicides .	herbicides	What can auxin plant hormones also be used as ?
20th century developments in plant biochemistry have been driven by modern techniques of organic chemical analysis , such as spectroscopy , chromatography and electrophoresis .	modern techniques of organic chemical analysis	What enables scientists to better study plants now ?
The concept originally stated by Gottlieb Haberlandt in 1902 that all plant cells are totipotent and can be grown in vitro ultimately enabled the use of genetic engineering experimentally to knock out a gene or genes responsible for a specific trait , or to add genes such as GFP that report when a gene of interest is being expressed .	all plant cells are totipotent	What opened the door to plant genetic engineering ?
The concept originally stated by Gottlieb Haberlandt in 1902 that all plant cells are totipotent and can be grown in vitro ultimately enabled the use of genetic engineering experimentally to knock out a gene or genes responsible for a specific trait , or to add genes such as GFP that report when a gene of interest is being expressed .	Gottlieb Haberlandt	Who introduced the idea that cells could be grown in vitro ?
Modern systematics aims to reflect and discover phylogenetic relationships between plants .	phylogenetic	What kind of relationships does systematics aim to discover ?
Modern Molecular phylogenetics largely ignores morphological characters , relying on DNA sequences as data .	DNA sequences	What does phylogenetics use to determine plant categories ?
Molecular analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants enabled the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group to publish in 1998 a phylogeny of flowering plants , answering many of the questions about relationships among angiosperm families and species .	Molecular analysis of DNA	What did the Angiosperm Phylogeny group use determine a phylogeny of flowering plants ?
Modern morphology recognizes a continuum between the major morphological categories of root , stem -LRB- caulome -RRB- , leaf -LRB- phyllome -RRB- and trichome .	the major morphological categories	Modern Morphology recognizes the structural dynamics of what ?
The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the oxygen and food that provide humans and other organisms with aerobic respiration with the chemical energy they need to exist .	oxygen and food	Why are plants important to human life ?
Plants , algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis , a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells .	photosynthesis	What is the process that converts sunlight to energy ?
Plants , algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis , a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells .	organic molecules	What is used to rebuild cells ?
As a by-product of photosynthesis , plants release oxygen into the atmosphere , a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration .	oxygen	What vital element is a byproduct of photosynthesis ?
In addition , they are influential in the global carbon and water cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils , preventing soil erosion .	soil erosion	What do plant roots prevent ?
The strictest definition of `` plant '' includes only the `` land plants '' or embryophytes , which include seed plants -LRB- gymnosperms , including the pines , and flowering plants -RRB- and the free-sporing cryptogams including ferns , clubmosses , liverworts , hornworts and mosses .	gymnosperms	What is the scientific name for seed plants ?
Other groups of organisms that were previously studied by botanists include bacteria -LRB- now studied in bacteriology -RRB- , fungi -LRB- mycology -RRB- -- including lichen-forming fungi -LRB- lichenology -RRB- , non-chlorophyte algae -LRB- phycology -RRB- , and viruses -LRB- virology -RRB- .	phycology	What is the study of algae called ?
They have life cycles with alternating haploid and diploid phases .	haploid and diploid	What two phases are included in the life cycles of embryophytes ?
Paleobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants .	Paleobotanists	What is the study of ancient , fossilized plants ?
The new photosynthetic plants -LRB- along with their algal relatives -RRB- accelerated the rise in atmospheric oxygen started by the cyanobacteria , changing the ancient oxygen-free , reducing , atmosphere to one in which free oxygen has been abundant for more than 2 billion years .	cyanobacteria	What organism is credited with starting the oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth ?
Paleobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants .	evolutionary history of plants	What can scientists learn from the fossil record ?
Cyanobacteria , the first oxygen-releasing photosynthetic organisms on Earth , are thought to have given rise to the ancestor of plants by entering into an endosymbiotic relationship with an early eukaryote , ultimately becoming the chloroplasts in plant cells .	Cyanobacteria	What was the first organism to produce oxygen through photosynthesis ?
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere , converting them into a form that can be used by animals .	energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil	Why do food chains start with plants ?
This is what ecologists call the first trophic level .	first trophic level	What do ecologists call the start of the food chain ?
Botanists study how plants produce food and how to increase yields , for example through plant breeding , making their work important to mankind 's ability to feed the world and provide food security for future generations .	plant breeding	How can the yield of food plants be increased ?
Botanists also study weeds , which are a considerable problem in agriculture , and the biology and control of plant pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems .	problem in agriculture	Why would botanists study weeds ?
Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as `` algae '' have unique organelles known as chloroplasts .	chloroplasts	what parts of algae are unique to them ?
Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors .	cyanobacteria	From what ancient oxygen producing plant are chloroplasts descended ?
Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the blue-green pigment chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a -LRB- as well as its plant and green algal-specific cousin chlorophyll b -RRB- -LSB- a -RSB- absorbs light in the blue-violet and orange/red parts of the spectrum while reflecting and transmitting the green light that we see as the characteristic colour of these organisms .	blue-green	What color is chlorophyll ?
Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as `` algae '' have unique organelles known as chloroplasts .	chloroplasts	What organelles are unique to algae ?
Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors .	cyanobacteria	From what ancient source are chloroplasts descended ?
Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the blue-green pigment chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a -LRB- as well as its plant and green algal-specific cousin chlorophyll b -RRB- -LSB- a -RSB- absorbs light in the blue-violet and orange/red parts of the spectrum while reflecting and transmitting the green light that we see as the characteristic colour of these organisms .	green	What color does a plant with chlorophyll appear to be ?
The light energy captured by chlorophyll a is initially in the form of electrons -LRB- and later a proton gradient -RRB- that 's used to make molecules of ATP and NADPH which temporarily store and transport energy .	store and transport energy	What is the function of ATP and NADPH molecules ?
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the first product of photosynthesis and the raw material from which glucose and almost all other organic molecules of biological origin are synthesized .	first product of photosynthesis	When is the raw form of glucose formed ?
Some of the glucose is converted to starch which is stored in the chloroplast .	starch	What is stored in the chloroplast ?
Starch is the characteristic energy store of most land plants and algae , while inulin , a polymer of fructose is used for the same purpose in the sunflower family Asteraceae .	fructose	What is used instead of glucose in sunflowers ?
Some of the glucose is converted to sucrose -LRB- common table sugar -RRB- for export to the rest of the plant .	for export to the rest of the plant	Why is table sugar produced ?
Vascular land plants make lignin , a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress .	lignin	What polymer is used to strengthen cell walls ?
Vascular land plants make lignin , a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress .	water stress	What weakens cell walls ?
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods .	carbon dioxide	What gas is in lower concentration now due to plants ?
Sporopollenin is a chemically resistant polymer found in the outer cell walls of spores and pollen of land plants responsible for the survival of early land plant spores and the pollen of seed plants in the fossil record .	Sporopollenin	What polymer is found in spores and pollen ?
Lignin is also used in other cell types like sclerenchyma fibers that provide structural support for a plant and is a major constituent of wood .	Lignin	What polymer is a major part of wood ?
Phytochemistry is a branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with the chemical substances produced by plants during secondary metabolism .	Phytochemistry	What is the study of the chemicals that plants produce ?
Some of these compounds are toxins such as the alkaloid coniine from hemlock .	toxins	Hemlock is what kind of chemical produced from a plant ?
Many medicinal and recreational drugs , such as tetrahydrocannabinol -LRB- active ingredient in cannabis -RRB- , caffeine , morphine and nicotine come directly from plants .	from plants	Where do some medicines and recreational drugs come from ?
For example , the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid , originally isolated from the bark of willow trees , and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy .	bark of willow trees	Where did aspirin originally come from ?
For example , the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid , originally isolated from the bark of willow trees , and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy .	the opium poppy	Where does morphine come from ?
Charcoal , a pure form of carbon made by pyrolysis of wood , has a long history as a metal-smelting fuel , as a filter material and adsorbent and as an artist 's material and is one of the three ingredients of gunpowder .	pyrolysis of wood	How is charcoal made ?
Charcoal , a pure form of carbon made by pyrolysis of wood , has a long history as a metal-smelting fuel , as a filter material and adsorbent and as an artist 's material and is one of the three ingredients of gunpowder .	one of the three ingredients of gunpowder	Besides fire , what else is charcoal used for ?
Sugarcane , rapeseed and soy are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of biofuels , important alternatives to fossil fuels , such as biodiesel .	biodiesel	Plant oil is used for what kind of fuel ?
Products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane , wallpaper paste , biobutanol and gun cotton .	cellulose	Rayon comes from what plant product ?
Plant ecology is the science of the functional relationships between plants and their habitats -- the environments where they complete their life cycles .	environments where they complete their life	What are plant habitats ?
The goals of plant ecology are to understand the causes of their distribution patterns , productivity , environmental impact , evolution , and responses to environmental change .	to understand	What is the goal of plant ecology ?
Plant ecology is the science of the functional relationships between plants and their habitats -- the environments where they complete their life cycles .	Plant ecology	What is the study of plants and the environment in which they live ?
Plant ecologists study the composition of local and regional floras , their biodiversity , genetic diversity and fitness , the adaptation of plants to their environment , and their competitive or mutualistic interactions with other species .	interactions with other species	What do plants do in their environment ?
Plants depend on certain edaphic -LRB- soil -RRB- and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too .	edaphic (soil) and climatic factors	On what do plants depend in their environment ?
Plants compete with other organisms in their ecosystem for resources .	for resources	How do plants interact with other species in their environment ?
They interact with their neighbours at a variety of spatial scales in groups , populations and communities that collectively constitute vegetation .	vegetation	What is the collection of plants in the environment called ?
Regions with characteristic vegetation types and dominant plants as well as similar abiotic and biotic factors , climate , and geography make up biomes like tundra or tropical rainforest .	biomes	What are groupings of similar plants ?
For example , plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology , and the biological impact of climate change and global warming .	plant phenology	How can historical changes in the environment be detected ?
Palynology , the analysis of fossil pollen deposits in sediments from thousands or millions of years ago allows the reconstruction of past climates .	fossil pollen deposits in sediments	How can climate changes be determined from soil ?
Estimates of atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the Palaeozoic have been obtained from stomatal densities and the leaf shapes and sizes of ancient land plants .	CO2	What atmospheric gas can be determined from fossilized leaf sizes and shapes ?
Ozone depletion can expose plants to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B -LRB- UV-B -RRB- , resulting in lower growth rates .	Ozone depletion	What causes lower growth in plants ?
Ozone depletion can expose plants to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B -LRB- UV-B -RRB- , resulting in lower growth rates .	higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B	What does ozone depletion allow ?
Inheritance in plants follows the same fundamental principles of genetics as in other multicellular organisms .	same fundamental principles of genetics	Does inheritance work differently in plants ?
Gregor Mendel discovered the genetic laws of inheritance by studying inherited traits such as shape in Pisum sativum -LRB- peas -RRB- .	Pisum sativum (peas)	What plant did Mendel use to demonstrate inheritance ?
Similarly , `` jumping genes '' were discovered by Barbara McClintock while she was studying maize .	maize	What other plant was used in the discovery of different genes ?
Nevertheless , there are some distinctive genetic differences between plants and other organisms .	distinctive genetic differences	Are plants and animals genetically the same ?
Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals , and cross species hybrids are often possible .	hybrids are often possible	Are plants able to mate across species ?
The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter - and intra-specific crosses between wild species and their hybrids .	wheat	What common grain is the result cultivated wild hybrids ?
Angiosperms with monoecious flowers often have self-incompatibility mechanisms that operate between the pollen and stigma so that the pollen either fails to reach the stigma or fails to germinate and produce male gametes .	pollen either fails to reach the stigma	How do some plants avoid cross pollination ?
In many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate individuals .	separate individuals	Do all plants have male and female parts ?
Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats , where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare , plantlets or bulbs , may develop instead of flowers , replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction and giving rise to clonal populations genetically identical to the parent .	opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare	Why do plants develop bulbs ?
Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats , where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare , plantlets or bulbs , may develop instead of flowers , replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction and giving rise to clonal populations genetically identical to the parent .	replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction	What do plants do when the environment makes fertilization especially difficult ?
Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats , where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare , plantlets or bulbs , may develop instead of flowers , replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction and giving rise to clonal populations genetically identical to the parent .	genetically identical to the parent	How different are the children produced by asexual parents ?
Apomixis can also happen in a seed , producing a seed that contains an embryo genetically identical to the parent .	Apomixis	What is the term for asexual cloning ?
Apomixis can also happen in a seed , producing a seed that contains an embryo genetically identical to the parent .	can also happen in a seed	Does apomixis only occur in the parent ?
Most sexually reproducing organisms are diploid , with paired chromosomes , but doubling of their chromosome number may occur due to errors in cytokinesis .	errors in cytokinesis	What can cause the doubling of chromosome pairs ?
Both autopolyploid and allopolyploid plants can often reproduce normally , but may be unable to cross-breed successfully with the parent population because there is a mismatch in chromosome numbers .	often reproduce normally	Are the plants produced by this error , able to reproduce ?
Both autopolyploid and allopolyploid plants can often reproduce normally , but may be unable to cross-breed successfully with the parent population because there is a mismatch in chromosome numbers .	unable to cross-breed successfully	Can these plants cross breed with the parent population of plants ?
These plants that are reproductively isolated from the parent species but live within the same geographical area , may be sufficiently successful to form a new species .	form a new species	What happens to these new plants if they are able to reproduce ?
The commercial banana is an example of a sterile , seedless triploid hybrid .	commercial banana	What is a yellow example of a sterile , hybrid plant with no seeds ?
A considerable amount of new knowledge about plant function comes from studies of the molecular genetics of model plants such as the Thale cress , Arabidopsis thaliana , a weedy species in the mustard family -LRB- Brassicaceae -RRB- .	Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana	What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced ?
Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced , in 2000 .	2000	In what year was this genome sequenced ?
The genome or hereditary information contained in the genes of this species is encoded by about 135 million base pairs of DNA , forming one of the smallest genomes among flowering plants .	one of the smallest genomes	Why was this plant chosen for sequencing ?
The sequencing of some other relatively small genomes , of rice -LRB- Oryza sativa -RRB- and Brachypodium distachyon , has made them important model species for understanding the genetics , cellular and molecular biology of cereals , grasses and monocots generally .	understanding the genetics	Why is sequencing done on plants ?
A considerable amount of new knowledge about plant function comes from studies of the molecular genetics of model plants such as the Thale cress , Arabidopsis thaliana , a weedy species in the mustard family -LRB- Brassicaceae -RRB- .	new knowledge about plant function	What results from sequencing of DNA pairs ?
Ideally , these organisms have small genomes that are well known or completely sequenced , small stature and short generation times .	small genomes	Why is a plant chosen for the study of its cells ?
Corn has been used to study mechanisms of photosynthesis and phloem loading of sugar in C4 plants .	photosynthesis	What mechanism can be studied through chromosome sequencing ?
Corn has been used to study mechanisms of photosynthesis and phloem loading of sugar in C4 plants .	Corn	What common plant has been used for studying the production of sugar ?
A red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae has also been used to study some basic chloroplast functions .	red alga	What simple plant has been used to study plant cells ?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens , a soil rhizosphere bacterium , can attach to plant cells and infect them with a callus-inducing Ti plasmid by horizontal gene transfer , causing a callus infection called crown gall disease .	can attach to plant cells	How can a bacteria in the soil affect a plant ?
Schell and Van Montagu -LRB- 1977 -RRB- hypothesised that the Ti plasmid could be a natural vector for introducing the Nif gene responsible for nitrogen fixation in the root nodules of legumes and other plant species .	introducing the Nif gene	How can scientists use bacteria in the study of plants ?
Schell and Van Montagu -LRB- 1977 -RRB- hypothesised that the Ti plasmid could be a natural vector for introducing the Nif gene responsible for nitrogen fixation in the root nodules of legumes and other plant species .	in the root nodules	How are genes transferred to a plant by scientists ?
Today , genetic modification of the Ti plasmid is one of the main techniques for introduction of transgenes to plants and the creation of genetically modified crops .	creation of genetically modified crops	What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for ?
Schell and Van Montagu -LRB- 1977 -RRB- hypothesised that the Ti plasmid could be a natural vector for introducing the Nif gene responsible for nitrogen fixation in the root nodules of legumes and other plant species .	Schell and Van Montagu	Who developed the procedures used in this transfer ?
Epigenetics is the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that can not be explained by changes in the underlying DNA sequence but cause the organism 's genes to behave -LRB- or `` express themselves '' -RRB- differently .	changes in gene function	What does epigenetics study ?
Epigenetics is the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that can not be explained by changes in the underlying DNA sequence but cause the organism 's genes to behave -LRB- or `` express themselves '' -RRB- differently .	express themselves") differently	How do DNA changes affect plants ?
Gene expression can also be controlled by repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA and prevent that region of the DNA code from being expressed .	prevent that region of the DNA code	When DNA has different markers , how it that presented in plants ?
Epigenetic marks may be added or removed from the DNA during programmed stages of development of the plant , and are responsible , for example , for the differences between anthers , petals and normal leaves , despite the fact that they all have the same underlying genetic code .	differences	What is a result of changes in DNA markers within a plant species ?
Epigenetic changes may be temporary or may remain through successive cell divisions for the remainder of the cell 's life .	may be temporary	Are the changes then presented , permanent ?
Epigenetic changes in eukaryotic biology serve to regulate the process of cellular differentiation .	Epigenetic changes	What process causes changes in plant cells ?
A single fertilized egg cell , the zygote , gives rise to the many different plant cell types including parenchyma , xylem vessel elements , phloem sieve tubes , guard cells of the epidermis , etc. as it continues to divide .	the zygote	What is the original cell of the plant ?
A single fertilized egg cell , the zygote , gives rise to the many different plant cell types including parenchyma , xylem vessel elements , phloem sieve tubes , guard cells of the epidermis , etc. as it continues to divide .	continues to divide	How are the different cells formed ?
The process results from the epigenetic activation of some genes and inhibition of others .	activation of some genes and inhibition of others	How is it determined , which cells will be formed ?
Unlike animals , many plant cells , particularly those of the parenchyma , do not terminally differentiate , remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant .	remaining totipotent	Does cell division end in plants ?
Unlike animals , many plant cells , particularly those of the parenchyma , do not terminally differentiate , remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant .	ability to give rise to a new individual plant	What happens when a plant remains totipotent ?
Exceptions include highly lignified cells , the sclerenchyma and xylem which are dead at maturity , and the phloem sieve tubes which lack nuclei .	lack nuclei	Why do phloem sieve tubes stop forming ?
While plants use many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals , such as chromatin remodeling , an alternative hypothesis is that plants set their gene expression patterns using positional information from the environment and surrounding cells to determine their developmental fate .	information from the environment	Why are plants able to stop and start dividing cells ?
Exceptions include highly lignified cells , the sclerenchyma and xylem which are dead at maturity , and the phloem sieve tubes which lack nuclei .	dead at maturity	Are lignified cells able to continue dividing ?
The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions , some more closely related to plants than others .	some more closely related	Are all algae different from land plants ?
The algal division Charophyta , sister to the green algal division Chlorophyta , is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants .	Charophyta	What algae is the ancestor of true plants ?
There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition , biochemistry , pigmentation , chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves .	many differences	Are all species of algae similar ?
The algal division Charophyta , sister to the green algal division Chlorophyta , is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants .	Chlorophyta	To what species of algae is Charophyta related ?
Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem .	lack the vascular tissues	What makes mosses different from other land plants ?
Seeds consist of an endosporic megasporangium surrounded by one or two sheathing layers -LRB- integuments -RRB- .	one or two sheathing layers	What protects the young plant in the seed ?
The young sporophyte develops within the seed , which on germination splits to release it .	splits to release it	How does the plant escape the seed ?
Gymnosperms produce `` naked seeds '' not fully enclosed in an ovary ; modern representatives include conifers , cycads , Ginkgo , and Gnetales .	Gymnosperms	What is the term for plants whose seeds do not have a protective ovary ?
Following the evolution of the seed habit , seed plants diversified , giving rise to a number of now-extinct groups , including seed ferns , as well as the modern gymnosperms and angiosperms .	evolution of the seed habit	What event led to the diversification of seed plants ?
Chemicals obtained from the air , soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism .	Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water	What does the plant use for internal processes ?
The energy of sunlight , captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration , is the basis of almost all life .	sunlight	Where do plants get their energy ?
Heterotrophs including all animals , all fungi , all completely parasitic plants , and non-photosynthetic bacteria take in organic molecules produced by photoautotrophs and respire them or use them in the construction of cells and tissues .	in the construction of cells and tissues	How do animals use plants ?
Respiration is the oxidation of carbon compounds by breaking them down into simpler structures to release the energy they contain , essentially the opposite of photosynthesis .	opposite of photosynthesis	Is respiration in animals similar to photosynthesis in plants ?
Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life .	internal chemical and physical activities	What is the basis of plant physiology ?
Minerals and water are transported from roots to other parts of the plant in the transpiration stream .	from roots	How is water transported into plants ?
In vascular plants , these elements are extracted from the soil as soluble ions by the roots and transported throughout the plant in the xylem .	as soluble ions	IN what form are mineral acquired by the roots ?
Most of the elements required for plant nutrition come from the chemical breakdown of soil minerals .	chemical breakdown of soil	From where does the plant get the required minerals ?
Sucrose produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and plant hormones are transported by a variety of processes .	the leaves	Where is sucrose produced in a plant ?
Sucrose produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and plant hormones are transported by a variety of processes .	by a variety of processes	How are hormones moved around a plant ?
The hypothesis that plant growth and development is coordinated by plant hormones or plant growth regulators first emerged in the late 19th century .	late 19th century	When was the theory of plant hormones introduced ?
acts like the brain of one of the lower animals .	the brain of one of the lower animals	To what did Darwin compare the top of the plant radical ?
Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards light and gravity , and concluded `` It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle .	movements of plant shoots	Why did Darwin feel plants had something comparable to a brain ?
The first known auxin , indole-3-acetic acid -LRB- IAA -RRB- , which promotes cell growth , was only isolated from plants about 50 years later .	promotes cell growth	What do auxins do ?
The finding in 1939 that plant callus could be maintained in culture containing IAA , followed by the observation in 1947 that it could be induced to form roots and shoots by controlling the concentration of growth hormones were key steps in the development of plant biotechnology and genetic modification .	form roots and shoots	What can plant callus be coaxed into doing ?
Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones named for their control of cell division or cytokinesis .	control of cell division	What are cytokinins responsible for in plants ?
Zeatin is produced in roots and transported to shoots in the xylem where it promotes cell division , bud development , and the greening of chloroplasts .	in roots	Where are cytokinins produced ?
Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones named for their control of cell division or cytokinesis .	cytokinesis	How is bud development determined ?
The gibberelins , such as Gibberelic acid are diterpenes synthesised from acetyl CoA via the mevalonate pathway .	gibberelins	How is the height of a plant determined ?
Abscisic acid -LRB- ABA -RRB- occurs in all land plants except liverworts , and is synthesised from carotenoids in the chloroplasts and other plastids .	Abscisic	What acid slows or stops cell division ?
Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues , whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form .	Plant anatomy	What is the study of the inside of plants ?
Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues , whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form .	plant morphology	What is the study of the outside of plants ?
The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose , hemicellulose and pectin , larger vacuoles than in animal cells and the presence of plastids with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in the chloroplasts .	primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose	How are plants different from animals ?
All plants are multicellular eukaryotes , their DNA stored in nuclei .	in nuclei	Where do plants store their DNA ?
The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose , hemicellulose and pectin , larger vacuoles than in animal cells and the presence of plastids with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in the chloroplasts .	larger	Are the vacuoles of plant cells larger or smaller than animal cells ?
The shoots consist of stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves and reproductive structures .	stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves	What makes up the bodies of vascular plants ?
The underground vascularised roots bear root hairs at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll .	generally lack chlorophyll	Do roots contain chlorophyll ?
Non-vascular plants , the liverworts , hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis .	do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots	What makes a plant non-vascular ?
Non-vascular plants , the liverworts , hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis .	most of the plant	How much of a non-vascular plant is involved in photosynthesis ?
The sporophyte generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts .	nonphotosynthetic	How are sporophytes generated in liverworts ?
The root system and the shoot system are interdependent -- the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food , and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system .	interdependent	Do the roots and shoots need each other ?
The root system and the shoot system are interdependent -- the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food , and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system .	food	What do the roots get from the shoots ?
Roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or starch , as in sugar beets and carrots .	to store food	What are roots used for in beets and carrots ?
In the event that one of the systems is lost , the other can often regrow it .	can often regrow it	What happens if a plant looses roots or its shoots ?
The root system and the shoot system are interdependent -- the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food , and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system .	water and minerals	What do the shoots get from the roots ?
Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures , but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti , food as in potato tubers , or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering .	store water	What are the stems used for in cacti ?
Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis .	gather sunlight	For what are leaves used ?
Angiosperms are seed-producing plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds .	plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds	What are angiosperms ?
All gymnosperms and many angiosperms are woody plants .	woody plants	What kind of plants are gymnosperms ?
Large , flat , flexible , green leaves are called foliage leaves .	foliage leaves	What kind of leaves are large and flat ?
Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of Carl Linnaeus , who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics .	shared physical characteristics	How did Linnaeus group organisms ?
These groupings have since been revised to align better with the Darwinian principle of common descent -- grouping organisms by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics .	by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics	How did Darwin change the grouping pioneered by Linnaeus ?
While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms , molecular phylogenetics , which uses DNA sequences as data , has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so .	DNA sequences	How are grouping determined currently ?
The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants -LRB- ICN -RRB- and administered by the International Botanical Congress .	International Botanical Congress.	Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes ?
The order is : Kingdom ; Phylum -LRB- or Division -RRB- ; Class ; Order ; Family ; Genus -LRB- plural genera -RRB- ; Species .	Kingdom	What is the main grouping of a plant know as ?
The order is : Kingdom ; Phylum -LRB- or Division -RRB- ; Class ; Order ; Family ; Genus -LRB- plural genera -RRB- ; Species .	Species	What is the most narrow grouping of a plant ?
The scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus , resulting in a single world-wide name for each organism .	single world-wide name	Do different countries refer to plants by different names ?
When writing the scientific name of an organism , it is proper to capitalise the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase .	the genus	What part of the name is always capitalized ?
Additionally , the entire term is ordinarily italicised -LRB- or underlined when italics are not available -RRB- .	italicised	How is the entire name usually presented in scientific texts ?
The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny .	relationships and heredity	What does the phylogeny of a group represent ?
The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships .	shared inheritance	How are the relationships within the group determined ?
However , both Pereskia and Echinocactus have spines produced from areoles -LRB- highly specialised pad-like structures -RRB- suggesting that the two genera are indeed related .	spines produced from areoles	What would be an indication of a shared inheritance in two cacti ?
However , both Pereskia and Echinocactus have spines produced from areoles -LRB- highly specialised pad-like structures -RRB- suggesting that the two genera are indeed related .	pad-like structures	What are areoles ?
Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care , since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently .	convergent evolution	Why might two plants be similar but not actually be in the same group ?
Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care , since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently .	arisen independently	How can two different plants acquire the same traits ?
Only derived characters , such as the spine-producing areoles of cacti , provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor .	derived characters	What traits show a shared ancestry ?
The results of cladistic analyses are expressed as cladograms : tree-like diagrams showing the pattern of evolutionary branching and descent .	tree-like diagrams	How are common ancestries represented for plant families ?
From the 1990s onwards , the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been molecular phylogenetics , which uses molecular characters , particularly DNA sequences , rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles .	DNA sequences	What is used now to group plants ?
From the 1990s onwards , the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been molecular phylogenetics , which uses molecular characters , particularly DNA sequences , rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles .	morphological characters	What was previously used to group plants ?
The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships , instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to .	genetic code itself is used	How is DNA grouping superior ?
Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below -- fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants .	closely related to animals	Are fungi more like plants or animals ?
From the 1990s onwards , the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been molecular phylogenetics , which uses molecular characters , particularly DNA sequences , rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles .	1990s	When was DNA sequencing first used for grouping plants ?
In 1998 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published a phylogeny for flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants .	flowering plants	What was the first plant grouping based on DNA sequencing ?
Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants .	evolution in plants	What can be learned from DNA sequencing of plants ?
Technological developments such as computers and electron microscopes have greatly increased the level of detail studied and speed at which data can be analysed .	greatly increased the level of detail	How has technology improved the study of botany ?
As a result of this work , many questions , such as which families represent the earliest branches of angiosperms , have now been answered .	which families represent the earliest branches	What have scientists learned about angiosperms from DNA sequencing ?
Madonna Louise Ciccone -LRB- / tʃɪˈkoʊni / ; Italian : -LSB- tʃikˈkoːne -RSB- ; born August 16 , 1958 -RRB- is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman .	Madonna Louise Ciccone	What is Madonna 's real name ?
Madonna Louise Ciccone -LRB- / tʃɪˈkoʊni / ; Italian : -LSB- tʃikˈkoːne -RSB- ; born August 16 , 1958 -RRB- is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman .	August 16, 1958	When was Madonna born ?
Often referred to as the `` Queen of Pop '' , she is often cited as an influence by other artists .	Queen of Pop	Which is the other name that Madonna is always referred as ?
She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos , which became a fixture on MTV .	MTV	Madonna became a fixture on which TV channel ?
Madonna Louise Ciccone -LRB- / tʃɪˈkoʊni / ; Italian : -LSB- tʃikˈkoːne -RSB- ; born August 16 , 1958 -RRB- is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman .	Madonna	Who is known for maintaining her autonomy and reinventing her image in the music industry ?
Born in Bay City , Michigan , Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance .	Bay City, Michigan	Where was Madonna born ?
Born in Bay City , Michigan , Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance .	1977	In which year did Madonna move to New York City ?
After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy , she signed with Sire Records -LRB- an auxiliary label of Warner Bros. .	Sire Records	Which record label did Madonna sign with in 1982 ?
Born in Bay City , Michigan , Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance .	Madonna	What was the name of the album she released in 1983 ?
She followed it with a series of commercially and critcally successful albums , including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light -LRB- 1998 -RRB- and Confessions on a Dance Floor -LRB- 2005 -RRB- .	Ray of Light	Name Madonna 's Grammy award album in 1998 ?
Madonna 's popularity was further enhanced by her film roles , including Desperately Seeking Susan -LRB- 1985 -RRB- , Dick Tracy -LRB- 1990 -RRB- , and Evita -LRB- 1996 -RRB- ; the latter earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress .	Desperately Seeking Susan	Name a film role that Madonna acted in .
Madonna 's popularity was further enhanced by her film roles , including Desperately Seeking Susan -LRB- 1985 -RRB- , Dick Tracy -LRB- 1990 -RRB- , and Evita -LRB- 1996 -RRB- ; the latter earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress .	Evita	Which movie earned Madonna a Golden Globe Award ?
Her other ventures include fashion design , writing children 's books , and filmmaking .	fashion design	Name one of Madonna 's other business ventures ?
She has been acclaimed as a businesswoman , particularly after she founded entertainment company Maverick -LRB- including the label Maverick Records -RRB- .	Maverick	What is the name of the entertainment company that Madonna founded ?
In 2007 she signed an unprecedented US $ 120 million 360 deal with Live Nation .	2007	Which year did Madonna sign a $ 120 million deal with Live Nation ?
Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide , Madonna is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records .	more than 300 million	How many records did Madonna sell worldwide ?
Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide , Madonna is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records .	Guinness World Records	Madonna is recognize as the best selling female music artiste by who ?
The Recording Industry Association of America -LRB- RIAA -RRB- listed her as the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second best-selling female artist in the United States , with 64.5 million certified albums .	64.5 million	How many certified albums does Madonna have ?
According to Billboard , Madonna is the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time , earning US $ 1.31 billion from her concerts since 1990 .	$1.31 billion	Since 1990 , how much did Madonna make in her concerts ?
Madonna became one of the five founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility .	Madonna	Who is one of the founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame ?
Madonna was born to Catholic parents Silvio Anthony `` Tony '' Ciccone -LRB- b. 1931 -RRB- and Madonna Louise Fortin -LRB- c. 1933 -- December 1 , 1963 -RRB- in Bay City , Michigan , on August 16 , 1958 .	Catholic	Madonna was born to which religion ?
Her father 's parents were immigrants from Pacentro , Italy , while her mother was of French-Canadian ancestry .	Pacentro, Italy	Where were Madonna 's paternal grandparents come from ?
Her father 's parents were immigrants from Pacentro , Italy , while her mother was of French-Canadian ancestry .	French-Canadian	Madonna 's mother was from which ancestry ?
Tony worked as an engineer designer for Chrysler and General Motors .	engineer designer	What was Tony 's occupation ?
Since Madonna had the same name as her mother , family members called her `` Little Nonni '' .	Little Nonni	What was Madonna 's nickname when she was younger ?
Upon being confirmed in 1966 , she adopted Veronica as a confirmation name .	Veronica	Which name did Madonna adopted as her confirmation name ?
Months before her mother died of breast cancer , Madonna noticed changes in her behavior and personality , although she did not understand the reason .	breast cancer	Which disease did her mother passed away from ?
She was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township -LRB- now Rochester Hills -RRB- .	Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township	Where was Madonna raised ?
Her mother was at a loss to explain her medical condition , and often began to cry when Madonna questioned her about it .	cry	What was Madonna 's mother 's reaction to her questioning about her illness ?
Madonna turned to her paternal grandmother for solace .	paternal grandmother	Who did Madonna turn to for comfort during her mother 's illness ?
The Ciccone siblings resented housekeepers and invariably rebelled against anyone brought into their home ostensibly to take the place of their beloved mother .	rebelled	How did the Ciccone siblings behaved towards anyone brought to their home to replace their beloved mother ?
Madonna later told Vanity Fair that she saw herself in her youth as a `` lonely girl who was searching for something .	Vanity Fair	Who did Madonna tell in an interview that as a young girl , she was lonely and always searching for something ?
Terrified that her father Tony could be taken from her as well , Madonna was often unable to sleep unless she was near him .	unable to sleep unless she was near him	Afraid that Tony would be taken from her , what does she do ?
In 1966 , Tony married the family 's housekeeper Joan Gustafson ; they had two children , Jennifer -LRB- born 1967 -RRB- and Mario -LRB- born 1968 -RRB- .	Joan Gustafson	In 1966 , who did Tony married ?
In 1966 , Tony married the family 's housekeeper Joan Gustafson ; they had two children , Jennifer -LRB- born 1967 -RRB- and Mario -LRB- born 1968 -RRB- .	Mario	Name one child from the union of Tony and Joan ?
In 1966 , Tony married the family 's housekeeper Joan Gustafson ; they had two children , Jennifer -LRB- born 1967 -RRB- and Mario -LRB- born 1968 -RRB- .	1968	When was Mario born ?
She attended St. Frederick 's and St. Andrew 's Catholic Elementary Schools , and West Middle School .	West Middle School	What is the name of the middle school that Madonna attended ?
Madonna was known for her high grade point average , and achieved notoriety for her unconventional behavior .	high grade point average	Madonna achieved a name for herself in school by her unusual behavior and also for what other reason ?
In 1978 , she dropped out of college and relocated to New York City .	1978	When did Madonna drop out of college ?
She had little money and worked as a waitress at Dunkin' Donuts and with modern dance troupes , taking classes at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and eventually performing with Pear Lang Dance Theater .	Dunkin' Donuts	Which restaurant did Madonna work in New York City ?
She had little money and worked as a waitress at Dunkin' Donuts and with modern dance troupes , taking classes at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and eventually performing with Pear Lang Dance Theater .	Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater	Where did Madonna take dance classes at in New York City ?
I came here with $ 35 in my pocket .	$35	How much did Madonna have when she first went to NYC ?
She started to work as a backup dancer for other established artists .	backup dancer	What did she also work as for other established artists ?
While performing as a backup singer and dancer for the French disco artist Patrick Hernandez on his 1979 world tour , Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy .	1979	Which year was Patrick Hernandez 's world tour held ?
While performing as a backup singer and dancer for the French disco artist Patrick Hernandez on his 1979 world tour , Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy .	Dan Gilroy	Who did Madonna started seeing when she worked as a back up singer/dancer during Patrick Hernandez 's tour ?
Together , they formed her first rock band , the Breakfast Club , for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar .	Breakfast Club	What was the name of the band which Madonna and Dan Gilroy started ?
In 1980 or 1981 she left Breakfast Club and , with her former boyfriend Stephen Bray as drummer , formed the band Emmy .	1980 or 1981	When did Madonna leave the Breakfast Club ?
In 1980 or 1981 she left Breakfast Club and , with her former boyfriend Stephen Bray as drummer , formed the band Emmy .	Stephen Bray	After leaving the Breakfast Club , who did she formed the band Emmy with ?
After Madonna signed a singles deal with Sire , her debut single , `` Everybody '' , was released in October 1982 , and the second , `` Burning Up '' , in March 1983 .	Everybody	What was Madonna 's debut single called ?
After Madonna signed a singles deal with Sire , her debut single , `` Everybody '' , was released in October 1982 , and the second , `` Burning Up '' , in March 1983 .	October 1982	When was `` Everybody '' released ?
After Madonna signed a singles deal with Sire , her debut single , `` Everybody '' , was released in October 1982 , and the second , `` Burning Up '' , in March 1983 .	Burning Up	What was the name of the second single called ?
After this success , she started developing her debut album , Madonna , which was primarily produced by Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros. .	Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros	Who produced Madonna 's debut album ?
Both became big club hits in the United States , reaching number three on Hot Dance Club Songs chart compiled by Billboard magazine .	three	Madonna 's dance singles reached which number in the `` Hot Dance Club Songs '' by the Billboard Magazine ?
Madonna moved in with boyfriend John `` Jellybean '' Benitez , asking his help for finishing the album 's production .	John "Jellybean" Benitez	Who was the boyfriend that Madonna moved in with ?
Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced `` Holiday '' , which was her third single and her first global hit .	Benitez	Who remixed most of Madonna 's album tracks ?
Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced `` Holiday '' , which was her third single and her first global hit .	Holiday	Which song was Madonna 's first global hit ?
The album was released in July 1983 and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 six months later , in 1984 .	July 1983	When was Madonna 's album released ?
The album was released in July 1983 and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 six months later , in 1984 .	eight	Which number did Madonna 's album peaked at the Billboard 800 six months later ?
Madonna 's look and style of dressing , her performances , and her music videos influenced young girls and women .	young girls and women	Who did Madonna 's look and style of dressing influence ?
Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s .	1980s	When did Madonna 's style become a fashion trend ?
Created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol , the look consisted of lace tops , skirts over capri pants , fishnet stockings , jewelry bearing the crucifix , bracelets , and bleached hair .	Maripol	Who is the stylist and jewellery designer that created Madonna 's look ?
Madonna achieved global recognition after the release of her second studio album , Like a Virgin , in November 1984 .	November 1984	When did Madonna achieve global recognition ?
The title track , `` Like a Virgin '' , topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks .	six consecutive weeks	How long did `` Like a Virgin '' stayed on the Billboard 100 ?
Madonna was criticized for her performance of `` Like a Virgin '' at the first 1984 MTV Video Music Awards -LRB- VMA -RRB- .	"Like a Virgin"	Madonna was criticized for her performance of which song in the VMA ?
She appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake , wearing a wedding dress and white gloves .	a wedding dress	What was Madonna wearing during the performance of `` Like A Virgin '' at the VMA ?
The next hit was `` Material Girl '' promoted by her video , a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe 's performance of the song `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes .	Marilyn Monroe	Her video of `` Material Girl '' was an imitation of which singer 's song , `` Diamonds are a girl 's best friend ? ''
They married on her birthday in 1985 .	on her birthday in 1985	When did Madonna married Sean Penn ?
In February 1984 , according to the film director Sir Richard Attenborough , Madonna auditioned at the Royale Theatre on Broadway for a dance role in his movie version of A Chorus Line using her birth-name of Ciccone , but he rejected her .	February 1984	When did Madonna audition for a dance role in the show `` A Chorus Line ? ''
Madonna entered mainstream films in February 1985 , beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in Vision Quest , a romantic drama film .	February 1985	When did Madonna enter mainstream films ?
Madonna entered mainstream films in February 1985 , beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in Vision Quest , a romantic drama film .	Vision Quest	What is the name of the romantic drama film that Madonna starred in ?
She also appeared in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan in March 1985 , a film which introduced the song `` Into the Groove '' , her first number one single in the United Kingdom .	March 1985	When did Madonna appear in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan ?
Its soundtrack contained two new singles , her U.S. number-one single , `` Crazy for You '' and `` Gambler '' .	"Crazy for You" and "Gambler"	What is the name of Madonna 's two new singles ?
She also appeared in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan in March 1985 , a film which introduced the song `` Into the Groove '' , her first number one single in the United Kingdom .	"Into the Groove"	What song did the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan promote ?
Beginning in April 1985 , Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America , The Virgin Tour , with the Beastie Boys as her opening act .	Beginning in April 1985	When was Madonna 's first concert tour in North America ?
Beginning in April 1985 , Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America , The Virgin Tour , with the Beastie Boys as her opening act .	Beastie Boys	Who were the opening act for Madonna 's concert The Virgin tour ?
In July , Penthouse and Playboy magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna , taken in New York in 1978 .	1978	When did Madonna have nude photos taken of her in New York ?
The photographs were ultimately sold for up to $ 100,000 .	up to $100,000	How much was Madonna 's nude photos were finally sold for ?
She referred to these events at the 1985 outdoor Live Aid charity concert , saying that she would not take her jacket off because '' -LSB- the media -RSB- might hold it against me ten years from now . ''	1985	When was the Live Aid Charity Concert held ?
In June 1986 , Madonna released her third studio album , True Blue , which was inspired by and dedicated to Sean Penn. .	June 1986	When was Madonna 's third album released ?
In June 1986 , Madonna released her third studio album , True Blue , which was inspired by and dedicated to Sean Penn. .	Sean Penn	Who was the album True Blue dedicated to ?
The album topped the charts in over 28 countries worldwide , an unprecedented achievement at the time , and became her best-selling studio album of her career to this date with sales of 25 million .	28 countries	Madonna 's album topped in how many countries chart worldwide ?
In the same year , Madonna starred in the critically panned film Shanghai Surprise , for which she was awarded the Golden Raspberry Award for `` worst actress '' .	Golden Raspberry Award	What award did Madonna receive for her role in the film Shanghai Surprise ?
She contributed four songs to its soundtrack , including the title track and `` Causing a Commotion '' .	Causing a Commotion	Name a soundtrack in the film Who 's That Girl ?
In January 1989 , Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft-drink manufacturer , Pepsi .	January 1989	When did Madonna sign an endorsement deal with Pepsi ?
Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract .	canceled her sponsorship contract	With Madonna 's new video , Like A Prayer , the blasphemy that she portrayed in the video led to what consequences ?
The song was included on Madonna 's fourth studio album , Like a Prayer , which was co-written and co-produced by Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray .	Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray.	Who co-written and co-produced the song , Like A Prayer ?
Like a Prayer peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 15 million copies worldwide , with 4 million copies sold in the U.S. alone .	15 million copies	How many copies did Like A Prayer sell worldwide ?
By the end of the 1980s , Madonna was named as the `` Artist of the Decade '' by MTV , Billboard and Musician magazine .	end of the 1980s	When was Madonna named `` Artist of the Decade '' by MTV , Billboard and Musician Magazine ?
Madonna starred as Breathless Mahoney in the film Dick Tracy -LRB- 1990 -RRB- , with Warren Beatty playing the title role .	Breathless Mahoney	In the film Dick Tracy , who did Madonna starred as ?
Her performance led to a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress .	Saturn Award	Madonna 's role in Dick Tracy led to which award nomination ?
It also featured the US number-one hit `` Vogue '' and `` Sooner or Later '' , which earned songwriter Stephen Sondheim an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1991 .	Stephen Sondheim	Who earned an Academy Award for the song `` Vogue '' and `` Sooner or Later ? ''
While shooting the film , Madonna began a relationship with Beatty , which dissolved by the end of 1990 .	end of 1990	When did Madonna and Beatty 's relationship end ?
While shooting the film , Madonna began a relationship with Beatty , which dissolved by the end of 1990 .	Beatty	Who did Madonna have a relationship with while shooting the film ?
The Immaculate Collection , Madonna 's first greatest-hits compilation album , was released in November 1990 .	The Immaculate Collection	What is Madonna 's compilation album called ?
The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30 million copies worldwide , becoming the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist in history .	over 30 million copies	How many albums did it sell worldwide ?
It included two new songs , `` Justify My Love '' and `` Rescue Me '' .	Justify My Love	What is one of the title of the songs that was released in the Immaculate Collection ?
The video was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and was banned from the network .	too sexually explicit	Why did MTV ban the video for Justify My Love ?
`` Justify My Love '' reached number one in the U.S. and top ten worldwide .	number one	Justify My Love reached which number in the US charts ?
In 1992 , Madonna had a role in A League of Their Own as Mae Mordabito , a baseball player on an all-women 's team .	Mae Mordabito	Who did Madonna play in the role A League Of Their Own ?
She recorded the film 's theme song , `` This Used to Be My Playground '' , which became a Hot 100 number one hit .	This Used to Be My Playground	What is the film 's theme song ?
In 1992 , Madonna had a role in A League of Their Own as Mae Mordabito , a baseball player on an all-women 's team .	1992	When did Madonna open her own entertainment company , Maverick ?
It gave her 20 % royalties from the music proceedings , one of the highest rates in the industry , equaled at that time only by Michael Jackson 's royalty rate established a year earlier with Sony .	20%	How much was the royalties paid to Madonna for the music proceedings ?
Madonna had provocative imagery featured in the erotic thriller , Body of Evidence , a film which contained scenes of sadomasochism and bondage .	Body of Evidence	What was the name of the erotic thriller that shows scenes of sadomasochism and bondage ?
In September 1993 , Madonna embarked on The Girlie Show World Tour , in which she dressed as a whip-cracking dominatrix surrounded by topless dancers .	September 1993	When was The Girlie Show World Tour ?
In September 1993 , Madonna embarked on The Girlie Show World Tour , in which she dressed as a whip-cracking dominatrix surrounded by topless dancers .	whip-cracking dominatrix	What was Madonna dressed in for the tour ?
In Puerto Rico she rubbed the island 's flag between her legs on stage , resulting in outrage among the audience .	Puerto Rico	In which country did Madonna rubbed the country 's flag between her thighs that anger the public ?
In March 1994 , she appeared as a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman , using profanity that required censorship on television , and handing Letterman a pair of her panties and asking him to smell it .	a pair of her panties	What did Madonna give to Letterman to smell in his late night show that created an uproar ?
The releases of her sexually explicit films , albums and book , and the aggressive appearance on Letterman all made critics question Madonna as a sexual renegade .	a sexual renegade	What did the critics call Madonna after the Letterman show ?
Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli described her ballad `` I 'll Remember '' -LRB- 1994 -RRB- as an attempt to tone down her provocative image .	J. Randy Taraborrelli	Which biographer described her song `` I 'll Remember '' as trying to clean up Madonna 's image ?
The song was recorded for Alek Keshishian 's film With Honors .	With Honors	The song `` I 'll Remember '' was recorded for which film ?
With her sixth studio album , Bedtime Stories -LRB- 1994 -RRB- , Madonna employed a softer image to try to improve the public perception .	Bedtime Stories	What was Madonna 's sixth album named ?
The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and produced four singles , including `` Secret '' and `` Take a Bow '' , the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven weeks , the longest period of any Madonna single .	seven weeks	The single `` Take A Bow '' was at the Hot 100 for how many weeks ?
At the same time , she became romantically involved with fitness trainer Carlos Leon .	Carlos Leon	Who was the fitness trainer that Madonna was involved with ?
In Evita -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , Madonna played the title role of Eva Perón .	Eva Perón	In the film Evita , who did Madonna play ?
For a long time , Madonna had desired to play Perón and wrote to director Alan Parker to explain why she would be perfect for the part .	Alan Parker	Which director did Madonna write to saying that she was perfect for the part of Eva Peron ?
During shooting she became ill several times due to the intense emotional effort required .	During shooting	When was Madonna pregnant ?
After securing the role , she had vocal training and learned about the history of Argentina and Perón .	vocal training	After securing the role of Evita , what kind of training did Madonna have ?
Zach Conner from Time magazine commented , `` It 's a relief to say that Evita is pretty damn fine , well cast and handsomely visualized .	Zach Conner	Who from Times magazine gave an excellent critique of the film Evita ?
Madonna won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for the role .	Golden Globe Award	What award did Madonna win for the film Evita ?
On October 14 , 1996 , Madonna gave birth to Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon , her daughter with Leon .	October 14, 1996	When was Madonna 's daughter born ?
On October 14 , 1996 , Madonna gave birth to Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon , her daughter with Leon .	Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon	What is the name of Madonna 's daughter ?
Her relationship with Carlos Leon ended in May 1997 ; she declared that they were `` better off as best friends . ''	May 1997	When did Madonna 's relationship with Carlos Leon ended ?
Madonna 's seventh studio album , Ray of Light , -LRB- 1998 -RRB- reflected a change in her image .	Ray of Light	What is the name of Madonna 's seventh album ?
Madonna 's seventh studio album , Ray of Light , -LRB- 1998 -RRB- reflected a change in her image .	1998	What year was `` Ray of Light '' released ?
She collaborated with electronica producer William Orbit and wanted to create a sound that could blend dance music with pop and British rock .	William Orbit	Which electronica producer did Madonna team up with for Ray of Light ?
Techno and rave was happening in the 90 's and had a lot of different forms .	Techno and rave	Which type of music was popular during the 90s ?
Ray of Light was honored with four Grammy Awards .	four	How many Emmy awards did Ray of Light won ?
In 2003 , Slant Magazine called it `` one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s '' and Rolling Stone listed it among `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' .	Rolling Stone	Who listed Ray of Light as `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ? ''
Commercially , the album peaked at number one in numerous countries and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide .	16 million copies	How many albums did Ray of Light sell worldwide ?
The album 's first single , `` Frozen '' , became Madonna 's first single to debut at number one in the UK , while in the U.S. it became her sixth number-two single , setting another record for Madonna as the artist with the most number two hits .	Frozen	Which single in the album made it to the UK number one ?
The second single , `` Ray of Light '' , debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 .	five	The single Ray of Light debut at which number of the Billboard Hot 100 ?
The 1998 edition of Guinness Book of World Records stated : `` No female artist has sold more records than Madonna around the world '' .	1998	Which edition of the Guinness Book of World Record states that no female artist sold more records than Madonna ?
In 1999 Madonna signed to play a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart but left the project , citing `` creative differences '' with director Wes Craven .	Music of the Heart	Which film project did Madonna leave because of differences with the director ?
In 1999 Madonna signed to play a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart but left the project , citing `` creative differences '' with director Wes Craven .	Wes Craven	Who was the director of Music of the Heart ?
She recorded the single `` Beautiful Stranger '' for the 1999 film Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me .	Beautiful Stranger	Which film did Madonna record the single Beautiful Stranger for ?
Madonna won a Grammy Award for `` Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media '' .	Grammy Award	Which award did Madonna win for the single `` Beautiful Stranger ? ''
In 2000 , Madonna starred in the film The Next Best Thing , and contributed two songs to the film 's soundtrack ; `` Time Stood Still '' and a cover of Don McLean 's 1971 song `` American Pie '' .	The Next Best Thing	What was the film that Madonna starred in 2000 ?
In 2000 , Madonna starred in the film The Next Best Thing , and contributed two songs to the film 's soundtrack ; `` Time Stood Still '' and a cover of Don McLean 's 1971 song `` American Pie '' .	Time Stood Still	What was the name of the film 's soundtrack called ?
She released her eighth studio album , Music , in September 2000 .	Music	What was Madonna 's eighth album called ?
She released her eighth studio album , Music , in September 2000 .	September 2000	When was `` Music '' released ?
The album took the number-one position in more than 20 countries worldwide and sold four million copies in the first ten days .	four million	How many albums did `` Music '' sell in the first 10 days ?
She met director Guy Ritchie , who would become her second husband , in November 1998 and gave birth to their son Rocco John Ritchie on August 11 , 2000 in Los Angeles .	Guy Ritchie	Who is Madonna 's second husband ?
He was christened at Dornoch Cathedral in Dornoch , Scotland , on December 21 , 2000 .	December 21, 2000.	When did Madonna marry Guy Ritchie ?
She met director Guy Ritchie , who would become her second husband , in November 1998 and gave birth to their son Rocco John Ritchie on August 11 , 2000 in Los Angeles .	August 11, 2000	When was Rocco John Ritchie born ?
Rocco and Madonna suffered complications from the birth due to her experiencing placenta praevia .	placenta praevia	What type of birth complications did Madonna suffer at birth ?
Her fifth concert tour , titled Drowned World Tour , started in June 2001 .	June 2001	When did Madonna 's Drowned World Tour start ?
Madonna starred in the film Swept Away , directed by Ritchie .	Swept Away	Which film did Madonna starred in that was directed by Ritchie ?
In May 2002 she appeared in London in the West End play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre -LRB- billed as ` Madonna Ritchie ' -RRB- , to universally bad reviews and was described as `` the evening 's biggest disappointment '' by one .	May 2002	When did Madonna appear in the play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre ?
That October , she released `` Die Another Day '' , the title song of the James Bond film Die Another Day , in which she had a cameo role , described by The Guardian film reviewer as `` incredibly wooden '' .	Die Another Day	What was Madonna 's title song for the James Bond movie ?
The song reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry for Worst Song .	eight	Die Another Day reached which number in the Billboards Hot 100 ?
Following Die Another Day , Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer Steven Klein in 2003 for an exhibition installation named X-STaTIC Pro = CeSS .	X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS	What is the name of the exhibition installation that Madonna teamed up with fashion photographer Chris Klein called ?
The same year , Madonna released her ninth studio album , American Life , which was based on her observations of American society ; it received mixed reviews .	American Life	What was Madonna 's ninth album called ?
Following Die Another Day , Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer Steven Klein in 2003 for an exhibition installation named X-STaTIC Pro = CeSS .	2003	When was American Life released ?
The title song peaked at number 37 on the Hot 100 .	37	American Life reached which number at the Hot 100 ?
With four million copies sold worldwide , American Life was the lowest-selling album of her career at that point .	four million	How many copies did the album sell worldwide ?
Madonna sparked controversy for kissing Spears and Aguilera suggestively during the performance .	Spears and Aguilera	Who did Madonna kiss at the MTV Video Music Awards ?
In October 2003 , Madonna provided guest vocals on Spears ' single `` Me Against the Music '' .	October 2003	When did Madonna collaborated as guest vocals for Spears single ?
Madonna also signed a contract with Callaway Arts & Entertainment to be the author of five children 's books .	children's books	Madonna signed a contract with Callaway Arts and Entertainment to be a writer of what type of books ?
The first of these books , titled The English Roses , was published in September 2003 .	The English Roses,	What was the title of the first book Madonna penned ?
The first of these books , titled The English Roses , was published in September 2003 .	September 2003	When was the The English Roses published ?
The next year Madonna and Maverick sued Warner Music Group and its former parent company Time Warner , claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars .	Warner Music Group	Madonna and Maverick sued which company for poor bookkeeping and mismanagement of resources ?
In return , Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own .	Maverick	Warner filed a countersuit stating that who lost 10 of millions of dollars on its own ?
The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares , owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev , were purchased by Warner .	Madonna and Ronnie Dashev	Warner resolved the dispute by buying whose shares ?
Madonna and Dashev 's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music , but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract .	Warner Music	Maverick became a wholly owned subsidiary of which company ?
In mid-2004 Madonna embarked on the Re-Invention World Tour in the U.S. , Canada , and Europe .	mid-2004	When was the Re-Invention World Tour kick off ?
It became the highest-grossing tour of 2004 , earning around $ 120 million and became the subject of her documentary I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret .	around $120 million	HOw much did the tour earn ?
It became the highest-grossing tour of 2004 , earning around $ 120 million and became the subject of her documentary I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret .	I'm Going to Tell You a Secret	What was Madonna 's documentary called ?
In November 2004 , she was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame as one of its five founding members , along with The Beatles , Elvis Presley , Bob Marley , and U2 .	November 2004	When was Madonna inducted into the UK Hall of Fame ?
She also performed at the Live 8 benefit concert in London in July 2005 .	July 2005.	When did Madonna perform at the Live 8 benefit concert in the UK ?
Her tenth studio album , Confessions on a Dance Floor , was released in November 2005 .	Confessions on a Dance Floor	What was the name of Madonna 's tenth studio album ?
Her tenth studio album , Confessions on a Dance Floor , was released in November 2005 .	November 2005	When was Confessions on a Dance Floor released ?
The album won a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album .	Grammy Award	Which award the the album win ?
The song contained a sample of ABBA 's `` Gim me !	ABBA	Which pop group allowed Madonna to sing a cover of their song Gim me ! Gim me ! Gim me !
`` Sorry '' , the second single , became Madonna 's twelfth number-one single in the UK .	Sorry	What was the name of the single that was Madonna 's twelfth number one hit in the UK ?
Madonna embarked on the Confessions Tour in May 2006 , which had a global audience of 1.2 million and grossed over $ 193.7 million , becoming the highest-grossing tour to that date for a female artist .	May 2006	When did the Confessions Tour start ?
Madonna embarked on the Confessions Tour in May 2006 , which had a global audience of 1.2 million and grossed over $ 193.7 million , becoming the highest-grossing tour to that date for a female artist .	over $193.7 million	How much did the Confessions Tour make ?
Madonna used religious symbols , such as the crucifix and Crown of Thorns , in the performance of `` Live to Tell '' .	used religious symbols	Why did the Russian Orthodox Church and Federation of Jewish Communities of Russian asked members to boycott the concert ?
At the same time , the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -LRB- IFPI -RRB- announced officially that Madonna had sold over 200 million copies for her albums alone worldwide .	over 200 million	It was confirmed by IFPI that Madonna officially sold how many albums worldwide ?
While on tour Madonna participated in the Raising Malawi initiative by partially funding an orphanage in and traveling to that country .	Raising Malawi initiative	What was the charity that Madonna was involved in when in Malawi ?
While there , she decided to adopt a boy named David Banda in October 2006 .	October 2006	When did Madonna adopt David Banda ?
She described how Banda had been suffering from pneumonia after surviving malaria and tuberculosis when she first met him .	pneumonia	What was Banda suffering from when Madonna first met him ?
Banda 's biological father , Yohane , commented , `` These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day , threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing ... .	Yohane	What was the name of Banda 's biological father ?
The adoption was finalized in May 2008 .	May 2008	When was the adoption finalized ?
Madonna released the song `` Hey You '' for the Live Earth series of concerts .	Hey You	What song did Madonna release for the Live Earth series of concerts ?
Records , and a new $ 120 million , ten-year 360 deal with Live Nation .	Live Nation	Madonna had a new 10 year , $ 120 million record deal with which company ?
She produced and wrote I Am Because We Are , a documentary on the problems faced by Malawians .	I Am Because We Are	What was the documentary Madonna produced and wrote about the Malawis ?
She also directed her first film Filth and Wisdom .	Filth and Wisdom	What is the name of the first film Madonna directed ?
In December 2007 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced Madonna as one of the five inductees of 2008 .	Madonna	Who was one of the five inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ?
Madonna released her eleventh studio album , Hard Candy , in April 2008 .	Hard Candy	What was the name of Madonna 's eleventh album ?
Madonna released her eleventh studio album , Hard Candy , in April 2008 .	April 2008	When was Hard Candy released ?
The album debuted at number one in thirty seven countries and on the Billboard 200 .	thirty seven	Hard Candy debuted at number one in how many countries ?
Madonna released her eleventh studio album , Hard Candy , in April 2008 .	Hard Candy	Madonna worked with Justin Timberlake , Timbaland , Pharrell Williams and Nate Hills for which album ?
`` 4 Minutes '' was released as the album 's lead single and peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 .	4 Minutes	Which single was released as the album 's lead single ?
It was Madonna 's 37th top-ten hit on the chart -- it pushed Madonna past Elvis Presley as the artist with the most top-ten hits .	Elvis Presley	Madonna surpassed which artist with the most top-ten hits ?
In the UK she retained her record for the most number-one singles for a female artist ; `` 4 Minutes '' becoming her thirteenth .	thirteenth	4 minutes became Madonna 's which number one single in the UK ?
To further promote the album , Madonna embarked on the Sticky & Sweet Tour ; her first major venture with Live Nation .	Sticky & Sweet Tour	What is the name of the first tour with Live Nation ?
With a gross of $ 280 million , it became the highest-grossing tour by a solo artist then , surpassing the previous record Madonna set with the Confessions Tour ; it was later surpassed by Roger Waters ' The Wall Live .	$280 million,	How much did Stick and Sweet Tour grossed ?
Life with My Sister Madonna , a book by Madonna 's brother Christopher , debuted at number two on The New York Times bestseller list .	Life with My Sister Madonna	What is the title of the book by Madonna 's brother ?
Life with My Sister Madonna , a book by Madonna 's brother Christopher , debuted at number two on The New York Times bestseller list .	The New York Times	The book debuted at number two on which best seller 's list ?
Ultimately , Madonna filed for divorce from Ritchie , citing irreconcilable differences , which was finalized in December 2008 .	December 2008	When was the divorce finalized between Madonna and Ritchie ?
Madonna appealed , and on June 12 , 2009 , the Supreme Court of Malawi granted Madonna the right to adopt Mercy James .	June 12, 2009	When did the High Court of Malawi gave the right for Madonna to adopt her second son ?
She appeared at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards on September 13 , 2009 , to speak in tribute to deceased pop star Michael Jackson .	September 13, 2009	When did Madonna appear in MTV for the tribute to Michael Jackson ?
Chifundo `` Mercy '' James was finally adopted in June 2009 .	June 2009	When was Mercy adopted ?
Madonna had known Mercy from the time she went to adopt David .	David	Madonna known Mercy since going to adopt which child in Malawi ?
Mercy 's grandmother had initially protested the adoption , but later gave in , saying `` At first I did n't want her to go but as a family we had to sit down and reach an agreement and we agreed that Mercy should go .	Mercy's grandmother	Who initially protested the adoption ?
The men insisted that Mercy be adopted and I wo n't resist anymore .	The men	Who insisted that Mercy should be adopted ?
Mercy 's father was still adamant saying that he could not support the adoption since he was alive .	Mercy's father	Who stated that he could not support the adoption since he was alive ??
Madonna performed at the Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief concert in January 2010 .	January 2010	When did Madonna perform at the Hope for Haiti Now ?
In April she released her third live album , Sticky & Sweet Tour .	Sticky & Sweet Tour	What album did Madonna released in April 2010 ?
Madonna granted American TV show Glee the rights to her entire catalogue of music , and the producers planned an episode featuring Madonna songs exclusively .	Glee	Madonna granted which TV show the rights to her entire catalog of music ?
Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna , an EP containing eight cover versions of Madonna songs featured in the episode , was released afterward and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 .	Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna	What is the name of the episode of Glee that featured Madonna 's songs ?
Madonna released the Material Girl clothing line , which she designed with her daughter , Lourdes .	Material Girl	What is the name of the clothing line Madonna released with her daughter ?
The 1980s inspired clothing line , borrowed from Madonna 's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s , was released under the Macy 's label .	Macy's	Material Girl clothing line is released under which brand ?
Madonna also opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness .	Hard Candy Fitness	What is the name of the fitness gyms that Madonna opened ?
In November 2011 , Madonna and MG Icon announced the release of a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare by Madonna to include footwear , underclothing , and accessories .	November 2011	When did Madonna released her second clothing line ?
She also directed her second feature film , W.E. , a biographic about the affair between King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson ; it was co-written with Alek Keshishian .	W.E.	What is the name of the second film that Madonna directed ?
In 2012 , Madonna performed at Super Bowl XLVI halftime show , visualized by Cirque Du Soleil and Jamie King and featured special guests LMFAO , Nicki Minaj , M.I.A. and Cee Lo Green .	2012	Which year did Madonna performed at the Super Bowl ?
It became the then most-watched Super Bowl halftime show in history with 114 million viewers , higher than the game itself .	114 million viewers	How many viewers did the half-time show attract ?
It was also revealed that the singer had signed a three-album deal with Interscope Records , who would act as the distributor in partnership with her 360 deal with Live Nation .	Interscope Records	Madonna signed a three album deal with which record company ?
Her twelfth studio album , MDNA , was released in March 2012 and saw collaboration with various producers , most notably with William Orbit again and Martin Solveig .	MDNA	What was the name of Madonna 's twelfth album ?
Her twelfth studio album , MDNA , was released in March 2012 and saw collaboration with various producers , most notably with William Orbit again and Martin Solveig .	March 2012	When was MDNA released ?
The MDNA Tour , which further promoted the album , began in May 2012 in Tel Aviv , Israel .	Tel Aviv, Israel	Where did the MDNA Tour start ?
The MDNA Tour , which further promoted the album , began in May 2012 in Tel Aviv , Israel .	May 2012	When did MDNA Tour begin ?
It was a box office success with a gross of $ 305.2 million from 88 sold-out shows , and became the highest-grossing tour of 2012 and the tenth highest-grossing tour of all time .	$305.2 million	How much did the Tour grossed ?
It was a box office success with a gross of $ 305.2 million from 88 sold-out shows , and became the highest-grossing tour of 2012 and the tenth highest-grossing tour of all time .	88	How many shows were sold out ?
Madonna was named the top-earning celebrity of the year by Forbes , earning an estimated $ 125 million , due to the success of the tour .	Forbes	Who named Madonna as the top-earning celebrity of the year ?
By 2013 , Madonna 's Raising Malawi organization built ten schools to educate 4,000 children in Malawi at a value of $ 400,000 .	ten schools	By 2013 , how many did Madonna 's Raising Malawi organization built ?
When Madonna visited the schools in April 2013 , President of Malawi Joyce Banda expressed criticism of the star and her charity , accusing her of exaggerating her charity 's contribution .	April 2013	When did Madonna visit Malawi 's school ?
When Madonna visited the schools in April 2013 , President of Malawi Joyce Banda expressed criticism of the star and her charity , accusing her of exaggerating her charity 's contribution .	President of Malawi Joyce Banda	Who criticized Madonna 's charity efforts , stating that she exaggerated her contributions ?
Working with photographer Steven Klein , Madonna completed a 17-minute film called secretprojectrevolution .	secretprojectrevolution	What was the name of the 17 minute film called ?
The BitTorrent company was selected by Madonna to release the film as part of a Madonna bundle .	The BitTorrent company	Which company was selected to release the film ?
It was released on September 24 , 2013 , and consisted of the 17-minute film , its stills , a Vice interview , and a message from Madonna .	September 24, 2013	When was secretprojectrevolution released ?
With the film she launched the Art for Freedom initiative , which helped to promote `` art and free speech as a means to address persecution and injustice across the globe '' .	Art for Freedom	What initiative did Madonna launched with her film ?
The website for the project has had over 3,000 art related submissions since its inception , with Madonna regularly monitoring and enlisting the help of other artists like David Blaine and Katy Perry as guest curators .	over 3,000	How many submissions does the initiative have ?
She appeared at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in January 2014 , performing `` Open Your Heart '' alongside rappers Macklemore & Ryan Lewis and singer Mary Lambert , who sang their single `` Same Love '' , as 33 couples were wed onstage , officiated by Queen Latifah .	56th Annual Grammy Awards	What award ceremony did Madonna appeared in ?
She appeared at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in January 2014 , performing `` Open Your Heart '' alongside rappers Macklemore & Ryan Lewis and singer Mary Lambert , who sang their single `` Same Love '' , as 33 couples were wed onstage , officiated by Queen Latifah .	Open Your Heart	What song did Madonna sing at the ceremony ?
Days later , she joined singer Miley Cyrus on her MTV Unplugged special , singing a mash-up of `` Do n't Tell Me '' and Cyrus ' single `` We Ca n't Stop '' -LRB- 2013 -RRB- .	Miley Cyrus	Which singer did she join on MTV Unplugged to sing ?
She also extended her business ventures and in February 2014 the singer premiered MDNA Skin , a range of skin care products , in Tokyo , Japan .	February 2014	When did Madonna premiered her MDNA skincare line ?
After visiting her hometown of Detroit during May 2014 , Madonna decided to contribute funds to three of the city 's organizations , to help eliminate poverty from there .	Detroit	Which city did Madonna contribute funds to help poverty ?
In December 2014 , thirteen demos recorded for the album leaked onto the Internet .	December 2014	When did Madonna 's album demo leaked online ?
The album , titled Rebel Heart , was released on March 10 , 2015 .	Rebel Heart	What is Madonna 's thirteenth album called ?
The album , titled Rebel Heart , was released on March 10 , 2015 .	March 10, 2015	When was Rebel Heart released ?
From September 2015 , she embarked on the Rebel Heart Tour to promote the album ; the tour ended in March 2016 and traveled throughout North America , Europe and Asia and was the singer 's first visit to Australia in 23 years , where she also performed a one-off show for her fans .	September 2015	When did Madonna embark on the Rebel Heart Tour ?
It grossed a total of $ 169.8 million from the 82 shows , with over 1.045 million ticket sales .	$169.8 million	How much did Rebel Heart Tour grossed ?
Madonna 's music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny .	Madonna's	Whose music had been the subject of a lot of scrutiny ?
Robert M. Grant , author of Contemporary Strategy Analysis -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , commented that what has brought Madonna success is `` certainly not outstanding natural talent .	Robert M. Grant	Who is the author of Contemporary Strategic Analysis ?
Madonna 's approach was far from the music industry wisdom of `` Find a winning formula and stick to it . ''	Madonna	Who has established herself as a Queen of Popular Music ?
Throughout her career Madonna has been involved in writing and producing most of her own music .	Madonna	Who writes and creates most of her own music ?
Mark Kamins , her first producer , believed that Madonna is `` a much underrated musician and lyricist . ''	Mark Kamins	Who was Madonna 's first producer ?
Madonna 's songwriting are often autobiographical over the years , dealing with various themes from love and relationships to self-respect and female empowerment .	Madonna's	Whose music speak about taboo and unconventional subjects ?
Madonna has been nominated for being inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame twice , for 2014 and 2016 ceremony .	2014 and 2016	Madonna was nominated to be inducted twice which year to the Songwriter Hall of Fame ?
Rolling Stone listed Madonna at number 56 on the `` 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time '' .	Rolling Stone	Which magazine stated that Madonna was the greatest songwriter of all time ?
Before emerging as a pop star , Madonna has spent her early years in rock music alongside her bands , Breakfast Club and Emmy .	rock music	Which genre did Madonna started out in ?
While performing with Emmy , Madonna recorded about 12-14 songs which resemble the punk rock of that period .	12-14	When performing with Emmy , how many songs did Madonna produce ?
In the beginning of the ' 80 's , disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop , and according to Erlewine , Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music .	Madonna	Who popularize dance music as mainstream music ?
Her second album , Like a Virgin -LRB- 1984 -RRB- , foreshadowed several trends in her later works .	Like a Virgin	What is Madonna 's second album ?
Her mature artistic statement was visible in True Blue -LRB- 1986 -RRB- and Like a Prayer -LRB- 1989 -RRB- .	True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989)	Which 2 album show Madonna 's artistic statement ?
In True Blue , she incorporated classical music in order to engage an older audience who had been skeptical of her music .	classical	True Blue has what type of music Incorporated in it ?
Madonna continued to compose ballads and uptempo dance songs for Erotica -LRB- 1992 -RRB- and Bedtime Stories -LRB- 1994 -RRB- .	Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994)	Which 2 albums explored the New Lack Swing ?
With Ray of Light , Madonna brought electronic music from its underground status into massive popularity in mainstream music scene .	electronic music	Madonna brought which type of music to mainstream with Ray of Light ?
Madonna experimented with more folk and acoustic music in Music -LRB- 2000 -RRB- and American Life -LRB- 2003 -RRB- .	folk and acoustic	What type of music did Madonna experimented with in Music ?
A change was noted in the content of the songs in Music , with most of them being simple love songs , but with an underlying tone of melancholy .	simple love songs,	Most of the songs in Music are what type of songs ?
Madonna returned to pure dance songs with Confessions on a Dance Floor , infusing club beats and retro music with the lyrics about paradoxical metaphors and reference to her earlier works .	dance songs	What type of songs are in Confessions of a Dance floor ?
Madonna moved to urban direction with Hard Candy -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , mixing R&B and hip hop music with dance tunes .	urban direction	What type of songs does Hard Candy have ?
MDNA -LRB- 2012 -RRB- largely focused in electronic dance music , which she has embraced since Ray of Light .	electronic dance music	MDNA focuses on which type of music ?
Possessing a mezzo-soprano vocal range , Madonna has always been self-conscious about her voice , especially in comparison to her vocal idols such as Ella Fitzgerald , Prince , and Chaka Khan .	mezzo-soprano	Madonna has which vocal range ?
Mark Bego , author of Madonna : Blonde Ambition , called her `` the perfect vocalist for lighter-than-air songs '' , despite not being a `` heavyweight talent . ''	Blonde Ambition	What was the title of Madonna 's Book ?
According to MSNBC critic Tony Sclafani , `` Madonna 's vocals are the key to her rock roots .	Tony Sclafani	Who stated that Madonna 's voice are key to her rock roots ?
During the filming of Evita , Madonna had to take vocal lessons , which increased her range further .	filming of Evita	When did Madonna take voice lessons ?
She learned to play drum and guitar from her then-boyfriend Dan Gilroy in the late 1970s before joining the Breakfast Club line-up as the drummer .	drum and guitar	Which instruments can Madonna play ?
She learned to play drum and guitar from her then-boyfriend Dan Gilroy in the late 1970s before joining the Breakfast Club line-up as the drummer .	Dan Gilroy	Who taught Madonna how to play the drum and guitar ?
Madonna later played guitar on her demo recordings .	guitar	What instrument does Madonna play on her demo recordings ?
In 1999 , Madonna had studied for three months to play the violin for the role as a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart , before eventually leaving the project .	three months	How long did Madonna spent learning to play the violin ?
She took further lessons from guitarist Monte Pittman to improve her guitar skill .	Monte Pittman	Who was the guitarist that Madonna learnt from to improve on her skills ?
According to Taraborrelli , the defining moment of Madonna 's childhood was the tragic and untimely death of her beloved mother .	Taraborrelli,	According to who was the defining moment of Madonna 's childhood with her mother 's death ?
Psychiatrist Keith Ablow suggests her mother 's death would have had an immeasurable impact on the young Madonna at a time when her personality was still forming .	Keith Ablow	Which psychiatrist said that when a parent dies when the child is young , it leaves a lasting impact ?
Conversely , author Lucy O'Brien feels the impact of the rape she suffered is , in fact , the motivating factor behind everything Madonna has done , more important even than the death of her mother : `` It 's not so much grief at her mother 's death that drives her , as the sense of abandonment that left her unprotected .	Lucy O'Brien	Who believes that the rape Madonna experienced is the driving force in life ?
As they grew older Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting farther from them .	Madonna and her sisters	Who felt deep sadness as the death of their mother fades away ?
They would study pictures of her and come to think that she resembled poet Anne Sexton and Hollywood actresses .	poet Anne Sexton	Who does Madonna 's mum resemble ?
This would later raise Madonna 's interest in poetry , with Sylvia Plath being her favourite .	Sylvia Plath	Who is Madonna 's favorite poet ?
As they grew older Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting farther from them .	Madonna	Who felt that her mother death was the driving force behind her success ?
In 1985 , Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' by Nancy Sinatra ; she said it summed up her own `` take-charge attitude '' .	These Boots Are Made for Walkin	Which song made a strong impression on Madonna ?
In 1985 , Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' by Nancy Sinatra ; she said it summed up her own `` take-charge attitude '' .	Nancy Sinatra;	Who sang the song these boots are made for walking ?
Madonna 's major influences include Karen Carpenter , The Supremes and Led Zeppelin , as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev .	Madonna	Whose favorite style is baroque ?
In 1985 , Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' by Nancy Sinatra ; she said it summed up her own `` take-charge attitude '' .	Madonna	Who grew up listening to David Bowie ?
Madonna 's major influences include Karen Carpenter , The Supremes and Led Zeppelin , as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev .	Karen Carpenter	Name one of Madonna 's major influence ?
Madonna 's Italian-Catholic background and her relationship with her parents are reflected in the album Like a Prayer .	Italian-Catholic	What is Madonna 's religious background ?
Madonna 's Italian-Catholic background and her relationship with her parents are reflected in the album Like a Prayer .	her parents	Like a Prayer reflects Madonna 's relationship with who ?
During The Virgin Tour , she wore a rosary and prayed with it in the music video for `` La Isla Bonita '' .	La Isla Bonita"	In which video did Madonna wear a rosary ?
The `` Open Your Heart '' video sees her boss scolding her in the Italian language .	Open Your Heart	In which video does it show Madonna being scolded by her boss in Italian ?
On the Who 's That Girl World Tour , she dedicated the song `` Papa Do n't Preach '' to Pope John Paul II .	Pope John Paul II.	She dedicated Papa Do n't Preach to whom ?
During her childhood , Madonna was inspired by actors , later saying , `` I loved Carole Lombard and Judy Holliday and Marilyn Monroe .	Marilyn Monroe	Name one actor that Madonna was inspired by ?
Her `` Material Girl '' music video recreated Monroe 's look in the song `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' , from the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes -LRB- 1953 -RRB- .	Monroe's	Madonna 's Material Girl recreated whose look ?
The video for `` Express Yourself '' -LRB- 1989 -RRB- was inspired by Fritz Lang 's silent film Metropolis -LRB- 1927 -RRB- .	Metropolis	The video Express Yourself was inspired by which silent film ?
Stephanie Zacharek , critic for Time magazine , stated that , '' -LSB- Madonna -RSB- seems wooden and unnatural as an actress , and it 's tough to watch , because she 's clearly trying her damnedest . ''	Stephanie Zacharek	Who stated that Madonna was a bad actress to watch ?
After the box office bomb Swept Away -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , Madonna vowed that she would never again act in a film , hoping her repertoire as a bad actress would never be discussed again .	Swept Away	Which one of Madonna 's movie is a box office bomb ?
Influences also came to her from the art world , most notably through the works of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo .	Frida Kahlo	Whose art influence Madonna ?
The music video of the song `` Bedtime Story '' featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and Remedios Varo .	Bedtime Story	Which video featured art from Kahlo and Remedios Varo ?
Madonna is also a collector of Tamara de Lempicka 's Art Deco paintings and has included them in her music videos and tours .	Tamara de Lempicka	Madonna collects whose painting ?
Her video for `` Hollywood '' -LRB- 2003 -RRB- was an homage to the work of photographer Guy Bourdin ; Bourdin 's son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorised use of his father 's work .	Guy Bourdin	Her video Hollywood was a homage to which photographer ?
Madonna is dedicated to Kabbalah , and in 2004 she adopted the name Esther which in Persian means `` star '' .	Kabbalah	Which religion was Madonna dedicated to ?
Madonna is dedicated to Kabbalah , and in 2004 she adopted the name Esther which in Persian means `` star '' .	2004	Which year did she adopt the name Esther ?
The influence of the Kabbalah was subsequently observed in Madonna 's music , especially albums like Ray of Light and Music .	Ray of Light	The influence of Kabbalah is seen in which album ?
Her 2012 MDNA album has also drawn many influences from her Catholic upbringing , and since 2011 she has been attending meetings and services at an Opus Dei center , a Catholic institution that encourages spirituality through every day life .	Opus Dei center	Where did Madonna attend Catholic services in 2011 ?
In The Madonna Companion biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that more than any other recent pop artist , Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work .	Allen Metz and Carol Benson	Who are the Madonna Companion Biographers ?
He further asserted that `` the most remarkable creation of MTV is Madonna .	MTV	Madonna used which TV company to help with her career ?
He further asserted that `` the most remarkable creation of MTV is Madonna .	Madonna	The most remarkable creation in MTV is whom ?
Madonna 's initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor .	American and Hispanic mixed street style	What influence did Madonna music video reflects ?
She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience .	American audience	She transmit her avant garde style to which audience ?
Madonna 's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time , in the form of boleros and layered skirts , accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of `` La Isla Bonita '' .	Spanish look	Which look of Madonna became a fashion trend ?
Madonna 's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time , in the form of boleros and layered skirts , accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of `` La Isla Bonita '' .	boleros and layered skirts	What type of Spanish clothings were worn for the video La Ista Bonita ?
Academics noted that with her videos , Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex .	Academics	Who noted that Madonna was reversing the gender role ?
This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for `` Like a Prayer '' .	"Like a Prayer	In which video was it the most obvious ?
In 2003 , MTV named her `` The Greatest Music Video Star Ever '' and said that `` Madonna 's innovation , creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award . ''	MTV	Who named Madonna the Greatest Music Video star ever ?
In 2003 , MTV named her `` The Greatest Music Video Star Ever '' and said that `` Madonna 's innovation , creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award . ''	2003	When was Madonna awarded the accolade ?
He added , `` Artists like Madonna and Janet Jackson set new standards for showmanship , with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing .	Madonna and Janet Jackson	Who had new standards of showmanship ?
Thor Christensen of The Dallas Morning News commented that while Madonna earned a reputation for lip-syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour , she has subsequently reorganized her performances by `` stay -LSB- ing -RSB- mostly still during her toughest singing parts and -LSB- leaves -RSB- the dance routines to her backup troupe ... -LSB- r -RSB- ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time . ''	Madonna	Who earned a reputation of lip synching in the Blond Ambition Tour ?
He added , `` Artists like Madonna and Janet Jackson set new standards for showmanship , with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing .	highly athletic dancing	What came as an expense of live singing ?
To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing , Madonna was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones , with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head , and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth .	hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones	What did Madonna use in her concerts ?
Because of her prominent usage , the microphone design came to be known as the `` Madonna mic '' .	"Madonna mic"	What was the microphone coined as ?
Madonna was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactment of her music videos .	Madonna	Who is first to have reenactment of her music videos in concerts ?
Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia , latest technology and sound systems , Madonna 's concerts and live performances are deemed as `` extravagant show piece , a walking art show . ''	Madonna's	Whose concerts are extravagant live shows ?
Madonna was everywhere ; in the almighty music television channels , ` radio formulas ' , magazine covers and even in bookshops .	Madonna	Who is the most influential recording artist of all time ?
Laura Barcella in her book Madonna and Me : Women Writers on the Queen of Pop -LRB- 2012 -RRB- wrote that `` really , Madonna changed everything the musical landscape , the '80s look du jour , and most significantly , what a mainstream female pop star could -LRB- and could n't -RRB- say , do , or accomplish in the public eye . ''	Laura Barcella	Who wrote the book , Madonna and Me ?
William Langley from The Daily Telegraph felt that `` Madonna has changed the world 's social history , has done more things as more different people than anyone else is ever likely to . ''	William Langley from The Daily Telegraph	Who said that Madonna changed the world social history ?
Alan McGee from The Guardian felt that Madonna is a post-modern art , the likes of which we will never see again .	Alan McGee from The Guardian	Who said that Madonna is like post-moderm art ?
According to Fouz-Hernández , subsequent female singers such as Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Kylie Minogue , the Spice Girls , Destiny 's Child , Jennifer Lopez , and Pink were like her `` daughters in the very direct sense that they grew up listening to and admiring Madonna , and decided they wanted to be like her . ''	Madonna	Who changed the dynamics of the singers back to mostly female ?
Howard Kramer , curatorial director of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum , asserted that `` Madonna and the career she carved out for herself made possible virtually every other female pop singer to follow ... She certainly raised the standards of all of them ... She redefined what the parameters were for female performers . ''	Howard Kramer	Who is the director of the curator of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum ?
According to Fouz-Hernández , subsequent female singers such as Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Kylie Minogue , the Spice Girls , Destiny 's Child , Jennifer Lopez , and Pink were like her `` daughters in the very direct sense that they grew up listening to and admiring Madonna , and decided they wanted to be like her . ''	Madonna,	A lot of modern pop artist grew up listening to whom ?
Time magazine included her in the list of the `` 25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century '' , where she became one of only two singers to be included , alongside Aretha Franklin .	Time magazine	Who included Madonna as the most powerful woman of the century ?
Time magazine included her in the list of the `` 25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century '' , where she became one of only two singers to be included , alongside Aretha Franklin .	Aretha Franklin	Who is the other woman who earned the title ?
Madonna 's use of sexual imagery has benefited her career and catalyzed public discourse on sexuality and feminism .	sexual imagery	Madonna used what to benefit her career ?
According to lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys , Madonna represents woman 's occupancy of what Monique Wittig calls the category of sex , as powerful , and appears to gleefully embrace the performance of the sexual corvée allotted to women .	Madonna	Who started a revolution in music with women ?
Professor Sut Jhally has referred to Madonna as `` an almost sacred feminist icon . ''	Professor Sut Jhally	Who wrote that Madonna is an almost scared feminist icon ?
According to lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys , Madonna represents woman 's occupancy of what Monique Wittig calls the category of sex , as powerful , and appears to gleefully embrace the performance of the sexual corvée allotted to women .	Madonna	Who is regarded as a feminist during her time ?
Madonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry , `` achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry '' , and generating over $ 1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career .	Madonna	Who is an acclaim role model business woman ?
Madonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry , `` achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry '' , and generating over $ 1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career .	$1.2 billion in	Madonna generated how much in sales in the first 10 years of her career ?
London Business School academics called her a `` dynamic entrepreneur '' worth copying ; they identified her vision of success , her understanding of the music industry , her ability to recognize her own performance limits -LRB- and thus bring in help -RRB- , her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the keys to her commercial success .	London Business School academics	Who called Madonna a dynamic entrepreneur ?
Morton wrote that `` Madonna is opportunistic , manipulative , and ruthless -- somebody who wo n't stop until she gets what she wants -- and that 's something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones .	Morton	Who wrote that Madonna is opportunistic , manipulative and ruthless ?
Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide .	300 million records	Madonna sold how many albums worldwide ?
Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide .	Madonna	Who is the best selling female rock artist in the 20th century ?
Billboard named Madonna as the top touring female artist of all time .	Billboard	Who named Madonna as the top female touring artist of all time ?
She is also the highest grossing solo touring artist , with over $ 1.31 billion in concert gross , starting from the Blond Ambition World Tour ; she first crossed a billion gross with The MDNA Tour .	$1.31 billion	How much did Madonna make in all her concerts together ?
Madonna has been honored with 20 MTV Video Music Awards -- the most for any artist -- including the lifetime achievement Video Vanguard Award in 1986 .	20	How many MTV video music awards does Madonna have ?
Madonna holds the record for the most number-ones on all combined Billboard charts , including twelve number-one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 and eight number-one albums on the Billboard 200 .	Madonna	Who holds the record for the most number 1 hits ?
With 45 songs topping the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active Billboard chart , pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart .	45	How many songs does Madonna have on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart ?
With 45 songs topping the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active Billboard chart , pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart .	Madonna	Who has the most number one songs in an active BiIlboard chart ?
She has also scored 38 top-ten singles on the Hot 100 , more than any other artist in history .	38	How many top 10 singles on the Hot 100 does Madonna have ?
With 45 songs topping the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active Billboard chart , pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart .	Madonna	Who is the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart ?
London i / ˈlʌndən / is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom .	London	What city is the capital of England ?
It was founded by the Romans , who named it Londinium .	the Romans	Who founded the city of London ?
London 's ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its 1.12-square-mile -LRB- 2.9 km2 -RRB- medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375 , making it the smallest city in England .	7,375	As of 2011 , what was the population of London ?
-LSB- note 2 -RSB- The conurbation also covers two English counties : the small district of the City of London and the county of Greater London .	county of Greater London	What part of London constitutes the bulk of the city ?
It was founded by the Romans , who named it Londinium .	Londinium	When founded by the Romans , what was the name they gave the city of London ?
London 's ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its 1.12-square-mile -LRB- 2.9 km2 -RRB- medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375 , making it the smallest city in England .	7,375	As of 2011 what was the population of the core of London ?
Standing on the River Thames in the south eastern part of the island of Great Britain , London has been a major settlement for two millennia .	River Thames	On what river is London situated ?
It was founded by the Romans , who named it Londinium .	Londinium	What was London 's original name , as founded by the Romans ?
The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London , -LSB- note 1 -RSB- a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly .	the Mayor of London and the London Assembly	What bodies govern Greater London ?
London 's ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its 1.12-square-mile -LRB- 2.9 km2 -RRB- medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375 , making it the smallest city in England .	1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2)	What is the approximate area of the core of the City of London ?
It is one of the world 's leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement .	fifth-or sixth-largest	Where does London rank in the world in terms of Metropolitan GDP ?
It is the world 's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world 's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic .	world's most-visited	Based on international arrivals , where does London rank in terms of most-visited cities ?
London 's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe , and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings .	43	How many universities are located in London ?
London 's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe , and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings .	first	Where does London rank in the world 's university rankings ?
In 2012 , London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times .	three times	How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympics ?
It is one of the world 's leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement .	fifth-or sixth-largest	Where does London rank in terms of metropolitan area GDP ?
In 2012 , London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times .	three	How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympic Games ?
It is the world 's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world 's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic .	international arrivals	What measurement designates London as the world 's most visited city ?
London 's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe , and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings .	43	How many universities does London boast ?
In 2012 , London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times .	2012	When did London most recently host the Summer Olympics ?
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures , and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London .	300	How many different languages are spoken in London ?
The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689 , the largest of any municipality in the European Union , and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population .	8,538,689	What was the population in London in 2014 ?
London 's urban area is the second most populous in the EU , after Paris , with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census .	second most	Where does London 's urban area rank in terms of population within the EU ?
The city 's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants , -LSB- note 4 -RSB- while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region -LRB- covering a large part of the south east -RRB- as 22.7 million .	13,879,757	How many people are in London 's Metropolitan area ?
London was the world 's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925 .	1831 to 1925	What years was London considered the world 's most populous city ?
London 's urban area is the second most populous in the EU , after Paris , with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census .	Paris	From the 2011 census , London is second in population in the EU to which city ?
London was the world 's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925 .	around 1831 to 1925	During what time did London have the world 's largest population , city-wise ?
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures , and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London .	more than 300	Approximately how many languages are spoken in the Greater London area ?
The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689 , the largest of any municipality in the European Union , and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population .	12.5	As of mid-2014 , London 's population forms what percentage of the entire United Kingdom population ?
The city 's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants , -LSB- note 4 -RSB- while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region -LRB- covering a large part of the south east -RRB- as 22.7 million .	13,879,757	What is the population of metropolitan London ?
London contains four World Heritage Sites : the Tower of London ; Kew Gardens ; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster , Westminster Abbey , and St Margaret 's Church ; and the historic settlement of Greenwich -LRB- in which the Royal Observatory , Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian , 0 ° longitude , and GMT -RRB- .	Westminster Abbey	What is one of London 's World Heritage Sites ?
London is home to numerous museums , galleries , libraries , sporting events and other cultural institutions , including the British Museum , National Gallery , Tate Modern , British Library and 40 West End theatres .	London	Where is the British Museum located ?
Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace , the London Eye , Piccadilly Circus , St Paul 's Cathedral , Tower Bridge , Trafalgar Square , and The Shard .	Tower Bridge	Are there any bridges located in London ?
London is home to numerous museums , galleries , libraries , sporting events and other cultural institutions , including the British Museum , National Gallery , Tate Modern , British Library and 40 West End theatres .	British Library	What is the name of one of the libraries located in London ?
The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world .	The London Underground	What is the name of the oldest underground railway in the world ?
London is home to numerous museums , galleries , libraries , sporting events and other cultural institutions , including the British Museum , National Gallery , Tate Modern , British Library and 40 West End theatres .	40	How many theaters does London 's West End have ?
London contains four World Heritage Sites : the Tower of London ; Kew Gardens ; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster , Westminster Abbey , and St Margaret 's Church ; and the historic settlement of Greenwich -LRB- in which the Royal Observatory , Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian , 0 ° longitude , and GMT -RRB- .	the Royal Observatory, Greenwich	Where does Greenwich Mean Time marked ?
Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace , the London Eye , Piccadilly Circus , St Paul 's Cathedral , Tower Bridge , Trafalgar Square , and The Shard .	Buckingham Palace	What famous palace is located in London ?
The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world .	The London Underground	What is the name of the world 's oldest underground railway ?
London contains four World Heritage Sites : the Tower of London ; Kew Gardens ; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster , Westminster Abbey , and St Margaret 's Church ; and the historic settlement of Greenwich -LRB- in which the Royal Observatory , Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian , 0 ° longitude , and GMT -RRB- .	four	How many World Heritage Sites can be found in London ?
From 1898 , it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called * Londinos ; this explanation has since been rejected .	Celtic	Early consensus was that London 's name originated in what language ?
Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European * -LRB- p -RRB- lowonida , meaning ` river too wide to ford ' , and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London ; from this , the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name , * Lowonidonjon ; this requires quite a serious amendment however .	'river too wide to ford	What is the meaning of the later-believed pre-Celtic Old European origin of London 's name ?
The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain , which should demand a form * -LRB- h -RRB- lōndinion -LRB- as opposed to * londīnion -RRB- , from earlier * loundiniom .	Llundain	What is the modern Welsh form o the word London ?
Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European * -LRB- p -RRB- lowonida , meaning ` river too wide to ford ' , and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London ; from this , the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name , * Lowonidonjon ; this requires quite a serious amendment however .	Richard Coates	Who came up with an explanation of the origins of London 's name that contradicted earlier assumptions
Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European * -LRB- p -RRB- lowonida , meaning ` river too wide to ford ' , and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London ; from this , the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name , * Lowonidonjon ; this requires quite a serious amendment however .	1998	In what year did Richard Coates offer a differing explanation as to the origins of London 's name ?
Both structures are on South Bank , at a natural crossing point where the River Effra flows into the River Thames .	the River Effra	What river flows into the River Thames ?
In 1999 , the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge .	Bronze Age	The remains of an ancient bridge found on the shore of the River Thames was dated back to what archaeological period ?
The function of the mesolithic structure is not known .	not known	The remains of what type of structure from the mesolithic period was found on the River Thames 's foreshore ?
Two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area .	Two	How many ancient structures ' ruins have been found near the River Thames in recent history ?
In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure , dated to 4500 BC , were found on the Thames foreshore , south of Vauxhall Bridge .	4500 BC	The remains of an unknown ancient structure found on the River Thames foreshore dated back to approximately what year ?
This lasted only until around 61 , when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it , burning it to the ground .	Queen Boudica	Who was the leader of the Iceni tribe ?
At its height in the 2nd century , Roman London had a population of around 60,000 .	around 60,000	What was Roman London 's population in the 2nd century ?
Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area , the first major settlement was founded by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD .	43 AD	The Romans invaded what is now London and established its first major settlement in what year ?
The next , heavily planned , incarnation of Londinium prospered , and it superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100 .	Colchester	What was the capital of Britannia before Londinium ?
This lasted only until around 61 , when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it , burning it to the ground .	the Iceni tribe	Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD ?
With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century , London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned , although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450 .	St Martin-in-the-Fields	What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule ?
From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions .	repeated Viking invasions	What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic ?
There are three recorded Viking assaults on London ; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD , although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD .	three	How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit ?
By about 680 , it had revived sufficiently to become a major port , although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods .	a major port	By the late 7th century , what was a main function of Lundenwic ?
There are three recorded Viking assaults on London ; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD , although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD .	two	Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London , how many were successful ?
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that London was `` refounded '' by Alfred the Great in 886 .	Alfred the Great	According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle , who reestablished London in 886 AD ?
The Vikings established Danelaw over much of the eastern and northern part of England with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester .	London to Chester	Danelaw , established by the Vikings , covered what geographical area ?
It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed to by the Danish warlord , Guthrum and west-Saxon king , Alfred the Great in 886 AD .	Guthrum	What was the name of the Danish warlord who played a major role in establishing Danelaw ?
London then grew slowly until about 950 , after which activity increased dramatically .	about 950	Following the Viking invasion , when did London begin to significantly grow and expand ?
It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed to by the Danish warlord , Guthrum and west-Saxon king , Alfred the Great in 886 AD .	political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions	What was Danelaw ?
Westminster Abbey , rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor , was one of the grandest churches in Europe .	King Edward the Confessor	Who rebuilt Westminster Abbey ?
By the 11th century , London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England .	the 11th century	By which century had London started becoming a prominent capital city ?
Westminster Abbey , rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor , was one of the grandest churches in Europe .	Romanesque	What architectural style was Westminster Abbey rebuilt in ?
In the view of Frank Stenton : `` It had the resources , and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital . ''	Frank Stenton	What historian was quoted as saying that London had all the necessary characteristics to be a major capital city ?
Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England , but from this time on , London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war .	Winchester	Prior to the 11th century , what was Anglo-Saxon England 's capital ?
William constructed the Tower of London , the first of the many Norman castles in England to be rebuilt in stone , in the southeastern corner of the city , to intimidate the native inhabitants .	southeastern corner	In what area of London was the Tower of London built ?
In 1097 , William II began the building of Westminster Hall , close by the abbey of the same name .	Westminster Hall	The Palace of Westminster originated from what building ?
Following his victory in the Battle of Hastings , William , Duke of Normandy , was crowned King of England in the newly finished Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066 .	Christmas Day 1066	On what day did Duke William II of Normandy become King of England ?
In 1097 , William II began the building of Westminster Hall , close by the abbey of the same name .	William II	Who built Westminster Hall ?
Following his victory in the Battle of Hastings , William , Duke of Normandy , was crowned King of England in the newly finished Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066 .	the Battle of Hastings	In which famous battle did Duke William II of Normandy see victory ?
While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms , its distinct neighbour , the City of London , remained England 's largest city and principal commercial centre , and it flourished under its own unique administration , the Corporation of London .	the Corporation of London	What was the administration which governed the City of London called ?
In most cases this was Westminster , although the royal treasury , having been moved from Winchester , came to rest in the Tower .	Westminster	In the 12th century , where were the various bodies of English government centrally located for the most part ?
In most cases this was Westminster , although the royal treasury , having been moved from Winchester , came to rest in the Tower .	the Tower	Where was the royal treasury housed ?
During the 12th century , the institutions of central government , which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country , grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place .	accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country	Before being centrally located , how was the English government handled in terms of location ?
During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism , much of London passing from church to private ownership .	the Tudor period	In what era did the Protestant Reformation occur ?
Upon the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565 , there ensued a strong outburst of commercial activity .	the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping	What event greatly boosted English shipping and commerce ?
During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism , much of London passing from church to private ownership .	a gradual shift to Protestantism	What phenomenon did the Reformation bring about ?
The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean Sea normally lay through Antwerp and over the Alps ; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan .	Italian or Ragusan	Typically what were the nationalities of ships that traveled to and from England via the Straight of Gibraltar ?
Upon the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565 , there ensued a strong outburst of commercial activity .	January 1565	When was England again able to ship to the Netherlands ?
After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green , London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication .	the Lines of Communication	What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called ?
The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people , and were completed in under two months .	under two months	How long did it take to build the Lines of Communication ?
The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647 , and they were levelled by Parliament the same year .	the New Model Army	Who did the Lines of Communication wall fail to prevent from coming into London ?
The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people , and were completed in under two months .	20,000	Approximately how many workers did it take to build the Lines of Communication ?
In 1762 , George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years .	Buckingham House	What was King George II 's royal residence beginning in 1762 ?
During the 18th century , London was dogged by crime , and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force .	the Bow Street Runners	What was the name of the police force established in London in 1750 ?
Most children born in the city died before reaching their third birthday .	before reaching their third birthday	On average , when did children born in the City of London die ?
In total , more than 200 offences were punishable by death , including petty theft .	more than 200	How many crimes in 18th century London could result in the death penalty ?
The coffeehouse became a popular place to debate ideas , with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widely available ; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press .	Fleet Street	What was the London hub of the British press ?
London 's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics , claiming 14,000 lives in 1848 , and 6,000 in 1866 .	London's overcrowded conditions	What was the primary cause of the cholera outbreak in 19th century London ?
London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War while during the Second World War , the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe , killed over 30,000 Londoners and destroyed large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city .	the Germans	Who bombed London in both World War I and World War II ?
Immediately after the war , the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium , at a time when London had barely recovered from the war .	1948	When did London host its first Summer Olympics ?
London 's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics , claiming 14,000 lives in 1848 , and 6,000 in 1866 .	14,000	How many people died of cholera in London in 1848 ?
Immediately after the war , the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium , at a time when London had barely recovered from the war .	the original Wembley Stadium	Where did the 1948 Summer Olympics in London take place ?
Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot .	Racial inequality	What was the root cause of the Brixton riot in 1981 ?
In 1965 London 's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created .	1965	In what year was the Greater London Council formed ?
Primarily starting in the mid-1960s , London became a centre for the worldwide youth culture , exemplified by the Swinging London subculture associated with the King 's Road , Chelsea and Carnaby Street .	the mid-1960s	In what period was London a symbol of trend-setting and youth ?
During The Troubles in Northern Ireland , London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA .	the Provisional IRA	During `` The Troubles '' , who waged assaults via bombings on London ?
In 1965 London 's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created .	the growth of the urban area	Why was the Greater London Council established ?
Greater London 's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War , from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s .	around 6.8 million	What was London 's estimated population in the 1980s ?
Greater London 's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War , from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s .	the Second World War	What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London ?
The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury , with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration , including the Canary Wharf development .	Felixstowe and Tilbury	The main ports for London were relocated to where ?
The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea .	the 1980s	When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed ?
The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea .	to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea	What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier ?
To celebrate the start of the 21st century , the Millennium Dome , London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed .	the start of the 21st century	What were the Millennium Dome , the London Eye , and the Millennium Bridge created to honor ?
The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986 , which left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration .	The Greater London Council	What government entity was abolished in 1986 ?
On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics , making London the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times .	awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics	London was honored with what in July , 2005 ?
In 2000 , London-wide government was restored , with the creation of the Greater London Authority .	the Greater London Authority	What replaced the long-abolished Greater London Council in 2000 ?
In January 2015 , Greater London 's population was estimated to be 8.63 million , the highest level since 1939 .	1939	The population of Greater London in January 2015 was its greatest since what year ?
The administration of London is formed of two tiers -- a city-wide , strategic tier and a local tier .	two	London 's government administration is comprised of how many tiers ?
City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority -LRB- GLA -RRB- , while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities .	the Greater London Authority (GLA)	What governmental entity oversees London 's city-wide administrative tier ?
The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall , Southwark ; the mayor is Boris Johnson .	Boris Johnson	Who is the current Mayor of London ?
The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation .	32	How many boroughs does London consist of ?
The GLA consists of two elected components ; the Mayor of London , who has executive powers , and the London Assembly , which scrutinises the mayor 's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor 's budget proposals each year .	the London Assembly	What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor 's executive authority ?
Her Majesty 's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames , which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea .	Teddington Lock to the sea	What area of the River Thames does the Port of London Authority 's jurisdiction cover ?
The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London .	The London Fire Brigade	What agency provides fire fighting and rescue service in London ?
It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world .	London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority	Who oversees and manages the London Fire Brigade ?
National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service -LRB- LAS -RRB- NHS Trust , the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world .	the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust	The world 's largest `` free-at-the-point-of-use '' ambulance service is known as what ?
The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required .	The London Air Ambulance charity	What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed ?
Many government departments are based close to the Palace of Westminster , particularly along Whitehall , including the Prime Minister 's residence at 10 Downing Street .	10 Downing Street	What is the Prime Minister of the UK 's official residence ?
The British Parliament is often referred to as the `` Mother of Parliaments '' -LRB- although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright -RRB- because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems .	John Bright	Who first dubbed the British Parliament the `` Mother of Parliaments ? ''
There are 73 Members of Parliament -LRB- MPs -RRB- from London , who correspond to local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament .	73	How many Members of Parliament are from London ?
As of May 2015 , 45 are from the Labour Party , 27 are Conservatives , and one is a Liberal Democrat .	the Labour Party	As of May 2015 , which party holds the majority of seats in Parliament ?
As of May 2015 , 45 are from the Labour Party , 27 are Conservatives , and one is a Liberal Democrat .	one	As of May 2015 , how many Liberal Democrats sit in Parliament ?
A fourth police force in London , the Ministry of Defence Police , do not generally become involved with policing the general public .	the Ministry of Defence Police	Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public ?
Policing in Greater London , with the exception of the City of London , is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service , overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor 's Office for Policing and Crime -LRB- MOPAC -RRB- .	Greater London, with the exception of the City of London	What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover ?
The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail , London Underground , Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services .	The British Transport Police	What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London ?
Policing in Greater London , with the exception of the City of London , is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service , overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor 's Office for Policing and Crime -LRB- MOPAC -RRB- .	the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).	What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service ?
The City of London has its own police force -- the City of London Police .	the City of London Police	What is the name of the City of London 's police force ?
Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt , although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places , resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area .	the Metropolitan Green Belt	What statutory policy minimizes outward expansion of urban London ?
Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London .	Inner London and Outer London	Greater London is divided into what two groups of boroughs ?
The coordinates of the nominal centre of London , traditionally considered to be the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall , are approximately 51 ° 30 ′ 26 ″ N 00 ° 07 ′ 39 ″ W / 51.50722 ° N 0.12750 ° W / 51.50722 ; -0.12750 .	Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall	Where is the centre of London said to be located ?
The city is split by the River Thames into North and South , with an informal central London area in its interior .	North and South	In which directions does the River Thames divide the City of London ?
Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt .	London commuter belt	What metropolitan area lies beyond the Metropolitan Green Belt ?
London 's status as the capital of England , and later the United Kingdom , has never been granted or confirmed officially -- by statute or in written form .	London's status as the capital of England	What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree ?
Within London , both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies .	the City of London and the City of Westminster	What areas within Greater London have city status ?
Within London , both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies .	for the purposes of lieutenancies	For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties ?
The Thames was once a much broader , shallower river with extensive marshlands ; at high tide , its shores reached five times their present width .	five times	In the past , how much wider was the River Thames than it is today ?
Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres -LRB- 611 sq mi -RRB- , an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre -LRB- 11,760 / sq mi -RRB- .	4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi)	What was the population density of Greater London in 2001 ?
Modern London stands on the Thames , its primary geographical feature , a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east .	the south-west to the east	In which direction does the River Thames run through the City of London ?
The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration , comprises a total area of 8,382 square kilometres -LRB- 3,236 sq mi -RRB- has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre -LRB- 3,900 / sq mi -RRB- .	13,709,000	What is the population of the London Metropolitan Region ?
Modern London stands on the Thames , its primary geographical feature , a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east .	the Thames	What is the main geographical landmark in London ?
The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow , 15 miles west of London , with the London Weather Centre , in the city centre .	15 miles west	How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport ?
London 's average July high is 24 °C -LRB- 75.2 °F -RRB- .	24 °C (75.2 °F)	What is London 's average high temperature in July ?
As a large city , London has a considerable urban heat island effect , making the centre of London at times 5 °C -LRB- 9 °F -RRB- warmer than the suburbs and outskirts .	urban heat island effect	What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs ?
On average London will see 31 days above 25 °C -LRB- 77.0 °F -RRB- each year , and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C -LRB- 86.0 °F -RRB- every year .	31	Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius -LRB- or 77 degrees Farenheit ?
Snowfall does occur from time to time , and can cause travel disruption when this happens .	Snowfall	What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London ?
Further out is , for example , the Tudor period Hampton Court Palace , England 's oldest surviving Tudor palace , built by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c. 1515 .	Hampton Court Palace	What is England 's oldest standing palace from the Tudor period ?
Many grand houses and public buildings , such as the National Gallery , are constructed from Portland stone .	Portland stone	Of what material is London 's National Gallery made ?
Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666 , these being a few trace Roman remains , the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the City .	1666	When did the Great Fire of London occur ?
Some areas of the city , particularly those just west of the centre , are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings .	white stucco or whitewashed	The area west of London 's city is characterized by what type of building ?
London 's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style , partly because of their varying ages .	their varying ages	What , in part , is the reason for London 's lack of a singularly characteristic architectural style among its buildings ?
Marble Arch and Wellington Arch , at the north and south ends of Park Lane respectively , have royal connections , as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington .	in Kensington	Where in London are the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall located ?
Nelson 's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square , one of the focal points of central London .	Nelson's Column	What famous monument is located in Trafalgar Square ?
The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London , which originated nearby .	the Great Fire of London	The Monument , located in the City of London , was erected to commemorate what event ?
Older buildings are mainly brick built , most commonly the yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety , often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings .	yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety	What was the most common type of brick used to construct London 's older buildings ?
Marble Arch and Wellington Arch , at the north and south ends of Park Lane respectively , have royal connections , as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington .	at the north and south ends of Park Lane	Where are Marble Arch and Wellington Arch located ?
London 's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe , Tower 42 , the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts , the City of London and Canary Wharf .	the City of London and Canary Wharf	What are the financial districts of London known as ?
High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul 's Cathedral and other historic buildings .	St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings	High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views ?
Nevertheless , there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London -LRB- see Tall buildings in London -RRB- , including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge , the tallest building in the European Union .	Shard London Bridge	What is the European Union 's tallest building ?
Nevertheless , there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London -LRB- see Tall buildings in London -RRB- , including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge , the tallest building in the European Union .	95-storey	How high does the Shard London Bridge rise ?
London 's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe , Tower 42 , the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts , the City of London and Canary Wharf .	in the two financial districts	Most of London 's skyscrapers are located where ?
They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish .	2000	How many different species of plant life are known to grow in London ?
London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest -LRB- SSSIs -RRB- , two National Nature Reserves and 76 Local Nature Reserves .	two	How many National Nature Reserves exist in the London area ?
The London Natural History Society suggest that London is `` one of the World 's Greenest Cities '' with more than 40 percent green space or open water .	more than 40 percent	Green space and open water comprises what percent of London ?
They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish .	120	How many species of fish live in the River Thames ?
They also state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly , 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London .	47	The London Natural History Society has document how many species of butterfly ?
Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace , reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II 's prized pink flamingos .	pink flamingos	What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds ?
Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes , so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile -LRB- 2.6 square kilometres -RRB- of London .	16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres)	What is London 's fox population density ?
A survey in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around .	the London-based Mammal Society	In 2001 , what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London 's fox population ?
Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes , so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile -LRB- 2.6 square kilometres -RRB- of London .	10,000	Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London ?
Ten of England 's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest : soprano , nathusius and common pipistrelles , noctule , serotine , barbastelle , daubenton 's , brown Long-eared , natterer 's and leisler 's .	Ten	Epping Forest is home for how many species of bats ?
A dead otter was found at The Highway , in Wapping , about a mile from the Tower Bridge , which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city .	otter	What animal was found dead at the Highway in Wapping , near the Tower Bridge ?
A dead otter was found at The Highway , in Wapping , about a mile from the Tower Bridge , which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city .	a hundred years	It appears that otters may be returning to the city of London after how long an absence ?
Ten of England 's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest : soprano , nathusius and common pipistrelles , noctule , serotine , barbastelle , daubenton 's , brown Long-eared , natterer 's and leisler 's .	eighteen	How many species of bats exist in England ?
A rare population of melanistic , black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois .	melanistic, black fallow deer	What rare breed of deer is protected at the Deer Sanctuary at Theydon Bois ?
A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained .	each November and February	When do culls to ensure sustainability of London 's deer population occur ?
While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city , more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature , and whole herds of fallow and white-tailed deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of the London 's green spaces .	to take advantage of the London's green spaces	Why are herds of deer starting to enter residential areas in London ?
Herds of red and fallow deer also roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park .	red and fallow deer	Bushy Park in Richmond is home to what herds of animals ?
The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people or 36.7 % of London 's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population , behind New York City , in terms of absolute numbers .	New York City	London is second only to what city in terms of its foreign population ?
The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people or 36.7 % of London 's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population , behind New York City , in terms of absolute numbers .	36.7%	What percentage of London residents are foreign-born ?
Note that some of the German-born population , in 18th position , are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany .	parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany	Many German-born Londoners were British citizens by birth due to what ?
Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War , but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census .	1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War	When did London see its highest population numbers ?
However , the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses , to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration .	8,173,941	What was London 's estimated population at the time of the 2011 census ?
London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world , alongside Tokyo and Moscow .	Tokyo and Moscow	With which two other cities is London named one of the most expensive in the world ?
In terms of population , London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region in the world .	19th	Where does London rank in terms of the world 's largest cities ?
As of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- , London has the largest number of billionaires -LRB- British Pound Sterling -RRB- in the world , with 72 residing in the city .	72	About how many billionaires call London home ?
Across London , Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools .	about six to four	What is the ratio of black and Asian schoolchildren to white schoolchildren ?
Altogether at the 2011 census , of London 's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15 , 46.4 per cent were White , 19.8 per cent were Asian , 19 per cent were Black , 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group .	1,624,768	What was the approximate population of London children aged 0 to 15 years at the time of the 2011 census ?
Altogether at the 2011 census , of London 's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15 , 46.4 per cent were White , 19.8 per cent were Asian , 19 per cent were Black , 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group .	46.4	The 2011 census in London found what percentage of children to be white ?
In January 2005 , a survey of London 's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 .	more than 50	A 2005 survey indicated that how many communities comprised of non-indigenous people existed in London ?
Altogether at the 2011 census , of London 's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15 , 46.4 per cent were White , 19.8 per cent were Asian , 19 per cent were Black , 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group .	19 per cent	According to the 2011 London census , what percentage of children were black ?
The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London 's population were born outside the UK .	36.7 per cent	What percentage of the Greater London population was said to be foreign-born according to the 2011 census ?
Estimates produced by the Office for National Statistics indicate that the five largest foreign-born groups living in London in the period July 2009 to June 2010 were those born in India , Poland , the Republic of Ireland , Bangladesh and Nigeria .	the Office for National Statistics	What agency is responsible for compiling London 's population data ?
The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London 's population were born outside the UK .	2011	When was the most recent UK census published ?
Large Hindu communities are in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent , the latter of which is home to Europe 's largest Hindu temple , Neasden Temple .	Neasden Temple	What is the name of the largest Hindu temple in Europe ?
There are Sikh communities in East and West London , particularly in Southall , home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India .	Southall	Where is London 's Sikh population primarily located ?
Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets , London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent 's Park and the Baitul Futuh Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community .	Tower Hamlets	Where is the East London Mosque located ?
There are large Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham .	Tower Hamlets and Newham	Which eastern boroughs host large Muslim populations ?
London is also home to 42 Hindu temples .	42	How many Hindu temples exist in London ?
Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe , overtaking Ilford synagogue -LRB- also in London -RRB- in 1998 .	Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue	Which Jewish synagogue boasts the largest membership in Europe ?
Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London 's historic Sephardic Jewish community .	Bevis Marks Synagogue	The Sephardic Jewish community in London is affiliated with which Synagogue ?
It is the only synagogue in Europe which has held regular services continuously for over 300 years .	over 300 years	For how long has the Bevis Marks Synagogue in London been conducting religious services continuously ?
Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe , overtaking Ilford synagogue -LRB- also in London -RRB- in 1998 .	1998	London 's Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue passed London 's Ilford Synagogue in terms of membership in what year ?
The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government .	2006	When was the London Jewish Forum established ?
The most well known of the London accents long ago acquired the Cockney label , which is heard both in London itself , and across the wider South East England region more generally .	Cockney	What is the best-known London accent known as ?
The accent of a 21st-century ` Londoner ' varies widely ; what is becoming more and more common amongst the under-30s however is some fusion of Cockney with a whole array of ` ethnic ' accents , in particular Caribbean , which form an accent labelled Multicultural London English -LRB- MLE -RRB- .	'ethnic' accents	An increasingly popular London accent among younger people fuses Cockney with what ?
The other widely heard and spoken accent is RP -LRB- Received Pronunciation -RRB- in various forms , which can often be heard in the media and many of other traditional professions and beyond , although this accent is not limited to London and South East England , and can also be heard selectively throughout the whole UK amongst certain social groupings .	RP (Received Pronunciation)	What style of accent in London is commonly used by media and other professionals ?
The most well known of the London accents long ago acquired the Cockney label , which is heard both in London itself , and across the wider South East England region more generally .	the wider South East England region	Outside of London , where is the Cockney accent typically heard ?
The City of London is home to the Bank of England , London Stock Exchange , and Lloyd 's of London insurance market .	Lloyd's of London	What is the name of the world-famous insurance market based in London ?
London 's largest industry is finance , and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK 's balance of payments .	finance	What is the largest industry in London ?
The City of London is home to the Bank of England , London Stock Exchange , and Lloyd 's of London insurance market .	the Bank of England	What is the UK 's central bank known as ?
Around 325,000 people were employed in financial services in London until mid-2007 .	325,000	Prior to mid-2007 , approximately how many people in London had jobs in the financial sector ?
London has over 480 overseas banks , more than any other city in the world .	480	How many banks does London operate overseas ?
The Port of London is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year .	The Port of London	What is the second largest port in the UK ?
London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world , with a total spend of around # 64.2 billion .	£64.2 billion	Approximately how much was spent on non-food retail sales in London in 2010 ?
The Port of London is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year .	45 million tonnes	How much cargo does the Port of London handle annually ?
Along with professional services , media companies are concentrated in London and the media distribution industry is London 's second most competitive sector .	media distribution	What is London 's second most competitive industry ?
The BBC is a significant employer , while other broadcasters also have headquarters around the City .	The BBC	What corporation is the major player in London 's media distribution industry ?
London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits .	65 million	According to 2015 data , how many how many visitors gave London its ranking as the number one visited city in the world ?
It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending , estimated at US$ 20.23 billion in 2015 Tourism is one of London 's prime industries , employing the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in 2003 , and the city accounts for 54 % of all inbound visitor spend in UK .	350,000	As of 2003 , roughly how many full time workers were employed in the tourism industry ?
As of 2016 London is rated as the world top ranked city destination by TripAdvisor users .	TripAdvisor	Which travel and tourism website 's user activity has indicated that London is the number one travel destination ?
It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending , estimated at US$ 20.23 billion in 2015 Tourism is one of London 's prime industries , employing the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in 2003 , and the city accounts for 54 % of all inbound visitor spend in UK .	54%	What percentage of visitor money is estimated to be spent in London ?
Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London , however the mayor 's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London .	the Mayor of London	Which elected official is financially responsible for public transportation in London , except for long-distance railways ?
The public transport network is administered by Transport for London -LRB- TfL -RRB- and is one of the most extensive in the world .	Transport for London (TfL)	London 's public transportation is overseen by which agency ?
In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines , which now form the London Overground network , adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground , trams and buses .	the London Overground network	Along with the London Underground , buses and trans , what form of public rail transport was added in 2007 to the Mayor 's responsibilities ?
Eight airports use the word London in their name , but most traffic passes through six of these .	Eight	How many airports are affiliated with London and incorporate the word London in their names ?
Eight airports use the word London in their name , but most traffic passes through six of these .	six	The majority of air traffic utilizes how many of the airports in and around London ?
London Heathrow Airport , in Hillingdon , West London , is the busiest airport in the world for international traffic , and is the major hub of the nation 's flag carrier , British Airways .	London Heathrow	In terms of international travel , which airport is the world 's busiest ?
London Heathrow Airport , in Hillingdon , West London , is the busiest airport in the world for international traffic , and is the major hub of the nation 's flag carrier , British Airways .	British Airways	A fifth terminal was opened in 2008 for which UK airline ?
There were plans for a third runway and a sixth terminal ; however , these were cancelled by the Coalition Government on 12 May 2010 .	the Coalition Government	In May 2010 , who scrapped British Airways 's plans to add a sixth terminal and another runway ?
London City Airport , the smallest and most central airport , in Newham , East London , is focused on business travellers , with a mixture of full service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic .	London City Airport	What is the smallest airport in the London area ?
London City Airport , the smallest and most central airport , in Newham , East London , is focused on business travellers , with a mixture of full service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic .	business travellers	London City Airport 's clients are comprised chiefly of what ?
Stansted Airport , north east of London in Essex , is a local UK hub and Luton Airport to the north of London in Bedfordshire , caters mostly for cheap short-haul flights .	Stansted Airport	Which local UK airport hub is located in Essex ?
London Southend Airport , east of London in Essex , is a smaller , regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights .	cheap short-haul flights	London Southend Airport in Essex offers primarily what type of service ?
London City Airport , the smallest and most central airport , in Newham , East London , is focused on business travellers , with a mixture of full service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic .	Newham, East London	Where is London City Airport located ?
Clapham Junction is the busiest station in Europe by the number of trains passing .	Clapham Junction	What is Europe 's busiest rail station in terms of train activity ?
There are 366 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network .	366	How many railway stations are utilized by London 's railway network ?
South London , particularly , has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines .	it has fewer Underground lines.	Why does South London have such a high number of railways ?
London has Britain 's busiest station by number of passengers -- Waterloo , with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex -LRB- which includes Waterloo East station -RRB- each year .	Waterloo	What is Britain 's busiest railway station in terms of passengers ?
London has Britain 's busiest station by number of passengers -- Waterloo , with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex -LRB- which includes Waterloo East station -RRB- each year .	over 184 million	How many travelers pass through Waterloo station yearly ?
Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains , such as the Admiraal de Ruijter to Amsterdam and the Night Ferry to Paris and Brussels .	Paris and Brussels	In the 20th century the Night Ferry was a boat train that provided connections between London and which cities ?
The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network , allowing Eurostar services to begin .	Eurostar	London is directly connected to continental Europe through what rail service ?
The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network , allowing Eurostar services to begin .	1994	In what year did the Channel Tunnel open ?
Since 2007 , high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille , Paris , Brussels and European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel .	high-speed trains	St. Pancras International is linked to Paris and other popular European tourist destinations via what method of transportation ?
The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London .	June 2009	When did local high speed rail service that linked London and Kent begin ?
Around # 850 million is taken in revenue each year .	£850 million	How much revenue is generated yearly by London 's public bus service ?
London 's bus network is one of the largest in the world , running 24 hours a day , with about 8,500 buses , more than 700 bus routes and around 19,500 bus stops .	more than 700	How many buses does the London public bus network operate ?
London has the largest wheelchair accessible network in the world and , from the 3rd quarter of 2007 , became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced .	audio-visual announcements	What feature added in 2007 facilitated bus travel by London ' passengers with hearing and vision impairments ?
The distinctive red double-decker buses are an internationally recognised trademark of London transport along with black cabs and the Tube .	red double-decker	What distinct appearance identifies many buses as a landmark for London ?
The distinctive red double-decker buses are an internationally recognised trademark of London transport along with black cabs and the Tube .	black	Typically , what color are London taxi cabs ?
Similar to the Santander Cycles bike hire scheme , the cable car is sponsored in a 10-year deal by the airline Emirates .	Santander Cycles	What is the name of London ' bike-for-hire operation ?
London 's first and only cable car , known as the Emirates Air Line , opened in June 2012 .	June 2012	When did the single cable car operating in London begin service ?
Similar to the Santander Cycles bike hire scheme , the cable car is sponsored in a 10-year deal by the airline Emirates .	the airline Emirates	Who is the current sponsor of London 's cable car operation ?
Costing # 60 million to build , it carries over 3,500 passengers every day , although this is very much lower than its capacity .	£60	What was the approximate cost to build the Emirates Airline Cable Car ?
Costing # 60 million to build , it carries over 3,500 passengers every day , although this is very much lower than its capacity .	3,500	Roughly how many passengers travel daily on London 's cable car ?
The inner ring road -LRB- around the city centre -RRB- , the North and South Circular roads -LRB- in the suburbs -RRB- , and the outer orbital motorway -LRB- the M25 , outside the built-up area -RRB- encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes -- but very few motorways penetrate into inner London .	The inner ring road	What type of roadway is widely recognizable in the center of London ?
A plan for a comprehensive network of motorways throughout the city -LRB- the Ringways Plan -RRB- was prepared in the 1960s but was mostly cancelled in the early 1970s .	the Ringways Plan	What failed plan to install a major network of roadways within the City of London were eventually scrapped in the 1970s ?
The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds , and Newcastle and Edinburgh .	The A1 and M1	London is connected to Leeds , Newcastle , and Edinburgh through what motorways ?
The M25 is the longest ring-road motorway in the world at 121.5 mi -LRB- 195.5 km -RRB- long .	121.5 mi (195.5 km)	How long is the M25 motorway ?
Although the majority of journeys involving central London are made by public transport , car travel is common in the suburbs .	the suburbs	Automobile transportation is primarily used in what areas of London ?
With a few exceptions , motorists are required to pay # 10 per day to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London .	£10	What is the daily cost for most drivers to operate their cars within a given zone in the center of London ?
In 2003 , a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre .	In 2003	When was the daily congestion charge in London implemented ?
Over the course of several years , the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000 cars -- a 35-per-cent reduction of vehicles driven per day .	35-per-cent	By what percentage did the congestion charge decrease the amount of cars traveling through the center of London ?
Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass .	season pass	Drivers who live in a given zone reduce the cost of their congestion charge by means of what ?
London government initially expected the Congestion Charge Zone to increase daily peak period Underground and bus users by 20,000 people , reduce road traffic by 10 to 15 per cent , increase traffic speeds by 10 to 15 per cent , and reduce queues by 20 to 30 per cent .	Underground and bus	What services were anticipated to be greatly increased as a result of the congestion charge zone ?
A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers report termed London as the global capital of higher education	PricewaterhouseCoopers	What professional services network named London the world 's capital of higher education ?
London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and its 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe .	43	London has the highest concentration of higher education institutions in Europe with how many universities ?
According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16 , London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world and the international student population around 110,000 which is also more than any other city in the world .	110,000	What is the approximate number of international students studying in London ?
The London School of Economics has been described as the world 's leading social science institution for both teaching and research .	London School of Economics	In terms of teaching and research , what is the world 's foremost institute of social science ?
In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings , Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world -LRB- alongside The University of Cambridge -RRB- , University College London -LRB- UCL -RRB- is ranked 5th , and King 's College London -LRB- KCL -RRB- is ranked 16th .	5th	Where is University College London , or UCL , ranked among the world 's best colleges and universities ?
The London Business School is considered one of the world 's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times .	The London Business School	The Financial Times rated what school 's MBA program 2nd-best in the world in 2015 ?
In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings , Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world -LRB- alongside The University of Cambridge -RRB- , University College London -LRB- UCL -RRB- is ranked 5th , and King 's College London -LRB- KCL -RRB- is ranked 16th .	Imperial College London	What school in London shares the rank of 2nd best in the world with the famous University of Cambridge in the 2014-2015 World University Rankings ?
It includes four large multi-faculty universities -- King 's College London , Queen Mary , Royal Holloway and UCL -- and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck , the Courtauld Institute of Art , Goldsmiths , Guildhall School of Music and Drama , the Institute of Education , the London Business School , the London School of Economics , the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , the Royal Academy of Music , the Central School of Speech and Drama , the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies .	the Royal Veterinary College	What school within the University of London would a student seeking a degree in the veterinary medicine likely attend ?
With 120,000 students in London , the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK .	University of London	What major university is comprised of four multi-faculty universities and several schools specialized schools ?
It includes four large multi-faculty universities -- King 's College London , Queen Mary , Royal Holloway and UCL -- and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck , the Courtauld Institute of Art , Goldsmiths , Guildhall School of Music and Drama , the Institute of Education , the London Business School , the London School of Economics , the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , the Royal Academy of Music , the Central School of Speech and Drama , the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies .	the London Business School	From what school in London would a student receive an MBA ?
With 120,000 students in London , the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK .	120,000	What is the average student population at the University of London ?
A number of universities in London are outside the University of London system , including Brunel University , City University London , Imperial College London , Kingston University , London Metropolitan University , Middlesex University , University of East London , University of West London and University of Westminster , -LRB- with over 34,000 students , the largest unitary university in London -RRB- , London South Bank University , Middlesex University , University of the Arts London -LRB- the largest university of art , design , fashion , communication and the performing arts in Europe -RRB- , University of East London , the University of West London and the University of Westminster .	34,000	What is the student population of University of Westminster ?
In addition there are three international universities in London -- Regent 's University London , Richmond , The American International University in London and Schiller International University .	three	How many international universities operate in London ?
In addition there are three international universities in London -- Regent 's University London , Richmond , The American International University in London and Schiller International University .	Richmond	In what suburb is the American International University in London located ?
A number of universities in London are outside the University of London system , including Brunel University , City University London , Imperial College London , Kingston University , London Metropolitan University , Middlesex University , University of East London , University of West London and University of Westminster , -LRB- with over 34,000 students , the largest unitary university in London -RRB- , London South Bank University , Middlesex University , University of the Arts London -LRB- the largest university of art , design , fashion , communication and the performing arts in Europe -RRB- , University of East London , the University of West London and the University of Westminster .	University of the Arts London	What is Europe 's largest university for degrees in communication and performing arts ?
London is home to five major medical schools -- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry -LRB- part of Queen Mary -RRB- , King 's College London School of Medicine -LRB- the largest medical school in Europe -RRB- , Imperial College School of Medicine , UCL Medical School and St George 's , University of London -- and has a large number of affiliated teaching hospitals .	five	How many major medical schools does London boast ?
London is home to five major medical schools -- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry -LRB- part of Queen Mary -RRB- , King 's College London School of Medicine -LRB- the largest medical school in Europe -RRB- , Imperial College School of Medicine , UCL Medical School and St George 's , University of London -- and has a large number of affiliated teaching hospitals .	King's College London School of Medicine	What is the largest school of medicine in Europe ?
London is home to five major medical schools -- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry -LRB- part of Queen Mary -RRB- , King 's College London School of Medicine -LRB- the largest medical school in Europe -RRB- , Imperial College School of Medicine , UCL Medical School and St George 's , University of London -- and has a large number of affiliated teaching hospitals .	Queen Mary	Barts and the London School of Dentistry if part of which university in the University of London Network ?
It is also a major centre for biomedical research , and three of the UK 's five academic health science centres are based in the city -- Imperial College Healthcare , King 's Health Partners and UCL Partners -LRB- the largest such centre in Europe -RRB- .	three	How many of the United Kingdom 's five health academic science centers are located in London ?
It is also a major centre for biomedical research , and three of the UK 's five academic health science centres are based in the city -- Imperial College Healthcare , King 's Health Partners and UCL Partners -LRB- the largest such centre in Europe -RRB- .	academic health science centres	UCL Partners is the largest type of what facility in Europe ?
There are a number of business schools in London , including the London School of Business and Finance , Cass Business School -LRB- part of City University London -RRB- , Hult International Business School , ESCP Europe , European Business School London , Imperial College Business School and the London Business School .	Cass Business School	City University London is related to what specialized business school ?
London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions , including the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts , Central School of Ballet , LAMDA , London College of Contemporary Arts -LRB- LCCA -RRB- , London Contemporary Dance School , National Centre for Circus Arts , RADA , Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance , the Royal College of Art , the Royal College of Music and Trinity Laban .	specialist arts education institutions	The Royal College of Art and the Royal College of Music are examples of what type of schools ?
The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded ; leading examples include City and Islington College , Ealing , Hammersmith and West London College , Leyton Sixth Form College , Tower Hamlets College and Bethnal Green Academy .	the London boroughs	Who overseas the public primary and secondary school systems in London ?
There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London , some old and famous , such as City of London School , Harrow , St Paul 's School , Haberdashers ' Aske 's Boys ' School , University College School , The John Lyon School , Highgate School and Westminster School .	St Paul's School,	What private boys ' school shares in London shares its name with a famous cathedral ?
Within the City of Westminster in London the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square , where London and world film premieres are held , and Piccadilly Circus , with its giant electronic advertisements .	the West End	What is the entertainment center of London known as ?
Within the City of Westminster in London the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square , where London and world film premieres are held , and Piccadilly Circus , with its giant electronic advertisements .	giant electronic advertisements	What is a prominent feature of Picadilly Circus ?
London 's theatre district is here , as are many cinemas , bars , clubs and restaurants , including the city 's Chinatown district -LRB- in Soho -RRB- , and just to the east is Covent Garden , an area housing speciality shops .	Soho	London 's Chinatown district is located in what area ?
Within the City of Westminster in London the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square , where London and world film premieres are held , and Piccadilly Circus , with its giant electronic advertisements .	the City of Westminster	Where is London 's West End located geographically ?
The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber , whose musicals have dominated the West End theatre since the late 20th century .	Andrew Lloyd Webber	What prolific composer and producer of musicals has been a major force in the West End theater district ?
Islington 's 1 mile -LRB- 1.6 km -RRB- long Upper Street , extending northwards from Angel , has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the United Kingdom .	Upper Street	What street in Islington boasts more bars and restaurants than any other street in Britain ?
Europe 's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street , a shopping street nearly 1 mile -LRB- 1.6 km -RRB- long , making it the longest shopping street in the United Kingdom .	Oxford Street	What is the longest street for shopping , , housing many shops and department stores , in the United Kingdom ?
Islington 's 1 mile -LRB- 1.6 km -RRB- long Upper Street , extending northwards from Angel , has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the United Kingdom .	1 mile (1.6 km)	How long is Islington 's Upper Street ?
Oxford Street is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores , including the world-famous Selfridges flagship store .	Selfridges flagship store	What famous high-end department store is located on Oxford Street ?
Knightsbridge , home to the equally renowned Harrods department store , lies to the south-west .	Harrods	Which world-renowned luxury department store is located in the borough of Knightsbridge ?
Traditional parades include November 's Lord Mayor 's Show , a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City , and June 's Trooping the Colour , a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen 's Official Birthday .	November	The Lord Mayor 's Show occurs annually in what month ?
Traditional parades include November 's Lord Mayor 's Show , a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City , and June 's Trooping the Colour , a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen 's Official Birthday .	the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor	What does the Lord Mayor 's Show parade commemorate and celebrate ?
Traditional parades include November 's Lord Mayor 's Show , a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City , and June 's Trooping the Colour , a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen 's Official Birthday .	regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies	Who participates in the military pageantry in the Trooping the Colour event every June ?
There is a variety of annual events , beginning with the relatively new New Year 's Day Parade , fireworks display at the London Eye , the world 's second largest street party , the Notting Hill Carnival is held during the late August Bank Holiday each year .	the London Eye	Fireworks are discharged on New Year 's Eve from what contemporary London landmark ?
Traditional parades include November 's Lord Mayor 's Show , a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City , and June 's Trooping the Colour , a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen 's Official Birthday .	the Queen's Official Birthday	Every June , the Trooping of the Colour celebrates what event ?
Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys , noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire , Charles Dickens , whose representation of a foggy , snowy , grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has been a major influence on people 's vision of early Victorian London , and Virginia Woolf , regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century .	Samuel Pepys	Who witnessed first-hand and wrote about the Great Fire of 1666 ?
The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and -LRB- since the early 20th century -RRB- Bloomsbury .	Hampstead	What area has historically been the literary hub of London ?
The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and -LRB- since the early 20th century -RRB- Bloomsbury .	Bloomsbury	A more current , 20th century center for London 's literary set is located where ?
Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys , noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire , Charles Dickens , whose representation of a foggy , snowy , grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has been a major influence on people 's vision of early Victorian London , and Virginia Woolf , regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century .	Charles Dickens	Which author 's novels painted a dismal portrait of Victorian London ?
Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys , noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire , Charles Dickens , whose representation of a foggy , snowy , grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has been a major influence on people 's vision of early Victorian London , and Virginia Woolf , regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century .	Virginia Woolf	What female writer is one of the leading literary minds of the 20th century ?
William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London ; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there , and some of his work -- most notably his play The Alchemist -- was set in the city .	William Shakespeare	What famous Elizabethan playwright spent much of his life in London ?
William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London ; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there , and some of his work -- most notably his play The Alchemist -- was set in the city .	Ben Jonson	What contemporary of Williams Shakespeare wrote a play entitled The Alchemist ?
A Journal of the Plague Year -LRB- 1722 -RRB- by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague .	Daniel Defoe	What author of Robinson Crusoe also wrote a fictionalized account of the Great Plague of 1665 ?
The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer 's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London -- specifically , from the Tabard inn , Southwark .	the Tabard inn	The people in Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales begin their pilgrimage from what London establishment ?
Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens ' novels , and Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes stories .	Sherlock Holmes	Arthur Conan Doyle brought to life what famous detective in a series of novels ?
Working Title Films has its headquarters in London .	Working Title Films	What major film production company calls London home ?
As of 2008 -LSB- update -RSB- , the British Academy Film Awards have taken place at the Royal Opera House .	the Royal Opera House	In what theater are the British Academy film awards presented ?
Many television programmes have been set in London , including the popular television soap opera EastEnders , broadcast by the BBC since 1985 .	EastEnders	What popular soap opera has the BBC televised since 1985 ?
Notable actors and filmmakers from London include ; Charlie Chaplin , Alfred Hitchcock , Michael Caine , Helen Mirren , Gary Oldman , Christopher Nolan , Jude Law , Tom Hardy , Keira Knightley and Daniel Day-Lewis .	Charlie Chaplin	What silent movie film star who made movies such as The Little Tramp hailed from London ?
London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist -LRB- 1948 -RRB- , Scrooge -LRB- 1951 -RRB- , Peter Pan -LRB- 1953 -RRB- , The 101 Dalmatians -LRB- 1961 -RRB- , My Fair Lady -LRB- 1964 -RRB- , Mary Poppins -LRB- 1964 -RRB- , Blowup -LRB- 1966 -RRB- , The Long Good Friday -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , Notting Hill -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , Love Actually -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , V For Vendetta -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street -LRB- 2008 -RRB- and The King 's Speech -LRB- 2010 -RRB- .	1964	In what year was the stage musical My Fair Lady , set in turn-of-the-century London , made into a major motion picture ?
The first of these to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury , in 1753 .	1753	When was the British Museum in Bloomsbury founded ?
In 1824 the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings ; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square .	the National Gallery	Which London museum is prominently located in Trafalgar Square ?
Originally containing antiquities , natural history specimens and the national library , the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe .	7 million	How many artifacts from all over the world does the British Museum have on display ?
London is home to many museums , galleries , and other institutions , many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role .	research	Besides being popular tourist destinations , London 's museums play a vital role in what activity ?
In 1824 the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings ; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square .	the British national collection of Western paintings	The National Gallery was established in 1824 to accommodate and display what items ?
The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history ; its holdings now comprise the world 's most extensive collection of portraits .	depictions of figures from British history	What is the National Portrait Gallery known for housing ?
The Tate Gallery , as it was formerly known , also became a major centre for modern art ; in 2000 this collection moved to Tate Modern , a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station .	The Tate Gallery	London 's Tate Britain and Tate Modern galleries were formerly one entity known as what ?
In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as `` Albertopolis '' , a cultural and scientific quarter .	Albertopolis	What cultural and scientific hub was named in honor of Queen Victoria 's husband ?
Three major national museums are there : the Victoria and Albert Museum -LRB- for the applied arts -RRB- , the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum .	the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts)	What London museum was named for an historic Queen of England and her Prince husband ?
The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain , originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897 .	as an annexe of the National Gallery	What was the original purpose for the construction of the Tate Gallery ?
The UK 's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall .	The UK's largest pipe organ	What musical instrument is situated at Royal Albert Hall ?
London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and is home to major music corporations , such as EMI and Warner Music Group as well as countless bands , musicians and industry professionals .	music	London-based EMI is a corporation focused on what industry ?
The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls , such as the Barbican Arts Centre -LRB- principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus -RRB- , Cadogan Hall -LRB- Royal Philharmonic Orchestra -RRB- and the Royal Albert Hall -LRB- The Proms -RRB- .	the Barbican Arts Centre	In which facility is the London Symphony Orchestra based ?
London 's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum .	the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum	What are the names of London 's two primary opera houses ?
Several conservatoires are within the city : Royal Academy of Music , Royal College of Music , Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban .	conservatoires	Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Music are examples of what ?
The city is home to the first and original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios where The Beatles recorded many of their hits .	Hard Rock Cafe	What famous chain of music-themed restaurants opened its first establishment in London ?
The city is home to the first and original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios where The Beatles recorded many of their hits .	Abbey Road Studios	In which recording studio did the Beatles do much of their recording ?
In the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s , musicians and groups like Elton John , Pink Floyd , David Bowie , Queen , The Kinks , The Rolling Stones , The Who , Eric Clapton , Led Zeppelin , The Small Faces , Iron Maiden , Fleetwood Mac , Elvis Costello , Cat Stevens , The Police , The Cure , Madness , The Jam , Dusty Springfield , Phil Collins , Rod Stewart and Sade , derived their sound from the streets and rhythms vibrating through London .	the streets and rhythms vibrating through London.	What in part inspired the sounds of many British rock bands and singers in the 60s , 70s , and 80s ?
London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts , including the world 's busiest arena the o2 arena and other large arenas such as Earls Court , Wembley Arena , as well as many mid-sized venues , such as Brixton Academy , the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd 's Bush Empire .	Wembley Arena	What London concert venue shares its first name with a famous football stadium ?
London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts , including the world 's busiest arena the o2 arena and other large arenas such as Earls Court , Wembley Arena , as well as many mid-sized venues , such as Brixton Academy , the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd 's Bush Empire .	the o2 arena	Located in London , what is the busiest concert arena in the world ?
London was instrumental in the development of punk music , with figures such as the Sex Pistols , The Clash , and Vivienne Westwood all based in the city .	punk	London was a major factor in the rise of what musical genre ?
In particular the genres UK garage , drum and bass , dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae , alongside local drum and bass .	the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae	Musical genres that gained popularity in London and elsewhere , such as dubstep , were based on and derived from what ?
Black music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of home-grown urban music both in London and in the rest of the UK .	BBC Radio 1Xtra	Which BBC radio station focuses primarily on black and urban music ?
More recent artists to emerge from the London music scene include George Michael , Kate Bush , Seal , Siouxsie and the Banshees , Bush , the Spice Girls , Jamiroquai , Blur , The Prodigy , Gorillaz , Mumford & Sons , Coldplay , Amy Winehouse , Adele , Ed Sheeran and One Direction .	Bush	What rock music group led by Gavin Rossdale got its start in London 's music scene ?
The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks , namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens in the west , and Regent 's Park to the north .	three	How many royal parks are located in the center of London ?
Regent 's Park contains London Zoo , the world 's oldest scientific zoo , and is near the tourist attraction of Madame Tussauds Wax Museum .	Regent's Park	In which park is the London Zoo housed ?
Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts .	Hyde Park	What royal park shares a border with its neighbor , the park known as Kensington Gardens ?
Primrose Hill in the northern part of Regent 's Park at 256 feet -LRB- 78 m -RRB- is a popular spot to view the city skyline .	Primrose Hill	What area of Regent 's Park is an excellent spot to see the London skyline ?
Regent 's Park contains London Zoo , the world 's oldest scientific zoo , and is near the tourist attraction of Madame Tussauds Wax Museum .	Madame Tussauds Wax Museum	What popular tourist destination is located near Regent 's Park ?
Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens which has the world 's largest collection of living plants .	Kew Gardens	What famous London gardens were named as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003 ?
There are also numerous parks administered by London 's borough Councils , including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre .	the East End	Victoria Park is located in what London district ?
Both are controlled by the City of London Corporation .	the City of London Corporation	What entity oversees both Hampstead Heath of North London and Epping Forest ?
Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House , the former stately home and a popular location in the summer months where classical musical concerts are held by the lake , attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoy the music , scenery and fireworks .	Kenwood House	What former private home hosts lake-side classical music concerts ever summer ?
Some more informal , semi-natural open spaces also exist , including the 320-hectare -LRB- 790-acre -RRB- Hampstead Heath of North London , and Epping Forest , which covers 2,476 hectares -LRB- 6,118.32 acres -RRB- in the east .	Epping Forest	People frequently engage in physical activities such as walking , biking , and golf , in what forest ?
Access to canals and rivers has improved recently , including the creation of the Thames Path , some 28 miles -LRB- 45 km -RRB- of which is within Greater London , and The Wandle Trail ; this runs 12 miles -LRB- 19 km -RRB- through South London along the River Wandle , a tributary of the River Thames .	the River Wandle	What river is a tributary of the River Thames ?
Other long distance paths , linking green spaces , have also been created , including the Capital Ring , the Green Chain Walk , London Outer Orbital Path -LRB- `` Loop '' -RRB- , Jubilee Walkway , Lea Valley Walk , and the Diana , Princess of Wales Memorial Walk .	"Loop"	What is the London Outer Orbital Path commonly referred as ?
Other long distance paths , linking green spaces , have also been created , including the Capital Ring , the Green Chain Walk , London Outer Orbital Path -LRB- `` Loop '' -RRB- , Jubilee Walkway , Lea Valley Walk , and the Diana , Princess of Wales Memorial Walk .	the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk	What walking path was created as a tribute to a member of the Royal Family who died prematurely ?
Access to canals and rivers has improved recently , including the creation of the Thames Path , some 28 miles -LRB- 45 km -RRB- of which is within Greater London , and The Wandle Trail ; this runs 12 miles -LRB- 19 km -RRB- through South London along the River Wandle , a tributary of the River Thames .	Access to canals and rivers	What recent improvements has served to enhance the walking experience ?
Access to canals and rivers has improved recently , including the creation of the Thames Path , some 28 miles -LRB- 45 km -RRB- of which is within Greater London , and The Wandle Trail ; this runs 12 miles -LRB- 19 km -RRB- through South London along the River Wandle , a tributary of the River Thames .	the Thames Path	Which walking path follows the route of the body of water for which it is named ?
London 's most popular sport is football and it has fourteen League football clubs , including five in the Premier League : Arsenal , Chelsea , Crystal Palace , Tottenham Hotspur , and West Ham United .	football	What is London 's most popular athletic sport ?
London 's most popular sport is football and it has fourteen League football clubs , including five in the Premier League : Arsenal , Chelsea , Crystal Palace , Tottenham Hotspur , and West Ham United .	five	How many of the football clubs in the Premier League are based in London ?
In May 2012 , Chelsea became the first London club to win the UEFA Champions League .	May 2012	When did the Chelsea Football Club win the UEFA Champions League title ?
London 's most popular sport is football and it has fourteen League football clubs , including five in the Premier League : Arsenal , Chelsea , Crystal Palace , Tottenham Hotspur , and West Ham United .	fourteen	How many professional football clubs call London their home ?
Aside from Arsenal , Chelsea and Tottenham , none of the other London clubs have ever won the national league title .	none	Besides the Arsenal , Chelsea , and Tottenham football clubs , how many London-based football club have won a national league titie ?
Twickenham Stadium in south-west London is the national rugby union stadium , and has a capacity of 82,000 now that the new south stand has been completed .	Twickenham Stadium	What is the name of the national rugby union stadium located in South-West London ?
Twickenham Stadium in south-west London is the national rugby union stadium , and has a capacity of 82,000 now that the new south stand has been completed .	82,000	What is the current spectator seating capacity of Twickenham Stadium ?
Three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams are based in London , -LRB- London Irish , Saracens , and Harlequins -RRB- , although currently only Harlequins and Saracens play their home games within Greater London .	Harlequins and Saracens	Of the three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams in London , which ones actually play in the Greater London Area ?
London Scottish and London Welsh play in the RFU Championship club and other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond F.C. , Rosslyn Park F.C. , Westcombe Park R.F.C. and Blackheath F.C. .	in the RFU Championship club	Where do the London Scottish and London Welch rugby teams play their home games ?
As of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- the residential property in London is worth $ 2.2 trillion - same value as that of Brazil annual GDP .	Brazil	London 's residential property value is equivalent to what nation 's GDP ?
On average the price per square metre in central London is $ 24,252 -LRB- April 2014 -RRB- .	€24,252	What is the average price of property per square meter in central London as of April 2014 ?
London is the world 's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world property journal -LRB- 2015 -RRB- report .	three	A World Property Journal report has ranked London as the most expensive office market in the world for how many consecutive years ?
London is the world 's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world property journal -LRB- 2015 -RRB- report .	London	What city has the highest prices for property in Europe ?
This is higher than the property prices in other G8 European capital cities ; Berlin $ 3,306 , Rome $ 6,188 and Paris $ 11,229 .	€3,306	What is the average property price per square meter in Berlin as of April 2014 ?
The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law , of which the most important is the United States Constitution , the foundation of the federal government of the United States .	United States Constitution	What is the foundation of the United States federal government ?
The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law , which consists of acts of Congress , treaties ratified by the Senate , regulations promulgated by the executive branch , and case law originating from the federal judiciary .	The Constitution	In the Unites States what sets out the boundaries of federal law ?
The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law .	The United States Code	What is defined as the official codification of federal statutory law ?
The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law , of which the most important is the United States Constitution , the foundation of the federal government of the United States .	law of the United States	What is compromised of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law ?
The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law , which consists of acts of Congress , treaties ratified by the Senate , regulations promulgated by the executive branch , and case law originating from the federal judiciary .	federal judiciary	The constitution set boundaries for case law that originates from where ?
The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law , of which the most important is the United States Constitution , the foundation of the federal government of the United States .	the United States Constitution	What is the foundation of the U.S. federal government ?
The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law , which consists of acts of Congress , treaties ratified by the Senate , regulations promulgated by the executive branch , and case law originating from the federal judiciary .	The Constitution	What sets out the boundries of federal law ?
The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law , of which the most important is the United States Constitution , the foundation of the federal government of the United States .	codified and uncodified	What two forms of law make up the laws of the United States ?
The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law .	The United States Code	What is th eofficial compilation of federal statutory law called ?
The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law , of which the most important is the United States Constitution , the foundation of the federal government of the United States .	codified and uncodified	What different kinds of law make up the laws of the United States ?
The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law , of which the most important is the United States Constitution , the foundation of the federal government of the United States .	the United States Constitution	What is the most important document in the US , setting the boundries for all other laws ?
The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law , which consists of acts of Congress , treaties ratified by the Senate , regulations promulgated by the executive branch , and case law originating from the federal judiciary .	Senate	What branch of gevernment is responsible for ratifing treaties ?
The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law , which consists of acts of Congress , treaties ratified by the Senate , regulations promulgated by the executive branch , and case law originating from the federal judiciary .	the executive branch	With branch of government deals with new regulations ?
The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law , which consists of acts of Congress , treaties ratified by the Senate , regulations promulgated by the executive branch , and case law originating from the federal judiciary .	the federal judiciary	Who 's responsibility is case law ?
Federal law and treaties , so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution , preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories .	Federal law and treaties	What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states ?
In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism -LRB- actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations -RRB- , states are the plenary sovereigns , each with their own constitution , while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution .	the Constitution	Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what ?
Indeed , states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights .	federal constitutional rights	States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what ?
Thus , most U.S. law -LRB- especially the actual `` living law '' of contract , tort , property , criminal , and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis -RRB- consists primarily of state law , which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next .	state law	Most U.S law , the kind of law we live everyday , consists of what kind of law ?
Thus , most U.S. law -LRB- especially the actual `` living law '' of contract , tort , property , criminal , and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis -RRB- consists primarily of state law , which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next .	vary greatly from one state to the next.	Does every state have the same laws ?
Federal law and treaties , so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution , preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories .	conflicting state and territorial laws	Federal law overrides what laws ?
However , the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal .	universal	The scope of federal power is not what ?
In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism -LRB- actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations -RRB- , states are the plenary sovereigns , each with their own constitution , while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution .	dual-sovereign system	What type of system is American Federalism ?
In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism -LRB- actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations -RRB- , states are the plenary sovereigns , each with their own constitution , while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution .	Indian reservations	American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what ?
Indeed , states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights .	the federal Constitution	States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document ?
Federal law and treaties , so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution , preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories .	Federal law and treaties	Is there anything that trumps state law ?
Federal law and treaties , so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution , preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories .	50	How many state make up the United States ?
Indeed , states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights .	as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights	Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution ?
Thus , most U.S. law -LRB- especially the actual `` living law '' of contract , tort , property , criminal , and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis -RRB- consists primarily of state law , which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next .	"living law"	What is day-to-day , operational law considered ?
Thus , most U.S. law -LRB- especially the actual `` living law '' of contract , tort , property , criminal , and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis -RRB- consists primarily of state law , which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next .	state law	What is living law mostly made up of ?
Notably , a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional ; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute .	a subsequent statute	In order for a unconstitutional statue to disappear , it has to be deleted by ?
Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional .	federal and state statutes	What has remained on the books after they were ruled unconstitutional ?
However , under the principle of stare decisis , no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute , and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court .	stare decisis	What principle states no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statue ?
However , under the principle of stare decisis , no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute , and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court .	the Supreme Court	Who can reverse an unconstitutional court ruling ?
Notably , a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional ; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute .	it must be deleted	What must happen to a statute for it to become unconstitutional ?
Notably , a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional ; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute .	a subsequent statute	What can delete a statute and make it unconstitutional ?
Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional .	decades	Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional ?
However , under the principle of stare decisis , no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute , and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court .	the principle of stare decisis	What decisis states that no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute ?
However , under the principle of stare decisis , no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute , and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court .	the Supreme Court	Any court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be overturned by what court ?
Notably , a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional ; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute .	deleted by a subsequent statute	If a statute is unconstitutional , how is it removed ?
However , under the principle of stare decisis , no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute , and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court .	no sensible lower court will enforce	What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books ?
However , under the principle of stare decisis , no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute , and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court .	reversed by the Supreme Court	What would happen if a lower court tried to enforce an unconstitutional statute ?
Conversely , any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute -LRB- where such constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases -RRB- will risk reversal by the Supreme Court .	constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases	What must happen before the Supreme Court will reverse a decision by a lower court refusing to uphold a constitutional law ?
Conversely , any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute -LRB- where such constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases -RRB- will risk reversal by the Supreme Court .	risk reversal by the Supreme Court	What would happen if a lower court refused to uphold a constitutional law ?
Notably , the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products , which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty .	law of warranty	The rule of liability for defective products originated from what law ?
In 1963 , Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products .	Greenman v. Yuba Power Products	In what case did the supreme court of California , throw away warranties and strictly impose liability for defective products ?
Notably , the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products , which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty .	rule of strict liability for defective products	What was most influential American 20th century tort law ?
In 1963 , Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products .	1963	What year was the case Greenman v. Yuba Power products ?
Notably , the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products , which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty .	rule of strict liability for defective products	What is one of the most influential changes to tort law ?
In 1963 , Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products .	Roger J. Traynor	Who was at the forefront of the fight to change the laws on defective products ?
The American Law Institute subsequently adopted a slightly different version of the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement -LRB- Second -RRB- of Torts , which was published in 1964 and was very influential throughout the United States .	1964	When was the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement -LRB- Second -RRB- of Torts published ?
In 1963 , Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products .	Greenman v. Yuba Power Products	What case was fundamental in the fight to change warranty laws ?
Outside the U.S. , the rule was adopted by the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive of July 1985 by Australia in July 1992 and by Japan in June 1994 .	1985	When was the Restatement -LRB- Second -RRB- of Torts beginning to be adopted outside of the United States ?
Tort law covers the entire imaginable spectrum of wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other , and of course , partially overlaps with wrongs also punishable by criminal law .	Tort law	What law covers wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other ?
Thus , because of its immense size and diversity , American tort law can not be easily summarized .	because of its immense size and diversity	Why can American tort law not be easily summarized ?
Although the American Law Institute has attempted to standardize tort law through the development of several versions of the Restatement of Torts , many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections of the Restatements and to reject others .	Restatement of Torts	While attempting to standardize tort law , multiple versions of tort law have come about , what are there versions called ?
Tort law covers the entire imaginable spectrum of wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other , and of course , partially overlaps with wrongs also punishable by criminal law .	Tort law	What covers crimes of human against human ?
Tort law covers the entire imaginable spectrum of wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other , and of course , partially overlaps with wrongs also punishable by criminal law .	wrongs also punishable by criminal law	What does tort law overlap with ?
Although the American Law Institute has attempted to standardize tort law through the development of several versions of the Restatement of Torts , many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections of the Restatements and to reject others .	Restatement of Torts	What is attempting to standardize the tort law system ?
Although the American Law Institute has attempted to standardize tort law through the development of several versions of the Restatement of Torts , many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections of the Restatements and to reject others .	many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections	What is the Restatement of Torts not successfull as a whole yet ?
Thus , because of its immense size and diversity , American tort law can not be easily summarized .	immense size and diversity	Why is tort law hard to standardize ?
However , it is important to understand that despite the presence of reception statutes , much of contemporary American common law has diverged significantly from English common law .	English common law	A lot of American common law diverged from where ?
The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other 's rulings , American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point , the facts and law at issue are nearly identical , and the reasoning is strongly persuasive .	there is no American ruling on point	When would American courts follow post-revolution commonwealth rulings ?
The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other 's rulings , American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point , the facts and law at issue are nearly identical , and the reasoning is strongly persuasive .	by each other's rulings	Courts in commonwealth nations are often influenced by what ?
However , it is important to understand that despite the presence of reception statutes , much of contemporary American common law has diverged significantly from English common law .	English common law	Most modern American common law came from what kind of law ?
The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other 's rulings , American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point , the facts and law at issue are nearly identical , and the reasoning is strongly persuasive .	each other's	Couts of commonwealth nations are often influenced by who 's rulings ?
The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other 's rulings , American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point , the facts and law at issue are nearly identical , and the reasoning is strongly persuasive .	post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings	What rulings do American courts rarely follow ?
The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other 's rulings , American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point , the facts and law at issue are nearly identical , and the reasoning is strongly persuasive .	there is no American ruling on point	What is one reason American courts may follow a post Revolutionary Commonwealth ruling under what circumstances ?
However , it is important to understand that despite the presence of reception statutes , much of contemporary American common law has diverged significantly from English common law .	diverged significantly	How close is current American law to English law ?
The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other 's rulings , American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point , the facts and law at issue are nearly identical , and the reasoning is strongly persuasive .	American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings	What differs about American and English law ?
The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other 's rulings , American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point , the facts and law at issue are nearly identical , and the reasoning is strongly persuasive .	no American ruling on point	When would American law be more likely to follow English law ?
The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other 's rulings , American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point , the facts and law at issue are nearly identical , and the reasoning is strongly persuasive .	nearly identical	How close do the issues have to be in order for an English law to be used ?
First , all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted `` reception statutes '' which generally state that the common law of England -LRB- particularly judge-made law -RRB- is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions .	the common law of England	Reception statues are generally the same as what law ?
Thus , contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form , such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers .	contemporary U.S. courts	Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law ?
First , all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted `` reception statutes '' which generally state that the common law of England -LRB- particularly judge-made law -RRB- is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions .	Louisiana	Which US State did not enact reception statues ?
First , all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted `` reception statutes '' which generally state that the common law of England -LRB- particularly judge-made law -RRB- is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions .	common law of England	What do reception statutes state is the law of the state ?
First , all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted `` reception statutes '' which generally state that the common law of England -LRB- particularly judge-made law -RRB- is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions .	Louisiana	What is the only state to not enact reception statutes ?
Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception , such as the date of a colony 's founding , while others are deliberately vague .	a specific cutoff date	Some reception statutes impose what ?
Thus , contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form , such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers .	pre-Revolution	Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law ?
First , all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted `` reception statutes '' which generally state that the common law of England -LRB- particularly judge-made law -RRB- is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions .	the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state	What are reception statutes ?
First , all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted `` reception statutes '' which generally state that the common law of England -LRB- particularly judge-made law -RRB- is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions .	repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions	When are reception statutes invaild ?
The actual substance of English law was formally `` received '' into the United States in several ways .	English law	Where did the bulk of the US 's starting laws come from ?
First , all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted `` reception statutes '' which generally state that the common law of England -LRB- particularly judge-made law -RRB- is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions .	Louisiana	Which is the only stste without reception statutes ?
Thus , contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form , such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers .	pre-Revolution	What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle ?
Early on , American courts , even after the Revolution , often did cite contemporary English cases .	contemporary English	early on American courts cited what cases ?
But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people .	19th century	When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear ?
The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910 .	eighteen	How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810 ?
The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910 .	over 8,000	How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910 ?
This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century ; lawyers and judges , as creatures of habit , used English legal materials to fill the gap .	mid-19th century	When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English ?
The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910 .	eighteen	How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810 ?
The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910 .	8,000	By 1910 , how many volumes of American reports were there ?
By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining : `` Now , when we require them to state the reasons for a decision , we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail .	By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining	What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports ?
We -LSB- do -RSB- not mean that they shall include the small cases , and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature , for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already . ''	judicial literature	What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in ?
Federal law originates with the Constitution , which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce .	the Constitution	What does federal law come from ?
Federal law originates with the Constitution , which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce .	the Constitution	What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes ?
The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes .	The United States Code	What do you call the official compilation and codification of federal statutes ?
Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations , which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations .	in the Federal Register	Where are regulations published ?
Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations , which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations .	Code of Federal Regulations	Where are regulations codified into ?
Federal law originates with the Constitution , which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce .	the Constitution	Where does federal law begin ?
Federal law originates with the Constitution , which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce .	Congress	Who has the power and right to enact statutes for interstate dealings ?
The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes .	The United States Code	What is the compilation and codification of all federal statutes ?
Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations , which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations .	executive branch agencies	Who do the statutes give the power of creating regulations ?
Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations , which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations .	the Code of Federal Regulations	Where are the regulations from executive branch agencies found ?
Since the start of the 20th century , broad interpretations of the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution have enabled federal law to expand into areas like aviation , telecommunications , railroads , pharmaceuticals , antitrust , and trademarks .	Commerce and Spending Clauses	What areas of the Constitution deal with issuses such as aviation , railroads , and trademarks ?
In a handful of areas like insurance , Congress has enacted laws expressly refusing to regulate them as long as the states have laws regulating them -LRB- see , e.g. , the McCarran-Ferguson Act -RRB- .	regulating them	In areas of law such as insurance , there are laws refusing to regulate them as long as states have laws doing what ?
During the 18th and 19th centuries , federal law traditionally focused on areas where there was an express grant of power to the federal government in the federal Constitution , like the military , money , foreign relations -LRB- especially international treaties -RRB- , tariffs , intellectual property -LRB- specifically patents and copyrights -RRB- , and mail .	intellectual property	What type of property are trademarks and copyrights ?
During the 18th and 19th centuries , federal law traditionally focused on areas where there was an express grant of power to the federal government in the federal Constitution , like the military , money , foreign relations -LRB- especially international treaties -RRB- , tariffs , intellectual property -LRB- specifically patents and copyrights -RRB- , and mail .	federal law	What governs things such as military , money , foreign relations , etc. . ?
Since the start of the 20th century , broad interpretations of the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution have enabled federal law to expand into areas like aviation , telecommunications , railroads , pharmaceuticals , antitrust , and trademarks .	Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution	What enabled federal law to begin expanding into other areas such as avaition , telecommunications , railroads , etc. . ?
Since the start of the 20th century , broad interpretations of the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution have enabled federal law to expand into areas like aviation , telecommunications , railroads , pharmaceuticals , antitrust , and trademarks .	start of the 20th century	When did the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution allow federal power to begin expanding ?
In a handful of areas like insurance , Congress has enacted laws expressly refusing to regulate them as long as the states have laws regulating them -LRB- see , e.g. , the McCarran-Ferguson Act -RRB- .	McCarran-Ferguson Act	What is a law enacted by Congress that states that it refuses to regulate some industries as long as the states have regulations in place already ?
In areas like antitrust , trademark , and employment law , there are powerful laws at both the federal and state levels that coexist with each other .	coexist with each other	What happens when both the federal and state governments have regulations that overlap ?
After the President signs a bill into law -LRB- or Congress enacts it over his veto -RRB- , it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register -LRB- OFR -RRB- of the National Archives and Records Administration -LRB- NARA -RRB- where it is assigned a law number , and prepared for publication as a slip law .	the President	Who signs a bill into a law ?
After the President signs a bill into law -LRB- or Congress enacts it over his veto -RRB- , it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register -LRB- OFR -RRB- of the National Archives and Records Administration -LRB- NARA -RRB- where it is assigned a law number , and prepared for publication as a slip law .	Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)	Where does a bill go after it is signed ?
After the President signs a bill into law -LRB- or Congress enacts it over his veto -RRB- , it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register -LRB- OFR -RRB- of the National Archives and Records Administration -LRB- NARA -RRB- where it is assigned a law number , and prepared for publication as a slip law .	a law number	What is a new law given at the OFR of the NARA ?
After the President signs a bill into law -LRB- or Congress enacts it over his veto -RRB- , it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register -LRB- OFR -RRB- of the National Archives and Records Administration -LRB- NARA -RRB- where it is assigned a law number , and prepared for publication as a slip law .	a slip law	After being given a law number , a new law is prepared for publication as what ?
Public laws , but not private laws , are also given legal statutory citation by the OFR .	private laws	What kind of laws are not given statutory citation by the OFR ?
After the President signs a bill into law -LRB- or Congress enacts it over his veto -RRB- , it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register -LRB- OFR -RRB- of the National Archives and Records Administration -LRB- NARA -RRB- where it is assigned a law number , and prepared for publication as a slip law .	delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)	Where does a bill go once the President signs it into effect ?
After the President signs a bill into law -LRB- or Congress enacts it over his veto -RRB- , it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register -LRB- OFR -RRB- of the National Archives and Records Administration -LRB- NARA -RRB- where it is assigned a law number , and prepared for publication as a slip law .	assigned a law number	What happens after a bill is delivered to the OFR ?
After the President signs a bill into law -LRB- or Congress enacts it over his veto -RRB- , it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register -LRB- OFR -RRB- of the National Archives and Records Administration -LRB- NARA -RRB- where it is assigned a law number , and prepared for publication as a slip law .	publication as a slip law	After a bill is assigned a number , what is it made ready for ?
At the end of each session of Congress , the slip laws are compiled into bound volumes called the United States Statutes at Large , and they are known as session laws .	session laws	Once the slip laws are placed into the United States Statutes at Large , what are they called ?
The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted .	a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted	What is the United States Statutes at Large ?
Congress often enacts statutes that grant broad rulemaking authority to federal agencies .	statutes	What does congress often grant to give rulemaking authority to federal agencies ?
Therefore , federal agencies are authorized to promulgate regulations .	regulations	Federal agencies are authorized to make what public ?
Under the principle of Chevron deference , regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes .	law	Regulations normally carry the force of what ?
Under the principle of Chevron deference , regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes .	relevant statutes	Regualtions carry force of law when based on reasonable interpretation of what ?
Congress often enacts statutes that grant broad rulemaking authority to federal agencies .	broad rulemaking authority	What power is granted to federal agencies by Congress ?
Often , Congress is simply too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation , or Congress believes the agency 's technical specialists are best equipped to deal with particular fact situations as they arise .	too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation	Why does Congress give generalized powers to federal agencies ?
Under the principle of Chevron deference , regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes .	the principle of Chevron	What gives regulations imposed by federal agencies the right to enforce their regulations ?
Under the principle of Chevron deference , regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes .	regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes	What does the Principle of Chevron provide for ?
The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent through strict adherence to the rule of stare decisis .	stare decisis	What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent ?
This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself , in that an appellate court 's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases -LRB- and therefore also impliedly binds all persons within the court 's jurisdiction -RRB- .	the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself	What is stare decisis ?
This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself , in that an appellate court 's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases -LRB- and therefore also impliedly binds all persons within the court 's jurisdiction -RRB- .	an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases	Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking ?
This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself , in that an appellate court 's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases -LRB- and therefore also impliedly binds all persons within the court 's jurisdiction -RRB- .	impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction	Who else does stare decisis affect ?
As federal judge Alex Kozinski has pointed out , binding precedent as we know it today simply did not exist at the time the Constitution was framed .	federal judge Alex Kozinski	Who has noted that binding precedent did not exist when the Constitution was written ?
Judicial decisions were not consistently , accurately , and faithfully reported on both sides of the Atlantic -LRB- reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked -RRB- , and the United Kingdom lacked a coherent court hierarchy prior to the end of the 19th century .	reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked	Why were decisions not reported or recoded correctly ?
Furthermore , English judges in the eighteenth century subscribed to now-obsolete natural law theories of law , by which law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said .	law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said	What are the natural theories of law that that the English judges in the eighteenth century used ?
Judges saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed , and not as making the law .	saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law	Why could one judge reject another judges opinion ?
Therefore , a judge could reject another judge 's opinion as simply an incorrect statement of the law , in the way that scientists regularly reject each other 's conclusions as incorrect statements of the laws of science .	incorrect statement of the law	Why would one judge reject another 's opinion ?
Unlike the situation with the states , there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent like their English predecessors .	no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law	How did the federal agencies differ from their English counter-parts ?
Unlike the situation with the states , there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent like their English predecessors .	granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent	What did the missing plenary reception do ?
Federal courts are solely creatures of the federal Constitution and the federal Judiciary Acts .	the federal Judiciary Acts	Where do the federal courts fall ?
However , it is universally accepted that the Founding Fathers of the United States , by vesting `` judicial power '' into the Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts in Article Three of the United States Constitution , thereby vested in them the implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent ; this power was widely accepted , understood , and recognized by the Founding Fathers at the time the Constitution was ratified .	Article Three	Where is judicial power found in the original Constitution ?
However , it is universally accepted that the Founding Fathers of the United States , by vesting `` judicial power '' into the Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts in Article Three of the United States Constitution , thereby vested in them the implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent ; this power was widely accepted , understood , and recognized by the Founding Fathers at the time the Constitution was ratified .	implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent	What does Article Three give federal agencies ?
In turn , according to Kozinski 's analysis , the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy -LRB- under the Judiciary Acts -RRB- , and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing .	nineteenth century	When did binding precedent become possible in the United States ?
In turn , according to Kozinski 's analysis , the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy -LRB- under the Judiciary Acts -RRB- , and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing .	creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing	What made binding precedent a possibility ?
The rule of precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy , first , as a matter of fundamental fairness , and second , because in the absence of case law , it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed , argued , and decided from first principles -LRB- such as relevant statutes , constitutional provisions , and underlying public policies -RRB- , which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency , instability , and unpredictability , and thereby undermine the rule of law .	hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability	What can invalidate the rule of law ?
The rule of precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy , first , as a matter of fundamental fairness , and second , because in the absence of case law , it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed , argued , and decided from first principles -LRB- such as relevant statutes , constitutional provisions , and underlying public policies -RRB- , which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency , instability , and unpredictability , and thereby undermine the rule of law .	in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided	Why was the rule of precedent allowed ?
In turn , according to Kozinski 's analysis , the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy -LRB- under the Judiciary Acts -RRB- , and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing .	the Judiciary Acts	How is a court hierarchy established ?
Under the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins -LRB- 1938 -RRB- , there is no general federal common law .	the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins	What states that there is no general federal common law ?
Under the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins -LRB- 1938 -RRB- , there is no general federal common law .	1938	When was the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins put into effect ?
Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law , which the latter are able to do in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law .	lack the plenary power possessed by state courts	Why ca n't federal courts just make up law ?
Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law , which the latter are able to do in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law .	absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law	When are states allowed to use plenary power ?
The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts can not dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue -LRB- and thus no federal supremacy issue -RRB- in a case .	federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue	What is a major implication of the Erie doctrine ?
And under Erie , deference is one-way only : state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law .	federal interpretations of state law	What are states not bound by ?
The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts can not dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue -LRB- and thus no federal supremacy issue -RRB- in a case .	Erie doctrine	What states that deference is one way only ?
And under Erie , deference is one-way only : state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law .	state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law	What does it mean when Erie states that deference is one way only ?
The fifty American states are separate sovereigns , with their own state constitutions , state governments , and state courts .	state constitutions, state governments, and state courts	What does each state posess ?
The fifty American states are separate sovereigns , with their own state constitutions , state governments , and state courts .	separate sovereigns	What are the 50 states in the Union known as ?
All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes , an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization , and a judicial branch that applies , interprets , and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations , as well as local ordinances .	judicial branch	Which ranch applies , interprets , and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations ?
All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes , an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization , and a judicial branch that applies , interprets , and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations , as well as local ordinances .	legislative branch	What branch of government enacts state statutes ?
All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes , an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization , and a judicial branch that applies , interprets , and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations , as well as local ordinances .	executive branch	Which branch of government promulgates state regulations ?
Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws .	state courts	Where are cases usually argued ?
Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws .	involve claims and defenses under state laws	What types of cases are argued in the state courts ?
In a 2012 report , the National Center for State Courts ' Court Statistics Project found that state trial courts received 103.5 million newly filed cases in 2010 , which consisted of 56.3 million traffic cases , 20.4 million criminal cases , 19.0 million civil cases , 5.9 million domestic relations cases , and 1.9 million juvenile cases .	103.5 million	How many new cases were filed in 2010 ?
By way of comparison , all federal district courts in 2010 together received only about 282,000 new civil cases , 77,000 new criminal cases , and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases , while federal appellate courts received 56,000 new cases .	282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases	What types of cases did federal district courts receive in 2010 ?
In 2010 , state appellate courts received 272,795 new cases .	272,795	How many cases did appellate courts receice in 2010 ?
The law of criminal procedure in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal trials .	federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes	What makes up the law of criminal procedure ?
Due to the perennial inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights of criminal suspects and convicts , the federal judiciary gradually developed the exclusionary rule as a method to enforce such rights .	inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights	What did the exclusionary rule provide for ?
The writ of habeas corpus is often used by suspects and convicts to challenge their detention , while the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions are used by suspects to recover tort damages for police brutality .	writ of habeas corpus	What might a suspect use to challenge their detention ?
In turn , the exclusionary rule spawned a family of judge-made remedies for the abuse of law enforcement powers , of which the most famous is the Miranda warning .	Miranda warning	What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest /
The writ of habeas corpus is often used by suspects and convicts to challenge their detention , while the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions are used by suspects to recover tort damages for police brutality .	Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions	What acts cover tort damages from police brutality cases ?
The law of civil procedure governs process in all judicial proceedings involving lawsuits between private parties .	The law of civil procedure	What is over all judicial proceedings involving private party lawsuits ?
Traditional common law pleading was replaced by code pleading in 24 states after New York enacted the Field Code in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century .	code pleading	What did New York enact that replaced traditional common law proceeding ?
Traditional common law pleading was replaced by code pleading in 24 states after New York enacted the Field Code in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century .	modern notice pleading	What was code pleading ultimately replaced by ?
Traditional common law pleading was replaced by code pleading in 24 states after New York enacted the Field Code in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century .	20th century	When did code pleading get replaced by modern notice pleading ?
The old English division between common law and equity courts was abolished in the federal courts by the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938 ; it has also been independently abolished by legislative acts in nearly all states .	The old English division between common law and equity courts	What did the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure abolish ?
New York , Illinois , and California are the most significant states that have not adopted the FRCP .	New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant	Which states have not adopted FRCP ?
Furthermore , all three states continue to maintain most of their civil procedure laws in the form of codified statutes enacted by the state legislature , as opposed to court rules promulgated by the state supreme court , on the ground that the latter are undemocratic .	codified statutes enacted by the state legislature	How do New York , Illinois and California maintain civil procedure laws ?
Furthermore , all three states continue to maintain most of their civil procedure laws in the form of codified statutes enacted by the state legislature , as opposed to court rules promulgated by the state supreme court , on the ground that the latter are undemocratic .	court rules promulgated by the state supreme court	What should New York , Illinois and California be using instead of codified statutes ?
Generally , American civil procedure has several notable features , including extensive pretrial discovery , heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at deposition or elicited in front of a jury , and aggressive pretrial `` law and motion '' practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition -LRB- that is , summary judgment -RRB- or a settlement .	American civil procedure	What is extensive pretrial discovery a part of ?
Generally , American civil procedure has several notable features , including extensive pretrial discovery , heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at deposition or elicited in front of a jury , and aggressive pretrial `` law and motion '' practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition -LRB- that is , summary judgment -RRB- or a settlement .	summary judgment	What is a pretrial deposition ?
U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out class action , by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment , as opposed to opt-in class actions , where class members must join into the class .	the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment	What is an opt-out class action ?
U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out class action , by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment , as opposed to opt-in class actions , where class members must join into the class .	class members must join into the class	What is an opt-in class action ?
Another unique feature is the so-called American Rule under which parties generally bear their own attorneys ' fees -LRB- as opposed to the English Rule of `` loser pays '' -RRB- , though American legislators and courts have carved out numerous exceptions .	parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees	What is the American Rule ?
Criminal law involves the prosecution by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign 's peace -LRB- and can not be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties -RRB- .	prosecution by the state of wrongful acts	What is criminal law ?
Criminal law involves the prosecution by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign 's peace -LRB- and can not be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties -RRB- .	acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace	What type of wrongful act will the state prosecute ?
Federal criminal law focuses on areas specifically relevant to the federal government like evading payment of federal income tax , mail theft , or physical attacks on federal officials , as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud .	Federal criminal law	Who focuses on things such as evading payment of federal income tax , mail theft , or physical attacks on federal officials , as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud ?
The majority of the crimes committed in the United States are prosecuted and punished at the state level .	state level	Where are the majority of the U.S. 's crimes prosecuted ?
Generally , crimes can result in incarceration , but torts -LRB- see below -RRB- can not .	crimes	What can result in incarceration ?
Some states distinguish between two levels : felonies and misdemeanors -LRB- minor crimes -RRB- .	felonies and misdemeanors	What two levels of crime are there ?
Some states distinguish between two levels : felonies and misdemeanors -LRB- minor crimes -RRB- .	minor crimes	What is a misdemeanor ?
Generally , most felony convictions result in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation , large fines , and orders to pay restitution directly to victims ; while misdemeanors may lead to a year or less in jail and a substantial fine .	felony convictions	What results in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation , large fines , and orders to pay restitution directly to victims ?
Generally , most felony convictions result in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation , large fines , and orders to pay restitution directly to victims ; while misdemeanors may lead to a year or less in jail and a substantial fine .	a year or less in jail and a substantial fine	What usually happens with misdemeanors ?
To simplify the prosecution of traffic violations and other relatively minor crimes , some states have added a third level , infractions .	infractions	What is a third level of crime that some states have adopted ?
Contract law covers obligations established by agreement -LRB- express or implied -RRB- between private parties .	obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties	What is contract law ?
Generally , contract law in transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide as a result of the widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code .	Uniform Commercial Code	What standardized contract law ?
Contract law covers obligations established by agreement -LRB- express or implied -RRB- between private parties .	express or implied	What kinds of agreements do contract law cover ?
One-third of Myanmar 's total perimeter of 1,930 km -LRB- 1,200 miles -RRB- forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea .	(1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline	How much a Myanmar 's boundaries are encompassed by beachfront lands ?
The country 's 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected , with 51 million people recorded .	51 million people recorded	How many people dwell in Myanmar ?
Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres -LRB- 261,227 sq mi -RRB- in size .	Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size	What is the land mass of Myanmar ?
Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city is Yangon -LRB- Rangoon -RRB- .	largest city is Yangon (Rangoon)	Is the capital city the holder of the largest amount of the population in Myanmar ?
Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city is Yangon -LRB- Rangoon -RRB- .	capital city is Naypyidaw	What is the name of the capital city of Myanmar ?
Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma .	Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma	What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar ?
In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country .	in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country.	When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ?
The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged .	The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged	What caused the downfall of the downfall of the the original kingdom in Myanmar ?
In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia .	Taungoo Dynasty	Whose rule was Myanmar under when it was one of the most massive kingdoms in Southeast Asia ?
In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia .	In the 16th century	When did was Myanmar ruled by the Taungoo Dynasty ?
In 2011 , the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election , and a nominally civilian government was installed .	the military junta	What portion of the government was eventually separated from government participation ?
In the landmark 2015 election , Aung San Suu Kyi 's party won a majority in both houses , ending military rule .	Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.	Has the country been able to overcome the problems of government with the previous regime ?
In 2011 , the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election , and a nominally civilian government was installed .	a nominally civilian government	What type of government is now established in Myanmar ?
While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country , Burmese Military have taken steps toward relinquishing control of the government .	former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country	Are previous leaders a hendrence to the current government ?
For most of its independent years , the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and Burma 's myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world 's longest-running ongoing civil wars .	one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars.	What major conflict is Myanmar known for ?
Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group .	names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group	Where did the name Burma originate from ?
Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group , while Burma is derived from `` Bamar '' , the colloquial form of the group 's name .	Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name	What is the considered to be the name in slang terms for the people of Myanmar ?
Depending on the register used , the pronunciation would be Bama -LRB- pronounced : -LSB- bəmà -RSB- -RRB- or Myamah -LRB- pronounced : -LSB- mjəmà -RSB- -RRB- .	Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [bəmà])	How is the slang term for the people of Burma articulated correctly ?
The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century .	The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.	When did the term for the people of Burma become a common place word in English ?
Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries , such as Australia , Canada and the United Kingdom .	Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom	By which name is the country called by most English speaking countries ?
Official United States policy retains Burma as the country 's name , although the State Department 's website lists the country as `` Burma -LRB- Myanmar -RRB- '' and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names .	Burma (Myanmar)	How is Burma officially identified in the United States
The United Nations uses Myanmar , as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , Russia , Germany , China , India , Norway , and Japan .	United Nations uses Myanmar	What is the country called in sessions of the United Nations ?
Official United States policy retains Burma as the country 's name , although the State Department 's website lists the country as `` Burma -LRB- Myanmar -RRB- '' and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names .	Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names	What does the current president of the United States call the country in official settings ?
Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 400,000 years ago .	Homo erectus	What extinct species of hominid that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological period is believed to have dwelled in Myanmar ?
Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 400,000 years ago .	400,000 years ago	When was the extinct species believed to have lived in Myanmar ?
The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 11,000 BC , in a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar .	Anyathian	What is the name of the civilization that is believed to be one of the oldest .
Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings near the city of Taunggyi .	neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered	Did any other ancient cultures also leave behind evidence of existence in Myanmar ?
Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings near the city of Taunggyi .	discovered in the form of cave paintings	What form was the evidence of ancient cultures discovered in ?
The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze , growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs ; they were among the first people in the world to do so .	The Bronze Age	By what name is the era in the 3rd millennium around 1500 BC known ?
The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze , growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs ; they were among the first people in the world to do so .	people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice	What events of significance to human development occurred during the Bronze Age ?
The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze , growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs ; they were among the first people in the world to do so .	domesticating poultry and pigs	What event evolving animals are the Myanmar also accredited with being the first to accomplish ?
The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay .	The Iron Age began around 500 BC	When did the Age of Iron begin ?
The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay .	with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay	What events punctuate the beginning of the Iron Age ?
Around the second century BC the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar .	Around the second century BC	What period was the first known city states established in Myanmar ?
The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states , the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant , from present-day Yunnan .	from present-day Yunnan	From what people have were the first records known to be existent derived from ?
The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India , importing Buddhism as well as other cultural , architectural and political concepts which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation .	The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India	Were any of the early civilizations influenced by each other and if so by what how did it occur ?
The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India , importing Buddhism as well as other cultural , architectural and political concepts which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation .	Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts	What Myanmar import from other countries that has been of major importance ?
In the west , a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437 .	Kingdom of Mrauk U	What is the name of the kingdom that became dominant along the coastline of Myanmar ?
Pagan 's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century .	250 years	How long did it take for Myanmar to recover from the collapse of it 's first kingdom ?
Like the Burmans four centuries earlier , Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind .	Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind	Did the Mongol invasions of Burma leave any lasting signs ?
The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers , Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom , emerged .	Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom	Who was involved merger of the smaller states into the two largest factions of Myanmar ?
Like the Pagan Empire , Ava , Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities .	states were all multi-ethnic polities	Was there more than one racial class in the organized societies of the states of Myanmar ?
This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture .	This period is considered a golden age	During what age did the culture of Myanmar grow ?
Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country .	Hanthawaddy monarchs	Who increased the spread of religious reforms in Myanmar ?
Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period .	Mrauk U	Who is the monarch that has some of the most impressive built in their honor in the Myanmar
Political unification returned in the mid-16th century , due to the efforts of Taungoo , a former vassal state of Ava .	a former vassal state of Ava.	Before attempting to obtain political unification , what title did Taungoo , hold ?
Taungoo 's young , ambitious king Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo -- Hanthawaddy War -LRB- 1534 -- 41 -RRB- .	king Tabinshwehti	Who was the ruling monarchy when Taungoo , was vassal ?
However , the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung 's death in 1581 , completely collapsing by 1599 .	Bayinnaung	Who was the ruler of the largest kingdom in Southeast Asia ?
However , the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung 's death in 1581 , completely collapsing by 1599 .	1599	In what year did the dynasty of Bayinnaung fully collapse ?
Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na , and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin -LRB- Syriam -RRB- .	Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam)	Have any other countries ever established a foot hole in Burma ?
The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614 .	The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese	How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar ?
The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century .	Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century	Did the country have lasting monarchs ?
The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley , and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs .	The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley	Did the original chieftains maintain power political power ?
In 1740 , the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom .	In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom	In what year was one of the original Myanmar kingdoms restored ?
With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat , Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770 , and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776 .	the Chinese threat	What was the event called that caused Ayutthaya to reclaim lost territories ?
With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat , Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770 , and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776 .	1776.	In what year did Ayutthaya capture Lan Na ?
Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east , King Bodawpaya turned west , acquiring Arakan -LRB- 1785 -RRB- , Manipur -LRB- 1814 -RRB- and Assam -LRB- 1817 -RRB- .	Arakan	What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ?
Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east , King Bodawpaya turned west , acquiring Arakan -LRB- 1785 -RRB- , Manipur -LRB- 1814 -RRB- and Assam -LRB- 1817 -RRB- .	King Bodawpaya	Who managed to eventually control the territory of Arakan
For the first time in history , the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley .	Burmese language	What language eventually came to power in the Irrawaddy valley ?
The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued , aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era -LRB- half of all males and 5 % of females -RRB- .	half of all males and 5% of females	What was the literacy rate for the Burmese people during the big period of artistic growth ?
Nonetheless , the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism .	pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient	Did changes move along at a uniform pace for the Burmese people ?
Nonetheless , the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism .	British	What country was Burma a colony of ?
Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo 's administrative reforms , and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion .	Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms, and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion	What are the kings of the Konbaung monarchy famed for in their rule ?
Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon -LRB- Rangoon -RRB- on occasion all the way until the 1930s .	Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s.	have the Burmese people ever shown any reservations about the ruling government bodies ?
Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas .	Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions	What were some of problems experienced with the colonialism of Burma by the British ?
U Wisara , an activist monk , died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned .	166-day hunger strike	How long was U Wisara on a strike were he refused subsistence ?
U Wisara , an activist monk , died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned .	died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike	Was U Wisara able to survive the protest ?
U Wisara , an activist monk , died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned .	to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned.	Why was U Wisara involved in a resistance movement of such extremes ?
A major battleground , Burma was devastated during World War II .	Burma was devastated during World War II	Was Burma effected by the world wars ?
By March 1942 , within months after they entered the war , Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration had collapsed .	the British administration had collapsed	Did the British protect Burma as its colony during WWII ?
Overall , the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma .	the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma	How many soldiers were lost by the Japanese in Burma during WWII ?
Beginning in late 1944 , allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945 .	the end of Japanese rule in July 1945	When did the temporary Japanese rule end in Burma ?
Following World War II , Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state .	Aung San	Who negotiated the agreement that Burma would be free from forgien rule ?
Following World War II , Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state .	the Panglong Agreement	What is the name of the agreement that guarantee Burma 's freedom from foreign rule ?
Aung Zan Wai , Pe Khin , Bo Hmu Aung , Sir Maung Gyi , Dr. Sein Mya Maung , Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historical Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947 .	Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe	What leaders were present during the negotiations made for freedom of the Burmese people ?
In 1947 , Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar , a transitional government .	Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar	What position did Aung San hold in the Burmese government ?
But in July 1947 , political rivals assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members .	July 1947, political rivals assassinated Aung San	When did and how did Aung San pass away ?
In 1988 , unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising .	8888 Uprising	What are the 1988 demonstrations in Burma called ?
Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators , and General Saw Maung staged a coup d'état and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council -LRB- SLORC -RRB- .	General Saw Maung	Who lead the government coup in 1988 ?
In 1989 , SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests .	declared martial law after widespread protests.	Why was marshal law declared in Burma in 1989 ?
SLORC changed the country 's official English name from the `` Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma '' to the `` Union of Myanmar '' in 1989 .	Union of Myanmar	What was the official name of Burma changed to by the State Law and Order Restoration Council -LRB- SLORC -RRB-
The military government finalised plans for People 's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989 .	The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989	Have elections been held in Burma since the military coup in 1988 ?
In August 2007 , an increase in the price of diesel and petrol led to Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government .	an increase in the price of diesel and petrol	What was the cause of the insurrection in the summer of 2007 ?
In August 2007 , an increase in the price of diesel and petrol led to Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government .	Saffron Revolution	What was the name of the insurgency lead by Buddhist Monks ?
The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government .	an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government.	Did the insurgency lead to any economic changes in Burma ?
The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government .	The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions	How did the world respond to the reported acts of military violence during the Burmese revolution of 2007 ?
In May 2008 , Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated , rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division .	Cyclone Nargis	What natural disaster caused detrimental effects to the Irrawaddy section of Burma in May of 2008 ?
It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing , and damage totalled to 10 billion US Dollars , and as many as 1 million left homeless .	estimated 200,000 people dead or missing	How many people were reported missing or deceased due to the natural disaster of 2007 ?
It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing , and damage totalled to 10 billion US Dollars , and as many as 1 million left homeless .	10 billion US Dollars	How much was the financial cost of the damages of the 2007 natural disaster in Burma ?
In the critical days following this disaster , Myanmar 's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts .	Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts	Did the government of Myanmar welcome the international efforts of assistance ?
In October 2012 the number of ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict , between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government ; a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims , and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State ; and a conflict between the Shan , Lahu and Karen minority groups , and the government in the eastern half of the country .	the number of ongoing conflicts in Myanmar	In 2012 what was the the disturbance with the government running smoothly ? Burma ?
In a video released 3 September 2014 mainly addressed to India , the militant group 's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing `` what they can to rescue you '' .	al-Qaeda	Were any terrorist groups involved in the Burmese conflicts ?
In a video released 3 September 2014 mainly addressed to India , the militant group 's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing `` what they can to rescue you '' .	Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing "what they can to rescue you".	Does al-Qaeda believe that Muslims in Burma are in danger ?
In response , the military raised its level of alertness while the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland .	the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland.	Did Muslims in Burma give a repose to statements made by al-Qaeda ?
Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces have resulted in the Kokang offensive in February 2015 .	Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces	What country was Burma involved with in 2015
The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border .	The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter	Were there any refuges that resulted from the Burmese conflict in 2015 ?
During the incident the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels .	China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels.	What was the government of China accused of during the Kokang offensive ?
Burmese officials have been historically ` manipulated ' and pressured by the communist Chinese government throughout Burmese modern history to create closer and binding ties with China , creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia .	Burmese officials have been historically 'manipulated' and pressured by the communist Chinese	Is China an affect on the government in Burma ?
Burmese officials have been historically ` manipulated ' and pressured by the communist Chinese government throughout Burmese modern history to create closer and binding ties with China , creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia .	creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia	To what benefit of China has its interest in the Burmese government brought about ?
Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful ; however , allegations of polling station irregularities were raised , and the United Nations -LRB- UN -RRB- and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent .	allegations of polling station irregularities were raised	Where the elections of 2010 conducted fairly in Burma ?
Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful ; however , allegations of polling station irregularities were raised , and the United Nations -LRB- UN -RRB- and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent .	the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.	Were the results of the 2010 elections accepted by the United Nations ?
As part of the referendum process , the name of the country was changed from the `` Union of Myanmar '' to the `` Republic of the Union of Myanmar '' , and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010 .	Union of Myanmar	What is the name that Burma held before 2010 ?
The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008 , held on 10 May 2008 , is the creation of a `` discipline-flourishing democracy '' .	the creation of a "discipline-flourishing democracy"	Why was the referendum in 2008 ?
Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway .	Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway	Is Burma now a democratic nation ?
According to some reports , the military 's presence continues as the label ` disciplined democracy ' suggests .	the military's presence continues	Does the military still have a government presence in Burma ?
According to some reports , the military 's presence continues as the label ` disciplined democracy ' suggests .	'disciplined democracy	What type of government does Burma operate under ?
Such an assertion assumes that reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests through the transition -- here , `` transition '' does not refer to a transition to a liberal democracy , but transition to a quasi-military rule .	reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests	Does the military presence interfere with the day to day running of the government ?
Since the 2010 election , the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy , a mixed economy , and reconciliation , although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms .	reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy	In what direction is the government of Burma ultimately attempting to go ?
Since the 2010 election , the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy , a mixed economy , and reconciliation , although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms .	a mixed economy	What type of economy is Burma attempting to reach ?
The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest , the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission , the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners , new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes , a relaxation of press censorship , and the regulation of currency practices .	house arrest	Where was Aung San Suu Kyi confined during his imprisonment in Burma ?
The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest , the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission , the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners , new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes , a relaxation of press censorship , and the regulation of currency practices .	granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners	What happened to the political prisoner being held in Burma ?
The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest , the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission , the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners , new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes , a relaxation of press censorship , and the regulation of currency practices .	new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes	Are groups who represent workers allowed to express their opinions in protest in Burma ?
The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas , including ASEAN 's approval of Myanmar 's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014 ; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress -- it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years -LRB- Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein , as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi -RRB- ; and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi 's National League for Democracy -LRB- NLD -RRB- party in the 2012 by-elections , facilitated by the government 's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD .	approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton	Have the changes in Burmese law been of benefit to the country in international views ?
The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas , including ASEAN 's approval of Myanmar 's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014 ; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress -- it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years -LRB- Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein , as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi -RRB- ; and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi 's National League for Democracy -LRB- NLD -RRB- party in the 2012 by-elections , facilitated by the government 's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD .	Secretary of State Hillary Clinton	Who was the United States Secretary of State who visited Myanmar in 2014 ?
The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas , including ASEAN 's approval of Myanmar 's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014 ; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress -- it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years -LRB- Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein , as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi -RRB- ; and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi 's National League for Democracy -LRB- NLD -RRB- party in the 2012 by-elections , facilitated by the government 's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD .	more than fifty years	How long was the interval between the visits from the United States Secretary of State officials ?
The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas , including ASEAN 's approval of Myanmar 's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014 ; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress -- it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years -LRB- Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein , as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi -RRB- ; and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi 's National League for Democracy -LRB- NLD -RRB- party in the 2012 by-elections , facilitated by the government 's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD .	National League for Democracy (NLD) party	What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ?
Following announcement of the by-elections , the Freedom House organisation raised concerns about `` reports of fraud and harassment in the lead up to elections , including the March 23 deportation of Somsri Hananuntasuk , executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections -LRB- ANFREL -RRB- , a regional network of civil society organisations promoting democratization . ''	the Freedom House organisation raised concerns	Who raised concerns of fraud in the elections held in the Burma 2012 elections ?
However , uncertainties exist as some other political prisoners have not been released and clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue .	some other political prisoners have not been released	Did all of the political prisoners obtain freedom due to the election in Burma of 2012 ?
Following announcement of the by-elections , the Freedom House organisation raised concerns about `` reports of fraud and harassment in the lead up to elections , including the March 23 deportation of Somsri Hananuntasuk , executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections -LRB- ANFREL -RRB- , a regional network of civil society organisations promoting democratization . ''	Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL)	Who was expelled from Myanmar before the elections of 2012 and what position did they hold ?
The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar .	The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar	Are international monitors used in the elections of Burma ?
In 1 April 2012 by-elections the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats ; previously an illegal organisation , the NLD had never won a Burmese election until this time .	43 of the 45 available seats	Does the political party of Aung San Suu Ky hold any positions among the ruling faction ?
Burma is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram , Manipur , Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India .	Burma is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram	What countries surround the border that is opposite the southwest border of Burma ?
Burma has 1,930 km -LRB- 1,200 mi -RRB- of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south , which forms one quarter of its total perimeter .	Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter.	What sea is an integral part of the Burma landscape ?
Burma has 1,930 km -LRB- 1,200 mi -RRB- of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south , which forms one quarter of its total perimeter .	1,200 mi	How many miles of uninterrupted coastline does Burma encompass ?
Burma has 1,930 km -LRB- 1,200 mi -RRB- of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south , which forms one quarter of its total perimeter .	Bay of Bengal	What is the name of the bay along the southwest coast of Burma ?
Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan province for a Sino-Burman border total of 2,185 km -LRB- 1,358 mi -RRB- .	the Tibet Autonomous Region	What region lays along the north border of Burma and is famed for the presence of monks ?
Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator .	Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator	Where does the majority of the Burmese country fall on the globe ?
It lies in the monsoon region of Asia , with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm -LRB- 196.9 in -RRB- of rain annually .	5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually	How much rain is received in the region where Burma is located ?
Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately 2,500 mm -LRB- 98.4 in -RRB- , while average annual rainfall in the Dry Zone in central Myanmar is less than 1,000 mm -LRB- 39.4 in -RRB- .	1,000 mm (39.4 in	What is the expected rainfall in the zone considered to be dry in Burma ?
The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest , with average temperatures of 21 °C -LRB- 70 °F -RRB- .	The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F).	What is the average temperature of the coldest part of Burma and where is it located ?
Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 °C -LRB- 89.6 °F -RRB- .	Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 °C (89.6 °F).	How warm does it get at the height of summer along the in the delta and coastal regions of Burma ?
In upper Myanmar , there are rhinoceros , wild buffalo , wild boars , deer , antelope , and elephants , which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals , particularly in the lumber industry .	the lumber industry	What industry is supported by animal labor in Burma ?
Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging , plentiful and are very important food sources .	Hundreds of species of freshwater fish	What is an important protein source in the Burmese diet ?
In upper Myanmar , there are rhinoceros , wild buffalo , wild boars , deer , antelope , and elephants , which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals , particularly in the lumber industry .	elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals	What animals where domesticated in Burma for industry use ?
The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species , including parrots , peafowl , pheasants , crows , herons , and paddybirds .	The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species	What is note worthy about the bird population of Burma ?
Typical jungle animals , particularly tigers and leopards , occur sparsely in Myanmar .	Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar	Are large jungle cats part of the animal population of Burma ?
The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party .	The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party	What was the name of the winning unit in the 2010 elections in Burma ?
Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections .	Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections.	Were the elections held in an unbiased manner Burma in 2010 ?
One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal .	One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it	What were some of the opinions foreign advisers stated about the Burma 2010 elections ?
One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal .	the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal	What was the Burmese official decision concerning the legitimacy of National League for Democracy in 2010 ?
Though the country 's foreign relations , particularly with Western nations , have been strained , relations have thawed since the reforms following the 2010 elections .	relations have thawed since the reforms following the 2010 elections.	How have international relations developed due to the recent political changes in Burma ?
After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions , the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar , including an arms embargo , cessation of trade preferences , and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid .	the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations	What did the United States do in response to the reform changes of the 2010 Burma elections ?
After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions , the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar , including an arms embargo , cessation of trade preferences , and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid .	sanctions on Myanmar, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid.	What type of activity has the European Union engaged in in response to the reforms made in Burma ?
After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions , the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar , including an arms embargo , cessation of trade preferences , and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid .	years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions	How did the United States treat Myanmar prior to the changes made in Burmese government ?
Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government , coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement , have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies .	Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts	How are international businesses discouraged from operating in Burma ?
Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government , coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement , have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies .	the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies	What was the result for internationals companies attempting to conduct business in Burma ?
On 13 April 2012 British Prime Minister David Cameron called for the economic sanctions on Myanmar to be suspended in the wake of the pro-democracy party gaining 43 seats out of a possible 45 in the 2012 by-elections with the party leader , Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of the Burmese parliament .	British Prime Minister David Cameron	Who called for the sanctions in Burma to be given reprieve ?
On 13 April 2012 British Prime Minister David Cameron called for the economic sanctions on Myanmar to be suspended in the wake of the pro-democracy party gaining 43 seats out of a possible 45 in the 2012 by-elections with the party leader , Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of the Burmese parliament .	the Burmese parliament	What did Aung San Suu Kyi become a part of in Burma ?
Despite Western isolation , Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments , particularly in natural resource extraction .	Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments	How do Asian countries feel about the European attitude towards Burma ?
Despite Western isolation , Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments , particularly in natural resource extraction .	natural resource extraction.	What is a popular business for international Asian countries in Burma ?
The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country .	India and China	What two countries does Burma have Superior relationships with ?
Under India 's Look East policy , fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing , oil and gas exploration , information technology , hydro power and construction of ports and buildings .	fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing, oil and gas exploration, information technology, hydro power and construction	What is the benefit to the two countries involved in the India Look East policy ?
In 2008 , India suspended military aid to Myanmar over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta , although it has preserved extensive commercial ties , which provide the regime with much-needed revenue .	over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta	Why did India stop supporting the military in Myanmar in 2008 ?
In 2008 , India suspended military aid to Myanmar over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta , although it has preserved extensive commercial ties , which provide the regime with much-needed revenue .	it has preserved extensive commercial ties	Did the military sanctions imposed by India affect the business workings of it 's relations in Burma ?
The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011 , when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital , Naypyidaw , the same day as the country received a visit by US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton , who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi .	Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila	Who helped to improve the relations between India and Burma ?
The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011 , when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital , Naypyidaw , the same day as the country received a visit by US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton , who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi .	the capital, Naypyidaw	What city in Burma was visited by the envoy from India
In May 2013 , Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years ; the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966 .	Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years	Who is the first official Burmese delegate to visit the white house following the 2010 elections in Burma ?
In May 2013 , Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years ; the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966 .	the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966	When was the most prior visit from a Burmese representative to the United States prior to 2010 ?
Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive US support .	Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar	Was the visit from the Burmese delegate welcome in the United States in 2010 ?
The two leaders discussed to release more political prisoners , the institutionalisation of political reform and rule of law , and ending ethnic conflict in Myanmar -- the two governments agreed to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013 .	leaders discussed to release more political prisoners	Did the visit to the United States result in the release of political prisoners in Burma ?
The two leaders discussed to release more political prisoners , the institutionalisation of political reform and rule of law , and ending ethnic conflict in Myanmar -- the two governments agreed to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013 .	to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013.	What agreements were made in the visit to the United States by the Burmese in the 21 century ?
Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997 .	Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China	What country has provided Burma with the most military aid ?
Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997 .	Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997	How long has Burma participated in the group ASEAN ?
Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the ASEAN Summit in 2006 , it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014 .	hosted the summit in 2014	What year was Myanmar the host for the ASEAN conference ?
In November 2008 , Myanmar 's political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal .	natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal	What event caused tension between Burma and Bangladesh in 2008 ?
Myanmar 's armed forces are known as the Tatmadaw , which numbers 488,000 .	Tatmadaw	What is the name of the military in Burma ?
Myanmar 's armed forces are known as the Tatmadaw , which numbers 488,000 .	numbers 488,000	How large is the military of Burma ?
The Tatmadaw comprises the Army , the Navy , and the Air Force .	Army, the Navy, and the Air Force	Which traditional branches of the military does Burma have ?
The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service .	The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service.	What ranking does Burma hold for the number of troops currently serving on active military duty ?
Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia , Ukraine , China and India .	Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia, Ukraine, China and India.	From where does Burma receive most of its military artillery ?
Until 2005 , the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus .	Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus.	What did the United adopt in reference to Burma annually until 2005 ?
But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights .	voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights.	What occurred in the United Nations general convening in 2006 ?
In January 2007 , Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition .	vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar	What did China and Russia both do in 2008 ?
South Africa also voted against the resolution .	South Africa	What other countries were in disagreement with the United Nations decision on Burma ?
There is consensus that the military regime in Myanmar is one of the world 's most repressive and abusive regimes .	military regime in Myanmar is one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes	What is the general view of Burma ?
In November 2012 , Samantha Power , Barack Obama 's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights , wrote on the White House blog in advance of the president 's visit that `` Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue , including against women and children . ''	Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights	Who is Samantha Power ?
In November 2012 , Samantha Power , Barack Obama 's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights , wrote on the White House blog in advance of the president 's visit that `` Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue , including against women and children . ''	"Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children	What did Ms Powers write concerning Burma ?
International human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar .	Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science	What are the names of some of the human right organizations that have been involved in Burmese relations .
The Freedom in the World 2011 report by Freedom House notes , `` The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights ; and committed human rights abuses with impunity . ''	The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity	In 2011 what did the group Freedom House say concerning the Burma military ?
In July 2013 , the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons .	In July 2013, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held	How many prisoners are still held in Burma on political crimes ?
Child soldiers have and continue to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements .	Child soldiers have and continue to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements.	How are children used in the conflicts in Burma ?
The Independent reported in June 2012 that `` Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $ 40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol . ''	Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol	How are children obtained for use as solders in Burma ?
In September 2012 , the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers and the International Labour Organization met with representatives of the government as well as the Kachin Independence Army to secure the release of more child soldiers .	the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers	How many child solders were released from the Burmese military in 2012 ?
The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens -LRB- despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations -RRB- -- the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law .	The Rohingya people	What section of the Burmese population is routinely discriminated against ?
The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens -LRB- despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations -RRB- -- the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law .	1982	When was the citizenship laws placed into effect in Burma ?
Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin , Kayah -LRB- Karenni -RRB- , Karen , Chin , Burman , Mon , Rakhine , Shan , Kaman , or Zerbadee .	Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races	How does one become a full citizen in Burma ?
Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin , Kayah -LRB- Karenni -RRB- , Karen , Chin , Burman , Mon , Rakhine , Shan , Kaman , or Zerbadee .	national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee	What races are considered for full citizenship in Burma ?
Associate citizenship is given to those who can not prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823 , but can prove they have one grandparent , or pre-1823 ancestor , who was a citizen of another country , as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws .	Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823	What happens if one is not able to prove ancestral claim on full citizenship ?
The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens -LRB- despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations -RRB- -- the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law .	the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law	When did the Rohingya lose citizenship rights in Burma ?
Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin , Kayah -LRB- Karenni -RRB- , Karen , Chin , Burman , Mon , Rakhine , Shan , Kaman , or Zerbadee .	Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races	How is the decision made on who gets full citizenship rights in Burma ?
Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin , Kayah -LRB- Karenni -RRB- , Karen , Chin , Burman , Mon , Rakhine , Shan , Kaman , or Zerbadee .	national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee.	What races are considered to be the of the the national races in Burma ?
Associate citizenship is given to those who can not prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823 , but can prove they have one grandparent , or pre-1823 ancestor , who was a citizen of another country , as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws .	prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823	How can one prove their race in Burma ?
The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them -- this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma , while the Rohingya people have been described as `` among the world 's least wanted '' and `` one of the world 's most persecuted minorities . ''	expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma,	How many of the Rohingya people have new changes in citizenship caused to become refugees ?
In 2007 the German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws , while non-religious causes have also been raised , such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II -- during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma -LRB- composed mostly of Bamar Japanese -RRB- that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013 .	suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws	What is believed to be one of the potential religious instigators for the stiff in Burma against a certain race ?
In 2007 the German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws , while non-religious causes have also been raised , such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II -- during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma -LRB- composed mostly of Bamar Japanese -RRB- that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013 .	the Japanese	Who occupied Burma during the Second World War ?
In 2007 the German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws , while non-religious causes have also been raised , such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II -- during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma -LRB- composed mostly of Bamar Japanese -RRB- that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013 .	the Tatmadaw	What system of militaristic management exists in Burma ?
In 2007 the German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws , while non-religious causes have also been raised , such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II -- during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma -LRB- composed mostly of Bamar Japanese -RRB- that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013 .	lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation	What may have caused negative feeling to still linger among the different races of the Burmese people ?
In 2007 the German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws , while non-religious causes have also been raised , such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II -- during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma -LRB- composed mostly of Bamar Japanese -RRB- that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013 .	British allied themselves with the Rohingya	Who did the British choose to back in Burma during WWII ?
Since the democratic transition began in 2011 , there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state .	Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee	Has the violence in Burma decreased over the years as the country has tried made democratic strides ?
A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar 's Buddhist and Muslim communities , with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon .	unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's Buddhist and Muslim communities, with violence	Are the separate religious factions in Burma able to peacefully coexist ?
The BBC News media outlet obtained video footage of a man with severe burns who received no assistance from passers-by or police officers even though he was lying on the ground in a public area .	BBC News media outlet obtained video footage of a man with severe burns who received no assistance from passers-by or police officers	What news company discovered visual evidence of the disdain exhibited by civil employees and civilians in Burma ?
The footage was filmed by members of the Burmese police force in the town of Meiktila and was used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013 .	footage was filmed by members of the Burmese police force in the town of Meiktila	Who recorded the visual evidence on the disdainful incident ?
The footage was filmed by members of the Burmese police force in the town of Meiktila and was used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013 .	used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013.	Who was the videotape used as evidence against in Burma ?
The immediate cause of the riots is unclear , with many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine after the rape and murder of a Rakhine woman as the main cause .	many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine	What was believed to be one of the Burma reasons for the unrest in 2012 ?
It displaced more than 52,000 people .	It displaced more than 52,000 people	How many are believed to have been uprooted by this unrest ?
According to Tun Khin , the president of the Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK -LRB- BROUK -RRB- , as of 28 June 2012 , 650 Rohingyas have been killed , 1,200 are missing , and more than 80,000 have been displaced .	Tun Khin	Who is the president of the BROUK 's UK division ?
According to Tun Khin , the president of the Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK -LRB- BROUK -RRB- , as of 28 June 2012 , 650 Rohingyas have been killed , 1,200 are missing , and more than 80,000 have been displaced .	1,200 are missing	How many people where missing after the 2012 Burma civil unrest ?
The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence .	The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence	What have the military and law enforcement been denounced for in the matter of summer of 2012 ?
A number of monks ' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar 's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya community .	monks' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya	How have the friar organizations contributed to the struggle in Burma ?
On 10 June 2012 , a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine , allowing the military to participate in administration of the region .	On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in administration of the region	What happened in Rakhine in the summer of 2012 that had severe implications on the running of the location ?
The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions .	The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions	How did the Burmese government respond to the unrest in 2012 ?
Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012 following demonstrations by hundreds of protesters who wore shirts demanding that the government `` Stop Killing the Press . ''	Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012	Have there been any changes to restrictions placed on the communications networks in Burma ?
The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication .	The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication.	If communications restrictions have changed how so ?
However , as explained by one editorial in the exiled press The Irrawaddy , this new `` freedom '' has caused some Burmese journalists to simply see the new law as an attempt to create an environment of self-censorship as journalists `` are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes -- non-disintegration of the Union , non-disintegration of national solidarity , perpetuation of sovereignty -- and `` journalistic ethics '' to ensure their stories are accurate and do not jeopardise national security . ''	The Irrawaddy	What is the name of the newspaper that was banished from Burma ?
However , as explained by one editorial in the exiled press The Irrawaddy , this new `` freedom '' has caused some Burmese journalists to simply see the new law as an attempt to create an environment of self-censorship as journalists `` are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes -- non-disintegration of the Union , non-disintegration of national solidarity , perpetuation of sovereignty -- and `` journalistic ethics '' to ensure their stories are accurate and do not jeopardise national security . ''	journalists "are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes	What is required of commentators before publishing or airing content ?
Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012 following demonstrations by hundreds of protesters who wore shirts demanding that the government `` Stop Killing the Press . ''	wore shirts demanding that the government "Stop Killing the Press.	What did demonstrators wear during the media rally ?
According to the Crisis Group , since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011 , the country 's human rights record has been improving .	the Crisis Group	What is the name of the individuals who gave relevant information on the recent events in Burma ?
According to the Crisis Group , since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011 , the country 's human rights record has been improving .	the country's human rights record has been improving	Have there been any advances in the human rights situation in Myanmar ?
Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7 , the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement , giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights , the release of political prisoners , and a loosening of restrictions .	improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions.	What caused Myanmar to receive a rating of 6 ?
Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7 , the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement , giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights , the release of political prisoners , and a loosening of restrictions .	lowest rating of 7	What was the previous rating for Burma ?
The government has assembled a National Human Rights Commission that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds .	National Human Rights Commission	What did the government bring together ?
The government has assembled a National Human Rights Commission that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds .	consists of 15 members from various backgrounds	Once the decision was made to bring the group together who was it comprised of ?
Several activists in exile , including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members , have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Sein 's invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development .	invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development.	Has the joining brought about any changes in the region ?
Several activists in exile , including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members , have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Sein 's invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development .	President Thein Sein	Who extended the offer to the activists ?
In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011 , Myanmar 's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin confirmed the government 's intention to release prisoners in the near future .	Myanmar's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin	Who addressed the United nations on Myanmar 's behalf in the fall 2011 ?
The government has also relaxed reporting laws , but these remain highly restrictive .	has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive.	Has the government of Myanmar made life any easier for it 's inhabitants ?
In September 2011 , several banned websites , including YouTube , Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America , were unblocked .	several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked.	Does the government allow access to any desired media channels for residents ?
A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that , while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions , international humanitarian non-governmental organisations -LRB- NGOs -RRB- see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials , especially at the local level .	international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs)	Are there any groups who are able to effectively operate in Burma ?
At the same time , international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it .	ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.	Why are groups hesitant to work with government officials ?
Following Thein Sein 's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron , the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation 's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013 , in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community .	Thein Sein	What official was the first to visit the grounds of Great Britain from Burma ?
Following Thein Sein 's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron , the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation 's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013 , in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community .	Prime Minister David Cameron,	Who did the official from Myanmar meet with ?
Following Thein Sein 's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron , the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation 's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013 , in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community .	Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013	What was the outcome of the meeting ?
In a speech at Chatham House , he revealed that `` We -LSB- Myanmar government -RSB- are reviewing all cases .	at Chatham House	Where did the official make his announcement of the meetings outcome ?
, in addition to expressing a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar 's military forces .	a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces	What would the official like to see happen between the two countries ?
Under British administration , Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia .	Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia.	In terms of finance , when being ruled by the English , where did Burma stand ?
It had been the world 's largest exporter of rice .	rice	What was Burma 's greatest export during that time of English rule ?
British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853 , making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world .	Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world.	What did Myanmar do that made it know to be one of the originals in a particular finance producing endeavor ?
It produced 75 % of the world 's teak and had a highly literate population .	75% of the world's teak	What wood product was produced primarily in Myanmar during British rule ?
It produced 75 % of the world 's teak and had a highly literate population .	a highly literate population	What notable quality made Burma stand out from other South East Asian countries ?
During World War II , the British destroyed the major government buildings , oil wells and mines for tungsten , tin , lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese .	British destroyed the major government buildings, oil wells and mines for tungsten, tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese.	How did world war two affect Burmese business and economy ?
After independence , the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed .	the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed.	How was the Burma framework affected by WWII ?
Myanmar was bombed extensively by both sides .	bombed extensively	What lead to the architectural changes in Myanmar ?
Myanmar was bombed extensively by both sides .	bombed extensively by both sides	Who was credited with changes that occurred to the interior due to the war 's effects ?
After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948 , Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land .	1948, Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land.	When was Myanmar given sovereignty to rule it 's own nation ?
The major agricultural product is rice , which covers about 60 % of the country 's total cultivated land area .	rice	What is the major farming production crop in Burma ?
The major agricultural product is rice , which covers about 60 % of the country 's total cultivated land area .	60%	What percentage of the countries 's farm-able land is used for the major farming production crop in Burma ?
Rice accounts for 97 % of total food grain production by weight .	food grain production	What category does the major farming production crop in Burma fall into ?
Rice accounts for 97 % of total food grain production by weight .	by weight	How is production in the category tallied ?
Through collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997 , helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996 .	52 modern rice varieties	How many novel types of this crop did Burma develop as of 1997 ?
Many US and European jewellery companies , including Bulgari , Tiffany , and Cartier , refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines .	US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based	What is the difficulty with expanding the gem business in Burma ?
Many US and European jewellery companies , including Bulgari , Tiffany , and Cartier , refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines .	reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines.	Why is Burma experiencing this problem with the gems industry ?
Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta , as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run .	Human Rights Watch	Who gave information on the gem industries in Burma ?
Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta , as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run .	encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based	What did the group advised based on the information 's results ?
Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta , as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run .	the ruling junta	Who receives the majority of financial benefits from the gem mining ?
The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as Yangon and Mandalay ; religious sites in Mon State , Pindaya , Bago and Hpa-An ; nature trails in Inle Lake , Kengtung , Putao , Pyin Oo Lwin ; ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U ; as well as beaches in Nabule , Ngapali , Ngwe-Saung , Mergui .	Yangon and Mandalay	Name two of the metropolitan areas that are enjoyed most frequently by tourist in Myanmar ?
The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as Yangon and Mandalay ; religious sites in Mon State , Pindaya , Bago and Hpa-An ; nature trails in Inle Lake , Kengtung , Putao , Pyin Oo Lwin ; ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U ; as well as beaches in Nabule , Ngapali , Ngwe-Saung , Mergui .	Mon State, Pindaya, Bago and Hpa-An	What are two of the top spiritual destination that Myanmar offers ?
The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as Yangon and Mandalay ; religious sites in Mon State , Pindaya , Bago and Hpa-An ; nature trails in Inle Lake , Kengtung , Putao , Pyin Oo Lwin ; ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U ; as well as beaches in Nabule , Ngapali , Ngwe-Saung , Mergui .	nature trails in Inle Lake, Kengtung, Putao, Pyin Oo Lwin	Does Myanmar offer any destinations that might be good for outside enthusiasts ?
The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as Yangon and Mandalay ; religious sites in Mon State , Pindaya , Bago and Hpa-An ; nature trails in Inle Lake , Kengtung , Putao , Pyin Oo Lwin ; ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U ; as well as beaches in Nabule , Ngapali , Ngwe-Saung , Mergui .	ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U; as well as beaches in Nabule, Ngapali, Ngwe-Saung, Mergui.	Are there any edifice points of interest that may be of note to visitors of Burma ?
Nevertheless , much of the country is off-limits to tourists , and interactions between foreigners and the people of Myanmar , particularly in the border regions , are subject to police scrutiny .	much of the country is off-limits to tourists	Can visitors travel unrestricted through the country ?
The most common way for travellers to enter the country seems to be by air .	by air	How are most visitors ushered into the city of Myanmar ?
According to the website Lonely Planet , getting into Myanmar is problematic : `` No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country , nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border -- you must walk across . ''	No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border – you must walk across	Is Myanmar convenient to other countries in South East Asia ?
, and states that , `` It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river . ''	It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river.	Are there any cruise travel destinations for Myanmar ?
At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013 .	one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013.	How long have bus tours been available to tourist of Myanmar ?
Those in Thailand on a visa run can cross to Kawthaung but can not venture farther into Myanmar . ''	Those in Thailand on a visa run can cross to Kawthaung but cannot venture farther into Myanmar	How far are the people from Taiwan , but not actually citizens of Taiwan , allowed to venture into the Myanmar territory ?
Flights are available from most countries , though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines .	Flights are available from most countries	Can one travel by plane from any country in Myanmar ?
Flights are available from most countries , though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines .	direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines	Is there anyway to decrease travel time in getting to Myanmar ?
Expansions were expected in September 2013 , but yet again are mainly Thai and other Asian-based airlines according to Eleven Media Group 's Eleven , `` Thailand-based Nok Air and Business Airlines and Singapore-based Tiger Airline '' .	Thailand-based Nok Air and Business Airlines and Singapore-based Tiger Airline".	What airlines travel to Myanmar that currently has development plans towards expanding ?
In December 2014 , Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange .	December 2014, Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange	What occurred in the winter of 2014 of significance for Myanmar ?
The Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd will be set up with Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent , Japan 's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent .	Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd	What is the name of the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?
The Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd will be set up with Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent , Japan 's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent .	Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent	W is set to to be the major stock holder of the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?
The Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd will be set up with Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent , Japan 's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent .	Japan's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent.	Did other countries actively participate in business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?
The Yangon Stock Exchange -LRB- YSX -RRB- officially opened for business on Friday , March 25 , 2016 .	Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) officially opened for business on Friday, March 25, 2016.	What day did the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar open its doors to customers ?
The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420 .	provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420	How many are estimated people live in Burma officially ?
This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State , Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted .	an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted.	Who may have been left out of the 2014 census in Burma ?
There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand , and millions more work illegally .	600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand	How many people in Burma are currently using a work visa for Thailand ?
There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand , and millions more work illegally .	millions more work illegally	How many of the Burmese people are predicted to work in Thailand without authorization
Burmese migrant workers account for 80 % of Thailand 's migrant workers .	80% of Thailand's migrant workers	What percentage of emigrant workers in Thailand that are from Myanmar ?
The Bamar form an estimated 68 % of the population .	Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population	What is the largest percentage of the Burmese populace ?
Overseas Chinese form approximately 3 % of the population .	Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population	What is the smallest percentage of the Burmese populace ?
Myanmar 's ethnic minority groups prefer the term `` ethnic nationality '' over `` ethnic minority '' as the term `` minority '' furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as `` Burmanisation '' -- the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures .	ethnic nationality	What is the preferential term for those in Burma that are not a part of the racial majority ?
The Rakhine people constitute 4 % of the population .	Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population	What percentage of the population is of the Rakhine descendant line ?
Myanmar 's ethnic minority groups prefer the term `` ethnic nationality '' over `` ethnic minority '' as the term `` minority '' furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as `` Burmanisation '' -- the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures .	the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures.	What does the term Burmanisation make people feel ?
Mon , who form 2 % of the population , are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer .	2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer	What percentage of people in Burma are related by linguistically lines to the Khmer .
Included in this group are the Anglo-Burmese .	Anglo-Burmese	Which community previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population ?
Once forming a large and influential community , the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards , principally to Australia and the UK .	1958 onwards	When did a mass migration of the community that previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population start ?
Once forming a large and influential community , the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards , principally to Australia and the UK .	principally to Australia and the UK	Where did the majority of these people end up after Burma ?
Myanmar is home to four major language families : Sino-Tibetan , Tai -- Kadai , Austro-Asiatic , and Indo-European .	Sino-Tibetan, Tai–Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, and Indo-European.	What are the four categories for the most prolific dialects used in Burma ?
The two major Indo-European languages are Pali , the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism , and English .	Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English	What are the primary languages of Europe that are used in Burma ?
Little known fact about Myanmar is there are more than 130 languages spoken by people in Myanmar .	there are more than 130 languages spoken by people in Myanmar	How many different types of dictionaries could you potentially need to cover all the languages spoken in Myanmar
Since many of them are known only within small tribes around the country , they may have been lost -LRB- many if not all -RRB- after a few generations .	many of them are known only within small tribes around the country	Are the languages of Myanmar widely used by other nations ?
The primary Tai -- Kadai language is Shan .	The primary Tai–Kadai language is Shan	What is the preferred lingo for the Tai -- Kadai language ?
Burmese , the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar , is related to Tibetan and Chinese language .	Burmese	What is the matriarchal brogue of Burma that became the countries ' standard vernacular ?
Burmese , the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar , is related to Tibetan and Chinese language .	Tibetan and Chinese language	Which two vernaculars hold relation to the official language ?
It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters , which were adapted from the Mon script , which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century .	It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters	How is the recognized official language of Burma displayed ?
It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters , which were adapted from the Mon script , which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century .	the Mon script, which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century	On what is the visual display of the language a subset of ?
The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century .	The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century.	From when are the first impressions of the visually displayed language ?
Many religions are practised in Myanmar .	Many religions are practised in Myanmar	Does Burma have more than one religion ?
Festivals can be held on a grand scale .	Festivals can be held on a grand scale.	Are public displays allowed for the celebration of religion in Myanmar ?
The Christian and Muslim populations do , however , face religious persecution and it is hard , if not impossible , for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs , the main route to success in the country .	Christian and Muslim populations do, however, face religious persecution	Are all welcomed to practice faith openly in Burma
The Christian and Muslim populations do , however , face religious persecution and it is hard , if not impossible , for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs , the main route to success in the country .	it is hard, if not impossible, for non-Buddhists to join the army	Can anyone in Burma Join the military forces in Burma ?
The Christian and Muslim populations do , however , face religious persecution and it is hard , if not impossible , for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs , the main route to success in the country .	join the army or get government jobs, the main route to success in the country.	What are the best routes for career achievement in Burma ?
According to Pew Research , 7 % of the population identifies as Christian ; 4 % as Muslim ; 1 % follows traditional animistic beliefs ; and 2 % follow other religions , including Mahayana Buddhism , Hinduism , and East Asian religions .	7% of the population identifies as Christian; 4% as Muslim; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs; and 2% follow other religions	What part of the populace does not identify with conformists religious majority ?
However , according to a US State Department 's 2010 international religious freedom report , official statistics are alleged to underestimate the non-Buddhist population .	international religious freedom report, official statistics are alleged to underestimate the non-Buddhist population.	Are these percentages an accurate estimate of nonconformists religious groups ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages .	80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon	How many dwelling are dedicated to the worship of the faith Jehovah 's Witnesses ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages .	16 languages	How many dialects are the publications distributed by the Jehovah Witness available in ?
A tiny Jewish community in Rangoon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services .	a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services	What problem presented itself to the Jewish locale in Rangoon ?
The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency , the Ministry of Education .	the Ministry of Education	Who runs the school system in Myanmar ?
The education system is based on the United Kingdom 's system due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar .	United Kingdom's	What country is Burma to credit for its academic system ?
The education system is based on the United Kingdom 's system due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar .	due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar.	Why is this country so influential to the Burma academics ?
Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school , approximately about 9 years old , while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level .	Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school	Are children required to go to school or can they choose to stay at home and work ?
A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar , the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar .	the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar.	What are the pervasive culture that is sanctioned in Burma ?
Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries .	Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries	Have these cultures developed on there own over time ?
The arts , particularly literature , have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism .	The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism	What type of effect did Theravada Buddhism.have on Bamar ?
Buddhism is practised along with nat worship , which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats .	Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.	What is the connection between an insect that has devotional following and Buddhism ?
In a traditional village , the monastery is the centre of cultural life .	In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life.	Customarily where is the expected place in the lives of the people for the home of monks in Burma ?
A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu is the most important coming of age events for a boy , during which he enters the monastery for a short time .	A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu	What event is exceedingly relevant for young males that involves monks in Burma ?
Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies -LRB- န သ -RRB- at the same time .	Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (နားသ) at the same time.	What do girls of the village get in comparison the the young male event ?
Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year , the most important being the pagoda festival .	the most important being the pagoda festival	What is the biggest celebration held in local events in Burma ?
Many villages have a guardian nat , and superstition and taboos are commonplace .	Many villages have a guardian nat	What do many villages have that protects them in times of imminent or impending danger ?
Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon .	Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities	What evidence of previous rule is evident in the buildings in Burma ?
According to the The World Factbook , the Burman population is 68 % and the ethnic groups constitute 32 % .	ethnic groups constitute 32%	What part of the Burmese population is considered not a part of the mainstream group ?
However , the exiled leaders and organisations claims that ethnic population is 40 % , which is implicitly contrasted with CIA report -LRB- official US report -RRB- .	exiled leaders and organisations claims that ethnic population is 40%, which is implicitly contrasted with CIA report (official US report).	Do opinions differ on the numbers for that population is considered not a part of the mainstream
According to the The World Factbook , the Burman population is 68 % and the ethnic groups constitute 32 % .	The World Factbook	What is the name of the group that reported the information regarding the populace in Burma ?
Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmar 's national dish .	Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish	What is the time-honored dish served for the morning meal in Burma ?
Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities such as Sittwe , Kyaukpyu , Mawlamyaing -LRB- formerly Moulmein -RRB- , Mergui -LRB- Myeik -RRB- and Dawei , while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay .	Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities	What is most commonly enjoyed to eat along the coast of Myanmar ?
Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities such as Sittwe , Kyaukpyu , Mawlamyaing -LRB- formerly Moulmein -RRB- , Mergui -LRB- Myeik -RRB- and Dawei , while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay .	landlocked cities	Where is the most chicken enjoyed in Burma ?
Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways , fresh , salted whole or filleted , salted and dried , made into a salty paste , or fermented sour and pressed .	Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein	What is considered as an alternative to tofu for the valuable ingredient it holds for those not living near water in BUrma ?
Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways , fresh , salted whole or filleted , salted and dried , made into a salty paste , or fermented sour and pressed .	fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed.	What are popular ways that fish are used in Burma ?
Myanmar 's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein -- a leading politician of the 1910s , who campaigned for Burmese independence in London .	Myanmar's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein	What was the first motion picture about someone 's life filmed in Myanmar ?
Myanmar 's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein -- a leading politician of the 1910s , who campaigned for Burmese independence in London .	Tun Shein — a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London.	Why was this film relevant enough to be the first ?
The first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya -LRB- Love and Liquor -RRB- in 1920 which proved a major success , despite its poor quality due to a fixed camera position and inadequate film accessories .	first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya (Love and Liquor) in 1920	Before the advent of talking pictures , what was the name of the first movie in Myanmar and when was it 's debut ?
After World War II , Burmese cinema continued to address political themes .	After World War II, Burmese cinema continued to address political themes	Following the end of the second World War , what was a still a popular theme among films makers in Burma ?
Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them .	Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them.	Where any of the Burmese films ever used as an instrument to influence the people ?
Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE , in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel .	Jews	Which group originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE , in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel ?
The Israelites , as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population , consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel , and the Kingdom of Judah .	Israelites	Who consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel , and the kingdom of Judah ?
Some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as ` Hebrews ' .	Hebrews	What were incoming nomadic groups known as ?
Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE , in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel .	during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel	When did Jews originate as a national and religious group in the Middle East ?
The Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel , associated with the god El , somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE .	The Merneptah Stele	What appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel ?
According to a report published in 2014 , about 43 % of all Jews reside in Israel -LRB- 6.1 million -RRB- , and 40 % in the United States -LRB- 5.7 million -RRB- , with most of the remainder living in Europe -LRB- 1.4 million -RRB- and Canada -LRB- 0.4 million -RRB- .	43%	What percentage of Jews reside in Israel ?
According to a report published in 2014 , about 43 % of all Jews reside in Israel -LRB- 6.1 million -RRB- , and 40 % in the United States -LRB- 5.7 million -RRB- , with most of the remainder living in Europe -LRB- 1.4 million -RRB- and Canada -LRB- 0.4 million -RRB- .	40%	What percentage of Jews reside in the U.S. ?
According to a report published in 2014 , about 43 % of all Jews reside in Israel -LRB- 6.1 million -RRB- , and 40 % in the United States -LRB- 5.7 million -RRB- , with most of the remainder living in Europe -LRB- 1.4 million -RRB- and Canada -LRB- 0.4 million -RRB- .	1.4 million	How many Jews live in Europe ?
According to a report published in 2014 , about 43 % of all Jews reside in Israel -LRB- 6.1 million -RRB- , and 40 % in the United States -LRB- 5.7 million -RRB- , with most of the remainder living in Europe -LRB- 1.4 million -RRB- and Canada -LRB- 0.4 million -RRB- .	0.4 million	How many Jews live in Canada ?
In addition to issues with census methodology , disputes among proponents of halakhic , secular , political , and ancestral identification factors regarding who is a Jew may affect the figure considerably depending on the source .	issues with census methodology	What is one reason the world population of Jews difficult to determine ?
The German word `` Jude '' is pronounced -LSB- ˈjuːdə -RSB- , the corresponding adjective `` jüdisch '' -LSB- ˈjyːdɪʃ -RSB- -LRB- Jewish -RRB- is the origin of the word `` Yiddish '' .	Jude	What is the origin of the word Yiddish ?
, and بَنُو اِسرَائِيل banū isrāʼīl in Arabic , `` Jude '' in German , `` judeu '' in Portuguese , `` juif '' in French , `` jøde '' in Danish and Norwegian , `` judío '' in Spanish , `` jood '' in Dutch , etc. , but derivations of the word `` Hebrew '' are also in use to describe a Jew , e.g. , in Italian -LRB- Ebreo -RRB- , in Persian -LRB- `` Ebri/Ebrani '' -LRB- Persian : عبری / عبرانی -RRB- -RRB- and Russian -LRB- Еврей , Yevrey -RRB- .	Ebreo	What is another word to describe a Jew ?
, and بَنُو اِسرَائِيل banū isrāʼīl in Arabic , `` Jude '' in German , `` judeu '' in Portuguese , `` juif '' in French , `` jøde '' in Danish and Norwegian , `` judío '' in Spanish , `` jood '' in Dutch , etc. , but derivations of the word `` Hebrew '' are also in use to describe a Jew , e.g. , in Italian -LRB- Ebreo -RRB- , in Persian -LRB- `` Ebri/Ebrani '' -LRB- Persian : عبری / عبرانی -RRB- -RRB- and Russian -LRB- Еврей , Yevrey -RRB- .	Еврей, Yevrey	What is a Russian word used to describe a Jew ?
, and بَنُو اِسرَائِيل banū isrāʼīl in Arabic , `` Jude '' in German , `` judeu '' in Portuguese , `` juif '' in French , `` jøde '' in Danish and Norwegian , `` judío '' in Spanish , `` jood '' in Dutch , etc. , but derivations of the word `` Hebrew '' are also in use to describe a Jew , e.g. , in Italian -LRB- Ebreo -RRB- , in Persian -LRB- `` Ebri/Ebrani '' -LRB- Persian : عبری / عبرانی -RRB- -RRB- and Russian -LRB- Еврей , Yevrey -RRB- .	Hebrew	Ebreo is an Italian word derivation of what word ?
According to the Hebrew Bible narrative , Jewish ancestry is traced back to the Biblical patriarchs such as Abraham , Isaac and Jacob , and the Biblical matriarchs Sarah , Rebecca , Leah , and Rachel , who lived in Canaan around the 18th century BCE .	Abraham	Name one person that Jewish ancestry traced back to ?
Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacob 's son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself .	Ancient Egypt	Where did Jacob and his family migrate to ?
The patriarchs ' descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses , traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE , after which the Israelites conquered Canaan .	Moses	Who led the Exodus ?
Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacob 's son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself .	Joseph	Who was Jacob 's son ?
Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacob 's son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself .	Jacob	Who was Joseph 's father ?
In the Iron Age I period -LRB- 1200 -- 1000 BCE -RRB- Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature .	Israelite	Which culture was largely Canaanite in nature ?
The Israelites and their culture , according to the modern archaeological account , did not overtake the region by force , but instead branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatristic -- and later monotheistic -- religion centered on Yahweh , one of the Ancient Canaanite deities .	Yahweh	What is one of the Ancient Canaanite deities ?
In the Iron Age I period -LRB- 1200 -- 1000 BCE -RRB- Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature .	Iron Age	The period of time from 1200 to 1000 BCE is known as what ?
Although the Israelites were divided into Twelve Tribes , the Jews -LRB- being one offshoot of the Israelites , another being the Samaritans -RRB- are traditionally said to descend mostly from the Israelite tribes of Judah -LRB- from where the Jews derive their ethnonym -RRB- and Benjamin , and partially from the tribe of Levi , who had together formed the ancient Kingdom of Judah , and the remnants of the northern Kingdom of Israel who migrated to the Kingdom of Judah and assimilated after the 720s BCE , when the Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire .	Israelites	What group was divided into Twelve Tribes ?
Although the Israelites were divided into Twelve Tribes , the Jews -LRB- being one offshoot of the Israelites , another being the Samaritans -RRB- are traditionally said to descend mostly from the Israelite tribes of Judah -LRB- from where the Jews derive their ethnonym -RRB- and Benjamin , and partially from the tribe of Levi , who had together formed the ancient Kingdom of Judah , and the remnants of the northern Kingdom of Israel who migrated to the Kingdom of Judah and assimilated after the 720s BCE , when the Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire .	after the 720s BCE	When was the Kingdom of Israel conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire ?
Although the Israelites were divided into Twelve Tribes , the Jews -LRB- being one offshoot of the Israelites , another being the Samaritans -RRB- are traditionally said to descend mostly from the Israelite tribes of Judah -LRB- from where the Jews derive their ethnonym -RRB- and Benjamin , and partially from the tribe of Levi , who had together formed the ancient Kingdom of Judah , and the remnants of the northern Kingdom of Israel who migrated to the Kingdom of Judah and assimilated after the 720s BCE , when the Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire .	Israelite tribes of Judah	From where do the Jews derive their ethonynm ?
Israelites enjoyed political independence twice in ancient history , first during the periods of the Biblical judges followed by the United Monarchy .	twice	How many times did Israelites have political independence in ancient history ?
The term Jew originated from the Roman `` Judean '' and denoted someone from the southern kingdom of Judah .	Roman "Judean	From where did the term Jews originate ?
-LSB- disputed -- discuss -RSB- After the fall of the United Monarchy the land was divided into Israel and Judah .	After the fall of the United Monarchy	When was land divided into Israel and Judah ?
The shift of ethnonym from `` Israelites '' to `` Jews '' -LRB- inhabitant of Judah -RRB- , although not contained in the Torah , is made explicit in the Book of Esther -LRB- 4th century BCE -RRB- , a book in the Ketuvim , the third section of the Jewish Tanakh .	Jews	Inhabitants of Judah are known as what ?
The Babylonian exile ended in 539 BCE when the Achaemenid Empire conquered Babylon and Cyrus the Great allowed the exiled Jews to return to Yehud and rebuild their Temple .	539 BCE	When did the Babylonian exile end ?
Genetic studies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the Middle East , and that they bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of the Fertile Crescent .	Fertile Crescent	Genetic studies show that Jews bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of where ?
The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common genetic pool dating back 4,000 years , as a marker of their common ancestral origin .	4,000 years	How far back does the Jews ' shared common genetic pool date ?
Genetic studies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the Middle East , and that they bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of the Fertile Crescent .	Middle East	Most Jews share a common genetic heritage that originates from what place ?
The Hebrew Bible , a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews , established the first of the Abrahamic religions , which are now practiced by 54 % of the world .	The Hebrew Bible	What book is considered a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews ?
The Hebrew Bible , a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews , established the first of the Abrahamic religions , which are now practiced by 54 % of the world .	Abrahamic religions	What religions are now practiced by 54 % of the world ?
The Hebrew Bible , a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews , established the first of the Abrahamic religions , which are now practiced by 54 % of the world .	a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews	What is the Hebrew Bible ?
Generally , in modern secular usage Jews include three groups : people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion , those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage -LRB- sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent -RRB- , and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally converted to Judaism and therefore are followers of the religion .	three	In modern secular usage Jews include how many groups ?
Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation , an ethnicity , a religion , and a culture , making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used .	whether a religious or national approach to identity is used	What makes the definition of a Jew vary slightly ?
Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation , an ethnicity , a religion , and a culture , making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used .	Judaism	Which religion shares some characteristics of a nation , an ethnicity , a religion and a culture ?
Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent , and halakhic conversions .	halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions	What have historical definitions of Jewish identity been based on ?
Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud , around 200 CE .	200 CE	Historical definitions of who a Jew is dates back to what year ?
Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh , such as Deuteronomy 7:1 -- 5 , by Jewish sages , are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites because '' -LSB- the non-Jewish husband -RSB- will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods -LRB- i.e. , idols -RRB- of others . ''	Jewish sages	What is used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites ?
According to historian Shaye J. D. Cohen , the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible .	Shaye J. D. Cohen	Who believed the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible ?
Second , the Tannaim may have been influenced by Roman law , which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage , offspring would follow the mother .	Roman law	What dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage , offspring would follow the mother ?
He brings two likely explanations for the change in Mishnaic times : first , the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures -LRB- Kil ` ayim -RRB- .	the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures	What is one explanation for the change in Mishnaic times ?
By the 1st century , Babylonia , to which Jews migrated to after the Babylonian conquest as well as after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE , already held a speedily growing population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews , which increased to an estimated 2 million between the years 200 CE -- 500 CE , both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from the Land of Israel , making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era .	Babylonia	Where did Jews migrate to after the Babylonian conquest ?
By the 1st century , Babylonia , to which Jews migrated to after the Babylonian conquest as well as after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE , already held a speedily growing population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews , which increased to an estimated 2 million between the years 200 CE -- 500 CE , both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from the Land of Israel , making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era .	200 CE – 500 CE	Between what years did Jews increase to an estimated 2 million ?
At times conversion has accounted for a part of Jewish population growth .	conversion	Name one thing that has accounted for Jewish population growth ?
The Fiscus Judaicus , a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE and relaxed to exclude Christians in 96 CE , also limited Judaism 's appeal .	The Fiscus Judaicus	What is a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE ?
The Fiscus Judaicus , a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE and relaxed to exclude Christians in 96 CE , also limited Judaism 's appeal .	96 CE	When did the FIscus Judaicus relax to exclude Christians ?
Other historians believe that conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth , due to various factors such as the illegality of male conversion to Judaism in the Roman world from the mid-2nd century .	illegality of male conversion to Judaism	Name one reason historians believe the conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth ?
An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World , often at great distances from one another , resulting in effective and often long-term isolation .	An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another	What resulted in effective and long-term isolation of Jewish communities ?
Today , manifestations of these differences among the Jews can be observed in Jewish cultural expressions of each community , including Jewish linguistic diversity , culinary preferences , liturgical practices , religious interpretations , as well as degrees and sources of genetic admixture .	religious interpretations	Name one way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community ?
Today , manifestations of these differences among the Jews can be observed in Jewish cultural expressions of each community , including Jewish linguistic diversity , culinary preferences , liturgical practices , religious interpretations , as well as degrees and sources of genetic admixture .	culinary preferences	Name another way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community ?
Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups : the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim .	Ashkenazim	Name one major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to .
Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups : the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim .	Sephardim	Name another major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to ?
Ashkenazim , or `` Germanics '' -LRB- Ashkenaz meaning `` Germany '' in Hebrew -RRB- , are so named denoting their German Jewish cultural and geographical origins , while Sephardim , or `` Hispanics '' -LRB- Sefarad meaning `` Spain/Hispania '' or `` Iberia '' in Hebrew -RRB- , are so named denoting their Spanish/Portuguese Jewish cultural and geographic origins .	Germany	What does Ashkenaz mean in Hebrew ?
The more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim , is Mizrahim -LRB- lit .	Mizrahim	What is the more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim ?
`` Easterners '' , Mizrach being `` East '' in Hebrew -RRB- , that is , in reference to the diverse collection of Middle Eastern and North African Jews who are often , as a group , referred to collectively as Sephardim -LRB- together with Sephardim proper -RRB- for liturgical reasons , although Mizrahi Jewish groups and Sephardi Jews proper are ethnically distinct .	East	What does Mizrach mean in Hebrew ?
In modern usage , however , the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy , despite independent development from Sephardim proper .	due to similar styles of liturgy	In modern usage , why is Mizrahim sometimes termed Sephardi ?
In addition , there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions .	the 1490s	When did the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal occur ?
The Teimanim from Yemen are sometimes included , although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim .	Yemen	Where are the Teimanim from ?
Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry , with at least 70 % of Jews worldwide -LRB- and up to 90 % prior to World War II and the Holocaust -RRB- .	Ashkenazi Jews	What group of Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry ?
Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry , with at least 70 % of Jews worldwide -LRB- and up to 90 % prior to World War II and the Holocaust -RRB- .	Ashkenazi Jews	Which group represents at least 70 % of Jews worldwide ?
As a result of their emigration from Europe , Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents , in countries such as the United States , Canada , Argentina , Australia , and Brazil .	As a result of their emigration from Europe	Why does Ashkenazim represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents ?
In France , the immigration of Jews from Algeria -LRB- Sephardim -RRB- has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim .	France	In what country does the immigration of Jews from Algeria -LRB- Sephardim -RRB- has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim ?
Hebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism -LRB- termed lashon ha-kodesh , `` the holy tongue '' -RRB- , the language in which most of the Hebrew scriptures -LRB- Tanakh -RRB- were composed , and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries .	Hebrew	What is the liturgical language of Judaism ?
Hebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism -LRB- termed lashon ha-kodesh , `` the holy tongue '' -RRB- , the language in which most of the Hebrew scriptures -LRB- Tanakh -RRB- were composed , and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries .	Hebrew	What is also termed lason ha-kodesh , `` the holy tongue ? ''
Others , such as in the Jewish communities of Babylonia , were speaking Hebrew and Aramaic , the languages of the Babylonian Talmud .	Hebrew and Aramaic	What are the two languages of the Babylonian Talmud ?
Hebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism -LRB- termed lashon ha-kodesh , `` the holy tongue '' -RRB- , the language in which most of the Hebrew scriptures -LRB- Tanakh -RRB- were composed , and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries .	Tanakh	What are the Hebrew scriptures called ?
By the 5th century BCE , Aramaic , a closely related tongue , joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea .	Aramaic	What is a closely related tongue to Hebrew ?
Yiddish is the Judæo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe .	Yiddish	What is the Judaeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe ?
Ladino is the Judæo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula .	Ladino	What is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula ?
Due to many factors , including the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry , the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries , and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world , ancient and distinct Jewish languages of several communities , including Judæo-Georgian , Judæo-Arabic , Judæo-Berber , Krymchak , Judæo-Malayalam and many others , have largely fallen out of use .	Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries	Name one reason the ancient and distinct Jewish languages have largely fallen out of use ?
Yiddish has been spoken by more Jews in history than any other language , but it is far less used today following the Holocaust and the adoption of Modern Hebrew by the Zionist movement and the State of Israel .	Yiddish	What language is spoken by more Jews in history than any other language ?
Although communities in North Africa today are small and dwindling , Jews there had shifted from a multilingual group to a monolingual one -LRB- or nearly so -RRB- , speaking French in Algeria , Morocco , and the city of Tunis , while most North Africans continue to use Arabic as their mother tongue .	North Africans	North Africans continue to use what language as their mother tongue ?
The three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today are Hebrew , English , and Russian .	Hebrew, English, and Russian	What are the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today ?
Similarly , South African Jews adopted English rather than Afrikaans .	English	South African Jews adopted which language ?
Despite efforts to revive Hebrew as the national language of the Jewish people , knowledge of the language is not commonly possessed by Jews worldwide and English has emerged as the lingua franca of the Jewish diaspora .	English	Which language has by and far superseded most Jewish vernaculars ?
For example , Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in Eastern Europe , Germany and the French Rhine Valley .	Jewish and Middle Eastern groups	Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with what group ?
This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East .	Middle East	Jewish traditions place most Jewish paternal origins in which region ?
Conversely , the maternal lineages of Jewish populations , studied by looking at mitochondrial DNA , are generally more heterogeneous .	maternal lineages	Which lineages are generally more heterogeneous ?
Studies of autosomal DNA , which look at the entire DNA mixture , have become increasingly important as the technology develops .	autosomal DNA	What looks at the entire DNA mixture ?
Studies of autosomal DNA , which look at the entire DNA mixture , have become increasingly important as the technology develops .	autosomal DNA	What has become increasingly important as the technology deveops ?
In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews -LRB- in particular Moroccan Jews -RRB- , who are closely related , the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly southern European , while Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with other Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans .	Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans	Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with whom ?
The studies also show that the Sephardic Bnei Anusim -LRB- descendants of the `` anusim '' forced converts to Catholicism -RRB- of Iberia -LRB- estimated at about 19.8 % of modern Iberia -RRB- and Ibero-America -LRB- estimated at least 10 % of modern Ibero-America -RRB- have Sephardic Jewish origins within the last few centuries , while the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India , Beta Israel of Ethiopia , and a portion of the Lemba people of Southern Africa , despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries , also have some more remote ancient Jewish descent .	descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism	What are Sephardic Bnei Anusim ?
The studies also show that the Sephardic Bnei Anusim -LRB- descendants of the `` anusim '' forced converts to Catholicism -RRB- of Iberia -LRB- estimated at about 19.8 % of modern Iberia -RRB- and Ibero-America -LRB- estimated at least 10 % of modern Ibero-America -RRB- have Sephardic Jewish origins within the last few centuries , while the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India , Beta Israel of Ethiopia , and a portion of the Lemba people of Southern Africa , despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries , also have some more remote ancient Jewish descent .	Sephardic Bnei Anusim	Who are descendants of the `` anusim '' forced converts to Catholicism ?
The studies also show that the Sephardic Bnei Anusim -LRB- descendants of the `` anusim '' forced converts to Catholicism -RRB- of Iberia -LRB- estimated at about 19.8 % of modern Iberia -RRB- and Ibero-America -LRB- estimated at least 10 % of modern Ibero-America -RRB- have Sephardic Jewish origins within the last few centuries , while the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India , Beta Israel of Ethiopia , and a portion of the Lemba people of Southern Africa , despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries , also have some more remote ancient Jewish descent .	19.8%	What percentage of Iberians are Sephardic Bnei Anusim ?
Between 1948 and 1958 , the Jewish population rose from 800,000 to two million .	1948 and 1958	What years did the Jewish population rise from 800,000 to two million ?
Currently , Jews account for 75.4 % of the Israeli population , or 6 million people .	6 million	What is the population of Israel ?
Between 1974 and 1979 nearly 227,258 immigrants arrived in Israel , about half being from the Soviet Union .	227,258	Between 1974 and 1979 , how many immigrants arrived in Israel ?
More than half of the Jews live in the Diaspora -LRB- see Population table -RRB- .	Diaspora	More than half of the Jews live where ?
Elsewhere in the Americas , there are also large Jewish populations in Canada -LRB- 315,000 -RRB- , Argentina -LRB- 180,000-300 ,000 -RRB- , and Brazil -LRB- 196,000-600 ,000 -RRB- , and smaller populations in Mexico , Uruguay , Venezuela , Chile , Colombia and several other countries -LRB- see History of the Jews in Latin America -RRB- .	315,000	How many Jews live in Canada ?
Elsewhere in the Americas , there are also large Jewish populations in Canada -LRB- 315,000 -RRB- , Argentina -LRB- 180,000-300 ,000 -RRB- , and Brazil -LRB- 196,000-600 ,000 -RRB- , and smaller populations in Mexico , Uruguay , Venezuela , Chile , Colombia and several other countries -LRB- see History of the Jews in Latin America -RRB- .	180,000-300,000	How many Jews live in Argentina ?
Elsewhere in the Americas , there are also large Jewish populations in Canada -LRB- 315,000 -RRB- , Argentina -LRB- 180,000-300 ,000 -RRB- , and Brazil -LRB- 196,000-600 ,000 -RRB- , and smaller populations in Mexico , Uruguay , Venezuela , Chile , Colombia and several other countries -LRB- see History of the Jews in Latin America -RRB- .	196,000-600,000	How many Jews live in Brazil ?
Western Europe 's largest Jewish community , and the third-largest Jewish community in the world , can be found in France , home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews , the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria , Morocco , and Tunisia -LRB- or their descendants -RRB- .	France	Where is Western Europe 's largest Jewish community ?
Western Europe 's largest Jewish community , and the third-largest Jewish community in the world , can be found in France , home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews , the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria , Morocco , and Tunisia -LRB- or their descendants -RRB- .	between 483,000 and 500,000	How many Jews live in France ?
The United Kingdom has a Jewish community of 292,000 .	292,000	What is the population of Jews in the United Kingdom ?
Prior to 1948 , approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world -LRB- excluding Israel -RRB- .	800,000	Prior to 1948 , how many Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world -LRB- excluding Israel -RRB- ?
A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century , although the only substantial aliyah came from Yemen and Syria .	Yemen and Syria	The only substantial aliyah came from where ?
A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century , although the only substantial aliyah came from Yemen and Syria .	early decades of the 20th century	When did a small-scale exodus begin in many countries ?
The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century -LRB- see Haskalah -RRB- and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 19th century , accelerated the situation , encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in , and become part of , secular society .	18th century	When did the advent of the Jewish Enlightenment occur ?
The result has been a growing trend of assimilation , as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community .	growing trend of assimilation	What was a result of the Jewish Enlightenment ?
Assimilation took place in all areas , and during all time periods , with some Jewish communities , for example the Kaifeng Jews of China , disappearing entirely .	Kaifeng Jews of China	Name a Jewish community that disappeared entirely ?
Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely : In the United States , it is just under 50 % , in the United Kingdom , around 53 % ; in France ; around 30 % , and in Australia and Mexico , as low as 10 % .	just under 50%	What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United States ?
Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely : In the United States , it is just under 50 % , in the United Kingdom , around 53 % ; in France ; around 30 % , and in Australia and Mexico , as low as 10 % .	53%	What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United Kingdom ?
Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely : In the United States , it is just under 50 % , in the United Kingdom , around 53 % ; in France ; around 30 % , and in Australia and Mexico , as low as 10 % .	30%	What is the rate of interreligious marriage in France ?
Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely : In the United States , it is just under 50 % , in the United Kingdom , around 53 % ; in France ; around 30 % , and in Australia and Mexico , as low as 10 % .	as low as 10%	What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Mexico ?
Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely : In the United States , it is just under 50 % , in the United Kingdom , around 53 % ; in France ; around 30 % , and in Australia and Mexico , as low as 10 % .	as low as 10%	What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Australia ?
In the Papal States , which existed until 1870 , Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos .	until 1870	When did the Papal States exist ?
In the Papal States , which existed until 1870 , Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos .	ghettos	In the Papal States , what is the name for the specified neighborhoods where Jews were required to live ?
In the 19th and -LRB- before the end of World War II -RRB- 20th centuries , the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between `` good antisemitism '' and `` bad antisemitism '' .	bad antisemitism	What promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent ?
Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands , known as dhimmis , were allowed to practice their religions and administer their internal affairs , but they were subject to certain conditions .	dhimmis	What were Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands known as ?
They had to pay the jizya -LRB- a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males -RRB- to the Islamic state .	jizya	What is the per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males known as ?
The one described by Bernard Lewis as `` most degrading '' was the requirement of distinctive clothing , not found in the Quran or hadith but invented in early medieval Baghdad ; its enforcement was highly erratic .	requirement of distinctive clothing	What was the disability described by Bernard Lewis as `` most degrading ? ''
Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule .	Dhimmis	Which group had an inferior status under Islamic rule ?
Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century , as well as in Islamic Persia , and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as mellahs beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century .	mellahs	What were walled quarters known as ?
Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century , as well as in Islamic Persia , and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as mellahs beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century .	Moroccan Jews	Who was forced into confinement in mellahs ?
Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century , as well as in Islamic Persia , and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as mellahs beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century .	15th century	When did the confinement of Moroccan Jews in mellahs begin ?
Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide ; within nations , often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent .	expulsion	What was one method used to entirely eliminate Jewish populations ?
The history of antisemitism includes the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews ; the Spanish Inquisition -LRB- led by Tomás de Torquemada -RRB- and the Portuguese Inquisition , with their persecution and autos-da-fé against the New Christians and Marrano Jews ; the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine ; the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsars ; as well as expulsions from Spain , Portugal , England , France , Germany , and other countries in which the Jews had settled .	First Crusade	What resulted in the massacre of Jews ?
The history of antisemitism includes the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews ; the Spanish Inquisition -LRB- led by Tomás de Torquemada -RRB- and the Portuguese Inquisition , with their persecution and autos-da-fé against the New Christians and Marrano Jews ; the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine ; the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsars ; as well as expulsions from Spain , Portugal , England , France , Germany , and other countries in which the Jews had settled .	Tomás de Torquemada	Who led the Spanish Inquisition ?
According to a 2008 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics , 19.8 % of the modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry , indicating that the number of conversos may have been much higher than originally thought .	19.8%	According to the American Journal of Human Genetics , what percentage of modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry ?
The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany 's Final Solution , which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews .	approximately 6 million	How many Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust ?
Of the world 's 15 million Jews in 1939 , more than a third were killed in the Holocaust .	15 million	Worldwide , how many Jews were there in 1939 ?
The Holocaust -- the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews -LRB- and certain communities of North African Jews in European controlled North Africa -RRB- and other minority groups of Europe during World War II by Germany and its collaborators remains the most notable modern-day persecution of Jews .	The Holocaust	What was the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews and other minority groups ?
Of the world 's 15 million Jews in 1939 , more than a third were killed in the Holocaust .	more than a third	In 1939 , what fraction of Jews were killed in The Holocaust ?
There is also a trend of Orthodox movements pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage .	pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity	What is one method used to prevent intermarriage ?
As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years , there has been a trend -LRB- known as the Baal Teshuva movement -RRB- for secular Jews to become more religiously observant , though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown .	the Baal Teshuva movement	What is the trend for secular Jews to become more religiously observant known as ?
There is also a trend of Orthodox movements pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage .	Orthodox	Who leads the movement that pursues secular Jews in order to give them stronger Jewish identity ?
The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times ; fragments of cotton fabric dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India -LRB- modern-day Pakistan and some parts of India -RRB- .	fabric	What is the most frequent use of cotton ?
The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times ; fragments of cotton fabric dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India -LRB- modern-day Pakistan and some parts of India -RRB- .	5000 BC	To what date has cotton been dated ?
The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times ; fragments of cotton fabric dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India -LRB- modern-day Pakistan and some parts of India -RRB- .	Indus Valley	Where in India has cotton been found from prehistoric times ?
The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times ; fragments of cotton fabric dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India -LRB- modern-day Pakistan and some parts of India -RRB- .	Mexico	In what Central American country has cotton use been found from early times ?
Although cultivated since antiquity , it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use , and it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today .	cotton gin	What machinery has lead to the easily made and widespread use of cotton ?
The earliest evidence of cotton use in South Asia has been found at the site of Mehrgarh , Pakistan , where cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads ; these finds have been dated to Neolithic -LRB- between 6000 and 5000 BCE -RRB- .	Mehrgarh, Pakistan	Where in Southeast Asia has early use of cotton been discovered ?
The earliest evidence of cotton use in South Asia has been found at the site of Mehrgarh , Pakistan , where cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads ; these finds have been dated to Neolithic -LRB- between 6000 and 5000 BCE -RRB- .	Neolithic	To what period has cotton been dated in Pakistan ?
Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization , which covered parts of modern eastern Pakistan and northwestern India between 3300 and 1300 BCE The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India .	3300 and 1300 BCE	When did the Indus Valley Civilization cover parts of India and Pakistan ?
Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization , which covered parts of modern eastern Pakistan and northwestern India between 3300 and 1300 BCE The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India .	industrialization	Until what event did the ancient methods of spinning and fabrication of cotton last ?
Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India .	2000 and 1000 BC	During what time did cotton become widely used in India ?
In Iran -LRB- Persia -RRB- , the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era -LRB- 5th century BC -RRB- ; however , there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran .	Achaemenid era	Use of cotton in Iran dates back to what period ?
In Iran -LRB- Persia -RRB- , the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era -LRB- 5th century BC -RRB- ; however , there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran .	5th century BC	When was the Achaemenid era ?
In Persian poets ' poems , especially Ferdowsi 's Shahname , there are references to cotton -LRB- `` panbe '' in Persian -RRB- .	Persian poets' poems	In what source can references to cotton be found in Iran ?
Marco Polo -LRB- 13th century -RRB- refers to the major products of Persia , including cotton .	Marco Polo	What 13th century explorer saw cotton in Persia ?
John Chardin , a French traveler of the 17th century who visited the Safavid Persia , spoke approvingly of the vast cotton farms of Persia .	John Chardin	What Frenchman in the 17th century noted cotton farming in Persia ?
Though known since antiquity the commercial growing of cotton in Egypt only started in 1820 's , following a Frenchman , by the name of M. Jumel , propositioning the then ruler , Mohamed Ali Pasha , that he could earn a substantial income by growing an extra-long staple Maho -LRB- Barbadence -RRB- cotton , in Lower Egypt , for the French market .	1820's,	When did cotton begin to be commercially grown in Egypt ?
Though known since antiquity the commercial growing of cotton in Egypt only started in 1820 's , following a Frenchman , by the name of M. Jumel , propositioning the then ruler , Mohamed Ali Pasha , that he could earn a substantial income by growing an extra-long staple Maho -LRB- Barbadence -RRB- cotton , in Lower Egypt , for the French market .	M. Jumel	What French businessman convinced the ruler of Egypt to grow cotton for the French market ?
Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in Egypt ; and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops .	Mohamed Ali Pasha	Who was ruler of Egypt in the 1820s ?
By the time of the American Civil war annual exports had reached $ 16 million -LRB- 120,000 bales -RRB- , which rose to $ 56 million by 1864 , primarily due to the loss of the Confederate supply on the world market .	$56 million	How high had cotton revenues risen by the time of the American Civil War ?
Exports continued to grow even after the reintroduction of US cotton , produced now by a paid workforce , and Egyptian exports reached 1.2 million bales a year by 1903 .	1.2 million bales a year	How many bales of cotton were produced by Egypt by 1903 ?
During the late medieval period , cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe , without any knowledge of how it was derived , other than that it was a plant .	imported fiber	In the late medieval period in Europe as what was cotton viewed ?
John Mandeville , writing in 1350 , stated as fact the now-preposterous belief : `` There grew there -LSB- India -RSB- a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches .	John Mandeville	What 1350 writer stated that cotton was produced by sheep that grew on trees ?
Because Herodotus had written in his Histories , Book III , 106 , that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool , it was assumed that the plant was a tree , rather than a shrub .	Herodotus	What ancient writer gave later eras the idea that cotton might be a tree ?
By the end of the 16th century , cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and the Americas .	16th century	By the end of what century was cotton grown in the Americas and Asia ?
Noting its similarities to wool , people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep .	similarities to wool	Why was it easy for people to believe that cotton grew on sheep that grew in plants ?
India 's cotton-processing sector gradually declined during British expansion in India and the establishment of colonial rule during the late 18th and early 19th centuries .	declined	How did British rule effect Indian cotton processing ?
India 's cotton-processing sector gradually declined during British expansion in India and the establishment of colonial rule during the late 18th and early 19th centuries .	late 18th and early 19th	During what centuries did British rule effect Indian cotton production ?
This was largely due to aggressive colonialist mercantile policies of the British East India Company , which made cotton processing and manufacturing workshops in India uncompetitive .	British East India Company	What British business 's policies damaged the Indian cotton industry ?
Indian markets were increasingly forced to supply only raw cotton and , by British-imposed law , to purchase manufactured textiles from Britain .	raw cotton	What cotton products did British law mandate that India was allowed to sell ?
Indian markets were increasingly forced to supply only raw cotton and , by British-imposed law , to purchase manufactured textiles from Britain .	Britain	If instead of producing fabrics , where was India forced to purchase cotton products ?
The advent of the Industrial Revolution in Britain provided a great boost to cotton manufacture , as textiles emerged as Britain 's leading export .	Industrial Revolution	What event produced an expansion of the British cotton industry ?
In 1738 , Lewis Paul and John Wyatt , of Birmingham , England , patented the roller spinning machine , as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing cotton to a more even thickness using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds .	1738	When was a new spinning machine patented that boosted cotton production ?
Later , the invention of the James Hargreaves ' spinning jenny in 1764 , Richard Arkwright 's spinning frame in 1769 and Samuel Crompton 's spinning mule in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates .	spinning jenny	What device did James Hargreaves invent ?
Later , the invention of the James Hargreaves ' spinning jenny in 1764 , Richard Arkwright 's spinning frame in 1769 and Samuel Crompton 's spinning mule in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates .	spinning mule	What was Samuel Crompton 's invention of 1775 ?
From the late 18th century on , the British city of Manchester acquired the nickname `` Cottonopolis '' due to the cotton industry 's omnipresence within the city , and Manchester 's role as the heart of the global cotton trade .	Manchester	Whic British city was nicknamed `` Cottonopolis '' because of its cotton production ?
Production capacity in Britain and the United States was improved by the invention of the cotton gin by the American Eli Whitney in 1793 .	cotton gin	What invention improved the cotton industry in both America and Britain ?
Production capacity in Britain and the United States was improved by the invention of the cotton gin by the American Eli Whitney in 1793 .	Eli Whitney	What American invented the cotton gin ?
Before the development of cotton gins , the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand .	by hand	Before the use of the cotton gin , how was cotton separated ?
Improving technology and increasing control of world markets allowed British traders to develop a commercial chain in which raw cotton fibers were -LRB- at first -RRB- purchased from colonial plantations , processed into cotton cloth in the mills of Lancashire , and then exported on British ships to captive colonial markets in West Africa , India , and China -LRB- via Shanghai and Hong Kong -RRB- .	commercial chain	What business development did the British use to establish a hold on the global cotton market ?
Improving technology and increasing control of world markets allowed British traders to develop a commercial chain in which raw cotton fibers were -LRB- at first -RRB- purchased from colonial plantations , processed into cotton cloth in the mills of Lancashire , and then exported on British ships to captive colonial markets in West Africa , India , and China -LRB- via Shanghai and Hong Kong -RRB- .	colonial markets	From what source was raw cotton first bought and later resold ?
This , coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type -LRB- due to the longer , stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species , Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense -RRB- , encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from plantations in the United States and plantations in the Caribbean .	longer, stronger fibers	What was the difference that made American cotton preferred over Indian cotton ?
By the 1840s , India was no longer capable of supplying the vast quantities of cotton fibers needed by mechanized British factories , while shipping bulky , low-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive .	India	In the 1840s , what country could no longer adequately supply the British cotton mills ?
This , coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type -LRB- due to the longer , stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species , Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense -RRB- , encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from plantations in the United States and plantations in the Caribbean .	Caribbean	Besides buying from the American plantations , where else in the western hemisphere did Britain buy cotton ?
By the mid-19th century , `` King Cotton '' had become the backbone of the southern American economy .	mid-19th century	By what time had cotton become prominent in the American economy of the south ?
By the mid-19th century , `` King Cotton '' had become the backbone of the southern American economy .	King Cotton	What was cotton called in the 19th century ?
During the American Civil War , American cotton exports slumped due to a Union blockade on Southern ports , and also because of a strategic decision by the Confederate government to cut exports , hoping to force Britain to recognize the Confederacy or enter the war .	Union blockade	What action of the Union damaged the southern cotton exports ?
During the American Civil War , American cotton exports slumped due to a Union blockade on Southern ports , and also because of a strategic decision by the Confederate government to cut exports , hoping to force Britain to recognize the Confederacy or enter the war .	American Civil War	When did the American cotton industry fail ?
This prompted the main purchasers of cotton , Britain and France , to turn to Egyptian cotton .	Egyptian	To what county 's cotton did European buyers turn due to the American Civil War ?
After the American Civil War ended in 1865 , British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876 , a key factor behind Egypt 's occupation by the British Empire in 1882 .	cheap	What characteristic of American cotton attracted buyers after the end of the Civil war ?
After the American Civil War ended in 1865 , British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876 , a key factor behind Egypt 's occupation by the British Empire in 1882 .	bankruptcy	What did the abandonment of Egyptian cotton mean to the Egyptian economy ?
Across the South , sharecropping evolved , in which landless black and white farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits .	sharecropping	What was the procedure called which involved workers to work for a share of the profits ?
Until mechanical cotton pickers were developed , cotton farmers needed additional labor to hand-pick cotton .	hand-pick	What difficulty in harvesting cotton required a large labor force ?
Rural and small town school systems had split vacations so children could work in the fields during `` cotton-picking . ''	children	Besides adults what segment of the southern US population was involved in the harvesting of cotton ?
Rural and small town school systems had split vacations so children could work in the fields during `` cotton-picking . ''	split vacations	What function of southern schools was created for children to pick cotton ?
Across the South , sharecropping evolved , in which landless black and white farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits .	landless	What part of the southern population worked as sharecroppers ?
Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period , plenty of sunshine , and a moderate rainfall , usually from 600 to 1,200 mm -LRB- 24 to 47 in -RRB- .	600 to 1,200 mm	What is the optimum amount of rainfall for cotton growth ?
Soils usually need to be fairly heavy , although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional .	heavy	In what soil type does cotton prefer to grow ?
Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests .	control pests	Why is cotton grown as an annual crop ?
The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world .	South Plains	Where in the US is considered the best place to grow cotton on Earth ?
Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant , this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions .	salt and drought	What type of tolerances make cotton an ideal crop for semiarid areas ?
Genetically modified -LRB- GM -RRB- cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides .	pesticides	To stop reliance on what was GM cotton developed ?
Genetically modified -LRB- GM -RRB- cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides .	Genetically modified	What form of cotton is GM ?
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis -LRB- Bt -RRB- naturally produces a chemical harmful only to a small fraction of insects , most notably the larvae of moths and butterflies , beetles , and flies , and harmless to other forms of life .	Bacillus thuringiensis	What bacterium is used to produced GM cotton ?
This spares natural insect predators in the farm ecology and further contributes to noninsecticide pest management .	noninsecticide	What farming pest management technique does the use of GM grown plants promote ?
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis -LRB- Bt -RRB- naturally produces a chemical harmful only to a small fraction of insects , most notably the larvae of moths and butterflies , beetles , and flies , and harmless to other forms of life .	larvae	What part of the life cycle of moths does Bt toxin effect ?
A 2006 study done by Cornell researchers , the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy and the Chinese Academy of Science on Bt cotton farming in China found that after seven years these secondary pests that were normally controlled by pesticide had increased , necessitating the use of pesticides at similar levels to non-Bt cotton and causing less profit for farmers because of the extra expense of GM seeds .	2006	In what year did a research study find that the use of Bt toxin plants failed to be effective after 7 years ?
The secondary pests were mostly miridae -LRB- plant bugs -RRB- whose increase was related to local temperature and rainfall and only continued to increase in half the villages studied .	temperature and rainfall	On what did a 2009 study conclude that increased insects were dependent ?
A 2012 Chinese study concluded that Bt cotton halved the use of pesticides and doubled the level of ladybirds , lacewings and spiders .	pesticides	What did a 2012 study suggest was halved by the use of GM plants ?
A 2012 Chinese study concluded that Bt cotton halved the use of pesticides and doubled the level of ladybirds , lacewings and spiders .	ladybirds, lacewings and spiders	What did the 2012 study say was doubled by the use of GM cotton ?
This was 69 % of the worldwide total area planted in cotton .	69%	How much of the Earth 's cotton crops are planted in GM cotton ?
GM cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate , increasing from 50,000 hectares in 2002 to 10.6 million hectares in 2011 .	10.6 million hectares	How much area was planted in India in GM cotton in 2011 ?
The total cotton area in India was 12.1 million hectares in 2011 , so GM cotton was grown on 88 % of the cotton area .	88%	What was the percentage of GM cotton planted in India in 2011 ?
This made India the country with the largest area of GM cotton in the world .	India	Waht country has the largest area of GM cotton on Earth ?
The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest area in the world , the Chinese GM cotton crop was third largest by area with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM cotton crop area of 2.6 million hectares in 2011 .	second largest	At what rank does US GM cotton stand in the world ?
The subsequent introduction of a second variety of GM cotton led to increases in GM cotton production until 95 % of the Australian cotton crop was GM in 2009 making Australia the country with the fifth largest GM cotton crop in the world .	95%	What percentage of Australia 's cotton crop was GM in 2009 ?
Organic cotton is generally understood as cotton from plants not genetically modified and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic agricultural chemicals , such as fertilizers or pesticides .	not genetically modified	What are organic plants understood to be ?
Organic cotton is generally understood as cotton from plants not genetically modified and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic agricultural chemicals , such as fertilizers or pesticides .	synthetic agricultural chemicals	Without what are organic plants meant to be grown ?
Organic cotton is generally understood as cotton from plants not genetically modified and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic agricultural chemicals , such as fertilizers or pesticides .	fertilizers or pesticides	What is meant by synthetic chemicals ?
In the United States , organic cotton plantations are required to enforce the National Organic Program -LRB- NOP -RRB- .	National Organic Program	What group in the US determines the allowed practices in organic agriculture ?
As of 2007 , 265,517 bales of organic cotton were produced in 24 countries , and worldwide production was growing at a rate of more than 50 % per year .	265,517 bales	How much organic cotton was produced worldwide in 2007 ?
Historically , in North America , one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the boll weevil .	boll weevil	What insect is the most destructive pest in cotton growing in the US ?
Due to the US Department of Agriculture 's highly successful Boll Weevil Eradication Program -LRB- BWEP -RRB- , this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States .	Boll Weevil Eradication Program	What program has effectively eliminated the boll weevil in the US ?
Due to the US Department of Agriculture 's highly successful Boll Weevil Eradication Program -LRB- BWEP -RRB- , this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States .	US Department of Agriculture	What is the organization that instigated the Boll Weevil Eradication Program ?
This program , along with the introduction of genetically engineered Bt cotton -LRB- which contains a bacterial gene that codes for a plant-produced protein that is toxic to a number of pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm -RRB- , has allowed a reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides .	Bt cotton	What form of cotton contains a genetically modified gene ?
This program , along with the introduction of genetically engineered Bt cotton -LRB- which contains a bacterial gene that codes for a plant-produced protein that is toxic to a number of pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm -RRB- , has allowed a reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides .	synthetic insecticides.	On what does the use of Bt cotton reduce reliance ?
Most cotton in the United States , Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically , either by a cotton picker , a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant , or by a cotton stripper , which strips the entire boll off the plant .	mechanically	How is most cotton harvested ?
Most cotton in the United States , Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically , either by a cotton picker , a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant , or by a cotton stripper , which strips the entire boll off the plant .	cotton picker	What is the cotton harvesting machine that removes the boll with damaging the plant ?
Most cotton in the United States , Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically , either by a cotton picker , a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant , or by a cotton stripper , which strips the entire boll off the plant .	cotton stripper	What machine strips off the entire head of the cotton plant ?
Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton , and usually after application of a chemical defoliant or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze .	windy	What weather conditions mandate the planting of stripper types of cotton ?
Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics , and without defoliation or freezing , the plant will continue to grow .	perennial	What type of plant is cotton ?
The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of rayon in France in the 1890s .	rayon	What was the first manufactured fiber ?
The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of rayon in France in the 1890s .	1890s	When was rayon first made in France ?
A succession of new synthetic fibers were introduced by the chemicals industry in the following decades .	chemicals industry	What type of industry produced a growing chain of synthetic fibers ?
Nylon , the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals , was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936 , followed by DuPont 's acrylic in 1944 .	DuPont	What company produced nylon and acrylic in the 1930s and 1940s ?
Nylon , the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals , was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936 , followed by DuPont 's acrylic in 1944 .	Nylon	What was manufactured completely from petrochemicals ?
Beginning as a self-help program in the mid-1960s , the Cotton Research and Promotion Program -LRB- CRPP -RRB- was organized by U.S. cotton producers in response to cotton 's steady decline in market share .	decline in market share	What prompted a help program produced by cotton producers in the 1960s ?
With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966 , the program joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton .	Cotton Research and Promotion Act	What law was passed in 1966 to aid cotton producers ?
With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966 , the program joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton .	synthetic competitors	What type of competitors does the 1966 act help combat ?
Today , the success of this program has made cotton the best-selling fiber in the U.S. and one of the best-selling fibers in the world .	U.S.	Where has the Cotton Research and Promotion Act made cotton the best selling fiber ?
With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966 , the program joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton .	markets for cotton	What did producers of cotton have to re-establish after the market declined ?
Cotton is used to make a number of textile products .	textile products	For what is cotton used to make ?
Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning , weaving , or cutting process .	recycled or recovered cotton	Besides new cotton fibers , what type of fibers can be used to make cotton products ?
While many fabrics are made completely of cotton , some materials blend cotton with other fibers , including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester .	synthetic fibers	With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of fabric ?
It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics , as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics , and apparel such as stretch jeans .	knitted or woven	What kinds of fabrics can be made from blended fibers ?
Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting .	crochet and knitting	For what can cotton yarn be used ?
The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce cottonseed oil , which , after refining , can be consumed by humans like any other vegetable oil .	cottonseed oil	For what is cottonseed used after it is separate from the fibers ?
The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce cottonseed oil , which , after refining , can be consumed by humans like any other vegetable oil .	vegetable oil.	What product is processed cottonseed oil ?
The cottonseed meal that is left generally is fed to ruminant livestock ; the gossypol remaining in the meal is toxic to monogastric animals .	ruminant livestock	What is cottonseed meal used for feed ?
Cottonseed hulls can be added to dairy cattle rations for roughage .	roughage	For what purpose are cottonseed hulls used in feed ?
Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant and it was described by the scientists as ` poisonous pigment ' .	poisonous pigment	As what did early scientists describe gossypol ?
Cotton linters are fine , silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning .	Cotton linters	What part of the cotton plant is used for paper manufacture ?
Cotton linters are fine , silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning .	fine, silky fibers	What do cotton linters look like ?
In the UK , linters are referred to as `` cotton wool '' .	cotton wool	What are cotton linters called in the UK ?
This can also be a refined product -LRB- absorbent cotton in U.S. usage -RRB- which has medical , cosmetic and many other practical uses .	absorbent cotton	What is cotton wool called in the US ?
The first medical use of cotton wool was by Sampson Gamgee at the Queen 's Hospital -LRB- later the General Hospital -RRB- in Birmingham , England .	Sampson Gamgee	What individual first used cotton wool medically ?
Cotton lisle is a finely-spun , tightly twisted type of cotton that is noted for being strong and durable .	Cotton lisle	What is a fine , tightly twisted type of cotton fabric ?
Cotton lisle is a finely-spun , tightly twisted type of cotton that is noted for being strong and durable .	strong and durable	What is lisle considered to be as a fabric ?
Lisle is composed of two strands that have each been twisted an extra twist per inch than ordinary yarns and combined to create a single thread .	single thread	What does extra twisting of lisle thread produce ?
This type of thread was first made in the city of Lisle , France -LRB- now Lille -RRB- , hence its name .	Lisle, France	Where was the lisle thread originally made ?
Colors applied to this yarn are noted for being more brilliant than colors applied to softer yarn .	more brilliant	How is color perceived to be for lisle in comparison to softer yarns ?
The largest producers of cotton , currently -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , are China and India , with annual production of about 34 million bales and 33.4 million bales , respectively ; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries .	China and India	In 2009 what were the largest producers of cotton ?
The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States , with sales of $ 4.9 billion , and Africa , with sales of $ 2.1 billion .	largest exporters	How do the US and Africa rank as exporters of cotton ?
The total international trade is estimated to be $ 12 billion .	$12 billion	What is the combined international trade in cotton ?
Dunavant Enterprises , based in Memphis , Tennessee , is the leading cotton broker in Africa , with hundreds of purchasing agents .	Dunavant Enterprises	What company is the top cotton broker in Africa ?
Dunavant Enterprises , based in Memphis , Tennessee , is the leading cotton broker in Africa , with hundreds of purchasing agents .	Memphis, Tennessee	Where is Dunavant Enterprises based ?
The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States of America are heavily subsidized at the rate of $ 2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support .	25,000	How many subsidized cotton growers are in the US ?
The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States of America are heavily subsidized at the rate of $ 2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support .	$2 billion per year	What is the rate of subsidies of cotton growers in the US ?
The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States of America are heavily subsidized at the rate of $ 2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support .	China	What country provides the highest rate of support for cotton growers ?
This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique ; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies , inherited from their former colonialist masters , on cotton purchases at low fixed prices .	French	Which former colonies still have tight monopolies on cotton brokering ?
This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique ; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies , inherited from their former colonialist masters , on cotton purchases at low fixed prices .	former British colonies	Where in Africa is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton ?
While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO 's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry , a group of four least-developed African countries -- Benin , Burkina Faso , Chad , and Mali -- also known as `` Cotton-4 '' have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations .	heavily subsidized	What was Brazil 's argument against the US cotton industry ?
While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO 's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry , a group of four least-developed African countries -- Benin , Burkina Faso , Chad , and Mali -- also known as `` Cotton-4 '' have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations .	Cotton-4	What are the African countries of Benin , Burkina Faso , Chad , and Mali referred to as in the cotton industry ?
While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO 's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry , a group of four least-developed African countries -- Benin , Burkina Faso , Chad , and Mali -- also known as `` Cotton-4 '' have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations .	leading protagonist	What has the Cotton-4 been in regards to the US cotton subsidies ?
While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO 's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry , a group of four least-developed African countries -- Benin , Burkina Faso , Chad , and Mali -- also known as `` Cotton-4 '' have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations .	reduction	What could the US do that would please the foreign cotton industry concerning cotton subsidies ?
While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO 's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry , a group of four least-developed African countries -- Benin , Burkina Faso , Chad , and Mali -- also known as `` Cotton-4 '' have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations .	WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism	What organization has Brazil tried to use to curb US cotton subsidies ?
In addition to concerns over subsidies , the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers ' health by exposure to pesticides used in production .	child	What type of labor have some countries come under fire for employing ?
In addition to concerns over subsidies , the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers ' health by exposure to pesticides used in production .	exposure to pesticides	What usage that causes worker damage have some countries been reported doing ?
The Environmental Justice Foundation has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in Uzbekistan , the world 's third largest cotton exporter .	Uzbekistan	What country has been accused of forced child and adult labor ?
The Environmental Justice Foundation has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in Uzbekistan , the world 's third largest cotton exporter .	third largest	Where does Uzbekistan rank as a cotton exporter ?
The fair trade system was initiated in 2005 with producers from Cameroon , Mali and Senegal .	fair trade	What system was started in 2005 to deal with organic and ethically produced products ?
They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated , tetraploid cotton .	tetraploid cotton	What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing diploid cotton genomes first ?
`` Tetraploid '' means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus , referred to as the A and D genomes .	Tetraploid	What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its nucleus ?
A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers .	2007	When did a group of researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of tetraploid cotton ?
Once both diploid genomes are assembled , then research could begin sequencing the actual genomes of cultivated cotton varieties .	diploid	What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before the tetraploid form ?
Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts .	diploid counterparts	In order to understand the tetraploid forms , what must be used as a comparison in cotton gene sequencing ?
In 2010 , two companies -LRB- Monsanto and Illumina -RRB- , completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x .	Monsanto and Illumina	What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome ?
In 2010 , two companies -LRB- Monsanto and Illumina -RRB- , completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x .	2010	When was the sequencing of D genome of G. raimondii mostly completed ?
They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public .	donate	What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research ?
This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome .	public relations	What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public ?
Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material , it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton , but a lot of hard work remains .	cultivated varieties	What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton ?
In signal processing , data compression , source coding , or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation .	data compression	What involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation ?
Compression can be either lossy or lossless .	Compression	What can be either lossy or lossless ?
Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy .	Lossless compression	What reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy ?
The process of reducing the size of a data file is referred to as data compression .	data compression	What is the process called of reducing the size of a data file ?
In the context of data transmission , it is called source coding -LRB- encoding done at the source of the data before it is stored or transmitted -RRB- in opposition to channel coding .	source coding	What is the process called of encoding at the source of the data before it 's processed ?
Compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage , such as data storage space or transmission capacity .	Compression	What helps reduce resource usage ?
Because compressed data must be decompressed to use , this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression ; this situation is far from being a free lunch .	compressed data	What must be decompressed ?
Data compression is subject to a space -- time complexity trade-off .	Data compression	What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off ?
The design of data compression schemes involves trade-offs among various factors , including the degree of compression , the amount of distortion introduced -LRB- when using lossy data compression -RRB- , and the computational resources required to compress and decompress the data .	data compression	What type of scheme involves trade offs among other things ?
Lossless data compression algorithms usually exploit statistical redundancy to represent data without losing any information , so that the process is reversible .	Lossless data compression algorithms	What usually exploits statistical redundancy ?
Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy .	Lossless compression	What represents statistical redundancy ?
For example , an image may have areas of colour that do not change over several pixels ; instead of coding `` red pixel , red pixel , ... '' the data may be encoded as `` 279 red pixels '' .	an image	What may have colors that do not change over several pixels ?
The Lempel -- Ziv -LRB- LZ -RRB- compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage .	Lempel–Ziv (LZ)	What compression methods are among the most popular ?
DEFLATE is used in PKZIP , Gzip and PNG .	DEFLATE	What is used in PKZIP , Gzip and PNG ?
Also noteworthy is the LZR -LRB- Lempel-Ziv -- Renau -RRB- algorithm , which serves as the basis for the Zip method .	LZR	What serves as the basis of the Zip method ?
Current LZ-based coding schemes that perform well are Brotli and LZX .	Brotli	What is a current LZ based coding scheme that does well ?
LZX is used in Microsoft 's CAB format .	LZX	What is used in Microsoft 's CAB format ?
In a further refinement of the direct use of probabilistic modelling , statistical estimates can be coupled to an algorithm called arithmetic coding .	statistical estimates	What can be paired with an algorithm called arithmetic coding ?
Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a finite-state machine to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of input data symbols .	Arithmetic coding	What can achieve superior compression ?
It can achieve superior compression to other techniques such as the better-known Huffman algorithm .	Huffman algorithm	What uses an internal memory state ?
Lossy data compression is the converse of lossless data compression .	Lossy	What type of data compression is the converse of lossless date data compression ?
Dropping nonessential detail from the data source can save storage space .	Dropping nonessential detail from the data source	What can save storage space ?
JPEG image compression works in part by rounding off nonessential bits of information .	JPEG image compression	What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of information ?
Voice compression is used in internet telephony , for example , audio compression is used for CD ripping and is decoded by the audio players .	audio compression	What is used for CD ripping ?
In lossy audio compression , methods of psychoacoustics are used to remove non-audible -LRB- or less audible -RRB- components of the audio signal .	psychoacoustics	What methods are used to remove non-audible components of audio signals ?
Compression of human speech is often performed with even more specialized techniques ; speech coding , or voice coding , is sometimes distinguished as a separate discipline from audio compression .	human speech	What compression is usually performed with even more specialized techniques ?
Voice compression is used in internet telephony , for example , audio compression is used for CD ripping and is decoded by the audio players .	Voice compression	What is used in internet telephony ?
Voice compression is used in internet telephony , for example , audio compression is used for CD ripping and is decoded by the audio players .	audio compression	What is encoded by audio players ?
There is a close connection between machine learning and compression : a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression -LRB- by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution -RRB- while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction -LRB- by finding the symbol that compresses best , given the previous history -RRB- .	compression	What is Machine learning closely related to ?
There is a close connection between machine learning and compression : a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression -LRB- by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution -RRB- while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction -LRB- by finding the symbol that compresses best , given the previous history -RRB- .	optimal	What type of compressor can be used for prediction ?
This equivalence has been used as a justification for using data compression as a benchmark for `` general intelligence . ''	data compression	What has been used as a benchmark for `` general intelligence '' ?
Data compression can be viewed as a special case of data differencing : Data differencing consists of producing a difference given a source and a target , with patching producing a target given a source and a difference , while data compression consists of producing a compressed file given a target , and decompression consists of producing a target given only a compressed file .	Data compression	What can be looked at as a special case of data differencing ?
Data compression can be viewed as a special case of data differencing : Data differencing consists of producing a difference given a source and a target , with patching producing a target given a source and a difference , while data compression consists of producing a compressed file given a target , and decompression consists of producing a target given only a compressed file .	Data differencing	What is made up of producing a difference given a source and a target ?
Thus , one can consider data compression as data differencing with empty source data , the compressed file corresponding to a `` difference from nothing . ''	data compression	What can classified as data differencing with empty source data ?
Audio data compression , not to be confused with dynamic range compression , has the potential to reduce the transmission bandwidth and storage requirements of audio data .	Audio data compression	What has the potential to reduce the transmission bandwidth and storage requirements of audio data ?
Audio compression algorithms are implemented in software as audio codecs .	Audio compression algorithms	What is inserted in software as audio codecs ?
Lossy audio compression algorithms provide higher compression at the cost of fidelity and are used in numerous audio applications .	Lossy	What compression algorithms provide higher compression at the cost of fidelity ?
Lossless audio compression produces a representation of digital data that decompress to an exact digital duplicate of the original audio stream , unlike playback from lossy compression techniques such as Vorbis and MP3 .	Lossless audio compression	What produces a representation of digital data that decompresses ?
Lossless compression is unable to attain high compression ratios due to the complexity of waveforms and the rapid changes in sound forms .	Lossless	What compression can not attain high compression ratios ?
Compression ratios are around 50 -- 60 % of original size , which is similar to those for generic lossless data compression .	Compression ratios	What are around 50-60 % of the original size ?
Lossy audio compression is used in a wide range of applications .	Lossy	What compression is used in a lot of applications ?
In addition to the direct applications -LRB- mp3 players or computers -RRB- , digitally compressed audio streams are used in most video DVDs , digital television , streaming media on the internet , satellite and cable radio , and increasingly in terrestrial radio broadcasts .	digitally compressed audio streams	What is used in most video DVDs ?
Lossy compression typically achieves far greater compression than lossless compression -LRB- data of 5 percent to 20 percent of the original stream , rather than 50 percent to 60 percent -RRB- , by discarding less-critical data .	Lossy	What compression usually achieves far greater compression then lossless ?
Equal-loudness contours may also be used to weight the perceptual importance of components .	Equal-loudness contours	What may be used to weight the importance of components ?
Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called psychoacoustic models .	Models of the human ear-brain	What are often called psychoacoustic models ?
Audibility of spectral components calculated using the absolute threshold of hearing and the principles of simultaneous masking -- the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by frequency -- and , in some cases , temporal masking -- where a signal is masked by another signal separated by time .	temporal masking	What is the process called when a signal is masked by another signal separated by time ?
Other types of lossy compressors , such as the linear predictive coding -LRB- LPC -RRB- used with speech , are source-based coders .	linear predictive coding	What is the coding called that is used with speech ?
Other types of lossy compressors , such as the linear predictive coding -LRB- LPC -RRB- used with speech , are source-based coders .	linear predictive coding	What is thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique ?
Other types of lossy compressors , such as the linear predictive coding -LRB- LPC -RRB- used with speech , are source-based coders .	source-based coders	What uses a model of the sound 's generator ?
Latency results from the methods used to encode and decode the data .	Latency	What results from methods used to encode and decode data ?
Some codecs will analyze a longer segment of the data to optimize efficiency , and then code it in a manner that requires a larger segment of data at one time to decode .	codecs	What analyzes a statement of data to boost performance ?
-LRB- Often codecs create segments called a `` frame '' to create discrete data segments for encoding and decoding . -RRB-	codecs	What creates segments called a `` frame '' ?
In contrast to the speed of compression , which is proportional to the number of operations required by the algorithm , here latency refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed .	latency	What refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed ?
In the minimum case , latency is zero samples -LRB- e.g. , if the coder/decoder simply reduces the number of bits used to quantize the signal -RRB- .	latency	What has zero samples in a minimum case ?
Time domain algorithms such as LPC also often have low latencies , hence their popularity in speech coding for telephony .	LPC	What often has low latencies ?
If the data to be compressed is analog -LRB- such as a voltage that varies with time -RRB- , quantization is employed to digitize it into numbers -LRB- normally integers -RRB- .	voltage	What varies with time ?
If the data to be compressed is analog -LRB- such as a voltage that varies with time -RRB- , quantization is employed to digitize it into numbers -LRB- normally integers -RRB- .	data	What has to be compressed in order to perform properly ?
This is referred to as analog-to-digital -LRB- A/D -RRB- conversion .	analog-to-digital	What does `` A/D '' stand for ?
A literature compendium for a large variety of audio coding systems was published in the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications -LRB- JSAC -RRB- , February 1988 .	literature compendium	What was published in the IEEE Journal in 1988 ?
While there were some papers from before that time , this collection documented an entire variety of finished , working audio coders , nearly all of them using perceptual -LRB- i.e. masking -RRB- techniques and some kind of frequency analysis and back-end noiseless coding .	finished, working audio coders	What did the literature compendium document ?
Most , if not all , of the authors in the JSAC edition were also active in the MPEG-1 Audio committee .	MPEG-1 Audio committee	Where were most of the authors in the JSAC edition ?
The world 's first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system was developed by Oscar Bonello , an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires .	Oscar Bonello	Who developed the first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system ?
The world 's first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system was developed by Oscar Bonello , an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires .	Oscar Bonello	Who was an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires ?
In 1983 , using the psychoacoustic principle of the masking of critical bands first published in 1967 , he started developing a practical application based on the recently developed IBM PC computer , and the broadcast automation system was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom .	broadcast automation system	What was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom ?
The majority of video compression algorithms use lossy compression .	video compression algorithms	What all mostly use lossy compression ?
Uncompressed video requires a very high data rate .	Uncompressed video	What requires a high data rate ?
Highly compressed video may present visible or distracting artifacts .	Highly compressed video	What may present visible or distracting artifacts ?
Some video compression schemes typically operate on square-shaped groups of neighboring pixels , often called macroblocks .	video	What compression typically operate on square-shaped groups of pixels ?
Some video compression schemes typically operate on square-shaped groups of neighboring pixels , often called macroblocks .	macroblocks	What only sends the differences within those pixels and blocks ?
Commonly during explosions , flames , flocks of animals , and in some panning shots , the high-frequency detail leads to quality decreases or to increases in the variable bitrate .	variable bitrate	What does high-frequency detail lead to ?
Video data may be represented as a series of still image frames .	Video data	What may be represented as a series of still image frames ?
Compression algorithms can average a color across these similar areas to reduce space , in a manner similar to those used in JPEG image compression .	Compression algorithms	What can average a color across similar areas to reduce space ?
Compression algorithms can average a color across these similar areas to reduce space , in a manner similar to those used in JPEG image compression .	color	What is hard to tell with smaller differences involved ?
This longer command still remains much shorter than intraframe compression .	longer command	What still remains much shorter than intraframe compression ?
If the frame contains areas where nothing has moved , the system simply issues a short command that copies that part of the previous frame , bit-for-bit , into the next one .	the system simply issues a short command	What happens when a frame contains areas where nothing has moved ?
Interframe compression works well for programs that will simply be played back by the viewer , but can cause problems if the video sequence needs to be edited .	video	What is a sequence that can be edited ?
Because interframe compression copies data from one frame to another , if the original frame is simply cut out -LRB- or lost in transmission -RRB- , the following frames can not be reconstructed properly .	interframe compression	What copies data from one frame to another ?
Some video formats , such as DV , compress each frame independently using intraframe compression .	DV	What is a type of video format ?
Making ` cuts ' in intraframe-compressed video is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video : one finds the beginning and ending of each frame , and simply copies bit-for-bit each frame that one wants to keep , and discards the frames one does n't want .	Making 'cuts'	What is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video ?
Today , nearly all commonly used video compression methods -LRB- e.g. , those in standards approved by the ITU-T or ISO -RRB- apply a discrete cosine transform -LRB- DCT -RRB- for spatial redundancy reduction .	discrete cosine transform	What do all commonly used video compression methods use ?
Today , nearly all commonly used video compression methods -LRB- e.g. , those in standards approved by the ITU-T or ISO -RRB- apply a discrete cosine transform -LRB- DCT -RRB- for spatial redundancy reduction .	spatial redundancy reduction	What does a DCT do ?
Other methods , such as fractal compression , matching pursuit and the use of a discrete wavelet transform -LRB- DWT -RRB- have been the subject of some research , but are typically not used in practical products -LRB- except for the use of wavelet coding as still-image coders without motion compensation -RRB- .	fractal compression	What is not used in practical products ?
Genetics compression algorithms are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data -LRB- typically sequences of nucleotides -RRB- using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype .	Genetics	What are the latest generation of lossless algorithms ?
For this , Chanda , Elhaik , and Bader introduced MAF based encoding -LRB- MAFE -RRB- , which reduces the heterogeneity of the dataset by sorting SNPs by their minor allele frequency , thus homogenizing the dataset .	MAFE	What encoding reduces the heterogeneity of a dataset by sorting SNPs ?
Other algorithms in 2009 and 2013 -LRB- DNAZip and GenomeZip -RRB- have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold -- allowing 6 billion basepair diploid human genomes to be stored in 2.5 megabytes -LRB- relative to a reference genome or averaged over many genomes -RRB- .	DNAZip and GenomeZip	What two algorithms have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold ?
The Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom , but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail .	Daily Mail	Which newspaper overtook The Sun as largest Saturday UK newspaper ?
It had an average daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014 .	2.2 million copies	What was the sun 's circulation per day in March 2014 ?
Between July and December 2013 the paper had an average daily readership of approximately 5.5 million , with approximately 31 % of those falling into the ABC1 demographic and 68 % in the C2DE demographic .	C2DE demographic	What was the largest demographic for readers of The Sun ?
Approximately 41 % of readers are women .	Approximately 41%	What is the percentage of The Sun readers who are women ?
The Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history , including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster .	1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster	What is one controversial event covered by The Sun ?
On 26 February 2012 , The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World , employing some of its former journalists .	News of the World	Which newspaper did the The Sun on Sunday take the place of ?
In late 2013 , it was given a new look , with a new typeface .	2013	In what year was The Sun 's look changed ?
The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840 ; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time , an average of 28,650 over those of its rival : 1,497,855 to 1,469,195 .	1,686,840	What was the circulation of The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 ?
The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840 ; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time , an average of 28,650 over those of its rival : 1,497,855 to 1,469,195 .	May 2015	When did the Sunday Mail overtake The Sun in sales numbers ?
Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures , but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016 .	during 2016	When is the weekly Mail forecast to pass The Sun in terms of circulation ?
Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University , The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow , identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline .	Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University	Who ordered research on the Herald ?
Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University , The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow , identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline .	demographic changes	What was named as a potential reason for the Herald 's decline ?
The new paper was intended to add a readership of ` social radicals ' to the Herald 's ` political radicals ' .	'social radicals'	What type of people was the new paper supposed to attract ?
Launched with an advertising budget of # 400,000 the brash new paper `` burst forth with tremendous energy '' , according to The Times .	£400,000	What was the advertising budget of the new paper ?
Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to ` curiosity ' and the ` advantage of novelty ' , and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald -LRB- 1.2 million -RRB- within a few weeks .	3.5 million	What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times ?
Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street , he made an agreement with the print unions , promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper .	fewer redundancies	What did the prospective owner of the paper promise ?
He assured IPC that he would publish a `` straightforward , honest newspaper '' which would continue to support Labour .	a "straightforward, honest newspaper"	How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce ?
He assured IPC that he would publish a `` straightforward , honest newspaper '' which would continue to support Labour .	Labour	Which party would the newspaper endorse ?
IPC , under pressure from the unions , rejected Maxwell 's offer , and Murdoch bought the paper for # 800,000 , to be paid in instalments .	£800,000	What was the price paid for the newspaper ?
IPC , under pressure from the unions , rejected Maxwell 's offer , and Murdoch bought the paper for # 800,000 , to be paid in instalments .	Maxwell's offer	Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down ?
Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the new Sun .	editor	What position did Larry Lamb take with the Sun ?
He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror , where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor , and shared Murdoch 's view that a paper 's quality was best measured by its sales , and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed , and primarily aimed at an ageing readership .	scathing	What type of view did Lamb have of the Mirror ?
He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror , where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor , and shared Murdoch 's view that a paper 's quality was best measured by its sales , and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed , and primarily aimed at an ageing readership .	its sales	What did Lamb and Murdoch believe to be the best indicator of newspaper quality ?
He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror , where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor , and shared Murdoch 's view that a paper 's quality was best measured by its sales , and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed , and primarily aimed at an ageing readership .	senior sub-editor	What position did Lamb formerly hold at the Mirror ?
Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters , who were mostly selected for their availability rather than their ability .	about 125	How many reporters did Lamb hire for the Mirror 's initial staff ?
Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start , which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers ' lives .	Sex	What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper ?
The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970 , German-born Stephanie Rahn ; she was tagged as a `` Birthday Suit Girl '' to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun .	17 November 1970	When did the first Page 3 model appear topless ?
The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970 , German-born Stephanie Rahn ; she was tagged as a `` Birthday Suit Girl '' to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun .	Stephanie Rahn	Who was the first Page 3 topless model ?
A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge , Yorkshire , was the first to ban the paper from its public library , shortly after Page 3 began , because of its excessive sexual content .	A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire	Who was the first to prohibit the paper from being in its library ?
This decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months , and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971 .	1971	When was the library ban reversed ?
Politically , The Sun in the early Murdoch years , remained nominally Labour .	nominally Labour	What were the Sun 's political leanings early on under Murdoch ?
It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election , with the headline `` Why It Must Be Labour '' but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins .	Harold Wilson	Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election ?
It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election , with the headline `` Why It Must Be Labour '' but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins .	Edward Heath	Who did the Sun support in 1974 ?
It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election , with the headline `` Why It Must Be Labour '' but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins .	James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins	Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974 ?
In the October election an editorial asserted : `` ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat . ''	any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat	What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974 ?
The editor , Larry Lamb , was originally from a Labour background , with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley -LRB- 1972 -- 75 -RRB- was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative .	Bernard Shrimsley	Who temporarily replaced Larry Lamb ?
The editor , Larry Lamb , was originally from a Labour background , with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley -LRB- 1972 -- 75 -RRB- was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative .	middle-class uncommitted Conservative.	What was Shrimsley 's political background ?
An extensive advertising campaign on the ITV network in this period , voiced by actor Christopher Timothy , may have helped The Sun to overtake the Daily Mirror 's circulation in 1978 .	Christopher Timothy	Who lent his voice to a campaign that aided The Sun in passing the Daily Mirror in 1978 ?
Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s -- the so-called `` Spanish practices '' of the print unions -- The Sun was very profitable , enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to the United States from 1973 .	United States	Where did Murdoch begin expanding ?
Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s -- the so-called `` Spanish practices '' of the print unions -- The Sun was very profitable , enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to the United States from 1973 .	1973	When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S ?
The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper , and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun .	The Daily Star	What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper ?
The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper , and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun .	1981	By what year had The Daily Star started impacting The Sun 's sales ?
Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star 's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the new paper .	Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price	What helped the Sun overcome the Daily Star 's challenge ?
The new editor of The Sun , Kelvin MacKenzie , took up his post in 1981 just after these developments , and `` changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than -LSB- Larry -RSB- Lamb did '' , according to Bruce Page , MacKenzie The paper became `` more outrageous , opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain '' .	Kelvin MacKenzie	Who became editor of the Sun in 1981 ?
The new editor of The Sun , Kelvin MacKenzie , took up his post in 1981 just after these developments , and `` changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than -LSB- Larry -RSB- Lamb did '' , according to Bruce Page , MacKenzie The paper became `` more outrageous , opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain '' .	changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did"	What impact was Mackenzie said to have ?
On 1 May , The Sun claimed to have ` sponsored ' a British missile .	a British missile	What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of ?
Under the headline `` Stick This Up Your Junta : A Sun missile for Galtieri 's gauchos '' , the newspaper published a photograph of a missile , -LRB- actually a Polaris missile stock shot from the Ministry of Defence -RRB- which had a large Sun logo printed on its side with the caption `` Here It Comes , Senors ... '' underneath .	"Here It Comes, Senors..."	What did the wording on the side of The Sun missile state ?
In copy written by Wendy Henry , the paper said that the missile would shortly be used against Argentinian forces .	Argentinian forces	Who did The Sun state that the missile would be used against ?
Despite this , it was not well received by the troops and copies of The Sun were soon burnt .	it was not well received	How did troops react to the missile ?
Tony Snow , The Sun journalist on HMS Invincible who had ` signed ' the missile , reported a few days later that it had hit an Argentinian target .	Tony Snow	What was the name of The Sun journalist who reported on the missile ?
One of the paper 's best known front pages , published on 4 May 1982 , commemorated the torpedoing of the Argentine ship the General Belgrano by running the story under the headline `` GOTCHA '' .	"GOTCHA"	What was the Sun 's headline on 4 May 1982 ?
One of the paper 's best known front pages , published on 4 May 1982 , commemorated the torpedoing of the Argentine ship the General Belgrano by running the story under the headline `` GOTCHA '' .	the General Belgrano	Which Argentine ship was torpedoed ?
At MacKenzie 's insistence , and against the wishes of Murdoch -LRB- the mogul was present because almost all the journalists were on strike -RRB- , the headline was changed for later editions after the extent of Argentinian casualties became known .	the extent of Argentinian casualties became known	Why did The Sun change the wording of the headline ?
John Shirley , a reporter for The Sunday Times , witnessed copies of this edition of The Sun being thrown overboard by sailors and marines on HMS Fearless .	John Shirley	Which reporter saw copies of The Sun being thrown into the ocean ?
John Shirley , a reporter for The Sunday Times , witnessed copies of this edition of The Sun being thrown overboard by sailors and marines on HMS Fearless .	HMS Fearless	What ship were copies of The Sun thrown from ?
After HMS Sheffield was wrecked by an Argentinian attack , The Sun was heavily criticised and even mocked for its coverage of the war in The Daily Mirror and The Guardian , and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties , The Sun gave its response .	HMS Sheffield	Which ship was the target of Argentinian aggression ?
After HMS Sheffield was wrecked by an Argentinian attack , The Sun was heavily criticised and even mocked for its coverage of the war in The Daily Mirror and The Guardian , and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties , The Sun gave its response .	The Daily Mirror and The Guardian	Which newspapers were highly critical of The Sun 's war reporting ?
`` There are traitors in our midst '' , wrote leader writer Ronald Spark on 7 May , accusing commentators on Daily Mirror and The Guardian , plus the BBC 's defence correspondent Peter Snow , of `` treason '' for aspects of their coverage .	Ronald Spark	Who was lead writer of The Sun ?
`` There are traitors in our midst '' , wrote leader writer Ronald Spark on 7 May , accusing commentators on Daily Mirror and The Guardian , plus the BBC 's defence correspondent Peter Snow , of `` treason '' for aspects of their coverage .	Peter Snow	Who was the BBC 's defense correspondent ?
`` There are traitors in our midst '' , wrote leader writer Ronald Spark on 7 May , accusing commentators on Daily Mirror and The Guardian , plus the BBC 's defence correspondent Peter Snow , of `` treason '' for aspects of their coverage .	treason	What was the accusation leveled by Ronald Spark against The Daily Mirror , The Guardian , and BBC ?
During the general election of 1983 The Sun ran a front page featuring an unflattering photograph of Michael Foot , then aged almost 70 , claiming he was unfit to be Prime Minister on grounds of his age , appearance and policies , alongside the headline `` Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain ? ''	Michael Foot	Who did The Sun say was not fit to be Prime Minister in 1983 ?
These years included what was called `` spectacularly malicious coverage '' of the Labour Party by The Sun and other newspapers .	Labour Party	Which party was The Sun accused of covering maliciously ?
A year later , in 1984 , The Sun made clear its enthusiastic support for the re-election of Ronald Reagan as president in the USA .	Ronald Reagan	Who did The Sun support in the 1984 U.S. presidential election ?
During the general election of 1983 The Sun ran a front page featuring an unflattering photograph of Michael Foot , then aged almost 70 , claiming he was unfit to be Prime Minister on grounds of his age , appearance and policies , alongside the headline `` Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain ? ''	"Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?"	What did the headline read that was run with Michael Foot 's photo ?
The Sun , during the Miners ' strike of 1984 -- 85 , supported the police and the Thatcher government against the striking NUM miners , and in particular the union 's president , Arthur Scargill .	the police and the Thatcher government	Who did The Sun support in the 1984-85 Miners ' strike ?
The Sun , during the Miners ' strike of 1984 -- 85 , supported the police and the Thatcher government against the striking NUM miners , and in particular the union 's president , Arthur Scargill .	Arthur Scargill	Who was president of the Miners ' union ?
On 23 May 1984 , The Sun prepared a front page with the headline `` Mine Führer '' and a photograph of Scargill with his arm in the air , a pose which made him look as though he was giving a Nazi salute .	giving a Nazi salute	What did a picture of Scargill have him appear to be doing ?
The Sun strongly supported the April 1986 bombing of Libya by the US , which was launched from British bases .	strongly supported the April 1986 bombing	How did The Sun feel about the American bombing of Libya in 1986 ?
That year , Labour MP Clare Short attempted in vain to persuade Parliament to outlaw the pictures on Page Three and gained opprobrium from the newspaper for her stand .	Clare Short	Who was Labour M.P. in 1986 ?
Murdoch has responded to some of the arguments against the newspaper by saying that critics are `` snobs '' who want to `` impose their tastes on everyone else '' , while MacKenzie claims the same critics are people who , if they ever had a `` popular idea '' , would have to `` go and lie down in a dark room for half an hour '' .	"snobs" who want to "impose their tastes on everyone else"	How did Murdoch describe critics of his newspaper ?
Both have pointed to the huge commercial success of the Sun in this period and its establishment as Britain 's top-selling newspaper , claiming that they are `` giving the public what they want '' .	they are "giving the public what they want"	What did Murdoch and Mackenzie say in defense of The Sun ?
John Pilger has said that a late-1970s edition of the Daily Mirror , which replaced the usual celebrity and domestic political news items with an entire issue devoted to his own front-line reporting of the genocide in Pol Pot 's Cambodia , not only outsold The Sun on the day it was issued but became the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country , something never achieved by The Sun .	John Pilger	Who is one critic of The Sun ?
John Pilger has said that a late-1970s edition of the Daily Mirror , which replaced the usual celebrity and domestic political news items with an entire issue devoted to his own front-line reporting of the genocide in Pol Pot 's Cambodia , not only outsold The Sun on the day it was issued but became the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country , something never achieved by The Sun .	the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia	What was the focus of Pilger 's reporting in one issue of The Daily Mirror ?
John Pilger has said that a late-1970s edition of the Daily Mirror , which replaced the usual celebrity and domestic political news items with an entire issue devoted to his own front-line reporting of the genocide in Pol Pot 's Cambodia , not only outsold The Sun on the day it was issued but became the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country , something never achieved by The Sun .	the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country	What distinction does one single edition of The Daily Mirror hold ?
According to Max Clifford : Read All About It , written by Clifford and Angela Levin , La Salle invented the story out of frustration with Starr who had been working on a book with McCaffrey .	Clifford and Angela Levin	Who wrote Max Clifford : Read All About It ?
According to Max Clifford : Read All About It , written by Clifford and Angela Levin , La Salle invented the story out of frustration with Starr who had been working on a book with McCaffrey .	Starr	Who was writing a book with McCaffrey ?
The story reportedly delighted MacKenzie , who was keen to run it , and Max Clifford , who had been Starr 's public relations agent .	Max Clifford	Who was previously Starr 's public relations agent ?
Starr had to be persuaded that the apparent revelation would not damage him ; the attention helped to revive his career .	the attention helped to revive his career	How did attention from the story impact Starr 's career ?
In his 2001 autobiography Unwrapped , Starr wrote that the incident was a complete fabrication : `` I have never eaten or even nibbled a live hamster , gerbil , guinea pig , mouse , shrew , vole or any other small mammal . ''	Unwrapped	What was the name of Starr 's autobiography ?
Eventually resulting in 17 libel writs in total , The Sun ran a series of false stories about the pop musician Elton John from 25 February 1987 .	17	How many libel writs did The Sun get for their coverage of Elton John ?
They began with an invented account of the singer having sexual relationships with rent boys .	rent boys	Who did The Sun allege that Elton John had sex with ?
The singer-songwriter was abroad on the day indicated in the story , as former Sun journalist John Blake , recently poached by the Daily Mirror , soon discovered .	John Blake	What journalist did The Daily Mirror wrest from The Sun ?
After further stories , in September 1987 , The Sun accused John of having his Rottweiler guard dogs voice boxes surgically removed .	Rottweiler	What breed of dog did The Sun mistakenly report that Elton John owned ?
In May 1987 gay men were offered free one-way airline tickets to Norway to leave Britain for good : `` Fly Away Gays - And We Will Pay '' was the paper 's headline .	Norway	Where did The Sun offer to fly gay men in 1987 ?
Television personality Piers Morgan , a former editor of the Daily Mirror and of The Sun 's Bizarre pop column , has said that during the late 1980s , at Kelvin MacKenzie 's behest , he was ordered to speculate on the sexuality of male pop stars for a feature headlined `` The Poofs of Pop '' .	the sexuality of male pop stars	What did Piers Morgan offer opinions about in a late 1980s column ?
Television personality Piers Morgan , a former editor of the Daily Mirror and of The Sun 's Bizarre pop column , has said that during the late 1980s , at Kelvin MacKenzie 's behest , he was ordered to speculate on the sexuality of male pop stars for a feature headlined `` The Poofs of Pop '' .	Daily Mirror and of The Sun	Which papers did Morgan serve as editor of ?
He also recalls MacKenzie headlining a January 1989 story about the first same-sex kiss on the BBC television soap opera EastEnders `` EastBenders '' , describing the kiss between Colin Russell and Guido Smith as `` a homosexual love scene between yuppie poofs ... when millions of children were watching '' .	EastEnders	Which BBC show 's homosexual kiss did The Sun report on ?
He also recalls MacKenzie headlining a January 1989 story about the first same-sex kiss on the BBC television soap opera EastEnders `` EastBenders '' , describing the kiss between Colin Russell and Guido Smith as `` a homosexual love scene between yuppie poofs ... when millions of children were watching '' .	Colin Russell and Guido Smith	Who shared the first homosexual kiss on EastEnders ?
Television personality Piers Morgan , a former editor of the Daily Mirror and of The Sun 's Bizarre pop column , has said that during the late 1980s , at Kelvin MacKenzie 's behest , he was ordered to speculate on the sexuality of male pop stars for a feature headlined `` The Poofs of Pop '' .	Bizarre pop column	Which column did Piers Morgan edit at The Sun ?
On 17 November 1989 , The Sun headlined a page 2 news story titled `` STRAIGHT SEX CAN NOT GIVE YOU AIDS -- OFFICIAL . ''	"STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS – OFFICIAL."	What was the headline for a page 2 Sun story on 17 November 1989 ?
The Sun favourably cited the opinions of Lord Kilbracken , a member of the All Parliamentary Group on AIDS .	Lord Kilbracken	Whose opinion did The Sun trust in their AIDS reporting ?
Lord Kilbracken said that only one person out of the 2,372 individuals with HIV/AIDS mentioned in a specific Department of Health report was not a member of a `` high risk group '' , such as homosexuals and recreational drug users .	homosexuals and recreational drug users	Which groups were classified as being at a high risk for AIDS ?
The Sun favourably cited the opinions of Lord Kilbracken , a member of the All Parliamentary Group on AIDS .	All Parliamentary Group on AIDS	With which group was Lord Kilbracken associated ?
Although many other British press services covered Lord Kilbracken 's public comments , none of them made the argument that the Sun did in its editorial and none of them presented Lord Kilbracken 's ideas without context or criticism .	none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism	How did other news outlets report on Lord Kilbracken 's words ?
Critics stated that both The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection , which the critics viewed as unethical politicisation of a medical issue .	The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection	What did critics believe about The Sun and Lord Kilbracken 's ideas on AIDS ?
Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun 's editorial and the headline of its news story ; he stated that while he thought that gay people were more at risk of developing AIDS it was still wrong to imply that no one else could catch the disease .	Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun's editorial and the headline of its news story	What did Lord Kilbracken think of The Sun 's editorial ?
The Press Council condemned The Sun for committing what it called a `` gross distortion '' .	The Press Council	Who criticized The Sun for its reporting on AIDS and HIV ?
Journalist David Randall argued in the textbook The Universal Journalist that The Sun 's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history , putting its own readers in harm 's way .	The Sun's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history	What did David Randall say about the Sun 's AIDS story ?
Journalist David Randall argued in the textbook The Universal Journalist that The Sun 's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history , putting its own readers in harm 's way .	The Universal Journalist	In what textbook did David Randall write his opinion ?
Under a front page headline `` The Truth '' , the paper printed allegations provided to them that some fans picked the pockets of crushed victims , that others urinated on members of the emergency services as they tried to help and that some even assaulted a police constable `` whilst he was administering the kiss of life to a patient . ''	picked the pockets of crushed victims	What did the paper report that some fans did ?
Under a front page headline `` The Truth '' , the paper printed allegations provided to them that some fans picked the pockets of crushed victims , that others urinated on members of the emergency services as they tried to help and that some even assaulted a police constable `` whilst he was administering the kiss of life to a patient . ''	a police constable	Who was reported to have been assaulted while trying to help a patient ?
Despite the headline , written by Kelvin MacKenzie , the story was based on allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources , or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said -- a fact made clear to MacKenzie by Harry Arnold , the reporter who wrote the story .	Kelvin MacKenzie	Who wrote the headline `` The Truth '' ?
Despite the headline , written by Kelvin MacKenzie , the story was based on allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources , or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said -- a fact made clear to MacKenzie by Harry Arnold , the reporter who wrote the story .	Harry Arnold	Who wrote the actual story ?
Despite the headline , written by Kelvin MacKenzie , the story was based on allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources , or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said -- a fact made clear to MacKenzie by Harry Arnold , the reporter who wrote the story .	allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said	What was the story based on ?
The front page caused outrage in Liverpool , where the paper lost more than three-quarters of its estimated 55,000 daily sales and still sells poorly in the city more than 25 years later -LRB- around 12,000 -RRB- .	Liverpool	Where did The sun lose a large portion of its daily sales as a result of the front page ?
The front page caused outrage in Liverpool , where the paper lost more than three-quarters of its estimated 55,000 daily sales and still sells poorly in the city more than 25 years later -LRB- around 12,000 -RRB- .	around 12,000	What were the estimated daily sales in Liverpool 25 years later ?
It was revealed in a documentary called Alexei Sayle 's Liverpool , aired in September 2008 , that many Liverpudlians will not even take the newspaper for free , and those who do may simply burn or tear it up .	Alexei Sayle's Liverpool	What documentary aired in 2008 ?
It was revealed in a documentary called Alexei Sayle 's Liverpool , aired in September 2008 , that many Liverpudlians will not even take the newspaper for free , and those who do may simply burn or tear it up .	simply burn or tear it up	What do many Liverpool residents do with the paper even if given to them free ?
Liverpudlians refer to the paper as ` The Scum ' with campaigners believing it handicapped their fight for justice .	The Scum'	What name have Liverpool residents given to The Sun ?
On 7 July 2004 , in response to verbal attacks in Liverpool on Wayne Rooney , just before his transfer from Everton to Manchester United , who had sold his life story to The Sun , the paper devoted a full-page editorial to an apology for the `` awful error '' of its Hillsborough coverage and argued that Rooney -LRB- who was still only three years old at the time of Hillsborough -RRB- should not be punished for its `` past sins '' .	Wayne Rooney	Which footballer was verbally attacked in Liverpool ?
On 7 July 2004 , in response to verbal attacks in Liverpool on Wayne Rooney , just before his transfer from Everton to Manchester United , who had sold his life story to The Sun , the paper devoted a full-page editorial to an apology for the `` awful error '' of its Hillsborough coverage and argued that Rooney -LRB- who was still only three years old at the time of Hillsborough -RRB- should not be punished for its `` past sins '' .	Manchester United	What team did Rooney transfer to ?
On 7 July 2004 , in response to verbal attacks in Liverpool on Wayne Rooney , just before his transfer from Everton to Manchester United , who had sold his life story to The Sun , the paper devoted a full-page editorial to an apology for the `` awful error '' of its Hillsborough coverage and argued that Rooney -LRB- who was still only three years old at the time of Hillsborough -RRB- should not be punished for its `` past sins '' .	three years old	What was Rooney 's age at the time of the Hillsborough disaster ?
In January 2005 , The Sun 's managing editor Graham Dudman admitting the Hillsborough coverage was `` the worst mistake in our history '' , added : `` What we did was a terrible mistake .	Graham Dudman	Who was managing editor of The Sun in 2005 ?
In January 2005 , The Sun 's managing editor Graham Dudman admitting the Hillsborough coverage was `` the worst mistake in our history '' , added : `` What we did was a terrible mistake .	"the worst mistake in our history"	How did Dudman describe The Sun 's Hillsborough coverage ?
The Sun remained loyal to Thatcher right up to her resignation in November 1990 , despite the party 's fall in popularity over the previous year following the introduction of the Poll tax -LRB- officially known as the Community Charge -RRB- .	November 1990	When did Margaret Thatcher leave office ?
The Sun remained loyal to Thatcher right up to her resignation in November 1990 , despite the party 's fall in popularity over the previous year following the introduction of the Poll tax -LRB- officially known as the Community Charge -RRB- .	Poll tax	What is another name for the Community Charge ?
The tax was quickly repealed by her successor John Major , whom The Sun initially supported enthusiastically , believing he was a radical Thatcherite -- despite the economy having entered recession at this time .	John Major	Who took over for Thatcher ?
This change to the way local government is funded was vociferously supported by the newspaper , despite widespread opposition , -LRB- some from Conservative MPs -RRB- , which is seen as having contributed to Thatcher 's own downfall .	Conservative MPs	Who opposed the poll tax ?
This change to the way local government is funded was vociferously supported by the newspaper , despite widespread opposition , -LRB- some from Conservative MPs -RRB- , which is seen as having contributed to Thatcher 's own downfall .	was vociferously supported by the newspaper	How did The Sun feel about the Poll tax ?
Despite its initial opposition to the closures , until 1997 , the newspaper repeatedly called for the implementation of further Thatcherite policies , such as Royal Mail privatisation , -LSB- verification needed -RSB- and social security cutbacks , with leaders such as `` Peter Lilley is right , we ca n't carry on like this '' , -LSB- verification needed -RSB- The paper showed hostility to the EU and approval of public spending cuts , tax cuts , and promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet , with leaders such as `` More of the Redwood , not Deadwood '' .	Thatcherite policies	What types of policies did The Sun support ?
Despite its initial opposition to the closures , until 1997 , the newspaper repeatedly called for the implementation of further Thatcherite policies , such as Royal Mail privatisation , -LSB- verification needed -RSB- and social security cutbacks , with leaders such as `` Peter Lilley is right , we ca n't carry on like this '' , -LSB- verification needed -RSB- The paper showed hostility to the EU and approval of public spending cuts , tax cuts , and promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet , with leaders such as `` More of the Redwood , not Deadwood '' .	Royal Mail privatisation	What is an example of a Thatcherite policy ?
Despite its initial opposition to the closures , until 1997 , the newspaper repeatedly called for the implementation of further Thatcherite policies , such as Royal Mail privatisation , -LSB- verification needed -RSB- and social security cutbacks , with leaders such as `` Peter Lilley is right , we ca n't carry on like this '' , -LSB- verification needed -RSB- The paper showed hostility to the EU and approval of public spending cuts , tax cuts , and promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet , with leaders such as `` More of the Redwood , not Deadwood '' .	The paper showed hostility	What was The Sun 's stance toward the EU ?
Despite its initial opposition to the closures , until 1997 , the newspaper repeatedly called for the implementation of further Thatcherite policies , such as Royal Mail privatisation , -LSB- verification needed -RSB- and social security cutbacks , with leaders such as `` Peter Lilley is right , we ca n't carry on like this '' , -LSB- verification needed -RSB- The paper showed hostility to the EU and approval of public spending cuts , tax cuts , and promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet , with leaders such as `` More of the Redwood , not Deadwood '' .	promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet	What 's another thing the paper showed hostility to ?
Despite its initial opposition to the closures , until 1997 , the newspaper repeatedly called for the implementation of further Thatcherite policies , such as Royal Mail privatisation , -LSB- verification needed -RSB- and social security cutbacks , with leaders such as `` Peter Lilley is right , we ca n't carry on like this '' , -LSB- verification needed -RSB- The paper showed hostility to the EU and approval of public spending cuts , tax cuts , and promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet , with leaders such as `` More of the Redwood , not Deadwood '' .	opposition	What was The Sun 's initial stance toward the closures ?
The Sun switched support to the Labour party on 18 March 1997 , six weeks before the General Election victory which saw the New Labour leader Tony Blair become Prime Minister with a large parliamentary majority , despite the paper having attacked Blair and New Labour up to a month earlier .	Labour party	Who did The Sun declare political endorsement of in 1997 ?
The Sun switched support to the Labour party on 18 March 1997 , six weeks before the General Election victory which saw the New Labour leader Tony Blair become Prime Minister with a large parliamentary majority , despite the paper having attacked Blair and New Labour up to a month earlier .	Tony Blair	Who became Prime Minister in 1997 ?
Its front page headline read THE SUN BACKS BLAIR and its front page editorial made clear that while it still opposed some New Labour policies , such as the Minimum Wage and Devolution , it believed Blair to be `` the breath of fresh air this great country needs '' .	Minimum Wage and Devolution	Which New Labour policies did The Sun oppose ?
John Major 's Conservatives , it said , were `` tired , divided and rudderless '' .	"tired, divided and rudderless"	How did The Sun describe John Major 's Conservatives ?
Blair , who had radically altered his party 's image and policies , noting the influence the paper could have over its readers ' political thinking , had courted it -LRB- and Murdoch -RRB- for some time by granting exclusive interviews and writing columns .	Blair	Who greatly changed the image of the Labour party ?
In exchange for Rupert Murdoch 's support , Blair agreed not to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism -- which John Major had withdrawn the country from in September 1992 after barely two years .	not to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism	What did Blair agree to in order to get the support of Rupert Murdoch ?
Cabinet Minister Peter Mandelson was `` outed '' by Matthew Parris -LRB- a former Sun columnist -RRB- on BBC TV 's Newsnight in November 1998 .	Peter Mandelson	Who was Cabinet Minister in 1998 ?
Cabinet Minister Peter Mandelson was `` outed '' by Matthew Parris -LRB- a former Sun columnist -RRB- on BBC TV 's Newsnight in November 1998 .	Peter Mandelson was "outed" by Matthew Parris	What happened on BBC 's Newsnight in 1998 ?
Misjudging public response , The Sun 's editor David Yelland demanded to know in a front page editorial whether Britain was governed by a `` gay mafia '' of a `` closed world of men with a mutual self-interest '' .	David Yelland	Who was editor of The Sun in 1998 ?
Three days later the paper apologised in another editorial which said The Sun would never again reveal a person 's sexuality unless it could be defended on the grounds of `` overwhelming public interest '' .	The Sun would never again reveal a person's sexuality unless it could be defended on the grounds of "overwhelming public interest"	What did The Sun say its policy about revealing an individual 's sexuality would be moving forward ?
In 2003 the paper was accused of racism by the Government over its criticisms of what it perceived as the `` open door '' policy on immigration .	racism	What allegation did the government level against The Sun in 2003 ?
The attacks came from the Prime Minister 's press spokesman Alastair Campbell and the Home Secretary David Blunkett -LRB- later a Sun columnist -RRB- .	Prime Minister's press spokesman Alastair Campbell and the Home Secretary David Blunkett	Who specifically leveled the allegations against The Sun ?
It did not help its argument by publishing a front page story on 4 July 2003 , under the headline `` Swan Bake '' , which claimed that asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans .	asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans	What did a 4 July 2003 front page story claim ?
In 2003 the paper was accused of racism by the Government over its criticisms of what it perceived as the `` open door '' policy on immigration .	immigration	From which issue did claims that The Sun was racist stem ?
In 2005 The Sun published photographs of Prince Harry sporting a Nazi costume to a fancy dress party .	Prince Harry	Who did The Sun print pictures of in a Nazi outfit in 2005 ?
For the 2005 general election , The Sun backed Blair and Labour for a third consecutive election win and vowed to give him `` one last chance '' to fulfil his promises , despite berating him for several weaknesses including a failure to control immigration .	Blair and Labour	Who did The Sun endorse in the 2005 general election ?
For the 2005 general election , The Sun backed Blair and Labour for a third consecutive election win and vowed to give him `` one last chance '' to fulfil his promises , despite berating him for several weaknesses including a failure to control immigration .	failure to control immigration	What is one of the weaknesses The Sun thought Blair possessed ?
However , it did speak of its hope that the Conservatives -LRB- led by Michael Howard -RRB- would one day be fit for a return to government .	Michael Howard	Who was leading the Conservatives at this time ?
This election -LRB- Blair had declared it would be his last as prime minister -RRB- resulted in Labour 's third successive win but with a much reduced majority .	it would be his last as prime minister	What did Blair state about the 2005 election ?
This election -LRB- Blair had declared it would be his last as prime minister -RRB- resulted in Labour 's third successive win but with a much reduced majority .	Labour's third successive win	What was the result of the 2005 election ?
On 22 September 2003 the newspaper appeared to misjudge the public mood surrounding mental health , as well as its affection for former world heavyweight champion boxer Frank Bruno , who had been admitted to hospital , when the headline `` Bonkers Bruno Locked Up '' appeared on the front page of early editions .	mental health	What was the subject of the front page on 22 September 2003 ?
On 22 September 2003 the newspaper appeared to misjudge the public mood surrounding mental health , as well as its affection for former world heavyweight champion boxer Frank Bruno , who had been admitted to hospital , when the headline `` Bonkers Bruno Locked Up '' appeared on the front page of early editions .	Frank Bruno	Who was featured in the article on mental health ?
On 22 September 2003 the newspaper appeared to misjudge the public mood surrounding mental health , as well as its affection for former world heavyweight champion boxer Frank Bruno , who had been admitted to hospital , when the headline `` Bonkers Bruno Locked Up '' appeared on the front page of early editions .	Bonkers Bruno Locked Up	What was the original headline on 22 September 2003 ?
The adverse reaction , once the paper had hit the streets on the evening of 21 September , led to the headline being changed for the paper 's second edition to the more sympathetic `` Sad Bruno In Mental Home '' .	Sad Bruno In Mental Home	What was the headline changed to after public backlash ?
On 22 September 2003 the newspaper appeared to misjudge the public mood surrounding mental health , as well as its affection for former world heavyweight champion boxer Frank Bruno , who had been admitted to hospital , when the headline `` Bonkers Bruno Locked Up '' appeared on the front page of early editions .	had been admitted to hospital	What had happened to Frank Bruno to spur the publishing of a story about him ?
The Sun has been openly antagonistic towards other European nations , particularly the French and Germans .	French and Germans	Which two nations has The Sun been very antagonistic towards ?
During the 1980s and 1990s , the nationalities were routinely described in copy and headlines as `` frogs '' , `` krauts '' or `` hun '' .	"frogs", "krauts" or "hun"	What names were used by The Sun to characterize the French and Germans ?
As the paper is opposed to the EU it has referred to foreign leaders who it deemed hostile to the UK in unflattering terms .	opposed	What is the paper 's stance on the EU ?
Former President Jacques Chirac of France , for instance , was branded `` le Worm '' .	le Worm	How was French president Jacques Chirac described by The Sun ?
An unflattering picture of German chancellor Angela Merkel , taken from the rear , bore the headline `` I 'm Big in the Bumdestag '' -LRB- 17 April 2006 -RRB- .	Angela Merkel	Which German chancellor was criticized by The Sun ?
On 7 January 2009 , The Sun ran an exclusive front page story claiming that participants in a discussion on Ummah.com , a British Muslim internet forum , had made a `` hate hit list '' of British Jews to be targeted by extremists over the Gaza War .	a British Muslim internet forum	What type of forum was the subject of a January 2009 front page story in The Sun ?
On 7 January 2009 , The Sun ran an exclusive front page story claiming that participants in a discussion on Ummah.com , a British Muslim internet forum , had made a `` hate hit list '' of British Jews to be targeted by extremists over the Gaza War .	a "hate hit list" of British Jews	Who was said to be targeted in The Sun 's front page story ?
The UK magazine Private Eye claimed that Glen Jenvey , a man quoted by The Sun as a terrorism expert , who had been posting to the forum under the pseudonym `` Abuislam '' , was the only forum member promoting a hate campaign while other members promoted peaceful advocacy , such as writing ` polite letters ' .	Private Eye	What magazine refuted the claims made by The Sun in its article about the forum ?
The UK magazine Private Eye claimed that Glen Jenvey , a man quoted by The Sun as a terrorism expert , who had been posting to the forum under the pseudonym `` Abuislam '' , was the only forum member promoting a hate campaign while other members promoted peaceful advocacy , such as writing ` polite letters ' .	Glen Jenvey	According to Private Eye who was the only forum member expressing wishes for a hate campaign ?
The story has since been removed from The Sun 's website following complaints to the UK 's Press Complaints Commission .	UK's Press Complaints Commission	Complaints to which body led to The Sun removing the story from its website ?
On 9 December 2010 , The Sun published a front-page story claiming that terrorist group Al-Qaeda had threatened a terrorist attack on Granada Television in Manchester to disrupt the episode of the soap opera Coronation Street to be transmitted live that evening .	Granada Television in Manchester	What was the claimed target of a terrorist attack according to a late 2010 Sun front page story ?
On 9 December 2010 , The Sun published a front-page story claiming that terrorist group Al-Qaeda had threatened a terrorist attack on Granada Television in Manchester to disrupt the episode of the soap opera Coronation Street to be transmitted live that evening .	Coronation Street	What was the television program that would have been affected by the attack ?
Later that morning , however , Greater Manchester Police categorically denied having `` been made aware of any threat from Al-Qaeda or any other proscribed organisation . ''	categorically denied having "been made aware of any threat from Al-Qaeda or any other proscribed organisation."	What did the Manchester police say about these claimed attacks ?
The apology had been negotiated by the Press Complaints Commission .	the Press Complaints Commission	Who negotiated an apology from The Sun for its misreporting of this story ?
Later the perpetrator was revealed to be Anders Behring Breivik , a Norwegian nationalist .	Anders Behring Breivik,	Who was responsible for the 2011 Norway attacks ?
In January 2008 the Wapping presses printed The Sun for the last time and London printing was transferred to Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire , where News International had built what is claimed to be the largest printing centre in Europe with 12 presses .	January 2008	When was The Sun printed on the Wapping presses for the last time ?
In January 2008 the Wapping presses printed The Sun for the last time and London printing was transferred to Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire , where News International had built what is claimed to be the largest printing centre in Europe with 12 presses .	Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire	Where was London printing of The Sun moved to ?
In January 2008 the Wapping presses printed The Sun for the last time and London printing was transferred to Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire , where News International had built what is claimed to be the largest printing centre in Europe with 12 presses .	12	How many presses were there at the new printing facility ?
Northern printing had earlier been switched to a new plant at Knowsley on Merseyside and the Scottish Sun to another new plant at Motherwell near Glasgow .	Knowsley on Merseyside	Where had northern printing been moved to ?
The three print centres represent a # 600 million investment by NI and allowed all the titles to be produced with every page in full colour from 2008 .	£600 million	How much had been invested in the new printing locations ?
Politically , the paper 's stance was less clear under Prime Minister Gordon Brown who succeeded Blair in June 2007 .	Gordon Brown	Who followed Tony Blair as Prime Minister ?
Its editorials were critical of many of Brown 's policies and often more supportive of those of Conservative leader David Cameron .	David Cameron	Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported ?
Rupert Murdoch , head of The Sun 's parent company News Corporation , speaking at a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications , which was investigating media ownership and the news , said that he acts as a `` traditional proprietor '' .	News Corporation	What is the name of the company that operates The Sun ?
Rupert Murdoch , head of The Sun 's parent company News Corporation , speaking at a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications , which was investigating media ownership and the news , said that he acts as a `` traditional proprietor '' .	media ownership and the news	What was the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications investigating in 2007 ?
This means he exercises editorial control on major issues such as which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe .	which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe	On which issues did Murdoch claim he exerted editorial control ?
In response James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade `` appeared unannounced and uninvited on the editorial floor '' of the Independent , and had an energetic conversation with its editor Simon Kelner .	James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade	Who showed up on the editorial floor of the Independent ?
In response James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade `` appeared unannounced and uninvited on the editorial floor '' of the Independent , and had an energetic conversation with its editor Simon Kelner .	Simon Kelner	Who was the editor of the Independent ?
Several days later the Independent reported The Sun 's failure to report its own YouGov poll result which said that `` if people thought Mr Clegg 's party had a significant chance of winning the election '' the Liberal Democrats would win 49 % of the vote , and with it a landslide majority .	its own YouGov poll result	What did The Sun neglect to report concerning the upcoming election ?
During the campaign for the United Kingdom general election , 2010 , The Independent ran ads declaring that `` Rupert Murdoch wo n't decide this election -- you will . ''	Rupert Murdoch	Who did the Independent state would n't decide the election ?
During the campaign for the United Kingdom general election , 2010 , The Independent ran ads declaring that `` Rupert Murdoch wo n't decide this election -- you will . ''	2010	What year was the United Kingdom general election ?
On election day -LRB- 6 May 2010 -RRB- , The Sun urged its readers to vote for David Cameron 's `` modern and positive '' Conservatives in order to save Britain from `` disaster '' which the paper thought the country would face if the Labour government was re-elected .	David Cameron	Who did The Sun advocate for the 2010 election ?
On election day -LRB- 6 May 2010 -RRB- , The Sun urged its readers to vote for David Cameron 's `` modern and positive '' Conservatives in order to save Britain from `` disaster '' which the paper thought the country would face if the Labour government was re-elected .	disaster	What did The Sun fear would result from election of the Labour Party ?
The election ended in the first hung parliament after an election for 36 years , with the Tories gaining the most seats and votes but being 20 seats short of an overall majority .	hung parliament	What was the outcome of the general election ?
The election ended in the first hung parliament after an election for 36 years , with the Tories gaining the most seats and votes but being 20 seats short of an overall majority .	Tories	Which party came to power after the election ?
They finally came to power on 11 May when Gordon Brown stepped down as prime minister , paving the way for David Cameron to become prime minister by forming a coalition with the Liberal Democrats .	Liberal Democrats	Who did David Cameron align with in order to become Prime Minister ?
On 28 January 2012 , police arrested four current and former staff members of The Sun , as part of a probe in which journalists paid police officers for information ; a police officer was also arrested in the probe .	as part of a probe in which journalists paid police officers for information	Why were former Sun staff members put in police custody in early 2012 ?
All five arrested were held on suspicion of corruption .	suspicion of corruption	What was the charge against those arrested ?
Police also searched the offices of News International , the publishers of The Sun , as part of a continuing investigation into the News of the World scandal .	the News of the World scandal	What greater scandal was this investigation a part of ?
The Sun staffers arrested were crime editor Mike Sullivan , head of news Chris Pharo , former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan , and former managing editor Graham Dudman , who since became a columnist and media writer .	crime editor Mike Sullivan, head of news Chris Pharo, former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan, and former managing editor Graham Dudman	Which Sun staffers were arrested ?
The Sun staffers arrested were crime editor Mike Sullivan , head of news Chris Pharo , former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan , and former managing editor Graham Dudman , who since became a columnist and media writer .	columnist and media writer	What role had Graham Dudman taken after serving as The Sun managing editor ?
The main party leaders , David Cameron , Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband , were all depicted holding a copy of the special issue in publicity material .	David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband	Who were the main leaders of the ruling party ?
Organisations representing the relatives of Hillsborough victims described Miliband 's action as an `` absolute disgrace '' and he faced criticism too from Liverpool Labour MPs and the city 's Labour Mayor , Joe Anderson .	Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson	Who criticized Milliband for posing with a copy of The Sun showing the Hillsborough disaster ?
A statement was issued on 13 June explaining that Miliband `` was promoting England 's bid to win the World Cup '' , although `` he understands the anger that is felt towards the Sun over Hillsborough by many people in Merseyside and he is sorry to those who feel offended . ''	promoting England's bid to win the World Cup	How did Milliband explain posing with this newspaper ?
Organisations representing the relatives of Hillsborough victims described Miliband 's action as an `` absolute disgrace '' and he faced criticism too from Liverpool Labour MPs and the city 's Labour Mayor , Joe Anderson .	Joe Anderson	Who was the Labour Mayour of Liverpool ?
A statement was issued on 13 June explaining that Miliband `` was promoting England 's bid to win the World Cup '' , although `` he understands the anger that is felt towards the Sun over Hillsborough by many people in Merseyside and he is sorry to those who feel offended . ''	anger	What emotion did many people feel over The Sun 's coverage of Hillsborough ?
On 2 June 2013 , The Sun on Sunday ran a front page story on singer-songwriter Tulisa Contostavlos .	Tulisa Contostavlos	Who was the subject of an early June 2013 front page story ?
The front page read : `` Tulisa 's cocaine deal shame '' ; this story was written by The Sun On Sunday 's undercover reporter Mahzer Mahmood , who had previously worked for the News of the World .	Mahzer Mahmood	Who wrote the story on Tulisa Contostavlos ?
It was claimed that Tulisa introduced three film producers -LRB- actually Mahmood and two other Sun journalists -RRB- to a drug dealer and set up a # 800 deal .	that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other Sun journalists) to a drug dealer and set up a £800 deal	What was the main allegation in The Sun 's story on Contostavlos ?
The subterfuge involved conning the singer into believing that she was being considered for a role in an # 8 million Bollywood film .	that she was being considered for a role in an £8 million Bollywood film	What did The Sun reporters make Contostavlos believe ?
The front page read : `` Tulisa 's cocaine deal shame '' ; this story was written by The Sun On Sunday 's undercover reporter Mahzer Mahmood , who had previously worked for the News of the World .	Tulisa's cocaine deal shame	What was the title of the front page story on Contostavlos ?
At her subsequent trial , the case against Tulisa collapsed at Southwark Crown Court in July 2014 , with the judge commenting that there were `` strong grounds '' to believe that Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa .	collapsed	How did the case against Tulisa fare ?
At her subsequent trial , the case against Tulisa collapsed at Southwark Crown Court in July 2014 , with the judge commenting that there were `` strong grounds '' to believe that Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa .	Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa	What did the judge in the case state ?
Tulisa was cleared of supplying Class A drugs .	Class A drugs	What type of drugs was Tulisa accused of supplying ?
Mahmood has been suspended pending an immediate internal investigation . ''	suspended	What action did The Sun take against Mahmood ?
At her subsequent trial , the case against Tulisa collapsed at Southwark Crown Court in July 2014 , with the judge commenting that there were `` strong grounds '' to believe that Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa .	July 2014	When was the case against Tulisa tried ?
All six were charged with conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office .	conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office	What were Sun staff accused of in a 2014 trial ?
The trial related to illegal payments allegedly made to public officials , with prosecutors saying the men conspired to pay officials from 2002 -- 11 , including police , prison officers and soldiers .	illegal payments allegedly made to public officials	What was at issue in the 2014 trial ?
They were accused of buying confidential information about the Royal Family , public figures and prison inmates .	the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates	Who were The Sun staffers accused of buying information about ?
On 21 January 2015 , the jury told the court that it was unable to reach unanimous verdicts on any of the outstanding charges and was told by the judge , Richard Marks , that he would accept majority verdicts .	Richard Marks	Who was the judge in this particular case ?
On 22 January 2015 , the jury was discharged after failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges .	failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges	What was the outcome of the jury 's deliberation in the trial ?
On 6 February 2015 , it was announced that Judge Richard Marks is to be replaced by Judge Charles Wide at the retrial .	Charles Wide	Who was appointed presiding judge over the retrial in 2015 ?
Reporting the decision in UK newspaper The Guardian , Lisa O'Carroll wrote : `` Wide is the only judge so far to have presided in a case which has seen a conviction of a journalist in relation to allegations of unlawful payments to public officials for stories .	The Guardian	In which newspaper did Lisa O'Carroll report the choice of judge ?
Defence counsel for the four journalists threatened to take the decision to judicial review , with the barrister representing Pharo , Nigel Rumfitt QC , saying : `` The way this has come about gives rise to the impression that something has been going on behind the scenes which should not have been going on behind the scenes and which should have been dealt with transparently '' .	Nigel Rumfitt QC	Who was Pharo 's lawyer in the case ?
He added that the defendants were `` extremely concerned '' and `` entitled '' to know why Marks was being replaced by Wide .	why Marks was being replaced by Wide	What did Rumfit state that the defendants should have been informed about ?
Defence counsel for the four journalists threatened to take the decision to judicial review , with the barrister representing Pharo , Nigel Rumfitt QC , saying : `` The way this has come about gives rise to the impression that something has been going on behind the scenes which should not have been going on behind the scenes and which should have been dealt with transparently '' .	take the decision to judicial review	What did the lawyers for the defendants threaten to do ?
On 22 May 2015 , Sun reporter Anthony France was found guilty of aiding and abetting misconduct in a public office between 2008 and 2011 .	Anthony France	Who was found guilty in 2015 ?
France 's trial followed the London Metropolitan Police 's Operation Elveden , an ongoing investigation into alleged payments to police and officials in exchange for information .	the London Metropolitan Police	Who was responsible for Operation Elveden ?
On 22 May 2015 , Sun reporter Anthony France was found guilty of aiding and abetting misconduct in a public office between 2008 and 2011 .	Anthony France	Which Sun reporter was found guilty in 2015 ?
France 's trial followed the London Metropolitan Police 's Operation Elveden , an ongoing investigation into alleged payments to police and officials in exchange for information .	London Metropolitan Police	Who was responsible for Operation Elveden ?
He had paid a total of more than # 22,000 to PC Timothy Edwards , an anti-terrorism police officer based at Heathrow Airport .	more than £22,000	How much did Anthony France pay to a police officer ?
Following the passing of the guilty verdict , the officer leading Operation Elveden , Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs said France and Edwards had been in a `` long-term , corrupt relationship '' .	Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs	Who was the policeman leading Operation Elveden ?
Following the passing of the guilty verdict , the officer leading Operation Elveden , Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs said France and Edwards had been in a `` long-term , corrupt relationship '' .	"long-term, corrupt relationship"	How did Briggs characterize the relationship between France and Edwards ?
The BBC reported that France was the first journalist to face trial and be convicted under Operation Elveden since the Crown Prosecution Service -LRB- CPS -RRB- had revised its guidance in April 2015 so that prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time .	France	Who was the first journalist convicted as a result of Operation Elveden since it had been revised ?
The BBC reported that France was the first journalist to face trial and be convicted under Operation Elveden since the Crown Prosecution Service -LRB- CPS -RRB- had revised its guidance in April 2015 so that prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time .	prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time	What was the change made to Operation Elveden by the Crown Prosecution Service ?
Judge Timothy Pontius said in court that France 's illegal actions had been part of a `` clearly recognised procedure at The Sun '' , adding that , `` There can be no doubt that News International bears some measure of moral responsibility if not legal culpability for the acts of the defendant '' .	Timothy Pontius	Which judge commented on France 's unlawful activities ?
Judge Timothy Pontius said in court that France 's illegal actions had been part of a `` clearly recognised procedure at The Sun '' , adding that , `` There can be no doubt that News International bears some measure of moral responsibility if not legal culpability for the acts of the defendant '' .	News International	Who else did Judge Pontius believe should be blamed for France 's actions ?
The Private Eye report noted that despite this The Sun 's parent organisation was `` considering disciplinary actions '' against France whilst at the same time it was also preparing to bring a case to the Investigatory Powers Tribunal against the London Metropolitan Police Service for its actions relating to him and two other journalists .	the London Metropolitan Police Service	Who was News International considering bringing a case against ?
In August 2013 , The Irish Sun ended the practice of featuring topless models on Page 3 .	featuring topless models on Page 3	What did The Irish Sun stop doing in 2013 ?
The main newspaper was reported to have followed in 2015 with the edition of 16 January supposedly the last to carry such photographs after a report in The Times made such an assertion .	the edition of 16 January	What was stated to be the last edition of the regular Sun to publish topless models ?
The main newspaper was reported to have followed in 2015 with the edition of 16 January supposedly the last to carry such photographs after a report in The Times made such an assertion .	The Times	Which newspaper claimed that The Sun stopped featuring topless models in 2013 ?
After substantial coverage in the media about an alleged change in editorial policy , Page 3 returned to its usual format on 22 January 2015 .	Page 3 returned to its usual format	What happened on 22 January 2015 ?
A few hours before the issue was published , the Head of PR at the newspaper said the reputed end of Page 3 had been `` speculation '' only .	the reputed end of Page 3 had been "speculation" only	What did The Sun 's Head of PR say about the reported editorial change at The Sun ?
On 17 April 2015 , The Sun 's columnist Katie Hopkins called migrants to Britain `` cockroaches '' and `` feral humans '' and said they were `` spreading like the norovirus '' .	Katie Hopkins	Which Sun columnist made controversial remarks about migrants to Britain in April 2015 ?
On 17 April 2015 , The Sun 's columnist Katie Hopkins called migrants to Britain `` cockroaches '' and `` feral humans '' and said they were `` spreading like the norovirus '' .	"cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus"	What terms did Katie Hopkins use to describe migrants to Britain ?
Her remarks were condemned by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights .	the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights	Which organization sharply rebuked Hopkins ' comments ?
In a statement released on 24 April 2015 , High Commissioner Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein stated that Hopkins ' used `` language very similar to that employed by Rwanda 's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide '' , and noted that both media organizations were subsequently convicted by an international tribunal of public incitement to commit genocide .	Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein	Who was the High Commissioner of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights ?
In a statement released on 24 April 2015 , High Commissioner Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein stated that Hopkins ' used `` language very similar to that employed by Rwanda 's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide '' , and noted that both media organizations were subsequently convicted by an international tribunal of public incitement to commit genocide .	that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide	What did Hussein compare Hopkins ' remarks to ?
Hopkins ' column also drew criticism on Twitter , including from Russell Brand , to whom Hopkins responded by accusing Brand 's `` champagne socialist humanity '' of neglecting taxpayers .	Russell Brand	On Twitter what famous person condemned Hopkins ' remarks ?
Simon Usborne , writing in The Independent , compared her use of the word `` cockroach '' to previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators .	Simon Usborne	Who wrote critically in The Independent about Hopkins ?
Simon Usborne , writing in The Independent , compared her use of the word `` cockroach '' to previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators .	previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators	With whom did Usborne draw parallels to Hopkins as a result of Hopkins ' comments ?
Zoe Williams commented in The Guardian : `` It is no joke when people start talking like this .	Zoe Williams	Which writer in The Guardian was critical of Hopkins ?
I 'm not saying gag her : I 'm saying fight her '' .	I’m not saying gag her: I’m saying fight her	What did Williams say should be done about Hopkins ?
On 9 March 2016 , The Sun 's front page proclaimed that Queen Elizabeth II was backing `` Brexit '' , a common term for a British withdrawal from the European Union .	Brexit	What is an often used term for British withdrawal from the European Union ?
On 9 March 2016 , The Sun 's front page proclaimed that Queen Elizabeth II was backing `` Brexit '' , a common term for a British withdrawal from the European Union .	Queen Elizabeth II	Who did The Sun say was in favor of British withdrawal from the European Union ?
It claimed that in 2011 at Windsor Castle , while having lunch with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg , the monarch criticised the union .	Windsor Castle	Where was Queen Elizabeth II said to have made critical remarks about the European Union ?
It claimed that in 2011 at Windsor Castle , while having lunch with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg , the monarch criticised the union .	Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg	Who refuted the statement that the Queen was critical of the European Union ?
Clegg denied that the Queen made such a statement , and a Buckingham Palace spokesperson confirmed that a complaint had been made to the Independent Press Standards Organisation over a breach of guidelines relating to accuracy .	Independent Press Standards Organisation	With whom was a complaint lodged alleging breach of guidelines in accuracy after the incident involving Queen Elizabeth II ?
In historically Lutheran countries , the celebration is known as Fastelavn , and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists , pre-Lenten celebrations , along with penitential observances , occur on Shrove Tuesday .	Shrove Tuesday	When does Fastelavn occur ?
However , the Philippines , a predominantly Roman Catholic country , does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939 , the last carnival in the country .	1939	The Philippines stopped celebrating Carnival after what year ?
In Eastern Orthodox nations , Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent .	Eastern Orthodox	Maslenitsa is celebrated in what type of nation ?
In historically Lutheran countries , the celebration is known as Fastelavn , and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists , pre-Lenten celebrations , along with penitential observances , occur on Shrove Tuesday .	Fastelavn	What is the Carnival celebration known as in Lutheran countries ?
In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands , the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 -LRB- often at 11:11 a.m. -RRB- .	on 11/11	When does Carnival typically begin in the Netherlands ?
The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence .	Catholic	The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect ?
However , the Philippines , a predominantly Roman Catholic country , does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939 , the last carnival in the country .	the Philippines	What country no longer celebrates Carnival ?
However , the Philippines , a predominantly Roman Catholic country , does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939 , the last carnival in the country .	1939	The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year ?
In historically Lutheran countries , the celebration is known as Fastelavn , and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists , pre-Lenten celebrations , along with penitential observances , occur on Shrove Tuesday .	Fastelavn	What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran ?
In Eastern Orthodox nations , Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent .	Maslenitsa	What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent ?
On what nowadays is called vastenavond -LRB- the days before fasting -RRB- all the remaining winter stores of lard , butter and meat which were left would be eaten , for it would soon start to rot and decay .	the days before fasting	What does vastenavond mean ?
The selected livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November and the meat would be no longer preservable .	November	What month was the livestock typically slaughtered ?
Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary .	eat well	A carnival feast is the last time to do what before winter ?
On what nowadays is called vastenavond -LRB- the days before fasting -RRB- all the remaining winter stores of lard , butter and meat which were left would be eaten , for it would soon start to rot and decay .	it would soon start to rot and decay	Why were the winter stores of lard and meat eaten before fasting ?
Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary .	food shortage at the end of the winter	Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well ?
Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary .	the minimum necessary	What was one limited to during the winter ?
On what nowadays is called vastenavond -LRB- the days before fasting -RRB- all the remaining winter stores of lard , butter and meat which were left would be eaten , for it would soon start to rot and decay .	it would soon start to rot and decay	Why would all the remaining stores of lard , butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten ?
On what nowadays is called vastenavond -LRB- the days before fasting -RRB- all the remaining winter stores of lard , butter and meat which were left would be eaten , for it would soon start to rot and decay .	the days before fasting)	What does `` vastenavond '' mean ?
All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources .	spring	When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter ?
Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women 's clothes .	Nerthus or Freyr	Whose effigy was placed on a ship on wheels ?
Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight .	Germanic	What type of tribe celebrated daylight returning ?
The winter would be driven out , to make sure that fertility could return in spring .	spring	What season did fertility typically return ?
Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women 's clothes .	a procession of people in animal disguise	What typically accompanied the effigy of Nerthus ?
Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual .	the marriage of a man and woman be consummated	What typically happened aboard the ship on wheels ?
Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight .	the returning of the daylight	What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate ?
A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels .	on wheels	How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee ?
The winter would be driven out , to make sure that fertility could return in spring .	to make sure that fertility could return in spring	Why was the winter driven out ?
A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus .	fertility	What is Nerthus the goddess of ?
Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual .	be consummated	How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual ?
Carnival -LRB- see other spellings and names -RRB- is a Christian festive season that occurs before the Christian season of Lent .	Carnival	What 's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent ?
The main events typically occur during February or early March , during the period historically known as Shrovetide -LRB- or Pre-Lent -RRB- .	February	When do the main events of the Christian festival occur ?
Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus , masks and public street party .	public	Who is the Carnival open to ?
People wear masks and costumes during many such celebrations , allowing them to lose their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity .	social unity	What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of ?
Excessive consumption of alcohol , meat , and other foods proscribed during Lent is extremely common .	alcohol	What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent ?
Tacitus wrote in his Germania : Germania 9.6 : Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator -- `` The Germans , however , do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls , or to liken them to the form of any human countenance . ''	Tacitus	Who wrote the Germania ?
Tacitus wrote in his Germania : Germania 9.6 : Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator -- `` The Germans , however , do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls , or to liken them to the form of any human countenance . ''	walls	What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within ?
Tacitus wrote in his Germania : Germania 9.6 : Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator -- `` The Germans , however , do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls , or to liken them to the form of any human countenance . ''	human	Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance ?
Germania 40 : mox vehiculum et vestis et , si credere velis , numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur -- `` Afterwards the car , the vestments , and , if you like to believe it , the divinity herself , are purified in a secret lake . ''	Afterwards	When is the car used in the ritual purified ?
Germania 40 : mox vehiculum et vestis et , si credere velis , numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur -- `` Afterwards the car , the vestments , and , if you like to believe it , the divinity herself , are purified in a secret lake . ''	a secret lake	Where is the divinity herself purified ?
Traditionally the feast also applied to sexual desires , which were supposed to be suppressed during the following fasting .	sexual	What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period ?
Before Lent began , all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community , and is thought to be the origin of Carnival .	Lent	All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event ?
Before Lent began , all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community , and is thought to be the origin of Carnival .	Carnival	The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity ?
The Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar , the six weeks directly before Easter , was originally marked by fasting and other pious or penitential practices .	six weeks	How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar ?
During Lent , no parties or celebrations were held , and people refrained from eating rich foods , such as meat , dairy , fat and sugar .	meat, dairy, fat and sugar	What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent ?
While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations , Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture .	corpus christi	What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church ?
While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations , Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture .	European	Carnival was also a result of what area 's folk culture ?
In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values .	40	How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert ?
As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival , the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it .	Christmas	What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate ?
In those two months , several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations .	outlet for their daily frustrations	Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population ?
In the year 743 the synod in Leptines -LRB- Leptines is located near Binche in Belgium -RRB- spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February .	743	In what year did the synod in Leptines rant against the excesses of the festival ?
In the year 743 the synod in Leptines -LRB- Leptines is located near Binche in Belgium -RRB- spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February .	February	In what month did the excesses occur ?
Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February , even though this was a sin with no small penance .	Confession	What type of books from around 800 contain more information of people 's traditions during this period ?
Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February , even though this was a sin with no small penance .	an animal or old woman	What was it a sin with no small penance to dress up as ?
Also in Spain , San Isidoro de Sevilla is written complaint in the seventh century that people coming out into the streets disguised in many cases the opposite gender .	the opposite gender	What would some people in Spain go out disguised as ?
While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar , particularly in Catholic regions , many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity .	Christian	Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar ?
Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia .	Saturnalia and Bacchanalia	What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from ?
The Saturnalia , in turn , may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals .	Dionysia	The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival ?
For the start of the Roman Saturnalia , on December 17 authorities chose an enemy of the Roman people to represent the Lord of Misrule in each community .	December 17	On which month and day did Saturnalia start ?
These men and women were forced to indulge in food and physical pleasures throughout the week , horribly murdered on December 25th : `` destroying the forces of darkness '' .	horribly murdered	What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule ?
However , evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals .	evidence	What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival ?
No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting , role reversals , temporary social equality , masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals .	Saturnalia	What festival did no complete accounts describing survive ?
Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths .	with their deaths	How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people ?
In the case of Jesus , the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival , the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life .	acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life	What is the gift of King Carnival ?
In 1466 , the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival : Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome .	Jews	Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II ?
Some of the best-known traditions , including carnal parades and masquerade balls , were first recorded in medieval Italy .	Italy	Where were some of the best-known traditions first recorded ?
The carnival of Venice was , for a long time , the most famous carnival -LRB- although Napoleon abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored -RRB- .	Venice	What city 's carnival was the most famous for a long time ?
From Italy , Carnival traditions spread to Spain , Portugal and France and from France to New France in North America .	New France	What was the first place in North America with a Carnival tradition ?
Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE , as part of the annual Saturnalia abuse of the carnival in Rome , rabbis of the ghetto were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise , jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd .	foolish guise	What were rabbis from the ghettos forced to march through the city streets wearing ?
A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to Pope Gregory XVI to stop the annual anti-semitic Saturnalia abuse got a negation : `` It is not opportune to make any innovation . ''	Pope Gregory XVI	Who dismissed the petition of the Jewish community to stop the abuse of them ?
Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers .	Portuguese	What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival ?
The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago 's nine inhabited islands .	nine	How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on ?
In São Nicolau three groups , Copa Cabana , Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire , newspaper for the mold , iron and steel to for structure .	a painted float	Three groups in São Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance ?
In Mindelo , São Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize .	a yearly prize	What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for ?
Carnival São Nicolau is celebrated over three days : dawn Saturday , Sunday afternoon , and Tuesday .	three	Over how many days is São Nicolau 's Carnival celebrated ?
In India , Carnival is celebrated only in the state of Goa and a Roman Catholic tradition , where it is known as Intruz which means swindler while Entrudo , the appropriate word in Portuguese for Carnival .	Goa	What is the only state in India in which Carnival is celebrated ?
In India , Carnival is celebrated only in the state of Goa and a Roman Catholic tradition , where it is known as Intruz which means swindler while Entrudo , the appropriate word in Portuguese for Carnival .	swindler	What does the Indian word `` Intruz '' mean ?
The largest celebration takes place in the city of Panjim which was part of Velha Conquista , Goa , but now is celebrate throughout the state .	Panjim	The largest Carnival celebration takes place in which city ?
On Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday , the European Tradition of Fat Tuesday is celebrated with the partaking of eating of crepes also called as `` AleBelle . ''	crepes	What is eaten on Fat Tuesday to partake in the celebration ?
When the legendary King Momo takes over the state .	Momo	What legendary king eventually takes over the state ?
The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê .	Malmedy	Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarmê ?
Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium , near the German-speaking area , the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival .	Latin	Despite being located in East Belgium , Malmedy 's Carnival harks purely to what area ?
The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday .	4	How many days does Malmedy 's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday ?
All the old traditional costumes parade in the street .	in the street	Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival ?
People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear .	the crowd	What do disguised people pass through during the festival ?
Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent .	Carnivals	What do some Belgian cities hold during Lent ?
One of the best-known is Stavelot , where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on Laetare Sunday , the fourth Sunday of Lent .	the Carnival de la Laetare	What Carnival takes place on Laetare Sunday ?
The participants include the Blancs-Moussis , who dress in white , carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders .	Blancs-Moussis	What group of participants attack bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders ?
The town of Halle also celebrates on Laetare Sunday .	Laetare Sunday	What day does the town of Halle engage in its celebration ?
Belgium 's oldest parade is the Carnival Parade of Maaseik , also held on Laetare Sunday , which originated in 1865 .	Carnival Parade of Maaseik	What 's the name of Belgium 's oldest parade ?
Many towns in Croatia 's Kvarner region -LRB- and in other parts of the country -RRB- observe the Carnival period , incorporating local traditions and celebrating local culture .	Kvarner	Many towns in what region of Croatia observe the Carnival period ?
Just before the end of Carnival , every Kvarner town burns a man-like doll called a `` Jure Piškanac '' , who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year .	a man-like doll	What does every Kvarner town burn just before the end of the Carnival ?
Just before the end of Carnival , every Kvarner town burns a man-like doll called a `` Jure Piškanac '' , who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year .	Jure Piškanac	Who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year ?
The Zvončari , or bell-ringers , wear bells and large head regalia representing their areas of origin -LRB- for example , those from Halubje wear regalia in the shape of animal heads -RRB- .	their areas of origin	What does the head regalia of the bell-ringers represent ?
The traditional Carnival food is fritule , a pastry .	fritule	What is the traditional Carnival food ?
Carnival has been celebrated for centuries .	centuries	How long has Carnival been celebrated ?
The tradition was likely established under Venetian rule around the 16th century .	Venetian	Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century ?
It may have been influenced by Greek traditions , such as festivities for deities such as Dionysus .	Greek	Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition ?
In the twentieth century it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent -LRB- according to the Greek Orthodox calendar -RRB- .	twentieth	In what century did the Carnival become an organized event ?
The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol .	Limassol	What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival ?
Three main parades take place during Carnival .	Three	How many parades take place during Carnival ?
The first is held on the first day , during which the `` Carnival King '' -LRB- either a person in costume or an effigy -RRB- rides through the city on his carriage .	the "Carnival King	Who rides through the city on a carriage ?
The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children .	The second	Which of the festivals is comprised of participants who are mainly children ?
The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town 's longest avenue .	costume	What do people walk along the town 's longest avenue in ?
The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate .	anyone who wishes to participate	Who are the last two parades open for participation by ?
In Norway , students having seen celebrations in Paris introduced Carnival processions , masked balls and Carnival balls to Christiana in the 1840s and 1850s .	Paris	Where did students in Norway originally see the celebrations ?
From 1863 , the artist federation kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old Freemasons lodge , which inspired Johan Svendsens compositions `` Norsk Kunstnerkarneval '' and `` Karneval in Paris '' .	in the old Freemasons lodge	Where did the artist federation hold their annual balls ?
From 1863 , the artist federation kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old Freemasons lodge , which inspired Johan Svendsens compositions `` Norsk Kunstnerkarneval '' and `` Karneval in Paris '' .	Johan Svendsens	Who composed the song `` Karneval in Paris '' ?
Since 1988 , the student organization Tårnseilerne has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo , with masks , costumes and processions after attending an opera performance .	Tårnseilerne	What organization has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo since 1988 ?
Since 1988 , the student organization Tårnseilerne has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo , with masks , costumes and processions after attending an opera performance .	an opera performance	When do the processions occur after ?
The `` Rheinische '' Carnival is held in the west of Germany , mainly in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia or Nordrhein-Westfalen , Rhineland Palatinate or Rheinland-Pfalz , but also in Hessen -LSB- including Oberhessen -RSB- , Bavaria and other states .	The "Rheinische"	Which Carnival is held in Germany 's west ?
Köln or Cologne Carnival , as well as Mainz and Düsseldorf are the largest and most famous .	famous	Cologne Carnival is one of the largest Carnivals and also is the most what ?
On Carnival Thursday -LRB- called `` Old Women Day '' or `` The Women 's Day '' -RRB- in commemoration of an 1824 revolt by washer-women , women storm city halls , cut men 's ties , and are allowed to kiss any passing man .	washer-women	Who revolted in 1824 ?
On Carnival Thursday -LRB- called `` Old Women Day '' or `` The Women 's Day '' -RRB- in commemoration of an 1824 revolt by washer-women , women storm city halls , cut men 's ties , and are allowed to kiss any passing man .	kiss	What are the women who stormy city halls allowed to do to any passing man ?
In Greece Carnival is also known as the Apokriés -LRB- Greek : Αποκριές , `` saying goodbye to meat '' -RRB- , or the season of the `` Opening of the Triodion '' , so named after the liturgical book used by the church from then until Holy Week .	the Apokriés	What is the Greece Carnival also called ?
In Greece Carnival is also known as the Apokriés -LRB- Greek : Αποκριές , `` saying goodbye to meat '' -RRB- , or the season of the `` Opening of the Triodion '' , so named after the liturgical book used by the church from then until Holy Week .	the liturgical book used by the church	What does the Opening of the Triodion derive from ?
One of the season 's high points is Tsiknopempti , when celebrants enjoy roast beef dinners ; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday .	Tsiknopempti	What is one of the festival season 's high points ?
One of the season 's high points is Tsiknopempti , when celebrants enjoy roast beef dinners ; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday .	roast beef	What types of dinners do people enjoy during the season 's high point ?
Throughout the Carnival season , people disguise themselves as maskarádes -LRB- `` masqueraders '' -RRB- and engage in pranks and revelry .	pranks and revelry	What do people engage in after they 've disguised themselves ?
Tyrnavos holds an annual Phallus festival , a traditional `` phallkloric '' event in which giant , gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of papier maché are paraded , and which women are asked to touch or kiss .	Tyrnavos	Who holds an annual Phallus festival ?
Tyrnavos holds an annual Phallus festival , a traditional `` phallkloric '' event in which giant , gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of papier maché are paraded , and which women are asked to touch or kiss .	papier maché	What are the giant , gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of ?
Their reward for so doing is a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit .	a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit	What are women rewarded with for kissing the giant phalluses ?
It is an ancient celebration of nature 's rebirth -LRB- fiestas for Dionysus -LRB- Dionysia -RRB- and Kronos -LRB- Saturnalia -RRB- -RRB- , which ends the third day in a dance in the medieval square Ntoltso where the bands play at the same time .	nature's rebirth	What is the ancient celebration for ?
It is an ancient celebration of nature 's rebirth -LRB- fiestas for Dionysus -LRB- Dionysia -RRB- and Kronos -LRB- Saturnalia -RRB- -RRB- , which ends the third day in a dance in the medieval square Ntoltso where the bands play at the same time .	Ntoltso	In what square do the bands all play at once ?
Carnival in the Netherlands is called Carnaval , Vastenavond or Vastelaovend -LRB- j -RRB- , and is most celebrated in traditionally Catholic regions , mainly the southern provinces North Brabant and Limburg .	southern	In what provinces is the Carnival mainly celebrated in the Netherlands ?
Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday .	Ash	Dutch Carnaval is celebrated until which Wednesday ?
Although traditions vary from town to town , some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade , a `` prince '' plus cortège -LRB- `` Jester/adjutant and Council of 11 '' -RRB- , a Peasant Wedding -LRB- boerenbruiloft -RRB- , and eating herring -LRB- haring happen -RRB- on Ash Wednesday .	traditions	What vary from town to town in regards to the Carnival ?
Although traditions vary from town to town , some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade , a `` prince '' plus cortège -LRB- `` Jester/adjutant and Council of 11 '' -RRB- , a Peasant Wedding -LRB- boerenbruiloft -RRB- , and eating herring -LRB- haring happen -RRB- on Ash Wednesday .	herring	What is consumed on Ash Wednesday ?
Although traditions vary from town to town , some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade , a `` prince '' plus cortège -LRB- `` Jester/adjutant and Council of 11 '' -RRB- , a Peasant Wedding -LRB- boerenbruiloft -RRB- , and eating herring -LRB- haring happen -RRB- on Ash Wednesday .	boerenbruiloft	What is dutch for `` Peasant Wedding '' ?
The Strumica Carnival -LRB- Macedonian : Струмички Карневал , translated Strumichki Karneval -RRB- has been held since at least 1670 , when the Turkish author Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there , `` I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people running house -- to -- house , with laughter , scream and song . ''	since at least 1670	How long has the Strumica Carnival been going on ?
The Strumica Carnival -LRB- Macedonian : Струмички Карневал , translated Strumichki Karneval -RRB- has been held since at least 1670 , when the Turkish author Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there , `` I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people running house -- to -- house , with laughter , scream and song . ''	Turkish	What nationality was Evlija Chelebija ?
The Strumica Carnival -LRB- Macedonian : Струмички Карневал , translated Strumichki Karneval -RRB- has been held since at least 1670 , when the Turkish author Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there , `` I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people running house -- to -- house , with laughter , scream and song . ''	masked people	Who ran from house to house , laughing , screaming , and singing ?
The Strumica Carnival opens on a Saturday night at a masked ball where the Prince and Princess are chosen ; the main Carnival night is on Tuesday , when masked participants -LRB- including groups from abroad -RRB- compete in various subjects .	Tuesday	What day is the main Carnival Night observed on ?
As of 2000 , the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms has been held as part of Strumica 's Carnival celebrations .	2000	What year was the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms added to Strumica 's Carnival celebrations ?
The Slovenian countryside displays a variety of disguised groups and individual characters among which the most popular and characteristic is the Kurent -LRB- plural : Kurenti -RRB- , a monstrous and demon-like , but fluffy figure .	Slovenian	What countryside has multiple groups and individuals in disguise ?
The Slovenian countryside displays a variety of disguised groups and individual characters among which the most popular and characteristic is the Kurent -LRB- plural : Kurenti -RRB- , a monstrous and demon-like , but fluffy figure .	fluffy	Kurent is monstrous and demon-like , but also what ?
The most significant festival is held in Ptuj -LRB- see : Kurentovanje -RRB- .	Ptuj	Where is the most significant Slovenian festival held ?
Its special feature are the Kurents themselves , magical creatures from another world , who visit major events throughout the country , trying to banish the winter and announce spring 's arrival , fertility , and new life with noise and dancing .	the Kurents	Who are magical creatures from another world ?
Its special feature are the Kurents themselves , magical creatures from another world , who visit major events throughout the country , trying to banish the winter and announce spring 's arrival , fertility , and new life with noise and dancing .	winter	What do the Kurents try to banish ?
The most famous groups are the chirigotas , choirs and comparsas .	groups	The chirigotas , choirs and comparsas are the most famous of what ?
The chirigotas are well known witty , satiric popular groups who sing about politics , new times and household topics , wearing the same costume , which they prepare for the whole year .	politics, new times and household topics	What do the chirigotas sing about ?
The chirigotas are well known witty , satiric popular groups who sing about politics , new times and household topics , wearing the same costume , which they prepare for the whole year .	the whole year	How long does it take for a chirigota to prepare their costume ?
The Choirs -LRB- coros -RRB- are wider groups that go on open carts through the streets singing with an orchestra of guitars and lutes .	The Choirs	Which group rides around in open carts through the streets ?
The comparsas are the serious counterpart of the chirigota in Cádiz , and the poetic lyrics and the criticism are their main ingredients .	The comparsas	Who has the most elaborated polyphony ?
In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume -LRB- often in themed groups -RRB- and organize a week-long series of parties , pranks , outlandish activities such as bed races , street dramas satirizing public figures and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes -LRB- His Majesty King Carnival -RRB- , known by various titles , including el Rei dels poca-soltes -LRB- King of the Crackpots -RRB- , Princep etern de Cornudella -LRB- Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry -RRB- , Duc de ximples i corrumputs -LRB- Duke of Fools and the Corrupt -RRB- , Marquès de la bona mamella -LRB- Marquis of the lovely breast -RRB- , Comte de tots els barruts -LRB- Count of the Insolent -RRB- , Baró de les Calaverades -LRB- Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries -RRB- , and Senyor de l'alt Plàtan florit , dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit -LRB- Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom , of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed -RRB- .	Catalonia	Where do people dress in masks and costume ?
In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume -LRB- often in themed groups -RRB- and organize a week-long series of parties , pranks , outlandish activities such as bed races , street dramas satirizing public figures and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes -LRB- His Majesty King Carnival -RRB- , known by various titles , including el Rei dels poca-soltes -LRB- King of the Crackpots -RRB- , Princep etern de Cornudella -LRB- Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry -RRB- , Duc de ximples i corrumputs -LRB- Duke of Fools and the Corrupt -RRB- , Marquès de la bona mamella -LRB- Marquis of the lovely breast -RRB- , Comte de tots els barruts -LRB- Count of the Insolent -RRB- , Baró de les Calaverades -LRB- Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries -RRB- , and Senyor de l'alt Plàtan florit , dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit -LRB- Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom , of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed -RRB- .	bed	What are raced as part of the festivities ?
In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume -LRB- often in themed groups -RRB- and organize a week-long series of parties , pranks , outlandish activities such as bed races , street dramas satirizing public figures and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes -LRB- His Majesty King Carnival -RRB- , known by various titles , including el Rei dels poca-soltes -LRB- King of the Crackpots -RRB- , Princep etern de Cornudella -LRB- Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry -RRB- , Duc de ximples i corrumputs -LRB- Duke of Fools and the Corrupt -RRB- , Marquès de la bona mamella -LRB- Marquis of the lovely breast -RRB- , Comte de tots els barruts -LRB- Count of the Insolent -RRB- , Baró de les Calaverades -LRB- Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries -RRB- , and Senyor de l'alt Plàtan florit , dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit -LRB- Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom , of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed -RRB- .	Princep etern de Cornudella	What is Cantalonian for Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry ?
In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume -LRB- often in themed groups -RRB- and organize a week-long series of parties , pranks , outlandish activities such as bed races , street dramas satirizing public figures and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes -LRB- His Majesty King Carnival -RRB- , known by various titles , including el Rei dels poca-soltes -LRB- King of the Crackpots -RRB- , Princep etern de Cornudella -LRB- Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry -RRB- , Duc de ximples i corrumputs -LRB- Duke of Fools and the Corrupt -RRB- , Marquès de la bona mamella -LRB- Marquis of the lovely breast -RRB- , Comte de tots els barruts -LRB- Count of the Insolent -RRB- , Baró de les Calaverades -LRB- Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries -RRB- , and Senyor de l'alt Plàtan florit , dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit -LRB- Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom , of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed -RRB- .	Marquès	Who has a lovely breast ?
In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume -LRB- often in themed groups -RRB- and organize a week-long series of parties , pranks , outlandish activities such as bed races , street dramas satirizing public figures and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes -LRB- His Majesty King Carnival -RRB- , known by various titles , including el Rei dels poca-soltes -LRB- King of the Crackpots -RRB- , Princep etern de Cornudella -LRB- Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry -RRB- , Duc de ximples i corrumputs -LRB- Duke of Fools and the Corrupt -RRB- , Marquès de la bona mamella -LRB- Marquis of the lovely breast -RRB- , Comte de tots els barruts -LRB- Count of the Insolent -RRB- , Baró de les Calaverades -LRB- Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries -RRB- , and Senyor de l'alt Plàtan florit , dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit -LRB- Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom , of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed -RRB- .	the Artist of Honor	Who is upon the bed ?
The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged .	The King	Who oversees the period of reckless behavior ?
Festivities are held in the open air , beginning with a cercavila , a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend .	cercavila	What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called ?
On Thursday Dijous Gras -LRB- Fat Thursday -RRB- is celebrated , also called ` omelette day ' -LRB- el dia de la truita -RRB- , coques -LRB- de llardons , butifarra d'ou , butifarra -RRB- and omelettes are eaten .	omelette day	Fat Thursday is also known as what day ?
The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival , who is typically burned on a pyre in what is called the burial of the sardine -LRB- enterrament de la sardina -RRB- , or , in Vilanova , as l'enterro .	King Carnival	Who is typically burned on a pyre ?
The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged .	a period of misrule	When may conventional social rules be broken ?
The Carnival of Vilanova i la Geltrú has documented history from 1790 and is one of the richest in the variety of its acts and rituals .	Vilanova i la Geltrú	What city 's carnival has documented history from 1790 ?
It adopts an ancient style in which satire , the grotesque body -LRB- particularly cross-dressing and displays of exaggerated bellies , noses and phalli -RRB- and above all , active participation are valued over glamorous , media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as `` thighs and feathers '' .	"thighs and feathers"	What do the Vilanovins mock the media friendly Carnivals as being about ?
It is best known for Les Comparses -LRB- held on Sunday -RRB- , a tumultuous dance in which 12,000 or more dancers organized into rival groups throw 75 tons of hard candies at one other .	Les Comparses	In what dance do the participants lob more than 75 tons of hard candy at each other ?
It includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly satiric sermon -LRB- el sermo -RRB- delivered by the King himself .	current events or public figures	What do dancers lampoon in the ritual heralding the coming of King Carnival ?
On Dijous Gras , Vilanovin children are excused from school to participate in the Merengada , a day-long scene of eating and fighting with sticky , sweet meringue .	Merengada	What 's the name of the day-long agenda of eating and fighting with meringue ?
Adults have a meringue battle at midnight at the historic Plaça de les Cols .	meringue	What sort of battle do the adults have at midnight ?
In the mysterious sortida del Moixo Foguer -LRB- the outing of Little-Bird-Bonfire -RRB- accompanied by the Xerraire -LRB- jabberer -RRB- who insults the crowd .	the Xerraire	Who throws insults at the crowd ?
In the King 's precession he and his concubines scandalize the town with their sexual behavior .	sexual	What behavior scandalizes the town ?
A correfoc -LRB- fire run -RRB- or Devil 's dance -LRB- Ball de diables , features dancing youth amid the sparks and explosions of the ritual crew of devils .	ritual crew of devils	Who creates sparks and explosions ?
Other items includes bed races in the streets , the debauched Nit dels Mascarots , Karaoke sausage roasts , xatonades , the children 's party , Vidalet , the last night of revelry , Vidalot , the talking-dance of the Mismatched Couples -LRB- Ball de Malcasats -RRB- and the children 's King Caramel whose massive belly , long nose and sausage-like hair hint at his insatiable appetites .	Caramel	Who is the children 's King ?
For the King 's funeral , people dress in elaborate mourning costume , many of them cross-dressing men who carry bouquets of phallic vegetables .	elaborate mourning costume	What do people dress in for the King 's funeral ?
For the King 's funeral , people dress in elaborate mourning costume , many of them cross-dressing men who carry bouquets of phallic vegetables .	cross-dressing men	Who carries floral arrangements of penis-like veggies ?
In the funeral house , the body of the King is surrounded by an honor guard and weeping concubines , crying over the loss of sexual pleasure brought about by his death .	concubines	Who weeps around the body of the King ?
The King 's body is carried to the Plaça de la Vila where a satiric eulogy is delivered while the townspeople eat salty grilled sardines with bread and wine , suggesting the symbolic cannibalism of the communion ritual .	satiric	What type of eulogy is provided for the King ?
The King 's body is carried to the Plaça de la Vila where a satiric eulogy is delivered while the townspeople eat salty grilled sardines with bread and wine , suggesting the symbolic cannibalism of the communion ritual .	communion	What ritual suggests symbolic cannibalism ?
Carnaval de Solsona takes place in Solsona , Lleida .	Carnaval de Solsona	What is one of the longest free events in the streets ?
It is one of the longest ; free events in the streets , and nightly concerts run for more than a week .	more than a week	How long can the nightly concerts run for ?
The Carnival is known for a legend that explains how a donkey was hung at the tower bell − because the animal wanted to eat grass that grew on the top of the tower .	the tower bell	What was a donkey hung from according to local legend ?
To celebrate this legend , locals hang a stuffed donkey at the tower that `` pisses '' above the excited crowd using a water pump .	water pump	How does the donkey piss on the crowd below ?
For this reason , the inhabitants are called `` matarrucs '' -LRB- `` donkey killers '' -RRB- .	donkey killers	What does `` matarrucs '' mean ?
The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends with its burning with the effigies of the King and Queen .	building of a huge barrel	What do the events of Tarragona start with ?
On Saturday , the main parade takes place with masked groups , zoomorphic figures , music and percussion bands , and groups with fireworks -LRB- the devils , the dragon , the ox , the female dragon -RRB- .	Saturday	On what day does the main parade take place ?
Carnival groups stand out for their clothes full of elegance , showing brilliant examples of fabric crafts , at the Saturday and Sunday parades .	elegance	What are the clothing of the Carnival groups full of ?
Tarragona has one of the region 's most complete ritual sequences .	Tarragona	Who has one of the most complete ritual agendas ?
About 5,000 people are members of the parade groups .	5,000	About how many people are members of the various parade groups ?
Carnival means weeks of events that bring colourfully decorated floats , contagiously throbbing music , luxuriously costumed groups of celebrants of all ages , King and Queen elections , electrifying jump-ups and torchlight parades , the Jouvert morning : the Children 's Parades and finally the Grand Parade .	music	What contagiously throbs during the week of events ?
Music and flamboyant costumes play a central role , from the Queen elections to the Grand Parade .	flamboyant	What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections ?
Street parades continue in various districts throughout the month , with brass band , steel drum and roadmarch tunes .	Street parades	What continues in various districts throughout the month of the Carnival ?
On the evening before Lent , Carnival ends with the symbolic burning of King Momo .	On the evening before Lent	When is King Mom symbolically burnt ?
Carnival is known as Crop Over and is Barbados 's biggest festival .	Crop Over	What is the Carnival known as in Barbados ?
Its early beginnings were on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period .	sugar cane plantations	Where did the festival in Barbados originate from ?
Crop over began in 1688 , and featured singing , dancing and accompaniment by shak-shak , banjo , triangle , fiddle , guitar , bottles filled with water and bones .	1688	What year did Crop Over begin ?
Other traditions included climbing a greased pole , feasting and drinking competitions .	climbing	What activity is done using a greased pole ?
Beginning in June , Crop Over runs until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale , The Grand Kadooment .	The Grand Kadooment	What is the finale of Crop Over called ?
A major feature is the calypso competition .	calypso	What type of competition is a major feature of the festival ?
Calypso music , originating in Trinidad , uses syncopated rhythm and topical lyrics .	Trinidad	Where did Calypso music originate ?
Calypso tents , also originating in Trinidad , feature cadres of musicians who perform biting social commentaries , political exposés or rousing exhortations to `` wuk dah waistline '' and `` roll dat bumper '' .	musicians	Who perform biting social commentaries ?
The groups compete for the Calypso Monarch Award , while the air is redolent with the smells of Bajan cooking during the Bridgetown Market Street Fair .	the Calypso Monarch Award	What do the musical groups compete for ?
The climax of the festival is Kadooment Day celebrated with a national holiday when costume bands fill the streets with pulsating Barbadian rhythms and fireworks .	Kadooment Day	What is the climax of the festival called ?
Comparsas are held throughout the week , consisting of large groups `` of dancers dancing and traveling on the streets , followed by a Carrosa -LRB- carriage -RRB- where the musicians play .	a Carrosa	What 's the name of the vehicle where the musicians play ?
The Comparsa is a development of African processions where groups of devotees follow a given saint or deity during a particular religious celebration '' .	a given saint or deity	What do devotees follow during a particular religious celebration ?
One of the most popular comparsas of Fiesta de Carnaval is the male group comparsa , usually composed of notable men from the community who dress up in outlandish costumes or cross-dress and dance to compete for money and prizes .	notable men from the community	Who are usually included the group comparsa ?
Other popular activities include body painting and flour fighting .	flour	What is used in some of the festive fights ?
This simply means that a mixture of water paint and water or raw eggs is used to paint people on the streets , the goal being to paint as many people as you can '' .	to paint as many people as you can	What is the goal of the Carnival painters ?
Carnival in Haiti started in 1804 in the capital Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence .	1804	What year did the Carnival start in Haiti ?
Carnival in Haiti started in 1804 in the capital Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence .	declaration of independence	What event precipitated the Carnival starting in Haiti ?
It is known as Kanaval in the Creole language .	Kanaval	What is the Carnival known as in the Creole language ?
Beautiful costumes , floats , Rara parades , masks , foods , and popular rasin music -LRB- like Boukman Eksperyans , Foula Vodoule , Tokay , Boukan Ginen , Eritaj , etc. -RRB- and kompa bands -LRB- such as T-Vice , Djakout No. 1 , Sweet Micky , Kreyòl La , D.P. Express , Mizik Mizik , Ram , T-Micky , Carimi , Djakout Mizik , and Scorpio Fever -RRB- play for dancers in the streets of the plaza of Champ-de-Mars .	kompa	What type of bands play for dancers in the streets ?
An annual song competition takes place .	song	What type of annual competition takes place during Kanavel ?
J'ouvert , or `` Dirty Mas '' , takes place before dawn on the Monday -LRB- known as Carnival Monday -RRB- before Ash Wednesday .	before dawn	When does Dirty Mas take place on the Monday before Ash Wednesday ?
Revelers dress in costumes embodying puns on current affairs , especially political and social events .	current affairs,	What do the costumes worn by the revelers pun about ?
`` Clean Mud '' -LRB- clay mud -RRB- , oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert .	clay	What is `` Clean Mud '' ?
A common character is `` Jab-jabs '' -LRB- devils , blue , black or red -RRB- complete with pitchfork , pointed horns and tails .	devils	What are `` jab-jabs '' ?
A King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen , based on their witty political/social messages .	based on their witty political/social messages	How are the King and Queen of J'ouvert chosen ?
Carnival Tuesday hosts the main events .	Carnival Tuesday	On what day is full costume worn ?
Usually `` Mas Boots '' that complement the costumes are worn .	"Mas Boots"	What is usually worn on the feet to compliment the costumes ?
Each band has their costume presentation based on a particular theme , and contains various sections -LRB- some consisting of thousands of revelers -RRB- that reflect these themes .	theme	What does each band base their costume presentation on ?
The mas bands eventually converge on the Queen 's Park Savannah to pass on `` The Stage '' for judging .	the Queen's Park Savannah	What do the mas bands eventually converge on ?
The singer of the most played song is crowned Road March King or Queen earning prize money and usually a vehicle .	The singer of the most played song	Who gets to be crowned Road March King or Queen ?
In Mexico , Carnival is celebrated in about 225 cities and towns .	225	About how many cities and towns in Mexico is Carnival celebrated in ?
The larger city Carnivals employ costumes , elected queens and parades with floats , but Carnival celebrations in smaller and rural areas vary widely depending on the level of European influence during Mexico 's colonial period .	level of European influence	What contributes to the variations of the celebrations in the rural areas ?
The largest of these is in Huejotzingo , Puebla where most townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks , roughly based on the Battle of Puebla .	Huejotzingo, Puebla	Where do people take part in mock combat with blank shooting rifles ?
The largest of these is in Huejotzingo , Puebla where most townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks , roughly based on the Battle of Puebla .	the Battle of Puebla	What is the mock combat roughly based on ?
Other important states with local traditions include Morelos , Oaxaca , Tlaxcala and Chiapas .	local traditions	Morelos , Oaxaca , Tlaxcala and Chiapas are important states which also have their own what ?
Carnival celebrations , usually referred to as Mardi Gras -LRB- Fat Tuesday in French -RRB- , were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area , but now occur in many states .	Fat Tuesday	What does Mardi Gras translate to in French ?
Carnival celebrations , usually referred to as Mardi Gras -LRB- Fat Tuesday in French -RRB- , were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area , but now occur in many states .	Gulf Coast area	Where was Mardi Gras first celebrated ?
Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile -LRB- now in Alabama -RRB- , New Orleans -LRB- Louisiana -RRB- and Biloxi -LRB- Mississippi -RRB- , all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masked balls .	Customs	What originated in the onetime French colonial capitals ?
Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile -LRB- now in Alabama -RRB- , New Orleans -LRB- Louisiana -RRB- and Biloxi -LRB- Mississippi -RRB- , all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masked balls .	street parades and masked balls	What has been part of the celebrations for many years ?
Other major American cities with celebrations include Washington , DC ; St. Louis , Missouri ; San Francisco ; San Diego ; Galveston , Texas ; and Miami , Pensacola , Tampa , and Orlando in Florida .	celebrations	Washington , D.C. and Galveston , Texas are some major American cities which have what ?
Carnival is celebrated in New York City in Brooklyn .	Brooklyn	Which borough of New York City is Carnival celebrated in ?
As in the UK , the timing of Carnival split from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on Labor Day Monday , in September .	Labor Day	What American holiday is Carnival celebrated on ?
It is called the Labor Day Carnival , West Indian Day Parade or West Indian Day Carnival , and was founded by immigrants from Trinidad .	Trinidad	What country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals ?
Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in New York , with over one million attending .	one million	Over how many people typically attend New York 's version of the Carnival ?
The parade , which consists of steel bands , floats , elaborate Carnival costumes and sound trucks , proceeds along Brooklyn 's Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights neighborhood .	Crown Heights	What neighborhood as the privilege of bearing the brunt of the festivities ?
In Argentina , the most representative Carnival performed is the so-called Murga , although other famous Carnivals , more like Brazil 's , are held in Argentine Mesopotamia and the North-East .	Murga	Which Carnival in Argentina is the most representative of the nature of the Carnival ?
Gualeguaychú in the east of Entre Ríos province is the most important Carnival city and has one of the largest parades .	Gualeguaychú	What city in the east of Entre Rios province is considered the most important one for the Carnival ?
Corrientes is another city with a Carnival tradition .	Carnival	What kind of tradition does the city of Corrientes have ?
Chamame is a popular musical style .	popular musical style.	What is Chamame ?
In all major cities and many towns throughout the country , Carnival is celebrated .	In all major cities and many towns throughout the country	Where is Carnival celebrated ?
La Diablada Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia .	La Diablada	Which Carnival takes place in Oruro in Bolivia ?
It is celebrated in honor of the miners ' patron saint , Vírgen de Socavon -LRB- the Virgin of the Tunnels -RRB- .	Vírgen de Socavon	Who is the miners ' patron saint ?
Over 50 parade groups dance , sing and play music over a five kilometre-long course .	50	Over how many parade groups participate in the festivities ?
The parade runs from morning until late at night , 18 hours a day , 3 days before Ash Wednesday .	18	How many hours a day does the parade run ?
In Santa Cruz de la Sierra , on the east side of the country , tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival , with Comparsas dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms .	a Brazilian-type Carnival	What does the tropical weather on the east side of Bolivia allow ?
Samba Schools are large , social entities with thousands of members and a theme for their song and parade each year .	thousands	How many members do Samba Schools have ?
Local tourists pay $ 500 -- 950 , depending on the costume , to buy a Samba costume and dance in the parade .	$500–950	How much does a Samba costume typically run an average tourist to buy ?
Blocos are small informal groups with a definite theme in their samba , usually satirizing the political situation .	Blocos	What 's the name for small , somewhat random groups of people with a definite theme in their samba ?
About 30 schools in Rio gather hundreds of thousands of participants .	30	About how many Samba schools are in Rio ?
The Carnival industry chain amassed in 2012 almost US$ 1 billion in revenues .	1 billion	How much money in US dollars did the Carnival industry make in 2012 ?
The Carnival continued its evolution in small/unimportant towns out of view of the rulers .	in small/unimportant towns	Where did the Carnival gestate out of the purview of rules ?
The result was the uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla -LRB- see Barranquilla 's Carnival -RRB- now recognized as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity .	one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity	The uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla is now recognized as what ?
In the early 20th century , attempts to introduce Carnival in Bogotá were rejected by the government .	the government	Who rejected attempts to introduce the Carnival in Bogotá ?
The most famed Carnival festivities are in Guaranda -LRB- Bolivar province -RRB- and Ambato -LRB- Tungurahua province -RRB- .	Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province	Where are the most famed Carnival festivities ?
In Ambato , the festivities are called Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas -LRB- Festival of the Flowers and Fruits -RRB- .	Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas	What are the festivities known as in Ambato ?
Recently a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Sierra in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a zone of a strong afro-Ecuadorian population and so the Carnival is celebrated with bomba del chota music .	Imbabura	Where has a celebration recently gained acclaim ?
Recently a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Sierra in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a zone of a strong afro-Ecuadorian population and so the Carnival is celebrated with bomba del chota music .	afro-Ecuadorian	What is there a large population of in the Chota Valley ?
Recently a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Sierra in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a zone of a strong afro-Ecuadorian population and so the Carnival is celebrated with bomba del chota music .	bomba del chota	What music is the Carnival celebrated with in the Chota Valley ?
A uniquely Creole tradition is the touloulous .	touloulous	What is a tradition unique to the Creole people ?
Touloulous get in free , and are even given condoms in the interest of the sexual health of the community .	in the interest of the sexual health	Why are Touloulous given free condoms ?
Men attend the balls , but they pay admittance and are not disguised .	pay admittance	What do men have to do to be allowed into the balls ?
The touloulous pick their dance partners , who may not refuse .	refuse	What are the touloulous ' dance partners not allowed to do ?
Alcohol is served at bars -- the disguised women whisper to the men `` touloulou thirsty '' , at which a round of drinks is expected , to be drunk through a straw protect their anonymity .	protect their anonymity	Why do the women drink through a straw ?
Peruvian Carnival incorporates elements of violence and reflects the urban violence in Peruvian society following the internal conflict in Peru .	violence	What does the Peruvian Carnival incorporate elements of ?
Traditionally , Peruvian Andean festivities were held on this period every year because it is the rainy season .	because it is the rainy season	Why are the festivals in Peru held when they are ?
During the early 20th century it consisted partying and parading , while in the second half of the 20th century it acquired violent characteristics that continued .	second half of the 20th century	When did the festivities acquire their violent tendencies ?
It consisted basically of water battles in a traditional way , -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- while in later years it included playing with dirty water , mud , oil and colorants - and also including fighting and sometimes looting private property and sexual assaults on women .	sexual assaults on women	What is an element of Peruvian 's Carnival not found in any other country 's celebrations ?
As of 2010 , it had become so violent that the government imposed penalties of up to eight years in prison for violence during the games -LRB- the games themselves are not forbidden , but using violence during the games or coercing others to participate is -RRB- .	eight	How many years in prison can someone expect for being violent during the fun and games ?
The Carnival in Uruguay covers more than 40 days , generally beginning towards the end of January and running through mid March .	more than 40	How many days does the Carnival in Uruguay last for ?
The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from Bantu and Angolan Benguela cultures imported with slaves in colonial times .	European	What parade style does Uruguay 's festival ape ?
The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from Bantu and Angolan Benguela cultures imported with slaves in colonial times .	slaves	What were the stylistic elements of the parade imported with in colonial times ?
The main attractions of Uruguayan Carnival include two colorful parades called Desfile de Carnaval -LRB- Carnival Parade -RRB- and Desfile de Llamadas -LRB- Calls Parade , a candombe-summoning parade -RRB- .	two colorful parades	What are the main attractions of the Uruguayan Carnival ?
During the celebration , theaters called tablados are built in many places throughout the cities , especially in Montevideo .	tablados	What are built in many places through the cities ?
Traditionally formed by men and now starting to be open to women , the different Carnival groups -LRB- Murgas , Lubolos or Parodistas -RRB- perform a kind of popular opera at the tablados , singing and dancing songs that generally relate to the social and political situation .	opera	What do the different Carnival groups perform together ?
Traditionally formed by men and now starting to be open to women , the different Carnival groups -LRB- Murgas , Lubolos or Parodistas -RRB- perform a kind of popular opera at the tablados , singing and dancing songs that generally relate to the social and political situation .	the social and political situation	What do the topics of the shows put on at the tablados typically relate to ?
The ` Calls ' groups , basically formed by drummers playing the tamboril , perform candombe rhythmic figures .	candombe	What type of rhythmic figures are performed by the drummers playing the tamboril ?
Women wearing elegant , bright dresses are called vedettes and provide a sensual touch to parades .	sensual	What sort of touch do the vedettes provide to the parades ?
This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product , although it is in fact a broader term , as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes .	pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes	What is the difference between a pesticide and a plant protection product ?
Pesticides are substances meant for attracting , seducing , and then destroying any pest .	Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest	What is the purpose of a pesticide ?
The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products -LRB- also known as crop protection products -RRB- , which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds , fungi , or insects .	The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products	What are pesticides most commonly used for ?
The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products -LRB- also known as crop protection products -RRB- , which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds , fungi , or insects .	protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects	What can pesticides protect plants from ?
The term pesticide includes all of the following : herbicide , insecticide , insect growth regulator , nematicide , termiticide , molluscicide , piscicide , avicide , rodenticide , predacide , bactericide , insect repellent , animal repellent , antimicrobial , fungicide , disinfectant -LRB- antimicrobial -RRB- , and sanitizer .	sanitizer	What item commonly used in hospitals , schools and offices is a pesticide ?
Target pests can include insects , plant pathogens , weeds , mollusks , birds , mammals , fish , nematodes -LRB- roundworms -RRB- , and microbes that destroy property , cause nuisance , or spread disease , or are disease vectors .	plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks	What are three pests pesticides target ?
In general , a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent -LRB- such as a virus , bacterium , antimicrobial , or disinfectant -RRB- that deters , incapacitates , kills , or otherwise discourages pests .	a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent	Are pesticides chemical or biological agents ?
Although pesticides have benefits , some also have drawbacks , such as potential toxicity to humans and other species .	potential toxicity to humans and other species	What are possible cons of pesticides ?
Target pests can include insects , plant pathogens , weeds , mollusks , birds , mammals , fish , nematodes -LRB- roundworms -RRB- , and microbes that destroy property , cause nuisance , or spread disease , or are disease vectors .	destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors	What are pesticides meant to prevent ?
Pesticides can be classified by target organism -LRB- e.g. , herbicides , insecticides , fungicides , rodenticides , and pediculicides - see table -RRB- , chemical structure -LRB- e.g. , organic , inorganic , synthetic , or biological -LRB- biopesticide -RRB- , although the distinction can sometimes blur -RRB- , and physical state -LRB- e.g. gaseous -LRB- fumigant -RRB- -RRB- .	chemical structure	What is one way to group pesticides ?
Pesticides can be classified by target organism -LRB- e.g. , herbicides , insecticides , fungicides , rodenticides , and pediculicides - see table -RRB- , chemical structure -LRB- e.g. , organic , inorganic , synthetic , or biological -LRB- biopesticide -RRB- , although the distinction can sometimes blur -RRB- , and physical state -LRB- e.g. gaseous -LRB- fumigant -RRB- -RRB- .	herbicides, insecticides, fungicides	Give three examples of target organisms of pesticides .
Biopesticides include microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides .	microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides	What are the two types of biopesticides ?
Plant-derived pesticides , or `` botanicals '' , have been developing quickly .	Plant-derived pesticides, or "botanicals	Which type of pesticides have seen rapid growth in development ?
They operate by disrupting the sodium/potassium balance of the nerve fiber , forcing the nerve to transmit continuously .	sodium/potassium	Organochlorine hydrocarbons effect what balance of the nerve fiber ?
Phenoxy compounds tend to selectively kill broad-leaf weeds rather than grasses .	Phenoxy compounds	What type of herbicide selectively kills broad leef weeds ?
Both operate through inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase , allowing acetylcholine to transfer nerve impulses indefinitely and causing a variety of symptoms such as weakness or paralysis .	weakness or paralysis	Organophospates and carbamates cause which symptoms ?
Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method .	application method	What is one way you could group pesticides ?
Most pesticides work by poisoning pests .	by poisoning pests	What is the main way that peticides perform their function ?
With insecticides and most fungicides , this movement is usually upward -LRB- through the xylem -RRB- and outward .	movement is usually upward	In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant ?
Systemic insecticides , which poison pollen and nectar in the flowers -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , may kill bees and other needed pollinators -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	pollen and nectar in the flowers	Which parts of a plant do systemic pesticides generally attack ?
For example , they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile virus , yellow fever , and malaria .	West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria	Pesticides can be used to stop the spread of what dieseases ?
Herbicides are commonly applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as water grasses that can interfere with activities like swimming and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant .	Herbicides	What sort of pesticides would you find in ponds and lakes ?
Proper pesticide use decreases these associated risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency -LRB- EPA -RRB- and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency -LRB- PMRA -RRB- of Canada .	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)	Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in the US ?
Proper pesticide use decreases these associated risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency -LRB- EPA -RRB- and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency -LRB- PMRA -RRB- of Canada .	Pest Management Regulatory Agency	Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in Canada ?
DDT , sprayed on the walls of houses , is an organochlorine that has been used to fight malaria since the 1950s .	an organochlorine	What kind of pesticide is DDT ?
However , DDT and other organochlorine pesticides have been banned in most countries worldwide because of their persistence in the environment and human toxicity .	persistence in the environment and human toxicity	Why have DDTs been banned in some areas ?
DDT use is not always effective , as resistance to DDT was identified in Africa as early as 1955 , and by 1972 nineteen species of mosquito worldwide were resistant to DDT .	DDT use is not always effective	Is DDT 100 % guaranteed to work ?
DDT use is not always effective , as resistance to DDT was identified in Africa as early as 1955 , and by 1972 nineteen species of mosquito worldwide were resistant to DDT .	nineteen	How may species have been found to be resistant to DDT ?
In 2006 and 2007 , the world used approximately 2.4 megatonnes -LRB- 5.3 × 109 lb -RRB- of pesticides , with herbicides constituting the biggest part of the world pesticide use at 40 % , followed by insecticides -LRB- 17 % -RRB- and fungicides -LRB- 10 % -RRB- .	approximately 2.4	On estimate how many megatonnes of pesticides were used between 2006 and 2007 ?
In 2006 and 2007 the U.S. used approximately 0.5 megatonnes -LRB- 1.1 × 109 lb -RRB- of pesticides , accounting for 22 % of the world total , including 857 million pounds -LRB- 389 kt -RRB- of conventional pesticides , which are used in the agricultural sector -LRB- 80 % of conventional pesticide use -RRB- as well as the industrial , commercial , governmental and home & garden sectors.Pesticides are also found in majority of U.S. households with 78 million out of the 105.5 million households indicating that they use some form of pesticide .	80%	What amount of conventional pesticide use does the agricultural sector account for ?
As of 2007 , there were more than 1,055 active ingredients registered as pesticides , which yield over 20,000 pesticide products that are marketed in the United States .	more than 1,055	Pesticides contain at least how many ingredients ?
As of 2007 , there were more than 1,055 active ingredients registered as pesticides , which yield over 20,000 pesticide products that are marketed in the United States .	over 20,000	How maney pesticides are offered for sale in the US ?
This means based that , on the amount of money spent per year on pesticides , $ 10 billion , there is an additional $ 40 billion savings in crop that would be lost due to damage by insects and weeds .	$40 billion	What do monetary savings in crops from the use of pesticide amount to ?
This means based that , on the amount of money spent per year on pesticides , $ 10 billion , there is an additional $ 40 billion savings in crop that would be lost due to damage by insects and weeds .	$10 billion	What amount is spent annualoy on pesticides ?
Consumers of agricultural products also benefit from being able to afford the vast quantities of produce available year-round .	vast quantities of produce available year-round	How are consumers able to benefit from saved crops ?
The use of pesticides creates a large job market within the agrichemical sector .	agrichemical sector	In which area do pesticides creat jobs ?
The general public also benefits from the use of pesticides for the control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses , such as malaria .	control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses	How is the health of the general publis affected by pesticides ?
Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in people who are exposed .	cause acute and delayed health effects	Can pesticides have a serious effect on people ?
Pesticide exposure can cause a variety of adverse health effects , ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system , mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems , and also causing cancer .	cancer	What is one of the most serious effects of exposure to pesticides ?
There is substantial evidence of associations between organophosphate insecticide exposures and neurobehavioral alterations .	organophosphate insecticide exposures	What is thought to possibly cause neurobehavioral alterations ?
The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that each year , 3 million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides , about 18,000 of whom die .	18,000	How many workers in agriculture die a year from severly poisining pesticides in developing countries ?
There are several careers aside from agriculture that may also put individuals at risk of health effects from pesticide exposure including pet groomers , groundskeepers , and fumigators .	groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators	What careers put people in danger of being exposed to pesticide poisining ?
According to one study , as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly .	as 25 million	In developing countries , how many workers are exposed to mild pesticide poisining ?
Owing to inadequate regulation and safety precautions , 99 % of pesticide related deaths occur in developing countries that account for only 25 % of pesticide usage .	inadequate regulation	Why are 99 % of pesticide related deaths in underdeveloped countries ?
Over 98 % of sprayed insecticides and 95 % of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species , including non-target species , air , water and soil .	Over 98%	What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species ?
Over 98 % of sprayed insecticides and 95 % of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species , including non-target species , air , water and soil .	non-target species, air, water and soil	What is affected when pesticides do n't reach their target ?
Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas , potentially contaminating them .	Pesticide drift	What is it called when pesticides are caught in the wind and carried to unintended areas ?
Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution , and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination .	water pollution	Pesticides contribute to what sort of pollution ?
Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas , potentially contaminating them .	potentially contaminating	What is the effect of pesticide drift ?
Since chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissolve in fats and are not excreted , organisms tend to retain them almost indefinitely .	dissolve in fats	Why are hydrocarbon pesticides not excreted ?
Biological magnification is the process whereby these chlorinated hydrocarbons -LRB- pesticides -RRB- are more concentrated at each level of the food chain .	Biological magnification	How are levels of pesticides higher going up the food chain ?
Global distillation is the process whereby pesticides are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth , in particular the Poles and mountain tops .	Global distillation	The movement of pesticides from wawrme to cooler climates is called what ?
Pesticides that evaporate into the atmosphere at relatively high temperature can be carried considerable distances -LRB- thousands of kilometers -RRB- by the wind to an area of lower temperature , where they condense and are carried back to the ground in rain or snow .	the wind	How could pesticides travel over hundreds of miles ?
In order to reduce negative impacts , it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment .	that pesticides be degradable	What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides ?
In order to reduce negative impacts , it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment .	quickly deactivated in the environment	How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced ?
For example , the presence of halogens within a chemical structure often slows down degradation in an aerobic environment .	presence of halogens	What is one way by which pesticides lose their efficacy ?
Adsorption to soil may retard pesticide movement , but also may reduce bioavailability to microbial degraders .	Adsorption to soil	What may slow pesticide movement ?
Alternatives to pesticides are available and include methods of cultivation , use of biological pest controls -LRB- such as pheromones and microbial pesticides -RRB- , genetic engineering , and methods of interfering with insect breeding .	methods of cultivation	What is one thing that can be used in place of pesticides ?
Application of composted yard waste has also been used as a way of controlling pests .	composted yard waste	What natural product can be used to control pests ?
These methods are becoming increasingly popular and often are safer than traditional chemical pesticides .	safer than traditional chemical pesticides	Why are alternative methods of pest control gaining popularity ?
In addition , EPA is registering reduced-risk conventional pesticides in increasing numbers .	EPA	What agency has offered acceptance of safer pesticides ?
Alternatives to pesticides are available and include methods of cultivation , use of biological pest controls -LRB- such as pheromones and microbial pesticides -RRB- , genetic engineering , and methods of interfering with insect breeding .	interfering with insect breeding	What is one non chemical way of dealing with pests ?
The term `` push-pull '' was established in 1987 as an approach for integrated pest management -LRB- IPM -RRB- .	integrated pest management	What does IPM stand for ?
This strategy uses a mixture of behavior-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of insects .	behavior-modifying stimuli	How can the location and amount of insects be changed ?
`` Pull '' means that certain stimuli -LRB- semiochemical stimuli , pheromones , food additives , visual stimuli , genetically altered plants , etc. -RRB- are used to attract pests to trap crops where they will be killed .	food additives	What is one thing that can be used to pull pests ?
There are numerous different components involved in order to implement a Push-Pull Strategy in IPM .	Push-Pull	What is the name of the process by which pests are attracted and repelled using IPM .
For example , Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with hardly any reduction in crops .	halved its use	How much was Sweden able to lower thier pesticide usage ?
In Indonesia , farmers have reduced pesticide use on rice fields by 65 % and experienced a 15 % crop increase .	Indonesia	What other country has reduced its pesticide usage ?
A study of Maize fields in northern Florida found that the application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield , with yield increases ranging from 10 % to 212 % ; the observed effects were long-term , often not appearing until the third season of the study .	carbon to nitrogen	What natural substance has been found to effectively increase crop yields
A study of Maize fields in northern Florida found that the application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield , with yield increases ranging from 10 % to 212 % ; the observed effects were long-term , often not appearing until the third season of the study .	10% to 212%	What amount of gain in crops can be contributed to application of composted yard waste ?
Pesticides can also be considered as either biodegradable pesticides , which will be broken down by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds , or persistent pesticides , which may take months or years before they are broken down : it was the persistence of DDT , for example , which led to its accumulation in the food chain and its killing of birds of prey at the top of the food chain .	biodegradable	What is one type of pesticide ?
Pesticides can also be considered as either biodegradable pesticides , which will be broken down by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds , or persistent pesticides , which may take months or years before they are broken down : it was the persistence of DDT , for example , which led to its accumulation in the food chain and its killing of birds of prey at the top of the food chain .	months or years	How long may it take for persistent pesticides to be broken down ?
Pesticides can also be considered as either biodegradable pesticides , which will be broken down by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds , or persistent pesticides , which may take months or years before they are broken down : it was the persistence of DDT , for example , which led to its accumulation in the food chain and its killing of birds of prey at the top of the food chain .	persistence	What quality caused DDT to build up in various organisms ?
Pesticides are often referred to according to the type of pest they control .	type of pest they control	What is one way to classify pesticides ?
The following sulfonylureas have been commercialized for weed control : amidosulfuron , azimsulfuron , bensulfuron-methyl , chlorimuron-ethyl , ethoxysulfuron , flazasulfuron , flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium , halosulfuron-methyl , imazosulfuron , nicosulfuron , oxasulfuron , primisulfuron-methyl , pyrazosulfuron-ethyl , rimsulfuron , sulfometuron-methyl Sulfosulfuron , terbacil , bispyribac-sodium , cyclosulfamuron , and pyrithiobac-sodium .	weed control	What are sulfonyureas commonly used for ?
Nicosulfuron , triflusulfuron methyl , and chlorsulfuron are broad-spectrum herbicides that kill plants by inhibiting the enzyme acetolactate synthase .	broad-spectrum herbicides	Nicosulfuron , triflusulfuron methyl and chlorsulfuron can be classified as what type of pesticides ?
Nicosulfuron , triflusulfuron methyl , and chlorsulfuron are broad-spectrum herbicides that kill plants by inhibiting the enzyme acetolactate synthase .	acetolactate synthase	The restriction of what enzyme allows broad-spectrum herbicides to kill plants ?
In the 1960s , more than 1 kg/ha -LRB- 0.89 lb/acre -RRB- crop protection chemical was typically applied , while sulfonylureates allow as little as 1 % as much material to achieve the same effect .	1960s	The amount of material used as a crop protection measure decreased from 1kg/ha in what year to its current 1 % ?
Though pesticide regulations differ from country to country , pesticides , and products on which they were used are traded across international borders .	traded across international borders	Is the trade of pesticides and pesticide treated goods limited to the United States ?
To deal with inconsistencies in regulations among countries , delegates to a conference of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization adopted an International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides in 1985 to create voluntary standards of pesticide regulation for different countries .	United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization	What commitee deals with differences in rules governing the use of pesticides among different countries ?
To deal with inconsistencies in regulations among countries , delegates to a conference of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization adopted an International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides in 1985 to create voluntary standards of pesticide regulation for different countries .	1985	When was the international code which governs the distribution and use of pesticides established ?
The Code was updated in 1998 and 2002 .	2002	How recently were voluntary standards of pesticide regulation updated ?
Three other efforts to improve regulation of international pesticide trade are the United Nations London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade and the United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission .	London	What country has attempted to better the controls of pesticide exchanges ?
Three other efforts to improve regulation of international pesticide trade are the United Nations London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade and the United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission .	United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission	What is one agency who is trying to help make the trade of pesticides safer ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The former seeks to implement procedures for ensuring that prior informed consent exists between countries buying and selling pesticides , while the latter seeks to create uniform standards for maximum levels of pesticide residues among participating countries .	prior informed consent	What is one important thing that should be present when countries are trading with pesticides ?
Both initiatives operate on a voluntary basis .	initiatives operate on a voluntary basis	Are these agencies a requirement in the countries where they exist ?
Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse , but do not eliminate all misuse .	pesticide applicator regulation	What is one measure taken to keep society safe from improper pesticide use ?
Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides may reduce risks placed on society and the environment from pesticide use .	choosing less toxic pesticides	What is a choice that users of pesticides can make that will lower risks ?
Integrated pest management , the use of multiple approaches to control pests , is becoming widespread and has been used with success in countries such as Indonesia , China , Bangladesh , the U.S. , Australia , and Mexico .	Australia	What is one country that has sucessfully used IPM ?
New pesticides are being developed , including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks .	reduce health and environmental risks	Biological and botanical derivatives have what positive effects ?
In addition , applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides .	applicators	Who has the ability to make the choice of using less harmful pesticides ?
Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the effectiveness against the intended pest -LRB- s -RRB- .	material is safe to use and the effectiveness	What is a measure of pesticides determined in EPA studies ?
The EPA regulates pesticides to ensure that these products do not pose adverse effects to humans or the environment .	humans or the environment	Who is protected by EPA regulations ?
Pesticides produced before November 1984 continue to be reassessed in order to meet the current scientific and regulatory standards .	before November 1984	Pesticides are inspected often to make sure they meet up to date safety regulations from what period of time .
All registered pesticides are reviewed every 15 years to ensure they meet the proper standards .	every 15 years	How often are pesticides produced more recently evaluated for safety ?
During the registration process , a label is created .	label	How could someone learn more about how to safely use and handle an unknow pesticide ?
Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides .	restricted use pesticides	What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called ?
Only certified applicators , who have passed an exam , may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides .	an exam	What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides ?
Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations .	Records of sales and use	The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what ?
These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies .	state or territorial	Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities ?
Since before 2000 BC , humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops .	before 2000 BC	What is the earliest records of humans using pesticides ?
In the 17th century , nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide .	nicotine sulfate	What was used as a insecticide in the 17th century ?
Herbicides became common in the 1960s , led by `` triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds , carboxylic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid , and glyphosate '' .	1960s	What decade did herbicides become common ?
Paul Müller discovered that DDT was a very effective insecticide .	Paul Müller	Who can be credited with finding out DDT is useful as an insecticide ?
In the 17th century , nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide .	tobacco leaves	What is the source used to exact nicotine sulfate ?
The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910 ; however , decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread .	1910	When were laws first created to regulate pesticides ?
Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the `` pesticide era . ''	pesticide era	What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s ?
Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972 , pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes -LRB- 2.5 million short tons -RRB- of industrial pesticides are now -LSB- when ? -RSB-	1970	When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency ?
Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries , but use in developing countries is increasing .	Seventy-five percent	Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides ?
A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation 's Center for Integrated Pest Management .	USA	Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country ?
Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills , Mendip Hills , Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park , and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels .	Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills	What type of region is somerset
Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills , Mendip Hills , Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park , and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels .	Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels	What are some areas of Somerset county
There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times , and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods .	There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods	How far back was the county populated
The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great , and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion .	a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion	What Kings rise did the county play part in
The city of Bath is famous for its substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site .	substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site	What is the city of Bath famous for
The people of Somerset are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 's entry for AD 845 , in the inflected form `` Sumursætum '' , and the county is recorded in the entry for 1015 using the same name .	Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845	What are the people of somerset mentioned in
The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle 's entry for 878 .	The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878	What archaic name was mentioned in 878
Although `` Somersetshire '' was in common use as an alternative name for the county , it went out of fashion in the late 19th century , and is no longer used possibly due to the adoption of `` Somerset '' as the county 's official name after the establishment of the county council in 1889 .	it went out of fashion in the late 19th century	When did the county stop using Somersetshire
As with other counties not ending in `` shire , '' the suffix was superfluous , as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town within it .	As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town	What was superfluous
After the Romans left , Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples .	Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples	Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left
The British held back Saxon advance into the south-west for some time longer , but by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset .	by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset	It took how long for the Anglo Saxons to control the Somerset area
The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot .	was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot	What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for
Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet , which was England 's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013 , having opened in 1610 .	HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610	What prison does somerset county contain
In 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset .	Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset	What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685
The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset 's cottage industries .	The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries	What ended Somersets cottage industry
Farming continued to flourish , however , and the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture , Arts , Manufactures and Commerce was founded in 1777 to improve farming methods .	Farming continued to flourish	What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion
Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries , and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock .	Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset	What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset
Further west , the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century ; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale .	iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale	What did the west somerset mineral way transport
Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War , with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties .	Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties	How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1
War memorials were put up in most of the county 's towns and villages ; only nine , described as the Thankful Villages , had none of their residents killed .	only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed	How many counties had no casualties in WW1
During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings .	for troops preparing for the D-Day landings	The county was base for what in WW2
The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion .	The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion	What is the Tauton stop line
A number of decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns , at night .	decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night	Why were decoy towns used in WW2
They were designed to mimic the geometry of `` blacked out '' streets , railway lines , and Bristol Temple Meads railway station , to encourage bombers away from these targets .	mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets	What did the decoy towns mimic
The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940 , and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941 .	The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941	What decoy city was hit
The boundaries of Somerset are largely unaltered from medieval times .	are largely unaltered from medieval times	How long have the boundaries of somerset remained constant
The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire , except that the hundred of Bath Forum , which straddles the Avon , formed part of Somerset .	The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum	What river forms the border of Somerset
In 1373 Edward III proclaimed `` that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset ... and that it should be a county by itself '' .	Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset	What did king Edward the 3 do
Somerton took over from Ilchester as the county town in the late thirteenth century , but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366 .	in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366	When did Somerton take over from Ilchester as the county town
The county has two cities , Bath and Wells , and 30 towns -LRB- including the county town of Taunton , which has no town council but instead is the chief settlement of the county 's only borough -RRB- .	The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns	How many cities and towns in Somerset
The largest urban areas in terms of population are Bath , Weston-super-Mare , Taunton , Yeovil and Bridgwater .	in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater	The largest populations of the county
Many settlements developed because of their strategic importance in relation to geographical features , such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills .	strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills	What was the strategic purpose to settle this area
Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset , and at an altitude of 121 m -LRB- 397 ft -RRB- it is also the highest .	Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest	Most Southernly town of somerset
To the north-east of the Somerset Levels , the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills .	the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills	What area lies in the northeastern part of Somerset levels
To the south-west of the Somerset Levels are the Quantock Hills which was England 's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956 which is covered in heathland , oak woodlands , ancient parklands with plantations of conifer and covers 99 square kilometres .	Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956	What area was Designated to have outstanding beauty
The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire .	The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire	What is the name of the coal field
To the north of the Mendip hills is the Chew Valley and to the south , on the clay substrate , are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels .	on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.	What area support dairy farming
There is an extensive network of caves , including Wookey Hole , underground rivers , and gorges , including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge .	an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole	What 's the name of the cave system
There is an extensive network of caves , including Wookey Hole , underground rivers , and gorges , including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge .	and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge	Name 2 of the county gorges
The county has many rivers , including the Axe , Brue , Cary , Parrett , Sheppey , Tone and Yeo .	the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo	Name some of the county rivers
At the same site during the reign of King Charles I , river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge .	King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.	What did King charles levy on river boats
The Somerset Levels -LRB- or Somerset Levels and Moors as they are less commonly but more correctly known -RRB- are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset , between the Quantock and Mendip hills .	are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills	What are the Somerset levels
They consist of marine clay levels along the coast , and the inland -LRB- often peat based -RRB- moors .	marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors	what do the Somerset levels consist of
The Levels are divided into two by the Polden Hills ; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue .	the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue	what are the 2 sections of the somerset levels
The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres -LRB- 160,000 acres -RRB- and broadly corresponds to the administrative district of Sedgemoor but also includes the south west of Mendip district .	The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres)	What is the total area of the levels
Drainage began with the Romans , and was restarted at various times : by the Anglo-Saxons ; in the Middle Ages by the Glastonbury Abbey , from 1400 -- 1770 ; and during the Second World War , with the construction of the Huntspill River .	the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons	who started drainage of the Somerset levels
The main coastal towns are , from the west to the north-east , Minehead , Watchet , Burnham-on-Sea , Weston-super-Mare , Clevedon and Portishead .	Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead	What are the main coastal towns
The coastal area between Minehead and the eastern extreme of the administrative county 's coastline at Brean Down is known as Bridgwater Bay , and is a National Nature Reserve .	Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve	what is the name of the natural reserve area
In the west , the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea , with high cliffs and waterfalls .	the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.	what does the western coastline look like
Along with the rest of South West England , Somerset has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country .	a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country	What is the somerset climate like
Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours .	Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours	The annual sunshine rate of somerset
About 8 -- 15 days of snowfall is typical .	About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical	How many days of snow on average
Average rainfall is around 700 mm -LRB- 28 in -RRB- .	Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in)	The average rainfall level of somerset
Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area 's leading port .	Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port	What is the leading port of somerset
Bridgwater , in the 19th and 20th centuries , was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles , and later cellophane , but those industries have now stopped .	was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped	what was manufacture in Bridgeport in the 19th and 20th century
With its good links to the motorway system , Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos , Toolstation , Morrisons and Gerber Juice .	Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice	The good motor system presently allows for
AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil , and Normalair Garratt , builder of aircraft oxygen systems , is also based in the town .	AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems	where are aircraft manufactured
Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries , such as Crewkerne 's Ariel Motor Company , one of the UK 's smallest car manufacturers .	Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers	What do many towns encourage
A Royal Ordnance Factory , ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War , between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington , to manufacture explosives .	A Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War, between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington	What type of factory was built in Somerset
Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego , at Ilminster .	Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego, at Ilminster	What other high tech industry is in Somerset
The Royal Naval Air Station in Yeovilton , is one of Britain 's two active Fleet Air Arm bases and is home to the Royal Navy 's Lynx helicopters and the Royal Marines Commando Westland Sea Kings .	The Royal Naval Air Station in Yeovilton, is one of Britain's two active Fleet Air Arm bases and is home to the Royal Navy's Lynx helicopters	What is yeovilton home to
There are Ministry of Defence offices in Bath , and Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando Royal Marines .	Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando Royal Marines	What area is home to royal marines
Somerset is an important supplier of defence equipment and technology .	defence equipment and technology.	What is Somerset an important supplier of
Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county , employing over 15,000 people .	Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people	What area employs 15000 people in the couinty
Apple orchards were once plentiful , and Somerset is still a major producer of cider .	Apple orchards were once plentiful, and Somerset is still a major producer of cider	What type of orchids used to be pleantiful
Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater is the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe , producing brands such as `` Sunny Delight '' and `` Ocean Spray . ''	Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater is the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe, producing brands such as "Sunny Delight" and "Ocean Spray	What area is important to the fruit juice industry
Development of the milk-based industries , such as Ilchester Cheese Company and Yeo Valley Organic , have resulted in the production of ranges of desserts , yoghurts and cheeses , including Cheddar cheese -- some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar Protected Designation of Origin -LRB- PDO -RRB- .	Cheddar cheese—some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar Protected Designation of Origin (PDO).	What area is PDO
Traditional willow growing and weaving -LRB- such as basket weaving -RRB- is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels and is commemorated at the Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre .	Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels	Where is willow growing still practiced
The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding , where a tree would be cut back to the main stem .	The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem	What is pollarding
Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes , the industry has severely declined since the 1950s .	Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s	What did plastic bags result in
The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially .	The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially.	The somerset level is the only area left to commercially grow what
Towns such as Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry .	Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry	What towns grew around the weaving Industry
C&J Clark 's shoes are no longer manufactured there as the work was transferred to lower-wage areas , such as China and Asia .	the work was transferred to lower-wage areas, such as China and Asia	Why did Cj clark shoes leave the area
Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset , by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group , using redundant skilled shoemakers from C&J Clark ; that work has also been transferred to Asia .	Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group	What famous shoe brand was made in Somerset
The county has a long tradition of supplying freestone and building stone .	supplying freestone and building stone	What type of stone was supplied in the county
Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century , as did Hans Price in the 19th century , but it was used long before then .	Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, as did Hans Price in the 19th century	Who promoted the use of stone from the Bath area
Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement .	Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement	What are some uses for Blue Lias
Tourism is a major industry , estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people .	estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people	Tourism supports how many people in the County
Attractions include the coastal towns , part of the Exmoor National Park , the West Somerset Railway -LRB- a heritage railway -RRB- , and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton .	the coastal towns, part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton	Some of the county attractions are
The town of Glastonbury has mythical associations , including legends of a visit by the young Jesus of Nazareth and Joseph of Arimathea , with links to the Holy Grail , King Arthur , and Camelot , identified by some as Cadbury Castle , an Iron Age hill fort .	mythical associations, including legends of a visit by the young Jesus of Nazareth and Joseph of Arimathea, with links to the Holy Grail, King Arthur	What does Glastonbury have associations with
Glastonbury also gives its name to an annual open-air rock festival held in nearby Pilton .	Glastonbury also gives its name to an annual open-air rock festival held in nearby Pilton	What type of festival is Glastonbury famous for
There are show caves open to visitors in the Cheddar Gorge , as well as its locally produced cheese , although there is now only one remaining cheese maker in the village of Cheddar .	locally produced cheese, although there is now only one remaining cheese maker in the village of Cheddar	What type of cheese is the county famous for
Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MW two reactor nuclear power station .	Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MW two reactor nuclear power station	What is Hinkley point C
A protest group , Stop Hinkley , was formed to campaign for the closure of Hinkley Point B and oppose any expansion at the Hinkley Point site .	Stop Hinkley, was formed to campaign for the closure of Hinkley Point B and oppose any expansion at the Hinkley Point site	What was Stop Hinkley
In December 2013 , the European Commission opened an investigation to assess whether the project breaks state-aid rules .	opened an investigation to assess whether the project breaks state-aid rules	What did the European Commission review
On 8 October 2014 it was announced that the European Commission has approved the project , with an overwhelming majority and only four commissioners voting against the decision .	the European Commission has approved the project, with an overwhelming majority and only four commissioners voting against the decision.	How did the Commission vote turn out
Population growth is higher than the national average , with a 6.4 % increase , in the Somerset County Council area , since 1991 , and a 17 % increase since 1981 .	Population growth is higher than the national average, with a 6.4% increase, in the Somerset County Council area, since 1991, and a 17% increase since 1981	What is the population growth rate of Somerset county
The percentage of the population who are economically active is higher than the regional and national average , and the unemployment rate is lower than the regional and national average .	the unemployment rate is lower than the regional and national average.	The unemployment rate of the county
The percentage of the population who are economically active is higher than the regional and national average , and the unemployment rate is lower than the regional and national average .	is higher than the regional and national average	What percentage of the population is economically active
Somerset has a high indigenous British population , with 98.8 % registering as white British and 92.4 % of these as born in the United Kingdom .	Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom	What percentage of the population is native
Chinese is the largest ethnic group , while the black minority ethnic proportion of the total population is 2.9 % .	Chinese is the largest ethnic group	The largest ethnic group in somerset county is
Over 25 % of Somerset 's population is concentrated in Taunton , Bridgwater and Yeovil .	Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Bridgwater and Yeovil	Tauton Bridgewater and Yeovil has what concentration of the population
Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year , which significantly increases the population at peak times .	Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year	How many tourist nights are spent in Somerset
The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county , which is administered by Somerset County Council and five district councils , and two unitary authority areas -LRB- whose councils combine the functions of a county and a district -RRB- .	The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county	How many tiers does somerset county consist of
The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset , South Somerset , Taunton Deane , Mendip , and Sedgemoor .	The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor	What are the 5 districts of Somerset
The two unitary authorities -- which were established on 1 April 1996 following the break-up of the short-lived county of Avon -- are North Somerset , and Bath & North East Somerset .	North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset	What 2 Unitary authorities were established in april 1996
All of the ceremonial county of Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary , a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire .	Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire	What police force covers the ceremonial county
The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service ; it covers the area of Somerset County Council as well as the entire ceremonial county of Devon .	The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service	What fire / rescue squad was formed in 2007
The South Western Ambulance Service covers the entire South West of England , including all of Somerset ; prior to February 2013 the unitary districts of Somerset came under the Great Western Ambulance Service , which merged into South Western .	covers the entire South West of England, including all of Somerset	What area does South western Ambulance Service cover
The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance is a charitable organisation based in the county .	The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance	What is the name of the charitable air ambulance service
The Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts takes place most years in Pilton , near Shepton Mallet , attracting over 170,000 music and culture lovers from around the world to see world-famous entertainers .	takes place most years in Pilton, near Shepton Mallet	Where does the Glastonbury Music festival take place
The annual Bath Literature Festival is one of several local festivals in the county ; others include the Frome Festival and the Trowbridge Village Pump Festival , which , despite its name , is held at Farleigh Hungerford in Somerset .	The annual Bath Literature Festival is one of several local festivals in the county	who holds a literature festival each summer
The annual circuit of West Country Carnivals is held in a variety of Somerset towns during the autumn , forming a major regional festival , and the largest Festival of Lights in Europe .	The annual circuit of West Country Carnivals is held in a variety of Somerset towns during the autumn	The annual Carnival is held when and where
In Arthurian legend , Avalon became associated with Glastonbury Tor when monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of King Arthur and his queen .	Avalon became associated with Glastonbury Tor when monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of King Arthur and his queen	What does Artharian legend claim about Glastonbury
What is more certain is that Glastonbury was an important religious centre by 700 and claims to be `` the oldest above-ground Christian church in the World '' situated `` in the mystical land of Avalon . ''	the oldest above-ground Christian church in the World" situated "in the mystical land of Avalon	What is built in Avalon
The Episcopal seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells is now in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells , having previously been at Bath Abbey .	The Episcopal seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells is now in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells, having previously been at Bath Abbey	The Episcopal seat of the Bishop is now where
The Benedictine monastery Saint Gregory 's Abbey , commonly known as Downside Abbey , is at Stratton-on-the-Fosse , and the ruins of the former Cistercian Cleeve Abbey are near the village of Washford .	is at Stratton-on-the-Fosse, and the ruins of the former Cistercian Cleeve Abbey are near the village of Washford	Where is St Greggorys abbey
The county has several museums ; those at Bath include the American Museum in Britain , the Museum of Bath Architecture , the Herschel Museum of Astronomy , the Jane Austen Centre , and the Roman Baths .	American Museum in Britain, the Museum of Bath Architecture, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, the Jane Austen Centre, and the Roman Baths	What some of the Museums in Bath
Other visitor attractions which reflect the cultural heritage of the county include : Claverton Pumping Station , Dunster Working Watermill , the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton , Nunney Castle , The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare , King John 's Hunting Lodge in Axbridge , Blake Museum Bridgwater , Radstock Museum , Museum of Somerset in Taunton , the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury , and Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum .	Claverton Pumping Station, Dunster Working Watermill, the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton, Nunney Castle, The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare	What are some other attractions
Other visitor attractions which reflect the cultural heritage of the county include : Claverton Pumping Station , Dunster Working Watermill , the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton , Nunney Castle , The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare , King John 's Hunting Lodge in Axbridge , Blake Museum Bridgwater , Radstock Museum , Museum of Somerset in Taunton , the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury , and Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum .	in Taunton	Where is the Museum of Somerset
Other visitor attractions which reflect the cultural heritage of the county include : Claverton Pumping Station , Dunster Working Watermill , the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton , Nunney Castle , The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare , King John 's Hunting Lodge in Axbridge , Blake Museum Bridgwater , Radstock Museum , Museum of Somerset in Taunton , the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury , and Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum .	the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury	What is the name of the museum in Glastonbury
Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings , 523 scheduled monuments , 192 conservation areas , 41 parks and gardens including those at Barrington Court , Holnicote Estate , Prior Park Landscape Garden and Tintinhull Garden , 36 English Heritage sites and 19 National Trust sites , including Clevedon Court , Fyne Court , Montacute House and Tyntesfield as well as Stembridge Tower Mill , the last remaining thatched windmill in England .	Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings	How many listed buildings in Somerset
Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings , 523 scheduled monuments , 192 conservation areas , 41 parks and gardens including those at Barrington Court , Holnicote Estate , Prior Park Landscape Garden and Tintinhull Garden , 36 English Heritage sites and 19 National Trust sites , including Clevedon Court , Fyne Court , Montacute House and Tyntesfield as well as Stembridge Tower Mill , the last remaining thatched windmill in England .	523 scheduled monuments	How many monuments on Somerset
A key contribution of Somerset architecture is its medieval church towers .	its medieval church towers	What is a key type of Architecture in Somerset
Other historic houses in the county which have remained in private ownership or used for other purposes include Halswell House and Marston Bigot .	Halswell House and Marston Bigot.	Name some historic private houses in the county
Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath , and the Somerset County Cricket Club are based at the County Ground in Taunton .	Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath	Where does the rugby team play
The county gained its first Football League club in 2003 , when Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions .	Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions	The county 's first football team is
Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final .	Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final	When did yeovil achieve promotion to the champion league
Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton .	Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton	Where are the horse races held
The Somerset Coal Canal was built in the early 19th century to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce .	to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce	Why was the Somerset county Canal built
The first 16 kilometres -LRB- 10 mi -RRB- , running from a junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal , along the Cam valley , to a terminal basin at Paulton , were in use by 1805 , together with several tramways .	several tramways	What was in use along the canal
A planned 11.7 km -LRB- 7.3 mi -RRB- branch to Midford was never built , but in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path .	A planned 11.7 km (7.3 mi) branch to Midford was never built	What was never built
A planned 11.7 km -LRB- 7.3 mi -RRB- branch to Midford was never built , but in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path .	in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path	What was laid on the path to Midford
In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway -LRB- S&DJR -RRB- , and operated until the 1950s .	In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s	Who purchased the tramway in 1871
The usefulness of the canals was short-lived , though some have now been restored for recreation .	usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation	How long were canals used
The 19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset .	19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset	What was built int the 19th century
The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies : the Great Western Railway -LRB- GWR -RRB- ; a branch of the Midland Railway -LRB- MR -RRB- to Bath Green Park -LRB- and another one to Bristol -RRB- ; the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway , and the London and South Western Railway -LRB- L&SWR -RRB- .	The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies	How many railways served the county
None of these lines , in Somerset , are electrified .	None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified.	Were any of the railways electrified
The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today , although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe .	The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe	What railways lines are still in use today
Until the 1960s the piers at Weston-super-Mare , Clevedon , Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell who ran regular services to Barry and Cardiff as well as Ilfracombe and Lundy Island .	the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell	What did paddle streamers serve until the 1960 's
The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods , one of the reasons for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway was to provide a link between the Bristol Channel and the English Channel .	The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods	What was the pier on Burnham - on-sea used for
The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK .	The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK	What is the shortest pier in the UK
In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol .	In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol	What was constructed in the 1970 's
State schools in Somerset are provided by three local education authorities : Bath and North East Somerset , North Somerset , and the larger Somerset County Council .	Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council	What are the state schools in somerset
There is a three-tier system of first , middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley , and in West Somerset , while most other schools in the county use the two-tier system .	a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset	What are the 3 tiers of school
Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools ; Bath and North East Somerset has 13 state and 5 independent secondary schools ; and North Somerset has 10 state and 2 independent secondary schools , excluding sixth form colleges .	Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools	How many state and independent secondary schools in Somerset
Several schools can trace their origins back many years , such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton .	Several schools can trace their origins back many years, such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton	What schools can trace their origins back
Others have changed their names over the years such as Beechen Cliff School which was started in 1905 as the City of Bath Boys ' School and changed to its present name in 1972 when the grammar school was amalgamated with a local secondary modern school , to form a comprehensive school .	started in 1905 as the City of Bath Boys' School	What was the original name of the Beechen Cliff School
In 2006 , 5,900 pupils in Somerset sat GCSE examinations , with 44.5 % achieving 5 grades A-C including English and Maths -LRB- compared to 45.8 % for England -RRB- .	In 2006, 5,900 pupils in Somerset sat GCSE examinations, with 44.5% achieving 5 grades A-C including English and Maths (compared to 45.8% for England).	In 2006 Somerset students performed how well compared to England as a whole
King 's School , Bruton , was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later in the reign of Edward VI .	King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later	What school in Bruton was given royal foundation status
There are also preparatory schools for younger children , such as All Hallows , and Hazlegrove Preparatory School .	such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School	What are some prepatory schools for younger students
Other schools provide education for children from the age of 3 or 4 years through to 18 , such as King Edward 's School , Bath , Queen 's College , Taunton and Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain .	Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain	What is one of the Musical schools
Some of these schools have religious affiliations , such as Monkton Combe School , Prior Park College , Sidcot School which is associated with the Religious Society of Friends , Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse , situated next to the Benedictine Downside Abbey , and Kingswood School , which was founded by John Wesley in 1748 in Kingswood near Bristol , originally for the education of the sons of the itinerant ministers -LRB- clergy -RRB- of the Methodist Church .	Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse	What is a roman catholic school
The University of Bath gained its Royal Charter in 1966 , although its origins go back to the Bristol Trade School -LRB- founded 1856 -RRB- and Bath School of Pharmacy -LRB- founded 1907 -RRB- .	Bath School of Pharmacy (founded 1907	Bath school of pharmacy founded in
Bath Spa University , which is based at Newton St Loe , achieved university status in 2005 , and has origins including the Bath Academy of Art -LRB- founded 1898 -RRB- , Bath Teacher Training College , and the Bath College of Higher Education .	achieved university status in 2005	When did Bath Spa Gain University status
The University of Bath gained its Royal Charter in 1966 , although its origins go back to the Bristol Trade School -LRB- founded 1856 -RRB- and Bath School of Pharmacy -LRB- founded 1907 -RRB- .	The University of Bath gained its Royal Charter in 1966, although its origins go back to the Bristol Trade School	When did the university of Bath gain royal charter
The University of Bath and Bath Spa University are higher education establishments in the north-east of the county .	The University of Bath and Bath Spa University are higher education establishments in the north-east of the county	What University are in Bath
Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony as the Collegiate School , the University is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States .	1701	When was the Collegiate School of Saybrook Colony founded ?
The school was renamed Yale College in 1718 in recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale , who was governor of the British East India Company .	1718	When was the Collegiate School renamed to Yale College ?
The school was renamed Yale College in 1718 in recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale , who was governor of the British East India Company .	recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale	Why was the school named Yale College ?
Established to train Congregationalist ministers in theology and sacred languages , by 1777 the school 's curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences .	by 1777	When did Yale first incorporate humanities and sciences ?
In the 19th century the school incorporated graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 .	1861	When did Yale issue the first Ph.D in the United States ?
Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , and twelve professional schools .	fourteen	How many schools is Yale composed of ?
The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 25.6 billion as of September 2015 , the second largest of any educational institution.The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States .	$25.6 billion	How much is Yale 's endowment worth ?
The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 25.6 billion as of September 2015 , the second largest of any educational institution.The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States .	15 million	How many books are in the Yale University Library ?
While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs .	Yale Corporation	Who runs Yale College ?
In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the University owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , including the Yale Bowl , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut , and forest and nature preserves throughout New England .	downtown New Haven	Where is the main Yale campus ?
Yale traces its beginnings to `` An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School , '' passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9 , 1701 , while meeting in New Haven .	October 9, 1701	When was `` An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School '' approved ?
Yale traces its beginnings to `` An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School , '' passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9 , 1701 , while meeting in New Haven .	General Court of the Colony of Connecticut	Who voted on `` An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School '' ?
The group , led by James Pierpont , is now known as `` The Founders '' .	The Founders	What was the name of the group that started Yale 's library ?
The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut .	to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut	Why was `` An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School '' proposed ?
Soon thereafter , a group of ten Congregationalist ministers : Samuel Andrew , Thomas Buckingham , Israel Chauncy , Samuel Mather , Rev. James Noyes II -LRB- son of James Noyes -RRB- , James Pierpont , Abraham Pierson , Noadiah Russell , Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge , all alumni of Harvard , met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell in Branford , Connecticut , to pool their books to form the school 's library .	Harvard	Where did `` The Founders '' go to school ?
In 1718 , at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony 's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall , Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale , who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father , David , had been one of the original settlers in New Haven , to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college .	Wales	Where did Elihu Yale grow up ?
In 1718 , at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony 's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall , Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale , who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father , David , had been one of the original settlers in New Haven , to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college .	Boston	Where was Elihu Yale born ?
In 1718 , at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony 's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall , Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale , who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father , David , had been one of the original settlers in New Haven , to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college .	David	What was Elihu Yale 's father 's name ?
Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College .	Cotton Mather	Who suggested the new name of Yale ?
The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature , science , philosophy and theology .	500	How many books were in the 1714 shipment to Yale ?
The Reverend Ezra Stiles , president of the College from 1778 to 1795 , brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original language -LRB- as was common in other schools -RRB- , requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew -LRB- in contrast to Harvard , where only upperclassmen were required to study the language -RRB- and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase אורים ותמים -LRB- Urim and Thummim -RRB- on the Yale seal .	1778 to 1795	When was Ezra Stiles president of Yale ?
The Reverend Ezra Stiles , president of the College from 1778 to 1795 , brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original language -LRB- as was common in other schools -RRB- , requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew -LRB- in contrast to Harvard , where only upperclassmen were required to study the language -RRB- and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase אורים ותמים -LRB- Urim and Thummim -RRB- on the Yale seal .	Hebrew	What course did Ezra Stiles require freshmen to take ?
Stiles ' greatest challenge occurred in July 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College .	July 1779	When did the British threaten to take over the college ?
However , Yale graduate Edmund Fanning , Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation , interceded and the College was saved .	Edmund Fanning	Who saved Yale from the British raid ?
William Graham Sumner , professor from 1872 to 1909 , taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms .	1872 to 1909	When did William Graham Sumner teach ?
William Graham Sumner , professor from 1872 to 1909 , taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms .	economics and sociology	What did William Graham Sumner teach ?
The Yale report meant the classics would not be abandoned .	the classics would not be abandoned	Why was The Yale Report established ?
They concentrated on developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations from within , yet flexible enough to adjust to the ` isms ' -LRB- professionalism , materialism , individualism , and consumerism -RRB- tempting him from without .	developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations	What were the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve ?
A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congregationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brought about by the Victorian culture .	Victorian culture	What changes were the professors and ministers responding to ?
The Revolutionary War soldier Nathan Hale -LRB- Yale 1773 -RRB- was the prototype of the Yale ideal in the early 19th century : a manly yet aristocratic scholar , equally well-versed in knowledge and sports , and a patriot who `` regretted '' that he `` had but one life to lose '' for his country .	Revolutionary War soldier	What was Nathan Hale famous for ?
Western painter Frederic Remington -LRB- Yale 1900 -RRB- was an artist whose heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West .	artist	What profession did Frederic Remington hold ?
The fictional , turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man Frank Merriwell embodied the heroic ideal without racial prejudice , and his fictional successor Frank Stover in the novel Stover at Yale -LRB- 1911 -RRB- questioned the business mentality that had become prevalent at the school .	Frank Stover	What was the name of the protagonist of `` Stover at Yale '' ?
Increasingly the students turned to athletic stars as their heroes , especially since winning the big game became the goal of the student body , and the alumni , as well as the team itself .	winning the big game	What turned into the goal of the student body ?
Western painter Frederic Remington -LRB- Yale 1900 -RRB- was an artist whose heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West .	heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West	What were the subjects of Frederic Remington 's paintings ?
Between 1892 , when Harvard and Yale met in one of the first intercollegiate debates , and 1909 , the year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard , Yale , and Princeton , the rhetoric , symbolism , and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame these early debates .	1909	In what year was the first debate between Harvard , Yale , and Princeton ?
Between 1892 , when Harvard and Yale met in one of the first intercollegiate debates , and 1909 , the year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard , Yale , and Princeton , the rhetoric , symbolism , and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame these early debates .	1892	When was the first debate between Harvard and Yale ?
Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and emphasized in yearbooks , and team members even received the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets .	front pages of college newspapers	How were debates shown to the college students ?
Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and emphasized in yearbooks , and team members even received the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets .	the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets	What did members of the debate team get for their service ?
One reason may be that debates do not have a clear winner , as is the case in sports , and that scoring is subjective .	scoring is subjective	Why do debates not have a distinct winner ?
There was a mood of alarm and mistrust , and , while the crisis was developing , the presidents of Harvard , Yale , and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government upon the sport .	the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton	Who attempted to enact measures of football reform ?
Their attempts , however , were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association .	Intercollegiate Athletic Association	What did the rebellion to the new football measures start ?
President Arthur Hadley of Yale , A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard , and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries .	Arthur Hadley	Who was president of Yale during the rebellion ?
President Arthur Hadley of Yale , A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard , and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries .	A. Lawrence Lowell	Who represented Harvard during the rule changing debates ?
President Arthur Hadley of Yale , A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard , and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries .	Woodrow Wilson	Who represented Princeton during the rule changing discussions ?
Yale expanded gradually , establishing the Yale School of Medicine -LRB- 1810 -RRB- , Yale Divinity School -LRB- 1822 -RRB- , Yale Law School -LRB- 1843 -RRB- , Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences -LRB- 1847 -RRB- , the Sheffield Scientific School -LRB- 1847 -RRB- , and the Yale School of Fine Arts -LRB- 1869 -RRB- .	1810	When was the Yale School of Medicine established ?
Yale expanded gradually , establishing the Yale School of Medicine -LRB- 1810 -RRB- , Yale Divinity School -LRB- 1822 -RRB- , Yale Law School -LRB- 1843 -RRB- , Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences -LRB- 1847 -RRB- , the Sheffield Scientific School -LRB- 1847 -RRB- , and the Yale School of Fine Arts -LRB- 1869 -RRB- .	1822	When was Yale Divinity School established ?
Yale expanded gradually , establishing the Yale School of Medicine -LRB- 1810 -RRB- , Yale Divinity School -LRB- 1822 -RRB- , Yale Law School -LRB- 1843 -RRB- , Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences -LRB- 1847 -RRB- , the Sheffield Scientific School -LRB- 1847 -RRB- , and the Yale School of Fine Arts -LRB- 1869 -RRB- .	1843	When was Yale Law School created ?
Yale expanded gradually , establishing the Yale School of Medicine -LRB- 1810 -RRB- , Yale Divinity School -LRB- 1822 -RRB- , Yale Law School -LRB- 1843 -RRB- , Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences -LRB- 1847 -RRB- , the Sheffield Scientific School -LRB- 1847 -RRB- , and the Yale School of Fine Arts -LRB- 1869 -RRB- .	(1847	When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established ?
Yale expanded gradually , establishing the Yale School of Medicine -LRB- 1810 -RRB- , Yale Divinity School -LRB- 1822 -RRB- , Yale Law School -LRB- 1843 -RRB- , Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences -LRB- 1847 -RRB- , the Sheffield Scientific School -LRB- 1847 -RRB- , and the Yale School of Fine Arts -LRB- 1869 -RRB- .	1847	When was the Sheffield Scientific School created ?
Noah Porter , moral philosopher , was president from 1871 to 1886 .	1871 to 1886	When was Noah Porter president of Yale ?
During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education , Porter resisted the rise of the new research university , claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education .	new research university	What idea did Noah Porter strike down ?
Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary , uncritically committed to tradition , but a principled and selective conservative .	simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition	What did many historians think of Noah Porter ?
During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education , Porter resisted the rise of the new research university , claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education .	an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education	What was Porter 's reason for striking down the research university ?
Expansion caused controversy about Yale 's new roles .	Expansion	What caused disagreement about Yale 's new position ?
Between 1925 and 1940 , philanthropic foundations , especially ones connected with the Rockefellers , contributed about $ 7 million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology .	about $7 million	How much did philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940 ?
The money went toward behavioral science research , which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to `` improve mankind '' under an informal , loosely defined human engineering effort .	behavioral science research	What was the $ 7 million used for ?
For example , Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual behavior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human development and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction .	chimpanzee	What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study ?
The behavioral scientists at Yale , led by President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes , tapped into foundation largesse by crafting research programs aimed to investigate , then suggest , ways to control , sexual and social behavior .	President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes	Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research ?
The money went toward behavioral science research , which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to `` improve mankind '' under an informal , loosely defined human engineering effort .	improve mankind	What was the goal of the behavioral research ?
Harrison 's group is shown to have been a classic research school ; Pickford 's and Hutchinson 's were not .	Harrison's group	Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment ?
Harrison 's group is shown to have been a classic research school ; Pickford 's and Hutchinson 's were not .	Pickford's and Hutchinson's	Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group ?
Pickford 's group was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional position or power .	departmental or institutional position or power	What was Pickford 's group lacking to make it more like other research schools ?
Hutchinson 's example shows that new models for research groups are needed , especially for those that include extensive field research .	new models for research groups are needed	What information did Hutchinson 's model provide ?
Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive , but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools .	diverse areas of ecology	What did Hutchinson 's group research ?
Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935 .	Milton Winternitz	Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935 ?
Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany , he was equally fervent about `` social medicine '' and the study of humans in their culture and environment .	social medicine	What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz 's research ?
He established the `` Yale System '' of teaching , with few lectures and fewer exams , and strengthened the full-time faculty system ; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department , and built numerous new buildings .	Yale System	What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop ?
He established the `` Yale System '' of teaching , with few lectures and fewer exams , and strengthened the full-time faculty system ; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department , and built numerous new buildings .	few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system	What is the Yale System ?
He established the `` Yale System '' of teaching , with few lectures and fewer exams , and strengthened the full-time faculty system ; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department , and built numerous new buildings .	graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department	What programs did Milton Winternitz create ?
Norman Holmes Pearson , who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II , returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program , in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty .	Norman Holmes Pearson	Who was the first professor for the American studies program ?
Norman Holmes Pearson , who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II , returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program , in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty .	Office of Strategic Studies in London	Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale ?
Popular among undergraduates , the program sought to instruct them in the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose .	fundamentals of American civilization	What did the American studies program hope to instruct ?
Also during the 1940s and 1950s , Wyoming millionaire William Robertson Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming .	William Robertson Coe	Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming ?
Coe was concerned to celebrate the ` values ' of the Western United States in order to meet the `` threat of communism . ''	to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States	Why did Coe donate to American studies programs ?
In 1966 , Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level .	Vassar College	What sister school of Yale 's considered merger in 1966 ?
Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate ; she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society , St. Anthony Hall .	Amy Solomon	Who was the first undergraduate woman at Yale ?
Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate ; she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society , St. Anthony Hall .	St. Anthony Hall	What society did Amy Solomon enroll in at Yale ?
The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first class to have women starting from freshman year ; at the time , all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus .	1973	What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale ?
The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first class to have women starting from freshman year ; at the time , all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus .	Vanderbilt Hall	Where did undergraduate women live during the first few years of women being allowed to attend Yale ?
A decade into co-education , rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale .	Alexander v. Yale	What led to Yale 's Grievance Board and the Yale Women 's Center ?
In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates , including editors of Yale 's feminist magazine Broad Recognition , alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate .	March 2011	When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale ?
In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates , including editors of Yale 's feminist magazine Broad Recognition , alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate .	Broad Recognition	What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint ?
In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates , including editors of Yale 's feminist magazine Broad Recognition , alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate .	the university had a hostile sexual climate	What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition ?
In response , the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct .	formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct	What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint ?
Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city ; for example , thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations , but city officials , who decry Yale 's exemption from local property taxes , have long pressed the university to do more to help .	exemption from local property taxes	Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale ?
Under President Levin , Yale has financially supported many of New Haven 's efforts to reinvigorate the city .	President Levin	Which Yale president assisted with New Haven 's revitalization efforts ?
Still , the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy .	economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success	What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven 's relationship on Yale ?
Still , the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy .	decline in the local economy	What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven 's relation on New Haven ?
The Boston Globe wrote that `` if there 's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation 's top national leaders over the past three decades , it 's Yale . ''	"if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale."	What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale ?
Yale-educated Presidents since the end of the Vietnam War include Gerald Ford , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , and major-party nominees during this period include John Kerry -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Joseph Lieberman -LRB- Vice President , 2000 -RRB- , and Sargent Shriver -LRB- Vice President , 1972 -RRB- .	Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush	Which US presidents since the Vietnam War have studied at Yale ?
Other Yale alumni who made serious bids for the Presidency during this period include Hillary Clinton -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , Howard Dean -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Gary Hart -LRB- 1984 and 1988 -RRB- , Paul Tsongas -LRB- 1992 -RRB- , Pat Robertson -LRB- 1988 -RRB- and Jerry Brown -LRB- 1976 , 1980 , 1992 -RRB- .	Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).	What well known presidential candidates also studied at Yale ?
Yale-educated Presidents since the end of the Vietnam War include Gerald Ford , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , and major-party nominees during this period include John Kerry -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Joseph Lieberman -LRB- Vice President , 2000 -RRB- , and Sargent Shriver -LRB- Vice President , 1972 -RRB- .	John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972)	What non winning major party nominees studied at Yale ?
Yale alumni were represented on the Democratic or Republican ticket in every U.S. Presidential election between 1972 and 2004 .	every	How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1972 and 2004
Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale 's focus on creating `` a laboratory for future leaders , '' an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster .	Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders,"	Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates ?
Richard H. Brodhead , former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University , stated : `` We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions , and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale . ''	very strong tradition of volunteerism	Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates ?
Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes `` an ethos of organized activity '' at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union 's Liberal Party , George Pataki the Conservative Party , and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News .	an ethos of organized activity	Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale 's Political Union Liberal Party ?
CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the `` son and grandson of alumni '' , and for a `` member of a politically influential family . ''	"son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."	Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale ?
New York Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and The Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community and cooperation that exists between students , faculty , and administration , which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others .	the culture of community and cooperation	What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is ?
During the 1988 presidential election , George H. W. Bush -LRB- Yale ' 48 -RRB- derided Michael Dukakis for having `` foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard 's boutique '' .	Harvard Yard's boutique	In the 1988 election , where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis 's foreign policy was born ?
When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis 's Harvard connection and his own Yale background , he said that , unlike Harvard , Yale 's reputation was `` so diffuse , there is n't a symbol , I do n't think , in the Yale situation , any symbolism in it '' and said Yale did not share Harvard 's reputation for `` liberalism and elitism '' .	so diffuse, there isn't a symbol	How did George H. W. Bush describe Yale 's reputation ?
When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis 's Harvard connection and his own Yale background , he said that , unlike Harvard , Yale 's reputation was `` so diffuse , there is n't a symbol , I do n't think , in the Yale situation , any symbolism in it '' and said Yale did not share Harvard 's reputation for `` liberalism and elitism '' .	liberalism and elitism	How did George H. W. Bush describe Harvard 's reputation ?
My class was the first class to have women in it ; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans .	first class to have women in it	Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class ?
In 2009 , former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one location -- the others are Britain 's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara -- for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation 's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative .	Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara	Besides Yale , what other two locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation 's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative ?
As of 2009 , former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar , `` Debating Globalization '' .	former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo	As of 2009 , who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization ?
As of 2009 , former presidential candidate and DNC chair Howard Dean teaches a residential college seminar , `` Understanding Politics and Politicians . ''	Howard Dean	What former presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale ?
As of 2009 , former presidential candidate and DNC chair Howard Dean teaches a residential college seminar , `` Understanding Politics and Politicians . ''	Understanding Politics and Politicians	What is the name of Howard Dean 's class at Yale ?
Also in 2009 , an alliance was formed among Yale , University College London , and both schools ' affiliated hospital complexes to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care -- a growing field known as translational medicine .	University College London	What college did Yale 's medical facility team up with ?
In 1977 Hanna Holborn Gray was appointed acting President of Yale from this position , and went on to become President of the University of Chicago , the first woman to be full president of a major university .	Hanna Holborn Gray	Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977 ?
In 1977 Hanna Holborn Gray was appointed acting President of Yale from this position , and went on to become President of the University of Chicago , the first woman to be full president of a major university .	University of Chicago	Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go after Yale ?
In 1994 Yale Provost Judith Rodin became the first female president of an Ivy League institution at the University of Pennsylvania .	1994	In what year did Judith Rodin become the first female president of an Ivy League school ?
In 2004 , Provost Susan Hockfield became the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology .	2004	In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of MIT ?
In 2002 Provost Alison Richard became the Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge .	Alison Richard	Who became Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002 ?
In addition to these unions , officers of the Yale University Police Department are members of the Yale Police Benevolent Association , which affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employees .	Yale Police Benevolent Association	What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department a part of ?
Finally , Yale security officers voted to join the International Union of Security , Police and Fire Professionals of America in fall 2010 after the National Labor Relations Board ruled they could not join AFSCME ; the Yale administration contested the election .	International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America	What union do Yale security guards belong to ?
Together with the Graduate Employees and Students Organization -LRB- GESO -RRB- , an unrecognized union of graduate employees , Locals 34 and 35 make up the Federation of Hospital and University Employees .	Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO)	What is the name of the unrecognized union of graduate employees ?
Clerical and technical employees are represented by Local 34 of UNITE HERE and service and maintenance workers by Local 35 of the same international .	Local 34 of UNITE HERE	What union are Yale 's clerical and technical employees a part of ?
Clerical and technical employees are represented by Local 34 of UNITE HERE and service and maintenance workers by Local 35 of the same international .	Local 35 of the same international	What union are Yale 's service and maintenance workers a part of ?
There have been at least eight strikes since 1968 , and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale 's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages .	at least eight	How many strikes has Yale had since 1968 ?
There have been at least eight strikes since 1968 , and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale 's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages .	the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.	What are The New York Times ' views on Yale 's labor tension ?
Professor David Graeber was ` retired ' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues .	Professor David Graeber	What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike ?
Professor David Graeber was ` retired ' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues .	he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.	Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike ?
There have been at least eight strikes since 1968 , and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale 's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages .	Yale's unusually large endowment	What adds to the tensions during wage considerations ?
In western New Haven , the university holds 500 acres -LRB- 2.0 km2 -RRB- of athletic facilities , including the Yale Golf Course .	western New Haven	Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities ?
In 2008 , Yale purchased the 136-acre -LRB- 0.55 km2 -RRB- former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven , Connecticut , the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space .	former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus	What campus did Yale buy in 2008 ?
In 2008 , Yale purchased the 136-acre -LRB- 0.55 km2 -RRB- former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven , Connecticut , the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space .	laboratory and research space	What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for ?
Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut , Vermont , and New Hampshire -- the largest of which is the 7,840-acre -LRB- 31.7 km2 -RRB- Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut 's Quiet Corner -- and nature preserves including Horse Island .	seven	How many forests does Yale own ?
Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut , Vermont , and New Hampshire -- the largest of which is the 7,840-acre -LRB- 31.7 km2 -RRB- Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut 's Quiet Corner -- and nature preserves including Horse Island .	7,840-acre	How big is the largest forest in Yale 's possession ?
Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue , which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s .	Charles Dickens	Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840 's ?
In 2011 , Travel + Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States .	Travel+Leisure	Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States ?
Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses : Louis Kahn 's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art , Eero Saarinen 's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges , and Paul Rudolph 's Art & Architecture Building .	Collegiate Gothic campus	What is Yale largely known for ?
In 2011 , Travel + Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States .	2011	When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses ?
Many of Yale 's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931 , financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer , an athlete , a tea-drinking socialite , and a student who has fallen asleep while reading .	Edward S. Harkness	Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931
Many of Yale 's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931 , financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer , an athlete , a tea-drinking socialite , and a student who has fallen asleep while reading .	a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading	What do the stone statues on Yale 's campus depict ?
Similarly , the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute -LRB- on the wall of the Law School -RRB- , or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette .	contemporary scenes	What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show ?
The architect , James Gamble Rogers , faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid , deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages , and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages .	splashing the walls with acid	How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings ?
The architect , James Gamble Rogers , faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid , deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages , and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages .	breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages	How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows ?
Other examples of the Gothic -LRB- also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic -RRB- style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin , Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis .	Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis	What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus ?
Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family , including Vanderbilt Hall , Phelps Hall , St. Anthony Hall -LRB- a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt -RRB- , the Mason , Sloane and Osborn laboratories , dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School -LRB- the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956 -RRB- and elements of Silliman College , the largest residential college .	Silliman College	What is the largest residential college ?
Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family , including Vanderbilt Hall , Phelps Hall , St. Anthony Hall -LRB- a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt -RRB- , the Mason , Sloane and Osborn laboratories , dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School -LRB- the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956 -RRB- and elements of Silliman College , the largest residential college .	Sheffield Scientific School	Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956 ?
Other examples of the Gothic -LRB- also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic -RRB- style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin , Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis .	neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic	What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale ?
Alumnus Eero Saarinen , Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis , Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal , Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan , designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse .	Alumnus Eero Saarinen	Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis ?
Alumnus Eero Saarinen , Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis , Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal , Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan , designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse .	Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal	What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen ?
These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano -- a prototype chosen for the town 's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers .	the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano	What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale ?
These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano -- a prototype chosen for the town 's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers .	fortress-like stone towers	What counterpoints Yale 's gothic towers ?
Alumnus Eero Saarinen , Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis , Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal , Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan , designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse .	Finnish-American	Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen ?
Yale 's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale .	Yale's Office of Sustainability	Who creates sustainability practices at Yale ?
Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10 % below 1990 levels by the year 2020 .	10%	By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020 ?
Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification .	Eleven	How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification ?
Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local , organic vegetables , fruits , and beef to all residential college dining halls .	Yale Sustainable Food Project	What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale 's residential college dining areas ?
Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute 's College Sustainability Report Card 2008 , and received a `` B + '' grade overall .	B+	What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute 's College Sustainability Report Card 2008 ?
Yale 's secret society buildings -LRB- some of which are called `` tombs '' -RRB- were built both to be private yet unmistakable .	tombs	What is another term for some of Yale 's secret society buildings ?
Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold ; Manuscript Society , King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural .	Benedict Arnold	Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to ?
Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold ; Manuscript Society , King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural .	Dan Kniley	Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building ?
Building constructed in a mid-century modern style ; Scroll and Key , Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish - or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style -LRB- erected 1869 -- 70 -RRB- ; Skull and Bones , possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone -LRB- in 1856 the first wing was completed , in 1903 the second wing , 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed -RRB- ; St. Elmo , -LRB- former tomb -RRB- Kenneth M. Murchison , 1912 , designs inspired by Elizabethan manor .	Kenneth M. Murchison	Who was the architect for St. Elmo ?
Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold ; Manuscript Society , King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural .	King Lui-Wu	Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building ?
The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894 , when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus .	1894	When were the first campus police formed at Yale ?
The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894 , when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus .	city police officers	Who were the the first campus police composed of ?
Later hired by the university , the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior .	quell unrest between students and city residents	Why was the campus police established ?
In addition to the Yale Police Department , a variety of safety services are available including blue phones , a safety escort , and 24-hour shuttle service .	blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.	What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police ?
Through its program of need-based financial aid , Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants .	need-based	What kind of system is Yale 's financial aid ?
Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university , and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $ 46,395 .	grants and scholarships	How is most financial aid obtained at Yale ?
Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university , and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $ 46,395 .	$46,395	What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017 ?
15 % of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution , and about 50 % receive some form of financial aid .	15%	What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help ?
About 16 % of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation , with an average debt of $ 13,000 among borrowers .	$13,000	What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013 ?
The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts , including an impressive collection of rare books , as well as historical medical instruments .	The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library	Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment ?
The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th‑century British literary works .	The Lewis Walpole Library	What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works ?
The Elizabethan Club , technically a private organization , makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale .	The Elizabethan Club	Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios ?
The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts .	The Beinecke Rare Book Library	What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts ?
The Yale University Art Gallery , the country 's first university-affiliated art museum , contains more than 180,000 works , including Old Masters and important collections of modern art , in the Swartout and Kahn buildings .	The Yale University Art Gallery	What is the name of the country 's first university partnered art museum ?
The Yale University Art Gallery , the country 's first university-affiliated art museum , contains more than 180,000 works , including Old Masters and important collections of modern art , in the Swartout and Kahn buildings .	more than 180,000	How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery ?
The Yale Center for British Art , the largest collection of British art outside of the UK , grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building .	The Yale Center for British Art	Where is the largest center for British art , UK not included ?
The Yale Center for British Art , the largest collection of British art outside of the UK , grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building .	Paul Mellon	Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art ?
The latter , Louis Kahn 's first large-scale American work -LRB- 1953 -RRB- , was renovated and reopened in December 2006 .	Louis Kahn	Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art ?
Of the New Critics , Robert Penn Warren , W.K. Wimsatt , and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty .	Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks	Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale ?
Jacques Derrida , the father of deconstruction , taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s .	Jacques Derrida	Who is known as the father of deconstruction ?
Jacques Derrida , the father of deconstruction , taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s .	Department of Comparative Literature	Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970 's to mid 1980 's ?
Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians ; likewise , David Montgomery , a labor historian , advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country .	David Montgomery	Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians ?
The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957 ; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars .	1957	When was The Journal of Music Theory founded ?
Yale 's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness , who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard .	1933	When was Yale 's residential college system established ?
Yale 's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness , who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard .	Edward S. Harkness	Who established Yale 's residential college system ?
The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean , who reside in the college , and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college 's fellowship .	The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean	Who runs Yale 's residential colleges ?
Colleges offer their own seminars , social events , and speaking engagements known as `` Master 's Teas , '' but do not contain programs of study or academic departments .	do not contain programs of study or academic departments	Are there academic programs in Yale 's residential colleges ?
Instead , all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college .	Faculty of Arts and Sciences	Who teaches Yale 's residential college 's undergraduate classes ?
While Harkness ' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style , two colleges constructed in the 1960s , Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges , have modernist designs .	Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic	In what architectural styles were Harkness ' original colleges ?
While Harkness ' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style , two colleges constructed in the 1960s , Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges , have modernist designs .	Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges	Which two residential colleges are of modernist style ?
All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard , and each has a dining hall , courtyard , library , common room , and a range of student facilities .	a courtyard	What are Yale 's colleges encircling ?
The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history .	important alumni or significant places in university history	Who are the Yale colleges named after ?
In 2017 , the university expects to open two new colleges near Science Hill .	2017	In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges ?
In the wake of the racially-motivated '' church shooting in Charleston , South Carolina , Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College , one of 12 residential colleges , which was named after John C. Calhoun , a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century .	John C. Calhoun	Who was Calhoun college named for ?
In the wake of the racially-motivated '' church shooting in Charleston , South Carolina , Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College , one of 12 residential colleges , which was named after John C. Calhoun , a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century .	a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century	Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun ?
One change that will be issued is the title of `` master '' for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to `` head of college '' due to its connotation of slavery .	the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college”	What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions ?
He claimed that if they removed Calhoun 's name , it would `` obscure '' his `` legacy of slavery rather than addressing it . ''	it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it."	What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun 's name was removed from the college ?
Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech .	Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika	Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015 ?
Established in 1872 , The Yale Record is the world 's oldest humor magazine .	The Yale Record	What is the name of the world 's oldest humor magazine ?
Established in 1872 , The Yale Record is the world 's oldest humor magazine .	1872	What year was The Yale Record first published ?
Newspapers include the Yale Daily News , which was first published in 1878 , and the weekly Yale Herald , which was first published in 1986 .	1878	In what year was the Yale Daily News established ?
Newspapers include the Yale Daily News , which was first published in 1878 , and the weekly Yale Herald , which was first published in 1986 .	1986	When was the Yale Herald established ?
WYBC Yale Radio is the campus 's radio station , owned and operated by students .	WYBC Yale Radio	What is the name of the campus radio station ?
Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their `` bright college years , '' though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with `` bubble pipes '' .	clay pipes	What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation ?
Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their `` bright college years , '' though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with `` bubble pipes '' .	bubble pipes	What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes ?
Yale 's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus .	Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus	What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub ?
Yale 's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus .	the toe	What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub ?
In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball , a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball , became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns .	Bladderball	What game was created , to later be banned by administration ?
Yale has numerous athletic facilities , including the Yale Bowl -LRB- the nation 's first natural `` bowl '' stadium , and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl -RRB- , located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex , and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium , the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world .	Yale Bowl	What is the name of the United States ' first bowl stadium ?
Yale has numerous athletic facilities , including the Yale Bowl -LRB- the nation 's first natural `` bowl '' stadium , and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl -RRB- , located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex , and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium , the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world .	Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl	What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence ?
Yale has numerous athletic facilities , including the Yale Bowl -LRB- the nation 's first natural `` bowl '' stadium , and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl -RRB- , located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex , and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium , the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world .	Payne Whitney Gymnasium	What is the name of the world 's second largest indoor athletic building ?
October 21 , 2000 , marked the dedication of Yale 's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing .	October 21, 2000	On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established ?
The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder ' 54 , who gave $ 4 million towards the $ 7.5 million project .	$7.5 million	How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct ?
Charles B. Johnson , a 1954 graduate of Yale College , pledged a $ 250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges .	$250 million	How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013 ?
The Yale Class of 1954 , led by Richard Gilder , donated $ 70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion .	$70 million	How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion ?
The Yale Class of 1954 , led by Richard Gilder , donated $ 70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion .	Richard Gilder	Who led the 1954 class in their large donation ?
Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft , Gerald Ford , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush ; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte , Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo ; heads of state , including Italian prime minister Mario Monti , Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller , Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo , German president Karl Carstens , and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel ; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor , Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas ; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry , Hillary Clinton , Cyrus Vance , and Dean Acheson ; authors Sinclair Lewis , Stephen Vincent Benét , and Tom Wolfe ; lexicographer Noah Webster ; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney ; patriot and `` first spy '' Nathan Hale ; theologian Jonathan Edwards ; actors , directors and producers Paul Newman , Henry Winkler , Vincent Price , Meryl Streep , Sigourney Weaver , Jodie Foster , Angela Bassett , Patricia Clarkson , Courtney Vance , Frances McDormand , Elia Kazan , George Roy Hill , Edward Norton , Lupita Nyong ` o , Allison Williams , Oliver Stone , Sam Waterston , and Michael Cimino ; `` Father of American football '' Walter Camp , James Franco , `` The perfect oarsman '' Rusty Wailes ; baseball players Ron Darling , Bill Hutchinson , and Craig Breslow ; basketball player Chris Dudley ; football players Gary Fencik , and Calvin Hill ; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter ; figure skater Sarah Hughes ; swimmer Don Schollander ; skier Ryan Max Riley ; runner Frank Shorter ; composers Charles Ives , Douglas Moore and Cole Porter ; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver ; child psychologist Benjamin Spock ; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster ; sculptor Richard Serra ; film critic Gene Siskel ; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper ; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez ; pundits William F. Buckley , Jr. , and Fareed Zakaria ; economists Irving Fischer , Mahbub ul Haq , and Paul Krugman ; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics , Ernest Lawrence ; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins ; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs ; and businesspeople , including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce , Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley , Boeing CEO James McNerney , FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith , Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes , Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon , and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton ; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham .	Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo	What royalty has attended Yale ?
Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft , Gerald Ford , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush ; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte , Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo ; heads of state , including Italian prime minister Mario Monti , Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller , Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo , German president Karl Carstens , and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel ; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor , Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas ; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry , Hillary Clinton , Cyrus Vance , and Dean Acheson ; authors Sinclair Lewis , Stephen Vincent Benét , and Tom Wolfe ; lexicographer Noah Webster ; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney ; patriot and `` first spy '' Nathan Hale ; theologian Jonathan Edwards ; actors , directors and producers Paul Newman , Henry Winkler , Vincent Price , Meryl Streep , Sigourney Weaver , Jodie Foster , Angela Bassett , Patricia Clarkson , Courtney Vance , Frances McDormand , Elia Kazan , George Roy Hill , Edward Norton , Lupita Nyong ` o , Allison Williams , Oliver Stone , Sam Waterston , and Michael Cimino ; `` Father of American football '' Walter Camp , James Franco , `` The perfect oarsman '' Rusty Wailes ; baseball players Ron Darling , Bill Hutchinson , and Craig Breslow ; basketball player Chris Dudley ; football players Gary Fencik , and Calvin Hill ; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter ; figure skater Sarah Hughes ; swimmer Don Schollander ; skier Ryan Max Riley ; runner Frank Shorter ; composers Charles Ives , Douglas Moore and Cole Porter ; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver ; child psychologist Benjamin Spock ; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster ; sculptor Richard Serra ; film critic Gene Siskel ; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper ; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez ; pundits William F. Buckley , Jr. , and Fareed Zakaria ; economists Irving Fischer , Mahbub ul Haq , and Paul Krugman ; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics , Ernest Lawrence ; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins ; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs ; and businesspeople , including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce , Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley , Boeing CEO James McNerney , FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith , Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes , Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon , and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton ; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham .	Mario Monti	What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale ?
Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft , Gerald Ford , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush ; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte , Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo ; heads of state , including Italian prime minister Mario Monti , Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller , Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo , German president Karl Carstens , and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel ; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor , Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas ; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry , Hillary Clinton , Cyrus Vance , and Dean Acheson ; authors Sinclair Lewis , Stephen Vincent Benét , and Tom Wolfe ; lexicographer Noah Webster ; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney ; patriot and `` first spy '' Nathan Hale ; theologian Jonathan Edwards ; actors , directors and producers Paul Newman , Henry Winkler , Vincent Price , Meryl Streep , Sigourney Weaver , Jodie Foster , Angela Bassett , Patricia Clarkson , Courtney Vance , Frances McDormand , Elia Kazan , George Roy Hill , Edward Norton , Lupita Nyong ` o , Allison Williams , Oliver Stone , Sam Waterston , and Michael Cimino ; `` Father of American football '' Walter Camp , James Franco , `` The perfect oarsman '' Rusty Wailes ; baseball players Ron Darling , Bill Hutchinson , and Craig Breslow ; basketball player Chris Dudley ; football players Gary Fencik , and Calvin Hill ; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter ; figure skater Sarah Hughes ; swimmer Don Schollander ; skier Ryan Max Riley ; runner Frank Shorter ; composers Charles Ives , Douglas Moore and Cole Porter ; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver ; child psychologist Benjamin Spock ; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster ; sculptor Richard Serra ; film critic Gene Siskel ; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper ; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez ; pundits William F. Buckley , Jr. , and Fareed Zakaria ; economists Irving Fischer , Mahbub ul Haq , and Paul Krugman ; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics , Ernest Lawrence ; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins ; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs ; and businesspeople , including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce , Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley , Boeing CEO James McNerney , FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith , Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes , Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon , and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton ; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham .	Ernesto Zedillo	What Mexican president attended Yale ?
Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft , Gerald Ford , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush ; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte , Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo ; heads of state , including Italian prime minister Mario Monti , Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller , Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo , German president Karl Carstens , and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel ; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor , Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas ; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry , Hillary Clinton , Cyrus Vance , and Dean Acheson ; authors Sinclair Lewis , Stephen Vincent Benét , and Tom Wolfe ; lexicographer Noah Webster ; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney ; patriot and `` first spy '' Nathan Hale ; theologian Jonathan Edwards ; actors , directors and producers Paul Newman , Henry Winkler , Vincent Price , Meryl Streep , Sigourney Weaver , Jodie Foster , Angela Bassett , Patricia Clarkson , Courtney Vance , Frances McDormand , Elia Kazan , George Roy Hill , Edward Norton , Lupita Nyong ` o , Allison Williams , Oliver Stone , Sam Waterston , and Michael Cimino ; `` Father of American football '' Walter Camp , James Franco , `` The perfect oarsman '' Rusty Wailes ; baseball players Ron Darling , Bill Hutchinson , and Craig Breslow ; basketball player Chris Dudley ; football players Gary Fencik , and Calvin Hill ; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter ; figure skater Sarah Hughes ; swimmer Don Schollander ; skier Ryan Max Riley ; runner Frank Shorter ; composers Charles Ives , Douglas Moore and Cole Porter ; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver ; child psychologist Benjamin Spock ; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster ; sculptor Richard Serra ; film critic Gene Siskel ; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper ; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez ; pundits William F. Buckley , Jr. , and Fareed Zakaria ; economists Irving Fischer , Mahbub ul Haq , and Paul Krugman ; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics , Ernest Lawrence ; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins ; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs ; and businesspeople , including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce , Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley , Boeing CEO James McNerney , FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith , Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes , Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon , and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton ; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham .	Walter Camp	Who was the father of American football ?
Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft , Gerald Ford , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush ; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte , Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo ; heads of state , including Italian prime minister Mario Monti , Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller , Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo , German president Karl Carstens , and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel ; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor , Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas ; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry , Hillary Clinton , Cyrus Vance , and Dean Acheson ; authors Sinclair Lewis , Stephen Vincent Benét , and Tom Wolfe ; lexicographer Noah Webster ; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney ; patriot and `` first spy '' Nathan Hale ; theologian Jonathan Edwards ; actors , directors and producers Paul Newman , Henry Winkler , Vincent Price , Meryl Streep , Sigourney Weaver , Jodie Foster , Angela Bassett , Patricia Clarkson , Courtney Vance , Frances McDormand , Elia Kazan , George Roy Hill , Edward Norton , Lupita Nyong ` o , Allison Williams , Oliver Stone , Sam Waterston , and Michael Cimino ; `` Father of American football '' Walter Camp , James Franco , `` The perfect oarsman '' Rusty Wailes ; baseball players Ron Darling , Bill Hutchinson , and Craig Breslow ; basketball player Chris Dudley ; football players Gary Fencik , and Calvin Hill ; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter ; figure skater Sarah Hughes ; swimmer Don Schollander ; skier Ryan Max Riley ; runner Frank Shorter ; composers Charles Ives , Douglas Moore and Cole Porter ; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver ; child psychologist Benjamin Spock ; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster ; sculptor Richard Serra ; film critic Gene Siskel ; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper ; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez ; pundits William F. Buckley , Jr. , and Fareed Zakaria ; economists Irving Fischer , Mahbub ul Haq , and Paul Krugman ; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics , Ernest Lawrence ; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins ; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs ; and businesspeople , including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce , Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley , Boeing CEO James McNerney , FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith , Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes , Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon , and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton ; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham .	Henry Luce	What Time magazine founder attended Yale ?
For example , Owen Johnson 's novel , Stover at Yale , follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell , the model for all later juvenile sports fiction , plays football , baseball , crew , and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs .	Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell	Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale ?
Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald 's novel `` The Great Gatsby '' .	The Great Gatsby	What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of ?
The narrator , Nick Carraway , wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News , and Tom Buchanan was `` one of the most powerful ends that ever played football '' for Yale .	Nick Carraway	What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News ?
The narrator , Nick Carraway , wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News , and Tom Buchanan was `` one of the most powerful ends that ever played football '' for Yale .	Tom Buchanan	What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale ?
For example , Owen Johnson 's novel , Stover at Yale , follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell , the model for all later juvenile sports fiction , plays football , baseball , crew , and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs .	Owen Johnson	Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale ?
To add to the many problems of the period , the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism .	the Western Schism	What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church ?
Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages .	the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages	What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe , starting around 1300 , known as ?
A series of famines and plagues , including the Great Famine of 1315 -- 1317 and the Black Death , reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities .	1315–1317	In what years was the Great Famine ?
France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings , such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants ' Revolt , as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years ' War .	France and England	Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings ?
France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings , such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants ' Revolt , as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years ' War .	Hundred Years' War	What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages ?
Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages , the Italian Renaissance began .	Greek and Roman	An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance ?
The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades , but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks , when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West , particularly Italy .	the Crusades	Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century ?
The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades , but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks , when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West , particularly Italy .	Constantinople	Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks , resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe ?
The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades , but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks , when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West , particularly Italy .	Ottoman Turks	Who captured Constantinople ?
The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades , but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks , when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West , particularly Italy .	Greek	What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople ?
Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning .	printing	Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word ?
The rise of the Ottoman Empire , culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east .	1453	In what year did Constantinople fall ?
Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes , leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492 , and Vasco da Gama 's circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498 .	1498	In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa ?
Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes , leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492 , and Vasco da Gama 's circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498 .	1492	In what year was Columbus ' expedition to the Americas ?
Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning .	dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning	The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing ?
The term `` Late Middle Ages '' refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages , along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages .	Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages	Along with the Late Middle Ages , what are the other two period of the Middle Ages ?
Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People -LRB- 1442 -RRB- .	1442	When was Leonardo Bruni 's `` History of the Florentine People '' published ?
Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People -LRB- 1442 -RRB- .	tripartite periodization	What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni ?
Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire -LRB- 1439 -- 1453 -RRB- .	Flavio Biondo	Who was the author of `` Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire
Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient , Medieval , and New Period -LRB- 1683 -RRB- .	Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period	What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization ?
As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history , the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis .	economic and demographic	What methods , applied to the study of history , led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis ?
Yet it was his Dutch colleague , Johan Huizinga , who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages , with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages -LRB- 1919 -RRB- .	Johan Huizinga	Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book ?
Yet it was his Dutch colleague , Johan Huizinga , who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages , with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages -LRB- 1919 -RRB- .	The Autumn of the Middle Ages	What was the title of Huizinga 's 1919 book on the Middle Ages ?
To Huizinga , whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy , despair and decline were the main themes , not rebirth .	France and the Low Countries	Which countries were the focus of Huizinga 's research ?
Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early , High , and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I .	Belgian	What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne ?
The period from the early 14th century up until -- and sometimes including -- the 16th century , is rather seen as characterised by other trends : demographic and economic decline followed by recovery , the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state , and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world .	the nation state	What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages ?
It is now -LRB- generally -RRB- acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps , and `` Late Middle Ages '' is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography .	the Alps	Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages ?
The term `` Renaissance '' is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual , cultural , or artistic developments , but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch .	intellectual, cultural, or artistic	The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages ?
The period from the early 14th century up until -- and sometimes including -- the 16th century , is rather seen as characterised by other trends : demographic and economic decline followed by recovery , the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state , and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world .	early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century	Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages ?
The period from the early 14th century up until -- and sometimes including -- the 16th century , is rather seen as characterised by other trends : demographic and economic decline followed by recovery , the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state , and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world .	the end of western religious unity	What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion ?
After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319 -- 1365 , the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397 .	1397	When was the Kalmar Union formed ?
In an attempt to subdue the Swedes , King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520 .	King Christian II	Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath ?
Yet this measure only led to further hostilities , and Sweden broke away for good in 1523 .	1523	In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union ?
Norway , on the other hand , became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814 .	1814	Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year ?
In an attempt to subdue the Swedes , King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520 .	1520	In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place ?
The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438 , where it remained until its dissolution in 1806 .	1806	In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved ?
Bohemia prospered in the 14th century , and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors , but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis .	1356	In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors ?
In addition , financial institutions , such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family , held great power , on both economic and a political levels .	financial	The Hanseatic League was what type of institution ?
The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438 , where it remained until its dissolution in 1806 .	the Habsburgs	In 1438 , control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty ?
Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382 .	1382	In what year did Louis die ?
Instead , he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg , who was 11 years old .	Sigismund of Luxemburg	Who did Louis name as his heir ?
Instead , he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg , who was 11 years old .	11	How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir ?
Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád .	Buda and Visegrád	Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court ?
The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim , and the result was an internal war .	internal war	What was the result of the Hungarian nobility 's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis ' heir ?
Belgrade , an Hungarian domain at the time , was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule , in 1521 .	1521	In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans ?
Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived ; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 , where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation , as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371 .	Lazar Hrebljevanovic	Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo ?
Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived ; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 , where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation , as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371 .	1389	In what year was the Battle of Kosovo ?
The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century , and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330 .	Battle of Velbazhd	What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330 ?
Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396 , Serbia fell in 1459 , Bosnia in 1463 , and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg .	Albania	Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479 ?
Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376 .	Avignon	What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century ?
With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378 , the Papal State developed into a major secular power , culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI .	1378	In what year did the papacy return to Rome ?
The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples .	The War of the Sicilian Vespers	What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms ?
The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples .	Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples	What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided ?
In 1442 , the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control .	1442	In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united ?
The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain .	1469	In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married ?
In 1492 , Granada was captured from the Moors , thereby completing the Reconquista .	1492	When was modern-day Spain created ?
In 1492 , Granada was captured from the Moors , thereby completing the Reconquista .	Granada	The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista ?
Portugal had during the 15th century -- particularly under Henry the Navigator -- gradually explored the coast of Africa , and in 1498 , Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India .	Vasco da Gama	Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India ?
The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India , leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492 .	1492	In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas ?
Around 1300 -- 1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age .	the Little Ice Age	Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period ?
Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent .	sixty percent	What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague ?
The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts ; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years ' War .	Hundred Years' War	What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries ?
Around 1300 -- 1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age .	Around 1300–1350	When did the Medieval Warm Period end ?
The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises , the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317 .	agricultural crises	What was the effect of the Little Ice Age ?
These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry , leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants ' Revolt in 1381 .	1358	When did the French Jacquerie take place ?
Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages , such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers , were doomed to fail .	Statute of Laborers	What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages ?
Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages , such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers , were doomed to fail .	1351	In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted ?
The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe .	serfdom	Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century ?
These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry , leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants ' Revolt in 1381 .	1381	In what year did the English Peasants ' Revolt occur ?
By 1500 , Venice , Milan , Naples , Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants .	Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople	Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500 ?
Cities were also decimated by the Black Death , but the role of urban areas as centres of learning , commerce and government ensured continued growth .	the Black Death	What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century ?
Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000 ; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula , but there were also some in France , the Empire , the Low Countries , plus London in England .	Twenty-two	How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500 ?
Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000 ; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula , but there were also some in France , the Empire , the Low Countries , plus London in England .	London	Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500 ?
It was in Valois France , under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years ' War , that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature .	Hundred Years' War	Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies ?
The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries .	national or feudal levy	The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops ?
All over Europe , Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand .	Swiss	Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system ?
The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states .	Edward III	Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century ?
The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new -LRB- secular -RRB- type of chivalric orders ; the first of these was the Order of St. George , founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325 , while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter , founded by Edward III in 1348 .	Order of the Garter	What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348 ?
The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new -LRB- secular -RRB- type of chivalric orders ; the first of these was the Order of St. George , founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325 , while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter , founded by Edward III in 1348 .	Charles I of Hungary	Who founded the Order of St. George ?
The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new -LRB- secular -RRB- type of chivalric orders ; the first of these was the Order of St. George , founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325 , while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter , founded by Edward III in 1348 .	1325	In what year was the Order of St. George founded ?
The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new -LRB- secular -RRB- type of chivalric orders ; the first of these was the Order of St. George , founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325 , while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter , founded by Edward III in 1348 .	chivalry	What was the code of conduct of the military orders called ?
The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new -LRB- secular -RRB- type of chivalric orders ; the first of these was the Order of St. George , founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325 , while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter , founded by Edward III in 1348 .	1348	In what year was the Order of the Garter established ?
When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377 , this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome , resulting in the Papal Schism -LRB- 1378 -- 1417 -RRB- .	Papal Schism	What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time ?
The French crown 's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309 .	Avignon	Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309 ?
When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377 , this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome , resulting in the Papal Schism -LRB- 1378 -- 1417 -RRB- .	1377	In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon ?
When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377 , this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome , resulting in the Papal Schism -LRB- 1378 -- 1417 -RRB- .	1378–1417	What was the time frame of the Papal Schism ?
The Schism divided Europe along political lines ; while France , her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy , France 's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome , together with Portugal , Scandinavia and most of the German princes .	France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms	Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy ?
The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England .	John Wycliffe	Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions ?
Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested , his supporters , the Lollards , were eventually suppressed in England .	the Lollards	What were Jon Wycliffe 's supporters called ?
Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages , the end of the unity of the Western Church -LRB- the Protestant Reformation -RRB- , was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period .	the Protestant Reformation	What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church ?
Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions , and he spoke out against transubstantiation , celibacy and indulgences .	transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences	Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against ?
In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy , such as John of Gaunt , the movement was not allowed to survive .	John of Gaunt	Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement ?
When he was burned as a heretic in 1415 , it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands .	1415	In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake ?
The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland .	Anne of Bohemia	Who did Richard II of England marry ?
The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe , yet his followers , the Hussites , were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards .	John Wycliffe	Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on ?
The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe , yet his followers , the Hussites , were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards .	Hussites	What were the followers of Jan Hus called ?
The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs , but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened .	Hussite Wars	What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus ?
When he refused , he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise , he was then able to translate the Bible into German .	German	Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible ?
Martin Luther , a German monk , started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31 , 1517 .	95 theses	What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg ?
Martin Luther , a German monk , started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31 , 1517 .	1517	In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses ?
When he refused , he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise , he was then able to translate the Bible into German .	he refused	What was Martin Luther 's response when challenged to recant his heresy ?
When he refused , he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise , he was then able to translate the Bible into German .	Frederick the Wise	Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire ?
Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance , both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures ; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury , and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion ; and new forms of accounting , in particular double-entry bookkeeping , which allowed for better oversight and accuracy .	double-entry bookkeeping	What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries ?
In the late 13th and early 14th centuries , a process took place -- primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire -- that historians have termed a ` commercial revolution ' .	Italy	In which country did the so-called ` commercial revolution ' primarily take place ?
Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance , both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures ; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury , and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion ; and new forms of accounting , in particular double-entry bookkeeping , which allowed for better oversight and accuracy .	reducing the risk of commercial ventures	What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution ?
Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance , both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures ; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury , and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion ; and new forms of accounting , in particular double-entry bookkeeping , which allowed for better oversight and accuracy .	usury	Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange ?
Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance , both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures ; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury , and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion ; and new forms of accounting , in particular double-entry bookkeeping , which allowed for better oversight and accuracy .	better oversight and accuracy	What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping ?
Towns saw the growing power of guilds , while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades , like the English wool Staple .	monopolies	What privilege was granted to companies on a national level ?
Families like the Fuggers in Germany , the Medicis in Italy , the de la Poles in England , and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings , and achieve great political influence in the process .	the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England	Which families financed the wars of kings ?
Towns saw the growing power of guilds , while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades , like the English wool Staple .	guilds	Which economic associations gained power in the towns ?
Families like the Fuggers in Germany , the Medicis in Italy , the de la Poles in England , and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings , and achieve great political influence in the process .	France	Where was Jacques Couer from ?
Though there is no doubt that the demographic crisis of the 14th century caused a dramatic fall in production and commerce in absolute terms , there has been a vigorous historical debate over whether the decline was greater than the fall in population .	demographic crisis	What caused the decrease in commerce and production in the 14th century ?
While the older orthodoxy held that the artistic output of the Renaissance was a result of greater opulence , more recent studies have suggested that there might have been a so-called ` depression of the Renaissance ' .	depression of the Renaissance	What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence ?
In spite of convincing arguments for the case , the statistical evidence is simply too incomplete for a definite conclusion to be made .	statistical	What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance ?
While the older orthodoxy held that the artistic output of the Renaissance was a result of greater opulence , more recent studies have suggested that there might have been a so-called ` depression of the Renaissance ' .	greater opulence	What is posited as the cause of increased artistic output during the Renaissance ?
The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology .	Thomistic	Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century ?
The Condemnation of 1277 , enacted at the University of Paris , placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical ; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought .	University of Paris	Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted ?
An alternative was presented by William of Ockham , who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart .	William of Ockham	Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate ?
Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony -- or Occam 's razor -- whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one , and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided .	Occam's razor	What is the common name for William of Ockham 's principle of parsimony ?
The Condemnation of 1277 , enacted at the University of Paris , placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical ; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought .	heretical	On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions ?
Buridan developed the theory of impetus as the cause of the motion of projectiles , which was an important step towards the modern concept of inertia .	the theory of impetus	What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles ?
This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science , and paved the way for new approaches .	Aristotelian	What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme ?
The works of these scholars anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Nicolaus Copernicus .	Nicolaus Copernicus	What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview ?
Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made , when such scholars as Jean Buridan , Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of Aristotle .	Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators	Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion ?
Buridan developed the theory of impetus as the cause of the motion of projectiles , which was an important step towards the modern concept of inertia .	inertia	Buridan 's theory of impetus led to what modern concept ?
Gutenberg 's movable type printing press made possible not only the Reformation , but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society .	Gutenberg	Who invented the movable printing press ?
Gutenberg 's movable type printing press made possible not only the Reformation , but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society .	the Reformation	What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press ?
Other inventions had a greater impact on everyday life , such as eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock .	eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock	Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life ?
The introduction of gunpowder to the field of battle affected not only military organisation , but helped advance the nation state .	gunpowder	Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state ?
The compass , along with other innovations such as the cross-staff , the mariner 's astrolabe , and advances in shipbuilding , enabled the navigation of the World Oceans , and the early phases of colonialism .	shipbuilding	Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation ?
Greater realism was also achieved through the scientific study of anatomy , championed by artists like Donatello .	Donatello	Who championed the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art ?
The period saw several important technical innovations , like the principle of linear perspective found in the work of Masaccio , and later described by Brunelleschi .	linear perspective	Which artistic principle was innovated by Brunelleschi ?
As the centre of the movement shifted to Rome , the period culminated in the High Renaissance masters da Vinci , Michelangelo and Raphael .	Michelangelo and Raphael	Along with da Vinci , who were two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance ?
Greater realism was also achieved through the scientific study of anatomy , championed by artists like Donatello .	Greater realism	What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art ?
This can be seen particularly well in his sculptures , inspired by the study of classical models .	classical models	What did Donatello study that inspired sculptures ?
The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other , but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy .	idealized compositions	What was the focus of paintings in Italy ?
The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other , but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy .	the Netherlands	Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces ?
Though not -- as previously believed -- the inventor of oil painting , Jan van Eyck was a champion of the new medium , and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail .	Jan van Eyck	What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting ?
Though not -- as previously believed -- the inventor of oil painting , Jan van Eyck was a champion of the new medium , and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail .	great realism and minute detail	Jan van Eyck 's paintings are known for what characteristics ?
Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy , written in the early 14th century , merged a medieval world view with classical ideals .	Dante Alighieri	Who wrote the Divine Comedy ?
The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin , and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian , as would Petrarch later -LRB- whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems -RRB- .	Latin as well as Italian	In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works ?
Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language .	Tuscan	Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language ?
Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron .	Decameron	What is one of Boccaccio 's works that helped promote the Italian language ?
The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin , and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian , as would Petrarch later -LRB- whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems -RRB- .	Petrarch	Whose work , Canzoniere , is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry ?
From the 1330s and onwards , emerged the polyphonic style , which was a more complex fusion of independent voices .	polyphonic	What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1330s ?
Polyphony had been common in the secular music of the Provençal troubadours .	Provençal	Polyphony was common in the secular music of which French region ?
Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture , and in the universities it made up part of the quadrivium of the liberal arts .	the quadrivium	What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities ?
From the early 13th century , the dominant sacred musical form had been the motet ; a composition with text in several parts .	the motet	What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century ?
Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis ; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries .	John Kukuzelis	Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century ?
The main representatives of the new style , often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua , were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut .	ars nova	What was the name of the new musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages ?
The main representatives of the new style , often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua , were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut .	ars antiqua	Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 14th century ?
In Italy , where the Provençal troubadours had also found refuge , the corresponding period goes under the name of trecento , and the leading composers were Giovanni da Cascia , Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini .	Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini	Who were the leading composers of the trecento period ?
Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis ; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries .	Orthodox Church	Kukuzelis reformed the music of which religion ?
However , the most famous morality play and perhaps best known medieval drama is Everyman .	Everyman	What is the most famous morality play from the medieval period ?
Morality plays emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished until 1550 .	Morality plays	Which dramatic form was created around 1400 ?
Along the way , he is deserted by Kindred , Goods , and Fellowship - only Good Deeds goes with him to the grave .	Good Deeds	What goes to the grave with Everyman in the morality play ?
The most interesting morality play is The Castle of Perseverance which depicts mankind 's progress from birth to death .	The Castle of Perseverance	Which morality play depicted mankind 's progress from birth to death ?
Everyman receives Death 's summons , struggles to escape and finally resigns himself to necessity .	Death	In the morality play , who summoned Everyman ?
Richard III and Henry VII both maintained small companies of professional actors .	Richard III and Henry VII	Which Late Middle Age English kings kept their own troupes of professional actors ?
Also important were Mummers ' plays , performed during the Christmas season , and court masques .	Mummers	Who performed the seasonal Christmas plays ?
These masques were especially popular during the reign of Henry VIII who had a House of Revels built and an Office of Revels established in 1545 .	1545	In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels ?
These masques were especially popular during the reign of Henry VIII who had a House of Revels built and an Office of Revels established in 1545 .	House of Revels	What did Henry VIII build in 1545 for the benefit of the theatrical arts ?
Their plays were performed in the Great Hall of a nobleman 's residence , often with a raised platform at one end for the audience and a `` screen '' at the other for the actors .	the Great Hall	In what part of a nobleman 's house were plays performed ?
The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors , including the weakening power of the Catholic Church , the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries .	religious plays	What was banned that led to the demise of medieval drama ?
Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s .	1558	In what year did Elizabeth I ban religious plays ?
Similarly , religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539 , the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548 .	1539	In what year were religious plays banned in the Netherlands ?
It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in Greek and Roman theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity .	secular	What types of subjects did dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned ?
Similarly , religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539 , the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548 .	Paris	Where were religious plays banned in 1548 ?
Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning .	democratized learning	Along with the invention of printing , and the associated dissemination of the printed word , what other factor is believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation ?
Europeans also discovered new trading routes , as was the case with Columbus 's travel to the Americas in 1492 , and Vasco da Gama 's circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498 .	Africa and India	Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498 ?
Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations .	strengthened the economy and power	What effect did the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations ?
The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era .	the Renaissance	What historical era is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era ?
Europeans also discovered new trading routes , as was the case with Columbus 's travel to the Americas in 1492 , and Vasco da Gama 's circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498 .	new trading routes	What was discovered as the result of both Columbus ' and da Gama 's voyages ?
At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe , eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states .	Ottoman	Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 15th century ?
After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans , the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi , who became Hungary 's regent-governor -LRB- 1446 -- 1453 -RRB- .	1444	In what year did the Battle of Varna take place ?
After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans , the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi , who became Hungary 's regent-governor -LRB- 1446 -- 1453 -RRB- .	Vladislaus I	Which Hungarian ruler was killed at the Battle of Varna ?
After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans , the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi , who became Hungary 's regent-governor -LRB- 1446 -- 1453 -RRB- .	count John Hunyadi	Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1446 ?
Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century : Pope Pius II awarded him the title of Athleta Christi or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe .	Pope Pius II	Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to John Hyundai ?
This battle became a real Crusade against the Muslims , as the peasants were motivated by the Franciscan monk Saint John of Capistrano , who came from Italy predicating Holy War .	Saint John of Capistrano	Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight against Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade ?
Hunyadi succeeded during the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 against the Ottomans , the biggest victory against that empire in decades .	1456	In what year was the Siege of Belgrade fought ?
In an extremely unusual event for the Middle Ages , Hunyadi 's son , Matthias , was elected as King of Hungary by the nobility .	Matthias	Who did the Hungarian nobility elect as King of Hungary ?
This battle became a real Crusade against the Muslims , as the peasants were motivated by the Franciscan monk Saint John of Capistrano , who came from Italy predicating Holy War .	Italy	Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from ?
However the premature death of the Hungarian Lord left Pannonia defenseless and in chaos .	Pannonia	When John Hunyadi died , which province was left in chaos ?
At the Battle of Mohács , the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and Louis II of Hungary drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape .	drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape	How did Louis II of Hungary die ?
The leader of the Hungarian army , Pál Tomori , also died in the battle .	Pál Tomori	Who was the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács ?
King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary -LRB- 1458 -- 1490 -RRB- was one of the most prominent figures of the period , directing campaigns to the West , conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope 's call for help against the Hussite Protestants .	1458–1490	In what years did Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary ?
King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary -LRB- 1458 -- 1490 -RRB- was one of the most prominent figures of the period , directing campaigns to the West , conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope 's call for help against the Hussite Protestants .	Hussite Protestants	Who did Matthias defeat to conquer Bohemia ?
At the Battle of Mohács , the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and Louis II of Hungary drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape .	the forces of the Ottoman Empire	Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács ?
Some historians , particularly in Italy , prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all , but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era .	Italy	Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages ?
As a result there was developmental continuity between the ancient age -LRB- via classical antiquity -RRB- and the modern age .	classical antiquity	What provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages ?
Some historians , particularly in Italy , prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all , but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era .	the Renaissance	What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages ?
The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of modern history and early modern Europe .	modern history and early modern Europe	What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the beginning of ?
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 , named for wives of the village 's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees .	1824	When was Ann Arbor founded ?
The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837 , and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century .	University of Michigan	Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837 ?
During the 1960s and 1970s , the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics .	center for left-wing politics	During the 1960 's & 70 's , Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what ?
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 , named for wives of the village 's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees .	Bur Oak	Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor 's name ?
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey .	John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey	Who founded Ann Arbor ?
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey .	land speculators	What was the profession of the founders of Ann arbor ?
The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick , after the sound of Allen 's sawmill .	Ojibwa	Which tribe named the settlement as kaw-goosh-kaw-nick ?
Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives , both named Ann , and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres -LRB- 260 ha -RRB- of land they purchased for $ 800 from the federal government at $ 1.25 per acre .	$800	For how much money did the founders purchase the land from the federal government ?
Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives , both named Ann , and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres -LRB- 260 ha -RRB- of land they purchased for $ 800 from the federal government at $ 1.25 per acre .	Ann	What were the names of the founders wives ?
Since the university 's establishment in the city in 1837 , the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked .	University of Michigan	Ann Arbor has been linked with which university ?
The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad , and a north -- south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878 .	Ann Arbor	Which town became the regional transport hub in 1878 ?
While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry , the newer settlers also consisted of Germans , Irish , and African-Americans .	British	Who were the early settlers of Ann Arbor ?
In 1851 , Ann Arbor was chartered as a city , though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873 .	1851	In which year was Ann Arbor chartered as a city ?
Ann Arbor 's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century , and its first and oldest synagogue , Beth Israel Congregation , was established in 1916 .	Beth Israel Congregation	In 1916 , what was the name of the Synagogue that was establish ?
These include Word of God -LRB- established in 1967 -RRB- , a charismatic inter-denominational movement ; and the Thomas More Law Center -LRB- established in 1999 -RRB- , a religious-conservative advocacy group .	1999	When was the Thomas More Law center established ?
These include Word of God -LRB- established in 1967 -RRB- , a charismatic inter-denominational movement ; and the Thomas More Law Center -LRB- established in 1999 -RRB- , a religious-conservative advocacy group .	a religious-conservative advocacy group	What was the Thomas More law group ?
These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party -LRB- HRP -RRB- won city council seats on the strength of the student vote .	Human Rights Party	During the early & mid 70 's , which party won the city council seats ?
And in the year 2010 , Forbes listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the United States of America .	Forbes	Which magazine listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the USA ?
In the past several decades , Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values , gentrification , and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside .	sharply rising land values	For the past few years , what effects has the city Ann Arbor grappled with ?
On 4 November 2003 , voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development .	greenbelt plan	What plan did the city voters approve in 2003 ?
The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys , with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River .	Huron	On which river is the city of Ann Arbor situated ?
The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys , with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River .	hills and valleys	What is the landscape of Ann Arbor like ?
Ann Arbor Municipal Airport , which is south of the city at 42 ° 13.38 ′ N 83 ° 44.74 ′ W / 42.22300 ° N 83.74567 ° W / 42.22300 ; -83.74567 , has an elevation of 839 feet -LRB- 256 m -RRB- .	Ann Arbor Municipal Airport	What is the name of the city 's airport ?
Ann Arbor 's `` Tree Town '' nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas .	Tree Town	What is the city of Ann arbor nicknamed as ?
The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas .	157	How many parks are there in the city of Ann Arbor ?
The Nichols Arboretum , owned by the University of Michigan , is a 123-acre -LRB- 50 ha -RRB- arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species .	Nichols Arboretum	What is the name of the Arboretum owned by the University of Michigan ?
Located across the Huron River just beyond the university 's North Campus is the university 's Matthaei Botanical Gardens , which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory .	300 acres	How big is the Matthaei botanical garden ?
Downtown contains a mix of 19th - and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings , as well as a farmers ' market in the Kerrytown district .	Kerrytown district	Which district has the farmers market in the city ?
The city 's commercial districts are composed mostly of two - to four-story structures , although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings .	commercial districts	Which districts compose mostly of 2-4 story structures ?
Downtown contains a mix of 19th - and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings , as well as a farmers ' market in the Kerrytown district .	Downtown	Which area in the city contains 19th & 20th century as well as modern structures ?
Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century .	20th century	Which century does the Kit houses belong to ?
Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters .	student renters	Who primarily occupies the complexes surrounding the University ?
Tower Plaza , a 26-story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown , is the tallest building in Ann Arbor .	Tower Plaza	Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor ?
The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact ; in 1972 , the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group .	1972	When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places ?
There are four distinct seasons : winters are cold with moderate to heavy snowfall , while summers are very warm and humid , and spring and autumn are short but mild .	four	How many seasons are experienced in the city of Ann Arbor ?
Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months , but most frequent during winter .	summer	When is the precipitation highest in Ann Arbor ?
Snowfall , which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October , averages 58 inches -LRB- 147 cm -RRB- per season .	58 inches	What is the average snowfall for the city ?
The population density was 4,270.33 people per square mile -LRB- 2653.47 / km ² -RRB- .	4,270.33 people per square mile	What is the population density of the city ?
The racial makeup of the city was 73.0 % White -LRB- 70.4 % non-Hispanic White -RRB- , 7.7 % Black or African American , 0.3 % Native American , 14.4 % Asian , 0.0 % Pacific Islander , 1.0 % from other races , and 3.6 % from two or more races .	73.0%	What percentage makes up for the whites living in the city ?
There were 49,982 housing units at an average density of 1,748.0 per square mile -LRB- 675.0 / km ² -RRB- , making it less densely populated than inner-ring Detroit suburbs like Oak Park and Ferndale -LRB- and than Detroit proper -RRB- , but more densely populated than outer-ring suburbs like Livonia or Troy .	Oak Park and Ferndale	Which parts of the city of Detroit are densely populated ?
The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.90 .	2.22	What is the average household size in the city of Ann Arbor ?
The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.90 .	2.90	What is the average family size in the city of Ann Arbor ?
The median age was 28 years .	28	What is the median age for the city of Ann Arbor ?
Automobile manufacturers , such as General Motors and Visteon , also employ residents .	General Motors and Visteon	Name some automobile manufacturers in the city of Ann Arbor
It employs about 30,000 workers , including about 12,000 in the medical center .	30,000	What is the employee count of the University of Michigan ?
High tech , health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city 's economy ; numerous medical offices , laboratories , and associated companies are located in the city .	High tech, health services and biotechnology	Nam the major components for the City 's growth .
The Argus camera company , originally a subsidiary of International Radio , manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to the 1960s .	Argus camera company	Which company manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to 1960 's ?
Barracuda Networks , which provides networking , security , and storage products based on network appliances and cloud services , opened an engineering office in Ann Arbor in 2008 on Depot St. and recently announced it will move downtown to occupy the building previously used as the Borders headquarters .	Barracuda Networks	Which network company opened up in 2008 providing security , storage & networking ?
High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s , when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio -LRB- the Kadette , in 1931 -RRB- as well as the first pocket radio -LRB- the Kadette Jr. , in 1933 -RRB- .	AC/DC radio	International Radio introduced which mass produced product from the city of Ann Arbor ?
The city is also home to the headquarters of Google 's AdWords program -- the company 's primary revenue stream .	Google	Which company 's adwords program is headquartered at Ann Arbor ?
Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide , the Weather Underground , and Zattoo .	All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo	Name some website or media companies located in Ann Arbor .
Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network , a not-for-profit research and education computer network .	education computer network	What company is Merit network ?
Pfizer , once the city 's second largest employer , operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor .	Pfizer	Who is the city 's 2nd largest employer ?
The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International -LRB- NSF International -RRB- , the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas .	National Sanitation Foundation International	Which non-profit non-governmental organization is located in Ann Arbor ?
In December 2008 , the University of Michigan Board of Regents approved the purchase of the facilities , and the university anticipates hiring 2,000 researchers and staff during the next 10 years .	2,000	How many researchers does the University of Michigan expect to hire ?
Borders Books , started in Ann Arbor , was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books .	1971	When did the Borders Books open up in Ann Arbor ?
Borders Books , started in Ann Arbor , was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books .	Tom and Louis Borders	Who opened the Borders Books store in Ann Arbor ?
Domino 's Pizza 's headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino 's Farms , a 271-acre -LRB- 110 ha -RRB- Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city .	Domino's Pizza's	Which pizza chain is headquartered at Ann Arbor ?
Avfuel , a global supplier of aviation fuels and services , is also headquartered in Ann Arbor .	aviation fuels	Avfuel , a global supplier of what services is headquartered in Ann Arbor ?
Founded in 1879 , the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year , bringing international artists in music , dance , and theater .	1879	When was the University Musical Society founded ?
Founded in 1879 , the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year , bringing international artists in music , dance , and theater .	over 60	How many events does the University Musical Society present in a year ?
Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre , the Arbor Opera Theater , the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra , the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater , the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet -LRB- established in 1954 as Michigan 's first chartered ballet company -RRB- , The Ark , and Performance Network Theatre .	1954	When was the Ann Arbor civic Ballet established ?
Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre , the Arbor Opera Theater , the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra , the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater , the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet -LRB- established in 1954 as Michigan 's first chartered ballet company -RRB- , The Ark , and Performance Network Theatre .	Ann Arbor Civic Ballet	Name Michigan 's first Civic chartered company .
The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station .	The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum	Which museum is located at Ann Arbors historic downtown fire station ?
Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street , South State Street , and South University Avenue areas , Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita .	books	Ann Arbor ranks 1st among what goods sold ?
The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library .	Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library	Which presidential library is located in Ann Arbor ?
One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs , a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets .	juried fairs	What type of Art fairs are held at Ann Arbor ?
Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival , held during the third week of March , which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award -- qualifying festivals in the United States .	Ann Arbor Film Festival	What is the name of the film festival held at Ann Arbor ?
Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival , held during the third week of March , which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award -- qualifying festivals in the United States .	2,500	How many submissions does the Ann arbor film festival receive ?
Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana , given Ann Arbor 's decriminalization of cannabis , the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city -LRB- one dispensary , called People 's Co-op , was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west -RRB- , the large number of pro-marijuana residents , and the annual Hash Bash : an event that is held on the first Saturday of April .	medical marijuana dispensaries	What medical dispensarys are there in Ann Arbor ?
Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana , given Ann Arbor 's decriminalization of cannabis , the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city -LRB- one dispensary , called People 's Co-op , was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west -RRB- , the large number of pro-marijuana residents , and the annual Hash Bash : an event that is held on the first Saturday of April .	People's Co-op	What are the Medical marijuana dispensaries called in the city ?
Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana , given Ann Arbor 's decriminalization of cannabis , the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city -LRB- one dispensary , called People 's Co-op , was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west -RRB- , the large number of pro-marijuana residents , and the annual Hash Bash : an event that is held on the first Saturday of April .	annual Hash Bash	What annual event is held on the 1st saturday of april ?
Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports , most notably at the University of Michigan , a member of the Big Ten Conference .	University of Michigan	Who is the member of the Big Ten Conference in college sports in the city ?
Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city , including Michigan Stadium , the largest American football stadium in the world .	Michigan Stadium	Which is the largest American football stadium in the world ?
The stadium is colloquially known as `` The Big House '' .	The Big House	What is the Michigan Stadium called colloquially ?
A person from Ann Arbor is called an `` Ann Arborite '' , and many long-time residents call themselves `` townies '' .	Ann Arborite	What is a person from Ann Arbor called ?
Ann Arbor has become increasingly gentrified in recent years .	gentrified	In recent years what has Ann Arbor become ?
With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city 's liberal political leanings , some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as `` The People 's Republic of Ann Arbor '' or `` 25 square miles surrounded by reality '' , the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus 's description of Madison , Wisconsin .	Ann Arbor	Which city is referred to as the `` People 's Republic of Ann Arbor '' ?
Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government .	council-manager	What form of government does Ann Arbor have ?
The City Council has 11 voting members : the mayor and 10 city council members .	11	How many voting members are there in the city - council ?
The mayor and city council members serve two-year terms : the mayor is elected every even-numbered year , while half of the city council members are up for election annually -LRB- five in even-numbered and five in odd-numbered years -RRB- .	two-year	How many terms does the mayor of the city serve ?
The mayor and city council members serve two-year terms : the mayor is elected every even-numbered year , while half of the city council members are up for election annually -LRB- five in even-numbered and five in odd-numbered years -RRB- .	mayor	Who is elected every even numbered year ?
Two council members are elected from each of the city 's five wards .	Two	How many council members are elected for the city 's ward ?
Ann Arbor is part of Michigan 's 12th congressional district , represented in Congress by Representative Debbie Dingell , a Democrat .	Debbie Dingell	Who represents the congress in Ann Arbor ?
On the state level , the city is part of the 18th district in the Michigan Senate , represented by Democrat Rebekah Warren .	18th district	On a state level the city is part of which district number ?
On the state level , the city is part of the 18th district in the Michigan Senate , represented by Democrat Rebekah Warren .	Rebekah Warren	Who represents the city in Michigan senate ?
Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana -LRB- 1974 -RRB- , and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan -LRB- 1990 -RRB- .	charter	Voters in the city approve which kind of amendment ?
Left-wing politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s .	Left-wing politics	What kind of politics have been strong in the municipal government ?
In 1975 , Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race .	instant-runoff	Ann Arbor became the 1st city in the US to what type of voting in the Mayoral race ?
Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor , a Lutheran liberal-arts institution ; a campus of the University of Phoenix ; and Cleary University , a private business school .	Cleary University	Name a private business school located in Ann arbor .
In 2000 , the Ave Maria School of Law , a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino 's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan , opened in northeastern Ann Arbor , but the school moved to Ave Maria , Florida in 2009 , and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus .	Tom Monaghan	Who founded Domino 's pizza ?
In 2000 , the Ave Maria School of Law , a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino 's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan , opened in northeastern Ann Arbor , but the school moved to Ave Maria , Florida in 2009 , and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus .	Thomas M. Cooley Law School	Which school acquired the former Ave Maria building after a Roman catholic school moved from there ?
AAPS has one of the country 's leading music programs .	music	Ann Arbor has one of the leading programs in what subject ?
The district also operates a K-8 open school program , Ann Arbor Open School , out of the former Mack School .	Ann Arbor Open School	What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor ?
In September 2008 , 16,539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools .	16,539	In 2008 , how many were enrolled in public schools ?
The Ann Arbor News , owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain , is the major daily newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County .	Booth Newspapers	Who owns Ann Arbor news ?
The newspaper ended its 174-year print run in 2009 , due to economic difficulties .	2009	When did the Ann Arbor news end its print ?
Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper .	Ann Arbor	Which was the only city in the US to loose its only daily paper ?
The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area .	Ann Arbor Business Review	What magazine covers Ann Arbor 's local businesses ?
Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine are also based in Ann Arbor .	Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine	Which automobile magazines are based from Ann Arbor ?
The University of Michigan is served by many student publications , including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper , which reports on local , state , and regional issues in addition to campus news .	Michigan Daily student newspaper	Which university magazine reports local , state & regional issues in addition to campus news ?
Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600 , a conservative news and talk station ; WLBY 1290 , a business news and talk station ; WDEO 990 , Catholic radio ; and WTKA 1050 , which is primarily a sports station .	WAAM 1600	What is the name of the conservative AM radio channel in Ann arbor ?
The city 's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7 ; country station WWWW 102.9 ; and adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1 .	WUOM 91.7	What is the name of the city 's FM radio channel ?
Freeform station WCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial , eclectic music and public-affairs programming .	WCBN-FM 88.3	What is the name of the local free community college radio ?
WPXD channel 31 , an affiliate of the ION Television network , is licensed to the city .	ION	WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network ?
Community Television Network -LRB- CTN -RRB- is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations .	Community Television Network	What is the abbreviation of CTN ?
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period .	late medieval period	What is one time period in which Gothic architecture flourished ?
It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture .	Romanesque architecture	What style of architecture did Gothic architecture evolve from ?
It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture .	Renaissance architecture	What style of architecture came after the Gothic style ?
Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century , Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum -LRB- `` French work '' -RRB- with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance .	France	Where did the Gothic architecture style originate ?
It is also the architecture of many castles , palaces , town halls , guild halls , universities and to a less prominent extent , private dwellings , such as dorms and rooms .	private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms	Gothic architecture is known for being commonly used in cathedrals and churches , what is one example of a lesser known type of structure in which Gothic architecture has been used ?
It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully , its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions , whether springing from faith or from civic pride .	churches and cathedrals	What is an example of where the Gothic style is expressed most strongly ?
It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully , its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions , whether springing from faith or from civic pride .	faith or from civic pride	Where do the emotions which traits of the Gothic style represent , originate from ?
A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period , of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites .	ecclesiastical	A great number of what type of buildings still remain from this period today ?
A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period , of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites .	UNESCO	With what organization are many Gothic cathedral listed with as World Heritage Sites ?
A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period , of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites .	larger churches are considered priceless works of art	Why are larger cathedrals and churches associated with the Gothic style ?
The term `` Gothic architecture '' originated as a pejorative description .	a pejorative description	What type of description did the term `` Gothic architecture '' originate as ?
Giorgio Vasari used the term `` barbarous German style '' in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style , and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to `` the Goths '' whom he holds responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome , and erecting new ones in this style .	Giorgio Vasari	Who used the term `` barbarous German style '' to portray what is known today as the Gothic style ?
Giorgio Vasari used the term `` barbarous German style '' in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style , and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to `` the Goths '' whom he holds responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome , and erecting new ones in this style .	"the Goths"	Who does Vasari believe destroyed ancient buildings after they conquered Rome ?
At the time in which Vasari was writing , Italy had experienced a century of building in the Classical architectural vocabulary revived in the Renaissance and seen as evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement .	a century	How long had Italy undergone building in a Classical architecture style at the time of Vasari ?
At the time in which Vasari was writing , Italy had experienced a century of building in the Classical architectural vocabulary revived in the Renaissance and seen as evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement .	the Renaissance	In what period was the Classical architecture vocabulary revived ?
The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France , the Low Countries , England and Spain , with other fine examples occurring across Europe .	Northern France	What is one region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with ?
The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France , the Low Countries , England and Spain , with other fine examples occurring across Europe .	the Low Countries	What is another region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with ?
The greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches .	churches	What type of structures remaining today have the largest amount of examples of the Gothic style ?
The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France , the Low Countries , England and Spain , with other fine examples occurring across Europe .	England	What is one country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with ?
The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France , the Low Countries , England and Spain , with other fine examples occurring across Europe .	Spain	What is another country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with ?
At the end of the 12th century , Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms .	the end of the 12th century	At the end of what century was Europe separated into several city states and kingdoms ?
The area encompassing modern Germany , southern Denmark , the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , Switzerland , Austria , Slovakia , Czech Republic and much of northern Italy -LRB- excluding Venice and Papal State -RRB- was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire , but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy .	the Holy Roman Empire	What was the region covering modern Germany , southern Denmark , the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , Switzerland , Austria , Slovakia , Czech Republic and much of northern Italy known as ?
France , Denmark , Poland , Hungary , Portugal , Scotland , Castile , Aragon , Navarre , Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms , as was the Angevin Empire , whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France .	modern France	What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled large domains ?
Norway came under the influence of England , while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League .	the Hanseatic League	Poland was affected by trade connections with what League ?
Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy , while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus .	Angevin kings	What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Italy ?
Throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns .	trade	Europe experienced a rapid growth in what at this time ?
Germany and the Lowlands had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace , in trade and competition with each other , or united for mutual weal , as in the Hanseatic League .	Germany	What is one country that contained considerable and prosperous towns during this time ?
Civic building was of great importance to these towns as a sign of wealth and pride .	Civic building	What type of building was considered to be very important and a sign of affluence and achievement ?
England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings , dukes and bishops , rather than grand town halls for their burghers .	England	What is one country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers ?
England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings , dukes and bishops , rather than grand town halls for their burghers .	France	What is another country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers ?
The Catholic Church prevailed across Europe at this time , influencing not only faith but also wealth and power .	The Catholic Church	What church was widespread across Europe at this time ?
Bishops were appointed by the feudal lords -LRB- kings , dukes and other landowners -RRB- and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates .	by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners)	Who were bishops appointed by ?
The early Medieval periods had seen a rapid growth in monasticism , with several different orders being prevalent and spreading their influence widely .	The early Medieval periods	Which periods saw a quick growth in Monasticism ?
Foremost were the Benedictines whose great abbey churches vastly outnumbered any others in France and England .	great abbey churches	What types of church were the Benedictines known for ?
The Cluniac and Cistercian Orders were prevalent in France , the great monastery at Cluny having established a formula for a well planned monastic site which was then to influence all subsequent monastic building for many centuries .	Cistercian Orders	What is one type of Benedictine order that was common in France ?
From the 10th to the 13th century , Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction , affecting buildings in countries as far apart as Ireland , Croatia , Sweden and Sicily .	10th to the 13th century	During what time period did Romanesque architecture become a pan-European style of construction ?
From the 10th to the 13th century , Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction , affecting buildings in countries as far apart as Ireland , Croatia , Sweden and Sicily .	Croatia	What is one country in the geographic area that was affected by the development of the Gothic style of architecture ?
The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders do not define divisions of style .	proximity of some regions	Why did country borders not affect differences in style within Gothic architecture ?
Regional differences that are apparent in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period often become even more apparent in the Gothic .	the Gothic	During which period did regional differences in Romanesque architecture become even more pronounced ?
On the other hand , some regions such as England and Spain produced defining characteristics rarely seen elsewhere , except where they have been carried by itinerant craftsmen , or the transfer of bishops .	Spain	England and what other country showed differences in architectural style rarely observed anywhere else ?
In Northern Germany , Netherlands , northern Poland , Denmark , and the Baltic countries local building stone was unavailable but there was a strong tradition of building in brick .	brick	Northern Germany , Netherlands , northern Poland , Denmark , and the Baltic countries used what building material in place of local stone ?
The resultant style , Brick Gothic , is called `` Backsteingotik '' in Germany and Scandinavia and is associated with the Hanseatic League .	Brick Gothic, is called "Backsteingotik"	What was the name of the building style that resulted from the use of brick ?
The resultant style , Brick Gothic , is called `` Backsteingotik '' in Germany and Scandinavia and is associated with the Hanseatic League .	"Backsteingotik"	What building style was the Hanseatic League connected with in Germany and Scandinavia ?
Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble , many buildings were faced in marble , or were left with undecorated façade so that this might be achieved at a later date .	Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble	Why were many buildings covered with marble ?
Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble , many buildings were faced in marble , or were left with undecorated façade so that this might be achieved at a later date .	undecorated façade	With what type of facade were buildings left with if they were to completed at a later time ?
By the 12th century , Romanesque architecture -LRB- termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion -RRB- , was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period .	Norman architecture	What is Romanesque architecture known as in England ?
By the 12th century , Romanesque architecture -LRB- termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion -RRB- , was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period .	the 12th century	By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe ?
By the 12th century , Romanesque architecture -LRB- termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion -RRB- , was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period .	the Medieval period	The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire the basic architectural forms throughout which period ?
The important categories of building : the cathedral church , the parish church , the monastery , the castle , the palace , the great hall , the gatehouse , the civic building , had been established in the Romanesque period .	the cathedral church	What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period ?
The important categories of building : the cathedral church , the parish church , the monastery , the castle , the palace , the great hall , the gatehouse , the civic building , had been established in the Romanesque period .	the palace	What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period ?
It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature , the pointed arch , which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque .	the pointed arch	What was the most important single design aspect that separated the Gothic style from the Romanesque ?
These include the flying buttresses , pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture .	the flying buttresses	What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation ?
These include the flying buttresses , pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture .	traceried windows	What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation ?
But while pointed arch is so strongly associated with the Gothic style , it was first used in Western architecture in buildings that were in other ways clearly Romanesque , notably Durham Cathedral in the north of England , Monreale Cathedral and Cathedral of Cefalù in Sicily , Autun Cathedral in France .	Durham Cathedral	What is the name of the cathedral in Northern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch ?
But while pointed arch is so strongly associated with the Gothic style , it was first used in Western architecture in buildings that were in other ways clearly Romanesque , notably Durham Cathedral in the north of England , Monreale Cathedral and Cathedral of Cefalù in Sicily , Autun Cathedral in France .	Cathedral of Cefalù	What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the pointed arch ?
The pointed arch , one of the defining attributes of Gothic , was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the Seventh Century .	The pointed arch	What is one defining characteristic of the Gothic architectural style ?
The pointed arch , one of the defining attributes of Gothic , was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the Seventh Century .	Islamic architecture	Which type of architecture first used the pointed arch during the seventh century ?
The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture ; within the Roman context , evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures , like the Roman Karamagara Bridge ; in Sassanid architecture , in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction .	Sassanian architecture	What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch ?
The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture ; within the Roman context , evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures , like the Roman Karamagara Bridge ; in Sassanid architecture , in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction .	secular structures	The Roman Karamagara Bridge is an example of what type of structure ?
The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture ; within the Roman context , evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures , like the Roman Karamagara Bridge ; in Sassanid architecture , in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction .	palace and sacred construction	Parabolic and pointed arches were used in what type of constrcution ?
Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world , including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090 , the Crusades , beginning 1096 , and the Islamic presence in Spain , may have influenced Medieval Europe 's adoption of the pointed arch , although this hypothesis remains controversial .	cultural contacts with the Muslim world	What could have affected Medieval Europe 's embracing of the pointed arch ?
Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world , including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090 , the Crusades , beginning 1096 , and the Islamic presence in Spain , may have influenced Medieval Europe 's adoption of the pointed arch , although this hypothesis remains controversial .	the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily	What event in the year 1090 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe 's embracing of the pointed arch ?
Certainly , in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence , rich regional variants arose , fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms , as seen , for example , in Monreale and Cefalù Cathedrals , the Alcázar of Seville , and Teruel Cathedral .	those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control	In which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Romanesque and Islamic styles occur ?
Certainly , in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence , rich regional variants arose , fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms , as seen , for example , in Monreale and Cefalù Cathedrals , the Alcázar of Seville , and Teruel Cathedral .	Cefalù Cathedrals	What is one cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque , Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen ?
Certainly , in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence , rich regional variants arose , fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms , as seen , for example , in Monreale and Cefalù Cathedrals , the Alcázar of Seville , and Teruel Cathedral .	Teruel Cathedral	What is another example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque , Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen ?
The characteristic forms that were to define Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture and developed at several different geographic locations , as the result of different influences and structural requirements .	Romanesque	The distinctive forms that describe Gothic architecture developed out of which style ?
While barrel vaults and groin vaults are typical of Romanesque architecture , ribbed vaults were used in the naves of two Romanesque churches in Caen , Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames in 1120 .	Romanesque architecture	Barrel and groin vaults are examples of what kind of architecture ?
While barrel vaults and groin vaults are typical of Romanesque architecture , ribbed vaults were used in the naves of two Romanesque churches in Caen , Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames in 1120 .	ribbed vaults	What type of vaults were used in the Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames ?
The ribbed vault over the north transept at Durham Cathedral in England , built from 1128 to 1133 , is probably earlier still and was the first time pointed arches were used in a high vault .	from 1128 to 1133	When was Durham Cathedral constructed ?
The ribbed vault over the north transept at Durham Cathedral in England , built from 1128 to 1133 , is probably earlier still and was the first time pointed arches were used in a high vault .	Durham Cathedral in England	What cathedral first made use of pointed arches in high vaults ?
The Basilica of Saint Denis is generally cited as the first truly Gothic building , however the distinction is best reserved for the choir , of which the ambulatory remains intact .	The Basilica of Saint Denis	What is considered the first truly Gothic building ?
Noyon Cathedral , also in France , saw the earliest completion of a rebuilding of an entire cathedral in the new style from 1150 to 1231 .	Noyon Cathedral	Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231 ?
While using all those features that came to be known as Gothic , including pointed arches , flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting , the builders continued to employ many of the features and much of the character of Romanesque architecture including round-headed arch throughout the building , varying the shape to pointed where it was functionally practical to do so .	pointed arches	What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style ?
While using all those features that came to be known as Gothic , including pointed arches , flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting , the builders continued to employ many of the features and much of the character of Romanesque architecture including round-headed arch throughout the building , varying the shape to pointed where it was functionally practical to do so .	flying buttresses	What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style ?
While using all those features that came to be known as Gothic , including pointed arches , flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting , the builders continued to employ many of the features and much of the character of Romanesque architecture including round-headed arch throughout the building , varying the shape to pointed where it was functionally practical to do so .	ribbed vaulting	What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style ?
At the Abbey Saint-Denis , Noyon Cathedral , Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England , simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers .	Abbey Saint-Denis	What is one cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features ?
Wells Cathedral in England , commenced at the eastern end in 1175 , was the first building in which the designer broke free from Romanesque forms .	in 1175	When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England begun ?
The transepts and nave were continued by Adam Locke in the same style and completed in about 1230 .	Adam Locke	Who completed the transepts and nave on Wells Cathedral in about 1230 ?
Wells Cathedral is thus considered the first truly Gothic cathedral .	Wells Cathedral	Which Cathedral is considered the first thoroughly Gothic cathedral ?
At the Abbey Saint-Denis , Noyon Cathedral , Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England , simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers .	Notre Dame de Paris	What is another cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features ?
Suger , friend and confidant of the French Kings , Louis VI and Louis VII , decided in about 1137 , to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis , attached to an abbey which was also a royal residence .	Suger	Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1137 ?
He began with the West Front , reconstructing the original Carolingian façade with its single door .	the West Front	Which portion the cathedral was the reconstruction of the great Church of Saint-Denis begun ?
He designed the façade of Saint-Denis to be an echo of the Roman Arch of Constantine with its three-part division and three large portals to ease the problem of congestion .	the Roman Arch of Constantine	The facade of Saint Denis resembled what other well known structure ?
He designed the façade of Saint-Denis to be an echo of the Roman Arch of Constantine with its three-part division and three large portals to ease the problem of congestion .	to ease the problem of congestion	Why were three large portal used in the construction of the Roman Arch of Constantine ?
The façade combines both round arches and pointed arches of the Gothic style .	pointed arches of the Gothic style	The facade of Saint Denis combines round arches with what other style arch ?
At the completion of the west front in 1140 , Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end , leaving the Carolingian nave in use .	in 1140	When was the west front of Saint Denis completed ?
At the completion of the west front in 1140 , Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end , leaving the Carolingian nave in use .	the eastern end	What portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis was begun after the completion of the west front ?
At the completion of the west front in 1140 , Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end , leaving the Carolingian nave in use .	the Carolingian nave	What style of nave was left unaltered during this portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis ?
To achieve his aims , his masons drew on the several new features which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture , the pointed arch , the ribbed vault , the ambulatory with radiating chapels , the clustered columns supporting ribs springing in different directions and the flying buttresses which enabled the insertion of large clerestory windows .	clustered columns	What style of columns did Abbott Suger use when reconstructing Saint Denis ?
To achieve his aims , his masons drew on the several new features which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture , the pointed arch , the ribbed vault , the ambulatory with radiating chapels , the clustered columns supporting ribs springing in different directions and the flying buttresses which enabled the insertion of large clerestory windows .	the flying buttresses	What design element allowed the use of large clerestory windows ?
While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages , it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage .	cathedrals and great churches	What type of buildings most prominently display the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style ?
A Gothic cathedral or abbey was , prior to the 20th century , generally the landmark building in its town , rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires .	the landmark building	Prior to the 20th century , a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed ?
Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch , the ribbed vault , and the buttress .	the ogival	What is another name for the pointed arch ?
Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch , the ribbed vault , and the buttress .	the ribbed vault	What is an example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction ?
Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch , the ribbed vault , and the buttress .	the buttress	What is another example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction ?
The eastern arm shows considerable diversity .	The eastern arm	In England , which arm would generally show two distinct sections , choir and presbytery ?
It is often square ended or has a projecting Lady Chapel , dedicated to the Virgin Mary .	the Virgin Mary	Who is a projecting Lady Chapel dedicated to ?
In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a `` chevet '' .	polygonal	What shape does the eastern end often exhibit in France ?
In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a `` chevet '' .	chevet	What is the ring of chapels found in the eastern end of French chapels known as ?
While German churches are often similar to those of France , in Italy , the eastern projection beyond the transept is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary , as at Florence Cathedral .	the sanctuary	In Italy , the eastern projection beyond the transept often contains what ?
Contrary to the diffusionist theory , it appears that there was simultaneously a structural evolution towards the pointed arch , for the purpose of vaulting spaces of irregular plan , or to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults .	the diffusionist theory	The use of the pointed arch for bringing transverse vaults to the same height diagonal ones , is in disagreement with what theory ?
This latter occurs at Durham Cathedral in the nave aisles in 1093 .	Durham Cathedral	At which cathedral is the pointed arch used to match the heights of transverse and diagonal vaults ?
Pointed arches also occur extensively in Romanesque decorative blind arcading , where semi-circular arches overlap each other in a simple decorative pattern , and the points are accidental to the design .	Romanesque	In what type of decorative blind arcading are pointed arches common ?
Pointed arches also occur extensively in Romanesque decorative blind arcading , where semi-circular arches overlap each other in a simple decorative pattern , and the points are accidental to the design .	points	When semicircular arches overlap each other , what type of design is accidentally created ?
The Gothic vault , unlike the semi-circular vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings , can be used to roof rectangular and irregularly shaped plans such as trapezoids .	The Gothic vault	Which type of vault can be used for rectangular and trapezoidal shaped roofs ?
The other structural advantage is that the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle .	channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle	What structural benefit is offered by the Gothic vault ?
This enabled architects to raise vaults much higher than was possible in Romanesque architecture .	vaults	What can architects raise much higher using the Gothic versus the Romanesque variety ?
While , structurally , use of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural form , it also gave Gothic architecture a very different and more vertical visual character than Romanesque .	more vertical visual character	What type of visual character is achieved by using the pointed arch ?
Externally , towers and spires are characteristic of Gothic churches both great and small , the number and positioning being one of the greatest variables in Gothic architecture .	towers	What is one feature of both large and small Gothic churches ?
Externally , towers and spires are characteristic of Gothic churches both great and small , the number and positioning being one of the greatest variables in Gothic architecture .	spires	What is another feature of both large and small Gothic churches ?
In France and Spain , two towers on the front is the norm .	two towers	How many towers are typical on the front of Gothic churches in France and Spain ?
In Italy , the tower , if present , is almost always detached from the building , as at Florence Cathedral , and is often from an earlier structure .	Italy	In what country is the tower often found detached from the main building ?
Smaller churches usually have just one tower , but this may also be the case at larger buildings , such as Salisbury Cathedral or Ulm Minster , which has the tallest spire in the world , slightly exceeding that of Lincoln Cathedral , the tallest which was actually completed during the medieval period , at 160 metres -LRB- 520 ft -RRB- .	just one tower	How many towers are found at the Salisbury Chapel ?
On the exterior , the verticality is emphasised in a major way by the towers and spires and in a lesser way by strongly projecting vertical buttresses , by narrow half-columns called attached shafts which often pass through several storeys of the building , by long narrow windows , vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture which emphasises the vertical and is often attenuated .	the towers and spires	What enhances the vertical look of the exterior of Gothic construction ?
The roofline , gable ends , buttresses and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles , Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration .	The roofline	What is one design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles ?
The roofline , gable ends , buttresses and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles , Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration .	gable ends	What is another design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles ?
The roofline , gable ends , buttresses and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles , Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration .	Milan Cathedral	Which cathedral demonstrates a drastic example of termination with small pinnacles ?
The roofline , gable ends , buttresses and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles , Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration .	buttresses	What other part of Gothic buildings are often found terminated with small pinnacles ?
On the interior of the building attached shafts often sweep unbroken from floor to ceiling and meet the ribs of the vault , like a tall tree spreading into branches .	attached shafts	What is often found sweeping unbroken from floor to ceiling on the interior of Gothic buildings ?
The verticals are generally repeated in the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces .	the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces	Where are the verticals found repeated in the interior of Gothic buildings ?
In many Gothic churches , particularly in France , and in the Perpendicular period of English Gothic architecture , the treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery creates a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure .	a strongly unifying feature	What sort of feature is created by the use of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery ?
In many Gothic churches , particularly in France , and in the Perpendicular period of English Gothic architecture , the treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery creates a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure .	horizontal divisions of the interior structure	What does the use of vertical elements help to counteract ?
To promote such faith , the abbot in charge of the Saint-Denis church on the north edge of Paris , the Abbot Suger , encouraged architects remodeling the building to make the interior as bright as possible .	the Abbot Suger	Who encouraged cathedral architects to allow as much light as possible into the building ?
Pseudo-Dionysius held that all light , even light reflected from metals or streamed through windows , was divine .	Pseudo-Dionysius	Who held the belief that all light , including light reflected from walls and surfaces was divine ?
Expansive interior light has been a feature of Gothic cathedrals since the first structure was opened .	Expansive interior light	What sort of light has always been characteristic of Gothic cathedrals ?
Much of this belief was based on the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius , a sixth-century mystic whose book , The Celestial Hierarchy , was popular among monks in France .	The Celestial Hierarchy	What book became popular with monks in France and had an effect on how light was used in cathedrals ?
Much of this belief was based on the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius , a sixth-century mystic whose book , The Celestial Hierarchy , was popular among monks in France .	Pseudo-Dionysius	Whose writings led to the clerical belief in the divinity of light ?
Above the main portal there is generally a large window , like that at York Minster , or a group of windows such as those at Ripon Cathedral .	a large window	What size of window is found above the main portal at York Minster ?
In France there is generally a rose window like that at Reims Cathedral .	a rose window	What type of window is often found above the main portal at cathedrals in France such as the Reims Cathedral ?
Rose windows are also often found in the façades of churches of Spain and Italy , but are rarer elsewhere and are not found on the façades of any English Cathedrals .	any English Cathedrals	Where are rose windows never found in the facades of cathedrals ?
The gable is usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture or , in the case of Italy , may be decorated with the rest of the façade , with polychrome marble and mosaic , as at Orvieto Cathedral .	The gable	What portion of Gothic buildings are usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture ?
The gable is usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture or , in the case of Italy , may be decorated with the rest of the façade , with polychrome marble and mosaic , as at Orvieto Cathedral .	Orvieto Cathedral	Which Italian cathedral displays polychrome marble and mosaic on the gable ?
The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals , and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly influenced by them , is their height and their impression of verticality .	their impression of verticality	What is the distinguiushing visual design feature of French cathedrals ?
The west fronts are highly consistent , having three portals surmounted by a rose window , and two large towers .	three portals	How many portals are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals ?
The west fronts are highly consistent , having three portals surmounted by a rose window , and two large towers .	two large towers	How many towers are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals ?
The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a chevette of radiating chapels .	The east end is polygonal	What shape does the east end of French chapels typically have ?
In the south of France , many of the major churches are without transepts and some are without aisles .	transepts	What do many major churches in Southern France often lack ?
The distinctive characteristic of English cathedrals is their extreme length , and their internal emphasis upon the horizontal , which may be emphasised visually as much or more than the vertical lines .	their extreme length	What is the unique design feature of English cathedrals ?
Unlike French cathedrals , English cathedrals sprawl across their sites , with double transepts projecting strongly and Lady Chapels tacked on at a later date , such as at Westminster Abbey .	double transepts	What type of transepts do English cathedrals often feature ?
The West window is very large and never a rose , which are reserved for the transept gables .	very large	What size of window is typically featured on the west end of English cathedrals ?
The West window is very large and never a rose , which are reserved for the transept gables .	the transept gables	Where are rose windows used on English cathedrals ?
There is nearly always a tower at the crossing and it may be very large and surmounted by a spire .	at the crossing	On English cathedrals , where is a tower almost always found ?
Romanesque architecture in Germany , Poland , the Czech Lands and Austria is characterised by its massive and modular nature .	modular nature	In Germany , Poland and Austria Romanesque architecture is defined by its massive size and what other design element ?
The west front generally follows the French formula , but the towers are very much taller and , if complete , are surmounted by enormous openwork spires that are a regional feature .	the French formula	What design style does Romanesque architecture in Germany , Poland , and Austria normally follow ?
The eastern end follows the French form .	follows the French form	What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically emulate ?
The distinctive character of the interior of German Gothic cathedrals is their breadth and openness .	their breadth and openness	What is the distinguishing design element in German Gothic cathedrals ?
There are also many hall churches -LRB- Hallenkirchen -RRB- without clerestory windows .	Hallenkirchen	What are hall churches in German cathedrals known as ?
The distinctive characteristic of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula is their spatial complexity , with many areas of different shapes leading from each other .	their spatial complexity	What is the distinctive design element of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula ?
They are comparatively wide , and often have very tall arcades surmounted by low clerestories , giving a similar spacious appearance to the ` Hallenkirche of Germany , as at the Church of the Batalha Monastery in Portugal .	very tall arcades	What size are the arcades of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula ?
Among the influences on both decoration and form are Islamic architecture and , towards the end of the period , Renaissance details combined with the Gothic in a distinctive manner .	Islamic architecture	What type of architecture is a prominent influence on the design and form of Gothic cathedrals from the Iberian Peninsula ?
The West front , as at Leon Cathedral , typically resembles a French west front , but wider in proportion to height and often with greater diversity of detail and a combination of intricate ornament with broad plain surfaces .	a French west front	What type of West front does the Leon Cathedral resemble ?
At Burgos Cathedral there are spires of German style .	German style	What style are the spires at Burgos Cathedral ?
The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration , both externally as marble veneer on the brick façade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments , and where the columns may be painted red , the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic .	the use of polychrome decoration	What is the unique characteristic of Italian Gothic design ?
The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration , both externally as marble veneer on the brick façade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments , and where the columns may be painted red , the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic .	the columns may be painted red	What color are the columns of Italian Gothic cathedrals often painted ?
The proportions are generally mathematically equilibrated , based on the square and the concept of `` armonìa '' , and except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches , the arches are almost always equilateral .	they loved flamboyant arches	What type of arches do they love to use in Venice ?
The façades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses , and do not usually have a tower .	occular or wheel windows	Instead of rose windows , what type of windows do Italian cathedral facades usually feature ?
The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and , although stained glass windows are often found , the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco .	the fresco	What is the preferred narrative medium for the interior of Italian cathedrals ?
The Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace , alongside the Royal palace of Olite , built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre .	the kings of Navarre	Who was the Royal palace of Olite built for ?
The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture .	the master of the Teutonic order	Who was the Malbork Castle built for ?
The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture .	Brick Gothic architecture	What type of Gothic architecture is the Malbork Castle an example of ?
Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge 's Palace of Venice , the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona , built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon , or the famous Conciergerie , former palace of the kings of France , in Paris .	the famous Conciergerie	What is the name of the royal residence built for the kings of France in Paris ?
Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge 's Palace of Venice , the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona , built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon , or the famous Conciergerie , former palace of the kings of France , in Paris .	built in the 15th century	When was the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona constructed ?
The Gdańsk , Wrocław and Stralsund town halls are remarkable examples of northern Brick Gothic built in the late 14th centuries .	Stralsund town halls	What is an example of secular Northern Brick Gothic architecture from the 14th century ?
The Belfry of Bruges or Brussels Town Hall , built during the 15th century , are associated to the increasing wealth and power of the bourgeoisie in the late Middle Ages ; by the 15th century , the traders of the trade cities of Burgundy had acquired such wealth and influence that they could afford to express their power by funding lavishly decorated buildings of vast proportions .	built during the 15th century	When was Brussels Town Hall built ?
This kind of expressions of secular and economic power are also found in other late mediaeval commercial cities , including the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia , Spain , a purpose built silk exchange dating from the 15th century , in the partial remains of Westminster Hall in the Houses of Parliament in London , or the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena , Italy , a 13th-century town hall built to host the offices of the then prosperous republic of Siena .	the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia	What is the name of the secular building in Spain which was constructed for the purpose of silk exchange ?
This kind of expressions of secular and economic power are also found in other late mediaeval commercial cities , including the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia , Spain , a purpose built silk exchange dating from the 15th century , in the partial remains of Westminster Hall in the Houses of Parliament in London , or the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena , Italy , a 13th-century town hall built to host the offices of the then prosperous republic of Siena .	the Palazzo Pubblico	What is the name of the 13th-century town hall constructed to host the offices of the republic of Siena ?
Other Italian cities such as Florence -LRB- Palazzo Vecchio -RRB- , Mantua or Venice also host remarkable examples of secular public architecture .	Florence	Impressive public secular architecture can also be found in what other Italian city ?
By the late Middle Ages university towns had grown in wealth and importance as well , and this was reflected in the buildings of some of Europe 's ancient universities .	the late Middle Ages	In what era had university towns grown in wealth and importance ?
Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna , built during the 14th and 15th centuries ; the Collegium Carolinum of the University of Prague in Bohemia ; the Escuelas mayores of the University of Salamanca in Spain ; the chapel of King 's College , Cambridge ; or the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków , Poland .	the Collegio di Spagna	What is the name of the university building in Bologna , built in the 14th and 15th centuries ?
Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna , built during the 14th and 15th centuries ; the Collegium Carolinum of the University of Prague in Bohemia ; the Escuelas mayores of the University of Salamanca in Spain ; the chapel of King 's College , Cambridge ; or the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków , Poland .	the Collegium Carolinum	What is the name of the building at University of Prague in Bohemia ?
Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna , built during the 14th and 15th centuries ; the Collegium Carolinum of the University of Prague in Bohemia ; the Escuelas mayores of the University of Salamanca in Spain ; the chapel of King 's College , Cambridge ; or the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków , Poland .	the Escuelas mayores	What is the name of the secular building at the University of Salamanca in Spain ?
Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna , built during the 14th and 15th centuries ; the Collegium Carolinum of the University of Prague in Bohemia ; the Escuelas mayores of the University of Salamanca in Spain ; the chapel of King 's College , Cambridge ; or the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków , Poland .	the Collegium Maius	What is the name of the secular building at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków , Poland ?
Other cities with a concentration of secular Gothic include Bruges and Siena .	Bruges	What is one city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures ?
Other cities with a concentration of secular Gothic include Bruges and Siena .	Siena	What is another city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures ?
Most surviving small secular buildings are relatively plain and straightforward ; most windows are flat-topped with mullions , with pointed arches and vaulted ceilings often only found at a few focal points .	flat-topped with mullions	What style are most windows on secular Gothic structures ?
Most surviving small secular buildings are relatively plain and straightforward ; most windows are flat-topped with mullions , with pointed arches and vaulted ceilings often only found at a few focal points .	a few focal points	Where are pointed arches and vaulted ceilings found on most secular Gothic structures ?
The living and working parts of many monastic buildings survive , for example at Mont Saint-Michel .	Mont Saint-Michel	What is the name of the surviving monastic building in England ?
In 1663 at the Archbishop of Canterbury 's residence , Lambeth Palace , a Gothic hammerbeam roof was built to replace that destroyed when the building was sacked during the English Civil War .	Lambeth Palace	What is the name of the Archbishop of Canterbury 's residence ?
In 1663 at the Archbishop of Canterbury 's residence , Lambeth Palace , a Gothic hammerbeam roof was built to replace that destroyed when the building was sacked during the English Civil War .	In 1663	In what year was a Gothic hammerbeam roof installed on the Archbishop of Canterbury 's residence ?
Also in the late 17th century , some discrete Gothic details appeared on new construction at Oxford University and Cambridge University , notably on Tom Tower at Christ Church , Oxford , by Christopher Wren .	the late 17th century	In what century were distinct Gothic details used on new construction at Oxford and Cambridge ?
Also in the late 17th century , some discrete Gothic details appeared on new construction at Oxford University and Cambridge University , notably on Tom Tower at Christ Church , Oxford , by Christopher Wren .	Christopher Wren	Who used Gothic details in construction of Tom Tower , Oxford ?
In England , partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the Oxford Movement and others associated with the emerging revival of ` high church ' or Anglo-Catholic ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century , neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecclesiastical , civic and institutional architecture .	during the second quarter of the 19th century	When was neo-Gothic popularized by influential figures ?
The appeal of this Gothic revival -LRB- which after 1837 , in Britain , is sometimes termed Victorian Gothic -RRB- , gradually widened to encompass `` low church '' as well as `` high church '' clients .	Victorian Gothic	In Britain after 1837 , what was the Gothic revival known as ?
This period of more universal appeal , spanning 1855 -- 1885 , is known in Britain as High Victorian Gothic .	1855–1885	During what years was the High Victorian Gothic period in Britain ?
In England , partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the Oxford Movement and others associated with the emerging revival of ` high church ' or Anglo-Catholic ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century , neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecclesiastical , civic and institutional architecture .	the Oxford Movement	What movement was responsible for the philosophy which led to the revival of Anglo Catholic ideas ?
In England , partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the Oxford Movement and others associated with the emerging revival of ` high church ' or Anglo-Catholic ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century , neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecclesiastical , civic and institutional architecture .	institutional architecture	Besides ecclesiastical and civic architecture , what other style of architecture did influential figures of the 19th century prefer to use Victorian Gothic for ?
The Houses of Parliament in London by Sir Charles Barry with interiors by a major exponent of the early Gothic Revival , Augustus Welby Pugin , is an example of the Gothic revival style from its earlier period in the second quarter of the 19th century .	Sir Charles Barry	Who was the exterior architect of the Houses of Parliament ?
The Houses of Parliament in London by Sir Charles Barry with interiors by a major exponent of the early Gothic Revival , Augustus Welby Pugin , is an example of the Gothic revival style from its earlier period in the second quarter of the 19th century .	Augustus Welby Pugin	Who was the interior architect of the Houses of Parliament ?
The Houses of Parliament in London by Sir Charles Barry with interiors by a major exponent of the early Gothic Revival , Augustus Welby Pugin , is an example of the Gothic revival style from its earlier period in the second quarter of the 19th century .	the Gothic revival style	What style of architecture does the Houses of Parliament exemplify ?
Examples from the High Victorian Gothic period include George Gilbert Scott 's design for the Albert Memorial in London , and William Butterfield 's chapel at Keble College , Oxford .	George Gilbert Scott	Who designed the Albert Memorial in London ?
Examples from the High Victorian Gothic period include George Gilbert Scott 's design for the Albert Memorial in London , and William Butterfield 's chapel at Keble College , Oxford .	William Butterfield	Who designed the chapel at Keble College , Oxford ?
In France , simultaneously , the towering figure of the Gothic Revival was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , who outdid historical Gothic constructions to create a Gothic as it ought to have been , notably at the fortified city of Carcassonne in the south of France and in some richly fortified keeps for industrial magnates .	Eugène Viollet-le-Duc	Who was the main figure of the Gothic Revival in France ?
He effected vigorous restoration of crumbling detail of French cathedrals , including the Abbey of Saint-Denis and famously at Notre Dame de Paris , where many of whose most `` Gothic '' gargoyles are Viollet-le-Duc 's .	the Abbey of Saint-Denis	What famous French cathedral was restored and reconstructed by Viollet-le-Duc ?
He taught a generation of reform-Gothic designers and showed how to apply Gothic style to modern structural materials , especially cast iron .	cast iron	What modern building material did Viollet-le-Duc teach reform Gothic designers to work with ?
In France , simultaneously , the towering figure of the Gothic Revival was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , who outdid historical Gothic constructions to create a Gothic as it ought to have been , notably at the fortified city of Carcassonne in the south of France and in some richly fortified keeps for industrial magnates .	Carcassonne	In what fortified city in Southern France did Viollet-le-Duc recreate historical Gothic constructions ?
He effected vigorous restoration of crumbling detail of French cathedrals , including the Abbey of Saint-Denis and famously at Notre Dame de Paris , where many of whose most `` Gothic '' gargoyles are Viollet-le-Duc 's .	Notre Dame de Paris	What other famous French cathedral did Viollet-le-Duc work on ?
The movement was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso , joined by Jean Metzinger , Albert Gleizes , Robert Delaunay , Henri Le Fauconnier , Fernand Léger and Juan Gris .	Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris.	Name the 8 peopl who began the movement
A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cézanne .	Paul Cézanne	Which person was the most influential in beginning the movement with is three dimensional forms ?
A retrospective of Cézanne 's paintings had been held at the Salon d'Automne of 1904 , current works were displayed at the 1905 and 1906 Salon d'Automne , followed by two commemorative retrospectives after his death in 1907 .	1905 and 1906	What year 's were Cezannes painting 's displayed at Salon d'Automne ? Not including the retrospectives .
In France , offshoots of Cubism developed , including Orphism , Abstract art and later Purism .	Orphism, Abstract art and later Purism	What were the three offshoots of Cubism formed in France ?
In other countries Futurism , Suprematism , Dada , Constructivism and De Stijl developed in response to Cubism .	Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism and De Stijl	What were the other offshoots formed in countries other than France ?
Early Futurist paintings hold in common with Cubism the fusing of the past and the present , the representation of different views of the subject pictured at the same time , also called multiple perspective , simultaneity or multiplicity , while Constructivism was influenced by Picasso 's technique of constructing sculpture from separate elements .	Futurist	Which offshoot had little in common with Cubism ?
Early Futurist paintings hold in common with Cubism the fusing of the past and the present , the representation of different views of the subject pictured at the same time , also called multiple perspective , simultaneity or multiplicity , while Constructivism was influenced by Picasso 's technique of constructing sculpture from separate elements .	Constructivism	Which offshoot of cubism was influenced by Picasso ?
Cubism began between 1907 and 1911 .	1907 and 1911	Between what years did cubism begin ?
The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris during the spring of 1911 in a room called ` Salle 41 ' ; it included works by Jean Metzinger , Albert Gleizes , Fernand Léger , Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier , yet no works by Picasso or Braque were exhibited .	1911	In the spring of what year did the first organized exhibition by cubist appear ?
The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris during the spring of 1911 in a room called ` Salle 41 ' ; it included works by Jean Metzinger , Albert Gleizes , Fernand Léger , Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier , yet no works by Picasso or Braque were exhibited .	Salle 41	What was the name of the room that the first exhibition of Cubists took place ?
Gertrude Stein referred to landscapes made by Picasso in 1909 , such as Reservoir at Horta de Ebro , as the first Cubist paintings .	Gertrude Stein	Who mentioned the landscapes made by Picasso in the first Cubist paintings ?
The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris during the spring of 1911 in a room called ` Salle 41 ' ; it included works by Jean Metzinger , Albert Gleizes , Fernand Léger , Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier , yet no works by Picasso or Braque were exhibited .	Paris	In what city did the first exhibition of Cubists take place ?
In one scheme , the first phase of Cubism , known as Analytic Cubism , a phrase coined by Juan Gris a posteriori , was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1910 and 1912 in France .	Analytic Cubism	What was the first phase of Cubism known as ?
In one scheme , the first phase of Cubism , known as Analytic Cubism , a phrase coined by Juan Gris a posteriori , was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1910 and 1912 in France .	Juan Gris	Who coined the phrase Analytic Cubsim ?
A second phase , Synthetic Cubism , remained vital until around 1919 , when the Surrealist movement gained popularity .	Synthetic Cubism	What was the second phase of Cubism called ?
According to Cooper there was `` Early Cubism '' , -LRB- from 1906 to 1908 -RRB- when the movement was initially developed in the studios of Picasso and Braque ; the second phase being called `` High Cubism '' , -LRB- from 1909 to 1914 -RRB- during which time Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent -LRB- after 1911 -RRB- ; and finally Cooper referred to `` Late Cubism '' -LRB- from 1914 to 1921 -RRB- as the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement .	1909 to 1914	From what years did High Cubism take place ?
According to Cooper there was `` Early Cubism '' , -LRB- from 1906 to 1908 -RRB- when the movement was initially developed in the studios of Picasso and Braque ; the second phase being called `` High Cubism '' , -LRB- from 1909 to 1914 -RRB- during which time Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent -LRB- after 1911 -RRB- ; and finally Cooper referred to `` Late Cubism '' -LRB- from 1914 to 1921 -RRB- as the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement .	1914 to 1921	From what years did Late Cubism take place ?
The assertion that the Cubist depiction of space , mass , time , and volume supports -LRB- rather than contradicts -RRB- the flatness of the canvas was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as early as 1920 , but it was subject to criticism in the 1950s and 1960s , especially by Clement Greenberg .	Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler	Who asserted that the flat canvas supported Cubism ?
The assertion that the Cubist depiction of space , mass , time , and volume supports -LRB- rather than contradicts -RRB- the flatness of the canvas was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as early as 1920 , but it was subject to criticism in the 1950s and 1960s , especially by Clement Greenberg .	early as 1920	In what year was the assertion made that the flat canvas supported Cubism ?
The assertion that the Cubist depiction of space , mass , time , and volume supports -LRB- rather than contradicts -RRB- the flatness of the canvas was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as early as 1920 , but it was subject to criticism in the 1950s and 1960s , especially by Clement Greenberg .	1950s and 1960s,	When was the assertion that the flat canvas supported Cubism put into debate ?
The assertion that the Cubist depiction of space , mass , time , and volume supports -LRB- rather than contradicts -RRB- the flatness of the canvas was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as early as 1920 , but it was subject to criticism in the 1950s and 1960s , especially by Clement Greenberg .	Clement Greenberg.	Who was the main opponent that began to argue that the flat canvas did not support Cubism ?
More fundamentally , Christopher Green argues that Douglas Cooper 's terms were `` later undermined by interpretations of the work of Picasso , Braque , Gris and Léger that stress iconographic and ideological questions rather than methods of representation . ''	Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger	Who 's work undermined Douglass Coopers terms describing Cubism ?
Artists such as Paul Gauguin , Henri Matisse , and Pablo Picasso were intrigued and inspired by the stark power and simplicity of styles of those foreign cultures .	Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso	Which artists in the early 19th and 20th century inspired by the newly discovered African , Native American , Micro and Polynesian art ?
Artists such as Paul Gauguin , Henri Matisse , and Pablo Picasso were intrigued and inspired by the stark power and simplicity of styles of those foreign cultures .	stark power and simplicity	What about the Native cultures art inspired Matisse , Picasso , and Gauguin ?
Around 1906 , Picasso met Matisse through Gertrude Stein , at a time when both artists had recently acquired an interest in primitivism , Iberian sculpture , African art and African tribal masks .	Gertrude Stein,	Who did Picasso meet around 1906 that had also recenelty learned about Primitivism ?
Picasso 's paintings of 1907 have been characterized as Protocubism , as notably seen in Les Demoiselles d'Avignon , the antecedent of Cubism .	Protocubism	What were Picasso 's 1907 paintings usually characterized by ?
The art historian Douglas Cooper states that Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne `` were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907 '' .	Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne	Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism ?
Cooper goes on to say : `` The Demoiselles is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture .	The Demoiselles	What does Cooper say is the first Cubist picture ?
This is an exaggeration , for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist .	although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist.	Is it true that the first Cubist picture is The Demoiselles ?
The most serious objection to regarding the Demoiselles as the origin of Cubism , with its evident influence of primitive art , is that `` such deductions are unhistorical '' , wrote the art historian Daniel Robbins .	such deductions are unhistorical	What did Daniel Robbins say about Demoiselles being the beginning of Cubism ?
Between 1905 and 1908 , a conscious search for a new style caused rapid changes in art across France , Germany , Holland , Italy , and Russia .	1905 and 1908,	During which years did the conscious begin to look for a new style in Germany , Italy , Russia , and Holland ?
The Impressionists had used a double point of view , and both Les Nabis and the Symbolists -LRB- who also admired Cézanne -RRB- flattened the picture plane , reducing their subjects to simple geometric forms .	Les Nabis and the Symbolists	Which impressionist movements were also influenced by Cubism ?
The Impressionists had used a double point of view , and both Les Nabis and the Symbolists -LRB- who also admired Cézanne -RRB- flattened the picture plane , reducing their subjects to simple geometric forms .	double point of view	Which technique did the Impressionists use to make their subjects simple forms ?
In addition to Seurat , the roots of cubism are to be found in the two distinct tendencies of Cézanne 's later work : first his breaking of the painted surface into small multifaceted areas of paint , thereby emphasizing the plural viewpoint given by binocular vision , and second his interest in the simplification of natural forms into cylinders , spheres , and cones .	in the two distinct tendencies of Cézanne's later work	Besides Seurat where else are the beginnigs of Cubism found ?
However , the cubists explored this concept further than Cézanne .	Cézanne	Cubists exploration of the concept of the simplification of forms into cones cylinders and spheres was further explored by whom ?
They represented all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane , as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time .	all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time.	Cubism revolutionized the way things could be seen in art how ?
The historical study of Cubism began in the late 1920s , drawing at first from sources of limited data , namely the opinions of Guillaume Apollinaire .	in the late 1920s	When did the historical study of Cubism begin ?
The historical study of Cubism began in the late 1920s , drawing at first from sources of limited data , namely the opinions of Guillaume Apollinaire .	Guillaume Apollinaire	On who 's opinions were the beginnings of the this historical study of Cubism based ?
It came to rely heavily on Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler 's book Der Weg zum Kubismus -LRB- published in 1920 -RRB- , which centered on the developments of Picasso , Braque , Léger , and Gris .	Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus	On which book and who was the author was one of the main sources of the historical study of Cubism based ?
The traditional interpretation of `` Cubism '' , formulated post facto as a means of understanding the works of Braque and Picasso , has affected our appreciation of other twentieth-century artists .	Braque and Picasso	Understanding who 's work was the tradition meaning of Cubism formed on ?
According to Daniel Robbins , `` To suggest that merely because these artists developed differently or varied from the traditional pattern they deserved to be relegated to a secondary or satellite role in Cubism is a profound mistake . ''	Daniel Robbins	Who suggested that the artists other than Braque and Picasso 's relgation to a distant role in Cubism was a mistake ?
It is difficult to apply to painters such as Jean Metzinger , Albert Gleizes , Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier , whose fundamental differences from traditional Cubism compelled Kahnweiler to question their right to be called Cubists at all .	Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier	What other painters were not thought of as being as Cubist as Braque and Picasso ?
The term Cubism did not come into general usage until 1911 , mainly with reference to Metzinger , Gleizes , Delaunay , and Léger .	1911	What year did the term Cubism become used more ?
In 1911 , the poet and critic Guillaume Apollinaire accepted the term on behalf of a group of artists invited to exhibit at the Brussels Indépendants .	Guillaume Apollinaire	Which poet critic in 1911 with a group of poets accepted the term Cubism ?
It mirrored the attitudes of the `` artists of Passy '' , which included Picabia and the Duchamp brothers , to whom sections of it were read prior to publication .	Picabia and the Duchamp brothers	The artists of Passy included which two people ?
Picasso worked in Montmartre until 1912 , while Braque and Gris remained there until after the First World War .	Montmartre	Where did Picassos work until 1912 ?
Picasso worked in Montmartre until 1912 , while Braque and Gris remained there until after the First World War .	Montmartre	Where did Braque and Gris stay until the end of the World War I ?
Léger was based in Montparnasse .	Montparnasse	Where was Leger based around 1912 ?
Already in 1910 a group began to form which included Metzinger , Gleizes , Delaunay and Léger .	Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and Léger	Which four people usually met at Fauconnier 's studio in 1910 ?
They met regularly at Henri le Fauconnier 's studio near the Boulevard de Montparnasse .	Boulevard de Montparnasse	Where was Fauconnier 's studio located ?
Together with other young artists , the group wanted to emphasise a research into form , in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color .	research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color.	What did the group meeting at Fauconnier 's studio want to focus on ?
The exhibition was reviewed in the October 8 , 1911 issue of The New York Times .	October 8, 1911	In what year did the New York Times review the Salon d'Automne ?
The article was titled The `` Cubists '' Dominate Paris ' Fall Salon and subtitled Eccentric School of Painting Increases Its Vogue in the Current Art Exhibition - What Its Followers Attempt to Do .	Eccentric School of Painting Increases Its Vogue in the Current Art Exhibition - What Its Followers Attempt to Do	What was the subtitle of the article published in 1911 in New York TImes about Cubism ?
At the Salon d'Automne of the same year , in addition to the Indépendants group of Salle 41 , were exhibited works by André Lhote , Marcel Duchamp , Jacques Villon , Roger de La Fresnaye , André Dunoyer de Segonzac and František Kupka .	André Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Dunoyer de Segonzac and František Kupka	List the artists who were featured in the Salon d'Automne ?
The subsequent 1912 Salon des Indépendants was marked by the presentation of Marcel Duchamp 's Nude Descending a Staircase , No. 2 , which itself caused a scandal , even amongst the Cubists .	Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2	Which Duchamp presentation was displayed in the 1912 Salon des Independants ?
The subsequent 1912 Salon des Indépendants was marked by the presentation of Marcel Duchamp 's Nude Descending a Staircase , No. 2 , which itself caused a scandal , even amongst the Cubists .	caused a scandal	Was Duchamp 's work considered controversial when displayed in 1912 ?
Juan Gris , a new addition to the Salon scene , exhibited his Portrait of Picasso -LRB- Art Institute of Chicago -RRB- , while Metzinger 's two showings included La Femme au Cheval -LRB- Woman with a horse -RRB- 1911-1912 -LRB- National Gallery of Denmark -RRB- .	La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912	What were one of Metzingers two showings in 1912 's Salon des Independants ?
The indignation of the politician Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué made the front page of Le Journal , 5 October 1912 .	Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué	Which politician made the front page of Le Journa in 1912 for his indignation ?
The Cubists were defended by the Socialist deputy , Marcel Sembat .	Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.	Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912 ?
The Cubist contribution to the 1912 Salon d'Automne created scandal regarding the use of government owned buildings , such as the Grand Palais , to exhibit such artwork .	the use of government owned buildings,	Towards which social topic did the Cubists at the Salon d'Automne creat contrevesy towards ?
It was against this background of public anger that Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du `` Cubisme '' -LRB- published by Eugène Figuière in 1912 , translated to English and Russian in 1913 -RRB- .	public anger	What against did Metzinger and Gleizes write Du `` Cubsime '' ?
It was against this background of public anger that Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du `` Cubisme '' -LRB- published by Eugène Figuière in 1912 , translated to English and Russian in 1913 -RRB- .	Eugène Figuière	Who published Du `` Cubisme '' ?
It was against this background of public anger that Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du `` Cubisme '' -LRB- published by Eugène Figuière in 1912 , translated to English and Russian in 1913 -RRB- .	1912	In what year was Du `` Cubisme '' published ?
Kupka 's two entries at the 1912 Salon d'Automne , Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude , were highly abstract -LRB- or nonrepresentational -RRB- and metaphysical in orientation .	Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude	What were Kupka 's two entries at the Salon d'Automne ?
Beginning in 1912 Delaunay painted a series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Windows , followed by a series entitled Formes Circulaires , in which he combined planar structures with bright prismatic hues ; based on the optical characteristics of juxtaposed colors his departure from reality in the depiction of imagery was quasi-complete .	Simultaneous Windows,	What were the titles of Delaunay 's paintings in 1912 ?
In 1913 -- 14 Léger produced a series entitled Contrasts of Forms , giving a similar stress to color , line and form .	1913–14	During what years did Leger produce Contrasts of Forms ?
Also labeled an Orphist by Apollinaire , Marcel Duchamp was responsible for another extreme development inspired by Cubism .	Apollinaire	By whom was Marcel Duchamp labeled an Orphanist ?
In 1913 he attached a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool and in 1914 selected a bottle-drying rack as a sculpture in its own right .	a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool	What two items did Duchamp attach together in 1913 ?
In 1913 he attached a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool and in 1914 selected a bottle-drying rack as a sculpture in its own right .	bottle-drying rack	What object did Duchamp select in 1914 as a scuplture by itself ?
Over 200 works were displayed , and the fact that many of the artists showed artworks representative of their development from 1909 to 1912 gave the exhibition the allure of a Cubist retrospective .	Over 200	How many works displayed at The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Boétie in Paris , October 1912 ?
The fact that the 1912 exhibition had been curated to show the successive stages through which Cubism had transited , and that Du `` Cubisme '' had been published for the occasion , indicates the artists ' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience -LRB- art critics , art collectors , art dealers and the general public -RRB- .	indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience	What did the 1912 exhiibtion of Cubism show ?
`` It is by no means clear , in any case , '' wrote Christopher Green , `` to what extent these other Cubists depended on Picasso and Braque for their development of such techniques as faceting , ` passage ' and multiple perspective ; they could well have arrived at such practices with little knowledge of ` true ' Cubism in its early stages , guided above all by their own understanding of Cézanne . ''	It is by no means clear, in any case	What did Christopher Green say of the difference between traditional cubist and Salon Cubists ?
Aimed at a large public , these works stressed the use of multiple perspective and complex planar faceting for expressive effect while preserving the eloquence of subjects endowed with literary and philosophical connotations .	large public	Whom did Braque and Picasso aim their works at ?
In Du `` Cubisme '' Metzinger and Gleizes explicitly related the sense of time to multiple perspective , giving symbolic expression to the notion of ` duration ' proposed by the philosopher Henri Bergson according to which life is subjectively experienced as a continuum , with the past flowing into the present and the present merging into the future .	Henri Bergson	In Du Cubisme who so Metzinger and Gleizes relate the sense of time to ?
The Salon Cubists used the faceted treatment of solid and space and effects of multiple viewpoints to convey a physical and psychological sense of the fluidity of consciousness , blurring the distinctions between past , present and future .	The Salon Cubists	The Cubist used what kind of treatment of space and time ?
This technique of representing simultaneity , multiple viewpoints -LRB- or relative motion -RRB- is pushed to a high degree of complexity in Gleizes ' monumental Le Dépiquage des Moissons -LRB- Harvest Threshing -RRB- , exhibited at the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or , Le Fauconnier 's Abundance shown at the Indépendants of 1911 , and Delaunay 's City of Paris , shown at the Indépendants in 1912 .	relative motion)	What did the technique in Gliezes ' piece Le Depiquage represent ?
Léger 's The Wedding , also shown at the Salon des Indépendants in 1912 , gave form to the notion of simultaneity by presenting different motifs as occurring within a single temporal frame , where responses to the past and present interpenetrate with collective force .	Léger	Who painted the Wedding , show at Salon des Independants in 1912 ?
This technique of representing simultaneity , multiple viewpoints -LRB- or relative motion -RRB- is pushed to a high degree of complexity in Gleizes ' monumental Le Dépiquage des Moissons -LRB- Harvest Threshing -RRB- , exhibited at the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or , Le Fauconnier 's Abundance shown at the Indépendants of 1911 , and Delaunay 's City of Paris , shown at the Indépendants in 1912 .	Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing)	Which of Gliezes pieces was featured at Salon de la Section d'Or ?
Cubism and modern European art was introduced into the United States at the now legendary 1913 Armory Show in New York City , which then traveled to Chicago and Boston .	Armory Show	What was the name of the show that introduced Cubism to the USA ?
Cubism and modern European art was introduced into the United States at the now legendary 1913 Armory Show in New York City , which then traveled to Chicago and Boston .	New York City	In what city did the show that introduced Cubism to the USA take place ?
In the Armory show Pablo Picasso exhibited La Femme au pot de moutarde -LRB- 1910 -RRB- , the sculpture Head of a Woman -LRB- Fernande -RRB- -LRB- 1909 -- 10 -RRB- , Les Arbres -LRB- 1907 -RRB- amongst other cubist works .	Les Arbres	Which 1907 piece did Picasso present in the show that introduced Cubism to the USA ?
Albert Gleizes exhibited La Femme aux phlox -LRB- 1910 -RRB- and L'Homme au balcon -LRB- 1912 -RRB- , two highly stylized and faceted cubist works .	La Femme aux phlox	What 1910 piece did Albert Gleizes present in that show that introduced Cubism to the USA ?
During the autumn of 1909 Picasso sculpted Head of a Woman -LRB- Fernande -RRB- with positive features depicted by negative space and vice versa .	Head of a Woman	What was the name of the 1909 Cubist sculpture Picassos created ?
According to Douglas Cooper : `` The first true Cubist sculpture was Picasso 's impressive Woman 's Head , modeled in 1909 -- 10 , a counterpart in three dimensions to many similar analytical and faceted heads in his paintings at the time . ''	The first true Cubist sculpture	What Douglas Cooper call Picasso 's 1909 Cubist sculpture ?
These positive/negative reversals were ambitiously exploited by Alexander Archipenko in 1912 -- 13 , for example in Woman Walking .	Woman Walking	Which Alexander Archipenko piece was similar to other Cubist scupltures of that time ?
The tightening of the compositions , the clarity and sense of order reflected in these works , led to its being referred to by the critic Maurice Raynal -LRB- fr -RRB- as ` crystal ' Cubism .	'crystal' Cubism	What did the critic Maurice Raynal begin to refer to Cubism in around 1917-1920 ?
Considerations manifested by Cubists prior to the outset of World War I -- such as the fourth dimension , dynamism of modern life , the occult , and Henri Bergson 's concept of duration -- had now been vacated , replaced by a purely formal frame of reference .	Henri Bergson's	Who 's concept of duration was left behind for a for more concrete frame 's of references ?
A significant modification of Cubism between 1914 and 1916 was signaled by a shift towards a strong emphasis on large overlapping geometric planes and flat surface activity .	1914 and 1916	What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism ?
This grouping of styles of painting and sculpture , especially significant between 1917 and 1920 , was practiced by several artists ; particularly those under contract with the art dealer and collector Léonce Rosenberg .	between 1917 and 1920	What was the second time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism ?
The most innovative period of Cubism was before 1914 .	1914	Before what year was Cubism considered the most innovative ?
After World War I , with the support given by the dealer Léonce Rosenberg , Cubism returned as a central issue for artists , and continued as such until the mid-1920s when its avant-garde status was rendered questionable by the emergence of geometric abstraction and Surrealism in Paris .	Léonce Rosenberg	With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as a central consideration for artists after World War I ?
In 1918 Rosenberg presented a series of Cubist exhibitions at his Galerie de l'Effort Moderne in Paris .	1918	In what year did Rosenberg exhibit Cubist works at Galerie de l'Effort Moderne ?
In 1918 Rosenberg presented a series of Cubist exhibitions at his Galerie de l'Effort Moderne in Paris .	Paris	In which city did Galerie de l'Effort Moderne take place ?
The reemergence of Cubism coincided with the appearance from about 1917 -- 24 of a coherent body of theoretical writing by Pierre Reverdy , Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and , among the artists , by Gris , Léger and Gleizes .	Gris, Léger and Gleizes	Name the three artists who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924 .
The reemergence of Cubism coincided with the appearance from about 1917 -- 24 of a coherent body of theoretical writing by Pierre Reverdy , Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and , among the artists , by Gris , Léger and Gleizes .	Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler	Name the three writers who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924 .
Cubism after 1918 can be seen as part of a wide ideological shift towards conservatism in both French society and culture .	conservatism	In 1918 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism ?
Cubism formed an important link between early-20th-century art and architecture .	art and architecture.	What two things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between ?
Most often the connections are made by reference to shared formal characteristics : faceting of form , spatial ambiguity , transparency , and multiplicity .	faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.	What are the four formal characteristics that are usually connected with Cubism ?
The historical , theoretical , and socio-political relationships between avant-garde practices in painting , sculpture and architecture had early ramifications in France , Germany , the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia .	France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia	In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly strong ?
Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form , using simple geometric shapes , juxtaposed without the illusions of classical perspective .	the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form	In Cubism what was architechtural interested base on ?
Cubism had become an influential factor in the development of modern architecture from 1912 -LRB- La Maison Cubiste , by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare -RRB- onwards , developing in parallel with architects such as Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius , with the simplification of building design , the use of materials appropriate to industrial production , and the increased use of glass .	Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare	Who said that Cubism was becoming an influetial aspect in modern architecture ?
Cubism had become an influential factor in the development of modern architecture from 1912 -LRB- La Maison Cubiste , by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare -RRB- onwards , developing in parallel with architects such as Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius , with the simplification of building design , the use of materials appropriate to industrial production , and the increased use of glass .	glass	Increased use of what material marked Cubism influence in architecture ?
The Cubo-Futurist ideas of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti influenced attitudes in avant-garde architecture .	Filippo Tommaso Marinetti	The ideas of which Cubo Futurist influenced the avant-garde in architecture ?
The influential De Stijl movement embraced the aesthetic principles of Neo-plasticism developed by Piet Mondrian under the influence of Cubism in Paris .	Neo-plasticism	The De Stijl movement took part in the aesthetic principles of what ?
The influential De Stijl movement embraced the aesthetic principles of Neo-plasticism developed by Piet Mondrian under the influence of Cubism in Paris .	Piet Mondrian	Who developed Neo Plasticism ?
De Stijl was also linked by Gino Severini to Cubist theory through the writings of Albert Gleizes .	Gino Severini	Who linked De Stijl to Cubist theory ?
In 1922 , Le Corbusier and his cousin Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de Sèvres .	his cousin Jeanneret	Who did Le Corbusier open his Paris studio with in 1922 ?
Spectators at the Salon d'Automne passed through the full-scale 10-by-3-meter plaster model of the ground floor of the facade , designed by Duchamp-Villon .	10-by-3-meter	How big was the model of La Maison Cubiste ?
La Maison Cubiste was a fully furnished house , with a staircase , wrought iron banisters , a living room -- the Salon Bourgeois , where paintings by Marcel Duchamp , Metzinger -LRB- Woman with a Fan -RRB- , Gleizes , Laurencin and Léger were hung -- and a bedroom .	Woman with a Fan	Which Metzinger piece was hung in La Maison Cubiste ?
La Maison Cubiste was a fully furnished house , with a staircase , wrought iron banisters , a living room -- the Salon Bourgeois , where paintings by Marcel Duchamp , Metzinger -LRB- Woman with a Fan -RRB- , Gleizes , Laurencin and Léger were hung -- and a bedroom .	a fully furnished house	What was La Maison Cubiste ?
The original Cubist architecture is very rare .	Cubist architecture is very rare	Is original Cubist architecture rare ?
There is only one country in the world where Cubism was really applied to architecture -- namely Bohemia -LRB- today Czech Republic -RRB- and especially its capital , Prague .	Bohemia (today Czech Republic	Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most ?
After the war , the architectural style called Rondo-Cubism was developed in Prague fusing the Cubist architecture with round shapes .	Rondo-Cubism	What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called ?
In their theoretical rules , the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism , which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it , through a creative idea , so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer .	dynamism	What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their theoretical rules ?
Thus , new forms of windows and doors were also created , e. g. hexagonal windows .	hexagonal	What 's window shapes di Czech Cubist architects use ?
In their theoretical rules , the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism , which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it , through a creative idea , so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer .	dynamism and expressive plasticity	What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer ?
The leading Cubist architects were Pavel Janák , Josef Gočár , Vlastislav Hofman , Emil Králíček and Josef Chochol .	Pavel Janák, Josef Gočár, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Králíček and Josef Chochol	Who were the leading Cubist architects ?
They worked mostly in Prague but also in other Bohemian towns .	Prague	Where did the leading Cubist architects work ?
The best-known Cubist building is the House of the Black Madonna in the Old Town of Prague built in 1912 by Josef Gočár with the only Cubist café in the world , Grand Café Orient .	House of the Black Madonna	What is the best known Cubist architecture building ?
The best-known Cubist building is the House of the Black Madonna in the Old Town of Prague built in 1912 by Josef Gočár with the only Cubist café in the world , Grand Café Orient .	Old Town of Prague	Where is the House of the Black Madonna located ?
Vlastislav Hofman built the entrance pavilions of Ďáblice Cemetery in 1912 -- 1914 , Josef Chochol designed several residential houses under Vyšehrad .	Vlastislav Hofman	Who built the House of the Black Madonna ?
The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields , outside painting and sculpture .	The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields,	Did cubism influence other fields outside of painting and scuplture ?
In literature , the written works of Gertrude Stein employ repetition and repetitive phrases as building blocks in both passages and whole chapters .	Gertrude Stein	Who 's written works used repitition that was similar to Cubist art ?
Not only were they the first important patrons of Cubism , Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo were also important influences on Cubism as well .	Leo	What was Gertrude Stein 's brother 's name ?
Most of Stein 's important works utilize this technique , including the novel The Making of Americans -LRB- 1906 -- 08 -RRB- .	The Making of Americans	What was the title of Gertrude Stein 's 1906-1908 book ?
The poets generally associated with Cubism are Guillaume Apollinaire , Blaise Cendrars , Jean Cocteau , Max Jacob , André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy .	Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy	Which poets are closely alligned with Cubism ?
As American poet Kenneth Rexroth explains , Cubism in poetry `` is the conscious , deliberate dissociation and recombination of elements into a new artistic entity made self-sufficient by its rigorous architecture .	Kenneth Rexroth	What is the name of the american Poet who is associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism ?
Though not as well remembered as the Cubist painters , these poets continue to influence and inspire ; American poets John Ashbery and Ron Padgett have recently produced new translations of Reverdy 's work .	John Ashbery and Ron Padgett	Which two American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy 's work ?
Wallace Stevens ' `` Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird '' is also said to demonstrate how cubism 's multiple perspectives can be translated into poetry .	Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird	What is the name of Wallace Steven 's work that explains how cubism can be translated into poetry ?
Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period , specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC .	Chinese political philosophy	What specifically dates back with Confucius in the 6th century BC ?
Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period , specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC .	6th century BC	Chinese political philosophy dates back to what century ?
Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period .	the social and political breakdown of the country	Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to what ?
Mohism advocated a communal , decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism .	Mohism	What advocated a communal , decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism ?
Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece , where political philosophy dates back to at least Plato .	ancient Greece	Western political philosophy originates in what philosophy ?
Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece , where political philosophy dates back to at least Plato .	philosophy of ancient Greece	What philosophy has dates back to at least Plato ?
Ancient Greece was dominated by city-states , which experimented with various forms of political organization , grouped by Plato into four categories : timocracy , tyranny , democracy and oligarchy .	city-states	Ancient Greece was dominated by what ?
Indian political philosophy evolved in ancient times and demarcated a clear distinction between -LRB- 1 -RRB- nation and state -LRB- 2 -RRB- religion and state .	Indian political philosophy	What demarcates a clear distinction between nation and state , as well as religion and state ?
The institutions of state were broadly divided into governance , administration , defense , law and order .	The institutions of state	What was divided into governance , administration , defense , law and order ?
Mantranga , the principal governing body of these states , consisted of the King , Prime Minister , Commander in chief of army , Chief Priest of the King .	Mantranga	What was the governing body of the Hindu states ?
Chanakya , 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher .	Chanakya	Who was the 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher ?
The Arthashastra provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler , policies for foreign affairs and wars , the system of a spy state and surveillance and economic stability of the state .	The Arthashastra	What provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler ?
An example of a code of law in ancient India is the Manusmṛti or Laws of Manu .	the Manusmṛti or Laws of Manu	What is an example of a code of law in ancient India ?
The early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo was heavily influenced by Plato .	Plato	Who heavily influenced the early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo ?
A key change brought about by Christian thought was the moderatation of the Stoicism and theory of justice of the Roman world , as well emphasis on the role of the state in applying mercy as a moral example .	the moderatation of the Stoicism	What was a key change brought about by Christian thought ?
Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city , but was either a citizen of the City of God -LRB- Civitas Dei -RRB- or the City of Man -LRB- Civitas Terrena -RRB- .	Augustine	Who also preached that one was not a member of his or her city ?
Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city , but was either a citizen of the City of God -LRB- Civitas Dei -RRB- or the City of Man -LRB- Civitas Terrena -RRB- .	City of Man	What does Civitas terrena mean ?
Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city , but was either a citizen of the City of God -LRB- Civitas Dei -RRB- or the City of Man -LRB- Civitas Terrena -RRB- .	City of God	What does Civitas Dei mean ?
The rise of Islam , based on both the Qur ` an and Muhammad strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region .	The rise of Islam	What strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region ?
Early Islamic philosophy emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion , and the process of ijtihad to find truth -- in effect all philosophy was `` political '' as it had real implications for governance .	Early Islamic philosophy	What emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion ?
This view was challenged by the `` rationalist '' Mutazilite philosophers , who held a more Hellenic view , reason above revelation , and as such are known to modern scholars as the first speculative theologians of Islam ; they were supported by a secular aristocracy who sought freedom of action independent of the Caliphate .	the "rationalist" Mutazilite philosophers	Who challenged the early Islamic philosophy 's views ?
This view was challenged by the `` rationalist '' Mutazilite philosophers , who held a more Hellenic view , reason above revelation , and as such are known to modern scholars as the first speculative theologians of Islam ; they were supported by a secular aristocracy who sought freedom of action independent of the Caliphate .	Hellenic view	What type of views did the `` rationalist '' Mutaziite philosophers hold ?
The clashes between the Ehl-i Sunna and Shia in the 7th and 8th centuries had a genuine political character .	political	The clashes between Ehl-i Sunna and Shia had what kind of character ?
Islamic political philosophy , was , indeed , rooted in the very sources of Islam -- i.e. , the Qur ` an and the Sunnah , the words and practices of Muhammad -- thus making it essentially theocratic .	Islam	Islamic political philosophy was rooted in what sources ?
The political conceptions of Islam such as kudrah -LRB- power -RRB- , sultan , ummah , cemaa -LRB- obligation -RRB- - and even the `` core '' terms of the Qur ` an -- i.e. , ibadah -LRB- worship -RRB- , din -LRB- religion -RRB- , rab -LRB- master -RRB- and ilah -LRB- deity -RRB- -- is taken as the basis of an analysis .	The political conceptions of Islam	What is taken as the basis of an analysis ?
Medieval political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking .	Medieval political philosophy in Europe	What was heavily influenced by Christian thinking ?
It had much in common with the Mutazalite Islamic thinking in that the Roman Catholics though subordinating philosophy to theology did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions , subordinated reason to faith as the Asharite of Islam .	Mutazalite Islamic thinking	Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking ?
Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle 's works , which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain , along with the commentaries of Averroes .	St. Thomas Aquinas	Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe ?
One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period was Niccolò Machiavelli 's The Prince , written between 1511 -- 12 and published in 1532 , after Machiavelli 's death .	Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince	What was one of the most influential works during the period ?
One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period was Niccolò Machiavelli 's The Prince , written between 1511 -- 12 and published in 1532 , after Machiavelli 's death .	1532	When was Niccolo Machiavelli 's The Prince published ?
One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period was Niccolò Machiavelli 's The Prince , written between 1511 -- 12 and published in 1532 , after Machiavelli 's death .	Niccolò Machiavelli	Who wrote The Prince ?
Thomas Hobbes , well known for his theory of the social contract , goes on to expand this view at the start of the 17th century during the English Renaissance .	Thomas Hobbes	Who was well known for his theory of the social contract ?
It was decided that `` state '' would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified .	state	What would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified ?
The term `` government '' would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state , and create the laws and ordinances by which the people , themselves included , would be bound .	government	What refers to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state ?
Since the cultural revolution of the 17th century in England , which spread to France and the rest of Europe , society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to the physical world .	the physical world	Society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to what ?
Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade , and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state , which also -LRB- in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily -RRB- preached in the vulgar or native language of each region .	free trade	The concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of what ?
However , the enlightenment was an outright attack on religion , particularly Christianity .	religion	The enlightenment was an outright attack on what ?
Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade , and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state , which also -LRB- in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily -RRB- preached in the vulgar or native language of each region .	Protestant churches	What increasingly challenged the Roman Catholic dominance of theology ?
The most outspoken critic of the church in France was François Marie Arouet de Voltaire , a representative figure of the enlightenment .	François Marie Arouet de Voltaire	Who was the most outspoken critic of the church in France ?
In the Ottoman Empire , these ideological reforms did not take place and these views did not integrate into common thought until much later .	Ottoman Empire	In what area did these ideological reforms not take place until much later ?
The Iroquois philosophy in particular gave much to Christian thought of the time and in many cases actually inspired some of the institutions adopted in the United States : for example , Benjamin Franklin was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy , and much of early American literature emphasized the political philosophy of the natives .	The Iroquois philosophy	Whose philosophy gave much to Christian thought of the time ?
The Iroquois philosophy in particular gave much to Christian thought of the time and in many cases actually inspired some of the institutions adopted in the United States : for example , Benjamin Franklin was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy , and much of early American literature emphasized the political philosophy of the natives .	Benjamin Franklin	Who was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy ?
John Locke in particular exemplified this new age of political theory with his work Two Treatises of Government .	John Locke	Who was responsible for the work Two Treatises of Government ?
Locke stood to refute Sir Robert Filmer 's paternally founded political theory in favor of a natural system based on nature in a particular given system .	Sir Robert Filmer	Locke refuted whose political theory ?
According to Locke , an absolute ruler as proposed by Hobbes is unnecessary , for natural law is based on reason and seeking peace and survival for man .	unnecessary	According to Locke , an absolute ruler is proposed by Hobbes is what ?
The Marxist critique of capitalism -- developed with Friedrich Engels -- was , alongside liberalism and fascism , one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century .	Friedrich Engels	Who developed the Marxist critique of capitalism ?
The Marxist critique of capitalism -- developed with Friedrich Engels -- was , alongside liberalism and fascism , one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century .	The Marxist critique of capitalism	What was one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century ?
The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought .	The industrial revolution	What produced a parallel revolution in political thought ?
World War I was a watershed event in human history , changing views of governments and politics .	World War I	What was a watershed event in human history ?
The Russian Revolution of 1917 -LRB- and similar , albeit less successful , revolutions in many other European countries -RRB- brought communism - and in particular the political theory of Leninism , but also on a smaller level Luxemburgism -LRB- gradually -RRB- - on the world stage .	1917	When was The Russian Revolution ?
The Russian Revolution of 1917 -LRB- and similar , albeit less successful , revolutions in many other European countries -RRB- brought communism - and in particular the political theory of Leninism , but also on a smaller level Luxemburgism -LRB- gradually -RRB- - on the world stage .	The Russian Revolution of 1917	What brought communism ?
However , a group of central European economists led by Austrian School economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek identified the collectivist underpinnings to the various new socialist and fascist doctrines of government power as being different brands of political totalitarianism .	a group of central European economists	What did Ludwig Von Mises and Friedrich Hayek run ?
From the end of World War II until 1971 , when John Rawls published A Theory of Justice , political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American academic world , as analytic philosophers expressed skepticism about the possibility that normative judgments had cognitive content , and political science turned toward statistical methods and behavioralism .	John Rawls	Who published A Theory of Justice ?
From the end of World War II until 1971 , when John Rawls published A Theory of Justice , political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American academic world , as analytic philosophers expressed skepticism about the possibility that normative judgments had cognitive content , and political science turned toward statistical methods and behavioralism .	A Theory of Justice	What did John Rawls publish ?
In continental Europe , on the other hand , the postwar decades saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy , with Marxism dominating the field .	Europe	What continent saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy ?
This was the time of Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Althusser , and the victories of Mao Zedong in China and Fidel Castro in Cuba , as well as the events of May 1968 led to increased interest in revolutionary ideology , especially by the New Left .	revolutionary ideology	The events of May 1968 led to an increased interest in what ?
Communism remained an important focus especially during the 1950s and 1960s .	Communism	What remained an important focus during the 1950s and 1960s ?
In general , there was a marked trend towards a pragmatic approach to political issues , rather than a philosophical one .	pragmatic approach	There was a marked trend towards what type of approach to political issues ?
This led to a challenge to the social contract by philosophers Charles W. Mills in his book The Racial Contract and Carole Patemen in her book The Sexual Contract that the social contract excluded persons of colour and women respectively .	Charles W. Mills	Who wrote The Racial Contract ?
This led to a challenge to the social contract by philosophers Charles W. Mills in his book The Racial Contract and Carole Patemen in her book The Sexual Contract that the social contract excluded persons of colour and women respectively .	Carole Patemen	Who wrote The Sexual Contract ?
In Anglo-American academic political philosophy , the publication of John Rawls 's A Theory of Justice in 1971 is considered a milestone .	A Theory of Justice	What did John Rawsl publish ?
In Anglo-American academic political philosophy , the publication of John Rawls 's A Theory of Justice in 1971 is considered a milestone .	John Rawls	Who Published A Theory of Justice ?
In Anglo-American academic political philosophy , the publication of John Rawls 's A Theory of Justice in 1971 is considered a milestone .	1971	When was A Theory of Justice published ?
Robert Nozick 's 1974 book Anarchy , State , and Utopia , which won a National Book Award , responded to Rawls from a libertarian perspective and gained academic respectability for libertarian viewpoints .	Robert Nozick	Who wrote Anarchy , State , and Utopia ?
Out of the Frankfurt School , thinkers like Herbert Marcuse , Theodor W. Adorno , Max Horkheimer , and Jürgen Habermas combined Marxian and Freudian perspectives .	Frankfurt School,	Herbert Marcuse was from what school ?
Out of the Frankfurt School , thinkers like Herbert Marcuse , Theodor W. Adorno , Max Horkheimer , and Jürgen Habermas combined Marxian and Freudian perspectives .	Freudian	Thinkers out of the Frankfurt School combined Marxian and what other perspective ?
The Situationists were more influenced by Hegel ; Guy Debord , in particular , moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption , and looked at the relation between consumerism and dominant ideology formation .	Guy Debord	Who in particular moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption ?
The liberal-communitarian debate is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems , rather than a profound and illuminating clash of perspective.These and other communitarians -LRB- such as Alasdair MacIntyre and Daniel A. Bell -RRB- argue that , contra liberalism , communities are prior to individuals and therefore should be the center of political focus .	The liberal-communitarian debate	What is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems ?
Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital .	greater local control	What type of control do communitarians tend to support ?
Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital .	policies which encourage the growth of social capital	What type of economic and social policies do Communitarians tend to support ?
A pair of overlapping political perspectives arising toward the end of the 20th century are republicanism -LRB- or neo - or civic-republicanism -RRB- and the capability approach .	the end of the 20th century	When did republicanism and the capability approach arise ?
The resurgent republican movement aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin 's positive and negative forms of liberty , namely `` liberty as non-domination . ''	The resurgent republican movement	What aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin 's positive and negative forms of liberty ?
The capability approach , pioneered by economists Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen and further developed by legal scholar Martha Nussbaum , understands freedom under allied lines : the real-world ability to act .	The capability approach	Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen pioneered what approach ?
An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element .	a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element	What is an alloy ?
Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character .	metallic bonding character	What are alloys defined by ?
Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types -LRB- see also : Van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds -RRB- .	depending on bond types	When are Zintl considered alloys ?
An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements -LRB- a single phase -RRB- or a mixture of metallic phases -LRB- two or more solutions -RRB- .	a single phase	What is solid solution metal elements classified as ?
An alloy is a mixture of either pure or fairly pure chemical elements , which forms an impure substance -LRB- admixture -RRB- that retains the characteristics of a metal .	impure	What kind of substance is an alloy ?
The other constituents may or may not be metals but , when mixed with the molten base , they will be soluble , dissolving into the mixture .	they will be soluble, dissolving into the mixture	What happens when an alloy is mixed with a molten base ?
Alloys are made by mixing two or more elements ; at least one of which being a metal .	two or more elements	What is an alloy composed of ?
An alloy is distinct from an impure metal , such as wrought iron , in that , with an alloy , the added impurities are usually desirable and will typically have some useful benefit .	wrought iron	What other metal is impure like alloy ?
Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron produces an alloy called steel .	Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron	How is steel produced ?
A metal that is normally very soft and malleable , such as aluminium , can be altered by alloying it with another soft metal , like copper .	aluminium	What kind of metal is soft like copper ?
By adding chromium to steel , its resistance to corrosion can be enhanced , creating stainless steel , while adding silicon will alter its electrical characteristics , producing silicon steel .	chromium	What can be added to steel to enhance is corrosion resistance ?
Due to its very-high strength and toughness -LRB- which is much higher than pure iron -RRB- , and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment , steel is one of the most common alloys in modern use .	steel	What is superior to pure iron ?
When the alloy cools and solidifies -LRB- crystallizes -RRB- , its mechanical properties will often be quite different from those of its individual constituents .	crystallizes	What is another word for when alloys solidify ?
If the metals remain soluble when solid , the alloy forms a solid solution , becoming a homogeneous structure consisting of identical crystals , called a phase .	If the metals remain soluble when solid	What causes an alloy to form a solid solution ?
As time passes , the atoms of these supersaturated alloys separate within the crystals , forming intermetallic phases that serve to reinforce the crystals internally .	to reinforce the crystals internally	What is the purpose of intermetallic phases ?
These alloys are called intermetallic alloys because , if cooled very quickly , they first crystallize as a homogeneous phase , but they are supersaturated with the secondary constituents .	intermetallic alloys	What are alloys called when the insoluble elements do n't separate until after crystallization occurs ?
Some alloys occur naturally , such as electrum , which is an alloy that is native to Earth , consisting of silver and gold .	silver and gold	What is electrum made of ?
Some alloys occur naturally , such as electrum , which is an alloy that is native to Earth , consisting of silver and gold .	electrum	What alloy is formed naturally ?
One of the first alloys made by humans was bronze , which is made by mixing the metals tin and copper .	bronze	Which was on of the first alloys made by humans ?
One of the first alloys made by humans was bronze , which is made by mixing the metals tin and copper .	bronze	What metal is made by combining tin and copper ?
However , most alloys were not created until the 1900s , such as various aluminium , titanium , nickel , and magnesium alloys .	1900s	Around what time where alloys starting to get made by humans ?
The primary metal is called the base , the matrix , or the solvent .	The primary metal	The matrix and the solvent are other names for what ?
The secondary constituents are often called solutes .	The secondary constituents	What is another name for solutes ?
An alloy with four constituents is a quaternary alloy , while a five-part alloy is termed a quinary alloy .	quaternary alloy	What is the name of an alloy that has four constituents ?
If there are three types of atoms forming the mixture , such as iron , nickel and chromium , then it is called a ternary alloy .	ternary alloy	A five-part alloy is known as ?
Sulfur combines readily with iron to form iron sulfide , which is very brittle , creating weak spots in the steel .	very brittle	What is a characteristic of iron sulfide ?
Conversely , otherwise pure-metals that simply contain unwanted impurities are often called `` impure metals '' and are not usually referred to as alloys .	unwanted impurities	What makes pure metals impure metals ?
Great care is often taken during the alloying process to remove excess impurities , using fluxes , chemical additives , or other methods of extractive metallurgy .	remove excess impurities	Using fluxes and chemical additives during the alloying process does what ?
Lithium , sodium and calcium are common impurities in aluminium alloys , which can have adverse effects on the structural integrity of castings .	Lithium, sodium and calcium	What are the three common impurities in aluminum alloys ?
Steel is such a common alloy that many items made from it , like wheels , barrels , or girders , are simply referred to by the name of the item , assuming it is made of steel .	Steel	What is the name of a common alloy ?
For example , automobile wheels made of an aluminium alloy are commonly referred to as simply `` alloy wheels '' , although in point of fact steels and most other metals in practical use are also alloys .	automobile wheels	What is something on a car that sometimes is made of alloy ?
For example , automobile wheels made of an aluminium alloy are commonly referred to as simply `` alloy wheels '' , although in point of fact steels and most other metals in practical use are also alloys .	alloys	Steel and other very practical metals are also named what ?
Alloying a metal is done by combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals that often enhance its properties .	combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals	What can be done to a metal to enhance its properties ?
The electrical and thermal conductivity of alloys is usually lower than that of the pure metals .	alloys	Pure metals have a higher electrical and thermal conductivity than what ?
Bronze , an alloy of copper and tin , was the first alloy discovered , during the prehistoric period now known as the bronze age ; it was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons , but was later superseded by metals and alloys with better properties .	Bronze	When copper and tin is mixed , what is made ?
Bronze , an alloy of copper and tin , was the first alloy discovered , during the prehistoric period now known as the bronze age ; it was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons , but was later superseded by metals and alloys with better properties .	prehistoric period	When was the bronze age ?
Brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc .	Brass	Copper and zinc combine to make what ?
However , some alloys can also have their properties altered by heat treatment .	heat treatment	What kind of treatment can be made to alter it 's properties ?
Nearly all metals can be softened by annealing , which recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects , but not as many can be hardened by controlled heating and cooling .	annealing	Softening metals can be achieved by ?
Many alloys of aluminium , copper , magnesium , titanium , and nickel can be strengthened to some degree by some method of heat treatment , but few respond to this to the same degree that steel does .	heat treatment	Aluminium , copper , magnesium , titanium , and nickel can be strengthened by ?
Nearly all metals can be softened by annealing , which recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects , but not as many can be hardened by controlled heating and cooling .	recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects	Annealling softens metals by achieving what ?
The steel then becomes heterogeneous , being formed of two phases ; the carbon -LRB- carbide -RRB- phase cementite , and ferrite .	heterogeneous	What is the name of steel when it is being formed of two phases ?
The steel then becomes heterogeneous , being formed of two phases ; the carbon -LRB- carbide -RRB- phase cementite , and ferrite .	carbon (carbide) phase cementite, and ferrite	What are the two phases when steel becomes heterogenous ?
This causes the iron crystals to deform intrinsically when the crystal structure tries to change to its low temperature state , making it very hard and brittle .	very hard and brittle	What are the characteristics of steel if it is cooled to quickly ?
If the steel is cooled slowly , the iron will gradually change into its low temperature allotrope .	If the steel is cooled slowly	Soft and bendable steel is caused by what ?
At a certain temperature , -LRB- usually between 1,500 °F -LRB- 820 °C -RRB- and 1,600 °F -LRB- 870 °C -RRB- , depending on carbon content -RRB- , the base metal of steel undergoes a change in the arrangement of the atoms in its crystal matrix , called allotropy .	1,500 °F (820 °C) and 1,600 °F (870 °C)	Allotrophy happens between what temperatures ?
Conversely , most heat-treatable alloys are precipitation hardening alloys , which produce the opposite effects that steel does .	steel	Precipitation hardening alloys produce the opposite effects of ?
Conversely , most heat-treatable alloys are precipitation hardening alloys , which produce the opposite effects that steel does .	heat-treatable alloys	Precipitation hardening alloys are sometimes also ?
When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly , these alloys become much softer than normal , during the diffusionless transformation , and then harden as they age .	When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly	What makes alloys more softer than normal ?
Examples of substitutional alloys include bronze and brass , in which some of the copper atoms are substituted with either tin or zinc atoms .	substitutional alloys	Bronze and brass are examples of what ?
Examples of substitutional alloys include bronze and brass , in which some of the copper atoms are substituted with either tin or zinc atoms .	substitutional alloys	Tin or zinc atoms in place of copper atoms create ?
Steel is an example of an interstitial alloy , because the very small carbon atoms fit into interstices of the iron matrix .	Steel	What is the name of one interstitial alloy ?
Stainless steel is an example of a combination of interstitial and substitutional alloys , because the carbon atoms fit into the interstices , but some of the iron atoms are replaced with nickel and chromium atoms .	interstitial and substitutional	Stainless steel is an example of what two alloys ?
The use of alloys by humans started with the use of meteoric iron , a naturally occurring alloy of nickel and iron .	meteoric iron	What was one of the first alloys used by humans ?
The use of alloys by humans started with the use of meteoric iron , a naturally occurring alloy of nickel and iron .	nickel and iron	What is meteoric iron composed of ?
Meteoric iron could be forged from a red heat to make objects such as tools , weapons , and nails .	tools, weapons, and nails	What can forged meteoric iron make ?
It is the main constituent of iron meteorites which occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space .	iron meteorites	Where does meteoric iron come from ?
It is the main constituent of iron meteorites which occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space .	occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space	How does meteoric iron come to earth ?
Iron is usually found as iron ore on Earth , except for one deposit of native iron in Greenland , which was used by the Inuit people .	Greenland	Where is the only iron deposit on earth ?
Eventually , humans learned to smelt metals such as copper and tin from ore , and , around 2500 BC , began alloying the two metals to form bronze , which is much harder than its ingredients .	2500 BC	Around what time did bronze start being formed ?
In the Middle East , people began alloying copper with zinc to form brass .	brass	What does copper and zinc form to make ?
Tin was rare , however , being found mostly in Great Britain .	Great Britain	Where is tin mostly found ?
Copper was the hardest of these metals , and the most widely distributed .	Copper	Which metal important to the ancients is the hardest one ?
Mercury dissolves many metals , such as gold , silver , and tin , to form amalgams -LRB- an alloy in a soft paste , or liquid form at ambient temperature -RRB- .	dissolves	What does mercury make most metals do ?
Amalgams have been used since 200 BC in China for plating objects with precious metals , called gilding , such as armor and mirrors .	200 BC	Since when have Amalgams been used ?
The ancient Romans often used mercury-tin amalgams for gilding their armor .	mercury-tin amalgams	What did ancient Romans use to gild their armor ?
Mercury was often used in mining , to extract precious metals like gold and silver from their ores .	Mercury	Gold and silver were extracted from their ores by using ?
Many ancient civilizations alloyed metals for purely aesthetic purposes .	purely aesthetic purposes	Ancient civilizations often alloyed metals for what reason ?
In ancient Egypt and Mycenae , gold was often alloyed with copper to produce red-gold , or iron to produce a bright burgundy-gold .	copper	Red gold is made by combining gold with ?
Around 250 BC , Archimedes was commissioned by the king to find a way to check the purity of the gold in a crown , leading to the famous bath-house shouting of `` Eureka ! ''	250 BC	Around what time was the Archimedes ' principle discovered ?
Around 250 BC , Archimedes was commissioned by the king to find a way to check the purity of the gold in a crown , leading to the famous bath-house shouting of `` Eureka ! ''	Archimedes	Who shouted `` Eureka ! '' while checking the purity of a crown ?
Quite often , precious metals were alloyed with less valuable substances as a means to deceive buyers .	less valuable substances	Buyers were often deceived when precious metals were mixed with ?
The term pewter covers a variety of alloys consisting primarily of tin .	tin	Pewter is mostly made up of ?
As a pure metal , tin was much too soft to be used for any practical purpose .	too soft	Why was tin was rarely used for everyday use ?
However , in the Bronze age , tin was a rare metal and , in many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean , was often valued higher than gold .	tin	During the bronze age , which metal was valued higher than gold in Europe and the Mediterranean ?
To make jewelry , forks and spoons , or other objects from tin , it was usually alloyed with other metals to increase its strength and hardness .	alloyed with other metals	What was done to tin to make it stronger ?
These metals were typically lead , antimony , bismuth or copper .	lead, antimony, bismuth or copper	What metals were alloyed with tin to make it stronger ?
The first known smelting of iron began in Anatolia , around 1800 BC .	Anatolia	Where did smelting of iron begin ?
The first known smelting of iron began in Anatolia , around 1800 BC .	around 1800 BC	When did the smelting of iron first begin ?
By 800 BC , iron-making technology had spread to Europe , arriving in Japan around 700 AD .	around 700 AD	When did iron making technology begin in Japan ?
Pig iron , a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon , was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC , but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages .	carbon	Pig iron is composed of iron and what else ?
Pig iron has a lower melting point than iron , and was used for making cast-iron .	lower melting point	What makes Pig iron different from regular iron ?
The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC , and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons .	1100 BC	Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time ?
Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully , the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages .	Middle Ages	When did iron start to become melted by people ?
In 1740 , Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content , creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel .	Benjamin Huntsman	Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel ?
In 1740 , Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content , creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel .	1740	When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible
With the introduction of the blast furnace to Europe in the Middle Ages , pig iron was able to be produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron .	produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron	What did the blast furnace help do to pig iron in the middle ages ?
Because pig iron could be melted , people began to develop processes of reducing the carbon in the liquid pig iron to create steel .	steel	By reducing carbon in liquid pig iron , what was created ?
Puddling was introduced during the 1700s , where molten pig iron was stirred while exposed to the air , to remove the carbon by oxidation .	1700s	When did puddling start occurring ?
In 1858 , Sir Henry Bessemer developed a process of steel-making by blowing hot air through liquid pig iron to reduce the carbon content .	1858	When was the Bessemer process developed ?
Mangalloy , an alloy of steel and manganese exhibiting extreme hardness and toughness , was one of the first alloy steels , and was created by Robert Hadfield in 1882 .	Mangalloy	Steel and manganese combines form to make what ?
In 1906 , precipitation hardening alloys were discovered by Alfred Wilm .	Alfred Wilm	Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys ?
In 1906 , precipitation hardening alloys were discovered by Alfred Wilm .	1906	When were precipitation hardening alloys discovered ?
Precipitation hardening alloys , such as certain alloys of aluminium , titanium , and copper , are heat-treatable alloys that soften when quenched -LRB- cooled quickly -RRB- , and then harden over time .	harden over time	What happens to precipitation hardening alloys after they quenched ?
Although an explanation for the phenomenon was not provided until 1919 , duralumin was one of the first `` age hardening '' alloys to be used , and was soon followed by many others .	duralumin	One of the first `` age hardening '' alloys used were called ?
Although an explanation for the phenomenon was not provided until 1919 , duralumin was one of the first `` age hardening '' alloys to be used , and was soon followed by many others .	duralumin	What was used in the construction of modern aircraft ?
Norfolk Island -LRB- i / ˈnɔːrfək ˈaɪlənd / ; Norfuk : Norf ' k Ailen -RRB- is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia , New Zealand and New Caledonia , 1,412 kilometres -LRB- 877 mi -RRB- directly east of mainland Australia 's Evans Head , and about 900 kilometres -LRB- 560 mi -RRB- from Lord Howe Island .	Pacific Ocean	In what ocean is Norfolk Island found ?
Norfolk Island -LRB- i / ˈnɔːrfək ˈaɪlənd / ; Norfuk : Norf ' k Ailen -RRB- is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia , New Zealand and New Caledonia , 1,412 kilometres -LRB- 877 mi -RRB- directly east of mainland Australia 's Evans Head , and about 900 kilometres -LRB- 560 mi -RRB- from Lord Howe Island .	about 900 kilometres (560 mi)	How far away is the nearest land mass to Norfolk Island ?
Its capital is Kingston .	Kingston	What is the capital city of Norfolk Island ?
It has 1,796 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 -LRB- 14 sq mi -RRB- .	1,796	How many people live on Norfolk Island ?
Norfolk Island -LRB- i / ˈnɔːrfək ˈaɪlənd / ; Norfuk : Norf ' k Ailen -RRB- is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia , New Zealand and New Caledonia , 1,412 kilometres -LRB- 877 mi -RRB- directly east of mainland Australia 's Evans Head , and about 900 kilometres -LRB- 560 mi -RRB- from Lord Howe Island .	1,412 kilometres (877 mi)	How far away is Evans Head from Norfolk Island ?
Norfolk Island was colonised by East Polynesians but was long unpeopled when it was settled by Great Britain as part of its settlement of Australia from 1788 .	East Polynesians	Who was Norfolk Island colonised by ?
The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855 , except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825 , when it lay abandoned .	a convict penal settlement	What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855 ?
On 8 June 1856 , permanent civilian residence on the island began when it was settled from Pitcairn Island .	8 June 1856	What date did civilians begin to permanently reside in Norfolk Island ?
On 8 June 1856 , permanent civilian residence on the island began when it was settled from Pitcairn Island .	Pitcairn Island	Where did the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island settle from in 1856 ?
In 1913 , the UK handed Norfolk over to Australia to administer as an external territory .	1913	In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate ?
In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement , as proposed by John Call , in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales .	1786	In what year did the British government include Norfolk Island as a auxiliary settlement ?
In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement , as proposed by John Call , in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales .	John Call	Who proposed the idea to include Norfolk Island as a British auxiliary settlement in 1786 ?
In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement , as proposed by John Call , in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales .	New South Wales	In including Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement , what Australian state did the British government plan to colonise ?
The decision to settle Norfolk Island was taken due to Empress Catherine II of Russia 's decision to restrict sales of hemp .	Empress Catherine II of Russia	What woman influenced the decision by the British to settle Norfolk Island ?
Practically all the hemp and flax required by the Royal Navy for cordage and sailcloth was imported from Russia .	Russia	Where was the majority of the hemp and flax used by the Royal Navy imported from ?
As early as 1794 , Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose suggested its closure as a penal settlement , as it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain .	1794	When did Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose start suggesting Norfolk Island be closed as a penal settlement ?
As early as 1794 , Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose suggested its closure as a penal settlement , as it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain .	it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain	Why did Francis Grose think that Norfolk Island should be closed as a penal settlement ?
The first group of people left in February 1805 , and by 1808 only about 200 remained , forming a small settlement until the remnants were removed in 1813 .	February 1805	When did the first group of people leave Norfolk Island ?
The first group of people left in February 1805 , and by 1808 only about 200 remained , forming a small settlement until the remnants were removed in 1813 .	200	By 1808 , how many people remained on Norfolk Island ?
A small party remained to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings , so that there would be no inducement for anyone , especially from other European powers , to visit and lay claim to the place .	to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings	Why did a small group of people remain on Norfolk Island , after others had already left ?
In 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send `` the worst description of convicts '' .	the British government	Who instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to send the worst convicts to Norfolk Island ?
Its remoteness , previously seen as a disadvantage , was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners .	Its remoteness	What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding male convicts ?
The convicts detained have long been assumed to be a hardcore of recidivists , or ` doubly-convicted capital respites ' -- that is , men transported to Australia who committed fresh colonial crimes for which they were sentenced to death , and were spared the gallows on condition of life at Norfolk Island .	the gallows	What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island spared from on the the mainland ?
However , a recent study has demonstrated , utilising a database of 6,458 Norfolk Island convicts , that the reality was somewhat different : more than half were detained at Norfolk Island without ever receiving a colonial conviction , and only 15 % had been reprieved from a death sentence .	6,458	How many convicts are listed in the database at Norfolk Island ?
Furthermore , the overwhelming majority of convicts sent to Norfolk Island had committed non-violent property sentences , and the average length of detention was three years .	three years	What was the average length of a prisoner 's detention at Norfolk Island ?
These were the descendants of Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers , including those of Fletcher Christian .	Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers	Who were the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island descended from ?
They resettled from the Pitcairn Islands , which had become too small for their growing population .	the Pitcairn Islands	Where did the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island settle from ?
On 3 May 1856 , 193 persons left Pitcairn Islands aboard the `` Morayshire '' .	193	On May 3 , 1856 , how many Pitcairners left for Norfolk Island ?
On 3 May 1856 , 193 persons left Pitcairn Islands aboard the `` Morayshire '' .	Morayshire	What was the name of the ship the Pitcairners traveled on to Norfolk Island ?
The Pitcairners occupied many of the buildings remaining from the penal settlements , and gradually established traditional farming and whaling industries on the island .	farming and whaling industries	What trades did the Pitcairners establish while on Norfolk Island ?
After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 , Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory .	1901	When was the Commonwealth of Australia created ?
During World War II , the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand , and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands .	World War II	During what major event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refuelling station ?
The airstrip was constructed by Australian , New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942 .	Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen	Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II ?
Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand 's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force .	New Zealand	Norfolk Island fell under whose responsibility during World War II ?
The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944 .	February 1944	When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War II ?
Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island 's administration appealing to the Australian federal government for assistance in 2010 .	Financial problems and a reduction in tourism	What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Australia in 2010 ?
In return , the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits .	greater welfare benefits	What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Australia 's assistance ?
However , by May 2013 agreement had not been reached and islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare .	islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare	What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Australia for help ?
An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self-government with a local council but against the wishes of the Norfolk Island government .	replace self-government with a local council	An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on March 12 , 2015 , to do what for Norfolk Island ?
A majority of Norfolk Islanders have objected to the Australian plan to make changes to Norfolk Island without first consulting them and allowing their say with 68 % of voters against forced changes .	68%	What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Australia ?
Norfolk Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean , east of the Australian mainland .	South	What part of the Pacific Ocean is Norfolk Island located ?
Norfolk Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean , east of the Australian mainland .	east	What direction is Norfolk Island in relation to Australia ?
Norfolk Island is the main island of the island group the territory encompasses and is located at 29 ° 02 ′ S 167 ° 57 ′ E / 29.033 ° S 167.950 ° E / -29.033 ; 167.950 .	29°02′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.033°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.033; 167.950	What are the coordinates for Norfolk Island ?
The island 's highest point is Mount Bates -LRB- 319 metres -LRB- 1,047 feet -RRB- above sea level -RRB- , located in the northwest quadrant of the island .	Mount Bates	What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island 's highest point ?
Phillip Island , the second largest island of the territory , is located at 29 ° 07 ′ S 167 ° 57 ′ E / 29.117 ° S 167.950 ° E / -29.117 ; 167.950 , seven kilometres -LRB- 4.3 miles -RRB- south of the main island .	Phillip Island	What is the name of the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island ?
The coastline of Norfolk Island consists , to varying degrees , of cliff faces .	cliff faces	What is the coastline of Norfolk made of ?
A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay , the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston .	Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay	Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston , Norfolk Islands , currently located ?
All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship , usually to Cascade Bay .	by ship	How are goods imported to Norfolk Island ?
All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship , usually to Cascade Bay .	Cascade Bay	Where are imported goods usually sent on Norfolk Island ?
Emily Bay , protected from the Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef , is the only safe area for recreational swimming , although surfing waves can be found at Anson and Ball Bays .	Anson and Ball Bays	Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island ?
Norfolk Island has 174 native plants ; 51 of them are endemic .	51	How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island ?
At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened .	18	How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened ?
The Norfolk Island palm -LRB- Rhopalostylis baueri -RRB- and the smooth tree-fern -LRB- Cyathea brownii -RRB- , the tallest tree-fern in the world , are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island .	Norfolk Island National Park	Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found ?
Before European colonization , most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest , the canopy of which was made of Araucaria heterophylla -LRB- Norfolk Island pine -RRB- in exposed areas , and the palm Rhopalostylis baueri and tree ferns Cyathea brownii and C. australis in moister protected areas .	subtropical rain forest	What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with , before European colonization ?
Only one small tract -LRB- 5 km2 -RRB- of rainforest remains , which was declared as the Norfolk Island National Park in 1986 .	5 km2	How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today ?
As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island , Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them .	land	What type of bird does Norfolk Island have few of ?
Many of the endemic species and subspecies have become extinct as a result of massive clearance of the island 's native vegetation of subtropical rainforest for agriculture , hunting and persecution as agricultural pests .	massive clearance of the island's native vegetation	What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct ?
Many of the endemic species and subspecies have become extinct as a result of massive clearance of the island 's native vegetation of subtropical rainforest for agriculture , hunting and persecution as agricultural pests .	hunting and persecution as agricultural pests	What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct ?
The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as rats , cats , pigs and goats , as well as from introduced competitors such as common blackbirds and crimson rosellas .	mammals	What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer ?
The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as rats , cats , pigs and goats , as well as from introduced competitors such as common blackbirds and crimson rosellas .	common blackbirds and crimson rosellas	What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer ?
The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds .	Nepean Island	What island in the Norfolk Island Group is home to breeding seabirds ?
The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century , but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island .	The providence petrel	What near extinct bird of Norfolk Island has shown signs of population increase ?
The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century , but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island .	Phillip Island	Where has the providence petrel been seen breeding on Norfolk Island ?
Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel , Kermadec petrel , wedge-tailed shearwater , Australasian gannet , red-tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet .	the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel	What other types of petrels breed on Phillip Island ?
The sooty tern -LRB- known locally as the whale bird -RRB- has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders .	the whale bird	What is the sooty tern known as on Norfolk Island ?
Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956 .	Cetaceans	What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island ?
Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956 .	1956	When did commercial sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating ?
Today , numbers of larger whales have disappeared , but even today many species such humpback whale , minke whale , sei whale , and dolphins can be observed close to shores , and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly .	humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale	What are some species of whales that can be seen around Norfolk Island today ?
Today , numbers of larger whales have disappeared , but even today many species such humpback whale , minke whale , sei whale , and dolphins can be observed close to shores , and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly .	dolphins	What other species can be seen close to the shores of Norfolk Island ?
Southern right whales were once regular migrants to the Norfolk hence naming the island as the `` Middle ground '' by whalers , but had been severely depleted by historical hunts , and further by illegal Soviet and Japan whaling , resulting in none of very few , if remnants still live , right whales in these regions along with Lord Howe Island .	Southern right whales	What type of whales were once common in Norfolk Island , but hardly any remain today ?
Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians .	Sixty-two percent	Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island ?
After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884 , a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs ' sons .	Rev G. H. Nobbs	Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island ?
After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884 , a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs ' sons .	a Methodist church	What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs ' death in 1884 ?
After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884 , a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs ' sons .	one of Nobbs' sons	Who led Norfolk Island 's first Seventh-day Adventist church ?
Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- .	30	Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 do n't exceed what number ?
Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk , a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian .	English and a creole language known as Norfuk	What languages do residents of Norfolk Island speak ?
Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk , a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian .	18th-century English and Tahitian	What is the Norfuk language a mixture of ?
The `` language known as ` Norf ` k ' '' is described as the language `` that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island '' .	descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island	The Norfuk language of Norfolk Island was first spoken by whom ?
The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons ; however , there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents .	The Norfuk language	What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island ?
32 % of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census , and just under three-quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk .	under three-quarters	What part of the residents of Norfolk Island could speak Norfuk as of 2011 ?
Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance .	Norfolk Island	What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself ?
The Norfolk Island Act 1979 , passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979 , is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015 .	The Norfolk Island Act 1979	What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island ?
The Norfolk Island Act 1979 , passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979 , is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015 .	the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015	What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island , passed in 2015 ?
The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator , currently Gary Hardgrave .	Gary Hardgrave	Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island ?
From 1979 to 2015 , a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years , although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will , including the power to override any laws made by the assembly .	three years	During 1979-2015 , Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years ?
The Assembly consisted of nine seats , with electors casting nine equal votes , of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate .	nine	The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats ?
It is a method of voting called a `` weighted first past the post system '' .	a "weighted first past the post system"	What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it 's Assembly ?
Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council , which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator .	Executive	Four members of the Assembly made up what Council , responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island ?
The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was Lisle Snell .	Lisle Snell	Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island ?
Other ministers included : Minister for Tourism , Industry and Development ; Minister for Finance ; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services ; and Minister for Environment .	Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development	What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island ?
Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review , the island 's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council .	two	How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island 's legislative assembly ?
Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review , the island 's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council .	a local council	What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island 's assembly to ?
However , in December 2006 , citing the `` significant disruption '' that changes to the governance would impose on the island 's economy , the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered .	December 2006	When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island ?
However , in December 2006 , citing the `` significant disruption '' that changes to the governance would impose on the island 's economy , the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered .	significant disruption	The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island 's government would cause what ?
It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island .	19 March 2015	When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself ?
It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island .	a local council	What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with ?
It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island .	New South Wales	From what state did the proposed council come from ?
It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax , but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare .	they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare	What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council ?
It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax , but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare .	Australian income tax	What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council ?
On 8 May 2015 , voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic , social and cultural development , and to `` be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governance for Norfolk Island before such changes are acted upon by the Australian parliament '' .	8 May 2015	When did the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island vote regarding the proposed Australian reforms ?
68 % out of 912 voters voted in favour .	912	How many Norfolk Island residents voted on May 8 , 2015 ?
68 % out of 912 voters voted in favour .	68%	What percentage of Norfolk Island residents voted in favor of self-governance ?
The Norfolk Island Chief Minister , Lisle Snell , said that `` the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra 's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island '' .	Lisle Snell	Who is Norfolk Island 's Chief Minister ?
The Norfolk Island Chief Minister , Lisle Snell , said that `` the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra 's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island '' .	overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island	According to Lisle Snell , Australian Parliament thought that abolishing Norfolk Island 's self-governance would be what ?
Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act .	colony acquired by settlement	Norfolk Island was originally a what ?
It was accepted as a territory of Australia , separate from any state , by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 -LRB- Cth -RRB- , passed under the territories power -LRB- Constitution section 122 -RRB- and made effective in 1914 .	Australia	Norfolk Island became a territory of what country ?
It was accepted as a territory of Australia , separate from any state , by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 -LRB- Cth -RRB- , passed under the territories power -LRB- Constitution section 122 -RRB- and made effective in 1914 .	the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth)	Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia ?
In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth .	High Court of Australia	Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth ?
Again , in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for , and standing for election to , the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island .	Australian citizenship	What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island ?
Until recently immigration to Norfolk Island even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted .	immigration	What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island , until recently ?
In 2012 , immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency ; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme .	2012	When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island ?
In 2012 , immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency ; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme .	an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens	What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island ?
In 2012 , immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency ; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme .	pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme	What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island ?
From 1 July 2016 , the Australian migration system will replace the immigration arrangements currently maintained by the Norfolk Island Government .	1 July 2016	When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island 's immigration policies ?
Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria -LRB- Immigration -LRB- Amendment No. 2 -RRB- Act 2012 -RRB- .	automatic right of residence	What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration -LRB- Amendment No. 2 -RRB- Act 2012 ?
Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia .	a passport	What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island ?
Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island .	either a passport or a Document of Identity	What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island ?
Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone .	Australian Migration Zone	When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island , where must they depart ?
Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa , the visa will have ceased ; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia .	the visa will have ceased	What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who do n't depart from the Australian Migration Zone ?
Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are `` outside of Australia '' for the purposes of the Migration Act .	the Migration Act	What Act declares Non-Australian residents `` outside of Australia '' while they are on Norfolk Island ?
This means that not only will they need a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland , but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future .	a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa	What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland ?
On the other hand , as far as Australian nationality law is concerned , Norfolk Island is a part of Australia , and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship .	Australia	As far as Australian nationality law goes , Norfolk Island is considered a part of what ?
On the other hand , as far as Australian nationality law is concerned , Norfolk Island is a part of Australia , and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship .	count as time spent in Australia	According to Australian nationality law , time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what ?
Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island .	Norfolk Island Hospital	What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island ?
All visitors to Norfolk Island , including Australians , are recommended to purchase travel insurance .	travel insurance	What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase ?
Although the hospital can perform minor surgery , serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia .	mainland Australia	Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to ?
For serious emergencies , medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force .	the Royal Australian Air Force	Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island ?
The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers .	St John Ambulance Australia volunteers	Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island ?
There is a strong belief on the island that some of the revenue generated from Norfolk 's EEZ should be available to providing services such as health and infrastructure on the island , which the island has been responsible for , similar to how the Northern Territory is able to access revenue from their mineral resources .	health and infrastructure	What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made available from the Norfolk Island 's EEZ profit ?
The exclusive economic zone provides the islanders with fish , its only major natural resource .	fish	What is Norfolk Island 's only major natural resource ?
Norfolk Island has no direct control over any marine areas but has an agreement with the Commonwealth through the Australian Fisheries Management Authority -LRB- AFMA -RRB- to fish `` recreationally '' in a small section of the EEZ known locally as `` the Box '' .	the Box	What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish recreationally ?
While there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits , this is not proven .	oil and gas deposits	What is speculated to be available in Norfolk Island 's EEZ zone ?
There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands , though about 25 per cent of the island is a permanent pasture .	25	What percentage of Norfolk Island is a permanent pasture ?
Residents of Norfolk Island do not pay Australian federal taxes , creating a tax haven for locals and visitors alike .	Australian federal taxes	Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors do n't pay what ?
In a move that apparently surprised many islanders the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island , David Buffett , announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts .	David Buffett	Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island ?
In a move that apparently surprised many islanders the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island , David Buffett , announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts .	for a financial bailout from the federal government	What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island surrendering its ' tax-free status ?
The introduction of income taxation will now come into effect on July 1 , 2016 , with a variation of opinion on the island about these changes but with many understanding that for the island 's governance to continue there is a need to pay into the commonwealth revenue pool so that the island can have assistance in supporting its delivery of State government responsibilities such as health , education , medicare , and infrastructure .	July 1, 2016	When will income tax be introduced on Norfolk Island ?
Prior to these reforms residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to social services .	social	What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive prior to this announcement ?
As of 2004 -LSB- update -RSB- , 2532 telephone main lines are in use , a mix of analog -LRB- 2500 -RRB- and digital -LRB- 32 -RRB- circuits .	2532	How many main telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island , as of 2004 ?
As of 2004 -LSB- update -RSB- , 2532 telephone main lines are in use , a mix of analog -LRB- 2500 -RRB- and digital -LRB- 32 -RRB- circuits .	2500	How many analog telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island , as of 2004 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- There is one locally based radio station -LRB- Radio Norfolk 89.9 FM -RRB- , broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies .	one	How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island have ?
There is also one TV station , Norfolk TV , featuring local programming , plus transmitters for Australian channels ABC , SBS , Imparja Television and Southern Cross Television .	Norfolk TV	What is the name of Norfolk Island 's only TV station ?
Loading jetties are located at Kingston and Cascade , but ships can not get close to either of them .	Kingston and Cascade	Where are loading jetties found on Norfolk Island ?
When a supply ship arrives , it is emptied by whaleboats towed by launches , five tonnes at a time .	by whaleboats towed by launches	How is a supply ship unloaded when it reaches Norfolk Island ?
Which jetty is used depends on the prevailing weather on the day .	the prevailing weather on the day	What determines the jetty that 's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island ?
The jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used .	on the leeward side of the island	Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island ?
Visitors often gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives .	Visitors	Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island ?
Burke was born in Dublin , Ireland .	Dublin, Ireland	Where was Burke born ?
His mother Mary née Nagle -LRB- c. 1702 -- 1770 -RRB- was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a déclassé County Cork family -LRB- and a cousin of Nano Nagle -RRB- , whereas his father , a successful solicitor , Richard -LRB- died 1761 -RRB- , was a member of the Church of Ireland ; it remains unclear whether this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism .	Nagle	What was Burke 's mother 's maiden name ?
His mother Mary née Nagle -LRB- c. 1702 -- 1770 -RRB- was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a déclassé County Cork family -LRB- and a cousin of Nano Nagle -RRB- , whereas his father , a successful solicitor , Richard -LRB- died 1761 -RRB- , was a member of the Church of Ireland ; it remains unclear whether this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism .	1770	When did Burke 's mother die ?
His mother Mary née Nagle -LRB- c. 1702 -- 1770 -RRB- was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a déclassé County Cork family -LRB- and a cousin of Nano Nagle -RRB- , whereas his father , a successful solicitor , Richard -LRB- died 1761 -RRB- , was a member of the Church of Ireland ; it remains unclear whether this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism .	1761	When did Burke 's father die ?
The Burke dynasty descends from an Anglo-Norman knight surnamed de Burgh -LRB- latinised as de Burgo -RRB- who arrived in Ireland in 1185 following Henry II of England 's 1171 invasion of Ireland .	1185	When did Burke 's ancestors arrive in Ireland ?
In 1744 , Burke started at Trinity College Dublin , a Protestant establishment , which up until 1793 , did not permit Catholics to take degrees .	1744	When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin ?
In 1744 , Burke started at Trinity College Dublin , a Protestant establishment , which up until 1793 , did not permit Catholics to take degrees .	Catholics	What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there ?
In 1747 , he set up a debating society , `` Edmund Burke 's Club '' , which , in 1770 , merged with TCD 's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society ; it is the oldest undergraduate society in the world .	1747	When did Edmund Burke start a debate club ?
In 1747 , he set up a debating society , `` Edmund Burke 's Club '' , which , in 1770 , merged with TCD 's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society ; it is the oldest undergraduate society in the world .	TCD's Historical Club	What club did Edmund Burke 's debate club merge with in 1770 ?
Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748 .	1748	When did Edmund Burke graduate ?
Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton -LRB- and others -RRB- initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire .	Bishop Warburton	Which bishop did n't realize the satirical nature of Burke 's book ?
Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton -LRB- and others -RRB- initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire .	Lord Chesterfield	Which lord did n't realize the satirical nature of Burke 's book ?
Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book , which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition -LRB- 1757 -RRB- that it was a satire .	1757	When was the 2nd edition of Burke 's book published ?
Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book , which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition -LRB- 1757 -RRB- that it was a satire .	in the preface to the second edition	Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire ?
Richard Hurd believed that Burke 's imitation was near-perfect and that this defeated his purpose : an ironist `` should take care by a constant exaggeration to make the ridicule shine through the Imitation .	Richard Hurd	Who thought that Burke 's imitation was too perfect to be effective ridicule ?
A minority of scholars have taken the position that , in fact , Burke did write the Vindication in earnest , later disowning it only for political reasons .	political reasons	Why did a few scholars think Burke had n't intended his book as a satire yet later claimed it was a satire ?
Whereas this Vindication is everywhere enforc 'd , not only in the language , and on the principles of L. Bol. , but with so apparent , or rather so real an earnestness , that half his purpose is sacrificed to the other '' .	L. Bol.	Whose principles did Burke imitate ?
On 25 February 1757 , Burke signed a contract with Robert Dodsley to write a `` history of England from the time of Julius Caesar to the end of the reign of Queen Anne '' , its length being eighty quarto sheets -LRB- 640 pages -RRB- , nearly 400,000 words .	25 February 1757	When did Burke sign a contract for a history of England ?
On 25 February 1757 , Burke signed a contract with Robert Dodsley to write a `` history of England from the time of Julius Caesar to the end of the reign of Queen Anne '' , its length being eighty quarto sheets -LRB- 640 pages -RRB- , nearly 400,000 words .	nearly 400,000	How many words long was Burke 's history of England contracted to be ?
On 25 February 1757 , Burke signed a contract with Robert Dodsley to write a `` history of England from the time of Julius Caesar to the end of the reign of Queen Anne '' , its length being eighty quarto sheets -LRB- 640 pages -RRB- , nearly 400,000 words .	640 pages	How many pages long was Burke 's history of England contracted to be ?
Burke completed the work to the year 1216 and stopped ; it was not published until after Burke 's death , being included in an 1812 collection of his works , entitled An Essay Towards an Abridgement of the English History .	1812	When was Burke 's history of England published ?
Lord Acton , on commenting on the story that Burke stopped his history because David Hume published his , said `` it is ever to be regretted that the reverse did not occur '' .	David Hume	Which author 's history of England being published before Burke 's might have dissuaded Burke from continuing his ?
During the year following that contract , with Dodsley , Burke founded the influential Annual Register , a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year .	Annual Register	What publication did Burke found ?
During the year following that contract , with Dodsley , Burke founded the influential Annual Register , a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year .	political	The Annual Register covered international events of what type ?
Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766 .	1766	Burke was the only known writer for the Register until what year ?
Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766 .	1789	Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year ?
The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear : in his biography of Burke , Robert Murray quotes the Register as evidence of Burke 's opinions , yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference .	Philip Magnus	Who wrote a biography of Burke ?
At about this same time , Burke was introduced to William Gerard Hamilton -LRB- known as `` Single-speech Hamilton '' -RRB- .	Single-speech Hamilton	What was William Gerard Hamilton 's nickname ?
When Hamilton was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland , Burke accompanied him to Dublin as his private secretary , a position he held for three years .	Burke	Who was William Gerard Hamilton 's private secretary ?
In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig statesman , Charles , Marquess of Rockingham , then Prime Minister of Great Britain , who remained Burke 's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782 .	1765	When did Burke become the Prime Minister 's private secretary ?
In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig statesman , Charles , Marquess of Rockingham , then Prime Minister of Great Britain , who remained Burke 's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782 .	Charles, Marquess of Rockingham	Who invited Burke to join the Freemasons ?
In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig statesman , Charles , Marquess of Rockingham , then Prime Minister of Great Britain , who remained Burke 's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782 .	Whig	What political party was Charles , Marquess of Rockingham in ?
Burke took a leading role in the debate regarding the constitutional limits to the executive authority of the king .	the king	Who did Burke want constitutional limits on the power of ?
He argued strongly against unrestrained royal power and for the role of political parties in maintaining a principled opposition capable of preventing abuses , either by the monarch , or by specific factions within the government .	political parties	What type of institution did Burke think could offer opposition to abuses of power ?
Burke identified the `` discontents '' as stemming from the `` secret influence '' of a neo-Tory group he labelled as , the `` king 's friends '' , whose system `` comprehending the exterior and interior administrations , is commonly called , in the technical language of the Court , Double Cabinet '' .	neo-Tory	What type of group were the `` king 's friends '' ?
His most important publication in this regard was his Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770 .	Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770	What was Burke 's most important publication about limiting royal power ?
His constituents , citizens of the great trading city of Bristol , however urged Burke to oppose free trade with Ireland .	Ireland	What country did Burke propose restricting trade with ?
His constituents , citizens of the great trading city of Bristol , however urged Burke to oppose free trade with Ireland .	Bristol	What city did Burke represent in parliament ?
In May 1778 , Burke supported a parliamentary motion revising restrictions on Irish trade .	May 1778	When did Burke make a motion to restrict Irish trade ?
His constituents , citizens of the great trading city of Bristol , however urged Burke to oppose free trade with Ireland .	trading	What was Bristol 's most important industry ?
Second , Burke worried about the uncertainty surrounding whether Britain would win a conflict in America .	America	Where was Burke worried Britain might not win a war ?
Burke was not merely presenting a peace agreement to Parliament ; rather , he stepped forward with four reasons against using force , carefully reasoned .	four	How many reasons against violence did Burke present ?
The fourth and final reason to avoid the use of force was experience ; the British had never attempted to rein in an unruly colony by force , and they did not know if it could be done , let alone accomplished thousands of miles away from home .	thousands of miles	How far away was the potential conflict Burke argued against ?
The American colonists could always retreat into the mountains , but the land they left behind would most likely be unusable , whether by accident or design .	the mountains	What area could the American colonists retreat to ?
Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst -LRB- 1684 -- 1775 -RRB- ; Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America : `` Young man , There is America -- which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men , and uncouth manners ; yet shall , before you taste of death , shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world '' .	1775	When did Lord Bathurst die ?
Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst -LRB- 1684 -- 1775 -RRB- ; Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America : `` Young man , There is America -- which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men , and uncouth manners ; yet shall , before you taste of death , shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world '' .	1704	When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst ?
Samuel Johnson was so irritated at hearing it continually praised , that he made a parody of it , where the devil appears to a young Whig and predicts that in short time , Whiggism will poison even the paradise of America !	Whiggism	What political position did Samuel Johnson say would soon poison America ?
Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst -LRB- 1684 -- 1775 -RRB- ; Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America : `` Young man , There is America -- which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men , and uncouth manners ; yet shall , before you taste of death , shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world '' .	1684	When was Lord Bathurst born ?
Samuel Johnson was so irritated at hearing it continually praised , that he made a parody of it , where the devil appears to a young Whig and predicts that in short time , Whiggism will poison even the paradise of America !	the devil	In Samuel Johnson 's writing , who appeared to a Whig ?
The administration of Lord North -LRB- 1770 -- 1782 -RRB- tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force .	1770	When did Lord North take office ?
The administration of Lord North -LRB- 1770 -- 1782 -RRB- tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force .	1782	When did Lord North leave office ?
Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania .	New York and Pennsylvania	Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate ?
Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania .	appalled	How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans ?
British and American forces clashed in 1775 and , in 1776 , came the American Declaration of Independence .	1776	When was the American Declaration of Independence issued ?
Previously , Paymasters had been able to draw on money from HM Treasury at their discretion .	HM Treasury	Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782 ?
Now they were required to put the money they had requested to withdraw from the Treasury into the Bank of England , from where it was to be withdrawn for specific purposes .	the Bank of England	After 1782 , where would money from Paymasters ' withdrawal requests go ?
This act was repealed by Shelburne 's administration , but the act that replaced it repeated verbatim almost the whole text of the Burke Act .	Shelburne	Whose administration repealed the Paymaster General Act ?
The Paymaster General Act 1782 ended the post as a lucrative sinecure .	1782	When was the Paymaster General Act passed ?
While admitting that theoretically , in some cases it might be desirable , he insisted a democratic government in Britain in his day would not only be inept , but also oppressive .	democratic	What type of government did Burke think would be inept ?
He opposed democracy for three basic reasons .	three	For how many reasons did Burke oppose democracy ?
Second , he thought that if they had the vote , common people had dangerous and angry passions that could be aroused easily by demagogues ; he feared that the authoritarian impulses that could be empowered by these passions would undermine cherished traditions and established religion , leading to violence and confiscation of property .	demagogues	What did Burke think could arouse common people 's dangerous passions ?
Second , he thought that if they had the vote , common people had dangerous and angry passions that could be aroused easily by demagogues ; he feared that the authoritarian impulses that could be empowered by these passions would undermine cherished traditions and established religion , leading to violence and confiscation of property .	authoritarian	What type of impulses did Burke think could gain power through commoners ' passions ?
Third , Burke warned that democracy would create a tyranny over unpopular minorities , who needed the protection of the upper classes .	the upper classes	Who did Burke think protected unpopular minorities ?
For years Burke pursued impeachment efforts against Warren Hastings , formerly Governor-General of Bengal , that resulted in the trial during 1786 .	1786	When was Warren Hastings impeached ?
For years Burke pursued impeachment efforts against Warren Hastings , formerly Governor-General of Bengal , that resulted in the trial during 1786 .	Bengal	Where was Hastings formerly the governor ?
For two decades prior to the impeachment , Parliament had dealt with the Indian issue .	two decades	How long before Hastings 's trial had Britain been dealing with Indian unrest ?
In 1781 Burke was first able to delve into the issues surrounding the East India Company when he was appointed Chairman of the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs -- from that point until the end of the trial ; India was Burke 's primary concern .	the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs	What was Burke made chairman of in 1781 ?
When addressing the whole House of Commons regarding the committee report , Burke described the Indian issue as one that `` began ` in commerce ' but ` ended in empire . ' ''	empire	When Burke said the Indian problems ` began in commerce ' , where did he say the problems ended in ?
On 4 April 1786 , Burke presented the Commons with the Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors against Hastings .	4 April 1786	When did Burke charge Hastings for impeachment ?
On 4 April 1786 , Burke presented the Commons with the Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors against Hastings .	Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors	What was the impeachment formally called ?
The House of Commons eventually impeached Hastings , but subsequently , the House of Lords acquitted him of all charges .	House of Lords	Which house acquitted Hastings ?
The House of Commons eventually impeached Hastings , but subsequently , the House of Lords acquitted him of all charges .	House of Commons	Which house impeached Hastings ?
Burke 's indictment , fuelled by emotional indignation , branded Hastings a ` captain-general of iniquity ' ; who never dined without ` creating a famine ' ; whose heart was ` gangrened to the core ' , and who resembled both a ` spider of Hell ' and a ` ravenous vulture devouring the carcasses of the dead ' .	ravenous vulture	Like what creature did Burke say Hastings was ` devouring the dead ' ?
The events of 5 -- 6 October 1789 , when a crowd of Parisian women marched on Versailles to compel King Louis XVI to return to Paris , turned Burke against it .	King Louis XVI	Who did Parisian women want to return to Paris ?
In a letter to his son , Richard Burke , dated 10 October he said : `` This day I heard from Laurence who has sent me papers confirming the portentous state of France -- where the Elements which compose Human Society seem all to be dissolved , and a world of Monsters to be produced in the place of it -- where Mirabeau presides as the Grand Anarch ; and the late Grand Monarch makes a figure as ridiculous as pitiable '' .	Richard Burke	What was Burke 's son 's name ?
On 4 November Charles-Jean-François Depont wrote to Burke , requesting that he endorse the Revolution .	Charles-Jean-François Depont	Who requested that Burke support the French Revolution ?
Burke 's first public condemnation of the Revolution occurred on the debate in Parliament on the army estimates on 9 February 1790 , provoked by praise of the Revolution by Pitt and Fox :	9 February 1790	When did Burke first publicly condemn the French Revolution ?
In January 1790 , Burke read Dr. Richard Price 's sermon of 4 November 1789 entitled , A Discourse on the Love of our Country , to the Revolution Society .	4 November 1789	When did Richard Price give a sermon to the Revolution Society ?
That society had been founded to commemorate the Glorious Revolution of 1688 .	the Glorious Revolution of 1688	What was the Revolution Society commemorating ?
Instead , Price asserted that Englishmen should see themselves `` more as citizens of the world than as members of any particular community '' .	Englishmen	Who did Price think should see themselves as citizens of the world ?
In this sermon Price espoused the philosophy of universal `` Rights of Men '' .	universal "Rights of Men"	What philosophy did Price support ?
Immediately after reading Price 's sermon , Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became , Reflections on the Revolution in France .	Reflections on the Revolution in France	Which of Burke 's writings was inspired by Price 's sermon ?
On 13 February 1790 , a notice in the press said that shortly , Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters , however he spent the year revising and expanding it .	1790	When did Burke publish his Reflections on the Revolution in France ?
Priced at five shillings , it was more expensive than most political pamphlets , but by the end of 1790 , it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies .	17,500	How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months ?
A French translation appeared on 29 November and on 30 November the translator , Pierre-Gaëton Dupont , wrote to Burke saying 2,500 copies had already been sold .	Pierre-Gaëton Dupont	Who translated ` Reflections on the Revolution in France ' into French ?
The French translation ran to ten printings by June 1791 .	June 1791	When was the tenth printing of the French translation of ` Reflections on the Revolution in France ' ?
Burke put forward that `` We fear God , we look up with awe to kings ; with affection to parliaments ; with duty to magistrates ; with reverence to priests ; and with respect to nobility .	kings	Who did Burke say we look up to with awe ?
Burke put forward that `` We fear God , we look up with awe to kings ; with affection to parliaments ; with duty to magistrates ; with reverence to priests ; and with respect to nobility .	parliaments	Who did Burke say we look to with affection ?
Burke put forward that `` We fear God , we look up with awe to kings ; with affection to parliaments ; with duty to magistrates ; with reverence to priests ; and with respect to nobility .	priests	Who did Burke say we look to with reverence ?
Burke put forward that `` We fear God , we look up with awe to kings ; with affection to parliaments ; with duty to magistrates ; with reverence to priests ; and with respect to nobility .	with respect	How did Burke say we look towards nobility ?
Burke put forward that `` We fear God , we look up with awe to kings ; with affection to parliaments ; with duty to magistrates ; with reverence to priests ; and with respect to nobility .	duty	How did Burke say we look towards magistrates ?
The most famous passage in Burke 's Reflections was his description of the events of 5 -- 6 October 1789 and the part of Marie-Antoinette in them .	Marie-Antoinette	Who was featured in the most well-known part of Burke 's Reflections ?
Philip Francis wrote to Burke saying that what he wrote of Marie-Antoinette was `` pure foppery '' .	Philip Francis	Who said Burke wrote ` pure foppery ' about Marie-Antoinette ?
Edward Gibbon , however , reacted differently : `` I adore his chivalry '' .	Edward Gibbon	Who adored Burke 's chivalry ?
Burke was informed by an Englishman who had talked with the Duchesse de Biron , that when Marie-Antoinette was reading the passage , she burst into tears and took considerable time to finish reading it .	she burst into tears	How did Marie-Antoinette react to Burke 's writing about her ?
Louis XVI translated the Reflections `` from end to end '' into French .	Louis XVI	Who re-translated the Reflections into French ?
Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox , disagreed with Burke and split with him .	Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox	Which British ministers disagreed with Burke 's Reflections ?
Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox , disagreed with Burke and split with him .	Whig	What political party was Charles James Fox ?
Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke , but did not wish for a public breach with their Whig colleagues .	Whigs	What political party was Earl Fitzwilliam ?
Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox , disagreed with Burke and split with him .	Whig	What political party was Richard Sheridan ?
Thomas Paine penned the Rights of Man in 1791 as a response to Burke ; Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Men and James Mackintosh wrote Vindiciae Gallicae .	Thomas Paine	Who wrote ` The Rights of Man ' ?
Thomas Paine penned the Rights of Man in 1791 as a response to Burke ; Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Men and James Mackintosh wrote Vindiciae Gallicae .	Mary Wollstonecraft	Who wrote ' A Vindication of the Rights of Men ' ?
Thomas Paine penned the Rights of Man in 1791 as a response to Burke ; Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Men and James Mackintosh wrote Vindiciae Gallicae .	James Mackintosh	Who said the Reflections were `` the manifesto of a Counter Revolution '' ?
He is without parallel in any age , excepting perhaps Lord Bacon and Cicero ; and his works contain an ampler store of political and moral wisdom than can be found in any other writer whatever '' .	Lord Bacon and Cicero	Who did Mackintosh compare Burke to ?
He is without parallel in any age , excepting perhaps Lord Bacon and Cicero ; and his works contain an ampler store of political and moral wisdom than can be found in any other writer whatever '' .	political and moral	What types of wisdom did Mackintosh say Burke had ?
In November 1790 , François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville , a member of the National Assembly of France , wrote to Burke , praising Reflections and requesting more `` very refreshing mental food '' that he could publish .	François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville	Who asked Burke for more `` very refreshing mental food '' ?
This Burke did in April 1791 when he published A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly .	April 1791	When did Burke release ' A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly ' ?
Burke called for external forces to reverse the revolution and included an attack on the late French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau , as being the subject of a personality cult that had developed in revolutionary France .	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Which French philosopher did Burke attack ?
Although he did not meet Rousseau on his visit to Britain in 1766 -- 7 Burke was a friend of David Hume , with whom Rousseau had stayed .	1766–7	When did Rousseau visit Britain ?
Although he did not meet Rousseau on his visit to Britain in 1766 -- 7 Burke was a friend of David Hume , with whom Rousseau had stayed .	David Hume	Who did Rousseau stay with when visiting Britain ?
In debate in Parliament on Britain 's relations with Russia , Fox praised the principles of the revolution , although Burke was not able to reply at this time as he was `` overpowered by continued cries of question from his own side of the House '' .	Russia	Fox praised revolutionary principles in a debate about which country ?
When Parliament was debating the Quebec Bill for a constitution for Canada , Fox praised the revolution and criticised some of Burke 's arguments , such as hereditary power .	hereditary	What type of power did Fox think Burke was wrong about ?
On 6 May 1791 , during another debate in Parliament on the Quebec Bill , Burke used the opportunity to answer Fox , and to condemn the new French Constitution and `` the horrible consequences flowing from the French idea of the Rights of Man '' .	French	Which constitution did Burke condemn on May 6 , 1791 ?
He questioned the sincerity of Burke , who seemed to have forgotten the lessons he had learned from him , quoting from Burke 's own speeches of fourteen and fifteen years before .	fourteen and fifteen years	Fox quoted Burke 's speeches from how long ago ?
Burke demonstrated his separation from the party on 5 June 1791 by writing to Fitzwilliam , declining money from him .	5 June 1791	When did Burke leave the Whig party ?
Burke demonstrated his separation from the party on 5 June 1791 by writing to Fitzwilliam , declining money from him .	Fitzwilliam	Who did Burke turn down money from ?
There is something in the detested French constitution that envenoms every thing it touches '' .	French constitution	What did Burke say ` envenoms everything it touches ' ?
At this point , Fox whispered that there was `` no loss of friendship '' .	Fox	Who thought that Fox and Burke could still be friends ?
`` I regret to say there is '' , Burke replied , `` I have indeed made a great sacrifice ; I have done my duty though I have lost my friend .	Burke	Who thought that Fox and Burke 's friendship was lost ?
Burke knew that many members of the Whig Party did not share Fox 's views and he wanted to provoke them into condemning the French Revolution .	the French Revolution	What did Burke want the Whigs to condemn ?
Therefore , on 3 August 1791 Burke published his Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs , in which he renewed his criticism of the radical revolutionary programmes inspired by the French Revolution and attacked the Whigs who supported them , as holding principles contrary to those traditionally held by the Whig party .	Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs	What did Burke publish on Aug 3 , 1791 ?
Therefore , on 3 August 1791 Burke published his Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs , in which he renewed his criticism of the radical revolutionary programmes inspired by the French Revolution and attacked the Whigs who supported them , as holding principles contrary to those traditionally held by the Whig party .	the Whig party	Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles ?
Therefore , on 3 August 1791 Burke published his Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs , in which he renewed his criticism of the radical revolutionary programmes inspired by the French Revolution and attacked the Whigs who supported them , as holding principles contrary to those traditionally held by the Whig party .	the French Revolution	Burke attacked Whigs who supported what ?
Although Whig grandees such as Portland and Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke 's Appeal , they wished he had used more moderate language .	Portland and Fitzwilliam	Who thought Burke should have written in a more moderate tone ?
Francis Basset , a backbench Whig MP , wrote to Burke : '' ... though for reasons which I will not now detail I did not then deliver my sentiments , I most perfectly differ from Mr. Fox & from the great Body of opposition on the French Revolution '' .	Francis Basset	Who said he ` perfectly differed from Mr. Fox ' ?
Francis Basset , a backbench Whig MP , wrote to Burke : '' ... though for reasons which I will not now detail I did not then deliver my sentiments , I most perfectly differ from Mr. Fox & from the great Body of opposition on the French Revolution '' .	Whig	What was Francis Basset 's political party ?
They are secretly galled .	galled	How did Burke think the Whigs secretly felt ?
Charles Burney viewed it as `` a most admirable book -- the best & most useful on political subjects that I have ever seen '' but believed the differences in the Whig Party between Burke and Fox should not be aired publicly .	Charles Burney	Who thought Burke and Fox should n't have made their argument public ?
Burke also supported the royalist uprising in La Vendée , describing it on 4 November 1793 in a letter to William Windham , as `` the sole affair I have much heart in '' .	William Windham	Who did Burke write to on Nov 4 , 1793 ?
Burke also supported the royalist uprising in La Vendée , describing it on 4 November 1793 in a letter to William Windham , as `` the sole affair I have much heart in '' .	royalist	Which faction 's uprising in La Vendee did Burke support ?
Burke wrote to Henry Dundas on 7 October urging him to send reinforcements there , as he viewed it as the only theatre in the war that might lead to a march on Paris .	Henry Dundas	Who did Burke urge to send reinforcements to La Vendee ?
Burke wrote to Henry Dundas on 7 October urging him to send reinforcements there , as he viewed it as the only theatre in the war that might lead to a march on Paris .	Paris	Where did Burke think La Vendee might lead to a march on ?
Burke supported the war against revolutionary France , seeing Britain as fighting on the side of the royalists and émigres in a civil war , rather than fighting against the whole nation of France .	revolutionary France	What did Burke support Britain fighting against ?
Burke believed the Government was not taking the uprising seriously enough , a view reinforced by a letter he had received from the Prince Charles of France -LRB- S.A.R. le comte d'Artois -RRB- , dated 23 October , requesting that he intercede on behalf of the royalists to the Government .	23 October	When did Prince Charles write to Burke ?
Burke published his Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France , begun in October , where he said : `` I am sure every thing has shewn us that in this war with France , one Frenchman is worth twenty foreigners .	twenty	How many foreign supporters did Burke think a French royalist was worth ?
La Vendée is a proof of this '' .	La Vendée	What did Burke see as proof of the importance of French royalists ?
Burke believed the Government was not taking the uprising seriously enough , a view reinforced by a letter he had received from the Prince Charles of France -LRB- S.A.R. le comte d'Artois -RRB- , dated 23 October , requesting that he intercede on behalf of the royalists to the Government .	France	What country was Prince Charles part of the ruling family of ?
Burke published his Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France , begun in October , where he said : `` I am sure every thing has shewn us that in this war with France , one Frenchman is worth twenty foreigners .	Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France	In what writing did Burke comment about the importance of La Vendee ?
On 20 June 1794 , Burke received a vote of thanks from the Commons for his services in the Hastings Trial and he immediately resigned his seat , being replaced by his son Richard .	20 June 1794	When did Burke receive a vote of thanks ?
A tragic blow fell upon Burke with the loss of Richard in August 1794 , to whom he was tenderly attached , and in whom he saw signs of promise , which were not patent to others and which , in fact , appear to have been non-existent -LRB- though this view may have rather reflected the fact that Richard Burke had worked successfully in the early battle for Catholic emancipation -RRB- .	August 1794	When did Burke 's son die ?
King George III , whose favour he had gained by his attitude on the French Revolution , wished to create him Earl of Beaconsfield , but the death of his son deprived the opportunity of such an honour and all its attractions , so the only award he would accept was a pension of # 2,500 .	Beaconsfield	What did King George III want to make Burke an Earl of ?
King George III , whose favour he had gained by his attitude on the French Revolution , wished to create him Earl of Beaconsfield , but the death of his son deprived the opportunity of such an honour and all its attractions , so the only award he would accept was a pension of # 2,500 .	£2,500	How much money did Burke accept instead of the Earlship ?
Even this modest reward was attacked by the Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale , to whom Burke replied in his Letter to a Noble Lord -LRB- 1796 -RRB- : `` It can not at this time be too often repeated ; line upon line ; precept upon precept ; until it comes into the currency of a proverb , To innovate is not to reform '' .	Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale	Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III ?
Burke 's last publications were the Letters on a Regicide Peace -LRB- October 1796 -RRB- , called forth by negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government .	Letters on a Regicide Peace	What was Burke 's final publication ?
Burke 's last publications were the Letters on a Regicide Peace -LRB- October 1796 -RRB- , called forth by negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government .	October 1796	When was Burke 's final publication ?
In his Second Letter , Burke wrote of the French Revolutionary Government : `` Individuality is left out of their scheme of government .	Individuality	What did Burke think was missing from the French Revolutionary Government ?
The State has dominion and conquest for its sole objects -- dominion over minds by proselytism , over bodies by arms '' .	dominion and conquest	What did Burke think were the French Revolutionary Government 's only goals ?
Burke 's last publications were the Letters on a Regicide Peace -LRB- October 1796 -RRB- , called forth by negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government .	negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government	What negotiations did Burke think were appeasement ?
Burke regarded the war with France as ideological , against an `` armed doctrine '' .	an "armed doctrine"	What did Burke think the war with France was against ?
He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe , and that the war was not against France , but against the revolutionaries governing her .	France	Burke hoped which country would n't be partitioned ?
Burke said : `` It is not France extending a foreign empire over other nations : it is a sect aiming at universal empire , and beginning with the conquest of France '' .	universal	What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted ?
He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe , and that the war was not against France , but against the revolutionaries governing her .	the revolutionaries governing her	Who did Burke think the war was against , rather than France as a whole ?
In November 1795 , there was a debate in Parliament on the high price of corn and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the subject .	Pitt	Who did Burke write to about the price of corn ?
In December Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill giving magistrates the power to fix minimum wages and Fox said he would vote for it .	Samuel Whitbread	Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage ?
This debate probably led Burke to editing his memorandum , as there appeared a notice that Burke would soon publish a letter on the subject to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture , Arthur Young ; but he failed to complete it .	Arthur Young	Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture ?
These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as , Thoughts and Details on Scarcity .	Thoughts and Details on Scarcity	Burke 's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication ?
These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as , Thoughts and Details on Scarcity .	1800	When was ` Thoughts and Details on Scarcity ' published ?
Writing to a friend in May 1795 , Burke surveyed the causes of discontent : `` I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency , as they affect Ireland ; or of Indianism -LSB- i.e. corporate tyranny , as practiced by the British East Indies Company -RSB- , as they affect these countries , and as they affect Asia ; or of Jacobinism , as they affect all Europe , and the state of human society itself .	Protestant	Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant ?
Writing to a friend in May 1795 , Burke surveyed the causes of discontent : `` I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency , as they affect Ireland ; or of Indianism -LSB- i.e. corporate tyranny , as practiced by the British East Indies Company -RSB- , as they affect these countries , and as they affect Asia ; or of Jacobinism , as they affect all Europe , and the state of human society itself .	Indianism	What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India ?
Writing to a friend in May 1795 , Burke surveyed the causes of discontent : `` I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency , as they affect Ireland ; or of Indianism -LSB- i.e. corporate tyranny , as practiced by the British East Indies Company -RSB- , as they affect these countries , and as they affect Asia ; or of Jacobinism , as they affect all Europe , and the state of human society itself .	Europe	Which continent did Jacobinism affect ?
By March 1796 , however Burke had changed his mind : `` Our Government and our Laws are beset by two different Enemies , which are sapping its foundations , Indianism , and Jacobinism .	March 1796	When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat ?
Writing to a friend in May 1795 , Burke surveyed the causes of discontent : `` I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency , as they affect Ireland ; or of Indianism -LSB- i.e. corporate tyranny , as practiced by the British East Indies Company -RSB- , as they affect these countries , and as they affect Asia ; or of Jacobinism , as they affect all Europe , and the state of human society itself .	Jacobinism	What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795 ?
Burke believed that property was essential to human life .	property	What did Burke think was crucial for human life ?
Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class , class too , was seen as natural -- part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes , is the mutual benefit of all subjects .	all subjects	Who did Burke think a social class structure benefited ?
As Christopher Hitchens summarises , `` If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke , it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial . ''	Christopher Hitchens	Who wrote that Burke `` appealed to property owners '' ?
As Christopher Hitchens summarises , `` If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke , it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial . ''	the ancestral and the immemorial	What did Hitchens think Burke supported preserving ?
Burke 's friend Philip Francis wrote that Burke `` was a man who truly & prophetically foresaw all the consequences which would rise from the adoption of the French principles '' but because Burke wrote with so much passion , people were doubtful of his arguments .	Philip Francis	Who thought Burke was prophetic about the French revolution 's consequences ?
Burke 's friend Philip Francis wrote that Burke `` was a man who truly & prophetically foresaw all the consequences which would rise from the adoption of the French principles '' but because Burke wrote with so much passion , people were doubtful of his arguments .	passion	What did Francis think Burke 's writing had too much of ?
William Windham spoke from the same bench in the House of Commons as Burke had , when he had separated from Fox , and an observer said Windham spoke `` like the ghost of Burke '' when he made a speech against peace with France in 1801 .	William Windham	Who made speeches very similar to Burke 's in Parliament ?
William Windham spoke from the same bench in the House of Commons as Burke had , when he had separated from Fox , and an observer said Windham spoke `` like the ghost of Burke '' when he made a speech against peace with France in 1801 .	1801	When did Windham speak against peace with France ?
William Wordsworth was originally a supporter of the French Revolution and attacked Burke in ' A Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff ' -LRB- 1793 -RRB- , but by the early nineteenth century he had changed his mind and came to admire Burke .	1793	When did Wordsworth initially attack Burke ?
The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke `` a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America '' and in his diary recorded : `` Made many extracts from Burke -- sometimes almost divine '' .	Liberal	What political party was Gladstone in ?
The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke `` a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America '' and in his diary recorded : `` Made many extracts from Burke -- sometimes almost divine '' .	Ireland and America	What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about ?
The greatest man since Milton '' .	Milton	Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom ?
The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved `` a place among English libertarians , even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative , the least abstract , always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate .	Francis Hirst	Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down ?
The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire , epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings , that was ultimately to be its undoing : when Burke stated that `` The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom , for it will be governed by no other '' , this was '' ... an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal .	Piers Brendon	Who thought Burke 's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire ?
The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire , epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings , that was ultimately to be its undoing : when Burke stated that `` The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom , for it will be governed by no other '' , this was '' ... an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal .	a plan of freedom	What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on ?
As a consequence of this opinion , Burke objected to the opium trade , which he called a `` smuggling adventure '' and condemned `` the great Disgrace of the British character in India '' .	opium trade	What did Burke call ' a smuggling adventure ' ?
As a consequence of this opinion , Burke objected to the opium trade , which he called a `` smuggling adventure '' and condemned `` the great Disgrace of the British character in India '' .	opium trade	What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India ?
Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father , Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church , but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns .	Anglican	Which church did Burke most defend ?
Burke 's religious thought was grounded in the belief that religion is the foundation of civil society .	religion	What did Burke think was the foundation of society ?
Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father , Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church , but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns .	Catholic	What religion was Burke 's mother ?
Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father , Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church , but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns .	Protestant	What religion was Burke 's father ?
He linked the conservation of a state -LRB- established -RRB- religion with the preservation of citizens ' constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity 's benefit not only to the believer 's soul , but also to political arrangements .	political arrangements	Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls ?
The Independent State of Samoa -LRB- Samoan : Malo Sa ` oloto Tuto ` atasi o Sāmoa , IPA : -LSB- ˌsaːˈmoa -RSB- -RRB- , commonly known as Samoa -LRB- Samoan : Sāmoa -RRB- and formerly known as Western Samoa , is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions .	Western Samoa	What was Samoa 's old name ?
The Independent State of Samoa -LRB- Samoan : Malo Sa ` oloto Tuto ` atasi o Sāmoa , IPA : -LSB- ˌsaːˈmoa -RSB- -RRB- , commonly known as Samoa -LRB- Samoan : Sāmoa -RRB- and formerly known as Western Samoa , is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions .	eleven	How many administrative divisions does Samoa have ?
The two main islands are Savai'i and Upolu with four smaller islands surrounding the landmasses .	four	How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu ?
The capital city is Apia .	Apia	What 's the name of Samoa 's capital ?
The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan islands around 3,500 years ago .	3,500 years	About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered ?
The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards .	2003	In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins ?
The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics , linguistics and anthropology .	anthropology	In addition to linguistics and genetics , what field of study researches Samoan origins ?
Scientific research is ongoing , although a number of different theories exist ; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE .	Austronesian	One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period ?
Scientific research is ongoing , although a number of different theories exist ; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE .	1,500 BCE	What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion ?
Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams , of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti .	John Williams	Who was the first missionary in Samoa ?
Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams , of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti .	London Missionary Society	What English organization did John Williams belong to ?
According to Barbara A. West , `` The Samoans were also known to engage in ` headhunting ' , a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader , thus proving his bravery . ''	headhunting	What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in ?
However , Robert Louis Stevenson , who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894 , wrote in A Footnote to History : Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa , '' ... the Samoans are gentle people . ''	Robert Louis Stevenson	What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans `` gentle people '' ?
However , Robert Louis Stevenson , who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894 , wrote in A Footnote to History : Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa , '' ... the Samoans are gentle people . ''	1894	In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die ?
Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise , harbour rights , and consulate office .	Britain	What country sent their military to protect their interests in Samoa ?
This was followed by an eight-year civil war , during which each of the three powers supplied arms , training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties .	three	How many contenders were vying for power in the war ?
The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders sent warships into Apia harbour , and a larger-scale war seemed imminent .	March 1889	When did the crucial climax of the civil war occur ?
A massive storm on 15 March 1889 damaged or destroyed the warships , ending the military conflict .	A massive storm	What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour ?
Between 1919 and 1962 , Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs , a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand 's Island Territories and Samoa .	the Department of External Affairs	What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century ?
In the first incident , approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918 -- 1919 .	one fifth	About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic ?
From the end of World War I until 1962 , New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations , then through the United Nations .	New Zealand	What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962 ?
In the first incident , approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918 -- 1919 .	1918–1919	During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic ?
In 1943 , this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand 's foreign affairs .	Department of Island Territories	What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943 ?
By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support .	1920s	What decade marked the peak of support for opposition to New Zealand 's governance ?
One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson , a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant .	Olaf Frederick Nelson	What was the name of the Mau leader who was of Samoan and Swedish descent ?
In accordance with the Mau 's non-violent philosophy , the newly elected leader , High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi , led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929 .	non-violent philosophy	What philosophy characterized the Mau resistance ?
In accordance with the Mau 's non-violent philosophy , the newly elected leader , High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi , led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929 .	High Chief	What title was given to the Mau 's elected leader , Tupua Tamasese Lealofi ?
In accordance with the Mau 's non-violent philosophy , the newly elected leader , High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi , led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929 .	28 December 1929	On what date did the Mau demonstrate on the streets of Apia ?
The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun , mounted in preparation for this demonstration , was used to disperse the demonstrators .	Lewis machine gun	What kind of weapon was used against the Mau demonstrators ?
Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators , screaming `` Peace , Samoa '' .	killed	Was Chief Tamasese wounded or killed during the demonstration ?
Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators , screaming `` Peace , Samoa '' .	"Peace, Samoa"	What was the phrase the Mau 's chief shouted to try to calm his people ?
Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons .	Ten	Besides Chief Tamasese , how many Mau died as a result of the violence that erupted on that day ?
That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday .	Black Saturday	What do Samoans call the historical day of the Mau demonstration ?
After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement , the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence effective 1 January 1962 , upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated .	New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961	What act gave Samoa independence ?
After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement , the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence effective 1 January 1962 , upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated .	1 January 1962	What exact date did Samoan independence go into effect ?
After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement , the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence effective 1 January 1962 , upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated .	Trusteeship Agreement	What 's the name of the agreement that ended with the start of Samoa 's independence from New Zealand ?
Samoa , the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent , joined the Commonwealth of Nations on 28 August 1970 .	first	Where was Samoa in the order of small-island countries in their region declaring independence ?
While independence was achieved at the beginning of January , Samoa annually celebrates 1 June as its independence day .	1 June	On what date do Samoans celebrate their independence from New Zealand ?
Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II , one of the four highest-ranking paramount chiefs in the country , became Samoa 's first Prime Minister .	Prime Minister	What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II ?
Two other paramount chiefs at the time of independence were appointed joint heads of state for life .	life	What was the term of office for Samoa 's first joint heads of state ?
Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963 , leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007 , upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto .	1963	What year did the first of the two heads of state die ?
Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963 , leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007 , upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto .	Malietoa Tanumafili II	Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006 ?
Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963 , leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007 , upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto .	constitutional monarchy	Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic , what form of government did Samoa have ?
The unicameral legislature -LRB- the Fono -RRB- consists of 49 members serving 5-year terms .	the Fono	What do Samoans call their legislative body ?
The unicameral legislature -LRB- the Fono -RRB- consists of 49 members serving 5-year terms .	49	How many Fono members are there ?
Forty-seven are matai title-holders elected from territorial districts by Samoans ; the other two are chosen by non-Samoans with no chiefly affiliation on separate electoral rolls .	Forty-seven	How many of the members of the Fono are elected to office ?
There are more than 25,000 matais in the country , about 5 % of whom are women .	5%	What percentage of female matais are there in Samoa ?
The prime minister , chosen by a majority in the Fono , is appointed by the head of state to form a government .	prime minister	What position in government is chosen by Fono majority vote ?
For example , the District of A'ana has its capital at Leulumoega .	A'ana	What district is Leulumoega the capital of ?
The orator group which confers this title -- the Faleiva -LRB- House of Nine -RRB- -- is based at Leulumoega .	Faleiva	What is the Samoan word for the `` House of Nine '' in Leulumoega ?
The paramount title of A'ana is the TuiA'ana .	the TuiA'ana	What is A'ana 's paramount title ?
In the district of Tuamasaga , the paramount title of the district -- the Malietoa title -- is conferred by the FaleTuamasaga based in Afega .	Malietoa	What 's the paramount title of the Tuamasaga district ?
In the district of Tuamasaga , the paramount title of the district -- the Malietoa title -- is conferred by the FaleTuamasaga based in Afega .	Afega	In what town does the FaleTuamasaga conduct business ?
The Samoan islands have been produced by vulcanism , the source of which is the Samoa hotspot which is probably the result of a mantle plume .	vulcanism	What natural process formed the land masses that would become the Samoan islands ?
While all of the islands have volcanic origins , only Savai'i , the western most island in Samoa , is volcanically active with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu -LRB- 1905 -- 1911 -RRB- , Mata o le Afi -LRB- 1902 -RRB- and Mauga Afi -LRB- 1725 -RRB- .	Savai'i	Which of the Samoan islands has active volcanoes ?
The highest point in Samoa is Mt Silisili , at 1858 m -LRB- 6,096 ft -RRB- .	Mt Silisili,	What 's the name of the highest peak in Samoa ?
The highest point in Samoa is Mt Silisili , at 1858 m -LRB- 6,096 ft -RRB- .	1858	How many meters is 6,096 feet ?
The Saleaula lava fields situated on the central north coast of Savai'i are the result of the Mt Matavanu eruptions which left 50 km ² -LRB- 20 sq mi -RRB- of solidified lava .	Mt Matavanu	What volcano created the Saleaula lava fields ?
The country currency is the Samoan tālā , issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa .	Central Bank of Samoa	What institution is in charge of Samoa 's currency ?
The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level .	fishing	In addition to agriculture , what industry historically supported Samoa 's local economy ?
Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force , and furnishes 90 % of exports , featuring coconut cream , coconut oil , noni -LRB- juice of the nonu fruit , as it is known in Samoan -RRB- , and copra .	noni	What fruit juice is a major Samoan export ?
Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force , and furnishes 90 % of exports , featuring coconut cream , coconut oil , noni -LRB- juice of the nonu fruit , as it is known in Samoan -RRB- , and copra .	two-thirds	What portion of Samoa works in agriculture ?
Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force , and furnishes 90 % of exports , featuring coconut cream , coconut oil , noni -LRB- juice of the nonu fruit , as it is known in Samoan -RRB- , and copra .	coconut	What kind of oil does Samoa export ?
The Samoan government has called for deregulation of the financial sector , encouragement of investment , and continued fiscal discipline .	financial	In which sector would the government of Samoa like to see deregulation ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Observers point to the flexibility of the labour market as a basic strength for future economic advances .	the labour market	The flexibility of what segment could support economic growth in Samoa ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The sector has been helped enormously by major capital investment in hotel infrastructure , political instability in neighbouring Pacific countries , and the 2005 launch of Virgin Samoa a joint-venture between the government and Virgin Australia -LRB- then Virgin Blue -RRB- .	hotel infrastructure	What infrastructure has benefited greatly from capital investment ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The sector has been helped enormously by major capital investment in hotel infrastructure , political instability in neighbouring Pacific countries , and the 2005 launch of Virgin Samoa a joint-venture between the government and Virgin Australia -LRB- then Virgin Blue -RRB- .	Virgin Samoa	What 's the name of the team-up between Samoa and Virgin Australia ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The sector has been helped enormously by major capital investment in hotel infrastructure , political instability in neighbouring Pacific countries , and the 2005 launch of Virgin Samoa a joint-venture between the government and Virgin Australia -LRB- then Virgin Blue -RRB- .	helped	Is Samoa helped or hurt by political upheaval in the countries around them ?
In the period before German colonisation , Samoa produced mostly copra .	copra	What was Samoa 's major production product before the Germans arrived ?
When the value of natural rubber fell drastically , about the end of the Great War -LRB- World War I -RRB- , the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas , for which there is a large market in New Zealand .	natural rubber	What product significantly dropped in price at the end of World War I ?
When the value of natural rubber fell drastically , about the end of the Great War -LRB- World War I -RRB- , the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas , for which there is a large market in New Zealand .	bananas	What did Samoa start growing more of to make up for the lost value of rubber ?
When the value of natural rubber fell drastically , about the end of the Great War -LRB- World War I -RRB- , the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas , for which there is a large market in New Zealand .	New Zealand	Which country 's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them ?
German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries , notably cocoa bean and rubber , relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia .	China	Besides Melanesia , which country sent many workers for the cocoa and rubber plantations in Samoa ?
The staple products of Samoa are copra -LRB- dried coconut meat -RRB- , cocoa bean -LRB- for chocolate -RRB- , and bananas .	dried coconut meat	What is copra ?
The annual production of both bananas and copra has been in the range of 13,000 to 15,000 metric tons -LRB- about 14,500 to 16,500 short tons -RRB- .	13,000 to 15,000	How many metric tons of bananas and copra does Samoa produce each year ?
If the rhinoceros beetle in Samoa were eradicated , Samoa could produce in excess of 40,000 metric tons -LRB- 44,000 short tons -RRB- of copra .	rhinoceros beetle	What pest is the greatest threat to Samoan crops ?
Samoan cocoa beans are of very high quality and used in fine New Zealand chocolates .	high quality	Are the cocoa beans grown in Samoa high or low quality ?
WSTEC is the biggest coffee producer .	WSTEC	What company produces more coffee than any other in Samoa ?
Samoans ' religious adherence includes the following : Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8 % , Roman Catholic 19.4 % , Methodist 15.2 % , Assembly of God 13.7 % , Mormon 7.6 % , Seventh-day Adventist 3.9 % , Worship Centre 1.7 % , other Christian 5.5 % , other 0.7 % , none 0.1 % , unspecified 0.1 % -LRB- 2011 estimate -RRB- .	Christian Congregational Church of Samoa	What 's the most popular church in Samoa ?
Samoans ' religious adherence includes the following : Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8 % , Roman Catholic 19.4 % , Methodist 15.2 % , Assembly of God 13.7 % , Mormon 7.6 % , Seventh-day Adventist 3.9 % , Worship Centre 1.7 % , other Christian 5.5 % , other 0.7 % , none 0.1 % , unspecified 0.1 % -LRB- 2011 estimate -RRB- .	7.6%	What percentage of Samoa 's population is Mormon ?
Samoa hosts one of seven Bahá ' í Houses of Worship in the world ; completed in 1984 and dedicated by the Head of State , it is located in Tiapapata , 8 km -LRB- 5 mi -RRB- from Apia .	Tiapapata	Where is the Bahá ' í place of worship located in Samoa ?
The Head of State until 2007 , His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II , was a Bahá ' í convert .	His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II	What Samoan Head of State might have worshiped at the Bahá ' í House of Worship ?
Samoans ' religious adherence includes the following : Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8 % , Roman Catholic 19.4 % , Methodist 15.2 % , Assembly of God 13.7 % , Mormon 7.6 % , Seventh-day Adventist 3.9 % , Worship Centre 1.7 % , other Christian 5.5 % , other 0.7 % , none 0.1 % , unspecified 0.1 % -LRB- 2011 estimate -RRB- .	Roman Catholic	What church 's religion does 19.4 % of the Samoan population practice ?
Some Samoans are spiritual and religious , and have subtly adapted the dominant religion of Christianity to ` fit in ' with fa'a Samoa and vice versa .	Christianity	What religion is practiced by the vast majority of Samoans ?
The Samoan culture is centred around the principle of vāfealoa'i , the relationships between people .	vāfealoa'i	What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa 's culture ?
These relationships are based on respect , or fa'aaloalo .	fa'aaloalo	What word is used in Samoa to mean `` respect '' ?
Currently 98 % of the population identify themselves as Christian .	98%	What percentage of Samoans call themselves Christians ?
The Samoan word for dance is siva with unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tells a story , although the Samoan male dances can be more physical and snappy .	dance	What does `` siva '' mean in Samoan ?
The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums -LRB- pate -RRB- or rolled mats .	sasa	What 's the name of the traditional Samoan dance performed by synchronized rows of dancers ?
Another dance performed by males is called the fa'ataupati or the slap dance , creating rhythmic sounds by slapping different parts of the body .	fa'ataupati	What is the name of the Samoan dance only men can perform ?
The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums -LRB- pate -RRB- or rolled mats .	wooden drums	What are pates ?
This is believed to have been derived from slapping insects on the body .	insects	The `` slap dance '' probably mimics the movements of Samoans trying to rid themselves of what creatures ?
Albert Wendt is a significant Samoan writer whose novels and stories tell the Samoan experience .	Albert Wendt	What Samoan author write Flying Fox in Freedom Tree ?
In 1989 , his novel Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree was made into a feature film in New Zealand , directed by Martyn Sanderson .	New Zealand	In what country was Flying Fox in Freedom Tree made into a feature film ?
Another novel Sons for the Return Home had also been made into a feature film in 1979 , directed by Paul Maunder .	Sons for the Return Home	Which Wendt novel was made into a film directed by Paul Maunder ?
Sia Figiel won the 1997 Commonwealth Writers ' Prize for fiction in the south-east Asia/South Pacific region with her novel `` Where We Once Belonged '' .	Sia Figiel	Who won a Commonwealth Writers ' Prize for fiction for her book `` Where We Once Belonged '' ?
Her first book of poetry Wild Dogs Under My Skirt was published by Victoria University Press in 2004 .	poetry	What type of literature does Tusiata Avia write ?
In music , popular local bands include The Five Stars , Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a .	The Five Stars	What popular Samoan band has a number in its name ?
The Yandall Sisters ' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974 .	Sweet Inspiration	What song covered by a Samoan group was a 1974 number one in New Zealand ?
King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance .	New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award	What award did King Kapisi win for his song Reverse Resistance ?
Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe , Dei Hamo , Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa .	Tha Feelstyle	Which hip hop artist filmed a music video for his song Suamalie in Samoa ?
King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance .	1999	What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll ?
Lemi Ponifasio is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU .	MAU	What did Lemi Ponifasio name his dance company ?
Hip hop has had a significant impact on Samoan culture .	Hip hop	What genre of music greatly influenced the culture in Samoa ?
Neil Ieremia 's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York .	Neil Ieremia	What Samoan choreographer founded Black Grace ?
According to Katerina Martina Teaiwa , PhD from the University of Hawaii at Manoa , `` Hip hop culture in particular is popular amongst Samoan youth . ''	Katerina Martina Teaiwa	What professor at the University in Hawaii at Manoa wrote about the relationships between hip hop , dance , and traditional Samoan culture ?
Dance both in its traditional form and its more modern forms has remained a central cultural currency to Samoans , especially youths .	youths	Among what age group in Samoa is hip hop and dance most popular ?
Director Sima Urale is an award-winning filmmaker .	Sima Urale	Who made the film O Tamaiti ?
Her first feature film Apron Strings opened the 2008 NZ International Film Festival .	Apron Strings	What was Sima Urale 's first feature-length production ?
The 2011 film The Orator was the first ever fully Samoan film , shot in Samoa in the Samoan language with a Samoan cast telling a uniquely Samoan story .	The Orator	What movie was the first ever all-Samoan production ?
Written and directed by Tusi Tamasese , it received much critical acclaim and attention at film festivals throughout the world .	Tusi Tamasese	Who wrote and directed The Orator ?
Her first feature film Apron Strings opened the 2008 NZ International Film Festival .	2008	In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival ?
Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the national team , nicknamed the Manu Samoa , is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations .	Manu Samoa	What do Samoans affectionately call their national rugby team ?
Samoa has competed at every Rugby World Cup since 1991 , and made the quarter finals in 1991 , 1995 and the second round of the 1999 world cup .	1991	The Samoan team has n't missed a Rugby World Cup since what year ?
Samoa also played in the Pacific Nations Cup and the Pacific Tri-Nations The sport is governed by the Samoa Rugby Football Union , who are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance , and thus , also contribute to the international Pacific Islanders rugby union team .	Samoa Rugby Football Union	What organization governs the Samoan rugby team ?
At the 2003 world cup , Manu Samoa came close to beating eventual world champions , England .	England	What team that went on to become World Cup champions was almost bested by Manu Samoa in 2003 ?
Samoa has competed at every Rugby World Cup since 1991 , and made the quarter finals in 1991 , 1995 and the second round of the 1999 world cup .	1999	In what year did Manu Samoa make it to the second round of the World Cup ?
Rugby league is mostly played by Samoans living in New Zealand and Australia , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- with Samoa reaching the quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup made of players playing in the NRL , Super League and domestic players .	Rugby League World Cup	In what competition did the Samoan rugby team reach the quarter finals in 2013 ?
Rugby league is mostly played by Samoans living in New Zealand and Australia , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- with Samoa reaching the quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup made of players playing in the NRL , Super League and domestic players .	New Zealand	Apart from Australia , in what country other than Samoa might Samoan rugby players live ?
Francis Meli , Ta'ane Lavulavu of Workington Town , Maurie Fa'asavalu of St Helens and David Fatialofa of Whitehaven and Setima Sa who signed with London Irish rugby club .	Setima Sa	What Samoan rugby player signed to London Irish rugby club ?
The 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition contained 10 teams with plans to expand to 12 in 2012 .	10	How many teams played in the 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition ?
Francis Meli , Ta'ane Lavulavu of Workington Town , Maurie Fa'asavalu of St Helens and David Fatialofa of Whitehaven and Setima Sa who signed with London Irish rugby club .	St Helens	What rugby club did Maurie Fa'asavalu play for ?
Pope Paul VI -LRB- Latin : Paulus VI ; Italian : Paolo VI -RRB- , born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini -LRB- Italian pronunciation : -LSB- dʒioˈvani baˈtista enˈriko anˈtonjo marˈija monˈtini -RSB- ; 26 September 1897 -- 6 August 1978 -RRB- , reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978 .	26 September 1897	On What date was Pope Paul VI born ?
Pope Paul VI -LRB- Latin : Paulus VI ; Italian : Paolo VI -RRB- , born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini -LRB- Italian pronunciation : -LSB- dʒioˈvani baˈtista enˈriko anˈtonjo marˈija monˈtini -RSB- ; 26 September 1897 -- 6 August 1978 -RRB- , reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978 .	6 August 1978)	On what date did Pope Paul VI die ?
Succeeding Pope John XXIII , he continued the Second Vatican Council which he closed in 1965 , implementing its numerous reforms , and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestants , which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements .	1965	In what year did Pope Paul VI close the Second Vatican Counsel ?
Pope Paul VI -LRB- Latin : Paulus VI ; Italian : Paolo VI -RRB- , born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini -LRB- Italian pronunciation : -LSB- dʒioˈvani baˈtista enˈriko anˈtonjo marˈija monˈtini -RSB- ; 26 September 1897 -- 6 August 1978 -RRB- , reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978 .	21 June 1963	When was Pope Paul VI elected as Pope ?
Pope Paul VI -LRB- Latin : Paulus VI ; Italian : Paolo VI -RRB- , born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini -LRB- Italian pronunciation : -LSB- dʒioˈvani baˈtista enˈriko anˈtonjo marˈija monˈtini -RSB- ; 26 September 1897 -- 6 August 1978 -RRB- , reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978 .	Giovanni	What was Pope Paul VI 's first name at birth ?
Paul VI was a Marian devotee , speaking repeatedly to Marian congresses and mariological meetings , visiting Marian shrines and issuing three Marian encyclicals .	Marian	What type of devotee was Pope Paul VI ?
Upon his election to the papacy , Montini took the pontifical name Paul VI -LRB- the first to take the name `` Paul '' since 1605 -RRB- to indicate a renewed worldwide mission to spread the message of Christ , following the example of Apostle St. Paul .	"Paul"	What name had not been used for a Pope since the year 1605 ?
Upon his election to the papacy , Montini took the pontifical name Paul VI -LRB- the first to take the name `` Paul '' since 1605 -RRB- to indicate a renewed worldwide mission to spread the message of Christ , following the example of Apostle St. Paul .	1605	In what year was the name `` Paul '' last used as a pontifical name before Pope Paul VI became Pope ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- He re-convened the Second Vatican Council , which was automatically closed with the death of John XXIII , and gave it priority and direction .	the Second Vatican Council	What did Pope Paul VI re-convene when he became Pope ?
His positions on birth control , promulgated most famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae , and other political issues , were often controversial , especially in Western Europe and North America .	encyclical Humanae vitae	What publication promoted Pope Paul VI 's views on abortion ?
Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio , in the province of Brescia , Lombardy in 1897 .	Brescia, Lombardy	In what Italian province was Giovanni Battista Montini born ?
Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio , in the province of Brescia , Lombardy in 1897 .	Concesio	In what Italian village was Giovanni Battista Montini born ?
His father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer , journalist , director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament .	Italian Parliament	What political organization was Giovanni 's father a member of ?
He had two brothers , Francesco Montini , who became a physician , and Lodovico Montini , who became a lawyer and politician .	two	How many brothers did Giovanni have ?
His mother was Giudetta Alghisi , from a family of rural nobility .	rural nobility	What was Giovanni 's mother descended from ?
In 1916 , he entered the seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest .	1916	In what year did Montini enter the Catholic seminary to become a priest ?
Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year .	Canon Law	In what field did Montini obtain a doctorate in ?
Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year .	Milan	In what city did Montini finish his doctoral studies ?
At the age of twenty-five , again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo , Montini entered the Secretariat of State in 1922 , where he worked under Pizzardo together with Francesco Borgongini-Duca , Alfredo Ottaviani , Carlo Grano , Domenico Tardini and Francis Spellman .	twenty-five	At what age did Montini enter the Secretariat of state ?
Afterwards he studied at the Gregorian University , the University of Rome La Sapienza and , at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici .	Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici	Where did Montini continue to study at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo ?
Like Achille Ratti before him , -LSB- a -RSB- he felt confronted with the huge problem , not limited to Poland , of excessive nationalism : `` This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies , especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers .	excessive nationalism	What political problem did Montini feel he needed to address as a diplomat in Poland ?
Like Achille Ratti before him , -LSB- a -RSB- he felt confronted with the huge problem , not limited to Poland , of excessive nationalism : `` This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies , especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers .	treats foreigners as enemies	How did Montini see the nationalism of Poland as a problem ?
Like Achille Ratti before him , -LSB- a -RSB- he felt confronted with the huge problem , not limited to Poland , of excessive nationalism : `` This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies , especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers .	common frontiers	What humanitarian concept did Montini see nationalism as violating ?
Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars . ''	Peace	What type of political stability was compromised as a result of violent nationalism ?
When he was recalled to Rome he was happy to go , because `` this concludes this episode of my life , which has provided useful , though not always joyful , experiences . ''	Rome	Where was Montini happy to return to after his tenure in Poland ?
His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia , the papal civil service .	organisational skills	What type of natural ability helped Montini in his career in the Roman Curia ?
The election of Pacelli to the papacy in 1939 , anticipated by everybody and openly promoted by Pope Pius XI in his last years , was a good omen for Montini , whose position was confirmed in the position under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione .	1939	When was Paccelli elected to the papacy ?
The election of Pacelli to the papacy in 1939 , anticipated by everybody and openly promoted by Pope Pius XI in his last years , was a good omen for Montini , whose position was confirmed in the position under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione .	Pacelli	With whom did Montini have a relationship with that eventually groomed him for the papacy ?
In 1931 , Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Papal Academy for Diplomats In 1937 , after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini , Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli , the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI .	Papal Academy for Diplomats	Where did Montini teach history ?
In 1931 , Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Papal Academy for Diplomats In 1937 , after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini , Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli , the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI .	Giuseppe Pizzardo	Who was Montini 's mentor that eventually became a Cardinal ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- Montini was in charge of taking care of the `` ordinary affairs '' of the Secretariat of State , which took much of the mornings of every working day .	ordinary affairs	What department did Montini oversee when he worked with the Secretariat of State ?
As war broke out , Maglione , Tardini and Montini were the main figures in the Vatican 's State Department , as despatches originated from or addressed to them during the war years .	Vatican's State Department	What organization did Montini , Maglione and Tardini belong to ?
In the afternoon he moved to the third floor into the Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff .	Private Secretary	What role did Montini fill for Pius XII ?
During the war years , thousands of letters from all parts of the world arrived at the desk of the pope , most of them asking for understanding , prayer and help .	letters	What did Montini take charge of responding to on behalf of Pius XII ?
As war broke out , Maglione , Tardini and Montini were the main figures in the Vatican 's State Department , as despatches originated from or addressed to them during the war years .	war years	During what time was Montini responsible for the communications of the Vatican ?
At the request of the pope , he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees , which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million -LRB- 9 891 497 -RRB- information requests and produced over eleven million -LRB- 11.293.511 -RRB- answers about missing persons .	1939	In what year was the office for information for prisoners and refugees founded ?
At the request of the pope , he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees , which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million -LRB- 9 891 497 -RRB- information requests and produced over eleven million -LRB- 11.293.511 -RRB- answers about missing persons .	ten million	How many inquiries did Mintini receive regarding missing persons ?
Montini was several times openly attacked by Benito Mussolini 's government as a politician , and meddling in politics , but each time he found powerful defenses by the Vatican .	politician	What was Montini accused of being by the Italian government ?
Montini 's admiration was almost filial , when he described Pope Pius XII :	Pope Pius XII	With whom did Montini feel he had a brother like connection to ?
Montini was several times openly attacked by Benito Mussolini 's government as a politician , and meddling in politics , but each time he found powerful defenses by the Vatican .	Mussolini	What Italian Prime Minister attacked Montini for his political stances ?
At the request of Pius XII , Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum , providing protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers , who had escaped from Axis prison camps , Jews , anti-Fascists , Socialists , Communists , and after the liberation of Rome , German soldiers , partisans and other displaced persons .	Pius XII	Who requested Montini become involved in the Church Asylum movement ?
The Vatican and the Papal Residence Castel Gandolfo were opened to refugees .	refugees	What war time group did the Vatican and Papal residence open their doors to ?
Some 15,000 persons lived in Castel Gandolfo alone , supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza .	15,000	How many people lived at Castel Gofolfo during the war ?
At the request of the pope , together with Pascalina Lehnert , Ferdinando Baldelli and Otto Faller , he created the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza , which aided large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter , food and other material assistance .	Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza	What organization did Montini form with other fellow officials to help refugees ?
At the request of Pius XII , Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum , providing protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers , who had escaped from Axis prison camps , Jews , anti-Fascists , Socialists , Communists , and after the liberation of Rome , German soldiers , partisans and other displaced persons .	Church Asylum	What did Montini strive to reestablish to help persecuted Jews and allied soldiers ?
Pius XII delivered an address about Montini 's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter 's Basilica on 12 December 1954 .	1954	In what year did Pius XII deliver a radio address announcing Montini 's papal appointment ?
On 5 January 1955 , Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan .	5 January	On what date did Montini become the archbishop of Milan ?
On 5 January 1955 , Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan .	1955	In what year did Montini become the archbishop of the Cathedral of Milan ?
Pius XII delivered an address about Montini 's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter 's Basilica on 12 December 1954 .	his sick-bed	Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini 's appointment as archbishop ?
Montini , after a period of preparation , liked his new tasks as archbishop , connecting to all groups of faithful in Milan .	Milan	To what Italian city was Montini appointed archbishop ?
Montini and Angelo Roncalli were considered to be friends , but when Roncalli , as Pope John XXIII announced a new Ecumenical Council , Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to Giulio Bevilacqua : `` This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up . ''	Ecumenical Council	What group did Montini oppose reforming ?
He was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961 .	1961	In what year was Montini appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission ?
During the Council , his friend Pope John XXIII asked him to live in the Vatican .	Vatican	Where did the Pope ask Cardinal Montini to live ?
He was a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs but did not engage himself much into the floor debates on various issues .	debates	What did Montini avoid as a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs ?
His main advisor was Monsignore Giovanni Colombo , whom he later appointed to be his successor in Milan The Commission was greatly overshadowed by the insistence of John XXIII to have the Council complete all its work in one single session before Christmas 1962 , to the 400th anniversary of the Council of Trent , an insistence which may have also been influenced by the Pope 's recent knowledge that he had cancer .	cancer	What illness had the Pope contracted ?
During his period in Milan , Montini was known as a progressive member of the Catholic hierarchy .	progressive	What type of political viewpoint was Montini known for as a member of the Catholic leadership ?
Montini went new ways in pastoral care , which he reformed .	pastoral care	What part of Catholic ministry did Montini seek to reform ?
He used his authority to ensure that the liturgical reforms of Pius XII were carried out at the local level and employed innovative methods to reach the people of Milan : Huge posters announced that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957 .	posters	What type of media did Montini use to advertise the church 's sermons to the people of Milan ?
He used his authority to ensure that the liturgical reforms of Pius XII were carried out at the local level and employed innovative methods to reach the people of Milan : Huge posters announced that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957 .	1,000	How many `` voices '' did Montini 's posters claim the people of Milan would hear ?
More than 500 priests and many bishops , cardinals and lay persons delivered 7,000 sermons in the period not only in churches but in factories , meeting halls , houses , courtyards , schools , offices , military barracks , hospitals , hotels and other places , where people meet .	7,000	From the 10 of NOvember to the 24 of November how many sermons were actually delivered to the Italian people ?
Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957 , where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate .	Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate	To whom did Montini speak as an archbishop in the year 1957 ?
The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms : `` Apostolate means love .	love	According to Montini was does the term apostolate mean ?
Previously as Pro-Secretary , he had worked hard to unify a worldwide organization of lay people of 58 nations , representing 42 national organizations .	58	How many nations did Montini hope to unify as Pro-secretary ?
He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951 .	1951	When was Montini 's first meeting addressing the unification of Catholic lay followers ?
Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile , a likely candidate to become pope , and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave , Montini was not yet a cardinal , which made him an unlikely choice .	pope	What role was Montini not considered a likely candidate for ?
Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile , a likely candidate to become pope , and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave , Montini was not yet a cardinal , which made him an unlikely choice .	a cardinal,	What had Montini yet to become ?
-LSB- c -RSB- Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII .	Angelo Roncalli	Who was elected pope in 1958 ?
When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958 , he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss .	15 December 1958	When did Montini finally become a cardinal ?
As a Cardinal , Montini journeyed to Africa -LRB- 1962 -RRB- , where he visited Ghana , Sudan , Kenya , Congo , Rhodesia , South Africa , and Nigeria .	Africa	What country did Montini visit as Cardinal ?
As a Cardinal , Montini journeyed to Africa -LRB- 1962 -RRB- , where he visited Ghana , Sudan , Kenya , Congo , Rhodesia , South Africa , and Nigeria .	1962	In what year did Montini travel to visit Africa as a cardinal ?
In fifteen other trips he visited Brazil -LRB- 1960 -RRB- and the USA -LRB- 1960 -RRB- , including New York City , Washington , DC , Chicago , the University of Notre Dame in Indiana , Boston , Philadelphia , and Baltimore .	fifteen	How many foreign trips did Montini make as Cardinal ?
In fifteen other trips he visited Brazil -LRB- 1960 -RRB- and the USA -LRB- 1960 -RRB- , including New York City , Washington , DC , Chicago , the University of Notre Dame in Indiana , Boston , Philadelphia , and Baltimore .	1960	In what year did Montini visit the United States ?
While a cardinal , he usually vacationed in Engelberg Abbey , a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland .	Engelberg Abbey	Where did Montini like to use as a retreat as a cardinal ?
Unlike the papabile cardinals Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna and Giuseppe Siri of Genoa , he was not identified with either the left or right , nor was he seen as a radical reformer .	reformer	What role was Montini not perceived to fill unlike some of his fellow cardinals ?
When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963 , it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope .	1963	In what year did Pope John XXIII die ?
When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963 , it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope .	pope	What role did Pope John XXIII 's death precipitate the election of ?
When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963 , it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope .	stomach cancer	What illness caused the death of Pope John XXIII
He was viewed as most likely to continue the Second Vatican Council , which already , without any tangible results , had lasted longer than anticipated by John XXIII , who had a vision but `` did not have a clear agenda .	Second Vatican Council	What organization did the church expect Montini to continue ?
Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara , a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan , to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , DC -LRB- where it is on permanent display in the Crypt -RRB- as a gift to American Catholics .	Papal Tiara	What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?
Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara , a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan , to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , DC -LRB- where it is on permanent display in the Crypt -RRB- as a gift to American Catholics .	Archdiocese of Milan	What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara ?
Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara , a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan , to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , DC -LRB- where it is on permanent display in the Crypt -RRB- as a gift to American Catholics .	Washington, DC	Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located ?
Paul VI did away with much of the regal splendor of the papacy .	Paul VI	Who was the last pope to be crowned ?
He was the last pope to date to be crowned ; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation -LRB- which Paul had already substantially modified , but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo -RRB- with a Papal Inauguration .	Papal Coronation	What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- Cardinal Augustin Bea , the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat , always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches , whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII .	Cardinal Augustin Bea	Who was President of the Christian Unity Secretariat ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- Cardinal Augustin Bea , the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat , always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches , whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII .	Council language	What did Paul VI believe in keeping friendly to people of other Christian faiths ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- Cardinal Augustin Bea , the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat , always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches , whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII .	Pope John XXIII	Who insisted that Protestant and Orthodox Christians be invited to all Counsel meetings ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- Cardinal Augustin Bea , the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat , always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches , whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII .	Cardinal Augustin Bea	Which cardinal became heavily engaged in the passage of Nostra aetate ?
During Vatican II , the Council Fathers avoided statements which might anger Christians of other faiths .	Vatican II	Which Vatican strove to avoid offending other Christian faiths with counsel session language ?
He told them that in Milan he started a dialogue with the modern world and asked them to seek contact with all people from all walks of life .	a dialogue	What did Paul VI want to keep open with the modern world and people from all walks of life ?
Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963 .	Six	How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II ?
Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963 .	29 September	On what date was Vatican II re convened ?
Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963 .	Vatican II	Six days after he was elected , what did Paul VI announce he would continue ?
As `` his pontifical goals '' he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II , the reform of the Canon Law and improved social peace and justice in the world .	Canon Law	What did Paul want to reform as a newly elected pope ?
He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ .	Mystici corporis	What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ ?
He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ .	mystical	How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy ?
He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to explain in simple words how the Church sees itself .	simple	What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in ?
He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys .	the east	From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI ?
He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church is guilty for the separation .	separation	What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for ?
Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964 , telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the Council .	Church	What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel ?
As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy , Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy , a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom , but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism .	religious freedom	What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for ?
The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964 , with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church .	Mary	What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church ?
As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy , Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy , a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom , but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism .	papacy	Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy ?
The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964 , with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church .	1964	In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church ?
Between the third and fourth sessions the pope announced reforms in the areas of Roman Curia , revision of Canon Law , regulations for mixed marriages involving several faiths , and birth control issues .	reforms	What did Paul VI enact between the third and fourth ecumenical sessions ?
Between the third and fourth sessions the pope announced reforms in the areas of Roman Curia , revision of Canon Law , regulations for mixed marriages involving several faiths , and birth control issues .	faiths	What does the Catholic church considered `` mixed '' in a `` mixed marriage '' ?
The Council was concluded on 8 December 1965 , the Feast of the Immaculate Conception .	the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.	What is celebrated in the Catholic calendar the 8 of December ?
The Council was concluded on 8 December 1965 , the Feast of the Immaculate Conception .	1965	In what year was Paul Vi 's final counsel session ?
He opened the final session of the council , concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted .	bishops	With whom did Paul VI celebrate surviving persecution in other countries ?
Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well , having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954 .	Roman Curia	For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954 ?
On 1 March 1968 , he issued a regulation , a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII .	1968	In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation ?
On 28 March , with Pontificalis Domus , and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years , he revamped the entire Curia , which included reduction of bureaucracy , streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions .	Pontificalis Domus	With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968 ?
On 28 March , with Pontificalis Domus , and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years , he revamped the entire Curia , which included reduction of bureaucracy , streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions .	bureaucracy	What did Paul Vi 's reforms reduce in the Curia ?
On 28 March , with Pontificalis Domus , and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years , he revamped the entire Curia , which included reduction of bureaucracy , streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions .	non-Italians	Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia ?
Paul VI revolutionized papal elections by ordering that only cardinals below the age of eighty might participate in future conclaves .	eighty	At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves ?
Paul VI revolutionized papal elections by ordering that only cardinals below the age of eighty might participate in future conclaves .	papal elections	What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions ?
In Ecclesiae Sanctae , his motu proprio of 6 August 1966 , he further invited all bishops to offer their retirement to the pontiff no later than the completion of their 75th year of age .	1966	When was Paul Vi 's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued ?
During the pontificate of Pius XII , the Vatican eased regulations on the use of Latin in Roman Catholic liturgies , permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms , funerals and other events .	Latin	What language was traditionally used in Roman Catholic services ?
In 1951 and 1955 , the Easter liturgies underwent revision , most notably including the reintroduction of the Easter Triduum .	Easter liturgies	What were revised between 1951 and 1955 ?
In 1951 and 1955 , the Easter liturgies underwent revision , most notably including the reintroduction of the Easter Triduum .	Easter Triduum	What was re instated to the Easter liturgy by reform ?
After the Vatican Council , in April 1969 , Paul VI approved the `` new Order of Mass '' promulgated in 1970 , as stated in the Acta Apostolica Sedis to `` end experimentation '' with the Mass and which included the introduction of three new Eucharistic Prayers to what was up to then a single Roman Canon .	Mass	What type of service did Paul Vi announce reformed in 1969 ?
After the Vatican Council , in April 1969 , Paul VI approved the `` new Order of Mass '' promulgated in 1970 , as stated in the Acta Apostolica Sedis to `` end experimentation '' with the Mass and which included the introduction of three new Eucharistic Prayers to what was up to then a single Roman Canon .	three	How many new prayers were included in the official mass reforms of 1969 ?
The Mass of Paul VI was also in Latin but approval was given for the use of vernacular languages .	vernacular	What type of language did Paul Vi 's reforms approve for use in the Catholic mass ?
Further experimentation with the new Mass by liturgists , such as the usage of pop/folk music -LRB- as opposed to the Gregorian Chant advocated by Pope Pius X -RRB- , along with concurrent changes in the order of sanctuaries , was viewed by some as vandalism .	Gregorian Chant	What type of music was used in traditional mass ?
In 2007 , Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite , the first , which had never been `` juridically abrogated '' , now being an `` extraordinary form of the Roman Rite '' , while the other `` obviously is and continues to be the normal Form -- the Forma ordinaria -- of the Eucharistic Liturgy '' .	Pope Benedict XVI	Who unified two previous popes views of the Roman Catholic Mass ?
In 2007 , Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite , the first , which had never been `` juridically abrogated '' , now being an `` extraordinary form of the Roman Rite '' , while the other `` obviously is and continues to be the normal Form -- the Forma ordinaria -- of the Eucharistic Liturgy '' .	2007	In what year were the various versions of the Catholic mass finally synthesized ?
This latter was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the Pontifical Council for Culture , which he had established in 1982 .	Pope John Paul II	Who established the Pontifical Council for Culture ?
In 1964 , Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians , later renamed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue and a year later a new Secretariat -LRB- later Pontifical Council -RRB- for Dialogue with Non-Believers .	Secretariat for non-Christians	What organization did Paul VI create to address non believers by the church ?
In 1964 , Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians , later renamed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue and a year later a new Secretariat -LRB- later Pontifical Council -RRB- for Dialogue with Non-Believers .	Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue	What was the Secretariat for non-believers eventually renamed ?
Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the Iron Curtain , Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels , receiving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgorny in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican .	Andrei Gromyko	What Prime Minister did Paul VI attempt to interact with in order to help Catholics in Communist countries ?
To foster common bonds with all persons of good will , he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on January first of every year .	peace day	What is celebrated by the Catholic church on January 1 of every year ?
Published by his order in January 1976 was a homily Persona Humana : Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics , which outlawed pre or extra-marital sex , condemned homosexuality , and forbade masturbation .	1976	In what year was pre and extra marital sex outlawed by the Catholic church ?
In 1976 Montini became the first pontiff in modern history to deny the accusation of homosexuality .	Montini	Who was accused of being a homosexual in 1976 ?
It provoked French author and former diplomat Roger Peyrefitte , in an interview published by the magazine Tempo , to accuse Montini of hypocrisy , and of having a longtime lover who was a movie actor .	Roger Peyrefitte	Who brought allegations of Montini 's homosexuality ?
In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St. Peters Square on April 18 , Montini called the charges `` horrible and slanderous insinuations '' and appealed for prayers on his behalf .	April 18	On what date did Montini publicly address charges of homosexuality ?
According to rumors prevalent both inside the Curia and in Italian society , this was Paolo Carlini , who had a bit part as a hairdresser in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday .	Paolo Carlini	Who was Montini 's alleged lover ?
Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents , and was the most travelled pope in history to that time , earning the nickname `` the Pilgrim Pope '' .	six	How many continents did Paul Vi visit as pope ?
Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents , and was the most travelled pope in history to that time , earning the nickname `` the Pilgrim Pope '' .	the Pilgrim Pope	What was Paul Vi 's nickname during his papacy ?
He travelled to the Holy Land in 1964 , to the Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay , India and Bogotá , Colombia .	1964	In what year did Paul VI journey to the Holy Land ?
On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines .	Manila	In what country was an assignation attempt made on the life of Paul VI ?
He was only lightly stabbed by the would-be assassin Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores , who was subdued by the pope 's personal bodyguard and trip organizer , Msgr. Paul Marcinkus .	Msgr. Paul Marcinkus	Who organized Paul Vi 's visit to Manila ?
Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations .	United Nations	What group did Paul VI address in New York in 1965 ?
Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations .	Pope Paul VI	Who was the first pope to visit the United States ?
Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations .	United Nations	To whom did Paul VI give a diamond cross and ring in hopes it would raise funds to help people globally ?
During the pope 's visit , as the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War escalated under President Johnson , Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN :	peace	What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war ?
During the pope 's visit , as the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War escalated under President Johnson , Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN :	President Johnson	What US president was in office when Paul VI visited America for the first time ?
The number of foreign embassies accredited to the Vatican doubled during his pontificate .	foreign embassies	What number doubled during Paul Vi 's papacy ?
Like his predecessor Pius XII , Paul VI put much emphasis on the dialogue with all nations of the world through establishing diplomatic relations .	nations	Who did Paul Vi want to maintain a continuing dialogue with ?
The pastoral constitution Gaudium et spes stated that the Catholic Church is not bound to any form of government and willing to cooperate with all forms .	Gaudium et spes	What document states that the Catholic church is not subject to any particlar government ?
The Church maintained its right to select bishops on its own without any interference by the State .	bishops	Who did the church retain the right to elect without interference from the state in its constitutional document ?
This was a reflection of a new understanding between Church and State , which had been formulated first by Pius XI and Pius XII but decreed by Vatican II .	Vatican II	What organization officially outlined the church 's relationship to state ?
Ecclesiam suam was given at St. Peter 's , Rome , on the Feast of the Transfiguration , 6 August 1964 , the second year of his Pontificate .	Ecclesiam suam	What catholic document compares the Catholic church to the body of Christ ?
A later Council document Lumen Gentium stated that the Church subsists in the Body of Christ , raising questions as to the difference between `` is '' and `` subsists in '' .	Lumen Gentium	What document declares that the Roman Catholic church lives within the body of Christ ?
Ecclesiam suam was given at St. Peter 's , Rome , on the Feast of the Transfiguration , 6 August 1964 , the second year of his Pontificate .	Feast of the Transfiguration	What was being celebrated in the Catholic calendar when the Eccelsiam suam was given in 1964 ?
Ecclesiam suam was given at St. Peter 's , Rome , on the Feast of the Transfiguration , 6 August 1964 , the second year of his Pontificate .	6 August	On what date is the Feat of Transfiguration celebrated ?
Ecclesiam suam was given at St. Peter 's , Rome , on the Feast of the Transfiguration , 6 August 1964 , the second year of his Pontificate .	Rome	In what city is the cathedral of St Peter 's located ?
Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society .	Celibacy	What is considered an ideal state for priests in the Catholic church ?
Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society .	Celibacy	What is seen as symbolizing the reality of living in the modern world as Roman Catholic priest ?
Sacerdotalis caelibatus -LRB- Latin for `` Of the celibate priesthood '' -RRB- , promulgated on 24 June 1967 , defends the Catholic Church 's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West .	Sacerdotalis caelibatus	What document of 1967 promotes the church 's stance of celibacy in the priesthood ?
However , during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state , a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization .	Canon	What type of law locked down the Catholic church 's stance on celibacy in the priesthood ?
However , during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state , a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization .	1983	In what year was Canon Law issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood ?
Of his eight encyclicals , Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae -LRB- Of Human Life , subtitled On the Regulation of Birth -RRB- , published on 25 July 1968 .	Humanae vitae	Which one of Paul Vi 's encyclicals best known in Catholic history ?
In this encyclical he reaffirmed the Catholic Church 's traditional view of marriage and marital relations and a continued condemnation of artificial birth control .	artificial birth control	What did Paul VI 's Humanae Vitae condemn ?
There were two Papal committees and numerous independent experts looking into the latest advancement of science and medicine on the question of artificial birth control .	artificial	What type of birth control is condemned by the Catholic church ?
Of his eight encyclicals , Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae -LRB- Of Human Life , subtitled On the Regulation of Birth -RRB- , published on 25 July 1968 .	eight	How many encyclicals did Paul VI publish ?
Of his eight encyclicals , Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae -LRB- Of Human Life , subtitled On the Regulation of Birth -RRB- , published on 25 July 1968 .	Of Human Life	What does Humanae Vitae mean ?
They constitute a union of the loving couple with a loving God , in which the two persons create a new person materially , while God completes the creation by adding the soul .	God	According to Paul VI to whom are a man and woman in union with besides each other ?
They constitute a union of the loving couple with a loving God , in which the two persons create a new person materially , while God completes the creation by adding the soul .	soul	What does God contribute to a married couple 's child ?
The reason for this , according to Paul VI , is that married love takes its origin from God , who `` is love '' .	God	Who is considered to be love ?
The reason for this , according to Paul VI , is that married love takes its origin from God , who `` is love '' .	God	From whom is married love generated ?
To the pope as to all his predecessors , marital relations are much more than a union of two people .	marital	What type of relations did Paul VI 's Humanae VItae discuss ?
As World Bank President Robert McNamara declared at the 1968 Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources , doctors in La Paz , Bolivia called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation .	Robert McNamara	Who was president of the World Bank in 1968 ?
As World Bank President Robert McNamara declared at the 1968 Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources , doctors in La Paz , Bolivia called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation .	birth control	What were developing countries encouraged to allow access to by the World Bank ?
As World Bank President Robert McNamara declared at the 1968 Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources , doctors in La Paz , Bolivia called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation .	Bolivia	In what country did doctors call the World Bank 's offer of resources in exchange for liberal birth control policies `` insulting '' ?
In Colombia , Cardinal archbishop Aníbal Muñoz Duque declared , if American conditionality undermines Papal teachings , we prefer not to receive one cent .	Cardinal archbishop Aníbal Muñoz Duque	Who said Columbia did not want American aid if it required changing the Catholic church 's stance on birth control ?
In Colombia , Cardinal archbishop Aníbal Muñoz Duque declared , if American conditionality undermines Papal teachings , we prefer not to receive one cent .	Colombia	What country did Cardinal archbishop Anlbal Munoz Duque represent ?
He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one : `` Do n't be afraid '' , he reportedly told Edouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical , `` in twenty years time they 'll call me a prophet . ''	Edouard Gagnon	To whom did Paul VI tell `` not to be afraid '' when the church released its statement on birth control ?
He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one : `` Do n't be afraid '' , he reportedly told Edouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical , `` in twenty years time they 'll call me a prophet . ''	prophet	What did Paul VI declare he would be seen as in 25 years ?
Pope John Paul II later reaffirmed and expanded upon Humanae vitae with the encyclical Evangelium vitae .	Pope John Paul II	To which pope can the Evangelium Vitae be attributed to ?
Pope John Paul II later reaffirmed and expanded upon Humanae vitae with the encyclical Evangelium vitae .	Pope John Paul II	Which pope affirmed Paul VI Humanae Vitae ?
He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one : `` Do n't be afraid '' , he reportedly told Edouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical , `` in twenty years time they 'll call me a prophet . ''	the encyclical	To what did Western Europe and the United States demonstrate a negative response ?
After the Council , many of them took initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome , who welcomed such visits .	Rome	In what city did the pope encourage visits from Catholics from other countries ?
After the Council , Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue .	two	In how many ways did Paul VI contribute to an ecumenical dialogue between Catholics ?
Ecumenical dialogue , in the view of Paul VI , requires from a Catholic the whole person : one 's entire reason , will , and heart .	whole person	In Paul VI 's view what does the Catholic ecumenical dialogue require from someone ?
Ecumenical dialogue , in the view of Paul VI , requires from a Catholic the whole person : one 's entire reason , will , and heart .	whole	How much of the person is needed to fully engage in a ecumenical dialogue according to Paul VI ?
And yet , Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people Being the successor of Peter , he felt the words of Christ , `` Do you love me more '' like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul .	Christ	To what historical figure can the words `` Do you love me more '' be attributed ?
It produced the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965 , which was read out on 7 December 1965 , simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul .	Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965	What statement addressed the relationship of Italy to Greece in the Catholic church ?
It produced the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965 , which was read out on 7 December 1965 , simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul .	1965	In what year was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read ?
It produced the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965 , which was read out on 7 December 1965 , simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul .	Rome	In what city was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read ?
In May 1973 , the Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III of Alexandria visited the Vatican , where he met three times with Pope Paul VI .	Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III	Who visited the Vatican in May of 1973 in an effort to negotiate Orthodox and Catholic relations ?
In May 1973 , the Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III of Alexandria visited the Vatican , where he met three times with Pope Paul VI .	three	How many times did Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III meet with Paul VI in 1973 ?
Paul VI was the first pope to receive an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury , Michael Ramsey in official audience as Head of Church , after the private audience visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on 2 December 1960 .	Paul VI	Who was the first pope to meet with an Anglican Archbishop as an official Head of Church since 1960 ?
Paul VI was the first pope to receive an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury , Michael Ramsey in official audience as Head of Church , after the private audience visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on 2 December 1960 .	Michael Ramsey	Who was Archbishop of Canterbury during Paul VI papacy ?
Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge .	three	How many times did Archbishop Ramsey meet with Paul VI ?
Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge .	Anglican Centre	What center did Archbishop Ramsey open in Rome to improve Anglican and Catholic relations ?
Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge .	Rome	In what Italian center was the Anglican center opened in by Archbishop Ramsey ?
Cardinal Augustin Bea , the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity , added at the end of the visit , `` Let us move forward in Christ .	Christian Unity	What did the Cardinal Augustin Bea 's Secretariat promote ?
Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit , Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages .	Congregation of Faith	What group condemned mixed faith marriages ?
Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church , which he described as `` our beloved sister Church '' .	Anglican	To what type of non Catholic denomination was Paul VI considered to be a great ally of ?
Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church , which he described as `` our beloved sister Church '' .	Anglican Church	Which church did Paul VI call `` our beloved sister church '' ?
Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church , which he described as `` our beloved sister Church '' .	Paul VI	Who described the Anglican church as `` our beloved sister Church '' ?
In 1965 , Paul VI decided on the creation of a joint working group with the World Council of Churches to map all possible avenues of dialogue and cooperation .	1965	In what year was a group created to work with the World Council of Churches to increase dialogue between Catholic Christians and other Christian denominations ?
On 19 July 1968 , the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in Uppsala , Sweden , which Pope Paul called a sign of the times .	1968	In what year did the World Council of Churches meet in Uppsala , Sweden ?
The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees , provided they have the backing of the Vatican .	Catholic	What type of theologians did the World Council of Churches decide to include in their committees ?
On 19 July 1968 , the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in Uppsala , Sweden , which Pope Paul called a sign of the times .	Sweden	In what country did the World Council of Churches meet in 1968 ?
The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees , provided they have the backing of the Vatican .	Vatican	Whose backing did the World Council of Churches require Catholic theologians serving on joint committees to have ?
The Lutherans were the first Protestant Church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in Reykjavík , Iceland .	Lutherans	Which protestants were the first to reach out to the Catholic church in 1964 in Iceland ?
The dialogue with the Methodist Church began October 1965 , after its representatives officially applauded remarkable changes , friendship and cooperation of the past five years .	1965	In what year did The Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Methodist church ?
The Lutherans were the first Protestant Church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in Reykjavík , Iceland .	1964	In what year did the Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Lutheran church ?
The President of the Lutheran World Federation and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches Fredrik A. Schiotz stated during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation , that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph .	Fredrik A. Schiotz	Who was president of the World Council of Churches during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation ?
Reformation should be celebrated as a thanksgiving to God , his truth and his renewed life .	God	To whom did Schiotz state one should be grateful for the Reformation ?
When Cardinal Augustin Bea went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies , the pope walked towards him and exclaimed , `` as far as the cooperation with Bible societies is concerned , I am totally in favour . ''	Protestant Bible societies	Who was Paul VI in favor of cooperating with in the translation of the bible ?
When Cardinal Augustin Bea went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies , the pope walked towards him and exclaimed , `` as far as the cooperation with Bible societies is concerned , I am totally in favour . ''	Cardinal Augustin Bea	Who asked Paul VI for permission to cooperate with Protestants to translate the bible ?
He issued a formal approval on Pentecost 1967 , the feast on which the Holy Spirit descended on the Christians , overcoming all linguistic difficulties , according to Christian tradition .	1967	In what year did Paul VI officially declare his support of a cross faith translation of the bible ?
Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on so many levels .	Protestants	What group of Christians did Paul VI support and approve of cooperation with ?
The next three popes , including Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI , were created cardinals by him .	three	How many future popes did Paul VI create first as cardinals ?
Joseph Ratzinger was created a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977 , which also included Bernardin Gantin from Benin , Africa .	Joseph Ratzinger	Who was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 27 1977 ?
Karol Wojtyła was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967 .	Karol Wojtyła	What future pope was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 26 , 1967 ?
This became the last of Paul VI 's consistories before his death in August 1978 .	1978	In what year did Paul VI die ?
His immediate successor , Albino Luciani , who took the name John Paul I , was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973 .	John Paul I	What name did Albino Luciani take as a pope ?
Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the papal summer residence , Castel Gandolfo , on 14 July 1978 , visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo , who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier .	Castel Gandolfo	Where was Paul VI headed to on July 14 , 1978 ?
Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the papal summer residence , Castel Gandolfo , on 14 July 1978 , visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo , who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier .	Castel Gandolfo	What was considered to be the papal summer residence ?
Although he was sick , he agreed to see the new Italian President Sandro Pertini for over two hours .	Sandro Pertini	Who was the Italian Prime Minister in July of 1978 ?
Although he was sick , he agreed to see the new Italian President Sandro Pertini for over two hours .	two hours	For how long did an ailing Paul VI meet with Sandro Pertini in 1978 ?
In the evening he watched a Western on TV , happy only when he saw `` horses , the most beautiful animals that God had created . ''	horses	What animals did Paul VI consider to be `` the most beautiful animals God ever created '' ?
A miracle attributed to the intercession of Paul VI was approved on 9 May 2014 by Pope Francis .	2014	In what year was Paul VI beautified ?
His liturgical feast day is celebrated on the date of his birth , 26 September , rather than the day of his death as is usual .	26 September	On what day was Paul VI born ?
The beatification ceremony for Paul VI was held on 19 October 2014 , which means that he can now be called `` Blessed '' .	Paul VI	Whose liturgical feast is celebrated on the 26th of September ?
The beatification ceremony for Paul VI was held on 19 October 2014 , which means that he can now be called `` Blessed '' .	19 October	On what day was the beautification ceremony performed for Paul VI ?
A miracle attributed to the intercession of Paul VI was approved on 9 May 2014 by Pope Francis .	A miracle	What was attributed to Paul VI and officially approved on May 9 , 2014 ?
In December 2013 , Vatican officials approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff which was the curing of an unborn child in California , U.S.A in the 1990s .	pontiff	According to the Vatican who could the healing of an unborn child be attributed to in the 1990 's ?
It was expected that Pope Francis would approve the miracle in the near future , thus , warranting the beatification of the late pontiff .	Pope Francis	Who approved the miracle of Paul VI ?
In February 2014 , it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognized the miracle attributed to the late pontiff .	Congregation for the Causes of Saints	What group was responsible for recognizing Paul Vi 's miracle ?
It was expected that Pope Francis would approve the miracle in the near future , thus , warranting the beatification of the late pontiff .	beatification	What is the process called that acknowledges sainthood ?
On 24 April 2014 , it was reported in the Italian magazine Credere that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014 .	Credere	What magazine broke the story of Paul VI pending saint hood ?
The Congregation for the Causes of Saints held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope .	healing	What type of miracle was attributed to Pope Paul VI ?
The Congregation for the Causes of Saints held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope .	The Congregation for the Causes of Saints	What group declared the healing a miracle by Paul VI ?
The matter shall now soon be presented to the pope for approval .	pope	Who needed to approve the Congregation for the Causes of Saints conclusion that Paul VI performed a miracle ?
This report from the magazine further stated that several cardinals and bishops would meet on 5 May to confirm the miracle that had previously been approved , and then present it to Pope Francis who may sign the decree for beatification shortly after that .	Pope Francis	Who was required to sign a decree declaring Paul VI a saint ?
He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust .	Holocaust	What was Pius XII accused of not condemning ?
He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust .	Pius XII	Whose theology did Paul VI continue to propagate during his papacy ?
He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes , bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion .	reform	What type of work did Paul Vi finish that had been started by two previous popes ?
On the tenth anniversary of Humanae vitae , he reconfirmed this teaching .	tenth	On which anniversary of his Humanae Vitae did Paul VI reconfirm the beliefs set forth by the Humanae Vitae ?
Pope Paul VI was less outstanding than his predecessors : he was not credited with an encyclopedic memory , nor a gift for languages , nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII , nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love , sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII .	John XXIII	Which pope that preceded Paul VI was noted for his warmth and humor ?
Unlike his predecessors and successors , Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents .	opponents	Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate ?
Changes such as the reorientation of the liturgy , alterations to the ordinary of the Mass , alterations to the liturgical calendar in the motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis , and the relocation of the tabernacle were controversial among some Catholics .	controversial	What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be ?
The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful .	theological freedoms	To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI 's papacy ?
New demands were voiced , which were taboo at the Council , the reintegration of divorced Catholics , the sacramental character of the confession , and the role of women in the Church and its ministries .	taboo	What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council ?
During the pontificate of Paul VI , five such synods took place , and he is on record of implementing all their decisions .	five	How many Synod of Bishops took place during Paul VI 's papacy ?
Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences , which became mandatory after Vatican II .	National Bishop Conferences	What conferences became a requirement after Vatican II ?
Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful .	Communism	What political movement was Paul VI criticized for having a relationship with ?
Some critiqued Paul VI 's decision ; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own , although the Council decided exactly that .	Bishops	The Council , under Paul VI , decided whom could make decisions independently of Rome ?
During the pontificate of Paul VI , five such synods took place , and he is on record of implementing all their decisions .	all	How many of his bishop 's decisions did Paul VI end up enacting ?
After communion , the pope suffered a massive heart attack , after which he continued to live for three hours .	three hours	How long did Paul VI live for after experiencing a massive heart attack in 1978 ?
On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo .	21:41	At what time did Paul VI die ?
On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo .	6 August	On what day did Paul VI die ?
From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00 .	bed	From where did Paul VI conduct mass on the day of his death ?
On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo .	Castel Gandolfo	What residence was the Paul VI staying in on the day of his death ?
In his 1976 consistory , five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa , one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives .	five	How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976 ?
Several prominent Latin Americans like Eduardo Francisco Pironio of Argentina ; Luis Aponte Martinez of Puerto Rico and Eugênio de Araújo Sales and Aloisio Lorscheider from Brazil were also elevated by him .	Argentina	What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent ?
Several prominent Latin Americans like Eduardo Francisco Pironio of Argentina ; Luis Aponte Martinez of Puerto Rico and Eugênio de Araújo Sales and Aloisio Lorscheider from Brazil were also elevated by him .	Brazil	What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent ?
At the same time , the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences , after Paul VI decreed , that not only cardinals but also bishops too may participate in committees of the Roman Curia .	Roman Curia	What group 's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in ?
The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope , a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100 % , and a reform of the regal vestments of the `` Princes of the Church '' further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate .	regal vestments	What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on ?
Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries , he got rid of them .	army	What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican ?
Paul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church ; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century .	Paul VI	Who was the first pope to visit five continents ?
Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors , to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world , by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened .	world	Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy ?
Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors , to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world , by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened .	bishops	What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm ?
His 6 August 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world .	motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane	What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences ?
After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 , George remained as king of both countries , but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948 .	India	For which country did George VI stop using the title Emperor but continue to use the title of King ?
After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 , George remained as king of both countries , but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948 .	June 1948	In what month and year did George VI discontinue using the title Emperor of India ?
Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949 , and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year .	Ireland	In 1949 what country solely proclaimed independence from the Commonwealth ?
His elder daughter , Elizabeth , succeeded him .	Elizabeth	What Child of George VI ascended the throne ?
During George 's reign the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated .	Commonwealth of Nations	What was the name used after the dissolution of the British Empire ?
Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945 , the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined .	1945	What year was Britain and allies victorious in the war ?
After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 , George remained as king of both countries , but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948 .	1947	When did India and Pakistan gain independence ?
After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 , George remained as king of both countries , but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948 .	Emperor of India	What title did George have in India prior to 1948 ?
Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949 , and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year .	republic	What did Ireland declare itself in 1950 ?
His birthday -LRB- 14 December 1895 -RRB- was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather , Prince Albert , the Prince Consort .	14 December	What month and day was the death of Prince Albert ?
-LSB- a -RSB- As a great-grandson of Queen Victoria , he was known formally as His Highness Prince Albert of York from birth .	Queen Victoria	Who was Prince Albert 's great grandmother ?
Within the family , he was known informally as `` Bertie '' .	Bertie	What was Prince Albert 's nickname ?
Consequently , he was baptised `` Albert Frederick Arthur George '' at St. Mary Magdalene 's Church near Sandringham three months later .	St. Mary Magdalene's Church	In which church was Prince Albert baptized ?
Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada .	HMS Cumberland	Which ship did Alber train on in 1913 ?
He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913 , and spent three months in the Mediterranean .	three months	How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913 ?
One year after his commission , he began service in the First World War .	First World War	Which war did Albert serve in ?
His fellow officers gave him the nickname `` Mr. Johnson '' .	fellow officers	Who gave Albert the nickname of `` Mr Johnson '' ?
He did not see further combat , largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer , for which he had an operation in November 1917 .	duodenal ulcer	What was the cause of Albert 's ill health in 1917 ?
In February 1918 , he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service 's training establishment at Cranwell .	Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service	What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell ?
He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys ' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918 , before reporting to the RAF 's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea where he completed a fortnight 's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing .	4	Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918 ?
Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day .	1919	What year did Albert become a RAF pilot ?
He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November .	King Albert	Who was the king of Belgium in 1918 ?
In October 1919 , Albert went up to Trinity College , Cambridge , where he studied history , economics and civics for a year .	history, economics and civics	What did Albert study in Trinity College ?
Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the `` Industrial Prince '' .	Industrial Prince	What was Albert 's nickname as he toured coal mines , factories , and railyards ?
His stammer , and his embarrassment over it , together with his tendency to shyness , caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother , Edward .	Edward	Who is Albert 's older brother ?
However , he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis .	tennis	Which sport was Albert proficient at ?
He developed an interest in working conditions , and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society .	Industrial Welfare Society	Which society was Albert the president of ?
An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Sheila , Lady Loughborough , came to an end in April 1920 when the King , with the promise of the dukedom of York , persuaded Albert to stop seeing her .	Sheila, Lady Loughborough	Who was Albert infatuated with ?
That year , he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon , the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne .	Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon	Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne ?
She rejected his proposal twice , in 1921 and 1922 , reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family .	twice	How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert 's proposal ?
In a time when royals were expected to marry fellow royals , it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife .	fellow royals	Who were royals usually expected to marry ?
Because of his stammer , Albert dreaded public speaking .	his stammer	Why did Albert fear speaking in public ?
After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925 , one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners , he began to see Lionel Logue , an Australian-born speech therapist .	Lionel Logue	Who helped Albert improve in public speaking ?
His journey by sea to Australia , New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica , where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man , which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races .	doubles tennis	What did Albert play partnered with a black man ?
With his delivery improved , the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra , Australia , during a tour of the empire in 1927 .	Parliament House	What did the Duke open in Australia in 1927 ?
The Duke and Duchess of York had two children : Elizabeth -LRB- called `` Lilibet '' by the family -RRB- , and Margaret .	Lilibet	What was Elizabeth 's nickname ?
The Duke and Duchess of York had two children : Elizabeth -LRB- called `` Lilibet '' by the family -RRB- , and Margaret .	Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret	Who were the Duke and Duchess of York 's children ?
The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence , 145 Piccadilly .	145 Piccadilly	What was the name of Duke of York 's London residence ?
One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister , R. B. Bennett , considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931 -- a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs , J. H. Thomas .	J. H. Thomas	Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada ?
One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister , R. B. Bennett , considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931 -- a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs , J. H. Thomas .	Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs	What position did J. H. Thomas hold ?
As Edward was unmarried and had no children , Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne .	Edward was unmarried and had no children	Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne ?
Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands .	divorced woman with two living ex-husbands	What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson ?
Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans .	abdication	What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson ?
The day before the abdication , he went to London to see his mother , Queen Mary .	Queen Mary	Who is Edward 's mother ?
He wrote in his diary , `` When I told her what had happened , I broke down and sobbed like a child . ''	broke down and sobbed like a child	How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne ?
On the day of the abdication , the Oireachtas , the parliament of the Irish Free State , removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution .	the parliament of the Irish Free State	What is the Oireachtas ?
On the day of the abdication , the Oireachtas , the parliament of the Irish Free State , removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution .	all direct mention of the monarch	What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution ?
The next day , it passed the External Relations Act , which gave the monarch limited authority -LRB- strictly on the advice of the government -RRB- to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties .	External Relations Act	Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland ?
On the day of the abdication , the Oireachtas , the parliament of the Irish Free State , removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution .	day of the abdication	What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic ?
Albert assumed the regnal name `` George VI '' to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy .	George VI	What regnal name did Albert adopt ?
In settling the issue , George 's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title and style `` His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor '' , but the Letters Patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles .	His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor	What title did Albert give Edward ?
Three days after his accession , on his 41st birthday , he invested his wife , the new queen consort , with the Order of the Garter .	the Order of the Garter	What did Albert bestow onto his wife on his 41st birthday ?
George VI was also forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House , as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically .	Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House	Which two residences did Albert buy from Edward ?
George VI 's coronation took place on 12 May 1937 , the date previously intended for Edward 's coronation .	12 May 1937	What day did George VI become coronated ?
In a break with tradition , Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son .	Queen Mary	Who attended the coronation that was a break from tradition ?
Two overseas tours were undertaken , to France and to North America , both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war .	Two	How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America ?
There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI , as had occurred for his father , as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India .	Delhi	In which city are Durbars usually held ?
The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain 's appeasement of Hitler .	Neville Chamberlain	Which prime minister was the King constitutionally bound to support ?
However , when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938 , they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them .	Munich Agreement	Which agreement was signed in 1938 ?
However , when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938 , they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them .	Buckingham Palace	The balcony in which palace is famous for being where the royal family makes appearances ?
While broadly popular among the general public , Chamberlain 's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons , which led historian John Grigg to describe the King 's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as `` the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century '' .	John Grigg	Which historian commented that the king 's act in associating with Chamberlain as unconstitutional ?
In May and June 1939 , the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States .	Canada and the United States	Which two countries did the King and Queen tour in 1939 ?
From Ottawa , the royal couple were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada .	William Lyon Mackenzie King	Who was the prime minister of Canada in 1939 ?
From Ottawa , the royal couple were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada .	King and Queen of Canada	What title was the king and queen presented with when touring Canada ?
On 19 May , George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada , Daniel Calhoun Roper ; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills ; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada .	U.S. Ambassador to Canada	What was Roper 's position ?
Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King 's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions .	gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions	What did the Statute of Westminster do ?
The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe .	isolationist tendencies	What kind of tendencies did North America have ?
The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor , Edward VIII , was dispelled .	Edward VIII	Who was George 's predecessor ?
They visited the 1939 New York World 's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park , New York .	President Franklin D. Roosevelt	Who was the President of the United States in 1939 ?
They visited the 1939 New York World 's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park , New York .	1939 New York World's Fair	Which fair was happening in New York in 1939 ?
In September 1939 , Britain and the self-governing Dominions , but not Ireland , declared war on Nazi Germany .	Nazi Germany	Against who did Britain declare war against in 1939 ?
George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London , despite German bombing raids .	London	Which city did the king and queen stay in even with the bombing threats ?
The first German raid on London , on 7 September 1940 , killed about one thousand civilians , mostly in the East End .	one thousand civilians	How many people died on the first German raid on London ?
In August 1942 , the King 's brother , Prince George , Duke of Kent , was killed on active service .	1942	What year did the King 's brother die in service ?
In 1940 , Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister , though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax .	Neville Chamberlain	Who was Winston Churchill 's predecessor ?
In 1940 , Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister , though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax .	Prime Minister	What position did Churchill hold ?
Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940 , the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness .	Tuesday	What day of the week did Churchill and the King meet ?
After the King 's initial dismay over Churchill 's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet , he and Churchill developed `` the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister '' .	Lord Beaverbrook	Who did Churchill appoint to Cabinet that the King did not like ?
The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939 , North Africa and Malta in June 1943 , Normandy in June 1944 , southern Italy in July 1944 , and the Low Countries in October 1944 .	Italy	What country did the King and Queen visit in July 1944 ?
The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939 , North Africa and Malta in June 1943 , Normandy in June 1944 , southern Italy in July 1944 , and the Low Countries in October 1944 .	June 1943	When did the King and Queen visit North Africa and Malta ?
The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states , known as the Commonwealth , gathered pace after the Second World War .	the Commonwealth	What is the association of independent states in Britain called ?
During the ministry of Clement Attlee , British India became the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947 .	India and Pakistan	What two dominions did British India become ?
Other countries left the Commonwealth , such as Burma in January 1948 , Palestine -LRB- divided between Israel and the Arab states -RRB- in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949 .	Burma	What country left the Commonwealth in January 1948 ?
Other countries left the Commonwealth , such as Burma in January 1948 , Palestine -LRB- divided between Israel and the Arab states -RRB- in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949 .	1949	What year was the Republic of Ireland formed ?
The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa , Jan Smuts , was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit .	Jan Smuts	Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947 ?
George was appalled , however , when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites , and referred to his South African bodyguards as `` the Gestapo '' .	the Gestapo	What were the King 's South African bodyguards referred as ?
George was appalled , however , when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites , and referred to his South African bodyguards as `` the Gestapo '' .	South African government	Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa ?
The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King 's health , exacerbated by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments , including arteriosclerosis and thromboangiitis obliterans .	lung cancer	What kind of cancer did the King develop ?
A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg , which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949 .	arterial blockage	What developed in the King 's right leg that prevented him from touring Australia ?
A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg , which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949 .	right lumbar sympathectomy	What treatment helped prevent the loss of the King 's right leg ?
His elder daughter Elizabeth , the heir presumptive , took on more royal duties as her father 's health deteriorated .	Elizabeth	Who was the King 's heir presumptive ?
The delayed tour was re-organised , with Elizabeth and her husband , the Duke of Edinburgh , taking the place of the King and Queen .	Duke of Edinburgh	Who was Elizabeth 's spouse ?
His funeral took place at St. George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , on the 15th .	Windsor Castle	What church did the King 's funeral take place on the 15th ?
In 2002 , fifty years after his death , the remains of his widow , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret , who both died that year , were interred in the chapel alongside him .	2002	What year did Queen Elizabeth die ?
In 2002 , fifty years after his death , the remains of his widow , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret , who both died that year , were interred in the chapel alongside him .	2002	What year did Princess Margaret die ?
He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George 's on 26 March 1969 .	King George VI Memorial Chapel	In which chapel does King George 's body lie in today ?
He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb .	low	How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne ?
In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie , the abdication crisis of 1936 did `` more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda '' .	Labour Member of Parliament	What position did George Hardie hold ?
George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed `` a rocking throne '' , and tried `` to make it steady again '' .	Edward	Who was George VI 's brother ?
The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion , pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts .	100 megawatts	What is the largest rating of an electric motor ?
Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans , blowers and pumps , machine tools , household appliances , power tools , and disk drives , electric motors can be powered by direct current -LRB- DC -RRB- sources , such as from batteries , motor vehicles or rectifiers , or by alternating current -LRB- AC -RRB- sources , such as from the power grid , inverters or generators .	batteries	What is the main example of a DC power source ?
Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans , blowers and pumps , machine tools , household appliances , power tools , and disk drives , electric motors can be powered by direct current -LRB- DC -RRB- sources , such as from batteries , motor vehicles or rectifiers , or by alternating current -LRB- AC -RRB- sources , such as from the power grid , inverters or generators .	alternating current	What does AC stand for ?
Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans , blowers and pumps , machine tools , household appliances , power tools , and disk drives , electric motors can be powered by direct current -LRB- DC -RRB- sources , such as from batteries , motor vehicles or rectifiers , or by alternating current -LRB- AC -RRB- sources , such as from the power grid , inverters or generators .	direct current	What does DC stand for ?
Small motors may be found in electric watches .	electric watches	In what device are small motors commonly found ?
Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s .	Andrew Gordon	Who created the first electrostatic device ?
The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field , Ampère 's force law , was discovered later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820 .	André-Marie Ampère	Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions ?
The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821 .	1821	In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy ?
This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments , brine substituting for toxic mercury .	mercury	What toxic substance originally served the function of brine in primitive motors ?
In 1827 , Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils .	1827	In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism ?
Although they were used only for instructional purposes , in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors : the stator , rotor and commutator .	rotor	Besides the stator and the communicator , what is an element of a DC motor ?
After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator , he called his early devices `` electromagnetic self-rotors '' .	electromagnetic self-rotors	What did Jedlik call his earliest devices ?
After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator , he called his early devices `` electromagnetic self-rotors '' .	commutator	What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation ?
The device employed no permanent magnets , as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings .	permanent magnets	What did Jedlik 's improved device eliminate the need for ?
It was not until 1839/40 that other developers worldwide managed to build motors of similar and later also of higher performance .	1839/40	When were developers competing with Jacobi able to match his accomplishments ?
His second motor was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a wide river .	boat	What was Jacobi 's improved motor used to propel ?
After many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power .	Moritz von Jacobi	Who created the first real electric motor ?
His motor set a world record which was improved only four years later in September 1838 by Jacobi himself .	Jacobi himself	Who broke the world record set by Jacobi 's first motor ?
His motor set a world record which was improved only four years later in September 1838 by Jacobi himself .	four years	How long did it take for Jacobi 's first world record to be broken ?
The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832 .	William Sturgeon	Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery ?
Following Sturgeon 's work , a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport , which he patented in 1837 .	Thomas Davenport	Which inventor went bankrupt ?
Due to the high cost of primary battery power , the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt .	the high cost of primary battery power	What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry ?
No electricity distribution had been developed at the time .	electricity distribution	What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful ?
The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute , and powered machine tools and a printing press .	600 revolutions per minute	How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport 's motors run ?
A major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864 , when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator , the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current .	non-fluctuating current	What made Pacinotti 's motor an important advancement ?
The first commercially successful DC motors followed the invention by Zénobe Gramme who , in 1871 , reinvented Pacinotti 's design .	Zénobe Gramme	Who created a motor similar to Pacinotti ?
In 1873 , Gramme showed that his dynamo could be used as a motor , which he demonstrated to great effect at exhibitions in Vienna and Philadelphia by connecting two such DC motors at a distance of up to 2 km away from each other , one as a generator .	2 km	How far from each other were the motors in Gramme 's demonstrations ?
In 1873 , Gramme showed that his dynamo could be used as a motor , which he demonstrated to great effect at exhibitions in Vienna and Philadelphia by connecting two such DC motors at a distance of up to 2 km away from each other , one as a generator .	generator	Besides a motor , what did Gramme use the other device for ?
In 1873 , Gramme showed that his dynamo could be used as a motor , which he demonstrated to great effect at exhibitions in Vienna and Philadelphia by connecting two such DC motors at a distance of up to 2 km away from each other , one as a generator .	Vienna and Philadelphia	In what two cities did Gramme conduct his demonstrations ?
Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap .	small air gap	What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency ?
In 1886 , Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor , a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads .	Frank Julian Sprague	Which inventor created the first useful DC motor ?
This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887 -- 88 in Richmond VA , the electric elevator and control system in 1892 , and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars , which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the `` L '' .	electric trolley system	What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague 's designs ?
This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887 -- 88 in Richmond VA , the electric elevator and control system in 1892 , and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars , which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the `` L '' .	South Side Elevated Railway	What was the name of Chicago 's first electric trolley system ?
Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution -LRB- prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison -RRB- , allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid , provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole , and provided controls systems for electric operations .	Thomas Edison	Who did Sprague work for early in his career ?
Today , electric motors stand for more than half of the electric energy consumption in the US .	more than half	How much energy do electric motors use in the modern United States ?
Electric motors applied in agriculture eliminated human and animal muscle power from such tasks as handling grain or pumping water .	agriculture	In what domain did electric motors reduce reliance on humans and animals ?
Industrial processes were no longer limited by power transmission using line shafts , belts , compressed air or hydraulic pressure .	hydraulic pressure	Besides shafts , belts and compressed air , what did electric motors reduce the need for ?
Household uses of electric motors reduced heavy labor in the home and made higher standards of convenience , comfort and safety possible .	in the home	Where did electric motors improve convenience and safety ?
In 1824 , the French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields , termed Arago 's rotations , which , by manually turning switches on and off , Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor .	Walter Baily	Who built the first induction motor ?
In the 1880s , many inventors were trying to develop workable AC motors because AC 's advantages in long-distance high-voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC .	AC	What type of power were early motors unable to use ?
George Westinghouse promptly bought Tesla 's patents , employed Tesla to develop them , and assigned C. F. Scott to help Tesla , Tesla left for other pursuits in 1889 .	George Westinghouse	Who bought Tesla 's patents ?
The constant speed AC induction motor was found not to be suitable for street cars but Westinghouse engineers successfully adapted it to power a mining operation in Telluride , Colorado in 1891 .	mining	For what application was Tesla 's motor first used ?
By 1896 , General Electric and Westinghouse signed a cross-licensing agreement for the bar-winding-rotor design , later called the squirrel-cage rotor .	squirrel-cage	What 's another name for the bar-winding-rotor ?
In absence of such current reversal , the motor would brake to a stop .	brake to a stop	What would a rotor do without current reversal ?
A commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor 's shaft .	commutator	What switches the input of most DC motors ?
The motor 's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving commutator , which causes required current reversal and applies power to the machine in an optimal manner as the rotor rotates from pole to pole .	stationary brushes	From where is current to the motor supplied ?
In light of significant advances in the past few decades due to improved technologies in electronic controller , sensorless control , induction motor , and permanent magnet motor fields , electromechanically commutated motors are increasingly being displaced by externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet motors .	externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet	What two motor types are ascendant today ?
The shaft also carries the commutator , a long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates .	reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings	What does the communicator do ?
Thus , every brushed DC motor has AC flowing through its rotating windings .	AC	What type of current is featured in brushed DC motors ?
Current flows through one or more pairs of brushes that bear on the commutator ; the brushes connect an external source of electric power to the rotating armature .	external	Where do brushes get their power ?
Current flows through one or more pairs of brushes that bear on the commutator ; the brushes connect an external source of electric power to the rotating armature .	rotating	What is the main feature of the shaft in a commutated DC motor ?
Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature , making it a temporary magnet -LRB- an electromagnet -RRB- .	electromagnet	Current flowing to create a temporary magent is called what ?
The force between the two magnetic fields tends to rotate the motor shaft .	force between the two magnetic fields	What rotates the motor shaft ?
The commutator switches power to the coils as the rotor turns , keeping the magnetic poles of the rotor from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field , so that the rotor never stops -LRB- like a compass needle does -RRB- , but rather keeps rotating as long as power is applied .	commutator	What element of the motor keeps the poles from alligning ?
The commutator switches power to the coils as the rotor turns , keeping the magnetic poles of the rotor from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field , so that the rotor never stops -LRB- like a compass needle does -RRB- , but rather keeps rotating as long as power is applied .	compass	What non-motor device demonstrates why a commutator is needed ?
The making and breaking of electric contact also generates electrical noise ; sparking generates RFI .	sparking	How is RFI generated ?
Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator .	commutator	What do brushes need to be in contact with ?
This creates friction .	friction	What is created by contact between parts of the motor ?
This sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine , as too-rapid sparking will overheat , erode , or even melt the commutator .	maximum speed	What does sparking limit ?
Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement , and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance -LRB- on larger motors -RRB- or replacement -LRB- on small motors -RRB- .	Brushes	What motor components most need replacement and maintenance ?
Large brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output , but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking .	motor output	What are large brushes favorable for ?
Therefore , DC motor brush design entails a trade-off between output power , speed , and efficiency/wear .	speed	Whate are small brushes favorable for ?
Large brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output , but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking .	small	What type of brushes are cheapest ?
Stiffer brush springs can also be used to make brushes of a given mass work at a higher speed , but at the cost of greater friction losses -LRB- lower efficiency -RRB- and accelerated brush and commutator wear .	Stiffer brush springs	How can the speed of larger brushes be increased ?
Stiffer brush springs can also be used to make brushes of a given mass work at a higher speed , but at the cost of greater friction losses -LRB- lower efficiency -RRB- and accelerated brush and commutator wear .	lower efficiency	Besides wear , what is a downside of stiff brush springs ?
Because this field is fixed , it can not be adjusted for speed control .	speed control	What can a PM motor not be adjusted for ?
PM fields -LRB- stators -RRB- are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the field winding .	stators	What is another name for PM fields ?
A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame , instead relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque .	field winding	What design feature does a PM motor lack ?
Historically , PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled ; field windings were more practical to obtain the needed amount of flux .	flux	What do field windings provide ?
To minimize overall weight and size , miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements ; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy .	To minimize overall weight and size	Why do miniature PM motors use high energy magnets ?
To minimize overall weight and size , miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements ; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy .	neodymium-iron-boron alloy	What are high energy magnets typically made of ?
Miniature motors resemble the structure in the illustration , except that they have at least three rotor poles -LRB- to ensure starting , regardless of rotor position -RRB- and their outer housing is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets .	steel tube	What does the outer housing of a miniature motor resemble ?
With their higher flux density , electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally designed singly-fed synchronous and induction electric machines .	least competitive	How do PMs rate against other types of electric motors ?
Operating at normal power line frequencies , universal motors are often found in a range less than 1000 watts .	1000 watts	What is the typical maximum range of universal motors ?
Operating at normal power line frequencies , universal motors are often found in a range less than 1000 watts .	universal	What type of motor was used in trailway traction applications ?
In this application , the use of AC to power a motor originally designed to run on DC would lead to efficiency losses due to eddy current heating of their magnetic components , particularly the motor field pole-pieces that , for DC , would have used solid -LRB- un-laminated -RRB- iron and they are now rarely used .	efficiency losses	What is the result of using AC power on a DC motor ?
In this application , the use of AC to power a motor originally designed to run on DC would lead to efficiency losses due to eddy current heating of their magnetic components , particularly the motor field pole-pieces that , for DC , would have used solid -LRB- un-laminated -RRB- iron and they are now rarely used .	solid (un-laminated) iron	What were universal motor pole pieces constructed from ?
An advantage of the universal motor is that AC supplies may be used on motors which have some characteristics more common in DC motors , specifically high starting torque and very compact design if high running speeds are used .	universal	What kind of motor can employ both AC and DC ?
The negative aspect is the maintenance and short life problems caused by the commutator .	commutator	What component of a universal motor is most likely to fail ?
The motor can be used to agitate the drum -LRB- both forwards and in reverse -RRB- by switching the field winding with respect to the armature .	forwards and in reverse	Switching the field winding in washing machines causes the drum to agitate how ?
Multiple taps on the field coil provide -LRB- imprecise -RRB- stepped speed control .	Multiple taps on the field coil provide	How is stepped speed control achieved ?
Many vacuum cleaner and weed trimmer motors exceed 10,000 rpm , while many similar miniature grinders exceed 30,000 rpm .	10,000	At around what RMP do weed trimmer motors operate ?
Many vacuum cleaner and weed trimmer motors exceed 10,000 rpm , while many similar miniature grinders exceed 30,000 rpm .	30,000	At around what RMP do miniature grinders operate ?
Whereas SCIMs can not turn a shaft faster than allowed by the power line frequency , universal motors can run at much higher speeds .	SCIMs	What type of motor can universal motors operate much faster than ?
This makes them useful for appliances such as blenders , vacuum cleaners , and hair dryers where high speed and light weight are desirable .	high speed and light weight	What attributes make universal motors desireable for consumer applications like hair dryers ?
The shape of the rotor bars determines the speed-torque characteristics .	shape of the rotor bars	What determines the properties of speed and torque ?
As the motor accelerates , the slip frequency becomes lower , and more current is in the interior of the winding .	interior of the winding	At high speed , where is the most current ?
As the motor accelerates , the slip frequency becomes lower , and more current is in the interior of the winding .	lower	Is the current frequency higher or lower at high speed ?
By shaping the bars to change the resistance of the winding portions in the interior and outer parts of the cage , effectively a variable resistance is inserted in the rotor circuit .	variable resistance	Changing the shapes of the bars creates what ?
By shaping the bars to change the resistance of the winding portions in the interior and outer parts of the cage , effectively a variable resistance is inserted in the rotor circuit .	rotor circuit	Where can variable resistance be created ?
An external resistor or other control devices can be connected in the rotor circuit .	rotor circuit	Where might a resistor be attached ?
Resistors allow control of the motor speed , although significant power is dissipated in the external resistance .	motor speed	What can a resistor control ?
A converter can be fed from the rotor circuit and return the slip-frequency power that would otherwise be wasted back into the power system through an inverter or separate motor-generator .	inverter or separate motor-generator	How might wasted power be salvaged ?
A converter can be fed from the rotor circuit and return the slip-frequency power that would otherwise be wasted back into the power system through an inverter or separate motor-generator .	rotor circuit	From where may a converter be fed ?
Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up , and increasing the load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque are equal .	speed up	What will a motor do if the load is reduced ?
Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up , and increasing the load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque are equal .	slow down	What will a motor do if the load is increased ?
Operated in this manner , the slip losses are dissipated in the secondary resistors and can be very significant .	secondary resistors	Where are slip losses dissipated ?
The speed regulation and net efficiency is also very poor .	very poor	How efficient is such a design ?
In the computer gaming world , torque motors are used in force feedback steering wheels .	feedback steering wheels	How are torque motors used in computer gaming ?
In this application , driven from a low voltage , the characteristics of these motors allow a relatively constant light tension to be applied to the tape whether or not the capstan is feeding tape past the tape heads .	constant light tension	A torque motor at low voltage provides what ?
Driven from a higher voltage , -LRB- and so delivering a higher torque -RRB- , the torque motors can also achieve fast-forward and rewind operation without requiring any additional mechanics such as gears or clutches .	higher torque	A torque motor at high voltage provides what ?
Driven from a higher voltage , -LRB- and so delivering a higher torque -RRB- , the torque motors can also achieve fast-forward and rewind operation without requiring any additional mechanics such as gears or clutches .	gears or clutches	In a tape drive , what is not needed if a torque motor is used ?
The latter monitors engine speed by counting electrical pulses from the ignition system or from a magnetic pickup and , depending on the speed , makes small adjustments to the amount of current applied to the motor .	electrical pulses	What element of a combustion engine does a governor monitor ?
Should the engine run too fast , the governor will reduce the current being applied to the motor , causing the return spring to pull back and close the throttle .	return spring	What is a governor connected to ?
The latter monitors engine speed by counting electrical pulses from the ignition system or from a magnetic pickup and , depending on the speed , makes small adjustments to the amount of current applied to the motor .	small	What kinds of adjustments would a governor make ?
Should the engine run too fast , the governor will reduce the current being applied to the motor , causing the return spring to pull back and close the throttle .	reduce the current being applied to the motor	What would a governor do to a too-fast running engine ?
Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions .	zero	How much slip does a synchronous motor have ?
Contrast this with an induction motor , which must slip to produce torque .	slip	How does an induction motor produce torque ?
The clock requires manual starting by a small knob on the back , while the older Hammond organs had an auxiliary starting motor connected by a spring-loaded manually operated switch .	manually	Whithout rotor windings , how must a Hammond clock be started ?
One type of synchronous motor is like an induction motor except the rotor is excited by a DC field .	DC field	How can a synchronous motor be made more like an induction motor ?
Slip rings and brushes are used to conduct current to the rotor .	Slip rings and brushes	How is current brought to the rotor in a synchronous motor ?
They start like induction motors , but when slip rate decreases sufficiently , the rotor -LRB- a smooth cylinder -RRB- becomes temporarily magnetized .	becomes temporarily magnetized	What do hysteresis synchronous motors ' rotors do when slip rate decreases ?
Once running , the rotor poles stay in place ; they do not drift .	stay in place	When in operation , what do hysteresis synchronous motors poles do ?
They start like induction motors , but when slip rate decreases sufficiently , the rotor -LRB- a smooth cylinder -RRB- becomes temporarily magnetized .	induction motors	What do hysteresis synchronous motors resemble at startup ?
They start like induction motors , but when slip rate decreases sufficiently , the rotor -LRB- a smooth cylinder -RRB- becomes temporarily magnetized .	a smooth cylinder	How can a hysteresis synchronous motor 's rotor be described ?
Its distributed poles make it act like a PMSM .	PMSM	What do the distributed poles of a hysteresis synchronous motor resemble ?
Doubly fed electric motors have two independent multiphase winding sets , which contribute active -LRB- i.e. , working -RRB- power to the energy conversion process , with at least one of the winding sets electronically controlled for variable speed operation .	Doubly fed electric motors	What type of motor has two independent multiphase winding sets ?
Doubly fed electric motors have two independent multiphase winding sets , which contribute active -LRB- i.e. , working -RRB- power to the energy conversion process , with at least one of the winding sets electronically controlled for variable speed operation .	contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process	What advanage do independent multiphase winding sets have ?
Doubly fed electric motors have two independent multiphase winding sets , which contribute active -LRB- i.e. , working -RRB- power to the energy conversion process , with at least one of the winding sets electronically controlled for variable speed operation .	variable speed operation	What is one of the independent multiphase winding sets configured for ?
This is twice the constant torque speed range as singly-fed electric machines , which have only one active winding set .	twice the constant torque speed range	Doubly fed motors have what advantage over single fed ?
Optimized for rapid acceleration , these motors have a rotor that is constructed without any iron core .	rapid acceleration	A coreless DC motor is distinguished by what ?
Optimized for rapid acceleration , these motors have a rotor that is constructed without any iron core .	iron core	What is absent in a coreless DC motor ?
The rotor can take the form of a winding-filled cylinder , or a self-supporting structure comprising only the magnet wire and the bonding material .	winding-filled cylinder, or a self-supporting structure	What forms can the rotor take ?
Overheating might be an issue for coreless DC motor designs .	Overheating	What is a likely problem of coreless DC motors ?
Because the rotor is much lighter in weight -LRB- mass -RRB- than a conventional rotor formed from copper windings on steel laminations , the rotor can accelerate much more rapidly , often achieving a mechanical time constant under one ms. This is especially true if the windings use aluminum rather than the heavier copper .	lighter	How does a coreless rotor compare to traditional rotors in terms of weight ?
Because the rotor is much lighter in weight -LRB- mass -RRB- than a conventional rotor formed from copper windings on steel laminations , the rotor can accelerate much more rapidly , often achieving a mechanical time constant under one ms. This is especially true if the windings use aluminum rather than the heavier copper .	accelerate much more rapidly	What advantage does a coreless rotor have over traditional variants ?
But because there is no metal mass in the rotor to act as a heat sink , even small coreless motors must often be cooled by forced air .	heat sink	The lack of a metal mass in the core causes what function to be absent ?
But because there is no metal mass in the rotor to act as a heat sink , even small coreless motors must often be cooled by forced air .	forced air	How is a coreless motor cooled ?
These motors were originally invented to drive the capstan -LRB- s -RRB- of magnetic tape drives in the burgeoning computer industry , where minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance were critical .	drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives	What was the original purpose for pancake motors ?
These motors were originally invented to drive the capstan -LRB- s -RRB- of magnetic tape drives in the burgeoning computer industry , where minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance were critical .	minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance	What are advantages of pancake motors ?
Due to the variety of constructions now available , the technology is used in applications from high temperature military to low cost pump and basic servos .	high temperature	For what type of military applications are pancake motors currently used ?
Pancake motors are still widely used in high-performance servo-controlled systems , robotic systems , industrial automation and medical devices .	high-performance	What type of servo-controlled systems use pancake motors ?
Servomotors are used in applications such as machine tools , pen plotters , and other process systems .	machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems	What may servo motors be used for ?
Motors intended for use in a servomechanism must have well-documented characteristics for speed , torque , and power .	speed, torque, and power	What must be well understood when applying a servo motor for use ?
Dynamic response characteristics such as winding inductance and rotor inertia are also important ; these factors limit the overall performance of the servomechanism loop .	winding inductance and rotor inertia	What factors limit performance of servo motors ?
Large , powerful , but slow-responding servo loops may use conventional AC or DC motors and drive systems with position or speed feedback on the motor .	conventional AC or DC motors	Large , slow servos can use what types of motors ?
As dynamic response requirements increase , more specialized motor designs such as coreless motors are used .	As dynamic response requirements increase	When might coreless motors be used in servo applications ?
A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that the position feedback is continuous while the motor is running ; a stepper system relies on the motor not to `` miss steps '' for short term accuracy , although a stepper system may include a `` home '' switch or other element to provide long-term stability of control .	position feedback is continuous	How do servo motors differ from stepper motors ?
A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that the position feedback is continuous while the motor is running ; a stepper system relies on the motor not to `` miss steps '' for short term accuracy , although a stepper system may include a `` home '' switch or other element to provide long-term stability of control .	a "home" switch	How does a stepper system achieve stability ?
For instance , when a typical dot matrix computer printer starts up , its controller makes the print head stepper motor drive to its left-hand limit , where a position sensor defines home position and stops stepping .	position sensor	What makes a printer home switch work ?
As long as power is on , a bidirectional counter in the printer 's microprocessor keeps track of print-head position .	bidirectional	What kind of counter keeps track of a print head 's position ?
A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that the position feedback is continuous while the motor is running ; a stepper system relies on the motor not to `` miss steps '' for short term accuracy , although a stepper system may include a `` home '' switch or other element to provide long-term stability of control .	miss steps	A stepper system 's motor is relied on to not do what ?
Stepper motors are a type of motor frequently used when precise rotations are required .	when precise rotations are required	When are stepper motors most useful ?
A stepper motor may also be thought of as a cross between a DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid .	DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid	What two devices can describe a stepper motor ?
As each coil is energized in turn , the rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field produced by the energized field winding .	magnetic field produced by the energized field winding	What do stepper motor rotors allign themselves with ?
Unlike a synchronous motor , in its application , the stepper motor may not rotate continuously ; instead , it `` steps '' -- starts and then quickly stops again -- from one position to the next as field windings are energized and de-energized in sequence .	the stepper motor may not rotate continuously	How does a stepper motor differ from a synchronous motor ?
Depending on the sequence , the rotor may turn forwards or backwards , and it may change direction , stop , speed up or slow down arbitrarily at any time .	forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down	What types of velocities and positions is the stepper motor capable of ?
Simple stepper motor drivers entirely energize or entirely de-energize the field windings , leading the rotor to `` cog '' to a limited number of positions ; more sophisticated drivers can proportionally control the power to the field windings , allowing the rotors to position between the cog points and thereby rotate extremely smoothly .	proportionally control the power to the field windings	What is a trait of a sophisticated stepper motor ?
Simple stepper motor drivers entirely energize or entirely de-energize the field windings , leading the rotor to `` cog '' to a limited number of positions ; more sophisticated drivers can proportionally control the power to the field windings , allowing the rotors to position between the cog points and thereby rotate extremely smoothly .	rotate extremely smoothly	What does proportinal control of the field windings in a stepper motor achieve ?
This mode of operation is often called microstepping .	microstepping	What is another name for smooth rotation ?
Computer controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems , particularly when part of a digital servo-controlled system .	digital servo-controlled system	With what other device are stepper motors most versatile ?
As drive density increased , the precision and speed limitations of stepper motors made them obsolete for hard drives -- the precision limitation made them unusable , and the speed limitation made them uncompetitive -- thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil-based head actuator systems .	precision and speed limitations	Why were stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs ?
As drive density increased , the precision and speed limitations of stepper motors made them obsolete for hard drives -- the precision limitation made them unusable , and the speed limitation made them uncompetitive -- thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil-based head actuator systems .	voice coil-based head actuator systems	What do newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors ?
Nevertheless , like a voice coil , modern actuator coil conductors -LRB- the magnet wire -RRB- move perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force . -RRB-	perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force	In what direction do modern coil actuators move ?
-LRB- The term `` voice coil '' in this connection is historic ; it refers to the structure in a typical -LRB- cone type -RRB- loudspeaker .	the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker	To what device does the term , `` voice coil '' historically refer ?
Likewise , many computer plotters -LRB- which since the early 1990s have been replaced with large-format inkjet and laser printers -RRB- used rotary stepper motors for pen and platen movement ; the typical alternatives here were either linear stepper motors or servomotors with closed-loop analog control systems .	linear stepper motors or servomotors	List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications .
Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers , optical scanners , and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning element , the print head carriage -LRB- of dot matrix and inkjet printers -RRB- , and the platen or feed rollers .	optical scanning element	In scanners , what do stepper motors move ?
Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers , optical scanners , and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning element , the print head carriage -LRB- of dot matrix and inkjet printers -RRB- , and the platen or feed rollers .	print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers	In printers and copiers , what do stepper motors move ?
This voltage tends to oppose the motor supply voltage and so is called `` back electromotive force -LRB- emf -RRB- '' .	back electromotive force	Voltage opposing the motor supply voltage is called what ?
The voltage is proportional to the running speed of the motor .	the running speed of the motor	EMP is proportional to what ?
The back emf of the motor , plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance and brushes , must equal the voltage at the brushes .	back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance	Voltage at the brushes is equal to what ?
If the mechanical load increases , the motor slows down ; a lower back emf results , and more current is drawn from the supply .	more current is drawn from the supply	If load increases , what happens to current drawn ?
For calculating the torque it is necessary to know the fields in the air gap .	fields in the air gap	What needs to be known to calculate torque ?
Once these have been established by mathematical analysis using FEA or other tools the torque may be calculated as the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector .	FEA	How are the many calculations to determine torque done ?
All the electromagnetic motors , and that includes the types mentioned here derive the torque from the vector product of the interacting fields .	from the vector product of the interacting fields	How is torque determined ?
Once these have been established by mathematical analysis using FEA or other tools the torque may be calculated as the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector .	the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector	What is the formulia to determine torque ?
When optimally designed within a given core saturation constraint and for a given active current -LRB- i.e. , torque current -RRB- , voltage , pole-pair number , excitation frequency -LRB- i.e. , synchronous speed -RRB- , and air-gap flux density , all categories of electric motors or generators will exhibit virtually the same maximum continuous shaft torque -LRB- i.e. , operating torque -RRB- within a given air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth , which determines the physical size of electromagnetic core .	torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density	What are factors that determine shaft torque ?
When optimally designed within a given core saturation constraint and for a given active current -LRB- i.e. , torque current -RRB- , voltage , pole-pair number , excitation frequency -LRB- i.e. , synchronous speed -RRB- , and air-gap flux density , all categories of electric motors or generators will exhibit virtually the same maximum continuous shaft torque -LRB- i.e. , operating torque -RRB- within a given air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth , which determines the physical size of electromagnetic core .	air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth	Whate decides the size of an electromagnetic core ?
Always limited by magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage , the capacity for torque bursts beyond the maximum operating torque differs significantly between categories of electric motors or generators .	magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage	What limits excessive torque ?
The brushless wound-rotor synchronous doubly-fed -LRB- BWRSDF -RRB- machine is the only electric machine with a truly dual ported transformer circuit topology -LRB- i.e. , both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port -RRB- .	brushless wound-rotor	What is the only device with dual ported transformer circuit topology ?
The brushless wound-rotor synchronous doubly-fed -LRB- BWRSDF -RRB- machine is the only electric machine with a truly dual ported transformer circuit topology -LRB- i.e. , both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port -RRB- .	both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port	What is a brushless wound-rotor ?
The dual ported transformer circuit topology is known to be unstable and requires a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set .	a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set	How does a brushless wound rotor achieve stability ?
Torque bursts greater than eight times operating torque have been calculated .	eight times operating torque	What is the theoretical maximum of a brushless wound rotor ?
The continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth , which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set , the speed of the machine , and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation .	size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth	What determines continuous torque density ?
The continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth , which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set , the speed of the machine , and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation .	power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation	What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth ?
Continuous torque density relates to method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating of windings or PM damage .	method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating	What does continuous torque density refer to ?
Despite the high coercivity of neodymium or samarium-cobalt PMs , continuous torque density is virtually the same amongst electric machines with optimally designed armature winding sets .	virtually the same	How does continuous torque density vary between well designed motors ?
An electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge .	electrostatic	What type of motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge ?
Usually , electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors .	conventional coil-based motors	What are electrostatic motors like two of ?
They typically require a high-voltage power supply , although very small motors employ lower voltages .	high-voltage	What type of power supply do electrostatic motors usually have ?
In the 1750s , the first electrostatic motors were developed by Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon .	Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon	What two inventors developed the first electrostatic motors ?
Today the electrostatic motor finds frequent use in micro-electro-mechanical systems -LRB- MEMS -RRB- where their drive voltages are below 100 volts , and where moving , charged plates are far easier to fabricate than coils and iron cores .	electrostatic motor	Micro-electro mechanical systems prefer what type of motor ?
Switzerland -LRB- / ˈswɪtsərlənd / -RRB- , officially the Swiss Confederation -LRB- Latin : Confoederatio Helvetica , hence its abbreviation CH -RRB- , is a country in Europe .	Swiss Confederation	What is the official name of Switzerland ?
While still named the `` Swiss Confederation '' for historical reasons , modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons , with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities , called Bundesstadt -LRB- `` federal city '' -RRB- .	a federal directorial republic	What type of government does Switzerland have ?
While still named the `` Swiss Confederation '' for historical reasons , modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons , with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities , called Bundesstadt -LRB- `` federal city '' -RRB- .	26	How many cantons are in Switzerland 's federal directorial republic ?
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps , the Swiss Plateau and the Jura , spanning an area of 41,285 km2 -LRB- 15,940 sq mi -RRB- .	the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura	What 3 geographical features divide Switzerland ?
While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau , where the largest cities are to be found : among them are the two global and economic centres , Zürich and Geneva .	approximately 8 million	What is the population of Switzerland ?
The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291 , which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day .	1 August 1291	What is the traditional date of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation ?
The country has a long history of armed neutrality -- it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815 -- and did not join the United Nations until 2002 .	2002	What year did Switzerland join the United Nations ?
In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross , Switzerland is home to numerous international organizations , including the second largest UN office .	Switzerland	What country is the birthplace of the Red Cross ?
The country has a long history of armed neutrality -- it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815 -- and did not join the United Nations until 2002 .	1815	In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally ?
The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291 , which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day .	Swiss National Day	What Swiss holiday is celebrated on August 1st every year ?
Straddling the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe , Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions : German , French , Italian and Romansh .	German, French, Italian and Romansh	Which four main linguistic and cultural regions make up Switzerland ?
Due to its linguistic diversity , Switzerland is known by a variety of native names : Schweiz -LSB- ˈʃvaɪts -RSB- -LRB- German -RRB- ; -LSB- note 5 -RSB- Suisse -LSB- sɥis -LRB- ə -RRB- -RSB- -LRB- French -RRB- ; Svizzera -LSB- ˈzvittsera -RSB- -LRB- Italian -RRB- ; and Svizra -LSB- ˈʒviːtsrɐ -RSB- or -LSB- ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ -RSB- -LRB- Romansh -RRB- .	Suisse	What do the French Swiss call Switzerland ?
Due to its linguistic diversity , Switzerland is known by a variety of native names : Schweiz -LSB- ˈʃvaɪts -RSB- -LRB- German -RRB- ; -LSB- note 5 -RSB- Suisse -LSB- sɥis -LRB- ə -RRB- -RSB- -LRB- French -RRB- ; Svizzera -LSB- ˈzvittsera -RSB- -LRB- Italian -RRB- ; and Svizra -LSB- ˈʒviːtsrɐ -RSB- or -LSB- ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ -RSB- -LRB- Romansh -RRB- .	Schweiz	What do the German Swiss call Switzerland ?
Due to its linguistic diversity , Switzerland is known by a variety of native names : Schweiz -LSB- ˈʃvaɪts -RSB- -LRB- German -RRB- ; -LSB- note 5 -RSB- Suisse -LSB- sɥis -LRB- ə -RRB- -RSB- -LRB- French -RRB- ; Svizzera -LSB- ˈzvittsera -RSB- -LRB- Italian -RRB- ; and Svizra -LSB- ˈʒviːtsrɐ -RSB- or -LSB- ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ -RSB- -LRB- Romansh -RRB- .	Svizzera	What do the Italian Swiss call Switzerland ?
Switzerland ranks top or close to the top in several metrics of national performance , including government transparency , civil liberties , quality of life , economic competitiveness , and human development .	top or close to the top	How does Switzerland rank worldwide in areas such as quality of life and civil liberties ?
Switzerland is one of the richest and wealthiest countries in the world .	Switzerland	Which country has the highest nominal wealth per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse ?
Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities with the highest quality of life in the world , with the former ranked 2nd globally , according to Mercer .	Zürich and Geneva	Which two Swiss cities have been ranked as having the highest quality of life in the world ?
It has the highest nominal wealth -LRB- financial and non-financial assets -RRB- per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list .	financial and non-financial	What assets are included in nominal wealth ?
It has the highest nominal wealth -LRB- financial and non-financial assets -RRB- per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list .	eighth-highest	What is Switzerland 's ranking for per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list ?
The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer , an obsolete term for the Swiss , which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries .	Switzer	What was the Swiss term for Switzerland during the 16th - 19th centuries ?
The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse , also in use since the 16th century .	French Suisse	Where did the English adjective Swiss originate from ?
The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer , in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory , one of the Waldstätten cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy .	the Alemannic Schwiizer	Where did the name Switzer originate from ?
The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer , in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory , one of the Waldstätten cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy .	the Old Swiss Confederacy	What did the Alemannic Schwiizer help form the nucleus of ?
The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972 , as Old High German Suittes , ultimately perhaps related to suedan `` to burn '' , referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build .	972	In what year was the toponym Schwyz first attested as Old High German Suittes ?
The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton , and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation .	after the Swabian War of 1499	At what time did the name Schwyz begin to be used by the entire Confederation ?
The Swiss German name of the country , Schwiiz , is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement , but distinguished by the use of the definite article -LRB- d'Schwiiz for the Confederation , but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town -RRB- .	Schwiiz	What was the Swiss German name for Schwyz ?
The Swiss German name of the country , Schwiiz , is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement , but distinguished by the use of the definite article -LRB- d'Schwiiz for the Confederation , but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town -RRB- .	the Confederation	What was the name d'Schwiiz used for ?
The earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures , named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel .	Hallstatt and La Tène	What were the two earliest know cultural tribes in Switerland ?
La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC , possibly under some influence from the Greek and Etruscan civilisations .	La Tène	Which Swiss cultural tribe developed and flourished during the late Iron Age ?
Steadily harassed by the Germans , in 58 BC the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss plateau and migrate to western Gallia , but Julius Caesar 's armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte , in today 's western France , forcing the tribe to move back to its original homeland .	the Helvetii	Which Swiss tribal group was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Bribacti as they tried to escape the Swiss plateau ?
In 15 BC , Tiberius , who was destined to be the second Roman emperor and his brother , Drusus , conquered the Alps , integrating them into the Roman Empire .	15 BC	In what year did Tiberius conquer the Alps , integrating them into the Roman Empire ?
Sometime around the start of the Common Era , the Romans maintained a large legionary camp called Vindonissa , now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers , near the town of Windisch , an outskirt of Brugg .	Vindonissa	What is the name of the large legionary camp , now a ruin , that the Romans maintained around the start of the Common Era ?
In about 260 AD , the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today 's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire .	about 260 AD	In what year did the fall of the Agri Decumates territory transform today 's Switzerland ?
Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy , forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses , like the Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica .	raids by the Alamanni tribes	In about 260 AD , what forced the people of Roman towns to find shelter in Roman fortresses ?
The Empire built another line of defense at the north border -LRB- the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes -RRB- , but at the end of the fourth century the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept , and the Swiss plateau was finally open to the settlement of German tribes .	the linear defence concept	What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border ?
The Empire built another line of defense at the north border -LRB- the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes -RRB- , but at the end of the fourth century the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept , and the Swiss plateau was finally open to the settlement of German tribes .	Germanic	What increased pressure forced the Romans to abandon their line of defense concept at the end of the 4th century ?
The Empire built another line of defense at the north border -LRB- the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes -RRB- , but at the end of the fourth century the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept , and the Swiss plateau was finally open to the settlement of German tribes .	German tribes	Who was allowed to settle on the Swiss plateau by the end of the 4th century ?
In the Early Middle Ages , from the end of the 4th century , the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians .	the Kings of the Burgundians	From the end of the 4th century , what territory was the western extent of modern-day Switzerland part of ?
The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century , forming Alemannia .	the Swiss plateau	Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century ?
The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century , forming Alemannia .	valleys of the Alps	Where did the Alemanni settle in the 8th century , forming Alemannia ?
Modern-day Switzerland was therefore then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy .	Alemannia and Burgundy	In the 8th century , what two kingdoms made up Modern-day Switzerland ?
The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the 6th century , following Clovis I 's victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD , and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians .	Frankish Empire	What Empire did the entire region of Modern-day Switzerland become part of in the 6th century ?
By 1200 , the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy , Zähringer , Habsburg , and Kyburg .	the Swiss plateau	In 1200 , what area did the houses of Savoy , Zahringer , Habsburg , and Kyburg comprise ?
With the extinction of its male line in 1263 the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264 ; then the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I -LRB- Holy Roman Emperor in 1273 -RRB- laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them extending their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau .	extinction of its male line in 1263	In 1264 AD , what caused the Kyburg dynasty to fall ?
With the extinction of its male line in 1263 the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264 ; then the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I -LRB- Holy Roman Emperor in 1273 -RRB- laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them extending their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau .	the Habsburgs	Who claimed the Kyburg lands after their fall in 1264 AD ?
With the extinction of its male line in 1263 the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264 ; then the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I -LRB- Holy Roman Emperor in 1273 -RRB- laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them extending their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau .	King Rudolph I	Which Holy Roman Emperor were the Habsburgs under in 1273 AD ?
Some regions -LRB- Uri , Schwyz , Unterwalden , later known as Waldstätten -RRB- were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes .	Waldstätten	What did the three regions of Uri , Schwyz , and Unterwalden become known as ?
By 1353 , the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne , Zürich and Bern city states to form the `` Old Confederacy '' of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century .	By 1353	In what year did the three original cantons join with five other cantons to form the `` Old Confederacy '' of eight states ?
By 1353 , the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne , Zürich and Bern city states to form the `` Old Confederacy '' of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century .	end of the 15th century	Which century did the Old Confederacy of the eight states exist until ?
The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the federation .	increased power and wealth	What effect did the expansion of the three cantons into eight have on the status of the federation ?
By 1460 , the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains , particularly after victories against the Habsburgs -LRB- Battle of Sempach , Battle of Näfels -RRB- , over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s , and the success of the Swiss mercenaries .	the confederates	By 1460 , who controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine ?
The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire .	Swabian War	Which Swiss victory in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire ?
The Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars , but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano .	Battle of Marignano	Which Battle was the first to interrupt the seeming invincibility of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1515 ?
The success of Zwingli 's Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 -LRB- Wars of Kappel -RRB- .	religious	What inter-cantonal conflicts resulted in the Wars of Kappel ?
It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that , in 1648 , under the Peace of Westphalia , European countries recognized Switzerland 's independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality .	1648	In what year did European countries first recognize Switzerland 's independence from the Holy Roman Empire ?
The success of Zwingli 's Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 -LRB- Wars of Kappel -RRB- .	1529 and 1531	In what two years were the Wars of Kappel ?
It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that , in 1648 , under the Peace of Westphalia , European countries recognized Switzerland 's independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality .	European countries	Under the Peace of Westphalia , who finally recognized Switzerland 's neutrality ?
In 1798 , the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution .	the revolutionary French government	Who conquered Switzerland in 1798 ?
In 1798 , the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution .	a new unified constitution	What did the French government impose on Switzerland in 1798 , centralizing the Swiss government ?
This centralised the government of the country , effectively abolishing the cantons : moreover , Mülhausen joined France and Valtellina valley , the Cisalpine Republic , separating from Switzerland .	the cantons	What was abolished with the introduction of the unified constitution in Switzerland ?
The new regime , known as the Helvetic Republic , was highly unpopular .	Helvetic Republic	What was the name of the new regime created when the Cisalpine Republic separated from Switzerland ?
The new regime , known as the Helvetic Republic , was highly unpopular .	Helvetic	Which unpopular republic destroyed centuries of Swiss traditions ?
The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic .	The Swiss	Who refused to fight alongside the Helvetic Republic when it was invaded by the Russians and Austrians ?
When war broke out between France and its rivals , Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland .	Russian and Austrian	During the Helvetic Republic , which forces invaded Switzerland when war broke out between France and its rivals ?
The result was the Act of Mediation which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons .	Act of Mediation	What Act was the result of a meeting of Swiss politicians organized by Napolean ?
The result was the Act of Mediation which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons .	Swiss autonomy	What was the Act of Mediation responsible for restoring ?
The result was the Act of Mediation which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons .	19	How many cantons were introduced as a Confederation by the Act of Mediation ?
After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839 , civil war -LRB- the Sonderbundskrieg -RRB- broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance -LRB- the Sonderbund -RRB- .	a separate alliance (the Sonderbund)	What did Catholic cantons attempt to set up which caused a civil war in 1839 ?
Yet however minor the Sonderbundskrieg appears compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century , it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland .	the Sonderbundskrieg	What was the name of the Swiss civil war in 1839 ?
Yet however minor the Sonderbundskrieg appears compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century , it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland .	major	How big was the impact the Sonderbundskrieg had on the psychology and society of the Swiss and Switzerland ?
The war lasted for less than a month , causing fewer than 100 casualties , most of which were through friendly fire .	friendly fire	What was responsible for most of the 1100 casualties incurred during the Swiss civil war in 1839 ?
The war lasted for less than a month , causing fewer than 100 casualties , most of which were through friendly fire .	less than a month	How long did the Swiss civil war in 1839 last ?
Thus , while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings , the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout , much of it inspired by the American example .	American	What example inspired much of a new Swiss constitution providing for a federal layout ?
This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues .	local issues	Under the new Swiss constitution , what did the cantons have the right to self-govern ?
Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons -LRB- the Sonderbund Kantone -RRB- , the national assembly was divided between an upper house -LRB- the Council of States , two representatives per canton -RRB- and a lower house -LRB- the National Council , with representatives elected from across the country -RRB- .	two	How many houses was the Swiss national assembly divided into ?
Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons -LRB- the Sonderbund Kantone -RRB- , the national assembly was divided between an upper house -LRB- the Council of States , two representatives per canton -RRB- and a lower house -LRB- the National Council , with representatives elected from across the country -RRB- .	Council of States	What was the name of the upper house , which included 2 representatives from each canton ?
Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons -LRB- the Sonderbund Kantone -RRB- , the national assembly was divided between an upper house -LRB- the Council of States , two representatives per canton -RRB- and a lower house -LRB- the National Council , with representatives elected from across the country -RRB- .	National Council	What was the name of the lower house , whose representatives were elected throughout the country ?
During World War II , detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans , but Switzerland was never attacked .	World War II	Though invasion plans were drawn up the the Germans , which war did Switzerland escape attack during ?
Under General Henri Guisan central command , a general mobilisation of the armed forces was ordered .	General Henri Guisan	Who was the head of the Swiss central command during World War II ?
Under General Henri Guisan central command , a general mobilisation of the armed forces was ordered .	armed forces	What did General Henry Guisan order a general mobilisation of during World War II ?
The Swiss military strategy was changed from one of static defence at the borders to protect the economic heartland , to one of organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong , well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps known as the Reduit .	protect the economic heartland	What was the original goal of the Swiss military strategy ?
The Swiss military strategy was changed from one of static defence at the borders to protect the economic heartland , to one of organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong , well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps known as the Reduit .	strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps	What were the Reduit ?
Switzerland 's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis .	by both the Allies and by the Axis	Who blockaded Switzerland 's trade during World War II ?
Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942 , leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis .	a crucial rail link through Vichy France	What was severed in 1942 , leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis ?
Over the course of the war , Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross , based in Geneva , played an important part during the conflict .	over 300,000	How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II ?
Strict immigration and asylum policies as well as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy , but not until the end of the 20th century .	end of the 20th century	When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy ?
Over the course of the war , Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross , based in Geneva , played an important part during the conflict .	Geneva	Where was the International Red Cross based ?
Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote .	women	Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic ?
Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959 , while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and , after resistance , in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden -LRB- one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde -RRB- in 1990 .	1971	When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level ?
After obtaining suffrage at the federal level , women quickly rose in political significance , with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp , who served from 1984 -- 1989 , and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999 .	Elisabeth Kopp	Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council ?
After obtaining suffrage at the federal level , women quickly rose in political significance , with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp , who served from 1984 -- 1989 , and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999 .	1999	In what year did Ruth Dreifuss become president ?
After obtaining suffrage at the federal level , women quickly rose in political significance , with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp , who served from 1984 -- 1989 , and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999 .	Ruth Dreifuss	Who was Switzerland 's first female president ?
In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations , leaving the Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership .	2002	In what year did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations ?
On 5 June 2005 , Swiss voters agreed by a 55 % majority to join the Schengen treaty , a result that was regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland , a country that is traditionally perceived as independent and reluctant to enter supranational bodies .	Schengen treaty	What did Swiss voters agree to join on June 5 , 2005 ?
On 5 June 2005 , Swiss voters agreed by a 55 % majority to join the Schengen treaty , a result that was regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland , a country that is traditionally perceived as independent and reluctant to enter supranational bodies .	55%	What percentage of Swiss voters voted to join the Schengen treaty ?
Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA , but is not a member of the European Economic Area .	European Economic Area	Though Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA , what are they not a member of ?
Switzerland , together with Liechtenstein , has been completely surrounded by the EU since Austria 's entry in 1995 .	the EU	What has completely surrounded Switzerland and Liechtenstein since 1995 ?
Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe , Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of 41,285 square kilometres -LRB- 15,940 sq mi -RRB- .	41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi)	How large is Switzerland ?
The population is about 8 million , resulting in an average population density of around 195 people per square kilometre -LRB- 500/sq mi -RRB- .	195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi)	What is the average population density of Switzerland ?
In the largest Canton of Graubünden , lying entirely in the Alps , population density falls to 27 / km ² -LRB- 70 / sq mi -RRB- .	27 /km² (70 /sq mi)	What is the population density of the largest Canton of Graubunden , located in the Alps ?
The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half .	southern	Which half of Switzerland is more mountainous ?
Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe , Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of 41,285 square kilometres -LRB- 15,940 sq mi -RRB- .	Alps	Which mountain range does Switzerland extend over on both the north and south sides ?
It contains three basic topographical areas : the Swiss Alps to the south , the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau , and the Jura mountains on the west .	Swiss Alps	Which basic topographical area is in the south of Switzerland ?
The majority of the Swiss population live in the Swiss Plateau .	Swiss Plateau	Which basic topographical area is in central Switzerland ?
It contains three basic topographical areas : the Swiss Alps to the south , the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau , and the Jura mountains on the west .	Jura mountains	Which basic topographical area is in western Switzerland ?
The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country , comprising about 60 % of the country 's total area .	60%	How much of Switzerland 's total area do the Alps comprise ?
Lake Constance is the second largest Swiss lake and , like the Lake Geneva , an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border to Austria and Germany .	Lake Geneva	What is the largest lake in Switzerland ?
At 4,634 m -LRB- 15,203 ft -RRB- , Monte Rosa is the highest , although the Matterhorn -LRB- 4,478 m or 14,692 ft -RRB- is often regarded as the most famous .	Monte Rosa	What is the highest mountain in Switzerland ?
At 4,634 m -LRB- 15,203 ft -RRB- , Monte Rosa is the highest , although the Matterhorn -LRB- 4,478 m or 14,692 ft -RRB- is often regarded as the most famous .	Matterhorn	What is often regarded as the most famous mountain in Switzerland ?
48 of Switzerland 's mountains are 4,000 metres -LRB- 13,000 ft -RRB- above sea in altitude or higher .	48	How many of Switzerland 's mountains are at least 4000 meters above sea level ?
Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais .	Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais	Where are both Monte Rosa and Matterhorn located ?
The Swiss climate is generally temperate , but can vary greatly between the localities , from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the often pleasant near Mediterranean climate at Switzerland 's southern tip .	mountaintops	Where are Switzerland 's glacial conditions located ?
Summers tend to be warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall so they are ideal for pastures and grazing .	warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall	What is typical weather in Switzerland during the summer months ?
The less humid winters in the mountains may see long intervals of stable conditions for weeks , while the lower lands tend to suffer from inversion , during these periods , thus seeing no sun for weeks .	sun	What can the lower lands , suffering from inversion , sometimes lack for weeks ?
The Swiss climate is generally temperate , but can vary greatly between the localities , from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the often pleasant near Mediterranean climate at Switzerland 's southern tip .	Mediterranean	What is the climate on Switzerland 's southern tip ?
A weather phenomenon known as the föhn -LRB- with an identical effect to the chinook wind -RRB- can occur at all times of the year and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind , bringing air of very low relative humidity to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the southern face of the Alps .	föhn	What is the weather phenomena characterized by an unexpected warm wind bringing low reletive humidity to the northern Alps during rainfall in the southern Alps ?
A weather phenomenon known as the föhn -LRB- with an identical effect to the chinook wind -RRB- can occur at all times of the year and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind , bringing air of very low relative humidity to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the southern face of the Alps .	all times	At what time of year can the fohn occur ?
The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas .	crossing the mountains	Where do clouds lose most of their content before getting to the inner alpine valleys ?
Large alpine areas such as Graubünden remain drier than pre-alpine areas and as in the main valley of the Valais wine grapes are grown there .	wine	What type of grapes are grown in the valley of Valais ?
This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind from the south .	the south	During the fohn , from which direction is the blowing wind more efficient ?
Nevertheless , according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index , Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment , due to its high scores on environmental public health , its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy -LRB- hydropower and geothermal energy -RRB- , and its control of greenhouse gas emissions .	first among 132 nations	What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index ?
The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable , with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes , and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing .	plants not found at other altitudes	What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile ?
The climatic , geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change .	climate change	What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to ?
Nevertheless , according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index , Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment , due to its high scores on environmental public health , its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy -LRB- hydropower and geothermal energy -RRB- , and its control of greenhouse gas emissions .	renewable	What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on ?
The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of the modern federal state .	1848	When was Switzerland 's Federal Constitution adopted ?
A new Constitution was adopted in 1999 , but did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure .	1999	When was a new Constitution adopted in Switzerland ?
There are three main governing bodies on the federal level : the bicameral parliament -LRB- legislative -RRB- , the Federal Council -LRB- executive -RRB- and the Federal Court -LRB- judicial -RRB- .	three	How many main governing bodies are on the federal level in Switzerland ?
There are three main governing bodies on the federal level : the bicameral parliament -LRB- legislative -RRB- , the Federal Council -LRB- executive -RRB- and the Federal Court -LRB- judicial -RRB- .	bicameral parliament	What is the legislative body of the Swiss government called ?
There are three main governing bodies on the federal level : the bicameral parliament -LRB- legislative -RRB- , the Federal Council -LRB- executive -RRB- and the Federal Court -LRB- judicial -RRB- .	Federal Council	What is the executive body of the Swiss government called ?
The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses : the Council of States which has 46 representatives -LRB- two from each canton and one from each half-canton -RRB- who are elected under a system determined by each canton , and the National Council , which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation , depending on the population of each canton .	200	How many members are on the National Council ?
Members of both houses serve for 4 years .	4 years	How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve ?
When both houses are in joint session , they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly .	Federal Assembly	What are both houses of the Swiss Parliament collectively known as when both are in joint session ?
Through referendums , citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and through initiatives , introduce amendments to the federal constitution , thus making Switzerland a direct democracy .	referendums	What can citizens use to challenge any law passed by Parliament ?
Through referendums , citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and through initiatives , introduce amendments to the federal constitution , thus making Switzerland a direct democracy .	initiatives	What can citizens use to introduce amendments to the federal constitution ?
The Federal Council constitutes the federal government , directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State .	The Federal Council	What serves as the collective Head of State ?
It is a collegial body of seven members , elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council .	seven	How many members are in the Federal Council ?
It is a collegial body of seven members , elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council .	Federal Assembly	Who elects the members of the Federal Council ?
The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members , traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term ; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions .	one-year	What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation ?
The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members , traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term ; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions .	the Assembly	Who elects the President of the Confederation from its 7 members ?
Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions : the commune , canton and federal levels .	three	How many legal jurisdictions are Swiss citizens subject to ?
Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions : the commune , canton and federal levels .	commune, canton and federal levels	What are the legal jurisdictions that Swiss citizens are subject to ?
The 1848 federal constitution defines a system of direct democracy -LRB- sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it is aided by the more commonplace institutions of a representative democracy -RRB- .	direct	What type of democracy was defined in the 1848 federal constitution ?
The instruments of this system at the federal level , known as civic rights -LRB- Volksrechte , droits civiques -RRB- , include the right to submit a constitutional initiative and a referendum , both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions .	a constitutional initiative and a referendum	What two things do citizens have the right to submit to overturn parliamentary decisions ?
Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system .	Direct democracy and federalism	What are the two hallmarks of the Swiss political system ?
Similarly , the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote , if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months .	100,000	How many voters are needed to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote ?
Similarly , the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote , if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months .	18 months	How long do citizens have to collect enough votes for a national vote on a constitutional amendment ?
-LSB- note 8 -RSB- Parliament can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal , and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballot in case both proposals are accepted .	a counter-proposal	What can Parliament supplement the amendment proposed by the citizens with ?
-LSB- note 8 -RSB- Parliament can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal , and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballot in case both proposals are accepted .	indicate a preference	What must voters do on the ballot when Parliament adds a supplement ?
Constitutional amendments , whether introduced by initiative or in Parliament , must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular votes .	a double majority	How much of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular vote is needed to pass a constitutional amendment ?
Under the Federal Constitution , all 26 cantons are equal in status .	all 26	According to the Federal Constitution , how many cantons are equal in status ?
However , there are considerable differences between the individual cantons , most particularly in terms of population and geographical area .	population and geographical area	What are the two major differences between cantons ?
Their populations vary between 15,000 -LRB- Appenzell Innerrhoden -RRB- and 1,253,500 -LRB- Zürich -RRB- , and their area between 37 km2 -LRB- 14 sq mi -RRB- -LRB- Basel-Stadt -RRB- and 7,105 km2 -LRB- 2,743 sq mi -RRB- -LRB- Graubünden -RRB- .	1,253,500 (Zürich)	What is the population of the largest canton ?
Their populations vary between 15,000 -LRB- Appenzell Innerrhoden -RRB- and 1,253,500 -LRB- Zürich -RRB- , and their area between 37 km2 -LRB- 14 sq mi -RRB- -LRB- Basel-Stadt -RRB- and 7,105 km2 -LRB- 2,743 sq mi -RRB- -LRB- Graubünden -RRB- .	15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden)	What is the population of the smallest canton ?
Their populations vary between 15,000 -LRB- Appenzell Innerrhoden -RRB- and 1,253,500 -LRB- Zürich -RRB- , and their area between 37 km2 -LRB- 14 sq mi -RRB- -LRB- Basel-Stadt -RRB- and 7,105 km2 -LRB- 2,743 sq mi -RRB- -LRB- Graubünden -RRB- .	37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt)	How large is the smallest canton ?
Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 .	Congress of Vienna in 1815	When was Switzerland 's policy of neutrality internationally recognized ?
Only in 2002 did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations and it was the first state to join it by referendum .	referendum	What was Switzerland the first state to join the U.N. by ?
Switzerland is not a member of the European Union ; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s .	European Union	What have the Swiss people continually rejected membership in since the 1990 's ?
Traditionally , Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military , political , or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515 .	since the end of its expansion in 1515	How long has Switzerland traditionally been neutral ?
Traditionally , Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military , political , or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515 .	avoids	How does Switzerland treat alliances that might entail military or political action ?
Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and , since 2006 , hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council .	since 2006	How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council ?
Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations , the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York , and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations .	Palace of Nations in Geneva	What is the second biggest centre for the U.N. ?
Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and , since 2006 , hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council .	Geneva	Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin ?
Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations , the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York , and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations .	Switzerland	Where is the League of Nations located ?
Apart from the United Nations headquarters , the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies , like the World Health Organization -LRB- WHO -RRB- , the International Labour Organization -LRB- ILO -RRB- , the International Telecommunication Union -LRB- ITU -RRB- , the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees -LRB- UNHCR -RRB- and about 200 other international organisations , including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization .	Swiss Confederation	Besides the U.N. Headquarters , who hosts many U.N. agencies ?
Apart from the United Nations headquarters , the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies , like the World Health Organization -LRB- WHO -RRB- , the International Labour Organization -LRB- ILO -RRB- , the International Telecommunication Union -LRB- ITU -RRB- , the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees -LRB- UNHCR -RRB- and about 200 other international organisations , including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization .	International Labour Organization	What does the ILO stand for ?
The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world , including health and the environment .	important issues facing the world, including health and the environment	What is disucussed at the World Economic Forum in Davos ?
Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements -LRB- BIS -RRB- are located in Basel since 1930 .	Bank for International Settlements	What does BIS stand for ?
Apart from the United Nations headquarters , the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies , like the World Health Organization -LRB- WHO -RRB- , the International Labour Organization -LRB- ILO -RRB- , the International Telecommunication Union -LRB- ITU -RRB- , the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees -LRB- UNHCR -RRB- and about 200 other international organisations , including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization .	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	What does UNHCR stand for ?
The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment , including all personal weapons , at home .	at home	Where do Swiss militia keep their Army issued equipment ?
Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens ; women can serve voluntarily .	all male Swiss citizens	Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland ?
Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens ; women can serve voluntarily .	women	Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily ?
The reform `` Army XXI '' was adopted by popular vote in 2003 , it replaced the previous model `` Army 95 '' , reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000 .	Army XXI	What replaced Army 95 in 2003 ?
Of those , 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves .	120,000	In Army XXI , how many are active in periodic army training ?
It has the world 's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity .	nineteenth largest	How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by nominal GDP ?
It has the world 's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity .	thirty-sixth largest	How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by purchasing power parity ?
If adjusted for purchasing power parity , Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita , according to the World Bank and IMF -LRB- ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook -RRB- .	8th in the world	What ranking does Switzerland hold in terms of GDP per capita , adjusting for purchasing power , according to the World Bank ?
Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010 , while also providing large coverage through public services .	highest European rating	Which rating was assigned to Switzerland by the Index of Economic Freedom of 2010 ?
The World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland 's economy as the most competitive in the world , while ranked by the European Union as Europe 's most innovative country .	the most competitive in the world	What did the World Economic Forum 's Global Competetiveness Report Rank Switzerland 's economy as ?
In 2007 the gross median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity while the median income was 95,824 USD .	137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity	What was the gross median estimate of household income in Switzerland in 2007 ?
In 2007 the gross median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity while the median income was 95,824 USD .	95,824 USD	What was Switzerland 's median income in 2007 ?
The World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland 's economy as the most competitive in the world , while ranked by the European Union as Europe 's most innovative country .	Europe's most innovative country	How did the European Union rank Switzerland 's economy ?
Switzerland 's most important economic sector is manufacturing .	manufacturing	What is Switzerland 's most important economic sector ?
The largest exported goods are chemicals -LRB- 34 % of exported goods -RRB- , machines/electronics -LRB- 20.9 % -RRB- , and precision instruments/watches -LRB- 16.9 % -RRB- .	chemicals	What accounts for 34 % of Switzerland 's exported goods ?
The largest exported goods are chemicals -LRB- 34 % of exported goods -RRB- , machines/electronics -LRB- 20.9 % -RRB- , and precision instruments/watches -LRB- 16.9 % -RRB- .	machines/electronics	What accounts for 20.9 % of Switzerland 's exported goods ?
The largest exported goods are chemicals -LRB- 34 % of exported goods -RRB- , machines/electronics -LRB- 20.9 % -RRB- , and precision instruments/watches -LRB- 16.9 % -RRB- .	precision instruments/watches	What accounts for 16.9 % of Switzerland 's exported goods ?
Exported services amount to a third of exports .	a third	What percentage of exports are exported services ?
Around 3.8 million people work in Switzerland ; about 25 % of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004 .	about 25%	What percentage of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004 ?
Around 3.8 million people work in Switzerland ; about 25 % of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004 .	Around 3.8 million	How many people work in Switzerland ?
The unemployment rate is 3.2 % in 2014 .	3.2%	What was the unemployment rate in Switzerland in 2014 ?
The foreign citizen population was 21.8 % in 2004 , about the same as in Australia .	21.8%	What was the foreign citizen population percentage in Switzerland in 2014 ?
The unemployment rate increased from a low of 1.7 % in June 2000 to a peak of 4.4 % in December 2009 .	4.4%	What was the peak unemployment rate reached in December , 2009 ?
Switzerland is a relatively easy place to do business , currently ranking 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index .	20th	How is Switzerland ranked of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index ?
According to Credit Suisse , only about 37 % of residents own their own homes , one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe .	about 37%	According to Credit Suisse , what percentage of residents own their homes ?
Switzerland has an overwhelmingly private sector economy and low tax rates by Western World standards ; overall taxation is one of the smallest of developed countries .	low	How do Switzerland 's tax rates compare by Western World standards ?
The Swiss Federal budget had a size of 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010 , which is an equivalent 11.35 % of the country 's GDP in that year ; however , the regional -LRB- canton -RRB- budgets and the budgets of the municipalities are not counted as part of the federal budget and the total rate of government spending is closer to 33.8 % of GDP .	62.8 billion Swiss francs	What size was the Swiss Federal budget in 2010 ?
The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax -LRB- 33 % -RRB- and the direct federal tax -LRB- 29 % -RRB- and the main expenditure is located in the areas of social welfare and finance & tax .	value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%)	What are the two main sources of income for the federal government ?
While the sectors social welfare and finance & tax have been growing from 35 % in 1990 to 48.2 % in 2010 , a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in the sectors of agriculture and national defense ; from 26.5 % in to 12.4 % -LRB- estimation for the year 2015 -RRB- .	social welfare and finance & tax	Which sectors are the main source of expenditures for the federal government ?
While the sectors social welfare and finance & tax have been growing from 35 % in 1990 to 48.2 % in 2010 , a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in the sectors of agriculture and national defense ; from 26.5 % in to 12.4 % -LRB- estimation for the year 2015 -RRB- .	agriculture and national defense	Which sectors have experienced a reduction in federal government expenditures ?
While the sectors social welfare and finance & tax have been growing from 35 % in 1990 to 48.2 % in 2010 , a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in the sectors of agriculture and national defense ; from 26.5 % in to 12.4 % -LRB- estimation for the year 2015 -RRB- .	from 26.5% in to 12.4%	How much were expenditures estimated to be cut in agriculture and national defense in 2015 ?
Agricultural protectionism -- a rare exception to Switzerland 's free trade policies -- has contributed to high food prices .	Agricultural protectionism	What has contributed to high food prices in Switzerland ?
Apart from agriculture , economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal and Switzerland has free trade agreements worldwide .	free	What type of trade agreements does Switzerland have worldwide ?
Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association -LRB- EFTA -RRB- .	European Free Trade Association	What is the EFTA ?
Nevertheless , domestic purchasing power is one of the best in the world .	one of the best	What is Switzerland 's world ranking in domestic purchasing power ?
Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD .	Product market liberalisation	According to the OECD , what is Switzerland lagging behind many EU countries in ?
Education in Switzerland is very diverse because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system to the cantons .	the cantons	Who has authority of school systems in Switzerland ?
The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons , but most cantons provide a free `` children 's school '' starting at four or five years old .	six	What is the minimum age for primary school in all cantons ?
The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons , but most cantons provide a free `` children 's school '' starting at four or five years old .	children's school	What do most cantons provide for free when children are 4 or 5 years old ?
Traditionally , the first foreign language in school was always one of the other national languages , although recently -LRB- 2000 -RRB- English was introduced first in a few cantons .	2000	When was English introduced as a first foreign language in many cantons ?
Primary school continues until grade four , five or six , depending on the school .	until grade four, five or six	How long does primary school continue ?
There are 12 universities in Switzerland , ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects .	12	How many universities are in Switzerland ?
There are 12 universities in Switzerland , ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects .	ten	How many of the 12 Swiss universities are maintained at the cantonal level ?
The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 in Basel -LRB- with a faculty of medicine -RRB- and has a tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland .	1460	When was the first university in Switzerland founded ?
The biggest university in Switzerland is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students .	University of Zurich	What is the biggest university in Switzerland ?
The biggest university in Switzerland is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students .	nearly 25,000	How many students attend the University of Zurich ?
Many Nobel prizes have been awarded to Swiss scientists , for example to the world-famous physicist Albert Einstein in the field of physics who developed his Special relativity while working in Bern .	Albert Einstein	What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern ?
In total , 113 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland -LSB- note 11 -RSB- and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland .	113	How many total Nobel prizes were awarded to Swiss scientists ?
In total , 113 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland -LSB- note 11 -RSB- and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland .	nine	How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland ?
Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world 's largest laboratory , CERN , dedicated to particle physics research .	CERN	What is the world 's largest laboratory ?
Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world 's largest laboratory , CERN , dedicated to particle physics research .	Geneva	Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain ?
Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world 's largest laboratory , CERN , dedicated to particle physics research .	particle physics	What research is CERN dedicated to ?
Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide -LRB- LSD -RRB- , the scanning tunneling microscope -LRB- Nobel prize -RRB- and Velcro .	scanning tunneling microscope	What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize ?
Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurized balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world 's oceans .	Auguste Piccard	Who invented the pressurized balloon ?
Switzerland voted against membership in the European Economic Area in a referendum in December 1992 and has since maintained and developed its relationships with the European Union -LRB- EU -RRB- and European countries through bilateral agreements .	through bilateral agreements	How has Switzerland maintained its relationships with the EU ?
In March 2001 , the Swiss people refused in a popular vote to start accession negotiations with the EU .	the EU	In recent years , what have the Swiss brought their economic practices into conformity with ?
In recent years , the Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU in many ways , in an effort to enhance their international competitiveness .	international competitiveness	What have the Swiss tried to enhance by conforming to EU economic practices ?
The economy grew at 3 % in 2010 , 1.9 % in 2011 , and 1 % in 2012 .	3%	How much did the Swiss economy grow in 2010 ?
Full EU membership is a long-term objective of some in the Swiss government , but there is considerable popular sentiment against this supported by the conservative SVP party .	SVP party	Which conservative party is popularly against joining the EU ?
To minimise the negative consequences of Switzerland 's isolation from the rest of Europe , Bern and Brussels signed seven bilateral agreements to further liberalise trade ties .	seven	How many bilateral agreements did Bern and Brussels sign to further liberalise trade ties ?
This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons .	free movement of persons	What was included in the first series of bilateral agreements pertaining to people ?
A second series covering nine areas was signed in 2004 and has since been ratified , which includes the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention besides others .	2004	When was a second series of 9 bilateral agreements signed ?
A second series covering nine areas was signed in 2004 and has since been ratified , which includes the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention besides others .	has since been ratified	What has since happened to the second series of bilateral agreements ?
To minimise the negative consequences of Switzerland 's isolation from the rest of Europe , Bern and Brussels signed seven bilateral agreements to further liberalise trade ties .	Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe	What were the original bilateral agreements meant to minimize the negative consequences of ?
In 2006 , Switzerland approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in the poorer Southern and Central European countries in support of cooperation and positive ties to the EU as a whole .	poorer Southern and Central European countries	In 2006 , what did Switzerland approve 1 billion francs of supportive investment for ?
The Swiss have also been under EU and sometimes international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and to raise tax rates to parity with the EU .	secrecy	What have the Swiss been under EU and national pressure to reduce in terms of banking ?
The Swiss have also been under EU and sometimes international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and to raise tax rates to parity with the EU .	raise tax rates to parity with the EU	What have the Swiss been under pressure from the EU to do in terms of tax rates ?
On 9 February 2014 , Swiss voters narrowly approved by 50.3 % a ballot initiative launched by the national conservative Swiss People 's Party -LRB- SVP/UDC -RRB- to restrict immigration , and thus reintroducing a quota system on the influx of foreigners .	immigration	In February of 2014 , what did Swiss voters narrowly approve to restrict ?
On 9 February 2014 , Swiss voters narrowly approved by 50.3 % a ballot initiative launched by the national conservative Swiss People 's Party -LRB- SVP/UDC -RRB- to restrict immigration , and thus reintroducing a quota system on the influx of foreigners .	a quota system	What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014 ?
This initiative was mostly backed by rural -LRB- 57.6 % approvals -RRB- , suburban -LRB- 51.2 % approvals -RRB- , and isolated cities -LRB- 51.3 % approvals -RRB- of Switzerland as well as by a strong majority -LRB- 69.2 % approval -RRB- in the canton of Ticino , while metropolitan centres -LRB- 58.5 % rejection -RRB- and the French-speaking part -LRB- 58.5 % rejection -RRB- of Switzerland rather rejected it .	metropolitan	Which centres of Switzerland mostly rejected the quota system for foreigners ?
This initiative was mostly backed by rural -LRB- 57.6 % approvals -RRB- , suburban -LRB- 51.2 % approvals -RRB- , and isolated cities -LRB- 51.3 % approvals -RRB- of Switzerland as well as by a strong majority -LRB- 69.2 % approval -RRB- in the canton of Ticino , while metropolitan centres -LRB- 58.5 % rejection -RRB- and the French-speaking part -LRB- 58.5 % rejection -RRB- of Switzerland rather rejected it .	58.5%	What was the rejection rate of the quota system by the French speaking part of Switzerland ?
Some news commentators claim that this proposal de facto contradicts the bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons from these respective countries .	bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons	What do some news commentators claim is violated by the restricted immigration proposal ?
The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a citizens ' initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5 % Yes vs. 45.5 % No votes .	a citizens' initiative	What was the former 10-year moratorium on the construction of nuclear plants the result of ?
Plans for a new nuclear plant in the Canton of Bern have been put on hold after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011 .	Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011	What accident caused the delay in plans for the new nuclear power plant in Bern ?
The Swiss Federal Office of Energy -LRB- SFOE -RRB- is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment , Transport , Energy and Communications -LRB- DETEC -RRB- .	Swiss Federal Office of Energy	What does SFOE stand for ?
The Swiss Federal Office of Energy -LRB- SFOE -RRB- is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment , Transport , Energy and Communications -LRB- DETEC -RRB- .	Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications	What does DETEC stand for ?
The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation 's energy use by more than half by the year 2050 .	the nation's energy use	What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050 ?
On 25 May 2011 the Swiss government announced that it plans to end its use of nuclear energy in the next 2 or 3 decades .	2 or 3 decades	In 2011 , what time frame did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy ?
`` The government has voted for a phaseout because we want to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy '' , Energy Minister Doris Leuthard said that day at a press conference in Bern .	to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy	What reason did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy ?
The first reactor would reportedly be taken offline in 2019 and the last one in 2034 .	2019	When is Switzerland 's first nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline ?
The first reactor would reportedly be taken offline in 2019 and the last one in 2034 .	2034	When is Switzerland 's last nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline ?
`` The government has voted for a phaseout because we want to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy '' , Energy Minister Doris Leuthard said that day at a press conference in Bern .	Energy Minister	Who is the Doris Leuthard ?
The most dense rail network in Europe of 5,063 km -LRB- 3,146 mi -RRB- carries over 350 million passengers annually .	over 350 million	How many passengers does the most dense rail network in Europe carry annualy ?
In 2007 , each Swiss citizen travelled on average 2,258 km -LRB- 1,403 mi -RRB- by rail , which makes them the keenest rail users .	2,258	In 2007 , what was the average amount of km 's travelled by eacg Swiss citizens on the rails ?
The network is administered mainly by the Federal Railways , except in Graubünden , where the 366 km -LRB- 227 mi -RRB- narrow gauge railway is operated by the Rhaetian Railways and includes some World Heritage lines .	Federal Railways	Who mainly administers the Swiss railway system ?
The building of new railway base tunnels through the Alps is under way to reduce the time of travel between north and south through the AlpTransit project .	north and south	What is the Alp-Transit project designed to reduce the time of travel between ?
The building of new railway base tunnels through the Alps is under way to reduce the time of travel between north and south through the AlpTransit project .	the Alps	Under which mountains are the railway tunnels being built for the Alp-Transit project ?
Swiss private-public managed road network is funded by road tolls and vehicle taxes .	road tolls and vehicle taxes	What is the Swiss private-public managed road network funded by ?
The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the purchase of a vignette -LRB- toll sticker -RRB- -- which costs 40 Swiss francs -- for one calendar year in order to use its roadways , for both passenger cars and trucks .	40 Swiss francs	How much does the Swiss autoroute network charge for a toll sticker to use Swiss roadways for a year ?
Zürich Airport is Switzerland 's largest international flight gateway , which handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012 .	Zürich	Which airport is Switzerland 's largest international flight gateway ?
Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland .	Swiss International Air Lines	What is the name of the flag airline carrier in Switzerland ?
Zürich Airport is Switzerland 's largest international flight gateway , which handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012 .	22.8 million	How many passengers used the Zurich airport in 2012 ?
Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among nations in the developed world ; it was one of the countries to sign the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 and ratified it in 2003 .	1998	When did Switzerland sign the Kyoto Protocol ?
Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among nations in the developed world ; it was one of the countries to sign the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 and ratified it in 2003 .	2003	When did Switzerland ratify the Kyoto Protocol
With Mexico and the Republic of Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group -LRB- EIG -RRB- .	Environmental Integrity Group (EIG)	What was formed by Switzerland , Mexico , and the Republic of Korea ?
The country is heavily active in recycling and anti-littering regulations and is one of the top recyclers in the world , with 66 % to 96 % of recyclable materials being recycled , depending on the area of the country .	66% to 96%	What percentage of recyclable materials are being recycled in Switzerland ?
The 2014 Global Green Economy Index ranked Switzerland among the top 10 green economies in the world .	among the top 10 green economies in the world	How did the 2010 Global Green Economy Index rank Switzerland ?
Rubbish -LRB- except dangerous items , batteries etc. -RRB- is only collected if it is in bags which either have a payment sticker attached , or in official bags with the surcharge paid at the time of purchase .	Rubbish	What does Switzerland charge for the disposal of in order to encourage recycling ?
Fines for not paying the disposal fee range from CHF 200 -- 500 .	from CHF 200–500	What are the fines for not paying the rubbish disposal fee ?
This gives a financial incentive to recycle as much as possible , since recycling is free .	free	What is the charge for recycling in Switzerland ?
In 2012 , resident foreigners made up 23.3 % of the population .	23.3%	In 2010 , what percentage of the population was made up of foreigners ?
Italians were the largest single group of foreigners with 15.6 % of total foreign population .	Italians	Who were the largest single group of foreigners in 2010 ?
Additionally , the figures from 2012 show that 34.7 % of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over in Switzerland , i.e. 2,335,000 persons , had an immigrant background .	34.7%	What percentage of the population aged 15 and over were shown to have an immigrant background as of 2012 ?
Four fifths of persons with an immigration background were themselves immigrants -LRB- first generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens -RRB- , whereas one fifth were born in Switzerland -LRB- second generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens -RRB- .	one fifth	What percentage of the immigrants were born in Switzerland as of 2012 ?
In the 2000s , domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what they perceived as an increase in xenophobia , particularly in some political campaigns .	increase in xenophobia	In the 2000 's , what was the concern perceived toward immigrants by institutions ?
Switzerland has four official languages : principally German -LRB- 63.5 % total population share , with foreign residents , in 2013 -RRB- ; French -LRB- 22.5 % -RRB- in the west ; and Italian -LRB- 8.1 % -RRB- in the south .	four	How many official languages does Switzerland have ?
Switzerland has four official languages : principally German -LRB- 63.5 % total population share , with foreign residents , in 2013 -RRB- ; French -LRB- 22.5 % -RRB- in the west ; and Italian -LRB- 8.1 % -RRB- in the south .	German	What is the principal official language in Switzerland ?
Switzerland has four official languages : principally German -LRB- 63.5 % total population share , with foreign residents , in 2013 -RRB- ; French -LRB- 22.5 % -RRB- in the west ; and Italian -LRB- 8.1 % -RRB- in the south .	French	What is the principal official language in the western part of Switzerland ?
Switzerland has four official languages : principally German -LRB- 63.5 % total population share , with foreign residents , in 2013 -RRB- ; French -LRB- 22.5 % -RRB- in the west ; and Italian -LRB- 8.1 % -RRB- in the south .	Italian	What is the principal official language in the southern part of Switzerland ?
The fourth official language , Romansh -LRB- 0.5 % -RRB- , is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Graubünden , and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German , French , and Italian , and in Article 70 as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh .	Romansh	What is the least popular official language of Switzerland ?
Aside from the official forms of their respective languages , the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have their local dialectal forms .	four	How many linguistic regions of Switzerland have their own form of local dialect ?
The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically : in the German-speaking regions , Swiss German dialects have become ever more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century , especially in the media , such as radio and television , and are used as an everyday language , while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication -LRB- c.f. diglossic usage of a language -RRB- .	Swiss German	What dialect is increasing in German speaking regions ?
Conversely , in the French-speaking regions the local dialects have almost disappeared -LRB- only 6.3 % of the population of Valais , 3.9 % of Fribourg , and 3.1 % of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century -RRB- , while in the Italian-speaking regions dialects are mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation .	have almost disappeared	What has happened to the local dialects in the French speaking regions ?
Conversely , in the French-speaking regions the local dialects have almost disappeared -LRB- only 6.3 % of the population of Valais , 3.9 % of Fribourg , and 3.1 % of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century -RRB- , while in the Italian-speaking regions dialects are mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation .	family settings and casual conversation	Where do dialects tend to be limited to in the Italian speaking regions ?
The principal official languages -LRB- German , French , and Italian -RRB- have terms , not used outside of Switzerland , known as Helvetisms .	Helvetisms	What are terms that are not used outside of Switzerland known as ?
The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary , phrases , and pronunciation , but certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography likewise .	vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation	Where are the most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms found ?
Current French dictionaries , such as the Petit Larousse , include several hundred Helvetisms .	Helvetisms	What do current French dictionaries include several hundred of ?
Swiss citizens are universally required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies , which in turn are required to accept every applicant .	private insurance companies	Who are Swiss citizens required to buy health insurance from ?
Swiss citizens are universally required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies , which in turn are required to accept every applicant .	every applicant	Who are private insurance companies required to accept ?
In 2012 , life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women -- the highest in the world .	highest	In 2012 , what was Switzerland 's world ranking for life expectancy in 2012 ?
With an ageing population and new healthcare technologies , health spending will likely continue to rise .	ageing	What population will cause health spending to likely rise in the future ?
From 1990 , a steady increase can be observed , reflecting the high costs of the services provided .	high costs of the services provided	What do new high tech healthcare technologies translate to ?
Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas .	Between two thirds and three quarters	How much of the Swiss population live in urban areas ?
However , from the beginning of the 21st century , the population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside .	higher	From the beginning of the 21st century , how does the population growth in urban areas compare to the countryside ?
Switzerland has gone from a largely rural country to an urban one in just 70 years .	70	How many years did it take Switzerland to go from a largely urban country to a rural one ?
The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape continually shows signs of human presence .	450 people per km2	What is the population density of the plateau ?
In addition the two main centers of Zürich and Geneva are recognized for their particularly great quality of life .	Zürich and Geneva	Which 2 centers are recognized for their particularly great quality of life ?
The weight of the largest metropolitan areas , which are Zürich , Geneva -- Lausanne , Basel and Bern tend to increase .	increase	What does the weight of the largest metropolitan areas tend to do ?
Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland -LRB- about 71 % of resident population and 75 % of Swiss citizens -RRB- , divided between the Catholic Church -LRB- 38.21 % of the population -RRB- , the Swiss Reformed Church -LRB- 26.93 % -RRB- , further Protestant churches -LRB- 2.89 % -RRB- and other Christian denominations -LRB- 2.79 % -RRB- .	Christianity	What is the predominant religion of Switzerland ?
Immigration has brought Islam -LRB- 4.95 % -RRB- and Eastern Orthodoxy -LRB- around 2 % -RRB- as sizeable minority religions .	Islam	What religion has immigration brought by 4.95 % ?
Immigration has brought Islam -LRB- 4.95 % -RRB- and Eastern Orthodoxy -LRB- around 2 % -RRB- as sizeable minority religions .	Eastern Orthodoxy	What religion has immigration brought by 2 % ?
According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International , 12 % of Swiss people self-identified as `` convinced atheists . ''	12%	According to a 2015 Gallup Poll , what percentage of Swiss people are convinced atheists ?
Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland -LRB- about 71 % of resident population and 75 % of Swiss citizens -RRB- , divided between the Catholic Church -LRB- 38.21 % of the population -RRB- , the Swiss Reformed Church -LRB- 26.93 % -RRB- , further Protestant churches -LRB- 2.89 % -RRB- and other Christian denominations -LRB- 2.79 % -RRB- .	38.21%	What percentage of the Christian population is Catholic ?
21.4 % in 2012 declared themselves as unchurched i.e. not affiliated with any church or other religious body -LRB- Agnostic , Atheist , or just not related to any official religion -RRB- .	21.4%	What percentage of Swiss people claimed no church affiliation in 2012 ?
As of the 2000 census other Christian minority communities include Neo-Pietism -LRB- 0.44 % -RRB- , Pentecostalism -LRB- 0.28 % , mostly incorporated in the Schweizer Pfingstmission -RRB- , Methodism -LRB- 0.13 % -RRB- , the New Apostolic Church -LRB- 0.45 % -RRB- , Jehovah 's Witnesses -LRB- 0.28 % -RRB- , other Protestant denominations -LRB- 0.20 % -RRB- , the Old Catholic Church -LRB- 0.18 % -RRB- , other Christian denominations -LRB- 0.20 % -RRB- .	0.28%	According to the census of 2000 , what percentage of Swiss are pentecostal ?
As of the 2000 census other Christian minority communities include Neo-Pietism -LRB- 0.44 % -RRB- , Pentecostalism -LRB- 0.28 % , mostly incorporated in the Schweizer Pfingstmission -RRB- , Methodism -LRB- 0.13 % -RRB- , the New Apostolic Church -LRB- 0.45 % -RRB- , Jehovah 's Witnesses -LRB- 0.28 % -RRB- , other Protestant denominations -LRB- 0.20 % -RRB- , the Old Catholic Church -LRB- 0.18 % -RRB- , other Christian denominations -LRB- 0.20 % -RRB- .	0.28%	According to the census of 2000 , what percentage of Swiss are Jehova 's Witnesses ?
Non-Christian religions are Hinduism -LRB- 0.38 % -RRB- , Buddhism -LRB- 0.29 % -RRB- , Judaism -LRB- 0.25 % -RRB- and others -LRB- 0.11 % -RRB- ; 4.3 % did not make a statement .	0.29%	According to the census of 2000 , what percentage of Swiss are Buddhists ?
Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536 , just before John Calvin arrived there .	1536	When did Geneva convert to Protestantism ?
The Swiss Constitution of 1848 , under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs. Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg , consciously defines a consociational state , allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants .	allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants	How is a consociational state defined by the Constitution of 1848 ?
A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9 % of the voters .	1980	When was the calling for a complete separation from church and state rejected by the majority of voters ?
A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9 % of the voters .	78.9%	What percentage of voters rejected the separation of church and state in 1980 ?
The linguistically isolated Romansh culture in Graubünden in eastern Switzerland constitutes an exception , it survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn and strives to maintain its rare linguistic tradition .	Romansh	What culture is linguistically isolated from the rest of Switzerland ?
The linguistically isolated Romansh culture in Graubünden in eastern Switzerland constitutes an exception , it survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn and strives to maintain its rare linguistic tradition .	in Graubünden in eastern Switzerland	Where is the Romansh culture located ?
Three of Europe 's major languages are official in Switzerland .	Three	How many of Europe 's major languages are official in Switzerland ?
Alpine symbolism has played an essential role in shaping the history of the country and the Swiss national identity .	Alpine	What symbolism has played an important role in shaping the history of Switzerland ?
Nowadays some concentrated mountain areas have a strong highly energetic ski resort culture in winter , and a hiking -LRB- ger : das Wandern -RRB- or Mountain biking culture in summer .	ski resort culture	What highly energetic culture is in some concentrated mountain areas in the winter ?
The alphorn , a trumpet-like musical instrument made of wood , has become alongside yodeling and the accordion an epitome of traditional Swiss music .	alphorn	What is the name of the trumpet like musical instrument made of wood has become the epitome of traditional Swiss music ?
A traditional farmer and herder culture also predominates in many areas and small farms are omnipresent outside the cities .	farmer and herder culture	What traditional culture predominates in many areas of small farms ?
The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media , especially due to finance and licensing .	finance and licensing	What causes the government to exert greater control over broadcast media than print media ?
Radio content is produced in six central and four regional studios while the television programs are produced in Geneva , Zürich and Lugano .	Geneva, Zürich and Lugano	Where are television programs produced ?
The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation , whose name was recently changed to SRG SSR , is charged with the production and broadcast of radio and television programs .	SRG SSR	What was the Swiss Broadcasting Corporations name recently changed to ?
Skiing , snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports in Switzerland , the nature of the country being particularly suited for such activities .	Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering	What 3 mountain sports are among the most popular in Switzerland ?
Winter sports are practiced by the natives and tourists since the second half of the 19th century with the invention of bobsleigh in St. Moritz .	St. Moritz	Where was the bobsleigh invented ?
The first world ski championships were held in Mürren -LRB- 1931 -RRB- and St. Moritz -LRB- 1934 -RRB- .	1931	When were the first ski championships held in Murren ?
The first world ski championships were held in Mürren -LRB- 1931 -RRB- and St. Moritz -LRB- 1934 -RRB- .	St. Moritz	Which town hosted the 2nd Winter Olympic Games in 1928 ?
Swiss are fans of football and the national team is nicknamed the ` Nati ' .	Nati	What is the nickname for the Swiss national football team ?
The headquarters of the sport 's governing body , the International Federation of Association Football -LRB- FIFA -RRB- , is located in Zürich .	International Federation of Association Football	What does FIFA stand for ?
Europe 's highest football pitch , at 2,000 metres -LRB- 6,600 ft -RRB- above sea level , is located in Switzerland and is named the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium .	Switzerland	Where is Europe 's highest football pitch located ?
The headquarters of the sport 's governing body , the International Federation of Association Football -LRB- FIFA -RRB- , is located in Zürich .	Zürich	Where is the FIFA located ?
Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup , and was the joint host , with Austria , of the Euro 2008 tournament .	1954	Which FIFA world cup did Switzerland host ?
In 2009 , Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the 10th time .	IIHF World Championship	What was hosted for the 10th time by Switzerland in 2009 ?
The largest , Lake Geneva , is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America 's Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007 .	Alinghi	What was the name of the 1st European sailing team to win America 's cup in 2013 ?
Swiss professional wrestler Claudio Castagnoli is currently signed with WWE , and is a former United States champion .	Claudio Castagnoli	Which Swiss professional wrestler is currently signed with WWE ?
The largest , Lake Geneva , is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America 's Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007 .	Alinghi	Which Swiss sailing team was the 1st to win America 's Cup in 2003 ?
Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exception to events such as Hillclimbing .	Motorsport racecourses and events	What was banned in Switzerland in 1955 after the Le Mans disaster ?
In June 2007 the Swiss National Council , one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland , voted to overturn the ban , however the other house , the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place .	Swiss National Council	Who voted to overturn the ban on motorsport events in June 2007 ?
In June 2007 the Swiss National Council , one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland , voted to overturn the ban , however the other house , the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place .	Swiss Council of States	Who rejected the 2007 vote to overturn the motorsport ban in Switzerland ?
During this period , the country still produced successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni , Sebastian Buemi , Jo Siffert , Dominique Aegerter , successful World Touring Car Championship driver Alain Menu , 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Marcel Fässler and 2015 24 Hours Nürburgring winner Nico Müller .	Alain Menu	Which successful World Touring Car Championship driver was produced in Switzerland despite the ban on motorsport events ?
Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas Lüthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category .	Thomas Lüthi	Which Swiss motorcycle racer won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category ?
Hornussen is another indigenous Swiss sport , which is like a cross between baseball and golf .	Hornussen	Which popular Swiss sport is a cross between baseball and golf ?
Traditional sports include Swiss wrestling or `` Schwingen '' .	Swiss wrestling or "Schwingen"	Which old , traditional sport is considered to be the national sport by some Swiss ?
Steinstossen is the Swiss variant of stone put , a competition in throwing a heavy stone .	a heavy stone	What is thrown in the Swiss competition Steinstossen ?
Practiced only among the alpine population since prehistoric times , it is recorded to have taken place in Basel in the 13th century .	alpine	Which Swiss population is the only one to have practiced Steinstossen since prehistoric times ?
It is also central to the Unspunnenfest , first held in 1805 , with its symbol the 83.5 kg stone named Unspunnenstein .	Unspunnenstein	What was the name of the 83.5 kg stone that symbolized the Unspunnenfest , first held in 1805 ?
The number of fine-dining establishments is high , particularly in western Switzerland .	western Switzerland	What part of Switzerland has a particularly high number of fine-dining establishments ?
Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries , as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental , produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental .	Gruyère	What unique dairy cheese is produced in the Swiss valleys of Gruyeres ?
While some dishes such as fondue , raclette or rösti are omnipresent through the country , each region developed its own gastronomy according to the differences of climate and languages .	climate and languages	What differences primarily dictated some of the regional variations in Swiss cuisine ?
Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries , as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental , produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental .	Emmental	What dairy product is produced in the valley of Emmental ?
Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries , as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental , produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental .	similar	How do the ingredients of traditional Swiss cuisine compare to that of other European countries ?
The most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland is wine .	wine	What is the most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland ?
Vineyards have been cultivated in Switzerland since the Roman era , even though certain traces can be found of a more ancient origin .	Roman era	When were vineyards first cultivated in Switzerland ?
Swiss wine is produced mainly in Valais , Vaud -LRB- Lavaux -RRB- , Geneva and Ticino , with a small majority of white wines .	white	What type of wine comprises a small majority of wine produced in Switzerland ?
The most widespread varieties are the Chasselas -LRB- called Fendant in Valais -RRB- and Pinot noir .	Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot noir	What are the two most widespread varieties of wines in Switzerland ?
Switzerland is notable for the variety of grapes grown because of the large variations in terroirs , with their specific mixes of soil , air , altitude and light .	specific mixes of soil, air, altitude and light	What 4 terrain variations are credited for Switzerland 's notable variety of grapes grown ?
Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa , with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres -LRB- 480,000 sq mi -RRB- .	Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa	Of Africa what rank in size country is Mali ?
Its capital is Bamako .	Bamako	What is Mali 's capital named ?
Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert , while the country 's southern part , where the majority of inhabitants live , features the Niger and Senegal rivers .	Niger and Senegal rivers	What are two major rivers located inside of Mali ?
Some of Mali 's prominent natural resources include gold , being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent , and salt .	prominent natural resources include gold	Besides salt what other major natural resources does Mali produce ?
A majority of the population -LRB- 55 % -RRB- are non-denominational Muslims .	(55%) are non-denominational Muslims	More than half of the population is what religion ?
In the late 19th century , during the Scramble for Africa , France seized control of Mali , making it a part of French Sudan .	France seized control of Mali	In the latter part of the 19th century what country took control of Mali ?
French Sudan -LRB- then known as the Sudanese Republic -RRB- joined with Senegal in 1959 , achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation .	1960	What year did Mali gain independence as the Mali Federation ?
After a long period of one-party rule , a coup in 1991 led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic , multi-party state .	Mali as a democratic, multi-party state	Along with a new constitution , Mali became what type of state in 1991 ?
Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade : the Ghana Empire , the Mali Empire -LRB- for which Mali is named -RRB- , and the Songhai Empire .	three	Mali was once part of how many West African empires ?
Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade : the Ghana Empire , the Mali Empire -LRB- for which Mali is named -RRB- , and the Songhai Empire .	Mali Empire (for which Mali is named)	What was the name of the Empire that the country is now named after ?
In January 2012 , an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali , which Tuareg rebels took control of by April and declared the secession of a new state , Azawad .	northern Mali	What area of Mali did conflict arise in January of 2012 ?
In January 2012 , an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali , which Tuareg rebels took control of by April and declared the secession of a new state , Azawad .	Tuareg rebels	What were the rebels named in the conflict of 2012 ?
In January 2012 , an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali , which Tuareg rebels took control of by April and declared the secession of a new state , Azawad .	new state, Azawad	What was the name that the rebels declared as a new state ?
In response to Islamist territorial gains , the French military launched Opération Serval in January 2013 .	French military	What country sent military in response to terrorism in 2013 ?
Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013 , with a second round run-off held on 11 August , and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013 .	Presidential elections	On July 28 2013 what type of elections were held ?
The Songhai Empire 's eventual collapse was largely the result of a Moroccan invasion in 1591 , under the command of Judar Pasha .	Moroccan invasion in 1591	The Sonhgai Empire 's demise was due to what invasion ?
In the late 14th century , the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded , ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire .	14th century	What century did Songhai become independent from Mali ?
The Songhai Empire 's eventual collapse was largely the result of a Moroccan invasion in 1591 , under the command of Judar Pasha .	Judar Pasha	Who was the commander of the Moroccan invasion of 1591 ?
Following the establishment of sea routes by the European powers , the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance .	establishment of sea routes	What type of trading routes did Europeans make that compounded to the profound effect ?
On 19 November 1968 , following progressive economic decline , the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traoré , a day which is now commemorated as Liberation Day .	Keïta regime	What regime was overthrown in 1968 ?
On 19 November 1968 , following progressive economic decline , the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traoré , a day which is now commemorated as Liberation Day .	Moussa Traoré	Who led the military on what is now celebrated Liberation Day ?
The subsequent military-led regime , with Traoré as president , attempted to reform the economy .	president	What position did Moussa Traoré take on as a result of his success ?
His efforts were frustrated by political turmoil and a devastating drought between 1968 to 1974 , in which famine killed thousands of people .	1968 to 1974	Between what years did famine and drought afflict the country ?
The Traoré regime faced student unrest beginning in the late 1970s and three coup attempts .	three coup attempts	In the 1970 's how many attempts were there the overthrow the govenment ?
Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup , a transitional government , and a new constitution .	1991	In what year did Mali get a new constitution ?
Peaceful student protests in January 1991 were brutally suppressed , with mass arrests and torture of leaders and participants .	student protests	In January of 1991 what type of protests were violently curbed ?
Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traoré grew during the 1980s .	dictatorial regime	What type of administration did general Mousa Traoré have ?
During this time strict programs , imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund , brought increased hardship upon the country 's population , while elites close to the government supposedly lived in growing wealth .	International Monetary Fund	Strict rules were put in place to appease what monetary fund ?
During this time strict programs , imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund , brought increased hardship upon the country 's population , while elites close to the government supposedly lived in growing wealth .	growing wealth	It was rumored that people close to the government lived in what type of condition ?
From 22 March through 26 March 1991 , mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities , which became known as les evenements -LRB- `` the events '' -RRB- or the March Revolution .	pro-democracy	What type of rallies were being held in March of 1991 ?
From 22 March through 26 March 1991 , mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities , which became known as les evenements -LRB- `` the events '' -RRB- or the March Revolution .	March Revolution	There was a nationwide strike being held that was called les envenements and also named what ?
Barricades as well as roadblocks were erected and Traoré declared a state of emergency and imposed a nightly curfew .	nightly	After the president declared a state of emergency , what type of curfew was placed on the country ?
Despite an estimated loss of 300 lives over the course of four days , nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the resignation of the dictatorial president and the implementation of democratic policies .	300 lives	How many people died over the course of four days ?
Despite an estimated loss of 300 lives over the course of four days , nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the resignation of the dictatorial president and the implementation of democratic policies .	nonviolent	After all of the governments efforts what types of protests continued ?
26 March 1991 is the day that marks the clash between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrating students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of then President Moussa Traoré .	Moussa Traoré	Who was president during the March protests ?
He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the decision-making of that day .	three associates	How many people aside from the president received a death sentence ?
26 March 1991 is the day that marks the clash between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrating students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of then President Moussa Traoré .	26 March	What day is now a National holiday in connection to Moussa Traoré ?
He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the decision-making of that day .	death sentence	All four men were convicted and received what as punishment ?
He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the decision-making of that day .	their part in the decision-making	Those that received the death sentence had gotten it for their role in what ?
That afternoon , Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Touré announced on the radio that he had arrested the dictatorial president , Moussa Traoré .	Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Touré	Who announced over the Radio that the president had been arrested ?
By 26 March , the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult , and resulted into thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement .	pro-democracy	Thousands of soldiers put their weapons down and joined what type of efforts ?
By 26 March , the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult , and resulted into thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement .	refusal of soldiers to fire	The non violent protesting led the soldiers to engage in what type of behavior ?
As a consequence , opposition parties were legalized and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a new democratic constitution to be approved by a national referendum .	constitution	Opposing groups met to make and create what kind of democratic laws ?
As a consequence , opposition parties were legalized and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a new democratic constitution to be approved by a national referendum .	a national referendum	What group was to approve the new democratic constitution ?
In January 2012 a Tuareg rebellion began in Northern Mali , led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad .	Tuareg rebellion	What rebellion began in January of 2012 ?
In March , military officer Amadou Sanogo seized power in a coup d'état , citing Touré 's failures in quelling the rebellion , and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West African States .	Amadou Sanogo	In March of 2012 whom gained control of Mali ?
In January 2012 a Tuareg rebellion began in Northern Mali , led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad .	National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad	What group led the rebellion in Northern Mali ?
In March , military officer Amadou Sanogo seized power in a coup d'état , citing Touré 's failures in quelling the rebellion , and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West African States .	sanctions	The embargo of the Economic Community of West African States imposed what type of punishment ?
The MNLA quickly took control of the north , declaring independence as Azawad .	MNLA	What group declared independence as Asawad ?
Mali lies in the torrid zone and is among the hottest countries in the world .	torrid	Mali is located in what Zone ?
Late June to early December is the rainy season in the southernmost area .	June to early December	What months are have a rainy season in the South ?
During this time , flooding of the Niger River is common , creating the Inner Niger Delta .	Niger River	Flooding of what river is typical during these months ?
During this time , flooding of the Niger River is common , creating the Inner Niger Delta .	Inner Niger	What is the name of the Delta that these floods cause ?
The vast northern desert part of Mali has a hot desert climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification -LRB- BWh -RRB- with long , extremely hot summers and scarce rainfall which decreases northwards .	northern desert	What part of the country has the Köppen Climate Classification of -LRB- BWh -RRB- ?
Until the military coup of 22 March 2012 and a second military coup in December 2012 , Mali was a constitutional democracy governed by the Constitution of 12 January 1992 , which was amended in 1999 .	1999	What year was the constitution amended from the previous one of 1992 ?
The constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive , legislative , and judicial branches of government .	the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government	The newer constitution divide power among what branches of government ?
Executive power is vested in a president , who is elected to a five-year term by universal suffrage and is limited to two terms .	five-year	How many years is one presidential term for ?
Executive power is vested in a president , who is elected to a five-year term by universal suffrage and is limited to two terms .	two terms	How many total terms can a president be elected for ?
Executive power is vested in a president , who is elected to a five-year term by universal suffrage and is limited to two terms .	president	Executive power is given to what person within the government ?
The president serves as a chief of state and commander in chief of the armed forces .	president	Who is given both titles of commander of armed forces and chief of state ?
The unicameral National Assembly is Mali 's sole legislative body , consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms .	The unicameral National Assembly	What group is Mali 's sole legislative party ?
Following the 2007 elections , the Alliance for Democracy and Progress held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly .	113	The Alliance of democracy and Progress has how many seats as of 2007 ?
The assembly holds two regular sessions each year , during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or by the government .	two regular sessions	How many legislative assemblies are held each year ?
A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers .	prime minister	Who is considered head of government and assigns the council of ministers ?
Mali 's highest courts are the Supreme Court , which has both judicial and administrative powers , and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter .	Supreme Court	What is Mali 's highest court ?
Mali 's highest courts are the Supreme Court , which has both judicial and administrative powers , and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter .	both judicial and administrative powers	What controls do the supreme court have ?
Mali 's highest courts are the Supreme Court , which has both judicial and administrative powers , and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter .	judicial review	Constitutional Court provides what type of review of legislative acts ?
Mali 's highest courts are the Supreme Court , which has both judicial and administrative powers , and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter .	election	Constitutional Court also serves as what type of arbiter ?
Various lower courts exist , though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas .	village chiefs and elders	Local disputes in rural areas are usually handled by what individuals ?
Mali underwent economic reform , beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund .	1988	In what year did Mali start economic changes ?
Mali underwent economic reform , beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund .	World Bank and the International Monetary Fund	Mali signed agreements with what to parties that began their economic changes ?
During 1988 to 1996 , Mali 's government largely reformed public enterprises .	1988 to 1996	In what years did Mali restructure public enterprises ?
Since the agreement , sixteen enterprises were privatized , 12 partially privatized , and 20 liquidated .	sixteen enterprises	How many enterprises have been made completely private since the agreement ?
Since the agreement , sixteen enterprises were privatized , 12 partially privatized , and 20 liquidated .	20	How many companies were completely liquidated ?
In 2007 , about 48 percent of Malians were younger than 12 years old , 49 percent were 15 -- 64 years old , and 3 percent were 65 and older .	48	In 2007 what percent of people were 12 and under ?
The birth rate in 2014 is 45.53 births per 1,000 , and the total fertility rate -LRB- in 2012 -RRB- was 6.4 children per woman .	6.4 children	What was the total fertility rate per woman as of 2012 ?
The death rate in 2007 was 16.5 deaths per 1,000 .	16.5	In 2007 what was the death rate per 1000 people ?
Mali has one of the world 's highest rates of infant mortality , with 106 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007 .	infant	Mali has one of the highest rates of what type of mortality ?
Life expectancy at birth was 53.06 years total -LRB- 51.43 for males and 54.73 for females -RRB- .	53.06	For both men and women average life expectancy is how many years ?
An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves .	800,000	Roughly how many Malians are descendants of slaves ?
There still persist certain hereditary servitude relationships , and according to some estimates , even today approximately 200,000 Malians are still enslaved .	200,000	What is the estimate of current Mali enslavement ?
The Arabic population kept slaves well into the 20th century , until slavery was suppressed by French authorities around the mid-20th century .	Arabic population	What group of people were known to keep Malian salves into the 20th century ?
In the far north , there is a division between Berber-descendent Tuareg nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or Tamasheq people , due the historical spread of slavery in the region .	Tamasheq	The darker skinned Bella people are also refereed to as what name ?
In the far north , there is a division between Berber-descendent Tuareg nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or Tamasheq people , due the historical spread of slavery in the region .	far north	What region of the country is historical slavery well known ?
Although Mali has enjoyed a reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on the long history of coexistence , some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist , as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north .	Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs	Ethnic tension are between what two groups of people ?
This conflict also plays a role in the continuing Northern Mali conflict where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government , and the Tuaregs and radical Islamists who are trying to establish sharia law .	Malian government	Radical Islam and the Tuaregs are both considered problematic according to whom ?
This conflict also plays a role in the continuing Northern Mali conflict where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government , and the Tuaregs and radical Islamists who are trying to establish sharia law .	radical Islamists	What group of people are trying to establish sharia law ?
Although Mali has enjoyed a reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on the long history of coexistence , some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist , as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north .	servitude and bondage	What type of hereditary relationships still exist today ?
Due to a backlash against the northern population after independence , Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group .	discrimination	Songhai and Tuaregs both complain about what same issue towards each other ?
Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty , malnutrition , and inadequate hygiene and sanitation .	poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation	What four main health problems do the Malian people currently have ?
Mali 's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world .	among the worst in the world	How does Malian Health and development rank globally ?
Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 53.06 years in 2012 .	Life expectancy	As of 2012 50.3 years is considered the Malian peoples averages of what statistic ?
In 2000 , 62 -- 65 percent of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69 percent to sanitation services of some kind .	62–65	In 2000 what percentage of the population had access to safe drinking water ?
In 2000 , 62 -- 65 percent of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69 percent to sanitation services of some kind .	69	In 2000 roughly how much of the population had access to sanitation services ?
For example , the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics -LRB- ICRISAT -RRB- and the Aga Khan Foundation , trained women 's groups to make equinut , a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè -LRB- comprising peanut paste , honey and millet or rice flour -RRB- .	International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics	What does ICRISTAT stand for ?
Efforts have been made to improve nutrition , and reduce associated health problems , by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes .	improve nutrition	What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made ?
For example , the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics -LRB- ICRISAT -RRB- and the Aga Khan Foundation , trained women 's groups to make equinut , a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè -LRB- comprising peanut paste , honey and millet or rice flour -RRB- .	recipe di-dèguè	The local communities have accepted equinut because it is similar to what native recipe ?
For example , the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics -LRB- ICRISAT -RRB- and the Aga Khan Foundation , trained women 's groups to make equinut , a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè -LRB- comprising peanut paste , honey and millet or rice flour -RRB- .	equinut	ICRISTAT had success in teaching women how to make what product of nutritional value ?
For example , the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics -LRB- ICRISAT -RRB- and the Aga Khan Foundation , trained women 's groups to make equinut , a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè -LRB- comprising peanut paste , honey and millet or rice flour -RRB- .	peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour	What ingredients are in both the traditional and nutritional version of this dish ?
Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali , as are a number of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis .	cholera and tuberculosis	What are the two main prevalent infectious diseases of Mali ?
Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali , as are a number of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis .	Malaria	what arthropod born disease has plagued the nation ?
An estimated 85 -- 91 percent of Mali 's girls and women have had female genital mutilation -LRB- 2006 and 2001 data -RRB- .	85–91	According to the data from 2001 to 2006 what percent of female genitalia are mutilated ?
An estimated 1.9 percent of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year , among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa .	HIV/AIDS	What Sexually transmitted disease afflicts roughly 1.9 percent of the population ?
Mali 's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization .	immunization	Malians suffer from malnutrition and low rates of what type of medical need ?
Malian musical traditions are derived from the griots , who are known as `` Keepers of Memories '' .	Keepers of Memories	What is the translation or meaning of a griot ?
Dance also plays a large role in Malian culture .	Dance	Aside from music what other activity plays a significant role in culture ?
Dance parties are common events among friends , and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events .	mask	What type of garment or accessory is traditionally worn at some of the dances held ?
Some famous Malian influences in music are kora virtuoso musician Toumani Diabaté , the late roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Touré , the Tuareg band Tinariwen , and several Afro-pop artists such as Salif Keita , the duo Amadou et Mariam , Oumou Sangare , and Habib Koité .	Ali Farka Touré	What is the name of the musician that was a part of the roots and was also a blues guitarist ?
Some famous Malian influences in music are kora virtuoso musician Toumani Diabaté , the late roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Touré , the Tuareg band Tinariwen , and several Afro-pop artists such as Salif Keita , the duo Amadou et Mariam , Oumou Sangare , and Habib Koité .	Salif Keita	What is a well known Afro-pop artist ?
A nonprofit organization -LRB- NPO , also known as a non-business entity -RRB- is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit .	A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit.	What is the purpose of an NPO ?
In economic terms , a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission , rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization 's shareholders -LRB- or equivalents -RRB- as profit or dividends .	In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission	What does an NPO do with it 's surplus income ?
This is known as the distribution constraint .	the distribution constraint	What is the constraint 's upon an NPO 's financial distributions called ?
A nonprofit organization -LRB- NPO , also known as a non-business entity -RRB- is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit .	purposes are other than making a profit	What is the definition of a non-profit organization ?
A nonprofit organization -LRB- NPO , also known as a non-business entity -RRB- is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit .	non-business entity	What is an NPO also known as ?
A nonprofit organization is often dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view .	furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view	What is the purpose of an NPO ?
In economic terms , a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission , rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization 's shareholders -LRB- or equivalents -RRB- as profit or dividends .	further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit	What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in , instead of using it for a profit ?
This is known as the distribution constraint .	distribution constraint	What is it called when a non-profit uses it 's money as it should ?
The nonprofit landscape is highly varied , although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations .	charitable	What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with ?
Overall , they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving .	member-serving or community-serving	Who does an NPO usually serve ?
Typically , community-serving organizations are focused on providing services to the community in general , either globally or locally : organizations delivering human services programs or projects , aid and development programs , medical research , education and health services , and so on .	providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally	What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on ?
For example , the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members -LRB- by directly supporting them -RRB- and the broader community -LRB- through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens -RRB- .	by directly supporting them	What are member serving NPOs really focused on ?
For example , the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members -LRB- by directly supporting them -RRB- and the broader community -LRB- through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens -RRB- .	a helping service for fellow citizens	What are community serving NPOs focused on ?
Although NPOs are permitted to generate surplus revenues , they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation , expansion , or plans .	they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans	How does an NPO have to handle surplus money ?
NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors .	controlling members or a board of directors	Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO ?
Many have paid staff including management , whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation -LRB- occasionally nominal -RRB- .	Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation	How do NPOs handle staffing ?
In some countries , where there is a token fee , in general it is used to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization .	to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization	What are token fees used for ?
Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization ; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust , a cooperative , or they exist informally .	profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally	How are charity or service NPOs usually organized ?
A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation , but they are more complicated to administer , hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support .	a supporting organization	What type of organization behaves much like a foundation ?
Their mole is not to be successful in terms of wealth , but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they administer to .	giving value to the groups of people they administer to	What is a major function of a foundation ?
The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only .	membership and board-only	What are the two top types of NPOs ?
A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws .	elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws	How is a membership organization run ?
A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board , and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board .	self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board	How is a board only organization run ?
A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained , by their choice of legal structure , from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned .	financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned	What is a further constraint of an NPO , depending on their legal structure ?
Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO , and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing .	Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation	What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO ?
Canada allows nonprofits to be incorporated or unincorporated .	incorporated or unincorporated	How are NPOs classified in Canada ?
Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s , meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations ; particularly with regards to corporate governance .	nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations	How has Canada 's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs ?
Federal , and in some provinces -LRB- such as Ontario -RRB- , incorporation is by way of Letters Patent , and any change to the Letters Patent -LRB- even a simple name change -RRB- requires formal approval by the appropriate government , as do by-law changes .	formal approval by the appropriate government	How do NPOs change their by-laws , if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit , in Canada ?
Other provinces -LRB- such as Alberta -RRB- permit incorporation as of right , by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association .	by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association	How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation ?
Federal , and in some provinces -LRB- such as Ontario -RRB- , incorporation is by way of Letters Patent , and any change to the Letters Patent -LRB- even a simple name change -RRB- requires formal approval by the appropriate government , as do by-law changes .	Letters Patent	How is incorporation handled in Ontario ?
During 2009 , the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act , Part II - the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act .	2009	When was the Canada Corporations Act , Part II repealed ?
It allows for incorporation as of right , by Articles of Incorporation ; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits ; establishes them as legal persons ; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits .	incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation	What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs ?
Ontario also overhauled its legislation , adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010 ; pending the outcome of an anticipated election during October 2011 , -LSB- dated info -RSB- the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013 .	2010	When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act ?
Ontario also overhauled its legislation , adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010 ; pending the outcome of an anticipated election during October 2011 , -LSB- dated info -RSB- the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013 .	1 July 2013	When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect ?
This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011 and the act was current till 4 March 2013 .	10 October 2011	When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended ?
Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency -LRB- CRA -RRB- upon application by a nonprofit ; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors , must spend a certain percentage of their assets -LRB- including cash , investments and fixed assets -RRB- and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status .	Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)	Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada ?
Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency -LRB- CRA -RRB- upon application by a nonprofit ; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors , must spend a certain percentage of their assets -LRB- including cash , investments and fixed assets -RRB- and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status .	income tax receipts	What are donors to receive from a NPO ?
Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency -LRB- CRA -RRB- upon application by a nonprofit ; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors , must spend a certain percentage of their assets -LRB- including cash , investments and fixed assets -RRB- and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status .	file annual reports	How does an NPO keep their charitable status ?
In determining whether an organization can become a charity , CRA applies a common law test to its stated objects and activities .	a common law test to its stated objects and activities	How does the Canada Revenue Agency decide who can have a charitable status ?
Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency -LRB- CRA -RRB- upon application by a nonprofit ; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors , must spend a certain percentage of their assets -LRB- including cash , investments and fixed assets -RRB- and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status .	cash, investments and fixed assets	What kinds of assets must the NPO spend in order to keep it 's charitable status ?
In South Africa , charities issue a tax certificate when requested by donors which can be used as a tax deduction by the donor .	a tax certificate	What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors ?
In South Africa , charities issue a tax certificate when requested by donors which can be used as a tax deduction by the donor .	a tax deduction by the donor	What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for ?
Non Profit Organisations are registered under Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies -LRB- NPCs -RRB- but may voluntarily register with The Nonprofit Companies Directorate .	Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs)	Where are South Africian NPOs registered ?
Trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court .	Master of the High Court	Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs ?
All are classified as Voluntary Organisations and all must be registered with the South Africa Revenue Services `` SARS '' .	South Africa Revenue Services "SARS"	Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization ?
A charity is a nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances .	nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances	What is the definition of a charity ?
In England and Wales , charities may be registered with the Charity Commission .	Charity Commission	Where are charity organizations registered in England and Wales ?
In Scotland , the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator serves the same function .	Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator	Where would an NPO or charity organization register in Scotland ?
For example , a charity is generally not allowed to pay its Trustees .	generally not allowed to pay its Trustees	What is one of the contraints of an NPO with regards to assets ?
Other organizations which are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere , such as trade unions , are subject to separate regulations , and are not regarded as `` charities '' in the technical sense .	not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense	Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator ?
That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service -LRB- IRS -RRB- , although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organizations .	applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)	How does a US NPO apply for tax exempt status ?
The IRS , after reviewing the application to ensure the organization meets the conditions to be recognized as a tax exempt organization -LRB- such as the purpose , limitations on spending , and internal safeguards for a charity -RRB- , may issue an authorization letter to the nonprofit granting it tax exempt status for income tax payment , filing , and deductibility purposes .	purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity	What are some things the IRS looks at in a charity applying for tax exempt status ?
Additionally , a tax-exempt organization must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose .	must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose	Does this tax exempt status apply to other taxes ?
Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in an organization losing its tax exempt status .	losing its tax exempt status	What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws ?
That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service -LRB- IRS -RRB- , although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organizations .	Internal Revenue Service (IRS)	Who has the final say on whether or not an NPO is granted tax exempt status ?
A tax exempt organization 's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny .	990 forms	What form must an NPO make available to the public ?
These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements .	generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements	Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements ?
Furthermore , even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports -LRB- IRS Form 990 -RRB- at the state and federal level .	IRS Form 990	What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year ?
An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart .	Project Vote Smart	What is one example of an NPO in the United States ?
Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax .	exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax	What can states or cities offer to NPOs ?
The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization , but typically an executive director is hired .	board of directors	Who is in control of the organization ?
The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization , but typically an executive director is hired .	executive director	Who does the board hire to help with running the organization ?
In some cases , the board is elected by a membership , but commonly , the board of directors is self-perpetuating .	self-perpetuating	How is the board of directors most often chosen ?
In some cases , the board is elected by a membership , but commonly , the board of directors is self-perpetuating .	elected by a membership	How is a board of directors less commonly chosen ?
Part VI , section A , question 7a of the Form 990 asks `` members , stockholders , or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body ? ''	Part VI, section A, question 7a	Where , on Form 990 , does an organization have to list what type of board they have ?
Most rely on external funding -LRB- government funds , grants from charitable foundations , direct donations -RRB- to maintain their operations and changes in these sources of revenue may influence the reliability or predictability with which the organization can hire and retain staff , sustain facilities , create programs , or maintain tax-exempt status .	government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations	What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it 's cause ?
Most rely on external funding -LRB- government funds , grants from charitable foundations , direct donations -RRB- to maintain their operations and changes in these sources of revenue may influence the reliability or predictability with which the organization can hire and retain staff , sustain facilities , create programs , or maintain tax-exempt status .	external funding	What type of funding do charitable organizations typically rely on ?
In addition , unreliable funding , long hours and low pay can result in employee retention problems .	unreliable funding, long hours and low pay	What are some problems that affect employee retention and volunteers ?
During 2009 , the US government acknowledged this critical need by the inclusion of the Nonprofit Capacity Building Program in the Serve America Act .	Nonprofit Capacity Building Program	What legislation did the US introduce to try and help the NPOs ?
Further efforts to quantify the scope of the sector and propose policy solutions for community benefit were included in the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act , proposed during 2010 .	2010	When was the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act adopted ?
From an academic perspective , social enterprise is for the most part considered a sub-set of the nonprofit sector as typically they too are concerned with a purpose relating to a public good , however these are not bound to adhere to a nonprofit legal structure and many incorporate and operate as for-profit entities .	a purpose relating to a public good	What is the biggest concern of non-profits in Australia ?
A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation : co-operative , company limited by guarantee , unincorporated association , incorporated association -LRB- by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985 -RRB- or incorporated association or council -LRB- by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976 -RRB- .	1976	When was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act adopted ?
A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation : co-operative , company limited by guarantee , unincorporated association , incorporated association -LRB- by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985 -RRB- or incorporated association or council -LRB- by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976 -RRB- .	1985	When was the Associations Incorporation Act adopted ?
A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation : co-operative , company limited by guarantee , unincorporated association , incorporated association -LRB- by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985 -RRB- or incorporated association or council -LRB- by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976 -RRB- .	incorporated association	What does the Associations Incorporation Act cover ?
A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation : co-operative , company limited by guarantee , unincorporated association , incorporated association -LRB- by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985 -RRB- or incorporated association or council -LRB- by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976 -RRB- .	Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act	Who covers incorporated associations or councils ?
Many nonprofit organizations find it difficult to create consistent messaging that resonates with their various stakeholders as marketing budgets are minimal or nonexistent .	minimal or nonexistent	What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have ?
Marketing is in many cases a taboo word that NPOs or others do n't like to associate with such community benefit organizations .	taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations	Why is marketing harder for NPOs ?
There are strategic ways in which nonprofits can leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public , but it is imperative to have an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy , particularly if the organization has plans to rebrand or expand their initiaives .	an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy	What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding ?
There are strategic ways in which nonprofits can leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public , but it is imperative to have an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy , particularly if the organization has plans to rebrand or expand their initiaives .	leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public	What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth ?
Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization .	employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization	How is resource mismanagement allowed to happen so easily ?
But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO , and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated .	strict controls	How can an NPO help to prevent financial problems ?
Some commentators have also argued that receiving significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO 's functions .	alter the NPO's functions	What can a large influx of money from a for-profit company do to an organization ?
Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud .	Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization	What can constitute accounting fraud when nothing is recorded ?
Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization .	Resource mismanagement	What is a major hurdle of the financial aspect of an NPO ?
Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that Nonprofit organizations will inevitably face , particularly for management positions .	Competition for employees with the public and private sector	What problems with employment do Non Profits face ?
Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that Nonprofit organizations will inevitably face , particularly for management positions .	management	What are positions that employees really want , but there are never enough of ?
There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers , and NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority , which could be why they find themselves in the position many do .	secondary priority	How important do NPOs consider hiring ?
The initial interest for many is the wage and benefits package , though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away .	wage and benefits package	What is a primary interest to prospective NPO employees ?
The initial interest for many is the wage and benefits package , though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away .	stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away	How do employees that are no longer with NPOs feel about the time that they worked there ?
Either in the form of higher wages , more comprehensive benefit packages , or less tedious work , the public and private sector has enjoyed an advantage in attracting employees over NPOs .	higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work	What can the public and private sector offer employers that NPOs usually can not ?
Traditionally , the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause .	mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause	What types of employees do NPOs usually attract ?
Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses , or only seasonally .	do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally	What is something that causes a huge problem with employment in NPOs ?
This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment .	more stable employment	Where are young grads looking for that NPOs ?
It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages , incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments .	will never be able to match the pay	Can Npos match the wages of public and private sector employers ?
It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages , incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments .	benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments	What should NPOs focus on offering employees instead of high wages ?
Pleasurable work conditions are ranked as being more preferable than a high salary and implacable work .	Pleasurable work conditions	What is better than having high pay at an NPO ?
NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able , and offer a low stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with .	as much as they are able	How much should an NPO pay employees ?
Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours .	generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours	What are other incentives that NPO emplotees can be offered instead of higher wages ?
In the United States , two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation , which has an endowment of US$ 38 billion , and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture , which has an endowment of approximately $ 14.8 billion .	Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation	What is one of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations in America ?
In the United States , two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation , which has an endowment of US$ 38 billion , and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture , which has an endowment of approximately $ 14.8 billion .	Howard Hughes Medical Institute	What NPO was origionally funded by Hughes Aircraft ?
In the United States , two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation , which has an endowment of US$ 38 billion , and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture , which has an endowment of approximately $ 14.8 billion .	US$38 billion	How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth ?
In the United States , two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation , which has an endowment of US$ 38 billion , and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture , which has an endowment of approximately $ 14.8 billion .	$14.8 billion	How much is the Howard Hughes Medical Institute worth ?
Outside the United States , another large NPO is the British Wellcome Trust , which is a `` charity '' by British usage .	British Wellcome Trust	What is one of the largest NPOs outside of the United States ?
Some NPOs which are particularly well known , often for the charitable or social nature of their activities performed during a long period of time , include Amnesty International , Oxfam , Rotary International , Kiwanis International , Carnegie Corporation of New York , Nourishing USA , DEMIRA Deutsche Minenräumer -LRB- German Mine Clearers -RRB- , FIDH International Federation for Human Rights , Goodwill Industries , United Way , ACORN -LRB- now defunct -RRB- , Habitat for Humanity , Teach For America , the Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations , UNESCO , IEEE , INCOSE , World Wide Fund for Nature , Heifer International , Translators Without Borders and SOS Children 's Villages .	Habitat for Humanity	What is a well known NPO that helps people from low incomes become homeowners ?
Some NPOs which are particularly well known , often for the charitable or social nature of their activities performed during a long period of time , include Amnesty International , Oxfam , Rotary International , Kiwanis International , Carnegie Corporation of New York , Nourishing USA , DEMIRA Deutsche Minenräumer -LRB- German Mine Clearers -RRB- , FIDH International Federation for Human Rights , Goodwill Industries , United Way , ACORN -LRB- now defunct -RRB- , Habitat for Humanity , Teach For America , the Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations , UNESCO , IEEE , INCOSE , World Wide Fund for Nature , Heifer International , Translators Without Borders and SOS Children 's Villages .	Rotary International	What is a international NPO that works on local levels to help communities thrive ?
Some NPOs which are particularly well known , often for the charitable or social nature of their activities performed during a long period of time , include Amnesty International , Oxfam , Rotary International , Kiwanis International , Carnegie Corporation of New York , Nourishing USA , DEMIRA Deutsche Minenräumer -LRB- German Mine Clearers -RRB- , FIDH International Federation for Human Rights , Goodwill Industries , United Way , ACORN -LRB- now defunct -RRB- , Habitat for Humanity , Teach For America , the Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations , UNESCO , IEEE , INCOSE , World Wide Fund for Nature , Heifer International , Translators Without Borders and SOS Children 's Villages .	United Way	What is a national charite that helps to bring food and health care to low income families ?
Some NPOs which are particularly well known , often for the charitable or social nature of their activities performed during a long period of time , include Amnesty International , Oxfam , Rotary International , Kiwanis International , Carnegie Corporation of New York , Nourishing USA , DEMIRA Deutsche Minenräumer -LRB- German Mine Clearers -RRB- , FIDH International Federation for Human Rights , Goodwill Industries , United Way , ACORN -LRB- now defunct -RRB- , Habitat for Humanity , Teach For America , the Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations , UNESCO , IEEE , INCOSE , World Wide Fund for Nature , Heifer International , Translators Without Borders and SOS Children 's Villages .	Red Cross and Red Crescent	Which NPO is on the fore front of help when national disasters strike ?
Some NPOs which are particularly well known , often for the charitable or social nature of their activities performed during a long period of time , include Amnesty International , Oxfam , Rotary International , Kiwanis International , Carnegie Corporation of New York , Nourishing USA , DEMIRA Deutsche Minenräumer -LRB- German Mine Clearers -RRB- , FIDH International Federation for Human Rights , Goodwill Industries , United Way , ACORN -LRB- now defunct -RRB- , Habitat for Humanity , Teach For America , the Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations , UNESCO , IEEE , INCOSE , World Wide Fund for Nature , Heifer International , Translators Without Borders and SOS Children 's Villages .	World Wide Fund for Nature	Which organization is a leader in promoting nature and preserving the enviornment ?
org is for `` organizations that did n't fit anywhere else '' in the naming system , which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental , educational , or one of the other types with a specific TLD .	organizations that didn't fit anywhere else	What does . org on a URL mean ?
It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status , however ; it encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category .	not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status	Are only NPOs allowed to use . org ?
It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status , however ; it encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category .	encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category	What is included in the list of organizations allowed to use . org ?
Instead of being defined by `` non '' words , some organizations are suggesting new , positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector .	"non" words	What type of language has it been suggested that NPOs should begin to get away from ?
Instead of being defined by `` non '' words , some organizations are suggesting new , positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector .	new, positive-sounding terminology	What type of language are organizations being directed towards ?
The term `` civil society organization '' -LRB- CSO -RRB- has been used by a growing number of organizations , such as the Center for the Study of Global Governance .	civil society organization	What is a new term for NPOs that has started to see more use ?
The term `` citizen sector organization '' -LRB- CSO -RRB- has also been advocated to describe the sector -- as one of citizens , for citizens -- by organizations such as Ashoka : Innovators for the Public .	citizen sector organization	What is a term being used for organizations that are for the citizens , by the citizens ?
A more broadly applicable term , `` Social Benefit Organization '' -LRB- SBO -RRB- has been advocated for by organizations such as MiniDonations .	Social Benefit Organization	What would a group like Crowdfund , GoFundMe or Kickstarter possibly belong to ?
Raleigh -LRB- / ˈrɑːli / ; RAH-lee -RRB- is the capital of the state of North Carolina as well as the seat of Wake County in the United States .	North Carolina	What state is Raleigh the capital of ?
It is the second most populous city in North Carolina , after Charlotte .	Charlotte	What is the biggest city in NC ?
The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh , who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County .	Sir Walter Raleigh	Who is it named after ?
The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh , who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County .	Dare	What county is Raleigh in ?
The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population to be 439,896 as of July 1 , 2014 .	439,896	What is the population of the city ?
Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University and is part of the Research Triangle area , together with Durham -LRB- home of Duke University -RRB- and Chapel Hill -LRB- home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill -RRB- .	North Carolina State University	What university is in Raleigh ?
The Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area -LRB- MSA -RRB- had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013 .	1,214,516	What is the MSA of Raleigh ?
Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University and is part of the Research Triangle area , together with Durham -LRB- home of Duke University -RRB- and Chapel Hill -LRB- home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill -RRB- .	Research Triangle area	What is the Triangle ?
Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University and is part of the Research Triangle area , together with Durham -LRB- home of Duke University -RRB- and Chapel Hill -LRB- home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill -RRB- .	Duke	What is another university in the triangle ?
The `` Triangle '' nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park , located in Durham & Wake Counties partway between the three cities and their universities .	1959	When was the Triangle created ?
Raleigh is an early example in the United States of a planned city , chosen as the site of the state capital in 1788 and incorporated in 1792 as such .	planned	What kind of city is Raleigh ?
Raleigh is an early example in the United States of a planned city , chosen as the site of the state capital in 1788 and incorporated in 1792 as such .	1792	What year was it incorporated ?
The twentieth century saw the opening of the Research Triangle Park in 1959 , and with the jobs it created the region and city saw a large influx of population , making it one of the fastest growing communities in the United States by the early 21st century .	Research Triangle Park	What happened in the 20th century ?
In the United States Civil War the city was spared from any significant battle , only falling in the closing days of the war , though it did not escape the economic hardships that plagued the rest of the American South during the Reconstruction Era .	Civil War	What war was near the city ?
The twentieth century saw the opening of the Research Triangle Park in 1959 , and with the jobs it created the region and city saw a large influx of population , making it one of the fastest growing communities in the United States by the early 21st century .	fastest growing	What type of community is it ?
The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts in Downtown Raleigh features three theater venues and serves as the home for the North Carolina Symphony and the Carolina Ballet .	Duke	What energy center is downtown ?
Several major universities and colleges call Raleigh home , including North Carolina State University , the largest public university in the state , and Shaw University , the first historically black university in the American South and site of the foundation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , an important civil rights organization of the 1960s .	North Carolina State University,	What university is in Raleigh ?
Several major universities and colleges call Raleigh home , including North Carolina State University , the largest public university in the state , and Shaw University , the first historically black university in the American South and site of the foundation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , an important civil rights organization of the 1960s .	Shaw	What is the first historically black university ?
One U.S. president , Andrew Johnson , was born in Raleigh .	Andrew Johnson	What president was born in Raleigh ?
Walnut Creek Amphitheatre is a large music amphitheater located in Southeast Raleigh .	Walnut Creek Amphitheatre	What is the name of the amphitheater in Raleigh ?
The city 's location was chosen , in part , for being within 11 mi -LRB- 18 km -RRB- of Isaac Hunter 's Tavern , a popular tavern frequented by the state legislators .	11	How many miles is the city from Isaac 's Tavern ?
The city 's location was chosen , in part , for being within 11 mi -LRB- 18 km -RRB- of Isaac Hunter 's Tavern , a popular tavern frequented by the state legislators .	state legislators.	Why is Isaac Hunter 's Tavern popular ?
Raleigh is one of the few cities in the United States that was planned and built specifically to serve as a state capital .	planned	What was Raleigh as a city ?
Its original boundaries were formed by the downtown streets of North , East , West and South streets .	the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets	What were the original boundaries ?
The plan , a grid with two main axes meeting at a central square and an additional square in each corner , was based on Thomas Holme 's 1682 plan for Philadelphia .	Philadelphia	What city was the plan based on ?
After the Civil War began , Governor Zebulon Baird Vance ordered the construction of breastworks around the city as protection from Union troops .	Zebulon Baird Vance	Who was the governor during the Civil War ?
After the Civil War began , Governor Zebulon Baird Vance ordered the construction of breastworks around the city as protection from Union troops .	breastworks	What did the governor order constructed ?
During General Sherman 's Carolinas Campaign , Raleigh was captured by Union cavalry under the command of General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick on April 13 , 1865 .	Union cavalry	What was Raleigh captured by in the Civil War ?
During General Sherman 's Carolinas Campaign , Raleigh was captured by Union cavalry under the command of General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick on April 13 , 1865 .	Hugh Judson Kilpatrick	Who led the cavalry in the capture ?
The city was spared significant destruction during the War , but due to the economic problems of the post-war period and Reconstruction , with a state economy based on agriculture , it grew little over the next several decades .	a state economy based on agriculture,	Why did the city not grow during the Civil War ?
In 1880 , the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer .	1880	What year did the News and the Observer merge ?
In 1880 , the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer .	The News & Observer	What is Raleigh 's daily newspaper ?
The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts , now known as North Carolina State University , was founded as a land-grant college in 1887 .	The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts,	What was North Carolina State called before ?
The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts , now known as North Carolina State University , was founded as a land-grant college in 1887 .	1887	What year was the college founded ?
The Baptist Women 's College , now known as Meredith College , opened in 1891 , and in 1898 , The Academy of Music , a private music conservatory , was established .	1891	When did Merideth College open ?
In the late nineteenth century , two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina 's 2nd district , the last in 1898 .	1898	When was the last time two black congressmen were elected ?
In the late nineteenth century , two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina 's 2nd district , the last in 1898 .	2nd	What district were the congressmen in 1898 from ?
In 1900 , the state legislature passed a new constitution , with voter registration rules that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites .	the state legislature passed a new constitution	What happened in 1900 ?
The state succeeded in reducing black voting to zero by 1908 .	1908	When did blacks lose the right to vote ?
It was not until after federal civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s that the majority of blacks in North Carolina would again be able to vote , sit on juries and serve in local offices .	mid-1960s	When did black regain the right to vote ?
During the difficult 1930s of the Great Depression , government at all levels was integral to creating jobs .	1930s	When was the Great Depression ?
The city provided recreational and educational programs , and hired people for public works projects .	recreational and educational programs	What did the city provide during the Great Depression ?
In 1932 , Raleigh Memorial Auditorium was dedicated .	Raleigh Memorial Auditorium	What was dedicated in 1932 ?
In 1932 , Raleigh Memorial Auditorium was dedicated .	1932	What year was the North Carolina Symphony founded ?
In 1939 , the State General Assembly chartered the Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham , with the first flight occurring in 1943 .	Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham,	What was charted in 1939 ?
Raleigh is located in the northeast central region of North Carolina , where the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions meet .	northeast central region of North Carolina	Where is Raleigh located ?
This area is known as the `` fall line '' because it marks the elevation inland at which waterfalls begin to appear in creeks and rivers .	"fall line"	What is the area known as ?
As a result , most of Raleigh features gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state 's flat coastal plain .	gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain.	What type of geography is in Raleigh ?
Its central Piedmont location situates Raleigh about two hours west of Atlantic Beach , North Carolina , by car and four hours east of the Great Smoky Mountains .	two hours	How far is Raleigh from Atlantic Beach ?
The city is 155 miles -LRB- 249 km -RRB- south of Richmond , Virginia , 263 miles -LRB- 423 km -RRB- south of Washington , D.C. , and 150 miles -LRB- 240 km -RRB- northeast of Charlotte , North Carolina .	155	How far is Raleigh from Richmond ?
Downtown area is home to historic neighborhoods and buildings such as the Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel built in the early 20th century , the restored City Market , the Fayetteville Street downtown business district , which includes the PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center buildings , as well as the North Carolina Museum of History , North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences , North Carolina State Capitol , Peace College , the Raleigh City Museum , Raleigh Convention Center , Shaw University , and St. Augustine 's College .	Fayetteville Street downtown business district,	What historic hotel is downtown ?
Downtown area is home to historic neighborhoods and buildings such as the Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel built in the early 20th century , the restored City Market , the Fayetteville Street downtown business district , which includes the PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center buildings , as well as the North Carolina Museum of History , North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences , North Carolina State Capitol , Peace College , the Raleigh City Museum , Raleigh Convention Center , Shaw University , and St. Augustine 's College .	PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center	What is in the Fayetteville business district ?
The neighborhoods in Old Raleigh include Cameron Park , Boylan Heights , Country Club Hills , Coley Forest , Five Points , Budleigh , Glenwood-Brooklyn , Hayes Barton Historic District , Moore Square , Mordecai , Rosengarten Park , Belvidere Park , Woodcrest , and Historic Oakwood .	Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills,	What are some neighborhoods in Raleigh ?
In the 2000s , an effort by the Downtown Raleigh Alliance was made to separate this area of the city into five smaller districts : Fayetteville Street , Moore Square , Glenwood South , Warehouse -LRB- Raleigh -RRB- , and Capital District -LRB- Raleigh -RRB- .	Downtown Raleigh Alliance	Who separated the neighborhoods in the early 2000 's ?
Some of the names have become common place among locals such as the Warehouse , Fayetteville Street , and Glenwood South Districts .	Warehouse, Fayetteville Street	What are some common names in the area ?
Midtown Raleigh is a residential and commercial area just North of the I-440 Beltline and is part of North Raleigh .	North of the I-440 Beltline	Where is Midtown Raleigh ?
It is roughly framed by Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West , Wake Forest Road to the East , and Millbrook Road to the North .	Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road	What frames Midtown Raleigh ?
Midtown Raleigh is a residential and commercial area just North of the I-440 Beltline and is part of North Raleigh .	Midtown Raleigh	Where is the North Hills Shopping center ?
The term was coined by the Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce , developer John Kane and planning director Mitchell Silver .	John Kane	Who was the area developer ?
The Midtown Raleigh Alliance was founded on July 25 , 2011 as a way for community leaders to promote the area .	July 25, 2011	When was the Midtown Raleigh Alliance formed ?
West Raleigh lies along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard .	along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard.	Where is West Raleigh ?
It is home to North Carolina State University , Meredith College , Pullen Park , Pullen Memorial Baptist Church , Cameron Village , Lake Johnson , the North Carolina Museum of Art and historic Saint Mary 's School .	North Carolina State University	What is West Raleigh the home of ?
The PNC Arena is also located here adjacent to the North Carolina State Fairgrounds .	PNC Arena	What arena is in the area ?
These are located approximately 2 miles from Rex Hospital .	Rex Hospital.	What is the name of the hospital in West Raleigh ?
These are located approximately 2 miles from Rex Hospital .	2 miles	How far is Rex Hospital from the fairgrounds ?
It is primarily suburban with large shopping areas .	large shopping areas.	What are in the area ?
Primary neighborhoods and subdivisions in North Raleigh include Harrington Grove , Springdale , Dominion Park , Bedford , Bent Tree , Brentwood , Brier Creek , Brookhaven , Black Horse Run , Coachman 's Trail , Crossgate , Crosswinds , Falls River , Hidden Valley , Lake Park , North Haven , North Ridge , Oakcroft , Shannon Woods , Six Forks Station , Springdale , Stonebridge , Stone Creek , Stonehenge , Summerfield , Valley Estates , Wakefield , Weathersfield , Windsor Forest , and Wood Valley .	Harrington Grove, Springdale, Dominion Park	What neighborhoods are in North Raleigh ?
The area is served by a number of primary transportation corridors including Glenwood Avenue U.S. Route 70 , Interstate 540 , Wake Forest Road , Millbrook Road , Lynn Road , Six Forks Road , Spring Forest Road , Creedmoor Road , Leesville Road , Strickland Road , and North Hills Drive .	U.S. Route 70, Interstate 540,	What are the means of transportation in the area ?
North Raleigh is an expansive , diverse , and fast-growing suburban area of the city that is home to established neighborhoods to the south along with many newly built subdivisions and along its northern fringes .	expansive, diverse, and fast-growing	What type of area is North Raleigh ?
South Raleigh is located along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina and along US 70 into suburban Garner .	along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina	Where is South Raleigh ?
This area is the least developed and least dense area of Raleigh -LRB- much of the area lies within the Swift Creek watershed district , where development regulations limit housing densities and construction -RRB- .	least developed and least dense	What is different about South Raleigh ?
The area is bordered to the west by Cary , to the east by Garner , and to the southwest by Holly Springs .	Cary,	What borders South Raleigh to the west ?
The area is bordered to the west by Cary , to the east by Garner , and to the southwest by Holly Springs .	southwest	Where is Holly Springs compared to South Raleigh ?
Neighborhoods in South Raleigh include Renaissance Park , Lake Wheeler , Swift Creek , Carolina Pines , Rhamkatte , Riverbrooke , and Enchanted Oaks .	Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek	What are some neighborhoods in South Raleigh ?
Southeast Raleigh is bounded by downtown on the west , Garner on the southwest , and rural Wake County to the southeast .	downtown	What is to the west of Southeast Raleigh ?
The area includes areas along Rock Quarry Road , Poole Road , and New Bern Avenue .	Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, and New Bern Avenue	What areas are in Southeast Raleigh ?
Primary neighborhoods include Chastain , Chavis Heights , Raleigh Country Club , Southgate , Kingwood Forest , Rochester Heights , Emerald Village and Biltmore Hills .	Chastain, Chavis Heights, Raleigh Country Club,	What neighborhoods does Southeast Raleigh have ?
Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion -LRB- formerly Alltel Pavilion and Walnut Creek Amphitheatre -RRB- is one of the region 's major outdoor concert venues and is located on Rock Quarry Road .	Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion	What concert venue is in the area ?
Shaw University is located in this part of the city .	Shaw University	What university is in this part of Raleigh ?
Like much of the southeastern United States , Raleigh has a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- , with four distinct seasons .	humid subtropical climate	What is the climate of Raleigh ?
Like much of the southeastern United States , Raleigh has a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- , with four distinct seasons .	four	How many seasons are there in Raleigh ?
On average , there are 69 nights per year that drop to or below freezing , and only 2.7 days that fail to rise above freezing .	69 nights per year	How many nights in a year are there in Raleigh that are freezing ?
Precipitation is well distributed around the year , with a slight maximum between July and September ; on average , July is the wettest month , owing to generally frequent , sometimes heavy , showers and thunderstorms .	July	What month has the most precipitation ?
Extremes in temperature have ranged from − 9 °F -LRB- − 23 °C -RRB- on January 21 , 1985 up to 105 °F -LRB- 41 °C -RRB- , most recently on July 8 , 2012 .	105	What is the hottest temperature in Raleigh ?
Raleigh receives an average of 6.0 inches -LRB- 15.2 cm -RRB- of snow in winter .	6.0 inches	How much snow does Raleigh get ?
On January 24 -- 25 , 2000 , Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single storm -- 20.3 inches -LRB- 52 cm -RRB- -- the Winter Storm of January 2000 .	January 24–25, 2000	When was the greatest snowfall ?
On January 24 -- 25 , 2000 , Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single storm -- 20.3 inches -LRB- 52 cm -RRB- -- the Winter Storm of January 2000 .	20.3 inches	How much snow did Raleigh get on January 24 , 2000 ?
Storms of this magnitude are generally the result of cold air damming that affects the city due to its proximity to the Appalachian Mountains .	cold air damming	What caused the Winter Storm of 2000 ?
Storms of this magnitude are generally the result of cold air damming that affects the city due to its proximity to the Appalachian Mountains .	Appalachian Mountains.	What mountains are the city near ?
The region also experiences occasional periods of drought , during which the city sometimes has restricted water use by residents .	drought	What does the area experience ?
The region also experiences occasional periods of drought , during which the city sometimes has restricted water use by residents .	restricted water use	How does drought effect the city ?
During the late summer and early fall , Raleigh can experience hurricanes .	late summer and early fall	When does Raleigh experience hurricanes ?
The most recent hurricane to have a considerable effect on the area was Isabel in 2003 .	Isabel	What was the name of the hurricane in 2003 ?
Also the April 16 , 2011 F3 Tornado which affected portions of downtown and North east Raleigh and the suburb of Holly Springs .	F3	How big was the tornado in 2011 ?
As of the 2000 United States census , there were 276,093 persons -LRB- July 2008 estimate was 380,173 -RRB- and 61,371 families residing in Raleigh .	61,371	How many families lived in Raleigh in 2000 ?
The population density was 2,409.2 people per square mile -LRB- 930.2 / km ² -RRB- .	2,409.2 people per square mile	What is the population density of Raleigh ?
There were 120,699 housing units at an average density of 1,053.2 per square mile -LRB- 406.7 / km ² -RRB- .	120,699 housing	How many housing units were in Raleigh ?
The racial composition of the city was : 63.31 % White , 27.80 % Black or African American , 7.01 % Hispanic or Latino American , 3.38 % Asian American , 0.36 % Native American , 0.04 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander , 3.24 % some other race , and 1.88 % two or more races .	63.31%	What percentage of people in Raleigh are white ?
The racial composition of the city was : 63.31 % White , 27.80 % Black or African American , 7.01 % Hispanic or Latino American , 3.38 % Asian American , 0.36 % Native American , 0.04 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander , 3.24 % some other race , and 1.88 % two or more races .	0.04%	How many Native Hawaiian are in Raleigh ?
There were 112,608 households in the city in 2000 , of which 26.5 % included children below the age of 18 , 39.5 % were composed of married couples living together , 11.4 % reported a female householder with no husband present , and 45.5 % classified themselves as nonfamily .	26.5%	What percent of households had children in 2000 ?
There were 112,608 households in the city in 2000 , of which 26.5 % included children below the age of 18 , 39.5 % were composed of married couples living together , 11.4 % reported a female householder with no husband present , and 45.5 % classified themselves as nonfamily .	married couples living together	39.5 % of the households comprised of what ?
In addition , 33.1 % of all households were composed of individuals living alone , of which 6.2 % was someone 65 years of age or older .	33.1%	How many people lived alone in 2000 ?
In addition , 33.1 % of all households were composed of individuals living alone , of which 6.2 % was someone 65 years of age or older .	6.2%	How many households had someone 65 or older ?
The average household size in Raleigh was 2.30 persons , and the average family size was 2.97 persons .	2.97 persons.	What was the average family size ?
As of 2013 , 46.41 % of people in Raleigh are affiliated with a religion .	46.41% of people	How many people are affiliated with religion ?
The predominant religion in Raleigh is Christianity , with the largest numbers of adherents being Roman Catholic -LRB- 11.3 % -RRB- , Baptist -LRB- 10.85 % -RRB- , and Methodist -LRB- 7.08 % -RRB- .	Christianity	What is the main religion of Raleigh ?
The predominant religion in Raleigh is Christianity , with the largest numbers of adherents being Roman Catholic -LRB- 11.3 % -RRB- , Baptist -LRB- 10.85 % -RRB- , and Methodist -LRB- 7.08 % -RRB- .	10.85	What percent of Baptists are there in Raleigh ?
Others include Presbyterian -LRB- 2.52 % -RRB- , Pentecostal -LRB- 1.99 % -RRB- , Episcopalian -LRB- 1.12 % -RRB- , Lutheran -LRB- 1.06 % -RRB- , Latter-Day Saints -LRB- 0.99 % -RRB- , and other Christian denominations -LRB- 6.68 % -RRB- including Eastern Orthodox , Coptic Orthodox , Jehovah 's Witness , Christian Science , Christian Unitarianism , other Mainline Protestant groups , and non-denominational .	Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness,	What other denominations are there in Raleigh ?
Others include Presbyterian -LRB- 2.52 % -RRB- , Pentecostal -LRB- 1.99 % -RRB- , Episcopalian -LRB- 1.12 % -RRB- , Lutheran -LRB- 1.06 % -RRB- , Latter-Day Saints -LRB- 0.99 % -RRB- , and other Christian denominations -LRB- 6.68 % -RRB- including Eastern Orthodox , Coptic Orthodox , Jehovah 's Witness , Christian Science , Christian Unitarianism , other Mainline Protestant groups , and non-denominational .	1.06%	How large of a percent does Lutheran 's take up ?
Raleigh 's industrial base includes banking/financial services ; electrical , medical , electronic and telecommunications equipment ; clothing and apparel ; food processing ; paper products ; and pharmaceuticals .	banking/financial services;	What is the main industrial area of Raleigh ?
Raleigh is part of North Carolina 's Research Triangle , one of the country 's largest and most successful research parks , and a major center in the United States for high-tech and biotech research , as well as advanced textile development .	North Carolina's Research Triangle	What is Raleigh part of ?
Raleigh is part of North Carolina 's Research Triangle , one of the country 's largest and most successful research parks , and a major center in the United States for high-tech and biotech research , as well as advanced textile development .	high-tech and biotech research	What does the Research Triangle do ?
The city is a major retail shipping point for eastern North Carolina and a wholesale distributing point for the grocery industry .	The city is a major retail shipping point	Is the city concerned with shipping ?
The city is a major retail shipping point for eastern North Carolina and a wholesale distributing point for the grocery industry .	grocery	What industry is Raleigh a major wholesaler for ?
The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion at Walnut Creek hosts major international touring acts .	The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion	Where are major touring acts hosted in the city ?
In 2011 , the Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater opened -LRB- now sponsored as the Red Hat Amphitheater -RRB- , which hosts numerous concerts primarily in the summer months .	Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater	What is the Red Hat Amphitheater also called ?
Nearby Cary is home to the Koka Booth Amphitheatre which hosts additional summer concerts and outdoor movies , and serves as the venue for regularly scheduled outdoor concerts by the North Carolina Symphony based in Raleigh .	Koka Booth Amphitheatre	What event plaza is in Cary ?
During the North Carolina State Fair , Dorton Arena hosts headline acts .	Dorton Arena	Where is the North Carolina State Fair ?
The private Lincoln Theatre is one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts throughout the year in multiple formats -LRB- rock , pop , country -RRB- .	one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts	What is the Lincoln Theater downtown ?
The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts complex houses the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium , the Fletcher Opera Theater , the Kennedy Theatre , and the Meymandi Concert Hall .	Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts	Where is the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium ?
The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts complex houses the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium , the Fletcher Opera Theater , the Kennedy Theatre , and the Meymandi Concert Hall .	Fletcher Opera Theater	What other theater is in the Duke Energy Center ?
In 2008 , a new theatre space , the Meymandi Theatre at the Murphey School , was opened in the restored auditorium of the historic Murphey School .	2008	When did the Meymandi Theater open ?
Theater performances are also offered at the Raleigh Little Theatre , Long View Center , Ira David Wood III Pullen Park Theatre , and Stewart and Thompson Theaters at North Carolina State University .	Raleigh Little Theatre	Where else can one see a theater performance ?
Theater performances are also offered at the Raleigh Little Theatre , Long View Center , Ira David Wood III Pullen Park Theatre , and Stewart and Thompson Theaters at North Carolina State University .	Stewart and Thompson Theaters	What theaters are at North Carolina State University ?
North Carolina Museum of Art , occupying a large suburban campus on Blue Ridge Road near the North Carolina State Fairgrounds , maintains one of the premier public art collections located between Washington , D.C. , and Atlanta .	North Carolina State Fairgrounds	What is the North Carolina Museum of Art near ?
In addition to its extensive collections of American Art , European Art and ancient art , the museum recently has hosted major exhibitions featuring Auguste Rodin -LRB- in 2000 -RRB- and Claude Monet -LRB- in 2006-07 -RRB- , each attracting more than 200,000 visitors .	American Art, European Art and ancient art,	What type of art is in the Museum of Art ?
In addition to its extensive collections of American Art , European Art and ancient art , the museum recently has hosted major exhibitions featuring Auguste Rodin -LRB- in 2000 -RRB- and Claude Monet -LRB- in 2006-07 -RRB- , each attracting more than 200,000 visitors .	2000	When was the Auguste Rodine exhibit ?
In addition to its extensive collections of American Art , European Art and ancient art , the museum recently has hosted major exhibitions featuring Auguste Rodin -LRB- in 2000 -RRB- and Claude Monet -LRB- in 2006-07 -RRB- , each attracting more than 200,000 visitors .	200,000	How many people attended the Monet exhibit ?
Unlike most prominent public museums , the North Carolina Museum of Art acquired a large number of the works in its permanent collection through purchases with public funds .	public funds	How did the museum get the artworks they have ?
The National Hockey League 's Carolina Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh in 1997 from Hartford , Connecticut -LRB- where it was known as the Hartford Whalers -RRB- .	1997	When did the Carolina Hurricanes start in Raleigh ?
The team played its first two seasons more than 60 miles away at Greensboro Coliseum while its home arena , Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena -LRB- later RBC Center and now PNC Arena -RRB- , was under construction .	Greensboro Coliseum	Where did the Hurricanes play their first two seasons ?
The team played its first two seasons more than 60 miles away at Greensboro Coliseum while its home arena , Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena -LRB- later RBC Center and now PNC Arena -RRB- , was under construction .	PNC Arena	What is the home stadium of the Carolina Hurricanes called ?
The National Hockey League 's Carolina Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh in 1997 from Hartford , Connecticut -LRB- where it was known as the Hartford Whalers -RRB- .	National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes	What is the only professional sports team in North Carolina ?
The Hurricanes are the only major league -LRB- NFL , NHL , NBA , MLB -RRB- professional sports team in North Carolina to have won a championship , winning the Stanley Cup in 2006 , over the Edmonton Oilers .	2006	When did the Carolina Hurricanes win the Stanley Cup ?
Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises -LRB- now defunct -RRB- in Raleigh , including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL -LRB- 1991 -- 1998 -RRB- ; Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League -LRB- 2000 -- 2004 -RRB- ; the Raleigh -- Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football -LRB- 1991 -RRB- ; the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global Basketball Association -LRB- 1991 -- 1992 -RRB- ; the Raleigh Cougars of the United States Basketball League -LRB- 1997 -- 1999 -RRB- ; and most recently , the Carolina Courage of the Women 's United Soccer Association -LRB- 2000 -- 2001 in Chapel Hill , 2001 -- 2003 in suburban Cary -RRB- , which won that league 's championship Founders Cup in 2002 .	Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991–1998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football	What sports teams have been in Raleigh ?
Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises -LRB- now defunct -RRB- in Raleigh , including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL -LRB- 1991 -- 1998 -RRB- ; Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League -LRB- 2000 -- 2004 -RRB- ; the Raleigh -- Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football -LRB- 1991 -RRB- ; the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global Basketball Association -LRB- 1991 -- 1992 -RRB- ; the Raleigh Cougars of the United States Basketball League -LRB- 1997 -- 1999 -RRB- ; and most recently , the Carolina Courage of the Women 's United Soccer Association -LRB- 2000 -- 2001 in Chapel Hill , 2001 -- 2003 in suburban Cary -RRB- , which won that league 's championship Founders Cup in 2002 .	Raleigh Bullfrogs	What was the name of the GBA team in Raleigh ?
Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises -LRB- now defunct -RRB- in Raleigh , including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL -LRB- 1991 -- 1998 -RRB- ; Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League -LRB- 2000 -- 2004 -RRB- ; the Raleigh -- Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football -LRB- 1991 -RRB- ; the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global Basketball Association -LRB- 1991 -- 1992 -RRB- ; the Raleigh Cougars of the United States Basketball League -LRB- 1997 -- 1999 -RRB- ; and most recently , the Carolina Courage of the Women 's United Soccer Association -LRB- 2000 -- 2001 in Chapel Hill , 2001 -- 2003 in suburban Cary -RRB- , which won that league 's championship Founders Cup in 2002 .	1997–1999	When did the Raleigh Cougars play ?
Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises -LRB- now defunct -RRB- in Raleigh , including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL -LRB- 1991 -- 1998 -RRB- ; Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League -LRB- 2000 -- 2004 -RRB- ; the Raleigh -- Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football -LRB- 1991 -RRB- ; the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global Basketball Association -LRB- 1991 -- 1992 -RRB- ; the Raleigh Cougars of the United States Basketball League -LRB- 1997 -- 1999 -RRB- ; and most recently , the Carolina Courage of the Women 's United Soccer Association -LRB- 2000 -- 2001 in Chapel Hill , 2001 -- 2003 in suburban Cary -RRB- , which won that league 's championship Founders Cup in 2002 .	Women's United Soccer	What type of team was the Carolina Courage ?
Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises -LRB- now defunct -RRB- in Raleigh , including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL -LRB- 1991 -- 1998 -RRB- ; Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League -LRB- 2000 -- 2004 -RRB- ; the Raleigh -- Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football -LRB- 1991 -RRB- ; the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global Basketball Association -LRB- 1991 -- 1992 -RRB- ; the Raleigh Cougars of the United States Basketball League -LRB- 1997 -- 1999 -RRB- ; and most recently , the Carolina Courage of the Women 's United Soccer Association -LRB- 2000 -- 2001 in Chapel Hill , 2001 -- 2003 in suburban Cary -RRB- , which won that league 's championship Founders Cup in 2002 .	2002	What year did the Carolina Courage win the Founders Cup ?
North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference .	southwest Raleigh	Where is North Carolina State University ?
North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference .	Wolfpack	What is the mascot for North Carolina State University ?
The university 's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium , the third largest football stadium in North Carolina , while the men 's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club .	Carter-Finley Stadium	Where does the football team for North Carolina State University play ?
The university 's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium , the third largest football stadium in North Carolina , while the men 's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club .	third largest football stadium in North Carolina	How big is Carter Finley Stadium ?
The Wolfpack women 's basketball , volleyball , and gymnastics as well as men 's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum .	Reynolds Coliseum	Where does North Carolina State University men 's wrestling compete ?
The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city , which include : 8,100 acres -LRB- 33 km2 -RRB- of park land , 78 miles -LRB- 126 km -RRB- of greenway , 22 community centers , a BMX championship-caliber race track , 112 tennis courts among 25 locations , 5 public lakes , and 8 public aquatic facilities .	150	How many sites are throughout Raleigh ?
The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city , which include : 8,100 acres -LRB- 33 km2 -RRB- of park land , 78 miles -LRB- 126 km -RRB- of greenway , 22 community centers , a BMX championship-caliber race track , 112 tennis courts among 25 locations , 5 public lakes , and 8 public aquatic facilities .	park land,	What are there 8,100 acres of in Raleigh ?
The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city , which include : 8,100 acres -LRB- 33 km2 -RRB- of park land , 78 miles -LRB- 126 km -RRB- of greenway , 22 community centers , a BMX championship-caliber race track , 112 tennis courts among 25 locations , 5 public lakes , and 8 public aquatic facilities .	BMX championship-caliber	What type of race track is in Raleigh ?
The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city , which include : 8,100 acres -LRB- 33 km2 -RRB- of park land , 78 miles -LRB- 126 km -RRB- of greenway , 22 community centers , a BMX championship-caliber race track , 112 tennis courts among 25 locations , 5 public lakes , and 8 public aquatic facilities .	5 public lakes,	How many public lakes are in Raleigh ?
The J. C. Raulston Arboretum , an 8-acre -LRB- 32,000 m ² -RRB- arboretum and botanical garden in west Raleigh administered by North Carolina State University , maintains a year-round collection that is open daily to the public without charge .	J. C. Raulston Arboretum	What is the name of the arboretum ?
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's Uniform Crime Reports , in 2010 the Raleigh Police Department and other agencies in the city reported 1,740 incidents of violent crime and 12,995 incidents of property crime -- far below both the national average and the North Carolina average .	1,740	How many incidents of violent crime were there in 2010 ?
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's Uniform Crime Reports , in 2010 the Raleigh Police Department and other agencies in the city reported 1,740 incidents of violent crime and 12,995 incidents of property crime -- far below both the national average and the North Carolina average .	property crime	What were there 12,995 of in 2010 ?
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's Uniform Crime Reports , in 2010 the Raleigh Police Department and other agencies in the city reported 1,740 incidents of violent crime and 12,995 incidents of property crime -- far below both the national average and the North Carolina average .	far below both the national average	How does Raleigh compare in crime to the rest of the country ?
Of the violent crimes reported , 14 were murders , 99 were forcible rapes and 643 were robberies .	14	How many murders were in Raleigh in 2010 ?
Motor vehicle theft accounted for 870 incidents out of the total .	870	How many incidents of motor vehicle theft were there in 2010 ?
Public schools in Raleigh are operated by the Wake County Public School System .	Wake County Public School System	Who operates the public schools in Raleigh ?
Observers have praised the Wake County Public School System for its innovative efforts to maintain a socially , economically and racial balanced system by using income as a prime factor in assigning students to schools .	innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system	What is the school system praised for ?
Raleigh is home to three magnet high schools and three high schools offering the International Baccalaureate program .	three	How many magnet schools are there in Raleigh ?
Raleigh is home to three magnet high schools and three high schools offering the International Baccalaureate program .	International Baccalaureate	What type of degree can you get from a high school in Raleigh ?
Raleigh also has two alternative high schools .	Raleigh also has two alternative high schools.	Does Raleigh have alternate high schools ?
Raleigh-Durham International Airport , the region 's primary airport and the second-largest in North Carolina , located northwest of downtown Raleigh via Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham , serves the city and greater Research Triangle metropolitan region , as well as much of eastern North Carolina .	Raleigh-Durham International Airport,	What is the area 's primary airport ?
Raleigh-Durham International Airport , the region 's primary airport and the second-largest in North Carolina , located northwest of downtown Raleigh via Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham , serves the city and greater Research Triangle metropolitan region , as well as much of eastern North Carolina .	Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham	Where is Raleigh-Durham International Airport ?
The airport offers service to more than 35 domestic and international destinations and serves approximately 10 million passengers a year .	35	How many destinations does the airport offer internationally ?
The airport offers service to more than 35 domestic and international destinations and serves approximately 10 million passengers a year .	passengers	What are there 10 million of each year at the airport ?
The airport authority tripled the size of its Terminal 2 -LRB- formerly Terminal C -RRB- in January 2011 .	Terminal C	What was Terminal 2 formerly called at the airport ?
Raleigh is also served by Triangle Transit -LRB- known formerly as the Triangle Transit Authority , or TTA -RRB- .	Triangle Transit Authority,	What was Triangle Transit called before ?
Triangle Transit offers scheduled , fixed-route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region 's other principal cities of Durham , Cary and Chapel Hill , as well as to and from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport , Research Triangle Park and several of the region 's larger suburban communities .	scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service	What does Triangle Transit offer ?
Triangle Transit offers scheduled , fixed-route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region 's other principal cities of Durham , Cary and Chapel Hill , as well as to and from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport , Research Triangle Park and several of the region 's larger suburban communities .	Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park	Where else does Triangle Transit go to ?
Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region 's larger employers and commute destinations .	Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool	Does Triangle Transit have a van service ?
Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region 's larger employers and commute destinations .	rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers	Are employers connected with Triangle Transit ?
Registered dietitian nutritionists -LRB- RDs or RDNs -RRB- are health professionals qualified to provide safe , evidence-based dietary advice which includes a review of what is eaten , a thorough review of nutritional health , and a personalized nutritional treatment plan .	Registered dietitian nutritionists	What does RDN stand for ?
Certified Clinical Nutritionists or CCNs , are trained health professionals who also offer dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic disease , including possible prevention or remediation by addressing nutritional deficiencies before resorting to drugs .	Certified Clinical Nutritionists	Who offers dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic diseases ?
Government regulation especially in terms of licensing , is currently less universal for the CCN than that of RD or RDN .	RDN	For which health professional is Governmental regulation more universal ?
Another advanced Nutrition Professional is a Certified Nutrition Specialist or CNS .	Certified Nutrition Specialist	Who typically specializes in obesity and chronic disease ?
According to Walter Gratzer , the study of nutrition probably began during the 6th century BC .	6th century BC	In which time period did the study of nutrition begin ?
In China , the concept of Qi developed , a spirit or `` wind '' similar to what Western Europeans later called pneuma .	pneuma	What is the European equivalent of `` Qi '' ?
Food was classified into `` hot '' -LRB- for example , meats , blood , ginger , and hot spices -RRB- and `` cold '' -LRB- green vegetables -RRB- in China , India , Malaya , and Persia .	hot	What kind of food classification does ginger belong to ?
About the same time in Italy , Alcmaeon of Croton -LRB- a Greek -RRB- wrote of the importance of equilibrium between what goes in and what goes out , and warned that imbalance would result disease marked by obesity or emaciation .	Greek	What nationality was Alcmaeon of Croton ?
About the same time in Italy , Alcmaeon of Croton -LRB- a Greek -RRB- wrote of the importance of equilibrium between what goes in and what goes out , and warned that imbalance would result disease marked by obesity or emaciation .	emaciation	Other than obesity , what else would trademark an imbalance in nutrition ?
The first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects is found in the Bible 's Book of Daniel .	first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects	What does the Book of Daniel contain ?
Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel .	Israel	Which country was being invaded when Daniel and his friends were captured ?
Selected as court servants , they were to share in the king 's fine foods and wine .	court servants	What occupation were Daniel and his friends originally meant to have ?
Daniel and his friends received their diet for 10 days and were then compared to the king 's men .	10 days	How long did the trial diet last ?
But they objected , preferring vegetables -LRB- pulses -RRB- and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions .	pulses	What is another term for vegetables that was used ?
One must n't overlook the doctrines of Galen : In use from his life in the 1st century AD until the 17th century , it was heresy to disagree with him for 1500 years .	1500 years	How long was the doctrines of Galen in use for ?
Galen was physician to gladiators in Pergamon , and in Rome , physician to Marcus Aurelius and the three emperors who succeeded him .	Marcus Aurelius	Which famous emperor did Galen serve as a physician to ?
Most of Galen 's teachings were gathered and enhanced in the late 11th century by Benedictine monks at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum , which still had users in the 17th century .	Benedictine monks	Who resided at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum ?
Galen believed in the bodily humours of Hippocrates , and he taught that pneuma is the source of life .	the source of life	What did Galen believe that pneuma was ?
The states are made up of pairs of attributes -LRB- hot and moist , cold and moist , hot and dry , and cold and dry -RRB- , which are made of four humours : blood , phlegm , green -LRB- or yellow -RRB- bile , and black bile -LRB- the bodily form of the elements -RRB- .	four humours	What did each pair of attributes supposedly consist of ?
In the 1500s , Paracelsus was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly .	Paracelsus	Who criticized Galen in the 1500s ?
Also in the 16th century , scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle .	Leonardo da Vinci	Which famous artist did not agree with Galen 's theories ?
Also in the 16th century , scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle .	metabolism	What was a burning candle comparable to ?
Jan Baptist van Helmont , who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide , performed the first quantitative experiment .	carbon dioxide	Which well known gas did Jan Baptist van Helmont discover ?
Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process .	Herman Boerhaave	Which scientist was able to create a model for the digestive process ?
Sometimes overlooked during his life , James Lind , a physician in the British navy , performed the first scientific nutrition experiment in 1747 .	1747	When was the first nutrition experiment performed ?
Sometimes overlooked during his life , James Lind , a physician in the British navy , performed the first scientific nutrition experiment in 1747 .	James Lind	What was the name of the overlooked physician that served in the British Navy ?
Lind discovered that lime juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from scurvy , a deadly and painful bleeding disorder .	lime	The juice of which fruit was determined to have helped sailors from contracting scurvy ?
Between 1500 and 1800 , an estimated two million sailors had died of scurvy .	two million	How many sailors died from scurvy between the years 1500 and 1800 ?
The discovery was ignored for forty years , after which British sailors became known as `` limeys . ''	limeys	Which nickname was given to the British sailors ?
In 1816 , François Magendie discovered that dogs fed only carbohydrates -LRB- sugar -RRB- , fat -LRB- olive oil -RRB- , and water died evidently of starvation , but dogs also fed protein survived , identifying protein as an essential dietary component .	protein	Which dietary component was not fed to dogs resulting in their death ?
William Prout in 1827 was the first person to divide foods into carbohydrates , fat , and protein .	William Prout	Who first began dividing foods into categories ?
During the 19th century , Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Justus von Liebig quarrelled over their shared belief that animals get their protein directly from plants -LRB- animal and plant protein are the same and that humans do not create organic compounds -RRB- .	Jean-Baptiste Dumas	Who did Justus von Liebig argue with over the belief that animals get protein from plants ?
With a reputation as the leading organic chemist of his day but with no credentials in animal physiology , Liebig grew rich making food extracts like beef bouillon and infant formula that were later found to be of questionable nutritious value .	animal physiology	Which credientials did Liebig lack despite being a leading organic chemist ?
In the 1860s , Claude Bernard discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein , showing that the energy in blood glucose can be stored as fat or as glycogen .	body fat	What can be synthesized using carbohydrates and proteins ?
In the early 1880s , Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors -LRB- whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice -RRB- developed beriberi -LRB- or endemic neuritis , a disease causing heart problems and paralysis -RRB- , but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not .	white rice	What was the main component of Japanese sailor 's diet ?
In the early 1880s , Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors -LRB- whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice -RRB- developed beriberi -LRB- or endemic neuritis , a disease causing heart problems and paralysis -RRB- , but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not .	endemic neuritis	What is the scientific term for beriberi ?
In the early 1880s , Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors -LRB- whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice -RRB- developed beriberi -LRB- or endemic neuritis , a disease causing heart problems and paralysis -RRB- , but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not .	paralysis	What major symptom other than heart problems did beriberi cause ?
In the early 1880s , Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors -LRB- whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice -RRB- developed beriberi -LRB- or endemic neuritis , a disease causing heart problems and paralysis -RRB- , but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not .	Kanehiro Takaki	Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor 's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi ?
Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease , -LRB- not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet , later understood as a cure -RRB- .	thiamine	What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease ?
In 1896 , Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands .	iodine	What element can be found in thyroid glands ?
In 1897 , Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java , who also suffered from beriberi .	Java	What group of natives suffered from beriberi ?
In 1897 , Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java , who also suffered from beriberi .	Christiaan Eijkman	Who worked with the natives to help solve their dietary issues ?
Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact .	unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact	What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens ?
Over two decades later , nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1 , also known as thiamine .	two decades	How long after the natives were cured did it take for people to figure out the reason that brown rice cured them ?
In the early 20th century , Carl von Voit and Max Rubner independently measured caloric energy expenditure in different species of animals , applying principles of physics in nutrition .	caloric energy expenditure	What was measured in the early 20th century ?
In the early 20th century , Carl von Voit and Max Rubner independently measured caloric energy expenditure in different species of animals , applying principles of physics in nutrition .	principles of physics	What did Carl von Voit and Max Rubner apply to nutrition in order to receive their results ?
In 1906 , Edith G. Willcock and Frederick Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well-being of mice but it did not assure their growth .	tryptophan	Which amino acid can assist with the well - being of mice but not necessarily their growth ?
In the middle of twelve years of attempts to isolate them , Hopkins said in a 1906 lecture that `` unsuspected dietetic factors , '' other than calories , protein , and minerals , are needed to prevent deficiency diseases .	unsuspected dietetic factors	What did Hopkins believe was required other than calories , protein and minerals to help prevent deficiency diseases ?
In 1907 , Stephen M. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart conducted the single-grain experiment , which took nearly four years to complete .	single-grain experiment	Which experiment related to diet was conducted that required four years to complete ?
In 1913 , Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins , fat-soluble vitamin A , and water-soluble vitamin B -LRB- in 1915 ; now known to be a complex of several water-soluble vitamins -RRB- and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy .	fat-soluble	What was notable about the discovered vitamin A ?
In 1913 , Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins , fat-soluble vitamin A , and water-soluble vitamin B -LRB- in 1915 ; now known to be a complex of several water-soluble vitamins -RRB- and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy .	water-soluble	Which property was vitamin B found to have ?
In 1913 , Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins , fat-soluble vitamin A , and water-soluble vitamin B -LRB- in 1915 ; now known to be a complex of several water-soluble vitamins -RRB- and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy .	scurvy	Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent ?
In 1919 , Sir Edward Mellanby incorrectly identified rickets as a vitamin A deficiency because he could cure it in dogs with cod liver oil .	rickets	What was cod liver oil able to help cure in dogs ?
Also in 1922 , H.M. Evans and L.S. Bishop discover vitamin E as essential for rat pregnancy , originally calling it `` food factor X '' until 1925 .	vitamin E	What was referred to as `` food factor X '' ?
The list of nutrients that people are known to require is , in the words of Marion Nestle , `` almost certainly incomplete '' .	Marion Nestle	Who claims that the list of nutrients that humans require is incomplete ?
As of 2014 , nutrients are thought to be of two types : macro-nutrients which are needed in relatively large amounts , and micronutrients which are needed in smaller quantities .	macro-nutrients	What is the other category of nutrients that people require other than micronutrients ?
A type of carbohydrate , dietary fiber , i.e. non-digestible material such as cellulose , is required , for both mechanical and biochemical reasons , although the exact reasons remain unclear .	non-digestible	What is notable about cellulose in humans ?
Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals , which are said to influence -LRB- or protect -RRB- some body systems .	phytochemicals	What else , other than antioxidants , helps protect body systems ?
As of 2014 , nutrients are thought to be of two types : macro-nutrients which are needed in relatively large amounts , and micronutrients which are needed in smaller quantities .	2014	In which year were nutrients categorized into their two respective categories ?
The macronutrients are carbohydrates , fats , protein , and water .	macronutrients	Which category is represented by carbohydrates and fats among other nutrients ?
The macronutrients -LRB- excluding fiber and water -RRB- provide structural material -LRB- amino acids from which proteins are built , and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built -RRB- and energy .	structural material	What other significant aspect do macronutrients provide other than energy ?
Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally , and in either case it is measured in Joules or kilocalories -LRB- often called `` Calories '' and written with a capital C to distinguish them from little ` c ' calories -RRB- .	Joules	What unit other than calories is used to measure the energy generated by nutrients ?
Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately -LRB- 4 kcal -RRB- of energy per gram , while fats provide 37 kJ -LRB- 9 kcal -RRB- per gram , though the net energy from either depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort , which vary substantially from instance to instance .	fats	Which nutrient generally provides around 37 kJ per gram ?
Vitamins , minerals , fiber , and water do not provide energy , but are required for other reasons .	provide energy	Although vitamins are important for many reasons , which role do they not play in the human body ?
Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen atoms .	carbohydrates	Other than fats , what else consists of atoms of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen ?
Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides -LRB- glucose , fructose , galactose -RRB- to complex polysaccharides -LRB- starch -RRB- .	complex polysaccharides	If a carbohydrate is not a simple monosaccharide , what else could it be ?
Fats are triglycerides , made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone .	triglycerides	What do fatty acid monomers that are bound to glycerol backbones make up ?
Some fatty acids , but not all , are essential in the diet : they can not be synthesized in the body .	cannot be synthesized in the body	What characteristic about fatty acids requires them to be an essential component in a diet ?
Traditionally , simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly , and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates .	simple carbohydrates	What was traditionally believed to be absorbed quickly causing blood - glucose levels to rapidly rise ?
Some simple carbohydrates -LRB- e.g. , fructose -RRB- follow different metabolic pathways -LRB- e.g. , fructolysis -RRB- that result in only a partial catabolism to glucose , while , in essence , many complex carbohydrates may be digested at the same rate as simple carbohydrates .	fructose	What is an example of a simple carbohydrate ?
Some simple carbohydrates -LRB- e.g. , fructose -RRB- follow different metabolic pathways -LRB- e.g. , fructolysis -RRB- that result in only a partial catabolism to glucose , while , in essence , many complex carbohydrates may be digested at the same rate as simple carbohydrates .	glucose	When simple carbohydrates undergo metabolic pathways , what do they result in after partial catabolism ?
Glucose stimulates the production of insulin through food entering the bloodstream , which is grasped by the beta cells in the pancreas .	production of insulin	What is glucose able to stimulate that is required in the human body ?
Glucose stimulates the production of insulin through food entering the bloodstream , which is grasped by the beta cells in the pancreas .	pancreas	Where are beta cells that attach to insulin located ?
Dietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals .	Dietary fiber	What example of a carbohydrate is unable to be fully absorbed in humans ?
Like all carbohydrates , when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories -LRB- kilocalories -RRB- of energy per gram .	four	How many kilocalories of energy per gram is dietary fiber able to produce when successfully metabolized ?
Dietary fiber consists mainly of cellulose , a large carbohydrate polymer which is indigestible as humans do not have the required enzymes to disassemble it .	cellulose	What is the main component that makes up dietary fiber ?
Dietary fiber helps reduce the chance of gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and diarrhea by increasing the weight and size of stool and softening it .	constipation	What is an example of a gastrointestinal problem other than diarrhea ?
This may help lower blood glucose levels because it can slow the absorption of sugar .	slow the absorption of sugar	What does soluble fiber do to help lower blood glucose levels ?
A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids -LRB- containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms -RRB- , bonded to a glycerol .	glycerol	Dietary fat can be said to consist of fatty acids bonded to which molecule ?
They are typically found as triglycerides -LRB- three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone -RRB- .	one	How many glycerol backbones does a triglyceride contain ?
Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved .	the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved	What needs to be examined to determine whether a fat can be classified as saturated or unsaturated ?
Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms , whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded , so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length .	hydrogen	Which element is present that is bonded to all of the carbons in a saturated fat ?
Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with trans-isomer bonds ; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources ; they are typically created in an industrial process called -LRB- partial -RRB- hydrogenation .	unsaturated fat	What kind of fat can a trans fat be categorized as ?
Saturated fats -LRB- typically from animal sources -RRB- have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia .	animal sources	Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from ?
Unsaturated fats -LRB- e. g. , vegetable oil -RRB- are considered healthier , while trans fats are to be avoided .	Unsaturated fats	Which kind of fat is generally considered to be healthiest ?
Unsaturated fats -LRB- e. g. , vegetable oil -RRB- are considered healthier , while trans fats are to be avoided .	trans fats	Which type of fat should people attempt to avoid ?
Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature -LRB- such as butter or lard -RRB- , while unsaturated fats are typically liquids -LRB- such as olive oil or flaxseed oil -RRB- .	liquids	What kind of state of matter do unsaturated fats typically have at room temperature ?
Trans fats are very rare in nature , and have been shown to be highly detrimental to human health , but have properties useful in the food processing industry , such as rancidity resistance .	rancidity resistance	Although trans fats are harmful to human health , what property do they have that makes them useful in food processing ?
Most fatty acids are non-essential , meaning the body can produce them as needed , generally from other fatty acids and always by expending energy to do so .	the body can produce them as needed	What does it mean when it is claimed that many fatty acids are non - essential ?
However , in humans , at least two fatty acids are essential and must be included in the diet .	two	At least how many fatty acids are essential to the human health and have to be consumed rather than produced by the body ?
The omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid -LRB- EPA -RRB- , which can be made in the human body from the omega-3 essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid -LRB- ALA -RRB- , or taken in through marine food sources , serves as a building block for series 3 prostaglandins -LRB- e.g. , weakly inflammatory PGE3 -RRB- .	eicosapentaenoic acid	What does EPA stand for ?
Both DGLA and AA can be made from the omega-6 linoleic acid -LRB- LA -RRB- in the human body , or can be taken in directly through food .	omega-6 linoleic acid	Outside of consumption , what would be broken down in the body to obtain DGLA and AA ?
In industrialized societies , people typically consume large amounts of processed vegetable oils , which have reduced amounts of the essential fatty acids along with too much of omega-6 fatty acids relative to omega-3 fatty acids .	processed vegetable oils	What do people consume that has low amounts of the necessary essential fatty acids ?
Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes , thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 -LRB- made from AA -RRB- toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 -LRB- made from DGLA -RRB- .	Omega-3 EPA	What is able to prevent AA from being released from membranes ?
The conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2 .	the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2	The conversion of omega-6 DGLA to AA is able to help regulate which process ?
Moreover , the conversion -LRB- desaturation -RRB- of DGLA to AA is controlled by the enzyme delta-5-desaturase , which in turn is controlled by hormones such as insulin -LRB- up-regulation -RRB- and glucagon -LRB- down-regulation -RRB- .	desaturation	What kind of process is the conversion of DGLA to AA ?
Moreover , the conversion -LRB- desaturation -RRB- of DGLA to AA is controlled by the enzyme delta-5-desaturase , which in turn is controlled by hormones such as insulin -LRB- up-regulation -RRB- and glucagon -LRB- down-regulation -RRB- .	glucagon	What is an example of a hormone other than insulin that is able to control the enzyme delta-5-desaturase ?
The amount and type of carbohydrates consumed , along with some types of amino acid , can influence processes involving insulin , glucagon , and other hormones ; therefore , the ratio of omega-3 versus omega-6 has wide effects on general health , and specific effects on immune function and inflammation , and mitosis -LRB- i.e. , cell division -RRB- .	mitosis	What is the scientific name for cell division ?
Proteins are structural materials in much of the animal body -LRB- e.g. muscles , skin , and hair -RRB- .	Proteins	What primarily makes up the enzymes in our body that regulate the chemical reactions that occur ?
Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids , which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur -LRB- these components are responsible for the distinctive smell of burning protein , such as the keratin in hair -RRB- .	amino acids	What is the primary component of every protein ?
The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins -LRB- protein retention -RRB- and to replace damaged proteins -LRB- maintenance -RRB- .	protein retention	What is the term that refers to the body process that produces new proteins ?
Excess amino acids are discarded , typically in the urine .	urine	When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present , through which excretion are they lost ?
About twenty amino acids are found in the human body , and about ten of these are essential and , therefore , must be included in the diet .	twenty	Approximately how many amino acid types does the human body generally have ?
It is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources -LRB- e.g. , rice and beans -RRB- to make a complete protein source , and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions .	two incomplete protein sources	What would be required for the human body to potentially have a chance to create a complete protein source ?
It is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources -LRB- e.g. , rice and beans -RRB- to make a complete protein source , and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions .	beans	Other than rice , what would be another example of an incomplete protein source ?
Excess amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called gluconeogenesis .	Excess amino acids	What is taken from proteins and converted to glucose by the body ?
Excess amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called gluconeogenesis .	gluconeogenesis	What is the term for the conversion of amino acids into glucose ?
The amino acids remaining after such conversion are discarded .	discarded	What happens to amino acids that are left over after the body has converted what it can to glucose ?
Early recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6 -- 8 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration .	6–8 glasses of water daily	What was the early recommended amount of water that was supposedly required to keep the body hydrated ?
The original water intake recommendation in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council read : `` An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food .	Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council	Who originally made a water intake recommendation in 1945 ?
The original water intake recommendation in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council read : `` An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food .	1 milliliter	How much water should be taken in for each calorie of food that is consumed ?
Therefore , to help standardize guidelines , recommendations for water consumption are included in two recent European Food Safety Authority -LRB- EFSA -RRB- documents -LRB- 2010 -RRB- : -LRB- i -RRB- Food-based dietary guidelines and -LRB- ii -RRB- Dietary reference values for water or adequate daily intakes -LRB- ADI -RRB- .	adequate daily intakes	What does ADI stand for ?
About 80 % of our daily water requirement comes from the beverages we drink , with the remaining 20 % coming from food .	food	Where do humans get the 20 % of water that does not come from the beverages we drink ?
Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption , the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity .	the elderly	Who was similar recommended intake volumes as adults ?
Pregnant and breastfeeding women require additional fluids to stay hydrated .	Pregnant	Other then breastfeeding women , who what other category of woman should have increased water intake ?
The EFSA panel proposes that pregnant women should consume the same volume of water as non-pregnant women , plus an increase in proportion to the higher energy requirement , equal to 300 mL/day .	300 mL/day	How much more water should pregnant women consumed compared to an average non - pregnant woman ?
To compensate for additional fluid output , breastfeeding women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non-lactating women .	To compensate for additional fluid output	Why should lactating women increase their water consumption ?
To compensate for additional fluid output , breastfeeding women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non-lactating women .	700 mL/day	How much more water do lactating women need to consume in relation to the average woman ?
Dietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms , other than the four elements carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules .	inorganic chemical elements	What kind of element are dietary minerals ?
The term `` mineral '' is archaic , since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet .	the less common elements in the diet	What was the term `` mineral '' originally meant to describe ?
Some are heavier than the four just mentioned , including several metals , which often occur as ions in the body .	ions	In what form are some metals commonly found in the body ?
Some minerals are absorbed much more readily in the ionic forms found in such sources .	ionic forms	In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier ?
On the other hand , minerals are often artificially added to the diet as supplements ; the most famous is likely iodine in iodized salt which prevents goiter .	iodine	What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter ?
-LRB- Vitamin D is the exception : it can be synthesized in the skin , in the presence of UVB radiation . -RRB-	Vitamin D	Which vitamin can be synthesized in the skin ?
-LRB- Vitamin D is the exception : it can be synthesized in the skin , in the presence of UVB radiation . -RRB-	UVB radiation	What is required for vitamin D to be synthesized ?
Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet , such as carnitine , are thought useful for survival and health , but these are not `` essential '' dietary nutrients because the human body has some capacity to produce them from other compounds .	carnitine	What is an example of a vitamin - like compound that is not considered an essential dietary nutrient ?
Moreover , thousands of different phytochemicals have recently been discovered in food -LRB- particularly in fresh vegetables -RRB- , which may have desirable properties including antioxidant activity -LRB- see below -RRB- ; however , experimental demonstration has been suggestive but inconclusive .	phytochemicals	What has recently been discovered in the thousands , especially from examining fresh vegetables ?
Other essential nutrients that are not classified as vitamins include essential amino acids -LRB- see above -RRB- , choline , essential fatty acids -LRB- see above -RRB- , and the minerals discussed in the preceding section .	vitamins	What is choline not an example of ?
As cellular metabolism/energy production requires oxygen , potentially damaging -LRB- e.g. , mutation causing -RRB- compounds known as free radicals can form .	mutation causing	What is another term that can be used to describe `` potentially damaging '' compounds ?
Most of these are oxidizers -LRB- i.e. , acceptors of electrons -RRB- and some react very strongly .	acceptors of electrons	What are oxidizers ?
For the continued normal cellular maintenance , growth , and division , these free radicals must be sufficiently neutralized by antioxidant compounds .	antioxidant compounds	In order for the body to function normally , what must be used to neutralize free radicals ?
Phytochemicals -LRB- Section Below -RRB- and their subgroup , polyphenols , make up the majority of antioxidants ; about 4,000 are known .	polyphenols	What subgroup of phytochemicals helps make up the majority of the body 's antioxidants ?
Some can not be present in certain areas of free radical development -LRB- Vitamin A is fat-soluble and protects fat areas , Vitamin C is water-soluble and protects those areas -RRB- .	fat areas	Which area of the body does vitamin A protect ?
In humans , the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes , Bacteroidetes , Actinobacteria , and Proteobacteria .	phyla	What term collectively describes `` Firmicutes '' and `` Bacteroidetes '' among others ?
They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed .	essential to digestion	What is the importance of having phyla in the body ?
Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans , including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food ; stimulating cell growth ; repressing the growth of harmful bacteria , training the immune system to respond only to pathogens ; producing vitamin B12 ; and defending against some infectious diseases .	vitamin B12	Which vitamin are the bacteria present in the gut responsible for producing ?
Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans , including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food ; stimulating cell growth ; repressing the growth of harmful bacteria , training the immune system to respond only to pathogens ; producing vitamin B12 ; and defending against some infectious diseases .	breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food	What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have ?
Animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora .	Animal intestines	Where could one find a large population of gut flora ?
Heart disease , cancer , obesity , and diabetes are commonly called `` Western '' diseases because these maladies were once rarely seen in developing countries .	"Western" diseases	Heart disease and obesity are examples of what kind of disease ?
An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease , while in other areas they reflected `` up to a 100-fold increase '' coincident with shifts from diets that were found to be entirely plant-based to heavily animal-based , respectively .	China	In which country was a study about the presence of cancer and heart disease in different regions done ?
An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease , while in other areas they reflected `` up to a 100-fold increase '' coincident with shifts from diets that were found to be entirely plant-based to heavily animal-based , respectively .	100-fold	How much of an increase in presence of `` Western '' diseases was there in communities that primarily had animal - based diets as opposed to vegetable diets ?
Adjusted for age and exercise , large regional clusters of people in China rarely suffered from these `` Western '' diseases possibly because their diets are rich in vegetables , fruits , and whole grains , and have little dairy and meat products .	dairy	Other than meat , what else is lacking from the people in China 's diet compared to diets from the Western world ?
Some studies show these to be , in high quantities , possible causes of some cancers .	cancers	What disease was said to possibly be the result of diets that are high in meat and dairy products ?
The United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet , and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals .	United Healthcare/Pacificare	Who released a guideline that recommends that people follow a whole plant food diet ?
A National Geographic cover article from November 2005 , entitled The Secrets of Living Longer , also recommends a whole plant food diet .	National Geographic	Which magazine also recommended that people follow a whole plant food diet ?
A National Geographic cover article from November 2005 , entitled The Secrets of Living Longer , also recommends a whole plant food diet .	2005	In which year was there a cover article on the National Geographic regarding diet recommendations ?
The article is a lifestyle survey of three populations , Sardinians , Okinawans , and Adventists , who generally display longevity and `` suffer a fraction of the diseases that commonly kill people in other parts of the developed world , and enjoy more healthy years of life . ''	three	How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article ?
In common with all three groups is to `` Eat fruits , vegetables , and whole grains . ''	whole grains	Other than fruits and vegetables , what other product was highly recommended to be a part of a healthy diet ?
Carnivore and herbivore diets are contrasting , with basic nitrogen and carbon proportions vary for their particular foods .	carbon	Other than nitrogen , what other element varies greatly between a carnivore and herbivore diet ?
`` The nitrogen content of plant tissues averages about 2 % , while in fungi , animals , and bacteria it averages about 5 % to 10 % . ''	5% to 10%	What percentage of nitrogen content is generally found in fungi ?
Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to create digestible nutrients from indigestible plant cellulose , while obligate carnivores must eat animal meats to obtain certain vitamins or nutrients their bodies can not otherwise synthesize .	bacterial fermentation	What process of breaking down cellulose do herbivores rely on for their essential nutrients ?
Animal tissue contains chemical compounds , such as water , carbohydrates -LRB- sugar , starch , and fiber -RRB- , amino acids -LRB- in proteins -RRB- , fatty acids -LRB- in lipids -RRB- , and nucleic acids -LRB- DNA and RNA -RRB- .	starch	Other than sugar and fiber , what else are carbohydrates consisted of ?
Animal tissue contains chemical compounds , such as water , carbohydrates -LRB- sugar , starch , and fiber -RRB- , amino acids -LRB- in proteins -RRB- , fatty acids -LRB- in lipids -RRB- , and nucleic acids -LRB- DNA and RNA -RRB- .	lipids	Where can fatty acids be found ?
Animal tissue consists of elements and compounds ingested , digested , absorbed , and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body .	bloodstream	Through what part of the body are nutrients transported to feed cells ?
Except in the unborn fetus , the digestive system is the first system involved -LSB- vague -RSB- .	unborn fetus	In which specific circumstance is the digestive system not the first system involved in nutrient processing ?
Digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules , and modify their conformations and energy states .	Digestive juices	What is able to break bonds in ingested molecules ?
Though some molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream unchanged , digestive processes release them from the matrix of foods .	digestive processes	Molecules that are released from ingested foods are done so through which process ?
Unabsorbed matter , along with some waste products of metabolism , is eliminated from the body in the feces .	feces	Through which manner are unabsorbed matter and waste products excreted ?
Comparing the food to the waste can help determine the specific compounds and elements absorbed and metabolized in the body .	food	What needs to be compared to the waste products from humans to determine what is absorbed in the body ?
Studies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments , as well as the chemical composition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body -LRB- in urine and feces -RRB- .	urine	It is important to examine both the feces and what other excrement when studying absorption ?
The number of variables involved in such experiments is high , making nutritional studies time-consuming and expensive , which explains why the science of animal nutrition is still slowly evolving .	expensive	Other than time consuming , what else are nutritional studies due to their length and variable count ?
The number of variables involved in such experiments is high , making nutritional studies time-consuming and expensive , which explains why the science of animal nutrition is still slowly evolving .	slowly	At which rate is the science behind nutrition continuing to evolve ?
Plants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air -LRB- consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen -RRB- through their leaves .	through their roots	How do plants absorb essential elements that are present in the soil ?
Plants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air -LRB- consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen -RRB- through their leaves .	air	Having leaves allows plants to absorb nutrients through which medium ?
Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis .	photosynthesis	What is the process that plants undergo in order to obtain carbohydrates ?
Nutrient uptake in the soil is achieved by cation exchange , wherein root hairs pump hydrogen ions -LRB- H + -RRB- into the soil through proton pumps .	cation exchange	What is the process called in which plants gather nutrients from the soil around their roots ?
In the leaves , stomata open to take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen .	stomata	What part of the leaf in a plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen ?
Research in the field of nutrition has greatly contributed in finding out the essential facts about how environmental depletion can lead to crucial nutrition-related health problems like contamination , spread of contagious diseases , malnutrition , etc. .	crucial nutrition-related health problems	What can environmental depletion lead to ?
Research in the field of nutrition has greatly contributed in finding out the essential facts about how environmental depletion can lead to crucial nutrition-related health problems like contamination , spread of contagious diseases , malnutrition , etc. .	contamination	Other than malnutrition and a spread of disease , what is an example of a health problem that arose due to environmental depletion ?
Moreover , environmental contamination due to discharge of agricultural as well as industrial chemicals like organocholrines , heavy metal , and radionucleotides may adversely affect the human and the ecosystem as a whole .	agricultural	Other than industrial chemicals , what other industry discharges chemicals that can contaminate the environment ?
Moreover , environmental contamination due to discharge of agricultural as well as industrial chemicals like organocholrines , heavy metal , and radionucleotides may adversely affect the human and the ecosystem as a whole .	the ecosystem	The release and contamination of the environment affects what important system other than the human race ?
This could directly or indirectly cause drastic changes in their diet habits .	diet habits	If people 's nutritional status and health changes , what could this affect in their daily routine ?
In the US , dietitians are registered -LRB- RD -RRB- or licensed -LRB- LD -RRB- with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association , and are only able to use the title `` dietitian , '' as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state , when they have met specific educational and experiential prerequisites and passed a national registration or licensure examination , respectively .	LD	What is the abbreviation for licensed dietitians in the US ?
In the US , dietitians are registered -LRB- RD -RRB- or licensed -LRB- LD -RRB- with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association , and are only able to use the title `` dietitian , '' as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state , when they have met specific educational and experiential prerequisites and passed a national registration or licensure examination , respectively .	Commission for Dietetic Registration	Who do dietitians have to register with other than the American Dietetic Association in order to be recognized as such in the US ?
Anyone may call themselves a nutritionist , including unqualified dietitians , as this term is unregulated .	nutritionist	Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets ?
Some states , such as the State of Florida , have begun to include the title `` nutritionist '' in state licensure requirements .	Florida	Which state has started to regulate the word `` nutritionist '' ?
Most governments provide guidance on nutrition , and some also impose mandatory disclosure/labeling requirements for processed food manufacturers and restaurants to assist consumers in complying with such guidance .	disclosure/labeling requirements	What are restaurants and food manufacturers required to follow in order to assist consumers looking to follow dietary guidelines ?
In the US , nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services .	US Department of Health and Human Services	Nutritional standards and recommendations are produced by a joint effort between the US Department of Agriculture and which other department ?
Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate , which superseded the food pyramid , which replaced the Four Food Groups .	USDA	Who releases guidelines that revolve around diet and physical activity recommendations ?
Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate , which superseded the food pyramid , which replaced the Four Food Groups .	MyPlate	What is the name of the concept that has replaced the food pyramid ?
The Senate committee currently responsible for oversight of the USDA is the Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry Committee .	Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee	The USDA 's effort sand actions are overseen by which governmental committee ?
Committee hearings are often televised on C-SPAN .	C-SPAN	On which channel are committee meetings often shown ?
An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies , a public-private partnership between the state 's largest university system and largest health insurer , Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation .	to promote nutrition literacy	What is the goal of Smart Bodies ?
An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies , a public-private partnership between the state 's largest university system and largest health insurer , Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation .	state	Smart Bodies is an example of an initiative that was started by what level of government ?
An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies , a public-private partnership between the state 's largest university system and largest health insurer , Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation .	Louisiana State Agricultural Center	The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies ?
Launched in 2005 , this program promotes lifelong healthful eating patterns and physically active lifestyles for children and their families .	2005	When was the Smart Bodies initiative first released ?
It is an interactive educational program designed to help prevent childhood obesity through classroom activities that teach children healthful eating habits and physical exercise .	childhood obesity	What does the initiative specifically target ?
In England and Wales , the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition , stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging .	Wales	In England and which other country is there a curricula that revolves around nutritional education ?
In England and Wales , the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition , stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging .	Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula	What is the official name of the curricula that promotes nutritional education in schools ?
In many schools , a Nutrition class will fall within the Family and Consumer Science or Health departments .	Family and Consumer Science	What does FCS stand for ?
In England and Wales , the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition , stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging .	how to read nutrition labels on packaging	Aside from dieting and general nutritional information , what else does the curricula in England and Wales aim to teach students ?
In some American schools , students are required to take a certain number of FCS or Health related classes .	American	In which type of school are kids required to take a number of health related courses ?
At the time of this entry , we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level .	U.S.	In which country were there no specific nutritional literacy studies on a national level that could be found ?
However , the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy -LRB- NAAL -RRB- provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced the first ever measure of `` the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain , process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions '' -- an objective of Healthy People 2010 and of which nutrition literacy might be considered an important subset .	National Assessment of Adult Literacy	What does the abbreviation NAAL represent ?
On a scale of below basic , basic , intermediate and proficient , NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy , 44 % have intermediate literacy , 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy .	44%	How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy ?
On a scale of below basic , basic , intermediate and proficient , NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy , 44 % have intermediate literacy , 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy .	14	What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy ?
The study found that health literacy increases with education and people living below the level of poverty have lower health literacy than those above it .	level of poverty	People who had a lower health literacy rate were found to be living below what standard ?
Another study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills .	52	What percentage of people were were found to have a high likelihood of low literacy skills in the Mississippi Delta region ?
While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult , primarily because of methodological differences , Zoellner et al. suggest that health literacy rates in the Mississippi Delta region are different from the U.S. general population and that they help establish the scope of the problem of health literacy among adults in the Delta region .	methodological differences	What primary difference was there between the NAAL and Delta study that made comparisons difficult ?
While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult , primarily because of methodological differences , Zoellner et al. suggest that health literacy rates in the Mississippi Delta region are different from the U.S. general population and that they help establish the scope of the problem of health literacy among adults in the Delta region .	Zoellner	Who was the main author of the study that suggested that the Mississippi Delta study identified a problem of health literacy ?
For example , only 12 percent of study participants identified the My Pyramid graphic two years after it had been launched by the USDA .	two	For how many years had the My Pyramid graphic been released at the time of the Mississippi Delta study ?
The study also found significant relationships between nutrition literacy and income level and nutrition literacy and educational attainment further delineating priorities for the region .	nutrition literacy	Income level was found to have a signification correlation to which outcome in the study ?
Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices , a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances , limited or difficult access to healthful foods , and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living .	nutritional information	What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population ?
Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices , a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances , limited or difficult access to healthful foods , and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living .	food	The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice ?
Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices , a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances , limited or difficult access to healthful foods , and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living .	healthful foods	What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region ?
Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices , a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances , limited or difficult access to healthful foods , and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living .	socioeconomic	What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy ?
Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices , a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances , limited or difficult access to healthful foods , and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living .	low levels of education	Aside from large people living in poverty , what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices ?
Malnutrition refers to insufficient , excessive , or imbalanced consumption of nutrients by an organism .	Malnutrition	An imbalance in the intake of nutrients by any organism can be referred by which term ?
In developed countries , the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption .	developed	In what kind of country is malnutrition often found as excessive consumption or as a nutritional imbalance ?
In developing countries , malnutrition is more likely to be caused by poor access to a range of nutritious foods or inadequate knowledge .	poor access to a range of nutritious foods	Aside from inadequate knowledge , what else is characteristic of malnutrition found in developing countries ?
In Mali the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics -LRB- ICRISAT -RRB- and the Aga Khan Foundation , trained women 's groups to make equinut , a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè -LRB- comprising peanut paste , honey and millet or rice flour -RRB- .	di-dèguè	What is the name of the traditional Mali recipe that equinut is a twist on ?
In Mali the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics -LRB- ICRISAT -RRB- and the Aga Khan Foundation , trained women 's groups to make equinut , a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè -LRB- comprising peanut paste , honey and millet or rice flour -RRB- .	International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics	What is the abbreviation ICRISAT short for ?
Nutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health .	Nutritionism	What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health ?
It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis , and was popularized by Michael Pollan .	Gyorgy Scrinis	Who is originally claimed to have given birth to the concept of nutritionism ?
It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis , and was popularized by Michael Pollan .	Michael Pollan	Although he was not the creator of the concept , who popularized the idea of nutritionism ?
Since nutrients are invisible , policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advise on food choices .	policy makers	Who has to rely on nutrition experts when it comes to making decisions regarding food and nutritional values ?
Because science has an incomplete understanding of how food affects the human body , Pollan argues , nutritionism can be blamed for many of the health problems relating to diet in the Western World today .	Western World	Which region of the world does Pollan claim could trace their health problems back to nutritionism ?
Some organizations have begun working with teachers , policymakers , and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions .	school cafeterias	What are organizations targeting with the aim of improving nutritional content or resources ?
Some organizations have begun working with teachers , policymakers , and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions .	managed foodservice contractors	Outside of policymakers and teachers , who else is a key component to improving nutritional content in schools ?
Health and nutrition have been proven to have close links with overall educational success .	overall educational success	What are health and nutrition shown to have a link to in terms of education ?
Currently , less than 10 % of American college students report that they eat the recommended five servings of fruit and vegetables daily .	10	What percentage of American students report that they currently eat the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables ?
Nutritional deficiencies have been shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior in mice as far back as 1951 .	mice	Which animal was shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior due to nutritional deficiencies back in 1951 ?
Cancer is now common in developing countries .	Cancer	Which health issue is now becoming a common issue in developing countries ?
According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer , `` In the developing world , cancers of the liver , stomach and esophagus were more common , often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods , such as smoked or salted food , and parasitic infections that attack organs . ''	International Agency for Research on Cancer	Which organization did a study on cancer in developing countries ?
According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer , `` In the developing world , cancers of the liver , stomach and esophagus were more common , often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods , such as smoked or salted food , and parasitic infections that attack organs . ''	consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods	What were cancers such as liver cancer or stomach cancer found to have a link to ?
Lung cancer rates are rising rapidly in poorer nations because of increased use of tobacco .	tobacco	The rise of lung cancer in poor nations can be attributed to the use of which product ?
Developed countries `` tended to have cancers linked to affluence or a ` Western lifestyle ' -- cancers of the colon , rectum , breast and prostate -- that can be caused by obesity , lack of exercise , diet and age . ''	Western	Obesity , lack of exercise , age and diet are risk factors attributed to cancer that are all apart of what kind of lifestyle ?
Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function -LRB- i.e. , insulin resistance -RRB- as a decisive factor in many disease states .	insulin resistance	Reduced insulin function can also go by what other term ?
Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function -LRB- i.e. , insulin resistance -RRB- as a decisive factor in many disease states .	lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia	Other than the reduced insulin function , what else contributes greatly to many disease states ?
For example , hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation , which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of adverse developments such as arterial microinjuries and clot formation -LRB- i.e. , heart disease -RRB- and exaggerated cell division -LRB- i.e. , cancer -RRB- .	chronic inflammation	Arterial microinjuries and heart disease can all be linked back to which health issue that is caused by hyperinsulinemia ?
Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance -LRB- the so-called metabolic syndrome -RRB- are characterized by a combination of abdominal obesity , elevated blood sugar , elevated blood pressure , elevated blood triglycerides , and reduced HDL cholesterol .	insulin resistance	The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to which health issue ?
The negative impact of hyperinsulinemia on prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2 balance may be significant .	prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2	Hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on the levels of which important molecules in the body ?
The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance , which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes .	obesity	Insulin resistance has been strongly linked to which health issue ?
The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance , which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes .	type 2	If someone struggles with insulin resistance , what kind of diabetes can develop as a result ?
Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance .	marked insulin resistance	Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait ?
It is important to note that it has been demonstrated that appropriate exercise , more regular food intake , and reducing glycemic load -LRB- see below -RRB- all can reverse insulin resistance in overweight individuals -LRB- and thereby lower blood sugar levels in those with type 2 diabetes -RRB- .	reverse insulin resistance	Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process ?
Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin , and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another .	leptin	Obesity can cause resistance to which hormone ?
Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin , and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another .	insulin/leptin resistance	In the so called vicious cycle , what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle ?
The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage , as a result of high intake of strongly insulin/leptin stimulating foods and energy .	insulin/leptin	A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what ?
Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain ; however , insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores .	satiety signals to the hypothalamus	What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body ?
Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain ; however , insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores .	reduce this signal	What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin ?
There is a debate about how and to what extent different dietary factors -- such as intake of processed carbohydrates , total protein , fat , and carbohydrate intake , intake of saturated and trans fatty acids , and low intake of vitamins/minerals -- contribute to the development of insulin and leptin resistance .	to what extent	The debate regarding factors influencing the development of insulin and leptin is not just about how , but also about what other factor ?
In any case , analogous to the way modern man-made pollution may possess the potential to overwhelm the environment 's ability to maintain homeostasis , the recent explosive introduction of high glycemic index and processed foods into the human diet may possess the potential to overwhelm the body 's ability to maintain homeostasis and health -LRB- as evidenced by the metabolic syndrome epidemic -RRB- .	high glycemic index	Other than processed foods , what else was recently introduced to the human diet ?
In any case , analogous to the way modern man-made pollution may possess the potential to overwhelm the environment 's ability to maintain homeostasis , the recent explosive introduction of high glycemic index and processed foods into the human diet may possess the potential to overwhelm the body 's ability to maintain homeostasis and health -LRB- as evidenced by the metabolic syndrome epidemic -RRB- .	metabolic syndrome epidemic	What is an example of the body 's ability to maintain homeostasis being overwhelmed ?
Excess water intake , without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts , leads to hyponatremia , which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels .	Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts	Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human ?
A well-publicized case occurred in 2007 , when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest .	water-drinking	In 2007 , what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death ?
More usually , the condition occurs in long-distance endurance events -LRB- such as marathon or triathlon competition and training -RRB- and causes gradual mental dulling , headache , drowsiness , weakness , and confusion ; extreme cases may result in coma , convulsions , and death .	long-distance endurance	In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water ?
The primary damage comes from swelling of the brain , caused by increased osmosis as blood salinity decreases .	swelling of the brain	When a human is suffering from hyponatremia , what is the main cause of damage that may occur ?
The primary damage comes from swelling of the brain , caused by increased osmosis as blood salinity decreases .	osmosis	Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process ?
The relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes , obesity , and more recently heart disease .	sugar	The increase in cases of diabetes , obesity and heart disease can be traced back to an increase in the consumption of what product ?
Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among adults , going from 15 % to 35 % in the United States .	more than doubled	What has been the increase in obesity among adults in the last 30 years in the United States ?
Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among adults , going from 15 % to 35 % in the United States .	35	What is the current percentage of obese adults in the United States ?
In the same time span that obesity doubled , diabetes numbers quadrupled in America .	quadrupled	Within the past 30 years , how has the number of diabetes cases changed ?
Elevated amounts of Low-density lipoprotein -LRB- LDL -RRB- cholesterol , is the primary factor in heart disease .	Low-density lipoprotein	What does the term LDL stand for ?
Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago , the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature .	two hundred years ago	When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin ?
Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago , the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature .	keep foods fresh longer	Apart from altering the state of food , what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry ?
Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness , whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled .	Cooling	Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh ?
Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness , whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled .	last longer without becoming spoiled	Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food ?
Pasteurisation and autoclavation -LRB- heating techniques -RRB- have no doubt improved the safety of many common foods , preventing epidemics of bacterial infection .	heating	Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique ?
Modern separation techniques such as milling , centrifugation , and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food , yielding flour , oils , juices , and so on , and even separate fatty acids , amino acids , vitamins , and minerals .	Modern separation techniques	Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what ?
Inevitably , such large-scale concentration changes the nutritional content of food , saving certain nutrients while removing others .	nutritional content	An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food ?
Because of reduced nutritional value , processed foods are often ` enriched ' or ` fortified ' with some of the most critical nutrients -LRB- usually certain vitamins -RRB- that were lost during processing .	reduced	What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants ?
Because of reduced nutritional value , processed foods are often ` enriched ' or ` fortified ' with some of the most critical nutrients -LRB- usually certain vitamins -RRB- that were lost during processing .	enriched	What is another term other than ` fortified ' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food ?
In addition , processed foods often contain potentially harmful substances such as oxidized fats and trans fatty acids .	trans fatty acids	Outside of oxidized fats , what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods ?
A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population 's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice .	polished rice	What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source ?
Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine , causing beri-beri .	thiamine	What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice ?
Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States .	scurvy	Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods ?
Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria , but it destroyed the vitamin C.	Pasteurisation	What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease ?
There is little doubt that the increasingly widespread application of some modern food processing technologies has contributed to this development .	widespread application of some modern food processing technologies	What is undoubtedly a cause of the increase in obesity related diseases that are becoming prevalent ?
The food processing industry is a major part of modern economy , and as such it is influential in political decisions -LRB- e.g. , nutritional recommendations , agricultural subsidising -RRB- .	nutritional recommendations	Aside from agricultural subsidizing , what else does the food processing industry influence in terms of political decisions ?
In any known profit-driven economy , health considerations are hardly a priority ; effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life is more the trend .	effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life	What is perceived as the general priority of the food processing industry in this sort of economy ?
Thus , the consumer is left with the choice between more expensive , but nutritionally superior , whole , fresh foods , and cheap , usually nutritionally inferior , processed foods .	superior	The more expensive fresh foods have what nutritional value in relation to processed food ?
Because processed foods are often cheaper , more convenient -LRB- in both purchasing , storage , and preparation -RRB- , and more available , the consumption of nutritionally inferior foods has been increasing throughout the world along with many nutrition-related health complications .	more convenient	Other than being cheaper , what is another main draw of processed foods ?
The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 -- March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France , the United Kingdom , the Ottoman Empire , and Sardinia .	1853	What year did the Crimean War begin ?
The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 -- March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France , the United Kingdom , the Ottoman Empire , and Sardinia .	1856	What year did the Crimean War end ?
The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land , which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire .	Ottoman Empire	Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land ?
The French promoted the rights of Catholics , while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians .	The French	Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people ?
The French promoted the rights of Catholics , while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians .	Russia	Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians ?
While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement , both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down .	Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III	Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements ?
Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection .	Nicholas	Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection ?
Britain attempted to mediate , and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to .	Britain	Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to ?
When the Ottomans demanded changes , Nicholas refused and prepared for war .	Ottomans	Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused ?
Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain , the Ottomans officially declared war on Russia in October 1853 .	October	What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia ?
The war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube .	Balkans	Where did the war begin ?
The war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube .	modern Romania	Russian troops took over which provinces first ?
Led by Omar Pasha , the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra .	Omar Pasha	Who were the Ottomans led by ?
A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege , and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop .	Sinop	When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements , where were they stopped at ?
Fearing an Ottoman collapse , France and the UK rushed forces to Gallipoli .	France and the UK	Who hurried their forces to Gallipoli when they feared the Ottoman for would collapse ?
Frustrated by the wasted effort , and with demands for action from their citizens , the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula .	Black Sea	Near what sea did the allies decide to attack the Russians ?
After extended preparations , the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought their way to a point south of Sevastopol after a series of successful battles .	1854	In what year did the allies land on the Crimean peninsula ?
The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed , but at the cost of seriously depleting the British Army forces .	October	The battle of Battle of Balaclava took place in what month ?
A second counterattack , ordered personally by Nicholas , was defeated by Omar Pasha .	Omar Pasha	Who defeated Nicholas 's second counter strike at the Battle of Balaclava ?
Frustrated by the wasted effort , and with demands for action from their citizens , the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula .	Sevastopol	The Crimean peninsula is located in what city ?
Sevastopol fell after eleven months , and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause .	eleven months	How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall ?
Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued , Russia sued for peace in March 1856 .	Russia	Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west ?
The war was officially ended by the Treaty of Paris , signed on 30 March 1856 .	Treaty of Paris	What was the name of the treaty that ended the war ?
The war was officially ended by the Treaty of Paris , signed on 30 March 1856 .	30 March 1856	When was the Treaty of Paris signed ?
Christians were granted a degree of official equality , and the Orthodox church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute. :415	Orthodox church	Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over ?
The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells , railways , and telegraphs .	explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs	What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War ?
The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalization , most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale , who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded .	Florence Nightingale	Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing ?
-LRB- Preface -RRB- The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs .	written reports and photographs	The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways ?
The Greek Uprising -LRB- began in the spring of 1821 -RRB- evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces -LRB- see Chios massacre -RRB- .	1821	In what year did The Greek Uprising take place ?
The disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 -LRB- Auspicious Incident -RRB- was a good deed for the country in the longer term , but it has deprived the country from its army forces for the nearest future .	Sultan Mahmud II	Who disbanded the Janissary corps ?
The disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 -LRB- Auspicious Incident -RRB- was a good deed for the country in the longer term , but it has deprived the country from its army forces for the nearest future .	1826	In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded ?
In 1827 the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet destroyed almost all the Ottoman naval forces during the Battle of Navarino .	the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet	Who destroyed most of the Ottoman 's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino ?
In 1830 Greece becomes an independent state after 10 years of independence war and the Russo-Turkish War of 1828 -- 1829 .	1830	In what year did Greece finally become an independent state ?
France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830 .	1830	In what year did France move into Alger ?
In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt , who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire , claimed independence .	Muhammad Ali of Egypt	In 1831 , who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire ?
Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles , and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople , which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid .	Egyptians	Who wanted to take over Constantinople ?
Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles , and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople , which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid .	Russian	What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid ?
10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople , thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented .	10 000	How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores ?
Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria , he resumed military actions .	Muhammad Ali of Egypt	In 1838 , who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria ?
The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24 , 1839 .	Egyptians	Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib ?
The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24 , 1839 .	1839	In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place ?
The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain , Austria , Prussia and Russia by signing a convention in London in July 15 , 1840 to grant Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian military forces from Syria and Lebanon .	Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia	Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London ?
Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840 .	1840	In what year did Muhammad Ali finally accept the terms of the London convention ?
Russia , as a member of the Holy Alliance , had operated as the `` police of Europe '' , maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 .	Russia	Who operated as the `` police of Europe '' ?
Russia , as a member of the Holy Alliance , had operated as the `` police of Europe '' , maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 .	Treaty of Vienna	What treaty was signing in 1815 ?
Russia had assisted Austria 's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , and expected gratitude ; it wanted a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire -- the `` sick man of Europe '' .	1848	In what year did the Hungarian Revolution take place ?
Russia had assisted Austria 's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , and expected gratitude ; it wanted a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire -- the `` sick man of Europe '' .	Austria	Who did Russia help during the Hungarian Revolution ?
Russia had assisted Austria 's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , and expected gratitude ; it wanted a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire -- the `` sick man of Europe '' .	Ottoman Empire	In exchange for helping Austria , Russia wanted to be freely able to handle any issues they had with who ?
For over 200 years , Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated `` Wild Fields '' toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north .	Wild Fields	For 200 years , Russia been expanding across what area ?
The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy. :11 Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians .	Ukrainian Cossacks	Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea ?
The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance , as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians , many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second-class citizens .	Orthodox Christians	Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans ?
When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of southern Ukraine , known as New Russia during Russian imperial times , the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion , and Russia and the Ottoman Empire fell into direct conflict .	New Russia	During the Russian imperial times , what other name was southern Ukraine known by ?
Despite its grand ambitions toward the south , it had not built its railroad network in that direction , and communications were poor .	railroad network	What did Russia fail to build south ?
Its navy was weak and technologically backward ; its army , although very large , was good only for parades , suffered from colonels who pocketed their men 's pay , poor morale , and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France .	parades	What did some feel the Russian army was only good for ?
Its navy was weak and technologically backward ; its army , although very large , was good only for parades , suffered from colonels who pocketed their men 's pay , poor morale , and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France .	pocketed their men's pay	What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them ?
The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France .	1854	In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia ?
The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France .	Napoleon III	What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia ?
He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy , as sponsored by Russia. :103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the `` clerical party , '' which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine .	Charles de La Valette	Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine ?
He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy , as sponsored by Russia. :103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the `` clerical party , '' which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine .	clerical party	Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party ?
In May 1851 , Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte -LRB- the Ottoman Empire -RRB- .	ambassador to the Porte	What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette ?
Napoleon III responded with a show of force , sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea .	Charlemagne	What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea ?
This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention. :104:19 Thus , France 's show of force presented a real threat , and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money , induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty , confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity , previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church. :20	Sultan Abdülmecid I	Who felt threaten by France 's force and ended up signing a new treaty ?
This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention. :104:19 Thus , France 's show of force presented a real threat , and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money , induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty , confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity , previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church. :20	France and the Roman Catholic Church	Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abdülmecid I agreed to the new treaty ?
Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador , George Hamilton Seymour , in January and February 1853. :105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia :105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire. :105 The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat , Prince Menshikov , on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853 .	George Hamilton Seymour	Who was the British ambassador in 1853 ?
Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador , George Hamilton Seymour , in January and February 1853. :105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia :105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire. :105 The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat , Prince Menshikov , on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853 .	Nicholas	Who declared they no longer wanted to spread Imperial Russian ?
Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador , George Hamilton Seymour , in January and February 1853. :105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia :105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire. :105 The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat , Prince Menshikov , on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853 .	Prince Menshikov	Who did the Tsar send on a mission to Ottoman Sublime Porte ?
Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador , George Hamilton Seymour , in January and February 1853. :105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia :105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire. :105 The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat , Prince Menshikov , on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853 .	1853	In what year was Prince Menshikov sent to the Ottoman Sublime Porte ?
Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire , with control of the Orthodox Church 's hierarchy .	Menshikov	Who wanted to ruled over the 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire ?
In February 1853 , the British government of Lord Aberdeen , the prime minister , re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. :110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January , he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires .	Lord Aberdeen	Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853 ?
In February 1853 , the British government of Lord Aberdeen , the prime minister , re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. :110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January , he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires .	Stratford Canning	Who did Aberdeen appoint the position of British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire to ?
In February 1853 , the British government of Lord Aberdeen , the prime minister , re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. :110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January , he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires .	Colonel Rose	Who replaced Stratford Canning after he first resigned as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire ?
Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople , arriving there on 5 April 1853 .	Constantinople	After resigning where did Stratford Canning sail off to ?
There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal , as compromising the independence of the Turks .	Sultan	Who did Stratford Canning convince to turn down the treaty proposal ?
Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov 's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853 , the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia .	the Tsar	Who sent armies across the Pruth River ?
Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov 's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853 , the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia .	Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov	Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River ?
Fewer than half of the 80,000 Russian soldiers who crossed the Pruth in 1853 survived .	1853	In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River ?
By far , most of the deaths would result from sickness rather than combat , :118 -- 119 for the Russian army still suffered from medical services that ranged from bad to none .	sickness	How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River ?
Russia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar 's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia .	Russia	Who was given the special role of guardian over the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia ?
Russia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar 's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia .	Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's	Who recognized and gave Russia the special guardian role ?
Nicholas believed that the European powers , especially Austria , would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces , especially considering that Russia had assisted Austria 's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1849 .	Nicholas	Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces ?
The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers -- the United Kingdom , France , Austria and Prussia -- met in Vienna , where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans .	United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia	What European powers met in Vienna for a conference ?
The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853 .	Count Karl von Buol	Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians ?
The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853 .	1853	In what year did Count Karl von Buol deliver the Vienna Conference news to the Russians ?
The note met with the approval of Nicholas I ; however , Abdülmecid I rejected the proposal , feeling that the document 's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations .	Abdülmecid I	Who rejected the proposal due to poor word phrasing ?
The note met with the approval of Nicholas I ; however , Abdülmecid I rejected the proposal , feeling that the document 's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations .	Nicholas I	Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?
In the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 they destroyed a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes while they were anchored in port .	Battle of Sinop	What battle took place on November 30 , 1853 ?
The Russians sent a fleet to Sinop in northern Anatolia .	a fleet	What did the Russian send to Sinop ?
In the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 they destroyed a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes while they were anchored in port .	a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes	While anchored in the port , what did the Russians destroy ?
Sinop provided the United Kingdom and France with the casus belli -LRB- `` cause for war '' -RRB- for declaring war against Russia .	cause for war	What did Battle of Sinop provide for France and the U.K ?
On 28 March 1854 , after Russia ignored an Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities , the UK and France formally declared war .	28 March 1854	When did the Russia disregard the ultimatum to leave the Danubian Principalities ?
Britain was concerned about Russian activity and Sir John Burgoyne senior advisor to Lord Aberdeen urged that the Dardanelles should be occupied and throw up works of sufficient strength to block any Russian move to capture Constantinople and gain access to the Mediterranean Sea .	Britain	Who was concerned with Russia capturing Constantinople ?
The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris , meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor .	The Corps of Royal Engineers	Who sent men to the Dardanelles ?
The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris , meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor .	Paris	As men were sent to the Dardanelles , where did Burgoyne go ?
The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris , meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor .	British Ambassador and the French Emperor	Who was Burgoyne visiting in Paris ?
The Lord Cowley wrote on 8 February to Burgoyne `` Your visit to Paris has produced a visible change in the Emperor 's views , and he is making every preparation for a land expedition in case the last attempt at negotiation should break down . ''	Lord Cowley	Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th ?
Nicholas felt that , because of Russian assistance in suppressing the Hungarian revolution of 1848 , Austria would side with him , or at the very least remain neutral .	1848	In what year did the Hungarian revolution take place ?
Nicholas felt that , because of Russian assistance in suppressing the Hungarian revolution of 1848 , Austria would side with him , or at the very least remain neutral .	Nicholas	Who felt Austria would side with him due to the Hungarian revolution outcome ?
Austria , however , felt threatened by the Russian troops in the Balkans .	Russian troops in the Balkans	Who did Austria feel threatened by ?
On 27 February 1854 , the United Kingdom and France demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from the principalities ; Austria supported them and , though it did not declare war on Russia , it refused to guarantee its neutrality .	the United Kingdom and France	Who wanted the Russian forces to leave the principalities ?
Russia 's rejection of the ultimatum caused the UK and France to enter the war .	Russia's rejection of the ultimatum	Why did the U.K and France get involved with the war against the Russia ?
Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853 , forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853 .	1853	The Ottoman ultimatum took place in what year ?
Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853 , forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853 .	Omar Pasha	What general crossed across the Danube at Vidin ?
Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853 , forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853 .	Calafat	After crossing the Danube at Vidin , what city did General Omar Pasha take control over ?
Simultaneously , in the east , the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at Oltenița .	Oltenița	After crossing the Danube at Silistra , in what city did the Ottomans attack the Russians ?
On 31 December 1853 , the Ottoman forces at Calafat moved against the Russian force at Chetatea or Cetate , a small village nine miles north of Calafat , and engaged them on 6 January 1854 .	Chetatea or Cetate	What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians ?
In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced , crossing the Danube River into the Turkish province of Dobruja .	the Russians	Who advanced on Dobruja in the spring of 1854 ?
In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced , crossing the Danube River into the Turkish province of Dobruja .	Danube River	What river did the Russians cross to get to Dobruja ?
In the center , the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops , the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months. :415 The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854 .	60,000 troops	How man troops did the Russians have when they attacked Silistra ?
In the center , the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops , the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months. :415 The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854 .	23 June 1854	When did the siege of Silistra end ?
In the west , the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces , which had swelled to 280,000 men .	Austrian forces	Who stopped the Russians from attacking Vidin ?
In the west , the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces , which had swelled to 280,000 men .	280,000	How man men did the Austrian forces have when stopping the attack on Vidin ?
However , when the Russian troops actually crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia , the Orthodox Christians still showed no interest in rising up against the Turks. :131 , 137 Adding to the worries of Nicholas I was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his armies on the western flank .	River Pruth	What river did the Russians crossed when they entered the city of Moldavia ?
However , when the Russian troops actually crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia , the Orthodox Christians still showed no interest in rising up against the Turks. :131 , 137 Adding to the worries of Nicholas I was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his armies on the western flank .	Orthodox Christians	Who did n't show any signs of rising up against the Turks ?
Indeed , after attempting to mediate a peaceful settlement between Russia and Turkey , the Austrians entered the war on the side of Turkey with an attack against the Russians in the Principalities which threatened to cut off the Russian supply lines .	Turkey	After the settlement between Russia and Turkey , who did the Austrians decide to join ?
In June 1854 , the Allied expeditionary force landed at Varna , a city on the Black Sea 's western coast -LRB- now in Bulgaria -RRB- .	western coast	The city of Varna is located on what coast of the Black Sea ?
They made little advance from their base there. :175 -- 176 In July 1854 , the Turks under Omar Pasha crossed the Danube into Wallachia and on 7 July 1854 , engaged the Russians in the city of Giurgiu and conquered it .	Omar Pasha	Who lead the Turks when crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?
They made little advance from their base there. :175 -- 176 In July 1854 , the Turks under Omar Pasha crossed the Danube into Wallachia and on 7 July 1854 , engaged the Russians in the city of Giurgiu and conquered it .	1854	In what year did the Turks cross the Danube into Wallachia ?
They made little advance from their base there. :175 -- 176 In July 1854 , the Turks under Omar Pasha crossed the Danube into Wallachia and on 7 July 1854 , engaged the Russians in the city of Giurgiu and conquered it .	Giurgiu	In what city did Omar Pasha attack the Russians after crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?
On 26 July 1854 , Tsar Nicholas I ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Principalities .	Tsar Nicholas I	The ordered the Russian troops to leave the Principalities ?
The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbour at Sinop , and destroyed it at the Battle of Sinop .	harbour at Sinop	At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force ?
There was little additional naval action until March 1854 when on the declaration of war the British frigate Furious was fired on outside Odessa harbour .	Furious	What was the name of the ship that was attacked outside of the Odessa harbor ?
In response an Anglo-French fleet bombarded the port , causing much damage to the town .	an Anglo-French fleet	Who attacked the port after the attack outside of Odessa harbor ?
To show support for Turkey after the battle of Sinop , on the 22th of December 1853 , the Anglo-French squadron entered the Black Sea and the steamship HMS Retribution approached the Port of Sevastopol , the commander of which received an ultimatum not to allow any ships in the Black Sea .	HMS Retribution	After the battle of Sinop , what steamship approached the Port of Sevastopol to show support for Turkey ?
The Russian fleet during this time declined to engage the allies , preferring to maintain a `` fleet in being '' ; this strategy failed when Sevastopol , the main port and where most of the Black Sea fleet was based , came under siege .	Sevastopol	Where was the port where most of the Black Sea fleet was located ?
The Russians were reduced to scuttling their warships as blockships , after stripping them of their guns and men to reinforce batteries on shore .	blockships	What did the Russians turn their warships into ?
The Russians were reduced to scuttling their warships as blockships , after stripping them of their guns and men to reinforce batteries on shore .	to reinforce batteries on shore	Why did the Russians strip their warships of their guns ?
During the siege , the Russians lost four 110 - or 120-gun , three-decker ships of the line , twelve 84-gun two-deckers and four 60-gun frigates in the Black Sea , plus a large number of smaller vessels .	four	How many 60-gun frigates did the Russians lose in the Black Sea ?
During the siege , the Russians lost four 110 - or 120-gun , three-decker ships of the line , twelve 84-gun two-deckers and four 60-gun frigates in the Black Sea , plus a large number of smaller vessels .	twelve	How many 84-gun two-deckers did the Russians lose in the Black Sea ?
The Russians evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia in late July 1854 .	1854	In what year did the Russians leave Wallachia and Moldavia ?
With the evacuation of the Danubian Principalities , the immediate cause of war was withdrawn and the war might have ended at this time. :192 However , war fever among the public in both the UK and France had been whipped up by the press in both countries to the degree that politicians found it untenable to propose ending the war at this point .	UK and France	War fever from what two countries caused the war to continue on ?
Indeed , the coalition government of George Hamilton-Gordon , 4th Earl of Aberdeen fell on 30 January 1855 on a no-confidence vote as Parliament voted to appoint a committee to investigate mismanagement of the war. :311	Parliament	Who voted to have a committee investigate the mismanagement during the war ?
The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854 .	1854	In what year did the Crimean campaign open ?
360 ships sailed in seven columns , each steamer towing two sailing ships. :422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria , the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it .	bay of Eupatoria	360 ships landed in what bay ?
360 ships sailed in seven columns , each steamer towing two sailing ships. :422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria , the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it .	500 Marines	How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender ?
This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster. :201 The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula .	Calamita Bay	What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula ?
The landing surprised the Russians , as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha ; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan .	Katcha	The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where ?
The position was strong , but after three hours , :424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men .	6000 men	How many men did the Russians lose after three hours ?
The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the Alma river and the whole Russian army .	Alma river	Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army ?
The position was strong , but after three hours , :424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men .	three hours	How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack ?
The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses .	3,300	How many allies were lost during the battle ?
Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war , and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol .	south	Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled ?
This was agreed by the joint commanders , Raglan and St Arnaud. :426 On 25 September the whole army marched southeast and encircled the city to the south .	25 September	When did the army march to the southeast ?
The Russians retreated into the city .	into the city.	Where did the Russians retreat to ?
Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended , especially due to the presence of a large star fort and because Sevastopol was on the south side of the inlet from the sea that made the harbour , Sir John Burgoyne , the engineer advisor , recommended that the allies attack Sevastopol from the south .	Sir John Burgoyne	Who was the engineer adviser ?
The Allied army relocated without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October -- when the bombardment commenced -- 126 guns were firing , 53 of them French. :430 The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries .	17 October	When did the continuous attack start ?
The Allied army relocated without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October -- when the bombardment commenced -- 126 guns were firing , 53 of them French. :430 The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries .	126 guns	When the continuous attack started , how many guns were firing ?
A postponement was agreed , but on the next day the French were still not ready .	the French	Who was not ready to start the attack ?
The British wanted to attack that afternoon , but the French wanted to defer the attack .	The British	Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon ?
At the start of the battle , a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders , who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi .	93rd Highlanders	Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava ?
At the start of the battle , a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders , who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi .	Kadikoi	Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at ?
Rather than ` form square ' , the traditional method of repelling cavalry , Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line , two men deep .	a single line, two men deep	What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form ?
Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell .	Sir Colin Campbell	Who led the 93rd Highlanders ?
Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles , with which his troops were armed , at the Battle of the Alma a month before , and was confident his men could beat back the Russians .	Minie rifles	What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma ?
Soon after , a Russian cavalry movement was countered by the Heavy Brigade , who charged and fought hand-to-hand until the Russians retreated .	Heavy Brigade	Who countered the Russian cavalry 's movement ?
When the local commanders failed to take advantage of the retreat , Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up .	local commanders	Who failed to take advantage of the retreat ?
When the local commanders failed to take advantage of the retreat , Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up .	Lord Raglan	Who sent the order to have them advance their position ?
The local commanders ignored the demands , leading to the British aide-de-camp personally delivering a quickly written and confusing order to attack the artillery .	The local commanders	Who ignored Lord Raglan 's advice to advance ?
Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava , under fire from Russian batteries in the hills .	Cardigan	Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava ?
Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava , under fire from Russian batteries in the hills .	Russian batteries	Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava ?
The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit .	278	How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade ?
The Light Brigade was memorialized in the famous poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson , `` The Charge of the Light Brigade . ''	Alfred Lord Tennyson	Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade ?
The Light Brigade was memorialized in the famous poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson , `` The Charge of the Light Brigade . ''	The Charge of the Light Brigade	What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade ?
Winter , and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel , led to a halt in ground operations .	a deteriorating supply situation	What stopped ground operations during the winter ?
On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing. :435 The storm and heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire , requiring engineers to devote most of their time to its repair including quarrying stone .	a storm	What caused the HMS Prince to sink ?
A tramroad was ordered .	A tramroad	What arrived in January with an engineering crew ?
It arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew , however it was March before it was sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value. :439 An Electrical telegraph was also ordered , but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March , when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established .	the frozen ground	What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time ?
Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line , and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands .	Mamelon	Where was the Russians building a new fort ?
The French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff. :441 Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left , against the fortifications on Malakoff hill. :339 In March , there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon , located on a hill in front of the Malakoff .	Malakoff	Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune ?
Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line , and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands .	the Mamelon	After fighting for weeks , what did the Russians continue to have control over ?
During this time the garrison commander , Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855. :378 Raglan having also died on 28 June. :460 In August , the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava , defended by the French , newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops. :461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians , who suffered heavy casualties .	Admiral Nakhimov	Who was the garrison commander that died on June 30th 1855 ?
During this time the garrison commander , Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855. :378 Raglan having also died on 28 June. :460 In August , the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava , defended by the French , newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops. :461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians , who suffered heavy casualties .	Raglan	What figure died on June 28th 1855 ?
During this time the garrison commander , Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855. :378 Raglan having also died on 28 June. :460 In August , the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava , defended by the French , newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops. :461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians , who suffered heavy casualties .	the base at Balaclava	What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August ?
During this time the garrison commander , Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855. :378 Raglan having also died on 28 June. :460 In August , the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava , defended by the French , newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops. :461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians , who suffered heavy casualties .	the Russians	Who was defeated at the battle of Tchernaya ?
For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions , which resulted in many skirmishes .	forward rifle pits and defensive positions	What was being built that caused unpremeditated fighting on each side ?
On 5 September , another French bombardment -LRB- the sixth -RRB- was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French , and following their failure to retake it , the collapse of the Russian defences .	September	What month did the capture of Malakoff take place ?
On 5 September , another French bombardment -LRB- the sixth -RRB- was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French , and following their failure to retake it , the collapse of the Russian defences .	the French	Who captured Malakoff ?
On 5 September , another French bombardment -LRB- the sixth -RRB- was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French , and following their failure to retake it , the collapse of the Russian defences .	the Russian defences	Who failed to take back Malakoff ?
Meanwhile , the British captured the Great Redan , just south of the city of Sevastopol .	the British	Who took control of the Great Redan ?
In spring 1855 , the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol .	Anglo-French naval squadron	What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies ?
In spring 1855 , the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol .	Azov Sea	What sea was the Anglo-French naval squadron sent to ?
On 12 May 1855 , British-French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay .	the Kerch Strait	Where did British-French warships enter on May 12th 1855 ?
On 21 May 1855 , the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog , the most important hub near Rostov on Don .	the seaport of Taganrog	What seaport did the British-French attack with steamers and gunboats ?
On 21 May 1855 , the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog , the most important hub near Rostov on Don .	Rostov on Don	The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city ?
On 12 July 1855 HMS Jasper grounded near Taganrog thanks to a fisherman who moved buoys into shallow water .	a fisherman who moved buoys	What caused the HMS Jasper to get stuck in shallow water ?
The Cossacks captured the gunboat with all of its guns and blew it up .	The Cossacks	Who blew up the HMS Jasper ?
The third siege attempt was made 19 -- 31 August 1855 , but the city was already fortified and the squadron could not approach close enough for landing operations .	19–31 August	During what days did the allied squadron third siege attempt take place ?
The allied fleet left the Gulf of Taganrog on the 2nd September 1855 , with minor military operations along the Azov Sea coast continuing until late autumn 1855 .	2nd September	The allied fleet departed the Gulf of Taganrog on what date ?
The third siege attempt was made 19 -- 31 August 1855 , but the city was already fortified and the squadron could not approach close enough for landing operations .	the city was already fortified	Why did the third siege attempt fail ?
In the north the Turks captured the border fort of Saint Nicholas in a surprise night attack -LRB- 27/28 October -RRB- .	the Turks	Who captured the border front of Saint Nicholas during a night attack ?
They then pushed about 20000 troops across the Cholok River border .	20000 troops	How many troops did the Turks have when crossing the Cholok River ?
Being outnumbered the Russians abandoned Poti and Redut Kale and drew back to Marani .	Marani	After giving up their position at Poti and Redut Kale , where did the Russians retreat to ?
In the south about 30000 Turks slowly moved east to the main Russian concentration at Gyumri or Alexandropol -LRB- November -RRB- .	30000	How many troops did the Turks send to Gyumri ?
In the center the Turks moved north from Ardahan to within cannon-shot of Akhaltsike and awaited reinforcements -LRB- 13 November -RRB- .	reinforcements	What were the Turks waiting for when positioned near Akhaltsike ?
In the north Eristov pushed southwest , fought two battles , forced the Turks back to Batum , retired behind the Cholok River and suspended action for the rest of the year -LRB- June -RRB- .	Eristov	Who make the Turks retreat back to Batum ?
In the far south Wrangel pushed west , fought a battle and occupied Bayazit .	Wrangel	Who occupied Bayazit ?
In the center the main forces stood at Kars and Gyumri .	Kars and Gyumri	Where did the main forces stand ?
On 4 August Russian scouts saw a movement which they thought was the start of a withdrawal , the Russians advanced and the Turks attacked first .	the Russians	On August 4th , who thought the other side was withdrawing ?
About this time the Persians made a semi-secret agreement to remain neutral in exchange for the cancellation of the indemnity from the previous war .	the Persians	Who made a secret agreement to remain neutral ?
1855 : Kars : In the year up to May 1855 Turkish forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000 , mostly by disease .	disease	What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease ?
1855 : Kars : In the year up to May 1855 Turkish forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000 , mostly by disease .	75,000	How man troops were the Turks forces in the east reduced to ?
The local Armenian population kept Muravyev well-informed about the Turks at Kars and he judged they had about five months of supplies .	The local Armenian population	Who kept Muravyev informed about the Turks at Kar ?
He therefore decided to control the surrounding area with cavalry and starve them out .	starve them out	What did Muravyev attend to do to the Turks in order to defeat them ?
A relieving force fell back and there was a possibility of taking Erzerum , but Muravyev chose not to .	Erzerum	What city did Muravyev decide not to take control over ?
1855 : Georgian coast : Omar Pasha , the Turkish commander at Crimea had long wanted to land in Georgia , but the western powers vetoed it .	the western powers	Who vetoed Omar Pasha from landing in Georgia ?
In September 8000 Turks landed at Batum , but the main concentration was at Sukhum Kale .	8000	In September of 1855 , how many Turks could be found at Batum ?
In September 8000 Turks landed at Batum , but the main concentration was at Sukhum Kale .	Sukhum Kale	When landing at Batum , what were the Turks primary focus ?
The Russians planned to hold the line of the Ingur River which separates Abkhazia from Georgia proper .	the Ingur River	What river divides Abkhazia from Georgia ?
By 2 December he had reached the Tskhenis-dzqali , the rainy season had started , his camps were submerged in mud and there was no bread .	the Tskhenis-dzqali	What did Omar Pasha finally reach on December 2nd 1855 ?
Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre , which was close to Saint Petersburg , the Russian capital .	Saint Petersburg	What is the Russian capital ?
The Baltic was -LSB- when ? -RSB-	The Baltic	Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg ?
In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there .	Anglo-French fleet	Which fleet joined the Baltic attack ?
In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there .	April 1854	When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack ?
In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt .	British and French fleet	Which two fleets returned to Kronstadt ?
In August 1855 a Franco-British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on Åland Islands .	August 1855	When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress ?
In August 1855 a Franco-British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on Åland Islands .	Åland Islands	Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at ?
Despite the shelling , the sailors of the 120-gun ship Rossiya , led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky , defended the entrance to the harbor .	Captain Viktor Poplonsky	Who led the ship Rossiya ?
Despite the shelling , the sailors of the 120-gun ship Rossiya , led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky , defended the entrance to the harbor .	entrance to the harbor	What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending ?
to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines .	newly invented blockade mines	What greatly benefited the Russian resistance ?
Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia , the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel -LRB- the father of Alfred Nobel -RRB- .	Immanuel Nobel	Who contributed the most to developing naval mining ?
Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives , such as nitroglycerin and gunpowder .	industrial explosives	Immanuel Noble had expensive knowledge in what field ?
One account dates modern naval mining from the Crimean War : `` Torpedo mines , if I may use this name given by Fulton to self-acting mines underwater , were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defences about Cronstadt and Sevastopol '' , as one American officer put it in 1860 .	Fulton	Who named the torpedo mines ?
Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia , the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel -LRB- the father of Alfred Nobel -RRB- .	Alfred Nobel	What was Immanuel Nobel son 's name ?
Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East , where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin .	Rear Admiral David Price	Who was in charge of the HMS Pique ?
The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region .	snow	The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855 ?
Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East , where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin .	the Kamchatka Peninsula	Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula ?
Camillo di Cavour , under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia , sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers , commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora , to side with French and British forces during the war. :111 -- 12 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French , especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter .	Victor Emmanuel II	Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces ?
Camillo di Cavour , under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia , sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers , commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora , to side with French and British forces during the war. :111 -- 12 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French , especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter .	15,000	Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces ?
Camillo di Cavour , under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia , sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers , commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora , to side with French and British forces during the war. :111 -- 12 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French , especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter .	General Alfonso La Marmora	Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour ?
The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea , and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya -LRB- 16 August 1855 -RRB- and in the siege of Sevastopol , allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war , where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers .	1855	The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year ?
Camillo di Cavour , under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia , sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers , commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora , to side with French and British forces during the war. :111 -- 12 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French , especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter .	Piedmont-Sardinia	Where was Victor Emmanuel II from ?
When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853 , King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities .	King Otto of Greece	When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South ?
Greece , an Orthodox nation , had considerable support in Russia , but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings. :32 -- 40 When the Russians invaded the Principalities , the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus .	Thessaly and Epirus	When the Ottoman forces were busy , who did Greece invade ?
To block further Greek moves , the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857 , and effectively neutralized the Greek army .	Greek port at Piraeus	From April 1854 to February 1857 , what port did the British and French lock down ?
Greeks , gambling on a Russian victory , incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete .	1854	In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place ?
Greeks , gambling on a Russian victory , incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete .	Greeks	Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854 ?
On Sunday , 21 January 1855 , a `` snowball riot '' occurred in Trafalgar Square near St. Martin-in-the-Field in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses , cabs , and pedestrians with snow balls .	Trafalgar Square	On January 21 1855 , where did people protest the war ?
The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons .	with truncheons	How did troops stop the riot ?
When the police intervened , the snowballs were directed at them .	snowballs	What were the people using during the protest ?
When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148 , Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855 .	Aberdeen	Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30 , 1855 ?
The veteran former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston became prime minister .	Foreign Secretary	What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister ?
Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856 .	the Congress of Paris	Where was the Treaty of Paris signed ?
Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856 .	1856	What year was the Treaty of Paris signed ?
In conformity with article XI and XIII , the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast .	the Tsar and the Sultan	Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast ?
The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire ; in practice they became independent .	the Ottoman Empire	Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to ?
By article IV The United Kingdom , France , Sardinia and Turkey restored to Russia `` the towns and ports of Sevastopol , Balaklava , Kamish , Eupatoria , Kerch , Jenikale , Kinburn , as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops '' .	The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey	Who returned towns and seaports to Russia ?
The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871 , when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 -- 1871 .	1871	What year did the Treaty of Paris fall ?
The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871 , when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 -- 1871 .	Franco-Prussian War	In what war was France defeated by Prussia ?
The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871 , when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 -- 1871 .	1870–1871	Between what years did the Franco-Prussian War take place ?
While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful German Empire , the Emperor of the French , Napoleon III , was deposed to permit the formation of a Third French Republic .	a Third French Republic	Napoleon III was removed to form what ?
Encouraged by the decision of the French , and supported by the German minister Otto von Bismarck , Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856 .	Russia	Who renounced the Black Sea clause ?
Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty , in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it. :433 Having abandoned its alliance with Russia , Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war , :433 which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia , and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena , which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy .	Austria	Who lost the most due to the Crimean War ?
Furthermore , Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally , Austria , in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War :433 with its loss of Venetia and more important than that , its influence in most German-speaking lands .	Austro-Prussian War	Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866 ?
Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty , in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it. :433 Having abandoned its alliance with Russia , Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war , :433 which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia , and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena , which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy .	Kingdom of Sardinia	Who became diplomatically isolated after the war ?
The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent , :411 the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire , and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia .	The Crimean War	France rose to power after what war ?
The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent , :411 the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire , and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia .	the Ottoman Empire	What empire declined after the Crimean War ?
The Crimean War marks the demise of the Concert of Europe , the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , and which had included France , Russia , Austria and the United Kingdom .	Concert of Europe	The Crimean war marked the end of what dominant European power ?
This view of ` diplomatic drift ' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W , Kinglake , who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy .	A. W, Kinglake	Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular ?
This view of ` diplomatic drift ' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W , Kinglake , who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy .	as victims	What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be ?
More recently , the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that , first , Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas , and second that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe .	Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart	Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy ?
While Alaska attracted little interest at the time , the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended .	British Columbia	What did the Russians fear losing without compensation ?
While Alaska attracted little interest at the time , the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended .	British Columbia	What province became more popular and saw a increase in population after the war ?
Therefore , the Russian emperor , Alexander II , decided to sell Alaska .	Alexander II	Who made the call to sell Alaska ?
In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States , hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia 's greatest regional rival , the United Kingdom .	the United States	Who did the Russians offer to sell Alaska to ?
In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States , hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia 's greatest regional rival , the United Kingdom .	the United Kingdom	Who is Russia 's largest regional rival ?
Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell -LRB- writing for The Times newspaper -RRB- and the photographs of Roger Fenton. :306 -- 309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date .	William Howard Russell	Who provided notable documentation of the war ?
Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell -LRB- writing for The Times newspaper -RRB- and the photographs of Roger Fenton. :306 -- 309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date .	The Times	William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time ?
After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854 , the news reached London in two days .	the French	Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea ?
After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854 , the news reached London in two days .	two days	After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea , how long did it take news of the war to reach London ?
Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war ; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms , and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army .	the newspapers	Who demanded drastic reforms after the war ?
The outbreak of the Indian Revolution in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interest by the army , and further talk of reform went nowhere .	1857	The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year ?
As the memory of the `` Charge of the Light Brigade '' demonstrates , the war became an iconic symbol of logistical , medical and tactical failures and mismanagement .	Charge of the Light Brigade	What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures ?
The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions , such as the electric telegraph , with the first `` live '' war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell .	The Crimean War	The tactical use of railways was first used during what war ?
The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions , such as the electric telegraph , with the first `` live '' war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell .	William Howard Russell	Who gave the first live war report ?
Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre condition of British forces deployed in Crimea .	prompting the resignation of the sitting British government	Due to his reporting skills , some give Russell credit for doing what ?
Additionally , the telegraph reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications .	the telegraph	What reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London ?
The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions , such as the electric telegraph , with the first `` live '' war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell .	The Crimean War	What was the first European war to be photographed ?
Literature consists of written productions , often restricted to those deemed to have artistic or intellectual value .	deemed to have artistic or intellectual value	What two key elements that distinguish literature as a written form of art ?
Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose ; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel , short story or drama ; and works are often categorised according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations -LRB- genre -RRB- .	fiction or non-fiction	What are two major divisions of literature ?
Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose ; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel , short story or drama ; and works are often categorised according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations -LRB- genre -RRB- .	poetry or prose	Besides this major division , what are two other sub-divisions to describe literature ?
Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose ; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel , short story or drama ; and works are often categorised according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations -LRB- genre -RRB- .	the novel, short story or drama	Prose literature can be sub-divided into what formats ?
Its Latin root literatura/litteratura -LRB- derived itself from littera , letter or handwriting -RRB- was used to refer to all written accounts , but intertwined with the roman concept of cultura : learning or cultivation .	literatura/litteratura	What words are the Latin roots of the word `` literature ? ''
Definitions of literature have varied over time ; it is a `` culturally relative definition '' .	a "culturally relative definition"	The changing nature of the meaning of the term `` literature '' can be described as what ?
In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century , literature as a term indicated all books and writing .	all books and writing	In Western Europe until the 1700s , literature was a term used to describe what ?
A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period , in which it began to demarcate `` imaginative '' literature .	the Romantic period	During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow ?
A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period , in which it began to demarcate `` imaginative '' literature .	it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature	During that 18th century period , literature began to be applied how ?
The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction , forming part of the so-called belles-lettres -LRB- ` fine writing ' -RRB- tradition .	writing that possesses high quality or distinction	What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature ?
The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction , forming part of the so-called belles-lettres -LRB- ` fine writing ' -RRB- tradition .	belles-lettres	What French term for value-based literature literally translates as `` fine writing ? ''
This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition -LRB- 1910 -- 11 -RRB- when it classifies literature as `` the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing . ''	"the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing."	Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how ?
However , this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes `` literature '' ; anything can be literature , and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded , since value-judgements can change over time .	anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded	What effect does the evolving definition of literature have ?
The formalist definition is that the history of `` literature '' foregrounds poetic effects ; it is the `` literariness '' or `` poeticity '' of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing -LRB- e.g. , journalism -RRB- .	formalist	A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what ?
The formalist definition is that the history of `` literature '' foregrounds poetic effects ; it is the `` literariness '' or `` poeticity '' of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing -LRB- e.g. , journalism -RRB- .	journalism	What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from ?
The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language , those uses must first be identified ; this is difficult because `` ordinary language '' is an unstable category , differing according to social categories and across history .	"ordinary language"	What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply ?
The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language , those uses must first be identified ; this is difficult because `` ordinary language '' is an unstable category , differing according to social categories and across history .	an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history	What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition ?
Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to mean published material in a particular field -LRB- e.g. , `` scientific literature '' -RRB- , as such writing must use language according to particular standards .	must use language according to particular standards	The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what ?
Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to , or in place of , prosaic ostensible meaning .	aesthetic and rhythmic qualities	What elements of language make for poetic literature ?
Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse ; -LSB- a -RSB- prose is cast in sentences , poetry in lines ; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning , whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem .	verse	Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor ?
Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse ; -LSB- a -RSB- prose is cast in sentences , poetry in lines ; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning , whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem .	lines	If prose uses sentences , what is the equivalent in poetry ?
Prior to the nineteenth century , poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines ; accordingly , in 1658 a definition of poetry is `` any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses '' .	the nineteenth century	Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when ?
As a form it may pre-date literacy , with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition ; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature .	literacy	The structure of poetry may have existed before what ?
Drama is literature intended for performance .	Drama	Literature intended for performance is what ?
The form is often combined with music and dance , as in opera and musical theatre .	music and dance	Drama is sometimes blended with what other elements ?
The form is often combined with music and dance , as in opera and musical theatre .	opera and musical theatre	What are two types of drama that incorporate music or dance ?
A play is a subset of this form , referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre ; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters , and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading .	A play	Drama meant to be performed in a theater is what ?
A play is a subset of this form , referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre ; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters , and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading .	a playwright	What do we call the author of a play ?
Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge .	Greek	The earliest form of drama we know of was part of what culture ?
Tragedy , as a dramatic genre , developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals , typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes .	performance associated with religious and civic festivals	Tragedy was a dramatic style that evolved from what ?
Tragedy , as a dramatic genre , developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals , typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes .	historical or mythological themes	A tragedy typically involved what subject matter ?
War of the Worlds -LRB- radio -RRB- in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast , and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television .	radio	What media was the play War Of The Worlds written for ?
War of the Worlds -LRB- radio -RRB- in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast , and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television .	1938	In what year was War Of The Worlds originally presented ?
Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records , whether the literature itself be factual or fictional , it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters ' actions and words or the authors ' style of writing and the intent behind the words .	written records	Literature , regardless of how the definition is applied , can be interpreted as what ?
Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in terms of learning about our history .	our history	We can learn what by carefully examining our literature ?
Authors often include historical moments in their works , like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in `` Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage : Canto I '' and expresses his opinions through his character Childe Harold .	Lord Byron	Who wrote `` Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage : Canto I '' ?
Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it down .	once we began to write it down	Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what ?
This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments .	Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments	Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents ?
As a more urban culture developed , academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations , resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China , Ancient India , Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome .	Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome	What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today ?
Many works of earlier periods , even in narrative form , had a covert moral or didactic purpose , such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid .	a covert moral or didactic purpose	Besides entertainment or informational value , classic literature also possessed what quality ?
Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience , and later readership , for literary production .	urban culture	What societal evolution helped to develop drama and satire by providing a ready audience ?
Lyric poetry -LRB- as opposed to epic poetry -RRB- was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles , particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems , the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs .	courts and aristocratic circles	From what settings did lyric poetry derive ?
Lyric poetry -LRB- as opposed to epic poetry -RRB- was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles , particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems , the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs .	the Shijing or Book of Songs	What is an example of a collection of classic Chinese lyric poetry ?
In ancient China , early literature was primarily focused on philosophy , historiography , military science , agriculture , and poetry .	philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry	Subjects featured in Ancient Chinese literature include what ?
China , the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing , produced one of the world 's first print cultures .	modern paper making and woodblock printing	What two inventions helped make Chinese literature especially important and portable ?
Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty -LRB- 769-269 BCE -RRB- .	the Hundred Schools of Thought period	What historic period was the foundry for classic Chinese literature in the ancient world ?
The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism , of Daoism , of Mohism , of Legalism , as well as works of military science -LRB- e.g. Sun Tzu 's The Art of War -RRB- and Chinese history -LRB- e.g. Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian -RRB- .	The Art of War	What classic work of war science originated during this period ?
The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism , of Daoism , of Mohism , of Legalism , as well as works of military science -LRB- e.g. Sun Tzu 's The Art of War -RRB- and Chinese history -LRB- e.g. Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian -RRB- .	Sun Tzu	Who wrote The Art Of War ?
Early genres included drama , fables , sutras and epic poetry .	drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry	What were some different genres that emerged from ancient India 's oral literary traditions ?
Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas , dating back to 1500 -- 1000 BCE , and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India .	Sanskrit	An important language for ancient Indian literature is what ?
The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts .	The Vedas	What ancient religious scriptures were among the first examples of Indian literature ?
The Samhitas -LRB- vedic collections -RRB- date to roughly 1500 -- 1000 BCE , and the `` circum-Vedic '' texts , as well as the redaction of the Samhitas , date to c. 1000-500 BCE , resulting in a Vedic period , spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE , or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age .	the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE	The Vedic Period refers to what expanse of time ?
The Samhitas -LRB- vedic collections -RRB- date to roughly 1500 -- 1000 BCE , and the `` circum-Vedic '' texts , as well as the redaction of the Samhitas , date to c. 1000-500 BCE , resulting in a Vedic period , spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE , or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age .	the Iron Age	The Vedic Period began in the Late Bronze Age and extended until when ?
In ancient Greece , the epics of Homer , who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey , and Hesiod , who wrote Works and Days and Theogony , are some of the earliest , and most influential , of Ancient Greek literature .	the Iliad and the Odyssey	What two epic narratives were written by Homer ?
In ancient Greece , the epics of Homer , who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey , and Hesiod , who wrote Works and Days and Theogony , are some of the earliest , and most influential , of Ancient Greek literature .	Hesiod	Who wrote Works and Days and Theogony ?
Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy , Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets , and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians .	philosophical texts	Plato and Aristotle wrote what type of literature ?
Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy , Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets , and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians .	Sappho and Pindar	Who were two important Classic Greek lyric poets ?
Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy , Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets , and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians .	Herodotus and Thucydides	The two great ancient Greek historians were ?
Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles , but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance , an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal .	Roman	Much medieval literature was influenced by the works of what classic culture ?
Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles , but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance , an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal .	the romance	What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages ?
Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles , but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance , an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal .	an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative	What element is characteristic of a medieval romance ?
Controversial , religious , political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing , while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative , the novel , of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books .	the invention of printing	What helped cause the widespread appearance of multiple forms of literature in the Renaissance ?
Controversial , religious , political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing , while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative , the novel , of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books .	the German Faust books	What is an early example of the novel form of literature from Europe ?
The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion .	Romanticism	What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times ?
But as the 19th-century went on , European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism , the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends .	realism and naturalism	What elements in 19th century European literature were a reaction to the romanticism movement ?
The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion .	individual experience and emotion	What are two elements prevalent among characters at the center of romanticism works ?
Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical , and influenced social and political change , but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective , emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual .	influenced social and political change	How did naturalism effect the greater world ?
Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical , and influenced social and political change , but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective , emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual .	the subjective	20th century literature reacted to the objectivity of naturalism in the 19th century to what ?
Genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms , in spite of its fixed formulas , through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the alternative realities of science fiction .	Genre fiction	What sub-group of literature emerged in the 20th century ?
Genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms , in spite of its fixed formulas , through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the alternative realities of science fiction .	science fiction	Alternative reality genre fiction is also known as what ?
William Burroughs , in his early works , and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the second World War , and post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general .	William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson	Who were two 20th century writers who blurred the lines between journalism and literature ?
William Burroughs , in his early works , and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the second World War , and post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general .	strong subjective statements	By what means did these two writers create and emergent convergence of literature and journalism ?
William Burroughs , in his early works , and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the second World War , and post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general .	post-modern	Critics based in what movement find fault in objective realism ?
As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences , the `` literary '' nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries .	advances and specialization	What two elements have reduced the literary nature of scientific journals ?
Now , science appears mostly in journals .	journals	The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where ?
Scientific works of Aristotle , Copernicus , and Newton still exhibit great value , but since the science in them has largely become outdated , they no longer serve for scientific instruction .	Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton	The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance ?
Outside of `` history of science '' programmes , students rarely read such works .	"history of science" programmes	In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists ?
Philosophy has become an increasingly academic discipline .	Philosophy	What classic area of study is now mostly reserved for academic consideration ?
More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences ; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals .	academic journals	Most serious studies in philosophy are segregated to what publications ?
Major philosophers through history -- Plato , Aristotle , Socrates , Augustine , Descartes , Kierkegaard , Nietzsche -- have become as canonical as any writers .	Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche	Who are some of the most important philosophers in history ?
Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title `` literature '' , but much of it does not , and some areas , such as logic , have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics .	logic	What aspect of modern academic philosophy is less literary than technical in nature ?
Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title `` literature '' , but much of it does not , and some areas , such as logic , have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics .	mathematics	Serious studies in logic tend to resemble what discipline , moreso than literature ?
Literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of a person 's character that would not be obvious otherwise .	intimate emotional aspects	Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters ?
It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader .	It benefits the psychological development and understanding	How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it ?
An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in `` The English Journal '' explains how the author utilized young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of `` wonder '' .	D. Mitchell	What writer 's entry in `` The English Journal '' was concerned with young adult fiction ?
An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in `` The English Journal '' explains how the author utilized young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of `` wonder '' .	to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child	Why did this author embrace young adult literature as a grownup ?
An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in `` The English Journal '' explains how the author utilized young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of `` wonder '' .	“wonder”	How did the writer refer to this psychological state experienced as a youth ?
This can be understood in the sense that literature unites a large community by provoking universal emotions .	by provoking universal emotions	How does literature unite members of a society ?
It also allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to thus provoking new emotional experiences .	allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to	How does literature expand the horizons of its readers ?
Authors choose literary device according to what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe , thus certain literary devices are more emotionally effective than others .	what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe	What determines what literary structure a literary author uses for expression of ideas ?
Authors choose literary device according to what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe , thus certain literary devices are more emotionally effective than others .	literary devices	What are the levers an author uses in literature to describe a psychological emotion ?
Maslow 's `` Third Force Psychology Theory '' even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized .	Maslow	Who conceived of `` The Third Force Psychology Theory ? ''
The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true `` self '' and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living .	a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self”	The theory states that at the center of humans beings is what ?
The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true `` self '' and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living .	the reason for living	The theory suggests that the quest for this nature represents what ?
It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self .	neurological development	What causes a person to become separated from their `` true self '' ?
In his `` Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature '' , Paris argues `` D.H Lawrence 's `` pristine unconscious '' is a metaphor for the real self '' .	D.H Lawrence	What author espoused the theory of the `` pristine unconscious ? ''
A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature , particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction , as can a great deal of journalism , such as literary journalism .	creative nonfiction	What is literary historical writing sometimes called ?
A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature , particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction , as can a great deal of journalism , such as literary journalism .	literary journalism	Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what ?
However , these areas have become extremely large , and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose : to record data or convey immediate information .	to record data or convey immediate information	What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation ?
Major `` literary '' historians include Herodotus , Thucydides and Procopius , all of whom count as canonical literary figures .	Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius	Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians ?
Some writings of Plato and Aristotle , the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon , or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature .	Hammurabi	What Babylonian ruler created formal law tables ?
Some writings of Plato and Aristotle , the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon , or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature .	the Bible	What religious scripture can be fit into a large , loose definition of legal literature ?
Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature .	the Corpus Juris Civilis	Roman civil law was written and codified into a unified system by what group ?
Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature .	Justinian I	Under what Emperor did this group sit ?
Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature .	the Byzantine Empire	What empire did Justinian preside over ?
A literary technique or literary device can be used by authors in order to enhance the written framework of a piece of literature , and produce specific effects .	produce specific effects	Literary devices are employed for what reason ?
Literary techniques encompass a wide range of approaches to crafting a work : whether a work is narrated in first-person or from another perspective , whether to use a traditional linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative , or the choice of literary genre , are all examples of literary technique .	first-person	What is one form of narration in literature ?
Literary techniques encompass a wide range of approaches to crafting a work : whether a work is narrated in first-person or from another perspective , whether to use a traditional linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative , or the choice of literary genre , are all examples of literary technique .	linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative	What are two types of narrative structure in literature ?
They may indicate to a reader that there is a familiar structure and presentation to a work , such as a conventional murder-mystery novel ; or , the author may choose to experiment with their technique to surprise the reader .	to surprise the reader	Why would an author utilize experimental narratives in literature ?
They may indicate to a reader that there is a familiar structure and presentation to a work , such as a conventional murder-mystery novel ; or , the author may choose to experiment with their technique to surprise the reader .	a conventional murder-mystery novel	In what type of writing would a more familiar , standard literary narrative structure be employed ?
Ibn Sina created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Age , in which the translations of Greco-Roman , Persian , and Indian texts were studied extensively .	the Islamic Golden Age	What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina created a big body of work ?
Ibn Sina created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Age , in which the translations of Greco-Roman , Persian , and Indian texts were studied extensively .	Persian	What is one example of the type of translations done in the Islamic Golden Age ?
Greco-Roman -LRB- Mid - and Neo-Platonic , and Aristotelian -RRB- texts translated by the Kindi school were commented , redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals , who also built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems , astronomy , algebra , trigonometry and medicine .	the Kindi school	What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age ?
The Samanid dynasty in the eastern part of Persia , Greater Khorasan and Central Asia as well as the Buyid dynasty in the western part of Persia and Iraq provided a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development .	the Buyid dynasty	What was one dynasty that provided a great atmosphere for cultural development ?
Under the Samanids , Bukhara rivaled Baghdad as a cultural capital of the Islamic world .	Baghdad	What city was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world ?
Philosophy , Fiqh and theology -LRB- kalaam -RRB- were further developed , most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents .	theology	What was one subject that Avicenna further developed ?
Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy .	Al-Farabi	Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age ?
Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh , Khwarezm , Gorgan , Rey , Isfahan and Hamadan .	Hamadan	What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to ?
Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni -LRB- a famous scientist and astronomer -RRB- , Abu Nasr Iraqi -LRB- a renowned mathematician -RRB- , Abu Sahl Masihi -LRB- a respected philosopher -RRB- and Abu al-Khayr Khammar -LRB- a great physician -RRB- .	Al-Biruni	Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm ?
Various texts -LRB- such as the ` Ahd with Bahmanyar -RRB- show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time .	the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar	What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time ?
Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana , a village near Bukhara -LRB- in present-day Uzbekistan -RRB- , the capital of the Samanids , a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan .	Uzbekistan	What present-day country was Avicenna born in ?
Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana , a village near Bukhara -LRB- in present-day Uzbekistan -RRB- , the capital of the Samanids , a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan .	Bukhara	What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near ?
His mother , named Setareh , was from Bukhara ; his father , Abdullah , was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh , an important town of the Samanid Empire , in what is today Balkh Province , Afghanistan , although this is not universally agreed upon .	Afghanistan	What present-day country is Avicenna 's father thought to have come from ?
His mother , named Setareh , was from Bukhara ; his father , Abdullah , was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh , an important town of the Samanid Empire , in what is today Balkh Province , Afghanistan , although this is not universally agreed upon .	Setareh	What was Avicenna 's mother 's name ?
Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them .	ten	By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran ?
Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī -LRB- d. 1169 -RRB- considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity .	the Brethren of Purity	What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of ?
Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī -LRB- d. 1169 -RRB- considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity .	Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī	Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower ?
On the other hand , Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi .	Sunni	What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of ?
However , the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr , maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia .	Nurullah Shushtari	Who thought Avicenna was a Shia ?
On the other hand , Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi .	Jules J. Janssens	What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni ?
According to his autobiography , Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10 .	Quran	What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10 ?
He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer , ءMahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young .	ءMahmoud Massahi	Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from ?
He also studied Fiqh -LRB- Islamic jurisprudence -RRB- under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid .	Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)	What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid ?
Avicenna was taught some extent of philosophy books such as Introduction -LRB- Isagoge -RRB- 's Porphyry -LRB- philosopher -RRB- , Euclid 's Elements , Ptolemy 's Almagest by an unpopular philosopher , Abu Abdullah Nateli , who claimed philosophizing .	Euclid's Elements	What was one philosophy book that Avicenna was taught from ?
Avicenna was taught some extent of philosophy books such as Introduction -LRB- Isagoge -RRB- 's Porphyry -LRB- philosopher -RRB- , Euclid 's Elements , Ptolemy 's Almagest by an unpopular philosopher , Abu Abdullah Nateli , who claimed philosophizing .	Abu Abdullah Nateli	What unpopular philosopher 's text did Avicenna learn from ?
As a teenager , he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle , which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi 's commentary on the work .	the Metaphysics of Aristotle	What text could Avicenna not understand ?
As a teenager , he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle , which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi 's commentary on the work .	al-Farabi's commentary	What helped Avicenna understand the Metaphysics of Aristotle ?
For the next year and a half , he studied philosophy , in which he encountered greater obstacles .	year and a half	How long did Avicenna study philosophy ?
Forty times , it is said , he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle , till the words were imprinted on his memory ; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure , until one day they found illumination , from the little commentary by Farabi , which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams .	Forty times	How many times did Avicenna read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle ?
Forty times , it is said , he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle , till the words were imprinted on his memory ; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure , until one day they found illumination , from the little commentary by Farabi , which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams .	three dirhams	How much did Avicenna pay for the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text ?
He turned to medicine at 16 , and not only learned medical theory , but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had , according to his own account , discovered new methods of treatment .	16	At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy ?
He turned to medicine at 16 , and not only learned medical theory , but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had , according to his own account , discovered new methods of treatment .	medicine	What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16 ?
The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18 , and found that `` Medicine is no hard and thorny science , like mathematics and metaphysics , so I soon made great progress ; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients , using approved remedies . ''	18	Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age ?
The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18 , and found that `` Medicine is no hard and thorny science , like mathematics and metaphysics , so I soon made great progress ; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients , using approved remedies . ''	mathematics	Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject ?
Ibn Sina 's first appointment was that of physician to the emir , Nuh II , who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness -LRB- 997 -RRB- .	the emir, Nuh II	Who was Ibn Sina 's first appontment ?
Ibn Sina 's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids , well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars .	access to the royal library of the Samanids	What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for helping the emir ?
When the library was destroyed by fire not long after , the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it , in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge .	to conceal the sources of his knowledge	Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal library ?
Meanwhile , he assisted his father in his financial labors , but still found time to write some of his earliest works .	his father	Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors ?
Ibn Sina 's first appointment was that of physician to the emir , Nuh II , who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness -LRB- 997 -RRB- .	997	What year did the emir Null II recover from his illness ?
When Ibn Sina was 22 years old , he lost his father .	22	At what age did Avicenna lose his father ?
The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004 .	The Samanid dynasty	What dynasty ended in December 1004 ?
Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni , and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan , where the vizier , regarded as a friend of scholars , gave him a small monthly stipend .	Turkmenistan	What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to after the end of the Samanid dynasty ?
The pay was small , however , so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan , seeking an opening for his talents .	Nishapur	What is one district that Ibn Sina traveled through in search of more work ?
Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni , and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan , where the vizier , regarded as a friend of scholars , gave him a small monthly stipend .	Mahmud of Ghazni	Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel westwards after the Samanid dynasty ended ?
Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rey , in the vicinity of modern Tehran , the home town of Rhazes ; where Majd Addaula , a son of the last Buwayhid emir , was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother -LRB- Seyyedeh Khatun -RRB- .	Rey	What city did Ibn Sina settle in ?
Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rey , in the vicinity of modern Tehran , the home town of Rhazes ; where Majd Addaula , a son of the last Buwayhid emir , was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother -LRB- Seyyedeh Khatun -RRB- .	Tehran	What modern city of today was Rey in the vicinity of ?
About thirty of Ibn Sina 's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rey .	thirty	How many of Ibn Sina 's shorter works were said to have been created in Rey ?
After a brief sojourn at Qazvin he passed southwards to Hamadãn where Shams al-Daula , another Buwayhid emir , had established himself .	Hamadãn	Ibn Sina left Rey and moved southwards to what city ?
Ibn Sina was even raised to the office of vizier .	office of vizier	What office did Ibn Sina receive in Hamadan ?
Meanwhile , he had written to Abu Ya ` far , the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan , offering his services .	city of Isfahan	Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee to after Hamadan ?
War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn ; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns , expelling the Tajik mercenaries .	Isfahan and Hamadãn	What two cities were at war during this time ?
War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn ; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns , expelling the Tajik mercenaries .	1024	What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan ?
War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn ; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns , expelling the Tajik mercenaries .	the Tajik	What mercenaries were expelled after Isfahan 's victory over Hamadan ?
Later , however , accompanied by his brother , a favorite pupil , and two slaves , Ibn Sina escaped from the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic .	in the dress of a Sufi ascetic	How did Ibn Sina escape from Hamadan ?
Most of his works were written in Arabic -- then the language of science in the Middle East -- and some in Persian .	Arabic	In what language was most of Ibn Sina 's works written in ?
Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy , especially the subjects logic , ethics , and metaphysics , including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics .	ethics	What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in ?
Most of his works were written in Arabic -- then the language of science in the Middle East -- and some in Persian .	Persian	Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language ?
Ibn Sīnā 's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad .	Aristotle	What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily ?
Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy , especially the subjects logic , ethics , and metaphysics , including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics .	Metaphysics	What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina ?
His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition , under the title Sufficientia , and some authors have identified a `` Latin Avicennism '' as flourishing for some time , paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism , but suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215 .	Latin	Ibn Sina 's Book of Healing was partially available in what language ?
His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition , under the title Sufficientia , and some authors have identified a `` Latin Avicennism '' as flourishing for some time , paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism , but suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215 .	fifty	How many years did it take for Ibn Sina 's Book of Healing to be available in Latin ?
His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition , under the title Sufficientia , and some authors have identified a `` Latin Avicennism '' as flourishing for some time , paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism , but suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215 .	Europe	On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available fifty years after its composition ?
His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition , under the title Sufficientia , and some authors have identified a `` Latin Avicennism '' as flourishing for some time , paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism , but suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215 .	Sufficientia	What was the title of Ibn Sina 's Book of Healing ?
Avicenna 's psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne , Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus , while his metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas .	Thomas Aquinas	Who did Avicenna 's metaphysics works have an influence on ?
Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics , imbued as it is with Islamic theology , distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence .	essence and existence	What does Islamic philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism ?
The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā , particularly that part relating to metaphysics , owes much to al-Farabi .	al-Farabi	Who does Ibn Sina 's philosophy owe much to ?
Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics , imbued as it is with Islamic theology , distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence .	Islamic theology	What is early Islamic metaphysics imbued with ?
Following al-Farabi 's lead , Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being , in which he distinguished between essence -LRB- Mahiat -RRB- and existence -LRB- Wujud -RRB- .	the question of being	What did Avicenna start an inquiry into ?
Following al-Farabi 's lead , Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being , in which he distinguished between essence -LRB- Mahiat -RRB- and existence -LRB- Wujud -RRB- .	essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud)	What two points did he write about ?
Following al-Farabi 's lead , Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being , in which he distinguished between essence -LRB- Mahiat -RRB- and existence -LRB- Wujud -RRB- .	al-Farabi	Who also began an inquiry into the question of being ?
Following al-Farabi 's lead , Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being , in which he distinguished between essence -LRB- Mahiat -RRB- and existence -LRB- Wujud -RRB- .	Wujud	What is the Arabic term for existence ?
Following al-Farabi 's lead , Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being , in which he distinguished between essence -LRB- Mahiat -RRB- and existence -LRB- Wujud -RRB- .	essence	Mahiat is Arabic for what ?
Avicenna 's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being ; namely impossibility , contingency , and necessity .	necessity	What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed ?
Thus , contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself .	contingency-in-itself	According to Avicenna , what could eventually be actualized by an external cause ?
The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence .	the source of its own being without borrowed existence	What is the necessary according to Avicenna ?
The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence .	The necessary	According to Avicenna , what always exists ?
Necessary being due to itself -LRB- wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi -RRB- is true in itself , while the contingent being is ` false in itself ' and ` true due to something else other than itself ' .	false in itself	If necessary being is true in itself , what is contingent ?
Avicenna adds that the ` Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself ' has no genus -LRB- jins -RRB- , nor a definition -LRB- hadd -RRB- , nor a counterpart -LRB- nadd -RRB- , nor an opposite -LRB- did -RRB- , and is detached -LRB- bari -RRB- from matter -LRB- madda -RRB- , quality -LRB- kayf -RRB- , quantity -LRB- kam -RRB- , place -LRB- ayn -RRB- , situation -LRB- wad -RRB- , and time -LRB- waqt -RRB- .	a definition	What is something that the necessary does not have ?
Avicenna adds that the ` Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself ' has no genus -LRB- jins -RRB- , nor a definition -LRB- hadd -RRB- , nor a counterpart -LRB- nadd -RRB- , nor an opposite -LRB- did -RRB- , and is detached -LRB- bari -RRB- from matter -LRB- madda -RRB- , quality -LRB- kayf -RRB- , quantity -LRB- kam -RRB- , place -LRB- ayn -RRB- , situation -LRB- wad -RRB- , and time -LRB- waqt -RRB- .	wad	What is the Arabic for situation ?
Avicenna adds that the ` Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself ' has no genus -LRB- jins -RRB- , nor a definition -LRB- hadd -RRB- , nor a counterpart -LRB- nadd -RRB- , nor an opposite -LRB- did -RRB- , and is detached -LRB- bari -RRB- from matter -LRB- madda -RRB- , quality -LRB- kayf -RRB- , quantity -LRB- kam -RRB- , place -LRB- ayn -RRB- , situation -LRB- wad -RRB- , and time -LRB- waqt -RRB- .	time	What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from ?
Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology .	Muslim	What religion was Avicenna ?
Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology .	rational philosophy	What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology ?
His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic .	prove the existence of God	What did Avicenna hope to do through his work ?
Avicenna 's views on Islamic theology -LRB- and philosophy -RRB- were enormously influential , forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century .	19th century	Up until what century was Avicenna 's work highly influential ?
These included treatises on the prophets -LRB- whom he viewed as `` inspired philosophers '' -RRB- , and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran , such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system .	the prophets	Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers ?
There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion .	philosophy	What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion ?
He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory , if prophecy could be questioned , and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly , without digressing to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly considered by other philosophers .	the political implications of such a theory	What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly ?
He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory , if prophecy could be questioned , and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly , without digressing to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly considered by other philosophers .	epistemological matters	What did Avicenna not consider when explaining his theories on philosophy ?
It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs .	al-Razi	Which interpretation of Avicenna 's work was more taught in Islamic schools ?
Later interpretations of Avicenna 's philosophy split into three different schools ; those -LRB- such as al-Tusi -RRB- who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances ; those -LRB- such as al-Razi -RRB- who considered Avicenna 's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns ; and those -LRB- such as al-Ghazali -RRB- who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means .	three	Interpretations of Avicenna 's work split into how many different schools ?
Later interpretations of Avicenna 's philosophy split into three different schools ; those -LRB- such as al-Tusi -RRB- who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances ; those -LRB- such as al-Razi -RRB- who considered Avicenna 's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns ; and those -LRB- such as al-Ghazali -RRB- who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means .	al-Ghazali	Who used only parts of Avicenna 's works to support their own great spiritual insights ?
Later interpretations of Avicenna 's philosophy split into three different schools ; those -LRB- such as al-Tusi -RRB- who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances ; those -LRB- such as al-Razi -RRB- who considered Avicenna 's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns ; and those -LRB- such as al-Ghazali -RRB- who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means .	al-Tusi	Who used Avicenna 's work to help understand future political events ?
It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs .	madrasahs	What are Islamic schools also known as ?
While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan , Avicenna wrote his famous `` Floating Man '' -- literally falling man -- thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul .	the castle of Fardajan	Where was Avicenna once imprisoned ?
While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan , Avicenna wrote his famous `` Floating Man '' -- literally falling man -- thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul .	"Floating Man"	What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned ?
Avicenna believed his `` Floating Man '' thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance , and claimed humans can not doubt their own consciousness , even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input .	a substance	What was the soul according to Avicenna ?
The conceivability of this `` Floating Man '' indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually , which entails the soul 's separateness from the body .	intellectually	How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna 's work `` Floating Man '' ?
The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air , isolated from all sensations , which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies .	suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations	How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as ?
However , Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation .	the brain	Where did reason interact with sensation according to Avicenna ?
Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect .	Intellect	What is the universal agent ?
Thus , the knowledge that `` I am '' is the core of a human being : the soul exists and is self-aware .	the knowledge that "I am"	In Avicenna 's work `` Floating Man '' , what is the core of a human being ?
The body is unnecessary ; in relation to it , the soul is its perfection .	the soul	What is the body 's perfection ?
That essence could not be the body , obviously , as the flying person has no sensation .	the body	In Avicenna 's `` Floating Man '' , what could the essence of a person not be ?
He discusses Aristotle 's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points .	Aristotle	What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text ?
He discusses Aristotle 's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points .	Posterior Analytics	What work of Aristotle 's does Avicenna focus on ?
Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction , arguing that `` it does not lead to the absolute , universal , and certain premises that it purports to provide . ''	Aristotelian induction	What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty ?
An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna .	temporal logic	What was a subject that Avicenna studied , but did not develop a theory on ?
Avicenna 's work was further developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became the dominant system of Islamic logic until modern times .	Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī	Who expanded on Avicenna 's work in temporal logic ?
Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham .	Avicennian logic	What became the dominant system of Islamic logic ?
Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham .	Albertus Magnus	What European logician was greatly influenced by Avicenna ?
Avicenna endorsed the law of noncontradiction proposed by Aristotle , that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used .	Aristotle	Whose law of noncontradiction did Avicenna endorse ?
Avicenna 's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa -LRB- The Book of Healing -RRB- and Kitab al-najat -LRB- The Book of Deliverance -RRB- .	Kitab al-shifa	What is Avicenna 's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic ?
Avicenna 's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa -LRB- The Book of Healing -RRB- and Kitab al-najat -LRB- The Book of Deliverance -RRB- .	classical psychology	What subject is seen throughout Avicenna 's Book of Healing ?
-LSB- dubious -- discuss -RSB- Notably , Avicenna develops what is called the `` flying man '' argument in the Psychology of The Cure I. 1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension , which has an affinity with Descartes 's cogito argument -LRB- or what phenomenology designates as a form of an `` epoche '' -RRB- .	quantitative extension	In an argument by Avicenna , the soul is without what ?
-LSB- dubious -- discuss -RSB- Notably , Avicenna develops what is called the `` flying man '' argument in the Psychology of The Cure I. 1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension , which has an affinity with Descartes 's cogito argument -LRB- or what phenomenology designates as a form of an `` epoche '' -RRB- .	Descartes	Whose argument is similar to Avicenna 's that the soul is without quantitative extension ?
These were known in Latin under the title De Anima -LRB- treatises `` on the soul '' -RRB- .	De Anima	What is the Latin for Avicenna 's psychology parts in his Book of Healing ?
Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology , which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception .	physiology	What does Avicenna ground his psychology on ?
Avicenna 's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul 's individuation , but weak enough to allow for its immortality .	strong enough	According to Avicenna , the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul 's individuation ?
Thus , the philosopher 's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception ; in this way , bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect .	his understanding of perception	How does Avicenna explain the connection between body and soul ?
In sense perception , the perceiver senses the form of the object ; first , by perceiving features of the object by our external senses .	external senses	How does man first perceive features of an object ?
The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction , which takes place in the physical body .	the physical body	The body and soul 's interaction takes place where ?
Avicenna 's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers , although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni .	Al-Biruni	What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence ?
One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology .	mathematical astronomy	What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astrology ?
He criticized Aristotle 's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun , stating that the stars are self-luminous , and believed that the planets are also self-luminous .	Aristotle	What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the sun ?
He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun .	Venus	What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the sun ?
He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was , at least sometimes , below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology , i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model .	below the Sun	Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the sun ?
Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae was the most influential , having influenced later medieval chemists and alchemists such as Vincent of Beauvais .	Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae	What work by Avicenna is thought to be a fake ?
Similarly the Declaratio is believed not to be actually by Avicenna .	the Declaratio	What is another work of Avicenna that is said to not be his creation ?
The third work -LRB- The Book of Minerals -RRB- is agreed to be Avicenna 's writing , adapted from the Kitab al-Shifa -LRB- Book of the Remedy -RRB- .	The Book of Minerals	What is definitely seen as being written by Avicenna ?
The third work -LRB- The Book of Minerals -RRB- is agreed to be Avicenna 's writing , adapted from the Kitab al-Shifa -LRB- Book of the Remedy -RRB- .	Book of the Remedy	What is the kitab al-Shifa ?
Ibn Sina classified minerals into stones , fusible substances , sulfurs , and salts , building on the ideas of Aristotle and Jabir .	minerals	What did Ibn Sina classify into stones ?
George Sarton , the author of The History of Science , described Ibn Sīnā as `` one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history '' and called him `` the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races , places , and times . ''	George Sarton	Who said that Ibn Sina was one of the greatest thinkers ?
George Sarton , the author of The History of Science , described Ibn Sīnā as `` one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history '' and called him `` the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races , places , and times . ''	The History of Science	What did George Sarton write ?
George Sarton , the author of The History of Science , described Ibn Sīnā as `` one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history '' and called him `` the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races , places , and times . ''	Islam	Ibn Sina was described as the most famous scientist in what religion ?
Along with Rhazes , Abulcasis , Ibn al-Nafis , and al-Ibadi , Ibn Sīnā is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine .	Abulcasis	Who is another leading Islamic figure in medicine ?
His influence following translation of the Canon was such that from the early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries he was ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as one of the acknowledged authorities , princeps medicorum -LRB- `` prince of physicians '' -RRB- .	early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries	During what centuries was Ibn Sina ranked among such medical greats as Hippocrates ?
In modern Iran , he is considered a national icon , and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived .	Iran	In what modern country is Avicenna considered an icon ?
A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum -LSB- year needed -RSB- .	the Bukhara museum	Where is a monument located that honors Avicenna ?
His portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris .	the University of Paris	In what European school does Avicenna 's portrait hang in their hall of medicine ?
The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum in Hamadan was built in 1952 .	Hamadan	Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum located ?
There is also a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a plant genus Avicennia .	Avicennia	What plant genus is named after Avicenna ?
In 1980 , the Soviet Union , which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara , celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna 's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations , and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars .	the Soviet Union	What superpower in 1980 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna ?
In 1980 , the Soviet Union , which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara , celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna 's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations , and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars .	Bukhara	What was Avicenna 's birthplace ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona , some 25 km -LRB- 16 mi -RRB- north of Bukhara , a training college for medical staff has been named for him .	16	A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many miles away from his birthplace ?
In 1980 , the Soviet Union , which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara , celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna 's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations , and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars .	a bust	Besides stamps , what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna 's honor ?
In March 2008 , it was announced that Avicenna 's name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals , worldwide .	March 2008	When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him ?
The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors , public health practitioners , pharmacists and others , are educated .	where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated	What does the Avicenna Directories contain ?
Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west .	his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west	What was Avicenna known for ?
The use of Avicenna 's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality . ''	worldwide partnership	What is Avicenna 's name needed for ?
The soviet film `` Youth of Genius '' -LRB- 1982 -RRB- , filmed and studios Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm , dedicated to children and youth years Avicenna .	Youth of Genius	What movie was made about Avicenna 's younger years ?
Ibn Sīnā wrote at least one treatise on alchemy , but several others have been falsely attributed to him .	alchemy	What is a rare discipline that Avicenna worked on ?
His Logic , Metaphysics , Physics , and De Caelo , are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine , though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā 's world ; Arabic philosophers -LSB- who ? -RSB-	Physics	On what subject is one of Avicenna 's treatise based on ?
His Logic , Metaphysics , Physics , and De Caelo , are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine , though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā 's world ; Arabic philosophers -LSB- who ? -RSB-	Aristotelian doctrine	What doctrine is some of Avicenna 's works based around ?
-LSB- year needed -RSB- have hinted at the idea that Ibn Sīnā was attempting to `` re-Aristotelianise '' Muslim philosophy in its entirety , unlike his predecessors , who accepted the conflation of Platonic , Aristotelian , Neo - and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world .	"re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy	According to some , what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works ?
Some of his shorter essays on medicine , logic , etc. , take a poetical form -LRB- the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836 -RRB- .	Schmoelders	Who published Avicenna 's poem on logic ?
The larger , Al-Shifa ' -LRB- Sanatio -RRB- , exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere ; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia -LRB- 1490 -RRB- as the Liber Sextus Naturalium , and the long account of Ibn Sina 's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis , and in many places a reproduction , of the Al-Shifa ' .	Al-Shifa'	What is the name of Avicenna 's larger encyclopedic treatise ?
The larger , Al-Shifa ' -LRB- Sanatio -RRB- , exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere ; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia -LRB- 1490 -RRB- as the Liber Sextus Naturalium , and the long account of Ibn Sina 's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis , and in many places a reproduction , of the Al-Shifa ' .	the Bodleian Library	Where is Avicenna 's Al-Shifa manuscript located ?
A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat -LRB- Liberatio -RRB- .	the An-najat	What is the shorter form of Al-Shifa called ?
The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted , the latter , e.g. , at Venice in 1493 , 1495 , and 1546 .	Logic and Metaphysics	What two subjects of Avicenna 's have been reprinted extensively ?
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages .	Chinese characters	What are logograms used in the writing of Chinese ?
In Standard Chinese they are called Hanzi -LRB- simplified Chinese : 汉字 ; traditional Chinese : 漢字 -RRB- .	Hanzi	What are Chinese characters called in standard Chinese ?
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages .	Chinese characters	What have been adapted to write in a number of other languages ?
Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands , though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts .	Chinese characters	What number in the tens of thousands ?
Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters .	literacy in written Chinese	What requires a knowledge of three to four thousand characters ?
In Japan , common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms -LRB- shinjitai -RRB- , which are closer to traditional forms than Chinese simplifications , while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms -LRB- kyūjitai -RRB- , which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms .	kyūjitai	Which are identical to Chinese forms ?
Most modern Chinese dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries sold to English speakers use the traditional radical-based character index in a section at the front , while the main body of the dictionary arranges the main character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling .	modern Chinese dictionaries	What use the traditional radical-based character index ?
The character 's entry will have the character 's pronunciation in pinyin written down ; the reader then turns to the main dictionary section and looks up the pinyin spelling alphabetically .	character's entry	What will have the character 's pronunciation in pinyin ?
Most modern Chinese dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries sold to English speakers use the traditional radical-based character index in a section at the front , while the main body of the dictionary arranges the main character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling .	traditional radical-based character index	What is at the front of most modern Chinese dictionaries ?
In Old Chinese , -LRB- e.g. Classical Chinese -RRB- most words were monosyllabic and there was a close correspondence between characters and words .	monosyllabic	What are most words in Old Chinese ?
Rather , a character almost always corresponds to a single syllable that is also a morpheme .	character	What almost always corresponds to a single syllable ?
However , there are a few exceptions to this general correspondence , including bisyllabic morphemes -LRB- written with two characters -RRB- , bimorphemic syllables -LRB- written with two characters -RRB- and cases where a single character represents a polysyllabic word or phrase .	bisyllabic morphemes	What is written with two characters ?
Modern Chinese has many homophones ; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters , depending on meaning .	Modern Chinese	What has many homophones ?
A single character may also have a range of meanings , or sometimes quite distinct meanings ; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations .	single character	What may have a wide range of meanings ?
These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations , and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese .	Sino-Xenic pronunciations	What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese ?
Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies .	Chinese characters	What represent words of the language using several strategies ?
Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms , but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle , in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or -LRB- more commonly -RRB- extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character .	rebus principle	What were most words written in ?
Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms , but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle , in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or -LRB- more commonly -RRB- extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character .	compound ideograms	What are some words expressed in ?
Semantic-phonetic compounds or pictophonetic compounds are by far the most numerous characters .	Semantic-phonetic compounds	What are the most numerous characters ?
In most cases the semantic indicator is also the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries .	semantic indicator	What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries ?
These characters are composed of two parts : one of a limited set of characters -LRB- the semantic indicator , often graphically simplified -RRB- which suggests the general meaning of the compound character , and another character -LRB- the phonetic indicator -RRB- whose pronunciation suggests the pronunciation of the compound character .	semantic indicator	What suggests the general meaning of a compound character ?
The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator .	right-hand side	What side is a phonetic indicator located on ?
In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator ; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today .	phonetic indicator	What is the process of historical phonetic change ?
In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator ; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today .	phonetic change	What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today ?
Occasionally a bisyllabic word is written with two characters that contain the same radical , as in 蝴蝶 húdié `` butterfly '' , where both characters have the insect radical 虫 .	bisyllabic word	What is occasionally written with two characters that contain the same radical ?
A notable example is pipa -LRB- a Chinese lute , also a fruit , the loquat , of similar shape -RRB- -- originally written as 批把 with the hand radical , referring to the down and up strokes when playing this instrument , which was then changed to 枇杷 -LRB- tree radical -RRB- , which is still used for the fruit , while the character was changed to 琵琶 when referring to the instrument .	pipa	What is also a fruit ?
In other cases a compound word may coincidentally share a radical without this being meaningful .	compound word	What may share a radical without being meaningful ?
In recent decades , a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China , including Jiahu -LRB- c. 6500 BC -RRB- , Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC , and Banpo -LRB- 5th millennium BC -RRB- .	series of inscribed graphs and pictures	What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades ?
However , because these marks occur singly , without any implied context , and are made crudely and simply , Qiu Xigui concluded that `` we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters . ''	Chinese characters	What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley ?
They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period .	Yellow	What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period ?
The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty -LRB- c. 1200 -- 1050 BC -RRB- .	oracle bones	What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script ?
These symbols , carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as `` dragon bones '' for medicinal purposes , were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899 .	pieces of bone and turtle shell	Where were the symbols carved on ?
By 1928 , the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province , which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937 .	village near Anyang in Henan Province	Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to ?
As early as the Shang dynasty , oracle-bone script coexisted as a simplified form alongside the normal script of bamboo books -LRB- preserved in typical bronze inscriptions -RRB- , as well as the extra-elaborate pictorial forms -LRB- often clan emblems -RRB- found on many bronzes .	oracle-bone script	What existed as early as the Shang dynasty ?
As early as the Shang dynasty , oracle-bone script coexisted as a simplified form alongside the normal script of bamboo books -LRB- preserved in typical bronze inscriptions -RRB- , as well as the extra-elaborate pictorial forms -LRB- often clan emblems -RRB- found on many bronzes .	bamboo books	What did the oracle-bone script coexist alongside ?
As early as the Shang dynasty , oracle-bone script coexisted as a simplified form alongside the normal script of bamboo books -LRB- preserved in typical bronze inscriptions -RRB- , as well as the extra-elaborate pictorial forms -LRB- often clan emblems -RRB- found on many bronzes .	bamboo books	What were preserved in typical bronze inscriptions ?
Meanwhile , other scripts had evolved , especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty , including regional forms , such as the gǔwén -LRB- `` ancient forms '' -RRB- of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi , as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts .	scripts	What has evolved over time ?
Meanwhile , other scripts had evolved , especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty , including regional forms , such as the gǔwén -LRB- `` ancient forms '' -RRB- of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi , as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts .	decorative	What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered ?
Meanwhile , other scripts had evolved , especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty , including regional forms , such as the gǔwén -LRB- `` ancient forms '' -RRB- of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi , as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts .	ancient forms	What is guwen considered as ?
Seal script , which had evolved slowly in the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty , became standardized and adopted as the formal script for all of China in the Qin dynasty -LRB- leading to a popular misconception that it was invented at that time -RRB- , and was still widely used for decorative engraving and seals -LRB- name chops , or signets -RRB- in the Han dynasty period .	Seal script	What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin ?
The coexistence of the three scripts -- small seal , vulgar and proto-clerical , with the latter evolving gradually in the Qin to early Han dynasties into clerical script -- runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only , and that clerical script was suddenly invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script .	clerical	What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only ?
The coexistence of the three scripts -- small seal , vulgar and proto-clerical , with the latter evolving gradually in the Qin to early Han dynasties into clerical script -- runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only , and that clerical script was suddenly invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script .	clerical script	What was invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script ?
Contrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period , there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period .	there were in fact multiple scripts in use	Were multiple scripts used during the Han period ?
Although mature clerical script , also called 八分 -LRB- bāfēn -RRB- script , was dominant at that time , an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC -LRB- during the very late Western Han period -RRB- , -LSB- b -RSB- incorporating cursive forms popular at the time , well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin .	bāfēn	What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time ?
Some believe that the name , based on 章 zhāng meaning `` orderly '' , arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form , which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today , called 今草 jīncǎo or `` modern cursive '' .	zhāng	What name stood for `` orderly '' ?
By the late Eastern Han period , an early form of semi-cursive script appeared , developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script -LSB- c -RSB- and simple cursive .	early form of semi-cursive script	What appeared at the end of the late Eastern Han period ?
This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147 -- 188 AD , -LSB- d -RSB- although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors , since the scripts generally evolved into being over time .	semi-cursive	What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng ?
Qiu gives examples of early semi-cursive script , showing that it had popular origins rather than being purely Liu 's invention .	Qiu	Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script ?
Regular script has been attributed to Zhong Yao , of the Eastern Han to Cao Wei period -LRB- c. 151 -- 230 AD -RRB- , who has been called the `` father of regular script '' .	Regular script	What had been linked to Zhong Yao ?
Regular script has been attributed to Zhong Yao , of the Eastern Han to Cao Wei period -LRB- c. 151 -- 230 AD -RRB- , who has been called the `` father of regular script '' .	father of regular script	What was Zhong Yao known for ?
It then matured further in the Eastern Jin dynasty in the hands of the `` Sage of Calligraphy '' , Wang Xizhi , and his son Wang Xianzhi .	Wang Xianzhi	Who was the son of Wang Zishi ?
It was not until the Northern and Southern dynasties that regular script rose to dominant status .	dynasties	What were the North and South considered as ?
During that period , regular script continued evolving stylistically , reaching full maturity in the early Tang dynasty .	regular script	What continued to evolve stylistically ?
After this point , although developments in the art of calligraphy and in character simplification still lay ahead , there were no more major stages of evolution for the mainstream script .	mainstream	What script saw no more stages of evolution ?
The right half of the character also contains four strokes , so the user locates the number 4 , and turns to the page number given .	right half of the character	What contains four strokes ?
Some dictionaries have a sub-index which lists every character containing each radical , and if the user knows the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the character , he or she can locate the correct page directly .	sub-index	What do some dictionaries have ?
This page will have a sub-index giving remainder stroke numbers -LRB- for the non-radical portions of characters -RRB- and page numbers .	sub-index	What gives remaining stroke numbers ?
Chinese character dictionaries often allow users to locate entries in several ways .	Chinese character dictionaries	What often allow users to locate entries in several ways ?
Many Chinese , Japanese , and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characters list characters in radical order : characters are grouped together by radical , and radicals containing fewer strokes come before radicals containing more strokes -LRB- radical-and-stroke sorting -RRB- .	Korean dictionaries	What lists Chinese characters in radical order ?
Many Chinese , Japanese , and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characters list characters in radical order : characters are grouped together by radical , and radicals containing fewer strokes come before radicals containing more strokes -LRB- radical-and-stroke sorting -RRB- .	characters	What is grouped together by radicals ?
While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper , they are difficult to represent on a computer -- they must generally be represented as a picture , rather than as text -- which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption .	characters	What can be easily coined by writing on paper ?
Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV -LRB- 1971 -RRB- and Love Symbol Album -LRB- 1993 -RRB- ; an album cover may potentially contain any graphics , but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use .	symbols	What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century ?
While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper , they are difficult to represent on a computer -- they must generally be represented as a picture , rather than as text -- which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption .	characters	What can be difficult to represent on a computer ?
New characters can in principle be coined at any time , just as new words can be , but they may not be adopted .	New characters	What can be coined at any time ?
New characters can in principle be coined at any time , just as new words can be , but they may not be adopted .	new words	What may not be adopted ?
These kokuji -LRB- Japanese-coinages -RRB- have found use in China as well -- see Chinese characters for SI units for details .	kokuji	What are also known as Japanese-coinages ?
In addition , there are a number of dialect characters -LRB- 方言字 -RRB- that are not used in formal written Chinese but represent colloquial terms in non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese .	dialect characters	What are not used in formal written Chinese ?
In Taiwan , there is also an informal body of characters used to represent Hokkien Chinese .	Taiwan	What contains a block of characters used to showcase Hokkien Chinese ?
Furthermore , Shanghainese and Sichuanese also have their own series of written text , but these are not widely used in actual texts , Mandarin being the preference for all mainland regions .	Mandarin	What was the preference for all mainland regions ?
The Chinese Standard Interchange Code -LRB- CNS11643 -RRB- -- the official national encoding standard -- supports 48,027 characters , while the most widely used encoding scheme , BIG-5 , supports only 13,053 .	the official national encoding standard	What supports 48,027 characters ?
The Chinese Standard Interchange Code -LRB- CNS11643 -RRB- -- the official national encoding standard -- supports 48,027 characters , while the most widely used encoding scheme , BIG-5 , supports only 13,053 .	BIG-5	What supports 13,053 characters ?
In the Republic of China -LRB- Taiwan -RRB- , which uses traditional Chinese characters , the Ministry of Education 's Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo -LRB- 常用國字標準字體表 , Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters -RRB- lists 4,808 characters ; the Cì Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo -LRB- 次常用國字標準字體表 , Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters -RRB- lists another 6,341 characters .	Taiwan	What area uses traditional Chinese characters ?
In China , which uses simplified Chinese characters , the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo -LRB- 现代汉语常用字表 , Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese -RRB- lists 2,500 common characters and 1,000 less-than-common characters , while the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōngyòng Zìbiǎo -LRB- 现代汉语通用字表 , Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese -RRB- lists 7,000 characters , including the 3,500 characters already listed above .	China	What country uses simplified Chinese characters ?
In China , which uses simplified Chinese characters , the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo -LRB- 现代汉语常用字表 , Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese -RRB- lists 2,500 common characters and 1,000 less-than-common characters , while the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōngyòng Zìbiǎo -LRB- 现代汉语通用字表 , Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese -RRB- lists 7,000 characters , including the 3,500 characters already listed above .	Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese	What lists 2,500 common characters ?
GB2312 , an early version of the national encoding standard used in the People 's Republic of China , has 6,763 code points .	GB2312	What is an early version of the national encoding standard used in the people 's public of China ?
The traditional 3rd-person pronoun tā -LRB- 他 `` he , she , it '' -RRB- , which is written with the `` person radical '' , illustrates modifying significs to form new characters .	new characters	What is written in modern usage ?
In modern usage , there is a graphic distinction between tā -LRB- 她 `` she '' -RRB- with the `` woman radical '' , tā -LRB- 牠 `` it '' -RRB- with the `` animal radical '' , tā -LRB- 它 `` it '' -RRB- with the `` roof radical '' , and tā -LRB- 祂 `` He '' -RRB- with the `` deity radical '' , One consequence of modifying radicals is the fossilization of rare and obscure variant logographs , some of which are not even used in Classical Chinese .	fossilization	What is one consequence of modifying radicals ?
For instance , he 和 `` harmony , peace '' , which combines the `` grain radical '' with the `` mouth radical '' , has infrequent variants 咊 with the radicals reversed and 龢 with the `` flute radical '' .	"harmony, peace"	What combines `` grain radical '' with the `` mouth radical '' ?
Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages .	Zhonghua Zihai	What does not include characters in the Chinese family ?
Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten , the Korean-made gukja , the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi , and the almost 20,000 Nôm characters formerly used in Vietnam .	Characters	What is formed by Chinese principles ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script , which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters .	Tangut script	What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes ?
The total number of Chinese characters from past to present remains unknowable because new ones are developed all the time -- for instance , brands may create new characters when none of the existing ones allow for the intended meaning .	The total number of Chinese characters from past to present	What remains unknowable ?
The total number of Chinese characters from past to present remains unknowable because new ones are developed all the time -- for instance , brands may create new characters when none of the existing ones allow for the intended meaning .	Chinese characters	What becomes developed all the time ?
The number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory .	number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries	What is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory ?
One of the most complex characters found in modern Chinese dictionaries -LSB- g -RSB- is 齉 -LRB- U +9 F49 -RRB- -LRB- nàng , listen -LRB- help · info -RRB- , pictured below , middle image -RRB- , meaning `` snuffle '' -LRB- that is , a pronunciation marred by a blocked nose -RRB- , with `` just '' thirty-six strokes .	U+9F49	What is one of the most complex characters in modern Chinese dictionaries ?
Also in occasional modern use is 鱻 -LRB- xiān `` fresh '' ; variant of 鮮 xiān -RRB- with 33 strokes .	xiān	What features 33 strokes ?
Among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries and also in frequent modern use are 籲 -LRB- yù , `` to implore '' -RRB- , with 32 strokes ; 鬱 -LRB- yù , `` luxuriant , lush ; gloomy '' -RRB- , with 29 strokes , as in 憂鬱 -LRB- yōuyù , `` depressed '' -RRB- ; 豔 -LRB- yàn , `` colorful '' -RRB- , with 28 strokes ; and 釁 -LRB- xìn , `` quarrel '' -RRB- , with 25 strokes , as in 挑釁 -LRB- tiǎoxìn , `` to pick a fight '' -RRB- .	yù	What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries ?
There are also some extremely complex characters which have understandably become rather rare .	complex characters	What have become more rare ?
One man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun , due to the rarity of the last character in his name .	Yu Shyi-kun	Who is a Taiwanese politician ?
Taiwanese political posters , movie posters etc. will often add the bopomofo phonetic symbols next to such a character .	movie posters	What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols ?
Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji , and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead .	Japanese newspapers	What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji ?
The use of such contractions is as old as Chinese characters themselves , and they have frequently been found in religious or ritual use .	Chinese characters	What have been constantly found in religious or ritual use ?
However , for the sake of consistency and standardization , the CPC seeks to limit the use of such polysyllabic characters in public writing to ensure that every character only has one syllable .	CPC	What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters ?
A dramatic example is that in medieval manuscripts 菩薩 púsà `` bodhisattva '' -LRB- simplified : 菩萨 -RRB- is sometimes written with a single character formed of a 2 × 2 grid of four 十 -LRB- derived from the grass radical over two 十 -RRB- .	bodhisattva	What is sometimes written as a single character ?
Modern examples particularly include Chinese characters for SI units .	SI units	What are disyllabic and usually written with two characters ?
Less systematic examples include 圕 túshūguǎn `` library '' , a contraction of 圖書館 , A four-morpheme word , 社会主义 shèhuì zhǔyì `` socialism '' , is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character , 义 , with the radical of the first , 社 , yielding roughly 礻义 .	túshūguǎn	What is a less systematic example ?
Less systematic examples include 圕 túshūguǎn `` library '' , a contraction of 圖書館 , A four-morpheme word , 社会主义 shèhuì zhǔyì `` socialism '' , is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character , 义 , with the radical of the first , 社 , yielding roughly 礻义 .	socialism	What is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character with the radical of the first ?
Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard , they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries .	polysyllabic	What characters are often non-standard ?
A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol 囍 , formed as a ligature of 喜喜 and referred to by its disyllabic name -LRB- simplified Chinese : 双喜 ; traditional Chinese : 雙喜 ; pinyin : shuāngxǐ -RRB- .	double happiness symbol	What is a commonly seen example ?
A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol 囍 , formed as a ligature of 喜喜 and referred to by its disyllabic name -LRB- simplified Chinese : 双喜 ; traditional Chinese : 雙喜 ; pinyin : shuāngxǐ -RRB- .	double happiness symbol	What is formed as a ligature ?
In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters .	compound words and set phrases	What may be contracted into single characters ?
In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters .	single characters	What can be considered as set phrases ?
Some of these can be considered logograms , where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes , though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations -LRB- similar to scribal abbreviations , such as & for `` et '' -RRB- , and as non-standard .	characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes	What are logograms ?
Chinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic , meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character , though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic , consisting of two syllables , each of which is a morpheme .	Chinese characters	What are primarily morphosyllabic ?
Chinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic , meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character , though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic , consisting of two syllables , each of which is a morpheme .	Chinese morphemes	What are written with a single character ?
Note that the 蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú have the same phonetic , 胡 , but different radicals -LRB- `` insect '' and `` jade '' , respectively -RRB- .	蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú	What have the same phonetic , but different radicals ?
In addition to strictness in character size and shape , Chinese characters are written with very precise rules .	Chinese characters	What are written with very precise rules ?
Just as each region that uses Chinese characters has standardized character forms , each also has standardized stroke orders , with each standard being different .	Chinese characters	What has standardized character forms ?
Some characters are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification .	characters	What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification ?
Just as Roman letters have a characteristic shape -LRB- lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height , with ascenders or descenders on some letters -RRB- , Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape , especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles .	Roman letters	What have a characteristic shape ?
Just as Roman letters have a characteristic shape -LRB- lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height , with ascenders or descenders on some letters -RRB- , Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape , especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles .	Chinese characters	What occupy a more or less space area ?
Because of this , beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper , and the Chinese sometimes use the term `` Square-Block Characters '' -LRB- 方块字 / 方塊字 , fāngkuàizì -RRB- , sometimes translated as tetragraph , in reference to Chinese characters .	Square-Block Characters	What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph ?
Regular script typefaces are also commonly used , but not as common as Ming or sans-serif typefaces for body text .	Regular script typefaces	What are commonly used ?
Regular script typefaces are often used to teach students Chinese characters , and often aim to match the standard forms of the region where they are meant to be used .	Regular script typefaces	What are often used to teach students Chinese characters ?
Most typefaces in the Song dynasty were regular script typefaces which resembled a particular person 's handwriting -LRB- e.g. the handwriting of Ouyang Xun , Yan Zhenqing , or Liu Gongquan -RRB- , while most modern regular script typefaces tend toward anonymity and regularity .	handwriting of Ouyang Xun	What resembles an actual person 's handwriting ?
The art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy .	Chinese calligraphy	What is the art of writing Chinese characters ?
In ancient China , Chinese calligraphy is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars .	Chinese calligraphy	What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars ?
Finally , strict regularity is not required , meaning the strokes may be accentuated for dramatic effect of individual style .	strict regularity	What is not required ?
The cursive script -LRB- 草書 -LRB- 书 -RRB- , cǎoshū , literally `` grass script '' -RRB- is used informally .	cursive	What script is used informally ?
The basic character shapes are suggested , rather than explicitly realized , and the abbreviations are sometimes extreme .	basic character shapes	What are suggested , rather than explicitly realized ?
The Japanese hiragana script is also derived from this script .	Japanese hiragana script	What script is derived from the cursive script ?
The seal script , as the name suggests , is now used only in artistic seals .	seal	What script is only used in artistic seals ?
The Shang dynasty oracle bone script and the Zhou dynasty scripts found on Chinese bronze inscriptions are no longer used ; the oldest script that is still in use today is the Seal Script -LRB- 篆書 -LRB- 书 -RRB- , zhuànshū -RRB- .	Seal	What script is the oldest and still in use today ?
Few people are still able to read it effortlessly today , although the art of carving a traditional seal in the script remains alive ; some calligraphers also work in this style .	calligraphers	Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script ?
The characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary are also known as `` Traditional , '' but are not shown .	characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary	What are also known as `` traditional '' ?
Generally , the jōyō kanji are more similar to traditional Chinese characters than simplified Chinese characters are to traditional Chinese characters .	jōyō kanji	What is usually more similar to traditional Chinese characters ?
The following is a comparison of Chinese characters in the Standard Form of National Characters , a common traditional Chinese standard used in Taiwan , the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters , the standard for Mainland Chinese simplified Chinese characters , and the jōyō kanji , the standard for Japanese kanji .	Table of General Standard Chinese Characters	What is commonly used in Taiwan ?
In the years after World War II , the Japanese government also instituted a series of orthographic reforms .	series of orthographic reforms	What did the Japanese government institute ?
The number of characters in common use was restricted , and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established , first the 1850-character tōyō kanji 当用漢字 list in 1945 , the 1945-character jōyō kanji 常用漢字 list in 1981 , and a 2136-character reformed version of the jōyō kanji in 2010 .	The number of characters in common use	What was restricted ?
The number of characters in common use was restricted , and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established , first the 1850-character tōyō kanji 当用漢字 list in 1945 , the 1945-character jōyō kanji 常用漢字 list in 1981 , and a 2136-character reformed version of the jōyō kanji in 2010 .	2010	When was the 2136 character reformed ?
The majority of simplified characters are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms , or ancient standard forms .	majority of simplified characters	What are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms ?
For example , the orthodox character 來 lái -LRB- `` come '' -RRB- was written with the structure 来 in the clerical script -LRB- 隶书 / 隸書 , lìshū -RRB- of the Han dynasty .	orthodox character	What was written with the structure in the clerical script ?
For example , the orthodox character 來 lái -LRB- `` come '' -RRB- was written with the structure 来 in the clerical script -LRB- 隶书 / 隸書 , lìshū -RRB- of the Han dynasty .	clerical script	What script uses one fewer stroke ?
The People 's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents , the first in 1956 and the second in 1964 .	The People's Republic of China	Who issued its first round of character simplifications in two documents ?
A second round of character simplifications -LRB- known as erjian , or `` second round simplified characters '' -RRB- was promulgated in 1977 .	1977	When was a second round announced ?
It was poorly received , and in 1986 the authorities rescinded the second round completely , while making six revisions to the 1964 list , including the restoration of three traditional characters that had been simplified : 叠 dié , 覆 fù , 像 xiàng .	poorly	How was the second round received ?
Caoshu , cursive written text , almost always includes character simplification , and simplified forms have always existed in print , albeit not for the most formal works .	Caoshu	What almost always includes character simplification ?
Caoshu , cursive written text , almost always includes character simplification , and simplified forms have always existed in print , albeit not for the most formal works .	cursive written text	What is Caoshu ?
In the 1930s and 1940s , discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government , and a large number of Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China .	In the 1930s and 1940s	When did discussions of character simplification take place ?
The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly , and can depend on both the local customs and the medium .	The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters	What varies greatly ?
Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works , while the -LRB- unofficial -RRB- simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes .	Orthodox variants	What were mandatory in printed works ?
Since the 1950s , and especially with the publication of the 1964 list , the People 's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China , while Hong Kong , Macau , and the Republic of China -LRB- Taiwan -RRB- were not affected by the reform .	Chinese characters	What were adopted for use in mainland China ?
The Muslims from Arabia and Persia have followed this method ... The Mongols , Manchu , and Japanese also constantly select unaspirated characters to represent the sounds g , d , b , and j of their languages .	Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese	Who constantly selected unaspirated characters ?
The Muslims from Arabia and Persia have followed this method ... The Mongols , Manchu , and Japanese also constantly select unaspirated characters to represent the sounds g , d , b , and j of their languages .	Muslims from Arabia and Persia	Who have followed this method ?
Although Chinese characters in Vietnam are now limited to ceremonial uses , they were once in widespread use .	Chinese characters in Vietnam	What is now limited to ceremonial uses ?
Although Chinese characters in Vietnam are now limited to ceremonial uses , they were once in widespread use .	Chinese characters in Vietnam	What were once in widespread use ?
Until the early 20th century , Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam for all official and scholarly writing .	Literary Chinese	What was used in schooling ?
After Kim Jong Il , the second ruler of North Korea , died in December 2011 , Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language .	December 2011	When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away ?
After Kim Jong Il , the second ruler of North Korea , died in December 2011 , Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language .	Kim Jong Un	Who stepped up after 2011 ?
After Kim Jong Il , the second ruler of North Korea , died in December 2011 , Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language .	Kim Jong Un	Who began moderating the use of Hanja ?
When learning how to write hanja , students are taught to memorize the native Korean pronunciation for the hanja 's meaning and the Sino-Korean pronunciations -LRB- the pronunciation based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters -RRB- for each hanja respectively so that students know what the syllable and meaning is for a particular hanja .	native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning	What are students taught to memorize ?
For example , the name for the hanja 水 is 물 수 -LRB- mul-su -RRB- in which 물 -LRB- mul -RRB- is the native Korean pronunciation for `` water '' , while 수 -LRB- su -RRB- is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of the character .	mul-su	What is name of the hanja ?
For example , the name for the hanja 水 is 물 수 -LRB- mul-su -RRB- in which 물 -LRB- mul -RRB- is the native Korean pronunciation for `` water '' , while 수 -LRB- su -RRB- is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of the character .	mul	What is the Korean pronunciation of water ?
Hanja are still used to some extent , particularly in newspapers , weddings , place names and calligraphy -LRB- although it is nowhere near the extent of kanji use in day-to-day Japanese society -RRB- .	Hanja	What is still being used according to experts ?
Hanja is also extensively used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- such as academic papers , high-level corporate reports , government documents , and newspapers ; this is due to the large number of homonyms that have resulted from extensive borrowing of Chinese words .	Hanja	What is used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided ?
Hanja are still used to some extent , particularly in newspapers , weddings , place names and calligraphy -LRB- although it is nowhere near the extent of kanji use in day-to-day Japanese society -RRB- .	weddings	What is considered a location with a high level of ambiguity ?
In times past , until the 15th century , in Korea , Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication , prior to the creation of hangul , the Korean alphabet .	Literary Chinese	What was the dominant form of written communication ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- It is also observed that the preference for Chinese characters is treated as being conservative and Confucian .	Chinese characters	What is treated as being conservative and confucian ?
Much of the vocabulary , especially in the realms of science and sociology , comes directly from Chinese , comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages .	science and sociology	What comes directly from China ?
Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana , derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese .	Written Japanese	What also includes a pair of syllabaries ?
The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable , and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing : the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character , while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters .	they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable	Why do the syllabaries differ ?
Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system , using kanji for word stems , hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words , and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words -LRB- similar to how italics are used in Romance languages -RRB- .	Modern Japanese writing	What uses a composite system ?
In many world languages , literacy has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms .	literacy	What has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms ?
Although most of the simplified Chinese characters in use today are the result of the works moderated by the government of the People 's Republic of China in the 1950s and 60s , character simplification predates the republic 's formation in 1949 .	1949	Character simplification predated the republic 's formation in what year ?
The People 's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents , the first in 1956 and the second in 1964 .	The People's Republic of China	Who issued the first round of official characters ?
The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503 , after whom the islands are named .	Spanish	The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was of what nationality ?
The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503 , after whom the islands are named .	Juan de Bermúdez	What is the name of the first European explorer to reach Bermuda ?
Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there , which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began .	pigs	What animal did the Spaniards or other Europeans bring to the island that then became wild inhabitants ?
In 1609 , the English Virginia Company , which had established Jamestown in Virginia -LRB- a term originally applied to all of the North American continent -RRB- two years earlier , permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane , when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking , then landed ashore .	the English Virginia Company	What company permanently settled Bermuda ?
The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503 , after whom the islands are named .	Juan de Bermúdez	Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda ?
The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503 , after whom the islands are named .	1503	In what year did Jaun de Bermudez first reach Bermuda ?
Paying two visits to the archipelago , Bermúdez never landed on the islands , but did create a recognisable map of the archipelago .	two	How many times did Bermudez visit the archipelago ?
Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there , which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began .	pigs	What animal are European parties responsible for releasing in Bermuda ?
In 1609 , the English Virginia Company , which had established Jamestown in Virginia -LRB- a term originally applied to all of the North American continent -RRB- two years earlier , permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane , when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking , then landed ashore .	1609	In what year did the English Virginia Company settle permanently in Bermuda ?
Its first capital , St. George 's , was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World .	St. George's	What is the capital of Bermuda ?
Its spin-off , the Somers Isles Company , took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684 .	Somers Isles Company	What spin-off company took over operations in Bermuda in 1615 ?
The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England , which created the Kingdom of Great Britain .	1707	In what year did Bermuda enter British rule ?
Its spin-off , the Somers Isles Company , took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684 .	the Somers Isles Company	What is the name of the company that managed the colony from 1615-1684 ?
The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England , which created the Kingdom of Great Britain .	1707	In what year did the islands become a British colony ?
After 1949 , when Newfoundland became part of Canada , Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory .	Newfoundland became part of Canada	What event occured that automatically ranked Bermuda as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory ?
Its first capital , St. George 's , was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World .	St. George	What was Bermuda 's first capital ?
Bermuda 's economy is based on offshore insurance and reinsurance , and tourism , the two largest economic sectors .	offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism	What two business drive Bermuda 's economy ?
It has a subtropical climate .	subtropical	What type of climate does Bermuda have ?
Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triangle , a region of sea in which , according to legend , a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances .	Bermuda Triangle	Bermuda stands as a northern point in what susposed area of strange activity and disappearances ?
However , it is somewhat protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island .	coral reef that surrounds the island	What protects the island from storms ?
Bermuda 's economy is based on offshore insurance and reinsurance , and tourism , the two largest economic sectors .	insurance and reinsurance, and tourism	What are Bermuda 's largest economic sectors ?
Recently , its economic status has been affected by the global recession .	global recession	What occurance is the greatest factor affecting Bermuda 's economy ?
Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triangle , a region of sea in which , according to legend , a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances .	a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances.	Why is the Bermuda Triangle an area of interest ?
However , it is somewhat protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island .	protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island.	Why is the island safe from full hurricane devastation ?
It has a subtropical climate .	subtropical	What is the climate of Bermuda ?
Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean , near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea , roughly 578 nautical miles -LRB- 1,070 km -LRB- 665 mi -RRB- -RRB- east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles -LRB- 1,100 km -LRB- 684 mi -RRB- -RRB- southeast of Martha 's Vineyard of Massachusetts .	Atlantic Ocean	Bermuda is located in what ocean ?
Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean , near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea , roughly 578 nautical miles -LRB- 1,070 km -LRB- 665 mi -RRB- -RRB- east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles -LRB- 1,100 km -LRB- 684 mi -RRB- -RRB- southeast of Martha 's Vineyard of Massachusetts .	Sargasso Sea	Bermuda is on the western fringe of what Sea ?
The islands lie due east of Fripp Island , South Carolina , west of Portugal and north of Puerto Rico .	north	Travel from Puerto Rico to Bermuda would be in which direction ?
The islands lie due east of Fripp Island , South Carolina , west of Portugal and north of Puerto Rico .	west	Travel from Portugal to Bermuda would be in which direction ?
The islands lie due east of Fripp Island , South Carolina , west of Portugal and north of Puerto Rico .	due east	Travel from South Carolina to Bermuda would be in which direction ?
Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean , near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea , roughly 578 nautical miles -LRB- 1,070 km -LRB- 665 mi -RRB- -RRB- east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles -LRB- 1,100 km -LRB- 684 mi -RRB- -RRB- southeast of Martha 's Vineyard of Massachusetts .	low-forming volcanoes	What natural features compose Bermuda ?
Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean , near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea , roughly 578 nautical miles -LRB- 1,070 km -LRB- 665 mi -RRB- -RRB- east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles -LRB- 1,100 km -LRB- 684 mi -RRB- -RRB- southeast of Martha 's Vineyard of Massachusetts .	Atlantic Ocean	In what major ocean is Bermuda located ?
It is 898 nautical miles -LRB- 1,664 km -LRB- 1,034 mi -RRB- -RRB- northeast of Miami , Florida , and 667 nautical miles -LRB- 1,236 km -LRB- 768 mi -RRB- -RRB- from Cape Sable Island , in Nova Scotia , Canada .	Miami	Bermuda is located 898 nautical miles from what US city ?
Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean , near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea , roughly 578 nautical miles -LRB- 1,070 km -LRB- 665 mi -RRB- -RRB- east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles -LRB- 1,100 km -LRB- 684 mi -RRB- -RRB- southeast of Martha 's Vineyard of Massachusetts .	North Carolina	Bermuda is closest -LRB- in nautical miles -RRB- to which US state ?
The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence , during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms , and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level , forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles .	marine organisms	What is the limestone cap of the seamount made from ?
The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence , during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms , and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level , forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles .	approximately two hundred square miles	During the ice age , what area of land was above water ?
The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence , during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms , and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level , forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles .	The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence	Has the seamount always been above sealevel ?
The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount .	a submarine volcano	What type of volcano forms the archipelago ?
The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence , during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms , and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level , forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles .	periods of complete submergence,	Why is the top of the seamount formed by marine organisms ?
The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence , during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms , and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level , forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles .	an island	What was the result of the whole cladera being above sea level during the Ice Ages ?
The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the same process that formed the floor of the Atlantic , and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge .	the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge	The submarine volcano was formed as part of the same proces as what two things ?
Despite the small land mass , place names are repeated ; there are , for example , two islands named Long Island , three bays named Long Bay -LRB- on Somerset , Main , and Cooper 's islands -RRB- , two Horseshoe Bays -LRB- one in Southampton , on the Main Island , the other at Morgan 's Point , formerly Tucker 's Island -RRB- , there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass -LRB- one in Warwick , the other in St. George 's Parish -RRB- , and St George 's Town is located on St George 's Island within St George 's Parish -LRB- each known as St George 's -RRB- .	two	In the Bermuda land mass , how many islands are named `` Long Island '' ?
Despite the small land mass , place names are repeated ; there are , for example , two islands named Long Island , three bays named Long Bay -LRB- on Somerset , Main , and Cooper 's islands -RRB- , two Horseshoe Bays -LRB- one in Southampton , on the Main Island , the other at Morgan 's Point , formerly Tucker 's Island -RRB- , there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass -LRB- one in Warwick , the other in St. George 's Parish -RRB- , and St George 's Town is located on St George 's Island within St George 's Parish -LRB- each known as St George 's -RRB- .	two	In the Bermuda land mass , how many bays are named `` Horseshoe Bay '' ?
Despite the small land mass , place names are repeated ; there are , for example , two islands named Long Island , three bays named Long Bay -LRB- on Somerset , Main , and Cooper 's islands -RRB- , two Horseshoe Bays -LRB- one in Southampton , on the Main Island , the other at Morgan 's Point , formerly Tucker 's Island -RRB- , there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass -LRB- one in Warwick , the other in St. George 's Parish -RRB- , and St George 's Town is located on St George 's Island within St George 's Parish -LRB- each known as St George 's -RRB- .	three	In the Bermuda land mass , how many bays are named `` Long Bay '' ?
Despite the small land mass , place names are repeated ; there are , for example , two islands named Long Island , three bays named Long Bay -LRB- on Somerset , Main , and Cooper 's islands -RRB- , two Horseshoe Bays -LRB- one in Southampton , on the Main Island , the other at Morgan 's Point , formerly Tucker 's Island -RRB- , there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass -LRB- one in Warwick , the other in St. George 's Parish -RRB- , and St George 's Town is located on St George 's Island within St George 's Parish -LRB- each known as St George 's -RRB- .	St George's Island within St George's Parish	Where can St. George 's Town be found ?
Despite the small land mass , place names are repeated ; there are , for example , two islands named Long Island , three bays named Long Bay -LRB- on Somerset , Main , and Cooper 's islands -RRB- , two Horseshoe Bays -LRB- one in Southampton , on the Main Island , the other at Morgan 's Point , formerly Tucker 's Island -RRB- , there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass -LRB- one in Warwick , the other in St. George 's Parish -RRB- , and St George 's Town is located on St George 's Island within St George 's Parish -LRB- each known as St George 's -RRB- .	Long Bay	What are three of the bays named ?
Despite the small land mass , place names are repeated ; there are , for example , two islands named Long Island , three bays named Long Bay -LRB- on Somerset , Main , and Cooper 's islands -RRB- , two Horseshoe Bays -LRB- one in Southampton , on the Main Island , the other at Morgan 's Point , formerly Tucker 's Island -RRB- , there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass -LRB- one in Warwick , the other in St. George 's Parish -RRB- , and St George 's Town is located on St George 's Island within St George 's Parish -LRB- each known as St George 's -RRB- .	Horseshoe	What name do the bays in Southampton and Morgan 's Point share ?
Despite the small land mass , place names are repeated ; there are , for example , two islands named Long Island , three bays named Long Bay -LRB- on Somerset , Main , and Cooper 's islands -RRB- , two Horseshoe Bays -LRB- one in Southampton , on the Main Island , the other at Morgan 's Point , formerly Tucker 's Island -RRB- , there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass -LRB- one in Warwick , the other in St. George 's Parish -RRB- , and St George 's Town is located on St George 's Island within St George 's Parish -LRB- each known as St George 's -RRB- .	St George's	St. George 's Town , St. George 's Island and St. George 's Parish are all referred to as what ?
There is a Hamilton Parish in addition to the City of Hamilton -LRB- which is in Pembroke Parish -RRB- .	Hamilton Parish	What is the name of the Parish located in the City of Hamilton ?
Many of Bermuda 's hotels are located along the south shore of the island .	the south shore of the island	What directional shore of Bermuda is home to the majority of its hotels ?
Scuba divers can explore numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water -LRB- typically 30 -- 40 ft or 9 -- 12 m in depth -RRB- , with virtually unlimited visibility .	Scuba	Bermuda 's coral reefs , shipwrecks , and shallow waters are great for what activity in particular ?
Historic St George 's is a designated World Heritage Site .	World Heritage Site	Historic St. George 's has been given what distinction ?
Bermuda 's pink sand beaches and clear , cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists .	pink	What odd color of sand draws tourists to Bermuda 's beaches ?
Many of Bermuda 's hotels are located along the south shore of the island .	south shore of the island	Where are the majority of Bermuda 's hotels ?
Bermuda 's pink sand beaches and clear , cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists .	pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters	What makes Bermuda a popular tourist destination ?
Historic St George 's is a designated World Heritage Site .	World Heritage Site	What has St. George been designated as ?
Scuba divers can explore numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water -LRB- typically 30 -- 40 ft or 9 -- 12 m in depth -RRB- , with virtually unlimited visibility .	numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water	Why are divers attracted to Bermuda ?
Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by snorkellers , especially at Church Bay .	Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore	Why is Bermuda a great place for snorkellers ?
The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats , all of which are also found in the eastern United States : Lasionycteris noctivagans , Lasiurus borealis , Lasiurus cinereus , Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus .	bats	The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of what animal ?
Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda include its national bird , the Bermuda petrel or cahow .	Bermuda petrel or cahow	What is the national bird of Bermuda ?
The Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda , discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches .	Bermuda rock skink	What animal was believe to be the only land vertebrate of Bermuda ?
Recently through genetic DNA studies , scientists have discovered that a species of turtle , the diamondback terrapin , previously thought to have been introduced , pre-dated the arrival of humans in the archipelago .	diamondback terrapin	What animal was found , through DNA testing , to pre-date the arrival of humans to the archipelago ?
The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats , all of which are also found in the eastern United States : Lasionycteris noctivagans , Lasiurus borealis , Lasiurus cinereus , Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus .	bats	What are the only native mammals found in Bermuda ?
It is important as an example of a Lazarus species .	example of a Lazarus species	Why is the National bird of importance ?
The Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda , discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches .	Bermuda rock skink	What animal has held the title of Bermuda 's only native land vertabrate ?
As this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds , some question whether it should be classified as a land vertebrate to compete with the skink 's unique status .	this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds	Why is there a debate as to dubbing the diamondback terrapin the oldest indigenous land vertebrate ?
The island experienced large-scale immigration over the 20th century , especially after the Second World War .	20th century, especially after the Second World War.	When did Bermuda have a large amount of people immigrating to it ?
Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by 1 % to 11 % -LRB- although those born in Britain remain the largest non-native group at 3,942 persons -RRB- .	Britain	Where are the largest group of non-native people in Bermuda from ?
About 46 % of the population identified themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010 , which was a decrease from the 51 % who did so in the 2000 census .	Bermudian	According to census result , there was the greatest decline in people claiming what ancestry ?
A significant segment of the population is of Portuguese ancestry -LRB- 10 % -RRB- , the result of immigration over the past 160 years , of whom 79 % have residency status .	Portuguese	Which cultural group can claim 79 % residency ?
There is effectively no ethnic distinction between black and white Bermudians , other than those characterising recent immigrant communities .	black and white	There is no distinction between what two ethnicities of Bermudians ?
For the first hundred years of settlement , white Protestants of English heritage were the distinct majority , with white minorities of Irish -LRB- the native language of many of whom can be assumed to have been Gaelic -RRB- and Scots sent to Bermuda after the English invasions of their homelands that followed the English Civil War .	white Protestants of English heritage	Which ethnicity claimed the majority in Bermuda during the 17th century ?
Despite the banning of the importation of Irish , and the repeated attempts to force free blacks to emigrate and the owners of black slaves to export them , the merging of the various minority groups , along with some of the white English , had resulted in a new demographic group , `` coloured '' -LRB- which term , in Bermuda , referred to anyone not wholly of European ancestry -RRB- Bermudians , gaining a slight majority .	coloured	Anyone in Bermuda that is not considered 100 % of European heritage is referred to as what ?
Most of those historically described as `` coloured '' are today described as `` black '' , or `` of African heritage '' , which obscures their non-African heritage -LRB- those previously described as `` coloured '' who were not of African ancestry had been very few , though the numbers of South Asians , particularly , is now growing .	obscures their non-African heritage	Why is it problematic that the `` coloured '' population of Bermuda is now referred to as `` black '' or `` African heritage '' ?
The number of persons born in Asian countries doubled between the 2000 and the 2010 censuses -RRB- , blacks have remained in the majority , with new white immigration from Portugal , Britain and elsewhere countered by black immigration from the West Indies .	Asian	There has been a double in the population of people born in which country ?
The majority of blacks in Bermuda can be termed `` Bermudian blacks '' , whose ancestry dates back centuries between the 17th century and the end of slavery in 1834 , Bermuda 's black population was self-sustaining , with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion .	Bermudian blacks	What term is used to refer to the majority of black people in Bermuda ?
This contrasts to the enslaved blacks of the plantation colonies , who were subjected to conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate , and slaveholders in the United States and the West Indies found it necessary to continue importing more enslaved blacks from Africa until the end of slavery -LRB- the same had been true for the Native Americans that the Africans had replaced on the New World plantations -RRB- .	conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate	Why were so many blacks repeatedly being imported from Africa ?
The majority of blacks in Bermuda can be termed `` Bermudian blacks '' , whose ancestry dates back centuries between the 17th century and the end of slavery in 1834 , Bermuda 's black population was self-sustaining , with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion .	Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion	Why can Bermudian blacks trace their ancestry back over centuries in Bermuda ?
The ancestry of Bermuda 's black population is distinguished from that of the British West Indian black population in two ways : firstly , the higher degree of European and Native American admixture ; secondly , the source of the African ancestry .	the source of the African ancestry	What is one way that the ancestry of Bermudian black population differs from that of British West Indian black population ?
The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies , and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese .	The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies	Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States ?
As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa -LRB- the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola ; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders , and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar -RRB- .	South-West Africa	Where did the Spanish and Portugese enslave most of their black people from ?
Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians -LRB- other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands -RRB- is largely from the a band across southern Africa , from Angola to Mozambique , which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America , but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States .	Genetic studies	What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans ?
Most of Bermuda 's black population trace some of their ancestry to Native Americans , although awareness of this is largely limited to St David 's Islanders and most who have such ancestry are unaware of it .	Native Americans	What is one group that Bermuda 's black population can link some of their ancestry to ?
Most of Bermuda 's black population trace some of their ancestry to Native Americans , although awareness of this is largely limited to St David 's Islanders and most who have such ancestry are unaware of it .	St David's Islanders	Residents of what particular area have awareness of this link to Native American heritage ?
During the colonial period , hundreds of Native Americans were shipped to Bermuda .	colonial period	During what period were there hundreds of Native Americans shipped to Bermuda ?
The best-known examples were the Algonquian peoples who were exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery in the 17th century , notably in the aftermaths of the Pequot and King Philip 's wars .	exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery	Why was there a large population of Algonquian people in Bermuda ?
English is the primary and official language .	English	What is considered the primary language of Bermuda ?
Due to 160 years of immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands -LRB- primarily the Azores , though also from Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands -RRB- , a portion of the population also speaks Portuguese .	Portuguese	What is a lesser spoken , secondary language in Bermuda ?
There are strong British influences , together with Afro-Caribbean ones .	British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean	What are the greatest influences to Bermudian culture ?
Bermuda 's culture is a mixture of the various sources of its population : Native American , Spanish-Caribbean , English , Irish , and Scots cultures were evident in the 17th century , and became part of the dominant British culture .	Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots	Which cultures claim to be a dominant source of Bermuda 's cultural heritage ?
The first notable , and historically important , book credited to a Bermudian was The History of Mary Prince , a slave narrative by Mary Prince .	The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian	What historical significance can the book The History of Mary Prince claim ?
It is thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire .	thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire	What contribution to history is it believed the History of Mary Prince made ?
-LRB- The latter consisted primarily of scholarly works rather than creative writing -RRB- .	scholarly	The majority of books published by local authors were of what nature ?
More recently , Angela Barry has won critical recognition for her published fiction .	Angela Barry	Which local author most recently enjoyed success for published works of fiction ?
Bermuda watercolours painted by local artists are sold at various galleries .	watercolours	What type of painting are Bermuda artists known for ?
Hand-carved cedar sculptures are another speciality .	Hand-carved cedar sculptures	What type of art work does Chesley Trott produce ?
In 2010 , his sculpture The Arrival was unveiled near the bay to commemorate the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835 .	the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835	What significant event does the sculpture The Arrival portray ?
Alfred Birdsey was one of the more famous and talented watercolourists ; his impressionistic landscapes of Hamilton , St George 's and the surrounding sailboats , homes , and bays of Bermuda are world-renowned .	Alfred Birdsey	Who is one of Bermuda 's most famous watercolourists ?
Bermuda was discovered in 1503 by Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez .	Juan de Bermúdez	Who is credited with discovering Bermuda ?
Both Spanish and Portuguese ships used the islands as a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water .	a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water	What did Spanish and Portugese ships use the islands for ?
Legends arose of spirits and devils , now thought to have stemmed from the calls of raucous birds -LRB- most likely the Bermuda petrel , or Cahow -RRB- and the loud noise heard at night from wild hogs .	spirits and devils,	What did early visitors attribute the noises of the islands to ?
Combined with the frequent storm-wracked conditions and the dangerous reefs , the archipelago became known as the Isle of Devils .	Isle of Devils	Crazy noises from indigenous animals , frequent storms and hazardous reefs earned the islands what name ?
Two years later , a flotilla of seven ships left England under the Company 's Admiral , Sir George Somers , and the new Governor of Jamestown , Sir Thomas Gates , with several hundred settlers , food and supplies to relieve the colony of Jamestown .	relieve the colony of Jamestown	Sir George Somers embarked on a mission to do what ?
-LRB- William Shakespeare 's play The Tempest , in which the character Ariel refers to the `` still-vex 'd Bermoothes '' -LRB- I.ii .229 -RRB- , is thought to have been inspired by William Strachey 's account of this shipwreck . -RRB-	William Shakespeare	The devastating wreck of the flotilla is said to have inspired what playwrite ?
They stayed 10 months , starting a new settlement and building two small ships to sail to Jamestown .	10 months	How long did Sommer 's settlers stay in Bermuda ?
The island was claimed for the English Crown , and the charter of the Virginia Company was later extended to include it .	the English Crown	Who did Sommer 's claim the island for ?
Among them was John Rolfe , whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda .	John Rolfe	Who was one of the original survivor 's to sail on to Jamestown .
Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas , a daughter of the powerful Powhatan , leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia .	married Pocahontas	What is one of the main things John Rolfe is known for ?
In 1612 , the English began intentional settlement of Bermuda with the arrival of the ship Plough .	1612,	When did the English begin their intentional settlement of Bermuda ?
It is the oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World .	oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World.	What is St. George credited with ?
Because of its limited land area , Bermuda has had difficulty with over-population .	limited land area,	What is a major reason that Bermuda has problems with overpopulation ?
In the first two centuries of settlement , it relied on steady human emigration to keep the population manageable .	steady human emigration	What does Bermuda rely on to counteract overpopulation ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Before the American Revolution more than ten thousand Bermudians -LRB- over half of the total population through the years -RRB- gradually emigrated , primarily to the Southern United States .	the Southern United States	Where did a large number of Bermudians emigrate to before the American Revolution ?
With seafaring the only real industry in the early decades , by the end of the 18th century , at least a third of the island 's manpower was at sea at any one time .	seafaring the only real industry	Why does a third of the population spend time at sea ?
In the 17th century , the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding , as it needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land .	needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land	Why did the Somers Isles Company decide to surpress shipbuilding ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced .	colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced	Why was n't agriculture successful ?
Bermudians began to turn to maritime trades relatively early in the 17th century , but the Somers Isles Company used all its authority to suppress turning away from agriculture .	turn to maritime trades	What did Bermudians do when agriculture failed ?
This interference led to the islanders demanding , and receiving , the revocation of the Company 's charter in 1684 , and the Company was dissolved .	islanders demanding	Why was the Somers Isles Company 's charter revoked ?
The end of the war , however , was to cause profound change in Bermuda , though some of those changes would take decades to crystallise .	end of the war	What event caused major changes in Bermuda ?
Following the war , with the buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda , the primary leg of the Bermudian economy became defence infrastructure .	buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda,	Why did defence infrastructure become the major source of Bermuda 's economy ?
Even after tourism began later in the 19th century , Bermuda remained , in the eyes of London , a base more than a colony .	a base more than a colony	How does the British crown view Bermuda ?
The Crown strengthened its political and economic ties to Bermuda , and the colony 's independence on the world stage was diminished .	the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished	What happened to Bermuda 's independance due to British importance on them for military reasons ?
The war had removed Bermuda 's primary trading partners , the American colonies , from the empire , and dealt a harsh blow to Bermuda 's merchant shipping trade .	American colonies	Who was Bermuda 's main trading partner before the war ?
This also suffered due to the deforestation of Bermuda , as well as the advent of metal ships and steam propulsion , for which it did not have raw materials .	deforestation	What is a factor that hurt Bermuda 's merchant shipping ?
This also suffered due to the deforestation of Bermuda , as well as the advent of metal ships and steam propulsion , for which it did not have raw materials .	it did not have raw materials	Why did n't Bermuda produce metal ships ?
During the course of the following War of 1812 , the primary market for Bermuda 's salt disappeared as the Americans developed their own sources .	Americans developed their own sources	Why did the need for Bermuda 's salt diminish ?
The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne who was serving a life sentence for `` conspiracy against the British government and on -LRB- the charge of -RRB- espionage . ''	most famous escapee	Why is Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne famous ?
From there he escaped to the port of St. George 's and a week later , he stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore , Maryland .	stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland	After Duquesne made his way to St. George , what did he do ?
He settled in the US and later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars .	became a spy for Germany in both World Wars	After settling in the US , what did Duquesne do ?
After several failed attempts , in 1930 the first aeroplane reached Bermuda .	1930	When did the first aeroplane reach Bermuda ?
A Stinson Detroiter seaplane flying from New York , it had to land twice in the ocean : once because of darkness and again to refuel .	once because of darkness and again to refuel	Why did the plane have to land twice before reaching Bermuda ?
Navigation and weather forecasting improved in 1933 when the Royal Air Force -LRB- then responsible for providing equipment and personnel for the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm -RRB- established a station at the Royal Naval Dockyard to repair -LRB- and supply replacement -RRB- float planes for the fleet .	Navigation and weather forecasting	What improved thanks to the Royal Air Force in 1933 ?
In 1936 Luft Hansa began to experiment with seaplane flights from Berlin via the Azores with continuation to New York City .	Luft Hansa	Who began experimenting with flights from Berlin to New York , stopping in the azores ?
In 1937 , Imperial Airways and Pan American World Airways began operating scheduled flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell 's Island , Bermuda .	flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda	What did Imperial Airways and Pan American begin scheduling in 1937 ?
In 1948 , regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes began to Kindley Field -LRB- now L.F. Wade International Airport -RRB- , helping tourism to reach its peak in the 1960s -- 1970s .	regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes	What helped tourism grow to new heights in the 1960-1970 's ?
By the end of the 1970s , international business had supplanted tourism as the dominant sector of Bermuda 's economy -LRB- see Economy of Bermuda -RRB- .	international business	What became the main source of Bermuda 's economy in the 1970 's ?
Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor .	the monarch	The Governor of Bermuda gets his authority from whom ?
The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government .	the Queen on the advice of the British Government.	Who appoints the Governor of Bermuda ?
The current governor is George Fergusson ; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012 .	George Fergusson	Who is currently the governor of Bermuda ?
Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom , which also retains responsibility to ensure good government .	United Kingdom	Who is responsible for defence and foreign affairs ?
Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory , but it is the oldest British colony .	British Overseas Territory	What is Bermuda officially classified as ?
The Constitution of Bermuda came into force on 1 June 1967 ; it was amended in 1989 and 2003 .	1 June 1967	When was the Constitution of Bermuda enforced ?
The Constitution of Bermuda came into force on 1 June 1967 ; it was amended in 1989 and 2003 .	it was amended in 1989 and 2003	Has Bermuda 's constitution ever been amended ?
The head of government is the premier .	the premier	What is the head of Bermuda 's government referred to as ?
The legislative branch consists of a bicameral parliament modelled on the Westminster system .	Westminster system.	What is the legislative branch of Bermuda modeled after ?
The House of Assembly , or lower house , has 36 members , elected by the eligible voting populace in secret ballot to represent geographically defined constituencies .	The House of Assembly, or lower house	What does the population get to vote for ?
The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda , comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L.F. Wade International Airport .	The United States	Who has the largest accredited diplomats in Bermuda ?
The current US Consul General is Robert Settje , who took office in August 2012 .	Robert Settje	Who is the current US Consul General ?
The United States is Bermuda 's largest trading partner -LRB- providing over 71 % of total imports , 85 % of tourist visitors , and an estimated $ 163 billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry -RRB- , and an estimated 5 % of Bermuda residents are US citizens , representing 14 % of all foreign-born persons .	The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner	Why is the US so important to Bermuda ?
The United States is Bermuda 's largest trading partner -LRB- providing over 71 % of total imports , 85 % of tourist visitors , and an estimated $ 163 billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry -RRB- , and an estimated 5 % of Bermuda residents are US citizens , representing 14 % of all foreign-born persons .	5%	What percentage of Bermuda 's residents are US citizens ?
On 11 June 2009 , four Uyghurs who had been held in the United States Guantánamo Bay detention camp , in Cuba , were transferred to Bermuda .	United States Guantánamo Bay detention camp	Where were the Uyghurs transferred from ?
The four men were among 22 Uyghurs who claimed to be refugees , who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan after fleeing the American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan .	refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan	What were the Uyghurs claiming to be ?
They were accused of training to assist the Taliban 's military .	training to assist the Taliban's military.	What were the Ugyhurs accused of ?
They were cleared as safe for release from Guantánamo in 2005 or 2006 , but US domestic law prohibited deporting them back to China , their country of citizenship , because the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights .	the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights.	Why were n't the Ugyhurs deported back to China ?
Homosexuality was decriminalised in Bermuda with the passage of the Stubbs Bill in May 1994 .	May 1994.	When was homosexuality legalized in Bermuda ?
The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions .	The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions	What occurred in February of 2016 ?
Both measures were in response to a decision by His Hon Mr. Justice Ian Kawaley , Chief Justice of Bermuda 's earlier ruling that same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights .	same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights.	What did the Chief Justice decide ?
Other nearby nations or territories , such as the United States , are not members -LRB- although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has observer status , and the United States Virgin Islands announced in 2007 they would seek ties with CARICOM -RRB- .	they would seek ties with CARICOM	What did the Virgin Islands announce in 2007 ?
Bermuda , at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean Sea , has little trade with , and little economically in common with , the region , and joined primarily to strengthen cultural links .	primarily to strengthen cultural links.	Why did Bermuda join CARICOM ?
Other nearby nations or territories , such as the United States , are not members -LRB- although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has observer status , and the United States Virgin Islands announced in 2007 they would seek ties with CARICOM -RRB- .	US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico	Who has `` observer status '' to CARICOM ?
Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK .	an extension of Virginia	Why did the English originally colonize Bermuda ?
Since the 20th century , there has been considerable immigration to Bermuda from the West Indies , as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands .	West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands	What two areas have provided a constant stream of immigration to Bermuda since the 20th century ?
Unlike immigrants from British colonies in the West Indies , the latter immigrants have had greater difficulty in becoming permanent residents as they lacked British citizenship , mostly spoke no English , and required renewal of work permits to remain beyond an initial period .	they lacked British citizenship	Why have these recent immigrants had trouble becoming permanent residents ?
From the 1950s onwards , Bermuda relaxed its immigration laws , allowing increased immigration from Britain and Canada .	1950s	When did Bermuda ease up on its immigration laws ?
Some Black politicians accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades .	accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.	Why were Black politicians upset about the change in immigration laws ?
The PLP , the party in government when the decision to join CARICOM was made , has been dominated for decades by West Indians and their descendants .	West Indians and their descendants.	What cultural group has dominated the PLP ?
The late PLP leader , Dame Lois Browne-Evans , and her Trinidadian-born husband , John Evans -LRB- who co-founded the West Indian Association of Bermuda in 1976 -RRB- , were prominent members of this group .	Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans	Who are two prominent members of the PLP ?
They have emphasised Bermuda 's cultural connections with the West Indies .	Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies	What are Dame Lois Browne-Evans and her husband putting an emphasis on ?
Many Bermudians , both black and white , who lack family connections to the West Indies have objected to this emphasis .	Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies	Why are some Bermudians against the emphasis of West Indies cultural connections ?
Once known as `` the Gibraltar of the West '' and `` Fortress Bermuda '' , Bermuda today is defended by forces of the British government .	the Gibraltar of the West" and "Fortress Bermuda"	Due to the British goverment 's defense forces , what are two nicknames for bermuda ?
For the first two centuries of settlement , the most potent armed force operating from Bermuda was its merchant shipping fleet , which turned to privateering at every opportunity .	turned to privateering	What did Bermuda 's merchant shipping fleet do whenever it had the chance ?
After the American Revolutionary War , Bermuda was established as the Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy .	Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy.	What was Bermuda established as after the American Revolutionary War ?
Once the Royal Navy established a base and dockyard defended by regular soldiers , however , the militias were disbanded following the War of 1812 .	following the War of 1812	When were the militias in Bermuda disbanded ?
At the end of the 19th century , the colony raised volunteer units to form a reserve for the military garrison .	raised volunteer units to form a reserve	How did the colony form a military garrison in the 19th century ?
In May 1940 , the US requested base rights in Bermuda from the United Kingdom , but British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was initially unwilling to accede to the American request without getting something in return .	base rights in Bermuda	What did the US ask of Britain in May 1940 ?
In September 1940 , as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement , the UK granted the US base rights in Bermuda .	granted the US base rights in Bermuda	What did the Destroyers for Bases Agreement do ?
One of the terms of the agreement was that the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK -LRB- which it was for the duration of the war , with RAF Transport Command relocating there from Darrell 's Island in 1943 -RRB- .	the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK	What was one thing the UK wanted in return for granting access to Bermuda ?
In May 1940 , the US requested base rights in Bermuda from the United Kingdom , but British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was initially unwilling to accede to the American request without getting something in return .	Winston Churchill	Who was the Prime Minister who reached this agreement with the US ?
Construction began in 1941 of two airbases consisting of 5.8 km2 -LRB- 2.2 sq mi -RRB- of land , largely reclaimed from the sea .	two airbases	What did the US begin building in 1941 ?
For many years , Bermuda 's bases were used by US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy submarines , first German and , later , Soviet .	US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft	Who primarily used the bases in Bermuda ?
For many years , Bermuda 's bases were used by US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy submarines , first German and , later , Soviet .	enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet	What was the navy patrolling for ?
The principal installation , Kindley Air Force Base on the eastern coast , was transferred to the US Navy in 1970 and redesignated Naval Air Station Bermuda .	Kindley Air Force Base	What was the Naval Air Station Bermuda originally ?
As a naval air station , the base continued to host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft , as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft .	host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft.	What is the Naval Air Station used for ?
The original NAS Bermuda on the west side of the island , a seaplane base until the mid-1960s , was designated as the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex .	seaplane	What was the NAS primarily a base for ?
It provided optional anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy , US Coast Guard and NATO vessels , depending on size .	anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels	What did the NAS Bermuda offer once designated Annex ?
An additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda -LRB- NAVFAC Bermuda -RRB- , a SOSUS station , was located to the west of the Annex near a Canadian Forces communications facility .	additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda	What is located west of the NAS Annex ?
Although leased for 99 years , US forces withdrew in 1995 , as part of the wave of base closures following the end of the Cold War .	US forces withdrew	What happened at the end of the Cold War ?
Bermudians served in the British armed forces during both World War I and World War II .	World War I and World War II	When did Bermudians serve in the British Armed forces ?
After the latter , Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert , Bermuda 's highest-ranking soldier , was instrumental in developing the Bermuda Regiment .	Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert	Who was key to establishing Bermuda 's Regiment ?
A number of other Bermudians and their descendants had preceded him into senior ranks , including Bahamian-born Admiral Lord Gambier , and Bermudian-born Royal Marines Brigadier Harvey .	Brigadier Harvey	Who was the youngest Royal Marine Brigadier ?
The Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building -LRB- in Hamilton -RRB- was erected in tribute to Bermuda 's Great War dead -LRB- the tribute was later extended to Bermuda 's Second World War dead -RRB- and is the site of the annual Remembrance Day commemoration .	Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building	What is the site for Bermuda 's Remembrance Day ?
In 1970 the country switched its currency from the Bermudian pound to the Bermudian dollar , which is pegged at par with the US dollar .	Bermudian dollar	What was the new currency in Bermuda as of 1970 ?
In 1970 the country switched its currency from the Bermudian pound to the Bermudian dollar , which is pegged at par with the US dollar .	US dollar	The Bermudian dollar is equal to what other currency and can be used interchangeably ?
Bermudian notes carry the image of Queen Elizabeth II .	Queen Elizabeth II.	Who is pictured on Bermudian dollars ?
The Royal Naval Dockyard Museum holds a permanent exhibition of Bermuda notes and coins .	Royal Naval Dockyard Museum	Where can you see a permanent exhibition of Bermuda currency ?
The Bermuda Monetary Authority is the issuing authority for all banknotes and coins , and regulates financial institutions .	Bermuda Monetary Authority	Who regulates all financial institutions as well as the issuing of money ?
Bermuda is an offshore financial centre , which results from its minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income .	minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income	Why is Bermuda considered an offshore financial center ?
It has one of the highest consumption taxes in the world and taxes all imports in lieu of an income tax system .	taxes all imports	What does it do in place of an income tax system ?
The legal system is derived from that of the United Kingdom , with recourse to English courts of final appeal .	United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal	What is Bermuda 's legal system derived from ?
The local tax system depends upon import duties , payroll taxes and consumption taxes .	import duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes	What three things does the tax system depend on ?
Bermudas 's consumption tax is equivalent to local income tax to local residents and funds government and infrastructure expenditures .	funds government and infrastructure expenditures	What does Bermuda use the consumption tax for ?
The Exchange specialises in listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities , debt issues , funds -LRB- including hedge fund structures -RRB- and depository receipt programmes .	listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds	What does the Exchange specialize in ?
The BSX is a full member of the World Federation of Exchanges and is located in an OECD member nation .	the World Federation of Exchanges	What is the BSX a member of ?
The BSX is a full member of the World Federation of Exchanges and is located in an OECD member nation .	an OECD member nation	Where is the BSX located ?
It also has Approved Stock Exchange status under Australia 's Foreign Investment Fund -LRB- FIF -RRB- taxation rules and Designated Investment Exchange status by the UK 's Financial Services Authority .	Australia	Which foreign country offers the BSX Approved Stock Exchange Status ?
Many sports popular today were formalised by British Public schools and universities in the 19th century .	British Public schools and universities in the 19th century	Who created and popularized many of the sports that we love today ?
These schools produced the civil servants and military and naval officers required to build and maintain the British empire , and team sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team .	sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team	Why were sports important in these schools ?
Former public schoolboys continued to pursue these activities , and founded organisations such as the Football Association -LRB- FA -RRB- .	Former public schoolboys	Who founded organizations like the FA ?
Today 's association of football with the working classes began in 1885 when the FA changed its rules to allow professional players .	association of football with the working classes	What changed in 1885 due to the FA changing rules ?
The professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys .	professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys	What happened to the Public schoolboys in these sports ?
Bermuda 's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere , with an army garrison to match , ensured that the naval and military officers quickly introduced the newly formalised sports to Bermuda , including cricket , football , Rugby football , and even tennis and rowing -LRB- rowing did not adapt well from British rivers to the stormy Atlantic .	Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere,	How were sports introduced in Bermuda ?
Bermuda 's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere , with an army garrison to match , ensured that the naval and military officers quickly introduced the newly formalised sports to Bermuda , including cricket , football , Rugby football , and even tennis and rowing -LRB- rowing did not adapt well from British rivers to the stormy Atlantic .	rowing	Which sport did not transfer well to Bermuda ?
The officers soon switched to sail racing , founding the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club -RRB- .	sail racing	Which sport was quickly adopted ?
Bermuda 's national cricket team participated in the Cricket World Cup 2007 in the West Indies .	national cricket team	What Bermuda sport team participated in the 2007 world cup ?
Their most famous player is a 130 kilograms -LRB- 290 lb -RRB- police officer named Dwayne Leverock .	Dwayne Leverock	Who is Bermuda 's most popular Cricket player ?
But India defeated Bermuda and set a record of 413 runs in a One-Day International -LRB- ODI -RRB- .	India	Who defeated Bermuda ?
The annual `` Cup Match '' cricket tournament between rival parishes St George 's in the east and Somerset in the west is the occasion for a popular national holiday .	annual "Cup Match"	What began in 1872 when the game of cricket was introduced to Bermuda ?
The East End versus West End rivalry resulted from the locations of the St. George 's Garrison -LRB- the original army headquarters in Bermuda -RRB- on Barrack Hill , St. George 's , and the Royal Naval Dockyard at Ireland Island .	rivalry resulted from the locations	Why is there an East End/West End rivalry ?
At the 2004 Summer Olympics , Bermuda competed in sailing , athletics , swimming , diving , triathlon and equestrian events .	sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events	What events did Bermuda compete in at the 2004 Summer Olympics ?
In those Olympics , Bermuda 's Katura Horton-Perinchief made history by becoming the first black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games .	made history by becoming the first black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games.	What did Katura Horton-Perinchief do ?
Bermuda has had one Olympic medallist , Clarence Hill , who won a bronze medal in boxing .	bronze medal in boxing.	What is the only medal Bermuda has ever won ?
It is tradition for Bermuda to march in the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts , regardless of the summer or winter Olympic celebration .	march in the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts	What is the Olympic tradition for Bermuda , regardless of season ?
The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the 2011 Caribbean championships , defeating Guyana in the final .	The Bermuda Rugby Union team	Who won the 2011 Caribbean championships ?
There are four clubs on the island : -LRB- 1 -RRB- Police -LRB- 2 -RRB- Mariners -LRB- 3 -RRB- Teachers -LRB- 4 -RRB- Renegades .	There are four clubs on the island	How many clubs are on the island ?
There is a men 's and women 's competition -- current league champions are Police -LRB- Men -RRB- -LRB- winning the title for the first time since the 1990s -RRB- and Renegades -LRB- women 's -RRB- .	Police (Men)	Who are the reigning league champions ?
Games are currently played at Warwick Academy .	Warwick Academy.	Where are the Women 's games played ?
Bermuda u/19 team won the 2010 Caribbean Championships .	2010 Caribbean Championships	What did the Bermuda u/19 team win ?
The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 .	1914	When did the Southern and Northern Nigeria Protectorates merge ?
The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 .	British	Which empire ruled Nigeria as a colony ?
Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 , and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970 .	1960	When did Nigeria become independent from Britain ?
Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 , and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970 .	1967	When did a Nigerian Civil War begin ?
It has since alternated between democratically-elected civilian governments and military dictatorships , until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with its 2011 presidential elections being viewed as the first to be conducted reasonably freely and fairly .	2011	When did Nigeria have a fair presidential election ?
Nigeria is often referred to as the `` Giant of Africa '' , owing to its large population and economy .	Nigeria	Which country is called the ` Giant of Africa ' ?
With approximately 182 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world .	182 million	How many people live in Nigeria ?
With approximately 182 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world .	seventh	How does Nigeria rank among the largest-population countries in the world ?
The country is viewed as a multinational state , as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups , of which the three largest are the Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba ; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages , and are identified with wide variety of cultures .	over 500	How many languages are spoken by Nigerians ?
The official language is English .	English	What is Nigeria 's official language ?
As of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively .	$500 billion	What is Nigeria 's 2015 GDP ?
As of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively .	$1 trillion	What is Nigeria 's 2015 purchasing power parity ?
It overtook South Africa to become Africa 's largest economy in 2014 .	2014	When did Nigeria 's economy become larger than South Africa 's ?
As of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively .	Nigeria	What is the largest economy in Africa ?
Also , the debt-to-GDP ratio is only 11 percent , which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio .	11 percent	What is Nigeria 's debt-to-GDP ratio ?
Since 2002 , the North East of the country has seen sectarian violence by Boko Haram , an Islamist movement that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish Sharia law .	2002	When did Boko Haram become active in Nigeria ?
Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in May 2014 claimed that Boko Haram attacks have left at least 12,000 people dead and 8,000 people crippled .	Goodluck Jonathan	Who is the President of Nigeria ?
Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in May 2014 claimed that Boko Haram attacks have left at least 12,000 people dead and 8,000 people crippled .	at least 12,000	How many people had Boko Haram killed by May 2014 ?
At the same time , neighbouring countries , Benin , Chad , Cameroon and Niger joined Nigeria in a united effort to combat Boko Haram in the aftermath of a world media highlighted kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls and the spread of Boko Haram attacks to these countries .	276	How many schoolgirls did Boko Haram kidnap ?
The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country .	the Niger River	What is Nigeria named after ?
This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw , she was inspired by the name of the river , in preference to terms such as `` Central Sudan '' .	Flora Shaw	Who came up with the name Nigeria in the 19th century ?
This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw , she was inspired by the name of the river , in preference to terms such as `` Central Sudan '' .	Central Sudan	What was Nigeria 's region called by the British before the name Nigeria ?
The word -LRB- Niger -RRB- is an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th-century European colonialism .	Tuareg	What language does the name of the Niger River come from ?
The origin of the name '' Nigeria '' came from the name of the Niger River .	Niger	Which river reaches Timbuktu ?
Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri , and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture .	Igbo	Which tribe ran the city of Nri ?
The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911 .	1911	When was Nri taken over by the British ?
In West Africa , the oldest bronzes made using the lost-wax process were from Igbo Ukwu , a city under Nri influence .	lost-wax	Igbo Ukwu made the oldest bronze art using which process ?
Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri , and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture .	the Eze Nri	Who ruled Nri ?
Nri and Aguleri , where the Igbo creation myth originates , are in the territory of the Umeuri clan .	Umeuri	Which clan is Nri in the territory of ?
For centuries , various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa .	North Africa	What region has Nigeria traded with for centuries ?
In the 16th century , Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant , direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria , at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar .	Spanish and Portuguese	Which countries ' explorers were the first Europeans to trade with Nigeria ?
The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra -LRB- now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny -RRB- become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade .	Biafra	Calabar is on which historical Bight ?
The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra -LRB- now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny -RRB- become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade .	Bight of Bonny	What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra ?
Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest , the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north .	Oyo Empire	Who were the major slave traders through Nigeria from the southwest ?
With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities , Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807 .	1807	When did Britain outlaw slave trade ?
Following the Napoleonic Wars , Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves .	Napoleonic Wars	After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron ?
Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851 , deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko , helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye , and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852 .	Oba Kosoko	Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade ?
Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851 , deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko , helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye , and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852 .	Lagos	Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle ?
It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves ; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown , a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain .	Freetown	Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders ?
In 1885 , British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference .	the Berlin Conference	Where was Britain 's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885 ?
The following year , it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie .	Royal Niger Company	What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie ?
In 1900 the company 's territory came under the control of the British government , which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria .	1900	When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company 's territory ?
On 1 January 1901 , Nigeria became a British protectorate , and part of the British Empire , the foremost world power at the time .	1 January 1901	When did Nigeria become a British protectorate ?
By war , the British conquered Benin in 1897 , and , in the Anglo-Aro War -LRB- 1901 -- 1902 -RRB- , defeated other opponents .	Benin	Which country did Britain conquer in 1897 ?
Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates .	Christian	What religion built Western schools in Nigeria ?
Under Britain 's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition , the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern , Islamic part of the country .	northern	Britain discouraged building Christian missions in which part of Nigeria ?
Under Britain 's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition , the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern , Islamic part of the country .	Islamic	What religion was the majority in the northern part of Nigeria ?
By independence in 1960 , regional differences in modern educational access were marked .	1960	When did Nigeria receive independence ?
For instance , northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism .	1936	When did northern Nigeria ban slavery ?
Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960 .	a Commonwealth Realm	What was Nigeria 's status after independence from the UK ?
Nigeria 's government was a coalition of conservative parties : the Nigerian People 's Congress -LRB- NPC -RRB- , a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith , and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons -LRB- NCNC -RRB- led by Nnamdi Azikiwe .	Nigerian People's Congress	Which Nigerian political party was mostly Islamic ?
Nigeria 's government was a coalition of conservative parties : the Nigerian People 's Congress -LRB- NPC -RRB- , a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith , and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons -LRB- NCNC -RRB- led by Nnamdi Azikiwe .	National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons	Which Nigerian political party was mostly Christian ?
Nigeria 's government was a coalition of conservative parties : the Nigerian People 's Congress -LRB- NPC -RRB- , a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith , and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons -LRB- NCNC -RRB- led by Nnamdi Azikiwe .	Nnamdi Azikiwe	Who led the NCNC party ?
The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group -LRB- AG -RRB- , which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo .	Obafemi Awolowo	Which Nigerian political party was mostly Yoruba ?
The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led , in 1966 , to back-to-back military coups .	1966	In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria ?
The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu .	Igbo soldiers	Which group led the first 1966 coup ?
The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa , Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region .	Abubakar Tafawa Balewa	Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup ?
The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa , Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region .	Ahmadu Bello	Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup ?
The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa , Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region .	Ladoke Akintola	Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup ?
In May 1967 , the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra , under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu .	Republic of Biafra	What did Eastern Nigeria want to call itself as an independent nation ?
In May 1967 , the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra , under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu .	May 1967	When did Eastern Nigeria declare its independence ?
In May 1967 , the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra , under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu .	Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu	Who led Eastern Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War ?
The 30 month war , with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies , ended in January 1970 .	30	How many months did the Nigerian Civil War last ?
Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people , from warfare , disease , and starvation , during the 30-month civil war .	between 1 and 3 million	How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War ?
During the oil boom of the 1970s , Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge revenue generated made the economy richer .	OPEC	Which oil group did Nigeria join ?
Despite huge revenues from oil production and sale , the military administration did little to improve the standard of living of the population , help small and medium businesses , or invest in infrastructure .	the military administration	Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure ?
That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria .	federalism	Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria ?
Beginning in 1979 , Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari .	Olusegun Obasanjo	Which Nigerian leader transferred power in 1979 ?
Beginning in 1979 , Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari .	Shehu Shagari	Which Nigerian leader received power in 1979 ?
The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society .	corrupt and incompetent	How did Nigerians view the Shagari administration ?
The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime 's fraudulent re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development .	Muhammadu Buhari	Who led a military coup against Shagari ?
His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985 .	1985	When did another military coup overthrow Buhari ?
The new head of state , Ibrahim Babangida , declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council .	Ibrahim Babangida	Which Nigerian leader decided Nigeria would return to democracy in 1990 ?
Babangida 's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity : he instituted the International Monetary Fund 's Structural Adjustment Program -LRB- SAP -RRB- to aid in the repayment of the country 's crushing international debt , which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing .	International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program	What did Babangida set up to help pay Nigeria 's national debt ?
Babangida 's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity : he instituted the International Monetary Fund 's Structural Adjustment Program -LRB- SAP -RRB- to aid in the repayment of the country 's crushing international debt , which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing .	debt	What was most of Nigeria 's federal income being spent on ?
He enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference , which aggravated religious tensions in the country .	Organisation of the Islamic Conference	What controversial religious group did Nigeria join ?
After Babangida survived an abortive coup , he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992 .	1992	To when did Babangida delay the return to democracy ?
Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993 , with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola .	12 June 1993	When did Nigeria finally hold a fair election ?
Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993 , with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola .	Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola	Who won the 1993 Nigerian election ?
Babangida annulled the elections , leading to mass civilian violent protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks .	weeks	Babangida 's reaction to the election results caused violent protests for how long ?
Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian-run government , but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan as head of the interim government .	Ernest Shonekan	Who did Babangida appoint as head of an interim government when he finally stepped down ?
Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo , the former military head of state , as the new President of Nigeria .	1999	When did Nigeria regain democracy ?
Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo , the former military head of state , as the new President of Nigeria .	Olusegun Obasanjo	Who won the 1999 Nigerian election ?
This ended almost 33 years of military rule -LRB- from 1966 until 1999 -RRB- , excluding the short-lived second republic -LRB- between 1979 and 1983 -RRB- by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966 -- 1979 and 1983 -- 1998 .	almost 33 years	Nigeria was under military rule for how long ?
Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair , Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development .	unfree and unfair	How was the 1999 election regarded ?
Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair , Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development .	unfree and unfair	How was the 2003 election regarded ?
Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria 's president till 16 April 2011 , when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted .	Goodluck Jonathan	Who won the 2011 election ?
Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011 , having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast , to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party , the Congress for Progressive Change -LRB- CPC -RRB- , which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast .	Muhammadu Buhari	Who was the CPC 's 2011 candidate ?
Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011 , having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast , to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party , the Congress for Progressive Change -LRB- CPC -RRB- , which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast .	22,495,187	How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011 ?
Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011 , having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast , to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party , the Congress for Progressive Change -LRB- CPC -RRB- , which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast .	12,214,853	How many votes did Buhari get ?
Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011 , having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast , to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party , the Congress for Progressive Change -LRB- CPC -RRB- , which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast .	Congress for Progressive Change	What was the main opposition political party in 2011 ?
Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States , with executive power exercised by the president .	Federal Republic	What is Nigeria 's form of government ?
It is influenced by the Westminster System model -LSB- citation needed -RSB- in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature .	upper and lower	What houses does the Nigerian legislature have ?
The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive ; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms .	two 4-year terms	How many times can a Nigerian president be elected ?
In the March 28 , 2015 presidential election , General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria , defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan .	General Muhammadu Buhari	Who won the 2015 Nigerian presidential election ?
In the March 28 , 2015 presidential election , General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria , defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan .	Goodluck Jonathan	Who lost the 2015 Nigerian presidential election ?
Nigeria 's three largest ethnic groups -LRB- Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba -RRB- have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics ; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft .	Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba	What are Nigeria 's 3 biggest ethnic groups ?
Ethnocentrism , tribalism , religious persecution , and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960 .	1960	When did Nigeria get independence ?
Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB , Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress , Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war .	MASSOB	What major secession movement has Nigeria had ?
Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB , Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress , Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war .	Oodua Peoples Congress	What major nationalist movement has Nigeria had ?
The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People 's Democratic Party of Nigeria , which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate -LRB- 61.9 % and 69.7 % respectively -RRB- ; the opposition formerly All Nigeria People 's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate -LRB- 26.6 % and 24.7 % -RRB- .	223	How many seats does the People 's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the House ?
The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People 's Democratic Party of Nigeria , which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate -LRB- 61.9 % and 69.7 % respectively -RRB- ; the opposition formerly All Nigeria People 's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate -LRB- 26.6 % and 24.7 % -RRB- .	76	How many seats does the People 's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the Senate ?
The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People 's Democratic Party of Nigeria , which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate -LRB- 61.9 % and 69.7 % respectively -RRB- ; the opposition formerly All Nigeria People 's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate -LRB- 26.6 % and 24.7 % -RRB- .	96	How many seats does the All Progressives Congress have in the House ?
The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People 's Democratic Party of Nigeria , which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate -LRB- 61.9 % and 69.7 % respectively -RRB- ; the opposition formerly All Nigeria People 's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate -LRB- 26.6 % and 24.7 % -RRB- .	27	How many seats does the All Progressives Congress have in the Senate ?
About twenty minor opposition parties are registered .	About twenty	How many minor opposition parties does Nigeria have ?
Nigeria backed the African National Congress -LRB- ANC -RRB- by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa .	African National Congress	What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa ?
Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity -LRB- now the African Union -RRB- , and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole .	Organisation for African Unity	What group was Nigeria a founding member of ?
Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity -LRB- now the African Union -RRB- , and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole .	the African Union	What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as ?
Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa , functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States -LRB- ECOWAS -RRB- and ECOMOG , economic and military organisations , respectively .	the Economic Community of West African States	Nigeria is a ` standard-bearer ' in what international group ?
The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate , where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches -LRB- 1,500 to 2,000 mm -RRB- a year .	60 to 80 inches	How many inches of rain does southern Nigeria get each year ?
The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate , where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches -LRB- 1,500 to 2,000 mm -RRB- a year .	tropical rainforest	What type of climate is southern Nigeria ?
In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau .	southeast	What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in ?
North of this is fresh water swamp , containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp , and north of that is rain forest .	rain forest	What is Nigeria 's northernmost climate ?
The areas surrounding Calabar , Cross River State , also in this forest , are believed to contain the world 's largest diversity of butterflies .	butterflies	What does the Cross River State area of Nigeria have the world 's largest variety of ?
The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population , with it being replaced by grassland -LRB- see Cross-Niger transition forests -RRB- .	grassland	Southern Nigeria is turning from a forest to what type of environment ?
It is habitat for the drill monkey , which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon .	the drill monkey	What type of monkey is only found in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon ?
The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion , an important centre for biodiversity .	Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests	What ecoregion is in Nigeria near the Cameroon border ?
The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population , with it being replaced by grassland -LRB- see Cross-Niger transition forests -RRB- .	development and harvesting by increased population	Why is southern Nigeria losing its forests ?
Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah -LRB- insignificant tree cover , with grasses and flowers located between trees -RRB- .	savannah	What type of vegetation is in central Nigeria ?
Rainfall is more limited , to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres -LRB- 20 and 60 in -RRB- per year .	between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in)	How many inches of rain does central Nigeria get each year ?
The savannah zone 's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic , Sudan savannah , and Sahel savannah .	three	How many subregions are there of Nigeria 's savannah zone ?
In the Sahel region , rain is less than 500 millimetres -LRB- 20 in -RRB- per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching .	less than 500 millimetres (20 in)	How much rain does the Sahel savannah area get per year ?
In the Sahel region , rain is less than 500 millimetres -LRB- 20 in -RRB- per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching .	Sahara	Which desert is encroaching into northeastern Nigeria ?
Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development , population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste .	Lagos	What is the largest Nigerian city ?
Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development , population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste .	municipal councils	What type of groups have been failing to keep up with waste management in Nigeria ?
This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory , where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste , dumping of waste along or into the canals , sewerage systems that are channels for water flows , etc. .	Kubwa Community	What Nigerian community has the worst unsustainable waste management ?
This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory , where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste , dumping of waste along or into the canals , sewerage systems that are channels for water flows , etc. .	Federal Capital Territory	What territory is Kubwa Community in ?
Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory , which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas -LRB- LGAs -RRB- .	thirty-six	How many states does Nigeria have ?
Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory , which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas -LRB- LGAs -RRB- .	Federal Capital Territory	What non-state area does Nigeria have ?
Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory , which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas -LRB- LGAs -RRB- .	774	How many smaller areas are the Nigerian states divided into ?
Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory , which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas -LRB- LGAs -RRB- .	Local Government Areas	What are the Nigerian states ' sub-divisions called ?
In some contexts , the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones : North West , North East , North Central , South East , South South , and South West .	six	How many geopolitical zones do people consider the Nigerian states to be in ?
Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP -LRB- PPP -RRB- in 2012 .	30th in the world	Where did Nigeria 's 2012 GDP rank ?
Nigeria is the United States ' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil -LRB- 11 % of oil imports -RRB- .	Nigeria	Which sub-Saharan African nation does the most trade with the US ?
Nigeria is the United States ' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil -LRB- 11 % of oil imports -RRB- .	a fifth	How much of the US 's oil comes from Nigeria ?
Nigeria is the United States ' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil -LRB- 11 % of oil imports -RRB- .	11%	How much of the US 's oil imports come from Nigeria ?
The International Monetary Fund -LRB- IMF -RRB- projected economic growth of 9 % in 2008 and 8.3 % in 2009 .	8.3%	How much growth did the IMF expect Nigeria 's economy to have in 2009 ?
The Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth of 2 -- 4 km .	1973	When was the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field found ?
The Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth of 2 -- 4 km .	2–4 km	What is the depth of the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field ?
The Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth of 2 -- 4 km .	middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap	What type of geology is the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field ?
While many international oil companies have operated there for decades , by 2014 most were making moves to divest their interests , citing a range of issues including oil theft .	decades	How long have international oil companies been in Nigeria ?
According to the International Organization for Migration , Nigeria witnessed a dramatic increase in remittances sent home from overseas Nigerians , going from USD 2.3 billion in 2004 to 17.9 billion in 2007 .	USD 2.3 billion	How much money did overseas Nigerians send home in 2004 ?
According to the International Organization for Migration , Nigeria witnessed a dramatic increase in remittances sent home from overseas Nigerians , going from USD 2.3 billion in 2004 to 17.9 billion in 2007 .	17.9 billion	How much money did overseas Nigerians send home in 2007 ?
The United States accounts for the largest portion of official remittances , followed by the United Kingdom , Italy , Canada , Spain and France .	United States	Which country has Nigerians sending the most money home ?
The United States accounts for the largest portion of official remittances , followed by the United Kingdom , Italy , Canada , Spain and France .	United Kingdom	Which country has Nigerians sending the second-most money home ?
On the African continent , Egypt , Equatorial Guinea , Chad , Libya and South Africa are important source countries of remittance flows to Nigeria , while China is the biggest remittance-sending country in Asia .	China	Which Asian country has Nigerians sending the most money home ?
It currently has an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company , Innoson Motors , which manufactures Rapid Transit Buses , Trucks and SUVs with an upcoming introduction of Cars .	Innoson Motors	What is Nigeria 's local vehicle manufacturer ?
Nigeria also has few Electronic manufacturers like Zinox , the first Branded Nigerian Computer and Electronic gadgets -LRB- like tablet PCs -RRB- manufacturers .	Zinox	What is Nigeria 's branded electronics manufacturer ?
In 2013 , Nigeria introduced a policy regarding import duty on vehicles to encourage local manufacturing companies in the country .	2013	When did Nigeria change its import policies to encourage local manufacturers ?
Ogun is considered to be the current Nigeria 's industrial hub , as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving there , followed by Lagos .	Ogun	What city is Nigeria 's main industrial area ?
Ogun is considered to be the current Nigeria 's industrial hub , as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving there , followed by Lagos .	Lagos	What city is Nigeria 's secondary industrial area ?
The satellite was launched from Russia on 27 September 2003 .	27 September 2003	When did Nigeria launch its first satellite ?
The Nigeriasat-1 was the first satellite to be built under the Nigerian government sponsorship .	Nigeriasat-1	What was Nigeria 's first satellite called ?
The satellite was launched from Russia on 27 September 2003 .	Russia	Where did Nigeria launch its first satellite ?
The Nigerian government has commissioned the overseas production and launch of four satellites .	four	How many satellites has the Nigerian government commissioned ?
NigeriaSat-2 , Nigeria 's second satellite , was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited , a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company .	NigeriaSat-2	What was Nigeria 's second satellite called ?
NigeriaSat-2 , Nigeria 's second satellite , was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited , a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company .	Surrey Space Technology Limited	Who manufactured Nigeria 's second satellite ?
It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic -LRB- very high resolution -RRB- , 5-metre multispectral -LRB- high resolution , NIR red , green and red bands -RRB- , and 32-metre multispectral -LRB- medium resolution , NIR red , green and red bands -RRB- antennas , with a ground receiving station in Abuja .	Abuja	Where is Nigeria 's second satellite 's ground receiving station ?
This satellite was launched into orbit from a military base in China .	China	Where was Nigeria 's second satellite launched ?
NigComSat-1 , a Nigerian satellite built in 2004 , was Nigeria 's third satellite and Africa 's first communication satellite .	NigComSat-1	What was Nigeria 's third satellite called ?
NigComSat-1 , a Nigerian satellite built in 2004 , was Nigeria 's third satellite and Africa 's first communication satellite .	2004	When was Nigeria 's third satellite built ?
It was launched on 13 May 2007 , aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket , from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China .	13 May 2007	When was Nigeria 's third satellite launched ?
On 11 November 2008 , NigComSat-1 failed in orbit after running out of power because of an anomaly in its solar array .	11 November 2008	When did Nigeria 's third satellite run out of power ?
It was launched on 13 May 2007 , aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket , from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China .	China	where was Nigeria 's third satellite launched ?
NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite , and the replacement for the failed NigComSat-1 was successfully launched into orbit by China in Xichang on December 19 , 2011 .	December 19, 2011	When was Nigeria 's fourth satellite launched ?
NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite , and the replacement for the failed NigComSat-1 was successfully launched into orbit by China in Xichang on December 19 , 2011 .	China	Where was Nigeria 's fourth satellite launched ?
The satellite according to then-Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan which was paid for by the insurance policy on NigComSat-1 which de-orbited in 2009 , would have a positive impact on national development in various sectors such as communications , internet services , health , agriculture , environmental protection and national security .	the insurance policy on NigComSat-1	What paid for Nigeria 's fourth satellite ?
On 24 March 2009 , the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology , NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed another contract for the in-orbit delivery of the NigComSat-1R satellite .	NigComSat-1R	What was Nigeria 's fourth satellite called ?
NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite , and the replacement for the failed NigComSat-1 was successfully launched into orbit by China in Xichang on December 19 , 2011 .	NigComSat-1	What satellite did Nigeria 's fourth satellite replace ?
The United Nations estimates that the population in 2009 was at 154,729,000 , distributed as 51.7 % rural and 48.3 % urban , and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre .	154,729,000	What was Nigeria 's population in 2009 ?
The United Nations estimates that the population in 2009 was at 154,729,000 , distributed as 51.7 % rural and 48.3 % urban , and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre .	51.7%	How much of Nigeria 's population in 2009 was rural ?
The United Nations estimates that the population in 2009 was at 154,729,000 , distributed as 51.7 % rural and 48.3 % urban , and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre .	48.3%	How much of Nigeria 's population in 2009 was urban ?
The United Nations estimates that the population in 2009 was at 154,729,000 , distributed as 51.7 % rural and 48.3 % urban , and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre .	167.5 people per square kilometre	What was Nigeria 's population density in 2009 ?
On June 2012 , President Goodluck Jonathan said that Nigerians should limit their number of children .	June 2012	When did President Goodluck Jonathan advocate limiting childbirth ?
Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages , English as the official language is widely used for education , business transactions and for official purposes .	English	What is the official language of Nigeria ?
English as a first language is used only by a small minority of the country 's urban elite , and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas .	a small minority of the country's urban elite	How much of Nigeria uses English as a first language ?
Hausa is the most widely spoken of the 3 main languages spoken in Nigeria itself -LRB- Igbo , Hausa and Yoruba -RRB- but unlike the Yorubas and Igbos , the Hausas tend not to travel far outside Nigeria itself .	Hausa	What is the most popular language in Nigeria ?
Hausa is the most widely spoken of the 3 main languages spoken in Nigeria itself -LRB- Igbo , Hausa and Yoruba -RRB- but unlike the Yorubas and Igbos , the Hausas tend not to travel far outside Nigeria itself .	Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba	What are the top 3 languages in Nigeria ?
Nigerian Pidgin English , often known simply as ` Pidgin ' or ` Broken ' -LRB- Broken English -RRB- , is also a popular lingua franca , though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang .	'Pidgin' or 'Broken'	What is Nigerian Pidgin English often called ?
The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions , predominately in Warri , Sapele , Port Harcourt , Agenebode , Ewu , and Benin City .	Niger Delta Regions	What regions is Nigerian English commonly spoken in ?
With the majority of Nigeria 's populace in the rural areas , the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages .	rural	What type of region does a majority of Nigerians live in ?
With the majority of Nigeria 's populace in the rural areas , the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages .	indigenous	What type of languages are the most popular in Nigeria ?
Nigeria is a religiously diverse society , with Islam and Christianity being the most widely professed religions .	Islam and Christianity	What are the most popular religions in Nigeria ?
Nigerians are nearly equally divided into Christians and Muslims , with a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions .	a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions	What religions does Nigeria have besides the top two ?
According to one recent estimate , over 40 % of Nigeria 's population adheres to Islam -LRB- mainly Sunni , other branches are also present -RRB- .	over 40%	How much of Nigeria 's population is Muslim ?
Christianity is practised by 58 % of the population -LRB- among them 74 % are Protestant , 25 % Roman Catholic , 1 % other Christian -RRB- .	58%	How much of Nigeria 's population is Christian ?
Adherents of Animism and other religions collectively represent 1.4 % of the population .	1.4%	How much of Nigeria 's population is Animist and other religions ?
The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence ; however , a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab .	Sunni	What type of Islam is most common in Nigeria ?
The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence ; however , a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab .	Maliki school of jurisprudence	What school of Sunni Islam is most common in Nigeria ?
Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems , which has brought about some controversy .	Sharia	What Islamic law is being used in some Nigerian states ?
Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution .	Kano	What Nigerian state is trying to make Sharia law part of its constitution ?
According to a 2001 report from The World Factbook by CIA , about 50 % of Nigeria 's population is Muslim , 40 % are Christians and 10 % adhere to local religions .	about 50%	In 2001 , what percent of Nigeria 's population was Muslim ?
According to a 2001 report from The World Factbook by CIA , about 50 % of Nigeria 's population is Muslim , 40 % are Christians and 10 % adhere to local religions .	40%	In 2001 , what percent of Nigeria 's population was Christian ?
According to a 2001 report from The World Factbook by CIA , about 50 % of Nigeria 's population is Muslim , 40 % are Christians and 10 % adhere to local religions .	10%	In 2001 , what percent of Nigeria 's population followed local religions ?
An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010 , 49.3 percent of Nigeria 's population was Christian , 48.8 percent was Muslim , and 1.9 percent were followers of indigenous and other religions , or unaffiliated .	48.8 percent	According to Pew , in 2010 , what percent of Nigeria 's population was Muslim ?
An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010 , 49.3 percent of Nigeria 's population was Christian , 48.8 percent was Muslim , and 1.9 percent were followers of indigenous and other religions , or unaffiliated .	49.3 percent	According to Pew , in 2010 , what percent of Nigeria 's population was Christian ?
Among Christians , the Pew Research survey found that 74 % were Protestant , 25 % were Catholic , and 1 % belonged to other Christian denominations , including a small Orthodox Christian community .	74%	How many Nigerian Christians are Protestant ?
Among Christians , the Pew Research survey found that 74 % were Protestant , 25 % were Catholic , and 1 % belonged to other Christian denominations , including a small Orthodox Christian community .	25%	How many Nigerian Christians are Catholic ?
Among Christians , the Pew Research survey found that 74 % were Protestant , 25 % were Catholic , and 1 % belonged to other Christian denominations , including a small Orthodox Christian community .	1%	How many Nigerian Christians are Orthodox and other sects ?
In terms of Nigeria 's major ethnic groups , the Hausa ethnic group -LRB- predominant in the north -RRB- was found to be 95 % Muslim and 5 % Christian , the Yoruba tribe -LRB- predominant in the west -RRB- was 55 % Muslim , 35 % Christian and 10 % adherents of other religions , while the Igbos -LRB- predominant in the east -RRB- and the Ijaw -LRB- south -RRB- were 98 % Christian , with 2 % practising traditional religions .	Hausa	Which Nigerian tribe is 95 % Muslim ?
In terms of Nigeria 's major ethnic groups , the Hausa ethnic group -LRB- predominant in the north -RRB- was found to be 95 % Muslim and 5 % Christian , the Yoruba tribe -LRB- predominant in the west -RRB- was 55 % Muslim , 35 % Christian and 10 % adherents of other religions , while the Igbos -LRB- predominant in the east -RRB- and the Ijaw -LRB- south -RRB- were 98 % Christian , with 2 % practising traditional religions .	Igbos	Which Eastern Nigerian tribe is 98 % Christian ?
Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion , the Assemblies of God Church , the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue , Church Of All Nations Since the 1990s , there has been significant growth in many other churches , particularly the evangelical Protestant ones .	Since the 1990s	When did many newer churches start growing in Nigeria ?
Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion , the Assemblies of God Church , the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue , Church Of All Nations Since the 1990s , there has been significant growth in many other churches , particularly the evangelical Protestant ones .	the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion	What is the largest Anglican church in Nigeria ?
Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion , the Assemblies of God Church , the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue , Church Of All Nations Since the 1990s , there has been significant growth in many other churches , particularly the evangelical Protestant ones .	the Nigerian Baptist Convention	What is the largest Baptist church in Nigeria ?
Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987 , which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population , in part by implementing user fees .	1987	When did the Bamako Initiative begin ?
Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987 , which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population , in part by implementing user fees .	user fees	Nigeria is adding what kind of costs to its healthcare system ?
Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987 , which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population , in part by implementing user fees .	1987	When did Nigeria start reorganizing its healthcare system ?
As of 2012 -LSB- update -RSB- , the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15 -- 49 was just 3.1 percent .	3.1 percent	How much of Nigeria has HIV as of 2012 ?
As of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- , Life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA , and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation ; As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , the Infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births .	52.62 years	What is Nigeria 's life expectancy ?
As of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- , Life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA , and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation ; As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , the Infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births .	just over half	How much of the Nigerian population has access to clean water ?
As of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- , Life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA , and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation ; As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , the Infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births .	8.4 deaths per 1000 live births	What was Nigeria 's infant mortality rate as of 2010 ?
Nigeria was the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio , which it periodically exported to other African countries ; Polio was cut 98 % between 2009 and 2010 .	Nigeria	What was the last African country to still have significant Polio problems ?
However , a major breakthrough came in December 2014 , when it was reported that Nigeria had n't recorded a polio case in 6 months , and on its way to be declared Polio free .	December 2014	When had Nigeria not had a reported polio case in 6 months for the first time ?
In 2012 , a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia , lymphoma , or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving bone marrow transplant , which cures them of their conditions .	2012	When did Nigeria launch a bone marrow donation program ?
In 2012 , a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia , lymphoma , or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving bone marrow transplant , which cures them of their conditions .	the University of Nigeria	Which entity runs Nigeria 's bone marrow donation program ?
In 2012 , a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia , lymphoma , or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving bone marrow transplant , which cures them of their conditions .	bone marrow transplant	Nigeria was the second African country to perform which medical procedure ?
Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education .	the Ministry of Education	What department runs Nigeria 's schools ?
After the 1970s oil boom , tertiary education was improved so that it would reach every subregion of Nigeria .	After the 1970s oil boom	When did Nigeria improve its tertiary education ?
68 % of the Nigerian population is literate , and the rate for men -LRB- 75.7 % -RRB- is higher than that for women -LRB- 60.6 % -RRB- .	68%	How much of Nigeria 's population can read ?
68 % of the Nigerian population is literate , and the rate for men -LRB- 75.7 % -RRB- is higher than that for women -LRB- 60.6 % -RRB- .	75.7%	How much of Nigeria 's male population can read ?
68 % of the Nigerian population is literate , and the rate for men -LRB- 75.7 % -RRB- is higher than that for women -LRB- 60.6 % -RRB- .	60.6%	How much of Nigeria 's female population can read ?
Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organised crime , active especially in drug trafficking .	drug trafficking	What is Nigeria 's most popular organized-crime activity ?
Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking , shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America ; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa .	heroin	What drug does Nigeria ship from Asia to Europe and America ?
Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking , shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America ; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa .	cocaine	What drug does Nigeria ship from South America to Europe and South Africa ?
According to official statistics , gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001 .	273	How many civilians were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001 ?
According to official statistics , gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001 .	84	How many police were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001 ?
Internationally , Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbed 419 , a type of advance fee fraud -LRB- named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code -RRB- along with the `` Nigerian scam '' , a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates .	Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code	What law is the Nigerian 419 scam nicknamed after ?
In 2003 , the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission -LRB- or EFCC -RRB- was created , ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime .	the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission	What organization was created to combat the 419 scams ?
In 2003 , the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission -LRB- or EFCC -RRB- was created , ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime .	2003	When was the Nigerian EFCC created ?
Internationally , Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbed 419 , a type of advance fee fraud -LRB- named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code -RRB- along with the `` Nigerian scam '' , a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates .	advance fee fraud	What type of scam is the 419 scam ?
These scams involve a complicit Nigerian bank -LRB- the laws being set up loosely to allow it -RRB- and a scammer who claims to have money he needs to obtain from that bank .	bank	What type of entity is complicit in the 419 scams ?
It was ranked 143 out of 182 countries in Transparency International 's 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index ; however , it improved to 136th position in 2014 .	143 out of 182 countries	In 2011 rankings , how bad was Nigeria 's corruption ranking ?
It was ranked 143 out of 182 countries in Transparency International 's 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index ; however , it improved to 136th position in 2014 .	136th position	In 2014 rankings , how bad was Nigeria 's corruption ranking ?
More than $ 400 billion were stolen from the treasury by Nigeria 's leaders between 1960 and 1999 .	More than $400 billion	How much was embezzled from the Nigerian government in 1960-1999 ?
In late 2013 , Nigeria 's then central bank governor Lamido Sanusi informed President Goodluck Jonathan that the state oil company , NNPC had failed to remit US$ 20 billion of oil revenues , which it owed the state .	US$20 billion	The state oil company NNPC was initially thought to owe how much to the government ?
After the conclusion of the NNPC 's account Audit , it was announced in January 2015 that NNPC 's non-remitted revenue is actually US$ 1.48 billion , which it needs to refund back to the Government .	US$1.48billion	In a corrected audit , the state oil company NNPC was found to only owe how much to the government ?
Although Nigerian films have been produced since the 1960s , the country 's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable digital filming and editing technologies .	the 1960s	When did the Nigerian film industry begin ?
Nigerian cinema is Africa 's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year .	Nigerian	Which African country has the continent 's largest movie industry ?
Nigerian film studios are based in Lagos , Kano and Enugu , forming a major portion of the local economy of these cities .	Lagos, Kano and Enugu	Which cities are Nigeria 's movie studios located in ?
The Nigerian film industry is known as Nollywood -LRB- a portmanteau of Nigeria and Hollywood -RRB- and is now the 2nd-largest producer of movies in the world .	Nollywood	What is the nickname for Nigeria 's movie industry ?
The Nigerian film industry is known as Nollywood -LRB- a portmanteau of Nigeria and Hollywood -RRB- and is now the 2nd-largest producer of movies in the world .	2nd-largest	Where does Nigeria 's movie industry rank worldwide ?
They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980 , 1994 , and 2013 , and have also hosted the U-17 & U-20 World Cup .	1980, 1994, and 2013	Which years did Nigeria win the African Cup of Nations ?
They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics -LRB- in which they beat Argentina -RRB- becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football .	1996	When did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal ?
They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics -LRB- in which they beat Argentina -RRB- becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football .	football	What did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal for ?
They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics -LRB- in which they beat Argentina -RRB- becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football .	Argentina	What country did Nigeria beat to win a Summer Olympics gold medal ?
Nigeria 's national football team , known as the `` Super Eagles '' , has made the World Cup on five occasions 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2010 , and most recently in 2014 .	Super Eagles	What is Nigeria 's national football team called ?
The nation 's cadet team from Japan '93 produced some international players notably Nwankwo Kanu , a two-time African Footballer of the year who won the European Champions League with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with Inter Milan , Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion and Portsmouth .	African Footballer of the year	Nwankwo Kanu won what honor twice ?
The nation 's cadet team from Japan '93 produced some international players notably Nwankwo Kanu , a two-time African Footballer of the year who won the European Champions League with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with Inter Milan , Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion and Portsmouth .	European Champions League	Nwankwo Kanu won in what championship league ?
The nation 's cadet team from Japan '93 produced some international players notably Nwankwo Kanu , a two-time African Footballer of the year who won the European Champions League with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with Inter Milan , Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion and Portsmouth .	Inter Milan, Arsenal	What team did Nwankwo Kanu go on to play on ?
Nigeria 's human rights record remains poor ; According to the US Department of State , the most significant human rights problems are : use of excessive force by security forces ; impunity for abuses by security forces ; arbitrary arrests ; prolonged pretrial detention ; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary ; rape , torture and other cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners , detainees and suspects ; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention centre conditions ; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour ; societal violence and vigilante killings ; child labour , child abuse and child sexual exploitation ; female genital mutilation -LRB- FGM -RRB- ; domestic violence ; discrimination based on sex , ethnicity , region and religion .	rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment	How are Nigerian prisoners mistreated ?
Nigeria 's human rights record remains poor ; According to the US Department of State , the most significant human rights problems are : use of excessive force by security forces ; impunity for abuses by security forces ; arbitrary arrests ; prolonged pretrial detention ; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary ; rape , torture and other cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners , detainees and suspects ; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention centre conditions ; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour ; societal violence and vigilante killings ; child labour , child abuse and child sexual exploitation ; female genital mutilation -LRB- FGM -RRB- ; domestic violence ; discrimination based on sex , ethnicity , region and religion .	harsh and life‑threatening	What are the conditions like in Nigerian prisons ?
Nigeria 's human rights record remains poor ; According to the US Department of State , the most significant human rights problems are : use of excessive force by security forces ; impunity for abuses by security forces ; arbitrary arrests ; prolonged pretrial detention ; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary ; rape , torture and other cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners , detainees and suspects ; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention centre conditions ; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour ; societal violence and vigilante killings ; child labour , child abuse and child sexual exploitation ; female genital mutilation -LRB- FGM -RRB- ; domestic violence ; discrimination based on sex , ethnicity , region and religion .	child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation	How are children mistreated in Nigeria ?
Nigeria 's human rights record remains poor ; According to the US Department of State , the most significant human rights problems are : use of excessive force by security forces ; impunity for abuses by security forces ; arbitrary arrests ; prolonged pretrial detention ; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary ; rape , torture and other cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners , detainees and suspects ; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention centre conditions ; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour ; societal violence and vigilante killings ; child labour , child abuse and child sexual exploitation ; female genital mutilation -LRB- FGM -RRB- ; domestic violence ; discrimination based on sex , ethnicity , region and religion .	sex, ethnicity, region and religion	What types of discrimination are common in Nigeria ?
A series of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand north .	Claudius decided the empire should not expand north.	What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide
To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed along the main branch of the river Rhine , which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today -LRB- what is now the Kromme Rijn -RRB- .	To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine	What was built along the Rhine
These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers .	These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers	How many soldiers did the fortress hold
Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans , traders and soldiers ' wives and children .	Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children	Who settled near the fort
From the middle of the 3rd century Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories .	Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories.	Who raided German territories regularly
Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned .	Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned	When did the Romans leave Utrecht
Little is known about the next period 270 -- 650 .	Little is known about the next period 270–650.	What happens between 275 and 650
Under the influence of the growing realms of the Franks , during Dagobert I 's reign in the 7th century , a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress .	a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress	What was built in the 7th century
In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed .	In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.	How was the the church destroyed
By the mid-7th century , English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians .	English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians	Who tried to convert Frisians
The pope appointed their leader , Willibrordus , bishop of the Frisians .	The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians	Who did the pope appoint Bishop
In 723 , the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops .	Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops	What did Charles Martel do
After the fall of Dorestad around 850 , Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands .	After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands	What year did Utrecht gain in power
The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 -LRB- the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II -RRB- .	Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522	What showed the importance of Utrecht
When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism , the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops .	the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops	What hapend when Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism
The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht -LRB- Nedersticht , ` lower Sticht ' -RRB- , but also extended to the northeast .	not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast	What was part of the territory of bishopric
The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht .	The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht	What conflict affected Utrecht
The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders .	the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders	Who was in conflict with the prince bishopric
The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders , but large areas in the modern province of Overijssel remained as the Oversticht .	The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders	What region was seized
The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin , inside the old Roman fortress .	The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress	What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht
The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire .	The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire	What began in 1254
By that time , however , the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished , the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned flying buttresses could be finished .	the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished	Was the cathedral finished
Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht : St. Salvator 's Church -LRB- demolished in the 16th century -RRB- , on the Dom square , dating back to the early 8th century .	Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht	How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral
Besides these churches the city housed St. Paul 's Abbey , the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas , and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights .	the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.	What else was housed in the city
The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands .	allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands.	What did Utrecht 's location allow
The growing town Utrecht was granted city rights by Henry V in 1122 .	Henry V in 1122	Who granted Utrecht city rights
-LSB- nb 2 -RSB- The relations between the bishop , who controlled many lands outside of the city , and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy .	the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy	What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht
The bishop , for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding .	The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding	What Industry did the bishop hurt
In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder - and Oversticht -- which included the city of Utrecht -- to Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor .	In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor	What year did the bishop lose power
Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces -LRB- the current Benelux and the northern parts of France -RRB- as a personal union .	Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union	What did Charles V combine
This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht , as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht , with the religious power remaining with the bishop , although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops .	the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop	What did the loss of power end
In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces .	In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces	What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to
To quell uprisings Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city , who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord .	Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops	Why was the transition to a new union difficult
The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city .	The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city	What was the purpose of the castle
The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt .	The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt	How long did the castle last
In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht , in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule .	the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule	What was signed in 1579
The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic .	The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic	What is this union seen as
The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic ; which shifted the power towards its dominant province Holland .	towards its dominant province Holland	What became the dominant province
Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40 % Catholic in the mid-17th century , and even more among the elite groups , who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there .	Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups	What was the state of Utrecht
The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 -LRB- the Disaster Year -RRB- ; where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline .	temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht	Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672
In 1674 , only two years after the French left , the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado .	the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado	In 1674 what hit Utrecht
The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church which collapsed ; creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir .	The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral	What collapsed during the tornado
In 1713 , Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession .	In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession	What did Utrecht host in 1713
Since 1723 Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world .	Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world	Since 1723 what has Utrecht become
In the early 19th century , the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete .	the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete	What hapend in the early 19th century
Growth of the city increased when , in 1843 , a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened .	a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened	In 1843 what brought growth to Utrecht
In 1853 , the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome , and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more .	the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism	What was reinstated in 1853
New middle class residential areas , such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al , were built in the 1920s and 1930s .	New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built	what was built in the 1920 's and 1930 's
The area surrounding Utrecht Centraal railway station and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s , in a brutalist style .	were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style	What was railway area developed into
This led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne -LRB- nl -RRB- , music centre Vredenburg -LRB- Hertzberger , 1979 -RRB- , and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway -LRB- Catherijnebaan -RRB- .	the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne	What mall was constructed
In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped .	In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped	What happened in the early 21 st century
About 38 % percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare -LRB- 17 % of all households -RRB- .	About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare	What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face
About 69 % of the population is of Dutch ancestry .	About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry	percentage of population that 's dutch
Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland , Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments , and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate .	Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate	What boroughs are known for high crime
Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area , which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult , and somewhat arbitrary .	which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary.	What does the dense population make difficult
The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein , IJsselstein and Maarssen .	smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen	Least populates areas of Utrecht
The larger region , including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants .	The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants	More populated areas include
Utrecht 's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower , the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin .	Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin	what dominates the cityscape
An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height -LRB- 112 m -RRB- .	An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)	What is being debated in Utrecht
Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium -LRB- 2007 -RRB- .	the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)	What is the name of the stadium
Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city .	the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city	What is a landmark in the city
The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure , and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact .	The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact	What does the inner city look like
Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th - and early 20th-century neighbourhoods , with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out .	Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out	What surrounds the mid-evil inner city
The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open .	The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open	What part of the city remains open
Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht .	Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht	What is the main railway station
Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service , providing 7 days a week an all night service to -LRB- among others -RRB- Schiphol Airport , Amsterdam and Rotterdam .	Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service	Does the rail station provide 24 hour service
International InterCityExpress -LRB- ICE -RRB- services to Germany -LRB- and further -RRB- through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal .	International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal	Are there rail services to Germany
Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal ; and service several smaller stations : Utrecht Lunetten , Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn , Utrecht Overvecht , Utrecht Leidsche Rijn , Utrecht Terwijde , Utrecht Zuilen and Vleuten .	local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations	where to regular local trains provide service
The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station , at the East and West entrances .	The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances	Where is the bus station located
Due to large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station , the station 's bus stops are changing frequently .	large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently	renovations are causing what changes
Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz -- its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district .	Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district	what is qbuzz
The local bus fleet is one of Europe 's cleanest , using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport .	The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport	What is one of Europes cleanest
There are also barrow bikes , for carrying shopping or small children .	There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children	What is a barrow bikes use
As thousands of bicycles are parked haphazardly in town , creating an eyesore but also impeding pedestrians , the City Council decided in 2014 to build the world 's largest bicycle parking station , near the Central Railway Station .	in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station	utrecht built the worlds largest what ?
Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht : the A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam , Arnhem , The Hague and Maastricht , as well as Belgium and Germany .	A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany	What countries do the A12 and A2 connect
Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan , traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht , causing elevated levels of air pollutants .	increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants	What does traffic elevate
The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city .	The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city	What does Utrecht 's economy depend on
It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen .	It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen	what is centered in Utrecht
Rabobank , a large bank , has its headquarters in Utrecht .	Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.	What bank is head quartered in Utrecht
A large indoor shopping centre Hoog Catharijne -LRB- nl -RRB- is located between Utrecht Centraal railway station and the city centre .	Hoog Catharijne	What is the name of the large shopping center
The corridors are treated as public places like streets , and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night .	The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night	how are the shopping center corridors treated
Parts of the city 's network of canals , which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area , will be recreated .	Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated	What is being recreated
The Jaarbeurs , one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands , is located at the west side of the central railway station .	The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station	what is located on the west side of the rail station
The most prominent of these is Utrecht University -LRB- est. 1636 -RRB- , the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students -LRB- as of 2012 -RRB- .	The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students	What is the largest University in the city
According to Shanghai Jiaotong University 's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world .	According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world	what is shanghai jiaotong rated
Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies , which houses about 400 students .	Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.	What smaller university is in Utrecht
Utrecht city has an active cultural life , and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam .	Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam	Cultural life in Utrecht is second to
Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival -LRB- Festival Oude Muziek , for music before 1800 -RRB- and the Netherlands Film Festival .	Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival	What music festival does Utrecht host
The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg -LRB- 1979 by Herman Hertzberger -RRB- .	The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg	What is the name of the music hall
Young musicians are educated in the conservatory , a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts .	Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts	Where are music students educated
Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts .	Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts	Where are young artist trained
Although street art is illegal in Utrecht , the Utrechtse Kabouter , a picture of a gnome with a red hat , became a common sight in 2004 .	Although street art is illegal in Utrecht	Is street art legal
Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture , the 1924 Rietveld Schröder House , which is listed on UNESCO 's world heritage sites .	1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites	What is considered landmark Architecture
To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays .	To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays	What does the city host on Sundays
During a thematic Sunday several organisations create a program , which is open to everyone without , or with a very much reduced , admission fee .	thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee	What happens on Cultural Sunday
The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants -LRB- Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten -RRB- , as does the university for its staff and students .	an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten	What does the city subsidise
The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives .	The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.	What type of coupon does the city provide the poor
Utrecht is home to the premier league -LRB- professional -RRB- football club FC Utrecht , which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard .	Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht	What football team is Utrecht home to
Utrecht 's waterways are used by several rowing clubs .	Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs	What Utrecht waterways host to
It is also the home of Kampong , the largest -LRB- amateur -RRB- sportsclub in the Netherlands -LRB- 4,500 members -RRB- , SV Kampong .	Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members)	What is kampong
Kampong features fieldhockey , soccer , cricket , tennis , squash and jeu de boules .	Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules.	What sports does Kampong support
John von Neumann -LRB- / vɒn ˈnɔɪmən / ; Hungarian : Neumann János Lajos , pronounced -LSB- ˈnɒjmɒn ˈjaːnoʃ ˈlɒjoʃ -RSB- ; December 28 , 1903 -- February 8 , 1957 -RRB- was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician , physicist , inventor , computer scientist , and polymath .	Hungarian	What is John von Neumann 's nationality ?
John von Neumann -LRB- / vɒn ˈnɔɪmən / ; Hungarian : Neumann János Lajos , pronounced -LSB- ˈnɒjmɒn ˈjaːnoʃ ˈlɒjoʃ -RSB- ; December 28 , 1903 -- February 8 , 1957 -RRB- was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician , physicist , inventor , computer scientist , and polymath .	December 28, 1903	When was John von Neumann born ?
John von Neumann -LRB- / vɒn ˈnɔɪmən / ; Hungarian : Neumann János Lajos , pronounced -LSB- ˈnɒjmɒn ˈjaːnoʃ ˈlɒjoʃ -RSB- ; December 28 , 1903 -- February 8 , 1957 -RRB- was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician , physicist , inventor , computer scientist , and polymath .	February 8, 1957	When did John von Neumann die ?
He made major contributions to a number of fields , including mathematics -LRB- foundations of mathematics , functional analysis , ergodic theory , geometry , topology , and numerical analysis -RRB- , physics -LRB- quantum mechanics , hydrodynamics , fluid dynamics and quantum statistical mechanics -RRB- , economics -LRB- game theory -RRB- , computing -LRB- Von Neumann architecture , linear programming , self-replicating machines , stochastic computing -RRB- , and statistics .	game theory	What was John von Neumann 's major contribution to economics ?
He made major contributions to a number of fields , including mathematics -LRB- foundations of mathematics , functional analysis , ergodic theory , geometry , topology , and numerical analysis -RRB- , physics -LRB- quantum mechanics , hydrodynamics , fluid dynamics and quantum statistical mechanics -RRB- , economics -LRB- game theory -RRB- , computing -LRB- Von Neumann architecture , linear programming , self-replicating machines , stochastic computing -RRB- , and statistics .	Von Neumann architecture	What computing structure is named after John von Neumann ?
John von Neumann -LRB- / vɒn ˈnɔɪmən / ; Hungarian : Neumann János Lajos , pronounced -LSB- ˈnɒjmɒn ˈjaːnoʃ ˈlɒjoʃ -RSB- ; December 28 , 1903 -- February 8 , 1957 -RRB- was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician , physicist , inventor , computer scientist , and polymath .	December 28, 1903	What was the birth date of John Von Neumann ?
John von Neumann -LRB- / vɒn ˈnɔɪmən / ; Hungarian : Neumann János Lajos , pronounced -LSB- ˈnɒjmɒn ˈjaːnoʃ ˈlɒjoʃ -RSB- ; December 28 , 1903 -- February 8 , 1957 -RRB- was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician , physicist , inventor , computer scientist , and polymath .	February 8, 1957	When did John Von Neuman die ?
John von Neumann -LRB- / vɒn ˈnɔɪmən / ; Hungarian : Neumann János Lajos , pronounced -LSB- ˈnɒjmɒn ˈjaːnoʃ ˈlɒjoʃ -RSB- ; December 28 , 1903 -- February 8 , 1957 -RRB- was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician , physicist , inventor , computer scientist , and polymath .	pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath	What were the occupations that Von Neuman held ?
He made major contributions to a number of fields , including mathematics -LRB- foundations of mathematics , functional analysis , ergodic theory , geometry , topology , and numerical analysis -RRB- , physics -LRB- quantum mechanics , hydrodynamics , fluid dynamics and quantum statistical mechanics -RRB- , economics -LRB- game theory -RRB- , computing -LRB- Von Neumann architecture , linear programming , self-replicating machines , stochastic computing -RRB- , and statistics .	Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing	What were Von Neuman 's contributions to the field of computing ?
He published 150 papers in his life ; 60 in pure mathematics , 20 in physics , and 60 in applied mathematics .	150	How many papers did Von Neumann publish ?
His last work , an unfinished manuscript written while in the hospital , was later published in book form as The Computer and the Brain .	The Computer and the Brain	What is the name of Von Neumann 's last work ?
He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics , in the development of functional analysis , a principal member of the Manhattan Project and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton -LRB- as one of the few originally appointed -RRB- , and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata , the universal constructor and the digital computer .	Manhattan Project	What high profile controversial project was Von Neumann a prinipal of ?
He published 150 papers in his life ; 60 in pure mathematics , 20 in physics , and 60 in applied mathematics .	60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics	Of his published works , what topics were they covering ?
Von Neumann 's mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA .	mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication	Von Neumann 's study of what preceded the discovery of DNA ?
In a short list of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences , he stated `` The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics , which developed in Göttingen in 1926 , and subsequently in Berlin in 1927 -- 1929 .	quantum mechanics	What part of his work did Von Neumann consider to be his most important ?
In a short list of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences , he stated `` The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics , which developed in Göttingen in 1926 , and subsequently in Berlin in 1927 -- 1929 .	Göttingen	Where was quantum mechanics developed ?
Also , my work on various forms of operator theory , Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935 -- 1939 ; on the ergodic theorem , Princeton , 1931 -- 1932 . ''	operator theory	What work did Von Nemann do in Berlin in 1930 and Princeton 1935 - 39 ?
Also , my work on various forms of operator theory , Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935 -- 1939 ; on the ergodic theorem , Princeton , 1931 -- 1932 . ''	ergodic theorem	What was the topic of Von Neumann 's work at Princeton in 1931 - 32 ?
During World War II he worked on the Manhattan Project with J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller , developing the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon .	J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller	With whom did Von Neumann work on the Manhattan Project ?
After the war , he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission , and later as one of its commissioners .	General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission	Post World War II , in what role did Von Neumann work ?
He was a consultant to a number of organizations , including the United States Air Force , the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project , and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory .	United States Air Force, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	For what organizations was Von Neumann a consultant after World War II ?
Along with theoretical physicist Edward Teller , mathematician Stanislaw Ulam , and others , he worked out key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb .	key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb	What keys steps did Von Neumann work out that contributed to weapons of war ?
Von Neumann was born Neumann János Lajos -LRB- in Hungarian the family name comes first -RRB- , Hebrew name Yonah , in Budapest , Kingdom of Hungary , which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , to wealthy Jewish parents of the Haskalah .	Budapest	Where was Von Neumann born ?
He had two younger brothers : Michael , born in 1907 , and Nicholas , who was born in 1911 .	two younger brothers	Did Von Neumann have any siblings ?
His father , Neumann Miksa -LRB- Max Neumann -RRB- was a banker , who held a doctorate in law .	banker	What occupation did Von Neumann father hold ?
He had moved to Budapest from Pécs at the end of the 1880s .	end of the 1880s	When did Von Neuman 's father move from Pecs to Budapest ?
John 's mother was Kann Margit -LRB- Margaret Kann -RRB- ; her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels .	Kann Margit	What was Von Neumann 's mother 's name ?
In 1913 , his father was elevated to the nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Emperor Franz Joseph .	1913	In what year was Von Neumann 's father elevated to nobility ?
In 1913 , his father was elevated to the nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Emperor Franz Joseph .	Emperor Franz Joseph	What Emperor elevated Von Neumann 's father to nobility ?
The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation Margittai , meaning of Marghita .	Marghita	What town did Von Neumann 's family become associated when elevated to nobility ?
Neumann János became Margittai Neumann János -LRB- John Neumann of Marghita -RRB- , which he later changed to the German Johann von Neumann .	Margittai Neumann János	What was Von Neumann 's given name as member of Austro-Hungarian nobility ?
Formal schooling did not start in Hungary until the age of ten .	ten	At what age did schooling begin in Hungary ?
Instead , governesses taught von Neumann , his brothers and his cousins .	governesses	Who taught children before they began school in Hungary ?
Max believed that knowledge of languages other than Hungarian was essential , so the children were tutored in English , French , German and Italian .	English, French, German and Italian	What languages were Von Neumann and his siblings taught ?
By the age of 8 , von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus , but he was particularly interested in history , reading his way through Wilhelm Oncken 's Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen .	8	At what age was Von Neumann familiar with calculus ?
Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimnázium in 1911 .	Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimnázium	What did Von Neumann enter in 1911 ?
Under the Hungarian system , children received all their education at the one gymnasium .	gymnasium	In what room did children get education in Hungary ?
Collectively , they were sometimes known as Martians .	Martians	What collective name was given to the generation of scholars produced by the Hungarian school system ?
When asked why the Hungary of his generation had produced so many geniuses , Wigner , who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 , replied that von Neumann was the only genius .	1963	In what year did Wigner win Nobel Prize ?
At the age of 15 , he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst Gábor Szegő .	15	At what age did Von Neumann begin to study advance calculus ?
At the age of 15 , he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst Gábor Szegő .	Gábor Szegő	Who did Von Neumann begin his studies of advanced calculus under ?
By the age of 19 , von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers , the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers , which superseded Georg Cantor 's definition .	two major mathematical papers	By 19 how many papers had Von Neumann published ?
By the age of 19 , von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers , the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers , which superseded Georg Cantor 's definition .	Georg Cantor	Von Neumann 's modern definition of ordinal numbers superseded whose definition ?
At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium , von Neumann sat for and won the Eötvös Prize , a national prize for mathematics .	Eötvös Prize, a national prize for mathematics	What prize did Von Neuman win at the conclusion of his gymansium formal education ?
So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer .	chemical engineer	What career path was decided upon for Von Neuman ?
This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of , so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin , after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich , which he passed in September 1923 .	University of Berlin	At what university was it arranged for Von Neumann to enter a chemistry program ?
At the same time , von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest , as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics .	Pázmány Péter University in Budapest	Where did Von Neumann study as a PHD candidate ?
For his thesis , he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor 's set theory .	axiomatization of Cantor's set theory	What was the topic of Von Neuman 's thesis ?
Von Neumann 's habilitation was completed on December 13 , 1927 , and he started his lectures as a privatdozent at the University of Berlin in 1928 .	University of Berlin	Where did Von Neumann begin to lecture in 1928 ?
By the end of 1927 , von Neumann had published twelve major papers in mathematics , and by the end of 1929 , thirty-two papers , at a rate of nearly one major paper per month .	twelve major papers in mathematics	By the end of 1927 how many papers had Von Neuman written ?
By the end of 1927 , von Neumann had published twelve major papers in mathematics , and by the end of 1929 , thirty-two papers , at a rate of nearly one major paper per month .	thirty-two papers	How many papers had Von Neumann written by 1929 ?
In 1929 , he briefly became a privatdozent at the University of Hamburg , where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better , but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University in Princeton , New Jersey .	Princeton University	What better offer came for Von Neumann in 1930 ?
On New Year 's Day in 1930 , von Neumann married Mariette Kövesi , who had studied economics at the Budapest University .	New Year's Day in 1930	When did Von Neumann get married ?
On New Year 's Day in 1930 , von Neumann married Mariette Kövesi , who had studied economics at the Budapest University .	Mariette Kövesi	What was Von Neumann 's wife 's name ?
Before his marriage he was baptized a Catholic .	he was baptized a Catholic.	Before marriage what faith did Von Neumann join ?
They had one child , a daughter , Marina , who is now a distinguished professor of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan .	Marina	What was Von Neumann 's child 's name ?
In October 1938 , von Neumann married Klara Dan , whom he had met during his last trips back to Budapest prior to the outbreak of World War II .	October 1938	When did Von Neumann get married for a second time ?
In 1933 , von Neumann was offered a lifetime professorship on the faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study when the institute 's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through .	1933	In what year was Von Neumann offered a lifetime professorship ?
His mother , brothers and in-laws followed John to the United States in 1939 .	1939	In what year did Von Neumann 's mother and siblings join him in U.S ?
Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937 , and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army 's Officers Reserve Corps .	1937	In what year did Von Neumann become a naturalized citizen of US ?
He passed the exams easily , but was ultimately rejected because of his age .	age	Why was Neuman rejected from joining US Army ?
He enjoyed Yiddish and `` off-color '' humor -LRB- especially limericks -RRB- .	limericks	What type of `` off color '' humor did Von Neumann especially enjoy ?
At Princeton he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his gramophone , which distracted those in neighbouring offices , including Albert Einstein , from their work .	regularly playing extremely loud German march music	What complaints did Von Neumann 's neighbor 's have ?
At Princeton he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his gramophone , which distracted those in neighbouring offices , including Albert Einstein , from their work .	Albert Einstein,	What famous neighbor did Von Neumann have that may have been distracted by the music Von Neumann played ?
Von Neumann 's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam .	Stanislaw Ulam	What mathematician was Von Nemann 's closest friend ?
A later friend of Ulam 's , Gian-Carlo Rota writes : `` They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling , swapping Jewish jokes , and drifting in and out of mathematical talk . ''	gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk	What topics of conversation would Ulam and Von Neumann typically share ?
When von Neumann was dying in hospital , every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend .	a new collection of jokes	What would Ulam use to cheer up Von Neumann in the hospital ?
At the beginning of the 20th century , efforts to base mathematics on naive set theory suffered a setback due to Russell 's paradox -LRB- on the set of all sets that do not belong to themselves -RRB- .	Russell's paradox	What caused a setback in naive set theory at the beginning of 20th century ?
The problem of an adequate axiomatization of set theory was resolved implicitly about twenty years later by Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel .	Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel	Who resolved the problem of adequate axiomatization of set theory ?
In his doctoral thesis of 1925 , von Neumann demonstrated two techniques to exclude such sets -- the axiom of foundation and the notion of class .	the axiom of foundation and the notion of class.	What 2 techniques did Von Neumann use to exclude sets in his doctoral thesis in 1925 ?
To demonstrate that the addition of this new axiom to the others did not produce contradictions , von Neumann introduced a method of demonstration , called the method of inner models , which later became an essential instrument in set theory .	method of inner models	What is the method to demonstrate that no contradictions were created by the addition of axiom of foundation ?
The axiom of foundation established that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel , in such a manner that if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession , hence excluding the possibility of a set belonging to itself .	from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps	Zermelo and Fraenkel 's axiom of foundation established that every set be constructed how ?
The axiom of foundation established that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel , in such a manner that if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession , hence excluding the possibility of a set belonging to itself .	if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession	What excluded a set from belonging to itself in set theory ?
The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class , and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes , while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes .	a class which does not belong to other classes	What is a proper class ?
Under the Zermelo -- Fraenkel approach , the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves .	Zermelo–Fraenkel	Under what approach does an axiom impede a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves ?
In contrast , under the von Neumann approach , the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed , but it is a proper class and not a set .	class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set.	Under Von Neumann 's approach can a class of all sets that do not belong to themselves be constructed ?
A strongly negative answer arrived in September 1930 at the historic mathematical Congress of Königsberg , in which Kurt Gödel announced his first theorem of incompleteness : the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete , in the sense that they can not prove every truth which is expressible in their language .	Kurt Gödel	In 1930 who gave a strongly negative answer to Von Neuman 's approach to the axiomatic system of theory of sets ?
A strongly negative answer arrived in September 1930 at the historic mathematical Congress of Königsberg , in which Kurt Gödel announced his first theorem of incompleteness : the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete , in the sense that they can not prove every truth which is expressible in their language .	they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language	What was the central theme of Godel 's announcement that the axiomatic system was not complete ?
A strongly negative answer arrived in September 1930 at the historic mathematical Congress of Königsberg , in which Kurt Gödel announced his first theorem of incompleteness : the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete , in the sense that they can not prove every truth which is expressible in their language .	Congress of Königsberg	Where was Godel 's statement about axiomatic system made in 1930 ?
But von Neumann , who had participated at the Congress , confirmed his fame as an instantaneous thinker , and in less than a month was able to communicate to Gödel himself an interesting consequence of his theorem : namely that the usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency .	less than a month	How long did it take von Neumann to figure a response to theory of incompleteness ?
But von Neumann , who had participated at the Congress , confirmed his fame as an instantaneous thinker , and in less than a month was able to communicate to Gödel himself an interesting consequence of his theorem : namely that the usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency .	usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency	What was the consequence of the theory of incompleteness ?
However , Gödel had already discovered this consequence , now known as his second incompleteness theorem and sent von Neumann a preprint of his article containing both incompleteness theorems .	second incompleteness theorem	Upon revising the theory of incompleteness , what was the name of the new Godel theory ?
Von Neumann founded the field of continuous geometry .	continuous geometry.	What field did Von Neuman establish ?
In mathematics , continuous geometry is an analogue of complex projective geometry , where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0 , 1 , ... , n , it can be an element of the unit interval -LSB- 0,1 -RSB- .	instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., n, it can be an element of the unit interval	What is the distinction of continuous geometry ?
Von Neumann was motivated by his discovery of von Neumann algebras with a dimension function taking a continuous range of dimensions , and the first example of a continuous geometry other than projective space was the projections of the hyperfinite type II factor .	projections of the hyperfinite type II factor	What was the first example of continuous geometry ?
In a series of famous papers , von Neumann made spectacular contributions to measure theory .	In a series of famous papers	In what way did von Neumann make spectacular contributions to measure theory ?
Von Neumann 's work argued that the `` problem is essentially group-theoretic in character , and that , in particular , for the solvability of the problem of measure the ordinary algebraic concept of solvability of a group is relevant .	algebraic concept of solvability of a group is relevant	What concept was relevant to the solvability of the problem of measure ?
Thus , according to von Neumann , it is the change of group that makes a difference , not the change of space . ''	change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space	According to von Neumann what is the most important part of the problem of measure ?
In a number of von Neumann 's papers , the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results .	methods of argument he employed	What is often considered more important than the results of von Neumann 's papers ?
In 1938 , he was awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis .	Bôcher Memorial Prize	In 1938 what was von Neumann awarded ?
In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory , he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert 's fifth problem in the case of compact groups .	Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups	What did von Neumann use the Haar theorem to solve in a 1936 paper ?
A von Neumann algebra is a * - algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator .	algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator	What is von Neumann algebra ?
The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries .	the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries.	What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show ?
The direct integral was introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann .	1949	When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann ?
Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators , through the von Neumann algebras .	study of rings of operators	What was introduced in von Neumann algebras ?
Von Neumann worked on lattice theory between 1937 and 1939 .	lattice theory	What did von Neumann work on in 1937 - 39 ?
It is conserved by perspective mappings -LRB- `` perspectivities '' -RRB- and ordered by inclusion .	conserved by perspective mappings ("perspectivities") and ordered by inclusion	What properties determine dimension in lattice theory ?
Garrett Birkhoff writes : `` John von Neumann 's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor '' .	Garrett Birkhoff	Who wrote that `` John von Neumann 's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor ? ''
This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms .	novel axioms	What type of axioms were used by von Neumann in his lattice work ?
This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms .	140 pages	How long was von Neumann 's lattice theory paper ?
Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann 's mind , need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself -- realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast , seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe . ''	living room writing-table	In what room did von Neumann often write at home ?
Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics , known as the Dirac -- von Neumann axioms , with his 1932 work Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics .	Von Neumann	Who established the framework for quantum mechanics ?
Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics , known as the Dirac -- von Neumann axioms , with his 1932 work Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics .	Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics	What paper did von Neumann produce in 1932 ?
After having completed the axiomatization of set theory , he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics .	axiomatization of set theory	What von Neumann work preceded the axiomatiztion of quatum mechanics ?
The physics of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them .	mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them	What are the physics of quantum mechanics ?
For example , the uncertainty principle , according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa , is translated into the non-commutativity of the two corresponding operators .	determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa	What is the uncertainty principle ?
This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schrödinger .	formulations of both Heisenberg and Schrödinger	The physics of quantum mechanics included special cases for what work ?
Von Neumann 's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism , and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined `` hidden variables , '' as in classical statistical mechanics .	determinism versus non-determinism	Von Neumann 's abstract treatment allowed him to work on what foundational issue ?
In 1966 , John S. Bell published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid .	proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid	What was John Bell 's argument ?
However , in 2010 , Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann 's proof , and pointed out that the proof , though not valid for all hidden variable theories , does rule out a well-defined and important subset .	Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof	What did Jeffrey Bub argue in 2010 ?
Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation , and that von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories .	von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories	Did von Neumann rule hidden variable theories ?
He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function .	physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function	What results came from von Neumann 's deep analysis of the measurement problem ?
Since something `` outside the calculation '' was needed to collapse the wave function , von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter -LRB- although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner , the Von Neumann -- Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists -RRB- .	consciousness of the experimenter	What `` outside of calculation '' variable could initiate collapse in von Neumann 's conclusion ?
Since something `` outside the calculation '' was needed to collapse the wave function , von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter -LRB- although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner , the Von Neumann -- Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists -RRB- .	Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists	Were von Neumann 's conclusions of collapse of entire universe cause accepted widely ?
In a famous paper of 1936 with Garrett Birkhoff , the first work ever to introduce quantum logics , von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics .	Garrett Birkhoff	With whom did von Neuman work on a paper in 1936 that introduce quantum logic ?
The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann 's 1932 work , but in 1936 , the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs .	propositional calculus	What concept was created for quatum logic ?
It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic , and , are not valid for quantum theory .	laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory	What is the difference of logic in quantum theory ?
Von Neumann proved his minimax theorem in 1928 .	1928	What year was game theory established ?
Von Neumann founded the field of game theory as a mathematical discipline .	mathematical discipline.	What discipline is game theory derived from ?
This theorem establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect information -LRB- i.e. in which players know at each time all moves that have taken place so far -RRB- , there exists a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses , hence the name minimax .	a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses	what are the possible strategies in minimax theory ?
When examining every possible strategy , a player must consider all the possible responses of his adversary .	all the possible responses of his adversary.	What must a player consider when determining every possible strategy ?
The reason for this is that a quantum disjunction , unlike the case for classical disjunction , can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false and this is , in turn , attributable to the fact that it is frequently the case , in quantum mechanics , that a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate , while each of its members are necessarily indeterminate .	can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false	What is the difference of quantum disjunction from classic ?
The reason for this is that a quantum disjunction , unlike the case for classical disjunction , can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false and this is , in turn , attributable to the fact that it is frequently the case , in quantum mechanics , that a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate , while each of its members are necessarily indeterminate .	each of its members are necessarily indeterminate	What is frequently the case in quantum mechanics when a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate ?
This latter property can be illustrated by a simple example .	illustrated by a simple example	How can quantum disjuction be illustrated ?
Such strategies , which minimize the maximum loss for each player , are called optimal .	minimize the maximum loss for each player	What is optimal strategy ?
Von Neumann improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players , publishing this result in his 1944 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior -LRB- written with Oskar Morgenstern -RRB- .	Theory of Games and Economic Behavior	What von Neumann work was published in 1944 ?
Von Neumann improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players , publishing this result in his 1944 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior -LRB- written with Oskar Morgenstern -RRB- .	Oskar Morgenstern	Who was co-author with von Neman on the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior ?
Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several stunning publications .	several stunning publications	How did von Neumann raise the level of economics ?
For his model of an expanding economy , von Neumann proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem .	uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem	What did von Neumann prove with his model of expanding economy ?
Von Neumann 's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil A − λB with nonnegative matrices A and B ; von Neumann sought probability vectors p and q and a positive number λ that would solve the complementarity equation	matrix pencil  A − λB with nonnegative matrices A and B	What did von Neumann consider for his model of expanding economy ?
In this model , the -LRB- transposed -RRB- probability vector p represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the `` intensity '' at which the production process would run .	p represents the prices of the goods	In von Neumann 's model what does p represent ?
In this model , the -LRB- transposed -RRB- probability vector p represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the `` intensity '' at which the production process would run .	q represents the "intensity" at which the production process would run	In von Neumann 's model what does q represent ?
The unique solution λ represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy ; the rate of growth equals the interest rate .	rate of growth equals the interest rate	What is the rate of qrowth equal to ?
Proving the existence of a positive growth rate and proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements , even for von Neumann .	proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann	Was the economic model successful ?
Von Neumann 's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming , where von Neumann 's model uses only nonnegative matrices .	viewed as a special case of linear programming	What were von Neumann 's model an example of ?
In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann 's growth model , Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists , but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself .	unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.	What was the significance of von Neumann 's model of expanding economy ?
This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors , who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems , linear inequalities , complementary slackness , and saddlepoint duality .	fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality	What ideas were utilized in von Neumann 's ecocomic model ?
His interest in economics that led to that paper began as follows : When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 he spent his summers back home in Budapest , and so did the economist Nicholas Kaldor , and they hit it off .	When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929	When did von Neumann 's interest in economics begin ?
His interest in economics that led to that paper began as follows : When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 he spent his summers back home in Budapest , and so did the economist Nicholas Kaldor , and they hit it off .	Nicholas Kaldor	What economist did von Neumann get to know that spurred the interest in economics ?
Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist Léon Walras .	Léon Walras	In who 's book did von Neuman find errors in the author 's equations ?
Later , von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming , using the homogeneous linear system of Gordan -LRB- 1873 -RRB- , which was later popularized by Karmarkar 's algorithm .	homogeneous linear system of Gordan	What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested ?
Von Neumann 's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices , with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint -LRB- projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex -RRB- .	pivoting algorithm between simplices	What did von Neuman 's method use ?
Von Neumann 's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming .	algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.	What was von Neumann 's method known to be the first of ?
In 1941 , he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables .	1941	When did von NEumann establish mean square ratio ?
This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin -- Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression .	Durbin–Watson statistic	How has mean square ratio been applied ?
This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin -- Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression .	alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression	what does null hypothesis test against ?
Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in exploration of problems in numerical hydrodynamics .	numerical hydrodynamics	The algorithm defining artificial viscosity is a fundamental contribution to what area ?
The mathematics of artificial viscosity smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics .	smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics	What did the math of artificial viscosity do ?
A problem was that when computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems , they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity -LRB- shock waves -RRB- .	they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves)	What was the problem of computers solving fluid dynamics ?
Von Neumann 's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki .	concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core	What principal contribution did von Neumann make to atomic bomb ?
While von Neumann did not originate the `` implosion '' concept , he was one of its most persistent proponents , encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues , who felt such a design to be unworkable .	he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development	Did von Nemann think that the atomic bomb design was not workable ?
He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of `` assembly '' .	more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly"	What additional ideas did von Neumann contribute to Atomic bomb ?
When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb , the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann 's idea was implemented .	implosive lens project was greatly expanded	what change was made when shortage of uranium 235 was apparent ?
His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5 % from spherical symmetry .	not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry	What was the tolerance limit for implosion `` edge effect '' ?
After a series of failed attempts with models , this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky , and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945 .	George Kistiakowsky	Who constructed Trinity bomb ?
After a series of failed attempts with models , this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky , and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945 .	1945	In what year was Trinity bomb completed ?
Along with four other scientists and various military personnel , von Neumann was included in the target selection committee responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb .	four other scientists and various military personnel	What other people worked with von Neumann on target selection ?
Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts , estimated death tolls , and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect .	oversaw computations	What role did von Neuman play in the selection of targets ?
The cultural capital Kyoto , which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities , was von Neumann 's first choice , a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves .	Kyoto	What was von Neumann 's first choice for target city ?
However , this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson .	Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.	Who dismissed von Neuamann 's primary target city ?
On July 16 , 1945 , with numerous other Manhattan Project personnel , von Neumann was an eyewitness to the first atomic bomb blast , code named Trinity , conducted as a test of the implosion method device , at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield , 35 miles -LRB- 56 km -RRB- southeast of Socorro , New Mexico .	July 16, 1945	On what day was the first atomic blast ?
On July 16 , 1945 , with numerous other Manhattan Project personnel , von Neumann was an eyewitness to the first atomic bomb blast , code named Trinity , conducted as a test of the implosion method device , at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield , 35 miles -LRB- 56 km -RRB- southeast of Socorro , New Mexico .	Alamogordo Army Airfield,	Where did the first atomic blast test take place ?
The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons .	between 20 and 22 kilotons	What was the power of the first atomic blast ?
He then collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb , and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on `` Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy '' , which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion .	Klaus Fuchs	With whom did von Neumann collaborate for further development of the hydrogen bomb ?
He then collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb , and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on `` Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy '' , which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion .	using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion	What improvement did von Neumann see in the nuclear weaponry ?
The Fuchs -- von Neumann work was passed on , by Fuchs , to the Soviet Union as part of his nuclear espionage , but it was not used in the Soviets ' own , independent development of the Teller -- Ulam design .	Soviet Union	What country was afforded access to design of improved nuclear weapon through espionage ?
In 1950 , von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group -LRB- WSEG -RRB- , whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies .	Weapons Systems Evaluation Group	In 1950 von Neumann became a consultant for what organization ?
He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project -LRB- AFSWP -RRB- , which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons.Over the following two years , he also became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency -LRB- CIA -RRB- , a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission , a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force .	Armed Forces Special Weapons Project	What military organization did von NEumann also consult with for military aspect of nuclear weapons ?
He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project -LRB- AFSWP -RRB- , which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons.Over the following two years , he also became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency -LRB- CIA -RRB- , a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission , a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force .	General Advisory Committee	What committee did von Neumann serve on within the Atomic Energy Commission ?
In 1955 , von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC .	1955	In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC ?
He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery .	Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery	What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for ?
He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible , and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile would n't be a problem with an H-bomb .	relative inaccuracy of the missile	What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb ?
Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb , he testified on the latter 's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing , at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal , and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead .	Oppenheimer	Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help ?
Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon .	decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon	What was the purpose of top secret ICBM committee ?
Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable , they could be overcome in time .	while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time	What argument did von Neumann make about ICBMs ?
The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959 , two years after his death .	1959	In what year did SM-65 Atlas pass its first fully functional test ?
Von Neumann is credited with the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction , providing the deliberately humorous acronym , MAD .	mutual assured destruction	What was MAD ?
His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR , and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany , and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA .	quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR	What was the goal of MAD ?
The Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable , and they shared von Neumann 's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons , and they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world , without necessarily using them .	Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons	What were Russians opinions of future weaponry ?
He was afraid of a `` missile gap '' and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets :	keeping up with the Soviets	What was the concern of a missile gap ?
Von Neumann entered government service -LRB- Manhattan Project -RRB- primarily because he felt that , if freedom and civilization were to survive , it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism , Fascism and Soviet Communism .	felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism	Why did von Neumann join government work ?
During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as `` violently anti-communist , and much more militaristic than the norm '' .	violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm	How did von Neumaan describe his political ideology ?
Von Neumann entered government service -LRB- Manhattan Project -RRB- primarily because he felt that , if freedom and civilization were to survive , it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism , Fascism and Soviet Communism .	Manhattan Project	What was the project that von Neumann first participated in government ?
Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing .	Von Neumann	Who was the inventor of the merge-sort algorithm ?
He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s .	Alan Turing	With whom did von Neumann work on the philosophy of artificial intelligence ?
Donald Knuth cites von Neumann as the inventor , in 1945 , of the merge sort algorithm , in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged .	the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged	What does a merge sort algorithm do ?
Von Neumann 's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing , where he and Stanislaw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann 's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations .	von Neumann's digital computers	Where were the computations for hydrogen bomb worked out ?
During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method , which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers .	allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers	What was the Monte Carlo method ?
Because using lists of `` truly '' random numbers was extremely slow , von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers , using the middle-square method .	pseudorandom numbers	Due to slow use of random numbers what was developed ?
While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project , von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC .	von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report	What nullified patent claims of EDVAC designers ?
This architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design , unlike the earliest computers that were `` programmed '' using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard .	architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design,	What was the significance of EDVAC ?
Although the single-memory , stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann 's paper , the architecture 's description was based on the work of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly , inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania .	University of Pennsylvania	Where was ENIAC located ?
The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed , but this in no way degraded the ENIAC 's performance , since it was still entirely I/O bound .	new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed	What was the speed difference with new ENIAC ?
Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC .	programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks	What were advantages for programming new ENIAC ?
He arranged its financing , and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby .	RCA Research Laboratory	After the design of IAS , who built the computer ?
Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953 .	1953	When was stochastic computing introduced ?
However , the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s .	advances in computing of the 1960s.	How long before stochastic computing could be implemented ?
Beginning in 1949 , von Neumann 's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world 's first computer virus , and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology .	1949	When did von NEumann develop first self reproducing computer program ?
Beginning in 1949 , von Neumann 's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world 's first computer virus , and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology .	computer virus	What is another name for the first self reproducing computer program ?
Von Neumann 's team performed the world 's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer ; von Neumann published the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation in 1950 .	ENIAC	On what computer was the first numerical weather forecast produced ?
Von Neumann 's team performed the world 's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer ; von Neumann published the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation in 1950 .	1950	In what year did von Neumann publish the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation
Noting that the Earth was only 6 °F -LRB- 3.3 °C -RRB- colder during the last glacial period , he noted that the burning of coal and oil `` a general warming of the Earth by about one degree Fahrenheit . ''	6 °F (3.3 °C) colder	How much colder was world in last glacial age ?
Von Neumann 's ability to instantaneously perform complex operations in his head stunned other mathematicians .	stunned other mathematicians	How quickly was von Neumann able to complete math in his head ?
Paul Halmos states that `` von Neumann 's speed was awe-inspiring . ''	Paul Halmos states that "von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring."	Were other mathematicians amazed by von Neumann ?
Most people avoid thinking if they can , some of us are addicted to thinking , but von Neumann actually enjoyed thinking , maybe even to the exclusion of everything else . ''	Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else.	Did von Neumann enjoy thinking ?
Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the `` fastest mind I ever met '' , and Jacob Bronowski wrote `` He was the cleverest man I ever knew , without exception .	"fastest mind I ever met",	How did Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim describe von Neumann ?
George Pólya , whose lectures at ETH Zürich von Neumann attended as a student , said `` Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of .	Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of.	What did Lecturer Polya think about von Nuemann ?
Herman Goldstine wrote : `` One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall .	One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall.	What did Herman Goldstone write about von NEumann ?
Whereupon , without any pause , he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes . ''	he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes.	Could von Neumann recall written text much later ?
Ulam noted that von Neumann 's way of thinking might not be visual , but more of an aural one .	von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one.	What did Ulam think of von Nuemann 's cognitive ability ?
`` I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann 's does not indicate a species superior to that of man '' , said Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe of Cornell University .	I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man	What did Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe think of von NEumann 's ability ?
James Glimm wrote : `` he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics '' .	he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics	What did James Glimm have to say about von Nuemann ?
The mathematician Jean Dieudonné called von Neumann `` the last of the great mathematicians '' , while Peter Lax described him as possessing the `` most scintillating intellect of this century '' .	most scintillating intellect of this century	What description did Peter Lax use for von Neumann ?
In 1955 , von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer .	1955	In what year was von Neumann diagnosed with cancer ?
His mother , Margaret von Neumann , was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks .	died within two weeks	From when his mother was diagnosed with cancer , how long did she live ?
John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death .	eighteen months	How long did von Neumann survive with cancer ?
Father Strittmatter administered the last sacraments to him .	Father Strittmatter	Who administered the last sacrament to von Neumann ?
Father Strittmatter recalled that von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it , as he still remained terrified of death .	did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death	Did the last sacrament ease von Neumann ?
`` Of this deathbed conversion , Morgenstern told Heims , `` He was of course completely agnostic all his life , and then he suddenly turned Catholic -- it does n't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude , outlook and thinking when he was healthy . ''	he suddenly turned Catholic—it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy	Was there conflict of faith and beliefs at the end of von NEumann 's life ?
Some of von Neumann 's friends -LRB- such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern -RRB- said they had always believed him to be `` completely agnostic . ''	always believed him to be "completely agnostic."	What did Oskar Morgenstern feel about von Neumann 's beliefs ?
In addition to stipulations of non-aggression , the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania , Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , and Finland into German and Soviet `` spheres of influence '' , anticipating potential `` territorial and political rearrangements '' of these countries .	Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland	The agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what countries up ?
Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland .	Soviet	Who invaded Poland after the Nazi 's ?
This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and parts of Romania -LRB- Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina , and the Hertza region -RRB- .	Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania	Which countries were taken over by the Soviets ?
Stalin 's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact , as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis .	Stalin	Who broke the agreement with the invasion of Bukovina ?
Part of southeastern -LRB- Karelia -RRB- and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War .	Finland	Salla is located in what country ?
Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940 , the region around Białystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemyśl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II .	Polish state	The regions of Białystok , Galicia and Przemyśl were returned to what country after world war II ?
Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939 -- 40 , the ones detached from Finland -LRB- Karelia , Petsamo -RRB- , Estonia -LRB- Ingrian area and Petseri County -RRB- and Latvia -LRB- Abrene -RRB- remained part of the Russian Federation , the successor state of the Soviet Union , after 1991 .	(Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation	What regions remained part of the Soviet Union ?
Northern Bukovina , Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine .	Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza	After World War II , what regions remain part of Ukraine ?
During the war , the Bolsheviks struggled for survival , and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland .	Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.	Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries ?
Moreover , facing a German military advance , Lenin and Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , which ceded massive western Russian territories to the German Empire .	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the first world war ?
After Germany 's collapse , a multinational Allied-led army intervened in the Russian Civil War -LRB- 1917 -- 22 -RRB- .	1917–22	When did the russian civil war take place ?
Moreover , the anti-Semitic Nazis associated ethnic Jews with both communism and financial capitalism , both of which they opposed .	ethnic Jews	Who was to blame for communism and capitalism ?
-LSB- b -RSB- Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell to 223 million Reichsmarks in 1934 as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and the abandonment of post -- World War I Treaty of Versailles military controls decreased Germany 's reliance on Soviet imports .	Treaty of Versailles	What reduced Germany 's need for Soviet goods ?
At the beginning of the 1930s , the Nazi Party 's rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union along with other countries with ethnic Slavs , who were considered `` Untermenschen '' -LRB- inferior -RRB- according to Nazi racial ideology .	Nazi Party	Which political group created problems between the Soviet and German governments ?
Hitler 's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons why the UK and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938 Munich Conference regarding Czechoslovakia would be both dangerous and useless .	UK and France	What countries prevented the Soviets from joining the Munich Conference ?
The Munich Agreement that followed marked a partial German annexation of Czechoslovakia in late 1938 followed by its complete dissolution in March 1939 , which as part of the appeasement of Germany conducted by Chamberlain 's and Daladier 's cabinets .	Chamberlain	Who was the English politician who appeased Germany with the take over of Czechoslovakia
The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and that France and Britain might stay neutral in a war initiated by Germany , hoping that the warring states would wear each other out and put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany .	put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany	The soviets suspected that Nazi-Soviet conflicts would result in what ?
Moreover , an expected British blockade in the event of war would create massive shortages for Germany in a number of key raw materials .	British blockade	During conflict , what would prevent transport of materials ?
After the Munich agreement , the resulting increase in German military supply needs and Soviet demands for military machinery , talks between the two countries occurred from late 1938 to March 1939 .	military machinery	Between german and the soviet union which country needed military machinery ?
-LSB- clarification needed -RSB- German war planners had estimated serious shortfalls of raw materials if Germany entered a war without Soviet supply .	Germany	Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war ?
The Soviet Union , which feared Western powers and the possibility of `` capitalist encirclements '' , had little faith either that war could be avoided , or faith in the Polish army , and wanted nothing less than an ironclad military alliance with France and Britain that would provide a guaranteed support for a two-pronged attack on Germany ; thus , Stalin 's adherence to the collective security line was purely conditional .	capitalist encirclements	Why did the Soviet government fear the governments of France and Britain ?
Britain and France believed that war could still be avoided , and that the Soviet Union , weakened by the Great Purge , could not be a main military participant , a point that many military sources were at variance with , especially Soviet victories over the Japanese Kwantung army on the Manchurian frontier .	Great Purge	Why did western power believe that the soviet government would n't partake in another world war ?
Britain and France believed that war could still be avoided , and that the Soviet Union , weakened by the Great Purge , could not be a main military participant , a point that many military sources were at variance with , especially Soviet victories over the Japanese Kwantung army on the Manchurian frontier .	Soviet Union	What country was at war with Japan in China prior to World War II ?
France was more anxious to find an agreement with the USSR than was Britain ; as a continental power , it was more willing to make concessions , more fearful of the dangers of an agreement between the USSR and Germany .	France	Who was afraid of a pact between Germany and the Soviet governments ?
Britain opposed such proposals , because they feared the Soviets ' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states , or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany .	Britain	Who predicted soviet aggression in the Baltic region ?
In mid-June , the main Tripartite negotiations started .	mid-June	What month did the Tripartite discussions begin between Britain , USSR and France ?
The discussion about a definition of `` indirect aggression '' became one of the sticking points between the parties , and by mid-July , the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled , while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement , which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement .	the Soviets	Which country is blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail ?
In May , Stalin replaced his Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov , who was regarded as pro-western and who was also Jewish , with Vyacheslav Molotov , allowing the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties , not only with Britain and France .	Maxim Litvinov	Which Soviet Foreign Minister lost his job because of his favorable attitude towards the west ?
From April -- July , Soviet and German officials made statements regarding the potential for the beginning of political negotiations , while no actual negotiations took place during that time period .	Soviet and German	Which two countries positioned themselves to broker a deal returning to a pre-1930 's treaty with each other ?
The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries , because close military and diplomatic connections , as was the case before the mid-1930s , had afterward been largely severed .	Germany and the Soviet Union	Which two countries positioned themselves to broker an new trade agreement ?
At the same time , British , French , and Soviet negotiators scheduled three-party talks on military matters to occur in Moscow in August 1939 , aiming to define what the agreement would specify should be the reaction of the three powers to a German attack .	Moscow	In what city did the tripartite military talks occur during the month of August ?
Polish officials refused to allow Soviet troops into Polish territory if Germany attacked ; as Polish foreign minister Józef Beck pointed out , they feared that once the Red Army entered their territories , it might never leave .	once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave.	Why did Poland deny the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a German Attack ?
The tripartite military talks , started in mid-August , hit a sticking point regarding the passage of Soviet troops through Poland if Germans attacked , and the parties waited as British and French officials overseas pressured Polish officials to agree to such terms .	Poland	Who did not want their country protected by the Soviet military ?
That same day , Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would place half of Poland -LRB- border along the Vistula river -RRB- , Latvia , Estonia , Finland , and Bessarabia in the Soviets ' sphere of influence .	Vistula river	What was the German-Soviet dividing line in regards to annexing Poland ?
That same day , Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would place half of Poland -LRB- border along the Vistula river -RRB- , Latvia , Estonia , Finland , and Bessarabia in the Soviets ' sphere of influence .	Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia	What other countries did the Soviet government agree to annex through the agreement with Germany ?
On 22 August , one day after the talks broke down with France and Britain , Moscow revealed that Ribbentrop would visit Stalin the next day .	Ribbentrop	Which Foreign Minister would agree to meet with Stalin on to sign a secret agreement ?
On 24 August a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included : consultation , arbitration if either party disagreed , neutrality if either went to war against a third power , no membership of a group `` which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other '' .	10-year	How long was the secret agreement between Germany and the Soviets ?
On 24 August a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included : consultation , arbitration if either party disagreed , neutrality if either went to war against a third power , no membership of a group `` which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other '' .	either went to war against a third power	Part of the secret agreement between the Germans and the Soviets included a neutral diplomatic approach when ?
According to the secret protocol , Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius -- its historical capital , which was under Polish control during the inter-war period .	Lithuania	What country held the city Vilnius prior to the inter-war period ?
According to the secret protocol , Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius -- its historical capital , which was under Polish control during the inter-war period .	Lithuania	What country would reclaim the city of Vilnius ?
Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its `` political rearrangement '' -- the areas east of the Pisa , Narev , Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west .	Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers	What rivers would the soviet union claim as their own during the invasion of poland ?
Lithuania , adjacent to East Prussia , would be in the German sphere of influence , although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR .	German	Who would claim Lithuania under their political umbrella ?
Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union 's actions towards Bessarabia , then part of Romania ; as the result , Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR , and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow .	Soviet Union	Bessarabia eventually became under the control of which country ?
So , that day , German diplomat Hans von Herwarth , whose grandmother was Jewish , informed Guido Relli , an Italian diplomat , and American chargé d'affaires Charles Bohlen on the secret protocol regarding vital interests in the countries ' allotted `` spheres of influence '' , without revealing the annexation rights for `` territorial and political rearrangement '' .	Hans von Herwarth	Which diplomat leaked information about the secret agreements ?
The Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact was received with shock by Nazi Germany 's allies , notably Japan , by the Comintern and foreign communist parties , and by Jewish communities all around the world .	Japan	Which ally of Germany was most surprised by the signing of the agreement ?
The news was met with utter shock and surprise by government leaders and media worldwide , most of whom were aware only of the British -- French -- Soviet negotiations that had taken place for months .	place for months	How long had the tripartite discussions been taking place ?
Upon signing the pact , Molotov tried to reassure the Germans of his good intentions by commenting to journalists that `` fascism is a matter of taste '' .	Molotov	Who downplayed the contrast and recent past history between German and the Soviets ?
Soviet propaganda and representatives went to great lengths to minimize the importance of the fact that they had opposed and fought against the Nazis in various ways for a decade prior to signing the Pact .	a decade	How long did the anti-Nazi propaganda machine run before the pact-signing ?
For its part , Nazi Germany also did a public volte-face regarding its virulent opposition to the Soviet Union , though Hitler still viewed an attack on the Soviet Union as `` inevitable '' .	Hitler	A war with the USSR was considered certain according to whom ?
On August 25 , Voroshilov told them '' -LSB- i -RSB- n view of the changed political situation , no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation . ''	no useful purpose	What was the response of Kliment Voroshilov in regards to further conversations with Britain and France ?
That day , Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two front war , changing the strategic situation from that in World War I , and that Britain should accept his demands regarding Poland .	Britain	Who should accept the annexation of Poland ?
That day , Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two front war , changing the strategic situation from that in World War I , and that Britain should accept his demands regarding Poland .	facing a two front war	By accepting the deal with the USSR , Hitler admitted that it prevented what ?
The Soviet Union assisted German air forces by allowing them to use signals broadcast by the Soviet radio station at Minsk allegedly `` for urgent aeronautical experiments '' .	signals broadcast by the Soviet radio	How did the Russians communicate to the Germans in regards to bombing civilians trying to flee cities ?
On 1 September , Germany invaded Poland from the west .	1 September	What day did German invade Poland ?
These executions took place in over 30 towns and villages in the first month of German occupation .	month	How long did the Germans massacre Polish and Jewish civilians ?
The Soviets organized staged elections , the result of which was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland .	legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland	Why did Soviets create fake elections in Poland ?
A joint German -- Soviet parade was held in Lvov and Brest-Litovsk , while the countries commanders met in the latter location .	Brest-Litovsk	Where did the Nazi and Russian leaders meet to discuss what to do with Poland ?
A joint German -- Soviet parade was held in Lvov and Brest-Litovsk , while the countries commanders met in the latter location .	Lvov and Brest-Litovsk	Where were cooperative military parades held ?
Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish Kresy , the secret protocol of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , -RRB- allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania 's territory -LRB- with the exception of left bank of river Scheschupe , the `` Lithuanian Strip '' -RRB- from the envisioned German sphere to the Soviets .	Germany	After amending the joint agreement , who received the larger portion of Lithuania ?
Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish Kresy , the secret protocol of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , -RRB- allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania 's territory -LRB- with the exception of left bank of river Scheschupe , the `` Lithuanian Strip '' -RRB- from the envisioned German sphere to the Soviets .	German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation	What was the amended joint agreement called ?
Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish Kresy , the secret protocol of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , -RRB- allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania 's territory -LRB- with the exception of left bank of river Scheschupe , the `` Lithuanian Strip '' -RRB- from the envisioned German sphere to the Soviets .	Eleven days	How long after the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made ?
Simultaneously , Stalin set up a puppet government in the Finnish Democratic Republic .	Finnish Democratic Republic	The Soviets took over and setup a fake government in what country ?
After Finnish defenses surprisingly held out for over three months while inflicting stiff losses on Soviet forces , the Soviets settled for an interim peace .	over three months	How long did the Finnish military last during the invasion by the soviets ?
Soviet official casualty counts in the war exceeded 200,000 , although Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later claimed the casualties may have been one million .	Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev	Although officially , the number of soviets wounded during the invasion of finland was around 200,000 , who said the real numbers may have been closer to a million ?
Finland ceded southeastern areas of Karelia -LRB- 10 % of Finnish territory -RRB- , which resulted in approximately 422,000 Karelians -LRB- 12 % of Finland 's population -RRB- losing their homes .	422,000	How many Finnish people lost their homes ?
In mid-June 1940 , when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France , Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania , Estonia and Latvia .	Soviet NKVD	Who invaded the countries of Lithuania , Estonia and Latvia ?
The USSR annexed the whole of Lithuania , including the Scheschupe area , which was to be given to Germany .	Scheschupe area	What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the Nazis ?
In mid-June 1940 , when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France , Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania , Estonia and Latvia .	Latvia	Of the three countries invaded , which lost the least amount of people through deportation or loss of life ?
Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions , with resulting peoples assemblies immediately requesting admission into the USSR , which was granted by the Soviet Union .	Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates	How did these countries become part of the USSR ?
Finally , on 26 June , four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich , the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia and , unexpectedly , Northern Bukovina from Romania .	June	What month did France sue for peace ?
Two days later , the Romanians caved to the Soviet demands and the Soviets occupied the territory .	Two days	How many days did it take for the Romanians give into the Soviets requests ?
As the result of this operation in 10 regional actions about 60,000 Polish nobles , teachers , social workers , priests , judges and political activists were killed .	Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists	Who were the `` intelligentia ? ''
The Intelligenzaktion , a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia , Poland 's ` leadership class ' , took place soon after the German invasion of Poland , lasting from fall of 1939 till spring of 1940 .	fall of 1939 till spring of 1940	How long did liquidation occur ?
It was continued in May 1940 when Germany launched AB-Aktion , More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in Operation Tannenberg alone .	16,000 members	How many intelligentia were killed during operation AB-Akiton ?
They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos , such as 380,000 held in the Warsaw Ghetto , where large numbers died under the harsh conditions therein , including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone .	380,000	How many Jews were forced to live within the Warsaw Ghetto ?
They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos , such as 380,000 held in the Warsaw Ghetto , where large numbers died under the harsh conditions therein , including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone .	43,000	How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto ?
Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries , Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda , thus , better suited for such duties .	Poles and other Slavs	Which group of people were considered inferior ?
Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour , against their will .	Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens	How many Polish people were used in labor camps ?
In Auschwitz , which began operating on 14 June 1940 , 1.1 million people died .	1.1 million people	How many people are believed to have died in Auschwitz ?
Secret protocols in the new agreement modified the `` Secret Additional Protocols '' of the German -- Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty , ceding the Lithuanian Strip to the Soviet Union in exchange for 7.5 million dollars -LRB- 31.5 million Reichsmark -RRB- .	7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark)	How much did the transfer of the Lithuanian Strip cost the Soviet Union ?
It also covered the migration to Germany within two and a half months of ethnic Germans and German citizens in Soviet-held Baltic territories , and the migration to the Soviet Union of Baltic and `` White Russian '' `` nationals '' in German-held territories .	two and a half months	How long did germans have to relocate from the baltic states after the amendment of secret protocols ?
It also covered the migration to Germany within two and a half months of ethnic Germans and German citizens in Soviet-held Baltic territories , and the migration to the Soviet Union of Baltic and `` White Russian '' `` nationals '' in German-held territories .	two and a half months	How long did the Russians have to relocate from the german occupied regions ?
It also extended trade regulation of the 1940 German -- Soviet Commercial Agreement until August 1 , 1942 , increased deliveries above the levels of year one of that agreement , settled trading rights in the Baltics and Bessarabia , calculated the compensation for German property interests in the Baltic States now occupied by the Soviets and other issues .	until August 1, 1942	How long did the amendment extend the trade agreements ?
Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as `` Fascist propaganda '' .	Herbert Biberman	Who was part of Hollywood Ten ?
Earl Browder , head of the Communist Party USA , stated that `` there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being elected president of the Chamber of Commerce . ''	Earl Browder	Who was the leader of the American communist party ?
Western Communists acted accordingly ; while before they supported protecting collective security , now they denounced Britain and France going to war .	Western Communists	Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany ?
The new line -- which stated that the war was unjust and imperialist -- was approved by the secretariat of the Communist International on 9 September .	the war was unjust and imperialist	The western communists new rhetoric was that the war was ?
The new line -- which stated that the war was unjust and imperialist -- was approved by the secretariat of the Communist International on 9 September .	the war was unjust and imperialist	The western communists claimed the war was what ?
Although the French Communists had unanimously voted in Parliament for war credits on 2 September and on 19 September declared their `` unshakeable will '' to defend the country , on 27 September the Comintern formally instructed the party to condemn the war as imperialist .	war credits	French communists voted for what ?
By 1 October the French Communists advocated listening to German peace proposals , and Communist leader Maurice Thorez deserted from the French Army on 4 October and fled to Russia .	fled to Russia	Where did Maurice Thorez go after deserting the Army ?
In Die Welt , a communist newspaper published in Stockholm -LSB- e -RSB- the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies -LRB- Britain representing `` the most reactionary force in the world '' -RRB- and argued : `` The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union , whereas the English -- French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union .	English–French war bloc	Who wanted war with the Soviet Union ?
In Die Welt , a communist newspaper published in Stockholm -LSB- e -RSB- the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies -LRB- Britain representing `` the most reactionary force in the world '' -RRB- and argued : `` The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union , whereas the English -- French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union .	German government	Who publicly wanted peace with Soviet Union
In Die Welt , a communist newspaper published in Stockholm -LSB- e -RSB- the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies -LRB- Britain representing `` the most reactionary force in the world '' -RRB- and argued : `` The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union , whereas the English -- French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union .	the most reactionary force in the world	The British army was considered to be what by Walter Ulbricbht ?
When a joint German -- Soviet peace initiative was rejected by Britain and France on 28 September 1939 , Soviet foreign policy became critical of the Allies and more pro-German in turn .	Britain and France	Who refused a German-Soviet peace plan ?
According to Molotov Germany had a legitimate interest in regaining its position as a great power and the Allies had started an aggressive war in order to maintain the Versailles system .	to maintain the Versailles system.	Why was the west creating a war ?
During the fifth session of the Supreme Soviet on 31 October 1939 Molotov analysed the international situation thus giving the direction for Communist propaganda .	Molotov	Who provides rhetoric points for the Soviet propaganda ?
Molotov declared in his report entitled `` On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union '' -LRB- 31 October 1939 -RRB- held on the fifth -LRB- extraordinary -RRB- session of the Supreme Soviet , that the Western `` ruling circles '' disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism , declaring `` their aim in war with Germany is nothing more , nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism .	On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union	What was the title of Molotov 's report called ?
Molotov declared in his report entitled `` On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union '' -LRB- 31 October 1939 -RRB- held on the fifth -LRB- extraordinary -RRB- session of the Supreme Soviet , that the Western `` ruling circles '' disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism , declaring `` their aim in war with Germany is nothing more , nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism .	extermination of Hitlerism	According to Molotov , what was the goal of the west ?
Molotov declared in his report entitled `` On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union '' -LRB- 31 October 1939 -RRB- held on the fifth -LRB- extraordinary -RRB- session of the Supreme Soviet , that the Western `` ruling circles '' disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism , declaring `` their aim in war with Germany is nothing more , nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism .	defending democracy	Under what guise does the west perform their international policing ?
Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11 , 1940 , that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939 .	was over four times larger	How much more expansive was the newest trade agreement ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories .	occupied Polish territories	What was the trade route between german and the soviet union ?
In the first year , Germany received one million tons of cereals , half a million tons of wheat , 900,000 tons of oil , 100,000 tons of cotton , 500,000 tons of phosphates and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials , along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria .	Manchuria	Where were the soybeans coming from ?
The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser , the plans to the battleship Bismarck , heavy naval guns , other naval gear and thirty of Germany 's latest warplanes , including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber .	the battleship Bismarck	What famous ship was the soviet union getting the plans for ?
The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser , the plans to the battleship Bismarck , heavy naval guns , other naval gear and thirty of Germany 's latest warplanes , including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber .	thirty	How many new airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement ?
The Soviets also helped Germany to avoid British naval blockades by providing a submarine base , Basis Nord , in the northern Soviet Union near Murmansk .	a submarine base	What did the Germans use to avoid British blockades ?
The Soviets also helped Germany to avoid British naval blockades by providing a submarine base , Basis Nord , in the northern Soviet Union near Murmansk .	northern Soviet Union near Murmansk	Where was the sub base located ?
In addition , the Soviets provided Germany with access to the Northern Sea Route for both cargo ships and raiders -LRB- though only the commerce raider Komet used the route before the German invasion -RRB- , which forced Britain to protect sea lanes in both the Atlantic and the Pacific .	both the Atlantic and the Pacific	Which oceans did the sub base provide access to ?
On June 16 , as the Soviets invaded Lithuania , but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia , Ribbentrop instructed his staff `` to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc . ''	Ribbentrop	Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form ?
Stalin 's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin , as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand , and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc .	Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant	Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda ?
Stalin 's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin , as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand , and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc .	Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin	What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments ?
In August 1940 , the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under their commercial agreement after their relations were strained following disagreement over policy in Romania , the Soviet war with Finland , Germany falling behind in its deliveries of goods under the pact and with Stalin worried that Hitler 's war with the West might end quickly after France signed an armistice .	Soviet Union	Who stopped the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania ?
By the end of August , relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders , settled some Bulgarian claims and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain 's improvement in its air battle with Germany and the execution of an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases .	Hungarian and Romanian borders	What regions were redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets ?
However , in late August , Germany arranged its own occupation of Romania , targeting oil fields .	Germany	Who started refining Romanian oil ?
After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy , Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin , inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a ` continental bloc ' of Germany , Italy , Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA .	Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy	What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement ?
After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy , Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin , inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a ` continental bloc ' of Germany , Italy , Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA .	Ribbentrop	Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this agreement of axis powers ?
After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy , Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin , inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a ` continental bloc ' of Germany , Italy , Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA .	Britain and the USA	Who would the axis powers oppose in the new agreement ?
Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940 , and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties ' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power .	Hitler	Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union ?
While Stalin had little faith in Japan 's commitment to neutrality , he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism , to reinforce a public affection for Germany .	Japan	Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April ?
While Stalin had little faith in Japan 's commitment to neutrality , he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism , to reinforce a public affection for Germany .	reinforce a public affection for Germany	Why did Stalin sign the pact ?
Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa .	Soviet positions in eastern Poland	Where did the German attack on Soviet forces occur ?
Within six months , the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties , and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners .	4.3 million casualties	How many Soviet military members died within the first six months of the war between the two countries ?
Within six months , the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties , and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners .	three million Soviet prisoners	How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries ?
After the launch of the invasion , the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks .	matter of weeks	How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the initial attack occurred ?
The German original of the secret protocols was presumably destroyed in the bombing of Germany , but in late 1943 , Ribbentrop had ordered that the most secret records of the German Foreign Office from 1933 on , amounting to some 9,800 pages , be microfilmed .	9,800 pages	How many pages of secret documents were microfilmed ?
Both documents were discovered as part of the microfilmed records in August 1945 by the State Department employee Wendell B. Blancke , head of a special unit called `` Exploitation German Archives '' -LRB- EGA -RRB- .	Exploitation German Archives	What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the end of the war ?
When the various departments of the Foreign Office in Berlin were evacuated to Thuringia at the end of the war , Karl von Loesch , a civil servant who had worked for the chief interpreter Paul Otto Schmidt , was entrusted with these microfilm copies .	Thuringia	Near the end of the war , where the did some of the german command flee to ?
He eventually received orders to destroy the secret documents but decided to bury the metal container with the microfilms as a personal insurance for his future well-being .	personal insurance for his future well-being	Why did Karl von Loesch bury the microfilm ?
Colonel Thomson and his American counterpart Ralph Collins agreed to transfer von Loesch to Marburg in the American zone if he would produce the microfilms .	the American zone	Where was Karl von Löesch transferred to after he turned over the documents ?
The treaty was published in the United States for the first time by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on May 22 , 1946 , in Britain by the Manchester Guardian .	the Manchester Guardian	Who printed the secret German-Soviet treaty in Britain ?
In November 1947 , President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December .	President Truman	Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed ?
In November 1947 , President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December .	London	Where was the Foreign Ministers conference held ?
It was also part of an official State Department publication , Nazi -- Soviet Relations 1939 -- 1941 , edited by Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie in January 1948 .	Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie	Who put the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication together ?
State Department officials counted it as a success : `` The Soviet Government was caught flat-footed in what was the first effective blow from our side in a clear-cut propaganda war . ''	flat-footed	What was the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany ?
In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German -- Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi -- Soviet Relations -LRB- 1948 -RRB- , Stalin published Falsifiers of History , which included the claim that , during the Pact 's operation , Stalin rejected Hitler 's claim to share in a division of the world , without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis .	1948	What year was Joseph Stalin 's version of the pact published ?
In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German -- Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi -- Soviet Relations -LRB- 1948 -RRB- , Stalin published Falsifiers of History , which included the claim that , during the Pact 's operation , Stalin rejected Hitler 's claim to share in a division of the world , without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis .	Falsifiers of History	What was the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication
That version persisted , without exception , in historical studies , official accounts , memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union 's dissolution .	until the Soviet Union's dissolution	How long did Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last ?
At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev , Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol .	Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev	Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened ?
Both successor-states of the pact parties have declared the secret protocols to be invalid from the moment they were signed .	Both successor-states of the pact parties	Which states have argued that the Soviet-German Pact was invalid from the inception ?
In December 1989 , the commission concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed its findings to the Congress of People 's Deputies of the Soviet Union .	Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union	Which government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed ?
Stalin immediately directed Molotov to `` purge the ministry of Jews . ''	Molotov	Who was ordered to remove the Jews from the Ministry ?
Stalin immediately directed Molotov to `` purge the ministry of Jews . ''	Stalin	Who gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry ?
Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany .	Derek Watson	Who believed that the firing of Litvinov allowed the Soviets to quicker negotiations with Germany ?
Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov 's dismissal helped the Soviets with British -- French talks , because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions .	Geoffrey Roberts	Who believed that the hiring of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- According to Carr , an important advantage was that `` if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler , the Western Powers would already be involved . ''	the Western Powers would already be involved	Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union , who else would have been participating ?
Historian Werner Maser stated that `` the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler , as Stalin supposed ... is a legend , to whose creators Stalin himself belonged .	Historian Werner Maser	Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- According to Carr , the `` bastion '' created by means of the Pact , `` was and could only be , a line of defense against potential German attack . ''	a line of defense against	The pact according to Edward Carr 's view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union ?
Some critics of Stalin 's policy , such as the popular writer Viktor Suvorov , claim that Stalin 's primary motive for signing the Soviet -- German non-aggression treaty was his calculation that such a pact could result in a conflict between the capitalist countries of Western Europe .	Viktor Suvorov	Who was skeptical of Stalin 's policies ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The authors of The Black Book of Communism consider the pact a crime against peace and a `` conspiracy to conduct war of aggression . ''	a "conspiracy to conduct war of aggression."	What is the claim the pact promoted , purported by the The Black Book of Communism ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- Claims by Suvorov that Stalin planned to invade Germany in 1941 are debated by historians with , for example , David Glantz opposing such claims , while Mikhail Meltyukhov supports them .	David Glantz	Who does n't believe that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade Germany ?
A capacitor -LRB- originally known as a condenser -RRB- is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field .	a condenser	What was a capacitor originally known as ?
The forms of practical capacitors vary widely , but all contain at least two electrical conductors -LRB- plates -RRB- separated by a dielectric -LRB- i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized -RRB- .	two electrical conductors	How many electrical conductors , or plates , do all capacitors contain at a minimum ?
The forms of practical capacitors vary widely , but all contain at least two electrical conductors -LRB- plates -RRB- separated by a dielectric -LRB- i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized -RRB- .	a dielectric	What is the name of the insulator in all capacitors that can store energy by becoming polarized ?
Instead , a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates .	the form of an electrostatic field	In what form does a capacitor store energy ?
Instead , a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates .	between its plates	Where is the energy stored by a capacitor located ?
When there is a potential difference across the conductors -LRB- e.g. , when a capacitor is attached across a battery -RRB- , an electric field develops across the dielectric , causing positive charge + Q to collect on one plate and negative charge − Q to collect on the other plate .	When there is a potential difference across the conductors	When does an electric field develop across the dielectric ?
However , if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor , a displacement current can flow .	if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads	Under what condition can a displacement current flow in a capacitor ?
When there is a potential difference across the conductors -LRB- e.g. , when a capacitor is attached across a battery -RRB- , an electric field develops across the dielectric , causing positive charge + Q to collect on one plate and negative charge − Q to collect on the other plate .	when a capacitor is attached across a battery	What is an example of when there exists a potential difference across the conductors ?
If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time , no current can flow through the capacitor .	no current can flow through the capacitor	What happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an adequate amount of time ?
When there is a potential difference across the conductors -LRB- e.g. , when a capacitor is attached across a battery -RRB- , an electric field develops across the dielectric , causing positive charge + Q to collect on one plate and negative charge − Q to collect on the other plate .	positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other	How do charges accumulate on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric ?
In October 1745 , Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania , Germany , found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar .	Ewald Georg von Kleist	Who first discovered the basic properties of capacitors ?
In October 1745 , Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania , Germany , found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar .	In October 1745	When were the basic properties of capacitors first discovered ?
In October 1745 , Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania , Germany , found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar .	a hand-held glass jar	In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered , what component acted as the dielectric ?
Von Kleist 's hand and the water acted as conductors , and the jar as a dielectric -LRB- although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time -RRB- .	the water acted as conductors	Besides the scientist 's hand , what other component of the experiment in which the basic properties of capacitors were discovered acted as the second conductor ?
The following year , the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a similar capacitor , which was named the Leyden jar , after the University of Leiden where he worked .	Pieter van Musschenbroek	What was the name of the Dutch physicist who invented the Leyden Jar ?
Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a `` battery '' to increase the charge storage capacity .	Daniel Gralath	Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel ?
Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass , not in the water as others had assumed .	stored on the glass	Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars ?
Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass , not in the water as others had assumed .	Benjamin Franklin	Who coined the term `` battery '' ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The earliest unit of capacitance was the jar , equivalent to about 1.11 nanofarads .	1.11 nanofarads	How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to ?
Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil , leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils .	to prevent arcing between the foils	Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars ?
Since the beginning of the study of electricity non conductive materials like glass , porcelain , paper and mica have been used as insulators .	glass	Besides porcelain , paper and mica , what other non conductive material was used as an insulator ?
These materials some decades later were also well-suited for further use as the dielectric for the first capacitors .	as the dielectric	For what use were non conductive materials used in the first capacitors ?
Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal , and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19century ; their manufacture started in 1876 , and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications -LRB- telephony -RRB- .	strip of impregnated paper	What was layered between strips of metal in order to create paper capacitors ?
Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal , and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19century ; their manufacture started in 1876 , and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications -LRB- telephony -RRB- .	in 1876	When were paper capacitors first manufactured ?
Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal , and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19century ; their manufacture started in 1876 , and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications -LRB- telephony -RRB- .	as decoupling capacitors	What other use did paper capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry ?
Charles Pollak -LRB- born Karol Pollak -RRB- , the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors , found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte , even when the power was switched off .	Charles Pollak	Who invented the first electrolytic capacitor ?
Charles Pollak -LRB- born Karol Pollak -RRB- , the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors , found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte , even when the power was switched off .	a neutral or alkaline electrolyte	In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain stable ?
In 1896 he filed a patent for an `` Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes . ''	In 1896	In what year was the patent filed for an electric liquid capacitor ?
Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor .	Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors	What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1950 's ?
Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor .	to complement their newly invented transistor	Why did Bell labs create their new type of capacitor ?
Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor -LRB- now Supercapacitors -RRB- were invented .	Supercapacitors	What are electric double-layer capacitors called today ?
In 1957 H. Becker developed a `` Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes '' .	In 1957	When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented ?
In 1957 H. Becker developed a `` Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes '' .	H. Becker	Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes ?
He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors .	in the carbon pores	In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored ?
He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors .	the pores of the etched foils	In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes ?
A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region .	a non-conductive region	What type of area is between the two conductors in a capacitor ?
The non-conductive region is called the dielectric .	the dielectric	What is the name given to the area between two conductors in a capacitor ?
A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated , with no net electric charge and no influence from any external electric field .	no net electric charge	What net electric charge are capacitors assumed to have ?
The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces , and the dielectric develops an electric field .	equal and opposite charges	What type of charges do conductors hold on their facing surfaces ?
The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces , and the dielectric develops an electric field .	the dielectric	What region within a capacitor develops an electric field ?
The current I -LRB- t -RRB- through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a charge Q -LRB- t -RRB- passing through it , but actual charges -- electrons -- can not pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor .	the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it	What is the definition of the current I -LRB- t -RRB- through any component in an electric circuit ?
Rather , one electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate , resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other .	one electron accumulates on the negative plate	For each electron that departs the positive plate , how many electrons build up on the negative plate ?
Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage , as discussed above .	the integral of the current	To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor equal to ?
Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage , as discussed above .	proportional to the voltage	To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor proportional to ?
As with any antiderivative , a constant of integration is added to represent the initial voltage V -LRB- t0 -RRB- .	the initial voltage V(t0)	When calculating the integral to determine the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor , what does the constant of integration that must be added represent ?
The simplest model capacitor consists of two thin parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric with permittivity ε .	permittivity ε	In an ideal model of a capacitor , what is the value that describes the permittivity of the dielectric ?
The plates are considered to extend uniformly over an area A and a charge density ± ρ = ± Q/A exists on their surface .	±ρ = ±Q/A	What equation describes the charge density for an ideal model of a capacitor ?
Assuming that the length and width of the plates are much greater than their separation d , the electric field near the centre of the device will be uniform with the magnitude E = ρ / ε .	much greater than their separation d	In an ideal model of a capacitor , what must be assumed about the size of the plates ?
Assuming that the length and width of the plates are much greater than their separation d , the electric field near the centre of the device will be uniform with the magnitude E = ρ / ε .	E = ρ/ε	Close to the middle of the capacitor , what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field ?
The voltage is defined as the line integral of the electric field between the plates	The voltage	What does the line integral of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor represent ?
The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume , permittivity , and dielectric strength .	The maximum energy	What is a function of the amount of dielectric , the strength of dielectric and its permittivity ?
Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store , so long as the distance between plates remains much smaller than both the length and width of the plates .	no change of the maximum amount of energy	If the plate area and separation distance are altered while keeping the amount of dielectric the same , what effect is had on the maximum energy of the capacitor ?
In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric , for example between the sides of the capacitor plates , which will increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor .	fringing fields outside the dielectric	In a realistic model of a capacitor , where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors might an electric field be found ?
In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric , for example between the sides of the capacitor plates , which will increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor .	will increase the effective capacitance	When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric , what effect is had on the effective capacitance of the capacitor ?
It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large .	negligibly small	When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are large , what size is the parasitic capacitance ?
Some of these , such as leakage current and parasitic effects are linear , or can be assumed to be linear , and can be dealt with by adding virtual components to the equivalent circuit of the capacitor .	can be assumed to be linear	What characteristic can leakage current and parasitic effects be assumed to have in the equation for a realistic capacitor ?
Some of these , such as leakage current and parasitic effects are linear , or can be assumed to be linear , and can be dealt with by adding virtual components to the equivalent circuit of the capacitor .	virtual components	What sort of components can be added to the equivalent circuit of a capacitor in order to deal with leakage current and parasitic effects ?
The usual methods of network analysis can then be applied .	The usual methods of network analysis	Upon dealing with leakage current and parasitic effects in a realistic model of a capacitor , what sort of methods can then be applied ?
In other cases , such as with breakdown voltage , the effect is non-linear and normal -LRB- i.e. , linear -RRB- network analysis can not be used , the effect must be dealt with separately .	normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used	What sort of analysis can not be used in cases of voltage breakdown in modelling a capacitor ?
Such an example is temperature dependence .	temperature dependence	What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to fail even if the effect is linear in nature ?
For air dielectric capacitors the breakdown field strength is of the order 2 to 5 MV/m ; for mica the breakdown is 100 to 300 MV/m ; for oil , 15 to 25 MV/m ; it can be much less when other materials are used for the dielectric .	of the order 2 to 5 MV/m	What order is the breakdown field strength for air dielectric capacitors of ?
For air dielectric capacitors the breakdown field strength is of the order 2 to 5 MV/m ; for mica the breakdown is 100 to 300 MV/m ; for oil , 15 to 25 MV/m ; it can be much less when other materials are used for the dielectric .	100 to 300 MV/m	Of what order is the breakdown field strength for mica dielectric capacitors ?
The dielectric is used in very thin layers and so absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors is limited .	The dielectric is used in very thin layers	In what way is the dielectric used in order to cause the absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors to be limited ?
The breakdown voltage is critically affected by factors such as the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts ; sharp edges or points increase the electric field strength at that point and can lead to a local breakdown .	the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts	What is one factor that critically affects the breakdown voltage of the capacitor ?
As the voltage increases , the dielectric must be thicker , making high-voltage capacitors larger per capacitance than those rated for lower voltages .	the dielectric must be thicker	What is the difference in the physical attributes of the dielectric used in high voltage capacitors compared to low voltage capacitors ?
Ripple current is the AC component of an applied source -LRB- often a switched-mode power supply -RRB- whose frequency may be constant or varying .	Ripple current	What name is given to the AC component of an applied source having either constant or alternating frequency ?
Ripple current causes heat to be generated within the capacitor due to the dielectric losses caused by the changing field strength together with the current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte in the capacitor .	changing field strength	What is one cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor ?
Ripple current causes heat to be generated within the capacitor due to the dielectric losses caused by the changing field strength together with the current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte in the capacitor .	current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte	What is another cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor ?
The equivalent series resistance -LRB- ESR -RRB- is the amount of internal series resistance one would add to a perfect capacitor to model this .	equivalent series resistance (ESR)	What is the name given to the amount of internal series resistance needed to add to an ideal capacitor model in order to represent the heat generated by dielectric losses ?
Some types of capacitors , primarily tantalum and aluminum electrolytic capacitors , as well as some film capacitors have a specified rating value for maximum ripple current .	aluminum electrolytic capacitors	What is one type of capacitor that has a specified rating value for maximum ripple current ?
The capacitance of certain capacitors decreases as the component ages .	The capacitance	What value of some capacitors decreases with age ?
In ceramic capacitors , this is caused by degradation of the dielectric .	degradation of the dielectric	What causes the decrease of capacitance in ceramic capacitors as they age ?
The type of dielectric , ambient operating and storage temperatures are the most significant aging factors , while the operating voltage has a smaller effect .	The type of dielectric	What is one of the most important aging factors in capacitors ?
The type of dielectric , ambient operating and storage temperatures are the most significant aging factors , while the operating voltage has a smaller effect .	ambient operating and storage temperatures	What is another important factor which governs how a capacitor ages ?
The aging process may be reversed by heating the component above the Curie point .	the Curie point	At what point can the aging effect of a capacitor be reversed if the component is heated beyond ?
Capacitors , especially ceramic capacitors , and older designs such as paper capacitors , can absorb sound waves resulting in a microphonic effect .	microphonic effect	What is the effect called when capacitors absorb sound waves ?
Vibration moves the plates , causing the capacitance to vary , in turn inducing AC current .	the capacitance	What value of a capacitor is varied when vibration moves the conducting plates ?
Vibration moves the plates , causing the capacitance to vary , in turn inducing AC current .	AC current	What sort of current is induced when the capacitance of a capacitor is altered ?
The resulting interference is especially problematic in audio applications , potentially causing feedback or unintended recording .	audio applications	In what type of applications is piezeoelectricity especially problematic ?
In the reverse microphonic effect , the varying electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force , moving them as a speaker .	the reverse microphonic effect	What is it called when a changing electric field existing between the conductive plates of a capacitor physically moves them ?
In DC circuits and pulsed circuits , current and voltage reversal are affected by the damping of the system .	DC circuits	What is one type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping ?
In DC circuits and pulsed circuits , current and voltage reversal are affected by the damping of the system .	pulsed circuits	What is another type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping ?
Voltage reversal is encountered in RLC circuits that are under-damped .	under-damped	Under what condition does voltage reversal occur in RLC circuits ?
The current and voltage reverse direction , forming a harmonic oscillator between the inductance and capacitance .	a harmonic oscillator	What is formed between the inductance and the capacitance when the current and the voltage switch direction ?
In comparison , critically damped or over-damped systems usually do not experience a voltage reversal .	a voltage reversal	When a system is over-damped , what does it typically not experience ?
An AC circuit will experience 100 % voltage reversal , while under-damped DC circuits will experience less than 100 % .	100% voltage reversal	What percentage of voltage reversal does an AC circuit experience ?
Reversal creates excess electric fields in the dielectric , causes excess heating of both the dielectric and the conductors , and can dramatically shorten the life expectancy of the capacitor .	excess electric fields	What does voltage reversal create in the dielectric of a capacitor ?
An AC circuit will experience 100 % voltage reversal , while under-damped DC circuits will experience less than 100 % .	less than 100%	What percentage of voltage reversal will an under damped DC circuit experience ?
Reversal creates excess electric fields in the dielectric , causes excess heating of both the dielectric and the conductors , and can dramatically shorten the life expectancy of the capacitor .	heating of both the dielectric and the conductors	What does excess electric field present in the dielectric lead to ?
Reversal ratings will often affect the design considerations for the capacitor , from the choice of dielectric materials and voltage ratings to the types of internal connections used .	Reversal ratings	When designing a capacitor , what is an important rating to consider ?
On discharging a capacitor and disconnecting it , after a short time it may develop a voltage due to hysteresis in the dielectric .	hysteresis in the dielectric	After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor , what causes it to develop a voltage ?
The level of absorption depends on many factors , from design considerations to charging time , since the absorption is a time-dependent process .	time-dependent	What does the process of dielectric absorption in a capacitor depend on ?
Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or polysulfone film exhibit very high absorption , while polystyrene or Teflon allow very small levels of absorption .	very high absorption	What level of dielectric absorption would a tantalum electrolytic capacitor display ?
Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or polysulfone film exhibit very high absorption , while polystyrene or Teflon allow very small levels of absorption .	very small levels of absorption	What level of dielectric absorption would a Teflon capacitor exhibit ?
Any capacitor containing over 10 joules of energy is generally considered hazardous , while 50 joules or higher is potentially lethal .	over 10 joules of energy	What amount of energy must a capacitor contain in order to be generally considered dangerous ?
Leakage is equivalent to a resistor in parallel with the capacitor .	Leakage	With what value is a resistor in parallel with a capacitor equal to ?
Constant exposure to heat can cause dielectric breakdown and excessive leakage , a problem often seen in older vacuum tube circuits , particularly where oiled paper and foil capacitors were used .	Constant exposure to heat	What can cause excessive leakage in a capacitor ?
In many vacuum tube circuits , interstage coupling capacitors are used to conduct a varying signal from the plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage .	interstage coupling capacitors	What sort of capacitors are used to carry a varying signal from the conductive plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage ?
A leaky capacitor can cause the grid circuit voltage to be raised from its normal bias setting , causing excessive current or signal distortion in the downstream tube .	A leaky capacitor	What type of capacitor can cause signal distortion in the downstream tube ?
In power amplifiers this can cause the plates to glow red , or current limiting resistors to overheat , even fail .	cause the plates to glow red	If the grid circuit voltage is increased beyond its regular bias setting , what can happen to the conductive plates in power amplifiers ?
Most types of capacitor include a dielectric spacer , which increases their capacitance .	a dielectric spacer	What do many capacitors contain that raises the capacitance ?
However , low capacitance devices are available with a vacuum between their plates , which allows extremely high voltage operation and low losses .	a vacuum	What sort of dielectric is used in low capacitance devices ?
Variable capacitors with their plates open to the atmosphere were commonly used in radio tuning circuits .	Variable capacitors	What sort of capacitors have traditionally been used in radio tuning circuits ?
Later designs use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates , with no significant air space between them .	use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates	How did the capacitor traditionally used in radio tuning circuits change over time ?
Later designs use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates , with no significant air space between them .	no significant air space	What did the later designs of capacitors used in radio tuning circuits no longer have ?
Paper was used extensively in older devices and offers relatively high voltage performance .	relatively high voltage performance	What benefit is offered by solid state paper capacitors ?
However , it is susceptible to water absorption , and has been largely replaced by plastic film capacitors .	plastic film capacitors	What type of capacitor has mostly replaced solid state paper capacitors ?
Plastics offer better stability and ageing performance , which makes them useful in timer circuits , although they may be limited to low operating temperatures and frequencies .	timer circuits	What sort of circuit are plastic capacitors especially useful for ?
Glass and mica capacitors are extremely reliable , stable and tolerant to high temperatures and voltages , but are too expensive for most mainstream applications .	Glass	What is one type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes ?
Glass and mica capacitors are extremely reliable , stable and tolerant to high temperatures and voltages , but are too expensive for most mainstream applications .	mica capacitors	What is another type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes ?
Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer .	aluminum	What is one type of metal which the conducting plates in electrolytic capacitors are commonly made of ?
Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer .	an oxide dielectric layer	What type of dielectric layer is used in electrolytic capacitors ?
The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures , which increases equivalent series resistance .	drops at low temperatures	What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperatures ?
They can be restored before use -LRB- and damage -RRB- by gradually applying the operating voltage , often done on antique vacuum tube equipment over a period of 30 minutes by using a variable transformer to supply AC power .	by gradually applying the operating voltage	How can electrolytic capacitors be safely used after having been stored unused for a long time ?
Such remedies may not be applicable to modern high-frequency power supplies as these produce full output voltage even with reduced input .	these produce full output voltage even with reduced input	Why might the method gradually applying the operating voltage not be suitable to protect electrolytic capacitors in modern devices ?
Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy .	Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy	What is the main feature of a supercapacitor ?
Supercapacitors made from carbon aerogel , carbon nanotubes , or highly porous electrode materials , offer extremely high capacitance -LRB- up to 5 kF as of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- -RRB- and can be used in some applications instead of rechargeable batteries .	carbon nanotubes	What is one type of material with which a supercapacitor may be constructed ?
Supercapacitors made from carbon aerogel , carbon nanotubes , or highly porous electrode materials , offer extremely high capacitance -LRB- up to 5 kF as of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- -RRB- and can be used in some applications instead of rechargeable batteries .	up to 5 kF	As of 2010 , what is the highest capacitance a supercapacitor has achieved ?
Alternating current capacitors are specifically designed to work on line -LRB- mains -RRB- voltage AC power circuits .	Alternating current capacitors	What type of capacitor is commonly used in electric motor circuits ?
They also are designed with direct current breakdown voltages of at least five times the maximum AC voltage .	at least five times the maximum AC voltage	How many times the maximum AC voltage are AC capacitors designed to withstand ?
If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough , at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric can not follow the voltage .	driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly	Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage ?
As an example of the origin of this mechanism , the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant can not move instantly , and so as frequency of an applied alternating voltage increases , the dipole response is limited and the dielectric constant diminishes .	the internal microscopic dipoles	What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant can not move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor ?
A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as dielectric dispersion , and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes , such as Debye relaxation .	dielectric dispersion	What is it called when a dielectric constant changes with frequency ?
A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as dielectric dispersion , and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes , such as Debye relaxation .	dielectric relaxation processes	What regulates dielectric dispersion ?
A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as dielectric dispersion , and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes , such as Debye relaxation .	Debye relaxation	What is an example of a dielectric relaxation process ?
where a single prime denotes the real part and a double prime the imaginary part , Z -LRB- ω -RRB- is the complex impedance with the dielectric present , Ccmplx -LRB- ω -RRB- is the so-called complex capacitance with the dielectric present , and C0 is the capacitance without the dielectric .	Z(ω)	How is the complex impedance with dielectric represented mathematically ?
where a single prime denotes the real part and a double prime the imaginary part , Z -LRB- ω -RRB- is the complex impedance with the dielectric present , Ccmplx -LRB- ω -RRB- is the so-called complex capacitance with the dielectric present , and C0 is the capacitance without the dielectric .	C0	How is the complex capacitance without dielectric represented mathematically ?
-LRB- Measurement `` without the dielectric '' in principle means measurement in free space , an unattainable goal inasmuch as even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior , such as dichroism .	even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior	Why is the value of C0 unattainable in reality ?
For practical purposes , when measurement errors are taken into account , often a measurement in terrestrial vacuum , or simply a calculation of C0 , is sufficiently accurate . -RRB-	in terrestrial vacuum	Under what condition is the approximation C0 sufficiently accurate for calculation purposes ?
where a single prime denotes the real part and a double prime the imaginary part , Z -LRB- ω -RRB- is the complex impedance with the dielectric present , Ccmplx -LRB- ω -RRB- is the so-called complex capacitance with the dielectric present , and C0 is the capacitance without the dielectric .	Ccmplx(ω)	How is the complex capacitance mathematically represented with the dielectric present ?
For small values of capacitance -LRB- microfarads and less -RRB- , ceramic disks use metallic coatings , with wire leads bonded to the coating .	microfarads and less	What order of magnitude of capacitance is suitable for capacitors comprised of ceramic disks with metallic coatings ?
Larger values can be made by multiple stacks of plates and disks .	multiple stacks of plates and disks	How are larger value capacitors often constructed ?
Larger value capacitors usually use a metal foil or metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film to make the plates , and a dielectric film of impregnated paper or plastic -- these are rolled up to save space .	impregnated paper or plastic – these are rolled up to save space	What do larger value capacitors often use as the dielectric medium ?
To reduce the series resistance and inductance for long plates , the plates and dielectric are staggered so that connection is made at the common edge of the rolled-up plates , not at the ends of the foil or metalized film strips that comprise the plates .	To reduce the series resistance and inductance	Why are the plates and dielectrics often staggered in larger value capacitors ?
Larger value capacitors usually use a metal foil or metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film to make the plates , and a dielectric film of impregnated paper or plastic -- these are rolled up to save space .	metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film	How are the conductive plates often made for larger value capacitors ?
Capacitors may have their connecting leads arranged in many configurations , for example axially or radially .	axially	What is one type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads organized ?
Capacitors may have their connecting leads arranged in many configurations , for example axially or radially .	radially	What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged ?
Radial leads might more accurately be referred to as tandem ; they are rarely actually aligned along radii of the body 's circle , so the term is inexact , although universal .	Radial	Which type of configuration is often manufactured with the leads parallel to the body of the capacitor ?
`` Axial '' means that the leads are on a common axis , typically the axis of the capacitor 's cylindrical body -- the leads extend from opposite ends .	on a common axis	How are the leads of an axially configured capacitor arranged ?
Radial leads might more accurately be referred to as tandem ; they are rarely actually aligned along radii of the body 's circle , so the term is inexact , although universal .	as tandem	How could radial leads be more correctly described ?
Small , cheap discoidal ceramic capacitors have existed since the 1930s , and remain in widespread use .	the 1930s	Since when have inexpensive ceramic disc capacitors existed ?
Since the 1980s , surface mount packages for capacitors have been widely used .	the 1980s	Since when have surface mount packages for capacitors been commonly in use ?
These packages are extremely small and lack connecting leads , allowing them to be soldered directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards .	connecting leads	What do surface mount packages lack that allows their use on the surface of printed circuit boards ?
Surface mount components avoid undesirable high-frequency effects due to the leads and simplify automated assembly , although manual handling is made difficult due to their small size .	simplify automated assembly	What is one benefit of using surface mount components ?
Surface mount components avoid undesirable high-frequency effects due to the leads and simplify automated assembly , although manual handling is made difficult due to their small size .	manual handling is made difficult due to their small size	What is one difficulty when using surface mount components ?
Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted , for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates .	the plate spacing	What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors enable to be modified ?
Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw .	with a screw	How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum ?
Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors -LRB- or varicaps -RRB- , which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage .	reverse-biased semiconductor diodes	Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps comprised ?
Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors -LRB- or varicaps -RRB- , which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage .	depletion region	What varies as a function of voltage in varactors ?
They are used in phase-locked loops , amongst other applications .	phase-locked loops	What is an application of varactors ?
Larger capacitors like electrolytics usually display the actual capacitance together with the unit -LRB- for example , 220 μF -RRB- .	display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 μF)	How do larger capacitors present their electrical characteristics ?
Smaller capacitors like ceramics , however , use a shorthand consisting of three numeric digits and a letter , where the digits indicate the capacitance in pF -LRB- calculated as XY × 10Z for digits XYZ -RRB- and the letter indicates the tolerance -LRB- J , K or M for ± 5 % , ± 10 % and ± 20 % respectively -RRB- .	three numeric digits and a letter	What does the abbreviated electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors consist of ?
Smaller capacitors like ceramics , however , use a shorthand consisting of three numeric digits and a letter , where the digits indicate the capacitance in pF -LRB- calculated as XY × 10Z for digits XYZ -RRB- and the letter indicates the tolerance -LRB- J , K or M for ± 5 % , ± 10 % and ± 20 % respectively -RRB- .	the digits indicate the capacitance	What part of the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors do the digits of the abbreviated notation represent ?
Smaller capacitors like ceramics , however , use a shorthand consisting of three numeric digits and a letter , where the digits indicate the capacitance in pF -LRB- calculated as XY × 10Z for digits XYZ -RRB- and the letter indicates the tolerance -LRB- J , K or M for ± 5 % , ± 10 % and ± 20 % respectively -RRB- .	the letter indicates the tolerance	What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors represent ?
Smaller capacitors like ceramics , however , use a shorthand consisting of three numeric digits and a letter , where the digits indicate the capacitance in pF -LRB- calculated as XY × 10Z for digits XYZ -RRB- and the letter indicates the tolerance -LRB- J , K or M for ± 5 % , ± 10 % and ± 20 % respectively -RRB- .	in pF	In what SI unit is the capacitance reported on smaller capacitors ?
Capacitors are connected in parallel with the power circuits of most electronic devices and larger systems -LRB- such as factories -RRB- to shunt away and conceal current fluctuations from the primary power source to provide a `` clean '' power supply for signal or control circuits .	to provide a "clean" power supply for signal or control circuits	Why are capacitors connected in parallel with the power circuits of many devices and large systems ?
The capacitors act as a local reserve for the DC power source , and bypass AC currents from the power supply .	as a local reserve for the DC power source	How do the capacitors connected in parallel act with currents from the power supply ?
This is used in car audio applications , when a stiffening capacitor compensates for the inductance and resistance of the leads to the lead-acid car battery .	the inductance	What is one value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes ?
This is used in car audio applications , when a stiffening capacitor compensates for the inductance and resistance of the leads to the lead-acid car battery .	resistance	What is another value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes ?
Capacitors are connected in parallel with the power circuits of most electronic devices and larger systems -LRB- such as factories -RRB- to shunt away and conceal current fluctuations from the primary power source to provide a `` clean '' power supply for signal or control circuits .	conceal current fluctuations	What do parallel capacitors do to fluctuating current in order to deliver `` clean '' power for control circuits ?
In electric power distribution , capacitors are used for power factor correction .	In electric power distribution	In what scenario are capacitors used for power factor correction ?
Such capacitors often come as three capacitors connected as a three phase load .	as three capacitors connected as a three phase load	How are capacitors used for for power factor correction prepared ?
Usually , the values of these capacitors are given not in farads but rather as a reactive power in volt-amperes reactive -LRB- var -RRB- .	reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var)	In what what unit is the capacitance reported for capacitors used in power factor correction ?
The purpose is to counteract inductive loading from devices like electric motors and transmission lines to make the load appear to be mostly resistive .	to counteract inductive loading	What is the reason for using capacitors in power factor correction ?
Individual motor or lamp loads may have capacitors for power factor correction , or larger sets of capacitors -LRB- usually with automatic switching devices -RRB- may be installed at a load center within a building or in a large utility substation .	at a load center within a building	How are power factor correction capacitors sometimes installed ?
When an inductive circuit is opened , the current through the inductance collapses quickly , creating a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch or relay .	the current through the inductance collapses quickly	What happens to the current when an inductive circuit is opened ?
When an inductive circuit is opened , the current through the inductance collapses quickly , creating a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch or relay .	a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch	What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is opened ?
A snubber capacitor across the newly opened circuit creates a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points , thereby preserving their life ; these were commonly found in contact breaker ignition systems , for instance .	A snubber capacitor	What type of capacitor is used to make a path to bypass the contact points ?
A snubber capacitor across the newly opened circuit creates a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points , thereby preserving their life ; these were commonly found in contact breaker ignition systems , for instance .	contact breaker ignition systems	What is a typical system in which a snubber capacitor is found ?
Similarly , in smaller scale circuits , the spark may not be enough to damage the switch but will still radiate undesirable radio frequency interference -LRB- RFI -RRB- , which a filter capacitor absorbs .	a filter capacitor	What type of capacitor absorbs radio frequency interference ?
In single phase squirrel cage motors , the primary winding within the motor housing is not capable of starting a rotational motion on the rotor , but is capable of sustaining one .	a rotational motion on the rotor	What is the main winding on a squirrel cage motor capable of withstanding ?
To start the motor , a secondary `` start '' winding has a series non-polarized starting capacitor to introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current .	series non-polarized starting capacitor	What sort of capacitors are used on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor ?
To start the motor , a secondary `` start '' winding has a series non-polarized starting capacitor to introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current .	introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current	What does the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do ?
When the rotor comes close to operating speed , a centrifugal switch -LRB- or current-sensitive relay in series with the main winding -RRB- disconnects the capacitor .	disconnects the capacitor	What does the centrifugal switch do the capacitor when the rotor achieves operating speed ?
The start capacitor is typically mounted to the side of the motor housing .	to the side of the motor housing	Where is the start capacitor commonly mounted ?
For example , even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable-camera flash unit , powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery , has a capacitor which may contain over 15 joules of energy and be charged to over 300 volts .	over 15 joules of energy	How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain ?
For example , even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable-camera flash unit , powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery , has a capacitor which may contain over 15 joules of energy and be charged to over 300 volts .	over 300 volts	To what voltage could a capacitor from a disposable camera be charged to ?
Service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high-voltage capacitors , for instance using a Brinkley stick .	a Brinkley stick	What device can be used to discharge large voltage capacitors ?
High-voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted , as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events .	with the terminals shorted	How are the terminals of high voltage capacitors stored ?
High-voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted , as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events .	from static charges	What type of charge could a capacitor pick up a transient charge from ?
Capacitors may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating , or as they reach their normal end of life .	when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating	What could cause the failure of a capacitor ?
Capacitors used in RF or sustained high-current applications can overheat , especially in the center of the capacitor rolls .	overheat	What can happen to capacitors used in high current applications ?
Capacitors used within high-energy capacitor banks can violently explode when a short in one capacitor causes sudden dumping of energy stored in the rest of the bank into the failing unit .	violently explode	What can happen to capacitors used in high energy capacitor banks ?
High voltage vacuum capacitors can generate soft X-rays even during normal operation .	High voltage vacuum capacitors	What type of capacitors can generate soft x-rays ?
Proper containment , fusing , and preventive maintenance can help to minimize these hazards .	preventive maintenance	What is one way to help minimize capacitor dangers ?
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge , including both the natural sciences and social sciences .	The history of science	What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of ?
-LRB- The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship . -RRB-	the history of scholarship	What is the history of arts and humanities called ?
Science is a body of empirical , theoretical , and practical knowledge about the natural world , produced by scientists who emphasize the observation , explanation , and prediction of real world phenomena .	real world	What kind of phenomena does science study ?
Historiography of science , in contrast , often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history .	Historiography of science	Intellectual history and social history are used in what ?
The English word scientist is relatively recent -- first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century .	William Whewell	Who coined the word `` scientist '' ?
The English word scientist is relatively recent -- first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century .	19th century	When was the word `` scientist '' created ?
Previously , people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers .	natural philosophers	What are people who study nature called ?
While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity -LRB- for example , by Thales , Aristotle , and others -RRB- , and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages -LRB- for example , by Ibn al-Haytham , and Roger Bacon -RRB- , the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th - and 17th-century Europe .	the Middle Ages	Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period ?
While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity -LRB- for example , by Thales , Aristotle , and others -RRB- , and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages -LRB- for example , by Ibn al-Haytham , and Roger Bacon -RRB- , the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th - and 17th-century Europe .	the scientific revolution	When was the beginning of modern science considered to be ?
From the 18th century through late 20th century , the history of science , especially of the physical and biological sciences , was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs .	true theories	What replaced false beliefs ?
More recent historical interpretations , such as those of Thomas Kuhn , tend to portray the history of science in different terms , such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual , cultural , economic and political themes outside of science .	Thomas Kuhn	Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix ?
From the 18th century through late 20th century , the history of science , especially of the physical and biological sciences , was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs .	the 18th century	What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative ?
More recent historical interpretations , such as those of Thomas Kuhn , tend to portray the history of science in different terms , such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual , cultural , economic and political themes outside of science .	competing paradigms	Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science ?
Combined with the development of agriculture , which allowed for a surplus of food , it became possible for early civilizations to develop , because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks -LRB- other than food production -RRB- than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available .	a surplus of food	The advancement of agriculture made what possible ?
Combined with the development of agriculture , which allowed for a surplus of food , it became possible for early civilizations to develop , because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks -LRB- other than food production -RRB- than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available .	food production	Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what ?
This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival .	work towards bare survival	Before agriculture advancements , what were farmers having to do ?
The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity .	The development of writing	What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations ?
This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival .	community	Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature ?
Ancient Egypt made significant advances in astronomy , mathematics and medicine .	Ancient Egypt	Which civilization advanced in astronomy , mathematics , and medicine ?
Their development of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland , which was flooded annually by the Nile river .	geometry	What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland ?
The 3-4-5 right triangle and other rules of thumb were used to build rectilinear structures , and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt .	The 3-4-5 right triangle	What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures ?
Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.The Edwin Smith papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant , and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyse the brain : it might be seen as the very beginnings of modern neuroscience .	alchemy	What research was Egypt known for ?
From their beginnings in Sumer -LRB- now Iraq -RRB- around 3500 BC , the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data .	Sumer	Where did the Mesopotamian people originate from ?
From their beginnings in Sumer -LRB- now Iraq -RRB- around 3500 BC , the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data .	3500 BC	How far back do the Mesopotamian people go ?
From their beginnings in Sumer -LRB- now Iraq -RRB- around 3500 BC , the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data .	numerical data	What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them ?
A concrete instance of Pythagoras ' law was recorded , as early as the 18th century BC : the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets -LRB- 3,4,5 -RRB- -LRB- 5,12,13 -RRB- .	18th century BC	What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras ' law ?
A concrete instance of Pythagoras ' law was recorded , as early as the 18th century BC : the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets -LRB- 3,4,5 -RRB- -LRB- 5,12,13 -RRB- .	Plimpton 322	Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it ?
In Babylonian astronomy , records of the motions of the stars , planets , and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes .	scribes	Who wrote on the clay tablets in Babylonian astronomy ?
Even today , astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian proto-scientists are still widely used in Western calendars such as the solar year and the lunar month .	in Western calendars	Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used ?
Only a few astronomers ' names are known , such as that of Kidinnu , a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician .	a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician	Who was Kidinnu ?
According to the historian A. Aaboe , `` all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy , in the Hellenistic world , in India , in Islam , and in the West -- if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences -- depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways . ''	A. Aaboe	Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy ?
Kiddinu 's value for the solar year is in use for today 's calendars .	today's calendars	Where can Kidinnu 's solar year be found in use ?
In Classical Antiquity , the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy .	Classical Antiquity	Which era was marked by investigating the universe ?
In Classical Antiquity , the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy .	natural philosophy	What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of ?
The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers , as practitioners of a skilled profession -LRB- for example , physicians -RRB- , or as followers of a religious tradition -LRB- for example , temple healers -RRB- .	physicians	What is an example of skilled professionals ?
The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers , as practitioners of a skilled profession -LRB- for example , physicians -RRB- , or as followers of a religious tradition -LRB- for example , temple healers -RRB- .	temple healers	What is an example of religious devotee ?
The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers , as practitioners of a skilled profession -LRB- for example , physicians -RRB- , or as followers of a religious tradition -LRB- for example , temple healers -RRB- .	natural philosophers	What would the first scientists have been considered ?
The earliest Greek philosophers , known as the pre-Socratics , provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors : `` How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be ? ''	pre-Socratics	What are early Greek philosophers known as ?
The earliest Greek philosophers , known as the pre-Socratics , provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors : `` How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be ? ''	How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?	What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer ?
The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales -LRB- 640-546 BC -RRB- , dubbed the `` father of science '' , was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena , for example , that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats , rather than the god Poseidon .	Thales	Who was named `` the father of science '' ?
The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales -LRB- 640-546 BC -RRB- , dubbed the `` father of science '' , was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena , for example , that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats , rather than the god Poseidon .	Poseidon	Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories ?
Thales ' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school , which investigated mathematics for its own sake , and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape .	Samos	Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round ?
Subsequently , Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy , which did much to shape later investigations of nature .	natural philosophy	Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what ?
Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry .	deductive reasoning	What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for ?
Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC , whose motto was `` Let none unversed in geometry enter here '' , and turned out many notable philosophers .	387 BC	What year was the Platonic Academy founded ?
Plato 's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction , thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method .	empiricism	Aristotle introduced what theory ?
He made countless observations of nature , especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him , classified more than 540 animal species , and dissected at least 50 .	540	How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle ?
The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge , especially in anatomy , zoology , botany , mineralogy , geography , mathematics and astronomy ; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems , especially those related to the problem of change and its causes ; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research .	factual knowledge	Anatomy , zoology , geography , and studies like them are considered what ?
In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought : the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research , in their scientific investigations .	the Hellenistic age	What era utilized Greek theories ?
Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks , but the Socratic method did , along with the idea of Forms , great advances in geometry , logic , and the natural sciences .	the Socratic method	What scientific theory was created by the Greeks ?
Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks , but the Socratic method did , along with the idea of Forms , great advances in geometry , logic , and the natural sciences .	the Ancient Greeks	Who employed logic , geometry , and natural sciences ?
In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought : the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research , in their scientific investigations .	deliberate empirical research	Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method ?
The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system , while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth .	Aristarchus of Samos	Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system ?
The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system , while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth .	Eratosthenes	Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth ?
Hipparchus -LRB- c. 190 -- c. 120 BC -RRB- produced the first systematic star catalog .	Hipparchus	Who made the first catalog of stars ?
The level of achievement in Hellenistic astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism -LRB- 150-100 BC -RRB- , an analog computer for calculating the position of planets .	150-100 BC	When was the Antikythera mechanism used ?
The level of achievement in Hellenistic astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism -LRB- 150-100 BC -RRB- , an analog computer for calculating the position of planets .	the Antikythera mechanism	What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system ?
In Hellenistic Egypt , the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition , axiom , theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements , considered the most influential textbook ever written .	Euclid	Who wrote the book Elements ?
In Hellenistic Egypt , the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition , axiom , theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements , considered the most influential textbook ever written .	the foundations of mathematical rigor	What was contained within the book Elements ?
Archimedes , considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time , is credited with using the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series , and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of Pi .	Archimedes	Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola ?
Archimedes , considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time , is credited with using the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series , and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of Pi .	exhaustion	What method did Archimedes employ to determine the area under a parabola ?
Archimedes , considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time , is credited with using the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series , and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of Pi .	Pi	Which mathematical figure did Archimedes approximate ?
Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals , establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness .	the first taxonomy	What classification guide did Theophrastus create ?
Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD , and must be regarded as the rightful successor to Theophrastus .	77 AD	In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia ?
For example , he accurately describes the octahedral shape of the diamond , and proceeds to mention that diamond dust is used by engravers to cut and polish other gems owing to its great hardness .	the octahedral shape	What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds ?
For example , he accurately describes the octahedral shape of the diamond , and proceeds to mention that diamond dust is used by engravers to cut and polish other gems owing to its great hardness .	to cut and polish other gems	Who do engravers use diamond dust for ?
He was also the first to recognise that amber was a fossilized resin from pine trees because he had seen samples with trapped insects within them .	was a fossilized resin	What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber ?
Mathematics : The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization -LRB- c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC -RRB- .	mathematical knowledge	The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what ?
The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1 , considered favorable for the stability of a brick structure .	4:2:1	What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used ?
The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1 , considered favorable for the stability of a brick structure .	stability	What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks ?
They designed a ruler -- the Mohenjo-daro ruler -- whose unit of length -LRB- approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres -RRB- was divided into ten equal parts .	the Mohenjo-daro ruler	What was the name of the ruler that they created ?
They designed a ruler -- the Mohenjo-daro ruler -- whose unit of length -LRB- approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres -RRB- was divided into ten equal parts .	1.32 inches	How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler ?
Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata -LRB- 476-550 -RRB- , in his Aryabhatiya -LRB- 499 -RRB- introduced a number of trigonometric functions -LRB- including sine , versine , cosine and inverse sine -RRB- , trigonometric tables , and techniques and algorithms of algebra .	476-550	When did Aryabhata live ?
Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata -LRB- 476-550 -RRB- , in his Aryabhatiya -LRB- 499 -RRB- introduced a number of trigonometric functions -LRB- including sine , versine , cosine and inverse sine -RRB- , trigonometric tables , and techniques and algorithms of algebra .	sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine	What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered ?
In 628 AD , Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction .	gravity was a force of attraction	What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD ?
He also lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit , along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world .	a placeholder and a decimal digit	What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for ?
Arabic translations of the two astronomers ' texts were soon available in the Islamic world , introducing what would become Arabic numerals to the Islamic World by the 9th century .	Arabic	What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from ?
Astronomy : The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas , religious literature of India .	the Vedas	Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it ?
The first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani , written by Bhāskara in the 12th century , cover topics such as : mean longitudes of the planets ; true longitudes of the planets ; the three problems of diurnal rotation ; syzygies ; lunar eclipses ; solar eclipses ; latitudes of the planets ; risings and settings ; the moon 's crescent ; conjunctions of the planets with each other ; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars ; and the patas of the sun and moon .	Bhāskara	Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani ?
The first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani , written by Bhāskara in the 12th century , cover topics such as : mean longitudes of the planets ; true longitudes of the planets ; the three problems of diurnal rotation ; syzygies ; lunar eclipses ; solar eclipses ; latitudes of the planets ; risings and settings ; the moon 's crescent ; conjunctions of the planets with each other ; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars ; and the patas of the sun and moon .	12th century	In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written ?
The 13 chapters of the second part cover the nature of the sphere , as well as significant astronomical and trigonometric calculations based on it .	13	The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters ?
The 13 chapters of the second part cover the nature of the sphere , as well as significant astronomical and trigonometric calculations based on it .	the nature of the sphere	What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain ?
Medicine : Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture .	Pakistan	Where are the Neolithic graveyards ?
Medicine : Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture .	proto-dentistry	What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of ?
Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC , and is now practiced as a form of alternative medicine in other parts of the world .	Ayurveda	What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC ?
Its most famous text is the Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta , which is notable for describing procedures on various forms of surgery , including rhinoplasty , the repair of torn ear lobes , perineal lithotomy , cataract surgery , and several other excisions and other surgical procedures .	Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta	What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda ?
Its most famous text is the Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta , which is notable for describing procedures on various forms of surgery , including rhinoplasty , the repair of torn ear lobes , perineal lithotomy , cataract surgery , and several other excisions and other surgical procedures .	surgical procedures	What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta ?
Mathematics : From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate .	a positional decimal system on counting boards	What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate ?
To express 10 , a single rod is placed in the second box from the right .	10	One rod in the second box from the right is what number ?
By the 1st century BC , negative numbers and decimal fractions were in use and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art included methods for extracting higher order roots by Horner 's method and solving linear equations and by Pythagoras ' theorem .	1st century BC	When did negative numbers and decimals start being used ?
By the 1st century BC , negative numbers and decimal fractions were in use and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art included methods for extracting higher order roots by Horner 's method and solving linear equations and by Pythagoras ' theorem .	The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art	What text includes Horner 's method ?
Cubic equations were solved in the Tang dynasty and solutions of equations of order higher than 3 appeared in print in 1245 AD by Ch ` in Chiu-shao .	Cubic equations	What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have ?
Astronomy : Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots -LRB- 112 records from 364 BC -RRB- , supernovas -LRB- 1054 -RRB- , lunar and solar eclipses .	sunspots	What observations in astronomy did China record ?
By the 12th century , they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses , but the knowledge of this was lost during the Ming dynasty , so that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci gained much favour in 1601 by his predictions .	eclipses	What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century ?
By the 12th century , they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses , but the knowledge of this was lost during the Ming dynasty , so that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci gained much favour in 1601 by his predictions .	Jesuit Matteo Ricci	Who made predictions in 1601 ?
By 635 Chinese astronomers had observed that the tails of comets always point away from the sun .	635	What year did Chinese astronomers start to observe comets ?
Astronomy : Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots -LRB- 112 records from 364 BC -RRB- , supernovas -LRB- 1054 -RRB- , lunar and solar eclipses .	112	How many records of sunspots are there ?
Seismology : To better prepare for calamities , Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction .	a seismometer	What was invented in 132 CE ?
Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang told the court that an earthquake had just occurred in the northwest , a message came soon afterwards that an earthquake had indeed struck 400 km -LRB- 248 mi -RRB- to 500 km -LRB- 310 mi -RRB- northwest of Luoyang -LRB- in what is now modern Gansu -RRB- .	an earthquake	What occurrence is measured by a seismometer ?
Zhang called his device the ` instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth ' -LRB- Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪 -RRB- , so-named because he and others thought that earthquakes were most likely caused by the enormous compression of trapped air .	Houfeng didong yi	What is the Chinese name for a seismometer ?
Zhang called his device the ` instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth ' -LRB- Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪 -RRB- , so-named because he and others thought that earthquakes were most likely caused by the enormous compression of trapped air .	enormous compression of trapped air	What did the Chinese caused earthquakes ?
Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang told the court that an earthquake had just occurred in the northwest , a message came soon afterwards that an earthquake had indeed struck 400 km -LRB- 248 mi -RRB- to 500 km -LRB- 310 mi -RRB- northwest of Luoyang -LRB- in what is now modern Gansu -RRB- .	Gansu	What was Luoyang renamed to ?
One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo -LRB- 1031 -- 1095 -RRB- , a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation , discovered the concept of true north , improved the design of the astronomical gnomon , armillary sphere , sight tube , and clepsydra , and described the use of drydocks to repair boats .	Shen Kuo	Who discovered the idea of true north ?
One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo -LRB- 1031 -- 1095 -RRB- , a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation , discovered the concept of true north , improved the design of the astronomical gnomon , armillary sphere , sight tube , and clepsydra , and described the use of drydocks to repair boats .	1031–1095	When was Shen Kuo alive ?
One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo -LRB- 1031 -- 1095 -RRB- , a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation , discovered the concept of true north , improved the design of the astronomical gnomon , armillary sphere , sight tube , and clepsydra , and described the use of drydocks to repair boats .	to repair boats	What are drydocks used for ?
After observing the natural process of the inundation of silt and the find of marine fossils in the Taihang Mountains -LRB- hundreds of miles from the Pacific Ocean -RRB- , Shen Kuo devised a theory of land formation , or geomorphology .	geomorphology	What did silt and marine fossils teach Shen Kuo ?
He also adopted a theory of gradual climate change in regions over time , after observing petrified bamboo found underground at Yan ` an , Shaanxi province .	petrified bamboo	What did Shen Kuo study to discover climate change ?
Western academic thought on the history of Chinese technology and science was galvanized by the work of Joseph Needham and the Needham Research Institute .	Joseph Needham	Who was the Needham Research Institute named after ?
Among the technological accomplishments of China were , according to the British scholar Needham , early seismological detectors -LRB- Zhang Heng in the 2nd century -RRB- , the water-powered celestial globe -LRB- Zhang Heng -RRB- , matches , the independent invention of the decimal system , dry docks , sliding calipers , the double-action piston pump , cast iron , the blast furnace , the iron plough , the multi-tube seed drill , the wheelbarrow , the suspension bridge , the winnowing machine , the rotary fan , the parachute , natural gas as fuel , the raised-relief map , the propeller , the crossbow , and a solid fuel rocket , the multistage rocket , the horse collar , along with contributions in logic , astronomy , medicine , and other fields .	suspension	What type of bridge originated in China ?
Among the technological accomplishments of China were , according to the British scholar Needham , early seismological detectors -LRB- Zhang Heng in the 2nd century -RRB- , the water-powered celestial globe -LRB- Zhang Heng -RRB- , matches , the independent invention of the decimal system , dry docks , sliding calipers , the double-action piston pump , cast iron , the blast furnace , the iron plough , the multi-tube seed drill , the wheelbarrow , the suspension bridge , the winnowing machine , the rotary fan , the parachute , natural gas as fuel , the raised-relief map , the propeller , the crossbow , and a solid fuel rocket , the multistage rocket , the horse collar , along with contributions in logic , astronomy , medicine , and other fields .	raised-relief	What type of map originated in China ?
Among the technological accomplishments of China were , according to the British scholar Needham , early seismological detectors -LRB- Zhang Heng in the 2nd century -RRB- , the water-powered celestial globe -LRB- Zhang Heng -RRB- , matches , the independent invention of the decimal system , dry docks , sliding calipers , the double-action piston pump , cast iron , the blast furnace , the iron plough , the multi-tube seed drill , the wheelbarrow , the suspension bridge , the winnowing machine , the rotary fan , the parachute , natural gas as fuel , the raised-relief map , the propeller , the crossbow , and a solid fuel rocket , the multistage rocket , the horse collar , along with contributions in logic , astronomy , medicine , and other fields .	rotary	What type of fan originated in China ?
Among the technological accomplishments of China were , according to the British scholar Needham , early seismological detectors -LRB- Zhang Heng in the 2nd century -RRB- , the water-powered celestial globe -LRB- Zhang Heng -RRB- , matches , the independent invention of the decimal system , dry docks , sliding calipers , the double-action piston pump , cast iron , the blast furnace , the iron plough , the multi-tube seed drill , the wheelbarrow , the suspension bridge , the winnowing machine , the rotary fan , the parachute , natural gas as fuel , the raised-relief map , the propeller , the crossbow , and a solid fuel rocket , the multistage rocket , the horse collar , along with contributions in logic , astronomy , medicine , and other fields .	water-powered celestial	What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent ?
With the division of the Roman Empire , the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past .	the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past	What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided ?
In the Middle East , Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire .	Arab Empire	Where was support found for Greek philosophy ?
With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries , a period of Muslim scholarship , known as the Islamic Golden Age , lasted until the 13th century .	the 7th and 8th centuries	What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam ?
With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries , a period of Muslim scholarship , known as the Islamic Golden Age , lasted until the 13th century .	until the 13th century	How long did the Islamic Golden Age last ?
The use of a single language , Arabic , allowed communication without need of a translator .	Arabic	What language did Muslim philosophers speak ?
Muslim scientists placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks .	experiment	What method did Muslim scientists use more than the Greeks ?
This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world , where significant progress in methodology was made , beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham -LRB- Alhazen -RRB- on optics from c. 1000 , in his Book of Optics .	Book of Optics	What book did Ibn al-Haytham write ?
The law of refraction of light was known to the Persians .	The law of refraction of light	What law did the Persians know of ?
Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics , especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light .	the father of optics	What was Ibn al-Haytham 's nickname ?
Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics , especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light .	the intromission theory of light	What theory did Ibn al-Haytham have proof for ?
In mathematics , the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm , while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr , the beginning of the title of one of his publications .	mathematician	What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi 's profession ?
In mathematics , the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm , while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr , the beginning of the title of one of his publications .	al-jabr	Where does the word `` algebra '' come from ?
What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India , but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system , such as the introduction of decimal point notation .	India	Where did Arabic numerals originate ?
What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India , but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system , such as the introduction of decimal point notation .	decimal point notation	What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals ?
Sabian mathematician Al-Battani -LRB- 850-929 -RRB- contributed to astronomy and mathematics , while Persian scholar Al-Razi contributed to chemistry and medicine .	chemistry and medicine	What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to ?
In astronomy , Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus , preserved in the translation of Ptolemy 's Hè Megalè Syntaxis -LRB- The great treatise -RRB- translated as Almagest .	Hipparchus	Whose work did Al-Battani improve ?
In astronomy , Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus , preserved in the translation of Ptolemy 's Hè Megalè Syntaxis -LRB- The great treatise -RRB- translated as Almagest .	The great treatise	What does He Megale Syntaxis mean ?
Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth 's axis .	the Earth's axis	Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon ?
The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani , Ibn al-Haytham , Averroes and the Maragha astronomers such as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi , Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir are similar to Copernican heliocentric model .	Copernican heliocentric model	The geocentric model is similar to what other model ?
Ibn Sina -LRB- Avicenna -RRB- is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam .	Ibn Sina	Who was most influential in Islamic philosophy ?
He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials .	clinical trials	What method did Ibn Sina introduce ?
His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ -LRB- `` Book of Healing '' -RRB- and The Canon of Medicine , both of which were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe well into the 17th century .	Book of Healing	What does Kitab al-shifa mean ?
His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ -LRB- `` Book of Healing '' -RRB- and The Canon of Medicine , both of which were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe well into the 17th century .	standard medicinal texts	The Kitab al-shifa and The Canon of Medicine are considered what ?
Amongst his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases , and the introduction of clinical pharmacology .	contagious	What characteristic did Ibn Sina find out about infectious diseases ?
An intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century .	the 12th century	When were medieval universities created ?
European scholars had access to the translation programs of Raymond of Toledo , who sponsored the 12th century Toledo School of Translators from Arabic to Latin .	Raymond of Toledo	Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators ?
European scholars had access to the translation programs of Raymond of Toledo , who sponsored the 12th century Toledo School of Translators from Arabic to Latin .	Latin	At the Toledo School of Translators , what language was Arabic text translated into ?
Later translators like Michael Scotus would learn Arabic in order to study these texts directly .	Michael Scotus	Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly ?
At the beginning of the 13th century , there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors , allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries .	Latin	What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries ?
Precursors of the modern scientific method , influenced by earlier contributions of the Islamic world , can be seen already in Grosseteste 's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature , and in the empirical approach admired by Bacon , particularly in his Opus Majus .	Bacon	Who favored empirical methods ?
Precursors of the modern scientific method , influenced by earlier contributions of the Islamic world , can be seen already in Grosseteste 's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature , and in the empirical approach admired by Bacon , particularly in his Opus Majus .	Grosseteste	Who favored mathematics ?
Pierre Duhem 's provocative thesis of the Catholic Church 's Condemnation of 1277 led to the study of medieval science as a serious discipline , `` but no one in the field any longer endorses his view that modern science started in 1277 '' .	Pierre Duhem	Who wrote the Catholic Church 's Condemnation of 1277 ?
However , many scholars agree with Duhem 's view that the Middle Ages were a period of important scientific developments .	the Middle Ages	What era was important for scientific advancements ?
William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony : natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities , so that motion is not a distinct thing but is only the moving object and an intermediary `` sensible species '' is not needed to transmit an image of an object to the eye .	William of Ockham	Who pioneered parsimony ?
In particular , Buridan developed the theory that impetus was the cause of the motion of projectiles , which was a first step towards the modern concept of inertia .	impetus	What theory is based off of projectiles ' motion ?
In particular , Buridan developed the theory that impetus was the cause of the motion of projectiles , which was a first step towards the modern concept of inertia .	inertia	What theory did impetus pave the way for ?
The Oxford Calculators began to mathematically analyze the kinematics of motion , making this analysis without considering the causes of motion .	the kinematics of motion	What did the Oxford Calculators measure ?
In 1348 , the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development .	1348	What year did the Black Death occur ?
Yet , the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West .	the Fall of Constantinople in 1453	What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars ?
Meanwhile , the introduction of printing was to have great effect on European society .	European	The invention of printing improved which society ?
The facilitated dissemination of the printed word democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas .	a faster propagation of new ideas	Printed word enabled what ?
New ideas also helped to influence the development of European science at this point : not least the introduction of Algebra .	Algebra	What type of mathematics aided in developing European science ?
The renewal of learning in Europe , that began with 12th century Scholasticism , came to an end about the time of the Black Death , and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity .	Scholasticism	The focus on learning in the 12th century is referred to as what ?
The renewal of learning in Europe , that began with 12th century Scholasticism , came to an end about the time of the Black Death , and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity .	the Black Death	What began at the same time Scholasticism ended ?
The renewal of learning in Europe , that began with 12th century Scholasticism , came to an end about the time of the Black Death , and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity .	Italian Renaissance	Which era came after Scholasticism ?
The Northern Renaissance , on the other hand , showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristoteleian natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences -LRB- botany , anatomy , and medicine -RRB- .	chemistry and the biological sciences	What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance ?
Work by Vesalius on human cadavers found problems with the Galenic view of anatomy .	Vesalius	Which scientist was known for working on human cadavers ?
The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements , now known as the Scientific Revolution .	a period of major scientific advancements	What was the Scientific Revolution ?
The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543 , when the books De humani corporis fabrica -LRB- On the Workings of the Human Body -RRB- by Andreas Vesalius , and also De Revolutionibus , by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus , were first printed .	1543	What year is considered to be the beginning of the Scientific Revolution ?
The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543 , when the books De humani corporis fabrica -LRB- On the Workings of the Human Body -RRB- by Andreas Vesalius , and also De Revolutionibus , by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus , were first printed .	De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body)	What book by Andreas Vesalius was published in 1543 ?
The thesis of Copernicus ' book was that the Earth moved around the Sun .	the Earth moved around the Sun	What was the focus of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus ?
The period culminated with the publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton , representative of the unprecedented growth of scientific publications throughout Europe .	Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica	What book was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687 ?
The 17th century `` Age of Reason '' opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science , which took place during the 18th century `` Age of Enlightenment '' .	Age of Enlightenment	The Age of Reason made way for which movement ?
The impact of this process was not limited to science and technology , but affected philosophy -LRB- Immanuel Kant , David Hume -RRB- , religion -LRB- the increasingly significant impact of science upon religion -RRB- , and society and politics in general -LRB- Adam Smith , Voltaire -RRB- , the French Revolution of 1789 setting a bloody cesura indicating the beginning of political modernity -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	the French Revolution of 1789	What event is considered to be the start of political modernity ?
Directly based on the works of Newton , Descartes , Pascal and Leibniz , the way was now clear to the development of modern mathematics , physics and technology by the generation of Benjamin Franklin -LRB- 1706 -- 1790 -RRB- , Leonhard Euler -LRB- 1707 -- 1783 -RRB- , Mikhail Lomonosov -LRB- 1711 -- 1765 -RRB- and Jean le Rond d'Alembert -LRB- 1717 -- 1783 -RRB- , epitomized in the appearance of Denis Diderot 's Encyclopédie between 1751 and 1772 .	Encyclopédie	What book did Denis Diderot write ?
The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment .	The Romantic Movement	Which movement took place during the 19th century ?
Major breakthroughs came in biology , especially in Darwin 's theory of evolution , as well as physics -LRB- electromagnetism -RRB- , mathematics -LRB- non-Euclidean geometry , group theory -RRB- and chemistry -LRB- organic chemistry -RRB- .	theory of evolution	What theory did Darwin introduce ?
Major breakthroughs came in biology , especially in Darwin 's theory of evolution , as well as physics -LRB- electromagnetism -RRB- , mathematics -LRB- non-Euclidean geometry , group theory -RRB- and chemistry -LRB- organic chemistry -RRB- .	electromagnetism	Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement ?
The decline of Romanticism occurred because a new movement , Positivism , began to take hold of the ideals of the intellectuals after 1840 and lasted until about 1880 .	Positivism	What caused Romanticism to end ?
The decline of Romanticism occurred because a new movement , Positivism , began to take hold of the ideals of the intellectuals after 1840 and lasted until about 1880 .	1880	What year did Positivism end ?
The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics .	The scientific revolution	Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics ?
Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos .	Nicolaus Copernicus	Who made the heliocentric model popular ?
This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century , which proposed that the planets follow elliptical orbits , with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse .	planetary motion	Johannes Kepler created a model of what ?
This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century , which proposed that the planets follow elliptical orbits , with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse .	the planets follow elliptical orbits	What did Johannes Kepler 's model suggest about the planets ?
Galileo -LRB- `` Father of Modern Physics '' -RRB- also made use of experiments to validate physical theories , a key element of the scientific method .	Father of Modern Physics	What was Galileo 's nickname ?
In 1687 , Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica , detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories : Newton 's laws of motion , which led to classical mechanics ; and Newton 's Law of Gravitation , which describes the fundamental force of gravity .	the Principia Mathematica	What work was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687 ?
In 1687 , Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica , detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories : Newton 's laws of motion , which led to classical mechanics ; and Newton 's Law of Gravitation , which describes the fundamental force of gravity .	two	How many theories were included within the Principia Mathematica ?
In 1687 , Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica , detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories : Newton 's laws of motion , which led to classical mechanics ; and Newton 's Law of Gravitation , which describes the fundamental force of gravity .	the fundamental force of gravity	What concept did the Law of Gravitation deal with ?
These studies led to the unification of the two phenomena into a single theory of electromagnetism , by James Clerk Maxwell -LRB- known as Maxwell 's equations -RRB- .	electromagnetism	What are Maxwell 's equations about ?
Beginning in 1900 , Max Planck , Albert Einstein , Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results , by introducing discrete energy levels .	quantum theories	What science subject explains anomalous results ?
Not only did quantum mechanics show that the laws of motion did not hold on small scales , but even more disturbingly , the theory of general relativity , proposed by Einstein in 1915 , showed that the fixed background of spacetime , on which both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity depended , could not exist .	1915	What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity ?
In 1925 , Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger formulated quantum mechanics , which explained the preceding quantum theories .	quantum mechanics	Quantum theories became which subject in 1925 ?
The observation by Edwin Hubble in 1929 that the speed at which galaxies recede positively correlates with their distance , led to the understanding that the universe is expanding , and the formulation of the Big Bang theory by Georges Lemaître .	Edwin Hubble	Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies ?
The observation by Edwin Hubble in 1929 that the speed at which galaxies recede positively correlates with their distance , led to the understanding that the universe is expanding , and the formulation of the Big Bang theory by Georges Lemaître .	the Big Bang theory	Edwin Hubble 's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre ?
In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods , and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process , which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler .	Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann	Who discovered nuclear fission ?
In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods , and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process , which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler .	Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler	Who edited the first paper about nuclear fission ?
Further developments took place during World War II , which led to the practical application of radar and the development and use of the atomic bomb .	World War II	What event was going on during the creation of the atomic bomb ?
Though the process had begun with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest O. Lawrence in the 1930s , physics in the postwar period entered into a phase of what historians have called `` Big Science '' , requiring massive machines , budgets , and laboratories in order to test their theories and move into new frontiers .	Big Science	The atomic bomb was a part of which movement ?
Currently , general relativity and quantum mechanics are inconsistent with each other , and efforts are underway to unify the two .	inconsistent with each other	What is the problem with general relativity and quantum mechanics ?
Modern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy , medicine , manufacturing and mining .	the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries	When did modern chemistry come into existence ?
A decisive moment came when ` chymistry ' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist , in 1661 ; although the alchemical tradition continued for some time after his work .	Robert Boyle	Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different ?
A decisive moment came when ` chymistry ' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist , in 1661 ; although the alchemical tradition continued for some time after his work .	The Sceptical Chymist	What book was written by Robert Boyle in 1661 ?
Other important steps included the gravimetric experimental practices of medical chemists like William Cullen , Joseph Black , Torbern Bergman and Pierre Macquer and through the work of Antoine Lavoisier -LRB- Father of Modern Chemistry -RRB- on oxygen and the law of conservation of mass , which refuted phlogiston theory .	Father of Modern Chemistry	What was Antoine Lavoisier 's nickname ?
Other important steps included the gravimetric experimental practices of medical chemists like William Cullen , Joseph Black , Torbern Bergman and Pierre Macquer and through the work of Antoine Lavoisier -LRB- Father of Modern Chemistry -RRB- on oxygen and the law of conservation of mass , which refuted phlogiston theory .	phlogiston theory	Which theory did the law of conservation of mass disagree with ?
The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field , organic chemistry , and by the end of the 19th century , scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds .	The synthesis of urea	What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for ?
The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field , organic chemistry , and by the end of the 19th century , scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds .	organic chemistry	What scientific field did Wohler discover ?
The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth 's petrochemicals , after the exhaustion of the oil supply from whaling .	the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals	Late 19th century is marked by what event ?
Application of the techniques of organic chemistry to living organisms resulted in physiological chemistry , the precursor to biochemistry .	physiological chemistry	Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry ?
Linus Pauling 's book on The Nature of the Chemical Bond used the principles of quantum mechanics to deduce bond angles in ever-more complicated molecules .	Linus Pauling	Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond ?
Theophrastus ' work on rocks , Peri lithōn , remained authoritative for millennia : its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution .	Peri lithōn	What was the work of Theophrastus on rocks called ?
Theophrastus ' work on rocks , Peri lithōn , remained authoritative for millennia : its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution .	the Scientific Revolution	When were Theophrastus ' ideas about fossils proven false ?
Chinese polymath Shen Kua -LRB- 1031 -- 1095 -RRB- first formulated hypotheses for the process of land formation .	1031–1095	When did Shen Kua live ?
Chinese polymath Shen Kua -LRB- 1031 -- 1095 -RRB- first formulated hypotheses for the process of land formation .	land formation	What science did Shen Kua observe ?
Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution , but individual theorists made important contributions .	individual theorists made important contributions	What happened to geology during the Scientific Revolution ?
Robert Hooke , for example , formulated a theory of earthquakes , and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatures .	earthquakes	What did Robert Hooke study ?
Robert Hooke , for example , formulated a theory of earthquakes , and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatures .	the theory of superposition	What theory did Nicholas Steno discover ?
Beginning with Thomas Burnet 's Sacred Theory of the Earth in 1681 , natural philosophers began to explore the idea that the Earth had changed over time .	Sacred Theory of the Earth	What book did Thomas Burnet right in 1681 ?
Burnet and his contemporaries interpreted Earth 's past in terms of events described in the Bible , but their work laid the intellectual foundations for secular interpretations of Earth history .	the Bible	What text did Burnet base his work off of ?
Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars .	6,000 years	How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was ?
Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations on some of the first geological maps .	the first geological maps	Jean-Etienne Guettard and NIcolas Desmarest went to France and recorded what ?
Aided by chemical experimentation , naturalists such as Scotland 's John Walker , Sweden 's Torbern Bergman , and Germany 's Abraham Werner created comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals -- a collective achievement that transformed geology into a cutting edge field by the end of the eighteenth century .	comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals	In the 18th century , what changed geology drastically ?
The use of index fossils became a powerful tool for making geological maps , because it allowed geologists to correlate the rocks in one locality with those of similar age in other , distant localities .	index fossils	What are used to create geological maps ?
These early geologists also proposed a generalized interpretations of Earth history that led James Hutton , Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart , following in the steps of Steno , to argue that layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained : a principle first applied to the geology of the Paris Basin .	layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained	What geological theory was applied to the Paris Basin ?
Midway through the 19th century , the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed .	shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed	What changed about the way geology was implemented during the 19th century ?
Louis Agassiz and others established the reality of continent-covering ice ages , and `` fluvialists '' like Andrew Crombie Ramsay argued that river valleys were formed , over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them .	Louis Agassiz	The idea of an ice-age that completely covered a continent was suggested by whom ?
Louis Agassiz and others established the reality of continent-covering ice ages , and `` fluvialists '' like Andrew Crombie Ramsay argued that river valleys were formed , over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them .	fluvialists	What group did Andrew Crombie Ramsay belong to ?
Louis Agassiz and others established the reality of continent-covering ice ages , and `` fluvialists '' like Andrew Crombie Ramsay argued that river valleys were formed , over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them .	were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them	What did Ramsay believe about river valleys ?
After the discovery of radioactivity , radiometric dating methods were developed , starting in the 20th century .	radiometric dating methods were developed	What happened after radioactivity was realized ?
In 1847 , Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth .	physician	What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis ' profession ?
In 1847 , Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth .	requiring physicians to wash their hands	How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever ?
This discovery predated the germ theory of disease .	the germ theory of disease	What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth ?
However , Semmelweis ' findings were not appreciated by his contemporaries and came into use only with discoveries by British surgeon Joseph Lister , who in 1865 proved the principles of antisepsis .	antisepsis	What did Joseph Lister prove ?
Lister 's work was based on the important findings by French biologist Louis Pasteur .	Louis Pasteur	Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of ?
Perhaps the most prominent , controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859 .	Charles Darwin	Which scientist championed the idea of evolution ?
Perhaps the most prominent , controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859 .	On the Origin of Species	What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution ?
Implications of evolution on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different parts of society , and profoundly influenced the popular understanding of `` man 's place in the universe '' .	both opposition and support from different parts of society	What was the reception of Darwin 's ideas about evolution ?
In the early 20th century , the study of heredity became a major investigation after the rediscovery in 1900 of the laws of inheritance developed by the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel in 1866 .	Moravian monk Gregor Mendel	Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance ?
By 1953 , James D. Watson , Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins clarified the basic structure of DNA , the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms .	the basic structure of DNA	What was the major break through for the study of genetics ?
The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries .	Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography	The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects ?
Equally important in the rise of ecology , however , were microbiology and soil science -- particularly the cycle of life concept , prominent in the work Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn .	the cycle of life concept	What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on ?
The word ecology was coined by Ernst Haeckel , whose particularly holistic view of nature in general -LRB- and Darwin 's theory in particular -RRB- was important in the spread of ecological thinking .	Ernst Haeckel	Who came up with the word `` ecology '' ?
The history of ecology in the 20th century is closely tied to that of environmentalism ; the Gaia hypothesis , first formulated in the 1960s , and spreading in the 1970s , and more recently the scientific-religious movement of Deep Ecology have brought the two closer together .	in the 1960s	When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered ?
The history of ecology in the 20th century is closely tied to that of environmentalism ; the Gaia hypothesis , first formulated in the 1960s , and spreading in the 1970s , and more recently the scientific-religious movement of Deep Ecology have brought the two closer together .	Deep Ecology	What movement occurred during the 1970s ?
Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	social sciences	What larger group does political science belong to ?
The roots of politics are in prehistory .	prehistory	Where did the ideas of political science begin ?
In each historic period and in almost every geographic area , we can find someone studying politics and increasing political understanding .	in almost every geographic area	In history , where could you find someone studying politics ?
In Western culture , the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece .	Ancient Greece	Where did studying politics originate ?
Later , Plato analyzed political systems , abstracted their analysis from more literary - and history - oriented studies and applied an approach we would understand as closer to philosophy .	political systems	What did Plato study ?
Later , Plato analyzed political systems , abstracted their analysis from more literary - and history - oriented studies and applied an approach we would understand as closer to philosophy .	philosophy	What method did Plato use to understand political systems ?
Similarly , Aristotle built upon Plato 's analysis to include historical empirical evidence in his analysis .	historical empirical evidence	What did Aristotle add to Plato 's work ?
An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft , economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta , who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya -LRB- c. 350 -- -283 BCE -RRB- .	Chāṇakya	Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with ?
Roger Boesche describes the Arthaśāstra as `` a book of political realism , a book analysing how the political world does work and not very often stating how it ought to work , a book that frequently discloses to a king what calculating and sometimes brutal measures he must carry out to preserve the state and the common good . ''	brutal measures	What did the Arthasastra say a king must use ?
An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft , economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta , who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya -LRB- c. 350 -- -283 BCE -RRB- .	350–-283 BCE	When was Chanakya alive ?
With the fall of the Western Roman Empire , there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies .	the fall of the Western Roman Empire	What allowed political studies to spread ?
The rise of monotheism and , particularly for the Western tradition , Christianity , brought to light a new space for politics and political action -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	monotheism	What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum ?
During the Middle Ages , the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts .	churches and courts	Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages ?
Works such as Augustine of Hippo 's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity , redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political .	Augustine of Hippo	Who wrote The City of God ?
Works such as Augustine of Hippo 's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity , redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political .	the borders between what was religious and what was political	What did The City of God change ?
Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century .	Historical linguistics	What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century ?
Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit , Persian , Greek , Latin , Gothic , and Celtic languages all shared a common base .	Sir William Jones	Who realized that languages like Sanskrit , Persian , and Greek share the same foundation ?
After Jones , an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century .	catalog all languages of the world	What did Sir William Jones do to document his work ?
Noam Chomsky further diversified linguistics with the development of generative linguistics in the 1950s .	the development of generative linguistics	What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics ?
His effort is based upon a mathematical model of language that allows for the description and prediction of valid syntax .	a mathematical model of language	What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics ?
The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith 's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations , published in 1776 .	Adam Smith	Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations ?
The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith 's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations , published in 1776 .	The basis for classical economics	What did Adam Smith 's work cover ?
Smith criticized mercantilism , advocating a system of free trade with division of labour .	mercantilism	What idea did Adam Smith disagree with ?
He postulated an `` invisible hand '' that regulated economic systems made up of actors guided only by self-interest .	an "invisible hand"	What idea did Adam Smith propose ?
Karl Marx developed an alternative economic theory , called Marxian economics .	Karl Marx	Who is Marxian economics named after ?
In the 1920s , John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics .	microeconomics and macroeconomics	What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate ?
Following World War II , Milton Friedman created the concept of monetarism .	monetarism	What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II ?
Monetarism focuses on using the supply and demand of money as a method for controlling economic activity .	using the supply and demand of money	How did monaterism aim to control the economy ?
In the 1970s , monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion .	supply-side economics	In the 1970s , what did monaterism turn into ?
In the 1970s , monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion .	reducing taxes	How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market ?
The `` invisible hand '' mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to `` Wealth of Nations '' , 1776 , advances as Smith 's central message .	1776	When was Wealth of Nations written ?
-LSB- clarification needed -RSB- It is played down that this `` invisible hand '' acts only `` frequently '' and that it is `` no part of his -LSB- the individual 's -RSB- intentions '' because competition leads to lower prices by imitating `` his '' invention .	frequently	How present was Smith 's invisible hand intended to be ?
-LSB- clarification needed -RSB- It is played down that this `` invisible hand '' acts only `` frequently '' and that it is `` no part of his -LSB- the individual 's -RSB- intentions '' because competition leads to lower prices by imitating `` his '' invention .	lower prices	What happens in a market when there is competition ?
The opening passage of the `` Wealth '' containing Smith 's message is never mentioned as it can not be integrated into modern theory : `` Wealth '' depends on the division of labour which changes with market volume and on the proportion of productive to Unproductive labor .	the division of labour	What is the most important part of `` Wealth '' ?
The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise .	a scientific enterprise	What was the beginning of psychology classified as ?
The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study .	1879	What year is most commonly referred to as the beginning of psychology ?
In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research -LRB- in Leipzig -RRB- .	Wilhelm Wundt	Who has the first lab completely dedicated to psychology ?
Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus -LRB- a pioneer in memory studies -RRB- , Ivan Pavlov -LRB- who discovered classical conditioning -RRB- , William James , and Sigmund Freud .	memory studies	What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study ?
Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus -LRB- a pioneer in memory studies -RRB- , Ivan Pavlov -LRB- who discovered classical conditioning -RRB- , William James , and Sigmund Freud .	classical conditioning	What was Ivan Pavlov known for ?
The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology , known collectively as cognitive science .	cognitive science	What is the group that human psychology belongs to ?
Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation , using the tools of psychology , linguistics , computer science , philosophy , and neurobiology .	the mind	What is investigated in cognitive science ?
New methods of visualizing the activity of the brain , such as PET scans and CAT scans , began to exert their influence as well , leading some researchers to investigate the mind by investigating the brain , rather than cognition .	PET scans and CAT scans	What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science ?
These new forms of investigation assume that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible , and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains , such as artificial intelligence .	artificial intelligence	What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science ?
Ibn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist .	scientific systematic sociologist	What was Ibn Khaldun 's profession ?
The modern sociology , emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world .	early 19th century	When did modern sociology surface ?
Among many early sociologists -LRB- e.g. , Émile Durkheim -RRB- , the aim of sociology was in structuralism , understanding the cohesion of social groups , and developing an `` antidote '' to social disintegration .	understanding the cohesion of social groups	What is the main goal of sociology ?
Max Weber was concerned with the modernization of society through the concept of rationalization , which he believed would trap individuals in an `` iron cage '' of rational thought .	he believed would trap individuals in an "iron cage"	How did Max Weber view rationalization ?
American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons , who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore `` functional '' .	Talcott Parsons	Who was the major proponent of American sociology ?
American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons , who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore `` functional '' .	structural integration	What did Parsons believe made a functional society ?
This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s , when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo .	inequalities present in the status quo	What was the problem with the views of Parsons ?
In reaction , conflict theory was developed , which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx .	conflict theory	What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration ?
Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources .	different groups compete for control over resources	What is the main belief of conflict theory ?
Computer science , built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics , discrete mathematics , and electrical engineering , studies the nature and limits of computation .	Computer science	What science is based on linguistics , mathematics , and engineering ?
One area in which advances in computing have contributed to more general scientific development is by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data .	by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data	How has computer science helped science as a whole ?
Contemporary computer science typically distinguishes itself by emphasising mathematical ` theory ' in contrast to the practical emphasis of software engineering .	emphasising mathematical 'theory'	What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science ?
As an academic field , history of science began with the publication of William Whewell 's History of the Inductive Sciences -LRB- first published in 1837 -RRB- .	History of the Inductive Sciences	What text is the foundation of the study of the history of science ?
A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton 's publications , Introduction to the History of Science -LRB- 1927 -RRB- and the Isis journal -LRB- founded in 1912 -RRB- .	George Sarton's	Who wrote a more professional version of History of the Inductive Sciences ?
Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas .	the history of great men and great ideas	What was the history of science during the 20th century ?
He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress .	Whiggish	How could Sarton 's ideas be described ?
The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period , and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians .	interested scientists and physicians	Who studied the history of science ?
Much of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science is , how it functions , and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends .	what science is	What is the large question that the history of science answers ?
The sociology of science in particular has focused on the ways in which scientists work , looking closely at the ways in which they `` produce '' and `` construct '' scientific knowledge .	the ways in which scientists work	What did sociology in science explain ?
Since the 1960s , a common trend in science studies -LRB- the study of the sociology and history of science -RRB- has been to emphasize the `` human component '' of scientific knowledge , and to de-emphasize the view that scientific data are self-evident , value-free , and context-free .	to emphasize the "human component" of scientific knowledge	What was the most popular method in the 1960s regarding science studies ?
Humboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity , ethics and aesthetic ideals .	combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals	What did Humboldtian science aim to do ?
It helped to install natural history as a separate field , gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist , naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt .	Alexander von Humboldt	Who was the model for Humboldtian science ?
The later 19th century positivism asserted that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific .	the only valid knowledge is scientific	What idea did positivism provide ?
The mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context , starting from Thomas Kuhn 's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962 .	Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962	Where did the social aspect of science originate ?
It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science .	positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science	What idea did social science add to science as a whole ?
As Thomas Kuhn put it , the history of science may be seen in more nuanced terms , such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual , cultural , economic and political themes outside of science .	competing paradigms or conceptual systems	How did Kuhn view the history of science ?
Further studies , e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community , as a social construct , in accepting or rejecting -LRB- objective -RRB- scientific knowledge .	a social construct	What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as ?
The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French philosophers , which denied the objectivity of science in general or seemed to do so .	The Science wars	What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science ?
They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice ; while scientism , a revival of the positivism approach , saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies .	scientism	What was positivism called after it was revived ?
They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice ; while scientism , a revival of the positivism approach , saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies .	settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies	What did scientism aim to do ?
Czech -LRB- / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : -LSB- ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna -RSB- -RRB- , formerly known as Bohemian -LRB- / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin -RRB- , is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language , spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic .	10 million	How many people speak Czech ?
Czech -LRB- / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : -LSB- ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna -RSB- -RRB- , formerly known as Bohemian -LRB- / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin -RRB- , is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language , spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic .	Latin and German	Which two languages strongly influenced Czech ?
Czech -LRB- / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : -LSB- ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna -RSB- -RRB- , formerly known as Bohemian -LRB- / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin -RRB- , is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language , spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic .	Czech Republic	In which country is Czech the official language ?
Czech 's closest relative is Slovak , with which it is mutually intelligible .	Slovak	Which language is closest to Czech ?
Czech -LRB- / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : -LSB- ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna -RSB- -RRB- , formerly known as Bohemian -LRB- / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin -RRB- , is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language , spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic .	Bohemian	What name was the Czech language formerly known as ?
Czech -LRB- / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : -LSB- ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna -RSB- -RRB- , formerly known as Bohemian -LRB- / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin -RRB- , is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language , spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic .	Bohemian	What was Czech formerly known as ?
Czech -LRB- / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : -LSB- ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna -RSB- -RRB- , formerly known as Bohemian -LRB- / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin -RRB- , is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language , spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic .	Latin and German	What languages strongly influenced Czech ?
Czech -LRB- / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : -LSB- ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna -RSB- -RRB- , formerly known as Bohemian -LRB- / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin -RRB- , is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language , spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic .	10	Over how many million people speak Czech ?
Although most Czech vocabulary is based on shared roots with Slavic , Romance , and Germanic languages , many loanwords -LRB- most associated with high culture -RRB- have been adopted in recent years .	loanwords	What vocabulary associated with higher classed culture have been adopted over the years ?
Czech -LRB- / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : -LSB- ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna -RSB- -RRB- , formerly known as Bohemian -LRB- / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin -RRB- , is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language , spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic .	Czech	What is the official language of the Czech republic ?
However , most Slavic languages -LRB- including Czech -RRB- have been distanced in this way from Russian influences because of widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union -LRB- which occupied Czechoslovakia in 1968 -RRB- .	1968	When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia ?
Czech and Slovak form a dialect continuum , with great similarity between neighboring Czech and Slovak dialects .	Slovak	What language forms a dialect continuum with Czech ?
The languages have not undergone the deliberate highlighting of minor linguistic differences in the name of nationalism as has occurred in the Bosnian , Serbian and Croatian standards of Serbo-Croatian .	Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian	Name three Serbo-Croatian languages that have made a point of establishing their own unique linguistic identities .
However , most Slavic languages -LRB- including Czech -RRB- have been distanced in this way from Russian influences because of widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union -LRB- which occupied Czechoslovakia in 1968 -RRB- .	widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union	Why have many Slavic languages sought to separate themselves from Russian influence ?
The languages have not undergone the deliberate highlighting of minor linguistic differences in the name of nationalism as has occurred in the Bosnian , Serbian and Croatian standards of Serbo-Croatian .	highlighting of minor linguistic differences	What deliberate action has been done to some languages in the name of nationalism ?
However , most Slavic languages -LRB- including Czech -RRB- have been distanced in this way from Russian influences because of widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union -LRB- which occupied Czechoslovakia in 1968 -RRB- .	Slavic	What language family is Czech ?
However , most Slavic languages -LRB- including Czech -RRB- have been distanced in this way from Russian influences because of widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union -LRB- which occupied Czechoslovakia in 1968 -RRB- .	resentment against the former Soviet Union	Why did many Slavic languages distance themselves from Russian influences ?
Czech and Slovak form a dialect continuum , with great similarity between neighboring Czech and Slovak dialects .	Slovak	What language does Czech form a dialect continuum with ?
One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent , but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation ; Slovak morphology is more regular -LRB- when changing from the nominative to the locative case , Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak -RRB- .	by 80 percent	How much do the lexicons of Czech and Slovak differ , according to on study ?
One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent , but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation ; Slovak morphology is more regular -LRB- when changing from the nominative to the locative case , Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak -RRB- .	differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation	What was the high percentage of differing lexicons found to derive from ?
One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent , but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation ; Slovak morphology is more regular -LRB- when changing from the nominative to the locative case , Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak -RRB- .	when changing from the nominative to the locative case	When is Slovak morphology more regular than Czech ?
The two lexicons are generally considered similar , with most differences in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology .	some scientific terminology	The most differences between Czech and Slovak can be found in colloquial vocabulary as well as what ?
Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech .	borrowed words	What does Slovak have slightly more of than Czech ?
The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves `` Czechoslavs '' -LRB- Čechoslováci -RRB- , believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and -LRB- to a lesser extent -RRB- Hungarians and other Slavs .	a group of 19th-century scholars	Who called themselves `` Czechoslavs '' ?
The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves `` Czechoslavs '' -LRB- Čechoslováci -RRB- , believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and -LRB- to a lesser extent -RRB- Hungarians and other Slavs .	The similarities	Why did the Czechoslavs consider Czech and Slovak to be a single language ?
During the First Czechoslovak Republic -LRB- 1918 -- 1938 -RRB- , although `` Czechoslovak '' was designated as the republic 's official language both Czech and Slovak written standards were used .	1918–1938	When was the first Czechoslovak Republic ?
Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech , and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic .	literary Czech	What was standard written Slovak partially modeled on ?
When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed , Slovak developed somewhat on its own -LRB- with Czech influence -RRB- ; during the Prague Spring of 1968 , Slovak gained independence from -LRB- and equality with -RRB- Czech .	1968	When was the Prague Spring ?
Around the sixth century AD , a tribe of Slavs arrived in a portion of Central Europe .	sixth century AD	When did a tribe of Slavs arrive in Central Europe ?
According to legend they were led by a hero named Čech , from whom the word `` Czech '' derives .	Čech	Who was the hero who led the Slavs to their new home , according to legend ?
The ninth century brought the state of Great Moravia , whose first ruler -LRB- Rastislav of Moravia -RRB- invited Byzantine ruler Michael III to send missionaries in an attempt to reduce the influence of East Francia on religious and political life in his country .	state of Great Moravia	What did the ninth century bring ?
The ninth century brought the state of Great Moravia , whose first ruler -LRB- Rastislav of Moravia -RRB- invited Byzantine ruler Michael III to send missionaries in an attempt to reduce the influence of East Francia on religious and political life in his country .	East Francia	Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce , when he invited Michael III to send missionaries ?
They also brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the West Slavs , whose language was previously unwritten .	Glagolitic	What alphabet did the missionaries bring to the West Slavs ?
Its use of cases differed from the modern language ; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction , declension for its six cases and three genders rapidly became complicated -LRB- partially to differentiate homophones -RRB- and its declension patterns resembled those of Lithuanian -LRB- its Balto-Slavic cousin -RRB- .	did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction	How did Old Czech 's use of cases differ from modern usage ?
Its use of cases differed from the modern language ; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction , declension for its six cases and three genders rapidly became complicated -LRB- partially to differentiate homophones -RRB- and its declension patterns resembled those of Lithuanian -LRB- its Balto-Slavic cousin -RRB- .	Lithuanian	What other language did Old Czech 's declension patterns resemble ?
Its use of cases differed from the modern language ; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction , declension for its six cases and three genders rapidly became complicated -LRB- partially to differentiate homophones -RRB- and its declension patterns resembled those of Lithuanian -LRB- its Balto-Slavic cousin -RRB- .	six	How many cases did Old Czech have ?
The Czechs ' language separated from other Slavic tongues into what would later be called Old Czech by the thirteenth century , a classification extending through the sixteenth century .	through the sixteenth century	How long was the precursor to Czech classified as Old Czech ?
The Czechs ' language separated from other Slavic tongues into what would later be called Old Czech by the thirteenth century , a classification extending through the sixteenth century .	other Slavic tongues	By the thirteenth century , what had the Czech language separated from ?
While Old Czech had a basic alphabet from which a general set of orthographical correspondences was drawn , it did not have a standard orthography .	standard	What type of orthography did Old Czech lack ?
It also contained a number of sound clusters which no longer exist ; allowing ě -LRB- / jɛ / -RRB- after soft consonants , which has since shifted to e -LRB- / ɛ / -RRB- , and allowing complex consonant clusters to be pronounced all at once rather than syllabically .	no longer exist	Why are n't some sound clusters used in modern Czech ?
It also contained a number of sound clusters which no longer exist ; allowing ě -LRB- / jɛ / -RRB- after soft consonants , which has since shifted to e -LRB- / ɛ / -RRB- , and allowing complex consonant clusters to be pronounced all at once rather than syllabically .	all at once	How did old Czech allow some complex consonant clusters to be pronounced ?
A phonological phenomenon , Havlik 's law -LRB- which began in Proto-Slavic and took various forms in other Slavic languages -RRB- , appeared in Old Czech ; counting backwards from the end of a clause , every odd-numbered yer was vocalized as a vowel , while the other yers disappeared .	phonological	What type of phenomenon is Havlik 's law ?
A phonological phenomenon , Havlik 's law -LRB- which began in Proto-Slavic and took various forms in other Slavic languages -RRB- , appeared in Old Czech ; counting backwards from the end of a clause , every odd-numbered yer was vocalized as a vowel , while the other yers disappeared .	every odd-numbered	Which `` yer `` s were vocalized as vowels ?
Bohemia -LRB- as Czech civilization was known by then -RRB- increased in power over the centuries , as its language did in regional importance .	Bohemia	What was Czech civilization called back in the day ?
This growth was expedited during the fourteenth century by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV , who founded Charles University in Prague in 1348 .	Charles IV	What Holy Roman Emperor expedited the growth of Bohemia in the 14th century ?
This growth was expedited during the fourteenth century by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV , who founded Charles University in Prague in 1348 .	1348	When was Charles University founded in Prague ?
Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography , advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners -LRB- particularly in religion -RRB- and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language .	Jan Hus	Who contributed heavily to the effort to standardize Czech orthography ?
Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography , advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners -LRB- particularly in religion -RRB- and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language .	widespread literacy	What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners ?
Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance for hundreds of years , and has been a literary language in the Slovak lands since the early fifteenth century .	hundreds	How many years as Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance ?
A biblical translation , the Kralice Bible , was published during the late sixteenth century -LRB- around the time of the King James and Luther versions -RRB- which was more linguistically conservative than either .	late sixteenth century	When was the Kralice Bible published ?
The publication of the Kralice Bible spawned widespread nationalism , and in 1615 the government of Bohemia ruled that only Czech-speaking residents would be allowed to become full citizens or inherit goods or land .	widespread nationalism	What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn ?
This , and the conversion of the Czech upper classes from the Habsburg Empire 's Catholicism to Protestantism , angered the Habsburgs and helped trigger the Thirty Years ' War -LRB- where the Czechs were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain -RRB- .	Thirty Years' War	In what war were the Czechs defeated at the Battle of White Mountain ?
German quickly became the dominant language in Bohemia .	German	What language became dominant in Bohemia after the Czech 's defeat ?
The consensus among linguists is that modern , standard Czech originated during the eighteenth century .	the eighteenth century	When do linguists agree modern Czech originated ?
By then the language had developed a literary tradition , and since then it has changed little ; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech , and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty .	literary tradition	What had Czech developed by the 18th century ?
By then the language had developed a literary tradition , and since then it has changed little ; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech , and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty .	modern standard Czech	Journals from the 18th century have no substantial differences from what ?
By then the language had developed a literary tradition , and since then it has changed little ; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech , and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty .	little	How much difficulty do contemporary Czechs have in understanding material from the 18th century ?
Sometime before the eighteenth century , the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic / l / and / ʎ / which survives in Slovak .	a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/	What did the Czech language abandon which survives in Slovak ?
The Czech people gained widespread national pride during the mid-eighteenth century , inspired by the Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier .	widespread national pride	What did the Czechs as a people gain during the mid-18th century ?
The Czech people gained widespread national pride during the mid-eighteenth century , inspired by the Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier .	Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier	What inspired the Czech 's national pride ?
Czech historians began to emphasize their people 's accomplishments from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries , rebelling against the Counter-Reformation -LRB- which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages -RRB- .	accomplishments	What did Czech historians emphasize about their countrymen ?
Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts , advocating the return of the language to high culture .	the return of the language to high culture	What did Czech philologists advocate ?
This period is known as the Czech National Revival -LRB- or Renascence -RRB- .	Czech National Revival	What is the period during the mid-eighteenth century also remembered as ?
During the revival , in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache -LRB- Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language -RRB- .	linguist and historian	What was the professions of Joseph Dobrovský ?
Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive , and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language .	a major language	What did n't Dobrovský think Czech had a chance of returning as ?
During the revival , in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache -LRB- Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language -RRB- .	1809	What year did Joseph Dobrovský release a German-language grammar of Old Czech ?
However , Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský 's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival .	a Czech linguistic revival	What did Josef Jungmann advocate for ?
Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal , widespread use .	Modern scholars	Who disagree about whether the revivalists were motivated by nationalism or if they considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal use ?
Czech , the official language of the Czech Republic -LRB- a member of the European Union since 2004 -RRB- , is one of the EU 's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia .	Czech	What is the official language of the Czech republic ?
Czech , the official language of the Czech Republic -LRB- a member of the European Union since 2004 -RRB- , is one of the EU 's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia .	since 2004	How long has the Czech Republic been a member of the European Union ?
Czech , the official language of the Czech Republic -LRB- a member of the European Union since 2004 -RRB- , is one of the EU 's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia .	foreign language most often used	What distinction does Czech have in Slovakia ?
Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages .	Jonathan van Parys	Who collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages ?
The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic -LRB- 98.77 percent -RRB- , Slovakia -LRB- 24.86 percent -RRB- , Portugal -LRB- 1.93 percent -RRB- , Poland -LRB- 0.98 percent -RRB- and Germany -LRB- 0.47 percent -RRB- .	Germany	Of the five countries with the greatest use of Czech , which country had the lowest percent of use ?
Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914 .	1914	Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when ?
Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools , and is taught at Czech heritage centers .	a Less Commonly Taught Language	What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools ?
Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas , Nebraska and Wisconsin .	Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin	What states have large communities of Czech Americans ?
With the exception of Spanish -LRB- the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide -RRB- , Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska , Kansas , Texas , North Dakota and Minnesota .	Spanish	What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S. ?
As of 2009 , 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language -LRB- 49th place nationwide , behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish -RRB- .	70,500	How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009 ?
In addition to a spoken standard and a closely related written standard , Czech has several regional dialects primarily used in rural areas by speakers less proficient in other dialects or standard Czech .	several	How many regional dialects does Czech have ?
In addition to a spoken standard and a closely related written standard , Czech has several regional dialects primarily used in rural areas by speakers less proficient in other dialects or standard Czech .	rural areas	Where are dialects of Czech commonly found ?
By the early 1990s dialect use was stigmatized , associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect .	lower class	What is dialect use associated with and thus stigmatized because of ?
Although Czech has received considerable scholarly interest for a Slavic language , this interest has focused primarily on modern standard Czech and ancient texts rather than dialects .	considerable	What kind of scholarly interest has Czech received ?
Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians , businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations , but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media .	Common	What Czech dialect is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media ?
The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian -LRB- moravština -RRB- .	Moravian	What are the dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia known as ?
In the Austro-Hungarian Empire , `` Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak '' was a language citizens could register as speaking -LRB- with German , Polish and several others -RRB- .	the Austro-Hungarian Empire	Where could citizens register `` Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak ' as being their spoken language ?
Of the Czech dialects , only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office .	Moravian	Which of the Czech dialects is the only one distinguished in the nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office ?
As of 2011 , 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal -LRB- speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages -RRB- .	62,908	How many Czechs spoke Moravian as their first language as of 2011 ?
As of 2011 , 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal -LRB- speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages -RRB- .	45,561	How many Czechs spoke both Moravian and standard Czech as first languages in 2011 ?
Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes , and three more found only in loanwords .	ten	How many basic vowel phonemes does Czech contain ?
Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes , and three more found only in loanwords .	loanwords	Where are three additional vowel phonemes found in Czech ?
Vowels are never reduced to schwa sounds when unstressed .	schwa sounds	What are vowel sounds never reduced to when unstressed ?
Stress is unrelated to vowel length , and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features -LRB- such as English -RRB- .	vowel length	What is stress unrelated to in Czech ?
Each word usually has primary stress on its first syllable , except for enclitics -LRB- minor , monosyllabic , unstressed syllables -RRB- .	first syllable	What a few exceptions where is the primary word stress in Czech ?
Although older German loanwords were colloquial , recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture .	high culture	In Czech , what are loanwords from other languages associated with ?
During the nineteenth century , words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots ; `` music '' is muzyka in Polish and музыка -LRB- muzyka -RRB- in Russian , but in Czech it is hudba .	Greek and Latin	What word roots in the 19th century were rejected in favor of words with more common Slavic roots ?
During the nineteenth century , words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots ; `` music '' is muzyka in Polish and музыка -LRB- muzyka -RRB- in Russian , but in Czech it is hudba .	hudba	How does one say the word `` music '' in Czech ?
Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages -- for example , robot -LRB- from robota , `` labor '' -RRB- and polka -LRB- from polka , `` Polish woman '' or from `` půlka '' `` half '' -RRB- .	robota	What Czech word did the English `` robot '' derive from ?
Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages -- for example , robot -LRB- from robota , `` labor '' -RRB- and polka -LRB- from polka , `` Polish woman '' or from `` půlka '' `` half '' -RRB- .	labor	What is the meaning of the Czech word `` robota '' ?
Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence -LRB- instead of relying on word order , as English does -RRB- , its word order is flexible .	grammatical case	Czech 's word order is flexible because it uses what to convey word function in a sentence ?
As a pro-drop language , in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb ; information about its subject is encoded in the verb .	a verb	In Czech an intransitive sentence may consist of only what ?
As a pro-drop language , in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb ; information about its subject is encoded in the verb .	information	What is encoded about a subject in verbs in Czech ?
Enclitics -LRB- primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns -RRB- must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence , after the first stressed unit .	Enclitics	What is a hard to pronounce and remember term meaning primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns ?
Enclitics -LRB- primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns -RRB- must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence , after the first stressed unit .	second syntactic slot	Where must enclitics appear in a sentence ?
Czech syntax has a subject -- verb -- object sentence structure .	subject–verb–object	What is the sentence structure of Czech syntax ?
In practice , however , word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus .	topicalization and focus	Because word order is flexible in Czech , what does it tend to actually be used for ?
Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction -LRB- like English -RRB- , colloquial word-order changes frequently produce the passive voice .	periphrastic	What kind of passive construction does Czech have ?
For example , to change `` Peter killed Paul '' to `` Paul was killed by Peter '' the order of subject and object is inverted : Petr zabil Pavla -LRB- `` Peter killed Paul '' -RRB- becomes `` Paul , Peter killed '' -LRB- Pavla zabil Petr -RRB- .	inverted	What happens to the subject and object to produce a passive voice in Czech ?
Pavla is in the accusative case , the grammatical object -LRB- in this case , the victim -RRB- of the verb .	accusative	What case is the grammatical object of a verb ?
In Czech , nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven grammatical cases .	seven	How many grammatical cases can nouns and adjectives be declined into in Czech ?
Nouns are inflected to indicate their use in a sentence .	to indicate their use in a sentence	When are nouns in Czech inflected ?
A nominative -- accusative language , Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case .	with nominative case	How does Czech mark subject nouns ?
A nominative -- accusative language , Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case .	object	What nouns does Czech use the accusative case to mark ?
An adjective 's case agrees with that of the noun it describes .	the noun it describes	What must an adjective 's case agree with in Czech ?
Czech distinguishes three genders -- masculine , feminine , and neuter -- and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate .	three	How many genders does Czech distinguish ?
Czech distinguishes three genders -- masculine , feminine , and neuter -- and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate .	animate and inanimate	What categories is the masculine gender in Czech divided into ?
Adjectives agree in gender and animacy -LRB- for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural -RRB- with the nouns they modify .	gender and animacy	What do Czech adjectives agree with in the nouns they modify ?
The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension , but other effects include past-tense verb endings : for example , dělal -LRB- he did , or made -RRB- ; dělala -LRB- she did , or made -RRB- and dělalo -LRB- it did , or made -RRB- .	past-tense verb endings	What does gender also affect in Czech ?
The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension , but other effects include past-tense verb endings : for example , dělal -LRB- he did , or made -RRB- ; dělala -LRB- she did , or made -RRB- and dělalo -LRB- it did , or made -RRB- .	difference in noun and adjective declension	What is the main effect of gender in Czech ?
Nouns are also inflected for number , distinguishing between singular and plural .	Nouns	What are inflected for number in Czech ?
Typical of a Slavic language , Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case , but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case .	any case	What are the cardinal numbers one through four in Czech allowed to take ?
Typical of a Slavic language , Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case , but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case .	genitive	What case are numbers over five in ?
Typical of a Slavic language , Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case , but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case .	when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case	When is the genitive case used ?
Typical of a Slavic language , Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case , but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case .	a Slavic language	What is Czech 's handling of cardinal numbers typical of ?
Typical of Slavic languages , Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects : perfective and imperfective .	marks	What do Slavic languages tend to do to their verbs ?
Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense .	Aspect	What describes the state of the action of the verb at the time specified by its tense ?
Typical of Slavic languages , Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects : perfective and imperfective .	perfective and imperfective	What two grammatical aspects can verbs in Czech have ?
Although the verbs ' meaning is similar , in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing .	completed	In perfective verbs , what state is the action the verb describes in ?
Although the verbs ' meaning is similar , in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing .	imperfective	In which verbs in Czech is the action the verb describes still ongoing ?
The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways : by prefix or by suffix .	two ways	How many ways can a verb in an aspect pair differ ?
In prefix pairs , the perfective verb has an added prefix -- for example , the imperfective psát -LRB- to write , to be writing -RRB- compared with the perfective napsat -LRB- to write down , to finish writing -RRB- .	an added prefix	What does a perfective verb have added in prefix pairs ?
In suffix pairs , a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem ; for example , the perfective verbs koupit -LRB- to buy -RRB- and prodat -LRB- to sell -RRB- have the imperfective forms kupovat and prodávat .	different infinitive ending	What is added to the ending in suffix pairs ?
Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs -LRB- iterative and frequentative forms -RRB- , denoting repeated or regular action .	further morphology	What can imperfective verb undergo to make other imperfective verbs ?
Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs -LRB- iterative and frequentative forms -RRB- , denoting repeated or regular action .	repeated or regular action	What type of action can second level morphed imperfective verbs denote ?
The infinitive form ends in t -LRB- archaically , ti -RRB- .	infinitive	What verb form is found in Czech dictionaries ?
Czech verbs have three grammatical moods : indicative , imperative and conditional .	three	How many grammatical moods do Czech verbs have ?
Czech verbs have three grammatical moods : indicative , imperative and conditional .	indicative, imperative and conditional	What are the grammatical moods of Czech verbs ?
The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person -LRB- or number -RRB- categories : - Ø / - i / - ej for second-person singular , - te / - ete / - ejte for second-person plural and - me / - eme / - ejme for first-person plural .	imperative	What mood adds specific endings for each of three person or number categories ?
The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past-tense verb .	conditional	Which Czech verb mood indicates possible events ?
Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages .	Czech	What language has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages ?
Its thirty-one graphemes represent thirty sounds -LRB- in most dialects , i and y have the same sound -RRB- , and it contains only one digraph : ch , which follows h in the alphabet .	thirty-one	How many graphemes does Czech have ?
As a result , some of its characters have been used by phonologists to denote corresponding sounds in other languages .	corresponding sounds in other languages	What have some of Czech 's characters been used for by phonologists to denote ?
The character ó exists only in loanwords and onomatopoeia .	ó	What character in Czech only exists in loanwords ?
The characters q , w and x appear only in foreign words .	foreign	In Czech , what type of words do the characters `` q '' , `` w '' and `` x '' exclusively appear in ?
Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages , including English .	those of most Latin European languages	What do Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics tend to resemble ?
Proper nouns , honorifics , and the first letters of quotations are capitalized , and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages .	capitalized	In Czech , what is done to proper nouns , honorifics , and the first letters of quotations ?
Proper nouns , honorifics , and the first letters of quotations are capitalized , and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages .	punctuation	What is typical in Czech as other Latin European languages ?
Ordinal numbers -LRB- 1st -RRB- use a point as in German -LRB- 1 . -RRB-	German	What language does Czech share its handling of ordinal format with ?
In proper noun phrases -LRB- except personal names -RRB- , only the first word is capitalized -LRB- Pražský hrad , Prague Castle -RRB- .	only the first	What word is capitalized in proper noun phrases in Czech ?
-LRB- デジモン Dejimon , branded as Digimon : Digital Monsters , stylized as DIGIMON -RRB- , short for `` Digital Monsters '' -LRB- デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā -RRB- , is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys , anime , manga , video games , films and a trading card game .	Digital Monsters	What does Digimon stand for ?
-LRB- デジモン Dejimon , branded as Digimon : Digital Monsters , stylized as DIGIMON -RRB- , short for `` Digital Monsters '' -LRB- デジタルモンスター Dejitaru Monsutā -RRB- , is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys , anime , manga , video games , films and a trading card game .	virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game	What forms of entertainment does the Digimon franchise include ?
The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures , which are monsters living in a `` Digital World '' , a parallel universe that originated from Earth 's various communication networks .	a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks	What is the Digital World in which the Digimon creatures live ?
In many incarnations , Digimon are raised by humans called `` Digidestined '' or `` Tamers '' , and they team up to defeat evil Digimon and human villains who are trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world .	"Digidestined" or "Tamers"	What are the people who raise Digimon called ?
In many incarnations , Digimon are raised by humans called `` Digidestined '' or `` Tamers '' , and they team up to defeat evil Digimon and human villains who are trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world .	trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world	What are the Digimon villians main goals ?
The franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets , akin to -- and influenced in style by -- the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys .	1997	When did Digimon first appear ?
The franchise gained momentum with its first anime incarnation , Digimon Adventure , and an early video game , Digimon World , both released in 1999 .	Digimon Adventure	Name the original Digimon anime .
The franchise gained momentum with its first anime incarnation , Digimon Adventure , and an early video game , Digimon World , both released in 1999 .	Digimon World	Name the Digimon video game that was released in 1999 .
The franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets , akin to -- and influenced in style by -- the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys .	Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys	Name two types of toys the original Digimon bore a close resemblence to .
The franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets , akin to -- and influenced in style by -- the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys .	1997	When was the Digimon series created ?
The franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets , akin to -- and influenced in style by -- the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys .	Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys	What influenced the look of the Digimons ?
The franchise gained momentum with its first anime incarnation , Digimon Adventure , and an early video game , Digimon World , both released in 1999 .	1999	In what year was the Digimon video game released ?
Digimon was first conceived as a virtual pet toy in the vein of Tamagotchis and , as such , took influence from Tamagotchis ' cute and round designs .	virtual pet toy	What kind of toy were the original Digimon ?
As such , many of the early Digimon -- including Tyrannomon , the first one ever created -- were based on dinosaurs .	dinosaurs	What kind of creatures where the early digimon patterned after ?
Watanabe was one influenced by American comics , which were beginning to gain popularity in Japan , and as such began to make his characters look stronger and `` cool . ''	stronger and "cool."	What properties of american comics were the later generations of digimon trying to capture ?
Many further designs were created by Kenji Watanabe , who was brought in to help with the `` X-Antibody '' creatures and art for the Digimon collectible card game .	Kenji Watanabe	Who was the designer responsible for the westernization of Digimon character design ?
As such , many of the early Digimon -- including Tyrannomon , the first one ever created -- were based on dinosaurs .	Tyrannomon	What was the name of the original Digimon character ?
The small areas of the screens -LRB- 16 by 16 pixels -RRB- meant that character designers had to create monsters whose forms would be easily recognizable .	16 by 16 pixels	What was the screen size of the Digimon toy ?
As such , many of the early Digimon -- including Tyrannomon , the first one ever created -- were based on dinosaurs .	dinosaurs	What animals were the digimon based off of ?
Many further designs were created by Kenji Watanabe , who was brought in to help with the `` X-Antibody '' creatures and art for the Digimon collectible card game .	Kenji Watanabe	Who was the designer of the Digimon card game ?
Watanabe was one influenced by American comics , which were beginning to gain popularity in Japan , and as such began to make his characters look stronger and `` cool . ''	American comics	How did Watanabe get his influence ?
This second type of Digi-Egg is called a Digimental -LRB- デジメンタル , Dejimentaru ? -RRB-	Digimental	How do digimon evolve ?
Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs -LRB- デジタマ , Dejitama ? -RRB-	Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs	How are digimon born ?
They age via a process called `` Digivolution '' which changes their appearance and increases their powers .	Digivolution	What is the process of aging called for digimon ?
They age via a process called `` Digivolution '' which changes their appearance and increases their powers .	changes their appearance and increases their powers	What effect does digivolution have on digimon ?
Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs -LRB- デジタマ , Dejitama ? -RRB-	Digi-Eggs	What were the eggs called that the Digimon were hatched from ?
This second type of Digi-Egg is called a Digimental -LRB- デジメンタル , Dejimentaru ? -RRB-	Digimental	What is the second type of Digi-Eggs called ?
They age via a process called `` Digivolution '' which changes their appearance and increases their powers .	Digivolution	What is the process called of how Digi-Eggs age ?
They are able to digivolve by the use of Digivices that their human partners have .	Digivices	What items were used to help the Digimon evolve ?
However , if a Digimon 's data is completely destroyed , they will die .	if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die	Are there any circumstances under which a digimon can not be reborn ?
Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data .	Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data	What typically happens when digimon are killed ?
The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle : They age in a similar fashion to real organisms , but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data , which can be seen throughout the show .	reconfigurable data	What are digimon made of ?
The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg , which will hatch when rubbed gently , and the Digimon goes through its life cycle again .	The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently	How is a digimon reborn ?
The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle : They age in a similar fashion to real organisms , but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data , which can be seen throughout the show .	The first Digimon anime	When was the digimon life cycle first described ?
The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle : They age in a similar fashion to real organisms , but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data , which can be seen throughout the show .	Digimon life cycle	What was introduced during the first Digimon anime ?
Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data .	dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data	What happened to a digimon that receives a fatal wound ?
The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg , which will hatch when rubbed gently , and the Digimon goes through its life cycle again .	goes through its life cycle again	What happens to a digimon after it dissolves ?
However , if a Digimon 's data is completely destroyed , they will die .	they will die	What happens if a Digimons data is completely destroyed ?
It was planned by WiZ and released by Bandai on June 26 , 1997 .	planned by WiZ and released by Bandai	What companies were responsible for the creation and subsequent release of the original digimon ?
The V-Pet is similar to its predecessors , with the exceptions of being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets .	being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets	What made digimon different from similar digital pets ?
It was planned by WiZ and released by Bandai on June 26 , 1997 .	1997	What year was the second generation of digimon released ?
The toy began as the simple concept of a Tamagotchi mainly for boys .	mainly for boys	Who was the main market for the original digimon ?
Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon , train it , evolve it , take care of it , and then have battles with other Digimon owners to see who was stronger .	Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon, train it, evolve it, take care of it, and then have battles with other Digimon owners	What was involved in the original digimon virtual pet gameplay ?
Digimon started out as digital pets called `` Digital Monsters '' , similar in style and concept to the Tamagotchi .	Digital Monsters	What did the Digimon pets originally start out as ?
It was planned by WiZ and released by Bandai on June 26 , 1997 .	June 26, 1997	When was the Digimon released by WiZ ?
In December , the second generation of Digital Monster was released , followed by a third edition in 1998 .	December	In what month was the second generation of the Digital Monsters Released ?
In December , the second generation of Digital Monster was released , followed by a third edition in 1998 .	1998	What year was the third edition released ?
According to the stories , they are inhabitants of the `` DigiWorld '' , a manifestation of Earth 's communication network .	a manifestation of Earth's communication network	What is the world in which the digimon live ?
To help them surmount the most difficult obstacles found within both realms , the Digimon have the ability to evolve -LRB- Digivolve -RRB- In this process , the Digimon change appearance and become much stronger , often changing in personality as well .	the Digimon change appearance and become much stronger, often changing in personality as well	What happens to a digimon after they evolve ?
The stories tell of a group of mostly pre-teens , who accompany special Digimon born to defend their world -LRB- and ours -RRB- from various evil forces .	a group of mostly pre-teens	Who accompanies the digimon as they work to save their world ?
The group of children who come in contact with the Digital World changes from series to series .	The group of children who come in contact with the Digital World changes from series to series	Are the children who accompany the digimon always the same ?
According to the stories , they are inhabitants of the `` DigiWorld '' , a manifestation of Earth 's communication network .	DigiWorld	What is the world of the digimon called ?
According to the stories , they are inhabitants of the `` DigiWorld '' , a manifestation of Earth 's communication network .	DigiWorld	Where are Digimon the inhabitants of ?
The stories tell of a group of mostly pre-teens , who accompany special Digimon born to defend their world -LRB- and ours -RRB- from various evil forces .	mostly pre-teens	What group of kids are in charge of the Digimons ?
To help them surmount the most difficult obstacles found within both realms , the Digimon have the ability to evolve -LRB- Digivolve -RRB- In this process , the Digimon change appearance and become much stronger , often changing in personality as well .	Digivolve	What is the process called when Digimon get stronger ?
As of 2011 , there have been six series -- Digimon Adventure , the follow-up sequel Digimon Adventure 02 , Digimon Tamers , Digimon Frontier , Digimon Data Squad and Digimon Fusion .	six series	How many series have aired since 2011 ?
As of 2011 , there have been six series -- Digimon Adventure , the follow-up sequel Digimon Adventure 02 , Digimon Tamers , Digimon Frontier , Digimon Data Squad and Digimon Fusion .	Digimon Adventure 02	What is the name of the second Digimon series ?
In Japan , Digital Monster X-Evolution , the eighth TV movie , was released on January 3 , 2005 , and on December 23 , 2005 at Jump Festa 2006 , the fifth series , Digimon Savers was announced for Japan to begin airing after a three-year hiatus of the show .	January 3, 2005	When was the movie Digital Monster X-Evolution released ?
A sixth television series , Digimon Xros Wars , began airing in 2010 , and was followed by a second season , which started on October 2 , 2011 as a direct sequel to Digimon Xros Wars .	2010	When did Digimon Xros Wars begin airing ?
The first Digimon television series , which began airing on March 7 , 1999 in Japan on Fuji TV and Kids Station and on August 14 , 1999 in the United States on Fox Kids dubbed by Saban Entertainment for the North American English version .	March 7, 1999 in Japan	When did the first digimon series begin airing in japan ?
The first Digimon television series , which began airing on March 7 , 1999 in Japan on Fuji TV and Kids Station and on August 14 , 1999 in the United States on Fox Kids dubbed by Saban Entertainment for the North American English version .	August 14, 1999	When did Digimon begin airing in America ?
Its premise is a group of 7 kids who , while at summer camp , travel to the Digital World , inhabited by creatures known as Digital Monsters , or Digimon , learning they are chosen to be `` DigiDestined '' -LRB- `` Chosen Children '' in the Japanese version -RRB- to save both the Digital and Real World from evil .	travel to the Digital World	What was the premise of Digimon ?
The group consisted of seven original characters : Taichi `` Tai '' Kamiya , Yamato `` Matt '' Ishida , Sora Takenouchi , Koushiro `` Izzy '' Izumi , Mimi Tachikawa , Joe Kido , and Takeru `` T.K. '' Takaishi .	seven original characters	How many people are in the original Digimon ?
The second Digimon series is direct continuation of the first one , and began airing on April 2 , 2000 .	April 2, 2000	When did the second series of Digimon air ?
Three years later , with most of the original DigiDestined now in high school at age fourteen , the Digital World was supposedly secure and peaceful .	fourteen	What age are the original DigiDestined now that they are in High School ?
However , a new evil has appeared in the form of the Digimon Emperor -LRB- Digimon Kaiser -RRB- who as opposed to previous enemies is a human just like the DigiDestined .	Digimon Kaiser	Who is the new evil force that has been enslaving people ?
To atone for his past mistakes , Ken joins the DigiDestined , being a DigiDestined himself , with his Partner Wormmon revived to fight against them .	joins the DigiDestined	What did Ken do in order to atone for his mistakes ?
The third Digimon series , which began airing on April 1 , 2001 , is set largely in a `` real world '' where the Adventure and Adventure 02 series are television shows , and where Digimon game merchandise -LRB- based on actual items -RRB- become key to providing power boosts to real Digimon which appear in that world .	April 1, 2001	When did the third Digimon series begin ?
In this series , the Tamers can slide game cards through their `` Digivices '' and give their Digimon partners certain advantages , as in the card game .	slide game cards through their "Digivices	What can tamers do in order to give their partners advantages ?
This act is called `` Digi-Modify '' -LRB- Card Slash in the Japanese version -RRB- .	Digi-Modify	What is the act called of giving partners advantages in Digimon ?
The fourth Digimon series , which began airing on April 7 , 2002 , radically departs from the previous three by focusing on a new and very different kind of evolution , Spirit Evolution , in which the human characters use their D-Tectors -LRB- this series ' Digivice -RRB- to transform themselves into special Digimon called Legendary Warriors , detracting from the customary formula of having digital partners .	April 7, 2002	When did the fourth series of Digimon begin ?
The fourth Digimon series , which began airing on April 7 , 2002 , radically departs from the previous three by focusing on a new and very different kind of evolution , Spirit Evolution , in which the human characters use their D-Tectors -LRB- this series ' Digivice -RRB- to transform themselves into special Digimon called Legendary Warriors , detracting from the customary formula of having digital partners .	Spirit Evolution	What was the main focus surrounding the fourth series ?
The fourth Digimon series , which began airing on April 7 , 2002 , radically departs from the previous three by focusing on a new and very different kind of evolution , Spirit Evolution , in which the human characters use their D-Tectors -LRB- this series ' Digivice -RRB- to transform themselves into special Digimon called Legendary Warriors , detracting from the customary formula of having digital partners .	D-Tectors	What did the characters use to transform themselves into special Digimons ?
The fourth Digimon series , which began airing on April 7 , 2002 , radically departs from the previous three by focusing on a new and very different kind of evolution , Spirit Evolution , in which the human characters use their D-Tectors -LRB- this series ' Digivice -RRB- to transform themselves into special Digimon called Legendary Warriors , detracting from the customary formula of having digital partners .	Legendary Warriors	After the characters transformed into special Digimons , what were they called ?
After a three-year hiatus , a fifth Digimon series began airing on April 2 , 2006 .	three-year hiatus	How long did Digimon stay off the air before returning ?
After a three-year hiatus , a fifth Digimon series began airing on April 2 , 2006 .	April 2, 2006	What year did the fifth series start ?
The story focuses on the challenges faced by the members of D.A.T.S. -LRB- `` Digital Accident Tactics Squad '' -RRB- , an organization created to conceal the existence of the Digital World and Digimon from the rest of mankind , and secretly solve any Digimon-related incidents occurring on Earth .	D.A.T.S. ("Digital Accident Tactics Squad")	What was the main focus of the 5th season ?
Like previously in Tamers , this plot takes on a dark tone throughout the story and the anime was aimed , originally in Japan , at an older audience consisting of late teens and people in their early twenties from ages 16 to 21 .	ages 16 to 21	What age group did the season target with its darker theme ?
Because of that , along with the designs , the anime being heavily edited and localized for western US audiences like past series , and the English dub being aimed mostly toward younger audiences of children aged 6 to 10 and having a lower TV-Y7-FV rating just like past dubs , Studiopolis dubbed the anime on Jetix with far more edits , changes , censorship , and cut footage .	children aged 6 to 10	What was the original target age for the Digimon series ?
Three and a quarter years after the end of the fifth series , a new sixth series was confirmed by Bandai for the Digimon anime , its official name of the series revealed in the June issue of Shueisha 's V Jump magazine being Digimon Xros Wars .	Three and a quarter years	How long after the 5th season did the next one start ?
It began airing in Japan on TV Asahi from July 6 , 2010 onwards .	July 6, 2010	When did the sixth season of Digimon begin airing ?
The story follows a boy named Mikey Kudō -LRB- Taiki Kudo in Japan -RRB- who , along with his friends , ends up in the Digital World where they meet Shoutmon and his Digimon friends .	Mikey Kudō	Who is the main character in the sixth Digimon series ?
The Fusion Fighters also finds themselves at odds with Blue Flare , led by Christopher Aonuma -LRB- Kiriha Anouma in Japan -RRB- .	Blue Flare	Who did the Fusion fighters find themselves in battle with ?
The English dub of the series began airing on Nickelodeon on September 7 , 2013 , which is produced by Saban Brands .	September 7, 2013	When did the English dub for the sixth season start airing ?
On August 17 , 2011 , Shueisha 's V-Jump magazine announced a sequel set one year later , a third arc of Xros Wars subtitled The Young Hunters Who Leapt Through Time , which aired from October 2 , 2011 to March 25 , 2012 , following on from the previous arc .	August 17, 2011	When was the sequel announcement for the third arc ?
On August 17 , 2011 , Shueisha 's V-Jump magazine announced a sequel set one year later , a third arc of Xros Wars subtitled The Young Hunters Who Leapt Through Time , which aired from October 2 , 2011 to March 25 , 2012 , following on from the previous arc .	October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012	What was the original run of the third arc of Digimon ?
It focuses on a new protagonist , Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon who embark on a new journey with an older Mikey , Shoutmon , an older Ewan and the revived Damemon , along with other new comrades as they deal with a hidden dimension that lies between the Human World and the Digital World called DigiQuartz .	Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon	Who was the main character in the third arc series ?
It focuses on a new protagonist , Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon who embark on a new journey with an older Mikey , Shoutmon , an older Ewan and the revived Damemon , along with other new comrades as they deal with a hidden dimension that lies between the Human World and the Digital World called DigiQuartz .	DigiQuartz	What is the dimension called between the human world and digital world ?
A new Digimon series was announced 30 months after the end of Digimon Fusion at a 15th anniversary concert and theater event for the franchise in August 2014 .	30 months	How long after Digimon Fusion was a new series announced ?
A new Digimon series was announced 30 months after the end of Digimon Fusion at a 15th anniversary concert and theater event for the franchise in August 2014 .	August 2014	When was the 15th year anniversary held for Digimon ?
would not be a television series , but rather a 6-part theatrical film series .	6-part theatrical film series	Rather than a TV series , What kind of series would the Digimon become ?
The films are being streamed in episodic format outside Japan by Crunchyroll and Hulu from the same day they premiere on Japanese theaters .	Crunchyroll and Hulu	Where are you able to watch the new series when it is released ?
The series is set three years after the events of Digimon Adventure 02 , when Digimon who turn rogue by a mysterious infection appear to wreak havoc in the Human World .	three years	How soon after did another series start after the Digimon Adventure 02 ?
Tai and the other DigiDestined from the original series reunite with their partners and start fighting back with support from the Japanese government , while Davis , Yolei , Cody and Ken are defeated by a powerful enemy called Alphamon and disappear without a trace .	Alphamon	Whats the name of the group that defeats Cody and Ken ?
The film series also feature several DigiDestined having their partners Digivolve up to the Mega level for the first time , a feat only Tai and Matt had achieved previously .	the Mega level	What happened for the first time to the DigiDestined in the film series ?
There have been nine Digimon movies released in Japan .	nine Digimon movies	How many Digimon movies have been released in Japan ?
The first seven were directly connected to their respective anime series ; Digital Monster X-Evolution originated from the Digimon Chronicle merchandise line .	seven	How many movies were directly connected to the anime series ?
Digimon : The Movie , released in the U.S. and Canada territory by Fox Kids through 20th Century Fox on October 6 , 2000 , consists of the union of the first three Japanese movies .	October 6, 2000	What year was Digimon : The movie released in the US/Canada ?
Eventually the UK comics were given their own original stories , which appeared in both the UK 's official Digimon Magazine and the official UK Fox Kids companion magazine , Wickid .	UK comics	What magazine were given their own original stories of Digimon ?
These original stories only roughly followed the continuity of Adventure 02 .	Adventure 02	What series did the UK magazine storyline follow ?
Eventually , both magazines were cancelled .	both magazines were cancelled	What happened to the magazines after their run of Digimon ?
The Digimon series has a large number of video games which usually have their own independent storylines with a few sometimes tying into the stories of the anime series or manga series .	video games	What did the Digimon series end up having lots of during the series ?
The games released in North America are : Digimon World , Digimon World 2 , Digimon World 3 , Digimon World 4 , Digimon Digital Card Battle , Digimon Rumble Arena , Digimon Rumble Arena 2 , Digimon Battle Spirit , Digimon Battle Spirit 2 , Digimon Racing , Digimon World DS , Digimon World Data Squad , Digimon World Dawn and Dusk , Digimon World Championship , and Digimon Masters .	Digimon World, Digimon World 2	What were the first two North American games released ?
The games consists of a number of genres including life simulation , adventure , video card game , strategy and racing games , though they are mainly action role-playing games .	strategy	Name one of the genres from any of the Digimon video games ?
In 2011 , Bandai posted a countdown on a teaser site .	2011	In what year did Bandai post information about a reboot on his website ?
Another role-playing game by the name Digimon Story : Cyber Sleuth is set for release in 2015 for PlayStation Vita .	2015	What year is the video game Digimon Story : Cyber Sleuth set to be released ?
An enhanced version of the game released on Nintendo 3DS as Digimon World Re : Digitize Decode in 2013 .	2013	When was the Nintendo 3DS Digimon World Re : Digitize released ?
A glacier -LRB- US / ˈɡleɪʃər / or UK / ˈɡlæsiə / -RRB- is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight ; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation -LRB- melting and sublimation -RRB- over many years , often centuries .	many years, often centuries	How long does it take glaciers to form ?
Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water .	only on land	Do glaciers form on land , in the sea , or a combination of both ?
Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water .	sea ice and lake ice	Which types of ice form on a body of water 's surface ?
Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight , creating crevasses , seracs , and other distinguishing features .	stresses induced by their weight	What causes glaciers to deform and flow ?
Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight , creating crevasses , seracs , and other distinguishing features .	crevasses, seracs	What are some distinguishing glacial features ?
On Earth , 99 % of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions , but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia , and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands .	99%	How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles ?
On Earth , 99 % of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions , but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia , and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands .	Australia	Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier ?
Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth 's land surface .	about 10 percent	How much of Earth 's land surface do glaciers cover ?
Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 -LRB- 5 × 10 ^ 6 sq mi -RRB- or about 98 percent of Antarctica 's 13,200,000 km2 -LRB- 5.1 × 10 ^ 6 sq mi -RRB- , with an average thickness of 2,100 m -LRB- 7,000 ft -RRB- .	2,100 m (7,000 ft)	What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier ?
Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 -LRB- 5 × 10 ^ 6 sq mi -RRB- or about 98 percent of Antarctica 's 13,200,000 km2 -LRB- 5.1 × 10 ^ 6 sq mi -RRB- , with an average thickness of 2,100 m -LRB- 7,000 ft -RRB- .	98 percent	What percent of Antartica 's land is covered by glaciers ?
Many glaciers from temperate , alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt , creating a water source that is especially important for plants , animals and human uses when other sources may be scant .	glaciers	Do Earth 's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater ?
Many glaciers from temperate , alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt , creating a water source that is especially important for plants , animals and human uses when other sources may be scant .	warmer summer temperatures	What causes glaciers to release meltwater ?
Within high altitude and Antarctic environments , the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater .	Antarctic environments	In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers ?
Many glaciers from temperate , alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt , creating a water source that is especially important for plants , animals and human uses when other sources may be scant .	when other sources may be scant	Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier ?
Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 -LRB- 19,000 sq mi -RRB- are called ice sheets or continental glaciers .	50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)	At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers ?
The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland .	two	How many extant ice sheets exist ?
They contain vast quantities of fresh water , enough that if both melted , global sea levels would rise by over 70 m -LRB- 230 ft -RRB- .	70 m (230 ft)	How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica 's glaciers were to melt ?
Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces .	nunataks	What is the term for ice that protrude 's from a glacier 's surface ?
Narrow , fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams .	ice streams	Narrow , fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what ?
Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea , including most glaciers flowing from Greenland , Antarctica , Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada , Southeast Alaska , and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields .	Tidewater glaciers	What are glaciers called that end in the sea ?
Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea , including most glaciers flowing from Greenland , Antarctica , Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada , Southeast Alaska , and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields .	Tidewater glaciers	Most glaciers from Greenland , Antarctica , and Southeast Alaska are of which type ?
Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers .	much less	Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers ?
Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level , which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water .	above	Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level ?
As the ice reaches the sea , pieces break off , or calve , forming icebergs .	As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve	How are icebergs formed ?
In a similar way , the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone .	base alone	From where is the temperature of a glacier measured ?
A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface , and is able to slide at this contact .	warm-based glacier	Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it 's interface and is able to slide ?
Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal .	partly cold-based and partly warm-based	What temperature makes a glacier polythermal ?
The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base , although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting .	always below freezing point from the surface to its base	What temperature determines a polar glacier ?
Thermally , a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year , from its surface to its base .	melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base	What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier ?
Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation .	where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation	Under what circumstances do glaciers form ?
The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque -LRB- corrie or cwm -RRB- - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature -LRB- such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes -RRB- - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it .	The area in which a glacier forms	What is a cirque ?
The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque -LRB- corrie or cwm -RRB- - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature -LRB- such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes -RRB- - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it .	armchair-shaped	What shape is a cirque , generally ?
On steeper slopes , this can occur with as little as 15 m -LRB- 50 ft -RRB- of snow-ice .	15 m (50 ft)	How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers ?
Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions .	surface snowpack and melt conditions	What characteristics determine glacial zones ?
The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass .	ablation zone	Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass ?
The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone ; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation .	equilibrium line	What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone ?
In general , the accumulation zone accounts for 60 -- 70 % of the glacier 's surface area , more if the glacier calves icebergs .	60–70%	How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone ?
The top 50 m -LRB- 160 ft -RRB- of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure .	they are under low pressure	Why are the tops of glaciers rigid ?
This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section .	fracture zone	Which zone is the top of the glaciers ?
Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity .	differences in glacier velocity	Why are glacial crevices formed ?
Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice , called seracs .	isolated peaks in the ice	What are seracs ?
Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m -LRB- 150 ft -RRB- deep but in some cases can be 300 m -LRB- 1,000 ft -RRB- or even deeper .	46 m (150 ft)	Most crevices are no deeper than what measure ?
Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier , due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls .	Marginal crevasses	Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier ?
Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier , due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls .	reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls	Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier ?
Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier 's margins .	crevasses	What do bergschrunds resemble ?
Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier 's margins .	singular features at a glacier's margins	How are bergschrunds different than crevasses ?
Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate .	where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate	Where do transverse crevasses form ?
In other cases , glaciers can move as fast as 20 -- 30 m -LRB- 70 -- 100 ft -RRB- per day , such as in Greenland 's Jakobshavn Isbræ -LRB- Greenlandic : Sermeq Kujalleq -RRB- .	Jakobshavn Isbræ	In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day ?
Velocity increases with increasing slope , increasing thickness , increasing snowfall , increasing longitudinal confinement , increasing basal temperature , increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness .	Velocity	Increasing slope , thickness , snowfall , longitudinal confinement , basal temperature , and meltwater production result in increased what ?
Mean speeds vary greatly , but is typically around 1 m -LRB- 3 ft -RRB- per day .	1 m (3 ft)	How far do glaciers generally move per day ?
There may be no motion in stagnant areas ; for example , in parts of Alaska , trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits .	trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits	Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska ?
A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges .	periods of very rapid advancement	What is a glacial surge ?
These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock , the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier -- perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake -- or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical `` tipping point '' .	failure of the underlying bedrock	What failure causes surges ?
Temporary rates up to 90 m -LRB- 300 ft -RRB- per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier .	90 m (300 ft) per day	At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges ?
In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year , glacial earthquakes occur .	one km per year	How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes ?
These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1 .	6.1	How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake ?
The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July , August and September and is increasing over time .	increasing	Are Greenland 's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on ?
The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July , August and September and is increasing over time .	July, August and September	During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland ?
In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005 , more events were detected every year since 2002 , and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year .	2005	In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland ?
Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces .	alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces	What are ogives ?
They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers ; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier .	annual movement of the glacier	What does the width of one dark and one light band measure ?
Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up , increasing ablation surface area during summer .	when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer	How are ogives formed ?
Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives .	consist only of undulations or color bands	Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives ?
Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries , excluding those -LRB- Australia , South Africa -RRB- that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories .	fifty	How many countries contain glaciers ?
Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries , excluding those -LRB- Australia , South Africa -RRB- that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories .	every continent	Which continent contains glaciers ?
Mountain glaciers are widespread , especially in the Andes , the Himalayas , the Rocky Mountains , the Caucasus , and the Alps .	Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps	Which mountain ranges contain glaciers ?
Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania , on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains .	Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains	Where are glaciers in Africa located ?
Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland , Svalbard , New Zealand , Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion , Heard , Grande Terre -LRB- Kerguelen -RRB- and Bouvet .	Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet	Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers ?
The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land , amount of snowfall and the winds .	permanent snow cover	Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage ?
Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20 ° to 27 ° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m -LRB- 21,330 ft -RRB- .	20° to 27° north	Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found ?
Between 19 ˚N and 19 ˚S , however , precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m -LRB- 16,400 ft -RRB- usually have permanent snow .	19˚N and 19˚S	Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow ?
Between 19 ˚N and 19 ˚S , however , precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m -LRB- 16,400 ft -RRB- usually have permanent snow .	precipitation is higher	Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow ?
Areas of the Arctic , such as Banks Island , and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers can not form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold .	Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys	Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts ?
Areas of the Arctic , such as Banks Island , and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers can not form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold .	they receive little snowfall	Why ca n't glaciers form in polar deserts ?
Cold air , unlike warm air , is unable to transport much water vapor .	warm air	Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor ?
Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock .	large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock	What cause glacial stiations ?
By mapping the direction of the striations , researchers can determine the direction of the glacier 's movement .	direction of the glacier's movement	What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations ?
Similar to striations are chatter marks , lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier .	lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier	What are chatter marks ?
They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock .	abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released	How are chatter marks formed ?
Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated .	after the glacier has retreated	When are glacial moraines visible ?
Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated .	deposition of material from a glacier	How are glacial moraines formed ?
Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier .	sides of the glacier	Where are lateral moraines found ?
Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier .	when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier	How are medial moraines formed ?
Less apparent are ground moraines , also called glacial drift , which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line .	glacial drift	What are ground moraines also called ?
Before glaciation , mountain valleys have a characteristic `` V '' shape , produced by eroding water .	characteristic "V" shape	What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation ?
Before glaciation , mountain valleys have a characteristic `` V '' shape , produced by eroding water .	eroding water	What gives mountain vallys their characteristic `` V '' shape before glacation ?
If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water , it forms a fjord .	a glacial valley runs into a large body of water	How is a fjord formed ?
During glaciation , these valleys are widened , deepened , and smoothed , forming a `` U '' - shaped glacial valley .	"U"-shaped	What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation ?
At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque , which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley .	the side that descends into the valley	On which side is a cirque opened ?
Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier .	Cirques	Where does ice start accululating in a glacier ?
Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge , called an arête is left .	arête	What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called ?
If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain , they create pointed pyramidal peaks ; particularly steep examples are called horns .	horns	What are extremely steep cirques called ?
At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque , which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley .	three sides	How many sides are closed in a typical cirque ?
Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée , or `` sheepback '' rock .	"sheepback" rock	What is another name for roche moutonnee ?
Roche moutonnée are elongated , rounded , and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion .	elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion	What are roche moutonnee ?
They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long .	less than a meter to several hundred meters long	How large are roche moutonnee ?
Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides .	gentle slope	What shape do roche moutonnee have on their `` up '' side ?
Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides .	steep to vertical face	What shape do roche moutonnee have on their `` down '' side ?
This post-glacial rebound , which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier , is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America .	Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.	Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most ?
Large masses , such as ice sheets or glaciers , can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle .	Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers	What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle ?
This post-glacial rebound , which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier , is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America .	very slowly	With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur ?
The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier 's thickness .	a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness	How much of a glacier 's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle ?
In 1905 the value E , the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator , was theoretically associated by Einstein with a `` quantum '' or minimal element of the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself .	value E	What is considered the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator ?
In 1905 the value E , the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator , was theoretically associated by Einstein with a `` quantum '' or minimal element of the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself .	1905	In what year was the value E associated by Einstein with quantum theories of energy ?
In 1905 the value E , the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator , was theoretically associated by Einstein with a `` quantum '' or minimal element of the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself .	Einstein	Who discovered an association between the value E and quantum energy ?
The light quantum behaved in some respects as an electrically neutral particle , as opposed to an electromagnetic wave .	neutral particle	What did the light quantum behave the same as in laboratory experiments ?
The light quantum behaved in some respects as an electrically neutral particle , as opposed to an electromagnetic wave .	neutral	What type of charge did a particle have that behaved similarly to light quantum energy ?
First recognized in 1900 by Max Planck , it was originally the proportionality constant between the minimal increment of energy , E , of a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black body radiation , and the frequency , f , of its associated electromagnetic wave .	E	What is energy abbreviated to in science ?
First recognized in 1900 by Max Planck , it was originally the proportionality constant between the minimal increment of energy , E , of a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black body radiation , and the frequency , f , of its associated electromagnetic wave .	f	What is frequency also known as in science ?
In 1905 the value E , the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator , was theoretically associated by Einstein with a `` quantum '' or minimal element of the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself .	quantum	What term describes a small amount of element ?
The light quantum behaved in some respects as an electrically neutral particle , as opposed to an electromagnetic wave .	an electrically neutral particle	What did the light quantum , in some ways , behave as ?
The light quantum behaved in some respects as an electrically neutral particle , as opposed to an electromagnetic wave .	The light quantum	What was later termed the photon ?
First recognized in 1900 by Max Planck , it was originally the proportionality constant between the minimal increment of energy , E , of a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black body radiation , and the frequency , f , of its associated electromagnetic wave .	1900	When did Max Planck first recognize the value of the Planck constant ?
In 1905 the value E , the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator , was theoretically associated by Einstein with a `` quantum '' or minimal element of the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself .	Einstein	Which scientist associated the Planck constant with a quantum five years after Planck 's recognition ?
The light quantum behaved in some respects as an electrically neutral particle , as opposed to an electromagnetic wave .	an electrically neutral particle	Instead of an electromagnetic wave , what did the light quantum behave as in some regards ?
It was eventually called the photon .	the photon	What is the simple name given to the light quantum today ?
Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h -LRB- but does not define its value -RRB- .	h	What does classical statistics mechanics not define the value of ?
Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h -LRB- but does not define its value -RRB- .	h	What is required to exist in classical statistics mechanics ?
Eventually , following upon Planck 's discovery , it was recognized that physical action can not take on an arbitrary value .	physical action	After Planck 's findings , what was determined could not take on an arbitrary value ?
Instead , it must be some multiple of a very small quantity , the `` quantum of action '' , now called the Planck constant .	the Planck constant	What is the `` quantum of action '' called ?
Instead , it must be some multiple of a very small quantity , the `` quantum of action '' , now called the Planck constant .	quantum of action	What does the Planck Constant refer to ?
Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h -LRB- but does not define its value -RRB- .	h	Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of what ?
Eventually , following upon Planck 's discovery , it was recognized that physical action can not take on an arbitrary value .	that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value	What was realized after Planck 's discovery ?
Instead , it must be some multiple of a very small quantity , the `` quantum of action '' , now called the Planck constant .	quantum of action	What is the Planck constant formerly known as ?
In many cases , such as for monochromatic light or for atoms , this quantum of action also implies that only certain energy levels are allowed , and values in between are forbidden .	that only certain energy levels are allowed	Regarding atoms , what does the Planck constant imply ?
In many cases , such as for monochromatic light or for atoms , this quantum of action also implies that only certain energy levels are allowed , and values in between are forbidden .	forbidden	Regarding atoms , what are values in between certain energy levels considered by the Planck constant ?
Eventually , following upon Planck 's discovery , it was recognized that physical action can not take on an arbitrary value .	physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value	Following Planck 's discovery , what was realized about values of physical action ?
Instead , it must be some multiple of a very small quantity , the `` quantum of action '' , now called the Planck constant .	the "quantum of action"	The Planck constant initially was given what name ?
Classical physics can not explain this fact .	Classical physics cannot explain this fact	How is the proportional nature of the Planck constant explained ?
In many cases , such as for monochromatic light or for atoms , this quantum of action also implies that only certain energy levels are allowed , and values in between are forbidden .	only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden.	For certain cases of light or atoms , what does the quantum of action yield ?
Equivalently , the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles .	particles	What are common things like furniture and stationary objects actually made of ?
For example , green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres -LRB- the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive -RRB- has a frequency of 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 THz -LRB- 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 × 1012 Hz -RRB- .	555 nanometres	Which light wavelength is the human eye most sensitive to ?
For example , green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres -LRB- the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive -RRB- has a frequency of 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 THz -LRB- 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 × 1012 Hz -RRB- .	green	What color of light is the human eye most sensitive to ?
Equivalently , the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles .	the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles	What does the smallness of the Planck constant show ?
For example , green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres -LRB- the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive -RRB- has a frequency of 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 THz -LRB- 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 × 1012 Hz -RRB- .	555 nanometres	At about what wavelength of light are human eyes most sensitive ?
For example , green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres -LRB- the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive -RRB- has a frequency of 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 THz -LRB- 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 × 1012 Hz -RRB- .	7014540000000000000♠540 THz	What frequency does green light with a wavelength of 555 nanmetres have ?
An amount of light compatible with everyday experience is the energy of one mole of photons ; its energy can be computed by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant , NA ≈ 7023602200000000000 ♠ 6.022 × 1023 mol − 1 .	by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant	How is the energy from one mole of photos computed ?
The result is that green light of wavelength 555 nm has an energy of 7005216000000000000 ♠ 216 kJ/mol , a typical energy of everyday life .	7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol	How much energy does a green light of wavelength 555 nm contain ?
For example , green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres -LRB- the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive -RRB- has a frequency of 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 THz -LRB- 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 × 1012 Hz -RRB- .	555 nanometres	What is the wavelength of light to which human eyes are most sensitive ?
For example , green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres -LRB- the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive -RRB- has a frequency of 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 THz -LRB- 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 × 1012 Hz -RRB- .	7014540000000000000♠540 THz	What is the frequency of the light to which the human eye is most sensitive ?
Each photon has an energy E = hf = 6981358000000000000 ♠ 3.58 × 10 − 19 J .	6981358000000000000♠3.58×10−19 J	What is the energy of a photon ?
The result is that green light of wavelength 555 nm has an energy of 7005216000000000000 ♠ 216 kJ/mol , a typical energy of everyday life .	7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol	How much energy is contained in the light to which human eyes are most sensitive ?
In the last years of the nineteenth century , Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier .	black-body	What type of radiation was Planck studying in the late 19th century ?
In the last years of the nineteenth century , Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier .	forty	How many years prior to Planck 's study had the scientific community first discussed black body radiation ?
In the last years of the nineteenth century , Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier .	Kirchhoff	What scientist first studied black body radiation ?
The electromagnetic field obeys laws of motion similarly to a mass on a spring , and can come to thermal equilibrium with hot atoms .	hot atoms	What is required for the electromagnetic field to come to thermal equilibrium ?
If the object is black , meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it , then its thermal light emission is maximized .	light	What does a hot object in equilibrium absorb as much as it emits ?
In the last years of the nineteenth century , Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier .	the problem of black-body radiation	What was Planck studying in the last part of the nineteenth century ?
In the last years of the nineteenth century , Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier .	Kirchhoff	Who posed the problem of black-body radiation ?
It is well known that hot objects glow , and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones .	hotter	Cooler objects glow less than objects that are what ?
If the object is black , meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it , then its thermal light emission is maximized .	it absorbs all the light	What does a black object do to any of the light that hits it ?
If the object is black , meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it , then its thermal light emission is maximized .	thermal light emission	What is maximized as a result of a black object absorbing all the light that hits it ?
In the last years of the nineteenth century , Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier .	black-body radiation	Planck studied what problem posed originally by Kirchhoff ?
If the object is black , meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it , then its thermal light emission is maximized .	its thermal light emission is maximized.	If an object is black , what is known about its thermal light emission ?
The hot object in equilibrium with light absorbs just as much light as it emits .	absorbs just as much light as it emits	What is known about the light absorption of a hot object in equilibrium with light ?
The electromagnetic field obeys laws of motion similarly to a mass on a spring , and can come to thermal equilibrium with hot atoms .	laws of motion	Electromagnetic fields obey what laws ?
The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction : the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule , the Stefan -- Boltzmann law -LRB- 1879 -- 84 -RRB- .	thermal	What do scientists assume black body radiation is ?
The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction : the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule , the Stefan -- Boltzmann law -LRB- 1879 -- 84 -RRB- .	accurate	What kind of prediction does the assumption that black body radiation is thermal lead to ?
But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature , so that `` white hot '' is hotter than `` red hot '' .	colour	What type of changes in the light a hot object emits as the object 's temperature changes ?
The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction : the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule , the Stefan -- Boltzmann law -LRB- 1879 -- 84 -RRB- .	Stefan–Boltzmann law	What law describes the changes in light emitted by a hot object ?
The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction : the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule , the Stefan -- Boltzmann law -LRB- 1879 -- 84 -RRB- .	thermal	What assumption that black-body radiation is what leads to an accurate prediction ?
The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction : the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule , the Stefan -- Boltzmann law -LRB- 1879 -- 84 -RRB- .	the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule	What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state ?
But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature , so that `` white hot '' is hotter than `` red hot '' .	the colour of the light	What about a hot object changes with the temperature ?
But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature , so that `` white hot '' is hotter than `` red hot '' .	white hot	What color is hotter than `` red hot '' ?
Nevertheless , Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures , by using the principle of adiabatic invariance .	the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures	What did Wilhelm Wien discover ?
The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction : the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule , the Stefan -- Boltzmann law -LRB- 1879 -- 84 -RRB- .	the Stefan–Boltzmann law	What rule predicts that emitted energy increases with temperature ?
But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature , so that `` white hot '' is hotter than `` red hot '' .	the colour of the light given off	What characteristic of the light emitted by a hot object changes with temperature ?
Nevertheless , Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures , by using the principle of adiabatic invariance .	Wilhelm Wien	Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures ?
At each different temperature , the curve is moved over by Wien 's displacement law -LRB- 1893 -RRB- .	Wien's displacement law	The rule that adjust the curve at different temperatures is known as what ?
Wien also proposed an approximation for the spectrum of the object , which was correct at high frequencies -LRB- short wavelength -RRB- but not at low frequencies -LRB- long wavelength -RRB- .	at low frequencies (long wavelength)	Wien 's spectrum model could not predict accurate at what end of the spectrum ?
Prior to Planck 's work , it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever -- that it was a continuous variable .	any	Before Planck , it was assumed that the energy of a body could take on what value ?
The Rayleigh -- Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures , but the results diverge more and more strongly as temperatures increase .	a narrow range	The Rayleigh-Jeans law makes close predictions for what amount of values ?
To make Planck 's law , which correctly predicts blackbody emissions , it was necessary to multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator .	blackbody emissions	What does Planck 's law correctly predict ?
To make Planck 's law , which correctly predicts blackbody emissions , it was necessary to multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator .	h	In making Planck 's law , what was in both the numerator and denominator of the formula that was used ?
Prior to Planck 's work , it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever -- that it was a continuous variable .	that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever	Planck 's work disproved what assumption ?
The Rayleigh -- Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures , but the results diverge more and more strongly as temperatures increase .	The Rayleigh–Jeans	What rule predicted narrow range of energy values at lower temperatures ?
To make Planck 's law , which correctly predicts blackbody emissions , it was necessary to multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator .	multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator	Planck 's law involved what necessary mathematical step to correctly predict blackbody emission ?
Making an equation out of Planck 's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh -- Jeans law could not be done by changing the values of h , of the Boltzmann constant , or of any other constant or variable in the equation .	Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh–Jeans law could not be done	Changing values of n , the Boltzmann constant , or other variables resulted in learning what about Planck 's law ?
In this case the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture .	the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture	The disparity between Planck 's law and the Rayleigh-Jeans law led to what conclusion ?
The black-body problem was revisited in 1905 , when Rayleigh and Jeans -LRB- on the one hand -RRB- and Einstein -LRB- on the other hand -RRB- independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum .	Rayleigh and Jeans	Einstein and what other two individuals revisited the black-body problem in 1905 ?
These proofs are commonly known as the `` ultraviolet catastrophe '' , a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest in 1911 .	Paul Ehrenfest	Who came up with the term , `` ultraviolet catastrophe '' ?
These proofs are commonly known as the `` ultraviolet catastrophe '' , a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest in 1911 .	1911	When did Paul Ehrenfest come up with the name `` ultraviolet catastrophe '' ?
The very first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to `` the theory of radiation and quanta '' .	1911	When was the first Solvay Conference held ?
Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics `` in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta '' .	Max Planck	Who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 ?
The black-body problem was revisited in 1905 , when Rayleigh and Jeans -LRB- on the one hand -RRB- and Einstein -LRB- on the other hand -RRB- independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum .	classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum	What did Rayleigh & Jeans and Einstein prove independently in 1905 ?
These proofs are commonly known as the `` ultraviolet catastrophe '' , a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest in 1911 .	the "ultraviolet catastrophe"	What name did Paul Ehrenfest give to the proofs from Einstein and Rayleigh & Jeans ?
The very first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to `` the theory of radiation and quanta '' .	"the theory of radiation and quanta"	What was the topic of the first Solvay Conference ?
Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics `` in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta '' .	1918	In what year did Planck receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of energy quanta ?
It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839 , although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz , who published the first thorough investigation in 1887 .	Alexandre Edmond Becquerel	Who first observed the photoelectric effect ?
It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839 , although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz , who published the first thorough investigation in 1887 .	1839	When was the photoelectric effect first observed ?
It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839 , although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz , who published the first thorough investigation in 1887 .	Heinrich Hertz	Who published the first thorough investigation of the photoelectric effect ?
Einstein 's 1905 paper discussing the effect in terms of light quanta would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1921 , when his predictions had been confirmed by the experimental work of Robert Andrews Millikan .	Einstein	Who received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect ?
The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his work on the photo-electric effect , rather than relativity , both because of a bias against purely theoretical physics not grounded in discovery or experiment , and dissent amongst its members as to the actual proof that relativity was real .	his work on the photo-electric effect	What did Einstein with the 1921 Nobel Prize for ?
The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons -LRB- called `` photoelectrons '' -RRB- from a surface when light is shone on it .	the emission of electrons (called "photoelectrons") from a surface when light is shone on it	What is the photoelectric effect ?
Einstein 's 1905 paper discussing the effect in terms of light quanta would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1921 , when his predictions had been confirmed by the experimental work of Robert Andrews Millikan .	1921	Einstein 's paper on the photoelectric effect earned him the Nobel Prize in what year ?
The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his work on the photo-electric effect , rather than relativity , both because of a bias against purely theoretical physics not grounded in discovery or experiment , and dissent amongst its members as to the actual proof that relativity was real .	relativity	Einstein 's photoelectric effect work was rewards as opposed to his work on what other topic ?
Prior to Einstein 's paper , electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave : hence the use of the terms `` frequency '' and `` wavelength '' to characterise different types of radiation .	a wave	Before Einstein , electromagnetic radiation was considered to behave as what ?
Prior to Einstein 's paper , electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave : hence the use of the terms `` frequency '' and `` wavelength '' to characterise different types of radiation .	"frequency" and "wavelength"	What terms describe different types of radiation ?
Other waves , such as sound or the waves crashing against a seafront , also have their own intensity .	sound	What other types of wave besides light has its own intensity ?
The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity .	intensity	What is the energy transferred by a wave in a given time called ?
Prior to Einstein 's paper , electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave : hence the use of the terms `` frequency '' and `` wavelength '' to characterise different types of radiation .	a wave	Prior to Einstein 's work , light behavior was modeled as what ?
The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity .	intensity	What is the name for the amount of energy transfered by a wave in a given time ?
However , the energy account of the photoelectric effect did n't seem to agree with the wave description of light .	the energy account	What portion of the photoelectric effect was in disagreement with the believed description of light behavior ?
The light from a theatre spotlight is more intense than the light from a domestic lightbulb ; that is to say that the spotlight gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space -LRB- and hence consumes more electricity -RRB- than the ordinary bulb , even though the colour of the light might be very similar .	gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space	What does it mean for a light source to be more intense than another ?
The `` photoelectrons '' emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy , which can be measured .	photoelectrons	What is emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect ?
This kinetic energy -LRB- for each photoelectron -RRB- is independent of the intensity of the light , but depends linearly on the frequency ; and if the frequency is too low -LRB- corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material -RRB- , no photoelectrons are emitted at all , unless a plurality of photons , whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons , acts virtually simultaneously -LRB- multiphoton effect -RRB- Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect , a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy , rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy .	the frequency	What does the kinetic energy of a photoelectron depend on ?
This kinetic energy -LRB- for each photoelectron -RRB- is independent of the intensity of the light , but depends linearly on the frequency ; and if the frequency is too low -LRB- corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material -RRB- , no photoelectrons are emitted at all , unless a plurality of photons , whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons , acts virtually simultaneously -LRB- multiphoton effect -RRB- Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect , a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy , rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy .	no photoelectrons are emitted at all	What happens if the photoelectron 's frequency is too low ?
This kinetic energy -LRB- for each photoelectron -RRB- is independent of the intensity of the light , but depends linearly on the frequency ; and if the frequency is too low -LRB- corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material -RRB- , no photoelectrons are emitted at all , unless a plurality of photons , whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons , acts virtually simultaneously -LRB- multiphoton effect -RRB- Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect , a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy , rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy .	multiphoton effect	What is the term used when photoelectrons act virtually at the same time ?
The `` photoelectrons '' emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy , which can be measured .	kinetic	What type of energy due photoelectrons emitted due to the photoelectric effect have ?
This kinetic energy -LRB- for each photoelectron -RRB- is independent of the intensity of the light , but depends linearly on the frequency ; and if the frequency is too low -LRB- corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material -RRB- , no photoelectrons are emitted at all , unless a plurality of photons , whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons , acts virtually simultaneously -LRB- multiphoton effect -RRB- Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect , a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy , rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy .	frequency	What factor of the initial light source does the energy of the photoelectrons depend on ?
This kinetic energy -LRB- for each photoelectron -RRB- is independent of the intensity of the light , but depends linearly on the frequency ; and if the frequency is too low -LRB- corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material -RRB- , no photoelectrons are emitted at all , unless a plurality of photons , whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons , acts virtually simultaneously -LRB- multiphoton effect -RRB- Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect , a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy , rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy .	no photoelectrons are emitted at all	When the photon energy is less than the work function of the material the light is shone upon , how many photoelectrons are emitted ?
This kinetic energy -LRB- for each photoelectron -RRB- is independent of the intensity of the light , but depends linearly on the frequency ; and if the frequency is too low -LRB- corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material -RRB- , no photoelectrons are emitted at all , unless a plurality of photons , whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons , acts virtually simultaneously -LRB- multiphoton effect -RRB- Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect , a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy , rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy .	more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy	If the photoelectric effect is occuring , increasing the intensity of the light source causes what ?
Niels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913 , in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford 's classical model .	Niels Bohr	Who introduced the first quantized model of the atom ?
Niels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913 , in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford 's classical model .	1913	When was the first quantized model of the atom introduced ?
Niels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913 , in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford 's classical model .	to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model	Why was the first quantized model of the atom introduced ?
In classical electrodynamics , a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation .	radiate electromagnetic radiation	In classical electrodynamics , a charge moving in a circle should do what ?
Niels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913 , in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford 's classical model .	Niels Bohr	Who modeled the atom in 1913 , challenging Rutherford 's model ?
If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a nucleus , the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus .	the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus	What was predicted to happen to a nucleus-orbiting electron under Rutherford 's model ?
Bohr solved this paradox with explicit reference to Planck 's work : an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies En	an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies	What statement did Bohr make about the electron of an atom , citing Planck 's work ?
Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant , as the quantum of angular momentum .	Bohr	Who introduced the reduced Planck constant ?
Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant , as the quantum of angular momentum .	the quantity	What is the reduced Planck constant also known as ?
The correct quantization rules for electrons -- in which the energy reduces to the Bohr model equation in the case of the hydrogen atom -- were given by Heisenberg 's matrix mechanics in 1925 and the Schrödinger wave equation in 1926 : the reduced Planck constant remains the fundamental quantum of angular momentum .	Heisenberg	Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1925 ?
The correct quantization rules for electrons -- in which the energy reduces to the Bohr model equation in the case of the hydrogen atom -- were given by Heisenberg 's matrix mechanics in 1925 and the Schrödinger wave equation in 1926 : the reduced Planck constant remains the fundamental quantum of angular momentum .	Schrödinger	Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1926 ?
The correct quantization rules for electrons -- in which the energy reduces to the Bohr model equation in the case of the hydrogen atom -- were given by Heisenberg 's matrix mechanics in 1925 and the Schrödinger wave equation in 1926 : the reduced Planck constant remains the fundamental quantum of angular momentum .	the fundamental quantum of angular momentum	According to Heisenberg and Schrödinger , the reduced Planck constant remains what ?
Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant , as the quantum of angular momentum .	the reduced Planck constant	Bohr introduced what value as the quantum of angular momentum ?
At first , Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom : this proved incorrect and , despite developments by Sommerfeld and others , an accurate description of the electron angular momentum proved beyond the Bohr model .	Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom	What incorrect belief did Bohr hold about the reduced Planck constant ?
The correct quantization rules for electrons -- in which the energy reduces to the Bohr model equation in the case of the hydrogen atom -- were given by Heisenberg 's matrix mechanics in 1925 and the Schrödinger wave equation in 1926 : the reduced Planck constant remains the fundamental quantum of angular momentum .	Heisenberg	What scientist used matrix mechanics to bring electron behavior in line with the Bohr model ?
The correct quantization rules for electrons -- in which the energy reduces to the Bohr model equation in the case of the hydrogen atom -- were given by Heisenberg 's matrix mechanics in 1925 and the Schrödinger wave equation in 1926 : the reduced Planck constant remains the fundamental quantum of angular momentum .	1926	When was the Schrödinger wave equation proposed ?
One example is time vs. energy .	time vs. energy	What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum ?
The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trade offs , and given that they are quanta , the trade offs often take the form of either-or -LRB- as in Fourier analysis -RRB- , rather than the compromises and gray areas of time series analysis .	either-or nature of uncertainty	What forces measurement attempts to choose between trade-offs , in quanta ?
The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trade offs , and given that they are quanta , the trade offs often take the form of either-or -LRB- as in Fourier analysis -RRB- , rather than the compromises and gray areas of time series analysis .	either-or (as in Fourier analysis)	What form do measurement attempt trade-offs for quanta take the form of ?
where the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value .	the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value	How is uncertainly measured in this experience ?
The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trade offs , and given that they are quanta , the trade offs often take the form of either-or -LRB- as in Fourier analysis -RRB- , rather than the compromises and gray areas of time series analysis .	Fourier analysis	What type of analysis fits the either-or nature of the uncertainty ?
One example is time vs. energy .	time vs. energy	What example is given as another paired relationship of uncertainly related to standard deviation ?
The Bohr magneton and the nuclear magneton are units which are used to describe the magnetic properties of the electron and atomic nuclei respectively .	Bohr magneton	What is the unit of magentic properties of the electron ?
The Bohr magneton and the nuclear magneton are units which are used to describe the magnetic properties of the electron and atomic nuclei respectively .	nuclear magneton	What is the unit of magentic properties of atomic nuclei ?
The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment which would be expected for an electron if it behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics .	behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics	The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment of an electron under what restriction ?
It is defined in terms of the reduced Planck constant , the elementary charge and the electron mass , all of which depend on the Planck constant : the final dependence on h1/2 -LRB- r2 > 0.995 -RRB- can be found by expanding the variables .	the reduced Planck constant, the elementary charge and the electron mass	What three terms define the Bohr magneton value ?
In principle , the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons , and this is how its value was first calculated in the early twentieth century .	the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons	How was the Planck constant calculated in the early 20th century ?
The CODATA value quoted here is based on three watt-balance measurements of KJ2RK and one inter-laboratory determination of the molar volume of silicon , but is mostly determined by a 2007 watt-balance measurement made at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology -LRB- NIST -RRB- .	2007	The value quoted here for the Planck constant is based on a measurement in what year ?
The CODATA value quoted here is based on three watt-balance measurements of KJ2RK and one inter-laboratory determination of the molar volume of silicon , but is mostly determined by a 2007 watt-balance measurement made at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology -LRB- NIST -RRB- .	the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)	Where was this measurement made ?
The CODATA value quoted here is based on three watt-balance measurements of KJ2RK and one inter-laboratory determination of the molar volume of silicon , but is mostly determined by a 2007 watt-balance measurement made at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology -LRB- NIST -RRB- .	watt-balance measurement	What method was was used to obtain the measurement ?
The CODATA value quoted here is based on three watt-balance measurements of KJ2RK and one inter-laboratory determination of the molar volume of silicon , but is mostly determined by a 2007 watt-balance measurement made at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology -LRB- NIST -RRB- .	silicon	One other measure involved the molar volume of what element ?
The practical difficulties can be illustrated by the fact that the two most accurate methods , the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method , do not appear to agree with one another .	the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another	What is a main practical difficulty in determining n ?
The most likely reason is that the measurement uncertainty for one -LRB- or both -RRB- of the methods has been estimated too low -- it is -LRB- or they are -RRB- not as precise as is currently believed -- but for the time being there is no indication which method is at fault .	it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed	Why does this difficulty occur ?
The most likely reason is that the measurement uncertainty for one -LRB- or both -RRB- of the methods has been estimated too low -- it is -LRB- or they are -RRB- not as precise as is currently believed -- but for the time being there is no indication which method is at fault .	there is no indication which method is at fault	Which method is at fault or the discrepancy ?
The theoretical difficulties arise from the fact that all of the methods except the X-ray crystal density method rely on the theoretical basis of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect .	the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect	Other than the X-ray crystal density method , other methods rely on what two effects ?
If these theories are slightly inaccurate -- though there is no evidence at present to suggest they are -- the methods would not give accurate values for the Planck constant .	If these theories are slightly inaccurate	Why does relying on these effects create concern ?
More importantly , the values of the Planck constant obtained in this way can not be used as tests of the theories without falling into a circular argument .	a circular argument	Using Planck constant values from these effects would lead to what logical issue ?
Fortunately , there are other statistical ways of testing the theories , and the theories have yet to be refuted .	there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.	What is the saving grace of relying on these theories ?
A watt balance is an instrument for comparing two powers , one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units .	an instrument for comparing two powers, one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units	What is a watt balance ?
From the definition of the conventional watt W90 , this gives a measure of the product KJ2RK in SI units , where RK is the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect .	the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect	What value does RK represent ?
If the theoretical treatments of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect are valid , and in particular assuming that RK = h/e2 , the measurement of KJ2RK is a direct determination of the Planck constant .	the Planck constant	If the effects are valid , for RK = n/e2 , what is the measurement of KJ2RK equal to ?
The gyromagnetic ratio γ is the constant of proportionality between the frequency ν of nuclear magnetic resonance -LRB- or electron paramagnetic resonance for electrons -RRB- and the applied magnetic field B : ν = γB .	the frequency ν of nuclear magnetic resonance	The gyromagnetic ratio is the constant proportion between the magentic field and what ?
The protons are said to be `` shielded '' from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule , the same effect that gives rise to chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy , and this is indicated by a prime on the symbol for the gyromagnetic ratio , γ ′ p .	The protons are said to be "shielded" from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule	How does the water molecule impact the effect of magnetic fields on protons ?
The gyromagnetic ratio is related to the shielded proton magnetic moment μ ′ p , the spin number I -LRB- I = 1⁄2 for protons -RRB- and the reduced Planck constant .	related to the shielded proton magnetic moment μ′p, the spin number I (I = 1⁄2 for protons) and the reduced Planck constant.	What three factors impact the gyromagnetic ratio ?
The gyromagnetic ratio γ is the constant of proportionality between the frequency ν of nuclear magnetic resonance -LRB- or electron paramagnetic resonance for electrons -RRB- and the applied magnetic field B : ν = γB .	the applied magnetic field B	The gyromagnetic ratio is often difficult to determine due to difficulty accurately determining the value of what ?
In addition , there are two methods of measuring the value , a `` low-field '' method and a `` high-field '' method , and the conversion factors are different in the two cases .	there are two methods of measuring the value	How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there ?
In addition , there are two methods of measuring the value , a `` low-field '' method and a `` high-field '' method , and the conversion factors are different in the two cases .	the conversion factors are different in the two cases	How do conversion factors compare in `` low-field '' and `` high-field '' methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio ?
Only the high-field value Γ ′ p-90 -LRB- hi -RRB- is of interest in determining the Planck constant .	Only the high-field value Γ′p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant	Which method is of interest in determining the Planck constant ?
A further complication is that the measurement of γ ′ p involves the measurement of an electric current : this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes , so a conversion factor is required .	electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes	Why is the measurement of electric current an issue in the estimate of the gyromagnetic ratio ?
The Faraday constant F is the charge of one mole of electrons , equal to the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e .	the charge of one mole of electrons	What is the Faraday constant ?
It can be determined by careful electrolysis experiments , measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current .	by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current.	How is the Faraday constant determined ?
Substituting the definitions of NA and e , and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units , gives the relation to the Planck constant .	Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.	How does the Faraday constant relate to the Planck constant ?
The Faraday constant F is the charge of one mole of electrons , equal to the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e .	the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e	How is the Farday constant value quickly calculated ?
The X-ray crystal density method is primarily a method for determining the Avogadro constant NA but as the Avogadro constant is related to the Planck constant it also determines a value for h .	The X-ray crystal density method	What is the primary method for determining the Avogadro constant ?
The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal , measured by X-ray crystallography , and the molar volume of the substance .	the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance	The Avogadro constant is determined to be the ratio between what two factors in the X-ray crystal density method ?
Crystals of silicon are used , as they are available in high quality and purity by the technology developed for the semiconductor industry .	Crystals of silicon	What element is used typically to establish Avogadro 's constant ?
The unit cell volume is calculated from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220 .	from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220	How is unit cell volume calculated ?
The molar volume Vm -LRB- Si -RRB- requires a knowledge of the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used .	the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used	Calculating molar volume requires knowledge of what two factors ?
The most urgent unit on the list for redefinition is the kilogram , whose value has been fixed for all science -LRB- since 1889 -RRB- by the mass of a small cylinder of platinum -- iridium alloy kept in a vault just outside Paris .	the kilogram	What measurement is deemed most important to redefine in terms of physical constants ?
The most urgent unit on the list for redefinition is the kilogram , whose value has been fixed for all science -LRB- since 1889 -RRB- by the mass of a small cylinder of platinum -- iridium alloy kept in a vault just outside Paris .	cylinder	What is the shape of the object that establishes the base unit of the kilogram ?
The most urgent unit on the list for redefinition is the kilogram , whose value has been fixed for all science -LRB- since 1889 -RRB- by the mass of a small cylinder of platinum -- iridium alloy kept in a vault just outside Paris .	platinum–iridium	What alloy is the base unit of the kilogram made from ?
The most urgent unit on the list for redefinition is the kilogram , whose value has been fixed for all science -LRB- since 1889 -RRB- by the mass of a small cylinder of platinum -- iridium alloy kept in a vault just outside Paris .	in a vault just outside Paris	Where is the base unit for the kilogram kept ?
The legal process to change the definition of the kilogram is already underway , but it had been decided that no final decision would be made before the next meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011 .	the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011	Where would the decision to change the definition of the kilogram have occured at the earliest ?
The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition , although not the only one .	The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition, although not the only one	Was the Planck constant the only option for redefining the kilogram ?
Possible new definitions include `` the mass of a body at rest whose equivalent energy equals the energy of photons whose frequencies sum to 7050135639273999999 ♠ 135639274 × 1042 Hz '' , or simply `` the kilogram is defined so that the Planck constant equals 6966662606895999999 ♠ 6.62606896 × 10 − 34 J ⋅ s '' .	7050135639273999999♠135639274×1042 Hz	The mass of a resting body with what energy would be equal to a kilogram ?
Possible new definitions include `` the mass of a body at rest whose equivalent energy equals the energy of photons whose frequencies sum to 7050135639273999999 ♠ 135639274 × 1042 Hz '' , or simply `` the kilogram is defined so that the Planck constant equals 6966662606895999999 ♠ 6.62606896 × 10 − 34 J ⋅ s '' .	6966662606895999999♠6.62606896×10−34 J⋅s	A kilogram could be definined as having a Planck constant of what value ?
Comcast Corporation , formerly registered as Comcast Holdings , -LSB- note 1 -RSB- is an American multinational mass media company and is the largest broadcasting and largest cable company in the world by revenue .	Comcast Corporation	What is the largest cable company in the world by revenue ?
It is the second largest pay-TV company after the AT&T - DirecTV acquisition , largest cable TV company and largest home Internet service provider in the United States , and the nation 's third largest home telephone service provider .	AT&T-DirecTV	What merged companies are the largest pay TV entity in the world ?
It is the second largest pay-TV company after the AT&T - DirecTV acquisition , largest cable TV company and largest home Internet service provider in the United States , and the nation 's third largest home telephone service provider .	Internet service provider	Comcast is also the largest media company in the United States in what broadband area ?
Comcast services U.S. residential and commercial customers in 40 states and the District of Columbia .	40 states and the District of Columbia	In what areas of the US does Comcast operate ?
The company 's headquarters are located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Where is Comcast company headquarters ?
Comcast operates multiple cable-only channels -LRB- including E! Entertainment Television , the Golf Channel , and NBCSN -RRB- , over-the-air national broadcast network channels -LRB- NBC and Telemundo -RRB- , the film production studio Universal Pictures , and Universal Parks & Resorts , with a global total of nearly 200 family entertainment locations and attractions in the U.S. and several other countries including U.A.E. , South Korea , Russia and China , with several new locations reportedly planned and being developed for future operation .	E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN	What are some of the cable TV networks owned by Comcast ?
Comcast operates multiple cable-only channels -LRB- including E! Entertainment Television , the Golf Channel , and NBCSN -RRB- , over-the-air national broadcast network channels -LRB- NBC and Telemundo -RRB- , the film production studio Universal Pictures , and Universal Parks & Resorts , with a global total of nearly 200 family entertainment locations and attractions in the U.S. and several other countries including U.A.E. , South Korea , Russia and China , with several new locations reportedly planned and being developed for future operation .	NBC and Telemundo	What two national over-the-air broadcast entities are owned by Comcast ?
Comcast operates multiple cable-only channels -LRB- including E! Entertainment Television , the Golf Channel , and NBCSN -RRB- , over-the-air national broadcast network channels -LRB- NBC and Telemundo -RRB- , the film production studio Universal Pictures , and Universal Parks & Resorts , with a global total of nearly 200 family entertainment locations and attractions in the U.S. and several other countries including U.A.E. , South Korea , Russia and China , with several new locations reportedly planned and being developed for future operation .	Universal Pictures	Comcast owns what movie studio ?
In February 2014 the company agreed to merge with Time Warner Cable in an equity swap deal worth $ 45.2 billion .	Time Warner Cable	What company did Comcast propose a merger with ?
However , on April 24 , 2015 , Comcast terminated the agreement .	April 24, 2015	What date did Comcast drop their proposed merger agreement with Time Warner ?
The company 's customer satisfaction often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry .	customer satisfaction	What is the largest criticism leveled by consumers against Comcast
Comcast has violated net neutrality practices in the past ; and , despite Comcast 's commitment to a narrow definition of net neutrality , critics advocate a definition of which precludes distinction between Comcast 's private network services and the rest of the Internet .	has violated net neutrality practices	It has been alleged that Comcast 's internet service has done what to customers ?
Critics also point out a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast 's service area ; there is limited competition among cable providers .	a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area	What monopolistic practice draws criticism of Comcast ?
These issues , in addition to others , led to Comcast being dubbed `` The Worst Company in America '' by The Consumerist in 2014 and 2010 .	"The Worst Company in America"	What dubious distinction has Comcast earned twice from The Consumerist ?
The company 's customer satisfaction often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry .	often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry	How does Comcast 's customer service stack up against its competition ?
Brian L. Roberts , Chairman , President , and CEO of Comcast , is son of co-founder Ralph Roberts .	Brian L. Roberts	Who is the current head of Comcast ?
Brian L. Roberts , Chairman , President , and CEO of Comcast , is son of co-founder Ralph Roberts .	Ralph Roberts	Who co-founded Comcast ?
In 2010 , he was one of the highest-paid executives in the United States , with total compensation of about $ 31 million .	2010	In what year was Roberts ranked as the country 's highest-paid executive ?
In 2010 , he was one of the highest-paid executives in the United States , with total compensation of about $ 31 million .	about $31 million	What was Roberts ' yearly salary in that year ?
Roberts owns or controls just over 1 % of all Comcast shares but all of the Class B supervoting shares , which gives him an `` undilutable 33 % voting power over the company '' .	"undilutable 33% voting power over the company"	What is Roberts power on the Comcast board ?
The company is often criticized by both the media and its own staff for its less upstanding policies regarding employee relations .	employee relations	Besides customer problems , what other area is Comcast often criticized over ?
A 2014 investigative series published by The Verge involved interviews with 150 of Comcast 's employees .	The Verge	What online media outlet ran an investigative series on Comcast in 2014 ?
A 2014 investigative series published by The Verge involved interviews with 150 of Comcast 's employees .	150	How many Comcast employees were interviewed for that investigative report ?
A widely read article penned by an anonymous call center employee working for Comcast appeared in November 2014 on Cracked .	Cracked	What online publication ran a feature from a Comcast employee in 2014 that received attention ?
Titled `` Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America 's Worst Company , '' the article also claimed that Comcast is obsessed with sales , does n't train its employees properly and concluded that `` the system makes good customer service impossible . ''	"Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,"	What was this 2014 article anonymously penned by a Comcast Employee called ?
Comcast has also earned a reputation for being anti-union .	anti-union	What is Comcast 's stance on organized labor ?
A dispute in 2004 with CWA , a labor union that represented many employees at Comcast 's offices in Beaverton , Oregon , led to allegations of management intimidating workers , requiring them to attend anti-union meetings and unwarranted disciplinary action for union members .	Beaverton, Oregon	A 2004 labor dispute in what city highlighted Comcast 's anti-labor stance ?
A dispute in 2004 with CWA , a labor union that represented many employees at Comcast 's offices in Beaverton , Oregon , led to allegations of management intimidating workers , requiring them to attend anti-union meetings and unwarranted disciplinary action for union members .	attend anti-union meetings	What was one anti-union thing that workers in Beaverton were required to do ?
In 2011 , Comcast received criticism from Writers Guild of America for its policies in regards to unions .	Writers Guild of America	What creative union aired grievances against Comcast in 2011 ?
According to one of the company 's training manuals , `` Comcast does not feel union representation is in the best interest of its employees , customers , or shareholders '' .	one of the company's training manuals	In what internal publication was Comcast 's union stance formally enumerated ?
In 2009 , it was included on CableFAX magazine 's `` Top 10 Places to Work in Cable '' , which cited its `` scale , savvy and vision '' .	CableFAX	What magazine listed Comcast as one of its top places to work ?
Similarly , the Philadelphia Business Journal awarded Comcast the silver medal among extra-large companies in Philadelphia , with the gold medal going to partner organization , Comcast-Spectacor .	Comcast-Spectacor	What is Comcast 's affiliated entity in Philadelphia ?
The Boston Globe found Comcast to be that city 's top place to work in 2009 .	The Boston Globe	What newspaper named Comcast it 's top place to work ?
The Boston Globe found Comcast to be that city 's top place to work in 2009 .	2009	In what year did this newspaper confer this honor on Comcast ?
In 2008 , Black Enterprise magazine rated Comcast among the top 15 companies for workforce diversity .	workforce diversity	On what aspect did Black Enterprise Magazine name Comcast a top 15 employer ?
The book value of the company nearly doubled from $ 8.19 a share in 1999 to $ 15 a share in 2009 .	$8.19	What was Comcast 's share value in 1999 ?
The book value of the company nearly doubled from $ 8.19 a share in 1999 to $ 15 a share in 2009 .	$15	What was Comcast 's share value in 2009 ?
Revenues grew sixfold from 1999 's $ 6 billion to almost $ 36 billion in 2009 .	$36 billion	Comcast 's revenues in 2009 were how much ?
Net profit margin rose from 4.2 % in 1999 to 8.4 % in 2009 , with operating margins improving 31 percent and return on equity doubling to 6.7 percent in the same time span .	8.4%	What was Comcast 's profit margin in 2009 ?
Comcast reported first quarter 2012 profit increases of 30 % due to increase in high-speed internet customers .	increase in high-speed internet customers	What caused a 2012 spike in Comcast profits ?
With $ 18.8 million spent in 2013 , Comcast has the seventh largest lobbying budget of any individual company or organization in the United States .	$18.8 million	What was Comcast 's lobbying budget in 2013 ?
With $ 18.8 million spent in 2013 , Comcast has the seventh largest lobbying budget of any individual company or organization in the United States .	seventh largest	Where did this lobbying budget place the company among all entities in the country ?
The National Cable & Telecommunications Association , which has multiple Comcast executives on its board , also represents Comcast and other cable companies as the fifth largest lobbying organization in the United States , spending $ 19.8 million in 2013 .	The National Cable & Telecommunications Association	What is the name of the industry association that represents all cable companies in Washington ?
Comcast 's PAC , the Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee , is the among the largest PACs in the US , raising about $ 3.7 million from 2011-2012 for the campaigns of various candidates for office in the United States Federal Government .	Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee	What is the name of Comcast 's affiliated political action committee ?
Comcast 's PAC , the Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee , is the among the largest PACs in the US , raising about $ 3.7 million from 2011-2012 for the campaigns of various candidates for office in the United States Federal Government .	$3.7 million	How much did this PAC raise for candidates in US elections from 2011 through 2012 ?
In 1963 , Ralph J. Roberts in conjunction with his two business partners , Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky , purchased American Cable Systems as a corporate spin-off from its parent , Jerrold Electronics , for US $ 500,000 .	1963	When did Ralph Roberts get into the cable TV business ?
In 1963 , Ralph J. Roberts in conjunction with his two business partners , Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky , purchased American Cable Systems as a corporate spin-off from its parent , Jerrold Electronics , for US $ 500,000 .	Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky	Who were Roberts ' business partners in this purchase ?
In 1963 , Ralph J. Roberts in conjunction with his two business partners , Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky , purchased American Cable Systems as a corporate spin-off from its parent , Jerrold Electronics , for US $ 500,000 .	American Cable Systems	What company did this partnership purchase ?
At the time , American Cable was a small cable operator in Tupelo , Mississippi , with five channels and 12,000 customers .	Tupelo, Mississippi	What city did American Cable Systems do business in ?
At the time , American Cable was a small cable operator in Tupelo , Mississippi , with five channels and 12,000 customers .	12,000	How many customers did ACS have when Roberts and his partners purchased it ?
In 1994 , Comcast became the third largest cable operator in the United States with around 3.5 million subscribers following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter 's American division for $ 1.27 billion .	3.5 million	How many paying customers did Comcast have in 1994 ?
In 1994 , Comcast became the third largest cable operator in the United States with around 3.5 million subscribers following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter 's American division for $ 1.27 billion .	third largest	Comcast 's customer base in 1994 was good enough for what national ranking among its competition ?
With five other media companies , the corporation becomes an original investor in The Golf Channel .	The Golf Channel	What sports network was Comcast a founding investor of ?
Following a bid in 1994 for $ 2.1 billion , Comcast increased its ownership of QVC from 15.5 % of stock to a majority , in a move to prevent QVC from merging with CBS .	1994	In what year did Comcast take over a majority interest in QVC ?
Comcast later sold its QVC shares in 2004 to Liberty Media for $ 7.9 billion .	Liberty Media	What company did Comcast sell its interest in QVC to in 2004 ?
Comcast sold Comcast Cellular to SBC Communications in 1999 for $ 400 million , releasing them from $ 1.27 billion in debt .	Comcast Cellular	What was Comcast 's telecommunication business prior to 1999 ?
Comcast sold Comcast Cellular to SBC Communications in 1999 for $ 400 million , releasing them from $ 1.27 billion in debt .	SBC Communications	What company did Comcast sell their telecommunications company to ?
Comcast sold Comcast Cellular to SBC Communications in 1999 for $ 400 million , releasing them from $ 1.27 billion in debt .	$400 million	How much was ComCast Cellular sold for in 1999 ?
Comcast University started in 1999 as well as Comcast Interactive Capital Group to make technology and Internet related investments taking its first investment in VeriSign .	VeriSign	What internet commerce company did Comcast invest in ?
However , MediaOne decided to accept AT&T Corporation 's offer of $ 62 billion instead .	AT&T Corporation	MediaOne merged with what telecommunications company ?
In 2001 , Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time , AT&T Broadband , for US$ 44.5 billion .	2001	When did Comcast acquire the cable assets of AT&T Broadband ?
The proposed name for the merged company was `` AT&T Comcast '' , but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name .	AT&T Comcast	What was the original name of AT&T Broadband and Comcast going to be ?
In 2002 , Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband , thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers .	22 million	When Comcast purchased AT&T Broadband , how many customers did they service ?
This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales -LRB- using AT&T 's groundwork -RRB- which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight .	Comcast Spotlight	Comcast 's advertising and commercial production branch was called what ?
On February 11 , 2004 , Comcast announced a $ 54 billion bid for The Walt Disney Company , as well as taking on $ 12 billion of Disney 's debt .	The Walt Disney Company	What media conglomerate did Comcast try to buy in 2004 ?
On February 11 , 2004 , Comcast announced a $ 54 billion bid for The Walt Disney Company , as well as taking on $ 12 billion of Disney 's debt .	$54 billion	How much money did Comcast offer for this company ?
However , after rejection by Disney and uncertain response from investors , the bid was abandoned in April .	April	What month in 2004 did Comcast drop it 's bid for this company ?
The main reason for the buyout attempt was so that Comcast could acquire Disney 's 80 percent stake in ESPN , which a Comcast executive called `` the most important and valuable asset '' that Disney owned .	ESPN	Comcast dropped their bid to focus on acquiring what sports network ?
On February 11 , 2004 , Comcast announced a $ 54 billion bid for The Walt Disney Company , as well as taking on $ 12 billion of Disney 's debt .	taking on $12 billion of Disney's debt	Besides offering money , what else did Comcast include in their proposal to buy Disney ?
On April 8 , 2005 , a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio , United Artists , and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA 's material for cable and Internet distribution .	Sony Pictures Entertainment	Comcast joined with what media company to acquire a movie studio in 2005 ?
On April 8 , 2005 , a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio , United Artists , and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA 's material for cable and Internet distribution .	MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists	What movie studios did Comcast and their partner buy ?
On October 31 , 2005 , Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania , - based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company , for $ 775 million cash .	Susquehanna Communications	What Pennsylvania cable provider did Comcast buy controlling interest in during 2005 ?
On October 31 , 2005 , Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania , - based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company , for $ 775 million cash .	October 31, 2005	When did Comcast formally announce its purchase of this cable provider ?
On October 31 , 2005 , Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania , - based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company , for $ 775 million cash .	$775 million cash	How much did Comcast pay for this cable tv provider ?
Comcast announced in May 2007 and launched in September 2008 a dashboard called SmartZone .	a dashboard called SmartZone	What was the name of the interface front-end introduced by Comcast in 2007 ?
Hewlett-Packard led `` design , creation and management '' .	Hewlett-Packard	What company designed this interface ?
There is also Cloudmark spam and phishing protection and Trend Micro antivirus .	Trend Micro	Smartzone used what company 's antivirus protection ?
The address book is Comcast Plaxo software .	Comcast Plaxo software	The contacts and address book for Smartzone was called what ?
Comcast announced in May 2007 and launched in September 2008 a dashboard called SmartZone .	September 2008	When was Smartzone rolled out to customers ?
In April 2005 , Comcast and Time Warner Cable announced plans to buy the assets of bankrupted Adelphia Cable .	Adelphia Cable	What bankrupt company did Comcast partner with another broadband provider to acquire in 2005 ?
In April 2005 , Comcast and Time Warner Cable announced plans to buy the assets of bankrupted Adelphia Cable .	Time Warner Cable	Who was Comcast 's partner in the deal for Adelphia ?
The two companies paid a total of $ 17.6 billion in the deal that was finalized in the second quarter of 2006 -- after the U.S. Federal Communications Commission -LRB- FCC -RRB- completed a seven-month investigation without raising an objection .	$17.6 billion	What was the price to take over Adelphia ?
The two companies paid a total of $ 17.6 billion in the deal that was finalized in the second quarter of 2006 -- after the U.S. Federal Communications Commission -LRB- FCC -RRB- completed a seven-month investigation without raising an objection .	the U.S. Federal Communications Commission	What government organization investigated details of this acquisition ?
The two companies paid a total of $ 17.6 billion in the deal that was finalized in the second quarter of 2006 -- after the U.S. Federal Communications Commission -LRB- FCC -RRB- completed a seven-month investigation without raising an objection .	second quarter of 2006	When was this deal finalized ?
Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal .	NBCUniversal	What media conglomerate did Comcast begin preliminary talks to buy in 2009 ?
However , CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network , Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast 's content assets .	General Electric	What was NBC 's parent company in 2009 ?
GE would maintain 49 % control of the new company , while Comcast owned 51 % .	51%	What ownership stake did Ccomcast get in this deal ?
Vivendi , which owns 20 % , would have to sell its stake to GE .	Vivendi	What company was forced to sell its interest in NBCUniversal as part of the purchase deal ?
It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid , until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest , leaving Comcast the sole bidder .	Time Warner	What other cable company was reputed to have an interest in NBCUniversal ?
Following a tentative agreement on by December 1 , on December 3 , 2009 , the parties announced that Comcast would buy a controlling 51 % stake in NBCUniversal for $ 6.5 billion in cash and $ 7.3 billion in programming .	December 3, 2009	On what date was Comcast 's purchase of controlling interest in NBCUniversal reported ?
Following a tentative agreement on by December 1 , on December 3 , 2009 , the parties announced that Comcast would buy a controlling 51 % stake in NBCUniversal for $ 6.5 billion in cash and $ 7.3 billion in programming .	$6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming	What did Comcast pay for their stake in NBC ?
On January 18 , 2011 , the FCC approved the deal by a vote of 4 to 1 .	4 to 1	How did the FCC vote approval of the Comcast-NBC deal ?
The sale was completed on January 28 , 2011 .	January 28, 2011	On what date was the sale finally completed ?
On February 12 , 2013 , Comcast announced an intention to acquire the remaining 49 % of General Electric 's interest in NBCUniversal , which Comcast completed on March 19 , 2013 .	March 19, 2013	On what date did Comcast buy out the remaining stake of General Electric in NBC ?
On February 12 , 2014 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Comcast sought to acquire Time Warner Cable in a deal valued at $ 45.2 billion .	the Los Angeles Times	What publication originally reported a potential deal between Comcast and Time Warner ?
On February 12 , 2014 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Comcast sought to acquire Time Warner Cable in a deal valued at $ 45.2 billion .	$45.2 billion	What was the value of the deal reported to be at the time ?
Time Warner Cable and Comcast aimed to merge into one company by the end of 2014 and both have praised the deal , emphasizing the increased capabilities of a combined telecommunications network , and to `` create operating efficiencies and economies of scale '' .	by the end of 2014	When did Comcast hope to complete its deal for Time Warner ?
Critics noted in 2013 that Tom Wheeler , the head of the FCC , which has to approve the deal , is the former head of both the largest cable lobbying organization , the National Cable & Telecommunications Association , and as largest wireless lobby , CTIA -- The Wireless Association .	Tom Wheeler	Who was the head of the FCC at the time of Comcast 's proposed purchase of Time Warner Cable ?
Critics noted in 2013 that Tom Wheeler , the head of the FCC , which has to approve the deal , is the former head of both the largest cable lobbying organization , the National Cable & Telecommunications Association , and as largest wireless lobby , CTIA -- The Wireless Association .	National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA – The Wireless Association	What two organizations had Wheeler headed prior to joining the FCC ?
On March 6 , 2014 the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division confirmed it was investigating the deal .	United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division	What group sought to investigate the purchase on anti-trust grounds ?
The US Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on the deal on April 9 , 2014 .	US Senate Judiciary Committee	What Senate group held hearings on the purchase ?
On April 24 , 2015 , Jonathan Sallet , general counsel of the F.C.C. , said that he was going to recommend a hearing before an administrative law judge , equivalent to a collapse of the deal .	Jonathan Sallet	Who was the general counsel of the FCC in 2015 ?
On May 19 , 2009 , Disney and ESPN announced an agreement to allow Comcast Corporation to carry the channels ESPNU and ESPN3 .	ESPNU and ESPN3	Disney and Comcast joined forces to allow Comcast to air what sports networks ?
The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast intended to team up to create The U.S. Olympic Network , which was slated to launch after the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games .	The U.S. Olympic Network	What network was proposed by Comcast and the US Olympic Committee ?
The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast intended to team up to create The U.S. Olympic Network , which was slated to launch after the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games .	Vancouver	What city hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics ?
The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast have ended the plans to create The U.S. Olympic Network .	The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast have ended the plans	What happened to the U.S. Olympic Network ?
Comcast also has a variety network known as Comcast Network , available exclusively to Comcast and Cablevision subscribers .	Comcast Network	What is the name of Comcast 's channel available to subscribers in east coast markets ?
In August 2004 , Comcast started a channel called Comcast Entertainment Television , for Colorado Comcast subscribers , and focusing on life in Colorado .	Comcast Entertainment Television	What is the name of Comcast 's subscriber channel in Colorado ?
In January 2006 , CET became the primary channel for Colorado 's Emergency Alert System in the Denver Metro Area .	2006	In what year did Comcast Entertainment take over operation of Colorado 's Emergency Alert System ?
In 2006 , Comcast helped found the channel SportsNet New York , acquiring a minority stake .	SportsNet New York	What New York area sports channel did Comcast help found in 2006
The other partners in the project were New York Mets and Time Warner Cable .	New York Mets	What baseball team was Comcast 's partner in their New York sports network ?
In 1996 , Comcast bought a controlling stake in Spectacor from the company 's founder , Ed Snider .	Ed Snider	Who was the founder of Philadelphia sports corporation Spectator ?
Comcast-Spectacor holdings now include the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team , the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team and two large multipurpose arenas in Philadelphia .	the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team	Comcast 's purchase of Spectator gave them what sports teams in Philadelphia ?
Over a number of years , Comcast became majority owner of Comcast SportsNet , as well as Golf Channel and NBCSN -LRB- formerly the Outdoor Life Network , then Versus -RRB- .	Outdoor Life Network	What was the original name of NBCSN ?
In 2002 , Comcast paid the University of Maryland $ 25 million for naming rights to the new basketball arena built on the College Park campus , the XFINITY Center .	the University of Maryland	Comcast bought naming rights for what college 's basketball arena ?
Over a number of years , Comcast became majority owner of Comcast SportsNet , as well as Golf Channel and NBCSN -LRB- formerly the Outdoor Life Network , then Versus -RRB- .	Versus	What was the second name NBCSN was known as ?
In 2004 and 2007 , the American Customer Satisfaction Index -LRB- ACSI -RRB- survey found that Comcast had the worst customer satisfaction rating of any company or government agency in the country , including the Internal Revenue Service .	American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI)	What organization rated Comcast 's customer service the worst in the country in 2004 and 2007 ?
In 2004 and 2007 , the American Customer Satisfaction Index -LRB- ACSI -RRB- survey found that Comcast had the worst customer satisfaction rating of any company or government agency in the country , including the Internal Revenue Service .	the Internal Revenue Service	Comcast 's customer service was rated worse than what government organization ?
Comcast 's Customer Service Rating by the ACSI surveys indicate that the company 's customer service has not improved since the surveys began in 2001 .	2001	When did the ACSI begin doing customer satisfaction surveys ?
As its customer satisfaction eroded by 7 % over the past year , revenue increased by 12 % . ''	increased by 12%	When Comcast 's customer service rating fell 7 % , what happened to its revenues ?
The ACSI analysis also addresses this contradiction , stating that `` Such pricing power usually comes with some level of monopoly protection and most cable companies have little competition at the local level .	most cable companies have little competition at the local level	What prime factor did the ACSI use to explain this anomaly ?
Comcast was given an `` F '' for its corporate governance practices in 2010 , by Corporate Library , an independent shareholder-research organization .	Corporate Library	What organization gave Comcast an `` F '' rating in 2010 ?
According to Corporate Library , Comcast 's board of directors ability to oversee and control management was severely compromised -LRB- at least in 2010 -RRB- by the fact that several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it -LRB- making them susceptible to management pressure -RRB- , and a third of the directors were over 70 years of age .	over 70 years of age	In issuing the grade , the Corporate Library found that a third of Comcast 's board was how old ?
According to the Wall Street Journal nearly two-thirds of the flights of Comcast 's $ 40 million corporate jet purchased for business travel related to the NBCU acquisition , were to CEO Brian Roberts ' private homes or to resorts .	$40 million	How much did Comcast pay for flights of its company jet in 2010 ?
According to Corporate Library , Comcast 's board of directors ability to oversee and control management was severely compromised -LRB- at least in 2010 -RRB- by the fact that several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it -LRB- making them susceptible to management pressure -RRB- , and a third of the directors were over 70 years of age .	several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it	What conflict did Corporate Library note with Comcast 's Board ?
In January 2015 , a customer named Ricardo Brown received a bill from Comcast with his name changed to `` Asshole Brown '' .	"Asshole Brown"	What name was listed on Comcast customer Ricardo Brown 's invoice in January , 2015 ?
Comcast refused to correct the name on their bill after bringing it to the attention of numerous customer service outlets for the company by explaining that Ricardo is the legal name of the customer , so the Browns turned to consumer advocate Christopher Elliott .	Christopher Elliott	What consumer advocate took over the Brown 's case ?
Shortly thereafter , Elliott contacted Comcast and Comcast offered the Browns an apology , a $ 60 refund , and a promise to track down and fire the responsible employee .	$60	What was the amount of disputed money that Comcast eventually returned to the Browns ?
The Browns instead requested a full refund for their negative experience and Comcast agreed to refund the family the last two years of service and provide the next two years of service at no charge .	two years	Comcast eventually refunded how much service time to the Browns ?
Shortly thereafter , Elliott contacted Comcast and Comcast offered the Browns an apology , a $ 60 refund , and a promise to track down and fire the responsible employee .	promise to track down and fire the responsible employee	Comcast also told the Browns they would do what to correct the situation with the name change ?
Tuberculosis -LRB- TB -RRB- is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis -LRB- MTB -RRB- .	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection ?
Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs , but can also affect other parts of the body .	lungs	What primary body part is affected by tuberculosis ?
About 10 % of latent infections progress to active disease which , if left untreated , kills about half of those infected .	10%	Roughly , what percentage of latent tuberculosis infections result in active tuberculosis ?
The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum , fever , night sweats , and weight loss .	fever	Along with cough , weight loss , and night sweats , what 's the fourth classic symptom of the disease ?
The historical term `` consumption '' came about due to the weight loss .	consumption	What name has been used to refer to tuberculosis because of associated weight loss ?
One-third of the world 's population is thought to be infected with TB .	One-third	How much of the entire population of the planet is estimated to be carrying tuberculosis ?
In 2014 , there were 9.6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1.5 million deaths .	9.6 million	How many cases of tuberculosis were active over the course of 2014 ?
In 2014 , there were 9.6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1.5 million deaths .	1.5 million	In 2014 , how many people died from TB ?
More than 95 % of deaths occurred in developing countries .	developing countries	Does the majority of fatalities from TB occur in developing countries or industrialized nations ?
The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000 .	decreased	Has TB infection increased or decreased worldwide since the start of the 21st century ?
The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones .	upper lung lobes	Which lobes of the lungs are more often affected by TB ?
Occasionally , people may cough up blood in small amounts , and in very rare cases , the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussen 's aneurysm , resulting in massive bleeding .	massive bleeding	What symptom will result if TB infection causes a Rasmussen 's aneurysm ?
About 25 % of people may not have any symptoms -LRB- i.e. they remain `` asymptomatic '' -RRB- .	25%	What percentage of tuberculosis infections do n't ever manifest in symptoms of the disease ?
Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs .	scarring	If TB becomes chronic , what lasting effect might it have on the lung 's upper lobes ?
If a tuberculosis infection does become active , it most commonly involves the lungs -LRB- in about 90 % of cases -RRB- .	90%	Approximately what percentage of active TB cases affect the lungs ?
These are collectively denoted as `` extrapulmonary tuberculosis '' .	extrapulmonary tuberculosis	What 's the medical term for TB when it spreads from the lungs to other parts of the body ?
In those with HIV , this occurs in more than 50 % of cases .	50%	At least what percentage of HIV-positive patients who contract TB will experience extrapulmonary infection ?
A potentially more serious , widespread form of TB is called `` disseminated tuberculosis '' , also known as miliary tuberculosis .	miliary tuberculosis	What 's the other name for `` disseminated tuberculosis '' ?
Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children .	young children	Along with people with diminished immune function , like HIV patients , what group of people is more likely to develop extrapulmonary TB ?
Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura -LRB- in tuberculous pleurisy -RRB- , the central nervous system -LRB- in tuberculous meningitis -RRB- , the lymphatic system -LRB- in scrofula of the neck -RRB- , the genitourinary system -LRB- in urogenital tuberculosis -RRB- , and the bones and joints -LRB- in Pott disease of the spine -RRB- , among others .	tuberculous meningitis	If TB infection spreads to the central nervous system , what is it called ?
The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics .	lipid	The uniqueness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is due to its high level of what type of molecule ?
It divides every 16 to 20 hours , which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria , which usually divide in less than an hour .	slow	Is the division rate of the TB bacterium fast or slow relative to other bacteria ?
In nature , the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism , but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory .	a host organism	In nature , what `` helper '' does the MTB bacterium require to grow ?
It divides every 16 to 20 hours , which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria , which usually divide in less than an hour .	16 to 20 hours	How long is the period between division of MTB cells ?
It divides every 16 to 20 hours , which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria , which usually divide in less than an hour .	less than an hour	How much time does it take most bacteria to divide ?
Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm -LRB- also called `` sputum '' -RRB- , scientists can identify MTB under a microscope .	phlegm	What 's another word for `` sputum '' ?
The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl -- Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain , which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background .	Ziehl–Neelsen stain	One of the two standard acid-fast staining techniques is the Kinyoun stain ; what 's the other ?
The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl -- Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain , which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background .	bright red	What color will acid-fast bacilli become when stained ?
Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution , it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus .	acid-fast	What 's the term for bacillus that can be exposed to acidic solutions without losing their stains ?
Auramine-rhodamine staining and fluorescence microscopy are also used .	fluorescence	If a scientist did n't want to use an acid-fast staining technique , what type of microscopy could they use instead ?
M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis , but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost completely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries .	M. bovis	Which mycobacterium that causes TB can often be found in unpasteurized milk ?
M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa , although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants .	M. canetti	Which one of the tuberculosis mycobacteria is associated with the Horn of Africa ?
M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people , although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated .	M. microti	Which of the four TB-causing bacteria do scientists think might be more common than we know ?
M. africanum is not widespread , but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa .	M. africanum	What bacterium has the name of the country it affects most in its name ?
People with prolonged , frequent , or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected , with an estimated 22 % infection rate .	22%	If you 're around someone with active TB , what 's the chance you 'll contract it expressed as a percentage ?
A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10 -- 15 -LRB- or more -RRB- other people per year .	10–15	Left untreated , about how many people could contract tuberculosis from an active TB patient in a year ?
After about two weeks of effective treatment , subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not remain contagious to others .	two weeks	About how long will a TB patient receiving effective treatment stay contagious ?
If someone does become infected , it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others .	three to four weeks	If you contracted tuberculosis today , what 's the estimated gestation period before you could spread the infection to others ?
The cascade of person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active -LRB- `` overt '' -RRB- TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens .	overt	What term is interchangeable with `` active '' when talking about tuberculosis infection ?
TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli , where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages .	pulmonary alveoli	What specific part of the lungs marks the start of tuberculosis infection ?
Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis .	phagocytosis	What 's the process by which macrophages try to get rid of the TB bacterium ?
The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome .	a phagolysosome	What do you get when you combine a lysosome and a phagosome ?
However , M. tuberculosis has a thick , waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances .	mycolic acid capsule	What does the M. tuberculosis bacterium have that protects it from being affected by toxins ?
During this process , the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome .	phagosome	What vesicle is the temporary holding room for the M. tuberculosis bacterium during phagocytosis ?
The primary site of infection in the lungs , known as the `` Ghon focus '' , is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe , or the lower part of the upper lobe .	Ghon focus	What two-word phrase is used for the main part of the lungs infected by TB ?
This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung .	Simon focus	If the lungs are infected by TB via bloodstream , what 's the type of focus ?
This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung .	the top	In what general area of the lungs is SImon focus usually located ?
This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites , such as peripheral lymph nodes , the kidneys , the brain , and the bones .	hematogenous	What is the term that describes a blood-borne infection , like TB when it travels through the blood to the kidneys or brain ?
All parts of the body can be affected by the disease , though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart , skeletal muscles , pancreas , or thyroid .	pancreas	Four areas of the body are usually safe from TB infection , including skeletal muscles , heart , and thyroid ; what 's the fourth ?
Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases .	granulomatous inflammatory	What specific type of disease is TB ?
Macrophages , T lymphocytes , B lymphocytes , and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas , with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages .	lymphocytes	What type of cells gather around infected macrophages in a person infected with TB ?
When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage , they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen .	multinucleated	What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection ?
Macrophages and dendritic cells in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes ; thus the immune response is suppressed .	immune response	What natural defensive response is hindered by cells in granulomas that ca n't send antigen to lymphocytes ?
Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death -LRB- necrosis -RRB- in the center of tubercles .	necrosis	What 's the technical term for abnormal cell death ?
Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material .	scarring	What process replaces tissue damaged by TB ?
Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material .	caseous necrotic material	What material can sometimes be expelled by coughing if the cavities it 's stored in connect to bronchi ?
Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place .	antibiotics	What type of bacteria-attacking medicine will treat tuberculosis ?
It contains living bacteria , so can spread the infection .	living	Are the bacteria in caseous necrotic material living or dead ?
Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult , as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed .	difficult	Is active TB difficult or easy to diagnose by patients ' symptoms alone ?
A diagnosis of TB should , however , be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks .	two weeks	If a patient has some symptoms associated with TB , after what time period should tuberculosis be diagnostically considered ?
A chest X-ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid-fast bacilli are typically part of the initial evaluation .	chest	What part of the body would be X-rayed to check for TB ?
A chest X-ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid-fast bacilli are typically part of the initial evaluation .	acid-fast bacilli	What sign of TB infection would a lab be looking for in a sputum culture ?
Interferon-γ release assays and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in the developing world .	tuberculin skin tests	Along with interferon-y release essays , what other tests are n't useful in TB diagnosis in developing countries ?
Those who have been previously immunized may have a false-positive test result .	false-positive	What result might someone who has received a TB vaccination get from the Mantoux test ?
Interferon gamma release assays -LRB- IGRAs -RRB- , on a blood sample , are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test .	blood	What liquid would you need from a patient to perform IGRAs ?
IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test , but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone .	increase	In combination with skin tests , are IGRAs associated with an increase or decrease in sensitivity ?
Interferon gamma release assays -LRB- IGRAs -RRB- , on a blood sample , are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test .	IGRAs	Which test has fewer false positives : IGRAs or the Mantoux skin test ?
Interferon gamma release assays -LRB- IGRAs -RRB- , on a blood sample , are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test .	Interferon gamma release assays	What does `` IGRAs '' stand for ?
The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years .	ten years	For about how long does full immunity from the TB vaccine last ?
It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide , with more than 90 % of all children being vaccinated .	90%	What percentage of kids in the whole world get the BCG vaccine ?
As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States , BCG is administered only to those people at high risk .	uncommon	Is TB common or uncommon in the United States ?
As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States , BCG is administered only to those people at high risk .	the United Kingdom	In addition to the U.S. and Canada , what European country sees very few tuberculosis infections ?
As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States , BCG is administered only to those people at high risk .	high risk	What segment of the population gets the TB vaccine in countries like Canada with a very low incidence of infection ?
The World Health Organization declared TB a `` global health emergency '' in 1993 , and in 2006 , the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015 .	Stop TB Partnership	What group heads up the Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis ?
The World Health Organization declared TB a `` global health emergency '' in 1993 , and in 2006 , the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015 .	1993	In what year did the WHO say tuberculosis was a `` global health emergency '' ?
The World Health Organization declared TB a `` global health emergency '' in 1993 , and in 2006 , the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015 .	14 million	How many lives did the Stop TB Partnership vow to save in the nine years between its start and 2015 ?
A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015 , mostly due to the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis .	HIV-associated tuberculosis	Drug-resistant TB is one of the barriers to success of the Stop TB Partnership 's initiative ; what 's the other other ?
A tuberculosis classification system developed by the American Thoracic Society is used primarily in public health programs .	American Thoracic Society	What organization created a system to classify various types of TB ?
Effective TB treatment is difficult , due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall , which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective .	wall	What part of the mycobacterial cell makes tuberculosis more difficult to treat ?
The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin , and treatments can be prolonged , taking several months .	rifampicin	Isoniazid is one of the two most popular drugs for TB treatment ; what 's the other one ?
Latent TB treatment usually employs a single antibiotic , while active TB disease is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance .	antibiotic resistance	What complication does the use of combinations of antibiotics for active TB prevent ?
Directly observed therapy , i.e. , having a health care provider watch the person take their medications , is recommended by the WHO in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics .	Directly observed therapy	What 's the three-word name for the method where a health care worker watches their patient take their medication ?
Directly observed therapy , i.e. , having a health care provider watch the person take their medications , is recommended by the WHO in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics .	WHO	What organization recommends directly observed therapy to make sure people take their antibiotics correctly ?
MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs : rifampicin and isoniazid .	MDR-TB	If a person has TB that 's resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid , which type of the disease do they have ?
Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs .	three	What 's the minimum number of second-line medication classes your TB would have to resist to make it count as `` extensively drug-resistant '' ?
It was first observed in 2003 in Italy , but not widely reported until 2012 , and has also been found in Iran and India .	Italy	In what country was the first case of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis ?
Bedaquiline is tentatively supported for use in multiple drug-resistant TB .	Bedaquiline	What 's the only antibiotic that might be effective against totally drug-resistant TB ?
It was first observed in 2003 in Italy , but not widely reported until 2012 , and has also been found in Iran and India .	Iran	Cases of totally drug-resistant TB have been found in what country in addition to Italy and India ?
The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression , such as that caused by infection with HIV .	reactivation	As immunosuppression goes up in tuberculosis cases , what risk rises with it ?
The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression , such as that caused by infection with HIV .	HIV	What disease has a similar relationship as TB does between reactivation and immunosuppression ?
The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4 % as of 2008 , down from 8 % in 1995 .	8%	If you 'd been diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1995 , how great a chance would you have faced of dying from it ?
The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4 % as of 2008 , down from 8 % in 1995 .	2008	In what year did the risk of dying from TB reach half what it was in 1995 ?
Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought , with estimates that it might account for more than 50 % of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common .	reinfection	New studies have found that half of reactivation cases of tuberculosis might actually be due to what other `` re - '' word ?
Roughly one-third of the world 's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis , with new infections occurring in about 1 % of the population each year .	one-third	At any given time , about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis ?
In 2012 , an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active .	8.6 million	Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012 ?
In 2010 , 8.8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed , and 1.20 -- 1.45 million deaths occurred , most of these occurring in developing countries .	8.8 million	How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010 ?
Of these 1.45 million deaths , about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV .	0.35 million	About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB ?
Roughly one-third of the world 's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis , with new infections occurring in about 1 % of the population each year .	1%	What percentage of the world 's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year ?
Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease -LRB- after those due to HIV/AIDS -RRB- .	HIV/AIDS	What infectious disease causes more deaths than tuberculosis ?
The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005 , while new cases have decreased since 2002 .	2002	When did new cases of TB infection start going down ?
China has achieved particularly dramatic progress , with about an 80 % reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010 .	China	What country has had the most success reducing the TB mortality rate ?
Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of a number of factors , including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine , the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process , the necessity of many months of treatment , the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis , and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s .	1980s	In what decade did some strains of drug-resistant TB start showing up ?
China has achieved particularly dramatic progress , with about an 80 % reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010 .	80%	How much did China reduce its rate of death from TB in the 20 years leading up to 2010 ?
In 2007 , the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland , with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people .	1,200	Out of every 100,000 people in Swaziland in 2007 , how many were infected with tuberculosis ?
India had the largest total incidence , with an estimated 2.0 million new cases .	India	What country had a record-setting 2 million new cases of TB in 2007 ?
In Canada and Australia , tuberculosis is many times more common among the aboriginal peoples , especially in remote areas .	aboriginal	What people in Australia and Canada have a much higher risk of TB infection than other residents ?
In the United States Native Americans have a fivefold greater mortality from TB , and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84 % of all reported TB cases .	Native Americans	What indigenous people in the U.S. are five times more likely to die from TB ?
In the United States Native Americans have a fivefold greater mortality from TB , and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84 % of all reported TB cases .	84%	What percentage of TB cases in America are diagnosed in minority groups ?
The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago .	bison	What animal was found with 17,000-year-old damage from tuberculosis ?
A comparison of the genes of M. tuberculosis complex -LRB- MTBC -RRB- in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication , as was previously believed .	M. tuberculosis complex	What does MTBC stand for ?
Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor , which could have infected humans as early as the Neolithic Revolution .	Neolithic Revolution	During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals ?
The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago .	Wyoming	In which U.S. state was the oldest definitive evidence of TB found ?
The bacillus causing tuberculosis , M. tuberculosis , was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch .	Robert Koch	Who discovered M. tuberculosis ?
He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery .	1905	What year was Koch awarded a Nobel Prize ?
Koch did not believe the bovine -LRB- cattle -RRB- and human tuberculosis diseases were similar , which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection .	milk	Koch 's conviction that human and bovine strains of TB were unrelated meant more people were exposed by drinking what ?
Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a `` remedy '' for tuberculosis in 1890 , calling it `` tuberculin '' .	tuberculin	What did Koch call the ineffective treatment for TB he came up with in 1890 ?
The World Tuberculosis Day was established on 24 March for this reason .	World Tuberculosis Day	What event is celebrated on March 24th to recognize the test for latent TB ?
In 1815 , one in four deaths in England was due to `` consumption '' .	consumption	What was tuberculosis called in 19th-century England ?
By 1918 , one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB .	one	How many deaths out of every six in France during 1918 were attributed to tuberculosis ?
After TB was determined to be contagious , in the 1880s , it was put on a notifiable disease list in Britain ; campaigns were started to stop people from spitting in public places , and the infected poor were `` encouraged '' to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons -LRB- the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention -RRB- .	1880s	In what decade was TB 's communicability finally realized ?
After TB was determined to be contagious , in the 1880s , it was put on a notifiable disease list in Britain ; campaigns were started to stop people from spitting in public places , and the infected poor were `` encouraged '' to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons -LRB- the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention -RRB- .	spitting	What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public ?
Whatever the -LRB- purported -RRB- benefits of the `` fresh air '' and labor in the sanatoria , even under the best conditions , 50 % of those who entered died within five years -LRB- circa 1916 -RRB- .	sanatoria	What were the `` treatment '' facilities for poor people with TB in the early 1900s called ?
In Europe , rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s , when it caused nearly 25 % of all deaths .	1800s	When did the incidence of TB in Europe reach its highest point ?
In Europe , rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s , when it caused nearly 25 % of all deaths .	25%	When tuberculosis was at its worst in Europe , what percentage of deaths was TB-related ?
Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics , although the disease remained a significant threat to public health such that when the Medical Research Council was formed in Britain in 1913 , its initial focus was tuberculosis research .	Medical Research Council	What British health organization made tuberculosis its top priority at its start ?
Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics , although the disease remained a significant threat to public health such that when the Medical Research Council was formed in Britain in 1913 , its initial focus was tuberculosis research .	1913	What year was the Medical Research Council created ?
By the 1950s , mortality had decreased nearly 90 % .	90%	About how much had the death rate from TB been reduced in Europe by the midpoint of the 20th century ?
Slow progress has led to frustration , expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria -- Mark Dybul : `` we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet , but we are not doing it . ''	Mark Dybul	What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a `` pandemic '' ?
The government of Brazil provides universal TB-care , which reduces this problem .	Brazil	What country covers treatment for tuberculosis for its citizens ?
Costs of the disease , as calculated by the World Bank in 2009 may exceed 150 billion USD per year in `` high burden '' countries .	World Bank	What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $ 150 billion each year on TB ?
Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up -- as among the 250M rural migrants in China .	rural migrants	What population segment in China struggles to get follow-up care for TB infection ?
Commercial treatment-providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment , promoting demands for further regulations .	regulations	What do some people think we need more of to prevent for-profit providers of TB treatment from over-prescribing ?
One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of `` TB clubs '' , where those infected may share experiences and offer support , or through counseling .	TB clubs	What groups might help tuberculosis patients share with and support each other ?
Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma , and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence .	increasing treatment adherence	Education about TB seems to decrease the stigma of the disease and lead to what other positive effect ?
Some have claimed the stigma to be worse than the disease , and healthcare providers may unintentionally reinforce stigma , as those with TB are often perceived as difficult or otherwise undesirable .	the stigma	What do some people say is even worse than the effects of tuberculosis itself ?
Some have claimed the stigma to be worse than the disease , and healthcare providers may unintentionally reinforce stigma , as those with TB are often perceived as difficult or otherwise undesirable .	healthcare providers	What group of people can add to the TB stigma by treating patients as troublesome or unwanted ?
Despite this , studies on relationship between reduced stigma and mortality are lacking as of 2010 , and similar efforts to decrease stigma surrounding AIDS have been minimally effective .	2010	As recently as what year were there no studies on how TB mortality is connected to stigma ?
The BCG vaccine has limitations , and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing .	BCG	What vaccine are researchers trying to improve on ?
A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials .	I and II	What phase of clinical trials have some new vaccine options reached ?
One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG , while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines .	subunit vaccine	What does one option propose adding to the existing BCG vaccine ?
MVA85A , an example of a subunit vaccine , currently in trials in South Africa , is based on a genetically modified vaccinia virus .	MVA85A	What 's the name of the subunit vaccine being studied in South Africa ?
MVA85A , an example of a subunit vaccine , currently in trials in South Africa , is based on a genetically modified vaccinia virus .	vaccinia	What genetically modified virus was used to develop MVA85A ?
Among these , the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $ 280 million -LRB- US -RRB- from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries .	Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation	What organization did the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donate $ 280 million to ?
To encourage further discovery , researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development , including prizes , tax incentives , and advance market commitments .	prizes	Policymakers believe tax incentives , market commitments , and what third incentive will speed up vaccine development ?
A number of groups , including the Stop TB Partnership , the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative , and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation , are involved with research .	South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative	What group with the initials SATVI is researching TB vaccines ?
A number of groups , including the Stop TB Partnership , the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative , and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation , are involved with research .	Stop TB Partnership	What nonprofit tuberculosis research foundation has a verb in its name ?
Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration -LRB- FDA -RRB- approval in late 2012 .	Bedaquiline	What drug in the running to treat multi drug resistant TB has already gotten FDA approval ?
Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration -LRB- FDA -RRB- approval in late 2012 .	2012	What year did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approve bedaquiline ?
However , existing data suggest that patients taking bedaquiline in addition to standard TB therapy are five times more likely to die than those without the new drug , which has resulted in medical journal articles raising health policy questions about why the FDA approved the drug and whether financial ties to the company making bedaquiline influenced physicians ' support for its use	five times	Despite FDA approval , how much more likely to die are patients who take bedaquiline in addition to the standard TB regimen ?
However , existing data suggest that patients taking bedaquiline in addition to standard TB therapy are five times more likely to die than those without the new drug , which has resulted in medical journal articles raising health policy questions about why the FDA approved the drug and whether financial ties to the company making bedaquiline influenced physicians ' support for its use	physicians	Opposition to the use of bedaquiline think what providers were influenced by a connection with the drug company ?
However , existing data suggest that patients taking bedaquiline in addition to standard TB therapy are five times more likely to die than those without the new drug , which has resulted in medical journal articles raising health policy questions about why the FDA approved the drug and whether financial ties to the company making bedaquiline influenced physicians ' support for its use	medical journal	What type of publication has put out articles questioning bedaquiline 's safety ?
Affirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment , specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities , Native Americans , and women who have been historically excluded groups in America .	education	Outside of employment , what is the other main issue that affirmative action focuses on ?
Affirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment , specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities , Native Americans , and women who have been historically excluded groups in America .	racial minorities	Affirmative action attempts to ask institutions to grant extra consideration to what group of people outside of Native Americans and women ?
Reports have shown that minorities and women have faced discrimination in schools and businesses for many years and this discrimination produced unfair advantages for whites and males in education and employment .	whites and males	Studies showed that discrimination in both business sectors and education resulted in advantages for what group of people ?
Further impetus is a desire to ensure public institutions , such as universities , hospitals , and police forces , are more representative of the populations they serve .	are more representative of the populations they serve	Affirmative action does not only attempt to remove disadvantages , but also to ensure what about the number of people in a field ?
Some policies adopted as affirmative action , such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission , have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination , and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger .	gender quotas	What is another example aside from racial quotes of affirmative action for collegiate admissions ?
Some policies adopted as affirmative action , such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission , have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination , and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger .	reverse	Having quotas regarding admissions or employment has been criticized and said to be what kind of discrimination ?
Some policies adopted as affirmative action , such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission , have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination , and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger .	Gratz v. Bollinger	What case determined that some implementation of affirmative action was unconstitutional ?
Affirmative action policies were developed in order to correct decades of discrimination stemming from the Reconstruction Era by granting disadvantaged minorities opportunities .	Reconstruction Era	In which time period did discrimination policies originate from ?
Opponents of affirmative action argue that these policies are outdated and lead to reverse discrimination which entails favoring one group over another based upon racial preference rather than achievement .	achievement	What do critics of affirmative action believe should be the main factor in hiring ?
In 1865 , General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the `` Forty acres and a mule '' policy .	General William Tecumseh Sherman	Who proposed that land be divided and split up among families of color ?
In 1865 , General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the `` Forty acres and a mule '' policy .	Forty acres and a mule	What was the policy of dividing land among families of color referred to as ?
The civil rights guarantees came through the interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment .	Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment	Which part of the constitution was the basis for policies that were developed during the Civil Rights Movement ?
In 1961 , President John F. Kennedy became the first to utilize the term `` affirmative action '' in Executive Order 10925 to ensure that government contractors `` take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed , and employees are treated during employment , without regard to their race , creed , color , or national origin . ''	President John F. Kennedy	Who was the first person to utilize the term `` affirmative action '' ?
The first appearance of the term ` affirmative action ' was in the National Labor Relations Act , better known as the Wagner Act , of 1935. :15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York , the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt 's goal of providing economic security to workers and other low-income groups .	National Labor Relations Act	In which document did the term `` affirmative action '' first appear ?
The first appearance of the term ` affirmative action ' was in the National Labor Relations Act , better known as the Wagner Act , of 1935. :15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York , the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt 's goal of providing economic security to workers and other low-income groups .	Senator Robert F. Wagner	Who was the author of the National Labor Relations Act ?
During this time period it was not uncommon for employers to blacklist or fire employees associated with unions .	employees associated with unions	Who did employers routinely blacklist of fire ?
The Wagner Act allowed workers to unionize without fear of being discriminated against , and empowered a National Labor Relations Board to review potential cases of worker discrimination .	National Labor Relations Board	Who was able to review complaints about possible worker discrimination ?
While the Wagner Act protected workers and unions it did not protect minorities , who , exempting the Congress of Industrial Organizations , were often barred from union ranks. :11 This original coining of the term therefore has little to do with affirmative action policy as it is seen today , but helped set the stage for all policy meant to compensate or address an individual 's unjust treatment .	minorities	Which group of people did the Wagner Act fail to protect ?
FDR 's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating `` no discrimination shall be made on account of race , color or creed '' , :11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time , Harold L. Ickes .	Harold L. Ickes	Who was the true backer of the cause of affirmative action ?
FDR 's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating `` no discrimination shall be made on account of race , color or creed '' , :11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time , Harold L. Ickes .	Interior Secretary	What position of power did Harold L. Ickes hold ?
Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administration funded projects and oversaw not only the institution of a quota system , where contractors were required to employ a fixed percentage of Black workers , by Robert C. Weaver and Clark Foreman , :12 but also the equal pay of women proposed by Harry Hopkins. :14 FDR 's largest contribution to affirmative action , however , lay in his Executive Order 8802 which prohibited discrimination in the defense industry or government. :22 The executive order promoted the idea that if taxpayer funds were accepted through a government contract , then all taxpayers should have an equal opportunity to work through the contractor. :23 -- 4 To enforce this idea , Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Committee -LRB- FEPC -RRB- with the power to investigate hiring practices by government contractors. :22	employ a fixed percentage of Black workers	The first introduction of a quota system mandated that contractors had to do what ?
Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administration funded projects and oversaw not only the institution of a quota system , where contractors were required to employ a fixed percentage of Black workers , by Robert C. Weaver and Clark Foreman , :12 but also the equal pay of women proposed by Harry Hopkins. :14 FDR 's largest contribution to affirmative action , however , lay in his Executive Order 8802 which prohibited discrimination in the defense industry or government. :22 The executive order promoted the idea that if taxpayer funds were accepted through a government contract , then all taxpayers should have an equal opportunity to work through the contractor. :23 -- 4 To enforce this idea , Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Committee -LRB- FEPC -RRB- with the power to investigate hiring practices by government contractors. :22	Executive Order 8802	Which piece of legislation prevented any discrimination in the defense industry and government ?
Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administration funded projects and oversaw not only the institution of a quota system , where contractors were required to employ a fixed percentage of Black workers , by Robert C. Weaver and Clark Foreman , :12 but also the equal pay of women proposed by Harry Hopkins. :14 FDR 's largest contribution to affirmative action , however , lay in his Executive Order 8802 which prohibited discrimination in the defense industry or government. :22 The executive order promoted the idea that if taxpayer funds were accepted through a government contract , then all taxpayers should have an equal opportunity to work through the contractor. :23 -- 4 To enforce this idea , Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Committee -LRB- FEPC -RRB- with the power to investigate hiring practices by government contractors. :22	Fair Employment Practices Committee	What does the FEPC stand for ?
Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident , President Harry S. Truman , himself a combat veteran of World War I , issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President 's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation .	President's Committee on Civil Rights	What group was established in response to Executive Order 9808 ?
Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident , President Harry S. Truman , himself a combat veteran of World War I , issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President 's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation .	Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident	What was the Executive Order 9808 issued in response to ?
In 1947 the committee published its findings , To Secure These Rights .	1947	In which year were the `` To Secure These Rights '' findings published ?
The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations , and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war `` made without a trial or any sort of hearing ... Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association . ''	the state of race relations	What was the committee especially disturbed by as indicated in their report ?
To Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces .	Armed Forces	The `` To Secure These Rights '' findings wanted desegregation of which institution ?
`` Prejudice in any area is an ugly , undemocratic phenomenon , but in the armed services , where all men run the risk of death , it is especially repugnant . ''	death	Which risk associated with serving was specifically highlighted by the findings ?
The rationale was fairness : `` When an individual enters the service of the country , he necessarily surrenders some of the rights and privileges which are inherent in American citizenship . ''	surrenders some of the rights and privileges	What did the findings say occurred to an individual when he enters the armed services ?
Yet that was not possible in the segregated Army , since `` any discrimination which ... prevents members of the minority groups from rendering full military service in defense of their country is for them a humiliating badge of inferiority . ''	a humiliating badge of inferiority	Discrimination that prevented minorities from serving their country to the best of their abilities was seen as what ?
In June , Truman became the first president to address the NAACP .	Truman	Who was the first President to address the NAACP ?
In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial , the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights .	10,000	How many people were present at the speech that Truman made ?
In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial , the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights .	Lincoln Memorial	Where did Truman 's historic speech take place ?
According to his speech , America had `` reached a turning point in the long history of our country 's efforts to guarantee freedom and equality to all our citizens ... Each man must be guaranteed equality of opportunity . ''	equality of opportunity	During the speech , Truman made the statement that each man should be guaranteed what ?
He proposed what black citizens had been calling for - an enhanced role of federal authority through the states .	federal	Who 's authority did Truman want to increase throughout the states ?
On July 26 , Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government , reaffirming FDR 's order of 1941. :40 He issued two executive orders on July 26 , 1948 : Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981 .	July 26	What day did Truman mandate the end of discrimination in the federal government ?
On July 26 , Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government , reaffirming FDR 's order of 1941. :40 He issued two executive orders on July 26 , 1948 : Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981 .	two	How many executive orders were issued to help prevent discrimination ?
Executive Order 9980 , named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment , instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government .	Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment	What was the name given to Executive Order 9980 ?
The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer .	Fair Employment Officer	Which position was formulated as a result of Executive Order 9980 ?
Executive Order 9981 , named Establishing the President 's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services , called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order .	Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services	What name was given to Executive Order 9981 ?
When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952 , he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states , although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government. :50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 1953 , which `` conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors '' .	1952	Which year was Eisenhower elected President ?
When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952 , he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states , although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government. :50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 1953 , which `` conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors '' .	the states	Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws ?
When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952 , he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states , although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government. :50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 1953 , which `` conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors '' .	Government Contract Committee	What was established in 1953 ?
When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952 , he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states , although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government. :50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 1953 , which `` conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors '' .	conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors	What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee ?
:50 -- 51 The committee , chaired by Vice President Richard Nixon , had minimal outcomes in that they imposed the contractors with the primary responsibility of desegregation within their own companies and corporations. :51	Vice President Richard Nixon	Who was the chairman of the newly established committee ?
In the 1960 presidential election , Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy `` criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing '' and `` advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission '' .	John F. Kennedy	Who criticized President Eisenhower during the 1960 presidential election ?
In the 1960 presidential election , Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy `` criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing '' and `` advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission '' .	not ending discrimination in federally supported housing	What was John F. Kennedy 's criticism of the President based on ?
:59 Shortly after taking office , Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 in March 1961 , requiring government contractors to `` consider and recommend additional affirmative steps which should be taken by executive departments and agencies to realize more fully the national policy of nondiscrimination ... .	Executive Order 10925	Which order was issued soon after Kennedy took office ?
:60 The order also established the President 's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity -LRB- PCEEO -RRB- , chaired by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson .	President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity	What does PCEEO stand for ?
Federal contractors who failed to comply or violated the executive order were punished by contract cancellation and the possible debarment from future government contracts .	contract cancellation	What was the immediate penalty for a federal contractor for not obeying the executive order ?
In June 1963 , President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate , Executive Order 11114 .	June 1963	When did President Kennedy issue Executive Order 11114 ?
The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the `` policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment '' .	elimination of discrimination in employment	What was the main aim of Executive Order 11114 ?
:72 Through this order , all federal funds , such as `` grants , loans , unions and employers who accepted taxpayer funds , and other forms of financial assistance to state and local governments , '' were forced to comply to the government 's policies on affirmative action in employment practices. :72	comply to the government's policies on affirmative action	What was anyone who received federal funding of any sort required to do under the Executive Order ?
The first time `` affirmative action '' is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy 's Executive Order 10925 , which was chaired by Vice President Johnson .	Executive Order 10925	Which Executive Order first contained the phrase `` affirmative action '' ?
At Johnson 's inaugural ball in Texas , he met with a young black lawyer , Hobart Taylor Jr. , and gave him the task to co-author the executive order .	Hobart Taylor Jr.	Who co - authored the executive order ?
The first time `` affirmative action '' is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy 's Executive Order 10925 , which was chaired by Vice President Johnson .	Vice President Johnson	Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925 ?
He was torn between the words `` positive action '' and `` affirmative action , '' and selected the later due to its alliterative quality .	positive action	What was the alternative phrase to `` affirmative action '' that was being considered ?
He was torn between the words `` positive action '' and `` affirmative action , '' and selected the later due to its alliterative quality .	alliterative quality	What was the main reason that `` affirmative action '' was chosen over `` positive action '' ?
NAACP had many problem 's with JFK 's `` token '' proposal .	NAACP	Who had issues with JFK 's proposal ?
One day after the order took effect , NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation .	NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill	Who filed complaints quickly after the Executive Order was implemented ?
One day after the order took effect , NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation .	Lockheed Aircraft Corporation	Which company was targeted by the NAACP for not having fair practices ?
Lockheed signed an agreement with Vice President Johnson that pledged an `` aggressive seeking out for more qualified minority candidates for technical and skill positions. :63 -- 64 This agreement was the administration 's model for a `` plan of progress . ''	Vice President Johnson	Who did Lockheed sign an agreement with to seek out more minority workers ?
Many corporations in the South , still afflicted with Jim Crow laws , largely ignored the federal recommendations. :63 -- 64	Jim Crow	Which laws did the corporations in the South associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations ?
This eventually led to LBJ 's Civil Rights Act , which came shortly after President Kennedy 's assassination .	Civil Rights Act	Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy 's assassination ?
It aimed not only to integrate public facilities , but also private businesses that sold to the public , such as motels , restaurants , theaters , and gas stations .	integrate public facilities	Outside of the private business regulations , what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act ?
It also worked with JFK 's executive order 11114 by prohibiting discrimination in the awarding of federal contracts and holding the authority of the government to deny contracts to businesses who discriminate .	11114	Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right 's Act work closely with ?
Maybe most significant of all , Title VII of the Civil Rights Act aimed to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees .	to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees	What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act ?
Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill .	Title VII	Which section of the legislation was considered the most controversial ?
Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system , and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace .	a de facto quota system	What did critics claim that Title VII advocate ?
Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion : `` there is nothing in -LSB- Title VII -RSB- that will give power to the Commission to require hiring , firing , and promotion to meet a racial ` quota . '	Hubert Humphrey	Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII ?
Doing so , he convinced many pro-business Republicans , including Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen -LRB- IL -RRB- to support Title VII. :78 -- 80	Everett Dirksen	Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to support the bill ?
Doing so , he convinced many pro-business Republicans , including Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen -LRB- IL -RRB- to support Title VII. :78 -- 80	Senate Minority Leader	What position of importance other than Senator did Everett Dirksen hold ?
The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon .	his successor Nixon	Who followed in Johnson 's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity ?
In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the `` Philadelphia Order '' .	Philadelphia Order	Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969 ?
It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs .	construction	Which industry of jobs did the legislation target ?
Philadelphia was selected as the test case because , as Assistant Secretary of Labor Arthur Fletcher explained , `` The craft unions and the construction industry are among the most egregious offenders against equal opportunity laws ... openly hostile toward letting blacks into their closed circle . ''	craft unions	Aside from the construction industry , which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws ?
Philadelphia was selected as the test case because , as Assistant Secretary of Labor Arthur Fletcher explained , `` The craft unions and the construction industry are among the most egregious offenders against equal opportunity laws ... openly hostile toward letting blacks into their closed circle . ''	Arthur Fletcher	Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor ?
After the Nixon administration , advancements in affirmative action became less prevalent .	became less prevalent	In terms of advancement , what happened to the progression of affirmative action after the Nixon administration ?
People began to look at affirmative action as a glorified issue of the past and now there were other areas that needed focus .	there were other areas that needed focus	What was one of the primary reasons that the issue of affirmative action lost its momentum ?
`` During the brief Ford administration , affirmative action took a back seat , while enforcement stumbled along . ''	Ford	Which administration allowed affirmative action to take a backseat to other issues ?
In the beginning , racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny .	racial	What kind of classification was subject to strict scrutiny ?
These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest .	necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest	What was the only situation in which a racial classification could be considered acceptable ?
Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial classifications that benefited underrepresented minorities were to only be upheld if necessary and promoted a compelling governmental purpose .	U.S. Supreme Court	Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary ?
-LRB- See Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. -RRB- There is no clear guidance about when government action is not `` compelling '' , and such rulings are rare .	Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.	What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is beneficial ?
Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009 .	Ricci v. DeStefano	Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009 ?
The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven , Connecticut , who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions , allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test .	New Haven, Connecticut	Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of ?
The test gave 17 whites and two Hispanics the possibility of immediate promotion .	17	How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test ?
Although 23 % of those taking the test were African American , none scored high enough to qualify .	23	What percentage of those people taking the test were African American ?
In a split 5-4 vote , the Supreme Court ruled that New Haven had engaged in impermissible racial discrimination against the White and Hispanic majority .	5-4	What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue ?
President Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that `` discrimination because of race , creed , color , or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States '' ; that `` it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal opportunity for all qualified persons , without regard to race , creed , color , or national origin , employed or seeking employment with the Federal Government and on government contracts '' ; that `` it is the policy of the executive branch of the Government to encourage by positive measures equal opportunity for all qualified persons within the Government '' ; and that `` it is in the general interest and welfare of the United States to promote its economy , security , and national defense through the most efficient and effective utilization of all available manpower '' .	Kennedy	Which President declared that discrimination is contrary to the Constitutional principles of the United States ?
President Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that `` discrimination because of race , creed , color , or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States '' ; that `` it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal opportunity for all qualified persons , without regard to race , creed , color , or national origin , employed or seeking employment with the Federal Government and on government contracts '' ; that `` it is the policy of the executive branch of the Government to encourage by positive measures equal opportunity for all qualified persons within the Government '' ; and that `` it is in the general interest and welfare of the United States to promote its economy , security , and national defense through the most efficient and effective utilization of all available manpower '' .	Executive Order 10925	Which piece of legislation did President Kennedy use to claim that discrimination was a violation of the Constitution ?
President Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that `` discrimination because of race , creed , color , or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States '' ; that `` it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal opportunity for all qualified persons , without regard to race , creed , color , or national origin , employed or seeking employment with the Federal Government and on government contracts '' ; that `` it is the policy of the executive branch of the Government to encourage by positive measures equal opportunity for all qualified persons within the Government '' ; and that `` it is in the general interest and welfare of the United States to promote its economy , security , and national defense through the most efficient and effective utilization of all available manpower '' .	Federal Government and on government contracts	What were the affected industries in terms of regulation as a result of Executive Order 10925 ?
Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based , but also class and gender based .	class	Other than being race and gender based , what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against ?
The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination .	African American Policy Forum	Which organization believed in the class based argument ?
The groups goes on to say that affirmative action is responsible for creating the African American middle class , so it does not make sense to say that the system only benefits the middle and upper classes .	African American middle class	What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created ?
The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination .	non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination	What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based argument is ?
The AAPF believes that `` Race-conscious affirmative action remains necessary to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success of countless people of color of all classes '' .	to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success	What does the AAPF believe the goal of affirmative action should be ?
Following the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower 's GI Bill .	end of World War II	What major event preceded the growth of the divide in education between White and Black Americans ?
Following the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower 's GI Bill .	Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill	What was considered to be a major cause of the increase in educational gap ?
Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not afforded loans at the same rate as whites .	loans at the same rate as whites	What did returning black veterans not receive ?
Overall , `` Nearly 8 million servicemen and servicewomen were educated under the provisions of the GI Bill after World War II .	Nearly 8 million	How many servicemen and women were educated as a result of the GI Bill ?
But for blacks , higher educational opportunities were so few that the promise of the GI Bill went largely unfulfilled . ''	higher educational	What opportunities were few for black veterans ?
According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest , Hispanics or `` Latinos '' include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America .	Dr. Paul Brest	Who conducted a study about the origins of `` Latinos '' ?
In 1991 , Mexican Americans , Puerto Ricans , and Cuban Americans made up 80 % of the Latino population in the United States .	80%	How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans , Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1991 ?
They are the least well educated major ethnic group and suffered a 3 % drop in high school completion rate while African Americans experienced a 12 % increase between 1975-1990 .	least well educated	In relation to other major ethnic groups , what is the education level of Latinos ?
They are the least well educated major ethnic group and suffered a 3 % drop in high school completion rate while African Americans experienced a 12 % increase between 1975-1990 .	12%	What was the percentage increase of the high school completion rate for African Americans between 1975 and 1990 ?
In 1990 , they constituted 9 % of the population , but only received 3.1 % of the bachelors 's degrees awarded .	3.1%	How many of the total bachelor degrees awarded in 1990 went to Latinos ?
The category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement .	people who lived in North America before European settlement	Which groups can be categorized as Native Americans ?
During the U.S. government 's westward expansion , Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries .	During the U.S. government's westward expansion	When did the Native Americans lose their land ?
Instead , they were forced onto reservations which were far smaller and less productive .	reservations	Where were Native Americans forced to live after they lost their land ?
According to Brest , land belonging to Native Americans was reduced from 138 million acres in 1887 to 52 million acres in 1934 .	52 million acres	How much land did the Native Americans own in 1934 ?
In 1990 , the poverty rate for Native Americans was more than triple that of the whites and only 9.4 % of Native Americans have completed a bachelor 's degree as opposed to 25.2 % of whites and 12.2 % of African Americans .	more than triple	In relation to whites , what was the poverty rate for Native Americans in 1990 ?
Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens .	not having the ability to become naturalized citizens	What form of discrimination did early Asian immigrants experience ?
They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced .	school segregation	What law type did Asian immigrants struggle with ?
Discrimination against Asians began with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and then continued with the Scott Act of 1888 and the Geary Act of 1892 .	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	Which piece of legislature marked the start of discrimination against Asians ?
At the beginning of the 20th century , the United States passed the Immigration Act of 1924 to prevent Asian immigration out of fear that Asians were stealing white jobs and lowering the standard for wages .	Immigration Act of 1924	Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration ?
According to a 2010 article by Professor Qin Zhang of Fairfield University , Asians are characterized as one dimensional in having great work ethic and valuing education , but lacking in communication skills and personality .	communication skills and personality	According to studies , what are Asians perceived to be lacking ?
Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal ; however , minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America , they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account .	inherently unequal	What is one of the issues with affirmative action ?
Furthermore , those in favor of affirmative action see it as an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice .	an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice	How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it ?
`` Job discrimination is grounded in prejudice and exclusion , whereas affirmative action is an effort to overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion .	overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion	What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do ?
The most effective way to cure society of exclusionary practices is to make special efforts at inclusion , which is exactly what affirmative action does . ''	make special efforts at inclusion	What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices ?
Bill Clinton , however , made his stance on affirmative action very clear in a speech on July 19 , 1995 , nearly two and a half years after his inauguration .	Bill Clinton	Which President made their stance on affirmative action clear in 1995 ?
Bill Clinton , however , made his stance on affirmative action very clear in a speech on July 19 , 1995 , nearly two and a half years after his inauguration .	two and a half years	How long after his inauguration was Bill Clinton 's speech ?
Clinton also mentioned a point similar to President Lyndon B. Johnson 's `` Freedom is not Enough '' speech , and declared that just outlawing discrimination in the country would not be enough to give everyone in America equality .	President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Freedom is not Enough"	Which speech did Bill Clinton 's speech draw parallels to ?
Clinton also mentioned a point similar to President Lyndon B. Johnson 's `` Freedom is not Enough '' speech , and declared that just outlawing discrimination in the country would not be enough to give everyone in America equality .	just outlawing discrimination	What did President Clinton claim would not be enough to give everyone in American equality ?
He addressed the arguments that affirmative action hurt the white middle class and said that the policy was not the source of their problems .	the policy was not the source of their problems	What was President Clinton 's response to the claim that affirmative action was hurting the white middle class .
The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education .	Washington D.C.	Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2014 ?
The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education .	help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education	What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that support affirmative action had done ?
Workplace diversity has become a business management concept in which employers actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace .	actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace	What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers to do ?
By valuing diversity , employers have the capacity to create an environment in which there is a culture of respect for individual differences as well as the ability to draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population .	draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population	Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to do what ?
According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission , many private sector employers have concluded that a diverse workforce makes a `` company stronger , more profitable , and a better place to work . ''	U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission	Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial ?
In the year 2000 , according to a study by American Association of University Professors -LRB- AAUP -RRB- , affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities .	American Association of University Professors	What does AAUP stand for ?
This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members .	positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students	What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP ?
According to a study by Geoffrey Maruyama and José F. Moreno , the results showed that faculty members believed diversity helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education , Caucasian students suffer no detrimental effects from classroom diversity , and that attention to multicultural learning improves the ability of colleges and universities to accomplish their missions .	helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education	What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity ?
According to a study by Geoffrey Maruyama and José F. Moreno , the results showed that faculty members believed diversity helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education , Caucasian students suffer no detrimental effects from classroom diversity , and that attention to multicultural learning improves the ability of colleges and universities to accomplish their missions .	Caucasian students	Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity ?
In the year 2000 , according to a study by American Association of University Professors -LRB- AAUP -RRB- , affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities .	2000	In which year did the AAUP release their study ?
Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending , this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students .	Richard Sander	Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a negative effect on them ?
Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending , this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students .	high dropout rates	What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander ?
For example , about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their classes , black law school graduates are four times as likely to fail bar exams as are whites , and interracial friendships are more likely to form among students with relatively similar levels of academic preparation ; thus , blacks and Hispanics are more socially integrated on campuses where they are less academically mismatched .	bottom 20 percent	Where do half of the black college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class ?
For example , about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their classes , black law school graduates are four times as likely to fail bar exams as are whites , and interracial friendships are more likely to form among students with relatively similar levels of academic preparation ; thus , blacks and Hispanics are more socially integrated on campuses where they are less academically mismatched .	four times	What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam ?
The controversy surrounding affirmative action 's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality .	class inequality	Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon ?
Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle - and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans .	Hispanic Americans	Other than African Americans , who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action ?
Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle - and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans .	lower-class European Americans	At who 's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting ?
America 's poor is disproportionately made up of people of color , so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help people of color .	class-based affirmative action	What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation ?
America 's poor is disproportionately made up of people of color , so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help people of color .	people of color	Who primarily makes up America 's poor group ?
In 1976 , a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring .	City University of New York	Where were the Italian American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category ?
In 1976 , a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring .	1976	Which year did the Italian American Professors make their request ?
Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies , but the professors believed they were underrepresented .	white	What category of race do Italian Americans normally fall under ?
Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell wrote in his book , Affirmative Action Around the World : An Empirical Study , that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups -LSB- i.e. , primary beneficiaries of affirmative action -RSB- to take advantage of group preference policies .	Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study	What was the title of the book written by Thomas Sowell ?
Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell wrote in his book , Affirmative Action Around the World : An Empirical Study , that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups -LSB- i.e. , primary beneficiaries of affirmative action -RSB- to take advantage of group preference policies .	to take advantage of group preference policies	Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a preferred group ?
Frederick Lynch , the author of Invisible Victims : White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action , did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination .	Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action	What book did Frederick Lynch author ?
Frederick Lynch , the author of Invisible Victims : White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action , did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination .	reverse discrimination	What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action ?
Shelby Steele , another author against affirmative action , wanted to see affirmative action go back to its original meaning of enforcing equal opportunity .	against affirmative action	What moral position does Shelby Steele hold ?
Shelby Steele , another author against affirmative action , wanted to see affirmative action go back to its original meaning of enforcing equal opportunity .	enforcing equal opportunity	What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is ?
Terry Eastland , the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action : The Case for Colorblind Justice states , `` Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories : remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity '' .	From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice	Which book did Terry Eastland write ?
Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it , mostly middle class minorities .	how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it	What did Eastland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider ?
Terry Eastland , the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action : The Case for Colorblind Justice states , `` Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories : remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity '' .	remedying past discrimination	Outside of promoting diversity , was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is ?
Sowell writes that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups -LSB- i.e. , primary beneficiaries of affirmative action -RSB- to take advantage of group preference policies ; that they tend to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group -LRB- e.g. , upper and middle class blacks -RRB- , often to the detriment of the least fortunate among the non-preferred groups -LRB- e.g. , poor white or Asian -RRB- ; that they reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best -- the former because doing so is unnecessary and the latter because it can prove futile -- thereby resulting in net losses for society as a whole ; and that they engender animosity toward preferred groups as well. :115 -- 147	because doing so is unnecessary	Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best ?
Sowell writes that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups -LSB- i.e. , primary beneficiaries of affirmative action -RSB- to take advantage of group preference policies ; that they tend to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group -LRB- e.g. , upper and middle class blacks -RRB- , often to the detriment of the least fortunate among the non-preferred groups -LRB- e.g. , poor white or Asian -RRB- ; that they reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best -- the former because doing so is unnecessary and the latter because it can prove futile -- thereby resulting in net losses for society as a whole ; and that they engender animosity toward preferred groups as well. :115 -- 147	because it can prove futile	What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best ?
Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority .	a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority	What is a definition of reverse discrimination ?
-LSB- non-primary source needed -RSB- Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these policies are just another form of discrimination no different from examples in the past .	these policies are just another form of discrimination	What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is ?
People like Ward Connerly assert that affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate .	Ward Connerly	Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination ?
Opponents of affirmative action suggest that merit should be the primary factor considered in applying for job positions , college , graduate school , etc. .	merit	What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education ?
One argument for reverse discrimination is the idea that affirmative action encourages mediocrity and incompetence .	mediocrity and incompetence	An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what ?
Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument .	compensation argument	What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action ?
Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries .	society today should compensate for the injuries	In the compensation argument , who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks ?
Many opponents argue that this form of reparation is morally indefensible because if blacks were harmed for being black in the past , then preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical .	preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical	Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument ?
In addition , arguments are made that whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over .	whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over	In terms of whites , what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument ?
Therefore , they are being reverse discriminated against because they are receiving the punishment that should be given to people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices	people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices	According to opposition believers , who should be punished for discrimination ?
Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals .	undesirable side-effects	Other than failing to achieve its goal , what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has ?
It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within minority groups at the expense of the disenfranchised within better-off groups -LRB- such as lower-class whites and Asians -RRB- .	may increase racial tension	Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups , what is another argument against affirmative action ?
In 2006 , nearly 60 % of Michigan voters decided to ban affirmative action in university admissions .	2006	When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan ?
In 2006 , nearly 60 % of Michigan voters decided to ban affirmative action in university admissions .	60%	How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions ?
There has recently been a strong push among American states to ban racial or gender preferences in university admissions , in reaction to the controversial and unprecedented decision in Grutter v. Bollinger .	Grutter v. Bollinger	Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision ?
In the US , a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education , particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education .	admission to universities and other forms of higher education	Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States ?
Race , ethnicity , native language , social class , geographical origin , parental attendance of the university in question -LRB- legacy admissions -RRB- , and/or gender are sometimes taken into account when the university assesses an applicant 's grades and test scores .	legacy admissions	What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university ?
In 1978 , the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke v. Regents that public universities -LRB- and other government institutions -RRB- could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment .	Bakke v. Regents	Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action ?
In 1978 , the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke v. Regents that public universities -LRB- and other government institutions -RRB- could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment .	set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment	What are public universities not allowed to do ?
The Court said that `` goals '' and `` timetables '' for diversity could be set instead .	"goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set	Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets , what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do ?
The racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges : `` To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence , to what extent civic goods , and how should these purposes be balanced ? ''	competing notions of the mission of colleges	What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges ?
Scholars such as Ronald Dworkin have asserted that no college applicant has a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities .	a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities	What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have ?
In this view , admission is not an honor bestowed to reward superior merit but rather a way to advance the mission as each university defines it .	a way to advance the mission as each university defines it	What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent ?
If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate against applicants based on hatred or contempt , then affirmative action can be judged acceptable based on the criteria related to the mission the university sets for itself .	If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate	When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions ?
To accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions , the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10 % of their graduating class .	banning any use of race in school admissions	What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies ?
To accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions , the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10 % of their graduating class .	entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class	What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee ?
Florida and California have also replaced racial quotas with class rank and other criteria .	California	Other than Texas and Florida , which other state replaced racial quotas ?
Florida and California have also replaced racial quotas with class rank and other criteria .	class rank	What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with ?
The state 's adoption of the `` top 10 percent '' rule returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels .	returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels	After the state passed the top 10 % rule , what happened to minority enrollment ?
During a panel discussion at Harvard University 's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003 -- 04 academic year , two prominent black professors at the institution -- Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates -- pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard .	a panel discussion	What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year ?
During a panel discussion at Harvard University 's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003 -- 04 academic year , two prominent black professors at the institution -- Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates -- pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard .	an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard	What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion ?
They stated that only about a third of black Harvard undergraduates were from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community .	a third	What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community ?
One Harvard student , born in the South Bronx to a black family whose ancestors have been in the United States for multiple generations , said that there were so few Harvard students from the historic African American community that they took to calling themselves `` the descendants '' -LRB- i.e. , descendants of American slaves -RRB- .	the descendants	What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves ?
The reasons for this underrepresentation of historic African Americans , and possible remedies , remain a subject of debate .	possible remedies	Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans , what else is still up for debate ?
UCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools .	UCLA	To which university does Richard H. Sander belong ?
UCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools .	Stanford Law Review	In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools ?
The article presents a study that shows that half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school and that black law students are more likely to drop out of law school and to fail the bar exam .	half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school	What did Sander 's study show in terms of black law students rankings ?
The article offers a tentative estimate that the production of new black lawyers in the United States would grow by eight percent if affirmative action programs at all law schools were ended .	eight percent	How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended ?
Sander helped to develop a socioeconomically-based affirmative action plan for the UCLA School of Law after the passage of Proposition 209 in 1996 , which prohibited the use of racial preferences by public universities in California .	Proposition 209	Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California ?
A study in 2007 by Mark Long , an economics professor at the University of Washington , demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California , Texas , and Washington .	economics	What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in ?
A study in 2007 by Mark Long , an economics professor at the University of Washington , demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California , Texas , and Washington .	2007	In which year did Long publish his study ?
More specifically , apparent rebounds of minority enrollment can be explained by increasing minority enrollment in high schools of those states , and the beneficiaries of class-based -LRB- not race -RRB- affirmative action would be white students .	increasing minority enrollment in high schools	How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long 's report ?
More specifically , apparent rebounds of minority enrollment can be explained by increasing minority enrollment in high schools of those states , and the beneficiaries of class-based -LRB- not race -RRB- affirmative action would be white students .	white students	Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action ?
At the same time , affirmative action itself is both morally and materially costly : 52 percent of white populace -LRB- compared to 14 percent of black -RRB- thought it should be abolished , implying white distaste of using racial identity , and full-file review is expected to cost the universities an additional $ 1.5 million to $ 2 million per year , excluding possible cost of litigation .	14	What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished ?
In 2006 , Jian Li , a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University , filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University , claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it `` discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms '' by eliminating race and legacy preferences .	Office for Civil Rights	With which organization did Li file a civil rights complaint ?
In 2006 , Jian Li , a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University , filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University , claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it `` discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms '' by eliminating race and legacy preferences .	Princeton University	Which university was Li alleging racial discrimination against ?
Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30 , 2006 , issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that `` the numbers do n't indicate -LSB- discrimination -RSB- . ''	Janet Rapelye	Who was the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint ?
She said that Li was not admitted because `` many others had far better qualifications . ''	many others had far better qualifications	What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the rejection of Li 's application was ?
Li countered in an email , saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye 's claim .	placement on the waitlist	Even though Li did not get accepted , what was done instead of a straight rejection ?
In 2012 , Abigail Fisher , an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University , and Rachel Multer Michalewicz , a law student at Southern Methodist University , filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy , asserting it had a `` race-conscious policy '' that `` violated their civil and constitutional rights '' .	University of Texas	Which University had a lawsuit filed against it ?
In 2012 , Abigail Fisher , an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University , and Rachel Multer Michalewicz , a law student at Southern Methodist University , filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy , asserting it had a `` race-conscious policy '' that `` violated their civil and constitutional rights '' .	race-conscious policy	What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy ?
In 2012 , Abigail Fisher , an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University , and Rachel Multer Michalewicz , a law student at Southern Methodist University , filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy , asserting it had a `` race-conscious policy '' that `` violated their civil and constitutional rights '' .	their civil and constitutional rights	What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate ?
In July 2014 , the US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit concluded that U of T maintained a `` holistic '' approach in its application of affirmative action , and could continue the practice .	US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit	Who concluded that the University maintained a `` holistic '' approach to affirmative action ?
It will likely be decided by June 2016 .	June 2016	When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time ?
On November 17 , 2014 , Students for Fair Admissions , an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation , filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .	November 17, 2014	On which date were lawsuits filed against Harvard and Chapel Hill ?
On November 17 , 2014 , Students for Fair Admissions , an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation , filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .	Students for Fair Admissions	Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities ?
The UNC-Chapel Hill lawsuit alleges discrimination against white and Asian students , while the Harvard lawsuit focuses on discrimination against Asian applicants .	white	Other than Asian students , who else was allegedly being discriminated against ?
On November 17 , 2014 , Students for Fair Admissions , an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation , filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .	Project on Fair Representation	What is the Students for Fair Admissions an offshoot of ?
Both universities requested the court to halt the lawsuits until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law by ruling in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin for the second time .	until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law	What are the Universities waiting for before proceeding with the lawsuit ?
In May 2015 , a coalition of more than 60 Asian-American organizations filed federal complaints with the Education and Justice Departments against Harvard University .	more than 60	How many Asian organizations were involved in filing the federal complaints ?
In May 2015 , a coalition of more than 60 Asian-American organizations filed federal complaints with the Education and Justice Departments against Harvard University .	Education and Justice Departments	Who did the organizations file the complaints with ?
In May 2015 , a coalition of more than 60 Asian-American organizations filed federal complaints with the Education and Justice Departments against Harvard University .	Harvard University	Who was the target of the filing ?
Asian-American applicants with near-perfect test scores , top-one-percent grade point averages , academic awards , and leadership positions are allegedly rejected by Harvard because the university uses racial stereotypes , racially differentiated standards , and de facto racial quotas .	top-one-percent grade point averages	What grade average do some students have that are being rejected ?
This federal complaint was dismissed in July 2015 because the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations .	the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations	Why was the lawsuit eventually dismissed ?
The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League -LRB- Levels 1 to 4 -RRB- , and several hundred `` non-league '' teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System -LRB- Levels 5 to 10 -RRB- .	any eligible club	Who is the competition open too ?
A record 763 clubs competed in 2011 -- 12 .	763 clubs	How many clubs competed in 20011-12 ?
The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final .	12	How many rounds in the tournament ?
Entrants are not seeded , although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds - the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen .	six to fourteen	How many games are needed to win ?
The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League -LRB- Levels 1 to 4 -RRB- , and several hundred `` non-league '' teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System -LRB- Levels 5 to 10 -RRB- .	Premier League and Football League	What league can compete ?
The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition , from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper , meeting the first of the 92 professional teams .	first six rounds	What rounds are the qualifiers ?
The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition , from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper , meeting the first of the 92 professional teams .	92 professional teams.	How many teams in the first round ?
The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs , into the draw for the Third Round Proper .	Premier League and Championship clubs	What league enters in the third round ?
In the modern era , non-league teams have never reached the quarter finals , and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final .	never reached the quarter finals	In the modern era , has any non-league team reached the quarter finals ??
In the modern era , non-league teams have never reached the quarter finals , and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final .	Level 2 have never reached the final.	Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever ?
Winners receive the FA Cup trophy , of which there have been two designs and five actual cups ; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design , introduced in 1911 .	the FA Cup trophy	What do winners receive ?
Winners receive the FA Cup trophy , of which there have been two designs and five actual cups ; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design , introduced in 1911 .	two	How many FA cup designs have there been ?
Winners receive the FA Cup trophy , of which there have been two designs and five actual cups ; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design , introduced in 1911 .	five actual cups	How many FA cups have there been ?
Winners receive the FA Cup trophy , of which there have been two designs and five actual cups ; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design , introduced in 1911 .	2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911	When was the latest design intoduced ?
In 1863 , the newly founded Football Association -LRB- the FA -RRB- published the Laws of the Game of Association Football , unifying the various different rules in use before then .	1863	When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published ?
On 20 July 1871 , in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper , the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that `` it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete '' .	C. W. Alcock	Who was the FA secretary in 1871 ?
The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871 .	November 1871	When did the inaugural FA cup tournament take place ?
After thirteen games in all , Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final , on 16 March 1872 .	Wanderers were crowned the winners	Who won the first and second cups ?
The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888 -- 89 season , when qualifying rounds were introduced .	modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,	When was the modern cup established ?
Following the 1914 -- 15 edition , the competition was suspended due to the First World War , and did n't resume until 1919 -- 20 .	competition was suspended due to the First World War	Was competition suspended due to the first world war ?
Following the 1914 -- 15 edition , the competition was suspended due to the First World War , and did n't resume until 1919 -- 20 .	1919–20.	what year did competition resume after world war 1 ?
The 1922 -- 23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium -LRB- known at the time as the Empire Stadium -RRB- .	1922–23	When did Wembly stadium open ?
The 1922 -- 23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium -LRB- known at the time as the Empire Stadium -RRB- .	Empire Stadium	What was Webly stadium called at that time ?
Due to the wartime breaks , the competition did n't celebrate its centenary year until 1980 -- 81 ; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium , but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard .	didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980–81	When did the competition celebrate its centennial ?
The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria .	The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system	Is the competition open to anyone ?
Clubs in the next six levels -LRB- non-league football -RRB- are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup , FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season .	Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions	Who else can play ?
Newly formed clubs , such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005 -- 06 and also 2006 -- 07 , may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season .	Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season.	Can new clubs play too ?
All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium .	All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.	Do I need a stadium to compete ?
It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition , although it can happen in exceptional circumstances .	It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition	Does anyone ever miss a tournament ?
Defending holders Manchester United did not enter the 1999 -- 2000 FA Cup , as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship , with the club stating that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premiership titles .	Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup,	What clubs have missed the competition ?
The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side .	The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side.	Why did they miss that competition ?
The withdrawal from the FA Cup , however , drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament 's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation .	drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige	How did people feel about Manchester 's decision ?
The withdrawal from the FA Cup , however , drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament 's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation .	Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.	Did the club later regret their choice ?
Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible , although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining : Cardiff City -LRB- the only non-English team to win the tournament , in 1927 -RRB- , Swansea City , Newport County , Wrexham , Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay .	Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,	May Welsh clubs enter the competition ?
Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible , although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining : Cardiff City -LRB- the only non-English team to win the tournament , in 1927 -RRB- , Swansea City , Newport County , Wrexham , Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay .	Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)	Has a Welsh team ever won a competition ?
In the early years other teams from Wales , Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition , with Glasgow side Queen 's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association .	other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,	Have any other countries ever competed ?
In the early years other teams from Wales , Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition , with Glasgow side Queen 's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association .	barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association.	Why ca n't those countries compete ?
In the 2013 -- 14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time .	Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.	Has any other country been allowed to enter the competition since ?
The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years .	The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years	Has the number of entrants stayed the same ?
In the 2004 -- 05 season , 660 clubs entered the competition , beating the long-standing record of 656 from the 1921 -- 22 season .	660 clubs entered the competition	How many clubs entered in 2004-05 ?
In 2005 -- 06 this increased to 674 entrants , in 2006 -- 07 to 687 , in 2007 -- 08 to 731 clubs , and for the 2008 -- 09 and 2009 -- 10 competitions it reached 762 .	674	How many clubs entered in 2005-06 ?
In 2005 -- 06 this increased to 674 entrants , in 2006 -- 07 to 687 , in 2007 -- 08 to 731 clubs , and for the 2008 -- 09 and 2009 -- 10 competitions it reached 762 .	687	How many clubs entered in 2006-07 ?
In 2005 -- 06 this increased to 674 entrants , in 2006 -- 07 to 687 , in 2007 -- 08 to 731 clubs , and for the 2008 -- 09 and 2009 -- 10 competitions it reached 762 .	731	How many clubs entered in 2007-08 ?
Beginning in August , the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout , consisting of twelve rounds , a semi-final and then a final , in May .	May	When is the final ?
A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages .	clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages	When do clubs above 9 enter ?
There is no seeding , the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw .	There is no seeding,	Is there seeding ?
Prior to the semi-finals , fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only .	fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only	What happens in the event of a tie ?
The first six rounds are qualifiers , with the draws organised on a regional basis .	The first six rounds are qualifiers	What are the first 6 rounds ?
The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May .	The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May.	When does the final take place ?
The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999 -- 2000 , when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment , and 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished , to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final , as well as in 2011 -- 12 to allow England time to prepare for that summer 's European Championships .	in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999–2000	Was there a time this was not the case ?
The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999 -- 2000 , when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment , and 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished , to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final , as well as in 2011 -- 12 to allow England time to prepare for that summer 's European Championships .	most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment	Why was that ?
The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999 -- 2000 , when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment , and 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished , to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final , as well as in 2011 -- 12 to allow England time to prepare for that summer 's European Championships .	2010–11 and 2012–13	Did that ever happen again ?
The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999 -- 2000 , when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment , and 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished , to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final , as well as in 2011 -- 12 to allow England time to prepare for that summer 's European Championships .	the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final	What happened during those years ?
Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious .	Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious.	Do clubs replay each other ?
Some ties took as many as six matches to settle ; in their 1975 campaign , Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds , which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final .	12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final	What is the most games played a team to reach the final ?
This led to penalty shoot-outs being introduced , the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United .	penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991	When was the first penalty kick ?
This led to penalty shoot-outs being introduced , the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United .	Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United.	What clubs were playing during the first penalty ?
The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season 's UEFA Europa League -LRB- formerly named the UEFA Cup ; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners ' Cup instead -RRB- .	Cup Winners' Cup	What is the cup called now ?
In the past , if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season 's Champions League or Europa League through their league position , then the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place instead .	the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place	Does the loser of the cup gain anything ?
The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season 's UEFA Europa League -LRB- formerly named the UEFA Cup ; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners ' Cup instead -RRB- .	formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998	Did that used to have a different name ?
FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage .	FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage.	what about the FA Cup winner ?
The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season 's UEFA Europa League -LRB- formerly named the UEFA Cup ; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners ' Cup instead -RRB- .	The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League	Do the FA Cup winners qualify for anything ?
For the first decade of the competition , the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue .	Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue	Is there a name for the specific venue ?
In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley , semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England ; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final , chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel .	semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England	Where did the semi finals take place before then ?
The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham -LRB- 55 times -RRB- , Hillsborough in Sheffield -LRB- 34 times -RRB- and Old Trafford in Manchester -LRB- 23 times -RRB- .	Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times)	What was the top most used venue ?
In 2005 , both were held at the Millennium Stadium .	In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.	Where was the cup held in 2005 ?
In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium .	In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals	Where is the FA cup held today ?
In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium .	to recoup debts in financing the new stadium.	Why is it held at Webly Stadium ?
This was controversial , with the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London , as well as taking some of the prestige away from a Wembley final .	the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London	Do the people of London agree with this action ?
In defending the move , the FA has also cited the extra capacity Wembley offers , although the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out .	the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out.	Has the game ever fail to sell out ?
A fan poll by The Guardian in 2013 found 86 % opposition to Wembley semi-finals .	86% opposition to Wembley semi-finals.	Do people oppose of using the new Webly Stadium ?
The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened , in 2007 .	The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium	Where is the final played now ?
The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened , in 2007 .	it opened, in 2007.	When did this stadium open ?
The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales .	between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium	Where was the FA cup held while this stadium was built ?
The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales .	Cardiff in Wales	Where is Millennium Stadium located ?
Prior to rebuilding , the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 -LRB- being originally named the Empire Stadium -RRB- .	Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium	Was it always held in Millennium Stadium ?
In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening , the final -LRB- including 8 replays -RRB- was held in a variety of locations , predominantly in London , and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace .	predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace.	Where do the majority of FA cup finals take place ?
It was played 22 times in the Oval -LRB- the inaugural competition in 1872 , and then all but two times until 1892 -RRB- .	1872	What was the first year the Oval hosted the FA cup ?
After the Oval , Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914 , broken up by 4 four replays elsewhere .	21	How many times has Crystal Palce hosted the FA cup ?
In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening , the final -LRB- including 8 replays -RRB- was held in a variety of locations , predominantly in London , and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace .	8 replays	How many replays took place at the Oval ?
The FA permitted artificial turf -LRB- 3G -RRB- pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014 -- 15 edition and beyond .	The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond.	Is the use of artificial turf allowed ?
Under the 2015-16 rules , the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality , or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs .	the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs.	What is the required quality of the pitch ?
Under the 2015-16 rules , the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality , or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs .	92	How many professional clubs are there ?
This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only - if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper , they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch .	they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch.	What happens if the pitch is not up to par ?
Having been strong proponents of the surface , the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United 's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015 .	first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.	Where was the first # G surface game played ?
The trophy comes in three parts - the cup itself , plus a lid and a base .	The trophy comes in three parts	How many parts does the trophy come in ?
The trophy comes in three parts - the cup itself , plus a lid and a base .	- the cup itself, plus a lid and a base	What is the parts of the trophy ?
There have been two designs of trophy in use , but five physical trophies have been presented .	There have been two designs of trophy in use	How many trophy designs have there bee ?
There have been two designs of trophy in use , but five physical trophies have been presented .	five physical trophies have been presented	How many physical trophies have been presented ?
The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished , in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony .	The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base	Is the cup engraved for the winner ?
The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished , in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony .	as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony.	When does the engraving take place ?
This means the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions , although time is saved by engraving the year on during the match , and sketching the presumed winner .	the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions,	how long does the engraved have from start to finish ?
During the final , the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists , with the loser 's ribbons being removed at the end of the game .	the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game.	Is the trophy decorated ?
Traditionally , at Wembley finals , the presentation is made at the Royal Box , with players , led by the captain , mounting a staircase to a gangway in front of the box and returning by a second staircase on the other side of the box .	, the presentation is made at the Royal Box	Where is he cup presentation made ?
The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final ; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners , Wanderers , until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London .	The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final	When did people start presenting the trophy after the game ?
The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final ; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners , Wanderers , until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London .	the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later	when was the first trophy presented ?
The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final ; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners , Wanderers , until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London .	the Pall Mall Restaurant in London	Where was the first trophy presented ?
Under the original rules , the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times , although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final , the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock -LRB- who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory -RRB- .	the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times,	What happens to multiple cup winners ?
Under the original rules , the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times , although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final , the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock -LRB- who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory -RRB- .	inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final	Did that ever happen ?
Almost 60 years later , 80 year old career criminal Henry -LRB- Harry -RRB- James Burge claimed to have committed the theft , confessing to a newspaper , with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958 .	80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft	How claims to have stolen the FA cup ?
He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men , although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper -LRB- the crime pre-dated written police reports -RRB- in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen , detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed .	He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men	Did he act alone ?
Almost 60 years later , 80 year old career criminal Henry -LRB- Harry -RRB- James Burge claimed to have committed the theft , confessing to a newspaper , with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958 .	60 years	How long go did this crime take place ?
Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins , which matched known intelligence of the time , in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse , although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison .	the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins	What did Burge do with the cup ?
Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins , which matched known intelligence of the time , in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse , although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison .	stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse	What did they do with those coins ?
After being rendered obsolete by the redesign , the 1895 replica was presented in 1910 to the FA 's long-serving president Lord Kinnaird .	Lord Kinnaird	Who was the long-serving president of the FA cup ?
Kinnaird died in 1923 , and his family kept it in their possession , out of view , until putting it up for auction in 2005 .	his family kept it in their possession, out of view, until putting it up for auction in 2005	Was the cup lost during that time ?
It was duly sold at Christie 's auction house on 19 May 2005 for # 420,000 -LRB- # 478,400 including auction fees and taxes -RRB- .	Christie's auction house on 19 May 2005 for £420,000 (£478,400 including auction fees and taxes)	Where did it sell ?
The successful bidder was David Gold , the then joint chairman of Birmingham City ; claiming the FA and government were doing nothing proactive to ensure the trophy remained in the country , Gold stated his purchase was motivated by wanting to save it for the nation .	David Gold	Who won the bid ?
Since the start of the 1994 -- 95 season , the FA Cup has been sponsored .	Since the start of the 1994–95 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored.	is the Fa cup sponsered ?
Sponsorship deals run for four years , though -- as in the case of E.ON -- one-year extensions may be agreed .	Sponsorship deals run for four years	How long does the sponsor remain ?
Sponsorship deals run for four years , though -- as in the case of E.ON -- one-year extensions may be agreed .	one-year extensions may be agreed	Can they extend their deal ?
Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018 , renaming the competition as ` The Emirates FA Cup ' , unlike previous editions , which included ` The FA Cup in association with E.ON ' and ` The FA Cup with Budweiser ' .	Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018	Who is the current sponsor ?
Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018 , renaming the competition as ` The Emirates FA Cup ' , unlike previous editions , which included ` The FA Cup in association with E.ON ' and ` The FA Cup with Budweiser ' .	The Emirates FA Cup	What is the competition called now ?
The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition , where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition , known as `` giant killings '' , is much anticipated by the public , and is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition , alongside that gained by teams winning the competition .	where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as "giant killings", is much anticipated by the public	Do people look forward to Cinderella matches ?
The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition , where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition , known as `` giant killings '' , is much anticipated by the public , and is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition , alongside that gained by teams winning the competition .	is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition	What do people think about giant killers ?
Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history .	Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history	Does giant killing happen often ?
The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition , where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition , known as `` giant killings '' , is much anticipated by the public , and is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition , alongside that gained by teams winning the competition .	unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition	What is a giant killer ?
The Football League was founded in 1888 , 16 years after the first FA Cup competition .	The Football League was founded in 1888	When was the football league founded ?
Since the creation of The Football League , Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league `` giant-killer '' to win the Cup , taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners-up Sheffield United : although at that time , there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League , and Spurs were champions of the next lowest football tier - the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division -LRB- as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First . -RRB-	Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league "giant-killer" to win the Cup	Who is the only non league giant killer to win a cup ?
Since the creation of The Football League , Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league `` giant-killer '' to win the Cup , taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners-up Sheffield United : although at that time , there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League , and Spurs were champions of the next lowest football tier - the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division -LRB- as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First . -RRB-	1901	What year did they win the cup ?
Since the creation of The Football League , Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league `` giant-killer '' to win the Cup , taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners-up Sheffield United : although at that time , there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League , and Spurs were champions of the next lowest football tier - the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division -LRB- as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First . -RRB-	Sheffield United	Who did they delete for the cup ?
Since the creation of The Football League , Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league `` giant-killer '' to win the Cup , taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners-up Sheffield United : although at that time , there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League , and Spurs were champions of the next lowest football tier - the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division -LRB- as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First . -RRB-	36 clubs in the Football League	How many clubs where in the football league ?
Chasetown , whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007 -- 08 competition , are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper -LRB- final 64 , of 731 teams entered that season -RRB- .	Chasetown	Who is the lowest rank to play in the third round proper ?
Chasetown , whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007 -- 08 competition , are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper -LRB- final 64 , of 731 teams entered that season -RRB- .	playing at Level 8 of English football	What level where they ?
Chasetown , whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007 -- 08 competition , are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper -LRB- final 64 , of 731 teams entered that season -RRB- .	731 teams entered that season	How many teams competed that year ?
Chasetown , whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007 -- 08 competition , are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper -LRB- final 64 , of 731 teams entered that season -RRB- .	final 64	What place did Chasetown come in ?
Chasetown , whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007 -- 08 competition , are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper -LRB- final 64 , of 731 teams entered that season -RRB- .	2007–08 competition	What FA cup season did this take place in ?
Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double , namely Preston North End -LRB- 1889 -RRB- , Aston Villa -LRB- 1897 -RRB- , Tottenham Hotspur -LRB- 1961 -RRB- , Arsenal -LRB- 1971 , 1998 , 2002 -RRB- , Liverpool -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , Manchester United -LRB- 1994 , 1996 , 1999 -RRB- and Chelsea -LRB- 2010 -RRB- .	Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double	How many clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double ?
Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double , namely Preston North End -LRB- 1889 -RRB- , Aston Villa -LRB- 1897 -RRB- , Tottenham Hotspur -LRB- 1961 -RRB- , Arsenal -LRB- 1971 , 1998 , 2002 -RRB- , Liverpool -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , Manchester United -LRB- 1994 , 1996 , 1999 -RRB- and Chelsea -LRB- 2010 -RRB- .	Preston North End (1889)	Who was the first clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double ?
Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double , namely Preston North End -LRB- 1889 -RRB- , Aston Villa -LRB- 1897 -RRB- , Tottenham Hotspur -LRB- 1961 -RRB- , Arsenal -LRB- 1971 , 1998 , 2002 -RRB- , Liverpool -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , Manchester United -LRB- 1994 , 1996 , 1999 -RRB- and Chelsea -LRB- 2010 -RRB- .	Chelsea (2010)	Who was the latest clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double ?
In 1993 , Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 in both finals .	Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season	Has any club won both in a same season ?
In 1993 , Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 in both finals .	1993	What year did that take place ?
The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division and there have only been eight winners who were n't in the top flight : Notts County -LRB- 1894 -RRB- ; Tottenham Hotspur -LRB- 1901 -RRB- ; Wolverhampton Wanderers -LRB- 1908 -RRB- ; Barnsley -LRB- 1912 -RRB- ; West Bromwich Albion -LRB- 1931 -RRB- ; Sunderland -LRB- 1973 -RRB- , Southampton -LRB- 1976 -RRB- and West Ham United -LRB- 1980 -RRB- .	The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division	Has the final been played by a two clubs outside of the top divisions ?
The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division and there have only been eight winners who were n't in the top flight : Notts County -LRB- 1894 -RRB- ; Tottenham Hotspur -LRB- 1901 -RRB- ; Wolverhampton Wanderers -LRB- 1908 -RRB- ; Barnsley -LRB- 1912 -RRB- ; West Bromwich Albion -LRB- 1931 -RRB- ; Sunderland -LRB- 1973 -RRB- , Southampton -LRB- 1976 -RRB- and West Ham United -LRB- 1980 -RRB- .	there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight	Has the final been won by a club outside of the top divisions ?
The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division and there have only been eight winners who were n't in the top flight : Notts County -LRB- 1894 -RRB- ; Tottenham Hotspur -LRB- 1901 -RRB- ; Wolverhampton Wanderers -LRB- 1908 -RRB- ; Barnsley -LRB- 1912 -RRB- ; West Bromwich Albion -LRB- 1931 -RRB- ; Sunderland -LRB- 1973 -RRB- , Southampton -LRB- 1976 -RRB- and West Ham United -LRB- 1980 -RRB- .	Notts County	Who was the first outside club to win ?
The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division and there have only been eight winners who were n't in the top flight : Notts County -LRB- 1894 -RRB- ; Tottenham Hotspur -LRB- 1901 -RRB- ; Wolverhampton Wanderers -LRB- 1908 -RRB- ; Barnsley -LRB- 1912 -RRB- ; West Bromwich Albion -LRB- 1931 -RRB- ; Sunderland -LRB- 1973 -RRB- , Southampton -LRB- 1976 -RRB- and West Ham United -LRB- 1980 -RRB- .	1894	What year did that take place ?
Other than Tottenham 's victory , only 24 finalists have come from outside English football 's top tier , with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners-up : and none at all from the third tier or lower , Southampton -LRB- 1902 -RRB- being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers .	only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier	How many second tier have made the finals ?
In the early years of coverage the BBC had exclusive radio coverage with a picture of the pitch marked in the Radio Times with numbered squares to help the listener follow the match on the radio .	the BBC	Who used to brodcast the matches on the radio ?
The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester , the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927 .	The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926	What was the first Fa cup radio broadcast ?
The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester , the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927 .	Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City	What clubs competed in the match ?
The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester , the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927 .	this was only broadcast in Manchester	Wa the game broadcast in both cities ?
The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester , the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927 .	the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927	So when was the firs national broadcast ?
From 1988 to 1997 , the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup , the BBC had highlights on Match of the Day and usually one match per round while Sky had the same deal .	From 1988 to 1997, the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup	Who had FA cup coverage from 1988-1997 ?
From 2008 -- 09 to 2013 -- 14 , FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales , with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland but STV refusing to show them .	, FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales, with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland	How are the games broadcast now ?
From 2008 -- 09 to 2013 -- 14 , FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales , with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland but STV refusing to show them .	STV refusing to show them	Does anyone refuse to show them ?
ESPN bought the competition for the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 season and during this time Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK .	Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK.	Has a woman ever broadcast a match ?
ESPN bought the competition for the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 season and during this time Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK .	for the 2010–11 to 2012–13 season	What year did rebecca host the match ?
ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010 -- 11 season .	ESPN took over the package Setanta	Who took over the package from Sentana ?
The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN -LRB- who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D -RRB- and ITV .	The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN	Who show the 2011 final ?
Following the sale of ESPN 's UK and Ireland channels to BT , ESPN 's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013 -- 14 season .	Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport	Does ESPN still hold the contract ?
Following the sale of ESPN 's UK and Ireland channels to BT , ESPN 's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013 -- 14 season .	the 2013–14 season	What year did this take place ?
Following the sale of ESPN 's UK and Ireland channels to BT , ESPN 's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013 -- 14 season .	BT Sport	Who took over after ESPN ?
The Calvinist manufacturing republic of Mulhouse , known as Stadtrepublik Mülhausen , became a part of Alsace after a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798 .	4 January 1798	When did Stadtrepublik become a part of Alsace ?
Alsace is frequently mentioned with and as part of Lorraine and the former duchy of Lorraine , since it was a vital part of the duchy , and later because German possession as the imperial province -LRB- Alsace-Lorraine , 1871 -- 1918 -RRB- was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries ; France and Germany exchanged control of parts of Lorraine -LRB- including Alsace -RRB- four times in 75 years .	1871–1918	What years did Germany hold possession over Lorrain-Alscace ?
Alsace is frequently mentioned with and as part of Lorraine and the former duchy of Lorraine , since it was a vital part of the duchy , and later because German possession as the imperial province -LRB- Alsace-Lorraine , 1871 -- 1918 -RRB- was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries ; France and Germany exchanged control of parts of Lorraine -LRB- including Alsace -RRB- four times in 75 years .	France	Which other country had control over Alsace ?
Alsace is frequently mentioned with and as part of Lorraine and the former duchy of Lorraine , since it was a vital part of the duchy , and later because German possession as the imperial province -LRB- Alsace-Lorraine , 1871 -- 1918 -RRB- was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries ; France and Germany exchanged control of parts of Lorraine -LRB- including Alsace -RRB- four times in 75 years .	four times	How many times did Germany and France switched and had control of Alscace ?
The Alemanni were agricultural people , and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine -LRB- Alsatian , Alemannian , Swabian , Swiss -RRB- .	Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss	Which three territories make up the Upper Rhine ?
Under Clovis ' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized .	Clovis' Merovingian	Who forced Christianity upon the Alsace people ?
Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm , following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842 , was formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun ; the grandsons of Charlemagne divided the realm into three parts .	Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843	What occurred at the treaty of Verdun ?
Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia , which was ruled by the youngest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts .	855	In what year did Lothar past away ?
At about this time the surrounding areas experienced recurring fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships , a common process in the Holy Roman Empire .	fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships	What was considered a common practice in during the Holy Roman Empire ?
Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under Hohenstaufen emperors .	Hohenstaufen emperors	Under who 's rule did Alsace thrive under ?
The province had a single provincial court -LRB- Landgericht -RRB- and a central administration with its seat at Hagenau .	Landgericht	Was was the name given to the Alsace provincinal court ?
A stop on the Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route , as well as a port on the Rhine route linking southern Germany and Switzerland to the Netherlands , England and Scandinavia , it became the political and economic center of the region .	Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route	What was the name of the route that linked Germany , Switzerland , Netherlands , and England
Cities such as Colmar and Hagenau also began to grow in economic importance and gained a kind of autonomy within the `` Decapole '' or `` Dekapolis '' , a federation of ten free towns .	Colmar and Hagenau	Which other two cities also started to grow economically ?
As in much of Europe , the prosperity of Alsace came to an end in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters , bad harvests , and the Black Death .	14th century	About when did Alsace lose its prosperity ?
As in much of Europe , the prosperity of Alsace came to an end in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters , bad harvests , and the Black Death .	harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death	Why did Alsace decline has a prospering territory ?
These hardships were blamed on Jews , leading to the pogroms of 1336 and 1339 .	blamed on Jews	Which group of people were wrongly blamed for all the disasters that struck the region ?
In 1349 , Jews of Alsace were accused of poisoning the wells with plague , leading to the massacre of thousands of Jews during the Strasbourg pogrom .	accused of poisoning the wells with plague	What were the jewish people accused of in Alsace ?
An additional natural disaster was the Rhine rift earthquake of 1356 , one of Europe 's worst which made ruins of Basel .	1356,	When did the Rhine Rift earthquake occur ?
France began an aggressive policy of expanding eastward , first to the rivers Rhône and Meuse , and when those borders were reached , aiming for the Rhine .	Rhône and Meuse	What were the names of the first two rivers France aggressively went to while expanding eastward ?
In 1299 , the French proposed a marriage alliance between Philip IV of France 's sister Blanche and Albert I of Germany 's son Rudolf , with Alsace to be the dowry ; however , the deal never came off .	Blanche and Albert	The French proposed a marriage between which two people ?
During the next century , France was to be militarily shattered by the Hundred Years ' War , which prevented for a time any further tendencies in this direction .	the Hundred Years' War	What was the name of the period when France was crushed military ?
After the conclusion of the war , France was again free to pursue its desire to reach the Rhine and in 1444 a French army appeared in Lorraine and Alsace .	1444	In what year did the French reach Alsace ?
In 1469 , following the Treaty of St. Omer , Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles the Bold , Duke of Burgundy .	1469	In what year was Upper Alsace sold to the Archduke Sigismund ?
The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace -LRB- apart from the free towns , but including Belfort -RRB- in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family , who were also rulers of the empire .	to gain back full control of Upper Alsace	Why did Frederick III use a tax and a marriage in Upper Alsace ?
The town of Mulhouse joined the Swiss Confederation in 1515 , where it was to remain until 1798 .	1515	When did Mulhouse join the Swiss Confederation ?
By the time of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century , Strasbourg was a prosperous community , and its inhabitants accepted Protestantism in 1523 .	1523	When did Strasbourg accept Protestantism ?
Martin Bucer was a prominent Protestant reformer in the region .	Martin Bucer	Who was known as a reformer in Strasbourg ?
As a result , Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories .	Catholic and Protestant	What were the names given for the two groups that heavily dominated Alsace during this time ?
Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in Hungary , the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory -LRB- mostly in Upper Alsace -RRB- to France in 1646 , which had occupied it , for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers .	1646	When did the Habsburgs sell the Sundgau territory to France ?
Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in Hungary , the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory -LRB- mostly in Upper Alsace -RRB- to France in 1646 , which had occupied it , for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers .	1.2 million Thalers	How much did France pay for Sundgau ?
The 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau , by which the French king ordered the suppression of French Protestantism , was not applied in Alsace .	the suppression of French Protestantism	In 1685 Edict Fontainebleau by way of the French King ordered what to be done ?
The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the départements of Haut - and Bas-Rhin .	1789	In what year did the division of Alsace take place ?
`` La Marseillaise '' was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the mayor of Strasbourg Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich .	La Marseillaise	Which song was played for the first time in Strasbourg that would later become the French national anthem ?
Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace , notably Kellermann , the victor of Valmy , Kléber , who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendée and Westermann , who also fought in the Vendée .	Kellermann	Who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendee and Westermann ?
At the same time , some Alsatians were in opposition to the Jacobins and sympathetic to the invading forces of Austria and Prussia who sought to crush the nascent revolutionary republic .	Austria and Prussia	Which two countries sought to crush the nascent republic ?
When they were later permitted to return -LRB- in some cases not until 1799 -RRB- , it was often to find that their lands and homes had been confiscated .	lands and homes had been confiscated	What had happened to most of the people who fled Sungau during the war when they were allowed to return home ?
A poignant retelling of this event based on what Goethe had personally witnessed can be found in his long poem Hermann and Dorothea .	Hermann and Dorothea	What was the name of the poem by Goethe ?
The population grew rapidly , from 800,000 in 1814 to 914,000 in 1830 and 1,067,000 in 1846 .	1,067,000	What was the population of Alsace in 1846 ?
The combination of economic and demographic factors led to hunger , housing shortages and a lack of work for young people .	hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people	What were the reasons for people to begin leaving Alsace ?
Many Alsatians also began to sail to the United States , settling in many areas from 1820 to 1850 .	1820 to 1850	Between what years did Alatians begin to sail towards the United States ?
By 1790 , the Jewish population of Alsace was approximately 22,500 , about 3 % of the provincial population .	22,500	What was the population of Alsace in 1790 ?
Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in villages .	in villages	Jews were banned from cities in Alsace , where were they forced to settle ?
Official tolerance grew during the French Revolution , with full emancipation in 1791 .	full emancipation	in 1791 Jews were granted what by the French ?
Merger of Alsace into Germany in 1871-1918 lessened antisemitic violence .	Germany	Which country was Alsace merged into during 1871-1918
France started the Franco-Prussian War -LRB- 1870 -- 71 -RRB- , and was defeated by the Kingdom of Prussia and other German states .	Kingdom of Prussia	Which country defeated the French in 1871 ?
The end of the war led to the unification of Germany .	Germany	The end of the war led to which companies unification ?
Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871 ; unlike other members states of the German federation , which had governments of their own , the new Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine was under the sole authority of the Kaiser , administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin .	Otto von Bismarck	Who annexed Alsace to the new German Empire in 1871 ?
During the First World War , to avoid ground fights between brothers , many Alsatians served as sailors in the Kaiserliche Marine and took part in the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918 , which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state .	served as sailors	What did Aslations do to avoid conflict amongst themselves during the first World War ?
While Jacques Peirotes , at this time deputy at the Landrat Elsass-Lothringen and just elected mayor of Strasbourg , proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the French Republic , a self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared independence as the `` Republic of Alsace-Lorraine '' .	Jacques Peirotes	Who was the mayor that proclaimed independence from the German Empire for Alsace-Lorraine ?
French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power .	French	Who entered Alsace just two weeks after they declared independence ?
Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles .	Treaty of Versailles	What was the name of the treaty that allowed Germany to ceded the land to France ?
Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War .	1940	What year was Alsace-Lorraine occupied by Germany ?
During the war , 130,000 young men from Alsace and Lorraine were inducted into the German army against their will -LRB- malgré-nous -RRB- and in some cases , the Waffen SS .	130,000	Approximately how many Alsace and Lorraine men were forced into the German army during World War II ?
In July 1944 , 1500 malgré-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers , where they joined the Free French Forces .	malgré-nous	Which group of people were released by the Russians to Algiers ?
Conservative leader Nicolas Sarkozy got his best score in Alsace -LRB- over 65 % -RRB- in the second round of the French presidential elections of 2007 .	Nicolas Sarkozy	Which conservative leader in 2007 received the best score during the second round of elections ?
The president of the Regional Council is Philippe Richert , a member of the Union for a Popular Movement , elected in the 2010 regional election .	Philippe Richert	Who is the president of the regional counsel ?
It was one of the few French regions that voted ` yes ' to the European Constitution in 2005 .	European Constitution in 2005	Alsace was one of the few to vote for this measure from France , what was it ?
Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic , but , largely because of the region 's German heritage , a significant Protestant community also exists : today , the EPCAAL -LRB- a Lutheran church -RRB- is France 's second largest Protestant church , also forming an administrative union -LRB- UEPAL -RRB- with the much smaller Calvinist EPRAL .	Roman Catholic	Which group or religion dominates the Aslatian population ?
Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic , but , largely because of the region 's German heritage , a significant Protestant community also exists : today , the EPCAAL -LRB- a Lutheran church -RRB- is France 's second largest Protestant church , also forming an administrative union -LRB- UEPAL -RRB- with the much smaller Calvinist EPRAL .	Protestant	Which other large religion also exist in Alsace due to the once German presence ?
Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic , but , largely because of the region 's German heritage , a significant Protestant community also exists : today , the EPCAAL -LRB- a Lutheran church -RRB- is France 's second largest Protestant church , also forming an administrative union -LRB- UEPAL -RRB- with the much smaller Calvinist EPRAL .	UEPAL	What is the name of the Union created by France 's second largest Protestant church ?
Landowners , who as `` local lords '' had the right to decide which religion was allowed on their land , were eager to entice populations from the more attractive lowlands to settle and develop their property .	local lords	What were landowners also known as that had a right to decide which religion was allowed on their property ?
Many accepted without discrimination Catholics , Lutherans , Calvinists , Jews and Anabaptists .	Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists	Which groups or religions were greatly accepted in Alsace ?
The schism of the Amish under the lead of Jacob Amman from the Mennonites occurred in 1693 in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines .	Amish	Which group did Louis XIV tried push out of Alsace ?
The authentic historical flag is the Rot-un-Wiss ; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsacian cities -LRB- Strasbourg , Mulhouse , Sélestat ... -RRB- and of many Swiss cites , especially in Basel 's region .	Rot-un-Wiss	What is the name of the historical flag of Alsace ?
As it underlines the Germanic roots of the region , it was replaced in 1949 by a new `` Union jack-like '' flag representing the union of the two déprtements .	Union jack-like" flag	What was the German flag that was similar to the Rot-un-Wiss replaced by ?
As it underlines the Germanic roots of the region , it was replaced in 1949 by a new `` Union jack-like '' flag representing the union of the two déprtements .	the union of the two déprtements	What does the `` Union jack-like '' flag represent ?
With the purpose of `` Frenchizing '' the region , the Rot-un-Wiss has not been recognized by Paris .	Paris	Which French city did not recognize the Rot-un-Wiss flag ?
From the annexation of Alsace by France in the 17th century and the language policy of the French Revolution up to 1870 , knowledge of French in Alsace increased considerably .	17th century	Around when did the Annexation of Alsace occur ?
With the education reforms of the 19th century , the middle classes began to speak and write French well .	middle classes began to speak and write French	With education reforms in the 19th century what did this lead to in Alsace ?
The French language never really managed , however , to win over the masses , the vast majority of whom continued to speak their German dialects and write in German -LRB- which we would now call `` standard German '' -RRB- .	standard German	What is now the German dialects of speech now referred as to ?
During a reannexation by Germany -LRB- 1940 -- 1945 -RRB- , High German was reinstated as the language of education .	1940–1945	Between what time period did the reannexation of Germany occur ?
The population was forced to speak German and ` French ' family names were Germanized .	names were Germanized.	What were French families forced to do during the German reannexation ?
Following the Second World War , the 1927 regulation was not reinstated and the teaching of German in primary schools was suspended by a provisional rectorial decree , which was supposed to enable French to regain lost ground .	1927	When did the suspension of German teaching in schools happen ?
It was not until 9 June 1982 , with the Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace -LRB- Memorandum on regional language and culture in Alsace -RRB- issued by the Vice-Chancellor of the Académie Pierre Deyon , that the teaching of German in primary schools in Alsace really began to be given more official status .	Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace	What was the name of the Memorandum that allowed German teaching in Alsace schools to become more official ?
The Ministerial Memorandum of 21 June 1982 , known as the Circulaire Savary , introduced financial support , over three years , for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities .	Circulaire Savary	What is the name of the memorandum that past on June 21 , 1982 ?
The Ministerial Memorandum of 21 June 1982 , known as the Circulaire Savary , introduced financial support , over three years , for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities .	introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities	What did the Circulair Savary introduce ?
Both Alsatian and Standard German were for a time banned from public life -LRB- including street and city names , official administration , and educational system -RRB- .	Alsatian and Standard German	Which two dialects were banned from public life ?
Both Alsatian and Standard German were for a time banned from public life -LRB- including street and city names , official administration , and educational system -RRB- .	street and city names, official administration, and educational system	What did the banning of the two dialects include ?
Few young people speak Alsatian today , although there do still exist one or two enclaves in the Sundgau region where some older inhabitants can not speak French , and where Alsatian is still used as the mother tongue .	Sundgau region	Although Aslation is rarely used today , which region still uses their mother language of Aslation ?
However , while French is the major language of the region , the Alsatian dialect of French is heavily influenced by German and other languages such a Yiddish in phonology and vocabulary .	Yiddish	What other language besides French and German are part of the Aslation-French dialect of today ?
The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French alone is the official language of the Republic .	French alone is the official language	What does the French constitution state for the language in Aslace ?
A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France , making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country -LRB- after Occitan -RRB- .	548,000	How many adult speakers speak Alsatian according the 1999 INSEE survey ?
While 39 % of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian , only one in four children speaks it , and only one in ten children uses it regularly .	one in ten children	With Alsatian language on the decline , what is the ration of children using the language regularly today ?
The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form sûrkrût , same as in other southwestern German dialects , and means `` sour cabbage '' as its Standard German equivalent .	sour cabbage	In Alsatian , what does Sauerkraut mean ?
Sauerkraut can be served with poultry , pork , sausage or even fish .	poultry, pork, sausage or even fish	What can Sauerkraut be served with ?
Traditionally it is served with Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters , bacon , smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages , or a selection of other pork products .	Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages	What is Sauerkraut typically served with in Alsace ?
`` Alsatia '' , the Latin form of Alsace 's name , has long ago entered the English language with the specialized meaning of `` a lawless place '' or `` a place under no jurisdiction '' - since Alsace was conceived by English people to be such .	a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction	What is the meaning of the name Aslatia in English ?
It was used into the 20th century as a term for a ramshackle marketplace , `` protected by ancient custom and the independence of their patrons '' .	ramshackle marketplace	What was the meaning or term used for Aslace that was used by english people in the 20th century ?
As of 2007 , the word is still in use among the English and Australian judiciaries with the meaning of a place where the law can not reach : `` In setting up the Serious Organised Crime Agency , the state has set out to create an Alsatia - a region of executive action free of judicial oversight , '' Lord Justice Sedley in UMBS v SOCA 2007 .	English and Australian	Which nationalities still refer it to Alslace `` ramshackle marketplace '' as of 2007 ?
At present , plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg , which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg .	new dual carriageway	What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg ?
At present , plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg , which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg .	reduce the buildup of traffic in that area	What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace ?
At that time , the French trunk road left of the Rhine not been built , so that traffic would cross into Germany to use the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn .	Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn	What is the name the German Highway that would of been crossed with the French Truck road ?
The line plans to link up the interchange of Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg , with Innenheim in the southwest .	Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest	The new line is -LRB- carriageway -RRB- would link which other intersections ?
Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers -LRB- believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism -RRB- , and that it must be done by complete immersion -LRB- as opposed to affusion or sprinkling -RRB- .	Baptists	What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers ?
Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency -LRB- liberty -RRB- , salvation through faith alone , Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice , and the autonomy of the local congregation .	tenets of Baptist churches	Soul competency -LRB- liberty -RRB- , salvation through faith alone , Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice , and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what ?
Baptists recognize two ministerial offices , elders and deacons .	elders and deacons	What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize ?
Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches , though some Baptists disavow this identity .	Protestant churches	Baptist churches are widely considered to be what ?
Historians trace the earliest church labeled `` Baptist '' back to 1609 in Amsterdam , with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor .	1609	When was the earliest church labeled `` Baptist '' traced to ?
Historians trace the earliest church labeled `` Baptist '' back to 1609 in Amsterdam , with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor .	Amsterdam	Where was the earliest church labeled `` Baptist '' traced to ?
Historians trace the earliest church labeled `` Baptist '' back to 1609 in Amsterdam , with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor .	John Smyth	Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled `` Baptist '' ?
Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect .	Particular Baptists	Who believed Christ 's atonement only extended to the elect ?
In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies .	1638	When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies ?
Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins : -LRB- 1 -RRB- The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists , -LRB- 2 -RRB- the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions , -LRB- 3 -RRB- the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ , and -LRB- 4 -RRB- the successionist view , or `` Baptist successionism '' , which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ .	Bruce Gourley	Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins ?
Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins : -LRB- 1 -RRB- The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists , -LRB- 2 -RRB- the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions , -LRB- 3 -RRB- the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ , and -LRB- 4 -RRB- the successionist view , or `` Baptist successionism '' , which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ .	Anabaptist traditions	Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what ?
Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins : -LRB- 1 -RRB- The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists , -LRB- 2 -RRB- the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions , -LRB- 3 -RRB- the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ , and -LRB- 4 -RRB- the successionist view , or `` Baptist successionism '' , which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ .	that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ	What does the perpetuity view assume ?
Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins : -LRB- 1 -RRB- The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists , -LRB- 2 -RRB- the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions , -LRB- 3 -RRB- the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ , and -LRB- 4 -RRB- the successionist view , or `` Baptist successionism '' , which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ .	that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.	What does the successionist view assume ?
Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations .	English Separatist movement	Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement ?
Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal .	minimal	Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what ?
Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations .	original Protestant denominations	Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what ?
During the Protestant Reformation , the Church of England -LRB- Anglicans -RRB- separated from the Roman Catholic Church .	During the Protestant Reformation	When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church ?
During the Protestant Reformation , the Church of England -LRB- Anglicans -RRB- separated from the Roman Catholic Church .	the Church of England	Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation ?
During the Protestant Reformation , the Church of England -LRB- Anglicans -RRB- separated from the Roman Catholic Church .	the Roman Catholic Church	During the Protestant Reformation , the Church of England -LRB- Anglicans -RRB- separated from who ?
They became known as `` Puritans '' and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists .	cousins of the English Separatists	Puritans are described by Gourley as what ?
Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists .	Separatists	Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what ?
Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam , with John Smyth as its pastor .	1609	Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to when ?
Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam , with John Smyth as its pastor .	Amsterdam	Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to where ?
Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam , with John Smyth as its pastor .	John Smyth	Who was the pastor of the earliest Baptist church ?
Reared in the Church of England , he became `` Puritan , English Separatist , and then a Baptist Separatist , '' and ended his days working with the Mennonites .	Church of England	John Smyth broke his ties with what church ?
The persecution of religious nonconformists in England led Smyth to go into exile in Amsterdam with fellow Separatists from the congregation he had gathered in Lincolnshire , separate from the established church -LRB- Anglican -RRB- .	Amsterdam	Where did John Smyth go into exile ?
In 1609 , while still there , Smyth wrote a tract titled `` The Character of the Beast , '' or `` The False Constitution of the Church . ''	"The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church."	Smyth wrote a tract titled what ?
In it he expressed two propositions : first , infants are not to be baptized ; and second , `` Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism . ''	infants are not to be baptized	What was his first proposition ?
In it he expressed two propositions : first , infants are not to be baptized ; and second , `` Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism . ''	Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism	What was his second proposition ?
Hence , his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith .	baptized on a personal confession of faith	Smyth believed a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been what ?
He rejected the Separatist movement 's doctrine of infant baptism -LRB- paedobaptism -RRB- .	infant baptism	What is paedobaptism ?
Smyth , convinced that his self-baptism was invalid , applied with the Mennonites for membership .	Smyth	Who thought their self-baptism was invalid ?
Smyth , convinced that his self-baptism was invalid , applied with the Mennonites for membership .	the Mennonites	Smyth applied for membership with who ?
The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of Smyth 's movement .	The modern Baptist denomination	What is an outgrowth of Smyth 's movement ?
Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision .	Anabaptist	What name did Baptists reject ?
McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century , many Baptists referred to themselves as `` the Christians commonly -- though falsely -- called Anabaptists . ''	McBeth	Who wrote that Baptists referred to themselves as `` the Christians commonly -- though falsely -- called Anabaptists ? ''
Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with John Spilsbury , a Calvinistic minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer 's baptism by immersion .	1638	When did John Spilsbury promote the strict practice of immersion ?
Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with John Spilsbury , a Calvinistic minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer 's baptism by immersion .	John Spilsbury	Who promoted strict immersion baptism ?
According to Tom Nettles , professor of historical theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary , `` Spilsbury 's cogent arguments for a gathered , disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism , advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys , and matured in Particular Baptists . ''	Southern Baptist Theological Seminary	Tom Nettles was a professor at what seminary ?
According to Tom Nettles , professor of historical theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary , `` Spilsbury 's cogent arguments for a gathered , disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism , advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys , and matured in Particular Baptists . ''	historical theology	What was Tom Nettles a professor of ?
A minority view is that early seventeenth-century Baptists were influenced by -LRB- but not directly connected to -RRB- continental Anabaptists .	early seventeenth-century Baptists	Who was thought to be influenced by continental Anabaptists ?
A minority view is that early seventeenth-century Baptists were influenced by -LRB- but not directly connected to -RRB- continental Anabaptists .	continental Anabaptists	Early seventeenth-century Baptists were thought to be influenced by who ?
According to this view , the General Baptists shared similarities with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites -LRB- one of many Anabaptist groups -RRB- including believer 's baptism only , religious liberty , separation of church and state , and Arminian views of salvation , predestination and original sin .	Dutch Waterlander Mennonites	General Baptists shared similarities with who ?
According to this view , the General Baptists shared similarities with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites -LRB- one of many Anabaptist groups -RRB- including believer 's baptism only , religious liberty , separation of church and state , and Arminian views of salvation , predestination and original sin .	one of many Anabaptist groups	What were the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites ?
Both Roger Williams and John Clarke , his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom , are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America .	Roger Williams and John Clarke	Who founded the earliest Baptist church in North America ?
In 1639 , Williams established a Baptist church in Providence , Rhode Island , and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport , Rhode Island .	1639	When was the first American Baptist church established ?
In 1639 , Williams established a Baptist church in Providence , Rhode Island , and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport , Rhode Island .	Providence, Rhode Island	Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church ?
In 1639 , Williams established a Baptist church in Providence , Rhode Island , and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport , Rhode Island .	Newport, Rhode Island	Where did John Clarke establish a Baptist church ?
Both Roger Williams and John Clarke , his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom , are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America .	his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom	Clarke was what to Williams ?
Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia -LRB- present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick -RRB- in the 1760s .	Nova Scotia	Missionary work began in what Canadian colony ?
Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia -LRB- present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick -RRB- in the 1760s .	1760s	When did missionary work begin in Canada ?
The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church -LRB- now Wolfville -RRB- in Wolfville , Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778 .	Horton Baptist Church	What was the first Baptist church in Canada ?
The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church -LRB- now Wolfville -RRB- in Wolfville , Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778 .	Wolfville, Nova Scotia	Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada ?
The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church -LRB- now Wolfville -RRB- in Wolfville , Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778 .	29 October 1778	When was the first Canadian Baptist church established ?
In May 1845 , the Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions .	May 1845	When did Baptist congregations split over slavery ?
In May 1845 , the Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions .	over slavery and missions	Why did American Baptist congregations split ?
The Home Mission Society prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries .	missionaries	Slaveholders were prevented from being appointed as what ?
The Home Mission Society prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries .	Home Mission Society	Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries ?
The split created the Southern Baptist Convention , while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the American Baptist Churches USA -LRB- ABC-USA -RRB- .	American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA)	Northern congregations formed what organization ?
The largest such group is the Southern Baptist Convention .	Southern Baptist Convention	What is the largest fellowship without control ?
It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are independent and self-governing , and if so the term ` Baptist denomination ' may be considered somewhat incongruous .	independent and self-governing	It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are what ?
It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are independent and self-governing , and if so the term ` Baptist denomination ' may be considered somewhat incongruous .	Baptist denomination	What term is considered somewhat incongrous is a self-governing church ?
Baptists , like other Christians , are defined by doctrine -- some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists .	doctrine	Baptists are defined by what ?
Through the years , different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith -- without considering them to be creeds -- to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists .	confessions of faith	Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds ?
Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine , but Baptist beliefs can vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches .	evangelical	Most Baptists are what in doctrine ?
Historically , Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state .	encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.	Baptists have played a key role in what ?
Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God ; the virgin birth ; miracles ; atonement for sins through the death , burial , and bodily resurrection of Jesus ; the Trinity ; the need for salvation -LRB- through belief in Jesus Christ as the son of God , his death and resurrection , and confession of Christ as Lord -RRB- ; grace ; the Kingdom of God ; last things -LRB- eschatology -RRB- -LRB- Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to the earth , the dead will be raised , and Christ will judge everyone in righteousness -RRB- ; and evangelism and missions .	Shared doctrines	Beliefs about one God ; the virgin birth ; miracles ; atonement for sins through the death , burial , and bodily resurrection of Jesus are examples of what ?
Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith , 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession , the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith , the Southern Baptist Convention 's Baptist Faith and Message , and written church covenants which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs .	1689	When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith created ?
Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith , 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession , the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith , the Southern Baptist Convention 's Baptist Faith and Message , and written church covenants which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs .	1742	When was the Philadelphia Baptist Confession created ?
Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith , 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession , the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith , the Southern Baptist Convention 's Baptist Faith and Message , and written church covenants which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs .	1833	When was the New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith created ?
Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word `` crisis '' comes from the Greek word meaning `` to decide . ''	to decide	`` Crisis '' comes from a Greek word meaning what ?
Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word `` crisis '' comes from the Greek word meaning `` to decide . ''	Walter Shurden	Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be `` positive and highly productive ? ''
Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the `` missions crisis '' , the `` slavery crisis '' , the `` landmark crisis '' , and the `` modernist crisis '' .	controversies that have shaped Baptists	What did Shurden claim was never ideal , has often produced positive results ?
Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the `` missions crisis '' , the `` slavery crisis '' , the `` landmark crisis '' , and the `` modernist crisis '' .	"missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis"	What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists ?
Leading up to the American Civil War , Baptists became embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States .	Leading up to the American Civil War	When did Baptists become embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States ?
Whereas in the First Great Awakening , Methodist and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged manumission , over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution .	the First Great Awakening	When did Methodist and Baptist preachers oppose slavery and urge manumission ?
They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge a paternalistic institution .	paternalistic institution	They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge what ?
The Baptists particularly allowed them active roles in congregations .	The Baptists	What denomination allowed blacks active roles in the congregation ?
As tensions increased , in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia .	the Home Mission Society	What refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary ?
As early as the late 18th century , black Baptists began to organize separate churches , associations and mission agencies , especially in the northern states .	As early as the late 18th century	When did black Baptists began to organize separate churches , associations and mission agencies ?
Not only did blacks set up some independent congregations in the South before the American Civil War , freedmen quickly separated from white congregations and associations after the war .	freedmen	Who separated from white congregations and associations after the war ?
Not only did blacks set up some independent congregations in the South before the American Civil War , freedmen quickly separated from white congregations and associations after the war .	freedmen	Who wanted to be free from white submission ?
In 1866 the Consolidated American Baptist Convention , formed from black Baptists of the South and West , helped southern associations set up black state conventions , which they did in Alabama , Arkansas , Virginia , North Carolina , and Kentucky .	Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky	What states setup black conventions ?
In 2007 , the Pew Research Center 's Religious Landscape Survey found that 45 % of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations , with the vast majority of those being within the historically black tradition .	45%	What percentage of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations ?
Elsewhere in the Americas , in the Caribbean in particular , Baptist missionaries took an active role in the anti-slavery movement .	the Caribbean	Where did Baptist missionaries take an active role in the anti-slavery movement ?
In Jamaica , for example , William Knibb , a prominent British Baptist missionary , worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies -LRB- which took place in 1838 -RRB- .	William Knibb	Who was a prominent British Baptist missionary in Jamaica ?
In Jamaica , for example , William Knibb , a prominent British Baptist missionary , worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies -LRB- which took place in 1838 -RRB- .	the British West Indies	Where did William Knibb work toward the emancipation of slaves ?
Knibb also protagonised the creation of `` Free Villages '' ; rural communities centred around a Baptist church where emancipated slaves could farm their own land .	Free Villages	Knibb also protagonised the creation of what ?
Baptists were likewise active in promoting the education of former slaves ; for example , Jamaica 's Calabar High School , named after the slave port of Calabar , was formed by Baptist missionaries .	Jamaica's Calabar High School	What was named after the slave port of Calabar ?
On 20 June 1995 , the Southern Baptist Convention voted to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots and apologizing for its past defense of slavery .	20 June 1995	When did the Southern Baptist Convention vote to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots ?
More than 20,000 Southern Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta .	More than 20,000	How many Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta ?
The resolution declared that messengers , as SBC delegates are called , `` unwaveringly denounce racism , in all its forms , as deplorable sin '' and `` lament and repudiate historic acts of evil such as slavery from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest . ''	messengers	SBC delegates are called what ?
Southern Baptist Landmarkism sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches , in an era when inter-denominational union meetings were the order of the day .	Southern Baptist Landmarkism	What sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches ?
James Robinson Graves was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement .	James Robinson Graves	Who was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement ?
In 2005 , the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism .	In 2005	When did the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism ?
Following similar conflicts over modernism , the Southern Baptist Convention adhered to conservative theology as its official position .	conservative theology	The Southern Baptist Convention adhered to what as its official position ?
Two new Baptist groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists who disagreed with the direction in which the Southern Baptist Convention was heading : the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991 .	the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991	What groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists ?
Two new Baptist groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists who disagreed with the direction in which the Southern Baptist Convention was heading : the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991 .	1987	When was the Alliance of Baptists formed ?
Two new Baptist groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists who disagreed with the direction in which the Southern Baptist Convention was heading : the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991 .	1991	When was the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship formed ?
Following similar conflicts over modernism , the Southern Baptist Convention adhered to conservative theology as its official position .	Southern Baptist Convention	Conservative theology was the official position of what ?
Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood , interferes with their ability to attend regular school , and that is mentally , physically , socially or morally dangerous and harmful .	deprives children of their childhood	What does child labour deprive children of ?
These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour ; exceptions include work by child artists , family duties , supervised training , certain categories of work such as those by Amish children , some forms of child work common among indigenous American children , and others .	exceptions include work by child artists	Are child artists an exception to the laws with regards to child labour ?
These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour ; exceptions include work by child artists , family duties , supervised training , certain categories of work such as those by Amish children , some forms of child work common among indigenous American children , and others .	work such as those by Amish children	Is work done by Amish children an exception ?
Legislation across the world prohibit child labour .	Legislation across the world	Where is there legislation that prohibits child labour ?
These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour ; exceptions include work by child artists , family duties , supervised training , certain categories of work such as those by Amish children , some forms of child work common among indigenous American children , and others .	These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour	Is all work done by children considered to be child labour ?
In 2010 , sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour , with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5 -- 14 working .	2010	What year did sub-saharan Africa have the highest rates of child labour ?
Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour .	agriculture	What is the largest employer of child labour ?
Vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy ; children are predominantly employed by their parents , rather than factories .	their parents	Who are children predominantly employed by ?
Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour .	Poverty	Lack of school and this are the primary causes of child labour
The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies , as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group .	pre-industrial societies	Was there a period when child labour was essential ?
In pre-industrial societies , there was little need for children to attend school .	little need for children to attend school	Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society ?
Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults .	competent adults	Who taught the skills needed for the children to work ?
Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy , preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run .	short life expectancy	Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans ?
Working hours were long : builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter , while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks .	80	On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in ?
Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades , such as building or as domestic servants -LRB- there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century -RRB- .	over 120,000	Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants ?
Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous , often fatal , working conditions .	four	What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory ?
Working hours were long : builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter , while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks .	52	How many hours did builders work in the winter ?
Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades , such as building or as domestic servants -LRB- there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century -RRB- .	Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades	Were children able to take on apprenticeships ?
In 19th-century Great Britain , one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner , as a result of death or abandonment , obliging many children to work from a young age .	one-third	How many families were without a bread winner ?
In England and Scotland in 1788 , two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children .	143	How many water-powered cotton mills used child labour in 1788 England and Scotland ?
A high number of children also worked as prostitutes .	high number	Was it a low amount or high amount of children that also worked in prostitution ?
The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory , with his family in debtor 's prison .	blacking factory	Where was Charles Dickens employed as a child ?
Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset , often brought about by economic hardship .	economic hardship	During the Industrial Revolution what was the main driving force behind child labour ?
Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour .	Lord Shaftesbury	During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children ?
These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation , by for example the `` Short Time Committees '' in 1831 , a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11 -- 18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day , children aged 9 -- 11 a maximum of eight hours , and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work .	children under the age of nine	In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory ?
This act however only applied to the textile industry , and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days .	1847	What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day ?
Throughout the second half of the 19th century , child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors .	child labour began to decline	In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour ?
The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803 .	1803	What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour ?
In the early 20th century , thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries .	early 20th century	When were young boys employed in the glass making industries ?
When the boys are at work , they are exposed to this heat .	they are exposed to this heat	Under glass making conditions were the children exposed to any heating elements ?
Since workers were paid by the piece , they had to work productively for hours without a break .	paid by the piece	Were the boys in glass making industry paid by the hour ?
Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age .	factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age	Did the glass industry have a preference for older working boys ?
Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee .	National Child Labor Committee	Where was photographer Lewis Hine employed ?
In 1910 , over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States .	1910	What year were over 2 million children employed in the US ?
This included children who rolled cigarettes , engaged in factory work , worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills , worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries .	cigarettes	What did children roll in a factory ?
This included children who rolled cigarettes , engaged in factory work , worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills , worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries .	bobbin doffers	What did child do in textile mills in the US ?
Families and women , in particular , preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties .	because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.	Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory ?
Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor .	poor	Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom ?
Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century .	mines	Children were employed in the home , factories and were else in the 20th century ?
Home-based manufacturing operations were active year round .	year round	What time were home manufactoring activities for children taking place ?
Children aged 5 -- 14 worked alongside the parents .	parents	Who did the children work beside ?
Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture .	agriculture	Where were rural children employed ?
In 1946 , Frieda Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home-based operations offered , `` low wages , long hours , child labour , unhealthy and insanitary working conditions . ''	unhealthy and insanitary	What were the working conditions described as for the children employed at home ?
In 1946 , Frieda Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home-based operations offered , `` low wages , long hours , child labour , unhealthy and insanitary working conditions . ''	Frieda Miller	In 1946 who was the Director of the United States Department of Labour ?
Child labour is still common in many parts of the world .	Child labour is still common	Does child labour exist in the 21st century ?
Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas -LRB- 70 % -RRB- and informal urban sector -LRB- 26 % -RRB- .	rural areas	Where does child labour currently occur the most ?
Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents , in unpaid family work situations .	Two out of three child	How many children in today 's world work beside their parents ?
Some children work as guides for tourists , sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants .	tourists	Some child work as guides for whom ?
Child labour accounts for 22 % of the workforce in Asia , 32 % in Africa , 17 % in Latin America , 1 % in the US , Canada , Europe and other wealthy nations .	Africa	What country has the highest percentage of child labour ?
Asia , with its larger population , has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million .	114	In Asia how many millions of children are employed ?
Child labour accounts for 22 % of the workforce in Asia , 32 % in Africa , 17 % in Latin America , 1 % in the US , Canada , Europe and other wealthy nations .	1%	Right now what percentage of children are employed in the US ?
Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density , but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too .	Latin America	Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers ?
For example , the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as `` highly secret '' .	China	Where is present day child labour stats unclear ?
In 2014 , the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers .	2014	When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China ?
Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour .	data sources	What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day ?
The report listed electronics , garments , toys and coal among other goods .	garments	Chinese children have been known to make electronics , toys and what else ?
Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide .	76	According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour ?
The ten highest risk countries in 2012 , ranked in decreasing order , were : Myanmar , North Korea , Somalia , Sudan , DR Congo , Zimbabwe , Afghanistan , Burundi , Pakistan and Ethiopia .	North Korea	What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index ?
Of the major growth economies , Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest , India 27th , China 36th , Viet Nam 37th , Indonesia 46th , and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties , to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets .	25th	What was the Phillipines ranked as ?
Of the major growth economies , Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest , India 27th , China 36th , Viet Nam 37th , Indonesia 46th , and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties , to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets .	Brazil 54th	Was Brazil on the list ?
Children work because they have nothing better to do .	nothing better to do	What is the main reason for children today to be in the work force ?
Even when schools are sometimes available , they are too far away , difficult to reach , unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it .	parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.	Do the poor families put a value on education ?
Many communities , particularly rural areas where between 60 -- 70 % of child labour is prevalent , do not possess adequate school facilities .	rural areas	What community has the most prevalency for child labour ?
Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children .	Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children	Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive ?
Similarly , in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling , and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services .	girls	Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour ?
In many cultures , particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive , the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents ' footsteps ; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age .	learn and practice that trade from a very early age	For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side ?
Similarly , in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling , and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services .	education of girls is less valued	Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl ?
They focus their study on five Asian nations including India , Pakistan , Indonesia , Thailand and Philippines .	Thailand	Biggeri and Mehrotra studied primarily Asia nations including India , Pakistan , Indonesia , Philippines and what other country ?
They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five , but it is not a new problem .	not a new problem	Is child labour a new issue in these Asian countries ?
They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side .	demand	Supply and what else causes child labour to still exist today ?
Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world , over most of human history .	Macroeconomic	What encourages child labour across the globe ?
Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5 -- 14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft .	without pay	Were young apprentices hired for pay ?
Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950 .	child labour was common place in the colonies of European	Was child labour common in European colonies ?
Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5 -- 14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft .	5–14	What was the age range of colonial child workers ?
A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents ' nor child 's approval to assign a child to labour , away from parents , at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master .	19th	What century did apprenticeships begin to take place ?
Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations , mines and domestic service industries .	Millions	How many children were employed on colonial plantations ?
In southeast Asian colonies , such as Hong Kong , child labour such as the Mui Tsai -LRB- 妹仔 -RRB- , was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities .	Hong Kong	Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour ?
Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children , and in exchange provided religious education , not secular education .	Christian mission schools	What schools required child labour ?
Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children , and in exchange provided religious education , not secular education .	provided religious education	Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools ?
Elsewhere , the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act , stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers .	stipulated jail terms	What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work ?
Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm .	home	Where do African children find their first jobs ?
Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm .	help their parents run the family farm	What do African children do primarily while working at home ?
In total , there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest .	estimated five million	How many children in Africa are working in the arigucultural sector ?
Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee , there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round .	30 percent	How many children in Africa pick coffee ?
Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee , there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round .	estimated 25,000	How many children work year round in Africa ?
Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors , washing cars , helping in construction sites , weaving clothing , and sometimes even working as exotic dancers .	street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers	Where did children from urban areas primarily work ?
While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour , working with animals , and selling crops .	farms	Where did children from rural areas work ?
To address the issue of child labour , the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959 .	1959	When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented ?
Of all the child workers , the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers .	physical and emotional abuse	What was the most serious aftereffects of child labour ?
Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic , child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development .	Africa	What country is still an issue today with regards to child labour ?
Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic , child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development .	unclear definition of adolescence	What is an issue in Africa with child labour definitions ?
Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business .	children helping run the family business.	In Africa what is a cultural acceptance with regards to child labour ?
From European settlement in 1888 , child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work .	Australia	In 1888 what country were child convicts sent to the most ?
From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsorry schooling .	compulsorry schooling	What restricted the 1870s Child labour in Australia ?
Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain .	Child labour was not as excessive in Australia	Was child labour rampagnt in Australia ?
Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws , and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain .	20th century	When did industrailization take off in Australia ?
Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since the country was colonized on April 22 , 1550 by Pedro Álvares Cabral .	April 22, 1550	When was Brazil colonized ?
Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since the country was colonized on April 22 , 1550 by Pedro Álvares Cabral .	Pedro Álvares Cabral	Who colonized Brazil ?
Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis .	Boys and girls	Who were the victims of industrial accidents ?
The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits .	during the time of indigenous societies	When was child labour first documented in Brazil ?
Armando Dias , for example , died in November 1913 whilst still very young , a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked .	electric shock	How did Armando Dias die ?
In Brazil , the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to continuous constitutional amendments that occurred in 1934 , 1937 , and 1946 .	fourteen	What is the min working age in Brazil ?
Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in , such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment , or certain kinds of factory work .	1998	What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil ?
Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour , there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil .	there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil	Is there underage children working in Brazil ?
It was not until recently in the 80 's that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences .	almost nine million	In the 80 's how many children were working illegally in Brazil ?
Brazilian census data -LRB- PNAD , 1999 -RRB- indicate that 2.55 million 10-14 year-olds were illegally holding jobs .	2.55 million	In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil ?
Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs , guns , and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence .	sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances	What do drug cartels do with child workers ?
This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs .	physical and psychological implications	What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels ?
Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers , there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country .	an increase	Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels ?
Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents , sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family .	to help feed and support the family	If not forced why did children work ?
Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories , the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen .	between the ages of ten and fourteen	What was the age of the majority of child workers in Britain ?
This age range was an important time for many youths as they were first helping to provide for their families ; while also transitioning to save for their own future families .	they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families	Why was this age range important ?
Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents , sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family .	poor	How were the work oppurtunies for parents during this time period ?
Besides the obligation , many children had to help support their families financially ; another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century .	financially	What type of support did child give to their families by working ?
Yet , even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles , there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production .	cotton textiles	What type of factories saw an increased need for child labour ?
Yet , even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles , there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production .	large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture	Was there an increase or decrease in the field of agriculture ?
With such a high percentage of children working , the rising of illiteracy , and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families .	illiteracy	What became an issue for the working child ?
Due to this problematic trend , many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work .	many parents developed a change of opinion	Was illiteracy a factor in changing the minds of parents of child labourers ?
Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy , changes in the development of technology , raised wages , and continuous regulations on factory legislation .	financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation	What are the reasons that lead to a decline of child labour ?
In 1966 , the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights .	1966	When was the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights enacted ?
This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14 .	legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14	What did this act due ?
But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments .	1989	When were safe working environments legislation adopted for child labourers ?
But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments .	helped to reduce the exploitation of children	What did it help do to ?
On 23 June 1757 , the English East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daula , the Nawab of Bengal , in the Battle of Plassey .	23 June 1757	When did the English East India Company defeat Siraj-ud-Daula ?
The British thus became masters of east India -LRB- Bengal , Bihar , Orissa -RRB- -- a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture , industry and trade .	British	Who was the master of the east of India ?
This led to a large amount of children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods .	increasing need of cheap labour	Why were many children employed ?
Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights , they did not cause trouble or complain , and they were often more trustworthy .	lack knowledge of their basic rights	What was the primary reason for India children being employed ?
Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights , they did not cause trouble or complain , and they were often more trustworthy .	they did not cause trouble or complain	How did India child workers act ?
A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the Non-Governmental Organization -LRB- NGOs -RRB- have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia 's child labour and one-fourth of the world 's child labour .	one-fourth	How much of the world 's child labour does India 's workers contribute to ?
A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the Non-Governmental Organization -LRB- NGOs -RRB- have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia 's child labour and one-fourth of the world 's child labour .	one-third	How many Asian child workers are from India ?
Due to a large number of children being illegally employed , the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working , and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children .	extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.	Did the India goverment take any actions against child labour ?
International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India , such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924 .	1924	When did the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act pass ?
These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour -LRB- Prohibition and Regulation -RRB- Act was put into place .	encouraged major changes to the workforce	What did the international acts do ?
This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14 , and from working in hazardous conditions .	14	What is the age limit now in India for child workers ?
This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14 , and from working in hazardous conditions .	hazardous conditions	What child working conditions are they protected from ?
From the 1950s on , the students were also used for unpaid work at schools , where they cleaned and performed repairs .	1950s	When were students used as workers ?
This practice has continued in the Russian Federation , where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works .	21 days	For Russian student workers how many summer days were devoted to work ?
By law , this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students ' and parents ' permission , but those provisions are widely ignored .	this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission	Did they need parental consent ?
In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their `` holiday work '' as well as their teacher who was supervising them .	2012	What year were students killed as part of a road cleanup project ?
Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov 's income , cotton harvesting .	Uzbekistan	What former Soviet Union continued child labour programs ?
Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov 's income , cotton harvesting .	cotton harvesting	What was the main source of income for Islam Karimov ?
In September , when school normally starts , the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work , where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect .	daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton	Did they have daily quotas for cotton ?
In 2006 it is estimated that 2.7 million children were forced to work this way .	2.7 million	What are the 2016 estimates for child labour in regards to cotton picking ?
As in many other countries , child labour in Switzerland affected among the so-called Kaminfegerkinder -LRB- `` chimney sweep children '' -RRB- and chidren working p.e. in spinning mills , factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland , but also to the 1960s so-called Verdingkinder -LRB- literally : `` contract children '' or `` indentured child laborers '' -RRB- were children who were taken from their parents , often due to poverty or moral reasons -- usually mothers being unmarried , very poor citizens , of Gypsy -- Yeniche origin , so-called Kinder der Landstrasse , etc. -- and sent to live with new families , often poor farmers who needed cheap labour .	chimney sweep children	What is Kaminfegerkinder ?
As in many other countries , child labour in Switzerland affected among the so-called Kaminfegerkinder -LRB- `` chimney sweep children '' -RRB- and chidren working p.e. in spinning mills , factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland , but also to the 1960s so-called Verdingkinder -LRB- literally : `` contract children '' or `` indentured child laborers '' -RRB- were children who were taken from their parents , often due to poverty or moral reasons -- usually mothers being unmarried , very poor citizens , of Gypsy -- Yeniche origin , so-called Kinder der Landstrasse , etc. -- and sent to live with new families , often poor farmers who needed cheap labour .	spinning mills, factories and in agriculture	What types of child labour did Switzerland employ ?
As in many other countries , child labour in Switzerland affected among the so-called Kaminfegerkinder -LRB- `` chimney sweep children '' -RRB- and chidren working p.e. in spinning mills , factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland , but also to the 1960s so-called Verdingkinder -LRB- literally : `` contract children '' or `` indentured child laborers '' -RRB- were children who were taken from their parents , often due to poverty or moral reasons -- usually mothers being unmarried , very poor citizens , of Gypsy -- Yeniche origin , so-called Kinder der Landstrasse , etc. -- and sent to live with new families , often poor farmers who needed cheap labour .	poor farmers who needed cheap labour	Where did the children go to work primarily in Switzerland ?
There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money from the authorities , thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children .	children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money	What happened at Verdingkinder auctions ?
Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so , commonly tolerated by federal authorities , to the 1960s , not all of them of course , but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated , that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children , and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes .	35,000	In 1930s how many indentured children were there ?
In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started , and still have to be collected to October 2015 .	100,000	How many Swiss citizen signatures were collected ?
In 1999 , ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 -LRB- C182 -RRB- , which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States .	151	How many countries have signed the Worst Forms Convention 183 -LRB- C182 -RRB- ?
This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour , defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices , such as child trafficking , debt bondage , and forced labour , including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict .	all forms of slavery	What types of child labour does this prohibit ?
Both the Worst Forms Convention -LRB- C182 -RRB- and the Minimum Age Convention -LRB- C138 -RRB- are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour .	Minimum Age Convention (C138)	What other international laws deal with child labour ?
In addition to setting the international law , the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour -LRB- IPEC -RRB- in 1992 .	International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)	What did the United Nations take charge of with regards to child labour ?
This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour .	progressively eliminate child labour	What is the aim of this ?
The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries : Bangladesh , Brazil , China , Egypt , India , Indonesia , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , Democratic Republic of Congo , El Salvador , Nepal , Tanzania , Dominican Republic , Costa Rica , Philippines , Senegal , South Africa and Turkey .	Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt	What are some of the target countries ?
The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things , universal primary school availability .	universal primary school	What do they want to do with regards to schooling of young children ?
In 2004 , the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938 .	amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938	What did the United States pass in 2004 ?
The amendment allows certain children aged 14 -- 18 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood .	aged 14–18	What is the age of US children allowed to work outside of the home ?
The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States .	Amish	What culture in the US benefits from this Act ?
The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families , once they are passed eighth grade in school .	eighth grade	What grade do Amish children need to pass in order to be able to work for their families ?
Similarly , in 1996 , member countries of the European Union , per Directive 94/33/EC , agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws .	agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws	What happened in the European Union in 1996 ?
Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country .	13	What age were children allowed to do light labour ?
Additionally , the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work/training scheme .	aged 14 years or over	What age were children able to take part in European training programs ?
For instance , a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve-year-old kids had a job , the most common being babysitting .	babysitting	What is the most common occupation for Dutch youth to have ?
Child labour , claim these activists , also leads to poor labour standards for adults , depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries , and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports .	leads to poor labour standards	What does child labour do for adults ?
Child labour , claim these activists , also leads to poor labour standards for adults , depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries , and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports .	depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries	What happens to the wages of adults ?
Child labour , claim these activists , also leads to poor labour standards for adults , depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries , and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports .	low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports	What are the implications for third world countries with regards to child labour ?
In other words , there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less , everywhere in the world .	there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour	Does ending child labour have a global value ?
According to them , child labour is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty .	poverty	What do some scholars agress is the `` disease '' of child labour ?
Child labour is not a choice , it is a necessity , the only option for survival .	only option for survival	What do these scholars argue for keeping child labour as a practice ?
These scholars suggest , from their studies of economic and social data , that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy , technology development and general prosperity .	economic development	What caused child labour to decrease in the 20th century ?
Edmonds suggests , even in contemporary times , the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth .	economic reforms	What caused child labour to decrease in Vietnam ?
These scholars suggest economic engagement , emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world .	emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world	What do these scholars suggest with regards to child labour reductions ?
International legal actions , such as trade sanctions increase child labour .	increase child labour	What do international actions do according to these scholars ?
In 1998 , UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children -- many from surrounding countries .	UNICEF	Who reported Ivory Coast farmers usage of child labour ?
In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa -- the main ingredient in chocolate -- in West Africa .	production of cocoa	What do child labourers work on in West Africa ?
In 2001 , the US State Department estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa , cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast , and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child slavery is used in the cocoa harvest .	15,000	How many child slaves were reported in cocoa , coffee and cotton farms ?
Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast , but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees .	Malian	What migrants worked on the Ivory Coast ?
Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast , but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees .	stopped paying their employees	After a 10 year low in prices what did some farmers resort to ?
These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries .	slums	Where did the children mainly come from ?
In other cases , children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves .	bus stations	Where were begging children often targeted for being sold into slavery ?
The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking .	cocoa industry	What industry was accused of profiting from child labour ?
The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as `` false and excessive '' and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas .	European Cocoa Association	Who dismissed the allegations ?
In a BBC interview , the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate .	700,000	What are the figures for cocoa farmers using child labour ?
In a BBC interview , the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate .	ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom	Who claimed these reports as being inaccurate ?
In 2001 , a voluntary agreement called the Harkin-Engel Protocol , was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour , as defined by ILO 's Convention 182 , in West Africa .	voluntary	What type of agreement was the 2001 Harkin-Engel Protocol ?
This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002 .	International Cocoa Initiative	What was the foundation that was the direct result of the agreement ?
The foundation claims it has , as of 2011 , active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana , reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry .	290	How many active programs does the foundation have ?
Other organisations claim progress has been made , but the protocol 's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met .	have not yet been met	What happened to the 2005 deadlines ?
In 2008 , Bloomberg claimed child labour in copper and cobalt mines that supplied Chinese companies in Congo .	Congo	Who was the supplier of copper and cobalt to China ?
The children are creuseurs , that is they dig the ore by hand , carry sacks of ores on their backs , and these are then purchased by these companies .	they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs	What are child creuseurs ?
Over 60 of Katanga 's 75 processing plants are owned by Chinese companies and 90 percent of the region 's minerals go to China .	90 percent	What percent of materials go to China ?
Amnesty International alleged in 2016 that some cobalt sold by Congo Dongfang Mining was produced by child labor , and that it was being used in lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide .	lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide	What is the cobalt used for ?
BBC , in 2012 , accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa .	mining and smelting operations of Africa	What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012 ?
Glencore denied it used child labour , and said it has strict policy of not using child labour .	denied	What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations ?
Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010 ; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession .	being aware of child miners	What did Glencore admit to with regards to child labor ?
Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world .	gold	What is another source of mining dangerous to children workers ?
In west Africa , in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining .	Mali	What is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa ?
For Mali , it is the second largest earner of its export revenue .	it is the second largest earner of its export revenue	Why is gold vital to the people of Mali ?
For many poor families with children , it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income .	primary and sometimes the only source of income	What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali ?
In early August 2008 , Iowa Labour Commissioner David Neil announced that his department had found that Agriprocessors , a kosher meatpacking company in Postville which had recently been raided by Immigration and Customs Enforcement , had employed 57 minors , some as young as 14 , in violation of state law prohibiting anyone under 18 from working in a meatpacking plant .	57	How many minors did Agriprocessors employ ?
Agriprocessors claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations .	claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations	What did Agriprocessors say in regards to the allegations ?
Agriprocessors ' CEO went to trial on these charges in state court on 4 May 2010 .	4 May 2010	When did the CEO go on trial ?
After a five-week trial he was found not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo , Iowa , on 7 June 2010 .	not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010.	What was the verdict ?
Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation -LRB- EJF -RRB- accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh .	Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF)	Who accused H&M of using products made by child labours ?
Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation -LRB- EJF -RRB- accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh .	Zara	Who else did they accuse of using child labor products ?
Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation -LRB- EJF -RRB- accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh .	Bangladesh	What country did the cotton come from that was picked by children ?
The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a `` track and trace '' systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material .	"track and trace" systems	What are activists trying to get implemented ?
In 2008 , the BBC reported that the company Primark was using child labor in the manufacture of clothing .	Primark	Who did the BBC in 2008 report as using child labor ?
In 2008 , the BBC reported that the company Primark was using child labor in the manufacture of clothing .	clothing	What does Primark produce ?
The programme asks consumers to ask themselves , `` Why am I only paying # 4 for a hand embroidered top ?	"Why am I only paying £4 for a hand embroidered top?	What did the BBC program make their viewers question ?
, in addition to exposing the violent side of the child labour industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent .	the violent side of the child labour industry	What else did the BBC expose ?
Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years , concluding that BBC report was a fake .	three years	How many years was Primark investigated for ?
Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years , concluding that BBC report was a fake .	fake	What did they claim about the BBC report ?
BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage , and returned the television award for investigative reporting .	apologised for faking footage	What did the BBC do ?
BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage , and returned the television award for investigative reporting .	returned the television award	What happened to the reward the BBC received ?
However , others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions , such as prostitution or agriculture .	may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution	What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole ?
For example , a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US , an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh , leaving many to resort to jobs such as `` stone-crushing , street hustling , and prostitution '' , jobs that are `` more hazardous and exploitative than garment production '' .	stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution"	What happened to the 50,000 children in the UNICEF study ?
The study suggests that boycotts are `` blunt instruments with long-term consequences , that can actually harm rather than help the children involved . ''	that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."	What does the study say in regards to boycotts ?
According to Milton Friedman , before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture .	agriculture	Where did children work prior to the Industrial Revolution ?
According to Milton Friedman , before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture .	virtually all	How many children worked ?
During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work .	factory work	Where did children go to work after doing farm work for so long ?
Over time , as real wages rose , parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined , both before and after legislation .	send their children to school instead of work	What did parents do when the wages were finally raised ?
According to Thomas DeGregori , an economics professor at the University of Houston , in an article published by the Cato Institute , a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D.C. , `` it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools .	University of Houston	Where is Thomas DeGregori from ?
However , in poor countries like Bangladesh , working children are essential for survival in many families , as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century .	Bangladesh	What country does he argue needs child labor to survive ?
So , while the struggle to end child labour is necessary , getting there often requires taking different routes -- and , sadly , there are many political obstacles .	political obstacles	What are the obstacles he claims are to ending child labor ?
Domestic work is an example : all families but the rich must work at cleaning , cooking , caring , and more to maintain their homes .	Domestic work	What is benefical work for children ?
Where trading is a significant feature of social life , children can start trading in small items at an early age , often in the company of family members or of peers .	children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers	What can children do in countries were trading is involved ?
Domestic work is an example : all families but the rich must work at cleaning , cooking , caring , and more to maintain their homes .	rich	All but what type of children must learn to clean ?
Work is undertaken from an early age by vast numbers of children in the world and may have a natural place in growing up .	Work	What is a natural process of child development ?
Work can provide an escape from debilitating poverty , sometimes by allowing a young person to move away from an impoverished environment .	Work	What is an escape for the young that live in poverty ?
Even when work is intensive and enforced , children often find ways to combine their work with play .	children often find ways to combine their work with play	What are children able to do during intense work situations ?
While full-time work hinders schooling , empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part-time work and school .	full-time work	What hinders schooling for child labourers ?
Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home .	Good relations with a supervisor	What can relieve tension for children at work ?
If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork , school may impede the learning of skills , such as agriculture , which will become necessary for future livelihood .	school may impede the learning of skills	What can schools do to help children led to better work lives ?
North Carolina consists of three main geographic sections : the Atlantic Coastal Plain , which occupies the eastern 45 % of the state ; the Piedmont region , which contains the middle 35 % ; and the Appalachian Mountains and foothills .	three	How many main geographical sections make up North Carolina ?
North Carolina consists of three main geographic sections : the Atlantic Coastal Plain , which occupies the eastern 45 % of the state ; the Piedmont region , which contains the middle 35 % ; and the Appalachian Mountains and foothills .	Atlantic Coastal Plain	What section of North carolina makes up 45 % of the state ?
North Carolina consists of three main geographic sections : the Atlantic Coastal Plain , which occupies the eastern 45 % of the state ; the Piedmont region , which contains the middle 35 % ; and the Appalachian Mountains and foothills .	the Piedmont region	What is the section in the middle 35 % of North Carolina called ?
North Carolina consists of three main geographic sections : the Atlantic Coastal Plain , which occupies the eastern 45 % of the state ; the Piedmont region , which contains the middle 35 % ; and the Appalachian Mountains and foothills .	North Carolina	Tha Appalacian mountains and foothills make up a region of what state ?
The extreme eastern section of the state contains the Outer Banks , a string of sandy , narrow barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and two inland waterways or `` sounds '' : Albemarle Sound in the north and Pamlico Sound in the south .	Outer Banks	The extreme eastern section of North Carolina is called what ?
Small , isolated , and deeply eroded mountain ranges and peaks are located in the Piedmont , including the Sauratown Mountains , Pilot Mountain , the Uwharrie Mountains , Crowder 's Mountain , King 's Pinnacle , the Brushy Mountains , and the South Mountains .	Piedmont	Pilot Mountain and South Mountains are located in what region of North Carolina ?
The Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the state 's most urbanized and densely populated section .	The Piedmont region	What section of Central North Carolina has the most dense population ?
The Piedmont ranges from about 300 to 400 feet -LRB- 91 to 122 m -RRB- in elevation in the east to over 1,000 feet -LRB- 300 m -RRB- in the west .	1,000 feet	What is the average elevation in the west Piedmont region ?
The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line , a line which marks the elevation at which waterfalls first appear on streams and rivers .	Atlantic Seaboard fall line	What do you call the line that marks the elevation that waterfalls first appear on rivers ?
The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line , a line which marks the elevation at which waterfalls first appear on streams and rivers .	along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line	At what point does the coastal plin transition to the Piedmont region ?
The western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range .	Appalachian Mountain range	The weatern part of North Carolina is part of what mountain range ?
Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains , Blue Ridge Mountains , Great Balsam Mountains , and Black Mountains .	Appalachians	The Great Smokey Mountains and the Black Moutains are subranges of what mountains ?
The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States , and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet -LRB- 2,037 m -RRB- the highest point east of the Mississippi River .	The Black Mountains	What mountains are the highest in the eastern United States ?
The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States , and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet -LRB- 2,037 m -RRB- the highest point east of the Mississippi River .	Mount Mitchell	What is the name of the highest point east of the Mississippi river ?
The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States , and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet -LRB- 2,037 m -RRB- the highest point east of the Mississippi River .	6,684 feet	How high is Mt. Mitchell ?
The climate of the coastal plain is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean , which keeps conditions mild in winter and moderate , although humid , in summer .	Atlantic	What ocean influinces the climate of North Carolinas coastal plain ?
The climate of the coastal plain is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean , which keeps conditions mild in winter and moderate , although humid , in summer .	mild	What is the climate of the coastal plain in the winter ?
The climate of the coastal plain is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean , which keeps conditions mild in winter and moderate , although humid , in summer .	moderate, although humid	What is the climate of North Carolinas coastal plain in the summer ?
The highest coastal , daytime temperature averages less than 89 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- during summer months .	89 °F	What is the average high North Carolina coastal temperature on the plains in the summer ?
Temperatures in the coastal plain only occasionally drop below the freezing point at night .	occasionally	How often do temperatures on the coastal plain of NC drop below freezing at night ?
The Atlantic Ocean has less influence on the climate of the Piedmont region , which has hotter summers and colder winters than in the coast .	Piedmont	What region of North Carolina has hotter summers and colder winters than the coast ?
Daytime highs in the Piedmont often reach over 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- in the summer .	90 °F	In summer , daytime highs often reach what temperature in the Piedmont region ?
The weaker influence of the Atlantic Ocean also means that temperatures in the Piedmont often fluctuate more widely than in the coast .	.	Temperatures over 100 degrees will typically be found in what elevation of the Piedmont ?
The weaker influence of the Atlantic Ocean also means that temperatures in the Piedmont often fluctuate more widely than in the coast .	weaker	What type of influence of the Atlantic Ocean makes the temperatures fluctuate more than on the coast ?
In winter , the Piedmont is colder than the coast , with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s -- lower 50s °F -LRB- 8 -- 12 °C -RRB- during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night .	winter	The Piedmont is colder than the coast in what season ?
In winter , the Piedmont is colder than the coast , with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s -- lower 50s °F -LRB- 8 -- 12 °C -RRB- during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night .	upper 40s–lower 50s °F	What is the average winter daytime temperature in the Piedmont ?
In winter , the Piedmont is colder than the coast , with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s -- lower 50s °F -LRB- 8 -- 12 °C -RRB- during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night .	below the freezing point	What do the temperatures often drop to at night in the piedmont region in the winter ?
The region averages around 3 -- 5 in -LRB- 8 -- 13 cm -RRB- of snowfall annually in the Charlotte area , and slightly more north toward the Virginia border .	3–5 in	What is the average snowfall per year in Charlotte ?
The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and freezing rain .	sleet and freezing rain	What type of precipitation is the Piedmont known for ?
The Appalachian Mountains are the coolest area of the state , with temperatures averaging in the low 40s and upper 30s °F -LRB- 6 -- 3 °C -RRB- for highs in the winter and falling into the low 20s °F -LRB- − 5 °C -RRB- or lower on winter nights .	The Appalachian Mountains	What mountain range makes up the coolest part of North Carolina ?
The Appalachian Mountains are the coolest area of the state , with temperatures averaging in the low 40s and upper 30s °F -LRB- 6 -- 3 °C -RRB- for highs in the winter and falling into the low 20s °F -LRB- − 5 °C -RRB- or lower on winter nights .	low 40s and upper 30s °F	What are the average high winter temperatures in the Appalachians ?
The Appalachian Mountains are the coolest area of the state , with temperatures averaging in the low 40s and upper 30s °F -LRB- 6 -- 3 °C -RRB- for highs in the winter and falling into the low 20s °F -LRB- − 5 °C -RRB- or lower on winter nights .	low 20s °F (−5 °C) or lower	What are the low winter temperatures in the Appalachians ?
Relatively cool summers have temperatures rarely rising above 80 °F -LRB- 27 °C -RRB- .	80 °F	Temperatures rarely go higher than what temperature in the Appalachians ?
Average snowfall in many areas exceeds 30 in -LRB- 76 cm -RRB- per year , and can be heavy at the higher elevations ; for example , during the Blizzard of 1993 more than 60 in -LRB- 152 cm -RRB- of snow fell on Mount Mitchell over a period of three days .	30	Average snowfall in the Appalachians can exceed how many inches ?
On the average , a hurricane hits the state once a decade .	once a decade	Hoe often do hurricanes hit North Carolina ?
Destructive hurricanes that have struck the state include Hurricane Fran , Hurricane Floyd , and Hurricane Hazel , the strongest storm to make landfall in the state , as a Category 4 in 1954 .	hurricanes	Floyd , Fran , and Hazel are examples of what that hit the state of North Carolina ?
Destructive hurricanes that have struck the state include Hurricane Fran , Hurricane Floyd , and Hurricane Hazel , the strongest storm to make landfall in the state , as a Category 4 in 1954 .	Hurricane Hazel	What was the strongest storm to make landfall in North Carolina ?
Destructive hurricanes that have struck the state include Hurricane Fran , Hurricane Floyd , and Hurricane Hazel , the strongest storm to make landfall in the state , as a Category 4 in 1954 .	4	What category of hurricane was Hazel ?
Destructive hurricanes that have struck the state include Hurricane Fran , Hurricane Floyd , and Hurricane Hazel , the strongest storm to make landfall in the state , as a Category 4 in 1954 .	1954	What year did Hurrican Hazel hit North Carolina ?
North Carolina averages fewer than 20 tornadoes per year , many of them produced by hurricanes or tropical storms along the coastal plain .	fewer than 20	How many tornadoes does North Carolina have per year ?
North Carolina averages fewer than 20 tornadoes per year , many of them produced by hurricanes or tropical storms along the coastal plain .	tornadoes	Houuricanes and tropical stors can produce what across the coastal plain ?
Tornadoes from thunderstorms are a risk , especially in the eastern part of the state .	eastern	What part of the state holds the highest risk for tornadoes ?
The western Piedmont is often protected by the mountains , which tend to break up storms as they try to cross over ; the storms will often re-form farther east .	mountains	What protects the western piedmont from tornadoes ?
Also a weather phenomenon known as `` cold air damming '' often occurs in the northwestern part of the state , which can also weaken storms but can also lead to major ice events in winter .	cold air damming	What weather phenomenom can weaken storms but cause major ice events in NW North Carolina ?
Before A.D. 200 , residents were building earthwork mounds , which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes .	Before A.D. 200	During what time period did people buid earth mounds used for religious and ceremonial purposes ?
Succeeding peoples , including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by A.D. 1000 in the Piedmont , continued to build or add onto such mounds .	ancient Mississippian culture	By 1000 AD , what culture of people settled in the Piedmont ?
In the 500 -- 700 years preceding European contact , the Mississippian culture built large , complex cities and maintained far-flung regional trading networks .	500–700 years	About how many years before European contact did ancient Mississippian culture build large cities ?
Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region included the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribes of the coastal areas , such as the Chowanoke , Roanoke , Pamlico , Machapunga , Coree , Cape Fear Indians , and others , who were the first to encounter the English ; Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin , Cherokee and Tuscarora of the interior ; and Southeastern Siouan tribes , such as the Cheraw , Waxhaw , Saponi , Waccamaw , and Catawba .	Algonquian-speaking tribes	Pamlico and Cape fear indians are examples of what ?
Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region included the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribes of the coastal areas , such as the Chowanoke , Roanoke , Pamlico , Machapunga , Coree , Cape Fear Indians , and others , who were the first to encounter the English ; Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin , Cherokee and Tuscarora of the interior ; and Southeastern Siouan tribes , such as the Cheraw , Waxhaw , Saponi , Waccamaw , and Catawba .	the coastal areas	Where did the Algonquin speaking tribes of North Carolina live ?
In June 1718 Blackbeard , aka Edward Teach , ran his flagship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge , aground at Beaufort Inlet , North Carolina , in present-day Carteret County .	Edward Teach	What was another name for Blackbeard ?
In June 1718 Blackbeard , aka Edward Teach , ran his flagship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge , aground at Beaufort Inlet , North Carolina , in present-day Carteret County .	the Queen Anne's Revenge	What was the name of blackbeards ship ?
In June 1718 Blackbeard , aka Edward Teach , ran his flagship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge , aground at Beaufort Inlet , North Carolina , in present-day Carteret County .	Beaufort Inlet	Where in North Carolina did Blackbeards ship crash ?
In June 1718 Blackbeard , aka Edward Teach , ran his flagship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge , aground at Beaufort Inlet , North Carolina , in present-day Carteret County .	1718	What year did Blackbeard run his ship aground in North Carolina ?
In 1996 Intersal , Inc. , a private firm , discovered the remains of a vessel likely to be the Queen Anne 's Revenge , which was added to the US National Register of Historic Places .	1996	What year were the remains of the Queen Anne 's Revenge discovered ?
North Carolina became one of the English Thirteen Colonies and with the territory of South Carolina was originally known as the Province of Carolina .	the Province of Carolina	North carolina and Sounth Carolina together were known as what ?
The northern and southern parts of the original province separated in 1729 .	1729	What year were the northern and southern carolinas seperated ?
Originally settled by small farmers , sometimes having a few slaves , who were oriented toward subsistence agriculture , the colony lacked cities or towns .	small farmers	What was the profession of most of the settlers in the Province of Carolina ?
Pirates menaced the coastal settlements , but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed .	Pirates	What people were a menace to the coastal areas of the Province of carolina ?
Pirates menaced the coastal settlements , but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed .	1718	By what year had all of the pirates in the NC Province been captured or killed ?
During colonial times , Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722 , and New Bern was selected as the capital in 1766 .	Edenton	What was the state capital of North Carolina in 1722 ?
During colonial times , Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722 , and New Bern was selected as the capital in 1766 .	New Bern	What city became the capital of North Carolina in 1766 ?
Construction of Tryon Palace , which served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon , began in 1767 and was completed in 1771 .	William Tryon	Who was the governor of North carolina in 1767 ?
Construction of Tryon Palace , which served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon , began in 1767 and was completed in 1771 .	Tryon Palace	What was the name of the offices and residence built for William Tryon ?
In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital , as its central location protected it from attacks from the coast .	Raleigh	What central North carolina cuty was chosen for the capital in 1788 ?
North Carolina made the smallest per-capita contribution to the war of any state , as only 7,800 men joined the Continental Army under General George Washington ; an additional 10,000 served in local militia units under such leaders as General Nathanael Greene .	North Carolina	What state made the smallest contribution to the revolutionary war of any state ?
North Carolina made the smallest per-capita contribution to the war of any state , as only 7,800 men joined the Continental Army under General George Washington ; an additional 10,000 served in local militia units under such leaders as General Nathanael Greene .	7,800	How many men from NC joined the continental army ?
There was some military action , especially in 1780 -- 81 .	1780–81	What years were the highest concentration of military action in NC during the revolutionary war ?
North Carolina made the smallest per-capita contribution to the war of any state , as only 7,800 men joined the Continental Army under General George Washington ; an additional 10,000 served in local militia units under such leaders as General Nathanael Greene .	General George Washington	Who led the continental army ?
Many Carolinian frontiersmen had moved west over the mountains , into the Washington District -LRB- later known as Tennessee -RRB- , but in 1789 , following the Revolution , the state was persuaded to relinquish its claim to the western lands .	Washington District	Frontiersmen from the Carolinas moved west into what area that is now known as Tennessee ?
After 1800 , cotton and tobacco became important export crops .	After 1800	After what year did cotton and tobacco become important crops in North Carolina ?
The eastern half of the state , especially the Tidewater region , developed a slave society based on a plantation system and slave labor .	eastern	The Tidewater region was in what half of North Carolina ?
The eastern half of the state , especially the Tidewater region , developed a slave society based on a plantation system and slave labor .	the Tidewater region	What region of North Carolina used slave labor and developed a slave society ?
Many free people of color migrated to the frontier along with their European-American neighbors , where the social system was looser .	the frontier	Where did free black people migrate to because of the looser social system ?
By 1810 , nearly 3 percent of the free population consisted of free people of color , who numbered slightly more than 10,000 .	3	By 1810 , what percentage of the free population was black ?
With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 , the Reconstruction Era began .	1865	What year was the confederacy defeated ?
With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 , the Reconstruction Era began .	Reconstruction Era	What Era began following the defeat of the confederacy ?
The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen .	compensation	The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owners ?
The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870 , in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls , to suppress black voting .	1870	When did white Democrats regain control of the state legislature ?
The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870 , in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls , to suppress black voting .	black voting	What did the KKK target with violence and terrorism at the polls ?
Democrats were elected to the legislature and governor 's office , but the Populists attracted voters displeased with them .	Democrats	What political party was elected to the legislature and Governors office ?
Democrats were elected to the legislature and governor 's office , but the Populists attracted voters displeased with them .	Populists	What political group attracted voters displeased with Democrats ?
In 1896 a biracial , Populist-Republican Fusionist coalition gained the governor 's office .	1896	What year did a biracial Populist fusion gain the Governors office ?
The Democrats regained control of the legislature in 1896 and passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation of public facilities .	1896	What year did the Democrats regain control of the governors office from the biracial Populists ?
Voters of North Carolina 's 2nd congressional district elected a total of four African-American congressmen through these years of the late 19th century .	four	In the 19th century , how many african american congressmen were elected ?
In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution , with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state .	a new constitution	What did the NC state legislature pass in 1899 ?
In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution , with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state .	poll taxes	What type of taxes were required by the new NC constitution ?
In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution , with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state .	literacy tests	What did the new constitution require for voter registration ?
Exclusion from voting had wide effects : it meant that black Americans could not serve on juries or in any local office .	voting	Being excluded from doing what , made it so that black people could not serve on juries or in public office ?
Black citizens had no political voice in the state until after the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to enforce their constitutional rights .	1964	What year was the Federal Civil Rights Act ?
As in the rest of the former Confederacy , North Carolina had become a one-party state , dominated by the Democratic Party .	Democratic	What political party Dominated NC after the confederacy ?
Impoverished by the Civil War , the state continued with an economy based on tobacco , cotton and agriculture .	tobacco, cotton and agriculture	What was the economy of North Carolina based on after the confederacy ?
A major industrial base emerged in the late 19th century in the western counties of the Piedmont , based on cotton mills established at the fall line .	late 19th century	When did a major industrial base appear in North Carolina ?
A major industrial base emerged in the late 19th century in the western counties of the Piedmont , based on cotton mills established at the fall line .	western counties of the Piedmont	Where did the major industrial base appear in North Carolina ?
A major industrial base emerged in the late 19th century in the western counties of the Piedmont , based on cotton mills established at the fall line .	cotton mills	What was the emergence of the industrial base of North carolina based on ?
North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression , but the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers .	New Deal programs	What programs created by FDR helped North Carolina during the Great Depression ?
North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression , but the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers .	farmers	Who did the new deal programs benefit ?
North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression , but the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers .	cotton and tobacco	What crops was the New Deal Program made for ?
After World War II , the state 's economy grew rapidly , highlighted by the growth of such cities as Charlotte , Raleigh , and Durham in the Piedmont .	World War II	After what war did the states economy improve ?
In the 1990s , Charlotte became a major regional and national banking center .	Charlotte	In the 1990 's what NC city became a national banking center ?
North Carolina was inhabited for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of prehistoric indigenous cultures .	prehistoric indigenous cultures	What inhibited North Carolina for thousands of years ?
Before 200 AD , they were building earthwork mounds , which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes .	earthwork	Before 200 AD , people built what kind of mounds for religious purposes ?
Succeeding peoples , including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by 1000 AD in the Piedmont , continued to build or add on to such mounds .	Succeeding peoples	Who continued to build on to the religious mounds ?
In the 500 -- 700 years preceding European contact , the Mississippian culture built large , complex cities and maintained far-flung regional trading networks .	Mississippian culture	Before European contact , who built large cities and regional trading networks ?
Its largest city was Cahokia , located in present-day Illinois near the Mississippi River .	Cahokia	What was the largest city in the Piedmont before European contact ?
Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara , a regional chiefdom near present-day Morganton .	Joara	In the 16th century , where did Spanish explorers meet Mississipian cultureal people ?
Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara , a regional chiefdom near present-day Morganton .	a regional chiefdom	What is Joara ?
Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara , a regional chiefdom near present-day Morganton .	near present-day Morganton	Where would present day Joara be ?
Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540 .	Hernando de Soto	What was the name of the Spanish man that met the people in Joara ?
Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540 .	1540	What year did hernando de Soto arrive in Joara ?
In 1584 , Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh , for whom the state capital is named , for land in present-day North Carolina -LRB- then part of the territory of Virginia -RRB- .	Sir Walter Raleigh	Who is the North Carolina state capital named for ?
In 1584 , Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh , for whom the state capital is named , for land in present-day North Carolina -LRB- then part of the territory of Virginia -RRB- .	Elizabeth I	Who granted the charter for Sir Walter Raleigh to travel to present day North Carolina ?
In 1584 , Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh , for whom the state capital is named , for land in present-day North Carolina -LRB- then part of the territory of Virginia -RRB- .	1584	What year did Elizabeth I grant the charter to Raleigh to travel to North Carolina ?
In 1584 , Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh , for whom the state capital is named , for land in present-day North Carolina -LRB- then part of the territory of Virginia -RRB- .	North Carolina	What was the second american territory the English attempted to colonize ?
Raleigh established two colonies on the coast in the late 1580s , but both failed .	two	How many colonies did Raleigh establish on the coast of carolina in 1580 ?
As early as 1650 , settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound .	Virginia	In 1650 , settlers from what colony moved in to Albemarie Sound ?
By 1663 , King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent ; it generally established North Carolina 's borders .	1663	What year did King Charles II grant a charter to North America ?
By 1663 , King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent ; it generally established North Carolina 's borders .	North Carolina's borders	What did King Charles II 's charter establish ?
He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665 , a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions .	1665	What year was a second charter made to establish the borders of Carolina ?
After the Spanish in the 16th century , the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English colonists who migrated south from Virginia .	English colonists	After the Spanish , who were the first Europeans to settle North Carolina ?
After the Spanish in the 16th century , the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English colonists who migrated south from Virginia .	Virginia	Where did the English colonists that settle North carolina come from ?
The latter had grown rapidly and land was less available .	less available	The English colonist left virginia because of what issue with the land there ?
Nathaniel Batts was documented as one of the first of these Virginian migrants .	Nathaniel Batts	Who was one of the first Virginian migrants to reach the carolinas ?
He settled south of the Chowan River and east of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655 .	1655	What year did Nathaniel Battes settle in North Carolina ?
Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina , or the Low Country and uplands , affected the political , economic , and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century .	Low Country	Eastern North Carolina is also known as what ?
Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina , or the Low Country and uplands , affected the political , economic , and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century .	uplands	Western North carolina is also known as what ?
The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands .	eastern North Carolina	Where was The Tidewater located ?
The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands .	The Tidewater	Where did immigrants from England and the Scottish Highlands settle ?
During the American Revolutionary War , the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the British Crown , because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain .	the British Crown	Who did the Tidewater settlers remain loyal to during the American revolution ?
Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants , hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage .	indentured servants	Most English colonists arrived as what ?
Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants , hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage .	laborers	Indentured servants hired theirselves out as what ?
Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants , hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage .	passage	What did the English settlers get in return for their labor ?
In the early years the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid .	African slaves	Indentured servants were similar to what people in the early days ?
As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in Great Britain , planters imported more slaves , and the state 's legal delineations between free and slave status tightened , effectively hardening the latter into a racial caste .	slaves	As indentured servants improved the economy , there became a greater need to import more what ?
On April 12 , 1776 , the colony became the first to instruct its delegates to the Continental Congress to vote for independence from the British Crown , through the Halifax Resolves passed by the North Carolina Provincial Congress .	1776	What year did North Carolina instruct its delegates to vote for independence ?
On April 12 , 1776 , the colony became the first to instruct its delegates to the Continental Congress to vote for independence from the British Crown , through the Halifax Resolves passed by the North Carolina Provincial Congress .	the British Crown	Who was north carolina seeking independence from in 1776 ?
A major American victory in the war took place at King 's Mountain along the North Carolina -- South Carolina border ; on October 7 , 1780 , a force of 1000 mountain men from western North Carolina -LRB- including what is today the state of Tennessee -RRB- and Southwest Virginia overwhelmed a force of some 1000 British troops led by Major Patrick Ferguson .	1780	What year was Americas Victory at King 's Mountain ?
A major American victory in the war took place at King 's Mountain along the North Carolina -- South Carolina border ; on October 7 , 1780 , a force of 1000 mountain men from western North Carolina -LRB- including what is today the state of Tennessee -RRB- and Southwest Virginia overwhelmed a force of some 1000 British troops led by Major Patrick Ferguson .	1000	How many North Carolina mountain men fought at King 's Mountain ?
A major American victory in the war took place at King 's Mountain along the North Carolina -- South Carolina border ; on October 7 , 1780 , a force of 1000 mountain men from western North Carolina -LRB- including what is today the state of Tennessee -RRB- and Southwest Virginia overwhelmed a force of some 1000 British troops led by Major Patrick Ferguson .	1000	How many British troops fought at king 's Mountain ?
As the British Army moved north from victories in Charleston and Camden , South Carolina , the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia prepared to meet them .	the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia	Who met the British army as they moved north ?
Following General Daniel Morgan 's victory over the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17 , 1781 , southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina , and away from the latter 's base of supply in Charleston , South Carolina .	the British Cavalry	Who lost the battle of Cowpens ?
Following General Daniel Morgan 's victory over the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17 , 1781 , southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina , and away from the latter 's base of supply in Charleston , South Carolina .	Commander Banastre Tarleton	Who led the British calvary at Cowpen ?
Following General Daniel Morgan 's victory over the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17 , 1781 , southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina , and away from the latter 's base of supply in Charleston , South Carolina .	January 17, 1781	What was the date of the battle of Cowpens ?
This campaign is known as `` The Race to the Dan '' or `` The Race for the River . ''	The Race for the River	What is another name for the race to the Dan ?
In the Battle of Cowan 's Ford , Cornwallis met resistance along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan 's Ford on February 1 , 1781 , in an attempt to engage General Morgan 's forces during a tactical withdrawal .	Catawba	The Battle of Cowan 's Ford was fought on the banks of what river ?
In the Battle of Cowan 's Ford , Cornwallis met resistance along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan 's Ford on February 1 , 1781 , in an attempt to engage General Morgan 's forces during a tactical withdrawal .	1781	What year was the battle of Cowans Ford ?
Generals Greene and Cornwallis finally met at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in present-day Greensboro on March 15 , 1781 .	Greensboro	What is the present day name of the city that the Battle of Guilford Courthouse was fought at ?
Following this `` Pyrrhic victory '' , Cornwallis chose to move to the Virginia coastline to get reinforcements , and to allow the Royal Navy to protect his battered army .	Virginia coastline	After losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse , Cornawallis moved his troops where ?
Following this `` Pyrrhic victory '' , Cornwallis chose to move to the Virginia coastline to get reinforcements , and to allow the Royal Navy to protect his battered army .	to get reinforcements	What did Cornwallis move to the coastline after losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse ?
On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution .	the Constitution	North Carolina was the twelth state to ratify what document ?
On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution .	November 21, 1789	What date did North Carolina ratify the constitution ?
In 1840 , it completed the state capitol building in Raleigh , still standing today .	1840	What year was the state capitol building of North Carolina completed ?
In 1840 , it completed the state capitol building in Raleigh , still standing today .	Raleigh	Where was the capitol building completed in 1840 ?
Most of North Carolina 's slave owners and large plantations were located in the eastern portion of the state .	eastern	What part of the state were most slave and plantation owners concentrated in ?
Most were descended from free African Americans who had migrated along with neighbors from Virginia during the 18th century .	Virginia	Some of the free people of color migrated from what state during the 18th century ?
After the Revolution , Quakers and Mennonites worked to persuade slaveholders to free their slaves .	free their slaves	After the revolution Quakers and mennonited encouraged slaveholders to do what ?
The number of free people of color rose markedly in the first couple of decades after the Revolution .	rose	What happened to the number of free colored people for the first few decades after the war ?
On October 25 , 1836 , construction began on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad to connect the port city of Wilmington with the state capital of Raleigh .	Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad	What was the name of the railroad that began construction in 1836 ?
On October 25 , 1836 , construction began on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad to connect the port city of Wilmington with the state capital of Raleigh .	Raleigh	The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad was going to connect Wilmington to what city ?
In 1849 the North Carolina Railroad was created by act of the legislature to extend that railroad west to Greensboro , High Point , and Charlotte .	North Carolina Railroad	In 1849 , what railroad was created ?
In 1849 the North Carolina Railroad was created by act of the legislature to extend that railroad west to Greensboro , High Point , and Charlotte .	west	What direction did the North carolina railroad extend ?
During the Civil War , the Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch of the railroad would be vital to the Confederate war effort ; supplies shipped into Wilmington would be moved by rail through Raleigh to the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia .	Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch	What stretch of the railroad was vital to the confederates in the civil war ?
While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than in some Southern states , according to the 1860 census , more than 330,000 people , or 33 % of the population of 992,622 , were enslaved African Americans .	33	In 1860 , what percent of the North Carolina population were slaves ?
They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater .	eastern Tidewater	Where were most of the slaves in North Carolina located ?
They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater .	plantations	What type of land did the slaves live on ?
In addition , 30,463 free people of color lived in the state .	30,463	How many free people of color lived in NC in 1860 ?
They were also concentrated in the eastern coastal plain , especially at port cities such as Wilmington and New Bern , where a variety of jobs were available .	eastern coastal plain	Where were the free people of color located in north carolina in 1860 ?
In 1860 , North Carolina was a slave state , in which one-third of the population was enslaved .	one-third	What fraction of the population of North Carolina was enslaved in 1860 ?
The state did not vote to join the Confederacy until President Abraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state , South Carolina , becoming the last or second-to-last state to officially join the Confederacy .	South Carolina	North Carolina did not vote to join the confederacy until they were ordered to invade what state ?
The title of `` last to join the Confederacy '' has been disputed ; although Tennessee 's informal secession on May 7 , 1861 , preceded North Carolina 's official secession on May 20 , the Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until June 8 , 1861 .	May 20	When was North Carolinas official secession ?
The title of `` last to join the Confederacy '' has been disputed ; although Tennessee 's informal secession on May 7 , 1861 , preceded North Carolina 's official secession on May 20 , the Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until June 8 , 1861 .	May 7, 1861	When was Tennessees informal secession ?
The title of `` last to join the Confederacy '' has been disputed ; although Tennessee 's informal secession on May 7 , 1861 , preceded North Carolina 's official secession on May 20 , the Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until June 8 , 1861 .	June 8, 1861	When did Tennessee officially vote to secede ?
After secession , some North Carolinians refused to support the Confederacy .	the Confederacy	Some North Carolinians still refused to support what after secession ?
Some of the yeoman farmers in the state 's mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War , while some covertly supported the Union cause during the conflict .	yeoman	Some of what farmers remained neutral during the civil war ?
Some of the yeoman farmers in the state 's mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War , while some covertly supported the Union cause during the conflict .	in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region	Where were the yoeman farmers that remained neutral during the civil war located ?
Approximately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North Carolina enlisted in the Union Army and fought for the North in the war .	2,000	How many North Carolinians from the west fought for the union Army ?
Two additional Union Army regiments were raised in the coastal areas of the state , which were occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863 .	1862 and 1863	When did union forces occupy coastal areas of North carolina ?
Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern Virginia , the Confederacy 's most famous army .	Army of Northern Virginia	What was the name of the Confederacys most famous army ?
Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern Virginia , the Confederacy 's most famous army .	virtually all	How many battles of the army of Northern Virginia did confederate troops from north Carolina fight in ?
The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville , which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman 's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865 .	Bentonville	What was the name of the largest battle fought in North Carolina ?
The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville , which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman 's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865 .	General Joseph Johnston	What was the name of the confederate general that fought in Bentonville ?
The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville , which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman 's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865 .	General William Tecumseh Sherman	What was the name of the Union General that fought in Bentonville ?
The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina , in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861 .	Private Henry Wyatt	Who was the first confederate soldier to be killed in the civil war ?
The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina , in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861 .	North Carolina	Where was henry Wyatt from ?
The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina , in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861 .	in the Battle of Big Bethel	What battle did Private Henry Wyatt die in ?
The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina , in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861 .	June 1861	When did Henry Wyatt die ?
At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 , the 26th North Carolina Regiment participated in Pickett/Pettigrew 's Charge and advanced the farthest into the Northern lines of any Confederate regiment .	July 1863	When was the battle of Gettysburg ?
While the Baptists in total -LRB- counting both blacks and whites -RRB- have maintained the majority in this part of the country -LRB- known as the Bible Belt -RRB- , the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths , including Judaism , Islam , Baha'i , Buddhism , and Hinduism .	Bible Belt	What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas ?
While the Baptists in total -LRB- counting both blacks and whites -RRB- have maintained the majority in this part of the country -LRB- known as the Bible Belt -RRB- , the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths , including Judaism , Islam , Baha'i , Buddhism , and Hinduism .	Baptists	What religion holds the majority in the Bible Belt ?
As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest denomination , with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 members ; the second largest was the United Methodist Church , with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches .	Southern Baptist	What was the largest denomination in North Carolina in 2010 ?
As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest denomination , with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 members ; the second largest was the United Methodist Church , with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches .	United Methodist Church	What was the second largest denomination in North carolina in 2010 ?
The third was the Roman Catholic Church , with 428,000 members in 190 congregations .	Roman Catholic	What was the third largest denomination in North carolina in 2010 ?
Currently , the rapid influx of northerners and immigrants from Latin America is steadily increasing ethnic and religious diversity : the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in the state has increased , as well as general religious diversity .	ethnic and religious diversity	Immigrants from latin America coming to North Carolina is increasing what ?
Currently , the rapid influx of northerners and immigrants from Latin America is steadily increasing ethnic and religious diversity : the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in the state has increased , as well as general religious diversity .	increased	What has happened to the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in North Carolina ?
Currently , the rapid influx of northerners and immigrants from Latin America is steadily increasing ethnic and religious diversity : the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in the state has increased , as well as general religious diversity .	increased	Religious diversity in North Carolina has generally what ?
The second-largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina after Baptist traditions is Methodism , which is strong in the northern Piedmont , especially in populous Guilford County .	Methodism	What is the second largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina ?
The second-largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina after Baptist traditions is Methodism , which is strong in the northern Piedmont , especially in populous Guilford County .	Guilford	What county in Piedmont is methodism especially strong in ?
According to a Forbes article written in 2013 Employment in the `` Old North State '' has gained many different industry sectors .	Old North State	What is the Nickname given to North Carolina ?
See the following article summary : science , technology , energy and math , or STEM , industries in the area surrounding North Carolina 's capital have grown 17.9 percent since 2001 , placing Raleigh-Cary at No. 5 among the 51 largest metro areas in the country where technology is booming .	17.9	Science , Technology , energy , and math industries have risen what percent since 2001 ?
See the following article summary : science , technology , energy and math , or STEM , industries in the area surrounding North Carolina 's capital have grown 17.9 percent since 2001 , placing Raleigh-Cary at No. 5 among the 51 largest metro areas in the country where technology is booming .	5	What is raleigh-Cary ranked among the 51 largest metro areas in the country ?
In 2010 North Carolina 's total gross state product was $ 424.9 billion , while the state debt in November 2012 , according to one source , totalled US$ 2.4 bn , while according to another , was in 2012 US$ 57.8 bn .	$424.9 billion	What was North Carolinas gross state product in 2010 ?
Since Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter 's comfortable victory in the state in 1976 , the state had consistently leaned Republican in presidential elections until Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state in 2008 .	1976	North carolina voters have leaned republican since what year ?
Since Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter 's comfortable victory in the state in 1976 , the state had consistently leaned Republican in presidential elections until Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state in 2008 .	2008	What year did North Carolina voters once again vote for a Democrat ?
In the 1990s , Democrat Bill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in 1992 and also only narrowly lost the state in 1996 .	1992	What year did Bill Clinton win North Carolina ?
In the 1990s , Democrat Bill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in 1992 and also only narrowly lost the state in 1996 .	1996	What year did Bill Clinton lose North Carolina ?
In 2012 , North Carolina was again considered a competitive swing state , with the Democrats even holding their 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte .	Charlotte	Where was the 2012 democratic national Convention held ?
In 2012 , the state elected a Republican Governor -LRB- Pat McCrory -RRB- and Lieutenant Governor -LRB- Dan Forest -RRB- for the first time in more than two decades , while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate .	Pat McCrory	Who was elected Governor of North Carolina in 2012 ?
In 2012 , the state elected a Republican Governor -LRB- Pat McCrory -RRB- and Lieutenant Governor -LRB- Dan Forest -RRB- for the first time in more than two decades , while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate .	Republican	What political party does Pat McCrory belong to ?
In 2012 , the state elected a Republican Governor -LRB- Pat McCrory -RRB- and Lieutenant Governor -LRB- Dan Forest -RRB- for the first time in more than two decades , while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate .	Dan Forest	Who ws elected Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina in 2012 ?
In 2012 , the state elected a Republican Governor -LRB- Pat McCrory -RRB- and Lieutenant Governor -LRB- Dan Forest -RRB- for the first time in more than two decades , while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate .	Republican	What political party does Dan Forest belong to ?
In the 2014 mid-term elections , Republican David Rouzer won the state 's Seventh Congressional District seat , increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10-3 in favor of the GOP .	David Rouzer	Who won North Carolinas 7th congressional district seat in 2014 ?
Elementary and secondary public schools are overseen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction .	North Carolina Department of Public Instruction	What agency oversees public schools in North Carolina ?
The North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction is the secretary of the North Carolina State Board of Education , but the board , rather than the superintendent , holds most of the legal authority for making public education policy .	the board	Who holds most legal authority for making education policy ?
In 2009 , the board 's chairman also became the `` chief executive officer '' for the state 's school system .	2009	What year did the boards chairman become the Chief Executive officer of public schools ?
North Carolina has 115 public school systems , each of which is overseen by a local school board .	115	How many public school systems does North Carolina have ?
The largest school systems in North Carolina are the Wake County Public School System , Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools , Guilford County Schools , Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools , and Cumberland County Schools .	Wake County Public School System	What is the largest school system in North Carolina ?
In 1795 , North Carolina opened the first public university in the United States -- the University of North Carolina -LRB- now named the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill -RRB- .	North Carolina	What state opened the first public university in the United States ?
In 1795 , North Carolina opened the first public university in the United States -- the University of North Carolina -LRB- now named the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill -RRB- .	1795	What year was the first public university opened in the United States ?
In 1795 , North Carolina opened the first public university in the United States -- the University of North Carolina -LRB- now named the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill -RRB- .	University of North Carolina	What was the name of the first public university to open in the US ?
Along with its public universities , North Carolina has 58 public community colleges in its community college system.The largest university in North Carolina is currently North Carolina State University , with more than 34,000 students .	North Carolina State University	What is the largest University in North Carolina ?
Along with its public universities , North Carolina has 58 public community colleges in its community college system.The largest university in North Carolina is currently North Carolina State University , with more than 34,000 students .	34,000	How many students does North Carolina State University enroll ?
North Carolina is also home to many well-known private colleges and universities , including Duke University , Wake Forest University , Pfeiffer University , Lees-McRae College , Davidson College , Barton College , North Carolina Wesleyan College , Elon University , Guilford College , Livingstone College , Salem College , Shaw University -LRB- the first historically black college or university in the South -RRB- , Laurel University , Meredith College , Methodist University , Belmont Abbey College -LRB- the only Catholic college in the Carolinas -RRB- , Campbell University , University of Mount Olive , Montreat College , High Point University , Lenoir-Rhyne University -LRB- the only Lutheran university in North Carolina -RRB- and Wingate University .	private	Duke University and Shaw University are examples of what type of colleges that are in North Carolina ?
North Carolina is also home to many well-known private colleges and universities , including Duke University , Wake Forest University , Pfeiffer University , Lees-McRae College , Davidson College , Barton College , North Carolina Wesleyan College , Elon University , Guilford College , Livingstone College , Salem College , Shaw University -LRB- the first historically black college or university in the South -RRB- , Laurel University , Meredith College , Methodist University , Belmont Abbey College -LRB- the only Catholic college in the Carolinas -RRB- , Campbell University , University of Mount Olive , Montreat College , High Point University , Lenoir-Rhyne University -LRB- the only Lutheran university in North Carolina -RRB- and Wingate University .	Shaw University	What was the first black college in the south ?
North Carolina is also home to many well-known private colleges and universities , including Duke University , Wake Forest University , Pfeiffer University , Lees-McRae College , Davidson College , Barton College , North Carolina Wesleyan College , Elon University , Guilford College , Livingstone College , Salem College , Shaw University -LRB- the first historically black college or university in the South -RRB- , Laurel University , Meredith College , Methodist University , Belmont Abbey College -LRB- the only Catholic college in the Carolinas -RRB- , Campbell University , University of Mount Olive , Montreat College , High Point University , Lenoir-Rhyne University -LRB- the only Lutheran university in North Carolina -RRB- and Wingate University .	Belmont Abbey College	What is the name of the only Catholic college in the Carolinas ?
North Carolina is also home to many well-known private colleges and universities , including Duke University , Wake Forest University , Pfeiffer University , Lees-McRae College , Davidson College , Barton College , North Carolina Wesleyan College , Elon University , Guilford College , Livingstone College , Salem College , Shaw University -LRB- the first historically black college or university in the South -RRB- , Laurel University , Meredith College , Methodist University , Belmont Abbey College -LRB- the only Catholic college in the Carolinas -RRB- , Campbell University , University of Mount Olive , Montreat College , High Point University , Lenoir-Rhyne University -LRB- the only Lutheran university in North Carolina -RRB- and Wingate University .	Lenoir-Rhyne University	What is the name of the only Lutheran University in North Carolina ?
North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises : the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte , while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League .	three	How many major league sports franchises make North carolina home ?
The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship , having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006 .	The Hurricanes	What is the only professional team from North carolina to have won a league championship ?
North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises : the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte , while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League .	National Hockey League	The Carolina Hurricanes belong to what league ?
North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises : the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte , while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League .	National Basketball Association	The Charlotte Hornets belong to what league ?
North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises : the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte , while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League .	National Football League	The Caroli8na panthers belong to what league ?
In addition to professional team sports , North Carolina has a strong affiliation with NASCAR and stock-car racing , with Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord hosting two Sprint Cup Series races every year .	Charlotte Motor Speedway	What Speedway in North Carolina hosts two Sprint cupseries races each year ?
In addition to professional team sports , North Carolina has a strong affiliation with NASCAR and stock-car racing , with Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord hosting two Sprint Cup Series races every year .	Concord	Where is Charlotte motor Speedway located ?
Charlotte also hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame , while Concord is the home of several top-flight racing teams , including Hendrick Motorsports , Roush Fenway Racing , Richard Petty Motorsports , Stewart-Haas Racing , and Chip Ganassi Racing .	Charlotte	What North Carolina city hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame ?
Charlotte also hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame , while Concord is the home of several top-flight racing teams , including Hendrick Motorsports , Roush Fenway Racing , Richard Petty Motorsports , Stewart-Haas Racing , and Chip Ganassi Racing .	Concord	What North carolina city is home to several top racing teams ?
College sports are also popular in North Carolina , with 18 schools competing at the Division I level .	18	How many colleges compete at the Division 1 level in North Carolina ?
The Atlantic Coast Conference -LRB- ACC -RRB- is headquartered in Greensboro , and both the ACC Football Championship Game -LRB- Charlotte -RRB- and the ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament -LRB- Greensboro -RRB- were most recently held in North Carolina .	Greensboro	Where is the ACC headquarters ?
The Atlantic Coast Conference -LRB- ACC -RRB- is headquartered in Greensboro , and both the ACC Football Championship Game -LRB- Charlotte -RRB- and the ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament -LRB- Greensboro -RRB- were most recently held in North Carolina .	North Carolina	Where were the ACC football and basketball championships recently held ?
The ACC Championship Game and The Belk Bowl are held annually in Charlotte 's Bank of America Stadium , featuring teams from the ACC and the Southeastern Conference .	Charlotte's Bank of America Stadium	What stadium host the ACC championship game and the Belk Bowl each year ?
Additionally , the state has hosted the NCAA Men 's Basketball Final Four on two occasions , in Greensboro in 1974 and in Charlotte in 1994 .	two	How many times has North Carolina hosted the NCAA final four ?
Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state , including the historic Biltmore Estate .	several million	How many people go to see the Appalachian Mountains each year ?
Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state , including the historic Biltmore Estate .	Western	What part of the state are the Appalachian Mountains in ?
Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state , including the historic Biltmore Estate .	Appalachian	Great Smoky mountain and Blue Ridge Parkway are located in what mountain range ?
The scenic Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park are the two most visited national park and unit in the United States with over 25 million visitors in 2013 .	over 25 million	How many tourists visited the Smoky Mountains and Blue Ridge parkway in 2013 ?
The City of Asheville is consistently voted as one of the top places to visit and live in the United States , known for its rich art deco architecture , mountain scenery and outdoor activities , and liberal and happy residents .	Asheville	What North Carolina City is consistently voted one of the top places to live in the United States ?
The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also located in the city .	Carolina Hurricanes	What Hockey team is located in Raleigh ?
The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also located in the city .	NHL	What league do the Carolina Hurricanes belong to ?
In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital , African American Cultural Complex , Contemporary Art Museum of Raleigh , Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU , Haywood Hall House & Gardens , Marbles Kids Museum , North Carolina Museum of Art , North Carolina Museum of History , North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences , North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame , Raleigh City Museum , J. C. Raulston Arboretum , Joel Lane House , Mordecai House , Montfort Hall , and the Pope House Museum .	North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame	What Hall of Fame is located in Raleigh ?
In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital , African American Cultural Complex , Contemporary Art Museum of Raleigh , Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU , Haywood Hall House & Gardens , Marbles Kids Museum , North Carolina Museum of Art , North Carolina Museum of History , North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences , North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame , Raleigh City Museum , J. C. Raulston Arboretum , Joel Lane House , Mordecai House , Montfort Hall , and the Pope House Museum .	J. C. Raulston Arboretum	What arboretum is located in Raleigh ?
The Piedmont Triad , or center of the state , is home to Krispy Kreme , Mayberry , Texas Pete , the Lexington Barbecue Festival , and Moravian cookies .	The Piedmont Triad	What is the center of North Carolina called ?
The Piedmont Triad , or center of the state , is home to Krispy Kreme , Mayberry , Texas Pete , the Lexington Barbecue Festival , and Moravian cookies .	The Piedmont Triad	Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters located ?
The internationally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attracts visitors to its animals , plants , and a 57-piece art collection along five miles of shaded pathways in the world 's largest-land-area natural-habitat park .	Asheboro	What city is the North Carolina Zoo in ?
The internationally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attracts visitors to its animals , plants , and a 57-piece art collection along five miles of shaded pathways in the world 's largest-land-area natural-habitat park .	five	How many miles of shaded pathways does the Nort Carolina Zoo have ?
MerleFest in Wilkesboro attracts more than 80,000 people to its four-day music festival ; and Wet 'n Wild Emerald Pointe water park in Greensboro is another attraction .	Wilkesboro	What North Carolina City hosts the Merlefest ?
North Carolina provides a large range of recreational activities , from swimming at the beach to skiing in the mountains .	recreational	Fishing , hunting , and birdwatching are what kind of activities that are provided in North Carolina ?
North Carolina offers fall colors , freshwater and saltwater fishing , hunting , birdwatching , agritourism , ATV trails , ballooning , rock climbing , biking , hiking , skiing , boating and sailing , camping , canoeing , caving -LRB- spelunking -RRB- , gardens , and arboretums .	fall colors	In the Fall , people go to North Carolina to see what ?
North Carolina offers fall colors , freshwater and saltwater fishing , hunting , birdwatching , agritourism , ATV trails , ballooning , rock climbing , biking , hiking , skiing , boating and sailing , camping , canoeing , caving -LRB- spelunking -RRB- , gardens , and arboretums .	spelunking	What is another name for caving ?
North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizing numerous local bike paths , 34 state parks , and 14 national parks .	34	Howmany state parks are in North Carolina ?
North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizing numerous local bike paths , 34 state parks , and 14 national parks .	14	How many national parks are in North Carolina ?
National Forests include Uwharrie National Forest in central North Carolina , Croatan National Forest in Eastern North Carolina , Pisgah National Forest in the northern mountains , and Nantahala National Forest in the southwestern part of the state .	central North Carolina	Where is the Uwharrie national Forest located ?
National Forests include Uwharrie National Forest in central North Carolina , Croatan National Forest in Eastern North Carolina , Pisgah National Forest in the northern mountains , and Nantahala National Forest in the southwestern part of the state .	Eastern North Carolina	Where is Croatan National Forest located ?
National Park Service units include the Appalachian National Scenic Trail , the Blue Ridge Parkway , Cape Hatteras National Seashore , Cape Lookout National Seashore , Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site at Flat Rock , Fort Raleigh National Historic Site at Manteo , Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in Greensboro , Moores Creek National Battlefield near Currie in Pender County , the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail , Old Salem National Historic Site in Winston-Salem , the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail , and Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills .	Greensboro	Where is the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park ?
The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates $ 1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina , supporting more than 43,600 full-time equivalent jobs and generating $ 119 million in revenue for local governments and the state of North Carolina .	nonprofit arts and culture	What industry generates 1.2 billion in economic activity each year for North carolina ?
The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates $ 1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina , supporting more than 43,600 full-time equivalent jobs and generating $ 119 million in revenue for local governments and the state of North Carolina .	43,600	How many full time jobs are held by those in the non profit arts and culture industry ?
The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates $ 1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina , supporting more than 43,600 full-time equivalent jobs and generating $ 119 million in revenue for local governments and the state of North Carolina .	$119 million	How much money does the nonprofit arts and culture industry raise for government ?
North Carolina established the North Carolina Museum of Art as the first major museum collection in the country to be formed by state legislation and funding and continues to bring millions into the NC economy .	North Carolina Museum of Art	What was the first museum in the country to be formed by legislature ?
North Carolina established the North Carolina Museum of Art as the first major museum collection in the country to be formed by state legislation and funding and continues to bring millions into the NC economy .	millions	How much money does the North Carolina Museum of art generate ?
SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in the Carolinas , with almost 2.0 million square feet .	Charlotte	Where is SouthPark Mall located ?
SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in the Carolinas , with almost 2.0 million square feet .	SouthPark Mall	What is the largest mall in the carolinas ?
SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in the Carolinas , with almost 2.0 million square feet .	2.0 million square feet	How big is SouthPark Mall ?
Other major malls throughout the state include Hanes Mall in Winston-Salem ; Crabtree Valley Mall , North Hills Mall , and Triangle Town Center in Raleigh ; Friendly Center and Four Seasons Town Centre in Greensboro ; Oak Hollow Mall in High Point ; Concord Mills in Concord ; Valley Hills Mall in Hickory ; and The Streets at Southpoint and Northgate Mall in Durham and Independence Mall in Wilmington , NC , and Tanger Outlets in Charlotte , Nags Head , Blowing Rock , and Mebane , NC .	Winston-Salem	Where is the hanes Mall located ?
Other major malls throughout the state include Hanes Mall in Winston-Salem ; Crabtree Valley Mall , North Hills Mall , and Triangle Town Center in Raleigh ; Friendly Center and Four Seasons Town Centre in Greensboro ; Oak Hollow Mall in High Point ; Concord Mills in Concord ; Valley Hills Mall in Hickory ; and The Streets at Southpoint and Northgate Mall in Durham and Independence Mall in Wilmington , NC , and Tanger Outlets in Charlotte , Nags Head , Blowing Rock , and Mebane , NC .	Greensboro	Where is the Four Seasons Town Center located ?
A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue .	pork barbecue	What is a culinary staple of North Carolina ?
The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt .	Boston butt	What cut of pork do those in western North carolina prefer for BBQ ?
Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington , home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival , which attracts over 100,000 visitors each October .	Lexington barbecue	What is another name for Western North Carolina Barbecue ?
Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato-based sauce , and only the pork shoulder -LRB- dark meat -RRB- is used .	pork shoulder	What cut of pork do those in Western North Carolina prefer for BBQ ?
Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington , home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival , which attracts over 100,000 visitors each October .	over 100,000	How many people visit the lexington Barbecue festival each year ?
Krispy Kreme , an international chain of doughnut stores , was started in North Carolina ; the company 's headquarters are in Winston-Salem .	doughnut	Krispy kreme is a chain of what kind of stores ?
Krispy Kreme , an international chain of doughnut stores , was started in North Carolina ; the company 's headquarters are in Winston-Salem .	Winston-Salem	Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters ?
Pepsi-Cola was first produced in 1898 in New Bern .	1898	When was pepsi-Cola first produced ?
Pepsi-Cola was first produced in 1898 in New Bern .	New Bern	Where was pepsi first produced ?
A regional soft drink , Cheerwine , was created and is still based in the city of Salisbury .	Salisbury	What city was Cheerwine created and based in ?
Over the last decade , North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize-winning wine -LRB- Noni Bacca Winery -RRB- , internationally prized cheeses -LRB- Ashe County -RRB- , `` L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques : Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes , January 15 , 2010 '' international hub for truffles -LRB- Garland Truffles -RRB- , and beer making , as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV from 6 % to 15 % .	Noni Bacca Winery	What international prize winning winery is located in North Carolina ?
Over the last decade , North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize-winning wine -LRB- Noni Bacca Winery -RRB- , internationally prized cheeses -LRB- Ashe County -RRB- , `` L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques : Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes , January 15 , 2010 '' international hub for truffles -LRB- Garland Truffles -RRB- , and beer making , as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV from 6 % to 15 % .	Ashe County	What prized cheeses are made in North Carolina ?
Over the last decade , North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize-winning wine -LRB- Noni Bacca Winery -RRB- , internationally prized cheeses -LRB- Ashe County -RRB- , `` L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques : Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes , January 15 , 2010 '' international hub for truffles -LRB- Garland Truffles -RRB- , and beer making , as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV from 6 % to 15 % .	grape	Much tobacco land has been transformed into what kind of orchards ?
Over the last decade , North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize-winning wine -LRB- Noni Bacca Winery -RRB- , internationally prized cheeses -LRB- Ashe County -RRB- , `` L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques : Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes , January 15 , 2010 '' international hub for truffles -LRB- Garland Truffles -RRB- , and beer making , as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV from 6 % to 15 % .	15%.	North carolina state law allowed a jump in alcohol volume from 6 % to what percent ?
The Yadkin Valley in particular has become a strengthening market for grape production , while Asheville recently won the recognition of being named ` Beer City USA . '	Asheville	What city was named Beer City USA ?
Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company -LRB- RJR -RRB- , founded by R. J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies in the town .	R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company	Winston Salem is the headquarters of what tobacco Company ?
Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War .	Tobacco	The invention of cigarettes made what popular ?
Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company -LRB- RJR -RRB- , founded by R. J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies in the town .	1874	What year was RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company founded ?
By 1914 it was selling 425 million packs of Camels a year .	425 million	How many packs of camel cigarettes were sold per year in 1914 ?
Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War .	Tobacco	What was one of the first growing industries to develope after the civil war ?
Located in Jacksonville , Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air Station -LRB- MCAS -RRB- Cherry Point , MCAS New River , Camp Geiger , Camp Johnson , Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay , makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailors in the world .	Jacksonville	Where is Camp Lejeune located ?
Located in Jacksonville , Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air Station -LRB- MCAS -RRB- Cherry Point , MCAS New River , Camp Geiger , Camp Johnson , Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay , makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailors in the world .	Marine Corps Base Camp	What is Camp Lejeune ?
Located in Jacksonville , Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune , combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air Station -LRB- MCAS -RRB- Cherry Point , MCAS New River , Camp Geiger , Camp Johnson , Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay , makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailors in the world .	Jacksonville	Bases making up the larges concentration of marines and sailors in the world is located in what NC city ?
Located in Goldsboro , Seymour Johnson Air Force Base is home of the 4th Fighter Wing and 916th Air Refueling Wing .	Goldsboro	Where is Seymour johnson air force base located ?
Also stationed in North Carolina is the Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point in Southport .	Southport	Where is the military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point stationed ?
The Heian period -LRB- 平安時代 , Heian jidai ? -RRB-	Heian	What is the name of the last period of classical Japanese history ?
The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō , or modern Kyōto .	Heian-kyō	The Heian period is named after what city ?
means `` peace '' in Japanese .	peace	What does heian mean in Japanese ?
Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface , the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan , a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family .	Fujiwara	What was the name of the prominent clan during the Heian period ?
The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art , especially poetry and literature .	poetry and literature	The Heian period was known for what types of art ?
The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō -LRB- present day Kyōto京都 -RRB- , by the 50th emperor , Emperor Kanmu .	Nara	What was the name of the period before the Heian era ?
The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō -LRB- present day Kyōto京都 -RRB- , by the 50th emperor , Emperor Kanmu .	794 A.D	The Heian period began in what year ?
The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class , which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan .	samurai	What warrior class rose during the Heian era ?
The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō -LRB- present day Kyōto京都 -RRB- , by the 50th emperor , Emperor Kanmu .	Kanmu	What was the name of the emperor who moved Japan 's capital to Heian ?
Nominally , sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility .	Fujiwara	What noble family wielded power during the Heian period ?
As early as 939 A.D , Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government , leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi , and almost simultaneously , Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west .	Taira no Masakado	Who threatened the authority of Japan 's central government ?
As early as 939 A.D , Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government , leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi , and almost simultaneously , Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west .	Hitachi	Masakado led an uprising in what province ?
As early as 939 A.D , Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government , leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi , and almost simultaneously , Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west .	Fujiwara no Sumitomo	What member of the Fujiwara family rebelled in western Japan ?
As early as 939 A.D , Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government , leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi , and almost simultaneously , Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west .	939 A.D	In what year did Masakado begin his rebellion ?
When Emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian-kyō -LRB- Kyōto -RRB- , which remained the imperial capital for the next 1,000 years , he did so not only to strengthen imperial authority but also to improve his seat of government geopolitically .	1,000	Heian was Japan 's capital for how many years ?
Nara was abandoned after only 70 years in part due to the ascendancy of Dōkyō and the encroaching secular power of the Buddhist institutions there .	70	Nara was the former capital for how many years ?
Nara was abandoned after only 70 years in part due to the ascendancy of Dōkyō and the encroaching secular power of the Buddhist institutions there .	Buddhist	What religion was gaining popularity in Nara ?
The early Heian period -LRB- 784 -- 967 -RRB- continued Nara culture ; the Heian capital was patterned on the Chinese Tang capital at Chang ` an , as was Nara , but on a larger scale than Nara .	784–967	What time period was the early Heian era ?
The early Heian period -LRB- 784 -- 967 -RRB- continued Nara culture ; the Heian capital was patterned on the Chinese Tang capital at Chang ` an , as was Nara , but on a larger scale than Nara .	Tang	Kanmu modeled his government after what Chinese capital ?
Although Kammu had abandoned universal conscription in 792 , he still waged major military offensives to subjugate the Emishi , possible descendants of the displaced Jōmon , living in northern and eastern Japan .	Emishi	What was the name of the possible descendants of Jōmon ?
After making temporary gains in 794 , in 797 Kammu appointed a new commander , Sakanoue no Tamuramaro , under the title Sei-i Taishōgun -LRB- Barbarian-subduing generalissimo -RRB- .	Sakanoue no Tamuramaro	What was the name of the new commander Kanmu appointed in the year 797 ?
After making temporary gains in 794 , in 797 Kammu appointed a new commander , Sakanoue no Tamuramaro , under the title Sei-i Taishōgun -LRB- Barbarian-subduing generalissimo -RRB- .	Sei-i Taishōgun	What was Tamuramaro 's military title ?
By 801 the shogun had defeated the Emishi and had extended the imperial domains to the eastern end of Honshū .	801	The Emishi were defeated in what year ?
By 801 the shogun had defeated the Emishi and had extended the imperial domains to the eastern end of Honshū .	Honshū	The imperial capital extended to the eastern edge of which Japanese island ?
Following Kammu 's death in 806 and a succession struggle among his sons , two new offices were established in an effort to adjust the Taika-Taihō administrative structure .	806	In what year did Emperor Kanmu die ?
The new Metropolitan Police Board replaced the largely ceremonial imperial guard units .	Metropolitan Police Board	What office replaced the imperial guards ?
Through the new Emperor 's Private Office , the emperor could issue administrative edicts more directly and with more self-assurance than before .	Emperor's Private Office	What new office allowed government to issue administrative orders faster ?
In 838 the end of the imperial-sanctioned missions to Tang China , which had begun in 630 , marked the effective end of Chinese influence .	838	Tang China 's influence over Japan ended in what year ?
As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century , the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family , and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor 's Private Office .	sixth	In what century did the Soga family take the throne ?
As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century , the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family , and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor 's Private Office .	Fujiwara	A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor 's Private Office ?
For a time , however , during the reign of Emperor Daigo -LRB- 897-930 -RRB- , the Fujiwara regency was suspended as he ruled directly .	Daigo	Which emperor suspended the Fujiwara clan 's power ?
For a time , however , during the reign of Emperor Daigo -LRB- 897-930 -RRB- , the Fujiwara regency was suspended as he ruled directly .	897-930	Emperor Daigo ruled during what years ?
By the early Heian period , the shōen had obtained legal status , and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity , waiver of taxes , and immunity from government inspection of the shōen they held .	shōen	What type of property obtained legal status during the early Heian period ?
Those people who worked the land found it advantageous to transfer title to shōen holders in return for a share of the harvest .	a share of the harvest	Farm laborers traded titles to shoen holders in exchange for what ?
Central control of Japan had continued to decline , and the Fujiwara , along with other great families and religious foundations , acquired ever larger shōen and greater wealth during the early tenth century .	early tenth century	The Fujiwara and other noble families became richer during which century ?
Two types of phonetic Japanese script : katakana , a simplified script that was developed by using parts of Chinese characters , was abbreviated to hiragana , a cursive syllabary with a distinct writing method that was uniquely Japanese .	katakana	What script was developed with parts of Chinese characters ?
Two types of phonetic Japanese script : katakana , a simplified script that was developed by using parts of Chinese characters , was abbreviated to hiragana , a cursive syllabary with a distinct writing method that was uniquely Japanese .	hiragana	What was the name of the cursive script that gave expression to spoken words ?
Three late tenth century and early eleventh century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kagerō Nikki by `` the mother of Fujiwara Michitsuna '' , The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon and The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu .	Sei Shōnagon	Who is the author of The Pillow Book ?
Three late tenth century and early eleventh century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kagerō Nikki by `` the mother of Fujiwara Michitsuna '' , The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon and The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu .	Murasaki Shikibu	Who is the author of The Tale of Genji ?
Vividly colored yamato-e , Japanese style paintings of court life and stories about temples and shrines became common in the mid - and late Heian periods , setting patterns for Japanese art to this day .	yamato-e	What was the name of the brightly colored paintings depicting court life ?
Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy , not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation .	Land management	What became the aristocracy 's primary occupation ?
Whereas the first phase of shōen development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions , the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial `` house governments , '' as in the old clan system .	"house governments,"	What grew during the second phase of shoen development ?
The Taihō Code lapsed , its institutions relegated to ceremonial functions .	Taihō Code	What governmental reorganization lapsed during the period of shoen development ?
As the most powerful family , the Fujiwara governed Japan and determined the general affairs of state , such as succession to the throne .	Fujiwara	Succession to the throne was determined by what clan ?
But as the system broke down after 792 , local power holders again became the primary source of military strength .	792	The early courts ' military conscription broke down around what year ?
At that time the imperial court did not possess an army but rather relied on an organization of professional warriors composed mainly of oryoshi , which were appointed to an individual province and tsuibushi , which were appointed over imperial circuits or for specific tasks .	oryoshi	Warriors appointed to a province were called what ?
At that time the imperial court did not possess an army but rather relied on an organization of professional warriors composed mainly of oryoshi , which were appointed to an individual province and tsuibushi , which were appointed over imperial circuits or for specific tasks .	tsuibushi	Warriors appointed for specific tasks were called what ?
Nonetheless final authority rested with the imperial court .	imperial court	Where did final authority over the military lie ?
Shōen holders had access to manpower and , as they obtained improved military technology -LRB- such as new training methods , more powerful bows , armor , horses , and superior swords -RRB- and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century , military service became part of shōen life .	Shōen holders	Who had increased access to better military technology ?
Not only the shōen but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves .	civil and religious	Which institutions also hired private guards for protection ?
Gradually , the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite based on the ideals of the bushi -LRB- warrior -RRB- or samurai -LRB- literally , one who serves -RRB- .	provincial upper class	Which class became a new military elite ?
Gradually , the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite based on the ideals of the bushi -LRB- warrior -RRB- or samurai -LRB- literally , one who serves -RRB- .	warrior	What does the word `` bushi '' mean ?
Bushi interests were diverse , cutting across old power structures to form new associations in the tenth century .	tenth	Bushi formed new associations in what century ?
These military families gained prestige from connections to the imperial court and court-granted military titles and access to manpower .	connections to the imperial court	How did military families gain prestige ?
The Fujiwara family , Taira clan , and Minamoto clan were among the most prominent families supported by the new military class .	Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan	Who were the three prominent families during the rise of the warrior classes ?
The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō -LRB- 1068-1073 -RRB- , the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century .	Go-Sanjō	Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century ?
The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō -LRB- 1068-1073 -RRB- , the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century .	Go-Sanjō	Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara 's influence on government ?
Go-Sanjo also established the In-no-cho -LRB- ja : 院庁 Office of the Cloistered Emperor -RRB- , which was held by a succession of emperors who abdicated to devote themselves to behind-the-scenes governance , or insei .	insei	What term was used for behind the scenes governance ?
The In-no-cho filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power .	In-no-cho	The decline of the Fujiwara 's governmental power was filled by what ?
In time , many of the Fujiwara were replaced , mostly by members of the rising Minamoto family .	Minamoto	The members of what clan gradually replaced the Fujiwaras ?
While the Fujiwara fell into disputes among themselves and formed northern and southern factions , the insei system allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over the throne .	insei system	What allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over royal succession ?
The period from 1086 to 1156 was the age of supremacy of the In-no-cho and of the rise of the military class throughout the country .	1086 to 1156	The In-no-cho was prominent during what years ?
Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent , who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto -LRB- Hōgen Rebellion -RRB- .	Fujiwara no Yorinaga	What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century ?
Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent , who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto -LRB- Hōgen Rebellion -RRB- .	Hōgen Rebellion	What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara ?
In 1159 , the Taira and Minamoto clashed -LRB- Heiji Rebellion -RRB- , and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began .	Taira and Minamoto	What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion ?
In 1159 , the Taira and Minamoto clashed -LRB- Heiji Rebellion -RRB- , and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began .	1159	In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur ?
In 1159 , the Taira and Minamoto clashed -LRB- Heiji Rebellion -RRB- , and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began .	Taira	After the Heiji Rebellion , what clan grew in power ?
Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto 's destruction , and he would remain in command for the next 20 years .	Taira Kiyomori	What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan ?
He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura , who died at only 19 , leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne .	19	How old was Emperor Takakura when he died ?
He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura , who died at only 19 , leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne .	Antoku	What was the name of Takakura 's successor ?
He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary , including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples , Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji .	45	Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power ?
He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary , including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples , Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji .	Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji	What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed ?
He appointed military governors , or daimyos , to rule over the provinces , and stewards , or jito to supervise public and private estates .	daimyos	What was the term used to describe military governors ?
He appointed military governors , or daimyos , to rule over the provinces , and stewards , or jito to supervise public and private estates .	jito	What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates ?
One year before his death in 1199 , Yoritomo expelled the teenage emperor Go-Toba from the throne .	Go-Toba	What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne ?
Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period , primarily through two major esoteric sects , Tendai and Shingon .	Buddhism	What religion spread during the Heian period ?
Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period , primarily through two major esoteric sects , Tendai and Shingon .	Tendai and Shingon	What were the two Japanese sects of Buddhism ?
Shingon , brought to Japan by the monk Kūkai , emphasizes Esoteric Buddhism .	Kūkai	Who brought Shingon Buddhism to Japan ?
An important element of Tendai doctrine was the suggestion that enlightenment was accessible to `` every creature '' .	every creature	Tendai Buddhism suggested that enlightenment was accessible to who ?
Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status .	poetry	What artform became a mark of status in the courts ?
The Japanese of this period believed handwriting could reflect the condition of a person 's soul : therefore , poor or hasty writing could be considered a sign of poor breeding .	handwriting	During the Heian period , what did the Japanese think could reflect one 's soul ?
The Japanese of this period believed handwriting could reflect the condition of a person 's soul : therefore , poor or hasty writing could be considered a sign of poor breeding .	poor or hasty writing	What was said to show low status or `` poor breeding '' ?
The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem , Kimi ga Yo , were written in the Heian period , as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu , one of the first novels ever written .	Kimi ga Yo	What is the name of the Japanese national anthem ?
The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha -LRB- いろは -RRB- , of uncertain authorship , was also written during the Heian period .	Iroha	What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period ?
Murasaki Shikibu 's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon 's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress ' court were recorded collectively as The Pillow Book in the 990s , which revealed the quotidian capital lifestyle .	Sei Shōnagon	The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court ?
The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental base for their power .	rice	What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period ?
The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture , the Ryōmin -LRB- 良民 `` Good People '' -RRB- numbered about five thousand in a land of perhaps five million .	Ryōmin	What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture ?
By the year 1000 the government no longer knew how to issue currency and money was gradually disappearing .	1000	Currency gradually disappeared around what year ?
Instead of a fully realised system of money circulation , rice was the primary unit of exchange .	rice	What crop became the primary unit of exchange ?
The major Buddhist temples in Heian-kyō and Nara also made use of the shōen .	Heian-kyō and Nara	Buddhist temples in which two cities made use of the shoen system ?
The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces , which left robbers free to prey on travelers .	The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces	Why were travelers often robbed under Fujiwara rule ?
The establishment of branches rurally and integration of some Shinto shrines within these temple networks reflects a greater `` organizational dynamism '' .	organizational dynamism	The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what ?
The game Total War : Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign .	Shogun 2	Which Total War game has an expansion set during the Heian period ?
The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time , the Taira , Minamoto or Fujiwara ; each family fielding two branches for a total of six playable clans .	Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara	What families are playable characters in Total War : Shogun 2 ?
It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period .	Gempei War	The Rise of the Samurai expansion for Total War : Shogun 2 depicts which war during the Heian period ?
On the Origin of Species , published on 24 November 1859 , is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology .	24 November 1859	When was the Origin of Species published ?
On the Origin of Species , published on 24 November 1859 , is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology .	Charles Darwin	Who wrote The Origin of Species ?
On the Origin of Species , published on 24 November 1859 , is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology .	evolutionary biology	What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on ?
Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research , correspondence , and experimentation .	Beagle expedition	What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence ?
Darwin 's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection .	through a process of natural selection	How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin 's theory ?
There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public , but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England , while science was part of natural theology .	dissident anatomists	Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas ?
There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public , but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England , while science was part of natural theology .	the Church of England	Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century ?
Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique , unrelated to other animals .	Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial	What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century ?
Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique , unrelated to other animals .	that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals.	How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century ?
There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public , but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England , while science was part of natural theology .	natural theology	Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century ?
The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication .	non-specialist readers	What section of the population was Darwin 's book written for ?
The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism .	T. H. Huxley	Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin 's book ?
The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism .	scientific naturalism	What was T.H. Huxley promoting ?
During `` the eclipse of Darwinism '' from the 1880s to the 1930s , various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit .	"the eclipse of Darwinism"	What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called ?
With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s , Darwin 's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory , and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences .	in the 1930s and 1940s	When did Darwin 's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution ?
In later editions of the book , Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle ; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles .	Aristotle	To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas ?
In later editions of the book , Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle ; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles .	Greek philosopher Empedocles	Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied ?
Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account ; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form .	allegorically	How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story ?
Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious , with monstrous births from union between species , and spontaneous generation of life .	monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.	What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature ?
After the turmoil of the English Civil War , the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability .	the Royal Society	Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability ?
John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order ; in his taxonomy , species were static and fixed , their adaptation and complexity designed by God , and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions .	John Ray	Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God ?
The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan .	Carl Linnaeus	Who created a biological classification in 1735 ?
The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC , but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world .	4004 BC	When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began ?
Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas , but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle , anticipating uniformitarianism .	James Hutton	Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining , infinite cycle ?
Charles Darwin 's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s , and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809 .	Erasmus Darwin	What was the name of Charles Darwin 's grandfather ?
Charles Darwin 's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s , and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809 .	hypothesis of transmutation of species	What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s ?
Charles Darwin 's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s , and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809 .	Jean-Baptiste Lamarck	What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin 's theory in 1809 ?
This process was later called Lamarckism .	Lamarckism	What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called ?
Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas , holding that unrelated , fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs .	Georges Cuvier	Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction ?
In Britain , William Paley 's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial `` design '' by the Creator acting through natural laws .	William Paley's	Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God 's design ?
In Britain , William Paley 's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial `` design '' by the Creator acting through natural laws .	Natural Theology	What was the name of William Paley 's book claiming divine beneficial design ?
All naturalists in the two English universities -LRB- Oxford and Cambridge -RRB- were Church of England clergymen , and science became a search for these laws .	Church of England	What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities ?
Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy , but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order .	a threat to divinely appointed social order.	How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species ?
Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment , initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood .	adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment	How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation ?
Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine .	1825	When did Darwin begin attending university ?
Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine .	Edinburgh University	What university did Darwin attend ?
Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine .	medicine	What was Darwin originally studying at university ?
In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant 's research into marine invertebrates .	Robert Grant	Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates ?
Filled with zeal for science , he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick .	Adam Sedgwick	With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology ?
In December 1831 , he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist .	Beagle expedition	What expedition did Darwin join in 1831 ?
He read Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore , at St. Jago , found Lyell 's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes .	Charles Lyell	Who wrote The Principles of Geology ?
He read Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore , at St. Jago , found Lyell 's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes .	St. Jago	Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition ?
Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos , and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their `` centre of creation '' .	huge armadillos	What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble ?
The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised , yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed `` miserable , degraded savages '' , and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals .	their relatives on the island seemed "miserable, degraded savages"	What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans ?
Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent .	Richard Owen	Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species ?
In March 1837 , ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin 's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea -LRB- though their territories overlapped -RRB- , that mockingbirds collected on the Galápagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island , and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches .	Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea	What did John Gould announce in 1837 ?
In March 1837 , ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin 's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea -LRB- though their territories overlapped -RRB- , that mockingbirds collected on the Galápagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island , and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches .	three separate species	How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands ?
In March 1837 , ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin 's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea -LRB- though their territories overlapped -RRB- , that mockingbirds collected on the Galápagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island , and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches .	ornithologist	What type of scientist was John Gould ?
At the zoo he had his first sight of an ape , and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed .	an ape	Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution ?
In late September 1838 , he started reading Thomas Malthus 's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations , if unrestrained , breed beyond their means and struggle to survive .	An Essay on the Principle of Population	Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838 ?
In late September 1838 , he started reading Thomas Malthus 's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations , if unrestrained , breed beyond their means and struggle to survive .	breed beyond their means and struggle to survive	What did Thomas Malthus ' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained ?
Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle 's `` warring of the species '' in plants ; he immediately envisioned `` a force like a hundred thousand wedges '' pushing well-adapted variations into `` gaps in the economy of nature '' , so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities , and unfavourable variations would be destroyed .	plants	Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive ?
Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle 's `` warring of the species '' in plants ; he immediately envisioned `` a force like a hundred thousand wedges '' pushing well-adapted variations into `` gaps in the economy of nature '' , so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities , and unfavourable variations would be destroyed .	"warring of the species"	What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants ?
He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842 ; then in June he roughed out a 35-page `` Pencil Sketch '' of his theory .	Lyell	Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842 ?
He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842 ; then in June he roughed out a 35-page `` Pencil Sketch '' of his theory .	"Pencil Sketch"	What was the name of Darwin 's 35-page writing of his theory ?
Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844 , and by July had rounded out his `` sketch '' into a 230-page `` Essay '' , to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely .	Joseph Dalton Hooker	Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories ?
Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage .	scientific results of the Beagle voyage	What information was Darwin 's essay based on ?
Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844 , and by July had rounded out his `` sketch '' into a 230-page `` Essay '' , to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely .	230-page	How many pages had Darwin 's sketch grown to in 1844 ?
In November 1844 , the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers , widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species .	Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation	What was the name of the anonymously published science book ?
But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin 's work in progress , and it ignored adaptation .	a linear progression	What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose ?
In November 1844 , the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers , widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species .	Robert Chambers	Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation ?
Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time .	that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time.	What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support ?
While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation , Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s .	Herbert Spencer	Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s ?
Darwin 's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances .	barnacle	What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly ?
In 1854 , he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution .	1854	In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time ?
By 1856 , his theory was much more sophisticated , with a mass of supporting evidence .	1856	By which year had Darwin 's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence ?
He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals , became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding , and experimented -LRB- with the help of his son Francis -RRB- on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands .	fancy pigeon	Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying ?
He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals , became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding , and experimented -LRB- with the help of his son Francis -RRB- on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands .	plant seeds and animals	What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans >
An 1855 paper on the `` introduction '' of species , written by Alfred Russel Wallace , claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing , closely related species .	1855	When was the `` Introduction of Species '' paper written ?
An 1855 paper on the `` introduction '' of species , written by Alfred Russel Wallace , claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing , closely related species .	Alfred Russel Wallace	Who wrote the `` Introduction of Species '' paper ?
An 1855 paper on the `` introduction '' of species , written by Alfred Russel Wallace , claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing , closely related species .	if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species	How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained ?
Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace 's paper and its possible connection to Darwin 's work , although Darwin did not , and in a letter written on 1 -- 2 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority .	Charles Lyell	Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace 's paper ?
Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace 's paper and its possible connection to Darwin 's work , although Darwin did not , and in a letter written on 1 -- 2 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority .	1–2 May 1856	When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority ?
Darwin was hard at work on his `` big book '' on Natural Selection , when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace , who stayed on the Maluku Islands -LRB- Ternate and Gilolo -RRB- .	"big book" on Natural Selection,	Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace ?
It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism , a response to Darwin 's recent encouragement , with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile .	twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism	What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace ?
Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace 's pages with extracts from Darwin 's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society , and on 1 July 1858 , the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection , by Wallace and Darwin respectively , were read out but drew little reaction .	Wallace	Who wrote the paper , On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ?
Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace 's pages with extracts from Darwin 's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society , and on 1 July 1858 , the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection , by Wallace and Darwin respectively , were read out but drew little reaction .	Darwin	Who wrote the paper , On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ?
Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation .	Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.	What do some historians think made Wallace 's concept of natural selection different from Darwin 's ?
After the meeting , Darwin decided to write `` an abstract of my whole work '' .	"an abstract of my whole work".	What did Darwin decide to write in July , 1858 ?
Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III , of the publishing house John Murray , who responded immediately to Darwin 's letter of 31 March 1859 with an agreement to publish the book without even seeing the manuscript , and an offer to Darwin of 2⁄3 of the profits .	John Murray III	Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin 's work ?
Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III , of the publishing house John Murray , who responded immediately to Darwin 's letter of 31 March 1859 with an agreement to publish the book without even seeing the manuscript , and an offer to Darwin of 2⁄3 of the profits .	2⁄3 of the profits	What did the publisher offer Darwin in payment for the book ?
-LRB- eventually Murray paid # 180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin 's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition , earning Darwin nearly # 3000 . -RRB-	6th edition	What edition was the book in by the time of Darwin 's death ?
-LRB- eventually Murray paid # 180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin 's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition , earning Darwin nearly # 3000 . -RRB-	nearly £3000	How much had the book earned Darwin by the time he died ?
Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection , but with Murray 's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title : On the Origin of Species , with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life .	On the Origin of Species	What title did Darwin 's book ultimately have ?
Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection , but with Murray 's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title : On the Origin of Species , with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life .	An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection	What had Darwin wanted to name his book ?
Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection , but with Murray 's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title : On the Origin of Species , with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life .	Murray	Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter , more compelling title ?
Here the term `` races '' is used as an alternative for `` varieties '' and does not carry the modern connotation of human races -- the first use in the book refers to `` the several races , for instance , of the cabbage '' and proceeds to a discussion of `` the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants '' .	an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races	What does the word `` races '' mean as referenced in Darwin 's book ?
Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection , but with Murray 's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title : On the Origin of Species , with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life .	by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life	What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page ?
Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection `` by which to work '' by December 1838 , yet almost twenty years later , when Wallace 's letter arrived on 18 June 1858 , Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory .	1838	By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory ?
Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed , and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma .	fear of religious persecution or social disgrace	Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years ?
His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong , and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct .	Glen Roy	Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect ?
Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed , and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma .	his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma.	Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work ?
A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s , and Darwin 's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable .	Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable	What did Darwin 's contemporaries think of the long delays on his publishing ?
Darwin always finished one book before starting another .	Darwin always finished one book before starting another	What was Darwin 's process on writing his books ?
His estimate that writing his `` big book '' would take five years was optimistic .	five years	What was Darwin 's original estimate for the amount of time his book would take to write ?
A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s , and Darwin 's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable .	John van Wyhe	Which scientist 's study theorized that the idea of Darwin 's work being delayed dates to the 1940s ?
On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859 , priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies .	fifteen shillings	What was the cost for the first published copies of On the Origin of Species ?
On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859 , priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies .	1250 copies	How many copies of On the Origin of Species were created in the first printing ?
The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray 's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November , and all available copies had been taken up immediately .	Murray's autumn sale	Where was the book , On the Origin of Species first offered for sale ?
During Darwin 's lifetime the book went through six editions , with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised .	six editions	How many editions did On the Origin of Species go through during Darwin 's lifetime ?
Significantly , 500 were taken by Mudie 's Library , ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library .	Mudie's Library	Which institution bought 500 copies of the book , ensuring that a large number of people would have access to it ?
In January 1871 , George Jackson Mivart 's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection , and claimed it included false metaphysics .	claimed it included false metaphysics	What did On the Genesis of Species argue against natural selection ?
In January 1871 , George Jackson Mivart 's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection , and claimed it included false metaphysics .	George Jackson Mivart	Who wrote On the Genesis of Species ?
Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin -LRB- this was the first edition in which he used the word `` evolution '' which had commonly been associated with embryological development , though all editions concluded with the word `` evolved '' -RRB- , and added a new chapter VII , Miscellaneous objections , to address Mivart 's arguments .	the sixth edition	When did Charles Darwin first use the word `` evolution '' in On the Origin of Species ?
Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin -LRB- this was the first edition in which he used the word `` evolution '' which had commonly been associated with embryological development , though all editions concluded with the word `` evolved '' -RRB- , and added a new chapter VII , Miscellaneous objections , to address Mivart 's arguments .	added a new chapter VII,	What did Charles Darwin do to address Mivart 's arguments ?
Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin -LRB- this was the first edition in which he used the word `` evolution '' which had commonly been associated with embryological development , though all editions concluded with the word `` evolved '' -RRB- , and added a new chapter VII , Miscellaneous objections , to address Mivart 's arguments .	Miscellaneous objections	What was chapter VII entitled ?
In the United States , botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version , but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin .	two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin	Why could n't Asa Gray use a Boston publisher for an American version of On the Origin of Species ?
Gray managed to negotiate a 5 % royalty with Appleton 's of New York , who got their edition out in mid January 1860 , and the other two withdrew .	a 5% royalty	How much of a royalty was Gray able to negotiate with a New York publisher for On the Origin of Species ?
Gray managed to negotiate a 5 % royalty with Appleton 's of New York , who got their edition out in mid January 1860 , and the other two withdrew .	mid January 1860	When was the first American edition of On the Origin of Species published ?
Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book , and asked Gray to keep any profits .	asked Gray to keep any profits	What did Darwin decide to do with the profits of the American version of On the Origin of Species ?
In a May letter , Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies , but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year .	2,500 copies	What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species ?
He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn , but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn 's own ideas , adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted .	Heinrich Georg Bronn,	Who was the German translator that Darwin welcomed for On the Origin of Species ?
He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn , but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn 's own ideas , adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted .	the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted.	What did Bronn do in his translation that went completely against what Darwin wanted in On the Origin of Species ?
Bronn translated `` favoured races '' as `` perfected races '' , and added essays on issues including the origin of life , as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn 's adherence to Naturphilosophie .	"perfected races"	What did Bronn change `` Favoured Races '' to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species ?
Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus , who published an improved translation in 1867 .	Julius Victor Carus	Who published an improved translation of On the Origin of Species in 1867 ?
Darwin 's attempts to find a translator in France fell through , and the translation by Clémence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin 's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics , as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed .	numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed	Why was Darwin unhappy with the first French translation of On the Origins of Species ?
Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws , harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton 's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos .	a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos	What was Isaac Newton 's belief about God on the theory of natural law ?
In the second edition , Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles , in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends .	Joseph Butler	Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together ?
The Introduction establishes Darwin 's credentials as a naturalist and author , then refers to John Herschel 's letter suggesting that the origin of species `` would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process '' :	John Herschel	Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer ?
In the second edition , Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles , in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends .	the second edition	In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added ?
Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding , going back to ancient Egypt .	ancient Egypt	How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species ?
As an illustration of artificial selection , he describes fancy pigeon breeding , noting that '' -LSB- t -RSB- he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing '' , yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon .	fancy pigeon breeding	What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection ?
As an illustration of artificial selection , he describes fancy pigeon breeding , noting that '' -LSB- t -RSB- he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing '' , yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon .	one species of rock pigeon	From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended ?
However , for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution .	the small changes	Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin ?
In Chapter II , Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary , with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found .	is arbitrary	What does Darwin believe about the differences between species and varieties ?
He concludes that `` a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species '' and that `` species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties '' .	"species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties"	What does Darwin theorize about different species with regard to variety ?
Darwin and Wallace made variation among individuals of the same species central to understanding the natural world .	variation among individuals of the same species	What did Darwin and Wallace make central to understanding the natural world ?
He concludes that `` a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species '' and that `` species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties '' .	incipient species"	What did Darwin say that a `` well marked variety '' could be called ?
Historians have noted that naturalists had long been aware that the individuals of a species differed from one another , but had generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species , that archetype being a fixed ideal in the mind of God .	generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species	What did historians say that naturalists generally thought about the differences in variations in a species ?
He describes the struggle resulting from population growth : `` It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms . ''	doctrine of Malthus	What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to ?
Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase `` struggle for existence '' in `` a large and metaphorical sense , including dependence of one being on another '' ; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds .	"a large and metaphorical sense	Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase `` Struggle for Existence ? ''
He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition .	all organisms are exposed to severe competition	What was Charles Lyell 's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival ?
He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies , and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms `` which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature '' .	competition is most severe between closely related forms	When is competition strongest in the natural world ?
He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies , and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms `` which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature '' .	fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature".	Why is competition so fierce between related species ?
He remarks that the artificial selection practised by animal breeders frequently produced sharp divergence in character between breeds , and suggests that natural selection might do the same , saying :	sharp divergence in character between breeds,	What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes ?
Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species , immigration of others and , where suitable variations occurred , descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions .	extinction of some species	What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions ?
Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species , immigration of others and , where suitable variations occurred , descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions .	descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions	What can happen if species immigrate to a new location ?
Darwin proposes sexual selection , driven by competition between males for mates , to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes , deer antlers , peacock tails , bird songs , and the bright plumage of some male birds .	sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates	What does Darwin say can explain diverse feature such as antlers on deer and bright feathers on certain male birds ?
He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex -LRB- 1871 -RRB- .	The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex	Which of Darwin 's written works has more in depth information about sexual selection ?
Natural selection was expected to work very slowly in forming new species , but given the effectiveness of artificial selection , he could `` see no limit to the amount of change , to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings , one with another and with their physical conditions of life , which may be effected in the long course of time by nature 's power of selection '' .	no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings	What did Darwin expect to see between species with the addition of artificial selection ?
Using a tree diagram and calculations , he indicates the `` divergence of character '' from original species into new species and genera .	a tree diagram and calculations	What did Darwin use to illustrate the way that original species change and adapt into new ones ?
He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics -LRB- which after Darwin 's death came to be called Lamarckism -RRB- , and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse ; he wrote that he thought `` there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts , and disuse diminishes them ; and that such modifications are inherited '' , and that this also applied in nature .	Lamarckism	What is the theory that is based on acquired characteristics within a species ?
He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics -LRB- which after Darwin 's death came to be called Lamarckism -RRB- , and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse ; he wrote that he thought `` there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts , and disuse diminishes them ; and that such modifications are inherited '' , and that this also applied in nature .	use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them	What did Darwin learn about about the characteristics of domestic animals ?
Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations , but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors .	environmental factors	What did Darwin speculate might be how inheritable variations might come about in a species ?
In Darwin 's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity ; in Chapter I Darwin admitted , `` The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown . ''	"The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown."	What did Darwin admit about acquired characteristics in chapter one of On the Origin of Species ?
However , one thing was clear : whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations , Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection .	breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection	What did Darwin learn about variations by observing breeders ?
More detail was given in Darwin 's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication , which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis .	1868	When was The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication by Charles Darwin published ?
More detail was given in Darwin 's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication , which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis .	hypothesis of pangenesis.	What was the hypothesis that attempted to explain heredity ?
However , inherited variation could be seen , and Darwin 's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable .	Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable	While Darwin was n't sure about blending inherited traits , what was his opinion about utilizing inherited variation ?
It was not until the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s that a model of heredity became completely integrated with a model of variation .	in the 1930s and 1940s	When did a model of heredity begin to be integrated with that of variation ?
This modern evolutionary synthesis had been dubbed Neo Darwinian Evolution because it encompasses Charles Darwin 's theories of evolution with Gregor Mendel 's theories of genetic inheritance .	Neo Darwinian Evolution	What was the modern evolutionary synthesis named ?
Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory , the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found , though the theory implies such forms must have existed .	often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found	What is one possible objection to the theory of integrated variation ?
As Darwin noted , `` Firstly , why , if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations , do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms ?	why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms?	Why did Darwin wonder why all of nature is n't chaotic and random ?
Darwin attributed this to the competition between different forms , combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms , often leading to extinction of such forms .	the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms.	What did Darwin ultimately decide was the reason that nature is not a chaos of variation ?
He presented flying squirrels , and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors .	flying squirrels, and flying lemurs	What are some flying animals that Darwin thought might have evolved from bats ?
He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates , starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment , as examples of how the vertebrate eye could have evolved .	simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment	What example did Darwin give of eyes evolving ?
Darwin concludes : `` If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed , which could not possibly have been formed by numerous , successive , slight modifications , my theory would absolutely break down .	any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.	How did Darwin justify his theory not breaking down ?
He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps .	He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps.	How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants ?
He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells , under pressure from natural selection to economise wax .	He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax	How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees ?
Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others , and he observed that many ant species will collect and store the pupae of other species as food .	some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others	What did Darwin notice specifically about slave-making ants ?
Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species .	in order to preserve separately created species	Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile ?
Darwin said that , far from being constant , the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species , and the viability and fertility of the hybrids , varied greatly , especially among plants .	the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants	What are Darwin 's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species ?
Darwin concluded : `` Finally , then , the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to , but even rather to support the view , that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties . ''	support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties	What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily , while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty ?
In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII -LRB- renumbering the subsequent chapters -RRB- to respond to criticisms of earlier editions , including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection .	to respond to criticisms of earlier editions	Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition ?
In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII -LRB- renumbering the subsequent chapters -RRB- to respond to criticisms of earlier editions , including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection .	that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection	What was one of the objections that Darwin addressed in his new chapter in On the Origin of Species ?
He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features , and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown , as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects .	Fertilisation of Orchids	Which of Darwin 's books featured a plant whose elaborate structure aided with fertilization by insects ?
Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart 's criticisms , including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales , flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive .	George Jackson Mivart	Which scientist was addressed the most often in the new chapter of On the Origin of Species ?
Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature .	Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.	What was Darwin 's response to the claims that certain animals could not have evolved through natural selection ?
Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell 's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence , spread over vast periods of time ; since few areas had been geologically explored , there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations , and fossil collections were very poor .	Charles Lyell	Whose argument did Darwin borrow that geological record is very imperfect , because fossilization is rare ?
Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell 's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence , spread over vast periods of time ; since few areas had been geologically explored , there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations , and fossil collections were very poor .	Principles of Geology	Which book written by Charles Lyell contains the argument that fossils are too rare to be used as proof of life suddenly arising ?
Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history , but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms .	that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms	What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries ?
To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly , he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion , including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years .	300 million years	How long did Darwin estimate the erosion of the Weald to be ?
The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil-bearing layers , now known as the Cambrian explosion , posed a problem .	the Cambrian explosion	What is the name of the group of well-developed organisms that were discovered within fossil-bearing layers ?
Darwin expected species to change slowly , but not at the same rate -- some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils .	slowly, but not at the same rate	How did Darwin expect species to change and evolve ?
The pace of natural selection would depend on variability and change in the environment .	variability and change in the environment	What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form ?
He cited Richard Owen 's findings that the earliest members of a class were a few simple and generalised species with characteristics intermediate between modern forms , and were followed by increasingly diverse and specialised forms , matching the branching of common descent from an ancestor .	Richard Owen	Which scientist theorized that the earliest members of a class in a species were simple and generalized ?
Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras , and as he had seen in South America , and William Clift had shown in Australia , fossils from recent geological periods resembled species still living in the same area .	Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras	What did Darwin discover about more recently extinct species ?
Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography , starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions can not be explained by environmental differences alone ; South America , Africa , and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes , but those regions have very different plants and animals .	South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals	Why could n't differences in flora and fauna be explained by differences in regions alone ?
Darwin noted that barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions .	barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions.	What did Darwin consider that could explain why different regions could have such different species when they are close together ?
His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification .	His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification.	What was the combination of effects that Darwin considered the most important in determining the differences in species that evolved separately in similar environments ?
Darwin discusses morphology , including the importance of homologous structures .	morphology	What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures ?
He says , `` What can be more curious than that the hand of a man , formed for grasping , that of a mole for digging , the leg of the horse , the paddle of the porpoise , and the wing of the bat , should all be constructed on the same pattern , and should include the same bones , in the same relative positions ? ''	the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat	What are some examples that Darwin gives of species whose basic form of limbs is similar , but who have vastly different uses for them ?
He notes that animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos .	animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos	What does Darwin note about the embryos of many different species in the same class ?
The final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters , and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history .	that his theory might produce revolutionary changes	What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields ?
Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory , here he ventures a cautious hint that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that `` Light will be thrown on the origin of man '' .	so as not to prejudice readers against his theory	Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in most of his book ?
Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory , here he ventures a cautious hint that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that `` Light will be thrown on the origin of man '' .	that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that "Light will be thrown on the origin of man"	What does Darwin allude to hoping in the final chapter of On the Origin of Species about humans ?
Darwin 's aims were twofold : to show that species had not been separately created , and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change .	to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change	What were Darwin 's two important aims about evolution ?
He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges , and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism .	the concept of transmutation of species	What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges ?
He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges , and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism .	his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism.	How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species ?
Therefore , the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature , caused by the struggle for existence , is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication , and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation .	the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.	What is Darwin 's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations ?
Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines , showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created .	Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines	What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species ?
The structure of Darwin 's argument showed the influence of John Herschel , whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa -LRB- true cause -RRB- if three things could be demonstrated : its existence in nature , its ability to produce the effects of interest , and its ability to explain a wide range of observations .	John Herschel	Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true ?
The structure of Darwin 's argument showed the influence of John Herschel , whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa -LRB- true cause -RRB- if three things could be demonstrated : its existence in nature , its ability to produce the effects of interest , and its ability to explain a wide range of observations .	its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations	What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause ?
Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics , and recommended the first edition .	Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics	What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions ?
James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace 's essay , it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on , which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail .	because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay	Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on ?
Unlike the still-popular Vestiges , it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation , though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression .	it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation	What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously ?
While the book was readable enough to sell , its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction .	its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction.	What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists ?
James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace 's essay , it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on , which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail .	would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail	Why did James T. Costa think the larger , abandoned book would not have been as successful ?
The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate , with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological , social and religious implications .	no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications	Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate ?
Much of the initial reaction was hostile , but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science .	Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science	Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile ?
The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform .	social reform	What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success ?
Darwin 's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms , and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism , not just his own ideas .	Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms	What did Darwin 's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution ?
Darwin 's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms , and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism , not just his own ideas .	Darwinism	What was the term used to not only describe Darwin 's theories , but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success ?
Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature , but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague `` law of development '' of Vestiges had not found scientific favour .	the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour	What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck 's written work ?
Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible .	natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible.	What was the likely reason that Darwin 's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck 's ?
Darwin 's scientific method was also disputed , with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill 's A System of Logic , while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell 's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences , in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design .	the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences	Which school did opponents to Darwin 's method support ?
Early support for Darwin 's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology , including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860 , and Asa Gray in 1862 .	the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862	Where did early support for Darwin 's findings come from ?
Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection .	Henry Walter Bates	Who authored research supporting insect mimicry using natural selection ?
Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology , and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley .	Thomas Henry Huxley	Who supported Darwin 's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research ?
Huxley wanted science to be secular , without religious interference , and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology , praising Darwin for `` extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has , as yet , hardly penetrated '' and coining the term `` Darwinism '' as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science .	scientific naturalism over natural theology	What did Huxley 's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote ?
Huxley wanted science to be secular , without religious interference , and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology , praising Darwin for `` extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has , as yet , hardly penetrated '' and coining the term `` Darwinism '' as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science .	as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science	Why did Huxley coin the name `` Darwinism ? ''
Later , the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies .	that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies	What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology ?
The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen , an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan .	Richard Owen,	Who was the leading naturalist in Britain ?
Owen 's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley , Hooker and Darwin , but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous `` ordained becoming '' , with new species appearing by natural birth .	bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming"	How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review ?
Since 1858 , Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans , contesting Owen 's view that humans were a separate sub-class .	Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class	What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes ?
Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate .	legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate	What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860 ?
Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man -LRB- 1871 -RRB- .	Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)	When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape ?
Evolutionary ideas , although not natural selection , were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe 's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy .	natural selection	While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists , what was not ?
Bronn 's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives , but enthused political radicals .	Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives	What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn 's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published ?
Bronn 's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives , but enthused political radicals .	political radicals	Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species ?
Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent , aiming to synthesise Darwin 's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie .	aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie	Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species ?
French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer , but Darwin 's ideas had little impact in France , where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism .	Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism	What was the general feeling toward Darwin 's ideas in France ?
The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory , and scientists were quick to take it into account , although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant .	The intelligentsia in Russia	What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory ?
The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory , and scientists were quick to take it into account , although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant .	the Malthusian aspects	Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin 's work ?
The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy , who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin 's views .	Leo Tolstoy	Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin 's views in a novel ?
There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution , including Karl von Nägeli 's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection .	insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection	What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von Nägel give ?
Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics .	Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics	What was Darwin 's concession to Karl von Nägel 's objections ?
His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson -LRB- later awarded the title Lord Kelvin -RRB- , who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years .	William Thomson	Who disputed Darwin 's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species ?
His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson -LRB- later awarded the title Lord Kelvin -RRB- , who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years .	calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years	What were William Thomson 's reasons for disputing Darwin 's estimate ?
The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century .	in the 20th century	When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved ?
By the mid-1870s , most scientists accepted evolution , but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive .	they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive.	Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s , but considered natural selection a minor part of it ?
The range of evolutionary theories during `` the eclipse of Darwinism '' included forms of `` saltationism '' in which new species were thought to arise through `` jumps '' rather than gradual adaptation , forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction , and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress .	new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation	What was meant by the term saltationism ?
The range of evolutionary theories during `` the eclipse of Darwinism '' included forms of `` saltationism '' in which new species were thought to arise through `` jumps '' rather than gradual adaptation , forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction , and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress .	orthogenesis	What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction ?
The minority view of August Weismann , that natural selection was the only mechanism , was called neo-Darwinism .	neo-Darwinism	What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann ?
It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin 's views .	Mendelian inheritance	What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin 's views on evolution ?
While some , like Spencer , used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor , others , including Alfred Russel Wallace , argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could improve humanity further .	Alfred Russel Wallace	Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity ?
Some political commentaries , including Walter Bagehot 's Physics and Politics -LRB- 1872 -RRB- , attempted to extend the idea of natural selection to competition between nations and between human races .	Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872)	Which political commentary attempted to widen the idea of natural selection to include competition between different races of people and countries ?
Such ideas were incorporated into what was already an ongoing effort by some working in anthropology to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism .	to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism	Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races ?
Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans , and he opposed polygenism , the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry .	to justify military aggression and unethical business practices	What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used ?
Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans , and he opposed polygenism , the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry .	he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.	What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose ?
Natural theology was not a unified doctrine , and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book , others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful .	strongly opposed to the ideas in the book	What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species ?
In the Church of England , some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God 's design , with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as `` just as noble a conception of Deity '' .	interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design	What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the theory of natural selection ?
In the second edition of January 1860 , Darwin quoted Kingsley as `` a celebrated cleric '' , and added the phrase `` by the Creator '' to the closing sentence , which from then on read `` life , with its several powers , having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one '' .	Darwin quoted Kingsley as "a celebrated cleric", and added the phrase "by the Creator" to the closing sentence,	What did Darwin do to show that he admired the cleric Charles Kingsley ?
While some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted , Darwin 's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature , and even in the first edition there are several references to `` creation '' .	some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted	What did some commentators think about Darwin changing the phrasing in his book ?
While some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted , Darwin 's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature , and even in the first edition there are several references to `` creation '' .	Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature	What were Darwin 's views on the part of God in his theory ?
Baden Powell praised `` Mr Darwin 's masterly volume -LSB- supporting -RSB- the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature '' .	Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature"	What was Baden Powell 's opinion of On the Origin of Species ?
In America , Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect , or modus operandi , of the first cause , design , and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution , Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology .	defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology.	What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend ?
Theistic evolution became a popular compromise , and St. George Jackson Mivart was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin 's naturalistic mechanism .	Theistic evolution became a popular compromise	What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin 's book ?
Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation , and naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism were favoured over natural selection as being more compatible with purpose .	supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation	What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced ?
This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans , or viewing evolution as a purposeful and progressive ascent to mankind 's position at the head of nature .	by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans	How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection ?
While many conservative theologians accepted evolution , Charles Hodge argued in his 1874 critique `` What is Darwinism ? ''	Charles Hodge	Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism ?
By the early 20th century , four noted authors of The Fundamentals were explicitly open to the possibility that God created through evolution , but fundamentalism inspired the American creation -- evolution controversy that began in the 1920s .	the American creation–evolution controversy	What controversy around Darwin 's book began in the 1920s ?
The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical , which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching .	The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.	What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950 ?
Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection , with its tree-like model of branching common descent , has become the unifying theory of the life sciences .	Darwin's theory of evolution	What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences ?
The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment .	The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment.	What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms ?
It makes sense of the geologic record , biogeography , parallels in embryonic development , biological homologies , vestigiality , cladistics , phylogenetics and other fields , with unrivalled explanatory power ; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture .	medicine and agriculture	In what fields has Darwin 's theory of evolution become particularly essential ?
Despite the scientific consensus , a religion-based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools , especially in the United States .	a religion-based political controversy	What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin 's theory ?
Interest in Darwin 's writings continues , and scholars have generated an extensive literature , the Darwin Industry , about his life and work .	scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work.	What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin 's work ?
The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum , detailing the changes made in every edition , first published in 1959 , and a concordance , an exhaustive external index published in 1981 .	a variorum	What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species ?
Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin 's birth were scheduled for 2009 .	Worldwide commemorations	What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species ?
They celebrated the ideas which `` over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it '' .	They celebrated the ideas which "over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it".	What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations ?
The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26 , 1991 , as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union .	December 26, 1991	On what date did the Soviet Union dissolve ?
The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States -LRB- CIS -RRB- , although five of the signatories ratified it much later or not at all .	Commonwealth of Independent States	What entity was created in place of the Soviet Union ?
On the previous day , Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev , the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union , resigned , declared his office extinct , and handed over its powers -- including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes -- to Russian President Boris Yeltsin .	Mikhail Gorbachev,	Who was president of the Soviet Union when it came to an end ?
On the previous day , Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev , the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union , resigned , declared his office extinct , and handed over its powers -- including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes -- to Russian President Boris Yeltsin .	Boris Yeltsin	Who became president of Russia after Gorbachev left office ?
That evening at 7:32 p.m. , the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag .	pre-revolutionary Russian flag.	Which flag replaced the Soviet flag at the Kremlin ?
Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11 , 1985 , three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko 's death at age 73 .	Konstantin Chernenko	Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev ?
Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11 , 1985 , three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko 's death at age 73 .	death	What caused Chernenko to leave office ?
Gorbachev , aged 54 , was the youngest member of the Politburo .	54	How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary ?
Gorbachev , aged 54 , was the youngest member of the Politburo .	Politburo	What entity was responsible for Gorbachev 's being elected ?
On April 23 , 1985 , Gorbachev brought two protégés , Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov , into the Politburo as full members .	Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,	To which two people did Gorbachev grant membership into the Politburo for his own reasons ?
Under Gorbachev 's leadership , the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature , the Congress of People 's Deputies -LRB- although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990 -RRB- .	Communist Party	What party did Gorbachev belong to ?
Under Gorbachev 's leadership , the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature , the Congress of People 's Deputies -LRB- although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990 -RRB- .	Congress of People's Deputies	What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989 ?
Under Gorbachev 's leadership , the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature , the Congress of People 's Deputies -LRB- although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990 -RRB- .	1990	When were opposition parties first allowed in the Soviet Union ?
It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989 , in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled -LRB- Romania excepted -RRB- , which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union 's constituent republics .	Romania	In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place ?
This liberalization , however , fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union .	nationalist movements and ethnic disputes	What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union ?
In May 1985 , Gorbachev delivered a speech in Leningrad advocating reforms and an anti-alcohol campaign to tackle widespread alcoholism .	May 1985	When was Gorbachev 's speech addressing alcohol abuse ?
Prices on vodka , wine , and beer were raised in order to make these drinks more expensive and a disincentive to consumers , and the introduction of rationing .	rationing	Other than increasing pricing what was another measure that was introduced to decrease alcohol consumption ?
Gorbachev 's plan also included billboards promoting sobriety , increased penalties for public drunkenness , and to censor drinking scenes from old movies .	drinking scenes from old movies	What was censored ?
Although this program was not a direct copycat of Tsar Nicholas II 's outright prohibition during World War I , Gorbachev faced the same adverse economic reaction as did the last Tsar .	Tsar Nicholas II	Whose anti-alcohol program did Gorbachev 's remind people of ?
Although this program was not a direct copycat of Tsar Nicholas II 's outright prohibition during World War I , Gorbachev faced the same adverse economic reaction as did the last Tsar .	during World War I,	When did Tsar Nicholas II ban alcohol ?
On July 1 , 1985 , Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze , First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party , to full member of the Politburo , and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs , replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko .	July 1, 1985	When did Eduard Shevardnadze gain full membership in the Politburo ?
On July 1 , 1985 , Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze , First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party , to full member of the Politburo , and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs , replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko .	Gorbachev	Who was responsible for Shevardnadze 's membership ?
On July 1 , 1985 , Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze , First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party , to full member of the Politburo , and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs , replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko .	Andrei Gromyko	Who was minister of foreign affairs prior to Shevardnadze ?
The latter , disparaged as `` Mr Nyet '' in the West , had served for 28 years as Minister of Foreign Affairs .	"Mr Nyet"	What was Gromyko 's western nickname ?
Also on July 1 , Gorbachev took the opportunity to dispose of his main rival by removing Grigory Romanov from the Politburo , and brought Boris Yeltsin and Lev Zaikov into the CPSU Central Committee Secretariat .	Grigory Romanov	Which person did Gorbachev kick out of the Politburo on the first of July ?
On September 27 , Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers , effectively the Soviet prime minister , and on October 14 , Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee -LRB- GOSPLAN -RRB- .	Nikolai Ryzhkov	Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985 ?
On September 27 , Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers , effectively the Soviet prime minister , and on October 14 , Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee -LRB- GOSPLAN -RRB- .	Nikolai Tikhonov	Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov ?
On September 27 , Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers , effectively the Soviet prime minister , and on October 14 , Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee -LRB- GOSPLAN -RRB- .	79-year-old	How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman ?
On September 27 , Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers , effectively the Soviet prime minister , and on October 14 , Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee -LRB- GOSPLAN -RRB- .	Nikolai Talyzin	Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985 ?
On September 27 , Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers , effectively the Soviet prime minister , and on October 14 , Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee -LRB- GOSPLAN -RRB- .	chairman of the State Planning Committee	What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers ?
Helsinki-86 was the first openly anti-Communist organization in the U.S.S.R. , and the first openly organized opposition to the Soviet regime , setting an example for other ethnic minorities ' pro-independence movements .	Helsinki-86	What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly ?
The CTAG -LRB- Latvian : Cilvēktiesību aizstāvības grupa , Human Rights Defense Group -RRB- Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liepāja by three workers : Linards Grantiņš , Raimonds Bitenieks , and Mārtiņš Bariss .	Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss.	Who created the CTAG ?
The `` Jeltoqsan '' -LRB- Kazakh for `` December '' -RRB- of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata , Kazakhstan , sparked by Gorbachev 's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev , the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh , who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin , an outsider from the Russian SFSR .	December	What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan ?
The `` Jeltoqsan '' -LRB- Kazakh for `` December '' -RRB- of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata , Kazakhstan , sparked by Gorbachev 's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev , the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh , who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin , an outsider from the Russian SFSR .	Dinmukhamed Konayev	Who was fired by Gorbachev causing riots ?
The `` Jeltoqsan '' -LRB- Kazakh for `` December '' -RRB- of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata , Kazakhstan , sparked by Gorbachev 's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev , the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh , who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin , an outsider from the Russian SFSR .	First Secretary of the Communist Party	What position did Konayev hold in Kazakhstan prior to his removal ?
The `` Jeltoqsan '' -LRB- Kazakh for `` December '' -RRB- of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata , Kazakhstan , sparked by Gorbachev 's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev , the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh , who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin , an outsider from the Russian SFSR .	Gennady Kolbin	Who took the place of Konayev ?
Demonstrations started in the morning of December 17 , 1986 , with 200 to 300 students in front of the Central Committee building on Brezhnev Square protesting Konayev 's dismissal and replacement by a Russian .	December 17, 1986	When were the first demonstrations in Kazakhstan to protest the removal and replacement of Konayev ?
On the next day , December 18 , protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops , volunteers , militia units , and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation .	Kazakh students	Who was demonstrating ?
Reports from Kazakh SSR authorities estimated that the riots drew 3,000 people .	3,000	How many people were estimated by authorities to have attended the riots ?
Both of them had died due to blows to the head .	blows to the head	How did the Kazakh SSR government say the two protesters were killed ?
Other estimates are of at least 30,000 to 40,000 protestors with 5,000 arrested and jailed , and an unknown number of casualties .	30,000 to 40,000	What were the attendance estimates from non governmental groups ?
The writer Mukhtar Shakhanov claimed that a KGB officer testified that 168 protesters were killed , but that figure remains unconfirmed .	Mukhtar Shakhanov	Who wrote about the KGB officer 's testimony ?
For the first time , the Communist Party leader had appealed over the heads of Central Committee members for the people 's support in exchange for expansion of liberties .	the people's	Whose support did Gorbachev seek in order to increase liberties ?
For the first time , the Communist Party leader had appealed over the heads of Central Committee members for the people 's support in exchange for expansion of liberties .	Communist	What party was Gorbachev in charge of ?
The tactic proved successful : Within two years political reform could no longer be sidetracked by Party `` conservatives . ''	"conservatives."	What group wanted to stop reforms ?
On February 7 , 1987 , dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev 's `` thaw '' in the mid-1950s .	February 7, 1987,	When were the prisoners set free ?
On February 7 , 1987 , dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev 's `` thaw '' in the mid-1950s .	Khrushchev's	Who released the prisoners in the 1950s ?
On February 7 , 1987 , dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev 's `` thaw '' in the mid-1950s .	political	What sort of prisoners were released ?
On July 25 , 1987 , 300 Crimean Tatars staged a noisy demonstration near the Kremlin Wall for several hours , calling for the right to return to their homeland , from which they were deported in 1944 ; police and soldiers merely looked on .	Crimean Tatars	Who demonstrated close to the Kremlin in July of 1978 ?
On February 7 , 1987 , dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev 's `` thaw '' in the mid-1950s .	mid-1950s.	Prior to 1987 when was the last large release of prisoners ?
On September 10 , 1987 , after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow , Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev , who had been holidaying on the Black Sea .	Yegor Ligachev	Who disagreed vocally about the demonstrations being permitted ?
On September 10 , 1987 , after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow , Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev , who had been holidaying on the Black Sea .	Boris Yeltsin	Who resigned in September of 1987 ?
Gorbachev was stunned -- no one had ever voluntarily resigned from the Politburo .	stunned	What was Gorbachev 's reaction to Yeltsin 's resignation ?
At the October 27 , 1987 , plenary meeting of the Central Committee , Yeltsin , frustrated that Gorbachev had not addressed any of the issues outlined in his resignation letter , criticized the slow pace of reform , servility to the general secretary , and opposition from Ligachev that had led to his -LRB- Yeltsin 's -RRB- resignation .	slow pace	What did Yeltsin dislike about the reforms ?
No one backed Yeltsin .	No one	Who took Yeltsin 's side ?
On June 14 , 1987 , about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga , and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin 's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941 .	Freedom Monument	Where did the demonstrators meet in June of 1987 ?
On June 14 , 1987 , about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga , and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin 's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941 .	Riga	Where is Freedom Monument ?
On June 14 , 1987 , about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga , and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin 's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941 .	laid flowers	What did the protesters do ?
The authorities did not crack down on demonstrators , which encouraged more and larger demonstrations throughout the Baltic States .	Baltic States	Where did further protests take place ?
On June 14 , 1987 , about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga , and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin 's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941 .	Latvians	Who were the protesters remembering ?
In spring 1987 , a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia .	new phosphate mines	What was being protested in Estonia ?
In spring 1987 , a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia .	spring 1987	When did the phosphate mine protests begin ?
On August 15 , 1987 , former political prisoners formed the MRP-AEG group -LRB- Estonians for the Public Disclosure of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact -RRB- , which was headed by Tiit Madisson .	MRP-AEG group	What group was started by ex-political prisoners ?
On August 15 , 1987 , former political prisoners formed the MRP-AEG group -LRB- Estonians for the Public Disclosure of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact -RRB- , which was headed by Tiit Madisson .	Tiit Madisson	Who was in charge of the MRP-AEG group ?
In September 1987 , the Edasi newspaper published a proposal by Edgar Savisaar , Siim Kallas , Tiit Made , and Mikk Titma calling for Estonia 's transition to autonomy .	autonomy	What was requested for Estonia in the proposal printed by the Edasi newspaper in 1987 ?
On October 17 , 1987 , about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan , the Nairit chemicals plant , and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant , and air pollution in Yerevan .	October 17, 1987	When was the Yerevan demonstration ?
On October 17 , 1987 , about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan , the Nairit chemicals plant , and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant , and air pollution in Yerevan .	about 3,000	How many people demonstrated ?
On October 17 , 1987 , about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan , the Nairit chemicals plant , and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant , and air pollution in Yerevan .	Armenians	What was the demonstrators ' nationality ?
On October 17 , 1987 , about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan , the Nairit chemicals plant , and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant , and air pollution in Yerevan .	Lake Sevan	The protesters were unhappy with the pollution in what body of water ?
The march originated at the Opera Plaza after speakers , mainly intellectuals , addressed the crowd .	Opera Plaza	Where did the protest march start ?
On July 1 , 1988 , the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference , Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People 's Deputies .	July 1, 1988	What ws the final day of the 19th Party Conference ?
On July 1 , 1988 , the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference , Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People 's Deputies .	new supreme legislative body	What did Gorbachev hope to create ?
Frustrated by the old guard 's resistance , Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitutional changes to try to separate party and state , and thereby isolate his conservative Party opponents .	party and state	What was Gorbachev trying to separate ?
Detailed proposals for the new Congress of People 's Deputies were published on October 2 , 1988 , and to enable the creation of the new legislature the Supreme Soviet , during its November 29 -- December 1 , 1988 , session , implemented amendments to the 1977 Soviet Constitution , enacted a law on electoral reform , and set the date of the election for March 26 , 1989 .	Congress of People's Deputies	What was the proposed legislative body called ?
Frustrated by the old guard 's resistance , Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitutional changes to try to separate party and state , and thereby isolate his conservative Party opponents .	conservative	What was the ideology of Gorbachev 's opponents ?
On November 16 , 1988 , the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopted a declaration of national sovereignty under which Estonian laws would take precedence over those of the Soviet Union .	Estonian	Whose laws would take precedence according to the declaration of national sovereignty ?
Estonia 's parliament also laid claim to the republic 's natural resources including land , inland waters , forests , mineral deposits , and to the means of industrial production , agriculture , construction , state banks , transportation , and municipal services within the territory of Estonia 's borders .	Estonia's parliament	Who claimed Estonia 's national resources ?
On October 2 , the Popular Front formally launched its political platform at a two-day congress .	the Popular Front	What was the name of the group that made its platform known on October 2 ?
On February 22 , 1988 , in what became known as the `` Askeran clash '' , two Azerbaijanis were killed by Karabakh police .	two	How many Azerbaijanis died in the Askeran clash ?
On February 22 , 1988 , in what became known as the `` Askeran clash '' , two Azerbaijanis were killed by Karabakh police .	February 22, 1988	When was the Askeran clash ?
On February 22 , 1988 , in what became known as the `` Askeran clash '' , two Azerbaijanis were killed by Karabakh police .	Karabakh police.	Who killed the two Azerbaijanis ?
These deaths , announced on state radio , led to the Sumgait Pogrom .	Sumgait Pogrom	What was triggered by the radio broadcast of the deaths ?
Between February 26 and March 1 , the city of Sumgait -LRB- Azerbaijan -RRB- saw violent anti-Armenian rioting during which 32 people were killed .	32	How many were killed in the ensuing riots ?
He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics -- on May 21 , 1988 , Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party .	Abdulrahman Vezirov	Who did Gorbachev make First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party in 1988 ?
He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics -- on May 21 , 1988 , Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party .	Kamran Baghirov	Who was First Secretary prior to Vezirov ?
On September 17 , when gun battles broke out between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis near Stepanakert , two soldiers were killed and more than two dozen injured .	two	How many soldiers died on September 17 ?
This led to almost tit-for-tat ethnic polarization in Nagorno-Karabakh 's two main towns : The Azerbaijani minority was expelled from Stepanakert , and the Armenian minority was expelled from Shusha .	Armenian	People of what ethnicity were thrown out of Shusha ?
On November 17 , 1988 , in response to the exodus of tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis from Armenia , a series of mass demonstrations began in Baku 's Lenin Square , lasting 18 days and attracting half a million demonstrators .	18 days	How long did the Lenin Square protest last ?
Daily demonstrations , which began in the Armenian capital Yerevan on February 18 , initially attracted few people , but each day the Nagorno-Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and numbers swelled .	Yerevan	Where were the first demonstrations in Armenia ?
Daily demonstrations , which began in the Armenian capital Yerevan on February 18 , initially attracted few people , but each day the Nagorno-Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and numbers swelled .	Yerevan	What is the capitol of Armenia ?
On February 20 , a 30,000-strong crowd demonstrated in Theater Square , by February 22 , there were 100,000 , the next day 300,000 , and a transport strike was declared , by February 25 , there were close to 1 million demonstrators -- about a quarter of Armenia 's population .	300,000,	How many people protested on February 23 ?
On February 20 , a 30,000-strong crowd demonstrated in Theater Square , by February 22 , there were 100,000 , the next day 300,000 , and a transport strike was declared , by February 25 , there were close to 1 million demonstrators -- about a quarter of Armenia 's population .	transport	What sort of strike was called ?
On February 20 , a 30,000-strong crowd demonstrated in Theater Square , by February 22 , there were 100,000 , the next day 300,000 , and a transport strike was declared , by February 25 , there were close to 1 million demonstrators -- about a quarter of Armenia 's population .	about a quarter	What percentage of Armenia 's total population protested on February 25 ?
In the autumn of 1988 almost all the 200,000 Azerbaijani minority in Armenia was expelled by Armenian Nationalists , with over 100 killed in the process -- this , after the Sumgait pogrom earlier that year carried out by Azerbaijanis against ethnic Armenians and subsequent expulsion of all Armenians from Azerbaijan .	Nationalists	Who banned the Azerbaijani people from Armenia ?
On July 5 , 1988 , when a contingent of troops was sent in to remove demonstrators by force from Yerevan 's Zvartnots International Airport , shots were fired and one student protester was killed .	one	How many protesters died in the airport violence ?
In the autumn of 1988 almost all the 200,000 Azerbaijani minority in Armenia was expelled by Armenian Nationalists , with over 100 killed in the process -- this , after the Sumgait pogrom earlier that year carried out by Azerbaijanis against ethnic Armenians and subsequent expulsion of all Armenians from Azerbaijan .	Armenians	Who had been previously removed from Azerbaijan ?
On November 25 , 1988 , a military commandant took control of Yerevan as the Soviet government moved to prevent further ethnic violence .	a military commandant	Who took charge of Yerevan in November of 1988 ?
Beginning in February 1988 , the Democratic Movement of Moldova -LRB- formerly Moldavia -RRB- organized public meetings , demonstrations , and song festivals , which gradually grew in size and intensity .	February 1988	When did the Democratic Movement of Moldova start operating ?
In the streets , the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău , and the adjacent park harboring Aleea Clasicilor -LRB- The `` Alee of the Classics -LSB- of the Literature -RSB- '' -RRB- .	Stephen the Great Monument	Which monument was a popular meeting place ?
In the streets , the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău , and the adjacent park harboring Aleea Clasicilor -LRB- The `` Alee of the Classics -LSB- of the Literature -RSB- '' -RRB- .	Chişinău	Where was the Stephen the Great Monument located ?
In the public discourse , the movement called for national awakening , freedom of speech , revival of Moldavian traditions , and for attainment of official status for the Romanian language and return to the Latin alphabet .	Romanian	What did the movement seek to make the official language of Moldova ?
Beginning in February 1988 , the Democratic Movement of Moldova -LRB- formerly Moldavia -RRB- organized public meetings , demonstrations , and song festivals , which gradually grew in size and intensity .	Moldavia	What was Moldova 's previous name ?
On April 26 , 1988 , about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev 's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster , carrying placards with slogans like `` Openness and Democracy to the End . ''	Ukrainian Cultural Club	What group was responsible for the April 25 , 1988 protest ?
On April 26 , 1988 , about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev 's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster , carrying placards with slogans like `` Openness and Democracy to the End . ''	Kiev's Khreschatyk Street	Where did the march happen ?
On April 26 , 1988 , about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev 's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster , carrying placards with slogans like `` Openness and Democracy to the End . ''	Chernobyl nuclear disaster,	What did the marchers wish to commemorate ?
Between May and June 1988 , Ukrainian Catholics in western Ukraine celebrated the Millennium of Christianity in Kievan Rus ' in secret by holding services in the forests of Buniv , Kalush , Hoshiv , and Zarvanytsia .	Ukrainian Catholics	Which group held secret Milleneum of Christianity celebrations ?
On June 5 , 1988 , as the official celebrations of the Millennium were held in Moscow , the Ukrainian Cultural Club hosted its own observances in Kiev at the monument to St. Volodymyr the Great , the grand prince of Kievan Rus ' .	Kiev	In what city did the Ukrainian Cultural Club have its Millennium celebration ?
On June 21 , a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list .	50,000	How many people attended the Lviv rally ?
Authorities attempted to disperse the rally in front of Druzhba Stadium .	in front of Druzhba Stadium	Where was the dispersal attempt made ?
Authorities attempted to disperse the rally in front of Druzhba Stadium .	Authorities	Who tried to stop the rally ?
On July 17 , a group of 10,000 gathered in the village Zarvanytsia for Millennium services celebrated by Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Bishop Pavlo Vasylyk .	Pavlo Vasylyk	Who led the Millennium celebration in Zarvanytsia ?
The militia tried to disperse attendees , but it turned out to be the largest gathering of Ukrainian Catholics since Stalin outlawed the Church in 1946 .	militia	Who wanted to break up the celebration ?
On November 13 , 1988 , approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage organization Spadschyna , the Kyiv University student club Hromada , and the environmental groups Zelenyi Svit -LRB- `` Green World '' -RRB- and Noosfera , to focus on ecological issues .	Green World	What is the English translation of Zelenyi Svit ?
On November 13 , 1988 , approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage organization Spadschyna , the Kyiv University student club Hromada , and the environmental groups Zelenyi Svit -LRB- `` Green World '' -RRB- and Noosfera , to focus on ecological issues .	ecological	What sort of issues were Zenlenyi Svit and Noosfera concerned with ?
On November 13 , 1988 , approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage organization Spadschyna , the Kyiv University student club Hromada , and the environmental groups Zelenyi Svit -LRB- `` Green World '' -RRB- and Noosfera , to focus on ecological issues .	cultural heritage	What sort of organization is Spadschnyna ?
On December 10 , hundreds gathered in Kiev to observe International Human Rights Day at a rally organized by the Democratic Union .	International Human Rights Day	What did people gather to observe on December 10th ?
The Partyja BPF -LRB- Belarusian Popular Front -RRB- was established in 1988 as a political party and cultural movement for democracy and independence , à la the Baltic republics ' popular fronts .	1988	When did The Partyja BDF start ?
The discovery of mass graves in Kurapaty outside Minsk by historian Zianon Pazniak , the Belarusian Popular Front 's first leader , gave additional momentum to the pro-democracy and pro-independence movement in Belarus .	Zianon Pazniak	Who found mass graves ?
The discovery of mass graves in Kurapaty outside Minsk by historian Zianon Pazniak , the Belarusian Popular Front 's first leader , gave additional momentum to the pro-democracy and pro-independence movement in Belarus .	historian	What is Pazniak 's occupation ?
The discovery of mass graves in Kurapaty outside Minsk by historian Zianon Pazniak , the Belarusian Popular Front 's first leader , gave additional momentum to the pro-democracy and pro-independence movement in Belarus .	Kurapaty	Where were the graves found ?
Initially the Front had significant visibility because its numerous public actions almost always ended in clashes with the police and the KGB .	KGB	In addition to the police who did the BDF often have conflicts with ?
Spring 1989 saw the people of the Soviet Union exercising a democratic choice , albeit limited , for the first time since 1917 , when they elected the new Congress of People 's Deputies .	new Congress of People's Deputies	What was elected in 1989 ?
Just as important was the uncensored live TV coverage of the legislature 's deliberations , where people witnessed the previously feared Communist leadership being questioned and held accountable .	Communist leadership	Who was questioned on live TV ?
This example fueled a limited experiment with democracy in Poland , which quickly led to the toppling of the Communist government in Warsaw that summer -- which in turn sparked uprisings that overthrew communism in the other five Warsaw Pact countries before the end of 1989 , the year the Berlin Wall fell .	Warsaw	Where was the Communist government overthrown first ?
This example fueled a limited experiment with democracy in Poland , which quickly led to the toppling of the Communist government in Warsaw that summer -- which in turn sparked uprisings that overthrew communism in the other five Warsaw Pact countries before the end of 1989 , the year the Berlin Wall fell .	1989	When did the Berlin Wall get torn down ?
These events showed that the people of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union did not support Gorbachev 's drive to modernize Communism ; rather , they preferred to abandon it altogether .	abandon it	What did Eastern European people want to do with communism ?
In the March 26 general elections , voter participation was an impressive 89.8 % , and 1,958 -LRB- including 1,225 district seats -RRB- of the 2,250 CPD seats were filled .	89.8%	What percentage of people voted on March 26 ?
In district races , run-off elections were held in 76 constituencies on April 2 and 9 and fresh elections were organized on April 20 and 14 to May 23 , in the 199 remaining constituencies where the required absolute majority was not attained .	76	How many constituencies had run-off elections ?
While most CPSU-endorsed candidates were elected , more than 300 lost to independent candidates such as Yeltsin , physicist Andrei Sakharov and lawyer Anatoly Sobchak .	more than 300	How many CPSU endorsement having candidates lost to independents ?
In the first session of the new Congress of People 's Deputies , from May 25 to June 9 , hardliners retained control but reformers used the legislature as a platform for debate and criticism -- which was broadcast live and uncensored .	reformers	Who used the legislative session to debate and criticize ?
This transfixed the population ; nothing like this freewheeling debate had ever been witnessed in the U.S.S.R. On May 29 , Yeltsin managed to secure a seat on the Supreme Soviet , and in the summer he formed the first opposition , the Inter-Regional Deputies Group , composed of Russian nationalists and liberals .	Russian nationalists and liberals.	Who made up the Inter-Regional Deputies Group ?
This transfixed the population ; nothing like this freewheeling debate had ever been witnessed in the U.S.S.R. On May 29 , Yeltsin managed to secure a seat on the Supreme Soviet , and in the summer he formed the first opposition , the Inter-Regional Deputies Group , composed of Russian nationalists and liberals .	May 29	When did Yeltsin acquire a seat on the Supreme Soviet ?
On October 25 , 1989 , the Supreme Soviet voted to eliminate special seats for the Communist Party and other official organizations in national and local elections , responding to sharp popular criticism that such reserved slots were undemocratic .	special seats	What did the Communist Party lose on October 25 , 1989 with regards to elections ?
On October 25 , 1989 , the Supreme Soviet voted to eliminate special seats for the Communist Party and other official organizations in national and local elections , responding to sharp popular criticism that such reserved slots were undemocratic .	the Supreme Soviet	Who voted to get rid of the special seats ?
The decision required a constitutional amendment , ratified by the full congress , which met December 12 -- 25 .	December 12–25	When did congress meet to ratify the amendment to remove special election seats ?
Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force -- in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968 .	1968	What year did the Prague Spring take place ?
Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force -- in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968 .	suppressed by military force	What happened to Prague and Hungary 's attempts at independence ?
Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine , which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states , in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies -- jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song `` My Way '' .	Brezhnev Doctrine	Under what doctrine was the Soviet Union required to intervene in the Warsaw Pact states ?
Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine , which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states , in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies -- jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song `` My Way '' .	oppressive	Other than being expensive what was wrong with the Brezhnev Doctrine ?
Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine , which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states , in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies -- jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song `` My Way '' .	Sinatra Doctrine	What is the nickname for Gorbachev 's new doctrine ?
An estimated 2 million people joined hands to form a human chain extending 600 kilometres -LRB- 370 mi -RRB- across Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , which had been forcibly reincorporated into the Soviet Union in 1944 .	estimated 2 million	How many people were involved in the Baltic Chain ?
An estimated 2 million people joined hands to form a human chain extending 600 kilometres -LRB- 370 mi -RRB- across Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , which had been forcibly reincorporated into the Soviet Union in 1944 .	600 kilometres	How long was the chain ?
An estimated 2 million people joined hands to form a human chain extending 600 kilometres -LRB- 370 mi -RRB- across Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , which had been forcibly reincorporated into the Soviet Union in 1944 .	Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania	What states did the chain extend over ?
The colossal demonstration marked the 50th anniversary of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact that divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence and led to the occupation of the Baltic states in 1940 .	50th anniversary of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact	What anniversary did the chain take place on ?
The colossal demonstration marked the 50th anniversary of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact that divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence and led to the occupation of the Baltic states in 1940 .	Eastern	What part of Europe was split up by the pact ?
On December 7 , 1989 , the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas , split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional `` leading role '' in politics .	Algirdas Brazauskas	Who was in charge of Lithuania 's Communist Party in 1989
On December 7 , 1989 , the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas , split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional `` leading role '' in politics .	Communist Party of the Soviet Union	What party did Lithuania 's Communist Party break apart from ?
A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party , headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevičius , was established and remained affiliated with the CPSU .	Mykolas Burokevičius,	Who was in charge of the loyalist faction ?
However , Lithuania 's governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow 's control -- a first for Soviet Republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control .	Moscow's	What place 's control was the Communist Party of Lithuania out from under after the split ?
However , Lithuania 's governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow 's control -- a first for Soviet Republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control .	Gorbachev	Who visited with the hope of bringing back the Communist Party of Lithuania to the Soviet Party ?
On July 16 , 1989 , the Popular Front of Azerbaijan held its first congress and elected Abulfaz Elchibey , who would become President , as its Chairman .	July 16, 1989	When was Abulfaz Elchibey elected to Chairman of the Popular Front ?
On August 19 , 600,000 protesters jammed Baku 's Lenin Square -LRB- now Azadliq Square -RRB- to demand the release of political prisoners .	600,000	How many protesters filled Lenin Square on August 19th ?
On August 19 , 600,000 protesters jammed Baku 's Lenin Square -LRB- now Azadliq Square -RRB- to demand the release of political prisoners .	release of political prisoners	What did the protesters want ?
In a new and effective tactic , the Popular Front launched a rail blockade of Armenia , which caused petrol and food shortages because 85 percent of Armenia 's freight came from Azerbaijan .	blockade	What did the Popular Front do to Armenian railways ?
In a new and effective tactic , the Popular Front launched a rail blockade of Armenia , which caused petrol and food shortages because 85 percent of Armenia 's freight came from Azerbaijan .	petrol and food	What shortages were caused by the blockade ?
In a new and effective tactic , the Popular Front launched a rail blockade of Armenia , which caused petrol and food shortages because 85 percent of Armenia 's freight came from Azerbaijan .	85 percent	How much freight into Armenia originated in Azerbaijan ?
On September 25 , they passed a sovereignty law that gave precedence to Azerbaijani law , and on October 4 , the Popular Front was permitted to register as a legal organization as long as it lifted the blockade .	September 25	When was the sovereignty law passed ?
Tensions continued to escalate and on December 29 , Popular Front activists seized local party offices in Jalilabad , wounding dozens .	local party offices	What in Jalilibad was taken over by the Popular Front ?
On April 7 , 1989 , Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and for Abkhazia to be fully integrated into Georgia .	Soviet Union	What did the protesters want Georgia to leave ?
On April 7 , 1989 , Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and for Abkhazia to be fully integrated into Georgia .	Abkhazia	What did the protesters hope to see become a part of Georgia ?
On April 9 , 1989 , troops attacked the demonstrators ; some 20 people were killed and more than 200 wounded .	troops	Who attacked the protest ?
On April 9 , 1989 , troops attacked the demonstrators ; some 20 people were killed and more than 200 wounded .	20	How many people died in the April 9 attack ?
This event radicalized Georgian politics , prompting many to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule .	radicalized	What happened to Georgian politics as a result of the attack ?
In Ukraine , Lviv and Kiev celebrated Ukrainian Independence Day on January 22 , 1989 .	Ukrainian Independence Day	What is commemorated on January 22 in Ukraine ?
Thousands gathered in Lviv for an unauthorized moleben -LRB- religious service -RRB- in front of St. George 's Cathedral .	religious service	What is a moleben ?
Thousands gathered in Lviv for an unauthorized moleben -LRB- religious service -RRB- in front of St. George 's Cathedral .	in front of St. George's Cathedral.	Where was the moleben held ?
In late February , large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws , on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People 's Deputies , and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine , Volodymyr Scherbytsky , lampooned as `` the mastodon of stagnation . ''	election laws	What were people protesting in Kiev during the last part of February ?
In late February , large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws , on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People 's Deputies , and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine , Volodymyr Scherbytsky , lampooned as `` the mastodon of stagnation . ''	Volodymyr Scherbytsky	Who did the protesters want to resign ?
In late February , large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws , on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People 's Deputies , and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine , Volodymyr Scherbytsky , lampooned as `` the mastodon of stagnation . ''	the mastodon of stagnation	What was Scherbytsky 's nickname ?
The demonstrations coincided with a visit to Ukraine by Soviet President Gorbachev .	Gorbachev	Who visited the Ukraine while the protests were taking place ?
On February 26 , 1989 , between 20,000 and 30,000 people participated in an unsanctioned ecumenical memorial service in Lviv , marking the anniversary of the death of 19th Century Ukrainian artist and nationalist Taras Shevchenko .	between 20,000 and 30,000	How many people attended the service in Lviv ?
On March 4 , 1989 , the Memorial Society , committed to honoring the victims of Stalinism and cleansing society of Soviet practices , was founded in Kiev .	Stalinism	What ideology 's victims were being honored by the Memorial Society ?
On March 12 , A pre-election meeting organized in Lviv by the Ukrainian Helsinki Union and the Marian Society Myloserdia -LRB- Compassion -RRB- was violently dispersed , and nearly 300 people were detained .	nearly 300	How many people from the pre-election meeting in Lviv were detained ?
Among the 225 Ukrainian deputies , most were conservatives , though a handful of progressives made the cut .	conservatives	Members of what ideology were more heavily elected to the union Congress of People 's Deputies ?
Among the 225 Ukrainian deputies , most were conservatives , though a handful of progressives made the cut .	225	How many deputies were elected ?
From April 20 -- 23 , 1989 , pre-election meetings were held in Lviv for four consecutive days , drawing crowds of up to 25,000 .	25,000	How many people attended the Lviv pre-election meetings ?
The action included an one-hour warning strike at eight local factories and institutions .	one-hour	How long did the warning strike last ?
The action included an one-hour warning strike at eight local factories and institutions .	eight local factories and institutions	Where did the strike take place ?
It was the first labor strike in Lviv since 1944 .	1944	Prior to the warning strike when was the last labor strike in Lviv ?
On May 7 , The Memorial Society organized a mass meeting at Bykivnia , site of a mass grave of Ukrainian and Polish victims of Stalinist terror .	mass grave	At what sight was the Bykivnia meeting held ?
From mid-May to September 1989 , Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hunger strikers staged protests on Moscow 's Arbat to call attention to the plight of their Church .	plight of their Church.	What were the hunger strikers hoping to draw attention to ?
On May 27 , 1989 , the founding conference of the Lviv regional Memorial Society was held .	May 27, 1989	When did the Lviv regional Memorial Society have its first conference ?
On June 18 , 1989 , an estimated 100,000 faithful participated in public religious services in Ivano-Frankivsk in western Ukraine , responding to Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky 's call for an international day of prayer .	an estimated 100,000	How many people attended the services in western Ukraine ?
On September 2 , 1989 , tens of thousands across Ukraine protested a draft election law that reserved special seats for the Communist Party and for other official organizations : 50,000 in Lviv , 40,000 in Kiev , 10,000 in Zhytomyr , 5,000 each in Dniprodzerzhynsk and Chervonohrad , and 2,000 in Kharkiv .	draft election law	What were the protesters on September 2 demonstrating against ?
On September 2 , 1989 , tens of thousands across Ukraine protested a draft election law that reserved special seats for the Communist Party and for other official organizations : 50,000 in Lviv , 40,000 in Kiev , 10,000 in Zhytomyr , 5,000 each in Dniprodzerzhynsk and Chervonohrad , and 2,000 in Kharkiv .	50,000	How many protesters were there in Lviv ?
From September 8 -- 10 , 1989 , writer Ivan Drach was elected to head Rukh , the People 's Movement of Ukraine , at its founding congress in Kiev .	Ivan Drach	Who was put in charge of the People 's Movement of Ukraine ?
From September 8 -- 10 , 1989 , writer Ivan Drach was elected to head Rukh , the People 's Movement of Ukraine , at its founding congress in Kiev .	Kiev	Where did the People 's Movement hold its founding congress ?
On October 1 , 1989 , a peaceful demonstration of 10,000 to 15,000 people was violently dispersed by the militia in front of Lviv 's Druzhba Stadium , where a concert celebrating the Soviet `` reunification '' of Ukrainian lands was being held .	10,000 to 15,000	How many people demonstrated on October 1 ?
On October 1 , 1989 , a peaceful demonstration of 10,000 to 15,000 people was violently dispersed by the militia in front of Lviv 's Druzhba Stadium , where a concert celebrating the Soviet `` reunification '' of Ukrainian lands was being held .	militia	Who attacked the protest ?
On October 1 , 1989 , a peaceful demonstration of 10,000 to 15,000 people was violently dispersed by the militia in front of Lviv 's Druzhba Stadium , where a concert celebrating the Soviet `` reunification '' of Ukrainian lands was being held .	in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium	Where did the attack occur ?
On October 1 , 1989 , a peaceful demonstration of 10,000 to 15,000 people was violently dispersed by the militia in front of Lviv 's Druzhba Stadium , where a concert celebrating the Soviet `` reunification '' of Ukrainian lands was being held .	concert	What was happening in the stadium at the time ?
On October 20 , faithful and clergy of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church participated in a synod in Lviv , the first since its forced liquidation in the 1930s .	1930s	Prior to the October 20 synod , when was the last one held in Lviv ?
On October 26 , twenty factories in Lviv held strikes and meetings to protest the police brutality of October 1 and the authorities ' unwillingness to prosecute those responsible .	Lviv	Where were the strikes ?
On October 26 , twenty factories in Lviv held strikes and meetings to protest the police brutality of October 1 and the authorities ' unwillingness to prosecute those responsible .	police brutality	What were the strikes in protest against ?
On October 26 , twenty factories in Lviv held strikes and meetings to protest the police brutality of October 1 and the authorities ' unwillingness to prosecute those responsible .	twenty	How many factories had strikes on October 26 ?
On October 28 , 1989 , the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet decreed that effective January 1 , 1990 , Ukrainian would be the official language of Ukraine , while Russian would be used for communication between ethnic groups .	Ukrainian	What was made Ukraine 's official language in 1990 ?
On October 28 , 1989 , the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet decreed that effective January 1 , 1990 , Ukrainian would be the official language of Ukraine , while Russian would be used for communication between ethnic groups .	Ukrainian Supreme Soviet	Who decided Ukraine 's official language ?
On October 28 , 1989 , the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet decreed that effective January 1 , 1990 , Ukrainian would be the official language of Ukraine , while Russian would be used for communication between ethnic groups .	communication between ethnic groups	For what reason would the Russian be spoken ?
The following day , thousands attended a memorial service at Demianiv Laz , and a temporary marker was placed to indicate that a monument to the `` victims of the repressions of 1939 -- 1941 '' soon would be erected .	Demianiv Laz	Where was the January 2 memorial service ?
In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered .	mid-November	When was The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society made official ?
On November 19 , 1989 , a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners , friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains : human-rights activists Vasyl Stus , Oleksiy Tykhy , and Yuriy Lytvyn .	Gulag Camp No. 36	The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where ?
On November 19 , 1989 , a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners , friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains : human-rights activists Vasyl Stus , Oleksiy Tykhy , and Yuriy Lytvyn .	Perm in the Ural Mountains	Where was Gulag Camp No. 36 located ?
Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery .	Baikove Cemetery.	Where were the activists reburied ?
On November 26 , 1989 , a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky , thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev .	Pope John Paul II	Who met with Gorbachev on November 22 ?
On September 30 , 1989 , thousands of Belorussians , denouncing local leaders , marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine .	Chernobyl disaster site	What did the Belorussians wish to be cleaned up ?
On September 30 , 1989 , thousands of Belorussians , denouncing local leaders , marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine .	Ukraine	Where did the Chernobyl Disaster occur ?
On September 30 , 1989 , thousands of Belorussians , denouncing local leaders , marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine .	1986	When did the Chernobyl disaster happen ?
Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red-and-white Belorussian national flag filed through torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local authorities .	radioactivity symbols	What symbol did the protesters wear on their arms ?
Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red-and-white Belorussian national flag filed through torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local authorities .	torrential rain	How was the weather during the protest ?
Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley , southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent , to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4 -- 11 , 1989 ; about 100 people were killed .	Soviet troops	Who went to the Fergana Valley to restore order ?
Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley , southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent , to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4 -- 11 , 1989 ; about 100 people were killed .	southeast of the Uzbek capital	Where is the Fergana Valley located ?
Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley , southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent , to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4 -- 11 , 1989 ; about 100 people were killed .	members of the Meskhetian minority	Who were targeted by the local Uzbeks ?
On June 23 , 1989 , Gorbachev removed Rafiq Nishonov as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR and replaced him with Karimov , who went on to lead Uzbekistan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state .	Rafiq Nishonov	Who was fired from First Secretary position by Gorbachev ?
On June 23 , 1989 , Gorbachev removed Rafiq Nishonov as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR and replaced him with Karimov , who went on to lead Uzbekistan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state .	Karimov	Who replaced Nishonov ?
In Kazakhstan on June 19 , 1989 , young men carrying guns , firebombs , iron bars and stones rioted in Zhanaozen , causing a number of deaths .	Zhanaozen	Where was the fatal June 19th riots ?
In Kazakhstan on June 19 , 1989 , young men carrying guns , firebombs , iron bars and stones rioted in Zhanaozen , causing a number of deaths .	young men	Who were the rioters ?
The youths tried to seize a police station and a water-supply station .	police station and a water-supply station	What did the rioters try to take over ?
By June 25 , the rioting had spread to five other towns near the Caspian Sea .	five	How many towns had riots of their own following the initial riots ?
A mob of about 150 people armed with sticks , stones and metal rods attacked the police station in Mangishlak , about 90 miles from Zhanaozen , before they were dispersed by government troops flown in by helicopters .	police station	What was attacked in Mangishlak ?
Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988 .	Armenians and Azerbaijanis	Which two groups saw increasing ethnic conflicts in 1988 ?
On January 9 , 1990 , after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno-Karabakh within its budget , renewed fighting broke out , hostages were taken , and four Soviet soldiers were killed .	four Soviet soldiers	Who was killed in the January 9 riots ?
On that night and during subsequent confrontations -LRB- which lasted until February -RRB- , more than 130 people died -- the majority of whom were civilians .	more than 130	How many people died in the Soviet response to the clashes ?
Gorbachev resolved to regain control of Azerbaijan ; the events that ensued are known as `` Black January . ''	Black January	What were the January incidents called ?
Late on January 19 , 1990 , after blowing up the central television station and cutting the phone and radio lines , 26,000 Soviet troops entered the Azerbaijani capital Baku , smashing barricades , attacking protesters , and firing into crowds .	26,000	How many Soviet troops occupied Baku ?
Following the hardliners ' takeover , the September 30 , 1990 elections -LRB- runoffs on October 14 -RRB- were characterized by intimidation ; several Popular Front candidates were jailed , two were murdered , and unabashed ballot stuffing took place even in the presence of Western observers .	Popular Front	What party 's candidates were murdered in the September 30 elections ?
The election results reflected the threatening environment ; out of the 350 members , 280 were Communists , with only 45 opposition candidates from the Popular Front and other non-communist groups , who together formed a Democratic Bloc -LRB- `` Dembloc '' -RRB- .	45	How many members were from opposition parties ?
The election results reflected the threatening environment ; out of the 350 members , 280 were Communists , with only 45 opposition candidates from the Popular Front and other non-communist groups , who together formed a Democratic Bloc -LRB- `` Dembloc '' -RRB- .	350	How many total members were there ?
In May 1990 Mutalibov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet unopposed .	Mutalibov	Who was elected to be Chairman in May ?
On January 21 , 1990 , Rukh organized a 300-mile -LRB- 480 km -RRB- human chain between Kiev , Lviv , and Ivano-Frankivsk .	Rukh	Who organized this chain ?
Hundreds of thousands joined hands to commemorate the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1918 and the reunification of Ukrainian lands one year later -LRB- 1919 Unification Act -RRB- .	Ukrainian	What country 's independence were the chain members celebrating ?
On January 23 , 1990 , the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church held its first synod since its liquidation by the Soviets in 1946 -LRB- an act which the gathering declared invalid -RRB- .	1946	When had the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church been broken up by the Soviets ?
At the 1990 elections of people 's deputies to the Supreme Council -LRB- Verkhovna Rada -RRB- , candidates from the Democratic Bloc won landslide victories in western Ukrainian oblasts .	the Democratic Bloc	In 1990 which party had most of the election victories ?
On April 6 , 1990 , the Lviv City Council voted to return St. George Cathedral to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church .	Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church	Who was voted to get their cathedral back in 1990 ?
On April 29 -- 30 , 1990 , the Ukrainian Helsinki Union disbanded to form the Ukrainian Republican Party .	Ukrainian Republican Party	What party was formed from the dissolved Ukrainian Helsinki Union ?
On May 15 the new parliament convened .	May 15	What was the first day that the new parliament met ?
On June 5 -- 6 , 1990 , Metropolitan Mstyslav of the U.S.-based Ukrainian Orthodox Church was elected patriarch of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church -LRB- UAOC -RRB- during that Church 's first synod .	Metropolitan Mstyslav	Who became the new patriarch of the UAOC in 1990 ?
The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later , on July 18 .	a week	How long did it take Parliament to accept Ivashko 's resignation ?
On June 22 , 1990 , Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament .	Volodymyr Ivashko	Who was elected to be the new deputy general secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union in July ?
On July 16 Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine - with a vote of 355 in favour and four against .	four	How many Parliament members voted against the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine ?
On July 23 , 1990 , Leonid Kravchuk was elected to replace Ivashko as parliament chairman .	Leonid Kravchuk	Who would succeed Ivashko as the chairman of Parliament ?
On August 1 , Parliament voted overwhelmingly to shut down the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant .	Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant	What did Parliament vote to shut down in August ?
On August 19 , the first Ukrainian Catholic liturgy in 44 years was celebrated at St. George Cathedral .	St. George Cathedral.	Where was the August 9 liturgy held ?
On September 8 , The first `` Youth for Christ '' rally since 1933 took place held in Lviv , with 40,000 participants .	1933	Prior to the September 8th rally when was the last Youth for Christ rally held ?
On September 8 , The first `` Youth for Christ '' rally since 1933 took place held in Lviv , with 40,000 participants .	40,000	How many people attended the Youth for Christ rally ?
On October 28 UAOC faithful , supported by Ukrainian Catholics , demonstrated near St. Sophia 's Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine .	near St. Sophia’s Cathedral	Where was the UAOC protest held ?
On October 28 UAOC faithful , supported by Ukrainian Catholics , demonstrated near St. Sophia 's Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine .	Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret	Who were in the cathedral at the time of the protest ?
On October 28 UAOC faithful , supported by Ukrainian Catholics , demonstrated near St. Sophia 's Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine .	liturgy	What had Aleksei and Filaret been up to at the time of the protest ?
On January 13 , 1991 , Soviet troops , along with the KGB Spetsnaz Alpha Group , stormed the Vilnius TV Tower in Lithuania to suppress the independence movement .	Vilnius TV Tower	What was attacked by Soviet troops on January 13 ?
On January 13 , 1991 , Soviet troops , along with the KGB Spetsnaz Alpha Group , stormed the Vilnius TV Tower in Lithuania to suppress the independence movement .	Lithuania	Where was the TV Tower located ?
On January 13 , 1991 , Soviet troops , along with the KGB Spetsnaz Alpha Group , stormed the Vilnius TV Tower in Lithuania to suppress the independence movement .	independence movement	What were the Soviets hoping to stop ?
Fourteen unarmed civilians were killed and hundreds more injured .	Fourteen	How many civilians died in the attack ?
On the night of July 31 , 1991 , Russian OMON from Riga , the Soviet military headquarters in the Baltics , assaulted the Lithuanian border post in Medininkai and killed seven Lithuanian servicemen .	Lithuanian border post in Medininkai	What was attacked by Russians on July 31 ?
Faced with growing separatism , Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state .	Soviet Union	What was Gorbachev attempting to decentralize ?
On August 20 , 1991 , the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president , foreign policy and military .	New Union Treaty	What was supposed to be signed on August 20 ?
It was strongly supported by the Central Asian republics , which needed the economic advantages of a common market to prosper .	Central Asian republics,	Who supported the treaty ?
However , it would have meant some degree of continued Communist Party control over economic and social life .	Communist Party	What would have maintained power if the treaty was signed ?
More radical reformists were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required , even if the eventual outcome meant the disintegration of the Soviet Union into several independent states .	market economy	What did radicals want to change the economy to ?
More radical reformists were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required , even if the eventual outcome meant the disintegration of the Soviet Union into several independent states .	disintegration	What were they prepared to have happen to the Soviet Union in order to get a market economy ?
Independence also accorded with Yeltsin 's desires as president of the Russian Federation , as well as those of regional and local authorities to get rid of Moscow 's pervasive control .	the Russian Federation,	What was Yeltsin president of ?
Independence also accorded with Yeltsin 's desires as president of the Russian Federation , as well as those of regional and local authorities to get rid of Moscow 's pervasive control .	Moscow’s	Whose control were regional authorities hoping to do away with ?
Thousands of Muscovites came out to defend the White House -LRB- the Russian Federation 's parliament and Yeltsin 's office -RRB- , the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty at the time .	Muscovites	Who arrived to protect the White House ?
The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin , who rallied opposition to the coup with speech-making atop a tank .	Yeltsin	Who did the organizers want to arrest ?
The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin , who rallied opposition to the coup with speech-making atop a tank .	atop a tank	Where was Yeltsin during the coup ?
The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin , who rallied opposition to the coup with speech-making atop a tank .	speech-making	What was Yeltsin doing on the tank ?
The coup leaders also neglected to jam foreign news broadcasts , so many Muscovites watched it unfold live on CNN .	CNN	What TV channel carried the broadcast of the coup ?
On December 8 , the leaders of Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha , in western Belarus , and signed the Belavezha Accords , which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States -LRB- CIS -RRB- as a looser association to take its place .	Belarus	Where was the secret meeting of the leaders ?
On December 8 , the leaders of Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha , in western Belarus , and signed the Belavezha Accords , which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States -LRB- CIS -RRB- as a looser association to take its place .	Belavezha Accords	What was signed at the secret meeting in Balarus ?
On December 8 , the leaders of Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha , in western Belarus , and signed the Belavezha Accords , which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States -LRB- CIS -RRB- as a looser association to take its place .	December 8	When was the meeting held ?
On December 8 , the leaders of Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha , in western Belarus , and signed the Belavezha Accords , which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States -LRB- CIS -RRB- as a looser association to take its place .	the Commonwealth of Independent States	What was formed to replace the Soviet Union ?
However , by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that , as the preamble of the Accords put it , `` the USSR , as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality , is ceasing its existence . ''	the USSR	What was coming to an end ?
On December 12 , the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR formally ratified the Belavezha Accords and renounced the 1922 Union Treaty .	December 12	When were the Belavezha Accords ratified ?
On December 12 , the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR formally ratified the Belavezha Accords and renounced the 1922 Union Treaty .	the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR	Who ratified the Accords ?
The Russian deputies were also recalled from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR .	Russian deputies	Who was recalled ?
Later that day , Gorbachev hinted for the first time that he was considering stepping down .	Gorbachev	Who showed signs that he was considering resigning his position ?
However , on December 21 , 1991 , representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics -- all except Georgia -- signed the Alma-Ata Protocol , which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS .	Georgia	Which republic did not sign the Alma-Ata Protocol ?
However , on December 21 , 1991 , representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics -- all except Georgia -- signed the Alma-Ata Protocol , which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS .	11	How many of the former republics had representatives sign the Protocol ?
While Gorbachev had n't made any formal plans to leave the scene yet , he did tell CBS News that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was indeed a reality .	CIS	What did the Protocol establish ?
However , on December 21 , 1991 , representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics -- all except Georgia -- signed the Alma-Ata Protocol , which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS .	Union	What was dissolved by the Protocol ?
While Gorbachev had n't made any formal plans to leave the scene yet , he did tell CBS News that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was indeed a reality .	CBS	Which news organization did Gorbachev talk to about his resignation plans ?
In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25 , 1991 , Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR -- or , as he put it , `` I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . ''	December 25, 1991	When did Gorbachev resign ?
He declared the office extinct , and all of its powers -LRB- such as control of the nuclear arsenal -RRB- were ceded to Yeltsin .	Yeltsin	Who was given control after Gorbachev left ?
On the same day , the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia 's legal name from `` Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic '' to `` Russian Federation , '' showing that it was now a sovereign state .	Russian Federation	What was Russia 's new legal name ?
On the same day , the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia 's legal name from `` Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic '' to `` Russian Federation , '' showing that it was now a sovereign state .	Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic	What was the Russian Federations previous legal name ?
On the night of December 25 , 1991 , at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time , after Gorbachev left the Kremlin , the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time , and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place , symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union .	Soviet flag	What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin ?
On the night of December 25 , 1991 , at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time , after Gorbachev left the Kremlin , the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time , and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place , symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union .	Russian tricolor	What replaced the Soviet flag ?
On the night of December 25 , 1991 , at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time , after Gorbachev left the Kremlin , the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time , and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place , symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union .	December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time	When did Gorbachev make his final Kremlin exit ?
The next day , December 26 , 1991 , the Council of Republics , the upper chamber of the Union 's Supreme Soviet , issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law , and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence -LRB- the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet , the Council of the Union , had been unable to work since December 12 , 1991 , when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum -RRB- .	the Soviet Union	What was declared as having ceased to exist ?
The next day , December 26 , 1991 , the Council of Republics , the upper chamber of the Union 's Supreme Soviet , issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law , and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence -LRB- the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet , the Council of the Union , had been unable to work since December 12 , 1991 , when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum -RRB- .	upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet,	What body also stopped existing following a vote by itself to end itself ?
Notably , Russia was authorized to assume the Soviet Union 's UN membership , including its permanent seat on the Security Council .	Russia	Which country took over the Soviet Union 's UN membership ?
The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the UN Secretary-General dated December 24 , 1991 , informing him that by virtue of the Alma-Ata Protocol , Russia was the successor state to the USSR .	Alma-Ata Protocol	What made Russia the successor state to the USSR ?
The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the UN Secretary-General dated December 24 , 1991 , informing him that by virtue of the Alma-Ata Protocol , Russia was the successor state to the USSR .	Yeltsin	Who wrote the letter to the UN secretary general informing them that Russia would be replacing the USSR ?
The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the UN Secretary-General dated December 24 , 1991 , informing him that by virtue of the Alma-Ata Protocol , Russia was the successor state to the USSR .	December 24, 1991	What was the date on the Yeltsin letter ?
After being circulated among the other UN member states , with no objection raised , the statement was declared accepted on the last day of the year , December 31 , 1991 .	December 31, 1991	When did the UN accept the statement ?
On November 18 , 1990 , the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church enthroned Mstyslav as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine during ceremonies at Saint Sophia 's Cathedral .	Mstyslav	Who was set up as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine on the 18th of November ?
On November 18 , 1990 , the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church enthroned Mstyslav as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine during ceremonies at Saint Sophia 's Cathedral .	Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church	Who gave Mstyslav this title ?
Also on November 18 , Canada announced that its consul-general to Kiev would be Ukrainian-Canadian Nestor Gayowsky .	Nestor Gayowsky	Who was the Canadian consul-general to Kiev ?
On November 19 , the United States announced that its consul to Kiev would be Ukrainian-American John Stepanchuk .	United States	What country made John Stepanchuk its consul-general to Kiev ?
On November 19 , the chairmen of the Ukrainian and Russian parliaments , respectively , Kravchuk and Yeltsin , signed a 10-year bilateral pact .	10-year	How long lasting was the pact between Kravchuk and Yeltsin ?
According to the canonical gospels , Jesus , whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah -LRB- Christ -RRB- , was arrested , tried , and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged , and finally crucified by the Romans .	Pontius Pilate	Who was the person that tried Jesus ?
He was then hung for six hours -LRB- according to Mark 's Gospel -RRB- between two convicted thieves .	six hours	How long was Jesus hung for ?
During this time , the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating `` Jesus of Nazareth , King of the Jews '' in three languages .	Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews	What did the sign say on top of Jesus ' cross ?
After Jesus ' death they pierced his side with a spear to be certain that he had died .	they pierced his side with a spear	What was done to make sure Jesus was dead ?
The Bible records seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross , as well as several supernatural events that occurred .	seven statements	How many statements did Jesus make on the cross ?
The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus .	baptism of Jesus	What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus ?
John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be .	the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be	Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened ?
Christopher M. Tuckett states that , although the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine , one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified .	the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine	Is the exact reason known that Jesus got Crucified for ?
Eddy and Boyd state that it is now `` firmly established '' that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus .	Eddy	Who said the Crucifixion of Jesus is firmly established .
James Dunn states that these `` two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent '' and `` rank so high on the ` almost impossible to doubt or deny ' scale of historical facts '' that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus .	James Dunn	Who said the Baptism of Jesus was Univeral Assent ?
Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary , the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels .	almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary	Are all sources of the crucification literary ?
Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary , the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels .	the 1968 archeological discovery	What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen ?
The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD , around the time of the Jewish revolt against Rome .	ben Hagkol	Who was the crucified man discovered in an archaeological find ?
The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD , around the time of the Jewish revolt against Rome .	about 70 AD	When was Ben Hagkol crucified ?
Another relevant archaeological find , which also dates to the 1st century AD , is an unidentified heel bone with a spike discovered in a Jerusalem gravesite , now held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and displayed in the Israel Museum .	Israel Museum	What institution holds a heel bone with a spike inserted ?
The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels .	four canonical gospels	What holds the records of the death of Jesus ?
There are other , more implicit references in the New Testament epistles .	New Testament epistles	What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus ?
In the synoptic gospels , Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes .	three	How many times did Jesus predict his own death ?
All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus ' arrest , trial , crucifixion , burial , and accounts of resurrection .	Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection	What part of Jesus ' life is detailed in these gospels ?
Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening. :p .91	hour-by-hour account	How detailed is the description of Jesus ' death ?
Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account : Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles , and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin -LRB- a Jewish judicial body -RRB- , Pontius Pilate -LRB- a Roman authority in Judaea -RRB- , and Herod Antipas -LRB- king of Judea , appointed by Rome -RRB- , before being handed over for crucifixion by the chief priests of the Jews .	Gethsemane	Where was Jesus arrested ?
Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account : Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles , and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin -LRB- a Jewish judicial body -RRB- , Pontius Pilate -LRB- a Roman authority in Judaea -RRB- , and Herod Antipas -LRB- king of Judea , appointed by Rome -RRB- , before being handed over for crucifixion by the chief priests of the Jews .	the Last Supper	What did Jesus do before he was arrested ?
Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account : Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles , and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin -LRB- a Jewish judicial body -RRB- , Pontius Pilate -LRB- a Roman authority in Judaea -RRB- , and Herod Antipas -LRB- king of Judea , appointed by Rome -RRB- , before being handed over for crucifixion by the chief priests of the Jews .	Twelve Apostles	How many Apostles were there at the Last Supper ?
After being flogged , Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the `` King of the Jews '' , clothed in a purple robe , crowned with thorns , beaten and spat on .	flogged	How was Jesus tortured before he was crucified ?
After being flogged , Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the `` King of the Jews '' , clothed in a purple robe , crowned with thorns , beaten and spat on .	crowned with thorns	What was placed on Jesus ' head ?
Once at Golgotha , Jesus was offered wine mixed with gall to drink .	wine mixed with gall	What was Jesus offered to drink after his arrest ?
He was then crucified and hung between two convicted thieves .	hung between two convicted thieves	Where was Jesus Crucified ?
According to Mark 's Gospel , he endured the torment of crucifixion for some six hours from the third hour , at approximately 9 am , until his death at the ninth hour , corresponding to about 3 pm .	six hours	How many hours did Jesus endure Crucifixion ?
Each gospel has its own account of Jesus ' last words , seven statements altogether .	seven statements altogether	How many accounts are there of Jesus ' last words ?
Following Jesus ' death , his body was removed from the cross by Joseph of Arimathea and buried in a rock-hewn tomb , with Nicodemus assisting .	Joseph of Arimathea	Who removed Jesus from the cross ?
For instance , only Matthew 's gospel mentions an earthquake , resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb , while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion -LRB- the third hour , or 9 am -RRB- and the centurion 's report of Jesus ' death .	an earthquake	What detail of Jesus 's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew 's Gospel ?
For instance , only Matthew 's gospel mentions an earthquake , resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb , while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion -LRB- the third hour , or 9 am -RRB- and the centurion 's report of Jesus ' death .	Mark	Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction ?
The Gospel of Luke 's unique contributions to the narrative include Jesus ' words to the women who were mourning , one criminal 's rebuke of the other , the reaction of the multitudes who left `` beating their breasts '' , and the women preparing spices and ointments before resting on the Sabbath .	words to the women who were mourning	Who did Jesus talk to in the Gospel of Luke ?
John is also the only one to refer to the request that the legs be broken and the soldier 's subsequent piercing of Jesus ' side -LRB- as fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy -RRB- , as well as that Nicodemus assisted Joseph with burial .	John	What gospel talks about breaking Jesus ' legs ?
John is also the only one to refer to the request that the legs be broken and the soldier 's subsequent piercing of Jesus ' side -LRB- as fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy -RRB- , as well as that Nicodemus assisted Joseph with burial .	Old Testament prophecy	What prophecy was fulfilled by the piercing of Jesus ' side ?
According to the First Epistle to the Corinthians -LRB- 1 Cor .	First Epistle to the Corinthians	Which Epistle details the raising of Jesus ?
15:4 -RRB- , Jesus was raised from the dead -LRB- `` on the third day '' counting the day of crucifixion as the first -RRB- and according to the canonical Gospels , appeared to his disciples on different occasions before ascending to heaven .	canonical Gospels	Which writing detailed Jesus ' appearance before ascension ?
The account given in Acts of the Apostles , which says Jesus remained with the apostles for forty days , appears to differ from the account in the Gospel of Luke , which makes no clear distinction between the events of Easter Sunday and the Ascension .	forty days	How long did Jesus stay with the Apostles per the Acts of the Apostles ?
The account given in Acts of the Apostles , which says Jesus remained with the apostles for forty days , appears to differ from the account in the Gospel of Luke , which makes no clear distinction between the events of Easter Sunday and the Ascension .	Easter Sunday	What day is accounted in the Gospel of Luke as the ascension ?
However , most biblical scholars agree that St. Luke also wrote the Acts of the Apostles as a follow-up volume to his Gospel account , and the two works must be considered as a whole .	St. Luke	Who wrote both accounts of the Crucifixion and ascension ?
In Mark , Jesus is crucified along with two rebels , and the day goes dark for three hours .	two rebels	Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark ?
Jesus calls out to God , then gives a shout and dies .	Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies	How does Mark say Jesus ' life ends ?
Matthew follows Mark , adding an earthquake and the resurrection of saints .	an earthquake	what natural disaster is mention when Jesus died ?
Luke also follows Mark , though he describes the rebels as common criminals , one of whom defends Jesus , who in turn promises that he -LRB- Jesus -RRB- and the criminal will be together in paradise .	promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise	What does Luke say one of the rebels does ?
Luke portrays Jesus as impassive in the face of his crucifixion .	impassive	How does Luke make Jesus seem at his Crucifixion ?
An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion 's letter to his son , written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD .	Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son	Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion ?
The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan .	pagan	What is the author of the letter assumed to be ?
The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men : Socrates , Pythagoras , and `` the wise king '' of the Jews .	retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men	What does the letter reference ?
The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men : Socrates , Pythagoras , and `` the wise king '' of the Jews .	Socrates	Other than Jesus , who was one of the wisemen ?
Some scholars see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the `` king of the Jews '' is about the crucifixion of Jesus , while others place less value in the letter , given the possible ambiguity in the reference .	others place less value in the letter	Does everyone agree with the content of the letter ?
The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday , but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed .	Friday	What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened ?
Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a `` double sabbath '' caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to Friday afternoon , ahead of the normal weekly Sabbath .	a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath	Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible ?
Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday , not Friday , on the grounds of the mention of `` three days and three nights '' in Matthew before his resurrection , celebrated on Sunday .	on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew	Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday ?
Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday , not Friday , on the grounds of the mention of `` three days and three nights '' in Matthew before his resurrection , celebrated on Sunday .	three days and three nights	How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb ?
Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a `` day and night '' may refer to any part of a 24-hour period , that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic , not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb , and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights .	references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights	Was Jesus in the tomb exactly 72 hours ?
In Mark 15:25 crucifixion takes place at the third hour -LRB- 9 a.m. -RRB- and Jesus ' death at the ninth hour -LRB- 3 p.m. -RRB- .	9 a.m.	What time was the crucifiction per Mark ?
In Mark 15:25 crucifixion takes place at the third hour -LRB- 9 a.m. -RRB- and Jesus ' death at the ninth hour -LRB- 3 p.m. -RRB- .	3 p.m.	What time did Jesus die per Mark ?
Scholars have presented a number of arguments to deal with the issue , some suggesting a reconciliation , e.g. , based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark , yet others have rejected the arguments .	based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark	Why do scholars say the times are different depending on the gospel it 's written in ?
Several notable scholars have argued that the modern precision of marking the time of day should not be read back into the gospel accounts , written at a time when no standardization of timepieces , or exact recording of hours and minutes was available , and time was often approximated to the closest three-hour period .	no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available	What is another reason the times differ so much ?
Several notable scholars have argued that the modern precision of marking the time of day should not be read back into the gospel accounts , written at a time when no standardization of timepieces , or exact recording of hours and minutes was available , and time was often approximated to the closest three-hour period .	approximated to the closest three-hour period	How close was time guessed in the day of the Gospels ?
Luke 's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him , quoting Jesus as saying `` Daughters of Jerusalem , do not weep for me , but weep for yourselves and for your children .	Luke's gospel	Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women ?
Luke 's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him , quoting Jesus as saying `` Daughters of Jerusalem , do not weep for me , but weep for yourselves and for your children .	do not weep for me	What did Jesus say to women in the crowd ?
Luke 's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him , quoting Jesus as saying `` Daughters of Jerusalem , do not weep for me , but weep for yourselves and for your children .	crowd of mourners	What followed Jesus around ?
Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull -LRB- calvaria -RRB- , which is used in the Vulgate translation of `` place of a skull '' , the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word Gûlgaltâ which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified .	Calvary	Where was Jesus Crucified ?
Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull -LRB- calvaria -RRB- , which is used in the Vulgate translation of `` place of a skull '' , the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word Gûlgaltâ which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified .	all four Gospels	Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed ?
One is that as a place of public execution , Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims -LRB- which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions , but not Roman -RRB- .	a place of public execution	What was one reason Calvary was chosen ?
One is that as a place of public execution , Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims -LRB- which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions , but not Roman -RRB- .	skulls of abandoned victims	What is rumored to be found in Calvary ?
A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour , which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word , i.e. , the place of `` a skull '' .	the name was derived from the physical contour	What is a reason the place was called Calvary ?
The Gospel of Matthew describes many women at the crucifixion , some of whom are named in the Gospels .	many women	Matthew described that who was present at the Crucifixion ?
Apart from these women , the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others : `` the chief priests , with the scribes and elders '' ; two robbers crucified , one on Jesus ' right and one on his left , whom the Gospel of Luke presents as the penitent thief and the impenitent thief ; `` the soldiers '' , `` the centurion and those who were with him , keeping watch over Jesus '' ; passers-by ; `` bystanders '' , `` the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle '' ; and `` his acquaintances ''	the chief priests	The three gospels speak of the presence of which priests ?
Apart from these women , the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others : `` the chief priests , with the scribes and elders '' ; two robbers crucified , one on Jesus ' right and one on his left , whom the Gospel of Luke presents as the penitent thief and the impenitent thief ; `` the soldiers '' , `` the centurion and those who were with him , keeping watch over Jesus '' ; passers-by ; `` bystanders '' , `` the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle '' ; and `` his acquaintances ''	two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left	How many people were crucified with Jesus ?
Apart from these women , the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others : `` the chief priests , with the scribes and elders '' ; two robbers crucified , one on Jesus ' right and one on his left , whom the Gospel of Luke presents as the penitent thief and the impenitent thief ; `` the soldiers '' , `` the centurion and those who were with him , keeping watch over Jesus '' ; passers-by ; `` bystanders '' , `` the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle '' ; and `` his acquaintances ''	the soldiers	Who kept watch over Jesus ?
Apart from these women , the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others : `` the chief priests , with the scribes and elders '' ; two robbers crucified , one on Jesus ' right and one on his left , whom the Gospel of Luke presents as the penitent thief and the impenitent thief ; `` the soldiers '' , `` the centurion and those who were with him , keeping watch over Jesus '' ; passers-by ; `` bystanders '' , `` the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle '' ; and `` his acquaintances ''	acquaintances	Name one other group present at the Crucifixion ?
Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross , the Jehovah 's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used .	traditional two-beamed cross	What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on ?
Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross , the Jehovah 's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used .	single upright stake	What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on ?
The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous .	The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous	What causes the different accounts of the cross used ?
The Latin word crux was also applied to objects other than a cross .	crux	What latin word was used to describe the cross used ?
The Latin word crux was also applied to objects other than a cross .	crux was also applied to objects other than a cross	Why was there doubt about the Latin word ?
For instance , the Epistle of Barnabas , which was certainly earlier than 135 , and may have been of the 1st century AD , the time when the gospel accounts of the death of Jesus were written , likened it to the letter T -LRB- the Greek letter tau , which had the numeric value of 300 -RRB- , and to the position assumed by Moses in Exodus 17:11 -- 12 .	Epistle of Barnabas	What Epistle described the cross ?
Justin Martyr -LRB- 100 -- 165 -RRB- explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape : `` That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo .	Justin Martyr	Who says with certainty that the cross was made out of two beams ?
Justin Martyr -LRB- 100 -- 165 -RRB- explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape : `` That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo .	a symbol of the suffering	Why was that type of cross important ?
Irenaeus , who died around the end of the 2nd century , speaks of the cross as having `` five extremities , two in length , two in breadth , and one in the middle , on which -LSB- last -RSB- the person rests who is fixed by the nails . ''	five extremities	How many ends did the cross supposedly have ?
Irenaeus , who died around the end of the 2nd century , speaks of the cross as having `` five extremities , two in length , two in breadth , and one in the middle , on which -LSB- last -RSB- the person rests who is fixed by the nails . ''	fixed by the nails	How is one attached to the cross ?
The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails .	three nails	How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion ?
However , throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized , at times as high as 14 nails .	14 nails	According to some sources , what is theorized to be the maximum nails used ?
These variations are also present in the artistic depictions of the crucifixion .	artistic depictions of the crucifixion	What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used ?
Nails are almost always depicted in art , although Romans sometimes just tied the victims to the cross .	Nails are almost always depicted	What do all artworks have in common regarding the crucifixion ?
The tradition also carries to Christian emblems , e.g. the Jesuits use three nails under the IHS monogram and a cross to symbolize the crucifixion .	three nails	Jesuits claim how many nails were used ?
The placing of the nails in the hands , or the wrists is also uncertain .	the hands, or the wrists	Where were the nails placed ?
Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir -LRB- χειρ -RRB- for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot 's space -LRB- between the capitate and lunate bones -RRB- without fracturing any bones .	the Greek	Who claims the hands were pierced ?
Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir -LRB- χειρ -RRB- for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot 's space -LRB- between the capitate and lunate bones -RRB- without fracturing any bones .	without fracturing any bones	The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what ?
Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm .	forearm	What other location is offered by the Greek ?
Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails .	Ropes	What other way to affix to the cross is there ?
Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet , given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight .	a hypopodium	What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion ?
Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet , given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight .	the hands may not have been able to support the weight	Why was a platform used ?
In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic .	Rasmus Bartholin	Who considered this topic in the 17th century ?
In the 20th century , forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions .	Frederick Zugibe	Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories ?
His experiments support an angled suspension , and a two-beamed cross , and perhaps some form of foot support , given that in an Aufbinden form of suspension from a straight stake -LRB- as used by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II -RRB- , death comes rather quickly .	Nazis	Who also used suspension as a form of punishment ?
The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts , this is a quotation of Psalm 22 .	Psalm 22	What Psalm gives the words of Jesus on the cross ?
Geza Vermes , however , points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew in which it usually would have been recited , and suggests that by the time of Jesus , this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage .	verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew	What contradiction is found in this Psalm ?
Geza Vermes , however , points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew in which it usually would have been recited , and suggests that by the time of Jesus , this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage .	a proverbial saying in common usage	What was the psalm said to be in Jesus ' time ?
Compared to the accounts in the other Gospels , which he describes as ` theologically correct and reassuring ' , he considers this phrase ` unexpected , disquieting and in consequence more probable ' .	theologically correct and reassuring	How do the other gospels describe Jesus ' last words ?
He describes it as bearing ` all the appearances of a genuine cry ' .	a genuine cry	How does the sentence appear to historians ?
Some Christian writers considered the possibility that pagan commentators may have mentioned this event , mistaking it for a solar eclipse - although this would have been impossible during the Passover , which takes place at the full moon .	a solar eclipse	As what was the event mistaken by some pagans ?
Some Christian writers considered the possibility that pagan commentators may have mentioned this event , mistaking it for a solar eclipse - although this would have been impossible during the Passover , which takes place at the full moon .	the full moon	Why was a solar eclipse impossible ?
Christian traveller and historian Sextus Julius Africanus and Christian theologian Origen refer to Greek historian Phlegon , who lived in the 2nd century AD , as having written `` with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar , in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified , and the great earthquakes which then took place ''	Greek historian Phlegon	Which Greek historian wrote about these natural occurrences ?
Christian traveller and historian Sextus Julius Africanus and Christian theologian Origen refer to Greek historian Phlegon , who lived in the 2nd century AD , as having written `` with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar , in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified , and the great earthquakes which then took place ''	Tiberius Caesar	Who reigned Rome during the Crucifixion of Jesus ?
Christian traveller and historian Sextus Julius Africanus and Christian theologian Origen refer to Greek historian Phlegon , who lived in the 2nd century AD , as having written `` with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar , in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified , and the great earthquakes which then took place ''	earthquakes	What other event supposedly took place that shook people ?
Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus : `` This darkness Thallus , in the third book of his History , calls , as appears to me without reason , an eclipse of the sun .	Thallus	Which historian was referenced for the reports ?
Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus : `` This darkness Thallus , in the third book of his History , calls , as appears to me without reason , an eclipse of the sun .	an eclipse of the sun	What event did Thallus describe ?
For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon , and the passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the passover ; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun . ''	the 14th day	What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover ?
For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon , and the passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the passover ; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun . ''	the day before the passover	When does the passion of Jesus fall ?
Christian apologist Tertullian believed the event was documented in the Roman archives .	the Roman archives	Where were these events documented ?
Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar , rather than solar , eclipse might have taken place .	lunar	What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred ?
They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible , for thirty minutes , from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text .	thirty minutes	How long would a lunar eclipse be visible ?
They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible , for thirty minutes , from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text .	a scribe wrongly amending a text	What person possibly made a mistake while copying text ?
Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as ` indefensible ' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours .	David Henige	Which historian says this opinion is indefensible ?
Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as ` indefensible ' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours .	the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours	What inconsistency would be found in this explanation ?
Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel , amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts , intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event , and not intended to be taken literally .	author of the Mark Gospel	Who created the account of Jesus ?
Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel , amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts , intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event , and not intended to be taken literally .	Luke	Who amended the account at a later date ?
This image of darkness over the land would have been understood by ancient readers , a typical element in the description of the death of kings and other major figures by writers such as Philo , Dio Cassius , Virgil , Plutarch and Josephus .	the death of kings and other major figures	What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works ?
Géza Vermes describes the darkness account as typical of `` Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord '' , and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are `` barking up the wrong tree '' .	Jewish	What ethnicity are these literary works mostly ?
Géza Vermes describes the darkness account as typical of `` Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord '' , and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are `` barking up the wrong tree '' .	Géza Vermes	Who describes the idea of an eclipse as totally wrong ?
In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus , physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail .	Frederick Zugibe	Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus ?
In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus , physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail .	the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus	What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book ?
Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner .	carried out a number of experiments over several years	How did Zugibe try to prove his theories ?
These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured , in cases where the feet were also secured or not .	experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging	What kind of experiments did Zugibe run ?
In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant .	amount of pull and the corresponding pain	What specifics were recorded in his experiments ?
Christians believe that Jesus ' death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God .	instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God	What do Christians believe regarding Jesus ' death ?
Christians believe that through faith in Jesus ' substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body 's death .	through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death	How are people united with God ?
Christians believe that through faith in Jesus ' substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body 's death .	eternal life in heaven after the body’s death	What specific fact do Christians believe about death ?
Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God 's presence , love and grace as well as the confidence of eternal life .	confidence of eternal life	Jesus 's Resurrection fills believer with what ?
Christians believe that through faith in Jesus ' substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body 's death .	joy	What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection ?
In Johannine `` agent Christology '' the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God , for the sake of eventual victory .	agent Christology	What book details the submission of Jesus to being crucified ?
In Johannine `` agent Christology '' the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God , for the sake of eventual victory .	sake of eventual victory	Why did Jesus accept Crucifixion .
This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist 's proclamation : `` The Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world '' .	salvific theme	What theme is central is the Gospel of John in resurrection ?
Further reinforcement of the concept is provided in Revelation 21:14 where the `` lamb slain but standing '' is the only one worthy of handling the scroll -LRB- i.e. the book -RRB- containing the names of those who are to be saved .	lamb slain but standing	How is Resurrection detailed in the book of Revelations ?
This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist 's proclamation : `` The Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world '' .	The Lamb of God	What is another name for Jesus given ?
Paul 's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus .	Paul's Christology	Who 's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection ?
For Paul , the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term `` the cross of Christ '' used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels .	directly related	How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul ?
For Paul , the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term `` the cross of Christ '' used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels .	the cross of Christ	What term does Paul use for the Gospels ?
In the Pauline view , Jesus , obedient to the point of death -LRB- Philippians 2:8 -RRB- died `` at the right time '' -LRB- Romans 4:25 -RRB- based on the plan of God .	based on the plan of God	Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason ?
For Paul the `` power of the cross '' is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus .	power of the cross	How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus ?
John Calvin supported the `` agent of God '' Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate 's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence , but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father .	successfully argued for his innocence	What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done ?
John Calvin supported the `` agent of God '' Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate 's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence , but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father .	obedience to the Father	Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion ?
In the Eastern Church Sergei Bulgakov argued that the crucifixion of Jesus was `` pre-eternally '' determined by the Father before the creation of the world , to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam .	"pre-eternally" determined by the Father	The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection ?
In the Eastern Church Sergei Bulgakov argued that the crucifixion of Jesus was `` pre-eternally '' determined by the Father before the creation of the world , to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam .	redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam	What did Jesus 's death accomplish per the Eastern Church ?
In the Western Church , Karl Rahner elaborated on the analogy that the blood of the Lamb of God -LRB- and the water from the side of Jesus -RRB- shed at the crucifixion had a cleansing nature , similar to baptismal water .	had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water	What is the blood of the lamb ?
Jesus ' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity .	how salvation is granted to humanity	What does Jesus ' death and Resurrection support ?
According to the substitutionary atonement view , Jesus ' death is of central importance , and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God .	central importance	How important is Jesus ' death to modern theology ?
According to the substitutionary atonement view , Jesus ' death is of central importance , and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God .	Jesus willingly sacrificed himself	Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting ?
According to the substitutionary atonement view , Jesus ' death is of central importance , and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God .	an act of perfect obedience	Why did Jesus sacrifice himself ?
Both views are popular within the Roman Catholic church , with the satisfaction doctrine incorporated into the idea of penance .	the Roman Catholic church	What church is the sacrifice important to ?
The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross -LSB- Jn .	Virgin Mary	Who was present under the cross ?
19:26 -27 -RSB- has in itself been the subject of Marian art , and well known Catholic symbolism such as the Miraculous Medal and Pope John Paul II 's Coat of Arms bearing a Marian Cross .	Marian Cross	What symbol is popular in Marian Art ?
And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary , e.g. , Pope John Paul II stated that `` Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross '' .	Pope John Paul II	Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus ' Crucifixion ?
Well known works of Christian art by masters such as Raphael -LRB- e.g. , the Mond Crucifixion -RRB- , and Caravaggio -LRB- e.g. , his Entombment -RRB- depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene .	Raphael	Who painted the Mond Crucifixion .
Well known works of Christian art by masters such as Raphael -LRB- e.g. , the Mond Crucifixion -RRB- , and Caravaggio -LRB- e.g. , his Entombment -RRB- depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene .	Caravaggio	Who was responsible for the art names `` His Entombment '' ?
Miami -LRB- / maɪˈæmi / ; Spanish pronunciation : -LSB- maiˈami -RSB- -RRB- is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County .	Atlantic	On which coast of Florida is Miami located ?
Miami -LRB- / maɪˈæmi / ; Spanish pronunciation : -LSB- maiˈami -RSB- -RRB- is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County .	Miami-Dade County	Miami is located in which Florida county ?
The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States , with a population of 430,332 , it is the principal , central , and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area , and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington , D.C. .	Washington, D.C.	Which city is the only one with a larger population than Miami in the southeastern United States ?
According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Miami 's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States , with a population of around 5.5 million .	5.5 million	What is the approximate population of Miami 's metro area ?
Miami -LRB- / maɪˈæmi / ; Spanish pronunciation : -LSB- maiˈami -RSB- -RRB- is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County .	Miami-Dade	Which Florida county is Miami located in ?
The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States , with a population of 430,332 , it is the principal , central , and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area , and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington , D.C. .	second most populous	How does Miami rank as a populous metropolis compared with other Southeastern states in the U.S. ?
The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States , with a population of 430,332 , it is the principal , central , and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area , and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington , D.C. .	430,332	What is the population of Miami ?
According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Miami 's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States , with a population of around 5.5 million .	fourth-largest	How is the size of Miami 's urban area rated compared with other U.S. urban areas ?
Miami -LRB- / maɪˈæmi / ; Spanish pronunciation : -LSB- maiˈami -RSB- -RRB- is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County .	Atlantic	Which coast is Miami located on ?
According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Miami 's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States , with a population of around 5.5 million .	5.5 million	What is the approximate population of the Miami metro area ?
Miami -LRB- / maɪˈæmi / ; Spanish pronunciation : -LSB- maiˈami -RSB- -RRB- is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County .	southeastern	In what geographic portion of Florida is Miami located ?
Miami -LRB- / maɪˈæmi / ; Spanish pronunciation : -LSB- maiˈami -RSB- -RRB- is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County .	Miami-Dade County	What county is Miami located in ?
The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States , with a population of 430,332 , it is the principal , central , and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area , and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington , D.C. .	430,332	How many people live in Miami ?
In 2012 , Miami was classified as an Alpha − World City in the World Cities Study Group 's inventory .	Alpha−World City	What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami ?
It ranked 33rd among global cities .	33rd	Where did Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance ?
In 2008 , Forbes magazine ranked Miami `` America 's Cleanest City '' , for its year-round good air quality , vast green spaces , clean drinking water , clean streets , and city-wide recycling programs .	America's Cleanest City	What did Forbes call Miami in 2008 ?
Miami is nicknamed the `` Capital of Latin America '' , is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority , and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality .	Capital of Latin America	What is a nickname given to Miami ?
Miami is nicknamed the `` Capital of Latin America '' , is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority , and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality .	second	Where does Miami rank in terms of US Spanish-speaking populations ?
Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States , and many large national and international companies .	international banks	What does downtown Miami possess more of than any other US city ?
It accommodates some of the world 's largest cruise ships and operations , and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines .	passenger	Along with cruise lines , in what traffic does Miami 's port rank first ?
For more than two decades , the Port of Miami , known as the `` Cruise Capital of the World '' , has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world .	Port of Miami	What is called the `` Cruise Capital of the World '' ?
For more than two decades , the Port of Miami , known as the `` Cruise Capital of the World '' , has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world .	two decades	How long has Miami been the world 's top cruise passenger port ?
The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals , research institutes , medical centers , and biotechnology industries .	research institutes	Along with hospitals , medical centers and biotechnology industries , what is notably present in the Civic Center ?
Miami is noted as `` the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman , Julia Tuttle '' , a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native .	Cleveland	Where was Julia Tuttle born ?
The Miami area was better known as `` Biscayne Bay Country '' in the early years of its growth .	Biscayne Bay Country	Prior to the naming of Miami , what was the area around Miami called ?
The Great Freeze of 1894 -- 95 hastened Miami 's growth , as the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived .	1894–95	When did the Great Freeze occur ?
Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler , a railroad tycoon , to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region , for which she became known as `` the mother of Miami . ''	Florida East Coast Railway	What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler ?
Miami is noted as `` the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman , Julia Tuttle '' , a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native .	Julia Tuttle	Who was `` the mother of Miami '' ?
During the beginning of the 20th century , migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city 's population .	40	In the early 1900s , what percentage of Miami 's population was of African origin ?
When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J -LRB- what would later become NW Fifth Avenue -RRB- , a gang of white man with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed .	Avenue J	What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called ?
During the beginning of the 20th century , migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city 's population .	Bahamas	Where did a portion of Miami 's black population migrate from in the early 1900s ?
Miami 's chief of police , H. Leslie Quigg , did not hide the fact that he , like many other white Miami police officers , was a member of the Ku Klux Klan .	H. Leslie Quigg	Who was a notable chief of the Miami police ?
Miami 's chief of police , H. Leslie Quigg , did not hide the fact that he , like many other white Miami police officers , was a member of the Ku Klux Klan .	Ku Klux Klan	To what controversial organization did a Miami chief of police belong ?
Quigg , for example , `` personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman . ''	speaking directly to a white woman	For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg kill a black man ?
Quigg , for example , `` personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman . ''	bellboy	What was the occupation of the African-American man killed by Quigg ?
After Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba in 1959 , many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami , further increasing the population .	1959	In what year did Fidel Castro take over Cuba ?
In the 1980s and 1990s , South Florida weathered social problems related to drug wars , immigration from Haiti and Latin America , and the widespread destruction of Hurricane Andrew .	Haiti	From what country did people notably emigrate to southern Florida in the 1980s and 90s ?
In the 1980s and 1990s , South Florida weathered social problems related to drug wars , immigration from Haiti and Latin America , and the widespread destruction of Hurricane Andrew .	Andrew	What notable hurricane occurred between the 1980s and 1990s ?
It is the second-largest U.S. city -LRB- after El Paso , Texas -RRB- with a Spanish-speaking majority , and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality .	El Paso, Texas	What is the largest city in the United States where a majority of the population speaks Spanish ?
It is the second-largest U.S. city -LRB- after El Paso , Texas -RRB- with a Spanish-speaking majority , and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality .	Cuban-American	Miami is the US city with the largest population of what ethnic group ?
Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between the Florida Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east , which also extends from Florida Bay north to Lake Okeechobee .	east	Where are the Everglades in relation to Miami ?
Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between the Florida Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east , which also extends from Florida Bay north to Lake Okeechobee .	west	To travel from Biscayne Bay to Miami , in what direction would one move ?
Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between the Florida Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east , which also extends from Florida Bay north to Lake Okeechobee .	Lake Okeechobee	What is the northern terminus of Biscayne Bay ?
The Gulf Stream , a warm ocean current , runs northward just 15 miles -LRB- 24 km -RRB- off the coast , allowing the city 's climate to stay warm and mild all year .	24	In kilometers , how far is the Gulf Stream from Miami 's coast ?
The elevation of the area never rises above 40 ft -LRB- 12 m -RRB- and averages at around 6 ft -LRB- 1.8 m -RRB- above mean sea level in most neighborhoods , especially near the coast .	1.8	In meters , what is the average height above sea level of the Miami area ?
The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone .	Miami oolite	What is another name for Miami limestone ?
This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil , and is no more than 50 feet -LRB- 15 m -RRB- thick .	15	How many meters thick is the bedrock under Miami at its maximum ?
Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet -LRB- 8 m -RRB- above the current level .	Sangamonian	What Stage occurred approximately 130,000 years ago ?
Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet -LRB- 8 m -RRB- above the current level .	8	How many meters did the Sangamonian Stage raise sea levels compared to their present level ?
Starting about 100,000 years ago the Wisconsin glaciation began lowering sea levels , exposing the floor of the lagoon .	Wisconsin glaciation	What event caused sea levels to decrease approximately 100,000 years ago ?
Beneath the plain lies the Biscayne Aquifer , a natural underground source of fresh water that extends from southern Palm Beach County to Florida Bay , with its highest point peaking around the cities of Miami Springs and Hialeah .	Hialeah	Along with Miami Springs , where is the highest point of the Biscayne Aquifer ?
Beneath the plain lies the Biscayne Aquifer , a natural underground source of fresh water that extends from southern Palm Beach County to Florida Bay , with its highest point peaking around the cities of Miami Springs and Hialeah .	Florida Bay	The Biscayne Aquifer stretches from Palm Beach County to where ?
As a result of the aquifer , it is not possible to dig more than 15 to 20 ft -LRB- 5 to 6 m -RRB- beneath the city without hitting water , which impedes underground construction , though some underground parking garages exist .	5 to 6	After digging how many meters is one sure to reach running water in Miami ?
As a result of the aquifer , it is not possible to dig more than 15 to 20 ft -LRB- 5 to 6 m -RRB- beneath the city without hitting water , which impedes underground construction , though some underground parking garages exist .	underground construction	What is limited by Miami 's high water table ?
Miami is partitioned into many different sections , roughly into North , South , West and Downtown .	South	Along with West , Downtown and North , what is the other notable area of Miami ?
The heart of the city is Downtown Miami and is technically on the eastern side of the city .	eastern	By cardinal direction , what part of the city is referred to as Downtown ?
This area includes Brickell , Virginia Key , Watson Island , and PortMiami .	Virginia Key	Along with Port Miami , Watson Island and Brickell , what area is in Downtown Miami ?
Downtown has the largest concentration of international banks in the U.S. along Brickell Avenue .	Brickell Avenue	On what street is the highest concentration of international banks in the US ?
East of Downtown , across Biscayne Bay is South Beach .	East	Where is South Beach in relation to Downtown ?
The southern side of Miami includes Coral Way , The Roads and Coconut Grove .	The Roads	Along with Coconut Grove and Coral Way , what is notably present in southern Miami ?
Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Downtown with Coral Gables , and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets .	1922	When was Coral Way constructed ?
Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Downtown with Coral Gables , and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets .	Downtown	What does Coral Way connect to Coral Gables ?
Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami 's City Hall in Dinner Key , the Coconut Grove Playhouse , CocoWalk , many nightclubs , bars , restaurants and bohemian shops , and as such , is very popular with local college students .	1825	In what year did the establishment of Coconut Grove occur ?
Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami 's City Hall in Dinner Key , the Coconut Grove Playhouse , CocoWalk , many nightclubs , bars , restaurants and bohemian shops , and as such , is very popular with local college students .	Dinner Key	What part of Coconut Grove houses the city hall of Miami ?
The northern side of Miami also has notable African American and Caribbean immigrant communities such as Little Haiti , Overtown -LRB- home of the Lyric Theater -RRB- , and Liberty City .	Lyric	What notable theater is present in Overtown ?
Edgewater , and Wynwood , are neighborhoods of Midtown and are made up mostly of high-rise residential towers and are home to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts .	Adrienne Arsht	After whom is the performing arts center in Midtown named ?
The northern side of Miami includes Midtown , a district with a great mix of diversity with many West Indians , Hispanics , European Americans , bohemians , and artists .	northern	In what part of Miami is Midtown ?
The wealthier residents usually live in the northeastern part , in Midtown , the Design District , and the Upper East Side , with many sought after 1920s homes and home of the MiMo Historic District , a style of architecture originated in Miami in the 1950s .	MiMo	What is the name of the architectural style originating in 1950s Miami ?
The northern side of Miami also has notable African American and Caribbean immigrant communities such as Little Haiti , Overtown -LRB- home of the Lyric Theater -RRB- , and Liberty City .	Little Haiti	What northern Miami neighborhood is named for a Caribbean country ?
Miami has a tropical monsoon climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification Am -RRB- with hot and humid summers and short , warm winters , with a marked drier season in the winter .	Am	What is Miami 's Köppen climate classification ?
Miami has a tropical monsoon climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification Am -RRB- with hot and humid summers and short , warm winters , with a marked drier season in the winter .	hot and humid	What type of weather does Miami have in the summer ?
With January averaging 67.2 °F -LRB- 19.6 °C -RRB- , winter features mild to warm temperatures ; cool air usually settles after the passage of a cold front , which produces much of the little amount of rainfall during the season .	19.6	In degrees Celsius , what is the average January temperature in Miami ?
Highs generally range between 70 -- 77 °F -LRB- 21 -- 25 °C -RRB- .	70–77	In degrees Fahrenheit , what is the normal range of high temperatures in Miami ?
Lows occasionally fall below 50 °F -LRB- 10 °C -RRB- , but very rarely below 35 °F -LRB- 2 °C -RRB- .	2	In degrees Celsius , what temperature does Miami rarely see ?
The wet season begins some time in May , ending in mid-October .	May	When is the beginning of Miami 's wet season ?
During this period , temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s -LRB- 29 -- 35 °C -RRB- , accompanied by high humidity , though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean , which then allow lower temperatures , but conditions still remain very muggy .	29–35	In degrees Celsius , what is the range of temperatures during the wet season ?
Much of the year 's 55.9 inches -LRB- 1,420 mm -RRB- of rainfall occurs during this period .	1,420	How many millimeters of rain fall on Miami annually ?
Dewpoints in the warm months range from 71.9 °F -LRB- 22.2 °C -RRB- in June to 73.7 °F -LRB- 23.2 °C -RRB- in August .	73.7	What is the typical August dew point in degrees Fahrenheit ?
The Miami metropolitan area , which includes Miami-Dade , Broward and Palm Beach counties , had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people , ranked seventh largest in the United States , and is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States .	Broward	Along with Palm Beach and Miami-Dade , what county is part of the Miami-Dade metropolitan area ?
The Miami metropolitan area , which includes Miami-Dade , Broward and Palm Beach counties , had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people , ranked seventh largest in the United States , and is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States .	5.5 million	How many people live in the Miami-Dade metropolitan area ?
The Miami metropolitan area , which includes Miami-Dade , Broward and Palm Beach counties , had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people , ranked seventh largest in the United States , and is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States .	seventh	Where does Miami-Dade rank in population among metropolitan areas in the US ?
The city proper is home to less than one-thirteenth of the population of South Florida .	one-thirteenth	What fraction of the southern Florida population lives in Miami ?
In 1960 , non-Hispanic whites represented 80 % of Miami-Dade county 's population .	80	What percentage of Miami-Dade 's population was non-Hispanic white in 1960 ?
In 1970 , the Census Bureau reported Miami 's population as 45.3 % Hispanic , 32.9 % non-Hispanic White , and 22.7 % Black .	22.7	What percentage of the Miami population in 1970 was black ?
In 1970 , the Census Bureau reported Miami 's population as 45.3 % Hispanic , 32.9 % non-Hispanic White , and 22.7 % Black .	Hispanic	What was the largest ethnic group in 1970 Miami ?
Today , immigration to Miami has slowed significantly and Miami 's growth today is attributed greatly to its fast urbanization and high-rise construction , which has increased its inner city neighborhood population densities , such as in Downtown , Brickell , and Edgewater , where one area in Downtown alone saw a 2,069 % increase in population in the 2010 Census .	Brickell	Along with Downtown and Edgewater , what area of Miami has notably seen increasing population densities ?
Miami 's explosive population growth has been driven by internal migration from other parts of the country , primarily up until the 1980s , as well as by immigration , primarily from the 1960s to the 1990s .	1960s	Starting in what decade did immigration from outside the United States begin to have a significant influence on Miami 's population ?
Because of its proximity to Latin America , Miami serves as the headquarters of Latin American operations for more than 1400 multinational corporations , including AIG , American Airlines , Cisco , Disney , Exxon , FedEx , Kraft Foods , LEO Pharma Americas , Microsoft , Yahoo , Oracle , SBC Communications , Sony , Symantec , Visa International , and Wal-Mart .	1400	Approximately how many multinationals have their Latin American operation headquarters in Miami ?
Because of its proximity to Latin America , Miami serves as the headquarters of Latin American operations for more than 1400 multinational corporations , including AIG , American Airlines , Cisco , Disney , Exxon , FedEx , Kraft Foods , LEO Pharma Americas , Microsoft , Yahoo , Oracle , SBC Communications , Sony , Symantec , Visa International , and Wal-Mart .	proximity to Latin America	Why do so many multinationals have their Latin American headquarters in Miami ?
Several large companies are headquartered in or around Miami , including but not limited to : Akerman Senterfitt , Alienware , Arquitectonica , Arrow Air , Bacardi , Benihana , Brightstar Corporation , Burger King , Celebrity Cruises , Carnival Corporation , Carnival Cruise Lines , Crispin Porter + Bogusky , Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company , Espírito Santo Financial Group , Fizber.com , Greenberg Traurig , Holland & Knight , Inktel Direct , Interval International , Lennar , Navarro Discount Pharmacies , Norwegian Cruise Lines , Oceania Cruises , Perry Ellis International , RCTV International , Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines , Ryder Systems , Seabourn Cruise Line , Sedano 's , Telefónica USA , UniMÁS , Telemundo , Univision , U.S. Century Bank , Vector Group and World Fuel Services .	Seabourn	Along with Celebrity , Carnival , Norwegian , Oceania and Royal Caribbean , what cruise line is based in Miami ?
Univisión , Telemundo and UniMÁS have their headquarters in Miami , along with their production studios .	Telemundo	Along with UniMÁS and Univisión , what Spanish language television station is headquartered in Miami ?
In 2011 , 85 % of Telemundo 's original programming was filmed in Miami .	85	As of 2011 , what percentage of original Telemundo programming was filmed in Miami ?
Miami is also a major music recording center , with the Sony Music Latin and Universal Music Latin Entertainment headquarters in the city , along with many other smaller record labels .	Universal Music Latin Entertainment	Along with Sony Music Latin , what music recording corporation is located in Miami ?
The Telemundo Television Studios produces much of the original programming for Telemundo , such as their telenovelas and talk shows .	Telemundo Television Studios	What is the name of the business that produces a significant portion of Telemundo 's original programming ?
Since 2001 , Miami has been undergoing a large building boom with more than 50 skyscrapers rising over 400 feet -LRB- 122 m -RRB- built or currently under construction in the city .	50	How many 400 + foot skyscrapers have been built or are in the process of being built in Miami since 2001 ?
Miami 's skyline is ranked third-most impressive in the U.S. , behind New York City and Chicago , and 19th in the world according to the Almanac of Architecture and Design .	New York City and Chicago	What US cities have more impressive skylines than Miami 's ?
Miami 's skyline is ranked third-most impressive in the U.S. , behind New York City and Chicago , and 19th in the world according to the Almanac of Architecture and Design .	19th	What is Miami 's world rank in terms of how impressive its skyline is ?
The city currently has the eight tallest -LRB- as well as thirteen of the fourteen tallest -RRB- skyscrapers in the state of Florida , with the tallest being the 789-foot -LRB- 240 m -RRB- Four Seasons Hotel & Tower .	thirteen	Of the fourteen tallest skyscrapers in Florida , how many are in Miami ?
The city currently has the eight tallest -LRB- as well as thirteen of the fourteen tallest -RRB- skyscrapers in the state of Florida , with the tallest being the 789-foot -LRB- 240 m -RRB- Four Seasons Hotel & Tower .	Four Seasons Hotel & Tower	What is the tallest skyscraper in Florida ?
During the mid-2000s , the city witnessed its largest real estate boom since the Florida land boom of the 1920s .	1920s	When did the Florida land boom occur ?
In 2007 , however , the housing market crashed causing lots of foreclosures on houses .	2007	What year saw the crash of the Miami housing market ?
The Miami area ranks 8th in the nation in foreclosures .	8th	Where does the area around Miami rank nationally in terms of foreclosures ?
In 2011 , Forbes magazine named Miami the second-most miserable city in the United States due to its high foreclosure rate and past decade of corruption among public officials .	high foreclosure rate	Along with its political corruption , why did Forbes call Miami the country 's second most miserable city in 2011 ?
In 2012 , Forbes magazine named Miami the most miserable city in the United States because of a crippling housing crisis that has cost multitudes of residents their homes and jobs .	2012	In what year did Forbes call Miami the country 's most miserable city ?
Miami International Airport and PortMiami are among the nation 's busiest ports of entry , especially for cargo from South America and the Caribbean .	Miami International	What is Florida 's busiest airport ?
The Port of Miami is the world 's busiest cruise port , and MIA is the busiest airport in Florida , and the largest gateway between the United States and Latin America .	Port of Miami	What is the busiest cruise port in the world ?
Miami was also the host city of the 2003 Free Trade Area of the Americas negotiations , and is one of the leading candidates to become the trading bloc 's headquarters .	2003	In what year did Miami play host to the negotiations concerning the Free Trade Area of the Americas ?
Additionally , the city has the largest concentration of international banks in the country , primarily along Brickell Avenue in Brickell , Miami 's financial district .	Brickell Avenue	What street is central to the financial district of Miami ?
Miami International Airport and PortMiami are among the nation 's busiest ports of entry , especially for cargo from South America and the Caribbean .	South America	Along with the Caribbean , from where does a significant amount of cargo enter MIA ?
Along with finance and business , the beaches , conventions , festivals and events draw over 38 million visitors annually into the city , from across the country and around the world , spending $ 17.1 billion .	38 million	How many tourists come to Miami each year ?
Along with finance and business , the beaches , conventions , festivals and events draw over 38 million visitors annually into the city , from across the country and around the world , spending $ 17.1 billion .	$17.1 billion	How much money do tourists spend in Miami every year ?
The Art Deco District in South Beach , is reputed as one of the most glamorous in the world for its nightclubs , beaches , historical buildings , and shopping .	South Beach	What neighborhood is home to the Art Deco District ?
Annual events such as the Sony Ericsson Open , Art Basel , Winter Music Conference , South Beach Wine & Food Festival , and Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami attract millions to the metropolis every year .	Mercedes-Benz	Who sponsors Fashion Week Miami ?
The Art Deco District in South Beach , is reputed as one of the most glamorous in the world for its nightclubs , beaches , historical buildings , and shopping .	historical buildings	Along with nightclubs , beaches and shopping , what notable attraction exists in the Art Deco District ?
According to the U.S. Census Bureau , in 2004 , Miami had the third highest incidence of family incomes below the federal poverty line in the United States , making it the third poorest city in the USA , behind only Detroit , Michigan -LRB- ranked # 1 -RRB- and El Paso , Texas -LRB- ranked # 2 -RRB- .	Detroit	As of 2004 , what city was the poorest in the United States ?
According to the U.S. Census Bureau , in 2004 , Miami had the third highest incidence of family incomes below the federal poverty line in the United States , making it the third poorest city in the USA , behind only Detroit , Michigan -LRB- ranked # 1 -RRB- and El Paso , Texas -LRB- ranked # 2 -RRB- .	El Paso	What was the second poorest US city in 2004 ?
According to the U.S. Census Bureau , in 2004 , Miami had the third highest incidence of family incomes below the federal poverty line in the United States , making it the third poorest city in the USA , behind only Detroit , Michigan -LRB- ranked # 1 -RRB- and El Paso , Texas -LRB- ranked # 2 -RRB- .	Miami	In 2004 , what city ranked third poorest in America ?
Miami is also one of the very few cities where its local government went bankrupt , in 2001 .	2001	In what year did Miami 's government declare bankruptcy ?
The newest addition to the Miami arts scene is the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts , the second-largest performing arts center in the United States after the Lincoln Center in New York City , and is the home of the Florida Grand Opera .	Lincoln Center	What is the largest performing arts center in the US ?
The newest addition to the Miami arts scene is the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts , the second-largest performing arts center in the United States after the Lincoln Center in New York City , and is the home of the Florida Grand Opera .	Florida Grand Opera	What organization calls the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts home ?
Within it are the Ziff Ballet Opera House , the center 's largest venue , the Knight Concert Hall , the Carnival Studio Theater and the Peacock Rehearsal Studio .	Ziff Ballet Opera House	What is the largest venue in the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts ?
The newest addition to the Miami arts scene is the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts , the second-largest performing arts center in the United States after the Lincoln Center in New York City , and is the home of the Florida Grand Opera .	New York City	Where is Lincoln Center located ?
Other performing arts venues in Miami include the Gusman Center for the Performing Arts , Coconut Grove Playhouse , Colony Theatre , Lincoln Theatre , New World Center , Actor 's Playhouse at the Miracle Theatre , Jackie Gleason Theatre , Manuel Artime Theater , Ring Theatre , Playground Theatre , Wertheim Performing Arts Center , the Fair Expo Center and the Bayfront Park Amphitheater for outdoor music events .	Bayfront Park Amphitheater	What venue in Miami is notable for hosting outdoor music ?
The Bee Gees moved to Miami in 1975 and have lived here ever since then .	1975	In what year did the Bee Gees relocate to Miami ?
In the early 1970s , the Miami disco sound came to life with TK Records , featuring the music of KC and the Sunshine Band , with such hits as `` Get Down Tonight '' , '' -LRB- Shake , Shake , Shake -RRB- Shake Your Booty '' and `` That 's the Way -LRB- I Like It -RRB- '' ; and the Latin-American disco group , Foxy -LRB- band -RRB- , with their hit singles `` Get Off '' and `` Hot Number '' .	1970s	In what decade was disco popular ?
Miami-influenced , Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine , hit the popular music scene with their Cuban-oriented sound and had hits in the 1980s with `` Conga '' and `` Bad Boys '' .	Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine	What band performed the song `` Conga '' ?
In the early 1970s , the Miami disco sound came to life with TK Records , featuring the music of KC and the Sunshine Band , with such hits as `` Get Down Tonight '' , '' -LRB- Shake , Shake , Shake -RRB- Shake Your Booty '' and `` That 's the Way -LRB- I Like It -RRB- '' ; and the Latin-American disco group , Foxy -LRB- band -RRB- , with their hit singles `` Get Off '' and `` Hot Number '' .	Foxy	What group performed the song `` Hot Number '' ?
In the early 1970s , the Miami disco sound came to life with TK Records , featuring the music of KC and the Sunshine Band , with such hits as `` Get Down Tonight '' , '' -LRB- Shake , Shake , Shake -RRB- Shake Your Booty '' and `` That 's the Way -LRB- I Like It -RRB- '' ; and the Latin-American disco group , Foxy -LRB- band -RRB- , with their hit singles `` Get Off '' and `` Hot Number '' .	TK Records	What music label showcased KC and the Sunshine Band ?
Miami is also considered a `` hot spot '' for dance music , Freestyle , a style of dance music popular in the 80 's and 90 's heavily influenced by Electro , hip-hop , and disco .	hip-hop	Along with Electro and disco , what genre of music influenced Freestyle ?
Indie/folk acts Cat Power and Iron & Wine are based in the city , while alternative hip hop artist Sage Francis , electro artist Uffie , and the electroclash duo Avenue D were born in Miami , but musically based elsewhere .	electro	What genre of music does Uffie perform ?
Also , ska punk band Against All Authority is from Miami , and rock/metal bands Nonpoint and Marilyn Manson each formed in neighboring Fort Lauderdale .	Fort Lauderdale	Where did the band Nonpoint form ?
Cuban American female recording artist , Ana Cristina , was born in Miami in 1985 .	Cuban American	What is Ana Cristina 's ethnicity ?
Indie/folk acts Cat Power and Iron & Wine are based in the city , while alternative hip hop artist Sage Francis , electro artist Uffie , and the electroclash duo Avenue D were born in Miami , but musically based elsewhere .	Iron & Wine	Along with Cat Power , what indie/folk musician is based in Miami ?
This was also a period of alternatives to nightclubs , the warehouse party , acid house , rave and outdoor festival scenes of the late 1980s and early 1990s were havens for the latest trends in electronic dance music , especially house and its ever-more hypnotic , synthetic offspring techno and trance , in clubs like the infamous Warsaw Ballroom better known as Warsaw and The Mix where DJs like david padilla -LRB- who was the resident DJ for both -RRB- and radio .	david padilla	Who was the Warsaw Ballroom 's house DJ ?
Some of these notable DJs are John Benetiz -LRB- better known as JellyBean Benetiz -RRB- , Danny Tenaglia , and David Padilla .	JellyBean Benetiz	By what other name is John Benetiz known ?
The scene in SoBe , along with a bustling secondhand market for electronic instruments and turntables , had a strong democratizing effect , offering amateur , `` bedroom '' DJs the opportunity to become proficient and popular as both music players and producers , regardless of the whims of the professional music and club industries .	SoBe	In what area of Miami is there a notable secondhand turntable market ?
Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami .	Versailles	What is a notable restaurant in Little Havana ?
Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King , Tony Roma 's and Benihana .	Tony Roma's	Along with Benihana and Burger King , what chain restaurant is headquartered in Miami ?
Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich , medianoche , Cuban espresso , and croquetas , all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians , and have become symbols of the city 's varied cuisine .	1960s	In what decade did Cuban immigrants introduce their cuisine to Miami ?
Located on the Atlantic Ocean , and with a long history as a seaport , Miami is also known for its seafood , with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River , and in and around Biscayne Bay .	Atlantic	What ocean is Miami adjacent to ?
Located on the Atlantic Ocean , and with a long history as a seaport , Miami is also known for its seafood , with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River , and in and around Biscayne Bay .	Biscayne Bay	Along with the Miami River , near what body of water are Miami seafood restaurants notably located ?
The Miami area has a unique dialect , -LRB- commonly called the `` Miami accent '' -RRB- which is widely spoken .	Miami accent	What is another term for Miami 's dialect ?
It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic -LRB- especially the New York area dialect , Northern New Jersey English , and New York Latino English . -RRB-	Mid-Atlantic	What area of the country has a similar dialect to Miami ?
Unlike Virginia Piedmont , Coastal Southern American , and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect -LRB- see section below -RRB- , `` Miami accent '' is rhotic ; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish -LRB- wherein rhythm is syllable-timed -RRB- .	Spanish	What non-English language influences the Miami dialect ?
Miami 's main four sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League , the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association , the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball , and the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League .	Basketball	What sport do the Miami Heat play ?
Miami 's main four sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League , the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association , the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball , and the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League .	Dolphins	What is the nickname of Miami 's NFL team ?
Miami 's main four sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League , the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association , the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball , and the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League .	Florida Panthers	What professional hockey team is based in Miami ?
As well as having all four major professional teams , Miami is also home to the Major League Soccer expansion team led by David Beckham , Sony Ericsson Open for professional tennis , numerous greyhound racing tracks , marinas , jai alai venues , and golf courses .	Sony Ericsson	At what tournament in Miami is professional tennis played ?
The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval hosts NASCAR national races .	Homestead-Miami Speedway	Where do NASCAR races in Miami take place ?
There are over 80 parks and gardens in the city .	80	How many gardens and parks are in Miami ?
The largest and most popular parks are Bayfront Park and Bicentennial Park -LRB- located in the heart of Downtown and the location of the American Airlines Arena and Bayside Marketplace -RRB- , Tropical Park , Peacock Park , Morningside Park , Virginia Key , and Watson Island .	Bicentennial	In what park is the American Airlines Arena located ?
Biscayne Bay has numerous coral reefs which make snorkeling and scuba diving popular .	snorkeling and scuba diving	Due to the presence of coral reefs , what activities are popular in Biscayne Bay ?
The largest and most popular parks are Bayfront Park and Bicentennial Park -LRB- located in the heart of Downtown and the location of the American Airlines Arena and Bayside Marketplace -RRB- , Tropical Park , Peacock Park , Morningside Park , Virginia Key , and Watson Island .	Downtown	In what neighborhood is Bicentennial Park located ?
Miami 's tropical weather allows for year-round outdoors activities .	tropical weather	Why can outdoor activities take place all year in Miami ?
The government of the City of Miami -LRB- proper -RRB- uses the mayor-commissioner type of system .	mayor-commissioner	Under what government system does Miami operate ?
The city commission consists of five commissioners which are elected from single member districts .	five	How many members are on the city commission ?
The City of Miami is governed by Mayor Tomás Regalado and 5 City commissioners which oversee the five districts in the City .	Tomás Regalado	Who is the Mayor of Miami ?
The commission 's regular meetings are held at Miami City Hall , which is located at 3500 Pan American Drive on Dinner Key in the neighborhood of Coconut Grove .	3500 Pan American Drive	What is the street address of Miami City Hall ?
The commission 's regular meetings are held at Miami City Hall , which is located at 3500 Pan American Drive on Dinner Key in the neighborhood of Coconut Grove .	Coconut Grove	In what neighborhood is Miami City Hall located ?
The papers left their longtime home in downtown Miami in 2013 .	2013	When did El Nuevo Herald leave Miami ?
The newspapers are now headquartered at the former home of U.S. Southern Command in Doral .	Doral	In what community is the Miami Herald currently located ?
Miami has one of the largest television markets in the nation and the second largest in the state of Florida .	second	Among television markets in Florida , where dies Miami rank ?
Miami has several major newspapers , the main and largest newspaper being The Miami Herald .	Miami Herald	What is the largest newspaper in Miami ?
El Nuevo Herald is the major and largest Spanish-language newspaper .	El Nuevo Herald	What is Miami 's largest newspaper written in Spanish ?
Other major newspapers include Miami Today , headquartered in Brickell , Miami New Times , headquartered in Midtown , Miami Sun Post , South Florida Business Journal , Miami Times , and Biscayne Boulevard Times .	Midtown	In what neighborhood of Miami is Miami New Times based ?
Other major newspapers include Miami Today , headquartered in Brickell , Miami New Times , headquartered in Midtown , Miami Sun Post , South Florida Business Journal , Miami Times , and Biscayne Boulevard Times .	Brickell	What neighborhood houses the headquarters of Miami Today ?
The Miami Herald is Miami 's primary newspaper with over a million readers and is headquartered in Downtown in Herald Plaza .	million	Approximately how many people read The Miami Herald ?
Several other student newspapers from the local universities , such as the oldest , the University of Miami 's The Miami Hurricane , Florida International University 's The Beacon , Miami-Dade College 's The Metropolis , Barry University 's The Buccaneer , amongst others .	Florida International	For what university is The Beacon the student newspaper ?
Several other student newspapers from the local universities , such as the oldest , the University of Miami 's The Miami Hurricane , Florida International University 's The Beacon , Miami-Dade College 's The Metropolis , Barry University 's The Buccaneer , amongst others .	The Buccaneer	What is the name of the student newspaper at Barry University ?
In 2009 , Univisión announced plans to build a new production studio in Miami , dubbed ` Univisión Studios ' .	2009	When did Univisión announce it was building a production studio in Miami ?
In 2009 , Univisión announced plans to build a new production studio in Miami , dubbed ` Univisión Studios ' .	Univisión Studios	What was the name of the production studio built in Miami by Univisión ?
Univisión Studios is currently headquartered in Miami , and will produce programming for all of Univisión Communications ' television networks .	all of Univisión Communications' television networks	Where will the programs made at Univisión Studios be broadcast ?
One of the busiest international airports in the world , Miami International Airport caters to over 35 million passengers a year .	35 million	How many passengers use Miami International Airport annually ?
The airport is a major hub and the single largest international gateway for American Airlines .	American Airlines	What airline uses Miami International as its biggest international gateway ?
Miami International is the busiest airport in Florida , and is the United States ' second-largest international port of entry for foreign air passengers behind New York 's John F. Kennedy International Airport , and is the seventh-largest such gateway in the world .	John F. Kennedy International Airport	What airport is the largest international port of entry for overseas air travelers in the United States ?
The airport 's extensive international route network includes non-stop flights to over seventy international cities in North and South America , Europe , Asia , and the Middle East .	seventy	From Miami International Airport , to approximately how many non-American cities can one fly nonstop ?
The port is often called the `` Cruise Capital of the World '' and the `` Cargo Gateway of the Americas '' .	"Cruise Capital of the World"	Along with `` Cargo Gateway of the Americas , '' what is another nickname for PortMiami ?
In 2007 , the port served 3,787,410 passengers .	3,787,410	How many passengers used PortMiami in 2007 ?
Additionally , the port is one of the nation 's busiest cargo ports , importing 7.8 million tons of cargo in 2007 .	7.8 million	How many tons of cargo arrived in PortMiami in 2007 ?
Among North American ports , it ranks second only to the Port of South Louisiana in New Orleans in terms of cargo tonnage imported/exported from Latin America .	Port of South Louisiana	What North American port sees the largest amount of imported and exported cargo ?
The port is on 518 acres -LRB- 2 km2 -RRB- and has 7 passenger terminals .	2	How many square kilometers is PortMiami ?
Miami 's heavy-rail rapid transit system , Metrorail , is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4-mile -LRB- 39.3 km -RRB- - long line .	Metrorail	What is the name of Miami 's heavy-rail system ?
Miami 's heavy-rail rapid transit system , Metrorail , is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4-mile -LRB- 39.3 km -RRB- - long line .	23	How many stations does Metrorail have ?
A free , elevated people mover , Metromover , operates 21 stations on three different lines in greater Downtown Miami , with a station at roughly every two blocks of Downtown and Brickell .	three	How many lines does Metromover have ?
A free , elevated people mover , Metromover , operates 21 stations on three different lines in greater Downtown Miami , with a station at roughly every two blocks of Downtown and Brickell .	free	How much does it cost to use Metromover ?
Completion of the Miami Intermodal Center is expected to be completed by winter 2011 , and will serve over 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area .	2011	What year was to see the completion of the Miami Intermodal Center ?
Phase I of Miami Central Station is scheduled to begin service in the spring of 2012 , and Phase II in 2013 .	2013	When was Phase II of the Miami Center Station supposed to enter service ?
Completion of the Miami Intermodal Center is expected to be completed by winter 2011 , and will serve over 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area .	150,000	Approximately how many people were intended to use Miami Intermodal Center ?
Construction is currently underway on the Miami Intermodal Center and Miami Central Station , a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail , Amtrak , Tri-Rail , Metrobus , Greyhound Lines , taxis , rental cars , MIA Mover , private automobiles , bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport .	Miami International	What airport is Miami Intermodal Center next to ?
Phase I of Miami Central Station is scheduled to begin service in the spring of 2012 , and Phase II in 2013 .	spring	What part of 2012 was to have seen Phase I of Miami Central Station begin ?
Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak 's Atlantic Coast services , running two lines , the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star , both terminating in New York City .	Silver Meteor	Along with the Silver Star , what Amtrak line runs to Miami ?
Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak 's Atlantic Coast services , running two lines , the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star , both terminating in New York City .	New York City	From Miami , to where does the Silver Star run ?
The Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb of Hialeah near the Tri-Rail/Metrorail Station on NW 79 St and NW 38 Ave. Current construction of the Miami Central Station will move all Amtrak operations from its current out-of-the-way location to a centralized location with Metrorail , MIA Mover , Tri-Rail , Miami International Airport , and the Miami Intermodal Center all within the same station closer to Downtown .	Hialeah	In what city is the Miami Amtrak Station ?
The station was expected to be completed by 2012 , but experienced several delays and was later expected to be completed in late 2014 , again pushed back to early 2015 .	2012	In what year was the Miami Central Station originally supposed to have been completed ?
The station was expected to be completed by 2012 , but experienced several delays and was later expected to be completed in late 2014 , again pushed back to early 2015 .	2014	After the first delay , in what year was the Miami Central Station supposed to open ?
Florida High Speed Rail was a proposed government backed high-speed rail system that would have connected Miami , Orlando , and Tampa .	Tampa	Along with Orlando , what city would have been connected to Miami via Florida High Speed Rail ?
The first phase was planned to connect Orlando and Tampa and was offered federal funding , but it was turned down by Governor Rick Scott in 2011 .	Rick Scott	Who was the governor of Florida in 2011 ?
By 2014 , a private project known as All Aboard Florida by a company of the historic Florida East Coast Railway began construction of a higher-speed rail line in South Florida that is planned to eventually terminate at Orlando International Airport .	2014	In what year did All Aboard Florida begin ?
By 2014 , a private project known as All Aboard Florida by a company of the historic Florida East Coast Railway began construction of a higher-speed rail line in South Florida that is planned to eventually terminate at Orlando International Airport .	Orlando International Airport	From South Florida , where will All Aboard Florida stretch to ?
By 2014 , a private project known as All Aboard Florida by a company of the historic Florida East Coast Railway began construction of a higher-speed rail line in South Florida that is planned to eventually terminate at Orlando International Airport .	Florida East Coast Railway	What company is responsible for All Aboard Florida ?
The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Downtown Macy 's -LRB- formerly the Burdine 's headquarters -RRB- .	Burdine's	What company was previously headquartered in the Downtown Macy 's ?
The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Downtown Macy 's -LRB- formerly the Burdine 's headquarters -RRB- .	Downtown	In what neighborhood of Miami is the corner of Miami Avenue and Flagler Street ?
Miami 's road system is based along the numerical `` Miami Grid '' where Flagler Street forms the east-west baseline and Miami Avenue forms the north-south meridian .	Miami Grid	What is Miami 's street plan called ?
The Miami grid is primarily numerical so that , for example , all street addresses north of Flagler Street and west of Miami Avenue have `` NW '' in their address .	NW	If a street is west of Miami Avenue and north of Flagler Street , what will necessarily be in its address ?
The Rickenbacker Causeway is the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell to Virginia Key and Key Biscayne .	Key Biscayne	Along with Virginia Key , what does the Rickenbacker Causeway connect to Brickell ?
The Venetian Causeway and MacArthur Causeway connect Downtown with South Beach .	MacArthur	What causeway connects South Beach with Downtown ?
The northernmost causeway , the Broad Causeway , is the smallest of Miami 's six causeways , and connects North Miami with Bal Harbour .	Broad	Which Miami causeway has the smallest size ?
The Rickenbacker Causeway is the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell to Virginia Key and Key Biscayne .	Rickenbacker	What causeway is furthest to the south ?
Miami has six major causeways that span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland , with the eastern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean .	six	How many major causeways are in Miami ?
Every month , the city hosts `` Bike Miami '' , where major streets in Downtown and Brickell are closed to automobiles , but left open for pedestrians and bicyclists .	automobiles	What can not travel on Downtown Miami streets during `` Bike Miami '' ?
The event began in November 2008 , and has doubled in popularity from 1,500 participants to about 3,000 in the October 2009 Bike Miami .	3,000	How many people participated in Bike Miami in October of 2009 ?
In recent years the city government , under Mayor Manny Diaz , has taken an ambitious stance in support of bicycling in Miami for both recreation and commuting .	Manny Diaz	Who was a recent mayor of Miami ?
Every month , the city hosts `` Bike Miami '' , where major streets in Downtown and Brickell are closed to automobiles , but left open for pedestrians and bicyclists .	Brickell	Along with Downtown , in what neighborhood of Miami does Bike Miami take place ?
The event began in November 2008 , and has doubled in popularity from 1,500 participants to about 3,000 in the October 2009 Bike Miami .	November	In what month in 2008 did Bike Miami start ?
Civil law states do not tend to have singular highest courts .	Civil law states	What kinds of governed nations may not have a specific , individual high court ?
Additionally , the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the `` Supreme Court '' , for example , the High Court of Australia ; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the Privy Council .	the High Court of Australia	What is an example of a highest court not being specifically called a Supreme Court ?
Additionally , the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the `` Supreme Court '' , for example , the High Court of Australia ; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the Privy Council .	the Privy Council	To which body can decisions made by this specific high court be appealed ?
On the other hand , in some places the court named the `` Supreme Court '' is not in fact the highest court ; examples include the New York Supreme Court , the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales , which are all superseded by higher Courts of Appeal .	the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories	What Canadian courts also are not specifically the highest courts in that country ?
Some countries have multiple `` supreme courts '' whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents , or which are restricted to particular areas of law .	different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law	Countries with more than one supreme court may divide their primacy by what factors ?
In particular , countries with a federal system of government typically -LSB- citation needed -RSB- have both a federal supreme court -LRB- such as the Supreme Court of the United States -RRB- , and supreme courts for each member state -LRB- such as the Supreme Court of Nevada -RRB- , with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law .	the Supreme Court of the United States	What is an example of the highest court in a federal system of government ?
A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court -LRB- first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 -RRB- , such as Austria , France , Germany , Luxemburg , Portugal , Spain and South Africa .	Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa	What are some countries that have a separate supreme court to decide constitutional matters ?
Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts , headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands .	a civil law system	A court system with a hierarchy of different administrative courts occurs in what kind of legal system ?
In jurisdictions using a common law system , the doctrine of stare decisis applies , whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts ; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law .	stare decisis	What term describes a system where the supreme court 's decisions are binding over the lower courts ?
In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply , so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it ; however , in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent , or jurisprudence constante , for both itself and all lower courts .	civil law jurisdictions	What jurisdictions does this system not apply to ?
In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply , so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it ; however , in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent , or jurisprudence constante , for both itself and all lower courts .	the immediate case before it	In a civil law jurisdiction , rulings by a supreme court are only binding for which decisions ?
In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply , so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it ; however , in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent , or jurisprudence constante , for both itself and all lower courts .	a very strong precedent	Even in civil law jurisdictions , decisions by supreme courts establish what ?
In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply , so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it ; however , in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent , or jurisprudence constante , for both itself and all lower courts .	jurisprudence constante	What is the legal term for the precedence established by multiple court rulings ?
In Canada , the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished .	1875	When was Canada 's Supreme Court first established ?
In Canada , the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished .	1949	Canada 's Supreme Court did n't actually become that country 's highest court until when ?
The court 's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories .	The court's decisions are final and binding	If a provincial case is appealed , how is the Supreme Court 's decision applied ?
In Canada , the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished .	the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council	Before 1949 , Supreme Court decisions in Canada could be appealed to what body ?
In Hong Kong , the Supreme Court of Hong Kong -LRB- now known as the High Court of Hong Kong -RRB- was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997 .	1997	When did Britain formally surrender sovreignty over Hong Kong ?
The final adjudication power , as in any other British Colonies , rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council -LRB- JCPC -RRB- in London , United Kingdom .	the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)	When Hong Kong was a colony of Great Britain , which body was the highest court of appeal ?
The final adjudication power , as in any other British Colonies , rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council -LRB- JCPC -RRB- in London , United Kingdom .	London, United Kingdom	Where is the JCPC located ?
Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the Court of Final Appeal created in 1997 .	1997	When was the Court of Final Appeal established ?
On the other hand , the power of interpretation of the Basic Law itself is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress -LRB- NPCSC -RRB- in Beijing -LRB- without retroactive effect -RRB- , and the courts are authorised to interpret the Basic Law when trying cases , in accordance with Article 158 of the Basic Law .	Beijing	The Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress is seated in what city ?
In India , the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28 , 1950 after adoption of the Constitution .	January 28, 1950	On what date was India 's Supreme Court established ?
Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India .	Article 141	What article of India 's Constitution makes decisions by their Supreme Court binding on lower courts ?
It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law -LRB- including local bylaws -RRB- .	the Constitution	India 's Supreme Court has ultimate power to determine interpretations of what ?
The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law .	judicial review	When the Supreme Court ensures that lower courts have properly applied the law it is called what ?
It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law -LRB- including local bylaws -RRB- .	local bylaws	In addition to national laws , India 's Supreme Court may also interpret what regulations ?
The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland .	The Supreme Court	What is the highest ranking court in Ireland ?
It has authority to interpret the constitution , and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional .	the constitution	Ireland 's highest court has the power to determine whether laws are allowed by what document ?
The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member , the Chief Justice , and seven other judges .	the Chief Justice	Who is the highest judge in Ireland 's Supreme Court ?
The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member , the Chief Justice , and seven other judges .	seven other judges	Besides chief justice , how many other judges sit on Ireland 's Supreme Court ?
The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin .	the Four Courts in Dublin	Where is Ireland 's Supreme Court seated ?
The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem .	Jerusalem	Where is Israel 's Supreme Court located ?
The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice .	both an appellate court and the high court of justice	Israel 's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions ?
As the High Court of Justice -LRB- Hebrew : Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek בית משפט גבוה לצדק ; also known by its initials as Bagatz בג '' ץ -RRB- , the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance , primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities : Government decisions , those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law , and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset .	the Knesset	Israel 's legislative body is called what ?
In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice - with a panel of three or more justices , it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices .	a panel of three or more justices	Israel 's Supreme court has uses what internal method to review its own decisions ?
The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order `` trial de novo '' -LRB- a retrial -RRB- .	"trial de novo"	A retrial is also called what ?
The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004 , although it did not come into operation until July .	2004	When did New Zealand 's Supreme Court come into being ?
The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand .	purely appellate	What is the role of New Zealand 's highest court ?
The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand .	Court of Appeal of New Zealand	What court 's decisions may be appealed to New Zealand 's supreme court ?
For certain cases , particularly cases which commenced in the District Court , a lower court -LRB- typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal -RRB- may be the court of final jurisdiction .	the High Court	New Zealand 's second ranking court is known as what ?
For certain cases , particularly cases which commenced in the District Court , a lower court -LRB- typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal -RRB- may be the court of final jurisdiction .	the District Court	Local decisions by what judicial body may remain within the jurisdiction of local courts ?
With respect to Pakistan 's territories -LRB- i.e. FATA , Azad Kashmir , Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory -LRB- ICT -RRB- -RRB- the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory ; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas , while ICT generally functions the same as provinces .	FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)	What are some of the territories within Pakistan ?
With respect to Pakistan 's territories -LRB- i.e. FATA , Azad Kashmir , Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory -LRB- ICT -RRB- -RRB- the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory ; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas , while ICT generally functions the same as provinces .	appeals only of a constitutional nature	What type of cases may Pakistan 's Supreme Court hear from FATA ?
Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such ; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan .	Azad Kashmir	What Pakistani territory 's own courts retain supremacy ?
Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such ; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan .	does not apply to it	What is the relationship between Pakistan 's Constitution and Azad Kashmir ?
The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England , Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland .	England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland	The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom holds Supremacy in what jurisdictions ?
-LRB- The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary . -RRB-	the High Court of Justiciary	What is the high court in Scotland that has supremacy on criminal matters ?
The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009 , replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords .	Constitutional Reform Act 2005	What legislation established the Supremacy of the Supreme Court of the UK ?
The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009 , replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords .	1 October 2009	When did this act go into affect ?
The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009 , replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords .	House of Lords	What body previously had judicial supremacy in the UK prior to this ?
The titles of state supreme court vary , which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court .	titles of state supreme court vary	What may cause some confusion in the US regarding state supreme courts ?
In New York , Maryland , and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals , a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts .	New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia	The Court of Appeals is the high court in which US States or territories ?
In West Virginia , the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals .	Supreme Court of Appeals	What is West Virginia 's highest court called ?
In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the `` Supreme Judicial Court '' ; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere .	Massachusetts	What state 's supreme court is the oldest appellate court body in the western hemisphere ?
Further , trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court , and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court , Appellate Division .	trial courts of general jurisdiction	Supreme Courts in New York serve what function ?
In Austria , the Austrian Constitution of 1920 -LRB- based on a draft by Hans Kelsen -RRB- introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality .	the Austrian Constitution of 1920	What document established judicial oversight of legislation in Austria ?
This function is performed by the Constitutional Court -LRB- Verfassungsgerichtshof -RRB- , which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights .	Constitutional Court	What court is charged with the responsibility of deciding the constitutionality of laws in Austria ?
This function is performed by the Constitutional Court -LRB- Verfassungsgerichtshof -RRB- , which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights .	Verfassungsgerichtshof	What is the German word for this constitutional high court ?
This function is performed by the Constitutional Court -LRB- Verfassungsgerichtshof -RRB- , which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights .	the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights	What is the Constitutional Court 's power over the executive branch of Austrian government ?
The Supreme Court -LRB- Oberste Gerichtshof -LRB- OGH -RRB- -RRB- , stands at the top of Austria 's system of `` ordinary courts '' -LRB- ordentliche Gerichte -RRB- as the final instance in issues of private law and criminal law .	Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)	The Supreme Court of Austria is known by what German name ?
In Brazil , the Supreme Federal Tribunal -LRB- Supremo Tribunal Federal -RRB- is the highest court .	Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal)	What is the highest court in Brazil ?
It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases .	cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases	What are the two areas this court has supremacy over ?
It also judges , in original jurisdiction , cases involving members of congress , senators , ministers of state , members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic .	cases involving members of congress, senators	Which legislative bodies does this court sit in cases over ?
It also judges , in original jurisdiction , cases involving members of congress , senators , ministers of state , members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic .	ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic	What other government officials are subject to judgments of Brazil 's highest court ?
The Superior Labour Tribunal -LRB- Tribunal Superior do Trabalho -RRB- reviews cases involving labour law .	The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho)	What is Brazil 's high court for labor law ?
Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution , the Grundgesetz , is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht -LRB- Federal Constitutional Court -RRB- , which is the de facto highest German court , as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective , and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts , despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system .	the Grundgesetz	What is Germany 's constitution called ?
Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution , the Grundgesetz , is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht -LRB- Federal Constitutional Court -RRB- , which is the de facto highest German court , as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective , and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts , despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system .	Bundesverfassungsgericht	What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document ?
Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution , the Grundgesetz , is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht -LRB- Federal Constitutional Court -RRB- , which is the de facto highest German court , as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective , and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts , despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system .	Federal Constitutional Court	The english translation of this court and its duties is what ?
It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties , if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution .	the power and authority to outlaw political parties	What unique electoral power does this German high court possess ?
It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties , if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution .	it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution	Under what circumstances may the court enact this responsibility ?
When it comes to civil and criminal cases , the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts .	civil and criminal cases	The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law ?
The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems , each topped by a high court ; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security , the Bundesarbeitsgericht for employment and labour , the Bundesfinanzhof for taxation and financial issues , and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht for administrative law .	Bundessozialgericht	What court has supremacy for matters of social security ?
The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems , each topped by a high court ; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security , the Bundesarbeitsgericht for employment and labour , the Bundesfinanzhof for taxation and financial issues , and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht for administrative law .	Bundesarbeitsgericht	What court sits in supremacy for cases related to employment and labor law in Germany ?
The so-called Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe -LRB- Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts -RRB- is not a supreme court in itself , but an ad-hoc body that is convened in only when one supreme court intends to diverge from another supreme court 's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court .	Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe	Germany 's Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts is also known by what name ?
Its decisions , known as `` arresten '' , are absolutely final .	arresten	Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what ?
The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution , pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General ; the court can , however , test legislation against some treaties .	legislation against the constitution	The Supreme Court of the Netherlands can not interpret what ?
The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution , pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General ; the court can , however , test legislation against some treaties .	legislation against some treaties	What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have ?
Also , the ordinary courts in the Netherlands , including the Hoge Raad , do not deal with administrative law , which is dealt with in separate administrative courts , the highest of which is the Council of State -LRB- Raad van State -RRB-	administrative law	Holland 's regular court system does not handle cases related to what area of law ?
Also , the ordinary courts in the Netherlands , including the Hoge Raad , do not deal with administrative law , which is dealt with in separate administrative courts , the highest of which is the Council of State -LRB- Raad van State -RRB-	Council of State (Raad van State)	The high court for administrative law is also known as what ?
While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation , its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court .	a civil law nation	What type of legal system is the Philippines officially ?
While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation , its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court .	the American Supreme Court	The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body ?
The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions .	1987 Philippine Constitution	What document grants the Philippines Supreme Court the right of judicial review ?
The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices .	1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices	How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court ?
The court sits either en banc or in divisions , depending on the nature of the case to be decided .	en banc	When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called ?
Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain -LRB- both private and public -RRB- .	private and public	The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas ?
Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court -LRB- which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution -RRB- .	those cases related to human rights	What types of cases can be appealed to Spain 's Constitutional Court ?
Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court -LRB- which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution -RRB- .	decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution	What is the other power of this latter court ?
In Spain , high courts can not create binding precedents ; however , lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations .	binding precedents	High courts in Spain do not establish what for lower court rulings ?
In Spain , high courts can not create binding precedents ; however , lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations .	lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations	In practicality , how do lower courts typically view the rulings of higher courts ?
In Sweden , the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land .	the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court	Sweden 's two high courts are what ?
The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs , as well as disputes among administrative organs , while the Supreme Court considers all other cases .	cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs	What is a type of case heard by the Supreme Administrative Court ?
The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs , as well as disputes among administrative organs , while the Supreme Court considers all other cases .	all other cases	The Supreme Court hears what ?
The judges are appointed by the Government .	appointed by the Government	How are judges placed on Sweden 's high courts ?
In most cases , the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case -LRB- prövningstillstånd -RRB- if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law .	prövningstillstånd	The ability to appeal a case provided by Sweden 's court system is called what ?
In Sri Lanka , the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution .	1972	When was the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka created ?
The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts .	all lower Courts	The Sri Lankan Supreme Court 's decisions override what ?
The Sri Lanka judicial system is complex blend of both common-law and civil-law .	common-law and civil-law	Sri Lankan law mixes what two categories of jurisprudence ?
However , when there is 2/3 majority in the parliament in favour of president -LRB- as with present -RRB- , the supreme court and its judges ' powers become nullified as they could be fired from their positions according to the Constitution , if the president wants .	2/3	What majority is necessary in the Sri Lankan Parliament to dismiss a president and the Court ?
In South Africa , a `` two apex '' system existed from 1994 to 2013 .	"two apex"	South Africa used what type of system to determine it 's high courts until 2013 ?
The Supreme Court of Appeal -LRB- SCA -RRB- was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters .	1994	When was the Supreme Court of Appeal created ?
The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court , which is the highest court in matters involving the interpretation and application of the Constitution .	the Constitutional Court	What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA ?
But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country 's single apex court , superior to the SCA in all matters , both constitutional and non-constitutional .	August 2013	When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters ?
In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union , the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort .	Soviet Union	What nation 's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature ?
In the People 's Republic of China , the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress -LRB- NPCSC -RRB- .	Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)	What is the name of China 's high court which sits as a legislative committee ?
This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided .	cases which have already been decided	Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what ?
This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau , the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese-based legal system jurisdictions respectively .	common law	Hong Kong 's legal system was traditionally based on what ?
This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau , the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese-based legal system jurisdictions respectively .	Portuguese-based legal system	Macau 's legal system comes from what tradition ?
Given a manuscript copy , several or many copies , but not the original document , the textual critic might seek to reconstruct the original text -LRB- the archetype or autograph -RRB- as closely as possible .	a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document	What type of documents does a textual critic usually analyze ?
The ultimate objective of the textual critic 's work is the production of a `` critical edition '' containing a scholarly curated text .	the production of a "critical edition" containing a scholarly curated text.	What is the goal of the textual critic ?
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship , philology , and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books .	philology	What is the proper name for textual scholarship ?
Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand .	Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand	Why are there differences in ancient copies of the same text ?
The same processes can be used to attempt to reconstruct intermediate versions , or recensions , of a document 's transcription history .	recensions	What do textual critics call a revised edition of a text ?
Interest in applying textual criticism to the Qur ` an has also developed after the discovery of the Sana'a manuscripts in 1972 , which possibly date back to the 7 -- 8th centuries .	Qur'an	Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 1970 's ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Although biblical books that are letters , like Greek plays , presumably had one original , the question of whether some biblical books , like the Gospels , ever had just one original has been discussed .	biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original	Why are scholars concerned with analysis of the Gospels over the letters ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Although biblical books that are letters , like Greek plays , presumably had one original , the question of whether some biblical books , like the Gospels , ever had just one original has been discussed .	the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed	Why is it important for textual critics to analyze the Gospels ?
Interest in applying textual criticism to the Qur ` an has also developed after the discovery of the Sana'a manuscripts in 1972 , which possibly date back to the 7 -- 8th centuries .	Sana'a manuscripts	What manuscripts prompted a textual analysis of the Qur ` an
Interest in applying textual criticism to the Qur ` an has also developed after the discovery of the Sana'a manuscripts in 1972 , which possibly date back to the 7 -- 8th centuries .	possibly date back to the 7–8th centuries.	When were the Sana'a manuscripts probably written ?
In the English language , the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism -- both because the texts , as transmitted , contain a considerable amount of variation , and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile .	the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation,	What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism ?
The principles of textual criticism , although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity , the Bible , and Shakespeare , have been applied to many works , extending backwards from the present to the earliest known written documents , in Mesopotamia and Egypt -- a period of about five millennia .	Mesopotamia and Egypt	Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on .
While Christianity has been relatively receptive to textual criticism , application of it to the Jewish -LRB- Masoretic -RRB- Torah and the Qur ` an is , to the devout , taboo .	is, to the devout, taboo.	Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books ?
The principles of textual criticism , although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity , the Bible , and Shakespeare , have been applied to many works , extending backwards from the present to the earliest known written documents , in Mesopotamia and Egypt -- a period of about five millennia .	Bible	Aside from Shakespeare , what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism ?
The principles of textual criticism , although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity , the Bible , and Shakespeare , have been applied to many works , extending backwards from the present to the earliest known written documents , in Mesopotamia and Egypt -- a period of about five millennia .	a period of about five millennia	Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works ?
In such a situation , a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the tradition .	identification of the first exemplar	What is the first goal when attempting to analyze a new text ?
In such a situation , a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the tradition .	split in the tradition	Why is finding the first exemplar important in textual criticism ?
That exemplar is known as the archetype .	the archetype	The exemplar is otherwise known as what ?
`` If we succeed in establishing the text of -LSB- the archetype -RSB- , the constitutio -LRB- reconstruction of the original -RRB- is considerably advanced .	the constitutio	The final product of reconstruction is known as what ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original , and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus .	apparatus criticus or critical apparatus	What is included in or accompanies in `` critical edition '' ?
The critical apparatus presents the author 's work in three parts : first , a list or description of the evidence that the editor used -LRB- names of manuscripts , or abbreviations called sigla -RRB- ; second , the editor 's analysis of that evidence -LRB- sometimes a simple likelihood rating -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- ; and third , a record of rejected variants of the text -LRB- often in order of preference -RRB- .	presents the author's work in three parts	What is the purpose of the critical apparatus ?
The textual critic 's ultimate objective is the production of a `` critical edition '' .	a "critical edition"	What is the goal of the textual critic ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original , and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus .	apparatus criticus or critical apparatus.	A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what ?
The critical apparatus presents the author 's work in three parts : first , a list or description of the evidence that the editor used -LRB- names of manuscripts , or abbreviations called sigla -RRB- ; second , the editor 's analysis of that evidence -LRB- sometimes a simple likelihood rating -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- ; and third , a record of rejected variants of the text -LRB- often in order of preference -RRB- .	a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)	What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus ?
The critical apparatus presents the author 's work in three parts : first , a list or description of the evidence that the editor used -LRB- names of manuscripts , or abbreviations called sigla -RRB- ; second , the editor 's analysis of that evidence -LRB- sometimes a simple likelihood rating -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- ; and third , a record of rejected variants of the text -LRB- often in order of preference -RRB- .	the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating)	What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus ?
The critical apparatus presents the author 's work in three parts : first , a list or description of the evidence that the editor used -LRB- names of manuscripts , or abbreviations called sigla -RRB- ; second , the editor 's analysis of that evidence -LRB- sometimes a simple likelihood rating -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- ; and third , a record of rejected variants of the text -LRB- often in order of preference -RRB- .	a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)	What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus ?
Before mechanical printing , literature was copied by hand , and many variations were introduced by copyists .	literature was copied by hand	Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press ?
Printed editions , while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission , are nonetheless not immune to introducing variations from an author 's autograph .	not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph	Are printed editions immune to variation ?
Instead of a scribe miscopying his source , a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph .	a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph	How do differences in works arise when using a printing press ?
An edited text that draws from multiple sources is said to be eclectic .	eclectic.	An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what ?
When comparing different documents , or `` witnesses '' , of a single , original text , the observed differences are called variant readings , or simply variants or readings .	witnesses	Different documents that represent the same original text are called what ?
When comparing different documents , or `` witnesses '' , of a single , original text , the observed differences are called variant readings , or simply variants or readings .	variant readings, or simply variants or readings.	What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as ?
The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant may have entered the text , either by accident -LRB- duplication or omission -RRB- or intention -LRB- harmonization or censorship -RRB- , as scribes or supervisors transmitted the original author 's text by copying it .	either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship)	How or why do variations enter a witness text ?
At the same time , the critical text should document variant readings , so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition .	document variant readings	As well as representing the original text , a critical text must also do what ?
At the same time , the critical text should document variant readings , so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition .	so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition.	Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text ?
The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum , namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication .	The collation of all known variants of a text	What is a variorum ?
The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum , namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication .	so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication	What is the purpose of a variorum ?
The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare have often been the subjects of variorum editions , although the same techniques have been applied with less frequency to many other works , such as Walt Whitman 's Leaves of Grass , and the prose writings of Edward Fitzgerald .	Edward Fitzgerald	Name one author who is less frequently the subject of a variorum .
The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare have often been the subjects of variorum editions , although the same techniques have been applied with less frequency to many other works , such as Walt Whitman 's Leaves of Grass , and the prose writings of Edward Fitzgerald .	The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare	Name two works that are often the subject of a variorum .
Eclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading .	an impression of the number of witnesses	What is often included in an eclectic reading ?
For example , a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions .	a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions	Why would someone prefer a second edition to a first edition ?
Although nearly all subsequent manuscripts may have included the addition , textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition .	textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition.	Do textual critics always include additions found in the majority of subsequent versions of a work ?
External evidence is evidence of each physical witness , its date , source , and relationship to other known witnesses .	evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses.	What is external evidence ?
Since errors tend to accumulate , older manuscripts should have fewer errors .	Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors.	Why are older manuscripts preferred ?
For the same reasons , the most geographically diverse witnesses are preferred .	geographically diverse	What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic ?
Some manuscripts show evidence that particular care was taken in their composition , for example , by including alternative readings in their margins , demonstrating that more than one prior copy -LRB- exemplar -RRB- was consulted in producing the current one .	more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one	What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic ?
Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult -LRB- unharmonized -RRB- reading as being more likely to be the original .	Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original.	Is a lectio brevrio or lectio difficilior approach more akin to the original text ?
The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words , for clarification or out of habit , more often than they removed them .	scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit	What is the main principle of lectio brevior ?
Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior -LRB- shorter reading -RRB- and lectio difficilior -LRB- more difficult reading -RRB- .	shorter reading	Define `` lectio brevior ''
The second , lectio difficilior potior -LRB- the harder reading is stronger -RRB- , recognizes the tendency for harmonization -- resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text .	the tendency for harmonization—resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text.	What is the main principle of lectio difficilior ?
Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior -LRB- shorter reading -RRB- and lectio difficilior -LRB- more difficult reading -RRB- .	more difficult reading	Define `` lectio difficilior ''
They proposed nine critical rules , including a version of Bengel 's rule , `` The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties . ''	They proposed nine critical rules	How many rules were proposed in the 1881 publication of the New Testament in Greek ?
They proposed nine critical rules , including a version of Bengel 's rule , `` The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties . ''	The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties.	What is Bengel 's rule ?
They also argued that `` Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality , and not the number , of their supporting witnesses '' , and that `` The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others . ''	"The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others."	Does ease of reading correlate to accuracy in relation to the original text ?
They also argued that `` Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality , and not the number , of their supporting witnesses '' , and that `` The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others . ''	Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses	What is more important for a textual critic : quality or quantity ?
They also argued that `` Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality , and not the number , of their supporting witnesses '' , and that `` The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others . ''	The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.	What is the criteria needed to include or dismiss a reading when critiquing texts ?
Starting in the 19th century , scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment .	19th century	When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The citing of sources used , and alternate readings , and the use of original text and images helps readers and other critics determine to an extent the depth of research of the critic , and to independently verify their work .	The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images	What inclusion helps readers and critics understand the motivation behind the compiler ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The citing of sources used , and alternate readings , and the use of original text and images helps readers and other critics determine to an extent the depth of research of the critic , and to independently verify their work .	the depth of research of the critic	What is a further benefit of including sources , texts and original images in a critique ?
Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation , and at times even contradict each other , they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic 's aesthetic or theological agenda .	justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda	Is textual criticism immune to bias on the part of the critic ?
Stemmatics , stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism .	a rigorous approach to textual criticism	What is stemmatics ?
The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram .	The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram.	What is a cladogram ?
That is , if two witnesses have a number of errors in common , it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source , called a hyparchetype .	it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source	What is implied when two witnesses have a number of errors in common ?
That is , if two witnesses have a number of errors in common , it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source , called a hyparchetype .	a common intermediate source	What is a hyparchetype ?
The process of constructing the stemma is called recension , or the Latin recensio .	The process of constructing the stemma	What is recension ?
The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing .	examinatio and emendatio	Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing ?
If it seems that one manuscript is by far the best text , then copy text editing is appropriate , and if it seems that a group of manuscripts are good , then eclecticism on that group would be proper .	copy text editing	What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable ?
If it seems that one manuscript is by far the best text , then copy text editing is appropriate , and if it seems that a group of manuscripts are good , then eclecticism on that group would be proper .	eclecticism	What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available ?
He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method , and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches .	critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.	What was Joseph Bédier 's main criticism of the stemmatic method ?
He concluded that this outcome was unlikely to have occurred by chance , and that therefore , the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses .	the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses.	Why is a methos that only produces two branches seen as inferior ?
He suspected that editors tended to favor trees with two branches , as this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment -LRB- as there would be no third branch to `` break the tie '' whenever the witnesses disagreed -RRB- .	editors tended to favor trees with two branches	To what did Joseph Bédier attribute the prevalence of the stemmatic method ?
He suspected that editors tended to favor trees with two branches , as this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment -LRB- as there would be no third branch to `` break the tie '' whenever the witnesses disagreed -RRB- .	this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment	Why would editors only want two alternative branches when analyzing a text ?
He also noted that , for many works , more than one reasonable stemma could be postulated , suggesting that the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed .	the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.	What was the final implication of Joseph Bédier 's analysis of the stemmatic method ?
The stemmatic method 's final step is emendatio , also sometimes referred to as `` conjectural emendation . ''	emendatio	What is the last step in the stemmatic method ?
But in fact , the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process .	the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process	At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis ?
However , it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading .	, it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading	Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading ?
The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe , defining it as `` the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine . ''	1904	When was the term copy-text introduced ?
The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe , defining it as `` the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine . ''	the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine	What was the initial definition of copy-text ?
McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method , and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable , and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt .	choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt.	Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method
By 1939 , in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare , McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach , as he feared that a later edition -- even if it contained authorial corrections -- would `` deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author 's original manuscript . ''	deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript."	Why did McKerrow alter his previous method of criticism ?
He therefore concluded that the correct procedure would be `` produced by using the earliest `` good '' print as copy-text and inserting into it , from the first edition which contains them , such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author . ''	inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author."	How did McKerrow alter his approach to copy-text analysis ?
But , fearing the arbitrary exercise of editorial judgment , McKerrow stated that , having concluded that a later edition had substantive revisions attributable to the author , `` we must accept all the alterations of that edition , saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints . ''	we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints	What did McKerrow concede about his new copy-text method ?
By 1939 , in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare , McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach , as he feared that a later edition -- even if it contained authorial corrections -- would `` deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author 's original manuscript . ''	Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare	What work was the first to see McKerrow use his new method ?
Although Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings , he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when `` the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced .	the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced	Are there times when an editor 's judgement should be deferred ?
... In such a case , while there can be no logical reason for giving preference to the copy-text , in practice , if there is no reason for altering its reading , the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand . ''	if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand.	What should one do when two readings are contradictory but balanced ?
The `` exactly balanced '' variants are said to be indifferent .	indifferent	What do editors call variants that are exactly balanced ?
The principle is sound without regard for the literary period . ''	The principle is sound without regard for the literary period.	Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period ?
For works where an author 's manuscript survived -- a case Greg had not considered -- Bowers concluded that the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text .	the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text	What will an editor do in the case where an author 's work was not wiped out ?
Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama , where his expertise lay , Bowers argued that the rationale was `` the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare , Dryden , Fielding , Nathaniel Hawthorne , or Stephen Crane .	English Renaissance drama	What where the limitations of Greg 's analyses ?
For works where an author 's manuscript survived -- a case Greg had not considered -- Bowers concluded that the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text .	works where an author's manuscript survived	What is the main criticism of Greg 's work ?
McKerrow had articulated textual criticism 's goal in terms of `` our ideal of an author 's fair copy of his work in its final state '' .	our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state	What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish ?
Bowers stated similarly that the editor 's task is to `` approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy . ''	approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy	If an editor ca n't achieve an exact reproduction of an authors work , what should be the goal ?
Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg 's method would `` represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author 's final intentions . ''	represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions	What did Bower 's say about Greg 's method ?
Tanselle notes that , `` Textual criticism ... has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing , as accurately as possible , the text finally intended by the author '' .	has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author	What did Tanselle say about textual criticism ?
Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others .	Bowers and Tanselle	Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others ?
In his writings , Tanselle refers to `` unconstrained authorial intention '' or `` an author 's uninfluenced intentions . ''	Tanselle	Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work ?
This marks a departure from Greg , who had merely suggested that the editor inquire whether a later reading `` is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former '' , not implying any further inquiry as to why the author had made the change .	a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former	Does Greg believe a later work can be substituted for a earlier one ?
In his writings , Tanselle refers to `` unconstrained authorial intention '' or `` an author 's uninfluenced intentions . ''	unconstrained authorial intention	What idea did Tanselle champion ?
To secure commercial publication in 1896 , Crane agreed to remove profanity , but he also made stylistic revisions .	remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions	What alterations did Crane make to secure commercial publication ?
Bowers 's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896 , but to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher 's intention rather than his own .	to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896	What was Bower 's first step in editing multiple works into a single product ?
Bowers 's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896 , but to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher 's intention rather than his own .	to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own	What was Bower 's second step in editing multiple works into a single product ?
There were , however , intermediate cases that could reasonably have been attributed to either intention , and some of Bowers 's choices came under fire -- both as to his judgment , and as to the wisdom of conflating readings from the two different versions of Maggie .	his judgment	What was one of the criticisms Bowers faced after editing Maggie ?
To secure commercial publication in 1896 , Crane agreed to remove profanity , but he also made stylistic revisions .	1896	I what year was Maggie printed for commercial use ?
Bowers 's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896 , but to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher 's intention rather than his own .	to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896,	What was the first step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions ?
Bowers 's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896 , but to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher 's intention rather than his own .	to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention	What was the second step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions ?
To secure commercial publication in 1896 , Crane agreed to remove profanity , but he also made stylistic revisions .	to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions	What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie ?
Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893 .	1893	When was Maggie first published ?
Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence , relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use , and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves .	appendices that are difficult to use,	Are appendices easy to use for the average reader ?
Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence , relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use , and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves .	suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves	Can a reader be certain of the validity of information found in a clear-text edition ?
As Shillingsburg notes , `` English scholarly editions have tended to use notes at the foot of the text page , indicating , tacitly , a greater modesty about the `` established '' text and drawing attention more forcibly to at least some of the alternative forms of the text '' .	notes at the foot of the text page	How do most editors work around the reference problems of clear-text editing ?
Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence , relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use , and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves .	appendices	Where can a reader find more information on text variants after noticing a footnote ?
In biology , the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species .	to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species	What is the biological basis for Cladistics ?
The manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics .	manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics	How is evolution applied to textual criticism ?
The difference between cladistics and more traditional forms of statistical analysis is that , rather than simply arranging the manuscripts into rough groupings according to their overall similarity , cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree and uses that assumption to derive relationships between them .	cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree	How is cladistics similar to the stemmatic method ?
However , where there is a difference , the computer does not attempt to decide which reading is closer to the original text , and so does not indicate which branch of the tree is the `` root '' -- which manuscript tradition is closest to the original .	does not indicate which branch of the tree is the "root"	What is the main difference between cladistics and stemmatics ?
Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared , not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon .	the early 1970s	When did textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon ?
One aspect of that effort entailed digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes , another aspect required establishing the most dependable text .	digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes	What was one portion of preparing a new edition of the Holy Scriptures ?
To that latter end , Stanley R. Larson -LRB- a Rasmussen graduate student -RRB- set about applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts and early editions of the Book of Mormon as his thesis project -- which he completed in 1974 .	applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts	How was the most reliable version of the Holy Scriptures determined ?
To that latter end , Stanley R. Larson -LRB- a Rasmussen graduate student -RRB- set about applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts and early editions of the Book of Mormon as his thesis project -- which he completed in 1974 .	1974	When did Larson finish his project ?
Larson proceeded to publish a useful set of well-argued articles on the phenomena which he had discovered .	Larson	Whose observations were included in the 1981 publication of the Book of Mormon ?
By 1979 , with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies -LRB- FARMS -RRB- as a California non-profit research institution , an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson 's work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon .	Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies	What is FARMS ?
By 1979 , with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies -LRB- FARMS -RRB- as a California non-profit research institution , an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson 's work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon .	Robert F. Smith	Who spearheaded the Critical Text of the Book of Mormon project ?
The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987 , but was already being superseded by a second , revised edition of the entire work , greatly aided through the advice and assistance of then Yale doctoral candidate Grant Hardy , Dr. Gordon C. Thomasson , Professor John W. Welch -LRB- the head of FARMS -RRB- , Professor Royal Skousen , and others too numerous to mention here .	The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work	Was the third volume of the first edition deemed sufficient ?
The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987 , but was already being superseded by a second , revised edition of the entire work , greatly aided through the advice and assistance of then Yale doctoral candidate Grant Hardy , Dr. Gordon C. Thomasson , Professor John W. Welch -LRB- the head of FARMS -RRB- , Professor Royal Skousen , and others too numerous to mention here .	Professor John W. Welch	Who is the head of FARMS ?
In 1988 , with that preliminary phase of the project completed , Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied to obtain fine readings from otherwise unreadable pages and fragments .	1988	When was phase one completed ?
In 1988 , with that preliminary phase of the project completed , Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied to obtain fine readings from otherwise unreadable pages and fragments .	Professor Skousen	Who took over after the preliminary phase ?
In 1988 , with that preliminary phase of the project completed , Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied to obtain fine readings from otherwise unreadable pages and fragments .	to obtain fine readings	Why did Professor Skousen gather fragments and have them analyzed ?
In 1988 , with that preliminary phase of the project completed , Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied to obtain fine readings from otherwise unreadable pages and fragments .	advanced photographic techniques	What process what used to study the gathered fragments ?
He also closely examined the Printer 's Manuscript -LRB- owned by the Community of Christ -- RLDS Church in Independence , Missouri -RRB- for differences in types of ink or pencil , in order to determine when and by whom they were made .	Printer’s Manuscript	On what did Skousen analyze ink and pencil remnants ?
Shemaryahu Talmon , who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible , concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare .	extremely rare	How common are variations in text that alter the meaning of the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible ?
As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned , almost all of the textual variants are fairly insignificant and hardly affect any doctrine .	hardly affect any doctrine	To what degree do variations in the Old Testament alter the meaning ?
Professor Douglas Stuart states : `` It is fair to say that the verses , chapters , and books of the Bible would read largely the same , and would leave the same impression with the reader , even if one adopted virtually every possible alternative reading to those now serving as the basis for current English translations . ''	Professor Douglas Stuart	Who claims that the Old Testament is essentially the same throughout all variations ?
Professor Douglas Stuart states : `` It is fair to say that the verses , chapters , and books of the Bible would read largely the same , and would leave the same impression with the reader , even if one adopted virtually every possible alternative reading to those now serving as the basis for current English translations . ''	virtually every possible alternative reading	How many variations of the Old Testament offer the same meaning ?
There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible , so scholars can use stemmatics and , in some cases , copy text editing .	There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible	Does the Bible or Plato 's Republic have more witnesses ?
However , unlike the New Testament where the earliest witnesses are within 200 years of the original , the earliest existing manuscripts of most classical texts were written about a millennium after their composition .	within 200 years	What 's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works ?
However , unlike the New Testament where the earliest witnesses are within 200 years of the original , the earliest existing manuscripts of most classical texts were written about a millennium after their composition .	about a millennium after their composition	What 's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works ?
All things being equal , textual scholars expect that a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text .	a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.	How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts ?
Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided .	if enough creativity/originality is provided	What is the criteria for copyright ?
The mere addition of a word , or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct , usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity .	The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct	What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright ?
All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable if the other requirements are satisfied .	All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable	Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work ?
In the European Union critical and scientific editions may be protected also by the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works as made possible by art. 5 of the Copyright Term Directive .	the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works	What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy ?
Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches -LRB- 12 '' , 10 '' , 7 '' -RRB- , the rotational speed in rpm at which they are played -LRB- 16 2⁄3 , 33 1⁄3 , 45 , 78 -RRB- , and their time capacity resulting from a combination of those parameters -LRB- LP -- long playing 33 1⁄3 rpm , SP -- 78 rpm single , EP -- 12-inch single or extended play , 33 or 45 rpm -RRB- ; their reproductive quality or level of fidelity -LRB- high-fidelity , orthophonic , full-range , etc. -RRB- , and the number of audio channels provided -LRB- mono , stereo , quad , etc. -RRB- .	long playing	What does LP stand for when it comes to time capacity ?
Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches -LRB- 12 '' , 10 '' , 7 '' -RRB- , the rotational speed in rpm at which they are played -LRB- 16 2⁄3 , 33 1⁄3 , 45 , 78 -RRB- , and their time capacity resulting from a combination of those parameters -LRB- LP -- long playing 33 1⁄3 rpm , SP -- 78 rpm single , EP -- 12-inch single or extended play , 33 or 45 rpm -RRB- ; their reproductive quality or level of fidelity -LRB- high-fidelity , orthophonic , full-range , etc. -RRB- , and the number of audio channels provided -LRB- mono , stereo , quad , etc. -RRB- .	12", 10", 7"	What are common diameters found in phonograph records ?
A gramophone record -LRB- phonograph record in American English -RRB- or vinyl record , commonly known as a `` record '' , is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride -LRB- previously shellac -RRB- disc with an inscribed , modulated spiral groove .	analogue sound storage medium	What is a gramophone or ` vinyl ' record ?
The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc .	near the periphery	Where does the groove on a vinyl record typically start ?
Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches -LRB- 12 '' , 10 '' , 7 '' -RRB- , the rotational speed in rpm at which they are played -LRB- 16 2⁄3 , 33 1⁄3 , 45 , 78 -RRB- , and their time capacity resulting from a combination of those parameters -LRB- LP -- long playing 33 1⁄3 rpm , SP -- 78 rpm single , EP -- 12-inch single or extended play , 33 or 45 rpm -RRB- ; their reproductive quality or level of fidelity -LRB- high-fidelity , orthophonic , full-range , etc. -RRB- , and the number of audio channels provided -LRB- mono , stereo , quad , etc. -RRB- .	rpm	In what method is the rotational speed measured in ?
The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century , replacing the phonograph cylinder record -- with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s -- by the late 1920s .	music reproduction	What was the primary use of a phonographic disc record ?
By the late 1980s , digital media , in the form of the compact disc , had gained a larger market share , and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991 .	1991	Which year did vinyl records leave the main steam media market ?
From the 1990s to the 2010s , records continued to be manufactured and sold on a much smaller scale , and were especially used by disc jockeys -LRB- DJ -RRB- s , released by artists in some genres , and listened to by a niche market of audiophiles .	disc jockeys (DJ)s	From the 1990s to 2010s who was the primary consumer of vinyl records ?
The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence in the early 21st century -- 9.2 million records were sold in the U.S. in 2014 , a 260 % increase since 2009 .	9.2 million	Approximately how many phonograph records were sold in 2014 ?
From the 1990s to the 2010s , records continued to be manufactured and sold on a much smaller scale , and were especially used by disc jockeys -LRB- DJ -RRB- s , released by artists in some genres , and listened to by a niche market of audiophiles .	audiophiles	What is the niche market of phonograph record fans known as ?
The phonautograph , patented by Léon Scott in 1857 , used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper , purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back .	visual analysis	What was the original intent of the phonautograph ?
In the 2000s , these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound .	2000s	In what years where phonautograms converted to audible sound ?
Along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857 , these are the earliest known recordings of sound .	1857	What year were the earliest known recordings of sound ?
The phonautograph , patented by Léon Scott in 1857 , used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper , purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back .	Léon Scott	By whom was the phonautograms patented ?
The phonautograph , patented by Léon Scott in 1857 , used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper , purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back .	1857	In what year was phonautograms patented ?
In 1877 , Thomas Edison invented the phonograph .	1877	In what year did Thomas Edison invent the phonograph ?
Unlike the phonautograph , it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound .	capable of both recording and reproducing sound	How did the phonograph differ from the phonautograph ?
The Scientific American article that introduced the tinfoil phonograph to the public mentioned Marey , Rosapelly and Barlow as well as Scott as creators of devices for recording but , importantly , not reproducing sound .	reproducing sound	What was unique about Einsteins invention ?
The wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century .	1880s	At what era was the recorded sound market introduced ?
Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner , who named his system the `` gramophone '' , distinguishing it from Edison 's wax cylinder `` phonograph '' and Columbia 's wax cylinder `` graphophone '' .	gramophone	What is the name of lateral cut disc records ?
Berliner 's records had poor sound quality compared to wax cylinders , but his manufacturing associate Eldridge R. Johnson eventually improved the sound quality .	poor sound quality	What was an issue found with Berliner 's records initially ?
Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner , who named his system the `` gramophone '' , distinguishing it from Edison 's wax cylinder `` phonograph '' and Columbia 's wax cylinder `` graphophone '' .	United States	Where were lateral cut disc records developed ?
The factory which became RCA Victor stills exists .	RCA Victor	What is ` Victor Talking Machine now known as ?
There is a dedicated museum in Montreal for Berliner .	Montreal	Where is the museum dedicated to Berliner located ?
Despite these improvements , during the 1910s discs decisively won this early format war , although Edison continued to produce new Blue Amberol cylinders for an ever-dwindling customer base until late in 1929 .	Blue Amberol cylinders	What was the name of the discs Edison introduced in 1909 ?
By 1919 the basic patents for the manufacture of lateral-cut disc records had expired , opening the field for countless companies to produce them .	1919	What year did the patent for lateral cut discs expire ?
Analog disc records would dominate the home entertainment market until they were outsold by the digital compact disc in the late 1980s -LRB- which was in turn supplanted by digital audio recordings distributed via online music stores and Internet file sharing -RRB- .	digital compact disc	What format dominated the market in the late 1980s ?
In an attempt to head off the disc advantage , Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909 , with a maximum playing time of 4 1/2 minutes -LRB- at 160 rpm -RRB- , which in turn were superseded by Blue Amberol Records , which had a playing surface made of celluloid , a plastic , which was far less fragile .	Amberol cylinder	What disc format was the least fragile prior to 1919 ?
In an attempt to head off the disc advantage , Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909 , with a maximum playing time of 4 1/2 minutes -LRB- at 160 rpm -RRB- , which in turn were superseded by Blue Amberol Records , which had a playing surface made of celluloid , a plastic , which was far less fragile .	celluloid	What was the playing surface of the blue amerbol cylinder discs made of ?
Sensitivity and frequency range were poor , and frequency response was very irregular , giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality .	Sensitivity and frequency range were poor	What were two drawback of early recordings ?
A singer practically had to put his or her face in the recording horn .	face in the recording horn	How would one make to early recordings ?
Standard violins in orchestral ensembles were commonly replaced by Stroh violins , which became popular with recording studios .	Stroh violins	What types of violins worked best with early recordings ?
Lower-pitched orchestral instruments such as cellos and double basses were often doubled -LRB- or replaced -RRB- by louder wind instruments , such as tubas .	Lower-pitched orchestral instruments	What instruments did not record well ?
Sensitivity and frequency range were poor , and frequency response was very irregular , giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality .	very irregular	How was the frequency response in early recordings ?
For fading instrumental parts in and out while recording , some performers were placed on a moveable platform , which could draw the performer -LRB- s -RRB- nearer or further away as required .	moveable platform	What tool was used to improve sound quality in early recordings for special effects ?
The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn .	farthest away from the collecting horn	Where were loud instruments best placed for good sound quality ?
`` They put Louis about fifteen feet over in the corner , looking all sad . ''	fifteen feet	How far away has a trumpeter been known to stand ?
Contrary to popular belief , if placed properly and prepared-for , drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings .	drums could be effectively used	Were drums heard on early jazz recordings ?
The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn .	collecting horn	What was the item called that recorded the sounds ?
During the first half of the 1920s , engineers at Western Electric , as well as independent inventors such as Orlando Marsh , developed technology for capturing sound with a microphone , amplifying it with vacuum tubes , then using the amplified signal to drive an electromagnetic recording head .	vacuum tubes	What was an early took used to amplify sounds ?
Western Electric 's innovations resulted in a greatly expanded and more even frequency response , creating a dramatically fuller , clearer and more natural-sounding recording .	Western Electric	What company was vital in progression of quality sound recordings ?
Victor and Columbia licensed the new electrical system from Western Electric and began issuing electrically recorded discs in 1925 .	1925	How early were electrically recorded discs made available for purchase ?
During the first half of the 1920s , engineers at Western Electric , as well as independent inventors such as Orlando Marsh , developed technology for capturing sound with a microphone , amplifying it with vacuum tubes , then using the amplified signal to drive an electromagnetic recording head .	microphone	What was new about the way Western Electrics method of capturing sound ?
Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system .	high cost	What was a drawback of early home recording systems ?
The acoustical Orthophonics ranged in price from US$ 95 to US$ 300 , depending on cabinetry ; by comparison , the cheapest Electrola cost US$ 650 , the price of a new Ford automobile in an era when clerical jobs paid about $ 20 a week .	US$95 to US$300	What was the initial cost range of early recording devices ?
In 1925 , the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola , an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs , as part of a line that also included electrically reproducing Electrolas .	1925	What year was the Victor Orthophonic Victrola released ?
The acoustical Orthophonics ranged in price from US$ 95 to US$ 300 , depending on cabinetry ; by comparison , the cheapest Electrola cost US$ 650 , the price of a new Ford automobile in an era when clerical jobs paid about $ 20 a week .	$20	What was the typical weekly pay of a worker in 1925 ?
The acoustical Orthophonics ranged in price from US$ 95 to US$ 300 , depending on cabinetry ; by comparison , the cheapest Electrola cost US$ 650 , the price of a new Ford automobile in an era when clerical jobs paid about $ 20 a week .	cabinetry	What options were available that effected the cost of the Victor Orthophonic Victorla ?
The earliest disc records -LRB- 1889 -- 1894 -RRB- were made of various materials including hard rubber .	hard rubber	What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894 ?
Around 1895 , a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard .	a shellac-based compound	What was the standard material for discs around 1895 ?
Some makers , notably Columbia Records , used a laminated construction with a core disc of coarser material or fiber .	Columbia Records	What company was known for laminate construction of discs ?
Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time , but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about two-thirds mineral filler , which meant finely pulverized rock , usually slate and limestone , with an admixture of cotton fibers to add tensile strength , carbon black for color -LRB- without this , it tended to be a `` dirty '' gray or brown color that most record companies considered unattractive -RRB- , and a very small amount of a lubricant to facilitate mold release during manufacture .	carbon	What material give the vinyl records their known black color ?
Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time , but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about two-thirds mineral filler , which meant finely pulverized rock , usually slate and limestone , with an admixture of cotton fibers to add tensile strength , carbon black for color -LRB- without this , it tended to be a `` dirty '' gray or brown color that most record companies considered unattractive -RRB- , and a very small amount of a lubricant to facilitate mold release during manufacture .	lubricant	What material is used in order to release the vinyl records from their molds ?
Although inexpensive and commercially successful at first , they soon fell victim to the Great Depression and production in the US ended in 1932 .	Great Depression	What was a major downfall of the success of Durium records ?
Although inexpensive and commercially successful at first , they soon fell victim to the Great Depression and production in the US ended in 1932 .	1932	What year were Durium records no longer released in the US ?
Despite all these attempts at innovation , shellac compounds continued to be used for the overwhelming majority of commercial 78 rpm records during the lifetime of the format .	shellac compounds	What are most 78 rpm records made of ?
In the UK , Nicole records , made of celluloid or a similar substance coated onto a cardboard core disc , were produced for a few years beginning in 1904 , but they suffered from an exceptionally high level of surface noise .	surface noise	What was a common problem found in early flexible records ?
In the US , Hit of the Week records , made of a patented translucent plastic called Durium coated on a heavy brown paper base , were introduced in early 1930 .	Durium	What was the thin translucent plastic most successfully used to make discs called ?
In 1931 , RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records .	vinyl-based Victrolac compound	What material was used by RCA Victor for special purpose records ?
Later , Decca Records introduced vinyl Deccalite 78s , while other record companies came up with vinyl concoctions such as Metrolite , Merco Plastic and Sav-o-flex , but these were mainly used to produce `` unbreakable '' children 's records and special thin vinyl DJ pressings for shipment to radio stations .	children's records	What was Metrolite and Sav-o-flex materials primarily used for ?
In 1931 , RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records .	1931	What year was the Victrolac compound released ?
By the end of the 1930s vinyl 's advantages of light weight , relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other critical applications .	light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise	What were advantages of vinyl in the 1930 's ?
When it came to ordinary 78 rpm records , however , the much higher cost of the raw material , as well as its vulnerability to the heavy pickups and crudely mass-produced steel needles still commonly used in home record players , made its general substitution for shellac impractical at that time .	higher cost	What was a downfall of ordinary 78 rpm vinyls in household house ?
By 1910 the 10-inch -LRB- 25.4 cm -RRB- record was by far the most popular standard , holding about three minutes of music or other entertainment on a side .	10-inch	What was the most popular sized disc by 1910 ?
From 1903 onwards , 12-inch records -LRB- 30.5 cm -RRB- were also sold commercially , mostly of classical music or operatic selections , with four to five minutes of music per side .	four to five minutes of music per side	How long could a recording be on a 10 inch disc in the 1903 ?
In the 1890s , the recording formats of the earliest -LRB- toy -RRB- discs were mainly 12.5 cm -LRB- nominally five inches -RRB- in diameter ; by the mid-1890s , the discs were usually 7 in -LRB- nominally 17.5 cm -RRB- in diameter .	12.5 cm	How small were the earliest discs released ?
Eight-inch discs with a 2-inch-diameter -LRB- 51 mm -RRB- label became popular for about a decade in Britain , but they can not be played in full on most modern record players because the tone arm can not play far enough in toward the center without modification of the equipment .	modification of the equipment	What was one requirement issue with discs popular in Britain ?
By 1910 the 10-inch -LRB- 25.4 cm -RRB- record was by far the most popular standard , holding about three minutes of music or other entertainment on a side .	10-inch	Which disc could hold about three minutes of recording on either side ?
The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing .	turntable speed and the groove spacing	What factors would effect playing time of a phonograph ?
At the beginning of the 20th century , the early discs played for two minutes , the same as early cylinder records .	two minutes	What was the playing time common in the early 20th century ?
For example , when King Oliver 's Creole Jazz Band , including Louis Armstrong on his first recordings , recorded 13 sides at Gennett Records in Richmond , Indiana , in 1923 , one side was 2:09 and four sides were 2:52 -- 2:59 .	13	How many recordings did Kind Oliver 's Creole Jazz band require ?
Because a 10-inch 78 rpm record could hold about three minutes of sound per side and the 10-inch size was the standard size for popular music , almost all popular recordings were limited to around three minutes in length .	10-inch	What was the normal size disc for popular music ?
The 12-inch disc , introduced by Victor in 1903 , increased the playing time to three and a half minutes .	three and a half minutes	What was the recording time available on a 12 inch disc ?
Because it ran 7:57 , longer than both sides of a standard 78 rpm 10-inch record , it was released on Columbia 's Masterwork label -LRB- the classical division -RRB- as two sides of a 12-inch record .	Columbia's Masterwork label	On which label did Frank Sinatra release his recording of Soliloquy ?
In popular music , this time limitation of about 3:30 on a 10-inch 78 rpm record meant that singers usually did not release long pieces on record .	about 3:30	What was a typical recording time of a song in 1948 ?
An obvious workaround for longer recordings was to release a set of records .	release a set of records	What was a way musicians got sounds such short recording times ?
Vaudeville stars Gallagher and Shean recorded `` Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shean '' , written by Irving and Jack Kaufman , as two sides of a 10-inch 78 in 1922 for Cameo .	two sides	How many sides of a disc commonly held a recording ?
German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package .	4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package	What was unique about Odeon 's 1909 release of the Nutcracker Suite ?
The practice of issuing albums does not seem to have been widely taken up by other record companies for many years ; however , HMV provided an album , with a pictorial cover , for the 1917 recording of The Mikado -LRB- Gilbert & Sullivan -RRB- .	The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan)	What was one of the first releases with a photo on the cover ?
German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package .	1909	When were albums said to be pioneered ?
German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package .	Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky	What was one of the very first albums released ?
By about 1910 , -LSB- note 1 -RSB- bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover , similar to a photograph album , were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records -LRB- the term `` record album '' was printed on some covers -RRB- .	1910	When could record album covers first be found ?
By about 1910 , -LSB- note 1 -RSB- bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover , similar to a photograph album , were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records -LRB- the term `` record album '' was printed on some covers -RRB- .	empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover	What were early record album covers made of ?
These albums came in both 10-inch and 12-inch sizes .	10-inch and 12-inch sizes	What sizes were record album covers available in ?
The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside , allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright , like a book , suspending the fragile records above the shelf and protecting them .	upright	How were record album covers intended to be stored ?
The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside , allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright , like a book , suspending the fragile records above the shelf and protecting them .	protecting them	What was the purpose of record album covers ?
In the 1930s , record companies began issuing collections of 78 rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled albums , typically with artwork on the front cover and liner notes on the back or inside cover .	1930s	When were albums as we currently know them widely released ?
In the 1930s , record companies began issuing collections of 78 rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled albums , typically with artwork on the front cover and liner notes on the back or inside cover .	artwork	What is typically found on the front cover of an album ?
Most albums included three or four records , with two sides each , making six or eight tunes per album .	three or four	How may records were commonly found in an album ?
When the 12-inch vinyl LP era began in 1949 , the single record often had the same or similar number of tunes as a typical album of 78s , and was still often referred to as an `` album '' .	1949	When did the vinyl LP records Era begin ?
Most albums included three or four records , with two sides each , making six or eight tunes per album .	six or eight	How many songs did most albums contain ?
For collectable or nostalgia purposes , or for the benefit of higher-quality audio playback provided by the 78 rpm speed with newer vinyl records and their lightweight stylus pickups , a small number of 78 rpm records have been released since the major labels ceased production .	collectable or nostalgia purposes	What are reasons for recent releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls ?
For collectable or nostalgia purposes , or for the benefit of higher-quality audio playback provided by the 78 rpm speed with newer vinyl records and their lightweight stylus pickups , a small number of 78 rpm records have been released since the major labels ceased production .	higher-quality audio playback	What is a benefit of newer releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls ?
Also in the late 1950s , Bell Records released a few budget-priced 7 '' microgrooved records at 78 rpm .	Bell Records	Who released 7 '' microgrooved records in the 1950s ?
This was done by the label mainly to take advantage of the wider audio frequency response that faster speeds like 78 rpm can provide for vinyl microgroove records , hence the label 's name -LRB- obviously catering to the audiophiles of the 1950s `` hi-fi '' era , when stereo gear could provide a much wider range of audio than before -RRB- .	wider range of audio	What benefits to vinyl have been found in the 1950s ?
One of the first attempts at this was in the 1950s , when inventor Ewing Dunbar Nunn founded the label Audiophile Records , which released , in addition to standard 33 1/3 rpm LPs , 78 rpm-mastered albums that were microgroove and pressed on vinyl -LRB- as opposed to traditional 78s , with their shellac composition and wider 3-mil sized grooves -RRB- .	Ewing Dunbar Nunn	Who founded Audiophile Records ?
In 1968 , Reprise planned to release a series of 78 rpm singles from their artists on their label at the time , called the Reprise Speed Series .	1968	In what year did Reprise plan to release a series of 78 rpm singles ?
Only one disc actually saw release , Randy Newman 's I Think It 's Going to Rain Today , a track from his self-titled debut album -LRB- with The Beehive State on the flipside -RRB- .	Think It's Going to Rain Today	Which disc did Reprise release in 78 rpm format ?
Guitarist & vocalist Leon Redbone released a promotional 78 rpm record in 1978 featuring two songs -LRB- Alabama Jubilee and Please Do n't Talk About Me When I 'm Gone -RRB- from his Champagne Charlie album .	Alabama Jubilee and Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone	What two songs were featured on the 1978 release by Leon Redbone in 78 rpm format ?
In 1980 Stiff Records in the United Kingdom issued a 78 by Joe `` King '' Carrasco containing the songs Buena -LRB- Spanish for `` good , '' with the alternate spelling `` Bueno '' on the label -RRB- and Tuff Enuff .	Stiff Records	What record company released recordings of ` Buena ' and ` Tuff Enuff ' in 1980 ?
Reprise did not proceed further with the series due to a lack of sales for the single , and a lack of general interest in the concept .	lack of sales for the single, and a lack of general interest	Why did Reprise only release one 78 rpm vinyl ?
In the 1990s Rhino Records issued a series of boxed sets of 78 rpm reissues of early rock and roll hits , intended for owners of vintage jukeboxes .	1990s	When was the release by Rhino Records of 78 rpm for jukebox owners ?
This failure to warn customers gave the Rhino 78 records a bad reputation , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- as they were destroyed by old juke boxes and old record players but played very well on newer 78-capable turntables with modern lightweight tone arms and jewel needles .	they were destroyed	What was the result of the use of this release of 78 rpm vinyl when used in vintage jukeboxes ?
This failure to warn customers gave the Rhino 78 records a bad reputation , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- as they were destroyed by old juke boxes and old record players but played very well on newer 78-capable turntables with modern lightweight tone arms and jewel needles .	lightweight tone arms and jewel needles	What was needed to successfully play the newer released 79 rpm vinyl ?
In the 1990s Rhino Records issued a series of boxed sets of 78 rpm reissues of early rock and roll hits , intended for owners of vintage jukeboxes .	owners of vintage jukeboxes	For whom was the 1990 release of 78 rpm intended ?
This failure to warn customers gave the Rhino 78 records a bad reputation , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- as they were destroyed by old juke boxes and old record players but played very well on newer 78-capable turntables with modern lightweight tone arms and jewel needles .	bad reputation	How did the 1990 release of 78 rpm effect Rhino Records ?
These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at 33 1⁄3 rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc , with a duration of about ten minutes playing time per side .	ten minutes playing time per side	What was the playing time of program-transcription discs ?
RCA Victor 's early introduction of a long-play disc was a commercial failure for several reasons including the lack of affordable , reliable consumer playback equipment and consumer wariness during the Great Depression .	commercial failure	How successful was RCA Victor 's program-transcription discs ?
In 1931 , RCA Victor launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing record , marketed as program-transcription discs .	1931	When did RCA Victor release long play discs ?
RCA Victor 's early introduction of a long-play disc was a commercial failure for several reasons including the lack of affordable , reliable consumer playback equipment and consumer wariness during the Great Depression .	RCA Victor	Who released the first commercial long play discs ?
Because of financial hardships that plagued the recording industry during that period -LRB- and RCA 's own parched revenues -RRB- , Victor 's long-playing records were discontinued by early 1933 .	early 1933	By when were long play records discontinued ?
Vinyl 's lower surface noise level than shellac was not forgotten , nor was its durability .	lower surface noise	What was a benefit of using vinyl over shellac ?
In the mid-1940s , special DJ copies of records started being made of vinyl also , for the same reason .	vinyl	By the mid 1940s what was the primary material records were made of ?
During and after World War II , when shellac supplies were extremely limited , some 78 rpm records were pressed in vinyl instead of shellac , particularly the six-minute 12-inch -LRB- 30 cm -RRB- 78 rpm records produced by V-Disc for distribution to United States troops in World War II .	World War II	What was a factor in shellac availability ?
In the late 1930s , radio commercials and pre-recorded radio programs being sent to disc jockeys started being stamped in vinyl , so they would not break in the mail .	vinyl	Which material was more durable , shellac or vinyl ?
In the late 1930s , radio commercials and pre-recorded radio programs being sent to disc jockeys started being stamped in vinyl , so they would not break in the mail .	vinyl	What material were most mailed records made of ?
It took about eight years of study , except when it was suspended because of World War II .	World War II	What caused a delay in the production of high quality records ?
Finally , the 12-inch -LRB- 30 cm -RRB- Long Play -LRB- LP -RRB- 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove record album was introduced by the Columbia Record Company at a New York press conference on June 18 , 1948 .	Columbia Record Company	Who released the 12 inch LP ?
Finally , the 12-inch -LRB- 30 cm -RRB- Long Play -LRB- LP -RRB- 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove record album was introduced by the Columbia Record Company at a New York press conference on June 18 , 1948 .	June 18, 1948	On what date was the 12 inch LP released ?
Finally , the 12-inch -LRB- 30 cm -RRB- Long Play -LRB- LP -RRB- 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove record album was introduced by the Columbia Record Company at a New York press conference on June 18 , 1948 .	New York	In what city was the 12 in LP released ?
It took about eight years of study , except when it was suspended because of World War II .	about eight years	How long did it take Columbia to produce a consumer friendly long play record ?
The 45 rpm player included a changing mechanism that allowed multiple disks to be stacked , much as a conventional changer handled 78s .	The 45 rpm player	What did RCA release to complete against Columbia 's LP ?
Early 45 rpm records were made from either vinyl or polystyrene .	vinyl or polystyrene	What materials were 45 rpm records made of ?
They had a playing time of eight minutes .	eight minutes	What was the play time of a 45 rpm
Unwilling to accept and license Columbia 's system , in February 1949 RCA Victor , in cooperation of its parent , the Radio Corporation of America , released the first 45 rpm single , 7 inches in diameter with a large center hole .	7 inches	What was the size of a RCA Victor 45 rpm ?
At least one manufacturer in the early 1920s , World Records , produced records that played at a constant linear velocity , controlled by Noel Pemberton Billing 's patented add-on governor device .	World Records	Who had made an attempt in the 1920s to release a long play time recording ?
At least one manufacturer in the early 1920s , World Records , produced records that played at a constant linear velocity , controlled by Noel Pemberton Billing 's patented add-on governor device .	Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device	What caused the constant linear velocity ?
As these were played from the outside to the inside , the rotational speed of the records increased as reproduction progressed .	played from the outside to the inside	What was a unique feature of World Records records ?
This action is similar -LRB- although in reverse -RRB- to that on the modern compact disc and the CLV version of its predecessor , the Philips Laser Disc .	Philips Laser Disc	What currently utilized item was World Records CLV similar to ?
This motor ran at 3600 rpm , such that a 46:1 gear ratio would produce 78.26 rpm .	46:1	What gear ration creates 78.26 rpm ?
In 1925 , 78.26 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered synchronous turntable motor .	1925	In what year was 78.26 rpm chosen as standard ?
This motor ran at 3600 rpm , such that a 46:1 gear ratio would produce 78.26 rpm .	3600 rpm	How many rpm did the electrically powered synchronous turanable motor run at ?
After World War II these records were retroactively known as 78s , to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats .	to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats	Why are these records known as ' 78s ' ?
The 78 rpm was overtaken in popularity by the 45 rpm in the late 1950s , as teenagers became increasingly affluent .	1950s	When did the 45 rpm gain popularity over the 78 rpm
The 78 rpm was overtaken in popularity by the 45 rpm in the late 1950s , as teenagers became increasingly affluent .	teenagers	With which crowd did the 45 rpm gain popularity ?
The older 78 format continued to be mass-produced alongside the newer formats using new materials until about 1960 in the U.S. , and in a few countries , such as India -LRB- where some Beatles recordings were issued on 78 -RRB- , into the 1960s .	about 1960	At which time were the 79 rpm no longer mass produced ?
For example , Columbia Records ' last reissue of Frank Sinatra songs on 78 rpm records was an album called Young at Heart , issued November 1 , 1954 .	November 1, 1954.	On which date did Columbia release it 's last 78 ?
In the United Kingdom , the 78 rpm single lasted longer than in the United States and the 45 rpm took longer to become popular .	United Kingdom	What was the last country to phase out the 78 rpm ?
By the end of 1957 , RCA Victor announced that 78s accounted for less than 10 % of Presley 's singles sales , essentially announcing the death throes of the 78 rpm format .	less than 10%	What percentage of Elvis Presley 's single sales were of 78s ?
The last Presley single released on 78 in the United States was RCA Victor 20-7410 , I Got Stung/One Night -LRB- 1958 -RRB- , while the last 78 in the UK was RCA 1194 , A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend -LRB- 1960 -RRB- .	A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend	What was the last 78 released in the UK by RCA ?
This is because the majority of those sales in 1954 -- 55 were to the `` hillbilly '' market in the South and Southwestern United States , where replacing the family 78 rpm player with a new 45 rpm player was a luxury few could afford at the time .	45 rpm player was a luxury few could afford at the time	Why did Elvis sales of 78s perform so well in the Southern States ?
Some of Elvis Presley 's early singles on Sun Records might have sold more copies on 78 than on 45 .	Sun Records	On which label did Elvis release his early singles ?
The last Presley single released on 78 in the United States was RCA Victor 20-7410 , I Got Stung/One Night -LRB- 1958 -RRB- , while the last 78 in the UK was RCA 1194 , A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend -LRB- 1960 -RRB- .	I Got Stung/One Night	What was the last Elvis Presley single released on 78 ?
After World War II , two new competing formats came onto the market and gradually replaced the standard `` 78 '' : the 33 1⁄3 rpm -LRB- often just referred to as the 33 rpm -RRB- , and the 45 rpm -LRB- see above -RRB- .	33 1⁄3 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm	What two formats replaced the 78 ?
The 33 1⁄3 rpm LP -LRB- for `` long-play '' -RRB- format was developed by Columbia Records and marketed in June 1948 .	Columbia Records	Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm LP ?
The 33 1⁄3 rpm LP -LRB- for `` long-play '' -RRB- format was developed by Columbia Records and marketed in June 1948 .	June 1948	When did the 33 1/3 rpm hit the market ?
RCA Victor developed the 45 rpm format and marketed it in March 1949 , each pursuing their own r & d in secret .	March 1949	When did RCA release their 45 rpm format ?
In the mid-1950s all record companies agreed to a common recording standard called RIAA equalization .	mid-1950s	When were RIAA standards established ?
Subsequently , the 16 2⁄3 rpm speed was used for narrated publications for the blind and visually impaired , and were never widely commercially available , although it was common to see new turntable models with a 16 rpm speed setting produced as late as the 1970s .	narrated publications	What was 16 2/3 rpm speed used for ?
Peter Goldmark , the man who developed the 33 1⁄3 rpm record , developed the Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record to be played in Chrysler automobiles , but poor performance of the system and weak implementation by Chrysler and Columbia led to the demise of the 16 2⁄3 rpm records .	Peter Goldmark	Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm speed record ?
Peter Goldmark , the man who developed the 33 1⁄3 rpm record , developed the Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record to be played in Chrysler automobiles , but poor performance of the system and weak implementation by Chrysler and Columbia led to the demise of the 16 2⁄3 rpm records .	Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record	What record format was created for use in Chrysler automobiles ?
Peter Goldmark , the man who developed the 33 1⁄3 rpm record , developed the Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record to be played in Chrysler automobiles , but poor performance of the system and weak implementation by Chrysler and Columbia led to the demise of the 16 2⁄3 rpm records .	poor performance	Why did Chrysler discontinue use of the Hifi 16 2/3 rpm record ?
Subsequently , the 16 2⁄3 rpm speed was used for narrated publications for the blind and visually impaired , and were never widely commercially available , although it was common to see new turntable models with a 16 rpm speed setting produced as late as the 1970s .	1970s	To the end of which era could you find 16 rpm setting on record players ?
In 1949 Capitol and Decca adopted the new LP format and RCA gave in and issued its first LP in January 1950 .	RCA	Which company lost the `` War of the Speeds '' ?
The 45 rpm size was gaining in popularity , too , and Columbia issued its first 45s in February 1951 .	45 rpm	What speed ultimantly ended up winning the war of the speeds ?
For a two-year period from 1948 to 1950 , record companies and consumers faced uncertainty over which of these formats would ultimately prevail in what was known as the `` War of the Speeds '' .	1948 to 1950	Over which years did the `` War of the Speeds '' last ?
By 1954 , 200 million 45s had been sold .	200 million	By 1945 what was the total sale of 45s ?
The commercial rivalry between RCA Victor and Columbia Records led to RCA Victor 's introduction of what it had intended to be a competing vinyl format , the 7-inch -LRB- 175 mm -RRB- 45 rpm disc .	RCA Victor and Columbia Records	Which two companies were involved in the `` War of the Speeds '' ?
Eventually the 12-inch -LRB- 300 mm -RRB- 33 1⁄3 rpm LP prevailed as the predominant format for musical albums , and 10-inch LPs were no longer issued .	10-inch	What format of LPs was discontinued ?
The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP record was an album called Hall of Fame , CL 2600 , issued on October 26 , 1956 , containing six songs , one each by Tony Bennett , Rosemary Clooney , Johnnie Ray , Frank Sinatra , Doris Day , and Frankie Laine .	The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP	What was the significance of October 26th , 1956 ?
The 10-inch LP however had a longer life in the United Kingdom , where important early British rock and roll albums such as Lonnie Donegan 's Lonnie Donegan Showcase and Billy Fury 's The Sound of Fury were released in that form .	United Kingdom	In which country did the 10 in LP exist the longest ?
The 45 rpm discs typically emulated the playing time of the former 78 rpm discs , while the 12-inch LP discs eventually provided up to one half-hour of recorded material per side .	12-inch LP	Which format offered up to 1/2 an hour of recordings per side ?
The 45 rpm discs typically emulated the playing time of the former 78 rpm discs , while the 12-inch LP discs eventually provided up to one half-hour of recorded material per side .	12-inch LP	Did the 45 rpm or 12 inch disc offer longer playing time ?
The 45 rpm discs also came in a variety known as extended play -LRB- EP -RRB- , which achieved up to 10 -- 15 minutes play at the expense of attenuating -LRB- and possibly compressing -RRB- the sound to reduce the width required by the groove .	extended play	What do the initials EP stand for ?
The large center hole on 45s allows for easier handling by jukebox mechanisms .	The large center hole	Why were 45s more popular with jukeboxes ?
EPs were generally discontinued by the late 1950s in the U.S. as three - and four-speed record players replaced the individual 45 players .	EPs	What format was phased out by the end of the 1950s ?
EP discs were cheaper to produce , and were used in cases where unit sales were likely to be more limited or to reissue LP albums on the smaller format for those people who had only 45 rpm players .	EP discs were cheaper	What was a benefit of EPs over LPs ?
From the mid-1950s through the 1960s , in the U.S. the common home record player or `` stereo '' -LRB- after the introduction of stereo recording -RRB- would typically have had these features : a three - or four-speed player -LRB- 78 , 45 , 33 1⁄3 , and sometimes 16 2⁄3 rpm -RRB- ; with changer , a tall spindle that would hold several records and automatically drop a new record on top of the previous one when it had finished playing , a combination cartridge with both 78 and microgroove styli and a way to flip between the two ; and some kind of adapter for playing the 45s with their larger center hole .	78, 45, 33 1⁄3	What three speeds were sound on most home stereos in the mid 1950 's ?
From the mid-1950s through the 1960s , in the U.S. the common home record player or `` stereo '' -LRB- after the introduction of stereo recording -RRB- would typically have had these features : a three - or four-speed player -LRB- 78 , 45 , 33 1⁄3 , and sometimes 16 2⁄3 rpm -RRB- ; with changer , a tall spindle that would hold several records and automatically drop a new record on top of the previous one when it had finished playing , a combination cartridge with both 78 and microgroove styli and a way to flip between the two ; and some kind of adapter for playing the 45s with their larger center hole .	larger center hole.	What feature of 45s required an adapter in most home stereos ?
From the mid-1950s through the 1960s , in the U.S. the common home record player or `` stereo '' -LRB- after the introduction of stereo recording -RRB- would typically have had these features : a three - or four-speed player -LRB- 78 , 45 , 33 1⁄3 , and sometimes 16 2⁄3 rpm -RRB- ; with changer , a tall spindle that would hold several records and automatically drop a new record on top of the previous one when it had finished playing , a combination cartridge with both 78 and microgroove styli and a way to flip between the two ; and some kind of adapter for playing the 45s with their larger center hole .	changer	What feature was found on more home stereos that allowed continuous play between records ?
From the mid-1950s through the 1960s , in the U.S. the common home record player or `` stereo '' -LRB- after the introduction of stereo recording -RRB- would typically have had these features : a three - or four-speed player -LRB- 78 , 45 , 33 1⁄3 , and sometimes 16 2⁄3 rpm -RRB- ; with changer , a tall spindle that would hold several records and automatically drop a new record on top of the previous one when it had finished playing , a combination cartridge with both 78 and microgroove styli and a way to flip between the two ; and some kind of adapter for playing the 45s with their larger center hole .	16 2⁄3 rpm	What format was less common but could sometimes be found on home stereos ?
In countries outside the U.S. , 45s often had the smaller album-sized holes , e.g. , Australia and New Zealand , or as in the United Kingdom , especially before the 1970s , the disc had a small hole within a circular central section held only by three or four lands so that it could be easily punched out if desired -LRB- typically for use in jukeboxes -RRB- .	for use in jukeboxes	Wy did records outside of the US often have small holes with the ability to punch out the center ?
RCA 45s were also adapted to the smaller spindle of an LP player with a plastic snap-in insert known as a `` spider '' .	spider	What were the plastic inserts which would adapt 45s to the smaller spindle of an LP player called ?
RCA 45s were also adapted to the smaller spindle of an LP player with a plastic snap-in insert known as a `` spider '' .	spider	What invention did Thomas Hutchinson introduce ?
These inserts , commissioned by RCA president David Sarnoff and invented by Thomas Hutchison , were prevalent starting in the 1960s , selling in the tens of millions per year during the 45 rpm heyday .	RCA president David Sarnoff	Whom were the adaptable inserts for 45s to LPs commissioned by ?
These inserts , commissioned by RCA president David Sarnoff and invented by Thomas Hutchison , were prevalent starting in the 1960s , selling in the tens of millions per year during the 45 rpm heyday .	tens of millions per year	How many spiders were sold in the 45 rpm heydays ?
The term `` high fidelity '' was coined in the 1920s by some manufacturers of radio receivers and phonographs to differentiate their better-sounding products claimed as providing `` perfect '' sound reproduction .	high fidelity	What term was coined to differentiate better sounding products in the 1920s ?
High Fidelity and Audio were two magazines that hi-fi consumers and engineers could read for reviews of playback equipment and recordings .	High Fidelity and Audio	What magazines provided reviews for audio equipment ?
After 1949 a variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies , especially stereo recordings , which became widely available in 1958 , gave a boost to the `` hi-fi '' classification of products , leading to sales of individual components for the home such as amplifiers , loudspeakers , phonographs , and tape players .	variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies	What happened in 1958 that changed the home music scene ?
The term began to be used by some audio engineers and consumers through the 1930s and 1940s .	1930s and 1940s	During what years did the term HiFi take off with engineers ?
The term `` high fidelity '' was coined in the 1920s by some manufacturers of radio receivers and phonographs to differentiate their better-sounding products claimed as providing `` perfect '' sound reproduction .	high fidelity	What term would be used when one said they produced perfect sound reproduction ?
The ultimately dominant `` 45/45 '' stereophonic record system was invented by Alan Blumlein of EMI in 1931 and patented the same year .	stereophonic record system	What did Alan Blumlein event ?
EMI cut the first stereo test discs using the system in 1933 -LRB- see Bell Labs Stereo Experiments of 1933 -RRB- although the system was not exploited commercially until much later .	1933	When did EMI create the first stereo discs ?
Stereophonic sound recording , which attempts to provide a more natural listening experience by reproducing the spatial locations of sound sources in the horizontal plane , was the natural extension to monophonic recording , and attracted various alternative engineering attempts .	more natural listening experience	What was the benefit of 45/45 stereo sound ?
The ultimately dominant `` 45/45 '' stereophonic record system was invented by Alan Blumlein of EMI in 1931 and patented the same year .	1931	What year was stereo sound patented ?
EMI cut the first stereo test discs using the system in 1933 -LRB- see Bell Labs Stereo Experiments of 1933 -RRB- although the system was not exploited commercially until much later .	was not exploited commercially until much later.	How was the commercial success of stereo sound in the 1930s ?
These recorded four separate sound signals .	recorded four separate sound signals.	What did quadraphonic recording feature ?
The development of quadraphonic records was announced in 1971 .	development of quadraphonic records	What was the newest break through in home sound systems in 1971 ?
They proved commercially unsuccessful , but were an important precursor to later surround-sound systems , as seen in SACD and home cinema today .	commercially unsuccessful	How would the commercial success of quadraphonic records be defined ?
They proved commercially unsuccessful , but were an important precursor to later surround-sound systems , as seen in SACD and home cinema today .	later surround-sound systems	What did developments in quadraphonic recordings inspire ?
-LRB- A further problem was that no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information .	no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information	What was a major issue with CD-4 technology ?
CD-4 was even less successful than the two matrixed formats .	even less successful than the two matrixed formats	How widespread was the success of CD-4 format ?
A different format , CD-4 -LRB- not to be confused with compact disc -RRB- , by RCA , encoded the front-rear difference information on an ultrasonic carrier , which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations .	CD-4	What format was less successful than quadraphonic ?
Later , the special half-speed cutting heads and equalization techniques were employed to get a wider frequency response in stereo with reduced distortion and greater headroom . -RRB-	reduced distortion and greater headroom	What were potential benefits of the CD-4 format ?
A different format , CD-4 -LRB- not to be confused with compact disc -RRB- , by RCA , encoded the front-rear difference information on an ultrasonic carrier , which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations .	RCA	Who created the CD-4 format ?
Under the direction of recording engineer C. Robert Fine , Mercury Records initiated a minimalist single microphone monaural recording technique in 1951 .	Mercury Records	For which company did C. Robert Fine work for ?
The greater thickness and width of 35 mm magnetic film prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response .	prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response	What benefits were found in using the 35mm magnetic film ?
The Mercury Living Presence recordings were remastered to CD in the 1990s by the original producer , Wilma Cozart Fine , using the same method of 3-to-2 mix directly to the master recorder .	Mercury	Who developed the 3-to-2 mix to create lifelike recordings ?
The center -LRB- single -RRB- microphone was of paramount importance , with the two side mics adding depth and space .	The center	Which microphone hold the most importance in 3 microphone recording ?
In 1955 , Mercury began three-channel stereo recordings , still based on the principle of the single microphone .	1955	In which year did Mercury begin 3 channel stereo recording ?
These techniques , marketed , to name two , as the CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering , were used to reduce inner-groove distortion .	CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering	What technique were used to reduce inner-groove distortion ?
RCA Victor introduced another system to reduce dynamic range and achieve a groove with less surface noise under the commercial name of Dynagroove .	RCA Victor	Who developed the Dynagroove format ?
Sometimes this was called `` diaphragming '' the source material and not favoured by some music lovers for its unnatural side effects .	unnatural side effects	Why did some music lovers frown upon diaphragming ?
Lower recorded volume used closer spacing ; higher recorded volume used wider spacing , especially with lower frequencies .	Lower recorded volume	What did closer groove spacing result in ?
Lower recorded volume used closer spacing ; higher recorded volume used wider spacing , especially with lower frequencies .	wider spacing	What would be found with higher recorded volumes ?
The introduction , drum-breaks , or choruses of a track were indicated by widely separated grooves , giving a visual cue to DJs mixing the records .	visual cue to DJs mixing the records	How did Disco Eye-Cued system benefit DJs ?
The appearance of these records is similar to an LP , but they only contain one track each side .	only contain one track each side	How did Disco Eye-Cued sysems differ from LPs ?
A further late 1970s development was the Disco Eye-Cued system used mainly on Motown 12-inch singles released between 1978 and 1980 .	late 1970s	When was the Disco Eye-Cued System developed ?
These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a `` purist '' transcription directly to the master lacquer disc .	a "purist" transcription	What were direct to disc recordings expected to product ?
Also in the late 1970s , `` direct-to-disc '' records were produced , aimed at an audiophile niche market .	late 1970s	When were ` half speed ' and ` digitally remastered ' recordings being released ?
These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers , relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range -LRB- dbx encoded disks were recorded with the dynamic range compressed by a factor of two in dB : quiet sounds were meant to be played back at low gain and loud sounds were meant to be played back at high gain , via automatic gain control in the playback equipment ; this reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages -RRB- .	automatic gain control	What was required for quality playback of DBX recordings ?
The mid-1970s saw the introduction of dbx-encoded records , again for the audiophile niche market .	mid-1970s	When were DBX recordings released ?
These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers , relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range -LRB- dbx encoded disks were recorded with the dynamic range compressed by a factor of two in dB : quiet sounds were meant to be played back at low gain and loud sounds were meant to be played back at high gain , via automatic gain control in the playback equipment ; this reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages -RRB- .	completely incompatible with	How compatible were DBX encoded recordings with prior technologies ?
These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers , relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range -LRB- dbx encoded disks were recorded with the dynamic range compressed by a factor of two in dB : quiet sounds were meant to be played back at low gain and loud sounds were meant to be played back at high gain , via automatic gain control in the playback equipment ; this reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages -RRB- .	reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages	What was the intention of DBX encoded recordings ?
A similar and very short-lived scheme involved using the CBS-developed `` CX '' noise reduction encoding/decoding scheme .	"CX" noise reduction	What did CBS develop in order to reduce outside noise ?
ELPJ , a Japanese-based company , sells a laser turntable that uses a laser to read vinyl discs optically , without physical contact .	ELPJ	What company out of Japan offered laser turntables that read vinyl discs optically ?
The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches , which degrade the sound , but its expense limits use primarily to digital archiving of analog records , and the laser does not play back colored vinyl or picture discs .	eliminates record wear	What was a benedit of laser read discs ?
The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches , which degrade the sound , but its expense limits use primarily to digital archiving of analog records , and the laser does not play back colored vinyl or picture discs .	degrade the sound	What was a drawback of laser read discs ?
The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches , which degrade the sound , but its expense limits use primarily to digital archiving of analog records , and the laser does not play back colored vinyl or picture discs .	archiving of analog records	What was the primary use of laser read discs ?
Various other laser-based turntables were tried during the 1990s , but while a laser reads the groove very accurately , since it does not touch the record , the dust that vinyl attracts due to static electric charge is not mechanically pushed out of the groove , worsening sound quality in casual use compared to conventional stylus playback .	dust	What was a major issue for laser read discs ?
In some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records , which images with microphotography in two dimensions , invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories .	scanning machine for disc records	Who is Irene ?
In some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records , which images with microphotography in two dimensions , invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories .	Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories	Where was IRENE developed ?
IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved sound source without touching the medium itself , but can not read vertically modulated information .	retrieve the information	What is the primary use of IRENE ?
IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved sound source without touching the medium itself , but can not read vertically modulated information .	cannot read vertically modulated information	Can IRENE read vertically modulated information ?
IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved sound source without touching the medium itself , but can not read vertically modulated information .	without touching the medium	Does IRENE require the ability to touch the media ?
Terms such as `` long-play '' -LRB- LP -RRB- and `` extended-play '' -LRB- EP -RRB- describe multi-track records that play much longer than the single-item-per-side records , which typically do not go much past four minutes per side .	long-play" (LP) and "extended-play" (EP	What terms are used for recording with more than one track ?
An LP can play for up to 30 minutes per side , though most played for about 22 minutes per side , bringing the total playing time of a typical LP recording to about forty-five minutes .	forty-five minutes	What is a typical max playing time of an LP ?
EP discs were generally used to make available tracks not on singles including tracks on LPs albums in a smaller , less expensive format for those who had only 45 rpm players .	LPs	Which format is cheaper , LP or EP ?
The 7-inch 45 rpm format normally contains one item per side but a 7-inch EP could achieve recording times of 10 to 15 minutes at the expense of attenuating and compressing the sound to reduce the width required by the groove .	7-inch EP	Which format held recordings ranging from 10 to 15 minutes ?
An LP can play for up to 30 minutes per side , though most played for about 22 minutes per side , bringing the total playing time of a typical LP recording to about forty-five minutes .	22 minutes	What was a normal play time per side for LPs ?
However , yellow and deep red were continued until about 1952 .	yellow and deep red	Which colors of 45 were available as late as 1952 before being discontinued ?
The first 45 rpm record created for sale was `` PeeWee the Piccolo '' RCA 47-0147 pressed in yellow translucent vinyl at the Sherman Avenue plant , Indianapolis Dec. 7 , 1948 , R.O. Price , plant manager .	The first 45 rpm record created for sale	PeeWee the Piccolo was what ?
The first 45 rpm record created for sale was `` PeeWee the Piccolo '' RCA 47-0147 pressed in yellow translucent vinyl at the Sherman Avenue plant , Indianapolis Dec. 7 , 1948 , R.O. Price , plant manager .	The first 45 rpm record created for sale	What significance does Dec 7 / 1948 hold ?
The first release of the 45 came in seven colors : black 47-xxxx popular series , yellow 47-xxxx juvenile series , green -LRB- teal -RRB- 48-xxxx country series , deep red 49-xxxx classical series , bright red -LRB- cerise -RRB- 50-xxxx blues/spiritual series , light blue 51-xxxx international series , dark blue 52-xxxx light classics .	seven colors	How many colors were 45s available in when first released ?
In March 1949 , as RCA released the 45 , Columbia released several hundred 7 inch 33 1/3 rpm small spindle hole singles .	March 1949	When did RCA release the 45 ?
The normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound-bearing concentric spiral grooves , one on each side , running from the outside edge towards the center .	outside edge towards the center	In which direction does the groove in a normal disc run ?
The sound is encoded by fine variations in the edges of the groove that cause a stylus -LRB- needle -RRB- placed in it to vibrate at acoustic frequencies when the disc is rotated at the correct speed .	by fine variations	How is sound encoded on a commercial disc ?
The sound is encoded by fine variations in the edges of the groove that cause a stylus -LRB- needle -RRB- placed in it to vibrate at acoustic frequencies when the disc is rotated at the correct speed .	correct speed	Does it matter at which speed a disc is spun ?
Generally , the outer and inner parts of the groove bear no intended sound -LRB- an exception is Split Enz 's Mental Notes -RRB- .	no	Do all grooves bear data ?
Towards the center , at the end of the groove , there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out .	wide-pitched section	What is a ` lead out ' ?
At the very end of this section the groove joins itself to form a complete circle , called the lock groove ; when the stylus reaches this point , it circles repeatedly until lifted from the record .	lock groove	What is the center where the data joins to complete a circle ?
Precisely because of this mechanism , most automatic turntables are incapable of playing any audio in the lock groove , since they will lift the arm before it reaches that groove .	most automatic turntables are incapable	Do turntables play music on lock grooves ?
Precisely because of this mechanism , most automatic turntables are incapable of playing any audio in the lock groove , since they will lift the arm before it reaches that groove .	lift the arm	What do most automatic turn tables do when they meet a lock groove ?
Towards the center , at the end of the groove , there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out .	Towards the center, at the end of the groove	Where do you find a lead out ?
When auto-changing turntables were commonplace , records were typically pressed with a raised -LRB- or ridged -RRB- outer edge and a raised label area , allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact , reducing the risk of damage .	reducing the risk of damage	Where were records made with raised label areas ?
Many longer sound recordings , such as complete operas , were interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms , so that the first disk of a three-disk recording would carry sides 1 and 6 of the program , while the second disk would carry sides 2 and 5 , and the third , sides 3 and 4 , allowing sides 1 , 2 , and 3 to be played automatically ; then the whole stack reversed to play sides 4 , 5 , and 6 .	interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms	Are longer recordings , as found in operas , made for use with auto-changing systems ?
When auto-changing turntables were commonplace , records were typically pressed with a raised -LRB- or ridged -RRB- outer edge and a raised label area , allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact , reducing the risk of damage .	allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact	Do grooves on records touch when stacked ?
Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack of several records above the turntable itself , dropping them one at a time onto the active turntable to be played in order .	Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack	Do records touch when in auto changers ?
New or `` virgin '' heavy/heavyweight -LRB- 180 -- 220 g -RRB- vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all genres .	New or "virgin" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl	What is the most used material for modern audiophile vinyl releases ?
Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums , which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformation caused by normal play .	heavyweight vinyl	What is the material preference of collectors ?
Manufacturing processes are identical regardless of weight .	Manufacturing processes are identical	How does the manufacturing process differ between heavyweight and normal vinyl ?
This flaw causes a grinding or scratching sound at the non-fill point .	grinding or scratching sound	Would would a non filled area in a vinyl press cause when listening to a record ?
In fact , pressing lightweight records requires more care .	lightweight records requires more care	Which pressing of vinyl require more attention to detail , lightweight or heavyweight ?
The `` orange peel '' effect on vinyl records is caused by worn molds .	The "orange peel" effect	What is an effect of using worn molds when casting records ?
Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish , the surface of the record will have a texture that looks like orange peel .	mirror-like	What is the expected finish of a vinyl record ?
This introduces noise into the record , particularly in the lower frequency range .	lower frequency range	On what frequencies is an orange peel effect most noticeable ?
As this `` orange peel '' originates in the master rather than being introduced in the pressing stage , there is no ill effect as there is no physical distortion of the groove .	there is no ill effect	What is the effect on a copy if a master as an orange peel effect ?
When only a few hundred discs are required , instead of electroforming a `` son '' -LRB- for each side -RRB- , the `` father '' is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper .	"father" is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper	What is the two step process ?
Production by this latter method , known as the `` two-step-process '' -LRB- as it does not entail creation of `` sons '' but does involve creation of `` mothers , '' which are used for test playing and kept as `` safeties '' for electroforming future `` sons '' -RRB- is limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings .	limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings	What is the limitation of the two step process ?
The `` sons '' made during a `` three-step '' electroforming make better stampers since they do n't require silver removal -LRB- which reduces some high fidelity because of etching erasing part of the smallest groove modulations -RRB- and also because they have a stronger metal structure than `` fathers '' .	three-step	Which is preferred the two step or three step process ?
The `` sons '' made during a `` three-step '' electroforming make better stampers since they do n't require silver removal -LRB- which reduces some high fidelity because of etching erasing part of the smallest groove modulations -RRB- and also because they have a stronger metal structure than `` fathers '' .	sons	Which have stronger structures the father or son mold ?
The pressing count can increase if the stamper holds out and the quality of the vinyl is high .	quality of the vinyl is high	What can increase the output of a stamper mold ?
Breakage was very common in the shellac era .	Breakage was very common	What was a known issue of using shellac to make records ?
In the 1934 John O'Hara novel , Appointment in Samarra , the protagonist `` broke one of his most favorites , Whiteman 's Lady of the Evening ... He wanted to cry but could not . ''	John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra	In which novel does ` Whiteman 's Lady of the Evening '' record get broken ?
A sequence where a school teacher 's collection of 78 rpm jazz records is smashed by a group of rebellious students is a key moment in the film Blackboard Jungle .	teacher's collection of 78 rpm jazz records is smashed	In Blackboard Jungle what record breaking mention is made ?
Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops .	Dust and scratches	What causes clicks and pops on vinyl records ?
Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops .	Dust and scratches	What is the cause of lock grooves on vinyl records ?
In extreme cases , they can cause the needle to skip over a series of grooves , or worse yet , cause the needle to skip backwards , creating a `` locked groove '' that repeats over and over .	locked groove	Where does the saying `` Like a broken record '' originate ?
Vinyl records do not break easily , but the soft material is easily scratched .	Vinyl records do not break easily	How easily do vinyl records break ?
Vinyl records do not break easily , but the soft material is easily scratched .	easily scratched.	What is a common damage to vinyl records ?
Vinyl records can be warped by heat , improper storage , exposure to sunlight , or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover .	heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects	What causes warping in vinyl records ?
`` wow '' -LRB- once-per-revolution pitch variation -RRB- could result from warp , or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered .	warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered	What is a cause of once per revolution pitch variation ?
Standard practice for LPs was to place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover .	place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover	What method was used to protect a vinyl record ?
Singles , with rare exceptions , had simple paper covers with no inner cover .	Singles	What were often found with a paper outter cover and no inner cover ?
A small degree of warp was common , and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design .	A small degree of warp was common,	What happens if a vinyl comes with a bit of warp ?
Distortion towards the end of the side is likely to become more apparent as record wear increases .	Distortion towards the end of the side	When is distortion most common on a gramophone record ?
Distortion towards the end of the side is likely to become more apparent as record wear increases .	Distortion	What happens as a record wears ?
A further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses ; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the side .	fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses	What is a drawback of using gramophones ?
At the start of a groove on an LP there are 510 mm of vinyl per second traveling past the stylus while the ending of the groove gives 200 -- 210 mm of vinyl per second -- less than half the linear resolution .	510 mm	How much vinyl can be found at the start of an LP ?
At the start of a groove on an LP there are 510 mm of vinyl per second traveling past the stylus while the ending of the groove gives 200 -- 210 mm of vinyl per second -- less than half the linear resolution .	ending of the groove	Where can you find only 200-210mm of vinyl ?
Another reason for very low frequency material can be a warped disk : its undulations produce frequencies of only a few hertz and present day amplifiers have large power bandwidths .	warped disk	What would be a cause of low frequency sounds when listening ?
For this reason , many stereo receivers contained a switchable subsonic filter .	subsonic filter	What is a feature many stereos contain to fight back against unwanted noises ?
Tonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus .	Tonearm skating	What is a sounds commonly heard when listening to a vinyl that is unintentional .
Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz in the audio signal are dominated by tracking effects , which is one form of unwanted rumble -LRB- `` tracking noise '' -RRB- and merges with audible frequencies in the deep bass range up to about 100 Hz .	frequencies below about 20 Hz	Which frequencies are you most likely to hear tonearm skating ?
During a quiet passage , woofer speaker cones can sometimes be seen to vibrate with the subsonic tracking of the stylus , at frequencies as low as just above 0.5 Hz -LRB- the frequency at which a 33 1⁄3 rpm record turns on the turntable ; 5⁄9 Hz exactly on an ideal turntable -RRB- .	cones can sometimes be seen to vibrate with the subsonic tracking	Are there any visual signs of tracking when listening to a record ?
With low frequencies , the stylus must swing a long way from side to side , requiring the groove to be wide , taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the record .	limiting the playing time	What is a limitation of low frequency recordings ?
At high frequencies , hiss , pops , and ticks are significant .	hiss, pops, and ticks	What kinds of unwanted sounds are often heard at high frequencies ?
During recording the amplitude of low frequencies is reduced , thus reducing the groove width required , and the amplitude at high frequencies is increased .	amplitude of low frequencies is reduced	What is done during recordings to help reduce unwanted sounds ?
These problems can be reduced by using equalization to an agreed standard .	problems can be reduced	What is a benefit of using equalization devices ?
During recording the amplitude of low frequencies is reduced , thus reducing the groove width required , and the amplitude at high frequencies is increased .	amplitude at high frequencies is increased	What is done to high frequency sounds to lessen sound issues ?
G. H. Miller in 1934 reported that when complementary boost at the turnover point was used in radio broadcasts of records , the reproduction was more realistic and many of the musical instruments stood out in their true form .	G. H. Miller	Whom found that they can make musical instruments sound more natural with an amplifier boost at the turnover point ?
G. H. Miller in 1934 reported that when complementary boost at the turnover point was used in radio broadcasts of records , the reproduction was more realistic and many of the musical instruments stood out in their true form .	reproduction was more realistic	What is found when a complementary boost is used at the bass turnover point ?
This meant that as frequency increased in the treble , recording amplitude decreased .	recording amplitude decreased	When frequency in the treble increases what happens to the recording amplitude ?
Conversely , in the bass as frequency decreased , recording amplitude increased .	recording amplitude increased	What happens when frequency decreases in the bass ?
West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt -LRB- 1940 -RRB- showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain .	P. G. A. H. Voigt	Whom found Wente-style condenser microphones helpful ?
West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt -LRB- 1940 -RRB- showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain .	pre-emphasis in the recording	How were Wente-Style condenser microphones helpful ?
As a result , this practice was the empirical beginning of using pre-emphasis above 1,000 Hz in 78 rpm and 33 1⁄3 rpm records .	above 1,000 Hz	When was a pre-emphasis most useful ?
As a result , this practice was the empirical beginning of using pre-emphasis above 1,000 Hz in 78 rpm and 33 1⁄3 rpm records .	78 rpm and 33 1⁄3 rpm	On which recording types were pre-emphasis used most in the 1920s ?
This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia Records and Victor Talking Machine Company in the 1925 era had a higher amplitude in the midrange region .	1925 era	In which Era was this finding most significant ?
Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard .	there was no industry standard	What was the industry standard in Europe for record equalization ?
In the US there were more varied practices and a tendency to use higher bass turnover frequencies such as 500 Hz as well as a greater treble rolloff like − 8.5 dB and even more to record generally higher modulation levels on the record .	US	In which country was the treble roll off greater ?
For example , in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250 -- 300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to − 5 dB or more .	Europe	Which country prefers a bass turnover setting of 250-300 Hz ?
Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard .	there was no industry standard	What was the industry standard on equalization practices ?
In the US there were more varied practices and a tendency to use higher bass turnover frequencies such as 500 Hz as well as a greater treble rolloff like − 8.5 dB and even more to record generally higher modulation levels on the record .	US	Which country used the most varied equalization practices ?
Heretofore , electrical recording technology from company to company was considered a proprietary art all the way back to the 1925 Western Electric licensed method used by Columbia and Victor .	1925	How far back did records show the art of sound recordings ?
Heretofore , electrical recording technology from company to company was considered a proprietary art all the way back to the 1925 Western Electric licensed method used by Columbia and Victor .	considered a proprietary art	How was standardization prior to 1942 ?
Evidence from the early technical literature concerning electrical recording suggests that it was n't until the 1942 -- 1949 period that there were serious efforts to standardize recording characteristics within an industry .	1942–1949	Around what time period was there an attempt made to standardize recordings ?
Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the National Association of Broadcasters -LRB- NAB -RRB- , later known as the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters -LRB- NARTB -RRB- .	National Association of Broadcasters	Who made the move to standardize recordings ?
The NAB , among other items , issued recording standards in 1949 for laterally and vertically cut records , principally transcriptions .	1949	When were recording standards officially released ?
The NAB , among other items , issued recording standards in 1949 for laterally and vertically cut records , principally transcriptions .	laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions.	Which recording types were effected by the imposed industry standards ?
Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources : various makers of `` home recordings '' readily available to the public , European recordings , lateral-cut transcriptions , and vertical-cut transcriptions .	Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording	What was one issue of a lack of industry standards ?
Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the National Association of Broadcasters -LRB- NAB -RRB- , later known as the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters -LRB- NARTB -RRB- .	National Association of Broadcasters	What is the NAB ?
Empirically , and not by any formula , it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted somewhat to override system hum and turntable rumble noises .	below 100 Hz	What bass settings were needed to eliminate hum ?
When the record was played back using a complementary inverse curve , signal-to-noise ratio was improved and the programming sounded more lifelike .	using a complementary inverse curve	What helped cause the most life like sound ?
The lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s .	remarkably similar	How did the NBC Othacoustic curve relate to the NAB curve ?
When the record was played back using a complementary inverse curve , signal-to-noise ratio was improved and the programming sounded more lifelike .	programming sounded more lifelike.	What was a benefit to broadcasters of recording standards ?
He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric `` rubber line '' recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening years .	1925	How far back could these recording practices be traced ?
He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric `` rubber line '' recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening years .	long-held recording practices	What were the recording standards based off from ?
Ultimately , the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953 .	New Orthophonic curve	What became the predecessor to the RIAA curve ?
Ultimately , the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953 .	RCA Victor	Who developed the New Orthophonic curve ?
Ultimately , the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953 .	R.C. Moyer	Whom wrote the publication outlining the New Orthophonic curve ?
Toward the end of the acoustic era , there were many fine examples of recordings made with horns .	many fine examples	What was the quality of sound recordings made with horns at the end of the acoustic era ?
There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system .	acoustic limitations	What were issues facing play back and recording mechanics ?
Some pictures of acoustic recording sessions show horns wrapped with tape to help mute these resonances .	help mute these resonances	Why do photos show take on horns ?
Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost , because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism .	took a lot of sound energy	What was the cause of delicate and fine sound loss ?
Even an acoustic recording played back electrically on modern equipment sounds like it was recorded through a horn , notwithstanding a reduction in distortion because of the modern playback .	like it was recorded through a horn	How would a record recorded with a horn sound played through modern equipment ?
Alternatively , the Wente style condenser microphone used with the Western Electric licensed recording method had a brilliant midrange and was prone to overloading from sibilants in speech , but generally it gave more accurate reproduction than carbon microphones .	Western Electric licensed recording method	What technique offered realistic sounds during playback ?
Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular -LRB- 1925 -RRB- benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios .	1925	At at time was radio gaining popularity ?
This was in spite of some carbon microphones used , which had resonances that colored the recorded tone .	carbon microphones used,	What type of microphones were losing popularity in the 1920s ?
Alternatively , the Wente style condenser microphone used with the Western Electric licensed recording method had a brilliant midrange and was prone to overloading from sibilants in speech , but generally it gave more accurate reproduction than carbon microphones .	brilliant midrange	What benefit did the use of the Wente style condenser microphone offer ?
Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular -LRB- 1925 -RRB- benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios .	microphones and amplifiers	What was a benefit of early radio recordings ?
The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected .	Victor Orthophonic phonograph	What is one example of an acoustic phonograph on which one would listen to electric recordings ?
Also , a folded horn with an exponential taper was constructed inside the cabinet to provide better impedance matching to the air .	folded horn with an exponential taper	What allowed better sounds inside the cabinet of the orthoponic phonograph ?
In the Orthophonic , which benefited from telephone research , the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type .	mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type	What adjustments were made to the orthophonic to accommodate electric recordings ?
It was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs .	not unusual	Was it common to hear electric recordings on phonographs ?
As a result , playback of an Orthophonic record sounded like it was coming from a radio .	sounded like	How similar was the sound of a orthodontic record to a radio ?
The dynamic or moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone in 1932 .	moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone	What are two examples of high quality microphones ?
Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on , making it possible to improve the damping of spurious resonances .	Magnetic pickups	What was used to dampen resonances in recordings ?
The dynamic or moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone in 1932 .	around 1930	When would you have first found the moving coil microphone ?
Crystal pickups were also introduced as lower cost alternatives .	Crystal pickups	What was a more economical option to magnetic pickups ?
Eventually , when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s , the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era .	1930s and 1940s	In what years would you find electronic recordings played electronically ?
This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high quality cuts were played on well-designed audio systems .	high quality cuts	What was a benefit of the use of magnetic pickup cartridge ?
This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high quality cuts were played on well-designed audio systems .	1940s	In what era could you find good quality recordings and playbacks at home ?
The Capehart radio/phonographs of the era with large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers , though not ideal , demonstrated this quite well with `` home recordings '' readily available in the music stores for the public to buy .	large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers	What was a unique feature of the Capeart radio phonographs ?
Over time , fidelity , dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version .	harder to tell the difference	How similar were live and recorded versions ?
In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording : the Western Electric Wide Range System , `` The New Voice of Action '' .	early 1930s	When was the Western Electric System introduced ?
In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording : the Western Electric Wide Range System , `` The New Voice of Action '' .	Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric	What two companies worked together to develop the Western Electric System ?
The intent of the new Western Electric system was to improve the overall quality of disc recording and playback .	Western Electric system	What system was used by Warner Brothers ?
The recording speed was 33 1⁄3 rpm , originally used in the Western Electric/ERPI movie audio disc system implemented in the early Warner Brothers ' Vitaphone `` talkies '' of 1927 .	33 1⁄3 rpm	What speed was used in the Western Electric System ?
The intent of the new Western Electric system was to improve the overall quality of disc recording and playback .	improve the overall quality	What was the Western Electric System believed to do ?
The chief advantage claimed was more grooves per inch that could be crowded together , resulting in longer playback time .	longer playback time	What was a benefit of vertical groove cuts ?
Additionally , the problem of inner groove distortion , which plagued lateral cuts , could be avoided with the vertical cut system .	inner groove distortion	What could be avoided by using vertical groove cuts ?
It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and did n't require electronics installed in the microphone housing .	didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing	How was the moving coil microphone unique to the Wente type ?
Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to help override noise in playback .	override noise in playback	How was sound improved using the moving coil microphone ?
Wax masters were made by flowing heated wax over a hot metal disc thus avoiding the microscopic irregularities of cast blocks of wax and the necessity of planing and polishing .	avoiding the microscopic irregularities	How was wax used to improve recordings ?
Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering .	master cuts	What were used to make vinyl pressings ?
Radio transcription producers such as World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers -LRB- AMP -RRB- were the dominant licensees of the Western Electric wide range system and towards the end of the 1930s were responsible for two-thirds of the total radio transcription business .	World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers	What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s ?
Radio transcription producers such as World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers -LRB- AMP -RRB- were the dominant licensees of the Western Electric wide range system and towards the end of the 1930s were responsible for two-thirds of the total radio transcription business .	World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers	Who was responsible for 2/3 of all recordings in the 1930s ?
Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering .	cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering	How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation ?
The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark , Rene ' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records .	1949	When was the business booming for do it yourself sound fanatics ?
The LP record for longer works , 45 rpm for pop music , and FM radio became high fidelity program sources in demand .	45 rpm	What kind of recordings worked best for pop music ?
The LP record for longer works , 45 rpm for pop music , and FM radio became high fidelity program sources in demand .	LP record	What was used for longer recordings ?
The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark , Rene ' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records .	The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman	What opened doors for long recordings ?
Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast and this in turn generated more record sales .	Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast	What aided in records sales in the 1950s ?
The average human auditory system is sensitive to frequencies from 20 Hz to a maximum of around 20,000 Hz .	20 Hz	What is generally the lowest sound a human can hear ?
There is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs .	vinyl records	What is believed to better offer sounds of higher frequencies , compact discs or records ?
The average human auditory system is sensitive to frequencies from 20 Hz to a maximum of around 20,000 Hz .	20,000 Hz	What is the higher end of typical human hearing ?
The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person .	The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person	Does the hearing range of the human vary ?
A record cutter would engrave the grooves into the master disc .	record cutter	Who would engrave the master disc of a vinyl record ?
Early versions of these master discs were soft wax , and later a harder lacquer was used .	soft wax	What was used in first recordings of vinyl records ?
Early versions of these master discs were soft wax , and later a harder lacquer was used .	harder lacquer	What was used in final recordings of vinyl records ?
From about 1950 on -LRB- earlier for some large record companies , later for some small ones -RRB- it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape , which could then be processed and/or edited , and then dubbed on to the master disc .	first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc	After the 1950s what was a typical recording process ?
For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing , sound was recorded directly on to the `` master disc '' at the recording studio .	master disc	Where were sound recordings originally made to ?
The medium needs to be kept clean , but alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media , not on 78s .	alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media	Should alcohol be used to clean gramophone recordings ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The equipment for playback of certain formats -LRB- e.g. , 16 and 78 rpm -RRB- is manufactured only in small quantities , leading to increased difficulty in finding equipment to play the recordings .	manufactured only in small quantities	Is gramophone equipment readily available ?
As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording , they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible .	transferring them onto other media	What is the recommendation of gramophone recordings to preserve integrity ?
As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording , they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible .	gradual degradation	What is a drawback of gramophone use ?
They need to be stored on edge , and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find comfortable .	on edge	How are gramophones best stored ?
Anyone can do this using a standard record player with a suitable pickup , a phono-preamp -LRB- pre-amplifier -RRB- and a typical personal computer .	Anyone can do this	Is it difficult to transfer recording from historic interest to newer technologies ?
However , for accurate transfer , professional archivists carefully choose the correct stylus shape and diameter , tracking weight , equalisation curve and other playback parameters and use high-quality analogue-to-digital converters .	professional archivists	What would offer the highest quality transfers of historic interest ?
Anyone can do this using a standard record player with a suitable pickup , a phono-preamp -LRB- pre-amplifier -RRB- and a typical personal computer .	standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer	What would a hobbiest need to transfer historic recordings to digital formats ?
Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest , from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists , archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result , typically onto a digital format , which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any further damage to the source recording .	without any further damage to the source recording	Is an original destroyed when transferred to digital format ?
Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest , from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists , archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result , typically onto a digital format , which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any further damage to the source recording .	manipulated to remove analog flaws	What is one benefit of transferring an older format to a newer format ?
Vinyl records experienced a sudden decline in popularity between 1988 and 1991 , when the major label distributors restricted their return policies , which retailers had been relying on to maintain and swap out stocks of relatively unpopular titles .	major label distributors restricted their return policies	What was a major cause of declined vinyl sales ?
This rapid decline in the availability of records accelerated the format 's decline in popularity , and is seen by some as a deliberate ploy to make consumers switch to CDs , which were more profitable for the record companies .	CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies	Which allows for more profits , vinyl or compact discs ?
Vinyl records experienced a sudden decline in popularity between 1988 and 1991 , when the major label distributors restricted their return policies , which retailers had been relying on to maintain and swap out stocks of relatively unpopular titles .	between 1988 and 1991	When did vinyl record sales decline ?
In 1988 , the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales .	1988	When did compact disc popularity take hold ?
Groove recordings , first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century , held a predominant position for nearly a century -- withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape , the 8-track cartridge , and the compact cassette .	final quarter of the 19th century,	When were groove recordings developed ?
Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today , especially by independent rock bands and labels , although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles , collectors , and DJs .	Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today	Are records generally out of print as of date ?
Many popular new albums are given releases on vinyl records and older albums are also given reissues , sometimes on audiophile-grade vinyl .	Many popular new albums are given releases	Are albums ever reproduced ?
Old records and out-of-print recordings in particular are in much demand by collectors the world over .	Old records and out-of-print recordings	What types of vinyl hold the most popularity ?
In spite of their flaws , such as the lack of portability , records still have enthusiastic supporters .	records still have enthusiastic supporters	Does vinyl record maintain any popularity ?
This is because for disc jockeys -LRB- `` DJs '' -RRB- , vinyl has an advantage over the CD : direct manipulation of the medium .	direct manipulation	What is a reason a DJ would prefer vinyl to CD ?
DJ techniques such as slip-cueing , beatmatching , and scratching originated on turntables .	slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching	In what techniques would a DJ require a vinyl record ?
With a record one can place the stylus a few grooves farther in or out , accelerate or decelerate the turntable , or even reverse its direction , provided the stylus , record player , and record itself are built to withstand it .	provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it	Are all turn tables capable of DJ manipulation of vinyl records ?
However , many CDJ and DJ advances , such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl , now have these capabilities and more .	However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more.	Had vinyl technology ceased expanding ?
In 2014 artist Jack White sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release , Lazaretto , on vinyl .	Jack White	Whom set the most recent sales record of vinyl records since 1991 ?
Sales of other mediums including individual digital tracks , digital albums and compact discs have fallen , the latter having the greatest drop-in-sales rate .	compact discs	What medium has seen the biggest fall in sales as of late ?
In 2014 , the sale of vinyl records was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year .	was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year	What was unique to vinyl sales in 2014 ?
The sales record was previously held by Pearl Jam 's , Vitalogy , which sold 34,000 copies in one week in 1994 .	Pearl Jam	Who sold 34,000 vinyl records in 1994 ?
The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991 .	1991	Prior to 2014 when was the most recent large sale of vinyl records ?
Pictures -LRB- covering films released before 1950 -RRB- and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -LRB- covering films released before May 1986 -RRB- .	1950	Warner Bros. pictures before what year are part of the Turner Entertainment library ?
Pictures -LRB- covering films released before 1950 -RRB- and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -LRB- covering films released before May 1986 -RRB- .	May 1986	Up until what month and year of release are films from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer part of the Turner Entertainment library ?
However , TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company , Warner Bros. -LRB- which now controls the Turner Entertainment library and its own later films -RRB- , and occasionally shows more recent films .	Time Warner	What company owns TCM and Warner Bros. . ?
Turner Classic Movies is a dedicated film channel and is available in United States , United Kingdom , France -LRB- TCM Cinéma -RRB- , Spain -LRB- TCM España -RRB- , Nordic countries , Middle East and Africa .	TCM Cinéma	What is Turner Classic Movies called in France ?
Turner Classic Movies is a dedicated film channel and is available in United States , United Kingdom , France -LRB- TCM Cinéma -RRB- , Spain -LRB- TCM España -RRB- , Nordic countries , Middle East and Africa .	TCM España	What is the Spanish version of Turner Classic Movies ?
In 1986 , eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies , Ted Turner acquired the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio for $ 1.5 billion .	$1.5 billion	How much did Ted Turner pay for Metro-Goldwyn Mayer ?
In 1986 , eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies , Ted Turner acquired the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio for $ 1.5 billion .	1986	In what year did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ?
Concerns over Turner Entertainment 's corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian , from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before .	Kirk Kerkorian	Who did Ted Turner sell Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to ?
Concerns over Turner Entertainment 's corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian , from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before .	Kirk Kerkorian	Who did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from ?
As part of the deal , Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGM 's library of films released up to May 9 , 1986 .	May 9, 1986	Up to what date of release did Turner retain ownership of the MGM film library ?
Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies , films from Turner 's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System 's advertiser-supported cable network TNT -- along with colorized versions of black-and-white classics such as The Maltese Falcon .	TNT	On what network did Turner Entertainment 's film library air prior to the creation of TCM ?
Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies , films from Turner 's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System 's advertiser-supported cable network TNT -- along with colorized versions of black-and-white classics such as The Maltese Falcon .	The Maltese Falcon	What was a notable film that Turner colorized ?
After the library was acquired , MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release -LRB- the rest of the library went to Turner Home Entertainment -RRB- .	MGM/UA	Who did Turner ink a deal with to distribute Warner Bros. films from before 1950 ?
At the time of its launch , TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers .	one million	How many subscribers had access to TCM upon it launch ?
The network originally served as a competitor to AMC -- which at the time was known as `` American Movie Classics '' and maintained a virtually identical format to TCM , as both networks largely focused on films released prior to 1970 and aired them in an uncut , uncolorized , and commercial-free format .	American Movie Classics	When TCM premiered , what was AMC called ?
The network originally served as a competitor to AMC -- which at the time was known as `` American Movie Classics '' and maintained a virtually identical format to TCM , as both networks largely focused on films released prior to 1970 and aired them in an uncut , uncolorized , and commercial-free format .	released prior to 1970	What sorts of films did American Movie Classics primarily show ?
AMC had broadened its film content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002 and abandoned its commercial-free format , leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption .	2002	By what year was AMC showing commercials ?
In 1996 , Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner , which besides placing Turner Classic Movies and Warner Bros. .	Time Warner	With what company did Turner Broadcasting Systems merge in 1996 ?
Entertainment under the same corporate umbrella , also gave TCM access to Warner Bros. ' library of films released after 1949 -LRB- which itself includes other acquired entities such as the Lorimar , Saul Zaentz and National General Pictures libraries -RRB- ; incidentally , TCM had already been running select Warner Bros. film titles through a licensing agreement with the studio that was signed prior to the launch of the channel .	Saul Zaentz	Along with Lorimar and National General Pictures , what library was included in the Warner Bros. library ?
In March 1999 , MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video .	March 1999	When did MGM give Warner Home Video the rights to MGM/UA 's films on home video ?
In 2000 , TCM started the annual Young Composers Film Competition , inviting aspiring composers to participate in a judged competition that offers the winner of each year 's competition the opportunity to score a restored , feature-length silent film as a grand prize , mentored by a well-known composer , with the new work subsequently premiering on the network .	2000	In what year did TCM begin the Young Composers Film Competition ?
In 2000 , TCM started the annual Young Composers Film Competition , inviting aspiring composers to participate in a judged competition that offers the winner of each year 's competition the opportunity to score a restored , feature-length silent film as a grand prize , mentored by a well-known composer , with the new work subsequently premiering on the network .	annual	How often is the Young Composers Film Competition ?
In 2000 , TCM started the annual Young Composers Film Competition , inviting aspiring composers to participate in a judged competition that offers the winner of each year 's competition the opportunity to score a restored , feature-length silent film as a grand prize , mentored by a well-known composer , with the new work subsequently premiering on the network .	score a restored, feature-length silent film	What is the grand prize in the Young Composers Film Competition ?
As of 2006 , films that have been rescored include the 1921 Rudolph Valentino film Camille , two Lon Chaney films : 1921 's The Ace of Hearts and 1928 's Laugh , Clown , Laugh , and Greta Garbo 's 1926 film The Temptress .	1928	In what year was Laugh , Clown , Laugh released ?
As of 2006 , films that have been rescored include the 1921 Rudolph Valentino film Camille , two Lon Chaney films : 1921 's The Ace of Hearts and 1928 's Laugh , Clown , Laugh , and Greta Garbo 's 1926 film The Temptress .	Greta Garbo	Who starred in The Temptress ?
In 2008 , TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting .	2008	In what year did TCM receive a Peabody Award ?
In 2008 , TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting .	excellence in broadcasting	For what reason is a Peabody Award granted ?
In April 2010 , Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival , an event -- now held annually -- at the Grauman 's Chinese Theater and the Grauman 's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood .	April 2010	When did the inaugural TCM Classic Film Festival take place ?
In April 2010 , Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival , an event -- now held annually -- at the Grauman 's Chinese Theater and the Grauman 's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood .	Grauman's Egyptian Theater	In addition to the Grauman 's Chinese Theater , where did the first TCM Classic Film Festival take place ?
In April 2010 , Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival , an event -- now held annually -- at the Grauman 's Chinese Theater and the Grauman 's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood .	Hollywood	Where is Grauman 's Chinese Theater located ?
In addition to this , extended breaks between features are filled with theatrically released movie trailers and classic short subjects -- from series such as The Passing Parade , Crime Does Not Pay , Pete Smith Specialties , and Robert Benchley -- under the banner name TCM Extras -LRB- formerly One Reel Wonders -RRB- .	One Reel Wonders	What were TCM Extras previously known as ?
In 2007 , some of the short films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCM 's website .	2007	When did short films from TCM begin to stream on TCM 's website ?
In addition to this , extended breaks between features are filled with theatrically released movie trailers and classic short subjects -- from series such as The Passing Parade , Crime Does Not Pay , Pete Smith Specialties , and Robert Benchley -- under the banner name TCM Extras -LRB- formerly One Reel Wonders -RRB- .	Robert Benchley	Along with The Passing Parade , Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties , what short subjects feature on TCM ?
Partly to allow these interstitials , Turner Classic Movies schedules its feature films either at the top of the hour or at :15 , :30 or :45 minutes past the hour , instead of in timeslots of varying five-minute increments .	top of the hour	Along with :45 , :30 and :15 past the hour , at what time do TCM features begin ?
TCM 's film content has remained mostly uncut and uncolorized -LRB- with films natively filmed or post-produced in the format being those only ones presented in color -RRB- , depending upon the original content of movies , particularly movies released after the 1968 implementation of the Motion Picture Association of America 's ratings system and the concurrent disestablishment of the Motion Picture Production Code .	1968	In what year did the Motion Picture Association of America introduce its rating system ?
TCM 's film content has remained mostly uncut and uncolorized -LRB- with films natively filmed or post-produced in the format being those only ones presented in color -RRB- , depending upon the original content of movies , particularly movies released after the 1968 implementation of the Motion Picture Association of America 's ratings system and the concurrent disestablishment of the Motion Picture Production Code .	1968	In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease ?
Because of this , TCM is formatted similarly to a premium channel with certain films -- particularly those made from the 1960s onward -- sometimes featuring nudity , sexual content , violence and/or strong profanity ; the network also features rating bumpers prior to the start of a program -LRB- most programs on TCM , especially films , are rated for content using the TV Parental Guidelines , in lieu of the MPAA 's rating system -RRB- .	TV Parental Guidelines	What rating system is often used by TCM ?
The network 's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown , called 31 Days of Oscar .	31 Days of Oscar	What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM ?
The network 's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown , called 31 Days of Oscar .	February	When does TCM 's programming season begin ?
Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio -LRB- widescreen or full screen -RRB- whenever possible -- widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the network 's standard definition feed .	letterboxed	On its standard definition broadcast , what format does TCM use to preserve the original aspect ratio ?
As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films , viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actresses such as Barbara Stanwyck or Greta Garbo or actors like Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart have the unique opportunity to see most of the films that were made during their careers , from beginning to end .	Humphrey Bogart	Along with Cary Grant , who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on TCM ?
Entertainment , Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios , Paramount Pictures , 20th Century Fox , Walt Disney Studios -LRB- primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures , as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library -RRB- , Sony Pictures Entertainment -LRB- primarily film content from Columbia Pictures -RRB- , StudioCanal , and Janus Films .	Walt Disney Studios	Who owns the Selznick International Pictures library ?
Entertainment , Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios , Paramount Pictures , 20th Century Fox , Walt Disney Studios -LRB- primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures , as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library -RRB- , Sony Pictures Entertainment -LRB- primarily film content from Columbia Pictures -RRB- , StudioCanal , and Janus Films .	Sony Pictures Entertainment	Who is the owner of Columbia Pictures content ?
TCM 's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles .	thousands	How many films are present in the TCM library ?
Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA , Ltd. / NBCUniversal Television Distribution , while Paramount -LRB- currently owned by Viacom -RRB- holds on to most of its post-1949 releases , which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media .	EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution	Who owns the majority of pre-1950 Paramount sound releases ?
Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA , Ltd. / NBCUniversal Television Distribution , while Paramount -LRB- currently owned by Viacom -RRB- holds on to most of its post-1949 releases , which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media .	Viacom	Who owns Paramount ?
Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA , Ltd. / NBCUniversal Television Distribution , while Paramount -LRB- currently owned by Viacom -RRB- holds on to most of its post-1949 releases , which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media .	Trifecta Entertainment & Media	Who holds TV distribution rights to Paramount 's post-1949 releases ?
Columbia 's film output is owned by Sony -LRB- through Sony Pictures Television -RRB- ; distribution of 20th Century Fox 's film library is handled for television by its 21st Century Fox subsidiary 20th Television , and the Walt Disney Studios -LRB- owned by The Walt Disney Company -RRB- has its library film output handled for television by Disney-ABC Domestic Television .	The Walt Disney Company	Who owns Walt Disney Studios ?
Columbia 's film output is owned by Sony -LRB- through Sony Pictures Television -RRB- ; distribution of 20th Century Fox 's film library is handled for television by its 21st Century Fox subsidiary 20th Television , and the Walt Disney Studios -LRB- owned by The Walt Disney Company -RRB- has its library film output handled for television by Disney-ABC Domestic Television .	Disney-ABC Domestic Television	Who manages the TV distribution of Walt Disney Studios ?
Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours -LRB- 8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time -RRB- are presented by film historian Robert Osborne -LRB- who has been with the network since its 1994 launch , except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011 , when guest hosts presented each night 's films -RRB- on Sunday through Wednesday evenings -- with Osborne only presenting primetime films on weekends -- and Ben Mankiewicz presenting only late evening films on Thursdays , and the `` Silent Sunday Nights '' and `` TCM Imports '' blocks on Sundays .	Robert Osborne	Who presents films on TCM on Wednesday nights ?
Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours -LRB- 8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time -RRB- are presented by film historian Robert Osborne -LRB- who has been with the network since its 1994 launch , except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011 , when guest hosts presented each night 's films -RRB- on Sunday through Wednesday evenings -- with Osborne only presenting primetime films on weekends -- and Ben Mankiewicz presenting only late evening films on Thursdays , and the `` Silent Sunday Nights '' and `` TCM Imports '' blocks on Sundays .	film historian	What is Robert Osborne by profession ?
Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours -LRB- 8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time -RRB- are presented by film historian Robert Osborne -LRB- who has been with the network since its 1994 launch , except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011 , when guest hosts presented each night 's films -RRB- on Sunday through Wednesday evenings -- with Osborne only presenting primetime films on weekends -- and Ben Mankiewicz presenting only late evening films on Thursdays , and the `` Silent Sunday Nights '' and `` TCM Imports '' blocks on Sundays .	medical leave	Why did Robert Osborne stop presenting films on TCM for several months ?
Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours -LRB- 8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time -RRB- are presented by film historian Robert Osborne -LRB- who has been with the network since its 1994 launch , except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011 , when guest hosts presented each night 's films -RRB- on Sunday through Wednesday evenings -- with Osborne only presenting primetime films on weekends -- and Ben Mankiewicz presenting only late evening films on Thursdays , and the `` Silent Sunday Nights '' and `` TCM Imports '' blocks on Sundays .	Ben Mankiewicz	Who presents Silent Sunday Nights ?
Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours -LRB- 8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time -RRB- are presented by film historian Robert Osborne -LRB- who has been with the network since its 1994 launch , except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011 , when guest hosts presented each night 's films -RRB- on Sunday through Wednesday evenings -- with Osborne only presenting primetime films on weekends -- and Ben Mankiewicz presenting only late evening films on Thursdays , and the `` Silent Sunday Nights '' and `` TCM Imports '' blocks on Sundays .	8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time	What is the time period covered by prime time and the early overnight ?
TCM regularly airs a `` Star of the Month '' throughout the year on Wednesdays starting at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time , in which most , if not all , feature films from a classic film star are shown during that night 's schedule .	Wednesdays	On what day of the week are Star of the Month films aired ?
Hosted by Robert Osbourne , the network also marks the occurrence of a film actor 's birthday -LRB- either antemortem or posthumously -RRB- or recent death with day - or evening-long festivals showcasting several of that artist 's best , earliest or least-known pictures ; by effect , marathons scheduled in honor of an actor 's passing -LRB- which are scheduled within a month after their death -RRB- pre-empt films originally scheduled to air on that date .	Robert Osbourne	Who hosts the Star of the Month films ?
TCM also features a monthly program block called the `` TCM Guest Programmer '' , in which Osborne is joined by celebrity guests responsible for choosing that evening 's films -LRB- examples of such programmers during 2012 include Jules Feiffer , Anthony Bourdain , Debra Winger , Ellen Barkin , Spike Lee , Regis Philbin and Jim Lehrer -RRB- ; an offshoot of this block featuring Turner Classic Movies employees aired during February 2011 .	February 2011	During what month and year did TCM Guest Programmer feature TCM employees as guests ?
TCM also features a monthly program block called the `` TCM Guest Programmer '' , in which Osborne is joined by celebrity guests responsible for choosing that evening 's films -LRB- examples of such programmers during 2012 include Jules Feiffer , Anthony Bourdain , Debra Winger , Ellen Barkin , Spike Lee , Regis Philbin and Jim Lehrer -RRB- ; an offshoot of this block featuring Turner Classic Movies employees aired during February 2011 .	2012	In what year did Spike Lee appear as a TCM Guest Programmer ?
Turner Classic Movies also airs regularly scheduled weekly film blocks , which are periodically preempted for special themed month-long or seasonal scheduling events , such as the `` 31 Days of Oscar '' film series in the month preceding the Academy Awards and the month-long `` Summer Under the Stars '' in August ; all featured programming has their own distinctive feature presentation bumper for the particular scheduled presentation .	month preceding the Academy Awards	When does 31 Days of Oscar occur ?
Turner Classic Movies also airs regularly scheduled weekly film blocks , which are periodically preempted for special themed month-long or seasonal scheduling events , such as the `` 31 Days of Oscar '' film series in the month preceding the Academy Awards and the month-long `` Summer Under the Stars '' in August ; all featured programming has their own distinctive feature presentation bumper for the particular scheduled presentation .	August	When does the Summer Under the Stars event take place ?
The Essentials , currently hosted by Osborne and Sally Field as of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , is a weekly film showcase airing on Saturday evenings -LRB- with a replay on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time -RRB- , which spotlights a different movie and contains a special introduction and post-movie discussion .	Sally Field	As of 2015 , who hosted The Essentials along with Robert Osborne ?
The Essentials , currently hosted by Osborne and Sally Field as of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , is a weekly film showcase airing on Saturday evenings -LRB- with a replay on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time -RRB- , which spotlights a different movie and contains a special introduction and post-movie discussion .	Saturday	On what day does The Essentials have its first airing each week ?
The Essentials , currently hosted by Osborne and Sally Field as of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , is a weekly film showcase airing on Saturday evenings -LRB- with a replay on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time -RRB- , which spotlights a different movie and contains a special introduction and post-movie discussion .	Sunday	On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown ?
The channel also broadcasts two movie blocks during the late evening hours each Sunday : `` Silent Sunday Nights '' , which features silent films from the United States and abroad , usually in the latest restored version and often with new musical scores ; and `` TCM Imports '' -LRB- which previously ran on Saturdays until the early 2000s -LSB- specify -RSB- -RRB- , a weekly presentation of films originally released in foreign countries .	Silent Sunday Nights	What movie block shows silent films ?
The channel also broadcasts two movie blocks during the late evening hours each Sunday : `` Silent Sunday Nights '' , which features silent films from the United States and abroad , usually in the latest restored version and often with new musical scores ; and `` TCM Imports '' -LRB- which previously ran on Saturdays until the early 2000s -LSB- specify -RSB- -RRB- , a weekly presentation of films originally released in foreign countries .	TCM Imports	What movie block shows foreign films ?
TCM Underground -- which debuted in October 2006 -- is a Friday late night block which focuses on cult films , the block was originally hosted by rocker/filmmaker Rob Zombie until December 2006 -LRB- though as of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- , it is the only regular film presentation block on the channel that does not have a host -RRB- .	October 2006	When did TCM Underground first appear ?
TCM Underground -- which debuted in October 2006 -- is a Friday late night block which focuses on cult films , the block was originally hosted by rocker/filmmaker Rob Zombie until December 2006 -LRB- though as of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- , it is the only regular film presentation block on the channel that does not have a host -RRB- .	Friday	On what day is TCM Underground shown ?
TCM Underground -- which debuted in October 2006 -- is a Friday late night block which focuses on cult films , the block was originally hosted by rocker/filmmaker Rob Zombie until December 2006 -LRB- though as of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- , it is the only regular film presentation block on the channel that does not have a host -RRB- .	Rob Zombie	Who was the first host of TCM Underground ?
Each August , Turner Classic Movies suspends its regular schedule for a special month of film marathons called `` Summer Under the Stars '' , which features entire daily schedules devoted to the work of a particular actor , with movies and specials that pertain to the star of the day .	August	In what month does the Summer Under the Stars event take place ?
In the summer of 2007 , the channel debuted `` Funday Night at the Movies '' , a block hosted by actor Tom Kenny -LRB- best known as the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants -RRB- .	Tom Kenny	Who hosted Funday Night at the Movies ?
In the summer of 2007 , the channel debuted `` Funday Night at the Movies '' , a block hosted by actor Tom Kenny -LRB- best known as the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants -RRB- .	SpongeBob SquarePants	What character was Tom Kenny best known for portraying ?
In the summer of 2007 , the channel debuted `` Funday Night at the Movies '' , a block hosted by actor Tom Kenny -LRB- best known as the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants -RRB- .	2007	In what year did Funday Night at the Movies first appear ?
`` Funday Night at the Movies '' was replaced in 2008 by `` Essentials Jr. '' , a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials -LRB- originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell , then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011 , and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season -RRB- , which included such family-themed films as National Velvet , Captains Courageous and Yours , Mine and Ours , as well as more eclectic selections as Sherlock , Jr. , The Music Box , Harvey , Mutiny on the Bounty and The Man Who Knew Too Much .	Essentials Jr.	What series replaced Funday Night at the Movies ?
`` Funday Night at the Movies '' was replaced in 2008 by `` Essentials Jr. '' , a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials -LRB- originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell , then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011 , and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season -RRB- , which included such family-themed films as National Velvet , Captains Courageous and Yours , Mine and Ours , as well as more eclectic selections as Sherlock , Jr. , The Music Box , Harvey , Mutiny on the Bounty and The Man Who Knew Too Much .	Abigail Breslin	Along with Chris O'Donnell , who was the original host of Essentials Jr. . ?
`` Funday Night at the Movies '' was replaced in 2008 by `` Essentials Jr. '' , a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials -LRB- originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell , then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011 , and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season -RRB- , which included such family-themed films as National Velvet , Captains Courageous and Yours , Mine and Ours , as well as more eclectic selections as Sherlock , Jr. , The Music Box , Harvey , Mutiny on the Bounty and The Man Who Knew Too Much .	John Lithgow	Who hosted Essentials Jr. between 2009 and 2011 ?
`` Funday Night at the Movies '' was replaced in 2008 by `` Essentials Jr. '' , a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials -LRB- originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell , then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011 , and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season -RRB- , which included such family-themed films as National Velvet , Captains Courageous and Yours , Mine and Ours , as well as more eclectic selections as Sherlock , Jr. , The Music Box , Harvey , Mutiny on the Bounty and The Man Who Knew Too Much .	Bill Hader	Who began to host Essentials Jr. in 2011 ?
`` Funday Night at the Movies '' was replaced in 2008 by `` Essentials Jr. '' , a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials -LRB- originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell , then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011 , and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season -RRB- , which included such family-themed films as National Velvet , Captains Courageous and Yours , Mine and Ours , as well as more eclectic selections as Sherlock , Jr. , The Music Box , Harvey , Mutiny on the Bounty and The Man Who Knew Too Much .	2008	In what year did Essentials Jr. replace Funday Night at the Movies ?
The network aired the film series Screened Out -LRB- which explored the history and depiction of homosexuality in film -RRB- in 2007 and Religion on Film -LRB- focusing on the role of religion in cinematic works -RRB- in 2005 .	2007	In what year did Screened Out appear ?
The network aired the film series Screened Out -LRB- which explored the history and depiction of homosexuality in film -RRB- in 2007 and Religion on Film -LRB- focusing on the role of religion in cinematic works -RRB- in 2005 .	2005	What year saw the debut of Religion on Film ?
In 2011 , TCM debuted a new series entitled AFI 's Master Class : The Art of Collaboration .	AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration	What series premiered in 2011 ?
Previous installments have included `` Asian Images on Film '' in 2008 , `` Native American Images on Film '' in 2010 , `` Black Images on Film '' in 2006 `` Latino Images on Film '' in 2009 and `` Arab Images on Film '' in 2011 .	2011	In what year did Arab Images on Film first appear ?
The network aired the film series Screened Out -LRB- which explored the history and depiction of homosexuality in film -RRB- in 2007 and Religion on Film -LRB- focusing on the role of religion in cinematic works -RRB- in 2005 .	history and depiction of homosexuality in film	What was the topic of Screened Out ?
In December 1994 , TCM debuted `` TCM Remembers '' , a tribute to recently deceased notable film personalities -LRB- including actors , producers , composers , directors , writers and cinematographers -RRB- that occasionally airs during promotional breaks between films .	December 1994	In what month and year did TCM Remembers premiere ?
The segments appear in two forms : individual tributes and a longer end-of-year compilation .	end-of-year compilation	Along with individual tributes , what form did TCM Remembers occur in ?
Every December , a longer , more inclusive `` TCM Remembers '' interstitial is produced that honors all of the noted film personalities who died during the past year , interspersed with scenes from settings such as an abandoned drive-in -LRB- 2012 -RRB- or a theatre which is closing down and is being dismantled -LRB- 2013 -RRB- .	December	In what month of the year does a longer version of TCM Remembers appear ?
Since 2001 , the soundtracks for these clipreels have been introspective melodies by indie artists such as Badly Drawn Boy -LRB- 2007 -RRB- or Steve Earle -LRB- 2009 -RRB- .	2007	In what year did Badly Drawn Boy provide a soundtrack for TCM Remembers ?
Since 2001 , the soundtracks for these clipreels have been introspective melodies by indie artists such as Badly Drawn Boy -LRB- 2007 -RRB- or Steve Earle -LRB- 2009 -RRB- .	Steve Earle	Who provided the soundtrack for the longer TCM Remembers episode in 2009 ?
The TCM Vault Collection consists of several different DVD collections of rare classic films that have been licensed , remastered and released by Turner Classic Movies -LRB- through corporate sister Warner Home Video -RRB- .	Warner Home Video	Through what company is the TCM Vault Collection released ?
The sets often include bonus discs including documentaries and shorts from the TCM library .	shorts	What do the TCM Vault Collection bonus discs feature in addition to documentaries ?
In October 2015 , TCM announced the launch of the TCM Wineclub , in which they teamed up with Laithwaite to provide a line of mail-order wines from famous vineyards such as famed writer-director-producer Francis Ford Coppola 's winery .	October 2015	What month and year saw the introduction of the TCM Wineclub ?
In October 2015 , TCM announced the launch of the TCM Wineclub , in which they teamed up with Laithwaite to provide a line of mail-order wines from famous vineyards such as famed writer-director-producer Francis Ford Coppola 's winery .	Laithwaite	Who was TCM 's partner in the TCM Wineclub ?
In October 2015 , TCM announced the launch of the TCM Wineclub , in which they teamed up with Laithwaite to provide a line of mail-order wines from famous vineyards such as famed writer-director-producer Francis Ford Coppola 's winery .	Francis Ford Coppola	The winery of what notable director provided wines for TCM Wineclub ?
From the wines chosen , TCM also includes recommended movies to watch with each , such as a `` True Grit '' wine , to be paired with the John Wayne film of the same name .	John Wayne	Who starred in True Grit ?
Wines are available in 3 month subscriptions , and can be selected as reds , whites , or a mixture of both .	3 month	How long do TCM Wineclub subscriptions last ?
In Canada , TCM began to be carried on Shaw Cable and satellite provider Shaw Direct in 2005 .	Shaw Cable	What Canadian cable provider first carried Turner Classic Movies ?
In Canada , TCM began to be carried on Shaw Cable and satellite provider Shaw Direct in 2005 .	2005	In what year did Turner Classic Movies appear on Canadian cable television ?
Rogers Cable started offering TCM in December 2006 as a free preview for subscribers of its digital cable tier , and was added to its analogue tier in February 2007 .	2006	In what year did Rogers Cable begin to include TCM ?
The UK version operates two channels , including a spinoff called TCM 2 .	TCM 2	What is the name of the TCM spinoff channel operated in the UK ?
Rogers Cable started offering TCM in December 2006 as a free preview for subscribers of its digital cable tier , and was added to its analogue tier in February 2007 .	February 2007	In what month and year did Rogers Cable add TCM to its analog broadcasts ?
Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas -LRB- philosophies , world views , teachings -RRB- that emerged in ancient India .	ancient India	What was the origin of Hindu philosophy ?
The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems -LRB- ṣaḍdarśana -RRB- -- Samkhya , Yoga , Nyaya , Vaisheshika , Mimamsa and Vedanta .	six	How many main systems of Hindu philosophy are there ?
These are also called the Astika -LRB- orthodox -RRB- philosophical traditions and are those that accept the Vedas as authoritative , important source of knowledge .	Astika	What are the main orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy called ?
These are also called the Astika -LRB- orthodox -RRB- philosophical traditions and are those that accept the Vedas as authoritative , important source of knowledge .	Vedas	What is the accepted source of knowledge in the Astika system ?
-LSB- note 1 -RSB- -LSB- note 2 -RSB- Ancient and medieval India was also the source of philosophies that share philosophical concepts but rejected the Vedas , and these have been called nāstika -LRB- heterodox or non-orthodox -RRB- Indian philosophies .	nāstika	What are the non-orthodox Indian philosophies that do not accept Vedas called ?
Scholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies , starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries , which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies .	relationship and differences	What have scholars argued about with regards to nastika and astika philosophies ?
Scholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies , starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries , which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies .	18th and 19th	In what centuries the writings of scholars been used to debate the philosophies ?
While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions , some heterodox traditions such as Cārvāka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy .	distinct	What are Buddhism and Jainism regarded as in relation to religion and philosophy ?
While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions , some heterodox traditions such as Cārvāka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy .	distinct schools	What are other schools regarded as within Hindu philosophy ?
Scholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies , starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries , which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies .	limited	How available are the sources of knowledge on Indian philosophy ?
Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies , such as the realism of the Nyāya , the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika , the dualism of the Sāṅkhya , the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita , the self-discipline of yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas .	six	How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu ?
Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies , such as the realism of the Nyāya , the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika , the dualism of the Sāṅkhya , the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita , the self-discipline of yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas .	Nyāya	Which orthodox Hindu philosophy concerns realism ?
Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies , such as the realism of the Nyāya , the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika , the dualism of the Sāṅkhya , the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita , the self-discipline of yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas .	Vaiśeṣika	What Hindu philosophy is about naturalism ?
Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies , such as the realism of the Nyāya , the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika , the dualism of the Sāṅkhya , the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita , the self-discipline of yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas .	Sāṅkhya	Which Hindu philosophy concerns dualism ?
Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies , such as the realism of the Nyāya , the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika , the dualism of the Sāṅkhya , the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita , the self-discipline of yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas .	Advaita	What Hindu philosophy stresses self knowledge ?
Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- , upamāṇa -LRB- comparison and analogy -RRB- , arthāpatti -LRB- postulation , derivation from circumstances -RRB- , anupalabdi -LRB- non-perception , negative/cognitive proof -RRB- and śabda -LRB- word , testimony of past or present reliable experts -RRB- Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality , completeness , confidence and possibility of error , by each school .	pramāṇas	What do ancient Hindu writings identify as the means to knowledge and truth ?
Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- , upamāṇa -LRB- comparison and analogy -RRB- , arthāpatti -LRB- postulation , derivation from circumstances -RRB- , anupalabdi -LRB- non-perception , negative/cognitive proof -RRB- and śabda -LRB- word , testimony of past or present reliable experts -RRB- Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality , completeness , confidence and possibility of error , by each school .	six	How many pramanas are there in Hindu philosophy ?
Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- , upamāṇa -LRB- comparison and analogy -RRB- , arthāpatti -LRB- postulation , derivation from circumstances -RRB- , anupalabdi -LRB- non-perception , negative/cognitive proof -RRB- and śabda -LRB- word , testimony of past or present reliable experts -RRB- Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality , completeness , confidence and possibility of error , by each school .	pratyakṣa	What is the pramanas for perception ?
Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- , upamāṇa -LRB- comparison and analogy -RRB- , arthāpatti -LRB- postulation , derivation from circumstances -RRB- , anupalabdi -LRB- non-perception , negative/cognitive proof -RRB- and śabda -LRB- word , testimony of past or present reliable experts -RRB- Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality , completeness , confidence and possibility of error , by each school .	anumāṇa	What Hindu philosohy is concerned with inference ?
Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- , upamāṇa -LRB- comparison and analogy -RRB- , arthāpatti -LRB- postulation , derivation from circumstances -RRB- , anupalabdi -LRB- non-perception , negative/cognitive proof -RRB- and śabda -LRB- word , testimony of past or present reliable experts -RRB- Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality , completeness , confidence and possibility of error , by each school .	śabda	Which pramanas is understanding of experts ?
Samkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter .	Samkhya	Which Hindu school stresses dualism between consciousness and matter ?
It regards the universe as consisting of two realities ; Puruṣa -LRB- consciousness -RRB- and prakriti -LRB- matter -RRB- .	two realities	How does Samkhya view the universe ?
It regards the universe as consisting of two realities ; Puruṣa -LRB- consciousness -RRB- and prakriti -LRB- matter -RRB- .	Puruṣa	What is the Samkhya name for consciousness ?
It regards the universe as consisting of two realities ; Puruṣa -LRB- consciousness -RRB- and prakriti -LRB- matter -RRB- .	prakriti	What is the Samkhya school word for matter ?
This fusion , state the Samkhya scholars , led to the emergence of buddhi -LRB- awareness , intellect -RRB- and ahankara -LRB- individualized ego consciousness , `` I-maker '' -RRB- .	buddhi	What does the joining of Purusa and Prakriti produce ?
Guna , it states , are of three types : Sattva being good , compassionate , illuminating , positive , and constructive ; Rajas guna is one of activity , chaotic , passion , impulsive , potentially good or bad ; and Tamas being the quality of darkness , ignorance , destructive , lethargic , negative .	three	How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy ?
Guna , it states , are of three types : Sattva being good , compassionate , illuminating , positive , and constructive ; Rajas guna is one of activity , chaotic , passion , impulsive , potentially good or bad ; and Tamas being the quality of darkness , ignorance , destructive , lethargic , negative .	Sattva	Which state of guna is that of compassion , positiveness , and goodness ?
Guna , it states , are of three types : Sattva being good , compassionate , illuminating , positive , and constructive ; Rajas guna is one of activity , chaotic , passion , impulsive , potentially good or bad ; and Tamas being the quality of darkness , ignorance , destructive , lethargic , negative .	Rajas	Which type of guna is concened with passion and activity ?
Guna , it states , are of three types : Sattva being good , compassionate , illuminating , positive , and constructive ; Rajas guna is one of activity , chaotic , passion , impulsive , potentially good or bad ; and Tamas being the quality of darkness , ignorance , destructive , lethargic , negative .	Tamas	What is the focus of the guna for negativeness and destruction ?
Classical Samkhya is considered an atheist / non-theistic Hindu philosophy .	atheist / non-theistic	What is the interpretation of classical of Samkhya ?
In Indian philosophy , Yoga is among other things , the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools .	philosophical schools	Of what is yoga a part in Indian philosophy ?
The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school .	Samkhya	To what school of Hindu philosophy is yoga aligned ?
The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics , but is considered theistic because it accepts the concept of `` personal god '' , unlike Samkhya .	personal god	What concept does yoga accept the differentiates it from Samkhya ?
The epistemology of the Yoga school , like the Sāmkhya school , relies on three of six prāmaṇas as the means of gaining reliable knowledge : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- and śabda -LRB- āptavacana , word/testimony of reliable sources -RRB- .	three	How many of the six pramanas does yoga accept ?
The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics , but is considered theistic because it accepts the concept of `` personal god '' , unlike Samkhya .	theistic	Unlike other schools of Samkhya , what attitude makes yoga different ?
The Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna -LRB- knowledge -RRB- is a sufficient means to moksha .	jñāna	What principle does yoga use from Samkhya ?
The Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna -LRB- knowledge -RRB- is a sufficient means to moksha .	knowledge	What is the meaning of jnana ?
It suggests that systematic techniques/practice -LRB- personal experimentation -RRB- combined with Samkhya 's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha .	moksha	To what does yoga say personal experimentation and knowledge lead ?
Yoga shares several central ideas with Advaita Vedanta , with the difference that Yoga is a form of experimental mysticism while Advaita Vedanta is a form of monistic personalism .	Advaita Vedanta	To what school does yoga share central ideas ?
Like Advaita Vedanta , the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy states that liberation/freedom in this life is achievable , and this occurs when an individual fully understands and realizes the equivalence of Atman -LRB- soul , self -RRB- and Brahman .	liberation/freedom	What state in life does yoga believe is achievable ?
The Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school ; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy .	Vaiśeṣika	What philosophy is a naturalist school ?
It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu -LRB- atoms -RRB- , and one 's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance -LRB- a function of atoms , their number and their spatial arrangements -RRB- , quality , activity , commonness , particularity and inherence .	atoms	What is the definition of paramanu in Hindu philosophy ?
The Vaiśeṣika darśana is credited to Kaṇāda Kaśyapa from the second half of the first millennium BCE .	first millennium BCE	When was the Vaisesika darsana produced ?
The Vaiśeṣika darśana is credited to Kaṇāda Kaśyapa from the second half of the first millennium BCE .	Kaṇāda Kaśyapa	Who is credited with the Vaisesika darsana ?
Knowledge and liberation was achievable by complete understanding of the world of experience , according to Vaiśeṣika school .	world of experience	By understanding what does Vaisesika school believe one gains knowledge and liberation ?
Vaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism , that the reality is composed of four substances -LRB- earth , water , air , fire -RRB- .	four	According to Vaisesika philosophy , how many substances comprise reality ?
Vaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism , that the reality is composed of four substances -LRB- earth , water , air , fire -RRB- .	earth, water, air, fire	What are the substances of Vaisesika reality ?
A composite , in this philosophy , is defined to be anything which is divisible into atoms .	atoms	Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say the things are made ?
A composite , in this philosophy , is defined to be anything which is divisible into atoms .	composite	According to Vaisesika what is divisible into atoms ?
Whatever human beings perceive is composite , while atoms are invisible .	invisible	What form are atoms in Vaisesika ?
In its metaphysics , Nyāya school is closer to the Vaiśeṣika school than others .	Nyāya	What school of thought is closest to Vaisesika school ?
It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge -LRB- notions and ignorance -RRB- .	mistakes/defects	What does Nyaya say causes human suffering ?
Moksha -LRB- liberation -RRB- , it states , is gained through right knowledge .	Moksha	What state is achieved through knowledge ?
Moksha -LRB- liberation -RRB- , it states , is gained through right knowledge .	liberation	What is moksha in Hindu philosophy ?
False knowledge is not merely ignorance to Naiyayikas , it includes delusion .	delusion	Besides ignorance , what does false knowledge include in Nyaya ?
The Mīmāṃsā school has several subschools defined by epistemology .	several	How many ways does the Mimamsa separate into subschools ?
The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- , upamāṇa -LRB- comparison and analogy -RRB- , arthāpatti -LRB- postulation , derivation from circumstances -RRB- , and śabda -LRB- word , testimony of past or present reliable experts -RRB- .	five	How many ways does the Prabhakara subschool of Mimamsa say there are to gain knowledge ?
The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- , upamāṇa -LRB- comparison and analogy -RRB- , arthāpatti -LRB- postulation , derivation from circumstances -RRB- , and śabda -LRB- word , testimony of past or present reliable experts -RRB- .	perception	How is pratyaksa defined in the Prabhakara subschool ?
The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- , upamāṇa -LRB- comparison and analogy -RRB- , arthāpatti -LRB- postulation , derivation from circumstances -RRB- , and śabda -LRB- word , testimony of past or present reliable experts -RRB- .	anumāṇa	What is the word for inference in the Prabhakara subschool ?
The Prābhākara subschool of Mīmāṃsā considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- , upamāṇa -LRB- comparison and analogy -RRB- , arthāpatti -LRB- postulation , derivation from circumstances -RRB- , and śabda -LRB- word , testimony of past or present reliable experts -RRB- .	upamāṇa	What is comparison and analogy in the Prabhakara school ?
The metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God .	atheistic and theistic	What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa school ?
Rather , it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent , inherently active spiritual essence , then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of dharma .	eternal	How did the Mimamsa school view the soul ?
Rather , it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent , inherently active spiritual essence , then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of dharma .	dharma	What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philosophy ?
To them , dharma meant rituals and duties , not devas -LRB- gods -RRB- , because devas existed only in name .	rituals and duties	How did the Mimamsa school consider dharma ?
They considered the Upanishads and other self-knowledge , spirituality-related texts to be of secondary importance , a philosophical view that the Vedanta school disagreed with .	Vedanta school	What school disagreed with the principles of the Mimamsa school ?
Mīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language .	philology	To what study did Mimamsa give rise ?
Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper , correct and right .	proper, correct and right	What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe ?
In contrast , Vedantins extended the scope and value of language as a tool to also describe , develop and derive .	Vedantins	What school thought that language was supposed to be widened to describe and develop ?
The Mimamsa school was influential and foundational to the Vedanta school , with the difference that Mīmāṃsā school developed and emphasized karmakāṇḍa -LRB- that part of the śruti which relates to ceremonial acts and sacrificial rites , the early parts of the Vedas -RRB- , while the Vedanta school developed and emphasized jñānakāṇḍa -LRB- that portion of the Vedas which relates to knowledge of monism , the latter parts of the Vedas -RRB- .	early parts	What parts of the Vedas did the Mimamsa school emphasize ?
The Mimamsa school was influential and foundational to the Vedanta school , with the difference that Mīmāṃsā school developed and emphasized karmakāṇḍa -LRB- that part of the śruti which relates to ceremonial acts and sacrificial rites , the early parts of the Vedas -RRB- , while the Vedanta school developed and emphasized jñānakāṇḍa -LRB- that portion of the Vedas which relates to knowledge of monism , the latter parts of the Vedas -RRB- .	latter parts	What sections of the Vedas did the Verdanta school favor ?
The Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools .	Upanishads and Brahma	On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus ?
The Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools .	first millennium BCE	In what time did the Vedanta school become active ?
The Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools .	Vedānta	Which is the most developed and well known of the Hindu schools ?
The epistemology of the Vedantins included , depending on the sub-school , five or six methods as proper and reliable means of gaining any form of knowledge : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- , upamāṇa -LRB- comparison and analogy -RRB- , arthāpatti -LRB- postulation , derivation from circumstances -RRB- , anupalabdi -LRB- non-perception , negative/cognitive proof -RRB- and śabda -LRB- word , testimony of past or present reliable experts -RRB- .	five or six methods	How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge ?
The epistemology of the Vedantins included , depending on the sub-school , five or six methods as proper and reliable means of gaining any form of knowledge : pratyakṣa -LRB- perception -RRB- , anumāṇa -LRB- inference -RRB- , upamāṇa -LRB- comparison and analogy -RRB- , arthāpatti -LRB- postulation , derivation from circumstances -RRB- , anupalabdi -LRB- non-perception , negative/cognitive proof -RRB- and śabda -LRB- word , testimony of past or present reliable experts -RRB- .	sub-school	On what was dependent for the choice of methods in gaining knowledge ?
The emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge .	knowledge-centered understanding	What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy ?
These focussed on jnana -LRB- knowledge -RRB- driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads .	jnana	On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus ?
This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman , and emphasized meditation , self-discipline , self-knowledge and abstract spirituality , rather than ritualism .	ritualism	On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus ?
Consequently , the Vedanta separated into many sub-schools , ranging from theistic dualism to non-theistic monism , each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries .	many sub-schools	Due to differences in text interpretations , into what did the Vedanta school separate ?
This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman , and emphasized meditation , self-discipline , self-knowledge and abstract spirituality , rather than ritualism .	ātman and Brahman	What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school ?
Advaita literally means `` not two , sole , unity '' .	Advaita	What means
According to this school of Vedanta , all reality is Brahman , and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman .	Brahman	According to a school of Vedanta , what is all reality ?
Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman .	māyā and ātman	What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta ?
The empirical reality is considered as always changing and therefore `` transitory , incomplete , misleading and not what it appears to be '' .	always changing	How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta ?
The concept of ātman is of soul , self within each person , each living being .	soul	To what does the concept of atman refer ?
Advaita Vedantins assert that ātman is same as Brahman , and this Brahman is within each human being and all life , all living beings are spiritually interconnected , and there is oneness in all of existence .	Brahman	To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same ?
Ramanuja -LRB- c. 1037 -- 1137 -RRB- was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism .	Viśiṣṭādvaita	What is the philosophy of dualism ?
Ramanuja -LRB- c. 1037 -- 1137 -RRB- was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism .	Ramanuja	Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita ?
Ramanuja -LRB- c. 1037 -- 1137 -RRB- was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism .	c. 1037–1137	When did Ramanuja live ?
Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes .	Supreme Being	For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue ?
Ramanuja saw Vishnu as a personification of Brahman .	Vishnu	What being did Ramanuja believe was the personification of Brahman
Dvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas , espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities .	two separate realities	Of what does Dvaita Vedanta theorize the existence ?
Vishnu is the supreme Self , in a manner similar to monotheistic God in other major religions .	monotheistic God	To what entity is the Vedanta Vishnu similar in other religions ?
The distinguishing factor of Dvaita philosophy , as opposed to monistic Advaita Vedanta , is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe .	takes on a personal role	How is the God of Dvaita different from that of Advaita in actions ?
However , unlike Vishishtadvaita which envisions ultimate qualified nondualism , the dualism of Dvaita was permanent .	permanent	As what did the Dvaita school view dualism ?
Like Vishishtadvaita Vedanta subschool , Dvaita philosophy also embraced Vaishnavism , with the metaphysical concept of Brahman in the Vedas identified with Vishnu and the one and only Supreme Being .	Vishnu	Who did the Dvaita school identify as the Supreme Being ?
Dvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka , a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region .	Nimbarka	What early philosopher proposed Dvaitadvaita ?
Dvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka , a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region .	13th-century	In what century did Nimbarka live ?
According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence : Brahman , soul , and matter .	three	How many categories of existence are there in Dvaitadvaita ?
According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence : Brahman , soul , and matter .	Brahman, soul, and matter	What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita ?
Also , the highest object of worship is Krishna and his consort Radha , attended by thousands of gopis ; of the Vrindavan ; and devotion consists in self-surrender .	Krishna	Who is named as the highest entity worshiped in Dvaitadvaita ?
However , the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad -LRB- 400 -- 200 BCE -RRB- is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism .	Śvetāśvatara Upanishad	In what text is Shaivism recounted ?
However , the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad -LRB- 400 -- 200 BCE -RRB- is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism .	400 – 200 BCE	When was the text on Shaivism written ?
Vidyaranya in his works mentions three major schools of Shaiva thought -- Pashupata Shaivism , Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhijña -LRB- Kashmir Shaivism -RRB- .	Vidyaranya	Who reported the major schools of Shaivism ?
Vidyaranya in his works mentions three major schools of Shaiva thought -- Pashupata Shaivism , Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhijña -LRB- Kashmir Shaivism -RRB- .	three	How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention ?
Vidyaranya in his works mentions three major schools of Shaiva thought -- Pashupata Shaivism , Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhijña -LRB- Kashmir Shaivism -RRB- .	Pratyabhijña	What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya ?
Pāśupata Shaivism -LRB- Pāśupata , `` of Paśupati '' -RRB- is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools .	Pāśupata Shaivism	What is the oldest school of Shaivism ?
The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE .	Lakulish	Who organized the Pasupata philosophy ?
The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE .	2nd century CE	When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism ?
Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology , known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being , on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends .	Vaishnava theology	What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike ?
Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology , known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being , on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends .	servitude of souls	What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas ?
Pāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient .	Pāśupatas	What group divided the world into two parts ?
Pāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient .	insentient and the sentient	Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world ?
The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious .	unconscious	In what staet was the insentient considered to be ?
The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious .	conscious	How was the sentient seen as being ?
Salvation in Pāśupata involved the union of the soul with God through the intellect .	through the intellect	For the Pasupatas , how was the union of the soul with God achieved ?
Even though , both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness -LRB- Chit or Brahman -RRB- , in Kashmir Shavisim , as opposed to Advaita , all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness .	non-dual	What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share ?
Even though , both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness -LRB- Chit or Brahman -RRB- , in Kashmir Shavisim , as opposed to Advaita , all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness .	Universal Consciousness	What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship ?
This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir Shavisim , the phenomenal world -LRB- Śakti -RRB- is real , and it exists and has its being in Consciousness -LRB- Chit -RRB- .	real	As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world ?
Whereas , Advaita holds that Brahman is inactive -LRB- niṣkriya -RRB- and the phenomenal world is an illusion -LRB- māyā -RRB- .	Advaita	Which group sees the world as illusion ?
The objective of human life , according to Kashmir Shaivism , is to merge in Shiva or Universal Consciousness , or to realize one 's already existing identity with Shiva , by means of wisdom , yoga and grace .	merge in Shiva	According to Kashmir Shaivism , what is the goal in belief ?
The United States is a two-party system , with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party .	Democratic Party and the Republican Party	What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States ?
Many countries have numerous powerful political parties , such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems , such as China .	China	Name a nation that has a one-party political system .
In democracies , political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government .	the electorate	How are political parties elected in democracies ?
Many countries have numerous powerful political parties , such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems , such as China .	Germany and India	What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties ?
The first political factions , cohering around a basic , if fluid , set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England .	late-17th-century England	Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge ?
The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories , originating in the Royalist -LRB- or `` Cavalier '' -RRB- faction of the English Civil War , were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs , who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century ; they supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715 .	Whigs	Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century ?
The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole , who maintained control of the government in the period 1721 -- 1742 ; his protégé was Henry Pelham -LRB- 1743 -- 1754 -RRB- .	Robert Walpole	Who was the leader if the Whigs ?
The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories , originating in the Royalist -LRB- or `` Cavalier '' -RRB- faction of the English Civil War , were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs , who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century ; they supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715 .	1715	In what year did the jacobite rising fail ?
A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John Locke , and the concepts of universal rights employed by Locke and Algernon Sidney .	John Locke	Who 's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs ?
A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John Locke , and the concepts of universal rights employed by Locke and Algernon Sidney .	Locke and Algernon Sidney	Name the two people who 's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs .
As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch 's power , the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty , and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants , or dissenters .	championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power	Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch 's power ?
As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch 's power , the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty , and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants , or dissenters .	the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty	Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king ?
At times they cooperated with the `` Opposition Whigs '' , Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government ; however , the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party .	Whigs	Who did the Tories oppose ?
At times they cooperated with the `` Opposition Whigs '' , Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government ; however , the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party .	the "Opposition Whigs"	Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with ?
They finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute .	1760	When did the Tories regain power ?
Although the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century , for most of this period -LRB- at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham -RRB- , the Tories retained party cohesion , with occasional hopes of regaining office , particularly at the accession of George II -LRB- 1727 -RRB- and the downfall of the ministry of Sir Robert Walpole in 1742 .	half a century	For how long were the Tories dismissed from office ?
At times they cooperated with the `` Opposition Whigs '' , Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government ; however , the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party .	ideological gap	Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party ?
The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke .	the Rockingham Whigs	Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos ?
The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke .	Charles Watson-Wentworth	Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs ?
Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as `` a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest , upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed '' .	"a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed"	What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party ?
As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions , which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power , the party was centred around a set of core principles and remained out of power as a united opposition to government .	remained out of power as a united opposition to government.	Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government ?
The modern Conservative Party was created out of the ` Pittite ' Tories of the early 19th century .	the 'Pittite' Tories	What was the modern Conservative party created from ?
Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces .	Robert Peel	Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto ?
Meanwhile , the Whigs , along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel , and independent Radicals , formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859 , and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class , under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone .	the Liberal Party	Which party did the Whigs , along with others form ?
Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism ; -- the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive , but an opposition to unnecessary change , that could lead to `` a perpetual vortex of agitation '' .	1834	In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced ?
Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan , early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties - the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party , which were championed by Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , respectively .	the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party	What were the two proto-political parties ?
However , a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade , a period commonly known as the Era of Good Feelings .	1816	In which year did the period known as the `` Era of Good Feelings '' begin ?
Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan , early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties - the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party , which were championed by Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , respectively .	partisan	What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become ?
Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan , early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties - the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party , which were championed by Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , respectively .	Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison	Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties ?
The Home Rule League Party , campaigning for Home Rule for Ireland in the British Parliament was fundamentally changed by the great Irish political leader Charles Stewart Parnell in the 1880s .	Charles Stewart Parnell	Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s ?
In 1882 , he changed his party 's name to the Irish Parliamentary Party and created a well-organized grass roots structure , introducing membership to replace `` ad hoc '' informal groupings .	Irish Parliamentary Party	What did Charles Stewart Parnell change his parties name to in 1882 ?
His party 's efficient structure and control contrasted with the loose rules and flexible informality found in the main British parties ; -- they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model .	they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.	Did the Irish Parliamentary Party ever adopt the Parnellite model ?
A political party is typically led by a party leader -LRB- the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party -RRB- , a party secretary -LRB- who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings -RRB- , party treasurer -LRB- who is responsible for membership dues -RRB- and party chair -LRB- who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members , and also chairs party meetings -RRB- .	A political party is typically led by a party leader	Do political parties have a Party leader ?
A political party is typically led by a party leader -LRB- the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party -RRB- , a party secretary -LRB- who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings -RRB- , party treasurer -LRB- who is responsible for membership dues -RRB- and party chair -LRB- who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members , and also chairs party meetings -RRB- .	party secretary	Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings ?
A political party is typically led by a party leader -LRB- the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party -RRB- , a party secretary -LRB- who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings -RRB- , party treasurer -LRB- who is responsible for membership dues -RRB- and party chair -LRB- who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members , and also chairs party meetings -RRB- .	party treasurer	Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses ?
A political party is typically led by a party leader -LRB- the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party -RRB- , a party secretary -LRB- who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings -RRB- , party treasurer -LRB- who is responsible for membership dues -RRB- and party chair -LRB- who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members , and also chairs party meetings -RRB- .	party chair	Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members ?
When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government , the party 's parliamentary group forms the Official Opposition , with Official Opposition frontbench team members often forming the Official Opposition Shadow cabinet .	When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government	When does a party form an official opposition ?
When the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament , the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation ; depending on a minimum number of seats held , Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form frontbench teams of senior fellow members of the parliamentary group to serve as critics of aspects of government policy .	Westminster-based parties	What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams ?
When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority , the party 's frontbench becomes the Cabinet of government ministers .	When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority	When does a party 's frontbench become the Cabinet of government ministers ?
When the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament , the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation ; depending on a minimum number of seats held , Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form frontbench teams of senior fellow members of the parliamentary group to serve as critics of aspects of government policy .	leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation	If a party is represented by members from the lower house of parliament , what other position can the party leader serve ?
The freedom to form , declare membership in , or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state 's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value .	The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for	What is considered a measurement of a state 's support to liberal democracy ?
Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties , a norm for authoritarian governments , to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state 's incumbents -LRB- or possess membership by-laws which are legally unenforceable -RRB- .	a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties	How are parties regulated ?
Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties , a norm for authoritarian governments , to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state 's incumbents -LRB- or possess membership by-laws which are legally unenforceable -RRB- .	to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents	Will parties that hold a counter belief to the general beliefs of the state 's incumbents be repressed ?
Furthermore , in the case of far-right , far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union , mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those `` Outsider Parties '' present in the legislature which are viewed as ` anti-system ' or otherwise unacceptable for government .	mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties"	Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream ?
Furthermore , in the case of far-right , far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union , mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those `` Outsider Parties '' present in the legislature which are viewed as ` anti-system ' or otherwise unacceptable for government .	far-right, far-left and regionalism	which outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with ?
Cordon Sanitarian , however , have been increasingly abandoned over the past two decades in multi-party democracies as the pressure to construct broad coalitions in order to win elections -- along with the increased willingness of outsider parties themselves to participate in government -- has led to many such parties entering electoral and government coalitions .	Cordon Sanitarian	What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades ?
In a nonpartisan system , no official political parties exist , sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties .	In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist	Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system ?
The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan .	The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan.	Was the administration of George Washington nonpartisan ?
Washington also warned against political parties during his Farewell Address .	political parties	What did Washington warn against during his farewell address ?
Unless there are legal prohibitions against political parties , factions within nonpartisan systems often evolve into political parties .	political parties	What do factions within nonpartisan systems evolve into ?
In one-party systems , one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power .	one-party systems	In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power ?
This party may not always be identical to the government , although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government .	positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government	What are North Korea and China examples of ?
North Korea and China are examples ; others can be found in Fascist states , such as Nazi Germany between 1934 and 1945 .	1934 and 1945	When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system ?
The one-party system is thus usually equated with dictatorships and tyranny .	dictatorships and tyranny	What is the one-party system often compared with ?
In dominant-party systems , opposition parties are allowed , and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition , but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power .	In dominant-party systems	When are opposition parties allowed ?
Sometimes , political , social and economic circumstances , and public opinion are the reason for others parties ' failure .	political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion	What are some of the reasons for a party 's failure ?
Sometimes , typically in countries with less of an established democratic tradition , it is possible the dominant party will remain in power by using patronage and sometimes by voting fraud .	patronage and sometimes by voting fraud	What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power ?
Examples of dominant party systems include the People 's Action Party in Singapore , the African National Congress in South Africa , the Cambodian People 's Party in Cambodia , the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan , and the National Liberation Front in Algeria .	African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia	What are some examples of dominant party systems ?
One-party dominant system also existed in Mexico with the Institutional Revolutionary Party until the 1990s , in the southern United States with the Democratic Party from the late 19th century until the 1970s , in Indonesia with the Golkar from the early 1970s until 1998 .	1990s	For how long did the dominant one-party system last in mexico ?
The United States has become essentially a two-party system .	two-party system	What type of party system is the United States ?
The first parties were called Federalist and Republican , followed by a brief period of Republican dominance before a split occurred between National Republicans and Democratic Republicans .	Federalist and Republican	What were the first parties in the united States called ?
The Whigs survived only for two decades before they split over the spread of slavery , those opposed becoming members of the new Republican Party , as did anti-slavery members of the Democratic Party .	two decades	For how long did the Whigs survive ?
The tremendous land area and large population of the country are formidable challenges to political parties with a narrow appeal .	tremendous land area and large population of the country	What are challenged to an unpopular political party ?
The Whigs survived only for two decades before they split over the spread of slavery , those opposed becoming members of the new Republican Party , as did anti-slavery members of the Democratic Party .	Democratic Party	Which party was anti-slavery ?
The UK political system , while technically a multi-party system , has functioned generally as a two-party -LRB- sometimes called a `` two-and-a-half party '' -RRB- system ; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party .	a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system	What has the UK political system functioned as ?
The UK political system , while technically a multi-party system , has functioned generally as a two-party -LRB- sometimes called a `` two-and-a-half party '' -RRB- system ; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party .	Conservative Party and the Labour Party	What are the two largest political parties in the UK ?
Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives .	Liberal Party	What was the other major party before the Labour party ?
-LRB- A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system , a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger 's Law . -RRB-	A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system	What is Duveger 's Law ?
More commonly , in cases where there are three or more parties , no one party is likely to gain power alone , and parties work with each other to form coalition governments .	in cases where there are three or more parties	In which case are parties not likely to gain power on their own ?
Furthermore , since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition -LRB- usually of the Independence Party and one other -LRB- often the Social Democratic Alliance -RRB- .	since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition	Is Ireland ever not led by a coalition Government ?
A similar situation exists in the Republic of Ireland ; since 1989 , no one party has held power on its own .	1989	Since what date has Ireland not been led by a single power ?
Political change is often easier with a coalition government than in one-party or two-party dominant systems .	Political change is often easier with a coalition government	When is political change easier ?
Still coalition governments struggle , sometimes for years , to change policy and often fail altogether , post World War II France and Italy being prime examples .	post World War II France and Italy	What are prime examples coalition governments that struggle to change policy ?
Political parties , still called factions by some , especially those in the governmental apparatus , are lobbied vigorously by organizations , businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions .	Political parties	What are called factions by some people ?
Political parties , still called factions by some , especially those in the governmental apparatus , are lobbied vigorously by organizations , businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions .	organizations, businesses and special interest groups	What are political parties lobbied by ?
Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers ' parties .	19th century	Around which time was the mass membership party started ?
Along with the increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships in most western democracies which itself places more strains on funding .	increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships	Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems ?
From the second half of the 20th century on parties which continued to rely on donations or membership subscriptions ran into mounting problems .	second half of the 20th century	When did parties that relied on donations start to run into problems ?
In the United Kingdom , it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds , the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating .	peerages	In the United Kingdom , what is awarded to people who help fund the parties ?
Famously , Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages .	Lloyd George	Who was discovered to be selling peerages ?
To prevent such corruption in the future , Parliament passed the Honours -LRB- Prevention of Abuses -RRB- Act 1925 into law .	Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act	What act did parliament put into place to stop such corruptions ?
Thus the outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act .	outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act	What did the Honours act do ?
However , some benefactors are alleged to have attempted to circumvent this by cloaking their contributions as loans , giving rise to the ` Cash for Peerages ' scandal .	cloaking their contributions as loans	How did people attempt to overcome this law ?
There are two broad categories of public funding , direct , which entails a monetary transfer to a party , and indirect , which includes broadcasting time on state media , use of the mail service or supplies .	direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect	What are the two categories of public funding ?
According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network , out of a sample of over 180 nations , 25 % of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding , 58 % provide direct public funding and 60 % of nations provide indirect public funding .	25%	Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding ?
According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network , out of a sample of over 180 nations , 25 % of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding , 58 % provide direct public funding and 60 % of nations provide indirect public funding .	58%	What percentage of nations provide direct funding ?
Frequently parties rely on a mix of private and public funding and are required to disclose their finances to the Election management body .	required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.	Are parties required to reveal their funding ?
According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network , out of a sample of over 180 nations , 25 % of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding , 58 % provide direct public funding and 60 % of nations provide indirect public funding .	60%	What percentage of nations provide indirect funding ?
In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid .	funding	What can also be provided by foreign aid ?
International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance .	provide financing to political parties in developing countries	What do international donors do to promote democracy ?
Developing links between ideologically linked parties is another common feature of international support for a party .	Developing links between ideologically linked parties	What is another common occurrence of international support for a party ?
There have been calls by leading development think-tanks , such as the Overseas Development Institute , to increase support to political parties as part of developing the capacity to deal with the demands of interest-driven donors to improve governance .	to increase support to political parties	What does the overseas development institute want to do ?
Green is the color for green parties , Islamist parties , Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties .	Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties	What parties is the color green for ?
In the past , Purple was considered the color of royalty -LRB- like white -RRB- , but today it is sometimes used for feminist parties .	royalty	What was purple considered the color for ?
Black is generally associated with fascist parties , going back to Benito Mussolini 's blackshirts , but also with Anarchism .	fascist parties	What parties is the color black associated with ?
Similarly , brown is sometimes associated with Nazism , going back to the Nazi Party 's tan-uniformed storm troopers .	Nazism	Brown is associated with what parties ?
Orange is sometimes a color of nationalism , such as in the Netherlands , in Israel with the Orange Camp or with Ulster Loyalists in Northern Ireland ; it is also a color of reform such as in Ukraine .	nationalism	What color is orange associated with ?
Since 2000 , red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party .	right-wing Republican Party	What is the color red associated with ?
Since 2000 , red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party .	left-wing Democratic Party	What political party is the color blue associated with ?
However , unlike political color schemes of other countries , the parties did not choose those colors ; they were used in news coverage of 2000 election results and ensuing legal battle and caught on in popular usage .	unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors	Did the political parties choose those colors ?
Prior to the 2000 election the media typically alternated which color represented which party each presidential election cycle .	2000	In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop ?
During the 19th and 20th century , many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines .	19th and 20th century	When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations ?
Notable examples are The Universal Party , International Workingmen 's Association -LRB- also called the First International -RRB- , the Socialist International -LRB- also called the Second International -RRB- , the Communist International -LRB- also called the Third International -RRB- , and the Fourth International , as organizations of working class parties , or the Liberal International -LRB- yellow -RRB- , Hizb ut-Tahrir , Christian Democratic International and the International Democrat Union -LRB- blue -RRB- .	The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association	What are some examples of this ?
Some administrations -LRB- e.g. Hong Kong -RRB- outlaw formal linkages between local and foreign political organizations , effectively outlawing international political parties .	Hong Kong	Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations .
French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties .	Maurice Duverger	Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties ?
Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders , who were only required to assist in election campaigns .	political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders	What are cadre parties ?
Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections.Socialist parties are examples of mass parties , while the British Conservative Party and the German Christian Democratic Union are examples of hybrid parties .	Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology	What are mass parties ?
In the United States , where both major parties were cadre parties , the introduction of primaries and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates .	cadre parties	What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States ?
A cappella -LSB- a kapˈpɛlla -RSB- -LRB- Italian for `` in the manner of the chapel '' -RRB- music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment , or a piece intended to be performed in this way .	in the manner of the chapel	What does A cappella mean in the Italian language ?
The term is also used , albeit rarely , as a synonym for alla breve .	alla breve	What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella ?
In the 19th century a renewed interest in Renaissance polyphony coupled with an ignorance of the fact that vocal parts were often doubled by instrumentalists led to the term coming to mean unaccompanied vocal music .	19th century	At what point did Renaissance polyphony become popular again ?
A cappella -LSB- a kapˈpɛlla -RSB- -LRB- Italian for `` in the manner of the chapel '' -RRB- music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment , or a piece intended to be performed in this way .	group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment	How is A cappella currently defined ?
The term `` a cappella '' was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style .	Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato	A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles ?
A cappella music was originally used in religious music , especially church music as well as anasheed and zemirot .	religious music	What form of music was A cappella predominately used for in its early years ?
The madrigal , up until its development in the early Baroque into an instrumentally-accompanied form , is also usually in a cappella form .	The madrigal	What was considered part of A cappella until the Baroque period ?
The madrigal , up until its development in the early Baroque into an instrumentally-accompanied form , is also usually in a cappella form .	instrumentally-accompanied	The madrigal became what type of form that prevented it from being accompanied with A cappella ?
Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing , as is the majority of secular vocal music from the Renaissance .	Renaissance	In what era was most of the vocal music considered A cappella ?
The polyphony of Christian a cappella music began to develop in Europe around the late 15th century , with compositions by Josquin des Prez .	Josquin des Prez	Who was a known composer of A cappella music in the 15th century ?
Such is seen in the life of Palestrina becoming a major influence on Bach , most notably in the aforementioned Mass in B Minor .	Mass in B Minor	Bach was influenced by a popular A cappella composer heavily for what composition ?
Five of Schutz 's Historien were Easter pieces , and of these the latter three , which dealt with the passion from three different viewpoints , those of Matthew , Luke and John , were all done a cappella style .	three	How many of Schutz 's Easter pieces were in the A cappella style ?
Other composers that utilized the a cappella style , if only for the occasional piece , were Claudio Monteverdi and his masterpiece , Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell ` amata -LRB- A lover 's tears at his beloved 's grave -RRB- , which was composed in 1610 , and Andrea Gabrieli when upon his death it was discovered many choral pieces , one of which was in the unaccompanied style .	1610	Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell ` amata 's well known A cappella composition was written in what year ?
Other composers that utilized the a cappella style , if only for the occasional piece , were Claudio Monteverdi and his masterpiece , Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell ` amata -LRB- A lover 's tears at his beloved 's grave -RRB- , which was composed in 1610 , and Andrea Gabrieli when upon his death it was discovered many choral pieces , one of which was in the unaccompanied style .	Andrea Gabrieli	Some compositions were found after which composer 's death ?
In keeping with this philosophy , early Russian musika which started appearing in the late 17th century , in what was known as khorovïye kontsertï -LRB- choral concertos -RRB- made a cappella adaptations of Venetian-styled pieces , such as the treatise , Grammatika musikiyskaya -LRB- 1675 -RRB- , by Nikolai Diletsky .	khorovïye kontsertï	When did Russian musika show up ?
In keeping with this philosophy , early Russian musika which started appearing in the late 17th century , in what was known as khorovïye kontsertï -LRB- choral concertos -RRB- made a cappella adaptations of Venetian-styled pieces , such as the treatise , Grammatika musikiyskaya -LRB- 1675 -RRB- , by Nikolai Diletsky .	Venetian-styled	khorovïye kontsertï were typically done similar to what pieces ?
This a cappella behavior arises from strict interpretation of Psalms 150 , which states , Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord .	Psalms 150	What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes ?
In keeping with this philosophy , early Russian musika which started appearing in the late 17th century , in what was known as khorovïye kontsertï -LRB- choral concertos -RRB- made a cappella adaptations of Venetian-styled pieces , such as the treatise , Grammatika musikiyskaya -LRB- 1675 -RRB- , by Nikolai Diletsky .	Nikolai Diletsky	Who composed a popular Venetian-styled piece in 1675 ?
Sacred Harp , a type of folk music , is an a cappella style of religious singing with shape notes , usually sung at singing conventions .	Sacred Harp	What is the name of the religious a cappella style used with shape notes ?
Certain high church services and other musical events in liturgical churches -LRB- such as the Roman Catholic Mass and the Lutheran Divine Service -RRB- may be a cappella , a practice remaining from apostolic times .	apostolic times	A cappella exists in some liturgical churches as an influence from what era ?
Present-day Christian religious bodies known for conducting their worship services without musical accompaniment include some Presbyterian churches devoted to the regulative principle of worship , Old Regular Baptists , Primitive Baptists , Plymouth Brethren , Churches of Christ , the Old German Baptist Brethren , Doukhobors the Byzantine Rite and the Amish , Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites .	Christian religious bodies	In the modern day , what broad religious group is most known to implement a cappella ?
They were considered a Catholic innovation , not widely practiced until the 18th century , and were opposed vigorously in worship by a number of Protestant Reformers , including Martin Luther -LRB- 1483 -- 1546 -RRB- , Ulrich Zwingli , John Calvin -LRB- 1509 -- 1564 -RRB- and John Wesley -LRB- 1703 -- 1791 -RRB- .	They were considered a Catholic innovation	Why were instruments more unwelcome to Christians ?
In Sir Walter Scott 's The Heart of Midlothian , the heroine , Jeanie Deans , a Scottish Presbyterian , writes to her father about the church situation she has found in England -LRB- bold added -RRB- :	The Heart of Midlothian	What was the name of the book in which Jeanie Deans is the protagonist ?
Alexander Campbell referred to the use of an instrument in worship as `` a cow bell in a concert '' .	Alexander Campbell	Who is quoted for saying instruments in religious services are like `` A cow bell in a concert ''
In Sir Walter Scott 's The Heart of Midlothian , the heroine , Jeanie Deans , a Scottish Presbyterian , writes to her father about the church situation she has found in England -LRB- bold added -RRB- :	Sir Walter Scott	Who authored The Heart of the Midlothian ?
Those who subscribe to this interpretation believe that since the Christian scriptures never counter instrumental language with any negative judgment on instruments , opposition to instruments instead comes from an interpretation of history .	an interpretation of history	What does the rejection of instruments in Christian music likely stem from ?
There is no written opposition to musical instruments in any setting in the first century and a half of Christian churches -LRB- 33 AD to 180AD -RRB- .	33 AD to 180AD	During what time is there no record of Christians using instruments for worship ?
Toward the end of the 2nd century , Christians began condemning the instruments themselves .	the 2nd century	At what point did instruments begin to receive condemnation from Christians ?
Those who oppose instruments today believe these Church Fathers had a better understanding of God 's desire for the church , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- but there are significant differences between the teachings of these Church Fathers and Christian opposition to instruments today .	Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church	For what reason do modern Christians continue to oppose the use of instruments ?
The use of musical instruments is traditionally forbidden on the Sabbath out of concern that players would be tempted to repair -LRB- or tune -RRB- their instruments , which is forbidden on those days .	Sabbath	On what day is using musical instruments not allowed ?
Similarly , when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services , they usually do so a cappella , and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles .	a cappella	In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs ?
This has led to a tradition of a cappella singing sometimes known as sefirah music .	sefirah music	What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith ?
Many Jews consider a portion of the 49-day period of the counting of the omer between Passover and Shavuot to be a time of semi-mourning and instrumental music is not allowed during that time .	a time of semi-mourning	What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be ?
The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo , born 20 BCE .	Philo	What is the name of the philosopher who praised music without instruments ?
This view parted with the Jewish scriptures , where Israel offered praise with instruments by God 's own command -LRB- 2 Chronicles 29:25 -RRB- .	Jewish scriptures	What did Philo 's views on the absence of instruments clash with ?
The shofar is the only temple instrument still being used today in the synagogue , and it is only used from Rosh Chodesh Elul through the end of Yom Kippur .	shofar	What is the one instrument still in use today by the synagogue ?
The shofar is the only temple instrument still being used today in the synagogue , and it is only used from Rosh Chodesh Elul through the end of Yom Kippur .	Yom Kippur	The shofar stops being used at the end of what Jewish event ?
The shofar is used by itself , without any vocal accompaniment , and is limited to a very strictly defined set of sounds and specific places in the synagogue service .	by itself, without any vocal accompaniment	How is the shofar used ?
A strong and prominent a cappella tradition was begun in the midwest part of the United States in 1911 by F. Melius Christiansen , a music faculty member at St. Olaf College in Northfield , Minnesota .	1911	When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States ?
The St. Olaf College Choir was established as an outgrowth of the local St. John 's Lutheran Church , where Christiansen was organist and the choir was composed , at least partially , of students from the nearby St. Olaf campus .	The St. Olaf College Choir	What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used ?
The success of the ensemble was emulated by other regional conductors , and a rich tradition of a cappella choral music was born in the region at colleges like Concordia College -LRB- Moorhead , Minnesota -RRB- , Augustana College -LRB- Rock Island , Illinois -RRB- , Wartburg College -LRB- Waverly , Iowa -RRB- , Luther College -LRB- Decorah , Iowa -RRB- , Gustavus Adolphus College -LRB- St. Peter , Minnesota -RRB- , Augustana College -LRB- Sioux Falls , South Dakota -RRB- , and Augsburg College -LRB- Minneapolis , Minnesota -RRB- .	other regional conductors	Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence ?
The choirs typically range from 40 to 80 singers and are recognized for their efforts to perfect blend , intonation , phrasing and pitch in a large choral setting .	40 to 80	How many singers are typically in the choirs ?
In July 1943 , as a result of the American Federation of Musicians boycott of US recording studios , the a cappella vocal group The Song Spinners had a best-seller with `` Comin ' In On A Wing And A Prayer '' .	The Song Spinners	What a cappella group rose to popularity in 1943 ?
In July 1943 , as a result of the American Federation of Musicians boycott of US recording studios , the a cappella vocal group The Song Spinners had a best-seller with `` Comin ' In On A Wing And A Prayer '' .	US recording studios	What was boycotted by American musicians in 1943 ?
In the 1950s several recording groups , notably The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen , introduced complex jazz harmonies to a cappella performances .	The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen	Who is credited for first introducing elements of Jazz into a cappella ?
In 1983 an a cappella group known as The Flying Pickets had a Christmas ` number one ' in the UK with a cover of Yazoo 's -LRB- known in the US as Yaz -RRB- `` Only You '' .	"Only You"	What number one song was covered by an a cappella group in 1983 ?
A cappella music attained renewed prominence from the late 1980s onward , spurred by the success of Top 40 recordings by artists such as The Manhattan Transfer , Bobby McFerrin , Huey Lewis and the News , All-4-One , The Nylons , Backstreet Boys and Boyz II Men .	the success of Top 40 recordings	During and after the 80 's , what helped a cappella music rise in popularity ?
Contemporary a cappella includes many vocal groups and bands who add vocal percussion or beatboxing to create a pop/rock/gospel sound , in some cases very similar to bands with instruments .	vocal percussion	In place of instruments , what do some modern a cappella groups implement ?
There also remains a strong a cappella presence within Christian music , as some denominations purposefully do not use instruments during worship .	Christian music	Where does a cappella still maintain a heavy presence ?
Arrangements of popular music for small a cappella ensembles typically include one voice singing the lead melody , one singing a rhythmic bass line , and the remaining voices contributing chordal or polyphonic accompaniment .	chordal or polyphonic accompaniment	In a cappella , what do the voices not contributing lead vocals or a bass line contribute ?
A cappella has been used as the sole orchestration for original works of musical theater that have had commercial runs Off-Broadway -LRB- theaters in New York City with 99 to 500 seats -RRB- only four times .	four	How many works of a cappella in musical theater have been successful in Off-Broadway productions ?
The first was Avenue X which opened on 28 January 1994 and ran for 77 performances .	Avenue X	What was the name of the a cappella musical that first opened 28 January 1994 ?
The musical style of the show 's score was primarily Doo-Wop as the plot revolved around Doo-Wop group singers of the 1960s .	the 1960s	What time period was Avenue X set in ?
The first was Avenue X which opened on 28 January 1994 and ran for 77 performances .	77	What was the final number of performances in Avenue X 's original run ?
It was produced by Playwrights Horizons with book by John Jiler , music and lyrics by Ray Leslee .	Ray Leslee	Who was responsible for the lyrics of Avenue X ?
The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony , a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship , made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row 's Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October , 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre , in Stoneham , Massachusetts .	Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre	What Off-Broadway theater did Perfect Harmony open at ?
The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony , a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship , made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row 's Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October , 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre , in Stoneham , Massachusetts .	Stoneham Theatre	Before coming to New York , at what theater had Perfect Harmony previously been successful ?
Perfect Harmony features the hit music of The Jackson 5 , Pat Benatar , Billy Idol , Marvin Gaye , Scandal , Tiffany , The Romantics , The Pretenders , The Temptations , The Contours , The Commodores , Tommy James & the Shondells and The Partridge Family , and has been compared to a cross between Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee .	Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee.	Perfect Harmony has been called a combination of which two musicals ?
The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony , a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship , made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row 's Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October , 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre , in Stoneham , Massachusetts .	October	In what month was Perfect Harmony 's Off-Brodway debut ?
The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony , a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship , made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row 's Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October , 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre , in Stoneham , Massachusetts .	comedy	What genre best describes Perfect Harmony ?
The fourth a cappella musical to appear Off-Broadway , In Transit , premiered 5 October 2010 and was produced by Primary Stages with book , music , and lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez , James-Allen Ford , Russ Kaplan , and Sara Wordsworth .	In Transit	What is the name of the a cappella musical that debuted Off-Broadway in the same year as Perfect Harmony ?
Set primarily in the New York City subway system its score features an eclectic mix of musical genres -LRB- including jazz , hip hop , Latin , rock , and country -RRB- .	the New York City subway system	Where does most of In Transit take place ?
In Transit incorporates vocal beat boxing into its contemporary a cappella arrangements through the use of a subway beat boxer character .	beat boxing	What a cappella vocal style is implemented in many of In Transit 's songs ?
In 2011 the production received four Lucille Lortel Award nominations including Outstanding Musical , Outer Critics Circle and Drama League nominations , as well as five Drama Desk nominations including Outstanding Musical and won for Outstanding Ensemble Performance .	four	How many Lucille Lortel Awards was In Transit nominated for ?
Beat boxer and actor Chesney Snow performed this role for the 2010 Primary Stages production .	Chesney Snow	What is the name of the actor who played the subway beat boxer ?
Barbershop music is one of several uniquely American art forms .	Barbershop music	What type of a cappella music is specific to American culture ?
In 1938 , the first formal men 's barbershop organization was formed , known as the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America -LRB- S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A -RRB- , and in 2004 rebranded itself and officially changed its public name to the Barbershop Harmony Society -LRB- BHS -RRB- .	Barbershop Harmony Society	What did the a cappella organization founded in 1938 change its name to in 2004 ?
Today the BHS has over 22,000 members in approximately 800 chapters across the United States , and the barbershop style has spread around the world with organizations in many other countries .	over 22,000	How many people currently have membership to the BHS ?
The earliest reports of this style of a cappella music involved African Americans .	African Americans	What racial group was primarily involved in babershop a cappella in its earliest days ?
In 1938 , the first formal men 's barbershop organization was formed , known as the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America -LRB- S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A -RRB- , and in 2004 rebranded itself and officially changed its public name to the Barbershop Harmony Society -LRB- BHS -RRB- .	S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A	What were the initials of the BHS before it changes its name in 2004 ?
In 1945 , the first formal women 's barbershop organization , Sweet Adelines , was formed .	Sweet Adelines	What is the name of the first female barbershop organization ?
In 1953 Sweet Adelines became an international organization , although it did n't change its name to Sweet Adelines International until 1991 .	1991	When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach ?
The membership of nearly 25,000 women , all singing in English , includes choruses in most of the fifty United States as well as in Australia , Canada , England , Finland , Germany , Ireland , Japan , New Zealand , Scotland , Sweden , Wales and the Netherlands .	nearly 25,000	How many women are members of the Sweet Adelines ?
Headquartered in Tulsa , Oklahoma , the organization encompasses more than 1,200 registered quartets and 600 choruses .	Tulsa, Oklahoma	Where is the Sweet Adelines HQ ?
In 1953 Sweet Adelines became an international organization , although it did n't change its name to Sweet Adelines International until 1991 .	1953	In what year did the Sweet Adelines become an international group ?
The reasons for the strong Swedish dominance are as explained by Richard Sparks manifold ; suffice to say here that there is a long-standing tradition , an unsusually large proportion of the populations -LRB- 5 % is often cited -RRB- regularly sing in choirs , the Swedish choral director Eric Ericson had an enormous impact on a cappella choral development not only in Sweden but around the world , and finally there are a large number of very popular primary and secondary schools -LRB- music schools -RRB- with high admission standards based on auditions that combine a rigid academic regimen with high level choral singing on every school day , a system that started with Adolf Fredrik 's Music School in Stockholm in 1939 but has spread over the country .	Eric Ericson	What is the name of the Swedish man known for being a large influence to a cappella across the world ?
The reasons for the strong Swedish dominance are as explained by Richard Sparks manifold ; suffice to say here that there is a long-standing tradition , an unsusually large proportion of the populations -LRB- 5 % is often cited -RRB- regularly sing in choirs , the Swedish choral director Eric Ericson had an enormous impact on a cappella choral development not only in Sweden but around the world , and finally there are a large number of very popular primary and secondary schools -LRB- music schools -RRB- with high admission standards based on auditions that combine a rigid academic regimen with high level choral singing on every school day , a system that started with Adolf Fredrik 's Music School in Stockholm in 1939 but has spread over the country .	Adolf Fredrik's Music School	Which music school began the implementation of high musical standards ?
The reasons for the strong Swedish dominance are as explained by Richard Sparks manifold ; suffice to say here that there is a long-standing tradition , an unsusually large proportion of the populations -LRB- 5 % is often cited -RRB- regularly sing in choirs , the Swedish choral director Eric Ericson had an enormous impact on a cappella choral development not only in Sweden but around the world , and finally there are a large number of very popular primary and secondary schools -LRB- music schools -RRB- with high admission standards based on auditions that combine a rigid academic regimen with high level choral singing on every school day , a system that started with Adolf Fredrik 's Music School in Stockholm in 1939 but has spread over the country .	5%	What portion of the Swedish population engages in a cappella singing ?
The reasons for the strong Swedish dominance are as explained by Richard Sparks manifold ; suffice to say here that there is a long-standing tradition , an unsusually large proportion of the populations -LRB- 5 % is often cited -RRB- regularly sing in choirs , the Swedish choral director Eric Ericson had an enormous impact on a cappella choral development not only in Sweden but around the world , and finally there are a large number of very popular primary and secondary schools -LRB- music schools -RRB- with high admission standards based on auditions that combine a rigid academic regimen with high level choral singing on every school day , a system that started with Adolf Fredrik 's Music School in Stockholm in 1939 but has spread over the country .	Richard Sparks	Who describes the many reasons for Sweden 's heavy involvement in a cappella ?
The Rensselyrics of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -LRB- formerly known as the RPI Glee Club -RRB- , established in 1873 is perhaps the oldest known collegiate a cappella group .	RPI Glee Club	What is the previous name of oldest recorded college a cappella group ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- However the longest continuously-singing group is probably The Whiffenpoofs of Yale University , which was formed in 1909 and once included Cole Porter as a member .	Cole Porter	What prominent composer was once a member of The Whiffenpoofs ?
All-women a cappella groups followed shortly , frequently as a parody of the men 's groups : the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College -LRB- 1936 -RRB- , The Shwiffs of Connecticut College -LRB- The She-Whiffenpoofs , 1944 -RRB- , and The Chattertocks of Brown University -LRB- 1951 -RRB- .	the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College	What is the name of the a capella group that was a parody of The Whiffenpoofs ?
Groups often join one another in on-campus concerts , such as the Georgetown Chimes ' Cherry Tree Massacre , a 3-weekend a cappella festival held each February since 1975 , where over a hundred collegiate groups have appeared , as well as International Quartet Champions The Boston Common and the contemporary commercial a cappella group Rockapella .	Georgetown Chimes' Cherry Tree Massacre	What is the name of the college a capella event that 's been held since 1975 ?
Co-ed groups have produced many up-and-coming and major artists , including John Legend , an alumnus of the Counterparts at the University of Pennsylvania , and Sara Bareilles , an alumna of Awaken A Cappella at University of California , Los Angeles .	John Legend	What well-known musician was once part of the college a capella group The Counterparts ?
The first South Asian a cappella group was Penn Masala , founded in 1996 at the University of Pennsylvania .	Penn Masala	Whas is the name of the ethnic a capella group founded at the University of Pennsylvania in 1996 ?
A cappella is gaining popularity among South Asians with the emergence of primarily Hindi-English College groups .	South Asians	Among which group is a capella becoming more prominent ?
The first co-ed south Asian a cappella was Anokha , from the University of Maryland , formed in 2001 .	Anokha	What is the name of the first South Asian a capella group to accept both men and women ?
Also , Dil se , another co-ed a cappella from UC Berkeley , hosts the `` Anahat '' competition at the University of California , Berkeley annually .	Anahat	What a capella competition is hosted at UC Berkeley ?
Maize Mirchi , the co-ed a cappella group from the University of Michigan hosts `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pella '' , an annual South Asian a cappella invitational with various groups from the Midwest .	Maize Mirchi	What group hosts the a capella competition `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pella '' ?
Increased interest in modern a cappella -LRB- particularly collegiate a cappella -RRB- can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards -LRB- overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society -RRB- and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and the Harmony Sweepstakes for all groups .	Harmony Sweepstakes	What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups ?
The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $ 100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music .	a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music	Aside from the monetary reward , what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off ?
The show was judged by Ben Folds , Shawn Stockman , and Nicole Scherzinger and was won by an all-male group from Puerto Rico called Nota .	Nota	What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off ?
The show returned for a second and third season , won by Committed and Pentatonix , respectively .	Pentatonix	Who won The Sing-Off final season ?
The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $ 100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music .	Puerto Rico	In The Sing-Off , where did the groups not from the United States come from ?
In addition to singing words , some a cappella singers also emulate instrumentation by reproducing instrumental sounds with their vocal cords and mouth .	emulate instrumentation	What do some a capella groups do other than sing words ?
One of the earliest 20th century practitioners of this method were The Mills Brothers whose early recordings of the 1930s clearly stated on the label that all instrumentation was done vocally .	The Mills Brothers	What a capella group is credited for being one of the earliest to adapt instrumental emulation ?
In the 1960s , the Swingle Singers used their voices to emulate musical instruments to Baroque and Classical music .	Baroque and Classical music	What types of music did the Swingle Singers implement instrumental emulation for ?
Another famous example of emulating instrumentation instead of singing the words is the theme song for The New Addams Family series on Fox Family Channel -LRB- now ABC Family -RRB- .	The New Addams Family	What is the name of the ABC Family show whose theme is entirely a capella ?
The Swingle Singers used nonsense words to sound like instruments , but have been known to produce non-verbal versions of musical instruments .	nonsense words	What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments ?
Beatboxing , more accurately known as vocal percussion , is a technique used in a cappella music popularized by the hip-hop community , where rap is often performed a cappella also .	vocal percussion	What is another term for beatboxing ?
Petra Haden used a four-track recorder to produce an a cappella version of The Who Sell Out including the instruments and fake advertisements on her album Petra Haden Sings : The Who Sell Out in 2005 .	a four-track recorder	What was used to make an a capella recording of The Who Sell Out ?
In 2009 , Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius , including an a cappella version of The Bellamy Brothers ' 1970s song `` Let Your Love Flow '' .	Toyota	What car manufacturer hired Petra Haden to perform a capella songs in commercials for their car ?
Like the other groups , examples of their music can be found on YouTube .	YouTube	On what website can many a capella groups ' music be listened to ?
The Order of Preachers -LRB- Latin : Ordo Praedicatorum , hence the abbreviation OP used by members -RRB- , more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans , is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III -LRB- 1216 -- 27 -RRB- on 22 December 1216 .	Ordo Praedicatorum	What is the Latin for Order of Preachers ?
The Order of Preachers -LRB- Latin : Ordo Praedicatorum , hence the abbreviation OP used by members -RRB- , more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans , is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III -LRB- 1216 -- 27 -RRB- on 22 December 1216 .	Pope Honorius III	What Pope approved of the Order of Preachers ?
The Order of Preachers -LRB- Latin : Ordo Praedicatorum , hence the abbreviation OP used by members -RRB- , more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans , is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III -LRB- 1216 -- 27 -RRB- on 22 December 1216 .	the Dominican Order	After the 15th century , what was the Order of Preachers known as ?
The Order of Preachers -LRB- Latin : Ordo Praedicatorum , hence the abbreviation OP used by members -RRB- , more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans , is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III -LRB- 1216 -- 27 -RRB- on 22 December 1216 .	Roman Catholic	What religion does the Dominican Order belong to ?
The Order of Preachers -LRB- Latin : Ordo Praedicatorum , hence the abbreviation OP used by members -RRB- , more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans , is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III -LRB- 1216 -- 27 -RRB- on 22 December 1216 .	Saint Dominic de Guzman	What Spanish Priest founded the Order of Preachers ?
Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy , the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages .	the Middle Ages	During what time period did the Dominican Order do its best work ?
Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy , the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages .	to combat heresy	What was one reason why the Dominican Order was established ?
The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order , who is currently Bruno Cadoré .	Master of the Order	The head of the Dominican Order is known as what ?
The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order , who is currently Bruno Cadoré .	Bruno Cadoré	Who is the current Master of the Order ?
The order is famed for its intellectual tradition , having produced many leading theologians and philosophers .	its intellectual tradition	What is the Order of Preachers known for ?
Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister .	Men of God	During the Middle Ages , who was no longer expected to stay behind walls away from the common man ?
Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars : one , the Friars Minor , was led by Francis of Assisi ; the other , the Friars Preachers , by Dominic of Guzman .	two	How many orders of mendicant friars came out of the Middle Ages ?
Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars : one , the Friars Minor , was led by Francis of Assisi ; the other , the Friars Preachers , by Dominic of Guzman .	Francis of Assisi	Who led the Friars Minor order at this time ?
Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars : one , the Friars Minor , was led by Francis of Assisi ; the other , the Friars Preachers , by Dominic of Guzman .	the Friars Preachers	Dominic of Guzman led what order of mendicant friars ?
Like his contemporary , Francis , Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization , and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century of existence confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a need .	the Dominicans and Franciscans	What two groups grew quickly during the Middle Ages ?
Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order , one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities , but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy .	the Benedictines	The Dominican Order received influence from what monastic order ?
Dominic 's new order was to be a preaching order , trained to preach in the vernacular languages .	a preaching order	What type of order was the Dominican Order ?
Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done , the new friars would survive by begging , `` selling '' themselves through persuasive preaching .	farms	What did previous religious orders do for a living ?
Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done , the new friars would survive by begging , `` selling '' themselves through persuasive preaching .	by begging	How did the Dominican Order earn money ?
Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue , a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state , and a highly developed governmental structure .	with loyalty to learning and virtue	How did Dominic inspire his followers ?
While these traits had an impact on the women of the order , the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own .	nuns	What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order 's mystical spirituality ?
In England , the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart .	England	In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in ?
At the same time , Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a `` mixed '' spirituality .	a "mixed" spirituality	What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn ?
As an adolescent , he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality .	theology	What subject did Dominic particularly love ?
During his studies in Palencia , Spain , he experienced a dreadful famine , prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors .	to help his neighbors	Why did Dominic sell his books ?
During his studies in Palencia , Spain , he experienced a dreadful famine , prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors .	Spain	In what country did Dominic experience a great famine ?
At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five , he was ordained to the priesthood .	twenty-five	At around what age was Dominic ordained as a Priest ?
After he completed his studies , Bishop Martin Bazan and Prior Diego d'Achebes appointed Dominic to the cathedral chapter and he became a regular canon under the Rule of St. Augustine and the Constitutions for the cathedral church of Osma .	St. Augustine	After completing his studies , under whose rule did he become a regular canon ?
In 1203 , Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain , to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark .	Prior Diego de Acebo	With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark ?
In 1203 , Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain , to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark .	monarchy of Spain	Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark ?
At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy , named after the Duke of Albi , a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade -LRB- 1209 -- 1229 -RRB- .	south of France	In 1203 , what area was a stronghold of the Cathar ?
At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy , named after the Duke of Albi , a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade -LRB- 1209 -- 1229 -RRB- .	1209–1229	During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur ?
In 1203 , Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain , to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark .	to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark	Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203 ?
Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement : the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony .	with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony	How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted ?
On the other hand , the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing .	the Cathars	Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church ?
On the other hand , the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing .	in a state of self-sacrifice	How did the Cathars live ?
The legates agreed to change if they could find a strong leader .	a strong leader	In order to change to a better way of life , what did the legates request of Diego ?
Despite this particular mission , in winning the Albigensians over by persuasion Dominic met limited success , `` for though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made , it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for . ''	the Albigensians	Who did Diego and Dominic try to convert ?
Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith , and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille .	1206	In what year did Dominic establish a convent ?
Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith , and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille .	Albigensian	What women did Dominic convert for his convent ?
This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns , thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars .	Dominican nuns	What group are older than the Dominican Friars ?
Prior Diego sanctioned the building of a monastery for girls whose parents had sent them to the care of the Albigensians because their families were too poor to fulfill their basic needs .	too poor	Why did families send their girls to Diego 's monastery ?
After two years on the mission field , Prior Diego died while traveling back to Spain .	two years	How long after his mission did Prior Diego die ?
The Rule of St. Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order , according to Dominic 's successor , Jordan of Saxony , because it lent itself to the `` salvation of souls through preaching '' .	Rule of St. Augustine	What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution ?
In July 1215 , with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse , Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life .	1215	In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life ?
The Rule of St. Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order , according to Dominic 's successor , Jordan of Saxony , because it lent itself to the `` salvation of souls through preaching '' .	Jordan of Saxony	Who was the successor to Dominic ?
The Rule of St. Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order , according to Dominic 's successor , Jordan of Saxony , because it lent itself to the `` salvation of souls through preaching '' .	the "salvation of souls through preaching"	What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in ?
By this choice , however , the Dominican brothers designated themselves not monks , but canons-regular .	canons-regular	What were the Dominican Brothers ?
Dominic 's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans .	Palencia	Dominic studied in what city ?
Dominic 's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans .	the Manicheans	Dominic 's education helped him to overcome who ?
With charity , the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order , study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it , and also of enlarging its authority over larger areas of the known world .	charity	What helps define the work of the Dominican Order ?
When the brethren left Prouille , then , to begin their apostolic work , Dominic sent Matthew of Paris to establish a school near the University of Paris .	Paris	In what city did Dominic establish a school ?
When the brethren left Prouille , then , to begin their apostolic work , Dominic sent Matthew of Paris to establish a school near the University of Paris .	Matthew of Paris	Who did Dominic entrust to start his school ?
In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina , which they did by early 1220 .	the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina	Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220 ?
In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina , which they did by early 1220 .	Pope Honorius III	Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina ?
In May 1220 at Bologna the order 's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning .	its own studium conventuale	What was required of each new priory ?
The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5 , 1222 .	June 5, 1222	When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers ?
In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum .	the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum	The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century ?
The Dominican friars quickly spread , including to England , where they appeared in Oxford in 1221 .	England	What European country did the Dominican Friars quickly expand to ?
The Dominican friars quickly spread , including to England , where they appeared in Oxford in 1221 .	Oxford	What British university did the Dominican Friars appear in ?
In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society , fought heresy , schism , and paganism by word and book , and by its missions to the north of Europe , to Africa , and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom .	paganism	What did the Dominican Order fight against ?
Its schools spread throughout the entire Church ; its doctors wrote monumental works in all branches of knowledge , including the extremely important Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas .	Thomas Aquinas	What is one branch of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in ?
The order was appointed by Pope Gregory IX the duty to carry out the Inquisition .	Pope Gregory IX	Who appointed the Dominican Order to begin the inquisition ?
-LRB- See German mysticism , which has also been called `` Dominican mysticism . '' -RRB-	German mysticism	The term `` Dominican mysticism '' is also knows as what ?
A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up , especially in Germany and Italy , the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart , Heinrich Suso , Johannes Tauler , and St. Catherine of Siena are associated .	Germany and Italy	In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought ?
A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up , especially in Germany and Italy , the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart , Heinrich Suso , Johannes Tauler , and St. Catherine of Siena are associated .	St. Catherine of Siena	What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism ?
It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands , and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence .	the Netherlands	Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country ?
It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands , and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence .	Savonarola	What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy ?
At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance .	the Renaissance	What historical period gave the Dominican Order a challenge ?
It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism , in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola , in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna -LRB- probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili -RRB- and Matteo Bandello .	pagan tendencies	What was it about the Renaissance that gave the Dominican Order problems ?
It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism , in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola , in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna -LRB- probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili -RRB- and Matteo Bandello .	Cologne	The theologians of what German city gave the Dominican Order resistance ?
It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism , in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola , in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna -LRB- probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili -RRB- and Matteo Bandello .	Matteo Bandello	What writer fused humanism with the Dominican Order teachings ?
Many Dominicans took part in the artistic activity of the age , the most prominent being Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo .	Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo	What Dominican friar celebrated the arts of the Renaissance age ?
Statistics for 1876 show 3,748 , but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work .	500	In 1876 , how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order ?
Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order .	4,472	In 1910 , how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work ?
By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars , including 4,470 priests .	6058	How many Dominican friars were there in 2013 ?
By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars , including 4,470 priests .	2013	In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order ?
In the year 2000 , there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows , 917 student brothers , and 237 novices .	917	How many student brothers were there in the year 2000 ?
In the revival movement France held a foremost place , owing to the reputation and convincing power of the orator , Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire -LRB- 1802 -- 1861 -RRB- .	France	What country held a prominent place in the revival movement ?
In the revival movement France held a foremost place , owing to the reputation and convincing power of the orator , Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire -LRB- 1802 -- 1861 -RRB- .	Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire	What orator was very famous during the revival movement ?
He took the habit of a Friar Preacher at Rome -LRB- 1839 -RRB- , and the province of France was canonically erected in 1850 .	1850	When was the province of France canonically erected ?
From it came the master general who remained longest at the head of the administration during the 19th century , Père Vincent Jandel -LRB- 1850 -- 1872 -RRB- .	master general	What title did Pere Vincent Jandel hold during this time ?
The province of France has produced a large number of preachers .	France	What country has produced a large number of preachers ?
The conferences of Notre-Dame-de-Paris were inaugurated by Père Lacordaire .	Père Lacordaire	What Dominican Friar inugurated the conferences of Notre Dame of Paris ?
The Dominicans of the province of France furnished Lacordaire -LRB- 1835 -- 1836 , 1843 -- 1851 -RRB- , Jacques Monsabré -LRB- 1869 -- 1870 , 1872 -- 1890 -RRB- , Joseph Ollivier -LRB- 1871 , 1897 -RRB- , Thomas Etourneau -LRB- 1898 -- 1902 -RRB- .	Thomas Etourneau	What is the name of another French Dominican friar during this time ?
French Dominicans founded and administer the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem founded in 1890 by Père Marie-Joseph Lagrange O.P. -LRB- 1855 -- 1938 -RRB- , one of the leading international centres for Biblical research .	the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem	What is one of the leading international centers for biblical research ?
It is at the École Biblique that the famed Jerusalem Bible -LRB- both editions -RRB- was prepared .	Jerusalem Bible	What was prepared at the Ecole Biblique ?
Such is the Biblical school at Jerusalem , open to the religious of the order and to secular clerics , which publishes the Revue Biblique .	Biblical school at Jerusalem	What school publishes the Revue Biblique ?
The faculty of theology at the University of Fribourg , confided to the care of the Dominicans in 1890 , is flourishing , and has about 250 students .	1890	When was the University of Fribourg put into the Dominican Order 's care ?
The faculty of theology at the University of Fribourg , confided to the care of the Dominicans in 1890 , is flourishing , and has about 250 students .	250	How many students does the University of Fribourg have ?
The Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum , the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum established at Rome in 1908 by Master Hyacinth Cormier , opened its doors to regulars and seculars for the study of the sacred sciences .	Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas	What is the name of one Dominican Order institution of learning ?
In addition to the reviews above are the Revue Thomiste , founded by Père Thomas Coconnier -LRB- d. 1908 -RRB- , and the Analecta Ordinis Prædicatorum -LRB- 1893 -RRB- .	Père Thomas Coconnier	What Dominican founded the Revue Thomiste ?
Associates do not take vows , but rather make a commitment to be partners with vowed members , and to share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family in their own lives , families , churches , neighborhoods , workplaces , and cities .	share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family	What do present day Dominican Order associates do ?
Dominican Associates are Christian women and men ; married , single , divorced , and widowed ; clergy members and lay persons who were first drawn to and then called to live out the charism and continue the mission of the Dominican Order - to praise , to bless , to preach .	Christian women and men	What is an example of a modern Dominican Order follower ?
Today , there is a growing number of Associates who share the Dominican charism .	charism	What draws many people into following the Dominican Order ?
Dominican Associates are Christian women and men ; married , single , divorced , and widowed ; clergy members and lay persons who were first drawn to and then called to live out the charism and continue the mission of the Dominican Order - to praise , to bless , to preach .	to praise, to bless, to preach	Present day members continue to do what for the Dominican Order ?
The spiritual tradition of Dominic 's Order is punctuated not only by charity , study and preaching , but also by instances of mystical union .	charity	The tradition of the Dominican Order includes what ?
The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders .	learning	What is one area the Dominican Order puts emphasis on ?
The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders .	charity	What is one way that the Dominican Order differentiates itself from other religious orders ?
When the order reached England , many of these attributes were kept , but the English gave the order additional , specialized characteristics .	England	In what country did some of the Dominican Order attributes change ?
Dominic 's search for a close relationship with God was determined and unceasing .	relationship with God	What did Dominic greatly struggle with ?
St. Cecilia remembered him as cheerful , charitable and full of unceasing vigor .	St. Cecilia	Who remembered Dominic as a cheerful fellow ?
Dominic practiced self-scourging and would mortify himself as he prayed alone in the chapel at night for ` poor sinners . '	poor sinners	Who did Dominic pray for ?
He owned a single habit , refused to carry money , and would allow no one to serve him .	carry money	What did Dominic refuse to do ?
Fundamentally , Dominic was '' ... a man of prayer who utilized the full resources of the learning available to him to preach , to teach , and even materially to assist those searching for the truth found in the gospel of Christ .	to assist those searching for the truth	What spirit did Dominic give to his followers ?
Fundamentally , Dominic was '' ... a man of prayer who utilized the full resources of the learning available to him to preach , to teach , and even materially to assist those searching for the truth found in the gospel of Christ .	gospel of Christ	Where did Dominic want his followers to look for truth ?
Fundamentally , Dominic was '' ... a man of prayer who utilized the full resources of the learning available to him to preach , to teach , and even materially to assist those searching for the truth found in the gospel of Christ .	a man of prayer	What type of man was Dominic ?
Humbert of Romans , the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263 , was a great administrator , as well as preacher and writer .	Humbert of Romans	Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s ?
Humbert of Romans , the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263 , was a great administrator , as well as preacher and writer .	1254 to 1263	What years was Humbert of Rome the Master General ?
It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership .	the sisters in the order were given official membership	What did Humbert do that was very significant during his time as Master general ?
Humbert was a great lover of languages , and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dominicans , primarily Arabic , because of the missionary work friars were pursuing amongst those led astray or forced to convert by Muslims in the Middle East .	languages	What did subject did Humbert love very much ?
Humbert was a great lover of languages , and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dominicans , primarily Arabic , because of the missionary work friars were pursuing amongst those led astray or forced to convert by Muslims in the Middle East .	Arabic	What language did Humbert want the Dominican Order members to learn ?
His writings are permeated with `` religious good sense , '' and he used uncomplicated language that could edify even the weakest member .	uncomplicated language	What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order ?
Humbert advised his readers , '' -LSB- Young Dominicans -RSB- are also to be instructed not to be eager to see visions or work miracles , since these avail little to salvation , and sometimes we are fooled by them ; but rather they should be eager to do good in which salvation consists .	miracles	What did Humbert tell Dominican students to not concentrate on ?
Again , they should learn that if they lack the grace of compunction or devotion they should not think they are not in the state of grace as long as they have good will , which is all that God regards '' .	good will	According to Humbert , what is all that God regards ?
Also , they should be taught not to be sad if they do not enjoy the divine consolations they hear others have ; but they should know the loving Father for some reason sometimes withholds these .	sad	What did Humbert instruct the students not to be ?
Another who contributed significantly to the spirituality of the order is Albertus Magnus , the only person of the period to be given the appellation `` Great '' .	Albertus Magnus	The Dominican Order was also greatly helped by what German friar ?
Another who contributed significantly to the spirituality of the order is Albertus Magnus , the only person of the period to be given the appellation `` Great '' .	Great	Albert Magnus was also known as `` Albert the what '' ?
Albert was a scientist , philosopher , astrologer , theologian , spiritual writer , ecumenist , and diplomat .	ecumenist	What was a discipline of Albert the Great ?
Under the auspices of Humbert of Romans , Albert molded the curriculum of studies for all Dominican students , introduced Aristotle to the classroom and probed the work of Neoplatonists , such as Plotinus .	Aristotle	Who did Albert Magnus introduce to Dominican Order students ?
Indeed , it was the thirty years of work done by Thomas Aquinas and himself -LRB- 1245 -- 1274 -RRB- that allowed for the inclusion of Aristotelian study in the curriculum of Dominican schools .	Thomas Aquinas	Who helped Albert Magnus bring Aristotelian curriculum to Dominican classrooms ?
One of Albert 's greatest contributions was his study of Dionysus the Areopagite , a mystical theologian whose words left an indelible imprint in the medieval period .	medieval	Albert Magnus studied Dionysus during what historical period ?
One of Albert 's greatest contributions was his study of Dionysus the Areopagite , a mystical theologian whose words left an indelible imprint in the medieval period .	his study of Dionysus the Areopagite	What was one of Albert the Great 's biggest contributions during the medieval period ?
One of Albert 's greatest contributions was his study of Dionysus the Areopagite , a mystical theologian whose words left an indelible imprint in the medieval period .	a mystical theologian	Who was Dionysus ?
Mysticism , for the purposes of this study , refers to the conviction that all believers have the capability to experience God 's love .	Mysticism	What refers to the conviction that all believers are capable of experiencing God 's love ?
Magnus ' writings made a significant contribution to German mysticism , which became vibrant in the minds of the Beguines and women such as Hildegard of Bingen and Mechthild of Magdeburg .	German mysticism	Albert magnus ' writings contributed greatly to what ?
Albertus Magnus championed the idea , drawn from Dionysus , that positive knowledge of God is possible , but obscure .	positive knowledge of God is possible	What idea did Albertus champion ?
Albertus Magnus championed the idea , drawn from Dionysus , that positive knowledge of God is possible , but obscure .	Dionysus	Who influenced Magnus at this time ?
Thus , it is easier to state what God is not , than to state what God is : '' ... we affirm things of God only relatively , that is , casually , whereas we deny things of God absolutely , that is , with reference to what He is in Himself .	state what God is not	What is it easier to do regarding God ?
Thus , it is easier to state what God is not , than to state what God is : '' ... we affirm things of God only relatively , that is , casually , whereas we deny things of God absolutely , that is , with reference to what He is in Himself .	absolutely	How do we deny things of God ?
Albert the Great wrote that wisdom and understanding enhance one 's faith in God .	wisdom	What enhances man 's faith in God according to Albertus Magnus ?
Albert the Great wrote that wisdom and understanding enhance one 's faith in God .	understanding	What is a tool that God uses to speak to the average man ?
Contemplation is the means whereby one can obtain this goal of understanding .	Contemplation	How can man obtain understanding of God ?
Thus , contemplation forever produces a mystified , imperfect knowledge of God .	imperfect	If someone contemplates God forever , what type of knowledge will they obtain ?
The soul is exalted beyond the rest of God 's creation but it can not see God Himself .	The soul	What can not see God itself ?
Meekness and charity guide Christians to acknowledge that they are nothing without the One -LRB- God/Christ -RRB- who created them , sustains them , and guides them .	Meekness	What virtue guides Christians in their understanding of God ?
Meekness and charity guide Christians to acknowledge that they are nothing without the One -LRB- God/Christ -RRB- who created them , sustains them , and guides them .	God/Christ	According to Christianity , who is the `` One '' ?
Charity is the manifestation of the pure love of Christ , both for and by His follower .	manifestation of the pure love of Christ	What is Charity to a Christian ?
Thus , man then directs his path to that One , and the love for , and of , Christ guides man 's very nature to become centered on the One , and on his neighbor as well .	the One	What should man 's nature be centered on ?
The Europeans of the order embraced ecstatic mysticism on a grand scale and looked to a union with the Creator .	ecstatic mysticism	What did the Europeans of the Dominican Order bring to the group ?
Instead , their goal was to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely .	to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely	What did the English Dominicans hope to do within the Order ?
The Dartford nuns were surrounded by all of these legacies , and used them to create something unique .	Dartford	What group of nuns are used all aspects of the Dominican Order for their work ?
Though they are not called mystics , they are known for their piety toward God and their determination to live lives devoted to , and in emulation of , Him .	mystics	The Dartford Nuns are similar to what group ?
The Europeans of the order embraced ecstatic mysticism on a grand scale and looked to a union with the Creator .	a union with the Creator	What do ecstatic mystics hope to achieve ?
Although Albertus Magnus did much to instill mysticism in the Order of Preachers , it is a concept that reaches back to the Hebrew Bible .	Hebrew Bible	The search for mysticism in the Dominican Order goes back to what ?
Although Albertus Magnus did much to instill mysticism in the Order of Preachers , it is a concept that reaches back to the Hebrew Bible .	Bible	What is the Holy Writ ?
Although Albertus Magnus did much to instill mysticism in the Order of Preachers , it is a concept that reaches back to the Hebrew Bible .	Albertus Magnus	Who wanted to put mysticism into the Dominican Order ?
As time passed , Jewish and early Christian writings presented the idea of ` unknowing , ' where God 's presence was enveloped in a dark cloud .	Jewish and early Christian writings	Whose writings introduced the idea of ` unknowing ' to the Order of Preachers ?
Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227 , some of the brethren of the order had misgivings about the necessity of female religious establishments in an order whose major purpose was preaching , a duty in which women could not traditionally engage .	female Dominican houses	Who did some early Dominican followers have trouble reconciling ?
Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227 , some of the brethren of the order had misgivings about the necessity of female religious establishments in an order whose major purpose was preaching , a duty in which women could not traditionally engage .	Prouille	Where was one female Dominican house located ?
There were seventy-four Dominican female houses in Germany , forty-two in Italy , nine in France , eight in Spain , six in Bohemia , three in Hungary , and three in Poland .	seventy-four	How many female Dominican houses were there in Germany ?
Many of the German religious houses that lodged women had been home to communities of women , such as Beguines , that became Dominican once they were taught by the traveling preachers and put under the jurisdiction of the Dominican authoritative structure .	Beguines	Who were an order of religious women who later converted to Dominican ?
There were one hundred and fifty-seven nunneries in the order by 1358 .	one hundred and fifty-seven	How many Dominican nunneries were there by 1358 ?
Female houses differed from male Dominican houses in a lack of apostolic work for the women .	lack of apostolic work	How did female Dominican houses differ from male ones ?
Instead , the sisters chanted the Divine Office and kept all the monastic observances .	chanted the Divine Office	What did the sisters do instead of apostolic work ?
The sisters had no government of their own , but lived under the authority of the general and provincial chapters of the order .	government of their own	What did the sisters not have ?
Like the Priory of Dartford , all Dominican nunneries were under the jurisdiction of friars .	friars	Who were the nunneries under the jurisdiction of ?
The friars served as their confessors , priests , teachers and spiritual mentors .	teachers	What is one role that the friars served as to the nuns ?
Women could not be professed to the Dominican religious life before the age of thirteen .	thirteen	After what age could women become members of the Dominican Order ?
The clothing of the sisters consisted of a white tunic and scapular , a leather belt , a black mantle , and a black veil .	black	What type of veil must the sisters wear ?
The formula for profession contained in the Constitutions of Montargis Priory -LRB- 1250 -RRB- demands that nuns pledge obedience to God , the Blessed Virgin , their prioress and her successors according to the Rule of St. Augustine and the institute of the order , until death .	the Constitutions of Montargis Priory	The formula for profession into the Dominican Order is presented in what text ?
Their intellectual abilities were also tested .	intellectual abilities	What were the nuns tested on ?
Because the nuns of the order did not preach among the people , the need to engage in study was not as immediate or intense as it was for men .	preach among the people	What did the nuns not do in the Dominican Order ?
Along with sewing and embroidery , nuns often engaged in reading and discussing correspondence from Church leaders .	embroidery	What was one of the activities the nuns enjoyed ?
In fact , Margarette Reglerin , a daughter of a wealthy Nuremberg family , was dismissed from a convent because she did not have the ability or will to learn .	Margarette Reglerin	Who was expelled from a nunnery for not wanting to learn ?
In fact , Margarette Reglerin , a daughter of a wealthy Nuremberg family , was dismissed from a convent because she did not have the ability or will to learn .	Nuremberg	Where was Margarette Reglerin from ?
In the Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret , some of the nuns could converse fluently in Latin .	Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret	What monastery did the nuns belong to who could speak Latin fluently ?
As heirs of the Dominican priory of Poissy in France , the Dartford sisters were also heirs to a tradition of profound learning and piety .	priory of Poissy	The Dartford sisters were heirs of what priory ?
As heirs of the Dominican priory of Poissy in France , the Dartford sisters were also heirs to a tradition of profound learning and piety .	France	Where was the priory of Poissy located ?
Sections of translations of spiritual writings in Dartford 's library , such as Suso 's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom and Laurent du Bois ' Somme le Roi , show that the `` ghoostli '' link to Europe was not lost in the crossing of the Channel .	Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom	What book could be found in The Dartford sister 's library ?
Also , the nuns shared a unique identity with Poissy as a religious house founded by a royal house .	a religious house founded by a royal house	What did the Dartford nunnery have in common with the priory of Poissy ?
It was also , however , a group of Englishmen .	Englishmen	The Dominican Order in England was controlled by who ?
The international side of the province 's existence influenced the national , and the national responded to , adapted , and sometimes constrained the international .	international	The national side of the Order was influenced by what other side ?
Its direct supervisors were from England , and the members of the English Province dwelt and labored in English cities , towns , villages , and roadways .	Its direct supervisors were from England	Why was the English order of the Dominicans so successful in England ?
The first Dominican site in England was at Oxford , in the parishes of St. Edward and St. Adelaide .	Oxford	What famous school was home to the first English Dominican Order ?
The friars built an oratory to the Blessed Virgin Mary and by 1265 , the brethren , in keeping with their devotion to study , began erecting a school .	the Blessed Virgin Mary	Who did the friars build an oratory in honor of ?
All Dominican students were required to learn grammar , old and new logic , natural philosophy and theology .	natural philosophy	What was a subject that all Dominican students had to learn ?
Of all of the curricular areas , however , theology was the most important .	theology	What was the most important subject for Dominican students ?
The friars built an oratory to the Blessed Virgin Mary and by 1265 , the brethren , in keeping with their devotion to study , began erecting a school .	1265	By what year was the school in Oxford completed ?
English Dominican mysticism in the late medieval period differed from European strands of it in that , whereas European Dominican mysticism tended to concentrate on ecstatic experiences of union with the divine , English Dominican mysticism 's ultimate focus was on a crucial dynamic in one 's personal relationship with God .	ecstatic experiences of union with the divine	What did European mysticism concentrate on that English mysticism did n't ?
This type of mysticism carried with it four elements .	four	English mysticism was composed of how many elements ?
First , spiritually it emulated the moral essence of Christ 's life .	it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life	What is one element of English Dominican mysticism ?
English Dominican mysticism in the late medieval period differed from European strands of it in that , whereas European Dominican mysticism tended to concentrate on ecstatic experiences of union with the divine , English Dominican mysticism 's ultimate focus was on a crucial dynamic in one 's personal relationship with God .	one's personal relationship with God	What was the focus of English Dominican mysticism ?
For English Dominican mystics , the mystical experience was not expressed just in one moment of the full knowledge of God , but in the journey of , or process of , faith .	the journey of, or process of, faith	What was so important to English mystics ?
This then led to an understanding that was directed toward an experiential knowledge of divinity .	knowledge of divinity	The process of faith leads one to what ?
It is important to understand , however , that for these mystics it was possible to pursue mystical life without the visions and voices that are usually associated with such a relationship with God .	visions and voices	What did the English Dominican mystics not require in their work ?
They experienced a mystical process that allowed them , in the end , to experience what they had already gained knowledge of through their faith only .	faith	What did the English Order of Dominicans believe was the only thing they needed ?
English Dominicans sought to gain a full knowledge of Christ through an imitation of His life .	through an imitation of His life	How did the English order hope to gain knowledge of Christ ?
The center of all mystical experience is , of course , Christ .	Christ	Who is at the center of all mystical experiences ?
From these considerations of Scripture comes the simplest way to imitate Christ : an emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry becomes the most significant way to feel and have knowledge of God .	emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry	What is the most significant way to know Christ ?
English mystics of all types tended to focus on the moral values that the events in Christ 's life exemplified .	the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified	What did English mystics tend to focus on in their studies ?
This led to a `` progressive understanding of the meanings of Scripture -- literal , moral , allegorical , and anagogical '' -- that was contained within the mystical journey itself .	progressive	What type of understanding of scripture did the English Order subscribe to ?
The English concentrated on the spirit of the events of Christ 's life , not the literality of events .	the events of Christ's life	The English Dominican Order focused primarily on what ?
They neither expected nor sought the appearance of the stigmata or any other physical manifestation .	the stigmata	What did the English Order not care about ?
At the center of this environment was love : the love that Christ showed for humanity in becoming human .	love	The English Dominican Order wanted to put what at the center of their study of Christ ?
Christ 's love reveals the mercy of God and His care for His creation .	the mercy of God	What does Christ 's love reveal to humanity ?
Love led to spiritual growth that , in turn , reflected an increase in love for God and humanity .	spiritual growth	What does love lead to according to English mystics ?
The idea of the `` image of God '' demonstrates both the ability of man to move toward God -LRB- as partakers in Christ 's redeeming sacrifice -RRB- , and that , on some level , man is always an image of God .	an image of God	What is man always seen as ?
Concerning humanity as the image of Christ , English Dominican spirituality concentrated on the moral implications of image-bearing rather than the philosophical foundations of the imago Dei .	moral implications of image-bearing	What did the English Dominicans like to concentrate on ?
The process of Christ 's life , and the process of image-bearing , amends humanity to God 's image .	The process of Christ's life	What amends humanity to God 's life ?
The idea of the `` image of God '' demonstrates both the ability of man to move toward God -LRB- as partakers in Christ 's redeeming sacrifice -RRB- , and that , on some level , man is always an image of God .	move toward God	The idea of the image of God allows man to do what ?
Eton is one of ten English HMC schools , commonly referred to as `` public schools '' , regulated by the Public Schools Act of 1868 .	ten	How many public schools are regulated by the 1868 Public Schools Act ?
Following the public school tradition , Eton is a full boarding school , which means all pupils live at the school , and it is one of four such remaining single-sex boys ' public schools in the United Kingdom -LRB- the others being Harrow , Radley , and Winchester -RRB- to continue this practice .	boarding school	Which type of school requires students to live at the school ?
Following the public school tradition , Eton is a full boarding school , which means all pupils live at the school , and it is one of four such remaining single-sex boys ' public schools in the United Kingdom -LRB- the others being Harrow , Radley , and Winchester -RRB- to continue this practice .	four	How many all-male boarding schools exist in the UK ?
Charging up to # 11,478 per term -LRB- there are three terms per academic year -RRB- in 2014/15 , Eton is the sixth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK .	up to £11,478	How much does Eton College charge per term ?
Charging up to # 11,478 per term -LRB- there are three terms per academic year -RRB- in 2014/15 , Eton is the sixth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK .	sixth most expensive	How does Eton College rate expense-wise with the other HMC boarding schools in the UK ?
Eton now co-sponsors a state sixth-form college in Newham , a deprived area of East London , called the London Academy of Excellence , opened in 2012 , which is free of charge and aims to get all its students into higher education .	London Academy of Excellence	Which college in Newham does Eton College co-sponsor ?
Eton now co-sponsors a state sixth-form college in Newham , a deprived area of East London , called the London Academy of Excellence , opened in 2012 , which is free of charge and aims to get all its students into higher education .	free of charge	How does London Academy of Excellence vary in cost from Eton College ?
In September 2014 , Eton opened , and became the sole educational sponsor for , a new purpose-built co-educational state boarding and day school for around 500 pupils , Holyport College , in Maidenhead in Berkshire , with construction costing around # 15 million , in which a fifth of places for day pupils will be set aside for children from poor homes , 21 boarding places will go to youngsters on the verge of being taken into care , and a further 28 boarders will be funded or part-funded through bursaries .	Maidenhead in Berkshire	Where will Holyport College be located ?
In September 2014 , Eton opened , and became the sole educational sponsor for , a new purpose-built co-educational state boarding and day school for around 500 pupils , Holyport College , in Maidenhead in Berkshire , with construction costing around # 15 million , in which a fifth of places for day pupils will be set aside for children from poor homes , 21 boarding places will go to youngsters on the verge of being taken into care , and a further 28 boarders will be funded or part-funded through bursaries .	around £15 million	How much is construction of Holyport College predicted to cost ?
About 20 % of pupils at Eton receive financial support , through a range of bursaries and scholarships .	20%	How many students receive financial aid at Eton ?
In early 2014 , this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60 % of school fee assistance , whilst a further 63 received their education free of charge .	63	How many students attended Eton free of charge in 2014 ?
The ISSP 's aims are `` to raise pupil achievement , improve pupil self-esteem , raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools '' .	raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools	What are the goals of the Independent and State School Partnership ?
Eton also runs a number of choral and English language courses during the summer months .	choral and English language courses	What are some courses Eton offers in the summer months ?
In the run-up to the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games and London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games , Eton 's purpose-built Dorney Lake , a permanent , eight-lane , 2,200 metre course -LRB- about 1.4 miles -RRB- in a 400-acre park , officially known throughout the Games as Eton Dorney , provided training facilities for Olympic and Paralympic competitors , and during the Games , hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Rowing competitions as well as the Olympic Canoe Sprint event , attracting over 400,000 visitors during the Games period -LRB- around 30,000 per day -RRB- , and voted the best 2012 Olympic venue by spectators .	training facilities	What purpose did Eton Dorney have to the London Olympic games ?
In the run-up to the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games and London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games , Eton 's purpose-built Dorney Lake , a permanent , eight-lane , 2,200 metre course -LRB- about 1.4 miles -RRB- in a 400-acre park , officially known throughout the Games as Eton Dorney , provided training facilities for Olympic and Paralympic competitors , and during the Games , hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Rowing competitions as well as the Olympic Canoe Sprint event , attracting over 400,000 visitors during the Games period -LRB- around 30,000 per day -RRB- , and voted the best 2012 Olympic venue by spectators .	400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day)	How many visitors attended Eton Dorney during the 2012 Olympics ?
In the run-up to the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games and London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games , Eton 's purpose-built Dorney Lake , a permanent , eight-lane , 2,200 metre course -LRB- about 1.4 miles -RRB- in a 400-acre park , officially known throughout the Games as Eton Dorney , provided training facilities for Olympic and Paralympic competitors , and during the Games , hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Rowing competitions as well as the Olympic Canoe Sprint event , attracting over 400,000 visitors during the Games period -LRB- around 30,000 per day -RRB- , and voted the best 2012 Olympic venue by spectators .	best 2012 Olympic venue	What did 2012 Olympic spectators vote Eton Dorney to be ?
Access to the 400-acre parkland around the Lake is provided to members of the public , free of charge , almost all the year round .	free of charge	How much does it cost to attend Eton Dorney throughout the year ?
Eton 's first Headmaster , William Waynflete , founder of Magdalen College , Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College , built the ante-chapel that finishes the Chapel today .	William Waynflete	Who was Eton 's first Headmaster ?
The important wall paintings in the Chapel and the brick north range of the present School Yard also date from the 1480s ; the lower storeys of the cloister , including College Hall , had been built between 1441 and 1460 .	1480s	How old are the wall paintings in the Chapel and School Yard ?
The important wall paintings in the Chapel and the brick north range of the present School Yard also date from the 1480s ; the lower storeys of the cloister , including College Hall , had been built between 1441 and 1460 .	1441 and 1460	Between what years was College Hall built ?
Construction of the chapel , originally intended to be slightly over twice as long , with eighteen - or possibly seventeen - bays -LRB- there are eight today -RRB- was stopped when Henry VI was deposed .	eighteen - or possibly seventeen	How many bays was the chapel originially intended to have ?
Construction of the chapel , originally intended to be slightly over twice as long , with eighteen - or possibly seventeen - bays -LRB- there are eight today -RRB- was stopped when Henry VI was deposed .	eight	How many bays does the chapel have today ?
Building resumed when Roger Lupton was Provost , around 1517 .	1517	Around what year did construction continue after a period of financial struggle ?
Building resumed when Roger Lupton was Provost , around 1517 .	Roger Lupton	Whose name is on the gate-house fronting School Yard ?
This range includes the important interiors of the Parlour , Election Hall , and Election Chamber , where most of the 18th century `` leaving portraits '' are kept .	Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber	Where are 18th century `` leaving portraits '' kept at Eton ?
His name is borne by the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters , fronting School Yard , perhaps the most famous image of the school .	the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard	What is the most famous image of Eton College ?
The Duke of Wellington is often incorrectly quoted as saying that `` The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton '' .	Duke of Wellington	Who was incorrctly quoted in saying `` The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton '' ?
Wellington was at Eton from 1781 to 1784 and was to send his sons there .	1781 to 1784	During what years was the Duke of Wellington at Eton ?
According to Nevill -LRB- citing the historian Sir Edward Creasy -RRB- , what Wellington said , while passing an Eton cricket match many decades later , was , `` There grows the stuff that won Waterloo '' , a remark Nevill construes as a reference to `` the manly character induced by games and sport '' amongst English youth generally , not a comment about Eton specifically .	the manly character induced by games and sport	What `` stuff '' won Waterloo , according to Wellington ?
However over the years much money was raised for the Eton Mission , a fine church by G. F. Bodley was erected , many Etonians visited , and stimulated among other things the Eton Manor Boys ' Club , a notable rowing club which has survived the Mission itself , and the 59 Club for motorcyclists .	59 Club	Which club at Eaton is for motorcyclists ?
As with other public schools , a scheme was devised towards the end of the 19th century to familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas .	familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas	What was the purpose for creating an Eton Mission ?
However over the years much money was raised for the Eton Mission , a fine church by G. F. Bodley was erected , many Etonians visited , and stimulated among other things the Eton Manor Boys ' Club , a notable rowing club which has survived the Mission itself , and the 59 Club for motorcyclists .	Eton Manor Boys' Club	What is Eton 's rowing club called ?
The project of establishing an ` Eton Mission ' in the crowded district of Hackney Wick in east London was started at the beginning of 1880 , and lasted until 1971 when it was decided that a more local project -LRB- at Dorney -RRB- would be more realistic .	it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic	Why did construction of Eton Mission cease in 1971 ?
The project of establishing an ` Eton Mission ' in the crowded district of Hackney Wick in east London was started at the beginning of 1880 , and lasted until 1971 when it was decided that a more local project -LRB- at Dorney -RRB- would be more realistic .	district of Hackney Wick in east London	Where was the Eton Mission originally to be located ?
The very large and ornate School Hall and School Library -LRB- by L K. Hall -RRB- were erected in 1906-8 across the road from Upper School as the school 's memorial to the Etonians who had died in the Boer War .	Etonians who had died in the Boer War	To whom were School Hall and School Library erected in memoriam of ?
A bomb destroyed part of Upper School in World War Two and blew out many windows in the Chapel .	A bomb	What destroyed part of the Upper School and Chapel in WWII ?
The college commissioned replacements by Evie Hone -LRB- 1949 -- 52 -RRB- and by John Piper and Patrick Reyntiens -LRB- 1959 onwards -RRB- .	Evie Hone	Who was hired to replace windows in the Chapel from 1949-1952 ?
For a time , new admissions were called ` Jews ' by their fellow Collegers .	'Jews'	What were new students once called by others ?
In 1945 , the school introduced a nationality statute conditioning entry on the applicant 's father being British by birth .	applicant's father being British by birth	What stipulation did the school base entrance on in 1945 ?
The statute was removed after the intervention of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in the 1960s after it came to the attention of Oxford 's Wykeham Professor of Logic , A. J. Ayer , himself Jewish and an Old Etonian , who `` suspected a whiff of anti-semitism '' .	"suspected a whiff of anti-semitism"	For what reason as the 1945 entrance stipulation removed ?
The statute was removed after the intervention of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in the 1960s after it came to the attention of Oxford 's Wykeham Professor of Logic , A. J. Ayer , himself Jewish and an Old Etonian , who `` suspected a whiff of anti-semitism '' .	A. J. Ayer	Who decided to remove the 1945 entrance stipulation ?
One boarding house , College , is reserved for seventy King 's Scholars , who attend Eton on scholarships provided by the original foundation and awarded by examination each year ; King 's Scholars pay up to 90 % of full fees , depending on their means .	King's Scholars	The College boarding house is reserved for whom ?
The name `` King 's Scholars '' is because the school was founded by King Henry VI in 1440 .	the school was founded by King Henry VI	Where do `` King 's Scholars '' get their name ?
The original School consisted of the seventy Scholars -LRB- together with some Commensals -RRB- and the Scholars were educated and boarded at the foundation 's expense .	seventy	How many original Scholars were there in the original School ?
Of the other pupils , up to a third receive some kind of bursary or scholarship .	up to a third	How many students receive some form of financial aid ?
These students became known as Oppidans , from the Latin word oppidum , meaning town .	Oppidans	What is the term given to students who lived in town , but not on the campus of Eton ?
The Houses developed over time as a means of providing residence for the Oppidans in a more congenial manner , and during the 18th and 19th centuries were mostly run by women known as `` dames '' .	"dames"	Oppidan residences were generally cared after by women known as what ?
It is generally known by the boys by the initials or surname of the House Master , the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it .	the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it	What is a House Master ?
They typically contain about fifty boys .	fifty	About how many students are in a typical Oppidan house ?
If they choose instead to belong to one of the 24 Oppidan Houses , they are known as Oppidan Scholars .	Oppidan Scholars	If a boy elects to live in an Oppidan house instead of the College house , what are they called ?
Within the school , an Oppidan Scholar is entitled to use the letters OS after his name .	Oppidan Scholar	Which students are allowed to use the letters OS after their name ?
If they choose instead to belong to one of the 24 Oppidan Houses , they are known as Oppidan Scholars .	24	How many Oppidan houses are at Eaton ?
Oppidan scholarships may also be awarded for consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations .	consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations	Under what circumstances are Oppidan Scholarships awarded ?
To gain an Oppidan Scholarship , a boy must have either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career .	either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career	How many distinguishments does a student need for an Oppidan Scholarship ?
The Oppidan Houses are named Godolphin House , Jourdelay 's , -LRB- both built as such c. 1720 -RRB- , Hawtrey House , Durnford House , -LRB- the first two built as such by the Provost and Fellows , 1845 , when the school was increasing in numbers and needed more centralised control -RRB- , The Hopgarden , South Lawn , Waynflete , Evans 's , Keate House , Warre House , Villiers House , Common Lane House , Penn House , Walpole House , Cotton Hall , Wotton House , Holland House , Mustians , Angelo 's , Manor House , Farrer House , Baldwin 's Bec , The Timbralls , and Westbury .	Godolphin House, Jourdelay's	Which Oppidan Houses did not change from their original 1720 names ?
The Oppidan Houses are named Godolphin House , Jourdelay 's , -LRB- both built as such c. 1720 -RRB- , Hawtrey House , Durnford House , -LRB- the first two built as such by the Provost and Fellows , 1845 , when the school was increasing in numbers and needed more centralised control -RRB- , The Hopgarden , South Lawn , Waynflete , Evans 's , Keate House , Warre House , Villiers House , Common Lane House , Penn House , Walpole House , Cotton Hall , Wotton House , Holland House , Mustians , Angelo 's , Manor House , Farrer House , Baldwin 's Bec , The Timbralls , and Westbury .	Hawtrey House, Durnford House	Which two houses were built as student population increased 1845 ?
The Oppidan Houses are named Godolphin House , Jourdelay 's , -LRB- both built as such c. 1720 -RRB- , Hawtrey House , Durnford House , -LRB- the first two built as such by the Provost and Fellows , 1845 , when the school was increasing in numbers and needed more centralised control -RRB- , The Hopgarden , South Lawn , Waynflete , Evans 's , Keate House , Warre House , Villiers House , Common Lane House , Penn House , Walpole House , Cotton Hall , Wotton House , Holland House , Mustians , Angelo 's , Manor House , Farrer House , Baldwin 's Bec , The Timbralls , and Westbury .	Godolphin House, Jourdelay's	Which two Oppidan Houses are the oldest ?
For much of Eton 's history , junior boys had to act as `` fags '' , or servants , to older boys .	"fags"	What term was given to juniors who acted as servants to older students ?
Their duties included cleaning , cooking , and running errands .	cleaning, cooking, and running errands	What were common duties of younger servant students ?
The last boy to arrive was given the task .	The last boy to arrive	Which first year student was given the task yelled for by the Librarian ?
These practices , known as fagging , were partially phased out of most houses in the 1970s .	1970s	What year was `` fagging '' phased out of most houses ?
The long-standing claim that the present uniform was first worn as mourning for the death of George III is unfounded .	mourning for the death of George III	There is false belief that the current uniforms were first worn for what event ?
Members of the teaching staff -LRB- known as Beaks -RRB- are required to wear a form of school dress when teaching .	Members of the teaching staff	What are Beaks ?
Members of the teaching staff -LRB- known as Beaks -RRB- are required to wear a form of school dress when teaching .	when teaching	When are Beaks required to wear a form of school dress ?
Originally -LRB- along with a top-hat and walking-cane -RRB- , Etonian dress was reserved for formal occasions , but boys wear it today for classes , which are referred to as `` divisions '' , or `` divs '' .	"divisions", or "divs"	What are classes at Eaton known as today ?
From the latter part of the 19th century this curriculum has changed and broadened : for example , there are now more than 100 students of Chinese , which is a non-curriculum course .	more than 100	How many current students take Chinese courses at Eaton ?
From the latter part of the 19th century this curriculum has changed and broadened : for example , there are now more than 100 students of Chinese , which is a non-curriculum course .	non-curriculum	Is Chinese a required or non-curriculum course ?
In the 1970s , there was just one school computer , in a small room attached to the science buildings .	just one	How many computers were at Eaton in the 1970s ?
Later the emphasis was on classical studies , dominated by Latin and Ancient History , and , for boys with sufficient ability , Classical Greek .	Classical Greek	Which subject was only studied by boys with sufficient ability ?
The primary responsibility for a boy 's studies lies with his House Master , but he is assisted by an additional director of studies , known as a tutor .	House Master	With whom does the primary responsibility for a student 's leaning lie ?
New school buildings have appeared for teaching purposes every decade or so since New Schools , designed by Henry Woodyer and built 1861-3 .	Henry Woodyer	Who designed the learning buildings at Eton ?
Classes , colloquially known as `` divs '' -LRB- divisions -RRB- , are organised on a School basis ; the classrooms are separate from the houses .	separate	Are living houses and classrooms seperate or conjoined ?
The primary responsibility for a boy 's studies lies with his House Master , but he is assisted by an additional director of studies , known as a tutor .	tutor	What other term is given to the director of studies ?
Those in existence at present include : Aeronautical , African , Alexander Cozens -LRB- Art -RRB- , Amnesty , Archeological , Architectural , Astronomy , Banks -LRB- conservation -RRB- , Caledonian , Cheese , Classical , Comedy , Cosmopolitan , Debating , Design , Entrepreneurship , Geographical , Henry Fielding , Hispanic , History , Keynes -LRB- economics -RRB- , Law , Literary , Mathematical , Medical , Middle Eastern , Model United Nations , Modern Languages , Oriental , Orwell -LRB- left-wing -RRB- , Simeon -LRB- Christian -RRB- , Parry -LRB- music -RRB- , Photographic , Political , Praed -LRB- poetry -RRB- , Rock -LRB- music -RRB- , Rous -LRB- equestrian -RRB- , Salisbury -LRB- diplomatic -RRB- , Savile -LRB- Rare Books and Manuscripts -RRB- , Shelley , Scientific , Sports , Tech Club , Theatre , Wellington -LRB- military -RRB- , Wine and Wotton 's -LRB- philosophy -RRB- .	Wine and Wotton’s	Which Eton society is dedicated to philosophy ?
Those in existence at present include : Aeronautical , African , Alexander Cozens -LRB- Art -RRB- , Amnesty , Archeological , Architectural , Astronomy , Banks -LRB- conservation -RRB- , Caledonian , Cheese , Classical , Comedy , Cosmopolitan , Debating , Design , Entrepreneurship , Geographical , Henry Fielding , Hispanic , History , Keynes -LRB- economics -RRB- , Law , Literary , Mathematical , Medical , Middle Eastern , Model United Nations , Modern Languages , Oriental , Orwell -LRB- left-wing -RRB- , Simeon -LRB- Christian -RRB- , Parry -LRB- music -RRB- , Photographic , Political , Praed -LRB- poetry -RRB- , Rock -LRB- music -RRB- , Rous -LRB- equestrian -RRB- , Salisbury -LRB- diplomatic -RRB- , Savile -LRB- Rare Books and Manuscripts -RRB- , Shelley , Scientific , Sports , Tech Club , Theatre , Wellington -LRB- military -RRB- , Wine and Wotton 's -LRB- philosophy -RRB- .	Rous	Which Eton society is centered around horses ?
Those in existence at present include : Aeronautical , African , Alexander Cozens -LRB- Art -RRB- , Amnesty , Archeological , Architectural , Astronomy , Banks -LRB- conservation -RRB- , Caledonian , Cheese , Classical , Comedy , Cosmopolitan , Debating , Design , Entrepreneurship , Geographical , Henry Fielding , Hispanic , History , Keynes -LRB- economics -RRB- , Law , Literary , Mathematical , Medical , Middle Eastern , Model United Nations , Modern Languages , Oriental , Orwell -LRB- left-wing -RRB- , Simeon -LRB- Christian -RRB- , Parry -LRB- music -RRB- , Photographic , Political , Praed -LRB- poetry -RRB- , Rock -LRB- music -RRB- , Rous -LRB- equestrian -RRB- , Salisbury -LRB- diplomatic -RRB- , Savile -LRB- Rare Books and Manuscripts -RRB- , Shelley , Scientific , Sports , Tech Club , Theatre , Wellington -LRB- military -RRB- , Wine and Wotton 's -LRB- philosophy -RRB- .	Rock	What is the name of the Eton club for musical interests ?
Those in existence at present include : Aeronautical , African , Alexander Cozens -LRB- Art -RRB- , Amnesty , Archeological , Architectural , Astronomy , Banks -LRB- conservation -RRB- , Caledonian , Cheese , Classical , Comedy , Cosmopolitan , Debating , Design , Entrepreneurship , Geographical , Henry Fielding , Hispanic , History , Keynes -LRB- economics -RRB- , Law , Literary , Mathematical , Medical , Middle Eastern , Model United Nations , Modern Languages , Oriental , Orwell -LRB- left-wing -RRB- , Simeon -LRB- Christian -RRB- , Parry -LRB- music -RRB- , Photographic , Political , Praed -LRB- poetry -RRB- , Rock -LRB- music -RRB- , Rous -LRB- equestrian -RRB- , Salisbury -LRB- diplomatic -RRB- , Savile -LRB- Rare Books and Manuscripts -RRB- , Shelley , Scientific , Sports , Tech Club , Theatre , Wellington -LRB- military -RRB- , Wine and Wotton 's -LRB- philosophy -RRB- .	Rare Books and Manuscripts	What is the interest of the Savile club at Eton ?
Also of note are the Gladstone Memorial Prize and the Coutts Prize , awarded on the results of trials and AS-level examinations in C ; and the Huxley Prize , awarded for a project on a scientific subject .	a project on a scientific subject	For what is the Huxley prize awarded ?
Other specialist prizes include the Newcastle Classical Prize ; the Rosebery Exhibition for History ; the Queen 's Prizes for French and German ; the Duke of Newcastle 's Russian Prize ; the Beddington Spanish Prize ; the Strafford and Bowman Shakespeare Prizes ; the Tomline and Russell Prizes in Mathematics ; the Sotheby Prize for History of Art ; the Waddington Prize for Theology and Philosophy ; the Birley Prize for History ; The Lower Boy Rosebery Prize and the Wilder Prize for Theology .	Tomline and Russell	Which two prizes are dedicated to mathematics ?
Prizes are awarded too for excellence in such activities as painting , sculpture , ceramics , playing musical instruments , musical composition , declamation , silverwork , and design .	painting, sculpture, ceramics, playing musical instruments, musical composition, declamation, silverwork, and design	What artistic accomplishments can earn students a prize ?
Prizes are awarded on the results of trials -LRB- internal exams -RRB- , GCSE and AS-levels .	internal	Are trials considered internal or external exams ?
These include the Busk Fund , which supports individual ventures that show particular initiative ; the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund , for the promotion of visits to classical lands ; the Sadler Fund , which supports , amongst others , those intending to enter the Foreign Service ; and the Marsden Fund , for travel in countries where the principal language is not English .	individual ventures that show particular initiative	What does the Busk Fund support ?
These include the Busk Fund , which supports individual ventures that show particular initiative ; the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund , for the promotion of visits to classical lands ; the Sadler Fund , which supports , amongst others , those intending to enter the Foreign Service ; and the Marsden Fund , for travel in countries where the principal language is not English .	Marsden Fund	Which Fund is dedicated for travel to non-English speaking countries ?
These include the Busk Fund , which supports individual ventures that show particular initiative ; the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund , for the promotion of visits to classical lands ; the Sadler Fund , which supports , amongst others , those intending to enter the Foreign Service ; and the Marsden Fund , for travel in countries where the principal language is not English .	the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund	Which Fund supports travel to classical lands ?
If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work , it may be `` Sent Up For Good '' , storing the effort in the College Archives for posterity .	If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work	What action results in something being `` Sent Up For Good ? ''
Upon receiving his or her approval , the piece of work will be marked with Sent Up For Good and the student will receive a card to be signed by House Master , tutor and division master .	a card	What does a student receive when work is Sent Up For Good ?
Upon receiving his or her approval , the piece of work will be marked with Sent Up For Good and the student will receive a card to be signed by House Master , tutor and division master .	House Master, tutor and division master	When a student has work Sent Up For Good , who signs the card that they receive ?
If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work , it may be `` Sent Up For Good '' , storing the effort in the College Archives for posterity .	College Archives	Where is work that has been Sent Up For Good stored ?
The opposite of a Show Up is a `` Rip '' .	a "Rip"	What is the opposite of a Show Up ?
This is for sub-standard work , which is sometimes torn at the top of the page/sheet and must be submitted to the boy 's housemaster for signature .	the boy's housemaster	Who must sign a Rip ?
Boys who accumulate rips are liable to be given a `` White Ticket '' , which must be signed by all his teachers and may be accompanied by other punishments , usually involving doing domestic chores or writing lines .	all his teachers	Who must sign a White Ticket ?
a milder form of the rip , ` sign for information ' , colloquially known as an `` info '' , has been introduced , which must also be signed by the boy 's housemaster and tutor .	the boy's housemaster and tutor	Who must sign an `` info '' ?
a milder form of the rip , ` sign for information ' , colloquially known as an `` info '' , has been introduced , which must also be signed by the boy 's housemaster and tutor .	sign for information	What punishment term is `` info '' short for ?
Conversely , should a master be more than 15 minutes late for a class , traditionally the pupils might claim it as a `` run '' and absent themselves for the rest of its duration .	a "run"	What term is used if a master is more than 15 minutes late to a class ?
A boy who is late for any division or other appointment may be required to sign `` Tardy Book '' , a register kept in the School Office , between 7.35 am and 7.45 am , every morning for the duration of his sentence -LRB- typically three days -RRB- .	School Office	Where is the `` Tardy Book '' kept ?
A boy who is late for any division or other appointment may be required to sign `` Tardy Book '' , a register kept in the School Office , between 7.35 am and 7.45 am , every morning for the duration of his sentence -LRB- typically three days -RRB- .	typically three days	How long is the typical punishment for being tardy ?
This is known as the `` Bill '' .	the "Bill"	When a boy is summoned to the Head Master , what is the experience called ?
The most serious misdeeds may result in expulsion , or rustication -LRB- suspension -RRB- .	suspension	What is another term for rustication ?
Anthony Chenevix-Trench , Head Master from 1964 to 1970 , abolished the birch and replaced it with caning , also applied to the bare posterior , which he administered privately in his office .	caning	The birch was abolished and replaced with what ?
Less common but more severe were the canings administered by Pop -LRB- see Eton Society below -RRB- in the form of a `` Pop-Tanning '' , in which a large number of hard strokes were inflicted by the President of Pop in the presence of all Pop members -LRB- or , in earlier times , each member of Pop took it in turns to inflict a stroke -RRB- .	"Pop-Tanning"	What was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton referred to as ?
The culprit was summoned to appear in a pair of old trousers , as the caning would cut the cloth to shreds .	the caning would cut the cloth to shreds	Why was a subject ordered to appear to Pop-Tanning in old trousers ?
Chenevix-Trench also abolished corporal punishment administered by senior boys .	Chenevix-Trench	Which Head Master abolished corporal punishment by peers ?
Anthony Chenevix-Trench , Head Master from 1964 to 1970 , abolished the birch and replaced it with caning , also applied to the bare posterior , which he administered privately in his office .	Anthony Chenevix-Trench	Who administered caning privately in his office ?
The current `` Precentor '' -LRB- Head of Music -RRB- is Tim Johnson , and the School boasts eight organs and an entire building for music -LRB- performance spaces include the School Hall , the Farrer Theatre and two halls dedicated to music , the Parry Hall and the Concert Hall -RRB- .	"Precentor"	What term is given to the Head of Music ?
Many instruments are taught , including obscure ones such as the didgeridoo .	didgeridoo	What is an example of a lesser-known instrument taught at Eton ?
The current `` Precentor '' -LRB- Head of Music -RRB- is Tim Johnson , and the School boasts eight organs and an entire building for music -LRB- performance spaces include the School Hall , the Farrer Theatre and two halls dedicated to music , the Parry Hall and the Concert Hall -RRB- .	Tim Johnson	Who is the current Precentor ?
The current `` Precentor '' -LRB- Head of Music -RRB- is Tim Johnson , and the School boasts eight organs and an entire building for music -LRB- performance spaces include the School Hall , the Farrer Theatre and two halls dedicated to music , the Parry Hall and the Concert Hall -RRB- .	eight	How many organs does Eton house ?
Numerous plays are put on every year at Eton College ; there is one main theatre , called the Farrer -LRB- seating 400 -RRB- and 2 Studio theatres , called the Caccia Studio and Empty Space -LRB- seating 90 and 80 respectively -RRB- .	400	How many people can sit in the audience at Eton 's main theatre ?
Numerous plays are put on every year at Eton College ; there is one main theatre , called the Farrer -LRB- seating 400 -RRB- and 2 Studio theatres , called the Caccia Studio and Empty Space -LRB- seating 90 and 80 respectively -RRB- .	Farrer	What is the name of Eton 's largest theatre ?
There are about 8 or 9 house productions each year , around 3 or 4 `` independent '' plays -LRB- not confined solely to one house , produced , directed and funded by Etonians -RRB- and three school plays , one specifically for boys in the first two years , and two open to all years .	about 8 or 9	How many house productions does Eton run each year ?
There are about 8 or 9 house productions each year , around 3 or 4 `` independent '' plays -LRB- not confined solely to one house , produced , directed and funded by Etonians -RRB- and three school plays , one specifically for boys in the first two years , and two open to all years .	not confined solely to one house, produced, directed and funded by Etonians	What are `` independent '' theatre productions at Eton ?
The School Plays have such good reputations that they are normally fully booked every night .	fully booked every night	Do the plays sport high attendance rates ?
Often girls from surrounding schools , such as St George 's , Ascot , St Mary 's School Ascot , Windsor Girls ' School and Heathfield St Mary 's School , are cast in female roles .	girls from surrounding schools	Who are cast in Eton 's female roles in their productions ?
Boys from the School are also responsible for the lighting , sound and stage management of all the productions , under the guidance of several professional full-time theatre staff .	Boys from the School	Who is responsible for stage hand duties , lighting , sound , and management ?
In recent years , the School has put on a musical version of The Bacchae -LRB- October 2009 -RRB- as well as productions of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum -LRB- May 2010 -RRB- , The Cherry Orchard -LRB- February 2011 -RRB- , Joseph K -LRB- October 2011 -RRB- , Cyrano de Bergerac -LRB- May 2012 -RRB- , Macbeth -LRB- October 2012 -RRB- , London Assurance -LRB- May 2013 -RRB- and Jerusalem -LRB- October 2013 -RRB- .	Macbeth	Which Shakespearean play did the School put on in October 2012 ?
Often girls from surrounding schools , such as St George 's , Ascot , St Mary 's School Ascot , Windsor Girls ' School and Heathfield St Mary 's School , are cast in female roles .	St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School	What are somefemale schools close to Eton ?
Eton 's best-known holiday takes place on the so-called `` Fourth of June '' , a celebration of the birthday of King George III , Eton 's greatest patron .	"Fourth of June"	What is Eton 's best-known holiday ?
Eton 's best-known holiday takes place on the so-called `` Fourth of June '' , a celebration of the birthday of King George III , Eton 's greatest patron .	the birthday of King George III	What does the `` Fourth of June '' celebrate ?
Similar to the Queen 's Official Birthday , the `` Fourth of June '' is no longer celebrated on 4 June , but on the Wednesday before the first weekend of June .	the Wednesday before the first weekend of June	When is the Fourth of June celebrated ?
This day is celebrated with the Procession of Boats , in which the top rowing crews from the top four years row past in vintage wooden rowing boats .	Procession of Boats	Which event is held on the Fourth of June ?
As a charity , it benefits from substantial tax breaks .	substantial tax breaks	Why is being a charity beneficial to Eton ?
Eton 's retiring Head Master , Tony Little , has claimed that the benefits that Eton provides to the local community free of charge -LRB- use of its facilities , etc. -RRB- have a higher value than the tax breaks it receives as a result of its charitable status .	use of its facilities	What service does Eton provide to the local community free of charge ?
The fee for the academic year 2010 -- 2011 was # 29,862 -LRB- approximately US$ 48,600 or $ 35,100 as of March 2011 -RRB- , although the sum is considerably lower for those pupils on bursaries and scholarships .	£29,862 (approximately US$48,600 or €35,100	What was the full price of Eton per student in 2010-2011 ?
It was calculated by the late David Jewell , former Master of Haileybury , that in 1992 such tax breaks saved the School about # 1,945 per pupil per year , although he had no direct connection with the School .	£1,945 per pupil per year	How much did estimated tax breaks save per student in 1992 ?
In 1995 the National Lottery granted money for a # 4.6 m sports complex , to add to Eton 's existing facilities of two swimming pools , 30 cricket squares , 24 football , rugby and hockey pitches and a gym .	the National Lottery	Who granted money to Eton for a sports complex in 1995 ?
The facility , which became the Thames Valley Athletics Centre , opened in April 1999 .	April 1999	When did the Thames Valley Athletics Centre open ?
The College paid # 200,000 and contributed 4.5 hectares of land in return for exclusive use of the facilities during the daytime only .	in return for exclusive use of the facilities during the daytime only	For what did the college pay a substancial sum and donate 4.5 hectres of land ?
In 1995 the National Lottery granted money for a # 4.6 m sports complex , to add to Eton 's existing facilities of two swimming pools , 30 cricket squares , 24 football , rugby and hockey pitches and a gym .	30	How many cricket squares does Eton have ?
In 1995 the National Lottery granted money for a # 4.6 m sports complex , to add to Eton 's existing facilities of two swimming pools , 30 cricket squares , 24 football , rugby and hockey pitches and a gym .	two	How many swimming pools are located within Eton ?
In October 2004 , Sarah Forsyth claimed that she had been dismissed unfairly by Eton College and had been bullied by senior staff .	Sarah Forsyth	Who claimed she had been unfairly fired by Eton and won her case ?
As evidence , Forsyth provided secretly recorded conversations with both Prince Harry and her Head of Department , Ian Burke .	secretly recorded conversations with both Prince Harry and her Head of Department, Ian Burke	What did Sarah Forsyth provide as evidence to her unfair termination and job duties ?
It also criticised the school for failing to produce its capability procedures and criticised the Head Master for not reviewing the case independently .	failing to produce its capability procedures	For what was Eton criticized in its handling of the Forsyth case ?
It also criticised the school for failing to produce its capability procedures and criticised the Head Master for not reviewing the case independently .	the Head Master	Who was criticized for not handling the Forsyth case independently ?
In response to the tribunal 's ruling concerning the allegations about Prince Harry , the School issued a statement , saying Forsyth 's claims `` were dismissed for what they always have been - unfounded and irrelevant . ''	unfounded and irrelevant	The School dismissed claims that Prince Harry was cheating by saying the claims were what ?
It criticised Forsyth 's decision to record a conversation with Harry as an abuse of teacher -- student confidentiality and said `` It is clear whichever version of the evidence is accepted that Mr Burke did ask the claimant to assist Prince Harry with text for his expressive art project ... It is not part of this tribunal 's function to determine whether or not it was legitimate . ''	Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry	What was potentially considered abuse of teacher-student confidentiality ?
It criticised Forsyth 's decision to record a conversation with Harry as an abuse of teacher -- student confidentiality and said `` It is clear whichever version of the evidence is accepted that Mr Burke did ask the claimant to assist Prince Harry with text for his expressive art project ... It is not part of this tribunal 's function to determine whether or not it was legitimate . ''	determine whether or not it was legitimate	The tribunal denied responsibility for what concerning Harry 's recording in the Forsyth case ?
However , Jean Scott , the head of the Independent Schools Council , said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business , were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other , and that they were unaware of the change to the law -LRB- on which they had not been consulted -RRB- .	Jean Scott	Who defended fifty schools accused of price-sharing , stating they were unaware the laws had changed ?
In 2005 , the Office of Fair Trading found fifty independent schools , including Eton , to have breached the Competition Act by `` regularly and systematically '' exchanging information about planned increases in school fees , which was collated and distributed among the schools by the bursar at Sevenoaks School .	2005	In what year was a group of independent schools found guilty of price-sharing ?
Following the investigation by the OFT , each school was required to pay around # 70,000 , totalling around # 3.5 million , significantly less than the maximum possible fine .	£70,000, totalling around £3.5 million	How much did each school have to pay as punishment for price-sharing ?
In addition , the schools together agreed to contribute another # 3m to a new charitable educational fund .	a new charitable educational fund	What did the schools elect to contribute money towards , in light of their allegations ?
A Freedom of Information request in 2005 revealed that Eton had received # 2,652 in farming subsidies in 2004 under the Common Agricultural Policy .	£2,652	How much had Eton received in farming subsidies in 2005 ?
A Freedom of Information request in 2005 revealed that Eton had received # 2,652 in farming subsidies in 2004 under the Common Agricultural Policy .	Common Agricultural Policy	Under what policy was Eton able to receive funds without farming ?
Panorama revealed in March 2012 that farming subsidies were granted to Eton for ` environmental improvements ' , in effect ` being paid without having to do any farming at all ' .	environmental improvements	What did Panorama say was the documented reason Eton was eligible for farming subsidies ?
In April 2011 the Labour MP David Lammy described as unfair and ` indefensible ' the fact that Oxford University had organised nine ` outreach events ' at Eton in 2010 , although he admitted that it had , in fact , held fewer such events for Eton than for another independent school , Wellington College .	nine	How many outreach events were held at Eton by Oxford University in 2010 ?
In April 2011 the Labour MP David Lammy described as unfair and ` indefensible ' the fact that Oxford University had organised nine ` outreach events ' at Eton in 2010 , although he admitted that it had , in fact , held fewer such events for Eton than for another independent school , Wellington College .	Wellington College	Which independent school had more hosted outreach events than Eton ?
In April 2011 the Labour MP David Lammy described as unfair and ` indefensible ' the fact that Oxford University had organised nine ` outreach events ' at Eton in 2010 , although he admitted that it had , in fact , held fewer such events for Eton than for another independent school , Wellington College .	Labour MP David Lammy	Who described outreach events at Eton as `` unfair and indefensible ? ''
Figures obtained by The Daily Telegraph had revealed that , in 2010 , 37 applicants from Eton were accepted by Oxford whilst state schools had difficulty obtaining entry even for pupils with the country 's most impressive exam results .	37	In 2010 , how many applicants from Eton were accepted to Oxford ?
In July 2015 , Eton accidentally sent emails to 400 prospective students , offering them conditional entrance to the school in September 2017 .	July 2015	When was an accidental email sent to potential students of Eton that warranted a personal apology to each family ?
In July 2015 , Eton accidentally sent emails to 400 prospective students , offering them conditional entrance to the school in September 2017 .	400	How many prospective students received a mistaken email in July 2015 ?
The email was intended for nine students , but an IT glitch caused the email to be sent to 400 additional families , who did n't necessarily have a place .	nine	For how many students was the email mistake originally intended ?
In January 2016 , the Eton College beagling club was accused by the League Against Cruel Sports of undertaking an illegal hare hunt .	an illegal hare hunt	What was Eton 's beagle club accused of in January 2016 ?
The allegations were accompanied by a video of the Eton Beagles chasing a hare , as ` the hunt staff urge the beagles on and make no efforts to call the dogs off . '	a video	What evidence was brought forth of a potential hare hunt ?
A spokesman representing Eton College released the following statement : `` Eton College takes its legal responsibilities extremely seriously and expects all school activities to comply with the law .	extremely seriously	Did Eton 's official statement say that they took the matter seriously or frivilously ?
a relationship with the Roxbury Latin School , a traditional all-boys private school in Boston , USA .	Roxbury Latin School	Which male private school in Boston , USA has Eton formed a relationship with ?
Hennessy Scholars generally reside in Wotton house .	Wotton house	Where do Hennessy Scholars typically reside ?
The headmasters ' close friendship spawned the Hennessy Scholarship , an annual prize established in 2005 and awarded to a graduating RL senior for a year of study at Eton .	2005	In which year was the Hennessy Scholarship founded ?
Eton College is also a member of the G20 Schools Group , a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world , including Turkey 's Robert College , the United States ' Phillips Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy , Australia 's Scotch College , Melbourne Grammar School and Launceston Church Grammar School , Singapore 's Raffles Institution , and Switzerland 's International School of Geneva .	a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world	What is the G20 School 's Group ?
Besides Prince William and Prince Harry , members of the extended British Royal Family who have attended Eton include Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester and his son Alexander Windsor , Earl of Ulster ; Prince Edward , Duke of Kent , his eldest son George Windsor , Earl of St Andrews and grandson Edward Windsor , Lord Downpatrick and his youngest son Lord Nicholas Windsor ; Prince Michael of Kent and his son Lord Frederick Windsor ; James Ogilvy , son of Princess Alexandra and the Right Honourable Angus Ogilvy , himself an Eton alumnus .	Prince Richard	Which Duke of Gloucester attended Eton ?
Besides Prince William and Prince Harry , members of the extended British Royal Family who have attended Eton include Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester and his son Alexander Windsor , Earl of Ulster ; Prince Edward , Duke of Kent , his eldest son George Windsor , Earl of St Andrews and grandson Edward Windsor , Lord Downpatrick and his youngest son Lord Nicholas Windsor ; Prince Michael of Kent and his son Lord Frederick Windsor ; James Ogilvy , son of Princess Alexandra and the Right Honourable Angus Ogilvy , himself an Eton alumnus .	Ulster	Where is Prince Richard 's son , Alexander Windsor , Earl of ?
Prince William of Gloucester -LRB- 1942-1972 -RRB- also attended Eton , as did George Lascelles , 7th Earl of Harewood , son of Princess Mary , Princess Royal .	George Lascelles	Which 7th Earl of Harewood attended Eton ?
Prince William of Gloucester -LRB- 1942-1972 -RRB- also attended Eton , as did George Lascelles , 7th Earl of Harewood , son of Princess Mary , Princess Royal .	Princess Mary, Princess Royal	Who was George Lascelles ' mother ?
Other notable Old Etonians include scientists Robert Boyle , John Maynard Smith , J. B. S. Haldane , Stephen Wolfram and the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner , John Gurdon ; Beau Brummell ; economists John Maynard Keynes and Richard Layard ; Antarctic explorer Lawrence Oates ; politician Alan Clark ; entrepreneur , charity organiser and partner of Adele , Simon Konecki ; cricket commentator Henry Blofeld ; explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes ; adventurer Bear Grylls ; composers Thomas Arne , George Butterworth , Roger Quilter , Frederick Septimus Kelly , Donald Tovey , Thomas Dunhill , Lord Berners , Victor Hely-Hutchinson , and Peter Warlock -LRB- Philip Heseltine -RRB- ; Hubert Parry , who wrote the song Jerusalem and the coronation anthem I was glad ; and musicians Frank Turner and Humphrey Lyttelton .	John Gurdon	Which 2012 Nobel Prize winner attended Eton ?
Other notable Old Etonians include scientists Robert Boyle , John Maynard Smith , J. B. S. Haldane , Stephen Wolfram and the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner , John Gurdon ; Beau Brummell ; economists John Maynard Keynes and Richard Layard ; Antarctic explorer Lawrence Oates ; politician Alan Clark ; entrepreneur , charity organiser and partner of Adele , Simon Konecki ; cricket commentator Henry Blofeld ; explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes ; adventurer Bear Grylls ; composers Thomas Arne , George Butterworth , Roger Quilter , Frederick Septimus Kelly , Donald Tovey , Thomas Dunhill , Lord Berners , Victor Hely-Hutchinson , and Peter Warlock -LRB- Philip Heseltine -RRB- ; Hubert Parry , who wrote the song Jerusalem and the coronation anthem I was glad ; and musicians Frank Turner and Humphrey Lyttelton .	Lawrence Oates	Which Antarctic explorer attended Eton ?
Notable Old Etonians in the media include the former Political Editor of both ITN and The Times , Julian Haviland ; the current BBC Deputy Political Editor , James Landale , and the BBC Science Editor , David Shukman ; the current President of Conde Nast International and Managing Director of Conde Nast UK , Nicholas Coleridge ; the former ITN newscaster and BBC Panorama presenter , Ludovic Kennedy ; current BBC World News and BBC Rough Justice current affairs presenter David Jessel ; former chief ITV and Channel 4 racing commentator John Oaksey ; 1950s BBC newsreader and 1960s ITN newscaster Timothy Brinton ; 1960s BBC newsreader Corbet Woodall ; the former Editor of The Daily Telegraph , Charles Moore ; the former Editor of The Spectator , Ferdinand Mount ; and the current Editor of The Mail on Sunday , Geordie Greig .	James Landale	Which current BBC Deputy Political Editor attended Eton ?
Notable Old Etonians in the media include the former Political Editor of both ITN and The Times , Julian Haviland ; the current BBC Deputy Political Editor , James Landale , and the BBC Science Editor , David Shukman ; the current President of Conde Nast International and Managing Director of Conde Nast UK , Nicholas Coleridge ; the former ITN newscaster and BBC Panorama presenter , Ludovic Kennedy ; current BBC World News and BBC Rough Justice current affairs presenter David Jessel ; former chief ITV and Channel 4 racing commentator John Oaksey ; 1950s BBC newsreader and 1960s ITN newscaster Timothy Brinton ; 1960s BBC newsreader Corbet Woodall ; the former Editor of The Daily Telegraph , Charles Moore ; the former Editor of The Spectator , Ferdinand Mount ; and the current Editor of The Mail on Sunday , Geordie Greig .	Charles Moore	Which former Editor of the Daily Telegraph attended Eton ?
Notable Old Etonians in the media include the former Political Editor of both ITN and The Times , Julian Haviland ; the current BBC Deputy Political Editor , James Landale , and the BBC Science Editor , David Shukman ; the current President of Conde Nast International and Managing Director of Conde Nast UK , Nicholas Coleridge ; the former ITN newscaster and BBC Panorama presenter , Ludovic Kennedy ; current BBC World News and BBC Rough Justice current affairs presenter David Jessel ; former chief ITV and Channel 4 racing commentator John Oaksey ; 1950s BBC newsreader and 1960s ITN newscaster Timothy Brinton ; 1960s BBC newsreader Corbet Woodall ; the former Editor of The Daily Telegraph , Charles Moore ; the former Editor of The Spectator , Ferdinand Mount ; and the current Editor of The Mail on Sunday , Geordie Greig .	Geordie Greig	Who is a former Eton alumn and current Editor of The Mail on Sunday ?
Actor Dominic West has been unenthusiastic about the career benefits of being an Old Etonian , saying it `` is a stigma that is slightly above ` paedophile ' in the media in a gallery of infamy '' , but asked whether he would consider sending his own children there , said `` Yes , I would .	Yes, I would.	According to actor Dominic Wes , would he send his children to Eton ?
They champion the talent of the individual and that 's what 's special about it '' .	They champion the talent of the individual	According to actor Tom Hiddleston , that is special about Eton ?
It 's an extraordinary place ... It has the facilities and the excellence of teaching and it will find what you 're good at and nurture it '' , while the actor Tom Hiddleston says there are widespread misconceptions about Eton , and that `` People think it 's just full of braying toffs ... It is n't true ... It 's actually one of the most broadminded places I 've ever been .	Tom Hiddleston	Which actor states there are widespread misconceptions about Eton ?
Cork was originally a monastic settlement , reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century .	Saint Finbarr	Who was thought to have founded Cork ?
Cork was originally a monastic settlement , reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century .	6th century	When was Cork believed to have been founded ?
Cork achieved an urban character at some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman -LRB- Viking -RRB- settlers founded a trading port .	some point between 915 and 922	When did Viking travelers establish a trading post in Cork ?
The ecclesiastical settlement continued alongside the Viking longphort , with the two developing a type of symbiotic relationship ; the Norsemen providing otherwise unobtainable trade goods for the monastery , and perhaps also military aid .	ecclesiastical	What kind of settlement was Cork ?
The ecclesiastical settlement continued alongside the Viking longphort , with the two developing a type of symbiotic relationship ; the Norsemen providing otherwise unobtainable trade goods for the monastery , and perhaps also military aid .	otherwise unobtainable trade goods	What did the Norsemen provide to the monastery ?
The city 's charter was granted by Prince John , as Lord of Ireland , in 1185 .	Prince John	Who granted Cork 's charter ?
The city was once fully walled , and some wall sections and gates remain today .	fully walled	What kind of protection did Cork have ?
The city was once fully walled , and some wall sections and gates remain today .	some wall sections and gates	What parts of Cork 's defense remain today ?
Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted `` Black Rent '' from the citizens to keep them from attacking the city .	Black Rent	What would citizens of Cork pay to neighboring lords in order to prevent them from attacking their city ?
Together , these baronies are located between the Barony of Barrymore to the east , Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south .	between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south	Where is the present city of Cork located geographically ?
The city 's municipal government was dominated by about 12 -- 15 merchant families , whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe -- in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt , iron and wine .	12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe	Who controlled Cork 's municipal government ?
The medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people .	about 2,100	How many citizens were origionally in Cork ?
It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town .	Black Death	What caused the deaths of half of Cork 's citizens ?
It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town .	1349	When did the plague hit Cork ?
In 1491 , Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck a pretender to the English throne , landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England .	Perkin Warbeck	Who tried to recruit citizens of Cork to overthrow Henry VII ?
The climate of Cork , like the rest of Ireland , is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes .	mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes	What is the weather like in Cork ?
Met Éireann maintains a climatological weather station at Cork Airport , a few kilometres south of the city .	Met Éireann	Who keeps a weather station in Cork ?
It should be noted that the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres -LRB- 495 ft -RRB- and temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the city itself .	the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft)	Why can temperatures differ so much between the city of Cork and the weather station maintained at the airport ?
There are also smaller synoptic weather stations at UCC and Clover Hill .	UCC and Clover Hill	Where are some weather stations near Cork ?
Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b .	lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b	If you are going to farm in Cork , what should you be aware of ?
Cork Airport records an average of 1,227.9 millimetres -LRB- 4.029 ft -RRB- of precipitation annually , most of which is rain .	1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft)	How much precipitation does Cork usually receive ?
Cork Airport records an average of 1,227.9 millimetres -LRB- 4.029 ft -RRB- of precipitation annually , most of which is rain .	rain	What is usually the type of precipitation that Cork receives ?
The airport records an average of 7 days of hail and 11 days of snow or sleet a year ; though it only records lying snow for 2 days of the year .	2 days	How long does snow hang around in Cork ?
Cork is also a generally foggy city , with an average of 97 days of fog a year , most common during mornings and during winter .	foggy	What is the atmosphere typically like in Cork ?
Cork is also a generally foggy city , with an average of 97 days of fog a year , most common during mornings and during winter .	average of 97	How many foggy days does Cork usually have per year ?
The Everyman Palace Theatre -LRB- capacity c. 650 -RRB- and the Granary Theatre -LRB- capacity c. 150 -RRB- both play host to dramatic plays throughout the year .	The Everyman Palace Theatre (capacity c.650) and the Granary Theatre (capacity c.150)	Where is a good place to find dramatic plays all year in Cork ?
Highlights include : Corcadorca Theatre Company , of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member prior to Hollywood fame ; the Institute for Choreography and Dance , a national contemporary dance resource ; -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the Triskel Arts Centre -LRB- capacity c. 90 -RRB- , which includes the Triskel Christchurch independent cinema ; dance venue the Firkin Crane -LRB- capacity c. 240 -RRB- ; the Cork Academy of Dramatic Art -LRB- CADA -RRB- and Graffiti Theatre Company ; and the Cork Jazz Festival , Cork Film Festival , and Live at the Marquee events .	Cillian Murphy	Which Hollywood actress first began in Cork at the Corcadorca Theatre Company ?
Highlights include : Corcadorca Theatre Company , of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member prior to Hollywood fame ; the Institute for Choreography and Dance , a national contemporary dance resource ; -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the Triskel Arts Centre -LRB- capacity c. 90 -RRB- , which includes the Triskel Christchurch independent cinema ; dance venue the Firkin Crane -LRB- capacity c. 240 -RRB- ; the Cork Academy of Dramatic Art -LRB- CADA -RRB- and Graffiti Theatre Company ; and the Cork Jazz Festival , Cork Film Festival , and Live at the Marquee events .	the Firkin Crane (capacity c.240)	What is a major dance venue in Cork ?
Highlights include : Corcadorca Theatre Company , of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member prior to Hollywood fame ; the Institute for Choreography and Dance , a national contemporary dance resource ; -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the Triskel Arts Centre -LRB- capacity c. 90 -RRB- , which includes the Triskel Christchurch independent cinema ; dance venue the Firkin Crane -LRB- capacity c. 240 -RRB- ; the Cork Academy of Dramatic Art -LRB- CADA -RRB- and Graffiti Theatre Company ; and the Cork Jazz Festival , Cork Film Festival , and Live at the Marquee events .	Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) and Graffiti Theatre Company	What are someplaces that you could study drama and therter in Cork ?
Highlights include : Corcadorca Theatre Company , of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member prior to Hollywood fame ; the Institute for Choreography and Dance , a national contemporary dance resource ; -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the Triskel Arts Centre -LRB- capacity c. 90 -RRB- , which includes the Triskel Christchurch independent cinema ; dance venue the Firkin Crane -LRB- capacity c. 240 -RRB- ; the Cork Academy of Dramatic Art -LRB- CADA -RRB- and Graffiti Theatre Company ; and the Cork Jazz Festival , Cork Film Festival , and Live at the Marquee events .	the Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival, and Live at the Marquee	WHat are some festivals or events of note in Cork ?
Singer songwriter Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan of The High Llamas also hail from Cork .	Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan	Which group members of The High Llamas are from Cork ?
The opera singers Cara O'Sullivan , Mary Hegarty , Brendan Collins , and Sam McElroy are also Cork born .	Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy	Which major opera singers were born in Cork ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Cork 's underground scene is supported by Plugd Records .	Plugd Records	Who runs the underground music scene in Cork ?
Ranging in capacity from 50 to 1,000 , the main music venues in the city are the Cork Opera House -LRB- capacity c. 1000 -RRB- , Cyprus Avenue , Triskel Christchurch , the Roundy , the Savoy and Coughlan 's .	Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's	What are the main attractions in Cork ?
Cork is home to the RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet , and to many musical acts , including John Spillane , The Frank And Walters , Sultans of Ping , Simple Kid , Microdisney , Fred , Mick Flannery and the late Rory Gallagher .	RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet	Which famous quartet calls Cork it 's home ?
Cork has been culturally diverse for many years , from Huguenot communities in the 17th century , through to Eastern European communities and a smaller numbers from African and Asian nations in the 20th and 21st centuries .	Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities	What are 2 major cultural influences of Cork ?
This is reflected in the multi-cultural restaurants and shops , including specialist shops for East-European or Middle-Eastern food , Chinese and Thai restaurants , French patisseries , Indian buffets , and Middle Eastern kebab houses .	multi-cultural restaurants and shops	What things show Corks diverse culural background ?
Cork saw some Jewish immigration from Lithuania and Russia in the late 19th century .	late 19th century	When did Cork begin to see people from Russia and Lithuania immigrating to their city ?
Cork also features various Christian churches , as well as a mosque .	various Christian churches, as well as a mosque	What types of religions can be found in Cork ?
Some Catholic masses around the city are said in Polish , Filipino , Lithuanian , Romanian and other languages , in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English language services .	masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages, in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English	How do the Catholic churches handle the diverse languages of Cork ?
Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall , with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched than other Irish accents .	Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched	What sets the Cork accent apart from other Irish accents ?
The Cork accent displays varying degrees of rhoticity , usually depending on the social-class of the speaker .	rhoticity	What is the name of the English dialects that are written and spoken in Cork ?
Like standard Hiberno-English , some of these words originate from the Irish language , but others through other languages Cork 's inhabitants encountered at home and abroad .	at home and abroad	Where did Cork get pieces of its language from ?
The Cork accent displays varying degrees of rhoticity , usually depending on the social-class of the speaker .	rhoticity	What is the pronunciation of the Irish `` r '' called ?
There are also local stations such as Cork 's 96FM , Cork 's Red FM , C103 , CUH 102.0 FM , UCC 98.3 FM -LRB- formerly Cork Campus Radio 97.4 fm -RRB- and Christian radio station Life 93.1 FM .	Life 93.1FM	Is there a Christian radio station in Cork ?
Cork has also been home to pirate radio stations , including South Coast Radio and ERI in the 1980s .	South Coast Radio and ERI	What are some pirate radio stations that were based in Cork ?
A number of neighbouring counties radio stations can be heard in parts of Cork City including Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1 .	Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1	What nearby radio stations can be picked up in Cork ?
Cork has also been home to pirate radio stations , including South Coast Radio and ERI in the 1980s .	1980s	When were South Coast Radio and ERI running their pirate stations out of Cork ?
There are also local stations such as Cork 's 96FM , Cork 's Red FM , C103 , CUH 102.0 FM , UCC 98.3 FM -LRB- formerly Cork Campus Radio 97.4 fm -RRB- and Christian radio station Life 93.1 FM .	UCC 98.3FM	What did Cork Campus Radio change to ?
Cork is home to one of Ireland 's main national newspapers , the Irish Examiner -LRB- formerly the Cork Examiner -RRB- .	the Irish Examiner	WHich Irish newspaper has it 's homebase in Cork , Ireland ?
Cork is home to one of Ireland 's main national newspapers , the Irish Examiner -LRB- formerly the Cork Examiner -RRB- .	Cork Examiner	What was the Irish Examiner 's previous identity ?
It also prints the Evening Echo , which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys , who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper .	poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper	Who are the Echo Boys ?
It also prints the Evening Echo , which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys , who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper .	Evening Echo	What newspaper did the Echo Boys sell ?
The city 's University publishes the UCC Express and Motley magazine .	UCC Express and Motley magazine	What publications are put out by the UCC ?
Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods .	Medieval to Modern	From which periods are the buildings in Cork from ?
The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey .	only notable remnant of the Medieval era	What is so special about the Red Abbey in Cork ?
There are two cathedrals in the city ; St. Mary 's Cathedral and Saint Fin Barre 's Cathedral .	two	How many cathedrals does Cork host ?
St Mary 's Cathedral , often referred to as the North Cathedral , is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in 1808 .	St Mary's Cathedral	What is the Catholic cathedral of Cork ?
St Mary 's Cathedral , often referred to as the North Cathedral , is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in 1808 .	North Cathedral	What else is St. Mary 's known as ?
St. Patrick 's Street , the main street of the city which was remodelled in the mid-2000s , is known for the architecture of the buildings along its pedestrian-friendly route and is the main shopping thoroughfare .	St. Patrick's Street	What is main street Cork ?
St. Patrick 's Street , the main street of the city which was remodelled in the mid-2000s , is known for the architecture of the buildings along its pedestrian-friendly route and is the main shopping thoroughfare .	mid-2000s	When was St. Patrick 's Street remodeled ?
The reason for its curved shape is that it originally was a channel of the River Lee that was built over on arches .	it originally was a channel of the River Lee that was built over on arches	What is St. Patrick 's Street curved ?
The General Post Office , with its limestone façade , is on Oliver Plunkett Street , on the site of the Theatre Royal which was built in 1760 and burned down in 1840 .	1840	When did the Theatre Royal burn ?
The English circus proprietor Pablo Fanque rebuilt an amphitheatre on the spot in 1850 , which was subsequently transformed into a theatre and then into the present General Post Office in 1877 .	General Post Office	What was built on the site of the old Theatre Royal ?
Many of the city 's buildings are in the Georgian style , although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures , such as County Hall tower , which was , at one time the tallest building in Ireland until being superseded by another Cork City building : The Elysian .	Georgian	What style does most of the city 's architecture belong to ?
Many of the city 's buildings are in the Georgian style , although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures , such as County Hall tower , which was , at one time the tallest building in Ireland until being superseded by another Cork City building : The Elysian .	The Elysian	WHat is the tallest building in Cork ?
Across the river from County Hall is Ireland 's longest building ; built in Victorian times , Our Lady 's Psychiatric Hospital has now been renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall , after its architect William Atkins .	Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital	What is the longest building in Cork ?
Across the river from County Hall is Ireland 's longest building ; built in Victorian times , Our Lady 's Psychiatric Hospital has now been renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall , after its architect William Atkins .	Atkins Hall	What has the old Psychiatric Hospital been turned into ?
Across the river from County Hall is Ireland 's longest building ; built in Victorian times , Our Lady 's Psychiatric Hospital has now been renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall , after its architect William Atkins .	a residential housing complex	What is Atkin 's Hall ?
Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of University College Cork , through which the River Lee flows , the Women 's Gaol at Sundays Well -LRB- now a heritage centre -RRB- and the English Market .	University College Cork	What is the name of the college in Cork ?
Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of University College Cork , through which the River Lee flows , the Women 's Gaol at Sundays Well -LRB- now a heritage centre -RRB- and the English Market .	River Lee	Which river runs through the university 's campus ?
This covered market traces its origins back to 1610 , and the present building dates from 1786 .	present building dates from 1786	How old is the building holding the covered market ?
Other notable places include Elizabeth Fort , the Cork Opera House , Christ Church on South Main Street -LRB- now the Triskel Arts Centre and original site of early Hiberno-Norse church -RRB- , St Mary 's Dominican Church on Popes Quay and Fitzgerald 's Park to the west of the city , which contains the Cork Public Museum .	Popes Quay	Where is St Mary 's Dominican Church ?
Other notable places include Elizabeth Fort , the Cork Opera House , Christ Church on South Main Street -LRB- now the Triskel Arts Centre and original site of early Hiberno-Norse church -RRB- , St Mary 's Dominican Church on Popes Quay and Fitzgerald 's Park to the west of the city , which contains the Cork Public Museum .	Fitzgerald's Park	Where is the Cork Public Museum ?
While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries , the council has responsibility for planning , roads , sanitation , libraries , street lighting , parks , and a number of other important functions .	local government	Who takes care of roads and sanitation in Cork ?
Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards .	six electoral wards	How many wards make up Cork ?
The members are affiliated to the following political parties : Fine Gael -LRB- 5 members -RRB- , Fianna Fáil -LRB- 10 members -RRB- , Sinn Féin -LRB- 8 members -RRB- , Anti-Austerity Alliance -LRB- 3 members -RRB- , Workers ' Party -LRB- 1 member -RRB- , Independents -LRB- 4 members -RRB- .	Fianna Fáil (10 members)	What is the most well represented ward in Cork ?
The members are affiliated to the following political parties : Fine Gael -LRB- 5 members -RRB- , Fianna Fáil -LRB- 10 members -RRB- , Sinn Féin -LRB- 8 members -RRB- , Anti-Austerity Alliance -LRB- 3 members -RRB- , Workers ' Party -LRB- 1 member -RRB- , Independents -LRB- 4 members -RRB- .	Workers' Party	Which party has the least amount of members ?
A new Lord Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count .	vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count	How is a mayor chosen in Cork ?
The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of both modern , state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops .	state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops	What types of retail offerings are found in Cork ?
As of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- this area has been impacted by the post-2008 downturn , with many retail spaces available for let .	many retail spaces available for let	What happened after the economy dropped off around 2008 ?
Cork is also home to some of the country 's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores being laid in the city .	Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores	What major department stores gottheir starts in Cork ?
The Grand Parade scheme , on the site of the former Capitol Cineplex , was planning-approved for 60,000 square feet -LRB- 5,600 m2 -RRB- of retail space , with work commencing in 2016 .	2016	When will work on the Grand Parade begin ?
The Grand Parade scheme , on the site of the former Capitol Cineplex , was planning-approved for 60,000 square feet -LRB- 5,600 m2 -RRB- of retail space , with work commencing in 2016 .	60,000 square feet (5,600 m2)	How large is the retail space in the Grand Parade proposed to be ?
Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals , with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region .	pharmaceuticals	What is the main industry in Cork ?
Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals , with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region .	Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis	Who are the two major industry employers in Cork ?
The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra .	Viagra	What is the most famous pharmaceutical company in Cork ?
Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing , R&D and customer support .	Apple	What major computing company calls Cork it 's European Headquarters ?
Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area .	Logitech and EMC Corporation	Who are important industrial technology companies in Cork ?
The city is also home to the Heineken Brewery that brews Murphy 's Irish Stout and the nearby Beamish and Crawford brewery -LRB- taken over by Heineken in 2008 -RRB- which have been in the city for generations .	Heineken	Cork is home to which internationally famous brewery ?
45 % of the world 's Tic Tac sweets are manufactured at the city 's Ferrero factory .	45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets	What is the Ferro Factory known for producing ?
For many years , Cork was the home to Ford Motor Company , which manufactured cars in the docklands area before the plant was closed in 1984 .	Ford Motor Company	Which car company closed the doors on it 's Cork operations in 1984 ?
But technology has replaced the old manufacturing businesses of the 1970s and 1980s , with people now working in the many I.T. centres of the city -- such as Amazon.com , the online retailer , which has set up in Cork Airport Business Park .	Amazon.com	What online retail giant has operations at the Cork Airport Business Park ?
Henry Ford 's grandfather was from West Cork , which was one of the main reasons for opening up the manufacturing facility in Cork .	Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork	Why was it natural to have Ford Motor Company based in Cork ?
Public bus services within the city are provided by the national bus operator Bus Éireann .	Bus Éireann	Who runs the public busses in Cork ?
Suburban services also include shuttles to Cork Airport , and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only .	shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only	Besides busses , what kinds of public transportation are offered in Cork ?
City routes are numbered from 201 through to 219 and connect the city centre to the principal suburbs , colleges , shopping centres and places of interest .	connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest	What do the routes consist of ?
For example , the Cork South Link dual carriageway was built in the early 1980s , to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre .	1980s	When was the Cork South Link dual carriageway built ?
For example , the Cork South Link dual carriageway was built in the early 1980s , to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre .	to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre	What was the purpose of the dual carriageway ?
The Kinsale Road flyover opened in August 2006 to remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney .	remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney	What was the purpose of the Kinsale Road flyover ?
City Centre road improvements include the Patrick Street project - which reconstructed the street with a pedestrian focus .	pedestrian focus	What was a beneficial improvement made to Patrick Street ?
Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland , featuring eight stations at various times .	eight	How many rail stations has cork had over the years ?
Now a through station , the line through Kent connects the towns of Cobh and Midleton east of the city .	the line through Kent	What connects Cobh and Midleton to Cork ?
The main route , still much the same today , is from Dublin Heuston .	Dublin Heuston	Where does the main rail originate ?
Originally terminating on the city 's outskirts at Blackpool , the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via Glanmire tunnel .	Blackpool	Where was the original end of the line ?
Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland , featuring eight stations at various times .	Cork	What was Ireland 's most rail-centric city ?
Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation .	two	How many tram systems were in Cork ?
A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram -LRB- linking the city 's railway termini -RRB- was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s , and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company .	George Francis Train	Who wanted to develop a horse drawn tram system ?
A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram -LRB- linking the city 's railway termini -RRB- was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s , and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company .	1872	When did the Cork Tramway Company start a horse driven tram system ?
However , the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line , mainly because of objections from cab operators to the type of tracks which -- although they were laid to the Irish national railway gauge of 5 ft 3in -- protruded from the road surface .	Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line	Why did the Cork Tramway Company stop operations ?
However , the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line , mainly because of objections from cab operators to the type of tracks which -- although they were laid to the Irish national railway gauge of 5 ft 3in -- protruded from the road surface .	protruded from the road surface	Why did the cab operators not like the tracks ?
In July 2009 the Glounthaune to Midleton line was reopened , with new stations at Carrigtwohill and Midleton -LRB- with future stations planned for Kilbarry , Monard , Carrigtwohill West and Blarney -RRB- .	Glounthaune to Midleton	Which line was reopened in 2009 ?
In July 2009 the Glounthaune to Midleton line was reopened , with new stations at Carrigtwohill and Midleton -LRB- with future stations planned for Kilbarry , Monard , Carrigtwohill West and Blarney -RRB- .	Carrigtwohill and Midleton	What new stations were added to the Glounthaune to Midleton line ?
Little Island Railway Station serves Cork 's Eastern Suburbs , while Kilbarry Railway Station is planned to serve the Northern Suburbs .	Kilbarry Railway Station	What station is going to be available to the Northern Suburbs ?
Little Island Railway Station serves Cork 's Eastern Suburbs , while Kilbarry Railway Station is planned to serve the Northern Suburbs .	Cork's Eastern Suburbs	Where are the Little Island Railway Station routes ?
The Cork Suburban Rail system also departs from Kent Station and provides connections to parts of Metropolitan Cork .	The Cork Suburban Rail	What system are Little Island , Mallow , Midleton , Fota and Cobh stations of ?
The National Maritime College of Ireland is also located in Cork and is the only college in Ireland in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken .	The National Maritime College of Ireland	Where can one study nautical and marine subjects in Cork ?
CIT also incorporates the Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design as constituent schools .	Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design	What liberal arts type colleges are in Cork ?
The Cork College of Commerce is the largest post-Leaving Certificate college in Ireland and is also the biggest provider of Vocational Preparation and Training courses in the country .	The Cork College of Commerce	Who provides vocational training in Cork ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Other 3rd level institutions include Griffith College Cork , a private institution , and various other colleges .	Griffith College Cork	Who offers post-secondary education in Cork ?
In CIT , The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies .	The Rubicon Centre	What is the biggest conglomeration of start-up companies in Cork ?
Examples include the Tyndall National Institute -LRB- ICT hardware research -RRB- , IMERC -LRB- Marine Energy -RRB- , Environmental Research Institute , NIMBUS -LRB- Network Embedded Systems -RRB- ; and CREATE -LRB- Advanced Therapeutic Engineering -RRB- .	IMERC (Marine Energy)	Where is a good source of marine research in Cork ?
In UCC , the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to foster and support entrepreneurship .	the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre	What is a good source for business start-ups in Cork ?
In CIT , The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies .	57	How many start-ups are associated with the Rubicon Center ?
Hurling and football are the most popular spectator sports in the city .	Hurling and football	What are the biggest sports draws in Cork ?
Hurling has a strong identity with city and county -- with Cork winning 30 All-Ireland Championships .	30	How many All-Ireland Championships has Cork won ?
Gaelic football is also popular , and Cork has won 7 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles .	7	How many All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles have been won by Cork ?
Camogie -LRB- hurling for ladies -RRB- and women 's gaelic football are increasing in popularity .	Camogie	What kind of hurling do the women of Cork play ?
Camogie -LRB- hurling for ladies -RRB- and women 's gaelic football are increasing in popularity .	gaelic football	What sport has been gaining steam as more and more women play ?
There are a variety of watersports in Cork , including rowing and sailing .	rowing and sailing	What kinds of sea faring sports are available in Cork ?
There are five rowing clubs training on the river Lee , including Shandon BC , UCC RC , Pres RC , Lee RC , and Cork BC .	five	How many rowing clubs are in Cork ?
The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven -LRB- outside the city -RRB- is the world 's oldest yacht club , and `` Cork Week '' is a notable sailing event .	The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven	Where is the world 's oldest yahct club ?
The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven -LRB- outside the city -RRB- is the world 's oldest yacht club , and `` Cork Week '' is a notable sailing event .	Cork Week	What is one of the more popular sailing events in Cork ?
The `` Ocean to City '' race has been held annually since 2005 , and attracts teams and boats from local and visiting clubs who row the 24 kilometres -LRB- 15 mi -RRB- from Crosshaven into Cork city centre .	Ocean to City	What annual rowing event has been happening in Cork since 2005 ?
The most notable cricket club in Cork is Cork County Cricket Club , which was formed in 1874 .	Cork County Cricket Club	What 's the most famous cricket club in Cork ?
The most notable cricket club in Cork is Cork County Cricket Club , which was formed in 1874 .	1874	When was the Cork County Cricket Club established ?
Although located within the Munster jurisdiction , the club plays in the Leinster Senior League .	Leinster Senior League	Which league does the Cork County Cricket Club belong to ?
The club plays at the Mardyke , a ground which has hosted three first-class matches in 1947 , 1961 and 1973 .	1947, 1961 and 1973	Which first-class matches were hosted at Mardyke ?
All three involved Ireland playing Scotland .	Ireland playing Scotland	Which teams played in the three first class matches ?
Cork also hosts one of Ireland 's most successful Australian Rules Football teams , the Leeside Lions , who have won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership four times -LRB- in 2002 , 2003 , 2005 and 2007 -RRB- .	Leeside Lions	Which Australian Rules Football team is Cork home to ?
Cork also hosts one of Ireland 's most successful Australian Rules Football teams , the Leeside Lions , who have won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership four times -LRB- in 2002 , 2003 , 2005 and 2007 -RRB- .	four	How many times have the Leeside Lions won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership ?
Cork also hosts one of Ireland 's most successful Australian Rules Football teams , the Leeside Lions , who have won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership four times -LRB- in 2002 , 2003 , 2005 and 2007 -RRB- .	2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007	When did the Leeside Lions win the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership ?
There are also inline roller sports , such as hockey and figure skating , which transfer to the ice over the winter season .	hockey and figure skating	Which inline roller sports translate well to winter in Cork ?
There are also boxing and martial arts clubs -LRB- including Brazilian jiu-jitsu , Karate , Muay Thai and Taekwondo -RRB- within the city .	Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo	What Martial Arts can be found within Cork ?
Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government , combining a general government -LRB- the central or ` federal ' government -RRB- with regional governments -LRB- provincial , state , Land , cantonal , territorial or other sub-unit governments -RRB- in a single political system .	mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments	What is federalism ?
Its distinctive feature , exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789 , is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established .	a relationship of parity between the two levels of government	What features are distinctive of federalism ?
It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status .	a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status	What is federlism defined as ?
Its distinctive feature , exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789 , is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established .	Constitution of 1789	What document exemplified modern federalist government ?
Its distinctive feature , exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789 , is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established .	a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established	What distinguishes Federalism from other types of government ?
It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status .	there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.	Is the division of power among different levels of government equal in a Federalist government ?
Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government , combining a general government -LRB- the central or ` federal ' government -RRB- with regional governments -LRB- provincial , state , Land , cantonal , territorial or other sub-unit governments -RRB- in a single political system .	general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments	Federalism combines what two types of government ?
Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government , combining a general government -LRB- the central or ` federal ' government -RRB- with regional governments -LRB- provincial , state , Land , cantonal , territorial or other sub-unit governments -RRB- in a single political system .	Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government	What is federalism ?
It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status .	division of powers between two levels of government of equal status	In Federalism , are the division of powers equal ?
Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government , combining a general government -LRB- the central or ` federal ' government -RRB- with regional governments -LRB- provincial , state , Land , cantonal , territorial or other sub-unit governments -RRB- in a single political system .	general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments	What type of governments are included in federalism ?
Its distinctive feature , exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789 , is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established .	relationship of parity between the two levels of government	How many governments are apart of federalism ?
What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established .	equality of standing between the two levels of government	What distinguishes Federalism from other multi-level governments ?
The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century , over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession , showed this .	Civil War	What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was not possible ?
The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union .	European Union	What organization is a leading example of a federal union ?
This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms , where before only one was known , based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole -LRB- in one people -RRB- or in the parts -LRB- in many peoples -RRB- : the federal state -LRB- or federation -RRB- and the federal union of states -LRB- or federal union -RRB- , respectively .	federal state (or federation)	What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the whole ?
This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms , where before only one was known , based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole -LRB- in one people -RRB- or in the parts -LRB- in many peoples -RRB- : the federal state -LRB- or federation -RRB- and the federal union of states -LRB- or federal union -RRB- , respectively .	two distinct federal forms	New research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms ?
Until recently , in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition , the concept was thought to mean -LRB- as a shorthand -RRB- ' a division of sovereignty between two levels of government ' .	a division of sovereignty between two levels of government	Before new research , what was the definition of federalism ?
New research , however , argues that this can not be correct , as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible .	final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible.	After new research , what was the final definition of federalism ?
The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century , over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession , showed this .	The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century	When was federalism put into place ?
What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established .	the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established	What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism ?
The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union .	the European Union	What is an example of a federal union ?
The terms ` federalism ' and ` confederalism ' both have a root in the Latin word foedus , meaning treaty , pact or covenant .	foedus	What is the Latin word for federalism ?
Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty .	a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty.	What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century ?
It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as ` neither a national nor a federal Constitution , but a composition of both ' -LRB- ie .	'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both	What did James Madison referred to the new United States as ?
Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities , the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States , Germany or Australia , but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland .	homogeneous states	Where does the federalist model work best in ?
Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities , the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States , Germany or Australia , but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland .	United States, Germany or Australia	What are homogeneous states ?
Tensions between territories can still be found in federalist countries such as Canada and federation as a way to appease and quell military conflict has failed recently in places like Lybia or Iraq , while the formula is simultaneously proposed and dismissed in countries such as Ukraine or Syria .	Canada	Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries ?
Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test .	Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia	What countries did the federalist model fail in ?
Tensions between territories can still be found in federalist countries such as Canada and federation as a way to appease and quell military conflict has failed recently in places like Lybia or Iraq , while the formula is simultaneously proposed and dismissed in countries such as Ukraine or Syria .	Ukraine or Syria	What countries dismissed the federalist model ?
In the United States , federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government .	belief in a stronger central government.	In the United States , what was federalism referred to ?
When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted , the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government , while `` Anti-Federalists '' wanted a weaker central government .	stronger central government	When the U.S Constitution was being drafted , what did the federalist party support ?
When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted , the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government , while `` Anti-Federalists '' wanted a weaker central government .	weaker central government	What did anti-federalist support ?
The distinction stems from the fact that `` federalism '' is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state .	federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state	On the political spectrum , where does federalism stand ?
In contrast , Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America , thus European `` federalism '' argues for a weaker central government , relative to a unitary state .	Europe	Who has a greater history of unitary states ?
In contrast , Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America , thus European `` federalism '' argues for a weaker central government , relative to a unitary state .	weaker central government, relative to a unitary state	What does federalism mean in Europe ?
Most people politically advocating `` federalism '' in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government , especially the judiciary -LRB- see Federalist Society , New Federalism -RRB- .	judiciary	What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model ?
On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation .	nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation	What happened on January 1st 1901 ?
The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788 , which subsequently established six , eventually self-governing , colonies there .	1788	When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent ?
The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America , although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system .	United States of America	Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia ?
The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788 , which subsequently established six , eventually self-governing , colonies there .	six, eventually self-governing, colonies	What was established when Australia was colonized ?
In Brazil , the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system , headed by Deodoro da Fonseca .	1889	When was Brazil 's fall of the monarchy ?
In Brazil , the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system , headed by Deodoro da Fonseca .	military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca.	Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil ?
Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa , Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree , but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891 , although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles .	1891	When did Brazil adopt federalism ?
Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade .	Fonseca system	What other system does Brazil use ?
Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade .	regulate interstate trade	What is the fonseca system ?
The government of India is based on a tiered system , in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers .	tiered system	What is the government of India based on ?
The government of India is based on a tiered system , in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers .	the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers	What is a tiered system ?
The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government , the Union Government -LRB- also known as the Central Government -RRB- , representing the Union of India , and the State governments .	two-tier system of government	What was the constitution originally provided for ?
Later , a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities .	Panchayats and Municipalities	When the third tiere was added on , what is it in form of ?
A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism , it is asymmetric .	asymmetric	What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism ?
Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession .	special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession	What does Article 370 say ?
Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh , Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Goa , Mizoram , Manipur , Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals .	special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim	What does Article 371 say ?
Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President 's Rule in which the central government -LRB- through its appointed Governor -RRB- takes control of state 's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state .	the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months	What happens with President 's Rule ?
The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany , Italy , Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom , Denmark and France -LRB- with conservative presidents and governments -RRB- .	Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg	Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism ?
The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany , Italy , Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom , Denmark and France -LRB- with conservative presidents and governments -RRB- .	United Kingdom, Denmark and France	Who opposed the European Federalism ?
Since the presidency of François Mitterrand -LRB- 1981-1995 -RRB- , the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position , as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best `` insurance '' against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours .	Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995	When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position ?
The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces .	1863	When did the federal war end ?
The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces .	with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces	How did the federal war end ?
The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a `` Federation of Sovereign States '' upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America .	"Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America	What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate ?
In this Federation , each State had a `` President '' of its own that controlled almost every issue , even the creation of `` State Armies , '' while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state .	President	In this type of federation each country had its own what ?
On the other hand , Belgian federalism is federated with three components .	three components	How many components does the Belgian federalism have ?
Brussels ' parliament passed the resolution on July 18 , 2008 :	Brussels' parliament	What passed on July 18 , 2007 ?
However , the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution , with the exception of one party .	Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party	What are the Flemish representatives in favor for ?
An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels ' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels .	the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels.	What is Belgian Federalism ?
Besides , unlike in the federal system , the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid -LRB- except for the Basque Country and Navarre , which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons -RRB- and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities .	Basque Country and Navarre	Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution ?
However , in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy , the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as ` federal ' to the territorial arrangements .	the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements.	How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy ?
Besides , unlike in the federal system , the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid -LRB- except for the Basque Country and Navarre , which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons -RRB- and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities .	Madrid	Where are the main taxes taken ?
Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or `` governance '' -- so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy .	State	What are anarchists against ?
Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or `` governance '' -- so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy .	not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy.	What are anarchists not against ?
The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists , in general , is federalism or confederalism .	federalism or confederalism	What mode of government does the anarchists prefer ?
Alternatively , or in addition to this practice , the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states , as occurred in the United States prior to 1913 , or be actual members or delegates of the state governments , as , for example , is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union .	government or legislature	Who can elect the members of the upper house ?
Alternatively , or in addition to this practice , the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states , as occurred in the United States prior to 1913 , or be actual members or delegates of the state governments , as , for example , is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union .	indirectly	Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly ?
The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected , with apportionment in proportion to population , although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats .	directly	Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly ?
Federalism , and other forms of territorially autonomy , is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level .	a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries	What is federalism seen as ?
Federalism , and other forms of territorially autonomy , is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level .	it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level	What does federalism allow ?
Some scholars have suggested , however , that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states .	Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries	What do scholars think of federalism ?
The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR -LRB- of which Russia was governed as part -RRB- .	changed towards a generally autonomous model	What happened to Russia 's subdivision of government ?
It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union , with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects -LRB- while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War -RRB- .	in the aftermath of the Soviet Union	When was Russia 's subdivision liberalized ?
It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union , with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects -LRB- while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War -RRB- .	Boris Yeltsin	Who was in charge when the reforms was going on ?
Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin .	Vladimir Putin	Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin ?
American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism .	American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism.	How has the American government evolved ?
In `` Federalist No. 46 , '' James Madison asserted that the states and national government `` are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people , constituted with different powers . ''	James Madison asserted that the states and national government	What happened in Federalist No. 46 ?
Alexander Hamilton , writing in `` Federalist No. 28 , '' suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens ' benefit : `` If their -LSB- the peoples ' -RSB- rights are invaded by either , they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress . ''	"Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit	What happened in Federalist No. 28
Because the states were preexisting political entities , the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government .	Because the states were preexisting political entities	Why did the constitution did n't have to explain federalism ?
The federal government has certain express powers -LRB- also called enumerated powers -RRB- which are powers spelled out in the Constitution , including the right to levy taxes , declare war , and regulate interstate and foreign commerce .	enumerated powers	What is another word for express powers ?
The federal government has certain express powers -LRB- also called enumerated powers -RRB- which are powers spelled out in the Constitution , including the right to levy taxes , declare war , and regulate interstate and foreign commerce .	in the Constitution	Where can we find express powers ?
In addition , the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law `` necessary and proper '' for the execution of its express powers .	gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers	What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do ?
The federal government has certain express powers -LRB- also called enumerated powers -RRB- which are powers spelled out in the Constitution , including the right to levy taxes , declare war , and regulate interstate and foreign commerce .	the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce.	What are the expressed powers ?
The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans , including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson .	Democratic-Republicans	What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to ?
The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that : the Legislature had too much power -LRB- mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause -RRB- and that they were unchecked ; the Executive had too much power , and that there was no check on the executive ; a dictator would arise ; and that a bill of rights should be coupled with the constitution to prevent a dictator -LRB- then believed to eventually be the president -RRB- from exploiting or tyrannizing citizens .	the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked	What did the democratic-republican party believe in ?
Rather , rights in specific cases were to be decided by the judicial system of courts .	the judicial system of courts	Who decided the rights in specific cases ?
The meaning of federalism , as a political movement , and of what constitutes a ` federalist ' , varies with country and historical context .	as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context	What is the meaning of federalism ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends .	Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.	What types of movements are associated with federalism ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- For example , at the time those nations were being established , factions known as `` federalists '' in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government .	United States and Australia	What countries advocate for a strong central government ?
From 1938 until 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress ' power under the Commerce Clause .	the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause.	What happened between 1938 to 1995 ?
Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers , such as the Commerce Clause , whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years .	Commerce Clause	What are most actions in the federal government known as ?
In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision , and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision .	the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision	What did the court reject in 1995 ?
In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision , and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision .	rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act	What did the court reject in 1994 ?
Recently , the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision .	include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision	What does the commerce clause include ?
On one hand , this means that the Belgian political landscape , generally speaking , consists of only two components : the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties , and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels , represented by their French-speaking parties .	two components	How many components does the Belgian political landscape include ?
On one hand , this means that the Belgian political landscape , generally speaking , consists of only two components : the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties , and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels , represented by their French-speaking parties .	the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels	What are the two components in the Belgian political landscape ?
The Brussels region emerges as a third component .	third component	What component is the Brussel Region ?
This specific dual form of federalism , with the special position of Brussels , consequently has a number of political issues -- even minor ones -- that are being fought out over the Dutch/French-language political division .	consequently has a number of political issues	What happens with the Brussels special position ?
The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent .	provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent	The US Constitution says what to amendments ?
Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments can not occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state .	cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state	What happens when certain constitutional amendments can not occur ?
Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces .	would require unanimous consent of the provinces.	Any amendment in the Canadian constitution that needs to be modified , needs to do what first ?
The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system .	provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.	What is the German basic law ?
Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers , we are said to find ` symmetric federalism ' .	the same powers	What does every component state of federation possess ?
Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers , or some possess greater autonomy than others do .	where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do	Asymmetric federalism exist when ?
In Spain , the Basques and Catalans , as well as the Galicians , spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized , crystallizing in the `` historical communities '' such as Navarre , Galicia , Catalonia , and the Basque Country .	Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians	What cities in Spain are in the historic movement ?
However , strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism , but a decentralized administrative organization of the state .	Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.	Is Spain apart of federalism ?
Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution .	special procedures	What does federations have for amendments of the constitution ?
As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states can not be abolished without their consent .	federal structure	What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states ?
In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole , but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons .	required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole	What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution ?
The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states .	mechanisms to protect the rights of component states	What does the structures of the federal government incorporate ?
One method , known as ` intrastate federalism ' , is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions .	intrastate federalism	What is one method to protect the rights of the component states ?
One method , known as ` intrastate federalism ' , is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions .	is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions	What is intrastate federalism ?
Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole .	the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole	What is a bicameral legislature ?
Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states , while still being states -LRB- or having aspects of statehood -RRB- in themselves .	union of states	What does federations often employ ?
For example , James Madison -LRB- author of the US Constitution -RRB- wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution `` is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution ; but a composition of both .	that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both	What is federalist paper no. 39 ?
This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people .	which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.	What is the 10th Amendment in the United States ?
Usually , a federation is formed at two levels : the central government and the regions -LRB- states , provinces , territories -RRB- , and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities .	two levels	When is a federation formed ?
Usually , a federation is formed at two levels : the central government and the regions -LRB- states , provinces , territories -RRB- , and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities .	the central government and the regions	What two levels equal a federation ?
Brazil is an exception , because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite , encompassing the Union , the States , and the municipalities .	because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite	Why is Brazil an exception ?
Each state is divided into municipalities -LRB- municípios -RRB- with their own legislative council -LRB- câmara de vereadores -RRB- and a mayor -LRB- prefeito -RRB- , which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government .	municipalities	What is each state divided into ?
Each state is divided into municipalities -LRB- municípios -RRB- with their own legislative council -LRB- câmara de vereadores -RRB- and a mayor -LRB- prefeito -RRB- , which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government .	with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito	What does each state have their own of ?
China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area .	China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area	China is the largest what ?
On the other hand , Chinese nationalists are suspicious of decentralization as a form of secessionism and a backdoor for national disunity ; still others argue that the degree of autonomy given to provincial-level officials in the People 's Republic of China amounts to a de facto federalism .	decentralization	What are Chinese nationalist suspicious of ?
Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries , it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country 's affairs .	Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs	Why is China 's government similar to unity structure ?
Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries , it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country 's affairs .	centuries	How long has China been with centralized power ?
The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units -LRB- LGUs -RRB- under the terms of the Local Government Code .	unitary state	What type of state is the Philippines ?
The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units -LRB- LGUs -RRB- under the terms of the Local Government Code .	some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code	What types of powers does the Philippines have ?
Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines , including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system .	possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system.	What type of modifications been added to the Philippines Constitution ?
In 2004 , Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the Philippine Congress to amend the 1987 Constitution .	the Consultative Commission	What did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo establish ?
Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation , often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a `` federation without federalism '' .	unitary state	What type of state is Spain ?
Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation , often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a `` federation without federalism '' .	unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism"	What type of federalism system does Spain have ?
The country has been quoted as being `` an extraordinarily decentralized country '' , with the central government accounting for just 18 % of public spending , 38 % for the regional governments , 13 % for the local councils , and the remaining 31 % for the social security system .	central government	What type of government does Spain have ?
The United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London .	unitary state	How has United Kingdom been governed ?
Instead of adopting a federal model , the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power .	UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power	Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model , what did they do ?
Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .	1914	When did devolution in the UK begin ?
Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .	which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	What is Ireland Act 1914 ?
Following the partition of Ireland in 1921 which saw the creation of the sovereign Irish Free State -LRB- which eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland -RRB- , Northern Ireland retained its devolved government through the Parliament of Northern Ireland , the only part of the UK to have such a body at this time .	eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland	What is Irish Free State ?
In modern times , a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again .	decentralised power once again	What has the process of devolution in the UK did ?
Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland , three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy .	referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland	What happened since 1997 ?
England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament .	England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament	Does England have its own Parliament ?
The Regions of England continue to be used in certain governmental administrative functions .	certain governmental administrative functions	What does the region of England continue to use ?
Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology -LRB- the doctrine of the church -RRB- .	the doctrine of the church	What is ecclesiology ?
In Presbyterian denominations , the local church is ruled by elected elders , some of which are ministerial .	the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial.	What happens in Presbyterian denominations ?
As in political federalism , in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty .	shared sovereignty	In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do ?
Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members .	authority over its constituent members	What does each greater level of assembly have ?
Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism -LRB- or federalism in human institutions ; in contrast to theological federalism -RRB- is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible .	is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible.	When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Christians ?
They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described -LRB- and prescribed , as believed by many -RRB- in the New Testament .	in the New Testament	What was the structure that the early Christian church described ?
In their arguments , this is particularly demonstrated in the Council of Jerusalem , described in Acts chapter 15 , where the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church ; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church , and elders being such for the local church .	the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church	What happens in the council of Jerusalem ?
To this day , elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination , some more than others .	can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.	Where can the elements of federalism can be found ?
In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers .	the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers	In nearly all federalism countries , central powers enjoy what ?
Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state , per the UN definition .	federation would not be a single sovereign state	Per the UN definition , what is federalism ?
Notably , the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level , a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria 's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871 .	Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level,	What is the German Empire ?
Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty , powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states .	powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.	What is the libson treaty ?
Galicia -LRB- English i / ɡəˈlɪsiə / , / ɡəˈlɪʃə / ; Galician : -LSB- ɡaˈliθja -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- , -LSB- ħaˈliθja -RSB- , or -LSB- ħaˈlisja -RSB- ; Spanish : -LSB- ɡaˈliθja -RSB- ; Galician and Portuguese : Galiza , -LSB- ɡaˈliθa -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- , -LSB- ħaˈliθa -RSB- or -LSB- ħaˈlisa -RSB- -RRB- is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law .	Spain	Which country is Galicia in ?
Located in the North-West of the Iberian Peninsula , it comprises the provinces of A Coruña , Lugo , Ourense and Pontevedra , being bordered by Portugal to the south , the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the north .	North-West of the Iberian Peninsula	Where is its geographic location ?
Located in the North-West of the Iberian Peninsula , it comprises the provinces of A Coruña , Lugo , Ourense and Pontevedra , being bordered by Portugal to the south , the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the north .	Atlantic Ocean	Which large body of water does Galicia border ?
Galicia has over 1,660 km -LRB- 1,030 mi -RRB- of coastline , including its offshore islands and islets , among them Cíes Islands , Ons , Sálvora , Cortegada , and -- the largest and most populated -- A Illa de Arousa .	Arousa	What is its largest island ?
The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during the Middle Paleolithic period , and it takes its name from the Gallaeci , the Celtic peoples living north of the Douro river during the last millennium BC , in a region largely coincidental with that of the Iron Age local Castro culture .	Middle Paleolithic	During which period did humans first inhabit Galicia ?
The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during the Middle Paleolithic period , and it takes its name from the Gallaeci , the Celtic peoples living north of the Douro river during the last millennium BC , in a region largely coincidental with that of the Iron Age local Castro culture .	Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples	Where does its name come from ?
Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire at the end of the Cantabrian Wars in 19 BC , being turned into a Roman province in the 3rd century AD .	Roman Empire	Which empire turned Galicia into one of its provinces the 3rd century AD ?
From the 16th century , the representation and voice of the kingdom was held by an assembly of deputies and representatives of the cities of the kingdom , the Cortes or Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia , an institution which was forcibly discontinued in 1833 when the kingdom was divided into four administrative provinces with no legal mutual links .	the Cortes or Junta	What was the name of the assembly of representatives that began in the 16th century ?
During the 19th and 20th centuries , demand grew for self-government and for the recognition of the personality of Galicia , a demand which led to the frustrated Statute of Autonomy of 1936 , and to the Statute of Autonomy of 1981 , currently in force .	1981	Which year was the current Statute of Autonomy enacted ?
The interior of Galicia is characterized by its hilly landscape , although mountain ranges rise to 2,000 m -LRB- 6,600 ft -RRB- in the east and south .	2,000 m (6,600 ft)	How high does Galicia 's mountain ranges rise ?
Its topographic and climatic conditions have made animal husbandry and farming the primary source of Galicia 's wealth for most of its history .	animal husbandry and farming	What have been its two primary sources of wealth ?
The population is largely concentrated in two coastal areas : from Ferrol to A Coruña in the northwest and from Pontevedra to Vigo in the southwest .	Ferrol to A Coruña	Name its northwestern coastal area .
The political capital is Santiago de Compostela , in the province of A Coruña .	Santiago de Compostela	Name its political capital .
The political capital is Santiago de Compostela , in the province of A Coruña .	A Coruña	Which province is this capital in ?
The name evolved during the Middle Ages from Gallaecia , sometimes written Galletia , to Gallicia .	Galletia	What is one variation of Gallicia 's name used during the Middle Ages ?
In the 13th century , with the written emergence of the Galician language , Galiza became the most usual written form of the name of the country , being replaced during the 15th and 16th centuries by the current form , Galicia , which coincides with the Castilian Spanish name .	Galiza	Which spelling was the most common spelling during the 13th century ?
In the 13th century , with the written emergence of the Galician language , Galiza became the most usual written form of the name of the country , being replaced during the 15th and 16th centuries by the current form , Galicia , which coincides with the Castilian Spanish name .	15th and 16th centuries	When did it get its modern spelling ?
The historical denomination Galiza became popular again during the end of the 19th and the first three-quarters of the 20th century , being still used with some frequency today , although not by the Xunta de Galicia , the local devolved government .	Xunta de Galicia	What is the name of the local government ?
The Royal Galician Academy , the institution responsible for regulating the Galician language , whilst recognizing it as a legitimate current denomination , has stated that the only official name of the country is Galicia .	The Royal Galician Academy	Which group regulates the Galician language ?
Although the etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors like Isidore of Seville -- who wrote that `` Galicians are called so , because of their fair skin , as the Gauls '' , relating the name to the Greek word for milk -- , currently scholars derive the name of the ancient Callaeci either from Proto-Indo-European * kal-n-eH2 ` hill ' , through a local relational suffix - aik - , so meaning ` the hill -LRB- people -RRB- ' ; or either from Proto-Celtic * kallī - ` forest ' , so meaning ` the forest -LRB- people -RRB- ' .	Isidore	Which author wrote that `` Galicians are called so , because of their fair skin , as the Gauls '' ?
In any case , Galicia , being per se a derivation of the ethnic name Kallaikói , would mean ` the land of the Galicians ' .	Kallaikói	Which original ethnic name is `` Galicia '' derived from ?
In any case , Galicia , being per se a derivation of the ethnic name Kallaikói , would mean ` the land of the Galicians ' .	the land of the Galicians	What does Galicia 's name mean ?
The oldest attestation of human presence in Galicia has been found in the Eirós Cave , in the municipality of Triacastela , which has preserved animal remains and Neanderthal stone objects from the Middle Paleolithic .	Eirós Cave	Where in Galicia has the oldest evidence of humans been found ?
The oldest attestation of human presence in Galicia has been found in the Eirós Cave , in the municipality of Triacastela , which has preserved animal remains and Neanderthal stone objects from the Middle Paleolithic .	Triacastela	Which municipality is this in ?
The earliest culture to have left significant architectural traces is the Megalithic culture which expanded along the western European coasts during the Neolithic and Calcolithic eras .	Megalithic	What is the oldest culture whose structures have been found ?
While its rich mineral deposits - tin and gold - led to the development of Bronze Age metallurgy , and to the commerce of bronze and gold items all along the Atlantic façade of Western Europe , where a common elite 's culture evolved during the Atlantic Bronze Age .	tin and gold	Which two minerals found in abundance in Galicia were used during Bronze Age ?
The Castro culture -LRB- ` Culture of the Castles ' -RRB- developed during the Iron Age , and flourished during the second half of the first millennium BC .	Culture of the Castles	What does the Castro culture 's name mean ?
The Castro culture -LRB- ` Culture of the Castles ' -RRB- developed during the Iron Age , and flourished during the second half of the first millennium BC .	second half of the first millennium BC.	When did the Castro culture flourish ?
They were capable fighters : Strabo described them as the most difficult foes the Romans encountered in conquering Lusitania , while Appian mentions their warlike spirit , noting that the women bore their weapons side by side with their men , frequently preferring death to captivity .	Appian	Who mentioned the ancient Galician 's `` warlike spirit '' ?
According to Pomponius Mela all the inhabitants of the coastal areas were Celtic people .	Pomponius Mela	Who was it that described people living on the coast as `` Celtic '' ?
Gallaeci lived in castros .	castros	What were the forts that the Gallaeci lived in called ?
They were frequently located at hills , or in seashore cliffs and peninsulas .	hills	Where were these forts commonly built ?
Some well known castros can be found , in the seashore , at Fazouro , Santa Tegra , Baroña and O Neixón , and inland at San Cibrao de Lás , Borneiro , Castromao , and Viladonga .	Borneiro	Where is one place where one of the inland forts can be found ?
Some other distinctive features , such as temples , baths , reservoirs , warrior statues and decorative carvings have been found associated to this culture , together with rich gold and metalworking traditions .	warrior	Statues have been made in whose likeness ?
Later the Muslims invaded Spain -LRB- 711 -RRB- , but the Arabs and Moors never managed to have any real control over Galicia , which was later incorporated into the expanding Christian Kingdom of Asturias , usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia -LRB- Yillīqiya and Galīsiya -RRB- by Muslim Chroniclers , as well as by many European contemporaries .	711	Though the Muslims could n't take full control of Galicia , when was it that they invaded Spain ?
Later the Muslims invaded Spain -LRB- 711 -RRB- , but the Arabs and Moors never managed to have any real control over Galicia , which was later incorporated into the expanding Christian Kingdom of Asturias , usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia -LRB- Yillīqiya and Galīsiya -RRB- by Muslim Chroniclers , as well as by many European contemporaries .	Asturias	Which kingdom did Galicia later become a part of ?
This era consolidated Galicia as a Christian society which spoke a Romance language .	Christian	As a result , what became the religion of Galician society ?
During the next century Galician noblemen took northern Portugal , conquering Coimbra in 871 , thus freeing what were considered the southernmost city of ancient Galicia .	Coimbra	Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal ?
The Roman legions first entered the area under Decimus Junius Brutus in 137 -- 136 BC , but the country was only incorporated into the Roman Empire by the time of Augustus -LRB- 29 BC -- 19 BC -RRB- .	Decimus Junius Brutus	Under whom did Roman legions first enter Galicia ?
The Roman legions first entered the area under Decimus Junius Brutus in 137 -- 136 BC , but the country was only incorporated into the Roman Empire by the time of Augustus -LRB- 29 BC -- 19 BC -RRB- .	Augustus	Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire under whose rule ?
The Romans were interested in Galicia mainly for its mineral resources , most notably gold .	gold	Which mineral found in Galicia were the Romans interested in ?
Romans brought new technologies , new travel routes , new forms of organizing property , and a new language ; latin .	latin	Which language did the Romans introduce to Galicia ?
The Roman Empire established its control over Galicia through camps -LRB- castra -RRB- as Aquis Querquennis , Ciadella camp or Lucus Augusti -LRB- Lugo -RRB- , roads -LRB- viae -RRB- and monuments as the lighthouse known as Tower of Hercules , in Corunna , but the remoteness and lesser interest of the country since the 2nd century of our era , when the gold mines stopped being productive , led to a lesser degree of Romanization .	Tower of Hercules	The Romans used which lighthouse located in Corunna as part of its effort to establish control the area ?
In the early 5th century , the deep crisis suffered by the Roman Empire allowed different tribes of Central Europe -LRB- Suebi , Vandals and Alani -RRB- to cross the Rhine and penetrate into the rule on 31 December 406 .	406	At the end of which year did Central Europe tribes invade the Roman Empire ?
Its progress towards the Iberian Peninsula forced the Roman authorities to establish a treaty -LRB- foedus -RRB- by which the Suebi would settle peacefully and govern Galicia as imperial allies .	Suebi	Which tribe did the Romans subsequently make a treaty with ?
During this period a Briton colony and bishopric -LRB- see Mailoc -RRB- was established in Northern Galicia -LRB- Britonia -RRB- , probably as foederati and allies of the Suebi .	Britonia	What was the name of the Briton colony formed in Northern Galicia ?
In 585 , the Visigothic King Leovigild invaded the Suebic kingdom of Galicia and defeated it , bringing it under Visigoth control .	Leovigild	Which Visigothic king took over control of Galicia from the Suebi ?
In 585 , the Visigothic King Leovigild invaded the Suebic kingdom of Galicia and defeated it , bringing it under Visigoth control .	585	In which year did this happen ?
In the 9th century , the rise of the cult of the Apostle James in Santiago de Compostela gave Galicia a particular symbolic importance among Christians , an importance it would hold throughout the Reconquista .	Apostle James	Which cult arose in Galicia during the 9th century ?
In the 9th century , the rise of the cult of the Apostle James in Santiago de Compostela gave Galicia a particular symbolic importance among Christians , an importance it would hold throughout the Reconquista .	Santiago de Compostela	Where was this cult based in ?
As the Middle Ages went on , Santiago became a major pilgrim destination and the Way of Saint James -LRB- Camiño de Santiago -RRB- a major pilgrim road , a route for the propagation of Romanesque art and the words and music of the troubadors .	Way of Saint James	Name the road that lead there .
During the 10th and 11th centuries , a period during which Galician nobility become related to the royal family , Galicia was at times headed by its own native kings , while Vikings -LRB- locally known as Leodemanes or Lordomanes -RRB- occasionally raided the coasts .	Leodemanes or Lordomanes	What did Galicians call the Vikings ?
The Towers of Catoira -LRB- Pontevedra -RRB- were built as a system of fortifications to prevent and stop the Viking raids on Santiago de Compostela .	Towers of Catoira	To stop the Vikings from raiding , what did the Galicians build as a defense system ?
In 1063 , Ferdinand I of Castile divided his realm among his sons , and the Kingdom of Galicia was granted to Garcia II of Galicia .	Ferdinand I	Who was it that in 1063 gave rule over Galicia to his son ?
In 1063 , Ferdinand I of Castile divided his realm among his sons , and the Kingdom of Galicia was granted to Garcia II of Galicia .	Garcia II	What was the name of this son ?
In 1072 , it was forcibly annexed by Garcia 's brother Alfonso VI of León ; from that time Galicia was united with the Kingdom of León under the same monarchs .	Alfonso VI	Who was the brother who later took control for himself ?
In 1072 , it was forcibly annexed by Garcia 's brother Alfonso VI of León ; from that time Galicia was united with the Kingdom of León under the same monarchs .	Kingdom of León	Galicia then became part of which Kingdom ?
In the 13th century Alfonso X of Castile standardized the Castilian language and made it the language of court and government .	Alfonso X	Who standardized Castillan and made it the government 's official language ?
On the other hand , the lack of an effective royal justice system in the Kingdom led to the social conflict known as the Guerras Irmandiñas -LRB- ` Wars of the brotherhoods ' -RRB- , when leagues of peasants and burghers , with the support of a number of knights , noblemen , and under legal protection offered by the remote king , toppled many of the castles of the Kingdom and briefly drove the noblemen into Portugal and Castile .	Guerras Irmandiñas	Social turmoil led to conflict ?
Soon after , in the late 15th century , in the dynastic conflict between Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja , part of the Galician aristocracy supported Joanna .	Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja	Which two royals were part of the dynastic conflict of the 15th century ?
After Isabella 's victory , she initiated an administrative and political reform which the chronicler Jeronimo Zurita defined as `` doma del Reino de Galicia '' : ` It was then when the taming of Galicia began , because not just the local lords and knights , but all the people of that nation were the ones against the others very bold and warlike ' .	Jeronimo Zurita	The subsequent reforms were coined as `` doma del Reino de Galicia '' by who ?
These reforms , while establishing a local government and tribunal -LRB- the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia -RRB- and bringing the nobleman under submission , also brought most Galician monasteries and institutions under Castilian control , in what has been criticized as a process of centralisation .	Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia	What was the name of the local government and tribunal ?
The modern period of the kingdom of Galicia began with the murder or defeat of some of the most powerful Galician lords , such as Pedro Álvarez de Sotomayor , called Pedro Madruga , and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio , at the hands of the Castilian armies sent to Galicia between the years 1480 and 1486 .	1480 and 1486	Castillan armies invaded Galicia between which years ?
The modern period of the kingdom of Galicia began with the murder or defeat of some of the most powerful Galician lords , such as Pedro Álvarez de Sotomayor , called Pedro Madruga , and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio , at the hands of the Castilian armies sent to Galicia between the years 1480 and 1486 .	Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio	Which powerful Galician lords did they murder ?
Isabella I of Castile , considered a usurper by many Galician nobles , eradicated all armed resistance and definitively established the royal power of the Castilian monarchy .	Isabella I	Which Castillan ruler then consolidated control over Galicia ?
The establishment of the Santa Hermandad in 1480 , and of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia in 1500 -- a tribunal and executive body directed by the Governor-Captain General as a direct representative of the King -- implied initially the submission of the Kingdom to the Crown , after a century of unrest and fiscal insubordination .	Santa Hermandad	Which government body was formed in 1480 ?
The establishment of the Santa Hermandad in 1480 , and of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia in 1500 -- a tribunal and executive body directed by the Governor-Captain General as a direct representative of the King -- implied initially the submission of the Kingdom to the Crown , after a century of unrest and fiscal insubordination .	Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia	Which body was formed in 1500 ?
As a result , from 1480 to 1520 the Kingdom of Galicia contributed more than 10 % of the total earnings of the Crown of Castille , including the Americas , well over its economic relevance .	10%	What percentage of Castille 's total earnings was Galicia responsible for ?
Like the rest of Spain , the 16th century was marked by population growth up to 1580 , when the simultaneous wars with the Netherlands , France and England hampered Galicia 's Atlantic commerce , which consisted mostly in the exportation of sardines , wood , and some cattle and wine .	Netherlands, France and England	Which other countries was Spain at war with during the 16 century ?
Like the rest of Spain , the 16th century was marked by population growth up to 1580 , when the simultaneous wars with the Netherlands , France and England hampered Galicia 's Atlantic commerce , which consisted mostly in the exportation of sardines , wood , and some cattle and wine .	sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine	In spite of these wars , which exports did Galicia 's Atlantic trade consist of ?
The most famous assaults were upon the city of Vigo by Sir Francis Drake in 1585 and 1589 , and the siege of A Coruña in 1589 by the English Armada .	Vigo	Where did Sir Francis Drake attack in 1585 and again in 1589 ?
Galicia also suffered occasional slave raids by Barbary pirates , but not as frequently as the Mediterranean coastal areas .	Barbary pirates	Who attacked Cangas in 1617 ?
After the rupture of the wars with Portugal and Catalonia , the Junta changed its attitude , this time due to the exhaustion of Galicia , now involved not just in naval or oversea operations , but also in an exhausting war with the Portuguese , war which produced thousands of casualties and refugees and was heavily disturbing to the local economy and commerce .	Portugal and Catalonia	War broke out with which other countries ?
So , in the second half of the 17th century the Junta frequently denied or considerably reduced the initial petitions of the monarch , and though the tension did n't rise to the levels experienced in Portugal or Catalonia , there were frequent urban mutinies and some voices even asked for the secession of the Kingdom of Galicia .	second half of the 17th century	When did the Galician Junta more often stand up to requests from the monarch ?
So , in the second half of the 17th century the Junta frequently denied or considerably reduced the initial petitions of the monarch , and though the tension did n't rise to the levels experienced in Portugal or Catalonia , there were frequent urban mutinies and some voices even asked for the secession of the Kingdom of Galicia .	there were frequent urban mutinies	In what way was the tension between the monarch and Galicia similar to the wars it was fighting ?
In the early 20th century came another turn toward nationalist politics with Solidaridad Gallega -LRB- 1907 -- 1912 -RRB- modeled on Solidaritat Catalana in Catalonia .	Solidaridad Gallega	Which nationalist movement arose in the early 20th century ?
In the early 20th century came another turn toward nationalist politics with Solidaridad Gallega -LRB- 1907 -- 1912 -RRB- modeled on Solidaritat Catalana in Catalonia .	Solidaritat Catalana	Which other movement was it modeled after ?
Solidaridad Gallega failed , but in 1916 Irmandades da Fala -LRB- Brotherhood of the Language -RRB- developed first as a cultural association but soon as a full-blown nationalist movement .	Irmandades da Fala	Which political group arose in 1916 ?
Vicente Risco and Ramón Otero Pedrayo were outstanding cultural figures of this movement , and the magazine Nós -LRB- ` Us ' -RRB- , founded 1920 , its most notable cultural institution , Lois Peña Novo the outstanding political figure .	Nós	Which magazine advocated for Galician nationalism ?
Galicia 's statute of autonomy was annulled -LRB- as were those of Catalonia and the Basque provinces once those were conquered -RRB- .	Catalonia and the Basque provinces	Along with Galicia 's , which other two province 's autonomy was annulled ?
Galicia was spared the worst of the fighting in that war : it was one of the areas where the initial coup attempt at the outset of the war was successful , and it remained in Nationalist -LRB- Franco 's army 's -RRB- hands throughout the war .	Franco's	Under the control of whose army was Galicia under during this war ?
Victims included the civil governors of all four Galician provinces ; Juana Capdevielle , the wife of the governor of A Coruña ; mayors such as Ánxel Casal of Santiago de Compostela , of the Partido Galeguista ; prominent socialists such as Jaime Quintanilla in Ferrol and Emilio Martínez Garrido in Vigo ; Popular Front deputies Antonio Bilbatúa , José Miñones , Díaz Villamil , Ignacio Seoane , and former deputy Heraclio Botana -RRB- ; soldiers who had not joined the rebellion , such as Generals Rogelio Caridad Pita and Enrique Salcedo Molinuevo and Admiral Antonio Azarola ; and the founders of the PG , Alexandre Bóveda and Víctor Casas , as well as other professionals akin to republicans and nationalists , as the journalist Manuel Lustres Rivas or physician Luis Poza Pastrana .	Manuel Lustres Rivas	Which prominent journalist was victim of the killings ?
Victims included the civil governors of all four Galician provinces ; Juana Capdevielle , the wife of the governor of A Coruña ; mayors such as Ánxel Casal of Santiago de Compostela , of the Partido Galeguista ; prominent socialists such as Jaime Quintanilla in Ferrol and Emilio Martínez Garrido in Vigo ; Popular Front deputies Antonio Bilbatúa , José Miñones , Díaz Villamil , Ignacio Seoane , and former deputy Heraclio Botana -RRB- ; soldiers who had not joined the rebellion , such as Generals Rogelio Caridad Pita and Enrique Salcedo Molinuevo and Admiral Antonio Azarola ; and the founders of the PG , Alexandre Bóveda and Víctor Casas , as well as other professionals akin to republicans and nationalists , as the journalist Manuel Lustres Rivas or physician Luis Poza Pastrana .	Antonio Azarola	Which admiral who had n't joined the rebellion was also a victim ?
General Francisco Franco -- himself a Galician from Ferrol -- ruled as dictator from the civil war until his death in 1975 .	Ferrol	Francisco Franco was himself a Galician from which city ?
General Francisco Franco -- himself a Galician from Ferrol -- ruled as dictator from the civil war until his death in 1975 .	1975	When did his reign end ?
Among the attempts at resistance were small leftist guerrilla groups such as those led by José Castro Veiga -LRB- `` El Piloto '' -RRB- and Benigno Andrade -LRB- `` Foucellas '' -RRB- , both of whom were ultimately captured and executed .	El Piloto	What was Guerrilla fighter José Castro Veiga 's nickname ?
Among the attempts at resistance were small leftist guerrilla groups such as those led by José Castro Veiga -LRB- `` El Piloto '' -RRB- and Benigno Andrade -LRB- `` Foucellas '' -RRB- , both of whom were ultimately captured and executed .	Foucellas	And what was Benigno Andrade 's ?
As part of the transition to democracy upon the death of Franco in 1975 , Galicia regained its status as an autonomous region within Spain with the Statute of Autonomy of 1981 , which begins , `` Galicia , historical nationality , is constituted as an Autonomous Community to access to its self-government , in agreement with the Spanish Constitution and with the present Statute -LRB- ... -RRB- '' .	democracy	Which form of government did Galicia start using in 1975
The Bloque Nacionalista Galego or BNG , is a conglomerate of left-wing parties and individuals that claims Galician political status as a nation .	Bloque Nacionalista Galego	Which modern group now works to attain Galicia status as a nation ?
From 1990 to 2005 , Manuel Fraga , former minister and ambassador in the Franco dictature , presided over the Galician autonomous government , the Xunta de Galicia .	Manuel Fraga	Which former minister under Franco 's rule headed the autonomous government from 1990 to 2005 ?
Fraga was associated with the Partido Popular -LRB- ` People 's Party ' , Spain 's main national conservative party -RRB- since its founding .	Partido Popular	Which political party did he belong to ?
In 2002 , when the oil tanker Prestige sank and covered the Galician coast in oil , Fraga was accused by the grassroots movement Nunca Mais -LRB- `` Never again '' -RRB- of having been unwilling to react .	Prestige	The sinking of which oil tanker precipitated the downfall of that party 's rule ?
As the senior partner in the new coalition , the PSdeG nominated its leader , Emilio Perez Touriño , to serve as Galicia 's new president , with Anxo Quintana , the leader of BNG , as its vice president .	Anxo Quintana	Power then passed a political coalition headed by who ?
Galicia has a surface area of 29,574 square kilometres -LRB- 11,419 sq mi -RRB- .	29,574	What is Galicia 's surface area in sq/km ?
Its northernmost point , at 43 ° 47 ′ N , is Estaca de Bares -LRB- also the northernmost point of Spain -RRB- ; its southernmost , at 41 ° 49 ′ N , is on the Portuguese border in the Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés Natural Park .	Estaca de Bares	What is its northernmost point ?
Its northernmost point , at 43 ° 47 ′ N , is Estaca de Bares -LRB- also the northernmost point of Spain -RRB- ; its southernmost , at 41 ° 49 ′ N , is on the Portuguese border in the Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés Natural Park .	Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés	And its southernmost ?
These are called rías and are divided into the smaller Rías Altas -LRB- `` High Rías '' -RRB- , and the larger Rías Baixas -LRB- `` Low Rías '' -RRB- .	rías	What are estuaries called in Galicia ?
These are called rías and are divided into the smaller Rías Altas -LRB- `` High Rías '' -RRB- , and the larger Rías Baixas -LRB- `` Low Rías '' -RRB- .	High Rías	What does Rías Altas mean ?
These are called rías and are divided into the smaller Rías Altas -LRB- `` High Rías '' -RRB- , and the larger Rías Baixas -LRB- `` Low Rías '' -RRB- .	Low Rías	WWhat does Rías Baixas mean ?
A 2007 inventory estimates that the Galician coast has 316 archipelagos , islets , and freestanding rocks .	316	The Galician coast is estimated to have about how many archipelagos , islets , and freestanding rocks ?
Together with Cortegada Island , these make up the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park .	Cortegada	Which island is part of Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park ?
The main mountain range is the Macizo Galaico -LRB- Serra do Eixe , Serra da Lastra , Serra do Courel -RRB- , also known as Macizo Galaico-Leonés , located in the eastern parts , bordering with Castile and León .	Macizo Galaico	What is Galicia 's main mountain range ?
Noteworthy mountain ranges are O Xistral -LRB- northern Lugo -RRB- , the Serra dos Ancares -LRB- on the border with León and Asturias -RRB- , O Courel -LRB- on the border with León -RRB- , O Eixe -LRB- the border between Ourense and Zamora -RRB- , Serra de Queixa -LRB- in the center of Ourense province -RRB- , O Faro -LRB- the border between Lugo and Pontevedra -RRB- , Cova da Serpe -LRB- border of Lugo and A Coruña -RRB- , Montemaior -LRB- A Coruña -RRB- , Montes do Testeiro , Serra do Suído , and Faro de Avión -LRB- between Pontevedra and Ourense -RRB- ; and , to the south , A Peneda , O Xurés and O Larouco , all on the border of Ourense and Portugal .	Portugal	Its southern mountain ranges are on the border with which country ?
Galicia is poetically known as the `` country of the thousand rivers '' -LRB- `` o país dos mil ríos '' -RRB- .	country of the thousand rivers	What is Galicia is poetically known as ?
The largest and most important of these rivers is the Minho , known as O Pai Miño -LRB- Father Minho -RRB- , 307.5 km -LRB- 191.1 mi -RRB- long and discharging 419 m3 -LRB- 548 cu yd -RRB- per second , with its affluent the Sil , which has created a spectacular canyon .	Minho	What is its longest river ?
Deforestation and forest fires are a problem in many areas , as is the continual spread of the eucalyptus tree , a species imported from Australia , actively promoted by the paper industry since the mid-20th century .	eucalyptus tree	Which tree species has become a problem for Galicia ?
Hydroelectric development in most rivers has been a serious concern for local conservationists during the last decades .	Hydroelectric	What kind of development on rivers are conservationists concerned about ?
The Galician horse is native to the region , as is the Galician Blond cow and the domestic fowl known as the galiña de Mos .	Galician Blond	Which cow species is native to Galicia ?
The Galician horse is native to the region , as is the Galician Blond cow and the domestic fowl known as the galiña de Mos .	galiña de Mos	Which fowl species is native to the area ?
Several important bird migration routes pass through Galicia , and some of the community 's relatively few environmentally protected areas are Special Protection Areas -LRB- such as on the Ría de Ribadeo -RRB- for these birds .	Ría de Ribadeo	One of the Special Protection Areas for birds is in which area ?
The warmest coastal station of Pontevedra has a yearly mean temperature of 14.8 °C -LRB- 58.6 °F -RRB- .	Pontevedra	Where is Galicia 's warmest coastal station ?
Ourense located somewhat inland is only slightly warmer with 14.9 °C -LRB- 58.8 °F -RRB- .	Ourense	What about inland ?
The lands of Galicia are ascribed to two different areas in the Köppen climate classification : a south area -LRB- roughly , the province of Ourense and Pontevedra -RRB- with tendencies to have some summer drought , classified as a warm-summer Mediterranean climate -LRB- Csb -RRB- , with mild temperatures and rainfall usual throughout the year ; and the western and northern coastal regions , the provinces of Lugo and A Coruña , which are characterized by their Oceanic climate -LRB- Cfb -RRB- , with a more uniform precipitation distribution along the year , and milder summers .	Mediterranean	What is the southern area 's climate classified as ?
The lands of Galicia are ascribed to two different areas in the Köppen climate classification : a south area -LRB- roughly , the province of Ourense and Pontevedra -RRB- with tendencies to have some summer drought , classified as a warm-summer Mediterranean climate -LRB- Csb -RRB- , with mild temperatures and rainfall usual throughout the year ; and the western and northern coastal regions , the provinces of Lugo and A Coruña , which are characterized by their Oceanic climate -LRB- Cfb -RRB- , with a more uniform precipitation distribution along the year , and milder summers .	Oceanic	What about the climate of its coastal areas ?
As an example , Santiago de Compostela , the political capital city , has an average of 129 rainy days and 1,362 millimetres -LRB- 53.6 in -RRB- per year -LRB- with just 17 rainy days in the three summer months -RRB- and 2,101 sunlight hours per year , with just 6 days with frosts per year .	Santiago de Compostela	What is the political capital city ?
As an example , Santiago de Compostela , the political capital city , has an average of 129 rainy days and 1,362 millimetres -LRB- 53.6 in -RRB- per year -LRB- with just 17 rainy days in the three summer months -RRB- and 2,101 sunlight hours per year , with just 6 days with frosts per year .	129	How many rainy days does it typically have ?
As an example , Santiago de Compostela , the political capital city , has an average of 129 rainy days and 1,362 millimetres -LRB- 53.6 in -RRB- per year -LRB- with just 17 rainy days in the three summer months -RRB- and 2,101 sunlight hours per year , with just 6 days with frosts per year .	6	How many days with frosts ?
But the colder city of Lugo , to the east , has an average of 1,759 sunlight hours per year , 117 days with precipitations -LRB- > 1 mm -RRB- totalling 901.54 millimetres -LRB- 35.5 in -RRB- , and 40 days with frosts per year .	40	A colder city like Lugo has how many days with frosts ?
The sunniest city is Pontevedra with 2,223 sunny hours per year .	2,223	Its sunniest city , Pontevedra , gets how may hours of sunlight per year ?
Galicia is further divided into 53 comarcas , 315 municipalities -LRB- 93 in A Coruña , 67 in Lugo , 92 in Ourense , 62 in Pontevedra -RRB- and 3,778 parishes .	53	How many comarcas does Galicia consist of ?
Galicia is further divided into 53 comarcas , 315 municipalities -LRB- 93 in A Coruña , 67 in Lugo , 92 in Ourense , 62 in Pontevedra -RRB- and 3,778 parishes .	315	How many municipalities ?
Galicia is further divided into 53 comarcas , 315 municipalities -LRB- 93 in A Coruña , 67 in Lugo , 92 in Ourense , 62 in Pontevedra -RRB- and 3,778 parishes .	3,778	How many parishes ?
It is estimated that Galicia has over a million named places , over 40,000 of them being communities .	40,000	How many of its numerous named locations are communities ?
In comparison to the other regions of Spain , the major economic benefit of Galicia is its fishing Industry .	fishing	Which industry is Galicia 's main money maker ?
While the western coast , with its major population centers and its fishing and manufacturing industries , is prosperous and increasing in population , the rural hinterland -- the provinces of Ourense and Lugo -- is economically dependent on traditional agriculture , based on small landholdings called minifundios .	minifundios	What are the landholdings that the farming industry uses called ?
Galicia was late to catch the tourism boom that has swept Spain in recent decades , but the coastal regions -LRB- especially the Rías Baixas and Santiago de Compostela -RRB- are now significant tourist destinations and are especially popular with visitors from other regions in Spain , where the majority of tourists come from .	Rías Baixas and Santiago de Compostela	Which two coastal regions are now major tourist destinations ?
In 2007 , 5.7 million tourists visited Galicia , an 8 % growth over the previous year , and part of a continual pattern of growth in this sector .	5.7 million	How many tourists visited Galicia in 2007 ?
Tourism constitutes 12 % of Galician GDP and employs about 12 % of the regional workforce .	12%	What percentage of its GDP is tourism responsible for ?
The most important Galician fishing port is the Port of Vigo ; It is one of the world 's leading fishing ports , second only to Tokyo , with an annual catch worth 1,500 million euros .	Vigo	Which port is Galicia 's most important ?
The most important Galician fishing port is the Port of Vigo ; It is one of the world 's leading fishing ports , second only to Tokyo , with an annual catch worth 1,500 million euros .	Tokyo	Which Japanese fishing port is Galicia 's second to ?
Beyond these , Galicia has 120 other organized ports .	120	Aside from the larger ports , roughly how many other organized ports are there ?
Within Galicia are the Autopista AP-9 from Ferrol to Vigo and the Autopista AP-53 -LRB- also known as AG-53 , because it was initially built by the Xunta de Galicia -RRB- from Santiago to Ourense .	Xunta de Galicia	The Autopista AP-53 was originally built by whom ?
The Xunta de Galicia has built roads connecting comarcal capitals , such as the aforementioned AG-53 , Autovía AG-55 connecting A Coruña to Carballo or AG-41 connecting Pontevedra to Sanxenxo .	AG-41	Name another road they responsible for .
The first railway line in Galicia was inaugurated 15 September 1873 .	1873	In which year did Galicia 's first railway line open ?
The only electrified line is the Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo line .	Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo	What is the name of its only electrified railway ?
The rapid increase of population of A Coruña , Vigo and to a lesser degree other major Galician cities , like Ourense , Pontevedra or Santiago de Compostela during the years that followed the Spanish Civil War during the mid-20th century occurred as the rural population declined : many villages and hamlets of the four provinces of Galicia disappeared or nearly disappeared during the same period .	Spanish Civil War	A rapid population growth after occurred after which war ?
Economic development and mechanization of agriculture resulted in the fields being abandoned , and most of the population has moving to find jobs in the main cities .	Economic development and mechanization of agriculture	What are two reasons for which Galicia 's rural areas have been largely abandoned ?
Spanish was nonetheless the only official language in Galicia for more than four centuries .	more than four centuries	For how long was Spanish the official language of Galicia ?
The period since the re-establishment of democracy in Spain -- in particular since the Lei de Normalización Lingüística -LRB- `` Law of Linguistic Normalization '' , Ley 3/1983 , 15 June 1983 -RRB- -- represents the first time since the introduction of mass education that a generation has attended school in Galician -LRB- Spanish is also still taught in Galician schools -RRB- .	Lei de Normalización Lingüística ("Law of Linguistic Normalization"	What was the name of the law that enacted this ?
The earliest known document in Galician-Portuguese dates from 1228 .	1228	The earliest Galician-Portuguese documents date back to which year ?
A distinct Galician Literature emerged during the Middle Ages : In the 13th century important contributions were made to the romance canon in Galician-Portuguese , the most notable those by the troubadour Martín Codax , the priest Airas Nunes , King Denis of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile , Alfonso O Sabio -LRB- `` Alfonso the Wise '' -RRB- , the same monarch who began the process of establishing the hegemony of Castilian .	Middle Ages	During what era did Galician literature emerge ?
Christianity is the most widely practised religion in Galicia , as it has been since its introduction in Late Antiquity , although it lived alongside the old Gallaeci religion for a few centuries .	Christianity	What is Galicia 's most widespread religion ?
Today about 73 % of Galicians identify themselves as Christians .	73%	What percentage of Galicians identify with this religion ?
Since the Middle Ages , the Galician Catholic Church has been organized into five ecclesiastical dioceses -LRB- Lugo , Ourense , Santiago de Compostela , Mondoñedo-Ferrol and Tui-Vigo -RRB- .	Catholic Church	Which church has had a large influence over Galicia since the Middle Ages ?
The church is led by one archbishop and four bishops .	one archbishop and four bishops	Which five positions are held by church leaders ?
It was the Romans who founded some of the first cities in Galicia like Lugo and Ourense .	Romans	Which civilization was it that founded some of the first Galician cities ?
It was the Romans who founded some of the first cities in Galicia like Lugo and Ourense .	Lugo and Ourense	Name two of these cities .
The patron saint of Galicia is Saint James the Greater , whose body was discovered -- according to the Catholic tradition -- in 814 near Compostela .	Saint James the Greater	Who is Galicia 's patron saint ?
There are many other Galician and associated saints ; some of the best-known are : Saint Ansurius , Saint Rudesind , Saint Mariña of Augas Santas , Saint Senorina , Trahamunda and Froilan .	Saint Senorina	Name another saint associated with Galicia .
In northern Galicia , the A Coruña-Ferrol metropolitan area has become increasingly dominant in terms of population .	A Coruña-Ferrol	Which metro area is largest in terms of population ?
The population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol and Santiago de Compostela was 653,556 .	653,556	What was it 's total population back in 1900 ?
Galicia 's inhabitants are known as Galicians -LRB- Galician : galegos , Spanish : gallegos -RRB- .	galegos	What to Galician 's call themselves in their language ?
For well over a century Galicia has grown more slowly than the rest of Spain , due largely to emigration to Latin America and to other parts of Spain .	Latin America	Aside from Spain , where have Galicians emigrated to ?
The Autovía A-6 connects A Coruña and Lugo to Madrid , entering Galicia at Pedrafita do Cebreiro .	Madrid	Which Spanish city does the Autovía A-6 lead to ?
Autovía A-8 enters Galicia on the Cantabrian coast , and ends in Baamonde -LRB- Lugo province -RRB- .	Cantabrian	The Autovía A-8 enters Galicia on which coast ?
The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene , from the same Germanic root as the words `` grass '' and `` grow '' .	grene	Which old english word does the word `` green '' originate from ?
The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene , from the same Germanic root as the words `` grass '' and `` grow '' .	grow	Other than `` grass '' , what other Germanic root word is similar to green ?
It is the color of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime , growth and nature .	springtime	Which season is green most commonly associated with ?
By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll , the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy .	chlorophyll	Which chemical in plants is the largest contributor to the color green ?
Several minerals have a green color , including the emerald , which is colored green by its chromium content .	emerald	What an is an example of a green mineral ?
By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll , the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy .	chlorophyll	What , in nature , is most likely to make things green ?
Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage .	camouflage	For what do some animals use the color green ?
Several minerals have a green color , including the emerald , which is colored green by its chromium content .	chromium	What chemical causes emeralds to be green ?
The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene , from the same Germanic root as the words `` grass '' and `` grow '' .	grene	From which Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word is green derived ?
In Europe and the U.S. green is sometimes associated with death -LRB- green has several seemingly contrary associations -RRB- , sickness , or the devil , but in China its associations are very positive , as the symbol of fertility and happiness .	fertility and happiness	What is green a symbol of in China ?
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance , when the color of clothing showed the owner 's social status , green was worn by merchants , bankers and the gentry , while red was the color of the nobility .	green	In the Middle Ages , which color was associated with merchants , bankers , and the gentry ?
The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci wears green , showing she is not from a noble family ; the benches in the British House of Commons are green , while those in the House of Lords are red .	she is not from a noble family	What does the Mona Lisa wearing green symbolize ?
It was the color of the banner of Muhammad , and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries , and represents the lush vegetation of Paradise .	lush vegetation of Paradise	What does the color green represent in the flags of Islamic countries ?
Because of its association with nature , it is the color of the environmental movement .	its association with nature	Why is green the color of the environmental movement ?
Thus , the languages mentioned above -LRB- Germanic , Romance , Slavic , Greek -RRB- have old terms for `` green '' which are derived from words for fresh , sprouting vegetation .	fresh, sprouting vegetation	Germanic , Romance , Slavic , and Greek all has old terms for `` green '' which are derived from words for what ?
However , comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently , over the past few millennia , and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for `` green '' .	independently	How were the terms for `` green '' derived in the Germanic , Romance , Slavic , and Greek languages ?
The Turkic languages also have jašɨl `` green '' or `` yellowish green '' , compared to a Mongolian word for `` meadow '' .	Turkic	Which language has a word for `` green '' that is comparable to a Mongolian word for `` meadow '' ?
Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green , 緑 -LRB- midori , which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru `` to be in leaf , to flourish '' in reference to trees -RRB- and グリーン -LRB- guriin , which is derived from the English word `` green '' -RRB- .	two	How many terms does Japanese have for the color green ?
Vietnamese uses a single word for both blue and green , xanh , with variants such as xanh da trời -LRB- azure , lit .	xanh	What is the Vietnamese word for both blue and green ?
However , in Japan , although the traffic lights have the same colors that other countries have , the green light is described using the same word as for blue , `` aoi '' , because green is considered a shade of aoi ; similarly , green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples , green shiso -LRB- as opposed to red apples and red shiso -RRB- will be described with the word `` aoi '' .	the same colors that other countries have	What are the colors of traffic lights in Japan ?
Thus , the Thai word เขียว besides meaning `` green '' also means `` rank '' and `` smelly '' and holds other unpleasant associations .	Thai	In which language does the word for `` green '' also mean `` rank '' and `` smelly '' ?
`` Green '' in modern European languages corresponds to about 520 -- 570 nm , but many historical and non-European languages make other choices , e.g. using a term for the range of ca. 450 -- 530 nm -LRB- `` blue/green '' -RRB- and another for ca. 530 -- 590 nm -LRB- `` green/yellow '' -RRB- .	520–570 nm	In what range does the color green fall in modern European languages ?
-LRB- See distinction of green from blue -RRB- These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote `` green '' , but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms -LRB- much like the English adjective orange being in origin not a color term but the name of a fruit -RRB- .	the name of a fruit	What is the origin of the word `` orange '' ?
In the subtractive color system , used in painting and color printing , green is created by a combination of yellow and blue , or yellow and cyan ; in the RGB color model , used on television and computer screens , it is one of the additive primary colors , along with red and blue , which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors .	subtractive	In which color system is green created by combining yellow and blue ?
In the subtractive color system , used in painting and color printing , green is created by a combination of yellow and blue , or yellow and cyan ; in the RGB color model , used on television and computer screens , it is one of the additive primary colors , along with red and blue , which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors .	RGB	In which color model is green one of the additive primary colors ?
On the HSV color wheel , also known as the RGB color wheel , the complement of green is magenta ; that is , a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light -LRB- one of the purples -RRB- .	magenta	What is the complement of green on the HSV color wheel ?
On a traditional color wheel , based on subtractive color , the complementary color to green is considered to be red .	red	What is the complement of green on the traditional color wheel ?
A unique green -LRB- green appearing neither yellowish nor bluish -RRB- is produced on such a device by mixing light from the green primary with some light from the blue primary .	A unique green	What is produced on a computer display when light from the green primary is mixed with some light from the blue primary ?
In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions , one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~ 550 nm ; this `` green '' primary is combined with an orangish-red `` red '' primary and a purplish-blue `` blue '' primary to produce any color in between -- the RGB color model .	~550 nm	At what wavelength is green on computer displays ?
In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions , one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~ 550 nm ; this `` green '' primary is combined with an orangish-red `` red '' primary and a purplish-blue `` blue '' primary to produce any color in between -- the RGB color model .	additive	What type of color devices are computer displays and televisions ?
Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers .	green	Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public ?
Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm -LRB- 563.5 THz -RRB- are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power , and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness .	532 nm	What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers ?
The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state -LRB- DPSS -RRB- technology to create the green light .	diode pumped solid state	What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers ?
Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm .	501 nm to 543 nm	What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology ?
Pigments , in this case , are minerals which reflect the color green , rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities .	reflect	What do pigments do with the color green ?
Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries .	minerals	What are green paints and dyes usually made of ?
Among the more notable green minerals , however is the emerald , which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium .	chromium	What is the main chemical that causes emeralds to be green ?
Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments , chemically known as basic copper -LRB- II -RRB- carbonate .	Copper	What is the source of the green color in malachite pigments ?
Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors , the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar .	small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar	What is the source of amazonite 's color ?
Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper , brass or bronze , slightly warmed , into a vat of fermenting wine , leaving it there for several weeks , and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal .	Verdigris	What is made by placing a plate of blade of copper , brass , or bronze into vat of fermenting wine for several weeks , then scraping off and drying the green powder ?
The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny .	Pliny	Who described the process of making verdigris in ancient times ?
It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii , and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD .	Pompeii	In what city did the Romans use verdigris in murals ?
It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate , but it had drawbacks ; it was unstable , it could not resist dampness , it did not mix well with other colors , it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact. , and it was toxic .	ruin	What would verdigris do to other colors that it came in contact with ?
Leonardo da Vinci , in his treatise on painting , warned artists not to use it .	Leonardo da Vinci	Which famous artist warned other artists not to use verdigris ?
Green S -LRB- E142 -RRB- is prohibited in many countries , for it is known to cause hyperactivity , asthma , urticaria , and insomnia .	Green S (E142)	Which green food coloring is known to cause hyperactivity , asthma , urticaria , and insomnia ?
Quinoline Yellow -LRB- E104 -RRB- is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia , Japan , Norway and the United States .	Quinoline Yellow	What is a commonly used food coloring in the United Kingdom that is banned in Australia , Japan , Norway , and the United States ?
Chlorophyll , the E numbers E140 and E141 , is the most common green chemical found in nature , and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials .	Chlorophyll	What is the most common green chemical found in nature ?
To create green sparks , fireworks use barium salts , such as barium chlorate , barium nitrate crystals , or barium chloride , also used for green fireplace logs .	barium salts	How do fireworks create green sparks ?
Copper salts typically burn blue , but cupric chloride -LRB- also known as `` campfire blue '' -RRB- can also produce green flames .	cupric chloride	Which copper salt can produce green glames ?
Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate .	75:25	What is the ratio of boron to potassium nitrate in green pyrotechnic flares ?
Green is common in nature , as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll , which is involved in photosynthesis .	chlorophyll	Why are many plants green ?
Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light -LRB- red -RRB- and short wavelengths of light -LRB- blue -RRB- much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye , so light reflected by plants is enriched in green .	absorbs	What does chlorophyll do with long -LRB- red -RRB- and short -LRB- blue -RRB- wavelengths of light ?
Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis .	organisms living in oceans	Where did chlorophyll first arise ?
Animals typically use the color green as camouflage , blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment .	camouflage	How do animals typically use the color green ?
Most fish , reptiles , amphibians , and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment .	reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment	Why do most fish , reptiles , amphibians , and birds appear green ?
Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds , especially .	Turacoverdin	What is a chemical that can cause green hue in birds ?
Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one 's skin include biliverdin , the green pigment in bile , and ceruloplasmin , a protein that carries copper ions in chelation .	ceruloplasmin	What is a protein that carries copper ions in chelation ?
Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one 's skin include biliverdin , the green pigment in bile , and ceruloplasmin , a protein that carries copper ions in chelation .	biliverdin	What is the green pigment in bile called ?
There is no green pigment in green eyes ; like the color of blue eyes , it is an optical illusion ; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma , given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin , with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light .	an optical illusion	What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to ?
Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe .	Northern and Central Europe	Where are green eyes most common ?
A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men .	women	Among Icelandic and Dutch adults , which sex more commonly has green eyes ?
In Ancient Egypt green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth , and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile .	green	Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt ?
For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus , Egyptian artists used finely-ground malachite , mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert - A paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun .	malachite	What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus ?
To dye fabrics green , they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant .	saffron	How did Egyptians dye fabrics yellow ?
The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout , showing the close connection between green , vegetation , vigor and growth .	a growing papyrus sprout	What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green ?
In wall paintings , the ruler of the underworld , Osiris , was typically portrayed with a green face , because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth .	Osiris	Who was the ruler of the underworld in ancient Egypt ?
It was worn by both the living and dead , particularly around the eyes , to protect them from evil .	to protect them from evil	Why was green facial makeup worn by ancient Egyptians ?
Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black , symbolizing the earth , and white , symbolizing water .	Aristotle	Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white ?
The philosopher Democritus described two different greens ; cloron , or pale green , and prasinon , or leek green .	Democritus	Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon ?
However , green was not counted among of the four classic colors of Greek painting ; red , yellow , black and white , and is rarely found in Greek art .	white	Red , yellow , and black are three of the four classis colors of Greek painting . What is the fourth color ?
They also used the pigment verdigris , made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine .	verdigris	What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine ?
By the Second Century AD , the Romans were using green in paintings , mosaics and glass , and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green .	ten	How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin ?
The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green ; it was the color of Venus , the goddess of gardens , vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment , which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii , Herculaneum , Lyon , Vaison-la-Romaine , and other Roman cities .	green	What color did the Romans attribute to Venus , the goddess of gardens , vegetables , and vineyards ?
Green dyes were made out of the fern , plantain , buckthorn berries , the juice of nettles and of leeks , the digitalis plant , the broom plant , the leaves of the fraxinus , or ash tree , and the bark of the alder tree , but they rapidly faded or changed color .	they rapidly faded or changed color	Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal ?
Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced , by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad , and then yellow with reseda luteola , also known as yellow-weed .	16th century	When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced ?
Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced , by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad , and then yellow with reseda luteola , also known as yellow-weed .	reseda luteola	What was known as yellow-weed ?
In the 18th and 19th century , green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art .	18th and 19th century	When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art ?
The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature , The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color , suitable for decorating bedrooms .	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature ?
The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature , The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color , suitable for decorating bedrooms .	Goethe	Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color ?
The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory , and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other .	late nineteenth century	When did the systematic study of color theory begin ?
These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh .	Vincent van Gogh	Who painted The Night Cafe ?
The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory , and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other .	complementary	What type of colors are red and green ?
Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century .	19th century	When were green and red standardized as the colors of international railroad signs ?
The first traffic light , using green and red gas lamps , was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London .	1868	When was the first traffic light erected ?
In 1912 , the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City , Utah .	Salt Lake City, Utah	Where were the first modern electric traffic lights erected in 1912 ?
Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility , and its association with danger , while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red .	high visibility	Besides its association with danger , why was red chosen for traffic lights ?
-LSB- d -RSB- The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as `` the green fairy '' .	the green fairy	What was absinthe known as ?
There was a solid foundation for this association ; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments , notably verdigris , vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris , were highly toxic , containing copper or arsenic .	copper or arsenic	Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic ?
Like other common colors , green has several completely opposite associations .	green	What color is most associated with toxicity and poison ?
The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics .	Libya	Which country had a flag in 1977 that was only green ?
Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country 's lush vegetation , as in the flag of Jamaica , and hope in the future , as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria .	country's lush vegetation	What does the green in Jamaica 's flag represent ?
The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance .	steadiness and tolerance	What does the green cedar of Lebanon tree represent on the Flag of Lebanon ?
Many flags of the Islamic world are green , as the color is considered sacred in Islam -LRB- see below -RRB- .	green	Which color is considered sacred in Islam ?
The largest green party in Europe is Alliance ' 90/The Greens -LRB- German : Bündnis 90/Die Grünen -RRB- in Germany , which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party , founded in West Germany in 1980 , and Alliance 90 , founded during the Revolution of 1989 -- 1990 in East Germany .	Alliance '90/The Greens	What is the largest green party in Europe ?
In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism .	environmentalism	Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s ?
The largest green party in Europe is Alliance ' 90/The Greens -LRB- German : Bündnis 90/Die Grünen -RRB- in Germany , which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party , founded in West Germany in 1980 , and Alliance 90 , founded during the Revolution of 1989 -- 1990 in East Germany .	1980	When was the German green party founded in West Germany ?
Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time .	green	What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time ?
In the Eastern Catholic Church , green is the color of Pentecost .	Pentecost	What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church ?
In Ireland and Scotland especially , green is used to represent Catholics , while orange is used to represent Protestantism .	Catholics	What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland ?
Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia , which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration .	green holly and evergreen	What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia ?
Green is one of the Christmas colors as well , possibly dating back to pre-Christian times , when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season .	evergreens	What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season ?
USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals -LRB- including keyboards , pointing devices , digital cameras , printers , portable media players , disk drives and network adapters -RRB- to personal computers , both to communicate and to supply electric power .	USB	What was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals ?
It has become commonplace on other devices , such as smartphones , PDAs and video game consoles .	commonplace	USB has become what on other devices ?
USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces , such as serial and parallel ports , as well as separate power chargers for portable devices .	a variety of earlier interfaces	What has USB effectively replaced ?
Unlike other data cables -LRB- e.g. , Ethernet , HDMI -RRB- , each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of connector ; a Type-A or a Type-B .	Type-A or a Type-B	What are the different kinds of USB connectors ?
This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment , as only the Type-A socket provides power .	to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment	Why were the designs for different USB connectors made ?
In common practice , the Type-A connector is usually the full size , and the Type-B side can vary as needed .	the Type-A connector is usually the full size	The Type-A connector is usually what size ?
In common practice , the Type-A connector is usually the full size , and the Type-B side can vary as needed .	the Type-B side can vary as needed	What size is the Type-B connector ?
Counter-intuitively , the `` micro '' size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime .	the "micro" size	What size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime ?
The standard and mini connectors were designed for less than daily connections , with a design lifetime of 1,500 insertion-removal cycles .	The standard and mini connectors	What was designed for less daily connections ?
-LRB- Improved mini-B connectors have reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes . -RRB-	Improved mini-B connectors	What has reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes ?
Micro connectors were designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind ; not only is design lifetime of the connector improved to 10,000 cycles , but it was also redesigned to place the flexible contacts , which wear out sooner , on the easily replaced cable , while the more durable rigid contacts are located in the micro-USB receptacles .	Micro connectors	What was designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind ?
USB connections also come in five data transfer modes , in ascending order : Low Speed -LRB- 1.0 -RRB- , Full Speed -LRB- 1.0 -RRB- , High Speed -LRB- 2.0 -RRB- , SuperSpeed -LRB- 3.0 -RRB- , and SuperSpeed + -LRB- 3.1 -RRB- .	five data transfer modes	USB connections come in what ?
High Speed is supported only by specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces -LRB- that is , USB 2.0 controllers without the High Speed designation do not support it -RRB- , as well as by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces .	specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces	What is High Speed only supported by ?
SuperSpeed is supported only by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces , and requires a connector and cable with extra pins and wires , usually distinguishable by the blue inserts in connectors .	USB 3.0 and newer interfaces	SuperSpeed is only supported by ?
A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994 : Compaq , DEC , IBM , Intel , Microsoft , NEC , and Nortel .	1994	When did the seven companies begin developing USB 's ?
A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994 : Compaq , DEC , IBM , Intel , Microsoft , NEC , and Nortel .	seven	How many companies developed USB 's ?
The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs , addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces , and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB , as well as permitting greater data rates for external devices .	to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs	What was the goal for USB 's ?
A team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel ; the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995 .	Ajay Bhatt	Who was included in a team that worked on the standard at Intel ?
The original USB 1.0 specification , which was introduced in January 1996 , defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s `` Low Speed '' and 12 Mbit/s `` Full Speed '' .	January 1996	When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced ?
The original USB 1.0 specification , which was introduced in January 1996 , defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s `` Low Speed '' and 12 Mbit/s `` Full Speed '' .	1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed"	How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0 ?
The original USB 1.0 specification , which was introduced in January 1996 , defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s `` Low Speed '' and 12 Mbit/s `` Full Speed '' .	12 Mbit/s "Full Speed"	What was the fastest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0 ?
The first widely used version of USB was 1.1 , which was released in September 1998 .	USB	1.1 was the first widely used version of what ?
The first widely used version of USB was 1.1 , which was released in September 1998 .	September 1998	When was the first widely used version of USB released ?
The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s , in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions .	The new SuperSpeed bus	What provides a fourth transfer mode ?
The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s , in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions .	5.0 Gbit/s	How fast is the new SuperSpeed bus data signaling rate ?
Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode ; in the modes supported previously , by 1.x and 2.0 , communication is half-duplex , with direction controlled by the host .	Communication	What is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode ?
As with previous USB versions , USB 3.0 ports come in low-power and high-power variants , providing 150 mA and 900 mA respectively , while simultaneously transmitting data at SuperSpeed rates .	low-power and high-power	What are the power variants in USB 3.0 ports ?
As with previous USB versions , USB 3.0 ports come in low-power and high-power variants , providing 150 mA and 900 mA respectively , while simultaneously transmitting data at SuperSpeed rates .	150 mA and 900 mA respectively	What do the power variants provide ?
Additionally , there is a Battery Charging Specification -LRB- Version 1.2 -- December 2010 -RRB- , which increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A but does not allow concurrent data transmission .	increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A	What does the Battery Charging Specification do ?
Additionally , there is a Battery Charging Specification -LRB- Version 1.2 -- December 2010 -RRB- , which increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A but does not allow concurrent data transmission .	does not allow concurrent data transmission	What is a downfall of the Battery Charging Specification ?
A January 2013 press release from the USB group revealed plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s .	January 2013	When were the plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s revealed ?
The group ended up creating a new USB version , USB 3.1 , which was released on 31 July 2013 , introducing a faster transfer mode called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbit/s , putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt channel .	The group ended up creating a new USB version	What actually happened whenever USB 3.0 was updated ?
The group ended up creating a new USB version , USB 3.1 , which was released on 31 July 2013 , introducing a faster transfer mode called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbit/s , putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt channel .	31 July 2013	When was USB 3.1 released ?
The USB 3.1 standard increases the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode , double that of USB 3.0 -LRB- referred to as USB 3.1 Gen1 -RRB- and reduces line encoding overhead to just 3 % by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b .	the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode	What does the USB 3.1 standard increase ?
Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification , but distinct from it , the USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014 and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices .	August 2014	When was the Type-C Specification 1.0 finalized ?
Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification , but distinct from it , the USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014 and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices .	USB Type-C Specification 1.0	What defined a new reversible-plug connector for USB devices ?
The Type-C plug connects to both hosts and devices , replacing various Type-A and Type-B connectors and cables with a standard meant to be future-proof , similar to Apple Lightning and Thunderbolt .	both hosts and devices	What does Type-C connect to ?
The 24-pin double-sided connector provides four power/ground pairs , two differential pairs for USB 2.0 data bus -LRB- though only one pair is implemented in a Type-C cable -RRB- , four pairs for high-speed data bus , two `` sideband use '' pins , and two configuration pins for cable orientation detection , dedicated biphase mark code -LRB- BMC -RRB- configuration data channel , and VCONN +5 V power for active cables .	The 24-pin double-sided connector	What connector provides four power/ground pairs ?
Full-featured USB Type-C cables are active , electronically marked cables that contain a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages -LRB- VDMs -RRB- from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification .	an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages	Electronically marked cables have a chip that contains what ?
Full-featured USB Type-C cables are active , electronically marked cables that contain a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages -LRB- VDMs -RRB- from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification .	active, electronically marked cables	What kind of cables does the fully featured USB Type-C contain ?
Full-featured USB Type-C cables are active , electronically marked cables that contain a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages -LRB- VDMs -RRB- from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification .	(VDMs)	What is the shortened version of vendor-defined messages ?
The design architecture of USB is asymmetrical in its topology , consisting of a host , a multitude of downstream USB ports , and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology .	its topology	The design of USB is asymmetrical in what ?
Up to 127 devices , including hub devices if present , may be connected to a single host controller .	127 devices	How many devices may be connected to a host controller ?
USB devices are linked in series through hubs .	in series through hubs	How are USB devices linked ?
One hub -- built into the host controller -- is the root hub .	the root hub	What HUB is built into the host controller ?
The design architecture of USB is asymmetrical in its topology , consisting of a host , a multitude of downstream USB ports , and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology .	topology	The design of the USB is asymmetrical in its what ?
Up to 127 devices , including hub devices if present , may be connected to a single host controller .	Up to 127 devices	How many devices can be connected to a host controller ?
One hub -- built into the host controller -- is the root hub .	the root hub	What hub is built into the host controller ?
A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports .	multiple	A USB host may implement how many host controllers ?
A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports .	one or more USB ports	How many USB ports may a host controller provide ?
A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions .	device functions	What are logical sub-devices referred to as ?
A single device may provide several functions , for example , a webcam -LRB- video device function -RRB- with a built-in microphone -LRB- audio device function -RRB- .	built-in microphone	A single device can provide an audio device function such as ?
A single device may provide several functions , for example , a webcam -LRB- video device function -RRB- with a built-in microphone -LRB- audio device function -RRB- .	a webcam	A single device can provide a video device function such as ?
A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity , found on a device , and named an endpoint .	a connection from the host controller to a logical entity	What is a pipe ?
USB device communication is based on pipes -LRB- logical channels -RRB- .	pipes (logical channels)	A USB connection is based on what ?
A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity , found on a device , and named an endpoint .	an endpoint	What is a pipe named at ?
Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints , the terms are sometimes used interchangeably .	1-to-1 to endpoints	Where do pipes correspond ?
A USB device could have up to 32 endpoints -LRB- 16 IN , 16 OUT -RRB- , though it 's rare to have so many .	up to 32 endpoints	How many endpoints can a USB device have ?
If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host , the host sends an IN packet instead .	the host sends an IN packet	If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host , what does the host send ?
A bi-directional endpoint , on the other hand , accepts both IN and OUT packets .	both IN and OUT packets	What does a bi-directional endpoint accept ?
If the direction of the data transfer is from the host to the endpoint , an OUT packet -LRB- a specialization of a TOKEN packet -RRB- having the desired device address and endpoint number is sent by the host .	an OUT packet	What is sent if the direction of the data transfer is from host to endpoint ?
When a USB device is first connected to a USB host , the USB device enumeration process is started .	enumeration process	What is started when a USB is first connected to a host ?
The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling .	the reset signaling	What id the data rate determined during ?
After reset , the USB device 's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address .	After reset	When is the device assigned a unique 7-bit address ?
The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device .	sending a reset signal to the USB device	What does the enumeration process start by doing ?
If the USB host is restarted , the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices .	the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.	What happens whenever a USB host is restarted ?
High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses .	convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses	What do transaction translators do ?
When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub , it operates in high-speed mode .	When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub	When does a USB 2.0 hub operate in high speed mode ?
High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses .	transaction translators	What kind of devices do High speed USB 2.0 's contain ?
USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class -LRB- MSC or UMS -RRB- .	storage devices	What do USB 's implement connections to ?
USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class -LRB- MSC or UMS -RRB- .	the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS)	What are the standards called that implement connections to storage devices ?
The process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension .	extension	What is the process of making a novel device look like a familiar device ?
The ability to boot a write-locked SD card with a USB adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible , pristine state of the booting medium .	maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.	Why is the ability to boot write-locked SD cards with a USB adapter advantageous for ?
Though most computers since mid-2004 can boot from USB mass storage devices , USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer 's internal storage .	since mid-2004	Since when can most computers boot from USB mass storage devices ?
Though most computers since mid-2004 can boot from USB mass storage devices , USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer 's internal storage .	a primary bus for a computer's internal storage	What is USB not intended for ?
However , USB has one important advantage , in that it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer -LRB- hot-swapping -RRB- , making it useful for mobile peripherals , including drives of various kinds -LRB- given SATA or SCSI devices may or may not support hot-swapping -RRB- .	it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer	What is an important advantage of USB ?
Though most computers since mid-2004 can boot from USB mass storage devices , USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer 's internal storage .	a computer's internal storage	Buses such as Parallel ATA fulfill what role in PC computers ?
Firstly conceived and still used today for optical storage devices -LRB- CD-RW drives , DVD drives , etc. -RRB- , several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives , or empty enclosures for disk drives .	external portable USB hard disk drives	Several manufacturers offer what ?
These offer performance comparable to internal drives , limited by the current number and types of attached USB devices , and by the upper limit of the USB interface -LRB- in practice about 30 MB/s for USB 2.0 and potentially 400 MB/s or more for USB 3.0 -RRB- .	performance comparable to internal drives	What do external portable USB hard drive disks offer ?
Other competing standards for external drive connectivity include eSATA , ExpressCard , FireWire -LRB- IEEE 1394 -RRB- , and most recently Thunderbolt .	Thunderbolt	What is the most recent standard for external drive connectivity ?
These external drives typically include a `` translating device '' that bridges between a drive 's interface to a USB interface port .	a "translating device"	What do the external drives typically include ?
Media Transfer Protocol -LRB- MTP -RRB- was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device 's filesystem than USB mass storage , at the level of files rather than disk blocks .	Microsoft	Media Transfer Protocol was designed by who ?
Media Transfer Protocol -LRB- MTP -RRB- was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device 's filesystem than USB mass storage , at the level of files rather than disk blocks .	to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem	Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed ?
MTP was designed for use with portable media players , but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 -LRB- Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol which was an evolution of MTP -RRB- .	use with portable media players	What was MTP originally designed for ?
The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does , alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer .	MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does	Why has MTP become the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system ?
USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter .	PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter	What do older computers have to have in order for USB mice and keyboards to be used ?
For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support , an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used : the hardware in the USB keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port , and communicate using the appropriate protocol .	whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port	What is the hardware designed to detect in USB mice and keyboards ?
For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support , an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used : the hardware in the USB keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port , and communicate using the appropriate protocol .	appropriate protocol	USB keyboards and mice may communicate using what ?
Converters also exist that connect PS/2 keyboards and mice -LRB- usually one of each -RRB- to a USB port .	Converters	What connects PS/2 keyboards and mice to a USB port ?
These devices present two HID endpoints to the system and use a microcontroller to perform bidirectional data translation between the two standards .	a microcontroller	What performs bidirectional data translation between two standards ?
By design , it is difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly .	to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly	What is difficult to do with a USB plug ?
The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be embossed on the `` topside '' of the USB plug , which '' ... provides easy user recognition and facilitates alignment during the mating process . ''	embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug	The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be what ?
The specification further states , `` The USB Icon is also located adjacent to each receptacle .	adjacent	How is the USB icon located to each receptacle ?
Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to be visible during the mating process . ''	to be visible during the mating process	Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to what ?
The standard connectors were deliberately intended to enforce the directed topology of a USB network : Type-A receptacles on host devices that supply power and Type-B receptacles on target devices that draw power .	supply power	What do Type-A receptacles do on host devices ?
The standard connectors were deliberately intended to enforce the directed topology of a USB network : Type-A receptacles on host devices that supply power and Type-B receptacles on target devices that draw power .	draw power	What do Type-b receptacles do on target devices ?
This prevents users from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other , which could lead to short circuits and dangerously high currents , circuit failures , or even fire .	from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other	What do the receptacles prevent user from doing ?
USB does not support cyclic networks and the standard connectors from incompatible USB devices are themselves incompatible .	cyclic networks	What networks do USB not support ?
The standard connectors were designed to be robust .	robust	Standard connectors were designed to be what ?
Because USB is hot-pluggable , the connectors would be used more frequently , and perhaps with less care , than other connectors .	the connectors would be used more frequently	Why were standard connectors designed to be so robust ?
Many previous connector designs were fragile , specifying embedded component pins or other delicate parts that were vulnerable to bending or breaking .	Many previous connector designs were fragile	What as a drawback of previous connectors ?
The electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue , and the entire connecting assembly is usually protected by an enclosing metal sheath .	by an adjacent plastic tongue	How are the electrical contents of a USB connector protected ?
The electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue , and the entire connecting assembly is usually protected by an enclosing metal sheath .	by an enclosing metal sheath	How is the entire connecting assembly of a USB connector protected ?
The external metallic sheath is typically connected to system ground , thus dissipating damaging static charges .	typically connected to system ground	Where is the external metallic sheet connected ?
This enclosure design also provides a degree of protection from electromagnetic interference to the USB signal while it travels through the mated connector pair -LRB- the only location when the otherwise twisted data pair travels in parallel -RRB- .	This enclosure design	What provides a degree of protection from interference with the USB signal ?
This type of staged make-break timing allows for electrically safe hot-swapping .	electrically safe hot-swapping.	This type of stage make-break timing allows for what ?
The newer micro-USB receptacles are designed for a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal between the receptacle and plug , compared to 1,500 for the standard USB and 5,000 for the mini-USB receptacle .	a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion	What are the newer micro-USB receptacles designed for ?
The newer micro-USB receptacles are designed for a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal between the receptacle and plug , compared to 1,500 for the standard USB and 5,000 for the mini-USB receptacle .	1,500	What is the minimum rated lifetime for the standard USB receptacle ?
Features intended to accomplish include , a locking device was added and the leaf-spring was moved from the jack to the plug , so that the most-stressed part is on the cable side of the connection .	on the cable side of the connection	After a leaf-spring was moved from jack to the plug , the most stressed part was found where ?
This change was made so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear instead of the more expensive micro-USB device .	so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear	Why was the change made for the USB device ?
The USB standard specifies relatively loose tolerances for compliant USB connectors to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors .	loose tolerances	What type of tolerances does the USB standard specify for compliant USB connectors ?
The USB standard specifies relatively loose tolerances for compliant USB connectors to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors .	to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors	Why were loose tolerances allowed for compliant USB connectors ?
To address a weakness present in some other connector standards , the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in the area around its plug .	the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device	How is a weakness addressed in some other connector standards ?
Compliant devices must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does .	fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does	Due to size restrictions compliant devices must what ?
In general , USB cables have only plugs on their ends , while hosts and devices have only receptacles .	plugs	USB cables and device have only what on their ends ?
In general , USB cables have only plugs on their ends , while hosts and devices have only receptacles .	receptacles	Hosts and devices only have what in terms of connecting to a USB device ?
Hosts almost universally have Type-A receptacles , while devices have one or another Type-B variety .	one or another Type-B variety	Devices usually have what type of receptacle ?
Hosts almost universally have Type-A receptacles , while devices have one or another Type-B variety .	Type-A receptacles	Hosts almost always have what type of receptacle ?
Various connectors have been used for smaller devices such as digital cameras , smartphones , and tablet computers .	Various connectors	What has been used to connect digital cameras . smartphones and other devices to tablet computers ?
The mini-B USB connector was standard for transferring data to and from the early smartphones and PDAs .	The mini-B USB connector	What was standard for transferring data to and from the earlier type of smartphones ?
Both mini-A and mini-B plugs are approximately 3 by 7 mm ; the mini-A connector and the mini-AB receptacle connector were deprecated on 23 May 2007 .	approximately 3 by 7 mm	How large are both mini-A and mini-B plugs ?
Both mini-A and mini-B plugs are approximately 3 by 7 mm ; the mini-A connector and the mini-AB receptacle connector were deprecated on 23 May 2007 .	23 May 2007	When were the mini-A connector and and the mini-AB receptacle connector depreceated ?
The micro connector is also designed to reduce the mechanical wear on the device ; instead the easier-to-replace cable is designed to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection .	to reduce the mechanical wear on the device	What is the micro connector designed for ?
The micro connector is also designed to reduce the mechanical wear on the device ; instead the easier-to-replace cable is designed to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection .	to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection	What is the easier-to-replace cable designed for ?
The micro plug design is rated for at least 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles , which is more than the mini plug design .	10,000 connect-disconnect cycles	What is the micro-plug rated for ?
The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform -LRB- OMTP -RRB- in 2007 endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices In addition , on 22 October 2009 the International Telecommunication Union -LRB- ITU -RRB- has also announced that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution its `` energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution , '' and added : `` Based on the Micro-USB interface , UCS chargers also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating -- up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger . ''	The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform	In 2007 who endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices ?
The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform -LRB- OMTP -RRB- in 2007 endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices In addition , on 22 October 2009 the International Telecommunication Union -LRB- ITU -RRB- has also announced that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution its `` energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution , '' and added : `` Based on the Micro-USB interface , UCS chargers also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating -- up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger . ''	22 October 2009	When did the ITU announce that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution ?
The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform -LRB- OMTP -RRB- in 2007 endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices In addition , on 22 October 2009 the International Telecommunication Union -LRB- ITU -RRB- has also announced that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution its `` energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution , '' and added : `` Based on the Micro-USB interface , UCS chargers also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating -- up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger . ''	micro-USB	What has energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution ?
The European Standardisation Bodies CEN , CENELEC and ETSI -LRB- independent of the OMTP/GSMA proposal -RRB- defined a common External Power Supply -LRB- EPS -RRB- for use with smartphones sold in the EU based on micro-USB .	The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI	Who defined a common External Power Supply for use with smartphones sold ?
14 of the world 's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU 's common EPS Memorandum of Understanding -LRB- MoU -RRB- .	14	How many mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU 's common EPS -LRB- MoU -RRB- ?
Apple , one of the original MoU signers , makes micro-USB adapters available -- as permitted in the Common EPS MoU -- for its iPhones equipped with Apple 's proprietary 30-pin dock connector or -LRB- later -RRB- Lightning connector .	Apple	Who was one of the original MoU signers ?
All current USB On-The-Go -LRB- OTG -RRB- devices are required to have one , and only one , USB connector : a micro-AB receptacle .	one, and only one, USB connector	What are all USB On-The-Go devices required to have ?
Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle , due to power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line .	the micro-AB receptacle	Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use what ?
Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle , due to power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line .	power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line	Why are the Non-OTG compliant devices not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle ?
The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called the B-device and by default assumes the role of peripheral .	B-device	The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called what ?
An OTG device with no plug inserted defaults to acting as a B-device .	to acting as a B-device	What does an OTG device default to with no plug inserted ?
The OTG device with the A-plug inserted is called the A-device and is responsible for powering the USB interface when required and by default assumes the role of host .	powering the USB interface when required	What is the A-device responsible for ?
USB is a serial bus , using four shielded wires for the USB 2.0 variant : two for power -LRB- VBUS and GND -RRB- , and two for differential data signals -LRB- labelled as D + and D − in pinouts -RRB- .	a serial bus	What is USB ?
USB is a serial bus , using four shielded wires for the USB 2.0 variant : two for power -LRB- VBUS and GND -RRB- , and two for differential data signals -LRB- labelled as D + and D − in pinouts -RRB- .	four shielded wires	What kind of wires does the USB 2.0 variant use ?
USB is a serial bus , using four shielded wires for the USB 2.0 variant : two for power -LRB- VBUS and GND -RRB- , and two for differential data signals -LRB- labelled as D + and D − in pinouts -RRB- .	two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals	What are the four shielded wires in the USB 2.0 variant used for ?
USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed -LRB- 480 Mbit/s -RRB- .	5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed	How long is the maximum cable length the USB 2.0 provides ?
When adding USB device response time , delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables , the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26 ns .	26 ns	What is the maximum acceptable delay per cable ?
The USB 2.0 specification requires that cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter -LRB- 192 000 km/s , which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire -RRB- .	cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter	What does theUSB 2.0 specification require ?
A unit load is defined as 100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0 , and 150 mA in USB 3.0 .	100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0	What is a unit load defined as ?
A unit load is defined as 100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0 , and 150 mA in USB 3.0 .	150 mA	How much is a unit load in USB 3.0 ?
A device may draw a maximum of five unit loads from a port in USB 1.x and 2.0 -LRB- 500 mA -RRB- , or six unit loads in USB 3.0 -LRB- 900 mA -RRB- .	five unit loads	What is the maximum amount of load a USB 1 . and 2.0 device may draw ?
A device may draw a maximum of five unit loads from a port in USB 1.x and 2.0 -LRB- 500 mA -RRB- , or six unit loads in USB 3.0 -LRB- 900 mA -RRB- .	six unit loads	What is the maximum amount of load a USB 3.0 device may draw ?
Some devices , such as high-speed external disk drives , require more than 500 mA of current and therefore may have power issues if powered from just one USB 2.0 port : erratic function , failure to function , or overloading/damaging the port .	high-speed external disk drives	What is an example of a device that requires more than 500 mA of current ?
Some devices , such as high-speed external disk drives , require more than 500 mA of current and therefore may have power issues if powered from just one USB 2.0 port : erratic function , failure to function , or overloading/damaging the port .	may have power issues	What is an issue that may occur if a high-speed external disk drive is powered from just one USB 2.0 port .
However , USB compliance specification states that `` use of a ` Y ' cable -LRB- a cable with two A-plugs -RRB- is prohibited on any USB peripheral '' , meaning that `` if a USB peripheral requires more power than allowed by the USB specification to which it is designed , then it must be self-powered . ''	"use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs)	What does USB compliance specification prohibit ?
The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 -LRB- released in 2007 -RRB- defines a new type of USB port , called the charging port .	The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1	What defines a new type of USB port , called the charging port ?
The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 -LRB- released in 2007 -RRB- defines a new type of USB port , called the charging port .	in 2007	When was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 released ?
The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 -LRB- released in 2007 -RRB- defines a new type of USB port , called the charging port .	the charging port	What was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 called ?
A charging port supplies up to 500 mA at 5 V , up to the rated current at 3.6 V or more , and drops its output voltage if the portable device attempts to draw more than the rated current .	up to 500 mA at 5 V	What does a charging port supply ?
Two types of charging port exist : the charging downstream port -LRB- CDP -RRB- , supporting data transfers as well , and the dedicated charging port -LRB- DCP -RRB- , without data support .	Two types	How many types of charging ports exist ?
A portable device can recognize the type of USB port ; on a dedicated charging port , the D + and D − pins are shorted with a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms , while charging downstream ports provide additional detection logic so their presence can be determined by attached devices .	the type of USB port	What can a portable device recognize ?
A portable device can recognize the type of USB port ; on a dedicated charging port , the D + and D − pins are shorted with a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms , while charging downstream ports provide additional detection logic so their presence can be determined by attached devices .	a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms	What are the D + and D - shortened with ?
The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 -LRB- released in 2010 -RRB- makes clear that there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0 .	there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0	What does the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 make clear of ?
On the other hand , several changes are made and limits are increasing including allowing 1.5 A on charging downstream ports for unconfigured devices , allowing high speed communication while having a current up to 1.5 A , and allowing a maximum current of 5 A. Also , revision 1.2 removes support for USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms .	USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms	What does revision 1.2 remove ?
The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 -LRB- released in 2010 -RRB- makes clear that there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0 .	in 2010	When was USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 released ?
In July 2012 , the USB Promoters Group announced the finalization of the USB Power Delivery -LRB- `` PD '' -RRB- specification , an extension that specifies using certified `` PD aware '' USB cables with standard USB Type-A and Type-B connectors to deliver increased power -LRB- more than 7.5 W -RRB- to devices with larger power demand .	In July 2012	When did the USB Promoters Group announce the finalization of the USB Power Delivery specification ?
Devices can request higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts -- up to 2 A at 5 V -LRB- for a power consumption of up to 10 W -RRB- , and optionally up to 3 A or 5 A at either 12 V -LRB- 36 W or 60 W -RRB- or 20 V -LRB- 60 W or 100 W -RRB- .	higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts	What can devices request ?
In all cases , both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are supported .	supported	In all cases , both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are what ?
The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of the USB 3.1 suite .	USB 3.1	The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of what ?
It covers the Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel , which now hosts a DC coupled low-frequency BMC-coded data channel that reduces the possibilities for RF interference .	Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel	What does the USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification cover ?
Power Delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate Type-C features such as cable ID function , Alternate Mode negotiation , increased VBUS currents , and VCONN-powered accessories .	Type-C features	Power delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate what ?
Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off .	charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off	What can sleep-and-charge USB ports be used to do ?
Normally , when a computer is powered off the USB ports are powered down , preventing phones and other devices from charging .	USB ports	What is normally powered off whenever the computer is off ?
Sleep-and-charge USB ports remain powered even when the computer is off .	Sleep-and-charge USB ports	What remain powered even whenever the computer is powered off ?
On Dell and Toshiba laptops , the port is marked with the standard USB symbol with an added lightning bolt icon on the right side .	On Dell and Toshiba laptops	On what laptops are the USB ports marked with a USB symbol with an added lightening bolt icon ?
Dell calls this feature PowerShare , while Toshiba calls it USB Sleep-and-Charge .	PowerShare	What does dell call the feature that lets USB drives to remain powered when the computer is off ?
On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops , sleep-and-charge USB ports are marked with a non-standard symbol -LRB- the letters USB over a drawing of a battery -RRB- ; the feature is simply called Power-off USB .	On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops	On what laptops are the sleep-and-charge marked with a non-standard symbol ?
The GSM Association -LRB- GSMA -RRB- followed suit on 17 February 2009 , and on 22 April 2009 , this was further endorsed by the CTIA -- The Wireless Association , with the International Telecommunication Union -LRB- ITU -RRB- announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its `` energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution , '' and added : `` Based on the Micro-USB interface , UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating -- up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger . ''	17 February 2009	When did the GSM Association follow suit ?
The GSM Association -LRB- GSMA -RRB- followed suit on 17 February 2009 , and on 22 April 2009 , this was further endorsed by the CTIA -- The Wireless Association , with the International Telecommunication Union -LRB- ITU -RRB- announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its `` energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution , '' and added : `` Based on the Micro-USB interface , UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating -- up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger . ''	a 4-star or higher efficiency rating	UCS chargers will also include what ?
The GSM Association -LRB- GSMA -RRB- followed suit on 17 February 2009 , and on 22 April 2009 , this was further endorsed by the CTIA -- The Wireless Association , with the International Telecommunication Union -LRB- ITU -RRB- announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its `` energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution , '' and added : `` Based on the Micro-USB interface , UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating -- up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger . ''	22 April 2009	When was this further endorsed by the CTIA ?
In June 2009 , many of the world 's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding -LRB- MoU -RRB- , agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply -LRB- EPS -RRB- .	June 2009	When did many of the largest mobile phone manufacturers sign an EC-sponsored MoU ?
In June 2009 , many of the world 's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding -LRB- MoU -RRB- , agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply -LRB- EPS -RRB- .	to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply	What did the MoU make the manufacturers agree to do ?
In January 2011 , the International Electrotechnical Commission -LRB- IEC -RRB- released its version of the -LRB- EU 's -RRB- common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011 .	January 2011	When did the IEC release its version of the common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011 ?
Some USB devices require more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port .	more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port.	Some USB devices require what ?
Such devices can use an external power supply , which is allowed by the standard , or use a dual-input USB cable , one input of which is used for power and data transfer , the other solely for power , which makes the device a non-standard USB device .	an external power supply	Some devices such as an external hard and optical disk drive can use what ?
Such devices can use an external power supply , which is allowed by the standard , or use a dual-input USB cable , one input of which is used for power and data transfer , the other solely for power , which makes the device a non-standard USB device .	a dual-input USB cable	What is another alternative for power for an external hard and optical disk drive ?
Such devices can use an external power supply , which is allowed by the standard , or use a dual-input USB cable , one input of which is used for power and data transfer , the other solely for power , which makes the device a non-standard USB device .	one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power	What is the purpose of a dual-input USB cable ?
In addition to limiting the total average power used by the device , the USB specification limits the inrush current -LRB- i.e. , that used to charge decoupling and filter capacitors -RRB- when the device is first connected .	the inrush current	What does the USB specification limit ?
In addition to limiting the total average power used by the device , the USB specification limits the inrush current -LRB- i.e. , that used to charge decoupling and filter capacitors -RRB- when the device is first connected .	when the device is first connected	When is the inrush current affected by the USB specification ?
USB devices are also required to automatically enter ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended .	ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended	What are USB devices required to enter ?
Nevertheless , many USB host interfaces do not cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended .	cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended	Many USB host interfaces do not what ?
Some non-standard USB devices use the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network , which negotiates power draw with the host interface .	the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network	What do some non-standard USB devices use ?
Some non-standard USB devices use the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network , which negotiates power draw with the host interface .	the 5 V power supply	What Negotiates power draw with the host interface ?
Prior to the Battery Charging Specification , the USB specification required that devices connect in a low-power mode -LRB- 100 mA maximum -RRB- and communicate their current requirements to the host , which then permits the device to switch into high-power mode .	that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and communicate their current requirements to the host	What does the USB specification require prior to the Battery Charging Specification ?
USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state .	by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state	How is the USB data transmitted ?
USB encodes data using the NRZI line coding ; a 0 bit is transmitted by toggling the data lines from J to K or vice versa , while a 1 bit is transmitted by leaving the data lines as-is .	the NRZI line coding	What does USB use to encode data ?
To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions remains in the bitstream , USB uses bit stuffing ; an extra 0 bit is inserted into the data stream after any appearance of six consecutive 1 bits .	bit stuffing	To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions remains in the bitsream , what does USB use ?
A USB packet 's end , called EOP -LRB- end-of-packet -RRB- , is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 -LRB- D + and D − both below max . -RRB-	EOP (end-of-packet)	What is a USB packet 's end called ?
Sometimes skew due to hubs can add as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet .	as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet	What can skew due to hubs add ?
This extra bit can also result in a `` bit stuff violation '' if the six bits before it in the CRC are 1s .	"bit stuff violation	What can this extra bit result in ?
USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset , called chirping , to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub .	a special protocol	What type of protocol is used for USB 2.0 devices during a reset ?
USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset , called chirping , to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub .	chirping	What is the special protocol during a USB 2.0 device reset called ?
A device that is HS capable first connects as an FS device -LRB- D + pulled high -RRB- , but upon receiving a USB RESET -LRB- both D + and D − driven LOW by host for 10 to 20 ms -RRB- it pulls the D − line high , known as chirp K .	an FS device (D+ pulled high)	A device that is HS capable first connects as a what ?
According to routine testing performed by CNet , write operations to typical Hi-Speed -LRB- USB 2.0 -RRB- hard drives can sustain rates of 25 -- 30 MB/s , while read operations are at 30 -- 42 MB/s ; this is 70 % of the total available bus bandwidth .	sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s,	Write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can what ?
For USB 3.0 , typical write speed is 70 -- 90 MB/s , while read speed is 90 -- 110 MB/s .	70–90 MB/s	For USB 3.0 , typical write speed is what ?
For USB 3.0 , typical write speed is 70 -- 90 MB/s , while read speed is 90 -- 110 MB/s .	90–110 MB/s	What is the read speed for USB 3.0 ?
After the sync field , all packets are made of 8-bit bytes , transmitted least-significant bit first .	8-bit bytes	After the sync field , all packets are made of how many bit bytes ?
After the sync field , all packets are made of 8-bit bytes , transmitted least-significant bit first .	least-significant bit first	How are the bit bytes transmitted ?
The first byte is a packet identifier -LRB- PID -RRB- byte .	a packet identifier (PID) byte	The first byte is what ?
Handshake packets consist of only a single PID byte , and are generally sent in response to data packets .	PID byte	Handshake packets consist of only a single what ?
Handshake packets consist of only a single PID byte , and are generally sent in response to data packets .	in response to data packets	When are handshake packets generally sent ?
Error detection is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice , in a single PID byte using complemented form .	Error detection	What is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice , in a single PID byte using complemented form ?
IN and OUT tokens contain a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number -LRB- for multifunction devices -RRB- and command the device to transmit DATAx packets , or receive the following DATAx packets , respectively .	a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number	IN and OUT tokens contain what ?
An IN token expects a response from a device .	a response from a device	An IN token expects what ?
An OUT token is followed immediately by a DATAx frame .	DATAx frame	An OUT token is followed immediately by a what ?
This is used to perform split transactions .	to perform split transactions	a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number , 12 bits of control flags , and a five-bit CRC were created to do what ?
Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device , the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth , performs the data transfer at full or low bandwidth , and provides the response at high bandwidth when prompted by a second SPLIT token .	the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth	Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device , what happens ?
USB 2.0 also added a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number , 12 bits of control flags , and a five-bit CRC .	12 bits	How many bits of control flags did USB 2.0 add ?
There are two basic forms of data packet , DATA0 and DATA1 .	DATA0 and DATA1	There are two basic forms of data packet , what are they ?
A data packet must always be preceded by an address token , and is usually followed by a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter .	an address token	A data packet must always be preceded by what ?
A data packet must always be preceded by an address token , and is usually followed by a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter .	a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter	What is a data packet usually followed by ?
Low-bandwidth devices are supported with a special PID value , PRE .	a special PID value, PRE	Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what ?
Since all PID bytes include four 0 bits , they leave the bus in the full-bandwidth K state , which is the same as the low-bandwidth J state .	four 0 bits	All PID bytes include how many 0 bits ?
Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents , until the final SE0 indicates that a new packet follows .	simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents	Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can what ?
These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses : USB was designed for simplicity and low cost , while FireWire was designed for high performance , particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video .	two buses	These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of what ?
These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses : USB was designed for simplicity and low cost , while FireWire was designed for high performance , particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video .	simplicity and low cost	USB was designed for what ?
These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses : USB was designed for simplicity and low cost , while FireWire was designed for high performance , particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video .	high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video	FireWire was designed for what ?
Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate , FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use , especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard-drives .	USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use	FireWire 400 is faster than what ?
The IEEE 802.3 af Power over Ethernet -LRB- PoE -RRB- standard specifies a more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB .	more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB	The IEEE 802.3 af Power over Ethernet -LRB- PoE -RRB- standard specifies a what ?
However , USB is cheaper than PoE provided that the distance is short , and power demand is low .	cheaper	Is USB cheaper or more expensive than PoE ?
However , USB is cheaper than PoE provided that the distance is short , and power demand is low .	the distance is short, and power demand is low.	What keeps USB cheaper than PoE ?
USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer , and in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds .	closely associated with a host computer	USB was designed for peripherals to be what ?
USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer , and in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds .	the peripheral and host grounds	USB connects what ?
Ethernet standards require electrical isolation between the networked device -LRB- computer , phone , etc. -RRB- and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds .	isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds	Ethernet standards require what ?
eSATA does not supply power to external devices .	external devices	eSATA does not supply power to what ?
Even though USB 3.0 's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives , technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power , diminishing the eSATA advantage .	advancing and external drives gradually need less power	Even though USB 3.0 's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives , technology is what ?
On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD ; on a desktop workstation it can additionally supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives .	5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD	On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies how much power ?
USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip -LRB- HSIC -RRB- is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB .	chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0	USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip -LRB- HSIC -RRB- is a what ?
USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip -LRB- HSIC -RRB- is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB .	the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB	What does USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip eliminate ?
It was adopted as a standard by the USB Implementers Forum in 2007 .	2007	When was the USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip adopted as the standard by the USB Implementers Forum
Sichuan was referred to in ancient Chinese sources as Ba-Shu -LRB- 巴蜀 -RRB- , an abbreviation of the kingdoms of Ba and Shu which existed within the Sichuan Basin .	Ba-Shu	What was Sichuan referred to as by ancient Chinese sources ?
Throughout its prehistory and early history , the region and its vicinity in the Yangtze region was the cradle of unique local civilizations which can be dated back to at least the 15th century BC and coinciding with the later years of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in North China .	at least the 15th century BC	How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated ?
Sichuan was referred to in ancient Chinese sources as Ba-Shu -LRB- 巴蜀 -RRB- , an abbreviation of the kingdoms of Ba and Shu which existed within the Sichuan Basin .	within the Sichuan Basin	Where were the kingdoms of Ba and Shu located ?
Ba included Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams , while Shu included today 's Chengdu , its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan .	Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams	What land was included in the kingdom of Ba ?
Ba included Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams , while Shu included today 's Chengdu , its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan .	Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan	What land was included in the kingdom of Shu ?
Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin dynasty -LRB- 265 -- 420 -RRB- , with folk stories such as that of Emperor Duyu -LRB- 杜宇 -RRB- who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death .	a cuckoo	What did Emperor Duyu transform himself into after his death ?
The name Shu continues to be used to refer to Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day .	Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.	What does the name Shu refer to ?
This site , believed to be an ancient city of Shu , was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts .	a local farmer in 1929	When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered , and by whom ?
It was , however , referred to in the Book of Documents as an ally of the Zhou .	the Zhou	The Shu were an ally of who , according to the Book of Documents ?
Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin dynasty -LRB- 265 -- 420 -RRB- , with folk stories such as that of Emperor Duyu -LRB- 杜宇 -RRB- who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death .	the Jin dynasty (265–420)	When were the Chronicles of Huayang compiled ?
The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west , the Qin Mountains to the north , and mountainous areas of Yunnan to the south .	the Himalayas	What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west ?
The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west , the Qin Mountains to the north , and mountainous areas of Yunnan to the south .	Qin Mountains	What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North ?
Since the Yangtze flows through the basin and then through the perilous Yangzi Gorges to eastern and southern China , Sichuan was a staging area for amphibious military forces and a refuge for political refugees .	Yangtze	What river flows through the Sichuan basin ?
The rulers of the expansionist Qin dynasty , based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi , were only the first strategists to realize that the area 's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance .	present-day Gansu and Shaanxi	Where was the Qin dynasty based ?
The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west , the Qin Mountains to the north , and mountainous areas of Yunnan to the south .	mountainous areas of Yunnan	What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the South ?
Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC .	316 BC	By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba ?
Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology .	improved agricultural technology.	What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba ?
Li Bing , engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River , a major tributary of the Yangtze .	Li Bing	Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River ?
Li Bing , engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River , a major tributary of the Yangtze .	Yangtze	The Min River is a major tributary of what river ?
This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season , to either provide irrigation or prevent floods .	to either provide irrigation or prevent floods.	The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose ?
Sichuan came under the firm control of a Chinese central government during the Sui dynasty , but it was during the subsequent Tang dynasty where Sichuan regained its previous political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han .	Tang dynasty	During which dynasty did Sichuan regain its political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han ?
Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of Du Fu , who is sometimes called China 's greatest poet .	Du Fu	Who was known as China 's greatest poet and lived in Chengdu ?
Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of Du Fu , who is sometimes called China 's greatest poet .	armies	What was Chengu known to supply the country with ?
During the An Lushan Rebellion -LRB- 755-763 -RRB- , Emperor Xuanzong of Tang fled from Chang ` an to Sichuan .	755-763	Which years saw the An Lushan Rebellion ?
The region was torn by constant warfare and economic distress as it was besieged by the Tibetan Empire .	the Tibetan Empire	Which empire ravished the Chengdu region with constant warfare and economic distress ?
In the middle of the 17th century , the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong -LRB- 1606 -- 1646 -RRB- from Yan ` an , Shanxi Province , nicknamed Yellow Tiger , led his peasant troop from north China to the south , and conquered Sichuan .	Yellow Tiger	What was the nickname rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong ?
In the middle of the 17th century , the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong -LRB- 1606 -- 1646 -RRB- from Yan ` an , Shanxi Province , nicknamed Yellow Tiger , led his peasant troop from north China to the south , and conquered Sichuan .	Sichuan	Which region did Yellow Tiger conquer in the mid-17th century ?
Upon capturing it , he declared himself emperor of the Daxi Dynasty -LRB- 大西王朝 -RRB- .	Daxi Dynasty	Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare himself the emperor of ?
As a result of the massacre as well as years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition , the population of Sichuan fell sharply , requiring a massive resettlement of people from the neighboring Huguang Province -LRB- modern Hubei and Hunan -RRB- and other provinces during the Qing dynasty .	Huguang Province	Which province supplied a large amount of people to the Sichuan resettlement , following years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition ?
In the 20th century , as Beijing , Shanghai , Nanjing , and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War , the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing , then a major city in Sichuan .	Chongqing	To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century ?
In the 20th century , as Beijing , Shanghai , Nanjing , and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War , the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing , then a major city in Sichuan .	Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan	What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War ?
An enduring legacy of this move is that nearby inland provinces , such as Shaanxi , Gansu , and Guizhou , which previously never had modern Western-style universities , began to be developed in this regard .	Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou	What are some inland provinces that began to develop modern , westernized education systems ?
The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate hindering the accuracy of Japanese bombing of the Sichuan Basin , made the region the stronghold of Chiang Kai-Shek 's Kuomintang government during 1938-45 , and led to the Bombing of Chongqing .	The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate	What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin ?
The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War , and the cities of East China fell to the Communists one after another , the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland , although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the Long March .	the Communists	What group was the main antagonist during the Chinese Civil War ?
Chiang Kai-Shek himself flew to Chongqing from Taiwan in November 1949 to lead the defense .	Chiang Kai-Shek	Who led the defense of Chongqing in November 1949 ?
But the same month Chongqing fell to the Communists , followed by Chengdu on 10 December .	10 December	On what date in 1949 did Chengdu fall to the communists ?
The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War , and the cities of East China fell to the Communists one after another , the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland , although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the Long March .	it was one area on the road of the Long March	Why did Sichuan see some communist activity ?
From 1955 until 1997 Sichuan had been China 's most populous province , hitting 100 million mark shortly after the 1982 census figure of 99,730,000 .	Sichuan	What Chinese Province had the largest population until 1997 ?
This changed in 1997 when the Sub-provincial city of Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling , Wanxian , and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality .	Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality.	Why did Sichuan lose its status as the most populous Province in 1997 ?
The new municipality was formed to spearhead China 's effort to economically develop its western provinces , as well as to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project .	to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces	Why was the Chongqing Municipality formed ?
The new municipality was formed to spearhead China 's effort to economically develop its western provinces , as well as to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project .	the Three Gorges Dam project.	Why did China need to resettle people into Chongqing ?
From 1955 until 1997 Sichuan had been China 's most populous province , hitting 100 million mark shortly after the 1982 census figure of 99,730,000 .	99,730,000	What was the population of Sichuan in 1982 ?
Sichuan consists of two geographically very distinct parts .	two	How many distinct parts make up Sichuan ?
The eastern part of the province is mostly within the fertile Sichuan basin -LRB- which is shared by Sichuan with Chongqing Municipality -RRB- .	Sichuan basin	What makes up majority of the eastern Sichuan province ?
The western Sichuan consists of the numerous mountain ranges forming the easternmost part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau , which are known generically as Hengduan Mountains .	Hengduan Mountains	Western Sichuan is delineated by what mountain range ?
One of these ranges , Daxue Mountains , contains the highest point of the province Gongga Shan , at 7,556 metres -LRB- 24,790 ft -RRB- above sea level .	Daxue Mountains	Which mountain range contains the highest point in the Gongga Shan province ?
One of these ranges , Daxue Mountains , contains the highest point of the province Gongga Shan , at 7,556 metres -LRB- 24,790 ft -RRB- above sea level .	24,790 ft	How many feet above sea level is the highest point of the Saxue Mountains ?
The Yangtze River and its tributaries flows through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin ; thus , the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east , such as Chongqing , Wuhan , Nanjing and Shanghai .	Yangtze River	Which river flows through the Sichuan Basin ?
One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the province is the Min River of central Sichuan , which joins the Yangtze at Yibin .	Min River	Which tributary of the Yangtze flows through central Sichuan ?
Sichuan 's 4 main rivers , as Sichuan means literally , are Jaling Jiang , Tuo Jiang , Yalong Jiang , and Jinsha Jiang .	Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang	What are the 4 main rivers in Sichuan ?
The Yangtze River and its tributaries flows through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin ; thus , the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east , such as Chongqing , Wuhan , Nanjing and Shanghai .	Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai	Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan .
Under the Köppen climate classification , the Sichuan Basin -LRB- including Chengdu -RRB- in the eastern half of the province experiences a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cwa or Cfa -RRB- , with long , hot , humid summers and short , mild to cool , dry and cloudy winters .	humid subtropical climate	What climate classification does the Sichuan Basin hold ?
Under the Köppen climate classification , the Sichuan Basin -LRB- including Chengdu -RRB- in the eastern half of the province experiences a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cwa or Cfa -RRB- , with long , hot , humid summers and short , mild to cool , dry and cloudy winters .	the Sichuan Basin	What area of China has the least amount of sunlight ?
However , due to high altitude and its inland location , many areas such as Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan exhibit a subarctic climate -LRB- Köppen Dwc -RRB- - featuring extremely cold winters down to -30 °C and even cold summer nights .	subarctic climate	Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan experience what kind of climate ?
Average elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 meters ; average temperatures range from 0 to 15 °C .	2,000 to 3,500 meters	What is the range of average elevation in the Sichuan Basin ?
Average elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 meters ; average temperatures range from 0 to 15 °C .	0 to 15 °C	What is the range of average temperature in the Sichuan Basin ?
Sichuan has been historically known as the `` Province of Abundance '' .	Sichuan	What area for the `` Province of Abundance '' refer to ?
Grain , including rice and wheat , is the major product with output that ranked first in China in 1999 .	rice and wheat	What are the major agricultural outputs of Sichuan ?
Sichuan also had the largest output of pork among all the provinces and the second largest output of silkworm cocoons in 1999 .	pork	What kind of meat is Sichuan known to produce in abundance ?
The Panxi region alone possesses 13.3 % of the reserves of iron , 93 % of titanium , 69 % of vanadium , and 83 % of the cobalt of the whole country .	93%	How much of China 's titanium is houses in Sichuan ?
Sichuan also possesses China 's largest proven natural gas reserves , the majority of which is transported to more developed eastern regions .	transported to more developed eastern regions	What is often done with Sichuan 's natural gas reserves ?
In addition to heavy industries such as coal , energy , iron and steel , the province has also established a light industrial sector comprising building materials , wood processing , food and silk processing .	coal, energy, iron and steel	What are some major industrial outputs of Sichuan ?
Chengdu and Mianyang are the production centers for textiles and electronics products .	Chengdu and Mianyang	What areas are major areas of production for textiles and electronics ?
Sichuan 's wine production accounted for 21.9 % of the country 's total production in 2000 .	21.9%	How much of China 's wine did Sichuan produce in 2000 ?
Deyang , Panzhihua , and Yibin are the production centers for machinery , metallurgical industries , and wine , respectively .	Deyang	Which city in Sichuan is known for its machinery production ?
Deyang , Panzhihua , and Yibin are the production centers for machinery , metallurgical industries , and wine , respectively .	Panzhihua	Which city in Sichuan is known for its metallurgical industries ?
The Three Gorges Dam , the largest dam ever constructed , is being built on the Yangtze River in nearby Hubei province to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin , neighboring Yunnan province , and downstream .	Three Gorges Dam	What is the largest dam ever built in the world ?
The Three Gorges Dam , the largest dam ever constructed , is being built on the Yangtze River in nearby Hubei province to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin , neighboring Yunnan province , and downstream .	Yangtze River	On which river is the Three Gorges Dam built ?
The Three Gorges Dam , the largest dam ever constructed , is being built on the Yangtze River in nearby Hubei province to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin , neighboring Yunnan province , and downstream .	to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream	What is the purpose of the Three Gorges Dam ?
The plan is hailed by some as China 's efforts to shift towards alternative energy sources and to further develop its industrial and commercial bases , but others have criticised it for its potentially harmful effects , such as massive resettlement of residents in the reservoir areas , loss of archeological sites , and ecological damages .	massive resettlement of residents in the reservoir areas, loss of archeological sites, and ecological damages.	What are some reasons for the opposition of the Three Gorges Dam ?
According to the Sichuan Department of Commerce , the province 's total foreign trade was US$ 22.04 billion in 2008 , with an annual increase of 53.3 percent .	53.3 percent	By how much did foreign trade increase in Sichuan in 2008 ?
Exports were US$ 13.1 billion , an annual increase of 52.3 percent , while imports were US$ 8.93 billion , an annual increase of 54.7 percent .	US$13.1 billion	What was the export level of Sichuan in 2008 ?
Exports were US$ 13.1 billion , an annual increase of 52.3 percent , while imports were US$ 8.93 billion , an annual increase of 54.7 percent .	US$8.93 billion	What was the import level of Sichuan in 2008 ?
Chengdu , Suining , Nanchong , Dazhou , Ya'an , Abazhou , and Liangshan all saw an increase of more than 40 percent while Leshan , Neijiang , Luzhou , Meishan , Ziyang , and Yibin saw an increase of more than 20 percent .	Chengdu, Suining, Nanchong, Dazhou, Ya'an, Abazhou, and Liangshan	What cities saw an increase in foreign trade of more than 40 % in 2008 ?
The Sichuan government raised the minimum wage in the province by 12.5 percent at the end of December 2007 .	12.5 percent	By how much did Sichuan increase minimum wage in December 2007 ?
The monthly minimum wage went up from 400 to 450 yuan , with a minimum of 4.9 yuan per hour for part-time work , effective 26 December 2007 .	450 yuan	What was the new monthly minimum wage in Sichuan by January 2008 ?
The monthly minimum wage went up from 400 to 450 yuan , with a minimum of 4.9 yuan per hour for part-time work , effective 26 December 2007 .	4.9 yuan	What was the minimum hourly wage in Sichuan on December 28 , 2007 ?
National law allows each province to set minimum wages independently , but with a floor of 450 yuan per month .	450 yuan per month	What is the national minimum monthly wage in China ?
Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone -LRB- Chinese : 成都经济技术开发区 ; pinyin : Chéngdū jīngjì jìshù kāifā qū -RRB- was approved as state-level development zone in February 2000 .	February 2000	When was the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone approved ?
Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone -LRB- CETDZ -RRB- lies 13.6 km -LRB- 8.5 mi -RRB- east of Chengdu , the capital city of Sichuan Province and the hub of transportation and communication in southwest China .	CETDZ	What is the planned size of the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone ?
Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone -LRB- CETDZ -RRB- lies 13.6 km -LRB- 8.5 mi -RRB- east of Chengdu , the capital city of Sichuan Province and the hub of transportation and communication in southwest China .	8.5 mi	How far east of Chengdu is CETDZ ?
Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone -LRB- CETDZ -RRB- lies 13.6 km -LRB- 8.5 mi -RRB- east of Chengdu , the capital city of Sichuan Province and the hub of transportation and communication in southwest China .	Chengdu	What is the capital city of Sichuan ?
The zone has attracted investors and developers from more than 20 countries to carry out their projects there .	20	How many countries are represented by the investors and developers of the CETDZ ?
Established in 1988 , Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone -LRB- Chinese : 成都高新技术产业开发区 ; pinyin : Chéngdū Gāoxīn Jìshù Chǎnyè Kāifā Qū -RRB- was approved as one of the first national hi-tech development zones in 1991 .	1988	When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone established ?
Established in 1988 , Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone -LRB- Chinese : 成都高新技术产业开发区 ; pinyin : Chéngdū Gāoxīn Jìshù Chǎnyè Kāifā Qū -RRB- was approved as one of the first national hi-tech development zones in 1991 .	1991	When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone approved ?
It ranks 5th among the 53 national hi-tech development zones in China in terms of comprehensive strength .	5th	The Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone is what rank of 53 in China terms of comprehensive strength ?
Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone covers an area of 82.5 km2 -LRB- 31.9 sq mi -RRB- , consisting of the South Park and the West Park .	South Park and the West Park	Which Parks make up the Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone ?
The West Park gives priority to three major industries i.e. electronic information , biomedicine and precision machinery .	electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery	Which industries does West Park give priority to ?
By relying on the city sub-center , which is under construction , the South Park is focusing on creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology with scientific and technological innovation , incubation R&D , modern service industry and Headquarters economy playing leading roles .	creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology	What is the focus of the South Park ?
Priority has been given to the development of software industry .	software industry	What industry does South Park give priority to ?
Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1992 , with a planned area of 43 km2 -LRB- 17 sq mi -RRB- .	17 sq mi	What is the planned area of the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone ?
The zone is situated 96 kilometers away from Chengdu , and is 8 km -LRB- 5.0 mi -RRB- away from Mianyang Airport .	8 km	What is the distance between the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone and Mianyang Airport ?
Since its establishment , the zone accumulated 177.4 billion yuan of industrial output , 46.2 billion yuan of gross domestic product , fiscal revenue 6.768 billion yuan .	177.4 billion yuan	How much value has Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone output since inception ?
There are more than 136 high-tech enterprises in the zone and they accounted for more than 90 % of the total industrial output .	136	How many high-tech enterprises are present in the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone ?
On 3 November 2007 , the Sichuan Transportation Bureau announced that the Sui-Yu Expressway was completed after three years of construction .	three years	How long did it take to complete the Sui-Yu Expressway ?
The new expressway is 50 km -LRB- 31 mi -RRB- shorter than the pre-existing road between Chengdu and Chongqing ; thus journey time between the two cities was reduced by an hour , now taking two and a half hours .	two and a half hours	After the newest expressway was completed , what was the new travel time between Chengdu and Chongqing ?
The Sui-Yu Expressway is a four lane overpass with a speed limit of 80 km/h -LRB- 50 mph -RRB- .	80 km/h (50 mph)	What is the speed limit on the Sui-Yu Expressway ?
The total investment was 1.045 billion yuan .	1.045 billion yuan	What was the total cost of the Sui-Yu Expressway ?
The Sui-Yu Expressway is a four lane overpass with a speed limit of 80 km/h -LRB- 50 mph -RRB- .	four lane	How many lanes make up the Sui-Yu Expressway ?
The majority of the province 's population is Han Chinese , who are found scattered throughout the region with the exception of the far western areas .	Han Chinese	What race is the majority of Sichuan ?
Sichuan 's capital of Chengdu is home to a large community of Tibetans , with 30,000 permanent Tibetan residents and up to 200,000 Tibetan floating population .	Tibetan	What is one of the largest minorities in Chengdu ?
The majority of the province 's population is Han Chinese , who are found scattered throughout the region with the exception of the far western areas .	far western areas.	Which part of Sichuan has the worst weather and subjected to natural disasters ?
Sichuan 's capital of Chengdu is home to a large community of Tibetans , with 30,000 permanent Tibetan residents and up to 200,000 Tibetan floating population .	30,000	How many permanent Tibetan people live in Chengdu ?
Sichuan was China 's most populous province before Chongqing became a directly-controlled municipality ; it is currently the fourth most populous , after Guangdong , Shandong and Henan .	Guangdong, Shandong and Henan	What are the three most populist provinces in China ?
As of 1832 , Sichuan was the most populous of the 18 provinces in China , with an estimated population at that time of 21 million .	21 million	What was the population of Sichuan in 1832 ?
Sichuan was China 's most populous province before Chongqing became a directly-controlled municipality ; it is currently the fourth most populous , after Guangdong , Shandong and Henan .	Sichuan	What is the tenth most populous sub-national entity in the world ?
It is also one of the only six to ever reach 100 million people -LRB- Uttar Pradesh , Russian RSFSR , Maharashtra , Sichuan , Bihar and Punjab -RRB- .	six	How many sub-national entities have surpassed 100 million people in total ?
It was the third most populous sub-national entity in the world , after Uttar Pradesh , India and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic until 1991 , when the Soviet Union was dissolved .	1991	In what year was the Soviet Union disbanded ?
Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in western Sichuan are populated by Tibetans and Qiang people .	Tibetans and Qiang	What are the largest minorities of western Sichuan ?
Tibetans speak the Khams and Amdo Tibetan , which are Tibetic languages , as well as various Qiangic languages .	Khams and Amdo Tibetan	What languages do Tibetans in Sichuan speak ?
The Yi people of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in southern Sichuan speak the Nuosu language , which is one of the Lolo-Burmese languages ; Yi is written using the Yi script , a syllabary standardized in 1974 .	Nuosu	What language do the Yi people speak ?
The Yi people of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in southern Sichuan speak the Nuosu language , which is one of the Lolo-Burmese languages ; Yi is written using the Yi script , a syllabary standardized in 1974 .	1974	In what year was the language of the Yi people standardized ?
The Southwest University for Nationalities has one of China 's most prominent Tibetology departments , and the Southwest Minorities Publishing House prints literature in minority languages .	Southwest University for Nationalities	Which University houses one of China 's most prominent Tibetology departments ?
Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set -LRB- UCS -RRB- standard and published as The Unicode Standard , the latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 120,000 characters covering 129 modern and historic scripts , as well as multiple symbol sets .	The Unicode Standard	What was Unicode published as ?
Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set -LRB- UCS -RRB- standard and published as The Unicode Standard , the latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 120,000 characters covering 129 modern and historic scripts , as well as multiple symbol sets .	Universal Coded Character Set (UCS)	What was unicode developed in conjunction with ?
As of June 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , the most recent version is Unicode 8.0 .	Unicode 8.0	What is the most recent version of Unicode ?
The standard is maintained by the Unicode Consortium .	Unicode Consortium	Who maintains the Unicode Standard ?
Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set -LRB- UCS -RRB- standard and published as The Unicode Standard , the latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 120,000 characters covering 129 modern and historic scripts , as well as multiple symbol sets .	120,000 characters	Unicode contains how many thousands of characters in its repertoire ?
The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8 , UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2 .	UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2	What are the most commonly used encodings of Unicode ?
UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character , all of which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding , and up to four bytes for other characters .	UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character	What does UTF-8 use in terms of bytes ?
UTF-16 extends UCS-2 , using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units -LRB- 4 × 8 bits -RRB- to handle each of the additional characters .	UCS-2	What does UTF-16 expand ?
UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit -LRB- two 8-bit bytes -RRB- for each character but can not encode every character in the current Unicode standard .	16-bit code unit	What type of code does UCS-2 use ?
UTF-16 extends UCS-2 , using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units -LRB- 4 × 8 bits -RRB- to handle each of the additional characters .	(4 × 8 bits	How are two 16-bit units used ?
Unicode has the explicit aim of transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings , such as those defined by the ISO 8859 standard , which find wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other .	transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings	What is the aim of Unicode ?
Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that they allow bilingual computer processing -LRB- usually using Latin characters and the local script -RRB- , but not multilingual computer processing -LRB- computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other -RRB- .	multilingual computer processing	Traditional character encodings do n't allow what type of computer processing ?
Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that they allow bilingual computer processing -LRB- usually using Latin characters and the local script -RRB- , but not multilingual computer processing -LRB- computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other -RRB- .	(computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other	What is multilingual computer processing ?
Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that they allow bilingual computer processing -LRB- usually using Latin characters and the local script -RRB- , but not multilingual computer processing -LRB- computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other -RRB- .	usually using Latin characters	Bilingual computer processing uses what characters ?
Unicode has the explicit aim of transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings , such as those defined by the ISO 8859 standard , which find wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other .	wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other	What is the major limitation of traditional character encodings ?
The first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text .	ISO-8859-1	What were the first 256 code points of Unicode made identical to ?
The first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text .	to make it trivial to convert existing western text	Why were the first 256 code points made identical to ISO-8859-1 ?
For example , the `` fullwidth forms '' section of code points encompasses a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet section because in Chinese , Japanese , and Korean -LRB- CJK -RRB- fonts , these Latin characters are rendered at the same width as CJK ideographs , rather than at half the width .	a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet	What does the `` fullwidth forms '' section of code points encompass ?
For example , the `` fullwidth forms '' section of code points encompasses a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet section because in Chinese , Japanese , and Korean -LRB- CJK -RRB- fonts , these Latin characters are rendered at the same width as CJK ideographs , rather than at half the width .	Chinese, Japanese, and Korean	What are the CJK languages referenced ?
In 1996 , a surrogate character mechanism was implemented in Unicode 2.0 , so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits .	1996	When was a surrogate character mechanism implemented in Unicode 2.0 ?
In 1996 , a surrogate character mechanism was implemented in Unicode 2.0 , so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits .	so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits	Why was a surrogate character mechanism implemented ?
Among the characters not originally intended for Unicode are rarely used Kanji or Chinese characters , many of which are part of personal and place names , making them rarely used , but much more essential than envisioned in the original architecture of Unicode .	rarely used Kanji or Chinese characters	What are some characters not originally intended for Unicode ?
Among the characters not originally intended for Unicode are rarely used Kanji or Chinese characters , many of which are part of personal and place names , making them rarely used , but much more essential than envisioned in the original architecture of Unicode .	many of which are part of personal and place names	Why are some foreign characters rarely used ?
This increased the Unicode codespace to over a million code points , which allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts -LRB- e.g. , Egyptian Hieroglyphs -RRB- and thousands of rarely used or obsolete characters that had not been anticipated as needing encoding .	allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts	Why was the Unicode 2.0 codespace increased ?
The major categories are : Letter , Mark , Number , Punctuation , Symbol , Separator and Other .	Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator and Other	What are the General Categories of Unicode ?
The General Category is not useful for every use , since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code point .	not useful for every use, since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code point	What type of use is the General Category not helpful for ?
E.g. , U +000 A <control-000A> Line feed -LRB- LF -RRB- in ASCII is both a control and a formatting separator ; in Unicode the General Category is `` Other , Control '' .	Other, Control	What is the General Category in Unicode ?
Each code point has a single General Category property .	a single General Category property	How many General Category properties does each code point have ?
Within these categories , there are subdivisions .	subdivisions	What exists within the main Unicode categories ?
Code points in the range U+D 800 -- U+DBFF -LRB- 1,024 code points -RRB- are known as high-surrogate code points , and code points in the range U+DC 00 -- U+DFFF -LRB- 1,024 code points -RRB- are known as low-surrogate code points .	high-surrogate code points	What are code points in the range U+D 800-U + DBFF known as ?
Code points in the range U+D 800 -- U+DBFF -LRB- 1,024 code points -RRB- are known as high-surrogate code points , and code points in the range U+DC 00 -- U+DFFF -LRB- 1,024 code points -RRB- are known as low-surrogate code points .	low-surrogate code points	What are code points in the range U+DC 00-U + DFFF known as ?
A high-surrogate code point -LRB- also known as a leading surrogate -RRB- followed by a low-surrogate code point -LRB- also known as a trailing surrogate -RRB- together form a surrogate pair used in UTF-16 to represent 1,048,576 code points outside BMP .	leading surrogate	what is another name for a high-surrogate code point ?
A high-surrogate code point -LRB- also known as a leading surrogate -RRB- followed by a low-surrogate code point -LRB- also known as a trailing surrogate -RRB- together form a surrogate pair used in UTF-16 to represent 1,048,576 code points outside BMP .	trailing surrogate	what is another name for a low-surrogate code point ?
Thus the range of code points that are available for use as characters is U +0000 -- U+D 7FF and U+E 000 -- U +10 FFFF -LRB- 1,112,064 code points -RRB- .	the range of code points that are available for use as characters	What is known as a character 's scalar value ?
For example , a Latin small letter `` i '' with an ogonek , a dot above , and an acute accent , which is required in Lithuanian , is represented by the character sequence U +012 F , U +0307 , U +0301 .	a dot above	What is an ogonek ?
Unicode encodes characters by associating an abstract character with a particular code point .	associating an abstract character with a particular code point	How does Unicode encode characters ?
However , not all abstract characters are encoded as a single Unicode character , and some abstract characters may be represented in Unicode by a sequence of two or more characters .	a sequence of two or more characters	How are some abstract characters represented in Unicode ?
This immutability has been guaranteed since Unicode version 2.0 by the Name Stability policy .	Name Stability policy	What policy guaranteed that characters have a unique and immutable name ?
In cases where the name is seriously defective and misleading , or has a serious typographical error , a formal alias may be defined , and applications are encouraged to use the formal alias in place of the official character name .	a formal alias may be defined	What happens when a name is defective or misleading ?
This immutability has been guaranteed since Unicode version 2.0 by the Name Stability policy .	since Unicode version 2.0	How long has this name immutability been guaranteed ?
Unicode is developed in conjunction with the International Organization for Standardization and shares the character repertoire with ISO/IEC 10646 : the Universal Character Set .	International Organization for Standardization	Who was Unicode developed in conjunction with ?
Unicode is developed in conjunction with the International Organization for Standardization and shares the character repertoire with ISO/IEC 10646 : the Universal Character Set .	the Universal Character Set	What does Unicode share a character repertoire with ?
Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 function equivalently as character encodings , but The Unicode Standard contains much more information for implementers , covering -- in depth -- topics such as bitwise encoding , collation and rendering .	The Unicode Standard	What includes topics like bitwise encoding , collation , and rendering ?
The two standards do use slightly different terminology .	slightly different terminology	What do the two standards differ in ?
Unlike the previous major version printings of the Standard , the print-on-demand core specification does not include any code charts or standard annexes , but the entire standard , including the core specification , will still remain freely available on the Unicode website .	any code charts or standard annexes	What does the print on demand , core version not include ?
The Consortium first published The Unicode Standard -LRB- ISBN 0-321-18578-1 -RRB- in 1991 and continues to develop standards based on that original work .	1991	When was the Unicode Standard first published ?
The latest version of the standard , Unicode 8.0 , was released in June 2015 and is available from the consortium 's website .	June 2015	When was the latest version , Unicode 8.0 , released ?
The last of the major versions -LRB- versions x. 0 -RRB- to be published in book form was Unicode 5.0 -LRB- ISBN 0-321-48091-0 -RRB- , but since Unicode 6.0 the full text of the standard is no longer being published in book form .	Unicode 5.0	What was the last major version of Unicode to be published in book form ?
In 2012 , however , it was announced that only the core specification for Unicode version 6.1 would be made available as a 692-page print-on-demand paperback .	2012	What year was it announced that only the core specification for Unicode would be printed in physical form ?
The Unicode Roadmap Committee -LRB- Michael Everson , Rick McGowan , and Ken Whistler -RRB- maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the Unicode Consortium Web site .	Unicode Roadmap Committee	Michael Everson , Rick McGowan , and Ken Whistler make up what group ?
The Unicode Roadmap Committee -LRB- Michael Everson , Rick McGowan , and Ken Whistler -RRB- maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the Unicode Consortium Web site .	maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding	What does the Unicode Roadmap Commmittee do ?
For others scripts , such as Mayan and Rongorongo , no proposal has yet been made , and they await agreement on character repertoire and other details from the user communities involved .	no proposal has yet been made	What proposal has been made for the Mayan script ?
The Unicode Roadmap Committee -LRB- Michael Everson , Rick McGowan , and Ken Whistler -RRB- maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the Unicode Consortium Web site .	Unicode Consortium Web site	Where does the Unicode Roadmap Committee post information on these scripts ?
Unicode defines two mapping methods : the Unicode Transformation Format -LRB- UTF -RRB- encodings , and the Universal Coded Character Set -LRB- UCS -RRB- encodings .	two	How many mapping methods does Unicode define ?
Unicode defines two mapping methods : the Unicode Transformation Format -LRB- UTF -RRB- encodings , and the Universal Coded Character Set -LRB- UCS -RRB- encodings .	Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings	What are the two mapping methods that Unicode defines ?
The numbers in the names of the encodings indicate the number of bits per code value -LRB- for UTF encodings -RRB- or the number of bytes per code value -LRB- for UCS encodings -RRB- .	the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value	What do numbers in the names of the encodings indicate ?
UTF-8 and UTF-16 are probably the most commonly used encodings .	UTF-8 and UTF-16	What are the most commonly used encodings ?
Unicode defines two mapping methods : the Unicode Transformation Format -LRB- UTF -RRB- encodings , and the Universal Coded Character Set -LRB- UCS -RRB- encodings .	Universal Coded Character Set	What does UCS stand for ?
The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode Byte Order Mark -LRB- BOM -RRB- for use at the beginnings of text files , which may be used for byte ordering detection -LRB- or byte endianness detection -RRB- .	Unicode Byte Order Mark	What does BOM stand for ?
The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode Byte Order Mark -LRB- BOM -RRB- for use at the beginnings of text files , which may be used for byte ordering detection -LRB- or byte endianness detection -RRB- .	UCS-2 and UTF-16	What specifies the BOM ?
The BOM , code point U+FEFF has the important property of unambiguity on byte reorder , regardless of the Unicode encoding used ; U+FFFE -LRB- the result of byte-swapping U+FEFF -RRB- does not equate to a legal character , and U+FEFF in other places , other than the beginning of text , conveys the zero-width non-break space -LRB- a character with no appearance and no effect other than preventing the formation of ligatures -RRB- .	U+FEFF	what is the code point of the BOM ?
The BOM , code point U+FEFF has the important property of unambiguity on byte reorder , regardless of the Unicode encoding used ; U+FFFE -LRB- the result of byte-swapping U+FEFF -RRB- does not equate to a legal character , and U+FEFF in other places , other than the beginning of text , conveys the zero-width non-break space -LRB- a character with no appearance and no effect other than preventing the formation of ligatures -RRB- .	byte-swapping U+FEFF	What is U+UFFE the result of ?
However RFC 3629 , the UTF-8 standard , recommends that byte order marks be forbidden in protocols using UTF-8 , but discusses the cases where this may not be possible .	RFC 3629	What is the UTF-8 standard ?
However RFC 3629 , the UTF-8 standard , recommends that byte order marks be forbidden in protocols using UTF-8 , but discusses the cases where this may not be possible .	UTF-8	Byte order marks are forbidden in protocols using what standard ?
In addition , the large restriction on possible patterns in UTF-8 -LRB- for instance there can not be any lone bytes with the high bit set -RRB- means that it should be possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other character encodings without relying on the BOM .	the large restriction on possible patterns	Why is it possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other protocols ?
UTF-32 is widely used as an internal representation of text in programs -LRB- as opposed to stored or transmitted text -RRB- , since every Unix operating system that uses the gcc compilers to generate software uses it as the standard `` wide character '' encoding .	internal representation of text in programs	How is UTF-32 widely used ?
Some programming languages , such as Seed7 , use UTF-32 as internal representation for strings and characters .	Seed7	What programming language uses UTF-32 as internal representation of characters ?
Recent versions of the Python programming language -LRB- beginning with 2.2 -RRB- may also be configured to use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings , effectively disseminating such encoding in high-level coded software .	2.2	what version of python can be used with UTF-32 ?
Unicode also contains precomposed versions of most letter/diacritic combinations in normal use .	most letter/diacritic combinations	What combinations does unicode contain in normal use ?
For example , é can be represented in Unicode as U +0065 -LRB- LATIN SMALL LETTER E -RRB- followed by U +0301 -LRB- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -RRB- , but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U +00 E9 -LRB- LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE -RRB- .	U+0065	How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode ?
For example , é can be represented in Unicode as U +0065 -LRB- LATIN SMALL LETTER E -RRB- followed by U +0301 -LRB- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -RRB- , but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U +00 E9 -LRB- LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE -RRB- .	U+0301	How is the accent added to the small latin e ?
For example , é can be represented in Unicode as U +0065 -LRB- LATIN SMALL LETTER E -RRB- followed by U +0301 -LRB- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -RRB- , but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U +00 E9 -LRB- LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE -RRB- .	U+00E9	What precomposed character represents the small latin e with an accent ?
Still , most of those ideographs comprise simpler elements -LRB- often called radicals in English -RRB- , so in principle , Unicode could have decomposed them , as it did with Hangul .	radicals	The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English ?
However , attempts to do this for character encoding have stumbled over the fact that ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly as Hangul does .	ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly	Why have ideographs been unable to be simplified like Hangul ?
This would have greatly reduced the number of required code points , while allowing the display of virtually every conceivable ideograph -LRB- which might do away with some of the problems caused by Han unification -RRB- .	greatly reduced the number of required code points	What would be the benefit of Unicode decomposing ideographs ?
The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex , requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE -LRB- Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of the Unicode Standard -RRB- , which became the proof of concept for OpenType -LRB- by Adobe and Microsoft -RRB- , Graphite -LRB- by SIL International -RRB- , or AAT -LRB- by Apple -RRB- .	Arabic Calligraphic Engine	What does ACE stand for ?
The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex , requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE -LRB- Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of the Unicode Standard -RRB- , which became the proof of concept for OpenType -LRB- by Adobe and Microsoft -RRB- , Graphite -LRB- by SIL International -RRB- , or AAT -LRB- by Apple -RRB- .	DecoType	Who created ACE ?
The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex , requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE -LRB- Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of the Unicode Standard -RRB- , which became the proof of concept for OpenType -LRB- by Adobe and Microsoft -RRB- , Graphite -LRB- by SIL International -RRB- , or AAT -LRB- by Apple -RRB- .	1980s	When was ACE created ?
The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex , requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE -LRB- Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of the Unicode Standard -RRB- , which became the proof of concept for OpenType -LRB- by Adobe and Microsoft -RRB- , Graphite -LRB- by SIL International -RRB- , or AAT -LRB- by Apple -RRB- .	Adobe and Microsoft	Who created OpenType ?
The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex , requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE -LRB- Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of the Unicode Standard -RRB- , which became the proof of concept for OpenType -LRB- by Adobe and Microsoft -RRB- , Graphite -LRB- by SIL International -RRB- , or AAT -LRB- by Apple -RRB- .	SIL International	Who created Graphite ?
Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences .	in fonts	where are instructions embedded to tell fonts how to output sequences ?
Real stacking is impossible , but can be approximated in limited cases -LRB- for example , Thai top-combining vowels and tone marks can just be at different heights to start with -RRB- .	Real stacking is impossible	Can real stacking be accomplished ?
A simple solution to the placement of combining marks or diacritics is assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing -LRB- depending on the direction of the script they are intended to be used with -RRB- .	assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing	what is a solution to the placement of combining marks ?
Several subsets of Unicode are standardized : Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters , which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin , Greek , or Cyrillic script .	WGL-4 with 652 characters	What subset of Unicode is used by Windows ?
Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets : MES-1 -LRB- Latin scripts only , 335 characters -RRB- , MES-2 -LRB- Latin , Greek and Cyrillic 1062 characters -RRB- and MES-3A & MES-3B -LRB- two larger subsets , not shown here -RRB- .	Multilingual European Subsets	What are MES-1 , MES-2 , AND MES-3A AND MES-3B part of ?
Note that MES-2 includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4 .	MES-2	What subset includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4 ?
Several subsets of Unicode are standardized : Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters , which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin , Greek , or Cyrillic script .	since Windows NT 4.0	How long has Microsoft Windows supported WGL-4 ?
Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets : MES-1 -LRB- Latin scripts only , 335 characters -RRB- , MES-2 -LRB- Latin , Greek and Cyrillic 1062 characters -RRB- and MES-3A & MES-3B -LRB- two larger subsets , not shown here -RRB- .	Latin scripts only	MES-1 uses what scripts only ?
Rendering software which can not process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle , or the Unicode `` replacement character '' -LRB- U+FFFD , -RRB- , to indicate the position of the unrecognized character .	open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character"	What does rendering software display when it ca n't process a Unicode character ?
Rendering software which can not process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle , or the Unicode `` replacement character '' -LRB- U+FFFD , -RRB- , to indicate the position of the unrecognized character .	U+FFFD	What is the code for the Unicode replacement character ?
The Apple 's Last Resort font will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character , and the SIL International 's Unicode Fallback font will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character .	Last Resort	What is the name of Apple 's font ?
The Apple 's Last Resort font will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character , and the SIL International 's Unicode Fallback font will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character .	SIL International	What company uses the Unicode Fallback font ?
The Apple 's Last Resort font will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character , and the SIL International 's Unicode Fallback font will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character .	a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character	What does SIL 's Unicode Fallback font display when it ca n't display a character properly ?
Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text .	Unicode	What is the dominant scheme for internal processing ?
Unicode is available on Windows 95 through Microsoft Layer for Unicode , as well as on its descendants , Windows 98 and Windows ME .	Microsoft Layer	What is Unicode available through Windows on ?
Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 -LRB- the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16 -RRB- and later moved to UTF-16 -LRB- the variable-width current standard -RRB- , as this was the least disruptive way to add support for non-BMP characters .	UCS-2	What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16 ?
Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings , Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems .	Unicode	What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems ?
For email transmission of Unicode the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding are recommended , depending on whether much of the message consists of ASCII-characters .	the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding	What is recommended for email transmission of Unicode ?
The details of the two different mechanisms are specified in the MIME standards and generally are hidden from users of email software .	MIME standards	Where are the details of the two mechanisms for email transmission specified ?
MIME defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in email , depending on whether the characters are in email headers -LRB- such as the `` Subject : '' -RRB- , or in the text body of the message ; in both cases , the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding .	two different mechanisms	How many different mechanisms does MIME define for encoding Unicode in email ?
Thousands of fonts exist on the market , but fewer than a dozen fonts -- sometimes described as `` pan-Unicode '' fonts -- attempt to support the majority of Unicode 's character repertoire .	fewer than a dozen fonts	How many fonts support the majority of Unicode 's character repertoire ?
Thousands of fonts exist on the market , but fewer than a dozen fonts -- sometimes described as `` pan-Unicode '' fonts -- attempt to support the majority of Unicode 's character repertoire .	"pan-Unicode" fonts	What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as ?
Instead , Unicode-based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols .	basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols	Unicode-based fonts are normally focused on supporting what ?
In terms of the newline , Unicode introduced U +2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U +2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR .	U+2028	What is the code for separating lines ?
In terms of the newline , Unicode introduced U +2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U +2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR .	U+2029	What is the code for separating paragraphs ?
This is achieved with the Cocoa text system in Mac OS X and also with W3C XML and HTML recommendations .	Cocoa text system	How is newline normalization accomplished in Mac OS X ?
In this approach every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline -LRB- which one does not really matter since it is an internal operation just for rendering -RRB- .	every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline	How does the newliine normallization format work ?
Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which , critics argue , complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names .	complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names	Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji ?
-LSB- clarification needed -RSB- There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese , Japanese , and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode 's policy of Han unification .	alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters	What is TRON ?
Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves , not just the basic character representation , are being merged .	the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged	What perception does the unification of glyphs cause ?
For example , the Advanced Typographic tables of OpenType permit one of a number of alternative glyph representations to be selected when performing the character to glyph mapping process .	Advanced Typographic	what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations ?
In this case , information can be provided within plain text to designate which alternate character form to select .	plain text	Where is information provided to designate which character form to select ?
Modern font technology provides a means to address the practical issue of needing to depict a unified Han character in terms of a collection of alternative glyph representations , in the form of Unicode variation sequences .	Unicode variation sequences	How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations ?
Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings , so that text files in older character sets can be naïvely converted to Unicode , and then back and get back the same file .	preexisting character encodings	Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what ?
This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean Hangul .	three different encoding forms	How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul ?
Since version 3.0 , any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combining sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard in order to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode .	version 3.0	Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard ?
Injective mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and characters in Unicode to facilitate conversion to Unicode and allow interoperability with legacy software .	Injective mappings	What kind of mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and those in Unicode ?
Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as Shift-JIS or EUC-JP and Unicode led to round-trip format conversion mismatches , particularly the mapping of the character JIS X 0208 ' ～ ' -LRB- 1-33 , WAVE DASH -RRB- , heavily used in legacy database data , to either U+FF 5E ～ FULLWIDTH TILDE -LRB- in Microsoft Windows -RRB- or U +301 C 〜 WAVE DASH -LRB- other vendors -RRB- .	Shift-JIS or EUC-JP	A lack of consistency between what earlier Japanese encodings and unicode led to mismatches ?
Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as Shift-JIS or EUC-JP and Unicode led to round-trip format conversion mismatches , particularly the mapping of the character JIS X 0208 ' ～ ' -LRB- 1-33 , WAVE DASH -RRB- , heavily used in legacy database data , to either U+FF 5E ～ FULLWIDTH TILDE -LRB- in Microsoft Windows -RRB- or U +301 C 〜 WAVE DASH -LRB- other vendors -RRB- .	U+FF5E	what is the fullwidth tilde character code in Microsoft Windows ?
Indic scripts such as Tamil and Devanagari are each allocated only 128 code points , matching the ISCII standard .	128	How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated ?
The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures -LRB- aka conjuncts -RRB- out of components .	conjuncts	What is another word for ligatures ?
Indic scripts such as Tamil and Devanagari are each allocated only 128 code points , matching the ISCII standard .	128 code points	What is the ISCII standard ?
This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard 620 , which worked in the same way , and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards .	Thai Industrial Standard 620	What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language ?
Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters .	its ordering of Thai characters	Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized ?
Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks .	either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks	How are characters with diacritical marks represented ?
Unicode characters that map to precomposed glyphs can be used in many cases , thus avoiding the problem , but where no precomposed character has been encoded the problem can often be solved by using a specialist Unicode font such as Charis SIL that uses Graphite , OpenType , or AAT technologies for advanced rendering features .	Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies	What encoding does Charis SIL use ?
Similarly , underdots , as needed in the romanization of Indic , will often be placed incorrectly -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	often be placed incorrectly	What is the issue with underdots and their placement ?
Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks .	diacritical marks	Characters with what marks can be displayed as a single character or a decomposed sequence ?
For example , ḗ -LRB- precomposed e with macron and acute above -RRB- and ḗ -LRB- e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above -RRB- should be rendered identically , both appearing as an e with a macron and acute accent , but in practice , their appearance may vary depending upon what rendering engine and fonts are being used to display the characters .	identically	How should the characters with the macron and acute be displayed ?
Detroit -LRB- / dᵻˈtrɔɪt / -RRB- is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States -- Canada border .	Detroit	What city has the biggest population in Michigan ?
It is the seat of Wayne County , the most populous county in the state .	Wayne County	What is the name of the county that Detroit is a part of ?
Detroit 's metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 5.3 million people , making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States -LRB- behind Chicago -RRB- .	5.3 million	How many people inhabit metro Detroit ?
It is a major port on the Detroit River , a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway .	Detroit River	What is the name of the river that runs through Detroit ?
The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest , behind Chicago , and the thirteenth-largest in the United States .	Midwest	In what region of the country is Detroit located ?
The Detroit metropolitan region holds roughly one-half of Michigan 's population .	one-half	How much of Michigan 's population resides in the Detroit metropolitan area ?
The Detroit -- Windsor area , a commercial link straddling the Canada -- U.S. border , has a total population of about 5,700,000 .	5,700,000	How big is the population of the Detroit-Windsor area ?
Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area -LRB- population 3,734,090 , area of 1,337 square miles -LRB- 3,460 km2 -RRB- , a 2010 United States Census -RRB- six-county metropolitan statistical area -LRB- 2010 Census population of 4,296,250 , area of 3,913 square miles -LSB- 10,130 km2 -RSB- -RRB- , and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area -LRB- 2010 Census population of 5,218,852 , area of 5,814 square miles -LSB- 15,060 km2 -RSB- -RRB- .	1,337 square miles	How many square miles is is Detroit 's urban area ?
Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area -LRB- population 3,734,090 , area of 1,337 square miles -LRB- 3,460 km2 -RRB- , a 2010 United States Census -RRB- six-county metropolitan statistical area -LRB- 2010 Census population of 4,296,250 , area of 3,913 square miles -LSB- 10,130 km2 -RSB- -RRB- , and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area -LRB- 2010 Census population of 5,218,852 , area of 5,814 square miles -LSB- 15,060 km2 -RSB- -RRB- .	2010	In which census are these numbers coming from ?
Between 2000 and 2010 the city 's population fell by 25 percent , changing its ranking from the nation 's 10th-largest city to 18th .	25	By how much has Detroit 's population fallen this century ?
This resulted from suburbanization , industrial restructuring , and the decline of Detroit 's auto industry .	auto	The decline of what industry has hurt Detroit ?
Downtown Detroit has held an increased role as an entertainment destination in the 21st century , with the restoration of several historic theatres , several new sports stadiums , and a riverfront revitalization project .	entertainment	What industry has Detroit tried to revitalize in recent years ?
Many other neighborhoods remain distressed , with extensive abandonment of properties .	abandonment of properties	What is one of the problems that currently effects property values in Detroit ?
The Governor of Michigan , Rick Snyder , declared a financial emergency for the city in March 2013 , appointing an emergency manager .	Rick Snyder	Who is the Governor in Michigan ?
On July 18 , 2013 , Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history .	July 18, 2013	On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy ?
It was declared bankrupt by Judge Steven W. Rhodes of the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan on December 3 , 2013 ; he cited its $ 18.5 billion debt and declared that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were unfeasible .	$18.5 billion	How much debt did Detroit have when they declared bankruptcy ?
On November 7 , 2014 , Judge Rhodes approved the city 's bankruptcy plan , allowing the city to begin the process of exiting bankruptcy .	November 7, 2014	On which date was Detroit 's bankruptcy plan approved ?
The City of Detroit successfully exited Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy with all finances handed back to the city at midnight on December 11 , 2014 .	Chapter 9	What type of bankruptcy did Detroit go through ?
By 1773 , the population of Detroit was 1,400 .	1,400	What was Detroit 's population in 1773 ?
By 1778 , its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec .	2,144	What was Detroit 's population in 1778 ?
France offered free land to colonists to attract families to Detroit ; when it reached a total population of 800 in 1765 , it was the largest city between Montreal and New Orleans , both also French settlements .	800	What was Detroit 's population in 1765 ?
On the shores of the strait , in 1701 , the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac , along with fifty-one French people and French Canadians , founded a settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , naming it after Louis Phélypeaux , comte de Pontchartrain , Minister of Marine under Louis XIV .	Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain	Who was the French Minister of Marine in 1701 ?
On the shores of the strait , in 1701 , the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac , along with fifty-one French people and French Canadians , founded a settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , naming it after Louis Phélypeaux , comte de Pontchartrain , Minister of Marine under Louis XIV .	Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac	Which French officer led the 1701 expedition ?
The region grew based on the lucrative fur trade , in which numerous Native American people had important roles .	fur	What trade was instrumental to the growth of this region ?
Descendants of the earliest French and French Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community who gradually were replaced as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers came to the area in the early 19th century .	Anglo-American settlers	By which group were the original French and French Canadians replaced ?
Living along the shores of Lakes St. Clair , and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs , the French Canadians of Detroit , also known as Muskrat French , remain a subculture in the region today .	Muskrat French	What is the name of the French Canadians in Detroit ?
Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit .	War of 1812	In which War was Detroit captured by the British ?
The Battle of Frenchtown -LRB- January 18 -- 23 , 1813 -RRB- was part of a United States effort to retake the city , and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war .	Battle of Frenchtown	In which battle did American troops suffer the highest casualties ?
The Battle of Frenchtown -LRB- January 18 -- 23 , 1813 -RRB- was part of a United States effort to retake the city , and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war .	1813	In which year was Detroit recaptured ?
This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County .	Monroe County	In which county is the park commemorating the Battle of Frenchtown ?
Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War , including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment -LRB- part of the legendary Iron Brigade -RRB- , which fought with distinction and suffered 82 % casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 .	1863	What year was the Battle of Gettysburg ?
George Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the `` Wolverines '' .	George Armstrong Custer	Who led the Wolverine Brigade ?
Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War , including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment -LRB- part of the legendary Iron Brigade -RRB- , which fought with distinction and suffered 82 % casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 .	Iron Brigade	What Brigade was the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment a part of ?
Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War , including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment -LRB- part of the legendary Iron Brigade -RRB- , which fought with distinction and suffered 82 % casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 .	82%	How many casualties did the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment have in Gettysburg ?
During this period some referred to Detroit as the Paris of the West for its architecture , grand avenues in the Paris style , and for Washington Boulevard , recently electrified by Thomas Edison .	Paris of the West	What was a nickname for Detroit in the late 19th century ?
Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway , Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub .	Great Lakes	On which waterway is Detroit located ?
Most notable among them was the David Whitney House located at 4421 Woodward Avenue , which became a prime location for mansions .	David Whitney House	What is the most famous mansion in Detroit ?
Most notable among them was the David Whitney House located at 4421 Woodward Avenue , which became a prime location for mansions .	Woodward Avenue	Which street became known for it 's mansions ?
During this period some referred to Detroit as the Paris of the West for its architecture , grand avenues in the Paris style , and for Washington Boulevard , recently electrified by Thomas Edison .	Thomas Edison	Who electrified Detroit ?
The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers .	Jimmy Hoffa	Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters ?
The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers .	Walter Reuther	Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers ?
The Black Legion , a secret vigilante group , was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s , when one-third of its estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city .	The Black Legion	What was the name of a vigilante group in Detroit ?
A total of 49 men of the Black Legion were convicted of numerous crimes , with many sentenced to life in prison for murder .	49	How many people of The Black Legion were convicted of crimes ?
`` By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK , '' whose members opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants , as well as black Americans .	1920s	By which decade had the KKK become very active in Detroit ?
The Great Migration brought rural blacks from the South ; they were outnumbered by southern whites who also migrated to the city .	The Great Migration	What is the name of the movement of rural blacks in the early 20th century called ?
Over the course of three days , 34 people were killed , of whom 25 were African American , and approximately 600 were injured , 75 % black people .	34	How many people were killed in the race riot of 1943 ?
Jobs expanded so rapidly that 400,000 people were attracted to the city from 1941 to 1943 , including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration , and 350,000 whites , many of them from the South .	400,000	How many people came to Detroit between 1941 and 1943 ?
The Detroit race riot of 1943 took place three weeks after the Packard plant protest .	Packard plant protest	After which event did the 1943 race riot happen ?
The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work but when in June 1943 , Packard promoted three blacks to work next to whites on its assembly lines , 25,000 whites walked off the job .	Packard	What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers ?
In 1956 , Detroit 's last heavily used electric streetcar line along the length of Woodward Avenue was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses .	1956	In which year was the last electric streetcar line removed ?
In 1941 at peak times , a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds .	60	How many seconds did a streetcar run along Woodward Ave in 1941 ?
As in other major American cities in the postwar era , construction of an extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit and pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization ; highways made commuting by car easier .	highways	What made car travel much easier ?
In June 1963 , Rev. Martin Luther King , Jr. gave a major speech in Detroit that foreshadowed his `` I Have a Dream '' speech in Washington , D.C. two months later .	1963	In which year did Martin Luther King Jr. give a speech in Detroit ?
Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967 .	Twelfth Street riot	What is the name of the riot in Detroit in 1967 ?
Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit , and President Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops .	George W. Romney	Who was the Governor of Michigan in 1967 ?
Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit , and President Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops .	President Johnson	Who was the President of the United States in 1967 ?
The result was 43 dead , 467 injured , over 7,200 arrests , and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed , mostly in black residential and business areas .	43	How many people were killed in the Twelfth Street riots ?
On August 18 , 1970 , the NAACP filed suit against Michigan state officials , including Governor William Milliken , charging de facto public school segregation .	William Milliken	Who was Governor of Michigan in 1970 ?
The subsequent Milliken v. Bradley decision had wide national influence .	Milliken v. Bradley	What is the court case that ruled that schools were subject to local control ?
The U.S. Supreme Court took up the case February 27 , 1974 .	1974	In which year did the Supreme Court hear Milliken v. Bradley ?
`` Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period , '' said Myron Orfield , professor of law at the University of Minnesota .	Milliken	What case is cited as a reason for White people leaving Detroit ?
John Mogk , a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at Wayne State University in Detroit , says , `` Everybody thinks that it was the riots -LSB- in 1967 -RSB- that caused the white families to leave .	Wayne State University	What school does John Mogk teach at ?
`` Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period , '' said Myron Orfield , professor of law at the University of Minnesota .	University of Minnesota	At which school did Myron Orfield teach ?
In November 1973 , the city elected Coleman Young as its first black mayor .	Coleman Young	Who was the first black mayor of Detroit ?
Following the failure to reach an agreement over the larger system , the City moved forward with construction of the elevated downtown circulator portion of the system , which became known as the Detroit People Mover .	Detroit People Mover	What did Detroit build after the failure of a larger regional transportation system ?
In 1976 , the federal government offered $ 600 million for building a regional rapid transit system , under a single regional authority .	$600 million	How much did the federal government offer for a rapid transit system ?
But the inability of Detroit and its suburban neighbors to solve conflicts over transit planning resulted in the region losing the majority of funding for rapid transit .	suburban neighbors	Who did Detroit argue with when trying to plane a regional transit system ?
The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 also affected Detroit and the U.S. auto industry .	gasoline crises	What hurt the Auto industry ?
To counteract this , the city used eminent domain to build two large new auto assembly plants in the city .	eminent domain	What did Detroit use to build it 's tax base ?
Automakers laid off thousands of employees and closed plants in the city , further eroding the tax base .	eroding the tax base	What was one of the effects of having employers cut jobs and closing plants in Detroit ?
The Renaissance Center , a mixed-use office and retail complex , opened in 1977 .	The Renaissance Center	What group of buildings opened in 1977 ?
Young was criticized for being too focused on downtown development and not doing enough to lower the city 's high crime rate and improve city services .	high crime rate	What was Mayor Young criticized for not reducing ?
Despite the Renaissance Center and other projects , the downtown area continued to lose businesses to the suburbs .	suburbs	What area did downtown Detroit continue to lose businesses to ?
Like many industrial American cities , Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census .	1950	In which year did Detroit 's population peak ?
The peak population was 1.8 million people .	1.8 million	What was the population of Detroit in 1950 ?
Following suburbanization , industrial restructuring , and loss of jobs -LRB- as described above -RRB- , by the 2010 census , the city had less than 40 percent of that number , with just over 700,000 residents .	40	By how much in percent has the population of Detroit declined since 1950 ?
Following suburbanization , industrial restructuring , and loss of jobs -LRB- as described above -RRB- , by the 2010 census , the city had less than 40 percent of that number , with just over 700,000 residents .	700,000	What was the population of Detroit in 2010 ?
Campus Martius , a reconfiguration of downtown 's main intersection as a new park was opened in 2004 .	2004	In which year was Campus Martius open ?
The city 's riverfront has been the focus of redevelopment , following successful examples of other older industrial cities .	riverfront	What area has Detroit been trying to redevelop ?
In 2001 , the first portion of the International Riverfront was completed as a part of the city 's 300th anniversary celebration , with miles of parks and associated landscaping completed in succeeding years .	2001	In which year did Detroit celebrate it 's 300th anniversary ?
In 2011 , the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with the river walk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center .	Port Authority Passenger Terminal	What opened in 2011 ?
In 2011 , the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with the river walk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center .	Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center	Which two areas were connected by the Port Authority Passenger Terminal ?
Since 2006 , $ 9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods ; $ 5.2 billion of that in has come in 2013 and 2014 .	$9 billion	How much has been invested in Detroit since 2006 ?
Meanwhile , work is underway or set to begin on the historic , vacant Wurlitzer Building and Strathmore Hotel .	Strathmore	Which hotel is set to be renovated ?
Since 2006 , $ 9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods ; $ 5.2 billion of that in has come in 2013 and 2014 .	$5.2 billion	How much money has been invested in Detroit in 2013-2014 ?
The number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13 .	13	How many vacant downtown buildings are there in Detroit ?
While some have estimated 20,000 stray dogs roam the city , studies have shown the true number to be around 1,000-3 ,000 .	1,000-3,000	How many stray dogs do studies suggest are in Detroit ?
Roughly half of the owners of Detroit 's 305,000 properties failed to pay their 2011 tax bills , resulting in about $ 246 million in taxes and fees going uncollected , nearly half of which was due to Detroit ; the rest of the money would have been earmarked for Wayne County , Detroit Public Schools , and the library system .	$246 million	How much in unpaid taxes did Detroit fail to collect in 2011 ?
Detroit 's protracted decline has resulted in severe urban decay and thousands of empty buildings around the city .	urban decay	What is the term for when a city falls into disrepair ?
The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine , a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor sit atop , rising approximately 62 feet -LRB- 19 m -RRB- above the river at its highest point .	Detroit Moraine	What is the prominent topographical feature in Detroit ?
The highest elevation in the city is located directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks south of 8 Mile Road , at a height of 675 to 680 feet -LRB- 206 to 207 m -RRB- .	675 to 680 feet	How tall is the tallest point in Detroit ?
Detroit 's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River , at a surface height of 572 feet -LRB- 174 m -RRB- .	Detroit River	What is the lowest point in Detroit along side ?
The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine , a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor sit atop , rising approximately 62 feet -LRB- 19 m -RRB- above the river at its highest point .	clay	What material is the Detroit Moraine composed of ?
The Detroit Salt Company mine has over 100 miles -LRB- 160 km -RRB- of roads within .	Detroit Salt Company	What company mines salt in Detroit ?
Detroit has four border crossings : the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit -- Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares , with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada .	four	How many routes to Canada does Detroit have ?
Detroit has four border crossings : the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit -- Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares , with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada .	Michigan Central Railway Tunnel	What is the railway tunnel to Canada called ?
The fourth border crossing is the Detroit -- Windsor Truck Ferry , located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island .	Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry	What it the Ferry to Canada called ?
Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate -LRB- Köppen Dfa -RRB- which is influenced by the Great Lakes ; the city and close-in suburbs are part of USDA Hardiness zone 6b , with farther-out northern and western suburbs generally falling in zone 6a .	Great Lakes	What body of water affects Detroit 's climate ?
Winters are cold , with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 44 days annually , while dropping to or below 0 °F -LRB- − 18 °C -RRB- on an average 4.4 days a year ; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- on 12 days .	4.4	How many days a year does the temperature in Detroit drop below 0 ?
The warm season runs from May to September .	May to September	When is the warm season in Detroit ?
Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year , although the warmer months such as May and June average more , averaging 33.5 inches -LRB- 850 mm -RRB- annually , but historically ranging from 20.49 in -LRB- 520 mm -RRB- in 1963 to 47.70 in -LRB- 1,212 mm -RRB- in 2011 .	33.5 inches	What is the average rainfall for summer months ?
Snowfall , which typically falls in measurable amounts between November 15 through April 4 -LRB- occasionally in October and very rarely in May -RRB- , averages 42.5 inches -LRB- 108 cm -RRB- per season , although historically ranging from 11.5 in -LRB- 29 cm -RRB- in 1881 − 82 to 94.9 in -LRB- 241 cm -RRB- in 2013 − 14 .	42.5	How many inches of snow does Detroit get on average ?
These usually occur during spring and summer .	spring and summer	When do thunderstorms usually occur in Detroit ?
A thick snowpack is not often seen , with an average of only 27.5 days with 3 in -LRB- 7.6 cm -RRB- or more of snow cover .	27.5	How many days a year does Detroit get a thick snow pack ?
The post modern Neo-Gothic spires of the One Detroit Center -LRB- 1993 -RRB- were designed to blend with the city 's Art Deco skyscrapers .	post modern Neo-Gothic spires	What architectural style does One Detroit Center boast ?
Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown , as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University .	Art Deco	What style does the Guardian building use ?
Among the city 's prominent structures are United States ' largest Fox Theatre , the Detroit Opera House , and the Detroit Institute of Arts .	Fox Theatre	What is a famous theater in Detroit ?
Among the city 's prominent structures are United States ' largest Fox Theatre , the Detroit Opera House , and the Detroit Institute of Arts .	Detroit Opera House	What is a famous opera house in Detroit ?
Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown , as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University .	Wayne State University	What university is near the New Center ?
While the Downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings , the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes .	Downtown and New Center	What areas of Detroit contain high rises ?
Outside of the city 's core , residential high-rises are found in upper-class neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward .	Palmer Park	What is the neighborhood just west of Woodward ?
The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit , near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College , anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods , Sherwood Forest , and the University District .	historic	What type of neighborhood is Sherwood Forest ?
It extends from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur Bridge accessing Belle Isle Park -LRB- the largest island park in a U.S. city -RRB- .	Belle Isle Park	What is the large island park in Detroit ?
The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor , Michigan 's first urban state park .	Tri-Centennial State Park	What is Michigan 's first urban park ?
The second phase is a two-mile -LRB- 3 km -RRB- extension from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles -LRB- 8 km -RRB- of parkway from bridge to bridge .	two-mile	How long is the second phase of the riverfront ?
The second phase is a two-mile -LRB- 3 km -RRB- extension from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles -LRB- 8 km -RRB- of parkway from bridge to bridge .	five miles	What is the total length of the Detroit International Riverfront ?
The 78-acre -LRB- 32 ha -RRB- development was originally called the Gratiot Park .	78-acre	How large is Lafayette Park ?
Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years , as evidenced by new housing , increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center .	Southwest Detroit	In which part of Detroit is Mexicantown International Welcome Center ?
Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city 's east side , part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district .	Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district	What district is Lafayette Park a part of ?
Planned by Mies van der Rohe , Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped , 19-acre -LRB- 7.7 ha -RRB- park with no through traffic , in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated .	Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell	Who planned Lafayette Park ?
A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant , and about 10 % of the city 's housing to be unoccupied .	a quarter	How many of Detroit 's residential lots are are underdeveloped ?
A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant , and about 10 % of the city 's housing to be unoccupied .	10%	How many of Detroit 's housing is unoccupied ?
The survey also reported that most -LRB- 86 % -RRB- of the city 's homes are in good condition with a minority -LRB- 9 % -RRB- in fair condition needing only minor repairs .	9%	How many home in Detroit need minor repairs ?
The survey also reported that most -LRB- 86 % -RRB- of the city 's homes are in good condition with a minority -LRB- 9 % -RRB- in fair condition needing only minor repairs .	86%	How many of Detroit 's home are in good condition ?
These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city 's fringes .	northeast and on the city's fringes	Where are most of the low density area of Detroit located ?
In April 2008 , the city announced a $ 300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods , financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15 % of the wagering tax .	$300-million	How much in stimulus money was announced in 2008 ?
In 2011 , Mayor Bing announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods .	Mayor Bing	Who was the Mayor of Detroit in 2011 ?
Additionally , the city has cleared a 1,200-acre -LRB- 490 ha -RRB- section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction , which the city is calling the Far Eastside Plan .	Far Eastside Plan	What is the plan called that seeks to clear land for neighborhood construction ?
In April 2008 , the city announced a $ 300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods , financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15 % of the wagering tax .	earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax	How was the 2008 stimulus plan payed for ?
From 2000 to 2009 , the city 's estimated median household income fell from $ 29,526 to $ 26,098 .	$26,098	What was the median household income in 2009 ?
From 2000 to 2009 , the city 's estimated median household income fell from $ 29,526 to $ 26,098 .	$29,526	What was the median household income in 2000 ?
Of every three Detroit residents , one lives in poverty .	one	How many residents of Detroit in three live in poverty ?
Luke Bergmann , author of Getting Ghost : Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City , said in 2010 , `` Detroit is now one of the poorest big cities in the country . ''	Luke Bergmann	Who said that Detroit is one of the poorest big cities in the country ?
Detroit dominates Wayne County , which has an average household income of about $ 38,000 , compared to Oakland County 's $ 62,000 .	Detroit	What city dominates Wayne County ?
Detroit dominates Wayne County , which has an average household income of about $ 38,000 , compared to Oakland County 's $ 62,000 .	$62,000	What is Oakland Counties average income ?
Detroit dominates Wayne County , which has an average household income of about $ 38,000 , compared to Oakland County 's $ 62,000 .	$38,000	What is Wayne Counties average income ?
In 1940 , Whites were 90.4 % of the city 's population .	90.4	What percentage of Detroit 's residents where white in 1940 ?
Since 1950 the city has seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs .	suburbs	Where did the population of Detroit shift to in the second half of the 20th century ?
In 1910 , fewer than 6,000 blacks called the city home ; in 1930 more than 120,000 blacks lived in Detroit .	120,000	How many blacks lived in Detroit in 1930 ?
The thousands of African Americans who came to Detroit were part of the Great Migration of the 20th century .	Great Migration	What was the movement of blacks to northern cities called ?
The city 's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century , fed largely by an influx of European , Middle Eastern -LRB- Lebanese , Assyrian/Chaldean -RRB- , and Southern migrants to work in the burgeoning automobile industry .	automobile	What industry is responsible for a large growth in Detroit 's population ?
From the 1940s to the 1970s a second wave of Blacks moved to Detroit to escape Jim Crow laws in the south and find jobs .	Jim Crow	Why did Blacks move to Detroit in the middle if the 20th century ?
However , they soon found themselves excluded from white areas of the city -- through violence , laws , and economic discrimination -LRB- e.g. , redlining -RRB- .	redlining	What is an example of economic discrimination ?
The pattern of segregation was later magnified by white migration to the suburbs .	white migration to the suburbs	What exacerbated segregation in Detroit ?
One of the implications of racial segregation , which correlates with class segregation , may be overall worse health for some populations .	health	What generally declines in places that are segregated by race or class ?
While Blacks/African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan 's population in 2010 , they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit 's population .	13 percent	How much of Michigan 's population is Black ?
While Blacks/African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan 's population in 2010 , they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit 's population .	82 percent	How much of Detroit 's population is Black ?
The city has also moved down the ranking , from number one most segregated to number four .	four	What was Detroit ranked as in a 2010 study on segregated cities ?
Some empty nesters and many younger White people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs .	suburbs	Where have many Black people been moving to in recent years ?
According to an estimate of the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center , from 2008 to 2009 the percentage of non-Hispanic White residents increased from 8.4 % to 13.3 % .	13.3%	What is the 2009 population of Whites in Detroit ?
By the 1940s the Mexican community began to settle what is now Mexicantown .	1940s	When did Mexicantown start to grow ?
In 2010 Detroit had 48,679 Hispanics , including 36,452 Mexicans .	48,679	What was Detroit 's 2010 Hispanic population ?
In 2010 Detroit had 48,679 Hispanics , including 36,452 Mexicans .	36,452	What was Detroit 's 2010 Mexican population ?
During the Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s many Mexicans in Detroit were willingly repatriated or forced to repatriate .	Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s	What was it called when many Mexican 's were forcibly repatriated ?
A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck includes Bangladeshi Americans , Indian Americans , and Pakistani Americans ; nearly all of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit lives in that area .	A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck	Where does most of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit live ?
The area north of Downtown Detroit ; including the region around the Henry Ford Hospital , the Detroit Medical Center , and Wayne State University ; has transient Asian national origin residents who are university students or hospital workers .	transient	What is a word that could describe a lot of the Asian people who work or live in downtown Detroit ?
Midtown is also home to watchmaker Shinola and an array of small and/or startup companies .	Shinola	Which company makes timepieces in Midtown ?
Midtown 's anchors are the city 's largest single employer Detroit Medical Center , Wayne State University , and the Henry Ford Health System in New Center .	Detroit Medical Center	What is the largest employer in Detroit ?
Thousands more employees work in Midtown , north of the central business district .	central business district	What district is Midtown north of ?
Like downtown and Corktown , Midtown also has a fast-growing retailing and restaurant scene .	Corktown	Other than Downtown and Midtown , what area boasts a fast growing restaurant scene ?
New Center bases TechTown , a research and business incubator hub that 's part of the WSU system .	New Center	Where is TechTown based ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Compuware completed its world headquarters in downtown in 2003 .	Compuware	What Tech company is based in Detroit ?
OnStar , Blue Cross Blue Shield , and HP Enterprise Services are located at the Renaissance Center .	Blue Cross Blue Shield	What insurance company is located in downtown Detroit ?
Perhaps most prominently , in 2010 , Quicken Loans , one of the largest mortgage lenders , relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit , consolidating its suburban offices .	Quicken Loans	Which company moved it 's world headquarters to Detroit in 2010 ?
In July 2012 , the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington , D.C. 's metropolitan area .	Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office	What is the name Of the U.S. Patent office in Detroit ?
In the decade prior to 2006 , downtown gained more than $ 15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors .	downtown	Which part of Detroit has gotten billions in investment around the turn of the millennium ?
The city of Detroit and other private-public partnerships have attempted to catalyze the region 's growth by facilitating the building and historical rehabilitation of residential high-rises in the downtown , creating a zone that offers many business tax incentives , creating recreational spaces such as the Detroit RiverWalk , Campus Martius Park , Dequindre Cut Greenway , and Green Alleys in Midtown .	Midtown	What part of Detroit is Green Alleys located in ?
The city itself has cleared sections of land while retaining a number of historically significant vacant buildings in order to spur redevelopment ; though it has struggled with finances , the city issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties .	historically significant	What type of vacant buildings have been spared destruction ?
Midtown is one of the most successful areas within Detroit to have a residential occupancy rate of 96 % .	Midtown	What part of Detroit still has high population density ??
These include the $ 82 million reconstruction of downtown 's David Whitney Building -LRB- now an Aloft Hotel and luxury residences -RRB- , the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown , the residential conversion of the David Broderick Tower in downtown , the rehabilitation of the Book Cadillac Hotel -LRB- now a Westin and luxury condos -RRB- and Fort Shelby Hotel -LRB- now Doubletree -RRB- also in downtown , and various smaller projects .	David Whitney Building	Which building 's reconstruction cost $ 82 million ?
These include the $ 82 million reconstruction of downtown 's David Whitney Building -LRB- now an Aloft Hotel and luxury residences -RRB- , the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown , the residential conversion of the David Broderick Tower in downtown , the rehabilitation of the Book Cadillac Hotel -LRB- now a Westin and luxury condos -RRB- and Fort Shelby Hotel -LRB- now Doubletree -RRB- also in downtown , and various smaller projects .	David Broderick Tower	Which Downtown tower was converted to residential use ?
These include the $ 82 million reconstruction of downtown 's David Whitney Building -LRB- now an Aloft Hotel and luxury residences -RRB- , the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown , the residential conversion of the David Broderick Tower in downtown , the rehabilitation of the Book Cadillac Hotel -LRB- now a Westin and luxury condos -RRB- and Fort Shelby Hotel -LRB- now Doubletree -RRB- also in downtown , and various smaller projects .	Fort Shelby Hotel	What was the former name of the Doubletree ?
These include the $ 82 million reconstruction of downtown 's David Whitney Building -LRB- now an Aloft Hotel and luxury residences -RRB- , the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown , the residential conversion of the David Broderick Tower in downtown , the rehabilitation of the Book Cadillac Hotel -LRB- now a Westin and luxury condos -RRB- and Fort Shelby Hotel -LRB- now Doubletree -RRB- also in downtown , and various smaller projects .	Book Cadillac Hotel	What was the former name of the Westin ?
On May 21 , 2014 , JPMorgan Chase announced that it was injecting $ 100 million over five years into Detroit 's economy , providing development funding for a variety of projects that would increase employment .	JPMorgan Chase	Which bank announced an investment into Detroit in 2014 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Of the $ 100 million , $ 50 million will go toward development projects , $ 25 million will go toward city blight removal , $ 12.5 million will go for job training , $ 7 million will go for small businesses in the city , and $ 5.5 million will go toward the M-1 light rail project .	$25 million	How much of JPMorgan 's investment will go to blight removal ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Of the $ 100 million , $ 50 million will go toward development projects , $ 25 million will go toward city blight removal , $ 12.5 million will go for job training , $ 7 million will go for small businesses in the city , and $ 5.5 million will go toward the M-1 light rail project .	$12.5 million	How much of JPMorgan 's investment will go to job training ?
On May 19 , 2015 , JPMorgan Chase announced that it has invested $ 32 million for two redevelopment projects in the city 's Capitol Park district , the Capitol Park Lofts -LRB- the former Capitol Park Building -RRB- and the Detroit Savings Bank building at 1212 Griswold .	$32 million	How much did JPMorgan announce in additional investment into Detroit in 2015 ?
Detroit 's proximity to Windsor , Ontario , provides for views and nightlife , along with Ontario 's minimum drinking age of 19 .	Windsor, Ontario	Which city has a lower than usual drinking age ?
About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city of Detroit .	two-thirds	How many suburban residents take in Detroit 's entertainment options ?
A 2011 study by Walk Score recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities .	Walk Score	Who conducted a study about Detroit 's walk-ability ?
Detroit 's auto industry , some of which was converted to wartime defense production , was an important element of the American `` Arsenal of Democracy '' supporting the Allied powers during World War II .	Arsenal of Democracy	What `` Arsenal '' was Detroit a part of ?
It is an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city 's two familiar nicknames , the Motor City and Motown .	Motown	What nickname for Detroit recognizes it 's musical history ?
Other nicknames arose in the 20th century , including City of Champions , beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport ; The D ; Hockeytown -LRB- a trademark owned by the city 's NHL club , the Red Wings -RRB- ; Rock City -LRB- after the Kiss song `` Detroit Rock City '' -RRB- ; and The 313 -LRB- its telephone area code -RRB- .	313	What is Detroit 's area code ?
Other nicknames arose in the 20th century , including City of Champions , beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport ; The D ; Hockeytown -LRB- a trademark owned by the city 's NHL club , the Red Wings -RRB- ; Rock City -LRB- after the Kiss song `` Detroit Rock City '' -RRB- ; and The 313 -LRB- its telephone area code -RRB- .	Red Wings	Which hockey team is based in Detroit ?
Other nicknames arose in the 20th century , including City of Champions , beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport ; The D ; Hockeytown -LRB- a trademark owned by the city 's NHL club , the Red Wings -RRB- ; Rock City -LRB- after the Kiss song `` Detroit Rock City '' -RRB- ; and The 313 -LRB- its telephone area code -RRB- .	Detroit Rock City	What Kiss song gave Detroit the nickname Rock City ?
In the 1940s , Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the city 's southwest Delray neighborhood .	John Lee Hooker	Which artist resided in Delray ?
Prominent emerging Jazz musicians of the 1960s included : trumpet player Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums .	Donald Byrd	Which musician attended Cass Tech ?
Prominent emerging Jazz musicians of the 1960s included : trumpet player Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums .	Pepper Adams	Which musician accompanied Donald Byrd on several albums ?
The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit .	Graystone International Jazz Museum	What is the name of the jazz museum in Detroit ?
In the 1940s , Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the city 's southwest Delray neighborhood .	blues	What type of music is John Lee Hooker known for ?
Other , prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s was Nolan Strong , Andre Williams and Nathaniel Mayer -- who all scored local and national hits on the Fortune Records label .	Nolan Strong	Who was a big influence on Smokey Robinson ?
The Fortune label was a family-operated label located on Third Avenue in Detroit , and was owned by the husband and wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown .	Fortune	What label operated in Third Avenue ?
The Fortune label was a family-operated label located on Third Avenue in Detroit , and was owned by the husband and wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown .	Devora Brown	Who was Jack Brown 's wife ?
Fortune , which also released country , gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s , laid the groundwork for Motown , which became Detroit 's most legendary record label .	Motown	What label became Detroit 's most famous ?
Berry Gordy , Jr. founded Motown Records which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder , The Temptations , The Four Tops , Smokey Robinson & The Miracles , Diana Ross & The Supremes , the Jackson 5 , Martha and the Vandellas , The Spinners , Gladys Knight & the Pips , The Marvelettes , The Elgins , The Monitors , The Velvelettes and Marvin Gaye .	Berry Gordy, Jr.	Who founded Motown records ?
Artists were backed by in-house vocalists The Andantes and The Funk Brothers , the Motown house band that was featured in Paul Justman 's 2002 documentary film Standing in the Shadows of Motown , based on Allan Slutsky 's book of the same name .	Paul Justman	Who did a documentary on Motown ?
Artists were backed by in-house vocalists The Andantes and The Funk Brothers , the Motown house band that was featured in Paul Justman 's 2002 documentary film Standing in the Shadows of Motown , based on Allan Slutsky 's book of the same name .	Allan Slutsky	Who wrote a book about Motown ?
In the 1980s , Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs , such as The Necros , The Meatmen , and Negative Approach .	hardcore punk rock underground	What music genre was big in Detroit in the 1980s ?
The group Kiss emphasized the city 's connection with rock in the song Detroit Rock City and the movie produced in 1999 .	1999	What year did the movie about Kiss come out ?
Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s including : the MC5 , The Stooges , Bob Seger , Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent , Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels , Rare Earth , Alice Cooper , and Suzi Quatro .	1960s and 70s	In which decades did bands like MC5 and Rare Earth become big in Detroit ?
In the 1990s and the new millennium , the city has produced a number of influential hip hop artists , including Eminem , the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales , hip-hop producer J Dilla , rapper and producer Esham and hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse .	Eminem	Which Detroit artist has the highest hip-hop sales ?
The band Sponge toured and produced music , with artists such as Kid Rock and Uncle Kracker .	Sponge	Which band toured with Kid Rock ?
The city also has an active garage rock genre that has generated national attention with acts such as : The White Stripes , The Von Bondies , The Detroit Cobras , The Dirtbombs , Electric Six , and The Hard Lessons .	garage rock	What genre does The White Stripes fit into ?
In the 1990s and the new millennium , the city has produced a number of influential hip hop artists , including Eminem , the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales , hip-hop producer J Dilla , rapper and producer Esham and hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse .	producer	What is J Dilla 's occupation ?
Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s .	Detroit	Techno started in which city ?
The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music , `` Detroit techno '' .	Detroit techno	What genre of music featured robotic themes ?
The Detroit Electronic Music Festival , now known as `` Movement '' , occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend , and takes place in Hart Plaza .	Movement	What is the Detroit Electronic Music Festival known as ?
The Detroit Electronic Music Festival , now known as `` Movement '' , occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend , and takes place in Hart Plaza .	Memorial Day Weekend	When does `` Movement '' occur ?
The Detroit Electronic Music Festival , now known as `` Movement '' , occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend , and takes place in Hart Plaza .	Hart Plaza	Where does `` Movement '' take place ?
Major theaters in Detroit include the Fox Theatre -LRB- 5,174 seats -RRB- , Music Hall -LRB- 1,770 seats -RRB- , the Gem Theatre -LRB- 451 seats -RRB- , Masonic Temple Theatre -LRB- 4,404 seats -RRB- , the Detroit Opera House -LRB- 2,765 seats -RRB- , the Fisher Theatre -LRB- 2,089 seats -RRB- , The Fillmore Detroit -LRB- 2,200 seats -RRB- , Saint Andrew 's Hall , the Majestic Theater , and Orchestra Hall -LRB- 2,286 seats -RRB- which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra .	Orchestra Hall	What building does the Detroit Symphony Orchestra play in ?
The Nederlander Organization , the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City , originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander family .	Nederlander	What family purchased the Detroit opera House ?
Major theaters in Detroit include the Fox Theatre -LRB- 5,174 seats -RRB- , Music Hall -LRB- 1,770 seats -RRB- , the Gem Theatre -LRB- 451 seats -RRB- , Masonic Temple Theatre -LRB- 4,404 seats -RRB- , the Detroit Opera House -LRB- 2,765 seats -RRB- , the Fisher Theatre -LRB- 2,089 seats -RRB- , The Fillmore Detroit -LRB- 2,200 seats -RRB- , Saint Andrew 's Hall , the Majestic Theater , and Orchestra Hall -LRB- 2,286 seats -RRB- which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra .	2,089	How many seats does the Fisher Theater have ?
Major theaters in Detroit include the Fox Theatre -LRB- 5,174 seats -RRB- , Music Hall -LRB- 1,770 seats -RRB- , the Gem Theatre -LRB- 451 seats -RRB- , Masonic Temple Theatre -LRB- 4,404 seats -RRB- , the Detroit Opera House -LRB- 2,765 seats -RRB- , the Fisher Theatre -LRB- 2,089 seats -RRB- , The Fillmore Detroit -LRB- 2,200 seats -RRB- , Saint Andrew 's Hall , the Majestic Theater , and Orchestra Hall -LRB- 2,286 seats -RRB- which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra .	Masonic Temple Theatre	Which Detroit theater has 4,404 seats ?
The Nederlander Organization , the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City , originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander family .	1922	In what year was the Detroit Opera House purchased ?
These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts , the Detroit Historical Museum , Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History , the Detroit Science Center , as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library .	Detroit Institute of Arts	What is the name of the art museum in Detroit ?
These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts , the Detroit Historical Museum , Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History , the Detroit Science Center , as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library .	Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History	What is the name of the Detroit museum of African American history ?
Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum , the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum -LRB- birthplace of the Ford Model T and the world 's oldest car factory building open to the public -RRB- , the Pewabic Pottery studio and school , the Tuskegee Airmen Museum , Fort Wayne , the Dossin Great Lakes Museum , the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit -LRB- MOCAD -RRB- , the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit -LRB- CAID -RRB- , and the Belle Isle Conservatory .	Ford Piquette Avenue Plant	Where was the birthplace of the Model T ?
Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum , the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum -LRB- birthplace of the Ford Model T and the world 's oldest car factory building open to the public -RRB- , the Pewabic Pottery studio and school , the Tuskegee Airmen Museum , Fort Wayne , the Dossin Great Lakes Museum , the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit -LRB- MOCAD -RRB- , the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit -LRB- CAID -RRB- , and the Belle Isle Conservatory .	Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit	What does MOCAD stand for ?
Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum , the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum -LRB- birthplace of the Ford Model T and the world 's oldest car factory building open to the public -RRB- , the Pewabic Pottery studio and school , the Tuskegee Airmen Museum , Fort Wayne , the Dossin Great Lakes Museum , the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit -LRB- MOCAD -RRB- , the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit -LRB- CAID -RRB- , and the Belle Isle Conservatory .	Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit	What does CAID stand for ?
Important history of America and the Detroit area are exhibited at The Henry Ford in Dearborn , the United States ' largest indoor-outdoor museum complex .	The Henry Ford	What is the U.S. 's largest museum complex ?
Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak , the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills , the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle , and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills .	Royal Oak	Where is the Detroit Zoo ?
Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak , the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills , the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle , and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills .	Cranbrook Art Museum	What museum is in Bloomfield Hills ?
Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak , the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills , the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle , and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills .	Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory	What museum is on Belle Isle ?
In 2010 , the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a 16,000-square-foot -LRB- 1,500 m2 -RRB- complex in Midtown .	G.R. N'Namdi Gallery	What Detroit gallery opened in 2010 ?
The Eastern Market farmer 's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses .	Eastern Market	Which market has the largest open air flowerbed in the US ?
Midtown has about 50,000 residents and attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers ; for example , the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people .	50,000	How big is Midtown 's population ?
Midtown has about 50,000 residents and attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers ; for example , the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people .	Detroit Festival of the Arts	Which festival attracts over a quarter million visitors ?
The city 's Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub .	three	How many casino resorts ore in downtown ?
On Saturdays , about 45,000 people shop the city 's historic Eastern Market .	Saturdays	On which day does Eastern Market attract the most visitors ?
Within downtown , Campus Martius Park hosts large events , including the annual Motown Winter Blast .	Campus Martius Park	Which parks hosts the Winter Bash ?
Held since 1924 , America 's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation 's largest .	America's Thanksgiving Parade	Which parade started in 1924 ?
River Days , a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor -- Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks , which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people .	River Days	Which festival spans five days ?
River Days , a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor -- Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks , which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people .	Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival	Which festival draws up to 3 million people ?
Annual summer events include the Electronic Music Festival , International Jazz Festival , the Woodward Dream Cruise , the African World Festival , the country music Hoedown , Noel Night , and Dally in the Alley .	Hoedown	What is the country music festival in Detroit called ?
An important civic sculpture in Detroit is `` The Spirit of Detroit '' by Marshall Fredericks at the Coleman Young Municipal Center .	Marshall Fredericks	Who sculpted the Spirit of Detroit ?
A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16 , 1986 .	October 16, 1986	When was the Joe Louis memorial dedicated ?
The sculpture , commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham , is a 24-foot -LRB- 7.3 m -RRB- long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework .	Sports Illustrated	Who commissioned the Joe Luis memorial ?
The sculpture , commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham , is a 24-foot -LRB- 7.3 m -RRB- long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework .	Robert Graham	Who sculpted the Joe Louis memorial ?
The sculpture , commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham , is a 24-foot -LRB- 7.3 m -RRB- long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework .	24-foot	How long is the Joe Louis memorial ?
Detroit is one of 12 American metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America .	12	How many metropolitan areas boast teams from all major US sports ?
All these teams but one play within the city of Detroit itself -LRB- the NBA 's Detroit Pistons play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills -RRB- .	The Palace of Auburn Hills	What is the name of Detroit Piston 's arena ?
There are three active major sports venues within the city : Comerica Park -LRB- home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers -RRB- , Ford Field -LRB- home of the NFL 's Detroit Lions -RRB- , and Joe Louis Arena -LRB- home of the NHL 's Detroit Red Wings -RRB- .	Comerica Park	Where do the Tigers play ?
There are three active major sports venues within the city : Comerica Park -LRB- home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers -RRB- , Ford Field -LRB- home of the NFL 's Detroit Lions -RRB- , and Joe Louis Arena -LRB- home of the NHL 's Detroit Red Wings -RRB- .	Ford Field	Where do the Lions play ?
There are three active major sports venues within the city : Comerica Park -LRB- home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers -RRB- , Ford Field -LRB- home of the NFL 's Detroit Lions -RRB- , and Joe Louis Arena -LRB- home of the NHL 's Detroit Red Wings -RRB- .	Joe Louis Arena	Where do the Red Wings play ?
The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December .	Little Caesars Pizza Bowl	Which bowl game is held in Detroit ?
While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000 , the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004 , and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans .	Ford Field	Where is the MAC Football Championship game played ?
In college sports , Detroit 's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league 's championship events .	Mid-American Conference	Which conference has held many of it 's championships games in Detroit ?
In the years following the mid-1930s , Detroit was referred to as the `` City of Champions '' after the Tigers , Lions , and Red Wings captured all three major professional sports championships in a seven-month period of time -LRB- the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935 ; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935 ; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936 -RRB- .	City of Champions	What is Detroit 's sports related nickname ?
In 1932 , Eddie `` The Midnight Express '' Tolan from Detroit won the 100 - and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics .	The Midnight Express	What is Eddie Tolan 's nickname ?
Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937 .	Joe Louis	Who won the boxing title in 1937 ?
In the years following the mid-1930s , Detroit was referred to as the `` City of Champions '' after the Tigers , Lions , and Red Wings captured all three major professional sports championships in a seven-month period of time -LRB- the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935 ; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935 ; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936 -RRB- .	Red Wings	Who won the Stanley Cup in 1936 ?
In the years following the mid-1930s , Detroit was referred to as the `` City of Champions '' after the Tigers , Lions , and Red Wings captured all three major professional sports championships in a seven-month period of time -LRB- the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935 ; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935 ; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936 -RRB- .	Tigers	Who won the World Series in 1935 ?
Since voters approved the city 's charter in 1974 , Detroit has had a `` strong mayoral '' system , with the mayor approving departmental appointments .	1974	When was Detroit 's charter approved ?
The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking .	The council	Who approves Detroit 's budgets ?
The city is governed pursuant to the Home Rule Charter of the City of Detroit .	Home Rule Charter	What is Detroit 's charter called ?
The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice , in downtown Detroit .	Frank Murphy Hall of Justice	Where is the Circuit Court located ?
The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit .	Coleman A. Young Municipal Center	Where is Wayne County 's Probate Court located ?
The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court , as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan .	Thirty-Sixth	Which District Court is Detroit home to ?
Crime has since decreased and , in 2014 , the murder rate was 43.4 per 100,000 , lower than in St. Louis , Missouri .	43.4 per 100,000	What was Detroit 's murder rate in 2014 ?
Detroit held the title of murder capital between 1985-1987 with a murder rate around 58 per 100,000 .	58 per 100,000	What was Detroit 's murder rate in the mid to late 80s ?
Crime has since decreased and , in 2014 , the murder rate was 43.4 per 100,000 , lower than in St. Louis , Missouri .	St. Louis	What city had a higher murder rate than Detroit in 2014 ?
At year-end 2015 , Detroit had 295 criminal homicides , down slightly from 299 in 2014 .	299	How many murders did Detroit have in 2014 ?
At year-end 2015 , Detroit had 295 criminal homicides , down slightly from 299 in 2014 .	295	How many murders did Detroit have in 2015 ?
Nearly two-thirds of all murders in Michigan in 2011 occurred in Detroit .	two-thirds	What fraction of Michigan 's homicides occurred in Detroit ?
Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes , and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes -LRB- compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008 -RRB- .	62.18 per 1,000	What is Detroit 's rate of property crime ?
Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes , and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes -LRB- compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008 -RRB- .	5 per 1,000	What was the national rate of violent crimes in 2008 ?
Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes , and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes -LRB- compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008 -RRB- .	16.73 per 1,000	What was Detroit 's rate of violent crimes in 2008 ?
Beginning with its incorporation in 1802 , Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors .	1802	When was Detroit incorporated ?
Beginning with its incorporation in 1802 , Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors .	74	How many mayors has Detroit had ?
Detroit 's last mayor from the Republican Party was Louis Miriani , who served from 1957 to 1962 .	Louis Miriani	Who was Detroit 's last Republican mayor ?
In 1973 , the city elected its first black mayor , Coleman Young .	Coleman Young	Who was Detroit 's first black mayor ?
Mayor Dennis Archer , a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice , refocused the city 's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown .	Supreme Court Justice	What was Dennis Archer 's former occupation ?
In March 2013 , Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in the city , stating that the city has a $ 327 million budget deficit and faces more than $ 14 billion in long-term debt .	Rick Snyder	Who was Michigan 's governor in 2013 ?
It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3 , with its $ 18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city 's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible .	Stephen Rhodes	What judge declared Detroit bankrupt ?
On July 18 , 2013 , the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection .	Chapter 9	What type of bankruptcy did Detroit file ?
On July 18 , 2013 , the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection .	July 18, 2013	When did Detroit file for bankruptcy ?
It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3 , with its $ 18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city 's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible .	$18.5 billion	How much did Detroit owe when it was declared bankrupt ?
Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State University , a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs .	Wayne State University	What research university is located in Midtown ?
The University of Detroit Mercy , located in Northwest Detroit in the University District , is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus -LRB- the Jesuits -RRB- and the Sisters of Mercy .	University of Detroit Mercy	What Catholic university is in Detroit ?
The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located Downtown across from the Renaissance Center .	Downtown	In which district is Detroit Mercy 's Law School located ?
The University of Detroit Mercy , located in Northwest Detroit in the University District , is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus -LRB- the Jesuits -RRB- and the Sisters of Mercy .	Society of Jesus	Which Catholic society is Detroit Mercy affiliated with ?
Sacred Heart Major Seminary , originally founded in 1919 , is affiliated with Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees .	Sacred Heart Major Seminary	What Seminary is located in Detroit ?
Sacred Heart Major Seminary , originally founded in 1919 , is affiliated with Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees .	1919	When was Sacred Heart Major Seminary founded ?
In June 2009 , the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine which is based in East Lansing opened a satellite campus located at the Detroit Medical Center .	Michigan State	What University opened a satellite campus in the Detroit Medical Center ?
The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 .	1817	When was the University of Michigan founded ?
The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 .	1837	When did the University of Michigan leave Detroit ?
As of 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit , with all of them in the city 's west side .	three	How many Catholic high schools are in Detroit ?
As of 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit , with all of them in the city 's west side .	four	How many Catholic grade schools are in Detroit ?
Of the three Catholic high schools in the city , two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters , Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil .	Society of Jesus	Two of the three Catholic high schools are operated by which religious group ?
As of 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit , with all of them in the city 's west side .	west	On which side of the city of the city are all of the Catholic schools located ?
The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers , both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement called the Detroit Newspaper Partnership .	Detroit Newspaper Partnership	Under which agreement are Detroit 's major newspapers published ?
The Metro Times , founded in 1980 , is a weekly publication , covering news , arts & entertainment .	1980	When was The Metro Times founded ?
In March 2009 , the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days a week , print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery .	2009	In what year did Detroit 's two major newspapers reduce home delivery ?
Also founded in 1935 and based in Detroit the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America .	Michigan Chronicle	What newspaper was founded in 1935 ?
The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States ; according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of Ontario , Canada -LRB- Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV , as well as several other cable markets in Ontario , such as the city of Ottawa -RRB- which receive and watch Detroit television stations .	11th largest	How is Detroit 's TV market ranked ?
Also founded in 1935 and based in Detroit the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America .	weekly	How often does the Michigan Chronicle publish ?
The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States ; according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of Ontario , Canada -LRB- Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV , as well as several other cable markets in Ontario , such as the city of Ottawa -RRB- which receive and watch Detroit television stations .	Ontario	What province of Canada is a large consumer of Detroit programming ?
Within the city of Detroit , there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center -LRB- DMC -RRB- , Henry Ford Health System , St. John Health System , and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center .	over a dozen	How many major hospitals are in Detroit ?
Within the city of Detroit , there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center -LRB- DMC -RRB- , Henry Ford Health System , St. John Health System , and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center .	John D. Dingell	What is the Detroit VA hospital called ?
The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians .	3,000	How many affiliated physicians does the DMC have ?
The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians .	2,000	How many beds does the DMC have ?
Within the city of Detroit , there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center -LRB- DMC -RRB- , Henry Ford Health System , St. John Health System , and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center .	DMC	Who is the largest private employer in Detroit ?
Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30 , 2010 , as a for profit corporation .	Vanguard Health Systems	Detroit Medical Center has become a part of what Health System ?
Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $ 1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $ 417 M to retire debts , at least $ 350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $ 500 M for new capital investment .	$1.5 B	How much does Vanguard plan to invest in DMC ?
The metro area has many other hospitals including William Beaumont Hospital , St. Joseph 's , and University of Michigan Medical Center .	St. Joseph's	What is a name of a Catholic hospital in Detroit ?
Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $ 1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $ 417 M to retire debts , at least $ 350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $ 500 M for new capital investment .	$417 M	How much will Vanguard spend to retire debt for DMC ?
Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $ 1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $ 417 M to retire debts , at least $ 350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $ 500 M for new capital investment .	$500 M	How much does Vanguard plan to spend in capital investment ?
On February 18 , 2015 , Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $ 250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit -- Windsor bridge , now the Gordie Howe International Bridge .	Lisa Raitt	Who is the Transport Minister in Canada ?
On February 18 , 2015 , Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $ 250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit -- Windsor bridge , now the Gordie Howe International Bridge .	$250 million	How much is the U.S. Customs plaza expected to cost ?
Canada had already planned to pay for 95 per cent of the bridge , which will cost $ 2.1 billion , and is expected to open in 2020 .	$2.1 billion	How much is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to cost ?
Canada had already planned to pay for 95 per cent of the bridge , which will cost $ 2.1 billion , and is expected to open in 2020 .	2020	When is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to open ?
Canada had already planned to pay for 95 per cent of the bridge , which will cost $ 2.1 billion , and is expected to open in 2020 .	95 per cent	How much of the Gordie Howe International Bridge is Canada going to pay for ?
I-75 -LRB- Chrysler and Fisher freeways -RRB- is the region 's main north -- south route , serving Flint , Pontiac , Troy , and Detroit , before continuing south -LRB- as the Detroit -- Toledo and Seaway Freeways -RRB- to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie .	I-75	Which Interstate is the major north-south route ?
I-75 -LRB- Chrysler and Fisher freeways -RRB- is the region 's main north -- south route , serving Flint , Pontiac , Troy , and Detroit , before continuing south -LRB- as the Detroit -- Toledo and Seaway Freeways -RRB- to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie .	Lake Erie	Which of the Great Lakes does I-75 pass next to ?
Four major Interstate Highways surround the city .	Four	How many major interstates are serve Detroit ?
I-94 -LRB- Edsel Ford Freeway -RRB- runs east -- west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west -LRB- where it continues to Chicago -RRB- and Port Huron to the northeast .	Edsel Ford Freeway	What is I-94 called ?
Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II .	Henry Ford	Who built I-94 ?
The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America 's earlier limited-access highways .	limited-access	A part of I-94 was an example of what type of highway ?
Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II .	World War II	During which conflict was I-94 built ?
I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit , an extension of the Chrysler Freeway .	I-375	Which highway is an extension of the Chrysler Freeway ?
I-696 -LRB- Reuther Freeway -RRB- runs east -- west from the junction of I-96 and I-275 , providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit .	Reuther Freeway	What is I-696 called ?
I-696 -LRB- Reuther Freeway -RRB- runs east -- west from the junction of I-96 and I-275 , providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit .	I-696	Which highway runs through the northern suburbs of Detroit ?
Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways .	M	Michigan uses what letter to designate roads that connect major highways ?
I-275 runs north -- south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north , providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit .	I-275	Which highway runs north from I-75 to the junction of I-96 and I-696 ?
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is , `` the way of life , especially the general customs and beliefs , of a particular group of people at a particular time . ''	the way of life	How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define `` Culture '' in short ?
Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning -- raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence , in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain .	Terror Management Theory	What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views ?
Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning -- raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence , in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain .	larger brain	What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture ?
This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago .	50,000 years ago	Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant ?
Some aspects of human behavior , such as language , social practices such as kinship , gender and marriage , expressive forms such as art , music , dance , ritual , religion , and technologies such as cooking , shelter , clothing are said to be cultural universals , found in all human societies .	kinship, gender and marriage	Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today .
The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture , such as technology , architecture and art , whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization -LRB- including , practices of political organization and social institutions -RRB- , mythology , philosophy , literature -LRB- both written and oral -RRB- , and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society .	technology, architecture and art	What does the term `` concept material culture '' cover ?
In common parlance , culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification , clothing or jewelry .	body modification, clothing or jewelry	What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly ?
-LSB- dubious -- discuss -RSB- Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century .	20th century	Around what time did Mass Culture emerge ?
Some schools of philosophy , such as Marxism and critical theory , have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness , such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies .	as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness	What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for ?
When used as a count noun `` a culture '' , is the set of customs , traditions and values of a society or community , such as an ethnic group or nation .	a culture	What does the term `` Count Noun '' mean ?
When used as a count noun `` a culture '' , is the set of customs , traditions and values of a society or community , such as an ethnic group or nation .	customs, traditions and values of a society or community	What cultural traits fall under the term count noun ?
Within cultural anthropology , the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism holds that cultures can not easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture .	the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism	What falls within the term `` cultural anthropology '' ?
The modern term `` culture '' is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes , where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or `` cultura animi '' , using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul , understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development .	term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero	What is the modern term `` culture '' based on ?
Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context , meaning something similar , but no longer assuming that philosophy was man 's natural perfection .	Samuel Pufendorf	Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero ?
Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context , meaning something similar , but no longer assuming that philosophy was man 's natural perfection .	no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection	Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor , what was it ?
Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models , and spurring or enabling generative action .	social dynamics and promoting new cultural models	What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture ?
For example , the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations , altering both gender and economic structures .	U.S. feminist movement	What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women ?
For example , after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age , plants suitable for domestication were available , leading to the invention of agriculture , which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics .	ice age	Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics ?
War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics .	War or competition over resources	What may impact social dynamics and technical development ?
For example , hamburgers , fast food in the United States , seemed exotic when introduced into China .	fast food	In the example given , what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States ?
`` Stimulus diffusion '' -LRB- the sharing of ideas -RRB- refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another .	the sharing of ideas	What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean ?
Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas , practices , and products .	Diffusion of innovations	Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices , ideas , and products ?
Immanuel Kant -LRB- 1724 -- 1804 -RRB- has formulated an individualist definition of `` enlightenment '' similar to the concept of bildung : `` Enlightenment is man 's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity . ''	Immanuel Kant	Who said the following statement ? `` Enlightenment is man 's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity '' .
Against this intellectual cowardice , Kant urged : Sapere aude , `` Dare to be wise ! ''	Dare to be wise	What does the term Sapere aude mean ?
In reaction to Kant , German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder -LRB- 1744 -- 1803 -RRB- argued that human creativity , which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms , is as important as human rationality .	Johann Gottfried Herder	Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality ?
In 1795 , the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt -LRB- 1767 -- 1835 -RRB- called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant 's and Herder 's interests .	Wilhelm von Humboldt	Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology ?
During the Romantic era , scholars in Germany , especially those concerned with nationalist movements -- such as the nationalist struggle to create a `` Germany '' out of diverse principalities , and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire -- developed a more inclusive notion of culture as `` worldview '' -LRB- Weltanschauung -RRB- .	Romantic era	During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture ?
During the Romantic era , scholars in Germany , especially those concerned with nationalist movements -- such as the nationalist struggle to create a `` Germany '' out of diverse principalities , and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire -- developed a more inclusive notion of culture as `` worldview '' -LRB- Weltanschauung -RRB- .	Weltanschauung	What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era ?
According to Bastian , all human societies share a set of `` elementary ideas '' -LRB- Elementargedanken -RRB- ; different cultures , or different `` folk ideas '' -LRB- Völkergedanken -RRB- , are local modifications of the elementary ideas .	elementary ideas	According to Bastian , what did he believe all human societies shared ?
In 1860 , Adolf Bastian -LRB- 1826 -- 1905 -RRB- argued for `` the psychic unity of mankind '' .	Adolf Bastian	What was the name of the person argued for `` The psychic unity of mankind '' ?
Franz Boas -LRB- 1858 -- 1942 -RRB- was trained in this tradition , and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States .	Franz Boas	Who trained under Bastian 's ideas on culture ?
In practice , culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art , classical music , and haute cuisine .	élite ideal	What did culture refer to in practice ?
In practice , culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art , classical music , and haute cuisine .	art, classical music, and haute cuisine	What was associated with culture during this German practice ?
As these forms were associated with urban life , `` culture '' was identified with `` civilization '' -LRB- from lat .	urban life	Art and music were some of these forms of cultural related to what type of living ?
In other words , the idea of `` culture '' that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies .	inequalities within European societies.	The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period ?
Matthew Arnold contrasted `` culture '' with anarchy ; other Europeans , following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau , contrasted `` culture '' with `` the state of nature '' .	anarchy	How did Matthew Arnold view `` Culture '' with ?
Matthew Arnold contrasted `` culture '' with anarchy ; other Europeans , following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau , contrasted `` culture '' with `` the state of nature '' .	Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Which two philosophers contrasted `` culture '' with the state of nature ?
According to Hobbes and Rousseau , the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature ; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between `` civilized '' and `` uncivilized . ''	Native Americans	Which race was considered living `` in a state of nature '' by the Europeans ?
According to Hobbes and Rousseau , the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature ; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between `` civilized '' and `` uncivilized . ''	"civilized" and "uncivilized."	`` In a state of nature '' was divided into two groups , what where they ?
These critics considered folk music -LRB- as produced by `` the folk '' , i.e. , rural , illiterate , peasants -RRB- to honestly express a natural way of life , while classical music seemed superficial and decadent .	folk music	What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture ?
These critics considered folk music -LRB- as produced by `` the folk '' , i.e. , rural , illiterate , peasants -RRB- to honestly express a natural way of life , while classical music seemed superficial and decadent .	classical music	Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent ?
Equally , this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as `` noble savages '' living authentic and unblemished lives , uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West .	noble savages	What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people ?
Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor 's definition of culture , in the 20th century `` culture '' emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology , where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically , and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially .	Tylor's	Who 's definition of culture did anthropologist accept ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- American anthropology is organized into four fields , each of which plays an important role in research on culture : biological anthropology , linguistic anthropology , cultural anthropology , and archaeology .	biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.	What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture ?
Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor 's definition of culture , in the 20th century `` culture '' emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology , where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically , and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially .	20th century	In which century did `` culture '' as a central concept of American anthropology emerge ?
For Georg Simmel -LRB- 1858 -- 1918 -RRB- , culture referred to `` the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history '' .	Georg Simmel	Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals ?
Culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking , the ways of acting , and the material objects that together shape a people 's way of life .	ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects	What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel ?
Non-material culture refers to the non physical ideas that individuals have about their culture , including values , belief system , rules , norms , morals , language , organizations , and institutions .	non physical ideas	What does non-material culture refer to ?
The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies , but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture past or present .	archeological and anthropological studies	The term material culture is only relevant to what ?
Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany -LRB- 1918 -- 1933 -RRB- , where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie -LRB- cultural sociology -RRB- .	Weimar Germany	Where did sociology culture stem from ?
Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany -LRB- 1918 -- 1933 -RRB- , where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie -LRB- cultural sociology -RRB- .	Alfred Weber	Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology ?
Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- instead hermeneutically focusing on words , artifacts and symbols .	scientific methods	What do cultural sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture ?
The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology -LRB- as shaped by early theorists like Marx , Durkheim , and Weber -RRB- with the growing discipline of anthropology , where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world .	Marx, Durkheim, and Weber	Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture ?
For instance , relationships between popular culture , political control , and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field .	popular culture, political control, and social class	What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture ?
Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods -LRB- much of cultural sociological research is qualitative -RRB- , in the theories -LRB- a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities -RRB- , and in the substantive focus of the field .	qualitative	What is most of the research into sociological culture ?
In the United Kingdom , sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism , such as Stuart Hall -LRB- 1932 -- 2014 -RRB- and Raymond Williams -LRB- 1921 -- 1988 -RRB- , developed cultural studies .	Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988)	Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom ?
Following nineteenth-century Romantics , they identified `` culture '' with consumption goods and leisure activities -LRB- such as art , music , film , food , sports , and clothing -RRB- .	consumption goods and leisure activities	What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams they identify culture as ?
Following nineteenth-century Romantics , they identified `` culture '' with consumption goods and leisure activities -LRB- such as art , music , film , food , sports , and clothing -RRB- .	art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing	What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist ?
Nevertheless , they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production , which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production .	saw patterns of consumption and leisure	What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production ?
In the United States , `` Cultural Studies '' focuses largely on the study of popular culture , that is , on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods .	popular culture	In the U.S what does `` Cultural Studies '' focus largely on in this field ?
Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS .	Richard Hoggart	Who first coined the term `` Cultural Studies '' in the United States ?
Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS .	Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS	What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964 ?
It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall , who succeeded Hoggart as Director .	Stuart Hall	The CCCS has since been associated with who ?
From the 1970s onward , Stuart Hall 's pioneering work , along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis , Dick Hebdige , Tony Jefferson , and Angela McRobbie , created an international intellectual movement .	Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie	Who did Stuart Hall work along side with ?
From the 1970s onward , Stuart Hall 's pioneering work , along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis , Dick Hebdige , Tony Jefferson , and Angela McRobbie , created an international intellectual movement .	international intellectual movement.	What did Stuart and his colleagues create ?
In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology , nationality , ethnicity , social class , and/or gender .	matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender	In the field that Stuart was working , what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on ?
Recently , as capitalism has spread throughout the world -LRB- a process called globalization -RRB- , cultural studies has begun -LSB- when ? -RSB-	a process called globalization	Capitalism can be referred to as what process ?
In the context of cultural studies , the idea of a text includes not only written language , but also films , photographs , fashion or hairstyles : the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture .	films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles	The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language ?
`` Culture '' for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture -LRB- the culture of ruling social groups -RRB- and popular culture , but also everyday meanings and practices .	high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture	Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies ?
A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies , based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies .	based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies	What makes up cooperative cultural studies ?
Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s .	late 1970s	Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies ?
The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s , mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart , E. P. Thompson , and Raymond Williams , and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham .	1950s and 1960s	When did the British version of cultural studies emerge ?
The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s , mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart , E. P. Thompson , and Raymond Williams , and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham .	Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall	Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K ?
The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s , mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart , E. P. Thompson , and Raymond Williams , and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham .	the University of Birmingham	Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS ?
In the United States , Lindlof and Taylor write , `` Cultural studies -LSB- were -RSB- grounded in a pragmatic , liberal-pluralist tradition '' .	Lindlof and Taylor	Which two wrote Cultural studies -LSB- were -RSB- grounded in a pragmatic , liberal-pluralist tradition ?
In a Marxist view , those who control the means of production -LRB- the economic base -RRB- essentially control a culture .	the economic base	From a Marxist view , what did they believe had to be controlled to essentially control a culture ?
Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about .	29 ways	How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on ?
Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a ` looser ' term set to ideal and values that flourish .	enlightenment	What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to ?
Also seen as a belief in a secular society -LRB- free from religious influences -RRB- example objective and rational , science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious .	secular society	What type of society was seen that came from Raimon 's 29 ways ?
The Sahara -LRB- Arabic : الصحراء الكبرى , aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , ` the Greatest Desert ' -RRB- is the largest hot desert in the world .	The Sahara	What is the third hottest desert in the world ?
The Sahara -LRB- Arabic : الصحراء الكبرى , aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , ` the Greatest Desert ' -RRB- is the largest hot desert in the world .	The Sahara	What is the third largest desert in the world ?
Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres -LRB- 3,600,000 sq mi -RRB- -LSB- citation needed -RSB- -- including the Libyan Desert -- is comparable to the respective land areas of China or the United States .	9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)	What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert ?
The Sahara -LRB- Arabic : الصحراء الكبرى , aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , ` the Greatest Desert ' -RRB- is the largest hot desert in the world .	Sahara	What is the hottest desert in the world ?
The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid , with little to no vegetation .	hyperarid	What is the central part of the Sahara Desert ?
The northern and southern reaches of the desert , along with the highlands , have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub , with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects .	The northern and southern reaches of the desert	What does the Sahara have little to none of ?
The northern and southern reaches of the desert , along with the highlands , have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub , with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects .	grassland and desert shrub	The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items ?
The northern and southern reaches of the desert , along with the highlands , have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub , with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects .	The northern and southern reaches of the desert	What does the Sahara have little of ?
These absolute desert regions are characterized by their extreme aridity , and some years can pass without any rainfall .	years	How often does the Sahara go without rainfall ?
To the north , the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya , but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb , the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest , woodland , and scrub ecoregions of northern Africa , all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters .	Mediterranean Sea	What sea is North of the Sahara Desert ?
To the south , the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west .	Sahel	What is to the south of the Sahara ?
To the south , the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west .	dry tropical	What kind of climate does the Sahel have ?
According to climatic criteria , the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the 150 mm -LRB- 5.9 in -RRB- isohyet of annual precipitation -LRB- this is a long-term average , since precipitation varies annually -RRB- .	150 mm	What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara ?
The Sahara is the world 's largest low-latitude hot desert .	Sahara	What is the world 's largest low latitude hot desert ?
The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge , a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground .	horse latitudes	What ares is the Sahara located in ?
The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and , therefore , prevents the adiabatic cooling , which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible .	sinking air	What makes it difficult for clouds to form ?
The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation .	dissolution of clouds	What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation ?
The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning , thus making rainfall virtually non-existent .	rainfall	What weather is virtually non-existent ?
The lowering of air is the strongest and the most effective over the eastern part of the Great Desert , in the Libyan Desert which is the sunniest , the driest and the most nearly rainless place on the planet rivaling the Atacama Desert , lying in Chile and Peru .	eastern part of the Great Desert	Where is the air the strongest ?
The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western .	eastern	What section of the Sahara 's cloud cover are the most accentuated ?
The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical -LRB- cT -RRB- air mass which is hot and dry .	hot and dry	What is the air mass lying above the Sahara ?
Hot , dry air masses primarily form over the North-African desert from the heating of the vast continental land area , and it affects the whole desert during most of the year .	North-African desert	What part of the country does the air masses primarily form over ?
The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent .	air ascent	What is blocked due to local surface low pressure ?
The Atlas Mountains , found in Algeria , Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert .	Atlas Mountains	What mountain helps enhance the aridity of the desert ?
The Atlas Mountains , found in Algeria , Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert .	Algeria	Where are the Atlas Mountains located ?
The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief , short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara .	low-pressure systems	What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara ?
The Sahara does n't lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture , but due to the lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism .	lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism	What is the reason the Sahara lacks moisture ?
Rainfall in this giant desert has to overcome the physical and atmospheric barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation .	barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation	What does the desert have to overcome ?
The harsh climate of the Sahara is characterized by extremely low , unreliable , highly erratic rainfall ; extremely high sunshine duration values ; high temperatures year-round ; negligible rates of relative humidity , a significant diurnal temperature variation and extremely high levels of potential evaporation which are the highest recorded worldwide .	high temperatures year-round	What is the temperature like year around in the desert ?
The annual average direct solar irradiation is around 2,800 kWh / -LRB- m2 year -RRB- in the Great Desert .	the Great Desert	What is the largest hottest continuously large area worldwide ?
However , most of the desert has a value in excess of 25 °C -LRB- 77 °F -RRB- .	25 °C	What is the value temperature of most of the desert ?
Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82 % of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91 % of the time , and the highest values are very close to the theoretical maximum value .	82% of the time	What percent of time is the sun generally over most of the desert ?
The annual average direct solar irradiation is around 2,800 kWh / -LRB- m2 year -RRB- in the Great Desert .	around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year)	What is the annual average direct solar irradiation ?
During daytime , the sand temperature is extremely high as it can easily reach 80 °C -LRB- 176 °F -RRB- or more .	80 °C (176 °F)	During daytime how high can the temperatures reach ?
The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea along the polar front , although very attenuated by the rain shadow effects of the mountains and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm -LRB- 3,93 in -RRB- to 250 mm -LRB- 9,84 in -RRB- .	low pressure systems	What is the reason the northern fringe receives more cloudiness and rainfall ?
The vast central hyper-arid core of the desert is virtually never affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances and permanently remains under the influence of the strongest anticyclonic weather regime and the annual average rainfall can drop to less than 1 mm -LRB- 0.04 in -RRB- .	less than 1 mm	What is the average rainfall of the Sahara ?
Of the 9,000,000 km2 of desert land in the Sahara , an area of about 2,800,000 km2 -LRB- about 31 % of the total area -RRB- receives an annual average rainfall amount of 10 mm -LRB- 0.39 in -RRB- or less , while some 1,500,000 km2 -LRB- about 17 % of the total area -RRB- receive an average of 5 mm or less .	9,000,000 km2 of desert land	How much desert land is the Sahara ?
The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm -LRB- 3,93 in -RRB- to 250 mm -LRB- 9,84 in -RRB- .	Intertropical Convergence Zone	What causes the southern fringe to receive cloudiness and rainfall ?
The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south .	east and west	Which directions does the South Saharan run ?
Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone -LRB- ITCZ -RRB- bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm -LRB- 3.9 to 7.9 in -RRB- but vary greatly from year to year .	July and August	What months do the summer rains happen ?
Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone -LRB- ITCZ -RRB- bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm -LRB- 3.9 to 7.9 in -RRB- but vary greatly from year to year .	100 to 200 mm	What is the average rainfall between the months of July and August ?
This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 -LRB- 425,400 mi2 -RRB- in Algeria , Chad , Mali , Mauritania , and Sudan .	1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)	How much land does the ecoregion cover ?
The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants , which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area .	five hundred species	What is the number of plants in the Central Sahara ?
Plants such as acacia trees , palms , succulents , spiny shrubs , and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions , by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds , by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods , by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapo-transpiration .	growing lower	What do plants do in order to avoid water loss ?
Plants such as acacia trees , palms , succulents , spiny shrubs , and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions , by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds , by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods , by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapo-transpiration .	thick stems	Where do plants store their water to avoid the conditions ?
Plants such as acacia trees , palms , succulents , spiny shrubs , and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions , by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds , by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods , by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapo-transpiration .	long roots that travel horizontally	What helps plants in order to get as much water as possible ?
There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs , which are very cautious , fleeing any human presence .	250	How many cheetahs remain in the Northwest Africa area ?
The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October , seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias .	April to October	What months do the cheetah 's avoid the sun ?
They are approximately 2,000 mature individuals left in the wild .	2,000	How many many cheetah 's are left in the wild ?
human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water -LRB- oases -RRB- or where water comes close to the surface .	human activities	What activities from these mammals will likely affect habitat areas ?
In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers .	irrigated water pumped	What underground items have lead to soil degradation ?
Here , the local pressure on natural resources can be intense .	natural resources	What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara ?
People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age .	ice age	When did people start living on the edge of the desert ?
Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive , with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria .	Over 30,000 petroglyphs	How many river animals were thought to be found during the ice age era ?
The modern Sahara , though , is not lush in vegetation , except in the Nile Valley , at a few oases , and in the northern highlands , where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow .	the Nile Valley	What area of the Sahara is full of vegetation ?
It was long believed that the region had been this way since about 1600 BCE , after shifts in the Earth 's axis increased temperatures and decreased precipitation .	shifts in the Earth's axis	What is believed to have increased temperatures in the Sahara ?
During the Neolithic Era , before the onset of desertification , around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert , like the Wadi el-Qa ` ab .	Neolithic Era	During what era was the central Sudan rich in environment ?
Saharan rock art of cattle and herdsmen suggests the presence of a cattle cult like those found in Sudan and other pastoral societies in Africa today .	cattle and herdsmen	What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan ?
Megaliths found at Nabta Playa are overt examples of probably the world 's first known archaeoastronomy devices , predating Stonehenge by some 2,000 years .	Megaliths	What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy found in Nabta Playa ?
By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings .	cattle	What were Egyptians herding in the early BCE period ?
By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings .	6000 BCE	By what time period were the Egyptians constructing large buildings ?
Metal objects replaced prior ones of stone .	Metal objects	What items replaced previously items made of stone ?
Burial in desert environments appears to enhance Egyptian preservation rites , and dead were buried facing due west .	due west	In which direction were the dead facing when they were buried ?
By 3400 BCE , the Sahara was as dry as it is today , due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth 's orbit .	3400 BCE	By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today ?
By 3400 BCE , the Sahara was as dry as it is today , due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth 's orbit .	reduced precipitation and higher temperatures	What was the main reason that the Sahara became so dry ?
Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods , the only major exception being the Nile Valley .	the Nile Valley	What area is known for having the majority of the trade ?
Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert , establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea .	Red Sea	Where did the Greeks established their trading colonies ?
The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert , but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco .	the Atlantic coast	Which coast did the Carthaginians explore for trade ?
Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were a constant concern of those living on the edge of the desert .	nomadic Berber	Who would raid the desert leaving the people in constant fear ?
An urban civilization , the Garamantes , arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara , in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan , Libya .	500 BCE	What time period did the Garamantes arrive in ?
The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields .	digging tunnels	What did the Garamantes do in order to bring water to their crops ?
Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes territory .	eight major towns	How many towns are believed to be found by Archaeologists ?
The Garamantes civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains .	depleted available water	What was the reason for the collapse of the Garamantes civilization ?
The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries .	Byzantine Empire	What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the Sahara ?
After the Muslim conquest of Arabia -LRB- Arabian peninsula -RRB- the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries , Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara .	mid-7th to early 8th centuries	What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa take place ?
It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year .	6,000 to 7,000 slaves	What is the estimated number of slaves that were transported each year ?
From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire , ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley , the east Mediterranean and North Africa .	Egypt	During the 1500 who was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire ?
The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods .	freedom of movement for citizens and goods	What did the Ottoman Empire provide to its people ?
Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced .	Arabic	What was the local language during this time in Egypt ?
European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century .	19th century	What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin ?
France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830 , and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria , Chad , Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu , Mauritania , Morocco -LRB- 1912 -RRB- , Niger , and Tunisia -LRB- 1881 -RRB- .	France	What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830 ?
By the beginning of the 20th century , the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means , such as airplanes , rather than across the desert .	20th century	During what time were good moved through more modern means ?
Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara .	Arabic	What is the most common dialect spoken in the Sahara ?
The legacy of the French colonial era administration is primarily manifested in the territorial reorganization enacted by the Third and Fourth republics , which engendered artificial political divisions within a hitherto isolated and porous region .	French	What language is mainly spoken in West Africa ?
Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara .	Arabic	What was the traditional language of Bureaucratic affairs ?
The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain , and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings .	Samuel Rutherford	Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase `` rule of law '' ?
The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey .	A. V. Dicey	Which British jurist later made the phrase `` rule of law '' popular in the 1800s ?
The concept , if not the phrase , was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle , who wrote `` Law should govern '' .	Law should govern	What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to `` the rule of law '' ?
The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain , and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings .	against the divine right of kings	Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point ?
The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation , as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials .	law	According to the rule of law , what should hold the determination for rules in a land ?
In this sense , it stands in contrast to an autocracy , dictatorship , or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law .	autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy	In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens ?
Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law , including law makers themselves .	every citizen	According to the rule of law , who must obey the laws ?
Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy .	nomocracy	What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind ?
Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships , for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law , and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it .	decay	What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration ?
Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships , for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law , and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it .	neglect or ignorance of the law	For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law ?
In the West , the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men .	rule by the best men	On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance ?
Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king , who was above the law .	king	According to Plato , who was above the law ?
Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king , who was above the law .	benevolent monarchy	What type of kingdom was purported by Plato ?
In other words , Aristotle advocated the rule of law :	rule of law	Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led ?
Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws , explaining that `` Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own , the collapse of the state , in my view , is not far off ; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave , then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state . ''	slave	To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws ?
In the Old Testament , there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king , regarding such things as how many wives he could have , and how many horses he could own for his personal use .	Deuteronomy	In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined ?
According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson , `` This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented ... '' The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings , including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England .	Bishop John Ponet	Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s ?
According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson , `` This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented ... '' The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings , including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England .	divine right of kings	What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings , as detailed in Deuteronomy , influence later opposition ?
There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law .	Bible	What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices ?
In the Old Testament , there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king , regarding such things as how many wives he could have , and how many horses he could own for his personal use .	horses	According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy , ownership over what was regulated ?
In 1607 , English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions -LRB- according to his own report -RRB- `` that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects ; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace : with which the King was greatly offended , and said , that then he should be under the law , which was treason to affirm , as he said ; to which I said , that Bracton saith , quod Rex non debed esse sub homine , sed sub Deo et lege -LRB- That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law . -RRB-	golden met-wand	To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law ?
In 1607 , English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions -LRB- according to his own report -RRB- `` that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects ; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace : with which the King was greatly offended , and said , that then he should be under the law , which was treason to affirm , as he said ; to which I said , that Bracton saith , quod Rex non debed esse sub homine , sed sub Deo et lege -LRB- That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law . -RRB-	God and the law	According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke , what should Kings follow ?
In 1607 , English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions -LRB- according to his own report -RRB- `` that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects ; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace : with which the King was greatly offended , and said , that then he should be under the law , which was treason to affirm , as he said ; to which I said , that Bracton saith , quod Rex non debed esse sub homine , sed sub Deo et lege -LRB- That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law . -RRB-	1607	When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions ?
In 1607 , English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions -LRB- according to his own report -RRB- `` that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects ; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace : with which the King was greatly offended , and said , that then he should be under the law , which was treason to affirm , as he said ; to which I said , that Bracton saith , quod Rex non debed esse sub homine , sed sub Deo et lege -LRB- That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law . -RRB-	greatly offended	How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions ?
In 1607 , English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions -LRB- according to his own report -RRB- `` that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects ; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace : with which the King was greatly offended , and said , that then he should be under the law , which was treason to affirm , as he said ; to which I said , that Bracton saith , quod Rex non debed esse sub homine , sed sub Deo et lege -LRB- That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law . -RRB-	Chief Justice Sir	What was Edward Coke 's official title ?
Among modern legal theorists , one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified : a formalist or `` thin '' definition , and a substantive or `` thick '' definition ; one occasionally encounters a third `` functional '' conception .	formalist	What is another word for a thin definition ?
Among modern legal theorists , one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified : a formalist or `` thin '' definition , and a substantive or `` thick '' definition ; one occasionally encounters a third `` functional '' conception .	substantive	What is another word for a thick definition ?
Despite wide use by politicians , judges and academics , the rule of law has been described as `` an exceedingly elusive notion '' .	politicians, judges and academics	Who commonly , or at least attempt to , abide by the rule of law ?
Formalist definitions of the rule of law do not make a judgment about the `` justness '' of law itself , but define specific procedural attributes that a legal framework must have in order to be in compliance with the rule of law .	specific procedural attributes	On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus ?
Among modern legal theorists , one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified : a formalist or `` thin '' definition , and a substantive or `` thick '' definition ; one occasionally encounters a third `` functional '' conception .	functional	What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law ?
Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics , meaning that the law must be publicly declared , with prospective application , and possess the characteristics of generality , equality , and certainty , but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law .	generality, equality, and certainty	According to legal theorists , what characteristics must the rule of law have ?
Others , including a few legal theorists , believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights .	individual rights	According to some , what is the rule of law is formed to protect ?
Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law .	democracy	What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law ?
Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics , meaning that the law must be publicly declared , with prospective application , and possess the characteristics of generality , equality , and certainty , but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law .	content	According to some legal theorists , for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law ?
Within legal theory , these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives , respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches .	formal and substantive	What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law ?
The `` formal '' interpretation is more widespread than the `` substantive '' interpretation .	formal	Which interpretation of the rule of law is used on a larger scale ?
This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights , but recognizes the existence of `` rule of law '' in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights .	individual rights	According to the formalist approach , what else , besides democracy , can laws protect ?
Formalists hold that the law must be prospective , well-known , and have characteristics of generality , equality , and certainty .	well-known	According to the formalist approach , how much notoriety must a law have ?
Other than that , the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law .	no requirements	How many requirements for content are there for the rule of law under the formalist approach ?
The `` formal '' interpretation is more widespread than the `` substantive '' interpretation .	substantive	Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used ?
The functional interpretation of the term `` rule of law '' , consistent with the traditional English meaning , contrasts the `` rule of law '' with the `` rule of man . ''	rule of law	According to the functional interpretation , what principle is opposite of the rule of man ?
According to the functional view , a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of `` rule of law '' , whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of `` rule of law '' .	little	What level of discretion do governments with a high degree of the `` rule of law '' have ?
According to the functional view , a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of `` rule of law '' , whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of `` rule of law '' .	a great deal	What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the `` rule of law '' have ?
Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law .	punishment	What happens to those that do not follow to the rule of law ?
The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility , even when flexibility may be preferable .	flexibility	What fights against the rule of law ?
Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries , as seen in the map below .	more than 200 countries	For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed ?
A government based on the rule of law can be called a `` nomocracy '' , from the Greek nomos -LRB- law -RRB- and kratos -LRB- power or rule -RRB- .	nomocracy	What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law ?
A government based on the rule of law can be called a `` nomocracy '' , from the Greek nomos -LRB- law -RRB- and kratos -LRB- power or rule -RRB- .	nomos	What is the Greek word for law ?
A government based on the rule of law can be called a `` nomocracy '' , from the Greek nomos -LRB- law -RRB- and kratos -LRB- power or rule -RRB- .	kratos	What is the Greek word for power ?
The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country .	rule of law	What is a key qualifier for determining good governance ?
These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader .	rule of law	According to the Constitution , what is superior to the rules of man ?
All government officers of the United States , including the President , the Justices of the Supreme Court , state judges and legislators , and all members of Congress , pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution .	the Constitution	What does the President and Supreme Court Justices vow to stand by ?
All government officers of the United States , including the President , the Justices of the Supreme Court , state judges and legislators , and all members of Congress , pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution .	the Constitution	What do the President and Supreme Court justices vow to uphold ?
These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader .	the rule of any human leader	According to the Constitution , to what is the rule of law superior ?
Likewise , the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion , and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion .	executive branch	What branch of the government has prosecutorial discretion ?
At the same time , the federal government has considerable discretion : the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write , as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals .	legislative branch	What branch of government can determine what acts it writes ?
Likewise , the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion , and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion .	judicial branch	Which branch of government has judicial discretion ?
Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees , writing that Cicero , Augustine , Thomas Aquinas , and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all .	Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks	Who disagrees with the ideas proposed by John Harrison ?
Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the `` rule of law , '' and if so , which one .	U.S. Constitution	For what body of principles is it debated whether or not it was constructed according to the rule of law ?
For example , John Harrison asserts that the word `` law '' in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding , rather than being `` defined by formal or substantive criteria , '' and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria .	that which is legally binding	According to John Harrison , through the Constitution , what is law ?
Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees , writing that Cicero , Augustine , Thomas Aquinas , and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all .	the framers of the U.S. Constitution	According to Frederick Mark Gedicks , who believed that unjust laws were not really laws ?
By 1941 , a compromise had emerged .	1941	When was a compromise reached over administrative procedures for law determination ?
Others argue that the rule of law has survived but was transformed to allow for the exercise of discretion by administrators .	administrators	Who can determine if a law should be approached differently ?
That is , individuals should be able to challenge an administrative order by bringing suit in a court of general jurisdiction .	individuals	Who should be able to challenge administrative orders in court ?
Even Charles Evans Hughes , a Chief Justice of the United States , believed `` you must have administration , and you must have administration by administrative officers . ''	a Chief Justice of the United States	Who was Charles Evans Hughes ?
James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that , `` Laws may be unjust , may be unwise , may be dangerous , may be destructive ; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect . ''	1787	When was the Philadelphia Convention ?
James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that , `` Laws may be unjust , may be unwise , may be dangerous , may be destructive ; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect . ''	James Wilson	Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws ?
Chief Justice John Marshall -LRB- joined by Justice Joseph Story -RRB- took a similar position in 1827 : `` When its existence as law is denied , that existence can not be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law . ''	Chief Justice	What was John Marshall 's title ?
George Mason agreed that judges `` could declare an unconstitutional law void .	declare an unconstitutional law void	What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law ?
East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought , Confucianism , which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous , and Legalism , which advocated strict adherence to law .	Confucianism	What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership ?
East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought , Confucianism , which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous , and Legalism , which advocated strict adherence to law .	Legalism	What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following ?
According to Awzar Thi , a member of the Asian Human Rights Commission , the rule of law in Thailand , Cambodia , and most of Asia is weak or nonexistent :	weak or nonexistent	How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries ?
One study indicates that throughout East Asia , only South Korea , Singapore , Japan , Taiwan and Hong Kong have societies that are robustly committed to a law-bound state .	South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong	Which Asian countries strictly follow laws ?
In countries such as China and Vietnam , the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law , because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development .	China and Vietnam	Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law ?
In countries such as China and Vietnam , the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law , because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development .	the transition to a market economy	What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law ?
The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China .	legal scholars and politicians	Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China ?
In countries such as China and Vietnam , the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law , because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development .	foreign investors	To whom is the rule of law important to in China 's trade deals ?
It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well , and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights .	democracy and human rights	What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China ?
In Thailand , a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932 , the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice .	Thailand	Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In November 2013 , Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators .	executive branch	In Thailand , what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings , and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century .	royalist	According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided ?
In Thailand , a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932 , the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice .	1932	When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings , and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century .	Ancient prejudices and political bias	What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand ?
In India , the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950 .	India	What country has the longest version of a constitution ?
In India , the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950 .	1950	In what year was India 's constitution drafted ?
In India , the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950 .	India	What country has the longest Constitution ?
Although the Constitution of India may have been intended to provide details that would limit the opportunity for judicial discretion , the more text there is in a constitution the greater opportunity the judiciary may have to exercise judicial review .	judicial review	In Thailand , the length of the constitution impacts the judges chances to exercise what ?
According to Indian journalist Harish Khare , `` The rule of law or rather the Constitution -LSB- is -RSB- in danger of being supplanted by the rule of judges . ''	rule of judges	What is in position to gain control over the rule of law in Thailand ?
In 1959 , an international gathering of over 185 judges , lawyers , and law professors from 53 countries , meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists , made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law .	1959	When did the Declaration of Delhi happen ?
In 1959 , an international gathering of over 185 judges , lawyers , and law professors from 53 countries , meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists , made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law .	185	How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi ?
They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms , that it implies an independent judiciary , and that it implies social , economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity .	rule of law	According to the Declaration of Delhi , what provides certain rights and freedoms ?
They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms , that it implies an independent judiciary , and that it implies social , economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity .	social, economic and cultural	According to the Declaration of Delhi , what type of conditions are needed for human dignity ?
The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992 , with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions .	1992	When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly ?
The Security Council has held a number of thematic debates on the rule of law , and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the context of women , peace and security , children in armed conflict , and the protection of civilians in armed conflict .	The Security Council	What organization debates the rule of law ?
The Peacebuilding Commission has also regularly addressed rule of law issues with respect to countries on its agenda .	The Peacebuilding Commission	What organization meets to discuss and determine the countries that are considered by the rule of law ?
The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action also requires the rule of law be included in human rights education .	human rights education	What do the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action require the rule of law to be used in ?
The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992 , with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions .	2006	In what year was interest renewed in the rule of law within the General Assembly ?
The International Development Law Organization -LRB- IDLO -RRB- is an intergovernmental organization with a joint focus on the promotion of rule of law and development .	The International Development Law Organization	What organization works to further the understanding and adherence to the rule of law ?
It supports emerging economies and middle-income countries to strengthen their legal capacity and rule of law framework for sustainable development and economic opportunity .	emerging economies and middle-income	What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping ?
It is the only intergovernmental organization with an exclusive mandate to promote the rule of law and has experience working in more than 170 countries around the world .	more than 170	With how many countries does the IDLO work ?
One important aspect of the rule-of-law initiatives is the study and analysis of the rule of law 's impact on economic development .	economic development	The impact of the rule of law on what is closely studied ?
Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks , and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary , which , in many transitional and developing countries , is completely controlled by the executive .	Constitutional economics	What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy ?
It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary : corruption by the executive branch , in contrast to corruption by private actors .	executive branch	In what branch of government is corruption examined ?
Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks , and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary , which , in many transitional and developing countries , is completely controlled by the executive .	the executive	In developing countries , who makes most of the spending decisions ?
It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary : corruption by the executive branch , in contrast to corruption by private actors .	corruption by private actors	What is the term for corruption by individuals ?
To date , the term `` rule of law '' has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries , and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as , for instance , Sweden , Denmark , France , Germany , or Japan .	not yet fully clarified	In non English speaking countries , what is the rule of law referred to as ?
The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries .	developing and transitional	In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy ?
To date , the term `` rule of law '' has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries , and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as , for instance , Sweden , Denmark , France , Germany , or Japan .	Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan	What other countries have successful democracies ?
A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy .	common language	What is critically important for discussion of rules , laws , and the economy ?
The economist F. A. Hayek analyzed how the Rule of Law might be beneficial to the free market .	economist	What is F.A. Hayek 's profession ?
Hayek proposed that under the Rule of Law individuals would be able to make wise investments and future plans with some confidence in a successful return on investment when he stated : `` under the Rule of Law the government is prevented from stultifying individual efforts by ad hoc action .	confidence in a successful return on investment	According to Hayek , with the rule of law in place what will help people make more wise investments ?
Within the known rules of the game the individual is free to pursue his personal ends and desires , certain that the powers of government will not be used deliberately to frustrate his efforts . ''	frustrate his efforts	According to Hayek , limited governemnt power through the rule of law does not do what to people ?
Within the known rules of the game the individual is free to pursue his personal ends and desires , certain that the powers of government will not be used deliberately to frustrate his efforts . ''	pursue his personal ends and desires	According to Hayek , people are free to do what within the rule of law ?
The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest , earth 's highest mountain rising 8,848 m -LRB- 29,029 ft -RRB- above sea level .	Mount Everest	What is the highest elevation in Tibet ?
Tibet -LRB- i/t ᵻˈbɛt / ; Wylie : Bod , pronounced -LSB- pʰø̀ʔ -RSB- ; Chinese : 西藏 ; pinyin : Xīzàng -RRB- is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia .	Asia	Which continent contains Tibet ?
Tibet is the highest region on Earth , with an average elevation of 4,900 metres -LRB- 16,000 ft -RRB- .	16,000	What is the average elevation of Tibet , in feet ?
The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest , earth 's highest mountain rising 8,848 m -LRB- 29,029 ft -RRB- above sea level .	29,029	How many feet above sea level does earth 's highest mountain rise ?
Tibet -LRB- i/t ᵻˈbɛt / ; Wylie : Bod , pronounced -LSB- pʰø̀ʔ -RSB- ; Chinese : 西藏 ; pinyin : Xīzàng -RRB- is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia .	Tibet	Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa , Qiang , and Lhoba peoples ?
The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century .	18th century	When were the current borders of Tibet established ?
The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century , but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories .	7th century	When did the Tibetan empire emerge ?
The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure , being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups , while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo ; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai .	Sichuan and Qinghai	Which Chinese provinces used to be the eastern part of Tibet ?
The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure , being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups , while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo ; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai .	Battle of Chamdo	Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule ?
The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when , following the Battle of Chamdo , Tibet became incorporated into the People 's Republic of China , and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising .	1959	In what year was the Tibetan government abolished ?
Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912 , Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area -LRB- Ü-Tsang -RRB- .	1912	In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty ?
Today , China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan , Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces .	western and central Tibet	Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region ?
The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when , following the Battle of Chamdo , Tibet became incorporated into the People 's Republic of China , and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising .	Battle of Chamdo	Which battle led to Tibet 's incorporation into the People 's Republic of China ?
The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture , though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades .	subsistence agriculture	What is the economy of Tibet dominated by ?
The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture , though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades .	tourism	What has recently become a growing industry in Tibet ?
The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism ; in addition there is Bön , which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism , and there are also Tibetan Muslims and Christian minorities .	Tibetan Buddhism	What is the dominant religion in Tibet ?
Staple foods in Tibet are roasted barley , yak meat , and butter tea .	yak meat	What is a staple food in Tibet ?
Tibetan architecture reflects Chinese and Indian influences .	Chinese and Indian	Which two cultures does Tibetan architecture reflect ?
The Tibetan name for their land , Bod བ ད , means `` Tibet '' or `` Tibetan Plateau '' , although it originally meant the central region around Lhasa , now known in Tibetan as Ü .	Bod	What is the Tibetan name for the area ?
Some scholars believe the first written reference to Bod `` Tibet '' was the ancient Bautai people recorded in the Egyptian Greek works Periplus of the Erythraean Sea -LRB- 1st century CE -RRB- and Geographia -LRB- Ptolemy , 2nd century CE -RRB- , itself from the Sanskrit form Bhauṭṭa of the Indian geographical tradition .	Bautai	Which ancient people were mentioned in the first written reference to Bod `` Tibet '' ?
The Tibetan name for their land , Bod བ ད , means `` Tibet '' or `` Tibetan Plateau '' , although it originally meant the central region around Lhasa , now known in Tibetan as Ü .	central region around Lhasa	What area did Bod originally refer to ?
The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu -LRB- Chinese : 藏区 ; pinyin : Zàngqū -RRB- , which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix , 区 qū , which means `` area , district , region , ward '' .	Zangqu	How is the ethnic Tibetan region referred to as a modern Standard Chinese exonym ?
Tibetan people , language , and culture , regardless of where they are from , are referred to as Zang -LRB- Chinese : 藏 ; pinyin : Zàng -RRB- although the geographical term Xīzàng is often limited to the Tibet Autonomous Region .	Zang	How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people , language , and culture ?
The term Xīzàng was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor -LRB- 1796 -- 1820 -RRB- through the addition of a prefix meaning `` west '' -LRB- 西 xī -RRB- to Zang .	Qing	During which dynasty was the term Xizang first used ?
The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu -LRB- Chinese : 藏区 ; pinyin : Zàngqū -RRB- , which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix , 区 qū , which means `` area , district , region , ward '' .	qū	Which Chinese suffix means `` area , district , region , ward '' ?
The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo -LRB- Chinese : 吐蕃 also written as 土蕃 or 土番 ; pinyin : Tǔbō or Tǔfān -RRB- .	Tubo	What is the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet ?
This name first appears in Chinese characters as 土番 in the 7th century -LRB- Li Tai -RRB- and as 吐蕃 in the 10th-century -LRB- Old Book of Tang describing 608 -- 609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor Yang of Sui -RRB- .	7th century	When did the name for Tibet , Tubo , first appear in Chinese characters ?
In the Middle Chinese spoken during that period , as reconstructed by William H. Baxter , 土番 was pronounced thux-phjon and 吐蕃 was pronounced thux-pjon -LRB- with the x representing tone -RRB- .	William H. Baxter	Who reconstructed Middle Chinese spoken from the 7th century to the 10th century ?
American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term Tubote -LRB- simplified Chinese : 图伯特 ; traditional Chinese : 圖伯特 ; pinyin : Túbótè -RRB- for modern use in place of Xizang , on the grounds that Tubote more clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau rather than simply the Tibet Autonomous Region .	Elliot Sperling	Who is an American Tibetologist ?
American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term Tubote -LRB- simplified Chinese : 图伯特 ; traditional Chinese : 圖伯特 ; pinyin : Túbótè -RRB- for modern use in place of Xizang , on the grounds that Tubote more clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau rather than simply the Tibet Autonomous Region .	Tubote	What name for Tibet most clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau ?
Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include Wusiguo -LRB- Chinese : 烏斯國 ; pinyin : Wūsīguó ; cf. Tibetan dbus , Ü , -LSB- wyʔ˨˧˨ -RSB- -RRB- , Wusizang -LRB- Chinese : 烏斯藏 ; pinyin : wūsīzàng , cf. Tibetan dbus-gtsang , Ü-Tsang -RRB- , Tubote -LRB- Chinese : 圖伯特 ; pinyin : Túbótè -RRB- , and Tanggute -LRB- Chinese : 唐古忒 ; pinyin : Tánggǔtè , cf. Tangut -RRB- .	Wusiguo	What is another pre-modern Chinese name for Tibet ?
However , if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation , then ` greater Tibetan ' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau .	approximately 6 million	How many people across the Tibetan Plateau speak ` greater Tibetan ' ?
Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries .	approximately 150,000	How many people who have fled modern-day Tibet are considered to be exile speakers of Tibetan ?
Other forms , particularly Dzongkha , Sikkimese , Sherpa , and Ladakhi , are considered by their speakers , largely for political reasons , to be separate languages .	political reasons	Why are Dzongkha , Sikkimese , Sherpa , and Ladakhi considered to be separate languages ?
Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region , the written language , based on Classical Tibetan , is consistent throughout .	Classical Tibetan	What is written Tibetan base on ?
This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire , whose rule embraced -LRB- and extended at times far beyond -RRB- the present Tibetan linguistic area , which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east , and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan .	Tibetan empire	What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language ?
The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha , and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script .	ancient Indian Brāhmī script	From what was the Tibetan language 's script derived ?
The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet .	Amdo region	Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from ?
The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet .	western Tibet	Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to ?
Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the Bön religion .	Zhang Zhung	What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion ?
By the 1st century BCE , a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung valley , and the Yarlung king , Drigum Tsenpo , attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang 's Bön priests from Yarlung .	Drigum Tsenpo	Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung ?
Prior to Songtsän Gampo , the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual , and there is insufficient evidence of their existence .	Songtsän Gampo	Who was the first factual king of Tibet ?
The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo -LRB- 604 -- 650 CE -RRB- , who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire .	Songtsän Gampo	Who founded the Tibetan Empire ?
In 640 he married Princess Wencheng , the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China .	Princess Wencheng	Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640 ?
It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal , Bhrikuti , and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet .	Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti	Who was Songtsan Gampo 's first wife ?
The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo -LRB- 604 -- 650 CE -RRB- , who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire .	parts of the Yarlung River Valley	What did Songtsan Gampo unite ?
In 821/822 CE Tibet and China signed a peace treaty .	821/822 CE	When did Tibet and China sign a peace treaty ?
A bilingual account of this treaty , including details of the borders between the two countries , is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa .	Jokhang temple in Lhasa	Where does a bilingual account of Tibet and China 's peace treaty exist ?
Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century , when a civil war over succession led to the collapse of imperial Tibet .	mid-9th century	When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet ?
The period that followed is known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation , when political control over Tibet became divided between regional warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority .	Era of Fragmentation	What followed the collapse of imperial Tibet ?
The period that followed is known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation , when political control over Tibet became divided between regional warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority .	political control over Tibet	What was divided between warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority ?
The Mongol Yuan dynasty , through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs , or Xuanzheng Yuan , ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department .	Mongol Yuan	Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department ?
One of the department 's purposes was to select a dpon-chen -LRB- ` great administrator ' -RRB- , usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing .	great administrator	What was a dpon-chen ?
One of the department 's purposes was to select a dpon-chen -LRB- ` great administrator ' -RRB- , usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing .	Mongol emperor	Who confirmed the dpon-chen ?
The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy , acting as the political authority of the region , while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power .	Sakya lama	Who was the political authority of the region ?
The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy , acting as the political authority of the region , while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power .	dpon-chen	Who held administrative and military power ?
Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs , while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region , reinforced by the rare military intervention .	Tibet	Who managed religious and regional political affairs ?
Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs , while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region , reinforced by the rare military intervention .	Mongols	Who managed structural and administrative rule ?
Mongolian prince Khuden gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s and sponsored Sakya Pandita , whose seat became the capital of Tibet .	Mongolian prince Khuden	Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s ?
Drogön Chögyal Phagpa , Sakya Pandita 's nephew became Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan , founder of the Yuan dynasty .	Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan	Who founded the Yuan dynasty ?
Between 1346 and 1354 , Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya and founded the Phagmodrupa Dynasty .	Between 1346 and 1354	When was the Phagmodrupa Dynasty founded ?
The following 80 years saw the founding of the Gelug school -LRB- also known as Yellow Hats -RRB- by the disciples of Je Tsongkhapa , and the founding of the important Ganden , Drepung and Sera monasteries near Lhasa .	disciples of Je Tsongkhapa	Who founded the Gelug school ?
The minister family Rinpungpa , based in Tsang -LRB- West Central Tibet -RRB- , dominated politics after 1435 .	minister family Rinpungpa	Who dominated politics after 1435 ?
In 1565 they were overthrown by the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the Karma Kagyu sect .	Karma Kagyu	What sect did the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse favor ?
The 5th Dalai Lama is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism , after defeating the rival Kagyu and Jonang sects and the secular ruler , the Tsangpa prince , in a prolonged civil war .	5th Dalai Lama	Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland ?
His efforts were successful in part because of aid from Güshi Khan , the Oirat leader of the Khoshut Khanate .	Güshi Khan	Who helped the 5th Dalai Lama ?
With Güshi Khan as a largely uninvolved overlord , the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates established a civil administration which is referred to by historians as the Lhasa state .	Lhasa state	What did the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates establish ?
This Tibetan regime or government is also referred to as the Ganden Phodrang .	Ganden Phodrang	What is the Tibetan goverment referred to as ?
Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars .	1720	When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet ?
Amdo came under Qing control in 1724 , and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728 .	1724	When did Amdo come under Qing control ?
Amdo came under Qing control in 1724 , and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728 .	1728	When was Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces ?
The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler , leading the governing council called Kashag , but elevated the role of Ambans to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs .	Qing	Who restored the Dalai Lama as a ruler ?
The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler , leading the governing council called Kashag , but elevated the role of Ambans to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs .	Kashag	What was the governing councel called ?
For several decades , peace reigned in Tibet , but in 1792 the Qing Qianlong Emperor sent a large Chinese army into Tibet to push the invading Nepalese out .	1792	When did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet ?
For several decades , peace reigned in Tibet , but in 1792 the Qing Qianlong Emperor sent a large Chinese army into Tibet to push the invading Nepalese out .	push the invading Nepalese out	Why did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet ?
This prompted yet another Qing reorganization of the Tibetan government , this time through a written plan called the `` Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet '' .	Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet	What was the Qing reorganization of the Tibetan called ?
Tibet was dominated by the Manchus in various stages in the 18th century , and the years immediately following the 1792 regulations were the peak of the Qing imperial commissioners ' authority ; but there was no attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province .	18th century	When was Tibet dominated by the Manchus ?
This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe , and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman , George Bogle , came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company .	1774	When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade .
This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe , and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman , George Bogle , came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company .	Jesuits and Capuchins	Who came to Tibet from Europe ?
However , in the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more tenuous .	19th century	When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet ?
In 1904 , a British expedition to Tibet , spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game , invaded the country , hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives .	1904	When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country ?
In 1904 , a British expedition to Tibet , spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game , invaded the country , hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives .	13th Dalai Lama	With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate ?
When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12 , 1903 , an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko , which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces , compared to only 12 on the British side .	600	How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko ?
When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12 , 1903 , an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko , which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces , compared to only 12 on the British side .	12	How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko ?
Afterwards , in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa , which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China .	Francis Younghusband	Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa ?
After the Xinhai Revolution -LRB- 1911 -- 12 -RRB- toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet , the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama 's title .	1911–12	When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty ?
The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet .	Dalai Lama	Who declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet ?
In 1913 , Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition .	1913	When did Tibet and Mongolia conclude a treaty of mutual recognition ?
In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain , ceding the South Tibet region to British India .	1914	When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain ?
The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal .	illegal	Why did the Chinese goverment denounce the accord ?
After the Dalai Lama 's government fled to Dharamsala , India , during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion , it established a rival government-in-exile .	Dharamsala	Where did the Dalai Lama 's government flee to during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion ?
During the Great Leap Forward , between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans died , and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution .	between 200,000 and 1,000,000	How many Tibetans died during the Great Leap Forward ?
During the Great Leap Forward , between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans died , and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution .	6,000	How many monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution ?
In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over the disputed South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions .	1962	When did China and India fight a war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin ?
Although China won the war , Chinese troops withdrew north of the McMahon Line , effectively ceding South Tibet to India .	north of the McMahon Line	To where did Chinese troops withdraw ?
In 1980 , General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social , political , and economic liberalization .	1980	When did Hu Yaobang visit Tibet ?
At the end of the decade , however , analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence , and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign .	1989	When did monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries start protesting for independence ?
At the end of the decade , however , analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence , and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign .	started an anti-separatist campaign	What did the government do when it halted reforms ?
Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments ' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities , most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest .	2008	When was the most recent Tibetan unrest ?
Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments ' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities , most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest .	human rights	For what have the Beijing and Lhasa goverments been criticized ?
Mount Everest , located on the border with Nepal , is , at 8,848 metres -LRB- 29,029 ft -RRB- , the highest mountain on earth .	Nepal	On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located ?
Mount Everest , located on the border with Nepal , is , at 8,848 metres -LRB- 29,029 ft -RRB- , the highest mountain on earth .	29,029	How tall , in feet , is Mount Everest ?
Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau -LRB- mostly in present-day Qinghai Province -RRB- .	Tibetan Plateau	Where is the source of the Yangtze river ?
The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake -LRB- Tib : Tso Mapham -RRB- in Western Tibet , near Mount Kailash .	Mount Kailash	Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans ?
The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva .	Lord Shiva	Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash ?
The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche .	Khang Rinpoche	What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash ?
The Qinghai Lake -LRB- Koko Nor -RRB- is the largest lake in the People 's Republic of China .	Qinghai Lake	Which lake is the largest in China ?
The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year , and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches -LRB- 46 cm -RRB- , due to the rain shadow effect .	18 inches	What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet ?
The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet .	Indian monsoon	What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet ?
Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter .	intense cold	What are winters like in Tibet ?
Tibet is ranked the lowest among China 's 31 provinces on the Human Development Index according to UN Development Programme data .	lowest	Where is Tibet ranked among China 's 31 provinces on the UN 's Human Development Index ?
In recent years , due to increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism , tourism has become an increasingly important sector , and is actively promoted by the authorities .	increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism	What has increased tourism to Tibet in recent years ?
The Central People 's Government exempts Tibet from all taxation and provides 90 % of Tibet 's government expenditures .	all taxation	What is Tibet exempt from ?
Tourism brings in the most income from the sale of handicrafts .	sale of handicrafts	From which area does tourism bring the most income ?
From January 18 -- 20 , 2010 a national conference on Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans in Sichuan , Yunnan , Gansu and Qinghai was held in China and a substantial plan to improve development of the areas was announced .	2010	In what year was a national conference on Tibet held in China ?
The conference was attended by General secretary Hu Jintao , Wu Bangguo , Wen Jiabao , Jia Qinglin , Li Changchun , Xi Jinping , Li Keqiang , He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang , all members of CPC Politburo Standing Committee signaling the commitment of senior Chinese leaders to development of Tibet and ethnic Tibetan areas .	CPC Politburo Standing Committee	Members of which committee attended the conference ?
The plan calls for improvement of rural Tibetan income to national standards by 2020 and free education for all rural Tibetan children .	2020	By when does the plan call for improvement of rural Tibetan income ?
The plan calls for improvement of rural Tibetan income to national standards by 2020 and free education for all rural Tibetan children .	education	What does the plan call for all rural Tibetan children to receive for free ?
China has invested 310 billion yuan -LRB- about 45.6 billion U.S. dollars -RRB- in Tibet since 2001 .	about 45.6 billion	How much , in US dollars , has China invested in Tibet since 2001 ?
According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people , as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag , are : the Se , Mu , Dong , Tong , Dru and Ra .	six red bands in the Tibetan flag	How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented ?
Historically , the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups .	ethnic Tibetans	What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of ?
Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet -LRB- excluding a disputed area with India -RRB- include Bai people , Blang , Bonan , Dongxiang , Han , Hui people , Lhoba , Lisu people , Miao , Mongols , Monguor -LRB- Tu people -RRB- , Menba -LRB- Monpa -RRB- , Mosuo , Nakhi , Qiang , Nu people , Pumi , Salar , and Yi people .	India	Which country has a disputed area with Tibet ?
Religion is extremely important to the Tibetans and has a strong influence over all aspects of their lives .	Religion	What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives ?
Bön is the ancient religion of Tibet , but has been almost eclipsed by Tibetan Buddhism , a distinctive form of Mahayana and Vajrayana , which was introduced into Tibet from the Sanskrit Buddhist tradition of northern India .	Bön	What is the ancient religion of Tibet ?
During China 's Cultural Revolution , nearly all Tibet 's monasteries were ransacked and destroyed by the Red Guards .	During China's Cultural Revolution	When were nearly all of Tibet 's monasteries destroyed by the Red Guard ?
Before the 1950s , between 10 and 20 % of males in Tibet were monks .	Before the 1950s	When were 10 to 20 % of Tibets males monks ?
In Tibetan cities , there are small communities of Muslims , known as Kachee -LRB- Kache -RRB- , who trace their origin to immigrants from three main regions : Kashmir -LRB- Kachee Yul in ancient Tibetan -RRB- , Ladakh and the Central Asian Turkic countries .	Kachee	What are Tibetan Muslims known as ?
Islamic influence in Tibet also came from Persia .	Persia	Where did Islamic influence in Tibet come from ?
After 1959 a group of Tibetan Muslims made a case for Indian nationality based on their historic roots to Kashmir and the Indian government declared all Tibetan Muslims Indian citizens later on that year .	1959	In what year were all Tibetan Muslims declared Indiana citizens ?
There is also a well established Chinese Muslim community -LRB- gya kachee -RRB- , which traces its ancestry back to the Hui ethnic group of China .	gya kachee	What is the Chinese Muslim community called ?
Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries .	17th and 18th centuries	When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe ?
Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father António de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of Gelu in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on .	1624	When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet ?
Later on , Christianity was introduced to Rudok , Ladakh and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the Tsang kingdom , where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626 .	1626	When was Christianity introduced to Rudok , Ladakh , and Tsang ?
In 1661 another Jesuit , Johann Grueber , crossed Tibet from Sining to Lhasa -LRB- where he spent a month -RRB- , before heading on to Nepal .	1661	When did Johann Grueber cross Tibet on the way to Nepal ?
These included the Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri , 1716 -- 1721 , who gained a deep knowledge of Tibetan culture , language and Buddhism , and various Capuchins in 1707 -- 1711 , 1716 -- 1733 and 1741 -- 1745 , Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the Karmapa sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama 's insistence .	1716–1721	When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet ?
These included the Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri , 1716 -- 1721 , who gained a deep knowledge of Tibetan culture , language and Buddhism , and various Capuchins in 1707 -- 1711 , 1716 -- 1733 and 1741 -- 1745 , Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the Karmapa sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama 's insistence .	counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect	How was Christianity used by some Tibetan monarchs ?
In 1877 , the Protestant James Cameron from the China Inland Mission walked from Chongqing to Batang in Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture , Sichuan province , and `` brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people . ''	1877	When did Protestant James Cameron bring the Gospel to the Tibetan people ?
Beginning in the 20th century , in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan , a large number of Lisu people and some Yi and Nu people converted to Christianity .	Beginning in the 20th century	When did a large number of Lisu people convert to Christianity ?
Famous earlier missionaries include James O. Fraser , Alfred James Broomhall and Isobel Kuhn of the China Inland Mission , among others who were active in this area .	Famous earlier missionaries	How were James O. Fraser , Alfred James Broomhall , and Isobel Kuhn involved with Tibet ?
Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama , it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories , and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha .	the Dalai Lama	Who used to reside in the Potala Palace ?
Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama , it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories , and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha .	thirteen	How many stories does the Potala Palace contain ?
It is divided between the outer White Palace , which serves as the administrative quarters , and the inner Red Quarters , which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas , chapels , 10,000 shrines , and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures .	10,000	How many shrines exist in the Potala Palace ?
The Potala Palace is a World Heritage Site , as is Norbulingka , the former summer residence of the Dalai Lama .	former summer residence of the Dalai Lama	What is Norbulingka ?
Tibetan music often involves chanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit , as an integral part of the religion .	Tibetan or Sanskrit	In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in ?
These chants are complex , often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals .	recitations of sacred texts	What do the chants often contain ?
Yang chanting , performed without metrical timing , is accompanied by resonant drums and low , sustained syllables .	Yang	What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing ?
Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism , such as the classical music of the popular Gelugpa school , and the romantic music of the Nyingmapa , Sakyapa and Kagyupa schools .	classical	What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school ?
Tibet has various festivals that are commonly performed to worship the Buddha -LSB- citation needed -RSB- throughout the year .	Buddha	What is worshipped during Tibet 's various festibals ?
Losar is the Tibetan New Year Festival .	Losar	What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called ?
Tibetans eat Guthuk -LRB- barley noodle soup with filling -RRB- on New Year 's Eve with their families .	Guthuk	What do Tibetan 's eat on New Year 's Eve ?
The Monlam Prayer Festival follows it in the first month of the Tibetan calendar , falling between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month .	between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month	When is the Monlam Prayer Festival ?
The event was established in 1049 by Tsong Khapa , the founder of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama 's order .	Tsong Khapa	Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049 ?
The most important crop in Tibet is barley , and dough made from barley flour -- called tsampa -- is the staple food of Tibet .	barley	What is the most important crop in Tibet ?
The most important crop in Tibet is barley , and dough made from barley flour -- called tsampa -- is the staple food of Tibet .	tsampa	What is dough made from barley flour called ?
This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momos .	momos	What are steamed dumplings called ?
Butter tea is very popular to drink .	Butter tea	What is a popular drink in Tibet ?
Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet , and therefore features heavily in its cuisine .	Mustard	What seed is cultivated in Tibet ?
An exhibition game -LRB- also known as a friendly , a scrimmage , a demonstration , a preseason game , a warmup match , or a preparation match , depending at least in part on the sport -RRB- is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player 's or the team 's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced .	exhibition game	What is ' a friendly ' another term for ?
An exhibition game -LRB- also known as a friendly , a scrimmage , a demonstration , a preseason game , a warmup match , or a preparation match , depending at least in part on the sport -RRB- is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player 's or the team 's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced .	exhibition game	What is ' a scrimmage ' another term for ?
An exhibition game -LRB- also known as a friendly , a scrimmage , a demonstration , a preseason game , a warmup match , or a preparation match , depending at least in part on the sport -RRB- is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player 's or the team 's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced .	exhibition game	What is ' a demonstration ' another term for ?
An exhibition game -LRB- also known as a friendly , a scrimmage , a demonstration , a preseason game , a warmup match , or a preparation match , depending at least in part on the sport -RRB- is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player 's or the team 's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced .	exhibition game	What is ' a preseason game ' another term for ?
An exhibition game -LRB- also known as a friendly , a scrimmage , a demonstration , a preseason game , a warmup match , or a preparation match , depending at least in part on the sport -RRB- is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player 's or the team 's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced .	exhibition game	What is ' a warmup match ' another term for ?
Several sports leagues hold all-star games to showcase their best players against each other , while other exhibitions games may pit participants from two different leagues or countries to unofficially determine who would be the best in the world .	all-star games	What type of exhibition game showcases the best players ?
International competitions like the Olympic Games may also hold exhibition games as part of a demonstration sport .	a demonstration sport	What are exhibition games in the Olympics ?
An exhibition game may also be used to settle a challenge , to provide professional entertainment , to promote the sport , or to raise money for charities .	charities	What can an exhibition game raise money for ?
An exhibition game may also be used to settle a challenge , to provide professional entertainment , to promote the sport , or to raise money for charities .	a challenge	What can an exhibition game settle ?
In the early days of association football , known simply as football or soccer , friendly matches -LRB- or `` friendlies '' -RRB- were the most common type of match .	friendly matches (or "friendlies")	What were the most common type of matches in the early days of soccer ?
However , since the development of The Football League in England in 1888 , league tournaments became established , in addition to lengthy derby and cup tournaments .	1888	When did the Football League begin in England ?
By the year 2000 , national leagues were established in almost every country throughout the world , as well as local or regional leagues for lower level teams , thus the significance of friendlies has seriously declined since the 19th century .	2000	By what year had national football leagues been formed in nearly every country ?
By the year 2000 , national leagues were established in almost every country throughout the world , as well as local or regional leagues for lower level teams , thus the significance of friendlies has seriously declined since the 19th century .	the significance of friendlies	What did the growth of national leagues cause a serious decline in ?
Since the introduction of league football , most club sides play a number of friendlies before the start of each season -LRB- called pre-season friendlies -RRB- .	before the start of each season	When do football clubs still play friendlies ?
Since the introduction of league football , most club sides play a number of friendlies before the start of each season -LRB- called pre-season friendlies -RRB- .	friendlies	What type of football matches are non-competitive ?
There is generally nothing competitive at stake and some rules may be changed or experimented with -LRB- such as unlimited substitutions , which allow teams to play younger , less experienced , players , and no cards -RRB- .	substitutions	What do some friendlies change the rules to make unlimited ?
Although most friendlies are simply one-off matches arranged by the clubs themselves , in which a certain amount is paid by the challenger club to the incumbent club , some teams do compete in short tournaments , such as the Emirates Cup , Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament .	the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament	What are some examples of friendly short football tournaments ?
Although these events may involve sponsorship deals and the awarding of a trophy and may even be broadcast on television , there is little prestige attached to them .	prestige	What do friendly short football tournaments have little of ?
International teams also play friendlies , generally in preparation for the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments .	the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments	What do friendlies help international teams prepare for ?
This is essential , since national squads generally have much less time together in which to prepare .	national squads	Which type of team lacks time to prepare for tournaments ?
The biggest difference between friendlies at the club and international levels is that international friendlies mostly take place during club league seasons , not between them .	club league seasons	What do international leagues ' friendlies happen in the middle of ?
This has on occasion led to disagreement between national associations and clubs as to the availability of players , who could become injured or fatigued in a friendly .	availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued	What concern has caused national associations and clubs to disagree about friendlies ?
International friendlies give team managers the opportunity to experiment with team selection and tactics before the tournament proper , and also allow them to assess the abilities of players they may potentially select for the tournament squad .	team selection and tactics	What do friendlies allow managers to experiment with ?
Players can be booked in international friendlies , and can be suspended from future international matches based on red cards or accumulated yellows in a specified period .	suspended from future international matches	What can happen to players who get red or yellow cards in friendlies ?
Caps and goals scored also count towards a player 's career records .	career	What kind of record do players ' goals in friendlies count for ?
In 2004 , FIFA ruled that substitutions by a team be limited to six per match in international friendlies , in response to criticism that such matches were becoming increasingly farcical with managers making as many as 11 substitutions per match .	2004	When did FIFA decide to limit substitutions in international friendlies ?
In 2004 , FIFA ruled that substitutions by a team be limited to six per match in international friendlies , in response to criticism that such matches were becoming increasingly farcical with managers making as many as 11 substitutions per match .	11	What absurd number of substitutions had some international teams been making in friendlies before 2004 ?
In the UK and Ireland , `` exhibition match '' and `` friendly match '' refer to two different types of matches .	the UK and Ireland	Where are `` exhibition match '' and `` friendly match '' not synonymous ?
The types described above as friendlies are not termed exhibition matches , while annual all-star matches such as those held in the US Major League Soccer or Japan 's Japanese League are called exhibition matches rather than friendly matches .	US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League	What are two examples of leagues holding all-star exhibition matches ?
A one-off match for charitable fundraising , usually involving one or two all-star teams , or a match held in honor of a player for contribution to his/her club , may also be described as exhibition matches but they are normally referred to as charity matches and testimonial matches respectively .	charity matches	What are ` friendlies ' for charity usually called in the UK ?
A one-off match for charitable fundraising , usually involving one or two all-star teams , or a match held in honor of a player for contribution to his/her club , may also be described as exhibition matches but they are normally referred to as charity matches and testimonial matches respectively .	testimonial matches	What are ` friendlies ' to honor a player usually called in the UK ?
Under the 1995 -- 2004 National Hockey League collective bargaining agreement , teams were limited to nine preseason games .	1995–2004	When did the NFL limit teams to 9 preseason games ?
From 1975 to 1991 , NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series , and in 1978 , played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training .	Soviet Union	What country 's teams did US teams sometimes play exhibition games against in the 1980s ?
From 1975 to 1991 , NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series , and in 1978 , played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training .	1978	In what year did the NHL play against World Hockey Association teams ?
Like the NFL , the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams , often at a club 's minor league affiliate -LRB- e.g. Carolina Hurricanes games at Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte , home of their AHL affiliate ; Los Angeles Kings games at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario , California , home of their ECHL affiliate ; Montreal Canadiens games at Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City , which has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995 ; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic ; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon , a potential NHL expansion venue -RRB- .	Charlotte	Where is Time Warner Cable Arena ?
Like the NFL , the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams , often at a club 's minor league affiliate -LRB- e.g. Carolina Hurricanes games at Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte , home of their AHL affiliate ; Los Angeles Kings games at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario , California , home of their ECHL affiliate ; Montreal Canadiens games at Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City , which has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995 ; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic ; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon , a potential NHL expansion venue -RRB- .	Citizens Business Bank Arena	What hockey arena is in Ontario , California ?
The Flying Fathers , a Canadian group of Catholic priests , regularly toured North America playing exhibition hockey games for charity .	Canadian	What nationality is the Flying Fathers team ?
The Flying Fathers , a Canadian group of Catholic priests , regularly toured North America playing exhibition hockey games for charity .	Catholic	What religion is the Flying Fathers team ?
One of the organization 's founders , Les Costello , was a onetime NHL player who was ordained as a priest after retiring from professional hockey .	Les Costello	Who founded the Flying Fathers ?
Another prominent exhibition hockey team is the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team , which is composed almost entirely of retired NHL players , the majority of whom -LRB- as the name suggests -RRB- played at least a portion of their career for the Buffalo Sabres .	NHL	What league were most members of the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team from ?
Another prominent exhibition hockey team is the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team , which is composed almost entirely of retired NHL players , the majority of whom -LRB- as the name suggests -RRB- played at least a portion of their career for the Buffalo Sabres .	Buffalo	Where are the Saores based ?
All MLB teams maintain a spring-training base in Arizona or Florida .	Arizona or Florida	Which states do MLB teams do spring training in ?
The teams in Arizona make up the Cactus League , while the teams in Florida play in the Grapefruit League .	Cactus League	What is the MLB preseason league in Arizona called ?
The teams in Arizona make up the Cactus League , while the teams in Florida play in the Grapefruit League .	Grapefruit League	What is the MLB preseason league in Florida called ?
Each team plays about 30 preseason games against other MLB teams .	about 30	How many preseason games does each MLB team play ?
Some days feature the team playing two games with two different rosters evenly divided up , which are known as `` split-squad '' games .	"split-squad" games	What is it called when an MLB team plays two preseason games in one day with different rosters ?
Several MLB teams used to play regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league , but regular-season interleague play has made such games unnecessary .	regular-season interleague play	What development has made it unnecessary for MLB teams to play exhibition games with teams from other leagues ?
The two Canadian MLB teams , the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League , met annually to play the Pearson Cup exhibition game ; this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season .	American League	What league are the Toronto Bluejays in ?
The two Canadian MLB teams , the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League , met annually to play the Pearson Cup exhibition game ; this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season .	National League	What league are the Montreal Expos in ?
The two Canadian MLB teams , the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League , met annually to play the Pearson Cup exhibition game ; this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season .	the Pearson Cup	What game do the Bluejays play against the Expos ?
Similarly , the New York Yankees played in the Mayor 's Trophy Game against various local rivals from 1946 to 1983 .	1983	When did the Mayor 's Trophy Game end ?
It also used to be commonplace to have a team play an exhibition against Minor League affiliates during the regular season , but worries of injuries to players , along with travel issues , have made this very rare .	worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues	What concerns have reduced Minor League exhibition games ?
Exhibitions between inter-city teams in different leagues , like Chicago 's Crosstown Classic and New York 's Subway Series which used to be played solely as exhibitions for bragging rights are now blended into interleague play .	Crosstown Classic	What inter-city exhibition game did Chicago have ?
Exhibitions between inter-city teams in different leagues , like Chicago 's Crosstown Classic and New York 's Subway Series which used to be played solely as exhibitions for bragging rights are now blended into interleague play .	Subway Series	What inter-city exhibition game did New York have ?
The annual MLB All-Star Game , played in July between players from AL teams and players from NL teams , was long considered an exhibition match , but as of 2003 this status was questioned because the league whose team wins the All-Star game has been awarded home field advantage for the upcoming World Series .	July	In what month is the MLB All-Star Game held ?
The annual MLB All-Star Game , played in July between players from AL teams and players from NL teams , was long considered an exhibition match , but as of 2003 this status was questioned because the league whose team wins the All-Star game has been awarded home field advantage for the upcoming World Series .	home field advantage	What did the MLB All-Star winning team gain in the World Series ?
National Basketball Association teams play eight preseason games per year .	eight	How many preseason games do NBA teams play ?
Today , NBA teams almost always play each other in the preseason , but mainly at neutral sites within their market areas in order to allow those who ca n't usually make a trip to a home team 's arena during the regular season to see a game close to home ; for instance the Minnesota Timberwolves will play games in arenas in North Dakota and South Dakota , while the Phoenix Suns schedule one exhibition game outdoors at Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells , California yearly , the only such instance an NBA game takes place in an outdoor venue .	Minnesota	Where are the TImberwolves based ?
Today , NBA teams almost always play each other in the preseason , but mainly at neutral sites within their market areas in order to allow those who ca n't usually make a trip to a home team 's arena during the regular season to see a game close to home ; for instance the Minnesota Timberwolves will play games in arenas in North Dakota and South Dakota , while the Phoenix Suns schedule one exhibition game outdoors at Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells , California yearly , the only such instance an NBA game takes place in an outdoor venue .	Phoenix	Where are the Suns based ?
Today , NBA teams almost always play each other in the preseason , but mainly at neutral sites within their market areas in order to allow those who ca n't usually make a trip to a home team 's arena during the regular season to see a game close to home ; for instance the Minnesota Timberwolves will play games in arenas in North Dakota and South Dakota , while the Phoenix Suns schedule one exhibition game outdoors at Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells , California yearly , the only such instance an NBA game takes place in an outdoor venue .	an outdoor venue	The Suns ' exhibition game in Indian Wells , CA is the only time an NBA game is played in what setting ?
Today , NBA teams almost always play each other in the preseason , but mainly at neutral sites within their market areas in order to allow those who ca n't usually make a trip to a home team 's arena during the regular season to see a game close to home ; for instance the Minnesota Timberwolves will play games in arenas in North Dakota and South Dakota , while the Phoenix Suns schedule one exhibition game outdoors at Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells , California yearly , the only such instance an NBA game takes place in an outdoor venue .	Indian Wells Tennis Garden	What venue do the Suns play at in Indian Wells ?
However , from 1971 to 1975 , NBA teams played preseason exhibitions against American Basketball Association teams .	1971 to 1975	When did the NBA play preseason games against the ABA ?
In the early days of the NBA , league clubs sometimes challenged the legendary barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters , with mixed success .	Harlem Globetrotters	What legendary team did the NBA sometimes formerly play against ?
The NBA has played preseason games in Europe and Asia .	Europe and Asia	On what continents have NBA teams played preseason games outside the US ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In the 1998-99 and 2011-12 seasons , teams were limited to only two preseason games due to lockouts .	two	How many preseason games were NBA teams limited to in the 2011-12 season ?
In the 2006 and 2007 seasons , the NBA and the primary European club competition , the Euroleague , conducted a preseason tournament featuring two NBA teams and the finalists from that year 's Euroleague .	the Euroleague	What is the main European basketball club ?
They played travelling teams made up of former college players on teams such as Athletes in Action or a team sponsored by Marathon Oil .	Marathon Oil	What is an example of a corporate sponsor of a basketball team ?
They played travelling teams made up of former college players on teams such as Athletes in Action or a team sponsored by Marathon Oil .	Athletes in Action	What is an example of a team of former college players ?
On occasion before 1992 , when FIBA allowed professional players on foreign national teams , colleges played those teams in exhibitions .	1992	When did the FIBA stop allowing pros on foreign national teams ?
However , in 2003 , the National Collegiate Athletic Association banned games with non-college teams .	2003	When did the NCAA decide college teams could only play other college teams ?
Major college basketball teams still travel to other countries during the summer to play in exhibition games , although a college team is allowed one foreign tour every four years , and a maximum of ten games in each tour .	one foreign tour every four years	How often does the NCAA allow college teams to go overseas ?
Every NFL team plays exactly four pre-season exhibition games a year , two at home and two away , with the exception of two teams each year who play a fifth game , the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game .	four	How many preseason exhibition games does an NFL team play ?
Every NFL team plays exactly four pre-season exhibition games a year , two at home and two away , with the exception of two teams each year who play a fifth game , the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game .	the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game	What is the one exception to the NFL 's 4-preseason-game limit ?
These exhibition games , most of which are held in the month of August , are played for the purpose of helping coaches narrow down the roster from the offseason limit of 90 players to the regular-season limit of 53 players .	August	What month are most NFL preseason games in ?
These exhibition games , most of which are held in the month of August , are played for the purpose of helping coaches narrow down the roster from the offseason limit of 90 players to the regular-season limit of 53 players .	90	How many players can an NFL team have in the off-season ?
These exhibition games , most of which are held in the month of August , are played for the purpose of helping coaches narrow down the roster from the offseason limit of 90 players to the regular-season limit of 53 players .	53	How many players can an NFL team have in the regular season ?
Exhibition games outside of a structured season are relatively common among indoor American football leagues ; because teams switch leagues frequently at that level of play , it is not uncommon to see some of the smaller leagues schedule exhibition games against teams that are from another league , about to join the league as a probational franchise , or a semi-pro outdoor team to fill holes in a schedule .	indoor American football leagues	What type of league commonly plays unstructured exhibition games ?
Exhibition games outside of a structured season are relatively common among indoor American football leagues ; because teams switch leagues frequently at that level of play , it is not uncommon to see some of the smaller leagues schedule exhibition games against teams that are from another league , about to join the league as a probational franchise , or a semi-pro outdoor team to fill holes in a schedule .	a probational franchise	What is a team called that is in the process of joining a league ?
Exhibition games outside of a structured season are relatively common among indoor American football leagues ; because teams switch leagues frequently at that level of play , it is not uncommon to see some of the smaller leagues schedule exhibition games against teams that are from another league , about to join the league as a probational franchise , or a semi-pro outdoor team to fill holes in a schedule .	semi-pro	Indoor league teams sometimes play against what type of outdoor league team ?
True exhibition games between opposing colleges at the highest level do not exist in college football ; due to the importance of opinion polling in the top level of college football , even exhibition games would not truly be exhibitions because they could influence the opinions of those polled .	opinion polling	What consideration is more important for college teams than exhibition games ?
Intramural games are possible because a team playing against itself leaves little ability for poll participants to make judgments , and at levels below the Football Bowl Subdivision -LRB- FBS -RRB- , championships are decided by objective formulas and thus those teams can play non-league games without affecting their playoff hopes .	Intramural	What is a game called in which a team plays against itself ?
Intramural games are possible because a team playing against itself leaves little ability for poll participants to make judgments , and at levels below the Football Bowl Subdivision -LRB- FBS -RRB- , championships are decided by objective formulas and thus those teams can play non-league games without affecting their playoff hopes .	Football Bowl Subdivision	Championships are decided by formulas for college teams below what level ?
However , most of the major FBS teams annually schedule early season non-conference preseason home games against lesser opponents that are lower-tier FBS , Football Championship , or Division II schools , which often result in lopsided victories in favor of the FBS teams and act as exhibition games in all but name , though they additionally provide a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance for the smaller school .	lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools	Major FBS teams can have lopsided victories against what kinds of lesser opponents ?
However , most of the major FBS teams annually schedule early season non-conference preseason home games against lesser opponents that are lower-tier FBS , Football Championship , or Division II schools , which often result in lopsided victories in favor of the FBS teams and act as exhibition games in all but name , though they additionally provide a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance for the smaller school .	a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance	Why do smaller schools want to play against major FBS teams ?
Games an FBS team schedules against lower division opponents do not count toward the minimum seven wins required for bowl eligibility , and only one game against an FCS team can be counted .	seven	How many wins are required for an FBS team to be eligible for the bowl ?
Games an FBS team schedules against lower division opponents do not count toward the minimum seven wins required for bowl eligibility , and only one game against an FCS team can be counted .	one	How many games between FBS and FCS teams count towards the FBS 's bowl eligibility ?
With the start of the College Football Playoff system for the 2014 season , major teams are now discouraged from scheduling weaker opponents for their non-conference schedule because of a much higher emphasis on strength of schedule than in the Bowl Championship Series era .	2014	When did the College Football Playoff System begin ?
High school football teams frequently participate in controlled scrimmages with other teams during preseason practice , but exhibition games are rare because of league rules and concerns about finances , travel and player injuries , along with enrollments not being registered until the early part of August in most school districts under the traditional September -- June academic term .	September–June	When is the usual high school academic term ?
A more common exhibition is the high school football all-star game , which brings together top players from a region .	all-star	What is the most common type of high school football exhibition game ?
These games are typically played by graduating seniors during the summer or at the end of the season .	graduating seniors	What year of players are in high school football all-star games ?
Many of these games , which include the U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game , are used as showcases for players to be seen by colleges .	U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game	What are two examples of high school football all-star games ?
Many of these games , which include the U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game , are used as showcases for players to be seen by colleges .	colleges	What do high school all-star players hope to be seen by ?
The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited , held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season , and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race , held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season .	two	How many exhibition events per year does the NASCAR Sprint Cup have ?
The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited , held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season , and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race , held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season .	Daytona International Speedway	Where is the Sprint Unlimited held ?
The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited , held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season , and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race , held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season .	Charlotte Motor Speedway	Where is the Sprint All-Star Race held ?
Both events carry a hefty purse of over USD $ 1,000,000 .	over USD $1,000,000	What does the winner of the Sprint Unlimited get ?
NASCAR has also held exhibition races at Suzuka Circuit and Twin Ring Motegi in Japan and Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia .	Australia	Where is Calder Park Thunderdome ?
With a population of 768,868 in 2012 , Strasbourg 's metropolitan area -LRB- only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory -RRB- is the ninth largest in France and home to 13 % of the ACAL region 's inhabitants .	768,868	What is the population of Strasbourg in 2012 ?
The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 915,000 inhabitants in 2014 .	915,000	What is the population of the transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau in 2014 ?
Strasbourg -LRB- / ˈstræzbɜːrɡ / , French pronunciation : -LSB- stʁaz.buʁ , stʁas.buʁ -RSB- ; Alsatian : Strossburi ; German : Straßburg , -LSB- ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k -RSB- -RRB- is the capital and largest city of the Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine -LRB- ACAL -RRB- region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament .	Straßburg	What is the largest city in the ACAL region of France ?
Strasbourg -LRB- / ˈstræzbɜːrɡ / , French pronunciation : -LSB- stʁaz.buʁ , stʁas.buʁ -RSB- ; Alsatian : Strossburi ; German : Straßburg , -LSB- ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k -RSB- -RRB- is the capital and largest city of the Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine -LRB- ACAL -RRB- region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament .	European	Strasbourg has an official seat in what parliament ?
Strasbourg -LRB- / ˈstræzbɜːrɡ / , French pronunciation : -LSB- stʁaz.buʁ , stʁas.buʁ -RSB- ; Alsatian : Strossburi ; German : Straßburg , -LSB- ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k -RSB- -RRB- is the capital and largest city of the Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine -LRB- ACAL -RRB- region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament .	European	Strasbourg has an official seat in what Parliament ?
The city and the region of Alsace were historically predominantly Alemannic-speaking , hence the city 's Germanic name .	Germanic	What kind of name is Strasbourg ?
Strasbourg 's historic city centre , the Grande Île -LRB- Grand Island -RRB- , was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988 , the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre .	1988	What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site ?
Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history , has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries , especially through the University of Strasbourg , currently the second largest in France , and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture .	Franco-German	What is the culture in Strasbourg ?
The largest Islamic place of worship in France , the Strasbourg Grand Mosque , was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012 .	Strasbourg Grand Mosque	What is the largest Islamic place of worship in France ?
The largest Islamic place of worship in France , the Strasbourg Grand Mosque , was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012 .	27 September 2012	When was the Strasbourg Grand Mosque inaugurated ?
Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history , has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries , especially through the University of Strasbourg , currently the second largest in France , and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture .	University of Strasbourg	What is the second largest university in France ?
This border is formed by the River Rhine , which also forms the eastern border of the modern city , facing across the river to the German town Kehl .	River Rhine	What river is on the border of France and Germany ?
The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande Île in the River Ill , which here flows parallel to , and roughly 4 kilometres -LRB- 2.5 mi -RRB- from , the Rhine .	Rhine	The River Ill flows parallel with what river for 4 kilometres ?
The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg , although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city .	artificial	What kind of waterways connect the River Ill and River Rhine within Strasbourg ?
Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany .	eastern	Strasbourg is situated on what border of France and Germany ?
The name `` Argentoratum '' was first mentioned in 12 BC and the city celebrated its 2,000 th birthday in 1988 .	Argentoratum	What was Strasbourg called in 12 BC ?
The Roman camp was destroyed by fire and rebuilt six times between the first and the fifth centuries AD : in 70 , 97 , 235 , 355 , in the last quarter of the fourth century , and in the early years of the fifth century .	fire	What was the Roman camp destroyed by ?
The Romans under Nero Claudius Drusus established a military outpost belonging to the Germania Superior Roman province at Strasbourg 's current location , and named it Argentoratum .	Nero Claudius Drusus	Who was leading the Romans at Argentoratum ?
From the year 90 on , the Legio VIII Augusta was permanently stationed in the Roman camp of Argentoratum .	year 90	After what year was the Legio VIII Augusta permanently stationed in Argentoratum ?
The Roman camp was destroyed by fire and rebuilt six times between the first and the fifth centuries AD : in 70 , 97 , 235 , 355 , in the last quarter of the fourth century , and in the early years of the fifth century .	six times	How many times was Argentoratum rebuilt during the first and fifth centuries AD ?
Many Roman artifacts have also been found along the current Route des Romains , the road that led to Argentoratum , in the suburb of Kœnigshoffen .	Roman artifacts	What has been found along the current Route des Romains ?
The centre of Argentoratum proper was situated on the Grande Île -LRB- Cardo : current Rue du Dôme , Decumanus : current Rue des Hallebardes -RRB- .	Grande Île	Where was the centre of Argentoratum situated ?
Among the most outstanding finds in Kœnigshoffen were -LRB- found in 1911 -- 12 -RRB- the fragments of a grand Mithraeum that had been shattered by early Christians in the fourth century .	Christians	Who shattered the fragments of a grand Mithraeum ?
From the fourth century , Strasbourg was the seat of the Bishopric of Strasbourg -LRB- made an Archbishopric in 1988 -RRB- .	1988	When was the Bishopric of Strasbourg made an Archbishopric ?
The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire .	Carolingian Empire	What Empire split to create France and Germany ?
The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin , from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Straßburg in Standard German , and then Strasbourg in French .	Alsatian	What language called Strasbourg Strossburi ?
The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin , from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Straßburg in Standard German , and then Strasbourg in French .	Straßburg	What is the German spelling for Strasbourg ?
In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language , as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg .	Strazburg	What was Strasbourg known as in the local language in the ninth century ?
In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni , Huns , and Franks .	fifth century	In what century was Strasbourg occupied successively by Alemanni , Huns , and Franks ?
A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds , and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic .	1332	In what year did Strasbourg declare itself a free republic ?
The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history : over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death , with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city .	1348	What year was the deadly bubonic plague in Strasbourg ?
The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history : over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death , with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city .	over a thousand	How many Jews were burned to death in 1349 ?
Until the end of the 18th century , Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm .	10 pm	What time were the Jews forbidden to be in town after ?
A special tax , the Pflastergeld -LRB- pavement money -RRB- , was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to .	special tax	What did the Jews need to pay to ride a horse into town ?
In the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation , the city , under the political guidance of Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck and the spiritual guidance of Martin Bucer embraced the religious teachings of Martin Luther .	Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck	Who was the political guide during the Protestant Reformation ?
In the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation , the city , under the political guidance of Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck and the spiritual guidance of Martin Bucer embraced the religious teachings of Martin Luther .	Martin Bucer	Who was the spiritual guide during the Protestant Reformation ?
-LRB- John Calvin spent several years as a political refugee in the city -RRB- .	John Calvin	Who spent several years as a political refugee in the city ?
Together with four other free cities , Strasbourg presented the confessio tetrapolitana as its Protestant book of faith at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530 , where the slightly different Augsburg Confession was also handed over to Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor .	four	How many other cities joined Strasbourg at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530 ?
Indeed , the bridge over the Rhine at Strasbourg had been used repeatedly by Imperial -LRB- Holy Roman Empire -RRB- forces , and three times during the Franco-Dutch War Strasbourg had served as a gateway for Imperial invasions into Alsace .	three	How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War ?
In September 1681 Louis ' forces , though lacking a clear casus belli , surrounded the city with overwhelming force .	September 1681	When did Louis surround the city with considerable force ?
After some negotiation , Louis marched into the city unopposed on 30 September 1681 and proclaimed its annexation .	30 September 1681	When did Louis march into the city unopposed and proclaimed its annexation ?
This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession .	annexation	What was one of the causes of the War of the Reunions ?
The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick -LRB- 1697 -RRB- .	1697	When was the French annexation recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick ?
Strasbourg Cathedral , however , was taken from the Lutherans to be returned to the Catholics as the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism wherever they could -LRB- some other historic churches remained in Protestant hands -RRB- .	Strasbourg Cathedral	What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics ?
Famous students included Goethe and Herder .	Goethe and Herder	Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University ?
Strasbourg 's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution .	French Revolution	What revoked Strasbourg 's status as a free city ?
Enragés , most notoriously Eulogius Schneider , ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand .	Eulogius Schneider	Who ruled the city with an iron hand ?
The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues -LRB- later replaced by copies in the 19th century -RRB- and in April 1794 , there was talk of tearing its spire down , on the grounds that it was against the principle of equality .	statues	What did the cathedrals lose in April 1794 ?
The tower was saved , however , when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap .	tin	What was the giant Phrygian cap made out of ?
This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until it was destroyed by the Germans in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war .	Germans	Who destroyed the Phrygian cap in 1870 ?
During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg , the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army .	Prussian army	Who bombarded the city of Strasbourg ?
On 24 and 26 August 1870 , the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire , as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican church , with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts -LRB- most famously the Hortus deliciarum -RRB- , rare Renaissance books , archeological finds and historical artifacts .	24 and 26 August 1870	What date was the Museum of Fine Arts destroyed by fire ?
The gothic cathedral was damaged as well as the medieval church of Temple Neuf , the theatre , the city hall , the court of justice and many houses .	gothic	What cathedral was damaged along with the medieval church of Temple Neuf ?
At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter ; over 600 died , including 261 civilians , and 3200 were injured , including 1,100 civilians .	10,000	How many inhabitants were left without shelter after the siege ?
At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter ; over 600 died , including 261 civilians , and 3200 were injured , including 1,100 civilians .	261	How many civilians died during the siege ?
In 1871 , after the end of the war , the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt .	1871	In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire ?
In 1871 , after the end of the war , the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt .	Treaty of Frankfurt	What was the Treaty in 1871 called ?
The University , founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität .	1567	What year was the university founded ?
Historian Rodolphe Reuss and Art historian Wilhelm von Bode were in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives , libraries and museums .	Rodolphe Reuss	What Historian was in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives ?
The University , founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität .	Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität	What was the new name of the university when it reopened in 1872 ?
A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city , most of which still stands today , renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques ; most notably Fort Roon -LRB- now Fort Desaix -RRB- and Fort Podbielski -LRB- now Fort Ducrot -RRB- in Mundolsheim , Fort von Moltke -LRB- now Fort Rapp -RRB- in Reichstett , Fort Bismarck -LRB- now Fort Kléber -RRB- in Wolfisheim , Fort Kronprinz -LRB- now Fort Foch -RRB- in Niederhausbergen , Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen -LRB- now Fort Joffre -RRB- in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden -LRB- now Fort Frère -RRB- in Oberhausbergen .	fortifications	What was established around the city ?
A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city , most of which still stands today , renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques ; most notably Fort Roon -LRB- now Fort Desaix -RRB- and Fort Podbielski -LRB- now Fort Ducrot -RRB- in Mundolsheim , Fort von Moltke -LRB- now Fort Rapp -RRB- in Reichstett , Fort Bismarck -LRB- now Fort Kléber -RRB- in Wolfisheim , Fort Kronprinz -LRB- now Fort Foch -RRB- in Niederhausbergen , Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen -LRB- now Fort Joffre -RRB- in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden -LRB- now Fort Frère -RRB- in Oberhausbergen .	Mundolsheim	Where is Fort Podbielski located ?
A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city , most of which still stands today , renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques ; most notably Fort Roon -LRB- now Fort Desaix -RRB- and Fort Podbielski -LRB- now Fort Ducrot -RRB- in Mundolsheim , Fort von Moltke -LRB- now Fort Rapp -RRB- in Reichstett , Fort Bismarck -LRB- now Fort Kléber -RRB- in Wolfisheim , Fort Kronprinz -LRB- now Fort Foch -RRB- in Niederhausbergen , Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen -LRB- now Fort Joffre -RRB- in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden -LRB- now Fort Frère -RRB- in Oberhausbergen .	Wolfisheim	Where is Fort Bismark located ?
A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city , most of which still stands today , renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques ; most notably Fort Roon -LRB- now Fort Desaix -RRB- and Fort Podbielski -LRB- now Fort Ducrot -RRB- in Mundolsheim , Fort von Moltke -LRB- now Fort Rapp -RRB- in Reichstett , Fort Bismarck -LRB- now Fort Kléber -RRB- in Wolfisheim , Fort Kronprinz -LRB- now Fort Foch -RRB- in Niederhausbergen , Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen -LRB- now Fort Joffre -RRB- in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden -LRB- now Fort Frère -RRB- in Oberhausbergen .	Holtzheim	Where is for Kronprinz von Sachsen located ?
A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city , most of which still stands today , renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques ; most notably Fort Roon -LRB- now Fort Desaix -RRB- and Fort Podbielski -LRB- now Fort Ducrot -RRB- in Mundolsheim , Fort von Moltke -LRB- now Fort Rapp -RRB- in Reichstett , Fort Bismarck -LRB- now Fort Kléber -RRB- in Wolfisheim , Fort Kronprinz -LRB- now Fort Foch -RRB- in Niederhausbergen , Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen -LRB- now Fort Joffre -RRB- in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden -LRB- now Fort Frère -RRB- in Oberhausbergen .	Mundolsheim	Where is Fort Roon Located ?
Following the defeat of the German empire in World War I and the abdication of the German Emperor , some revolutionary insurgents declared Alsace-Lorraine as an independent Republic , without preliminary referendum or vote .	World War I	In what war was the German Empire defeated ?
Following the defeat of the German empire in World War I and the abdication of the German Emperor , some revolutionary insurgents declared Alsace-Lorraine as an independent Republic , without preliminary referendum or vote .	independent	What kind of Republic did some insurgents declare Alsace-Lorraine ?
On 11 November 1918 -LRB- Armistice Day -RRB- , communist insurgents proclaimed a `` soviet government '' in Strasbourg , following the example of Kurt Eisner in Munich as well as other German towns .	11 November 1918	What date was Strasbourg declared a soviet government by insurgents ?
French troops commanded by French general Henri Gouraud entered triumphantly in the city on 22 November .	French general Henri Gouraud	Who commanded the French troops on November 22 ?
Viewing the massive cheering crowd gathered under the balcony of Strasbourg 's town hall , French President Raymond Poincaré stated that `` the plebiscite is done '' .	Raymond Poincaré	What French President said `` the plebiscite is done '' ?
In 1919 , following the Treaty of Versailles , the city was restituted to France in accordance with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson 's `` Fourteen Points '' without a referendum .	1919	What year was it restituted to France ?
The Alsatian autonomists who were pro French had won many votes in the more rural parts of the region and other towns since the annexation of the region by Germany in 1871 .	Alsatian	What autonomists were pro French ?
The movement started with the first election for the Reichstag ; those elected were called `` les députés protestataires '' , and until the fall of Bismarck in 1890 , they were the only deputies elected by the Alsatians to the German parliament demanding the return of those territories to France .	1890	In what year did Bismarck fall ?
At the last Reichstag election in Strasbourg and its periphery , the clear winners were the Social Democrats ; the city was the administrative capital of the region , was inhabited by many Germans appointed by the central government in Berlin and its flourishing economy attracted many Germans .	Social Democrats	Who won the last election at Reichstag ?
The Saverne Affair was vivid in the memory among the Alsatians .	Alsatians	Who had vivid memories of the Saverne Affair ?
Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939 , the entire city -LRB- a total of 120,000 people -RRB- was evacuated , like other border towns as well .	German	Who invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 ?
Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939 , the entire city -LRB- a total of 120,000 people -RRB- was evacuated , like other border towns as well .	120,000	How many people were evacuated during the invasion ?
Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940 , the city was , for ten months , completely empty , with the exception of the garrisoned soldiers .	Wehrmacht troops	What troops arrived in mid-June 1940 ?
Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940 , the city was , for ten months , completely empty , with the exception of the garrisoned soldiers .	ten months	How long was the city completely empty ?
The Jews of Strasbourg had been evacuated to Périgueux and Limoges , the University had been evacuated to Clermont-Ferrand .	Clermont-Ferrand	Where was the University evacuated ?
After the ceasefire following the Fall of France in June 1940 , Alsace was annexed to Germany and a rigorous policy of Germanisation was imposed upon it by the Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner .	1940	In what year was the Fall of France ?
After the ceasefire following the Fall of France in June 1940 , Alsace was annexed to Germany and a rigorous policy of Germanisation was imposed upon it by the Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner .	Germany	What country was Alsace annexed to ?
After the ceasefire following the Fall of France in June 1940 , Alsace was annexed to Germany and a rigorous policy of Germanisation was imposed upon it by the Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner .	Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner	Who imposed the rigorous policy of Germanisation ?
When , in July 1940 , the first evacuees were allowed to return , only residents of Alsatian origin were admitted .	July 1940	When were the first evacuees allowed to return ?
In September 1940 the first Alsatian resistance movement led by Marcel Weinum called La main noire -LRB- The black hand -RRB- was created .	Marcel Weinum	Who led the first Alsatian resistance movement ?
The actions culminated with the attack of the Gauleiter Robert Wagner , the highest commander of Alsace directly under the order of Hitler .	Gauleiter Robert Wagner	Who was the highest commander that is under Hitler ?
In March 1942 , Marcel Weinum was prosecuted by the Gestapo and sentenced to be beheaded at the age of 18 in April 1942 in Stuttgart , Germany .	beheaded	How was Marcel Weinum executed ?
From 1943 the city was bombarded by Allied aircraft .	Allied aircraft	What was the city attacked by in 1943 ?
On 23 November 1944 , the city was officially liberated by the 2nd French Armoured Division under General Leclerc .	23 November 1944	On what date was the city liberated ?
Many people from Strasbourg were incorporated in the German Army against their will , and were sent to the eastern front , those young men and women were called Malgré-nous .	Malgré-nous	What were the men and women sent to the eastern front against their will called ?
Many tried to escape from the incorporation , join the French Resistance , or desert the Wehrmacht but many could n't because they were running the risk of having their families sent to work or concentration camps by the Germans .	Germans	Who sent deserters families to concentration camps ?
In July 1944 , 1500 malgré-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers , where they joined the Free French Forces .	Algiers	Where were the freed soviet captives sent ?
Liberation of Strasbourg took place on 23 November 1944 .	23 November 1944	When did the liberation of Strasbourg take place ?
In 1949 , the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia .	Council of Europe	What council was the city given a seat for in 1949 ?
Since 1952 , the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg , which was formally designated its official ` seat ' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992 .	1952	When did the European Parliament begin meeting in Strasbourg ?
Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss , inaugurated in 1999 , which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world .	1999	When was Louise Weiss inaugurated ?
In addition to the cathedral , Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city : the Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne , partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids , the part Romanesque , part Gothic , very large Église Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played , the Gothic Église protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century , the Gothic Église Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture , the Gothic Église Saint-Jean , the part Gothic , part Art Nouveau Église Sainte-Madeleine , etc. .	Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne	What was partly destroyed by Allied bombings in 1944 ?
In addition to the cathedral , Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city : the Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne , partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids , the part Romanesque , part Gothic , very large Église Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played , the Gothic Église protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century , the Gothic Église Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture , the Gothic Église Saint-Jean , the part Gothic , part Art Nouveau Église Sainte-Madeleine , etc. .	Silbermann organ	What organ did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart play on ?
In addition to the cathedral , Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city : the Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne , partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids , the part Romanesque , part Gothic , very large Église Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played , the Gothic Église protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century , the Gothic Église Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture , the Gothic Église Saint-Jean , the part Gothic , part Art Nouveau Église Sainte-Madeleine , etc. .	Église Saint-Thomas	Where is the Silbermann organ located ?
The Neo-Gothic church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique -LRB- there is also an adjacent church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant -RRB- serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood worked and painted altars coming from other , now destroyed churches and installed there for public display .	Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique	What is the Neo-Gothic church called ?
The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings -LRB- especially the current Chambre de commerce et d'industrie , former town hall , on Place Gutenberg -RRB- , as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers -LRB- i.e. palaces -RRB- , among which the Palais Rohan -LRB- 1742 , now housing three museums -RRB- is the most spectacular .	three	How many museums does the Palais Rohan hold ?
Other buildings of its kind are the `` Hôtel de Hanau '' -LRB- 1736 , now the city hall -RRB- , the Hôtel de Klinglin -LRB- 1736 , now residence of the préfet -RRB- , the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts -LRB- 1755 , now residence of the military governor -RRB- , the Hôtel d'Andlau-Klinglin -LRB- 1725 , now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg -RRB- etc. .	Hôtel de Hanau	What did the city hall used to be known as ?
The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150 m -LRB- 490 ft -RRB- long 1720s main building of the Hôpital civil .	Hôpital civil	What is the largest baroque building in Strasbourg ?
Other buildings of its kind are the `` Hôtel de Hanau '' -LRB- 1736 , now the city hall -RRB- , the Hôtel de Klinglin -LRB- 1736 , now residence of the préfet -RRB- , the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts -LRB- 1755 , now residence of the military governor -RRB- , the Hôtel d'Andlau-Klinglin -LRB- 1725 , now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg -RRB- etc. .	Hôtel des Deux-Ponts	What did the military governors residence used to be called ?
As for French Neo-classicism , it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style .	Place Broglie	Where is the Opera House located ?
Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district , the Neustadt , being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II .	eclecticist	What kind of high class building does Strasbourg offer ?
Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district , the Neustadt , being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II .	World War II	What war caused severe damage to Germany ?
The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin , the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period .	Palais du Rhin	What was the former imperial palace called ?
But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the École internationale des Pontonniers -LRB- the former Höhere Mädchenschule , girls college -RRB- with its towers , turrets and multiple round and square angles and the École des Arts décoratifs with its lavishly ornate façade of painted bricks , woodwork and majolica .	Höhere Mädchenschule	What was the former girls college called ?
Streets , boulevards and avenues are homogeneous , surprisingly high -LRB- up to seven stories -RRB- and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian , Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles .	seven stories	How high were some of the buildings in urban Germany ?
As for modern and contemporary architecture , Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings -LRB- such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion -RRB- , good examples of post-World War II functional architecture -LRB- the Cité Rotterdam , for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest -RRB- and , in the very extended Quartier Européen , some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size , among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest .	Villa Schutzenberger	What is the fine Art Nouveau villa called ?
As for modern and contemporary architecture , Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings -LRB- such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion -RRB- , good examples of post-World War II functional architecture -LRB- the Cité Rotterdam , for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest -RRB- and , in the very extended Quartier Européen , some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size , among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest .	Le Corbusier	Who lost the architectural contest ?
As for modern and contemporary architecture , Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings -LRB- such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion -RRB- , good examples of post-World War II functional architecture -LRB- the Cité Rotterdam , for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest -RRB- and , in the very extended Quartier Européen , some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size , among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest .	Richard Rogers	Who built the European Court of Human Rights building ?
Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cité de la Musique et de la Danse , the Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain and the Hôtel du Département facing it , as well as , in the outskirts , the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid .	Hoenheim-Nord	What did Zaha Hadid design ?
As for modern and contemporary architecture , Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings -LRB- such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion -RRB- , good examples of post-World War II functional architecture -LRB- the Cité Rotterdam , for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest -RRB- and , in the very extended Quartier Européen , some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size , among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest .	European Court of Human Rights	What is considered to be the finest building ?
Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks , of which several are of cultural and historical interest : the Parc de l'Orangerie , laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais , now displaying noteworthy French gardens , a neo-classical castle and a small zoo ; the Parc de la Citadelle , built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban ; the Parc de Pourtalès , laid out in English style around a baroque castle -LRB- heavily restored in the 19th century -RRB- that now houses a small three-star hotel , and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture .	André le Nôtre	Who designed the Parc de l'Orangerie ?
Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks , of which several are of cultural and historical interest : the Parc de l'Orangerie , laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais , now displaying noteworthy French gardens , a neo-classical castle and a small zoo ; the Parc de la Citadelle , built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban ; the Parc de Pourtalès , laid out in English style around a baroque castle -LRB- heavily restored in the 19th century -RRB- that now houses a small three-star hotel , and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture .	Parc de l'Orangerie	What park has a small zoo in it ?
Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks , of which several are of cultural and historical interest : the Parc de l'Orangerie , laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais , now displaying noteworthy French gardens , a neo-classical castle and a small zoo ; the Parc de la Citadelle , built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban ; the Parc de Pourtalès , laid out in English style around a baroque castle -LRB- heavily restored in the 19th century -RRB- that now houses a small three-star hotel , and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture .	Parc de la Citadelle	What park is built close to the Rhine by Vauban ?
The Jardin botanique de l'Université de Strasbourg -LRB- botanical garden -RRB- was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg , built in 1881 , and still owns some greenhouses of those times .	1881	What year was the Observatory of Strasbourg built ?
The Parc des Contades , although the oldest park of the city , was completely remodeled after World War II .	Parc des Contades	What is the oldest park in the city ?
Old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame , old master paintings from all the rest of Europe -LRB- including the Dutch Rhenish territories -RRB- and until 1871 as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871 are displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts .	Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame	Where are old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories until 1681 held ?
Old master graphic arts until 1871 is displayed in the Cabinet des estampes et dessins .	Cabinet des estampes et dessins	Where are old master graphic arts until 1871 displayed ?
Decorative arts until 1681 -LRB- `` German period '' -RRB- are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame , decorative arts from 1681 to 1871 -LRB- `` French period '' -RRB- are displayed in the Musée des Arts décoratifs .	Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame	Where are decorative arts until 1681 displayed ?
International art -LRB- painting , sculpture , graphic arts -RRB- and decorative art since 1871 is displayed in the Musée d'art moderne et contemporain .	Musée d'art moderne et contemporain	Where is the city 's photographic library ?
International art -LRB- painting , sculpture , graphic arts -RRB- and decorative art since 1871 is displayed in the Musée d'art moderne et contemporain .	Musée d'art moderne et contemporain	Where is the international art since 1871 displayed ?
Strasbourg , well known as centre of humanism , has a long history of excellence in higher-education , at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions .	centre of humanism	What is Strasbourg known as ?
Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683 , it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire , including Goethe , Metternich and Montgelas , who studied law in Strasbourg , among the most prominent .	1683	When was Strasbourg annexed by the Kingdom of France ?
Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683 , it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire , including Goethe , Metternich and Montgelas , who studied law in Strasbourg , among the most prominent .	law	What did Montgelas study ?
Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683 , it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire , including Goethe , Metternich and Montgelas , who studied law in Strasbourg , among the most prominent .	Holy Roman Empire	From what empire did students come from to attend university ?
The Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire -LRB- BNU -RRB- is , with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles , the second largest library in France after the Bibliothèque nationale de France .	Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire	What is the second largest library in France ?
The Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire -LRB- BNU -RRB- is , with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles , the second largest library in France after the Bibliothèque nationale de France .	3,000,000	How many titles does the library have ?
It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students ' and a national library .	German administration	Who founded the library ?
It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students ' and a national library .	1871	When was the previous library destroyed ?
The Strasbourg municipal library had been marked erroneously as `` City Hall '' in a French commercial map , which had been captured and used by the German artillery to lay their guns .	City Hall	What was the library marked as on the map ?
As one of the earliest centers of book-printing in Europe -LRB- see above : History -RRB- , Strasbourg for a long time held a large number of incunabula -- documents printed before 1500 -- in her library as one of her most precious heritages .	documents printed before 1500	What are incunabula 's ?
After the total destruction of this institution in 1870 , however , a new collection had to be reassembled from scratch .	1870	When was the library destroyed ?
Today , Strasbourg 's different public and institutional libraries again display a sizable total number of incunabula , distributed as follows : Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire , ca. 2 098 Médiathèque de la ville et de la communauté urbaine de Strasbourg , 394 Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire , 238 Médiathèque protestante , 94 and Bibliothèque alsatique du Crédit Mutuel , 5 .	public and institutional libraries	What kind of building holds incunabula 's today ?
City transportation in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway that opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois -LRB- CTS -RRB- , consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km -LRB- 34.7 mi -RRB- .	1994	What year did the Strasbourg tramway open ?
City transportation in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway that opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois -LRB- CTS -RRB- , consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km -LRB- 34.7 mi -RRB- .	regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois	Who operates the Strasbourg tramway ?
City transportation in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway that opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois -LRB- CTS -RRB- , consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km -LRB- 34.7 mi -RRB- .	6	How many lines does the Strasbourg tramway have ?
City transportation in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway that opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois -LRB- CTS -RRB- , consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km -LRB- 34.7 mi -RRB- .	55.8 km	What is the length of the Strasbourg tramway in total ?
With more than 500 km -LRB- 311 mi -RRB- of bicycle paths , biking in the city is convenient and the CTS operates a cheap bike-sharing scheme named Vélhop ' .	500 km	How far do bike paths stretch in Strasbourg ?
In 1682 the Canal de la Bruche was added to the river navigations , initially to provide transport for sandstone from quarries in the Vosges for use in the fortification of the city .	1682	What year was the Canal de la Bruche added ?
Water tourism inside the city proper attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists yearly .	Water tourism	What kind of tourism attracts tourists yearly ?
Being a city on the Ill and close to the Rhine , Strasbourg has always been an important centre of fluvial navigation , as is attested by archeological findings .	Rhine	What river is Strasbourg by ?
The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it .	tram	What system also complements walking and biking ?
The centre has been transformed into a pedestrian priority zone that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable , safe and enjoyable .	pedestrian	What kind of priority zone has the city centre been transformed into ?
In addition , these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip .	public squares	What do bike paths go through to add enjoyment to the trip ?
This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts -- the Fused Grid .	Fused Grid	What is the layout of the neighbourhoods called ?
At present the A35 autoroute , which parallels the Rhine between Karlsruhe and Basel , and the A4 autoroute , which links Paris with Strasbourg , penetrate close to the centre of the city .	A35 autoroute	What route parallels the Rhine ?
The Grand contournement ouest -LRB- GCO -RRB- project , programmed since 1999 , plans to construct a 24 km -LRB- 15 mi -RRB- long highway connection between the junctions of the A4 and the A35 autoroutes in the north and of the A35 and A352 autoroutes in the south .	1999	What year did the Grand contournement ouest project open ?
The Grand contournement ouest -LRB- GCO -RRB- project , programmed since 1999 , plans to construct a 24 km -LRB- 15 mi -RRB- long highway connection between the junctions of the A4 and the A35 autoroutes in the north and of the A35 and A352 autoroutes in the south .	24 km	How far is the connection between junctions A4 and the A35 ?
This routes well to the west of the city and is meant to divest a significant portion of motorized traffic from the unité urbaine .	unité urbaine	The traffic coming west of the city is from where ?
Oklahoma i / ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə / -LRB- Cherokee : Asgaya gigageyi / ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨᏱ ; or translated ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ -LRB- òɡàlàhoma -RRB- , Pawnee : Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga : Gahnawiyoˀgeh -RRB- is a state located in the South Central United States .	Asgaya gigageyi	What is the Cherokee name for Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma i / ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə / -LRB- Cherokee : Asgaya gigageyi / ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨᏱ ; or translated ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ -LRB- òɡàlàhoma -RRB- , Pawnee : Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga : Gahnawiyoˀgeh -RRB- is a state located in the South Central United States .	Uukuhuúwa	What is the Pawnee name for Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma i / ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə / -LRB- Cherokee : Asgaya gigageyi / ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨᏱ ; or translated ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ -LRB- òɡàlàhoma -RRB- , Pawnee : Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga : Gahnawiyoˀgeh -RRB- is a state located in the South Central United States .	Gahnawiyoˀgeh	What is the Cayuga name for Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States .	28th	Where does Oklahoma rank by population ?
It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on the choicest pieces of land before the official opening date , and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which opened the door for white settlement in America 's Indian Territory .	The Sooner State	What is Oklahoma 's nickname ?
The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma , literally meaning red people .	Choctaw	What language does the name Oklahoma come from ?
The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma , literally meaning red people .	red people	What does Oklahoma mean ?
Choctaw Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government regarding the use of Indian Territory , in which he envisioned an all-Indian state controlled by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs .	1866	When was the name Oklahoma suggested ?
Choctaw Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government regarding the use of Indian Territory , in which he envisioned an all-Indian state controlled by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs .	Choctaw Chief Allen Wright	Who suggested the name Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory , and it was officially approved in 1890 , two years after the area was opened to white settlers .	1890	When was the name Oklahoma made official ?
Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States , covering an area of 69,898 square miles -LRB- 181,035 km2 -RRB- , with 68,667 square miles -LRB- 177847 km2 -RRB- of land and 1,281 square miles -LRB- 3,188 km2 -RRB- of water .	20th	Where does Oklahoma rank by land area ?
Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States , covering an area of 69,898 square miles -LRB- 181,035 km2 -RRB- , with 68,667 square miles -LRB- 177847 km2 -RRB- of land and 1,281 square miles -LRB- 3,188 km2 -RRB- of water .	69,898	How many square miles is Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States , covering an area of 69,898 square miles -LRB- 181,035 km2 -RRB- , with 68,667 square miles -LRB- 177847 km2 -RRB- of land and 1,281 square miles -LRB- 3,188 km2 -RRB- of water .	1,281	How many square miles of water is in Oklahoma ?
It is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states .	six	How many states are on the Frontier Strip ?
It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri , on the north by Kansas , on the northwest by Colorado , on the far west by New Mexico , and on the south and near-west by Texas .	Kansas	Which state is north of Oklahoma ?
The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line .	2.1 to 2.2 miles	How far out of alignment is Oklahoma 's western edge from Texas 's border ?
The border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819 .	1819	When was the border between TX and NM first determined ?
In the 1890s , when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques , it was discovered that the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian .	1890s	When was Oklahoma 's border determined ?
It was then set along the 103rd Meridian .	the 103rd Meridian	Where is the NM border of both Oklahoma and Texas supposed to line up with ?
The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian .	Oklahoma/New Mexico border	Which one is more accurately placed , the TX/NM border or the OK/NM border ?
Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed , generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary .	Ozark Plateau	What plateau is Oklahoma near ?
Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed , generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary .	Gulf of Mexico	What watershed is Oklahoma in ?
Its highest and lowest points follow this trend , with its highest peak , Black Mesa , at 4,973 feet -LRB- 1,516 m -RRB- above sea level , situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle .	Black Mesa	What is Oklahoma 's tallest mountain ?
Its highest and lowest points follow this trend , with its highest peak , Black Mesa , at 4,973 feet -LRB- 1,516 m -RRB- above sea level , situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle .	4,973	How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma 's highest point ?
The state 's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel , OK , which dips to 289 feet -LRB- 88 m -RRB- above sea level .	289	How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma 's lowest point ?
Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges : the Ouachita Mountains , the Arbuckle Mountains , the Wichita Mountains , and the Ozark Mountains .	four	How many major mountain ranges are in Oklahoma ?
Contained within the U.S. Interior Highlands region , the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains mark the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians .	the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains	Which of Oklahoma 's mountain ranges are in the US Interior Highlands ?
A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma , and near the state 's eastern border , Cavanal Hill is regarded by the Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department as the world 's tallest hill ; at 1,999 feet -LRB- 609 m -RRB- , it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot .	north-central	What part of Oklahoma does the Flint Hills reach into ?
A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma , and near the state 's eastern border , Cavanal Hill is regarded by the Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department as the world 's tallest hill ; at 1,999 feet -LRB- 609 m -RRB- , it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot .	Cavanal Hill	What is the world 's tallest hill ?
A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma , and near the state 's eastern border , Cavanal Hill is regarded by the Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department as the world 's tallest hill ; at 1,999 feet -LRB- 609 m -RRB- , it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot .	1,999 feet	How high is Cavanal Hill ?
The semi-arid high plains in the state 's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests ; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains .	Glass Mountains	What is an example of a mesa range ?
Partial plains interrupted by small , sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma ; transitional prairie and oak savannahs cover the central portion of the state .	southwestern	What part of Oklahoma is the Antelope Hills in ?
Partial plains interrupted by small , sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma ; transitional prairie and oak savannahs cover the central portion of the state .	central	What part of Oklahoma has oak savannahs ?
The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state 's eastern third , gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction .	The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains	What mountains are in Oklahoma 's eastern third ?
The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state 's eastern third , gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction .	eastward	In which direction do the Ozark mountains get higher ?
Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass , mixed-grass , and tallgrass prairie , harbor expansive ecosystems in the state 's central and western portions , although cropland has largely replaced native grasses .	24 percent	How much of Oklahoma is covered in forests ?
Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass , mixed-grass , and tallgrass prairie , harbor expansive ecosystems in the state 's central and western portions , although cropland has largely replaced native grasses .	shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie	What types of prairie grasslands does Oklahoma have ?
Where rainfall is sparse in the western regions of the state , shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems , though pinyon pines , red cedar -LRB- junipers -RRB- , and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in the far western reaches of the panhandle .	western	What part of Oklahoma has low rainfall ?
Where rainfall is sparse in the western regions of the state , shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems , though pinyon pines , red cedar -LRB- junipers -RRB- , and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in the far western reaches of the panhandle .	pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines	What types of trees grow near rivers in western Oklahoma ?
Southwestern Oklahoma contains many rare , disjunct species including sugar maple , bigtooth maple , nolina and southern live oak .	sugar maple, bigtooth maple	What rare types of maples grow in southwest Oklahoma ?
The state holds populations of white-tailed deer , mule deer , antelope , coyotes , mountain lions , bobcats , elk , and birds such as quail , doves , cardinals , bald eagles , red-tailed hawks , and pheasants .	quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants	What types of birds does Oklahoma have a lot of ?
The state holds populations of white-tailed deer , mule deer , antelope , coyotes , mountain lions , bobcats , elk , and birds such as quail , doves , cardinals , bald eagles , red-tailed hawks , and pheasants .	white-tailed deer, mule deer	What types of deer does Oklahoma have a lot of ?
In prairie ecosystems , American bison , greater prairie chickens , badgers , and armadillo are common , and some of the nation 's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state 's panhandle .	prairie dog	What does Oklahoma have the country 's largest towns of ?
The Cross Timbers , a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma , harbors 351 vertebrate species .	Central	What part of Oklahoma is Cross Timbers in ?
Also , in southeastern Oklahoma lives the American alligator .	southeastern	What part of Oklahoma does the American alligator live in ?
With 39,000 acres -LRB- 158 km2 -RRB- , the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area , once covering 14 states .	39,000 acres	How large is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve ?
With 39,000 acres -LRB- 158 km2 -RRB- , the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area , once covering 14 states .	north-central	What part of Oklahoma is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in ?
With 39,000 acres -LRB- 158 km2 -RRB- , the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area , once covering 14 states .	the world	The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve is the largest protected tallgrass prairie in what area ?
With 39,000 acres -LRB- 158 km2 -RRB- , the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area , once covering 14 states .	14	How many states were originally covered by the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve ?
The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine national wildlife refuges in the state and was founded in 1901 , encompassing 59,020 acres -LRB- 238.8 km2 -RRB- .	nine	How many national wildlife refuges are in Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma is located in a humid subtropical region .	humid subtropical	What is Oklahoma 's main climate region ?
Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold , dry air from Canada , warm to hot , dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S. , and warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico .	Tornado Alley	What natural-disaster-based nickname does Oklahoma 's region have ?
An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year -- one of the highest rates in the world .	average 62	How many tornadoes hit Oklahoma each year ?
The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather -LRB- severe thunderstorms , damaging thunderstorm winds , large hail and tornadoes -RRB- with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth .	severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes	What types of severe weather does Oklahoma get ?
Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold , dry air from Canada , warm to hot , dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S. , and warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico .	Mexico	Where does Oklahoma receive hot dry air from ?
As an example , on November 11 , 1911 , the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 °F -LRB- 28 °C -RRB- in the afternoon -LRB- the record high for that date -RRB- , then an Arctic cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state , causing the temperature to crash 66 degrees , down to 17 °F -LRB- − 8 °C -RRB- at midnight -LRB- the record low for that date -RRB- ; thus , both the record high and record low for November 11 were set on the same date .	83 °F	What is Oklahoma 's record high temperature for Nov 11 ?
As an example , on November 11 , 1911 , the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 °F -LRB- 28 °C -RRB- in the afternoon -LRB- the record high for that date -RRB- , then an Arctic cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state , causing the temperature to crash 66 degrees , down to 17 °F -LRB- − 8 °C -RRB- at midnight -LRB- the record low for that date -RRB- ; thus , both the record high and record low for November 11 were set on the same date .	17 °F	What is Oklahoma 's record low temperature for Nov 11 ?
As an example , on November 11 , 1911 , the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 °F -LRB- 28 °C -RRB- in the afternoon -LRB- the record high for that date -RRB- , then an Arctic cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state , causing the temperature to crash 66 degrees , down to 17 °F -LRB- − 8 °C -RRB- at midnight -LRB- the record low for that date -RRB- ; thus , both the record high and record low for November 11 were set on the same date .	an Arctic cold front	What caused Oklahoma 's temperature to plummet 66 degrees on Nov 11 , 1911 ?
This type of phenomenon is also responsible for many of the tornadoes in the area , such as the 1912 Oklahoma tornado outbreak , when a warm front traveled along a stalled cold front , resulting in an average of about one tornado per hour over the course of a day .	one tornado per hour	How fast did the 1912 tornado outbreak make tornadoes ?
This type of phenomenon is also responsible for many of the tornadoes in the area , such as the 1912 Oklahoma tornado outbreak , when a warm front traveled along a stalled cold front , resulting in an average of about one tornado per hour over the course of a day .	a day	How long did the 1912 tornado outbreak last ?
The humid subtropical climate -LRB- Koppen Cfa -RRB- of central , southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico .	central, southern and eastern	What parts of Oklahoma are in a humid subtropical climate ?
The humid subtropical climate -LRB- Koppen Cfa -RRB- of central , southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico .	Gulf of Mexico	Where do Oklahoma 's winds bring moisture from ?
Traveling westward , the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone -LRB- Koppen BSk -RRB- in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward , less frequently touched by southern moisture .	semi-arid	What is Oklahoma 's western climate type ?
Traveling westward , the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone -LRB- Koppen BSk -RRB- in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward , less frequently touched by southern moisture .	Lawton	Where in Oklahoma does the semi-arid zone begin ?
Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly , with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 °F -LRB- 17 °C -RRB- and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 inches -LRB- 1,020 mm -RRB- and up to 56 inches -LRB- 1,420 mm -RRB- , while areas of the -LRB- higher-elevation -RRB- panhandle average 58 °F -LRB- 14 °C -RRB- , with an annual rainfall under 17 inches -LRB- 430 mm -RRB- .	62 °F	What is the average annual temperature in southeast Oklahoma ?
Over almost all of Oklahoma , winter is the driest season .	winter	Which season is the most dry in Oklahoma ?
Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring to a peak in May , the wettest month over most of the state , with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity .	May	When does Oklahoma get the most rain ?
Mid-summer -LRB- July and August -RRB- represents a secondary dry season over much of Oklahoma , with long stretches of hot weather with only sporadic thunderstorm activity not uncommon many years .	Mid-summer	When is the second-driest season in Oklahoma ?
Severe drought is common in the hottest summers , such as those of 1934 , 1954 , 1980 and 2011 , all of which featured weeks on end of virtual rainlessness and high temperatures well over 100 °F -LRB- 38 °C -RRB- .	1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011	What years were Oklahoma 's hottest summers ?
Severe drought is common in the hottest summers , such as those of 1934 , 1954 , 1980 and 2011 , all of which featured weeks on end of virtual rainlessness and high temperatures well over 100 °F -LRB- 38 °C -RRB- .	well over 100 °F	How hot were Oklahoma 's hottest summers ?
All of the state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 °F -LRB- 38 °C -RRB- or below 0 °F -LRB- − 18 °C -RRB- , though below-zero temperatures are rare in south-central and southeastern Oklahoma .	south-central and southeastern	What parts of Oklahoma rarely see below-zero temperatures ?
Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 inches -LRB- 10 cm -RRB- in the south to just over 20 inches -LRB- 51 cm -RRB- on the border of Colorado in the panhandle .	less than 4 inches	What is the average snowfall in southern Oklahoma ?
Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 inches -LRB- 10 cm -RRB- in the south to just over 20 inches -LRB- 51 cm -RRB- on the border of Colorado in the panhandle .	over 20 inches	What is the average snowfall in Oklahoma near the Colorado border ?
The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center , the National Severe Storms Laboratory , and the Warning Decision Training Branch , all part of the National Weather Service and located in Norman .	Norman	Where is the Storm Prediction Center located ?
Oklahoma 's highest recorded temperature of 120 °F -LRB- 49 °C -RRB- was recorded at Tipton on June 27 , 1994 and the lowest recorded temperature of − 31 °F -LRB- − 35 °C -RRB- was recorded at Nowata on February 10 , 2011 .	120 °F	What was Oklahoma 's record high temperature ?
Ancestors of the Wichita and Caddo lived in what is now Oklahoma .	Wichita and Caddo	Ancestors of which tribes lived in Oklahoma ?
The westernmost center of the Mississippian culture was Spiro Mounds , in what is now Spiro , Oklahoma , which flourished between AD 850 and 1450 .	Spiro Mounds	What was Spiro , Oklahoma named for ?
The westernmost center of the Mississippian culture was Spiro Mounds , in what is now Spiro , Oklahoma , which flourished between AD 850 and 1450 .	between AD 850 and 1450	When did Spiro Mounds flourish ?
Spaniard Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled through the state in 1541 , but French explorers claimed the area in the 1700s and it remained under French rule until 1803 , when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was purchased by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase .	Francisco Vásquez de Coronado	What Spanish explorer visited Oklahoma in 1541 ?
Spaniard Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled through the state in 1541 , but French explorers claimed the area in the 1700s and it remained under French rule until 1803 , when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was purchased by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase .	1803	When did France sell Oklahoma 's land to the US ?
Tulsa eventually became known as the `` Oil Capital of the World '' for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state 's early economy .	Tulsa	What was the `` Oil Capital of the World '' ?
Tulsa eventually became known as the `` Oil Capital of the World '' for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state 's early economy .	oil	What type of investments were important in early Oklahoma ?
In 1927 , Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery , known as the `` Father of Route 66 '' , began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66 .	Cyrus Avery	Who was the `` Father of Route 66 '' ?
Using a stretch of highway from Amarillo , Texas to Tulsa , Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66 , Avery spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to oversee the planning of Route 66 , based in his hometown of Tulsa .	Tulsa	Where was the Highway 66 Association based ?
In 1927 , Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery , known as the `` Father of Route 66 '' , began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66 .	1927	When did Route 66 begin ?
During the 1930s , parts of the state began suffering the consequences of poor farming practices , extended drought and high winds .	1930s	When did the Dust Bowl begin ?
During the 1930s , parts of the state began suffering the consequences of poor farming practices , extended drought and high winds .	poor farming practices	What mistake led to the Dust Bowl ?
Known as the Dust Bowl , areas of Kansas , Texas , New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall and abnormally high temperatures , sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States .	Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma	What states were affected by the Dust Bowl ?
Known as the Dust Bowl , areas of Kansas , Texas , New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall and abnormally high temperatures , sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States .	thousands	How many farmers had to relocate because of the Dust Bowl ?
Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950 , the state saw its only historical decline in population , dropping 6.9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl .	6.9 percent	How much did Oklahoma 's population decline from 1930 to 1950 ?
The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19 , 1995 , in which Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols detonated an explosive outside of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building , killed 168 people , including 19 children .	April 19, 1995	When was the Oklahoma City Bombing ?
The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19 , 1995 , in which Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols detonated an explosive outside of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building , killed 168 people , including 19 children .	Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols	Who committed the Oklahoma City Bombing ?
The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19 , 1995 , in which Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols detonated an explosive outside of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building , killed 168 people , including 19 children .	168	How many people died in the Oklahoma City Bombing ?
The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19 , 1995 , in which Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols detonated an explosive outside of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building , killed 168 people , including 19 children .	19	How many children died in the Oklahoma City Bombing ?
The two men were convicted of the bombing : McVeigh was sentenced to death and executed by the federal government on June 11 , 2001 ; his partner Nichols is serving a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole .	June 11, 2001	When was McVeigh executed ?
The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010 .	2010	When did Oklahoma declare an official language ?
In 2000 , 2,977,187 Oklahomans -- 92.6 % of the resident population five years or older -- spoke only English at home , a decrease from 95 % in 1990 .	2,977,187	How many Oklahomans speak only English at home , as of 2000 ?
In 2000 , 2,977,187 Oklahomans -- 92.6 % of the resident population five years or older -- spoke only English at home , a decrease from 95 % in 1990 .	92.6%	What percent of Oklahomans speak only English at home , as of 2000 ?
Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language in the state , with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000 .	Spanish	What is the second-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma ?
The next most commonly spoken language is Cherokee , with about 22,000 speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma .	Cherokee	What is the third-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma ?
German is the fourth most commonly used language , with 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4 % of the total state population .	German	What is Oklahoma 's fourth most popular language ?
German is the fourth most commonly used language , with 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4 % of the total state population .	13,444	How many Oklahomans speak German ?
In addition to Cherokee , more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma , second only to California -LRB- though , it should be noted that only Cherokee exhibits language vitality at present -RRB- .	more than 25	How many Native American languages are used in Oklahoma ?
Fifth is Vietnamese , spoken by 11,330 people , or about 0.4 % of the population , many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City .	Vietnamese	What is Oklahoma 's fifth most popular language ?
Fifth is Vietnamese , spoken by 11,330 people , or about 0.4 % of the population , many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City .	11,330	How many Oklahomans speak Vietnamese ?
Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative and Evangelical Christianity known as the `` Bible Belt '' .	the "Bible Belt"	What is the conservative Evangelical Christian region called ?
Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States , the area is known for politically and socially conservative views , even though Oklahoma has more voters registered with the Democratic Party than with any other party .	southern and eastern	What parts of the US are covered by the ` Bible Belt ' ?
Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States , the area is known for politically and socially conservative views , even though Oklahoma has more voters registered with the Democratic Party than with any other party .	Democratic	What political party has the most members in Oklahoma ?
Tulsa , the state 's second largest city , home to Oral Roberts University , is sometimes called the `` buckle of the Bible Belt '' .	Tulsa	What is Oklahoma 's 2nd-largest city ?
According to the Pew Research Center , the majority of Oklahoma 's religious adherents -- 85 percent -- are Christian , accounting for about 80 percent of the population .	80 percent	How much of Oklahoma 's population is Christian ?
The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas , is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state , and also ranks 5th in production of wheat .	third	How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing natural gas ?
The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas , is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state , and also ranks 5th in production of wheat .	5th	How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing wheat ?
Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma , and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation , with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007 .	Four	How many Fortune 500 companies are based in Oklahoma ?
Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma , and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation , with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007 .	six	How many Fortune 1000 companies are based in Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma is the nation 's third-largest producer of natural gas , fifth-largest producer of crude oil , and has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs , and ranks fifth in crude oil reserves .	fifth	How does Oklahoma 's crude oil reserves rank among states ?
While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011 , it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy , with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009 , including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas .	94 percent	How much of Oklahoma 's electricity comes from non-renewable sources ?
While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011 , it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy , with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009 , including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas .	25 percent	How much of Oklahoma 's electricity comes from coal ?
According to Forbes magazine , Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy Corporation , Chesapeake Energy Corporation , and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil-related companies in the nation , and all of Oklahoma 's Fortune 500 companies are energy-related .	Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation	Which largest private oil companies are based in Oklahoma City ?
Tulsa 's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state 's largest and second-largest companies respectively , also ranking as the nation 's second and third-largest companies in the field of energy , according to Fortune magazine .	ONEOK	What is the largest company in Oklahoma ?
Tulsa 's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state 's largest and second-largest companies respectively , also ranking as the nation 's second and third-largest companies in the field of energy , according to Fortune magazine .	Williams Companies	What is the 2nd-largest company in Oklahoma ?
Tulsa 's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state 's largest and second-largest companies respectively , also ranking as the nation 's second and third-largest companies in the field of energy , according to Fortune magazine .	Tulsa	Where is ONEOK based ?
The state has a rich history in ballet with five Native American ballerinas attaining worldwide fame .	five	How many famous Native American ballerinas came from Oklahoma ?
These were Yvonne Chouteau , sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief , Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin , known collectively as the Five Moons .	the Five Moons	What are Oklahoma 's Native American ballerinas called ?
The Oklahoma City Ballet and University of Oklahoma 's dance program were formed by ballerina Yvonne Chouteau and husband Miguel Terekhov .	Yvonne Chouteau	What ballerina started the Oklahoma City Ballet ?
The University program was founded in 1962 and was the first fully accredited program of its kind in the United States .	1962	When did the University of Oklahoma 's dance program begin ?
These were Yvonne Chouteau , sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief , Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin , known collectively as the Five Moons .	Marjorie and Maria Tallchief	Which sisters were in the Five Moons ?
In Sand Springs , an outdoor amphitheater called `` Discoveryland ! ''	Sand Springs	Where is ` Discoveryland ! ' ?
Ridge Bond , native of McAlester , Oklahoma , starred in the Broadway and International touring productions of Oklahoma !	Ridge Bond	Who starred in the Broadway production of ` Oklahoma ! ' ?
Ridge Bond , native of McAlester , Oklahoma , starred in the Broadway and International touring productions of Oklahoma !	McAlester, Oklahoma	Where is Ridge Bond from ?
, playing the role of `` Curly McClain '' in more than 2,600 performances .	Curly McClain	Who did Ridge Bond play ?
, playing the role of `` Curly McClain '' in more than 2,600 performances .	more than 2,600	How many performances of Oklahoma ! was Ridge Bond in ?
Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include , in the capital city , Oklahoma City Theatre Company , Carpenter Square Theatre , Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park , and CityRep .	Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep	What major theater groups are in Oklahoma City ?
In Tulsa , Oklahoma 's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company , and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi .	Theatre Tulsa	What is the oldest community theater group west of the Mississippi River ?
In Tulsa , Oklahoma 's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company , and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi .	Tulsa	Where is the American Theatre Company based ?
In Tulsa , Oklahoma 's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company , and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi .	American Theatre Company	What is the oldest resident professional theater company in Oklahoma ?
Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater .	Tulsa	Where is Heller Theatre ?
Oklahoma is in the nation 's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts , ranking 17th , and contains more than 300 museums .	more than 300	How many museums are in Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma is in the nation 's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts , ranking 17th , and contains more than 300 museums .	17th	How does Oklahoma 's per-capita arts spending rank ?
The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman , one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country , documents the natural history of the region .	Tulsa	Where is the Philbrook Museum ?
The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman , one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country , documents the natural history of the region .	fine art	What kind of museum is the Philbrook ?
The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa , which also holds the world 's largest , most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West .	Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa	Where are Thomas Gilcrease 's collections housed ?
The Egyptian art collection at the Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee is considered to be the finest Egyptian collection between Chicago and Los Angeles .	Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee	Where does Oklahoma have a fine Egyptian art collection ?
The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most comprehensive collection of glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly in the world , and Oklahoma City 's National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum documents the heritage of the American Western frontier .	Oklahoma City Museum of Art	Where is the largest collection of Dale Chinuly 's work ?
The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most comprehensive collection of glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly in the world , and Oklahoma City 's National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum documents the heritage of the American Western frontier .	glass sculptures	What kind of art did Dale Chinuly make ?
The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most comprehensive collection of glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly in the world , and Oklahoma City 's National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum documents the heritage of the American Western frontier .	Oklahoma City	Where is the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum ?
With remnants of the Holocaust and artifacts relevant to Judaism , the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa preserves the largest collection of Jewish art in the Southwest United States .	Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa	Where is the largest Jewish art collection in the southwest ?
Oklahoma 's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association , and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16 , 2007 .	2007	When was Oklahoma 's centennial year ?
Oklahoma 's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association , and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16 , 2007 .	November 16, 2007	When was the exact hundredth anniversary of Oklahoma 's statehood ?
Oklahoma 's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association , and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16 , 2007 .	American Bus Association	What organization said Oklahoma 's centennial was the top event in the US that year ?
Annual ethnic festivals and events take place throughout the state such as Native American powwows and ceremonial events , and include festivals -LRB- as examples -RRB- in Scottish , Irish , German , Italian , Vietnamese , Chinese , Czech , Jewish , Arab , Mexican and African-American communities depicting cultural heritage or traditions .	cultural heritage or traditions	What do ethnic festivals depict ?
During a 10-day run in Oklahoma City , the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people along with the annual Festival of the Arts .	10-day	How long is the State Fair of Oklahoma ?
During a 10-day run in Oklahoma City , the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people along with the annual Festival of the Arts .	Oklahoma City	Where is the State Fair of Oklahoma ?
During a 10-day run in Oklahoma City , the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people along with the annual Festival of the Arts .	roughly one million	How many people attend the State Fair of Oklahoma each year ?
The Tulsa State Fair attracts over one million people during its 10-day run , and the city 's Mayfest festival entertained more than 375,000 people in four days during 2007 .	10-day	How long is the Tulsa State Fair ?
The Tulsa State Fair attracts over one million people during its 10-day run , and the city 's Mayfest festival entertained more than 375,000 people in four days during 2007 .	over one million	How many people attend the Tulsa State Fair each year ?
Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman , which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma 's first medieval fair .	1976	When did the Medieval Fair of Norman begin ?
Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman , which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma 's first medieval fair .	Norman	Where was Oklahoma 's first medieval fair ?
The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003 .	the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus	Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held for its first 2 years ?
The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003 .	Duck Pond in Norman	Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held from 1978 to 2002 ?
The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003 .	Reaves Park	Where has the Medieval Fair of Norman been held since 2003 ?
With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions , Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary , secondary , and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008 -LSB- update -RSB- .	638,817	How many students were in Oklahoma 's public schools in 2008 ?
With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions , Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary , secondary , and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008 -LSB- update -RSB- .	533	How many school districts are in Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the nation with 126,078 students in the 2009-10 school year .	126,078	How many Native American students are in Oklahoma 's public schools ?
Ranked near the bottom of states in expenditures per student , Oklahoma spent $ 7,755 for each student in 2008 , 47th in the nation , though its growth of total education expenditures between 1992 and 2002 ranked 22nd .	$7,755	What does Oklahoma spend per student in public schools as of 2008 ?
With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions , Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary , secondary , and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008 -LSB- update -RSB- .	1,845	How many public schools does Oklahoma have ?
The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education , and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards , quality , and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004 , calling it a model for early childhood schooling .	National Institute for Early Education Research	Who said Oklahoma 's pre-K program is the best in the US ?
The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education , and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards , quality , and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004 , calling it a model for early childhood schooling .	2004	When was Oklahoma 's pre-K called ' a model for early childhood schooling ' ?
High school dropout rate decreased from 3.1 to 2.5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate .	3.1	What was Oklahoma 's high school dropout rate in 2007 ?
High school dropout rate decreased from 3.1 to 2.5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate .	2.5 percent	What was Oklahoma 's high school dropout rate in 2008 ?
In 2004 , the state ranked 36th in the nation for the relative number of adults with high school diplomas , though at 85.2 percent , it had the highest rate among southern states .	85.2 percent	What percent of Oklahomans have graduated high school ?
Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities , including Northeastern State University , the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River , also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount .	eleven	How many public universities does Oklahoma have ?
Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities , including Northeastern State University , the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River , also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount .	Northeastern State University	What is the second-oldest university west of the MS River ?
Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities , including Northeastern State University , the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River , also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount .	Northeastern State University	Within what university is Oklahoma 's only optometry college ?
Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities , including Northeastern State University , the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River , also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount .	Northeastern State University	What university has the largest Native American enrollment in the US ?
Langston University is Oklahoma 's only historically black college .	Langston University	What is Oklahoma 's only HBCU ?
In the 2007 -- 2008 school year , there were 181,973 undergraduate students , 20,014 graduate students , and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges .	181,973	How many undergrad students were in Oklahoma in 2007 ?
In the 2007 -- 2008 school year , there were 181,973 undergraduate students , 20,014 graduate students , and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges .	20,014	How many grad students were in Oklahoma in 2007 ?
In the 2007 -- 2008 school year , there were 181,973 undergraduate students , 20,014 graduate students , and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges .	4,395	How many professional degree college students were in Oklahoma in 2007 ?
Of these students , 18,892 received a bachelor 's degree , 5,386 received a master 's degree , and 462 received a first professional degree .	18,892	How many of Oklahoma 's 2007 undergrads completed their degree ?
Of these students , 18,892 received a bachelor 's degree , 5,386 received a master 's degree , and 462 received a first professional degree .	5,386	How many of Oklahoma 's 2007 grad students completed their degree ?
The Cherokee Nation instigated a 10-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home .	Cherokee Nation	Which Native American group is involved in a language preservation project ?
This plan was part of an ambitious goal that in 50 years , 80 % or more of the Cherokee people will be fluent in the language .	80% or more	What percent of Cherokee people are desired to be fluent in Cherokee ?
The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $ 3 million into opening schools , training teachers , and developing curricula for language education , as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used .	Cherokee Preservation Foundation	What group runs the Cherokee language preservation project ?
The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $ 3 million into opening schools , training teachers , and developing curricula for language education , as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used .	$3 million	How much has the Cherokee Preservation Foundation spent on schools ?
There is a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah , Oklahoma that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade .	Tahlequah, Oklahoma	Where is there a Cherokee immersion school ?
The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association -LRB- NBA -RRB- is the state 's only major league sports franchise .	Oklahoma City Thunder	What is the only major league sports team in Oklahoma ?
The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association -LRB- NBA -RRB- is the state 's only major league sports franchise .	National Basketball Association	What league is the Thunder in ?
The state had a team in the Women 's National Basketball Association , the Tulsa Shock , from 2010 through 2015 , but the team relocated to Dallas -- Fort Worth after that season and became the Dallas Wings .	Tulsa Shock	What had Oklahoma 's WNBA team been ?
The state had a team in the Women 's National Basketball Association , the Tulsa Shock , from 2010 through 2015 , but the team relocated to Dallas -- Fort Worth after that season and became the Dallas Wings .	Dallas–Fort Worth	Where did Oklahoma 's WNBA team move to ?
The state had a team in the Women 's National Basketball Association , the Tulsa Shock , from 2010 through 2015 , but the team relocated to Dallas -- Fort Worth after that season and became the Dallas Wings .	Dallas Wings	What was Oklahoma 's WNBA team renamed to when it moved ?
The NBA 's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports franchise based in Oklahoma when the team was forced to relocate to Oklahoma City 's Ford Center , now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena , for two seasons following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .	New Orleans Hornets	Which NBA team temporarily relocated to Oklahoma ?
The NBA 's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports franchise based in Oklahoma when the team was forced to relocate to Oklahoma City 's Ford Center , now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena , for two seasons following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .	Oklahoma City's Ford Center	Where did the temporary NBA team play in Oklahoma ?
The NBA 's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports franchise based in Oklahoma when the team was forced to relocate to Oklahoma City 's Ford Center , now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena , for two seasons following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .	Hurricane Katrina	What caused the temporary NBA team to relocate to Oklahoma ?
In July 2008 , the Seattle SuperSonics , a franchise owned by the Professional Basketball Club LLC , a group of Oklahoma City businessmen led by Clayton Bennett , relocated to Oklahoma City and announced that play would begin at the Ford Center as the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008 -- 09 season , becoming the state 's first permanent major league franchise .	Seattle SuperSonics	What was the Thunder 's previous name ?
In July 2008 , the Seattle SuperSonics , a franchise owned by the Professional Basketball Club LLC , a group of Oklahoma City businessmen led by Clayton Bennett , relocated to Oklahoma City and announced that play would begin at the Ford Center as the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008 -- 09 season , becoming the state 's first permanent major league franchise .	Professional Basketball Club LLC	Who owns the Thunder ?
The state has four schools that compete at the highest level of college sports , NCAA Division I .	four	How many NCAA Division I colleges does Oklahoma have ?
The most prominent are the state 's two members of the Big 12 Conference , one of the so-called Power Five conferences of the top tier of college football , Division I FBS .	two	How many colleges does Oklahoma have in the Big 12 ?
The University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University average well over 50,000 fans attending their football games , and Oklahoma 's football program ranked 12th in attendance among American colleges in 2010 , with an average of 84,738 people attending its home games .	over 50,000	How many fans attend an average Oklahoma State University football game ?
The two universities meet several times each year in rivalry matches known as the Bedlam Series , which are some of the greatest sporting draws to the state .	Bedlam Series	What is the rivalry between OSU and University of Oklahoma called ?
Two private institutions in Tulsa , the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University ; are also Division I members .	Tulsa	Where is Oral Roberts University ?
Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa , and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa , Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City , and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa .	LPGA	What kind of tournaments does Cedar Ridge Country Club host ?
Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa , and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa , Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City , and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa .	Tulsa	Where is Southern Hills Country Club ?
Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa , and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa , Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City , and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa .	Oklahoma City	Where is Oak Tree Country Club ?
Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa , and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa , Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City , and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa .	Tulsa	Where is Cedar Ridge Country Club ?
Rated one of the top golf courses in the nation , Southern Hills has hosted four PGA Championships , including one in 2007 , and three U.S. Opens , the most recent in 2001 .	four	How many PGA championships has Southern Hills held ?
The state has two primary newspapers .	two	How many major newspapers does Oklahoma have ?
The Oklahoman , based in Oklahoma City , is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th-largest in the nation by circulation , with a weekday readership of 138,493 and a Sunday readership of 202,690 .	The Oklahoman	What is the largest Oklahoma newspaper ?
The Oklahoman , based in Oklahoma City , is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th-largest in the nation by circulation , with a weekday readership of 138,493 and a Sunday readership of 202,690 .	202,690	How many people read the Sunday issue of The Oklahoman ?
The Tulsa World , the second most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the nation , holds a Sunday circulation of 132,969 and a weekday readership of 93,558 .	The Tulsa World	What is the 2nd-largest Oklahoma newspaper ?
The Tulsa World , the second most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the nation , holds a Sunday circulation of 132,969 and a weekday readership of 93,558 .	132,969	How many people read the Sunday issue of The Tulsa World ?
More than 12,000 miles -LRB- 19,000 km -RRB- of roads make up the state 's major highway skeleton , including state-operated highways , ten turnpikes or major toll roads , and the longest drivable stretch of Route 66 in the nation .	More than 12,000	How many miles of highways are in Oklahoma ?
More than 12,000 miles -LRB- 19,000 km -RRB- of roads make up the state 's major highway skeleton , including state-operated highways , ten turnpikes or major toll roads , and the longest drivable stretch of Route 66 in the nation .	Route 66	Oklahoma has the longest drivable stretch of what famous highway ?
In 2008 , Interstate 44 in Oklahoma City was Oklahoma 's busiest highway , with a daily traffic volume of 123,300 cars .	Interstate 44	What is the busiest highway in Oklahoma ?
In 2010 , the state had the nation 's third highest number of bridges classified as structurally deficient , with nearly 5,212 bridges in disrepair , including 235 National Highway System Bridges .	5,212	How many bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010 ?
In 2010 , the state had the nation 's third highest number of bridges classified as structurally deficient , with nearly 5,212 bridges in disrepair , including 235 National Highway System Bridges .	235	How many national highway bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010 ?
Oklahoma 's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City , averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million -LRB- 1.7 million boardings -RRB- in 2010 .	Will Rogers World Airport	What is the largest commercial airport in Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma 's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City , averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million -LRB- 1.7 million boardings -RRB- in 2010 .	Oklahoma City	Where is Oklahoma 's largest airport ?
Oklahoma 's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City , averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million -LRB- 1.7 million boardings -RRB- in 2010 .	1.7 million	How many people boarded in Will Rogers World Airport in 2010 ?
Between the two , six airlines operate in Oklahoma .	six	How many different airlines operate in Oklahoma ?
In total , Oklahoma has over 150 public-use airports .	over 150	How many public airports does Oklahoma have ?
Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma : the Port of Muskogee and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa .	Two	How many ports does Oklahoma have ?
The only port handling international cargo in the state , the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the most inland ocean-going port in the nation and ships over two million tons of cargo each year .	Tulsa Port of Catoosa	Which port in Oklahoma handles international cargo ?
The only port handling international cargo in the state , the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the most inland ocean-going port in the nation and ships over two million tons of cargo each year .	Tulsa	Where is the furthest-inland oceangoing port in the US ?
The only port handling international cargo in the state , the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the most inland ocean-going port in the nation and ships over two million tons of cargo each year .	over two million	How many tons of cargo does the Tulsa Port of Catoosa ship annually ?
Both ports are located on the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System , which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River via the Verdigris and Arkansas rivers , contributing to one of the busiest waterways in the world .	the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System	What connects the two Oklahoma ports ?
Oklahoma 's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court , the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals , and 77 District Courts that each serves one county .	77	How many district courts does Oklahoma have ?
Oklahoma 's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court , the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals , and 77 District Courts that each serves one county .	77	How many counties does Oklahoma have ?
Oklahoma has two courts of last resort : the state Supreme Court hears civil cases , and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases -LRB- this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas -RRB- .	the state Supreme Court	What is the civil court of last resort in Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma has two courts of last resort : the state Supreme Court hears civil cases , and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases -LRB- this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas -RRB- .	Texas	What is the only other state with two courts of last resort ?
Oklahoma has two courts of last resort : the state Supreme Court hears civil cases , and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases -LRB- this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas -RRB- .	the state Court of Criminal Appeals	What is the criminal court of last resort in Oklahoma ?
The executive branch consists of the Governor , their staff , and other elected officials .	the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials	Who is in the executive branch ?
The principal head of government , the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch , serving as the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature .	the Governor	Who commands the Oklahoma National Guard ?
The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget , ensuring that state laws are enforced , and ensuring peace within the state is preserved .	the Executive branch	Who is responsible for submitting a state budget in Oklahoma ?
The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget , ensuring that state laws are enforced , and ensuring peace within the state is preserved .	the Executive branch	Who is responsible for enforcing Oklahoma 's laws ?
The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally , each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners , a tax assessor , clerk , court clerk , treasurer , and sheriff .	commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff	What are the major county offices in Oklahoma ?
The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally , each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners , a tax assessor , clerk , court clerk , treasurer , and sheriff .	77	How many counties are in Oklahoma ?
Both county and municipal governments collect taxes , employ a separate police force , hold elections , and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction .	Both county and municipal governments	Who can collect taxes in Oklahoma ?
Both county and municipal governments collect taxes , employ a separate police force , hold elections , and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction .	Both county and municipal governments	Who can hold elections in Oklahoma ?
Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma , each holding limited powers within designated areas .	Thirty-nine	How many tribal governments are in Oklahoma ?
While Indian reservations typical in most of the United States are not present in Oklahoma , tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era , but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties .	reservations	Tribes hold land in Oklahoma , but what is n't it called ?
Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive , judicial , and legislative powers over tribal members and functions , but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers .	executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions	What powers do tribal governments have ?
Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive , judicial , and legislative powers over tribal members and functions , but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers .	the United States Congress	Who can overrule the tribal governments ?
The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval .	the United States Congress	Who must approve tribal constitutions ?
After the 1948 election , the state turned firmly Republican .	Republican	What political party rose to power in Oklahoma in 1948 ?
Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015 , starting in 1952 , Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election -LRB- 1964 -RRB- .	2015	When did registered Republicans become a majority in Oklahoma ?
Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015 , starting in 1952 , Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election -LRB- 1964 -RRB- .	1964	What is the one election since 1952 where a Republican presidential candidate did n't win in Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma was the only state where Barack Obama failed to carry any of its counties in both 2008 and 2012 .	Barack Obama	Oklahoma was the only state where which presidential candidate won no counties twice ?
Al Gore in 2000 , though , was the last Democrat to even win any counties in the state .	Al Gore	Who was the last Democratic presidential candidate to win any counties in Oklahoma ?
Following the 2000 census , the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives , each serving one congressional district .	six	How many US House reps did Oklahoma have before the 2000 census ?
Following the 2000 census , the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives , each serving one congressional district .	five	How many US House reps did Oklahoma have after the 2000 census ?
For the 112th Congress -LRB- 2011 -- 2013 -RRB- , there were no changes in party strength , and the delegation included four Republicans and one Democrat .	four	How many of Oklahoma 's House reps were Republican in 2012 ?
In the 112th Congress , Oklahoma 's U.S. senators were Republicans Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn , and its U.S. Representatives were John Sullivan -LRB- R-OK-1 -RRB- , Dan Boren -LRB- D-OK-2 -RRB- , Frank D. Lucas -LRB- R-OK-3 -RRB- , Tom Cole -LRB- R-OK-4 -RRB- , and James Lankford -LRB- R-OK-5 -RRB- .	Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn	Who are Oklahoma 's US Senators ?
In the 112th Congress , Oklahoma 's U.S. senators were Republicans Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn , and its U.S. Representatives were John Sullivan -LRB- R-OK-1 -RRB- , Dan Boren -LRB- D-OK-2 -RRB- , Frank D. Lucas -LRB- R-OK-3 -RRB- , Tom Cole -LRB- R-OK-4 -RRB- , and James Lankford -LRB- R-OK-5 -RRB- .	Republicans	What political party are Oklahoma 's US Senators ?
Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010 , including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000 .	598	How many incorporated cities are in Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010 , including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000 .	four	How many Oklahoma cities have over 100,000 people ?
Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010 , including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000 .	Oklahoma	How many of the 50 largest US cities are in Oklahoma ?
Oklahoma City , the state 's capital and largest city , had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2010 , with 1,252,987 people , and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 937,478 residents .	Oklahoma City	What is the largest metro area in Oklahoma as of 2010 ?
Oklahoma City , the state 's capital and largest city , had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2010 , with 1,252,987 people , and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 937,478 residents .	937,478	How many people live in the Tulsa metro area ?
In descending order of population , Oklahoma 's largest cities in 2010 were : Oklahoma City -LRB- 579,999 , +14.6 % -RRB- , Tulsa -LRB- 391,906 , − 0.3 % -RRB- , Norman -LRB- 110,925 , +15.9 % -RRB- , Broken Arrow -LRB- 98,850 , +32.0 % -RRB- , Lawton -LRB- 96,867 , +4.4 % -RRB- , Edmond -LRB- 81,405 , +19.2 % -RRB- , Moore -LRB- 55,081 , +33.9 % -RRB- , Midwest City -LRB- 54,371 , +0.5 % -RRB- , Enid -LRB- 49,379 , +5.0 % -RRB- , and Stillwater -LRB- 45,688 , +17.0 % -RRB- .	Oklahoma City	What is Oklahoma 's largest city ?
In descending order of population , Oklahoma 's largest cities in 2010 were : Oklahoma City -LRB- 579,999 , +14.6 % -RRB- , Tulsa -LRB- 391,906 , − 0.3 % -RRB- , Norman -LRB- 110,925 , +15.9 % -RRB- , Broken Arrow -LRB- 98,850 , +32.0 % -RRB- , Lawton -LRB- 96,867 , +4.4 % -RRB- , Edmond -LRB- 81,405 , +19.2 % -RRB- , Moore -LRB- 55,081 , +33.9 % -RRB- , Midwest City -LRB- 54,371 , +0.5 % -RRB- , Enid -LRB- 49,379 , +5.0 % -RRB- , and Stillwater -LRB- 45,688 , +17.0 % -RRB- .	96,867	How many people lived in Lawton in 2010 ?
In descending order of population , Oklahoma 's largest cities in 2010 were : Oklahoma City -LRB- 579,999 , +14.6 % -RRB- , Tulsa -LRB- 391,906 , − 0.3 % -RRB- , Norman -LRB- 110,925 , +15.9 % -RRB- , Broken Arrow -LRB- 98,850 , +32.0 % -RRB- , Lawton -LRB- 96,867 , +4.4 % -RRB- , Edmond -LRB- 81,405 , +19.2 % -RRB- , Moore -LRB- 55,081 , +33.9 % -RRB- , Midwest City -LRB- 54,371 , +0.5 % -RRB- , Enid -LRB- 49,379 , +5.0 % -RRB- , and Stillwater -LRB- 45,688 , +17.0 % -RRB- .	45,688	How many people lived in Stillwater in 2010 ?
Of the state 's ten largest cities , three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa , and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau , though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith , Arkansas extends into the state .	Fort Smith	What Arkansas city 's metro area extends into Oklahoma ?
The House passed HCR 1024 , which will change the state motto from `` Labor Omnia Vincit '' to `` Oklahoma-In God We Trust ! ''	HCR 1024	What state House bill would change Oklahoma 's motto to ` Oklahoma - In God We Trust ' ?
The House passed HCR 1024 , which will change the state motto from `` Labor Omnia Vincit '' to `` Oklahoma-In God We Trust ! ''	Labor Omnia Vincit	What was Oklahoma 's state motto , before the state House bill might change it ?
The author of the resolution stated that a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no `` official '' vote regarding `` Labor Omnia Vincit '' , therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto .	no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit"	Why did the state House think they could change Oklahoma 's motto ?
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent ; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization ; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions ; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement ; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism , Buddhism , Shaivism , Vaishnavism and Shaktism ; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent , including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers ; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule ; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India .	Indian subcontinent	In what geographic area was the country of India established ?
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent ; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization ; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions ; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement ; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism , Buddhism , Shaivism , Vaishnavism and Shaktism ; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent , including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers ; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule ; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India .	Vedic Civilization	What did the joining of the Indus Valley and Indo-Aryan cultures produce ?
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent ; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization ; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions ; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement ; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism , Buddhism , Shaivism , Vaishnavism and Shaktism ; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent , including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers ; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule ; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India .	Indian cultures and traditions	Of what is Hinduism a combination ?
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent ; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization ; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions ; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement ; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism , Buddhism , Shaivism , Vaishnavism and Shaktism ; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent , including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers ; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule ; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India .	two millennia	How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent ?
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent ; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization ; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions ; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement ; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism , Buddhism , Shaivism , Vaishnavism and Shaktism ; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent , including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers ; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule ; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India .	independence movement	What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India ?
Evidence of Anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is recorded as long as 75,000 years ago , or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago .	75,000 years	For how long have modern humans lived on the Indian subcontinent ?
Evidence of Anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is recorded as long as 75,000 years ago , or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago .	500,000 years ago	How long ago did earlier hominids live on the Indian subcontinent ?
The Indus Valley Civilization which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3200 to 1300 BCE , was the first major civilization in South Asia .	c. 3200 to 1300 BCE	When did the Indus Valley Civilization thrive on the Indian subcontinent ?
The Indus Valley Civilization which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3200 to 1300 BCE , was the first major civilization in South Asia .	Indus Valley Civilization	What was the first major civilization in South Asia ?
A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period , from 2600 to 1900 BCE .	2600 to 1900 BCE	What was the span of the Mature Harappan period ?
Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE .	Maurya Empire	What empire conquered most of the subcontinent in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC ?
From the 3rd century BC onwards Prakrit and Pali literature in the north and the Sangam literature in southern India started to flourish .	Prakrit and Pali	After the 3rd century BC , what style of literature grew in northern area of the subcontinent ?
Wootz steel originated in south India in the 3rd century BC and was exported to foreign countries .	Wootz steel	What form of metal was developed and exported from southern India ?
This period , witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence , is known as the classical or `` Golden Age of India '' .	Golden Age of India	What was the period following 3rd century BC and extending 1500 years called ?
Various parts of India were ruled by numerous dynasties for the next 1,500 years , among which the Gupta Empire stands out .	Gupta	What was the foremost dynasty of the the Golden Age period ?
The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centered on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire , Rashtrakuta Empire , and Gurjara Pratihara Empire .	7th and 11th	Between what centuries was the Tripartite struggle focused on Kannauj ?
The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centered on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire , Rashtrakuta Empire , and Gurjara Pratihara Empire .	two centuries	How long did the Tripartite struggle last ?
The seventh century also saw the advent of Islam as a political power , though as a fringe , in the western part of the subcontinent , in modern-day Pakistan .	seventh century	When did Islam begin to become a political power in India ?
The Chola dynasty conquered southern India and successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia , Sri Lanka , Maldives and Bengal in the 11th century .	Chola dynasty	What dynasty conquered southern India and parts of southeast Asia ?
The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and the Hindu numerals were introduced .	Hindu numerals	What facet of Indian mathematics was introduced into the Arab areas in the early Medieval period ?
Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by the Central Asian Turks .	Central Asian Turks	What group founded the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century ?
The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part of northern India in the early 14th century , but declined in the late 14th century when several powerful Hindu states such as the Vijayanagara Empire , Gajapati Kingdom , Ahom Kingdom , as well as Rajput dynasties and states , such as Mewar dynasty , emerged .	late 14th century	When did the Delhi Sultanate decline in its rule of northern India ?
The 15th century saw the emergence of Sikhism .	Sikhism	What belief system began in the 15th century ?
The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century , which provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire , Sikh Empire and Mysore Kingdom to exercise control over large areas of the subcontinent .	Mughal Empire	What empire covered most of India in the 16th century ?
The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century , which provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire , Sikh Empire and Mysore Kingdom to exercise control over large areas of the subcontinent .	early 18th century	During what century did the Mughal empire decline ?
From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century , large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of British Empire .	British East India Company	What company annexed large areas of India in the 18th and 19th centuries ?
Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation .	Indian Rebellion	What effect did Company rule in India produce in 1857 ?
Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation .	British Crown	After the Rebellion who administered the British provinces of India ?
Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation .	infrastructure	The rapid development of what did British rule cause in India ?
During the first half of the 20th century , a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by other organizations .	Indian National Congress	What party was the leader in the Indian independence movement of the 20th century ?
Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to `` ruling dynasties and foreign invasions '' , neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity .	Romila Thapar	Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions ?
Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to `` ruling dynasties and foreign invasions '' , neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity .	social-economic	What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories ?
Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to `` ruling dynasties and foreign invasions '' , neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity .	strong continuity	What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history ?
The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off , while the south was never completely conquered .	Muslim conquests	What type of conquests were gradual in nature ?
The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off , while the south was never completely conquered .	south	What part of India was never completely conquered ?
Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era , somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago .	Middle Pleistocene	By what era was India inhabited by humans of some form ?
Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era , somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago .	Homo erectus	What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley ?
Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent .	two million years	From how long ago do tools date in India ?
The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley .	Soan River valley	Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site ?
The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley .	palaeolithic hominid	What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley ?
The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period , when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago .	Neolithic	What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India ?
The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period , when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago .	extensive settlement	What happened in India during the Neolithic period ?
The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period , when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago .	12,000 years	How long ago did the last ice age happen in India ?
The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh , India .	9,000 years ago	When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh ?
Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Bhirrana findings -LRB- 7500 BCE -RRB- in Haryana , India & Mehrgarh findings -LRB- 7000 -- 9000 BCE -RRB- in Balochistan , Pakistan .	7000–9000 BCE	During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan ?
The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE , marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent .	2600 to 1900 BCE	When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive ?
The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE , marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent .	urban	What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent ?
The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick , roadside drainage system , and multistoreyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organization .	municipal	What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have ?
The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick , roadside drainage system , and multistoreyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organization .	brick	Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built ?
The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick , roadside drainage system , and multistoreyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organization .	multistoreyed	How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?
The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India , although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period .	Indo-Aryan	For what culture is the Vedic period named ?
The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India , although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period .	north-west India	Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located ?
The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas , still sacred to Hindus , which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit .	Vedic Sanskrit	In what language did the Vedic culture speak ?
The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India .	The Vedas	What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India ?
The Vedic period , lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE , and contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of Indian subcontinent .	1750 to 500 BCE	What was the duration of the Vedic culture ?
At the end of the Rigvedic period , the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent , into the western Ganges plain .	Rigvedic period	When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion ?
At the end of the Rigvedic period , the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent , into the western Ganges plain .	western Ganges plain	Into what area did the Aryan culture expand ?
It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas , or social classes .	varnas	What were the Aryan social classes called ?
This social structure was characterized both by syncretising with the native cultures of northern India , but also eventually by the excluding of indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure .	occupations	What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes ?
During this period , many of the previous small tribal units and chiefdoms began to coalesce into monarchical , state-level polities .	small tribal units	What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups ?
The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period , corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India , around 1200 -- 800 BCE , as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda -LRB- the first Indian text to mention iron , as śyāma ayas , literally `` black metal '' -RRB- .	Kuru kingdom	What was the first state size society in the Vedic period ?
The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period , corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India , around 1200 -- 800 BCE , as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda -LRB- the first Indian text to mention iron , as śyāma ayas , literally `` black metal '' -RRB- .	1200 – 800 BCE	What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom ?
The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period , corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India , around 1200 -- 800 BCE , as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda -LRB- the first Indian text to mention iron , as śyāma ayas , literally `` black metal '' -RRB- .	Iron Age	At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom ?
The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period , corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India , around 1200 -- 800 BCE , as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda -LRB- the first Indian text to mention iron , as śyāma ayas , literally `` black metal '' -RRB- .	Atharvaveda	What is the first Indian text to mention iron ?
When the Kuru kingdom declined , the center of Vedic culture shifted to their eastern neighbours , the Panchala kingdom .	Panchala	When the Kuru kingdom declined , to what kingdom did Vedic culture go ?
In addition to the Vedas , the principal texts of Hinduism , the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period .	Vedas	What were the principle texts of Hinduism ?
In addition to the Vedas , the principal texts of Hinduism , the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period .	Sanskrit	In what language were the Vedas ?
In addition to the Vedas , the principal texts of Hinduism , the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period .	Ramayana and Mahabharata	What were the core epics of the Vedas ?
The Mahabharata remains , today , the longest single poem in the world .	Mahabharata	Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth ?
For instance , the Mahabharata may have been based on a small-scale conflict -LRB- possibly about 1000 BCE -RRB- which was eventually `` transformed into a gigantic epic war by bards and poets '' .	small-scale conflict	On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based ?
During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed , from which originated Jainism and Buddhism .	Shramana-movement	What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE ?
During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed , from which originated Jainism and Buddhism .	Jainism and Buddhism	What was the origins of the Shramana movement ?
During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed , from which originated Jainism and Buddhism .	between 800 and 200 BCE	During what time were the first Upanishads written ?
After 500 BCE , the so-called `` Second urbanization '' started , with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain , especially the Central Ganges plain .	Second urbanization	What period started after 500 BCE ?
The Central Ganges Plain , where Magadha gained prominence , forming the base of the Mauryan Empire , was a distinct cultural area , with new states arising after 500 BC -LSB- web 1 -RSB- during the so-called `` Second urbanization '' .	Central Ganges Plain	Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire ?
In the later Vedic Age , a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent , many mentioned in Vedic , early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE .	later Vedic Age	By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent ?
sixteen monarchies and `` republics '' known as the Mahajanapadas -- Kashi , Kosala , Anga , Magadha , Vajji -LRB- or Vriji -RRB- , Malla , Chedi , Vatsa -LRB- or Vamsa -RRB- , Kuru , Panchala , Matsya -LRB- or Machcha -RRB- , Shurasena , Assaka , Avanti , Gandhara , and Kamboja -- stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra .	sixteen monarchies	How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India ?
sixteen monarchies and `` republics '' known as the Mahajanapadas -- Kashi , Kosala , Anga , Magadha , Vajji -LRB- or Vriji -RRB- , Malla , Chedi , Vatsa -LRB- or Vamsa -RRB- , Kuru , Panchala , Matsya -LRB- or Machcha -RRB- , Shurasena , Assaka , Avanti , Gandhara , and Kamboja -- stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra .	Mahajanapadas	What were the sixteen kingdoms called ?
This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation .	urbanism	What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show ?
This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation .	Indus Valley Civilisation	What was the first major urbanization in India ?
Early `` republics '' such as the Vajji -LRB- or Vriji -RRB- confederation centered in the city of Vaishali , existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE .	Vaishali	Where was the Vajji confederation located ?
Early `` republics '' such as the Vajji -LRB- or Vriji -RRB- confederation centered in the city of Vaishali , existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE .	6th century BCE	How early did the small republic states exist in India ?
Early `` republics '' such as the Vajji -LRB- or Vriji -RRB- confederation centered in the city of Vaishali , existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE .	4th century CE	Until what century did the republic states endure in India ?
The educated speech at that time was Sanskrit , while the languages of the general population of northern India are referred to as Prakrits .	Sanskrit	In what language did the educated Indian speak ?
The educated speech at that time was Sanskrit , while the languages of the general population of northern India are referred to as Prakrits .	Prakrits	What was the general population 's common language ?
The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads .	7th and 6th centuries BC	When were the earliest Upanishads composed ?
Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta -LRB- conclusion of the Vedas -RRB- .	Hinduism	Of what philosophical system do the Upanishads form the basis ?
Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta -LRB- conclusion of the Vedas -RRB- .	Vedanta	What are the Upanishads called in Hinduism ?
The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual .	ritual	What part of the Hinduism belief system did the Upanishads attack ?
Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad .	Self	What worship system is central to Hinduism ?
Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals .	orthodoxy of rituals	What did the shramana movements challenge ?
Mahavira -LRB- c. 549 -- 477 BC -RRB- , proponent of Jainism , and Buddha -LRB- c. 563-483 -RRB- , founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement .	Mahavira	Who was the founder of Jainism ?
Mahavira -LRB- c. 549 -- 477 BC -RRB- , proponent of Jainism , and Buddha -LRB- c. 563-483 -RRB- , founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement .	Buddha	What prominent icon founded Buddhism ?
Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions .	Middle Way	What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions ?
Shramana gave rise to the concept of the cycle of birth and death , the concept of samsara , and the concept of liberation .	Shramana	What belief system taught the idea of samsara ?
Magadha -LRB- Sanskrit : मगध -RRB- formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas -LRB- Sanskrit : `` Great Countries '' -RRB- or kingdoms in ancient India .	Mahā-Janapadas	Of what was Magadha one of sixteen ?
Magadha -LRB- Sanskrit : मगध -RRB- formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas -LRB- Sanskrit : `` Great Countries '' -RRB- or kingdoms in ancient India .	Great Countries	How does the Sanskrit translate Maha-Janapadas ?
The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges ; its first capital was Rajagriha -LRB- modern Rajgir -RRB- then Pataliputra -LRB- modern Patna -RRB- .	Bihar	Where was the center of Magadha ?
A state of Magadha , possibly a tribal kingdom , is recorded in Vedic texts much earlier in time than 600 BC .	Vedic texts	Where were there early records of the Magadha kingdom ?
A state of Magadha , possibly a tribal kingdom , is recorded in Vedic texts much earlier in time than 600 BC .	600 BC.	What time do the texts locating Magadha kingdom predate ?
The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas , Gandharis , and Mujavats .	Atharva-Veda	Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people ?
Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism , and two of India 's greatest empires , the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire , originated from Magadha .	Jainism and Buddhism	In the development of which religions did Magadha participate ?
Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism , and two of India 's greatest empires , the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire , originated from Magadha .	Magadha	Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires ?
These empires saw advancements in ancient India 's science , mathematics , astronomy , religion , and philosophy and were considered the Indian `` Golden Age '' .	Golden Age	Due to advances in science and culture , what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent ?
Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas .	Gramakas	What were local villages ' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms ?
In 530 BC Cyrus the Great , King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja , Gandhara and the trans-India region -LRB- modern Afghanistan and Pakistan -RRB- .	Cyrus the Great	What Persian king wanted tribute from the tribes of northern India ?
By 520 BC , during the reign of Darius I of Persia , much of the northwestern subcontinent -LRB- present-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan -RRB- came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire , as part of the far easternmost territories .	Persian Achaemenid Empire	By 520 BC what empire ruled the northwestern Indian subcontinent ?
By 520 BC , during the reign of Darius I of Persia , much of the northwestern subcontinent -LRB- present-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan -RRB- came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire , as part of the far easternmost territories .	Darius I of Persia	What king ruled Persia in 520 BC ?
The area remained under Persian control for two centuries .	two centuries	How long did the Persian empire control the northern India subcontinent ?
During this time India supplied mercenaries to the Persian army then fighting in Greece .	mercenaries	What did India supply to the Persian war efforts against Greece ?
By 326 BC , Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent .	326 BC	When did Alexander the Great reach India ?
There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes -LRB- near modern-day Jhelum , Pakistan -RRB- and conquered much of the Punjab .	King Porus	Who did Alexander defeat in the area now Pakistan ?
There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes -LRB- near modern-day Jhelum , Pakistan -RRB- and conquered much of the Punjab .	Battle of the Hydaspes	At what battle did Alexander beat King Porus ?
His army , exhausted and frightened by the prospect of facing larger Indian armies at the Ganges River , mutinied at the Hyphasis -LRB- modern Beas River -RRB- and refused to march further East .	Hyphasis	Where did Alexander 's army finally mutiny ?
Alexander , after the meeting with his officer , Coenus , and learning about the might of Nanda Empire , was convinced that it was better to return .	Nanda Empire	The strength of what empire 's army pushed Alexander to retreat ?
The Maurya Empire -LRB- 322 -- 185 BCE -RRB- was the first empire to unify India into one state , and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent .	Maurya Empire	What was the first empire to unify India ?
The Maurya Empire -LRB- 322 -- 185 BCE -RRB- was the first empire to unify India into one state , and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent .	322–185 BCE	What was the time span of the Mauryan Empire ?
The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha -LRB- in modern Bihar -RRB- when he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty .	Chandragupta Maurya	Who formed the Maurya Empire in Magadha ?
The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha -LRB- in modern Bihar -RRB- when he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty .	Nanda Dynasty	What dynasty did Chandragupta Maurya defeat ?
Chandragupta 's son Bindusara succeeded to the throne around 297 BC .	297 BC	In what year did Chandraguta 's son come to the throne ?
The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times .	Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka	What are the basic written records of the Mauryans ?
Archaeologically , this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware -LRB- NBPW -RRB- .	Northern Black Polished Ware	What is the archaeological period of the Mauryan Empire ?
During this period , a high quality steel called Wootz steel was developed in south India and was later exported to China and Arabia .	Wootz steel	What metal was developed in south India during the time of the Mauryan Empire ?
During this period , a high quality steel called Wootz steel was developed in south India and was later exported to China and Arabia .	China and Arabia	To where was wootz steel exported ?
However , the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by the government .	government	What organization closely monitored business dealings in the Mauryan Empire ?
During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE .	Sangam period	During what period did Tamil literature thrive ?
During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty , Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India .	3	How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period ?
During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE .	3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE	What was the extent of the Sangam period ?
During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty , Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India .	southern India	In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule ?
Unlike Sanskrit writers who were mostly Brahmins , Sangam writers came from diverse classes and social backgrounds and were mostly non-Brahmins .	non-Brahmins	How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers ?
The Śātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar -LRB- Pune -RRB- and Prathisthan -LRB- Paithan -RRB- in Maharashtra .	Śātavāhana Empire	What empire covered most of India from 230 BCE ?
They are known for their patronage of Hinduism and Buddhism which resulted in Buddhist monuments from Ellora -LRB- a UNESCO World Heritage Site -RRB- to Amaravati .	Hinduism and Buddhism	Of what were the Satavahanas patrons ?
The Sātavāhanas were one of the first Indian states to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed .	coins	What did the Satavahanas issue embossed with their king 's head ?
In the 3rd century CE the empire was split into smaller states .	3rd century CE	When was the Satavahana Empire divided into smaller states ?
Later , they played a crucial role to protect a huge part of India against foreign invaders like the Sakas , Yavanas and Pahlavas .	foreign invaders	From what did the Satavahana Empire protect much of India ?
The Shunga Empire or Shunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE .	187 to 78 BCE	What was the time span of the Shunga Empire ?
The dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Shunga , after the fall of the Maurya Empire .	Pushyamitra Shunga	Who founded the Shuga empire after the fall of the Maurya empire ?
Pushyamitra Shunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra .	36 years	How long did Pushyamitra Shunga rule ?
The script used by the empire was a variant of Brahmi and was used to write the Sanskrit language .	Brahmi	What script variant was used to write the Sanskrit language ?
The Shunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art .	sponsorship of learning and art	What tradition did Shunga rulers help begin ?
During the reign of Khārabēḷa , the Chedi dynasty of Kaḷinga ascended to eminence and restored the lost power and glory of Kaḷinga , which had been subdued since the devastating war with Ashoka .	Khārabēḷa	What Kalingan ruler brought the Chedi dynasty back into power ?
During the reign of Khārabēḷa , the Chedi dynasty of Kaḷinga ascended to eminence and restored the lost power and glory of Kaḷinga , which had been subdued since the devastating war with Ashoka .	Ashoka	What power had previously defeated the Kalingans ?
Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Khārabēḷa : under Khārabēḷa 's generalship , the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala -LRB- Sri Lanka -RRB- , Burma -LRB- Myanmar -RRB- , Siam -LRB- Thailand -RRB- , Vietnam , Kamboja -LRB- Cambodia -RRB- , Malaysia , Borneo , Bali , Samudra -LRB- Sumatra -RRB- and Jabadwipa -LRB- Java -RRB- .	maritime	In what arena was Kalinga a formidable power ?
Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Khārabēḷa : under Khārabēḷa 's generalship , the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala -LRB- Sri Lanka -RRB- , Burma -LRB- Myanmar -RRB- , Siam -LRB- Thailand -RRB- , Vietnam , Kamboja -LRB- Cambodia -RRB- , Malaysia , Borneo , Bali , Samudra -LRB- Sumatra -RRB- and Jabadwipa -LRB- Java -RRB- .	trade routes	What maritime advantage did the Kalingans have ?
Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Khārabēḷa : under Khārabēḷa 's generalship , the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala -LRB- Sri Lanka -RRB- , Burma -LRB- Myanmar -RRB- , Siam -LRB- Thailand -RRB- , Vietnam , Kamboja -LRB- Cambodia -RRB- , Malaysia , Borneo , Bali , Samudra -LRB- Sumatra -RRB- and Jabadwipa -LRB- Java -RRB- .	Khārabēḷa	What militaristic leader restored might to the Kalinga empire ?
The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor , Kujula Kadphises , about the middle of the 1st century CE .	Afghanistan	From what area did the Kushan Empire come ?
The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor , Kujula Kadphises , about the middle of the 1st century CE .	Kujula Kadphises	Who was the first ruler of the Kushan empire ?
The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor , Kujula Kadphises , about the middle of the 1st century CE .	1st century CE	In the middle o what century did the Kushan empire begin ?
They came of an Indo-European language speaking Central Asian tribe called the Yuezhi , a branch of which was known as the Kushans .	Indo-European	What was the language base of the Kushans ?
By the time of his grandson , Kanishka , they had conquered most of northern India , at least as far as Saketa and Pataliputra , in the middle Ganges Valley , and probably as far as the Bay of Bengal .	northern India	What had the Kushans conquered much of by the time of Kanishka
Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire -LRB- c. 320 -- 550 CE -RRB- .	Classical India	By what is India under the Gupta Empire referered ?
Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire -LRB- c. 320 -- 550 CE -RRB- .	c. 320–550 CE	What was the time span of the Gupta Empire ?
This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science , technology , engineering , art , dialectic , literature , logic , mathematics , astronomy , religion , and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture .	Golden Age of India	What is the period of the Gupta Empire called ?
This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science , technology , engineering , art , dialectic , literature , logic , mathematics , astronomy , religion , and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture .	Hindu culture	What philosophy formed at the time of the Gupta Empire ?
The Hindu-Arabic numerals , a positional numeral system , originated in India and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs .	Hindu-Arabic	What numeral system originated in India ?
The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture : the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule , but they also patronized Buddhism , which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy .	Indian culture	What did the Guptas promote in their reigns ?
The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture : the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule , but they also patronized Buddhism , which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy .	Buddhism	Besides the Vedic practices , what other religion did the Guptas patronize ?
The military exploits of the first three rulers -- Chandragupta I , Samudragupta , and Chandragupta II - brought much of India under their leadership .	first three rulers	What Guptas brought much of India under Gupta rule ?
Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma , Sri Lanka , Maritime Southeast Asia , and Indochina .	Strong trade ties	What business activity made the Gupta Empire prominent in India ?
Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma , Sri Lanka , Maritime Southeast Asia , and Indochina .	nearby kingdoms	What did the Gupta Empires trade ties influence ?
Kadamba -LRB- 345 -- 525 CE -RRB- was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka , India that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district .	345 – 525 CE	During what time did Kadamba rule northern Karnataka ?
Kadamba -LRB- 345 -- 525 CE -RRB- was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka , India that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district .	Karnataka, India	Where did the Kadamba dynasty originate ?
At the peak of their power under King Kakushtavarma , the Kadambas of Banavasi ruled large parts of modern Karnataka state .	King Kakushtavarma	What ruler ruled at the peak of Kadamba power ?
The dynasty was founded by Mayurasharma in 345 CE which at later times showed the potential of developing into imperial proportions , an indication to which is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers .	Mayurasharma	Who founded the Kamdamba dynasty ?
The Kadamba fame reached its peak during the rule of Kakusthavarma , a notable ruler with whom even the kings of Gupta Dynasty of northern India cultivated marital alliances .	Gupta Dynasty	What dynasty made military alliances with the Kamdamba ?
The Hephthalites -LRB- or Ephthalites -RRB- , also known as the White Huns , were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period .	nomadic confederation	What type of trib were the Hephthalites ?
The Hephthalites -LRB- or Ephthalites -RRB- , also known as the White Huns , were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period .	Central Asia	Where did the White Huns roam ?
The White Huns established themselves in modern-day Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century .	Afghanistan	In what country did the White Huns settle ?
Led by the Hun military leader Toramana , they overran the northern region of Pakistan and North India .	Pakistan and North India	What lands did the White Huns take in the 5th century ?
After the downfall of the prior Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century , North India reverted to small republics and small monarchical states ruled by Gupta rulers .	middle of the 6th century	In which century did the Gupta Empire fall ?
After the downfall of the prior Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century , North India reverted to small republics and small monarchical states ruled by Gupta rulers .	small	To what type of states did the former Gupta Empire revert ?
He united the small republics from Punjab to central India , and their representatives crowned Harsha king at an assembly in April 606 giving him the title of Maharaja when he was merely 16 years old .	Maharaja	After uniting the area , what title was Harsha given ?
He united the small republics from Punjab to central India , and their representatives crowned Harsha king at an assembly in April 606 giving him the title of Maharaja when he was merely 16 years old .	April 606	When was Harsha crowned by the states he united ?
Harsha was a convert to Buddhism .	Buddhism	To what religion had Harsha been converted ?
From the fifth century to the thirteenth , Śrauta sacrifices declined , and initiatory traditions of Buddhism , Jainism or more commonly Shaivism , Vaishnavism and Shaktism expanded in royal courts .	Śrauta sacrifices	What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries
This period produced some of India 's finest art , considered the epitome of classical development , and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism , Buddhism and Jainism .	Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism	What philosophical traditions developed during the period of the 5th to the 13th centuries ?
Emperor Harsha of Kannauj succeeded in reuniting northern India during his reign in the 7th century , after the collapse of the Gupta dynasty .	7th century	In what century was Harsha 's rule ?
His empire collapsed after his death .	collapsed	What happened to Harsha 's empire after his death ?
Emperor Harsha of Kannauj succeeded in reuniting northern India during his reign in the 7th century , after the collapse of the Gupta dynasty .	northern India	What area did Harsha unite during his reign ?
Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth , royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism 's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline .	Vishnu and Shiva	What cults weakened Buddhism in India ?
Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods `` replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system , the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship '' .	Hindu gods	What replaced Buddha in ruling centers ?
Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods `` replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system , the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship '' .	monumental	What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods ?
Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods `` replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system , the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship '' .	elaborate	What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods ?
Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth , royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism 's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline .	eighth	By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India ?
From the 8th to the 10th century , three dynasties contested for control of northern India : the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa , the Palas of Bengal , and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan .	three	How many dynasties fought for control from the 8th to the 10th century ?
The first recorded Rajput kingdoms emerged in Rajasthan in the 6th century , and small Rajput dynasties later ruled much of northern India .	6th century	When did the first Rajput kingdoms emerge in India ?
One Gurjar Rajput of the Chauhan clan , Prithvi Raj Chauhan , was known for bloody conflicts against the advancing Turkic sultanates .	Prithvi Raj Chauhan	What Rajput ruler was known for his conflicts with the Turkic sultanates ?
The Chola empire emerged as a major power during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I who successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka in the 11th century .	11th century	In what century did the Chola Empire emerge ?
Lalitaditya Muktapida -LRB- r. 724 CE -- 760 CE -RRB- was an emperor of the Kashmiri Karkoṭa dynasty , which exercised influence in northwestern India from 625 CE until 1003 , and was followed by Lohara dynasty .	Lalitaditya Muktapida	Who was emperor of the Kashmiri Karkota dynasty ?
The Chalukya Empire -LRB- Kannada : ಚ ಲ ಕ ಯರ -LSB- tʃaːɭukjə -RSB- -RRB- was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries .	6th and the 12th centuries	When did the Chalukya Empire rule ?
The Chalukya Empire -LRB- Kannada : ಚ ಲ ಕ ಯರ -LSB- tʃaːɭukjə -RSB- -RRB- was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries .	southern and central	What portion of India did the Chalukya Empire rule ?
The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration , overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called `` Chalukyan architecture '' .	Chalukyan architecture	What style of architecture developed during the Chaluka reigns ?
The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India from Badami in Karnataka between 550 and 750 , and then again from Kalyani between 970 and 1190 .	550 and 750	When did the Chalukyans rule from Badami ?
The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India from Badami in Karnataka between 550 and 750 , and then again from Kalyani between 970 and 1190 .	970 and 1190	When was the second reign of Chalukyans ?
Founded by Dantidurga around 753 , the Rashtrakuta Empire ruled from its capital at Manyakheta for almost two centuries .	753	When was the Rastrakuta Empire started ?
Founded by Dantidurga around 753 , the Rashtrakuta Empire ruled from its capital at Manyakheta for almost two centuries .	Manyakheta	In what location was the capital of the Rashtrakuta Empire ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The early kings of this dynasty were Hindu but the later kings were strongly influenced by Jainism .	Hindu	What was the faith of the early rulers of the Rastrakuta Empire ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The early kings of this dynasty were Hindu but the later kings were strongly influenced by Jainism .	Jainism	By what were the later kings of the Rastrakuta Empire influenced ?
Amoghavarsha , who ruled for 64 years , was also an author and wrote Kavirajamarga , the earliest known Kannada work on poetics .	Amoghavarsha	What Rastrakuta king ruler for 64 years ?
The Pala Empire -LRB- Bengali : পাল সাম্রাজ্য Pal Samrajyô -RRB- flourished during the Classical period of India , and may be dated during 750 -- 1174 CE .	750–1174 CE	During what span of time did the Pala Empire thrive ?
Founded by Gopala I , it was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent .	Buddhist	What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor ?
The Pala Empire can be considered as the golden era of Bengal in many ways .	golden era of Bengal	What is the term used to describe the Pala Empire ?
Nalanda reached its height under the patronage of the Pala Empire .	Nalanda	What educational center reached it height during the Pala rule ?
Founded by Gopala I , it was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent .	Gopala I	What ruler founded the Pala dynasty ?
They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya .	South India	What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century ?
Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I , Rajadhiraja Chola , Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military , economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia .	military, economic and cultural	What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India ?
Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power .	whole of Southern India	In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity ?
Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India .	Monumental	In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel ?
Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power .	sea power	From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas , what did this establish the Chola empire as ?
The Western Chalukya Empire -LRB- Kannada : ಪಶ ಚ ಮ ಚ ಲ ಕ ಯ ಸ ಮ ರ ಜ ಯ -RRB- ruled most of the western Deccan , South India , between the 10th and 12th centuries .	10th and 12th	During waht centuries did the Western Chalukya rule ?
The Western Chalukyas developed an architectural style known today as a transitional style , an architectural link between the style of the early Chalukya dynasty and that of the later Hoysala empire .	transitional	What was the architectural style of the Chalukyas ?
Most of its monuments are in the districts bordering the Tungabhadra River in central Karnataka .	central Karnataka	Where did the Chalukyas build most of their monuments ?
This was an important period in the development of fine arts in Southern India , especially in literature as the Western Chalukya kings encouraged writers in the native language of Kannada , and Sanskrit like the philosopher and statesman Basava and the great mathematician Bhāskara II .	native language	What did the Chalukya kings encourage writers to use ?
This was an important period in the development of fine arts in Southern India , especially in literature as the Western Chalukya kings encouraged writers in the native language of Kannada , and Sanskrit like the philosopher and statesman Basava and the great mathematician Bhāskara II .	Sanskrit	Besides the language of Kannada , what other old language was used during the western Chalukya dynasty ?
The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims , though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one .	Muslims	What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times ?
After conquering Persia , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720 .	Arab Umayyad Caliphate	What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720 ?
The book Chach Nama chronicles the Chacha Dynasty 's period , following the demise of the Rai Dynasty and the ascent of Chach of Alor to the throne , down to the Arab conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century AD , by defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh , Raja Dahir .	Raja Dahir	Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh ?
The book Chach Nama chronicles the Chacha Dynasty 's period , following the demise of the Rai Dynasty and the ascent of Chach of Alor to the throne , down to the Arab conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century AD , by defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh , Raja Dahir .	Muhammad bin Qasim	What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India ?
The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims , though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one .	difficult	How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India ?
In 712 , Arab Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region in modern-day Pakistan for the Umayyad Empire , incorporating it as the `` As-Sindh '' province with its capital at Al-Mansurah , 72 km -LRB- 45 mi -RRB- north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh , Pakistan .	712	In what year did Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim take over most of the Indus area ?
After several incursions , the Hindu kings east of Indus defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Rajasthan , halting their expansion and containing them at Sindh in Pakistan .	Hindu kings	Who eventually defeated the Arabs at Rajasthan ?
After several incursions , the Hindu kings east of Indus defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Rajasthan , halting their expansion and containing them at Sindh in Pakistan .	Sindh in Pakistan	In what area did the Indian Kings contain the Arabs ?
The south Indian Chalukya empire under Vikramaditya II , Nagabhata I of the Pratihara dynasty and Bappa Rawal of the Guhilot dynasty repulsed the Arab invaders in the early 8th century .	early 8th century	When was the Arab invasion repulsed ?
In 712 , Arab Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region in modern-day Pakistan for the Umayyad Empire , incorporating it as the `` As-Sindh '' province with its capital at Al-Mansurah , 72 km -LRB- 45 mi -RRB- north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh , Pakistan .	Al-Mansurah	Where did the Arabs establish as the capital of the newly conquered territory ?
Several Islamic kingdoms -LRB- sultanates -RRB- under both foreign and , newly converted , Rajput rulers were established across the north western subcontinent -LRB- Afghanistan and Pakistan -RRB- over a period of a few centuries .	Afghanistan and Pakistan	In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries ?
Additionally , Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India , particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers , mainly from the Arabian peninsula .	trading communities	What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India ?
Additionally , Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India , particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers , mainly from the Arabian peninsula .	western coast	Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders ?
Additionally , Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India , particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers , mainly from the Arabian peninsula .	Arabian peninsula	From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India ?
This marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion , following Judaism and Christianity , often in puritanical form .	Judaism and Christianity	Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion , what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India ?
The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara -LRB- modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan -RRB- from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century .	9th century	Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley ?
The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara -LRB- modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan -RRB- from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century .	Kushan	The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire ?
The Shahis are generally split up into two eras : the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis , with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870 .	two	How many eras are the Shahis divided into ?
The Shahis are generally split up into two eras : the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis , with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870 .	870	When did the Shahis switch from Buddhist to Hindu ?
The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565-670 , when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul , and later Udabhandapura , also known as Hund for its new capital .	Kabul Shahan	What was the kingdom of the Shahis called ?
Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and in that of his son Mahmud , which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles .	consolidation of the Ghaznavids	In what id Jayapala see a danger to his dynasty ?
Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and in that of his son Mahmud , which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles .	Ghazni	What city did Jayapala invade at least twice ?
Sebuk Tigin , however , defeated him , and he was forced to pay an indemnity .	Sebuk Tigin	Who defeated Jayapala and required an indemnity payment ?
Jayapala however , lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and Indus River .	Kabul Valley and Indus River	What part of the area did Jayapala lose ?
Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more .	defaulted	What was Jayapala 's response to the indemnity payment ?
In the year 1001 , soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush , Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces , near present-day Peshawar .	1001	In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims ?
After the Battle of Peshawar , he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty .	Battle of Peshawar	Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims ?
After the Battle of Peshawar , he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty .	committed suicide	What was Jaipal action after his last defeat ?
After the Battle of Peshawar , he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty .	Shahi dynasty	Upon what did Jaipal 's subjects think he brought disaster ?
However , the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces , particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni .	Mahmud of Ghazni	Who was the ruler of Ghazni ?
In evaluating the impact of Islam on the sub-continent , one must note that the northwestern sub-continent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia .	Central Asia	From where did raiders come to attack the agrarian Indians ?
In that sense , the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium .	Muslim intrusions	After a history of raiding groups , what is not remarkable in the history of the subcontinent ?
What does however , make the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system , the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics , even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent , though non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs .	assimilated	Before the Muslim invasions , what did previous invaders do in the local cultures ?
What does however , make the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system , the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics , even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent , though non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs .	Islamic identity	What did the Muslim invaders staunchly keep after invading ?
This led to the rise of a new Indian culture which was mixed in nature , though different from both the ancient Indian culture and later westernized modern Indian culture .	mixed	What type of new Indian culture was formed from this mixture of cultures ?
The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India , while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent .	Slave dynasty of Delhi	What conquered large areas of northern India ?
The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India , while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent .	Khilji dynasty	What dynasty captured most of central India ?
It is surmised that the language of Urdu -LRB- literally meaning `` horde '' or `` camp '' in various Turkic dialects -RRB- was born during the Delhi Sultanate period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian , Turkic , and Arabic under the Muslim rulers .	Urdu	What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate ?
The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to enthrone one of the few female rulers in India , Razia Sultana -LRB- 1236 -- 1240 -RRB- .	Razia Sultana	Who was the only female sultana to be enthroned in a Indo-Islamic empire ?
The resulting `` Indo-Muslim '' fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture , music , literature , religion , and clothing .	Indo-Muslim	By what is the fusion of Islamic and Indian cultures called ?
A Turco-Mongol conqueror in Central Asia , Timur -LRB- Tamerlane -RRB- , attacked the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi .	Timur	What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty ?
The Sultan 's army was defeated on 17 December 1398 .	17 December 1398	On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan ?
Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked , destroyed , and left in ruins , after Timur 's army had killed and plundered for three days and nights .	in ruins	In what shape did Timur leave the city of Delhi ?
He ordered the whole city to be sacked except for the sayyids , scholars , and the `` other Muslims '' -LRB- artists -RRB- ; 100,000 war prisoners were put to death in one day .	100,000	How many prisoners of war were executed in the sack of Delhi ?
He ordered the whole city to be sacked except for the sayyids , scholars , and the `` other Muslims '' -LRB- artists -RRB- ; 100,000 war prisoners were put to death in one day .	sayyids	What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked ?
The Empire was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty .	1336	In what year was Sangama Dynasty formed ?
The empire 's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India , the best known of which is the group at Hampi .	Hampi	At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India ?
The south Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama founded the famous Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the 14th century which produced a lot of great south Indian mathematicians like Parameshvara , Nilakantha Somayaji and Jyeṣṭhadeva in medieval south India .	Madhava of Sangamagrama	What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy ?
The south Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama founded the famous Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the 14th century which produced a lot of great south Indian mathematicians like Parameshvara , Nilakantha Somayaji and Jyeṣṭhadeva in medieval south India .	14th century	When was the Kerala school established ?
The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor .	Hinduism	What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture ?
For two and a half centuries from the mid 13th , the politics in the Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate and in the Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire which originated as a political heir of the erstwhile Hoysala Empire and Pandyan Empire .	Delhi Sultanate	From the mid 13th century , what dominated politics in northern India ?
For two and a half centuries from the mid 13th , the politics in the Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate and in the Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire which originated as a political heir of the erstwhile Hoysala Empire and Pandyan Empire .	Vijayanagar Empire	What empire dominated in the south of India in the 13th century ?
In the North , the Rajputs were a dominant force in the Western and Central India .	Rajputs	What group dominated in western and central India at the start of the 13th century ?
In the East , the Gajapati Kingdom remained a strong regional power to reckon with , so was the Ahom Kingdom in the North-east for six centuries .	six centuries	Gajapati Kingdom was powerful in the east for how many centuries ?
In the early 16th century Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed .	Vijayanagara Empire	What empire beat the last Bahmani Sultanate ?
Ahom Kingdom -LRB- 1228 -- 1826 -RRB- was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day Assam early in the thirteenth century .	Ahom Kingdom	What kingdom came to power in Assam ?
Ahom Kingdom -LRB- 1228 -- 1826 -RRB- was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day Assam early in the thirteenth century .	1228–1826	What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom ?
They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838 .	British rule	What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam ?
The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own , however they later merged with the Hindu religion .	Hindu	With what religion did the Ahom merge ?
From thirteenth till seventeenth century , repeated attempts were made by the Muslim rulers of Delhi to invade and subdue Ahoms , however the Ahoms managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years .	Muslim rulers of Delhi	What group repeatedly tried and failed to conquer the Ahom ?
In 1526 , Babur , a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley -LRB- modern day Uzbekistan -RRB- , swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire , which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan , Pakistan , India and Bangladesh .	Mughal Empire	What empire did Babur found in northern India ?
However , his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540 , and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul .	Sher Shah Suri	Who defeated Babur 's son in 1540 ?
However , his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540 , and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul .	Afghan	Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri ?
Akbar 's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556 .	Second Battle of Panipat	At what place did Akbar 's army defeat Hemu in 1556 ?
In 1526 , Babur , a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley -LRB- modern day Uzbekistan -RRB- , swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire , which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan , Pakistan , India and Bangladesh .	Khyber Pass	By what route did Babur enter India ?
The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600 .	1600	By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India ?
He erected several large monuments , the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra , as well as the Moti Masjid , Agra , the Red Fort , the Jama Masjid , Delhi , and the Lahore Fort .	Taj Mahal	What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra ?
The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture .	Mughal architecture	What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan ?
The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji .	Maratha military resurgence	What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire ?
The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji .	Aurangzeb	During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse ?
The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans .	Marathas and Afghans	What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals ?
In 1737 , the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi .	Maratha general Bajirao	Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737 ?
In 1737 , in the final defeat of Mughal Empire , the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army , Nizam-ul-mulk , was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army .	Nizam-ul-mulk	Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army ?
In 1737 , in the final defeat of Mughal Empire , the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army , Nizam-ul-mulk , was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army .	Bhopal	What was the site of the final battle for the Mughals ?
The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , also called the 1857 War of Independence , and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British while the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj .	1857 War of Independence	What was the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also called ?
The Mughals were perhaps the richest single dynasty to have ever existed .	The Mughals	What was the richest of all the dynasties ?
The Mughals , while often employing brutal tactics to subjugate their empire , had a policy of integration with Indian culture , which is what made them successful where the short-lived Sultanates of Delhi had failed .	integration with Indian culture	What policy made the Mughals a successful dynasty ?
The famous emperor Akbar , who was the grandson of Babar , tried to establish a good relationship with the Hindus .	emperor Akbar	Which Mughal ruler tried to form a good relationship with non-Muslims ?
However , later emperors such as Aurangazeb tried to establish complete Muslim dominance , and as a result several historical temples were destroyed during this period and taxes imposed on non-Muslims .	Aurangazeb	Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace ?
The Mughal emperors married local royalty , allied themselves with local maharajas , and attempted to fuse their Turko-Persian culture with ancient Indian styles , creating a unique Indo-Saracenic architecture .	ancient Indian	With what styles did Mughal Rulers merge their Tuko-Persian culture ?
The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states -LRB- mostly late Mughal tributary states -RRB- emerged , and also by the increasing activities of European powers .	Maratha suzerainty	The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals ?
There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy .	Maratha confederacy	What founding was of importance in the decline of the Mughals ?
The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji , a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya .	Chatrapati Shivaji	Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom ?
Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as `` the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced '' .	great constructive genius	What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji 's nation building ?
By the early 18th century , the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas -LRB- prime ministers -RRB- .	early 18th century	By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire ?
By the early 18th century , the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas -LRB- prime ministers -RRB- .	Peshwas	Who ruled the Maratha Empire ?
By the early 18th century , the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas -LRB- prime ministers -RRB- .	prime ministers	What were Peshwas ?
By 1760 , the domain of the Marathas stretched across practically the entire subcontinent .	1760	By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent ?
The defeat of Marathas by British in third Anglo-Maratha Wars brought end to the empire by 1820 .	British	In the end , what empire defeated the Maratha Empire ?
The Punjabi kingdom , ruled by members of the Sikh religion , was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab .	Sikh religion	Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom ?
The empire , based around the Punjab region , existed from 1799 to 1849 .	1799 to 1849	What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom ?
It was forged , on the foundations of the Khalsa , under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh -LRB- 1780 -- 1839 -RRB- from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls .	Maharaja Ranjit Singh	Who was the leader of the Punjabis ?
He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force .	Sikh army	On what was the disciplined force Singh relied ?
This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British .	British	Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire ?
However , most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas .	Marathas	To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute ?
The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century .	Wodeyar	What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE ?
Under their rule , Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas , but mostly against the British , with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French .	British and Marathas	What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century ?
Under their rule , Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas , but mostly against the British , with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French .	the French	What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British ?
The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century .	Hyder Ali	Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century ?
The next to arrive were the Dutch , with their main base in Ceylon .	Ceylon	In what country was the trading base for the Dutch ?
The British -- who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619 -- and the French .	port of Surat	Where did the British initially establish a trading base ?
The British -- who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619 -- and the French .	French	What was the third European country to establish trading with India ?
The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands .	internal conflicts	What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence ?
Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century , they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders , with the exception of the French outposts of Pondichéry and Chandernagore , the Dutch port of Travancore , and the Portuguese colonies of Goa , Daman and Diu .	British	To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands ?
The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah , the de facto ruler of the Bengal province , opposed British attempts to use these permits .	Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah	What ruler opposed the British use of permits and ended up at war ?
This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757 , in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company , led by Robert Clive , defeated the French-supported Nawab 's forces .	East India Company	What British company was heavily involved in the defeat of the Nawab 's forces ?
This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757 , in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company , led by Robert Clive , defeated the French-supported Nawab 's forces .	Robert Clive	Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal ?
The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal .	monopolized	How did the East India Company handle trade in Bengal ?
As a result of the three Carnatic Wars , the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India .	Carnatic	What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars ?
The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras ; the Anglo-Mysore Wars -LRB- 1766 -- 1799 -RRB- and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars -LRB- 1772 -- 1818 -RRB- led to control of the vast regions of India .	1766–1799	During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars ?
The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras ; the Anglo-Mysore Wars -LRB- 1766 -- 1799 -RRB- and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars -LRB- 1772 -- 1818 -RRB- led to control of the vast regions of India .	1772–1818	When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought ?
Punjab , North-West Frontier Province , and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 ; however , Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state .	Dogra Dynasty of Jammu	To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849 ?
Punjab , North-West Frontier Province , and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 ; however , Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state .	princely state	After the sale of Kashmir , what did the area become ?
The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company 's rule .	Company's rule	What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 ?
They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it .	brutally suppressed	What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion ?
They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it .	British government	What force took control of the company and the situation ?
The government also was determined to keep full control so that no rebellion of such size would ever happen again .	full control	What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India ?
They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it .	grievances	What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion ?
In the aftermath , all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown , which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces .	British Crown	To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred ?
In the aftermath , all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown , which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces .	provinces	How did Britain govern the vast area of India ?
The Crown controlled the Company 's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India , which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families .	Company's lands	Over what did Britain have direct control ?
The Crown controlled the Company 's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India , which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families .	indirect influence	What kind of influence did the British Crown have over the rest of India that was not under Company rule ?
There were officially 565 princely states in 1947 , but only 21 had actual state governments , and only three were large -LRB- Mysore , Hyderabad and Kashmir -RRB- .	565	How many princely states were there in India in 1947 ?
After 1857 , the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system , legal procedures , and statutes .	infrastructure	What did the Colonial government expand by legal means ?
The Indian Penal Code came into being .	Indian Penal Code	What new law was created ?
In education , Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implementing the use of English as the medium of instruction .	Thomas Babington Macaulay	Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India ?
India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century which was the fourth largest in the world .	late 19th century	When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world ?
The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure , including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways , telegraphy , roads and ports .	infrastructure	In what feature of management did the British invest heavily ?
In 1905 , Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and `` Eastern Bengal and Assam '' , a largely Muslim eastern half .	Lord Curzon	What administer divided the province of Bengal in half ?
In 1905 , Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and `` Eastern Bengal and Assam '' , a largely Muslim eastern half .	Hindu	What was the majority of the population of the western half of Bengal ?
In 1905 , Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and `` Eastern Bengal and Assam '' , a largely Muslim eastern half .	Muslim	What was the religion of the western half of Bengal ?
It also marked the beginning of the organized anti-colonial movement .	anti-colonial	What movement did the division of Bengal start ?
However , the largest and oldest political party Indian National Congress , founded in 1885 , is perceived to have attempted to keep a distance from the socio-religious movements and identity politics .	Indian National Congress	What was the biggest and oldest political party in India ?
The Bengali Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of India during the period of British rule dominated by English educated Bengali Hindus .	Bengali Renaissance	What was the social reform movement centered in Bengal in the 19th to early 20th century ?
The Bengali Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of India during the period of British rule dominated by English educated Bengali Hindus .	English educated Bengali Hindus	What group lead the Bengali Renaissance ?
The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy -LRB- 1772 -- 1833 -RRB- and ended with Rabindranath Tagore -LRB- 1861 -- 1941 -RRB- , although many stalwarts thereafter continued to embody particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output of the region .	Raja Ram Mohan Roy	With whom did the Renaissance movement begin ?
The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy -LRB- 1772 -- 1833 -RRB- and ended with Rabindranath Tagore -LRB- 1861 -- 1941 -RRB- , although many stalwarts thereafter continued to embody particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output of the region .	Rabindranath Tagore	With whom was it said the the movement ended ?
Nineteenth century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers , scholars , literary giants , journalists , patriotic orators , and scientists , all merging to form the image of a renaissance , and marked the transition from the ` medieval ' to the ` modern ' .	medieval' to the 'modern	From what did the Renaissance Movement mark the change ?
During this period , Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century , although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism .	Renaissance in Europe	What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble ?
This movement questioned existing orthodoxies , particularly with respect to women , marriage , the dowry system , the caste system , and religion .	existing orthodoxies	What did the Movement question ?
One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement , which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus .	Young Bengal	What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening ?
One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement , which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus .	rationalism and atheism	What factors did the Young Bengal movement say were needed for civil conduct ?
It played an important role in reawakening Indian minds and intellect across the sub-continent .	minds and intellect	What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians ?
During the British Raj , famines in India , often attributed to failed government policies , were some of the worst ever recorded , including the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899 -- 1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died .	famines	What were said to have been caused by government policy failures ?
During the British Raj , famines in India , often attributed to failed government policies , were some of the worst ever recorded , including the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899 -- 1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died .	6.1 million to 10.3 million	How many people were said to have died in the Great Famine ?
During the British Raj , famines in India , often attributed to failed government policies , were some of the worst ever recorded , including the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899 -- 1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died .	1876–78	When did the Great Famine happen ?
During the British Raj , famines in India , often attributed to failed government policies , were some of the worst ever recorded , including the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899 -- 1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died .	1.25 to 10 million	How many people died in the Indian Famine of 1899-1900 ?
The Third Plague Pandemic in the mid-19th century killed 10 million people in India .	Third Plague Pandemic	What killed 10 million people in India ?
One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism , leading Indians to seek first `` self-rule '' and later `` complete independence '' .	Indian nationalism	What movement rose in the 19th century ?
One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism , leading Indians to seek first `` self-rule '' and later `` complete independence '' .	self-rule	What did Indian first want as government ?
One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism , leading Indians to seek first `` self-rule '' and later `` complete independence '' .	complete independence	What did Indians finally begin to demand ?
However , historians are divided over the causes of its rise .	causes	What feature of the nationalism movement is unknown ?
Probable reasons include a `` clash of interests of the Indian people with British interests '' , `` racial discriminations '' , `` the revelation of India 's past '' , `` inter-linking of the new social groups in different regions '' , and Indians coming in close contact with `` European education '' .	Probable reasons	What can only be listed without absolute firmness in the nationalism movement ?
The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909 .	councillors	What appointments were the first step in Indian self-rule ?
The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909 .	1909	When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor ?
Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up .	Provincial Councils	What more local councils were set up ?
The British built a large British Indian Army , with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs .	British	Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army ?
The British built a large British Indian Army , with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs .	minority groups	What were the troops in the British Indian Army ?
Bal Gangadhar Tilak , an Indian nationalist leader , declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation .	Bal Gangadhar Tilak	What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright ?
Under them , India 's three big provinces -- Maharashtra , Bengal and Punjab , India shaped the demand of the people and India 's nationalism .	three big provinces	What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism ?
In 1907 , the Congress was split into two factions : The radicals , led by Tilak , advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British .	two factions	How was the Congress split in 1907 ?
In 1907 , the Congress was split into two factions : The radicals , led by Tilak , advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British .	The radicals	Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead ?
The moderates , led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale , on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule .	The moderates	Which faction wanted reform within British rule ?
From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods .	Mahatma Gandhi	What leader started a mass movement against British rule ?
From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods .	peaceful	What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule ?
However , revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle .	Indian National Army	What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule ?
All these movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947 .	15 August 1947	On what date did India gain its independence ?
The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard .	Government of India Act 1935	What action did the movements combine to produce ?
The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent , and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence ; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj , although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership .	minority	What position did Muslims have in the Indian population ?
The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent , and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence ; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj , although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership .	Hindu rule	What effect of independence did Muslims distrust ?
The British , extremely weakened by the Second World War , promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government .	interim government	What did the British form in preparation to leaving India ?
Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal , rioting broke out between Sikhs , Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India , leaving some 500,000 dead .	500,000	How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab ?
Also , this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history , with a total of 12 million Hindus , Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan -LRB- which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively -RRB- .	12 million	How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan ?
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein -LRB- Arabic : جمال عبد الناصر حسين , IPA : -LSB- ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn -RSB- ; 15 January 1918 -- 28 September 1970 -RRB- was the second President of Egypt , serving from 1956 until his death .	second	What number president of Egypt was Nasser ?
Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own , he cracked down on the organization , put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest , and assumed executive office , officially becoming president in June 1956 .	Muslim Brotherhood	What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser ?
Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own , he cracked down on the organization , put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest , and assumed executive office , officially becoming president in June 1956 .	1956	In what year did Nasser become president ?
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein -LRB- Arabic : جمال عبد الناصر حسين , IPA : -LSB- ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn -RSB- ; 15 January 1918 -- 28 September 1970 -RRB- was the second President of Egypt , serving from 1956 until his death .	1970	In what year did Nasser die ?
Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year .	monarchy	What type of government did Nasser overthrow ?
His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world .	five million	How many mourners attended Nasser 's funeral ?
Nasser 's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world .	Suez Canal	What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize ?
Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased , culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria -LRB- 1958 -- 1961 -RRB- .	United Arab Republic	What organization did Nasser create with Syria ?
Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause , by 1963 Nasser 's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War .	North Yemen Civil War	What civil war did Nasser become entangled in ?
He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running .	1965	In what year did Nasser start his second term as President ?
His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom , and launched large industrial projects , including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City .	Aswan Dam and Helwan City	Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded .
Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century .	20th	What century did Nasser rule in ?
Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world , particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity , modernization policies , and anti-imperialist efforts .	anti-imperialist	What was nasser 's position toward imperialism ?
Nasser 's detractors criticize his authoritarianism , his government 's human rights violations , his populist relationship with the citizenry , and his failure to establish civil institutions , blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt .	human rights violations	How did Nasser 's government deal with human rights ?
Nasser 's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria , and his mother 's family came from Mallawi , el-Minya .	postal worker	What was Nasser 's father 's occupation ?
Nasser 's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria , and his mother 's family came from Mallawi , el-Minya .	Alexandria	In what city was Nasser raised ?
Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos , Alexandria , the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein .	1918	What year was Nasser born ?
Nasser 's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser 's family believed strongly in the `` Arab notion of glory '' , since the name of Nasser 's brother , Izz al-Arab , translates to `` Glory of the Arabs '' -- a rare name in Egypt .	Glory of the Arabs	What does Nasser 's brother 's name translate to ?
His parents married in 1917 , and later had two more boys , Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi .	two more boys	What siblings did Nasser have ?
In 1928 , Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city 's Attarin elementary school .	Attarin	What elementary school did Nasser attend ?
He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan , and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father , who was working for the city 's postal service .	Helwan	Where did Nasser go to boarding school ?
He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan , and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father , who was working for the city 's postal service .	Ras el-Tin	What secondary school did Nasser attend ?
After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square , he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose .	Manshia Square	Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations ?
The protest , organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society , called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution 's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi .	Young Egypt Society	What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed ?
When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933 , Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school .	al-Nahda al-Masria	What school did Nasser attend in Cairo ?
He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school 's paper , including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled `` Voltaire , the Man of Freedom '' .	Voltaire, the Man of Freedom	What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper ?
On 13 November 1935 , Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule , protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution 's restoration .	British rule	What was the issue Nasser led a protest against ?
Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman 's bullet .	Two	How many protestors were killed in the demonstration ?
On 12 December , the new king , Farouk , issued a decree restoring the constitution .	constitution	What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations ?
Nasser 's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years , such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school .	45	How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year ?
Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt 's political forces , Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country .	Anglo-Egyptian Treaty	What treaty did Nasser object to ?
Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt 's political forces , Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country .	British military bases	What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt ?
Nonetheless , political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda , where he received his leaving certificate later that year .	declined significantly	What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty ?
Nonetheless , political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda , where he received his leaving certificate later that year .	al-Nahda	From where did Nasser graduate ?
Nasser spent most of his spare time reading , particularly in 1933 when he lived near the National Library of Egypt .	reading	What did Nasser do in his spare time ?
Nasser spent most of his spare time reading , particularly in 1933 when he lived near the National Library of Egypt .	National Library of Egypt	What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933 ?
Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations , which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society 's class divisions .	Egyptian society's class divisions	What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth ?
His own social status was well below the wealthy Egyptian elite , and his discontent with those born into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime .	well below the wealthy Egyptian elite	What was Nasser 's position in Egypt 's society ?
He read the Qur ` an , the sayings of Muhammad , the lives of the Sahaba -LRB- Muhammad 's companions -RRB- , and the biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon , Ataturk , Otto von Bismarck , and Garibaldi and the autobiography of Winston Churchill .	nationalist leaders	What kind of biographies did Nasser read ?
Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism , as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel , poet Ahmed Shawqi , and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy , Aziz al-Masri , to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview .	Egyptian nationalism	What political theory fascinated Nasser ?
Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism , as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel , poet Ahmed Shawqi , and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy , Aziz al-Masri , to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview .	Mustafa Kamel	What politician did Nasser admire ?
Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism , as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel , poet Ahmed Shawqi , and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy , Aziz al-Masri , to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview .	Ahmed Shawqi	What poet did Nasser read ?
He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim 's novel Return of the Spirit , in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a `` man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented , and who will be for them a symbol of their objective '' .	Return of the Spirit	What novel influenced Nasser greatly ?
Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism , as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel , poet Ahmed Shawqi , and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy , Aziz al-Masri , to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview .	Royal Military Academy	Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher ?
From his readings , Nasser , who frequently spoke of `` dignity , glory , and freedom '' in his youth , became enchanted with the stories of national liberators and heroic conquerors ; a military career became his chief priority .	a military career	What was Nasser 's goal ?
In 1937 , Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training , but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry .	Royal Military Academy	Where did Nasser apply in 1937 ?
In 1937 , Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training , but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry .	record of anti-government protest	Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy ?
Disappointed , he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University , but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy .	King Fuad University	Where did Nasser attend law school ?
Disappointed , he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University , but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy .	one semester	How long did Nasser attend law school ?
Convinced that he needed a wasta , or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others , Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha , the person responsible for the academy 's selection board , and requested his help .	wasta	What 's another term for influential intermediary ?
Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser 's second application , which was accepted in late 1937 .	Khairy Pasha	Who sponsored Nasser 's second application to the Military Academy ?
It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades , including Sadat and Amer , first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy .	Sadat and Amer	What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy ?
It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades , including Sadat and Amer , first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy .	widespread corruption	What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt ?
It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades , including Sadat and Amer , first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy .	monarchy	What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end ?
In 1941 , Nasser was posted to Khartoum , Sudan , which was part of Egypt at the time .	1941	In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan ?
Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt , then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943 .	instructor	Whas was Nasser 's position at the military academy in 1943 ?
In 1942 , the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk 's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies .	British Ambassador Miles Lampson	Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister ?
He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution .	nationalist	What political group was Nasser associated with ?
Nasser stayed in touch with the group 's members primarily through Amer , who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force 's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them .	Amer	Who was Nasser 's contact in the armed forces , giving Nasser dossiers ?
In May 1948 , following the British withdrawal , King Farouk sent the Egyptian army into Palestine , with Nasser serving in the 6th Infantry Battalion .	Palestine	Where was the Egyptian army sent in 1948 ?
In May 1948 , following the British withdrawal , King Farouk sent the Egyptian army into Palestine , with Nasser serving in the 6th Infantry Battalion .	6th Infantry Battalion	In what unit did Nasser serve ?
On 12 July , he was lightly wounded in the fighting .	lightly	How badly was Nasser wounded ?
By August , his brigade was surrounded by the Israeli Army .	Israeli	What army surrounded Nasser 's brigade ?
Negotiations between Israel and Egypt finally resulted in the ceding of Faluja to Israel .	Faluja	What territory was given to Israel ?
The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for the officers ' return despite reservations from the royal government , which had been pressured by the British to prevent the reception .	Umm Kulthum	What Egyptian singer performed at the return of Nasser 's brigade ?
He started writing his book Philosophy of the Revolution during the siege .	Philosophy of the Revolution	What book did Nasser start writing ?
The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for the officers ' return despite reservations from the royal government , which had been pressured by the British to prevent the reception .	royal government	What group opposed the celebration of Nasser 's brigade 's return ?
The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for the officers ' return despite reservations from the royal government , which had been pressured by the British to prevent the reception .	British	Who has pressured the government to cancel the reception ?
The apparent difference in attitude between the government and the general public increased Nasser 's determination to topple the monarchy .	monarchy	What was Nasser increasingly convinced he should topple ?
After the war , Nasser returned to his role as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy .	instructor at the Royal Military Academy	What did Nasser do after the war ended ?
He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948 , but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism .	Muslim Brotherhood	What group did Nasser try to allign himself with ?
He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948 , but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism .	religious agenda	What was the reason Nasser rejected the Muslim Brotherhood ?
Nasser was sent as a member of the Egyptian delegation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal armistice with Israel , and reportedly considered the terms to be humiliating , particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy the Eilat region while negotiating with the Arabs in March .	humiliating	How did Nasser view the terms of the armisitce with Israel ?
Nasser was sent as a member of the Egyptian delegation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal armistice with Israel , and reportedly considered the terms to be humiliating , particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy the Eilat region while negotiating with the Arabs in March .	Eilat	What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks ?
Nasser 's return to Egypt coincided with Husni al-Za ` im 's Syrian coup d'état .	Syrian	What people had a coup around the time Nasser returned to Egypt ?
Soon after his return , he was summoned and interrogated by Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel Hadi regarding suspicions that he was forming a secret group of dissenting officers .	Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel	Who questioned Nasser ?
According to secondhand reports , Nasser convincingly denied the allegations .	convincingly denied the allegations	What was Nasser 's reaction to the questions he was asked ?
The interrogation pushed Nasser to speed up his group 's activities .	speed up his group's activities	What did the interrogation provoke Nasser to do ?
In the 1950 parliamentary elections , the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory -- mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood , which boycotted the elections -- and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own .	Muslim Brotherhood	What group boycotted the 1950 elections ?
In the 1950 parliamentary elections , the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory -- mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood , which boycotted the elections -- and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own .	Wafd	What party advanced in the 1950 elections ?
Accusations of corruption against Wafd politicians began to surface , however , breeding an atmosphere of rumor and suspicion that consequently brought the Free Officers to the forefront of Egyptian politics .	corruption	What were Wafd members accused of ?
Accusations of corruption against Wafd politicians began to surface , however , breeding an atmosphere of rumor and suspicion that consequently brought the Free Officers to the forefront of Egyptian politics .	Free Officers	What group became prominent in Egyptian politics ?
Nasser felt that the Free Officers were not ready to move against the government and , for nearly two years , he did little beyond officer recruitment and underground news bulletins .	nearly two years	How long did Nasser swell the ranks of his Free Officers ?
On 11 October 1951 , the Wafd government abrogated the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty , which had given the British control over the Suez Canal until 1956 .	Anglo-Egyptian Treaty	What treaty did the Wafd government abrogate ?
In January 1952 , he and Hassan Ibrahim attempted to kill the royalist general Hussein Sirri Amer by firing their submachine guns at his car as he drove through the streets of Cairo .	Hussein Sirri Amer	Who did Nasser 's group try to assassinate ?
In January 1952 , he and Hassan Ibrahim attempted to kill the royalist general Hussein Sirri Amer by firing their submachine guns at his car as he drove through the streets of Cairo .	Hassan Ibrahim	Who helped Nasser with the assassination attempt ?
In January 1952 , he and Hassan Ibrahim attempted to kill the royalist general Hussein Sirri Amer by firing their submachine guns at his car as he drove through the streets of Cairo .	royalist	What was general Amer 's political affiliation ?
Instead of killing the general , the attackers wounded an innocent female passerby .	an innocent female passerby	Who was wounded in the assassination attempt ?
Sirri Amer was close to King Farouk , and was nominated for the presidency of the Officer 's Club -- normally a ceremonial office -- with the king 's backing .	Sirri Amer	Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer 's Club ?
They selected Muhammad Naguib , a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War .	Muhammad Naguib	Who was Nassir 's choice to represent the Free Officers ?
They selected Muhammad Naguib , a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War .	three	How many times was Naguib wounded ?
Naguib won overwhelmingly and the Free Officers , through their connection with a leading Egyptian daily , al-Misri , publicized his victory while praising the nationalistic spirit of the army .	al-Misri	What media outlet advanced the Free Officer 's agenda ?
They selected Muhammad Naguib , a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War .	Palestine War	In what war was Naguib wounded ?
On 25 January 1952 , a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen , provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead .	1952	In what year did riots cause the political situation in Egypt to rapidly deteriorate ?
On 25 January 1952 , a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen , provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead .	Ismailia	Where did British forces and Egyptian police clash ?
On 25 January 1952 , a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen , provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead .	76	How many people were killed in the Cairo riots ?
In May , Nasser received word that Farouk knew the names of the Free Officers and intended to arrest them ; he immediately entrusted Free Officer Zakaria Mohieddin with the task of planning the government takeover by army units loyal to the association .	Zakaria Mohieddin	Who did Nasser enlist to plan the Free Officer 's coup ?
Afterwards , Nasser published a simple six-point program in Rose al-Yūsuf to dismantle feudalism and British influence in Egypt .	feudalism	What did Nasser want to end in Egypt ?
The Free Officers ' intention was not to install themselves in government , but to re-establish a parliamentary democracy .	parliamentary democracy	What type of government did the Free Officer 's want to establish ?
Nasser did not believe that a low-ranking officer like himself -LRB- a lieutenant colonel -RRB- would be accepted by the Egyptian people , and so selected General Naguib to be his `` boss '' and lead the coup in name .	General Naguib	Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup ?
Under pressure from the Americans , Nasser had agreed to exile the deposed king with an honorary ceremony .	exile	What was teh fate of King Farouk after the coup ?
While many of the rebel officers were leading their units , Nasser donned civilian clothing to avoid detection by royalists and moved around Cairo monitoring the situation .	civilian clothing	What did Nasser wear during the coup ?
The revolution they had long sought was launched on 22 July and was declared a success the next day .	22 July	What day did the revolution begin ?
On 18 June 1953 , the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt declared , with Naguib as its first president .	Naguib	Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt ?
According to Aburish , after assuming power , Nasser and the Free Officers expected to become the `` guardians of the people 's interests '' against the monarchy and the pasha class while leaving the day-to-day tasks of government to civilians .	civilians	Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government ?
They asked former prime minister Ali Maher to accept reappointment to his previous position , and to form an all-civilian cabinet .	Ali Maher	Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime Minister ?
The Free Officers then governed as the Revolutionary Command Council -LRB- RCC -RRB- with Naguib as chairman and Nasser as vice-chairman .	Revolutionary Command Council	What new name did the Free Officers take ?
In September , the Agrarian Reform Law was put into effect .	Agrarian Reform Law	What law did Nasser view as the culmination of his revolutionary efforts ?
Preceding the reform law , in August 1952 , communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar , leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead .	nine	How many people died in the textile factory riots ?
The Muslim Brotherhood supported the RCC , and after Naguib 's assumption of power , demanded four ministerial portfolios in the new cabinet .	Muslim Brotherhood	What group supported the RCC ?
Nasser turned down their demands and instead hoped to co-opt the Brotherhood by giving two of its members , who were willing to serve officially as independents , minor ministerial posts .	two	How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib 's cabinet ?
While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot 's two ringleaders , Nasser opposed this .	opposed	What was Nasser 's position on executing the rioter 's leaders ?
In January 1953 , Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties , creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally , a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures , with Nasser its secretary-general .	secretary-general	What was Nasser 's first title in the Liberation Rally ?
In January 1953 , Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties , creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally , a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures , with Nasser its secretary-general .	all political parties	What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953 ?
Despite the dissolution order , Nasser was the only RCC member who still favored holding parliamentary elections , according to his fellow officer Abdel Latif Boghdadi .	parliamentary elections	What was Nasser alone in supporting ?
In March 1953 , Nasser led the Egyptian delegation negotiating a British withdrawal from the Suez Canal .	British withdrawal from the Suez Canal	What was Nasser negotiating in 1953 ?
On 25 February 1954 , Naguib announced his resignation after the RCC held an official meeting without his presence two days prior .	Naguib	Who resigned in 1954 ?
On 26 February , Nasser accepted the resignation , put Naguib under house arrest , and the RCC proclaimed Nasser as both RCC chairman and prime minister .	RCC chairman and prime minister	What two positions did Nasser assume ?
Later that day , hundreds of thousands of protesters , mainly belonging to the Brotherhood , called for Naguib 's return and Nasser 's imprisonment .	Brotherhood	What group protested for Naguib 's reinstatement ?
Later that day , hundreds of thousands of protesters , mainly belonging to the Brotherhood , called for Naguib 's return and Nasser 's imprisonment .	imprisonment	What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to happen to Nasser ?
Nasser was forced to acquiesce , but delayed Naguib 's reinstatement until 4 March , allowing him to promote Amer to Commander of the Armed Forces -- a position formerly occupied by Naguib .	Amer	Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander ?
The RCC succeeded in provoking the beneficiaries of the revolution , namely the workers , peasants , and petty bourgeois , to oppose the decrees , with one million transport workers launching a strike and thousands of peasants entering Cairo in protest in late March .	transport workers	What group went on strike as a result of the turmoil ?
As a ruse to rally opposition against a return to the pre-1952 order , the RCC decreed an end to restrictions on monarchy-era parties and the Free Officers ' withdrawal from politics .	Free Officers	What group claimed to be leaving the political scene ?
Between April and June , hundreds of Naguib 's supporters in the military were either arrested or dismissed , and Mohieddin was informally exiled to Switzerland to represent the RCC abroad .	Mohieddin	Who was sent to Switzerland ?
King Saud of Saudi Arabia attempted to mend relations between Nasser and Naguib , but to no avail .	Saudi Arabia	What nation tried to mediate between Nasser and Naguib ?
The assassination attempt backfired , quickly playing into Nasser 's hands .	assassination attempt	What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage ?
Upon returning to Cairo , he ordered one of the largest political crackdowns in the modern history of Egypt , with the arrests of thousands of dissenters , mostly members of the Brotherhood , but also communists , and the dismissal of 140 officers loyal to Naguib .	Brotherhood	To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong ?
Eight Brotherhood leaders were sentenced to death , although the sentence of its chief ideologue , Sayyid Qutb , was commuted to a 15-year imprisonment .	Sayyid Qutb	Who avoided a death sentence in favor of 15 years in jail ?
Naguib was removed from the presidency and put under house arrest , but was never tried or sentenced , and no one in the army rose to defend him .	house arrest	Where did Naguib end up after the turmoil ?
With his rivals neutralized , Nasser became the undisputed leader of Egypt .	Nasser	Who assumed total control of Egypt ?
Nasser 's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office .	street following	What was too small to keep Nasser in power ?
To promote himself and the Liberation Rally , he gave speeches in a cross-country tour , and imposed controls over the country 's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent `` sedition '' .	press	What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition ?
Arab nationalist terms such `` Arab homeland '' and `` Arab nation '' frequently began appearing in his speeches in 1954 -- 55 , whereas prior he would refer to the Arab `` peoples '' or the `` Arab region '' .	"Arab homeland" and "Arab nation"	What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches ?
Both Umm Kulthum and Abdel Halim Hafez , the leading Arab singers of the era , performed songs praising Nasser 's nationalism .	singers	Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez ?
In January 1955 , the RCC appointed him as their president , pending national elections .	1955	In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president ?
Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954 -- 55 , but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible , considering it an `` expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain '' .	Israel	What country did Nasser make secret agreements with ?
On 28 February 1955 , Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids .	Gaza Strip	What territory did Israel attack in 1955 ?
Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily .	did not retaliate militarily	What was Nasser 's reaction to the attack ?
His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity .	a blow to his growing popularity	How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser 's response to the attack ?
Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September .	blockade on Israeli shipping	What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan ?
Simultaneous with Israel 's February raid , the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK .	Baghdad Pact	What agreement ran contrary to Nasser 's efforts ?
Nasser felt that if he was to maintain Egypt 's regional leadership position he needed to acquire modern weaponry to arm his military .	modern weaponry	What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West ?
When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms , Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$ 320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September .	Czechoslovakia	From what country did Nasser buy arms ?
When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms , Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$ 320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September .	US$320,000,000	How much money did Nasser spend on weapons ?
Through the Czechoslovakian arms deal , the balance of power between Egypt and Israel was more or less equalized and Nasser 's role as the Arab leader defying the West was enhanced .	equalized	How did the military relationship between Egypt and Israel change ?
Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western , pro-Soviet , and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the `` Final Communique '' addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union .	Final Communique	What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism ?
At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances , support for the independence of Tunisia , Algeria , and Morocco from French rule , support for the Palestinian right of return , and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab -- Israeli conflict .	French	From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia , Algeria and Morocco ?
At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances , support for the independence of Tunisia , Algeria , and Morocco from French rule , support for the Palestinian right of return , and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab -- Israeli conflict .	right of return	What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians ?
At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances , support for the independence of Tunisia , Algeria , and Morocco from French rule , support for the Palestinian right of return , and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab -- Israeli conflict .	UN	What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict , which Nasser supported ?
Following Bandung , Nasser officially adopted the `` positive neutralism '' of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War .	positive neutralism	What political philosophy did Nasser adopt ?
Following Bandung , Nasser officially adopted the `` positive neutralism '' of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War .	Cold War	What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with ?
Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference .	welcomed by large crowds	How did the Egyptian people react to Nasser after the conference ?
Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference .	heralded	How did the Egyptian press react to Nasser 's accomplishments ?
In January 1956 , the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted , entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union -LRB- NU -RRB- , a movement Nasser described as the `` cadre through which we will realize our revolution '' .	1956	In what year did Egypt get a new constitution ?
In January 1956 , the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted , entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union -LRB- NU -RRB- , a movement Nasser described as the `` cadre through which we will realize our revolution '' .	single-party system	What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution ?
In January 1956 , the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted , entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union -LRB- NU -RRB- , a movement Nasser described as the `` cadre through which we will realize our revolution '' .	National Union	What was the dominant political party ?
The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally , which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation .	Liberation Rally	From what group did the National Union originate ?
In the new movement , Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens , approved by local-level party committees , in order to solidify popular backing for his government .	citizens	Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order ?
Nasser had ultimate approval over all the candidates .	Nasser	Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly ?
The constitution granted women 's suffrage , prohibited gender-based discrimination , and entailed special protection for women in the workplace .	women	Who received new and special protections in the new constitution ?
Coinciding with the new constitution and Nasser 's presidency , the RCC dissolved itself and its members resigned their military commissions as part of the transition to civilian rule .	RCC	What group dissolved when the new constitution was enacted ?
During the deliberations surrounding the establishment of a new government , Nasser began a process of sidelining his rivals among the original Free Officers , while elevating his closest allies to high-ranking positions in the cabinet .	sidelining	Among the original Free Officers , what did Nasser do to his opponents ?
During the deliberations surrounding the establishment of a new government , Nasser began a process of sidelining his rivals among the original Free Officers , while elevating his closest allies to high-ranking positions in the cabinet .	high-ranking positions in the cabinet	What did Nasser 's allies receive in the new arrangement ?
After the three-year transition period ended with Nasser 's official assumption of power , his domestic and independent foreign policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France .	UK and France	With what two nations did Nasser 's foreign policy clash ?
On 19 July 1956 , the US and UK abruptly withdrew their offer to finance construction of the Aswan Dam , citing concerns that Egypt 's economy would be overwhelmed by the project .	Aswan Dam	What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser ?
In addition , Nasser 's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War , recognition of communist China , and arms deal with the Eastern bloc alienated the United States .	China	What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize ?
The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence , and the UK 's Eden government was agitated by Nasser 's campaign against the Baghdad Pact .	Algerian	France was angered by Nasser 's support of the independence of what people ?
The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence , and the UK 's Eden government was agitated by Nasser 's campaign against the Baghdad Pact .	Baghdad Pact	The UK was chafed by Nasser 's opposition to what agreement ?
Nasser was informed of the British -- American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade , and took great offense .	took great offense	How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam ?
Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 -LRB- the last British troops left on 13 June 1956 -RRB- , journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July .	Suez Canal	What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize ?
The rest of the RCC 's former members were informed of the decision on 24 July , while the bulk of the cabinet was unaware of the nationalization scheme until hours before Nasser publicly announced it .	unaware	What was Nasser 's cabinet 's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it ?
Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 -LRB- the last British troops left on 13 June 1956 -RRB- , journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July .	1956	When did the last British troops leave Egypt ?
On 26 July 1956 , Nasser gave a speech in Alexandria announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as a means to fund the Aswan Dam project in light of the British -- American withdrawal .	fund the Aswan Dam	What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal ?
In the speech , he denounced British imperialism in Egypt and British control over the canal company 's profits , and upheld that the Egyptian people had a right to sovereignty over the waterway , especially since `` 120,000 Egyptians had died -LRB- sic -RRB- '' building it .	120,000	How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal ?
The motion was technically in breach of the international agreement he had signed with the UK on 19 October 1954 , although he ensured that all existing stockholders would be paid off .	existing stockholders	Who did Nasser claim would still be paid despite nationalization of the canal ?
The motion was technically in breach of the international agreement he had signed with the UK on 19 October 1954 , although he ensured that all existing stockholders would be paid off .	UK	What country had signed an agreement with Nasser in 1954 ?
The nationalization announcement was greeted very emotionally by the audience and , throughout the Arab world , thousands entered the streets shouting slogans of support .	support	How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal ?
That same day , Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping .	Israeli	What nation 's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal ?
US ambassador Henry A. Byroade stated , `` I can not overemphasize -LSB- the -RSB- popularity of the Canal Company nationalization within Egypt , even among Nasser 's enemies . ''	Henry A. Byroade	What US ambassador spoke about the widespread support for Nasser 's nationalization of the canal ?
Egyptian political scientist Mahmoud Hamad wrote that , prior to 1956 , Nasser had consolidated control over Egypt 's military and civilian bureaucracies , but it was only after the canal 's nationalization that he gained near-total popular legitimacy and firmly established himself as the `` charismatic leader '' and `` spokesman for the masses not only in Egypt , but all over the Third World '' .	not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World	Where was Nasser believed to be a spokesman for the poor and oppressed ?
France and the UK , the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company , saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government .	France and the UK	What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme ?
Shortly thereafter , however , the UK , France , and Israel made a secret agreement to take over the Suez Canal , occupy the Suez Canal zone , and topple Nasser .	Israel	What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved ?
In early October , the UN Security Council met on the matter of the canal 's nationalization and adopted a resolution recognizing Egypt 's right to control the canal as long as it continued to allow passage through it for foreign ships .	UN Security Council	What entity drew up an agreement that drastically reduced the threat of military action against Egypt ?
Shortly thereafter , however , the UK , France , and Israel made a secret agreement to take over the Suez Canal , occupy the Suez Canal zone , and topple Nasser .	topple	What did the UK , France and Israel intend to do to Nasser ?
On 29 October 1956 , Israeli forces crossed the Sinai Peninsula , overwhelmed Egyptian army posts , and quickly advanced to their objectives .	1956	In what year did battle over the Suez Canal commence ?
Two days later , British and French planes bombarded Egyptian airfields in the canal zone .	Egyptian airfields in the canal zone	What did the British and French air forces bomb ?
Moreover , he feared that if the armored corps was dispatched to confront the Israeli invading force and the British and French subsequently landed in the canal city of Port Said , Egyptian armor in the Sinai would be cut off from the canal and destroyed by the combined tripartite forces .	Port Said	What city did Nasser want to keep the French and British out of ?
Amer strongly disagreed , insisting that Egyptian tanks meet the Israelis in battle .	Amer	Who wanted the Egyptian armored units to fight the Israelis ?
Nasser also ordered blockage of the canal by sinking or otherwise disabling forty-nine ships at its entrance .	blockage	What did Nasser do to the canal ?
Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops , about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces , and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army .	2,000	How many Egyptian soldiers died during the fighting ?
Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops , about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces , and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army .	5,000	How many Egyptian soldiers did the Israeli army capture ?
To counterbalance the Egyptian Army 's dismal performance , Nasser authorized the distribution of about 400,000 rifles to civilian volunteers and hundreds of militias were formed throughout Egypt , many led by Nasser 's political opponents .	civilian volunteers	To whom did Nasser authorize distribution of small arms ?
Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire , with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to British forces .	Salah Salem	Who recommended Nasser surrender himself to the British ?
Despite the relative ease in which Sinai was occupied , Nasser 's prestige at home and among Arabs was undamaged .	undamaged	What was the consequence to Nassir 's admiration among the Arab world for Egypt 's military failure ?
Between 750 and 1,000 Egyptians were killed in the battle for Port Said .	Between 750 and 1,000	How many Egyptians died in the battle for Port Said ?
Between 750 and 1,000 Egyptians were killed in the battle for Port Said .	Port Said	What did Nasser think was the most importatnt location in the battle for the canal ?
According to Boghdadi 's memoirs , Nasser described the Egyptian Army as `` shattered '' as he saw the wreckage of Egyptian military equipment en route .	shattered	In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK ?
The British-French forces managed to largely secure the city by 7 November .	British-French forces	Who was ultimately able to claim victoy in Port Said ?
The U.S. Eisenhower administration condemned the tripartite invasion , and supported UN resolutions demanding withdrawal and a United Nations Emergency Force -LRB- UNEF -RRB- to be stationed in Sinai .	U.S.	What country was opposed to the invasion of the canal ?
The U.S. Eisenhower administration condemned the tripartite invasion , and supported UN resolutions demanding withdrawal and a United Nations Emergency Force -LRB- UNEF -RRB- to be stationed in Sinai .	Eisenhower	What leader did Nasser applaud ?
The U.S. Eisenhower administration condemned the tripartite invasion , and supported UN resolutions demanding withdrawal and a United Nations Emergency Force -LRB- UNEF -RRB- to be stationed in Sinai .	United Nations Emergency Force	What military force was brought in to calm the situation ?
As a result of the Suez Crisis , Nasser brought in a set of regulations imposing rigorous requirements for residency and citizenship as well as forced expulsions , mostly affecting British and French nationals and Jews with foreign nationality , as well as some Egyptian Jews .	rigorous requirements for residency	What did Nasser impose as a result of the conflict ?
The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser 's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote , `` Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio . ''	Voice of the Arabs	What radio station furthered Nasser 's agenda ?
They called themselves `` Nasserites '' , despite Nasser 's objection to the label -LRB- he preferred the term `` Arab nationalists '' -RRB- .	Nasserites	What were Arab admirers of Nasser called ?
His followers were numerous and well-funded , but lacked any permanent structure and organization .	structure and organization	What did the admirers of Nasser lack ?
The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser 's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote , `` Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio . ''	Eugene Rogan	Who said that Nasser conquered the Arab workd with radio ?
They called themselves `` Nasserites '' , despite Nasser 's objection to the label -LRB- he preferred the term `` Arab nationalists '' -RRB- .	Arab nationalists	What would have Nasser prefferred his admirers call themselves ?
In January 1957 , the US adopted the Eisenhower Doctrine and pledged to prevent the spread of communism and its perceived agents in the Middle East .	Eisenhower Doctrine	What was the policy meant to contain communism in the middle east ?
In January 1957 , the US adopted the Eisenhower Doctrine and pledged to prevent the spread of communism and its perceived agents in the Middle East .	1957	When was the Eisenhower Doctrine adopted ?
Eisenhower tried to isolate Nasser and reduce his regional influence by attempting to transform King Saud into a counterweight .	King Saud	What leader did the US prop up to foil Nasser ?
Also in January , the elected Jordanian prime minister and Nasser supporter Sulayman al-Nabulsi brought Jordan into a military pact with Egypt , Syria , and Saudi Arabia .	Jordan	What country joined an alliance with Egypt , Syria and Saudi Arabia ?
Although Nasser was an opponent of communism in the region , his promotion of pan-Arabism was viewed as a threat by pro-Western states in the region .	pan-Arabism	Although not communist , what about Nasser concerned pro-western groups ?
Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him -- although Nasser 's involvement was never established -- and dissolved al-Nabulsi 's cabinet .	King Hussein	What leader accused Nasser of trying to overthrow him ?
Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being `` a tool of the imperialists '' .	a tool of the imperialists	What did Nasser call King Hussein ?
Relations with King Saud also became antagonistic as the latter began to fear that Nasser 's increasing popularity in Saudi Arabia was a genuine threat to the royal family 's survival .	King Saud	What non-Egyptian leader was concerned about Nasser 's popularity outside of Egypt ?
Despite opposition from the governments of Jordan , Saudi Arabia , Iraq , and Lebanon , Nasser maintained his prestige among their citizens and those of other Arab countries .	citizens	Despite conflicts with Arab governments , who continued to support Nasser ?
By the end of 1957 , Nasser nationalized all remaining British and French assets in Egypt , including the tobacco , cement , pharmaceutical , and phosphate industries .	British and French	What nations ' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957 ?
He stopped short of total government control : two-thirds of the economy was still in private hands .	two-thirds	How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir 's government ?
Nasser initiated the Helwan steelworks , which subsequently became Egypt 's largest enterprise , providing the country with product and tens of thousands of jobs .	Helwan steelworks	What entity did Nasser spearhead that was a boon for Egypt 's economy ?
Nasser also decided to cooperate with the Soviet Union in the construction of the Aswan Dam to replace the withdrawal of US funds .	Soviet Union	What nation did Nasser join economic forces with ?
Nasser also decided to cooperate with the Soviet Union in the construction of the Aswan Dam to replace the withdrawal of US funds .	Aswan Dam	What project did Nasser cooperate with the Soviet Union on ?
As political instability grew in Syria , delegations from the country were sent to Nasser demanding immediate unification with Egypt .	Syria	What country wanted to join with Egypt ?
Nasser ordered a crackdown against Syrian communists , dismissing many of them from their governmental posts .	communists	What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on ?
On 1 February , the United Arab Republic -LRB- UAR -RRB- was proclaimed and , according to Dawisha , the Arab world reacted in `` stunned amazement , which quickly turned into uncontrolled euphoria . ''	United Arab Republic	What was the Egyptian-Syrian alliance called ?
However , in January 1958 , a second Syrian delegation managed to convince Nasser of an impending communist takeover and a consequent slide to civil strife .	1958	What year was the UAR formed ?
While Nasser was in Syria , King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo .	King Saud	Who tried to assassinate Nasser ?
On 4 March , Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser 's plane .	shoot down Nasser's plane	How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out ?
As a consequence of Saud 's scheme , he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother , King Faisal , a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism .	King Faisal	Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed assassination attempt ?
As a consequence of Saud 's scheme , he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother , King Faisal , a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism .	opponent	What was King Faisal 's position toward Nasser ?
A day after announcing the attempt on his life , Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly -LRB- 400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria -RRB- and the dissolution of all political parties .	400	How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt ?
At the meeting , Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party , but Nasser refused , stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers .	Khrushchev	What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with ?
At the meeting , Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party , but Nasser refused , stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers .	Communist Party	What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on ?
Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents : Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt , and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria .	Boghdadi and Amer	Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt ?
In Lebanon , clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent , then-President Camille Chamoun , culminated in civil strife by May .	Camille Chamoun	Who was Nasser 's opponent in Lebanon ?
The former sought to unite with the UAR , while the latter sought Lebanon 's continued independence .	to unite with the UAR	What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want ?
Nasser did not covet Lebanon , seeing it as a `` special case '' , but sought to prevent Chamoun from a second presidential term .	a second presidential term	What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun ?
Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj , who provided limited aid to Nasser 's Lebanese supporters through money , light arms , and officer training -- short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged .	Sarraj	Who was in charge of dealing with the Lebanon situation ?
Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj , who provided limited aid to Nasser 's Lebanese supporters through money , light arms , and officer training -- short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged .	limited	What degree of support did pro-Nasser factions in Lebanon receive ?
On 14 July , Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and , the next day , Iraqi prime minister and Nasser 's chief Arab antagonist , Nuri al-Said , was killed .	Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref	What two men overthrew the Iraqi monarchy ?
On 14 July , Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and , the next day , Iraqi prime minister and Nasser 's chief Arab antagonist , Nuri al-Said , was killed .	Nuri al-Said	What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated ?
On 15 July , US marines landed in Lebanon , and British special forces in Jordan , upon the request of those countries ' governments to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces .	Lebanon	Where did US Marines land ?
On 15 July , US marines landed in Lebanon , and British special forces in Jordan , upon the request of those countries ' governments to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces .	to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces	Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid ?
Nasser felt that the revolution in Iraq left the road for pan-Arab unity unblocked .	unblocked	How did Nasser see the prospects for Arab unity ?
He put Syria under Sarraj , who effectively reduced the province to a police state by imprisoning and exiling landholders who objected to the introduction of Egyptian agricultural reform in Syria , as well as communists .	Sarraj	Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria ?
He put Syria under Sarraj , who effectively reduced the province to a police state by imprisoning and exiling landholders who objected to the introduction of Egyptian agricultural reform in Syria , as well as communists .	police state	What was Syria like under Sarraj ?
Following the Lebanese election of Fuad Chehab in September 1958 , relations between Lebanon and the UAR improved considerably .	Fuad Chehab	Who did Lebanon elect in 1958 ?
Following the Lebanese election of Fuad Chehab in September 1958 , relations between Lebanon and the UAR improved considerably .	improved considerably	How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab 's election ?
On 25 March 1959 , Chehab and Nasser met at the Lebanese -- Syrian border and compromised on an end to the Lebanese crisis .	1959	In what year did Nasser and Chehab agree to end the Lebanon crisis ?
Relations between Nasser and Qasim grew increasingly bitter on 9 March , after Qasim 's forces suppressed a rebellion in Mosul , launched a day earlier by a pro-Nasser Iraqi RCC officer backed by UAR authorities .	Qasim	What Iraqi leader clashed with Nasser ?
Relations between Nasser and Qasim grew increasingly bitter on 9 March , after Qasim 's forces suppressed a rebellion in Mosul , launched a day earlier by a pro-Nasser Iraqi RCC officer backed by UAR authorities .	suppressed a rebellion in Mosul	What did Quasm do to anger Nasser ?
He clamped down on Egyptian communist activity due to the key backing Iraqi communists provided Qasim .	Egyptian communist activity	What did Nasser suppress as a result ?
Several influential communists were arrested , including Nasser 's old comrade Khaled Mohieddin , who had been allowed to re-enter Egypt in 1956 .	Khaled Mohieddin	What old ally did Nasser turn against ?
Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria 's key elements , namely the socioeconomic , political , and military elites .	elites	What Syrian social group opposed the UAR ?
In response to Syria 's worsening economy , which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie , in July 1961 , Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy .	worsening	How was Syria 's economy fairing under the arrangement ?
In response to Syria 's worsening economy , which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie , in July 1961 , Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy .	nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy	How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria ?
He also dismissed Sarraj in September to curb the growing political crisis .	dismissed	What did Nasser do to Sarraj to try and help the political situation ?
In 1960 , Nasser nationalized the Egyptian press , which had already been cooperating with his government , in order to steer coverage towards the country 's socioeconomic issues and galvanize public support for his socialist measures .	press	What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960 ?
On 28 September 1961 , secessionist army units launched a coup in Damascus , declaring Syria 's secession from the UAR .	secessionist army units	What Syrian anti-Nasser group lauched a coup ?
On 28 September 1961 , secessionist army units launched a coup in Damascus , declaring Syria 's secession from the UAR .	1961	In what year did Syria leave the UAR ?
Nasser sent Egyptian special forces to Latakia to bolster his allies , but withdrew them two days later , citing a refusal to allow inter-Arab fighting .	Latakia	Where did Nasser send Egyptian special forces ?
According to Heikal , Nasser suffered something resembling a nervous breakdown after the dissolution of the union ; he began to smoke more heavily and his health began to deteriorate .	nervous breakdown	What happened to Nasser after the breakup of the UAR ?
According to Heikal , Nasser suffered something resembling a nervous breakdown after the dissolution of the union ; he began to smoke more heavily and his health began to deteriorate .	his health began to deteriorate	How was Nasser 's health after the breakup of the UAR ?
Nasser 's regional position changed unexpectedly when Yemeni officers led by Nasser supporter Abdullah al-Sallal overthrew Imam Badr of North Yemen on 27 September 1962 .	North Yemen	What country experienced a coup in 1962 ?
Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom , while Nasser subsequently accepted a request by Sallal to militarily aid the new government on 30 September .	Saudi Arabia	What country agreed to help suppress the Yemeni rebellion ?
Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom , while Nasser subsequently accepted a request by Sallal to militarily aid the new government on 30 September .	the new government	Which side of the civil war did Nasser side with ?
Consequently , Egypt became increasingly embroiled in the drawn-out civil war until it withdrew its forces in 1967 .	1967	In what year did Egypt leave Yemen 's civil war ?
Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a `` miscalculation '' .	miscalculation	How did Nasser characterize Egypt 's involvement in Yemen 's civil war ?
On 8 February 1963 , a military coup in Iraq led by a Ba'athist -- Nasserist alliance toppled Qasim , who was subsequently shot dead .	Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance	What groups completed a coup in Iraq ?
Abdel Salam Aref , a Nasserist , was chosen to be the new president .	Abdel Salam Aref	Who became the new Iraqi president after the coup ?
However , the agreement fell apart weeks later when Syria 's Ba'athists purged Nasser 's supporters from the officers corps .	Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters	What caused the agreement to fail ?
A failed counter-coup by a Nasserist colonel followed , after which Nasser condemned the Ba'athists as `` fascists '' .	fascists	How did Nasser describe the Ba'athists ?
In January 1964 , Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel 's plans to divert the Jordan River 's waters for economic purposes , which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war .	Jordan River	What river did the Israelis want to divert ?
In January 1964 , Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel 's plans to divert the Jordan River 's waters for economic purposes , which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war .	act of war	How did Syria and Jordan see Israel 's plans ?
During the summit , Nasser developed cordial relations with King Hussein , and ties were mended with the rulers of Saudi Arabia , Syria , and Morocco .	King Hussein	What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations ?
In May , Nasser moved to formally share his leadership position over the Palestine issue by initiating the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization -LRB- PLO -RRB- .	Palestine Liberation Organization	What organization was formed as a result of the talks ?
Its head was to be Ahmad Shukeiri , Nasser 's personal nominee .	Ahmad Shukeiri	Who was set to lead the PLO ?
After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties , Nasser , President Sukarno of Indonesia , President Tito of Yugoslavia , and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement -LRB- NAM -RRB- in 1961 .	1961	In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed ?
In 1964 , Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo .	Nasser	Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964 ?
Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War , end colonization , and increase economic cooperation among developing countries .	Cold War	What global conflict was the NAM made to counter ?
Beginning in 1958 , Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity -LRB- OAU -RRB- in 1963 .	African	What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability ?
During this period , Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo .	anti-colonial leaders from several African countries	Who did Nasser give asylum to ?
During this period , Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo .	anti-colonial propaganda	What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo ?
Beginning in 1958 , Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity -LRB- OAU -RRB- in 1963 .	Organisation of African Unity	What African group did Nasser help to form ?
Beginning in 1958 , Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity -LRB- OAU -RRB- in 1963 .	1963	What year was the OAU formed ?
In 1961 , Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking .	Egypt	What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world ?
In 1961 , Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking .	Islamic and socialist	What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite ?
To achieve this , he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar , which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam , and to ensure its prominence over the Muslim Brotherhood and the more conservative Wahhabism promoted by Saudi Arabia .	al-Azhar	What religious group did Nasser endeavor to reform ?
To achieve this , he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar , which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam , and to ensure its prominence over the Muslim Brotherhood and the more conservative Wahhabism promoted by Saudi Arabia .	Muslim Brotherhood	What religious group was Nasser seeking to marginalize ?
In late 1961 , Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments , instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer .	Presidential Council	What military entity did Nasser create in 1961 ?
Moreover , he instructed that the primary criterion for promotion should be merit and not personal loyalties .	merit	As opposed to personal loyalty , what basis should military promotions be given , according to Nasser ?
Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer 's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him .	Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him	Why did Nasser abandon the Presidential Council ?
Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer 's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him .	Amer	What leader was sidelined by the Presidential Council ?
In late 1961 , Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments , instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer .	approve all senior military appointments	What was the Presidential Council meant to do ?
In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer .	Amer	From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt 's military ?
Nasser ultimately backed down , wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government .	Nasser	Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer ?
Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers .	directly confronting Nasser	How did Amer respond to Nasser 's attempts to marginalize him ?
According to Boghdadi , the stress caused by the UAR 's collapse and Amer 's increasing autonomy forced Nasser , who already had diabetes , to practically live on painkillers from then on .	painkillers	How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR 's collapse and Amer 's intransigence ?
According to Boghdadi , the stress caused by the UAR 's collapse and Amer 's increasing autonomy forced Nasser , who already had diabetes , to practically live on painkillers from then on .	diabetes	From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering ?
In October 1961 , Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt , believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country 's problems and would have prevented Syria 's secession .	socialism	What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961 ?
In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt 's citizens and counter the army 's influence , Nasser introduced the National Charter in 1962 and a new constitution .	National Charter	What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms ?
The charter called for universal health care , affordable housing , vocational schools , greater women 's rights and a family planning program , as well as widening the Suez Canal .	widening the Suez Canal	What infrastructure project was part of the National Charter ?
In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt 's citizens and counter the army 's influence , Nasser introduced the National Charter in 1962 and a new constitution .	1962	What year was the National Charter released ?
The charter called for universal health care , affordable housing , vocational schools , greater women 's rights and a family planning program , as well as widening the Suez Canal .	universal	What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter ?
As a result of the 1962 measures , government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent , and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union -LRB- ASU -RRB- .	51	What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962 ?
As a result of the 1962 measures , government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent , and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union -LRB- ASU -RRB- .	Arab Socialist Union	What was the new name for the National Union ?
With these measures came more domestic repression , as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned , including dozens of military officers .	repression	What was the expression of Nasser 's reforms on the street ?
With these measures came more domestic repression , as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned , including dozens of military officers .	Islamists	What group was targeted with imprisonment ?
Nasser 's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest .	submit their resignations in protest	How did two of Nasser 's top aids respond to the new measures ?
He was the only candidate for the position , with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office , and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers .	He was the only candidate	What was Nasser 's political opposition like in the 1965 election ?
That same year , Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned .	Muslim Brotherhood	The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser ?
Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser , and was executed in 1966 .	executed	What was Qutb 's sentence ?
Beginning in 1966 , as Egypt 's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome , Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector , encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports .	private sector	What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans ?
During the 60 's , the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse , the society became less free , and Nasser 's appeal waned considerably .	from sluggishness to the verge of collapse	How did Egypt 's economy do during the 1960s ?
In mid May 1967 , the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria , although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be `` baseless '' .	Soviet Union	What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria ?
According to Kandil , without Nasser 's authorization , Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May , and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF 's withdrawal .	dispatch troops to Sinai	What did Amer do without Nasser 's approval ?
Earlier that day , Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war .	Israeli-American	What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war , according to King Hussein ?
Although in the preceding months , Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel , Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank 's occupation by Israel .	West Bank	What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain ?
Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union .	US	Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive ?
On 21 May , Amer asked Nasser to order the Straits of Tiran blockaded , a move Nasser believed Israel would use as a casus belli .	Straits of Tiran	What thoroughfare did Amir want Nasser to block ?
According to Nasser 's vice president Zakaria Mohieddin , although `` Amer had absolute authority over the armed forces , Nasser had his ways of knowing what was really going on '' .	Zakaria Mohieddin	Who was Nassir 's vice president ?
Still , Nasser concluded that if Israel attacked , Egypt 's quantitative advantage in manpower and arms could stave off Israeli forces for at least two weeks , allowing for diplomacy towards a ceasefire .	diplomacy towards a ceasefire	How would Nassir deal with an Israeli invasion , if it happened ?
On 30 May , King Hussein committed Jordan in an alliance with Egypt and Syria .	Jordan	What country joined Egypt and Syria against Israel ?
According to Sadat , it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation 's gravity .	Sharm el-Sheikh	What defeat opened Nasser 's eyes to the desperation of Egypt 's situation ?
The Supreme Executive Committee , set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war , attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser -- Amer rivalry and Amer 's overall incompetence .	Nasser–Amer	What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt 's poor showing in the war ?
According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi , who became foreign minister during Sadat 's presidency , the Israeli invasion and Egypt 's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser 's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions .	rational analysis	What did Nasser dismiss during the war ?
During the first four days of the war , the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory .	imminent Arab victory	What propaganda were Arab media broadcasting at the beginning of the war ?
On 9 June , Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt 's citizens of their country 's defeat .	9 June	What day did Nasser announce Egypt 's defeat ?
He announced his resignation on television later that day , and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin , who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post .	announced his resignation	What did Nasser do about his position as President ?
He announced his resignation on television later that day , and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin , who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post .	Zakaria Mohieddin	Who rejected Nasser 's offer to become the new president ?
Nasser retracted his decision the next day .	retracted his decision	What did Nasser do after mass demonstrations ?
On 11 July , Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander , over the protestations of Amer 's loyalists in the military , 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer 's reinstatement .	Mohamed Fawzi	Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt 's armed forces ?
Amer committed suicide on 14 September .	suicide	How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup ?
Thereafter , Nasser began a process of depoliticizing the armed forces , arresting dozens of leading military and intelligence figures loyal to Amer .	depoliticizing the armed forces	How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt ?
Thereafter , Nasser began a process of depoliticizing the armed forces , arresting dozens of leading military and intelligence figures loyal to Amer .	figures loyal to Amer	What loyalists did Nasser target ?
At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum , Nasser 's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead .	Khartoum	Where was the Arab League summit held ?
At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum , Nasser 's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead .	King Faisal	What leader assumed a more prominent position due to Nasser 's difficulites ?
A ceasefire in the Yemen War was declared and the summit concluded with the Khartoum Resolution .	Khartoum Resolution	What agreement ended the Yemeni civil war ?
The Soviet Union soon resupplied the Egyptian military with about half of its former arsenals and broke diplomatic relations with Israel .	Soviet Union	What nation granted military aid to Egypt ?
In November , Nasser accepted UN Resolution 242 , which called for Israel 's withdrawal from territories acquired in the war .	UN Resolution 242	What document called for Israel to abandon land it obtained during the war ?
Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967 .	prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces	What new positions did Nasser give himself ?
Angry at the military court 's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war , workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968 .	1968	When did students protest for political reforms ?
Nasser responded to the demonstrations , the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers ' protests in March 1954 , by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union -LRB- ASU -RRB- .	Arab Socialist Union	What type of people were ousted from Nasser 's cabinet ?
By 3 March , Nasser directed Egypt 's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage , and declared the `` fall of the mukhabarat state '' .	external	What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on ?
On 30 March , Nasser proclaimed a manifesto stipulating the restoration of civil liberties , greater parliamentary independence from the executive , major structural changes to the ASU , and a campaign to rid the government of corrupt elements .	ASU	What organization was to undergo a big overhaul ?
Observers noted that the declaration signaled an important shift from political repression to liberalization , although its promises would largely go unfulfilled .	liberalization	What trend was Nasser trying to cause ?
Observers noted that the declaration signaled an important shift from political repression to liberalization , although its promises would largely go unfulfilled .	unfulfilled	How did Nasser 's promises of increased freedoms turn out ?
On 30 March , Nasser proclaimed a manifesto stipulating the restoration of civil liberties , greater parliamentary independence from the executive , major structural changes to the ASU , and a campaign to rid the government of corrupt elements .	independence	How did Nasser want to change the relationship between parliament and the executive ?
Meanwhile , in January 1968 , Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel , ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal .	War of Attrition	What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called ?
Meanwhile , in January 1968 , Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel , ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal .	1968	In what year did the War of Attrition begin ?
In March , Nasser offered Yasser Arafat 's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month .	Yasser Arafat	Who led the Fatah movement ?
In March , Nasser offered Yasser Arafat 's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month .	Battle of Karameh	In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself ?
Nasser effectively ceded his leadership of the `` Palestine issue '' to Arafat .	Arafat	To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel ?
Nasser ceased all military activities and began a program to build a network of internal defenses , while receiving the financial backing of various Arab states .	build a network of internal defenses	What did Nasser do to respond to Israeli attacks ?
The war resumed in March 1969 .	March 1969	When did the war start up again ?
In November , Nasser brokered an agreement between the PLO and the Lebanese military that granted Palestinian guerrillas the right to use Lebanese territory to attack Israel .	PLO and the Lebanese military	What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with ?
In November , Nasser brokered an agreement between the PLO and the Lebanese military that granted Palestinian guerrillas the right to use Lebanese territory to attack Israel .	Palestinian guerrillas	Who would get to attack Israel from Lebanon ?
In June 1970 , Nasser accepted the US-sponsored Rogers Plan , which called for an end to hostilities and an Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory , but it was rejected by Israel , the PLO , and most Arab states except Jordan .	Rogers Plan	What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel ?
He also determined that a ceasefire could serve as a tactical step toward the strategic goal of recapturing the Suez Canal .	recapturing the Suez Canal	What did Nasser want to use the agreement to do ?
Nasser had initially rejected the plan , but conceded under pressure from the Soviet Union , which feared that escalating regional conflict could drag it into a war with the US .	Soviet Union	Who pressured Nasser to accept the Rogers Plan ?
In dozens of speeches and statements , Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender .	surrender	How did Nasser equate peace with Israel ?
Following Nasser 's acceptance , Israel agreed to a ceasefire and Nasser used the lull in fighting to move SAM missiles towards the canal zone .	SAM missiles	What did Nasser move to the canal zone ?
As the summit closed on 28 September 1970 , hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave , Nasser suffered a heart attack .	28 September 1970	When did Nasser die ?
As the summit closed on 28 September 1970 , hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave , Nasser suffered a heart attack .	heart attack	How did Nasser die ?
Nasser died several hours later , around 6:00 p.m. Heikal , Sadat , and Nasser 's wife Tahia were at his deathbed .	Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia	Who was with Nasser when he died ?
He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969 .	heart attacks	What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969 ?
Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease -- two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition .	in their fifties	How old were Nasser 's brothers when they died ?
Nasser 's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners .	at least five million	How many people attended Nasser 's funeral ?
The 10-kilometer -LRB- 6.2 mi -RRB- procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets .	the old RCC headquarters	At what landmark did the funeral procession begin ?
All Arab heads of state attended , with the exception of Saudi King Faisal .	Saudi King Faisal	Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser 's funeral ?
King Hussein and Arafat cried openly , and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice .	Muammar Gaddafi	What leader twice fainted during the funeral ?
A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present , including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas .	Alexei Kosygin	Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser 's funeral ?
Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos , and in Jerusalem , roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting , `` Nasser will never die . ''	Over a dozen	How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser 's death ?
Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos , and in Jerusalem , roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting , `` Nasser will never die . ''	75,000	How many people marched in Jerusalem ?
Sherif Hetata , a former political prisoner and later member Nasser 's ASU , said that `` Nasser 's greatest achievement was his funeral .	Sherif Hetata	Who said , `` The world will never again see five million people crying together ? ''
As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people , following his death , the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read , `` One hundred million human beings -- the Arabs -- are orphans . ''	orphans	What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser 's death ?
Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence , and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership .	British influence	What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt ?
One of Nasser 's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice , which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy .	social justice	What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt ?
By the end of his presidency , employment and working conditions improved considerably , although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort .	improved considerably	How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser 's presidency ?
By the end of his presidency , employment and working conditions improved considerably , although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort .	war effort	What had drained resources from Nasser 's social programs ?
The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform , major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam , and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal .	agrarian	What reform , initiated by Nasser , caused the Egyptian economy to grow ?
The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform , major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam , and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal .	Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam	What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on ?
Egypt experienced a `` golden age '' of culture during Nasser 's presidency , according to historian Joel Gordon , particularly in film , television , theater , radio , literature , fine arts , comedy , poetry , and music .	golden age	How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to ?
The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform , major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam , and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal .	Suez Canal	What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized ?
During Mubarak 's presidency , Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt , the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party -LRB- ADNP -RRB- .	Nasserist	What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president ?
During Mubarak 's presidency , Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt , the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party -LRB- ADNP -RRB- .	Arab Democratic Nasserist Party	What was the first Nasserist political party ?
Sabahi came in third place during the 2012 presidential election .	Sabahi	What party came in third in the 2013 election ?
On 19 September 2012 , four Nasserist parties -LRB- the ADNP , Karama , the National Conciliation Party , and the Popular Nasserist Congress Party -RRB- merged to form the United Nasserist Party .	United Nasserist Party	What consolated party was formed from several Nasserist groups ?
His availability to the public , despite assassination attempts against him , was unparalleled among his successors .	availability to the public	What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens ?
A skilled orator , Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970 , a record for any Egyptian head of state .	1,359	How many speeches did Nasser give ?
Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians .	Nasser	Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader ?
The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile -- more so after the nationalization of state media .	press	What institution helped cultivate Nasser 's positive public image ?
While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970 , the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser 's life .	Egyptian intellectuals	Who was most critical of Nasser 's rule ?
While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970 , the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser 's life .	Six-Day War	What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt 's elite ?
General malaise in Egyptian society , particularly during the Mubarak era , augmented nostalgia for Nasser 's presidency , which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose , hope , social cohesion , and vibrant culture .	Mubarak	During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic for Nasser ?
General malaise in Egyptian society , particularly during the Mubarak era , augmented nostalgia for Nasser 's presidency , which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose , hope , social cohesion , and vibrant culture .	national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture	What ideals are associated with Nasser 's time as prsident ?
Nasser 's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress , imprisoned thousands of dissidents , and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations .	dictator	Whad did Nasser 's enemies call him ?
Nasser 's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress , imprisoned thousands of dissidents , and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations .	dissidents	Who did Nasser imprison thousands of ?
Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a `` confused Sultan '' who employed stirring rhetoric , but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals .	confused Sultan	What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser ?
Some of Nasser 's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt , including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi , dismissed Nasser 's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery .	New Wafd Party	What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser 's popular appeal ?
Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution 's shortcomings on Nasser 's concentration of power , and Egypt 's lack of democracy on Nasser 's political style and his government 's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation .	Alaa al-Din Desouki	Who blamed the 1952 revolution 's failings on Nasser ?
Some of Nasser 's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt , including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi , dismissed Nasser 's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery .	successful manipulation and demagoguery	To what did critics attribute Nasser 's popular appeal ?
American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser 's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people `` rendered intermediaries -LRB- organizations and individuals -RRB- unnecessary '' .	intermediaries	What did Nasser 's political style render unnecessary ?
He opined that Nasser 's legacy was a `` guarantee of instability '' due to Nasser 's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule .	strong political institutions	What was needed under Nasser , the absence of which guaranteed instability ?
Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader , blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt 's losses during the Suez War , among other events .	Abd al-Azim Ramadan	Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader ?
Zakaria Mohieddin , who was Nasser 's vice president , said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign .	Zakaria Mohieddin	Who was Nasser 's vice president ?
Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his , or Arab , choosing , on 1967 he started a bluffing game `` but a successful bluff means your opponent must not know which cards you are holding .	bluffing	What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel ?
Zakaria Mohieddin , who was Nasser 's vice president , said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign .	gradually changed	What did Nasser do over the years of his rule ?
`` All of this was out of character ... His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes ... That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967 '' .	diabetes	What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir 's mistakes in 1967 to ?
The extent of Nasser 's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt , in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens .	seek good relations with Egypt	What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations ?
Through his actions and speeches , and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will , Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world .	several nationalist revolutions	What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world ?
He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world , bypassing the various heads of states of those countries -- an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders .	communicated directly with the public masses	What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was ?
Through his actions and speeches , and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will , Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world .	the popular Arab will	What did Nasser symbolize ?
Ahmed Ben Bella , Algeria 's first president , was a staunch Nasserist .	Ben Bella	Who was Algeria 's first president , a fervent Nasserist ?
Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser 's pan-Arabism .	Abdullah al-Sallal	What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen ?
Muammar Gaddafi , who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969 , considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as `` leader of the Arabs '' .	Muammar Gaddafi	Which leader considered Nasser his hero ?
Also in 1969 , Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry , a supporter of Nasser , took power in Sudan .	Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry	What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser ?
The Arab Nationalist Movement -LRB- ANM -RRB- helped spread Nasser 's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world , particularly among the Palestinians , Syrians , and Lebanese , and in South Yemen , the Persian Gulf , and Iraq .	Arab Nationalist Movement	What organization continued Nasser 's philosophies ?
In 1963 , Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine -LRB- `` Saladin The Victorious '' -RRB- , which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin , considered a hero in the Arab world , and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies .	El Nasser Salah El Dine	What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin ?
Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel 's 1996 Nasser 56 .	Nasser 56	What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record ?
The film set the Egyptian box office record at the time , and focused on Nasser during the Suez Crisis .	Suez Crisis	What was Nasser 56 about ?
Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic Gamal Abdel Nasser , the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world .	Gamal Abdel Nasser	What was the famous biopic about Nasser ?
In 1944 , Nasser married Tahia Kazem , the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother , both of whom died when she was young .	Tahia Kazem	Who did Nasser marry in 1944 ?
She was introduced to Nasser through her brother , Abdel Hamid Kazim , a merchant friend of Nasser 's , in 1943 .	Abdel Hamid Kazim	Who introduced Nasser and his wife ?
After their wedding , the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri , a suburb of Cairo , where they would live for the rest of their lives .	Manshiyat al-Bakri	Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married ?
Nasser 's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty .	officer corps	What job of Nasser 's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle ?
Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking .	chain smoking	What was Nasser 's principle vice ?
He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations .	18-hour	How long was a typical workday for Nasser ?
He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970 , he also had arteriosclerosis , heart disease , and high blood pressure .	diabetes	What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960 ?
He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970 , he also had arteriosclerosis , heart disease , and high blood pressure .	1970	What year did Nasser die ?
State media reported that Nasser 's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza .	influenza	What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser 's absence after his second heart attack ?
Pope Saint John XXIII -LRB- Latin : Ioannes XXIII ; Italian : Giovanni XXIII -RRB- born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli , -LSB- a -RSB- Italian pronunciation : -LSB- ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli -RSB- ; 25 November 1881 -- 3 June 1963 -RRB- reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014 .	Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli	What was Pope Saint John XXIII 's birth name ?
Pope Saint John XXIII -LRB- Latin : Ioannes XXIII ; Italian : Giovanni XXIII -RRB- born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli , -LSB- a -RSB- Italian pronunciation : -LSB- ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli -RSB- ; 25 November 1881 -- 3 June 1963 -RRB- reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014 .	25 November 1881	When was Pope Saint John XXIII born ?
Pope Saint John XXIII -LRB- Latin : Ioannes XXIII ; Italian : Giovanni XXIII -RRB- born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli , -LSB- a -RSB- Italian pronunciation : -LSB- ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli -RSB- ; 25 November 1881 -- 3 June 1963 -RRB- reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014 .	3 June 1963	When did Pope Saint XXIII die ?
Pope Saint John XXIII -LRB- Latin : Ioannes XXIII ; Italian : Giovanni XXIII -RRB- born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli , -LSB- a -RSB- Italian pronunciation : -LSB- ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli -RSB- ; 25 November 1881 -- 3 June 1963 -RRB- reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014 .	28 October 1958 to his death in 1963	How long did he reign as Pope ?
He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts , including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria , Greece and Turkey .	10 August 1904	When was he ordained to the priesthood ?
Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots .	76	How old was Roncalli when elected pope ?
Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots .	28 October 1958	When was Roncalli elected pope ?
He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of `` John '' upon election in more than 500 years , and his choice settled the complicated question of official numbering attached to this papal name due to the antipope of this name .	500 years	He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of `` John '' upon election in how long ?
Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council -LRB- 1962 -- 65 -RRB- , the first session opening on 11 October 1962 .	Second Vatican Council	Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling what ?
Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council -LRB- 1962 -- 65 -RRB- , the first session opening on 11 October 1962 .	11 October 1962	When did he call the Second Vatican Council ?
He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963 , four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical , Pacem in terris .	3 June 1963	When did the pope die ?
He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963 , four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical , Pacem in terris .	stomach cancer	What did the pope die of ?
He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter 's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor , Pope Paul VI , who declared him a Servant of God .	the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica	Where was he buried ?
In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999 , he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others .	3 September 2000	When was he beatified ?
John XXIII today is affectionately known as the `` Good Pope '' and in Italian , `` il Papa buono '' .	the "Good Pope"	He is still known today as what ?
The Roman Catholic Church celebrates his feast day not on the date of his death , June 3 , as is usual , nor even on the day of his papal inauguration -LRB- as is sometimes done with Popes who are Saints , such as with John Paul II -RRB- but on 11 October , the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council .	11 October	When is his feast day celebrated ?
The Roman Catholic Church celebrates his feast day not on the date of his death , June 3 , as is usual , nor even on the day of his papal inauguration -LRB- as is sometimes done with Popes who are Saints , such as with John Paul II -RRB- but on 11 October , the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council .	the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council	What is October 11 ?
On Thursday , 11 September 2014 , Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints ' feast days , in response to global requests .	11 September 2014	When did Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints ' feast days ?
He is commemorated on the date of his death , 3 June , by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and on the following day , 4 June , by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church -LRB- United States -RRB- .	by the Evangelical Lutheran Church	Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 3 June ?
He is commemorated on the date of his death , 3 June , by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and on the following day , 4 June , by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church -LRB- United States -RRB- .	by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States)	Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 4 June ?
In February 1925 , the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI 's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria -LRB- 1925 -- 35 -RRB- .	February 1925	When did Pietro Gasparri summon him to the Vatican ?
In February 1925 , the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI 's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria -LRB- 1925 -- 35 -RRB- .	Pietro Gasparri	Who was the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1925 ?
In February 1925 , the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI 's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria -LRB- 1925 -- 35 -RRB- .	1925–35	When was he the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria ?
His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March .	19 March	When was his nomination as apostolic visitor made official ?
Roncalli was consecrated by Giovanni Tacci Porcelli in the church of San Carlo alla Corso in Rome .	Giovanni Tacci Porcelli	Who was he consecrated by ?
On 30 November 1934 , he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria , Bulgaria .	30 November 1934	When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece ?
On 30 November 1934 , he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria , Bulgaria .	Mesembria, Bulgaria	He was appointed titular archbishop of where ?
Thus , he is known as `` the Turcophile Pope , '' by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim .	the Turcophile Pope	What ws he known by in the Turkish community ?
Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe , leading some to consider him to be a Righteous Gentile -LRB- see Pope John XXIII and Judaism -RRB- .	1935	When did he take that position ?
In October 1935 , he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to Pope Pius XI on 14 October .	Pope Pius XI	Who did he introduce Bulgarian pilgrims to ?
In February 1939 , he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying .	February 1939	When did he hear that his mother was dying ?
On 10 February 1939 , Pope Pius XI died .	10 February 1939	When did Pope Pius XI die ?
Unfortunately , she died on 20 February 1939 , during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI .	20 February 1939	When did his mother die ?
He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli , and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939 .	Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli	Who sent him the letter informing him of his mother 's death ?
He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli , and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939 .	2 March 1939	When was Pope Pius XII elected ?
On 12 January 1953 , he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and , accordingly , raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII .	12 January 1953	When was he appointed Patriarch of Venice ?
On 12 January 1953 , he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and , accordingly , raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII .	Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca	Pope Pius XII raised him to what rank ?
Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome .	23 February 1953	When did he leave France for Venice ?
On 15 March 1953 , he took possession of his new diocese in Venice .	15 March 1953	When did he take up his new diocese in Venice ?
As a sign of his esteem , the President of France , Vincent Auriol , claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red biretta on Roncalli at a ceremony in the Élysée Palace .	Vincent Auriol	Who was the President of France in 1953 ?
His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s .	the early 1950s	When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer ?
Roncalli 's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week .	8 November 1953	When did he send his last letter to his dying sister ?
He could not keep that promise , as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice .	11 November 1953	When did Ancilla die ?
In his will around this time , he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark 's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte .	the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice	Where did he want to be buried ?
Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958 , Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October .	9 October 1958	When did Pope Pius XII die ?
Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958 , Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October .	11 October	When was his last full day in Venice ?
Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile , -LSB- b -RSB- and after eleven ballots , was elected to succeed the late Pius XII , so it came as no surprise to him , though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice .	for the conclave in Rome	Why did Roncalli leave Venice ?
Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile , -LSB- b -RSB- and after eleven ballots , was elected to succeed the late Pius XII , so it came as no surprise to him , though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice .	eleven ballots	He was elected pope after how many ballots ?
Many had considered Giovanni Battista Montini , the Archbishop of Milan , a possible candidate , but , although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent sees in Italy , he had not yet been made a cardinal .	Giovanni Battista Montini	Who was the Archbishop of Milan ?
Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible -- under Canon Law any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected -- the College of Cardinals usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who head archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia that attend the papal conclave .	archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia	New pontiffs are chosen from Cardinals who head what ?
Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible -- under Canon Law any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected -- the College of Cardinals usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who head archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia that attend the papal conclave .	1958	When was Montini absent from the conclave ?
Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm .	4:00 pm	When was the final ballot of the conclave ?
He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes .	38 votes	How many votes did he have ?
Roncalli 's exact words were `` I will be called John '' .	John	What name did Roncalli choose ?
This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen ; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before .	over 500 years	John had not been a chosen name in how long ?
This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen ; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before .	Antipope John XXIII	Who was the last to choose the name John ?
Far from being a mere `` stopgap '' pope , to great excitement , John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council -LRB- Vatican I 's predecessor , the Council of Trent , had been held in the 16th century -RRB- .	an ecumenical council	What did John XXIII call for ?
This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls .	29 January 1959	When was the decision made for this council ?
This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls .	the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls	Where was the decision made for this council ?
Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini , who later became Pope Paul VI , remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that `` this holy old boy does n't realise what a hornet 's nest he 's stirring up '' .	Pope Paul VI	Who did Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini later become ?
John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly .	human rights	John XXIII was an advocate for what ?
He wrote about human rights in his Pacem in terris .	his Pacem in terris	What did he write about human rights in ?
John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly .	the unborn and the elderly	His advocacy from human rights included whom ?
Maintaining continuity with his predecessors , John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy , and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal , the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued use Pope Benedict XVI authorized in 2007 , under the conditions indicated in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum .	the Roman liturgy	John XXIII continued the gradual reform of what ?
Maintaining continuity with his predecessors , John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy , and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal , the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued use Pope Benedict XVI authorized in 2007 , under the conditions indicated in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum .	the 1962 Roman Missal	He published changes that resulted in what ?
Maintaining continuity with his predecessors , John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy , and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal , the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued use Pope Benedict XVI authorized in 2007 , under the conditions indicated in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum .	the Tridentine Mass	What did Pope Pius V establish in 1570 ?
Maintaining continuity with his predecessors , John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy , and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal , the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued use Pope Benedict XVI authorized in 2007 , under the conditions indicated in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum .	2007	Pope Benedict XVI authorized continued use of the Roman Missal in what year ?
In response to the directives of the Second Vatican Council , later editions of the Roman Missal present the 1970 form of the Roman Rite .	1970	When was the Roman Rite created ?
On 11 October 1962 , the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican .	in the Vatican	Where was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held ?
On 11 October 1962 , the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican .	11 October 1962	When was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held ?
He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech , which served as the opening address for the council .	Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech	What speech did he give ?
On that same night following the conclusion of the first session , the people in Saint Peter 's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them .	the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them	Why were the people in Saint Peter 's Square chanting and yelling ?
The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June -- this was announced on 12 November 1962 .	8 December 1962	A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day ?
The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June -- this was announced on 12 November 1962 .	1963 from 12 May to 29 June	When was the next session scheduled ?
The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June -- this was announced on 12 November 1962 .	12 November 1962	When was the next session announced ?
John XXIII 's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX , and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized .	Pope Pius IX	Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized ?
Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962 .	US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev	John XXIII offered to mediate between who ?
Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962 .	October 1962	When was the Cuban Missile Crisis ?
Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962 .	Nikita Khrushchev	Who expressed best wishes for the pope 's health ?
Cousins , meanwhile , travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine 's ` Man of the Year ' .	Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'	John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title ?
John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title , followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013 .	Francis	Who was the latest pope to hold the title of ` Man of the Year ? '
On 10 May 1963 , John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime , Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII .	Balzan Prize	John XXIII received what prize on 10 May 1963 ?
On 10 May 1963 , John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime , Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII .	10 May 1963	When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize ?
On 11 May , the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace .	Italian President Antonio Segni	Who officially awarded the pope the Balzan Prize ?
While in the car en route to the official ceremony , he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the Quirinal Palace , refusing to do so within the Vatican .	the Quirinal Palace	Where did he receive the Balzan Prize ?
On 25 May 1963 , the pope suffered another haemorrhage and required several blood transfusions , but the cancer had perforated the stomach wall and peritonitis soon set in .	haemorrhage	What did the pope suffer on 25 May 1963 ?
The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter and John XXIII 's aide Loris F. Capovilla broke the news to him saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him .	Loris F. Capovilla	Who broke the news to John XXIII about his cancer ?
By 31 May , it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII -- it had left him confined to his bed .	31 May	When was it clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII ?
`` At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope , ready to anoint him .	Petrus Canisius Van Lierde	Who was at the dying pope 's bedside ?
`` At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope , ready to anoint him .	Petrus Canisius Van Lierde	Who was the Papal Sacristan for John XXIII ?
`` At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope , ready to anoint him .	11 am	When did the pope bid farewell ?
John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81 , ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months .	peritonitis	What did John XXIII die of ?
John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81 , ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months .	3 June 1963	What day did he die ?
John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81 , ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months .	81	How old was John XXIII upon his death ?
He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter 's Square below , celebrated by Luigi Traglia .	Luigi Traglia	Who celebrated his Mass for him in the square below ?
He was buried on 6 June in the Vatican grottos .	6 June	What day was he buried ?
On 3 December 1963 , US President Lyndon B. Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the United States ' highest civilian award , in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America .	US President Lyndon B. Johnson	Who posthumously awarded his the Presidential Medal of Freedom ?
On 3 December 1963 , US President Lyndon B. Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the United States ' highest civilian award , in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America .	3 December 1963	When did President Johnson award him ?
On 3 December 1963 , US President Lyndon B. Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the United States ' highest civilian award , in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America .	the United States' highest civilian award	What is the Presidential Medal Freedom ?
In his speech on 6 December 1963 , Johnson said : `` I have also determined to confer the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously on another noble man whose death we mourned 6 months ago : His Holiness , Pope John XXIII .	6 December 1963	When was President Johnson 's speech for John XXIII ?
He was known affectionately as `` Good Pope John '' .	Good Pope John	What was he also known as ?
His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965 , along with the cause of Pope Pius XII .	Pope Paul VI	Who opened his cause for canonization ?
On 3 September 2000 , John XXIII was declared `` Blessed '' alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II , the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered .	3 September 2000	When was Pope John XXIII considered `` blessed ? ''
On 3 September 2000 , John XXIII was declared `` Blessed '' alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II , the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered .	Pope John Paul II	Who declared him `` blessed ? ''
He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour .	Pope Pius X	Who was the last pope before John XXIII to receive the title ?
The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis , who visited his tomb and prayed there , then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope .	3 June 2013	When was the 50th anniversary of his death ?
The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis , who visited his tomb and prayed there , then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope .	Pope Francis	Who celebrated his 50th anniversary ?
The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo , the province where the late pope came from .	Bergamo	Where were the people gathered at his tomb from ?
A month later , on 5 July 2013 , Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization , along with Pope John Paul II without the traditional second miracle required .	5 July 2013	When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization ?
On Sunday , 27 April 2014 , John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on Divine Mercy Sunday .	Sunday, 27 April 2014	On what date was John XXIII and Pope John Paul II declared saints ?
Time has long been a major subject of study in religion , philosophy , and science , but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars .	religion, philosophy, and science	Time has long been a major point of study in which fields ?
Nevertheless , diverse fields such as business , industry , sports , the sciences , and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems .	time	Fields such as business , industry , sports , science , and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their measuring systems ?
Some simple definitions of time include `` time is what clocks measure '' , which is a problematically vague and self-referential definition that utilizes the device used to measure the subject as the definition of the subject , and `` time is what keeps everything from happening at once '' , which is without substantive meaning in the absence of the definition of simultaneity in the context of the limitations of human sensation , observation of events , and the perception of such events .	time is what clocks measure	What is an example of a simple definition of time ?
One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe -- a dimension independent of events , in which events occur in sequence .	the universe	According to one of the main viewpoints of time , time is part of the fundamental structure of what ?
Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view , and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time .	Newtonian time	The realist view of time is sometimes referred to as what ?
The opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of `` container '' that events and objects `` move through '' , nor to any entity that `` flows '' , but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure -LRB- together with space and number -RRB- within which humans sequence and compare events .	a fundamental intellectual structure	What does the opposing view of time believe time is a part of ?
Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units and International System of Quantities .	seven	Time is one of how many fundamental physical quantities ?
Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units and International System of Quantities .	the International System of Units and International System of Quantities	Time is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems ?
Time is used to define other quantities -- such as velocity -- so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition .	velocity	What is an example of a quantity that time is used to define , mentioned in the paragraph ?
Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring questions about space into questions about time , questions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural philosophy .	a single continuum called spacetime	Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about time ?
Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists , and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy .	Temporal measurement	What has been a prime motivation in astronomy and navigation ?
Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time .	Periodic events and periodic motion	Periodic events and periodic motion have served as standards for what ?
Currently , the international unit of time , the second , is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms -LRB- see below -RRB- .	the second	What is the current international unit of time ?
Currently , the international unit of time , the second , is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms -LRB- see below -RRB- .	caesium atoms	The electronic transition frequency of which element defines the second ?
Time is also of significant social importance , having economic value -LRB- `` time is money '' -RRB- as well as personal value , due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans .	each day and in human life spans	Time has personal value due to awareness of it 's limited nature in what ?
Temporal measurement , chronometry , takes two distinct period forms : the calendar , a mathematical tool for organizing intervals of time , and the clock , a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time .	the calendar	What is a mathematical tool used for organizing intervals of time ?
Temporal measurement , chronometry , takes two distinct period forms : the calendar , a mathematical tool for organizing intervals of time , and the clock , a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time .	the clock	What is a physical tool that tracks the passage of time ?
In day-to-day life , the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consulted for periods longer than a day .	the clock	Which tool is used in day to day life ?
In day-to-day life , the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consulted for periods longer than a day .	the calendar	Which tool is used in periods longer than a day ?
The number -LRB- as on a clock dial or calendar -RRB- that marks the occurrence of a specified event as to hour or date is obtained by counting from a fiducial epoch -- a central reference point .	by counting from a fiducial epoch—a central reference point	How is the number that marks the occurrence of an event obtained ?
Artifacts from the Paleolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago .	the Paleolithic	Artifacts from which era suggest that the moon was used to reckon time around 6,000 years ago ?
Lunar calendars were among the first to appear , either 12 or 13 lunar months -LRB- either 354 or 384 days -RRB- .	Lunar calendars	Which calendars were among the first to appear ?
Lunar calendars were among the first to appear , either 12 or 13 lunar months -LRB- either 354 or 384 days -RRB- .	either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days)	How long were the original lunar calendars ?
Other early forms of calendars originated in Mesoamerica , particularly in ancient Mayan civilization .	Mesoamerica	Where did some of the other early forms of calendars originate ?
These calendars were religiously and astronomically based , with 18 months in a year and 20 days in a month .	18	How many months were in a year in the original Mayan calendars ?
The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock , or clepsydra , one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I -LRB- 1525 -- 1504 BC -RRB- .	the water clock, or clepsydra	What was the most accurate clock-like device in the ancient world ?
The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock , or clepsydra , one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I -LRB- 1525 -- 1504 BC -RRB- .	Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep	A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Pharaoh ?
Arab inventors and engineers in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages .	Arab inventors	Which inventors made significant improvements on the water clock up until the Middle Ages ?
In the 11th century , Chinese inventors and engineers invented the first mechanical clocks driven by an escapement mechanism .	Chinese	Which engineers came up with the first mechanical clocks ?
In the 11th century , Chinese inventors and engineers invented the first mechanical clocks driven by an escapement mechanism .	the 11th century	When were the first mechanical clocks created ?
The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time .	The hourglass	Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time ?
Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe -LRB- 1522 -RRB- .	18	How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe ?
Incense sticks and candles were , and are , commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe .	Incense sticks and candles	What method did temples and churches use to measure time ?
Richard of Wallingford -LRB- 1292 -- 1336 -RRB- , abbot of St. Alban 's abbey , famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330 .	Richard of Wallingford	Which abbot of St. Alban 's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330 ?
Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi .	Jost Burgi.	Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand ?
The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks , which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years , and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments .	atomic clocks	Which timekeeping devices are the most accurate ?
Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second .	the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms	What method do atomic clocks use to measure seconds ?
Since 1967 , the International System of Measurements bases its unit of time , the second , on the properties of caesium atoms .	the International System of Measurements	Which system bases its unit of time on the properties of caesium ?
Since 1967 , the International System of Measurements bases its unit of time , the second , on the properties of caesium atoms .	Since 1967	How long has the International System of Measurements based the second on caesium ?
Greenwich Mean Time -LRB- GMT -RRB- is an older standard , adopted starting with British railways in 1847 .	Greenwich Mean Time	Which standard of time started with British Railways ?
Greenwich Mean Time -LRB- GMT -RRB- is an older standard , adopted starting with British railways in 1847 .	1847	When was GMT adopted by British Railways ?
Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks , GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich in the UK .	telescopes	GMT used what instead of atomic clocks ?
Observations at the Greenwich Observatory itself ceased in 1954 , though the location is still used as the basis for the coordinate system .	1954	When did observations at the Greenwich Observatory cease ?
The terms `` GMT '' and `` Greenwich Mean Time '' are sometimes used informally to refer to UT or UTC .	UT or UTC	The terms GMT and Greenwich Mean Time are also used informally to refer to what ?
Two distinct viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers .	Two	How many main viewpoints divide many philosophers ?
One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe , a dimension in which events occur in sequence .	the universe	The realist view states that time is part of the fundamental structure of what ?
Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view , and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time .	Newtonian time	The realist view is sometimes referred to as what ?
An opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of actually existing dimension that events and objects `` move through '' , nor to any entity that `` flows '' , but that it is instead an intellectual concept -LRB- together with space and number -RRB- that enables humans to sequence and compare events .	to sequence and compare events	The opposing view states that time is an intellectual concept that allows people to what ?
The Vedas , the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC , describe ancient Hindu cosmology , in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation , destruction and rebirth , with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years .	The Vedas	What are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy ?
The Vedas , the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC , describe ancient Hindu cosmology , in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation , destruction and rebirth , with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years .	back to the late 2nd millennium BC	How long ago are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy dated ?
The Vedas , the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC , describe ancient Hindu cosmology , in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation , destruction and rebirth , with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years .	4,320 million years	How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Hindu texts ?
Ancient Greek philosophers , including Parmenides and Heraclitus , wrote essays on the nature of time .	Parmenides and Heraclitus	Which ancient Greek philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time ?
Aristotle , in Book IV of his Physica defined time as ` number of movement in respect of the before and after ' .	Book IV of his Physica	Aristotle defined time as `` number of movement in respect of the before and after '' in which book ?
In Book 11 of his Confessions , St. Augustine of Hippo ruminates on the nature of time , asking , `` What then is time ?	St. Augustine of Hippo	Who commented on the nature of time in Book 11 of his confessions ?
He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is , an approach similar to that taken in other negative definitions .	by what it is not rather than what it is	By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define time ?
However , Augustine ends up calling time a `` distention '' of the mind -LRB- Confessions 11.26 -RRB- by which we simultaneously grasp the past in memory , the present by attention , and the future by expectation .	a “distention” of the mind	What does Augustine call time in Confessions 11.26 ?
Immanuel Kant , in the Critique of Pure Reason , described time as an a priori intuition that allows us -LRB- together with the other a priori intuition , space -RRB- to comprehend sense experience .	the Critique of Pure Reason	In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience ?
With Kant , neither space nor time are conceived as substances , but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framework that necessarily structures the experiences of any rational agent , or observing subject .	both are elements of a systematic mental framework	What did Kant portray space and time to be ?
Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of an abstract conceptual framework , together with space and number , within which we sequence events , quantify their duration , and compare the motions of objects .	an abstract conceptual framework	Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of what ?
Spatial measurements are used to quantify the extent of and distances between objects , and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between events .	temporal measurements	What type of measurements are used to quantify the duration of events ?
Spatial measurements are used to quantify the extent of and distances between objects , and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between events .	Spatial measurements	What type of measurements are used to quantify the distances between objects ?
According to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time , we are time .	Martin Heidegger	Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside time , but is time ?
The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility , task , or engagement .	a potential possibility, task, or engagement	The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating what ?
The present becomes an experience , which is qualitative instead of quantitative .	The present	What is considered a qualitative experience rather than a quantitative one ?
We are able to remember the past and project into the future -- we have a kind of random access to our representation of temporal existence ; we can , in our thoughts , step out of -LRB- ecstasis -RRB- sequential time .	step out of (ecstasis) sequential time.	According to Heidegger , what can we do , in our thoughts ?
The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime , a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time .	a single dimension of time	Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what ?
In this formalism , distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance , e.g. , a light-year is a measure of distance , and a meter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time .	by how long light takes to travel that distance	In Minkowski spacetime , how can distances in space be measured ?
Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval , which can be either space-like , light-like , or time-like .	by an invariant interval	What are two events in Minkowski spacetime separated by ?
Different observers may calculate different distances and different time intervals between two events , but the invariant interval between the events is independent of the observer -LRB- and his velocity -RRB- .	of the observer (and his velocity)	The invariant interval between events is independent of what ?
Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval , which can be either space-like , light-like , or time-like .	space-like, light-like, or time-like	The invariant interval that separates two events in Minkowski spacetime can either be what ?
In non-relativistic classical mechanics , Newton 's concept of `` relative , apparent , and common time '' can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks .	concept of "relative, apparent, and common time"	What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks ?
In the late nineteenth century , physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time , in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism .	the late nineteenth century	In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time ?
In the late nineteenth century , physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time , in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism .	the behavior of electricity and magnetism	The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century ?
Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant , finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity .	Einstein	Which famous scientist resolved these issues ?
Time has historically been closely related with space , the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein 's special relativity and general relativity .	space	Historically , time has been closely related with what ?
Time has historically been closely related with space , the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein 's special relativity and general relativity .	special relativity and general relativity	In which of Einstein 's two theories do time and space merge into spacetime ?
According to these theories , the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer , and the human perception as well as the measurement by instruments such as clocks are different for observers in relative motion .	the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception	According to Einsteins two relativity theories , the concept of time depends on what ?
For example , if a spaceship carrying a clock flies through space at -LRB- very nearly -RRB- the speed of light , its crew does not notice a change in the speed of time on board their vessel because everything traveling at the same speed slows down at the same rate -LRB- including the clock , the crew 's thought processes , and the functions of their bodies -RRB- .	in the speed of time on board their vessel	A crew in a spaceship travelling nearly the speed of light will not notice the change in what ?
However , to a stationary observer watching the spaceship fly by , the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling and the clock on board the spaceship appears to move very slowly .	the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling	How will the above mentioned spaceship appear to a stationary observer ?
On the other hand , the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship 's direction of travel , because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other .	slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel	How does the crew on board the spaceship perceive the stationary observer ?
This is reconciled by the fact that the crew 's perception of time is different from the stationary observer 's ; what seems like seconds to the crew might be hundreds of years to the stationary observer .	time	The crew 's perception of what is different from a stationary observer ?
This is reconciled by the fact that the crew 's perception of time is different from the stationary observer 's ; what seems like seconds to the crew might be hundreds of years to the stationary observer .	hundreds of years	What the crew perceives as seconds might be seen as how long to a stationary observer ?
In either case , however , causality remains unchanged : the past is the set of events that can send light signals to an entity and the future is the set of events to which an entity can send light signals .	causality	What remains unchanged in both the cases of the spaceship crew and of the stationary observer ?
Einstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds , while agreeing on cause and effect , measure different time separations between events , and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events .	Einstein	Who showed , in his thought experiments , that people travelling at different speeds measured time differently ?
Though these effects are typically minute in the human experience , the effect becomes much more pronounced for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light .	for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light.	In what case do these effects become much more noticeable ?
Many subatomic particles exist for only a fixed fraction of a second in a lab relatively at rest , but some that travel close to the speed of light can be measured to travel farther and survive much longer than expected -LRB- a muon is one example -RRB- .	a fixed fraction of a second	How long do most subatomic particles exist for in a lab ?
Einstein showed how both temporal and spatial dimensions can be altered -LRB- or `` warped '' -RRB- by high-speed motion .	both temporal and spatial dimensions	Einstein showed how what could be altered by high speed motion ?
Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time , and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse .	the laws of physics	What laws do not specify an arrow of time ?
The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is also time asymmetric -LRB- see Measurement in quantum mechanics -RRB- .	time asymmetric	The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is what ?
This is generally a consequence of time being modeled by a parameter in the system being analyzed , where there is no `` proper time '' : the direction of the arrow of time is sometimes arbitrary .	arbitrary	The direction of the arrow of time is sometimes what ?
Examples of this include the Second law of thermodynamics , which states that entropy must increase over time -LRB- see Entropy -RRB- ; the cosmological arrow of time , which points away from the Big Bang , CPT symmetry , and the radiative arrow of time , caused by light only traveling forwards in time -LRB- see light cone -RRB- .	the Second law of thermodynamics,	Which law states that entropy must increase over time ?
In particle physics , the violation of CP symmetry implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry to preserve CPT symmetry as stated above .	CP symmetry	The violation of what implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry ?
In A Brief History of Time and elsewhere , Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang , no information from events then would be accessible to us , and nothing that happened then would have any effect upon the present time-frame .	A Brief History of Time	In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would not be accessible to us ?
Stephen Hawking in particular has addressed a connection between time and the Big Bang .	the Big Bang	Stephen Hawking makes a connection between time and what ?
Upon occasion , Hawking has stated that time actually began with the Big Bang , and that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are meaningless .	time	What does Hawking suggest started with the big bang ?
Upon occasion , Hawking has stated that time actually began with the Big Bang , and that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are meaningless .	meaningless	Hawking also states that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are what ?
This less-nuanced , but commonly repeated formulation has received criticisms from philosophers such as Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler .	Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler	Which philosopher has criticized Hawking 's formulation ?
While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology , it is likely to be refined in the future .	cosmology	The Big Bang model is solidly established in what ?
The Penrose -- Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time .	The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems	Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of time ?
However , these theorems assume that general relativity is correct , but general relativity must break down before the universe reaches the Planck temperature , and a correct treatment of quantum gravity may avoid the singularity .	general relativity	These theorems have to assume what theory is correct ?
However , these theorems assume that general relativity is correct , but general relativity must break down before the universe reaches the Planck temperature , and a correct treatment of quantum gravity may avoid the singularity .	before the universe reaches the Planck temperature	These theorems state that general relatively must break down before what ?
Time travel has been a plot device in fiction since the 19th century .	since the 19th century	How long has time travel been a topic in science fiction ?
Traveling backwards in time has never been verified , presents many theoretic problems , and may be an impossibility .	backwards	Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents many problems ?
Any technological device , whether fictional or hypothetical , that is used to achieve time travel is known as a time machine .	to achieve time travel	A time machine is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose ?
Another solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes can not arise simply because they have not arisen .	paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen	What is another solution to the problem of temporal paradoxes ?
As illustrated in numerous works of fiction , free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined .	free will	In several works of fiction , what ceases to exist in the past which causes paradoxes not to arise ?
As such , it would not be possible to enact the grandfather paradox because it is a historical fact that your grandfather was not killed before his child -LRB- your parent -RRB- was conceived .	the grandfather paradox	What paradox can not be enacted because it is a fact that your grandfather was not killed before your parent was conceived ?
More elaboration on this view can be found in the Novikov self-consistency principle .	the Novikov self-consistency principle.	What principle elaborates more on the view described ?
Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time .	Psychoactive drugs	What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time ?
Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals , while depressants can have the opposite effect .	time intervals	Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what ?
Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals , while depressants can have the opposite effect .	depressants	What causes humans to underestimate time intervals ?
The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this .	The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters	The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time ?
Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons in the brain , with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval -LRB- speed up time -RRB- and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain 's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval -LRB- slow down time -RRB- .	either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons	Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain 's neurons ?
The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior , education , and travel behavior .	human behavior, education, and travel behavior	The use of time is important in understanding what ?
Time-use research is a developing field of study .	Time-use research	What is a developing field of time related study ?
Time use changes with technology , as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways .	technology	Time use is always changing with advances in what ?
However , some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time , such as the amount of time spent traveling to work , which despite major changes in transport , has been observed to be about 20 -- 30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period .	20–30 minutes one-way	Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period ?
The description of the items or events may include a timestamp .	a timestamp	What may the description of events include ?
Because of causality , cause precedes effect , or cause and effect may appear together in a single item , but effect never precedes cause .	effect	What never precedes cause because of causality ?
A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a world line .	a world line	A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what ?
A sequence of events can be presented in text , tables , charts , or timelines .	in text, tables, charts, or timelines	In what ways can a sequence of events be presented ?
A sequence of events , or series of events , is a sequence of items , facts , events , actions , changes , or procedural steps , arranged in time order -LRB- chronological order -RRB- , often with causality relationships among the items .	chronological order	What is another way of phrasing `` time order '' ?
Uses of a sequence of events include stories , historical events -LRB- chronology -RRB- , directions and steps in procedures , and timetables for scheduling activities .	stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables	Uses of sequences of events include what ?
A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science , technology , and medicine .	processes in science, technology, and medicine	What may a sequence of events be used to describe ?
The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines -LRB- cam timer -RRB- , documentaries -LRB- Seconds From Disaster -RRB- , law -LRB- choice of law -RRB- , computer simulation -LRB- discrete event simulation -RRB- , and electric power transmission -LRB- sequence of events recorder -RRB- .	a sequence of events	The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines , documentaries , or computer simulation ?
A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster .	the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster	What is a specific example of a sequence of events ?
As of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi , former governor of the Bank of Italy , former member of the World Bank , and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division -LRB- 2002 -- 2005 -RRB- .	Mario Draghi	What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank ?
The European Central Bank -LRB- ECB -RRB- is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone , which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world .	The European Central Bank	What is the official , central bank for the euro ?
The European Central Bank -LRB- ECB -RRB- is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone , which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world .	consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world	What is the Eurozone ?
The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states .	the central banks of all 28 EU member states	Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank ?
-LSB- dated info -RSB- The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998 , and it is headquartered in Frankfurt , Germany .	The Treaty of Amsterdam	What established The European Central Bank ?
The primary objective of the European Central Bank , as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB , is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone .	maintain price stability within the Eurozone	What is the main mission of the ECB ?
The ECB has , under Article 16 of its Statute , the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes .	Article 16 of its Statute	What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes ?
Member states can issue euro coins , but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand .	the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand	How can a member state use euro coins ?
The primary objective of the European Central Bank , as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB , is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone .	Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB	Where is the mission for the European Central Bank found ?
The basic tasks , as defined in Article 3 of the Statute , are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone , to conduct foreign exchange operations , to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform -LRB- currently being developed -RRB- for settlement of securities in Europe -LRB- TARGET2 Securities -RRB- .	Article 3 of the Statute	Where can the basic tasks of the European Central Bank be found ?
The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg , the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute .	Wim Duisenberg	Who was the first president of the ECB ?
The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg , the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute .	former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute	What was Duisenberg 's previous business experience ?
While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI -LRB- taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium -RRB- just before the ECB came into existence , the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trichet , former head of the French central bank , to be the ECB 's first president .	Jean-Claude Trichet	Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB ?
The French argued that since the ECB was to be located in Germany , its president should be French .	since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French	Why did the French want a French bank president ?
Tensions were abated by a gentleman 's agreement in which Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate , to be replaced by Trichet .	Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet	What did the French , German , Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB ?
The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2 % , `` a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices -LRB- HICP -RRB- for the euro area of below 2 % '' and added that price stability '' was to be maintained over the medium term '' .	inflation of under 2%	What is price stability defined as ?
The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2 % , `` a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices -LRB- HICP -RRB- for the euro area of below 2 % '' and added that price stability '' was to be maintained over the medium term '' .	over the medium term	What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at ?
The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2 % , `` a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices -LRB- HICP -RRB- for the euro area of below 2 % '' and added that price stability '' was to be maintained over the medium term '' .	October 1998	When did the Governing Council define price stability ?
The primary objective of the European Central Bank , as laid down in Article 127 -LRB- 1 -RRB- of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union , is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone .	maintain price stability within the Eurozone	What is the primary goal of the ECB ?
The primary objective of the European Central Bank , as laid down in Article 127 -LRB- 1 -RRB- of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union , is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone .	Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union	Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed ?
An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy .	increase in liquidity in the economy	What happens when a lot of repo notes come due ?
A decrease has the contrary effect .	contrary effect	What happens whe not as many repo notes are coming due ?
In layman terms , the liability of the central bank is money , and an increase in deposits in member banks , carried as a liability by the central bank , means that more money has been put into the economy .	more money has been put into the economy	What happens when members increase their deposits ?
In layman terms , the liability of the central bank is money , and an increase in deposits in member banks , carried as a liability by the central bank , means that more money has been put into the economy .	increase in deposits in member banks	What is a good way to boost the economy ?
The contracts are carried on the asset side of the European Central Bank 's balance sheet and the resulting deposits in member banks are carried as a liability .	on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet	Where are contracts recorded ?
To qualify for participation in the auctions , banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities .	must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities	How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions ?
These can be the public debt of member states , but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted .	public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted	What kind of proof is acceptable for participation in auctions ?
The fairly stringent membership requirements for the European Union , especially with regard to sovereign debt as a percentage of each member state 's gross domestic product , are designed to insure that assets offered to the bank as collateral are , at least in theory , all equally good , and all equally protected from the risk of inflation .	all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation	What should all assets offered up as collateral be ?
The fairly stringent membership requirements for the European Union , especially with regard to sovereign debt as a percentage of each member state 's gross domestic product , are designed to insure that assets offered to the bank as collateral are , at least in theory , all equally good , and all equally protected from the risk of inflation .	sovereign debt	What must be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions ?
The Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy -LRB- defined by the Governing Council -RRB- and the day-to-day running of the bank .	The Executive Board	Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy ?
It is composed of the President of the Bank -LRB- currently Mario Draghi -RRB- , the Vice-President -LRB- currently Vitor Constâncio -RRB- and four other members .	Mario Draghi	Who is the current president of the ECB ?
It is composed of the President of the Bank -LRB- currently Mario Draghi -RRB- , the Vice-President -LRB- currently Vitor Constâncio -RRB- and four other members .	Vitor Constâncio	Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank ?
It is composed of the President of the Bank -LRB- currently Mario Draghi -RRB- , the Vice-President -LRB- currently Vitor Constâncio -RRB- and four other members .	four	Along with the President and Vice President , how many other members make up the Executive Board ?
They are all appointed for non-renewable terms of eight years .	non-renewable terms of eight years	For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed ?
The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña , an ECB veteran who heads its legal department , as González-Páramo 's replacement as early as January 2012 but alternatives from Luxembourg , Finland , and Slovenia were put forward and no decision made by May .	Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña	Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo 's seat on the board ?
After a long political battle , Luxembourg 's Yves Mersch , was appointed as González-Páramo 's replacement .	Luxembourg's Yves Mersch	Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo 's replacement ?
José Manuel González-Páramo , a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004 , was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012 .	June 2012	When was González-Páramo 's supposed to leave his seat on the board ?
José Manuel González-Páramo , a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004 , was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012 .	June 2004	When did González-Páramo take his seat on the Executive Board ?
The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña , an ECB veteran who heads its legal department , as González-Páramo 's replacement as early as January 2012 but alternatives from Luxembourg , Finland , and Slovenia were put forward and no decision made by May .	ECB veteran who heads its legal department	Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be a suitable replacement for González-Páramo ?
The Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss , plan and carry out the ECB 's supervisory tasks .	discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks	What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it 's meetings ?
It is composed of Chair -LRB- appointed for a non-renewable term of five years -RRB- , Vice-Chair -LRB- chosen from among the members of the ECB 's Executive Board -RRB- four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors .	appointed for a non-renewable term of five years	How long is the term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board ?
It is composed of Chair -LRB- appointed for a non-renewable term of five years -RRB- , Vice-Chair -LRB- chosen from among the members of the ECB 's Executive Board -RRB- four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors .	chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board	How long is the term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board ?
It is composed of Chair -LRB- appointed for a non-renewable term of five years -RRB- , Vice-Chair -LRB- chosen from among the members of the ECB 's Executive Board -RRB- four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors .	four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors	Besides the Chair and Vice-Chair , who else is on the Supervisory Board ?
If the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank -LRB- NCB -RRB- , the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB .	the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB	What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank ?
Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies , its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital .	European law	What governs the ECB ?
Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies , its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital .	shareholders and stock capital	How does the ECB mimic a corporation ?
Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member states as shareholders .	five billion euros	How much does the ECB have as capital ?
Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member states as shareholders .	the national central banks of the member states as shareholders	Who holds the ECB 's capital ?
The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states ' population and GDP , but the key is adjustable .	the basis of the states' population and GDP	What determined the ECB 's initial capital ?
The internal working language of the ECB is generally English , and press conferences are usually held in English .	English	What language does the ECB generally use ?
External communications are handled flexibly : English is preferred -LRB- though not exclusively -RRB- for communication within the ESCB -LRB- i.e. with other central banks -RRB- and with financial markets ; communication with other national bodies and with EU citizens is normally in their respective language , but the ECB website is predominantly English ; official documents such as the Annual Report are in the official languages of the EU .	normally in their respective language	When in communication with other nationalities , what language is generally used ?
External communications are handled flexibly : English is preferred -LRB- though not exclusively -RRB- for communication within the ESCB -LRB- i.e. with other central banks -RRB- and with financial markets ; communication with other national bodies and with EU citizens is normally in their respective language , but the ECB website is predominantly English ; official documents such as the Annual Report are in the official languages of the EU .	English	What language is the ECB website run in ?
External communications are handled flexibly : English is preferred -LRB- though not exclusively -RRB- for communication within the ESCB -LRB- i.e. with other central banks -RRB- and with financial markets ; communication with other national bodies and with EU citizens is normally in their respective language , but the ECB website is predominantly English ; official documents such as the Annual Report are in the official languages of the EU .	the official languages of the EU	How are the languages of official documents handled ?
The independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability .	independence	WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability ?
The European Parliament also gets to question and then issue its opinion on candidates to the executive board .	The European Parliament	Who gets to interview and question prospective board members ?
Not only must the bank not seek influence , but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB 's independence .	bound by the treaties	Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB ?
To offer some accountability , the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament , the European Commission , the Council of the European Union and the European Council .	bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament	How is the ECB held accountable for it 's actions ?
From late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties .	2009	When did the European debt Crisis begin ?
As a consequence , the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced .	the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced	What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence ?
This so-called European debt crisis began after Greece 's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default .	Greece	Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default ?
This so-called European debt crisis began after Greece 's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default .	new elected government	Who brought Greece 's financial crisis to the forefront ?
This so-called European debt crisis began after Greece 's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default .	its true indebtedness and budget deficit	What had Greece 's previous government been hiding ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- There has also been a reluctance -LSB- citation needed -RSB- of financially stable eurozone states like Germany -LSB- citation needed -RSB- to further circumvent the no-bailout clause in the EU contracts and to generally take on the burden of financing or guaranteeing the debts of financially unstable or defaulting eurozone countries .	financially stable eurozone states like Germany	Which countries did n't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts .
that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness .	discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness	What do most see raising the debt celing as doing ?
that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness .	giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels	What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own ?
Greece had the greatest need for reforms but also most problems to implement those , so the Greek exit , also called `` Grexit '' , has been widely discussed .	Grexit	What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone ?
If the worst comes to the worst , priority should be given to the euro 's stability .	If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.	What is Germany 's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone ?
Germany , as a large and financially stable state being in the focus to be asked to guarantee or repay other states debt , has never pushed those exits .	never pushed those exits	As one of the financial powers , has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone ?
Greece had the greatest need for reforms but also most problems to implement those , so the Greek exit , also called `` Grexit '' , has been widely discussed .	Greece	Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform ?
However , if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks , it weakens the private banking system , which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks .	if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks	What would cause the private banking system to weaken ?
Another possible response is for wealthy member countries to guarantee or purchase the debt of countries that have defaulted or are likely to default .	wealthy member countries	Who purchases the debt of countries that can not repay and are in danger of default ?
However , if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks , it weakens the private banking system , which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks .	pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks	What happens when the private banking system is weakened ?
This alternative requires that the tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries be used to refinance the previous borrowing of the weaker member countries , and is politically controversial .	tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries	What is to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment , by the banks assuming their debt ?
This alternative requires that the tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries be used to refinance the previous borrowing of the weaker member countries , and is politically controversial .	is politically controversial	Is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice ?
In the repos the ownership of the collateral changes to the ECB until the loan is repaid .	ECB	Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid ?
The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities .	refinancing facilities	Since the ECB does n't buy bonds outright , how are they used ?
In these facilities , bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions : repurchase agreements , or collateralised loans .	repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans	What is the manner in which bonds are used at refinancing facilities ?
In contrast to the Fed , the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright .	the Fed	Who buys the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions ?
ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian debt .	Spanish and Italian	What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining ?
The ECB always could , and through the late summer of 2011 did , purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes , in doing so , the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet .	a deteriorating balance sheet	What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states ?
Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank , for example , were intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank .	intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank	Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB ?
Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank , for example , were intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank .	Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank	What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis ?
One is sterilisation , in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased , which keeps the money supply neutral .	highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased	How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even ?
Another technique is simply to accept the bad assets as long-term collateral -LRB- as opposed to short-term repo swaps -RRB- to be held until their market value stabilises .	long-term collateral	What can a state do with bad assets , rather than cashing them in directly ?
This would imply , as a quid pro quo , adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies of the weaker states to improve the perceived value of the assets .	adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies	How can weaker states improve the surface value of their assets ?
As of 18 June 2012 , the ECB in total had spent $ 212.1 bn -LRB- equal to 2.2 % of the Eurozone GDP -RRB- for bond purchases covering outright debt , as part of its Securities Markets Programme -LRB- SMP -RRB- running since May 2010 .	€212.1bn	By 2012 , how much did the ECB spend in covering bad debt ?
The duration of the previous SMP was temporary , while the Outright Monetary Transactions -LRB- OMT -RRB- programme has no ex-ante time or size limit .	Outright Monetary Transactions	How does the ECB plan to increase the available credit for businesses ?
The duration of the previous SMP was temporary , while the Outright Monetary Transactions -LRB- OMT -RRB- programme has no ex-ante time or size limit .	no ex-ante time or size limit	What is the duration of the Outright Monetary Transactions program ?
On 6 September 2012 , the ECB announced a new plan for buying bonds from eurozone countries .	6 September 2012	When was the new idea for the purchasing of eurozone bonds announced ?
The duration of the previous SMP was temporary , while the Outright Monetary Transactions -LRB- OMT -RRB- programme has no ex-ante time or size limit .	temporary	How long was the duration of the Securities Markets Programme to last ?
Rescue operations involving sovereign debt have included temporarily moving bad or weak assets off the balance sheets of the weak member banks into the balance sheets of the European Central Bank .	temporarily moving bad or weak assets	What can be shuffeled around during a soverign debt crisis to mitigate the damage ?
Rescue operations involving sovereign debt have included temporarily moving bad or weak assets off the balance sheets of the weak member banks into the balance sheets of the European Central Bank .	the balance sheets of the European Central Bank	Where do bad and weak assets get moved in times of soverign debt crisis ?
Such action is viewed as monetisation and can be seen as an inflationary threat , whereby the strong member countries of the ECB shoulder the burden of monetary expansion -LRB- and potential inflation -RRB- to save the weak member countries .	monetisation	What is shuffling around bad or weak debts from a weaker eurozone member to the ECB known as ?
Such action is viewed as monetisation and can be seen as an inflationary threat , whereby the strong member countries of the ECB shoulder the burden of monetary expansion -LRB- and potential inflation -RRB- to save the weak member countries .	inflationary threat	What is monetisation usually viewed as ?
Most central banks prefer to move weak assets off their balance sheets with some kind of agreement as to how the debt will continue to be serviced .	move weak assets off their balance sheets	If the central banks can come to an agreement with the eurozone member about the continued repayment of the debt , what happens to the bad or weak debt ?
-LSB- b -RSB- But the German government has resisted this proposal , and other analyses indicate that `` the sickness of the euro '' is due to the linkage between sovereign debt and failing national banking systems .	the sickness of the euro	What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks ?
-LSB- b -RSB- But the German government has resisted this proposal , and other analyses indicate that `` the sickness of the euro '' is due to the linkage between sovereign debt and failing national banking systems .	the German government	Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury ?
The European Central Bank had stepped up the buying of member nations debt .	The European Central Bank	Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts ?
To make European sovereign debt assets more similar to a US Treasury , a collective guarantee of the member states ' solvency would be necessary .	a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency	What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets more like what is found in the U.S. Treasury ?
In response to the crisis of 2010 , some proposals have surfaced for a collective European bond issue that would allow the central bank to purchase a European version of US Treasury bills .	the crisis of 2010	Why did propsals about making the European sovereign debt assets more like the US Treasury ?
The latter can be seen , for example , in the bank 's intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis when it loaned billions of euros to banks to stabilise the financial system .	loaned billions of euros to banks	What did the ECB do to help stabilise the financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis ?
The latter can be seen , for example , in the bank 's intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis when it loaned billions of euros to banks to stabilise the financial system .	to stabilise the financial system	Why did the ECB intervene during the subprime mortgage crisis ?
In December 2007 , the ECB decided in conjunction with the Federal Reserve System under a programme called Term auction facility to improve dollar liquidity in the eurozone and to stabilise the money market .	Federal Reserve System	Who decided , along with the ECB , to use Term auction to help stabilize the financial crisis and improve dollar liquidity ?
Finally , it contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector .	contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector	Besides cooperating with other financial institutions , how does the ECB help to maintain stability ?
In December 2007 , the ECB decided in conjunction with the Federal Reserve System under a programme called Term auction facility to improve dollar liquidity in the eurozone and to stabilise the money market .	December 2007	When did the ECB and Federal Rserve decide to collaborate on Term auction facility ?
In central banking , the privileged status of the central bank is that it can make as much money as it deems needed .	it can make as much money as it deems needed	What is a perk of the central bank ?
In the United States Federal Reserve Bank , the Federal Reserve buys assets : typically , bonds issued by the Federal government .	bonds issued by the Federal government	What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve buy ?
There is no limit on the bonds that it can buy and one of the tools at its disposal in a financial crisis is to take such extraordinary measures as the purchase of large amounts of assets such as commercial paper .	commercial paper	What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve purchase in mass quantities at a time of crisis ?
The purpose of such operations is to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning of the financial system .	to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning	What is the purpose of buying commercial paper in a time of financial crisis ?
In essence , they forced European banks , and , more importantly , the European Central Bank itself e.g. when gauging the solvency of financial institutions , to rely more than ever on standardised assessments of credit risk marketed by two non-European private agencies : Moody 's and S&P .	Moody's and S&P	Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions ?
Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations , adopted in 2005 , transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive -LRB- CRD -RRB- , effective since 2008 .	2005	When was Basel II adopted ?
Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations , adopted in 2005 , transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive -LRB- CRD -RRB- , effective since 2008 .	the Basel II recommendations	What said that agencies had to start using Moody 's and S&P to assess financial institutions ?
Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations , adopted in 2005 , transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive -LRB- CRD -RRB- , effective since 2008 .	2008	Since when have the Basel II recommendations been in effect ?
The bank is based in Frankfurt , the largest financial centre in the Eurozone .	Frankfurt	Where is the European Central bank located ?
Its location in the city is fixed by the Amsterdam Treaty .	Amsterdam Treaty	What decided where the bank was to be located ?
The bank moved to new purpose-built headquarters in 2014 which were designed a Vienna-based architectural office named Coop Himmelbau .	2014	When did the bank move to it 's new headquarters ?
The building is approximately 180 metres -LRB- 591 ft -RRB- tall and will be accompanied with other secondary buildings on a landscaped site on the site of the former wholesale market in the eastern part of Frankfurt am Main .	the former wholesale market	What previously stood where the bank is now ?
The main construction began in October 2008 , and it was expected that the building will become an architectural symbol for Europe .	October 2008	When did construction of the new bank begin ?
The by far biggest amount of $ 325bn was tapped by banks in Greece , Ireland , Italy and Spain .	Greece, Ireland, Italy and Spain	After the loan program was announced , which countries borrowed the most ?
It also hoped that banks would use some of the money to buy government bonds , effectively easing the debt crisis .	easing the debt crisis	What would happen if some of the banks were to begin buying govenrment bonds ?
This way the ECB tried to make sure that banks have enough cash to pay off $ 200bn of their own maturing debts in the first three months of 2012 , and at the same time keep operating and loaning to businesses so that a credit crunch does not choke off economic growth .	€200bn	How much does the ECB have to have to pay off it 's own debts ?
This way the ECB tried to make sure that banks have enough cash to pay off $ 200bn of their own maturing debts in the first three months of 2012 , and at the same time keep operating and loaning to businesses so that a credit crunch does not choke off economic growth .	keep operating and loaning to businesses	How do you prevent a credit bottleneck ?
The ECB 's first supplementary longer-term refinancing operation -LRB- LTRO -RRB- with a six-month maturity was announced March 2008 .	longer-term refinancing operation	What is an LTRO ?
The ECB 's first supplementary longer-term refinancing operation -LRB- LTRO -RRB- with a six-month maturity was announced March 2008 .	six-month	How long was the time to maturity on an LTRO ?
The ECB 's first supplementary longer-term refinancing operation -LRB- LTRO -RRB- with a six-month maturity was announced March 2008 .	March 2008	When were the first supplemental LTRO 's offered ?
Previously the longest tender offered was three months .	three months	How long had the time to maturity been previously ?
The first 12-month LTRO in June 2009 had close to 1100 bidders .	close to 1100 bidders	How many bids were recorded at the auction for the first 12 month LRTO ?
St. John 's -LRB- / ˌseɪntˈdʒɒnz / , local / ˌseɪntˈdʒɑːnz / -RRB- is the capital and largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada .	Canada	In what country is St. John 's located ?
It is located on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland .	Newfoundland	What is the name of the island that St. John 's is located ?
St. John 's -LRB- / ˌseɪntˈdʒɒnz / , local / ˌseɪntˈdʒɑːnz / -RRB- is the capital and largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada .	St. John's	What city is ranked 20th in largest metropolitan area for Canada ?
It is located on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland .	eastern tip	Where on the Avalon Peninsula is St. John 's located ?
With a population of 214,285 as of July 1 , 2015 , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is the second largest Census Metropolitan Area -LRB- CMA -RRB- in Atlantic Canada after Halifax and the 20th largest metropolitan area in Canada .	2015	In what year did St. John 's have a population of 214,285 ?
St. John 's is one of the oldest settlements in North America , with year-round settlement beginning sometime after 1630 and seasonal habitation long before that .	St. John's	Which city is considered one of the oldest settlements in North America ?
St. John 's is one of the oldest settlements in North America , with year-round settlement beginning sometime after 1630 and seasonal habitation long before that .	1630	Around what year did settlement begin to occur in St. John 's ?
It is not , however , the oldest surviving English settlement in North America or Canada , having been preceded by the Cuper 's Cove colony at Cupids , founded in 1610 , and the Bristol 's Hope colony at Harbour Grace , founded in 1618 .	1610	When was Cuper 's Cove colony founded ?
It is not , however , the oldest surviving English settlement in North America or Canada , having been preceded by the Cuper 's Cove colony at Cupids , founded in 1610 , and the Bristol 's Hope colony at Harbour Grace , founded in 1618 .	1618	What year was Bristol 's Hope colony founded ?
In fact , although English fishermen had begun setting up seasonal camps in Newfoundland in the 16th Century , they were expressly forbidden by the British government , at the urging of the West Country fishing industry , from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast , hence the town of St. John 's was not established as a permanent community until after the 1630s at the earliest .	British government	Who forbade the english fisherman to setup seasonal camps in Newfoundland ?
Sebastian Cabot declares in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map , that the St. John 's earned its name when he and his father , the Venetian explorer John Cabot became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour , in the morning of 24 June 1494 -LRB- against British and French historians stating 1497 -RRB- , the feast day of Saint John the Baptist .	Sebastian	What was John Cabot 's sons first name ?
Sebastian Cabot declares in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map , that the St. John 's earned its name when he and his father , the Venetian explorer John Cabot became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour , in the morning of 24 June 1494 -LRB- against British and French historians stating 1497 -RRB- , the feast day of Saint John the Baptist .	explorer	What was the occupation of John Cabot ?
A series of expeditions to St. John 's by Portuguese from the Azores took place in the early 16th century , and by 1540 French , Spanish and Portuguese ships crossed the Atlantic annually to fish the waters off the Avalon Peninsula .	Avalon Peninsula	Where did the French , Spanish and Portuguese start to travel to fish yearly in 1540 ?
In the Basque Country , it is a common belief that the name of St. John 's was given by Basque fishermen because the bay of St. John 's is very similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque Country , where one of the fishing towns is also called St. John -LRB- in Spanish , San Juan , and in Basque , Donibane -RRB- .	Basque Country	Where is the Bay of Pasaia located ?
Sebastian Cabot declares in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map , that the St. John 's earned its name when he and his father , the Venetian explorer John Cabot became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour , in the morning of 24 June 1494 -LRB- against British and French historians stating 1497 -RRB- , the feast day of Saint John the Baptist .	Latin	In what language did Sebastian Cabot write his map from 1545 ?
When John Rut visited St. John 's in 1527 he found Norman , Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour .	1527	What year did John Rut visit St. John 's ?
When John Rut visited St. John 's in 1527 he found Norman , Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour .	John Rut	Who sent the first known letter from North America ?
When John Rut visited St. John 's in 1527 he found Norman , Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour .	Norman, Breton and Portuguese	What three countries ships did John Rut find in 1527 ?
On 3 August 1527 , Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America ; this was the first known letter sent from North America .	King Henry	Who did John Rut write a letter to in 1527 ?
In 1627 , William Payne , called St. John 's `` the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country '' .	William Payne	Who referred St. John 's as St. `` the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country '' ?
The population grew slowly in the 17th century and St. John 's was the largest settlement in Newfoundland when English naval officers began to take censuses around 1675 .	1675	When did censuses start being conducted in St. John 's ?
In 1680 , fishing ships -LRB- mostly from South Devon -RRB- set up fishing rooms at St. John 's , bringing hundreds of Irish men into the port to operate inshore fishing boats .	1680	When did Irish men begin to operate inshore fishing boats in St. John 's ?
The population would grow in the summers with the arrival of migratory fishermen .	population	What grew during the summers in St. John 's ?
By 1620 , the fishermen of England 's West Country controlled most of Newfoundland 's east coast .	fishermen	Who controlled most of Newfoundland 's east coast by 1620 ?
The town 's first significant defences were likely erected due to commercial interests , following the temporary seizure of St. John 's by the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter in June 1665 .	Michiel de Ruyter	Who briefly seized St. John 's in 1665 ?
The inhabitants were able to fend off a second Dutch attack in 1673 , when this time it was defended by Christopher Martin , an English merchant captain .	1673	In what year did the dutch attack St. John for a second time ?
With only twenty-three men , the valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships .	twenty-three	How many men defended the attack from the Dutch in 1673 ?
The English government planned to expand these fortifications -LRB- Fort William -RRB- in around 1689 , but actual construction did n't begin until after the French admiral Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville captured and destroyed the town in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign -LRB- 1696 -RRB- .	Pierre Le Moyne	Who destroyed Fort William in 1696 ?
With only twenty-three men , the valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships .	three	How many Dutch warships were fended of by Christopher Martin in 1673 ?
St. John 's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight , by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber , in June 1919 , departing from Lester 's Field in St. John 's and ending in a bog near Clifden , Connemara , Ireland .	Alcock and Brown	Who flew the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight ?
St. John 's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight , by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber , in June 1919 , departing from Lester 's Field in St. John 's and ending in a bog near Clifden , Connemara , Ireland .	Vickers Vimy IV bomber	What aircraft did Alcock and Brown use in 1919 for their flight ?
St. John 's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight , by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber , in June 1919 , departing from Lester 's Field in St. John 's and ending in a bog near Clifden , Connemara , Ireland .	Lester's Field	Where in St. John 's did Alcock and Brown depart from in June 1919 ?
In July 2005 , the flight was duplicated by American aviator and adventurer Steve Fossett in a replica Vickers Vimy aircraft , with St. John 's International Airport substituting for Lester 's Field -LRB- now an urban and residential part of the city -RRB- .	Steve Fossett	Who duplicated Alcock and Brown flight in 2005 ?
In July 2005 , the flight was duplicated by American aviator and adventurer Steve Fossett in a replica Vickers Vimy aircraft , with St. John 's International Airport substituting for Lester 's Field -LRB- now an urban and residential part of the city -RRB- .	replica Vickers Vimy	What aircraft did Steve Fossett use for his flight in July 2005 ?
St. John 's , and the province as a whole , was gravely affected in the 1990s by the collapse of the Northern cod fishery , which had been the driving force of the provincial economy for hundreds of years .	1990s	When did the Northern cod fishery collapse ?
After a decade of high unemployment rates and depopulation , the city 's proximity to the Hibernia , Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields has led to an economic boom that has spurred population growth and commercial development .	Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields	What led to an economic boom in St. John 's ?
St. John 's , and the province as a whole , was gravely affected in the 1990s by the collapse of the Northern cod fishery , which had been the driving force of the provincial economy for hundreds of years .	hundreds of years	For how long did the Northern cod fishery provide a stable economy for St. John 's ?
After a decade of high unemployment rates and depopulation , the city 's proximity to the Hibernia , Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields has led to an economic boom that has spurred population growth and commercial development .	decade	How long did unemployment rates and depopulation suffer in St. John 's ?
St. John 's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean , on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland .	Atlantic Ocean	Near what body of water is St. John 's located by ?
The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres -LRB- 172.22 sq mi -RRB- and is the most easterly city in North America , excluding Greenland ; it is 295 miles -LRB- 475 km -RRB- closer to London , England than it is to Edmonton , Alberta .	172.22	How many Square miles is St. John 's ?
The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres -LRB- 172.22 sq mi -RRB- and is the most easterly city in North America , excluding Greenland ; it is 295 miles -LRB- 475 km -RRB- closer to London , England than it is to Edmonton , Alberta .	Alberta	In what providence is Edmonton located ?
The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax , Nova Scotia .	Halifax	What is the largest Atlantic Province city ?
St. John 's has a humid continental climate -LRB- Köppen Dfb -RRB- , with lower seasonal variation than normal for the latitude , which is due to Gulf Stream moderation .	humid	How is the climate in St. John 's ?
However , despite this maritime moderation , average January high temperatures are actually slightly colder in St. John 's than it is in Kelowna , British Columbia , which is an inland city that is near the more marine air of the Pacific , demonstrating the cold nature of Eastern Canada .	British Columbia	In which province is Kelowna located ?
The city is one of the rainiest in Canada outside of coastal British Columbia .	British Columbia	Which Canadian city is the most rainiest ?
The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity , as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east , where tropical storms -LRB- and sometimes hurricanes -RRB- travel from the United States .	Atlantic Ocean	What body of water is to the east of St. John ?
The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity , as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east , where tropical storms -LRB- and sometimes hurricanes -RRB- travel from the United States .	United States	From where do tropical storms travel from to St. John 's ?
Of major Canadian cities , St. John 's is the foggiest -LRB- 124 days -RRB- , windiest -LRB- 24.3 km/h -LRB- 15.1 mph -RRB- average speed -RRB- , and cloudiest -LRB- 1,497 hours of sunshine -RRB- .	St. John's	What is the foggiest Canadian city ?
Of major Canadian cities , St. John 's is the foggiest -LRB- 124 days -RRB- , windiest -LRB- 24.3 km/h -LRB- 15.1 mph -RRB- average speed -RRB- , and cloudiest -LRB- 1,497 hours of sunshine -RRB- .	15.1 mph	What is the average wind speed in miles per hour for St. John 's ?
St. John 's experiences milder temperatures during the winter season in comparison to other Canadian cities , and has the mildest winter for any Canadian city outside of British Columbia .	British Columbia	What Canadian city has the mildest winter temperature ?
On average , summer is the driest season , with only occasional thunderstorm activity , and the wettest months are from October to January , with December the wettest single month , with nearly 165 millimetres of precipitation on average .	summer	What is the driest season on average in St. John 's ?
The St. John 's area is subject to freezing rain -LRB- called `` silver thaws '' -RRB- , the worst of which paralyzed the city over a three-day period in April 1984 .	silver thaws	What is another word for freezing rain ?
Starting as a fishing outpost for European fishermen , St. John 's consisted mostly of the homes of fishermen , sheds , storage shacks , and wharves constructed out of wood .	wood	What are wharves in St. John 's constructed out of ?
The Great Fire of 1892 destroyed most of the downtown core , and most residential and other wood-frame buildings date from this period .	1892	In what year was the Great Fire ?
The Great Fire of 1892 destroyed most of the downtown core , and most residential and other wood-frame buildings date from this period .	downtown core	What was the most affected area of The Great Fire of 1892 ?
Often compared to San Francisco due to the hilly terrain and steep maze of residential streets , housing in St. John 's is typically painted in bright colours .	San Francisco	What US city is St. John 's often compared to ?
The city council has implemented strict heritage regulations in the downtown area , including restrictions on the height of buildings .	height of buildings	What does the city council have restrictions on in downtown ?
These regulations have caused much controversy over the years .	controversy	What have the restrictions on the height of buildings caused over the years ?
With the city experiencing an economic boom a lack of hotel rooms and office space has seen proposals put forward that do not meet the current height regulations .	hotel rooms and office space	What is the city lacking because of the height restrictions ?
To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city 's heritage , the city council amended heritage regulations , which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop 's Cove and Steer 's Cove , to create the `` Commercial Central Retail -- West Zone '' .	heritage regulations	What was amended to provide more office space in downtown ?
To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city 's heritage , the city council amended heritage regulations , which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop 's Cove and Steer 's Cove , to create the `` Commercial Central Retail -- West Zone '' .	15 metres	What height was the original restriction in downtown for ?
A 47-metre , 12-storey office building , which includes retail space and a parking garage , was the first building to be approved in this area .	47-metre	How tall was the first office building to be approved in the on Water Street between Bishop 's Cove and Steer 's Cove ?
As of the 2006 Census , there were 100,646 inhabitants in St. John 's itself , 151,322 in the urban area and 181,113 in the St. John 's Census Metropolitan Area -LRB- CMA -RRB- .	2006	In what year where there 100,646 inhabitants in St. John 's ?
Apart from St. John 's , the CMA includes 12 other communities : the city of Mount Pearl and the towns of Conception Bay South , Paradise , Portugal Cove-St .	12	How many communities does the CMA include ?
The population of the CMA was 192,326 as of 1 July 2010 .	192,326	What was the population of the CMA in 2010 ?
Apart from St. John 's , the CMA includes 12 other communities : the city of Mount Pearl and the towns of Conception Bay South , Paradise , Portugal Cove-St .	St. John's	What is Newfoundland and Labrador 's largest city ?
Predominantly Christian , the population of St. John 's was once divided along sectarian -LRB- Catholic/Protestant -RRB- lines .	Christian	What is the largest religion in St. John 's ?
In recent years , this sectarianism has declined significantly , and is no longer a commonly acknowledged facet of life in St. John 's .	sectarianism	What has declined in the recent years on St. John 's ?
All major Christian sects showed a decline from 2001 -- 2011 with a large increase in those with no religion from 3.9 % to 11.1 % .	Christian	What sects declined from 2001-2011 ?
The civil service which is supported by the federal , provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city 's labour force and to the stability of its economy , which supports a sizable retail , service and business sector .	civil service	What is supported by the federal , provincial and municipal governments ?
The provincial government is the largest employer in the city , followed by Memorial University .	The provincial government	Who is the largest employer in the city ?
The provincial government is the largest employer in the city , followed by Memorial University .	Memorial University	Who is the second largest employer in the city ?
With the collapse of the fishing industry in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s , the role of the ocean is now tied to what lies beneath it -- oil and gas -- as opposed to what swims in or travels across it .	1990s	What years did the fishing industry fall in Newfoundland and Labrador ?
Three major offshore oil developments , Hibernia , Terra Nova and White Rose , are in production off the coast of the city and a fourth development , Hebron , is expected to be producing oil by 2017 .	2017	What year is Hebron projected to start producing oil in St. John 's ?
The economy has been growing quickly in recent years .	economy	What has been growing in the recent years ?
In May 2011 , the city 's unemployment rate fell to 5.6 per cent , the second lowest unemployment rate for a major city in Canada .	May 2011	When did the unemployment rate fall to 5.6 per cent ?
In May 2011 , the city 's unemployment rate fell to 5.6 per cent , the second lowest unemployment rate for a major city in Canada .	5.6 per cent	What was the city 's unemployment rate in May 2011 ?
At $ 52,000 the city 's per capita GDP is the second highest out of all major Canadian cities .	$52,000	What is the city 's per capita GDP ?
The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts .	The LSPU Hall	Where is the Resource Centre for the Arts ?
The `` Hall '' hosts a vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic infrastructure and development in the downtown .	downtown	Where in the city is the LSPU Hall ?
The careers of many well-known Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer , Mary Walsh , Cathy Jones , Andy Jones and Greg Thomey .	Newfoundland	Where is Rick Mercer from ?
Pippy Park is an urban park located in the east end of the city ; with over 3,400 acres -LRB- 14 km2 -RRB- of land , it is one of Canada 's largest urban parks .	east end	Where is Pippy Park located in the city ?
Pippy Park is an urban park located in the east end of the city ; with over 3,400 acres -LRB- 14 km2 -RRB- of land , it is one of Canada 's largest urban parks .	3,400	About how many acres is Pippy Park ?
The park contains a range of recreational facilities including two golf courses , Newfoundland and Labrador 's largest serviced campground , walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat for many plants and animals .	two	How many golf courses does Pippy Park have ?
The park contains a range of recreational facilities including two golf courses , Newfoundland and Labrador 's largest serviced campground , walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat for many plants and animals .	skiing	What other trail besides walking trails does Pippy Park have ?
Pippy Park is an urban park located in the east end of the city ; with over 3,400 acres -LRB- 14 km2 -RRB- of land , it is one of Canada 's largest urban parks .	Pippy Park	Where is the Fluvarium located ?
Bannerman Park is a Victorian-style park located near the downtown .	downtown	What part of the city is Bannerman Park located by ?
The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman , Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park .	1891	What year was Bannerman Park opened ?
The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman , Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park .	Sir Alexander Bannerman	who was the Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland in 1891 ?
Bannerman Park is a Victorian-style park located near the downtown .	Bannerman Park	Where does the Tely 10 Mile Road Race end ?
The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman , Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park .	Sir Alexander Bannerman	Who donated land to create a Victorian-style park in 1891 ?
Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St. John 's .	St. John's	What city does Signal Hill overlook ?
Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St. John 's .	Signal Hill	Where exactly is Cabot Tower located in St. John ' ?
It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot 's discovery of Newfoundland , and Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee .	1897	What year was Cabot Tower built ?
It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot 's discovery of Newfoundland , and Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee .	1897	In what year was Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee ?
The first transatlantic wireless transmission was received here by Guglielmo Marconi on 12 December 1901 .	Guglielmo Marconi	Who recieved the first transatlantic wireless transmission ?
The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park , as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006 , the Newfoundland Rock .	Swilers Rugby Park	Where do The Rock play their home games at ?
The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park , as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006 , the Newfoundland Rock .	Newfoundland Rock	Who won the the Rugby Canada Super League championship in 2005 ?
The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006 , where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56 -- 7 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France .	France	In what country was the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals ?
The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006 , where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56 -- 7 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France .	2006	In what year did Canada beat USA 56 -- 7 in a Rugby World Cup qualifying match ?
The 2007 age-grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city .	2007	In what year did France host the Rugby World Cup finals ?
St. John 's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada 's tenth province in 1949 .	Newfoundland	What was Canada 's tenth province ?
St. John 's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada 's tenth province in 1949 .	1949	In what year did Newfoundland become a province ?
St. John 's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada 's tenth province in 1949 .	St. John's	What is the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador ?
The Confederation Building , located on Confederation Hill , is home to the House of Assembly along with the offices for the Members of the House of Assembly -LRB- MHAs -RRB- and Ministers .	The Confederation Building	Where is the House of Assembly ?
Lorraine Michael , leader of the NDP since 2006 , represents the district of Signal Hill-Quidi Vidi .	Lorraine Michael	Who has been the leader of the NDP since 2006 ?
While nationally crime decreased by 4 % in 2009 , the total crime rate in St. John 's saw an increase of 4 % .	4%	By how much did crime in St. John 's increase in 2009 ?
St. John 's had the seventh-highest metropolitan crime index and twelfth-highest metropolitan violent crime index in the country in 2010 .	St. John's	What city had the seventh-highest metropolitan crime index in 2010 ?
While nationally crime decreased by 4 % in 2009 , the total crime rate in St. John 's saw an increase of 4 % .	4%	How much did crime in the country drop in 2009 ?
St. John 's is served by St. John 's International Airport -LRB- YYT -RRB- , located 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core .	10 minutes	How far is St. John 's International Airport from the downtown core ?
In 2011 , roughly 1,400,000 passengers travelled through the airport making it the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada in passenger volume .	1,400,000	About how many passengers travelled through St. John 's International Airport in 2011 ?
St. John 's is served by St. John 's International Airport -LRB- YYT -RRB- , located 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core .	YYT	What is the airport code for St. John 's International Airport ?
St. John 's is served by St. John 's International Airport -LRB- YYT -RRB- , located 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core .	St. John's International	What airport is approximately 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core ?
St. John 's is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway , one of the longest national highways in the world .	St. John's	Where is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway ?
The divided highway , also known as `` Outer Ring Road '' in the city , runs just outside the main part of the city , with exits to Pitts Memorial Drive , Topsail Road , Team Gushue Highway , Thorburn Road , Allandale Road , Portugal Cove Road and Torbay Road , providing relatively easy access to neighbourhoods served by those streets .	The divided highway	Outer Ring Road is a another name for what ?
The divided highway , also known as `` Outer Ring Road '' in the city , runs just outside the main part of the city , with exits to Pitts Memorial Drive , Topsail Road , Team Gushue Highway , Thorburn Road , Allandale Road , Portugal Cove Road and Torbay Road , providing relatively easy access to neighbourhoods served by those streets .	relatively easy access to neighbourhoods	What does the divided highway provide ?
Metrobus has a total of 19 routes , 53 buses and an annual ridership of 3,014,073 .	19	How many routes does the Metrobus have ?
Metrobus has a total of 19 routes , 53 buses and an annual ridership of 3,014,073 .	53	How many buses does the region have for public transit ?
Destinations include the Avalon Mall , The Village Shopping Centre , Memorial University , Academy Canada , the College of the North Atlantic , the Marine Institute , the Confederation Building , downtown , Stavanger Drive Business Park , Kelsey Drive , Goulds , Kilbride , Shea Heights , the four hospitals in the city as well as other important areas in St. John 's and Mount Pearl .	four	How many hospitals does the city have ?
Metrobus Transit is responsible for public transit in the region .	Metrobus	Who is responsible for public transit in the region ?
There are currently 36 primary , elementary and secondary schools in the city of St. John 's , including three private schools .	three	How many private schools are in St. John 's ?
There are currently 36 primary , elementary and secondary schools in the city of St. John 's , including three private schools .	36	How many primary schools are in St. John 's ?
It also contains two private schools , St. Bonaventure 's College and Lakecrest Independent .	two	How many private schools are in the Francophone public school district ?
The Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland -LRB- MI -RRB- or simply Marine Institute , is a post-secondary ocean and marine polytechnic located in St. John 's and is affiliated with Memorial University of Newfoundland .	Memorial University of Newfoundland	What school offers the lowest tuition in Canada ?
MUN also offers the lowest tuition in Canada -LRB- $ 2,644 , per Academic Year -RRB-	$2,644	What is the tuition per academic year at Memorial University of Newfoundland ?
Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John 's , and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic .	St. John's	Where does Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters ?
CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT-DT broadcasts from University Avenue .	CBNT-DT	What is the name of CBC 's television station in St. John 's ?
Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John 's , and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic .	Rogers TV	What channel in St. John 's airs Out of the Fog ?
CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT-DT broadcasts from University Avenue .	University Avenue	Where does CBNT-DT broadcast from ?
The city is home to 15 am and FM radio stations , two of which are French-language stations .	15	How many radio station does the city have ?
The city is home to 15 am and FM radio stations , two of which are French-language stations .	two	How many French-language stations does the city have ?
The ITU prefix VO was assigned to the Dominion of Newfoundland before the province joined Canadian Confederation in 1949 , and three AM stations kept their existing call letters .	1949	When did the province join the Canadian Confederation ?
The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 .	2006	What year was the PlayStation 3 released ?
The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , included it being the first to introduce Sony 's social gaming service , PlayStation Network , and its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita , being able to remote control the console from the devices .	PlayStation Network	What social gaming service was integrated into the PlayStation 3 ?
In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released , being lighter and thinner than the original version , which notably featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software .	Slim	What was the thinner version of the PS3 called ?
A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console .	2012	What year did the Super Slim model hit stores ?
As of March 2016 , PlayStation 3 has sold 85 million units worldwide .	85 million	How many PlayStation 3 units had been purchased as of early 2016 ?
Sony officially unveiled PlayStation 3 -LRB- then marketed as PLAYSTATION 3 -RRB- to the public on May 16 , 2005 , at E3 2005 , along with a ` boomerang ' shaped prototype design of the Sixaxis controller .	boomerang	What shape was the Sixaxis prototype in ?
Sony officially unveiled PlayStation 3 -LRB- then marketed as PLAYSTATION 3 -RRB- to the public on May 16 , 2005 , at E3 2005 , along with a ` boomerang ' shaped prototype design of the Sixaxis controller .	E3 2005	What event did Sony choose for the PS3 unveiling ?
Video footage based on the predicted PlayStation 3 specifications was also shown -LRB- notably a Final Fantasy VII tech demo -RRB- .	Final Fantasy VII	What popular game was demoed in a video at the game shows ?
A functional version of the system was not present there , nor at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2005 , although demonstrations -LRB- such as Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots -RRB- were held at both events on software development kits and comparable personal computer hardware .	Tokyo Game Show	What event did Sony take the PlayStation 3 to four months after E3 ?
A functional version of the system was not present there , nor at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2005 , although demonstrations -LRB- such as Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots -RRB- were held at both events on software development kits and comparable personal computer hardware .	Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots	What was one game Sony debuted on a modified PC so gamers could get a look ?
The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports , three Ethernet ports and six USB ports ; however , when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006 , these were reduced to one HDMI port , one Ethernet port and four USB ports , presumably to cut costs .	six	How many USB ports did the original PS3 prototype have ?
The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports , three Ethernet ports and six USB ports ; however , when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006 , these were reduced to one HDMI port , one Ethernet port and four USB ports , presumably to cut costs .	one	By the time the system appeared at E3 2006 , how many Ethernet ports was it down to ?
The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports , three Ethernet ports and six USB ports ; however , when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006 , these were reduced to one HDMI port , one Ethernet port and four USB ports , presumably to cut costs .	to cut costs	Why might Sony have reduced the number of ports on the PlayStation 3 before production ?
Two hardware configurations were also announced for the console : a 20 GB model and a 60 GB model , priced at US$ 499 -LRB- $ 499 -RRB- and US$ 599 -LRB- $ 599 -RRB- , respectively .	60 GB	In addition to the 20 GB model , what larger model did Sony offer ?
The 60 GB model was to be the only configuration to feature an HDMI port , Wi-Fi internet , flash card readers and a chrome trim with the logo in silver .	silver	What color is the logo on the 60 GB PS3 ?
On September 6 , 2006 , Sony announced that PAL region PlayStation 3 launch would be delayed until March 2007 , because of a shortage of materials used in the Blu-ray drive .	PAL	Which region experience a setback that pushed back the release of the PlayStation 3 ?
On September 6 , 2006 , Sony announced that PAL region PlayStation 3 launch would be delayed until March 2007 , because of a shortage of materials used in the Blu-ray drive .	Blu-ray drive	What part of the system was Sony having trouble getting supplies for ?
Also , the launch price of the Japanese 20 GB model was reduced by over 20 % , and the 60 GB model was announced for an open pricing scheme in Japan .	20 GB model	Which Japanese PS3 model got a 20 % - plus price cut before hitting the market ?
Also , the launch price of the Japanese 20 GB model was reduced by over 20 % , and the 60 GB model was announced for an open pricing scheme in Japan .	Japan	Where did Sony offer the 60 GB model with an open pricing scheme ?
During the event , Sony showed 27 playable PS3 games running on final hardware .	27	How many playable games did the PlayStation 3 by the time it arrived at the 2006 Tokyo Game Show ?
On January 24 , 2007 , Sony announced that PlayStation 3 would go on sale on March 23 , 2007 , in Europe , Australia , the Middle East , Africa and New Zealand .	March	Instead of November , for what month of the following year was the release rescheduled ?
The console was launched in South Korea on June 16 , 2007 , as a single version equipped with an 80 GB hard drive and IPTV .	South Korea	What country had to wait until June of 2007 for their PS3 ?
The console was launched in South Korea on June 16 , 2007 , as a single version equipped with an 80 GB hard drive and IPTV .	80 GB	How big was the hard drive in the single South Korean version ?
On March 7 , 2007 , the 60 GB PlayStation 3 launched in Singapore with a price of S$ 799 .	S$799	What did customers in Singapore pay for the 60 GB PS3 ?
On January 24 , 2007 , Sony announced that PlayStation 3 would go on sale on March 23 , 2007 , in Europe , Australia , the Middle East , Africa and New Zealand .	March 23, 2007	On what date did the PlayStation 3 go on sale in Africa ?
Following speculation that Sony was working on a ` slim ' model , Sony officially announced the PS3 CECH-2000 model on August 18 , 2009 , at the Sony Gamescom press conference .	CECH-2000	What was the model number of the slim version of the PlayStation 3 ?
As part of the release for the slim model , the console logo ceased using the `` Spider-Man font '' -LRB- the same font used for the title of Sony 's Spider-Man 3 -RRB- and the capitalized PLAYSTATION 3 .	Spider-Man font	What font was discontinued with the release of the slim model ?
New features included a slimmer form factor , decreased power consumption , and a quieter cooling system .	quieter	What would customers notice about the sound of the new , improved cooling system ?
Along with the redesigning of the console and logo , the boot screen of all consoles changed from `` Sony Computer Entertainment '' to `` PS3 PlayStation 3 '' , with a new chime and the game start splash screen being dropped .	"Sony Computer Entertainment"	What did the boot screen on the game consoles read before Sony changed it to `` PS3 PlayStation 3 '' ?
The cover art and packaging of games was also changed .	cover art	What did Sony change about the PS3 games along with the packaging in 2009 ?
In September 2012 at the Tokyo Game Show , Sony announced that a new , slimmer PS3 redesign -LRB- CECH-4000 -RRB- was due for release in late 2012 and that it would be available with either a 250 GB or 500 GB hard drive .	Tokyo Game Show	At what event did Sony tell everyone about the CECH-4000 ?
In September 2012 at the Tokyo Game Show , Sony announced that a new , slimmer PS3 redesign -LRB- CECH-4000 -RRB- was due for release in late 2012 and that it would be available with either a 250 GB or 500 GB hard drive .	500 GB	What size was the largest hard drive available on the Super Slim PS3 ?
Three versions Super Slim model were revealed : one with a 500 GB hard drive , a second with a 250 GB hard drive which is not available in PAL regions , and a third with a 12 GB flash storage that was only available in PAL regions .	Three	How many versions of the CECH-4000 were made ?
In the United Kingdom , the 500 GB model was released on September 28 , 2012 ; and the 12 GB model was released on October 12 , 2012 .	October 12, 2012	On what date was the 12 GB version of the Super Slim released in the UK ?
The Garnet Red version was released in North America on March 12 , 2013 as part of the God of War : Ascension bundle with 500 GB storage and contained God of War : Ascension as well as the God of War Saga .	Garnet Red	What color was the PlayStation 3 that was included in the God of War : Ascension bundle in the States ?
PlayStation 3 launched in North America with 14 titles , with another three being released before the end of 2006 .	14	How many games could you buy to go with your PS3 when it launched in North America ?
After the first week of sales it was confirmed that Resistance : Fall of Man from Insomniac Games was the top-selling launch game in North America .	Resistance: Fall of Man	What game won GameSpot 's Game of the Year title for 2006 ?
During the Japanese launch , Ridge Racer 7 was the top-selling game , while Mobile Suit Gundam : Crossfire also fared well in sales , both of which were offerings from Namco Bandai Games .	Namco Bandai Games	What company developed the game Ridge Racer 7 ?
Resistance : Fall of Man and MotorStorm were the most successful titles of 2007 , and both games subsequently received sequels in the form of Resistance 2 and MotorStorm : Pacific Rift .	MotorStorm: Pacific Rift	What 's the name of the sequel game to MotorStorm ?
PlayStation 3 launched in Europe with 24 titles , including ones that were not offered in North American and Japanese launches , such as Formula One Championship Edition , MotorStorm and Virtua Fighter 5 .	24	How many titles did the PS3 launch with in Europe ?
At E3 2007 , Sony was able to show a number of their upcoming video games for PlayStation 3 , including Heavenly Sword , Lair , Ratchet & Clank Future : Tools of Destruction , Warhawk and Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune ; all of which were released in the third and fourth quarters of 2007 .	Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction	Which Ratchet & Clank title debuted at E3 2007 ?
At E3 2007 , Sony was able to show a number of their upcoming video games for PlayStation 3 , including Heavenly Sword , Lair , Ratchet & Clank Future : Tools of Destruction , Warhawk and Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune ; all of which were released in the third and fourth quarters of 2007 .	2007	What year was Warhawk released for the PlayStation 3 ?
Two other important titles for PlayStation 3 , Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy Versus XIII , were shown at TGS 2007 in order to appease the Japanese market .	TGS 2007	At what event were two new Final Fantasy games for PS3 first shown to the Japanese market ?
They also showed off a number of titles that were set for release in 2008 and 2009 ; most notably Killzone 2 , Infamous , Gran Turismo 5 Prologue , LittleBigPlanet and SOCOM : U.S. Navy SEALs Confrontation .	Gran Turismo 5 Prologue	What Gran Turismo game was shown in 2007 but not released until after 2007 ?
A number of third-party exclusives were also shown , including the highly anticipated Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots , alongside other high-profile third-party titles such as Grand Theft Auto IV , Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare , Assassin 's Creed , Devil May Cry 4 and Resident Evil 5 .	Devil May Cry 4	Which much anticipated third-party game with the name of a month of the year in it did Sony show at E3 2007 ?
Sony have since launched their budget range of PlayStation 3 titles , known as the Greatest Hits range in North America , the Platinum range in Europe and Australia and The Best range in Japan .	The Best	What 's Sony 's budget line of PS3 games called in Japan ?
Sony have since launched their budget range of PlayStation 3 titles , known as the Greatest Hits range in North America , the Platinum range in Europe and Australia and The Best range in Japan .	Platinum	If you live in Australia and want affordable PlayStation 3 games , what range would you shop for ?
Sony have since launched their budget range of PlayStation 3 titles , known as the Greatest Hits range in North America , the Platinum range in Europe and Australia and The Best range in Japan .	Greatest Hits	What words would you see in the United States or Canada on a PS3 game that would signify its lower price ?
Among the titles available in the budget range include Resistance : Fall of Man , MotorStorm , Uncharted : Drakes Fortune , Rainbow Six : Vegas , Call Of Duty 3 , Assassin 's Creed and Ninja Gaiden Sigma .	Call Of Duty 3	Which Call of Duty title does Sony include in their low-end price range ?
As of October 2009 Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots , Ratchet & Clank Future : Tools of Destruction , Devil May Cry 4 , Army of Two , Battlefield : Bad Company and Midnight Club : Los Angeles have also joined the list .	2009	In what year was Devil May Cry 4 added to the budget game offerings for PS3 ?
In December 2008 , the CTO of Blitz Games announced that it would bring stereoscopic 3D gaming and movie viewing to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 with its own technology .	Blitz Games	What company said it would bring 3D technology to the PS3 ?
Journalists were shown Wipeout HD and Gran Turismo 5 Prologue in 3D as a demonstration of how the technology might work if it is implemented in the future .	Gran Turismo 5 Prologue	Along with Wipeout HD , what game did the press view in 3D in early 2009 ?
Firmware update 3.30 officially allowed PS3 titles to be played in 3D , requiring a compatible display for use .	3.30	What version of firmware update gave the PlayStation 3 its 3D capability ?
While the game itself must be programmed to take advantage of the 3D technology , titles may be patched to add in the functionality retroactively .	patched	What word describes what happens to a game when is edited to add functions not originally programmed ?
System software update 3.50 prepared it for 3D films .	3D films	What was the PS3 console able to play after the system software was updated to 3.50 ?
Fixstars Solutions sells a version of Yellow Dog Linux for PlayStation 3 -LRB- originally sold by Terra Soft Solutions -RRB- .	Yellow Dog Linux	What operating system does Fixstars Solutions offer for the PlayStation 3 ?
Fixstars Solutions sells a version of Yellow Dog Linux for PlayStation 3 -LRB- originally sold by Terra Soft Solutions -RRB- .	Terra Soft Solutions	What company sold Yellow Dog Linux before Fixstars Solutions ?
RapidMind produced a stream programming package for PS3 , but were acquired by Intel in 2009 .	Intel	What company bought RapidMind in 2009 ?
Also , on January 3 , 2007 , Dr. Frank Mueller , Associate Professor of Computer science at NCSU , clustered 8 PS3s .	8	How many PlayStation 3 consoles was Dr. Frank Mueller able to cluster together ?
As a more cost-effective alternative to conventional supercomputers , the U.S. military has purchased clusters of PS3 units for research purposes .	the U.S. military	Who is buying PS3 clusters instead of supercomputers in order to save some money ?
PlayStation 3 uses the Cell microprocessor , designed by Sony , Toshiba and IBM , as its CPU , which is made up of one 3.2 GHz PowerPC-based `` Power Processing Element '' -LRB- PPE -RRB- and eight Synergistic Processing Elements -LRB- SPEs -RRB- .	Cell	What type of microprocessor is in a PS3 ?
PlayStation 3 uses the Cell microprocessor , designed by Sony , Toshiba and IBM , as its CPU , which is made up of one 3.2 GHz PowerPC-based `` Power Processing Element '' -LRB- PPE -RRB- and eight Synergistic Processing Elements -LRB- SPEs -RRB- .	Power Processing Element	What does PPE stand for ?
Graphics processing is handled by the NVIDIA RSX ` Reality Synthesizer ' , which can produce resolutions from 480i/576i SD up to 1080p HD .	Graphics processing	What function is the NVIDIA RSX responsible for in a PlayStation 3 ?
PlayStation 3 uses the Cell microprocessor , designed by Sony , Toshiba and IBM , as its CPU , which is made up of one 3.2 GHz PowerPC-based `` Power Processing Element '' -LRB- PPE -RRB- and eight Synergistic Processing Elements -LRB- SPEs -RRB- .	eight	How many Synergistic Processing Elements are in a PS3 's CPU ?
PlayStation 3 has 256 MB of XDR DRAM main memory and 256 MB of GDDR3 video memory for the RSX .	256 MB	How much XDR DRAM is on board a PS3 ?
At its press conference at the 2007 Tokyo Game Show , Sony announced DualShock 3 -LRB- trademarked DUALSHOCK 3 -RRB- , a PlayStation 3 controller with the same function and design as Sixaxis , but with vibration capability included .	DualShock 3	What did Sony name their vibrating PS3 controller ?
At its press conference at the 2007 Tokyo Game Show , Sony announced DualShock 3 -LRB- trademarked DUALSHOCK 3 -RRB- , a PlayStation 3 controller with the same function and design as Sixaxis , but with vibration capability included .	press conference	At what event at the Tokyo Game Show was the DualShock 3 first announced ?
Hands-on accounts describe the controller as being noticeably heavier than the standard Sixaxis controller and capable of vibration forces comparable to DualShock 2 .	heavier	What did many people who handled the DualShock 3 say it was compared to the Sixaxis ?
It was released in Japan on November 11 , 2007 ; in North America on April 5 , 2008 ; in Australia on April 24 , 2008 ; in New Zealand on May 9 , 2008 ; in mainland Europe on July 2 , 2008 , and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on July 4 , 2008 .	Japan	What was the first country to be able to buy the new DualShock 3 in stores ?
It was released in Japan on November 11 , 2007 ; in North America on April 5 , 2008 ; in Australia on April 24 , 2008 ; in New Zealand on May 9 , 2008 ; in mainland Europe on July 2 , 2008 , and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on July 4 , 2008 .	April 24, 2008	On what date was the DualShock three released in Australia ?
The standard PlayStation 3 version of the XrossMediaBar -LRB- pronounced Cross Media Bar , or abbreviated XMB -RRB- includes nine categories of options .	XMB	How is `` XrossMediaBar '' abbreviated ?
The standard PlayStation 3 version of the XrossMediaBar -LRB- pronounced Cross Media Bar , or abbreviated XMB -RRB- includes nine categories of options .	nine	How many options categories display in the standard PS3 XrossMediaBar ?
TheTV/Video Services category is for services like Netflix and/or if PlayTV or torne is installed ; the first category in this section is `` My Channels '' , which lets users download various streaming services , including Sony 's own streaming services Crackle and PlayStation Vue .	Crackle	One of Sony 's streaming services is the PlayStation Vue ; what 's the other one called ?
By default , the What 's New section of PlayStation Network is displayed when the system starts up .	What's New	When you start up your PS3 , what 's the first section of the PS Network you see ?
The Friends menu allows mail with emoticon and attached picture features and video chat which requires an optional PlayStation Eye or EyeToy webcam .	Friends	What menu would you use to set up a video chat ?
Purchased games and content from the PlayStation Network store are governed by PlayStation 's Network Digital Rights Management -LRB- NDRM -RRB- .	Network Digital Rights Management	What does the abbreviation `` NDRM '' represent ?
The NDRM allows users to access the data from up to 2 different PlayStation 3 's that have been activated using a user 's PlayStation Network ID .	2	How many different PS3s can one user access ?
The NDRM allows users to access the data from up to 2 different PlayStation 3 's that have been activated using a user 's PlayStation Network ID .	PlayStation Network ID	What identifier allows a player to activate a PlayStation 3 ?
PlayStation 3 also limits the transfer of copy protected videos downloaded from its store to other machines and states that copy protected video `` may not restore correctly '' following certain actions after making a backup such as downloading a new copy protected movie .	copy protected	PlayStation has safeguards in place to prevent illegal use of what type of movies or video ?
Photo Gallery is an optional application to view , create and group photos from PS3 , which is installed separately from the system software at 105 MB .	Photo Gallery	What application lets PS3 users view and organize photographs ?
It was introduced in system software version 2.60 and provides a range of tools for sorting through and displaying the system 's pictures .	2.60	What version of PS3 contained Photo Gallery ?
The software was updated with the release of system software version 3.40 allowing users to upload and browse photos on Facebook and Picasa .	Facebook	After version 3.4 , Picasa was integrated into Photo Gallery along with what social networking site ?
Photo Gallery is an optional application to view , create and group photos from PS3 , which is installed separately from the system software at 105 MB .	separately	Is Photo Gallery automatically or separately installed ?
Notable categorizations are colors , ages , or facial expressions of the people in the photos .	facial expressions	Photo Gallery includes the ability to sort by age , color , or what other unusual criteria for photo software ?
Since June 2009 VidZone has offered a free music video streaming service in Europe , Australia and New Zealand .	June	In what month of 2009 did VidZone start free service to some countries ?
A paid Netflix subscription was required for the service .	paid Netflix subscription	What do you have to agree to with Netflix before you can use their service on PlayStation 3 ?
In October 2009 , Sony Computer Entertainment and Netflix announced that the Netflix streaming service would also be available on PlayStation 3 in the United States .	2009	What year did the announcement come about Netflix becoming available on PS3 in the U.S. ?
Initially users had to use a free Blu-ray disc to access the service ; however , in October 2010 the requirement to use a disc to gain access was removed .	Blu-ray	What type of disc was initially used to connect access to Netflix for PS3 ?
Initially users had to use a free Blu-ray disc to access the service ; however , in October 2010 the requirement to use a disc to gain access was removed .	October 2010	When were users able to discard the disc and access Netflix directly through their PS3s ?
The ` OtherOS ' functionality was not present in the updated PS Slim models , and the feature was subsequently removed from previous versions of the PS3 as part of the machine 's firmware update version 3.21 which was released on April 1 , 2010 ; Sony cited security concerns as the rationale .	'OtherOS'	What functionality did the PlayStation 3 lose in version 3.21 of its firmware update ?
The ` OtherOS ' functionality was not present in the updated PS Slim models , and the feature was subsequently removed from previous versions of the PS3 as part of the machine 's firmware update version 3.21 which was released on April 1 , 2010 ; Sony cited security concerns as the rationale .	security concerns	What reason did Sony give for taking out OtherOS ?
The firmware update 3.21 was mandatory for access to the PlayStation Network .	mandatory	Was firmware update 3.21 optional or mandatory if users wanted to continue accessing the PS Network ?
The ` OtherOS ' functionality was not present in the updated PS Slim models , and the feature was subsequently removed from previous versions of the PS3 as part of the machine 's firmware update version 3.21 which was released on April 1 , 2010 ; Sony cited security concerns as the rationale .	PS Slim	Which PS3 model never included OtherOS ?
The removal caused some controversy ; as the update removed officially advertised features from already sold products , and gave rise to several class action lawsuits aimed at making Sony return the feature or provide compensation .	class action lawsuits	What legal action did some disgruntled OtherOS users take against Sony ?
On March 1 , 2010 -LRB- UTC -RRB- , many of the original `` fat '' PlayStation 3 models worldwide were experiencing errors related to their internal system clock .	internal system clock	What part of the original model PS3s starting causing problems in March of 2010 ?
Initially , the main problem seemed to be the inability to connect to the PlayStation Network .	PlayStation Network	What essential network were some users unable to connect to because of the error ?
At the same time many users noted that the console 's clock had gone back to December 31 , 1999 .	December 31, 1999	What erroneous date did some users start seeing on their consoles ?
The event was nicknamed the ApocalyPS3 , a play on the word apocalypse and PS3 , the abbreviation for the PlayStation 3 console .	ApocalyPS3	What humorous nickname was given to the situation with the console system clock errors ?
The event was nicknamed the ApocalyPS3 , a play on the word apocalypse and PS3 , the abbreviation for the PlayStation 3 console .	apocalypse	The name `` ApocalyPS3 '' combines `` PS3 '' with what other word ?
By March 2 -LRB- UTC -RRB- , 2010 , owners of original PS3 models could connect to PSN successfully and the clock no longer showed December 31 , 1999 .	March 2 (UTC), 2010	By what date did Sony correct the issue with the system clock ?
Sony stated that the affected models incorrectly identified 2010 as a leap year , because of a bug in the BCD method of storing the date .	a leap year	What were the broken models mistakenly classifying 2010 as ?
Sony stated that the affected models incorrectly identified 2010 as a leap year , because of a bug in the BCD method of storing the date .	BCD	What storage system for dates led to the system clock error ?
However , for some users , the hardware 's operating system clock -LRB- mainly updated from the internet and not associated with the internal clock -RRB- needed to be updated manually or by re-syncing it via the internet .	operating system clock	What clock unrelated to the error in the PS3 had to be updated in some cases in order to fix the bug ?
For example , Formula One Championship Edition , a racing game , was shown at E3 2006 using a PSP as a real-time rear-view mirror .	Formula One Championship Edition	What PS3 game can integrate a PlayStation Portable to use as a rear-view mirror ?
For example , Formula One Championship Edition , a racing game , was shown at E3 2006 using a PSP as a real-time rear-view mirror .	racing	What kind of game is Formula One Championship Edition ?
In addition , users are able to download original PlayStation format games from the PlayStation Store , transfer and play them on PSP as well as PS3 itself .	PlayStation Store	If users want to download original PlayStation games , where do they go online ?
In addition , users are able to download original PlayStation format games from the PlayStation Store , transfer and play them on PSP as well as PS3 itself .	PSP	Games in plain PlayStation format can be played both on the PS3 console and what other device ?
It is also possible to use the Remote Play feature to play these and some PlayStation Network games , remotely on PSP over a network or internet connection .	Remote Play	What 's the name of the feature that would let you play a game on your PSP without having it with you ?
PlayStation Network is the unified online multiplayer gaming and digital media delivery service provided by Sony Computer Entertainment for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable , announced during the 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing meeting in Tokyo .	Tokyo	In what city did Sony hold their 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing ?
PlayStation Network uses real currency and PlayStation Network Cards as seen with the PlayStation Store and PlayStation Home .	real	Does PlayStation Network use artificial or real currency for purchases ?
The service is always connected , free , and includes multiplayer support .	multiplayer support	Along with being free and providing constant connectivity , what other feature does PS Network offer users ?
PlayStation Network is the unified online multiplayer gaming and digital media delivery service provided by Sony Computer Entertainment for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable , announced during the 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing meeting in Tokyo .	PlayStation Portable	PlayStation Network is only available for PS3 and what other device ?
PlayStation Plus -LRB- commonly abbreviated PS + and occasionally referred to as PSN Plus -RRB- is a premium PlayStation Network subscription service that was officially unveiled at E3 2010 by Jack Tretton , President and CEO of SCEA .	PlayStation Plus	What 's the name of Sony 's exclusive PlayStation Network subscription service ?
PlayStation Plus -LRB- commonly abbreviated PS + and occasionally referred to as PSN Plus -RRB- is a premium PlayStation Network subscription service that was officially unveiled at E3 2010 by Jack Tretton , President and CEO of SCEA .	PS+	How is PlayStation Plus often abbreviated ?
PlayStation Plus -LRB- commonly abbreviated PS + and occasionally referred to as PSN Plus -RRB- is a premium PlayStation Network subscription service that was officially unveiled at E3 2010 by Jack Tretton , President and CEO of SCEA .	Jack Tretton	Who was the President and CEO of SCEA in the year 2010 ?
Launched alongside PS3 firmware 3.40 and PSP firmware 6.30 on June 29 , 2010 , the paid-for subscription service provides users with enhanced services on the PlayStation Network , on top of the current PSN service which is still available with all of its features .	June 29, 2010	On what date did the PlayStation Plus service officially launch ?
Users may choose to purchase either a one-year or a three-month subscription to PlayStation Plus .	one-year	Duration options for subscription to PS + are either three months or what period of time ?
The PlayStation Store is an online virtual market available to users of Sony 's PlayStation 3 -LRB- PS3 -RRB- and PlayStation Portable -LRB- PSP -RRB- game consoles via the PlayStation Network .	The PlayStation Store	Where can you buy downloadable content for the PSP and PS3 ?
The service is accessible through an icon on the XMB on PS3 and PSP .	an icon	What do you click on in the PS3 interface to get to the PlayStation Store ?
The PS3 store can also be accessed on PSP via a Remote Play connection to PS3 .	Remote Play	What connection would you go through to go to the PS3 store from a PSP ?
As of September 24 , 2009 , there have been over 600 million downloads from the PlayStation Store worldwide .	over 600 million	How many unique downloads had there been from the PlayStation Store by late 2009 ?
The PSP store is also available via the PC application , Media Go .	Media Go	From a PC , what application can you use to visit the PlayStation Store ?
What 's New was announced at Gamescom 2009 and was released on September 1 , 2009 , with PlayStation 3 system software 3.0 .	What's New	What new feature for PS3 was released in September of 2009 ?
What 's New was announced at Gamescom 2009 and was released on September 1 , 2009 , with PlayStation 3 system software 3.0 .	Gamescom	At what event did Sony announce What 's New ?
The feature was to replace the existing -LSB- Information Board -RSB- , which displayed news from the PlayStation website associated with the user 's region .	Information Board	What did What 's New replace ?
The feature was to replace the existing -LSB- Information Board -RSB- , which displayed news from the PlayStation website associated with the user 's region .	news	What type of information is disseminated through What 's New ?
The feature was to replace the existing -LSB- Information Board -RSB- , which displayed news from the PlayStation website associated with the user 's region .	region	What 's geographical area does What 's New tailor information to for each user ?
What 's New has four sections : `` Our Pick '' , `` Recently Played '' , latest information and new content available in PlayStation Store .	four	How many different sections does What 's New have ?
`` Recently Played '' displays the user 's recently played games and online services only , whereas , the other sections can contain website links , links to play videos and access to selected sections of the PlayStation Store .	"Recently Played"	What section of What 's New would a user visit to find the games they 've played lately ?
The system displays the What 's New screen by default instead of the -LSB- Games -RSB- menu -LRB- or -LSB- Video -RSB- menu , if a movie was inserted -RRB- when starting up .	Video	Before What 's New existed , what default screen would show when a user put a movie in their PS3 ?
`` Recently Played '' displays the user 's recently played games and online services only , whereas , the other sections can contain website links , links to play videos and access to selected sections of the PlayStation Store .	"Recently Played"	What section of What 's New ca n't show links to websites ?
The system displays the What 's New screen by default instead of the -LSB- Games -RSB- menu -LRB- or -LSB- Video -RSB- menu , if a movie was inserted -RRB- when starting up .	Games	Other than the Video default screen for movies , what menu would the PS3 default to before What 's New ?
PlayStation Home is a virtual 3D social networking service for the PlayStation Network .	PlayStation Home	What does Sony call their social network ?
Home allows users to create a custom avatar , which can be groomed realistically .	avatar	What is the customizable representation of a user in PS Home called ?
Users can edit and decorate their personal apartments , avatars or club houses with free , premium or won content .	premium	Home has free , won , and what third type of content ?
Users can edit and decorate their personal apartments , avatars or club houses with free , premium or won content .	apartments	Users employ the content to decorate club houses , their avatars , or what virtual dwelling space ?
Home also acts as a meeting place for users that want to play multiplayer games with others .	multiplayer	What type of games can users find participants for in Home ?
Life with PlayStation used virtual globe data to display news and information by city .	city	Life was able to personalize information for users by what location division ?
Life with PlayStation , released on September 18 , 2008 to succeed Folding@home, was retired November 6 , 2012 .	November 6, 2012	On what date was Life with PlayStation shut down ?
The second channel was the World Heritage channel which offered historical information about historical sites .	World Heritage	What 's was Life 's channel that delivered information about history topics ?
Along with Folding@home functionality , the application provided access to three other information `` channels '' , the first being the Live Channel offering news headlines and weather which were provided by Google News , The Weather Channel , the University of Wisconsin -- Madison Space Science and Engineering Center , among other sources .	Live Channel	For weather updates from The Weather Channel , which of Life 's channels would you have visited ?
On April 20 , 2011 , Sony shut down the PlayStation Network and Qriocity for a prolonged interval , revealing on April 23 that this was due to `` an external intrusion on our system '' .	April 20, 2011	What was the date Sony shut down the PS Network because of a security breach ?
Sony later revealed that the personal information of 77 million users might have been taken , including : names ; addresses ; countries ; email addresses ; birthdates ; PSN/Qriocity logins , passwords and handles/PSN online IDs .	77 million	How many users did Sony say might have been affected by the intrusion ?
In response to the incident , Sony announced a `` Welcome Back '' program , 30 days free membership of PlayStation Plus for all PSN members , two free downloadable PS3 games , and a free one-year enrollment in an identity theft protection program .	"Welcome Back"	What did Sony call the special offer they handed out to respond to the breach ?
In response to the incident , Sony announced a `` Welcome Back '' program , 30 days free membership of PlayStation Plus for all PSN members , two free downloadable PS3 games , and a free one-year enrollment in an identity theft protection program .	30	How many free days of PlayStation Plus were included in the offer ?
In response to the incident , Sony announced a `` Welcome Back '' program , 30 days free membership of PlayStation Plus for all PSN members , two free downloadable PS3 games , and a free one-year enrollment in an identity theft protection program .	two	How many free game downloads were included in the `` Welcome Back '' program ?
The PS3 lacked the unique gameplay of the more affordable Wii which became that generation 's most successful console in terms of units sold .	Wii	What was PlayStation 3 's toughest competitor in the video game market ?
The PS3 lacked the unique gameplay of the more affordable Wii which became that generation 's most successful console in terms of units sold .	unique gameplay	What did Wii offer that PS3 could n't compete with ?
Furthermore , PS3 had to compete directly with Xbox 360 which had a market head start , and as a result the platform no longer had exclusive titles that the PS2 enjoyed such as the Grand Theft Auto and Final Fantasy series -LRB- regarding cross-platform games , Xbox 360 versions were generally considered superior in 2006 , although by 2008 the PS3 versions had reached parity or surpassed -RRB- , and it took longer than expected for PS3 to enjoy strong sales and close the gap with Xbox 360 .	Xbox 360 versions	In 2006 , did most people prefer the Xbox 360 or PS3 versions of cross-platform games ?
Sony also continued to lose money on each PS3 sold through 2010 , although the redesigned `` slim '' PS3 has cut these losses since then .	2010	Until what year was Sony seeing a loss on each PlayStation 3 console it sold ?
The PS3 lacked the unique gameplay of the more affordable Wii which became that generation 's most successful console in terms of units sold .	Wii	Which cost less in stores : PS3 or Wii ?
PlayStation 3 's initial production cost is estimated by iSuppli to have been US$ 805.85 for the 20 GB model and US$ 840.35 for the 60 GB model .	US$805.85	How much did it cost to make one 20 GB PS3 ?
However , they were priced at US$ 499 and US$ 599 respectively , meaning that units may have been sold at an estimated loss of $ 306 or $ 241 depending on model , if the cost estimates were correct , and thus may have contributed to Sony 's games division posting an operating loss of ¥ 232.3 billion -LRB- US$ 1.97 billion -RRB- in the fiscal year ending March 2007 .	US$499	In contrast to the production cost , what was the retail price for a 20 GB PlayStation 3 ?
However , they were priced at US$ 499 and US$ 599 respectively , meaning that units may have been sold at an estimated loss of $ 306 or $ 241 depending on model , if the cost estimates were correct , and thus may have contributed to Sony 's games division posting an operating loss of ¥ 232.3 billion -LRB- US$ 1.97 billion -RRB- in the fiscal year ending March 2007 .	$306	Assuming iSuppli got the numbers right , how much of a loss did Sony take for every 20 GB PS3 sold in the U.S. ?
In April 2007 , soon after these results were published , Ken Kutaragi , President of Sony Computer Entertainment , announced plans to retire .	Ken Kutaragi	What was the name of Sony 's President who announced his retirement amid rumors in April 2007 ?
However , they were priced at US$ 499 and US$ 599 respectively , meaning that units may have been sold at an estimated loss of $ 306 or $ 241 depending on model , if the cost estimates were correct , and thus may have contributed to Sony 's games division posting an operating loss of ¥ 232.3 billion -LRB- US$ 1.97 billion -RRB- in the fiscal year ending March 2007 .	US$1.97 billion	In U.S. dollars , how much was the enormous loss Sony reported the month before Kutaragi 's retirement announcement ?
In January 2008 , Kaz Hirai , CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment , suggested that the console may start making a profit by early 2009 , stating that , `` the next fiscal year starts in April and if we can try to achieve that in the next fiscal year that would be a great thing '' and that '' -LSB- profitability -RSB- is not a definite commitment , but that is what I would like to try to shoot for '' .	Kaz Hirai	Who was Sony 's CEO at the start of 2008 ?
In January 2008 , Kaz Hirai , CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment , suggested that the console may start making a profit by early 2009 , stating that , `` the next fiscal year starts in April and if we can try to achieve that in the next fiscal year that would be a great thing '' and that '' -LSB- profitability -RSB- is not a definite commitment , but that is what I would like to try to shoot for '' .	early 2009	When did Hirai think the PS3 might start making the company some money ?
However , market analysts Nikko Citigroup have predicted that PlayStation 3 could be profitable by August 2008 .	Nikko Citigroup	What market analyst firm said Sony could make the PlayStation 3 profitable by August 2008 ?
In a July 2008 interview , Hirai stated that his objective is for PlayStation 3 to sell 150 million units by its ninth year , surpassing PlayStation 2 's sales of 140 million in its nine years on the market .	150 million	How many PS3 did Hirai set a public goal to sell by the time the product was nine ?
In a July 2008 interview , Hirai stated that his objective is for PlayStation 3 to sell 150 million units by its ninth year , surpassing PlayStation 2 's sales of 140 million in its nine years on the market .	PlayStation 2	What other Sony gaming console was Hirai setting his sales goal to beat ?
Since the system 's launch , production costs have been reduced significantly as a result of phasing out the Emotion Engine chip and falling hardware costs .	Emotion Engine chip	Along with a drop in the cost of hardware , PS3 has gotten cheaper to make because what chip was phased out ?
The cost of manufacturing Cell microprocessors has fallen dramatically as a result of moving to the 65 nm production process , and Blu-ray Disc diodes have become cheaper to manufacture .	Cell	What 's the name of the microprocessor produced by the 65 nm process ?
The cost of manufacturing Cell microprocessors has fallen dramatically as a result of moving to the 65 nm production process , and Blu-ray Disc diodes have become cheaper to manufacture .	diodes	What specific component of Blu-Ray disc have also gotten less expensive to make ?
As of January 2008 , each unit cost around $ 400 to manufacture ; by August 2009 , Sony had reduced costs by a total of 70 % , meaning it only costs Sony around $ 240 per unit .	$240	As of Summer 2009 , what was the cost to Sony to make a PS3 ?
As of January 2008 , each unit cost around $ 400 to manufacture ; by August 2009 , Sony had reduced costs by a total of 70 % , meaning it only costs Sony around $ 240 per unit .	70%	The August 2009 cost is a result of what percentage decrease in production cost ?
Ars Technica 's original launch review gave PS3 only a 6/10 , but second review of the console in June 2008 rated it a 9/10 .	6/10	What rating did Ars Technica initially give PlayStation 3 ?
However , PS3 has won IGN 's `` Console Showdown '' -- based on which console offers the best selection of games released during each year -- in three of the four years since it began -LRB- 2008 , 2009 and 2011 , with Xbox winning in 2010 -RRB- .	Xbox	What PS3 competitor won IGN 's `` Console Showdown '' in 2010 ?
In a comparison piece by PC mag 's Will Greenwald in June 2012 , PS3 was selected as an overall better console compared to Xbox 360 .	Will Greenwald	What PC Mag . staffer picked PS3 over Xbox in June , 2012 ?
Pocket-lint said of the console `` The PS3 has always been a brilliant games console , '' and that `` For now , this is just about the best media device for the money . ''	Pocket-lint	Which publication called the PlayStation 3 `` a brilliant games console '' ?
In September 2009 , IGN named PlayStation 3 the 15th best gaming console of all time , behind both of its competitors : Wii -LRB- 10th -RRB- and Xbox 360 -LRB- 6th -RRB- .	15th	Where did IGN place the PS3 on their 2009 list of the best video game consoles ever ?
PS3 was given the number-eight spot on PC World magazine 's list of `` The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006 '' , where it was criticized for being `` Late , Expensive and Incompatible '' .	"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006"	What list by PC World ranked PlayStation eighth , in a bad way ?
GamesRadar ranked PS3 as the top item in a feature on game-related PR disasters , asking how Sony managed to `` take one of the most anticipated game systems of all time and -- within the space of a year -- turn it into a hate object reviled by the entire internet '' , but added that despite its problems the system has `` untapped potential '' .	GamesRadar	What gaming website called PS3 `` a hate object reviled by the entire internet '' ?
PS3 was given the number-eight spot on PC World magazine 's list of `` The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006 '' , where it was criticized for being `` Late , Expensive and Incompatible '' .	"Late, Expensive and Incompatible"	What quote sums up PC World 's 2006 assessment of PS3 ?
GamesRadar ranked PS3 as the top item in a feature on game-related PR disasters , asking how Sony managed to `` take one of the most anticipated game systems of all time and -- within the space of a year -- turn it into a hate object reviled by the entire internet '' , but added that despite its problems the system has `` untapped potential '' .	a year	How long did GamesRadar say it took Sony to turn the Internet against the PlayStation 3 ?
In 2007 , Gabe Newell of Valve said `` The PS3 is a total disaster on so many levels , I think it 's really clear that Sony lost track of what customers and what developers wanted '' .	2007	In what year did Gabe Newell call the PS3 `` a total disaster '' ?
Doug Lombardi VP of Marketing for Valve has since stated that they are interested in developing for the console and are looking to hire talented PS3 programmers for future projects .	Doug Lombardi	Who is Valve 's VP of Marketing who says they want to hire programmers for a PS3 team ?
At Sony 's E3 2010 press conference , Newell made a live appearance to recant his previous statements , citing Sony 's move to make the system more developer friendly , and to announce that Valve would be developing Portal 2 for the system .	2010	What year did Newell show up at Sony 's EC3 press conference to take back what he said about PS3 ?
At Sony 's E3 2010 press conference , Newell made a live appearance to recant his previous statements , citing Sony 's move to make the system more developer friendly , and to announce that Valve would be developing Portal 2 for the system .	Portal 2	What game did Valve develop for the PlayStation 3 console ?
He also claimed that the inclusion of Steamworks -LRB- Valve 's system to automatically update their software independently -RRB- would help to make the PS3 version of Portal 2 the best console version on the market .	Steamworks	What 's the name of Valve 's software update system ?
He believes these factors are pushing developers away from working on the console .	developers	What group does Bobby Kotick think is being discouraged from working on the PS3 ?
Games generate a better return on invested capital -LRB- ROIC -RRB- on the Xbox than on the PlayStation . ''	return on invested capital	What does `` ROIC '' stand for ?
Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick has criticized PS3 's high development costs and inferior attach rate and return to that of Xbox 360 and Wii .	Activision Blizzard	What company is Kotick the CEO of ?
In an interview with The Times Kotick stated `` I 'm getting concerned about Sony ; the PlayStation 3 is losing a bit of momentum and they do n't make it easy for me to support the platform . ''	The Times	What newspaper reported Kotick 's concerns and his threat to stop supporting the PlayStation platform ?
Kotick received heavy criticism for the statement , notably from developer Bioware who questioned the wisdom of the threatened move , and referred to the statement as `` silly . ''	Bioware	What game development company completely disagreed with Kotick 's statements in The Times interview ?
CNET awarded it a score of 8.8 out of 10 and voted it as its number one `` must-have '' gadget , praising its robust graphical capabilities and stylish exterior design while criticizing its limited selection of available games .	8.8	What score did CNET give the PS3 out of ten ?
In addition , both Home Theater Magazine and Ultimate AV have given the system 's Blu-ray playback very favorable reviews , stating that the quality of playback exceeds that of many current standalone Blu-ray Disc players .	Blu-ray playback	What PlayStation 3 feature did Home Theater Magazine most like about PS3 ?
Despite the initial negative press , several websites have given the system very good reviews mostly regarding its hardware .	hardware	Have reviews praised the PS3 's hardware of software more frequently ?
In addition , both Home Theater Magazine and Ultimate AV have given the system 's Blu-ray playback very favorable reviews , stating that the quality of playback exceeds that of many current standalone Blu-ray Disc players .	Ultimate AV	What other reviewer agreed with Home Theater Magazine 's assessment of the PS3 's Blu-ray player ?
CNET United Kingdom praised the system saying , `` the PS3 is a versatile and impressive piece of home-entertainment equipment that lives up to the hype -LSB- ... -RSB- the PS3 is well worth its hefty price tag . ''	CNET United Kingdom	What website said the PlayStation 3 `` lives up to the hype '' ?
The PlayStation 3 Slim received extremely positive reviews as well as a boost in sales ; less than 24 hours after its announcement , PS3 Slim took the number-one bestseller spot on Amazon.com in the video games section for fifteen consecutive days .	Amazon.com	With a day of its release , on what website did the PS3 Slim become the number-one bestseller ?
The PlayStation 3 Slim received extremely positive reviews as well as a boost in sales ; less than 24 hours after its announcement , PS3 Slim took the number-one bestseller spot on Amazon.com in the video games section for fifteen consecutive days .	fifteen	For how many consecutive days did the PS3 Slim hold the number-one spot on Amazon.com ?
PS3 Slim also received praise from PC World giving it a 90 out of 100 praising its new repackaging and the new value it brings at a lower price as well as praising its quietness and the reduction in its power consumption .	90 out of 100	What score did the PS3 Slim earn from PC World ?
This is in stark contrast to the original PS3 's launch in which it was given position number-eight on their `` The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006 '' list .	PS3	PC World 's rave review of the PS3 Slim was a complete turnaround from their thoughts on what older model console ?
PS3 Slim also received praise from PC World giving it a 90 out of 100 praising its new repackaging and the new value it brings at a lower price as well as praising its quietness and the reduction in its power consumption .	repackaging	Along with the PS Slim 's value , quietness , and lower power usage , what superficial quality did PC World praise ?
CNET awarded PS3 Slim four out of five stars praising its Blu-ray capabilities , 120 GB hard drive , free online gaming service and more affordable pricing point , but complained about the lack of backward compatibility for PlayStation 2 games .	backward compatibility	What aspect of the PS3 Slim was CNET unhappy was missing for PS2 games ?
CNET awarded PS3 Slim four out of five stars praising its Blu-ray capabilities , 120 GB hard drive , free online gaming service and more affordable pricing point , but complained about the lack of backward compatibility for PlayStation 2 games .	four	How many of five possible stars did CNET give the PS3 Slim ?
TechRadar gave PS3 Slim four and a half stars out of five praising its new smaller size and summed up its review stating `` Over all , the PS3 Slim is a phenomenal piece of kit .	four and a half	How many of its own five stars did TechRadar award the PS3 Slim ?
However , they criticized the exterior design and the build quality in relation to the original model .	exterior	What area of the console did TechRadar feel was designed poorly compared to the original PS3 ?
Gaming website Spong praised the new Super Slim 's quietness , stating `` The most noticeable noise comes when the drive seeks a new area of the disc , such as when starting to load a game , and this occurs infrequently . ''	quietness	What quality of the PS3 Super Slim was the website Spong excited about ?
They added that the fans are quieter than that of Slim , and went on to praise the new smaller , lighter size .	smaller, lighter size	In addition to quieter fans and drive , what change from the other models did Spong praise ?
Criticism was placed on the new disc loader , stating : `` The cover can be moved by hand if you wish , there 's also an eject button to do the work for you , but there is no software eject from the triangle button menus in the Xross Media Bar -LRB- XMB -RRB- interface .	disc loader	What piece of the PS3 Super Slim 's hardware did Spong say was too `` fiddly '' ?
In addition , you have to close the cover by hand , which can be a bit fiddly if it 's upright , and the PS3 wo n't start reading a disc unless you do -LSB- close the cover -RSB- . ''	close the cover	What did Spong said you have to do to the disc loader before the console will start reading the disc ?
Tech media website CNET gave new Super Slim 4 out of 5 stars -LRB- `` Excellent '' -RRB- , saying `` The Super Slim PlayStation 3 shrinks a powerful gaming machine into an even tinier package while maintaining the same features as its predecessors : a great gaming library and a strong array of streaming services -LSB- ... -RSB- '' , whilst also criticising the `` cheap '' design and disc-loader , stating : `` Sometimes -LSB- the cover -RSB- does n't catch and you feel like you 're using one of those old credit card imprinter machines .	CNET	What website rated the Super Slim four out of five stars ?
Tech media website CNET gave new Super Slim 4 out of 5 stars -LRB- `` Excellent '' -RRB- , saying `` The Super Slim PlayStation 3 shrinks a powerful gaming machine into an even tinier package while maintaining the same features as its predecessors : a great gaming library and a strong array of streaming services -LSB- ... -RSB- '' , whilst also criticising the `` cheap '' design and disc-loader , stating : `` Sometimes -LSB- the cover -RSB- does n't catch and you feel like you 're using one of those old credit card imprinter machines .	"cheap"	What adjective did CNET use to describe the PS3 Super Slim 's design ?
They did praise that the hard drive of the Super Slim model is `` the easiest yet .	hard drive	What component of the Super Slim did CNET call `` the easiest yet '' ?
Tech media website CNET gave new Super Slim 4 out of 5 stars -LRB- `` Excellent '' -RRB- , saying `` The Super Slim PlayStation 3 shrinks a powerful gaming machine into an even tinier package while maintaining the same features as its predecessors : a great gaming library and a strong array of streaming services -LSB- ... -RSB- '' , whilst also criticising the `` cheap '' design and disc-loader , stating : `` Sometimes -LSB- the cover -RSB- does n't catch and you feel like you 're using one of those old credit card imprinter machines .	disc-loader	What hardware component did CNET have the biggest problem with , even comparing it to an old credit card reader ?
The criticism also was due to price , stating the cheapest Super Slim model was still more expensive than the cheapest Slim model , and that the smaller size and bigger hard drive should n't be considered an upgrade when the hard drive on a Slim model is easily removed and replaced .	more expensive	Was the lowest-priced Super Slim more or less expensive than any of the PS3 Slim models ?
Technology magazine T3 gave the Super Slim model a positive review , stating the console is almost `` nostalgic '' in the design similarities to the original `` fat '' model , `` While we do n't know whether it will play PS3 games or Blu-ray discs any differently yet , the look and feel of the new PS3 Slim is an obvious homage to the original PS3 , minus the considerable excess weight .	T3	What magazine described the Super Slim as `` nostalgic '' ?
Technology magazine T3 gave the Super Slim model a positive review , stating the console is almost `` nostalgic '' in the design similarities to the original `` fat '' model , `` While we do n't know whether it will play PS3 games or Blu-ray discs any differently yet , the look and feel of the new PS3 Slim is an obvious homage to the original PS3 , minus the considerable excess weight .	the original PS3	What PlayStation 3 model did T3 feel the Super Slim 's design was paying homage to ?
Technology magazine T3 gave the Super Slim model a positive review , stating the console is almost `` nostalgic '' in the design similarities to the original `` fat '' model , `` While we do n't know whether it will play PS3 games or Blu-ray discs any differently yet , the look and feel of the new PS3 Slim is an obvious homage to the original PS3 , minus the considerable excess weight .	weight	According to T3 , what was the main differentiator between the `` fat '' PS3 and the Super Slim ?
Immediately we would be concerned about the durability of the top loading tray that feels like it could be yanked straight out off the console , but ultimately it all feels like Sony 's nostalgic way of signing off the current generation console in anticipation for the PS4 . ''	the top loading tray	What hardware element did T3 feel might have issues with durability ?
Immediately we would be concerned about the durability of the top loading tray that feels like it could be yanked straight out off the console , but ultimately it all feels like Sony 's nostalgic way of signing off the current generation console in anticipation for the PS4 . ''	the PS4	T3 felt Sony was saying goodbye to past models in preparation for what next-generation console ?
In the United Kingdom , for instance , the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners , who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster .	House of Lords	When royal assent takes place in the UK , where does the sovereign make an appearance ?
In the United Kingdom , for instance , the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners , who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster .	Palace of Westminster	Alternatively , when UK Lord Commissioners take the sovereign 's place in the ceremony , where does the ceremony take place ?
In Canada , the governor general may give assent either in person at a ceremony held in the Senate or by a written declaration notifying parliament of his or her agreement to the bill .	written declaration	Canadian governor generals can give their assent in person or by which other method ?
Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies .	elaborate ceremonies	With what is royal assent sometimes associated with ?
In the United Kingdom , for instance , the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners , who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster .	Palace of Westminster	Where is a royal assent ceremony held within the United Kingdom ?
However , royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent .	letters patent	With what method is royal assent generally granted ?
In other nations , such as Australia , the governor-general merely signs the bill .	the governor-general merely signs the bill	How is royal assent granted within Australia ?
Royal assent is the method by which a country 's constitutional monarch -LRB- possibly through a delegated official -RRB- formally approves an act of that nation 's parliament , thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law .	constitutional monarch	Royal assent is a process of approving a nation 's legislative acts by whom ?
In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies , this act is considered to be little more than a formality ; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent -LRB- such as the United Kingdom , Norway , and Liechtenstein -RRB- , the monarch almost never does so , save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government .	United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein	Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent ?
While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies , it is exceedingly rare in the modern , democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century .	18th	Since which century have modern political processes forgone royal assent ?
In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies , this act is considered to be little more than a formality ; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent -LRB- such as the United Kingdom , Norway , and Liechtenstein -RRB- , the monarch almost never does so , save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government .	United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein	What nations allow the withold of the royal assent ?
In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies , this act is considered to be little more than a formality ; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent -LRB- such as the United Kingdom , Norway , and Liechtenstein -RRB- , the monarch almost never does so , save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government .	a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government	Under what circumstances does a monarch typically use the royal assent ?
While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies , it is exceedingly rare in the modern , democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century .	exceedingly rare	Is usage of the royal assent frequent or rare in today 's societies ?
Under modern constitutional conventions , the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers .	ministers	Modern-day sovereigns often acts on the advice of whom ?
Hence , in modern practice , royal assent is always granted ; a refusal to do so would be appropriate only in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch 's reserve powers .	reserve powers	In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent , what can the monarch make use of ?
Under modern constitutional conventions , the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers .	his or her ministers	Whose advice does a sovereign follow ?
Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills , it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent .	ministers	Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills ?
Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills , it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent .	improbable	Is it probable , improbable , or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent ?
Originally , legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia Regis , or Royal Council , in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament .	Royal Council	What is another name for `` Curia Regis '' ?
In 1265 , the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorisation .	Earl of Leicester	Who was it that peculiarly called a full parliament without royal authorization in 1265 ?
The body eventually came to be divided into two branches : bishops , abbots , earls , and barons formed the House of Lords , while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons .	House of Lords	As a result , the bishops , abbots , earls , and barons formed which body of parliament ?
The body eventually came to be divided into two branches : bishops , abbots , earls , and barons formed the House of Lords , while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons .	House of Commons	Which body did the shire and borough representatives form ?
Originally , legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia Regis , or Royal Council , in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament .	Curia Regis, or Royal Council	From what did parliament evolve ?
The body eventually came to be divided into two branches : bishops , abbots , earls , and barons formed the House of Lords , while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons .	bishops, abbots, earls, and barons	What positions were contained within the House of Lords ?
The body eventually came to be divided into two branches : bishops , abbots , earls , and barons formed the House of Lords , while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons .	House of Commons	Which branch of parliament contains shire and borough representatives ?
During Henry VI 's reign , it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills , which would not become law unless the sovereign 's assent was obtained , as the sovereign was , and still remains , the enactor of laws .	the sovereign	A bill could not become a law without whose assent ?
During Henry VI 's reign , it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills , which would not become law unless the sovereign 's assent was obtained , as the sovereign was , and still remains , the enactor of laws .	the sovereign	Who is considered the enactor of laws ?
Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629 , after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power .	Charles I	Which monarch was responsible for dissolving parliament in 1629 ?
During the eleven years of personal rule that followed , Charles performed legally dubious actions , such as raising taxes without parliament 's approval .	raising taxes	What is one action this monarch took that is typically left to the discretion of parliament ?
After the English Civil War , it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly , but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse royal assent to bills .	English Civil War	After which event was it decided that parliament should meet on a regular basis ?
The last Stuart monarch , Anne , similarly withheld on 11 March 1708 , on the advice of her ministers , her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland .	Anne	Like Charles II had previously done , the last Stuart monarch withheld assent . Who was this monarch ?
Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629 , after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power .	Charles I	Which ruler removed parliament in 1629 ?
The last Stuart monarch , Anne , similarly withheld on 11 March 1708 , on the advice of her ministers , her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland .	her ministers	Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent ?
Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629 , after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power .	restrict his arbitrary exercise of power	What did motions attempt to accomplish that prompted Charles I to dissolve parliament in 1629 ?
The last Stuart monarch , Anne , similarly withheld on 11 March 1708 , on the advice of her ministers , her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland .	11 March 1708	When was the last time royal assent was enacted ?
The last Stuart monarch , Anne , similarly withheld on 11 March 1708 , on the advice of her ministers , her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland .	Anne	Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708 ?
During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty , power was gradually exercised more by parliament and the government .	Hanoverian dynasty	During whose rule was power transferred more to parliament ?
The first Hanoverian monarch , George I , relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs .	George I	Who was the first ruler during this dynasty ?
Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation : George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath , which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy .	Catholic Emancipation	In attempting to take back control , George III and George IV opposed which church movement ?
The first Hanoverian monarch , George I , relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs .	George I	Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors ?
Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation : George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath , which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy .	Catholic Emancipation	What did George III and George IV both oppose ?
Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation : George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath , which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy .	Coronation Oath	What rule did George III and George IV believe a Catholic emancipation bill would violate ?
However , George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers .	George IV	Which monarch granted assent reluctantly under the advise of his ministers ?
After a bill has been passed , the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period , during which the Advocate General for Scotland , the Lord Advocate , the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom -LRB- prior to 1 October 2009 , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council -RRB- for review of its legality .	Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament	In Scotland , who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent ?
Royal assent is signified by letters patent under the Great Seal of Scotland in the following form which is set out in The Scottish Parliament -LRB- Letters Patent and Proclamations -RRB- Order 1999 -LRB- SI 1999/737 -RRB- and of which notice is published in the London , Edinburgh , and Belfast Gazettes :	London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes	Which three publications are used to signify royal assent ?
The process is governed by sections 28 , 32 , and 33 of the Scotland Act 1998 .	28, 32, and 33	Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed ?
After a bill has been passed , the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period , during which the Advocate General for Scotland , the Lord Advocate , the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom -LRB- prior to 1 October 2009 , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council -RRB- for review of its legality .	four-week period	How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer ?
After a bill has been passed , the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period , during which the Advocate General for Scotland , the Lord Advocate , the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom -LRB- prior to 1 October 2009 , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council -RRB- for review of its legality .	Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State	Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court ?
After a bill has been passed , the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period , during which the Advocate General for Scotland , the Lord Advocate , the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom -LRB- prior to 1 October 2009 , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council -RRB- for review of its legality .	review of its legality	For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland ?
Measures , which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011 , were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council .	Measures	What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000 's ?
Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly 's legislative competence .	Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General	After a four-week period , who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court ?
Measures , which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011 , were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council .	the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011	What were `` measures '' in Wales ?
Measures , which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011 , were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council .	2006 and 2011	During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales ?
Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly 's legislative competence .	Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General	In Wales , who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court ?
Instead , the monarch directly grants royal assent by Order in Council .	Order in Council	The sovereign grants assent by which order ?
Assent is granted or refused on the advice of the Lord Chancellor .	Lord Chancellor	Who advises the sovereign in this decision ?
A recent example when assent was refused -LRB- or , more correctly , when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent -RRB- was in 2007 , concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark .	Chief Pleas of Sark	Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused ?
Assent is granted or refused on the advice of the Lord Chancellor .	Lord Chancellor	Who advises a bill to be granted or refused ?
An Order in Council of 13 July 2011 established new rules for the consideration of petitions against granting royal assent .	13 July 2011	When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent ?
A recent example when assent was refused -LRB- or , more correctly , when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent -RRB- was in 2007 , concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark .	2007	In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law concerning constituational reform for assent ?
A recent example when assent was refused -LRB- or , more correctly , when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent -RRB- was in 2007 , concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark .	reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark	What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007 ?
By ancient custom , an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald , usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John 's on St John 's Day -LRB- 24 June -RRB- , but , since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753 , on 5 July -LRB- or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday -RRB- .	Tynwald Hill at St John's	Under ancient custom , an Act of Tynwald did n't go into effect until decreed at which location ?
Promulgation originally consisted of the reading of the Act in English and Manx ; but , after 1865 the reading of the title of the act and a summary of each section were sufficient .	Manx	Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language ?
This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act , and , since 1988 , only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read .	summary of the long title	Nowadays , only the short title and what else are read ?
This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act , and , since 1988 , only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read .	only the short title and a summary of the long title	How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John 's Day ?
By ancient custom , an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald , usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John 's on St John 's Day -LRB- 24 June -RRB- , but , since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753 , on 5 July -LRB- or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday -RRB- .	(24 June)	On what day does St John 's Day occur ?
By ancient custom , an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald , usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John 's on St John 's Day -LRB- 24 June -RRB- , but , since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753 , on 5 July -LRB- or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday -RRB- .	Tynwald Hill at St John's	Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held ?
Since 1993 , the Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod has had power to enact measures making provision `` with respect to any matter concerning the Church of England in the Island '' .	Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod	Since 1993 , which body has had power to enact measures ?
Since 1993 , the Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod has had power to enact measures making provision `` with respect to any matter concerning the Church of England in the Island '' .	Church of England in the Island	This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom ?
Before 1994 , royal assent was granted by Order in Council , as for a bill , but the power to grant royal assent to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor .	Order in Council	Up until 1994 , royal assent was given by whom ?
Before 1994 , royal assent was granted by Order in Council , as for a bill , but the power to grant royal assent to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor .	lieutenant governor	Which position now has the power to grant royal assent ?
Before 1994 , royal assent was granted by Order in Council , as for a bill , but the power to grant royal assent to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor .	1994	Before what year was royal assent approved by Order in Council ?
Before 1994 , royal assent was granted by Order in Council , as for a bill , but the power to grant royal assent to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor .	the lieutenant governor	Who currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures ?
Between 1979 and 1993 , the Synod had similar powers , but limited to the extension to the Isle of Man of measures of the General Synod .	Between 1979 and 1993	During which years did the Synod have power to enact measures ?
If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent , it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada -- the Chief Justice of Canada -- or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada .	the Governor General of Canada	In the Canadian federal government , who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent ?
If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent , it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada -- the Chief Justice of Canada -- or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada .	Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice	Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be ?
If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent , it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada -- the Chief Justice of Canada -- or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada .	the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada	Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada can not ?
Two methods are available : the sovereign 's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament ; alternatively , each house may be notified separately , usually by the speaker of that house .	Two	How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada ?
However , though both houses must be notified on the same day , notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons , whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general 's letter read aloud by the speaker .	both houses must be notified on the same day	If each house of parliament is notified seperately , what regulation applies ?
However , though both houses must be notified on the same day , notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons , whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general 's letter read aloud by the speaker .	publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons	How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session ?
However , though both houses must be notified on the same day , notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons , whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general 's letter read aloud by the speaker .	governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker	In contrast to the House of Commons , how must the Senate be notified of assent ?
While royal assent has not been withheld in the United Kingdom since 1708 , it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions .	1708	Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK ?
In the United States Declaration of Independence , colonists complained that George III `` has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good -LSB- and -RSB- has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . ''	George III	The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch ?
In the United States Declaration of Independence , colonists complained that George III `` has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good -LSB- and -RSB- has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . ''	refused his Assent to Laws	What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of ?
While royal assent has not been withheld in the United Kingdom since 1708 , it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions .	1708	In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK ?
Even after colonies such as Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , and Newfoundland were granted responsible government , the British government continued to sometimes advise governors-general on the granting of assent ; assent was also occasionally reserved to allow the British government to examine a bill before advising the governor-general .	the British government	Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent , even after their colonies had responsible government ?
Even after colonies such as Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , and Newfoundland were granted responsible government , the British government continued to sometimes advise governors-general on the granting of assent ; assent was also occasionally reserved to allow the British government to examine a bill before advising the governor-general .	colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland	To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent , although they had their own responsible governments ?
In 1976 , a bill originating in the House of Representatives was mistakenly submitted to the Governor-General and assented to .	Governor-General	The bill from the Australian House of Representatives was mistakenly sent and assented to by whom in 1976 ?
The error arose because two bills of the same title had originated from the house .	two bills of the same title had originated from the house	Why did this occur ?
The Governor-General revoked the first assent , before assenting to the bill which had actually passed .	revoked the first assent	What did the Governor-General do with the first assent ?
The same procedure was followed to correct a similar error which arose in 2001 .	2001	This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year ?
The error arose because two bills of the same title had originated from the house .	two bills of the same title had originated from the house	What was the reason a bill was accidentally assented in 1976 ?
The same procedure was followed to correct a similar error which arose in 2001 .	2001	After an accidental assention of a bill with same name in 1976 , when did a similar mistaken assention occur in Australia ?
However , it was later discovered that it had not been passed by each house .	it had not been passed by each house	What protocol was not followed in 1976 when a bill was mistakenly assented ?
The Governor-General revoked the first assent , before assenting to the bill which had actually passed .	The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed	How was the case of two bills mistakenly assented corrected both in 1796 and 2001 ?
Special procedures apply to legislation passed by Tynwald , the legislature of the Isle of Man .	Tynwald	What term refers to the legislature of the Isle of man ?
Before the lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 -LRB- the Revestment -RRB- , the assent of the Lord of Mann to a bill was signified by letter to the governor .	1765	In what year was lordship of the Isle of Man purchased ?
Before the lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 -LRB- the Revestment -RRB- , the assent of the Lord of Mann to a bill was signified by letter to the governor .	lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765	What does the term the Revestment refer to ?
After 1765 , royal assent was at first signified by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor ; but , during the British Regency , the practice began of granting royal assent by Order in Council , which continues to this day , though limited to exceptional cases since 1981 .	by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor	Previous to the Order in Council method , how was royal assent passed previously within the Isle of Man ?
After 1765 , royal assent was at first signified by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor ; but , during the British Regency , the practice began of granting royal assent by Order in Council , which continues to this day , though limited to exceptional cases since 1981 .	Order in Council	How is royal assent currently granted in the Isle of Man ?
In Commonwealth realms other than the UK , royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm 's sovereign or , more frequently , by the representative of the sovereign , the governor-general .	the governor-general	In Commonwealth realms , who is the representative of the sovereign ?
For Canada , this is the lieutenant governors of the provinces .	lieutenant governors of the provinces	Who grants royal assent in Canada ?
A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general , and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign .	A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.	In Canada , who is authorized to defer assent and to whom ?
In Commonwealth realms other than the UK , royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm 's sovereign or , more frequently , by the representative of the sovereign , the governor-general .	by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign	Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK ?
Since the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931 , the all Commonwealth realms have been sovereign kingdoms , the monarch and governors-general acting solely on the advice of the local ministers who generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills .	Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931	What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms ?
The power to withhold the royal assent was exercised by Alberta 's lieutenant governor , John C. Bowen , in 1937 , in respect of three bills passed in the legislature dominated by William Aberhart 's Social Credit party .	John C. Bowen	Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937 ?
The third , the Accurate News and Information Bill , purported to force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected .	force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected	What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish ?
The unconstitutionality of all three bills was later confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council .	Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.	Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party ?
In the United Kingdom , a bill is presented for royal assent after it has passed all the required stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords .	House of Commons and the House of Lords	Which Houses in the UK must approve a bill before it is assented ?
Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 , the House of Commons may , under certain circumstances , direct that a bill be presented for assent despite lack of passage by the House of Lords .	Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949	Which Parliamentary Acts allow a bill to be presented for assent even after the House of Lords has refused it ?
Officially , assent is granted by the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners authorised to act by letters patent .	the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners	Who can be authorized to grant assent by letters patent ?
The Clerk of the Parliaments , an official of the House of Lords , traditionally states a formula in Anglo-Norman Law French , indicating the sovereign 's decision .	Anglo-Norman Law French	In what language does the Clerk of the Parliaments announce Parliament 's decision ?
The granting of royal assent to a supply bill is indicated with the words `` La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets , accepte leur benevolence , et ainsi le veult '' , translated as `` The Queen thanks her good subjects , accepts their bounty , and wills it so . ''	"La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult"	What words in Anglo-Norman Law French announce a granted assent ?
For other public or private bills , the formula is simply `` La Reyne le veult '' -LRB- `` the Queen wills it '' -RRB- .	"La Reyne le veult"	What is the shortened version of the notification of assent ?
The appropriate formula for withholding assent is the euphemistic `` La Reyne s ` avisera '' -LRB- `` the Queen will consider it '' -RRB- .	"La Reyne s'avisera"	What phrase is used to announce a withheld assent ?
The Clerk of the Crown , standing on the sovereign 's right , then read aloud the titles of the bills -LRB- in earlier times , the entire text of the bills -RRB- .	The Clerk of the Crown	When assention was formally granted in person , who read the titles of the bills ?
The Clerk of the Parliaments , standing on the sovereign 's left , responded by stating the appropriate Norman French formula .	stating the appropriate Norman French formula	What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications ?
Before the reign of Henry VIII , the sovereign always granted his or her assent in person .	Henry VIII	Before whose reign was assent always granted in person ?
The sovereign , wearing the Imperial State Crown , would be seated on the throne in the Lords chamber , surrounded by heralds and members of the royal court -- a scene that nowadays is repeated only at the annual State Opening of Parliament .	the annual State Opening of Parliament	Nowadays , when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs ?
The Clerk of the Crown , standing on the sovereign 's right , then read aloud the titles of the bills -LRB- in earlier times , the entire text of the bills -RRB- .	right	On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand ?
In 1542 , Henry sought to execute his fifth wife , Catherine Howard , whom he accused of committing adultery ; the execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a bill of attainder , to which he would have to personally assent after listening to the entire text .	committing adultery	Why did Henry VIII wish to execute his fifth wife ?
In 1542 , Henry sought to execute his fifth wife , Catherine Howard , whom he accused of committing adultery ; the execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a bill of attainder , to which he would have to personally assent after listening to the entire text .	listening to the entire text	What was Henry VIII trying to avoid by creating a new procedure for granting assent ?
The procedure was used only five times during the 16th century , but more often during the 17th and 18th centuries , especially when George III 's health began to deteriorate .	five	How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners ?
Queen Victoria became the last monarch to personally grant assent in 1854 .	Queen Victoria	Who was the last monarch to grant assent personally ?
When granting assent by commission , the sovereign authorises three or more -LRB- normally five -RRB- lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name .	five	How many lords are usually present during assent by Commissioner ?
The Lords Commissioners , as the monarch 's representatives are known , wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack .	scarlet parliamentary robes	What do the Lords Commissioners wear to a ceremony of assent ?
The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud ; the senior commissioner then states , `` My Lords , in obedience to Her Majesty 's Commands , and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read , We do declare and notify to you , the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled , that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned . ''	the senior	Which commissioner reads the formal closing statement to the assention ceremony ?
The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud ; the senior commissioner then states , `` My Lords , in obedience to Her Majesty 's Commands , and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read , We do declare and notify to you , the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled , that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned . ''	The Lords Reading Clerk	Which position reads the commisssion aloud during tthe ceremony ?
During the 1960s , the ceremony of assenting by commission was discontinued and is now only employed once a year , at the end of the annual parliamentary session .	the 1960s	During which decade was assention by commission discontinued ?
During the 1960s , the ceremony of assenting by commission was discontinued and is now only employed once a year , at the end of the annual parliamentary session .	once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session	When does assention by commission occur today ?
In 1960 , the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod arrived to summon the House of Commons during a heated debate and several members protested against the disruption by refusing to attend the ceremony .	1960	In whatear did several members refuse to attend the assention ceremony after a heated debate ?
As a result , the Royal Assent Act 1967 was passed , creating an additional form for the granting of royal assent .	Royal Assent Act 1967	What was passed in reference to the discord in 1960 and 1965 during assention cremonies ?
Thus , unlike the granting of royal assent by the monarch in person or by Royal Commissioners , the method created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 does not require both houses to meet jointly for the purpose of receiving the notice of royal assent .	does not require both houses to meet jointly	What is unique about the method used for assention allowed by the Royal Assent Act 1967 ?
Under the Royal Assent Act 1967 , royal assent can be granted by the sovereign in writing , by means of letters patent , that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament .	by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament	How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967 ?
The standard text of the letters patent is set out in The Crown Office -LRB- Forms and Proclamations Rules -RRB- Order 1992 , with minor amendments in 2000 .	The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992	Which document formats the letters patent ?
The standard text of the letters patent is set out in The Crown Office -LRB- Forms and Proclamations Rules -RRB- Order 1992 , with minor amendments in 2000 .	2000	In which year were minor amendments made to the Crown Office Order ?
When the act is assented to by the sovereign in person , or by empowered Royal Commissioners , royal assent is considered given at the moment when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled .	when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled	When assent is granted in person , when is it formally considered final ?
When the procedure created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 is followed , assent is considered granted when the presiding officers of both houses , having received the letters patent from the king or queen signifying the assent , have notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent .	notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent	An assent is considered granted when applying the Royal Assent Act 1967 when both presiding officers have done what ?
Thus , if each presiding officer makes the announcement at a different time -LRB- for instance because one house is not sitting on a certain date -RRB- , assent is regarded as effective when the second announcement is made .	when the second announcement is made	When is assent effective if the presiding officers inform their houses at different times ?
Independently of the method used to signify royal assent , it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments , once the assent has been duly notified to both houses , not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula , but to certify that assent has been granted .	Clerk of the Parliaments	Whose responsibility is it to assure that assent has been granted ?
When an act is published , the signature of the clerk is omitted , as is the Norman French formula , should the endorsement have been made in writing .	signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula	What is omitted when an act is published ?
Independently of the method used to signify royal assent , it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments , once the assent has been duly notified to both houses , not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula , but to certify that assent has been granted .	Clerk of the Parliaments	Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts ?
A similar practice is followed in New Zealand , where the governor-general has not personally granted the Royal Assent in parliament since 1875 .	1875	In what year did the New Zealand governor-general last personally grant the royal assent in parliament ?
In Australia , the formal ceremony of granting assent in parliament has not been regularly used since the early 20th century .	Australia	Which country has not used the formal assention ceremony since the early 20th century ?
The governor-general then signs the bill , sending messages to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives , who notify their respective houses of the governor-general 's action .	President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives	Who are the leaders of each house given the responsibility of informing their group of the governor-generals actions ?
In Canada , the traditional ceremony for granting assent in parliament was regularly used until the 21st century , long after it had been discontinued in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms .	the 21st century	When did Canada finally cease to use the traditional ceremony for granting assent as regular practice ?
One result , conceived as part of a string of royal duties intended to demonstrate Canada 's status as an independent kingdom , was that King George VI personally assented to nine bills of the Canadian parliament during the 1939 royal tour of Canada -- 85 years after his great-grandmother , Queen Victoria , had last granted royal assent personally in the United Kingdom .	85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally	Why was King George VI 's personal assent in 1939 noteworthy ?
Under the Royal Assent Act 2002 , however , the alternative practice of granting assent in writing , with each house being notified separately -LRB- the Speaker of the Senate or a representative reads to the senators the letters from the governor general regarding the written declaration of Royal Assent -RRB- , was brought into force .	Royal Assent Act 2002	With what bill in Canada did granting assent by writing become effective ?
The Royal Assent ceremony takes place in the Senate , as the sovereign is traditionally barred from the House of Commons .	House of Commons	From where is the sovereign typically forbidden ?
The governor general or his or her deputy then depart parliament .	The governor general or his or her deputy	Whose job is it to release parliament after the ceremony ?
Once the list of bills is complete , the Clerk of the Senate states : `` in Her Majesty 's name , His -LSB- or Her -RSB- Excellency the Governor General -LSB- or the deputy -RSB- doth assent to these bills . ''	Clerk of the Senate	Who reads the formal statement after the list of bills has been finished ?
If there are any appropriation bills to receive Royal Assent , the Speaker of the House of Commons will read their titles and the Senate clerk repeats them to the governor general , who nods his or her head to communicate Royal Assent .	governor general	Which position nods their head to signify assention ?
In Belgium , the sanction royale has the same legal effect as royal assent ; the Belgian constitution requires a theoretically possible refusal of royal sanction to be countersigned -- as any other act of the monarch -- by a minister responsible before the House of Representatives .	sanction royale	What is royal assent called in Belgium ?
In 1990 , when King Baudouin advised his cabinet he could not , in conscience , sign a bill decriminalising abortion -LRB- a refusal patently not covered by a responsible minister -RRB- , the Council of Ministers , at the King 's own request , declared Baudouin incapable of exercising his powers .	Council of Ministers	Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990 ?
In 1990 , when King Baudouin advised his cabinet he could not , in conscience , sign a bill decriminalising abortion -LRB- a refusal patently not covered by a responsible minister -RRB- , the Council of Ministers , at the King 's own request , declared Baudouin incapable of exercising his powers .	King Baudouin	Which King refused to sign an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990 ?
In a joint meeting , both houses of parliament declared the King capable of exercising his powers again the next day .	both houses of parliament	Who declared the King capable of excersizing power again after a brief lapse in 1990 ?
Article 93 of that document gives the Jordanian sovereign six months to sign or veto any legislation sent to him from the National Assembly ; if he vetoes it within that timeframe , the assembly may override his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses ; otherwise , the law does not go into effect -LRB- but it may be reconsidered in the next session of the assembly -RRB- .	six months	How much time does a Jordinian leader have to sign or veto legislation ?
Article 93 of that document gives the Jordanian sovereign six months to sign or veto any legislation sent to him from the National Assembly ; if he vetoes it within that timeframe , the assembly may override his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses ; otherwise , the law does not go into effect -LRB- but it may be reconsidered in the next session of the assembly -RRB- .	two-thirds	What majority is required to override a veto from the soverign ?
If the monarch fails to act within six months of the bill being presented to him , it becomes law without his signature .	, it becomes law without his signature	What happens if the soverign does n't sign the bill within the six-month time frame ?
After the House of Representatives has debated the law , it either approves it and sends it to the Senate with the text `` The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber '' , or it rejects it and returns it to the government with the text `` The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law . ''	"The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber"	What text is written and sent to the Senate if the House approves of a law ?
After the House of Representatives has debated the law , it either approves it and sends it to the Senate with the text `` The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber '' , or it rejects it and returns it to the government with the text `` The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law . ''	The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law."	What text is written and sent back to the government if a bill is rejected ?
If the upper house then approves the law , it sends it back to the government with the text `` To the King , The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here . ''	"To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here."	If the Senate approves the law after receiving it from the House , what is written and sent to the government ?
A law that has received royal assent will be published in the State Magazine , with the original being kept in the archives of the King 's Offices .	the State Magazine	Where are laws published after receiving assent ?
A law that has received royal assent will be published in the State Magazine , with the original being kept in the archives of the King 's Offices .	in the archives of the King's Offices	Where is the original law text stored ?
In such a case , neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill , notifying the States General that `` The King will keep the proposal under advisement . ''	neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that "The King will keep the proposal under advisement."	What happens in the rare case the government does n't approve of a law that has passed both houses ?
Articles 77 -- 79 of the Norwegian Constitution specifically grant the monarch of Norway the right to withhold royal assent from any bill passed by the Storting .	Articles 77–79	Which articles in the Norwegian Constitution allow the monarch to reject a bill that has been passed through the Sorting ?
Should the sovereign ever choose to exercise this privilege , Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be over-ridden : `` If a Bill has been passed unaltered by two sessions of the Storting , constituted after two separate successive elections and separated from each other by at least two intervening sessions of the Storting , without a divergent Bill having been passed by any Storting in the period between the first and last adoption , and it is then submitted to the King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which , after the most mature deliberation , the Storting considers to be beneficial , it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess . ''	Article 79	Which article in the Norweigan Constitution provides a way to override a monarch 's veto ?
Should the sovereign ever choose to exercise this privilege , Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be over-ridden : `` If a Bill has been passed unaltered by two sessions of the Storting , constituted after two separate successive elections and separated from each other by at least two intervening sessions of the Storting , without a divergent Bill having been passed by any Storting in the period between the first and last adoption , and it is then submitted to the King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which , after the most mature deliberation , the Storting considers to be beneficial , it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess . ''	two	How many elections are required to assend a bill that the monarch has vetoed ?
Article 92 invests the monarch with the right to call for a referendum , on the advice of the president of the government -LRB- commonly referred to in English as the prime minister -RRB- and the authorisation of the cortes .	Article 92	Which article in the Spanish constitution gives the monarch the right to ask for a referendum ?
According to Article 91 , within fifteen days of passage of a bill by the Cortes Generales , the sovereign shall give his or her assent and publish the new law .	Article 91	Which article specifies the number of days available to the monarch to provide a signature on an assended bill ?
Title IV of the 1978 Spanish constitution invests the Consentimiento Real -LRB- Royal Assent -RRB- and promulgation -LRB- publication -RRB- of laws with the monarch of Spain , while Title III , The Cortes Generales , Chapter 2 , Drafting of Bills , outlines the method by which bills are passed .	Title III, The Cortes Generales	In the 1978 Spanish constitution , which title describes how bills are passed ?
Title IV of the 1978 Spanish constitution invests the Consentimiento Real -LRB- Royal Assent -RRB- and promulgation -LRB- publication -RRB- of laws with the monarch of Spain , while Title III , The Cortes Generales , Chapter 2 , Drafting of Bills , outlines the method by which bills are passed .	Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills	What chapter in the Spanish constitution describes how bills are to be passed ?
When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages , he answered `` Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica '' -LRB- `` I am the King of Spain and not that of Belgium '' -RRB- -- a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium , who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion .	"Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica"	What was King Juan Carlos ' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage ?
Likewise , in 2010 , King Juan Carlos gave royal assent to a law permitting abortion on demand .	a law permitting abortion on demand	What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010 ?
The King gave royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005 ; the law was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July and came into effect on 3 July 2005 .	3 July 2005	When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain ?
Instead , the constitution mandates the next person of age in the line of succession would immediately become regent .	the next person of age in the line of succession	If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent , who is the power transferred to ?
If the Spanish monarch ever refused in conscience to grant royal assent , a procedure similar to the Belgian handling of King Baudouin 's objection would not be possible under the current constitution .	not be possible under the current constitution	Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium ?
Articles 41 and 68 of the constitution empower the sovereign to withhold royal assent from bills adopted by the Legislative Assembly .	41 and 68	Which articles allow the soverign to refise consent even when the bills have been passed through the Legislative assembly ?
In 2010 , the kingdom moved towards greater democracy , with King George Tupou V saying that he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers .	he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers	What statement by King George Tupou emphasized democracy ?
In November 2011 , the assembly adopted an Arms and Ammunitions -LRB- Amendment -RRB- Bill , which reduced the possible criminal sentences for the illicit possession of firearms .	2011	In which year was the Arms and Ammunitions -LRB- Amemndment -RRB- Bill adopted ?
Members of the opposition denounced the bill and asked the King to veto it , which he did in December .	December	In what month did the King veto the Arms and Ammunitions Amendment Bill ?
In mathematics , a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element .	a group	What is an arithmetical structure comprising of a set of elements including an operation that joins any two elements to form a third element ?
The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms , namely closure , associativity , identity and invertibility .	group axioms	What is the name used to describe the four conditions of closure , associativity , identity and invertibility ?
One of the most familiar examples of a group is the set of integers together with the addition operation , but the abstract formalization of the group axioms , detached as it is from the concrete nature of any particular group and its operation , applies much more widely .	abstract formalization of the group axioms	What permits elements with different mathematical starting points to be taken care of in a flexible manner while holding their key basic aspects ?
Groups share a fundamental kinship with the notion of symmetry .	symmetry	What shares an essential relationship to groups ?
Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics ; Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry ; and Poincaré groups can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity .	Lie groups	What are the symmetry groups utilized as a part of the Standard Model particle physics ?
Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics ; Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry ; and Poincaré groups can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity .	Point groups	What groups are are utilized toward comprehending symmetry wonders in chemistry ?
Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics ; Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry ; and Poincaré groups can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity .	Poincaré groups	What groups can express the physical symmetry hidden behind special relativity ?
The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations , starting with Évariste Galois in the 1830s .	the study of polynomial equations,	Where did the idea of a group come from ?
After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry , the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870 .	1870	When was the group notion summed up and solidly settled ?
Modern group theory -- an active mathematical discipline -- studies groups in their own right.a -LSB- ' -RSB- To explore groups , mathematicians have devised various notions to break groups into smaller , better-understandable pieces , such as subgroups , quotient groups and simple groups .	subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups.	What are smaller and easier to understand groups broken down into ?
A theory has been developed for finite groups , which culminated with the classification of finite simple groups announced in 1983 .	1983	When was announcement for the classification of finite simple groups ?
The set G is called the underlying set of the group -LRB- G , • -RRB- .	The set	What is known as underlying set of the group ?
Often the group 's underlying set G is used as a short name for the group -LRB- G , • -RRB- .	the group's underlying set	What is often utilized as a short name for the group ?
Along the same lines , shorthand expressions such as `` a subset of the group G '' or `` an element of group G '' are used when what is actually meant is `` a subset of the underlying set G of the group -LRB- G , • -RRB- '' or `` an element of the underlying set G of the group -LRB- G , • -RRB- '' .	shorthand expressions	What expressions are utilized when is really implied to be a longer expression ?
Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry .	functions	What sends a point in the square to the relating point under the symmetry ?
Composing two of these symmetry functions gives another symmetry function .	Composing two of these symmetry functions	What gives another symmetry function ?
These symmetries determine a group called the dihedral group of degree 4 and denoted D4 .	the dihedral group	What group includes the symmetries of degree 4 and denoted D4 ?
The 19th-century French mathematician Évariste Galois , extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange , gave a criterion for the solvability of a particular polynomial equation in terms of the symmetry group of its roots -LRB- solutions -RRB- .	Évariste Galois	Which French mathematician expanded on earlier work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange ?
The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 .	group theory	The journey for answers to polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 was the original motivation for what theory ?
Arthur Cayley 's On the theory of groups , as depending on the symbolic equation θn = 1 -LRB- 1854 -RRB- gives the first abstract definition of a finite group .	Arthur Cayley	Who developed a theory giving the first abstract definition of a finite group ?
The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics .	abstract group	What modern concept was created from many fields of mathematics ?
The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan 's Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques -LRB- 1870 -RRB- .	1870	When did the uniform theory of groups develop from different sources ?
Walther von Dyck -LRB- 1882 -RRB- introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations , and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an `` abstract group '' , in the terminology of the time .	Walther von Dyck	Who presented a method for specifying a group by means of generators and relations ?
The theory of Lie groups , and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl , Élie Cartan and many others .	The theory of Lie groups	What theory did Hermann Weyl study in addition to locally compact groups ?
Its algebraic counterpart , the theory of algebraic groups , was first shaped by Claude Chevalley -LRB- from the late 1930s -RRB- and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits .	Claude Chevalley	Who initially molded the theory of algebraic groups ?
The University of Chicago 's 1960 -- 61 Group Theory Year brought together group theorists such as Daniel Gorenstein , John G. Thompson and Walter Feit , laying the foundation of a collaboration that , with input from numerous other mathematicians , classified all finite simple groups in 1982 .	The University of Chicago	Where did the group of theorists first meet ?
The University of Chicago 's 1960 -- 61 Group Theory Year brought together group theorists such as Daniel Gorenstein , John G. Thompson and Walter Feit , laying the foundation of a collaboration that , with input from numerous other mathematicians , classified all finite simple groups in 1982 .	1960–61	What university class year belonged to the group of theorists ?
The University of Chicago 's 1960 -- 61 Group Theory Year brought together group theorists such as Daniel Gorenstein , John G. Thompson and Walter Feit , laying the foundation of a collaboration that , with input from numerous other mathematicians , classified all finite simple groups in 1982 .	all finite simple groups	What did the group of theorists classify in 1982 ?
This project exceeded previous mathematical endeavours by its sheer size , in both length of proof and number of researchers .	length of proof and number of researchers.	What two factors describe the large size of the project ?
To understand groups beyond the level of mere symbolic manipulations as above , more structural concepts have to be employed.c -LSB- ' -RSB- There is a conceptual principle underlying all of the following notions : to take advantage of the structure offered by groups -LRB- which sets , being `` structureless '' , do not have -RRB- , constructions related to groups have to be compatible with the group operation .	structural concepts	What ideas are used to understand groups beyond symbols ?
To understand groups beyond the level of mere symbolic manipulations as above , more structural concepts have to be employed.c -LSB- ' -RSB- There is a conceptual principle underlying all of the following notions : to take advantage of the structure offered by groups -LRB- which sets , being `` structureless '' , do not have -RRB- , constructions related to groups have to be compatible with the group operation .	constructions related to groups	What has to be compatible with the group operation ?
For example , groups can be related to each other via functions called group homomorphisms .	group homomorphisms	What concept describes groups that can be related to each other via functions ?
Two groups G and H are called isomorphic if there exist group homomorphisms a : G → H and b : H → G , such that applying the two functions one after another in each of the two possible orders gives the identity functions of G and H .	isomorphic	What are two groups called if they include homomorphisms ?
That is , a -LRB- b -LRB- h -RRB- -RRB- = h and b -LRB- a -LRB- g -RRB- -RRB- = g for any g in G and h in H. From an abstract point of view , isomorphic groups carry the same information .	isomorphic groups	What similar element do isomorphic groups carry ?
For example , proving that g • g = 1G for some element g of G is equivalent to proving that a -LRB- g -RRB- ∗ a -LRB- g -RRB- = 1H , because applying a to the first equality yields the second , and applying b to the second gives back the first .	applying a to the first equality yields the second	How can showing the second equality yields the first prove the concept of isomorphic groups ?
In the example above , the identity and the rotations constitute a subgroup R = -LCB- id , r1 , r2 , r3 -RCB- , highlighted in red in the group table above : any two rotations composed are still a rotation , and a rotation can be undone by -LRB- i.e. is inverse to -RRB- the complementary rotations 270 ° for 90 ° , 180 ° for 180 ° , and 90 ° for 270 ° -LRB- note that rotation in the opposite direction is not defined -RRB- .	a rotation	What is composed of two rotations ?
In the example above , the identity and the rotations constitute a subgroup R = -LCB- id , r1 , r2 , r3 -RCB- , highlighted in red in the group table above : any two rotations composed are still a rotation , and a rotation can be undone by -LRB- i.e. is inverse to -RRB- the complementary rotations 270 ° for 90 ° , 180 ° for 180 ° , and 90 ° for 270 ° -LRB- note that rotation in the opposite direction is not defined -RRB- .	inverse	What rotation can a rotation be reversed by ?
The subgroup test is a necessary and sufficient condition for a subset H of a group G to be a subgroup : it is sufficient to check that g − 1h ∈ H for all elements g , h ∈ H. Knowing the subgroups is important in understanding the group as a whole.d -LSB- ' -RSB-	The subgroup test	What essential condition must be met for a subset of a group to be a subgroup ?
For example , in D4 above , once a reflection is performed , the square never gets back to the r2 configuration by just applying the rotation operations -LRB- and no further reflections -RRB- , i.e. the rotation operations are irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed .	irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed	When is it preferable to consider two group elements to be the same ?
For example , in D4 above , once a reflection is performed , the square never gets back to the r2 configuration by just applying the rotation operations -LRB- and no further reflections -RRB- , i.e. the rotation operations are irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed .	rotation operations	What should not be considered when asking if a reflection has been performed ?
Cosets are used to formalize this insight : a subgroup H defines left and right cosets , which can be thought of as translations of H by arbitrary group elements g .	Cosets	What number sets are used to show how subgroups can be seen as translations of the larger group ?
This set inherits a group operation -LRB- sometimes called coset multiplication , or coset addition -RRB- from the original group G : -LRB- gN -RRB- • -LRB- hN -RRB- = -LRB- gh -RRB- N for all g and h in G .	coset addition	What is another term for coset multiplication ?
This set inherits a group operation -LRB- sometimes called coset multiplication , or coset addition -RRB- from the original group G : -LRB- gN -RRB- • -LRB- hN -RRB- = -LRB- gh -RRB- N for all g and h in G .	coset multiplication	What group operation is taken by the set from the original group ?
The coset eN = N serves as the identity in this group , and the inverse of gN in the quotient group is -LRB- gN -RRB- − 1 = -LRB- g − 1 -RRB- N.e -LSB- ' -RSB-	quotient group	What group does the inverse of gN include ?
Quotient groups and subgroups together form a way of describing every group by its presentation : any group is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group , quotiented by the subgroup of relations .	is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group	What groups can be combined to describe every group ?
Quotient groups and subgroups together form a way of describing every group by its presentation : any group is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group , quotiented by the subgroup of relations .	any group	What group can be the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group ?
The dihedral group D4 , for example , can be generated by two elements r and f -LRB- for example , r = r1 , the right rotation and f = fv the vertical -LRB- or any other -RRB- reflection -RRB- , which means that every symmetry of the square is a finite composition of these two symmetries or their inverses .	every symmetry of the square	What is a finite composition of two symmetries or their inverses ?
Sub - and quotient groups are related in the following way : a subset H of G can be seen as an injective map H → G , i.e. any element of the target has at most one element that maps to it .	injective map	What map shows the relation between sub and quotient groups ?
The counterpart to injective maps are surjective maps -LRB- every element of the target is mapped onto -RRB- , such as the canonical map G → G / N.y -LSB- ' -RSB- Interpreting subgroup and quotients in light of these homomorphisms emphasizes the structural concept inherent to these definitions alluded to in the introduction .	surjective maps	What are the opposites of injective maps ?
The counterpart to injective maps are surjective maps -LRB- every element of the target is mapped onto -RRB- , such as the canonical map G → G / N.y -LSB- ' -RSB- Interpreting subgroup and quotients in light of these homomorphisms emphasizes the structural concept inherent to these definitions alluded to in the introduction .	canonical map	What is an example of a surjective map ?
Kernel and image of group homomorphisms and the first isomorphism theorem address this phenomenon .	the first isomorphism theorem	What theory address the phenomenon of homomorphisms being neither injective nor surjective ?
Mathematical objects are often examined by associating groups to them and studying the properties of the corresponding groups .	Mathematical objects	What are usually analyzed by associating groups to them and studying the elements of the corresponding groups ?
For example , Henri Poincaré founded what is now called algebraic topology by introducing the fundamental group .	Henri Poincaré	Who founded algebraic topology ?
For example , Henri Poincaré founded what is now called algebraic topology by introducing the fundamental group .	the fundamental group	What did Henri Poincaré introduce when he established algebraic topology ?
By means of this connection , topological properties such as proximity and continuity translate into properties of groups.i -LSB- ' -RSB- For example , elements of the fundamental group are represented by loops .	proximity and continuity	What topological properties translate into properties of groups ?
By means of this connection , topological properties such as proximity and continuity translate into properties of groups.i -LSB- ' -RSB- For example , elements of the fundamental group are represented by loops .	loops	What represents elements of the fundamental group ?
In modular arithmetic , two integers are added and then the sum is divided by a positive integer called the modulus .	the modulus	What positive integer is used to divide the sum of two positive integers in modular mathematics ?
The result of modular addition is the remainder of that division .	the remainder of that division	What results from modular addition ?
This is familiar from the addition of hours on the face of a clock : if the hour hand is on 9 and is advanced 4 hours , it ends up on 1 , as shown at the right .	a clock	What type of device can be use to demonstrate modular addition ?
For any prime number p , there is also the multiplicative group of integers modulo p. Its elements are the integers 1 to p − 1 .	1 to p − 1	What integers are included in modulo p ?
For example , if p = 5 , there are four group elements 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .	four group elements	How many group elements exist if p = 5 ?
In the groups Z/nZ introduced above , the element 1 is primitive , so these groups are cyclic .	cyclic	What is a group labeled when the element 1 is primitive ?
Any cyclic group with n elements is isomorphic to this group .	Any cyclic group with n elements	What group is isomorphic to cyclic groups ?
A second example for cyclic groups is the group of n-th complex roots of unity , given by complex numbers z satisfying zn = 1 .	the group of n-th complex roots of unity	What example of cyclic group satisfies the express of zn = 1 ?
Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects -- be they of geometric nature , such as the introductory symmetry group of the square , or of algebraic nature , such as polynomial equations and their solutions .	Symmetry groups	What are groups consisting of symmetries of given arithmetic concepts ?
Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects -- be they of geometric nature , such as the introductory symmetry group of the square , or of algebraic nature , such as polynomial equations and their solutions .	geometric nature	What term describes the introductory symmetry group of the square ?
Conceptually , group theory can be thought of as the study of symmetry.t -LSB- ' -RSB- Symmetries in mathematics greatly simplify the study of geometrical or analytical objects .	group theory	What can regarded as the study of symmetry ?
A group is said to act on another mathematical object X if every group element performs some operation on X compatibly to the group law .	group law	What is the name of the rule that must be met for a group operation to occur ?
By a group action , the group pattern is connected to the structure of the object being acted on .	group action	The group pattern is connected to the structure of the target by what behavior ?
Likewise , group theory helps predict the changes in physical properties that occur when a material undergoes a phase transition , for example , from a cubic to a tetrahedral crystalline form .	group theory	What aids in predicting changes of physical traits ?
Likewise , group theory helps predict the changes in physical properties that occur when a material undergoes a phase transition , for example , from a cubic to a tetrahedral crystalline form .	phase transition	What stage of a physical transformation can group theory be used to make prediction ?
An example is ferroelectric materials , where the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs at the Curie temperature and is related to a change from the high-symmetry paraelectric state to the lower symmetry ferroelectic state , accompanied by a so-called soft phonon mode , a vibrational lattice mode that goes to zero frequency at the transition .	Curie temperature	What temperature causes the change of ferroelectric materials ?
An example is ferroelectric materials , where the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs at the Curie temperature and is related to a change from the high-symmetry paraelectric state to the lower symmetry ferroelectic state , accompanied by a so-called soft phonon mode , a vibrational lattice mode that goes to zero frequency at the transition .	soft phonon mode	What term describes the vibrational lattice mode that turns to 0 frequency at the change ?
Finite symmetry groups such as the Mathieu groups are used in coding theory , which is in turn applied in error correction of transmitted data , and in CD players .	Mathieu groups	What are examples of finite symmetry groups used in coding theory ?
Finite symmetry groups such as the Mathieu groups are used in coding theory , which is in turn applied in error correction of transmitted data , and in CD players .	coding theory	What is used for error correction of transferred data ?
Another application is differential Galois theory , which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form , giving group-theoretic criteria for when solutions of certain differential equations are well-behaved .	differential Galois theory	What describes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form ?
u -LSB- ' -RSB- Geometric properties that remain stable under group actions are investigated in -LRB- geometric -RRB- invariant theory .	invariant theory	What concept investigates geometric elements that stay stable under group action ?
Matrix groups consist of matrices together with matrix multiplication .	Matrix groups	What groups combine matrices with matrix multiplication ?
The general linear group GL -LRB- n , R -RRB- consists of all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries .	The general linear group	What includes all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries ?
Its subgroups are referred to as matrix groups or linear groups .	matrix groups	What term describes subgroups of the general linear group ?
Another important matrix group is the special orthogonal group SO -LRB- n -RRB- .	the special orthogonal group SO(n)	What matrix group portrays all possible rotations in n dimensions ?
Via Euler angles , rotation matrices are used in computer graphics .	Euler angles	Rotation matrix groups are utilized in computer graphics with what concept ?
Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations , but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher .	degree 5 and higher	What degree does not include simple formulas for cubic and quatric equations ?
Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials -LRB- in particular their solvability -RRB- give a criterion for polynomials that have all their solutions expressible by radicals , i.e. solutions expressible using solely addition , multiplication , and roots similar to the formula above .	Abstract properties of Galois groups	What concept is associated with the solvability of polynomials ?
Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials -LRB- in particular their solvability -RRB- give a criterion for polynomials that have all their solutions expressible by radicals , i.e. solutions expressible using solely addition , multiplication , and roots similar to the formula above .	radicals	What are used to express the solutions of polynomials ?
A group is called finite if it has a finite number of elements .	a finite number of elements	What does a finite group include ?
The number of elements is called the order of the group .	the order of the group	What is the number of elements in a group named ?
This class is fundamental insofar as any finite group can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group SN for a suitable integer N -LRB- Cayley 's theorem -RRB- .	fundamental	What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group ?
Parallel to the group of symmetries of the square above , S3 can also be interpreted as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle .	S3	What can be described as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle ?
Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification -LRB- or list -RRB- of a mathematical notion .	complete classification	What level of finality do mathematicians try to reach with math concepts ?
In the context of finite groups , this aim leads to difficult mathematics .	finite groups	What area of classification leads to troublesome arithmetic ?
According to Lagrange 's theorem , finite groups of order p , a prime number , are necessarily cyclic -LRB- abelian -RRB- groups Zp .	Lagrange's theorem	What defines finite groups of order p , a prime number , as being necessarily cyclic -LRB- abelian -RRB- groups Zp ?
Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups , but there is no classification of all finite groups.q -LSB- ' -RSB- An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups.r -LSB- ' -RSB- A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself.s -LSB- ' -RSB- The Jordan -- Hölder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups .	Computer algebra systems	What can be used to classify small groups even though there is no classification of all finite groups ?
Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups , but there is no classification of all finite groups.q -LSB- ' -RSB- An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups.r -LSB- ' -RSB- A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself.s -LSB- ' -RSB- The Jordan -- Hölder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups .	The Jordan–Hölder theorem	What describes finite simple groups as the building pieces for all finite groups ?
In order for the group law and the topology to interweave well , the group operations must be continuous functions , that is , g • h , and g − 1 must not vary wildly if g and h vary only little .	continuous functions	What group operations must occur for group law and topology to integrate well ?
The most basic examples are the reals R under addition , -LRB- R ∖ -LCB- 0 -RCB- , · -RRB- , and similarly with any other topological field such as the complex numbers or p-adic numbers .	reals R under addition, (R ∖ {0}, ·),	What is the most simple example of topological groups ?
All of these groups are locally compact , so they have Haar measures and can be studied via harmonic analysis .	Haar measures	What variables do locally compact groups share that can be studied by harmonic analysis ?
for any constant c. Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime , as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups , which are basic to number theory .	adele rings and adelic algebraic groups	What concepts are fundamental to number theory ?
Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology , the so-called Krull topology , which in turn is central to generalize the above sketched connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions .	the absolute Galois group	What group uses infinite field extensions with topology ?
Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology , the so-called Krull topology , which in turn is central to generalize the above sketched connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions .	Krull topology	What is used to generalize the connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions ?
An advanced generalization of this idea , adapted to the needs of algebraic geometry , is the étale fundamental group .	the étale fundamental group	What group is an advanced observation of infinite field extensions and groups that is adapted for the needs of algebraic geometry ?
Lie groups are of fundamental importance in modern physics : Noether 's theorem links continuous symmetries to conserved quantities .	Lie groups	What concept is of basic importance in modern physics ?
Lie groups are of fundamental importance in modern physics : Noether 's theorem links continuous symmetries to conserved quantities .	Noether's theorem	What connects continuous symmetries to conserved quantities ?
Rotation , as well as translations in space and time are basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics .	Rotation	What term describes the basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics ?
They can , for instance , be used to construct simple models -- imposing , say , axial symmetry on a situation will typically lead to significant simplification in the equations one needs to solve to provide a physical description.v -LSB- ' -RSB- Another example are the Lorentz transformations , which relate measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other .	Lorentz transformations	What concept relates measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other ?
The full symmetry group of Minkowski space , i.e. including translations , is known as the Poincaré group .	Poincaré group	What describe the complete symmetry group of Minkowski space including translations ?
For example , if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated , the resulting algebraic structure is called a monoid .	monoid	What product is created if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated ?
The natural numbers N -LRB- including 0 -RRB- under addition form a monoid , as do the nonzero integers under multiplication -LRB- Z ∖ -LCB- 0 -RCB- , · -RRB- , see above .	natural numbers N (including 0)	What type of numbers under addition form a monoid ?
There is a general method to formally add inverses to elements to any -LRB- abelian -RRB- monoid , much the same way as -LRB- Q ∖ -LCB- 0 -RCB- , · -RRB- is derived from -LRB- Z ∖ -LCB- 0 -RCB- , · -RRB- , known as the Grothendieck group .	the Grothendieck group	What method formally adds inverses to elements to any monoid ?
Finally , it is possible to generalize any of these concepts by replacing the binary operation with an arbitrary n-ary one -LRB- i.e. an operation taking n arguments -RRB- .	the binary operation	What can be replaced to simplify abstract algebra concepts ?
The Central African Republic -LRB- CAR ; Sango : Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka ; French : République centrafricaine pronounced : -LSB- ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn -RSB- , or Centrafrique -LSB- sɑ̃tʀafʁik -RSB- -RRB- is a landlocked country in Central Africa .	Central Africa	Where is the Central African Republic located ?
It is bordered by Chad to the north , Sudan to the northeast , South Sudan to the east , the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo to the south and Cameroon to the west .	Chad	What country borders CAR in the North ?
It is bordered by Chad to the north , Sudan to the northeast , South Sudan to the east , the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo to the south and Cameroon to the west .	the Republic of the Congo	What Country borders CAR in the South ?
It is bordered by Chad to the north , Sudan to the northeast , South Sudan to the east , the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo to the south and Cameroon to the west .	Cameroon	What Country borders CAR in the West ?
The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres -LRB- 240,000 sq mi -RRB- and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million as of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- .	4.7 million	What is the population of CAR approximately ?
What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia ; however , the country 's current borders were established by France , which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century .	France	Who established CAR 's borders ?
After gaining independence from France in 1960 , the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders ; by the 1990s , calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993 .	France	What country ruled CAR as a colony ?
After gaining independence from France in 1960 , the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders ; by the 1990s , calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993 .	in 1960	When did CAR become independent ?
Ange-Félix Patassé became president , but was later removed by General François Bozizé in the 2003 coup .	Ange-Félix Patassé	Who was the first democratically elected President ?
The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and , despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011 , fighting broke out between various factions in December 2012 , leading to ethnic and religious cleansing of the Muslim minority and massive population displacement in 2013 and 2014 .	Muslim minority	What religion is a minority in CAR ?
Approximately 10,000 years ago , desertification forced hunter-gatherer societies south into the Sahel regions of northern Central Africa , where some groups settled and began farming as part of the Neolithic Revolution .	Approximately 10,000 years ago	How long ago did people start living in the area ?
Approximately 10,000 years ago , desertification forced hunter-gatherer societies south into the Sahel regions of northern Central Africa , where some groups settled and began farming as part of the Neolithic Revolution .	farming	What agricultural job did people settling in the area perform ?
Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum , and before 3000 BC the domestication of African oil palm improved the groups ' nutrition and allowed for expansion of the local populations .	African oil palm	What vegetation helped populations expand ?
Bananas arrived in the region and added an important source of carbohydrates to the diet ; they were also used in the production of alcoholic beverages .	Bananas	What was an imported food that provided most of the carbohydrates ?
During the 16th and 17th centuries slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes .	16th and 17th centuries	When did the slave trade hit the CAR region ?
Their captives were slaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast , Europe , Arabia , the Western Hemisphere , or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers .	Europe	What is one area where captive slaves were sent ?
In the mid 19th century , the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast .	Bobangi people	Which people were major slave traders in the 19th century ?
In the mid 19th century , the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast .	the Americas	Who did the Bobangi sell slave to ?
During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River .	Ubangi River	What river saw the establishment of a new Kingdom ?
In 1920 French Equatorial Africa was established and Ubangi-Shari was administered from Brazzaville .	1920	When was Equatorial Africa established ?
In 1920 French Equatorial Africa was established and Ubangi-Shari was administered from Brazzaville .	Brazzaville	Where was Equatorial African ran from ?
During the 1920s and 1930s the French introduced a policy of mandatory cotton cultivation , a network of roads was built , attempts were made to combat sleeping sickness and Protestant missions were established to spread Christianity .	cotton	What plant was mandated to be grown by the French ?
During the 1920s and 1930s the French introduced a policy of mandatory cotton cultivation , a network of roads was built , attempts were made to combat sleeping sickness and Protestant missions were established to spread Christianity .	a network of roads	What important infrastructure was built in the 1920s .
During the 1920s and 1930s the French introduced a policy of mandatory cotton cultivation , a network of roads was built , attempts were made to combat sleeping sickness and Protestant missions were established to spread Christianity .	Christianity	What religion was spread through CAR ?
In September 1940 , during the Second World War , pro-Gaullist French officers took control of Ubangi-Shari and General Leclerc established his headquarters for the Free French Forces in Bangui .	Second World War	During what war did French officers setup headquarters in CAR ?
In 1946 Barthélémy Boganda was elected with 9,000 votes to the French National Assembly , becoming the first representative for CAR in the French government .	Barthélémy Boganda	Who was elected in 1946 as the first representative ?
In 1946 Barthélémy Boganda was elected with 9,000 votes to the French National Assembly , becoming the first representative for CAR in the French government .	9,000 votes	How many votes did Boganda get ?
Boganda maintained a political stance against racism and the colonial regime but gradually became disheartened with the French political system and returned to CAR to establish the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa -LRB- MESAN -RRB- in 1950 .	political stance against racism	What was Bogandas platform that he ran for ?
Boganda maintained a political stance against racism and the colonial regime but gradually became disheartened with the French political system and returned to CAR to establish the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa -LRB- MESAN -RRB- in 1950 .	disheartened with the French political system	What caused Boganda to leave his elected post ?
In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957 , MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes , and won every legislative seat , which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council .	347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes	What was the overwhelming amount of votes MESAN captured ?
In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957 , MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes , and won every legislative seat , which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council .	every legislative seat	How many seats did MESAN win ?
In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957 , MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes , and won every legislative seat , which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council .	Boganda	Who was elected president of the Grand Council ?
After Boganda 's death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959 , his cousin , David Dacko , took control of MESAN and became the country 's first president after the CAR had formally received independence from France .	a plane crash	How did Boganda die ?
After Boganda 's death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959 , his cousin , David Dacko , took control of MESAN and became the country 's first president after the CAR had formally received independence from France .	his cousin, David Dacko	Who took over after Boganda died ?
In April 1979 , young students protested against Bokassa 's decree that all school attendees would need to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives .	young students protested against Bokassa's decree	What caused a violent uprising ?
The government violently suppressed the protests , killing 100 children and teenagers .	100 children and teenagers	How many were killed in the April 1979 protests ?
In September 1979 , France overthrew Bokassa and `` restored '' Dacko to power -LRB- subsequently restoring the name of the country to the Central African Republic -RRB- .	France	Who overthrew Bokassa after this incident ?
In September 1979 , France overthrew Bokassa and `` restored '' Dacko to power -LRB- subsequently restoring the name of the country to the Central African Republic -RRB- .	Dacko	Who did France restore into power ?
Dacko , in turn , was again overthrown in a coup by General André Kolingba on 1 September 1981 .	General André Kolingba	Who eventually overthrew Dacko ?
By 1990 , inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall , a pro-democracy movement arose .	a pro-democracy movement	What was inspired by the fall of the Berlin wall ?
Pressure from the United States , France , and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR -LRB- France , the USA , Germany , Japan , the EU , the World Bank , and the UN -RRB- finally led Kolingba to agree , in principle , to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs .	the United States	What large country pressured CAR to hold elections ?
Pressure from the United States , France , and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR -LRB- France , the USA , Germany , Japan , the EU , the World Bank , and the UN -RRB- finally led Kolingba to agree , in principle , to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs .	October 1992	When were free elections held ?
Pressure from the United States , France , and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR -LRB- France , the USA , Germany , Japan , the EU , the World Bank , and the UN -RRB- finally led Kolingba to agree , in principle , to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs .	UN Office of Electoral Affairs	Who helped with the Free Elections ?
After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power , President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a `` Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République '' -LRB- Provisional National Political Council , CNPPR -RRB- and to set up a `` Mixed Electoral Commission '' , which included representatives from all political parties .	alleged irregularities	What excuse did Kolingba use to deny the election results ?
When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993 , again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR , Ange-Félix Patassé won in the second round of voting with 53 % of the vote while Goumba won 45.6 % .	in 1993	When was a second democratic election held ?
When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993 , again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR , Ange-Félix Patassé won in the second round of voting with 53 % of the vote while Goumba won 45.6 % .	Ange-Félix Patassé	Who became the first democratically elected president ?
When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993 , again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR , Ange-Félix Patassé won in the second round of voting with 53 % of the vote while Goumba won 45.6 % .	53% of the vote	What percentage did Patasse win with ?
Patassé 's party , the Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain -LRB- MLPC -RRB- or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People , gained a simple but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament , which meant Patassé 's party required coalition partners .	Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain	What was the winning party ?
Patassé 's party , the Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain -LRB- MLPC -RRB- or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People , gained a simple but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament , which meant Patassé 's party required coalition partners .	gained a simple but not an absolute majority	Did Patasse get a majority of the votes ?
A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impact on the country 's politics .	28 December 1994	When was the new constitution for CAR approved ?
In 1996 -- 1997 , reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in the government 's erratic behaviour , three mutinies against Patassé 's administration were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension .	In 1996–1997	When did a mutiny form against Patasse ?
In 1996 -- 1997 , reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in the government 's erratic behaviour , three mutinies against Patassé 's administration were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension .	widespread destruction of property	The mutinies caused what effects on the country ?
The Bangui Agreements , signed in January 1997 , provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission , to Central African Republic and re-entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997 .	The Bangui Agreements	What agreement gave the authority for deployment of military intervention ?
During this time -LRB- 1996 -RRB- the Peace Corps evacuated all its volunteers to neighboring Cameroon .	Cameroon	Where did the peace corps evacuate to ?
In the aftermath of the failed coup , militias loyal to Patassé sought revenge against rebels in many neighborhoods of Bangui and incited unrest including the murder of many political opponents .	murder of many political opponents	The failed coup caused what effects ?
Eventually , Patassé came to suspect that General François Bozizé was involved in another coup attempt against him , which led Bozizé to flee with loyal troops to Chad .	General François Bozizé	Which General was involved in another coup ?
Eventually , Patassé came to suspect that General François Bozizé was involved in another coup attempt against him , which led Bozizé to flee with loyal troops to Chad .	Chad	Where did General Bozize flee to escape ?
In March 2003 , Bozizé launched a surprise attack against Patassé , who was out of the country .	March 2003	When did Bozize finally attempt his coup ?
Libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of Bemba 's Congolese rebel organization failed to stop the rebels and Bozizé 's forces succeeded in overthrowing Patassé .	Bozizé's forces	Who succeeded in finally overthrowing Patasse ?
In 2004 the Central African Republic Bush War began as forces opposed to Bozizé took up arms against his government .	Bush War	What war started in 2004 ?
In May 2005 Bozizé won a presidential election that excluded Patassé and in 2006 fighting continued between the government and the rebels .	Bozizé won a presidential election	In what way did Bozize made his rule legitimate ?
In November 2006 , Bozizé 's government requested French military support to help them repel rebels who had taken control of towns in the country 's northern regions .	November 2006	When did CAR ask for assistance from the French against rebels ?
Though the initially public details of the agreement pertained to logistics and intelligence , the French assistance eventually included strikes by Mirage jets against rebel positions .	strikes by Mirage jets	How did the French assist against the rebels ?
In November 2006 , Bozizé 's government requested French military support to help them repel rebels who had taken control of towns in the country 's northern regions .	towns in the country's northern regions	What did the rebels take over ?
The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities , the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA , the liberation of political prisoners , integration of FDPC into government , an amnesty for the UFDR , its recognition as a political party , and the integration of its fighters into the national army .	Syrte Agreement	What agreement called for the stop of Hostilities ?
The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities , the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA , the liberation of political prisoners , integration of FDPC into government , an amnesty for the UFDR , its recognition as a political party , and the integration of its fighters into the national army .	the liberation of political prisoners	What did the Birao Peace Agreement call for ?
The only major group not to sign an agreement at the time was the CPJP , which continued its activities and signed a peace agreement with the government on 25 August 2012 .	CPJP	What major group did not sign the peace agreement immediately ?
The only major group not to sign an agreement at the time was the CPJP , which continued its activities and signed a peace agreement with the government on 25 August 2012 .	25 August 2012	When did the CPJP finally sign the peace agreement ?
The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities , the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA , the liberation of political prisoners , integration of FDPC into government , an amnesty for the UFDR , its recognition as a political party , and the integration of its fighters into the national army .	April 2007	When was the Birao Peace Agreement signed ?
Michel Djotodia took over as president and in May 2013 Central African Republic 's Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Bozizé was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide .	Michel Djotodia	Who became president in 2013 ?
Michel Djotodia took over as president and in May 2013 Central African Republic 's Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Bozizé was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide .	crimes against humanity	What was Bozize indicted for ?
Michel Djotodia took over as president and in May 2013 Central African Republic 's Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Bozizé was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide .	genocide	What mass murder did Bozize commit ?
The security situation did not improve during June -- August 2013 and there were reports of over 200,000 internally displaced persons -LRB- IDPs -RRB- as well as human rights abuses and renewed fighting between Séléka and Bozizé supporters .	200,000	How many people were displaced in the unrests ?
The security situation did not improve during June -- August 2013 and there were reports of over 200,000 internally displaced persons -LRB- IDPs -RRB- as well as human rights abuses and renewed fighting between Séléka and Bozizé supporters .	Séléka	What faction was fighting against the remaining Bozize loyalists ?
In the southwest , the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is located in a rain forest area .	Dzanga-Sangha National Park	What national part is located in the South West ?
The country is noted for its population of forest elephants and western lowland gorillas .	forest elephants	What large animals reside in the national park ?
The country is noted for its population of forest elephants and western lowland gorillas .	lowland gorillas	Which Primate can be found in the national park ?
In the north , the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park is well-populated with wildlife , including leopards , lions , cheetahs and rhinos , and the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park is located in the northeast of CAR .	Manovo-Gounda St Floris	What National Park can be found in the North ?
The parks have been seriously affected by the activities of poachers , particularly those from Sudan , over the past two decades .	the activities of poachers	What has threatened the wildlife in this park ?
There are many missionary groups operating in the country , including Lutherans , Baptists , Catholics , Grace Brethren , and Jehovah 's Witnesses .	missionary groups	What religious groups operate in CAR ?
While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States , France , Italy , and Spain , many are also from Nigeria , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and other African countries .	United States	Where do most of the missionaries come from ?
Large numbers of missionaries left the country when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces in 2002 -- 3 , but many of them have now returned to continue their work .	when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces	What caused most of the missionaries to leave the country ?
While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States , France , Italy , and Spain , many are also from Nigeria , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and other African countries .	Democratic Republic of the Congo	What African country bordering CAR are some of these missionaries from ?
Large numbers of missionaries left the country when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces in 2002 -- 3 , but many of them have now returned to continue their work .	2002–3	When did fighting break out in CAR ?
In 2006 , due to ongoing violence , over 50,000 people in the country 's northwest were at risk of starvation but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations .	risk of starvation	Due to fighting , what threatened people in the NorthWest ?
In 2006 , due to ongoing violence , over 50,000 people in the country 's northwest were at risk of starvation but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations .	United Nations	Who assisted in saving the people from starvation ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- On 8 January 2008 , the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon declared that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistance from the Peacebuilding Fund .	Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon	Who headed the UN effort to rebuild CAR ?
On 12 June 2008 , the Central African Republic requested assistance from the UN Peacebuilding Commission , which was set up in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid devolving back into war or chaos .	12 June 2008	When did CAR request assistance directly to prevent war ?
On 12 June 2008 , the Central African Republic requested assistance from the UN Peacebuilding Commission , which was set up in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid devolving back into war or chaos .	UN Peacebuilding Commission	Who assisted CAR in avoiding war ?
A new government was appointed on 31 March 2013 , which consisted of members of Séléka and representatives of the opposition to Bozizé , one pro-Bozizé individual , and a number representatives of civil society .	31 March 2013	When was the new Government seated in CAR ?
On 1 April , the former opposition parties declared that they would boycott the government .	boycott the government	What did the former opposition parties declare ?
After African leaders in Chad refused to recognize Djotodia as President , proposing to form a transitional council and the holding of new elections , Djotodia signed a decree on 6 April for the formation of a council that would act as a transitional parliament .	Djotodia	Who was refused as new president ?
After African leaders in Chad refused to recognize Djotodia as President , proposing to form a transitional council and the holding of new elections , Djotodia signed a decree on 6 April for the formation of a council that would act as a transitional parliament .	a transitional parliament	Who would rule the country temporarily ?
The council was tasked with electing a president to serve prior to elections in 18 months .	18 months	How long did the parliament have until the next election ?
The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $ 400 a year , one of the lowest in the world , but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods , locally produced alcoholic beverages , diamonds , ivory , bushmeat , and traditional medicine .	$400 a year	What is the per capita income in CAR ?
The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $ 400 a year , one of the lowest in the world , but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods , locally produced alcoholic beverages , diamonds , ivory , bushmeat , and traditional medicine .	one of the lowest	How is the per capita income compared to the world ?
The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $ 400 a year , one of the lowest in the world , but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods , locally produced alcoholic beverages , diamonds , ivory , bushmeat , and traditional medicine .	diamonds	What gemstone comes from the CAR ?
The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $ 400 a year , one of the lowest in the world , but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods , locally produced alcoholic beverages , diamonds , ivory , bushmeat , and traditional medicine .	ivory	Which item that poachers kill elephants for can be obtained in CAR ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Export trade is hindered by poor economic development and the country 's landlocked position .	country's landlocked position	What hinders export ?
Agriculture is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava , peanuts , maize , sorghum , millet , sesame , and plantain .	food crops	What type of agriculture is popular in the CAR ?
The annual real GDP growth rate is just above 3 % .	3%	The economy grows at what rate in the last few years ?
The importance of food crops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava , the staple food of most Central Africans , ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes a year , while the production of cotton , the principal exported cash crop , ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tonnes a year .	200,000 and 300,000	How many tonnes of Cassave is produced per year ?
The importance of food crops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava , the staple food of most Central Africans , ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes a year , while the production of cotton , the principal exported cash crop , ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tonnes a year .	cotton	What product is produced that is exported ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Much of the country is self-sufficient in food crops ; however , livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly .	tsetse fly	Which insect hinders livestock development ?
Presently , the Central African Republic has active television services , radio stations , internet service providers , and mobile phone carriers ; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country .	Socatel	What is the major telecommunications provider in CAR ?
The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies .	Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies	Which body regulated communications ?
Presently , the Central African Republic has active television services , radio stations , internet service providers , and mobile phone carriers ; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country .	internet service	What type of access is available ?
In addition , the Central African Republic receives international support on telecommunication related operations from ITU Telecommunication Development Sector -LRB- ITU-D -RRB- within the International Telecommunication Union to improve infrastructure .	ITU Telecommunication Development Sector	Who assists CAR with telecommunications ?
In addition , the Central African Republic receives international support on telecommunication related operations from ITU Telecommunication Development Sector -LRB- ITU-D -RRB- within the International Telecommunication Union to improve infrastructure .	improve infrastructure	What does the CAR get help with with regards to communication from ITU-D ?
The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses .	poor	How are the human rights in the CAR ?
The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses .	government abuses	What concerns are there regarding to human rights ?
The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces , torture , beatings and rape of suspects and prisoners occurred with impunity .	extrajudicial executions	What punishment is a human rights violation per the US state Dept ?
It also alleged harsh and life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention centers , arbitrary arrest , prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial , restrictions on freedom of movement , official corruption , and restrictions on workers ' rights .	harsh and life-threatening conditions	How is the prison quality in the CAR ?
It also alleged harsh and life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention centers , arbitrary arrest , prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial , restrictions on freedom of movement , official corruption , and restrictions on workers ' rights .	arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial	What right in a court is denied and considered a human right violation ?
Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors .	genetic and environmental factors	What two factors cause asthma ?
Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens .	exposure to air pollution and allergens	What are two enviromental factors ?
Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers .	aspirin and beta blockers	What medications can also trigger asthma ?
Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms , response to therapy over time , and spirometry .	the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry	What patterns are used to diagnose asthma ?
Asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms , forced expiratory volume in one second -LRB- FEV1 -RRB- , and peak expiratory flow rate .	according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate	How is asthma classified ?
There is no cure for asthma .	There is no cure for asthma	Is there a cure for asthma ?
Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers , such as allergens and irritants , and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids .	by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids	How can symptoms be prevented ?
Treatment of rapidly worsening symptoms is usually with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids taken by mouth .	an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids	What is taken by mouth to treat rapidly worsening symptoms ?
In very severe cases , intravenous corticosteroids , magnesium sulfate , and hospitalization may be required .	intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required	What happens in very severe cases of asthma ?
Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing , shortness of breath , chest tightness , and coughing .	recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing	What are the characteristics of asthma ?
Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air .	at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air	When are symptoms of asthma normally worse ?
Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up .	Sputum	What is produced in the lungs by coughing ?
Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air .	worse at night	Is asthma worst during the day or at night time ?
A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma , including gastro-esophageal reflux disease -LRB- GERD -RRB- , rhinosinusitis , and obstructive sleep apnea .	more frequently	Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma ?
A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma , including gastro-esophageal reflux disease -LRB- GERD -RRB- , rhinosinusitis , and obstructive sleep apnea .	gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea	What are three of the other health conditions that occur more frequently with asthma ?
Psychological disorders are also more common , with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16 -- 52 % and mood disorders in 14 -- 41 % .	Psychological disorders	What other type of disorders are frequent in asthma sufferers ?
Those with asthma , especially if it is poorly controlled , are at high risk for radiocontrast reactions .	radiocontrast reactions	What are those with asthma that is poorly controll more susceptable to ?
Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma 's development and exacerbation including allergens , air pollution , and other environmental chemicals .	allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals	What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma ?
Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms .	Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery	What two things are associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms ?
Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels , has been associated with both asthma development and increased asthma severity .	Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels	What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change ?
Exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds may be a trigger for asthma ; formaldehyde exposure , for example , has a positive association .	indoor volatile organic compounds	Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma ?
The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure , during childhood , to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses .	The hygiene hypothesis	What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide ?
The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure , during childhood , to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses .	a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses	How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma ?
It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due , in part , to increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies .	increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies	What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood ?
Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood may prevent the development of asthma , but exposure at an older age may provoke bronchoconstriction .	Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood	What could prevent asthma ?
Evidence supporting the hygiene hypothesis includes lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets .	lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.	What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis ?
Family history is a risk factor for asthma , with many different genes being implicated .	Family history	What else is a risk factor for asthma ?
If one identical twin is affected , the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25 % .	approximately 25%	If one identical twin has asthma , what are the odds of the other twin having asthma ?
By the end of 2005 , 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations , including GSTM1 , IL10 , CTLA-4 , SPINK5 , LTC4S , IL4R and ADAM33 , among others .	25 genes	How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005 ?
In 2006 over 100 genes were associated with asthma in one genetic association study alone ; more continue to be found .	over 100 genes	How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006 ?
Many of these genes are related to the immune system or modulating inflammation .	the immune system or modulating inflammation	What else are these genes closely related to ?
Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways -LRB- most especially the bronchi and bronchioles -RRB- , which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles .	chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways	What is asthma the result of ?
Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways -LRB- most especially the bronchi and bronchioles -RRB- , which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles .	the bronchi and bronchioles	What two airways are most effected by asthma ?
Typical changes in the airways include an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis .	an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis	In what ways do airways change ?
Other cell types involved include : T lymphocytes , macrophages , and neutrophils .	T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils	What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways ?
There may also be involvement of other components of the immune system including : cytokines , chemokines , histamine , and leukotrienes among others .	cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others	What other components of the immune systems are included ?
While asthma is a well recognized condition , there is not one universal agreed upon definition .	there is not one universal agreed upon definition	Is there a universal definition of astham ?
It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as `` a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role .	many cells and cellular elements play a role	What main components play a role in asthma ?
The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing , breathlessness , chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning .	airway hyper-responsiveness	What is the inflamation a result of ?
The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing , breathlessness , chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning .	episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing	What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause ?
These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction within the lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment '' .	spontaneously or with treatment	What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack ?
There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time .	There is currently no precise test	Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual ?
There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time .	pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time	What is diagnosis based on typically ?
A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of : recurrent wheezing , coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise , viral infections , allergens or air pollution .	if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing	When should you suspect asthma ?
Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis .	Spirometry	What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma ?
In children under the age of six the diagnosis is more difficult as they are too young for spirometry .	children under the age of six	What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma ?
Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management .	Spirometry	What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma ?
It is the single best test for asthma .	It is the single best test for asthma	Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma ?
If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12 % following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol , this is supportive of the diagnosis .	If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator	What helps support the evidence of asthma ?
As caffeine is a bronchodilator in people with asthma , the use of caffeine before a lung function test may interfere with the results .	caffeine	What substance can skew the results of an asthma test ?
Single-breath diffusing capacity can help differentiate asthma from COPD .	Single-breath diffusing capacity	What test can tell the difference between asthma and COPD ?
Other supportive evidence includes : a ≥ 20 % difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks , a ≥ 20 % improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol , inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone , or a ≥ 20 % decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger .	≥20%	What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence ?
Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms , forced expiratory volume in one second -LRB- FEV1 -RRB- , and peak expiratory flow rate .	according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate	How is asthma clinically classified ?
Asthma may also be classified as atopic -LRB- extrinsic -RRB- or non-atopic -LRB- intrinsic -RRB- , based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens -LRB- atopic -RRB- or not -LRB- non-atopic -RRB- .	as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)	How else is asthma classified ?
Asthma may also be classified as atopic -LRB- extrinsic -RRB- or non-atopic -LRB- intrinsic -RRB- , based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens -LRB- atopic -RRB- or not -LRB- non-atopic -RRB- .	atopic	When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what ?
While asthma is classified based on severity , at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system .	severity	What is asthma usually classified based on ?
Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments is a current critical goal of asthma research .	Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments	What is a important goal of asthma research ?
Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition , it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis , chronic bronchitis , and emphysema .	a chronic obstructive condition	What kind of condition is asthma ?
Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition , it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis , chronic bronchitis , and emphysema .	bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema	What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ?
Unlike these diseases , the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible ; however , if left untreated , the chronic inflammation from asthma can lead the lungs to become irreversibly obstructed due to airway remodeling .	asthma is usually reversible	Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma ?
In contrast to emphysema , asthma affects the bronchi , not the alveoli .	alveoli	What part of the airway does emphysema affect ?
In contrast to emphysema , asthma affects the bronchi , not the alveoli .	the bronchi	What part of the airway does asthma affect ?
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes .	professional athletes	Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession ?
The highest rates are among cyclists -LRB- up to 45 % -RRB- , swimmers , and cross-country skiers .	cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers	What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction ?
While it may occur with any weather conditions it is more common when it is dry and cold .	when it is dry and cold	What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction ?
Inhaled beta2-agonists do not appear to improve athletic performance among those without asthma however oral doses may improve endurance and strength .	Inhaled beta2-agonists	What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma ?
Asthma as a result of -LRB- or worsened by -RRB- workplace exposures , is a commonly reported occupational disease .	occupational disease	Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what ?
It is estimated that 5 -- 25 % of asthma cases in adults are work -- related .	It is estimated that 5–25%	What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related ?
A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being : isocyanates , grain and wood dust , colophony , soldering flux , latex , animals , and aldehydes .	isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes	What are some of the most common agents ?
The employment associated with the highest risk of problems include : those who spray paint , bakers and those who process food , nurses , chemical workers , those who work with animals , welders , hairdressers and timber workers .	those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers	What professions normally have the highest risk of problems ?
In children , other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including : foreign body aspiration , tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia , vascular rings , enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses .	allergic rhinitis and sinusitis	What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children ?
In children , other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including : foreign body aspiration , tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia , vascular rings , enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses .	foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses	What are some other causes of airway obstruction ?
Bronchiolitis and other viral infections may also produce wheezing .	Bronchiolitis and other viral infections	What other conditions can cause wheezing ?
In adults , COPD , congestive heart failure , airway masses , as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors should be considered .	COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors	In adults , what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma ?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma .	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	What is a complication of chronic asthma ?
After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD .	asthma and COPD	If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase , you are more likely to have what other conditions ?
In this setting , COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils , abnormally increased wall thickness , and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi .	by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi	How is COPD differentiated ?
However , this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management : corticosteroids , long acting beta agonists , and smoking cessation .	due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management	Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD ?
However , this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management : corticosteroids , long acting beta agonists , and smoking cessation .	corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation	What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD ?
The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak .	The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent	What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma ?
Some show promise including : limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery , breastfeeding , and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication .	none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication	What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma ?
Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended .	have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended	What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding ?
Smoking bans are effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma .	effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma	Why are smoking bans in place ?
Immunization ; however , is recommended by the World Health Organization .	World Health Organization	Who recoomends immunizations ?
Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks .	Avoidance of triggers	What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks ?
The most common triggers include allergens , smoke -LRB- tobacco and other -RRB- , air pollution , non selective beta-blockers , and sulfite-containing foods .	allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods	What are some of the more common triggers ?
Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke -LRB- passive smoke -RRB- may reduce the effectiveness of medications such as corticosteroids .	Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke	What can reduce the effectiveness of medications ?
Laws that limit smoking decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma .	decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma	What did law that limit smoking accomplish ?
Yoga could provide small improvements in quality of life and symptoms in people with asthma .	Yoga	What type of exercise can provide small improvements ?
For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs , bronchial thermoplasty may be an option .	For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs	What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option ?
It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies .	It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies	What does bronchial thermoplasty consist of ?
While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appears to decrease the subsequent rate .	it appears to decrease the subsequent rate.	What effect does bronchial thermoplasty have ?
Evidence suggests that sublingual immunotherapy in those with both allergic rhinitis and asthma improve outcomes .	sublingual immunotherapy	What treatment helps improve those with allergic rhinitis and asthma ?
The prognosis for asthma is generally good , especially for children with mild disease .	generally good	What is the prognosis for asthma ?
Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care .	due to better recognition and improvement in care	What has caused the mortality rate to decrease ?
Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 -LRB- 16 million of which are in low and middle income countries -RRB- .	19.4 million people as of 2004	Worldwide , how many people suffer from asthma ?
Of asthma diagnosed during childhood , half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade .	half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade	How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma ?
As of 2011 , 235 -- 330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma , and approximately 250,000 -- 345,000 people die per year from the disease .	235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma	By 2011 , how many people were affected by asthma ?
As of 2011 , 235 -- 330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma , and approximately 250,000 -- 345,000 people die per year from the disease .	250,000–345,000 people	How many people die per year from asthma ?
It is more common in developed than developing countries .	It is more common in developed than developing countries	What countries is asthma more commonly seen ?
The reason for these differences is not well known .	The reason for these differences is not well known	Why are different countries effected differently ?
From 2000 to 2010 , the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay in the United States for children remained relatively stable at about $ 3,600 , whereas the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay for adults increased from $ 5,200 to $ 6,600 .	about $3,600	How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for children ??
From 2000 to 2010 , the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay in the United States for children remained relatively stable at about $ 3,600 , whereas the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay for adults increased from $ 5,200 to $ 6,600 .	from $5,200 to $6,600	How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for adults ?
In 2010 , Medicaid was the most frequent primary payer among children and adults aged 18 -- 44 years in the United States ; private insurance was the second most frequent payer .	Medicaid	Who was the most frequent primary payer amount children and adults ?
Among both children and adults in the lowest income communities in the United States there is a higher rates of hospital stays for asthma in 2010 than those in the highest income communities .	the lowest income communities	Who was more likely to seek hospital help in the US for asthma reasons ?
In 1873 , one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872 , concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment .	In 1873	When was the first paper written about asthma ?
In 1873 , one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872 , concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment .	by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment	What was first used as a cure for asthma ?
Medical treatment in 1880 , included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin .	pilocarpin	In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma ?
Oral corticosteroids began to be used for this condition in the 1950s while inhaled corticosteroids and selective short acting beta agonist came into wide use in the 1960s .	in the 1960s	When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used ?
Although the format was capable of offering higher-quality video and audio than its consumer rivals , the VHS and Betamax videocassette systems , LaserDisc never managed to gain widespread use in North America , largely due to high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming .	higher-quality	Did LaserDisks offer higher or lower quality sound and picture than VHS ?
Although the format was capable of offering higher-quality video and audio than its consumer rivals , the VHS and Betamax videocassette systems , LaserDisc never managed to gain widespread use in North America , largely due to high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming .	high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming	Why did n't LaserDisk gain popularity in North America ?
Its superior video and audio quality did make it a somewhat popular choice among videophiles and film enthusiasts during its lifespan .	videophiles and film enthusiasts	With whom was LaserDisk a popular choice for it 's picture and sound quality ?
By contrast , the format was much more popular in Japan and in the more affluent regions of Southeast Asia , such as Hong Kong , Singapore , and Malaysia , being the prevalent rental video medium in Hong Kong during the 1990s .	Hong Kong	In what city was LaserDisk used as a popular rental medium in the 1990s ?
LaserDisc was first available on the market , in Atlanta , Georgia , on December 15 , 1978 , two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR , and four years before the introduction of the CD -LRB- which is based on laser disc technology -RRB- .	Atlanta, Georgia	Where was LaserDisc first available ?
LaserDisc was first available on the market , in Atlanta , Georgia , on December 15 , 1978 , two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR , and four years before the introduction of the CD -LRB- which is based on laser disc technology -RRB- .	two years	How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released ?
Initially licensed , sold , and marketed as MCA DiscoVision -LRB- also known as simply `` DiscoVision '' -RRB- in North America in 1978 , the technology was previously referred to internally as Optical Videodisc System , Reflective Optical Videodisc , Laser Optical Videodisc , and Disco-Vision -LRB- with a dash -RRB- , with the first players referring to the format as `` Video Long Play '' .	MCA DiscoVision	Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed ?
Initially licensed , sold , and marketed as MCA DiscoVision -LRB- also known as simply `` DiscoVision '' -RRB- in North America in 1978 , the technology was previously referred to internally as Optical Videodisc System , Reflective Optical Videodisc , Laser Optical Videodisc , and Disco-Vision -LRB- with a dash -RRB- , with the first players referring to the format as `` Video Long Play '' .	"Video Long Play"	How did the first viewers refer to the media ?
Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision -LRB- format name -RRB- and LaserDisc -LRB- brand name -RRB- in 1980 , with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as `` Laser Videodisc '' .	Pioneer Electronics	Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980 ?
Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision -LRB- format name -RRB- and LaserDisc -LRB- brand name -RRB- in 1980 , with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as `` Laser Videodisc '' .	unofficially	Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as `` Laser Videodisc '' ?
Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs .	discs	Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out ?
Several of the scientists responsible for the early research -LRB- Richard Wilkinson , Ray Dakin and John Winslow -RRB- founded Optical Disc Corporation -LRB- now ODC Nimbus -RRB- .	Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow	Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs ?
Several of the scientists responsible for the early research -LRB- Richard Wilkinson , Ray Dakin and John Winslow -RRB- founded Optical Disc Corporation -LRB- now ODC Nimbus -RRB- .	Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)	What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found ?
By the early 2000s , LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace , as neither players nor software were then produced .	DVD	What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s ?
It was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation -LRB- BBC -RRB- for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s , a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England .	British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)	Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s ?
It was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation -LRB- BBC -RRB- for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s , a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England .	a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England	What was the BBC Domesday Project ?
The format has retained some popularity among American collectors , and to a greater degree in Japan , where the format was better supported and more prevalent during its life .	Japan	Which country still exported players to North America until 2001 ?
The standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm -LRB- 12 in -RRB- in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic .	30 cm (12 in) in diameter	How large was a standard LaserDisc ?
In true digital media the pits , or their edges , directly represent 1s and 0s of a binary digital information stream .	1s and 0s	What numbers are used in Binary information coding ?
Early LaserDiscs featured in 1978 were entirely analog but the format evolved to incorporate digital stereo sound in CD format -LRB- sometimes with a TOSlink or coax output to feed an external DAC -RRB- , and later multi-channel formats such as Dolby Digital and DTS .	analog	Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted ?
CAA55 was introduced in 1985 with a total playback capacity per side of 55 minutes 5 seconds , reducing the video capacity to resolve bandwidth issues with the inclusion of Digital Audio .	55 minutes 5 seconds	What was the length capacity of the CAA55 format ?
Several titles released between 1985 and 1987 were analog audio only due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc -LRB- e.g. , Back to the Future -RRB- .	due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc	Why was Back to the Future released with analog sound ?
By 1987 , Pioneer had overcome the technical challenges and was able to once again encode in CAA60 , allowing a total of 60 minutes 5 seconds .	60 minutes 5 seconds	What was the maximum length of the CAA60 format ?
There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market .	There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market	How many works were released to the public with the CAA70 format ?
PAL discs could carry one pair of audio tracks , either analog or digital and the digital tracks on a PAL disc were 16-bit 44.1 kHz as on a CD ; in the UK , the term `` LaserVision '' is used to refer to discs with analog sound , while `` LaserDisc '' is used for those with digital audio .	"LaserVision" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while "LaserDisc" is used for those with digital audio	What was the difference between LaserDisc and LaserVision in the UK ?
Dolby Digital -LRB- also called AC-3 -RRB- and DTS -- which are now common on DVD titles -- first became available on LaserDisc , and Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace -LRB- 1999 -RRB- which was released on LaserDisc in Japan , is among the first home video releases ever to include 6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround .	6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround.	The Phantom Menace was one of the first home videos to use what sound format ?
Unlike DVDs , which carry Dolby Digital audio in digital form , LaserDiscs store Dolby Digital in a frequency modulated form within a track normally used for analog audio .	Dolby Digital audio in digital form	What sound formatting do DVDs use ?
By the late 1990s with LaserDisc players and disc sales declining due to DVD 's growing popularity the AV receiver manufacturers removed the demodulator circuit .	DVD's growing popularity	What competition caused LaserDisc sales to decline ?
In the mid to late 1990s many higher-end AV receivers included the demodulator circuit specifically for the LaserDisc players RF modulated Dolby Digital AC-3 signal .	higher-end	Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs , or only high-end models ?
Another type marketed by Onkyo and others converted the RF AC-3 signal to 6-channel analog audio .	6-channel analog audio	What did the Onkyo outboard demodulator covert the RF AC-2 signal to ?
At least where the digital audio tracks were concerned , the sound quality was unsurpassed at the time compared to consumer videotape , but the quality of the analog soundtracks varied greatly depending on the disc and , sometimes , the player .	varied greatly	Was sound quality from disc to disc and between players consistent or varied ?
Many early and lower-end LD players had poor analog audio components , and many early discs had poorly mastered analog audio tracks , making digital soundtracks in any form most desirable to serious enthusiasts .	digital	Was analog or digital formatting more popular with enthusiasts ?
Later analog discs also applied CX Noise Reduction , which improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio .	improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio	What result did adding CX Noise Reduction have on analog discs ?
Early DiscoVision and LaserDisc titles lacked the digital audio option , but many of those movies received digital sound in later re-issues by Universal , and the quality of analog audio tracks generally got far better as time went on .	Universal	Which company added digital sound option when re-releasing movies ?
A disc that included AC-3 audio forfeited the right analog audio channel to the modulated AC-3 RF stream .	right analog audio channel	Which channel would not work in conjunction with AC-3 audio ?
If the player did not have an AC-3 output available , the next most attractive playback option would be the digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks .	digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks	What audio playback options were available if an AC-3 output was not present ?
Such a player will happily play the analog audio tracks verbatim , resulting in garbage -LRB- static -RRB- output in the right channel .	garbage (static) output	What happens to the right channel in a player that does n't recognize AC-3 ?
Many 1990s A/V receivers combine the AC-3 decoder and DTS decoder logic , but an integrated AC-3 demodulator is rare both in LaserDisc players and in later A/V receivers .	rare	Are integrated AC-3 demodulators common in LaserDisc players or a rare find ?
Only one 5.1 surround sound option exists on a given LaserDisc -LRB- either Dolby Digital or DTS -RRB- , so if surround sound is desired , the disc must be matched to the capabilities of the playback equipment -LRB- LD Player and Receiver/Decoder -RRB- by the purchaser .	Only one	How many 5.1 surround sound options exist in LaserDiscs ?
Many 1990s A/V receivers combine the AC-3 decoder and DTS decoder logic , but an integrated AC-3 demodulator is rare both in LaserDisc players and in later A/V receivers .	DTS	What type of decoder logic is common in 1990s A/V receivers ?
PAL LaserDiscs have a slightly longer playing time than NTSC discs , but have fewer audio options .	PAL LaserDiscs	Which has a longer playing time : PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs ?
PAL discs only have two audio tracks , consisting of either two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs , or two digital-only tracks on newer discs .	two	How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have ?
PAL discs only have two audio tracks , consisting of either two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs , or two digital-only tracks on newer discs .	two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs	Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs ?
In March 1984 , Pioneer introduced the first consumer player with a solid-state laser , the LD-700 .	LD-700	What was the name of the first solid-state laser consumer LaserDisc player ?
It was also the first LD player to load from the front and not the top .	first LD player to load from the front and not the top	Besides a solid-state laser , what else was unique about the LD-700 ?
In March 1984 , Pioneer introduced the first consumer player with a solid-state laser , the LD-700 .	March 1984	When did Pioneer release the LD-700 ?
After Pioneer released the LD-700 , gas lasers were no longer used in consumer players , despite their advantages , although Philips continued to use gas lasers in their industrial units until 1985 .	Philips	Which company continued to use gas-lasers in industrial models of LD players although they were no longer used in consumer models ?
During its development , MCA , which co-owned the technology , referred to it as the Optical Videodisc System , `` Reflective Optical Videodisc '' or `` Laser Optical Videodisc '' , depending on the document ; changing the name once in 1969 to Disco-Vision and then again in 1978 to DiscoVision -LRB- without the hyphen -RRB- , which became the official spelling .	Optical Videodisc System, "Reflective Optical Videodisc" or "Laser Optical Videodisc"	Which three names did MCA use for LaserDisc technology during its development ?
During its development , MCA , which co-owned the technology , referred to it as the Optical Videodisc System , `` Reflective Optical Videodisc '' or `` Laser Optical Videodisc '' , depending on the document ; changing the name once in 1969 to Disco-Vision and then again in 1978 to DiscoVision -LRB- without the hyphen -RRB- , which became the official spelling .	Disco-Vision	To what did MCA change the name to in 1969 ?
During its development , MCA , which co-owned the technology , referred to it as the Optical Videodisc System , `` Reflective Optical Videodisc '' or `` Laser Optical Videodisc '' , depending on the document ; changing the name once in 1969 to Disco-Vision and then again in 1978 to DiscoVision -LRB- without the hyphen -RRB- , which became the official spelling .	1978	When did MCA remove the hyphen from the name Disco-Vision ?
MCA owned the rights to the largest catalog of films in the world during this time , and they manufactured and distributed the DiscoVision releases of those films under the `` MCA DiscoVision '' software and manufacturing label ; consumer sale of those titles began on December 15 , 1978 , with the aforementioned Jaws .	MCA	Which company owned the rights to the world 's largest collection of films during the 1970s ?
MCA owned the rights to the largest catalog of films in the world during this time , and they manufactured and distributed the DiscoVision releases of those films under the `` MCA DiscoVision '' software and manufacturing label ; consumer sale of those titles began on December 15 , 1978 , with the aforementioned Jaws .	Jaws	Consumer sales of MCA films began in 1978 with what movie ?
Philips ' preferred name for the format was `` VLP '' , after the Dutch words Video Langspeel-Plaat -LRB- `` Video long-play disc '' -RRB- , which in English-speaking countries stood for Video Long-Play .	Video Long-Play	What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries ?
The first consumer player , the Magnavox VH-8000 even had the VLP logo on the player .	Magnavox VH-8000	What was the first consumer VLP player ?
The LaserVision Association , made up of MCA , Universal-Pioneer , IBM , and Philips/Magnavox , was formed to standardize the technical specifications of the format -LRB- which had been causing problems for the consumer market -RRB- and finally named the system officially as `` LaserVision '' .	The LaserVision Association	Which group officially chose the name `` Laservision '' ?
The LaserVision Association , made up of MCA , Universal-Pioneer , IBM , and Philips/Magnavox , was formed to standardize the technical specifications of the format -LRB- which had been causing problems for the consumer market -RRB- and finally named the system officially as `` LaserVision '' .	MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox	The Laservision Association was comprised of which companies ?
Pioneer Electronics also entered the optical disc market in 1977 as a 50/50 joint-venture with MCA called Universal-Pioneer and manufacturing MCA designed industrial players under the MCA DiscoVision name -LRB- the PR-7800 and PR-7820 -RRB- .	Pioneer Electronics	Which company joined a 50/50 partnership with MCA in 1977 ?
For the 1980 launch of the first Universal-Pioneer player , the VP-1000 was noted as a `` laser disc player '' , although the `` LaserDisc '' logo displayed clearly on the device .	1980	In what year was the first Universal-Pioneer player released ?
For the 1980 launch of the first Universal-Pioneer player , the VP-1000 was noted as a `` laser disc player '' , although the `` LaserDisc '' logo displayed clearly on the device .	the VP-1000	What was the name of the first Universal-Pioneer player ?
A 1984 Ray Charles ad for the LD-700 player bore the term `` Pioneer LaserDisc brand videodisc player '' .	Ray Charles	Which singer did an ad for the LD-700 player in 1984 ?
During the early years , MCA also manufactured discs for other companies including Paramount , Disney and Warner Bros. .	Paramount, Disney and Warner Bros	What other companies did MCA manufacture discs for ?
An MCA release of Universal 's Howard the Duck , sees only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film .	only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film	What quirk is present in MCA 's release of Howard the Duck ?
Also , the LaserDisc release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is the only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster telling off Elliott for letting the frogs free in the biology class .	only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster	What is unique about the LaserDisc release of E.T. ?
One Universal/Columbia co-production issued by MCA Disco Vision in both CAV and CLV versions , The Electric Horseman , is still not available in any other home video format with its original score intact ; even the most recent DVD release has had substantial music replacements of both instrumental score and Willie Nelson 's songs .	The Electric Horseman	Which film is only available with its original score in LD format , even today ?
It featured a far sharper picture with a horizontal resolution of 425 TVL lines for NTSC and 440 TVL lines for PAL discs , while VHS featured only 240 TVL lines with NTSC .	425	How many horizontal TVL lines did LaserDisc have in comparison to VHS 's 240 ?
LaserDisc had a number of advantages over VHS .	LaserDisc	Which medium was chapter based like DVD format , Laserdisc or VHS ?
LaserDisc had a number of advantages over VHS .	LaserDisc	Which medium allowed for multiple audio tracks , Laserdisc or VHS ?
LaserDiscs were initially cheaper than videocassettes to manufacture , because they lacked the moving parts and plastic outer shell that are necessary for VHS tapes to work , and the duplication process was much simpler .	cheaper	Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts ?
A VHS cassette has at least 14 parts including the actual tape while LaserDisc has one part with five or six layers .	at least 14	How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured ?
However , by the end of the 1980s , average disc-pressing prices were over $ 5.00 per two-sided disc , due to the large amount of plastic material and the costly glass-mastering process needed to make the metal stamper mechanisms .	$5.00 per two-sided disc	How much did LaserDiscs cost to produce by the end of the 1980s ?
Due to the larger volume of demand , videocassettes quickly became much cheaper to duplicate , costing as little as $ 1.00 by the beginning of the 1990s .	as little as $1.00	How much did VHS cost to produce by the 1990s ?
LaserDiscs potentially had a much longer lifespan than videocassettes .	LaserDiscs	Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run ?
By contrast , a VHS tape held all of its picture and sound information on the tape in a magnetic coating which is in contact with the spinning heads on the head drum , causing progressive wear with each use -LRB- though later in VHS 's lifespan , engineering improvements allowed tapes to be made and played back without contact -RRB- .	progressive wear with each use	Why is physical contact with a VHS tape less desirable than an optical reading ?
By contrast , a VHS tape held all of its picture and sound information on the tape in a magnetic coating which is in contact with the spinning heads on the head drum , causing progressive wear with each use -LRB- though later in VHS 's lifespan , engineering improvements allowed tapes to be made and played back without contact -RRB- .	magnetic coating	Where do VHS tapes store their information ?
On DVDs , data is stored in the form of digital blocks which make up each independent frame .	digital blocks which make up each independent frame	How is data stored on DVDs ?
LaserDisc was a composite video format : the luminance -LRB- black and white -RRB- and chrominance -LRB- color -RRB- information were transmitted in one signal , separated by the receiver .	the receiver	What device seperated the black and white and color signals in LaserDiscs ?
Depending upon which format is used , this can result in far higher fidelity , particularly at strong color borders or regions of high detail -LRB- especially if there is moderate movement in the picture -RRB- and low-contrast details like skin tones , where comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail .	low-contrast details like skin tones	In what areas are comb filters most likely to lose detail ?
Depending upon which format is used , this can result in far higher fidelity , particularly at strong color borders or regions of high detail -LRB- especially if there is moderate movement in the picture -RRB- and low-contrast details like skin tones , where comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail .	comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail	Are comb filters exact , or is some data smudged ?
In contrast to the entirely digital DVD , LaserDiscs use only analog video .	LaserDiscs	Do LaserDiscs or DVD use analog video ?
In contrast to the entirely digital DVD , LaserDiscs use only analog video .	entirely	Are DVDs partially or entirely digital ?
As the LaserDisc format is not digitally encoded and does not make use of compression techniques , it is immune to video macroblocking -LRB- most visible as blockiness during high motion sequences -RRB- or contrast banding -LRB- subtle visible lines in gradient areas , such as out-of-focus backgrounds , skies , or light casts from spotlights -RRB- that can be caused by the MPEG-2 encoding process as video is prepared for DVD .	subtle visible lines in gradient areas	What is contrast banding ?
As the LaserDisc format is not digitally encoded and does not make use of compression techniques , it is immune to video macroblocking -LRB- most visible as blockiness during high motion sequences -RRB- or contrast banding -LRB- subtle visible lines in gradient areas , such as out-of-focus backgrounds , skies , or light casts from spotlights -RRB- that can be caused by the MPEG-2 encoding process as video is prepared for DVD .	MPEG-2 encoding process	What step of the DVD production process causes contrast banding ?
Unlike many DVD players , the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user : pause , fast-forward , and fast-reverse commands are always accepted -LRB- barring , of course , malfunctions -RRB- .	the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user	How does LaserDisc operation vary from DVD ?
There were no `` User Prohibited Options '' where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part -LRB- such as fast forwarding through copyright warnings -RRB- .	where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part	What are `` User Protected Options '' on DVDs ?
There were no `` User Prohibited Options '' where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part -LRB- such as fast forwarding through copyright warnings -RRB- .	copyright warnings	Where are User Protected Options commonly found on DVDs ?
LaserDisc players can provide a great degree of control over the playback process .	LaserDisc	Which format , LaserDisc or DVD , gives the user the most control over playback ?
Some newer DVD players feature a repair + skip algorithm , which alleviates this problem by continuing to play the disc , filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound .	filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound	What does the repair + skip feature on newer DVD players do ?
A 1 in -LRB- 3 cm -RRB- scratch on a DVD will probably cause more problems than a 1 in -LRB- 3 cm -RRB- scratch on a LaserDisc , but a fingerprint taking up 1 % of the area of a DVD would almost certainly cause fewer problems than a similar mark covering 1 % of the surface of a LaserDisc .	DVD	Which format , DVD or Laserdisc , can become unreadable with damage ?
LaserDisc players , when working in full analog , recover from such errors faster than DVD players .	DVD	Will the same size scratch cause more problems for a DVD or LaserDisc ?
Similar to the CD versus LP sound quality debates common in the audiophile community , some videophiles argue that LaserDisc maintains a `` smoother '' , more `` film-like '' , natural image while DVD still looks slightly more artificial .	LaserDisc	Which format is considered to look most realistic , LaserDisc or DVD ?
However , the video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of LaserDisc are substantially less than that of DVDs , making DVDs appear sharper and clearer to most viewers .	DVDs	Which format , LaserDisc or DVD , is said to appear sharper and clearer to most viewers ?
However , the video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of LaserDisc are substantially less than that of DVDs , making DVDs appear sharper and clearer to most viewers .	video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth	What features do LaserDiscs lack in , causing DVDs to appear sharper and clearer ?
The vertical blanking interval , where the Macrovision signal would be implemented , was also used for the internal timing on LaserDisc players , so test discs with Macrovision would not play at all .	internal timing	What was the vertical blanking interval used for in LaserDiscs , preventing Macrovision signal to be implemented ?
There was never a push to redesign the format despite the obvious potential for piracy due to its relatively small market share .	relatively small market share	Why was n't there a need to redesign the LaserDisc format to prevent piracy ?
It was claimed that Macrovision 's Copyguard protection could not be applied to LaserDisc , due to the format 's design .	Macrovision's Copyguard protection	What protection could not be applied to LaserDiscs , making them prone to piracy ?
LaserDisc 's support for multiple audio tracks allowed for vast supplemental materials to be included on-disc and made it the first available format for `` Special Edition '' releases ; the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane is generally credited as being the first `` Special Edition '' release to home video , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and for setting the standard by which future SE discs were measured .	"Special Edition"	LaserDisc was the first format to provide what type of releases to consumers ?
LaserDisc 's support for multiple audio tracks allowed for vast supplemental materials to be included on-disc and made it the first available format for `` Special Edition '' releases ; the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane is generally credited as being the first `` Special Edition '' release to home video , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and for setting the standard by which future SE discs were measured .	the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane	What was the first `` Special Edition '' film to be released to home video ?
The disc provided interviews , commentary tracks , documentaries , still photographs , and other features for historians and collectors .	interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs	What bonus features were available on the first home video `` Special Edition '' ?
LaserDisc 's support for multiple audio tracks allowed for vast supplemental materials to be included on-disc and made it the first available format for `` Special Edition '' releases ; the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane is generally credited as being the first `` Special Edition '' release to home video , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and for setting the standard by which future SE discs were measured .	support for multiple audio tracks	What feature , unique to LaserDisc , made bonus content possible ?
After one side was finished playing , a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching a movie , and some titles fill two or more discs .	a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching	What was required of a LaserDisc to continue playback after 60 minutes ?
One exception to this rule is the Pioneer LD-W1 , which features two disc platters .	Pioneer LD-W1	Which LaserDisc player solves the disc switching dilemma ?
The space-consuming analog video signal of a LaserDisc limited playback duration to 30 minutes -LRB- CAV -RRB- or 60 minutes -LRB- CLV -RRB- per side because of the hardware manufacturer 's refusal to reduce line count for increased playtime .	line count	What must be reduced in order to allow LaserDisc playback time to increase ?
The space-consuming analog video signal of a LaserDisc limited playback duration to 30 minutes -LRB- CAV -RRB- or 60 minutes -LRB- CLV -RRB- per side because of the hardware manufacturer 's refusal to reduce line count for increased playtime .	CLV	Which format allows for more playback tie per side , CLV or CAV ?
Because of this , slight dust and scratches on the disc surface can result in read-errors which cause various video quality problems : glitches , streaks , bursts of static , or momentary picture interruptions .	glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions	What video problems on a LaserDisc can be caused by dust or scratches ?
In contrast , the digital MPEG-2 format information used on DVDs has built-in error correction which ensures that the signal from a damaged disc will remain identical to that from a perfect disc right up until the point at which damage to the disc surface is so substantial that it prevents the laser from being able to identify usable data .	digital MPEG-2	Which format used in DVDs has built-in error correction ?
The analog information encoded on LaserDiscs does not include any form of built-in checksum or error correction .	analog	What type of encoding , analog or digital , causes LaserDiscs to be succeptable to damages ?
The issue can arise when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped , but it could also occur even with a properly functioning player and a factory-new disc , depending on electrical and mechanical alignment problems .	when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped	When does `` crosstalk '' occur ?
In addition , LaserDisc videos sometimes exhibit a problem known as `` crosstalk '' .	"crosstalk"	What problem can be caused by a player becoming out of alignment ?
During a change in speed , the optical pickup inside the player might read video information from a track adjacent to the intended one , causing data from the two tracks to `` cross '' ; the extra video information picked up from that second track shows up as distortion in the picture which looks reminiscent of swirling `` barber poles '' or rolling lines of static .	swirling "barber poles" or rolling lines of static	How does `` crosstalk '' appear to the viewer ?
Assuming the player 's optical pickup is in proper working order , crosstalk distortion normally does not occur during playback of CAV format LaserDiscs , as the rotational speed never varies .	CAV	In which format does crosstalk generally not occur ?
Assuming the player 's optical pickup is in proper working order , crosstalk distortion normally does not occur during playback of CAV format LaserDiscs , as the rotational speed never varies .	the rotational speed never varies	Why does the CAV format prevent crosstalk ?
One such problem is `` laser lock '' , where the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again , causing the picture to look frozen as if the movie were paused .	the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen	What happens during `` laser lock '' ?
Another significant issue unique to LaserDisc is one involving the inconsistency of playback quality between different makers and models of player .	inconsistency	Is LaserDisc quality consistent or inconsistent between player brands ?
In contrast , LaserDisc playback quality is highly dependent on hardware quality .	hardware quality	What is LaserDisc playback quality dependent on ?
In the 1990s , notable players sold for anywhere from US$ 200 to well over $ 1,000 , while older and less desirable players could be purchased in working condition for as little as $ 25 .	$25	How cheaply could an older LaserDisc player be purchased in the 1990s ?
In the 1990s , notable players sold for anywhere from US$ 200 to well over $ 1,000 , while older and less desirable players could be purchased in working condition for as little as $ 25 .	US$200 to well over $1,000	What range of prices were high-end LaserDisc players in the 1990s ?
Many early LDs were not manufactured properly ; sometimes a substandard adhesive was used to sandwich together the two sides of the disc .	adhesive	What substandard product was used in LD manufacturing that caused `` laser rot '' ?
This was a problem that was termed `` laser rot '' among LD enthusiasts , also called `` color flash '' internally by LaserDisc-pressing plants .	"color flash"	What was the internal name for `` laser rot '' within LD processing plants ?
Some forms of laser rot could appear as black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise .	black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise	What problems could occur with laser rot ?
LaserDisc did not have high market penetration in North America due to the high cost of the players and discs , which were far more expensive than VHS players and tapes , and due to marketplace confusion with the technologically inferior CED , which also went by the name Videodisc .	high cost of the players and discs	Why did n't LaserDiscs become popular in North America ?
While the format was not widely adopted by North American consumers , it was well received among videophiles due to the superior audio and video quality compared to VHS and Betamax tapes , finding a place in nearly one million American homes by the end of 1990 .	nearly one million	By 1990 , how many American homes were estimated to use LD ?
The format was more popular in Japan than in North America because prices were kept low to ensure adoption , resulting in minimal price differences between VHS tapes and the higher quality LaserDiscs , helping ensure that it quickly became the dominant consumer video format in Japan .	prices were kept low to ensure adoption	Why were LaserDiscs more popular in Japan ?
LaserDiscs were also popular alternatives to videocassettes among movie enthusiasts in the more affluent regions of South East Asia , such as Singapore , due to their high integration with the Japanese export market and the disc-based media 's superior longevity compared to videocassette , especially in the humid conditions endemic to that area of the world .	LaserDiscs	Which format was more popular in high humidity areas such as Singapore ?
The format also became quite popular in Hong Kong during the 1990s before the introduction of VCDs and DVD ; although people rarely bought the discs -LRB- because each LD was priced around USD100 -RRB- , high rental activity helped the video rental business in the city grow larger than it had ever been previously .	USD100	How much did a LD cost in Hong Kong in the 1990s ?
Due to integration with the Japanese export market , NTSC LaserDiscs were used in the Hong Kong market , in contrast to the PAL standard used for broadcast -LRB- This anomaly also exists for DVD -RRB- .	PAL standard	Broadcast in Hong Kong used which standard formatting ?
Due to integration with the Japanese export market , NTSC LaserDiscs were used in the Hong Kong market , in contrast to the PAL standard used for broadcast -LRB- This anomaly also exists for DVD -RRB- .	NTSC	In contrast to broadcast , which format did consumers use in Hong Kong ?
Although the LaserDisc format was supplanted by DVD by the late 1990s , many LD titles are still highly coveted by movie enthusiasts -LRB- for example , Disney 's Song of the South which is unavailable in the US in any format , but was issued in Japan on LD -RRB- .	late 1990s	By what year had DVD taken over the LaserDisc market ?
Although the LaserDisc format was supplanted by DVD by the late 1990s , many LD titles are still highly coveted by movie enthusiasts -LRB- for example , Disney 's Song of the South which is unavailable in the US in any format , but was issued in Japan on LD -RRB- .	movie enthusiasts	Which collector group highly values LaserDisc for their rareness ?
Until the end of 2001 , many titles were released on VHS , LD , and DVD in Japan .	2001	Until the end of what year were movies released in VHS , LD , and DVD in Japan ?
Until the end of 2001 , many titles were released on VHS , LD , and DVD in Japan .	Japan	What country was the only to receive a LD release of Disney 's Song of the South ?
In the early 1980s , Philips produced a LaserDisc player model adapted for a computer interface , dubbed `` professional '' .	early 1980s	In what decade did Philips produce a `` professional '' LD model for computer ?
In 1985 , Jasmine Multimedia created LaserDisc Juke Boxes featuring music videos from Michael Jackson , Duran Duran , and Cyndi Lauper .	1985	In what year were LD jukeboxes created ?
In 1985 , Jasmine Multimedia created LaserDisc Juke Boxes featuring music videos from Michael Jackson , Duran Duran , and Cyndi Lauper .	Jasmine Multimedia	Who created LD Jukeboxes in 1985 ?
In 1985 , Jasmine Multimedia created LaserDisc Juke Boxes featuring music videos from Michael Jackson , Duran Duran , and Cyndi Lauper .	Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, and Cyndi Lauper	Which musical artists were featured on LD Jukeboxes in 1985 ?
Only 24 EditDroid systems were ever built , even though the ideas and technology are still in use today .	24	How many EditDroid systems were ever built ?
This eliminated the need for racks and racks of industrial LaserDisc players since EditDroid discs were only single-sided .	single-sided	Were EditDroid discs single or multi-sided ?
In the mid-1980s Lucasfilm pioneered the EditDroid non-linear editing system for film and television based on computer-controlled LaserDisc players .	Lucasfilm	Which production company engineered the EditDroid machines in the 1980s ?
In 1986 , a SCSI-equipped LaserDisc player attached to a BBC Master computer was used for the BBC Domesday Project .	1986	In what year did the Doomsday project occur ?
In 1986 , a SCSI-equipped LaserDisc player attached to a BBC Master computer was used for the BBC Domesday Project .	a SCSI-equipped LaserDisc player attached to a BBC Master computer	Which equipment was used for the Doomsday Project ?
The player was referred as an LV-ROM -LRB- LaserVision Read Only Memory -RRB- as the discs contained the driving software as well as the video frames .	LaserVision Read Only Memory	What does LV-ROM stand for ?
The discs used the CAV format , and encoded data as a binary signal represented by the analog audio recording .	CAV	The Doomsday Project discs used which formatting ?
Apple 's HyperCard scripting language provided Macintosh computer users with a means to design databases of slides , animation , video and sounds from LaserDiscs and then to create interfaces for users to play specific content from the disc through software called LaserStacks .	HyperCard	Which of Apple 's programming languages allowed users to ceatively manipulate LaserDiscs ?
Apple 's HyperCard scripting language provided Macintosh computer users with a means to design databases of slides , animation , video and sounds from LaserDiscs and then to create interfaces for users to play specific content from the disc through software called LaserStacks .	play specific content from the disc	What did LaserStacks software enable Mac users to do ?
User-created `` stacks '' were shared and were especially popular in education where teacher-generated stacks were used to access discs ranging from art collections to basic biological processes .	in education	Where were `` stacks '' created with the LaserStack software used ?
Commercially available stacks were also popular with the Voyager company being possibly the most successful distributor .	Voyager	Which commercial company was LaserStack 's most successful distributor ?
Under contract from the U.S. Military , Matrox produced a combination computer/LaserDisc player for instructional purposes .	the U.S. Military	A combination computer/LD player was comissioned by what government entity ?
Together they weighed 43 lb -LRB- 20 kg -RRB- and sturdy handles were provided in case two people were required to lift the unit .	43 lb (20 kg)	How much did Matrox 's computer/LD combo weigh ?
Nevertheless , it is possible to control the unit by removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer 's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player .	removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player	How could Matrox 's computer unconventionally be controlled ?
The format 's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s , beginning in 1983 with Sega 's Astron Belt .	instant-access capability	What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s ?
The format 's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s , beginning in 1983 with Sega 's Astron Belt .	Sega's Astron Belt	What was the first game to use LaserDiscs ?
The format 's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s , beginning in 1983 with Sega 's Astron Belt .	1983	In what year was Sega 's AStron Belt released ?
Encoded using NHK 's MUSE `` Hi-Vision '' analogue TV system , MUSE discs would operate like standard LaserDiscs but would contain high-definition 1,125-line -LRB- 1,035 visible lines -RRB- -LRB- Sony HDVS -RRB- video with a 5:3 aspect ratio .	5:3	With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate ?
The red laser was capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop , stutter or drop-out .	capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out	What benefits did the MUSE narrow wavelength red laser have ?
Crosstalk was not an issue with MUSE discs , and the narrow wavelength of the laser allowed for the virtual elimination of crosstalk with normal discs .	Crosstalk	In addition to scratches and rot , what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs ?
In 1991 , several manufacturers announced specifications for what would become known as MUSE LaserDisc , representing a span of almost 15 years until the feats of this HD analog optical disc system would finally be duplicated digitally by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc .	almost 15 years	How many years did it take Blu-ray and HD-DVD players to duplicate MUSE technology ?
Equipment prices were high , especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$ 10,000 , and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny .	US$10,000	What was the price for early HDTVs ?
Equipment prices were high , especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$ 10,000 , and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny .	tiny	Did MUSE have a large or small target market , even in Japan ?
Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , Lawrence of Arabia , A League of Their Own , Bugsy , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Bram Stoker 's Dracula and Chaplin were among the theatrical releases available on MUSE LDs .	Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin	What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs ?
Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9 - ratio widescreen LaserDiscs .	enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs	What were `` Squeeze LDs '' ?
Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9 - ratio widescreen LaserDiscs .	16:9-ratio widescreen	With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate ?
Since very few people owned 16:9 displays , the marketability of these special discs was very limited .	very few people owned 16:9 displays	Why did Squeeze LDs have a very limited market ?
If the discs were played on a standard 4:3 television the image would be distorted .	distorted	Could the 16:9 aspect ratio be easily resized by a normal LD player , or was the image significantly distorted ?
The advantage was a 33 % greater vertical resolution compared to letterboxed widescreen LaserDisc .	33%	What percent vertical resolution increase did Squeeze LDs feature over regular widescreen LDs ?
Terminator 2 was released twice in Squeeze LD , the second release being THX certified and a notable improvement over the first .	Terminator 2	Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD ?
Terminator 2 was released twice in Squeeze LD , the second release being THX certified and a notable improvement over the first .	THX certified	What improvement was added to Terminator 2 's second Squeeze LD release ?
Titles include Unforgiven , Grumpy Old Men , The Fugitive , and Free Willy .	Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy	What Warner Brothers films were available in 16:9 aspect ratio Squeeze LDs ?
A series of releases under the banner `` SQUEEZE LD '' from Pioneer of mostly Carolco titles included Basic Instinct , Stargate , Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , Showgirls , Cutthroat Island , and Cliffhanger .	Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger	What films were available for Japanese market Squeeze LDs ?
Another form of recordable LaserDisc that is completely playback-compatible with the LaserDisc format -LRB- unlike CRVdisc with its caddy enclosure -RRB- is the RLV , or Recordable LaserVision disc .	Recordable LaserVision disc	What does the acronym RLV stand for ?
It was developed and first marketed by the Optical Disc Corporation -LRB- ODC , now ODC Nimbus -RRB- in 1984 .	Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus)	Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV ?
It was developed and first marketed by the Optical Disc Corporation -LRB- ODC , now ODC Nimbus -RRB- in 1984 .	1984.	In what year did ODC develop the Recordable LaserVision Disc ?
The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet -LRB- or blue with some RLV discs -RRB- color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable , as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs .	reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color	What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD ?
The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet -LRB- or blue with some RLV discs -RRB- color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable , as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs .	to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs	Why do RLV discs have a blue or purple reflective color ?
RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators .	making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators	For what purpose were RLVs popular ?
The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet -LRB- or blue with some RLV discs -RRB- color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable , as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs .	silver mirror	What color were regular LaserDiscs , in contrast to RLVs blueish purple hues ?
There were also 12 cm -LRB- 4.7 in -RRB- -LRB- CD size -RRB- `` single '' - style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players .	12 cm (4.7 in)	In contrast to large LD disks , what is the size of a standard CD ?
These were referred to as CD Video -LRB- CD-V -RRB- discs , and Video Single Discs -LRB- VSD -RRB- .	CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD)	What were CD size `` single '' - style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players ?
A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content -LRB- usually a music video -RRB- , as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks .	up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content	How much video content could be stored on a CD-V disk ?
A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content -LRB- usually a music video -RRB- , as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks .	music video	What were CD-V 's video capacities usually used for ?
The original 1989 release of David Bowie 's retrospective Sound + Vision CD box set prominently featured a CD-V video of Ashes to Ashes , and standalone promo CD-Vs featured the video , plus three audio tracks : `` John , I 'm Only Dancing '' , `` Changes '' , and `` The Supermen '' .	David Bowie	Which artist released a music video and three audio tracks on CD-V in 1989 ?
VSDs were the same as CD-Vs , but without the audio CD tracks .	audio CD tracks	What were VSDs lacking that CD-Vs included ?
VSDs were popular only in Japan and other parts of Asia , and were never fully introduced to the rest of the world .	only in Japan and other parts of Asia	In what areas of the world were VSDs popular ?
VSDs were the same as CD-Vs , but without the audio CD tracks .	VSDs	Were VSDs or CD-Vs all digital and also playable on DVD players ?
They also have parapodia for locomotion .	parapodia	What do annelids use to move ?
Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes -LRB- almost all marine -RRB- , oligochaetes -LRB- which include earthworms -RRB- and leech-like species .	polychaetes	Which subtype of annelids includes most marine worms ?
Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes -LRB- almost all marine -RRB- , oligochaetes -LRB- which include earthworms -RRB- and leech-like species .	oligochaetes	Which subtype of annelids includes earthworms ?
Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme , viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes .	oligochaetes	Since 1997 , what are leeches seen as a subgroup of ?
Septa separate the segments of many species , but are poorly defined or absent in others , and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation .	Septa	What separates many annelids ' segments ?
Septa separate the segments of many species , but are poorly defined or absent in others , and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation .	Echiura and Sipuncula	Which annelids show no segmentation ?
In species with well-developed septa , the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels , and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts .	front	What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like hearts ?
The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments , which facilitates movement by peristalsis -LRB- `` ripples '' that pass along the body -RRB- or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia .	peristalsis	What is movement by ripples called ?
In species with incomplete septa or none , the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump , and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques -- some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment .	turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves	What movement method do some burrowing annelids use ?
Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries , sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied .	sexual reproduction	How do annelids normally reproduce ?
Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries , sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied .	regenerate after severe injuries	What can asexual reproduction techniques help annelids do ?
The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae , that live as plankton and then sink and metamorphose into miniature adults .	trochophore	What larvae live like plankton ?
Oligochaetes are full hermaphrodites and produce a ring-like cocoon around their bodies , in which the eggs and hatchlings are nourished until they are ready to emerge .	Oligochaetes	What annelids are hermaphrodites ?
Oligochaetes are full hermaphrodites and produce a ring-like cocoon around their bodies , in which the eggs and hatchlings are nourished until they are ready to emerge .	Oligochaetes	What annelids make a cocoon in a ring around themselves ?
Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil .	aeration and enriching	How do earthworms help the soil they live in ?
The burrowing of marine polychaetes , which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments , encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor .	up to a third	How much of near-shore marine annelids are burrowing ?
The burrowing of marine polychaetes , which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments , encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor .	enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor	How do burrowing marine annelids help ocean ecosystems ?
Ragworms ' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength .	Ragworms	What annelids ' jaws are being studied by engineers ?
Although blood-letting is no longer in favor with doctors , some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries .	they have been over-harvested	Why are some leeches endangered ?
Since annelids are soft-bodied , their fossils are rare -- mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted .	annelids are soft-bodied	Why are annelid fossils rare ?
Since annelids are soft-bodied , their fossils are rare -- mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted .	jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted	What fossil signs of annelids are found ?
Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids , the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period .	518 million years ago	How old is the earliest annelid fossil ?
Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous , about 299 million years ago .	modern mobile polychaete groups	What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago ?
Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician , about 472 to 461 million years ago , are the remains of oligochaetes , and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Tertiary period , which began 65 million years ago .	the mid Ordovician	What period started around 472 million years ago ?
Their bodies are long , with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa -LRB- `` partitions '' -RRB- at the same points , although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing .	shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli	What externally divides annelids ' segments ?
Their bodies are long , with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa -LRB- `` partitions '' -RRB- at the same points , although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing .	septa ("partitions")	What divides annelids ' segments internally ?
Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs , although sharing a common gut , circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent .	a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system	What do the segments of an annelid share ?
Their bodies are covered by a cuticle -LRB- outer covering -RRB- that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath , is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt -- on the other hand arthropods ' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-chitin , and molt until the arthropods reach their full size .	a cuticle	What covers an annelid 's exterior ?
Their bodies are covered by a cuticle -LRB- outer covering -RRB- that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath , is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt -- on the other hand arthropods ' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-chitin , and molt until the arthropods reach their full size .	collagen	What is an annelid 's cuticle made of ?
Most of an annelid 's body consists of segments that are practically identical , having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae -LRB- Greek χαιτη , meaning `` hair '' -RRB- and , in some species , appendages .	Greek	What language does the term ` chaetae ' come from ?
Most of an annelid 's body consists of segments that are practically identical , having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae -LRB- Greek χαιτη , meaning `` hair '' -RRB- and , in some species , appendages .	hair	What does ` chaetae ' mean ?
However , the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments .	the frontmost and rearmost sections	Which parts of annelids are different from true segments ?
The frontmost section , called the prostomium -LRB- Greek προ - meaning `` in front of '' and στομα meaning `` mouth '' -RRB- contains the brain and sense organs , while the rearmost , called the pygidium -LRB- Greek πυγιδιον , meaning `` little tail '' -RRB- or periproct contains the anus , generally on the underside .	Greek	What language does ` prostomium ' come from ?
The frontmost section , called the prostomium -LRB- Greek προ - meaning `` in front of '' and στομα meaning `` mouth '' -RRB- contains the brain and sense organs , while the rearmost , called the pygidium -LRB- Greek πυγιδιον , meaning `` little tail '' -RRB- or periproct contains the anus , generally on the underside .	little tail	What does ` pygidium ' mean ?
Annelids ' cuticles are made of collagen fibers , usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other .	spiral in alternating directions	How are the layers arranged in annelids ' cuticles ?
Annelids ' cuticles are made of collagen fibers , usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other .	collagen fibers	What are annelids ' cuticles made out of ?
A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles , but their tubes have a similar structure , and mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis protect their skins .	mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis	What do non-cuticle annelids use to protect their skin ?
Under the epidermis is the dermis , which is made of connective tissue , in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen .	the dermis	What layer is under the epidermis ?
Below this are two layers of muscles , which develop from the lining of the coelom -LRB- body cavity -RRB- : circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract , while under them are longitudinal muscles , usually four distinct strips , whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter .	(body cavity	What does ` coelom ' mean ?
The parapodia -LRB- `` limbs '' -RRB- of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips -- for example jointed , comb-like or hooked .	limbs	What are parapodia ?
Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-chitin and are formed by follicles , each of which has a chetoblast -LRB- `` hair-forming '' -RRB- cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta .	hair-forming	What do chetoblast cells do ?
The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli , fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta .	microvilli	What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make ?
Hence annelids ' chetae are structurally different from the setae -LRB- `` bristles '' -RRB- of arthropods , which are made of the more rigid α-chitin , have a single internal cavity , and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle .	bristles	What are setae ?
In active crawlers and swimmers the parapodia are often divided into large upper and lower paddles on a very short trunk , and the paddles are generally fringed with chetae and sometimes with cirri -LRB- fused bundles of cilia -RRB- and gills .	fused bundles of cilia	What are cirri ?
The parapodia of burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes are often just ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae .	ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae	What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have ?
Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs , while other major annelid groups lack them .	polychaetes	What type of annelids have limb-like parapodia ?
Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall , and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body .	unjointed paired extensions of the body wall	What are parapodia ?
The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx -LRB- throat -RRB- , consisting of a pair of ganglia -LRB- local control centers -RRB- above and in front of the pharynx , linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it .	local control centers	What are ganglia ?
The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx -LRB- throat -RRB- , consisting of a pair of ganglia -LRB- local control centers -RRB- above and in front of the pharynx , linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it .	the pharynx	What is an annelid 's brain in a ring around ?
The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx -LRB- throat -RRB- , consisting of a pair of ganglia -LRB- local control centers -RRB- above and in front of the pharynx , linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it .	throat	What is a pharynx ?
The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium , while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium .	in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium	Where are clitellates ' brains ?
The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium , while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium .	in the prostomium	Where are polychaetes ' brains ?
As in arthropods , each muscle fiber -LRB- cell -RRB- is controlled by more than one neuron , and the speed and power of the fiber 's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons .	arthropods	What species group are annelids ' muscle control similar to ?
Most annelids ' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant axons -LRB- the output signal lines of nerve cells -RRB- .	the output signal lines of nerve cells	What are giant axons ?
This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies .	shortening their bodies	How do annelids withdraw from danger ?
The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light , chemicals , pressure waves and contact , and are present on the head , appendages -LRB- if any -RRB- and other parts of the body .	light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact	What kind of things can annelids ' sensors detect ?
Nuchal -LRB- `` on the neck '' -RRB- organs are paired , ciliated structures found only in polychaetes , and are thought to be chemosensors .	on the neck	What does ` nuchal ' mean ?
Nuchal -LRB- `` on the neck '' -RRB- organs are paired , ciliated structures found only in polychaetes , and are thought to be chemosensors .	polychaetes	What type of annelids have nuchal organs ?
Nuchal -LRB- `` on the neck '' -RRB- organs are paired , ciliated structures found only in polychaetes , and are thought to be chemosensors .	chemosensors	What are the nuchal organs thought to do ?
Some polychaetes also have various combinations of ocelli -LRB- `` little eyes '' -RRB- that detect the direction from which light is coming and camera eyes or compound eyes that can probably form images .	ocelli	What term means ` little eyes ' ?
Most annelids have a pair of coelomata -LRB- body cavities -RRB- in each segment , separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries .	body cavities	What are coelomata ?
Most annelids have a pair of coelomata -LRB- body cavities -RRB- in each segment , separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries .	septa	What are annelids ' body cavities separated from other segments by ?
Most annelids have a pair of coelomata -LRB- body cavities -RRB- in each segment , separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries .	vertical mesenteries	What are annelids ' body cavities separated from each other by ?
The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells ; in other words , their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall .	modified epitheliomuscular cells	What is the mesothelium made of ?
Many annelids move by peristalsis -LRB- waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body -RRB- , or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim .	waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body	How does peristalsis work ?
In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments , by making each segment a separate fluid-filled `` balloon '' .	the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments	Why are annelids ' segments like water-balloons ?
However , the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia -- for example some move by whipping movements of the body , some small marine species move by means of cilia -LRB- fine muscle-powered hairs -RRB- and some burrowers turn their pharynges -LRB- throats -RRB- inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it .	throats	What are phrynges ?
However , the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia -- for example some move by whipping movements of the body , some small marine species move by means of cilia -LRB- fine muscle-powered hairs -RRB- and some burrowers turn their pharynges -LRB- throats -RRB- inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it .	fine muscle-powered hairs	What are cilia ?
The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections .	parasites and infections	What can coelomocyte cells defend against ?
Respiratory pigment is also dissolved in the blood plasma .	Respiratory	What type of pigment is dissolved in annelids ' blood ?
Species with well-developed septa generally also have blood vessels running all long their bodies above and below the gut , the upper one carrying blood forwards while the lower one carries it backwards .	blood vessels	What runs the length of annelids ' bodies with well-developed septa ?
Species with poorly developed or no septa generally have no blood vessels and rely on the circulation within the coelom for delivering nutrients and oxygen .	circulation within the coelom	What do annelids without septa have to use for circulation ?
However , leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids , including other members of the Clitellata .	leeches and their closest relatives	What type of annelids are very different from others ?
In leeches there are no septa , the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of the body , and the two coelomata are widely separated and run the length of the body .	connective tissue layer of the body wall	What type of tissue takes up most of the body of a leech ?
In leeches there are no septa , the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of the body , and the two coelomata are widely separated and run the length of the body .	two	How many coelomata do leeches have ?
However , they are lined with mesothelium , like the coelomata and unlike the blood vessels of other annelids .	mesothelium	What lines the coelomata of leeches ?
Leeches generally use suckers at their front and rear ends to move like inchworms .	suckers at their front and rear ends	What do leeches use to move ?
Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted -LRB- turned inside out to extend it -RRB- .	turned inside out to extend	What does ` everted ' mean ?
Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted -LRB- turned inside out to extend it -RRB- .	pharynx	What part of a polychaete can be everted ?
Two families , the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae , have evolved jaws , which can be used for seizing prey , biting off pieces of vegetation , or grasping dead and decaying matter .	Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae	What types of annelids have evolved jaws ?
Two families , the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae , have evolved jaws , which can be used for seizing prey , biting off pieces of vegetation , or grasping dead and decaying matter .	seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter	What do annelids use jaws for ?
Filter feeders use `` crowns '' of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths .	palps covered in cilia	What do some annelids have ` crowns ' of ?
However , in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria , which can make up 15 % of the worms ' total weight .	Siboglinidae	What type of annelids are tube-dwelling ?
However , in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria , which can make up 15 % of the worms ' total weight .	a swollen lining	What blocks the Siboglinidae 's gut ?
However , in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria , which can make up 15 % of the worms ' total weight .	15%	How much of a Siboglinidae 's weight is symbiotic bacteria ?
The bacteria convert inorganic matter -- such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from hydrothermal vents , or methane from seeps -- to organic matter that feeds themselves and their hosts , while the worms extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria .	hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide	What gases come from hydrothermal vents ?
The bacteria convert inorganic matter -- such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from hydrothermal vents , or methane from seeps -- to organic matter that feeds themselves and their hosts , while the worms extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria .	methane	What gases come from seeps ?
Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products , while those without use protonephridia .	soluble waste products	What do metanephridia remove ?
Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products , while those without use protonephridia .	protonephridia	What do annelids without blood vessels do to remove waste ?
The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ , while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first -- in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid , where it circulates to the metanephridia .	protonephridia	What annelid system combines both filtration states in one organ ?
It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes , which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia .	two	How many sexes of annelids were there originally ?
It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes , which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia .	nephridia	What releases sperm from annelids ?
The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae , which live as plankton .	trochophore larvae	What do annelid eggs become ?
The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae , which live as plankton .	plankton	What do annelids ' larvae live like ?
Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults : the part of the trochophore between the apical tuft and the prototroch becomes the prostomium -LRB- head -RRB- ; a small area round the trochophore 's anus becomes the pygidium -LRB- tail-piece -RRB- ; a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments ; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium -LRB- the segment that contains the mouth -RRB- .	the prostomium (head)	What does the trochophore become when annelids mature ?
However , the lifecycles of most living polychaetes , which are almost all marine animals , are unknown , and only about 25 % of the 300 + species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern .	about 25%	How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles ?
About 14 % use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs , which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton , or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae .	14%	What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs ?
About 14 % use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs , which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton , or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae .	reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton	What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs ?
While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives , a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives .	change sex	What do some non-single-sex polychaetes do ?
Most polychaetes whose reproduction has been studied lack permanent gonads , and it is uncertain how they produce ova and sperm .	permanent gonads	What are most polychaetes lacking for reproduction ?
In a few species the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual that lives just long enough to swim to a suitable environment , usually near the surface , and spawn .	the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual	How do some annelids get a one-time chance at a better spawning spot ?
Most mature clitellates -LRB- the group that includes earthworms and leeches -RRB- are full hermaphrodites , although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity .	clitellates	What annelid group includes leeches and earthworms ?
Most mature clitellates -LRB- the group that includes earthworms and leeches -RRB- are full hermaphrodites , although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity .	hermaphrodites	What type of sex are most earthworms ?
Leeches ' eggs are fertilized in the ovaries , and then transferred to the cocoon .	in the ovaries	Where are leeches ' eggs fertilized ?
Leeches ' eggs are fertilized in the ovaries , and then transferred to the cocoon .	the cocoon	Where do leeches move their eggs to ?
All clitellates hatch as miniature adults rather than larvae .	clitellates	What type of annelids hatch as miniature adults ?
Charles Darwin 's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms -LRB- 1881 -RRB- presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms ' contributions to soil fertility .	Charles Darwin	Who published a book about worms in 1881 ?
Charles Darwin 's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms -LRB- 1881 -RRB- presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms ' contributions to soil fertility .	The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms	What was the first scientific study of how earthworms help soil ?
Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface , generally in moist leaf litter .	generally in moist leaf litter	Where do earthworms prefer to live on the surface ?
The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water can penetrate it , and both surface and burrowing worms help to produce soil by mixing organic and mineral matter , by accelerating the decomposition of organic matter and thus making it more quickly available to other organisms , and by concentrating minerals and converting them to forms that plants can use more easily .	oxygen and water can penetrate it	How does burrowers ' loosening help the soil ?
Earthworms are also important prey for birds ranging in size from robins to storks , and for mammals ranging from shrews to badgers , and in some cases conserving earthworms may be essential for conserving endangered birds .	storks	What is the largest bird that eats earthworms ?
In the glaciated areas of North America , for example , almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas , primarily from Europe , and , more recently , from Asia .	glaciated areas of North America	Where were native earthworms killed by glaciers ?
In the glaciated areas of North America , for example , almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas , primarily from Europe , and , more recently , from Asia .	Europe	Where did most of the current earthworms in glacial areas come from ?
Northern hardwood forests are especially negatively impacted by invasive worms through the loss of leaf duff , soil fertility , changes in soil chemistry and the loss of ecological diversity .	Northern hardwood forests	What type of forests can be hurt by invasive worms ?
The rear end of the Palolo worm , a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral , detaches in order to spawn at the surface , and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy .	Palolo worm	What type of annelid tunnels through coral ?
The rear end of the Palolo worm , a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral , detaches in order to spawn at the surface , and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy .	Palolo worm	What annelid 's rear end do Samoans like to eat ?
The rear end of the Palolo worm , a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral , detaches in order to spawn at the surface , and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy .	spawning modules	What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer ?
Some marine polychaetes ' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations .	molluscs	What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems ?
Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture , and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations .	Ragworms	What type of worm have there been proposals to farm ?
Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD , India around 200 AD , ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe .	30 AD	When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting ?
Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD , India around 200 AD , ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe .	China	Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting ?
Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD , India around 200 AD , ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe .	50 AD	When did Rome begin using leeches ?
Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD , India around 200 AD , ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe .	200 AD	When did India begin using leeches ?
In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas ' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports , and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES .	IUCN and CITES	Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as endangered ?
The small shelly fossil Cloudina , from 549 to 542 million years ago , has been classified by some authors as an annelid , but by others as a cnidarian -LRB- i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong -RRB- .	549 to 542 million years ago	When did Cloudina exist ?
The small shelly fossil Cloudina , from 549 to 542 million years ago , has been classified by some authors as an annelid , but by others as a cnidarian -LRB- i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong -RRB- .	cnidarian	What do some people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid ?
Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta , both from Canada 's Burgess Shale , formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian .	505 million years	How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Canada ?
Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta , both from Canada 's Burgess Shale , formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian .	early Cambrian	What era was underway 505 million years ago ?
Myoscolex , found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale , was possibly an annelid .	Australia	Where was Myoscolex found ?
The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period , which began 65 million years ago , and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous , from 130 to 90 million years ago .	65 million years ago	When did the Tertiary period begin ?
The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period , which began 65 million years ago , and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous , from 130 to 90 million years ago .	early Cretaceous	What era did oligochaetes evolve in ?
Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician , from 472 to 461 million years ago , have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes , but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed .	oligochaetes	What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period ?
Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician , from 472 to 461 million years ago , have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes , but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed .	472 to 461 million years ago	When were the earliest annelid fossils found ?
Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups , the polychaetes and clitellates .	polychaetes and clitellates	What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among ?
In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes , which include earthworms , and hirudinomorphs , whose best-known members are leeches .	oligochaetes	What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms ?
In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes , which include earthworms , and hirudinomorphs , whose best-known members are leeches .	hirudinomorphs	What subtype of clitellates contains leeches ?
For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher-level groups .	approximately 80	How many polychaete families are there ?
In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a `` first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour '' , based on anatomical structures , and divided polychaetes into :	1997	When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize polychaetes ?
In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa , of which 9 were outgroups , in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life .	Torsten Struck and colleagues	Who compared annelid genes in 2007 ?
In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa , of which 9 were outgroups , in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life .	3	How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck first compare ?
For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes -LRB- including the original 3 -RRB- in 10 taxa .	11	How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck compare for a cross-check ?
It also concluded that the classification of polychaetes into Scolecida , Canalipalpata and Aciculata was useless , as the members of these alleged groups were scattered all over the family tree derived from comparing the 81 taxa .	Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata	What subtypes of polychaetes were useless classifications , according to the 2007 study ?
In addition , it also placed sipunculans , generally regarded at the time as a separate phylum , on another branch of the polychaete tree , and concluded that leeches were a sub-group of oligochaetes rather than their sister-group among the clitellates .	oligochaetes	What did Rouse decide leeches were a subgroup of ?
In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla , the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates .	3	How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify ?
Polychaetes , which these analyses found to be the parent group , have completely segmented bodies , while polychaetes ' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies .	Polychaetes	What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids ?
Polychaetes , which these analyses found to be the parent group , have completely segmented bodies , while polychaetes ' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies .	echiurans and sipunculan	What offshoots of polychaetes are unsegmented ?
Polychaetes , which these analyses found to be the parent group , have completely segmented bodies , while polychaetes ' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies .	pogonophores	What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the rear ?
The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system , which is associated with segmentation , is less universal previously thought in both annelids and arthropods .	ladder-like	What nervous system structure is less univeral among annelids than was thought before 2007 ?
Annelids are members of the protostomes , one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals -- the other is the deuterostomes , which includes vertebrates .	protostomes	What superphylum are annelids in ?
Annelids are members of the protostomes , one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals -- the other is the deuterostomes , which includes vertebrates .	deuterostomes	What is the other superphylum besides protostomes ?
Annelids are members of the protostomes , one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals -- the other is the deuterostomes , which includes vertebrates .	deuterostomes	What superphylum are vertebrates in ?
Within the protostomes , annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata -LRB- `` jointed animals '' -RRB- , as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla .	jointed animals	What does ` Articulata ' mean ?
The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs , brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores -LRB- fan-like feeding structures -RRB- and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa .	fan-like feeding structures	What are lophophores ?
The `` Lophotrochozoa '' hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group , including annelids , molluscs , nemerteans and flatworms , follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg 's development .	annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms	Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development ?
When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage , descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern .	after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern	How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves ?
Hence this development pattern is often described as `` spiral determinate cleavage '' .	spiral determinate cleavage	What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called ?
The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience -LRB- infinite knowledge -RRB- , omnipotence -LRB- unlimited power -RRB- , omnipresence -LRB- present everywhere -RRB- , omnibenevolence -LRB- perfect goodness -RRB- , divine simplicity , and eternal and necessary existence .	unlimited power	What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent ?
The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience -LRB- infinite knowledge -RRB- , omnipotence -LRB- unlimited power -RRB- , omnipresence -LRB- present everywhere -RRB- , omnibenevolence -LRB- perfect goodness -RRB- , divine simplicity , and eternal and necessary existence .	omnipresence	What is the feeling of God being everywhere ?
The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience -LRB- infinite knowledge -RRB- , omnipotence -LRB- unlimited power -RRB- , omnipresence -LRB- present everywhere -RRB- , omnibenevolence -LRB- perfect goodness -RRB- , divine simplicity , and eternal and necessary existence .	infinite knowledge	What is the extent of God 's knowledge ?
The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience -LRB- infinite knowledge -RRB- , omnipotence -LRB- unlimited power -RRB- , omnipresence -LRB- present everywhere -RRB- , omnibenevolence -LRB- perfect goodness -RRB- , divine simplicity , and eternal and necessary existence .	omniscience	What is infinite knowledge classified as ?
The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience -LRB- infinite knowledge -RRB- , omnipotence -LRB- unlimited power -RRB- , omnipresence -LRB- present everywhere -RRB- , omnibenevolence -LRB- perfect goodness -RRB- , divine simplicity , and eternal and necessary existence .	omnibenevolence	What is the benevolence of God called ?
God is also usually defined as a non-corporeal being without any human biological gender , but the concept of God actively -LRB- as opposed to receptively -RRB- creating the universe has caused some religions to give `` Him '' the metaphorical name of `` Father '' .	without any human biological gender	Does God have a gender ?
Because God is conceived as not being a corporeal being , God can not -LRB- some say should not -RRB- be portrayed in a literal visual image ; some religious groups use a man -LRB- sometimes old and bearded -RRB- to symbolize God because of His deed of creating man 's mind in the image of His own .	a man (sometimes old and bearded)	What type of human is God portrayed as in some religions ?
In monotheism and henotheism , God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith .	Supreme Being and principal object of faith	What is a God in monotheism ?
In theism , God is the creator and sustainer of the universe , while in deism , God is the creator , but not the sustainer , of the universe .	theism	In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe ?
In theism , God is the creator and sustainer of the universe , while in deism , God is the creator , but not the sustainer , of the universe .	the creator, but not the sustainer	What does deism believe God 's role in the universe is ?
In pantheism , God is the universe itself .	pantheism	Which belief is that God is the universe ?
In atheism , God is not believed to exist , while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism .	atheism	Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being ?
In atheism , God is not believed to exist , while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism .	agnosticism	Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer , or something , but not organized religion ?
In theism , God is the creator and sustainer of the universe , while in deism , God is the creator , but not the sustainer , of the universe .	creator and sustainer of the universe	What is God in theism ?
Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God .	belief in the existence of one God	What is monotheism ?
In pantheism , God is the universe itself .	God is the universe itself	What is pantheism ?
In atheism , God is not believed to exist , while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism .	God is not believed to exist	What is atheism ?
In theism , God is the creator and sustainer of the universe , while in deism , God is the creator , but not the sustainer , of the universe .	the creator	What is God in deism ?
In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism , `` He Who Is '' , `` I Am that I Am '' , and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God , while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH .	Yahweh and Jehovah	What are vocalizations of the name of God , YHWH ?
In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity , God , consubstantial in three persons , is called the Father , the Son , and the Holy Spirit .	the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit	What is the Holy Trinity ?
In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism , possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion , this deity was called Aten , premised on being the one `` true '' Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe .	Aten	In the time of Atenism , what was God called ?
In Islam , the name Allah , `` Al-El '' , or `` Al-Elah '' -LRB- `` the God '' -RRB- is used , while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God .	Allah	What is the Islamic name for God ?
Other religions have names for God , for instance , Baha in the Bahá ' í Faith , Waheguru in Sikhism , and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism .	Baha	What do members of the Bahá ' í Faith call God ?
In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism , possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion , this deity was called Aten , premised on being the one `` true '' Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe .	Atenism	What was the first monotheistic religion ?
In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism , `` He Who Is '' , `` I Am that I Am '' , and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God , while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH .	YHWH	What is the God of the Hebrew Bible called ?
In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism , `` He Who Is '' , `` I Am that I Am '' , and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God , while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH .	Yahweh and Jehovah	What is the Christian God called ?
In Judaism , it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai , the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten .	Elohim or Adonai	What are the 2 titular names of God in the Jewish religion ?
In Judaism , it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai , the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten .	Aten	Where do scholars believe the name Adonai came from ?
The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan .	the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan	Where is the English word God derived from ?
The Germanic words for God were originally neuter -- applying to both genders -- but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism , the words became a masculine syntactic form .	neuter—applying to both genders	Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine ?
The Germanic words for God were originally neuter -- applying to both genders -- but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism , the words became a masculine syntactic form .	Christianization of the Germanic peoples	When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form ?
The Germanic words for God were originally neuter -- applying to both genders -- but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism , the words became a masculine syntactic form .	Germanic paganism	What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization ?
The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau -LRB- ə -RRB- - , which meant either `` to call '' or `` to invoke '' .	"to call" or "to invoke"	What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean ?
The earliest written form of the Germanic word God -LRB- always , in this usage , capitalized -RRB- comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus .	Codex Argenteus	Where does the word God come from originally ?
The Germanic words for God were originally neuter -- applying to both genders -- but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism , the words became a masculine syntactic form .	neuter	What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in ?
In the English language , the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic `` God '' and `` gods '' in polytheism .	the capitalized form of God	What differentiates God from gods ?
In the English language , the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic `` God '' and `` gods '' in polytheism .	polytheism	What belief has many gods ?
In many translations of the Bible , when the word LORD is in all capitals , it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton .	signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton	What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible ?
The same holds for Hebrew El , but in Judaism , God is also given a proper name , the tetragrammaton YHWH , in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity , Yahweh .	YHWH	What is the tetragrammaton gor God ?
The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and , in spite of significant differences between religions , the term remains an English translation common to all .	God	No matter which religion , what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being ?
In the English language , the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic `` God '' and `` gods '' in polytheism .	gods	What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods ?
The same holds for Hebrew El , but in Judaism , God is also given a proper name , the tetragrammaton YHWH , in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity , Yahweh .	YHWH	What is the name of God in Judaism ?
The same holds for Hebrew El , but in Judaism , God is also given a proper name , the tetragrammaton YHWH , in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity , Yahweh .	YHWH	What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent ?
The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism , the trinitarian view of Christians , and the Islamic concept of God .	trinitarian	What type of view do Christians take on God ?
The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine : views of God in Hinduism vary by region , sect , and caste , ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic .	region, sect, and caste	How much can belief in God vary in Hinduism ?
The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine : views of God in Hinduism vary by region , sect , and caste , ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic .	ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic	Does hinduism only believe in a single god ?
The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism , the trinitarian view of Christians , and the Islamic concept of God .	monotheistic	What view does the Jewish community take on God ?
The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine : views of God in Hinduism vary by region , sect , and caste , ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic .	dharmic	What kind of religion is Hinduism considered ?
The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism , the trinitarian view of Christians , and the Islamic concept of God .	monotheistic	What type of religion is Judaism ?
The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism , the trinitarian view of Christians , and the Islamic concept of God .	trinitarian	What type of religion is Christianity ?
The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine : views of God in Hinduism vary by region , sect , and caste , ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic .	monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic.	How many gods do the Hindu 's have ?
Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus , comparing it to polytheism .	polytheism	What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles ?
Thus , Muslims are not iconodules , and are not expected to visualize God .	iconodules	Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God ?
Islam 's most fundamental concept is tawhid -LRB- meaning `` oneness '' or `` uniqueness '' -RRB- .	tawhid	What is the most basic belief of the Muslim religion ?
God is described in the Quran as : `` Say : He is Allah , the One and Only ; Allah , the Eternal , Absolute ; He begetteth not , nor is He begotten ; And there is none like unto Him . ''	Quran	What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism ?
Islam 's most fundamental concept is tawhid -LRB- meaning `` oneness '' or `` uniqueness '' -RRB- .	"oneness" or "uniqueness"	What is the meaning behind the Muslim concept of tawhid ?
The view that all theists actually worship the same god , whether they know it or not , is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism .	Hinduism and Sikhism	What religion believes that all theist worship the same god ?
In Christianity , the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three persons .	one God in three persons	What is the trinity in Christianity ?
Monotheists hold that there is only one god , and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names .	one god	What do monotheists believe ?
Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus , comparing it to polytheism .	comparing it to polytheism	What do Muslims think of Christianity ?
Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time .	God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time	What is the basis behind Catholic theology ?
Theism generally holds that God exists realistically , objectively , and independently of human thought ; that God created and sustains everything ; that God is omnipotent and eternal ; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through , for example , religious experience and the prayers of humans .	religious experience and the prayers of humans	What ways can God interact with the universe ?
Most theists hold that God is omnipotent , omniscient , and benevolent , although this belief raises questions about God 's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world .	God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world	Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent ?
Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods , i.e. , monotheism or polytheism .	used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods	What is the suffix theism used for ?
Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods , i.e. , monotheism or polytheism .	monotheism or polytheism	What are examples of different types of theism ?
Most theists hold that God is omnipotent , omniscient , and benevolent , although this belief raises questions about God 's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world .	God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent,	What three points do most theists agree on ?
Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time .	Catholic	What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time ?
Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods , i.e. , monotheism or polytheism .	belief in a god or gods	What does theism mean in general ?
Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent : God exists , but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it .	God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it	What is a deistic view of God ?
Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity .	no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity	How does a deistic God feel about us ?
Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it , and as to Pantheism , the origin and purpose of the universe .	why God would create a universe and then abandon it	What is Pandeism ?
In this view , God is not anthropomorphic , and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles .	neither answers prayers nor produces miracles	What does a deistic God not do ?
Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent : God exists , but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it .	Deism	What type of religion believes that God is transcendent ?
Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity .	God has no interest in humanity	What is deism ?
In this view , God is not anthropomorphic , and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles .	God is not anthropomorphic	In deism is God represented in human form ?
In this view , God is not anthropomorphic , and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles .	neither answers prayers	In deism , does God answer prayers ?
Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God , whereas Panentheism holds that God contains , but is not identical to , the Universe .	God is the universe and the universe is God	What is Pantheism ?
Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God , whereas Panentheism holds that God contains , but is not identical to , the Universe .	God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe	WHat is Panentheism ?
Kabbalah , Jewish mysticism , paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God -- which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism , particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov -- but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god , not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God .	Jewish mysticism	WHat is Kabbalah ?
Kabbalah , Jewish mysticism , paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God -- which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism , particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov -- but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god , not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God .	The Baal Shem Tov	Who is the founder of Hasidic Judaism ?
Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God , whereas Panentheism holds that God contains , but is not identical to , the Universe .	God is the universe	What is pantheism ?
Kabbalah , Jewish mysticism , paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God -- which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism , particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov -- but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god , not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God .	The Baal Shem Tov	Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism ?
Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God , whereas Panentheism holds that God contains , but is not identical to , the Universe .	God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe	What is Panentheism ?
It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church ; Theosophy ; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism , which believes in panentheism ; Sikhism ; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism , along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations .	Vaishnavism	What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism ?
Kabbalah , Jewish mysticism , paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God -- which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism , particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov -- but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god , not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God .	Kabbalah	What is another name for Jewish mysticism ?
Some non-theists avoid the concept of God , whilst accepting that it is significant to many ; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations .	a symbol of human values and aspirations	What do some non-theists view God as ?
The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say `` There is no God '' , because `` the word ` God ' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation '' ; he said more specifically that he disbelieved in the Christian god .	Charles Bradlaugh	Although a proclaimed atheist , who was it that said `` the word ` God ' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation '' ?
Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called `` non-overlapping magisteria '' -LRB- NOMA -RRB- .	non-overlapping magisteria	What is NOMA ?
The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world , and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value .	science	In NOMA , what should be used to answer questions about the physical world ?
The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world , and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value .	theology	What should be used to answer ultimate questions on morality and meaning ?
The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say `` There is no God '' , because `` the word ` God ' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation '' ; he said more specifically that he disbelieved in the Christian god .	Charles Bradlaugh	Name the nineteenth century English atheist ?
Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called `` non-overlapping magisteria '' -LRB- NOMA -RRB- .	non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA)	What does Stephen Jay Gould call philosophy that deals in the supernatural ?
The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world , and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value .	theology	What category does NOMA fall under ?
Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old .	the discovery that the universe is infinitely old	What did Sagan argue was the only was to prove the existence of God ?
Another view , advanced by Richard Dawkins , is that the existence of God is an empirical question , on the grounds that `` a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without , and it would be a scientific difference . ''	"a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference."	What is Richard Dawkins belief about the existence of God ?
Another view , advanced by Richard Dawkins , is that the existence of God is an empirical question , on the grounds that `` a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without , and it would be a scientific difference . ''	a scientific difference	What kind of difference does Dawkins believe would come from the existence of God ?
Another view , advanced by Richard Dawkins , is that the existence of God is an empirical question , on the grounds that `` a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without , and it would be a scientific difference . ''	Richard Dawkins	Who argued that the existence of God is an empirical question ?
Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old .	Carl Sagan	Who stated that God was difficult both to prove or disprove ?
Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old .	the universe is infinitely old.	How could science discover if there was not a creator ?
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book , The Grand Design , that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe , but if the answer is God , then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God .	who created God	What does Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow pose as a better question that `` Is there a God '' ?
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book , The Grand Design , that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe , but if the answer is God , then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God .	Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow	Who wrote The Grand Design ?
Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences .	Neuroscientist	What is Michael Nikoletseas profession ?
Both authors claim however , that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science , and without invoking any divine beings .	purely within the realm of science	How do Hawking and Mlodinow believe the question of God can be answered ?
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book , The Grand Design , that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe , but if the answer is God , then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God .	The Grand Design	What is the name of Stephen Hawking 's book ?
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book , The Grand Design , that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe , but if the answer is God , then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God .	Leonard Mlodinow	Who was Hawking 's co-author ?
Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences .	Michael Nikoletseas	Who says the that whether there is or is n't a God are just like questions in natural science ?
Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto non-human aspects of the world because it makes those aspects more familiar .	it makes those aspects more familiar	Why does Stewart Guthrie believe that people project their human features onto non human things ?
The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion .	The construction of gods and spirits like persons	What is one of the most common traits of religion according to Boyer ?
Sigmund Freud also suggested that god concepts are projections of one 's father .	god concepts are projections of one's father	What did Frued believe about the belief in God ?
Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world , in general , supernatural beings tend to behave much like people .	much like people	How does Pascal Boyer believe that gods and other supernatural beings behave ?
Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world , in general , supernatural beings tend to behave much like people .	Pascal Boyer	Who argues that there are lots of supernatural things in the world ?
Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world , in general , supernatural beings tend to behave much like people .	much like people	How do supernatural entities act ?
He cites examples from Greek mythology , which is , in his opinion , more like a modern soap opera than other religious systems .	Greek mythology	Which religion does Boyer equate with a modern soap opera ?
Sigmund Freud also suggested that god concepts are projections of one 's father .	Sigmund Freud	Who believed that gods are just projections of a person 's father ?
In small groups , morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation .	gossip or reputation	What are ways that small social groups can force morality ?
In line with this reasoning , psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups , they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality .	Matt Rossano	Who suggested that by including the presence of an omniscient God , selfishness can be controlled and cooperation can be gained ?
Likewise , Émile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings .	gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings	What did Émile Durkheim suggest about the existence of God ?
In line with this reasoning , psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups , they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality .	a means of enforcing morality	Why would humans have begun to create gods ?
In line with this reasoning , psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups , they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality .	Matt Rossano	Who posited that humans created gods to create morality in social groups ?
However , it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups .	morality	Omnipresent gods are a way to watch large groups and enforce what ?
Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits , humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups .	more cooperative groups	Omniprestent gods helped build what ?
St. Anselm 's approach was to define God as , `` that than which nothing greater can be conceived '' .	"that than which nothing greater can be conceived"	How did St. Anselm define the existence of God ?
Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme : `` By God I understand a being absolutely infinite , i.e. , a substance consisting of infinite attributes , of which each one expresses an eternal and infinite essence . ''	Baruch Spinoza	Who said that God is `` a substance consisting of infinite attributes '' ?
His proof for the existence of God was a variation of the Ontological argument .	a variation of the Ontological argument	What did Baruch Spinoza use as proof for the existence of God ?
For Spinoza , the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance , God , or its equivalent , Nature .	one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature	What did Spinoza believe the world was made of ?
St. Anselm 's approach was to define God as , `` that than which nothing greater can be conceived '' .	St. Anselm	Who defined god as `` that than which nothing greater can be conceived '' ?
Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme : `` By God I understand a being absolutely infinite , i.e. , a substance consisting of infinite attributes , of which each one expresses an eternal and infinite essence . ''	Baruch Spinoza	Name a famous pantheist ?
Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme : `` By God I understand a being absolutely infinite , i.e. , a substance consisting of infinite attributes , of which each one expresses an eternal and infinite essence . ''	infinite	What was Spinoza 's concept of God ?
For Spinoza , the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance , God , or its equivalent , Nature .	God	Spinoza believed that the universe was made up of one substance which is ?
Richard Dawkins interprets various findings not only as a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God but extensive evidence to the contrary .	a lack of evidence for the material existence	How does Dawkins interpret evidence for or against the existence of God ?
Some findings in the fields of cosmology , evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by atheists -LRB- including Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris -RRB- as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only , with no basis in reality .	an imaginary entity only	What do atheists believe of God ?
A single , omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly attentive to the lives of humans has been imagined , embellished and promulgated in a trans-generational manner .	trans-generational	How long has the thought of the existence of God been carried on ?
Richard Dawkins interprets various findings not only as a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God but extensive evidence to the contrary .	a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God	How does Dawkins interpret his findings on the existence , or not , of God .
Some findings in the fields of cosmology , evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by atheists -LRB- including Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris -RRB- as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only , with no basis in reality .	Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris	Who believes God is n't real ?
According to the Omnipotence paradox or ` Paradox of the Stone ' , can God create a stone so heavy that he can not lift it ?	can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it	What is the Omnipotence paradox ?
According to the Omnipotence paradox or ` Paradox of the Stone ' , can God create a stone so heavy that he can not lift it ?	Paradox of the Stone	What is another term for the Omnipotence paradox ?
If he ca n't , the argument goes , then there is something that he can not do , namely create the stone , and therefore he is not omnipotent .	there is something that he cannot do	What shows God is not omnipotent if he creates a stone that he can not lift ?
If he ca n't , the argument goes , then there is something that he can not do , namely create the stone , and therefore he is not omnipotent .	omnipotent	What must God be , in order to be a Supreme Being ?
According to the Omnipotence paradox or ` Paradox of the Stone ' , can God create a stone so heavy that he can not lift it ?	Paradox of the Stone	What paradox states that if a god ca n't create a stone so heavy he ca n't lift it ?
If he ca n't , the argument goes , then there is something that he can not do , namely create the stone , and therefore he is not omnipotent .	he is not omnipotent	What does the Paradox of the Stone posit ?
A being that is not omnipotent , though , is not God , according to many theological models .	is not God	What does it mean if a God is not omnipotent ?
Several answers to this paradox have been proposed .	Several	Are there any answers to the Pradox of the Stone ?
For example , attributes of God in Christianity , attributes of God in Islam , and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots .	similarities arising from their common roots	What do religions share across their belief structures ?
Different religious traditions assign differing -LRB- though often similar -RRB- attributes and characteristics to God , including expansive powers and abilities , psychological characteristics , gender characteristics , and preferred nomenclature .	expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature	What are some religious traditions that are found within differing religions ?
For example , attributes of God in Christianity , attributes of God in Islam , and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots .	attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism	Who does Christianity share roots with ?
For example , attributes of God in Christianity , attributes of God in Islam , and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots .	Thirteen	How many Attributes of Mercy are in Judaism ?
For example , attributes of God in Christianity , attributes of God in Islam , and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots .	God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism	What three religions share similar parts ?
For example , attributes of God in Christianity , attributes of God in Islam , and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots .	Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism	What three religions share similar beginnings ?
Different religious traditions assign differing -LRB- though often similar -RRB- attributes and characteristics to God , including expansive powers and abilities , psychological characteristics , gender characteristics , and preferred nomenclature .	expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature	What attributes do religions all roughly share ?
In most monotheistic religions , God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually .	God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually	How is sex by God handled in a monotheistic religion ?
Polytheistic religions commonly attribute to each of the gods a gender , allowing each to interact with any of the others , and perhaps with humans , sexually .	attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually	How do polytheistic religions view sex by God or gods ?
Namely , God is seen as begetter of the world and revelation which corresponds to the active -LRB- as opposed to the receptive -RRB- role in sexual intercourse .	begetter	What is God 's role in the creation of the world ?
The gender of God may be viewed as either a literal or an allegorical aspect of a deity who , in classical western philosophy , transcends bodily form .	literal or an allegorical aspect	In what ways can the gender of God be viewed ?
The gender of God may be viewed as either a literal or an allegorical aspect of a deity who , in classical western philosophy , transcends bodily form .	gender	What do polytheistic religions assign to their gods ?
Namely , God is seen as begetter of the world and revelation which corresponds to the active -LRB- as opposed to the receptive -RRB- role in sexual intercourse .	the active (as opposed to the receptive) role	What role does got serve in a sexual intercourse ?
In most monotheistic religions , God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually .	monotheistic	In which type of religion does God have no sexual partner ?
Muslims believe that the purpose of existence is to worship God .	to worship God	What is a muslims life purpose ?
He is viewed as a personal God and there are no intermediaries , such as clergy , to contact God .	a personal God	What type of God is the Muslim God ?
Christian theologian Alister McGrath writes that there are good reasons to suggest that a `` personal god '' is integral to the Christian outlook , but that one has to understand it is an analogy .	a "personal god"	What aspect does Alister McGrath argue is important in Christianity ?
Prayer often also includes supplication and asking forgiveness .	forgiveness	What does prayer usually include in Islam ?
God is often believed to be forgiving .	forgiving	What type of God is the Muslim God ?
One view is taken by exclusivists , who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth , generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine , which adherents of other religions do not .	exclusivists	Who believe they are the one and only chosen few ?
One view is taken by exclusivists , who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth , generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine , which adherents of other religions do not .	exclusivists	Who believe that they are the only people that know the truth ?
Another view is religious pluralism .	pluralism	What is one called that believes he has the one religion , but that the others are n't necessarily wrong ?
An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is supersessionism , i.e. , the belief that one 's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions .	supersessionism	What is it called when someone belives that their own religion is an advancement of older religions ?
A third approach is relativistic inclusivism , where everybody is seen as equally right ; an example being universalism : the doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone .	universalism	What is a religion that believes that all religions are correct ?
If God does know this , their ostensible free will might be illusory , or foreknowledge does not imply predestination , and if God does not know it , God may not be omniscient .	God may not be omniscient.	What does it mean if God ca n't predict the future ?
Many medieval philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God , while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God 's attributes .	medieval philosophers	Who posited the existence of God ?
For example , God 's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agents will choose to act .	God's omniscience	What philosophical debates arose in the middle ages ?
The theist response has been either to contend , as does Alvin Plantinga , that faith is `` properly basic '' , or to take , as does Richard Swinburne , the evidentialist position .	"properly basic"	How does Alvin Plantinga describe faith ?
There would be no risk , they say , if the arguments for God 's existence were as solid as the laws of logic , a position summed up by Pascal as `` the heart has reasons of which reason does not know . ''	Pascal	Who stated `` the heart has reasons of which reason does not know '' ?
The theist response has been either to contend , as does Alvin Plantinga , that faith is `` properly basic '' , or to take , as does Richard Swinburne , the evidentialist position .	Richard Swinburne	Which philosopher takes the evidentialist position ?
The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God 's existence raised by such philosophers as Immanuel Kant , David Hume and Antony Flew , although Kant held that the argument from morality was valid .	Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew	Name three philosophers of the last 100 years arguing for the existence of God ?
On 16 September 2001 , at Camp David , President George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an unscripted and controversial comment when he said , `` This crusade -- this war on terrorism -- is going to take a while , ... '' Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people , e.g. of Muslim faith .	16 September 2001	When did George W. Bush first say ` war on terrorism ' ?
On 16 September 2001 , at Camp David , President George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an unscripted and controversial comment when he said , `` This crusade -- this war on terrorism -- is going to take a while , ... '' Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people , e.g. of Muslim faith .	crusade	Which word did George W. Bush apologize for using when talking about the war ?
On 20 September 2001 , during a televised address to a joint session of congress , Bush stated that , '' -LRB- o -RRB- ur ` war on terror ' begins with al-Qaeda , but it does not end there .	20 September 2001	When did George W. Bush first say ` war on terror ' ?
On 20 September 2001 , during a televised address to a joint session of congress , Bush stated that , '' -LRB- o -RRB- ur ` war on terror ' begins with al-Qaeda , but it does not end there .	with al-Qaeda	Where did Bush say the ` war on terror ' begins ?
It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found , stopped , and defeated . ''	every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated	When did Bush say the ` war on terror ' ends ?
U.S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term , but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009 , he stated `` Our nation is at war , against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred . ''	a far-reaching network of violence and hatred	What did Obama say the US is at war with , in 2009 ?
In March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from `` Global War on Terror '' to `` Overseas Contingency Operation '' -LRB- OCO -RRB- .	Overseas Contingency Operation	What was the `` Global War on Terror '' officially renamed to in March 2009 ?
Basic objectives of the Bush administration `` war on terror '' , such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances , remain in place .	war on terror	What term did Obama want the government to stop using ?
In December 2012 , Jeh Johnson , the General Counsel of the Department of Defense , stated that the military fight will be replaced by a law enforcement operation when speaking at Oxford University , predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened to be ineffective , and has been `` effectively destroyed '' , and thus the conflict will not be an armed conflict under international law .	Jeh Johnson	Who said in 2012 that the fight would change from military to law enforcement ?
In May 2013 , Obama stated that the goal is `` to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America '' ; which coincided with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget having changed the wording from `` Overseas Contingency Operations '' to `` Countering Violent Extremism '' in 2010 .	Countering Violent Extremism	What was the `` Overseas Contingency Operations '' renamed to in 2010 ?
Because the actions involved in the `` war on terrorism '' are diffuse , and the criteria for inclusion are unclear , political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that `` the ` war on terrorism ' therefore , is simultaneously a set of actual practices -- wars , covert operations , agencies , and institutions -- and an accompanying series of assumptions , beliefs , justifications , and narratives -- it is an entire language or discourse . ''	Richard Jackson	Who said the ` war on terrorism ' is ` an entire language of discourse ' ?
Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that `` the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage '' .	John Ashcroft	Who said that 9/11 drew a line between ` the civil and the savage ' ?
Administration officials also described `` terrorists '' as hateful , treacherous , barbarous , mad , twisted , perverted , without faith , parasitical , inhuman , and , most commonly , evil .	terrorists	What did the Bush administration describe as parasitical ?
Americans , in contrast , were described as brave , loving , generous , strong , resourceful , heroic , and respectful of human rights .	Americans	What did the Bush administration describe as heroic ?
The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan -LRB- December 1979 -- February 1989 -RRB- .	the Soviet war in Afghanistan	Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda ?
The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan -LRB- December 1979 -- February 1989 -RRB- .	February 1989	When did the Soviets leave Afghanistan ?
The United States , United Kingdom , Saudi Arabia , Pakistan , and the People 's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan .	United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China	Which countries supported Afghan islamists against the Soviets ?
A small number of `` Afghan Arab '' volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets , including Osama bin Laden , but there is no evidence they received any external assistance .	Soviets	Who did Osama bin Laden volunteer to help fight in the 80s ?
In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders -LRB- WIFJAJC -RRB- , sponsored by bin Laden -LRB- and later re-formed as al-Qaeda -RRB- , started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan , where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year .	World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders	Which group later became al-Qaeda ?
On 7 August 1998 , al-Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania , killing 224 people , including 12 Americans .	7 August 1998	When did al-Qaeda attack the US embassy in Kenya ?
On 7 August 1998 , al-Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania , killing 224 people , including 12 Americans .	224	How many people were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998 ?
On 7 August 1998 , al-Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania , killing 224 people , including 12 Americans .	12	How many Americans were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998 ?
In retaliation , U.S. President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach , a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the U.S. asserted were associated with WIFJAJC , although others have questioned whether a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan was used as a chemical warfare plant .	Operation Infinite Reach	What operation did Bill Clinton start to retaliate for the 1998 embassy attacks ?
The plant produced much of the region 's antimalarial drugs and around 50 % of Sudan 's pharmaceutical needs .	around 50%	How much of Sudan 's medicines were produced by a pharmaceutical plant Clinton 's operation bombed ?
On the morning of 11 September 2001 , 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California .	four	How many planes were hijacked on 9/11 ?
The hijackers -- members of al-Qaeda 's Hamburg cell -- intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City .	Hamburg	Which al-Qaeda cell were the 9/11 hijackers members of ?
On the morning of 11 September 2001 , 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California .	California	Where were the 9/11 planes originally going ?
On the morning of 11 September 2001 , 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California .	19	How many al-Qaeda operatives hijacked planes on 9/11 ?
Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes , destroying nearby buildings and damaging others .	within two hours	How soon after planes crashed into them did the WTC towers collapse ?
The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or `` AUMF '' was made law on 14 September 2001 , to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001 .	Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists	What law was signed on Sep 14 , 2001 ?
The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or `` AUMF '' was made law on 14 September 2001 , to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001 .	those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001	Who did the AUMF authorize the US military attacking ?
Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5 -LRB- b -RRB- of the War Powers Resolution of 1973 .	section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution	What law did Congress refer to as a basic for the AUMF ?
Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5 -LRB- b -RRB- of the War Powers Resolution of 1973 .	1973	When was the War Powers Resolution passed ?
Subsequently , in October 2001 , U.S. forces -LRB- with UK and coalition allies -RRB- invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime .	October 2001	When did the US invade Afghanistan ?
Subsequently , in October 2001 , U.S. forces -LRB- with UK and coalition allies -RRB- invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime .	UK and coalition allies	Who helped the US invade Afghanistan ?
Subsequently , in October 2001 , U.S. forces -LRB- with UK and coalition allies -RRB- invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime .	oust the Taliban regime	What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan ?
On 7 October 2001 , the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets .	7 October 2001	When did the US begin airstrikes on Afghanistan ?
It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle .	Pakistan	Where did bin Laden escape to in Dec 2001 ?
The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002 .	western Pakistan	Where did the Taliban regroup in 2002 ?
Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan , firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces .	southern and eastern	In what parts of Afghanistan did the Taliban attack Coalition forces in 2002 ?
In February 2010 , Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all .	Operation Moshtarak	What operation began in Feb 2010 ?
In February 2010 , Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all .	southern Afghanistan	Where did Operation Moshtarak take place ?
In September 2014 , Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement , which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024 .	September 2014	When did Afghanistan sign a security agreement with the US ?
In January 2002 , the United States Special Operations Command , Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups .	Philippines	Where did the USSOC Pacific deploy to in Jan 2002 ?
In January 2002 , the United States Special Operations Command , Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups .	combating Filipino Islamist groups	What was the goal of the 2002 Philippines deployment ?
The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and Jemaah Islamiyah -LRB- JI -RRB- from their stronghold on the island of Basilan .	Abu Sayyaf	What was the main Filipino Islamist group being attacked ?
The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called `` Operation Smiles '' .	Operation Smiles	What humanitarian effort followed the 2002 military operation in the Philippines ?
The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan as part of a `` Hearts and Minds '' program .	provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan	What did Operation Smiles do for the Philippines ?
On 14 September 2009 , U.S. Special Forces killed two men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of Baarawe .	two	How many people were killed by US Special Forces on Sep 14 , 2009 ?
On 14 September 2009 , U.S. Special Forces killed two men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of Baarawe .	near the Somali village of Baarawe	Where was the Sep 14 , 2009 action ?
A Somali-based al-Qaida affiliated group , the Al-Shabaab , has confirmed the death of `` sheik commander '' Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan along with an unspecified number of militants .	Al-Shabaab	What Somali group is affiliated with al-Qaeda ?
Nabhan , a Kenyan , was wanted in connection with the 2002 Mombasa attacks .	Kenyan	What nationality was Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan ?
The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists -LRB- affiliated to al-Qaeda -RRB- advancing into northern Mali .	January 2012	When did a Mali conflict begin ?
The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists -LRB- affiliated to al-Qaeda -RRB- advancing into northern Mali .	al-Qaeda	What group were the Mali radicals affiliated with ?
In January 2013 , France intervened on behalf of the Malian government 's request and deployed troops into the region .	January 2013	When did France provide troops in Mali ?
They launched Operation Serval on 11 January 2013 , with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali .	Operation Serval	What did France call its Mali operation ?
They launched Operation Serval on 11 January 2013 , with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali .	dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali	What was Operation Serval 's goal ?
Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities -LRB- but not officially ended -RRB- in the 1991 Gulf War , the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones , to protect Iraq 's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population -- both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War -- in Iraq 's northern and southern regions , respectively .	1991	When did the first Gulf War begin ?
Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities -LRB- but not officially ended -RRB- in the 1991 Gulf War , the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones , to protect Iraq 's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population -- both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War -- in Iraq 's northern and southern regions , respectively .	ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended)	How did the first Gulf War end ?
Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities -LRB- but not officially ended -RRB- in the 1991 Gulf War , the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones , to protect Iraq 's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population -- both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War -- in Iraq 's northern and southern regions , respectively .	Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population	Who did the US try to protect in Iraq after the first Gulf War ?
Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities -LRB- but not officially ended -RRB- in the 1991 Gulf War , the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones , to protect Iraq 's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population -- both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War -- in Iraq 's northern and southern regions , respectively .	northern	Which region of Iraq do the Kurds live in ?
Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities -LRB- but not officially ended -RRB- in the 1991 Gulf War , the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones , to protect Iraq 's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population -- both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War -- in Iraq 's northern and southern regions , respectively .	southern	Which region of Iraq do the Shi'a live in ?
The first ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr on 21 March 2003 when a combined force of British , American and Polish forces seized control of the port city of Umm Qasr .	21 March 2003	When was the first ground attack in the post-9 / 11 Iraq war ?
The first ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr on 21 March 2003 when a combined force of British , American and Polish forces seized control of the port city of Umm Qasr .	British, American and Polish	Which nationalities worked together in the Battle of Umm Qasr ?
Baghdad , Iraq 's capital city , fell to American forces in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein 's government quickly dissolved .	April 2003	When did the US capture Baghdad ?
On 1 May 2003 , Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq had ended .	1 May 2003	When did Bush say ` major combat operations ' were complete in Iraq ?
Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein 's Ba'ath regime , which included Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists .	Ba'ath	What regime were Hussein loyalists part of ?
In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda 's organization , the Iraqi franchise , known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War , gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq 's western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -LRB- ISIS/ISIL -RRB- , taking over much of the country in a blitzkrieg-like action and combining the Iraq insurgency and Syrian Civil War into a single conflict .	Syrian	Which civil war did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda begin fighting in ?
In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda 's organization , the Iraqi franchise , known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War , gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq 's western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -LRB- ISIS/ISIL -RRB- , taking over much of the country in a blitzkrieg-like action and combining the Iraq insurgency and Syrian Civil War into a single conflict .	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL)	With support from Syrians , what did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda rename themselves to ?
In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda 's organization , the Iraqi franchise , known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War , gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq 's western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -LRB- ISIS/ISIL -RRB- , taking over much of the country in a blitzkrieg-like action and combining the Iraq insurgency and Syrian Civil War into a single conflict .	western	What part of Iraq did ISIS invade ?
Due to their extreme brutality and a complete change in their overall ideology , Al Qaeda 's core organization in Central Asia eventually denounced ISIS and directed their affiliates to cut off all ties with this organization .	Al Qaeda's core organization	Who denounced ISIS ?
believe that because of this schism , Al Qaeda and ISIL are now in a competition to retain the title of the world 's most powerful terrorist organization .	competition	What relationship do Al Qaeda and ISIS now have ?
The Obama administration began to reengage in Iraq with a series of airstrikes aimed at ISIS beginning on 10 August 2014 .	10 August 2014	When did Obama launch airstrikes on ISIS ?
On 9 September 2014 President Obama said that he had the authority he needed to take action to destroy the militant group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , citing the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists , and thus did not require additional approval from Congress .	the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists	What law did Obama cite on Sep 9 , 2014 ?
The following day on 10 September 2014 President Barack Obama made a televised speech about ISIL , which he stated `` Our objective is clear : We will degrade , and ultimately destroy , ISIL through a comprehensive and sustained counter-terrorism strategy '' .	10 September 2014	When did Obama make a speech about ISIS on TV ?
On the night of 21/22 September the United States , Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the UAE , Jordan and Qatar started air attacks against ISIS in Syria .	the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar	Which countries worked together to bomb ISIS on Sep 21-22 , 2014 ?
On the night of 21/22 September the United States , Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the UAE , Jordan and Qatar started air attacks against ISIS in Syria .	Syria	Where were the Sep 21-22 airstrikes ?
Following the 11 September 2001 attacks , former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf sided with the U.S. against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after an ultimatum by then U.S. President George W. Bush .	Pervez Musharraf	Which Pakistan president supported the US attacking the Taliban ?
Musharraf agreed to give the U.S. the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom .	three	How many Pakistan airbases did Musharraf let the US use ?
Musharraf agreed to give the U.S. the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom .	Operation Enduring Freedom	What was the name of the US 's Afghanistan operation ?
United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and other U.S. administration officials met with Musharraf .	Colin Powell	Who was the US Secretary of State in 2001 ?
In 2006 , Musharraf testified that this stance was pressured by threats from the U.S. , and revealed in his memoirs that he had `` war-gamed '' the United States as an adversary and decided that it would end in a loss for Pakistan .	Musharraf	Who said he had ` war-gamed ' the US ?
On 12 January 2002 , Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism .	12 January 2002	When did Musharraf give an anti-Islamism speech ?
He unequivocally condemned all acts of terrorism and pledged to combat Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan itself .	Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan	What did Musharraf say he 'd combat ?
He stated that his government was committed to rooting out extremism and made it clear that the banned militant organizations would not be allowed to resurface under any new name .	militant organizations	What did Musharraf ban ?
It was not taken under any foreign influence '' .	foreign influence	What did Musharraf say his ban was n't influenced by ?
In 2002 , the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism , and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar , head of the Jaish-e-Mohammed , and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed , chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba , and took dozens of activists into custody .	2002	When did Musharraf arrest Maulana Masood Azhar ?
In 2002 , the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism , and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar , head of the Jaish-e-Mohammed , and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed , chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba , and took dozens of activists into custody .	Jaish-e-Mohammed	What group did Maulana Masood Azhar lead ?
In 2002 , the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism , and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar , head of the Jaish-e-Mohammed , and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed , chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba , and took dozens of activists into custody .	Lashkar-e-Taiba	What group did Hafiz Muhammad Saeed lead ?
Later that year , the Saudi born Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah was arrested by Pakistani officials during a series of joint U.S.-Pakistan raids .	Saudi	What nationality is Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah ?
Other prominent al-Qaeda members were arrested in the following two years , namely Ramzi bin al-Shibh , who is known to have been a financial backer of al-Qaeda operations , and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , who at the time of his capture was the third highest-ranking official in al-Qaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for the 11 September attacks .	Khalid Sheikh Mohammed	Which third-highest-ranking al-Qaeda officer was captured ?
The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war .	drones	What controversial technology did the US use in Pakistan ?
The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war .	the Central Intelligence Agency	Which US agency runs its drones in Pakistan ?
The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in order to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion .	to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion	Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones ?
a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term ` Global War on Terror ' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war .	Global War on Terror	Abuse of what term allowed a lack of a formal war declaration ?
In a ` Letter to American People ' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002 , he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue .	Osama bin Laden	Who wrote ` Letter to American People ' in 2002 ?
While on a trip to Delhi in 2002 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir , though he did not have any hard evidence .	Donald Rumsfeld	Who was the US Secretary of Defense in 2002 ?
While on a trip to Delhi in 2002 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir , though he did not have any hard evidence .	Al-Qaeda	Which group did Rumsfeld think was active in Kashmir ?
A team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian-administered Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen .	Special Air Service and Delta Force	What teams hunted for Bin Laden in Kashmir in 2002 ?
Fazlur Rehman Khalil , the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen , signed al-Qaeda 's 1998 declaration of holy war , which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies .	Fazlur Rehman Khalil	Who led the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen ?
In September 2009 , a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri , who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami , a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda .	Ilyas Kashmiri	Who did a US drone kill in Sep 2009 ?
In September 2009 , a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri , who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami , a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda .	Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami	What group did Ilyas Kashmiri lead ?
Waziristan had now become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants , who were now fighting NATO in support of Al-Qaeda .	Kashmiri militants	After 2009 , who began fighting in Waziristan ?
On 8 July 2012 , Al-Badar Mujahideen , a breakaway faction of Kashmir centric terror group Hizbul Mujahideen , on conclusion of their two-day Shuhada Conference called for mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir .	Hizbul Mujahideen	What group did Al-Badar Mujahideen break away from ?
On 8 July 2012 , Al-Badar Mujahideen , a breakaway faction of Kashmir centric terror group Hizbul Mujahideen , on conclusion of their two-day Shuhada Conference called for mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir .	mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir	What did Al-Badar Mujahideen call for in 2012 ?
On 22 November 2002 , the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council -LRB- EAPC -RRB- decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism , which explicitly states , `` EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights , as well as the rule of law , in combating terrorism . ''	member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council	Who declared the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism ?
On 22 November 2002 , the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council -LRB- EAPC -RRB- decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism , which explicitly states , `` EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights , as well as the rule of law , in combating terrorism . ''	22 November 2002	When was the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism announced ?
NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour .	the Mediterranean Sea	Where did NATO begin naval operations after 2002 ?
NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour .	Operation Active Endeavour	What was NATO 's operation in the Mediterranean called ?
Even so , many of the `` coalition of the willing '' countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan , particular neighboring Pakistan , which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict .	the "coalition of the willing"	What were the countries who supported the US 's post-9 / 11 invasions called ?
Even so , many of the `` coalition of the willing '' countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan , particular neighboring Pakistan , which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict .	Pakistan	Which country disavowed the Taliban ?
Even so , many of the `` coalition of the willing '' countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan , particular neighboring Pakistan , which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict .	tens of thousands	How many soldiers did Pakistan contribute to fight the Taliban ?
Pakistan was also engaged in the War in North-West Pakistan -LRB- Waziristan War -RRB- .	North-West	Where in Pakistan is Waziristan ?
Supported by U.S. intelligence , Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas .	northern tribal areas	Where did Pakistan try to remove the Taliban and Al-Qaeda ?
The British 16th Air Assault Brigade -LRB- later reinforced by Royal Marines -RRB- formed the core of the force in southern Afghanistan , along with troops and helicopters from Australia , Canada and the Netherlands .	The British 16th Air Assault Brigade	What was the primary fighting force in southern Afghanistan ?
The British 16th Air Assault Brigade -LRB- later reinforced by Royal Marines -RRB- formed the core of the force in southern Afghanistan , along with troops and helicopters from Australia , Canada and the Netherlands .	Australia, Canada and the Netherlands	Which nations besides the UK contributed significantly to the southern Afghanistan fight ?
The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British , 2,000 Canadian , 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia , along with special forces from Denmark and Estonia and small contingents from other nations .	2,000	How many troops did Canada send initially ?
The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British , 2,000 Canadian , 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia , along with special forces from Denmark and Estonia and small contingents from other nations .	240	How many troops did Australia send initially ?
The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British , 2,000 Canadian , 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia , along with special forces from Denmark and Estonia and small contingents from other nations .	1,400	How many troops did the Netherlands send initially ?
A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense .	Department of Homeland Security	What new agency did Bush create after 9/11 ?
A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense .	November 2002	When was the DHS created ?
A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense .	the Department of Defense	What other massive agency 's creation was the DHS compared to ?
In addition to military efforts abroad , in the aftermath of 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks .	domestic efforts to prevent future attacks	What did the DHS focus on ?
The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies ' ability to search telephone , e-mail communications , medical , financial , and other records ; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States ; expands the Secretary of the Treasury 's authority to regulate financial transactions , particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities ; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts .	October 2001	When was the Patriot Act passed ?
The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies ' ability to search telephone , e-mail communications , medical , financial , and other records ; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States ; expands the Secretary of the Treasury 's authority to regulate financial transactions , particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities ; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts .	telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records	What did the Patriot Act make it easier for law enforcement to search ?
The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies ' ability to search telephone , e-mail communications , medical , financial , and other records ; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States ; expands the Secretary of the Treasury 's authority to regulate financial transactions , particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities ; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts .	detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts	What did the Patriot Act make it easier to do to immigrants ?
The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism , thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act 's expanded law enforcement powers could be applied .	to include domestic terrorism	How was the definition of terrorism expanded by the Patriot Act ?
A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program monitored the movements of terrorists ' financial resources -LRB- discontinued after being revealed by The New York Times -RRB- .	The New York Times	Which newspaper revealed the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program ?
On 30 July 2003 , the American Civil Liberties Union -LRB- ACLU -RRB- filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act , claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen 's First Amendment rights , Fourth Amendment rights , and right to due process , by granting the government the right to search a person 's business , bookstore , and library records in a terrorist investigation , without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched .	30 July 2003	When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act ?
On 30 July 2003 , the American Civil Liberties Union -LRB- ACLU -RRB- filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act , claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen 's First Amendment rights , Fourth Amendment rights , and right to due process , by granting the government the right to search a person 's business , bookstore , and library records in a terrorist investigation , without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched .	First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process	What rights did the ACLU say the Patriot Act violated ?
On 30 July 2003 , the American Civil Liberties Union -LRB- ACLU -RRB- filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act , claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen 's First Amendment rights , Fourth Amendment rights , and right to due process , by granting the government the right to search a person 's business , bookstore , and library records in a terrorist investigation , without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched .	a person's business, bookstore, and library records	What did Section 215 of the Patriot Act allow the FBI to search ?
Also , governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act .	governing bodies in a number of communities	Who passed symbolic resolutions against the Patriot Act ?
In 2005 , the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws .	Resolution 1624	What terrorism-related resolution did the UN Security Council adopt in 2005 ?
Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations , the United States and Israel have both declined to submit reports .	the United States and Israel	Which countries have n't submitted the required reports to the UN Security Council ?
In the same year , the United States Department of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a planning document , by the name `` National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism '' , which stated that it constituted the `` comprehensive military plan to prosecute the Global War on Terror for the Armed Forces of the United States ... including the findings and recommendations of the 9/11 Commission and a rigorous examination with the Department of Defense '' .	National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism	What plan did the DoD release in 2005 ?
In 2005 , the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws .	international human rights laws	What did Resolution 1624 try to protect ?
Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues , morality , efficiency , economics , and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself , calling it a misnomer .	War on Terror	What phrase has been called a misnomer ?
The notion of a `` war '' against `` terrorism '' has proven highly contentious , with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives , reduce civil liberties , and infringe upon human rights .	to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights	What has the ` war on terror ' been used as an excuse for ?
It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context -LRB- as in War on Drugs -RRB- , since there is no identifiable enemy , and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means .	War on Drugs	Which other misnamed ` war ' has ` war on terror ' been compared to ?
It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context -LRB- as in War on Drugs -RRB- , since there is no identifiable enemy , and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means .	it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means	What is the likely fate of the ` war on terror ' ?
Other critics , such as Francis Fukuyama , note that `` terrorism '' is not an enemy , but a tactic ; calling it a `` war on terror '' , obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen .	"terrorism" is not an enemy, but a tactic	What flaw in the ` war on terror ' name did Francis Fukuyama point out ?
Other critics , such as Francis Fukuyama , note that `` terrorism '' is not an enemy , but a tactic ; calling it a `` war on terror '' , obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen .	differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen	What does the ` war on terror ' name obscure ?
With a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan and its associated collateral damage Shirley Williams maintains this increases resentment and terrorist threats against the West .	Shirley Williams	Who said the US 's presence in Iraq increases resentment and terrorists ?
There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy , media-induced hysteria , and that differences in foreign and security policy have damaged America 's image in most of the world .	damaged	What has the ` war on terror ' done to the US 's international image ?
Labour runs a minority government in the Welsh Assembly under Carwyn Jones , is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament , sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group .	Carwyn Jones	Who runs the Welsh Assembly ?
The Labour Party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance , and holds observer status in the Socialist International .	The Labour Party	What is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament ?
Labour runs a minority government in the Welsh Assembly under Carwyn Jones , is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament , sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group .	twenty	How many MEPs does it have in the British Parliament ?
In September 2015 , Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party .	2015	What year was Jeremy Corbyn elected ?
The Labour Party 's origins lie in the late 19th century , when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat , a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise .	late 19th century	About when did the Labour Parry start ?
The first Lib -- Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870 .	1870	when was george odger elected ?
In 1899 , a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants , Thomas R. Steels , proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates .	1899	What year did Thomas R. Steels propose the single body union branch ?
In 1899 , a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants , Thomas R. Steels , proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates .	Doncaster	Where was Thomas R. Steels a member ?
The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC , and the proposed conference was held at the Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street on 26 and 27 February 1900 .	Memorial Hall	WHere was the proposed conference held ?
After a debate , the 129 delegates passed Hardie 's motion to establish `` a distinct Labour group in Parliament , who shall have their own whips , and agree upon their policy , which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour . ''	129	How many delegates passed the motion ?
It had no single leader , and in the absence of one , the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary .	Ramsay MacDonald	Who was elected Secretary ?
Only 15 candidatures were sponsored , but two were successful ; Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby .	15	How many candidates were sponsored in the 1900 electrion ?
Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case , a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay # 23,000 damages for a strike .	Taff Vale Case	What boosted support in 1901 ?
Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case , a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay # 23,000 damages for a strike .	a dispute between strikers and a railway company	What was the Taft Vale Case ?
The judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions .	made strikes illegal	From this case , what happened ?
Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case , a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay # 23,000 damages for a strike .	£23,000	How much were they ordered to pay in damages for the strike ?
One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement .	Liberal Government	Who overturned the Taft Vale judgement ?
Keir Hardie , who had taken a leading role in getting the party established , was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party -LRB- in effect , the Leader -RRB- , although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots .	Keir Hardie	Who was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party ?
Keir Hardie , who had taken a leading role in getting the party established , was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party -LRB- in effect , the Leader -RRB- , although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots .	one vote	How many votes did Keir Hardie win by ?
Keir Hardie , who had taken a leading role in getting the party established , was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party -LRB- in effect , the Leader -RRB- , although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots .	David Shackleton	Who was Keir Hardie 's opponent ?
The 1910 election saw 42 Labour MPs elected to the House of Commons , a significant victory since , a year before the election , the House of Lords had passed the Osborne judgment ruling that Trades Unions in the United Kingdom could no longer donate money to fund the election campaigns and wages of Labour MPs .	42	How many MP were elected in the 1910 election ?
By 1913 , faced with the opposition of the largest Trades Unions , the Liberal government passed the Trade Disputes Act to allow Trade Unions to fund Labour MPs once more .	Trade Disputes Act	Who passed the Osborne judgment ?
By 1913 , faced with the opposition of the largest Trades Unions , the Liberal government passed the Trade Disputes Act to allow Trade Unions to fund Labour MPs once more .	1913	When was the Trade Disputes Act passed ?
The Communist Party of Great Britain was refused affiliation to the Labour Party between 1921 and 1923 .	between 1921 and 1923	WHen was the COmmunist party refused affiliation ?
With the Liberals thus in disarray , Labour won 142 seats in 1922 , making it the second largest political group in the House of Commons and the official opposition to the Conservative government .	142	HOw many seats id Labour win in 1922 ?
After the election the now-rehabilitated Ramsay MacDonald was voted the first official leader of the Labour Party .	Ramsay MacDonald	Who was voted the first leader of the Labour Party ?
Thus , with the acquiescence of Asquith 's Liberals , Ramsay MacDonald became the first ever Labour Prime Minister in January 1924 , forming the first Labour government , despite Labour only having 191 MPs -LRB- less than a third of the House of Commons -RRB- .	1924	In what year did Ramsay MacDonald become the Labour PM ?
Thus , with the acquiescence of Asquith 's Liberals , Ramsay MacDonald became the first ever Labour Prime Minister in January 1924 , forming the first Labour government , despite Labour only having 191 MPs -LRB- less than a third of the House of Commons -RRB- .	191	How many MP did they get in the election in 1924 ?
The ensuing 1924 general election saw the publication , four days before polling day , of the Zinoviev letter , in which Moscow talked about a Communist revolution in Britain .	1924	When was the Zinoviev letter published ?
The government collapsed after only nine months when the Liberals voted for a Select Committee inquiry into the Campbell Case , a vote which MacDonald had declared to be a vote of confidence .	nine months	After how long did the government collapse ?
On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties .	1931	When did MacDonald submit the resignation of his ministers ?
This caused great anger among those within the Labour Party who felt betrayed by MacDonald 's actions : he and his supporters were promptly expelled from the Labour Party and formed a separate National Labour Organisation .	he and his supporters were promptly expelled	What caused MacDonald to form a separate party ?
The ensuing 1931 general election resulted in overwhelming victory for the National Government and disaster for the Labour Party which won only 52 seats , 225 fewer than in 1929 .	National Government	Who won the 1931 election ?
When referendums for Scottish and Welsh devolution were held in March 1979 Welsh devolution was rejected outright while the Scottish referendum returned a narrow majority in favour without reaching the required threshold of 40 % support .	1979	In what year was the Scottish and Welsh devolution rejected ?
When the Labour government duly refused to push ahead with setting up the proposed Scottish Assembly , the SNP withdrew its support for the government : this finally brought the government down as it triggered a vote of confidence in Callaghan 's government that was lost by a single vote on 28 March 1979 , necessitating a general election .	a single vote	How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979 ?
Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 when most opinion polls showed Labour to have a narrow lead .	1978	In what year was Labour shown to have a slight lead ?
But during the winter of 1978 -- 79 there were widespread strikes among lorry drivers , railway workers , car workers and local government and hospital workers in favour of higher pay-rises that caused significant disruption to everyday life .	lorry drivers	Who were some of the people striking in 1978-1979 ?
These events came to be dubbed the `` Winter of Discontent '' .	Winter of Discontent	What was this strike called ?
After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn , and the right represented by Denis Healey .	1979	When was the Labout party defeated ?
The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980 , and the leftist policies he espoused , such as unilateral nuclear disarmament , leaving the European Economic Community -LRB- EEC -RRB- and NATO , closer governmental influence in the banking system , the creation of a national minimum wage and a ban on fox hunting led in 1981 to four former cabinet ministers from the right of the Labour Party -LRB- Shirley Williams , William Rodgers , Roy Jenkins and David Owen -RRB- forming the Social Democratic Party .	1980	What year was Michael Foot elected as leader ?
The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980 , and the leftist policies he espoused , such as unilateral nuclear disarmament , leaving the European Economic Community -LRB- EEC -RRB- and NATO , closer governmental influence in the banking system , the creation of a national minimum wage and a ban on fox hunting led in 1981 to four former cabinet ministers from the right of the Labour Party -LRB- Shirley Williams , William Rodgers , Roy Jenkins and David Owen -RRB- forming the Social Democratic Party .	Social Democratic Party	What did four members of the Labour Party leave to creat ?
Benn was only narrowly defeated by Healey in a bitterly fought deputy leadership election in 1981 after the introduction of an electoral college intended to widen the voting franchise to elect the leader and their deputy .	widen the voting franchise	Why was the electoral college introduced ?
Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock , with Roy Hattersley as his deputy .	Neil Kinnock	Who was Foot replaced by ?
Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock , with Roy Hattersley as his deputy .	Roy Hattersley	Who was Neil Knnocks deputy ?
The miners strike of 1984 -- 85 over coal mine closures , for which miners ' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed , and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the party , and negative coverage in most of the press .	1984–85	What years were the miners strike ?
The miners strike of 1984 -- 85 over coal mine closures , for which miners ' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed , and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the party , and negative coverage in most of the press .	Arthur Scargill	What was the name of the miner 's leader that was blamed for the strike ?
In the 2010 general election on 6 May that year , Labour with 29.0 % of the vote won the second largest number of seats -LRB- 258 -RRB- .	258	How many seats did Labour win in 2010 ?
The Conservatives with 36.5 % of the vote won the largest number of seats -LRB- 307 -RRB- , but no party had an overall majority , meaning that Labour could still remain in power if they managed to form a coalition with at least one smaller party .	307	How many seats did the Conservatives win ?
On 10 May 2010 , after talks to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats broke down , Brown announced his intention to stand down as Leader before the Labour Party Conference but a day later resigned as both Prime Minister and party leader .	10 May 2010	WHen did Brown announce his intention to stand down ?
Between January and March 2008 , the Labour Party received just over # 3 million in donations and were # 17 million in debt ; compared to the Conservatives ' # 6 million in donations and # 12 million in debt .	£3 million	How much in contributions did the Labour party get from January to Marrch 2008 ?
Between January and March 2008 , the Labour Party received just over # 3 million in donations and were # 17 million in debt ; compared to the Conservatives ' # 6 million in donations and # 12 million in debt .	£17 million	How far was the party in debt for the same time period ?
Between January and March 2008 , the Labour Party received just over # 3 million in donations and were # 17 million in debt ; compared to the Conservatives ' # 6 million in donations and # 12 million in debt .	£12 million	How far was the Conservative party in debt ?
Labour improved its performance in 1987 , gaining 20 seats and so reducing the Conservative majority from 143 to 102 .	20	How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987 ?
A merger of the SDP and Liberals formed the Liberal Democrats .	Liberal Democrats	What was the merger of SDP and the Liberals called ?
Following the 1987 election , the National Executive Committee resumed disciplinary action against members of Militant , who remained in the party , leading to further expulsions of their activists and the two MPs who supported the group .	activists and the two MPs who supported the group.	Who did the NEC expel
Major resisted Kinnock 's calls for a general election throughout 1991 .	1991	What year did Kinnock call for a general election ?
Kinnock campaigned on the theme `` It 's Time for a Change '' , urging voters to elect a new government after more than a decade of unbroken Conservative rule .	"It's Time for a Change"	What was Kinnocks party theme ?
From the outset , it was clearly a well-received change , as Labour 's 14-point lead in the November 1990 `` Poll of Polls '' was replaced by an 8 % Tory lead a month later .	8%	What did the percentage fall to ?
Kinnock then resigned as leader and was replaced by John Smith .	John Smith	Who replaced Kinnock ?
At the 1993 conference , Smith successfully changed the party rules and lessened the influence of the trade unions on the selection of candidates to stand for Parliament by introducing a one member , one vote system called `` OMOV '' -- but only barely , after a barnstorming speech by John Prescott which required Smith to compromise on other individual negotiations .	1993	When did Smith change the party 's rules ?
At the 1993 conference , Smith successfully changed the party rules and lessened the influence of the trade unions on the selection of candidates to stand for Parliament by introducing a one member , one vote system called `` OMOV '' -- but only barely , after a barnstorming speech by John Prescott which required Smith to compromise on other individual negotiations .	one member, one vote	What does OMOV stand for ?
The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government 's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters , and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls .	September 1992	WHen was Black Wednesday ?
The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government 's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters , and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls .	economic disaster	What was Black Wednesday ?
Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sustained economic growth followed , coupled with a relatively swift fall in unemployment , the Labour lead in the opinion polls remained strong .	April 1993	When was the recession declared over ?
However , Smith died from a heart attack in May 1994 .	May 1994	When did Smith die ?
However , Smith died from a heart attack in May 1994 .	a heart attack	What did Smith die of ?
`` New Labour '' was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party , dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994 , which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996 , called New Labour , New Life For Britain .	"New Labour"	What was the other name for the Labout Party ?
`` New Labour '' was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party , dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994 , which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996 , called New Labour , New Life For Britain .	1994	When was this branding first used ?
`` New Labour '' was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party , dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994 , which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996 , called New Labour , New Life For Britain .	1996	When did Labour publish a new draft manifesto ?
`` New Labour '' was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party , dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994 , which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996 , called New Labour , New Life For Britain .	New Labour, New Life For Britain	What was this manifesto called ?
A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War , which caused him to lose much of his political support .	President George W. Bush	Who did Tony Blair side with ?
A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War , which caused him to lose much of his political support .	the Iraq War	Why did Blair side with Bush ?
The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot 's Iraq Inquiry .	Sir John Chilcot	Who has an active Iraq War inquiry ?
The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries , with Western governments divided in their support and under pressure from worldwide popular protests .	deeply unpopular	Was the idea of the Iraq War popular or unpopular in Western countries ?
Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year , though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour .	September 2006	When did Blair announce he was quitting ?
Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year , though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour .	May 2007	When were the next elections ?
In the event , the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and , shortly after this , Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor , Gordon Brown .	Scottish National Party	Who did Labour lose power in the election to ?
In the event , the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and , shortly after this , Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor , Gordon Brown .	his Chancellor, Gordon Brown	Who was Blair replaced by ?
Membership of the party also reached a low ebb , falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009 : over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded .	156,205	What was the party membership at the end of 2009 ?
Estonia -LRB- i / ɛˈstoʊniə / ; Estonian : Eesti -LSB- ˈeːsti -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Estonia -LRB- Estonian : Eesti Vabariik -RRB- , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe .	the Republic of Estonia	What is the official name for Estonia ?
Estonia -LRB- i / ɛˈstoʊniə / ; Estonian : Eesti -LSB- ˈeːsti -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Estonia -LRB- Estonian : Eesti Vabariik -RRB- , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe .	the Baltic region	Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe ?
It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland , to the west by the Baltic Sea , to the south by Latvia -LRB- 343 km -RRB- , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia -LRB- 338.6 km -RRB- .	the Gulf of Finland	What borders the north of Estonia ?
It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland , to the west by the Baltic Sea , to the south by Latvia -LRB- 343 km -RRB- , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia -LRB- 338.6 km -RRB- .	the Baltic Sea	What body of water borders Estonia on the west ?
It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland , to the west by the Baltic Sea , to the south by Latvia -LRB- 343 km -RRB- , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia -LRB- 338.6 km -RRB- .	Latvia	What country borders south Estonia ?
After centuries of Danish , Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire .	the period of national awakening	When did Estonia start hoping for freedom ?
After centuries of Danish , Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire .	the Russian Empire	Who was in control during the national awakening ?
After centuries of Danish , Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire .	Danish, Swedish and German rule	Who was in control of Estonia for most of the country 's history ?
Established on 24 February 1918 , the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I .	1918	What year was the Republic of Estonia established ?
Established on 24 February 1918 , the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I .	World War I	What war ended as Estonia was born ?
A developed country with an advanced , high-income economy and high living standards , Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index , and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom , civil liberties , education , and press freedom -LRB- third in the world in 2012 -RRB- .	high-income economy and high living standards	What features describe Estonia as a developed nation ?
A developed country with an advanced , high-income economy and high living standards , Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index , and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom , civil liberties , education , and press freedom -LRB- third in the world in 2012 -RRB- .	the Human Development Index	What standard of living does Estonia rank well in ?
A developed country with an advanced , high-income economy and high living standards , Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index , and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom , civil liberties , education , and press freedom -LRB- third in the world in 2012 -RRB- .	Estonia	What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom , civil liberties , and education ?
A developed country with an advanced , high-income economy and high living standards , Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index , and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom , civil liberties , education , and press freedom -LRB- third in the world in 2012 -RRB- .	2012	What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom ?
Estonia has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is a part of the World Trade Organization and the Nordic Investment Bank .	the Nordic Investment Bank	What financial institution is associated with Estonia ?
In the first centuries AD , political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia .	first centuries AD	When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia ?
Two larger subdivisions appeared : the province -LRB- Estonian : kihelkond -RRB- and the land -LRB- Estonian : maakond -RRB- .	kihelkond	What subdivision was associated with the province ?
Two larger subdivisions appeared : the province -LRB- Estonian : kihelkond -RRB- and the land -LRB- Estonian : maakond -RRB- .	maakond	What subdivision was associated with the land ?
Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress .	fortress	What type of structure did most provinces have ?
The king or other highest administrative official elder directed the defense of the local area .	The king or other highest administrative official elder	Who commanded the defense of an area ?
The Oeselians or Osilians -LRB- Estonian saarlased ; singular : saarlane -RRB- were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa -LRB- Danish : Øsel ; German : Ösel ; Swedish : Ösel -RRB- , an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea .	The Oeselians	Which subdivision of Estonians lived in Saaremaa ?
The Oeselians or Osilians -LRB- Estonian saarlased ; singular : saarlane -RRB- were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa -LRB- Danish : Øsel ; German : Ösel ; Swedish : Ösel -RRB- , an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea .	the Baltic Sea	Where is Saaremaa located ?
They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy 's Geography III .	Ptolemy's Geography III	Where was the initial mention of the Oeselians ?
Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Latvia in his Latin chronicles written at the beginning of the 13th century .	Henry of Latvia	Who described the sailboats of the Estonians as pirate ships ?
Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187 , with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel .	1187	What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid ?
Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187 , with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel .	the Swedish town of Sigtuna	Who did the Oeselian pirates atack ?
Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes .	Swedish archbishop Johannes	What important figure was killed in the raid ?
The Livonian Chronicle describes the Oeselians as using two kinds of ships , the piratica and the liburna .	the piratica and the liburna	What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates ?
The former was a warship , the latter mainly a merchant ship .	merchant ship	What type of ship was the liburna ?
The superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita .	Tharapita	What god did the Oeselians worship ?
The superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita .	Henry of Latvia	Who described Tharapita ?
According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa -LRB- Latin : Vironia -RRB- , mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel , Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as `` Taara , help ! ''	on a forested mountain in Virumaa	Where was Tharapita born in his legend story ?
-LRB- Taara a -LRB- v -RRB- ita in Estonian -RRB- or `` Taara keeper '' / `` Thor keeper '' -LRB- Taara pidaja -RRB- Taara is associated with the Scandinavian god Thor .	Thor	What famous Viking God is associated with Tharapita ?
The story of Tharapita 's or Taara 's flight from Vironia to Saaremaa has been associated with a major meteor disaster estimated to have happened in 660 ± 85 BC that formed Kaali crater in Saaremaa .	meteor disaster	What event formed a crater in Saaremaa ?
The capital of Danish Estonia -LRB- Danish : Hertugdømmet Estland -RRB- was Reval -LRB- Tallinn -RRB- , founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219 .	Reval	What was the capital of Danish Estonia ?
The capital of Danish Estonia -LRB- Danish : Hertugdømmet Estland -RRB- was Reval -LRB- Tallinn -RRB- , founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219 .	the invasion of 1219	What event preceded the founding of the capital ?
The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill .	the fortress of Castrum Danorum	What structure was built at Toompea Hill ?
Reval was granted Lübeck city rights -LRB- 1248 -RRB- and joined the Hanseatic League .	1248	What year was Reval granted with Lübeck city rights ?
On St. George 's Night -LRB- Estonian : Jüriöö ülestõus -RRB- 23 April 1343 , the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia , the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords , who had conquered the country in the 13th century during the Livonian crusade , and to eradicate the non-indigenous Christian religion .	23 April 1343	What is the date of St. George 's Night ?
On St. George 's Night -LRB- Estonian : Jüriöö ülestõus -RRB- 23 April 1343 , the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia , the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords , who had conquered the country in the 13th century during the Livonian crusade , and to eradicate the non-indigenous Christian religion .	St. George's Night	When did the indigenous Estonians try to overthrow their Danish and German rulers ?
On St. George 's Night -LRB- Estonian : Jüriöö ülestõus -RRB- 23 April 1343 , the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia , the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords , who had conquered the country in the 13th century during the Livonian crusade , and to eradicate the non-indigenous Christian religion .	the non-indigenous Christian religion	What belief system did the native Estonians try to remove ?
After initial success the revolt was ended by the invasion of the Teutonic Order .	the invasion of the Teutonic Order.	What event ended the uprising ?
The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the State of the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346 .	1 November 1346	What date did sovereignty shift from the state of Denmark ?
From 1228 , after of the Livonian Crusade , through the 1560s , Estonia was part of Terra Mariana , established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See .	2 February 1207	When was Terra Mariana established ?
The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order .	Livonian Brothers of the Sword	Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia ?
The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order .	1237	What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order ?
The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346 , when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat .	1346	What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order ?
In 1343 , the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George 's Night Uprising , which was put down by 1345 .	German rule	Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343 ?
After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 , and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435 , the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435 .	1410	When did the Battle of Grunwald take place ?
After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 , and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435 , the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435 .	the Battle of Grunwald	What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order ?
After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 , and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435 , the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435 .	the Livonian Order	Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta ?
After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 , and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435 , the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435 .	1 September 1435	What is date of the Battle of Swienta ?
After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 , and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435 , the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435 .	4 December 1435	When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed ?
The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther -LRB- 1483 -- 1546 -RRB- and his 95 Theses .	1517	When did the The Reformation in Europe start ?
The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther -LRB- 1483 -- 1546 -RRB- and his 95 Theses .	Martin Luther	Who led the The Reformation in Europe ?
The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther -LRB- 1483 -- 1546 -RRB- and his 95 Theses .	1546	What was the year of Martin Luther 's death ?
Language , education , religion and politics were transformed .	Language, education, religion and politics	What parts of society did the Reformation change ?
Church services were now conducted in the vernacular instead of in Latin , previously used .	Latin	What was the previous language of the church ?
As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population , an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century .	serfdom	What form of servitude was eliminated ?
As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population , an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century .	19th century	When did the Estonian nationalist movement begin ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- It began on a cultural level , resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature , theatre and professional music and led on to the formation of the Estonian national identity and the Age of Awakening .	the Age of Awakening	The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied with what era ?
Among the leaders of the movement were Johann Voldemar Jannsen , Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson .	Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.	Who were the leaders of the Age of Awakening ?
On 14 June , while the world 's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier , the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect , two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane `` Kaleva '' flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the US delegations in Tallinn , Riga and Helsinki .	Paris	What capital of France was lost to the Nazi Germans ?
On 14 June , while the world 's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier , the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect , two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane `` Kaleva '' flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the US delegations in Tallinn , Riga and Helsinki .	14 June	When did the Soviet army initiate their blockade on Estonia ?
On 14 June , while the world 's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier , the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect , two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane `` Kaleva '' flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the US delegations in Tallinn , Riga and Helsinki .	Kaleva	What was the name of the Finnish aeroplane attacked by the Soviets ?
On 14 June , while the world 's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier , the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect , two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane `` Kaleva '' flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the US delegations in Tallinn , Riga and Helsinki .	Helsinki	Where was the destination of Kaleva ?
Most of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government , believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army .	the Estonian government	Who commanded the defense of the Estonia to surrender ?
Most of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government , believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army .	the Red Army	Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces ?
Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia `` People 's Self-Defence '' units in front of the XXI Grammar School in Tallinn on 21 June .	the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion	What was the name of the single unit that did n't surrender ?
Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia `` People 's Self-Defence '' units in front of the XXI Grammar School in Tallinn on 21 June .	21 June	When did the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion face off against the Soviets ?
On 6 August 1940 , Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR .	6 August 1940	What date was Estonia annexed by the Soviets ?
On 6 August 1940 , Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR .	the Soviet Union	Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR ?
The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored .	the Estonian constitution	The rules of joining a super power were ignored from what document ?
Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held the previous month .	elections	What system was used to decide on joining the Soviets ?
After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 , the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July .	22 June 1941	What date did the Germans invade the Soviets ?
After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 , the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July .	7 July	When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia ?
The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River -- Emajõgi line on 12 July .	the Pärnu River	What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind ?
The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River -- Emajõgi line on 12 July .	12 July	When did the Red Army fall back to the Parnu River ?
After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 , the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July .	22 June 1941	When did the Germans invade the Soviet Union ?
After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 , the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July .	7 July	When did the Werhmacht cross south border of Estonia ?
At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothers .	the Estonian Forest Brothers	Who helped the Germans take over Estonia ?
Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions , and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country 's independence , it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power .	liberators	What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as ?
Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions , and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country 's independence , it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power .	the USSR	Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans ?
Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions , and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country 's independence , it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power .	the country's independence	What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR ?
The Germans used Estonia 's resources for their war effort ; for the duration of the occupation Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland .	Estonia's resources	What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy ?
Some Estonians , unwilling to side directly with the Nazis , joined the Finnish Army -LRB- which was allied with the Nazis -RRB- to fight against the Soviet Union .	the Finnish Army	Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans ?
Some Estonians , unwilling to side directly with the Nazis , joined the Finnish Army -LRB- which was allied with the Nazis -RRB- to fight against the Soviet Union .	the Nazis	Who was the Finnish Army allied with ?
The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 -LRB- Estonian : soomepoisid -RRB- was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland .	Estonian volunteers in Finland	Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 ?
Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed forces -LRB- including Estonian Waffen-SS -RRB- , the majority of them did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent .	1944	What year did most Estonians join the Germans after a new Soviet threat was emerging ?
In the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army , tens of thousands of Estonians -LRB- including a majority of the education , culture , science , political and social specialists -RRB- chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countries , often by refugee ships such as the SS Walnut .	tens of thousands	How many Estonians chose to retreat or flee when in anticipation of another Soviet invasion ?
In the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army , tens of thousands of Estonians -LRB- including a majority of the education , culture , science , political and social specialists -RRB- chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countries , often by refugee ships such as the SS Walnut .	Finland or Sweden	Which countries did most Estonians desire to flee to ?
In the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army , tens of thousands of Estonians -LRB- including a majority of the education , culture , science , political and social specialists -RRB- chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countries , often by refugee ships such as the SS Walnut .	the SS Walnut	What was the name of the refugee ship that Estonians boarded ?
On 12 January 1949 , the Soviet Council of Ministers issued a decree `` on the expulsion and deportation '' from Baltic states of `` all kulaks and their families , the families of bandits and nationalists '' , and others .	12 January 1949	What date did the Soviet Council of Ministers issue a declaration to remove native Estonians ?
Half the deported perished , and the other half were not allowed to return until the early 1960s -LRB- years after Stalin 's death -RRB- .	Half the deported perished	What percentage of Estonians died after deporation ?
Half the deported perished , and the other half were not allowed to return until the early 1960s -LRB- years after Stalin 's death -RRB- .	the early 1960s	When were the deported Estonians allowed to return ?
Half the deported perished , and the other half were not allowed to return until the early 1960s -LRB- years after Stalin 's death -RRB- .	Stalin's death	What event led to the return of Estonians back home ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The activities of Soviet forces in 1940 -- 41 and after reoccupation sparked a guerrilla war against Soviet authorities in Estonia by the Forest Brothers , who consisted mostly of Estonian veterans of the German and Finnish armies and some civilians .	the Forest Brothers	Who fought a guerrilla war against the Soviets ?
Militarization was another aspect of the Soviet state .	Militarization	What political strategy only allowed major parts of of Estonia to be accessed by the Soviets ?
Most of the sea shore and all sea islands -LRB- including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa -RRB- were declared `` border zones '' .	Saaremaa and Hiiumaa	What sea islands were declared border zones ?
People not actually residing there were restricted from travelling to them without a permit .	permit	What document did people need to travel to the border zones ?
A notable closed military installation was the city of Paldiski , which was entirely closed to all public access .	A notable closed military installation	What was established in the city of Paldiski ?
The U.S. , UK , France , Italy and the majority of other Western countries considered the annexation of Estonia by the USSR illegal .	the annexation of Estonia	What did most Western countries view as an illegal claim by the USSR ?
They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia , never de jure recognised the existence of the Estonian SSR , and never recognised Estonia as a legal constituent part of the Soviet Union .	diplomatic relations	What relationship did Western countries continue with Estonia ?
They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia , never de jure recognised the existence of the Estonian SSR , and never recognised Estonia as a legal constituent part of the Soviet Union .	the Estonian SSR	What institution did Western countries refuse to recognize ?
As the 1980s progressed , a movement for Estonian autonomy started .	1980s	What decade started the push for Estonian independence ?
In 1989 , during the `` Singing Revolution '' , in a landmark demonstration for more independence , more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia , called the Baltic Way .	1989	What year did the Singing Revolution occur ?
In 1989 , during the `` Singing Revolution '' , in a landmark demonstration for more independence , more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia , called the Baltic Way .	independence	What was the demonstration of the Singing Revolution trying to fight for ?
In 1989 , during the `` Singing Revolution '' , in a landmark demonstration for more independence , more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia , called the Baltic Way .	more than two million people	How many people created a chain of solidarity that went Estonia and other countries ?
In 1989 , during the `` Singing Revolution '' , in a landmark demonstration for more independence , more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia , called the Baltic Way .	the Baltic Way	What was the name of the human chain ?
Estonia 's land border with Latvia runs 267 kilometers ; the Russian border runs 290 kilometers .	267 kilometers	What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Lativa ?
Estonia 's land border with Latvia runs 267 kilometers ; the Russian border runs 290 kilometers .	290 kilometers	What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Russia ?
From 1920 to 1945 , Estonia 's border with Russia , set by the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty , extended beyond the Narva River in the northeast and beyond the town of Pechory -LRB- Petseri -RRB- in the southeast .	the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty	What document established the border between Russia and Estonia ?
Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3 ° and 59.5 ° N and 21.5 ° and 28.1 ° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres -LRB- 164 ft -RRB- and the country 's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 metres -LRB- 1,043 ft -RRB- .	the Baltic Sea	What body of water borders Estonia ?
Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3 ° and 59.5 ° N and 21.5 ° and 28.1 ° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres -LRB- 164 ft -RRB- and the country 's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 metres -LRB- 1,043 ft -RRB- .	50 metres (164 ft)	What is the average elevation of Estonia ?
Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3 ° and 59.5 ° N and 21.5 ° and 28.1 ° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres -LRB- 164 ft -RRB- and the country 's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 metres -LRB- 1,043 ft -RRB- .	the Suur Munamägi	What is Estonia 's highest mountain point ?
Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3 ° and 59.5 ° N and 21.5 ° and 28.1 ° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres -LRB- 164 ft -RRB- and the country 's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 metres -LRB- 1,043 ft -RRB- .	318 metres (1,043 ft)	How tall is the the Suur Munamägi ?
Estonia is situated in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate .	northern part	What section of the temperate climate zone does Estonia reside ?
Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length .	near-equal length	What is the similar trait of Estonia 's four seasons ?
Average temperatures range from 16.3 °C -LRB- 61.3 °F -RRB- on the Baltic islands to 18.1 °C -LRB- 64.6 °F -RRB- inland in July , the warmest month , and from − 3.5 °C -LRB- 25.7 °F -RRB- on the Baltic islands to − 7.6 °C -LRB- 18.3 °F -RRB- inland in February , the coldest month .	16.3 °C (61.3 °F)	What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands ?
Average temperatures range from 16.3 °C -LRB- 61.3 °F -RRB- on the Baltic islands to 18.1 °C -LRB- 64.6 °F -RRB- inland in July , the warmest month , and from − 3.5 °C -LRB- 25.7 °F -RRB- on the Baltic islands to − 7.6 °C -LRB- 18.3 °F -RRB- inland in February , the coldest month .	July	What is the warmest month in Estonia ?
A maakond -LRB- county -RRB- is the biggest administrative subdivision .	A maakond	What is the largest administrative subdivision in Estonia ?
The county government -LRB- Maavalitsus -RRB- of each county is led by a county governor -LRB- Maavanem -RRB- , who represents the national government at the regional level .	Maavalitsus	What is the county government in Estonia called ?
The county government -LRB- Maavalitsus -RRB- of each county is led by a county governor -LRB- Maavanem -RRB- , who represents the national government at the regional level .	county governor	A Maavanem holds what position in Estonia ?
The county government -LRB- Maavalitsus -RRB- of each county is led by a county governor -LRB- Maavanem -RRB- , who represents the national government at the regional level .	Maavanem	Who represents the national government on a local level ?
Estonia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and which includes a multi-party system .	the Prime Minister of Estonia	Who is the leader of Estonia 's government ?
Estonia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and which includes a multi-party system .	a multi-party system	What political structure aids the Prime Minister ?
This situation is similar to other countries in Northern Europe .	Northern Europe	The political scene of Estonia is similar to other countries in what continent ?
The former Prime Minister of Estonia , Andrus Ansip , is also Europe 's longest-serving Prime Minister -LRB- from 2005 until 2014 -RRB- .	Andrus Ansip	Who is Europe 's longest serving Prime Minister ?
The Parliament of Estonia -LRB- Estonian : Riigikogu -RRB- or the legislative branch is elected by people for a four-year term by proportional representation .	The Parliament of Estonia	What position do the citizens of Estonia elect for a four year term ?
The Estonian political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1992 constitutional document .	1992	What year did the Estonians create a constitutional document for their modern political system ?
The Estonian parliament has 101 members and influences the governing of the state primarily by determining the income and the expenses of the state -LRB- establishing taxes and adopting the budget -RRB- .	101 members	How many representatives are in the Estonian parliament ?
At the same time the parliament has the right to present statements , declarations and appeals to the people of Estonia , ratify and denounce international treaties with other states and international organisations and decide on the Government loans .	ratify and denounce international treaties	What can the Estonian parliament do in regards to treaties ?
The Riigikogu elects and appoints several high officials of the state , including the President of the Republic .	The Riigikogu	Who chooses high state officials of Estonia ?
A member of the Riigikogu has the right to demand explanations from the Government of the Republic and its members .	the Riigikogu	Who does the government have to explain their actions to ?
This enables the members of the parliament to observe the activities of the executive power and the above-mentioned high officials of the state .	activities of the executive power	What can the Riigikogu monitor for abuse of influence ?
The Government of Estonia -LRB- Estonian : Vabariigi Valitsus -RRB- or the executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia , nominated by the president and approved by the parliament .	the Prime Minister of Estonia	Who establishes the executive branch of Estonia ?
The Government of Estonia -LRB- Estonian : Vabariigi Valitsus -RRB- or the executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia , nominated by the president and approved by the parliament .	parliament	Who has to approve the Government of Estonia after it is nominated by the President ?
The government exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution of Estonia and the laws of the Republic of Estonia and consists of twelve ministers , including the Prime Minister .	twelve	How many ministers serve in the government ?
The Prime Minister also has the right to appoint other ministers and assign them a subject to deal with .	The Prime Minister	Who has the ability to assign other ministers ?
The Prime Minister has the right to appoint a maximum of three such ministers , as the limit of ministers in one government is fifteen .	three	What is the most amount of ministers that a Prime Minister can assign ?
It is also known as the cabinet .	the cabinet	What is another name for the governing body of ministers ?
The cabinet carries out the country 's domestic and foreign policy , shaped by parliament ; it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power .	domestic and foreign policy	What strategy does the cabinet execute ?
The cabinet carries out the country 's domestic and foreign policy , shaped by parliament ; it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power .	everything occurring within the authority of executive power	What major responsibility does the cabinet hold ?
Internet voting is used in elections in Estonia .	Internet voting	What digital technology as Estonia been advacning ?
The first internet voting took place in the 2005 local elections and the first in a parliamentary election was made available for the 2007 elections , in which 30,275 individuals voted over the internet .	2005	What year did the first internet vote occur in local Estonia elections ?
The first internet voting took place in the 2005 local elections and the first in a parliamentary election was made available for the 2007 elections , in which 30,275 individuals voted over the internet .	2007	What year did the first internet vote occur in Estonia parliamentary elections ?
The first internet voting took place in the 2005 local elections and the first in a parliamentary election was made available for the 2007 elections , in which 30,275 individuals voted over the internet .	30,275	In 2007 , how many Estonians used internet voting ?
According to the Constitution of Estonia -LRB- Estonian : Põhiseadus -RRB- the supreme power of the state is vested in the people .	the Constitution of Estonia	What document declares supreme power for the people ?
The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus , with nineteen justices .	the Supreme Court or Riigikohus	Who holds supreme judicial power in Estonia ?
The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus , with nineteen justices .	nineteen	How many judges are on Estonia 's supreme court ?
The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president .	nine	How many years does the Chief justice serve ?
Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921 , has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991 , and of NATO since 29 March 2004 , as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004 .	22 September 1921	What date did Estonia join the League of Nations ?
Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921 , has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991 , and of NATO since 29 March 2004 , as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004 .	17 September 1991	What date did Estonia join the United Nations ?
Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921 , has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991 , and of NATO since 29 March 2004 , as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004 .	29 March 2004	What date did Estonia join NATO ?
Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921 , has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991 , and of NATO since 29 March 2004 , as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004 .	1 May 2004	What date did Estonia join the European Union ?
Since regaining independence , Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close co-operation with its Western European partners .	close co-operation	What type of foreign policy has Estonia sought after getting their independence ?
The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union , achieved in March and May 2004 respectively .	accession into NATO and the European Union	What were the most important foreign policy priorities ?
Estonia 's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia , most recently demonstrated by the protest triggered by the controversial relocation of the Bronze Soldier World War II memorial in Tallinn .	deterioration in relations with Russia	What trend has accompanied Estonia 's cooperation with Western powers ?
Since the early 1990s , Estonia is involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with Latvia and Lithuania , and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries .	Latvia and Lithuania	Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s ?
The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly -LRB- BA -RRB- and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers -LRB- BCM -RRB- .	The Baltic Council	What is the combined group of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers ?
Nordic-Baltic Eight -LRB- NB-8 -RRB- is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Iceland , Latvia , Lithuania , Norway and Sweden .	Nordic-Baltic Eight	What is the name of the joint group that Estonia shares with Denmark and 7 other countries ?
Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council began in 1989 .	1989	What year did Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council start ?
An important element in Estonia 's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries , especially Finland and Sweden .	closer ties with the Nordic countries	What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence ?
In December 1999 , then Estonian foreign minister -LRB- and since 2006 , president of Estonia -RRB- Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled `` Estonia as a Nordic Country '' to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs .	December 1999	When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech ?
In December 1999 , then Estonian foreign minister -LRB- and since 2006 , president of Estonia -RRB- Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled `` Estonia as a Nordic Country '' to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs .	Toomas Hendrik Ilves	Who expressed a speech called `` Estonia as a Nordic Country '' ?
In 2003 , the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called `` Estonia : Nordic with a Twist '' .	2003	What year did the foreign ministry hold an exhibit exploring the Nordic ties of Estonia ?
In 2005 , Estonia joined the European Union 's Nordic Battle Group .	2005	When did Estonia join the European Union 's Nordic Battle Group ?
It has also shown continued interest in joining the Nordic Council .	the Nordic Council	What government institution did Estonia continue to show desire in joining ?
Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92 % of Estonia 's international trade , today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbours : three quarters of foreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries -LRB- principally Finland and Sweden -RRB- , to which Estonia sends 42 % of its exports -LRB- as compared to 6.5 % going to Russia , 8.8 % to Latvia , and 4.7 % to Lithuania -RRB- .	92%	What percentage of Estonia 's foreign trade was held by Russia in 1992 ?
Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92 % of Estonia 's international trade , today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbours : three quarters of foreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries -LRB- principally Finland and Sweden -RRB- , to which Estonia sends 42 % of its exports -LRB- as compared to 6.5 % going to Russia , 8.8 % to Latvia , and 4.7 % to Lithuania -RRB- .	42%	What percentage of Estonia exports are sent to Nordic countries ?
The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces -LRB- Estonian : Kaitsevägi -RRB- , which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maavägi -LRB- Army -RRB- , Merevägi -LRB- Navy -RRB- , Õhuvägi -LRB- Air Force -RRB- and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit -LRB- Defence League -RRB- .	Maavägi	What is the name of Estonia 's Army ?
The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces -LRB- Estonian : Kaitsevägi -RRB- , which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maavägi -LRB- Army -RRB- , Merevägi -LRB- Navy -RRB- , Õhuvägi -LRB- Air Force -RRB- and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit -LRB- Defence League -RRB- .	Merevägi	What is the name of Estonia 's Navy ?
The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces -LRB- Estonian : Kaitsevägi -RRB- , which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maavägi -LRB- Army -RRB- , Merevägi -LRB- Navy -RRB- , Õhuvägi -LRB- Air Force -RRB- and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit -LRB- Defence League -RRB- .	Õhuvägi	What is the name of Estonia 's Air Force ?
The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces -LRB- Estonian : Kaitsevägi -RRB- , which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maavägi -LRB- Army -RRB- , Merevägi -LRB- Navy -RRB- , Õhuvägi -LRB- Air Force -RRB- and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit -LRB- Defence League -RRB- .	the Estonian Defence Forces	What name describes the combined body of all Estonia military ?
Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives , including Baltic Battalion -LRB- BALTBAT -RRB- , Baltic Naval Squadron -LRB- BALTRON -RRB- , Baltic Air Surveillance Network -LRB- BALTNET -RRB- and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu .	Latvia and Lithuania	Which countries aid Estonia in trilateral defense strategies ?
Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives , including Baltic Battalion -LRB- BALTBAT -RRB- , Baltic Naval Squadron -LRB- BALTRON -RRB- , Baltic Air Surveillance Network -LRB- BALTNET -RRB- and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu .	the Baltic Defence College	What joint military educational academy does Estonia share with Baltic Countries ?
Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives , including Baltic Battalion -LRB- BALTBAT -RRB- , Baltic Naval Squadron -LRB- BALTRON -RRB- , Baltic Air Surveillance Network -LRB- BALTNET -RRB- and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu .	Tartu	Where is the Baltic Defence College located ?
In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO , the defence framework of the Nordic countries .	January 2011	When were the Baltic states asked to join NORDEFCO ?
The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces have been working on a cyberwarfare and defence formation for some years now .	The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces	Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare ?
In 2007 , a military doctrine of an e-military of Estonia was officially introduced as the country was under massive cyberattacks in 2007 .	2007	What year was a declaration of e-military introduced ?
In 2007 , a military doctrine of an e-military of Estonia was officially introduced as the country was under massive cyberattacks in 2007 .	massive cyberattacks	What event in 2007 led to a need for e-military action ?
The main cyber warfare facility is the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia -LRB- CERT -RRB- , founded in 2006 .	2006	When was the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia established ?
As a member of the European Union , Estonia is considered a high-income economy by the World Bank .	the World Bank	What institution views the economy of Estonia as high income ?
The GDP -LRB- PPP -RRB- per capita of the country , a good indicator of wealth , was in 2015 $ 28,781 according to the IMF , between that of Slovak Republic and Lithuania , but below that of other long-time EU members such as Italy or Spain .	$28,781	What was the GDP of Estonia in 2015 ?
The GDP -LRB- PPP -RRB- per capita of the country , a good indicator of wealth , was in 2015 $ 28,781 according to the IMF , between that of Slovak Republic and Lithuania , but below that of other long-time EU members such as Italy or Spain .	Slovak Republic and Lithuania	What countries share similar levels of GDP with Estonia ?
The country is ranked 8th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom , and the 4th freest economy in Europe .	8th	Where is Estonia ranked in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom ?
Estonia produces about 75 % of its consumed electricity .	75%	How much of consumed electricity does Estonia produce by itself ?
In 2011 about 85 % of it was generated with locally mined oil shale .	about 85%	What percentage of electricity was produced with local oil shale in 2011 ?
Alternative energy sources such as wood , peat , and biomass make up approximately 9 % of primary energy production .	wood, peat, and biomass	What alternative energy sources account for 9 % of energy production ?
Renewable wind energy was about 6 % of total consumption in 2009 .	6%	What percentage of electricity was produced from renewable energy in 2009 ?
Because of the global economic recession that began in 2007 , the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4 % in the 2nd quarter of 2008 , over 3 % in the 3rd quarter of 2008 , and over 9 % in the 4th quarter of 2008 .	2007	When did the global economic recession start ?
Because of the global economic recession that began in 2007 , the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4 % in the 2nd quarter of 2008 , over 3 % in the 3rd quarter of 2008 , and over 9 % in the 4th quarter of 2008 .	global economic recession	What trend led to the decrease of Estonia 's GDP ?
The Estonian government made a supplementary negative budget , which was passed by Riigikogu .	Riigikogu	Who approved the supplementary negative budget drafted by the Estonian government ?
In 2010 , the economic situation stabilized and started a growth based on strong exports .	2010	What year did Estonia start their economic rise based on strong exports ?
Since re-establishing independence , Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West .	the gateway between East and West	What Estonia view itself as after winning independence ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In 1994 , based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman , Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax , with a uniform rate of 26 % regardless of personal income .	1994	What year did Estonia establish a flat tax ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In 1994 , based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman , Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax , with a uniform rate of 26 % regardless of personal income .	Milton Friedman	Who was the source of influence for the flat tax ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In 1994 , based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman , Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax , with a uniform rate of 26 % regardless of personal income .	a uniform rate of 26%	What was tax rate imposed on the personal income ?
In 1999 , Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991 , largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis .	1999	What was the worst economic year for Estonia after winning independence ?
In 1999 , Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991 , largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis .	1991	What year did Estonia reclaim their independence ?
In 1999 , Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991 , largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis .	the 1998 Russian financial crisis	What event played a major part in the decline of the economy during 1999 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999 .	November 1999	When did Estonia unite with the WTO ?
Estonia is a dependent country in the terms of energy and energy production .	energy	What lacking resource does Estonia depend on other countries for ?
In recent years many local and foreign companies have been investing in renewable energy sources .	renewable energy sources	What type of energy production as many companies been investing in recent years ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The importance of wind power has been increasing steadily in Estonia and currently the total amount of energy production from wind is nearly 60 MW while at the same time roughly 399 MW worth of projects are currently being developed and more than 2800 MW worth of projects are being proposed in the Lake Peipus area and the coastal areas of Hiiumaa .	wind power	What energy source has been increasing in Estonia ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The importance of wind power has been increasing steadily in Estonia and currently the total amount of energy production from wind is nearly 60 MW while at the same time roughly 399 MW worth of projects are currently being developed and more than 2800 MW worth of projects are being proposed in the Lake Peipus area and the coastal areas of Hiiumaa .	nearly 60 MW	What is total amount of energy production from wind power ?
Estonia has had a market economy since the end of the 1990s and one of the highest per capita income levels in Eastern Europe .	Eastern	In what region does Estonia hold one of the highest per capita income levels ?
Proximity to the Scandinavian markets , its location between the East and West , competitive cost structure and a highly skilled labour force have been the major Estonian comparative advantages in the beginning of the 2000s -LRB- decade -RRB- .	Scandinavian markets	Being close to what commercial area gives Estonia a competitive advantage ?
Proximity to the Scandinavian markets , its location between the East and West , competitive cost structure and a highly skilled labour force have been the major Estonian comparative advantages in the beginning of the 2000s -LRB- decade -RRB- .	highly skilled	What is a major trait of the Estonian employed workers ?
As the largest city , Tallinn has emerged as a financial centre and the Tallinn Stock Exchange joined recently with the OMX system .	Tallinn	What is the largest city in Estonia ?
In 2007 , however , a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia 's currency , which was pegged to the Euro , highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries .	2007	When did a huge deficit and rising inflation place pressure on Estonia 's currency ?
In 2007 , however , a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia 's currency , which was pegged to the Euro , highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries .	export-generating industries	What area of commerce did Estonia need to expand ?
Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually .	200 million kilowatt hours	How much electricity is imported by Estonia annually ?
Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually .	1.562 billion kilowatt hours	How much electricity is exported by Estonia annually ?
Between 2007 and 2013 , Estonia receives 53.3 billion kroons -LRB- 3.4 billion euros -RRB- from various European Union Structural Funds as direct supports by creating the largest foreign investments into Estonia ever .	53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros)	How much money did Estonia receive from European Union Structural Funds between 2007 and 2013 ?
Between 2007 and 2013 , Estonia receives 53.3 billion kroons -LRB- 3.4 billion euros -RRB- from various European Union Structural Funds as direct supports by creating the largest foreign investments into Estonia ever .	2007	What year was the start of investments from the European Union Structural Funds ?
Between 2007 and 2013 , Estonia receives 53.3 billion kroons -LRB- 3.4 billion euros -RRB- from various European Union Structural Funds as direct supports by creating the largest foreign investments into Estonia ever .	2013	What year was the end of investments from the European Union Structural Funds ?
Between 1945 and 1989 , the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61 % , caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus , as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin 's mass deportations and executions .	Between 1945 and 1989	What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61 % ?
Between 1945 and 1989 , the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61 % , caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus , as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin 's mass deportations and executions .	mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus	What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians ?
Between 1945 and 1989 , the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61 % , caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus , as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin 's mass deportations and executions .	Joseph Stalin	Who ordered large scales of deportations and executions ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- By 1989 , minorities constituted more than one-third of the population , as the number of non-Estonians had grown almost fivefold .	1989	What year did minorities in Estonia make up more than a third of the country ?
At the end of the 1980s , Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe .	a national catastrophe	How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians ?
In the decade following the reconstitution of independence , large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61 % to 69 % in 2006 .	Russian military bases	What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia 's reclaim of independence ?
In the decade following the reconstitution of independence , large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61 % to 69 % in 2006 .	69%	What percentage of Estonians were ethnic in 2006 ?
Thirteen of Estonia 's 15 counties are over 80 % ethnic Estonian , the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa , where Estonians account for 98.4 % of the population .	Thirteen	What number of Estonia 's counties are over 80 % ethnic Estonian ?
Thirteen of Estonia 's 15 counties are over 80 % ethnic Estonian , the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa , where Estonians account for 98.4 % of the population .	15	How many counties are in Estonia ?
Thirteen of Estonia 's 15 counties are over 80 % ethnic Estonian , the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa , where Estonians account for 98.4 % of the population .	Hiiumaa	Which county in Estonia is the most uniform ?
Thirteen of Estonia 's 15 counties are over 80 % ethnic Estonian , the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa , where Estonians account for 98.4 % of the population .	98.4%	What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians ?
Russians make up 25.6 % of the total population but account for 36 % of the population in Harju county and 70 % of the population in Ida-Viru county .	25.6%	What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians ?
The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time .	1925	What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established ?
The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time .	The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law	In 1925 , what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe ?
Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia .	more than 3,000 people	How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies ?
Before the Soviet occupation , the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council .	Germans and Jewish minorities	What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation ?
The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report called `` extremely credible '' the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as `` discriminatory '' .	The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report	What document labeled the the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as `` discriminatory '' ?
According to surveys , only 5 % of the Russian community have considered returning to Russia in the near future .	5%	What percentage of Estonian Russians have though of going back to Russia ?
Estonian Russians have developed their own identity -- more than half of the respondents recognised that Estonian Russians differ noticeably from the Russians in Russia .	more than half	What proportion of Estonian Russians see themselves as different from their Russian counterparts ?
Estonia 's constitution guarantees freedom of religion , separation of church and state , and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion .	Estonia's constitution	What guarantees freedom of religion for Estonian citizens ?
Estonia 's constitution guarantees freedom of religion , separation of church and state , and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion .	separation of church and state	Estonia 's constitution declares the division of what parts of society ?
Estonia 's constitution guarantees freedom of religion , separation of church and state , and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion .	belief and religion	What individual privacy rights are citizens granted ?
According to the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc , Estonia is one of the least religious countries in the world , with 75.7 % of the population claiming to be irreligious .	75.7%	What percentage of Estonians claim no religion ?
Another major group , inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity , practised chiefly by the Russian minority , and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members .	Russian minority	What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity ?
Another major group , inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity , practised chiefly by the Russian minority , and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members .	the Russian Orthodox Church	Which religious group is the second largest with 150,000 members ?
The Catholics have their Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia .	Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia	What religious group do Catholics in Estonia follow ?
Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins , one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German , for example .	Germanic	What language does Estonian share similar words with ?
This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages , mainly from Low Saxon -LRB- Middle Low German -RRB- during the period of German rule , and High German -LRB- including standard German -RRB- .	nearly one third	What proportion of vocabulary did Estonia borrow from Germany ?
This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages , mainly from Low Saxon -LRB- Middle Low German -RRB- during the period of German rule , and High German -LRB- including standard German -RRB- .	High German	What standard language did Estonia adopt during German rule ?
The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22 -- 25 percent , with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent .	about 15 percent	What percentage of the Estonia language includes Low Saxon words ?
Academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels : bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral studies .	bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies	What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia ?
In some specialties -LRB- basic medical studies , veterinary , pharmacy , dentistry , architect-engineer , and a classroom teacher programme -RRB- the bachelor 's and master 's levels are integrated into one unit .	basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry	What medical fields have their bachelor 's and master 's levels combined into one unit ?
Estonian public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied higher education institutions .	autonomy	What do Estonian public universities have more of than higher education institutions ?
The largest public universities are the University of Tartu , Tallinn University of Technology , Tallinn University , Estonian University of Life Sciences , Estonian Academy of Arts ; the largest private university is Estonian Business School .	Estonian Business School	What is the largest private university in Estonia ?
The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science .	The Estonian Academy of Sciences	What is the main science institution in Estonia ?
The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics -LRB- NICPB ; Estonian KBFI -RRB- .	the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics	What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research ?
The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn .	the late 1950s	What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia ?
The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn .	Tartu and Tallinn	What cities were the locations of the first computer centers ?
Today , Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism , with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government , discouraging centralised power and corruption .	liberty and liberalism	What virtues does modern Estonian society promote ?
Today , Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism , with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government , discouraging centralised power and corruption .	limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption	What size and power of government is popular in Estonia ?
The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural staple , and free education is a highly prized institution .	free education	What is a highly prized fixture of Estonian society ?
Like the mainstream culture in the other Nordic countries , Estonian culture can be seen to build upon the ascetic environmental realities and traditional livelihoods , a heritage of comparatively widespread egalitarianism out of practical reasons -LRB- see : Everyman 's right and universal suffrage -RRB- , and the ideals of closeness to nature and self-sufficiency -LRB- see : summer cottage -RRB- .	closeness to nature	What ideal does Estonia hold towards the environment ?
The Estonian Academy of Arts -LRB- Estonian : Eesti Kunstiakadeemia , EKA -RRB- is providing higher education in art , design , architecture , media , art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction , native blacksmithing , native textile design , traditional handicraft and traditional music , but also jazz and church music .	The Estonian Academy of Arts	What institute provides education in art , design , and media ?
The Estonian Academy of Arts -LRB- Estonian : Eesti Kunstiakadeemia , EKA -RRB- is providing higher education in art , design , architecture , media , art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction , native blacksmithing , native textile design , traditional handicraft and traditional music , but also jazz and church music .	Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu	What institute promotes awareness of native culture ?
The Estonian Academy of Arts -LRB- Estonian : Eesti Kunstiakadeemia , EKA -RRB- is providing higher education in art , design , architecture , media , art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction , native blacksmithing , native textile design , traditional handicraft and traditional music , but also jazz and church music .	native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design	What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight ?
In 2010 , there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects .	245	How many Estonian museums existed in 2010 ?
The tradition of Estonian Song Festivals -LRB- Laulupidu -RRB- started at the height of the Estonian national awakening in 1869 .	Laulupidu	What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals ?
The tradition of Estonian Song Festivals -LRB- Laulupidu -RRB- started at the height of the Estonian national awakening in 1869 .	1869	What year did the tradition of Laulupidu start ?
In 2004 , about 100,000 people participated in the Song Festival .	about 100,000 people	How many people celebrated Laulupidu in 2004 ?
Since 1928 , the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds -LRB- Lauluväljak -RRB- have hosted the event every five years in July .	the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds	Where does Laulupidu usually take place ?
Since 1928 , the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds -LRB- Lauluväljak -RRB- have hosted the event every five years in July .	every five years in July	When does Laulupidu occur ?
Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song `` Everybody '' performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton .	2001	What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest ?
In 2002 , Estonia hosted the event .	2002	What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest ?
Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song `` Everybody '' performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton .	Tanel Padar and Dave Benton	Who performed the song `` Everybody '' ?
Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions -LRB- 1996 and 1997 -RRB- , while Eda-Ines Etti , Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovision Song Contest .	Maarja-Liis Ilus	What performer has represented Estonia two different times ?
`` Rändajad '' by Urban Symphony , was the first ever song in Estonian to chart in the UK , Belgium , and Switzerland .	"Rändajad" by Urban Symphony	What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts ?
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades , from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany , Sweden , and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language .	the Northern Crusades	What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers ?
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades , from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany , Sweden , and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language .	Germany, Sweden, and Russia	Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918 ?
The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century .	the 13th century	What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works ?
The Liber Census Daniae -LRB- 1241 -RRB- contains Estonian place and family names .	The Liber Census Daniae	What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names ?
Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature , who is still widely read today , especially his lyrical school novel Kevade -LRB- Spring -RRB- .	Oskar Luts	Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history ?
Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature , who is still widely read today , especially his lyrical school novel Kevade -LRB- Spring -RRB- .	Kevade	What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts ?
Anton Hansen Tammsaare 's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant community to an independent nation .	Truth and Justice	What is the name of the book written by Anton Hansen Tammsaare ?
Anton Hansen Tammsaare 's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant community to an independent nation .	Anton Hansen Tammsaare	Who wrote a book detailing Estonia 's rise from peasants to independence ?
Worth mentioning is especially the architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn , which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List .	Tallinn	Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List ?
In addition , the country has several unique , more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times , a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches , while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries .	pre-Christian times	When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built ?
In addition , the country has several unique , more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times , a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches , while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries .	castles and churches	What institutional structures still exist from medieval times ?
Historically , the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food , which today is influenced by many countries .	seasons and simple peasant food	What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread , pork , potatoes , and dairy products .	black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products.	What are the most common foods in Estonia ?
Traditionally in summer and spring , Estonians like to eat everything fresh -- berries , herbs , vegetables , and everything else that comes straight from the garden .	berries, herbs, vegetables	What fresh items do Estonians traditionally enjoy in summer and spring ?
Hunting and fishing have also been very common , although currently hunting and fishing are enjoyed mostly as hobbies .	Hunting and fishing	What food gathering behaviors are now seen as hobbies in modern Estonian culture ?
Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture .	Sport	What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society ?
After declaring independence from Russia in 1918 , Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics , although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923 .	1918	What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia ?
After declaring independence from Russia in 1918 , Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics , although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923 .	the 1920 Summer Olympics	What event did Estonia compete in as a nation for the first time ever ?
Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 .	1940	What year was Estonia annexed by Russia ?
The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn .	Tallinn	What city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta ?
Estonia national basketball team previously participated in 1936 Summer Olympics , appeared in EuroBasket four times .	1936	What year did Estonia 's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics
Estonia national basketball team previously participated in 1936 Summer Olympics , appeared in EuroBasket four times .	four	How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament ?
BC Kalev/Cramo , which participates in EuroCup , is the most recent Korvpalli Meistriliiga winner after becoming champion of the league for the 6th time .	BC Kalev/Cramo	Which Estonian football club competes in the EuroCup ?
Tartu Ülikool / Rock , which participates in EuroChallenge , is the second strongest Estonian basketball club , previously winning Korvpalli Meistriliiga 22 times .	Tartu Ülikool/Rock	What is the name of second best basketball club in Estonia ?
Six Estonian basketball clubs participates in Baltic Basketball League .	Six	How many Estonian teams are in the Baltic Basketball League ?
The turbulent history of the area , particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire , resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences .	expansion of the Ottoman Empire	What is one of the main causes of the turbulent history ?
Due to population migrations , Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans , intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian -LRB- which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest -RRB- .	population migrations	What was the main cause of the spread of Shtokavian ?
Due to population migrations , Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans , intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian -LRB- which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest -RRB- .	western Balkans	In which geographical region did Shtokavian become wide spread ?
Bosniaks , Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles , although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords .	religion	What was one of the major differences between the Bosniaks , Croats and Serbs ?
During that period , the language was referred to under a variety of names , such as `` Slavic '' , `` Illyrian '' , or according to region , `` Bosnian '' , `` Serbian '' and `` Croatian '' , the latter often in combination with `` Slavonian '' or `` Dalmatian '' .	language	What is `` Illyrian ? ''
During that period , the language was referred to under a variety of names , such as `` Slavic '' , `` Illyrian '' , or according to region , `` Bosnian '' , `` Serbian '' and `` Croatian '' , the latter often in combination with `` Slavonian '' or `` Dalmatian '' .	"Slavic", "Illyrian", or according to region, "Bosnian", "Serbian" and "Croatian"	What were some of the names given to language during period of foreign control ?
The turbulent history of the area , particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire , resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences .	expansion of the Ottoman Empire	What specific historical event caused a group of religious and verbal differences in South Slavic dialect ?
Due to population migrations , Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans , intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian -LRB- which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest -RRB- .	population migrations	Why was Shtokavian the most widespread culture in the western Balkans ?
Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists , decades before a Yugoslav state was established .	mid-19th-century	In which time period was Serbo-Croatian standardized ?
Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists , decades before a Yugoslav state was established .	Vienna Literary Agreement	What was the name of the document that standardized Serbo-Croatian ?
From the very beginning , there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards , although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect , Eastern Herzegovinian .	Eastern Herzegovinian	What were both Serbian and Croatian standards based off of ?
In the 20th century , Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia -LRB- when it was called `` Serbo-Croato-Slovenian '' -RRB- , and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia .	Kingdom of Yugoslavia	What was Serbo-Croatian the official language for in the 20th century ?
Since the breakup of Yugoslavia , Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina , and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard .	Bosnian	Which additional language was added as an official language after the breakup of Yugoslavia ?
From the very beginning , there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards , although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect , Eastern Herzegovinian .	Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian	What were both Serbian and Croation standards based on ?
In the 20th century , Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia -LRB- when it was called `` Serbo-Croato-Slovenian '' -RRB- , and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia .	Serbo-Croatian	Which language officially served the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ?
Serbo-Croatian thus generally goes by the ethnic names Serbian , Croatian , Bosnian , and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac .	Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac	What ethnic names does Serbo-Croatian associate with ?
Like other South Slavic languages , Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology , with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants .	simple	What kind of phonology do South Slavic languages have ?
Like other South Slavic languages , Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology , with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants .	twenty-five	How many consonants are in the Serbo-Croatian alphabet ?
Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order , subject -- verb -- object being the default .	subject–verb–object	What is the default sentence structure for the Serbo-Croatian language ?
Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order , subject -- verb -- object being the default .	pro-drop	What kind of language is Serbo-Croatian ?
It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj 's Latin alphabet , whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one , and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards .	Serbian Cyrillic	Other than Gaj 's Latin alphabet , what other written language can Serbo-Croatian be written in ?
Like other South Slavic languages , Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology , with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants .	twenty-five	How many consonants does the Serbo-Croatian language have ?
Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic , with complex inflection , preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns , pronouns , and adjectives .	Common Slavic	From where does Serbo-Croatian derive its grammar ?
It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj 's Latin alphabet , whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one , and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards .	Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin	Which alphabets can be used to express the Serbo-Croatian language ?
As such , the term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824 , popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades , and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859 .	1824	When was the term Serbo-Croatian first used ?
As such , the term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824 , popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades , and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859 .	Jernej Kopitar	Who popularized the term Serbo-Croatian ?
At that time , Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires .	Austrian	Aside from the Ottoman Empire , which other empire did the Serb and Croat lands in the mid 19th century belong to ?
Unofficially , Serbs and Croats typically called the language `` Serbian '' or `` Croatian '' , respectively , without implying a distinction between the two , and again in independent Bosnia and Herzegovina , `` Bosnian '' , `` Croatian '' , and `` Serbian '' were considered to be three names of a single official language .	Bosnia and Herzegovina	In which region of land was the Serbo-Croat language referred to as `` Bosnian '' ?
It is still used for lack of a succinct alternative , though alternative names have been used , such as Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian -LRB- BCS -RRB- , which is often seen in political contexts such as the Hague War Crimes tribunal .	Hague War Crimes tribunal	What is an example of a political text where the term Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian was used to describe the language ?
Throughout the history of the South Slavs , the vernacular , literary , and written languages -LRB- e.g. Chakavian , Kajkavian , Shtokavian -RRB- of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently .	independently	Did South Slav languages develop coherently or independently ?
Prior to the 19th century , they were collectively called `` Illyric '' , `` Slavic '' , `` Slavonian '' , `` Bosnian '' , `` Dalmatian '' , `` Serbian '' or `` Croatian '' .	"Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian"	What were the names given to the various dialects predating the 19th century ?
As such , the term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824 , popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades , and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859 .	Jacob Grimm	Who first used the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824 ?
Today , use of the term `` Serbo-Croatian '' is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match .	prejudice that nation and language must match	For what reason is the term `` Serbo-Croatian '' controversial today ?
In the mid-19th century , Serbian -LRB- led by self-taught writer and folklorist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić -RRB- and most Croatian writers and linguists -LRB- represented by the Illyrian movement and led by Ljudevit Gaj and Đuro Daničić -RRB- , proposed the use of the most widespread dialect , Shtokavian , as the base for their common standard language .	Shtokavian	Which dialect did writers and linguists of both Serbian and Croatian backgrounds wish to use as their common standard language ?
In the mid-19th century , Serbian -LRB- led by self-taught writer and folklorist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić -RRB- and most Croatian writers and linguists -LRB- represented by the Illyrian movement and led by Ljudevit Gaj and Đuro Daničić -RRB- , proposed the use of the most widespread dialect , Shtokavian , as the base for their common standard language .	most widespread dialect	Why was Shtokavian suggested as a common language base ?
In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the Vienna Literary Agreement , declaring their intention to create a unified standard .	Vienna Literary Agreement	What 1850 document formally declared the intent to create a unified standard ?
During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , the language of all three nations was called `` Bosnian '' until the death of administrator von Kállay in 1907 , at which point the name was changed to `` Serbo-Croatian '' .	administrator von Kállay	After whose death in 1907 was the `` Bosnian '' name changed to `` Serbo-Creation '' ?
Both Serbian and Croatian variants were represented in respectively different grammar books , dictionaries , school textbooks and in books known as pravopis -LRB- which detail spelling rules -RRB- .	pravopis	What is the term used for books that lay out spelling rules ?
However , legal equality could not dampen the prestige Serbo-Croatian had : since it was the language of three quarters of the population , it functioned as an unofficial lingua franca .	Serbo-Croatian	Which language was that of 3/4 of the population ?
And within Serbo-Croatian , the Serbian variant , with twice as many speakers as the Croatian , enjoyed greater prestige , reinforced by the fact that Slovene and Macedonian speakers preferred it to the Croatian variant because their languages are also Ekavian .	Serbian	Of the two Serbo-Croatian variants , which had twice as many speakers as the other ?
Like most Slavic languages , there are mostly three genders for nouns : masculine , feminine , and neuter , a distinction which is still present even in the plural -LRB- unlike Russian and , in part , the Čakavian dialect -RRB- .	masculine, feminine, and neuter	What three noun genders does Serbo-Croatian have ?
Adjectives are placed in front of the noun they modify and must agree in both case and number with it .	in front of the noun they modify	Where are adjectives properly placed in the Serbo-Croatian language ?
-LRB- The number one -LSB- jedan -RSB- is treated as an adjective . -RRB-	one [jedan]	Which number in the Serbo-Croatian language is treated as an adjective ?
Historically , the rising tone appeared when the place of the accent shifted to the preceding syllable -LRB- the so-called `` Neoshtokavian retraction '' -RRB- , but the quality of this new accent was different -- its melody still `` gravitated '' towards the original syllable .	"Neoshtokavian retraction"	What is the term used when shifing the acent to the next preceding syllable ?
Most Shtokavian dialects -LRB- Neoshtokavian -RRB- dialects underwent this shift , but Chakavian , Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian dialects did not .	Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian	Which dialects did not follow the Neoshtokavian retraction ?
Comparative and historical linguistics offers some clues for memorising the accent position : If one compares many standard Serbo-Croatian words to e.g. cognate Russian words , the accent in the Serbo-Croatian word will be one syllable before the one in the Russian word , with the rising tone .	Comparative and historical linguistics	Where can one look for memorization clues concerning accent positions ?
All in all , this makes Serbo-Croatian the only Slavic language to officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts , albeit the Latin version is more commonly used .	Latin and Cyrillic	Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language to use what two scripts together ?
All in all , this makes Serbo-Croatian the only Slavic language to officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts , albeit the Latin version is more commonly used .	Latin	Which version , Latin or Cyrillic , is most commonly used ?
The Croatian Latin alphabet -LRB- Gajica -RRB- followed suit shortly afterwards , when Ljudevit Gaj defined it as standard Latin with five extra letters that had diacritics , apparently borrowing much from Czech , but also from Polish , and inventing the unique digraphs `` lj '' , `` nj '' and `` dž '' .	five	How many extra letters does the Croatian Latin alphabet have ?
South Slavic historically formed a dialect continuum , i.e. each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one , and differences grow with distance .	each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance.	What is a dialect continuum ?
However , migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans have caused large-scale population displacement that broke the dialect continuum into many geographical pockets .	migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans	What caused the dialect continuum to become fractured ?
Migrations in the 20th century , primarily caused by urbanization and wars , also contributed to the reduction of dialectal differences .	urbanization and wars	Contrary to the 16th and 18th centuries , what caused migrations in the 20th century ?
As a result , Štokavian now covers an area larger than all the other dialects combined , and continues to make its progress in the enclaves where non-literary dialects are still being spoken .	Štokavian	Which dialect covers more area than all other dialects combined ?
The Serbo-Croatian dialects differ not only in the question word they are named after , but also heavily in phonology , accentuation and intonation , case endings and tense system -LRB- morphology -RRB- and basic vocabulary .	tense system	What is morphology to a language ?
In the past , Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects were spoken on a much larger territory , but have been replaced by Štokavian during the period of migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans in the 15th and the 16th centuries .	migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans	What has caused Stokavian to become more widely spoken ?
Daniel Bunčić concludes that it is a pluricentric language , with four standard variants spoken in Serbia , Croatia , Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina .	four	How many standard variants of the Serbo-Croatian are spoken ?
Daniel Bunčić concludes that it is a pluricentric language , with four standard variants spoken in Serbia , Croatia , Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina .	Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina.	In which areas are the four standard Serbo-Croatian variants spoken ?
Daniel Bunčić concludes that it is a pluricentric language , with four standard variants spoken in Serbia , Croatia , Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina .	Daniel Bunčić	Who concluded that Serbo-Croatian is a pluricentric language ?
Enisa Kafadar argues that there is only one Serbo-Croatian language with several varieties .	Enisa Kafadar	Who believes Serbo-Croatian is one language with multiple variants ?
The opinion of the majority of Croatian linguists -LSB- citation needed -RSB- is that there has never been a Serbo-Croatian language , but two different standard languages that overlapped sometime in the course of history .	majority	Is it the majority or minority opinion that two different standard languages existed and overlapped at some historical point ?
Igor Mandić states : `` During the last ten years , it has been the longest , the most serious and most acrid discussion -LRB- ... -RRB- in 21st-century Croatian culture '' .	Igor Mandić	Who stated that the argument between pluricentric or dual standard classifications has been the `` longest , most serious , and most acrid discussion in 21st century Croatian culture ? ''
However , Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić has been leading an academic discussion on that issue in the Croatian journal Književna republika from 2001 to 2010 .	Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić	Which Croatian linguist agrees with Igor Mandic and feels that Serbo-Croatian language is pluricentric ?
The topic of language for writers from Dalmatia and Dubrovnik prior to the 19th century made a distinction only between speakers of Italian or Slavic , since those were the two main groups that inhabited Dalmatian city-states at that time .	Italian or Slavic	Which language groups lived in Dalmation city-states prior to the 19th century ?
This has been used as an argument to state that Croatian literature Croatian per se , but also includes Serbian and other languages that are part of Serbo-Croatian , These facts undermine the Croatian language proponents ' argument that modern-day Croatian is based on a language called Old Croatian .	Old Croatian	Today 's Croatian language has its roots in what other language ?
Whether someone spoke Croatian or Serbian was not an important distinction then , as the two languages were not distinguished by most speakers .	two languages were not distinguished by most speakers	Prior to the 19th century , why was it irrelevant whether a person spoke Croatian or Serbian ?
Their loyalty was first and foremost to Catholic Christendom , but when they professed an ethnic identity , they referred to themselves as `` Slovin '' and `` Illyrian '' -LRB- a sort of forerunner of Catholic baroque pan-Slavism -RRB- and Croat -- these 30-odd writers over the span of c. 350 years always saw themselves as Croats first and never as part of a Serbian nation .	Catholic Christendom	To which group did the people of the Catholic faith refer to themselves primarily ?
However , most intellectuals and writers from Dalmatia who used the Štokavian dialect and practiced the Catholic faith saw themselves as part of a Croatian nation as far back as the mid-16th to 17th centuries , some 300 years before Serbo-Croatian ideology appeared .	Croatian	After allowing for their religion , did the people of the Catholic faith see themselves as Serbian or Croatian ?
A Croatian follower of Vuk Karadžić , Ivan Broz , noted that for a Dalmatian to identify oneself as a Serb was seen as foreign as identifying oneself as Macedonian or Greek .	Macedonian or Greek	Ivan Broz stated that a Dalmatian identifiying as a Serb was just as foreign as what two other ethnicities ?
The most notable are the `` Missal of Duke Novak '' from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia -LRB- 1368 -RRB- , `` Evangel from Reims '' -LRB- 1395 , named after the town of its final destination -RRB- , Hrvoje 's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia -LRB- 1404 -RRB- , and the first printed book in Serbo-Croatian , the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice -LRB- 1483 -RRB- .	Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483)	What was the first book published in Serbo-Croatian ?
The most notable are the `` Missal of Duke Novak '' from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia -LRB- 1368 -RRB- , `` Evangel from Reims '' -LRB- 1395 , named after the town of its final destination -RRB- , Hrvoje 's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia -LRB- 1404 -RRB- , and the first printed book in Serbo-Croatian , the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice -LRB- 1483 -RRB- .	the town of its final destination	For what was `` Evangel from Reims '' named ?
The most notable are the `` Missal of Duke Novak '' from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia -LRB- 1368 -RRB- , `` Evangel from Reims '' -LRB- 1395 , named after the town of its final destination -RRB- , Hrvoje 's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia -LRB- 1404 -RRB- , and the first printed book in Serbo-Croatian , the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice -LRB- 1483 -RRB- .	(1483)	In what year was the first book printed in Serbo-Croatian ?
In 1954 , major Serbian and Croatian writers , linguists and literary critics , backed by Matica srpska and Matica hrvatska signed the Novi Sad Agreement , which in its first conclusion stated : `` Serbs , Croats and Montenegrins share a single language with two equal variants that have developed around Zagreb -LRB- western -RRB- and Belgrade -LRB- eastern -RRB- '' .	Novi Sad Agreement	Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers , linguists , and literary critics ?
The agreement insisted on the equal status of Cyrillic and Latin scripts , and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations .	equal status	On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon ?
Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska were to work together on a dictionary , and a committee of Serbian and Croatian linguists was asked to prepare a pravopis .	Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska	Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement ?
The imperfective aspect typically indicates that the action is unfinished , in progress , or repetitive ; while the perfective aspect typically denotes that the action was completed , instantaneous , or of limited duration .	imperfective	Which tense indicates that an action has n't finished ?
In addition , like most Slavic languages , the Shtokavian verb also has one of two aspects : perfective or imperfective .	perfective or imperfective	Which two states do Shtokavian verbs have ?
The imperfective aspect typically indicates that the action is unfinished , in progress , or repetitive ; while the perfective aspect typically denotes that the action was completed , instantaneous , or of limited duration .	action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration	When is the perspective aspect of a verb used ?
For verbs that had - ěti in their infinitive , the past participle ending - ěl evolved into - io in Ijekavian Neoštokavian .	-io	To what did the ending - ei evolve into in Ijekavian Neostokavian ?
The prefix prě - -LRB- `` trans - , over - '' -RRB- when long became pre - in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije - in western dialects ; in Ikavian pronunciation , it also evolved into pre - or prije - due to potential ambiguity with pri - -LRB- `` approach , come close to '' -RRB- .	prije	What is the western equivalent of the prefix `` pre '' ?
The prefix prě - -LRB- `` trans - , over - '' -RRB- when long became pre - in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije - in western dialects ; in Ikavian pronunciation , it also evolved into pre - or prije - due to potential ambiguity with pri - -LRB- `` approach , come close to '' -RRB- .	due to potential ambiguity with pri	Why did pre or prije develop rather than the symboled `` pre '' ?
The prefix prě - -LRB- `` trans - , over - '' -RRB- when long became pre - in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije - in western dialects ; in Ikavian pronunciation , it also evolved into pre - or prije - due to potential ambiguity with pri - -LRB- `` approach , come close to '' -RRB- .	approach, come close to	What is the meaning of `` pri '' ?
When Jagić says `` Croatian '' , he refers to a few cases referring to the Dubrovnik vernacular as ilirski -LRB- Illyrian -RRB- .	(Illyrian)	All Slavic vernaculars were called what among Romans ?
By far the most competent Serbian scientist on the Dubrovnik language issue , Milan Rešetar , who was born in Dubrovnik himself , wrote behalf of language characteristics : `` The one who thinks that Croatian and Serbian are two separate languages must confess that Dubrovnik always -LRB- linguistically -RRB- used to be Serbian . ''	Milan Rešetar	Who is considered the most competent Serbian scientist on language ?
By far the most competent Serbian scientist on the Dubrovnik language issue , Milan Rešetar , who was born in Dubrovnik himself , wrote behalf of language characteristics : `` The one who thinks that Croatian and Serbian are two separate languages must confess that Dubrovnik always -LRB- linguistically -RRB- used to be Serbian . ''	Dubrovnik	Where was Milan Resetar born ?
By far the most competent Serbian scientist on the Dubrovnik language issue , Milan Rešetar , who was born in Dubrovnik himself , wrote behalf of language characteristics : `` The one who thinks that Croatian and Serbian are two separate languages must confess that Dubrovnik always -LRB- linguistically -RRB- used to be Serbian . ''	Serbian	Which language does Milan Resetar state that Dubrovnik derived from ?
The nationalists among the Croats conflictingly claim either that they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians or that these two peoples have , due to the longer lexicographic tradition among Croats , somehow `` borrowed '' their standard languages from them .	they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians	What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Bosniak nationalists claim that both Croats and Serbs have `` appropriated '' the Bosnian language , since Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadžić preferred the Neoštokavian-Ijekavian dialect , widely spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina , as the basis for language standardization , whereas the nationalists among the Serbs claim either that any divergence in the language is artificial , or claim that the Štokavian dialect is theirs and the Čakavian Croats ' -- in more extreme formulations Croats have `` taken '' or `` stolen '' their language from the Serbs .	Neoštokavian-Ijekavian	Which language did Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadzic prefer ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Bosniak nationalists claim that both Croats and Serbs have `` appropriated '' the Bosnian language , since Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadžić preferred the Neoštokavian-Ijekavian dialect , widely spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina , as the basis for language standardization , whereas the nationalists among the Serbs claim either that any divergence in the language is artificial , or claim that the Štokavian dialect is theirs and the Čakavian Croats ' -- in more extreme formulations Croats have `` taken '' or `` stolen '' their language from the Serbs .	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Where is the Neostokavian-Ijekavian language predominantely spoken ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Bosniak nationalists claim that both Croats and Serbs have `` appropriated '' the Bosnian language , since Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadžić preferred the Neoštokavian-Ijekavian dialect , widely spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina , as the basis for language standardization , whereas the nationalists among the Serbs claim either that any divergence in the language is artificial , or claim that the Štokavian dialect is theirs and the Čakavian Croats ' -- in more extreme formulations Croats have `` taken '' or `` stolen '' their language from the Serbs .	Croats have "taken" or "stolen" their language	How do Serbian nationalists feel about the Croatians using their language ?
In Serbia , the Serbian language is the official one , while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina .	Vojvodina	In which province are Serbian and Croatian both languages offial ?
However , its nomenclature is controversial , as there is incentive that it is referred to as `` Bosniak '' -LRB- bošnjački -RRB- rather than `` Bosnian '' -LRB- bosanski -RRB- -LRB- see Bosnian language for details -RRB- .	"Bosniak" (bošnjački)	To what should the language be referred to instead of `` Bosnian '' ?
Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the elementary school , while it is also in official use in the municipality of Novi Pazar .	1st and 2nd	In what elementary grades is Bosnian an optional course ?
Approximately half of Alaska 's residents -LRB- the total estimated at 738,432 by the Census Bureau in 2015 -RRB- live within the Anchorage metropolitan area .	738,432	What is Alaska 's total population according to the 2015 Census ?
Approximately half of Alaska 's residents -LRB- the total estimated at 738,432 by the Census Bureau in 2015 -RRB- live within the Anchorage metropolitan area .	Approximately half	How many of Alaska 's residents reside in the Anchorage area ?
Alaska 's economy is dominated by the fishing , natural gas , and oil industries , resources which it has in abundance .	fishing, natural gas, and oil	Which industries are most prevalent in Alaska 's economy ?
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area , the 3rd least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States .	largest state in the United States by area	How does Alaska compare in size to other US states ?
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area , the 3rd least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States .	3rd least populous	Where does Alaska rank in population comparative to other US states ?
It is technically part of the continental U.S. , but is sometimes not included in colloquial use ; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S. , often called `` the Lower 48 '' .	"the Lower 48"	What are the contiguous states sometimes called ?
The capital city , Juneau , is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system .	Juneau	What is Alaska 's capital city ?
Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America ; about 500 miles -LRB- 800 km -RRB- of British Columbia -LRB- Canada -RRB- separates Alaska from Washington .	500	How many miles are between Alaska and Washington state ?
Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the eastern hemisphere .	Aleutian Islands	Which set of islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere ?
The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest , the largest national forest in the United States .	Tongass National Forest	Which forest is the largest national forest in the US ?
It contains the state capital Juneau , the former capital Sitka , and Ketchikan , at one time Alaska 's largest city .	Sitka	Which city was Alaska 's former capital ?
Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage , this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States .	Panhandle or Inside Passage	What is the area closest to the continental US called ?
Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage , this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States .	Panhandle or Inside Passage	Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase ?
The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages .	The North Slope	Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field ?
Barrow , the northernmost city in the United States , is located here .	Barrow	What is the northernmost city in the US ?
The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil , and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve -- Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field .	massive reserves of crude oil	What resource is the North Slope known for ?
With its myriad islands , Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles -LRB- 54,720 km -RRB- of tidal shoreline .	nearly 34,000 miles	How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles ?
Unimak Island , for example , is home to Mount Shishaldin , which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet -LRB- 3,048 m -RRB- above the North Pacific .	Unimak Island	On which island is Mount Shishaldin located ?
Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia , a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest , which is actively undergoing continent building .	actively undergoing continent building	What do geoligists believe is unique about Wrangellia ?
It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth , even more symmetrical than Japan 's Mount Fuji .	most perfect volcanic cone on Earth	What is most impressive about Mount Shishaldin in comparison to Mount Fuji ?
Unimak Island , for example , is home to Mount Shishaldin , which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet -LRB- 3,048 m -RRB- above the North Pacific .	10,000 feet (3,048 m)	How high does Mount Shishaldin rise above sea level ?
According to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management , approximately 65 % of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands , including a multitude of national forests , national parks , and national wildlife refuges .	65%	What percentage of Alaska is maintained by the US federal government ?
According to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management , approximately 65 % of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands , including a multitude of national forests , national parks , and national wildlife refuges .	national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges	What types of areas are managed by the federal government as public lands ?
Of these , the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres -LRB- 35 million hectares -RRB- , or 23.8 % of the state .	87 million	How many acres is the Bureau of Land Management in charge of ?
Of these , the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres -LRB- 35 million hectares -RRB- , or 23.8 % of the state .	23.8%	How much of the state is controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ?
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service .	The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge	What is the world 's largest wildlife refuge ?
Of the remaining land area , the state of Alaska owns 101 million acres -LRB- 41 million hectares -RRB- , its entitlement under the Alaska Statehood Act .	101 million acres	How many acres of its land does the state of Alaska own ?
Of the remaining land area , the state of Alaska owns 101 million acres -LRB- 41 million hectares -RRB- , its entitlement under the Alaska Statehood Act .	101 million acres (41 million hectares)	How much land is the state of Alaska provided by the Alaska Statehood Act ?
These are not very popular due to the often remote and roadless locations .	remote and roadless locations	Why are n't homestead and subdivision areas more popular ?
Regional Native corporation Doyon , Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications .	Doyon, Limited	Which group claims it is Alaska 's largest private land owner ?
Effectively , the corporations hold title -LRB- including subsurface title in many cases , a privilege denied to individual Alaskans -RRB- but can not sell the land .	hold title (including subsurface title in many cases	What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not ?
Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations ' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect .	repealed before they could take effect	Was a law enacted in 1991 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed ?
Juneau averages over 50 in -LRB- 130 cm -RRB- of precipitation a year , and Ketchikan averages over 150 in -LRB- 380 cm -RRB- .	over 50 in	How much precipitation does Juno receive each year ?
The climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification : Cfb -RRB- in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate -LRB- Köppen Cfc -RRB- in the northern parts .	Southeast	In what region of Alaska is the daytime temperature above freezing during summer ?
The climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification : Cfb -RRB- in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate -LRB- Köppen Cfc -RRB- in the northern parts .	mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts	Southern Alaska has what two Koppen climate classifications ?
Juneau averages over 50 in -LRB- 130 cm -RRB- of precipitation a year , and Ketchikan averages over 150 in -LRB- 380 cm -RRB- .	over 150 in (380 cm)	How much precipitation does Ketchikan receive each year ?
The climate of Western Alaska is determined in large part by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska .	Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska	What two bodies of water influene the climate in Western Alaska ?
This region has a tremendous amount of variety in precipitation .	tremendous amount of variety	Is precipitation varied or uniform in Western Alaska ?
An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley -LRB- i. e. , the region around Kotzebue Sound -RRB- is technically a desert , with portions receiving less than 10 in -LRB- 25 cm -RRB- of precipitation annually .	the region around Kotzebue Sound	Which area of Western Alaska is techincally a desert ?
An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley -LRB- i. e. , the region around Kotzebue Sound -RRB- is technically a desert , with portions receiving less than 10 in -LRB- 25 cm -RRB- of precipitation annually .	less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually	How much precipitation does the desert area of Western Alaska receive ?
The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from British Columbia in 1887 , when President Grover Cleveland , and later the U.S. Congress , granted them permission to settle on Annette Island and found the town of Metlakatla .	Grover Cleveland	Which President allowed Tsimshian settlers to inhabit Annette Island ?
All three of these peoples , as well as other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast , experienced smallpox outbreaks from the late 18th through the mid-19th century , with the most devastating epidemics occurring in the 1830s and 1860s , resulting in high fatalities and social disruption .	smallpox	What epidemic resulted in numerous deaths between the 1830s and 1860s ?
The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from British Columbia in 1887 , when President Grover Cleveland , and later the U.S. Congress , granted them permission to settle on Annette Island and found the town of Metlakatla .	1887	In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska ?
Also in Southeast were the Haida , now well known for their unique arts .	the Haida	Which Alaskan indigenous group is now well-known for their art ?
The Gwich ` in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge .	The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region	Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on protected land ?
The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people .	The North Slope and Little Diomede Island	The Inuplat population inhabit what areas ?
The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people 's seafaring society , although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians .	Aleut	Which Alaskan indigenous group was the fist to be exploited by Russians ?
Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century .	17th century	During what time period do some researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska ?
According to this hypothesis , in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov 's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement .	Semyon Dezhnyov	Whose expedidion potentially landed in Alaska during a storm and founded a settlement in 1648 ?
This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin , who had visited Alaska in 1764 -- 1765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River , populated by `` bearded men '' who `` pray to the icons '' .	"bearded men" who "pray to the icons"	Whom did Nikolai Durkin say lived in a village on the Kheuveren River ?
This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin , who had visited Alaska in 1764 -- 1765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River , populated by `` bearded men '' who `` pray to the icons '' .	1764–1765	During which years did Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska ?
Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s , gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska .	gold rushes	What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s ?
Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912 .	1912	What year was Alaska officially incorporated as a territory ?
Alaska 's capital , which had been in Sitka until 1906 , was moved north to Juneau .	1906	In what year was Alaska 's capital officially changed to Juneau ?
European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska , where they entered the fishing and logging industries .	fishing and logging	Which industries did European settlers in Alaska begin ?
European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska , where they entered the fishing and logging industries .	Norway and Sweden	From what countries were European settlers in Alaska ?
Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3 , 1959 .	January 3, 1959	On what day was Alaska officially named a state ?
Decades later , the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946 .	1946	In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum ?
Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate .	Statehood for Alaska	What cause did James Wickersham focus on in his early Congressional tenure ?
Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes , mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska .	mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska	From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges ?
Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7 , 1958 .	July 7, 1958	On what day was Alaskan Statehood finally approved by Congress ?
On March 27 , 1964 , the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities , mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides .	Good Friday earthquake	What major event happened in Alaska on March 27 , 1964 killing 133 people ?
On March 27 , 1964 , the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities , mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides .	resultant tsunamis and landslides	Did the earthquake or resulting tsunamis and landslides do the most damage to Alaskan communities ?
It was the second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world , with a moment magnitude of 9.2 .	second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world	How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other documented earthquakes in the world ?
The time of day -LRB- 5:36 pm -RRB- , time of year and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives , particularly in Anchorage .	The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter	Which factors concerning the Good Friday earthquake do some believe caused a higher survival rate ?
It was over one thousand times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake .	over one thousand times more powerful	How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to the 1989 San Francisco earthquake ?
The Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks claims that at least 20 Alaskan native languages exist and there are also some languages with different dialects .	at least 20	At least how many native Alaskan languages exist , according to the Alaska Native Language Center ?
Most of Alaska 's native languages belong to either the Eskimo -- Aleut or Na-Dene language families however some languages are thought to be isolates -LRB- e.g. Haida -RRB- or have not yet been classified -LRB- e.g. Tsimshianic -RRB- .	Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene	What are the two main native Alaskan language families ?
As of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- nearly all of Alaska 's native languages were classified as either threatened , shifting , moribund , nearly extinct , or dormant languages .	nearly all	How many of Alaska 's native languages are in danger of becoing dormant or extinct languages according to a 2014 study ?
As of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- nearly all of Alaska 's native languages were classified as either threatened , shifting , moribund , nearly extinct , or dormant languages .	2014	A study completed in what year found that nearly all of Alaska 's native languages are at risk of becoming extinct ?
According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives from 2010 , about 34 % of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations .	34%	According to the Association of Religion Data in 2010 , what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation ?
100,960 people identified as Evangelical Protestants , 50,866 as Roman Catholic , and 32,550 as mainline Protestants .	Evangelical Protestants	Which religion is most prevalent in Alaska ?
Alaska has been identified , along with Pacific Northwest states Washington and Oregon , as being the least religious states of the USA , in terms of church membership .	least religious states of the USA	How does Alaska compare with other states in church membership ?
Alaska has been identified , along with Pacific Northwest states Washington and Oregon , as being the least religious states of the USA , in terms of church membership .	Washington and Oregon	Which other nearby states are also considered to be less religious than others ?
In 1795 , the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak .	First Russian Orthodox Church	Which church was established in Kodiak in 1795 ?
Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society .	Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives	What was one way in which Russian immigrants integrated into Alaskan society ?
Alaska also has the largest Quaker population -LRB- by percentage -RRB- of any state .	Quaker population	Alaska has the largest population of what religious lifestyle of any state ?
In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska -LRB- for whom observance of halakha may pose special problems -RRB- .	observance of halakha	What religious tradition may be a problem for Alaskan Jews ?
Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $ 40,042 , ranking 15th in the nation .	$40,042	What was the per capita personal income in Alaska in 2007 ?
Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $ 40,042 , ranking 15th in the nation .	15th in the nation	How does Alaska 's per capita personal income rank against other states ?
The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy , with more than 80 % of the state 's revenues derived from petroleum extraction .	80%	How much of Alaskan state revenue comes from petroleum extraction ?
Alaska 's main export product -LRB- excluding oil and natural gas -RRB- is seafood , primarily salmon , cod , Pollock and crab .	seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab	Beyond petroleum , what is Alaska 's largest export ?
Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star , Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs , as well as Kodiak .	Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak	In which Alaskan areas are military bases prevalent as an important part of the local economy ?
Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy , allowing the state to keep taxes low .	Federal subsidies	What program allows Alaska to keep low taxes ?
Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum , natural gas , coal , gold , precious metals , zinc and other mining , seafood processing , timber and wood products .	crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products	What are some of Alaska 's industrial products ?
Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging .	supporting local lodging	How , specifically , have tourists helped the local economy in Alaska ?
Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope -LRB- ANS -RRB- and Cook Inlet basins , but according to the Energy Information Administration , by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas , North Dakota , and California .	Texas, North Dakota, and California	What other states rank higher than Alaska in crude oil production ?
Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope -LRB- ANS -RRB- and Cook Inlet basins , but according to the Energy Information Administration , by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas , North Dakota , and California .	fourth	How does Alaska rate in comparison with other states in crude oil production ?
Prudhoe Bay on Alaska 's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States , typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day -LRB- 64,000 m3/d -RRB- , although by early 2014 North Dakota 's Bakken Formation was producing over 900,000 barrels per day -LRB- 140,000 m3/d -RRB- .	Prudhoe Bay	Which area in Alaska is the nation 's second highest-yielding oil field ?
Prudhoe Bay on Alaska 's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States , typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day -LRB- 64,000 m3/d -RRB- , although by early 2014 North Dakota 's Bakken Formation was producing over 900,000 barrels per day -LRB- 140,000 m3/d -RRB- .	400,000	How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day ?
Prudhoe Bay on Alaska 's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States , typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day -LRB- 64,000 m3/d -RRB- , although by early 2014 North Dakota 's Bakken Formation was producing over 900,000 barrels per day -LRB- 140,000 m3/d -RRB- .	North Dakota's Bakken Formation	Prudhoe Bay is second place in production to what other oil field in the US ?
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels -LRB- 330,000 m3 -RRB- of crude oil per day , more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States .	up to 2.1 million barrels	How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day ?
The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet -LRB- 2,420 km3 -RRB- of undiscovered , technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope .	85.4 trillion cubic feet	How much recoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska , according to the US Geological Survey ?
Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well .	wind and geothermal energy	Alaska 's coastline also has potential in which two environmentally friendly energy types ?
Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers .	hydroelectric	Alaska 's large rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production ?
Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped , proposals for statewide energy systems -LRB- e.g. with special low-cost electric interties -RRB- were judged uneconomical -LRB- at the time of the report , 2001 -RRB- due to low -LRB- less than 50 cents / gal -RRB- fuel prices , long distances and low population .	low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population	Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2001 ?
The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually 30 -- 60 cents higher than the national average ; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs , seasonal usage peaks , nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors .	30–60¢ higher	How much does gas cost in Alaska , in comparison to the national average ?
The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually 30 -- 60 cents higher than the national average ; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs , seasonal usage peaks , nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors .	transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure	What are some reasons why gas prices may vary in Alaska , especially ?
Alaska 's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating , transportation , electric power and light .	diesel fuel	What does Alaska 's economy heavily rely on ?
Alaska 's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating , transportation , electric power and light .	heating, transportation, electric power and light	What purpose does diesel fuel have in Alaska ?
The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues , established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil , largely in anticipation of the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System .	constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues	What is the Alaska Permanent Fund ?
The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues , established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil , largely in anticipation of the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System .	1976	In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund established ?
The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues , established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil , largely in anticipation of the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System .	to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil	Why was the Alaska Permament Fund established ?
The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale , out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale -LRB- which amounted to $ 900 million -RRB- at once .	Governor Keith Miller	Who originally proposed the Alaska Permanent Fund ?
The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale , out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale -LRB- which amounted to $ 900 million -RRB- at once .	fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once	Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund before the Prudhoe Bay sale ?
The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose .	discourage	Was Alaska 's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for a particular purpose ?
The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this , mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation .	political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation	Why is the Permanent Fund an exception to the premise of the Alaskan Constitution ?
Most if not all the principal is invested conservatively outside Alaska .	outside Alaska	Where is the principal of the Permanent Fund invested ?
From its initial principal of $ 734,000 , the fund has grown to $ 50 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs .	$734,000	How much was the initial principal of the Permanent Fund ?
From its initial principal of $ 734,000 , the fund has grown to $ 50 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs .	$50 billion	How high has the principal of the Permanent Fund grown ?
To qualify for the Permanent Fund Dividend , one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months , maintain constant residency subject to allowable absences , and not be subject to court judgments or criminal convictions which fall under various disqualifying classifications or may subject the payment amount to civil garnishment .	minimum of 12 months	How long must an Alaskan have lived in the state in order to receive a Permanent Fund Dividend ?
Every year , the state legislature takes out 8 % from the earnings , puts 3 % back into the principal for inflation proofing , and the remaining 5 % is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans .	5%	What percentage of the Permanent Fund is divided betwen Alaska 's eligible residents ?
Starting in 1982 , dividends from the fund 's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans , ranging from an initial $ 1,000 in 1982 -LRB- equal to three years ' payout , as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme -RRB- to $ 3,269 in 2008 -LRB- which included a one-time $ 1,200 `` Resource Rebate '' -RRB- .	1982	When did disembursements from the Permanent Fund begin ?
Starting in 1982 , dividends from the fund 's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans , ranging from an initial $ 1,000 in 1982 -LRB- equal to three years ' payout , as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme -RRB- to $ 3,269 in 2008 -LRB- which included a one-time $ 1,200 `` Resource Rebate '' -RRB- .	$1,000	How much was the initial disembursement from the Permanent Fund ?
Delta-area crops consist predominately of barley and hay .	barley and hay	Which crops are produced in the Delta-area ?
West of Fairbanks lies another concentration of small farms catering to restaurants , the hotel and tourist industry , and community-supported agriculture .	restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture	Small farms west of Fairbanks cater to whom ?
The Tanana Valley is another notable agricultural locus , especially the Delta Junction area , about 100 miles -LRB- 160 km -RRB- southeast of Fairbanks , with a sizable concentration of farms growing agronomic crops ; these farms mostly lie north and east of Fort Greely .	Delta Junction area	Which area did Hammond develeop during his second term ?
Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from `` Outside '' , and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive .	shipping costs	What causes food in Alaskan cities to be relatively expensive ?
The cost of transport can reach as high as 50 cents per pound -LRB- $ 1.10 / kg -RRB- or more in some remote areas , during the most difficult times , if these locations can be reached at all during such inclement weather and terrain conditions .	50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg)	How high can the cost of transport be in some remote areas ?
Fuel cost per gallon is routinely 20 -- 30 cents higher than the continental United States average , with only Hawaii having higher prices .	Hawaii	Which state in the US is the only to have higher fuel prices than Alaska ?
The cost of delivering a 1 US gallon -LRB- 3.8 L -RRB- of milk is about $ 3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $ 20,000 or less .	$3.50	How much does it cost to transport a gallon of milk in some rural areas of Alaska ?
The state capital , Juneau , is not accessible by road , only a car ferry , which has spurred several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system , or building a road connection from Haines .	Juneau, is not accessible by road	Why is there a debate about moving the capital of Alaska to another town ?
The western part of Alaska has no road system connecting the communities with the rest of Alaska .	western part	Which part of Alaska has no road system connecting it to other areas ?
Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. .	few	Compared to the rest of the US , does Alaska has many or few road connections ?
Built around 1915 , the Alaska Railroad -LRB- ARR -RRB- played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century .	around 1915	What year was the Alaska Railroad built ?
The cities , towns , villages , and region served by ARR tracks are known statewide as `` The Railbelt '' .	region served by ARR tracks	To what does `` The Railbelt '' refer ?
Built around 1915 , the Alaska Railroad -LRB- ARR -RRB- played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century .	Alaska Railroad (ARR)	Which development in 1915 played a key role in developing Alaska ?
The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains .	cabooses	The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what ?
The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains .	some gravel trains	When are cabooses still used occasionally ?
Until construction of the Parks Highway in the 1970s , the railroad provided the only land access to most of the region along its entire route .	1970s	When was the Parks Highway constructed ?
Alaska 's well-developed state-owned ferry system -LRB- known as the Alaska Marine Highway -RRB- serves the cities of southeast , the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula .	the Alaska Marine Highway	What is the name of Alaska 's ferry system ?
The Inter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an important marine link for many communities in the Prince of Wales Island region of Southeast and works in concert with the Alaska Marine Highway .	The Inter-Island Ferry Authority	Which other Ferry group works alongside the Alaska Marine Highway to coordinate travel ?
Alaska 's well-developed state-owned ferry system -LRB- known as the Alaska Marine Highway -RRB- serves the cities of southeast , the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula .	southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula	Which areas does the Alaska Marine Highway serve ?
Anchorage and , to a lesser extent Fairbanks , is served by many major airlines .	Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks	Which two cities are served by major airlines ?
Because of limited highway access , air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state .	air travel	What is the most efficient means of transportation into and out of Alaska ?
Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism -LRB- in 2012-2013 , Alaska received almost 2 million visitors -RRB- .	almost 2 million	How many visitors came to Alaska between 2012-2013 ?
Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state that are commercially viable are challenging to provide , so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program .	Essential Air Service program	Which service allows government to subsidise regular air travel in Alaska ?
Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service -LRB- sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s -RRB- from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel , Nome , Kotzebue , Dillingham , Kodiak , and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities .	Alaska Airlines	Which airline offers in-state travel with jet-service ?
Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service -LRB- sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s -RRB- from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel , Nome , Kotzebue , Dillingham , Kodiak , and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities .	Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak	What are some Alaskan regional hubs ?
The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings come from small regional commuter airlines such as Ravn Alaska , PenAir , and Frontier Flying Service .	Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service	What are the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines ?
The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan , the most popular aircraft in use in the state .	Cessna Caravan	What model is the most popular aicraft in Alaska ?
The program requires 70 % of that subsidy to go to carriers who offer passenger service to the communities .	70%	How much of the subsidized bulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service ?
Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane .	bush seaplane	Which plane is considered quintessentially Alaskan ?
The world 's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood , located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport , where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers , cargo , and many items from stores and warehouse clubs .	Lake Hood	Where is the busiest seaplane base in the world ?
In 2006 Alaska had the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state .	Alaska	Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other US state ?
The world 's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood , located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport , where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers , cargo , and many items from stores and warehouse clubs .	Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport	Lake Hood is located next to what International Airport ?
Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled .	dogsled	Which Alaskan way of transport is more for sport than for transportation ?
Various races are held around the state , but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race , a 1,150-mile -LRB- 1,850 km -RRB- trail from Anchorage to Nome -LRB- although the distance varies from year to year , the official distance is set at 1,049 miles or 1,688 km -RRB- .	Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race	Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the most famous ?
The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed .	the famous 1925 serum run to Nome	What does the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history ?
The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed .	all other means of transportation had failed	Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1925 ?
The `` Serum Run '' is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay , leaving from the community of Nenana -LRB- southwest of Fairbanks -RRB- to Nome .	"Serum Run"	Which dogsled race most accurately follows the route of the 1925 serum run ?
Alaska 's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies : GCI and Alaska Communications .	GCI and Alaska Communications	Which two companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska ?
In January 2011 , it was reported that a $ 1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned , aided in part by $ 350 million in stimulus from the federal government .	2011	In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska announced ?
In January 2011 , it was reported that a $ 1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned , aided in part by $ 350 million in stimulus from the federal government .	$350 million	How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska ?
GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has `` two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska .	GCI	Which company owns and operates the Alaska United Fiber Optic System ?
To finance state government operations , Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies .	petroleum revenues and federal subsidies	How does Alaska finance its state government operations ?
It is one of five states with no state sales tax , one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax , and one of the two states that has neither .	five	How many states in the US do not have sales tax ?
It is one of five states with no state sales tax , one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax , and one of the two states that has neither .	seven	How many US states do not collect an individual income tax ?
To finance state government operations , Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies .	Alaska	Which state has the lowest tax burden of the entire US ?
Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood .	Republicans	Which political party does Alaska generally support ?
Republicans have won the state 's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in -LRB- 1964 -RRB- .	one	How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska ?
Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964 , while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close .	Lyndon B. Johnson	Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1964 ?
In 2008 , Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska , 59.49 % to 37.83 % .	Barack Obama	Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40 % of the vote in Alaska since 1964 ?
The Alaska Bush , central Juneau , midtown and downtown Anchorage , and the areas surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Ester have been strongholds of the Democratic Party .	University of Alaska Fairbanks	The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic stronghold ?
The Matanuska-Susitna Borough , the majority of Fairbanks -LRB- including North Pole and the military base -RRB- , and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing .	The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage	Which areas of Alaska have the highest Republican concentrations ?
As of 2004 -LSB- update -RSB- , well over half of all registered voters have chosen `` Non-Partisan '' or `` Undeclared '' as their affiliation , despite recent attempts to close primaries to unaffiliated voters .	well over half	As of 2004 , how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party ?
The state is divided into 34 recording districts which are centrally administered under a State Recorder .	34	Into how many recording districts is Alaska divided ?
A recording district is a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska .	a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska	What is the function of an Alaskan recording district ?
All recording districts use the same acceptance criteria , fee schedule , etc. , for accepting documents into the public record .	acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc.	Which documents do recording districts universally use between areas ?
As reflected in the 2010 United States Census , Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places -LRB- CDPs -RRB- .	census-designated places	What are CDPs ?
As reflected in the 2010 United States Census , Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places -LRB- CDPs -RRB- .	355	How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have , according to the 2010 Census ?
The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as `` The Bush '' and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network .	unconnected	Are the majority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network ?
The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as `` The Bush '' and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network .	"The Bush"	In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska ?
Of Alaska 's 2010 Census population figure of 710,231 , 20,429 people , or 2.88 % of the population , did not live in an incorporated city or census-designated place .	2.88%	In 2010 , what percent of Alaska 's population did not live in a city or CDP ?
Approximately three-quarters of that figure were people who live in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city limits of Ketchikan , Kodiak , Palmer and Wasilla .	Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla	What four areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau ?
CDPs have not been established for these areas by the United States Census Bureau , except that seven CDPs were established for the Ketchikan-area neighborhoods in the 1980 Census -LRB- Clover Pass , Herring Cove , Ketchikan East , Mountain Point , North Tongass Highway , Pennock Island and Saxman East -RRB- , but have not been used since .	Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East	Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1980 Census ?
They have a long and storied history , but were not an official organization until 1941 .	1941	In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization ?
Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on `` Public Safety Officers '' who have police training but do not carry firearms .	have police training but do not carry firearms	What is different about a `` Public Safety Officer '' that distiguishes the position from a policeman ?
In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law , wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations .	hunting and fishing regulations	What do wildlife enforcers regulate ?
Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers ' duties , they employ a wide variety of land , air , and water patrol vehicles .	a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles	What type of vehicles do Troopers operate ?
The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra , though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable .	Anchorage Symphony Orchestra	What is Alaska 's most prominent orchestra ?
The Anchorage Opera is currently the state 's only professional opera company , though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well .	The Anchorage Opera	Which company is Alaska 's only professional opera ?
There are many established music festivals in Alaska , including the Alaska Folk Festival , the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival , the Anchorage Folk Festival , the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival , the Sitka Jazz Festival , and the Sitka Summer Music Festival .	Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival	What are a few of Alaska 's noteworthy music festivals ?
One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM 's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent , starring Alaska Native Ray Mala .	Ray Mala	Which Alaskan native starred in a film also set in Alaska ?
Upon arriving in Alaska , they set up `` Camp Hollywood '' in Northwest Alaska , where they lived during the duration of the filming .	"Camp Hollywood"	Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska ?
Upon arriving in Alaska , they set up `` Camp Hollywood '' in Northwest Alaska , where they lived during the duration of the filming .	Northwest	In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located ?
Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of the remote location , going so far as to hire the chef from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals .	from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood	Which chef was hired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent ?
Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method , in favour of empirical falsification : A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven , but it can be falsified , meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments .	inductivist	Which classical views about the method of science did Popper reject ?
Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method , in favour of empirical falsification : A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven , but it can be falsified , meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments .	Popper	Who proposed empirical falsification as the central principle of the scientific method ?
Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method , in favour of empirical falsification : A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven , but it can be falsified , meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments .	decisive experiments	What is necessary for a scientific theory to be falsified ?
Popper is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge , which he replaced with critical rationalism , `` the first non-justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy . ''	classical justificationist	Which account of knowledge did Popper contest ?
Popper is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge , which he replaced with critical rationalism , `` the first non-justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy . ''	critical rationalism	What is the term for Popper 's non-justificational theory of criticism ?
Karl Popper was born in Vienna -LRB- then in Austria-Hungary -RRB- in 1902 , to upper middle-class parents .	Vienna	In which city was Karl Popper born ?
All of Karl Popper 's grandparents were Jewish , but the Popper family converted to Lutheranism before Karl was born , and so he received Lutheran baptism .	Lutheranism	What religion did Popper 's family observe during his youth ?
After establishing themselves in Vienna , the Poppers made a rapid social climb in Viennese society : Simon Siegmund Carl became a partner in the law firm of Vienna 's liberal Burgomaster Herr Grübl and , after Grübl 's death in 1898 , Simon took over the business .	Burgomaster Herr Grübl	Whose law firm did Popper 's father join in Vienna ?
His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000 -- 14,000 volumes in his personal library .	12,000–14,000	What numerical range of volumes did Popper 's father keep in his library ?
His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000 -- 14,000 volumes in his personal library .	bibliophile	What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father ?
Popper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics , physics , philosophy , psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna .	16	At which age did Popper first attend university ?
In 1919 , Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students .	Marxism	What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919 ?
He also became a member of the Social Democratic Workers ' Party of Austria , which was at that time a party that fully adopted the Marxist ideology .	Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria	Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth ?
After the street battle in the Hörlgasse on 15 June 1919 , when police shot eight of his unarmed party comrades , he became disillusioned by what he saw to be the `` pseudo-scientific '' historical materialism of Marx , abandoned the ideology , and remained a supporter of social liberalism throughout his life .	street battle in the Hörlgasse	What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades ?
After the street battle in the Hörlgasse on 15 June 1919 , when police shot eight of his unarmed party comrades , he became disillusioned by what he saw to be the `` pseudo-scientific '' historical materialism of Marx , abandoned the ideology , and remained a supporter of social liberalism throughout his life .	social liberalism	To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism ?
Continuing to attend university as a guest student , he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker , which he completed as a journeyman .	cabinetmaker	What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice ?
He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for children , for which he assumed the ability to make furniture might be useful .	daycare	What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills ?
After that he did voluntary service in one of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler 's clinics for children .	Alfred Adler	In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer ?
In 1922 , he did his matura by way of a second chance education and finally joined the University as an ordinary student .	1922	When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university ?
He completed his examination as an elementary teacher in 1924 and started working at an after-school care club for socially endangered children .	elementary teacher	For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations ?
In 1928 , he earned a doctorate in psychology , under the supervision of Karl Bühler .	Karl Bühler	Who supervised Popper 's doctorate ?
His dissertation was entitled `` Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie '' -LRB- The question of method in cognitive psychology -RRB- .	The question of method in cognitive psychology	What is an English translation of the title of Popper 's doctoral thesis ?
In 1929 , he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school , which he started doing .	mathematics and physics	What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929 ?
Fearing the rise of Nazism and the threat of the Anschluss , he started to use the evenings and the nights to write his first book Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie -LRB- The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge -RRB- .	Nazism	Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad ?
However , he ended up not publishing the two-volume work , but a condensed version of it with some new material , Logik der Forschung -LRB- The Logic of Scientific Discovery -RRB- , in 1934 .	The Logic of Scientific Discovery	In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability ?
In 1937 , Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand , where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch .	New Zealand	Where did Popper move in 1937 ?
In 1937 , Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand , where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch .	Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand	Where was Popper 's academic appointment in New Zealand ?
In Dunedin he met the Professor of Physiology John Carew Eccles and formed a lifelong friendship with him .	John Carew Eccles	Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin ?
In 1946 , after the Second World War , he moved to the United Kingdom to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics .	logic and scientific method	What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics ?
After the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft failed to establish him as the director of a newly founded branch researching the philosophy of science , he went back again to the United Kingdom in 1986 , settling in Kenley , Surrey .	Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft	Which Austrian school 's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life ?
Popper died of `` complications of cancer , pneumonia and kidney failure '' in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994 .	92	How old was Popper when he died ?
After cremation , his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lainzer cemetery adjacent to the ORF Centre , where his wife Josefine Anna Popper -LRB- called ` Hennie ' -RRB- had already been buried .	Lainzer	Which cemetery in Vienna received Popper 's ashes ?
Popper 's manuscripts went to the Hoover Institution at Stanford University , partly during his lifetime and partly as supplementary material after his death .	Hoover Institution at Stanford University	Where are Popper 's manuscripts kept now ?
Klagenfurt University possesses Popper 's library , including his precious bibliophilia , as well as hard copies of the original Hoover material and microfilms of the supplementary material .	Klagenfurt University	Which university has the contents of Popper 's library ?
After cremation , his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lainzer cemetery adjacent to the ORF Centre , where his wife Josefine Anna Popper -LRB- called ` Hennie ' -RRB- had already been buried .	Josefine Anna Popper	What was Popper 's wife 's name ?
Popper won many awards and honours in his field , including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association , the Sonning Prize , the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society , British Academy , London School of Economics , King 's College London , Darwin College , Cambridge , and Charles University , Prague .	Lippincott Award	Which award did Popper receive from the American Political Science Association ?
Austria awarded him the Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria in 1986 , and the Federal Republic of Germany its Grand Cross with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit , and the peace class of the Order Pour le Mérite .	Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria	What recognition did Austria bestow on Popper in 1986 ?
He received the Humanist Laureate Award from the International Academy of Humanism .	International Academy of Humanism	Who gave Popper its Humanist Laureate Award ?
He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1965 , and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976 .	Queen Elizabeth II	Which English monarch knighted Popper ?
Popper won many awards and honours in his field , including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association , the Sonning Prize , the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society , British Academy , London School of Economics , King 's College London , Darwin College , Cambridge , and Charles University , Prague .	Charles University, Prague	Which central European university made Popper a fellow ?
Other awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities -LRB- 1965 -RRB- , Karl Renner Prize -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Austrian Decoration for Science and Art -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize -LRB- 1981 -RRB- , Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna -LRB- 1983 -RRB- and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Federico Nietzsche Society -LRB- 1988 -RRB- .	1978	In which year did Popper win the Karl Renner Prize ?
Other awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities -LRB- 1965 -RRB- , Karl Renner Prize -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Austrian Decoration for Science and Art -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize -LRB- 1981 -RRB- , Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna -LRB- 1983 -RRB- and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Federico Nietzsche Society -LRB- 1988 -RRB- .	Vienna	Which city made Popper part of its Ring of Honour in 1983 ?
In 1992 , he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for `` symbolising the open spirit of the 20th century '' and for his `` enormous influence on the formation of the modern intellectual climate '' .	Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy	What award given by a Japanese foundation did Popper win in 1992 ?
Other awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities -LRB- 1965 -RRB- , Karl Renner Prize -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Austrian Decoration for Science and Art -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize -LRB- 1981 -RRB- , Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna -LRB- 1983 -RRB- and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Federico Nietzsche Society -LRB- 1988 -RRB- .	1981	Popper won the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize in which year ?
Karl Popper 's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought .	Marxism	What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward ?
He had at one point joined a socialist association , and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a communist .	1919	For a time during which year did Popper consider himself a communist ?
Karl Popper 's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought .	teenage years	At which stage of life was Popper most strongly influenced by Marxist thinking ?
Although he quickly became disillusioned with the views expounded by Marxism , his flirtation with the ideology led him to distance himself from those who believed that spilling blood for the sake of a revolution was necessary .	disillusioned	How did Popper feel about Marxism after only a short time associating with other Marxists ?
The failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper .	fascism	What political ideology dominated Austrian politics in the decades before the second world war ?
He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure , since events after the Anschluss , the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938 , forced him into permanent exile .	the Anschluss	What key event in 1938 pushed Popper into exile from Austria ?
His books defended democratic liberalism as a social and political philosophy .	democratic liberalism	What political ideology do Popper 's major works defend ?
They also represented extensive critiques of the philosophical presuppositions underpinning all forms of totalitarianism .	totalitarianism	What form of political organization do Popper 's works mainly critique ?
He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure , since events after the Anschluss , the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938 , forced him into permanent exile .	the annexation of Austria by the German Reich	What was the Anschluss ?
Popper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler 's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein 's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century .	Freud and Adler	Which two important psychologists did Popper view as advancing non-scientific theories ?
Popper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler 's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein 's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century .	Einstein	Whose recent breakthrough in physics did Popper view as paradigmatic science ?
Popper thought that Einstein 's theory , as a theory properly grounded in scientific thought and method , was highly `` risky '' , in the sense that it was possible to deduce consequences from it which were , in the light of the then-dominant Newtonian physics , highly improbable -LRB- e.g. , that light is deflected towards solid bodies -- confirmed by Eddington 's experiments in 1919 -RRB- , and which would , if they turned out to be false , falsify the whole theory .	risky	What quality of the theory of relativity did Popper believe made it proper science ?
He thus came to the conclusion that psychoanalytic theories had more in common with primitive myths than with genuine science .	primitive myths	What did Popper think psychoanalytic theory shared more feature with than real science ?
Popper thought that Einstein 's theory , as a theory properly grounded in scientific thought and method , was highly `` risky '' , in the sense that it was possible to deduce consequences from it which were , in the light of the then-dominant Newtonian physics , highly improbable -LRB- e.g. , that light is deflected towards solid bodies -- confirmed by Eddington 's experiments in 1919 -RRB- , and which would , if they turned out to be false , falsify the whole theory .	falsify	What could you not do to psychoanalytic theory that Popper believed crucial in genuine science ?
This realisation had an important consequence when Popper later tackled the problem of demarcation in the philosophy of science , as it led him to posit that the strength of a scientific theory lies in its both being susceptible to falsification , and not actually being falsified by criticism made of it .	falsification	According to Popper , a theory is scientific only is it is susceptible to what ?
The nature of such theories made it impossible for any criticism or experiment - even in principle - to show them to be false .	criticism or experiment	What key components of science are ineffective when brought to bear on non-scientific theories ?
as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses .	weaknesses	How did Popper characterize the wide applicability and immunity to criticism of psychoanalytic theory ?
Popper coined the term `` critical rationalism '' to describe his philosophy .	critical rationalism	What term did Popper use for his philosophy ?
Concerning the method of science , the term indicates his rejection of classical empiricism , and the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it .	the classical observationalist-inductivist account	Which account of scientific method did Popper 's repudiate ?
Concerning the method of science , the term indicates his rejection of classical empiricism , and the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it .	rejection	What was Popper 's position on classical empiricism ?
Popper argued strongly against the latter , holding that scientific theories are abstract in nature , and can be tested only indirectly , by reference to their implications .	indirectly	According to Popper , what is the only way one can test scientific theories because they are necessarily abstract ?
Popper 's account of the logical asymmetry between verification and falsifiability lies at the heart of his philosophy of science .	verification and falsifiability	Popper pointed out an important logical asymmetry between what two concepts ?
It also inspired him to take falsifiability as his criterion of demarcation between what is , and is not , genuinely scientific : a theory should be considered scientific if , and only if , it is falsifiable .	falsifiability	What does Popper say demarcates scientific theory from non-science ?
This led him to attack the claims of both psychoanalysis and contemporary Marxism to scientific status , on the basis that their theories are not falsifiable .	Marxism	What political theory did Popper say did not meet his falsifiability criterion ?
This led him to attack the claims of both psychoanalysis and contemporary Marxism to scientific status , on the basis that their theories are not falsifiable .	psychoanalysis	What branch of psychology was Popper critical of for not producing falsifiable theory ?
In All Life is Problem Solving , Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge -- that is , how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time .	All Life is Problem Solving	Which of Popper 's works addresses the improvement of scientific understanding of the world over time ?
In Popper 's view , the advance of scientific knowledge is an evolutionary process characterised by his formula :	evolutionary	Popper described the growth of scientific understanding as what kind of process ?
This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories , even the best of them , can not be verified by scientific testing , but can only be falsified .	truth content	What aspect of a scientific theory can never be fully verified , according to Popper ?
This process , error elimination -LRB- -RRB- , performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs for biological evolution .	error elimination	What process in science is like the process of natural selection in nature ?
Theories that better survive the process of refutation are not more true , but rather , more `` fit '' -- in other words , more applicable to the problem situation at hand -LRB- -RRB- .	more "fit"	What is a better description for theories that survive scientific scrutiny than `` more true ? ''
For Popper , it is in the interplay between the tentative theories -LRB- conjectures -RRB- and error elimination -LRB- refutation -RRB- that scientific knowledge advances toward greater and greater problems ; in a process very much akin to the interplay between genetic variation and natural selection .	conjectures	What is another term for the tentative theories enter the process of error elimination in science ?
Yet , as it appears that the engine of biological evolution has , over many generations , produced adaptive traits equipped to deal with more and more complex problems of survival , likewise , the evolution of theories through the scientific method may , in Popper 's view , reflect a certain type of progress : toward more and more interesting problems -LRB- -RRB- .	more and more interesting problems	Toward what does Popper believe scientific understandings progress ?
Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction .	induction	Popper 's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning ?
Nor is it rational according to Popper to make instead the more complex assumption that the sun will rise until a given day , but will stop doing so the day after , or similar statements with additional conditions .	additional conditions	What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified ?
Nor is it rational according to Popper to make instead the more complex assumption that the sun will rise until a given day , but will stop doing so the day after , or similar statements with additional conditions .	Popper	Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability ?
Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories , but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism , the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures .	ad-hoc-measures	Popper 's rational approach opposes what technique sometimes used to remove contradictions in knowledge ?
Popper 's student W.W. Bartley III tried to radicalise this idea and made the controversial claim that not only can criticism go beyond empirical knowledge , but that everything can be rationally criticised .	W.W. Bartley III	Which of Popper 's students argued that rational criticism should be most widely applied ?
Popper 's student W.W. Bartley III tried to radicalise this idea and made the controversial claim that not only can criticism go beyond empirical knowledge , but that everything can be rationally criticised .	empirical	What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism , according to Popper 's student W.W. Bartley III ?
He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified , so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt .	lack of justification	According to Popper , what is not grounds for doubt ?
To Popper , who was an anti-justificationist , traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason .	principle of sufficient reason	What principle of traditional philosophy did Popper take an anti-justificationist stance against ?
It is not the goal to bless theories with claims of certainty or justification , but to eliminate errors in them .	eliminate errors	What does Popper believe is essential to do to theories instead of justification ?
He writes , `` there are no such things as good positive reasons ; nor do we need such things -LSB- ... -RSB- But -LSB- philosophers -RSB- obviously can not quite bring -LSB- themselves -RSB- to believe that this is my opinion , let alone that it is right '' -LRB- The Philosophy of Karl Popper , p. 1043 -RRB-	good positive reasons	What do n't we need to look for about theories in Popper 's view ?
Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end .	historicism	What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history 's development ?
He argued that this view is the principal theoretical presupposition underpinning most forms of authoritarianism and totalitarianism .	authoritarianism and totalitarianism	What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported ?
Since the growth of human knowledge is a causal factor in the evolution of human history , and since `` no society can predict , scientifically , its own future states of knowledge '' , it follows , he argued , that there can be no predictive science of human history .	the growth of human knowledge	What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism ?
In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism , Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the `` Open Society '' .	The Poverty of Historicism	Which of Popper 's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path ?
Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the logician Alfred Tarski and published in 1933 .	Alfred Tarski	Whose theory of truth did Popper read with intense interest in 1935 ?
Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the logician Alfred Tarski and published in 1933 .	semantic theory of truth	What theory of interest to Popper did Alfred Tarski publish in 1933 ?
Still , he describes in Objective Knowledge -LRB- 1972 -RRB- early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence .	truth as correspondence	Tarski 's theory overcame certain objections to what conception of truth ?
The theory also seemed , in Popper 's eyes , to support metaphysical realism and the regulative idea of a search for truth .	metaphysical	What kind of realism did Popper believe Tarski 's theory supported ?
Although many philosophers have interpreted , and continue to interpret , Tarski 's theory as a deflationary theory , Popper refers to it as a theory in which `` is true '' is replaced with `` corresponds to the facts '' .	deflationary	What term do philosophers give to the kind of theory Tarski proposed about truth ?
Although many philosophers have interpreted , and continue to interpret , Tarski 's theory as a deflationary theory , Popper refers to it as a theory in which `` is true '' is replaced with `` corresponds to the facts '' .	"corresponds to the facts"	With what does Popper say Tarski 's theory replaces the predicate `` is true ? ''
According to this theory , the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage .	metalanguage	What concept did Tarski introduce to discuss the conditions for the truth of statements ?
He bases this interpretation on the fact that examples such as the one described above refer to two things : assertions and the facts to which they refer .	assertions and the facts to which they refer	What two things does Popper argue Tarski 's theory involves in an evaluation of truth ?
Upon this basis , along with that of the logical content of assertions -LRB- where logical content is inversely proportional to probability -RRB- , Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or `` truthlikeness '' .	truthlikeness	What term does Popper use that roughly means verisimilitude ?
And , in this way , one theory can be evaluated as more or less true than another on a quantitative basis which , Popper emphasises forcefully , has nothing to do with `` subjective probabilities '' or other merely `` epistemic '' considerations .	subjective	Poppers notion of verisimilitude leaves no place for which kind of probabilities in the evaluation of scientific hypotheses ?
And , in this way , one theory can be evaluated as more or less true than another on a quantitative basis which , Popper emphasises forcefully , has nothing to do with `` subjective probabilities '' or other merely `` epistemic '' considerations .	epistemic	What class of considerations did Popper believe were not important in scientific measurement ?
Upon this basis , along with that of the logical content of assertions -LRB- where logical content is inversely proportional to probability -RRB- , Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or `` truthlikeness '' .	probability	What is the logical content of hypotheses inversely proportional to in Popper 's reasoning ?
Knowledge , for Popper , was objective , both in the sense that it is objectively true -LRB- or truthlike -RRB- , and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status -LRB- i.e. , knowledge as object -RRB- independent of the knowing subject -LRB- Objective Knowledge : An Evolutionary Approach , 1972 -RRB- .	knowledge	What did Popper argue was objective and independent of its subject ?
He proposed three worlds : World One , being the physical world , or physical states ; World Two , being the world of mind , or mental states , ideas , and perceptions ; and World Three , being the body of human knowledge expressed in its manifold forms , or the products of the second world made manifest in the materials of the first world -LRB- i.e. , books , papers , paintings , symphonies , and all the products of the human mind -RRB- .	three	How many different worlds or realities did Popper differentiate in Objective Knowledge ?
He proposed three worlds : World One , being the physical world , or physical states ; World Two , being the world of mind , or mental states , ideas , and perceptions ; and World Three , being the body of human knowledge expressed in its manifold forms , or the products of the second world made manifest in the materials of the first world -LRB- i.e. , books , papers , paintings , symphonies , and all the products of the human mind -RRB- .	the physical world	What constituted World One in Popper 's theory ?
World Three , he argued , was the product of individual human beings in exactly the same sense that an animal path is the product of individual animals , and that , as such , has an existence and evolution independent of any individual knowing subjects .	individual human beings	Who produced the contents of World Three ?
As such , the growth of human knowledge could be said to be a function of the independent evolution of World Three .	World Three	Which world 's evolution corresponds to the growth of human knowledge ?
In the debate , both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper 's criterion of falsifiability -LRB- see Daubert standard -RRB- .	criterion of falsifiability	Which of Popper 's notions is often invoked in creation-evolution debates ?
For example , he famously stated `` Darwinism is not a testable scientific theory , but a metaphysical research program -- a possible framework for testable scientific theories . ''	metaphysical	What kind of research program did Popper call Darwinism ?
For example , he famously stated `` Darwinism is not a testable scientific theory , but a metaphysical research program -- a possible framework for testable scientific theories . ''	possible framework	What phrase did Popper use to describe Darwinism 's relation to proper falsifiable theories ?
The creation -- evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science .	creation–evolution	Popper 's philosophy is often applied in what political debate concerning biological science ?
He said that evolution must , as the creationists say , work in a goal-directed way but disagreed with their view that it must necessarily be the hand of god that imposes these goals onto the stage of life .	goal-directed	Along with some creationists , Popper believed that evolution must have what quality to its progress ?
He said that evolution must , as the creationists say , work in a goal-directed way but disagreed with their view that it must necessarily be the hand of god that imposes these goals onto the stage of life .	god	Popper disagreed with creationists that whose hand must be directing evolution ?
Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents new things , including life , but without the necessity of something like a god , especially not one who is pulling strings from behind the curtain .	creative	What kind of an entity did Popper believe the universe to be ?
Instead , he formulated the spearhead model of evolution , a version of genetic pluralism .	spearhead	What is the name of Popper 's model of evolution ?
Instead , he formulated the spearhead model of evolution , a version of genetic pluralism .	genetic pluralism	Popper 's model of evolution is part of what family of models ?
According to this model , living organisms themselves have goals , and act according to these goals , each guided by a central control .	goals	What directs the actions of organisms in Popper 's biological model ?
Mutations in the genes that determine the structure of the control may then cause drastic changes in behaviour , preferences and goals , without having an impact on the organism 's phenotype .	Mutations	Organisms ' goals shift along with which notable genetic process ?
Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the `` hopeful monster '' that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the `` hopeful behavioural monster '' .	hopeful monster	Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms ' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own ?
After behaviour has changed radically , small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals .	behaviour	Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions ?
Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the `` hopeful monster '' that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the `` hopeful behavioural monster '' .	hopeful behavioural monster	How does Popper describe the `` monsters '' that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes ?
Popper contrasted this view as `` evolution from within '' or `` active Darwinism '' -LRB- the organism actively trying to discover new ways of life and being on a quest for conquering new ecological niches -RRB- , with the naturalistic `` evolution from without '' -LRB- which has the picture of a hostile environment only trying to kill the mostly passive organism , or perhaps segregate some of its groups -RRB- .	active	What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind ?
About the creation-evolution controversy , Popper wrote that he considered it `` a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth , and an older metaphysical theory which , incidentally , happened to be part of an established religious belief '' with a footnote to the effect that '' -LSB- he -RSB- agree -LSB- s -RSB- with Professor C.E. Raven when , in his Science , Religion , and the Future , 1943 , he calls this conflict `` a storm in a Victorian tea-cup '' ; though the force of this remark is perhaps a little impaired by the attention he pays to the vapours still emerging from the cup -- to the Great Systems of Evolutionist Philosophy , produced by Bergson , Whitehead , Smuts , and others . ''	C.E. Raven	Which professor cited by Popper described the creation-evolution debate as `` a storm in a Victorian tea-cup ? ''
About the creation-evolution controversy , Popper wrote that he considered it `` a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth , and an older metaphysical theory which , incidentally , happened to be part of an established religious belief '' with a footnote to the effect that '' -LSB- he -RSB- agree -LSB- s -RSB- with Professor C.E. Raven when , in his Science , Religion , and the Future , 1943 , he calls this conflict `` a storm in a Victorian tea-cup '' ; though the force of this remark is perhaps a little impaired by the attention he pays to the vapours still emerging from the cup -- to the Great Systems of Evolutionist Philosophy , produced by Bergson , Whitehead , Smuts , and others . ''	creation-evolution	What controversy involving science did Popper believe was sensationalized because of its connection with religion ?
About the creation-evolution controversy , Popper wrote that he considered it `` a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth , and an older metaphysical theory which , incidentally , happened to be part of an established religious belief '' with a footnote to the effect that '' -LSB- he -RSB- agree -LSB- s -RSB- with Professor C.E. Raven when , in his Science , Religion , and the Future , 1943 , he calls this conflict `` a storm in a Victorian tea-cup '' ; though the force of this remark is perhaps a little impaired by the attention he pays to the vapours still emerging from the cup -- to the Great Systems of Evolutionist Philosophy , produced by Bergson , Whitehead , Smuts , and others . ''	1943	In which year did C.E. Raven publish the remarks on creation-evolution quoted by Popper ?
About the creation-evolution controversy , Popper wrote that he considered it `` a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth , and an older metaphysical theory which , incidentally , happened to be part of an established religious belief '' with a footnote to the effect that '' -LSB- he -RSB- agree -LSB- s -RSB- with Professor C.E. Raven when , in his Science , Religion , and the Future , 1943 , he calls this conflict `` a storm in a Victorian tea-cup '' ; though the force of this remark is perhaps a little impaired by the attention he pays to the vapours still emerging from the cup -- to the Great Systems of Evolutionist Philosophy , produced by Bergson , Whitehead , Smuts , and others . ''	metaphysical	What term does Popper use when describing creationism as a type of theory ?
In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death , he summarised his position on God as follows : `` I do n't know whether God exists or not .	1969	In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God ?
... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected , but agnosticism -- to admit that we do n't know and to search -- is all right .	agnosticism	Which term for his religious outlook did Popper prefer ?
He objected to organised religion , saying `` it tends to use the name of God in vain '' , noting the danger of fanaticism because of religious conflicts : `` The whole thing goes back to myths which , though they may have a kernel of truth , are untrue .	myths	What did Popper believe were at the heart of religious disagreements , and should not be the cause of as much conflict as they are ?
In a letter unrelated to the interview , he stressed his tolerant attitude : `` Although I am not for religion , I do think that we should show respect for anybody who believes honestly . ''	tolerant	Although he opposed organized religion , what attitude did Popper think should be taken toward it :
Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous , autonomous discipline within philosophy , through his own prolific and influential works , and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students .	philosophy of science	What branch of philosophy did Popper advance the most ?
Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy , Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics and there lectured and influenced both Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend , two of the foremost philosophers of science in the next generation of philosophy of science .	Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method	Which department did Popper found at the London School of Economics ?
Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy , Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics and there lectured and influenced both Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend , two of the foremost philosophers of science in the next generation of philosophy of science .	Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend	Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics ?
-LRB- Lakatos significantly modified Popper 's position , :1 and Feyerabend repudiated it entirely , but the work of both is deeply influenced by Popper and engaged with many of the problems that Popper set . -RRB-	repudiated it entirely	What did Paul Feyerabend ultimate do to Popper 's philosophy of science ?
Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy , Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics and there lectured and influenced both Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend , two of the foremost philosophers of science in the next generation of philosophy of science .	London School of Economics	Where did Popper establish a university department for the philosophy of science in 1946 ?
While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence , Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek , who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna .	Friedrich Hayek	Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics ?
While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence , Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek , who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna .	Economics	What was Hayek 's academic field ?
In a letter to Hayek in 1944 , Popper stated , `` I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker , except perhaps Alfred Tarski . ''	1944	In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him ?
In a letter to Hayek in 1944 , Popper stated , `` I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker , except perhaps Alfred Tarski . ''	Alfred Tarski	Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek ?
For his part , Hayek dedicated a collection of papers , Studies in Philosophy , Politics , and Economics , to Popper , and in 1982 said , '' ... ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934 , I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology . ''	Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics	Which of Hayek 's publications was dedicated to Popper ?
It has been suggested that Popper 's ideas are often mistaken for a hard logical account of truth because of the historical co-incidence of their appearing at the same time as logical positivism , the followers of which mistook his aims for their own .	logical positivism	What other contemporaneous school of thought is often confused with Popper 's own contributions ?
He does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true , or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist .	any particular scientist	Popper has stressed that his description of scientific methodology should not be mistaken to apply to whom ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Rather , it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that , if enacted by a system or community , will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort -LRB- relative to how well the system or community enacts the method -RRB- .	system or community	At what level does Popper indicate his view of scientific methodology applies ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Rather , it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that , if enacted by a system or community , will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort -LRB- relative to how well the system or community enacts the method -RRB- .	slow but steady	What kind of progress does science make given the methodology Popper describes ?
The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it 's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own , since each one comes as part of an environment of theories .	Quine-Duhem	What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories ?
Popper discussed this critique of naïve falsificationism in Chapters 3 and 4 of The Logic of Scientific Discovery .	The Logic of Scientific Discovery	Which of Popper 's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism ?
An example of this is given by the discovery of the planet Neptune : when the motion of Uranus was found not to match the predictions of Newton 's laws , the theory `` There are seven planets in the solar system '' was rejected , and not Newton 's laws themselves .	Neptune	The planet Uranus ' apparent failure to follow Newton 's laws led to the discovery of which planet ?
Theories that say more about the way things appear are to be preferred over those that do not ; the more generally applicable a theory is , the greater its value .	more generally applicable	According to Popper , the scientific selection process favors which type of theory ?
Popper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn , `` that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework '' , and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn 's central point about `` normal science '' .	Logic of Discovery	Popper believed he had already discussed similar ideas to Kuhn 's about scientific communities in what work ?
-LRB- But Popper criticised what he saw as Kuhn 's relativism . -RRB-	relativism	What aspect of Kuhn 's thinking did Popper criticize ?
Also , in his collection Conjectures and Refutations : The Growth of Scientific Knowledge -LRB- Harper & Row , 1963 -RRB- , Popper writes , `` Science must begin with myths , and with the criticism of myths ; neither with the collection of observations , nor with the invention of experiments , but with the critical discussion of myths , and of magical techniques and practices .	the critical discussion of myths	What did Popper say must be the beginning phase of science ?
Like the latter , it passes on its theories ; but it also passes on a critical attitude towards them .	a critical attitude	According to Popper , what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not ?
Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively , especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis .	statistical	What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses ' falsification ?
More generally it is not always clear , if evidence contradicts a hypothesis , that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in the evidence .	flaws in the evidence	What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses ?
Rather than offering a set of instructions that merely need to be followed diligently to achieve science , Popper makes it clear in The Logic of Scientific Discovery that his belief is that the resolution of conflicts between hypotheses and observations can only be a matter of the collective judgment of scientists , in each individual case .	the collective judgment of scientists	According to Popper , what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run ?
In a book called Science Versus Crime , Houck writes that Popper 's falsificationism can be questioned logically : it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like `` for every metal , there is a temperature at which it will melt . ''	Science Versus Crime	Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper 's falsificationism ?
These examples were pointed out by Carl Gustav Hempel .	Carl Gustav Hempel	Who argued that Popper 's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism 's verificationism ?
In a book called Science Versus Crime , Houck writes that Popper 's falsificationism can be questioned logically : it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like `` for every metal , there is a temperature at which it will melt . ''	Houck	Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism ?
In 2004 , philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark -LRB- Groningen , The Netherlands -RRB- published a book , called Popper , Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology , in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor , the German psychologist Otto Selz .	Otto Selz	Which German psychologist and tutor of Popper may have originated some of Popper 's ideas ?
In 2004 , philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark -LRB- Groningen , The Netherlands -RRB- published a book , called Popper , Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology , in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor , the German psychologist Otto Selz .	Michel ter Hark	Who claimed Otto Selz deserved credit for ideas published by Popper ?
Selz never published his ideas , partly because of the rise of Nazism , which forced him to quit his work in 1933 , and the prohibition of referring to Selz ' work .	the rise of Nazism	What contributed to Otto Selz 's cessation of work in 1933 ?
In 2004 , philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark -LRB- Groningen , The Netherlands -RRB- published a book , called Popper , Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology , in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor , the German psychologist Otto Selz .	Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology	What is the name of the 2004 paper that links Popper 's work to that of his tutor Otto Selz ?
Popper , the historian of ideas and his scholarship , is criticised in some academic quarters for his rejection of Plato , Hegel and Marx .	Plato, Hegel and Marx	Popper is criticized for dismissing which major philosophers in his work ?
By applying Popper 's account of scientific method , Gray 's Straw Dogs states that this would have `` killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein at birth . ''	Darwin and Einstein	Which two prominent scientists advanced theories that John N. Gray claims would never have survived the scientific method Popper describes ?
By applying Popper 's account of scientific method , Gray 's Straw Dogs states that this would have `` killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein at birth . ''	Straw Dogs	Which work by John Gray challenges Popper 's falsificationism ?
When they were first advanced , Gray claims , each of them was `` at odds with some available evidence ; only later did evidence become available that gave them crucial support . ''	available evidence	According to Gray , what should have falsified Einstein and Darwin 's theories when first proposed ?
Against this , Gray seeks to establish the irrationalist thesis that `` the progress of science comes from acting against reason . ''	irrationalist	What kind of thesis does Gray advance about scientific progress ?
Gray does not , however , give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with , and his appeal to `` crucial support '' illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate .	inductivist	Gray 's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable ?
Indeed , Popper wrote , several decades before Gray 's criticism , in reply to a critical essay by Imre Lakatos :	Imre Lakatos	A possible rebuttal to Gray 's argument appears in Popper 's reply to which philosopher ?
Moreover , since Einstein also explained the empirical refutations of Newton 's theory , general relativity was immediately deemed suitable for tentative acceptance on the Popperian account .	explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory	What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed ?
For , according to Popper , Einstein 's theory was at least equally as well corroborated as Newton 's upon its initial conception ; they both equally well accounted for all the hitherto available evidence .	Einstein's theory	In contrast to Gray , which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton 's on the available evidence ?
Popper held that it is the least likely , or most easily falsifiable , or simplest theory -LRB- attributes which he identified as all the same thing -RRB- that explains known facts that one should rationally prefer .	simplest	Which type of theory is most falsifiable ?
His opposition to positivism , which held that it is the theory most likely to be true that one should prefer , here becomes very apparent .	positivism	What school of philosophy does Popper 's thinking on induction oppose ?
It is impossible , Popper argues , to ensure a theory to be true ; it is more important that its falsity can be detected as easily as possible .	impossible	For Popper , knowing that a theory is true is what ?
It is impossible , Popper argues , to ensure a theory to be true ; it is more important that its falsity can be detected as easily as possible .	its falsity	What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable ?
An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him : During a riot , caused by the Communists , the police shot several unarmed people , including some of Popper 's friends , when they tried to free party comrades from prison .	Communists	Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper 's political views ?
The riot had , in fact , been part of a plan by which leaders of the Communist party with connections to Béla Kun tried to take power by a coup ; Popper did not know about this at that time .	a coup	The 1919 riot involving Popper 's comrades was part of what larger political move ?
This was the start of his later criticism of historicism .	historicism	Popper 's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation ?
The riot had , in fact , been part of a plan by which leaders of the Communist party with connections to Béla Kun tried to take power by a coup ; Popper did not know about this at that time .	Béla Kun	Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper 's friends were killed ?
However , he knew that the riot instigators were swayed by the Marxist doctrine that class struggle would produce vastly more dead men than the inevitable revolution brought about as quickly as possible , and so had no scruples to put the life of the rioters at risk to achieve their selfish goal of becoming the future leaders of the working class .	class struggle	What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation ?
A mandolin -LRB- Italian : mandolino pronounced -LSB- mandoˈliːno -RSB- ; literally `` small mandola '' -RRB- is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or `` pick '' .	Italian	What country did the mandolin originate from ?
A mandolin -LRB- Italian : mandolino pronounced -LSB- mandoˈliːno -RSB- ; literally `` small mandola '' -RRB- is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or `` pick '' .	small mandola	What does mandolin translate to ?
A mandolin -LRB- Italian : mandolino pronounced -LSB- mandoˈliːno -RSB- ; literally `` small mandola '' -RRB- is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or `` pick '' .	lute family	What musical family does the mandolin come from ?
A mandolin -LRB- Italian : mandolino pronounced -LSB- mandoˈliːno -RSB- ; literally `` small mandola '' -RRB- is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or `` pick '' .	usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick"	How is the mandolin usually played ?
It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison -LRB- 8 strings -RRB- , although five -LRB- 10 strings -RRB- and six -LRB- 12 strings -RRB- course versions also exist .	four	How many courses does a mandolin commonly have ?
There are many styles of mandolin , but four are common , the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin , the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin .	the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin.	What are the four common styles of mandolins ?
The round-back has a deep bottom , constructed of strips of wood , glued together into a bowl .	strips of wood, glued together into a bowl	What is the round-back mandolin made of ?
The round-back has a deep bottom , constructed of strips of wood , glued together into a bowl .	round-back	Which style of mandolin has a shallower , arched back , and arched top ?
Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music .	European classical music and traditional music.	Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins feature ?
Carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music .	Carved-top instruments	Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music ?
Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard -LRB- the top -RRB- .	soundboard (the top)	What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around ?
Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments , strung with as many as six courses of gut strings , and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill .	quiet instruments	Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments ?
However , modern instruments are louder -- using four courses of metal strings , which exert more pressure than the gut strings .	four courses of metal strings,	What are modern mandolins ' strings made of ?
The soundboard comes in many shapes -- but generally round or teardrop-shaped , sometimes with scrolls or other projections .	generally round or teardrop-shaped	What is the most common soundboard shape ?
A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling .	bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling	What are the sound holes covered with ?
Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain -LRB- Andalusia -RRB- by the Moors , another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily , where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians .	the Moors	Who introduced the lute to Spain ?
Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain -LRB- Andalusia -RRB- by the Moors , another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily , where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians .	Sicily	What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture ?
Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain -LRB- Andalusia -RRB- by the Moors , another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily , where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians .	Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians	Who brought the lute to Sicily ?
There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims , and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo 's royal Cappella Palatina , dedicated by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily in 1140 .	Palermo	What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest ?
There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims , and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo 's royal Cappella Palatina , dedicated by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily in 1140 .	Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina,	What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists ?
There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop .	eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop	What is there currently confusion over ?
His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia -LRB- active c. 1710 to c. 1788 -RRB- and Nic .	Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic	Who is said to have ran the first shop ?
An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia in 1759 , which resides at the University of Edinburgh .	University of Edinburgh	Where does the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia reside ?
Another is by Giuseppe Vinaccia , built in 1893 , is also at the University of Edinburgh .	University of Edinburgh	Where does the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia reside ?
It resides in the Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels , Belgium .	Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium.	Where does the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia reside ?
The transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family , 3 brass strings and one of gut , using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat `` flush '' with the sound table .	1744	What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin ?
The mandolin grew in popularity over the next 60 years , in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians , and in the concert hall .	in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall	Where did the mandolin grow in popularity ?
After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815 , however , its popularity began to fall .	After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall	When did the mandolin 's popularity begin to fall ?
The 19th century produced some prominent players , including Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati .	Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati	Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century ?
The export market for mandolins from Italy dried up around 1815 , and when Carmine de Laurentiis wrote a mandolin method in 1874 , the Music World magazine wrote that the mandolin was `` out of date . ''	1815	What year did the export market for manodlins from Italy dry up ?
Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878 , the instrument 's popularity rebounded .	Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878	When did the mandolin 's poplarity rebound ?
The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Españoles -LRB- Spanish Students -RRB- .	Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students)	What popular group performed at the Paris Exposition ?
The instrument 's popularity continued to increase during the 1890s and mandolin popularity was at its height in `` early years of the 20th century . ''	early years of the 20th century.	When was it said that mandolin 's popularity peaked ?
They danced and played guitars , violins and the bandurria , which became confused with the mandolin .	bandurria	What instrument was the mandolin confused with during the 1880 's ?
Mandolin orchestras were formed worldwide , incorporating not only the mandolin family of instruments , but also guitars , double basses and zithers .	Mandolin orchestras	What were formed worldwide that incorporated the mandolin famiy of instruments and other instruments as well ?
Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century , new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music .	early 20th century,	When was the second decline of mandolin popularity ?
Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument .	Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument	Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first ?
Luthiers created the resonator mandolin , the flatback mandolin , the carved-top or arched-top mandolin , the mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin .	Luthiers	Who created the rasonator mandolin ?
Luthiers created the resonator mandolin , the flatback mandolin , the carved-top or arched-top mandolin , the mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin .	mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin	What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created ?
Musicians began playing it in Celtic , Bluegrass , Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles -- and Classical too .	Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles — and Classical too.	What types of music did musicians begin to play the mandolins in ?
Like any plucked instrument , mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin , and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar .	decay to silence	What happens to mandolin notes when plucked ?
Like any plucked instrument , mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin , and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar .	faster	Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than larger string instruments ?
This encourages the use of tremolo -LRB- rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings -RRB- to create sustained notes or chords .	rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings	What is tremolo ?
The mandolin 's paired strings facilitate this technique : the plectrum -LRB- pick -RRB- strikes each of a pair of strings alternately , providing a more full and continuous sound than a single string would .	paired strings	What parts of the mandolin faciliate the tremolo technique ?
The mandolin 's paired strings facilitate this technique : the plectrum -LRB- pick -RRB- strikes each of a pair of strings alternately , providing a more full and continuous sound than a single string would .	pick	What is a plectrum ?
The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl , constructed from curved strips of wood .	almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood	What kind of style does the Neapolitan mandolin have ?
It usually has a bent sound table , canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses .	8	How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have ?
It usually has a bent sound table , canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses .	metal strings	What are the Neapolitan mandolin made of ?
A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table .	hardwood fingerboard	What sits on top or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin ?
European roundbacks commonly use a 13-inch scale instead of the 13.876 common on archtop Mandolins .	13-inch scale	How long is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks ?
Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy .	Milan and Lombardy	Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from ?
These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins .	mandolino or mandore	What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins ?
They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin , with a shallow back .	They are shorter and wider	What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin ?
The instruments have 6 strings , 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings .	6 strings	How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have ?
A developer of the Milanese stye was Antonio Monzino -LRB- Milan -RRB- and his family who made them for 6 generations .	Antonio Monzino	Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin ?
Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin , with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck , with six single strings to the regular mandolin 's set of 4 .	Samuel Adelstein	Who described the Lombardi mandolin as wider and shorter than the Neoapolitan mandolin ?
Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin , with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck , with six single strings to the regular mandolin 's set of 4 .	4	How many strings do the regular mandolin 's have ?
The Lombardi was tuned C , D , A , E , B , G .	C, D, A, E, B, G.	What was the Lombardi Mandolin tuned to ?
There were 20 frets , covering three octaves , with an additional 5 notes .	20 frets	How many frets did the Lombardi have ?
There were 20 frets , covering three octaves , with an additional 5 notes .	three octaves	How many octaves did the Lombardi cover ?
In his 1805 mandolin method , Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi , Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin , which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge , to which the strings were attached .	Bartolomeo Bortolazzi	Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin ?
In his 1805 mandolin method , Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi , Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin , which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge , to which the strings were attached .	Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi	What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi 's popular mandolin method ?
In his 1805 mandolin method , Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi , Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin , which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge , to which the strings were attached .	four single-strings	How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have ?
Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play , when compared with the gut-string instruments .	uncomfortable to play	Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins ?
Also , he felt they had a `` less pleasing ... hard , zither-like tone '' as compared to the gut string 's `` softer , full-singing tone . ''	less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone	What did Bortolazzi say about the sound ?
At the very end of the 19th century , a new style , with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States .	end of the 19th century	When was a new sytle of carved top and back construction mandolins created ?
At the very end of the 19th century , a new style , with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States .	violin family instruments	What was the new sytle of mandolins inspired from ?
At the very end of the 19th century , a new style , with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States .	European-style bowl-back	What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant ?
This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson , a Kalamazoo , Michigan luthier who founded the `` Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co. , Limited '' in 1902 .	Orville Gibson	Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co , Limited ?
These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin -LRB- F-5 and A-5 -RRB- , or an oval sound hole -LRB- F-4 and A-4 and lower models -RRB- directly under the strings .	two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)	What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have ?
These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin -LRB- F-5 and A-5 -RRB- , or an oval sound hole -LRB- F-4 and A-4 and lower models -RRB- directly under the strings .	directly under the strings	Where are the soundholes located ?
Generally , in the United States , Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins and mandolins influenced by that design are strongly associated with bluegrass , while the A-style is associated other types of music , although it too is most often used for and associated with bluegrass .	Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins	What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music ?
Generally , in the United States , Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins and mandolins influenced by that design are strongly associated with bluegrass , while the A-style is associated other types of music , although it too is most often used for and associated with bluegrass .	A-style	What style is associate with other types of music ?
The F-5 's more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument .	complicated woodwork	Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive ?
Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar .	Gibson F-5	What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated ?
Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar .	early 1920s	When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated ?
Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar .	Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar	Who supervised the Gibson F-5 's replication ?
Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and Healy , Vega and Larson Brothers .	Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers	Who are the other makers from the Loar period ?
Some notable modern American carved mandolin manufacturers include , in addition to Kay , Gibson , Weber , Monteleone and Collings .	Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings.	Who were notable modern American mandolin manufacturers ?
This is especially true of violin music , since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin .	violin	What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of ?
The instrument was primarily used in a classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras , so called Estudiantinas or in Germany Zupforchestern appearing in many cities .	classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras	Where was the mandolin primarily used ?
Travelling mandolin virtuosi like Giuseppe Pettine , Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri contributed to the mandolin becoming a `` fad '' instrument in the early 20th century .	early 20th century	When was the mandolin considered a fad ?
Travelling mandolin virtuosi like Giuseppe Pettine , Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri contributed to the mandolin becoming a `` fad '' instrument in the early 20th century .	Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri	Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad ?
This `` mandolin craze '' was fading by the 1930s , but just as this practice was falling into disuse , the mandolin found a new niche in American country , old-time music , bluegrass and folk music .	1930s	When did the mandolin craze end ?
Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia , and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community .	Phil Skinner	Who played a key role Australian mandolin movement ?
Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia , and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community .	20th century	When did the Australian mandolin movement begin ?
Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia , and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community .	1979	When was Phil Skinner awarded an MBE ?
He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo .	Harry Skinner	What was Phil Skinner 's birth name ?
He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo .	10	At what age did Phil Skinner begin playing music ?
The Sydney Mandolins -LRB- Artistic Director : Adrian Hooper -RRB- have contributed greatly to the repertoire through commissioning over 200 works by Australian and International composers .	Adrian Hooper	Who is the director of the Sydney Mandolins ?
The Sydney Mandolins -LRB- Artistic Director : Adrian Hooper -RRB- have contributed greatly to the repertoire through commissioning over 200 works by Australian and International composers .	over 200 works	How many commisions of Sydney Mandolins have their been ?
Most of these works have been released on Compact Disks and can regularly be heard on radio stations on the ABC and MBS networks .	Compact Disks	On what media was most of these work released ?
Most of these works have been released on Compact Disks and can regularly be heard on radio stations on the ABC and MBS networks .	ABC and MBS networks	What radio stations can they be heard on ?
One of their members , mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper , has had a number of Concertos written for him by composers such as Eric Gross .	mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper	Who has had many Concertos written for him ?
In the early 20th century several mandolin orchestras -LRB- Estudiantinas -RRB- were active in Belgium .	mandolin orchestras	What is an Etsudiantinas ?
In the early 20th century several mandolin orchestras -LRB- Estudiantinas -RRB- were active in Belgium .	Belgium	Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century ?
Today only a few groups remain : Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine -LRB- founded in 1904 -RRB- in Antwerp , Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons -LRB- Bergen -RRB- .	Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen).	What groups remain today ?
Gerda Abts is a well known mandolin virtuoso in Belgium .	Belgium	Where is Gerda Abts well know in ?
She is now also professor mandolin at the music high school `` Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen '' .	Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen	Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin ?
Prior to the Golden Age of Mandolins , France had a history with the mandolin , with mandolinists playing in Paris until the Napoleonic Wars .	Golden Age of Mandolins	Prior to what age did France have a history with the mandolin ?
Prior to the Golden Age of Mandolins , France had a history with the mandolin , with mandolinists playing in Paris until the Napoleonic Wars .	Paris	Where in France did the mandolinists play ?
Prior to the Golden Age of Mandolins , France had a history with the mandolin , with mandolinists playing in Paris until the Napoleonic Wars .	Napoleonic Wars.	When did the mandolinists stop playing in Paris ?
The players , teachers and composers included Giovanni Fouchetti , Eduardo Mezzacapo , Gabriele Leon , and Gervasio .	Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio	Who were the players and composers during this time ?
During the Golden age itself -LRB- 1880s-1920s -RRB- , the mandolin had a strong presence in France .	1880s-1920s	What years was considered the Golden Age of Mandolins ?
On the island of Crete , along with the lyra and the laouto -LRB- lute -RRB- , the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music .	island of Crete	What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music ?
It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island .	around the time of the Venetian rule of the island.	When did the mandolin appears on Crete ?
Different variants of the mandolin , such as the `` mantola , '' were used to accompany the lyra , the violin , and the laouto .	mantola	What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used ?
Stelios Foustalierakis reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyra in the beginning of the 20th century in the city of Rethimno .	Stelios Foustalierakis	Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyria ?
There are also reports that the mandolin was mostly a woman 's musical instrument .	woman	The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex ?
Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music .	Indian Carnatic	Many adaptations of the instruments were done to cater to what type of music ?
In Indian classical music and Indian light music , the mandolin , which bears little resemblance to the European mandolin , is usually tuned E-B-E-B .	E-B-E-B.	What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music ?
As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music , any convenient tuning maintaining these relative pitch intervals between the strings can be used .	absolute pitch	There is no concept of what in Indian music ?
Another prevalent tuning with these intervals is C-G-C-G , which corresponds to Sa-Pa-Sa-Pa in the Indian carnatic classical music style .	C-G-C-G	What is another popular madonlin tuning ?
This type of mandolin is also used in Bhangra , dance music popular in Punjabi culture .	Bhangra	These mandolin are used in a popular dance music called ?
Though almost any variety of acoustic mandolin might be adequate for Irish traditional music , virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes to the Italian-style bowl-back mandolins or the carved-top mandolins with f-holes favoured by bluegrass mandolinists .	might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes	What types of instruments do irish player prefer ?
The former are often too soft-toned to hold their own in a session -LRB- as well as having a tendency to not stay in place on the player 's lap -RRB- , whilst the latter tend to sound harsh and overbearing to the traditional ear .	too soft-toned	Why is it said that the Italian style ca n't hold their own session ?
Though almost any variety of acoustic mandolin might be adequate for Irish traditional music , virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes to the Italian-style bowl-back mandolins or the carved-top mandolins with f-holes favoured by bluegrass mandolinists .	the carved-top mandolins with f-holes	Which type mandolin had a tendency not to stay in the player 's lap ?
Greatly preferred for formal performance and recording are flat-topped `` Irish-style '' mandolins -LRB- reminiscent of the WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin -RRB- and carved -LRB- arch -RRB- top mandolins with oval soundholes , such as the Gibson A-style of the 1920s .	flat-topped "Irish-style" mandolins	Which mandolin was preferred for formal performances and recordings ?
Greatly preferred for formal performance and recording are flat-topped `` Irish-style '' mandolins -LRB- reminiscent of the WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin -RRB- and carved -LRB- arch -RRB- top mandolins with oval soundholes , such as the Gibson A-style of the 1920s .	WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin	What was the Irish style mandolin reminiscent of ?
Noteworthy Irish mandolinists include Andy Irvine -LRB- who , like Johnny Moynihan , almost always tunes the top E down to D , to achieve an open tuning of GDAD -RRB- , Paul Brady , Mick Moloney , Paul Kelly and Claudine Langille .	Andy Irvine	Who are some of the famous Irish Mandolinists ?
John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna , respectively fiddle player and tenor banjo player with The Dubliners , are also accomplished Irish mandolin players .	John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna	Who are popular fiddle player and tenor banjo player ?
John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna , respectively fiddle player and tenor banjo player with The Dubliners , are also accomplished Irish mandolin players .	The Dubliners,	What was John Sheahan and Barney Mckenna 's band called ?
The instruments used are either flat-backed , oval hole examples as described above -LRB- made by UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars -RRB- , or carved-top , oval hole instruments with arched back -LRB- made by Stefan Sobell in Northumberland -RRB- .	UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars	Who made the instruments used by the Dubliners ?
The Irish guitarist Rory Gallagher often played the mandolin on stage , and he most famously used it in the song `` Going To My Hometown . ''	Rory Gallagher	What Irish guitarist played the mandolin on stage ?
Antonio Vivaldi composed a mandolin concerto -LRB- Concerto in C major Op. 3 6 -RRB- and two concertos for two mandolins and orchestra .	Antonio Vivaldi	Who composed the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6 ?
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it .	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart	Who placed it in his 1787 work ?
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it .	Don Giovanni and Beethoven	What two artists created four variations of the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6 ?
Antonio Maria Bononcini composed La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il giovane in 1707 and George Frideric Handel composed Alexander Balus in 1748 .	Antonio Maria Bononcini	Who composed the La conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance ?
Antonio Maria Bononcini composed La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il giovane in 1707 and George Frideric Handel composed Alexander Balus in 1748 .	1748	When was Alexander Balus composed ?
The expansion of mandolin use continued after World War II through the late 1960s , and Japan still maintains a strong classical music tradition using mandolins , with active orchestras and university music programs .	Japan	What country still maintains strong classic music tradition with mandolin ?
Japanese mandolin orchestras today may consist of up to 40 or 50 members , and can include woodwind , percussion , and brass sections .	40 or 50 members	How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras ?
Japanese mandolin orchestras today may consist of up to 40 or 50 members , and can include woodwind , percussion , and brass sections .	include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections.	What other instruments do the Japanese madnolin orchestras play ?
Japan also maintains an extensive collection of 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin 's golden age , purchased by Morishige Takei .	20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age	Japan hold and extensive collection of what ?
Japan also maintains an extensive collection of 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin 's golden age , purchased by Morishige Takei .	Morishige Takei.	Who purhcased one of the collections of mandolin magazines ?
The bandolim -LRB- Portuguese for `` mandolin '' -RRB- was a favourite instrument within the Portuguese bourgeoisie of the 19th century , but its rapid spread took it to other places , joining other instruments .	Portuguese for "mandolin"	What does bandolim mean ?
The bandolim -LRB- Portuguese for `` mandolin '' -RRB- was a favourite instrument within the Portuguese bourgeoisie of the 19th century , but its rapid spread took it to other places , joining other instruments .	19th century	When was the bandolim porpular among the Portugese bourgeoisie ?
Today you can see mandolins as part of the traditional and folk culture of Portuguese singing groups and the majority of the mandolin scene in Portugal is in Madeira Island .	traditional and folk culture	Where can you see mandolins a part of in Portgal ?
Today you can see mandolins as part of the traditional and folk culture of Portuguese singing groups and the majority of the mandolin scene in Portugal is in Madeira Island .	Madeira Island	Where is the Portuguese mandolin scene located ?
Madeira has over 17 active mandolin Orchestras and Tunas .	over 17	How many active mandolin orchestras does the Madiera Island have ?
Simon Mayor is a prominent British player who has produced six solo albums , instructional books and DVDs , as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents .	Simon Mayor	Who is a famous British player ?
Simon Mayor is a prominent British player who has produced six solo albums , instructional books and DVDs , as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents .	six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents.	What did Simon mayer produce ?
The mandolin was played by Mike Oldfield -LRB- and introduced by Vivian Stanshall -RRB- on Oldfield 's album Tubular Bells , as well as on a number of his subsequent albums -LRB- particularly prominently on Hergest Ridge -LRB- 1974 -RRB- and Ommadawn -LRB- 1975 -RRB- -RRB- .	Mike Oldfield	Who played the mandolin on the album Tubular Bells ?
It was used extensively by the British folk-rock band Lindisfarne , who featured two members on the instrument , Ray Jackson and Simon Cowe , and whose `` Fog on the Tyne '' was the biggest selling UK album of 1971-1972 .	"Fog on the Tyne	What was UK 's biggest selling album ?
Maggie May by Rod Stewart , which hit No. 1 on both the British charts and the Billboard Hot 100 , also featured Jackson 's playing .	Maggie May	What song by Rod Stewart used the mandolin ?
The mandolin 's popularity in the United States was spurred by the success of a group of touring young European musicians known as the Estudiantina Figaro , or in the United States , simply the `` Spanish Students . ''	Estudiantina Figaro	What group in the US was popular ?
The group landed in the U.S. on January 2 , 1880 in New York City , and played in Boston and New York to wildly enthusiastic crowds .	January 2, 1880	When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US ?
The group landed in the U.S. on January 2 , 1880 in New York City , and played in Boston and New York to wildly enthusiastic crowds .	Boston and New York	Where did the Estudiantina Figaro play ?
An Italian musician , Carlo Curti , hastily started a musical ensemble after seeing the Figaro Spanish Students perform ; his group of Italian born Americans called themselves the `` Original Spanish Students , '' counting on the American public to not know the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins .	Original Spanish Students	What group was inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro ?
An Italian musician , Carlo Curti , hastily started a musical ensemble after seeing the Figaro Spanish Students perform ; his group of Italian born Americans called themselves the `` Original Spanish Students , '' counting on the American public to not know the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins .	the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins	What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the American public not to know ?
Mandolin awareness in the United States blossomed in the 1880s , as the instrument became part of a fad that continued into the mid-1920s .	1880s	When did madolin awareness in the US become fluent ?
According to Clarence L. Partee , the first mandolin made in the United States was made in 1883 or 1884 by Joseph Bohmann , who was an established maker of violins in Chicago .	1883 or 1884	When was the first madolin made in the US ?
According to Clarence L. Partee , the first mandolin made in the United States was made in 1883 or 1884 by Joseph Bohmann , who was an established maker of violins in Chicago .	Chicago	Where was Joseph Bohmann from ?
At the time , Partee was using an imported French-made mandolin .	French-made mandolin	What type of madolin was Partee using ?
Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers , much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man .	The Music Man	What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer ?
Often , these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras : groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments .	mandolin orchestras	What did these teacher-dealers often conduct ?
Often , these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras : groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments .	4-50 musicians	How many people were usually in these teacher-dealer orchestras ?
Samuel Siegel played mandolin in Vaudeville and became one of America 's preeminent mandolinists .	Samuel Siegel	Who played the mandolin in Vaudeville ?
Another pioneering African American musician and director who made his start with a mandolin orchestra was composer James Reese Europe .	composer James Reese Europe.	Who was the famous African American musican and director ?
The instrument was primarily used in an ensemble setting well into the 1930s , and although the fad died out at the beginning of the 1930s , the instruments that were developed for the orchestra found a new home in bluegrass .	ensemble setting	The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1930 's was ?
The instrument was primarily used in an ensemble setting well into the 1930s , and although the fad died out at the beginning of the 1930s , the instruments that were developed for the orchestra found a new home in bluegrass .	bluegrass	Where did the mandolins find a new home ?
The famous Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson -LRB- 1923 -RRB- was designed to boost the flagging interest in mandolin ensembles , with little success .	Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson	What mandolin was designed to boost interest in the mandolin ?
However , The `` Loar '' became the defining instrument of bluegrass music when Bill Monroe purchased F-5 S/N 73987 in a Florida barbershop in 1943 and popularized it as his main instrument .	Loar	What mandolin became the face of bluegrass music ?
However , The `` Loar '' became the defining instrument of bluegrass music when Bill Monroe purchased F-5 S/N 73987 in a Florida barbershop in 1943 and popularized it as his main instrument .	F-5 S/N 73987	What instrument did artist Bill Monroe use ?
Since the mid-nineties , several public-school mandolin-based guitar programs have blossomed around the country , including Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra , the first of its kind .	mandolin-based guitar programs	What groups have become popular amonbgpublic schools ?
Since the mid-nineties , several public-school mandolin-based guitar programs have blossomed around the country , including Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra , the first of its kind .	Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra	What are two of the popular public school groups ?
The national organization , Classical Mandolin Society of America , founded by Norman Levine , represents these groups .	Norman Levine	Who found the Classical Mandolin Society of America ?
Prominent modern mandolinists and composers for mandolin in the classical music tradition include Samuel Firstman , Howard Fry , Rudy Cipolla , Dave Apollon , Neil Gladd , Evan Marshall , Marilynn Mair and Mark Davis -LRB- the Mair-Davis Duo -RRB- , Brian Israel , David Evans , Emanuil Shynkman , Radim Zenkl , David Del Tredici and Ernst Krenek .	Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla	Who are modern mandolinists and composers ?
When Cowan Powers and his family recorded their old-time music from 1924-1926 , his daughter Orpha Powers was one of the earliest known southern-music artists to record with the mandolin .	Cowan Powers and his family	What family recorded an old-time music in 1924-1926 ?
When Cowan Powers and his family recorded their old-time music from 1924-1926 , his daughter Orpha Powers was one of the earliest known southern-music artists to record with the mandolin .	Orpha Powers	Who was the earliest known southern music artist ?
By the 1930s , single mandolins were becoming more commonly used in southern string band music , most notably by brother duets such as the sedate Blue Sky Boys -LRB- Bill Bolick and Earl Bolick -RRB- and the more hard-driving Monroe Brothers -LRB- Bill Monroe and Charlie Monroe -RRB- .	single mandolins	What type of mandolin was becoming popular by 1930 's ?
However , the mandolin 's modern popularity in country music can be directly traced to one man : Bill Monroe , the father of bluegrass music .	Bill Monroe	Who was considered the father of Bluegrass music ?
After the Monroe Brothers broke up in 1939 , Bill Monroe formed his own group , after a brief time called the Blue Grass Boys , and completed the transition of mandolin styles from a `` parlor '' sound typical of brother duets to the modern `` bluegrass '' style .	Blue Grass Boys	What was Bill Monroe 's group called ?
Monroe 's style involved playing lead melodies in the style of a fiddler , and also a percussive chording sound referred to as `` the chop '' for the sound made by the quickly struck and muted strings .	the chop	What chording sound was Monroe popular for ?
He also perfected a sparse , percussive blues style , especially up the neck in keys that had not been used much in country music , notably B and E .	B and E	What keys was Monroe popular for ?
Monroe 's most influential follower of the second generation is Frank Wakefield and nowadays Mike Compton of the Nashville Bluegrass Band and David Long , who often tour as a duet .	Frank Wakefield	Who was Monroe 's most influential follower ?
Tiny Moore of the Texas Playboys developed an electric five-string mandolin and helped popularize the instrument in Western Swing music .	Moore of the Texas Playboys	Who developed a electric five-string mandolin ?
Tiny Moore of the Texas Playboys developed an electric five-string mandolin and helped popularize the instrument in Western Swing music .	Western Swing music	What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize ?
Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds -LRB- of Jim and Jesse -RRB- who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking -- and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers , who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs .	Jesse McReynolds	Who was the major bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950 's ?
Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds -LRB- of Jim and Jesse -RRB- who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking -- and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers , who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs .	Jim and Jesse	What grop was Jesse McReynolds a part of ?
Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds -LRB- of Jim and Jesse -RRB- who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking -- and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers , who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs .	crosspicking	What technique did Jesse McReynolds create ?
Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds -LRB- of Jim and Jesse -RRB- who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking -- and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers , who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs .	syncopated banjo-roll-like style	What is crosspicking ?
Ronnie McCoury of the Del McCoury Band has won numerous awards for his Monroe-influenced playing .	Ronnie McCoury	Who won several award for his Monroe influenced music ?
Jethro Burns , best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro , was also the first important jazz mandolinist .	half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro	What is Jethro Burns commonly known for ?
Jethro Burns , best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro , was also the first important jazz mandolinist .	jazz mandolinist	What type of music did Jethro Burns play ?
Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music .	Tiny Moore	Who popularized the mandolin in Western Swing Music ?
Chris Thile of California is a well-known player , and has accomplished many feats of traditional bluegrass , classical , contemporary pop and rock ; the band Nickel Creek featured his playing in its blend of traditional and pop styles , and he now plays in his band Punch Brothers .	Chris Thile of California is	Who was well known for important works of traditional blugrass ?
Some well-known players include Marty Stuart , Vince Gill , and Ricky Skaggs .	Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs	Who are othe rwell know players ?
Howard Armstrong , who is famous for blues violin , got his start with his father 's mandolin and played in string bands similar to the other Tennessee string bands he came into contact with , with band makeup including `` mandolins and fiddles and guitars and banjos .	Howard Armstrong,	Who got his start with his father 's mandolin ?
Mandolin has also been used in blues music , most notably by Ry Cooder , who performed outstanding covers on his very first recordings , Yank Rachell , Johnny `` Man '' Young , Carl Martin , and Gerry Hundt .	Ry Cooder	Who is the most popular blue music mandolinist ?
And once in a while they would ease a little ukulele in there and a bass fiddle . ''	ukulele in there and a bass fiddle	What other instrument did the Tennessee string bands use ?
Other blues players from the era 's string bands include Willie Black -LRB- Whistler And His Jug Band -RRB- , Dink Brister , Jim Hill , Charles Johnson , Coley Jones -LRB- Dallas String Band -RRB- , Bobby Leecan -LRB- Need More Band -RRB- , Alfred Martin , Charlie McCoy -LRB- 1909-1950 -RRB- , Al Miller , Matthew Prater , and Herb Quinn .	Willie Black	Who played in the Whistler and His Jug Band ?
The mandolin has been used occasionally in rock music , first appearing in the psychedelic era of the late 1960s .	psychedelic era of the late 1960s	When did the mandolin first appear in rock music ?
Levon Helm of The Band occasionally moved from his drum kit to play mandolin , most notably on Rag Mama Rag , Rockin ' Chair , and Evangeline .	Levon Helm	Who played the drums and the mandolin in the group called The Band ?
Rod Stewart 's 1971 No. 1 hit Maggie May features a significant mandolin riff .	Maggie May	What Rod Stewart song in 1971 featured the mandolin ?
David Grisman played mandolin on two Grateful Dead songs on the American Beauty album , Friend of the Devil and Ripple , which became instant favorites among amateur pickers at jam sessions and campground gatherings .	David Grisman	What artist from the Greatful Dead played the mandolin ?
Styx released the song Boat on the River in 1980 , which featured Tommy Shaw on vocals and mandolin .	Boat on the River	Tommy Shaw sang and played the mandolin in which Styx song ?
Some rock musicians today use mandolins , often single-stringed electric models rather than double-stringed acoustic mandolins .	single-stringed electric	What type of mandolin do rock musicians today use ?
One example is Tim Brennan of the Irish-American punk rock band Dropkick Murphys .	Dropkick Murphys	Which Irish-American punk band uses Mandolins ?
The 1991 R.E.M. hit `` Losing My Religion '' was driven by a few simple mandolin licks played by guitarist Peter Buck , who also played the mandolin in nearly a dozen other songs .	Losing My Religion	What REM song uses simple mandolin licks ?
Armenian American rock group System of A Down makes extensive use of the mandolin on their 2005 double album Mezmerize/Hypnotize .	System of A Down	What American rock band has extensive use of mandolins ?
`` Show Me Heaven '' by Maria McKee , the theme song to the film Days of Thunder , prominently features a mandolin .	Days of Thunder	What film 's theme song uses a mandolin ?
As in Brazil , the mandolin has played an important role in the Music of Venezuela .	Venezuela	What place in Brazil do mandolins play an important role ?
Also , in the west of the country the sound of the mandolin is intrinsically associated with the regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes : Bambucos , Pasillos , Pasodobles , and Waltzes .	regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes	What is the sound of mandolin associated with in the west country ?
Today , Venezuelan mandolists include an important group of virtuoso players and ensembles such as Alberto Valderrama , Jesus Rengel , Ricardo Sandoval , Saul Vera , and Cristobal Soto .	Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.	Who are the famous Venezuelen mandolinist ?
To fill this gap in the literature , mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles .	mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles	What type of music has mandolins played ?
Traditional mandolin orchestras remain especially popular in Japan and Germany , but also exist throughout the United States , Europe and the rest of the world .	Japan and Germany	Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popular ?
The structure of a contemporary traditional mandolin orchestra consists of : first and second mandolins , mandolas -LRB- either octave mandolas , tuned an octave below the mandolin , or tenor mandolas , tuned like the viola -RRB- , mandocellos -LRB- tuned like the cello -RRB- , and bass instruments -LRB- conventional string bass or , rarely , mandobasses -RRB- .	first and second mandolins,	What do the structure of a contempory traditional orchestra consist of ?
Smaller ensembles , such as quartets composed of two mandolins , mandola , and mandocello , may also be found .	two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello,	What are smalled ensambles composed of ?
The structure of a contemporary traditional mandolin orchestra consists of : first and second mandolins , mandolas -LRB- either octave mandolas , tuned an octave below the mandolin , or tenor mandolas , tuned like the viola -RRB- , mandocellos -LRB- tuned like the cello -RRB- , and bass instruments -LRB- conventional string bass or , rarely , mandobasses -RRB- .	cello	What are the mandocellos usually tuned like ?
Insects -LRB- from Latin insectum , a calque of Greek ἔντομον -LSB- éntomon -RSB- , `` cut into sections '' -RRB- are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton , a three-part body -LRB- head , thorax and abdomen -RRB- , three pairs of jointed legs , compound eyes and one pair of antennae .	arthropod	In what phylum are insects classified ?
Insects -LRB- from Latin insectum , a calque of Greek ἔντομον -LSB- éntomon -RSB- , `` cut into sections '' -RRB- are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton , a three-part body -LRB- head , thorax and abdomen -RRB- , three pairs of jointed legs , compound eyes and one pair of antennae .	three-part	How many parts comprise the body of an insect ?
Insects -LRB- from Latin insectum , a calque of Greek ἔντομον -LSB- éntomon -RSB- , `` cut into sections '' -RRB- are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton , a three-part body -LRB- head , thorax and abdomen -RRB- , three pairs of jointed legs , compound eyes and one pair of antennae .	thorax	In addition to the head and abdomen , what is the other major section of an insect 's body ?
Insects -LRB- from Latin insectum , a calque of Greek ἔντομον -LSB- éntomon -RSB- , `` cut into sections '' -RRB- are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton , a three-part body -LRB- head , thorax and abdomen -RRB- , three pairs of jointed legs , compound eyes and one pair of antennae .	chitinous	What type of exoskeleton do insects have ?
Insects -LRB- from Latin insectum , a calque of Greek ἔντομον -LSB- éntomon -RSB- , `` cut into sections '' -RRB- are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton , a three-part body -LRB- head , thorax and abdomen -RRB- , three pairs of jointed legs , compound eyes and one pair of antennae .	three	How many pairs of jointed legs do insects have ?
Insects -LRB- from Latin insectum , a calque of Greek ἔντομον -LSB- éntomon -RSB- , `` cut into sections '' -RRB- are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton , a three-part body -LRB- head , thorax and abdomen -RRB- , three pairs of jointed legs , compound eyes and one pair of antennae .	cut into sections	What does insect mean in latin ?
Insects -LRB- from Latin insectum , a calque of Greek ἔντομον -LSB- éntomon -RSB- , `` cut into sections '' -RRB- are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton , a three-part body -LRB- head , thorax and abdomen -RRB- , three pairs of jointed legs , compound eyes and one pair of antennae .	insectum	What is the Latin word for insect ?
Insects -LRB- from Latin insectum , a calque of Greek ἔντομον -LSB- éntomon -RSB- , `` cut into sections '' -RRB- are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton , a three-part body -LRB- head , thorax and abdomen -RRB- , three pairs of jointed legs , compound eyes and one pair of antennae .	invertebrates	Insects are a class of what ?
Insects -LRB- from Latin insectum , a calque of Greek ἔντομον -LSB- éntomon -RSB- , `` cut into sections '' -RRB- are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton , a three-part body -LRB- head , thorax and abdomen -RRB- , three pairs of jointed legs , compound eyes and one pair of antennae .	chitinous exoskeleton	Insects have what kind of skeleton ?
Insects -LRB- from Latin insectum , a calque of Greek ἔντομον -LSB- éntomon -RSB- , `` cut into sections '' -RRB- are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton , a three-part body -LRB- head , thorax and abdomen -RRB- , three pairs of jointed legs , compound eyes and one pair of antennae .	head	An insects 3-part body includes a throat , abdomen , and what ?
The life cycles of insects vary but most hatch from eggs .	hatch from eggs	How does the lifecycle of most insects typically begin ?
Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts .	inelastic exoskeleton	What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect ?
Insects that undergo 3-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages .	pupal stage	What stage of development differentiates a 4-stage metamorphosis from a 3-stage metamorphosis , notably absent in the latter ?
Insects that undergo 3-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages .	nymphal	What is the term given to denote the series of stages involved in the development of an adult insect ?
Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the Paleozoic Era , including giant dragonflies with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm -LRB- 22 -- 28 in -RRB- .	Paleozoic	What era is attributed to the findings of enormous fossilized dragonflies with extremely long wingspans ?
The life cycles of insects vary but most hatch from eggs .	eggs	Insects hatch from what ?
Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts .	the inelastic exoskeleton	Insects growth is constrained by what ?
Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts .	molts	An insects developement involves a series of what ?
The immature stages can differ from the adults in structure , habit and habitat , and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo 4-stage metamorphosis -LRB- see holometabolism -RRB- .	4-stage	How many stages of metamorphosis does an insect go through ?
The most diverse insect groups appear to have coevolved with flowering plants .	flowering plants	The most diverse insects coevolved with what ?
As it allows for rapid yet stable movement , many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles .	tripedal	What is the term for the gait of an insect characterized by walking in alternating triangles ?
Many insects spend at least part of their lives under water , with larval adaptations that include gills , and some adult insects are aquatic and have adaptations for swimming .	gills	What larval adaptation is common to underwater insects ?
Some species , such as water striders , are capable of walking on the surface of water .	water striders	What species of insect has the capability to walk on the surface of water ?
Other species communicate with sounds : crickets stridulate , or rub their wings together , to attract a mate and repel other males .	stridulate	What do crickets do in order to attract or repel a mate ?
Lampyridae in the beetle order Coleoptera communicate with light .	Lampyridae	What variation of beetle in the Coleoptera order communicate by way of light ?
Adult insects typically move about by walking , flying , or sometimes swimming -LRB- see below , Locomotion -RRB- .	swimming	Insects move by walking , flying , and what else ?
Adult insects typically move about by walking , flying , or sometimes swimming -LRB- see below , Locomotion -RRB- .	Adult	Which insects walk , fly , and swim ?
As it allows for rapid yet stable movement , many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles .	triangles	Insects walk the ground in alternating what ?
As it allows for rapid yet stable movement , many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles .	tripedal gait	Insects walking in an alternating triangle is called a what ?
Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways .	communicate	What can insects do with each other in a variety of ways ?
Humans regard certain insects as pests , and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques .	insecticides	By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects ?
Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms , including humans , are at least partly dependent ; without them , the terrestrial portion of the biosphere -LRB- including humans -RRB- would be devastated .	terrestrial	What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects ?
Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey , respectively .	Silkworms	What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk ?
Some insects perform complex ecological roles ; blow-flies , for example , help consume carrion but also spread diseases .	blow-flies	What insect is known to consume carrion ?
Humans regard certain insects as pests , and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques .	pests	Humans consider most insects as what ?
Humans regard certain insects as pests , and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques .	insecticides	Humans can control insects using what ?
Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap , leaves or fruits .	crops	Insects have the potential to damage what ?
Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap , leaves or fruits .	leaves	Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap , fruits , or what ?
Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey , respectively .	silk	Silkworms are used by humans for producing what ?
The word `` insect '' comes from the Latin word insectum , meaning `` with a notched or divided body '' , or literally `` cut into '' , from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare , `` to cut into , to cut up '' , from in - `` into '' and secare `` to cut '' ; because insects appear `` cut into '' three sections .	insectum	What is the Latin term for insect ?
Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος -LRB- éntomos -RRB- or `` insect '' -LRB- as in entomology -RRB- , which was Aristotle 's term for this class of life , also in reference to their `` notched '' bodies .	Pliny the Elder	Who introduced the Latin term for insect , borrowing from the Greek vernacular ?
The word `` insect '' comes from the Latin word insectum , meaning `` with a notched or divided body '' , or literally `` cut into '' , from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare , `` to cut into , to cut up '' , from in - `` into '' and secare `` to cut '' ; because insects appear `` cut into '' three sections .	three	How many sections does an insect 's body appear to be divided ?
Translations of Aristotle 's term also form the usual word for `` insect '' in Welsh -LRB- trychfil , from trychu `` to cut '' and mil , `` animal '' -RRB- , Serbo-Croatian -LRB- zareznik , from rezati , `` to cut '' -RRB- , Russian -LRB- насекомое nasekomoje , from seč ' / - sekat ' , `` to cut '' -RRB- , etc. .	Aristotle	Which Greek philosopher used the term entomos to describe insects , making reference to their notched bodies ?
`` Insect '' first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland 's translation of Pliny .	1601	In what year is it typically reported that the word insect was first documented in English ?
The word `` insect '' comes from the Latin word insectum , meaning `` with a notched or divided body '' , or literally `` cut into '' , from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare , `` to cut into , to cut up '' , from in - `` into '' and secare `` to cut '' ; because insects appear `` cut into '' three sections .	body	Insect means to have a notched or divided what ?
The word `` insect '' comes from the Latin word insectum , meaning `` with a notched or divided body '' , or literally `` cut into '' , from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare , `` to cut into , to cut up '' , from in - `` into '' and secare `` to cut '' ; because insects appear `` cut into '' three sections .	three sections	Insects are cut into how many sections ?
Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος -LRB- éntomos -RRB- or `` insect '' -LRB- as in entomology -RRB- , which was Aristotle 's term for this class of life , also in reference to their `` notched '' bodies .	Aristotle	Who gave this class of life the name `` insect '' ?
`` Insect '' first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland 's translation of Pliny .	1601	In what year did the word `` insect '' appear in a document ?
Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος -LRB- éntomos -RRB- or `` insect '' -LRB- as in entomology -RRB- , which was Aristotle 's term for this class of life , also in reference to their `` notched '' bodies .	Pliny the Elder	Who introduced the Latin version of the word `` insect '' ?
In 2008 , researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world 's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect , a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period .	Carboniferous	From what period do researchers believe that the oldest known full-body impression of a flying insect originates ?
The oldest definitive insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti , from the 396-million-year-old Rhynie chert .	Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti	What is believed to be the oldest known insect fossil ?
In 2008 , researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world 's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect , a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period .	2008	In what year did Tufts researchers reportedly uncover what is believed to be the oldest known impression of a flying insect ?
This species already possessed dicondylic mandibles -LRB- two articulations in the mandible -RRB- , a feature associated with winged insects , suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time .	dicondylic	What is the term for a mandible with two articulations ?
This species already possessed dicondylic mandibles -LRB- two articulations in the mandible -RRB- , a feature associated with winged insects , suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time .	winged	With what type of insect is a dicondylic mandible associated ?
The higher-level phylogeny of the arthropods continues to be a matter of debate and research .	phylogeny	What higher-level is constantly up for debate and research ?
The higher-level phylogeny of the arthropods continues to be a matter of debate and research .	arthropods	The higher-level phylogeny is of the what ?
In 2008 , researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world 's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect , a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period .	full-body	What kind of impression has been uncovered by a University ?
In 2008 , researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world 's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect , a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period .	insect	A University discovered a primitive flying what ?
In 2008 , researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world 's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect , a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period .	300 million-year-old	How old is the primitive plying insect found by the University ?
Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups , their stem groups , and a number of Paleozoic groups , now extinct .	Early Permian	In addition to Carboniferous , what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups , stem groups and Paleozoic groups ?
During this era , some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm -LRB- 22 to 28 in -RRB- , making them far larger than any living insect .	55 to 70	To what measurement , in cm , did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach ?
This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels that allowed increased respiratory efficiency relative to today .	oxygen	Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism ?
Most extinct orders of insects developed during the Permian period that began around 270 million years ago .	270	How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun ?
Many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event , the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth , around 252 million years ago .	Permian-Triassic	The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period ?
Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups , their stem groups , and a number of Paleozoic groups , now extinct .	insect orders	Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders ?
Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups , their stem groups , and a number of Paleozoic groups , now extinct .	extant groups	The insect orders include both of what ?
Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups , their stem groups , and a number of Paleozoic groups , now extinct .	Paleozoic groups	The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups ?
During this era , some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm -LRB- 22 to 28 in -RRB- , making them far larger than any living insect .	dragonfly-like forms	What kind of giant insect form had wingspans ?
During this era , some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm -LRB- 22 to 28 in -RRB- , making them far larger than any living insect .	55 to 70 cm	How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms ?
Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects , in turn , evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins .	chemical	What type of defense did plants adaptively evolve in response to insects ?
Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants .	herbivores	What is the term for a plant-eating insect ?
Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects , in turn , evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins .	plant toxins	What do many insects adaptively utilize in self-defense from predators ?
Such insects often advertise their toxicity using warning colors .	colors	How is toxicity sometimes visibly displayed by insects as a warning ?
Conversely , some interactions between plants and insects , like pollination , are beneficial to both organisms .	pollination	What is an example of a mutually beneficial process indicating the coevolution of plants and insects ?
Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants .	herbivores	Insects are considered terrestrial what ?
Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants .	plants	What were insects the major selection agents of ?
Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects , in turn , evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins .	chemical defenses	What did plants eventually form against insects ?
Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects , in turn , evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins .	plant toxins	Insects formed mechanisms to shield against what ?
Such insects often advertise their toxicity using warning colors .	warning colors	Insects show how toxic they are with what kind of colors ?
Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses : wingless insects , known as Apterygota , and winged insects , known as Pterygota .	Pterygota	What is the term for the class of insects with wings ?
Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses : wingless insects , known as Apterygota , and winged insects , known as Pterygota .	Apterygota	What is the term for the class of insects without wings ?
Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles , while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia .	Archaeognatha	What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible ?
Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles , while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia .	Dicondylia	What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong ?
Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses : wingless insects , known as Apterygota , and winged insects , known as Pterygota .	two groups	Insects are historically divided into how many groups ?
Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses : wingless insects , known as Apterygota , and winged insects , known as Pterygota .	Pterygota	Insects with wings are known as what ?
Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses : wingless insects , known as Apterygota , and winged insects , known as Pterygota .	wingless	Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless ?
The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish -LRB- Thysanura -RRB- .	silverfish	What is a Thysanura ?
Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles , while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia .	Dicondylia	Thysanura and Pterygota are what ?
Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass , :180 and identified four groups within it : insects -LRB- Ectognatha -RRB- , springtails -LRB- Collembola -RRB- , Protura , and Diplura , the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts .	systematics	Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what ?
Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass , :180 and identified four groups within it : insects -LRB- Ectognatha -RRB- , springtails -LRB- Collembola -RRB- , Protura , and Diplura , the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts .	superclass	What class is the Hexapoda ranked ?
Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass , :180 and identified four groups within it : insects -LRB- Ectognatha -RRB- , springtails -LRB- Collembola -RRB- , Protura , and Diplura , the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts .	four groups	How many groups are defined in the superclass ?
Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass , :180 and identified four groups within it : insects -LRB- Ectognatha -RRB- , springtails -LRB- Collembola -RRB- , Protura , and Diplura , the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts .	Collembola	Springtails are also known as what ?
Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass , :180 and identified four groups within it : insects -LRB- Ectognatha -RRB- , springtails -LRB- Collembola -RRB- , Protura , and Diplura , the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts .	Entognatha	Collembola , protura , and dipkura are in a group called what ?
Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites , and in the Neoptera , muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen .	winged	Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders ?
Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites , and in the Neoptera , muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen .	sclerites	An insects hard body parts are called what ?
Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites , and in the Neoptera , muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen .	abdomen	Insect 's wings fold flat over their what ?
Neoptera can further be divided into incomplete metamorphosis-based -LRB- Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera -RRB- and complete metamorphosis-based groups .	metamorphosis-based	Neoptera can be divided into what kind of `` based '' group ?
For example , the Paraneoptera have turned out to be more closely related to the Endopterygota than to the rest of the Exopterygota .	related	Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what ?
The Exopterygota likely are paraphyletic in regard to the Endopterygota .	The Exopterygota	What are likely to be paraphyletic ?
Matters that have incurred controversy include Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together as Halteria based on a reduction of one of the wing pairs -- a position not well-supported in the entomological community .	Matters	Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what ?
Matters that have incurred controversy include Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together as Halteria based on a reduction of one of the wing pairs -- a position not well-supported in the entomological community .	Halteria	Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what ?
Matters that have incurred controversy include Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together as Halteria based on a reduction of one of the wing pairs -- a position not well-supported in the entomological community .	the entomological community	A discussion regarding wing pairs is not supported by what community ?
The Neuropterida are often lumped or split on the whims of the taxonomist .	The Neuropterida	What is split or lumped together by a taxonomist ?
Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain , estimates range from 2.6 -- 7.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million .	uncertain	The true diversity within the insect species remains what ?
Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain , estimates range from 2.6 -- 7.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million .	2.6–7.8 million species	How many insect species are estimated to exist ?
This probably represents less than 20 % of all species on Earth -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year , most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate .	20,000	How many new species of all organisms are discovered each year ?
This probably represents less than 20 % of all species on Earth -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year , most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate .	less than 20%	Of all the species on earth , how much do insects make up ?
This probably represents less than 20 % of all species on Earth -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year , most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate .	undescribed	For many years to come , most insect species will remain as what ?
Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons , the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin .	segmented bodies	What kind of bodies to insects have ?
Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons , the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin .	exoskeletons	Insects bodies are supported by what ?
Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons , the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin .	hard	Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect ?
The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units , or tagmata : a head , a thorax and an abdomen .	interconnected	An insect 's body is divided into what kind of units ?
The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units , or tagmata : a head , a thorax and an abdomen .	tagmata	What is an insects head , throat , and abdomen called ?
The head is enclosed in a hard , heavily sclerotized , unsegmented , exoskeletal head capsule , or epicranium , which contains most of the sensing organs , including the antennae , ocellus or eyes , and the mouthparts .	head	What part of the insect contains most of the sensing organs ?
The head is enclosed in a hard , heavily sclerotized , unsegmented , exoskeletal head capsule , or epicranium , which contains most of the sensing organs , including the antennae , ocellus or eyes , and the mouthparts .	epicranium	What is another word for head capsule ?
Of all the insect orders , Orthoptera displays the most features found in other insects , including the sutures and sclerites .	Orthoptera	What displays the most features on an insect ?
Here , the vertex , or the apex -LRB- dorsal region -RRB- , is situated between the compound eyes for insects with a hypognathous and opisthognathous head .	apex	What is the vertex also known as ?
Here , the vertex , or the apex -LRB- dorsal region -RRB- , is situated between the compound eyes for insects with a hypognathous and opisthognathous head .	compound	The vertex is usually located between what kind of eyes ?
The thorax is a tagma composed of three sections , the prothorax , mesothorax and the metathorax .	three sections	The throax has how many sections ?
The thorax is a tagma composed of three sections , the prothorax , mesothorax and the metathorax .	thorax	Another term for tagma is ?
The anterior segment , closest to the head , is the prothorax , with the major features being the first pair of legs and the pronotum .	head	The anterior section is closest to the what ?
The anterior segment , closest to the head , is the prothorax , with the major features being the first pair of legs and the pronotum .	anterior	The prothrorax is what segment of the insect ?
The two lateral regions are called the pleura -LRB- singular : pleuron -RRB- and the ventral aspect is called the sternum .	two	The pleura is made of how many lateral regions ?
The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect , which typically consists of 11 -- 12 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax .	abdomen	What is the largest tagma of an insect ?
The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect , which typically consists of 11 -- 12 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax .	11–12 segments	How many segments make up an insects abdomen ?
The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect , which typically consists of 11 -- 12 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax .	head	The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what ?
Each segment of the abdomen is represented by a sclerotized tergum and sternum .	sternum	An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else ?
Spiracles are located in the pleural area .	Spiracles	The pleural area holds what ?
The insect outer skeleton , the cuticle , is made up of two layers : the epicuticle , which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin , and a lower layer called the procuticle .	the cuticle	Insect 's outer skeleton is known as what ?
The insect outer skeleton , the cuticle , is made up of two layers : the epicuticle , which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin , and a lower layer called the procuticle .	two	The cuticle has how many layers ?
The insect outer skeleton , the cuticle , is made up of two layers : the epicuticle , which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin , and a lower layer called the procuticle .	the epicuticle	Which cuticle later is like wax ?
The insect outer skeleton , the cuticle , is made up of two layers : the epicuticle , which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin , and a lower layer called the procuticle .	chitin	The epicuticle does not consist of what ?
The procuticle is chitinous and much thicker than the epicuticle and has two layers : an outer layer known as the exocuticle and an inner layer known as the endocuticle .	thicker	Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle ?
Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability , and this has played an important role in their success. :186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse , allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible .	invertebrates	Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra ?
Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability , and this has played an important role in their success. :186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse , allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible .	flight	Insects have developed what kind of active capability ?
Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability , and this has played an important role in their success. :186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse , allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible .	important	Active flight ability has played what kind of role for insects ?
Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability , and this has played an important role in their success. :186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse , allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible .	multiple	How many times are insects muscles able to contract ?
Having their muscles attached to their exoskeletons is more efficient and allows more muscle connections ; crustaceans also use the same method , though all spiders use hydraulic pressure to extend their legs , a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors .	exoskeletons	Insects muscles are attached to their what ?
The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side , which are connected into a pair , one pair per segment .	ganglion	What is on each side of a thoracic segment ?
The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side , which are connected into a pair , one pair per segment .	one	How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment ?
The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side , which are connected into a pair , one pair per segment .	a pair	Ganglia are connected into a what ?
The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side , which are connected into a pair , one pair per segment .	one pair	How many pairs of ganglia are in a segment ?
This arrangement is also seen in the abdomen but only in the first eight segments .	abdomen	What other location on an insect are ganglia located ?
At least a few insects have nociceptors , cells that detect and transmit sensations of pain .	a few	How many insects have nociceptors ?
At least a few insects have nociceptors , cells that detect and transmit sensations of pain .	nociceptors	Cells that detect and transmit pain are called what ?
This was discovered in 2003 by studying the variation in reactions of larvae of the common fruitfly Drosophila to the touch of a heated probe and an unheated one .	2003	When were nociceptors discovered ?
This was discovered in 2003 by studying the variation in reactions of larvae of the common fruitfly Drosophila to the touch of a heated probe and an unheated one .	fruitfly Drosophila	Nociceptors were discovered by studying the common what ?
The larvae reacted to the touch of the heated probe with a stereotypical rolling behavior that was not exhibited when the larvae were touched by the unheated probe .	the heated probe	Which probe did the larvae react to ?
The salivary glands -LRB- element 30 in numbered diagram -RRB- in an insect 's mouth produce saliva .	salivary glands	What produces saliva in an insects mouth ?
The salivary ducts lead from the glands to the reservoirs and then forward through the head to an opening called the salivarium , located behind the hypopharynx .	salivary ducts	What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs ?
The salivary ducts lead from the glands to the reservoirs and then forward through the head to an opening called the salivarium , located behind the hypopharynx .	salivarium	What is an opening through the head called ?
The salivary ducts lead from the glands to the reservoirs and then forward through the head to an opening called the salivarium , located behind the hypopharynx .	behind the hypopharynx	Where is the salivarium located ?
This strategy allows insects to extract a significant proportion of the available nutrients from the food source. :31 The gut is where almost all of insects ' digestion takes place .	The gut	Where does an insect 's digestion happen ?
Once food leaves the crop , it passes to the midgut -LRB- element 13 in numbered diagram -RRB- , also known as the mesenteron , where the majority of digestion takes place .	midgut	What is another name for mesenteron ?
Once food leaves the crop , it passes to the midgut -LRB- element 13 in numbered diagram -RRB- , also known as the mesenteron , where the majority of digestion takes place .	the crop	Food goes in to the midgut after leaving where ?
Once food leaves the crop , it passes to the midgut -LRB- element 13 in numbered diagram -RRB- , also known as the mesenteron , where the majority of digestion takes place .	the mesenteron	The majority of an insects digestion happens where ?
Microscopic projections from the midgut wall , called microvilli , increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed ; they tend to be close to the origin of the midgut .	Microscopic	What kind of projections are in the midgut wall ?
Microscopic projections from the midgut wall , called microvilli , increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed ; they tend to be close to the origin of the midgut .	microvilli	What are microscopic projections called ?
In the hindgut -LRB- element 16 in numbered diagram -RRB- , or proctodaeum , undigested food particles are joined by uric acid to form fecal pellets .	the hindgut	What is a proctodaeum ?
In the hindgut -LRB- element 16 in numbered diagram -RRB- , or proctodaeum , undigested food particles are joined by uric acid to form fecal pellets .	undigested	What kind of food particles have uric acid ?
In the hindgut -LRB- element 16 in numbered diagram -RRB- , or proctodaeum , undigested food particles are joined by uric acid to form fecal pellets .	uric acid	What kind of acid forms fecal pellets ?
The rectum absorbs 90 % of the water in these fecal pellets , and the dry pellet is then eliminated through the anus -LRB- element 17 -RRB- , completing the process of digestion .	90%	An insects rectum absorbs how much water ?
The rectum absorbs 90 % of the water in these fecal pellets , and the dry pellet is then eliminated through the anus -LRB- element 17 -RRB- , completing the process of digestion .	the anus	Where is an insects dry pellet discarded through ?
The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair of ovaries , accessory glands , one or more spermathecae , and ducts connecting these parts .	ovaries	Female insects reproductive system contain a pair of what ?
The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair of ovaries , accessory glands , one or more spermathecae , and ducts connecting these parts .	accessory glands	What kind of glands are in a female insect 's reproductive system ?
The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair of ovaries , accessory glands , one or more spermathecae , and ducts connecting these parts .	ducts	What connects the parts inside a female insect 's reproductive system ?
The ovaries are made up of a number of egg tubes , called ovarioles , which vary in size and number by species .	ovaries	Where are egg tubes are found inside of an insect ?
The ovaries are made up of a number of egg tubes , called ovarioles , which vary in size and number by species .	ovarioles	What are egg tubes called ?
For males , the reproductive system is the testis , suspended in the body cavity by tracheae and the fat body .	testis	What is the male reproductive system called ?
For males , the reproductive system is the testis , suspended in the body cavity by tracheae and the fat body .	the body cavity	Where is tracheae located ?
Most male insects have a pair of testes , inside of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed within a membranous sac .	testes	Most make insects contain a pair of what ?
Most male insects have a pair of testes , inside of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed within a membranous sac .	sperm tubes	What are inside male testes ?
The follicles connect to the vas deferens by the vas efferens , and the two tubular vasa deferentia connect to a median ejaculatory duct that leads to the outside .	the vas deferens	Follicles inside a male insect 's reproductive system connect to what ?
Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs .	lungs	Respiration for insects happens without what ?
Instead , the insect respiratory system uses a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped , delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their trachea -LRB- element 8 in numbered diagram -RRB- .	internal tubes	Insect 's respiratory system contains sacs , and what else ?
Instead , the insect respiratory system uses a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped , delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their trachea -LRB- element 8 in numbered diagram -RRB- .	gases	What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect 's respiratory system ?
Instead , the insect respiratory system uses a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped , delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their trachea -LRB- element 8 in numbered diagram -RRB- .	oxygen	What gets delivered to tissues in an insect 's respiratory system ?
Since oxygen is delivered directly , the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen , and is therefore greatly reduced .	circulatory system	Which system inside an insect 's respiratory system does not carry oxygen ?
There are many different patterns of gas exchange demonstrated by different groups of insects .	gas exchange	What kind of exchange is demonstrated by different insects ?
Gas exchange patterns in insects can range from continuous and diffusive ventilation , to discontinuous gas exchange. :65 -- 68 During continuous gas exchange , oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released in a continuous cycle .	diffusive ventilation	Gas exchange patterns can contain what kind of ventilation ?
Gas exchange patterns in insects can range from continuous and diffusive ventilation , to discontinuous gas exchange. :65 -- 68 During continuous gas exchange , oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released in a continuous cycle .	continuous gas exchange	Carbon dioxide is released continuously in what kind of gas exchange ?
In discontinuous gas exchange , however , the insect takes in oxygen while it is active and small amounts of carbon dioxide are released when the insect is at rest .	discontinuous gas exchange	What gas exchanges does carbon dioxide release when the insect is resting ?
Diffusive ventilation is simply a form of continuous gas exchange that occurs by diffusion rather than physically taking in the oxygen .	diffusion	Diffusive ventilation occurs by what ?
The majority of insects hatch from eggs .	eggs.	Where are insects hatched from ?
The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg , enclosed by a shell -LRB- chorion -RRB- that consists of maternal tissue .	inside the egg	Fertilization happens where ?
The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg , enclosed by a shell -LRB- chorion -RRB- that consists of maternal tissue .	development	Fertilization and what else happens inside the egg ?
The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg , enclosed by a shell -LRB- chorion -RRB- that consists of maternal tissue .	shell	Chorion is another word for what ?
Some other species , such as those in the genus of cockroaches known as Diploptera , are viviparous , and thus gestate inside the mother and are born alive. :129 , 131 , 134 -- 135 Some insects , like parasitic wasps , show polyembryony , where a single fertilized egg divides into many and in some cases thousands of separate embryos. :136 -- 137 Insects may be univoltine , bivoltine or multivoltine , i.e. they may have one , two or many broods -LRB- generations -RRB- in a year .	generations	Broods is another term for what word ?
Other developmental and reproductive variations include haplodiploidy , polymorphism , paedomorphosis or peramorphosis , sexual dimorphism , parthenogenesis and more rarely hermaphroditism. :143 In haplodiploidy , which is a type of sex-determination system , the offspring 's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives .	variations	Polymophism is a developmental and reproductive what ?
Other developmental and reproductive variations include haplodiploidy , polymorphism , paedomorphosis or peramorphosis , sexual dimorphism , parthenogenesis and more rarely hermaphroditism. :143 In haplodiploidy , which is a type of sex-determination system , the offspring 's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives .	sex-determination system	Haplodiploidy is what type of system ?
Other developmental and reproductive variations include haplodiploidy , polymorphism , paedomorphosis or peramorphosis , sexual dimorphism , parthenogenesis and more rarely hermaphroditism. :143 In haplodiploidy , which is a type of sex-determination system , the offspring 's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives .	sex	The number of chromosome sets determines the offspring 's what ?
This system is typical in bees and wasps .	bees and wasps	The sex-determination system is found in which insects ?
Polymorphism is where a species may have different morphs or forms , as in the oblong winged katydid , which has four different varieties : green , pink and yellow or tan .	morphs	Polymophism species have different forms or what else ?
Some insects use parthenogenesis , a process in which the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggs fertilized by a male .	Some	How many insects use parthenogenesis ?
Some insects use parthenogenesis , a process in which the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggs fertilized by a male .	parthenogenesis	GIving birth without fertilized eggs is called what ?
Many aphids undergo a form of parthenogenesis , called cyclical parthenogenesis , in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction .	aphids	What usually partakes in a form of parthenogenesis ?
Many aphids undergo a form of parthenogenesis , called cyclical parthenogenesis , in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction .	reproduction	Aphis have asexual and sexual what ?
In summer , aphids are generally female and parthenogenetic ; in the autumn , males may be produced for sexual reproduction .	parthenogenetic	Aphis are usually female and what else during the summer ?
Hemimetabolous insects , those with incomplete metamorphosis , change gradually by undergoing a series of molts .	Hemimetabolous	Incomplete metamorphosis insects are called ?
Hemimetabolous insects , those with incomplete metamorphosis , change gradually by undergoing a series of molts .	incomplete	What kind of metamorphosis do hemimetabolous insects undergo ?
Hemimetabolous insects , those with incomplete metamorphosis , change gradually by undergoing a series of molts .	gradually	Do hemimetabolous insects change quickly or gradually ?
Hemimetabolous insects , those with incomplete metamorphosis , change gradually by undergoing a series of molts .	molts	Hemimetabolous insects gradually change by a series of what ?
An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton , which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect 's growth .	exoskeleton	Insect 's molt when they outgrow what ?
Holometabolism , or complete metamorphosis , is where the insect changes in four stages , an egg or embryo , a larva , a pupa and the adult or imago .	Holometabolism	What is a complete metamorphosis called ?
Holometabolism , or complete metamorphosis , is where the insect changes in four stages , an egg or embryo , a larva , a pupa and the adult or imago .	four stages	How many stages happen in complete metamorphosis ?
Holometabolism , or complete metamorphosis , is where the insect changes in four stages , an egg or embryo , a larva , a pupa and the adult or imago .	embryo	What is another word for egg ?
Holometabolism , or complete metamorphosis , is where the insect changes in four stages , an egg or embryo , a larva , a pupa and the adult or imago .	the adult	What is an imago ?
Butterflies are a well-known example of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis , although most insects use this life cycle .	Butterflies	Name an example of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis ?
Many insects possess very sensitive and , or specialized organs of perception .	perception	Insects have specialized organs of what kind ?
Many insects possess very sensitive and , or specialized organs of perception .	specialized	Insect organs are described as sensitive and what ?
Some insects such as bees can perceive ultraviolet wavelengths , or detect polarized light , while the antennae of male moths can detect the pheromones of female moths over distances of many kilometers .	bees	What kind of insect can detect ultraviolet wavelengths ?
Some insects such as bees can perceive ultraviolet wavelengths , or detect polarized light , while the antennae of male moths can detect the pheromones of female moths over distances of many kilometers .	polarized light	Bees can detect what kind of light ?
The yellow paper wasp -LRB- Polistes versicolor -RRB- is known for its wagging movements as a form of communication within the colony ; it can waggle with a frequency of 10.6 ± 2.1 Hz -LRB- n = 190 -RRB- .	yellow paper wasp	What is a Polistes versicolor ?
Some insects display a rudimentary sense of numbers , such as the solitary wasps that prey upon a single species .	rudimentary	Insects have what kind of sense of numbers ?
Some insects display a rudimentary sense of numbers , such as the solitary wasps that prey upon a single species .	solitary wasps	Which insect displays a rudimentary sense of numbers ?
Some insects display a rudimentary sense of numbers , such as the solitary wasps that prey upon a single species .	single	What kind of species does a solitary wasp prey upon ?
The mother wasp lays her eggs in individual cells and provides each egg with a number of live caterpillars on which the young feed when hatched .	caterpillars	What does the mother wasp provide for her eggs when they hatch ?
The male solitary wasp in the genus Eumenes is smaller than the female , so the mother of one species supplies him with only five caterpillars ; the larger female receives ten caterpillars in her cell .	smaller	Is the male solitary wasp bigger or smaller than the female solitary wasp ?
A few insects , such as members of the families Poduridae and Onychiuridae -LRB- Collembola -RRB- , Mycetophilidae -LRB- Diptera -RRB- and the beetle families Lampyridae , Phengodidae , Elateridae and Staphylinidae are bioluminescent .	Onychiuridae	What is another name for Colleobola ?
A few insects , such as members of the families Poduridae and Onychiuridae -LRB- Collembola -RRB- , Mycetophilidae -LRB- Diptera -RRB- and the beetle families Lampyridae , Phengodidae , Elateridae and Staphylinidae are bioluminescent .	Diptera	Mycetophilldae is another name for what ?
A few insects , such as members of the families Poduridae and Onychiuridae -LRB- Collembola -RRB- , Mycetophilidae -LRB- Diptera -RRB- and the beetle families Lampyridae , Phengodidae , Elateridae and Staphylinidae are bioluminescent .	beetle	Phengodidae is party of what insect family ?
A few insects , such as members of the families Poduridae and Onychiuridae -LRB- Collembola -RRB- , Mycetophilidae -LRB- Diptera -RRB- and the beetle families Lampyridae , Phengodidae , Elateridae and Staphylinidae are bioluminescent .	bioluminescent	Elateridae and Staphylinidae are what kind of luminescent ?
Some fireflies of the genus Photuris mimic the flashing of female Photinus species to attract males of that species , which are then captured and devoured .	fireflies	What kind of fly mimics the flashing of female Photinus to attract males ?
Most insects , except some species of cave crickets , are able to perceive light and dark .	light	Most insects are able to perceive darkness and what else ?
Most insects , except some species of cave crickets , are able to perceive light and dark .	cave crickets	What insect is not abel to perceive light and dark ?
Many species have acute vision capable of detecting minute movements .	acute	Most insects have what kind of vision ?
Many species have acute vision capable of detecting minute movements .	minute	Insects notice what type of movement ?
Many species are able to detect light in the infrared , ultraviolet and the visible light wavelengths .	infrared	Many insects are able to see visible light , ultraviolet , and what other kind of light ?
Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds .	Insects	What were the earliest organisms to produce sound ?
Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds .	sounds	Insects can sense what ?
Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages .	mechanical	Insect sounds come from what kind of action ?
Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages .	appendages	The mechanical action of what allows insects t make sound ?
Some moths produce ultrasonic clicks that were once thought to have a role in jamming bat echolocation .	ultrasonic	Moths create what kind of click sounds ?
Very low sounds are also produced in various species of Coleoptera , Hymenoptera , Lepidoptera , Mantodea and Neuroptera .	low	What sound volume is produced by Coleoptera ?
These low sounds are simply the sounds made by the insect 's movement .	movement	Low insect sounds are made by the insect 's what ?
Through microscopic stridulatory structures located on the insect 's muscles and joints , the normal sounds of the insect moving are amplified and can be used to warn or communicate with other insects .	microscopic stridulatory structures	Low insect sounds can be heard through what ?
Through microscopic stridulatory structures located on the insect 's muscles and joints , the normal sounds of the insect moving are amplified and can be used to warn or communicate with other insects .	communicate	Insect moving sounds are used to warn and do what with other insects ?
Some species in Hemiptera , such as the corixids -LRB- water boatmen -RRB- , are known to communicate via underwater sounds .	underwater	Corixids are able to communicate with what type of sounds ?
Some species use vibrations for communicating within members of the same species , such as to attract mates as in the songs of the shield bug Nezara viridula .	vibrations	What are used by insects to communicate with members of the same species ?
Vibrations can also be used to communicate between entirely different species ; lycaenid -LRB- gossamer-winged butterfly -RRB- caterpillars which are myrmecophilous -LRB- living in a mutualistic association with ants -RRB- communicate with ants in this way .	different species	Vibrations are used to communicate with members of the same species , and what other species ?
Some species use vibrations for communicating within members of the same species , such as to attract mates as in the songs of the shield bug Nezara viridula .	Nezara viridula	Which insects has a song to attract males from the same species ?
Vibrations can also be used to communicate between entirely different species ; lycaenid -LRB- gossamer-winged butterfly -RRB- caterpillars which are myrmecophilous -LRB- living in a mutualistic association with ants -RRB- communicate with ants in this way .	gossamer-winged butterfly	What is a lycaenid caterpillar ?
Vibrations can also be used to communicate between entirely different species ; lycaenid -LRB- gossamer-winged butterfly -RRB- caterpillars which are myrmecophilous -LRB- living in a mutualistic association with ants -RRB- communicate with ants in this way .	myrmecophilous	Living in association with ants is called what ?
Chemical communications in animals rely on a variety of aspects including taste and smell .	Chemical	Animal taste and smell rely on what kind of communication ?
Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ -LRB- i.e. taste or smell -RRB- to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell .	Chemoreception	What is the physiological response of a sense organ called ?
Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ -LRB- i.e. taste or smell -RRB- to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell .	a cell	Chemical stimuli are signals that regulate the activity of what ?
A semiochemical is a message-carrying chemical that is meant to attract , repel , and convey information .	semiochemical	What is a message-carrying chemical called ?
Types of semiochemicals include pheromones and kairomones .	semiochemicals	Kairomones are a type of what ?
In addition to the use of sound for communication , a wide range of insects have evolved chemical means for communication .	chemical means	Insects use sound and what other means for communication ?
These chemicals , termed semiochemicals , are often derived from plant metabolites include those meant to attract , repel and provide other kinds of information .	semiochemicals	The chemicals used by insects to communicate are called what ?
These chemicals , termed semiochemicals , are often derived from plant metabolites include those meant to attract , repel and provide other kinds of information .	plant metabolites	Semiochemicals come from where ?
These chemicals , termed semiochemicals , are often derived from plant metabolites include those meant to attract , repel and provide other kinds of information .	repel	Insect chemicals are used to attract and what else ?
Synomones benefit the producer and the receiver .	Synomones	What insect chemical benefits both the receiver and the producer ?
Social insects , such as termites , ants and many bees and wasps , are the most familiar species of eusocial animal .	Social	Termites are considered what type of insect ?
Social insects , such as termites , ants and many bees and wasps , are the most familiar species of eusocial animal .	ants	Termites , bees , wasps , and what other insect are social insects ?
Social insects , such as termites , ants and many bees and wasps , are the most familiar species of eusocial animal .	eusocial animal	What is another term for social insect ?
They live together in large well-organized colonies that may be so tightly integrated and genetically similar that the colonies of some species are sometimes considered superorganisms .	colonies	Social insects live in well organized what ?
In this communication system , called dance language , the angle at which a bee dances represents a direction relative to the sun , and the length of the dance represents the distance to be flown. :309 -- 311 Though perhaps not as advanced as honey bees , bumblebees also potentially have some social communication behaviors .	dance language	The method that a bee dances is called what ?
Only insects which live in nests or colonies demonstrate any true capacity for fine-scale spatial orientation or homing .	nests	Insects with fine scale spatial orientation live in colonies and where else ?
Only insects which live in nests or colonies demonstrate any true capacity for fine-scale spatial orientation or homing .	homing	Some insects have a fine scale spatial orientation and/or what else ?
This can allow an insect to return unerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of apparently identical holes clustered together , after a trip of up to several kilometers ' distance .	thousands	Spacial orientation/homing allows an insect to return to one specific hole among how many ?
In a phenomenon known as philopatry , insects that hibernate have shown the ability to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest .	philopatry	An insect recalling a specific location for up to a year is called what ?
In a phenomenon known as philopatry , insects that hibernate have shown the ability to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest .	hibernate	An insect that can recall a specific location for up to a year does what ?
The eusocial insects build nest , guard eggs , and provide food for offspring full-time -LRB- see Eusociality -RRB- .	full-time	Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time ?
The eusocial insects build nest , guard eggs , and provide food for offspring full-time -LRB- see Eusociality -RRB- .	eggs	What do eusocial insects guard ?
The eusocial insects build nest , guard eggs , and provide food for offspring full-time -LRB- see Eusociality -RRB- .	nest	What do eusocial insects build ?
Most insects , however , lead short lives as adults , and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates .	short	Most eusocial insects lead what kind of life once becoming an adult ?
The adult does not contact the growing offspring , but it nonetheless does provide food .	growing offspring	An adult eusocial insect does not contact it 's what ?
Insects are the only group of invertebrates to have developed flight .	flight	Insects are the only invertebrates that have evolved into what ?
The evolution of insect wings has been a subject of debate .	wings	What part of the insect has been up for debate ?
Some entomologists suggest that the wings are from paranotal lobes , or extensions from the insect 's exoskeleton called the nota , called the paranotal theory .	paranotal theory	Wings from the paranotal lobes are based on what theory ?
Other theories are based on a pleural origin .	pleural origin	Wings from modified gills is from what origin ?
The epicoxal theory suggests the insect wings are modified epicoxal exites , a modified appendage at the base of the legs or coxa .	epicoxal exites	The epicoxal theory suggests insect wings are modified what ?
Many adult insects use six legs for walking and have adopted a tripedal gait .	six	How many legs do adult insects contain ?
Many adult insects use six legs for walking and have adopted a tripedal gait .	tripedal	Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait ?
The tripedal gait allows for rapid walking while always having a stable stance and has been studied extensively in cockroaches .	rapid	The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking ?
However , this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits .	a variety	Insects can adopt how many gaits ?
Insects can also adapt their gait to cope with the loss of one or more limbs .	limbs	Insects can change their gait to deal with the loss of what ?
More sedate locomotion is seen in the stick insects or walking sticks -LRB- Phasmatodea -RRB- .	sedate	What kind of locomotion is seen in stick insects ?
More sedate locomotion is seen in the stick insects or walking sticks -LRB- Phasmatodea -RRB- .	Phasmatodea	What is another name for walking stick insects ?
A few insects have evolved to walk on the surface of the water , especially members of the Gerridae family , commonly known as water striders .	water	Some insects can walk on top of what ?
A few insects have evolved to walk on the surface of the water , especially members of the Gerridae family , commonly known as water striders .	water striders	What insect can walk on the surface of water ?
A few insects have evolved to walk on the surface of the water , especially members of the Gerridae family , commonly known as water striders .	Gerridae	Water striders are part of what insect family ?
Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures .	paddle-like	Water beetles have legs of what type of structure ?
Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion , forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber .	jet	Dragonflys use what kind of propulsion ?
Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion , forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber .	rectal chamber	Dragonflys shoot water from where ?
They can do this because their claws are not at the tips of the legs as in most insects , but recessed in a special groove further up the leg ; this prevents the claws from piercing the water 's surface film .	recessed	Water striders have what kind of special groove up their leg ?
Other insects such as the Rove beetle Stenus are known to emit pygidial gland secretions that reduce surface tension making it possible for them to move on the surface of water by Marangoni propulsion -LRB- also known by the German term Entspannungsschwimmen -RRB- .	pygidial	Rove beetle Stenus emit what type of gland secretions ?
Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects , individually or as a community , interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem. :3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems , which includes many roles , such as soil turning and aeration , dung burial , pest control , pollination and wildlife nutrition .	Insect ecology	Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what ?
Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects , individually or as a community , interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem. :3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems , which includes many roles , such as soil turning and aeration , dung burial , pest control , pollination and wildlife nutrition .	important	What kind of role do insects play in their ecosystem ?
Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects , individually or as a community , interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem. :3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems , which includes many roles , such as soil turning and aeration , dung burial , pest control , pollination and wildlife nutrition .	dung	What type of burial do insects engage in ?
An example is the beetles , which are scavengers that feed on dead animals and fallen trees and thereby recycle biological materials into forms found useful by other organisms .	scavengers	Beetles are also known as what ?
Camouflage is an important defense strategy , which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment .	Camouflage	What is an important defense strategy for insects to survive ?
Camouflage is an important defense strategy , which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment .	blend	What does coloration and shape help an insect do in the surrounding environment ?
This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families , especially those that feed on wood or vegetation , such as many of the leaf beetles -LRB- family Chrysomelidae -RRB- or weevils .	beetle	Protective coloring is common in what insect family ?
This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families , especially those that feed on wood or vegetation , such as many of the leaf beetles -LRB- family Chrysomelidae -RRB- or weevils .	leaf beetles	What is Chrysomelidae ?
In some of these species , sculpturing or various colored scales or hairs cause the beetle to resemble bird dung or other inedible objects .	bird dung	A beetle can resemble what kind of dung ?
Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry .	defense	Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy ?
Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry .	deceive	Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies ?
A number of longhorn beetles -LRB- family Cerambycidae -RRB- bear a striking resemblance to wasps , which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless .	wasps	Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect ?
Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera .	in Lepidoptera	Mimicry complexes are usually found where ?
Taxa from the toxic genus Heliconius form one of the most well known Müllerian complexes .	Taxa	What is a well known Mullerian complex ?
Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera , usually being advertised by bright colors , such as the Monarch butterfly .	Chemical	What kind of defense is found in the Coleoptera species ?
Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera , usually being advertised by bright colors , such as the Monarch butterfly .	bright colors	What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly ?
They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues .	sequestering	Insects become toxic by doing what with the chemicals from plants ?
Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins .	Lepidoptera	Which insect manufactures it 's own toxins ?
Some ground beetles of the Carabidae family can spray chemicals from their abdomen with great accuracy , to repel predators .	chemicals	Some beetles can spray what from their abdomen ?
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants , thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction .	Pollination	Pollen transferred in the reproduction of plants is called ?
Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation .	an animal	What is required to transport pollen ?
While other animals are included as pollinators , the majority of pollination is done by insects .	insects	Most pollination is completed by what ?
Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is a grand example of mutualism .	energy rich nectar	What do insects receive in return for pollination ?
The various flower traits -LRB- and combinations thereof -RRB- that differentially attract one type of pollinator or another are known as pollination syndromes .	pollination syndromes	Flowers that allow only one type of pollinator is called what ?
Many insects are considered pests by humans .	pests	Humans consider insects as what ?
Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic -LRB- e.g. lice , bed bugs -RRB- , transmit diseases -LRB- mosquitoes , flies -RRB- , damage structures -LRB- termites -RRB- , or destroy agricultural goods -LRB- locusts , weevils -RRB- .	parasitic	Lice and bed bugs are considered what kind of insect ?
Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic -LRB- e.g. lice , bed bugs -RRB- , transmit diseases -LRB- mosquitoes , flies -RRB- , damage structures -LRB- termites -RRB- , or destroy agricultural goods -LRB- locusts , weevils -RRB- .	mosquitoes	Flies and what other kind of insect transmit diseases ?
Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic -LRB- e.g. lice , bed bugs -RRB- , transmit diseases -LRB- mosquitoes , flies -RRB- , damage structures -LRB- termites -RRB- , or destroy agricultural goods -LRB- locusts , weevils -RRB- .	termites	What kind of insect can damage architectural structures ?
Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic -LRB- e.g. lice , bed bugs -RRB- , transmit diseases -LRB- mosquitoes , flies -RRB- , damage structures -LRB- termites -RRB- , or destroy agricultural goods -LRB- locusts , weevils -RRB- .	agricultural goods	Locusts destroy what ?
Although pest insects attract the most attention , many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans .	pest insects	What kind of insects attract the most attention from humans ?
Although pest insects attract the most attention , many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans .	beneficial	Many insects are what to the environment ?
Some insects , like wasps , bees , butterflies and ants , pollinate flowering plants .	pollinate	What do bees , wasps , butterflies , and ants do to flowers ?
As insects gather nectar from different plants of the same species , they also spread pollen from plants on which they have previously fed .	nectar	What do insects gather from plants ?
A serious environmental problem is the decline of populations of pollinator insects , and a number of species of insects are now cultured primarily for pollination management in order to have sufficient pollinators in the field , orchard or greenhouse at bloom time. :240 -- 243 Another solution , as shown in Delaware , has been to raise native plants to help support native pollinators like L. vierecki .	serious	What kind of environmental problem would occur without pollination ?
Insectivorous insects , or insects which feed on other insects , are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures .	Insectivorous	What insects feed on other insects ?
Insectivorous insects , or insects which feed on other insects , are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures .	beneficial	Insectivorous insects are beneficial or harmful to humans ?
For example , aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers , but ladybugs feed on aphids , and can be used as a means to get significantly reduce pest aphid populations .	ladybugs	What insect feeds on aphids ?
While birds are perhaps more visible predators of insects , insects themselves account for the vast majority of insect consumption .	birds	What are the most visible predators of insects ?
While birds are perhaps more visible predators of insects , insects themselves account for the vast majority of insect consumption .	insects themselves	What is the largest consumer of insects ?
Insects play important roles in biological research .	biological research	Insects play prominent roles in what ?
For example , because of its small size , short generation time and high fecundity , the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes .	fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster	What is a common insect used for research purposes ?
It was found that 70 % of the fly genome is similar to the human genome , supporting the evolution theory .	70%	What percent of the fly genome is similar to the human genome
D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies into principles like genetic linkage , interactions between genes , chromosomal genetics , development , behavior and evolution .	genetic	Drosophila has helped develop principles in what kind of linkage ?
Because genetic systems are well conserved among eukaryotes , understanding basic cellular processes like DNA replication or transcription in fruit flies can help to understand those processes in other eukaryotes , including humans .	eukaryotes	Genetic systems are conserved among what ?
In some cultures , insects , especially deep-fried cicadas , are considered to be delicacies , while in other places they form part of the normal diet .	delicacies	Insects are considered as what in some cultures ?
In some cultures , insects , especially deep-fried cicadas , are considered to be delicacies , while in other places they form part of the normal diet .	cicadas	What deep-fried insect is part of the normal diet in some cultures ?
Insects have a high protein content for their mass , and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition. :10 -- 13 In most first-world countries , however , entomophagy -LRB- the eating of insects -RRB- , is taboo .	high	Insects have what kind of protein content ?
Insects have a high protein content for their mass , and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition. :10 -- 13 In most first-world countries , however , entomophagy -LRB- the eating of insects -RRB- , is taboo .	entomophagy	What is the term for eating insects ?
Insects have a high protein content for their mass , and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition. :10 -- 13 In most first-world countries , however , entomophagy -LRB- the eating of insects -RRB- , is taboo .	first-world countries	Where is eating insects considered taboo ?
Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt , Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures .	Scarab beetles	What ancient world insect is considered symbolic ?
The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality .	Chinese	Cicadas symbolize immortality in what culture ?
In the case of the ` San ' bush-men of the Kalahari , it is the praying mantis which holds much cultural significance including creation and zen-like patience in waiting. :9	creation	The praying mantis symbolizes patience and what else ?
Amongst the Aborigines of Australia of the Arrernte language groups , honey ants and witchety grubs served as personal clan totems .	Australia	Witchety grubs serve as personal clan totems in what country ?
Amongst the Aborigines of Australia of the Arrernte language groups , honey ants and witchety grubs served as personal clan totems .	honey ants	What kind of ants are symbolic among the Australian Aborigines ?
While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits , others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way , -LSB- page needed -RSB- and argue that , among humans , race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species , Homo sapiens , and subspecies , Homo sapiens sapiens .	the same species	What do all living humans belong to ?
While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits , others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way , -LSB- page needed -RSB- and argue that , among humans , race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species , Homo sapiens , and subspecies , Homo sapiens sapiens .	Homo sapiens	What species are all humans ?
While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits , others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way , -LSB- page needed -RSB- and argue that , among humans , race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species , Homo sapiens , and subspecies , Homo sapiens sapiens .	humans	Race has no taxonomic significance among whom ?
While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits , others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way , -LSB- page needed -RSB- and argue that , among humans , race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species , Homo sapiens , and subspecies , Homo sapiens sapiens .	fuzzy	What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among ?
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable , scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways , some of which have essentialist implications .	in widely differing ways	How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race ?
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed , and that racial groups can not be biologically defined .	racial	What type of group ca n't be biologically defined ?
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed , and that racial groups can not be biologically defined .	racial	What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct ?
Nonetheless , some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits -LRB- e.g. phenotype -RRB- to some degree , and that certain genetic markers have varying frequencies among human populations , some of which correspond more or less to traditional racial groupings .	biological traits	What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with ?
Nonetheless , some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits -LRB- e.g. phenotype -RRB- to some degree , and that certain genetic markers have varying frequencies among human populations , some of which correspond more or less to traditional racial groupings .	human	Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations ?
For this reason , there is no current consensus about whether racial categories can be considered to have significance for understanding human genetic variation .	no current consensus	What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation ?
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race , they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved .	define and talk about a particular conception of race	How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved ?
In this sense , races are said to be social constructs .	races	What can be said to be a social construct ?
These constructs develop within various legal , economic , and sociopolitical contexts , and may be the effect , rather than the cause , of major social situations .	legal, economic, and sociopolitical	What contexts do racial social constructs develop within ?
These constructs develop within various legal , economic , and sociopolitical contexts , and may be the effect , rather than the cause , of major social situations .	major social situations	Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what ?
While race is understood to be a social construct by many , most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination .	real material	What effect does race have in the lives of people ?
Socioeconomic factors , in combination with early but enduring views of race , have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups .	considerable suffering	Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups ?
Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets , whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior .	racist mindsets	What is discrimination often paired with ?
Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets , whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior .	inferior	What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as ?
As a result , racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed , while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes .	excluded or oppressed	What do groups with less power often find themselves ?
Racism has led to many instances of tragedy , including slavery and genocide .	Racism	What has led to many tragic instances of events like slavery and genocide ?
In some countries , law enforcement uses race to profile suspects .	race	What does law enforcement in some countries use to profile suspects ?
This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation , and promoting stereotypes .	perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation	Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized ?
This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation , and promoting stereotypes .	use of racial categories	What promotes stereotypes ?
Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratification , for social scientists studying social inequality , race can be a significant variable .	social scientists	Who can race serve as a significant factor when studying social inequality ?
As sociological factors , racial categories may in part reflect subjective attributions , self-identities , and social institutions .	sociological factors	What may in part reflect subjective attributes , self-identities and social institutions ?
Groups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups , but such differences have not always been understood to be natural , immutable and global .	distinct	What have human groups always considered themselves as compared to other nearby groups ?
In this way the idea of race as we understand it today came about during the historical process of exploration and conquest which brought Europeans into contact with groups from different continents , and of the ideology of classification and typology found in the natural sciences .	exploration and conquest	During which process did our current idea of race come about ?
In this way the idea of race as we understand it today came about during the historical process of exploration and conquest which brought Europeans into contact with groups from different continents , and of the ideology of classification and typology found in the natural sciences .	different continents	Where did Europeans come into contact with other groups ?
Groups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups , but such differences have not always been understood to be natural , immutable and global .	natural, immutable and global	What have differences among groups not typically been perceived as being ?
In this way the idea of race as we understand it today came about during the historical process of exploration and conquest which brought Europeans into contact with groups from different continents , and of the ideology of classification and typology found in the natural sciences .	classification and typology	What ideaology is found in the natural sciences ?
The European concept of `` race '' , along with many of the ideas now associated with the term , arose at the time of the scientific revolution , which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds , and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples with distinct cultural and political traditions .	time of the scientific revolution	When did many of the ideas associated with the term `` race '' arise ?
The European concept of `` race '' , along with many of the ideas now associated with the term , arose at the time of the scientific revolution , which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds , and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples with distinct cultural and political traditions .	colonization	What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures ?
As Europeans encountered people from different parts of the world , they speculated about the physical , social , and cultural differences among various human groups .	Europeans	Who speculated about the observable difference among different groups of humans ?
The rise of the Atlantic slave trade , which gradually displaced an earlier trade in slaves from throughout the world , created a further incentive to categorize human groups in order to justify the subordination of African slaves .	African slaves	Justifying the subordination of what group was one of the incentives to categorize human groups ?
Brutal conflicts between ethnic groups have existed throughout history and across the world .	ethnic	What groups has there always been brutal conflict between ?
The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier 's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent -LRB- `` New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it '' -RRB- , published in 1684 .	François Bernier	Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races ?
In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation .	18th century	In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science ?
But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups , always attributing the most desirable features to the White , European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes .	White	What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features ?
Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active , acute , and adventurous , whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty , lazy , and careless .	active, acute, and adventurous	How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as ?
Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active , acute , and adventurous , whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty , lazy , and careless .	crafty, lazy, and careless	What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer ?
The 1775 treatise `` The Natural Varieties of Mankind '' , by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions : the Caucasoid race , Mongoloid race , Ethiopian race -LRB- later termed Negroid , and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race -RRB- , American Indian race , and Malayan race , but he did not propose any hierarchy among the races .	1775	What year was Blumenbach 's treatise published ?
The 1775 treatise `` The Natural Varieties of Mankind '' , by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions : the Caucasoid race , Mongoloid race , Ethiopian race -LRB- later termed Negroid , and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race -RRB- , American Indian race , and Malayan race , but he did not propose any hierarchy among the races .	five	How many divisions did Blumenbach 's treatise specify ?
Blumenbach also noted the graded transition in appearances from one group to adjacent groups and suggested that `` one variety of mankind does so sensibly pass into the other , that you can not mark out the limits between them '' .	graded	What type of transition was noted from one group to the next ?
Blumenbach also noted the graded transition in appearances from one group to adjacent groups and suggested that `` one variety of mankind does so sensibly pass into the other , that you can not mark out the limits between them '' .	limits	What can one not mark between the variety of mankind ?
The 1775 treatise `` The Natural Varieties of Mankind '' , by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions : the Caucasoid race , Mongoloid race , Ethiopian race -LRB- later termed Negroid , and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race -RRB- , American Indian race , and Malayan race , but he did not propose any hierarchy among the races .	Ethiopian	What race was later renamed to Negroid ?
From the 17th through 19th centuries , the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an `` ideology of race '' .	an "ideology of race"	What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce ?
According to this ideology , races are primordial , natural , enduring and distinct .	primordial, natural, enduring and distinct	What were races considered to be , according to the ideology of race ?
It was further argued that some groups may be the result of mixture between formerly distinct populations , but that careful study could distinguish the ancestral races that had combined to produce admixed groups .	mixture between formerly distinct populations	How might some groups have resulted , according to the ideology ?
Subsequent influential classifications by Georges Buffon , Petrus Camper and Christoph Meiners all classified `` Negros '' as inferior to Europeans .	Negros	What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans ?
In the United States the racial theories of Thomas Jefferson were influential .	Thomas Jefferson	Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans ?
In the last two decades of the 18th century , the theory of polygenism , the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor , was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White , in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster , and in France by Julien-Joseph Virey .	polygenism	What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent ?
In the last two decades of the 18th century , the theory of polygenism , the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor , was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White , in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster , and in France by Julien-Joseph Virey .	England	What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in ?
In the last two decades of the 18th century , the theory of polygenism , the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor , was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White , in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster , and in France by Julien-Joseph Virey .	ethnographers	What was the profession of Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster ?
Polygenism was popular and most widespread in the 19th century , culminating in the founding of the Anthropological Society of London -LRB- 1863 -RRB- during the period of the American Civil War , in opposition to the Ethnological Society , which had abolitionist sympathies .	19th century	In what century was polygenism most widespread ?
Polygenism was popular and most widespread in the 19th century , culminating in the founding of the Anthropological Society of London -LRB- 1863 -RRB- during the period of the American Civil War , in opposition to the Ethnological Society , which had abolitionist sympathies .	abolitionist	The Ethnological Society was sympathetic towards what cause ?
Today , all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens .	Homo sapiens	What species do all living humans today belong to ?
However , this is not the first species of homininae : the first species of genus Homo , Homo habilis , are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago , and members of this species populated different parts of Africa in a relatively short time .	2 million years ago	When is it theorized that Homo habilis evolved in East Africa ?
Homo erectus is theorized to have evolved more than 1.8 million years ago , and by 1.5 million years ago had spread throughout Europe and Asia .	1.5	How many millions of years ago had Homo erectus spread throughout Europa and Asia ?
However , this is not the first species of homininae : the first species of genus Homo , Homo habilis , are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago , and members of this species populated different parts of Africa in a relatively short time .	Homo habilis	Members of what species populated parts of Africa in a relatively short time ?
Virtually all physical anthropologists agree that Archaic Homo sapiens -LRB- A group including the possible species H. heidelbergensis , H. rhodesiensis and H. neanderthalensis -RRB- evolved out of African Homo erectus -LRB- -LRB- sensu lato -RRB- or Homo ergaster -RRB- .	African Homo erectus	What group might have Archaic Homo sapiens evolve out of ?
In the early 20th century , many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic , cultural , and social groups , while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics , in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism .	many anthropologists	Who taught and accepted the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic ?
In the early 20th century , many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic , cultural , and social groups , while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics , in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism .	scientific racism	What practice was combined with the field of eugenics regarding the distinctness of social groups ?
After the Nazi eugenics program , racial essentialism lost widespread popularity .	lost widespread popularity	What effect did the Nazi eugenics program have on racial essentialism ?
Race anthropologists were pressured to acknowledge findings coming from studies of culture and population genetics , and to revise their conclusions about the sources of phenotypic variation .	sources of phenotypic variation	What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise ?
A significant number of modern anthropologists and biologists in the West came to view race as an invalid genetic or biological designation .	invalid	What did a lot of modern anthropologists in the West come to view racial designation as ?
Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race .	Population	What type of geneticists have debates about what can provide a basis for a new conception of race ?
Surprisingly , there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use .	biologists	What class of researchers surprisingly have no generally accepted concept of population ?
Although the concept of population is central to ecology , evolutionary biology and conservation biology , most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as `` a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time '' Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations ; those that fall into an ecological paradigm , and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm .	qualitative descriptions	What do most definitions of population rely on ?
Although the concept of population is central to ecology , evolutionary biology and conservation biology , most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as `` a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time '' Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations ; those that fall into an ecological paradigm , and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm .	definitions for populations	What do Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of ?
Although the concept of population is central to ecology , evolutionary biology and conservation biology , most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as `` a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time '' Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations ; those that fall into an ecological paradigm , and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm .	paradigm	What are both ecological and evolutionary definition modifiers of ?
Traditionally , subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations .	subspecies	What are traditionally geographically isolated ?
That is , `` the designation ` subspecies ' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence '' One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required .	microevolutionary divergence	What is `` subspecies '' used to indicate an objective degree of ?
That is , `` the designation ` subspecies ' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence '' One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required .	degree of differentiation	What is an objection to the idea of subspecies because it does n't specify this ?
Therefore , any population that is somewhat biologically different could be considered a subspecies , even to the level of a local population .	biologically different	What would a population have to somewhat be to be considered a subspecies ?
As a result , Templeton has argued that it is necessary to impose a threshold on the level of difference that is required for a population to be designated a subspecies .	level of difference	What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies ?
This effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies .	difference	What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies ?
Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75 % of a population must lie outside 99 % of the range of other populations for a given defining morphological character or a set of characters .	Dean Amadon	Who proposed subspecies be defined by the seventy-five percent rule ?
Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75 % of a population must lie outside 99 % of the range of other populations for a given defining morphological character or a set of characters .	1949	What year did Dean Amadon make his proposal ?
Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75 % of a population must lie outside 99 % of the range of other populations for a given defining morphological character or a set of characters .	99%	The 75 % rule states how much of a population must lie outside the range of other populations for a defining set of characters ?
The seventy-five percent rule still has defenders but other scholars argue that it should be replaced with ninety or ninety-five percent rule .	The seventy-five percent rule	Many scholars argue what should be replaced with a ninety or ninety-five percent rule ?
In 1978 , Sewall Wright suggested that human populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should , in general , be considered different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection .	1978	When did Sewall Wright make his suggestion about human populations ?
In 1978 , Sewall Wright suggested that human populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should , in general , be considered different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection .	different subspecies	How should populations long inhabiting separate parts of the world be considered ?
In 1978 , Sewall Wright suggested that human populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should , in general , be considered different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection .	inspection	What is required to allocate individuals in subspecies populations correctly ?
Wright argued that it does not require a trained anthropologist to classify an array of Englishmen , West Africans , and Chinese with 100 % accuracy by features , skin color , and type of hair despite so much variability within each of these groups that every individual can easily be distinguished from every other .	individual	What did Wright feel it would n't take an anthropologist to easily distinguish between of in groups ?
However , it is customary to use the term race rather than subspecies for the major subdivisions of the human species as well as for minor ones .	race	What term is it customary to use instead of subspecies ?
Cladistics is another method of classification .	classification	What is cladistics a method of ?
A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor .	organisms	What is a clade a taxonomic group of ?
A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor .	single	How many common ancestors does a clade have ?
Whereas Carl Linnaeus established a taxonomy of living organisms based on anatomical similarities and differences , cladistics seeks to establish a taxonomy -- the phylogenetic tree -- based on genetic similarities and differences and tracing the process of acquisition of multiple characteristics by single organisms .	taxonomy	What is another term for a phylogenetic tree ?
Often mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths .	Y	Which chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths ?
Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies .	phylogenetic	What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population ?
Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups , usually applying to populations that are allopatric -LRB- geographically separated -RRB- and therefore discretely bounded .	geographically	How are allopatric populations separated ?
This would make a subspecies , evolutionarily speaking , a clade -- a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population .	a clade	What is a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population called ?
The smooth gradation of human genetic variation in general tends to rule out any idea that human population groups can be considered monophyletic -LRB- cleanly divided -RRB- , as there appears to always have been considerable gene flow between human populations .	monophyletic	What is a tongue twister of a word that merely means `` cleanly divided '' ?
Rachel Caspari -LRB- 2003 -RRB- have argued that clades are by definition monophyletic groups -LRB- a taxon that includes all descendants of a given ancestor -RRB- and since no groups currently regarded as races are monophyletic , none of those groups can be clades .	Rachel Caspari	Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups ?
For the anthropologists Lieberman and Jackson -LRB- 1995 -RRB- , however , there are more profound methodological and conceptual problems with using cladistics to support concepts of race .	race	What did Lieberman and Jackon find profound problems using cladistics to support concepts of ?
For example , the large and highly diverse macroethnic groups of East Indians , North Africans , and Europeans are presumptively grouped as Caucasians prior to the analysis of their DNA variation .	Caucasians	What would the diverse group of East Indians , North Africans and Europeans be grouped as prior to DNA analysis ?
This is claimed to limit and skew interpretations , obscure other lineage relationships , deemphasize the impact of more immediate clinal environmental factors on genomic diversity , and can cloud our understanding of the true patterns of affinity .	interpretations	Cladistics can limit and skew what ?
`` For empirical reasons we prefer to place emphasis on clinal variation , which recognizes the existence of adaptive human hereditary variation and simultaneously stresses that such variation is not found in packages that can be labeled races . ''	packages	What is variation found in that can be labeled as races ?
They argue that however significant the empirical research , these studies use the term race in conceptually imprecise and careless ways .	conceptually imprecise and careless	Lieberman and Jackson suggest authors of some studies use the term race in what ways ?
One crucial innovation in reconceptualizing genotypic and phenotypic variation was the anthropologist C. Loring Brace 's observation that such variations , insofar as it is affected by natural selection , slow migration , or genetic drift , are distributed along geographic gradations or clines .	distributed along geographic gradations or clines	What did C. Loring Brace observe about about variations ?
In part this is due to isolation by distance .	isolation by distance	Why are variations distributed along clines ?
This point called attention to a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races -LRB- for example , those based on hair texture and skin color -RRB- : they ignore a host of other similarities and differences -LRB- for example , blood type -RRB- that do not correlate highly with the markers for race .	they ignore a host of other similarities and differences	What is a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races ?
Thus , anthropologist Frank Livingstone 's conclusion , that since clines cross racial boundaries , `` there are no races , only clines '' .	anthropologist	What is Frank Livingstone 's profession ?
Thus , anthropologist Frank Livingstone 's conclusion , that since clines cross racial boundaries , `` there are no races , only clines '' .	there are no races, only clines	What is the conclusion from the evidence that clines cross racial boundaries ?
In a response to Livingstone , Theodore Dobzhansky argued that when talking about race one must be attentive to how the term is being used : `` I agree with Dr. Livingstone that if races have to be ` discrete units , ' then there are no races , and if ` race ' is used as an ` explanation ' of the human variability , rather than vice versa , then the explanation is invalid . ''	how the term is being used	What must one be attentive to when talking about race ?
In a response to Livingstone , Theodore Dobzhansky argued that when talking about race one must be attentive to how the term is being used : `` I agree with Dr. Livingstone that if races have to be ` discrete units , ' then there are no races , and if ` race ' is used as an ` explanation ' of the human variability , rather than vice versa , then the explanation is invalid . ''	if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races	On what point did Dobzhansky agree with Dr. Livingstone ?
He further argued that one could use the term race if one distinguished between `` race differences '' and `` the race concept . ''	"the race concept."	What is merely `` a matter of judgement '' ?
He further observed that even when there is clinal variation , `` Race differences are objectively ascertainable biological phenomena ... but it does not follow that racially distinct populations must be given racial -LRB- or subspecific -RRB- labels . ''	labels	While race difference possible to easily see , they need not be given what ?
They differ on whether the race concept remains a meaningful and useful social convention .	a meaningful and useful social convention	Livingston and Dobzhansky disagree on whether the race concept is what ?
In 1964 , the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly -- for example , melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south ; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin , on the other hand , radiate out of specific geographical points in Africa .	cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly	What did two biologists point out in 1964 ?
In 1964 , the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly -- for example , melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south ; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin , on the other hand , radiate out of specific geographical points in Africa .	melanin	What gene distribution decreases as you move away from the equator in either direction ?
In 1964 , the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly -- for example , melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south ; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin , on the other hand , radiate out of specific geographical points in Africa .	radiate	What do the frequencies for the haplotype for beta-5 hemogoblin do from specific points in Africa ?
As the anthropologists Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson observed , `` Discordant patterns of heterogeneity falsify any description of a population as if it were genotypically or even phenotypically homogeneous '' .	anthropologists	To what profession do both Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson belong ?
As the anthropologists Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson observed , `` Discordant patterns of heterogeneity falsify any description of a population as if it were genotypically or even phenotypically homogeneous '' .	Discordant	What patterns of heterogeneity falsify any descriptions of population ?
Patterns such as those seen in human physical and genetic variation as described above , have led to the consequence that the number and geographic location of any described races is highly dependent on the importance attributed to , and quantity of , the traits considered .	the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered.	What is the consequence of the number and geographic location ascribed to a race highly dependent on ?
Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation that partially accounts for the appearance of Light skin in humans -LRB- people who migrated out of Africa northward into what is now Europe -RRB- which they estimate occurred 20,000 to 50,000 years ago .	mutation	What partially accounts for the appearance of light skin in humans ?
Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation that partially accounts for the appearance of Light skin in humans -LRB- people who migrated out of Africa northward into what is now Europe -RRB- which they estimate occurred 20,000 to 50,000 years ago .	skin-lighting	What mutation did scientists discover ?
The East Asians owe their relatively light skin to different mutations .	different mutations	What do East Asians have to thank for their relatively light skin ?
On the other hand , the greater the number of traits -LRB- or alleles -RRB- considered , the more subdivisions of humanity are detected , since traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to the same geographical location .	geographical	Traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to what type of location ?
Coop et al. -LRB- 2009 -RRB- found `` a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe , or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere , or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure .	a selected allele	What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe ?
Coop et al. -LRB- 2009 -RRB- found `` a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe , or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere , or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure .	2009	When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele ?
The global distributions fall into three major geographic patterns that we interpret as non-African sweeps , west Eurasian sweeps and East Asian sweeps , respectively . ''	three	How many major geographic patterns do the global distributions fall into ?
The global distributions fall into three major geographic patterns that we interpret as non-African sweeps , west Eurasian sweeps and East Asian sweeps , respectively . ''	major geographic patterns	What are sweeps ?
Coop et al. -LRB- 2009 -RRB- found `` a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe , or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere , or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure .	absent	Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere ?
Another way to look at differences between populations is to measure genetic differences rather than physical differences between groups .	genetic differences	What can one use to look at differences between groups instead of physical differences ?
The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as : `` A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the genes it possesses .	mid-20th-century anthropologist	Who was William C. Boyd ?
The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as : `` A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the genes it possesses .	genes	Boyd felt race was based on a specific differentiation of the frequency of what in a population ?
Leonard Lieberman and Rodney Kirk have pointed out that `` the paramount weakness of this statement is that if one gene can distinguish races then the number of races is as numerous as the number of human couples reproducing . ''	number of human couples reproducing	How numerous would the number of races be if one gene can distinguish races ?
The Human Genome Project states `` People who have lived in the same geographic region for many generations may have some alleles in common , but no allele will be found in all members of one population and in no members of any other . ''	alleles	What may people who have lived in the same area for generations have in common ?
The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index , which is often abbreviated to FST .	genetic differences between populations	What did Sewall Wright develop one way of measuring ?
The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index , which is often abbreviated to FST .	the Fixation index	What was Wright 's method known as ?
It is often stated that the fixation index for humans is about 0.15 .	0.15	What is the often stated FST for humans ?
Richard Lewontin , who affirmed these ratios , thus concluded neither `` race '' nor `` subspecies '' were appropriate or useful ways to describe human populations .	human populations	Richard Lewontin , upon looking at the FST ratios , concluded race was n't an appropriate or useful way to describe what ?
However , others have noticed that group variation was relatively similar to the variation observed in other mammalian species .	mammalian	Human group variation is similar to variation observed in what other species ?
Wright himself believed that values > 0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15 -- 0.25 represented great variation .	genetic variation	FST values greater than .25 represent very great what ?
However , about 5 % of human variation occurs between populations within continents , therefore FST values between continental groups of humans -LRB- or races -RRB- of as low as 0.1 -LRB- or possibly lower -RRB- have been found in some studies , suggesting more moderate levels of genetic variation .	5%	About how much human variation occurs between continental populations ?
However , about 5 % of human variation occurs between populations within continents , therefore FST values between continental groups of humans -LRB- or races -RRB- of as low as 0.1 -LRB- or possibly lower -RRB- have been found in some studies , suggesting more moderate levels of genetic variation .	0.1	FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies ?
Graves -LRB- 1996 -RRB- has countered that FST should not be used as a marker of subspecies status , as the statistic is used to measure the degree of differentiation between populations , although see also Wright -LRB- 1978 -RRB- .	Graves	What is the name of the person who thinks FST should n't be used as a marker of subspecies status ?
Graves -LRB- 1996 -RRB- has countered that FST should not be used as a marker of subspecies status , as the statistic is used to measure the degree of differentiation between populations , although see also Wright -LRB- 1978 -RRB- .	populations	FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what ?
Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper `` Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races '' .	Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles	What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003 ?
They find that the figure of 85 % is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85 % of all genetic diversity .	misleading	What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85 % of all genetic diversity ?
For example , under the recent African origin theory the human population in Africa is paraphyletic to all other human groups because it represents the ancestral group from which all non-African populations derive , but more than that , non-African groups only derive from a small non-representative sample of this African population .	non-representative	Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population ?
This means that all non-African groups are more closely related to each other and to some African groups -LRB- probably east Africans -RRB- than they are to others , and further that the migration out of Africa represented a genetic bottleneck , with much of the diversity that existed in Africa not being carried out of Africa by the emigrating groups .	genetic	What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent ?
Long and Kittles find that rather than 85 % of human genetic diversity existing in all human populations , about 100 % of human diversity exists in a single African population , whereas only about 70 % of human genetic diversity exists in a population derived from New Guinea .	100%	How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population ?
In his 2003 paper , `` Human Genetic Diversity : Lewontin 's Fallacy '' , A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy , it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns , or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic data .	characteristic genetic patterns	What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for ?
Joanna Mountain and Neil Risch cautioned that while genetic clusters may one day be shown to correspond to phenotypic variations between groups , such assumptions were premature as the relationship between genes and complex traits remains poorly understood .	phenotypic variations between groups	What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day ?
Joanna Mountain and Neil Risch cautioned that while genetic clusters may one day be shown to correspond to phenotypic variations between groups , such assumptions were premature as the relationship between genes and complex traits remains poorly understood .	poorly	How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood ?
... Any category you come up with is going to be imperfect , but that does n't preclude you from using it or the fact that it has utility . ''	imperfect	Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what ?
... Any category you come up with is going to be imperfect , but that does n't preclude you from using it or the fact that it has utility . ''	utility	Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what ?
Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other .	ancestral population	What groups were early samples from for genetic cluster analysis ?
Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other .	extreme geographic distances	Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other ?
It was thought that such large geographic distances would maximize the genetic variation between the groups sampled in the analysis and thus maximize the probability of finding cluster patterns unique to each group .	large geographic distances	What was thought might maximize the odds of finding unique cluster patterns in groups ?
In light of the historically recent acceleration of human migration -LRB- and correspondingly , human gene flow -RRB- on a global scale , further studies were conducted to judge the degree to which genetic cluster analysis can pattern ancestrally identified groups as well as geographically separated groups .	migration	What human activity has only recently accelerated ?
In light of the historically recent acceleration of human migration -LRB- and correspondingly , human gene flow -RRB- on a global scale , further studies were conducted to judge the degree to which genetic cluster analysis can pattern ancestrally identified groups as well as geographically separated groups .	gene	Human migration tends to accelerate this type of what flow ?
Witherspoon et al. -LRB- 2007 -RRB- have argued that even when individuals can be reliably assigned to specific population groups , it may still be possible for two randomly chosen individuals from different populations/clusters to be more similar to each other than to a randomly chosen member of their own cluster .	cluster	Randomly chosen people from different groups may be more similar to each other than with members of their own what ?
They found that many thousands of genetic markers had to be used in order for the answer to the question `` How often is a pair of individuals from one population genetically more dissimilar than two individuals chosen from two different populations ? ''	thousands	How many genetic markers need to be used to show people from different groups are dissimilar to each other ?
The entire world population is much more complex and studying an increasing number of groups would require an increasing number of markers for the same answer .	markers	Studying increasing number of groups require an increasing number of what ?
The authors conclude that `` caution should be used when using geographic or genetic ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes . ''	caution	What should be used when using ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes ?
It is also compatible with our ﬁnding that , even when the most distinct populations are considered and hundreds of loci are used , individuals are frequently more similar to members of other populations than to members of their own population . ''	other populations	People are more frequently similar to members of what populations ?
The cluster structure of the genetic data is therefore dependent on the initial hypotheses of the researcher and the populations sampled .	hypotheses	Cluster structure of genetic data is dependent on what initial thing ?
When one samples continental groups , the clusters become continental ; if one had chosen other sampling patterns , the clustering would be different .	continental	If one samples a continental group , what do the clusters become ?
They conclude that while racial groups are characterized by different allele frequencies , this does not mean that racial classification is a natural taxonomy of the human species , because multiple other genetic patterns can be found in human populations that crosscut racial distinctions .	racial classification	What is not a natural taxonomy of the human species ?
Under Kaplan and Winther 's view , racial groupings are objective social constructions -LRB- see Mills 1998 -RRB- that have conventional biological reality only insofar as the categories are chosen and constructed for pragmatic scientific reasons .	racial groupings	What are objective social constructions ?
In earlier work , Winther had identified `` diversity partitioning '' and `` clustering analysis '' as two separate methodologies , with distinct questions , assumptions , and protocols .	methodologies	What are diversity partition and clustering analysis are examples of ?
Many social scientists have replaced the word race with the word `` ethnicity '' to refer to self-identifying groups based on beliefs concerning shared culture , ancestry and history .	ethnicity	What word do many social scientists instead of race ?
Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with `` race '' , following the Second World War , evolutionary and social scientists were acutely aware of how beliefs about race had been used to justify discrimination , apartheid , slavery , and genocide .	beliefs about race	What had been used to justify discrimination , apartheid , slavery and genocide in WWII ?
This questioning gained momentum in the 1960s during the U.S. civil rights movement and the emergence of numerous anti-colonial movements worldwide .	the 1960s	When did the civil rights movement take place ?
This questioning gained momentum in the 1960s during the U.S. civil rights movement and the emergence of numerous anti-colonial movements worldwide .	anti-colonial	What movement gained momentum worldwide in the 60 's ?
They thus came to believe that race itself is a social construct , a concept that was believed to correspond to an objective reality but which was believed in because of its social functions .	objective	What type of reality do some believe race is a social construct corresponding to ?
Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000 .	the National Institute of Health	What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with ?
Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000 .	2000	What year was the announcement that the human genome had been mapped made in ?
Upon examining the data from the genome mapping , Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1 -- 3 % -LRB- instead of the previously assumed 1 % -RRB- , the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races .	notion of genetically defined races	What does n't the genetic variation within the human species support ?
Venter said , `` Race is a social concept .	Race	What is a social concept , not a scientific one ?
`` When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences , it all falls apart . ''	it all falls apart	What happens when scientists try to apply science to sort out social differences ?
The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine , published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as `` Genetic Structure , Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity , and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies '' .	Stanford	Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct ?
The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine , published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as `` Genetic Structure , Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity , and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies '' .	the American Journal of Human Genetics	Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published ?
So you could argue that sex is also a problematic category .	sex	What is a problematic category in addition to race ?
And there are differences between sex and gender ; self-identification may not be correlated with biology perfectly .	biology	What may self-identification not correlate with precisely ?
Basically , race in Brazil was `` biologized '' , but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry -LRB- which determines genotype -RRB- and phenotypic differences .	Brazil	What country was race `` Biologized '' in ?
There , racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule , such as the one-drop rule , as it was in the United States .	rigid descent rule	What was n't racial identity governed by in Brazil ?
A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both parents , nor were there only a very limited number of categories to choose from , to the extent that full siblings can pertain to different racial groups .	racial	What were Brazillian children never automatically identified with the type of ?
A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both parents , nor were there only a very limited number of categories to choose from , to the extent that full siblings can pertain to different racial groups .	different racial groups	What may full siblings belong to ?
Basically , race in Brazil was `` biologized '' , but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry -LRB- which determines genotype -RRB- and phenotypic differences .	ancestry	What determines genotype ?
Over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color , hair texture , eye color , and skin color .	Over a dozen	How many racial categories would be needed with all the possible combinations of outward features ?
These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum , and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest .	like the colors of the spectrum	What way would categories grade into each other , rather than being isolated from each other ?
That is , race referred preferentially to appearance , not heredity , and appearance is a poor indication of ancestry , because only a few genes are responsible for someone 's skin color and traits : a person who is considered white may have more African ancestry than a person who is considered black , and the reverse can be also true about European ancestry .	appearance	What did race refer to instead of heredity ?
That is , race referred preferentially to appearance , not heredity , and appearance is a poor indication of ancestry , because only a few genes are responsible for someone 's skin color and traits : a person who is considered white may have more African ancestry than a person who is considered black , and the reverse can be also true about European ancestry .	ancestry	What is appearance a poor indication of ?
The complexity of racial classifications in Brazil reflects the extent of miscegenation in Brazilian society , a society that remains highly , but not strictly , stratified along color lines .	Brazil	Where is there a lot of complexity in racial classifications ?
Fluidity of racial categories aside , the `` biologification '' of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely , though , if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among , Asian and Indigenous apart , three IBGE 's census categories .	racial	What categories have an aspect of fluidity ?
While assimilated Amerindians and people with very high quantities of Amerindian ancestry are usually grouped as caboclos , a subgroup of pardos which roughly translates as both mestizo and hillbilly , for those of lower quantity of Amerindian descent a higher European genetic contribution is expected to be grouped as a pardo .	caboclos	What are people with high quantities of Amerindian ancestry grouped as ?
While assimilated Amerindians and people with very high quantities of Amerindian ancestry are usually grouped as caboclos , a subgroup of pardos which roughly translates as both mestizo and hillbilly , for those of lower quantity of Amerindian descent a higher European genetic contribution is expected to be grouped as a pardo .	hillbilly	What 's a rough translation of `` pardos '' ?
In several genetic tests , people with less than 60-65 % of European descent and 5-10 % of Amerindian descent usually cluster with Afro-Brazilians -LRB- as reported by the individuals -RRB- , or 6.9 % of the population , and those with about 45 % or more of Subsaharan contribution most times do so -LRB- in average , Afro-Brazilian DNA was reported to be about 50 % Subsaharan African , 37 % European and 13 % Amerindian -RRB- .	Afro-Brazilians	What do people with less than 60-65 % of European descent usually cluster with ?
In several genetic tests , people with less than 60-65 % of European descent and 5-10 % of Amerindian descent usually cluster with Afro-Brazilians -LRB- as reported by the individuals -RRB- , or 6.9 % of the population , and those with about 45 % or more of Subsaharan contribution most times do so -LRB- in average , Afro-Brazilian DNA was reported to be about 50 % Subsaharan African , 37 % European and 13 % Amerindian -RRB- .	50%	What percentage of Afro-Brazillian DNA is reported to be Subsaharan African ?
If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered -LRB- e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one , unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of African descent tend to classify themselves as mixed -RRB- , more people would report themselves as white and pardo in Brazil -LRB- 47.7 % and 42.4 % of the population as of 2010 , respectively -RRB- , because by research its population is believed to have between 65 and 80 % of autosomal European ancestry , in average -LRB- also > 35 % of European mt-DNA and > 95 % of European Y-DNA -RRB- .	white	What would more people report themselves as if a more consistent report were considered ?
If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered -LRB- e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one , unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of African descent tend to classify themselves as mixed -RRB- , more people would report themselves as white and pardo in Brazil -LRB- 47.7 % and 42.4 % of the population as of 2010 , respectively -RRB- , because by research its population is believed to have between 65 and 80 % of autosomal European ancestry , in average -LRB- also > 35 % of European mt-DNA and > 95 % of European Y-DNA -RRB- .	mixed	What do people with a high quality of African descent classify themselves as ?
If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered -LRB- e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one , unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of African descent tend to classify themselves as mixed -RRB- , more people would report themselves as white and pardo in Brazil -LRB- 47.7 % and 42.4 % of the population as of 2010 , respectively -RRB- , because by research its population is believed to have between 65 and 80 % of autosomal European ancestry , in average -LRB- also > 35 % of European mt-DNA and > 95 % of European Y-DNA -RRB- .	65 and 80%	Brazil 's population is believed to have between what percentages of autosomal European ancestry ?
If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered -LRB- e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one , unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of African descent tend to classify themselves as mixed -RRB- , more people would report themselves as white and pardo in Brazil -LRB- 47.7 % and 42.4 % of the population as of 2010 , respectively -RRB- , because by research its population is believed to have between 65 and 80 % of autosomal European ancestry , in average -LRB- also > 35 % of European mt-DNA and > 95 % of European Y-DNA -RRB- .	42.4%	How much of the population of Brazil reported themselves as pardo in 2010 ?
If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered -LRB- e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one , unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of African descent tend to classify themselves as mixed -RRB- , more people would report themselves as white and pardo in Brazil -LRB- 47.7 % and 42.4 % of the population as of 2010 , respectively -RRB- , because by research its population is believed to have between 65 and 80 % of autosomal European ancestry , in average -LRB- also > 35 % of European mt-DNA and > 95 % of European Y-DNA -RRB- .	95%	Brazil 's population is thought to have greater than what percentage of European Y-DNA ?
This is not surprising , though : While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil , totalizing roughly 3.5 million people , they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children , so that most African descent originarily came from relations between white masters and female slaves .	3.5 million	What is roughly the amount of African slaves imported to Brazil ?
This is not surprising , though : While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil , totalizing roughly 3.5 million people , they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children , so that most African descent originarily came from relations between white masters and female slaves .	miserable	What conditions did the African slaves in Brazil live in ?
This is not surprising , though : While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil , totalizing roughly 3.5 million people , they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children , so that most African descent originarily came from relations between white masters and female slaves .	relations between white masters and female slaves	Most African descent in Brazil came from what sort of congress ?
From the last decades of the Empire until the 1950s , the proportion of the white population increased significantly while Brazil welcomed 5.5 million immigrants between 1821 and 1932 , not much behind its neighbor Argentina with 6.4 million , and it received more European immigrants in its colonial history than the United States .	1821 and 1932	Between what years did Brazil welcome 5.5 million immigrants ?
Between 1500 and 1760 , 700.000 Europeans settled in Brazil , while 530.000 Europeans settled in the United States for the same given time .	700.000	Between 1500 and 1760 , how many Europeans settled in Brazil ?
The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it `` the use of the term ` racial origin ' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such -LSB- racial -RSB- theories '' .	The European Union	Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably ?
-LSB- full citation needed -RSB- Haney López warns that using `` race '' as a category within the law tends to legitimize its existence in the popular imagination .	its existence	What does using race as a category within the law legitimize ?
In European context , historical resonance of `` race '' underscores its problematic nature .	European	In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature ?
In some states , it is strongly associated with laws promulgated by the Nazi and Fascist governments in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s .	Fascist	Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments ?
Indeed , in 1996 , the European Parliament adopted a resolution stating that `` the term should therefore be avoided in all official texts '' .	1996	In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove `` race '' from all official texts ?
The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct `` races '' , an idea generally rejected by the scientific community .	The concept of racial origin	What relies on the idea humans can be divided into biologically distinct races ?
The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct `` races '' , an idea generally rejected by the scientific community .	scientific	What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races ?
Since all human beings belong to the same species , the ECRI -LRB- European Commission against Racism and Intolerance -RRB- rejects theories based on the existence of different `` races '' .	all human beings belong to the same species	Why does the ECRI reject theories based on the existence of different races ?
However , in its Recommendation ECRI uses this term in order to ensure that those persons who are generally and erroneously perceived as belonging to `` another race '' are not excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation .	excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation	What does the ECRI strive to make sure no one becomes ?
The law claims to reject the existence of `` race '' , yet penalize situations where someone is treated less favourably on this ground .	race	The law penalizes situations where someone is treated less favourably on the ground of what ?
Since the end of the Second World War , France has become an ethnically diverse country .	Second World War	France has become a more ethnically diverse country since the end of which war ?
Today , approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white .	approximately five percent	What percentage of the French population today is non-European ?
This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States -LRB- roughly 28 -- 37 % , depending on how Latinos are classified ; see Demographics of the United States -RRB- .	roughly 28–37%	What is the number of non-white citizens in the United States ?
Nevertheless , it amounts to at least three million people , and has forced the issues of ethnic diversity onto the French policy agenda .	ethnic diversity	What issue has the existence of three million non-European people in France forced onto French policy agendas ?
Unlike the United States , Britain , or even the Netherlands , France maintains a `` color-blind '' model of public policy .	color-blind	What type of model of public policy does France maintain ?
Since the early history of the United States , Amerindians , African -- Americans , and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races .	early	Groups of people have been classified as belonging to difference races since what part of the U.S. 's history ?
Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories , such as mulatto and octoroon .	a proliferation of categories	What did efforts to track mixing between different groups lead to ?
The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century .	in the late 19th century	When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge ?
During Reconstruction , increasing numbers of Americans began to consider anyone with `` one drop '' of known `` Black blood '' to be Black , regardless of appearance .3 By the early 20th century , this notion was made statutory in many states .4 Amerindians continue to be defined by a certain percentage of `` Indian blood '' -LRB- called blood quantum -RRB- .	During Reconstruction	When did increasing numbers of Americans consider anyone with even a drop of `` Black blood '' to be Black ?
The one-drop rule is specific to not only those with African ancestry but to the United States , making it a particularly African-American experience .	The one-drop rule	What is a particularly African-American experience because it 's specific to only the United States ?
The term `` Hispanic '' as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States .	the 20th century	When did the term `` Hispanic '' begin being used ?
Today , the word `` Latino '' is often used as a synonym for `` Hispanic '' .	Hispanic	What is the word `` Latino '' often used as a synonym for ?
The definitions of both terms are non-race specific , and include people who consider themselves to be of distinct races -LRB- Black , White , Amerindian , Asian , and mixed groups -RRB- .	non-race specific	How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific ?
However , there is a common misconception in the US that Hispanic/Latino is a race or sometimes even that national origins such as Mexican , Cuban , Colombian , Salvadoran , etc. are races .	races	What is common misconception in the US about what some national origins are ?
In contrast to `` Latino '' or `` Hispanic '' , `` Anglo '' refers to non-Hispanic White Americans or non-Hispanic European Americans , most of whom speak the English language but are not necessarily of English descent .	of English descent	Anglo can refer to non-Hispanic European Americans who speak English but are not necessarily what ?
Wang , Štrkalj et al. -LRB- 2003 -RRB- examined the use of race as a biological concept in research papers published in China 's only biological anthropology journal , Acta Anthropologica Sinica .	Acta Anthropologica Sinica	What is the name of China 's only anthropology journal ?
The study showed that the race concept was widely used among Chinese anthropologists .	Chinese anthropologists	Who is the race concept widely used by ?
In a 2007 review paper , Štrkalj suggested that the stark contrast of the racial approach between the United States and China was due to the fact that race is a factor for social cohesion among the ethnically diverse people of China , whereas `` race '' is a very sensitive issue in America and the racial approach is considered to undermine social cohesion - with the result that in the socio-political context of US academics scientists are encouraged not to use racial categories , whereas in China they are encouraged to use them .	social cohesion	What is race a factor of for the ethnically diverse people of China ?
In a 2007 review paper , Štrkalj suggested that the stark contrast of the racial approach between the United States and China was due to the fact that race is a factor for social cohesion among the ethnically diverse people of China , whereas `` race '' is a very sensitive issue in America and the racial approach is considered to undermine social cohesion - with the result that in the socio-political context of US academics scientists are encouraged not to use racial categories , whereas in China they are encouraged to use them .	sensitive issue	Why does race undermine social cohesion in America ?
In a 2007 review paper , Štrkalj suggested that the stark contrast of the racial approach between the United States and China was due to the fact that race is a factor for social cohesion among the ethnically diverse people of China , whereas `` race '' is a very sensitive issue in America and the racial approach is considered to undermine social cohesion - with the result that in the socio-political context of US academics scientists are encouraged not to use racial categories , whereas in China they are encouraged to use them .	racial categories	What are academics in China encouraged to use that their American counterparts are not ?
Kaszycka et al. -LRB- 2009 -RRB- in 2002 -- 2003 surveyed European anthropologists ' opinions toward the biological race concept .	2002–2003	What years did Kaszycka survey Eureopean anthropolgists ' opinions toward the biological race concept ?
Three factors , country of academic education , discipline , and age , were found to be significant in differentiating the replies .	Three	How many factors were found to be significant in differentiating the responses of European anthropologists ?
Those educated in Western Europe , physical anthropologists , and middle-aged persons rejected race more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe , people in other branches of science , and those from both younger and older generations . ''	race	What did the people educated in Western Europe reject more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe ?
The survey shows that the views on race are sociopolitically -LRB- ideologically -RRB- influenced and highly dependent on education . ''	ideologically	How are views on race influenced ?
The survey shows that the views on race are sociopolitically -LRB- ideologically -RRB- influenced and highly dependent on education . ''	education	What are views on race highly dependent on ?
One result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus , though within some fields , such as some branches of anthropology , there is strong consensus .	consensus	What does the current literature regarding human variation lack ?
Some studies use the word race in its early essentialist taxonomic sense .	taxonomic	What do some studies use the word race in the sense of ?
Many others still use the term race , but use it to mean a population , clade , or haplogroup .	race	What term do some use to mean population , clade , or haplogroup ?
Others eschew the concept of race altogether , and use the concept of population as a less problematic unit of analysis .	the concept of race	What do some eschew altogether ?
Others eschew the concept of race altogether , and use the concept of population as a less problematic unit of analysis .	concept of population	What is a less problematic unit of analysis ?
Eduardo Bonilla-Silva , Sociology professor at Duke University , remarks , `` I contend that racism is , more than anything else , a matter of group power ; it is about a dominant racial group -LRB- whites -RRB- striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racial status quo . ''	Duke University	Where is Eduardo Bonilla-Silver a Sociology professor ?
Eduardo Bonilla-Silva , Sociology professor at Duke University , remarks , `` I contend that racism is , more than anything else , a matter of group power ; it is about a dominant racial group -LRB- whites -RRB- striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racial status quo . ''	group power	What does Bonilla-Silva contend racism is about more than anything else ?
Eduardo Bonilla-Silva , Sociology professor at Duke University , remarks , `` I contend that racism is , more than anything else , a matter of group power ; it is about a dominant racial group -LRB- whites -RRB- striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racial status quo . ''	whites	Who does Bonilla-Silva think is the dominant racial group ?
Color-blind racism thrives on the idea that race is no longer an issue in the United States .	that race is no longer an issue	What idea does color-blind racism thrive on ?
There are contradictions between the alleged color-blindness of most whites and the persistence of a color-coded system of inequality .	contradictions	What exists between the alleged color-blindness of most whites and the persistence of a system of inequality ?
The concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century .	biological race	What concept 's use has declined significantly in the U.S. during the 20th century ?
A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races .	physical anthropologists	The majority of what group in the U.S. has rejected the concept of biological races ?
Since 1932 , an increasing number of college textbooks introducing physical anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept : from 1932 to 1976 , only seven out of thirty-two rejected race ; from 1975 to 1984 , thirteen out of thirty-three rejected race ; from 1985 to 1993 , thirteen out of nineteen rejected race .	college	What textbooks introducing anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept since 1932 ?
Since 1932 , an increasing number of college textbooks introducing physical anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept : from 1932 to 1976 , only seven out of thirty-two rejected race ; from 1975 to 1984 , thirteen out of thirty-three rejected race ; from 1985 to 1993 , thirteen out of nineteen rejected race .	thirteen	How many books out of 33 , from 1975 to 1984 , rejected race ?
According to one academic journal entry , where 78 percent of the articles in the 1931 Journal of Physical Anthropology employed these or nearly synonymous terms reflecting a bio-race paradigm , only 36 percent did so in 1965 , and just 28 percent did in 1996 .	28 percent	What percentage of articles in 1996 employed a bio-race paradigm ?
According to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook , forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races .	forensic	What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races ?
Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race is only skin deep `` is simply not true , as any experienced forensic anthropologist will affirm '' and `` Many morphological features tend to follow geographic boundaries coinciding often with climatic zones .	simply not true	What does George W. Gill think about the veracity of the idea that race is only skin deep ?
This is not surprising since the selective forces of climate are probably the primary forces of nature that have shaped human races with regard not only to skin color and hair form but also the underlying bony structures of the nose , cheekbones , etc. -LRB- For example , more prominent noses humidify air better . -RRB- ''	selective forces of climate	What are probably the primary forces of nature which shaped human races ?
While he can see good arguments for both sides , the complete denial of the opposing evidence `` seems to stem largely from socio-political motivation and not science at all '' .	socio-political motivation	What does Gill think the complete denial of opposing evidence stems from ?
In a case as flagrant as this , we are not dealing with science but rather with blatant , politically motivated censorship '' .	politically motivated censorship	What does Gill attribute the lack of presenting the perspective as a possibility to ?
`` Race '' is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology -LRB- when analyzing skeletal remains -RRB- , biomedical research , and race-based medicine .	forensic	What type of anthropology is `` race '' sometimes still used within ?
Brace has criticized this , the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept `` race '' out of convention when they in fact should be talking about regional ancestry .	regional ancestry	What term would Brace prefer forensic anthropologists use ?
He argues that while forensic anthropologists can determine that a skeletal remain comes from a person with ancestors in a specific region of Africa , categorizing that skeletal as being `` black '' is a socially constructed category that is only meaningful in the particular context of the United States , and which is not itself scientifically valid .	specific region	What can forensic anthropologists determine about the ancestors of someone from their skeletal remains ?
He argues that while forensic anthropologists can determine that a skeletal remain comes from a person with ancestors in a specific region of Africa , categorizing that skeletal as being `` black '' is a socially constructed category that is only meaningful in the particular context of the United States , and which is not itself scientifically valid .	particular context	What does Brace feel the term `` black '' in meaningful in ?
He argues that while forensic anthropologists can determine that a skeletal remain comes from a person with ancestors in a specific region of Africa , categorizing that skeletal as being `` black '' is a socially constructed category that is only meaningful in the particular context of the United States , and which is not itself scientifically valid .	is not itself scientifically valid	Why is it bad that a category is merely socially constructed ?
The authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989 .	77	How many college textbooks in biology did the authors of the study examine ?
Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s , when they began to argue that races do not exist .	the 1970s	Up until when did physical anthropology texts still argue that biological races exist ?
In contrast , biology textbooks did not undergo such a reversal but many instead dropped their discussion of race altogether .	their discussion of race	What did biology textbooks drop altogether ?
The authors attributed this to biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of racial classifications , instead of discussing them , and to the ongoing discussions in biology about the validity of the concept `` subspecies '' .	racial classifications	What were biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of ?
The authors also noted that some widely used textbooks in biology such as Douglas J. Futuyama 's 1986 `` Evolutionary Biology '' had abandoned the race concept , `` The concept of race , masking the overwhelming genetic similarity of all peoples and the mosaic patterns of variation that do not correspond to racial divisions , is not only socially dysfunctional but is biologically indefensible as well -LRB- pp. 5 18-5 19 -RRB- . ''	biologically indefensible	What did Douglas J. Futuyama consider the concept of race as not only being socially dysfunctional but this as well ?
Morning -LRB- 2008 -RRB- looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35 % directly discussing race in the 1983 -- 92 period from initially 92 % doing so .	similar pattern	What did Morning find when he looked at biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period ?
Morning -LRB- 2008 -RRB- looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35 % directly discussing race in the 1983 -- 92 period from initially 92 % doing so .	35%	How many of the textbooks between 1983 and 1992 discussed race ?
However , this has increased somewhat after this to 43 % .	43%	After 1992 , what did the percentage of textbooks discussing race increase to ?
More indirect and brief discussions of race in the context of medical disorders have increased from none to 93 % of textbooks .	93%	What percentage have discussions of race in the context of medical disorders increased from zero to ?
The study argues that the textbooks ' fundamental message about the existence of races has changed little .	changed little	What does the study argue about the fundamental message regarding the existence of races ?
In the United States , federal government policy promotes the use of racially categorized data to identify and address health disparities between racial or ethnic groups .	federal government	Who promotes the use of racially categorized data in the United States ?
In clinical settings , race has sometimes been considered in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions .	medical conditions	What has race sometimes been used in clinical settings to diagnose and treat ?
Doctors have noted that some medical conditions are more prevalent in certain racial or ethnic groups than in others , without being sure of the cause of those differences .	more prevalent	What have doctors noted about some medical conditions in certain racial groups ?
Recent interest in race-based medicine , or race-targeted pharmacogenomics , has been fueled by the proliferation of human genetic data which followed the decoding of the human genome in the first decade of the twenty-first century .	proliferation of human genetic data	What fueled the recent interest in race-based medicine ?
Proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine argue that continued use of racial categorizations in biomedical research and clinical practice makes possible the application of new genetic findings , and provides a clue to diagnosis .	application of new genetic findings,	What do proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine think it makes possible ?
Other researchers point out that finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups does not necessarily imply genetic causation of the difference .	genetic causation of the difference	What does finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups not necessarily imply ?
They suggest that medical practices should maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual 's membership to any group .	the individual	What do some research suggest medical practices should maintain their focus on ?
They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes , promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities .	reinforcing stereotypes	What is a risk of overemphasizing genetic contributions to health issues ?
International epidemiological data show that living conditions rather than race make the biggest difference in health outcomes even for diseases that have `` race-specific '' treatments .	living conditions	What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for `` race specific '' diseases ?
Some studies have found that patients are reluctant to accept racial categorization in medical practice .	racial categorization	What have some studies found patients reluctant to accept in medical practice ?
In an attempt to provide general descriptions that may facilitate the job of law enforcement officers seeking to apprehend suspects , the United States FBI employs the term `` race '' to summarize the general appearance -LRB- skin color , hair texture , eye shape , and other such easily noticed characteristics -RRB- of individuals whom they are attempting to apprehend .	job of law enforcement officers	What does the FBI feel providing general descriptions helps to facilitate ?
In an attempt to provide general descriptions that may facilitate the job of law enforcement officers seeking to apprehend suspects , the United States FBI employs the term `` race '' to summarize the general appearance -LRB- skin color , hair texture , eye shape , and other such easily noticed characteristics -RRB- of individuals whom they are attempting to apprehend .	general appearance	What does the FBI employ the term race to summarize ?
In an attempt to provide general descriptions that may facilitate the job of law enforcement officers seeking to apprehend suspects , the United States FBI employs the term `` race '' to summarize the general appearance -LRB- skin color , hair texture , eye shape , and other such easily noticed characteristics -RRB- of individuals whom they are attempting to apprehend .	apprehend	What does law enforcement feel appearance characteristics of individuals help them do to those individuals ?
From the perspective of law enforcement officers , it is generally more important to arrive at a description that will readily suggest the general appearance of an individual than to make a scientifically valid categorization by DNA or other such means .	arrive at a description	What is more important for law enforcement in categorizing instead of DNA ?
Thus , in addition to assigning a wanted individual to a racial category , such a description will include : height , weight , eye color , scars and other distinguishing characteristics .	height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.	What does a description of a wanted individual include beyond their racial category ?
Criminal justice agencies in England and Wales use at least two separate racial/ethnic classification systems when reporting crime , as of 2010 .	at least two	How many separate classification systems do agencies in England and Wales use ?
One is the system used in the 2001 Census when individuals identify themselves as belonging to a particular ethnic group : W1 -LRB- White-British -RRB- , W2 -LRB- White-Irish -RRB- , W9 -LRB- Any other white background -RRB- ; M1 -LRB- White and black Caribbean -RRB- , M2 -LRB- White and black African -RRB- , M3 -LRB- White and Asian -RRB- , M9 -LRB- Any other mixed background -RRB- ; A1 -LRB- Asian-Indian -RRB- , A2 -LRB- Asian-Pakistani -RRB- , A3 -LRB- Asian-Bangladeshi -RRB- , A9 -LRB- Any other Asian background -RRB- ; B1 -LRB- Black Caribbean -RRB- , B2 -LRB- Black African -RRB- , B3 -LRB- Any other black background -RRB- ; O1 -LRB- Chinese -RRB- , O9 -LRB- Any other -RRB- .	the 2001 Census	When did individuals self-identify as belonging to a particular ethnic group ?
The other is categories used by the police when they visually identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group , e.g. at the time of a stop and search or an arrest : White -- North European -LRB- IC1 -RRB- , White -- South European -LRB- IC2 -RRB- , Black -LRB- IC3 -RRB- , Asian -LRB- IC4 -RRB- , Chinese , Japanese , or South East Asian -LRB- IC5 -RRB- , Middle Eastern -LRB- IC6 -RRB- , and Unknown -LRB- IC0 -RRB- .	visually	How do police identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group ?
`` IC '' stands for `` Identification Code ; '' these items are also referred to as Phoenix classifications .	Identification Code	What does IC stand for ?
Comparability of the information being recorded by officers was brought into question by the Office for National Statistics -LRB- ONS -RRB- in September 2007 , as part of its Equality Data Review ; one problem cited was the number of reports that contained an ethnicity of `` Not Stated . ''	Not Stated	What ethnicity term was one problem cited about the number of reports containing it ?
In the United States , the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights .	United States	Where has the practice of racial profiling been ruled to be unconstitutional ?
In the United States , the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights .	racial profiling	What is a violation of civil rights in the United States ?
Many consider de facto racial profiling an example of institutional racism in law enforcement .	de facto racial profiling	What do many consider an example of institutional racism in law enforcement ?
The history of misuse of racial categories to impact adversely one or more groups and/or to offer protection and advantage to another has a clear impact on debate of the legitimate use of known phenotypical or genotypical characteristics tied to the presumed race of both victims and perpetrators by the government .	adversely	How has the misuse of racial categories historically impacted one or more groups ?
The history of misuse of racial categories to impact adversely one or more groups and/or to offer protection and advantage to another has a clear impact on debate of the legitimate use of known phenotypical or genotypical characteristics tied to the presumed race of both victims and perpetrators by the government .	misuse of racial categories	What has impacted the debate on the legitimate use of known phenotypical characteristics ?
Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities .	Mass incarceration	What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers ?
Michelle Alexander , author of The New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons .	Michelle Alexander	Who is the author of `` The New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness '' ?
She defines it further as `` a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons , but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls '' , illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color , specifically African-Americans .	virtual	What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind ?
She defines it further as `` a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons , but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls '' , illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color , specifically African-Americans .	people of color	Who does Alexander think a second class citizenship is imposed upon disproportionately ?
She compares mass incarceration to Jim Crow laws , stating that both work as racial caste systems .	racial	What type of caste system is mass incarceration compared to ?
Similarly , forensic anthropologists draw on highly heritable morphological features of human remains -LRB- e.g. cranial measurements -RRB- to aid in the identification of the body , including in terms of race .	highly heritable	What morphological features do forensic anthropologists draw on ?
Similarly , forensic anthropologists draw on highly heritable morphological features of human remains -LRB- e.g. cranial measurements -RRB- to aid in the identification of the body , including in terms of race .	cranial	What measurement can aid in the identification of a human body ?
In a 1992 article , anthropologist Norman Sauer noted that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as a valid representation of human biological diversity , except for forensic anthropologists .	Norman Sauer	Who noted in a 1992 article that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as valid ?
He asked , `` If races do n't exist , why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them ? ''	forensic anthropologists	What group still uses race as a valid means to represent human biological diversity ?
He asked , `` If races do n't exist , why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them ? ''	races	What are forensic anthropologists very good at identifying ?
Abu el-Haj argues that genomics and the mapping of lineages and clusters liberates `` the new racial science from the older one by disentangling ancestry from culture and capacity . ''	culture	What does mapping clusters disentangle ancestry from ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- As an example , she refers to recent work by Hammer et al. , which aimed to test the claim that present-day Jews are more closely related to one another than to neighbouring non-Jewish populations .	neighbouring non-Jewish populations	Hammer and others recently aimed to test what claim about how closely related present-day Jews are to what group ?
Hammer et al. found that the degree of genetic similarity among Jews shifted depending on the locus investigated , and suggested that this was the result of natural selection acting on particular loci .	the degree of genetic similarity among Jews	What shifted depending on the locus investigated ?
Hammer et al. found that the degree of genetic similarity among Jews shifted depending on the locus investigated , and suggested that this was the result of natural selection acting on particular loci .	natural selection acting on particular loci	What was suggested the reason for the degree of genetic shift among Jews was the result of ?
As another example , she points to work by Thomas et al. , who sought to distinguish between the Y chromosomes of Jewish priests -LRB- Kohanim -RRB- , -LRB- in Judaism , membership in the priesthood is passed on through the father 's line -RRB- and the Y chromosomes of non-Jews .	Y	Thomas and others sought to distinguish between what chromosome of Jewish priests and that of non-Jews ?
Abu el-Haj concluded that this new `` race science '' calls attention to the importance of `` ancestry '' -LRB- narrowly defined , as it does not include all ancestors -RRB- in some religions and in popular culture , and people 's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry ; this `` race science '' , she argues , is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status :	ancestry	What does the new `` race science '' call attention to the importance of ?
Abu el-Haj concluded that this new `` race science '' calls attention to the importance of `` ancestry '' -LRB- narrowly defined , as it does not include all ancestors -RRB- in some religions and in popular culture , and people 's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry ; this `` race science '' , she argues , is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status :	their claims about ancestry	What do people desire to use science to confirm ?
Abu el-Haj concluded that this new `` race science '' calls attention to the importance of `` ancestry '' -LRB- narrowly defined , as it does not include all ancestors -RRB- in some religions and in popular culture , and people 's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry ; this `` race science '' , she argues , is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status :	race science	What is fundamentally different from older notions of race ?
Abu el-Haj concluded that this new `` race science '' calls attention to the importance of `` ancestry '' -LRB- narrowly defined , as it does not include all ancestors -RRB- in some religions and in popular culture , and people 's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry ; this `` race science '' , she argues , is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status :	to explain differences in human behaviour or social status	How were older notions of race used ?
One problem with these assignments is admixture .	admixture	What is a problem with racial assignments ?
Many people have a highly varied ancestry .	Many	How many people have a varied ancestry ?
For example , in the United States , colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships , both outside and inside slavery .	colonial and early federal history	When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in the U.S. ?
Similarly , many people who identify as white have some African ancestors .	African	Who do many people who identify as white have for ancestors ?
In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as `` white '' , about 30 % were estimated to have up to 10 % African ancestry .	10%	What percentage of African ancestry were 30 % of college students identifying as white estimated to have ?
Since the 19th century , the built-up area of Paris has grown far beyond its administrative borders ; together with its suburbs , the whole agglomeration has a population of 10,550,350 -LRB- Jan. 2012 census -RRB- .	10,550,350	What is the aggregate population of Paris ?
Since the 19th century , the built-up area of Paris has grown far beyond its administrative borders ; together with its suburbs , the whole agglomeration has a population of 10,550,350 -LRB- Jan. 2012 census -RRB- .	2012 census	From what census is this information from ?
Paris ' metropolitan area spans most of the Paris region and has a population of 12,341,418 -LRB- Jan. 2012 census -RRB- , or one-fifth of the population of France .	12,341,418	What is the population of Paris ' metropolitan area ?
The administrative region covers 12,012 km ² -LRB- 4,638 mi ² -RRB- , with approximately 12 million inhabitants as of 2014 , and has its own regional council and president .	12,012 km²	How many kilometers does the administrative region cover ?
The administrative region covers 12,012 km ² -LRB- 4,638 mi ² -RRB- , with approximately 12 million inhabitants as of 2014 , and has its own regional council and president .	12 million	As of 2014 how many inhabitants lived in the administrative region ?
Paris is the home of the most visited art museum in the world , the Louvre , as well as the Musée d'Orsay , noted for its collection of French Impressionist art , and the Musée National d'Art Moderne , a museum of modern and contemporary art .	Louvre	What is the most visited art museum in the world ?
Paris is the home of the most visited art museum in the world , the Louvre , as well as the Musée d'Orsay , noted for its collection of French Impressionist art , and the Musée National d'Art Moderne , a museum of modern and contemporary art .	French Impressionist art	what is the Musee de Orsay known for ?
The notable architectural landmarks of Paris include Notre Dame Cathedral -LRB- 12th century -RRB- ; the Sainte-Chapelle -LRB- 13th century -RRB- ; the Eiffel Tower -LRB- 1889 -RRB- ; and the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur on Montmartre -LRB- 1914 -RRB- .	1889	In what year was the Eiffel Tower built ?
In 2014 Paris received 22.4 million visitors , making it one of the world 's top tourist destinations .	22.4 million	How many visitors did Paris receive in 2014 ?
The notable architectural landmarks of Paris include Notre Dame Cathedral -LRB- 12th century -RRB- ; the Sainte-Chapelle -LRB- 13th century -RRB- ; the Eiffel Tower -LRB- 1889 -RRB- ; and the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur on Montmartre -LRB- 1914 -RRB- .	12th	In what century was the Notre Dame Cathedral built ?
Paris is home to the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français .	Paris Saint-Germain	What is the name of the football club in Paris ?
Paris is home to the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français .	Stade Français	What is the name of the rugby union in Paris ?
Paris played host to the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics , the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups , and the 2007 Rugby World Cup .	2007	In what year did Paris host the World Cup ?
Every July , the Tour de France of cycling finishes in the city .	July	In what month is the Tour de France ?
By the end of the Western Roman Empire , the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French .	Parisius	What was Paris known as in Latin ?
Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD .	3rd	In what century was Christianity introduced ?
According to tradition , it was brought by Saint Denis , the first Bishop of Paris .	Saint Denis	Who brought Christianity to Paris ?
His burial place became an important religious shrine ; the Basilica of Saint-Denis was built there and became the burial place of the French Kings .	Basilica of Saint-Denis	What is the name of Saint Denis burial place ?
When he refused to renounce his faith , he was beheaded on the hill which became known as the `` Mountain of Martyrs '' -LRB- Mons Martyrum -RRB- , eventually `` Montmartre '' .	Mountain of Martyrs	Where was Saint Denis beheaded ?
Clovis the Frank , the first king of the Merovingian dynasty , made the city his capital from 508 .	Clovis the Frank	who was the first king of the Merovingian dynasty ?
In 987 Hugh Capet , Count of Paris -LRB- comte de Paris -RRB- , Duke of the Franks -LRB- duc des Francs -RRB- was elected King of the Franks -LRB- roi des Franks -RRB- .	987	In what year was Hugh Capet elected as king ?
Fortification of the Île-de-France failed to prevent sacking by Vikings in 845 but Paris ' strategic importance -- with its bridges preventing ships from passing -- was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris -LRB- 885 -- 86 -RRB- .	bridges	What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris ?
A gradual immigration by the Franks also occurred in Paris in the beginning of the Frankish domination of Gaul which created the Parisian Francien dialects .	Gaul	The domination of what helped create the Parisian dialect ?
The Île de la Cité was the site of the royal palace .	Île de la Cité	What was the site of the royal palace in the 12th century ?
In 1163 , during the reign of Louis VII , Maurice de Sully , bishop of Paris , undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity .	Maurice de Sully	Who was in charge of the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral ?
The Left Bank was the site of the University of Paris , a corporation of students and teachers formed in the mid-12th century to train scholars first in theology , and later in canon law , medicine and the arts .	The Left Bank	Where was the University of Paris located ?
In 1163 , during the reign of Louis VII , Maurice de Sully , bishop of Paris , undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity .	Louis VII	Under who 's reign was the construction of Notre Dame Cathedral ?
During the Hundred Years ' War , the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436 .	1420 until 1436	In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War ?
They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429 .	Joan of Arc	Who tried to liberate the city in 1429 ?
On 24 August 1572 , Paris was the site of the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre , when thousands of French Protestants were killed .	24 August 1572	What was the date of the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre ?
The city had been neglected for decades ; by the time of his assassination in 1610 , Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf , the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings , linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace , and created the first Paris residential square , the Place Royale , now Place des Vosges .	1610	In what year was Henri IV assassinated ?
The city had been neglected for decades ; by the time of his assassination in 1610 , Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf , the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings , linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace , and created the first Paris residential square , the Place Royale , now Place des Vosges .	Henry IV	Who was responsible for rebuilding Paris in the 1600 's
Louis XIV distrusted the Parisians and moved his court to Versailles in 1682 , but his reign also saw an unprecedented flourishing of the arts and sciences in Paris .	1682	In what year did Louis XIV move his court to Versailles ?
To leave monuments to his reign , he built the Collège des Quatre-Nations , Place Vendôme , Place des Victoires , and began Les Invalides .	Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.	What monuments did Louis XIV have constructed ?
To show that the city was safe against attack , he had the city walls demolished , replacing them with Grands Boulevards .	To show that the city was safe against attack	What was the reason behind demolishing the city walls ?
Louis XIV distrusted the Parisians and moved his court to Versailles in 1682 , but his reign also saw an unprecedented flourishing of the arts and sciences in Paris .	Paris	In what city was the French Academy of Science founded
Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made virtual prisoners within the Tuileries Palace .	Tuileries Palace	Where did Louis XVI and his family live ?
A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 -LRB- coup d'état du 18 brumaire -RRB- , when Napoléon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul .	9 November 1799	When did Napoleon Bonaparte gain power as the First Consul ?
In 1793 , as the revolution turned more and more radical , the king , queen , and the mayor were guillotined , along with more than 16,000 others -LRB- throughout France -RRB- , during the Reign of Terror .	16,000	Approximately how many people were executed during the Reign of Terror ?
Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in 1848 .	1848	In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown ?
In 1860 , Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements , expanding Paris to its current limits .	1860	In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements ?
His successor , Napoleon III , and the newly appointed prefect of the Seine , Georges-Eugène Haussmann , launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards , a new opera house , a central market , new aqueducts , sewers , and parks , including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes .	Georges-Eugène Haussmann	Who was Napoleon III 's prefect of the Siene ?
Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism -LRB- Émile Zola -RRB- and Symbolism -LRB- Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine -RRB- , and of Impressionism in art -LRB- Courbet , Manet , Monet , Renoir . -RRB-	Impressionism	What type of art did Courbet , Manet , Monet and Renoir create ?
Late in the 19th century , Paris hosted two major international expositions : the 1889 Universal Exposition , was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower ; and the 1900 Universal Exposition , which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III , the Grand Palais , the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line .	to mark the centennial of the French Revolution	What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition ?
Late in the 19th century , Paris hosted two major international expositions : the 1889 Universal Exposition , was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower ; and the 1900 Universal Exposition , which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III , the Grand Palais , the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line .	1889 Universal Exposition	Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed ?
Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism -LRB- Émile Zola -RRB- and Symbolism -LRB- Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine -RRB- , and of Impressionism in art -LRB- Courbet , Manet , Monet , Renoir . -RRB-	Symbolism	What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine ?
During the First World War , Paris sometimes found itself on the front line ; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne .	6,000	How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne ?
In the years after the war , known as Les Années Folles , Paris continued to be a mecca for writers , musicians and artists from around the world , including Ernest Hemingway , Igor Stravinsky , James Joyce , Josephine Baker , Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí .	Les Années Folles	What are the years after the war commonly known as ?
In the years after the war , known as Les Années Folles , Paris continued to be a mecca for writers , musicians and artists from around the world , including Ernest Hemingway , Igor Stravinsky , James Joyce , Josephine Baker , Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí .	Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.	Who are some popular artists , writers and musicians that resided in Paris after the war ?
On 14 June 1940 , the German army marched into Paris , which had been declared an `` open city '' .	14 June 1940	On what date did the German army declare Paris as an open city ?
On 16 -- 17 July 1942 , following German orders , the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews , including 4,115 children , and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv -LRB- Vélodrome d'Hiver -RRB- , from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz .	12,884	How many Jews were arrested following German orders ?
On 16 -- 17 July 1942 , following German orders , the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews , including 4,115 children , and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv -LRB- Vélodrome d'Hiver -RRB- , from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz .	Vel d'Hiv	Where were the Jews confined prior to being transported to Auschwitz ?
None of the children came back .	None	How many children came back from Auschwitz ?
On 25 August 1944 , the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army .	25 August 1944	On what date was the city liberated ?
In the 1950s and the 1960s , Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence ; in August 1961 , the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen , leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria -LRB- who , at that time , were French citizens -RRB- .	11	How many police officers did the pro-independence FLN kill in August of 1961 ?
In the 1950s and the 1960s , Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence ; in August 1961 , the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen , leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria -LRB- who , at that time , were French citizens -RRB- .	curfew on Muslims of Algeria	What was the result of the police officer killing ?
On 17 October 1961 , an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators , in which at least 40 people were killed , including some thrown into the Seine .	at least 40	How many people were killed during the demonstrations against the curfew ?
The anti-independence Organisation de l'armée secrète -LRB- OAS -RRB- , for their part , carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962 .	Organisation de l'armée secrète	Who carried out bombings throughout Paris between 1961 and 1962 ?
Most of the postwar 's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris ; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay -LRB- 1986 -RRB- ; President François Mitterrand , in power for 14 years , built the Opéra Bastille -LRB- 1985-1989 -RRB- , the Bibliothèque nationale de France -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , the Arche de la Défense -LRB- 1985-1989 -RRB- , and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard -LRB- 1983-1989 -RRB- ; Jacques Chirac -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , the Musée du quai Branly .	1977	In what year was the Centre Georges Pompidou erected ?
Most of the postwar 's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris ; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay -LRB- 1986 -RRB- ; President François Mitterrand , in power for 14 years , built the Opéra Bastille -LRB- 1985-1989 -RRB- , the Bibliothèque nationale de France -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , the Arche de la Défense -LRB- 1985-1989 -RRB- , and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard -LRB- 1983-1989 -RRB- ; Jacques Chirac -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , the Musée du quai Branly .	Musée d'Orsay	What did Valery Giscard d'Estaing have erected ?
Most of the postwar 's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris ; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay -LRB- 1986 -RRB- ; President François Mitterrand , in power for 14 years , built the Opéra Bastille -LRB- 1985-1989 -RRB- , the Bibliothèque nationale de France -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , the Arche de la Défense -LRB- 1985-1989 -RRB- , and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard -LRB- 1983-1989 -RRB- ; Jacques Chirac -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , the Musée du quai Branly .	14	How many years was Francois Mitterrand in power ?
Most of the postwar 's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris ; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay -LRB- 1986 -RRB- ; President François Mitterrand , in power for 14 years , built the Opéra Bastille -LRB- 1985-1989 -RRB- , the Bibliothèque nationale de France -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , the Arche de la Défense -LRB- 1985-1989 -RRB- , and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard -LRB- 1983-1989 -RRB- ; Jacques Chirac -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , the Musée du quai Branly .	2006	In what year was the Musee de quai Branly built ?
Most of the postwar 's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris ; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay -LRB- 1986 -RRB- ; President François Mitterrand , in power for 14 years , built the Opéra Bastille -LRB- 1985-1989 -RRB- , the Bibliothèque nationale de France -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , the Arche de la Défense -LRB- 1985-1989 -RRB- , and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard -LRB- 1983-1989 -RRB- ; Jacques Chirac -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , the Musée du quai Branly .	Musée du quai Branly	What did Jacques Chirac have built ?
It reached 2.25 million in 2011 .	2.25 million	What was the population of Paris in 2011 ?
In March 2001 , Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor of Paris .	Bertrand Delanoë	Who was the first socialist mayor of Paris ?
In 2007 , in an effort to reduce car traffic in the city , he introduced the Vélib ' , a system which rents bicycles for the use of local residents and visitors .	Vélib'	What is the system called that allows local residents to rent bicycles ?
Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the left bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park , the Promenade des Berges de la Seine , which he inaugurated in June 2013 .	June 2013	When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine inaugurated ?
On 7 January 2015 , two French Muslim extremists attacked the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo and killed thirteen people , and on 9 January , a third terrorist killed four hostages during an attack at a Jewish grocery store at Porte de Vincennes .	7 January 2015	On what date did two Muslim extremists attack Charlie Hebdo ?
On 7 January 2015 , two French Muslim extremists attacked the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo and killed thirteen people , and on 9 January , a third terrorist killed four hostages during an attack at a Jewish grocery store at Porte de Vincennes .	thirteen	How many people were killed at the Charlie Hebdo attack ?
On 11 January an estimated 1.5 million people marched in Paris -- along with international political leaders -- to show solidarity against terrorism and in defence of freedom of speech .	1.5 million	How many people marched on January 11 against terrorism ?
Ten months later , 13 November 2015 , came a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris and Saint-Denis claimed by the ` Islamic state ' organisation ISIL -LRB- ` Daesh ' , ISIS -RRB- ; 130 people were killed by gunfire and bombs , and more than 350 were injured .	ISIL	Which Islamic organisation took responsibility for the attacks ?
Seven of the attackers killed themselves and others by setting off their explosive vests .	setting off their explosive vests	How did the attackers kill themselves ?
Paris is located in northern central France .	northern central	Where in France is Paris located ?
By road it is 450 kilometres -LRB- 280 mi -RRB- south-east of London , 287 kilometres -LRB- 178 mi -RRB- south of Calais , 305 kilometres -LRB- 190 mi -RRB- south-west of Brussels , 774 kilometres -LRB- 481 mi -RRB- north of Marseille , 385 kilometres -LRB- 239 mi -RRB- north-east of Nantes , and 135 kilometres -LRB- 84 mi -RRB- south-east of Rouen .	450	How many kilometers is it away from London ?
Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands , the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité , which form the oldest part of the city .	Seine	What major river is located in Paris ?
Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands , the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité , which form the oldest part of the city .	Île de la Cité	What is the largest island in Paris ?
Paris has several prominent hills , the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m -LRB- 427 ft -RRB- .	Montmartre	What is the largest hill in Paris ?
Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes , Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 -LRB- 34 sq mi -RRB- in area , enclosed by the 35 km -LRB- 22 mi -RRB- ring road , the Boulevard Périphérique .	Boulevard Périphérique	What road encircles Paris ?
The metropolitan area of the city is 2,300 km2 -LRB- 890 sq mi -RRB- .	2,300 km2	How large is the metropolitan area of Paris ?
The city 's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements -LRB- municipal boroughs -RRB- .	1860	In what year was Paris ' last annexation of outlying territories ?
The city 's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements -LRB- municipal boroughs -RRB- .	20	How many arrondissements are there ?
In 1929 , the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city , bringing its area to about 105 km2 -LRB- 41 sq mi -RRB- .	1929	In what year were Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes annexed ?
Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification : Cfb -RRB- which is affected by the North Atlantic Current .	North Atlantic Current	Which current affects Paris ' weather ?
The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet .	mild and moderately wet	How is Paris ' climate categorized ?
Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25 °C -LRB- 59 and 77 °F -RRB- , and a fair amount of sunshine .	between 15 and 25 °C	What are the average temperatures for summer ?
More recently , the average temperature for July 2011 was 17.6 °C -LRB- 63.7 °F -RRB- , with an average minimum temperature of 12.9 °C -LRB- 55.2 °F -RRB- and an average maximum temperature of 23.7 °C -LRB- 74.7 °F -RRB- .	17.6 °C	What was the average temperature for July 2011 ?
In winter , sunshine is scarce ; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around 7 °C -LRB- 45 °F -RRB- .	7 °C	What is the average temperature during winter ?
The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation .	sometimes sees light snow or flurries	Does Paris see snow ?
Light night frosts are however quite common , but the temperature will dip below − 5 °C -LRB- 23 °F -RRB- for only a few days a year .	a few days a year	How often does the temperature drop below -5 C
The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters ; the voters of each arrondissement elect the Conseil de Paris -LRB- Council of Paris -RRB- , composed of 163 members .	163	How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris ?
Mayor Bertrand Delanoë -LRB- 2001-2014 -RRB- was elected by only a minority of city voters , but a majority of council members .	majority of council members	How was Mayor Bertand Delanoe elected
Once elected , the council plays a largely passive role in the city government ; it meets only once a month .	once a month	How often does the council meet ?
Mayor Bertrand Delanoë -LRB- 2001-2014 -RRB- was elected by only a minority of city voters , but a majority of council members .	2001-2014	What years was Bertrand Delanoe Mayor ?
The budget of the city for 2013 was $ 7.6 billion , of which 5.4 billion went for city administration , while $ 2.2 billion went for investment .	€7.6 billion	What was the budget of the city in 2013
The budget of the city for 2013 was $ 7.6 billion , of which 5.4 billion went for city administration , while $ 2.2 billion went for investment .	5.4 billion	How much of the budget was allocated for city administration ?
The largest part of the budget -LRB- 38 percent -RRB- went for public housing and urbanism projects ; 15 percent for roads and transport ; 8 percent for schools -LRB- which are mostly financed by the state budget -RRB- ; 5 percent for parks and gardens ; and 4 percent for culture .	38	What percent of the budget goes towards public housing and urbanism projects ?
The main source of income for the city is direct taxes -LRB- 35 percent -RRB- , supplemented by a 13-percent real estate tax ; 19 percent of the budget comes in a transfer from the national government .	taxes	What is the main source of income for Paris ?
The largest part of the budget -LRB- 38 percent -RRB- went for public housing and urbanism projects ; 15 percent for roads and transport ; 8 percent for schools -LRB- which are mostly financed by the state budget -RRB- ; 5 percent for parks and gardens ; and 4 percent for culture .	8	What percentage of the budget is allocated for schools ?
The Métropole du Grand Paris , or Metropolis of Greater Paris , formally came into existence on January 1 , 2016 .	January 1, 2016	When did the Metropole du Grand Paris come into existence ?
The Metropole covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 6.945 million persons .	814 square kilometers	How large is the Metropole ?
The Metropole covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 6.945 million persons .	6.945 million	What is the population of the metropole ?
It includes the City of Paris , plus the communes , or towns of the three departments of the inner suburbs ; Hauts-de-Seine , Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne ; plus seven communes in the outer suburbs , including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne , which were added to include the major airports of Paris .	Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne	What three departments of the inner suburbs are included in the metropole ?
It includes the City of Paris , plus the communes , or towns of the three departments of the inner suburbs ; Hauts-de-Seine , Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne ; plus seven communes in the outer suburbs , including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne , which were added to include the major airports of Paris .	seven	How many communes of the outer suburbs are included in the metropole ?
The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members , not directly elected , but chosen by the councils of the member Communes .	210	How many members are in the Metropolitan Council ?
The first president of the metropolitan council , Patrick Ollier , a Republican and the mayor of the town of Rueil-Malmaison , was elected on January 22 , 2016 .	Patrick Ollier	Who was the first president of the metropolitan council ?
The first president of the metropolitan council , Patrick Ollier , a Republican and the mayor of the town of Rueil-Malmaison , was elected on January 22 , 2016 .	Rueil-Malmaison	What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of ?
The first president of the metropolitan council , Patrick Ollier , a Republican and the mayor of the town of Rueil-Malmaison , was elected on January 22 , 2016 .	Republican	What party does Patrick Ollier associate with ?
Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million persons and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France , it has a very small budget ; just 65 million Euros , compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris .	65 million Euros	What is the budget for Metropole ?
The Region of Île de France , including Paris and its surrounding communities , is governed by the Regional Council , which has its headquarters in the 7th arrondissement of Paris .	7th	In which district is the Regional Coucil housed ?
The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years .	seventeen	For how many years did the socialists governed the region ?
In 2016 , the new regional council will have 121 members from the Union of the Right , 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front .	121	How many council members will they have in 2016 from the union of the Right ?
On December 15 , 2015 , a list of candidates of the Union of the Right , a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties , led by Valérie Pécresse , narrowly won the regional election , defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists .	Valérie Pécresse	Who led the Union of the Right ?
France 's highest courts are located in Paris .	Paris	Where are France 's highest courts located ?
The Court of Cassation , the highest court in the judicial order , which reviews criminal and civil cases , is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité , while the Conseil d'État , which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order , judging litigation against public bodies , is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement .	Court of Cassation	What is the highest court in the judicial order ?
The Constitutional Council , an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees , also meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal .	Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal	Where does the Constitutional Council meet ?
The Court of Cassation , the highest court in the judicial order , which reviews criminal and civil cases , is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité , while the Conseil d'État , which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order , judging litigation against public bodies , is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement .	Palais de Justice	Where is the Coutt of Cassation located ?
The Court of Cassation , the highest court in the judicial order , which reviews criminal and civil cases , is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité , while the Conseil d'État , which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order , judging litigation against public bodies , is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement .	Palais-Royal	Where does the Consiel d'Etat meet ?
Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , the International Chamber of Commerce , the Paris Club , the European Space Agency , the International Energy Agency , the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , the European Union Institute for Security Studies , the International Bureau of Weights and Measures , the International Exhibition Bureau and the International Federation for Human Rights .	Paris	Where is the headquarters for UNESCO ?
Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , the International Chamber of Commerce , the Paris Club , the European Space Agency , the International Energy Agency , the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , the European Union Institute for Security Studies , the International Bureau of Weights and Measures , the International Exhibition Bureau and the International Federation for Human Rights .	Paris	Where is the head quarters for the International Federation for Human Rights ?
Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , the International Chamber of Commerce , the Paris Club , the European Space Agency , the International Energy Agency , the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , the European Union Institute for Security Studies , the International Bureau of Weights and Measures , the International Exhibition Bureau and the International Federation for Human Rights .	Paris	Where is the head quarters for the European Space Agency ?
The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris , a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior of France .	Prefecture of Police of Paris	Who is responsible for the security of Paris ?
Its headquarters is on Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité .	Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité	Where is the headquarters for the Prefecture of Police of Paris ?
There are 30,200 officers under the prefecture , and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles , including police cars , motorcycles , fire trucks , boats and helicopters .	30,200	How many officers are in the Prefecture of Police of Paris ?
The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings , called the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité -LRB- CRS -RRB- , a unit formed in 1944 right after the liberation of France .	1944	When was the Compagnies Republicaines de Securite formed ?
There are 30,200 officers under the prefecture , and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles , including police cars , motorcycles , fire trucks , boats and helicopters .	6,000	How many vehicles are in the fleet ?
Modern Paris owes much to its late 19th century Second Empire remodelling by the Baron Haussmann : many of modern Paris ' busiest streets , avenues and boulevards today are a result of that city renovation .	Baron Haussmann	Who remodeled Paris in the 19th century ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- At its origin , before the Middle Ages , the city was composed around several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the Seine ; of those , two remain today : the île Saint-Louis , the île de la Cité ; a third one is the 1827 artificially created île aux Cygnes .	île Saint-Louis, the île de la Cité	Which two islands remain in Paris today ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- At its origin , before the Middle Ages , the city was composed around several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the Seine ; of those , two remain today : the île Saint-Louis , the île de la Cité ; a third one is the 1827 artificially created île aux Cygnes .	1827	When was ile aux Cygnes created ?
In recent developments , a 1974-2010 building height limitation of 37 metres -LRB- 121 ft -RRB- was raised to 50 m -LRB- 160 ft -RRB- in central areas and 180 metres -LRB- 590 ft -RRB- in some of Paris ' peripheral quarters , yet for some of the city 's more central quarters , even older building-height laws still remain in effect .	50 m	What is the current height limitation in Paris in central areas ?
The 210 metres -LRB- 690 ft -RRB- Montparnasse tower was both Paris and France 's tallest building until 1973 , but this record has been held by the La Défense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie since its 2011 construction .	Montparnasse	Until 1973 , what was Paris ; tallest building ?
A new project for La Defense , called Hermitage Plaza , launched in 2009 , proposes to build two towers , 85 and 86 stories or 320 metres high , which would be the tallest buildings in the European Union , just slightly shorter than the Eiffel Tower .	Hermitage Plaza	What is the name of the project for La Defense called that has not yet been started ?
A new project for La Defense , called Hermitage Plaza , launched in 2009 , proposes to build two towers , 85 and 86 stories or 320 metres high , which would be the tallest buildings in the European Union , just slightly shorter than the Eiffel Tower .	2009	When was the Hermitage Plaza launched ?
A new project for La Defense , called Hermitage Plaza , launched in 2009 , proposes to build two towers , 85 and 86 stories or 320 metres high , which would be the tallest buildings in the European Union , just slightly shorter than the Eiffel Tower .	two	How many towers were planned to be built ?
The 19th century produced the neoclassical church of La Madeleine -LRB- 1808-1842 -RRB- ; the Palais Garnier Opera House -LRB- 1875 -RRB- ; the neo-Byzantine Basilica of Sacré-Cœur -LRB- 1875-1919 -RRB- , and the exuberant Belle Époque modernism of the Eiffel Tower -LRB- 1889 -RRB- .	1808-1842	When was La Madeleine built ?
The 19th century produced the neoclassical church of La Madeleine -LRB- 1808-1842 -RRB- ; the Palais Garnier Opera House -LRB- 1875 -RRB- ; the neo-Byzantine Basilica of Sacré-Cœur -LRB- 1875-1919 -RRB- , and the exuberant Belle Époque modernism of the Eiffel Tower -LRB- 1889 -RRB- .	1875	When was teh Palais Garnier Opera House built ?
The 19th century produced the neoclassical church of La Madeleine -LRB- 1808-1842 -RRB- ; the Palais Garnier Opera House -LRB- 1875 -RRB- ; the neo-Byzantine Basilica of Sacré-Cœur -LRB- 1875-1919 -RRB- , and the exuberant Belle Époque modernism of the Eiffel Tower -LRB- 1889 -RRB- .	1889	When was the Eiffel Tower built ?
Contemporary architecture includes the Musée du Quai Branly by Jean Nouvel -LRB- 2006 -RRB- and the new contemporary art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation by Frank Gehry -LRB- 2014 -RRB- .	Frank Gehry	Who built the art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation ?
Striking examples of 20th century architecture include the Centre Georges Pompidou by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , and the Louvre Pyramid by I.M. Pei -LRB- 1989 -RRB- .	I.M. Pei	Who built the Louvre Pyramid ?
In 2012 the Paris agglomeration -LRB- urban area -RRB- counted 28,800 people without a fixed residence , an increase of 84 percent since 2001 ; it represents 43 percent of the homeless in all of France .	28,800	What was the population of the urban area of Paris in 2012 without a fixed residence ?
In 2012 the Paris agglomeration -LRB- urban area -RRB- counted 28,800 people without a fixed residence , an increase of 84 percent since 2001 ; it represents 43 percent of the homeless in all of France .	43	What percentage of homelessness in France does Paris house ?
In 2012 the Paris agglomeration -LRB- urban area -RRB- counted 28,800 people without a fixed residence , an increase of 84 percent since 2001 ; it represents 43 percent of the homeless in all of France .	43	What percentage of homeless people are women ?
The city of Paris has sixty homeless shelters , called Centres d'hébergement et de réinsertion sociale or CHRS , which are funded by the city and operated by private charities and associations .	sixty	How many homeless shelters are in Paris ?
The city of Paris has sixty homeless shelters , called Centres d'hébergement et de réinsertion sociale or CHRS , which are funded by the city and operated by private charities and associations .	the city	Who funds these homeless shelters ?
Aside from the 20th century addition of the Bois de Boulogne , Bois de Vincennes and Paris heliport , Paris ' administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860 .	Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes	What are they only two additions to Paris ' administrative limits since 1860 ?
The Seine département had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790 , but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to govern as a unique entity .	1790	When was the Siene department created ?
This problem was ` resolved ' when its parent `` District de la région parisienne '' -LRB- Paris region -RRB- was reorganised into several new departments from 1968 : Paris became a department in itself , and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three departments surrounding it .	1968	WHen was District de la region parisienne reorganised ?
The Paris region was renamed '' Île-de-France '' in 1977 , but the `` Paris region '' name is still commonly used today .	"Île-de-France"	What was the Paris region renamed to ?
Paris was reunited with its suburbs on January 1 , 2016 when the Métropole du Grand Paris came into existence .	January 1, 2016	When was Paris reunited with its suburbs ?
Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961 : two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban villes nouvelles -LRB- `` new cities '' -RRB- and the RER commuter train network .	1961	When did Paul Delouvrier become the head of the Paris region ?
Paris ' disconnect with its suburbs , its lack of suburban transportation in particular , became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration 's growth .	lack of suburban transportation	What was a major problem with Paris being disconnected from its suburbs ?
Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961 : two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban villes nouvelles -LRB- `` new cities '' -RRB- and the RER commuter train network .	five	How many suburban villes nouvelles did Paul Delouvrier constuct ?
These areas , quartiers sensibles -LRB- `` sensitive quarters '' -RRB- , are in northern and eastern Paris , namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods .	northern and eastern Paris	Where are the quartiers sensibles located ?
These areas , quartiers sensibles -LRB- `` sensitive quarters '' -RRB- , are in northern and eastern Paris , namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods .	Goutte d'Or and Belleville	What two neighborhoods are the centers of the quartiers sensibles ?
Other difficult areas are located in the Seine valley , in Évry et Corbeil-Essonnes -LRB- Essonne -RRB- , in Mureaux , Mantes-la-Jolie -LRB- Yvelines -RRB- , and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier 's 1961 `` ville nouvelle '' political initiative .	Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative	Why were these neighborhoods created ?
The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2,241,346 in January 2014 .	2,241,346	In Janurary of 2014 , what was the population of Paris ' city limits ?
This makes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union , following London , Berlin , Madrid and Rome .	fifth	Where is Paris ranked in the EU by largest municipality ?
This makes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union , following London , Berlin , Madrid and Rome .	London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome	What 4 cities are larger than Paris in the EU ?
The Paris Urban Area , or `` unité urbaine '' , is a statistical area created by the French statistical agency INSEE to measure the population of built-up areas around the city .	INSEE	Who created The Paris Urban Area ?
According to INSEE , the Paris Urban Area had a population of 10,550,350 at the January 2012 census , the most populous in the European Union , and third most populous in Europe , behind Istanbul and Moscow .	10,550,350	According to the INSEE what is Paris Urban Area population ?
The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921 .	2.9 million	What is Paris ' peak population ?
The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921 .	1921	When was Paris ' population peak ?
The city 's population loss came to an end in the 21st century ; the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954 , and the population reached 2,234,000 by 2009 .	2004	What year was the first population increase since 1954 ?
The city 's population loss came to an end in the 21st century ; the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954 , and the population reached 2,234,000 by 2009 .	2,234,000	What was the population in 2009 ?
According to Eurostat , the EU statistical agency , in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union , with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits -LRB- the NUTS-3 statistical area -RRB- , ahead of Inner London West , which had 10,374 people per square kilometre .	Commune of Paris	What was the most populated city in the EU in 2012 ?
According to Eurostat , the EU statistical agency , in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union , with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits -LRB- the NUTS-3 statistical area -RRB- , ahead of Inner London West , which had 10,374 people per square kilometre .	21,616	How many people lived per square kilometer in the city limits ?
According to the same census , three departments bordering Paris , Hauts-de-Seine , Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne , had population densities of over ten thousand people per square kilometre , ranking among the ten most densely populated areas of the EU .	Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne	What three departments surrounding Paris had densities greater than 10k/k ?
According to the 2012 census , 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe , 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb , 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt , 5,059 from Turkey , 91,297 from Asia -LRB- outside Turkey -RRB- , 38,858 from the Americas , and 1,365 from the South Pacific .	135,853	How many immigrants were in Paris in 2012 from Europe ?
According to the 2012 census , 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe , 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb , 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt , 5,059 from Turkey , 91,297 from Asia -LRB- outside Turkey -RRB- , 38,858 from the Americas , and 1,365 from the South Pacific .	112,369	How many immigrants to Paris in 2012 were from the Maghreb ?
According to the 2012 census , 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe , 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb , 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt , 5,059 from Turkey , 91,297 from Asia -LRB- outside Turkey -RRB- , 38,858 from the Americas , and 1,365 from the South Pacific .	70,852	How many immigrants in Paris in 2012 were from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt ?
According to the 2012 census , 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe , 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb , 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt , 5,059 from Turkey , 91,297 from Asia -LRB- outside Turkey -RRB- , 38,858 from the Americas , and 1,365 from the South Pacific .	91,297	How many Asians immigrated to Paris in 2012 ?
At the 2012 census , 59.5 % of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services -LRB- 12.0 % in wholesale and retail trade , 9.7 % in professional , scientific , and technical services , 6.5 % in information and communication , 6.5 % in transportation and warehousing , 5.9 % in finance and insurance , 5.8 % in administrative and support services , 4.6 % in accommodation and food services , and 8.5 % in various other market services -RRB- , 26.9 % in non-market services -LRB- 10.4 % in human health and social work activities , 9.6 % in public administration and defence , and 6.9 % in education -RRB- , 8.2 % in manufacturing and utilities -LRB- 6.6 % in manufacturing and 1.5 % in utilities -RRB- , 5.2 % in construction , and 0.2 % in agriculture .	59.5	What percentage of jobs were market services in 2012 ?
At the 2012 census , 59.5 % of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services -LRB- 12.0 % in wholesale and retail trade , 9.7 % in professional , scientific , and technical services , 6.5 % in information and communication , 6.5 % in transportation and warehousing , 5.9 % in finance and insurance , 5.8 % in administrative and support services , 4.6 % in accommodation and food services , and 8.5 % in various other market services -RRB- , 26.9 % in non-market services -LRB- 10.4 % in human health and social work activities , 9.6 % in public administration and defence , and 6.9 % in education -RRB- , 8.2 % in manufacturing and utilities -LRB- 6.6 % in manufacturing and 1.5 % in utilities -RRB- , 5.2 % in construction , and 0.2 % in agriculture .	agriculture	What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012 ?
At the 2012 census , 59.5 % of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services -LRB- 12.0 % in wholesale and retail trade , 9.7 % in professional , scientific , and technical services , 6.5 % in information and communication , 6.5 % in transportation and warehousing , 5.9 % in finance and insurance , 5.8 % in administrative and support services , 4.6 % in accommodation and food services , and 8.5 % in various other market services -RRB- , 26.9 % in non-market services -LRB- 10.4 % in human health and social work activities , 9.6 % in public administration and defence , and 6.9 % in education -RRB- , 8.2 % in manufacturing and utilities -LRB- 6.6 % in manufacturing and 1.5 % in utilities -RRB- , 5.2 % in construction , and 0.2 % in agriculture .	0.2	What percentage of people worked in agriculture ?
At the 2012 census , 59.5 % of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services -LRB- 12.0 % in wholesale and retail trade , 9.7 % in professional , scientific , and technical services , 6.5 % in information and communication , 6.5 % in transportation and warehousing , 5.9 % in finance and insurance , 5.8 % in administrative and support services , 4.6 % in accommodation and food services , and 8.5 % in various other market services -RRB- , 26.9 % in non-market services -LRB- 10.4 % in human health and social work activities , 9.6 % in public administration and defence , and 6.9 % in education -RRB- , 8.2 % in manufacturing and utilities -LRB- 6.6 % in manufacturing and 1.5 % in utilities -RRB- , 5.2 % in construction , and 0.2 % in agriculture .	5.9	What percentage of people worked in finance and insurance ?
The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010 , of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 pôles d'emplois or business districts .	5.4 million	How many salaried employees lived in the Paris Region in 2010 ?
The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense , just west of the city , where many companies installed their offices in the 1990s .	La Défense	Who is the second largest business district employer ?
In 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees , of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance , 16 percent in business support services .	144,600	How many people worked for La Defense in 2010 ?
In 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees , of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance , 16 percent in business support services .	finance and insurance	What field did the majority of the employees at La Defense work in ?
In 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees , of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance , 16 percent in business support services .	16	What percentage of people worked in business support ?
Two other important districts , Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret , are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Defense .	Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret	What two districts are extensions of the Paris business district ?
The Paris Region is France 's leading region for economic activity , with a 2012 GDP of $ 624 billion -LRB- US$ 687 billion -RRB- .	€624 billion	What was Paris Region 's GDP in 2012 ?
In 2015 it hosts the world headquarters of 29 of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies located in France .	29	How many world headquarters of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies are located in Paris ?
While the Paris region 's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2011 , the Paris region 's GDP accounted for 30 percent of metropolitan France 's GDP .	30	What percentage of Frances GDP is made up from the Paris Region 's GDP ?
The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries -LRB- finance , IT services , etc. -RRB- and high-tech manufacturing -LRB- electronics , optics , aerospace , etc. -RRB- .	high-value-added service industries	What as the Paris Region 's economy shifted towards ?
The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries -LRB- finance , IT services , etc. -RRB- and high-tech manufacturing -LRB- electronics , optics , aerospace , etc. -RRB- .	industry	Prior to now , what was Paris ' biggest economy ?
The Paris region 's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris ' economic centre to the west of the city , in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier , La Défense and the Val de Seine .	west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine	Where is Paris economic Centre located ?
The majority of Paris ' salaried employees fill 370,000 businesses services jobs , concentrated in the north-western 8th , 16th and 17th arrondissements .	8th, 16th and 17th	In what districts are the majority of businesses service jobs located ?
Paris ' financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district .	8th and 9th arrondissement	Where are Paris ' financial service companies majorly located ?
Paris ' department store district in the 1st , 6th , 8th and 9th arrondissements employ 10 percent of mostly female Paris workers , with 100,000 of these registered in the retail trade .	department store	What industry is located in the 1st , 6th , 8th and 9th arrondissements ?
Fourteen percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals .	Fourteen	What percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants ?
Outside Paris , the western Hauts-de-Seine department La Défense district specialising in finance , insurance and scientific research district , employs 144,600 , and the north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios .	144,600	How many peole work in the La Defense district ?
Paris region manufacturing specialises in transportation , mainly automobiles , aircraft and trains , but this is in a sharp decline : Paris proper manufacturing jobs dropped by 64 percent between 1990 and 2010 , and the Paris region lost 48 percent during the same period .	transportation	What does Paris region manufacturing specialize in ?
Paris region manufacturing specialises in transportation , mainly automobiles , aircraft and trains , but this is in a sharp decline : Paris proper manufacturing jobs dropped by 64 percent between 1990 and 2010 , and the Paris region lost 48 percent during the same period .	64	How much of a drop was there in manufacturing jobs between 1990 and 2010 ?
The Paris region 's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000 .	100,000	How many people does the Paris regions aerospace companies employ ?
Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers : many of these are centred in the Yvelines department around the Renault and PSA-Citroen plants -LRB- this department alone employs 33,000 -RRB- , but the industry as a whole suffered a major loss with the 2014 closing of a major Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen assembly plant .	Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen	The closing of what plant in 20147 caused a major loss to the automobile industry ?
Paris ' manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs , and the city itself has only around 75,000 manufacturing workers , most of which are in the textile , clothing , leather goods and shoe trades .	75,000	How many manufacturing workers does Paris have ?
The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology , and the south-eastern Val-de-Marne , with its wholesale Rungis food market , specialises in food processing and beverages .	science and technology	What does the southern Essonne department specialize in ?
The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology , and the south-eastern Val-de-Marne , with its wholesale Rungis food market , specialises in food processing and beverages .	food processing and beverages	What does south-eastern Val-de-Marne specialize in ?
In 2011 , while only 56,927 construction workers worked in Paris itself , its metropolitan area employed 246,639 , in an activity centred largely around the Seine-Saint-Denis -LRB- 41,378 -RRB- and Hauts-de-Seine -LRB- 37,303 -RRB- departments and the new business-park centres appearing there .	56,927	How many construction workers worked in Paris in 2011 ?
In 2011 , while only 56,927 construction workers worked in Paris itself , its metropolitan area employed 246,639 , in an activity centred largely around the Seine-Saint-Denis -LRB- 41,378 -RRB- and Hauts-de-Seine -LRB- 37,303 -RRB- departments and the new business-park centres appearing there .	246,639	How many construction workers were employed in the metropolitan area ?
The average net household income -LRB- after social , pension and health insurance contributions -RRB- in Paris was $ 36,085 for 2011 .	€36,085	What was the average net household income in Paris in 2011 ?
It ranged from $ 22,095 in the 19th arrondissement to $ 82,449 in the 7th arrondissement .	€22,095	What was the average income in the 19th arrondissement ?
It ranged from $ 22,095 in the 19th arrondissement to $ 82,449 in the 7th arrondissement .	€82,449	What was the average in come in the 7th arrondissement ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Unemployment was estimated at 8.2 percent in the city of Paris and 8.8 percent in the Île-de-France region in the first trimester of 2015 .	8.2	What was the unemployment rate in the city of Paris ?
It ranged from 7.6 percent in the wealthy Essonne department to 13.1 percent in the Seine-Saint-Denis department , where many recent immigrants live .	13.1	What was the unemployment rate in the Siene-Saint-Denis department ?
In 2012 , 14 percent of households in the city earned less than $ 977 per month , the official poverty line .	14	What percentage of households earned less than 977 per month ?
In the city 's wealthiest neighbourhood , the 7th arrondissement , 7 percent lived below the poverty line ; 8 percent in the 6th arrondissement ; and 9 percent in the 16th arrondissement .	7	What percentage of people lived below the poverty line in Paris ' wealthiest neighborhood ?
Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line ; 24 percent in the 18th , 22 percent in the 20th and 18 percent in the 10th .	Twenty-five	WHat percentage of people in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line ?
There were 72.1 million visitors to the city 's museums and monuments in 2013 .	72.1 million	How many people visited Paris ' museums and monuments in 2013 ?
The city 's top tourist attraction was the Notre Dame Cathedral , which welcomed 14 million visitors in 2013 .	Notre Dame Cathedral	What is Paris ' top tourist attraction ?
The Louvre museum had more than 9.2 million visitors in 2013 , making it the most visited museum in the world .	9.2 million	How many people visited the Louvre in 2013 ?
In the Paris region , Disneyland Paris , in Marne-la-Vallée , 32 km -LRB- 20 miles -RRB- east of the centre of Paris , was the most visited tourist attraction in France , with 14.9 million visitors in 2013 .	Disneyland Paris	What is the most popular tourist attraction in Marne-la-Valee ?
The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city , including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle ; Les Invalides , where the tomb of Napoleon is located , and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre .	centre of Paris	Where are the most visited monuments located in Paris ?
The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city , including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle ; Les Invalides , where the tomb of Napoleon is located , and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre .	the tomb of Napoleon	What is housed at Les Invalides ?
The banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pont d'Iéna have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991 .	1991	Since when have the banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pond ` lena been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site ?
As of 2013 the City of Paris had 1,570 hotels with 70,034 rooms , of which 55 were rated five-star , mostly belonging to international chains and mostly located close to the centre and the Champs-Élysées .	1,570	How many hotels are in the City of Paris ?
The Hotel Meurice , opened for British travellers in 1817 , was one of the first luxury hotels in Paris .	1817	When did The Hotel Meurice open ?
The arrival of the railroads and the Paris Exposition of 1855 brought the first flood of tourists and the first modern grand hotels ; the Hôtel du Louvre -LRB- now an antiques marketplace -RRB- in 1855 ; the Grand Hotel -LRB- now the Intercontinental LeGrand -RRB- in 1862 ; and the Hôtel Continental in 1878 .	1855	When was the Hotel du Louvre opened ?
As of 2013 the City of Paris had 1,570 hotels with 70,034 rooms , of which 55 were rated five-star , mostly belonging to international chains and mostly located close to the centre and the Champs-Élysées .	Champs-Élysées	Along what major road are most hotels located ?
Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries , particularly in sculpture and reliefs .	sculpture and reliefs	What art was Paris famous for in the 16th and 17th centuries ?
Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period .	Pierre Mignard	Who was the first painter to King Louis XIV ?
In 1648 , the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture -LRB- Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture -RRB- was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital .	1648	In what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture founded ?
This served as France 's top art school until 1793 .	1793	Until what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture the top art school ?
Paris was central to the development of Romanticism in art , with painters such as Gericault .	Romanticism	What type of art did Paris help develop with painters like Gericault ?
Picasso , living in Montmartre , painted his famous La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon between 1905 and 1907 .	Montmartre	In what town did Picasso live ?
Montmartre and Montparnasse became centres for artistic production .	Montmartre and Montparnasse	What two towns were pinnacle for artistic production ?
Picasso , living in Montmartre , painted his famous La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon between 1905 and 1907 .	1905 and 1907	Between what two years did Picasso paint La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon ?
The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825 , and then developed the process with Louis Daguerre .	1825	In what year was the first permanent photograph produced ?
The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825 , and then developed the process with Louis Daguerre .	Nicéphore Niépce	Who invented the first permanent photograph ?
Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris , including Eugène Atget , noted for his depictions of street scenes , Robert Doisneau , noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes -LRB- among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has became iconic of the romantic vision of Paris -RRB- , Marcel Bovis , noted for his night scenes , and others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Cartier-Bresson .	street scenes	What was Eugene Atget known for photographing ?
Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris , including Eugène Atget , noted for his depictions of street scenes , Robert Doisneau , noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes -LRB- among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has became iconic of the romantic vision of Paris -RRB- , Marcel Bovis , noted for his night scenes , and others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Cartier-Bresson .	Marcel Bovis	Who was knows for photographing night scenes ?
Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century , through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , Jules Chéret , Eugène Grasset , Adolphe Willette , Pierre Bonnard , Georges de Feure , Henri-Gabriel Ibels , Gavarni , and Alphonse Mucha .	late nineteenth century	When did poster art become an important art form ?
The Louvre was the world 's most visited art museum in 2014 , with 9.3 million visitors .	The Louvre	What was the most visited art museum in Paris in 2014 ?
The Louvre was the world 's most visited art museum in 2014 , with 9.3 million visitors .	The Louvre	Where is the Mona Lisa housed ?
Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior , the Centre Georges Pompidou , the second-most visited art museum in Paris , also known as Beaubourg , houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne .	Centre Georges Pompidou	What is the second most visited art museum in Paris ?
The Musée du quai Branly was the fourth-most visited national museum in Paris in 2014 ; it displays art objects from Africa , Asia , Oceania , and the Americas .	Musée du quai Branly	What museum is known for its display of French art of the 19th century ?
The Guimet Museum , or Musée national des arts asiatiques , has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe .	collections of Asian art	What is Musee national des arts asiatiques famous for housing ?
The National Museum of Natural History , on the Left Bank , is famous for its dinosaur artefacts , mineral collections , and its Gallery of Evolution .	The National Museum of Natural History	What museum is famous for its dinosaur artifacts ?
There are also notable private museums ; The Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation , designed by architect Frank Gehry , opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne .	October 2014	When did THe Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation open ?
The military history of France , from the Middle Ages to World War II , is vividly presented by displays at the Musée de l'Armée at Les Invalides , near the tomb of Napoleon .	the tomb of Napoleon	What famous landmark is Mysee de l'Armee lat Les Invalides located ner ?
In addition to the national museums , run by the French Ministry of Culture , the City of Paris operates 14 museums , including the Carnavalet Museum on the history of Paris ; Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris ; Palais de Tokyo ; the House of Victor Hugo and House of Balzac , and the Catacombs of Paris .	14	How many museums does the city of Paris operate ?
Philharmonie de Paris , the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris , opened in January 2015 .	January 2015	When did Philharmonie de Paris open ?
The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier -LRB- historical Paris Opéra -RRB- and modern Opéra Bastille ; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas , and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern .	Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille;	What are the two largest opera houses in Paris ?
The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier -LRB- historical Paris Opéra -RRB- and modern Opéra Bastille ; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas , and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern .	classic ballets and operas	What does Opera Garnier specialize in ?
Another musical landmark is the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées , where the first performances of Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes took place in 1913 .	1913	In what year were the first performances of Diagheliv 's Ballet Russes ?
Another musical landmark is the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées , where the first performances of Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes took place in 1913 .	Théâtre des Champs-Élysées	Where di the first performances of Diagheliv 's Ballets Russes take place ?
The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comédie-Française , founded in 1680 .	1680	When was the oldest Paris theater founded ?
The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comédie-Française , founded in 1680 .	Comédie-Française	What is the name of Paris ' oldest theater ?
Run by the French government , it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu , next to the Louvre .	French government	Who runs Paris ' oldest theater today ?
Run by the French government , it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu , next to the Louvre .	the Louvre	What famous museum is Comedie-Francaise located next to ?
The Moulin Rouge was opened in 1889 .	1889	In what year was The Moulin Rouge opened ?
It was highly visible because of its large red imitation windmill on its roof , and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan .	French Cancan	What dance was created at the Moulin Rouge ?
Other famous Paris music halls include Le Lido , on the Champs-Élysées , opened in 1946 ; and the Crazy Horse Saloon , featuring strip-tease , dance and magic , opened in 1951 .	1951	In what year did the Crazy Horse Saloon open ?
The Olympia Paris has presented Edith Piaf , Marlene Dietrich , Miles Davis , Judy Garland , and the Grateful Dead .	The Olympia Paris	Where did Grateful Dead play ?
The first book printed in France , Epistolae -LRB- `` Letters '' -RRB- , by Gasparinus de Bergamo -LRB- Gasparino da Barzizza -RRB- , was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin .	Epistolae	What was the title of the first book printed in France ?
The first book printed in France , Epistolae -LRB- `` Letters '' -RRB- , by Gasparinus de Bergamo -LRB- Gasparino da Barzizza -RRB- , was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin .	Gasparinus de Bergamo	Who wrote Epistolae ?
The first book printed in France , Epistolae -LRB- `` Letters '' -RRB- , by Gasparinus de Bergamo -LRB- Gasparino da Barzizza -RRB- , was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin .	1470	When was Epistolae published ?
Almost all the books published in Paris in the Middle Ages were in Latin , rather than French .	Latin	In what language were most books printed in the middle ages ?
Victor Hugo 's The Hunchback of Notre Dame inspired the renovation of its setting , the Notre-Dame de Paris .	The Hunchback of Notre Dame	What book inspired the renovation of Notre Dame ?
Victor Hugo 's The Hunchback of Notre Dame inspired the renovation of its setting , the Notre-Dame de Paris .	Victor Hugo	Who wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame ?
Another of Victor Hugo 's works , Les Misérables , written while he was in exile outside France during the Second Empire , described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s .	Second Empire	During what period of time was Victor Hugo exiled from France ?
One of the most popular of all French writers , Jules Verne , worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange , while he did research for his stories at the National Library .	Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange	Where did Jules Verne work during the day ?
One of the most popular of all French writers , Jules Verne , worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange , while he did research for his stories at the National Library .	National Library	Where did Jules Verne do research for his stories ?
The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature , Patrick Modiano -- who lives in Paris -- , based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s-1970s .	Patrick Modiano	Who was the winner of the 2014 Nobel prize in literature ?
In the 20th century , the Paris literary community was dominated by Colette , André Gide , François Mauriac , André Malraux , Albert Camus , and , after World War II , by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre ; Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers , including Ernest Hemingway , Samuel Beckett , and , in the 1970s , Milan Kundera .	20th	In what century did Collete , ANdre Gide and Francois Mauriac dominate the literary community ?
The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature , Patrick Modiano -- who lives in Paris -- , based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s-1970s .	Paris	In what city does Patrick Modiano live ?
The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature , Patrick Modiano -- who lives in Paris -- , based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s-1970s .	World War II	During what war did Modiano base most of his work off of ?
In the 1970s , 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris , almost all on the Left Bank in the 5th , 6th and 7th arrondissements .	80	What percentage of french publishing houses were in Paris in the 1970s ?
It is also a city of small bookstores ; There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone , plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine .	150	Approximately how many bookstores are located in the 5th arrondissement ?
It is also a city of small bookstores ; There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone , plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine .	250	How many bookstalls are located along the Seine ?
Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law ; books , even e-books , can not be discounted more than five percent below their publisher 's cover price .	five percent	What is the maximum amount a publishers book can be discounted ?
The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795 .	1795	In what year was the Conservatoire de Musique de Paris founded ?
During the reign of Francois I , the lute became popular in the French court , and a national musical printing house was established .	Francois I	Under whos reign did the lute become popular ?
Georges Bizet 's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875 .	Georges Bizet's	Who wrote Carmen ?
They include Frédéric Chopin -LRB- Poland -RRB- , Franz Liszt -LRB- Hungary -RRB- , Jacques Offenbach -LRB- Germany -RRB- , and Igor Stravinsky -LRB- Russia -RRB- .	Poland	Where was Frederic Chopin from ?
Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s ; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city .	Bal-musette	What style of french music became populars in the 1870sto 1880s ?
Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s ; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city .	150	in 1880 , how many dance halls were in Paris ?
Patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of the cabrette -LRB- a bellows-blown bagpipe locally called a `` musette '' -RRB- and often the vielle à roue -LRB- hurdy-gurdy -RRB- in the cafés and bars of the city .	musette	What is a cabrette known as locally ?
Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars especially in the 19th arrondissement , and the romantic sounds of the accordion has since become one of the musical icons of the city .	Auvergnat	What type of bars were accordions often played in ?
Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s , as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll .	1960s	When did most of the jazz clubs close down ?
Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s , as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll .	musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll	Why did the jazz clubs close down ?
Immediately after the War The Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs , mostly found in cellars because of a lack of space ; these included the Caveau des Lorientais , the Club Saint-Germain , the Rose Rouge , the Vieux-Colombier , and the most famous , Le Tabou .	cellars	Where were most jazz clubs located ?
The movie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumière projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895 .	Grand Café	Where was the first movie projected for a paying audience in Paris ?
The movie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumière projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895 .	28 December 1895	What date was the first movie played in Paris for a paying crowd ?
Many of Paris ' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s .	1930s	In what decade did movie theaters become popular ?
Paris ' largest cinema room today is in Le Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seats .	Le Grand Rex	What is the largest cinema room today in Paris ?
On 2 February 2000 , Philippe Binant realised the first digital cinema projection in Europe , with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments , in Paris .	Philippe Binant	Who realied the first digital cinema projection in Europe ?
On 2 February 2000 , Philippe Binant realised the first digital cinema projection in Europe , with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments , in Paris .	Texas Instruments	Who developed the technology for the digital cinema projection ?
Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world 's global cities , with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment .	Hollywood-generated	What types of films are most popular in Paris ?
On 2 February 2000 , Philippe Binant realised the first digital cinema projection in Europe , with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments , in Paris .	2 February 2000	When was the first digital cinema projection in Europe ?
A luxury restaurant , La Taverne Anglaise , opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers ; it featured an elegant dining room , an extensive menu , linen tablecloths , a large wine list and well-trained waiters ; it became a model for future Paris restaurants .	La Taverne Anglaise	What is the model for luxury Parisian restaurants ?
A luxury restaurant , La Taverne Anglaise , opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers ; it featured an elegant dining room , an extensive menu , linen tablecloths , a large wine list and well-trained waiters ; it became a model for future Paris restaurants .	1786	When did La Taverne Angaise open ?
The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century , including the Café de Paris , the Rocher de Cancale , the Café Anglais , Maison Dorée and the Café Riche , were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens ; they were immortalised in the novels of Balzac and Émile Zola .	19th	In what century was Cafe Anglais , Cafe de Paris and Rocher de Cancale opened ?
The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century , including the Café de Paris , the Rocher de Cancale , the Café Anglais , Maison Dorée and the Café Riche , were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens ; they were immortalised in the novels of Balzac and Émile Zola .	theatres	Near what were most restaurants opened ?
Today , thanks to Paris ' cosmopolitan population , every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there ; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants .	9,000	How many restaurants are there today in Paris ?
The Michelin Guide has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900 , awarding its highest award , three stars , to the best restaurants in France .	1900	When was the Michelin guide created ?
In 2015 , of the 29 Michelin three-star restaurants in France , nine are located in Paris .	nine	How many 3 star Michelin restaurants were in Paris in 2015 ?
In 2015 , of the 29 Michelin three-star restaurants in France , nine are located in Paris .	29	How many 3 star Michelin restaurants were in France in 2015 ?
The café arrived in Paris in the 17th century , when the beverage was first brought from Turkey , and by the 18th century Parisian cafés were centres of the city 's political and cultural life .	17th century	When was the first cafe opened in Paris ?
The Cafe Procope on the Left Bank dates from this period .	Cafe Procope	What is the oldest cafe in Paris ?
A bistro is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere .	bistro	What type of eating place is defined as a neighborhood restaurant ?
Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1867 ; it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage , particular German costumes for beer .	Paris Exposition of 1867	When was the brasserie made popular ?
Paris has been an international capital of high fashion since the 19th century , particularly in the domain of haute couture , clothing hand-made to order for private clients .	haute couture	What is clothing made to order for private clients called ?
Paris has been an international capital of high fashion since the 19th century , particularly in the domain of haute couture , clothing hand-made to order for private clients .	Paris	Dior is from which city ?
Paris has been an international capital of high fashion since the 19th century , particularly in the domain of haute couture , clothing hand-made to order for private clients .	19th	In what century did Paris become largely into fashion ?
Paris is also the home of the world 's largest cosmetics company , L'Oréal , and three of the five top global makers of luxury fashion accessories ; Louis Vuitton , Hermés and Cartier .	L'Oréal	What is the world 's largest cosmetic company ?
The Paris region hosts France 's highest concentration of the grandes écoles -- 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure .	55	How many centres of higher education are in Paris ?
Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s , in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris , though the École Normale Supérieure has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement .	1960s and 1970s	During which time frame were most grandes ecoles relocated ?
The administrative school such as ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg , the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris ' 7th arrondissement and the most prestigious university of economics and finance , Paris-Dauphine , is located in Paris ' 16th .	Strasbourg,	Where is ENA located ?
The Parisian school of journalism CELSA department of the Paris-Sorbonne University is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine .	Neuilly-sur-Seine	Where is CESLA located ?
The Bibliothèque nationale de France -LRB- BnF -RRB- operates public libraries in Paris , among them the François Mitterrand Library , Richelieu Library , Louvois , Opéra Library , and Arsenal Library .	Bibliothèque nationale de France	Who operates the public libraries in Paris ?
The Forney Library , in the Marais district , is dedicated to the decorative arts ; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building , and has a large collection on French literature ; and the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris , also in Le Marais , contains the Paris historical research service .	decorative arts	What is the Forney Library dedicated to ?
The Sainte-Geneviève Library is in 5th arrondissement ; designed by Henri Labrouste and built in the mid-1800s , it contains a rare book and manuscript division .	mid-1800s	When was the Sainte Genevieve Library built ?
Bibliothèque Mazarine , in the 6th arrondissement , is the oldest public library in France .	Bibliothèque Mazarine	What is the oldest public library in France ?
The François Mitterrand Library -LRB- nicknamed Très Grande Bibliothèque -RRB- in the 13th arrondissement was completed in 1994 to a design of Dominique Perrault and contains four glass towers .	The François Mitterrand Library	Which library contains four glass towers ?
The Sorbonne Library in the 5th arrondissement is the largest university library in Paris .	Sorbonne Library	What is the largest university library ?
In addition to the Sorbonne location , there are branches in Malesherbes , Clignancourt-Championnet , Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie , Serpente-Maison de la Recherche , and Institut des Etudes Ibériques .	Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques	Outside of France , where are the other three branches of the Sorbonne library located ?
The Sorbonne Library in the 5th arrondissement is the largest university library in Paris .	5th	In what arrondissement is the Sorbonne library in Paris located ?
Like the rest of France , Paris has been predominantly Roman Catholic since the early Middle Ages , though religious attendance is now low .	Roman Catholic	What is the most predominant religion in France ?
According to 2011 statistics , there are 106 parishes and curates in the city , plus separate parishes for Spanish , Polish and Portuguese Catholics .	106	How many parishes and curates were there in 2011 ?
In addition there are eighty male religious orders and 140 female religious orders in the city , as well as 110 Catholic schools with 75,000 students .	110	How many catholic schools are in Paris ?
In addition there are eighty male religious orders and 140 female religious orders in the city , as well as 110 Catholic schools with 75,000 students .	75,000	How many students attend catholic schools ?
Almost all Protestant denominations are represented in Paris , with 74 evangelical churches from various denominations , including 21 parishes of the United Protestant Church of France and two parishes of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints .	74	How many evangelical churches are there in Paris ?
Almost all Protestant denominations are represented in Paris , with 74 evangelical churches from various denominations , including 21 parishes of the United Protestant Church of France and two parishes of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints .	two	How many parishes of the LDS church are in Paris ?
There are several important churches for the English-speaking community : the American Church in Paris , founded in 1814 , was the first American church outside the United States ; the current church was finished in 1931 .	1814	When was the American Church in Paris founded ?
The Saint George 's Anglican Church in the 16th arrondissement is the principal Anglican church in the city .	Saint George's Anglican Church	What is the principal Anglican church in Paris ?
There are currently 83 synagogues in the city ; The Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue , built in 1913 by architect Hector Guimard , is a Paris landmark .	Hector Guimard	Who built the Marais-quarter Agodudas Hakehilos Synagogue ?
There are currently 83 synagogues in the city ; The Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue , built in 1913 by architect Hector Guimard , is a Paris landmark .	1913	When was the Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue built ?
A large migration of North Africa Sephardic Jews settled Paris in the 1960s , and represent most of the Paris Jewish community today .	1960s	When did a large number of Sephardic Jews settle in Paris ?
Although 75 % of the Jewish population in France survived the Holocaust during World War II , half the city 's Jewish population perished in Nazi concentration camps , while some others fled abroad .	75	What percentage of France 's Jewish population survived the holocaust ?
The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple , near Lake Daumesnil in the Bois de Vincennes , is the former Cameroon pavilion from the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition .	The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple	What is the former Cameroon pavilion ?
The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple , near Lake Daumesnil in the Bois de Vincennes , is the former Cameroon pavilion from the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition .	The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple	Where is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe ?
A Hindu temple , dedicated to Ganesh , on Rue Pajol in the 18th arrondissement , opened in 1985 .	1985	When did the Hindu temple on Rue Pajol open ?
It shelters the biggest Buddha statue in Europe , more than nine metres high .	more than nine metres high	How tall is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe ?
The 80,000-seat Stade de France , built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis .	1998 FIFA World Cup	What was the State de France built for ?
Paris ' most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. and the rugby union club Stade Français .	Paris Saint-Germain F.C.	What is the most popular football club in Paris ?
Paris ' most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. and the rugby union club Stade Français .	Stade Français	What is the rugby club in Paris ?
The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France -LRB- STIF -RRB- , formerly Syndicat des transports parisiens -LRB- STP -RRB- , oversees the transit network in the region .	The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France	Who oversees the transit network in Paris ?
The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the RATP -LRB- operating 347 bus lines , the Métro , eight tramway lines , and sections of the RER -RRB- , the SNCF -LRB- operating suburban rails , one tramway line and the other sections of the RER -RRB- and the Optile consortium of private operators managing 1,176 bus lines .	347	How many bus lines does the STIF oversee ?
The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France -LRB- STIF -RRB- , formerly Syndicat des transports parisiens -LRB- STP -RRB- , oversees the transit network in the region .	Syndicat des transports parisiens	What was the STIF formerly known as ?
The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the RATP -LRB- operating 347 bus lines , the Métro , eight tramway lines , and sections of the RER -RRB- , the SNCF -LRB- operating suburban rails , one tramway line and the other sections of the RER -RRB- and the Optile consortium of private operators managing 1,176 bus lines .	1,176	How many bus lines does the Optile Consortium manage ?
In addition , the Paris region is served by a light rail network of nine lines , the tramway : Line T1 runs from Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec , line T2 runs from Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles , line T3a runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte de Vincennes , line T3b runs from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle , line T5 runs from Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles , line T6 runs from Châtillon to Velizy , line T7 runs from Villejuif to Athis-Mons , line T8 runs from Saint-Denis to Épinay-sur-Seine and Villetaneuse , all of which are operated by the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens , and line T4 runs from Bondy RER to Aulnay-sous-Bois , which is operated by the state rail carrier SNCF .	Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec	Where does line T1 run from ?
In addition , the Paris region is served by a light rail network of nine lines , the tramway : Line T1 runs from Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec , line T2 runs from Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles , line T3a runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte de Vincennes , line T3b runs from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle , line T5 runs from Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles , line T6 runs from Châtillon to Velizy , line T7 runs from Villejuif to Athis-Mons , line T8 runs from Saint-Denis to Épinay-sur-Seine and Villetaneuse , all of which are operated by the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens , and line T4 runs from Bondy RER to Aulnay-sous-Bois , which is operated by the state rail carrier SNCF .	Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles	Where does line T2 run ?
In addition , the Paris region is served by a light rail network of nine lines , the tramway : Line T1 runs from Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec , line T2 runs from Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles , line T3a runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte de Vincennes , line T3b runs from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle , line T5 runs from Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles , line T6 runs from Châtillon to Velizy , line T7 runs from Villejuif to Athis-Mons , line T8 runs from Saint-Denis to Épinay-sur-Seine and Villetaneuse , all of which are operated by the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens , and line T4 runs from Bondy RER to Aulnay-sous-Bois , which is operated by the state rail carrier SNCF .	nine	How many lines are in the rail network ?
In addition , the Paris region is served by a light rail network of nine lines , the tramway : Line T1 runs from Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec , line T2 runs from Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles , line T3a runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte de Vincennes , line T3b runs from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle , line T5 runs from Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles , line T6 runs from Châtillon to Velizy , line T7 runs from Villejuif to Athis-Mons , line T8 runs from Saint-Denis to Épinay-sur-Seine and Villetaneuse , all of which are operated by the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens , and line T4 runs from Bondy RER to Aulnay-sous-Bois , which is operated by the state rail carrier SNCF .	Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles	where does T5 run ?
In addition , the Paris region is served by a light rail network of nine lines , the tramway : Line T1 runs from Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec , line T2 runs from Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles , line T3a runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte de Vincennes , line T3b runs from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle , line T5 runs from Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles , line T6 runs from Châtillon to Velizy , line T7 runs from Villejuif to Athis-Mons , line T8 runs from Saint-Denis to Épinay-sur-Seine and Villetaneuse , all of which are operated by the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens , and line T4 runs from Bondy RER to Aulnay-sous-Bois , which is operated by the state rail carrier SNCF .	Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens	Who operates these lines ?
Paris is a major international air transport hub with the 4th busiest airport system in the world .	Paris	Where is the 4th busiest international air transport hub in the world ?
Together these three airports recorded traffic of 96.5 million passengers in 2014 .	96.5 million	How many passengers did Paris see in 2014 ?
There is also one general aviation airport , Paris-Le Bourget , historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre , which is now used only for private business flights and air shows .	Paris-Le Bourget	What is the oldest air port in Paris ?
Beauvais-Tillé Airport , located 69 km -LRB- 43 mi -RRB- north of Paris ' city centre , is used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers such as Ryanair .	Beauvais-Tillé Airport	What airport does Ryanair use ?
Charles de Gaulle Airport , located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris , opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993 .	Charles de Gaulle Airport	Where is the hub for Air France ?
Charles de Gaulle Airport , located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris , opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993 .	Charles de Gaulle Airport	What is the busiest airport in Paris ?
Orly Airport , located in the southern suburbs of Paris , replaced Le Bourget as the principal airport of Paris from the 1950s to the 1980s .	southern suburbs of Paris	Where is Orly airport located ?
From 1809 , the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital .	1809	WHen did the Canal de l'Ourcq start providing Paris with water ?
From 1857 , the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand , under Napoleon III , oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital 's highest points of elevation .	Napoleon III	Who was Eugene Belgrand under ?
Today Paris has more than 2,400 km -LRB- 1,491 mi -RRB- of underground passageways dedicated to the evacuation of Paris ' liquid wastes .	2,400	How many km of underground passageways are dedicated to teh evacuationof Paris ' waste liquids ?
From 1857 , the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand , under Napoleon III , oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital 's highest points of elevation .	Eugène Belgrand	Who created Paris ' reservoir system ?
Paris today has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens , covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees .	421	How many municipal parks and gardens does Paris have ?
Two of Paris ' oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden , created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace , and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672 , and the Luxembourg Garden , for the Luxembourg Palace , built for Marie de ' Medici in 1612 , which today houses the French Senate .	1564	When was the Tuileries Garden created ?
Two of Paris ' oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden , created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace , and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672 , and the Luxembourg Garden , for the Luxembourg Palace , built for Marie de ' Medici in 1612 , which today houses the French Senate .	André Le Nôtre	Who redid the Tuileries Garden in 1664 ?
Two of Paris ' oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden , created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace , and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672 , and the Luxembourg Garden , for the Luxembourg Palace , built for Marie de ' Medici in 1612 , which today houses the French Senate .	Marie de' Medici	Who was the Luxembourg palace built for ?
The Jardin des Plantes was the first botanical garden in Paris , created in 1626 by Louis XIII 's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants .	Guy de La Brosse	Who created the Jarden des Plantes ?
Between 1853 and 1870 , the Emperor Napoleon III and the city 's first director of parks and gardens , Jean-Charles Alphand , created the Bois de Boulogne , the Bois de Vincennes , Parc Montsouris and the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont , located at the four points of the compass around the city , as well as many smaller parks , squares and gardens in the Paris ' quarters .	Jean-Charles Alphand	Who was Paris ' first director of parks and gardens ?
Since 1977 , the city has created 166 new parks , most notably the Parc de la Villette -LRB- 1987 -RRB- , Parc André Citroën -LRB- 1992 -RRB- , and Parc de Bercy -LRB- 1997 -RRB- .	166	How many new parks have been created in Paris since 1977 ?
Since 1977 , the city has created 166 new parks , most notably the Parc de la Villette -LRB- 1987 -RRB- , Parc André Citroën -LRB- 1992 -RRB- , and Parc de Bercy -LRB- 1997 -RRB- .	1987	WHen was the Parc de la Villette created ?
One of the newest parks , the Promenade des Berges de la Seine -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , built on a former highway on the Left Bank of the Seine between the Pont de l'Alma and the Musée d'Orsay , has floating gardens and gives a view of the city 's landmarks .	Promenade des Berges de la Seine	What park has floating gardens ?
One of the newest parks , the Promenade des Berges de la Seine -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , built on a former highway on the Left Bank of the Seine between the Pont de l'Alma and the Musée d'Orsay , has floating gardens and gives a view of the city 's landmarks .	2013	When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine built ?
With Paris ' growth many of these , particularly the city 's largest cemetery , les Innocents , were filled to overflowing , creating quite unsanitary conditions for the capital .	les Innocents	What is Paris ' largest cemetary ?
When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786 , the contents of all Paris ' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris ' stone mines outside the `` Porte d'Enfer '' city gate , today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement .	1786	When were inner city burials banned ?
The process of moving bones from Cimetière des Innocents to the catacombs took place between 1786 and 1814 ; part of the network of tunnels and remains can be visited today on the official tour of the catacombs .	1786 and 1814	During what years were the bones moved from Cimetiere des Innocents to the catacombs ?
The process of moving bones from Cimetière des Innocents to the catacombs took place between 1786 and 1814 ; part of the network of tunnels and remains can be visited today on the official tour of the catacombs .	the official tour of the catacombs	Where can view the network of tunnels to the catacombs ?
After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries , the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits .	Napoleon Bonaparte	Who was Prefect Nicholas Frochot under ?
Open from 1804 , these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise , Montmartre , Montparnasse , and later Passy ; these cemeteries became inner-city once again when Paris annexed all neighbouring communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860 .	1804	When were the 3 new cemeteries open ?
New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century : The largest of these are the Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen , the Cimetière parisien de Pantin -LRB- also known as Cimetière parisien de Pantin-Bobigny , the Cimetière parisien d'Ivry , and the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux -RRB- .	Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen	What is the largest of the cemeteries created in the 20th centuries ?
Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris -LRB- AP-HP -RRB- , a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people -LRB- including practitioners , support personnel , and administrators -RRB- in 44 hospitals .	90,000	How many people are employed at AP-HP ?
Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris -LRB- AP-HP -RRB- , a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people -LRB- including practitioners , support personnel , and administrators -RRB- in 44 hospitals .	44	How many hospitals are in Paris ?
The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits .	5.8 million	How many patients visit the hospitals annually ?
Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris -LRB- AP-HP -RRB- , a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people -LRB- including practitioners , support personnel , and administrators -RRB- in 44 hospitals .	Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Who provides emergency care in the city of Paris ?
France 's two most prestigious newspapers , Le Monde and Le Figaro , are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry .	Le Monde and Le Figaro	What are France 's two most prestigious newspapers ?
Agence France-Presse is France 's oldest , and one of the world 's oldest , continually operating news agencies .	Agence	What is France 's oldest operating news agency ?
AFP , as it is colloquially abbreviated , maintains its headquarters in Paris , as it has since 1835 .	1835	When did Agence open in Paris ?
France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government , and is based in Paris .	France 24	What television station is operated by the French government ?
The most-viewed network in France , TF1 , is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt ; France 2 , France 3 , Canal + , France 5 , M6 -LRB- Neuilly-sur-Seine -RRB- , Arte , D8 , W9 , NT1 , NRJ 12 , La Chaîne parlementaire , France 4 , BFM TV , and Gulli are other stations located in and around the capital .	TF1	What is the most viewed television network in France ?
The most-viewed network in France , TF1 , is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt ; France 2 , France 3 , Canal + , France 5 , M6 -LRB- Neuilly-sur-Seine -RRB- , Arte , D8 , W9 , NT1 , NRJ 12 , La Chaîne parlementaire , France 4 , BFM TV , and Gulli are other stations located in and around the capital .	Boulogne-Billancourt	Where is TF1 located ?
Radio France , France 's public radio broadcaster , and its various channels , is headquartered in Paris ' 16th arrondissement .	Radio France	What is France 's public radio broadcaster ?
Paris also holds the headquarters of the La Poste , France 's national postal carrier .	La Poste	What is the name of France 's national postal carrier ?
The ideal of the kouros -LRB- a beardless , athletic youth -RRB- , Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music , truth and prophecy , healing , the sun and light , plague , poetry , and more .	kouros	What is the word for a beardless , athletic youth ?
Apollo -LRB- Attic , Ionic , and Homeric Greek : Ἀπόλλων , Apollōn -LRB- GEN Ἀπόλλωνος -RRB- ; Doric : Ἀπέλλων , Apellōn ; Arcadocypriot : Ἀπείλων , Apeilōn ; Aeolic : Ἄπλουν , Aploun ; Latin : Apollō -RRB- is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology .	Apollo	What is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion ?
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto , and has a twin sister , the chaste huntress Artemis .	Zeus and Leto	Who are the parents of Apollo ?
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto , and has a twin sister , the chaste huntress Artemis .	Artemis	Who is Apollo 's twin sister ?
Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu .	Apulu	What name is Apollo known by in Etruscan mythology ?
As the patron of Delphi -LRB- Pythian Apollo -RRB- , Apollo was an oracular god -- the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle .	Apollo	Who was described at the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle ?
Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo , whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius , yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague .	Asclepius	What is the name of Apollo 's son ?
Hermes created the lyre for him , and the instrument became a common attribute of Apollo .	Hermes	Who created the lyre for Apollo ?
Hymns sung to Apollo were called paeans .	paeans	What was the term for hymns sung to Apollo ?
In Hellenistic times , especially during the 3rd century BCE , as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios , Titan god of the sun , and his sister Artemis similarly equated with Selene , Titan goddess of the moon .	Selene	Who was the Titan goddess of the moon ?
In Hellenistic times , especially during the 3rd century BCE , as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios , Titan god of the sun , and his sister Artemis similarly equated with Selene , Titan goddess of the moon .	Helios	In Hellenestic times , Greeks identified Apollo Helios as what name ?
In Hellenistic times , especially during the 3rd century BCE , as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios , Titan god of the sun , and his sister Artemis similarly equated with Selene , Titan goddess of the moon .	Artemis	What was the name of Apollo 's sister ?
Apella -LRB- Ἀπέλλα -RRB- is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta , corresponding to the ecclesia -LRB- ἐκκλησία -RRB- .	Apella	What is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta ?
It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios -LRB- Ἀπελλαῖος -RRB- , and the offerings apellaia -LRB- ἀπελλαῖα -RRB- at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai -LRB- ἀπέλλαι -RRB- .	Apellaios	Apellon is derived from what Doric month ?
It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios -LRB- Ἀπελλαῖος -RRB- , and the offerings apellaia -LRB- ἀπελλαῖα -RRB- at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai -LRB- ἀπέλλαι -RRB- .	apellaia	What is offered at the initiation of young men during familly-festival apellai ?
According to some scholars the words are derived from the Doric word apella -LRB- ἀπέλλα -RRB- , which originally meant `` wall , '' `` fence for animals '' and later `` assembly within the limits of the square . ''	apella	What Doric word originally meant wall or fence for animals ?
Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric ἀπέλλα -LRB- apella -RRB- , which means `` assembly '' , so that Apollo would be the god of political life , and he also gives the explanation σηκός -LRB- sekos -RRB- , `` fold '' , in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds .	apella	What Doric word means assembly ?
In the Ancient Macedonian language πέλλα -LRB- pella -RRB- means `` stone , '' and some toponyms may be derived from this word : Πέλλα -LRB- Pella , the capital of Ancient Macedonia -RRB- and Πελλήνη -LRB- Pellēnē / Pallene -RRB- .	pella	What is the Ancient Macedonian word for stone ?
Thus , the Greeks most often associated Apollo 's name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι -LRB- apollymi -RRB- , `` to destroy '' .	apollymi	What is the Greek word for `` to destroy ? ''
A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name , The Hittite form Apaliunas -LRB- dx-ap-pa-li-u-na-aš -RRB- is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter , perhaps related to Hurrian -LRB- and certainly the Etruscan -RRB- Aplu , a god of plague , in turn likely from Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning simply `` the son of Enlil '' , a title that was given to the god Nergal , who was linked to Shamash , Babylonian god of the sun .	Aplu	Who is a god of plague ?
A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name , The Hittite form Apaliunas -LRB- dx-ap-pa-li-u-na-aš -RRB- is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter , perhaps related to Hurrian -LRB- and certainly the Etruscan -RRB- Aplu , a god of plague , in turn likely from Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning simply `` the son of Enlil '' , a title that was given to the god Nergal , who was linked to Shamash , Babylonian god of the sun .	the son of Enlil	What is the meaning of Akkadia Apllu Enlil ?
A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name , The Hittite form Apaliunas -LRB- dx-ap-pa-li-u-na-aš -RRB- is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter , perhaps related to Hurrian -LRB- and certainly the Etruscan -RRB- Aplu , a god of plague , in turn likely from Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning simply `` the son of Enlil '' , a title that was given to the god Nergal , who was linked to Shamash , Babylonian god of the sun .	Akkadian Aplu Enlil	What title was given to the god Nergal ?
The role of Apollo as god of plague is evident in the invocation of Apollo Smintheus -LRB- `` mouse Apollo '' -RRB- by Chryses , the Trojan priest of Apollo , with the purpose of sending a plague against the Greeks -LRB- the reasoning behind a god of the plague becoming a god of healing is of course apotropaic , meaning that the god responsible for bringing the plague must be appeased in order to remove the plague -RRB- .	Chryses	Who was the Trojan priest of Apollo ?
As sun-god and god of light , Apollo was also known by the epithets Aegletes -LRB- / əˈɡliːtiːz / ə-GLEE-teez ; Αἰγλήτης , Aiglētēs , from αἴγλη , `` light of the sun '' -RRB- , Helius -LRB- / ˈhiːliəs / HEE-lee-əs ; Ἥλιος , Helios , literally `` sun '' -RRB- , Phanaeus -LRB- / fəˈniːəs / fə-NEE-əs ; Φαναῖος , Phanaios , literally `` giving or bringing light '' -RRB- , and Lyceus -LRB- / laɪˈsiːəs / ly-SEE-əs ; Λύκειος , Lykeios , from Proto-Greek * λύκη , `` light '' -RRB- .	Apollo	Who was the god of light ?
The meaning of the epithet `` Lyceus '' later became associated with Apollo 's mother Leto , who was the patron goddess of Lycia -LRB- Λυκία -RRB- and who was identified with the wolf -LRB- λύκος -RRB- , earning him the epithets Lycegenes -LRB- / laɪˈsɛdʒəniːz / ly-SEJ-ə-neez ; Λυκηγενής , Lukēgenēs , literally `` born of a wolf '' or `` born of Lycia '' -RRB- and Lycoctonus -LRB- / laɪˈkɒktənəs / ly-KOK-tə-nəs ; Λυκοκτόνος , Lykoktonos , from λύκος , `` wolf '' , and κτείνειν , `` to kill '' -RRB- .	Leto	Who was Apollo 's mother ?
The meaning of the epithet `` Lyceus '' later became associated with Apollo 's mother Leto , who was the patron goddess of Lycia -LRB- Λυκία -RRB- and who was identified with the wolf -LRB- λύκος -RRB- , earning him the epithets Lycegenes -LRB- / laɪˈsɛdʒəniːz / ly-SEJ-ə-neez ; Λυκηγενής , Lukēgenēs , literally `` born of a wolf '' or `` born of Lycia '' -RRB- and Lycoctonus -LRB- / laɪˈkɒktənəs / ly-KOK-tə-nəs ; Λυκοκτόνος , Lykoktonos , from λύκος , `` wolf '' , and κτείνειν , `` to kill '' -RRB- .	Leto	Who was the patron goddess of Lycia ?
The meaning of the epithet `` Lyceus '' later became associated with Apollo 's mother Leto , who was the patron goddess of Lycia -LRB- Λυκία -RRB- and who was identified with the wolf -LRB- λύκος -RRB- , earning him the epithets Lycegenes -LRB- / laɪˈsɛdʒəniːz / ly-SEJ-ə-neez ; Λυκηγενής , Lukēgenēs , literally `` born of a wolf '' or `` born of Lycia '' -RRB- and Lycoctonus -LRB- / laɪˈkɒktənəs / ly-KOK-tə-nəs ; Λυκοκτόνος , Lykoktonos , from λύκος , `` wolf '' , and κτείνειν , `` to kill '' -RRB- .	Lukēgenēs	What word literally means `` born of a wolf ? ''
As god of the sun , Apollo was called Sol -LRB- / ˈsɒl / SOL , literally `` sun '' in Latin -RRB- by the Romans .	Sol	Since Apollo was known as god of the sun , what was another name for Apollo ?
An etiology in the Homeric hymns associated the epithet `` Delphinius '' with dolphins .	dolphins	The epithet Delphinius is associated with what animal ?
He was worshipped as Acraephius -LRB- / əˈkriːfiəs / ə-KREE-fee-əs ; Ἀκραιφιος , -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- Akraiphios , literally `` Acraephian '' -RRB- or Acraephiaeus -LRB- / əˌkriːfiˈiːəs / ə-KREE-fee-EE-əs ; Ἀκραιφιαίος , Akraiphiaios , literally `` Acraephian '' -RRB- in the Boeotian town of Acraephia -LRB- Ἀκραιφία -RRB- , reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus ; and as Smintheus -LRB- / ˈsmɪnθjuːs / SMIN-thews ; Σμινθεύς , Smintheus , `` Sminthian '' -- that is , `` of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe '' -RRB- near the Troad town of Hamaxitus .	Acraepheus	Who is Apollo 's son ?
The epithet `` Smintheus '' has historically been confused with σμίνθος , `` mouse '' , in association with Apollo 's role as a god of disease .	Smintheus	What epithet has historically been confused with `` mouse ? ''
In Apollo 's role as a healer , his appellations included Acesius -LRB- / əˈsiːʒəs / ə-SEE-zhəs ; Ἀκέσιος , Akesios , from ἄκεσις , `` healing '' -RRB- , Acestor -LRB- / əˈsɛstər / ə-SES-tər ; Ἀκέστωρ , Akestōr , literally `` healer '' -RRB- , Paean -LRB- / ˈpiːən / PEE-ən ; Παιάν , Paiān , from παίειν , `` to touch '' -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and Iatrus -LRB- / aɪˈætrəs / eye-AT-rəs ; Ἰατρός , Iātros , literally `` physician '' -RRB- .	physician	What is the literal word for latrus ?
Acesius was the epithet of Apollo worshipped in Elis , where he had a temple in the agora .	Elis	Where did Apollo have a temple in the agora ?
A temple was dedicated to Apollo Medicus at Rome , probably next to the temple of Bellona .	Rome	Where was a temple dedicated to Apollo Medicus ?
In Apollo 's role as a healer , his appellations included Acesius -LRB- / əˈsiːʒəs / ə-SEE-zhəs ; Ἀκέσιος , Akesios , from ἄκεσις , `` healing '' -RRB- , Acestor -LRB- / əˈsɛstər / ə-SES-tər ; Ἀκέστωρ , Akestōr , literally `` healer '' -RRB- , Paean -LRB- / ˈpiːən / PEE-ən ; Παιάν , Paiān , from παίειν , `` to touch '' -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and Iatrus -LRB- / aɪˈætrəs / eye-AT-rəs ; Ἰατρός , Iātros , literally `` physician '' -RRB- .	Paean	What is the literal meaning of `` healer ? ''
As a protector and founder , Apollo had the epithets Alexicacus -LRB- / əˌlɛksᵻˈkeɪkəs / ə-LEK-si-KAY-kəs ; Ἀλεξίκακος , Alexikakos , literally `` warding off evil '' -RRB- , Apotropaeus -LRB- / əˌpɒtrəˈpiːəs / ə-POT-rə-PEE-əs ; Ἀποτρόπαιος , Apotropaios , from ἀποτρέπειν , `` to avert '' -RRB- , and Epicurius -LRB- / ˌɛpᵻˈkjʊriəs / EP-i-KEWR-ee-əs ; Ἐπικούριος , Epikourios , from ἐπικουρέειν , `` to aid '' -RRB- , and Archegetes -LRB- / ɑːrˈkɛdʒətiːz / ar-KEJ-ə-teez ; Ἀρχηγέτης , Arkhēgetēs , literally `` founder '' -RRB- , Clarius -LRB- / ˈklæriəs / KLARR-ee-əs ; Κλάριος , Klārios , from Doric κλάρος , `` allotted lot '' -RRB- , and Genetor -LRB- / ˈdʒɛnᵻtər / JEN-i-tər ; Γενέτωρ , Genetōr , literally `` ancestor '' -RRB- .	Alexicacus	What word literally means `` warding off evil ? ''
As a protector and founder , Apollo had the epithets Alexicacus -LRB- / əˌlɛksᵻˈkeɪkəs / ə-LEK-si-KAY-kəs ; Ἀλεξίκακος , Alexikakos , literally `` warding off evil '' -RRB- , Apotropaeus -LRB- / əˌpɒtrəˈpiːəs / ə-POT-rə-PEE-əs ; Ἀποτρόπαιος , Apotropaios , from ἀποτρέπειν , `` to avert '' -RRB- , and Epicurius -LRB- / ˌɛpᵻˈkjʊriəs / EP-i-KEWR-ee-əs ; Ἐπικούριος , Epikourios , from ἐπικουρέειν , `` to aid '' -RRB- , and Archegetes -LRB- / ɑːrˈkɛdʒətiːz / ar-KEJ-ə-teez ; Ἀρχηγέτης , Arkhēgetēs , literally `` founder '' -RRB- , Clarius -LRB- / ˈklæriəs / KLARR-ee-əs ; Κλάριος , Klārios , from Doric κλάρος , `` allotted lot '' -RRB- , and Genetor -LRB- / ˈdʒɛnᵻtər / JEN-i-tər ; Γενέτωρ , Genetōr , literally `` ancestor '' -RRB- .	Archegetes	What world literally means `` founder ? ''
As a protector and founder , Apollo had the epithets Alexicacus -LRB- / əˌlɛksᵻˈkeɪkəs / ə-LEK-si-KAY-kəs ; Ἀλεξίκακος , Alexikakos , literally `` warding off evil '' -RRB- , Apotropaeus -LRB- / əˌpɒtrəˈpiːəs / ə-POT-rə-PEE-əs ; Ἀποτρόπαιος , Apotropaios , from ἀποτρέπειν , `` to avert '' -RRB- , and Epicurius -LRB- / ˌɛpᵻˈkjʊriəs / EP-i-KEWR-ee-əs ; Ἐπικούριος , Epikourios , from ἐπικουρέειν , `` to aid '' -RRB- , and Archegetes -LRB- / ɑːrˈkɛdʒətiːz / ar-KEJ-ə-teez ; Ἀρχηγέτης , Arkhēgetēs , literally `` founder '' -RRB- , Clarius -LRB- / ˈklæriəs / KLARR-ee-əs ; Κλάριος , Klārios , from Doric κλάρος , `` allotted lot '' -RRB- , and Genetor -LRB- / ˈdʒɛnᵻtər / JEN-i-tər ; Γενέτωρ , Genetōr , literally `` ancestor '' -RRB- .	Genetor	What word literally mens `` ancestor ? ''
He was also called Agyieus -LRB- / əˈdʒaɪ.ᵻjuːs / ə-GWEE-ews ; Ἀγυιεύς , Aguīeus , from ἄγυια , `` street '' -RRB- for his role in protecting roads and homes ; and Nomius -LRB- / ˈnoʊmiəs / NOH-mee-əs ; Νόμιος , Nomios , literally `` pastoral '' -RRB- and Nymphegetes -LRB- / nɪmˈfɛdʒᵻtiːz / nim-FEJ-i-teez ; Νυμφηγέτης , Numphēgetēs , from Νύμφη , `` Nymph '' , and ἡγέτης , `` leader '' -RRB- for his role as a protector of shepherds and pastoral life .	Agyieus	What word means `` to avert ? ''
The epithet `` Loxias '' has historically been associated with λοξός , `` ambiguous '' .	Loxias	Which epithet has historically been associated with ambiguous ?
As god of music and arts , Apollo had the epithet Musagetes -LRB- / mjuːˈsædʒᵻtiːz / mew-SAJ-i-teez ; Doric Μουσαγέτας , Mousāgetās -RRB- or Musegetes -LRB- / mjuːˈsɛdʒᵻtiːz / mew-SEJ-i-teez ; Μουσηγέτης , Mousēgetēs , from Μούσα , `` Muse '' , and ἡγέτης , `` leader '' -RRB- .	Musagetes	Which epithet did Apollo have as god of music and arts ?
In his role as god of prophecy and truth , Apollo had the epithets Manticus -LRB- / ˈmæntᵻkəs / MAN-ti-kəs ; Μαντικός , Mantikos , literally `` prophetic '' -RRB- , Leschenorius -LRB- / ˌlɛskᵻˈnɔəriəs / LES-ki-NOHR-ee-əs ; Λεσχηνόριος , Leskhēnorios , from λεσχήνωρ , `` converser '' -RRB- , and Loxias -LRB- / ˈlɒksiəs / LOK-see-əs ; Λοξίας , Loxias , from λέγειν , `` to say '' -RRB- .	Manticus	Which epithet did Apollo have as god of prophecy and truth ?
The epithet Iatromantis -LRB- / aɪˌætrəˈmæntɪs / eye-AT-rə-MAN-tis ; Ἰατρομάντις , Iātromantis , from ἰατρός , `` physician '' , and μάντις , `` prophet '' -RRB- refers to both his role as a god of healing and of prophecy .	Iatromantis	Which epithet did Apollo have as god of healing and of prophecy ?
As a god of archery , Apollo was known as Aphetor -LRB- / əˈfiːtər / ə-FEE-tər ; Ἀφήτωρ , Aphētōr , from ἀφίημι , `` to let loose '' -RRB- or Aphetorus -LRB- / əˈfɛtərəs / ə-FET-ər-əs ; Ἀφητόρος , Aphētoros , of the same origin -RRB- , Argyrotoxus -LRB- / ˌɑːrdʒᵻrəˈtɒksəs / AR-ji-rə-TOK-səs ; Ἀργυρότοξος , Argyrotoxos , literally `` with silver bow '' -RRB- , Hecaërgus -LRB- / ˌhɛkiˈɜːrɡəs / HEK-ee-UR-gəs ; Ἑκάεργος , Hekaergos , literally `` far-shooting '' -RRB- , and Hecebolus -LRB- / hᵻˈsɛbələs / hi-SEB-ə-ləs ; Ἑκηβόλος , Hekēbolos , literally `` far-shooting '' -RRB- .	Aphetor	As god of archery , Apollo was known by what name ?
As a god of archery , Apollo was known as Aphetor -LRB- / əˈfiːtər / ə-FEE-tər ; Ἀφήτωρ , Aphētōr , from ἀφίημι , `` to let loose '' -RRB- or Aphetorus -LRB- / əˈfɛtərəs / ə-FET-ər-əs ; Ἀφητόρος , Aphētoros , of the same origin -RRB- , Argyrotoxus -LRB- / ˌɑːrdʒᵻrəˈtɒksəs / AR-ji-rə-TOK-səs ; Ἀργυρότοξος , Argyrotoxos , literally `` with silver bow '' -RRB- , Hecaërgus -LRB- / ˌhɛkiˈɜːrɡəs / HEK-ee-UR-gəs ; Ἑκάεργος , Hekaergos , literally `` far-shooting '' -RRB- , and Hecebolus -LRB- / hᵻˈsɛbələs / hi-SEB-ə-ləs ; Ἑκηβόλος , Hekēbolos , literally `` far-shooting '' -RRB- .	Hecaërgus	What name literally means `` far-shooting ? ''
Apollo was called Ismenius -LRB- / ɪzˈmiːniəs / iz-MEE-nee-əs ; Ἰσμηνιός , Ismēnios , literally `` of Ismenus '' -RRB- after Ismenus , the son of Amphion and Niobe , whom he struck with an arrow .	Ismenius	Who was the son of Amphion and Niobe ?
Apollo was called Ismenius -LRB- / ɪzˈmiːniəs / iz-MEE-nee-əs ; Ἰσμηνιός , Ismēnios , literally `` of Ismenus '' -RRB- after Ismenus , the son of Amphion and Niobe , whom he struck with an arrow .	Ismenius	Who struck his parents with an arrow ?
The Delos sanctuary was primarily dedicated to Artemis , Apollo 's twin sister .	Artemis	Who was Apollo 's twin sister ?
The Delos sanctuary was primarily dedicated to Artemis , Apollo 's twin sister .	Artemis	To whom was the Delos sanctuary dedicated ?
Walter Burkert discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship , which he termed `` a Dorian-northwest Greek component , a Cretan-Minoan component , and a Syro-Hittite component . ''	Walter Burkert	Who discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship ?
From his eastern origin Apollo brought the art of inspection of `` symbols and omina '' -LRB- σημεία και τέρατα : semeia kai terata -RRB- , and of the observation of the omens of the days .	Apollo	Who brought the art of inspection of `` symbols and omina ? ''
The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from Anatolia .	Anatolia	The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from where ?
The Greeks created the legalism , the supervision of the orders of the gods , and the demand for moderation and harmony .	The Greeks	Which group created the legalism , the supervision of the orders of the gods , and the demand for moderation and harmony ?
The function of Apollo as a `` healer '' is connected with Paean -LRB- Παιών-Παιήων -RRB- , the physician of the Gods in the Iliad , who seems to come from a more primitive religion .	Paean	Who is the physician of the Gods in the Iliad ?
Some common epithets of Apollo as a healer are `` paion '' -LRB- παιών , literally `` healer '' or `` helper '' -RRB- `` epikourios '' -LRB- ἐπικουρώ , `` help '' -RRB- , `` oulios '' -LRB- οὐλή , `` healed wound '' , also a `` scar '' -RRB- and `` loimios '' -LRB- λοιμός , `` plague '' -RRB- .	paion	What is a comon epithet of Apollo as a healer ?
In classical times , his strong function in popular religion was to keep away evil , and was therefore called `` apotropaios '' -LRB- ἀποτρέπω , `` divert '' , `` deter '' , `` avert '' -RRB- and `` alexikakos '' -LRB- from v. ἀλέξω + n. κακόν , `` defend from evil '' -RRB- .	keep away evil,	In classical times , what was Apollo 's strong function in popular religion ?
In classical times , his strong function in popular religion was to keep away evil , and was therefore called `` apotropaios '' -LRB- ἀποτρέπω , `` divert '' , `` deter '' , `` avert '' -RRB- and `` alexikakos '' -LRB- from v. ἀλέξω + n. κακόν , `` defend from evil '' -RRB- .	alexikakos	What is a word for `` defent from evil ? ''
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo , and afterwards to other gods : to Dionysus , to Apollo Helios , to Apollo 's son Asclepius the healer .	Asclepius	Who was Apollo 's son ?
About the 4th century BCE , the paean became merely a formula of adulation ; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune , or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered .	paean	About the 4th Century BCE , what became merely a formula of adulation ?
About the 4th century BCE , the paean became merely a formula of adulation ; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune , or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered .	to implore protection against disease and misfortune	About the 4th Century BCE , what was the object of paean ?
The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars , but it can explain only the Doric type of the name , which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word `` pella '' -LRB- Pella -RRB- , stone .	stone	What does the word Pella mean ?
The `` Homeric hymn '' represents Apollo as a Northern intruder .	Homeric hymn	What represents Apollo as a Northern intruder ?
Stones played an important part in the cult of the god , especially in the oracular shrine of Delphi -LRB- Omphalos -RRB- .	Stones	What played an important part in the cult of the god ?
A female dragon named Delphyne -LRB- δελφύς , `` womb '' -RRB- , who is obviously connected with Delphi and Apollo Delphinios , and a male serpent Typhon -LRB- τύφειν , `` to smoke '' -RRB- , the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy , who the narrators confused with Python .	Typhon	Who was the adversary of Zeus in the titanomachy ?
A female dragon named Delphyne -LRB- δελφύς , `` womb '' -RRB- , who is obviously connected with Delphi and Apollo Delphinios , and a male serpent Typhon -LRB- τύφειν , `` to smoke '' -RRB- , the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy , who the narrators confused with Python .	Typhon	Who did the narrator confuse with Phyton ?
Python was the good daemon -LRB- ἀγαθὸς δαίμων -RRB- of the temple as it appears in Minoan religion , but she was represented as a dragon , as often happens in Northern European folklore as well as in the East .	Python	Who was represented as a dragon ?
Apollo and his sister Artemis can bring death with their arrows .	Artemis	Who is Apollo 's sister ?
Apollo and his sister Artemis can bring death with their arrows .	Artemis	It was believed that this woman could bring death with her arrows .
In Greek mythology Artemis was the leader -LRB- ἡγεμών , `` hegemon '' -RRB- of the nymphs , who had similar functions with the Nordic Elves .	Artemis	In Greek mythology , who was the leader of the nymphs ?
In historical times , the priests of Delphi were called Labryaden , `` the double-axe men '' , which indicates Minoan origin .	Labryaden	What was the name for `` the double-axe men ? ''
The double-axe , labrys , was the holy symbol of the Cretan labyrinth .	labrys	What is another name for the double-axe ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Apollo 's sister Artemis , who was the Greek goddess of hunting , is identified with Britomartis -LRB- Diktynna -RRB- , the Minoan `` Mistress of the animals '' .	Britomartis	Who was the Minoan `` Mistres of the animals ? ''
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Apollo 's sister Artemis , who was the Greek goddess of hunting , is identified with Britomartis -LRB- Diktynna -RRB- , the Minoan `` Mistress of the animals '' .	Artemis	Who was Apollo 's sister ?
This led some scholars to the conclusion that Pythia carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure through many centuries , according to the local tradition .	Pythia	Who did scholars beieve carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure ?
In that regard , the mythical seeress Sibyl of Anatolian origin , with her ecstatic art , looks unrelated to the oracle itself .	Sibyl	Who is a mythical seeress of Anatoian origin ?
However , the Greek tradition is referring to the existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves , which seem to be confirmed by recent studies .	existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves	What Greek tradition seems to be confirmed by recent studies ?
Plato describes the priestesses of Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women , obsessed by `` mania '' -LRB- μανία , `` frenzy '' -RRB- , a Greek word he connected with mantis -LRB- μάντις , `` prophet '' -RRB- .	Plato	Who describes Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women ?
Plato describes the priestesses of Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women , obsessed by `` mania '' -LRB- μανία , `` frenzy '' -RRB- , a Greek word he connected with mantis -LRB- μάντις , `` prophet '' -RRB- .	Delphi and Dodona	What two women were said to be obsessed by `` mania ? ''
Plato describes the priestesses of Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women , obsessed by `` mania '' -LRB- μανία , `` frenzy '' -RRB- , a Greek word he connected with mantis -LRB- μάντις , `` prophet '' -RRB- .	mania	What Greek word is connected with mantis ?
The name of Apollo 's mother Leto has Lydian origin , and she was worshipped on the coasts of Asia Minor .	Leto	Who was Apollo 's mother ?
The name of Apollo 's mother Leto has Lydian origin , and she was worshipped on the coasts of Asia Minor .	Lydian	What origin was Leto ?
The name of Apollo 's mother Leto has Lydian origin , and she was worshipped on the coasts of Asia Minor .	Asia Minor	Where was Leto worshipped ?
The inspiration oracular cult was probably introduced into Greece from Anatolia , which is the origin of Sibyl , and where existed some of the oldest oracular shrines .	Anatolia	What is the origin of Sibyl ?
He writes that the Cretan seer Epimenides purified Athens after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae , and that the seer 's expertise in sacrifices and reform of funeral practices were of great help to Solon in his reform of the Athenian state .	Epimenides	Who is the Cretan seer that purified Athen after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae ?
A similar story is mentioned by Plutarch .	Plutarch	Who told the story of the Cretan seer Epimenides ?
The story indicates that Epimenides was probably heir to the shamanic religions of Asia , and proves , together with the Homeric hymn , that Crete had a resisting religion up to historical times .	Epimenides	What group was probably heir to the shemanic religions of Asia ?
The god seems to be related to Appaliunas , a tutelary god of Wilusa -LRB- Troy -RRB- in Asia Minor , but the word is not complete .	Appaliunas	Who was a tutelary god of Wilusa ?
However , while usually Greek festivals were celebrated at the full moon , all the feasts of Apollo were celebrated at the seventh day of the month , and the emphasis given to that day -LRB- sibutu -RRB- indicates a Babylonian origin .	at the full moon	When were Greek festivals celebrated ?
However , while usually Greek festivals were celebrated at the full moon , all the feasts of Apollo were celebrated at the seventh day of the month , and the emphasis given to that day -LRB- sibutu -RRB- indicates a Babylonian origin .	seventh day of the month	When were the feasts of Apollo celebrated ?
The Late Bronze Age -LRB- from 1700 to 1200 BCE -RRB- Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague , invoked during plague years .	The Late Bronze Age	What age ran from 1700 to 1200 BCE ?
The Late Bronze Age -LRB- from 1700 to 1200 BCE -RRB- Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague , invoked during plague years .	Hittite and Hurrian Aplu	Who was a god of plague ?
In Iliad , his priest prays to Apollo Smintheus , the mouse god who retains an older agricultural function as the protector from field rats .	Apollo Smintheus	Who is the mouse God ?
Aplu , meaning the son of , was a title given to the god Nergal , who was linked to the Babylonian god of the sun Shamash .	Aplu	What word means `` the son of ? ''
Unusually among the Olympic deities , Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence : Delos and Delphi .	Delos and Delphi	which two cult sites had widespread infuence ?
Julian the Apostate -LRB- 359 - 61 -RRB- tried to revive the Delphic oracle , but failed . ''	Julian the Apostate	Who tried to revive the Delphic oracle ?
In the 2nd and 3rd century CE , those at Didyma and Clarus pronounced the so-called `` theological oracles '' , in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all-encompassing , highest deity .	theological oracles	In what did Apollo confirm that all deities are aspects of servants of an all-encopassing highest deity ?
It seems that the first peripteral temples were rectangle wooden structures .	peripteral temples	What buildings were originally rectangle wood structures ?
The first buildings were narrow to hold the roof , and when the dimensions changed , some mathematical relations became necessary , in order to keep the original forms .	in order to keep the original forms	Why did mathematical relations become necessary ?
The first buildings were narrow to hold the roof , and when the dimensions changed , some mathematical relations became necessary , in order to keep the original forms .	to hold the roof	Why were the first buildings narrow ?
This probably influenced the theory of numbers of Pythagoras , who believed that behind the appearance of things , there was the permanent principle of mathematics .	Pythagoras	Who believed that behind the appearance of things , there was a permanent principle of mathematics ?
It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Eileithyia , the goddess of childbirth , to prevent Leto from going into labor .	Hera	Who kidnapped Eileithyia ?
It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Eileithyia , the goddess of childbirth , to prevent Leto from going into labor .	Eileithyia	Who was the goddess of childbirth ?
The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace , nine yards -LRB- 8 m -RRB- long , of amber .	nine yards	How long was the necklace offered to Hera ?
The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace , nine yards -LRB- 8 m -RRB- long , of amber .	amber	What was the necklace made of ?
The seventh and twentieth , the days of the new and full moon , were ever afterwards held sacred to him .	The seventh	What was the day of the new moon ?
Four days after his birth , Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python , which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring .	Python	What was the name of the chthonic dragon ?
Four days after his birth , Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python , which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring .	Castalian Spring	which spring emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies ?
Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world .	Leto	Who was Apollo 's mother ?
Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it , since Python was a child of Gaia .	Gaia	Who was a parent of Python ?
When Zeus struck down Apollo 's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead -LRB- transgressing Themis by stealing Hades 's subjects -RRB- , Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes , who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus .	Asclepius	Who is Apollo 's son ?
When Zeus struck down Apollo 's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead -LRB- transgressing Themis by stealing Hades 's subjects -RRB- , Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes , who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus .	for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead	Why did Zeus strike down Asclepius with a lightning bolt ?
Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus forever for this , but was instead sentenced to one year of hard labor , due to the intercession of his mother , Leto .	one year of hard labor	How long was Apollo sentenced for killing Cyclopes ?
Daphne was a nymph , daughter of the river god Peneus , who had scorned Apollo .	Daphne	Who was the daughter of Peneus ?
Following a spirited chase by Apollo , Daphne prays to her father , Peneus , for help , and he changes her into the laurel tree , sacred to Apollo .	Peneus	Who is Daphne 's father ?
In Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Phoebus Apollo chaffs Cupid for toying with a weapon more suited to a man , whereupon Cupid wounds him with a golden dart ; simultaneously , however , Cupid shoots a leaden arrow into Daphne , causing her to be repulsed by Apollo .	Cupid	Who shot Daphne with a leaden arrow ?
Leucothea was daughter of Orchamus and sister of Clytia .	Orchamus	Who was Leucothea 's mother ?
Leucothea was daughter of Orchamus and sister of Clytia .	Clytia	Who is Leucothea 's sister ?
Leucothea was daughter of Orchamus and sister of Clytia .	Leucothea	Who did Leucothea fall in love with ?
Enraged , Orchamus ordered Leucothea to be buried alive .	Orchamus	Who ordered Leucothea to be buried alive ?
Coronis , was daughter of Phlegyas , King of the Lapiths .	Coronis	Who was the daughter of Phlegyas ?
Coronis , was daughter of Phlegyas , King of the Lapiths .	Phlegyas	Who owas King of the Lapiths ?
A crow informed Apollo of the affair .	A crow	How was Apollo informed of the affair between Coronis and Ischys ?
Pregnant with Asclepius , Coronis fell in love with Ischys , son of Elatus .	Ischys	Who was the son of Elatus ?
Hyacinth or Hyacinthus was one of Apollo 's male lovers .	Hyacinthus	Who was one of Apollo 's male lovers ?
The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head , killing him instantly .	discus	What hit Hyacinthus in the head , killing him ?
The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head , killing him instantly .	Zephyrus	Who blew the discus off course , killing Hyacinthus ?
Apollo is said to be filled with grief : out of Hyacinthus ' blood , Apollo created a flower named after him as a memorial to his death , and his tears stained the flower petals with the interjection αἰαῖ , meaning alas .	flower	What item did Apollo create and name after his lover ?
Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified ; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father , whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage .	Apollo and the Furies	Who argued about whether the matricide was justified ?
Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified ; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father , whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage .	Erinyes	Who says the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningfu than the bond of marriage ?
Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified ; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father , whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage .	Apollo	Who holds that the bond of marriage is sacred ?
Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified ; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father , whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage .	Orestes	Who was accused of matricide ?
Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo , and to challenge Apollo , the god of the kithara , to a trial of skill .	Pan	Who challenged Apollo to a trial of skill ?
Pan blew on his pipes , and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower , Midas , who happened to be present .	Midas	Who was a faithful follower of Pan ?
Tmolus , the mountain-god , was chosen to umpire .	Tmolus	Who was the mountain-god ?
Tmolus , the mountain-god , was chosen to umpire .	Tmolus	Who was chosen as umpire of the trial of skill ?
As Apollo played the lyre , this was easy to do .	lyre	What instrument did Apolo play ?
Marsyas could not do this , as he only knew how to use the flute and could not sing at the same time .	flute	What instrument did Marsyas know how to play ?
Marsyas could not do this , as he only knew how to use the flute and could not sing at the same time .	Marsyas	Who could not sing at the same time he played the flute ?
Marsyas ' blood turned into the river Marsyas .	Marsyas' blood	What is said to have turned into the river Marsyas ?
On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE , Apollo 's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields , replacing an older cult site there known as the `` Apollinare '' .	Flaminian fields	Where was Apollo 's first temple at Rome established ?
During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE , the Ludi Apollinares -LRB- `` Apollonian Games '' -RRB- were instituted in his honor , on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius .	212 BCE	When was the Second Punic war ?
During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE , the Ludi Apollinares -LRB- `` Apollonian Games '' -RRB- were instituted in his honor , on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius .	Apollonian Games	What is another name for the Ludi Apollinares ?
As god of colonization , Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies , especially during the height of colonization , 750 -- 550 BCE .	Apollo	Who was god of colonization ?
As god of colonization , Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies , especially during the height of colonization , 750 -- 550 BCE .	750–550 BCE	When was the height of colonization ?
In this interpretation , Apollo 's title of Lykegenes can simply be read as `` born in Lycia '' , which effectively severs the god 's supposed link with wolves -LRB- possibly a folk etymology -RRB- .	born in Lycia	What does Lykegenes mean ?
In literary contexts , Apollo represents harmony , order , and reason -- characteristics contrasted with those of Dionysus , god of wine , who represents ecstasy and disorder .	Dionysus	Who was the god of wine ?
In literary contexts , Apollo represents harmony , order , and reason -- characteristics contrasted with those of Dionysus , god of wine , who represents ecstasy and disorder .	Apollo	In literary contexts , who represents harmony , order and reason ?
However , the Greeks thought of the two qualities as complementary : the two gods are brothers , and when Apollo at winter left for Hyperborea , he would leave the Delphic oracle to Dionysus .	Hyperborea	Where did Apollo go in winter ?
Finally Praxiteles seems to be released from any art and religious conformities , and his masterpieces are a mixture of naturalism with stylization .	Praxiteles	Whose masterpieces are a mixture of naturallism with stylization ?
Finally Praxiteles seems to be released from any art and religious conformities , and his masterpieces are a mixture of naturalism with stylization .	Praxiteles	In whose depictions can the evolution of Greek sculpture be observed ?
Finally Praxiteles seems to be released from any art and religious conformities , and his masterpieces are a mixture of naturalism with stylization .	Praxiteles	Who seems to be released from any art and religious conformities ?
In classical Greece , Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason -LRB- mind -RRB- gave order to the seeds of the universe , and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms -LRB- ideai , `` ideas '' -RRB- .	Anaxagoras	Who asserted that a divine reason gave order to the seeds of the universe ?
In classical Greece , Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason -LRB- mind -RRB- gave order to the seeds of the universe , and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms -LRB- ideai , `` ideas '' -RRB- .	Plato	Who extended the Greek beilef of idea forms to his metaphysical theory of forms ?
The Greek words oida -LRB- οἶδα , '' -LRB- I -RRB- know '' -RRB- and eidos -LRB- εἶδος , `` species '' -RRB- have the same root as the word idea -LRB- ἰδέα -RRB- , indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses , to the principles beyond the senses .	eidos	What is one Greek word that has the same root as the word idea ?
Kouros -LRB- male youth -RRB- is the modern term given to those representations of standing male youths which first appear in the archaic period in Greece .	Kouros	What is the modern term given to those representations of stnding male youths that first appear in the archaic period in Greece ?
Kouros -LRB- male youth -RRB- is the modern term given to those representations of standing male youths which first appear in the archaic period in Greece .	Kouros	What is another word for male youth ?
Apollo was the immortal god of ideal balance and order .	Apollo	Who was the immortal god of ideal balance ?
In the first large-scale depictions during the early archaic period -LRB- 640 -- 580 BC -RRB- , the artists tried to draw one 's attention to look into the interior of the face and the body which were not represented as lifeless masses , but as being full of life .	early archaic period	The period between 640-580 BC was known as what ?
According to the Greek tradition the Dipylon master was named Daedalus , and in his statues the limbs were freed from the body , giving the impression that the statues could move .	Daedalus	What was the name of the Dipylon master ?
According to the Greek tradition the Dipylon master was named Daedalus , and in his statues the limbs were freed from the body , giving the impression that the statues could move .	Daedalus	Who created the New York kouros ?
The animistic idea as the representation of the imaginative reality , is sanctified in the Homeric poems and in Greek myths , in stories of the god Hephaestus -LRB- Phaistos -RRB- and the mythic Daedalus -LRB- the builder of the labyrinth -RRB- that made images which moved of their own accord .	Daedalus	Who is said to be the builder of the labyrinth ?
This kind of art goes back to the Minoan period , when its main theme was the representation of motion in a specific moment .	Minoan period	During what period was art 's main theme the representation of motion in a specific movement ?
These free-standing statues were usually marble , but also the form rendered in limestone , bronze , ivory and terracotta .	marble	These free-standing statues were sometimes rendered from immestone , bronze , ivory and terracotta but were usually made from what material ?
The last stage in the development of the Kouros type is the late archaic period -LRB- 520 -- 485 BC -RRB- , in which the Greek sculpture attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used to create a relative harmonious whole .	late archaic period	What period ran from 520-485 BC ?
It was found in Piraeus , the harbour of Athens .	Piraeus	What was the harbour of Athens ?
The statue originally held the bow in its left hand , and a cup of pouring libation in its right hand .	the bow	What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his left hand ?
The statue originally held the bow in its left hand , and a cup of pouring libation in its right hand .	a cup of pouring libation	What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his right hand ?
Polykleitos in his Canon wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements -LRB- materials -RRB- , but of the parts , that is the interrelation of parts with one another and with the whole .	Polykleitos	Who wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements ?
The famous Apollo of Mantua and its variants are early forms of the Apollo Citharoedus statue type , in which the god holds the cithara in his left arm .	Apollo Citharoedus statue type	In what type of art does the god hold the cithara in his left arm ?
The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century , modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE , in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic .	neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century	What type of art is modeled after a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th Century BCE .
The statues of Apollo were thought to incarnate his living presence , and these representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in the Minoan period , and in the beliefs of the first Greek speaking people who entered the region during the bronze-age .	Apollo	The statues of who were thought to incarnate his living presence ?
The statues of Apollo were thought to incarnate his living presence , and these representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in the Minoan period , and in the beliefs of the first Greek speaking people who entered the region during the bronze-age .	Minoan	Representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in what period ?
Just as the Greeks saw the mountains , forests , sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings , so nature in all of its manifestations possesses clear form , and the form of a work of art .	Greeks	What people saw the mountains , forests , sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings ?
The artists seem to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order , and this was improved when classical art brought a greater freedom and economy .	The artists	Who seemed to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order ?
These representations rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visible sake .	These representations	What rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visibe sake ?
While each scene has its own character and completeness it must fit into the general sequence to which it belongs .	the general sequence to which it belongs	While each scene has its own character and completeness , it must fit into what ?
Apollo as a handsome beardless young man , is often depicted with a kithara -LRB- as Apollo Citharoedus -RRB- or bow in his hand , or reclining on a tree -LRB- the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types -RRB- .	Apollo	Who is often depicted with a kithara or bow in his hand ?
The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans , from the Renaissance through the 19th century .	The Apollo Belvedere	What is the name of a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ?
The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares , made between 350 and 325 BCE .	Leochares	Who made the Apollo Belvedere ?
The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares , made between 350 and 325 BCE .	between 350 and 325 BCE	When did Leochares make The Apollo Belvedere ?
The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000 , with only three states changing sides : New Mexico and Iowa voted Republican in 2004 after having voted Democratic in 2000 , while New Hampshire voted Democratic in 2004 after previously voting Republican .	three	How many States renounced their preferred political party ?
The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000 , with only three states changing sides : New Mexico and Iowa voted Republican in 2004 after having voted Democratic in 2000 , while New Hampshire voted Democratic in 2004 after previously voting Republican .	New Hampshire	Which state switched sides and embraced the Democratic party after previously choosing the Republican party ?
In the Electoral College , Bush received 286 votes to Kerry 's 252 .	252	How many votes did Kerry receive , in the Electoral College ?
Bush 's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president , but marked the first time since his father 's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote .	the smallest ever	How large of a gap was there between Bush 's and Kerry 's votes ?
Bush 's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president , but marked the first time since his father 's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote .	Bush	Which candidate , in the 2004 election , had the majority of the popular vote ?
Just eight months into his presidency , the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 suddenly transformed Bush into a wartime president .	terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001	What even occured during Bush 's presidency that made him become a wartime president ?
Just eight months into his presidency , the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 suddenly transformed Bush into a wartime president .	eight months	How long into Bush 's presidency did tragedy occur on American soil ?
Bush 's approval ratings surged to near 90 % .	surged to near 90%	Did Bush become disfavorable during the time of the 9/11 attacks ?
Within a month , the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan , which had been sheltering Osama bin Laden , suspected mastermind of the September 11 attacks .	Within a month	How long did it take for the US military to respond by infiltrating Afghanistan ?
By December , the Taliban had been removed as rulers of Kabul , although a long and ongoing reconstruction would follow , severely hampered by ongoing turmoil and violence within the country .	December	By which month , were the Taliban no longer controlling Kabul ?
The Bush administration then turned its attention to Iraq , and argued the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent .	Saddam Hussein	Who did Bush feel was important to remove from power , after removing the Taliban from Kabul ?
Both the possession of these weapons of mass destruction -LRB- WMD -RRB- , and the failure to account for them , would violate the U.N. sanctions .	weapons of mass destruction	What does WMD stand for ?
Iraq permitted UN weapon inspectors in November 2002 , who were continuing their work to assess the WMD claim when the Bush administration decided to proceed with war without UN authorization and told the inspectors to leave the country .	November 2002	When did Iraq agree to allow UN inspectors into the country to check for weapons of mass destruction ?
Iraq permitted UN weapon inspectors in November 2002 , who were continuing their work to assess the WMD claim when the Bush administration decided to proceed with war without UN authorization and told the inspectors to leave the country .	without UN authorization	Did Bush have the support of the UN , when he decided to infiltrate Iraq on March 20 , 2003 ?
Second , as investigators combed through the country , they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles , which led to debate over the rationale for the war .	they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles	After the Iraqi government and it 's forces were defeated , were investigators able to locate the WMD ?
On March 10 , 2004 , Bush officially clinched the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City .	March 10, 2004	By what date did Bush obtain the number of votes required to become the 2004 Republican nominee ?
Bush accepted the nomination on September 2 , 2004 , and selected Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate .	September 2, 2004	When did Bush accept the Republican nomination ?
Bush accepted the nomination on September 2 , 2004 , and selected Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate .	Dick Cheney	Whom did Bush want to stand beside him as Vice President ?
During the convention and throughout the campaign , Bush focused on two themes : defending America against terrorism and building an ownership society .	terrorism and building an ownership society	Which two topics did Bush remain steadfast on , during his campaign ?
-LRB- In New York , the ticket was also on the ballot as candidates of the Conservative Party of New York State . -RRB-	Conservative Party	In New York State , which party was the Bush/Cheney duo candidates of ?
By summer of 2003 , Howard Dean had become the apparent front runner for the Democratic nomination , performing strongly in most polls and leading the pack with the largest campaign war chest .	Howard Dean	Who became the Democratic nominee , half way through 2003 ?
Dean 's strength as a fund raiser was attributed mainly to his embrace of the Internet for campaigning .	a fund raiser	Dean 's admiration for internet campaigning accredited his strength as what ?
The majority of his donations came from individual supporters , who became known as Deanites , or , more commonly , Deaniacs .	Deaniacs	What did Dean 's backers become known as ?
Generally regarded as a pragmatic centrist during his time as governor , Dean emerged during his presidential campaign as a left-wing populist , denouncing the policies of the Bush administration -LRB- especially the 2003 invasion of Iraq -RRB- as well as fellow Democrats , who , in his view , failed to strongly oppose them .	governor	What government position has Howard Dean previously held ?
Generally regarded as a pragmatic centrist during his time as governor , Dean emerged during his presidential campaign as a left-wing populist , denouncing the policies of the Bush administration -LRB- especially the 2003 invasion of Iraq -RRB- as well as fellow Democrats , who , in his view , failed to strongly oppose them .	the 2003 invasion of Iraq	Which of Bush 's policies did Dean criticize most notably ?
In September 2003 , retired four-star general Wesley Clark announced his intention to run in the presidential primary election for the Democratic Party nomination .	Wesley Clark	Which Democratic nominee declared his intention to enter into the presidential race , in the fall of 2003 ?
His campaign focused on themes of leadership and patriotism ; early campaign ads relied heavily on biography .	biography	What did Wesley Clark 's initial campaign ads depend upon ?
His campaign focused on themes of leadership and patriotism ; early campaign ads relied heavily on biography .	leadership and patriotism	What were Wesley Clarks 's core issues ?
His late start left him with relatively few detailed policy proposals .	few detailed policy proposals	What shortcoming was noticeable , from the start , for Wesley Clark ?
Nevertheless , the Democrats did not flock to support his campaign .	did not flock to support his campaign	Was Wesley Clark influential in gathering the Democratic backing ?
In sheer numbers , Kerry had fewer endorsements than Howard Dean , who was far ahead in the superdelegate race going into the Iowa caucuses in January 2004 , although Kerry led the endorsement race in Iowa , New Hampshire , Arizona , South Carolina , New Mexico and Nevada .	Kerry	Who had the least amount of backers , between Kerry and Dean ?
Kerry 's main perceived weakness was in his neighboring state of New Hampshire and nearly all national polls .	New Hampshire	Which state was expected to show the least amount of support for Kerry going into the caucuses , before Iowa ?
Heading into the primaries , Kerry 's campaign was largely seen as in trouble , particularly after he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan .	he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan	What act showed that Kerry 's fight for the White House was in trouble ?
The key factors enabling it to survive were when fellow Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy assigned Mary Beth Cahill to be the campaign manager , as well as Kerry 's mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign -LRB- while his wife was a billionaire , campaign finance rules prohibited using one 's personal fortune -RRB- .	Mary Beth Cahill	Who took over for Jim Jordon , when he was fired ?
The key factors enabling it to survive were when fellow Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy assigned Mary Beth Cahill to be the campaign manager , as well as Kerry 's mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign -LRB- while his wife was a billionaire , campaign finance rules prohibited using one 's personal fortune -RRB- .	mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign	What regulation did Kerry not follow to try to save his campaign ?
In the race for individual contributions , economist Lyndon LaRouche dominated the pack leading up to the primaries .	Lyndon LaRouche	Who , at the start of the primaries , had the most single campaign contributors ?
According to the Federal Election Commission statistics , LaRouche had more individual contributors to his 2004 presidential campaign than any other candidate , until the final quarter of the primary season , when John Kerry surpassed him .	John Kerry	Who had the highest amount of single campaign contributors , at the final quarter of the primaries ?
As of the April 15 filing , LaRouche had 7834 individual contributions , of those who have given cumulatively , $ 200 or more , as compared to 6257 for John Kerry , 5582 for John Edwards , 4090 for Howard Dean , and 2744 for Gephardt .	Gephardt	Who earned the fewest individual contributions as of the April 15th filing date ?
According to the Federal Election Commission statistics , LaRouche had more individual contributors to his 2004 presidential campaign than any other candidate , until the final quarter of the primary season , when John Kerry surpassed him .	Federal Election Commission	What agency provided statistical information regarding the Presidential Candidates ' individual contributors ?
By the January 2004 Iowa caucuses , the field had dwindled down to nine candidates , as Bob Graham had dropped out of the race .	nine	How many candidates remained by the end of the Iowa caucuses , in January 2004 ?
However , the Iowa caucuses yielded unexpectedly strong results for Democratic candidates John Kerry , who earned 38 % of the state 's delegates and John Edwards , who took 32 % .	John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards	Which two candidates had surprising results despite Howard Dean being the strong front-runner ?
Former front-runner Howard Dean slipped to 18 % and third place , and Richard Gephardt finished fourth -LRB- 11 % -RRB- .	Dean	Which candidate slipped into third place , following the Iowa caucuses ?
In the days leading up to the Iowa vote , there was much negative campaigning between the Dean and Gephardt camps .	Dean and Gephardt	Preceding the Iowa caucuses , which candidates used naysaying tactics in their campaigning ?
By the January 2004 Iowa caucuses , the field had dwindled down to nine candidates , as Bob Graham had dropped out of the race .	Bob Graham	Which candidate dropped out of the race , leaving the field to nine candidates ?
The dismal results caused Gephardt to drop out and later endorse Kerry .	Gephardt	Which candidate , after dropping out , went on to endorse Kerry ?
Carol Moseley Braun also dropped out , endorsing Howard Dean .	Howard Dean	Which troubled candidate did Carol Moseley Braun end up endorsing , after she dropped out ?
The incessant replaying of the `` Dean Scream '' by the press became a debate on the topic of whether Dean was the victim of media bias .	whether Dean was the victim of media bias	The continual playing of Dean 's post-rally speech by the media stirred what type of controversy ?
The incessant replaying of the `` Dean Scream '' by the press became a debate on the topic of whether Dean was the victim of media bias .	"Dean Scream"	What tag did the media attach to Dean 's post-rally speech ?
However , those who were in the actual audience that day insist that they were not aware of the infamous `` scream '' until they returned to their hotel rooms and saw it on TV .	they were not aware	Did those in attendance at Dean 's speech know about the `` Dean Scream '' ?
The following week , John Edwards won the South Carolina primary and finished a strong second in Oklahoma to Clark .	John Edwards	Which candidate went on to win the South Carolina primary ?
The following week , John Edwards won the South Carolina primary and finished a strong second in Oklahoma to Clark .	Clark	Which candidate won the Oklahoma primary ?
Lieberman dropped out of the campaign the following day .	Lieberman	Which candidate dropped out of the race , following losing the Oklahoma primary ?
Kerry dominated throughout February and his support quickly snowballed as he won caucuses and primaries , taking in a string of wins in Michigan , Washington , Maine , Tennessee , Washington , D.C. , Nevada , Wisconsin , Utah , Hawaii , and Idaho .	Kerry	Which candidate received heighted support after winning caucuses and primaries in many states ?
Clark and Dean dropped out during this time , leaving Edwards as the only real threat to Kerry .	Edwards	After Clark and Dean dropped out , which candidate was considered to be the only real contender against Kerry ?
In March 's Super Tuesday , Kerry won decisive victories in the California , Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New York , Ohio , and Rhode Island primaries and the Minnesota caucuses .	Kerry	Which candidate was the fore-runner after definitively winning in the primaries and Minnesota caucuses ?
Dean , despite having withdrawn from the race two weeks earlier , won his home state of Vermont .	Dean	Which candidate won his state primary , despite having already dropped out of his race ?
Edwards finished only slightly behind Kerry in Georgia , but , failing to win a single state other than South Carolina , chose to withdraw from the presidential race .	Edwards	Which candidate finished in second place in the Georgia primary ?
Edwards finished only slightly behind Kerry in Georgia , but , failing to win a single state other than South Carolina , chose to withdraw from the presidential race .	South Carolina	Besides Georgia , what other state primary did Edwards win ?
Sharpton followed suit a couple weeks later .	Sharpton	Which candidate dropped out of the race , next after Edwards ?
On July 6 , John Kerry selected John Edwards as his running mate , shortly before the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston , held later that month .	John Edwards	Who did John Kerry choose to be by his side as the potential Vice President ?
Days before Kerry announced Edwards as his running mate , Kerry gave a short list of three candidates : Sen John Edwards , Rep Dick Gephardt , and Gov Tom Vilsack .	three	How many candidates did John Kerry name as potential prospects to be his running mate ?
Heading into the convention , the Kerry/Edwards ticket unveiled their new slogan -- a promise to make America `` stronger at home and more respected in the world . ''	"stronger at home and more respected in the world."	What was the Kerry/Edwards slogan that was released prior to the start of the convention in Boston ?
In accepting the nomination , he began his speech with , `` I 'm John Kerry and I 'm reporting for duty . ''	"I'm John Kerry and I'm reporting for duty."	Which part of Kerry 's Boston speech made reference to his military experience ?
He later delivered what may have been the speech 's most memorable line when he said , `` the future does n't belong to fear , it belongs to freedom '' , a quote that later appeared in a Kerry/Edwards television advertisement .	"the future doesn't belong to fear, it belongs to freedom"	Which famous line from Kerry 's speech was later featured in one of his later television ad campaigns ?
Bush focused his campaign on national security , presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a `` flip-flopper . ''	national security	What was the primary focus of Bush 's campaign ?
Bush focused his campaign on national security , presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a `` flip-flopper . ''	presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a "flip-flopper."	How did Bush try to convey that he was the stronger , tougher candidate ?
One of Kerry 's slogans was `` Stronger at home , respected in the world . ''	"Stronger at home, respected in the world."	What phrase did Kerry use to try to express that he was more concerned for America ?
This advanced the suggestion that Kerry would pay more attention to domestic concerns ; it also encapsulated Kerry 's contention that Bush had alienated American allies by his foreign policy .	his foreign policy	What does Kerry feel Bush aliented the American people with ?
Bush -LRB- just as his father did with Dukakis in the 1988 election -RRB- also sought to portray Kerry as a `` Massachusetts liberal '' who was out of touch with mainstream Americans .	just as his father did with Dukakis in the 1988 election	The stategy that Bush used against Kerry was compared to what other similar strategy in the past ?
Bush was accused of failing to fulfill his required service in the Texas Air National Guard .	Bush	Who was accused on not fulfilling their military service , during the fall of 2004 ?
However , the focus quickly shifted to the conduct of CBS News after they aired a segment on 60 Minutes Wednesday introducing what became known as the Killian documents .	a segment on 60 Minutes	What shifted attention away from the coverage regarding Bush 's controvery regarding his required service ?
However , the focus quickly shifted to the conduct of CBS News after they aired a segment on 60 Minutes Wednesday introducing what became known as the Killian documents .	CBS News	Which news agency came under review resulting in the firing of their producer ?
During August and September 2004 , there was an intense focus on events that occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s .	the late 1960s and early 1970s	Which time period came into the spotlight , during the fall of 2004 ?
However , the focus quickly shifted to the conduct of CBS News after they aired a segment on 60 Minutes Wednesday introducing what became known as the Killian documents .	Killian documents	What did the documents that were aired during the 60 Minutes segment come to be known as ?
The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami , moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS .	University of Miami	Where did the first debate , between Kerry and Bush take place ?
Later , a consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that Kerry won the debate decisively , strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign .	Kerry	Who was considered to have been the winner of the debate ?
The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami , moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS .	Jim Lehrer	Who was the moderator of the first debate between Kerry and Bush ?
During the debate , slated to focus on foreign policy , Kerry accused Bush of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq , saying the only countries assisting the U.S. during the invasion were the United Kingdom and Australia .	foreign policy	What was thought to be the main focal point of the debate ?
Later , a consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that Kerry won the debate decisively , strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign .	strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign	How did the opinion regarding Kerry change , after being delared the winner of the debate ?
The second presidential debate was held at Washington University in St. Louis , Missouri , on October 8 , moderated by Charles Gibson of ABC .	Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri	Where was the second debate for presidency held ?
Conducted in a town meeting format , less formal than the first presidential debate , this debate saw Bush and Kerry taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience .	town meeting format, less formal	Was the second debate held in a rigid , formalistic manner ?
Conducted in a town meeting format , less formal than the first presidential debate , this debate saw Bush and Kerry taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience .	taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience	Was there a specific topic as the main focus for the second debate ?
The second presidential debate was held at Washington University in St. Louis , Missouri , on October 8 , moderated by Charles Gibson of ABC .	Charles Gibson	Who was the moderator of the second debate , held at the Washington University ?
Bush attempted to deflect criticism of what was described as his scowling demeanor during the first debate , joking at one point about one of Kerry 's remarks , `` That answer made me want to scowl . ''	joking at one point about one of Kerry's remarks, "That answer made me want to scowl."	How did Bush try to make light of himself after being made fun of for his demeanor during the first debate ?
Bush and Kerry met for the third and final debate at Arizona State University on October 13 .	third	How many debates were there in total , between Kerry and Bush ?
Bush and Kerry met for the third and final debate at Arizona State University on October 13 .	Arizona State University	Where was the final debate , between Kerry and Bush held ?
However , at the time of the ASU debate , there were 15.2 million viewers tuned in to watch the Major League Baseball playoffs broadcast simultaneously .	Major League Baseball playoffs broadcast simultaneously	What was the next biggest competitor for television viewers , next to the debate ?
After Kerry , responding to a question about gay rights , reminded the audience that Vice President Cheney 's daughter was a lesbian , Cheney responded with a statement calling himself `` a pretty angry father '' due to Kerry using Cheney 's daughter 's sexual orientation for his political purposes .	Vice President Cheney's daughter	Who did Kerry publicize as a lesbian while discussing gay rights , some time after the debate ?
After Kerry , responding to a question about gay rights , reminded the audience that Vice President Cheney 's daughter was a lesbian , Cheney responded with a statement calling himself `` a pretty angry father '' due to Kerry using Cheney 's daughter 's sexual orientation for his political purposes .	"a pretty angry father"	What did Cheney refer to him as , after hearing Kerry 's comments about his daughter ?
The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president .	John Edwards	Who received a certified ballot from the Electoral College , despite his name being spelled incorrectly on the ballot ?
This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president ; another faithless elector in the 1800 election had voted twice for Aaron Burr , but under that electoral system only votes for the president 's position were cast , with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president -LRB- and the second vote for Burr was discounted and re-assigned to Thomas Jefferson in any event , as it violated Electoral College rules -RRB- .	This was the first time in U.S. history	Had there ever been a time where an elector voted for the same candidate to be both president and vice president ?
All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president -LRB- John Edwards 's name was spelled correctly on all ballots for vice president -RRB- .	All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president	Which candidate won the unanimous vote for vice presidency ?
This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president ; another faithless elector in the 1800 election had voted twice for Aaron Burr , but under that electoral system only votes for the president 's position were cast , with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president -LRB- and the second vote for Burr was discounted and re-assigned to Thomas Jefferson in any event , as it violated Electoral College rules -RRB- .	under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president	What is different in comparison between the 1800 electoral system and the system in place in 2004 ?
This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president ; another faithless elector in the 1800 election had voted twice for Aaron Burr , but under that electoral system only votes for the president 's position were cast , with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president -LRB- and the second vote for Burr was discounted and re-assigned to Thomas Jefferson in any event , as it violated Electoral College rules -RRB- .	it violated Electoral College rules	In the 1800 election , why did Thomas Jefferson get the second vote ?
It was clear that the result in Ohio , along with two other states who had still not declared -LRB- New Mexico and Iowa -RRB- , would decide the winner .	It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner	Why was there tension the day after the election ?
Bush had established a lead of around 130,000 votes but the Democrats pointed to provisional ballots that had yet to be counted , initially reported to number as high as 200,000 .	provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000	Despite an apparent lead by Bush early on , what was thought to be a concern ?
The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote , regardless of population .	The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population	How would it be determined who would win , in the event of an electoral tie ?
Therefore , the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio , regardless of the final totals elsewhere .	the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio	Which state became the most important to secure Bush 's presidential election ?
Had Kerry won Ohio , he would have won the election despite losing the national popular vote by over 3 million votes , a complete reversal of the 2000 election when Bush won the presidency despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore by over 500,000 votes .	Al Gore	Who did Bush lose the popular vote to in the 2000 election for presidency ?
At the official counting of the electoral votes on January 6 , a motion was made contesting Ohio 's electoral votes .	a motion was made contesting Ohio's electoral votes	Was there any debate about the voting process in Ohio ?
During the debate , no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote .	During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote	What was the decision regarding the motion to re-count the votes , after each House finalized their debates ?
In the Senate , it was supported only by its maker , Senator Boxer , with 74 Senators opposed and 25 not voting .	Senator Boxer	Who was the lone supporter of the motion , from the Senate ?
Senator Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome , but to `` shed the light of truth on these irregularities . ''	Senator Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but to "shed the light of truth on these irregularities."	Why did Senator Boxer say she voted the way she did ?
Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats .	Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats	How many people from the House of Representatives did not vote ?
Kerry would later state that `` the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the -LSB- Ohio -RSB- outcome reflected the will of the voters . ''	"the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the [Ohio] outcome reflected the will of the voters."	What did Kerry say affected the ability to know if the results of the Ohio vote was unbiased ?
In the same article , Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean said `` I 'm not confident that the election in Ohio was fairly decided ... We know that there was substantial voter suppression , and the machines were not reliable .	Howard Dean	Which Democratic official supported Kerry 's theory about the Ohio votes ?
In the same article , Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean said `` I 'm not confident that the election in Ohio was fairly decided ... We know that there was substantial voter suppression , and the machines were not reliable .	the machines were not reliable	What was said about the devices used to collect the votes , in Ohio ?
It should not be a surprise that the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections .	the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections	Who was targeted for defrauding the electoral process , in Ohio ?
At the invitation of the United States government , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe -LRB- OSCE -RRB- sent a team of observers to monitor the presidential elections in 2004 .	the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) sent a team of observers to monitor the presidential elections in 2004	Who was called in to watch over the presidential election in 2004 ?
It was the first time the OSCE had sent observers to a U.S. presidential election , although they had been invited in the past .	It was the first time the OSCE had sent observers to a U.S. presidential election, although they had been invited in the past.	Was this the only occasion the OSCE was invited to preside over a presidential election ?
The report reads : `` The November 2 , 2004 elections in the United States mostly met the OSCE commitments included in the 1990 Copenhagen Document .	mostly met the OSCE commitments included in the 1990 Copenhagen Document	What were the findings of the OSCE team ?
They were conducted in an environment that reflects a long-standing democratic tradition , including institutions governed by the rule of law , free and generally professional media , and a civil society intensively engaged in the election process .	long-standing democratic tradition	What type of values did the OSCE determine were adhered to during the election process ?
The 2004 election was the first to be affected by the campaign finance reforms mandated by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 -LRB- also known as the McCain -- Feingold Bill for its sponsors in the United States Senate -RRB- .	the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002	What finance act affected the 2004 election ?
The 2004 election was the first to be affected by the campaign finance reforms mandated by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 -LRB- also known as the McCain -- Feingold Bill for its sponsors in the United States Senate -RRB- .	its sponsors in the United States Senate	Where did the moniker McCain-Feingold Bill come from ?
Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code , these groups were able to raise large amounts of money for various political causes as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns .	Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code	How did the 527 groups come up with their title ?
Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code , these groups were able to raise large amounts of money for various political causes as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns .	as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns	What stipulation enabled the 527 groups to campaign for funds ?
Examples of 527s include Swift Boat Veterans for Truth , MoveOn.org , the Media Fund , and America Coming Together .	MoveOn.org	What is one of the named 527 groups from the 2004 election ?
To distinguish official campaigning from independent campaigning , political advertisements on television were required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement .	required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement	How were viewers able to determine who endorsed political campaign ads , they saw in advertisements ??
Advertisements produced by independent organizations usually included the statement , '' -LSB- Organization name -RSB- is responsible for the content of this advertisement '' , and from September 3 -LRB- 60 days before the general election -RRB- , such organizations ' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name .	60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name	What was disallowed in advertising during the two months prior to the general election ?
Advertisements produced by political campaigns usually included the statement , `` I 'm -LSB- candidate 's name -RSB- , and I approve this message . ''	"I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message."	Official advertisements generally contained what phrase ?
Advertisements produced by independent organizations usually included the statement , '' -LSB- Organization name -RSB- is responsible for the content of this advertisement '' , and from September 3 -LRB- 60 days before the general election -RRB- , such organizations ' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name .	"[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement"	Independent advertisements generally contained what phrase ?
Previously , television advertisements only required a written `` paid for by '' disclaimer on the screen .	Previously, television advertisements only required a written "paid for by" disclaimer on the screen.	What was the tag line requirement before ?
A ballot initiative in Colorado , known as Amendment 36 , would have changed the way in which the state apportions its electoral votes .	ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36	What action suggested by a state , would have affecting the outcome of the electoral votes ?
Rather than assigning all 9 of the state 's electors to the candidate with a plurality of popular votes , under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count , which would be a unique system -LRB- Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district -RRB- .	under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system	What unique change to the electoral voting process did Colorado suggest should happen ?
Rather than assigning all 9 of the state 's electors to the candidate with a plurality of popular votes , under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count , which would be a unique system -LRB- Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district -RRB- .	Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district)	Which two states designated their assigned votes based on their districts ?
Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado 's influence in the Electoral College , and the amendment ultimately failed , receiving only 34 % of the vote .	Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College	Did everyone agree that Amendment 36 was a good idea ?
Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado 's influence in the Electoral College , and the amendment ultimately failed , receiving only 34 % of the vote .	the amendment ultimately failed	Did Amendment 36 get passed ?
The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company -LRB- CTR -RRB- through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company , the International Time Recording Company , the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company .	Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company	What was the original name of IBM ?
CTR was renamed `` International Business Machines '' in 1924 , a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary .	International Business Machines	What does IBM stand for ?
The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company -LRB- CTR -RRB- through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company , the International Time Recording Company , the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company .	1911	In what year was CTR created ?
Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products , packaging and its logo .	Big Blue	What was the unofficial name given to IBM by analysts ?
CTR was renamed `` International Business Machines '' in 1924 , a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary .	Thomas J. Watson	Who created the IBM name ?
The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company -LRB- CTR -RRB- through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company , the International Time Recording Company , the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company .	1911	In what year did the company that was to become IBM form ?
The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company -LRB- CTR -RRB- through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company , the International Time Recording Company , the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company .	Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR)	What was the name of the company that eventually became IBM ?
CTR was renamed `` International Business Machines '' in 1924 , a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary .	1924	In what year did IBM get its name ?
Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products , packaging and its logo .	Big Blue	What nickname was given to IBM ?
The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company -LRB- CTR -RRB- through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company , the International Time Recording Company , the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company .	Computing Scale Company	What is one parent company of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company ?
In 2012 , Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees -LRB- 435,000 worldwide -RRB- , the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization , the ninth most profitable , and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue .	435,000 worldwide	How many employees did IBM have in 2012 ?
In 2012 , Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees -LRB- 435,000 worldwide -RRB- , the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization , the ninth most profitable , and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue .	fourth largest	What was the ranking in terms of market cap for IBM in 2012 ?
Globally , the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011 .	31st largest	In 2011 Forbes , by revenue , ranked IBM at what rank globally ?
Other rankings for 2011/2012 include № 1 company for leaders -LRB- Fortune -RRB- , № 1 green company in the United States -LRB- Newsweek -RRB- , № 2 best global brand -LRB- Interbrand -RRB- , № 2 most respected company -LRB- Barron 's -RRB- , № 5 most admired company -LRB- Fortune -RRB- , and № 18 most innovative company -LRB- Fast Company -RRB- .	№2	At what rank was IBM rated as a global brand by Interbrand ?
In 2012 , Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees -LRB- 435,000 worldwide -RRB- , the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization , the ninth most profitable , and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue .	second largest	In 2012 Fortune ranked the largest US firms by number employees , what was IBMs rank ?
IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide , bundled into IBM Research .	IBM Research	Under what name do research laboratories operated by IBM work under ?
IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide , bundled into IBM Research .	12 research laboratories worldwide	How many research labs does IBM have world wide ?
As of 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 22 consecutive years .	22 consecutive years	In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business ?
Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes , six Turing Awards , ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science .	five Nobel Prizes	How many Nobel Prizes have been won by IBM employees ?
Notable company inventions or developments include the automated teller machine -LRB- ATM -RRB- , the floppy disk , the hard disk drive , the magnetic stripe card , the relational database , the Universal Product Code -LRB- UPC -RRB- , the financial swap , the Fortran programming language , SABRE airline reservation system , dynamic random-access memory -LRB- DRAM -RRB- , copper wiring in semiconductors , the silicon-on-insulator -LRB- SOI -RRB- semiconductor manufacturing process , and Watson artificial intelligence .	Universal Product Code	This IBM invention is known by the acronym UPC , what is the full name ?
IBM 's operating margin expanded from 16.8 % in 2004 to 24.3 % in 2013 , and net profit margins expanded from 9.0 % in 2004 to 16.5 % in 2013 .	16.8%	What was IBM 's operating margin in 2004 ?
IBM 's operating margin expanded from 16.8 % in 2004 to 24.3 % in 2013 , and net profit margins expanded from 9.0 % in 2004 to 16.5 % in 2013 .	9.0%	What were the net profit margins of IBM in 2004 ?
IBM 's operating margin expanded from 16.8 % in 2004 to 24.3 % in 2013 , and net profit margins expanded from 9.0 % in 2004 to 16.5 % in 2013 .	2013	IBM 's net profit margins were 16.5 % in what year ?
IBM 's operating margin expanded from 16.8 % in 2004 to 24.3 % in 2013 , and net profit margins expanded from 9.0 % in 2004 to 16.5 % in 2013 .	24.3%	IBM 's operating margin in 2013 was what ?
Over the past decade , it has steadily shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets such as PCs , hard disk drives and DRAMs and focusing on higher-value , more profitable markets such as business intelligence , data analytics , business continuity , security , cloud computing , virtualization and green solutions , resulting in a higher quality revenue stream and higher profit margins .	exiting commoditizing markets	IBM focusing on markets like business continuity , business intelligence , security , and cloud computing is an example of IBM doing what ?
IBM acquired Kenexa -LRB- 2012 -RRB- and SPSS -LRB- 2009 -RRB- and PwC 's consulting business -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , spinning off companies like printer manufacturer Lexmark -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , and selling off product lines like its personal computer and x86 server businesses to Lenovo -LRB- 2005 , 2014 -RRB- .	2012	In what year did IBM acquire Kenexa ?
IBM acquired Kenexa -LRB- 2012 -RRB- and SPSS -LRB- 2009 -RRB- and PwC 's consulting business -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , spinning off companies like printer manufacturer Lexmark -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , and selling off product lines like its personal computer and x86 server businesses to Lenovo -LRB- 2005 , 2014 -RRB- .	SPSS	IBM made an acquisition in 2009 , name it .
IBM acquired Kenexa -LRB- 2012 -RRB- and SPSS -LRB- 2009 -RRB- and PwC 's consulting business -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , spinning off companies like printer manufacturer Lexmark -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , and selling off product lines like its personal computer and x86 server businesses to Lenovo -LRB- 2005 , 2014 -RRB- .	Lexmark	IBM span off its printer manufacturer in 1991 , what was its name ?
IBM acquired Kenexa -LRB- 2012 -RRB- and SPSS -LRB- 2009 -RRB- and PwC 's consulting business -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , spinning off companies like printer manufacturer Lexmark -LRB- 1991 -RRB- , and selling off product lines like its personal computer and x86 server businesses to Lenovo -LRB- 2005 , 2014 -RRB- .	personal computer and x86 server	IBM sold two product lines to Lenovo , name them .
In 2014 , IBM announced that it would go `` fabless '' by offloading IBM Micro Electronics semiconductor manufacturing to GlobalFoundries , a leader in advanced technology manufacturing , citing that semiconductor manufacturing is a capital-intensive business which is challenging to operate without scale .	GlobalFoundries	What was the name of the company that IBM Micro Electronics was offloaded to ?
On June 16 , 1911 , their four companies were consolidated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company -LRB- CTR -RRB- .	June 16, 1911	On what date did the companies that became the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company get consolidated ?
On June 16 , 1911 , their four companies were consolidated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company -LRB- CTR -RRB- .	Charles Ranlett Flint	Name the individual that consolidated the companies that were to become the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company .
The individual companies owned by CTR continued to operate using their established names until the businesses were integrated in 1933 and the holding company eliminated .	1933	In what year did the companies owned by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company finally integrate ?
CTR 's business office was in Endicott .	Endicott	Where was the CTR Business office ?
The four companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton , New York ; Dayton , Ohio ; Detroit , Michigan ; Washington , D.C. ; and Toronto .	1,300 employees	In 1933 the four companies owned by CTR had how many employees ?
Thomas J. Watson , Sr. , fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson , called on Flint and , in 1914 , was offered CTR .	1914	In what year did Thomas J. Watson , Sr. join CTR ?
Thomas J. Watson , Sr. , fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson , called on Flint and , in 1914 , was offered CTR .	National Cash Register Company	Thomas J. Watson Sr. was fired from what company ?
His favorite slogan , `` THINK '' , became a mantra for each company 's employees .	THINK	What was the favorite slogan of Thomas J. Watson Sr. . ?
During Watson 's first four years , revenues more than doubled to $ 9 million and the company 's operations expanded to Europe , South America , Asia and Australia .	more than doubled to $9 million	The revenues did what under the first 4 years of Watson being president ?
First as a name for a 1917 Canadian subsidiary , then as a line in advertisements .	1917	The name International Business Machines was first used in what year ?
In 1937 , IBM 's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data , its clients including the U.S. Government , during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the Social Security Act , and the Third Reich , largely through the German subsidiary Dehomag .	Dehomag	What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2 ?
In 1937 , IBM 's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data , its clients including the U.S. Government , during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the Social Security Act , and the Third Reich , largely through the German subsidiary Dehomag .	26 million	Records for how many people were maintained by IBM in 1937 ?
IBM provided translation services for the Nuremberg Trials .	translation services	What service did IBM provide for the Nuremberg Trials ?
In 1947 , IBM opened its first office in Bahrain , as well as an office in Saudi Arabia to service the needs of the Arabian-American Oil Company that would grow to become Saudi Business Machines -LRB- SBM -RRB- .	1947	What year did IBM open its first office in Bahrain ?
In 1947 , IBM opened its first office in Bahrain , as well as an office in Saudi Arabia to service the needs of the Arabian-American Oil Company that would grow to become Saudi Business Machines -LRB- SBM -RRB- .	Saudi Business Machines	What was the eventual name of the company that IBM operated in Saudi Arabia ?
In 1952 , Thomas Watson , Sr. , stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm ; his son , Thomas Watson , Jr. , was named president .	1952	Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year ?
In 1956 , the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM 's Poughkeepsie , New York , laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not merely to play checkers but `` learn '' from its own experience .	artificial intelligence	In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what ?
In 1956 , the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM 's Poughkeepsie , New York , laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not merely to play checkers but `` learn '' from its own experience .	an IBM 704	What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957 ?
In 1957 , the FORTRAN -LRB- FORmula TRANslation -RRB- scientific programming language was developed .	FORmula TRANslation	In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created , what is FORTRAN short for ?
In 1961 , Thomas J. Watson , Jr. , was elected chairman of the board and Albert L. Williams became company president .	Albert L. Williams	In 1961 who became the president of IBM ?
In 2002 , IBM acquired PwC consulting .	PwC consulting	One company that IBM acquired in 2002 is ?
Using its Jam technology , it hosted a three-day Internet-based online discussion of key business issues with 50,000 employees .	50,000 employees	In 2003 IBM hosted an online discussion with how many employees ?
Using its Jam technology , it hosted a three-day Internet-based online discussion of key business issues with 50,000 employees .	Jam technology	What technology did IBM use for its 2003 internet-based discussion ?
Results were data mined with sophisticated text analysis software -LRB- eClassifier -RRB- for common themes .	eClassifier	What did IBM use to analyze the results from the online discussion ?
Another three-day Jam took place in 2004 , with 52,000 employees discussing ways to implement company values in practice .	52,000 employees	How many employees took part in the subsequent online discussion in 2004 ?
In 2005 , the company sold its personal computer business to Chinese technology company Lenovo , and in the same year it agreed to acquire Micromuse .	Lenovo	IBM sold its personal computer business to what company ?
In 2005 , the company sold its personal computer business to Chinese technology company Lenovo , and in the same year it agreed to acquire Micromuse .	2005	In what year did IBM sell its personal computer business ?
A year later IBM launched Secure Blue , a low-cost hardware design for data encryption that can be built into a microprocessor .	Secure Blue	What was the design for low cost data encryption named ?
In 2009 it acquired software company SPSS Inc. .	2009	SPSS Inc. was acquired in what year ?
Later in 2009 , IBM 's Blue Gene supercomputing program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation by U.S. President Barack Obama .	Blue Gene	This program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation .
On October 28 , 2015 , IBM announced its acquisition of digital assets from The Weather Company -- a holding company of Bain Capital , The Blackstone Group and NBCUniversal which owns The Weather Channel , including its weather data platforms -LRB- such as Weather Services International -RRB- , websites -LRB- Weather.com and Weather Underground -RRB- and mobile apps .	The Weather Company	IBM acquired digital assets of this company on October 28 , 2015 .
The acquisition seeks to use Watson for weather analytics and predictions .	Watson	What will IBM use to analyze weather and make predictions ?
The sale closed on January 29 , 2016	January 29, 2016	When did the sale of Weather Company assets close ?
The acquisition does not include The Weather Channel itself , which will enter into a long-term licensing agreement with IBM for use of its data .	long-term licensing agreement	The Weather Channel entered into what with IBM ?
On October 28 , 2015 , IBM announced its acquisition of digital assets from The Weather Company -- a holding company of Bain Capital , The Blackstone Group and NBCUniversal which owns The Weather Channel , including its weather data platforms -LRB- such as Weather Services International -RRB- , websites -LRB- Weather.com and Weather Underground -RRB- and mobile apps .	The Weather Company	Bain Capital is a holding company of which company ?
The company 's 14 member Board of Directors is responsible for overall corporate management .	14	IBM has how many members on its Board of Directors ?
As of Cathie Black 's resignation in November 2010 its membership -LRB- by affiliation and year of joining -RRB- included : Alain J. P. Belda '08 -LRB- Alcoa -RRB- , William R. Brody '07 -LRB- Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University -RRB- , Kenneth Chenault '98 -LRB- American Express -RRB- , Michael L. Eskew '05 -LRB- UPS -RRB- , Shirley Ann Jackson '05 -LRB- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -RRB- , Andrew N. Liveris '10 -LRB- Dow Chemical -RRB- , W. James McNerney , Jr. '09 -LRB- Boeing -RRB- , James W. Owens '06 -LRB- Caterpillar -RRB- , Samuel J. Palmisano '00 -LRB- IBM -RRB- , Joan Spero '04 -LRB- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation -RRB- , Sidney Taurel '01 -LRB- Eli Lilly -RRB- , and Lorenzo Zambrano '03 -LRB- Cemex -RRB- .	Cathie Black's	What board member resigned in November 2010 ?
As of Cathie Black 's resignation in November 2010 its membership -LRB- by affiliation and year of joining -RRB- included : Alain J. P. Belda '08 -LRB- Alcoa -RRB- , William R. Brody '07 -LRB- Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University -RRB- , Kenneth Chenault '98 -LRB- American Express -RRB- , Michael L. Eskew '05 -LRB- UPS -RRB- , Shirley Ann Jackson '05 -LRB- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -RRB- , Andrew N. Liveris '10 -LRB- Dow Chemical -RRB- , W. James McNerney , Jr. '09 -LRB- Boeing -RRB- , James W. Owens '06 -LRB- Caterpillar -RRB- , Samuel J. Palmisano '00 -LRB- IBM -RRB- , Joan Spero '04 -LRB- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation -RRB- , Sidney Taurel '01 -LRB- Eli Lilly -RRB- , and Lorenzo Zambrano '03 -LRB- Cemex -RRB- .	'07	What year did William R. Brody join the IBM Board of Directors ?
As of Cathie Black 's resignation in November 2010 its membership -LRB- by affiliation and year of joining -RRB- included : Alain J. P. Belda '08 -LRB- Alcoa -RRB- , William R. Brody '07 -LRB- Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University -RRB- , Kenneth Chenault '98 -LRB- American Express -RRB- , Michael L. Eskew '05 -LRB- UPS -RRB- , Shirley Ann Jackson '05 -LRB- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -RRB- , Andrew N. Liveris '10 -LRB- Dow Chemical -RRB- , W. James McNerney , Jr. '09 -LRB- Boeing -RRB- , James W. Owens '06 -LRB- Caterpillar -RRB- , Samuel J. Palmisano '00 -LRB- IBM -RRB- , Joan Spero '04 -LRB- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation -RRB- , Sidney Taurel '01 -LRB- Eli Lilly -RRB- , and Lorenzo Zambrano '03 -LRB- Cemex -RRB- .	American Express	Kenneth Chenault is affiliated with what company ?
As of Cathie Black 's resignation in November 2010 its membership -LRB- by affiliation and year of joining -RRB- included : Alain J. P. Belda '08 -LRB- Alcoa -RRB- , William R. Brody '07 -LRB- Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University -RRB- , Kenneth Chenault '98 -LRB- American Express -RRB- , Michael L. Eskew '05 -LRB- UPS -RRB- , Shirley Ann Jackson '05 -LRB- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -RRB- , Andrew N. Liveris '10 -LRB- Dow Chemical -RRB- , W. James McNerney , Jr. '09 -LRB- Boeing -RRB- , James W. Owens '06 -LRB- Caterpillar -RRB- , Samuel J. Palmisano '00 -LRB- IBM -RRB- , Joan Spero '04 -LRB- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation -RRB- , Sidney Taurel '01 -LRB- Eli Lilly -RRB- , and Lorenzo Zambrano '03 -LRB- Cemex -RRB- .	Andrew N. Liveris	Who is the most recent member to join the IBM Board of Directors ?
The move came as the firm reported a 5 % drop in sales and 1 % decline in net profit over 2012 .	5% drop	How large of a drop in sales did IBM report for fiscal year 2013 ?
On January 21 , 2014 IBM announced that company executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013 .	January 21, 2014	What date did IBM announce that its executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013 ?
It also committed to a $ 1.2 bn plus expansion of its data center and cloud-storage business , including the development of 15 new data centers .	$1.2bn	IBM committed to an expansion totaling this dollar amount in 2014 ?
It also committed to a $ 1.2 bn plus expansion of its data center and cloud-storage business , including the development of 15 new data centers .	15	How many new data centers did IBM commit to building ?
After ten successive quarters of flat or sliding sales under Chief Executive Virginia Rometty IBM is being forced to look at new approaches .	Virginia Rometty	Who is the chief executive of IBM ?
Van der Rohe 's 330 North Wabash building in Chicago , the original center of the company 's research division post-World War II , was recognized with the 1990 Honor Award from the National Building Museum .	330 North Wabash building in Chicago	What building did Van der Rohe create for IBM ?
Van der Rohe 's 330 North Wabash building in Chicago , the original center of the company 's research division post-World War II , was recognized with the 1990 Honor Award from the National Building Museum .	center of the company's research division	The 330 North Wabash building served as what post World War 2 ?
Van der Rohe 's 330 North Wabash building in Chicago , the original center of the company 's research division post-World War II , was recognized with the 1990 Honor Award from the National Building Museum .	1990 Honor Award	The 330 North Wabash Building was recognized with what award ?
Other major campus installations include towers in Montreal , Paris , and Atlanta ; software labs in Raleigh-Durham , Rome , Cracow and Toronto ; Johannesburg , Seattle ; and facilities in Hakozaki and Yamato .	Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta	IBM has towers in which cities ?
The company 's contributions to architecture and design , which include works by Eero Saarinen , Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , and I.M. Pei , have been recognized .	Eero Saarinen	IBM has worked with architects and designers such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , I.M. Pei , and Van der Rohe , name one more .
In 1914 , CEO Thomas J. Watson boosted company spirit by creating employee sports teams , hosting family outings , and furnishing a company band .	Thomas J. Watson	Who was the CEO in 1914 ?
In 1924 the Quarter Century Club , which recognizes employees with 25 years of service , was organized and the first issue of Business Machines , IBM 's internal publication , was published .	1924	The Quarter Century Club began in this year .
In 1924 the Quarter Century Club , which recognizes employees with 25 years of service , was organized and the first issue of Business Machines , IBM 's internal publication , was published .	Business Machines	What is the name of IBM 's internal magazine ?
In 1925 , the first meeting of the Hundred Percent Club , composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas , convened in Atlantic City , New Jersey .	Hundred Percent Club	In 1925 the first meeting of this group occurred .
In 1925 , the first meeting of the Hundred Percent Club , composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas , convened in Atlantic City , New Jersey .	IBM salesmen who meet their quotas	What is the Hundred Percent Club composed of ?
IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance -LRB- 1934 -RRB- , survivor benefits -LRB- 1935 -RRB- and paid vacations -LRB- 1937 -RRB- .	1934	In what year did IBM begin to provide group life insurance ?
In 1932 IBM created an Education Department to oversee training for employees , which oversaw the completion of the IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott in 1933 .	IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott	IBM created a school house in 1933 , what was its name ?
In 1935 , the employee magazine Think was created .	Think	IBM employees created a magazine in 1935 , what was its name ?
In 1942 , IBM launched a program to train and employ disabled people in Topeka , Kansas .	program to train and employ disabled people	What program did IBM launch in 1942 ?
In 1946 , the company hired its first black salesman , 18 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .	1946	What year did IBM hire its first black salesman ?
In 1952 , Thomas J. Watson , Jr. , published the company 's first written equal opportunity policy letter , one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .	1952	In what year was IBM 's first equal opportunity policy letter published ?
In 1961 , IBM 's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex , national origin , and age .	sex, national origin, and age	In 1961 IBM 's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what ?
The following year , IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors ; and in 1963 , the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists , engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements .	IBM Fellows	Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these .
The following year , IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors ; and in 1963 , the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists , engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements .	34	How many inventors were honored at IBM 's first Invention Award Dinner ?
On September 21 , 1953 , Thomas Watson , Jr. , the company 's president at the time , sent out a controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people , regardless of their race , ethnic origin , or gender .	September 21, 1953	What date did Thomas Watson , Jr. send out a letter about IBM hiring the best people regardless of race , gender , or origin ?
He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing plants with the governors of two states in the U.S. South , he could be clear that IBM would not build `` separate-but-equal '' workplaces .	the U.S. South	IBM publicized its hiring policy to help negotiations in two states where in the U.S. ?
He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing plants with the governors of two states in the U.S. South , he could be clear that IBM would not build `` separate-but-equal '' workplaces .	separate-but-equal	What kind of workplaces did IBM commit to not building ?
In 1984 , IBM added sexual orientation to its nondiscrimination policy .	sexual orientation	IBM expanded their nondiscrimination policy in 1984 to include what ?
In 1984 , IBM added sexual orientation to its nondiscrimination policy .	1984	In what year did IBM add sexual orientation to their nondiscrimination policy ?
IBM has been a leading proponent of the Open Source Initiative , and began supporting Linux in 1998 .	Linux	IBM began supporting this in 1998 .
The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center , which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers .	the IBM Linux Technology Center	300 Linux kernel developers work here .
IBM has also released code under different open source licenses , such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse -LRB- worth approximately US$ 40 million at the time of the donation -RRB- , the three-sentence International Components for Unicode -LRB- ICU -RRB- license , and the Java-based relational database management system -LRB- RDBMS -RRB- Apache Derby .	Eclipse	IBM created the software framework known as ?
IBM 's open source involvement has not been trouble-free , however -LRB- see SCO v. IBM -RRB- .	SCO v. IBM	What is a notable legal case involving open source and IBM ?
IBM has also released code under different open source licenses , such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse -LRB- worth approximately US$ 40 million at the time of the donation -RRB- , the three-sentence International Components for Unicode -LRB- ICU -RRB- license , and the Java-based relational database management system -LRB- RDBMS -RRB- Apache Derby .	relational database management system	What does RDBMS refer to ?
DeveloperWorks is a website run by IBM for software developers and IT professionals .	DeveloperWorks	IBM runs what website for software developers ?
In 2007 , developerWorks was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame .	was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame	In 2007 what happened to developerWorks ?
Subjects range from open , industry-standard technologies like Java , Linux , SOA and web services , web development , Ajax , PHP , and XML to IBM 's products -LRB- WebSphere , Rational , Lotus , Tivoli and Information Management -RRB- .	Linux	DeveloperWorks has content about open industry standard technologies like Java and SOA , what is one other industry standard technology it has resources for ?
Subjects range from open , industry-standard technologies like Java , Linux , SOA and web services , web development , Ajax , PHP , and XML to IBM 's products -LRB- WebSphere , Rational , Lotus , Tivoli and Information Management -RRB- .	Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management	IBM products such as WebSphere and Rational are covered on DeveloperWorks , what other three IBM products are covered ?
In 2007 , developerWorks was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame .	2007	The Jolt Hall of Fame inducted DeveloperWorks in what year ?
The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor , which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months .	PowerPC tri-core processor	What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360 ?
The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor , which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months .	less than 24 months	How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor ?
Sony 's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM , Toshiba , and Sony .	Cell BE microprocessor	Playstation 3 featured which microprocessor ?
Sony 's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM , Toshiba , and Sony .	Toshiba, and Sony	Who helped IBM develop the Playstation 3 microprocessor ?
IBM also provided the microprocessor that serves as the heart of Nintendo 's new Wii U system , which debuted in 2012 .	2012	What year did the Nintendo Wii U , partly developed by IBM , debut ?
IBM announced it will launch its new software , called `` Open Client Offering '' which is to run on Linux , Microsoft Windows and Apple 's Mac OS X .	Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X	What will Open Client Offering run on ?
One alternative to Microsoft 's office document formats is the Open Document Format software , whose development IBM supports .	Open Document Format software	What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft ?
IBM plans to install Open Client on 5 % of its desktop PCs .	5%	What percentage of its desktop PCs does IBM plan to install Open Client on to ?
The Linux offering has been made available as the IBM Client for Smart Work product on the Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux platforms .	Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux	Which platforms did IBM begin offering the IBM Client for Smart Work on ?
It is going to be used for several tasks like : word processing , presentations , along with collaboration with Lotus Notes , instant messaging and blog tools as well as an Internet Explorer competitor -- the Mozilla Firefox web browser .	Mozilla Firefox	What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with ?
A year later , IBM unveiled Project Big Green , a re-direction of $ 1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency .	Project Big Green	What is the name of the IBM project that redirected $ 1 billion each year to increase energy efficiency ?
In 2006 , IBM launched Secure Blue , encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors .	2006	Secure Blue was launched in what year ?
In 2006 , IBM launched Secure Blue , encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors .	encryption hardware	What type of hardware is Secure Blue ?
On November 2008 , IBM 's CEO , Sam Palmisano , during a speech at the Council on Foreign Relations , outlined a new agenda for building a Smarter Planet .	Sam Palmisano	Who was the IBM ceo in November 2008 ?
On March 1 , 2011 , IBM announced the Smarter Computing framework to support Smarter Planet .	Smarter Computing framework	What framework did IBM announce on March 1 , 2011 ?
IBM also holds the SmartCamp program globally .	SmartCamp	What is the name of the program that IBM uses to search for new start-up companies to solve world problems ?
IBM holds 17 SmartCamp events around the world .	17	How many SmartCamp events does IBM hold worldwide ?
Since July 2011 , IBM has partnered with Pennies , the electronic charity box , and produced a software solution for IBM retail customers that provides an easy way to donate money when paying in-store by credit or debit card .	Pennies	Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money ?
Customers donate just a few pence -LRB- 1p-99p -RRB- a time and every donation goes to UK charities .	UK	Charities of which nation benefit from the IBM partnership with Pennies ?
Since July 2011 , IBM has partnered with Pennies , the electronic charity box , and produced a software solution for IBM retail customers that provides an easy way to donate money when paying in-store by credit or debit card .	Pennies	What company is known for the electronic charity box ?
The birthplace of IBM , Endicott , suffered pollution for decades , however .	Endicott	What location is the birthplace of IBM ?
IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades , and six spills and leaks were recorded , including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank .	4,100 gallons	How many gallons of liquid cleaning agent leaked from an IBM facility in 1979 ?
IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades , and six spills and leaks were recorded , including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank .	more than two decades	How long did IBM use liquid cleaning agents for circuit board manufacturing ?
Also , from 1980 , IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals , including trichloroethane , freon , benzene and perchloroethene to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the townspeople .	78,000 gallons	Starting in 1980 how many gallons of chemicals did IBM pump into the air ?
IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution , though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found .	Department of Environmental Conservation	IBM was identified by what department as a major source of pollution ?
The contemporary Liberal Party generally advocates economic liberalism -LRB- see New Right -RRB- .	New Right	What is economic liberalism sometimes also referred to ?
However , from its foundation the party has identified itself as anti-socialist .	anti-socialist	Does the Liberal Party of Australia consider itself socialist or anti-socialist ?
The party 's founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australia 's middle class would form its main constituency .	Robert Menzies	Who was the Liberal Party of Australia 's longest-serving leader ?
The party 's founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australia 's middle class would form its main constituency .	Robert Menzies	Who founded Australia 's liberal party ?
Throughout their history , the Liberals have been in electoral terms largely the party of the middle class -LRB- whom Menzies , in the era of the party 's formation called `` The forgotten people '' -RRB- , though such class-based voting patterns are no longer as clear as they once were .	the middle class	Whom are referred to as `` The forgoten people ? ''
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- One effect of this was the success of a breakaway party , the Australian Democrats , founded in 1977 by former Liberal minister Don Chipp and members of minor liberal parties ; other members of the left-leaning section of the middle-class became Labor supporters .	1977	In what year were the Australian Democrats founded ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- One effect of this was the success of a breakaway party , the Australian Democrats , founded in 1977 by former Liberal minister Don Chipp and members of minor liberal parties ; other members of the left-leaning section of the middle-class became Labor supporters .	Don Chipp	Which former liberal founded the Australian Democrats in 1977 ?
At that time the Liberals ' coalition partner , the Country Party , the older of the two in the coalition -LRB- now known as the `` National Party '' -RRB- , had considerable influence over the government 's economic policies .	the Country Party	Which group is currently known as the `` National Party '' ?
It was not until the late 1970s and through their period out of power federally in the 1980s that the party came to be influenced by what was known as the `` New Right '' -- a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation , privatisation of public utilities , reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts .	a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts	What is the `` New Right '' ?
Domestically , Menzies presided over a fairly regulated economy in which utilities were publicly owned , and commercial activity was highly regulated through centralised wage-fixing and high tariff protection .	publicly	Were utilities publically or privately owned in Menzie 's economy ?
The Liberals ' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party -LRB- UAP -RRB- .	United Australia Party (UAP)	Which group was predecessor to the Liberals ?
More broadly , the Liberal Party 's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments .	anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments	From where did the ideology of the Liberals stem ?
The Commonwealth Liberal Party merged with several Labor dissidents -LRB- including Billy Hughes -RRB- to form the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 .	Nationalist Party of Australia	What did the Commonwealth Liberal Party merge to form ?
The Commonwealth Liberal Party merged with several Labor dissidents -LRB- including Billy Hughes -RRB- to form the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 .	1917	In what year was the Nationalist Party of Australia formed ?
With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression , the newly formed party won a landslide victory at the 1931 Election , and the Lyons Government went on to win three consecutive elections .	the Great Depression	What economic event influenced the 1931 Election ?
With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression , the newly formed party won a landslide victory at the 1931 Election , and the Lyons Government went on to win three consecutive elections .	three	How many consecutive elections did the Lyons Government win ?
Lyons ' death in 1939 saw Robert Menzies assume the Prime Ministership on the eve of war .	Lyons' death in 1939	What event caused Robert Menzies to become Prime Minister ?
Menzies served as Prime Minister from 1939 to 1941 but resigned as leader of the minority World War II government amidst an unworkable parliamentary majority .	1939 to 1941	What years did Robert Menzies serve as Prime Minister ?
From 1942 onward Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of `` The Forgotten People '' radio talks -- similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt 's `` fireside chats '' of the 1930s -- in which he spoke of the middle class as the `` backbone of Australia '' but as nevertheless having been `` taken for granted '' by political parties .	Franklin D. Roosevelt's "fireside chats"	To what are Menzies ' `` Forgotten People '' radio talks compared to ?
From 1942 onward Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of `` The Forgotten People '' radio talks -- similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt 's `` fireside chats '' of the 1930s -- in which he spoke of the middle class as the `` backbone of Australia '' but as nevertheless having been `` taken for granted '' by political parties .	"backbone of Australia"	How did Roosevelt refer to the middle class ?
Menzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party , which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury , New South Wales in December 1944 .	opposed	Was the meeting at Canberra a group of people supporting or opposed to the Australian Labor Party ?
Menzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party , which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury , New South Wales in December 1944 .	Albury, New South Wales	Where was the second anti-Labor Party held in 1944 ?
The formation of the party was formally announced at Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945 .	Sydney Town Hall	Where was the formation of the Liberal party officially announced ?
It took the name `` Liberal '' in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party .	in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party	Where did the name `` Liberal '' come from ?
It became the nucleus of the Liberal Party 's youth division , the Young Liberals .	Young Liberals	What was the name of the Liberal Party 's youth division ?
By September 1945 there were more than 90,000 members , many of whom had not previously been members of any political party .	more than 90,000	How many members were in the Young Liberals by Sept 1945 ?
After an initial loss to Labor at the 1946 election , Menzies led the Liberals to victory at the 1949 election , and the party stayed in office for a record 23 years -- still the longest unbroken run in government at the federal level .	a record 23 years	How many years did the Liberals stay in office after the 1949 election ?
Australia experienced prolonged economic growth during the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government -LRB- 1949 -- 1966 -RRB- and Menzies fulfilled his promises at the 1949 election to end rationing of butter , tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children , as well as for others .	end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children	What promises did Menzies make in the 1949 election ?
Australia experienced prolonged economic growth during the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government -LRB- 1949 -- 1966 -RRB- and Menzies fulfilled his promises at the 1949 election to end rationing of butter , tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children , as well as for others .	the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949–1966)	During what period did Australia experience long-term economic growth ?
Anti-communism was a key political issue of the 1950s and 1960s .	Anti-communism	What was a key political topic in the 1950s and 1960s ?
Menzies was firmly anti-Communist ; he committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war .	committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war	What actions showed Menzies ' anti-Communist beliefs ?
The Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement , leading to the foundation of the breakaway Democratic Labor Party whose preferences supported the Liberal and Country parties .	concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,	Over what did the Labor party divide ?
The Menzies Government entered Australia 's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia , New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951 .	ANZUS Treaty	Which treaty was Australia 's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth ?
The Menzies Government entered Australia 's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia , New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951 .	Australia, New Zealand and the United States	Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty ?
In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty -LRB- SEATO -RRB- as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO .	South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty	What does the acronym SEATO stand for ?
In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty -LRB- SEATO -RRB- as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO .	the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)	Which group is a counterpart to NATO ?
The Menzies Government entered Australia 's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia , New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951 .	San Francisco	Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951 ?
In 1958 the government replaced the Immigration Act 's arbitrarily applied European language dictation test with an entry permit system , that reflected economic and skills criteria .	economic and skills criteria	What did the Immigration Act 's entry permit system include ?
In 1962 , Menzies ' Commonwealth Electoral Act provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections -LRB- prior to this , indigenous people in Queensland , Western Australia and some in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen -RRB- .	Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act	Which ruling allowed indigenous Australians the right to vote ?
In 1949 the Liberals appointed Dame Enid Lyons as the first woman to serve in an Australian Cabinet .	Dame Enid Lyons	Who was the first women to serve on the Australian Cabinet ?
Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam , which met with some public opposition .	Holt	Government under whom experienced the conversion to decimal currency ?
Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam , which met with some public opposition .	commitment to the growing War in Vietnam	Which of Holt 's stances received some public opposition ?
Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census -- the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate -LRB- over 90 % voted ` yes ' -RRB- .	1967 Referendum	Which Referendum allowed Indigenous Australians to be counted in the Census ?
Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census -- the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate -LRB- over 90 % voted ` yes ' -RRB- .	90%	What overhelming percent of Australians voted for the 1967 Referendum ?
The Gorton Government increased funding for the arts , setting up the Australian Council for the Arts , the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School .	The Gorton Government	Which government put an emphasis in supporting the arts ?
The Gorton Government passed legislation establishing equal pay for men and women and increased pensions , allowances and education scholarships , as well as providing free health care to 250,000 of the nation 's poor -LRB- but not universal health care -RRB- .	The Gorton Government	Which government established equal pay for men and women ?
Gorton 's government kept Australia in the Vietnam War but stopped replacing troops at the end of 1970 .	end of 1970	What year did the Gorton Government stop replacing troups in Vietnam ?
Gorton maintained good relations with the United States and Britain , but pursued closer ties with Asia .	Asia	Which continent did Gorton wish to pursue closer ties with ?
In 1971 , Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser , resigned and said Gorton was `` not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister '' .	Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser	Who commented that Gorton was not fit to be Prime Minister ?
In a vote on the leadership the Liberal Party split 50/50 , and although this was insufficient to remove him as the leader , Gorton decided this was also insufficient support for him , and he resigned .	he resigned	Was Gorton impeached , voted out , or did he resign ?
Gorton maintained good relations with the United States and Britain , but pursued closer ties with Asia .	United States and Britain	Which countries did Gorton maintain close relationships with ?
During McMahon 's period in office , Neville Bonner joined the Senate and became the first Indigenous Australian in the Australian Parliament .	Neville Bonner	Who became the first indigenous Austrailian in Parliament ?
Bonner went on to win election at the 1972 election and served as a Liberal Senator for 12 years .	12 years	How long did Bonner serve as a Liberal Senator ?
Bonner was chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971 and celebrated his maiden parliamentary speech with a boomerang throwing display on the lawns of Parliament .	chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971	How was Bonner appointed his position ?
The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker Prime Minister , pending an election .	11 November 1975	On what day did the 1975 constitutional crisis deadlock end ?
The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker Prime Minister , pending an election .	the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr	How did the gridlock between Whitlam and Fraser end ?
The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker Prime Minister , pending an election .	Fraser	Who won the 1975 election by large margin ?
His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian , Neville Bonner , and in 1976 , Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 , which , while limited to the Northern Territory , affirmed `` inalienable '' freehold title to some traditional lands .	Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976	Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands ?
By 1983 , the Australian economy was suffering with the early 1980s recession and amidst the effects of a severe drought .	a severe drought	What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983 ?
Liberal minister , Don Chipp split off from the party to form a new social liberal party , the Australian Democrats in 1977 .	Australian Democrats	Which party did Don Chipp seperate to form in 1977 ?
Fraser won further substantial majorities at the 1977 and 1980 elections , before losing to the Bob Hawke led Australian Labor Party in the 1983 election .	Bob Hawke	Who did Frazer eventually lose to in 1983 ?
Howard differed from his Labor predecessor Paul Keating in that he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia , the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag , but like Keating he pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax -LRB- although Keating had dropped support for a GST by the time of his 1993 election victory -RRB- .	he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag	How was Howard different from Paul Keating ?
Howard differed from his Labor predecessor Paul Keating in that he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia , the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag , but like Keating he pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax -LRB- although Keating had dropped support for a GST by the time of his 1993 election victory -RRB- .	pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax	In what ways was Howard similar to Paul Keating ?
The Howard Government invoked the ANZUS treaty in response to the attacks and supported America 's campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq .	The Howard Government	Which government supported the US 's war Afghanistan and Iraq ?
The Howard Government invoked the ANZUS treaty in response to the attacks and supported America 's campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq .	the ANZUS treaty	Under what agreement did the Australian government support the US ?
In Queensland , the Liberal and National parties merged in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland -LRB- registered as the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party of Australia -RRB- .	the Liberal and National parties	Which parties merged in Queensland in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland ?
In Queensland , the Liberal and National parties merged in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland -LRB- registered as the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party of Australia -RRB- .	the new Liberal National Party of Queensland	In March 2012 , which party won by an historic landslide ?
In March 2012 , the new party achieved Government in an historic landslide , led by former Brisbane Lord Mayor , Campbell Newman .	former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman	Who led the new Liberal National Party of Queensland through the election in March 2012 ?
On 1 December 2009 , a subsequent leadership election saw Turnbull lose the leadership to Tony Abbott by 42 votes to 41 on the second ballot .	42 votes to 41	How close was the race betwen Turnbull and Abbott in 2009 ?
Following the 2007 Federal Election , Dr Brendan Nelson was elected leader by the Parliamentary Liberal Party .	Dr Brendan Nelson	Who was elected to the Parliamentary Liberal Party after the 2007 Federal Election ?
On 16 September 2008 , in a second contest following a spill motion , Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull .	Malcolm Turnbull	To whom did Nelson lose the party to in 2008 ?
The party 's leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop .	Malcolm Turnbull	Who is the Australian Liberal Party 's leader ?
The pair were elected to their positions at the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot , Bishop as the incumbent deputy leader and Turnbull as a replacement for Tony Abbott , whom he consequently succeeded as Prime Minister of Australia .	Tony Abbott	Who was Turnbull elected to replace ?
The party 's leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop .	Julie Bishop	Who is the Australian Party 's deputy leader ?
Now the Turnbull Government , the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013 .	the Abbott Government	What was the former name of the Turnbull Government ?
A West Australian Liberal , Ken Wyatt , became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010 .	Ken Wyatt	Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House ?
A West Australian Liberal , Ken Wyatt , became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010 .	2010	In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives ?
Historically , Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable `` socially liberal '' reforms , including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt ; Holt 's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights ; Sir John Gorton 's support for cinema and the arts ; selection of the first Aboriginal Senator , Neville Bonner , in 1971 ; and Malcolm Fraser 's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 .	1971	In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected ?
The Liberal Party 's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions , reflecting the party 's original commitment to a federalised system of government -LRB- a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983 , but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government , which showed strong centralising tendencies -RRB- .	six	How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party 's organisation ?
Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions .	Menzies	Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party ?
Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties , not by the party 's rank-and-file members , although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy .	almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members	Who makes party policy ?
Menzies ran strongly against Labor 's plans to nationalise the Australian banking system and , following victory in the 1949 election , secured a double dissolution election for April 1951 , after the Labor-controlled Senate refused to pass his banking legislation .	strongly against	Was Menzies for or against nationalizing the banking system in Australia ?
The Government was returned again in the 1954 election ; the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party -LRB- DLP -RRB- and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955 helped the Liberals to another victory in December 1955 .	the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955	What helped the Liberals to victory in December 1955 ?
Menzies went on to resign from parliament on 26 January 1966 .	26 January 1966	When did Menzies resign from Parliament ?
A period of division for the Liberals followed , with former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock for supremacy .	former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock	Which two title holders fought for political power in the early 1990s ?
Unemployment reached 11.4 % in 1992 .	11.4%	What was the Australian unemployment rate in 1992 ?
Hewson 's difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview , considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign .	the infamous birthday cake interview	What discussion proved an example of the difficulty of explaining what foods were and were not included in the Goods and Services Tax ?
In South Australia , initially a Liberal and Country Party affiliated party , the Liberal and Country League -LRB- LCL -RRB- , mostly led by Premier of South Australia Tom Playford , was in power from the 1933 election to the 1965 election , though with assistance from an electoral malapportionment , or gerrymander , known as the Playmander .	from the 1933 election to the 1965 election	How long was Tom Playford in political power ?
They have since remained in opposition under a record five Opposition Leaders .	a record five	How many consecutive losses has the Liberal party faced since the 2002 election ?
The LCL 's Steele Hall governed for one term from the 1968 election to the 1970 election and during this time began the process of dismantling the Playmander .	1968 election to the 1970 election	During what years did the dismantling of the Playmander begin ?
According to translator William Scott Wilson : `` In Chinese , the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning `` to wait upon '' or `` accompany persons '' in the upper ranks of society , and this is also true of the original term in Japanese , saburau .	translator	What was William Scott Wilson 's occupation ?
According to Wilson , an early reference to the word `` samurai '' appears in the Kokin Wakashū -LRB- 905 -- 914 -RRB- , the first imperial anthology of poems , completed in the first part of the 10th century .	Kokin Wakashū	Where is the first known use of ` samurai ' ?
According to Wilson , an early reference to the word `` samurai '' appears in the Kokin Wakashū -LRB- 905 -- 914 -RRB- , the first imperial anthology of poems , completed in the first part of the 10th century .	905–914	When is the first known use of ` samurai ' ?
By the end of the 12th century , samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi , and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class .	bushi	What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as ?
The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord , were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy , and they followed a set of rules that later came to be known as the bushidō .	a clan	What were samurai affiliated with ?
While the samurai numbered less than 10 % of then Japan 's population , their teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts .	less than 10%	How much of Japan were samurais ?
While the samurai numbered less than 10 % of then Japan 's population , their teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts .	everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts	Where do samurais ' teachings live on ?
By the end of the 12th century , samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi , and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class .	middle and upper echelons of the warrior class	What class were samurais ?
Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs , Japan underwent widespread reform .	663 AD	When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe ?
Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs , Japan underwent widespread reform .	Tang China and Silla	Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against ?
Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs , Japan underwent widespread reform .	a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs	What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe ?
One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform , issued by Prince Naka no Ōe -LRB- Emperor Tenji -RRB- in 646 AD .	Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji)	Who led the Taika Reform ?
One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform , issued by Prince Naka no Ōe -LRB- Emperor Tenji -RRB- in 646 AD .	646 AD	When was the Taika Reform ?
In the early Heian period , the late 8th and early 9th centuries , Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū , but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline , and failed in their task .	early Heian period	In what period did Emperor Kammu rule ?
In the early Heian period , the late 8th and early 9th centuries , Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū , but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline , and failed in their task .	the late 8th and early 9th centuries	When was the early Heian ?
In the early Heian period , the late 8th and early 9th centuries , Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū , but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline , and failed in their task .	Emishi	Who did Kammu fail to conquer ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Emperor Kammu introduced the title of sei'i - taishōgun -LRB- 征夷大将軍 -RRB- or Shogun , and began to rely on the powerful regional clans to conquer the Emishi .	sei'i-taishōgun	What was the full title for Shogun ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Emperor Kammu introduced the title of sei'i - taishōgun -LRB- 征夷大将軍 -RRB- or Shogun , and began to rely on the powerful regional clans to conquer the Emishi .	Emperor Kammu	Who introduced the Shogun concept ?
After the Genpei war of the late 12th century , a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito , and was allowed to organize soldiers and police , and to collect a certain amount of tax .	late 12th century	When was the Genpei war ?
After the Genpei war of the late 12th century , a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito , and was allowed to organize soldiers and police , and to collect a certain amount of tax .	Minamoto no Yoritomo	Who was given the right to appoint shugo ?
After the Genpei war of the late 12th century , a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito , and was allowed to organize soldiers and police , and to collect a certain amount of tax .	clan leader	What was Minamoto 's position ?
Minamoto no Yoritomo opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate in 1192 .	Minamoto no Yoritomo	Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate ?
Minamoto no Yoritomo opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate in 1192 .	1192	When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open ?
Their involvement in the Hōgen in the late Heian period consolidated their power , and finally pitted the rival Minamoto and Taira clans against each other in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160 .	Heiji Rebellion	What rebellion happened in 1160 ?
Their involvement in the Hōgen in the late Heian period consolidated their power , and finally pitted the rival Minamoto and Taira clans against each other in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160 .	the rival Minamoto and Taira clans	Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion ?
Though originally sent to provincial areas for a fixed four-year term as a magistrate , the toryo declined to return to the capital when their terms ended , and their sons inherited their positions and continued to lead the clans in putting down rebellions throughout Japan during the middle - and later-Heian period .	four-year	How long were the toryos ' terms supposed to be ?
As the power of these regional clans grew , their chief was typically a distant relative of the Emperor and a lesser member of either the Fujiwara , Minamoto , or Taira clans .	Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans	What clans were most regional clans ' chiefs also a member of ?
The winner , Taira no Kiyomori , became an imperial advisor , and was the first warrior to attain such a position .	Taira no Kiyomori	Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor ?
The winner , Taira no Kiyomori , became an imperial advisor , and was the first warrior to attain such a position .	Taira no Kiyomori	Who established the first samurai-led administration ?
However , the Taira clan was still very conservative when compared to its eventual successor , the Minamoto , and instead of expanding or strengthening its military might , the clan had its women marry Emperors and exercise control through the Emperor .	the Minamoto	Who succeeded the Taira clan ?
He eventually seized control of the central government , establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status .	figurehead	What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government ?
However , the Taira clan was still very conservative when compared to its eventual successor , the Minamoto , and instead of expanding or strengthening its military might , the clan had its women marry Emperors and exercise control through the Emperor .	had its women marry Emperors	How did the Taira clan expand power ?
The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180 , beginning the Gempei War , which ended in 1185 .	1180	When did the Gempei War begin ?
The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180 , beginning the Gempei War , which ended in 1185 .	1185	When did the Gempei War end ?
The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180 , beginning the Gempei War , which ended in 1185 .	The Taira and the Minamoto	Which clans fought in the Gempei War ?
Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura , at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185 .	Honshu and Kyushu	What does the Shimonoseki Strait divide ?
In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Sei'i - taishōgun , establishing the Kamakura Shogunate , or Kamakura Bakufu .	1192	When was the Kamakura Shogunate established ?
In 1274 , the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū .	Yuan	Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols ?
In 1274 , the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū .	40,000	How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan ?
In 1274 , the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū .	900	How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan ?
In 1274 , the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū .	northern Kyūshū	Where did the Yuan invade Japan ?
Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat .	10,000	How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with ?
The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion , and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276 .	a great stone barrier	What was built around Hakata Bay ?
The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion , and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276 .	1276	When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier ?
Completed in 1277 , this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay .	1277	When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier ?
Completed in 1277 , this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay .	20 kilometers	How long was the Hakata Bay barrier ?
The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279 , but every envoy sent to Japan was executed .	executed	What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan ?
In 1592 , and again in 1597 , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , aiming to invade China -LRB- 唐入り -RRB- through Korea , mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea .	1592	When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea ?
In 1592 , and again in 1597 , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , aiming to invade China -LRB- 唐入り -RRB- through Korea , mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea .	1597	When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time ?
In 1592 , and again in 1597 , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , aiming to invade China -LRB- 唐入り -RRB- through Korea , mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea .	160,000	How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea ?
Shimazu Yoshihiro led some 7,000 samurai and , despite being heavily outnumbered , defeated a host of allied Ming and Korean forces at the Battle of Sacheon in 1598 , near the conclusion of the campaigns .	1598	When was the Battle of Sacheon ?
The final death blow to the Japanese campaigns in Korea came with Hideyoshi 's death in late 1598 and the recall of all Japanese forces in Korea by the Council of Five Elders -LRB- established by Hideyoshi to oversee the transition from his regency to that of his son Hideyori -RRB- .	1598	When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die ?
It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea ; most importantly , the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns , and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi 's domination of Japan either mulled Hideyoshi 's call to invade Korea or contributed a small token force .	Tokugawa Ieyasu	Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea ?
Most commanders who did opposed or otherwise resisted/resented Hideyoshi ended up as part of the so-called Eastern Army , while commanders loyal to Hideyoshi and his son -LRB- a notable exception to this trend was Katō Kiyomasa , who deployed with Tokugawa and the Eastern Army -RRB- were largely committed to the Western Army ; the two opposing sides -LRB- so named for the relative geographical locations of their respective commanders ' domains -RRB- would later clash , most notably at the Battle of Sekigahara , which was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Eastern Forces , paving the way for the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate .	Eastern Army	What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of ?
Most commanders who did opposed or otherwise resisted/resented Hideyoshi ended up as part of the so-called Eastern Army , while commanders loyal to Hideyoshi and his son -LRB- a notable exception to this trend was Katō Kiyomasa , who deployed with Tokugawa and the Eastern Army -RRB- were largely committed to the Western Army ; the two opposing sides -LRB- so named for the relative geographical locations of their respective commanders ' domains -RRB- would later clash , most notably at the Battle of Sekigahara , which was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Eastern Forces , paving the way for the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate .	Katō Kiyomasa	Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army ?
Most commanders who did opposed or otherwise resisted/resented Hideyoshi ended up as part of the so-called Eastern Army , while commanders loyal to Hideyoshi and his son -LRB- a notable exception to this trend was Katō Kiyomasa , who deployed with Tokugawa and the Eastern Army -RRB- were largely committed to the Western Army ; the two opposing sides -LRB- so named for the relative geographical locations of their respective commanders ' domains -RRB- would later clash , most notably at the Battle of Sekigahara , which was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Eastern Forces , paving the way for the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate .	Battle of Sekigahara	Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle ?
Most commanders who did opposed or otherwise resisted/resented Hideyoshi ended up as part of the so-called Eastern Army , while commanders loyal to Hideyoshi and his son -LRB- a notable exception to this trend was Katō Kiyomasa , who deployed with Tokugawa and the Eastern Army -RRB- were largely committed to the Western Army ; the two opposing sides -LRB- so named for the relative geographical locations of their respective commanders ' domains -RRB- would later clash , most notably at the Battle of Sekigahara , which was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Eastern Forces , paving the way for the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate .	Eastern Forces	Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara ?
Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics , heavily used arquebuses , developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation .	Oda Nobunaga	Who used arquebuses a lot ?
Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics , heavily used arquebuses , developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation .	innovation	What did Oda Nobunaga value ?
Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics , heavily used arquebuses , developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation .	Oda Nobunaga	Who disarmed Japan 's Buddhist monks ?
He died in 1582 when one of his generals , Akechi Mitsuhide , turned upon him with his army .	1582	When did Oda Nobunaga die ?
He died in 1582 when one of his generals , Akechi Mitsuhide , turned upon him with his army .	Akechi Mitsuhide	Who caused Oda Nobunaga 's death ?
During the Tokugawa shogunate , samurai increasingly became courtiers , bureaucrats , and administrators rather than warriors .	During the Tokugawa shogunate	When were samurai becoming less warrior-like ?
With no warfare since the early 17th century , samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era -LRB- also called the Edo period -RRB- .	the early 17th century	When had samurai last been used in battle ?
With no warfare since the early 17th century , samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era -LRB- also called the Edo period -RRB- .	the Edo period	What was another name for the Tokugawa era ?
By the end of the Tokugawa era , samurai were aristocratic bureaucrats for the daimyo , with their daisho , the paired long and short swords of the samurai -LRB- cf. katana and wakizashi -RRB- becoming more of a symbolic emblem of power rather than a weapon used in daily life .	katana	What was the samurai 's long sword called ?
By the end of the Tokugawa era , samurai were aristocratic bureaucrats for the daimyo , with their daisho , the paired long and short swords of the samurai -LRB- cf. katana and wakizashi -RRB- becoming more of a symbolic emblem of power rather than a weapon used in daily life .	wakizashi	What was the samurai 's short sword called ?
Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord -LRB- usually a daimyo -RRB- increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era .	daimyo	Who were most samurais ' lords ?
They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius -LRB- ca 550 BC -RRB- , which were required reading for the educated samurai class .	Confucius and Mencius	Whose teachings did all samurai read ?
Bushido was an ideal , and it remained fairly uniform from the 13th century to the 19th century -- the ideals of Bushido transcended social class , time and geographic location of the warrior class .	social class, time and geographic location	What did Bushido transcend ?
Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders and families before the Edo Period .	before the Edo Period	When was Bushido formalized ?
Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders and families before the Edo Period .	several influential leaders and families	Who formalized Bushido ?
The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry 's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853 .	U.S. Navy	Which force invaded Japan in 1853 ?
The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry 's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853 .	Commodore Matthew Perry	Who lead the US Navy 's invasion of Japan ?
Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade .	force Japan to open its borders to trade	What was Perry 's goal in Japan ?
Prior to that only a few harbor towns , under strict control from the Shogunate , were allowed to participate in Western trade , and even then , it was based largely on the idea of playing the Franciscans and Dominicans off against one another -LRB- in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology , which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai -RRB- .	arquebus	What technology helped the downfall of samurai ?
From 1854 , the samurai army and the navy were modernized .	1854	When was the samurai military modernized ?
A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855 .	Nagasaki	Where did Japan open a military school in 1855 ?
A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855 .	Naval	What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855 ?
Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years , starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders , such as Admiral Enomoto .	tradition	What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals ?
By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867 , the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiyō Maru , which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war , under the command of Admiral Enomoto .	eight	How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867 ?
Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai 's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern , western-style , conscripted army in 1873 .	Emperor Meiji	Who established a western-style army in Japan ?
Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai 's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern , western-style , conscripted army in 1873 .	1873	When was a western-style army established in Japan ?
Samurai became Shizoku -LRB- 士族 -RRB- who retained some of their salaries , but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect .	Shizoku	What did samurai become in 1873 ?
Samurai became Shizoku -LRB- 士族 -RRB- who retained some of their salaries , but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect .	commoners who paid them disrespect	Who had samurai been allowed to kill ?
With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century , the samurai class was abolished , and a western-style national army was established .	19th	In what century were the Meiji reforms ?
Samurai were many of the early exchange students , not directly because they were samurai , but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars .	Samurai	What group made up most of Japan 's first exchange students ?
For example , Iwasaki Yatarō , who was the great-grandson of a samurai , established Mitsubishi .	Iwasaki Yatarō	Who started Mitsubishi ?
For example , Iwasaki Yatarō , who was the great-grandson of a samurai , established Mitsubishi .	great-grandson of a samurai	What was Iwasaki 's relationship to samurai ?
Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations , while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers , setting up newspaper companies , and others entered governmental service .	private schools for higher educations	What kind of schools did samurai start ?
Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations , while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers , setting up newspaper companies , and others entered governmental service .	newspaper companies	Who did samurai write for ?
The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen , and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto , influenced the samurai culture .	Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto	What philosophies were the samurai influenced by ?
Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one 's mind .	Zen	What type of meditation did samurai do ?
The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing , while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after realizing how fruitless their killings were .	The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth	What caused some samurai to stop fighting ?
The most defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship -- the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord .	to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship	What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai ?
In the 13th century , Hōjō Shigetoki -LRB- 1198 -- 1261 AD -RRB- wrote : `` When one is serving officially or in the master 's court , he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people , but should consider only the importance of the master . ''	1198	When was Hojo Shigetoki born ?
In the 13th century , Hōjō Shigetoki -LRB- 1198 -- 1261 AD -RRB- wrote : `` When one is serving officially or in the master 's court , he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people , but should consider only the importance of the master . ''	1261	When did Hojo Shigetoki die ?
Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century warrior writings -LRB- gunki -RRB- `` portrayed the bushi in their natural element , war , eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery , fierce family pride , and selfless , at times senseless devotion of master and man '' .	13th and 14th century warrior writings	What were gunki ?
Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa -LRB- 1350 -- 1410 AD -RRB- stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor : `` It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by ... First , a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame , but also that of his descendants .	1350	When was Shiba Yoshimasa born ?
Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa -LRB- 1350 -- 1410 AD -RRB- stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor : `` It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by ... First , a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame , but also that of his descendants .	1410	When did Shiba Yoshimasa die ?
`` First of all , a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior , should not be reckoned among one 's retainers ... It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and thereby make light of the virtues of loyalty and filial piety ... It is forbidden that one should ... attach little importance to his duties to his master ... There is a primary need to distinguish loyalty from disloyalty and to establish rewards and punishments . ''	battle	What does a samurai has his heart in the wrong place dislike ?
`` First of all , a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior , should not be reckoned among one 's retainers ... It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and thereby make light of the virtues of loyalty and filial piety ... It is forbidden that one should ... attach little importance to his duties to his master ... There is a primary need to distinguish loyalty from disloyalty and to establish rewards and punishments . ''	the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors	What debt should samurai not forget ?
`` First of all , a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior , should not be reckoned among one 's retainers ... It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and thereby make light of the virtues of loyalty and filial piety ... It is forbidden that one should ... attach little importance to his duties to his master ... There is a primary need to distinguish loyalty from disloyalty and to establish rewards and punishments . ''	loyalty and filial piety	What virtues should samurai not be dismissive of ?
Katō Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era .	the Sengoku Era	When was Kato Kiyomasa in power ?
He commanded most of Japan 's major clans during the invasion of Korea -LRB- 1592 -- 1598 -RRB- .	1592	When did Japan begin invading Korea ?
He commanded most of Japan 's major clans during the invasion of Korea -LRB- 1592 -- 1598 -RRB- .	1598	When did Japan finish invading Korea ?
In a handbook he addressed to `` all samurai , regardless of rank '' he told his followers that a warrior 's only duty in life was to '' ... grasp the long and the short swords and to die '' .	to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die"	What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais ' duty was ?
He is best known for his quote : `` If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily , it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death .	Bushido	What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day ?
Torii Mototada -LRB- 1539 -- 1600 -RRB- was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu .	Tokugawa Ieyasu	Who did Torii Mototada serve ?
Torii Mototada -LRB- 1539 -- 1600 -RRB- was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu .	1539	When was Torii Mototada born ?
Torii Mototada -LRB- 1539 -- 1600 -RRB- was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu .	1600	When did Torii Mototada die ?
In a dramatic last stand , the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari 's 40,000 warriors .	40,000	How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari 's army ?
In a dramatic last stand , the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari 's 40,000 warriors .	2,000	How many soldiers defended Torii 's last stand ?
The rival of Takeda Shingen -LRB- 1521 -- 1573 -RRB- was Uesugi Kenshin -LRB- 1530 -- 1578 -RRB- , a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the `` way of the warrior as death '' .	Uesugi Kenshin	Who was Takeda 's rival ?
The rival of Takeda Shingen -LRB- 1521 -- 1573 -RRB- was Uesugi Kenshin -LRB- 1530 -- 1578 -RRB- , a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the `` way of the warrior as death '' .	the "way of the warrior as death"	What did Uesugi encourage ?
Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi 's beliefs as : `` Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors ... .	Japanese historian	What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki 's occupation ?
The rival of Takeda Shingen -LRB- 1521 -- 1573 -RRB- was Uesugi Kenshin -LRB- 1530 -- 1578 -RRB- , a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the `` way of the warrior as death '' .	1521	When was Takeda born ?
The rival of Takeda Shingen -LRB- 1521 -- 1573 -RRB- was Uesugi Kenshin -LRB- 1530 -- 1578 -RRB- , a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the `` way of the warrior as death '' .	1530	When was Uesugi born ?
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier -LRB- 1506 -- 1552 -RRB- : `` There is no nation in the world which fears death less . ''	Jesuit	What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in ?
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier -LRB- 1506 -- 1552 -RRB- : `` There is no nation in the world which fears death less . ''	1506	When was St. Francis Xavier born ?
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier -LRB- 1506 -- 1552 -RRB- : `` There is no nation in the world which fears death less . ''	1552	When did St. Francis Xavier die ?
Xavier spent the years 1549 -- 1551 converting Japanese to Christianity .	1549–1551	When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity ?
He also observed : `` The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China , Korea , Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines . ''	the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines	Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than ?
In December 1547 , Francis was in Malacca -LRB- Malaysia -RRB- waiting to return to Goa -LRB- India -RRB- when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro -LRB- possibly spelled `` Yajiro '' -RRB- .	Malaysia	Where was Malacca ?
In December 1547 , Francis was in Malacca -LRB- Malaysia -RRB- waiting to return to Goa -LRB- India -RRB- when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro -LRB- possibly spelled `` Yajiro '' -RRB- .	India	Where was Goa ?
Anjiro was not an intellectual , but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church .	Anjiro	Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church ?
Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn .	Portuguese	In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier ?
In their laws and customs they were led by reason , and , should the Christian faith convince them of its truth , they would accept it en masse .	en masse	How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity ?
In his book `` Ideals of the Samurai '' translator William Scott Wilson states : `` The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations , and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach .	William Scott Wilson	Who wrote ` Ideals of the Samurai ' ?
In his book `` Ideals of the Samurai '' translator William Scott Wilson states : `` The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations , and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach .	The warriors in the Heike Monogatari	Who were the models for future generations of samurai ?
With the Heike Monogatari , the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity . ''	the Heike Monogatari	Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity ?
The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony , monochrome ink painting , rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200 -- 1600 .	samurai	Whose culture included tea ceremonies ?
The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony , monochrome ink painting , rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200 -- 1600 .	monochrome ink	What kind of painting did samurai do ?
These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts .	Chinese arts	What was Japanese culture influenced by ?
Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites .	Zen monks	Who brought Chinese arts to Japan ?
Musō Soseki -LRB- 1275 -- 1351 -RRB- was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji -LRB- 1304 -- 58 -RRB- .	1275	When was Muso Soseki born ?
For example , the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be `` Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga '' -LRB- 織田上総介三郎信長 -RRB- , in which `` Oda '' is a clan or family name , `` Kazusanosuke '' is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province , `` Saburo '' is a formal nickname -LRB- yobina -RRB- , and `` Nobunaga '' is an adult name -LRB- nanori -RRB- given at genpuku , the coming of age ceremony .	an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony	What did Nobunaga mean ?
For example , the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be `` Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga '' -LRB- 織田上総介三郎信長 -RRB- , in which `` Oda '' is a clan or family name , `` Kazusanosuke '' is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province , `` Saburo '' is a formal nickname -LRB- yobina -RRB- , and `` Nobunaga '' is an adult name -LRB- nanori -RRB- given at genpuku , the coming of age ceremony .	a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province	What did Kazusanosuke mean ?
For example , the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be `` Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga '' -LRB- 織田上総介三郎信長 -RRB- , in which `` Oda '' is a clan or family name , `` Kazusanosuke '' is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province , `` Saburo '' is a formal nickname -LRB- yobina -RRB- , and `` Nobunaga '' is an adult name -LRB- nanori -RRB- given at genpuku , the coming of age ceremony .	a formal nickname (yobina)	What did Saburo mean ?
For example , the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be `` Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga '' -LRB- 織田上総介三郎信長 -RRB- , in which `` Oda '' is a clan or family name , `` Kazusanosuke '' is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province , `` Saburo '' is a formal nickname -LRB- yobina -RRB- , and `` Nobunaga '' is an adult name -LRB- nanori -RRB- given at genpuku , the coming of age ceremony .	a clan or family name	What did Oda mean ?
For example , the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be `` Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga '' -LRB- 織田上総介三郎信長 -RRB- , in which `` Oda '' is a clan or family name , `` Kazusanosuke '' is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province , `` Saburo '' is a formal nickname -LRB- yobina -RRB- , and `` Nobunaga '' is an adult name -LRB- nanori -RRB- given at genpuku , the coming of age ceremony .	Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga	What was Oda Nobunaga 's full name ?
In many cases , taking a concubine was akin to a marriage .	akin to a marriage	How did the samurai treat concubines ?
Kidnapping a concubine , although common in fiction , would have been shameful , if not criminal .	shameful, if not criminal	How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines ?
Even though the woman would not be a legal wife , a situation normally considered a demotion , many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner .	many wealthy merchants	Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife ?
When a merchant 's daughter married a samurai , her family 's money erased the samurai 's debts , and the samurai 's social status improved the standing of the merchant family .	her family's money erased the samurai's debts	Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai ?
If a samurai 's commoner concubine gave birth to a son , the son could inherit his father 's social status .	the son could inherit his father's social status	What happened if a commoner concubine had a son ?
A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior , but divorce was , while not entirely nonexistent , a rare event .	rare	How common was divorce for samurai ?
A wife 's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce , but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce .	adoption of a male heir	What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife could n't produce a son ?
A samurai could divorce for personal reasons , even if he simply did not like his wife , but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage .	it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage	Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike ?
After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money , which often prevented divorces .	After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money	What financial concern prevented divorce ?
Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women .	Maintaining the household	What did samurai wives spend most of their time on ?
The wife , or okugatasama -LRB- meaning : one who remains in the home -RRB- , was left to manage all household affairs , care for the children , and perhaps even defend the home forcibly .	one who remains in the home	What did okugatasama mean ?
The wife , or okugatasama -LRB- meaning : one who remains in the home -RRB- , was left to manage all household affairs , care for the children , and perhaps even defend the home forcibly .	manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly	What did samurai wives ' duties include when their husbands were away ?
For this reason , many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu -LRB- lit .	a polearm	What was a naginata ?
the skill of the knife -RRB- , which they could use to protect their household , family , and honor if the need arose .	the skill of the knife	What was tantojutsu ?
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility , obedience , self-control , strength , and loyalty .	humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty	What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have ?
Ideally , a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property , keeping records , dealing with financial matters , educating the children -LRB- and perhaps servants , too -RRB- , and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof .	the children (and perhaps servants, too)	Who did samurai wives have to teach ?
Ideally , a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property , keeping records , dealing with financial matters , educating the children -LRB- and perhaps servants , too -RRB- , and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof .	elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof	Who did samurai wives have to take care of ?
Confucian law , which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband , filial piety to her parents , and care to the children .	her husband	Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to ?
Confucian law , which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband , filial piety to her parents , and care to the children .	Confucian law	What defined the samurais ' code ?
After Ashikaga Yoshimasa , 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate , lost interest in politics , his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place .	8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate	Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa ?
After Ashikaga Yoshimasa , 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate , lost interest in politics , his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place .	Hino Tomiko	Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa 's wife ?
After Ashikaga Yoshimasa , 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate , lost interest in politics , his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place .	lost interest in politics	Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over ?
Nene , wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi , was known to overrule her husband 's decisions at times and Yodo-dono , his concubine , became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi 's death .	wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi	Who was Nene ?
Nene , wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi , was known to overrule her husband 's decisions at times and Yodo-dono , his concubine , became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi 's death .	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of ?
As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education , and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole .	Tokugawa	In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated ?
Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife , right along with physical attractiveness .	intelligence and education as desirable attributes	What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period ?
Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager , there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read , and also tackled philosophical and literary classics .	philosophical and literary classics	What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read ?
Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period .	the end of the Tokugawa period	When had most samurai wives learned to read ?
The English sailor and adventurer William Adams -LRB- 1564 -- 1620 -RRB- was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai .	William Adams	Who was the first Western samurai ?
The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai , and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura -LRB- 三浦按針 -RRB- , a samurai , was born .	Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu	Who made William Adams a samurai ?
The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai , and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura -LRB- 三浦按針 -RRB- , a samurai , was born .	Anjin Miura	What was William Adams 's Japanese name ?
Adams also received the title of hatamoto -LRB- bannerman -RRB- , a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun 's court .	bannerman	What did hatamoto mean ?
He was granted a fief in Hemi -LRB- 逸見 -RRB- within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City , `` with eighty or ninety husbandmen , that be my slaves or servants '' -LRB- Letters -RRB- .	eighty or ninety	How many servants did William Adams have ?
, a Dutch colleague of Adams ' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde , was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu .	Dutch	What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn ?
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn -LRB- 1556 ?	1556	Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born ?
Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman 's Japanese name , Yayousu -LRB- 耶楊子 -RRB- .	Yayousu	What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn 's Japanese name ?
Also in common with Adam 's , Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship -LRB- 朱印船 -RRB- allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China .	a Red Seal Ship	What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China ?
On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground .	drowned after his ship ran aground	How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die ?
In the same war , the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons .	Prussian	What nationality was Edward Schnell ?
In the same war , the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons .	military instructor and procurer of weapons	What duties did Edward Schnell have ?
In the same war , the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons .	the Aizu domain	Who did Edward Schnell work for ?
He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei -LRB- 平松武兵衛 -RRB- , which inverted the characters of the daimyo 's name Matsudaira .	Hiramatsu Buhei	What was Edward Schnell 's Japanese name ?
Hiramatsu -LRB- Schnell -RRB- was given the right to wear swords , as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu , a Japanese wife , and retainers .	Wakamatsu	Where did Edward Schnell live ?
As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor , this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai .	a form of lamellar armor	What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century ?
The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi .	yoroi	What was the first samurai armor called ?
These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane .	kozane	What were the small scales in yoroi called ?
The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips , the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water .	iron or leather	What were kozane made of ?
A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor -LRB- dou or dō -RRB- .	dou	What was a full chest armor called ?
In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms , new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection .	the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection	Why were there armor changes in the 1500s ?
The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor .	kozane dou	What type of armor was replaced ?
The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor .	plate armor	What new type of armor replaced the old ?
This new armor , which used iron plated dou -LRB- dō -RRB- , was referred to as Tosei-gusoku , or modern armor .	Tosei-gusoku	What was the new armor called ?
The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion .	1877	When was samurai armor last used ?
The term samurai originally meant `` those who serve in close attendance to nobility '' , and was written with a Chinese character -LRB- or kanji -RRB- that had the same meaning .	those who serve in close attendance to nobility	What did ` samurai ' mean at first ?
In Japanese , it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb * samorapu -LRB- `` to watch , to keep watch , to observe , to be on the lookout for something ; to serve , to attend '' -RRB- , which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form -LRB- * morapu 守らふ -RRB- of the verb moru -LRB- 守る , `` to watch , to guard , to be on the lookout ; to keep , to protect , to take care of , to be in charge of , to have as one 's ward '' -RRB- .	to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend	What did ` samorapu ' mean ?
By the Heian period , this word had developed into the verb saburahu -LRB- さぶらふ , `` to serve , to attend '' -RRB- , from which a deverbal noun saburahi -LRB- さぶらひ , `` servant , attendant '' -RRB- was later derived , and this noun then yielded samurahi -LRB- さむらひ -RRB- in the Edo period .	to serve, to attend	What did ` saburahu ' mean ?
By the Heian period , this word had developed into the verb saburahu -LRB- さぶらふ , `` to serve , to attend '' -RRB- , from which a deverbal noun saburahi -LRB- さぶらひ , `` servant , attendant '' -RRB- was later derived , and this noun then yielded samurahi -LRB- さむらひ -RRB- in the Edo period .	servant, attendant	What did ` saburahi ' mean ?
By the Heian period , this word had developed into the verb saburahu -LRB- さぶらふ , `` to serve , to attend '' -RRB- , from which a deverbal noun saburahi -LRB- さぶらひ , `` servant , attendant '' -RRB- was later derived , and this noun then yielded samurahi -LRB- さむらひ -RRB- in the Edo period .	the Edo period	When was the word ` samurahi ' used ?
Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families .	ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families	Who were the bushi class ?
The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan .	mainly in the north of Japan	Where did the bushi live ?
They formed powerful clans , which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto .	Kyoto	Where did the imperial family live ?
The term Bushidō , the `` way of the warrior '' , is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki .	the "way of the warrior"	What does Bushido mean ?
The term Bushidō , the `` way of the warrior '' , is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki .	the mansion of a warrior	What was a bukeyashiki ?
or hara kiri , which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death , where samurai were still beholden to social rules .	hara kiri	What was a synonym for seppuku ?
or hara kiri , which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death , where samurai were still beholden to social rules .	allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death	What was the reason for seppuku ?
in 1905 , studies of Kobudo and traditional Budō indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior .	as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior	How idealistic were samurai ?
Whilst there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of Bushido -LRB- 武士道 , Bushidō ? -RRB-	romanticized	How were samurai unrealistically portrayed ?
Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century , samurai could be disloyal and treacherous -LRB- e.g. , Akechi Mitsuhide -RRB- , cowardly , brave , or overly loyal -LRB- e.g. , Kusunoki Masashige -RRB- .	Akechi Mitsuhide	Who was an example of a disloyal samurai ?
Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century , samurai could be disloyal and treacherous -LRB- e.g. , Akechi Mitsuhide -RRB- , cowardly , brave , or overly loyal -LRB- e.g. , Kusunoki Masashige -RRB- .	Kusunoki Masashige)	Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai ?
These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted ; for example , the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi -LRB- 豊臣秀吉 -RRB- were served by loyal samurai , but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa , taking their samurai with them .	Tokugawa	Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom ?
There were , however , also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo , when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy .	loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy	What sometimes overrode samurais ' loyalty to the daimyo ?
Jidaigeki -LRB- literally historical drama -RRB- has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television .	historical drama	What is Jidaigeki ?
One of Japan 's most renowned directors , Akira Kurosawa , greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making .	One of Japan’s most renowned directors	Who is Akira Kurosawa ?
One of Japan 's most renowned directors , Akira Kurosawa , greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making .	Akira Kurosawa	Who directed ` Seven Samurai ' ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- George Lucas ' Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film .	Seven Samurai	What Japanese movie is ` Star Wars : A New Hope ' said to be similar to ?
Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa 's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars .	The Magnificent Seven	What western was inspired by ` Seven Samurai ' ?
Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists .	one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists	Who is Eiji Yoshikawa ?
His retellings of popular works , including Taiko , Musashi and Heike Tale , are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture .	for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture	Why are Eiji Yoshikawa 's books popular ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics -LRB- manga -RRB- and animation -LRB- anime -RRB- .	manga	What are Japanese comic books called ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics -LRB- manga -RRB- and animation -LRB- anime -RRB- .	anime	What are Japanese animation called ?
`` Hyperbolizing the samurai in such a way that they appear as a whole to be a loyal body of master warriors provides international interest in certain characters due to admirable traits '' -LRB- Moscardi , N.D. -RRB- .	Moscardi, N.D.	Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai ?
The animated series , Afro Samurai , became well-liked in American popular culture due to its blend of hack-and-slash animation and gritty urban music .	hack-and-slash	What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have ?
The animated series , Afro Samurai , became well-liked in American popular culture due to its blend of hack-and-slash animation and gritty urban music .	gritty urban	What kind of music did Afro Samurai have ?
Created by Takashi Okazaki , Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi , or manga series , which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo .	Takashi Okazaki	Who created Afro Samurai ?
Created by Takashi Okazaki , Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi , or manga series , which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo .	Studio Gonzo	Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show ?
In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel -LRB- Denison , 2010 -RRB- .	2007	When did Afro Samurai first air ?
In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel -LRB- Denison , 2010 -RRB- .	Spike TV	On what channel did Afro Samurai air ?
Starring the voice of well known American actor Samuel L. Jackson , `` Afro is the second-strongest fighter in a futuristic , yet , still feudal Japan and seeks revenge upon the gunman who killed his father '' -LRB- King 2008 -RRB- .	Samuel L. Jackson	Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai ?
American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics .	Marvel	In what company 's comics did Silver Samurai appear ?
The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance ; the villain is `` Clad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana '' -LRB- Buxton , 2013 -RRB- .	an energy charged katana	What is Silver Samurai 's weapon ?
Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances , the character is playable in several video games , such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2 .	over 350	How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in ?
Ten years before the Wolverine debuted , another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema : A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai , starring Tom Cruise , is inspired by the samurai way of life .	Tom Cruise	Who starred in The Last Samurai ?
Taking place during the Meiji Period , Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren , who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups .	US Army Captain Nathan Algren	Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai ?
As a result , software testing typically -LRB- but not exclusively -RRB- attempts to execute a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs -LRB- errors or other defects -RRB- .	finding software bugs	What is the purpose of testing software ?
As the number of possible tests for even simple software components is practically infinite , all software testing uses some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the available time and resources .	tests for even simple software components is practically infinite	Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software ?
The job of testing is an iterative process as when one bug is fixed , it can illuminate other , deeper bugs , or can even create new ones .	it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,	What can come from one bug being fixed ?
Although testing can determine the correctness of software under the assumption of some specific hypotheses -LRB- see hierarchy of testing difficulty below -RRB- , testing can not identify all the defects within software .	all the defects	What can testing not completely find ?
Instead , it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles -- principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem .	furnishes a criticism or comparison	While looking for bugs , what else can testing do ?
Instead , it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles -- principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem .	oracles—principles or mechanisms	What does the software compare during testing against ?
These oracles may include -LRB- but are not limited to -RRB- specifications , contracts , comparable products , past versions of the same product , inferences about intended or expected purpose , user or customer expectations , relevant standards , applicable laws , or other criteria .	specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions	What make up the oracle during testing ?
A primary purpose of testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be discovered and corrected .	to detect software failures	What is the primamry reason for testing software ?
Testing can not establish that a product functions properly under all conditions but can only establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions .	cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions	What can testing software not fully completely establish ?
The scope of software testing often includes examination of code as well as execution of that code in various environments and conditions as well as examining the aspects of code : does it do what it is supposed to do and do what it needs to do .	examination of code as well as execution of that code	What does the scope of testing the software also look at ?
In the current culture of software development , a testing organization may be separate from the development team .	testing organization may be separate from the development team	Which two teams would you normally separate when writing and testing software ?
A programmer makes an error -LRB- mistake -RRB- , which results in a defect -LRB- fault , bug -RRB- in the software source code .	programmer makes an error	What is the first step that leads to a software failure ?
A programmer makes an error -LRB- mistake -RRB- , which results in a defect -LRB- fault , bug -RRB- in the software source code .	defect (fault, bug)	What is the result of the programmer making a mistake ?
Examples of these changes in environment include the software being run on a new computer hardware platform , alterations in source data , or interacting with different software .	run on a new computer hardware platform	When can software defects in dead code cause problems ?
A fundamental problem with software testing is that testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions -LRB- initial state -RRB- is not feasible , even with a simple product. :17 -18 This means that the number of defects in a software product can be very large and defects that occur infrequently are difficult to find in testing .	testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible	What is the primary issue with running software testing ?
A fundamental problem with software testing is that testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions -LRB- initial state -RRB- is not feasible , even with a simple product. :17 -18 This means that the number of defects in a software product can be very large and defects that occur infrequently are difficult to find in testing .	defects that occur infrequently	What types of software bugs are difficult to find during testing ?
More significantly , non-functional dimensions of quality -LRB- how it is supposed to be versus what it is supposed to do -RRB- -- usability , scalability , performance , compatibility , reliability -- can be highly subjective ; something that constitutes sufficient value to one person may be intolerable to another .	usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability	What other non-functional dimensions can cause software to underperform and cause other problems ?
Software developers ca n't test everything , but they can use combinatorial test design to identify the minimum number of tests needed to get the coverage they want .	use combinatorial test design	Although software developers are unable to test everything , what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum ?
Combinatorial test design enables users to get greater test coverage with fewer tests .	get greater test coverage with fewer tests	What does the use of combinatorial testing consist of ?
Whether they are looking for speed or test depth , they can use combinatorial test design methods to build structured variation into their test cases .	speed or test depth	What two types of testing are involved with combinatorial testing as mentioned here ?
It is commonly believed that the earlier a defect is found , the cheaper it is to fix it .	the earlier a defect is found	What determines the cost of fixing a bug ?
For example , if a problem in the requirements is found only post-release , then it would cost 10 -- 100 times more to fix than if it had already been found by the requirements review .	10–100 times more	Ho many more times would the cost be if the problem is found after the software 's release ?
With the advent of modern continuous deployment practices and cloud-based services , the cost of re-deployment and maintenance may lessen over time .	cloud-based services	What could possibly lessen the cost of fixing buggy software ?
Reviews , walkthroughs , or inspections are referred to as static testing , whereas actually executing programmed code with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing .	Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections	Name three approaches software testers take when testing their software ?
Reviews , walkthroughs , or inspections are referred to as static testing , whereas actually executing programmed code with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing .	dynamic testing	What is the term that is used to described executing programmed code with a given set of test ?
Dynamic testing may begin before the program is 100 % complete in order to test particular sections of code and are applied to discrete functions or modules .	before the program is 100% complete	When can dynamic testing occur ?
Typical techniques for this are either using stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment .	stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment	What are commonly used techniques during dynamic testing ?
White-box testing -LRB- also known as clear box testing , glass box testing , transparent box testing and structural testing , by seeing the source code -RRB- tests internal structures or workings of a program , as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user .	clear box testing	What is another term used for White-box testing ?
White-box testing -LRB- also known as clear box testing , glass box testing , transparent box testing and structural testing , by seeing the source code -RRB- tests internal structures or workings of a program , as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user .	by seeing the source code	What is involved with White-box testing ?
In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system , as well as programming skills , are used to design test cases .	testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills	Which two procedures are used to design test cases in White-box testing ?
Black-box testing treats the software as a `` black box '' , examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation , without seeing the source code .	seeing the source code	What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing ?
The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do , not how it does it .	aware of what the software is supposed to do	What are the software testers aware of ?
Black-box testing methods include : equivalence partitioning , boundary value analysis , all-pairs testing , state transition tables , decision table testing , fuzz testing , model-based testing , use case testing , exploratory testing and specification-based testing .	equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis	What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing ??
Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements .	Specification-based testing	What term is used to test functionality of the software accordingly with the application requirements ?
Test cases are built around specifications and requirements , i.e. , what the application is supposed to do .	specifications and requirements	What are the test cases built around ?
These tests can be functional or non-functional , though usually functional .	functional	When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other ?
One advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required .	no programming knowledge is required	What is one huge advantage to using the black-box method ?
On the other hand , black-box testing has been said to be `` like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight . ''	like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight.	What can black-box testing sometimes be referred to with the in-ability to see the code ?
Whatever biases the programmers may have had , the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality .	tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality	What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate ?
Grey-box testing -LRB- American spelling : gray-box testing -RRB- involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests , while executing those tests at the user , or black-box level .	having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms	What does grey-box testing involve ?
The tester is not required to have full access to the software 's source code .	not required to have full access to the software's source code	What does a grey-box tester not need to run their test ?
-LSB- not in citation given -RSB- Manipulating input data and formatting output do not qualify as grey-box , because the input and output are clearly outside of the `` black box '' that we are calling the system under test .	Manipulating input data and formatting output	What does not qualify as grey-box testing ?
Grey-box testing implements intelligent test scenarios , based on limited information .	intelligent test scenarios	What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information ?
Typically , a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database .	an isolated testing environment	What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up ?
The tester can observe the state of the product being tested after performing certain actions such as executing SQL statements against the database and then executing queries to ensure that the expected changes have been reflected .	SQL statements	What does the tester execute while performing certain actions ?
There are generally four recognized levels of tests : unit testing , integration testing , component interface testing , and system testing .	unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing	What are the four recognized levels of testing software ?
Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process , or by the level of specificity of the test .	software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test	What are these test -LRB- level testing -RRB- typically grouped by ?
The main levels during the development process as defined by the SWEBOK guide are unit - , integration - , and system testing that are distinguished by the test target without implying a specific process model .	unit-, integration-, and system testing	What is defined in the SWEBOK guide as to testing the main levels ?
Other test levels are classified by the testing objective .	the testing objective	What are the other levels classified by ?
Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks , time , and costs .	reduce software development risks, time, and costs	What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum ?
It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle .	software developer or engineer	Who performs the Unit testing phase ?
Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA ; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process .	construction errors	What does Unit testing look to eliminate ?
Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA ; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process .	increase the quality of the resulting software	By elimination construction errors , what is the expected end result ?
The practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units , or subsystem components , beyond full integration testing between those units .	component interface testing	What is it called to check data passed between units ?
The data being passed can be considered as `` message packets '' and the range or data types can be checked , for data generated from one unit , and tested for validity before being passed into another unit .	message packets	What is it called when data is being passed ?
One option for interface testing is to keep a separate log file of data items being passed , often with a timestamp logged to allow analysis of thousands of cases of data passed between units for days or weeks .	keep a separate log file of data items being passed	What is an option of component interface testing used while sending message packets ?
Component interface testing is a variation of black-box testing , with the focus on the data values beyond just the related actions of a subsystem component .	Component interface testing	What is a variation of black-box testing ?
Operational Acceptance is used to conduct operational readiness -LRB- pre-release -RRB- of a product , service or system as part of a quality management system .	Operational Acceptance	What is the term used to test software during a pre-release ?
This type of testing focuses on the operational readiness of the system to be supported , and/or to become part of the production environment .	operational readiness of the system	What does Operational Acceptance focus on ?
Functional testing within OAT is limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system .	limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system	What is Operational Acceptance limited to while testing ?
A common cause of software failure -LRB- real or perceived -RRB- is a lack of its compatibility with other application software , operating systems -LRB- or operating system versions , old or new -RRB- , or target environments that differ greatly from the original -LRB- such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application , which must render in a web browser -RRB- .	compatibility with other application software	What is the most common reason for software failure ?
For example , in the case of a lack of backward compatibility , this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment , which not all users may be running .	lack of backward compatibility	What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures ?
A common cause of software failure -LRB- real or perceived -RRB- is a lack of its compatibility with other application software , operating systems -LRB- or operating system versions , old or new -RRB- , or target environments that differ greatly from the original -LRB- such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application , which must render in a web browser -RRB- .	lack of its compatibility with other application software	What is the most common cause for software failure ?
For example , in the case of a lack of backward compatibility , this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment , which not all users may be running .	a lack of backward compatibility	What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors ?
For example , in the case of a lack of backward compatibility , this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment , which not all users may be running .	test software only on the latest version of the target environment	What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release ?
Regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred .	Regression testing	Finding defects once a change in code had already happened is called ?
Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working correctly , stops working as intended .	stops working as intended	What happens to software after a major change in code that leads to regression ??
Common methods of regression testing include re-running previous sets of test-cases and checking whether previously fixed faults have re-emerged .	re-running previous sets of test-cases	What is a common method used during regression testing ?
The depth of testing depends on the phase in the release process and the risk of the added features .	phase in the release process and the risk of the added features	What determines how deep a tester will go during regression ?
Regression testing is typically the largest test effort in commercial software development , due to checking numerous details in prior software features , and even new software can be developed while using some old test-cases to test parts of the new design to ensure prior functionality is still supported .	typically the largest test effort in commercial software development	If changes need to occur during the softwares early release with regression testing how much of an impact does this have on the team as related to other testing ?
Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing .	Beta testing	What typically comes after the Alpha stage in the development and testing of software ?
Versions of the software , known as beta versions , are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers .	limited audience outside of the programming	To whom is the beta testing released to ?
Beta versions can be made available to the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number of future users and to deliver value earlier , for an extended or even indefinite period of time -LRB- perpetual beta -RRB- .	perpetual beta	What is it called when a public test continues indefinitely ?
Destructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub-system to fail .	Destructive testing	What method is used to cause a system to fail ?
It verifies that the software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs , thereby establishing the robustness of input validation and error-management routines .	software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs	What does Destructive testing verify ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Software fault injection , in the form of fuzzing , is an example of failure testing .	Software fault injection	What is one example of failure testing ?
Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load , whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users .	Load testing	What method is used to test software under a specific load ?
Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load , whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users .	data or a large number of users	What two methods can be used when using Load Testing ?
Volume testing is a way to test software functions even when certain components -LRB- for example a file or database -RRB- increase radically in size .	Volume testing	What is called to test software functions when certain components increase in side ?
Stability testing -LRB- often referred to as load or endurance testing -RRB- checks to see if the software can continuously function well in or above an acceptable period .	endurance testing	What is Stable testing also called ?
Stress testing is a way to test reliability under unexpected or rare workloads .	Stress testing	What method is used to test components under unexpected workloads ?
Development Testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks , time , and costs .	Development Testing	What method is used that involves synchronization of a application ?
It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle .	construction phase of the software development lifecycle	When is development testing used ?
Development Testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA ; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process .	construction errors	What does Development testing look to eliminate ?
In contrast , some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement , adhere to a `` test-driven software development '' model .	extreme programming and the agile software development	Which two current movements adhere to the `` test-driven software development '' ?
In this process , unit tests are written first , by the software engineers -LRB- often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology -RRB- .	unit tests are written first	Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is written first ?
The ultimate goal of this test process is to achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently .	achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently	What is the goal of Unit testing ?
Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components -LRB- modules , procedures , and functions -RRB- are tested first , then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components .	modules, procedures, and functions	What three components make up Bottom Up Testing ?
Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components -LRB- modules , procedures , and functions -RRB- are tested first , then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components .	the testing of higher level components	Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage .	makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage	What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels ?
However , if the number of states is not known , then it only belongs to all classes from Class II on .	Class II	If the number of states is unknown , what group does this fall into ?
It has been proved that each class is strictly included into the next .	each class is strictly included into the next	There are three classes , what has been concluded and proven for all classes ?
If the implementation under test must be a deterministic finite-state machine failing the specification for a single trace -LRB- and its continuations -RRB- , and its number of states is unknown , then it only belongs to classes from Class III on .	Class III	If the number of states are unknown and the finite state of the machine is failing for a single trace , which group does this fall into ?
No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software .	requires the applicant to show their ability to test software	With several certifications out there that can be aquired , what is the one trait they all share ?
This has led some to declare that the testing field is not ready for certification .	testing field is not ready for certification	What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to ?
Certification itself can not measure an individual 's productivity , their skill , or practical knowledge , and can not guarantee their competence , or professionalism as a tester .	individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge	What four traits can a certification not measure ?
Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance -LRB- SQA -RRB- process. :347 In SQA , software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation , code and systems .	Software testing	What makes up part of the SQA ?
Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance -LRB- SQA -RRB- process. :347 In SQA , software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation , code and systems .	software development process	What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors ?
What constitutes an `` acceptable defect rate '' depends on the nature of the software ; A flight simulator video game would have much higher defect tolerance than software for an actual airplane .	video game	What type of software would have a better defect tolerance ?
Glass can be colored by adding metallic salts , and can also be painted and printed with vitreous enamels .	metallic salts	What ingredient makes glass colorful ?
When extruded as glass fiber and matted as glass wool in a way to trap air , it becomes a thermal insulating material , and when these glass fibers are embedded into an organic polymer plastic , they are a key structural reinforcement part of the composite material fiberglass .	organic polymer plastic	What in combination with glass fibers is used to make fiberglass ?
Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency , which gives rise to one of silicate glasses ' primary uses as window panes .	transparency	What quality of silicate glass allows it to be used for windows ?
Glass will transmit , reflect and refract light ; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses , prisms , fine glassware , and optical fibers for high speed data transmission by light .	optical fibers	What type of glass products can be used for sending information ?
When extruded as glass fiber and matted as glass wool in a way to trap air , it becomes a thermal insulating material , and when these glass fibers are embedded into an organic polymer plastic , they are a key structural reinforcement part of the composite material fiberglass .	thermal insulating material	In what product are glass fibers used to hold dead air ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Iron can be incorporated into glass to absorb infrared energy , for example in heat absorbing filters for movie projectors , while cerium -LRB- IV -RRB- oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths .	Iron	What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot ?
Adding barium also increases the refractive index .	increases the refractive index	How does barium affect glass ?
Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses , but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eyeglasses .	radioactivity	What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in eyeglasses ?
Lead glass or flint glass is more ` brilliant ' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion .	flint glass	What is another name for lead glass ?
Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses , but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eyeglasses .	low dispersion	What is the benefit of thorium oxide in addition to its refractive index ?
The soda makes the glass water-soluble , which is usually undesirable , so lime -LRB- calcium oxide -LSB- CaO -RSB- , generally obtained from limestone -RRB- , some magnesium oxide -LRB- MgO -RRB- and aluminium oxide -LRB- Al2O3 -RRB- are added to provide for a better chemical durability .	soda	What causes glass to dissolve in water ?
The soda makes the glass water-soluble , which is usually undesirable , so lime -LRB- calcium oxide -LSB- CaO -RSB- , generally obtained from limestone -RRB- , some magnesium oxide -LRB- MgO -RRB- and aluminium oxide -LRB- Al2O3 -RRB- are added to provide for a better chemical durability .	better chemical durability	Why is lime often added to glass ?
The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74 % silica by weight and is called a soda-lime glass .	70 to 74	What percentage of soda-lime glass is silica ?
It has excellent thermal shock characteristics , being able to survive immersion in water while red hot .	excellent thermal shock characteristics	What is a benefit of fused quartz ?
However , its high melting-temperature -LRB- 1723 °C -RRB- and viscosity make it difficult to work with .	high melting-temperature	What besides viscosity is a drawback of fused quartz ?
After melting , homogenization and refining -LRB- removal of bubbles -RRB- , the glass is formed .	removal of bubbles	What happens during refining ?
Flat glass for windows and similar applications is formed by the float glass process , developed between 1953 and 1957 by Sir Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff of the UK 's Pilkington Brothers , who created a continuous ribbon of glass using a molten tin bath on which the molten glass flows unhindered under the influence of gravity .	float glass process	What method is used for making windows ?
The top surface of the glass is subjected to nitrogen under pressure to obtain a polished finish .	nitrogen	What is used on the surface of window glass to make it smooth ?
This glass is often slightly modified chemically -LRB- with more alumina and calcium oxide -RRB- for greater water resistance .	alumina and calcium oxide	What is added to the glass of jars to improve water resistance ?
Flat glass for windows and similar applications is formed by the float glass process , developed between 1953 and 1957 by Sir Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff of the UK 's Pilkington Brothers , who created a continuous ribbon of glass using a molten tin bath on which the molten glass flows unhindered under the influence of gravity .	Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff	Who were the inventors of the float glass process ?
This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron , which lowers the index of refraction -LRB- see crown glass -RRB- , or increased -LRB- to as much as 1.8 -RRB- with high-density materials such as -LRB- classically -RRB- lead oxide -LRB- see flint glass and lead glass -RRB- , or in modern uses , less toxic oxides of zirconium , titanium , or barium .	boron	What can be used to make glass less refractive ?
Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5 .	1.5	What is the refraction index of typical glass ?
This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron , which lowers the index of refraction -LRB- see crown glass -RRB- , or increased -LRB- to as much as 1.8 -RRB- with high-density materials such as -LRB- classically -RRB- lead oxide -LRB- see flint glass and lead glass -RRB- , or in modern uses , less toxic oxides of zirconium , titanium , or barium .	lead oxide	What is a toxic additive that increases refraction ?
These high-index glasses -LRB- inaccurately known as `` crystal '' when used in glass vessels -RRB- cause more chromatic dispersion of light , and are prized for their diamond-like optical properties .	crystal	What are high-index glasses erroneously called ?
These high-index glasses -LRB- inaccurately known as `` crystal '' when used in glass vessels -RRB- cause more chromatic dispersion of light , and are prized for their diamond-like optical properties .	for their diamond-like optical properties	Why are high-index glasses valued ?
The most familiar , and historically the oldest , types of glass are `` silicate glasses '' based on the chemical compound silica -LRB- silicon dioxide , or quartz -RRB- , the primary constituent of sand .	silicate glasses	Which kinds of glass existed the furthest in the past ?
Of the many silica-based glasses that exist , ordinary glazing and container glass is formed from a specific type called soda-lime glass , composed of approximately 75 % silicon dioxide -LRB- SiO2 -RRB- , sodium oxide -LRB- Na2O -RRB- from sodium carbonate -LRB- Na2CO3 -RRB- , calcium oxide , also called lime -LRB- CaO -RRB- , and several minor additives .	soda-lime glass	What kind of glass are containers made from ?
The most familiar , and historically the oldest , types of glass are `` silicate glasses '' based on the chemical compound silica -LRB- silicon dioxide , or quartz -RRB- , the primary constituent of sand .	silica	What is sand mostly made of ?
A very clear and durable quartz glass can be made from pure silica , but the high melting point and very narrow glass transition of quartz make glassblowing and hot working difficult .	pure silica	What can a very strong and transparent glass be made from ?
The most familiar , and historically the oldest , types of glass are `` silicate glasses '' based on the chemical compound silica -LRB- silicon dioxide , or quartz -RRB- , the primary constituent of sand .	silicate glasses	What types of glass is the word commonly used to mean ?
Glass does not contain the internal subdivisions associated with grain boundaries in polycrystals and hence does not scatter light in the same manner as a polycrystalline material .	internal subdivisions	What does glass lack , allowing it to be transparent ?
The surface of a glass is often smooth since during glass formation the molecules of the supercooled liquid are not forced to dispose in rigid crystal geometries and can follow surface tension , which imposes a microscopically smooth surface .	surface tension	What force gives glass its surface texture ?
In contrast , polycrystalline materials do not generally transmit visible light .	polycrystalline materials	What , in contrast to glass , does n't let light pass through ?
These properties , which give glass its clearness , can be retained even if glass is partially light-absorbing -- i.e. , colored .	colored	What type of glass absorbs some light ?
Naturally occurring glass , especially the volcanic glass obsidian , has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and , due to its limited source areas , was extensively traded .	obsidian	What kind of glass exists in nature ?
Naturally occurring glass , especially the volcanic glass obsidian , has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and , due to its limited source areas , was extensively traded .	volcanic	Obsidian is what type of glass ?
Naturally occurring glass , especially the volcanic glass obsidian , has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and , due to its limited source areas , was extensively traded .	cutting tools	What was obsidian used to make in prehistoric times ?
The earliest known glass objects , of the mid third millennium BCE , were beads , perhaps initially created as accidental by-products of metal-working -LRB- slags -RRB- or during the production of faience , a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing .	mid third millennium BCE	When are the oldest beads thought to have been made ?
The earliest known glass objects , of the mid third millennium BCE , were beads , perhaps initially created as accidental by-products of metal-working -LRB- slags -RRB- or during the production of faience , a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing .	faience	What glass-like material is made with a method related to glazing ?
Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin , although iron -LRB- II -RRB- oxide -LRB- FeO -RRB- impurities of up to 0.1 wt % produce a green tint , which can be viewed in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments .	iron(II) oxide	What can give glass a faint green tinge ?
Manganese dioxide can be added in small amounts to remove the green tint given by iron -LRB- II -RRB- oxide .	Manganese dioxide	What can prevent a green color in glass ?
A glass melt can also acquire an amber color from a reducing combustion atmosphere .	reducing combustion atmosphere	What other than additives can give glass a yellow color ?
Sulfur , together with carbon and iron salts , is used to form iron polysulfides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black .	iron polysulfides	What chemical compounds can make glass nearly black ?
Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions -LRB- or color centers -RRB- that are homogeneously distributed , and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles -LRB- such as in photochromic glasses -RRB- .	Color	Charged ions can be used to produce what in glass ?
It was in the Roman glassmaking center at Trier , now in modern Germany , that the late-Latin term glesum originated , probably from a Germanic word for a transparent , lustrous substance .	glesum	What word does `` glass '' come from ?
In ancient China , though , glassmaking seems to have a late start , compared to ceramics and metal work .	China	Where did glasswork begin relatively late ?
Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE .	1730 BCE	In what year did glassmaking begin in Asia ?
It was in the Roman glassmaking center at Trier , now in modern Germany , that the late-Latin term glesum originated , probably from a Germanic word for a transparent , lustrous substance .	Trier	What city was a center of glass production for the Romans ?
It was in the Roman glassmaking center at Trier , now in modern Germany , that the late-Latin term glesum originated , probably from a Germanic word for a transparent , lustrous substance .	Germany	In what current country is Trier located ?
Stained glass had a major revival with Gothic Revival architecture in the 19th-century .	19th-century	When did stained glass make a big comeback ?
From the 10th-century onwards , glass was employed in stained glass windows of churches and cathedrals , with famous examples at Chartres Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint Denis .	10th-century	When did stained glass begin to be used for places of worship ?
With the Renaissance , and a change in architectural style , the use of large stained glass windows became less prevalent .	the Renaissance	When did big windows of stained glass become less common ?
By the 14th-century , architects were designing buildings with walls of stained glass such as Sainte-Chapelle , Paris , -LRB- 1203 -- 1248 -RRB- and the East end of Gloucester Cathedral .	Sainte-Chapelle	What 13th-century building is an example of stained glass walls ?
This led to larger window panes , and , in the 20th-century , to much larger windows in ordinary domestic and commercial buildings .	larger windows	What did technological changes allow regular homes to have ?
Similarly , laminated glass has been widely applied to vehicles for windscreens .	laminated	What type of glass is used in cars ?
Optical glass for spectacles has been used since the late Middle Ages .	late Middle Ages	When did eyeglasses originate ?
In the 20th century , new types of glass such as laminated glass , reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass .	glass	The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material ?
Glass is also employed as the aperture cover in many solar energy systems .	solar	What type of power systems use glass ?
The production of lenses has become increasingly proficient , aiding astronomers as well as having other application in medicine and science .	astronomers	What type of scientists rely on glass for distant observations ?
Louis Comfort Tiffany in America specialized in stained glass , both secular and religious , and his famous lamps .	Louis Comfort Tiffany	What famous lampmaker used glass ?
From about 1960 onwards there have been an increasing number of small studios hand-producing glass artworks , and glass artists began to class themselves as in effect sculptors working in glass , and their works as part fine arts .	1960	When did glassworkers begin to consider their products fine art ?
The Art Nouveau movement made great use of glass , with René Lalique , Émile Gallé , and Daum of Nancy producing colored vases and similar pieces , often in cameo glass , and also using luster techniques .	cameo glass	What type of glass did many Art Nouveau artists use ?
The early 20th-century saw the large-scale factory production of glass art by firms such as Waterford and Lalique .	early 20th-century	When did mass production of glass art begin ?
From the 19th century , there was a revival in many ancient glass-making techniques including cameo glass , achieved for the first time since the Roman Empire and initially mostly used for pieces in a neo-classical style .	Roman Empire	What early civilization made cameo glass ?
Addition of lead -LRB- II -RRB- oxide lowers melting point , lowers viscosity of the melt , and increases refractive index .	lead(II) oxide	What makes glass melt at a lower temperature ?
The viscosity decrease of lead glass melt is very significant -LRB- roughly 100 times in comparison with soda glasses -RRB- ; this allows easier removal of bubbles and working at lower temperatures , hence its frequent use as an additive in vitreous enamels and glass solders .	100 times	How much less viscous is lead glass compared with soda glass ?
The high ionic radius of the Pb2 + ion renders it highly immobile in the matrix and hinders the movement of other ions ; lead glasses therefore have high electrical resistance , about two orders of magnitude higher than soda-lime glass -LRB- 108.5 vs 106.5 Ohm · cm , DC at 250 °C -RRB- .	high electrical resistance	Pb2 + causes lead glass to have what ?
Lead oxide also facilitates solubility of other metal oxides and is used in colored glasses .	other metal oxides	Lead oxide makes it easier to dissolve what ?
The network formers -LRB- silicon , boron , germanium -RRB- form a highly cross-linked network of chemical bonds .	silicon, boron, germanium	What components of glass for networks ?
The modifiers -LRB- calcium , lead , lithium , sodium , potassium -RRB- alter the network structure ; they are usually present as ions , compensated by nearby non-bridging oxygen atoms , bound by one covalent bond to the glass network and holding one negative charge to compensate for the positive ion nearby .	modifiers	What type of components change the network 's shape ?
The intermediates -LRB- titanium , aluminium , zirconium , beryllium , magnesium , zinc -RRB- can act as both network formers and modifiers , according to the glass composition .	intermediates	What type of component can both make and change networks ?
The modifiers -LRB- calcium , lead , lithium , sodium , potassium -RRB- alter the network structure ; they are usually present as ions , compensated by nearby non-bridging oxygen atoms , bound by one covalent bond to the glass network and holding one negative charge to compensate for the positive ion nearby .	covalent bond	What type of chemical attachment connects ions to the network ?
The alkali metal ions are small and mobile ; their presence in glass allows a degree of electrical conductivity , especially in molten state or at high temperature .	alkali metal ions	What component gives glass the ability to conduct electricity ?
Corrosion resistance of glass can be achieved by dealkalization , removal of the alkali ions from the glass surface by reaction with e.g. sulfur or fluorine compounds .	dealkalization	How can glass be prevented from corroding ?
The most common commercial glasses contain both alkali and alkaline earth ions -LRB- usually sodium and calcium -RRB- , for easier processing and satisfying corrosion resistance .	alkali and alkaline earth ions	What types of ions does typical glass have ?
Corrosion resistance of glass can be achieved by dealkalization , removal of the alkali ions from the glass surface by reaction with e.g. sulfur or fluorine compounds .	sulfur or fluorine compounds	Reaction with what causes dealkalization ?
Presence of alkaline metal ions has also detrimental effect to the loss tangent of the glass , and to its electrical resistance ; glasses for electronics -LRB- sealing , vacuum tubes , lamps ... -RRB- have to take this in account .	loss tangent	What can alkaline ions in glass harm , in addition to electrical resistance ?
Evaporation losses during glass melting should be considered during the selection of the raw materials , e.g. , sodium selenite may be preferred over easily evaporating SeO2 .	sodium selenite	What material is useful in glassmaking because of its slow evaporation ?
Usually , the melts are carried out in platinum crucibles to reduce contamination from the crucible material .	platinum crucibles	What containers are used for melting ?
The raw materials for laboratory-scale glass melts are often different from those used in mass production because the cost factor has a low priority .	the cost factor has a low priority	Why are different materials used in a lab than are used in factory production ?
Glass homogeneity is achieved by homogenizing the raw materials mixture -LRB- glass batch -RRB- , by stirring the melt , and by crushing and re-melting the first melt .	homogeneity	What is the reason for crushing the glass and melting it again ?
The obtained glass is usually annealed to prevent breakage during processing .	to prevent breakage	Why is glass annealed ?
This was initially termed `` splat cooling '' by doctoral student W. Klement at Caltech , who showed that cooling rates on the order of millions of degrees per second is sufficient to impede the formation of crystals , and the metallic atoms become `` locked into '' a glassy state .	W. Klement	Who coined the term `` splat cooling '' ?
These are known as bulk metallic glasses -LRB- BMG -RRB- .	bulk metallic glasses	What are thick alloys made in layers called ?
Batches of amorphous steel have also been produced that demonstrate mechanical properties far exceeding those found in conventional steel alloys .	amorphous steel	What type of metal makes better alloys than traditional steel ?
This was initially termed `` splat cooling '' by doctoral student W. Klement at Caltech , who showed that cooling rates on the order of millions of degrees per second is sufficient to impede the formation of crystals , and the metallic atoms become `` locked into '' a glassy state .	Caltech	At what university was Klement a student ?
In 2004 , NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase -LRB- dubbed `` q-glass '' -RRB- could be grown from the melt .	NIST researchers	Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt ?
Yet there is a nucleation barrier , which implies an interfacial discontinuity -LRB- or internal surface -RRB- between the glass and the melt .	nucleation barrier	What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and melt ?
In 2004 , NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase -LRB- dubbed `` q-glass '' -RRB- could be grown from the melt .	an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase	What is q-glass ?
Transmission electron microscopy -LRB- TEM -RRB- images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles , which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions .	Transmission electron	What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as separate particles ?
When applied to whiteware ceramics , vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids , often but not always water , when determined by a specified test regime .	vitreous	What word means that ceramics do n't absorb liquids ?
They are formed as a glass , and then partially crystallized by heat treatment .	heat treatment	What hardens glass-ceramics ?
Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics .	non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics	What materials do glass ceramics have a lot in common with ?
This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C .	1000 °C	How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle ?
Thus , glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking .	countertop cooking	Because of their heat resistance , glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what ?
The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock .	impervious to thermal shock	What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics ?
The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties .	lithium and aluminosilicates	What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance ?
At a certain point -LRB- ~ 70 % crystalline -RRB- the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero .	~70%	What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0 ?
These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness , typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes -LRB- known as `` bull 's - eyes '' -RRB- for decorative effect .	bull's-eyes	What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called ?
The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour , located at the center of the large sheet .	the center	In early 20th century glass production , the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet ?
Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness .	float glass	Currently window glass is made as what ?
These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness , typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes -LRB- known as `` bull 's - eyes '' -RRB- for decorative effect .	for decorative effect	How was the bull 's - eye used ?
When installed in a window frame , the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window .	stability	What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the bottom , in addition to avoiding water accumulation ?
The reason for the observation is that in the past , when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers , the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round , mostly flat and even plate -LRB- the crown glass process , described above -RRB- .	glassblowers	Who used to make window panes ?
The reason for the observation is that in the past , when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers , the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round , mostly flat and even plate -LRB- the crown glass process , described above -RRB- .	crown glass process	What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved spinning it into sheets ?
The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries , the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another .	liquid	The thickness at the bottom of glass panes was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter ?
This assumption is incorrect , as once solidified , glass stops flowing .	once solidified	When does glass stop moving like a liquid ?
In physics , the standard definition of a glass -LRB- or vitreous solid -RRB- is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching .	a solid formed by rapid melt quenching	How is `` glass '' defined in physics ?
The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability .	glass-forming ability	What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called ?
If the cooling is sufficiently rapid -LRB- relative to the characteristic crystallization time -RRB- then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg .	cooling	What must happen quickly for glass to form ?
This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory .	rigidity theory	What predicts glass-forming ability ?
Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume , entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range .	first-order phase transition	What does glass not have , leading some to think it is a liquid ?
Nonetheless , the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass , and hence the glass transition can not be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids .	equilibrium theory of phase transformations	What theory is n't completely valid for glass ?
The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous .	a second-order phase transition	Transition in glass is comparable to what ?
Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid , glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature .	a supercooled liquid	Atomically , glass is similar to what ?
A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid , but it is below the freezing point of the material , and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core .	A supercooled liquid	What acts like a liquid but is under the freezing temperature ?
Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid , glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature .	a solid	Despite its atomic structure , cooled glass acts like what ?
Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active , whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested .	rotational and translational	In cooled glass , what types of movement stop ?
Public policy and political leadership helps to `` level the playing field '' and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies .	Public policy and political leadership	What drives the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies ?
As of 2014 , Germany has a commitment to the `` Energiewende '' transition to a sustainable energy economy , and Denmark has a commitment to 100 % renewable energy by 2050 .	2050	Denmark has a committment to 100 percent renewable energy by what year ?
There are now 144 countries with renewable energy policy targets .	144	How many countries now have renewable energy policies ?
Total investment in renewable energy -LRB- including small hydro-electric projects -RRB- was $ 244 billion in 2012 , down 12 % from 2011 mainly due to dramatically lower solar prices and weakened US and EU markets .	$244 billion	How much was the total investment in renewable energy in 2012 ?
Total investment in renewable energy -LRB- including small hydro-electric projects -RRB- was $ 244 billion in 2012 , down 12 % from 2011 mainly due to dramatically lower solar prices and weakened US and EU markets .	dramatically lower solar prices	Why did the total investment in renewable energy go down in 2012 ?
The top countries for investment in recent years were China , Germany , Spain , the United States , Italy , and Brazil .	China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil	What six were the top countries for investment in recent years ?
EU member countries have shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals .	EU member countries	Who has shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals ?
In 2010 , Eurobarometer polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target `` to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020 '' .	Eurobarometer	What group polled the 27 EU member states in 2010 ?
In 2010 , Eurobarometer polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target `` to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020 '' .	2020	The goal was to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent in what year ?
By the end of 2011 , total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW , up 8 % .	1,360 GW	By the end of 2011 , total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number ?
Based on REN21 's 2014 report , renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013 , respectively .	19 percent	Renewables contributed what percentage to our energy consumption ?
Based on REN21 's 2014 report , renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013 , respectively .	22 percent	Renewables contributed what percentage to our electricity generation ?
In 2011 , UN under-secretary general Achim Steiner said : `` The continuing growth in this core segment of the green economy is not happening by chance .	Achim Steiner	Who was the UN under-secretary in 2011 ?
During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009 , worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10 -- 60 percent annually for many technologies .	2004 through 2009	Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity grow at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually ?
In 2011 , UN under-secretary general Achim Steiner said : `` The continuing growth in this core segment of the green economy is not happening by chance .	UN under-secretary general	Who is Achim Steiner ?
According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency , solar power plants may produce most of the world 's electricity within 50 years , significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment .	International Energy Agency	Which group projected that solar plant may produce most of the world 's electricity within 50 years ?
The IEA has said : `` Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world 's demand for electricity by 2060 -- and half of all energy needs -- with wind , hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation '' .	2060	Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world 's demand for electricity by what year ?
The IEA has said : `` Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world 's demand for electricity by 2060 -- and half of all energy needs -- with wind , hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation '' .	half	Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet how much of the world 's energy needs by 2060 ?
In 2013 , China led the world in renewable energy production , with a total capacity of 378 GW , mainly from hydroelectric and wind power .	China	Who led the world in renewable energy production in 2013 ?
Since 2005 , production of solar cells in China has expanded 100-fold .	2005	Since what year has production of solar cells in China expanded 100-fold ?
Innovation has helped , but the main driver of reduced costs has been market expansion .	market expansion	What is the main driver of reduced costs ?
Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper , through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition .	Renewable energy technologies	What is getting cheaper as a result of technilogical change ?
As of 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- , there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies :	2011	As of what year have there been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies ?
A 2011 IEA report said : `` A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances , in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support , '' and added that `` cost reductions in critical technologies , such as wind and solar , are set to continue . ''	IEA	What group stated that `` cost reductions in critical technologies , such as wind and solar , are set to continue ? ''
Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources .	Renewable energy	What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources ?
As the cost of renewable power falls , the scope of economically viable applications increases .	the cost of renewable power falls	What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases ?
Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity .	Renewable technologies	What are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity ?
One of the problems of biomass is that material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants , leading to severe health and environmental consequences , although improved cook stove programmes are alleviating some of these effects .	material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants	What is one problem with biomass ?
First-generation biomass technologies can be economically competitive , but may still require deployment support to overcome public acceptance and small-scale issues .	First-generation biomass technologies	What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support ?
Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal , agricultural , and industrial organic wastes .	Biomass for heat and power	What is a fully maturing technology which offer a ready disposal mechanismm ?
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower ; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water .	Hydroelectricity	What is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower ?
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower ; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water .	Hydroelectricity	What is the most widely used form of renewable energy ?
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower ; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water .	Hydroelectricity	Hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation ?
It is the most widely used form of renewable energy , accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation -- 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010 , and is expected to increase about 3.1 % each year for the next 25 years .	3.1%	Electricity production is expected to increase by what percentage each year for the next 25 years ?
Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010 .	150	Hydropower is produced in how many countries ?
China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010 , representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use .	China	Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer ?
The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour .	3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour	What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts ?
There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW : the Three Gorges Dam in China , Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border , and Guri Dam in Venezuela .	three	How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW ?
Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008 .	1 GW	What was the geothermal capacity in 1975 ?
Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008 .	10 GW	What was the geothermal capacity in 2008 ?
In some countries , geothermal power accounts for a significant share of the total electricity supply , such as in the Philippines , where geothermal represented 17 percent of the total power mix at the end of 2008 .	17 percent	In the Phillipines , geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008 ?
Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built , mainly in Europe .	Europe	Where have the majority of photovoltaic power stations been built ?
As of July 2012 , the largest photovoltaic -LRB- PV -RRB- power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project -LRB- USA , 247 MW -RRB- , Charanka Solar Park -LRB- India , 214 MW -RRB- , Golmud Solar Park -LRB- China , 200 MW -RRB- , Perovo Solar Park -LRB- Russia 100 MW -RRB- , Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant -LRB- Canada , 97 MW -RRB- , Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark -LRB- Germany 91 MW -RRB- , Solarpark Finow Tower -LRB- Germany 84.7 MW -RRB- , Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station -LRB- Italy , 84.2 MW -RRB- , Eggebek Solar Park -LRB- Germany 83.6 MW -RRB- , Senftenberg Solarpark -LRB- Germany 82 MW -RRB- , Finsterwalde Solar Park -LRB- Germany , 80.7 MW -RRB- , Okhotnykovo Solar Park -LRB- Russia , 80 MW -RRB- , Lopburi Solar Farm -LRB- Thailand 73.16 MW -RRB- , Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant -LRB- Italy , 72 MW -RRB- , and the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park -LRB- Germany , 71.8 MW -RRB- .	India	Where is Charanka Solar Park ?
As of July 2012 , the largest photovoltaic -LRB- PV -RRB- power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project -LRB- USA , 247 MW -RRB- , Charanka Solar Park -LRB- India , 214 MW -RRB- , Golmud Solar Park -LRB- China , 200 MW -RRB- , Perovo Solar Park -LRB- Russia 100 MW -RRB- , Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant -LRB- Canada , 97 MW -RRB- , Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark -LRB- Germany 91 MW -RRB- , Solarpark Finow Tower -LRB- Germany 84.7 MW -RRB- , Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station -LRB- Italy , 84.2 MW -RRB- , Eggebek Solar Park -LRB- Germany 83.6 MW -RRB- , Senftenberg Solarpark -LRB- Germany 82 MW -RRB- , Finsterwalde Solar Park -LRB- Germany , 80.7 MW -RRB- , Okhotnykovo Solar Park -LRB- Russia , 80 MW -RRB- , Lopburi Solar Farm -LRB- Thailand 73.16 MW -RRB- , Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant -LRB- Italy , 72 MW -RRB- , and the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park -LRB- Germany , 71.8 MW -RRB- .	USA	Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project located ?
The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County , California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County , California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar .	Riverside County, California	Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm currently under construction ?
The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County , California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County , California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar .	San Luis Obispo County, California	Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm ?
The California Valley Solar Ranch -LRB- CVSR -RRB- is a 250 megawatt -LRB- MW -RRB- solar photovoltaic power plant , which is being built by SunPower in the Carrizo Plain , northeast of California Valley .	SunPower	Who is building The Califoria Valley Solar Ranch ?
Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010 , bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW , a 22.5 % increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009 .	35,800 MW	Global wind power installations increased by how much in 2010 ?
China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed .	42,300 MW	China has how much wind power installed ?
Wind power accounts for approximately 19 % of electricity generated in Denmark , 9 % in Spain and Portugal , and 6 % in Germany and the Republic of Ireland .	19%	In Denmark , wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated ?
Wind power accounts for approximately 19 % of electricity generated in Denmark , 9 % in Spain and Portugal , and 6 % in Germany and the Republic of Ireland .	9%	In Spain , wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated ?
Wind power accounts for approximately 19 % of electricity generated in Denmark , 9 % in Spain and Portugal , and 6 % in Germany and the Republic of Ireland .	6%	In Germany , wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated ?
As of 2014 , the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades , capturing the faster winds at higher elevations .	by using taller wind turbines with longer blades	How is the wind industry in the USA able to produce more power at lower cost ?
This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana , Michigan , and Ohio , the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal .	300 feet to 400 feet above the ground	How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana , Michigan and Ohio ?
This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana , Michigan , and Ohio , the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal .	conventional fossil fuels like coal	Wind turbines in the USA can now compete with what type of fuel ?
Prices have fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt-hour in some cases and utilities have been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio , saying it is their cheapest option .	4 cents per kilowatt-hour	Prices have fallen as low as what price ?
The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , located in California 's Mojave Desert , is the world 's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction .	California's Mojave Desert	Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located ?
The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , located in California 's Mojave Desert , is the world 's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction .	Ivanpah Solar Power Facility	What is the world 's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction ?
Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt -LRB- MW -RRB- Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA , Solnova Solar Power Station -LRB- Spain , 150 MW -RRB- , Andasol solar power station -LRB- Spain , 100 MW -RRB- , Nevada Solar One -LRB- USA , 64 MW -RRB- , PS20 solar power tower -LRB- Spain , 20 MW -RRB- , and the PS10 solar power tower -LRB- Spain , 11 MW -RRB- .	Spain	Where is the PS20 solar power tower located ?
Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol , a mix known as E10 , and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends .	10 percent	Nearly all gasoline sold in the U.S. is mixed with what percentage of ethanol ?
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 , which calls for 7.5 billion US gallons -LRB- 28,000,000 m3 -RRB- of biofuels to be used annually by 2012 , will also help to expand the market .	The Energy Policy Act of 2005	What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012 ?
Ford , DaimlerChrysler , and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars , trucks , and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85 % ethanol -LRB- E85 -RRB- .	GM	Name one company that sells flexible-fuel cars ?
Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and branches of most plants .	Cellulosic ethanol	What can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants ?
Crop residues -LRB- such as corn stalks , wheat straw and rice straw -RRB- , wood waste , and municipal solid waste are potential sources of cellulosic biomass .	Crop residues	What are potential sources of cellulosic biomass ?
Dedicated energy crops , such as switchgrass , are also promising cellulose sources that can be sustainably produced in many regions .	Dedicated energy crops	What is a promising cellulose source that can be sustainably produced in many regions ?
As of 2008 -LSB- update -RSB- , geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries , partially attributable to the development of new technologies , such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems .	40	As of 2008 , geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries ?
As of 2008 -LSB- update -RSB- , geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries , partially attributable to the development of new technologies , such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems .	Enhanced Geothermal Systems	What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power ?
Demonstration EGS projects are operational in the USA , Australia , Germany , France , and The United Kingdom .	Demonstration EGS projects	What is operational in the USA , Australia , Germany , France and The United Kingdom ?
The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008 .	2008	The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since what year ?
Yet technological advancements , manufacturing process improvements , and industry re-structuring , mean that further price reductions are likely in coming years .	technological advancements	What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years ?
The $ 1.00 / W installed cost , is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV .	$1.00/W installed cost	What cost is often regarded as marking the achievment of grid parity for PV ?
Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits , but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big , conventional power plants .	because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants	Why do utility operators often reject renewable resources ?
Consumers often ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption .	because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption	Why do consumers often ignore renewable power systems ?
Benjamin K. Sovacool has argued that `` some of the most surreptitious , yet powerful , impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science '' .	Benjamin K. Sovacool	Who argued that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science ?
Lester Brown states that the market `` does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices , it does not value nature 's services adequately , and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems '' .	the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices	Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what ?
Lester Brown states that the market `` does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices , it does not value nature 's services adequately , and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems '' .	Lester Brown	Who believes that the market does not value nature 's service adequately ?
Tax and subsidy shifting can help overcome these problems , though is also problematic to combine different international normative regimes regulating this issue .	Tax and subsidy shifting	What can help over come the problems with the market ?
Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists .	Tax shifting	What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies ?
Several Western European countries are already shifting taxes in a process known there as environmental tax reform .	environmental tax reform	Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what ?
It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities , in order to create a more responsive market .	to create a more responsive market	What is the purpose of tax shifting ?
Just as there is a need for tax shifting , there is also a need for subsidy shifting .	subsidy shifting	Besides tax shifting , what is another need ?
In terms of specific examples , the Internet was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government laboratories and research institutes .	the Internet	What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes ?
And the combination of the federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California helped to create the modern wind power industry .	federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California	What helped create the modern wind power industry ?
As of 2012 , renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall .	renewable energy	As of 2012 , what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity ?
Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years .	Renewable energy commercialization	What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years ?
Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time ; they include solar heating , photovoltaics , wind power , solar thermal power stations , and modern forms of bioenergy .	wind power	Name one second-generation technology that is market ready .
The International Solar Energy Society advocates `` leveling the playing field '' by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D , in which the fossil fuel and nuclear power receive the largest share of financial support .	International Solar Energy Society	What group advocates leveling the playing field ?
The International Solar Energy Society advocates `` leveling the playing field '' by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D , in which the fossil fuel and nuclear power receive the largest share of financial support .	by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D	How does the International Solar Energy Society propse to level the playing field ?
Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind , solar , biomass , and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth 's climate . ''	development of climate-benign energy sources	What is the key to stabilizing the earth 's climate ?
Germany is reducing its coal subsidy .	Germany	What country is reducing its coal subsidy ?
However , the United States has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries .	United States	What country has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries ?
Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium , France , and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal .	coal	Some countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance ?
Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix .	renewable energy policy	Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what ?
For example , the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total EU energy mix and 22 per cent of electricity consumption by 2010 .	12 per cent of the total EU energy mix	The European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent ?
Other developed countries with defined national or regional targets include Australia , Canada , Israel , Japan , Korea , New Zealand , Norway , Singapore , Switzerland , and some US States .	Australia	Name one outher country with defined national or regional target ?
Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy -LRB- RE -RRB- is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country 's generation mix .	Public policy	What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country 's generation mix ?
Energy regulators often have authority to carry out a number of functions that have implications for the financial feasibility of renewable energy projects .	Energy regulators	Who has the authority to carry out a number of functions that havae implications for the feasiblity of renewable energy projects ?
Since policies are not self-implementing , energy sector regulators become a key facilitator -LRB- or blocker -RRB- of renewable energy investments .	Since policies are not self-implementing	Why have energy sector regulators become a key facilitator of renewable energy investments ?
The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive .	liberalized electricity markets	What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU ?
The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive .	RES Directive	What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed ?
In the US the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions is Green-e program managed by Center for Resource Solutions .	Green-e program	In the US , what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions ?
Also in 2006 , the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now , and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption .	Stern Review	What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies ?
A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda , including the US mid-term elections in November , which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue .	2006	In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda ?
According to a trend analysis from the United Nations Environment Programme , climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries .	climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices	What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry ?
New government spending , regulation , and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors .	New government spending, regulation, and policies	What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors ?
Clean Edge suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world deal with the current economic malaise .	commercialization of clean energy	What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise ?
Once-promising solar energy company , Solyndra , became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama 's administration 's authorization of a $ 535 million loan guarantee to the Corporation in 2009 as part of a program to promote alternative energy growth .	Solyndra	Which company became invovled in a political controversy ?
Once-promising solar energy company , Solyndra , became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama 's administration 's authorization of a $ 535 million loan guarantee to the Corporation in 2009 as part of a program to promote alternative energy growth .	Solyndra	What company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy ?
As of 2012 , renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally .	renewable energy	What plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries ?
Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries .	Renewables	What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries ?
Prices for renewable energy technologies , primarily wind power and solar power , continued to drop , making renewables competitive with conventional energy sources .	renewable energy technologies	As of 2012 , prices for what commodity continued to drop ?
United Nations ' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that `` renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity '' .	Ban Ki-moon	Who is United Nations ' Secretary-General ?
United Nations ' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that `` renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity '' .	renewable energy	Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity ?
The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella , the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation , and Charles Holliday , chairman of Bank of America '' .	Kandeh Yumkella	Who is chair of UN Energy ?
The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella , the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation , and Charles Holliday , chairman of Bank of America '' .	Charles Holliday	Who is chairman of Bank of America ?
Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent , to 93 terawatt-hours -LRB- TWh -RRB- .	58 percent	In 2012 , solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage ?
Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent , to 521.3 TWh .	18.1 percent	Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage ?
Worldwide investment in solar power in 2012 was $ 140.4 billion , an 11 percent decline from 2011 , and wind power investment was down 10.1 percent , to $ 80.3 billion .	$140.4 billion	How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012 ?
Analysts expect the market to triple by 2030 .	2030	Analysts expect the market to triple by what year ?
In 2015 , investment in renewables exceeded fossils .	2015	In what year did investment in renewables exceed fossils ?
The incentive to use 100 % renewable energy , for electricity , transport , or even total primary energy supply globally , has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns .	global warming	What motivated the incentive to use 100 percent renewable energy ?
At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 % of energy supply .	at least 30 nations	How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 20 percent of energy supply ?
Also , Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of `` stabilization wedges '' that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change , and `` renewable energy sources , '' in aggregate , constitute the largest number of their `` wedges . ''	Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow	Who developed a series of stabilization wedges ?
Mark Z. Jacobson , professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power , solar power , and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050 .	Mark Z. Jacobson	Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University ?
Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be `` primarily social and political , not technological or economic '' .	social and political	What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan ?
Mark Z. Jacobson , professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power , solar power , and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050 .	Mark Z. Jacobson	Who stated that energy costs with a wind , solar , water system should be similar to today 's energy costs ?
Mark Z. Jacobson , professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power , solar power , and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050 .	2030	Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power , solar power and hydropower is feasible by what year ?
Similarly , in the United States , the independent National Research Council has noted that `` sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change , energy security , and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States , taken collectively , can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand . ''	can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand	Why is renewable energy an attractive option ?
Similarly , in the United States , the independent National Research Council has noted that `` sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change , energy security , and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States , taken collectively , can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand . ''	United States	In what country is the National Research Council located ?
Similarly , in the United States , the independent National Research Council has noted that `` sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change , energy security , and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States , taken collectively , can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand . ''	to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation	Sufficient domestic reneewable resources exist for what reason ?
The city is noted for its history , culture , architecture and gastronomy , playing an important role throughout much of its existence ; it is over 2,700 years old .	history, culture, architecture and gastronomy	For what is Palermo known ?
The city is noted for its history , culture , architecture and gastronomy , playing an important role throughout much of its existence ; it is over 2,700 years old .	2,700 years old	How old is the city of Palermo ?
Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily , right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea .	Sicily	On what island is Palermo located ?
The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz -LRB- ` flower ' -RRB- .	734 BC	In what year was Palermo founded ?
The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz -LRB- ` flower ' -RRB- .	Ziz	What name was Palermo originally founded as ?
The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz -LRB- ` flower ' -RRB- .	the Phoenicians	What group of people founded Palermo ?
The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning ` complete port ' .	Panormus	What did the Greeks name Palermo ?
From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital .	831 to 1072	During which years was Palermo ruled by the Arabs ?
Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather , its renowned gastronomy and restaurants , its Romanesque , Gothic and Baroque churches , palaces and buildings , and its nightlife and music .	Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque	What types of churches attract tourists to Palermo ?
Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center : the main industrial sectors include tourism , services , commerce and agriculture .	Palermo	Which town is Sicily 's primary industrial and commercial center ?
Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center : the main industrial sectors include tourism , services , commerce and agriculture .	tourism, services, commerce and agriculture	What are Palermo 's four main industrial sectors ?
Palermo is surrounded by mountains , formed of calcar , which form a cirque around the city .	mountains	What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by ?
Monte Pellegrino 's cliff was described in the 19th century by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , as `` The most beautiful promontory in the world '' , in his essay `` Italian Journey '' .	Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,	Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as `` The most beautiful promontory in the world ? ''
The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta , about 1,333 m -LRB- 4,373 ft. -RRB- high .	La Pizzuta	Which is the tallest mountain in Sicily ?
However , historically , the most important mount is Monte Pellegrino , which is geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain .	geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain	Where is Monte Pellegrino in relation to other peaks ?
However , the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today , because the streets that were built on them follow their shapes .	the streets that were built on them follow their shapes	How can former rivers be recognised presently ?
Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from the western uptown and the industrial districts .	Oreto river	What is the only remaining waterway in Palermo ?
Today both the Papireto river and the Kemonia are covered up by buildings .	Papireto river and the Kemonia	Which two former rivers in Palermo are currently building sites ?
Some sources suggest they named the settlement `` Ziz . ''	"Ziz."	What did Phoenicans name their settlement in 734BC ?
It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily , along with Motya and Soluntum .	Motya and Soluntum	Besides Ziz , what other two major settlements belonged to the Phoenicians
However , the remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area , making any excavation efforts costly and logistically difficult .	remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area	Why cant artifacts from the Phoenicians be easily excavated ?
The site chosen by the Phoenicians made it easy to connect the port to the mountains with a straight road that today has become Corso Calatifimi .	Corso Calatifimi	What is the current name of the road the Phoenicians used for trading ?
The first settlement is defined as Paleapolis -LRB- Παλεάπολις -RRB- , the Ancient Greek world for `` old city '' , in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC , called Neapolis -LRB- Νεάπολις -RRB- , `` new city '' .	in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis	Why was the first settlement named Paleapolis ?
The neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it , monumental walls around the whole settlement were built to prevent attacks from foreign threats .	prevent attacks from foreign threats	What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do ?
Some part of this structure can still be seen in the Cassaro district .	Cassaro	Which district was named for the walls surrounding it ?
Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars , a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily .	Sicilian Wars	In which War did Greeks and Phoenicians fight over control of Sicily ?
The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War .	Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War	Why did the Sicilian Wars end ?
In 276 BC , during the Pyrrhic War , Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus , but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275 .	Pyrrhus of Epirus	Who conquered Panormos and briefly turned it into a Greek colony ?
During this war the Greeks named the settlement Panormos -LRB- Πάνορμος -RRB- from which the current name is derived , meaning `` all port '' due to the shape of its coast .	meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast.	Why did the Greeks name Palermo Panormos ?
The Vandals had occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455 establishing themselves as a significant force .	occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455	How had the Vandals earned their strong reputation ?
However , they soon lost these newly acquired possessions to the Ostrogoths .	Ostrogoths	Whom took control of the Vandal 's territory after 488 ?
The Ostrogothic conquest under Theodoric the Great began in 488 ; Theodoric supported Roman culture and government unlike the Germanic Goths .	Theodoric supported Roman culture and government	How was Theodoric different than the Germanic Goths ?
The Gothic War took place between the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire , also known as the Byzantine Empire .	Byzantine Empire	What name was the Eastern Roman Empire also known by ?
Muslim rule on the island lasted for about 120 years and was marked by cruelty and brutality against the native population , which was reduced into near slavery -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- and Christian churches across the island were all completely destroyed .	120 years	How long did Muslim control of Palermo last ?
The Arabs also introduced many agricultural crops which remain a mainstay of Sicilian cuisine .	agricultural crops	What did the Arabs introduce that continues to be relevant to Palermo 's culture today ?
Muslim rule on the island lasted for about 120 years and was marked by cruelty and brutality against the native population , which was reduced into near slavery -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- and Christian churches across the island were all completely destroyed .	reduced into near slavery	How were the indigenous Palermo population treated under Muslim rule ?
The family who returned the city to Christianity were called the Hautevilles , including Robert Guiscard and his army , who is regarded as a hero by the natives .	Robert Guiscard	Who is considered a hero by natives for ending Muslim control of Palermo ?
The family who returned the city to Christianity were called the Hautevilles , including Robert Guiscard and his army , who is regarded as a hero by the natives .	Hautevilles	What was the family name who returned Palermo to Christianity after reconquest in 1072 ?
The Kingdom 's capital was Palermo , with the King 's Court held at the Palazzo dei Normanni .	Palazzo dei Normanni	Where was the Kings Court held in the Kingdom of Sicily ?
The Kingdom of Sicily became one of the wealthiest states in Europe .	one of the wealthiest states in Europe	How did the Kingdom of Sicily compare monetarily with the other European staes ?
Sicily fell under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194 .	1194	What year did Sicily become ruled by the Holy Roman Empire ?
Muslims of Palermo emigrated or were expelled during Holy Roman rule .	emigrated or were expelled	What happened to Muslims during Holy Roman rule ?
By 1330 , Palermo 's population had declined to 51,000 .	51,000	What was Palermos population in 1330 ?
It was also ruled by Austria between 1720 and 1734 .	1720 and 1734	During what years did Austria rule Palermo ?
After the Treaty of Utrecht -LRB- 1713 -RRB- , Sicily was handed over to the Savoia , but by 1734 it was again a Bourbon possession .	Treaty of Utrecht (1713)	After what treaty did Savoia gain control of Italy ?
Charles III chose Palermo for his coronation as King of Sicily .	his coronation	For what event did Charles III choose Sicily as the location ?
When the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was founded , the original capital city was Palermo -LRB- 1816 -RRB- but a year later moved to Naples .	Naples	Where did the Royal Court reside ?
When the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was founded , the original capital city was Palermo -LRB- 1816 -RRB- but a year later moved to Naples .	Naples	Where did the capital city move in 1817 ?
Charles III chose Palermo for his coronation as King of Sicily .	Charles III	Whose son died on the way to Palermo and is buried there ?
From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals , which culminated on 12 January 1848 , with a popular insurrection , the first one in Europe that year , led by Giuseppe La Masa .	Giuseppe La Masa	Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848 ?
The first president was Ruggero Settimo .	Ruggero Settimo	Who was the first president of Palermo ?
The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849 , and remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi .	The Bourbons	Who regained control of Palermo in 1849 ?
After the plebiscite later that year Palermo , along with the rest of Sicily , became part of the new Kingdom of Italy -LRB- 1861 -RRB- .	Kingdom of Italy	Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861 ?
The Italian government blamed anarchists and the Church , specifically the Archbishop of Palermo , for the rebellion and began enacting anti-Sicilian and anti-clerical policies .	anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo	Who was blamed for the week long rebellion of 1866 ?
A new cultural , economic and industrial growth was spurred by several families , like the Florio , the Ducrot , the Rutelli , the Sandron , the Whitaker , the Utveggio , and others .	Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio	Which families help to start cultural , industrial , and economic growth in Palermo ?
These roads would soon boast a huge number of villas in the Art Nouveau style .	Art Nouveau	In what style were the villas in the new expanded Palermo ?
The huge Teatro Massimo was designed in the same period by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile , and built by the Rutelli & Machì building firm of the industrial and old Rutelli Italian family in Palermo , and was opened in 1897 .	Teatro Massimo	Which theatre was designed by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile ans opened in 1897 ?
The term is used to indicate the speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings .	speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings	To what does the term `` Sack of Palermo '' refer ?
The reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities , especially Palermo , which swelled in size , leading to rapid expansion towards the north .	reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities	Why did Palermo substancially grow in size ?
Palermo experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate -LRB- Köppen climate classification : Csa -RRB- .	hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).	What is Palermo 's climate classification ?
Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe -LRB- mainly due to its warm nights -RRB- , with an average annual air temperature of 18.5 °C -LRB- 65.3 °F -RRB- .	one of the warmest cities in Europe	How do Palermo 's temperatures compare to the rest of Europe ?
Between the 1940s and the 2000s there have been eleven times when considerable snowfall has occurred : In 1949 , in 1956 , when the minimum temperature went down to 0 °C -LRB- 32 °F -RRB- and the city was blanketed by several centimeters of snow .	eleven	How many did snow fall in Palermo between 1940and the 2000s ?
It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year .	2,530 hours	How much sun does Palermo see each year ?
The first circuit surrounded the ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis -LRB- in the area east of Porta Nuova -RRB- and the Neopolis .	ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis	Where does the first of Palermo 's circuits suround ?
Via Vittorio Emanuele was the main road east-west through this early walled city .	Via Vittorio Emanuele	What was the name of the primary east-west road within the walls of Palaeopolis ?
The eastern edge of the walled city was on Via Roma and the ancient port in the vicinity of Piazza Marina .	Via Roma	On what road was the eastern edge of the walled city ?
At this north-east corner there was a defence , Castello a Mare , to protect the port at La Cala .	to protect the port at La Cala	What was the purpose of Castello a Mare ?
A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other end at S Maria della Catena -LRB- St Mary of the Chain -RRB- .	A huge chain	What was used to block passage through the La Cala port ?
In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded .	medieval	During which historical period was the wall circuit expanded ?
The cathedral has a heliometer -LRB- solar `` observatory '' -RRB- of 1690 , one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries .	solar "observatory"	What is a heliometer ?
There is a bronze line , la Meridiana on the floor , running precisely N/S .	la Meridiana	What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer ?
There is a bronze line , la Meridiana on the floor , running precisely N/S .	precisely N/S	Which direction does la Meridiana run ?
The device itself is quite simple : a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera , projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon -LRB- 12:00 in winter , 13:00 in summer -RRB- .	the sun	What image is projected on the floor of the heliometer ?
In 2010 , there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area , 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries , of whom 47.4 % were male and 52.6 % were female .	1.2 million	How many people were living in the Palermo area in 2010 ?
In 2010 , there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area , 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries , of whom 47.4 % were male and 52.6 % were female .	52.6%	What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010 ?
The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8 .	40.4	What is the average age of a Palermo resident ?
The reason for Palermo 's decline is a population flight to the suburbs , and to Northern Italy .	population flight to the suburbs	Why has Palermo 's population declined from 2001 to 2010 ?
The economy mainly relies on tourism and services , but also has commerce , shipbuilding and agriculture .	tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture	On what does Palermo 's economy rely ?
The city , however , still has high unemployment levels , high corruption and a significant black market empire -LRB- Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia -RRB- .	the Sicilian Mafia	Palermo is the home of what mafia ?
Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption , inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime , the level of crime in Palermo 's has gone down dramatically , unemployment has been decreasing and many new , profitable opportunities for growth -LRB- especially regarding tourism -RRB- have been introduced , making the city safer and better to live in .	gone down dramatically	Has the level of crime in Palermo risen or declined ?
The city , however , still has high unemployment levels , high corruption and a significant black market empire -LRB- Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia -RRB- .	high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire	What negative qualities does Palermo carry ?
The port of Palermo , founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago , is , together with the port of Messina , the main port of Sicily .	The port of Palermo	Which port is Sicily 's primary port ?
From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari , Genoa , Livorno , Naples , Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually .	2 million	How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually ?
From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari , Genoa , Livorno , Naples , Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually .	2 million	How many passengers do Palermo 's ferries carry each year ?
Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as `` tourist marina '' for sailing yachts and catamarans .	sailing yachts and catamarans	For what is the `` tourist marina '' dedicated ?
From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari , Genoa , Livorno , Naples , Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually .	Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis	What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to ?
The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia , who is widely revered .	Santa Rosalia	Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo ?
On 14 July , people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino , the most important religious event of the year .	14 July	When is Palermo 's most important religious event of the year held ?
The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who , it is believed , freed the city from the Black Death in 1624 .	Santa Rosalia	Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624 ?
The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who , it is believed , freed the city from the Black Death in 1624 .	procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia	What is The Festino ?
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30 .	Zn	What is the symbol for Zinc ?
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30 .	30	What is the atomic number for Zinc ?
In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium : its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2 .	magnesium	What is zinc chemically close to ?
In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium : its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2 .	+2	What is the oxidation state for zinc ?
Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth 's crust and has five stable isotopes .	five	How many stable isotopes does zinc have ?
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30 .	Zn	What is the symbol for zinc ?
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30 .	30	What is zinc 's atomic number ?
In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium : its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2 .	magnesium	What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to ?
The most common zinc ore is sphalerite -LRB- zinc blende -RRB- , a zinc sulfide mineral .	sphalerite	What is the most common zinc ore ?
Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore , roasting , and final extraction using electricity -LRB- electrowinning -RRB- .	electricity	What is used to extract zinc during the production process ?
Brass , which is an alloy of copper and zinc , has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece .	copper and zinc	What two metals are mixed to create Brass ?
Brass , which is an alloy of copper and zinc , has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece .	10th	When was brass first used ?
Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century .	India	Where was zinc first produced on a large scale ?
Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century .	end of the 16th century	When was zinc introduced to Europe ?
To date , the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar , in Rajasthan , as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc .	Zawar	Where is the oldest evidence of pure zinc ?
Brass , which is an alloy of copper and zinc , has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece .	copper and zinc	Brass is an alloy of what two elements ?
Brass , which is an alloy of copper and zinc , has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece .	Judea	The earliest uses of brass has been attributed to what ancient location ?
The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC .	Rajasthan	We have evidence of zinc production dating back to the 6th century thanks to what mine ?
To date , the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar , in Rajasthan , as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc .	distillation process	What early process was used to make zinc ?
Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called `` philosopher 's wool '' or `` white snow '' .	"philosopher's wool" or "white snow"	What were the names given to zinc by early alchemists ?
The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke -LRB- prong , tooth -RRB- .	Paracelsus	Who named the element zinc ?
The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke -LRB- prong , tooth -RRB- .	Zinke	What was zinc named after ?
German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746 .	Andreas Sigismund Marggraf	Who is credited with discovering zinc ?
Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800 .	Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta	What two people discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc ?
A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used , such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate -LRB- as dietary supplements -RRB- , zinc chloride -LRB- in deodorants -RRB- , zinc pyrithione -LRB- anti-dandruff shampoos -RRB- , zinc sulfide -LRB- in luminescent paints -RRB- , and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory .	deodorants	Where can you find zinc chloride ?
The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke -LRB- prong , tooth -RRB- .	Paracelsus	Who is credited as giving zinc its name ?
The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke -LRB- prong , tooth -RRB- .	(prong, tooth)	What does the name zinc or zinke mean ?
German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746 .	Andreas Sigismund Marggraf	Who discovered pure metallic zinc ?
Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron -LRB- hot-dip galvanizing -RRB- is the major application for zinc .	(hot-dip galvanizing	What is the most common use for zinc ?
A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used , such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate -LRB- as dietary supplements -RRB- , zinc chloride -LRB- in deodorants -RRB- , zinc pyrithione -LRB- anti-dandruff shampoos -RRB- , zinc sulfide -LRB- in luminescent paints -RRB- , and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory .	deodorants	What is a common use for zinc chloride ?
Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases .	two billion	How many people are affected by zinc deficiency ?
Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia , lethargy and copper deficiency .	ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency	What can consumption of excess zinc cause ?
Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry , such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans .	biochemistry,	Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center ?
In children it causes growth retardation , delayed sexual maturation , infection susceptibility , and diarrhea .	growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea	What can a lack of zinc cause in children ?
Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of `` exceptional biologic and public health importance '' , especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development .	Zinc	What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development ?
Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases .	Zinc deficiency	What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth ?
Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry , such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans .	alcohol dehydrogenase	In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center ?
Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia , lethargy and copper deficiency .	excess zinc	What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency ?
Zinc is a bluish-white , lustrous , diamagnetic metal , though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish .	bluish-white	What color is zinc ?
It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure , with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing , in which each atom has six nearest neighbors -LRB- at 265.9 pm -RRB- in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm .	It is somewhat less dense than iron	Is iron more dense than zinc ?
The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C .	100 and 150 °C	At what temperature does the metal become malleable ?
Above 210 °C , the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating .	210 °C	At what temperature to zinc become brittle ?
For a metal , zinc has relatively low melting -LRB- 419.5 °C -RRB- and boiling points -LRB- 907 °C -RRB- .	907 °C	What is the boiling point of zinc ?
Zinc is a bluish-white , lustrous , diamagnetic metal , though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish .	bluish-white	In it 's pre commercial state , what color is zinc ?
It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure , with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing , in which each atom has six nearest neighbors -LRB- at 265.9 pm -RRB- in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm .	hexagonal	What is the crystalline structure of sync ?
The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C .	becomes malleable	What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius ?
Above 210 °C , the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating .	210 °C	At what temperature can zinc be pulverized ?
Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized .	Several dozen	How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered ?
65Zn , which has a half-life of 243.66 days , is the most long-lived radioisotope , followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours .	243.66	What is the longest half life of the isotopes ?
The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope .	metastable isotope	What does the superscript m represent ?
61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two .	three	How many excited states does 61Zn have ?
61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two .	two	How many excited states does 73Zn have ?
65Zn , which has a half-life of 243.66 days , is the most long-lived radioisotope , followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours .	65Zn	What is the most long lived radio isotope ?
65Zn , which has a half-life of 243.66 days , is the most long-lived radioisotope , followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours .	46.5 hours	What is the half life of 72Zn ?
Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers .	10	How many nuclear isomers does zinc have ?
The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope .	metastable isotope	What does the superscript `` m '' indicate ?
The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray .	emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray	What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state ?
The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state .	+2	What oxidation state dominates zinc ?
The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C indicates the formation of Zn 2Cl 2 , a zinc compound with a +1 oxidation state .	The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C	What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl ?
No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than +1 or +2 are known .	+1 or +2	what are the only two oxidation states known for zinc ?
The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state .	+2	What oxidation state dominates the chemistry of zinc ?
No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than +1 or +2 are known .	+1 or +2	What are the only two oxidation states known for zinc compounds ?
Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper , though it has a filled d-shell , so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless .	diamagnetic and mostly colorless.	Because zinc has a filled d-shell , its compounds are usually what ?
The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical .	zinc and magnesium	The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical ?
Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal structure and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common .	ionic radius	What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically ?
Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N - and S - donors .	N- and S-	Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes ?
Zinc -LRB- I -RRB- compounds are rare , and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state .	bulky ligands	What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc -LRB- l -RRB- compounds ?
Most zinc -LRB- I -RRB- compounds contain formally the -LSB- Zn2 -RSB- 2 + core , which is analogous to the -LSB- Hg2 -RSB- 2 + dimeric cation present in mercury -LRB- I -RRB- compounds .	[Zn2]2+	What core do most zinc -LRB- l -RRB- compounds contain ?
The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure .	diamagnetic nature of the ion	What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound ?
The -LSB- Zn2 -RSB- 2 + ion rapidly disproportionates into zinc metal and zinc -LRB- II -RRB- , and has only been obtained as a yellow glass formed by cooling a solution of metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2 .	yellow glass	When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2 , what is formed ?
Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases .	noble gases	What is not known for binary compounds of zinc ?
The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions , but is amphoteric , dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions .	strong basic and acidic solutions	ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions ?
The other chalcogenides -LRB- ZnS , ZnSe , and ZnTe -RRB- have varied applications in electronics and optics .	electronics and optics.	What applications do chalcogenides have ?
In stronger alkaline solutions , this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates -LRB- -LSB- Zn -LRB- OH -RRB- 4 -RSB- 2 − -RRB- .	zincates	Zn -LRB- OH -RRB- 2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions ?
The Charaka Samhita , thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD , mentions a metal which , when oxidized , produces pushpanjan , thought to be zinc oxide .	The Charaka Samhita	Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text ?
Zinc mines at Zawar , near Udaipur in India , have been active since the Mauryan period .	Mauryan period	Active zinc mines in India date back to what period ?
The smelting of metallic zinc here , however , appears to have begun around the 12th century AD .	smelting of metallic zinc	What process occurred around the 12th century ?
The Rasaratna Samuccaya , written in approximately the 13th century AD , mentions two types of zinc-containing ores : one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes .	13th century AD,	When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written ?
The Rasaratna Samuccaya , written in approximately the 13th century AD , mentions two types of zinc-containing ores : one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes .	metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes	What are the two uses of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya ?
The name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus , a Swiss-born German alchemist , who referred to the metal as `` zincum '' or `` zinken '' in his book Liber Mineralium II , in the 16th century .	Paracelsus	Who is attributed as first documenting zinc ?
Zink could also imply `` tin-like '' because of its relation to German zinn meaning tin .	imply "tin-like"	Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn ?
The word is probably derived from the German zinke , and supposedly meant `` tooth-like , pointed or jagged '' -LRB- metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance -RRB- .	metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance	Why would zinc possibly be derived from the German word zinke ?
The metal was also called Indian tin , tutanego , calamine , and spinter .	Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.	What are some of the other terms for zinc ?
William Champion 's brother , John , patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process .	William Champion's brother, John,	Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process ?
Prior to this , only calamine could be used to produce zinc .	calamine	Before John Champion , what was the only element used to produce zinc ?
In 1798 , Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter .	Johann Christian Ruberg	Who built the first horizontal retort smelter ?
He incorrectly thought he had discovered an ability of nerves and muscles to create electricity and called the effect `` animal electricity '' .	animal electricity	What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch ?
The galvanic cell and the process of galvanization were both named for Luigi Galvani and these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries , galvanization and cathodic protection .	electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.	The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things ?
Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy .	extractive metallurgy.	What is used to produce the metal zinc ?
After grinding the ore , froth flotation , which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity , is used to get an ore concentrate .	get an ore concentrate	What is froth flotation used for ?
After grinding the ore , froth flotation , which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity , is used to get an ore concentrate .	grinding the ore	What is the first step in zinc metal production ?
This concentrate consists of about 50 % zinc with the rest being sulfur -LRB- 32 % -RRB- , iron -LRB- 13 % -RRB- , and SiO 2 -LRB- 5 % -RRB- .	50%	What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc ?
The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor .	The production for sulfidic zinc ores	Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what ?
Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals .	heavy metals	Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what ?
The dumps of the past mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium , and , as a result , the sediments of the Geul River contain significant amounts of heavy metals .	mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium	Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount ?
Anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1 .	20 to 1	What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at ?
Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away .	iron or steel	What two compounds is zinc more reactive than ?
A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate -LRB- Zn 5 -LRB- OH -RRB- 6 -LRB- CO 3 -RRB- 2 -RRB- forms as the zinc corrodes .	protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate	What forms as zinc corrodes ?
The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by hot-dip galvanizing or spraying .	electrochemically or as molten zinc	How is zinc applied ?
Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing , guard rails , suspension bridges , lightposts , metal roofs , heat exchangers , and car bodies .	Galvanization	What is used on many common items , such as chain link fences ?
The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection -LRB- CP -RRB- .	relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation	What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode ?
For example , cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe .	cathodic protection	Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what ?
-LSB- note 2 -RSB- Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion .	protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion	What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do ?
A zinc disc attached to a ship 's iron rudder will slowly corrode , whereas the rudder stays unattacked .	will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked	Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding ?
Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes .	lead/tin alloy	What has zinc replaced in pipe organs ?
Alloys of 85 -- 88 % zinc , 4 -- 10 % copper , and 2 -- 8 % aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings .	machine bearings	Zinc , copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery ?
Zinc is the primary metal used in making American one cent coins since 1982 .	one cent coins	Zinc in the main metal used in making which american currency ?
The zinc core is coated with a thin layer of copper to give the impression of a copper coin .	thin layer of copper	What is zinc coated with to influence the look of pennies ?
Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper , aluminium , and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting , especially in the automotive , electrical , and hardware industries .	spin casting	Aside from die casting , what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper , aluminium and magnesium used for ?
These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak .	Zamak	Alloys of zinc mixed with copper , aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what ?
The low melting point together with the low viscosity of the alloy makes the production of small and intricate shapes possible .	small and intricate shapes	What is possible to produce thanks to the low melting point and low viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy ?
Another alloy , marketed under the brand name Prestal , contains 78 % zinc and 22 % aluminium and is reported to be nearly as strong as steel but as malleable as plastic .	Prestal	What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as steel while still being malleable as plastic ?
This superplasticity of the alloy allows it to be molded using die casts made of ceramics and cement .	die casts made of ceramics and cement.	What is used to mold Prestal ?
Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets .	cold-rolled into sheets	What can be done when small amounts of lead are added to alloys ?
An alloy of 96 % zinc and 4 % aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive .	stamping dies	What is made with an alloy of 4 % aluminium mixed with 96 % zinc ?
An alloy of 96 % zinc and 4 % aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive .	too expensive	Why are alloys used to make stamping dies rather than metal ?
Unalloyed zinc is too brittle for these kinds of manufacturing processes .	too brittle	Why is n't unalloyed zinc used in construction applications ?
Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , is consumed in the form of zinc compounds ; a variety of which are used industrially .	zinc compounds	In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US ?
Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints , and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber .	Zinc oxide	What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber ?
Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints , and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber .	Zinc oxide	What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation ?
The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products .	semiconductor	Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products ?
The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production .	thermochemical	What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle ?
Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative .	Zinc chloride	What is added to wood in order to preserve it ?
Zinc sulfide -LRB- ZnS -RRB- is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks , X-ray and television screens , and luminous paints .	luminescent pigments	What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens ?
Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum .	mid-infrared	What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in ?
Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints .	antifouling paints.	Where is zinc pyrithion used ?
64Zn , the most abundant isotope of zinc , is very susceptible to neutron activation , being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn , which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation .	64Zn	What is the most abundant zinc isotope ?
64Zn , the most abundant isotope of zinc , is very susceptible to neutron activation , being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn , which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation .	intense gamma radiation	What does 65Zn produce ?
Because of this , Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn before use , this is called depleted zinc oxide .	anti-corrosion agent	Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors ?
65Zn is also used as a tracer to study how alloys that contain zinc wear out , or the path and the role of zinc in organisms .	65Zn	What is used to study how alloys containing zinc wear out ?
Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements .	vitamin and mineral supplements	What consumable product is zinc included in ?
It is believed to possess antioxidant properties , which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body ; studies differ as to its effectiveness .	antioxidant	What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging ?
Zinc also helps speed up the healing process after an injury .	speed up the healing	What is the benefit of zinc after injury ?
Although not yet tested as a therapy in humans , a growing body of evidence indicates that zinc may preferentially kill prostate cancer cells .	prostate	What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill ?
Because zinc naturally homes to the prostate and because the prostate is accessible with relatively non-invasive procedures , its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent in this type of cancer has shown promise .	chemotherapeutic	What type of agent is zync useful as against prostate cancer ?
However , other studies have demonstrated that chronic use of zinc supplements in excess of the recommended dosage may actually increase the chance of developing prostate cancer , also likely due to the natural buildup of this heavy metal in the prostate .	prostate cancer	What could overuse of zinc possibly cause ?
However , other studies have demonstrated that chronic use of zinc supplements in excess of the recommended dosage may actually increase the chance of developing prostate cancer , also likely due to the natural buildup of this heavy metal in the prostate .	prostate.	Where does zinc naturally buildup in the body ?
Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties , synthesis and reactions .	physical properties, synthesis and reactions.	What does organozinc chemisty describe ?
The Barbier reaction -LRB- 1899 -RRB- is the zinc equivalent of the magnesium Grignard reaction and is better of the two .	The Barbier reaction	What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction ?
In presence of just about any water the formation of the organomagnesium halide will fail , whereas the Barbier reaction can even take place in water .	presence of just about any water	When will organomagnesium halide formation fail ?
Commercially available diorganozinc compounds are dimethylzinc , diethylzinc and diphenylzinc .	Commercially available diorganozinc compounds	What are dimethylzinc , dietylzinc and diphenylzinc ?
Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers , twists and clusters .	structural	What role does zinc play in fingers , twists and clusters ?
Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors , which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA .	transcription factors,	What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA , recognize base DNA ?
Each of the nine or ten Zn2 + ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger 's structure by coordinately binding to four amino acids in the transcription factor .	four	How many amino acids do the Zn2 + ions bind to ?
The transcription factor wraps around the DNA helix and uses its fingers to accurately bind to the DNA sequence .	DNA helix	What does the transcription factor wrap around ?
A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide , one of the most common supplements in the United States , and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body .	zinc oxide	What is the most common supplement in the US ?
A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide , one of the most common supplements in the United States , and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body .	nearly insoluble	Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body ?
However , harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent , and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people , although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day .	20 mg/day	What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in healthy adults ?
However , harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent , and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people , although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day .	40 mg/day	What is the Tolderable Upper intake of zinc ?
For fortification , however , a 2003 review recommended zinc oxide in cereals as cheap , stable , and as easily absorbed as more expensive forms .	cereals	Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product ?
A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc , including oxide and sulfate , did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas .	maize tortillas	In what product did various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption ?
A 1987 study found that zinc picolinate was better absorbed than zinc gluconate or zinc citrate .	zinc picolinate	What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate ?
However , a study published in 2008 determined that zinc glycinate is the best absorbed of the four dietary supplement types available .	zinc glycinate	What is the best absorbed dietary zinc compound ?
Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse .	mild zinc deficiency	Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what ?
Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity , although excessive zinc does also .	depresses immunity	What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess ?
Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc .	twice as much food	What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc ?
Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans , sea vegetables , fortified cereals , soyfoods , nuts , peas , and seeds .	plant sources	What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc ?
However , phytates in many whole-grains and fiber in many foods may interfere with zinc absorption and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects .	phytates	What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption ?
The zinc chelator phytate , found in seeds and cereal bran , can contribute to zinc malabsorption .	seeds and cereal bran,	Where is zinc chelator phytate found ?
There is some evidence to suggest that more than the US RDA -LRB- 15 mg -RRB- of zinc daily may be needed in those whose diet is high in phytates , such as some vegetarians .	diet is high in phytates,	What kind of diet may require more than 15mg of zinc daily ?
Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc .	zinc	What are two billion people in the world deficient in ?
Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc .	deficient in zinc	800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what ?
The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea .	zinc supplementation	What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea ?
However , zinc supplements should not be administered alone , because many in the developing world have several deficiencies , and zinc interacts with other micronutrients .	zinc interacts with other micronutrients.	Why should n't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies ?
Zinc deficiency is crop plants ' most common micronutrient deficiency ; it is particularly common in high-pH soils .	high-pH soils	In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common ?
Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease .	disease.	Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what ?
Excess zinc is toxic to plants , although zinc toxicity is far less widespread .	toxic	Excess zinc has what effect on plants ?
Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks , but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion , mine waste , phosphate fertilizers , pesticide -LRB- zinc phosphide -RRB- , limestone , manure , sewage sludge , and particles from galvanized surfaces .	weathering of rocks	How is zinc primarily added to soil ?
There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100 -- 300 mg of zinc daily .	copper	What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily ?
A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo .	urinary	What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day ?
Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals , such as iron and manganese .	ability of plants to absorb other essential metals	Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what ?
There is also a condition called the zinc shakes or `` zinc chills '' that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials .	zinc shakes or "zinc chills"	What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide ?
Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram .	denture cream	People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death ?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration -LRB- FDA -RRB- has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose , which can cause anosmia .	nerve receptors	What can zinc cause damage to in the nose ?
Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections .	polio infections	Why was zinc being used in the 1930 's ?
On June 16 , 2009 , the FDA said that consumers should stop using zinc-based intranasal cold products and ordered their removal from store shelves .	zinc-based intranasal cold products	What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009 ?
Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent heat shock response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes .	antimicrobial zinc pyrithione	What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer ?
In 1982 , the US Mint began minting pennies coated in copper but made primarily of zinc .	pennies	What coin , as of 1982 , is now primarily made of zinc ?
With the new zinc pennies , there is the potential for zinc toxicosis , which can be fatal .	zinc toxicosis	What is a concern with the new zinc pennies ?
One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies -LRB- over 1 kg of zinc -RRB- resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal sepsis , whereas another patient , who ingested 12 grams of zinc , only showed lethargy and ataxia -LRB- gross lack of coordination of muscle movements -RRB- .	ataxia	Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what ?
Several other cases have been reported of humans suffering zinc intoxication by the ingestion of zinc coins .	ingestion of zinc coins	Why have people reported zinc intoxication ?
Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs , resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body .	Pennies	What are dogs known to ingest ?
The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity , which is commonly fatal in dogs , where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia , and also liver or kidney damage ; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms .	zinc toxicity	What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause ?
Zinc is highly toxic in parrots and poisoning can often be fatal .	parrots	In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous ?
The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc .	juices stored in galvanized cans	What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc ?
Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux .	Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux	Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects ?
The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe .	eternality	What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe ?
There are links between Boullée 's ideas and Edmund Burke 's conception of the sublime .	sublime	What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee 's ideas ?
Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character , maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer : taken literally such ideas give rise to `` architecture parlante '' .	architectural character	What concept did Ledoux address ?
Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character , maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer : taken literally such ideas give rise to `` architecture parlante '' .	building should immediately communicate its function	As a concept of neoclassical architecture , what should be immediately communicated to viewer ?
Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture : Vitruvius Britannicus -LRB- Colen Campbell 1715 -RRB- , Palladio 's Four Books of Architecture -LRB- 1715 -RRB- , De Re Aedificatoria -LRB- 1726 -RRB- and The Designs of Inigo Jones ... with Some Additional Designs -LRB- 1727 -RRB- .	18th century	What century were most four influential books published ?
The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell .	Colen Campbell	Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus ?
Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain .	18th-century	In what century did Palladian architecture become well established ?
Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture : Vitruvius Britannicus -LRB- Colen Campbell 1715 -RRB- , Palladio 's Four Books of Architecture -LRB- 1715 -RRB- , De Re Aedificatoria -LRB- 1726 -RRB- and The Designs of Inigo Jones ... with Some Additional Designs -LRB- 1727 -RRB- .	1727	When was `` The Designs of Inigo Jones '' book published ?
At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic `` architect earl '' , Richard Boyle , 3rd Earl of Burlington ; in 1729 , he and William Kent , designed Chiswick House .	Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington	Who was the `` architect earl '' ?
At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic `` architect earl '' , Richard Boyle , 3rd Earl of Burlington ; in 1729 , he and William Kent , designed Chiswick House .	1729	When was Chiswick House designed ?
This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio 's Villa Capra , but purified of 16th century elements and ornament .	Palladio's Villa Capra	What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation ?
In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England 's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk .	Holkham Hall	What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England , built in Norfolk ?
By the mid 18th century , the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences , including those from Ancient Greece .	Ancient Greece	What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century ?
It first gained influence in England and France ; in England , Sir William Hamilton 's excavations at Pompeii and other sites , the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam , was pivotal in this regard .	Sir William Hamilton	What englishman excavated pompeii ?
In France , the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome , and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann .	Rome	In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles ?
The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia .	Sweden and Russia.	What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical ?
A second neoclassic wave , more severe , more studied and more consciously archaeological , is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire .	Napoleonic Empire	When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture ?
In France , the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the `` Louis XVI style '' , and the second in the styles called `` Directoire '' or Empire .	Louis XVI style	What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France ?
In France , the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the `` Louis XVI style '' , and the second in the styles called `` Directoire '' or Empire .	"Directoire" or Empire	What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called ?
The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism , which was embraced as a political statement by young , progressive , urban Italians with republican leanings .	The Rococo style	Up until Napoleaoic regimes , what style remained popular in Italy ?
Indoors , neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior , inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum .	Pompeii and Herculaneum.	What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism ?
These had begun in the late 1740s , but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s , with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano -LRB- The Antiquities of Herculaneum -RRB- .	Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).	What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses ?
The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque , or the most `` Roman '' rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in , hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes : pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors , fireplaces topped with temple fronts .	pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts	What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries ?
The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque , or the most `` Roman '' rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in , hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes : pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors , fireplaces topped with temple fronts .	basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in	What were William Kent 's interior designs based from ?
The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary .	authentically Roman	What were interiors seeking to recreate ?
Techniques employed in the style included flatter , lighter motifs , sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu -LRB- `` like cameos '' -RRB- , isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs , suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon , with slender arabesques against backgrounds , perhaps , of `` Pompeiian red '' or pale tints , or stone colours .	"Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours	What colors were utilized for interiors ?
The style in France was initially a Parisian style , the Goût grec -LRB- `` Greek style '' -RRB- , not a court style ; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774 , Marie Antoinette , his fashion-loving Queen , brought the `` Louis XVI '' style to court .	Marie Antoinette	Who brought Louis XVI style to the court ?
Techniques employed in the style included flatter , lighter motifs , sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu -LRB- `` like cameos '' -RRB- , isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs , suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon , with slender arabesques against backgrounds , perhaps , of `` Pompeiian red '' or pale tints , or stone colours .	flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones	What types of techniques were used to style motifs ?
The style in France was initially a Parisian style , the Goût grec -LRB- `` Greek style '' -RRB- , not a court style ; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774 , Marie Antoinette , his fashion-loving Queen , brought the `` Louis XVI '' style to court .	Parisian	What were styles in France initially ?
A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam , who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s , observing the ruins of the classical world .	Robert and James Adam	Who began the new phase of neoclassical design ?
A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam , who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s , observing the ruins of the classical world .	Italy and Dalmatia	Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered ?
On their return to Britain , they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779 .	The Works in Architecture	What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase ?
The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades , to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses .	rococo and baroque styles	During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles ?
The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades , to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses .	lighter and more elegant feel	This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design ?
From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples , seen through the medium of etchings and engravings , gave a new impetus to neoclassicism , the Greek Revival .	Greek architectural	From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where ?
From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples , seen through the medium of etchings and engravings , gave a new impetus to neoclassicism , the Greek Revival .	Greek Revival	What was this new phase of neoclassicism ?
There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe , when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry .	18th century	Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization ?
There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe , when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry .	James Stuart and Nicholas Revett	Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751 ?
Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England , the garden temple at Hagley Hall -LRB- 1758 -- 59 -RRB- .	garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59)	What was the first Greek building in England ?
It was to be William Wilkins 's winning design for the public competition for Downing College , Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture .	William Wilkins	Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture ?
In Scotland , Thomas Hamilton -LRB- 1784 -- 1858 -RRB- , in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson -LRB- 1780 -- 1848 -RRB- and Hugh William Williams -LRB- 1773 -- 1829 -RRB- created monuments and buildings of international significance ; the Burns Monument at Alloway -LRB- 1818 -RRB- and the -LRB- Royal -RRB- High School in Edinburgh -LRB- 1823 -- 29 -RRB- .	Burns Monument at Alloway	What monument was created in 1818 ?
Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era , including the Theatre Royal , Covent Garden -LRB- 1808 -- 09 -RRB- , the General Post Office -LRB- 1824 -- 29 -RRB- and the British Museum -LRB- 1823 -- 48 -RRB- , Wilkins University College London -LRB- 1826 -- 30 -RRB- and the National Gallery -LRB- 1832 -- 38 -RRB- .	1824–29	When was the General Post Office built ?
Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era , including the Theatre Royal , Covent Garden -LRB- 1808 -- 09 -RRB- , the General Post Office -LRB- 1824 -- 29 -RRB- and the British Museum -LRB- 1823 -- 48 -RRB- , Wilkins University College London -LRB- 1826 -- 30 -RRB- and the National Gallery -LRB- 1832 -- 38 -RRB- .	1823–48	In what year was the British Museum built ?
Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era , including the Theatre Royal , Covent Garden -LRB- 1808 -- 09 -RRB- , the General Post Office -LRB- 1824 -- 29 -RRB- and the British Museum -LRB- 1823 -- 48 -RRB- , Wilkins University College London -LRB- 1826 -- 30 -RRB- and the National Gallery -LRB- 1832 -- 38 -RRB- .	1832–38	When was the National Gallery constructed ?
At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts .	more grandiose	How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison ?
Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles , it originated in , and took its name from , the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire , where it was intended to idealize Napoleon 's leadership and the French state .	Napoleon I	What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style ?
The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands , Federal style in the United States , the Regency style in Britain , and the Napoleonstil in Sweden .	Regency	What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain ?
The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands , Federal style in the United States , the Regency style in Britain , and the Napoleonstil in Sweden .	Federal style	In the US , the style during this time of Neoclassical Empire was known as what ?
Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture , it tended to emphasize its planar qualities , rather than sculptural volumes .	Late Baroque architecture	What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary ?
Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture , it tended to emphasize its planar qualities , rather than sculptural volumes .	planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes	What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque ?
Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating , autonomous and complete in themselves .	isolated rather than interpenetrating	In addition to being flatter , how were individual features handled with neoclasic ?
High neoclassicism was an international movement .	international movement	How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism ?
Neoclassicism also influenced city planning ; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience , however , the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations .	ancient Romans	What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning ?
At its most basic , the grid system of streets , a central forum with city services , two main slightly wider boulevards , and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design .	grid system	What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism ?
At its most basic , the grid system of streets , a central forum with city services , two main slightly wider boulevards , and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design .	very logical and orderly	What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning ?
From the middle of the 18th century , exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal .	Ancient Greco-Roman ideal	What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century ?
James ` Athenian ' Stuart 's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard , as were Robert Wood 's Palmyra and Baalbec .	Palmyra and Baalbec	What were Robert Wood 's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century ?
James ` Athenian ' Stuart 's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard , as were Robert Wood 's Palmyra and Baalbec .	James 'Athenian' Stuart	Who began the revolution of Greek influenced architecture in Britain ?
The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers , James Wyatt , Sir William Chambers , George Dance , James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester .	Adam Brothers	What brothers were instrumental in this Greek movement of neoclassicism ?
In the early 20th century , the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design .	Albert Richardson	What author 's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design ?
Vincent Harris -LRB- compare Harris 's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke -RRB- , Bradshaw Gass & Hope and Percy Thomas were among those who designed public buildings in the neoclassical style in the interwar period .	interwar period	In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical ?
In the British Raj in India , Sir Edwin Lutyens ' monumental city planning for New Delhi marked the sunset of neoclassicism .	New Delhi	Sir Edwin Lutyens ' city planning in what city marked a shift in design ?
In Scotland and the north of England , where the Gothic Revival was less strong , architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair .	Gothic Revival	What new design was trending after neoclassical ?
The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the `` Louis XVI style '' of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel -LRB- Petit Trianon , 1762 -- 68 -RRB- ; the second phase , in the styles called Directoire and `` Empire '' , might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin 's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe -LRB- designed in 1806 -RRB- .	Louis XVI style	What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France ?
The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the `` Louis XVI style '' of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel -LRB- Petit Trianon , 1762 -- 68 -RRB- ; the second phase , in the styles called Directoire and `` Empire '' , might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin 's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe -LRB- designed in 1806 -RRB- .	Directoire and "Empire"	France 's second phase of neoclassic is known as what ?
In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam , the second by those of Sir John Soane .	Robert Adam	What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England ?
In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam , the second by those of Sir John Soane .	Sir John Soane	Structure of whom characterize England 's second phase of neoclassical ?
Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette , his fashion-loving Queen , bring the `` Louis XVI '' style to court .	Marie Antoinette	Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771 ?
What little there was , started with Charles de Wailly 's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles -LRB- 1773 -- 80 -RRB- , and Claude Nicolas Ledoux 's Barriere des Bonshommes -LRB- 1785 -- 89 -RRB- .	Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80	What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France ?
First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French , due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier 's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices .	Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French	How concerned was France with Greek architecture ?
It would take until Laboustre 's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France .	Laboustre	Who 's influence brought about Greek revival in France ?
It would take until Laboustre 's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France .	second Empire	In which wave of neoclassical was the greek revival in France ?
The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác .	Vác	In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary ?
In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval -LRB- Isidore Canevale -RRB- in the 1760s .	Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval	What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s ?
Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace -LRB- 1797 -- 1805 -RRB- in Kismarton -LRB- today Eisenstadt in Austria -RRB- .	Charles Moreau	Who designed the Esterhazy Palace ?
The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mihály Pollack and József Hild .	József Hild	Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom ?
Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century , during the final years of Hospitaller rule .	late 18th century	When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture ?
Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century , during the final years of Hospitaller rule .	Hospitaller	What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction ?
Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi -LRB- 1832 -RRB- , St Paul 's Pro-Cathedral -LRB- 1844 -RRB- , the Rotunda of Mosta -LRB- 1860 -RRB- and the now destroyed Royal Opera House -LRB- 1866 -RRB- .	1832	When was RNH Bighi built ?
Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi -LRB- 1832 -RRB- , St Paul 's Pro-Cathedral -LRB- 1844 -RRB- , the Rotunda of Mosta -LRB- 1860 -RRB- and the now destroyed Royal Opera House -LRB- 1866 -RRB- .	1844	In what year did the St Paul 's Pro-Cathedral get built ?
As of the first decade of the 21st century , contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture .	New Classical Architecture	In what are of architecture is neoclassical currently classed ?
For sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture , materials and craftsmanship , the term Traditional Architecture -LRB- or vernacular -RRB- is mostly used .	Traditional Architecture	What is the term for sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture ?
Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism , Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style .	Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism	What is another name for New Classical Architecture ?
The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture , and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize .	The Driehaus Architecture Prize	What is the award for major contributions to traditional of classical architecture in 21st century ?
After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance -LRB- roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s -RRB- , neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence .	roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s	When was the lull in neoclassical architecture ?
This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture 's embrace of classical elements as ironic , especially in light of the dominance of Modernism .	New Urbanism	What is the movement that caused resurgence of neoclassicism ?
This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture 's embrace of classical elements as ironic , especially in light of the dominance of Modernism .	ironic	Many post modern designs feature classic elements in what way ?
While some continued to work with classicism as ironic , some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith , began to consider classicism seriously .	Thomas Gordon Smith	What recent architect began to take elements of classicism seriously ?
Recently , Prince Charles came under controversy for promoting a classically designed development on the land of the former Chelsea Barracks in London .	Prince Charles	Who has stirred controversy for development and design of Chelsea Barracks ?
Writing to the Qatari Royal family -LRB- who were funding the development through the property development company Qatari Diar -RRB- he condemned the accepted modernist plans , instead advocating a classical approach .	Qatari Royal family	What family was funding the development of former Chelsea Barracks ?
Two new university Libraries , Quinlan Terry 's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture 's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional , in the former case , to the unconventional , in the latter case .	Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College	What new library illustrates the traditional style of neoclassicism ?
Two new university Libraries , Quinlan Terry 's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture 's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional , in the former case , to the unconventional , in the latter case .	ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library	What is the name of the library that illustrates the unconventional style of neoclassical ?
In Britain a number of architects are active in the neoclassical style .	a number of architects are active in the neoclassical	Is neoclassical design current in Britain ?
On October 9 , 2006 at 6:00 a.m. , the network switched to a 24-hour schedule , becoming one of the last major English-language broadcasters to transition to such a schedule .	last	Was CBC one of the first or last stations to adopt a 24 hour schedule ?
Most CBC-owned stations previously signed off the air during the early morning hours -LRB- typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. -RRB- .	early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.)	When did stations previously sign off the air ?
Instead of the infomercials aired by most private stations , or a simulcast of CBC News Network in the style of BBC One 's nightly simulcast of BBC News Channel , the CBC uses the time to air repeats , including local news , primetime series , movies and other programming from the CBC library .	infomercials	What did private stations air when programming was not ticketed ?
Instead of the infomercials aired by most private stations , or a simulcast of CBC News Network in the style of BBC One 's nightly simulcast of BBC News Channel , the CBC uses the time to air repeats , including local news , primetime series , movies and other programming from the CBC library .	local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library	What does CBC use unallotted airtime for ?
Its French counterpart , Ici Radio-Canada Télé , still signs off every night .	Ici Radio-Canada Télé	Which French station has refused to adopt a 24 hour schedule ?
Until 1998 , the network carried a variety of American programs in addition to its core Canadian programming , directly competing with private Canadian broadcasters such as CTV and Global .	1998	In what year did the network end American programming ?
Since then , it has restricted itself to Canadian programs , a handful of British programs , and a few American movies and off-network repeats .	a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats	What foreign programming is shown on the CBC after 1998 ?
In the 2007-08 season , hit series such as Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border helped the network achieve its strongest ratings performance in over half a decade .	Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border	Which recent -LRB- 2007-2008 -RRB- shows helped the network regain popularity ?
Under the CBC 's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights , Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network , but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers .	Rogers Communications	Which company owns the rights to National Hockey League broadcasts ?
Under the CBC 's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights , Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network , but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers .	a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers	Where are affiliates of HNIC aired ?
Under the CBC 's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights , Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network , but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers .	on CBC-owned stations	Where are HNIC broadcasts aired ?
Until October 2006 , CBC owned-and-operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11:00 p.m. ; this later broadcast included only the main news portion of the program , and excluded the analysis and documentary segment .	analysis and documentary segment	What did the 11pm broadcast of The National omit ?
The CBC 's flagship newscast , The National , airs Sunday through Fridays at 10:00 p.m. EST and Saturdays at 6:00 p.m. EST. .	The National	Which title is CBC 's flagship newscast ?
Until October 2006 , CBC owned-and-operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11:00 p.m. ; this later broadcast included only the main news portion of the program , and excluded the analysis and documentary segment .	October 2006	When did CBC discontinue its late-night broadcast of The National ?
During hockey season , this update is usually found during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada .	during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada	During hockey season , when does the late night news update occur ?
In addition to the mentioned late local newscasts , CBC stations in most markets fill early evenings with local news programs , generally from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. , while most stations also air a single local newscast on weekend evenings -LRB- comprising a supper hour broadcast on Saturdays and a late evening newscast on Sundays -RRB- .	from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.	What times are generally reserved for local newscasts ?
In addition to the mentioned late local newscasts , CBC stations in most markets fill early evenings with local news programs , generally from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. , while most stations also air a single local newscast on weekend evenings -LRB- comprising a supper hour broadcast on Saturdays and a late evening newscast on Sundays -RRB- .	weekend evenings	When do most other stations view their local newscasts ?
Other newscasts include parts of CBC News Now airing weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon .	weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon	When does CBC News Now air ?
It has been televised by the network since 1952 .	1952	What year did HNIC begin being broadcasted on CBC ?
During the NHL lockout and subsequent cancellation of the 2004-2005 hockey season , CBC instead aired various recent and classic movies , branded as Movie Night in Canada , on Saturday nights .	various recent and classic movies	What did CBC air during the NHL lockout ?
One of the most popular shows on CBC Television is the weekly Saturday night broadcast of NHL hockey games , Hockey Night in Canada .	Saturday	On what nights does CBC generally reserve broadcasting for hockey ?
During the NHL lockout and subsequent cancellation of the 2004-2005 hockey season , CBC instead aired various recent and classic movies , branded as Movie Night in Canada , on Saturday nights .	Movie Night in Canada	What did CBC call it 's movie showings during the NHL Lockout ?
It was also the exclusive carrier of Canadian Curling Association events during the 2004 -- 2005 season .	Curling	CBC was eclusive carrier of what other sport during the 2004-2005 season ?
Due to disappointing results and fan outrage over many draws being carried on CBC Country Canada -LRB- now called Cottage Life Television , the association tried to cancel its multiyear deal with the CBC signed in 2004 .	Cottage Life Television	What is CBC Country Canada now called ?
After the CBC threatened legal action , both sides eventually came to an agreement under which early-round rights reverted to TSN .	TSN	Who became the new exclusive carrier of curling broadcasts during the 2008-2009 season ?
On June 15 , 2006 , the CCA announced that TSN would obtain exclusive rights to curling broadcasts in Canada as of the 2008-09 season , shutting the CBC out of the championship weekend for the first time in 40-plus years .	June 15, 2006	On what day was it announced CBC had lost exclusve rights to curling broadcasting ?
This later became a moot point , as The One was taken off the air after two weeks after extremely low American and Canadian ratings , and the newscast resumed its regular schedule .	The One	Which American newscast was taken off the air only two weeks after CBC began showing it ?
Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer .	to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer	Why did CBC move The National in some areas ?
Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule , which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network ; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership .	to attract a younger audience to the network	For what purpose did CBC make significant changes to their broadcasting ?
Beginning in 2005 , the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who , for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode .	2005	What year did the CBC begin contributing funds to the show Doctor Who ?
This arrangement continued until the end of fourth season , broadcast in 2008 .	the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008	When did CBC end its Doctor Who contributions ?
The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series , Torchwood .	Torchwood	Which Doctor Who spinoff did CBC contribute to ?
More recently , the network has also begun picking up Canadian rights to some Australian series , including the drama series Janet King and Love Child , and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me .	Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me	Which Australian series has CBC taken interest in ?
On March 5 , 2005 , CBC Television launched a high definition simulcast of its Toronto -LRB- CBLT-DT -RRB- and Montreal -LRB- CBMT-DT -RRB- stations .	Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT)	What stations did CBC broadcast in HD in 2005 ?
CBC HD is available nationally via satellite and on digital cable as well as for free over-the-air using a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner -LRB- included in most new television sets -RRB- on the following channels :	over-the-air	Where is CBC available for free ?
CBC HD is available nationally via satellite and on digital cable as well as for free over-the-air using a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner -LRB- included in most new television sets -RRB- on the following channels :	a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner	What is required to view over-the-air broadcasts ?
For on-air identification , most CBC stations use the CBC brand rather than their call letters , not identifying themselves specifically until sign-on or sign-off -LRB- though some , like Toronto 's CBLT , do not ID themselves at all except through PSIP -RRB- .	Toronto's CBLT	What station does not identify itself by its call letters ?
Most CBC television stations , including those in the major cities , are owned and operated by the CBC itself .	CBC itself	Who owns and operates most of the CBC television stations ?
All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention , in that the first two letters are `` CB '' -LRB- an ITU prefix allocated not to Canada , but to Chile -RRB- and the last letter is `` T '' .	"CB"	What are the first two letters of nearly all CBC stations ?
All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention , in that the first two letters are `` CB '' -LRB- an ITU prefix allocated not to Canada , but to Chile -RRB- and the last letter is `` T '' .	"T"	What is the last letter of nearly all CBC stations ?
An exception to this rule are the CBC North stations in Yellowknife , Whitehorse and Iqaluit , whose call signs begin with `` CF '' due to their historic association with the CBC 's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting .	CBC North	Which stations break convention and begin with `` CF '' instead of `` CB '' ?
Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private affiliates of the CBC , that is , stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules .	stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules	What are private affiliates ?
Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule , airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programming .	40	Minimally , how many hours are devoted weekly to network programming in CBC 's private affiliates ?
One private CBC affiliate , CHBC-TV in Kelowna , joined E! -LRB- then known as CH -RRB- on February 27 , 2006 .	CHBC-TV in Kelowna	Which CBC affiliate joined E! in February 2006 ?
However , due to an agreement between CHBC and CFJC-TV in Kamloops , CFJC also disaffiliated from the CBC on February 27 , 2006 , but no retransmitters were installed in the licence area .	CFJC-TV in Kamloops	Which affiliate left CBC due to an agreement with CHBC ?
Former private CBC affiliates CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat disaffiliated on August 31 , 2008 and joined E! , but the CBC announced it will not add new retransmitters to these areas .	CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat	What two affiliates joined E! in late August , 2008 after which transmitters were not replaced ?
Incidentally , CFJC , CKPG and CHAT are all owned by an independent media company , Jim Pattison Group .	Jim Pattison Group	CJFC , CHAT , and CKPG are owned by whom ?
According to filings to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission -LRB- CRTC -RRB- by Thunder Bay Electronics -LRB- owner of CBC 's Thunder Bay affiliate CKPR-DT -RRB- and Bell Media -LRB- owner of CBC affiliates CFTK-TV in Terrace and CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the CBC informed them that it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates beyond August 31 , 2011 .	August 31, 2011	What was Canada 's date for the switch between analog and digital transmission ?
According to filings to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission -LRB- CRTC -RRB- by Thunder Bay Electronics -LRB- owner of CBC 's Thunder Bay affiliate CKPR-DT -RRB- and Bell Media -LRB- owner of CBC affiliates CFTK-TV in Terrace and CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- the CBC informed them that it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates beyond August 31 , 2011 .	it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates	What did CBC announce on August 31 , 2011 ?
However , in March 2011 , CKPR announced that it had come to a programming agreement with the CBC , in which the station will continue to provide CBC programming in Thunder Bay for a period of five years .	five	In March 2011 , CBC and CKPR agreed to continue working together for how many additional years ?
On March 16 , 2012 , Astral Media announced the sale of its assets to Bell Media , owners of CTV and CTV Two , for $ 3.38 billion with CFTK and CJDC included in the acquisition .	Bell Media	Who purchased CFTK and CJDC in March 2012 ?
As of September 2010 CBC shut down its analogue transmitter and decided not to replace it with a digital transmitter .	September 2010	When did CBC shut down its analogue transmitter ?
As a result , there is now a giant hole in the coverage of CBC in South-Western Ontario .	South-Western Ontario	Which CBC location has a lapsed area of coverage after 2010 ?
Such a phenomenon can also take place within Great Lakes communities such as Ashtabula , Ohio , which received programming from the CBC 's London , Ontario , transmitter , based upon prevailing atmospheric conditions over Lake Erie .	Ashtabula, Ohio	Which US city can receive broadcasts from CBC 's London transmitter ?
CBC 's sports coverage has also attained high viewership in border markets , including its coverage of the NHL 's Stanley Cup Playoffs , which was generally considered to be more complete and consistent than coverage by other networks such as NBC .	more complete and consistent	Why is CBC 's coverage preferable to other networks in the US ?
Its coverage of the Olympic Games also found a significant audience in border regions , primarily due to the fact that CBC aired more events live than NBC 's coverage , which had been criticized in recent years for tape delaying events to air in primetime , even if the event is being held in a market in the Pacific Time Zone during primetime hours on the East -LRB- where it would still be delayed for West coast primetime -RRB- .	more	Did CBC air more or less live Olympic events than NBC ?
Its coverage of the Olympic Games also found a significant audience in border regions , primarily due to the fact that CBC aired more events live than NBC 's coverage , which had been criticized in recent years for tape delaying events to air in primetime , even if the event is being held in a market in the Pacific Time Zone during primetime hours on the East -LRB- where it would still be delayed for West coast primetime -RRB- .	tape delaying events to air in primetime	Why was NBC criticized over its Olympic coverage ?
While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31 , 2011 , CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital -LRB- 15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations , and 14 of 28 markets with Télévision de Radio-Canada stations -RRB- .	August 31, 2011	What was the deadline for converstion to digital transmission from analogue ?
While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31 , 2011 , CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital -LRB- 15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations , and 14 of 28 markets with Télévision de Radio-Canada stations -RRB- .	only about half	How many of CBC 's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline ?
Mandatory markets losing both CBC and Radio-Canada over-the-air signals include London , Ontario -LRB- metropolitan area population 457,000 -RRB- and Saskatoon , Saskatchewan -LRB- metro area population 257,000 -RRB- .	London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000)	Which two large metropolitan areas lost CBC and Radio-Canada broadcasts ?
In mid-August 2011 , the CRTC granted the CBC an extension , until August 31 , 2012 , to continue operating its analogue transmitters in markets subject to the August 31 , 2011 transition deadline .	August 31, 2012	When was CBC 's anologue upgrade extension set to expire ?
At the transition deadline , Barrie , Ontario lost both CBC and Radio-Canada signals as the CBC did not request that the CRTC allow these transmitters to continue operating .	Barrie, Ontario	At the deadline , which area lost broadcast entirely ?
At the transition deadline , Barrie , Ontario lost both CBC and Radio-Canada signals as the CBC did not request that the CRTC allow these transmitters to continue operating .	both	Did Barrie , Ontario lose signal for CBC , Radio-Canada , or both ?
According to CBC 's application for this transmitter to the CRTC , the population served by the digital transmitter would be 113,930 people versus 303,465 served by the existing analogue transmitter .	113,930 people	How many people were intended to be served by digital transmitters , according to CBC 's application ?
According to CBC 's application for this transmitter to the CRTC , the population served by the digital transmitter would be 113,930 people versus 303,465 served by the existing analogue transmitter .	303,465	How many people were previously served by analogue transmitters before the upgrade ?
In Victoria , the replacement of the Vancouver analogue transmitters with digital ones only allowed only some northeastern parts of the metropolitan area -LRB- total population 330,000 -RRB- to receive either CBC or Radio-Canada .	only some northeastern parts	In what area of Victora was CBC and Radio-Canada available ?
CBC announced on April 4 , 2012 , that it will shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters on July 31 , 2012 with no plans to install digital transmitters in their place , thus reducing the total number of the corporation 's television transmitters across the country down to 27 .	27	How many transmitters does currently CBC operate after 2012 ?
CBC announced on April 4 , 2012 , that it will shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters on July 31 , 2012 with no plans to install digital transmitters in their place , thus reducing the total number of the corporation 's television transmitters across the country down to 27 .	July 31, 2012	When did the CBC announce service would be discontinued to analogue transmitters ?
According to the CBC , this would reduce the corporation 's yearly costs by $ 10 million .	$10 million	How much did CBC say they would save by ceasing analogue operation ?
Further , the CBC stated in the release , that only 15 of the transmitters would be in place by August 31 , 2011 due to lack of available funds , and that the remainder would not be on the air until as late as August 31 , 2012 .	15	How many transmitters did CBC intend to upgrade before August 2011 ?
On August 6 , 2010 , the CBC issued a press release stating that due to financial reasons , the CBC and Radio-Canada would only transition 27 transmitters total , one in each market where there was an originating station -LRB- i.e. a CBC or Radio-Canada television station located in that market -RRB- .	financial reasons	For what reason did CBC attribute to delayed upgrades ?
On August 6 , 2010 , the CBC issued a press release stating that due to financial reasons , the CBC and Radio-Canada would only transition 27 transmitters total , one in each market where there was an originating station -LRB- i.e. a CBC or Radio-Canada television station located in that market -RRB- .	27	How many transmitters did CBC plan to upgrade total ?
On December 16 , 2010 , some months after the CRTC issued a bulletin reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets , the CBC revised the documents accompanying its August 6 , 2010 news release to state that it had the money for and is striving to transition all 27 transmitters by August 31 , 2011 .	On December 16, 2010	On which day did CBC release an updated announcement stating they were striving to update all 27 transmitters ?
On December 16 , 2010 , some months after the CRTC issued a bulletin reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets , the CBC revised the documents accompanying its August 6 , 2010 news release to state that it had the money for and is striving to transition all 27 transmitters by August 31 , 2011 .	August 31, 2011	On what date did CBC say it was striving to update its analogue transmitters by ?
On December 16 , 2010 , some months after the CRTC issued a bulletin reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets , the CBC revised the documents accompanying its August 6 , 2010 news release to state that it had the money for and is striving to transition all 27 transmitters by August 31 , 2011 .	reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets	Why did the CTRC send out a bulletin to broadcasters ?
On March 23 , 2011 , the CRTC rejected an application by the CBC to install a digital transmitter serving Fredricton , New Brunswick in place of the analogue transmitter serving Fredericton and Saint John , New Brunswick , which would have served only 62.5 % of the population served by the existing analogue transmitter .	62.5%	What percent of the previous population would a new digital transmitter have served in Fredicton in comparison to the analogue transmitter ?
On March 23 , 2011 , the CRTC rejected an application by the CBC to install a digital transmitter serving Fredricton , New Brunswick in place of the analogue transmitter serving Fredericton and Saint John , New Brunswick , which would have served only 62.5 % of the population served by the existing analogue transmitter .	rejected	Was CBC 's application for a digital transitter in Fredricton approved or rejected ?
The press release further added that the CBC suggests coverage could be maintained if the CRTC were to `` allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today -- much in the same way the Commission permitted recently in the case of Yellowknife , Whitehorse and Iqaluit . ''	if the CRTC were to "allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today	What did CBC say would allow broadcasting to continue ?
On August 18 , 2011 , the CRTC issued a decision that allows CBC 's mandatory market rebroadcasting transmitters in analogue to remain on-air until August 31 , 2012 .	August 18, 2011	On what day did the CRTC agree to allow CBCs broadcasting transmitters to remain active for another year ?
The requirement remains for all of CBC 's full-power transmitters occupying channels 52 to 69 to either relocate to channels 2 to 51 or become low-power transmitters .	2 to 51	Where could CBC 's channels need to be relocated in order to continue operating ?
The requirement remains for all of CBC 's full-power transmitters occupying channels 52 to 69 to either relocate to channels 2 to 51 or become low-power transmitters .	52 to 69	Which of CBC 's channels were required to be relocated or reduced in power ?
On July 17 , 2012 , the CRTC approved the shut down of CBC 's analogue transmitters , noting that `` while the Commission has the discretion to refuse to revoke broadcasting licences , even on application from a licensee , it can not direct the CBC or any other broadcaster to continue to operate its stations and transmitters . ''	July 17, 2012	On what date did the CTRC approve the shut down of CBC 's analogue transmitters ?
On July 31 , 2012 , at around 11:59 p.m. in each time zone , the remaining 620 analogue transmitters were shut down , leaving the network with 27 digital television transmitters across the country , and some transmitters operated by some affiliated stations .	July 31, 2012	On what date were CBC 's remaining analogue transmitters shut down ?
On July 31 , 2012 , at around 11:59 p.m. in each time zone , the remaining 620 analogue transmitters were shut down , leaving the network with 27 digital television transmitters across the country , and some transmitters operated by some affiliated stations .	620	How many analogue transmitters were shut down on July 31 , 2012 ?
The Appalachian Mountains -LRB- i / ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻn / or / ˌæpəˈlætʃᵻn / , -LSB- note 1 -RSB- French : les Appalaches -RRB- , often called the Appalachians , are a system of mountains in eastern North America .	les Appalaches	What are the Appalachian mountains called in French ?
The Appalachian Mountains -LRB- i / ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻn / or / ˌæpəˈlætʃᵻn / , -LSB- note 1 -RSB- French : les Appalaches -RRB- , often called the Appalachians , are a system of mountains in eastern North America .	a system of mountains in eastern North America	What are the Appalachian mountains ?
The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were eroded .	roughly 480 million years ago	When did the Appalachian mountains form ?
The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were eroded .	Ordovician Period	In what era did the mountains form ?
The United States Geological Survey -LRB- USGS -RRB- defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces : the Atlantic Coast Uplands , Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic , Maritime Acadian Highlands , Maritime Plain , Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains , Western Newfoundland Mountains , Piedmont , Blue Ridge , Valley and Ridge , Saint Lawrence Valley , Appalachian Plateaus , New England province , and the Adirondack provinces .	thirteen provinces	How many provinces are in the mountain range ?
The United States Geological Survey -LRB- USGS -RRB- defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces : the Atlantic Coast Uplands , Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic , Maritime Acadian Highlands , Maritime Plain , Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains , Western Newfoundland Mountains , Piedmont , Blue Ridge , Valley and Ridge , Saint Lawrence Valley , Appalachian Plateaus , New England province , and the Adirondack provinces .	the Atlantic Coast Uplands	What is one of the provinces ?
The United States Geological Survey -LRB- USGS -RRB- defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces : the Atlantic Coast Uplands , Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic , Maritime Acadian Highlands , Maritime Plain , Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains , Western Newfoundland Mountains , Piedmont , Blue Ridge , Valley and Ridge , Saint Lawrence Valley , Appalachian Plateaus , New England province , and the Adirondack provinces .	the Adirondack provinces	Which province is often left out ?
A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains , which geologically belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians .	the Adirondack Mountains	What set of mountains in the range have a different geological history ?
The range is mostly located in the United States but extends into southeastern Canada , forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi -LRB- 160 to 480 km -RRB- wide , running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi -LRB- 2,400 km -RRB- southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States .	Canada	What country do the Appalachian mountains extend into ?
The range is mostly located in the United States but extends into southeastern Canada , forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi -LRB- 160 to 480 km -RRB- wide , running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi -LRB- 2,400 km -RRB- southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States .	100 to 300 mi	How large is the zone in Canada ?
The range is mostly located in the United States but extends into southeastern Canada , forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi -LRB- 160 to 480 km -RRB- wide , running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi -LRB- 2,400 km -RRB- southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States .	Newfoundland	Where does it start in Canada ?
The range is mostly located in the United States but extends into southeastern Canada , forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi -LRB- 160 to 480 km -RRB- wide , running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi -LRB- 2,400 km -RRB- southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States .	Central Alabama	Where does it end in the US ?
-LSB- discuss -RSB- The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , which comprise an overseas territory of France .	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	What island is included in the range ?
The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range .	several different regions associated with the mountain range	What does the term Appalachian refer to ?
The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains , usually including areas in the states of Kentucky , Tennessee , Virginia , Maryland , West Virginia , and North Carolina , as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Alabama , Georgia and western South Carolina , and as far north as Pennsylvania , southern Ohio and parts of southern upstate New York .	Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina	What states comprise of the southern Appalachian mountains ?
While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528 , the members of the Narváez expedition , including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee , Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen -LSB- a.paˈla.tʃɛn -RSB- .	northern coast of Florida	What area did the Narvaez expedition explore ?
While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528 , the members of the Narváez expedition , including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee , Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen -LSB- a.paˈla.tʃɛn -RSB- .	1528	When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida ?
While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528 , the members of the Narváez expedition , including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee , Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen -LSB- a.paˈla.tʃɛn -RSB- .	Apalchen	What did they transcribe Florida 's name as ?
The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north .	as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north	What was the name eventually used for ?
In addition to the true folded mountains , known as the ridge and valley province , the area of dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains is usually grouped with the Appalachians .	dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains	What area is usually grouped with the Appalachians ?
This includes the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York , the Poconos in Pennsylvania , and the Allegheny Plateau of southwestern New York , western Pennsylvania , eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia .	Catskill Mountains	What mountains does that region include ?
This same plateau is known as the Cumberland Plateau in southern West Virginia , eastern Kentucky , western Virginia , eastern Tennessee , and northern Alabama .	Cumberland Plateau	What is the plateau known as in West Virginia ?
A remarkable feature of the belt is the longitudinal chain of broad valleys , including The Great Appalachian Valley , which in the southerly sections divides the mountain system into two unequal portions , but in the northernmost lies west of all the ranges possessing typical Appalachian features , and separates them from the Adirondack group .	divides the mountain system into two unequal portions	What does the Great Appalachian Valley do ?
The mountain system has no axis of dominating altitudes , but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights , and , especially in the central section , the various ridges and intermontane valleys have the same trend as the system itself .	has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights	What is common among all the mountains in the range ?
None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow .	None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.	What is the climate like on the summits ?
Mountains of the Long Range in Newfoundland reach heights of nearly 3,000 ft -LRB- 900 m -RRB- .	3,000 ft	How tall are the mountains in Newfoundland ?
Isolated peaks and small ranges in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft -LRB- 300 to 800 m -RRB- .	vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft	How tall are the mountains in Nova Scotia ?
In Maine several peaks exceed 4,000 ft -LRB- 1,200 m -RRB- , including Mount Katahdin at 5,267 feet -LRB- 1,605 m -RRB- .	exceed 4,000 ft	How tall are the mountains in Maine ?
In New Hampshire , many summits rise above 5,000 ft -LRB- 1,500 m -RRB- , including Mount Washington in the White Mountains at 6,288 ft -LRB- 1,917 m -RRB- , Adams at 5,771 ft -LRB- 1,759 m -RRB- , Jefferson at 5,712 ft -LRB- 1,741 m -RRB- , Monroe at 5,380 ft -LRB- 1,640 m -RRB- , Madison at 5,367 ft -LRB- 1,636 m -RRB- , Lafayette at 5,249 feet -LRB- 1,600 m -RRB- , and Lincoln at 5,089 ft -LRB- 1,551 m -RRB- .	many summits rise above 5,000 ft	How tall are the mountains in New Hampshire ?
In Pennsylvania , there are over sixty summits that rise over 2,500 ft -LRB- 800 m -RRB- ; the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob rise over 3,000 ft -LRB- 900 m -RRB- .	over sixty summits	How many summits in PA are over 2,500 ft ?
In Pennsylvania , there are over sixty summits that rise over 2,500 ft -LRB- 800 m -RRB- ; the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob rise over 3,000 ft -LRB- 900 m -RRB- .	over 3,000 ft	How tall are the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob ?
In Maryland , Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain are conspicuous points reaching 3,162 ft -LRB- 964 m -RRB- and 2,882 ft -LRB- 878 m -RRB- respectively .	3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft	How tall are Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain ?
On the same side of the Great Valley , south of the Potomac , are the Pinnacle 3,007 feet -LRB- 917 m -RRB- and Pidgeon Roost 3,400 ft -LRB- 1,000 m -RRB- .	3,007 feet	How tall is the Pinnacle ?
In West Virginia , more than 150 peaks rise above 4,000 ft -LRB- 1,200 m -RRB- , including Spruce Knob 4,863 ft -LRB- 1,482 m -RRB- , the highest point in the Allegheny Mountains .	more than 150 peaks	How many peaks are over 4,000 feet in WV ?
The Blue Ridge Mountains , rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain , attain elevations of about 2,000 ft -LRB- 600 m -RRB- in that state .	southern Pennsylvania	Where do the Blue Ridge Mountains begin ?
The Blue Ridge Mountains , rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain , attain elevations of about 2,000 ft -LRB- 600 m -RRB- in that state .	2,000 ft	What are the typical elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains ?
South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft -LRB- 654 m -RRB- and then diminishes in height southward to the Potomac River .	2,145 ft	How tall is Quirauk Mountain ?
Once in Virginia the Blue Ridge again reaches 2,000 ft -LRB- 600 m -RRB- and higher .	2,000 ft	How tall are the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia ?
South of the Roanoke River , along the Blue Ridge , are Virginia 's highest peaks including Whitetop Mountain 5,520 ft -LRB- 1,680 m -RRB- and Mount Rogers 5,729 ft -LRB- 1,746 m -RRB- , the highest point in the Commonwealth .	Mount Rogers	What is the tallest Appalachian mountain in Virginia ?
Before the French and Indian War , the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain 's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin .	on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin	Where did the mountains lay before the French and Indian War ?
After the French and Indian War , the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain 's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains -LRB- except in the northern regions where the Great Lakes formed the boundary -RRB- .	the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains	What happened after the French and Indian War ?
Although the line was adjusted several times to take frontier settlements into account and was impossible to enforce as law , it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians .	it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians	What was the general opinion of the law ?
The Proclamation Line can be seen as one of the grievances which led to the American Revolutionary War .	the American Revolutionary War	What did the law likely lead to ?
The backcountry settlers who fought in the Illinois campaign of George Rogers Clark were motivated to secure their settlement of Kentucky .	their settlement of Kentucky	What did the backcountry settlers want to secure ?
In eastern Pennsylvania the Great Appalachian Valley , or Great Valley , was accessible by reason of a broad gateway between the end of South Mountain and the Highlands , and many Germans and Moravians settled here between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers forming the Pennsylvania Dutch community , some of whom even now speak a unique American dialect of German known as the `` Pennsylvania German language '' or `` Pennsylvania Dutch . ''	between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers	Where did a lot of Germans settle ?
In eastern Pennsylvania the Great Appalachian Valley , or Great Valley , was accessible by reason of a broad gateway between the end of South Mountain and the Highlands , and many Germans and Moravians settled here between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers forming the Pennsylvania Dutch community , some of whom even now speak a unique American dialect of German known as the `` Pennsylvania German language '' or `` Pennsylvania Dutch . ''	Pennsylvania German language	What dialect was created because of this ?
With their followers of both German , English and Scots-Irish origin , they worked their way southward and soon occupied all of the Shenandoah Valley , ceded by the Iroquois , and the upper reaches of the Great Valley tributaries of the Tennessee River , ceded by the Cherokee .	all of the Shenandoah Valley	Where did these Germans eventually occupy ?
Characteristic birds of the forest are wild turkey -LRB- Meleagris gallopavo silvestris -RRB- , ruffed grouse -LRB- Bonasa umbellus -RRB- , mourning dove -LRB- Zenaida macroura -RRB- , common raven -LRB- Corvus corax -RRB- , wood duck -LRB- Aix sponsa -RRB- , great horned owl -LRB- Bubo virginianus -RRB- , barred owl -LRB- Strix varia -RRB- , screech owl -LRB- Megascops asio -RRB- , red-tailed hawk -LRB- Buteo jamaicensis -RRB- , red-shouldered hawk -LRB- Buteo lineatus -RRB- , and northern goshawk -LRB- Accipiter gentilis -RRB- , as well as a great variety of `` songbirds '' -LRB- Passeriformes -RRB- , like the warblers in particular .	wild turkey	What is one typical bird found in the range ?
Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels .	five species	How many species of tree squirrel are commonly found in the range ?
The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel -LRB- Sciurus carolinensis -RRB- .	gray squirrel	What is the most commonly seen species ?
Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel -LRB- Sciurus niger -RRB- and the much smaller southern flying squirrel -LRB- Glaucomys volans -RRB- .	larger fox squirrel	What does the squirrel share its habitat with ?
More characteristic of cooler northern and high elevation habitat is the red squirrel -LRB- Tamiasciurus hudsonicus -RRB- , whereas the Appalachian northern flying squirrel -LRB- Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus -RRB- , which closely resembles the southern flying squirrel , is confined to northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests .	red squirrel	What is found more in the northern portions ?
More characteristic of cooler northern and high elevation habitat is the red squirrel -LRB- Tamiasciurus hudsonicus -RRB- , whereas the Appalachian northern flying squirrel -LRB- Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus -RRB- , which closely resembles the southern flying squirrel , is confined to northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests .	Appalachian northern flying squirrel	Which species is commonly found more in spruce-fir forests ?
The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight -LRB- Cryphonectaria parasitica -RRB- , but lives on as sapling-sized sprouts that originate from roots , which are not killed by the fungus .	The American chestnut	What species of tree was pretty much eliminated ?
The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight -LRB- Cryphonectaria parasitica -RRB- , but lives on as sapling-sized sprouts that originate from roots , which are not killed by the fungus .	sapling-sized sprouts	What does the tree live on ?
In present-day forest canopies chestnut has been largely replaced by oaks .	oaks	What trees replaced chestnut trees ?
The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black , northern red , white , chestnut and scarlet oaks -LRB- Quercus velutina , Q. rubra , Q. alba , Q. prinus and Q. coccinea -RRB- and hickories , such as the pignut -LRB- Carya glabra -RRB- in particular .	black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks	What kind of oaks are in the central and southern portions ?
The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black , northern red , white , chestnut and scarlet oaks -LRB- Quercus velutina , Q. rubra , Q. alba , Q. prinus and Q. coccinea -RRB- and hickories , such as the pignut -LRB- Carya glabra -RRB- in particular .	hickories	What other tree is common there ?
The richest forests , which grade into mesic types , usually in coves and on gentle slopes , have dominantly white and northern red oaks , while the driest sites are dominated by chestnut oak , or sometimes by scarlet or northern red oaks .	chestnut oak	What trees are located in drier portions ?
In physics , energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms .	energy	What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms ?
For instance , in SI units , energy is measured in joules , and one joule is defined `` mechanically '' , being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton .	joules	In SI units , energy is measured in what measurement ?
For instance , in SI units , energy is measured in joules , and one joule is defined `` mechanically '' , being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton .	the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton	Mechanically , one joule is defined as what ?
Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object , the potential energy stored by an object 's position in a force field -LRB- gravitational , electric or magnetic -RRB- , the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects , the chemical energy released when a fuel burns , the radiant energy carried by light , and the thermal energy due to an object 's temperature .	kinetic energy of a moving object	Common energy forms include what ?
In Newtonian physics , there is a universal law of conservation of energy which says that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed ; however , it can change from one form to another .	destroyed	In Newtonian physics , there is a universal law that says energy can be neither created nor what ?
In Newtonian physics , there is a universal law of conservation of energy which says that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed ; however , it can change from one form to another .	Newtonian physics	What law states , in part , that energy can change from one form to another ?
The total energy of a system can be calculated by adding up all forms of energy in the system .	by adding up all forms of energy in the system	How can the total energy of a system be calculated ?
This creates a limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process , a limit called the available energy .	available energy	The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what ?
While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas , for cyclic processes of practical interest in heat engines the second law of thermodynamics states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat .	heat	What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas ?
While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas , for cyclic processes of practical interest in heat engines the second law of thermodynamics states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat .	second law of thermodynamics	What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat ?
Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine , or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor .	generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine	Give one example of energy transformation .
Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy ; its total mass does not decrease due to that in itself -LRB- since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms -RRB- , but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings , largely as radiant energy .	Sun	What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy ?
Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine , or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor .	lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor	What is another example of energy transformation ?
For example , classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy , which is determined by an object 's movement through space , and potential energy , which is a function of the position of an object within a field .	kinetic energy	What is determined by an object 's movement through space ?
Many of these classifications overlap ; for instance , thermal energy usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy .	thermal energy	What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy ?
For example , classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy , which is determined by an object 's movement through space , and potential energy , which is a function of the position of an object within a field .	potential energy	What is a function of the position of an object within a field ?
Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy -LRB- among atoms and molecules -RRB- , as is chemical energy , which is stored and released from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons , and the molecules or atomic nuclei that attract them .	Elastic energy in materials	What is dependent upon electrical potential energy ?
Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy -LRB- among atoms and molecules -RRB- , as is chemical energy , which is stored and released from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons , and the molecules or atomic nuclei that attract them .	from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons	Where is chemical energy stored and released ?
Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy .	kinetic	Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy ?
In the late 17th century , Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin : vis viva , or living force , which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared ; he believed that total vis viva was conserved .	vis viva	What is a term for living force ?
In the late 17th century , Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin : vis viva , or living force , which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared ; he believed that total vis viva was conserved .	vis viva	What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared ?
In the late 17th century , Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin : vis viva , or living force , which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared ; he believed that total vis viva was conserved .	Gottfried Leibniz	Who proposed the idea of the Latin : vis viva ?
In the late 17th century , Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin : vis viva , or living force , which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared ; he believed that total vis viva was conserved .	late 17th century	In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin : vis viva ?
To account for slowing due to friction , Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter , a view shared by Isaac Newton , although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted .	Isaac Newton	Who shared Leibniz 's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter ?
In 1807 , Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term `` energy '' instead of vis viva , in its modern sense .	Thomas Young	Who was possibly the first to use the term `` energy '' instead of vis viva ?
In 1807 , Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term `` energy '' instead of vis viva , in its modern sense .	1807	When did Thomas Young use the term `` energy '' instead of vis viva ?
Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described `` kinetic energy '' in 1829 in its modern sense , and in 1853 , William Rankine coined the term `` potential energy '' .	William Rankine	Who coined the term `` potential energy ? ''
In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat .	James Prescott Joule	Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat ?
The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century , and applies to any isolated system .	19th century	When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated ?
These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy , formalized largely by William Thomson -LRB- Lord Kelvin -RRB- as the field of thermodynamics .	William Thomson	Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy ?
Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius , Josiah Willard Gibbs , and Walther Nernst .	Thermodynamics	What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius , Gibbs and Nernst ?
It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan .	Jožef Stefan	Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy ?
According to Noether 's theorem , the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time .	Noether's theorem	What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time ?
Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian , after Joseph-Louis Lagrange .	Lagrangian	What is another energy-related concept ?
Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian , after Joseph-Louis Lagrange .	Joseph-Louis Lagrange	Who is the Lagrangian named after ?
The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy .	Lagrangian	What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy ?
Usually , the Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems -LRB- such as systems with friction -RRB- .	Lagrange formalism	Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems ?
Noether 's theorem -LRB- 1918 -RRB- states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law .	1918	When was Noether 's theorem created ?
Noether 's theorem -LRB- 1918 -RRB- states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law .	Noether's theorem	What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law ?
Noether 's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations .	Noether's theorem	What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations ?
In the context of chemistry , energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic , molecular or aggregate structure .	energy	In the context of chemistry , what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it 's atomic , molecular or aggregate structure ?
Chemical reactions are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy .	Chemical reactions	What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy ?
The speed of a chemical reaction -LRB- at given temperature T -RRB- is related to the activation energy E , by the Boltzmann 's population factor e − E/kT -- that is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T .	e−E/kT	What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T ?
The speed of a chemical reaction -LRB- at given temperature T -RRB- is related to the activation energy E , by the Boltzmann 's population factor e − E/kT -- that is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T .	Boltzmann's	Who created the population factor e-E/kT ?
In biology , energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism .	energy	In biology , what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism ?
Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates -LRB- including sugars -RRB- , lipids , and proteins , which release energy when reacted with oxygen in respiration .	Energy	What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates , lipids and proteins ?
In human terms , the human equivalent -LRB- H-e -RRB- -LRB- Human energy conversion -RRB- indicates , for a given amount of energy expenditure , the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism , assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a basal metabolic rate of 80 watts .	Human energy conversion	What does H-e stand for ?
For a difficult task of only a few seconds ' duration , a person can put out thousands of watts , many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower .	746 watts	How many watts is in one official horsepower ?
Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis , when carbon dioxide and water -LRB- two low-energy compounds -RRB- are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates , lipids , and proteins .	Sunlight	What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis ?
Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis , which is utilized by living organisms as an electron acceptor , to release the energy of carbohydrates , lipids , and proteins .	oxygen	What do plants release during photosynthesis ?
Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark , in a forest fire , or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism , when these molecules are ingested , and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action .	Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis	What may be triggered suddenly by a spark ?
Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis , when carbon dioxide and water -LRB- two low-energy compounds -RRB- are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates , lipids , and proteins .	carbon dioxide and water	What are two low-energy compounds ?
Any living organism relies on an external source of energy -- radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants , chemical energy in some form in the case of animals -- to be able to grow and reproduce .	an external source of energy	What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce ?
The daily 1500 -- 2000 Calories -LRB- 6 -- 8 MJ -RRB- recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules , the latter mostly carbohydrates and fats , of which glucose -LRB- C6H12O6 -RRB- and stearin -LRB- C57H110O6 -RRB- are convenient examples .	1500–2000	How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult ?
The food molecules are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria	mitochondria	Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water ?
The second law of thermodynamics states that energy -LRB- and matter -RRB- tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe : to concentrate energy -LRB- or matter -RRB- in one specific place , it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy -LRB- as heat -RRB- across the remainder of the universe -LRB- `` the surroundings '' -RRB- .	The second law of thermodynamics	What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe ?
It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient -LRB- in the physical sense -RRB- in their use of the energy they receive -LRB- chemical energy or radiation -RRB- , and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies .	living organisms	What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive ?
-LSB- note 3 -RSB- Simpler organisms can achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones , but the complex organisms can occupy ecological niches that are not available to their simpler brethren .	ecological niches	Complex organisms can occupy this , that are not available to their simpler brethern ?
Sunlight also drives many weather phenomena , save those generated by volcanic events .	Sunlight	This drives many weather phenomena , save those generated by volcanic events .
Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth , as -LRB- for example -RRB- water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains -LRB- where , after being released at a hydroelectric dam , it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity -RRB- .	after it strikes the Earth	When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy ?
An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane , which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean , heated over months , give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement .	hurricane	What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event ?
An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane , which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean , heated over months , give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement .	hurricane	What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean , heated over months , give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement ?
Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks , a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources .	Earthquakes	What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks ?
In a slower process , radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat .	heat	What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release ?
This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains , via orogenesis .	thermal energy	What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis ?
Thus , according to present understanding , familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in the Earth 's gravitational field or elastic strain -LRB- mechanical potential energy -RRB- in rocks .	elastic strain	What is mechanical potential energy ?
All stellar phenomena -LRB- including solar activity -RRB- are driven by various kinds of energy transformations .	stellar phenomena	What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations ?
The nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang .	nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun	What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang ?
The nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang .	Big Bang	What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements ?
This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion .	fusion	Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what ?
In quantum mechanics , energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function .	energy	In quantum mechanics , what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function ?
The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system .	The Schrödinger equation	What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system ?
The Schrödinger equation describes the space - and time-dependence of a slowly changing -LRB- non-relativistic -RRB- wave function of quantum systems .	The Schrödinger equation	What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems ?
For example , consider electron -- positron annihilation , in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed , but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles -LRB- its invariant mass -RRB- remains -LRB- since all energy is associated with mass -RRB- , and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which individually are massless , but as a system retain their mass .	electron–positron annihilation	What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains ?
This is a reversible process -- the inverse process is called pair creation -- in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two -LRB- or more -RRB- annihilating photons .	pair creation	What is the inverse process called ?
This is a reversible process -- the inverse process is called pair creation -- in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two -LRB- or more -RRB- annihilating photons .	pair creation	What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons ?
There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process , e.g. in a heat engine , as described by Carnot 's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics .	Carnot's theorem	What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process ?
The direction of transformations in energy -LRB- what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind -RRB- is often determined by entropy -LRB- equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom -RRB- considerations .	what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind	What is the direction of transformations in energy ?
The direction of transformations in energy -LRB- what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind -RRB- is often determined by entropy -LRB- equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom -RRB- considerations .	direction of transformations in energy	What is often determined by entropy considerations ?
In practice all energy transformations are permitted on a small scale , but certain larger transformations are not permitted because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces .	because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces	Why are certain larger transformations not permitted ?
Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay , in which energy is released that was originally `` stored '' in heavy isotopes -LRB- such as uranium and thorium -RRB- , by nucleosynthesis , a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae , to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth .	uranium	Name an example of a heavy isotope ?
Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay , in which energy is released that was originally `` stored '' in heavy isotopes -LRB- such as uranium and thorium -RRB- , by nucleosynthesis , a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae , to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth .	thorium	Name another example of a heavy isotope .
Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay , in which energy is released that was originally `` stored '' in heavy isotopes -LRB- such as uranium and thorium -RRB- , by nucleosynthesis , a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae , to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth .	nucleosynthesis	What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth ?
Similarly , in the case of a chemical explosion , chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a very short time .	chemical potential energy	In the case of a chemical explosion , what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time ?
Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum , where it can be weighed .	when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum	When does energy give rise to weight ?
Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy , and likewise always appears associated with it , as described in mass-energy equivalence .	certain amount of energy	Mass is also equivalent to what ?
The formula E = mc ² , derived by Albert Einstein -LRB- 1905 -RRB- quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity .	Albert Einstein	Who created the formula E = mc2 ?
The formula E = mc ² , derived by Albert Einstein -LRB- 1905 -RRB- quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity .	1905	In what year did Einstein create E = mc2 ?
The formula E = mc ² , derived by Albert Einstein -LRB- 1905 -RRB- quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity .	E = mc²	What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity ?
Matter may be converted to energy -LRB- and vice versa -RRB- , but mass can not ever be destroyed ; rather , mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy , during any process when they are converted into each other .	energy	Matter may be converted to what ?
Matter may be converted to energy -LRB- and vice versa -RRB- , but mass can not ever be destroyed ; rather , mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy , during any process when they are converted into each other .	Matter	Energy may be converted to what ?
Conversely , the mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule , which is why a loss of energy -LRB- loss of mass -RRB- from most systems is difficult to measure by weight , unless the energy loss is very large .	mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule	Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight ?
Examples of energy transformation into matter -LRB- i.e. , kinetic energy into particles with rest mass -RRB- are found in high-energy nuclear physics .	high-energy nuclear physics	Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found ?
Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds : reversible processes and irreversible processes .	reversible processes and irreversible processes	Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds ?
Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds : reversible processes and irreversible processes .	Thermodynamics	What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes ?
A reversible process is one in which this sort of dissipation does not happen .	dissipation	A reversible process is one in which this does not happen .
As the universe evolves in time , more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states -LRB- i.e. , as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder -RRB- .	irreversible states	As the universe evolves in time , more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what ?
This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe .	inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe	What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irreversible states ?
In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change , but the fraction of energy which is available to do work through a heat engine , or be transformed to other usable forms of energy -LRB- through the use of generators attached to heat engines -RRB- , grows less and less .	energy of the universe	In this heat death of energy , what does not change ?
According to conservation of energy , energy can neither be created -LRB- produced -RRB- nor destroyed by itself .	conservation of energy	According to what , energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself ?
The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system , plus the change in the energy contained within the system .	total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system	The total inflow of energy into a system must equal what ?
According to conservation of energy , energy can neither be created -LRB- produced -RRB- nor destroyed by itself .	energy	What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself ; it can only be transformed ?
As shown rigorously by Noether 's theorem , the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time , a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate .	Noether's theorem	What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time ?
This is because energy is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time .	energy	What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time ?
This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle - it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval .	the uncertainty principle	This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what ?
This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle - it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval .	uncertainty principle	What states it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval ?
Virtual photons -LRB- which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons -RRB- are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges -LRB- which results in Coulomb law -RRB- , for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states , for the Casimir force , for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena .	Virtual photons	What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons ?
Virtual photons -LRB- which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons -RRB- are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges -LRB- which results in Coulomb law -RRB- , for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states , for the Casimir force , for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena .	Virtual photons	What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges ?
Virtual photons -LRB- which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons -RRB- are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges -LRB- which results in Coulomb law -RRB- , for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states , for the Casimir force , for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena .	electrostatic interaction between electric charges	What results in Coulomb law ?
Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter .	Energy transfer	What can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter ?
The portion of the energy which does not do work during the transfer is called heat .	heat	The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what ?
Examples include the transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons , physical collisions which transfer kinetic energy , -LSB- note 5 -RSB- and the conductive transfer of thermal energy .	transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons	Give one example of how energy can be transferred between systems ?
The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy -LRB- but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy -RRB- is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer .	first law of thermodynamics	What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer .
The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy -LRB- but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy -RRB- is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer .	energy	The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer ?
For homogeneous systems , with a well-defined temperature and pressure , a commonly used corollary of the first law is that , for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer -LRB- e.g. , a cylinder-full of gas -RRB- without chemical changes , the differential change in the internal energy of the system -LRB- with a gain in energy signified by a positive quantity -RRB- is given as	for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes	What is a commonly used corollary of the first law ?
This principle is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy , called entropy .	entropy	What is the principle that is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy ?
Entropy is a measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system .	measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system	What is entropy ?
This mathematical result is called the second law of thermodynamics .	second law of thermodynamics	What is the mathematical result when an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom ?
During the 13th century , the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights .	Teutonic Knights	Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century ?
Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries , Germans became the dominant ethnic group , while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities .	Poles and Lithuanians	What other groups during this period for form minorities ?
The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity .	Christianity	The Balts were gradually converted into which religion ?
Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries , Germans became the dominant ethnic group , while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities .	Germans	Which ethnic group become dominant following the 13 century just a few hundred years later ?
The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century .	17th or early 18th century	Around when did the Old Prussian language become extinct ?
Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire , the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701 .	Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire	Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia ?
Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire , the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701 .	1701	In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King ?
Between 1829 and 1878 , the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia .	Prussia	What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia ?
The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871 .	1871	What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire ?
However , the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany -LRB- the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany -RRB- , while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923 .	Versailles	What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland ?
Following Nazi Germany 's defeat in World War II in 1945 , war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin 's insistence between the Soviet Union -LRB- the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR -RRB- and the People 's Republic of Poland -LRB- the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship -RRB- .	1945	What year did the Nazi 's fall in World War II ?
An estimated 300,000 -LRB- around one fifth of the population -RRB- died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province .	300,000	How many died trying to defend the province in Kaliningrad ?
Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia , the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians .	Teutonic Knights	Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century ?
Local Old-Prussian -LRB- north -RRB- and Polish -LRB- south -RRB- toponyms were gradually Germanised .	Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms	Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century ?
The Knights ' expansionist policies , including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk / Danzig and western Lithuania , brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars , culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War , whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania , defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald -LRB- Tannenberg -RRB- in 1410 .	several wars	What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to ?
Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years ' War , and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control .	1466	What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted ?
The Teutonic Order lost eastern Prussia when Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order in 1525 .	Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach	Who converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order ?
The Teutonic Order lost eastern Prussia when Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order in 1525 .	1525	In what year did The Teutonic Order lose Eastern Prussia ?
Albert established himself as the first duke of the Duchy of Prussia and a vassal of the Polish crown by the Prussian Homage .	first duke of the Duchy of Prussia	What did Albert establish himself as ?
The Administrator of Prussia , the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order Maximilian III , son of emperor Maximilian II died in 1618 .	1618	In what year did Maximilian III die ?
When Maximilian died , Albert 's line died out , and the Duchy of Prussia passed to the Electors of Brandenburg , forming Brandenburg-Prussia .	Albert's line died out	What happened as a result of Maximilian 's death ?
Taking advantage of the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655 , and instead of fulfilling his vassal 's duties towards the Polish Kingdom , by joining forces with the Swedes and subsequent treaties of Wehlau , Labiau , and Oliva , Elector and Duke Frederick William succeeded in revoking king of Poland 's sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in 1660 .	Frederick William	Who revoked the King of Poland 's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660 ?
Although Brandenburg was a part of the Holy Roman Empire , the Prussian lands were not within the Holy Roman Empire and were with the administration by the Teutonic Order grandmasters under jurisdiction of the Emperor .	Holy Roman Empire	Brandenburg was part of what dominating force ?
Although Brandenburg was a part of the Holy Roman Empire , the Prussian lands were not within the Holy Roman Empire and were with the administration by the Teutonic Order grandmasters under jurisdiction of the Emperor .	Teutonic Order	What jurisdiction was the Prussian lands under ?
In return for supporting Emperor Leopold I in the War of the Spanish Succession , Elector Frederick III was allowed to crown himself `` King in Prussia '' in 1701 .	Frederick III	Who elected there self as King of Prussia in 1701 ?
To differentiate from the larger entity , the former Duchy of Prussia became known as Altpreußen -LRB- `` Old Prussia '' -RRB- , the province of Prussia , or `` East Prussia '' .	Altpreußen ("Old Prussia")	What did the former Duchy of Prussia become known as ?
Approximately one-third of East Prussia 's population died in the plague and famine of 1709 -- 1711 , including the last speakers of Old Prussian .	the plague and famine	What wiped out one third of East Prussia 's population during the early 1700 's ?
Approximately one-third of East Prussia 's population died in the plague and famine of 1709 -- 1711 , including the last speakers of Old Prussian .	speakers of Old Prussian	What was lost in Prussia 's history during the Plague ?
The province was overrun by Imperial Russian troops during the Seven Years ' War .	Russian troops	What military overran much of East Prussia ?
In the 1772 First Partition of Poland , the Prussian king Frederick the Great annexed neighboring Royal Prussia , i.e. the Polish voivodeships of Pomerania -LRB- Gdańsk Pomerania or Pomerelia -RRB- , Malbork , Chełmno and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia , thereby bridging the `` Polish Corridor '' between his Prussian and Farther Pomeranian lands and cutting remaining Poland off the Baltic Coast .	1772	In what year was Royal Prussia annexed ?
The territory of Warmia was incorporated into the lands of former Ducal Prussia , which , by administrative deed of 31 January 1773 were named East Prussia .	31 January 1773	In what year was the territory of Warmia incorporated ?
The Polish Partition Sejm ratified the cession on 30 September 1773 , whereafter Frederick officially went on to call himself a King `` of '' Prussia .	The Polish Partition Sejm	What was ratified in 1773 in Prussia ?
After the disastrous defeat of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in 1806 , Napoleon occupied Berlin and had the officials of the Prussian General Directory swear an oath of allegiance to him , while King Frederick William III and his consort Louise fled via Königsberg and the Curonian Spit to Memel .	Battle of Jena-Auerstedt	What defeat led to Prussia having to swear its allegiance to Napoleon ?
After the disastrous defeat of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in 1806 , Napoleon occupied Berlin and had the officials of the Prussian General Directory swear an oath of allegiance to him , while King Frederick William III and his consort Louise fled via Königsberg and the Curonian Spit to Memel .	Königsberg	What city did King Frederick William use to flee Prussia ?
The French troops immediately took up pursuit but were delayed in the Battle of Eylau on 9 February 1807 by an East Prussian contingent under General Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq .	1807	What year did Napoleon end of the War of the Fourth Coalition ?
The succeeding Prussian reforms instigated by Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg included the implementation of an Oberlandesgericht appellation court at Königsberg , a municipal corporation , economic freedom as well as emancipation of the serfs and Jews .	Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg	Who instigated the Prussian reforms ?
The succeeding Prussian reforms instigated by Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg included the implementation of an Oberlandesgericht appellation court at Königsberg , a municipal corporation , economic freedom as well as emancipation of the serfs and Jews .	emancipation of the serfs and Jews	What was included in the reform ?
East and West Prussia were first united in personal union in 1824 , and then merged in a real union in 1829 to form the Province of Prussia .	1824	In what year was East and West Prussia first united ?
The united province was again split into separate East and West Prussian provinces in 1878 .	1878	When did East and West Prussia split again ?
The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people , with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants , 269,196 Roman Catholics , and 13,877 Jews .	1,996,626 people	Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900 ?
The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people , with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants , 269,196 Roman Catholics , and 13,877 Jews .	Protestants	Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia ?
The numbers of Masurians , Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization .	Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians	Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia ?
At the beginning of World War I , East Prussia became a theatre of war when the Russian Empire invaded the country .	Russian Empire	Which country invaded east Prussia in World War I ?
The Russian Army encountered at first little resistance because the bulk of the German Army had been directed towards the Western Front according to the Schlieffen Plan .	German Army had been directed towards the Western Front	Why did the Russian army face such little resistance when moving through Prussia ?
Despite early success and the capture of the towns of Rastenburg and Gumbinnen , in the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 and the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1915 , the Russians were decisively defeated and forced to retreat .	1914	In what year did the battle of Tannenberg take place ?
With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918 , Germany became a republic .	1918	In what year did Germany become a republic ?
After the Treaty of Versailles , East Prussia was separated from Germany as an exclave ; the Memelland was also separated from the province .	Treaty of Versailles	What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany ?
The Seedienst Ostpreußen was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia .	The Seedienst Ostpreußen	What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia ?
Erich Koch headed the East Prussian Nazi party from 1928 .	Erich Koch	Who was the leader of the East Prussian Nazi Party ?
He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province .	mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province	What large plans did Koch have ?
On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats in Königsberg , the Otto-Braun-House .	attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats	What even occurred during the summer of 1932 in Konigsberg ?
The Communist politician Gustav Sauf was killed ; the executive editor of the Social Democrat `` Königsberger Volkszeitung '' , Otto Wyrgatsch , and the German People 's Party politician Max von Bahrfeldt were severely injured .	Gustav Sauf	Who was killed in the attack of the Social Democrats ?
Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction , the `` Erich Koch Plan '' for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment ; on August 16 , 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia , a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich .	publicly funded emergency relief programs	How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction ?
Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction , the `` Erich Koch Plan '' for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment ; on August 16 , 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia , a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich .	Erich Koch Plan	What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia ?
Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction , the `` Erich Koch Plan '' for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment ; on August 16 , 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia , a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich .	that unemployment had been banished entirely	What did Koch report to Hitler in 1933 ?
In 1938 the Nazis altered about one-third of the toponyms of the area , eliminating , Germanizing , or simplifying a number of Old Prussian names , as well as those Polish or Lithuanian names originating from colonists and refugees to Prussia during and after the Protestant Reformation .	1938	In what year did the Nazi 's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area ?
More than 1,500 places were ordered to be renamed by 16 July 1938 following a decree issued by Gauleiter and Oberpräsident Erich Koch and initiated by Adolf Hitler .	1,500	Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia ?
Many who would not cooperate with the rulers of Nazi Germany were sent to concentration camps and held prisoner there until their death or liberation .	sent to concentration camps	What would happen if some did n't comply with the Nazi 's with their demands ?
In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants , 85 % of them ethnic Germans , the others Poles in the south who , according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000-350 ,000 , the Latvian speaking Kursenieki , and Lietuvininkai who spoke Lithuanian in the northeast .	2.49 million	How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939 ?
In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants , 85 % of them ethnic Germans , the others Poles in the south who , according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000-350 ,000 , the Latvian speaking Kursenieki , and Lietuvininkai who spoke Lithuanian in the northeast .	85%	Of the population in East Prussia , what percentage of those were German ?
The East Prussian Jewish Congregation declined from about 9,000 in 1933 to 3,000 in 1939 , as most fled from Nazi rule .	3,000	How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939 ?
Those who remained were later deported and killed in the Holocaust .	deported and killed in the Holocaust.	What happened to those Jews who remained ?
In 1939 the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau was annexed by Germany and incorporated into East Prussia .	1939	In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed ?
Parts of it were transferred to other regions , e.g. Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein .	Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein	What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau ?
Despite Nazi propaganda presenting all of the regions annexed as possessing significant German populations that wanted reunification with Germany , the Reich 's statistics of late 1939 show that only 31,000 out of 994,092 people in this territory were ethnic Germans .	reunification with Germany	Despite all the propaganda that ws presented to the East Prussians what did German populations want within the country ?
Following Nazi Germany 's defeat in World War II in 1945 , East Prussia was partitioned between Poland and the Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Conference .	Poland and the Soviet Union	What two countries were East Prussia partitioned into after World Was II ?
The city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 .	Kaliningrad	What was the city of Konigsberg renamed in to in 1946 ?
The German population of the province largely evacuated during the war , but several hundreds of thousands died during the years 1944 -- 46 and the remainder were subsequently expelled .	evacuated during the war	What happened to most of the German population during the war in what is current day Kaliningrad ?
An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945 .	800,000	How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945 ?
During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000-250 ,000 forced labourers , the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union , including the Gulag camp system .	45 camps	Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way ?
The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at Deutsch Eylau -LRB- Iława -RRB- .	48,000	How many forced labourers were in the largest camp ?
Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as Wolf children .	Wolf children	What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as ?
Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945 .	1945	In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia ?
The remaining pre-war population was treated as Germanized Poles and a policy of re-Polonization was pursued throughout the country Most of these `` Autochthones '' chose to emigrate to West Germany from the 1950s through 1970s -LRB- between 1970 and 1988 55,227 persons from Warmia and Masuria moved to Western Germany -RRB- .	Germanized Poles	How was the pre-war population in East Prussia referred to as ?
In 1950 the Olsztyn Voivodeship counted 689,000 inhabitants , 22.6 % of them coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union , 10 % Ukrainians , and 18.5 % of them pre-war inhabitants .	18.5%	How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia ?
In April 1946 , northern East Prussia became an official province of the Russian SFSR as the `` Kyonigsbergskaya Oblast '' , with the Memel Territory becoming part of the Lithuanian SSR .	1946	What year did East Prussia become an official province of Russia ?
In July of that year , the historic city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad to honour Mikhail Kalinin and the area named the Kaliningrad Oblast .	Mikhail Kalinin	In who 's honor was the city named Kaliningrad from Konigsberg ?
Between 24 August and 26 October 1948 21 transports with in total 42,094 Germans left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation Zone -LRB- which became East Germany -RRB- .	42,094	Between August 24th and October 26th how many German 's left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation zone ?
While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia , Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union .	expelled by the Soviet Union	What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia ?
The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians fascists .	fascists	What did the Russians consider Curonians ?
Because of this discrimination , many immigrated to West Germany in 1958 , where the majority of Curonians now live .	West Germany	Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958 ?
After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians , Belarusians , and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part .	ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians	Once the German populations was removed , what three groups settled into the nothern area ?
In the Soviet part of the region , a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued .	eliminating all remnants of German history	In the Soviet section to the north , what did they want to expel from their land ?
All German place names were replaced by new Russian names .	names were replaced by new Russian names	What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area ?
German names have been revived in commercial Russian trade and there is sometimes talk of reverting Kaliningrad 's name to its historic name of Königsberg .	reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg	What has since been considered in Kalinigrad ?
The city centre of Kaliningrad was completely rebuilt , as British bombs in 1944 and the Soviet siege in 1945 had left it in nothing but ruins .	Kaliningrad	What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it ?
Although the 1945 -- 1949 expulsion of Germans from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials , the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans .	violent and aggressive	How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians ?
Since 1875 , with the strengthening of self-rule , the urban and rural districts -LRB- Kreise -RRB- within each province -LRB- sometimes within each governorate -RRB- formed a corporation with common tasks and assets -LRB- schools , traffic installations , hospitals , cultural institutions , jails etc. -RRB- called the Provinzialverband -LRB- provincial association -RRB- .	schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails	What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts ?
Since 1875 , with the strengthening of self-rule , the urban and rural districts -LRB- Kreise -RRB- within each province -LRB- sometimes within each governorate -RRB- formed a corporation with common tasks and assets -LRB- schools , traffic installations , hospitals , cultural institutions , jails etc. -RRB- called the Provinzialverband -LRB- provincial association -RRB- .	Provinzialverband	What was the name of the corporation that looked over common task ?
As of 1919 the provincial diets -LRB- or as to governorate diets , the so-called Kommunallandtage -RRB- were directly elected by the citizens of the provinces -LRB- or governorates , respectively -RRB- .	elected by the citizens of the provinces	What has since happened from 1919 that involve the provincial diets ?
The Ottoman Empire -LRB- / ˈɒtəmən / ; Ottoman Turkish : دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye , Modern Turkish : Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti -RRB- , also known as the Turkish Empire , Ottoman Turkey or Turkey , was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia .	Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey	The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names ?
The Ottoman Empire -LRB- / ˈɒtəmən / ; Ottoman Turkish : دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye , Modern Turkish : Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti -RRB- , also known as the Turkish Empire , Ottoman Turkey or Turkey , was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia .	1299	When was the Ottoman empire founded ?
The Ottoman Empire -LRB- / ˈɒtəmən / ; Ottoman Turkish : دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye , Modern Turkish : Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti -RRB- , also known as the Turkish Empire , Ottoman Turkey or Turkey , was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia .	Oghuz Turks	Who founded the Ottoman empire ?
The Ottoman Empire -LRB- / ˈɒtəmən / ; Ottoman Turkish : دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye , Modern Turkish : Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti -RRB- , also known as the Turkish Empire , Ottoman Turkey or Turkey , was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia .	northwestern Anatolia	Where was the Ottoman empire founded ?
After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389 , the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate .	Murad I	Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire ?
During the 16th and 17th centuries , in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , the Ottoman Empire was a multinational , multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe , Western Asia , the Caucasus , North Africa , and the Horn of Africa .	Suleiman the Magnificent	Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe ?
During the 16th and 17th centuries , in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , the Ottoman Empire was a multinational , multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe , Western Asia , the Caucasus , North Africa , and the Horn of Africa .	16th and 17th centuries	During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe ?
At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states .	32 provinces	How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century ?
At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states .	vassal states	Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over ?
During the 16th and 17th centuries , in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , the Ottoman Empire was a multinational , multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe , Western Asia , the Caucasus , North Africa , and the Horn of Africa .	North Africa, and the Horn of Africa	What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire ?
With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin , the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries .	Constantinople	What was the capital of the Ottoman empire ?
With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin , the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries .	lands around the Mediterranean basin	What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?
Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers , the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century .	into the late nineteenth century	When did the Ottoman empire decline ?
The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century , with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories , joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers .	Germany	What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century ?
Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers , the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century .	military setbacks against European powers	What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire ?
The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I , the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman -LRB- also known as the Ottoman dynasty -RRB- .	Ottoman	An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word ?
The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I , the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman -LRB- also known as the Ottoman dynasty -RRB- .	House of Osman	What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire ?
The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I , the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman -LRB- also known as the Ottoman dynasty -RRB- .	House of Osman	What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty ?
Osman 's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name ʿUthmān عثمان of ultimately Arabic origin .	Arabic	What is the origin of Osman 's name ?
In Ottoman Turkish , the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye -LRB- دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه -RRB- , -LRB- literally `` The Supreme State of the Ottomans '' -RRB- or alternatively Osmanlı Devleti -LRB- عثمانلى دولتى -RRB- .	The Supreme State of the Ottomans	In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as ?
Ertuğrul , the father of Osman I -LRB- founder of the Ottoman Empire -RRB- , arrived in Anatolia from Merv -LRB- Turkmenistan -RRB- with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines .	Ertuğrul	Who was the father of Osman I ?
Ertuğrul , the father of Osman I -LRB- founder of the Ottoman Empire -RRB- , arrived in Anatolia from Merv -LRB- Turkmenistan -RRB- with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines .	400 horsemen	How many horsemen did Osman I 's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum ?
After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century , Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent , mostly Turkish states , the so-called Ghazi emirates .	14th century	When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise ?
After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century , Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent , mostly Turkish states , the so-called Ghazi emirates .	Ghazi emirates	What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as ?
Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire .	Byzantine Empire	To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements ?
Osman 's son , Orhan , captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324 , and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state .	Bursa	Which city did Osman 's son capture ?
Osman 's son , Orhan , captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324 , and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state .	1324	In what year did Osman 's son capture an Anatolian city ?
Osman 's son , Orhan , captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324 , and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state .	Orhan	What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city ?
The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387 .	Thessaloniki	What city was captured from the Venetians in 1387 ?
The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region , paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe .	1389	In what year did the Ottoman 's have a victory at Kosovo ?
With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans , the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective .	conquest of Constantinople	What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans ?
The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city , but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur , founder of the Timurid Empire , invaded Anatolia from the east .	Byzantine	What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by ?
The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city , but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur , founder of the Timurid Empire , invaded Anatolia from the east .	Timur	What leader invaded Anatolia from the east ?
The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city , but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur , founder of the Timurid Empire , invaded Anatolia from the east .	Timurid Empire	Timur was the founder of what ?
In the Battle of Ankara in 1402 , Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner , throwing the empire into disorder .	Battle of Ankara	What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402 ?
Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans -LRB- such as Thessaloniki , Macedonia and Kosovo -RRB- were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s .	Murad II	Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s ?
On 10 November 1444 , Murad II defeated the Hungarian , Polish , and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland -LRB- also King of Hungary -RRB- and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna , the final battle of the Crusade of Varna , although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist .	Hungary	Władysław III of Poland was also the king of what ?
On 10 November 1444 , Murad II defeated the Hungarian , Polish , and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland -LRB- also King of Hungary -RRB- and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna , the final battle of the Crusade of Varna , although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist .	Battle of Varna	What battle took place on 10 November 1444 ?
Four years later , John Hunyadi prepared another army -LRB- of Hungarian and Wallachian forces -RRB- to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448 .	Second Battle of Kosovo	In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448 ?
On 10 November 1444 , Murad II defeated the Hungarian , Polish , and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland -LRB- also King of Hungary -RRB- and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna , the final battle of the Crusade of Varna , although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist .	10 November 1444	On what date were the armies under Władysław III defeated by Murad II ?
The son of Murad II , Mehmed the Conqueror , reorganized the state and the military , and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453 .	Mehmed the Conqueror	Who was the son of Murad II ?
The son of Murad II , Mehmed the Conqueror , reorganized the state and the military , and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453 .	Constantinople	What city was conquered on 29 May 1453 ?
Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority .	its autonomy and land	What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire ?
Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire , the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule .	Venetian rule	The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what ?
Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula .	Albanian resistance	What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy ??
Suleiman the Magnificent -LRB- 1520 -- 1566 -RRB- captured Belgrade in 1521 , conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars , -LSB- not in citation given -RSB- and , after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary -LRB- except the western part -RRB- and other Central European territories .	1520–1566	During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive ?
Suleiman the Magnificent -LRB- 1520 -- 1566 -RRB- captured Belgrade in 1521 , conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars , -LSB- not in citation given -RSB- and , after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary -LRB- except the western part -RRB- and other Central European territories .	1521	In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade ?
Suleiman the Magnificent -LRB- 1520 -- 1566 -RRB- captured Belgrade in 1521 , conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars , -LSB- not in citation given -RSB- and , after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary -LRB- except the western part -RRB- and other Central European territories .	Battle of Mohács	Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526 ?
Suleiman the Magnificent -LRB- 1520 -- 1566 -RRB- captured Belgrade in 1521 , conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars , -LSB- not in citation given -RSB- and , after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary -LRB- except the western part -RRB- and other Central European territories .	Hungary	After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to ?
In 1532 , he made another attack on Vienna , but was repulsed in the Siege of Güns .	the Siege of Güns	In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532 ?
France and the Ottoman Empire , united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule , became strong allies .	Habsburg rule	France and the Ottoman Empire united against what ?
The French conquests of Nice -LRB- 1543 -RRB- and Corsica -LRB- 1553 -RRB- occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman , and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis .	Corsica	Where did the French lay conquest in 1553 ?
The French conquests of Nice -LRB- 1543 -RRB- and Corsica -LRB- 1553 -RRB- occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman , and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis .	Francis I	The conquest of Nice was an effort by Suleiman and what French king ?
The French conquests of Nice -LRB- 1543 -RRB- and Corsica -LRB- 1553 -RRB- occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman , and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis .	Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis	What were the names of the Ottoman admirals who commanded the conquest of Nice ?
After further advances by the Turks , the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547 .	Ferdinand	What ruler recognized the Ottomans in 1547 ?
The stagnation and decline , Stephen Lee argues , was relentless after the death of Suleiman in 1566 , interrupted by a few short revivals or reform and recovery .	Stephen Lee	Who argues that there was steep decline and stagnation after the death of Suleiman ?
The stagnation and decline , Stephen Lee argues , was relentless after the death of Suleiman in 1566 , interrupted by a few short revivals or reform and recovery .	1566	In what year did Suleiman die ?
The decline gathered speed so that the Empire in 1699 was , `` a mere shadow of that which intimidated East and West alike in 1566 . ''	1699	By what year was it argued that the Ottoman empire was merely `` a shadow '' of what it was in 1566 ?
The next 13 sultans from 1566 to 1703 , with two exceptions , were lackadaisical or incompetent rulers , says Lee .	1566 to 1703	Beginning and ending with what years does Lee argue that the rules of the Empire were incompetent ?
Finally the Ottoman economic system grew distorted and impoverished , as war caused inflation , world trade moved in other directions , and the deterioration of law and order made economic progress difficult .	war	What factor caused inflation in the Ottoman empire ?
The effective military and bureaucratic structures of the previous century came under strain during a protracted period of misrule by weak Sultans .	Sultans	Poor rule by what class of people strained the empire ?
The Ottomans gradually fell behind the Europeans in military technology as the innovation that fed the Empire 's forceful expansion became stifled by growing religious and intellectual conservatism .	military technology	Europeans gained on the Ottoman empire in what type of technology ?
The Ottomans gradually fell behind the Europeans in military technology as the innovation that fed the Empire 's forceful expansion became stifled by growing religious and intellectual conservatism .	religious and intellectual	What types of conservative beliefs slowed the expansion of the empire ?
But in spite of these difficulties , the Empire remained a major expansionist power until the Battle of Vienna in 1683 , which marked the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe .	Battle of Vienna	What battle took place in 1683 ?
But in spite of these difficulties , the Empire remained a major expansionist power until the Battle of Vienna in 1683 , which marked the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe .	Europe	The empire ceased its expansion into what area after a battle in 1683 ?
The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly .	new maritime trade routes	Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what ?
The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century .	the Cape of Good Hope	What did the Portuguese discover in 1488 ?
The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century .	the Indian Ocean	Where did the Ottoman and Portuguese have Naval wars in the 16th century ?
The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire , allied with the Ottomans , defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern , thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese .	The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire	Who did the Ottomans ally with in the Indian Ocean ?
The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire , allied with the Ottomans , defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern , thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese .	the Portuguese	New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom ?
In southern Europe , a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto -LRB- 1571 -RRB- .	Philip II	Which Spaniard led a battle in 1571 ?
In southern Europe , a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto -LRB- 1571 -RRB- .	Battle of Lepanto	What battle did the Spanish win in 1571 ?
It was a startling , if mostly symbolic , blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility , an image which the victory of the Knights of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in the 1565 Siege of Malta had recently set about eroding .	Siege of Malta	What siege occurred in 1565 ?
The Ottoman navy recovered quickly , persuading Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573 , allowing the Ottomans to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa .	1573	In what year did Venice sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans ?
The Ottoman navy recovered quickly , persuading Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573 , allowing the Ottomans to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa .	North Africa	After signing a peace treaty with Venice , in what region did the Ottoman empire expand ?
The Long War against Habsburg Austria -LRB- 1593 -- 1606 -RRB- created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms , resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy .	The Long War	What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as ?
The Long War against Habsburg Austria -LRB- 1593 -- 1606 -RRB- created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms , resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy .	1593–1606	During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur ?
Irregular sharpshooters -LRB- Sekban -RRB- were also recruited , and on demobilization turned to brigandage in the Jelali revolts -LRB- 1595 -- 1610 -RRB- , which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries .	Sekban	What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as ?
With the Empire 's population reaching 30 million people by 1600 , the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government .	30 million people	What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century ?
This 1603 -- 1618 war eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha , which ceded the entire Caucasus , except westernmost Georgia , back into Iranian Safavid possession .	Treaty of Nasuh Pasha	A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty ?
During his brief majority reign , Murad IV -LRB- 1612 -- 1640 -RRB- reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq -LRB- 1639 -RRB- from the Safavids .	Murad IV	Who recaptured Iraq in 1639 ?
During his brief majority reign , Murad IV -LRB- 1612 -- 1640 -RRB- reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq -LRB- 1639 -RRB- from the Safavids .	the Safavids	Who had control over Iraq before it was recaptured in 1639 ?
The most prominent women of this period were Kösem Sultan and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice , whose political rivalry culminated in Kösem 's murder in 1651 .	1651	When was Kösem murdered ?
During the Köprülü Era -LRB- 1656 -- 1703 -RRB- , effective control of the Empire was exercised by a sequence of Grand Viziers from the Köprülü family .	1656–1703	What years define the Köprülü Era ?
The Köprülü Vizierate saw renewed military success with authority restored in Transylvania , the conquest of Crete completed in 1669 , and expansion into Polish southern Ukraine , with the strongholds of Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia ceding to Ottoman control in 1676 .	Crete	What territory was conquered by the Köprülü Vizierate in 1669 ?
This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683 -- 1687 .	Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha	Which Grand Vizier attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683 ?
This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683 -- 1687 .	the Great Turkish War	What was the war that took place from 1683 to 1687 known as ?
The final assault being fatally delayed , the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg , German and Polish forces spearheaded by the Polish king Jan III Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna .	Jan III Sobieski	Which polish king led the fight against the Ottoman empire in the Battle of Vienna ?
The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna , culminating in the Treaty of Karlowitz -LRB- 26 January 1699 -RRB- , which ended the Great Turkish War .	the Holy League	What was the alliance against the late 17th century Ottoman empire known as ?
The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna , culminating in the Treaty of Karlowitz -LRB- 26 January 1699 -RRB- , which ended the Great Turkish War .	Treaty of Karlowitz	What treaty was signed 26 January 1699 ?
After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716 -- 1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat , Serbia and `` Little Walachia '' -LRB- Oltenia -RRB- to Austria .	Little Walachia	Oltenia is also known as what ?
After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716 -- 1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat , Serbia and `` Little Walachia '' -LRB- Oltenia -RRB- to Austria .	1716–1718	The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years ?
After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716 -- 1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat , Serbia and `` Little Walachia '' -LRB- Oltenia -RRB- to Austria .	Treaty of Passarowitz	The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty ?
The Austro-Russian -- Turkish War , which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739 , resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia , but the Empire lost the port of Azov , north of the Crimean Peninsula , to the Russians .	Austro-Russian–Turkish War	The Treaty of Belgrade was the result of a war known as what ?
The Austro-Russian -- Turkish War , which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739 , resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia , but the Empire lost the port of Azov , north of the Crimean Peninsula , to the Russians .	port of Azov	What port was lost by the Ottoman empire as a result of the Treaty of Belgrade ?
Educational and technological reforms came about , including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University .	Istanbul Technical University	What is one university that was formed in the early 18th century of the empire ?
In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods , but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy .	an artillery school	What type of school was established in the empire in 1734 ?
In 1726 , Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha , the Grand Mufti , and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press , and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III permission to publish non-religious books -LRB- despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders -RRB- .	Ibrahim Muteferrika	In 1754 what man convinced the Grand Vizier to allow the use of the printing press ?
In 1726 , Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha , the Grand Mufti , and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press , and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III permission to publish non-religious books -LRB- despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders -RRB- .	Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha	Who was the Ottoaman Grand Vizier in 1726 ?
Muteferrika 's press published its first book in 1729 and , by 1743 , issued 17 works in 23 volumes , each having between 500 and 1,000 copies .	1729	In what year did an Ottoman press produce its first book ?
In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks , pursuing Polish confederates , entered Balta , an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine , and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground .	Ukrainian Haidamaks	Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768 ?
In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks , pursuing Polish confederates , entered Balta , an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine , and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground .	Bessarabia	Near what region was Balta bording ?
This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768 -- 1774 .	1768–1774	During what years was the Russo-Turkish war ?
The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia .	Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca	The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty ?
The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia .	freedom to worship	The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia ?
The Serbian revolution -LRB- 1804 -- 1815 -RRB- marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question .	1804–1815	During what years did the Serbian Revolution occur ?
Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830 .	Suzerainty of Serbia	What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830 ?
In 1821 , the Greeks declared war on the Sultan .	the Greeks	There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sultan in 1821 , who declared it ?
A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese , which , along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth , became the first parts of the Ottoman Empire to achieve independence -LRB- in 1829 -RRB- .	1829	Some parts of the Ottoman Empire gained independence in what year ?
By the mid-19th century , the Ottoman Empire was called the `` sick man '' by Europeans .	the "sick man"	What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century ?
In 1861 , there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total , a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time , who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology .	571	How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861 ?
In 1861 , there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total , a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time , who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology .	140,000	How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861 ?
In 1911 , of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul , 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks .	528	Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911 ?
In 1911 , of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul , 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks .	654	There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911 ?
In fact , in many cases , Christians and also Jews were able to gain protection from European consuls and citizenship , meaning they were protected from Ottoman law and not subject to the same economic regulations as their Muslim comrades .	consuls and citizenship	Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe ?
The Crimean War -LRB- 1853 -- 1856 -RRB- was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire .	1853–1856	During what years did the Crimean War take place ?
The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854 .	4 August 1854	On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war ?
The war caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars , about 200,000 of whom moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration .	Crimean Tatars	Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war ?
Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars , 90 % of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire , resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey .	Circassians	Roughly 90 % of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars ?
Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars , 90 % of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire , resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey .	Turkey	Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus ?
Indeed , as the historian Eugene Rogan has written , `` the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East '' in the nineteenth century `` was not the armies of Europe but its banks . ''	Eugene Rogan	What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence ?
The Ottoman state , which had begun taking on debt with the Crimean War , was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1875 .	1875	In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy ?
By 1881 , the Ottoman Empire agreed to have its debt controlled by an institution known as the Ottoman Public Debt Administration , a council of European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain .	Ottoman Public Debt Administration	What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called ?
By 1881 , the Ottoman Empire agreed to have its debt controlled by an institution known as the Ottoman Public Debt Administration , a council of European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain .	European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain.	Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire ?
The body controlled swaths of the Ottoman economy , and used its position to insure that European capital continued to penetrate the empire , often to the detriment of local Ottoman interests .	the detriment of local Ottoman interests	European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what ?
The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876 , massacring up to 100,000 people in the process .	Ottoman bashi-bazouks	Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876 ?
The Russo-Turkish War -LRB- 1877 -- 78 -RRB- ended with a decisive victory for Russia .	Russo-Turkish War	What war occurred from 1877 to 1878 ?
The Russo-Turkish War -LRB- 1877 -- 78 -RRB- ended with a decisive victory for Russia .	The Russo-Turkish War	Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war ?
As a result , Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply ; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire , Romania achieved full independence .	Romania	What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war ?
As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size , some 7 -- 9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus , Crimea , Balkans , and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace .	Anatolia and Eastern Thrace	Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places ?
After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars -LRB- 1912 -- 13 -RRB- , it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace -LRB- European Turkey -RRB- .	1912–13	When did the Balkan Wars take place ?
After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars -LRB- 1912 -- 13 -RRB- , it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace -LRB- European Turkey -RRB- .	East Thrace (European Turkey)	What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913 ?
This resulted in around 400,000 Muslims fleeing with the retreating Ottoman armies -LRB- with many dying from cholera brought by the soldiers -RRB- , and with some 400,000 non-Muslims fleeing territory still under Ottoman rule .	400,000	How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies ?
Justin McCarthy estimates that during the period 1821 to 1922 several million Muslims died in the Balkans , with the expulsion of a similar number .	Justin McCarthy	Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century ?
The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire -LRB- 1908 -- 1922 -RRB- began with the Second Constitutional Era , a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution .	Second Constitutional Era	What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire ?
The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire -LRB- 1908 -- 1922 -RRB- began with the Second Constitutional Era , a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution .	the Young Turk Revolution	What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire ?
It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system -LRB- electoral law -RRB- under the Ottoman parliament .	the Ottoman constitution	The restoration of what happened in 1876 ?
Among them `` Committee of Union and Progress , '' and `` Freedom and Accord Party '' were major parties .	Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party”	What were two major parties established by Young Turk members ?
Profiting from the civil strife , Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 .	Bosnia and Herzegovina	What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908 ?
The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre .	Middle Eastern theatre	Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war ?
There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war , such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut .	Ottoman victories	The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what ?
The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front , where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war .	1916	The Arab Revolt began in what year ?
The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918 , and set the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres .	30 October 1918	What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed ?
The occupation of Constantinople and İzmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement , which won the Turkish War of Independence -LRB- 1919 -- 22 -RRB- under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal -LRB- later given the surname `` Atatürk '' -RRB- .	1919–22	When did the Turkish War of Independence take place ?
In 1915 , as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia , the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population , resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide .	In 1915	When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia ?
In 1915 , as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia , the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population , resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide .	ethnic Armenian	What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia ?
In 1915 , as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia , the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population , resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide .	1.5 million	How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide ?
The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases : the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour , followed by the deportation of women , children , the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert .	the Syrian desert	Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert ?
Large-scale massacres were also committed against the Empire 's Greek and Assyrian minorities as part of the same campaign of ethnic cleansing .	Greek and Assyrian minorities	Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing , what were they ?
The Sultan was the highest position in the system .	Sultan was the highest position	What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century ?
The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region 's characteristics .	local administrative units based on the region's characteristics	On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on ?
The Ottomans practiced a system in which the state -LRB- as in the Byzantine Empire -RRB- had control over the clergy .	the state	Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire ?
According to Ottoman understanding , the state 's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty .	to defend and extend the land of the Muslims	What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands ?
According to Ottoman understanding , the state 's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty .	orthodox Islamic practice	What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities ?
The Ottoman Empire or , as a dynastic institution , the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration .	House of Osman	What was another name for the Ottoman Empire ?
In Europe , only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns -LRB- kings/emperors -RRB- from the same family who ruled for so long , and during the same period , between the late 13th and early 20th centuries .	House of Habsburg	What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as ?
The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin .	Turkish	From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be ?
On eleven occasions , the sultan was deposed -LRB- replaced by another sultan of the Ottoman dynasty , who were either the former sultan 's brother , son or nephew -RRB- because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state .	eleven occasions	How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed ?
As such , the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI -LRB- r. 1918 -- 1922 -RRB- was a direct patrilineal -LRB- male-line -RRB- descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I -LRB- r. 1299 -- 1326 -RRB- , which was unparallelled in both Europe -LRB- e.g. the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740 -RRB- and in the Islamic world .	1918–1922	When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI ?
The highest position in Islam , caliphate , was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I , which was established as Ottoman Caliphate .	The highest position	The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam ?
The Ottoman sultan , pâdişâh or `` lord of kings '' , served as the Empire 's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government , though he did not always exercise complete control .	pâdişâh or "lord of kings"	The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government ?
The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court .	one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court	What was the importantance of the imperial Harem ?
The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs , and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor .	eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor	What was the purpose of the palace educational system ?
The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians , the Enderûn , which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans , a process known as Devshirme -LRB- Devşirme -RRB- .	Enderûn	What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate ?
Though the sultan was the supreme monarch , the sultan 's political and executive authority was delegated .	the supreme monarch	The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific ?
The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan -LRB- after the 17th century it was renamed the `` Porte '' -RRB- .	Divan	What was the council that handled state politics named ?
The Divan , in the years when the Ottoman state was still a Beylik , was composed of the elders of the tribe .	elders of the tribe	What type of people were initially in the Divan ?
Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites -LRB- such as religious and political advisors -RRB- .	military officers and local elites	At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan , what groups ?
Later still , beginning in 1320 , a Grand Vizier was appointed to assume certain of the sultan 's responsibilities .	1320	A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year ?
At the same time the Qanun -LRB- or Kanun -RRB- , a secular legal system , co-existed with religious law or Sharia .	Qanun (or Kanun)	What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate ?
At the same time the Qanun -LRB- or Kanun -RRB- , a secular legal system , co-existed with religious law or Sharia .	Sharia	What was religious law known as ?
Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority .	central and local authority	What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies ?
The Ottoman system had three court systems : one for Muslims , one for non-Muslims , involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities , and the `` trade court '' .	three court systems	How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have ?
The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative Qanun , i.e. laws , a system based upon the Turkic Yassa and Töre , which were developed in the pre-Islamic era .	Turkic Yassa and Töre	What were the laws of the court system based upon ?
These court categories were not , however , wholly exclusive : for instance , the Islamic courts -- which were the Empire 's primary courts -- could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions , and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue .	Islamic courts	What were the primary courts of the empire ?
The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur ` an ; the Hadīth , or words of the prophet Muhammad ; ijmā ' , or consensus of the members of the Muslim community ; qiyas , a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents ; and local customs .	the Qur'an; the Hadīth	From what works was Sharia developed ?
The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur ` an ; the Hadīth , or words of the prophet Muhammad ; ijmā ' , or consensus of the members of the Muslim community ; qiyas , a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents ; and local customs .	the prophet Muhammad	Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system ?
Both systems were taught at the Empire 's law schools , which were in Istanbul and Bursa .	in Istanbul and Bursa.	Where were the empire 's law schools ?
These court categories were not , however , wholly exclusive : for instance , the Islamic courts -- which were the Empire 's primary courts -- could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions , and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue .	Jews and Christians	What other religious groups went to Islamic courts ?
Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi , or judge .	Qadi	Who was the one that presided over the empire 's Islamic Courts ?
Since the closing of the ijtihad , or Gate of Interpretation , Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent , and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered .	closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation	At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent ?
However , the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure , leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor .	an appellate structure	What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked ?
Since the closing of the ijtihad , or Gate of Interpretation , Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent , and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered .	local customs and traditions	What did Qadis focus on in some areas ?
Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi , or judge .	judge	What is another word for Qadi ?
These reforms were based heavily on French models , as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system .	French models	Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model ?
Referred to as Nizamiye , this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle , a civil code that regulated marriage , divorce , alimony , will , and other matters of personal status .	Nizamiye	What was the new Ottoman court system known as ?
Referred to as Nizamiye , this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle , a civil code that regulated marriage , divorce , alimony , will , and other matters of personal status .	the Mecelle	What code regulated marriage ?
The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century .	13th century	In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form ?
The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century .	the hills of western Anatolia	From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate ?
The main corps of the Ottoman Army included Janissary , Sipahi , Akıncı and Mehterân .	Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân	There were four corps of the Ottoman Army , what were they ?
The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world , being one of the first to use muskets and cannons .	muskets and cannons	The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology ?
The Ottoman Turks began using falconets , which were short but wide cannons , during the Siege of Constantinople .	Siege of Constantinople	In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets ?
The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire 's territories on the European continent .	European continent	On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most ?
It initiated the conquest of North Africa , with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517 .	North Africa	What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century ?
It initiated the conquest of North Africa , with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517 .	1517	Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year ?
Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830 , Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire 's distant overseas territories began to decline .	1821	In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece ?
Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830 , Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire 's distant overseas territories began to decline .	Algeria	The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830 ?
Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha , and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War .	Sultan Abdülhamid II	Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war ?
Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha , and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War .	Midhat Pasha	Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war ?
He locked most of the fleet inside the Golden Horn , where the ships decayed for the next 30 years .	the Golden Horn	Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay ?
Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 , the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force .	1908	When was the Young Turk Revolution ?
Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 , the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force .	the Committee of Union and Progress	What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century ?
The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911 .	June 1909	What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit ?
The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes , and with the founding of the Aviation School -LRB- Tayyare Mektebi -RRB- in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912 , the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers .	Yeşilköy	Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school ?
The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes , and with the founding of the Aviation School -LRB- Tayyare Mektebi -RRB- in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912 , the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers .	3 July 1912	On what date was the Aviation School founded ?
In May 1913 the world 's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started by the Aviation School and the first separate reconnaissance division was established .	the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started	What happened at the aviation school in May 1913 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In June 1914 a new military academy , the Naval Aviation School -LRB- Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi -RRB- was founded .	the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi)	What new military academy was formed in June 1914 ?
Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa , Edirne , and Istanbul , successive Ottoman capitals , into major commercial and industrial centres , considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis .	commercial and industrial centres	The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what ?
To this end , Mehmed and his successor Bayezid , also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe , who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica .	Bayezid	Who was Mehmed 's successor ?
To this end , Mehmed and his successor Bayezid , also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe , who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica .	the Jews from different parts of Europe	Who did Mehmed and Bayezid encourage to come to Istanbul ?
In many places in Europe , Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts , such as in Spain after the conclusion of Reconquista .	their Christian counterparts	What group were Jews being persecuted by in Europe ?
In many places in Europe , Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts , such as in Spain after the conclusion of Reconquista .	the conclusion of Reconquista	Persecution of Jews in Spain occurred after what event concluded ?
The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler 's power , and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous .	consolidation and extension of the ruler's power	The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler ?
The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler 's power , and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous .	the Middle East	In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on ?
The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler 's power , and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous .	making the productive classes prosperous	What was a way to reach the economic goals of the Ottoman economic system ?
The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact .	to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects	What was the final goal of the state economic system ?
The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact .	the emergence of social disorder	What did the state economic system hope to avoid ?
The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and , until the 17th century , they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries .	the treasury and chancery	Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what ?
This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy -LRB- known as `` men of the pen '' -RRB- as a distinct group , partly highly trained ulama , which developed into a professional body .	men of the pen	What were the scribes of the chancery known as ?
This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy -LRB- known as `` men of the pen '' -RRB- as a distinct group , partly highly trained ulama , which developed into a professional body .	ulama	Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what ?
This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy -LRB- known as `` men of the pen '' -RRB- as a distinct group , partly highly trained ulama , which developed into a professional body .	a professional body	What did the scribal bureaucracy become ?
The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and , until the 17th century , they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries .	the 17th century	The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century ?
The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure .	its geopolitical structure	What serviced as the foundation for the structure of the economy of the Ottoman empire ?
The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East , thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient .	Spanish and Portuguese	The Ottoman Empire caused navigators from which two nations to find another route to the Orient ?
The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco Polo once used .	Marco Polo	Who once used the spice route that the Ottoman Empire controlled ?
When Vasco da Gama bypassed Ottoman controlled routes and established direct trade links with India in 1498 , and Christopher Columbus first journeyed to the Bahamas in 1492 , the Ottoman Empire was at its zenith .	1498	When were direct trade links established with India ?
When Vasco da Gama bypassed Ottoman controlled routes and established direct trade links with India in 1498 , and Christopher Columbus first journeyed to the Bahamas in 1492 , the Ottoman Empire was at its zenith .	1492	When did Christopher Columbus sail to the Bahamas ?
Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes .	change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe	What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire ?
It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself .	the Ottoman Empire itself	The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what ?
The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty , also known as the Treaty of Balta Liman that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors , would be seen as one of the staging posts along this development .	The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty	What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman ?
The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty , also known as the Treaty of Balta Liman that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors , would be seen as one of the staging posts along this development .	opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors	What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets ?
It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself .	East	In what direction did land routes lose their importance ?
By developing commercial centres and routes , encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions , the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire .	commercial centres and routes	The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire ?
But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant .	interests of the state	What dominated all economic and political interests ?
Within the social and political system they were living in Ottoman administrators could not have comprehended or seen the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe .	capitalist and mercantile economies	What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe ?
By developing commercial centres and routes , encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions , the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire .	developing commercial centres and routes	The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what ?
The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads .	the clustering of populations	The rise of ports caused what in populations ?
The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads .	The rise of port cities	Steamships and railroads rose with what else ?
Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922 , with towns and cities growing .	1700	In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase ?
Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in .	Improvements in health and sanitation	What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in ?
Port cities like Salonica , in Greece , saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and İzmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914 .	55,000	What was the population of Salonica in 1800 ?
For example , the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees -- 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja .	the Crimean and Balkan regions	The annexation of what two regions resulted in large groups of Muslim refugees coming into the empire ?
For example , the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees -- 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja .	Crimean Tartars	Muslims representing 200,000 of what group fled to Dobruja ?
Between 1783 and 1913 , approximately 5 -- 7 million refugees flooded into the Ottoman Empire , at least 3.8 million of whom were from Russia .	3.8 million	How many refugees fled Russia to the Ottoman Empire from 1783 to 1913 ?
These people are called Muhacir .	Muhacir	What are the people from the Balkans who emigrated to Turkey called ?
By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922 , half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia .	1922	In what year did the Ottoman Empire end ?
Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire .	Ottoman Turkish	What was the official language of the Ottoman Empire ?
It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic .	Persian and Arabic	What were the main influences of the official language of the Empire ?
The Ottomans had several influential languages : Turkish , spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia ; Persian , only spoken by the educated ; Arabic , spoken mainly in Arabia , North Africa , Iraq , Kuwait , the Levant and parts of the Horn of Africa ; and Somali throughout the Horn of Africa .	Turkish	What language was spoken by most people in Anatolia ?
The Ottomans had several influential languages : Turkish , spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia ; Persian , only spoken by the educated ; Arabic , spoken mainly in Arabia , North Africa , Iraq , Kuwait , the Levant and parts of the Horn of Africa ; and Somali throughout the Horn of Africa .	Arabic	Which languages influenced by the empire was spoken in Iraq ?
In the last two centuries , usage of these became limited , though , and specific : Persian served mainly as a literary language for the educated , while Arabic was used for religious rites .	Arabic	What language was used for religious uses in the Empire ?
Because of a low literacy rate among the public -LRB- about 2 -- 3 % until the early 19th century and just about 15 % at the end of 19th century -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- ordinary people had to hire scribes as `` special request-writers '' -LRB- arzuhâlcis -RRB- to be able to communicate with the government .	about 2–3%	What was the public 's literacy rate in leading up to the early 19th century in the empire ?
Because of a low literacy rate among the public -LRB- about 2 -- 3 % until the early 19th century and just about 15 % at the end of 19th century -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- ordinary people had to hire scribes as `` special request-writers '' -LRB- arzuhâlcis -RRB- to be able to communicate with the government .	15%	At the end of the 19th century what was the literacy rate for the public in the Empire believed to be ?
Because of a low literacy rate among the public -LRB- about 2 -- 3 % until the early 19th century and just about 15 % at the end of 19th century -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- ordinary people had to hire scribes as `` special request-writers '' -LRB- arzuhâlcis -RRB- to be able to communicate with the government .	people had to hire scribes	What did people resort to when they needed to communicate with the government ?
Because of a low literacy rate among the public -LRB- about 2 -- 3 % until the early 19th century and just about 15 % at the end of 19th century -RRB- , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- ordinary people had to hire scribes as `` special request-writers '' -LRB- arzuhâlcis -RRB- to be able to communicate with the government .	"special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis)	What were hired scribes known as ?
In cosmopolitan cities , people often spoke their family languages ; many of those who were not ethnic Turks spoke Turkish as a second language .	Turkish	What was the second language of those that were n't ethnically Turkish ?
Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority , under the rule of a Muslim minority .	the second half of the 15th century	The Empire had a Christian majority until what time ?
Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority , under the rule of a Muslim minority .	a Muslim minority	What group ruled the empire until the 15th century ?
In the late 19th century , the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably , not only due to secession , but also because of migratory movements .	the non-Muslim population	What group began to decline within the Empire in the late 19th century ?
The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60 % in the 1820s , gradually increasing to 69 % in the 1870s and then to 76 % in the 1890s .	60%	Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s ?
By 1914 , only 19.1 % of the empire 's population was non-Muslim , mostly made up of Christian Greeks , Assyrians , Armenians , and Jews .	19.1%	In 1914 what portion of the Empire were n't Muslims ?
Muslim sects regarded as heretical , such as the Druze , Ismailis , Alevis , and Alawites , ranked below Jews and Christians .	heretical	The Muslim sect known as the Druze is considered what ?
In 1514 , Sultan Selim I , nicknamed `` the Grim '' because of his cruelty , ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis -LRB- Qizilbash -RRB- , whom he considered heretics , reportedly proclaiming that `` the killing of one Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians . ''	the Grim	What was Sultan Selim I 's nickname ?
In 1514 , Sultan Selim I , nicknamed `` the Grim '' because of his cruelty , ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis -LRB- Qizilbash -RRB- , whom he considered heretics , reportedly proclaiming that `` the killing of one Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians . ''	1514	In what year did Sultan Selim I order the massacre of 40,000 people whom he considered heretics ?
In 1514 , Sultan Selim I , nicknamed `` the Grim '' because of his cruelty , ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis -LRB- Qizilbash -RRB- , whom he considered heretics , reportedly proclaiming that `` the killing of one Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians . ''	Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash)	What group did Sultan Selim I consider heretics and subsequently slaughter ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East , especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt , which included much of the region .	Mamluk Sultanate	Under Sultan Selim I the empire swallowed what sultanate in Egypt ?
Under the millet system , non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire , but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law .	the millet system	What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law ?
The Orthodox millet , for instance , was still officially legally subject to Justinian 's Code , which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years .	Justinian's Code	What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire ?
Also , as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects -LRB- or zimmi -RRB- of the Islamic Ottoman state , the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce , and had to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects .	zimmi	What were non-Muslims also known as in the Islamic Ottoman State ?
Also , as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects -LRB- or zimmi -RRB- of the Islamic Ottoman state , the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce , and had to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects .	higher taxes	Being a non-muslim in the Empire resulted in what as it related to taxes ?
The Orthodox millet , for instance , was still officially legally subject to Justinian 's Code , which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years .	The Orthodox millet	What millet was subject to Justinian 's Code ?
Despite newer added amalgamations , the Ottoman dynasty , like their predecessors in the Sultanate of Rum and the Seljuk Empire , were thoroughly Persianised in their culture , language , habits and customs , and therefore , the empire has been described as a Persianate empire .	Sultanate of Rum	The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate ?
Despite newer added amalgamations , the Ottoman dynasty , like their predecessors in the Sultanate of Rum and the Seljuk Empire , were thoroughly Persianised in their culture , language , habits and customs , and therefore , the empire has been described as a Persianate empire .	Persianate empire	What is one way that the Empire was described as it related to culture ?
The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions , art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered , and added new dimensions to them .	some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures	When the Ottoman empire conquered a region what also became a part of the empire ?
Despite newer added amalgamations , the Ottoman dynasty , like their predecessors in the Sultanate of Rum and the Seljuk Empire , were thoroughly Persianised in their culture , language , habits and customs , and therefore , the empire has been described as a Persianate empire .	Persianised	The Seljuk Empire was influenced by the cultures of others resulting in it being referred to as what ?
Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form .	Divan poetry	What type of Ottoman poetry is ritualized ?
From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it , it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships -- both of similitude -LRB- مراعات نظير mura ' ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb -RRB- and opposition -LRB- تضاد tezâd -RRB- were more or less prescribed .	Persian poetry	What kind of poetry inspired Ottoman Divan Poetry ?
Divan poetry was composed through the constant juxtaposition of many such images within a strict metrical framework , thus allowing numerous potential meanings to emerge .	a strict metrical framework	What type of framework was Divan poetry based on ?
There were , however , other common genres , most particularly the mesnevî , a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry ; the two most notable examples of this form are the Leyli and Majnun of Fuzûlî and the Hüsn ü Aşk of Şeyh Gâlib .	mesnevî	What was the romance genre of Divan poetry known as ?
The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature : either gazels -LRB- which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition -RRB- , or kasîdes .	gazels (which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kasîdes.	What make up the largest portion of Divan poetry ?
Until the 19th century , Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did .	the 19th century	Prose in the Ottoman empire did not develop to a higher level until which century ?
A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec -LRB- سجع , also transliterated as seci -RRB- , or rhymed prose , a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj ' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words , such as a sentence , there must be a rhyme .	the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose	What rules did Ottoman prose have to follow ?
A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec -LRB- سجع , also transliterated as seci -RRB- , or rhymed prose , a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj ' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words , such as a sentence , there must be a rhyme .	between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme	What did the rules of sec require ?
One apparent exception was Muhayyelât -LRB- `` Fancies '' -RRB- by Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi , a collection of stories of the fantastic written in 1796 , though not published until 1867 .	Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi	Who wrote Muhayyelât ?
One apparent exception was Muhayyelât -LRB- `` Fancies '' -RRB- by Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi , a collection of stories of the fantastic written in 1796 , though not published until 1867 .	1796	When was Muhayyelât written ?
Due to historically close ties with France , French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century .	French literature	What was the biggest influence from the west on Ottoman literature ?
Due to historically close ties with France , French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century .	the latter half of the 19th century	During what time period was Ottoman literate most influenced by the west ?
As a result , many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents : in the developing Ottoman prose tradition , for instance , the influence of Romanticism can be seen during the Tanzimat period , and that of the Realist and Naturalist movements in subsequent periods ; in the poetic tradition , on the other hand , it was the influence of the Symbolist and Parnassian movements that became paramount .	the influence of Romanticism	During the Tanzimat what western influence could be seen ?
As a result , many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents : in the developing Ottoman prose tradition , for instance , the influence of Romanticism can be seen during the Tanzimat period , and that of the Realist and Naturalist movements in subsequent periods ; in the poetic tradition , on the other hand , it was the influence of the Symbolist and Parnassian movements that became paramount .	the Symbolist and Parnassian movements	The poetic tradition had its biggest influence on what Ottoman literary movements ?
As a result , many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents : in the developing Ottoman prose tradition , for instance , the influence of Romanticism can be seen during the Tanzimat period , and that of the Realist and Naturalist movements in subsequent periods ; in the poetic tradition , on the other hand , it was the influence of the Symbolist and Parnassian movements that became paramount .	Naturalist	Romanticism , and Realism were two movements from the west that influenced the Ottoman literary scene , what was the third ?
Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously : for instance , the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh -LRB- `` Awakening '' -RRB- , while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing , in 1860 , the first modern Turkish play , the one-act comedy '' Şair Evlenmesi '' -LRB- `` The Poet 's Marriage '' -RRB- .	İntibâh ("Awakening")	What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write ?
Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously : for instance , the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh -LRB- `` Awakening '' -RRB- , while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing , in 1860 , the first modern Turkish play , the one-act comedy '' Şair Evlenmesi '' -LRB- `` The Poet 's Marriage '' -RRB- .	the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" ("The Poet's Marriage").	What did İbrahim Şinasi write in 1860 ?
In a similar vein , the novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi wrote important novels in each of the major movements : Romanticism -LRB- Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr , 1873 ; `` Hasan the Sailor , or The Mystery Within the Mystery '' -RRB- , Realism -LRB- Henüz On Yedi Yaşında , 1881 ; `` Just Seventeen Years Old '' -RRB- , and Naturalism -LRB- Müşâhedât , 1891 ; `` Observations '' -RRB- .	Ahmed Midhat Efendi	Who wrote Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr ?
In a similar vein , the novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi wrote important novels in each of the major movements : Romanticism -LRB- Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr , 1873 ; `` Hasan the Sailor , or The Mystery Within the Mystery '' -RRB- , Realism -LRB- Henüz On Yedi Yaşında , 1881 ; `` Just Seventeen Years Old '' -RRB- , and Naturalism -LRB- Müşâhedât , 1891 ; `` Observations '' -RRB- .	Henüz On Yedi Yaşında	What Realist novel did Ahmed Midhat Efendi write in 1881 ?
This diversity was , in part , due to the Tanzimat writers ' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible , in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures .	contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures	What did writers of the Tanzimat period hope to accomplish with their publications ?
The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences : such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art .	traditional Byzantine art	Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else ?
Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period , besides Istanbul and Edirne , can also be seen in Egypt , Eritrea , Tunisia , Algiers , the Balkans and Romania , where mosques , bridges , fountains and schools were built .	fountains and schools	The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques , and Bridges , what else was built ?
The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire .	the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire	Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did ?
Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period , besides Istanbul and Edirne , can also be seen in Egypt , Eritrea , Tunisia , Algiers , the Balkans and Romania , where mosques , bridges , fountains and schools were built .	Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania	Beside Edirne , Istanbul , and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period ?
Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums , as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature .	muraqqa	Were would one find the sheets where Ottoman 's created illuminated decorations ?
It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature -LRB- taswir -RRB- , calligraphy -LRB- hat -RRB- , Islamic calligraphy , bookbinding -LRB- cilt -RRB- and paper marbling -LRB- ebru -RRB- .	taswir	What is another name for an Ottoman miniature ?
It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature -LRB- taswir -RRB- , calligraphy -LRB- hat -RRB- , Islamic calligraphy , bookbinding -LRB- cilt -RRB- and paper marbling -LRB- ebru -RRB- .	hat	Ottoman calligraphy can also be referred to as what ?
In the Ottoman Empire , illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court .	the Sultan or the administrators of the court	Who commissioned illustrated manuscripts in the Ottoman empire ?
In Topkapi Palace , these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane , the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists .	Topkapi Palace	What palace was the place of creation for illustrated manuscripts ?
The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire , carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings , rich in religious and other symbolism , and as a practical consideration , as it was customary to remove one 's shoes in living quarters .	carpet weaving	Which art was important in religious symbolism and as a decoration in the Ottoman empire ?
The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire , carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings , rich in religious and other symbolism , and as a practical consideration , as it was customary to remove one 's shoes in living quarters .	it was customary to remove one's shoes	What was the custom for those wearing shoes indoors in the Ottoman empire ?
The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia -LRB- carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing -RRB- , and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia .	the nomadic cultures of central Asia	Where did carpet weaving in the Empire originate ?
The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia -LRB- carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing -RRB- , and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia .	Anatolia	Where did carpet weaving initially spread to inside of the Empire ?
Turks used carpets , rugs and kilims not just on the floors of a room , but also as a hanging on walls and doorways , where they provided additional insulation .	walls and doorways	Kilims were used by Turks to provide insulation where ?
Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite , a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves , such as Selim III , whose compositions are often still performed today .	Ottoman classical music	The elites of the Ottoman empire found what type of music important ?
Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite , a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves , such as Selim III , whose compositions are often still performed today .	musicians and composers	Many of the Sultans of the Ottoman empire were accomplished at being what ?
Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite , a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves , such as Selim III , whose compositions are often still performed today .	Selim III	The sultan known by what name has compositions which are still performed today ?
Compositionally , it is organised around rhythmic units called usul , which are somewhat similar to meter in Western music , and melodic units called makam , which bear some resemblance to Western musical modes .	units called usul	What rhythmic units does Ottoman classical music use ?
Compositionally , it is organised around rhythmic units called usul , which are somewhat similar to meter in Western music , and melodic units called makam , which bear some resemblance to Western musical modes .	makam	What are the melodic units used by Ottoman classical music ?
The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments -LRB- the saz , the bağlama , the kemence -RRB- , other Middle Eastern instruments -LRB- the ud , the tanbur , the kanun , the ney -RRB- , and -- later in the tradition -- Western instruments -LRB- the violin and the piano -RRB- .	the saz, the bağlama, the kemence	What are the three most used Anatolian and central asian instruments in Ottoman Classical music ?
The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments -LRB- the saz , the bağlama , the kemence -RRB- , other Middle Eastern instruments -LRB- the ud , the tanbur , the kanun , the ney -RRB- , and -- later in the tradition -- Western instruments -LRB- the violin and the piano -RRB- .	the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney	Which Middle Eastern instruments can be heard in Ottoman classical music ?
The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments -LRB- the saz , the bağlama , the kemence -RRB- , other Middle Eastern instruments -LRB- the ud , the tanbur , the kanun , the ney -RRB- , and -- later in the tradition -- Western instruments -LRB- the violin and the piano -RRB- .	the violin and the piano	In late Ottoman classical music one can find Western instruments , what were they ?
Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas , two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire : Ottoman classical music , and folk music .	classical music, and folk music	There were two main style of music in the Ottoman empire , what were they ?
Some of the distinctive styles were : Janissary Music , Roma music , Belly dance , Turkish folk music .	Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music	What were the most distinctive style of music in the Ottoman provinces ?
Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital , Istanbul , and the regional capital cities , where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared .	the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities	The cuisine known as Ottoman cuisine is in reference to the food eaten where ?
This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace 's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients .	the Imperial Palace's kitchens	In what kitchen 's was Ottoman cuisine perfected ?
The creations of the Ottoman Palace 's kitchens filtered to the population , for instance through Ramadan events , and through the cooking at the Yalıs of the Pashas , and from there on spread to the rest of the population .	Ramadan	What is one type of religious event that the general public may come to experience the creations of the Imperial Palace ?
The creations of the Ottoman Palace 's kitchens filtered to the population , for instance through Ramadan events , and through the cooking at the Yalıs of the Pashas , and from there on spread to the rest of the population .	the population	Preparing food at the Yalıs of the Pashas was one way Ottoman Cuisine might spread to whom ?
This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace 's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients .	create and experiment	What did the chefs ingredients in the Imperial Palace 's kitchens ?
Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine , especially Turkish cuisine , and including Greek cuisine , Balkan cuisine , Armenian cuisine , and Middle Eastern cuisine .	a shared Ottoman cuisine	Turkish cuisine originates from what source ?
Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine , especially Turkish cuisine , and including Greek cuisine , Balkan cuisine , Armenian cuisine , and Middle Eastern cuisine .	former Ottoman territories	The cuisine of what territories are descended from Ottoman cuisine ?
Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine , especially Turkish cuisine , and including Greek cuisine , Balkan cuisine , Armenian cuisine , and Middle Eastern cuisine .	Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine	Turkish and Greek cuisine are descended from Ottoman Cuisine , along with the food of what other regions ?
Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine , especially Turkish cuisine , and including Greek cuisine , Balkan cuisine , Armenian cuisine , and Middle Eastern cuisine .	Ottoman cuisine	Turkish coffee is descended from what ?
Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine , especially Turkish cuisine , and including Greek cuisine , Balkan cuisine , Armenian cuisine , and Middle Eastern cuisine .	Ottoman cuisine	Pita bread descends from what type of cuisine ?
A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century .	15th Century	In what century did the Ottoman 's start to desire foreign manuscripts ?
Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes , a Greek scholar from Trabzon , to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy .	Sultan Mehmet II	Which sultan ordered a Greek scholar to do translations of work by Ptolemy ?
Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes , a Greek scholar from Trabzon , to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy .	Georgios Amiroutzes	Who did an Ottoman sultan order to translate work by Ptolemy ?
Another example is Ali Qushji - an astronomer , mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand - who became a professor in two madrasas , and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students , even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul .	two or three years	How many years did Ali Qushji spend in Istanbul ?
Another example is Ali Qushji - an astronomer , mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand - who became a professor in two madrasas , and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students , even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul .	originally from Samarkand	Where was Ali Qushji from ?
European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople .	19th century	When did European sport clubs begin to form in the Ottoman empire ?
European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople .	Constantinople	Where did football matches become to be popular in the Ottoman empire ?
The leading clubs , according to timeline , were Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club -LRB- 1903 -RRB- , Galatasaray Sports Club -LRB- 1905 -RRB- and Fenerbahçe Sports Club -LRB- 1907 -RRB- in Istanbul .	Galatasaray Sports Club	What was the leading sport club in 1905 ?
Football clubs were formed in other provinces too , such as Karşıyaka Sports Club -LRB- 1912 -RRB- , Altay Sports Club -LRB- 1914 -RRB- and Turkish Fatherland Football Club -LRB- later Ülküspor -RRB- -LRB- 1914 -RRB- of İzmir .	1914	In what year did the Altay Sports Club form ?
Football clubs were formed in other provinces too , such as Karşıyaka Sports Club -LRB- 1912 -RRB- , Altay Sports Club -LRB- 1914 -RRB- and Turkish Fatherland Football Club -LRB- later Ülküspor -RRB- -LRB- 1914 -RRB- of İzmir .	Turkish Fatherland Football Club	What was the football club known as Ülküspor formerly known as ?
Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology , epistemology , and character of space and time .	Philosophy of space and time	Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology ?
While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception , the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy .	early analytic philosophy	The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy ?
The subject focuses on a number of basic issues , including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind , whether they exist independently of one another , what accounts for time 's apparently unidirectional flow , whether times other than the present moment exist , and questions about the nature of identity -LRB- particularly the nature of identity over time -RRB- .	the mind	The philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what ?
The subject focuses on a number of basic issues , including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind , whether they exist independently of one another , what accounts for time 's apparently unidirectional flow , whether times other than the present moment exist , and questions about the nature of identity -LRB- particularly the nature of identity over time -RRB- .	unidirectional	The philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time ?
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep -LRB- c. 2650 -- 2600 BC -RRB- , who said , `` Do not lessen the time of following desire , for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit . ''	Ptahhotep	Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time ?
The Vedas , the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy , dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC , describe ancient Hindu cosmology , in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation , destruction , and rebirth , with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years .	late 2nd millennium BC	When do the Vedas date back to ?
The Vedas , the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy , dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC , describe ancient Hindu cosmology , in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation , destruction , and rebirth , with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years .	Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy	Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with ?
The Vedas , the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy , dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC , describe ancient Hindu cosmology , in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation , destruction , and rebirth , with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years .	ancient Hindu cosmology	What do the Vedas describe ?
The Vedas , the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy , dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC , describe ancient Hindu cosmology , in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation , destruction , and rebirth , with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years .	4,320,000 years	How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas ?
In Book 11 of St. Augustine 's Confessions , he ruminates on the nature of time , asking , `` What then is time ?	St. Augustine	Which christian philosopher ruminated on time ?
He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time , pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech : `` For but few things are there of which we speak properly ; of most things we speak improperly , still the things intended are understood . ''	the difficulty	What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11 , regarding thinking about time ?
But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation -LRB- against Aristotle -RRB- in the context of his discussion of time , saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things , and therefore time can not be where there are no creatures to measure its passing -LRB- Confessions Book XI ¶ 30 ; City of God Book XI ch .6 -RRB- .	Augustine	Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation ?
But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation -LRB- against Aristotle -RRB- in the context of his discussion of time , saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things , and therefore time can not be where there are no creatures to measure its passing -LRB- Confessions Book XI ¶ 30 ; City of God Book XI ch .6 -RRB- .	the knowledge of the movement of things	What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on ?
But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation -LRB- against Aristotle -RRB- in the context of his discussion of time , saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things , and therefore time can not be where there are no creatures to measure its passing -LRB- Confessions Book XI ¶ 30 ; City of God Book XI ch .6 -RRB- .	where there are no creatures to measure its passing	Where did Augustine say time could not appear ?
In the early 11th century , the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham -LRB- Alhacen or Alhazen -RRB- discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics -LRB- 1021 -RRB- , he also rejected Aristotle 's definition of topos -LRB- Physics IV -RRB- by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension .	al-Haytham	Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications ?
In the early 11th century , the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham -LRB- Alhacen or Alhazen -RRB- discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics -LRB- 1021 -RRB- , he also rejected Aristotle 's definition of topos -LRB- Physics IV -RRB- by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension .	Book of Optics	Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications ?
In the early 11th century , the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham -LRB- Alhacen or Alhazen -RRB- discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics -LRB- 1021 -RRB- , he also rejected Aristotle 's definition of topos -LRB- Physics IV -RRB- by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension .	Aristotle's	Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject ?
Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation , sight can tell us next to nothing about such things . ''	Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things	Alhazen 's experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what ?
Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation , sight can tell us next to nothing about such things . ''	next to nothing	Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation , sight can tell us what about spatial perception ?
In 1781 , Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason , one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time .	1781	When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time .
In 1781 , Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason , one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time .	Critique of Pure Reason	What was Kant 's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled ?
He describes time as an a priori notion that , together with other a priori notions such as space , allows us to comprehend sense experience .	a priori notion	What did Kant describe time as ?
He describes time as an a priori notion that , together with other a priori notions such as space , allows us to comprehend sense experience .	space	What did Kant say was similar notion to time ?
He describes time as an a priori notion that , together with other a priori notions such as space , allows us to comprehend sense experience .	sense experience	What did Kant say time and space allow one to do ?
Arguing against the absolutist position , Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity .	the absolutist position	What did Leibniz argue against ?
These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy : the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles .	the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles	Which principles did Leibniz 's arguments trade heavily upon ?
The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact , there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise .	fact	Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what ?
The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart , then they are one and the same thing .	identity of indiscernibles	What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart , then they are one and the same thing ?
The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space .	two	Leibniz 's example involves how many universes ?
The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space .	absolute space	Where are Leibniz 's universes situated ?
The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first .	five feet	How far are Leibniz 's universes situated apart ?
The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists .	absolute space exists	What is the only way Leibniz 's example would be possible ?
Standing out in Clarke 's -LRB- and Newton 's -RRB- response to Leibniz 's arguments is the bucket argument : Water in a bucket , hung from a rope and set to spin , will start with a flat surface .	the bucket argument	What stood out in Clark 's response to Leibniz ?
Standing out in Clarke 's -LRB- and Newton 's -RRB- response to Leibniz 's arguments is the bucket argument : Water in a bucket , hung from a rope and set to spin , will start with a flat surface .	flat	According to Clark 's argument , water in a bucket , hung from a rope and spun , will begin with kind of surface ?
As the water begins to spin in the bucket , the surface of the water will become concave .	the water will become concave	As the buck spins , what happens to the water ?
If the bucket is stopped , the water will continue to spin , and while the spin continues , the surface will remain concave .	continue to spin	If the buck stops , the water will do what ?
The concave surface is apparently not the result of the interaction of the bucket and the water , since the surface is flat when the bucket first starts to spin , it becomes concave as the water starts to spin , and it remains concave as the bucket stops .	the interaction of the bucket and the water	What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by ?
Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects , and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects .	objects	Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what ?
Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects , and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects .	space	According to Leibniz , what has no existence apart from the existence of objections ?
Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion .	Newtonian space	What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion ?
In Newton 's system , the frame of reference exists independently of the objects contained within it .	independently	In Newton 's system , how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it ?
For many centuries , the evidence of a concave water surface held authority .	many centuries	For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space ?
Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic .	problematic	How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument ?
But in the absence of anything else in the universe , it would be difficult to confirm that the bucket was indeed spinning .	that the bucket was indeed spinning	What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe ?
It seems equally possible that the surface of the water in the bucket would remain flat .	would remain flat.	What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket ?
Mach argued that , in effect , the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat .	would remain flat	What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe ?
But if another object were introduced into this universe , perhaps a distant star , there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating .	the bucket could be seen as rotating	What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket 's universe ?
To account for the curve that we observe , an increase in the number of objects in the universe also increases the curvature in the water .	increases the curvature	What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water ?
Mach argued that the momentum of an object , whether angular or linear , exists as a result of the sum of the effects of other objects in the universe -LRB- Mach 's Principle -RRB- .	Mach's Principle	The Mach argument is called what ?
Mach argued that the momentum of an object , whether angular or linear , exists as a result of the sum of the effects of other objects in the universe -LRB- Mach 's Principle -RRB- .	effects of other objects in the universe	Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what ?
Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity .	relativity	lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle ?
This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers , regardless of the frame of reference that is used , and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames .	all observers	The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who ?
This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers , regardless of the frame of reference that is used , and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames .	the same	In all reference frames , how is the the speed of light ?
This theory was motivated by Maxwell 's equations , which show that electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum at the speed of light .	Maxwell	Einstein 's theory was motivated by who ?
Prior to Einstein , it was thought that this speed was relative to a fixed medium , called the luminiferous ether .	the luminiferous ether	Before Einstein , speed was though to be relative to what ?
In classical physics , an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate .	does not accelerate	In classical physics , an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what ?
In general relativity , an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time .	an inertial frame of reference	What follows a geodesic of space-time ?
An object in free fall does not experience a force , because it is following a geodesic .	force	An object in free fall does not experience what ?
An object standing on the earth , however , will experience a force , as it is being held against the geodesic by the surface of the planet .	the surface of the planet	What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic ?
The water will become concave , not because it is rotating with respect to the distant stars , but because it is rotating with respect to the geodesic .	it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.	Why will water become concave , according to the relativity theory ?
Einstein partially advocates Mach 's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur .	partially	How does Einstein advocate Mach 's principle ?
But contrary to Leibniz 's account , this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics , such as volume and mass .	contrary	How Einstein 's theory compared to Leibniz 's ?
If one holds , contrary to idealist beliefs , that objects exist independently of the mind , it seems that relativistics commits them to also hold that space and temporality have exactly the same type of independent existence .	objects exist independently of the mind	What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space ?
Coordinative definition has two major features .	two	Coordinative definition has how many major features ?
The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects .	coordinating units of length with certain physical objects	The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what ?
This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length .	we can never directly apprehend length	What is the first feature motivated by ?
The second feature deals with separated objects .	separated objects	The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what ?
Sameness of length , to the contrary , must be set by definition .	by definition	Sameness of length must be set how ?
The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations , i.e. , all properties of an object are dynamical , in other words there are no absolute objects .	all differentiable transformations	The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what ?
In the classical case , the invariance , or symmetry , group and the covariance group coincide , but , interestingly enough , they part ways in relativistic physics .	the covariance group	What else besides invariance , or symmetry and group part ways in relativistic physics ?
The formulations of the general theory of relativity , unlike those of classical mechanics , do not share a standard , i.e. , there is no single formulation paired with transformations .	classical mechanics	Which theory does the relativity depart from ?
The formulations of the general theory of relativity , unlike those of classical mechanics , do not share a standard , i.e. , there is no single formulation paired with transformations .	single formulation	What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity ?
As such the covariance group of the general theory of relativity is just the covariance group of every theory .	every	The covariance group of the general theory of relativity is the covariance group of how many theories ?
The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts .	two	How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from ?
Firstly , the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant ; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards , it would still portray a physically possible process .	fundamental	What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant ?
Firstly , the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant ; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards , it would still portray a physically possible process .	physically possible process	If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical laws and then played backwards , it would still portray what ?
Secondly , our experience of time , at the macroscopic level , is not time-reversal invariant .	not time-reversal invariant	How is our experience of time at the macro level ?
We have memories of the past , and none of the future .	the future	What do we not have memories of ?
But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated .	complicated	How are things in statistical mechanics ?
On one hand , statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics , in that thermodynamic behavior , such as glass breaking , can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate .	statistical mechanics	What are superior to classical thermodynamics ?
On one hand , statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics , in that thermodynamic behavior , such as glass breaking , can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate .	a statistical postulate	In order to explain glass breaking , Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what ?
But statistical mechanics , unlike classical thermodynamics , is time-reversal symmetric .	symmetric	Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal ?
The second law of thermodynamics , as it arises in statistical mechanics , merely states that it is overwhelmingly likely that net entropy will increase , but it is not an absolute law .	not an absolute law	What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics , as it arises in statistical mechanics ?
A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time , although much less represented , argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric .	the laws are not time-reversal symmetric	What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue ?
For example , certain processes in quantum mechanics , relating to the weak nuclear force , are not time-reversible , keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition .	weak nuclear force	What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile ?
But this type of solution is insufficient because 1 -RRB- the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2 -RRB- it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes .	macroscopic	Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry ?
One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution -LRB- see Maudlin -RRB- .	Tim Maudlin	Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution ?
However , elsewhere Maudlin argues : '' -LSB- the -RSB- passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world ... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past '' -LSB- ibid , 2010 edition , p. 108 -RSB- .	intrinsic	Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry ?
However , elsewhere Maudlin argues : '' -LSB- the -RSB- passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world ... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past '' -LSB- ibid , 2010 edition , p. 108 -RSB- .	asymmetry	What grounds the distinction between sequences ?
Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive .	Maudlin	Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time ?
The problem of the flow of time , as it has been treated in analytic philosophy , owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart .	J. M. E. McTaggart	Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time ?
In this paper McTaggart proposes two `` temporal series '' .	two	How many `` temporal series '' did McTaggart propose ?
The first series , which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming , or the moving Now , is called the A-series .	the A-series	What was McTaggart 's first series called ?
The A-series orders events according to their being in the past , present or future , simpliciter and in comparison to each other .	each other	The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past , present or future and in comparison to what else ?
The B-series eliminates all reference to the present , and the associated temporal modalities of past and future , and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than .	The B-series	What is McTaggart 's second series called ?
According to Presentism , time is an ordering of various realities .	Presentism	According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities ?
At a certain time some things exist and others do not .	exist	Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what ?
An Eternalist , on the other hand , holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions , and hence that all things -- past , present , and future -- can be said to be just as real as things in the present .	Eternalist	Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions
An Eternalist , on the other hand , holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions , and hence that all things -- past , present , and future -- can be said to be just as real as things in the present .	all things—past, present, and future	According to an Eternalist , what can be said to be just as real as things in the present ?
According to this theory , then , Homer really does exist , though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time -- just as we would use special language when talking about something far away -LRB- the very words near , far , above , below , and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past , a minute ago , and so on -RRB- .	special language	According to the Eternalist theory , what must we use to describe Homer ?
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar .	somewhat similar	How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects ?
An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times -LRB- each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances , though still numerically identical with them -RRB- .	endurantist	Who holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times ?
A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality , and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its `` temporal parts '' or instances of existing .	perdurantist	Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality ?
Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas -LRB- when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object , and not just a part of a cross-temporal being -RRB- , but perdurantists have attacked this position .	Endurantism	Which view is seen as conventional ?
-LRB- An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis . -RRB-	David Lewis	Who is an example of a perdurantist ?
However , asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor , spilling the liquid .	in a non-arbitrary way	How can asymmetry of causation be observed ?
This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features : i -RRB- the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand -LRB- i.e. , what it is and is not capable of and what it is for -RRB- and non-animal agency -LRB- i.e. , what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for -RRB- and ii -RRB- that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling .	two	How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed ?
In short , such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other .	temporal	Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction ?
In short , such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other .	implications of form and functional capacity	What else , besides direction , is asymmetry attributable to ?
Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age , the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming , which produced the `` Neolithic Revolution '' .	the Neolithic	What era is commonly known as the final phase of the Stone Age ?
Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age , the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming , which produced the `` Neolithic Revolution '' .	Holocene Epipaleolithic period	What era preceded the Neolithic ?
Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age , the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming , which produced the `` Neolithic Revolution '' .	Neolithic Revolution	What event is associated with the start of farming ?
It ended when metal tools became widespread -LRB- in the Copper Age or Bronze Age ; or , in some geographical regions , in the Iron Age -RRB- .	Copper Age	What era saw an increase in metal tool use ?
The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant -LRB- Jericho , modern-day West Bank -RRB- about 10,200 -- 8,800 BC .	10,200 – 8,800 BC	What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture ?
The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant -LRB- Jericho , modern-day West Bank -RRB- about 10,200 -- 8,800 BC .	Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)	Where did the Neolithic culture begin ?
It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region , whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals , which then evolved into true farming .	wild cereals	What food item was the key to the evolution of farming ?
The Natufian period was between 12,000 and 10,200 BC , and the so-called `` proto-Neolithic '' is now included in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic -LRB- PPNA -RRB- between 10,200 and 8,800 BC .	The Natufian period	What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC ?
Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order : the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery .	pottery	What objects were not used by early farm societies in the Near East ?
Early Japanese societies and other East Asian cultures used pottery before developing agriculture .	agriculture	What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop ?
In other parts of the world , such as Africa , South Asia and Southeast Asia , independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures that arose completely independent of those in Europe and Southwest Asia .	independent domestication events	What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures ?
The Neolithic 1 -LRB- PPNA -RRB- period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant .	roughly 10,000 years ago	When did the The Neolithic 1 -LRB- PPNA -RRB- period start ?
A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period .	Turkey	Where is the Göbekli Tepe temple located ?
This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes , evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and may be the oldest known human-made place of worship .	nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes	Who built the Göbekli Tepe temple ?
A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period .	Göbekli Tepe	What is the name of earliest man made place of worship ?
The Neolithic 2 -LRB- PPNB -RRB- began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant -LRB- Jericho , Israel -RRB- .	around 8,800 BCE	When did the The Neolithic 2 -LRB- PPNB -RRB- era start ?
This era was before the Mesolithic era .	the Mesolithic era	What era followed the The Neolithic 2 -LRB- PPNB -RRB- era ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- A settlement of 3,000 inhabitants was found in the outskirts of Amman , Jordan .	3,000 inhabitants	How many settlers were found in Jordan ?
Considered to be one of the largest prehistoric settlements in the Near East , called ` Ain Ghazal , it was continuously inhabited from approximately 7,250 -- 5,000 B.	Ain Ghazal	What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements in the Near East ?
Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A -LRB- PPNA -RRB- appeared in the fertile crescent .	Around 10,200 BC	When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A -LRB- PPNA -RRB- phase start ?
Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel , 10 miles north of Aleppo .	Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC	When was a settlement developed in Tell Qaramel ?
The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650 .	2	How many temples were built in Tell Qaramel ?
Around 9000 BC during the PPNA , one of the world 's first towns , Jericho , appeared in the Levant .	Jericho	What was the name of the town that first appeared during the PPNA ?
It was surrounded by a stone and marble wall and contained a population of 2000 -- 3000 people and a massive stone tower .	stone and marble	What materials were used to build the wall around Jericho ?
In 1981 a team of researchers from the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée , including Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche divided Near East neolithic chronology into ten periods -LRB- 0 to 9 -RRB- based on social , economic and cultural characteristics .	Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche	What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into ten periods ?
In 1981 a team of researchers from the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée , including Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche divided Near East neolithic chronology into ten periods -LRB- 0 to 9 -RRB- based on social , economic and cultural characteristics .	social, economic and cultural characteristics	What traits did researchers use to divide the ten periods ?
In 2002 Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès advanced this system with a division into five periods .	2002	When was the original division of 10 advanced to a division of 5 ?
In 2002 Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès advanced this system with a division into five periods .	Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès	What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into five periods ?
Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6,000 BC .	6,000 BC	When did the domestication of sheep first appear in Egypt ?
Graeme Barker states `` The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium bc in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south , in both cases as part of strategies that still relied heavily on fishing , hunting , and the gathering of wild plants '' and suggests that these subsistence changes were not due to farmers migrating from the Near East but was an indigenous development , with cereals either indigenous or obtained through exchange .	fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants	How did Egyptians gather food before raising livestock ?
Other scholars argue that the primary stimulus for agriculture and domesticated animals -LRB- as well as mud-brick architecture and other Neolithic cultural features -RRB- in Egypt was from the Middle East .	the Middle East	What region do some scholars see as the source for Egypt 's start in agriculture ?
In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC , attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe , discovered in Vashtëmi , southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC .	7th millennium BC	When did agrarian societies start to arise in Southeast Europe ?
In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC , attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe , discovered in Vashtëmi , southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC .	Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania	Where was one of earliest farming sites in Europe found ?
Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC , and in Central Europe by c. 5800 BC -LRB- La Hoguette -RRB- .	Anthropomorphic figurines	What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6000 BC ?
Through a combination of cultural diffusion and migration of peoples , the Neolithic traditions spread west and northwards to reach northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC .	cultural diffusion and migration of peoples	What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC ?
The Vinča culture may have created the earliest system of writing , the Vinča signs , though archaeologist Shan Winn believes they most likely represented pictograms and ideograms rather than a truly developed form of writing .	The Vinča culture	Who possibly created the earliest system of writing ?
In 2012 , news was released about a new farming site discovered in Munam-ri , Goseong , Gangwon Province , South Korea , which may be the earliest farmland known to date in east Asia .	2012	When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in South Korea ?
The farm was dated between 3600 and 3000 B.C. Pottery , stone projectile points , and possible houses were also found .	between 3600 and 3000 B.C.	What time period was the Korean farm site dated ?
The farm was dated between 3600 and 3000 B.C. Pottery , stone projectile points , and possible houses were also found .	Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses	What items were found on the Korean farm site ?
The research team will perform accelerator mass spectrometry -LRB- AMS -RRB- dating to retrieve a more precise date for the site .	accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)	What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate time period for the farm site ?
In Mesoamerica , a similar set of events -LRB- i.e. , crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles -RRB- occurred by around 4500 BC , but possibly as early as 11,000 -- 10,000 BC .	crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles	What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 4500 BC ?
These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic ; in America different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neolithic , Archaic Era instead of Early Neolithic and Paleo-Indian for the preceding period .	Formative stage	What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in American education ?
These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic ; in America different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neolithic , Archaic Era instead of Early Neolithic and Paleo-Indian for the preceding period .	Archaic Era	What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in American education ?
During this period the bow and arrow and ceramic pottery were also introduced .	bow and arrow	What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during 500 to 1200 C.E. ?
During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia , people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages .	small tribes	What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Eurasia ?
There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies ; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age .	social stratification	What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Bronze Age ?
However , most Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and hunter-gatherer cultures in general .	Paleolithic cultures	What type of cultures preceded Neolithic societies ?
The domestication of large animals -LRB- c. 8000 BC -RRB- resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred ; New Guinea being a notable exception .	domestication of large animals	What caused a major increase in social inequality ?
Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth .	Possession of livestock	What started competition between families for wealth ?
Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock , and this made economic inequalities more pronounced .	Neolithic pastoralists	Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock ?
However , evidence of social inequality is still disputed , as settlements such as Catal Huyuk reveal a striking lack of difference in the size of homes and burial sites , suggesting a more egalitarian society with no evidence of the concept of capital , although some homes do appear slightly larger or more elaborately decorated than others .	Catal Huyuk	What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital ?
Families and households were still largely independent economically , and the household was probably the center of life .	the household	What was the cultural aspect was the major center of life ?
However , excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures -LRB- `` Linearbandkeramik '' -RRB- were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC .	4800 BC and 4600 BC	What time period were the huge circular ditches found in ?
These structures -LRB- and their later counterparts such as causewayed enclosures , burial mounds , and henge -RRB- required considerable time and labour to construct , which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour -- though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities .	causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge	What did the ditches later evolve into ?
These structures -LRB- and their later counterparts such as causewayed enclosures , burial mounds , and henge -RRB- required considerable time and labour to construct , which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour -- though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities .	required considerable time and labour to construct	What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader 's command ?
There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine , as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch .	Linearbandkeramik	Where was evidence of fortified settlements found ?
There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine , as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch .	a palisade and an outer ditch	What did some villages fortify their settlements with ?
Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered , such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates '' ... systematic violence between groups '' and warfare was probably much more common during the Neolithic than in the preceding Paleolithic period .	weapon-traumatized bones	What tools were seen as evidence of violence among settlements ?
Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered , such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates '' ... systematic violence between groups '' and warfare was probably much more common during the Neolithic than in the preceding Paleolithic period .	the Talheim Death Pit	What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era ?
Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or ` tribal ' groups , headed by a charismatic individual ; whether a ` big man ' or a proto-chief , functioning as a lineage-group head .	Control of labour	What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders ?
Theories to explain the apparent implied egalitarianism of Neolithic -LRB- and Paleolithic -RRB- societies have arisen , notably the Marxist concept of primitive communism .	Marxist concept of primitive communism	What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies ?
Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or ` tribal ' groups , headed by a charismatic individual ; whether a ` big man ' or a proto-chief , functioning as a lineage-group head .	inter-group conflict	What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders ?
The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era .	shelter	What lifestyle element changed significantly from the paleolithic to the neolithic era ?
In the paleolithic , people did not normally live in permanent constructions .	paleolithic	What era consisted of people living temporary homes ?
In the neolithic , mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster .	mud brick houses	What type of homes were built in the Neolithic era ?
The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible .	The growth of agriculture	What societal trend was the cause of permanent homes ?
Doorways were made on the roof , with ladders positioned both on the inside and outside of the houses .	Doorways were made on the roof	Where were entrances located in early homes ?
A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed : the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented , and then increasingly replaced by , a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands .	crop farming and cultivation	What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures ?
A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed : the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented , and then increasingly replaced by , a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands .	nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique	What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture ?
This trend would continue into the Bronze Age , eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns , and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands .	the Bronze Age	What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns ?
However , early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine , such as may be caused by drought or pests .	drought or pests	What were the causes of famine in early farm towns ?
In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life , the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute , affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not have been routinely experienced by prior hunter-gatherer communities .	hunter-gatherer communities	What type of societies were not affected by famine ?
Nevertheless , agrarian communities generally proved successful , and their growth and the expansion of territory under cultivation continued .	agrarian communities	What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine ?
Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of diet .	diet	What food related trend was significant in the new agrarian societies ?
Pre-agrarian diets varied by region , season , available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting .	local plant and animal resources	What forms of availability dictated Pre-agrarian diets ?
Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains , plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products .	cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products.	What was included in the Post-agrarian diet ?
Supplementation of diet by hunting and gathering was to variable degrees precluded by the increase in population above the carrying capacity of the land and a high sedentary local population concentration .	the increase in population	What forced the need to supplement food supply with hunting and gathering ?
Neolithic people were skilled farmers , manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending , harvesting and processing of crops -LRB- such as sickle blades and grinding stones -RRB- and food production -LRB- e.g. pottery , bone implements -RRB- .	farmers	What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at ?
Neolithic people were skilled farmers , manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending , harvesting and processing of crops -LRB- such as sickle blades and grinding stones -RRB- and food production -LRB- e.g. pottery , bone implements -RRB- .	tending, harvesting and processing of crops	What purposes were the production of farm tools used for ?
Neolithic people were skilled farmers , manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending , harvesting and processing of crops -LRB- such as sickle blades and grinding stones -RRB- and food production -LRB- e.g. pottery , bone implements -RRB- .	sickle blades and grinding stones	What types of tools did early farmers use for crops ?
Neolithic people were skilled farmers , manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending , harvesting and processing of crops -LRB- such as sickle blades and grinding stones -RRB- and food production -LRB- e.g. pottery , bone implements -RRB- .	pottery, bone implements)	What types of tools did early farmers use for food production ?
But what allowed forest clearance on a large scale was the polished stone axe above all other tools .	stone axe	What tool allowed early farmers to convert forest into arable land ?
Neolithic peoples in the Levant , Anatolia , Syria , northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders , utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages .	houses and villages	What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build ?
At Çatal höyük , houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals .	humans and animals	What scenes did the paintings on homes depict ?
In Europe , long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed .	wattle and daub	What were European homes constructed from ?
Elaborate tombs were built for the dead .	Elaborate tombs	What types of sites were built for the deceased ?
These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland , where there are many thousand still in existence .	Ireland	Where do thousands of early tombs still exist ?
Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins , as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather .	animal skins	What did early humans use to make clothing ?
Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins , as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather .	finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins	What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing ?
Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic , as suggested by finds of perforated stones which -LRB- depending on size -RRB- may have served as spindle whorls or loom weights .	spindle whorls or loom weights	What were perforated stones used for ?
The clothing worn in the Neolithic Age might be similar to that worn by Ötzi the Iceman , although he was not Neolithic -LRB- since he belonged to the later Copper age -RRB- .	Ötzi the Iceman	What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era ?
Friedrich Hayek CH -LRB- German : -LSB- ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk -RSB- ; 8 May 1899 -- 23 March 1992 -RRB- , born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek , was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism .	Austria-Hungary	In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born ?
Friedrich Hayek CH -LRB- German : -LSB- ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk -RSB- ; 8 May 1899 -- 23 March 1992 -RRB- , born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek , was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism .	F. A. Hayek	Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what ?
Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his `` pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic , social and institutional phenomena . ''	Nobel Memorial Prize	What award did Hayek receive in 1974 ?
Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his `` pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic , social and institutional phenomena . ''	Gunnar Myrdal	With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award ?
Friedrich Hayek CH -LRB- German : -LSB- ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk -RSB- ; 8 May 1899 -- 23 March 1992 -RRB- , born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek , was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism .	philosopher	Along with being an economist , what else was Hayek known as ?
In 1984 , he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his `` services to the study of economics '' .	Order of the Companions of Honour	Hayek became a member of which group in 1984 ?
In 1984 , he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his `` services to the study of economics '' .	services to the study of economics	For what reason was Hayek inducted into the order ?
He was the first recipient of the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize in 1984 .	Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize	What award was Hayek the first to receive ?
He also received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991 from President George H. W. Bush .	President George H. W. Bush	Who awarded Hayek the Medal of Freedom ?
In 2011 , his article `` The Use of Knowledge in Society '' was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in The American Economic Review during its first 100 years .	The Use of Knowledge in Society	Which of Hayek 's articles received recognition in 2011 ?
Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek -LRB- née von Juraschek -RRB- .	August von Hayek	Who was Hayek 's father ?
He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health , with passion in botany , in which he wrote a number of monographs .	medical doctor	What was August von Hayek 's occupation ?
He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health , with passion in botany , in which he wrote a number of monographs .	botany	What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about ?
As her mother died several years prior to Friedrich 's birth , Felicitas gained a significant inheritance which provided as much as half of her and August 's income during the early years of their marriage .	her mother	From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth ?
Hayek was the oldest of three brothers , Heinrich -LRB- 1900 -- 69 -RRB- and Erich -LRB- 1904 -- 86 -RRB- , who were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him .	three	How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have ?
His father 's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich 's goals later in life .	His father's	Who 's occupation inspired Hayek when he was older ?
Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk , one of the founders of the Austrian School of Economics .	Franz von Juraschek	Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek 's grandfathers ?
Both of his grandfathers , who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them , were scholars .	scholars	What occupation did Hayek 's grandfather 's have ?
He wrote systematic works in biology , some of which are relatively well known .	systematic works in biology	What did August von Hayek 's father write ?
Friedrich 's paternal grandfather , Gustav Edler von Hayek , taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium -LRB- secondary school -RRB- in Vienna .	Gustav Edler von Hayek	Who was August von Hayek 's father ?
As a result of their family relationship , Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein 's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921 .	Hayek	Who was among the first readers of Ludwig Wittgenstein 's book ?
Although Hayek met Wittgenstein on only a few occasions , Hayek said that Wittgenstein 's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought .	on only a few occasions	How often times did Hayek and Wittgenstein meet ?
On his mother 's side , Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein .	Ludwig Wittgenstein	Whose philosophy heavily influenced Hayek ?
In his later years , Hayek recalled a discussion of philosophy with Wittgenstein , when both were officers during World War I .	both were officers	What did Wittgenstein and Hayek do during the first world war ?
As a result of their family relationship , Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein 's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921 .	Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus	What was the name of the book Wittgenstein published in 1921 ?
In his unpublished autobiographical notes , Hayek recalled a division between him and his younger brothers who were only few years younger than him , but he believed that they were somehow of a different generation .	they were somehow of a different generation	What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers ?
He preferred to associate with adults .	adults	With whom did Hayek more frequently converse ?
He read fluently and frequently before going to school .	read fluently and frequently	Prior to his schooling , what was the state of Hayek 's reading skills ?
At his father 's suggestion , Hayek , as a teenager , read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach .	his father	Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works ?
In school Hayek was much taken by one instructor 's lectures on Aristotle 's ethics .	Aristotle	Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture ?
At the University of Vienna , Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively ; and he also studied philosophy , psychology , and economics .	University of Vienna	Where did Hayek acquire his doctorates ?
For a short time , when the University of Vienna closed , Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow 's Institute of Brain Anatomy , where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells .	Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy	Where did Hayek learn about the brain ?
Hayek 's time in Monakow 's lab , and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach , inspired Hayek 's first intellectual project , eventually published as The Sensory Order -LRB- 1952 -RRB- .	The Sensory Order	What was the name of Hayek 's first work ?
Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis .	Herbert Furth	With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis ?
Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis .	the Geistkreis	Where did first show his work ?
Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University , compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve .	research assistant	What work did Hayek begin in 1923 ?
During Hayek 's years at the University of Vienna , Carl Menger 's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser 's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him .	University of Vienna	Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek ?
Upon the completion of his examinations , Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain .	the Austrian government	For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises ?
Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University , compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve .	macroeconomic data	What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant ?
Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University , compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve .	Jeremiah Jenks	What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant ?
Initially sympathetic to Wieser 's democratic socialism , Hayek 's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises ' book Socialism .	democratic socialism	What ideology was Hayek originally in support of ?
Initially sympathetic to Wieser 's democratic socialism , Hayek 's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises ' book Socialism .	reading von Mises' book Socialism	What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser 's ideology ?
It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin , with whom he retained a long-standing relationship .	Eric Voegelin	During his attendance to von Mises ' seminars , who did Hayek become friends with ?
Initially sympathetic to Wieser 's democratic socialism , Hayek 's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises ' book Socialism .	classical liberalism	What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward ?
Initially sympathetic to Wieser 's democratic socialism , Hayek 's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises ' book Socialism .	Carl Menger	Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support ?
With the help of Mises , in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research , before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics -LRB- LSE -RRB- in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins .	director	What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute ?
With the help of Mises , in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research , before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics -LRB- LSE -RRB- in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins .	Lionel Robbins	Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE ?
Upon his arrival in London , Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world , and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks , Abba Lerner , and many others in the development of modern microeconomics .	one of the leading economic theorists in the world	What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London ?
Upon his arrival in London , Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world , and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks , Abba Lerner , and many others in the development of modern microeconomics .	modern microeconomics	What subject did Hayek 's works influence and inspire ?
With the help of Mises , in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research , before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics -LRB- LSE -RRB- in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins .	1931	In what year did Hayek come to London ?
Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain 's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns .	The Road to Serfdom	What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism ?
The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville 's writings on the `` road to servitude . ''	Alexis de Tocqueville	Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom ?
It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular , leading Hayek to call it `` that unobtainable book , '' also due in part to wartime paper rationing .	March 1944	When was the Road to Serfdom published ?
When it was published in the United States by the University of Chicago in September of that year , it achieved greater popularity than in Britain .	United States	Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain ?
At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman , the American magazine Reader 's Digest also published an abridged version in April 1945 , enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a far wider audience than academics .	Max Eastman	Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader 's Digest in 1945 ?
In 1950 , Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago , where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought .	University of Chicago	Upon leaving London , for what college did he choose to work ?
Hayek 's salary was funded not by the university , but by an outside foundation .	an outside foundation	Who supplied Hayek 's salary ?
University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicago faculty over departmental autonomy and control , and Hayek got caught in the middle of that battle .	departmental autonomy and control	What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty ?
Hutchins had been attempting to force all departments to adopt the neo-Thomist Great Books program of Mortimer Adler , and the U. of Chicago economists were sick of Hutchins ' meddling .	sick of Hutchins' meddling	Why did the economics department turn down Hayek 's employment ?
As the result the Economics department rejected Hutchins ' pressure to hire Hayek , and Hayek became a part of the new Committee on Social Thought .	Committee on Social Thought	What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection ?
Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s , with Hayek 's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works .	The Road to Serfdom	Which of Hayek 's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago ?
Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago , and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek 's own , such as Aaron Director , who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the `` Law and Society '' program in the University of Chicago Law School .	Aaron Director	Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program ?
Hayek , Frank Knight , Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont Pèlerin Society , an international forum for libertarian economists .	Mont Pèlerin Society	What group did Hayek form with three other people ?
Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists , later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute , an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas .	Intercollegiate Studies Institute	What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to ?
After editing a book on John Stuart Mill 's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order , The Constitution of Liberty and `` The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization '' -LRB- eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty -RRB- .	the liberal order	What topic were Hayek 's next two books going to cover ?
After editing a book on John Stuart Mill 's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order , The Constitution of Liberty and `` The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization '' -LRB- eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty -RRB- .	The Constitution of Liberty	Which of Hayek 's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom ?
Hayek was disappointed that the book did not receive the same enthusiastic general reception as The Road to Serfdom had sixteen years before .	sixteen years	As of the release of his 1960 book , how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released ?
After editing a book on John Stuart Mill 's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order , The Constitution of Liberty and `` The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization '' -LRB- eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty -RRB- .	The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization	What was the title of the his 1960 book 's second chapter ?
Hayek was disappointed that the book did not receive the same enthusiastic general reception as The Road to Serfdom had sixteen years before .	disappointed	How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960 ?
From 1962 until his retirement in 1968 , he was a professor at the University of Freiburg , West Germany , where he began work on his next book , Law , Legislation and Liberty .	West Germany	What country did Hayek move to in 1962 ?
From 1962 until his retirement in 1968 , he was a professor at the University of Freiburg , West Germany , where he began work on his next book , Law , Legislation and Liberty .	Law, Legislation and Liberty	What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany ?
Following his retirement , Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California , Los Angeles , where he continued work on Law , Legislation and Liberty , teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science .	University of California, Los Angeles	Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement ?
Primary drafts of the book were completed by 1970 , but Hayek chose to rework his drafts and finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973 , 1976 and 1979 .	1979	When was the final volume of Law , Legislation and Liberty released ?
Following his retirement , Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California , Los Angeles , where he continued work on Law , Legislation and Liberty , teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science .	philosophy of social science	During his time in Los Angeles , what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book ?
In February 1975 , Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party .	British Conservative Party	What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975 ?
The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after .	Hayek	Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party ?
During Thatcher 's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975 , a speaker had prepared a paper on why the `` middle way '' was the pragmatic path the Conservative Party should take , avoiding the extremes of left and right .	the "middle way"	What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher 's party by a speaker ?
It was Hayek 's The Constitution of Liberty .	The Constitution of Liberty	Which of Hayek 's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department ?
In 1977 , Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact , in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office .	Lib-Lab pact	What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977 ?
Hayek was criticised by Liberal politicians Gladwyn Jebb and Andrew Phillips , who both claimed that the purpose of the pact was to discourage socialist legislation .	discourage socialist legislation	What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do ?
In 1977 , Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact , in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office .	British Liberal Party	The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party ?
Writing to The Times , Hayek said , `` May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a socialist government in power has lost all title to the name ` Liberal ' .	all title to the name 'Liberal'	What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government ?
In 1978 , Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader , David Steel , who claimed that liberty was possible only with `` social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power , which in turn require a degree of active government intervention '' and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the connection between liberty and private enterprise than between liberty and democracy .	the Conservative Party	Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy ?
In 1978 , Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader , David Steel , who claimed that liberty was possible only with `` social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power , which in turn require a degree of active government intervention '' and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the connection between liberty and private enterprise than between liberty and democracy .	Liberal Party	With which political group was David Steel affiliated ?
In 1978 , Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader , David Steel , who claimed that liberty was possible only with `` social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power , which in turn require a degree of active government intervention '' and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the connection between liberty and private enterprise than between liberty and democracy .	Hayek	Who disagreed with David Steel 's statements in 1978
Hayek claimed that a limited democracy might be better than other forms of limited government at protecting liberty but that an unlimited democracy was worse than other forms of unlimited government because `` its government loses the power even to do what it thinks right if any group on which its majority depends thinks otherwise '' .	limited democracy	Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek ?
Hayek claimed that a limited democracy might be better than other forms of limited government at protecting liberty but that an unlimited democracy was worse than other forms of unlimited government because `` its government loses the power even to do what it thinks right if any group on which its majority depends thinks otherwise '' .	unlimited	Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives ?
In 1984 , he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour -LRB- CH -RRB- by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his `` services to the study of economics '' .	Order of the Companions of Honour	What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England ?
In 1984 , he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour -LRB- CH -RRB- by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his `` services to the study of economics '' .	Margaret Thatcher	Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order ?
In 1984 , he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour -LRB- CH -RRB- by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his `` services to the study of economics '' .	Prime Minister	In 1984 , what was Margaret Thatcher 's position within the British government ?
Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy , and after he was awarded the CH he sent a letter to his friends requesting that he be called the English version of Friedrich -LRB- Frederick -RRB- from now on .	Frederick	How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award ?
When , later that evening , Hayek was dropped off at the Reform Club , he commented : `` I 've just had the happiest day of my life . ''	"I've just had the happiest day of my life."	At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England , what did he say ?
In 1991 , US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom , one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States , for a `` lifetime of looking beyond the horizon '' .	a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon"	What was the reason given for Hayek 's 1991 award from the President ?
In 1991 , US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom , one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States , for a `` lifetime of looking beyond the horizon '' .	George H. W. Bush	Which President presented the award to Hayek ?
Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg , Germany , and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the northern outskirts of Vienna according to the Catholic rite .	Freiburg, Germany	Where was Hayek when he died ?
Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg , Germany , and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the northern outskirts of Vienna according to the Catholic rite .	northern outskirts	Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna ?
In 2011 , his article The Use of Knowledge in Society was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in the American Economic Review during its first 100 years .	American Economic Review	Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published ?
Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit -LRB- 1912 -RRB- , in which he also proposed an explanation for `` industrial fluctuations '' based on the ideas of the old British Currency School and of Swedish economist Knut Wicksell .	Theory of Money and Credit	What is the name of Mises ' 1912 book ?
Hayek 's principal investigations in economics concerned capital , money , and the business cycle .	capital	Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle , money and what else ?
Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle , elaborating what later became known as the `` Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle '' .	Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle	What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises ' book ?
Hayek spelled out the Austrian approach in more detail in his book , published in 1929 , an English translation of which appeared in 1933 as Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle .	Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle	What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929 ?
In his Prices and Production -LRB- 1931 -RRB- , Hayek argued that the business cycle resulted from the central bank 's inflationary credit expansion and its transmission over time , leading to a capital misallocation caused by the artificially low interest rates .	artificially low interest rates	According to Hayek , what was the cause of the banks ' wrongful allocation of funds ?
In 1929 , Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics -LRB- LSE -RRB- .	London School of Economics	Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929 ?
Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world -LRB- centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work of Alfred Marshall -RRB- , Robbins invited Hayek to join the faculty at LSE , which he did in 1931 .	narrow approach	In regards to economics , Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what ?
Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world -LRB- centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work of Alfred Marshall -RRB- , Robbins invited Hayek to join the faculty at LSE , which he did in 1931 .	Alfred Marshall	Which man 's works were mostly the cause of the '' narrow approach '' ?
In 1929 , Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics -LRB- LSE -RRB- .	Lionel Robbins	Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE ?
According to Nicholas Kaldor , Hayek 's theory of the time-structure of capital and of the business cycle initially `` fascinated the academic world '' and appeared to offer a less `` facile and superficial '' understanding of macroeconomics than the Cambridge school 's .	less "facile and superficial" understanding	What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics ?
Also in 1931 , Hayek critiqued Keynes 's Treatise on Money -LRB- 1930 -RRB- in his `` Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes '' and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production .	Prices and Production	Hayek 's critical analysis of Keyne 's work was published under what title ?
Unemployment and idle resources are , for Keynes , caused by a lack of effective demand ; for Hayek , they stem from a previous , unsustainable episode of easy money and artificially low interest rates .	artificially low interest rates	Apart from easy money , what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by ?
Keynes asked his friend Piero Sraffa to respond .	Piero Sraffa	Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek ?
Kaldor later wrote that Hayek 's Prices and Production had produced `` a remarkable crop of critics '' and that the total number of pages in British and American journals dedicated to the resulting debate `` could rarely have been equalled in the economic controversies of the past . ''	"a remarkable crop of critics"	According to Nicholas Kaldor , what had Hayek 's book created ?
Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory , revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits , Interest and Investment -LRB- 1939 -RRB- and The Pure Theory of Capital -LRB- 1941 -RRB- , but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were largely ignored , except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor .	works were largely ignored	What was the result of Hayek 's Prices and Production ?
Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory , revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits , Interest and Investment -LRB- 1939 -RRB- and The Pure Theory of Capital -LRB- 1941 -RRB- , but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were largely ignored , except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor .	Nicholas Kaldor	Who was particularly critical of Hayek 's work following Prices and Production ?
Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory , revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits , Interest and Investment -LRB- 1939 -RRB- and The Pure Theory of Capital -LRB- 1941 -RRB- , but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were largely ignored , except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor .	Profits, Interest and Investment	What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production ?
Lionel Robbins himself , who had embraced the Austrian theory of the business cycle in The Great Depression -LRB- 1934 -RRB- , later regretted having written the book and accepted many of the Keynesian counter-arguments .	the Austrian theory of the business cycle	Lionel Robbins ' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what ?
Lionel Robbins himself , who had embraced the Austrian theory of the business cycle in The Great Depression -LRB- 1934 -RRB- , later regretted having written the book and accepted many of the Keynesian counter-arguments .	Lionel Robbins	Who did Keynes ' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence ?
Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of `` the dynamics of capital '' that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital .	the dynamics of capital	What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would ?
After 1941 , he continued to publish works on the economics of information , political philosophy , the theory of law , and psychology , but seldom on macroeconomics .	macroeconomics	What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital ?
When , in 1974 , he shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal , the latter complained about being paired with an `` ideologue '' .	an "ideologue"	What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek ?
On the other hand , The Road to Serfdom is one of the great books of our time . ''	The Road to Serfdom	Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most ?
When , in 1974 , he shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal , the latter complained about being paired with an `` ideologue '' .	Gunnar Myrdal	Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize ?
Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others , Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources , these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably .	enough information	What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most ?
This argument , first proposed by Max Weber , says that the efficient exchange and use of resources can be maintained only through the price mechanism in free markets -LRB- see economic calculation problem -RRB- .	Max Weber	Whose work most notably influenced Hayek 's argument regarding resource distribution ?
This argument , first proposed by Max Weber , says that the efficient exchange and use of resources can be maintained only through the price mechanism in free markets -LRB- see economic calculation problem -RRB- .	through the price mechanism in free markets	What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed ?
Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others , Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources , these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably .	Ludwig von Mises	Other than Max Weber , who was a notable influence to Hayek 's statements regarding resource distribution ?
Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange , responded by invoking general equilibrium theory , which they argued disproved Mises 's thesis .	general equilibrium theory	What did some socialists bring up as a rebuttal to Hayek 's resource distribution argument ?
Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange , responded by invoking general equilibrium theory , which they argued disproved Mises 's thesis .	Mises's thesis	What did socialists believe equilibrium theory invalidated ?
They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations .	who was responsible for solving the equations	According to those who argued against Hayek , what sets planned and free markets apart is what ?
Through such a trial and error , a socialist economy could mimic the efficiency of a free market system , while avoiding its many problems .	free market	What type of economic system did the socialists want to avoid ?
In The Use of Knowledge in Society -LRB- 1945 -RRB- , Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge , allowing society 's members to achieve diverse , complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization .	The Use of Knowledge in Society	Which of Hayek 's books argued against the socialist price mechanism ?
He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central planning , arguing that the former allows for more rapid adaptation to changes in particular circumstances of time and place .	central planning	Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with ?
Thus , he set the stage for Oliver Williamson 's later contrast between markets and hierarchies as alternative co-ordination mechanisms for economic transactions .	Oliver Williamson	The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who ?
Hayek 's research into this argument was specifically cited by the Nobel Committee in its press release awarding Hayek the Nobel prize .	the Nobel prize	The arguments presented in Hayek 's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award ?
Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century .	collectivism	What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized ?
Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism -LRB- even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation -RRB- could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind .	a central authority	How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained ?
In his popular book , The Road to Serfdom -LRB- 1944 -RRB- and in subsequent academic works , Hayek argued that socialism required central economic planning and that such planning in turn leads towards totalitarianism .	central economic planning	According to Hayek , what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy ?
In his popular book , The Road to Serfdom -LRB- 1944 -RRB- and in subsequent academic works , Hayek argued that socialism required central economic planning and that such planning in turn leads towards totalitarianism .	totalitarianism	Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what ?
In Hayek 's view , the central role of the state should be to maintain the rule of law , with as little arbitrary intervention as possible .	maintain the rule of law	What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state ?
Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy , and specifically , in creating a `` safety net '' .	creating a "safety net"	Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what ?
He wrote , `` There is no reason why , in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has , the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom ; that is : some minimum of food , shelter and clothing , sufficient to preserve health .	all	Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to ?
He wrote , `` There is no reason why , in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has , the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom ; that is : some minimum of food , shelter and clothing , sufficient to preserve health .	sufficient to preserve health	According to Hayek , clothing , food and shelter should be provided to what extent ?
Nor is there any reason why the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance in providing for those common hazards of life against which few can make adequate provision . ''	social insurance	What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create ?
Hayek 's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment , non-permanent goods , potential permanent resources , and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists .	microeconomics	In what economic field of study does Hayek 's views differ from those in macroeconomics ?
Hayek 's work on the macroeconomic subjects of central planning , trade cycle theory , the division of knowledge , and entrepreneurial adaptation especially , differ greatly from the opinions of macroeconomic `` Marshallian '' economists in the tradition of John Maynard Keynes and the microeconomic `` Walrasian '' economists in the tradition of Abba Lerner .	"Marshallian"	What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought ?
Hayek 's work on the macroeconomic subjects of central planning , trade cycle theory , the division of knowledge , and entrepreneurial adaptation especially , differ greatly from the opinions of macroeconomic `` Marshallian '' economists in the tradition of John Maynard Keynes and the microeconomic `` Walrasian '' economists in the tradition of Abba Lerner .	Abba Lerner	Whose works inspire the term `` Walrasian '' in economics ?
During World War II , Hayek began the ` Abuse of Reason ' project .	During World War II	When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason ?
His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science .	fundamental misconceptions about the social science	What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason ?
In his philosophy of science , which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper , Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism : a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences , but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science .	Karl Popper	Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek 's ?
In his philosophy of science , which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper , Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism : a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences , but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science .	scientism	What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences ?
Usually , scientism involves combining the philosophers ' ancient demand for demonstrative justification with the associationists ' false view that all scientific explanations are simple two-variable linear relationships .	simple two-variable linear relationships	In scientism , it is typically believed that explanations in science are what ?
In The Sensory Order : An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology -LRB- 1952 -RRB- , Hayek independently developed a `` Hebbian learning '' model of learning and memory -- an idea which he first conceived in 1920 , prior to his study of economics .	1952	In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning ?
In The Sensory Order : An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology -LRB- 1952 -RRB- , Hayek independently developed a `` Hebbian learning '' model of learning and memory -- an idea which he first conceived in 1920 , prior to his study of economics .	Hebbian learning	Before he began studying economics , what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book ?
Hayek 's expansion of the `` Hebbian synapse '' construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience , cognitive science , computer science , behavioural science , and evolutionary psychology , by scientists such as Gerald Edelman , and Joaquin Fuster .	"Hebbian synapse"	What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science ?
In The Sensory Order : An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology -LRB- 1952 -RRB- , Hayek independently developed a `` Hebbian learning '' model of learning and memory -- an idea which he first conceived in 1920 , prior to his study of economics .	The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology	What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse ?
In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy , which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge , and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions .	the latter half of his career	When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge ?
He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order , in which the apparatus of state is employed almost -LRB- though not entirely -RRB- exclusively to enforce the legal order -LRB- consisting of abstract rules , and not particular commands -RRB- necessary for a market of free individuals to function .	a market order	What did Hayek want society to function around ?
He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order , in which the apparatus of state is employed almost -LRB- though not entirely -RRB- exclusively to enforce the legal order -LRB- consisting of abstract rules , and not particular commands -RRB- necessary for a market of free individuals to function .	to enforce the legal order	What is the responsibility of government in Hayek 's market order ?
Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic , free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be ' a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it ' .	would be self-regulating	What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek 's ideal free-market ?
Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic , free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be ' a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it ' .	good men	What would Hayek 's free-market not require in order to function properly ?
Hayek disapproved of the notion of ` social justice ' .	social justice	What concept did Hayek dislike ?
He compared the market to a game in which ` there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust ' and argued that ` social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content ' ; likewise `` the results of the individual 's efforts are necessarily unpredictable , and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning '' .	there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust	How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution ?
He compared the market to a game in which ` there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust ' and argued that ` social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content ' ; likewise `` the results of the individual 's efforts are necessarily unpredictable , and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning '' .	the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable	What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust ?
This would produce a kind of society which in all essential respects would be the opposite of a free society . ''	the opposite of a free society	According to Hayek , a society in which income is redistributed is what ?
Hayek 's concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy .	non-interventionist policy	What has Hayek 's views on the market been used to defend ?
Since humans rely on the ecosystem to sustain themselves , we have a prima facie obligation to not disrupt such systems .	prima facie	What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem ?
This analysis of ecosystems as spontaneous orders does not rely on markets qualifying as spontaneous orders .	spontaneous orders	What are ecosystems views to be ?
As such , one need not endorse Hayek 's analysis of markets to endorse ecosystems as spontaneous orders .	analysis of markets	One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek 's assessments ?
Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature .	our ability to manipulate nature	What is limited by the ignorance of humanity ?
As referenced in the section on `` The economic calculation problem , '' Hayek wrote that `` there is no reason why ... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance . ''	Hayek	According to Wapshott , who was promoting the implementation of universal health care ?
Summarizing on this topic , Wapshott writes '' -LSB- Hayek -RSB- advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance , enforced , if not directly provided , by the state . ''	the state	Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society ?
As referenced in the section on `` The economic calculation problem , '' Hayek wrote that `` there is no reason why ... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance . ''	The economic calculation problem	In which of Hayek 's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance ?
Bernard Harcourt says that `` Hayek was adamant about this . ''	Bernard Harcourt	Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net ?
Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek 's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science .	Arthur M. Diamond	Who criticizes Hayek 's ability to provide specific facts ?
Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek 's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science .	economic science	Diamond believes Hayek 's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic ?
He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation .	intellectual skeptic	What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek ?
It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory . ''	confused and contradictory	Diamond states that the final result of Hayek 's statements are what ?
But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period .	a transitional period	At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary ?
-LSB- ... -RSB- Personally I prefer a liberal dictatorship to democratic government devoid of liberalism .	a liberal dictatorship	What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals ?
My personal impression -- and this is valid for South America -- is that in Chile , for example , we will witness a transition from a dictatorial government to a liberal government . ''	a liberal government	What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future ?
In a letter to the London Times , he defended the Pinochet regime and said that he had `` not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under Allende . ''	Pinochet	As claimed by Hayek , Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler ?
For Hayek , the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship .	totalitarianism	Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what ?
For example , when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981 , he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regimes in Latin America .	Venezuela	What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism ?
In reply , Hayek warned against confusing `` totalitarianism with authoritarianism , '' and said that he was unaware of `` any totalitarian governments in Latin America .	totalitarian governments	What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America ?
For Hayek , however , the word ` totalitarian ' signifies something very specific : the want to `` organize the whole of society '' to attain a `` definite social goal '' -- which is stark in contrast to `` liberalism and individualism '' .	the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal”	What is Hayek 's definition of totalitarian ?
In 1932 , Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs , as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times .	private investment in the public markets	What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs ?
In 1932 , Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs , as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times .	Lionel Robbins	What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment ?
The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dating from Churchill 's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war , pre-inflationary par was the public policy backdrop for Hayek 's single public engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy , otherwise Hayek and Keynes agreed on many theoretical matters , and their economic disagreements were fundamentally theoretical , having to do almost exclusively with the relation of the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labour inputs .	Churchill	Who was responsible for England 's return to the use of gold as standard currency ?
In 1932 , Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs , as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times .	John Maynard Keynes	With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly ?
Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist -LRB- after Kenneth Arrow -RRB- in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics , which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation .	Kenneth Arrow	Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field ?
Another Nobel winner , Paul Samuelson , believed that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claimed that `` there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity .	Paul Samuelson	What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek 's capital theory despite being critical of the man ?
Despite this comment , Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and Böhm-Bawerk , and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher , Joseph Schumpeter , to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century , the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy .	Joseph Schumpeter	On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy , who does Samuelson believe was wrong ?
In 1931 , Hayek 's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success .	Hayek's	On the topic of mainstream economics , whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical ?
In 1931 , Hayek 's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success .	Prices and Production	Which of Hayek 's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics ?
The `` informal '' economics presented in Milton Friedman 's massively influential popular work Free to Choose -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge .	Milton Friedman's	Whose 1980 book mentions `` informal '' economics ?
The `` informal '' economics presented in Milton Friedman 's massively influential popular work Free to Choose -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge .	Free to Choose	What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980 ?
The `` informal '' economics presented in Milton Friedman 's massively influential popular work Free to Choose -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge .	Hayekian	How is Friedman 's book described in regards to the price system ?
This can be explained by the fact that Friedman taught Hayek 's famous paper `` The Use of Knowledge in Society '' -LRB- 1945 -RRB- in his graduate seminars .	The Use of Knowledge in Society	Which of Hayek 's works did Friedman once teach ?
Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper , also from Vienna .	Karl Popper	Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with ?
In a letter to Hayek in 1944 , Popper stated , `` I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker , except perhaps Alfred Tarski . ''	Alfred Tarski	Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper ?
Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek .	Conjectures and Refutations	Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work ?
For his part , Hayek dedicated a collection of papers , Studies in Philosophy , Politics , and Economics , to Popper and , in 1982 , said that `` ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934 , I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology '' .	Logik der Forschung	Which of Popper 's works was the first to grasp Hayek 's attention ?
Popper also participated in the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society .	the inaugural meeting	Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event ?
For example , Hayek 's discussion in The Road to Serfdom -LRB- 1944 -RRB- about truth , falsehood and the use of language influenced some later opponents of postmodernism .	The Road to Serfdom	Which of Hayek 's books had an impact on those against postmodernism ?
Hayek 's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger , who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment .	Carl Menger	To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success ?
Hayek 's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger , who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment .	Scottish Enlightenment	Carl Menger 's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period ??
After winning the United Kingdom general election , 1979 , Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph , the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies , as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament 's economic strategies .	1979	In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister ?
After winning the United Kingdom general election , 1979 , Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph , the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies , as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament 's economic strategies .	Keith Joseph	Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state ?
Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States , United Kingdom , and Canada .	conservative governments	During the 80s and 90s , three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what ?
After winning the United Kingdom general election , 1979 , Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph , the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies , as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament 's economic strategies .	director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies	What position did the British Prime Minister 's secretary of state previously hold ?
Likewise , David Stockman , Ronald Reagan 's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek .	Ronald Reagan's	One of Hayek 's supporters served which US president ?
Hayek wrote an essay , `` Why I Am Not a Conservative '' -LRB- included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty -RRB- , in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program , remarking , `` Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves . ''	conservatism	What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty ?
Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal , but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use `` liberal '' in its original definition , and the term `` libertarian '' has been used instead .	libertarian	What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek 's ideology ?
In this text , Hayek also opposed conservatism for `` its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism '' and its frequent association with imperialism .	internationalism	Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged ?
Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals , particularly a belief in the free market , he believed it 's because conservatism wants to `` stand still , '' whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it `` wants to go somewhere . ''	belief in the free market	What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism ?
Hayek wrote an essay , `` Why I Am Not a Conservative '' -LRB- included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty -RRB- , in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program , remarking , `` Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves . ''	"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves."	What was Hayek 's statement regarding conservatism ?
However , for his part , Hayek found this term `` singularly unattractive '' and offered the term `` Old Whig '' -LRB- a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke -RRB- instead .	Old Whig	What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian ?
His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers , for example James M. Buchanan 's essay `` Why I , Too , Am Not a Conservative : The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism '' .	liberal-minded economists	In opposition to conservatives , what group has Hayek 's work influenced ?
His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers , for example James M. Buchanan 's essay `` Why I , Too , Am Not a Conservative : The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism '' .	James M. Buchanan	Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek 's `` Why I Am Not a Conservative '' ?
However , for his part , Hayek found this term `` singularly unattractive '' and offered the term `` Old Whig '' -LRB- a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke -RRB- instead .	Edmund Burke	From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian ?
In his later life , he said , `` I am becoming a Burkean Whig . ''	a Burkean Whig	In his later years , what term did Hayek use to describe himself ?
His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of `` neoliberalism '' .	neoliberalism	What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals ?
A British scholar , Samuel Brittan , concluded in 2010 , `` Hayek 's book -LSB- The Constitution of Liberty -RSB- is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals . ''	Samuel Brittan	Who was it that claimed Hayek 's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy ?
Brittan adds that although Raymond Plant -LRB- 2009 -RRB- comes out in the end against Hayek 's doctrines , Plant gives The Constitution of Liberty a `` more thorough and fair-minded analysis than it has received even from its professed adherents '' .	Raymond Plant	Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek 's ?
In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative , British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook .	Madsen Pirie	Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative ?
Conservatives , he says , are not averse to change -- but like Hayek , they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to run things better .	people in authority who think they know how to run things better	According to Pirie , conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom ?
In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative , British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook .	mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook	Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason ?
They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop .	to function smoothly	What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market ?
Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea , is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day .	the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day	What is diarrhea ?
It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss .	can result in dehydration due to fluid loss	What is one of the effects of diarrhea ?
Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour .	loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour	What are the warning signs of dehydration ?
This can progress to decreased urination , loss of skin color , a fast heart rate , and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe .	decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness	What are other signs of dehydration ?
The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus , bacteria , or parasite ; a condition known as gastroenteritis .	an infection of the intestines	What is the most common cause of diarrhea ?
The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus , bacteria , or parasite ; a condition known as gastroenteritis .	a virus, bacteria, or parasite	What can cause an infection in the intestines ?
It may be divided into three types : short duration watery diarrhea , short duration bloody diarrhea , and if it lasts for more than two weeks , persistent diarrhea .	short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea	What are the three types of diarrhea ?
If blood is present it is also known as dysentery .	dysentery	What is it known as if blood is present ?
Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation , clean drinking water , and hand washing with soap .	improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap	What are some ways to prevent diarrhea ?
Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus .	Breastfeeding for at least six months	What else can a mom do to prevent diarrhea for her baby ?
Oral rehydration solution -LRB- ORS -RRB- , which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar , is the treatment of choice .	Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar	What is the treatment of choice for diarrhea ?
Antibiotics , while rarely used , may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever , those with severe diarrhea following travelling , and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool .	cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites	What conditions would a doctor prescribe antibiotics ?
About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year .	1.7 to 5 billion cases	HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year ?
It is most common in developing countries , where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year .	average three times a year	How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries ?
Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age .	malnutrition	Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases ?
Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development .	stunted growth and poor intellectual development	What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea ?
Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion , or there is an inhibition of absorption .	an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption	What is secretory diarrhea ?
The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions , especially chloride ions .	cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions	What are the causes of secretory diarrhea ?
If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt , these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea .	If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel	What causes osmotic diarrhea ?
Or it can be caused by osmotic laxatives -LRB- which work to alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels -RRB- .	alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels	How do osmotic lazatives work ?
In healthy individuals , too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose can produce osmotic diarrhea and distention of the bowel .	too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose	What can cause osmotic diarrhea in healthy people ?
Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border , which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids .	when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border	When does inflammatory diarrhea occur ?
Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border , which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids .	a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids	What happens with inflammatory diarrhea ?
It can be caused by bacterial infections , viral infections , parasitic infections , or autoimmune problems such as inflammatory bowel diseases .	bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems	What can cause inflammatory diarrhea ?
It can also be caused by tuberculosis , colon cancer , and enteritis .	tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.	What other causes are there for inflammatory diarrhea ?
Diarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development .	a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development	Diarrheal disease has what effects on a person ?
`` Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults , '' and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition .	reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults	What can early childhood malnutrition cause ?
`` Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults , '' and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition .	diarrhea	What is the cause of childhood malnutrition ?
Further , evidence suggests that diarrheal disease has significant impacts on mental development and health ; it has been shown that , even when controlling for helminth infection and early breastfeeding , children who had experienced severe diarrhea had significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence .	significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence	Children who have experienced sever diarrhea are more likely to have what effect ?
Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome -LRB- IBS -RRB- , which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool -LRB- diarrhea or constipation -RRB- for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months .	irritable bowel syndrome	What is IBS ?
Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome -LRB- IBS -RRB- , which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool -LRB- diarrhea or constipation -RRB- for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months .	abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months	What symptoms do you have with IBS ?
Symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS can be managed through a combination of dietary changes , soluble fiber supplements , and/or medications such as loperamide or codeine .	a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications	How can symptoms be managed with IBS ?
Poverty is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea in a population .	Poverty	What is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea ?
This association does not stem from poverty itself , but rather from the conditions under which impoverished people live .	from the conditions under which impoverished people live	Why does living in poverty raise your risk of diarrhea ?
The impact is exacerbated by the lack of adequate , available , and affordable medical care . ''	the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care.	What causes this to be exacerbated ?
Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning , including the prevention of infectious diarrhea .	for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea	Why is proper nutrition important ?
Children who have lowered levels of zinc have a greater number of instances of diarrhea , severe diarrhea , and diarrhea associated with fever .	greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever	What effects does lower levels of zinc have in children ?
Similarly , vitamin A deficiency can cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes , however there is some discrepancy when it comes to the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the rate of disease .	cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes	What can having a vitamin A deficiency cause ?
Given that estimates suggest 127 million preschool children worldwide are vitamin A deficient , this population has the potential for increased risk of disease contraction .	127 million	What is the rate of vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide ?
According to two researchers , Nesse and Williams , diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism .	diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism	What did Nesse and Williams learn ?
As a result , if it is stopped , there might be a delay in recovery .	there might be a delay in recovery.	If diarrhea is stopped , would could happen ?
They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug -LRB- Co-phenotrope , Lomotil -RRB- caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated .	caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated.	What happened with people with Shigella were treated with anti-diarrheal medication ?
Basic sanitation techniques can have a profound effect on the transmission of diarrheal disease .	Basic sanitation techniques	What has had major effects on the transmission of diarrheal diseases ?
The implementation of hand washing using soap and water , for example , has been experimentally shown to reduce the incidence of disease by approximately 42 -- 48 % .	approximately 42–48%	How much does hand washing reduce the chances of disease ?
Hand washing in developing countries , however , is compromised by poverty as acknowledged by the CDC : `` Handwashing is integral to disease prevention in all parts of the world ; however , access to soap and water is limited in a number of less developed countries .	access to soap and water is limited	Why do developing countries not wash their hands as much as other countries ?
Solutions to this barrier require the implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours .	implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours	What is a solution to help this problem ?
Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease , efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence .	water contamination	What is a major means of the spread of diarrhea disease ?
Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease , efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence .	clean water supply and improved sanitation	What has cut the rate of diarrhea disease incidents ?
Similarly , a meta-analysis of numerous studies on improving water supply and sanitation shows a 22 -- 27 % reduction in disease incidence , and a 21 -- 30 % reduction in mortality rate associated with diarrheal disease .	22–27% reduction in disease incidence	What would be the reduction in deisease incedence if there was better water and sanitation ?
Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy , however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination .	it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination	What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease ?
In the case of Rotavirus , which was responsible for around 6 % of diarrheal episodes and 20 % of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries , use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight -LRB- 2-3 % -RRB- decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence , while reducing overall mortality by 6-10 % .	Rotavirus	What is responsible for 6 % of dearrheal disease ?
In the case of Rotavirus , which was responsible for around 6 % of diarrheal episodes and 20 % of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries , use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight -LRB- 2-3 % -RRB- decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence , while reducing overall mortality by 6-10 % .	20%	What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths ?
In the case of Rotavirus , which was responsible for around 6 % of diarrheal episodes and 20 % of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries , use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight -LRB- 2-3 % -RRB- decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence , while reducing overall mortality by 6-10 % .	(2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence	What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine ?
In the case of Rotavirus , which was responsible for around 6 % of diarrheal episodes and 20 % of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries , use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight -LRB- 2-3 % -RRB- decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence , while reducing overall mortality by 6-10 % .	1985	What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used ?
Dietary deficiencies in developing countries can be combated by promoting better eating practices .	promoting better eating practices	What can be done to combate dietary deficiences ?
Zinc supplementation proved successful showing a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrheal disease compared to a control group .	Zinc	What has been used and shown successful in a decrease in incidence of diarrheal disease ?
Development of a supplementation strategy should take into consideration the fact that vitamin A supplementation was less effective in reducing diarrhea incidence when compared to vitamin A and zinc supplementation , and that the latter strategy was estimated to be significantly more cost effective .	zinc supplementation	WHat strategy was found out to be more cost effective ?
In many cases of diarrhea , replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed .	replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed	What is the basic treatment many cases of diarrhea need ?
This is usually by mouth -- oral rehydration therapy -- or , in severe cases , intravenously .	This is usually by mouth – oral rehydration therapy – or, in severe cases, intravenously	How is this treatment given ?
Diet restrictions such as the BRAT diet are no longer recommended .	BRAT diet	What type of diet is no longer recommended ?
To the contrary , WHO recommends that children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain , and that continuing to eat also speeds up recovery of normal intestinal functioning .	children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain	What does WHO recommend to do ?
Oral rehydration solution -LRB- ORS -RRB- -LRB- a slightly sweetened and salty water -RRB- can be used to prevent dehydration .	Oral rehydration solution (ORS)	What can be used to prevent dehydration ?
Standard home solutions such as salted rice water , salted yogurt drinks , vegetable and chicken soups with salt can be given .	salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt	What are some good standard home solutions ?
There are commercial solutions such as Pedialyte , and relief agencies such as UNICEF widely distribute packets of salts and sugar .	Pedialyte	What is a commercial solution that can also be used ?
A WHO publication for physicians recommends a homemade ORS consisting of one liter water with one teaspoon salt -LRB- 3 grams -RRB- and two tablespoons sugar -LRB- 18 grams -RRB- added -LRB- approximately the `` taste of tears '' -RRB- .	one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added	What is the WHO 's recipe for ORS ?
Drinks especially high in simple sugars , such as soft drinks and fruit juices , are not recommended in children under 5 years of age as they may increase dehydration .	Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices	What are not recommended for younger kids because it can casue more dehydration ?
A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body , just as if the person were to drink sea water .	A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water	Why are sodas and high sugar fruit juices not recommended ?
A nasogastric tube can be used in young children to administer fluids if warranted .	A nasogastric tube	What can be used to give fluids when they can not drink ?
WHO recommends a child with diarrhea continue to be fed .	a child with diarrhea continue to be fed	What does WHO recommend ?
Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function .	Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function	What does continuing to eat do for your illness ?
In contrast , children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly .	children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly	What happens when a childs food is restricted ?
While antibiotics are beneficial in certain types of acute diarrhea , they are usually not used except in specific situations .	they are usually not used except in specific situations	Are antibiotics used in diarrhea instances ?
There are concerns that antibiotics may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157 : H7 .	may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7	What are the concerns with anitbiotics ?
However , some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance , particularly Shigella .	some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance	What are bacteria doing that makes them not work as well ?
مدارس , madāris , Turkish : Medrese -RRB- is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution , whether secular or religious -LRB- of any religion -RRB- .	Arabic	What are the origins of the word madrasa ?
مدارس , madāris , Turkish : Medrese -RRB- is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution , whether secular or religious -LRB- of any religion -RRB- .	any type	What type of educational institution does the term madrasa refer ?
In the West , the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the Islamic religion , though this may not be the only subject studied .	Islamic	In Western culture , the term madrasa widely refers to the practices of what religion ?
Not all students in madaris are Muslims ; there is also a modern curriculum .	Not all	How many students enrolled in madaris are Muslim ?
The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root د-ر-س D-R-S ` to learn , study ' , through the wazn -LRB- form/stem -RRB- مفعل -LRB- ة -RRB- ; mafʻal -LRB- ah -RRB- , meaning `` a place where something is done '' .	triconsonantal Semitic	What are the root origins of the word madrasah ?
Therefore , madrasah literally means `` a place where learning and studying take place '' .	a place where learning and studying take place	What is the literal translation of madrasah ?
In the Arabic language , the word مدرسة madrasah simply means the same as school does in the English language , whether that is private , public or parochial school , as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim , non-Muslim , or secular .	same as school does in the English language	In Arabic , what does madarasah mean ?
For example , in the Ottoman Empire during the Early Modern Period , madaris had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as danişmends .	lower schools and specialised	During the Ottoman Empire , what types of schools were typical ?
For example , in the Ottoman Empire during the Early Modern Period , madaris had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as danişmends .	danişmends	What were the students in madaris called ?
However , in English , the term madrasah usually refers to the specifically Islamic institutions .	Islamic institutions	What is the English connotative understanding of the word madrash ?
A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study : a ḥifẓ course teaching memorization of the Qur ` an -LRB- the person who commits the entire Qurʼan to memory is called a ḥāfiẓ -RRB- ; and an ʻālim course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community .	memorization of the Qur'an	What is taught through a hifz class or set of classes ?
A regular curriculum includes courses in Arabic , tafsir -LRB- Qur ` anic interpretation -RRB- , sharīʻah -LRB- Islamic law -RRB- , hadiths -LRB- recorded sayings and deeds of Muhammad -RRB- , mantiq -LRB- logic -RRB- , and Muslim history .	Islamic law	What is shariah ?
A regular curriculum includes courses in Arabic , tafsir -LRB- Qur ` anic interpretation -RRB- , sharīʻah -LRB- Islamic law -RRB- , hadiths -LRB- recorded sayings and deeds of Muhammad -RRB- , mantiq -LRB- logic -RRB- , and Muslim history .	logic	What is the discipline taught in mantiq courses ?
A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study : a ḥifẓ course teaching memorization of the Qur ` an -LRB- the person who commits the entire Qurʼan to memory is called a ḥāfiẓ -RRB- ; and an ʻālim course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community .	ʻālim	What set of courses does someone need to take for preparation to be considered as a scholar ?
People of all ages attend , and many often move on to becoming imams .	all ages	What age groups are usually enrolled in madaris ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The certificate of an ʻālim , for example , requires approximately twelve years of study .	approximately twelve years	How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses to earn a certificate or graduate ?
The madaris also resemble colleges , where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories .	people take evening classes and reside in dormitories	In what ways are madaris similar to western colleges ?
An important function of the madaris is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training .	provide them with education and training	Why do madaris extend enrollment to children of less fortunate circumstances ?
Madaris may enroll female students ; however , they study separately from the men .	they study separately from the men	What is the format for co-education for women in madaris ?
The term `` Islamic education '' means education in the light of Islam itself , which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims .	education in the light of Islam itself	What is the meaning of Islamic education ?
The term `` Islamic education '' means education in the light of Islam itself , which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims .	Quran	What book is the basis for education in Islamic traditions ?
Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same .	Muslim education	What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education ?
Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism .	monotheism	What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned ?
The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa , where Hazrat Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers .	the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam	Where was the first madrasa located ?
The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa , where Hazrat Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers .	Hazrat Muhammad	Who was the teacher at the first madrasa ?
Hazrat ` Ubada bin Samit was appointed there by Hazrat Muhammad as teacher and among the students .	Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit	Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa , housed in a mosque ?
There were also trainings of horse-riding , art of war , handwriting and calligraphy , athletics and martial arts .	calligraphy	What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris ?
There were also trainings of horse-riding , art of war , handwriting and calligraphy , athletics and martial arts .	athletics and martial arts	What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris ?
During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East , many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf .	ruling elite	Which class of people founded the madaris during the medieval period ?
During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East , many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf .	through a religious endowment	How were the madaris funded during the medieval period ?
Especially during the Mamlūk period , when only former slaves could assume power , the sons of the ruling Mamlūk elite were unable to inherit .	former slaves	What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period ?
Guaranteed positions within the new madaris thus allowed them to maintain status .	Guaranteed positions within the new madaris	What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period ?
Madaris built in this period include the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Ḥasan in Cairo .	Cairo	In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan ?
The madaris , however , were not centres of advanced scientific study ; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the patronage of royal courts .	royal courts	Who traditionally paid for scholars to study natural sciences ?
the Caliphate experienced a growth in literacy , having the highest literacy rate of the Middle Ages , comparable to classical Athens ' literacy in antiquity but on a much larger scale .	Caliphate	What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages ?
The emergence of the maktab and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world .	maktab and madrasa institutions	What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate ?
Within several centuries , the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and dispersed them across the Islamic legal schools and Sufi orders .	several centuries	How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns ?
In the medieval Islamic world , an elementary school was known as a maktab , which dates back to at least the 10th century .	10th century	When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools ?
In the medieval Islamic world , an elementary school was known as a maktab , which dates back to at least the 10th century .	maktab	What term refers to Islamic elementary schools ?
In the 11th century , the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā -LRB- known as Avicenna in the West -RRB- , in one of his books , wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled `` The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children , '' as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools .	Ibn Sīnā	Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers ?
He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors , and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case , citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils , as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates .	classes	What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors ?
Ibn Sīnā described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail , describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school .	two	How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings ?
Ibn Sīnā refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills , regardless of their social status .	manual skills	What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in secondary education ?
He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in , whether it was reading , manual skills , literature , preaching , medicine , geometry , trade and commerce , craftsmanship , or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career .	14	According to Ibn Sina , at what age should children choose a direction for their education ?
He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate , as the student 's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account .	flexibility	According to Ibn Sina , what is needed to support transition at the secondary stage of education ?
He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in , whether it was reading , manual skills , literature , preaching , medicine , geometry , trade and commerce , craftsmanship , or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career .	future career	What should secondary training provide a student in the secondary stage of school ?
During its formative period , the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution , whose curriculum initially included only the `` religious sciences '' , whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded .	religious sciences	What discipline was studied in traditional madrasah ?
During its formative period , the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution , whose curriculum initially included only the `` religious sciences '' , whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded .	philosophy and the secular sciences	What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum ?
The curriculum of a madrasah was usually set by its founder , but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences .	its founder	Who decided the content that would be delivered in a particular madrasah ?
Madaris were established throughout the Islamic world , examples being the 9th century University of al-Qarawiyyin , the 10th century al-Azhar University -LRB- the most famous -RRB- , the 11th century Niẓāmīyah , as well as 75 madaris in Cairo , 51 in Damascus and up to 44 in Aleppo between 1155 and 1260 .	al-Azhar University	What is the most widely known madrasah ?
Madaris were established throughout the Islamic world , examples being the 9th century University of al-Qarawiyyin , the 10th century al-Azhar University -LRB- the most famous -RRB- , the 11th century Niẓāmīyah , as well as 75 madaris in Cairo , 51 in Damascus and up to 44 in Aleppo between 1155 and 1260 .	75	How many madaris have been founded in Cairo ?
Madaris were largely centred on the study of fiqh -LRB- Islamic jurisprudence -RRB- .	fiqh	What term refers to Islamic law ?
The ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ -LRB- `` licence to teach and issue legal opinions '' -RRB- in the medieval Islamic legal education system had its origins in the 9th century after the formation of the madhāhib -LRB- schools of jurisprudence -RRB- .	9th century	When did Islamic law school begin ?
To obtain an ijāzah , a student `` had to study in a guild school of law , usually four years for the basic undergraduate course '' and ten or more years for a post-graduate course .	ten or more years	How long did a student have to study law , in early Islamic law graduate schools , in order to graduate ?
George Makdisi considers the ijāzah to be the origin of the European doctorate .	European doctorate	What traditional schooling has been considered modeled after the traditional Islamic graduate schools ?
According to Makdisi , the Latin title licentia docendi ` licence to teach ' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic , but the underlying concept was very different .	licence to teach	What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students ?
A significant difference between the ijāzat al-tadrīs and the licentia docendi was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher , while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university , who represented the collective faculty , rather than the individual scholar-teacher .	individual scholar-teacher	Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools ?
A significant difference between the ijāzat al-tadrīs and the licentia docendi was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher , while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university , who represented the collective faculty , rather than the individual scholar-teacher .	chief official of the university	Who awarded a teaching license in European schools ?
According to Makdisi , the Latin title licentia docendi ` licence to teach ' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic , but the underlying concept was very different .	licentia docendi	What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris ?
Much of the study in the madrasah college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox .	whether certain opinions of law were orthodox	What determination of the study of law was held to much debate ?
This scholarly process of `` determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman , called in that capacity mustaftī , presented to a jurisconsult , called mufti , soliciting from him a response , called fatwa , a legal opinion -LRB- the religious law of Islam covers civil as well as religious matters -RRB- .	civil as well as religious	What type of matters are covered through Islamic law ?
This scholarly process of `` determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman , called in that capacity mustaftī , presented to a jurisconsult , called mufti , soliciting from him a response , called fatwa , a legal opinion -LRB- the religious law of Islam covers civil as well as religious matters -RRB- .	fatwa	What is the Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion ?
This process of scholarly research was called ijtihād , literally , the exertion of one 's efforts to the utmost limit . ''	process of scholarly research	What is ijtihad ?
Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century , some medieval Islamic madaris indeed became universities .	10th century	When did some madaris become considered like traditional colleges ?
Darleen Pryds questions this view , pointing out that madaris and European universities in the Mediterranean region shared similar foundations by princely patrons and were intended to provide loyal administrators to further the rulers ' agenda .	princely patrons	What class of people founded both European universities and Islamic madaris
Darleen Pryds questions this view , pointing out that madaris and European universities in the Mediterranean region shared similar foundations by princely patrons and were intended to provide loyal administrators to further the rulers ' agenda .	further the rulers' agenda	What was considered to be the underlying purpose of madaris ?
George Makdisi and others , however , argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world .	George Makdisi	Who argued that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common ?
al-Qarawīyīn University in Fez , Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world , having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri .	859	When was al-Qarawiyin University founded ?
al-Qarawīyīn University in Fez , Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world , having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri .	Fatima al-Fihri	Who founded al-Qarawiyin University ?
While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels , the jāmiʻahs -LRB- such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University -RRB- differed in the sense that they were larger institutions , more universal in terms of their complete source of studies , had individual faculties for different subjects , and could house a number of mosques , madaris , and other institutions within them .	all levels	What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University ?
While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels , the jāmiʻahs -LRB- such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University -RRB- differed in the sense that they were larger institutions , more universal in terms of their complete source of studies , had individual faculties for different subjects , and could house a number of mosques , madaris , and other institutions within them .	mosques	What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University ?
While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels , the jāmiʻahs -LRB- such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University -RRB- differed in the sense that they were larger institutions , more universal in terms of their complete source of studies , had individual faculties for different subjects , and could house a number of mosques , madaris , and other institutions within them .	individual faculties for different subjects	What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University ?
Al-Azhar University , founded in Cairo , Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī Fatimid dynasty as a jāmiʻah , had individual faculties for a theological seminary , Islamic law and jurisprudence , Arabic grammar , Islamic astronomy , early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy .	975	When was Al-Azhar University founded ?
Al-Azhar University , founded in Cairo , Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī Fatimid dynasty as a jāmiʻah , had individual faculties for a theological seminary , Islamic law and jurisprudence , Arabic grammar , Islamic astronomy , early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy .	Cairo, Egypt	Where is Al-Azhar University located ?
The postgraduate doctorate in law was only obtained after `` an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate 's theses '' , and to test the student 's `` ability to defend them against all objections , in disputations set up for the purpose . ''	an oral examination	What was required to earn a law degree at Al-Azhar University ?
` Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī also delivered lectures on Islamic medicine at al-Azhar , while Maimonides delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of Saladin .	Maimonides	Who was an astronomy professor at Al-Azhar University ?
Another early jāmiʻah was the Niẓāmīyah of Baghdād -LRB- founded 1091 -RRB- , which has been called the `` largest university of the Medieval world . ''	largest university of the Medieval world	What is Nizamiyah of Baghdad most known for ?
In madaris , the ijāzahs were only issued in one field , the Islamic religious law of sharīʻah , and in no other field of learning .	Islamic religious law of sharīʻah	What field does the ijazah signify expertise in ?
For example , a natural science like astronomy was only studied -LRB- if at all -RRB- to supply religious needs , like the time for prayer .	supply religious needs	What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris ?
In contrast to the medieval doctorate which was granted by the collective authority of the faculty , the Islamic degree was not granted by the teacher to the pupil based on any formal criteria , but remained a `` personal matter , the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it ; no one could force him to give one '' .	the teacher	Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris ?
This is why Ptolemaic astronomy was considered adequate , and is still taught in some modern day madaris .	Ptolemaic astronomy	What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris ?
The Islamic law undergraduate degree from al-Azhar , the most prestigious madrasa , was traditionally granted without final examinations , but on the basis of the students ' attentive attendance to courses .	al-Azhar	What is considered the most famous madrasa ?
Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term `` university '' for the Islamic madaris and jāmi`ahs because the medieval university -LRB- from Latin universitas -RRB- was structurally different , being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like the madrasa and jāmiʻah .	Medievalist specialists	Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities ?
Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term `` university '' for the Islamic madaris and jāmi`ahs because the medieval university -LRB- from Latin universitas -RRB- was structurally different , being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like the madrasa and jāmiʻah .	madrasa and jāmiʻah	What are two examples of waqfs ?
Despite the many similarities , medieval specialists have coined the term `` Islamic college '' for madrasa and jāmiʻah to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were .	Islamic college	What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as ?
In a sense , the madrasa resembles a university college in that it has most of the features of a university , but lacks the corporate element .	corporate element	What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities ?
In central and eastern Islamic lands , the view that the madrasa , as a charitable endowment , will remain under the control of the donor -LRB- and their descendent -RRB- , resulted in a `` spurt '' of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th centuries .	11th and 12th centuries	When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly ?
However , in Western Islamic lands , where the Maliki views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment , madaris were not as popular .	Western Islamic lands	Where are madaris considered less desirable ?
The madrasa of al-Qarawīyīn , one of the two surviving madaris that predate the founding of the earliest medieval universities and are thus claimed to be the `` first universities '' by some authors , has acquired official university status as late as 1947 .	1947	When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university ?
In central and eastern Islamic lands , the view that the madrasa , as a charitable endowment , will remain under the control of the donor -LRB- and their descendent -RRB- , resulted in a `` spurt '' of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th centuries .	the donor	When the madaris are considered as a charity , who controls the school ?
The other , al-Azhar , did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century , notably the one of 1961 which introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum , such as economics , engineering , medicine , and agriculture .	economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture	What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961 ?
Nevertheless , Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa , including the concepts of a degree and doctorate .	European university	What institutions have been considered to take some its ideas from madaris ?
Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education .	eighteen	How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between Islamic language and European educational practices ?
Nevertheless , Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa , including the concepts of a degree and doctorate .	degree and doctorate	What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be adapted from madaris ?
Some of the practices now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include `` practices such as delivering inaugural lectures , wearing academic robes , obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis , and even the idea of academic freedom are also modelled on Islamic custom . ''	academic	What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe European schools learned from Islamic traditions ?
Some of the practices now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include `` practices such as delivering inaugural lectures , wearing academic robes , obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis , and even the idea of academic freedom are also modelled on Islamic custom . ''	wearing academic robes	What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools learned from madaris ?
Generally , some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on `` the accumulation of close parallels '' , but all the while failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world .	Christian	What other religion was considered to share parallels in teaching styles with the Muslim faith ?
Generally , some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on `` the accumulation of close parallels '' , but all the while failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world .	overstating his case	What was Makdisi accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools ?
Norman Daniel points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation , the taliqa , was reserved for the ruler 's court , not the madrasa , and that the actual differences between Islamic fiqh and medieval European civil law were profound .	civil law	What is the European version of fiqh ?
Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having `` common problems : to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities , and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of Greek philosophy '' ; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence , not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other , a view shared by Hugh Kennedy .	parallel occurrence	What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools ?
Prior to the 12th century , women accounted for less than one percent of the world 's Islamic scholars .	less than one percent	What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 1200s ?
However , al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century .	over 8,000	How many female Islamic scholars were on record after the 1400s ?
al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ to female scholars , giving information on 1,075 of them .	al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ	In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic female students ?
al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ to female scholars , giving information on 1,075 of them .	1,075	How many female students were discussed in the al-Daw ' al-Iami ?
In particular , many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in music , dancing and poetry .	music, dancing and poetry	What disciplines were women trained in during the first century ?
Moreover , among the most prominent feminine figures was Shuhda who was known as `` the Scholar '' or `` the Pride of Women '' during the 12th century in Baghdad .	Shuhda	Who was the most well known female scholar in Islamic schools ?
Moreover , among the most prominent feminine figures was Shuhda who was known as `` the Scholar '' or `` the Pride of Women '' during the 12th century in Baghdad .	Baghdad	Where did Shuhda attend school ?
Despite the recognition of women 's aptitudes during the Abbasid dynasty , all these came to an end in Iraq with the sack of Baghdad in 1258 .	1258	When was formal education for Islamic women halted ?
From around 750 , during the Abbasid Caliphate , women `` became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty '' .	Abbasid	During which Caliphate did Islamic women begin attending formal school ?
According to the Sunni scholar Ibn ʻAsākir in the 12th century , there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world , writing that women could study , earn ijazahs -LRB- academic degrees -RRB- , and qualify as scholars and teachers .	scholars and teachers	What titles could women earn by going to Islamic schools ?
This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families , who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters .	learned and scholarly families	Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were educated in Islamic schools ?
According to a hadith attributed to Muhammad , he praised the women of Medina because of their desire for religious knowledge :	their desire for religious knowledge	Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem women in Medina ?
Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by Muhammad 's wives , such as Khadijah , a successful businesswoman .	Muhammad's wives	Who created a pathway for education for women in the Islamic world ?
Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by Muhammad 's wives , such as Khadijah , a successful businesswoman .	Khadijah	Which one of Muhammad 's wives had a particular impact on his view of women and education ?
İnalcık also mentions that while scholars from for example Persia travelled to the Ottomans in order to share their knowledge , Ottomans travelled as well to receive education from scholars of these Islamic lands , such as Egypt , Persia and Turkestan .	Ottomans	Who traveled abroad to get an education at madaris ?
He built eight madaris that were built `` on either side of the mosque where there were eight higher madaris for specialised studies and eight lower medreses , which prepared students for these . ''	eight	How many madaris were started by Mehmed the Conqueror ?
For example , there were lower madaris and specialised ones , and for one to get into the specialised area meant that he had to complete the classes in the lower one in order to adequately prepare himself for higher learning .	complete the classes in the lower one	How would a student matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire ?
The fact that they were built around , or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion .	near mosques	Where were Ottoman madaris built ?
`` The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam . ''	1331	When was the first Ottoman madrasa built ?
Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study , such as calligraphic sciences , oral sciences , and intellectual sciences , they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning .	spiritual learning	What was the essential mission of Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire ?
İnalcık also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam . ''	confirm the doctrines of Islam	Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris ?
Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society , it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heftily religious and were not religiously pluralistic , but centred around Islam .	pluralistic	What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have ?
Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society , it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heftily religious and were not religiously pluralistic , but centred around Islam .	Islam	What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire ?
Thus , Ottoman madaris were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies ; however , these studies , in their ultimate objective , aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories .	wide range of studies	What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools ?
Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes , such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens , were held under the infrastructure of a mosque , which reveals the interconnectedness of religion and social life during this period .	aid to the poor through soup kitchens	What kind of social service was provided through the madaris ?
Social life was not dominated by religion only in the Muslim world of the Ottoman Empire ; it was also quite similar to the social life of Europe during this period .	religion	What had a hold over social life in the Ottoman Empire as well as other cultures ?
Hence , medreses were simply part of the social life of society as students came to learn the fundamentals of their societal values and beliefs .	medreses	Where did students learn about religious and social norms ?
`` They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy . ''	Islamic orthodoxy	What practice was desired through connecting religion and schools ?
The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country , namely the Deobandis , who dominate in numbers -LRB- of whom the Darul Uloom Deoband constitutes one of the biggest madaris -RRB- and the Barelvis , who also make up a sizeable portion -LRB- Sufi-oriented -RRB- .	Deobandis	What group makes up a larger percentage of people in India ?
In July 2015 , the state government of Maharashtra created a stir de-recognised madrasa education , receiving critisicm from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state , and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was `` ill-designed ''	Hindu-Muslim friction	What problems are arising due to the political conflicts over schools ?
Some notable establishments include : Al Jamiatul Ashrafia , Mubarakpur , Manzar Islam Bareilly , Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi , Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the Barelvis .	Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad	What is the largest school for Barelvis people in India ?
Though the madaris impart Quranic education mainly , efforts are on to include Mathematics , Computers and science in the curriculum .	Mathematics, Computers and science	What disciplines does India want to introduce to madaris ?
In July 2015 , the state government of Maharashtra created a stir de-recognised madrasa education , receiving critisicm from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state , and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was `` ill-designed ''	2015	In what year did the Indian government begin to stop recognizing madaris as schools ?
In 2005 , an estimated 6,000 Muslim Arabic teachers taught in Kerala government schools , with over 500,000 Muslim students .	over 500,000	How many Muslim students are there in Kerala ?
In 2005 , an estimated 6,000 Muslim Arabic teachers taught in Kerala government schools , with over 500,000 Muslim students .	6,000	How many Muslim teachers are there in Kerala ?
State-appointed committees , not private mosques or religious scholars outside the government , determine the curriculum and accreditation of new schools and colleges .	State-appointed committees	Who determines the content taught in Arabic public schools ?
Primary education in Arabic and Islamic studies is available to Kerala Muslims almost entirely in after-school madrasa programs - sharply unlike full-time madaris common in north India , which may replace formal schooling .	after-school	What types of programs provide traditional Islamic teaching ?
At all levels , instruction is co-educational , with many women instructors and professors .	co-educational	What is the format of school for girls and boys ?
In Southeast Asia , Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school .	students	Who decides if Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris ?
Madaris or Islamic schools are known as Sekolah Agama -LRB- Malay : religious school -RRB- in Malaysia and Indonesia , โรงเรียนศาสนาอิสลาม -LRB- Thai : school of Islam -RRB- in Thailand and madaris in the Philippines .	Sekolah Agama	What are madaris referred to as in Indonesia and Malaysia ?
In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion , Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand -LRB- near the Thai-Malaysian border -RRB- and the southern Philippines in Mindanao , where a significant Muslim population can be found .	Mindanao	What region of the Philippines has a large Muslim population ?
In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion , Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand -LRB- near the Thai-Malaysian border -RRB- and the southern Philippines in Mindanao , where a significant Muslim population can be found .	southern	What region of Thailand has madaris ?
There are six Madrasahs in Singapore , catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4 .	six	How many madrasahs are in Sinagapore ?
The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate -LRB- IB -RRB- programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019 .	International Baccalaureate	What program is being installed in madrasahs in Singapore ?
The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate -LRB- IB -RRB- programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019 .	2019	What year is it planned for IB programs to be in place at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah ?
Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire , including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls , in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state .	the songkok for boys and tudong for girls	What will the uniform be at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah ?
In 2004 , madaris were mainstreamed in 16 Regions nationwide , primarily in Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao under the auspices of the Department of Education -LRB- DepEd -RRB- .	16	How many regions in Singapore have widely accepted madaris ?
The DepEd adopted Department Order No. 51 , which instituted Arabic-language and Islamic Values instruction for Muslim children in state schools , and authorised implementation of the Standard Madrasa Curriculum -LRB- SMC -RRB- in private-run madaris .	Department Order No. 51	What law protects the teaching of Arabic and Islamic traditions in Mindanao ?
In 2004 , madaris were mainstreamed in 16 Regions nationwide , primarily in Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao under the auspices of the Department of Education -LRB- DepEd -RRB- .	2004	When did madaris become more accepted in Mindanao ?
The DepEd adopted Department Order No. 51 , which instituted Arabic-language and Islamic Values instruction for Muslim children in state schools , and authorised implementation of the Standard Madrasa Curriculum -LRB- SMC -RRB- in private-run madaris .	Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC)	What curriculum is used in non public madaris in Mindanao ?
The first Madressa established in North America , Al-Rashid Islamic Institute , was established in Cornwall , Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are Hafiz -LRB- Quran -RRB- and Ulama .	1983	When was the first madrasa started in North America ?
Due to its proximity to the US border city of Messina the school has historically had a high ratio of US students .	US	What country has many students that attend Al-Rashid Islamic Institute ?
The first Madressa established in North America , Al-Rashid Islamic Institute , was established in Cornwall , Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are Hafiz -LRB- Quran -RRB- and Ulama .	Cornwall, Ontario	Where is Al-Rashid Islamic Institute ?
Their most prominent graduate Shaykh Muhammad Alshareef completed his Hifz in the early 1990s then went on to deviate from his traditional roots and form the Salafist organization the AlMaghrib Institute .	AlMaghrib Institute	What organization did Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef start ?
Western commentators post-9 / 11 often perceive madaris as places of radical revivalism with a connotation of anti-Americanism and radical extremism , frequently associated in the Western press with Wahhabi attitudes toward non-Muslims .	anti-Americanism and radical extremism	What is the common western perception of the teaching received at madaris ?
Madaris have varied curricula , and are not all religious .	varied curricula	What type of content is delivered at madaris ?
Some madaris in India , for example , have a secularised identity .	secularised	What type of teaching is provided at Indian madaris ?
This is similar to the Western world , in which universities began as institutions of the Catholic church .	institutions of the Catholic church	What are the origins of western schools ?
For example , in the Ottoman Empire , `` Madrasahs had seven categories of sciences that were taught , such as : styles of writing , oral sciences like the Arabic language , grammar , rhetoric , and history and intellectual sciences , such as logic . ''	seven	How many science disciplines were taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire ?
In 1682 , William Penn founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony .	William Penn	Who founded Philadelphia ?
Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution in 1787 .	a meeting place for the Founding Fathers	What role did Philadelphia play in the American Revolution ?
Philadelphia was one of the nation 's capitals in the Revolutionary War , and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. , was under construction .	temporary U.S. capital	What purpose did Philadelphia serve while D.C. was under construction ?
It became a prime destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration and surpassed two million occupants by 1950 .	1950	When did it reach 2 million occupants >
As a result , the economic base of Philadelphia , which had historically been manufacturing , declined significantly .	manufacturing	What was the historical economic base of Philadelphia ?
The city in fact approached bankruptcy in the late 1980s .	late 1980s	When did the city near bankruptcy ?
Philadelphia struggled through a long period of adjustment to these economic changes , coupled with significant demographic change as wealthier residents moved into the nearby suburbs and more immigrants moved into the city .	suburbs	Where did wealthy residents move ?
Philadelphia struggled through a long period of adjustment to these economic changes , coupled with significant demographic change as wealthier residents moved into the nearby suburbs and more immigrants moved into the city .	immigrants	Who replaced the wealthy ?
With a gross domestic product of $ 388 billion , Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation .	$388 billion	What is the GDP of the city ?
With a gross domestic product of $ 388 billion , Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation .	fourth	Where does it rank in comparison to other US cities in GDP ?
Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies .	seven	How many Fortune 500 companies call Philadelpia home ?
The city is known for its arts , culture , and history , attracting over 39 million domestic tourists in 2013 .	39 million	How many domestic tourists visit annually ?
Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps , and is also the home of many U.S. firsts , including the first library -LRB- 1731 -RRB- , first hospital -LRB- 1751 -RRB- and medical school -LRB- 1765 -RRB- , first Capitol -LRB- 1777 -RRB- , first stock exchange -LRB- 1790 -RRB- , first zoo -LRB- 1874 -RRB- , and first business school -LRB- 1881 -RRB- .	United States Marine Corps	What branch of the US military was born in Philadelphia ?
The Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government .	Lenape	What native American tribe lived in the area before settlement ?
Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape .	Iroquois	What other tribe occasionally fought against the Lenape ?
Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases , mainly smallpox , and violent conflict with Europeans .	smallpox	What disease killed the most Lenape ?
Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin .	upper Ohio River basin	Where did the Lenape go after being pushed out of the Philidelphia area ?
In the 21st century , most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma , with some communities living also in Wisconsin , Ontario -LRB- Canada -RRB- and in their traditional homelands .	Oklahoma	Where do the Lenape reside today ?
Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century , with the first settlements founded by the Dutch , who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn , New Jersey .	the Dutch	Who were the first settlers to the Delaware Valley ?
Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century , with the first settlements founded by the Dutch , who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn , New Jersey .	Fort Nassau	What was the name of the first settlement in the area ?
The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony .	The Dutch	Who claimed the entire Delaware River ?
The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664 , but the situation did not really change until 1682 , when the area was included in William Penn 's charter for Pennsylvania .	1664	When did the English conquer the New Netherland colony ?
In 1681 , in partial repayment of a debt , Charles II of England granted William Penn a charter for what would become the Pennsylvania colony .	William Penn	Who founded the Pennsylvania colony ?
Despite the royal charter , Penn bought the land from the local Lenape to be on good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for his colony .	Lenape	Who did Penn buy the land from ?
As a Quaker , Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely .	Quaker	What religion did William Penn practice ?
Before Penn left Philadelphia for the last time , he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city .	1701	When was Philadelphia established as a city ?
Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city , Penn laid out roads on a grid plan to keep houses and businesses spread far apart , with areas for gardens and orchards .	grid plan	What type of street layout did Penn use for Philadelphia ?
The city hosted the First Continental Congress before the American Revolutionary War ; the Second Continental Congress , which signed the United States Declaration of Independence , during the war ; and the Constitutional Convention -LRB- 1787 -RRB- after the war .	Declaration of Independence,	What important revolutionary document was signed in Philadelphia ?
The city hosted the First Continental Congress before the American Revolutionary War ; the Second Continental Congress , which signed the United States Declaration of Independence , during the war ; and the Constitutional Convention -LRB- 1787 -RRB- after the war .	1787	When did Philadelphia host the Constitutional Convention ?
Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well .	Several	How many Revolutionary War battles were fought around Philadelphia ?
The state government left Philadelphia in 1799 , and the federal government was moved to Washington , DC in 1800 with completion of the White House and Capitol .	1799	When did the US government leave Philadelphia for D.C. ?
Before 1800 , its free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church -LRB- AME -RRB- , the first independent black denomination in the country , and the first black Episcopal Church .	African Methodist Episcopal Church	What religion did the black community found ?
New York City soon surpassed Philadelphia in population , but with the construction of roads , canals , and railroads , Philadelphia became the first major industrial city in the United States .	New York City	Which city surpassed the population of Philadelphia ?
New York City soon surpassed Philadelphia in population , but with the construction of roads , canals , and railroads , Philadelphia became the first major industrial city in the United States .	industrial	What type of economy did Philadelphia have ?
Throughout the 19th century , Philadelphia had a variety of industries and businesses , the largest being textiles .	textiles	What was Philadelphia 's biggest industry during the 19th century ?
Industry , along with the U.S. Centennial , was celebrated in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition , the first official World 's Fair in the United States .	1876	When was the first World 's Fair ?
Immigrants , mostly Irish and German , settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts .	Irish and German	Which were the two biggest immigrant groups in Philadelphia ?
The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Act of Consolidation of 1854 , which extended the city limits of Philadelphia from the 2 square miles of present-day Center City to the roughly 130 square miles of Philadelphia County .	130 square miles	What is the size in square miles today ?
These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835 , in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday .	immigrants	Who carried out the first strike in North America ?
These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835 , in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday .	1835	When did the strike take place ?
These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835 , in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday .	ten-hour workday	What did the strikers achieve ?
The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine in the 1840s ; housing for them was developed south of South Street , and was later occupied by succeeding immigrants .	the Great Famine	Why did so many Irish immigrants come to Philadelphia ?
Between 1880 and 1930 , the African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559 .	Between 1880 and 1930	When did the black population explode ?
By the 20th century , Philadelphia had become known as `` corrupt and contented '' , with a complacent population and an entrenched Republican political machine .	Republican	Which political party controlled Philadelphia in the early 20th century ?
By the 20th century , Philadelphia had become known as `` corrupt and contented '' , with a complacent population and an entrenched Republican political machine .	corrupt and contented	What phrase could describe Philadelphia of the early 20th century ?
The first major reform came in 1917 when outrage over the election-year murder of a police officer led to the shrinking of the Philadelphia City Council from two houses to just one .	1917	When did the first major political reform occur ?
The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950 , then began to decline with the restructuring of industry , which led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs .	1950	When was the peak of Philadelphia 's population ?
The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950 , then began to decline with the restructuring of industry , which led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs .	the loss of many middle-class union jobs	Why did the population decline after this time ?
After many of the old manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down , the city started attracting service businesses and began to more aggressively market itself as a tourist destination .	service businesses	What is the main driver of the economy now ?
This has slowed the city 's 40-year population decline after it lost nearly one-quarter of its population .	one-quarter	How much of the population left after 1950 ?
After many of the old manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down , the city started attracting service businesses and began to more aggressively market itself as a tourist destination .	a tourist destination	What is another large industry ?
Philadelphia 's central city was created in the 17th century following the plan by William Penn 's surveyor Thomas Holme .	Thomas Holme	Who planned the central city ?
The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers served as early boundaries between which the city 's early street plan was kept within .	The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers	Which rivers run through the city ?
In addition , Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824 -LRB- in parenthesis -RRB- : Centre Square , North East Publick Square -LRB- Franklin Square -RRB- , Northwest Square -LRB- Logan Square -RRB- , Southwest Square -LRB- Rittenhouse Square -RRB- , and Southeast Square -LRB- Washington Square -RRB- .	five	How many public parks did Penn plan ?
Center City has grown into the second-most populated downtown area in the United States , after Midtown Manhattan in New York City , with an estimated 183,240 residents in 2015 .	183,240	How many live in the central area today ?
The City Planning Commission , tasked with guiding growth and development of the city , has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan .	18	How many planning districts make up Philadelphia ?
Much of the city 's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007 -- 2012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors John F. Street and Michael Nutter .	2007–2012	When was the 1980 zoning code revamped ?
Much of the city 's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007 -- 2012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors John F. Street and Michael Nutter .	John F. Street and Michael Nutter	Which two mayors accomplished the zoning code revamp ?
In the first decades of the 19th century , Federal architecture and Greek Revival architecture were dominated by Philadelphia architects such as Benjamin Latrobe , William Strickland , John Haviland , John Notman , Thomas U. Walter , and Samuel Sloan .	Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, and Samuel Sloan	Name 6 important Philadelphia architects ?
Frank Furness is considered Philadelphia 's greatest architect of the second half of the 19th century , but his contemporaries included John McArthur , Jr. , Addison Hutton , Wilson Eyre , the Wilson Brothers , and Horace Trumbauer .	Frank Furness	Who is Philadelphia 's greatest architect of the later 19th century ?
In 1871 , construction began on the Second Empire-style Philadelphia City Hall .	1871	When did building begin on the Philadelphia CIty Hall ?
The Philadelphia Historical Commission was created in 1955 to preserve the cultural and architectural history of the city .	Philadelphia Historical Commission	What commission was created in 1955 ?
The commission maintains the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places , adding historic buildings , structures , sites , objects and districts as it sees fit .	Philadelphia Register of Historic Places	What does this commission control ?
The 548 ft -LRB- 167 m -RRB- City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when One Liberty Place was constructed .	548 ft	How tall is the City Hall ?
In 2007 , the Comcast Center surpassed One Liberty Place to become the city 's tallest building .	Comcast Center	What is the tallest building ?
The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center is under construction in Center City and is planned to reach a height of 1,121 feet -LRB- 342 meters -RRB- ; upon completion , the tower is expected to be the tallest skyscraper in the United States outside of New York City and Chicago .	Comcast Innovation and Technology Center	Which building under construction will surpass Comcast Center ?
For much of Philadelphia 's history , the typical home has been the row house .	row house	What is the dominant type of house in Philadelphia ?
The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and , for a time , row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as `` Philadelphia rows '' .	Philadelphia rows	What are row houses called outside of Philadelphia ?
While newer homes are scattered throughout the city , much of the housing is from the early 20th century or older .	early 20th century or older	How old is most of the housing in Philadelphia ?
A variety of row houses are found throughout the city , from Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia .	Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia	Name a type of row house in the city ?
The great age of the homes has created numerous problems , including blight and vacant lots in many parts of the city , while other neighborhoods such as Society Hill , which has the largest concentration of 18th-century architecture in the United States , have been rehabilitated and gentrified .	Society Hill	Which neighborhood has the oldest housing in America ?
Under the Köppen climate classification , Philadelphia falls in the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- .	humid subtropical climate zone	What climate zone does Philadelphia fall under ?
Summers are typically hot and muggy , fall and spring are generally mild , and winter is cold .	hot and muggy	What is the summer weather like ?
Snowfall is highly variable , with some winters bringing only light snow and others bringing several major snowstorms , with the normal seasonal snowfall standing at 22.4 in -LRB- 57 cm -RRB- ; snow in November or April is rare , and a sustained snow cover is rare .	22.4 in	What is the normal snowfall ?
Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year , with eight to twelve wet days per month , at an average annual rate of 41.5 inches -LRB- 1,050 mm -RRB- , but historically ranging from 29.31 in -LRB- 744 mm -RRB- in 1922 to 64.33 in -LRB- 1,634 mm -RRB- in 2011 .	41.5 inches	How much rain does Philly get on average ?
The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28 , 2013 , when 8.02 in -LRB- 204 mm -RRB- fell at Philadelphia International Airport .	8.02 in	What is the most rain in one day ?
The January daily average is 33.0 °F -LRB- 0.6 °C -RRB- , though , in a normal winter , the temperature frequently rises to 50 °F -LRB- 10 °C -RRB- during thaws and dips to 10 °F -LRB- − 12 °C -RRB- for 2 or 3 nights .	33.0 °F	What is the average January temp ?
July averages 78.1 °F -LRB- 25.6 °C -RRB- , although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent ; highs reach or exceed 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- on 27 days of the year .	78.1 °F	What is the July average temp ?
The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2 , allowing a growing season of 217 days .	November 6 thru April 2	What is the average time for freezing temps ?
The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2 , allowing a growing season of 217 days .	217	How long does the grow season last on average ?
Early fall and late winter are generally dry ; February 's average of 2.64 inches -LRB- 67 mm -RRB- makes it the area 's driest month .	February	Which month is the driest ?
According to the 2014 United States Census estimates , there were 1,560,297 people residing in the City of Philadelphia , representing a 2.2 % increase since 2010 .	1,560,297	What is the 2014 population ?
It eventually reached a low of 1,488,710 residents in 2006 before beginning to rise again .	2006	When was the low point in Philadelphia 's population ?
A study done by the city projected that the population would increase to about 1,630,000 residents by 2035 , an increase of about 100,000 from 2010 .	100,000	How much is the population predicted to grow by 2035 ?
In comparison , the 2010 Census Redistricting Data indicated that the racial makeup of the city was 661,839 -LRB- 43.4 % -RRB- African American , 626,221 -LRB- 41.0 % -RRB- White , 6,996 -LRB- 0.5 % -RRB- Native American , 96,405 -LRB- 6.3 % -RRB- Asian -LRB- 2.0 % Chinese , 1.2 % Indian , 0.9 % Vietnamese , 0.6 % Cambodian , 0.4 % Korean , 0.3 % Filipino , 0.2 % Pakistani , 0.1 % Indonesian -RRB- , 744 -LRB- 0.0 % -RRB- Pacific Islander , 90,731 -LRB- 5.9 % -RRB- from other races , and 43,070 -LRB- 2.8 % -RRB- from two or more races .	43.4%	What is the percent of blacks ?
In comparison , the 2010 Census Redistricting Data indicated that the racial makeup of the city was 661,839 -LRB- 43.4 % -RRB- African American , 626,221 -LRB- 41.0 % -RRB- White , 6,996 -LRB- 0.5 % -RRB- Native American , 96,405 -LRB- 6.3 % -RRB- Asian -LRB- 2.0 % Chinese , 1.2 % Indian , 0.9 % Vietnamese , 0.6 % Cambodian , 0.4 % Korean , 0.3 % Filipino , 0.2 % Pakistani , 0.1 % Indonesian -RRB- , 744 -LRB- 0.0 % -RRB- Pacific Islander , 90,731 -LRB- 5.9 % -RRB- from other races , and 43,070 -LRB- 2.8 % -RRB- from two or more races .	41.0%	What is the percent of whites ?
Hispanic or Latino of any race were 187,611 persons -LRB- 12.3 % -RRB- ; 8.0 % of Philadelphia is Puerto Rican , 1.0 % Dominican , 1.0 % Mexican , 0.3 % Cuban , and 0.3 % Colombian .	12.3%	What is the hispanic make-up of the population ?
The five largest European ancestries reported in the 2010 United States Census Census included Irish -LRB- 12.5 % -RRB- , Italian -LRB- 8.4 % -RRB- , German -LRB- 8.1 % -RRB- , Polish -LRB- 3.6 % -RRB- , and English -LRB- 3.0 % -RRB- .	Irish (12.5%)	What is the largest European ancestry ?
The average population density was 11,457 people per square mile -LRB- 4,405.4 / km ² -RRB- .	11,457 people per square mile	What is the density ?
In 2013 , the city reported having 668,247 total housing units , down slightly from 670,171 housing units in 2010 .	670,171	How many houses or apartments were there in 2010 ?
As of 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- , 87 percent of housing units were occupied , while 13 percent were vacant , a slight change from 2010 where 89.5 percent of units were occupied , or 599,736 and 10.5 percent were vacant , or 70,435 .	13 percent	What percent are vacant as of 2013 ?
Of the city 's residents , 32 percent reported having no vehicles available while 23 percent had two or more vehicles available , as of 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- .	32	What percent do n't own cars ?
Of the city 's residents , 32 percent reported having no vehicles available while 23 percent had two or more vehicles available , as of 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- .	23	What percent own 2 or more cars ?
In 2010 , 24.9 percent of households reported having children under the age of 18 living with them , 28.3 percent were married couples living together and 22.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present , 6.0 percent had a male householder with no wife present , and 43.2 percent were non-families .	24.9 percent	At the last census how many households had children under 18 in them ?
In 2010 , 24.9 percent of households reported having children under the age of 18 living with them , 28.3 percent were married couples living together and 22.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present , 6.0 percent had a male householder with no wife present , and 43.2 percent were non-families .	43.2	What percent were non-family households ?
The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.20 .	2.45	What is the size of the average household ?
In 2013 , the percentage of women who gave birth in the previous 12 months who were unmarried was 56 percent .	56	Percentage of unwed births ?
According to the Census Bureau , the median household income in 2013 was $ 36,836 , down 7.9 percent from 2008 when the median household income was $ 40,008 -LRB- in 2013 dollars -RRB- .	$36,836	What was the median household income in 2013 ?
Residents in Society Hill had a median household income of $ 93,720 while residents in one of North Philadelphia 's districts reported the lowest median household income , $ 14,185 .	Society Hill	What is the name of a wealthy neighborhood ?
Residents in Society Hill had a median household income of $ 93,720 while residents in one of North Philadelphia 's districts reported the lowest median household income , $ 14,185 .	$14,185	What is the lowest median income in Philadelphia ?
The city 's 25 - to 29-year-old age group was the city 's largest age cohort .	25- to 29-year-old	What is the city 's largest age group ?
According to the 2010 Census , 343,837 -LRB- 22.5 % -RRB- were under the age of 18 ; 203,697 -LRB- 13.3 % -RRB- from 18 to 25 ; 434,385 -LRB- 28.5 % -RRB- from 25 to 44 ; 358,778 -LRB- 23.5 % -RRB- from 45 to 64 ; and 185,309 -LRB- 12.1 % -RRB- who were 65 years of age or older .	343,837	How many people at the last census were under 18 ?
The city had 22,018 births in 2013 , down from a peak 23,689 births in 2008 .	22,018	How many baby 's were there in 2013 ?
Philadelphia 's death rate was at its lowest in at least a half-century , 13,691 deaths in 2013 .	13,691	How many deaths were there in 2013 ?
Irish , Italians , Polish , Germans , English , and Greeks are the largest ethnic European groups in the city .	Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks	Name the six largest European ethnic groups in the city ?
Philadelphia has the second-largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States , after New York City .	New York City	Which city has the largest Irish and Italian populations ?
South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market .	South Philadelphia	What area of the city has a large Italian neighborhood ?
The Kensington section , Port Richmond , and Fishtown have historically been heavily Irish and Polish .	Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown	Which three areas are high in Irish and Polish ?
Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community , while nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant stronghold .	Mount Airy	Which part of the city has a large Jewish area ?
There has also been an increase of yuppie , bohemian , and hipster types particularly around Center City , the neighborhood of Northern Liberties , and in the neighborhoods around the city 's universities , such as near Temple in North Philadelphia and particularly near Drexel and University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia .	yuppie, bohemian, and hipster	Name three sub-cultures in the Center City ?
Philadelphia 's Gayborhood , which is located near Washington Square , is home to a large concentration of gay and lesbian friendly businesses , restaurants , and bars .	Gayborhood	What is the name of the gay district ?
There has also been an increase of yuppie , bohemian , and hipster types particularly around Center City , the neighborhood of Northern Liberties , and in the neighborhoods around the city 's universities , such as near Temple in North Philadelphia and particularly near Drexel and University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia .	Drexel and University of Pennsylvania	Name a University located in the city ?
As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , 79.12 % -LRB- 1,112,441 -RRB- of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 9.72 % -LRB- 136,688 -RRB- spoke Spanish , 1.64 % -LRB- 23,075 -RRB- Chinese , 0.89 % -LRB- 12,499 -RRB- Vietnamese , 0.77 % -LRB- 10,885 -RRB- Russian , 0.66 % -LRB- 9,240 -RRB- French , 0.61 % -LRB- 8,639 -RRB- other Asian languages , 0.58 % -LRB- 8,217 -RRB- African languages , 0.56 % -LRB- 7,933 -RRB- Cambodian -LRB- Mon-Khmer -RRB- , and Italian was spoken as a main language by 0.55 % -LRB- 7,773 -RRB- of the population over the age of five .	79.12%	What percent of 5 year olds or older speak English ?
As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , 79.12 % -LRB- 1,112,441 -RRB- of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 9.72 % -LRB- 136,688 -RRB- spoke Spanish , 1.64 % -LRB- 23,075 -RRB- Chinese , 0.89 % -LRB- 12,499 -RRB- Vietnamese , 0.77 % -LRB- 10,885 -RRB- Russian , 0.66 % -LRB- 9,240 -RRB- French , 0.61 % -LRB- 8,639 -RRB- other Asian languages , 0.58 % -LRB- 8,217 -RRB- African languages , 0.56 % -LRB- 7,933 -RRB- Cambodian -LRB- Mon-Khmer -RRB- , and Italian was spoken as a main language by 0.55 % -LRB- 7,773 -RRB- of the population over the age of five .	9.72%	What percent of 5 year olds or older speak Spanish ?
In total , 20.88 % -LRB- 293,544 -RRB- of Philadelphia 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English .	20.88%	What is the total over 5 's that speak another language than English ?
Philadelphia 's an annualized unemployment rate was 7.8 % in 2014 , down from 10.0 % the previous year .	7.8%	Unemployment rate in 2014 ?
This is higher than the national average of 6.2 % .	6.2%	What was the average unemployment rate in the U.S. in 2014 ?
In 2014 , about 8,800 jobs were added to the city 's economy .	8,800	How many jobs were gained in 2014 ?
Sectors with the largest number of jobs added were in education and health services , leisure and hospitality , and professional and business services .	education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services	What industries accounted for most of the city 's job gains ?
Declines were seen in the city 's manufacturing and government sectors .	manufacturing and government	What industries suffered declines ?
Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country 's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites .	Independence National Historical Park	Which is the biggest historical sites ?
Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country 's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites .	22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites	How many UNESCO sites does the U.S. have ?
Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country 's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites .	Independence National Historical Park	Where was the Declaration of Independence signed ?
Independence Hall , where the Declaration of Independence was signed , and the Liberty Bell are the city 's most famous attractions .	the Liberty Bell	What famous bell is in Philadelphia ?
Other historic sites include homes for Edgar Allan Poe , Betsy Ross , and Thaddeus Kosciuszko , early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States , Fort Mifflin , and the Gloria Dei -LRB- Old Swedes ' -RRB- Church .	Edgar Allan Poe	What famous writer has a house in Philadelphia ?
Philadelphia 's major science museums include the Franklin Institute , which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial ; the Academy of Natural Sciences ; the Mütter Museum ; and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology .	University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology	Name the archaeology museum ?
Philadelphia 's major science museums include the Franklin Institute , which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial ; the Academy of Natural Sciences ; the Mütter Museum ; and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology .	Franklin Institute	Name a museum named after a founding father ?
Philadelphia is home to the United States ' first zoo and hospital , as well as Fairmount Park , one of America 's oldest and largest urban parks .	Philadelphia	Which city had the nations first zoo ?
Philadelphia is home to the United States ' first zoo and hospital , as well as Fairmount Park , one of America 's oldest and largest urban parks .	Fairmount Park	Name Philidelphia 's largest park ?
The Philadelphia dialect , which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey , is part of Mid-Atlantic American English , and as such it is identical in many ways to the Baltimore dialect .	The Philadelphia dialect	Name the accent spoken in the area ?
The Philadelphia dialect , which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey , is part of Mid-Atlantic American English , and as such it is identical in many ways to the Baltimore dialect .	Baltimore dialect	Which dialect is it similar to ?
Unlike the Baltimore dialect , however , the Philadelphia accent also shares many similarities with the New York accent .	New York	What other city is similar to Philadelphia 's accent ?
Thanks to over a century of linguistics data collected by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania , the Philadelphia dialect under sociolinguist William Labov has been one of the best-studied forms of American English .	William Labov	Who studies the accent at the University of Pennsylvania ?
Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life .	South Street and Old City	Name two districts with good night life ?
The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters , such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts , which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra , generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States , and the Academy of Music , the nation 's oldest continually operating opera house , home to the Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet .	Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts	What is the home of the orchestra ?
The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters , such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts , which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra , generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States , and the Academy of Music , the nation 's oldest continually operating opera house , home to the Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet .	Academy of Music	What is the countries oldest opera house ?
The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters , such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts , which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra , generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States , and the Academy of Music , the nation 's oldest continually operating opera house , home to the Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet .	Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet	Who uses the opera house ?
Several blocks to the east are the Walnut Street Theatre , America 's oldest theatre and the largest subscription theater in the world ; as well as the Lantern Theatre at St. Stephens Church , one of a number of smaller venues .	Walnut Street Theatre	What is the oldest theater in the U.S. ?
Philadelphia has more public art than any other American city .	Philadelphia	Which American city has the most public art ?
In 1872 , the Association for Public Art -LRB- formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association -RRB- was created , the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning .	Fairmount Park Art Association	What was the Assoc. for Public Art called in the past ?
The program , which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art , is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture , the city 's art agency .	more than 200	How many pieces of art were funded by the Percent for Art ordinance ?
In the 1970s , Philadelphia soul influenced the music of that and later eras .	Philadelphia soul	Name a type of music from the 70 's that influenced the nation ?
On July 13 , 1985 , Philadelphia hosted the American end of the Live Aid concert at John F. Kennedy Stadium .	Live Aid	What concert did Philly host on July13th , 1985 ?
On July 13 , 1985 , Philadelphia hosted the American end of the Live Aid concert at John F. Kennedy Stadium .	John F. Kennedy Stadium	What is the name of the stadium that held Live Aid ?
Hip-hop/Rap artists such as The Roots , DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince , The Goats , Freeway , Schoolly D , Eve , and Lisa `` Left Eye '' Lopes hail from the city .	The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Goats, Freeway, Schoolly D, Eve, and Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes	Name a hip/hop artist from the city ?
Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century .	Rowing	What water sport is popular in the city ?
Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia 's rich rowing history , and each Big Five member has its own boathouse .	Boathouse Row	What is the symbol of rowing in the city ?
Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions , including the annual Dad Vail Regatta , the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S , the Stotesbury Cup Regatta , and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta , all of which are held on the Schuylkill River .	Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta	What is the name of the big rowing races ?
Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions , including the annual Dad Vail Regatta , the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S , the Stotesbury Cup Regatta , and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta , all of which are held on the Schuylkill River .	Schuylkill River	Where are these races held ?
The city uses the strong-mayor version of the mayor-council form of government , which is headed by one mayor , in whom executive authority is vested .	strong-mayor version of the mayor-council	What type of government does Philadelphia have ?
Elected at-large , the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms under the city 's home rule charter , but can run for the position again after an intervening term .	two consecutive four-year terms	How many terms can a mayor serve ?
The Mayor is Jim Kenney , who replaced Michael Nutter , who served two terms from 2009 to January 2016 .	Jim Kenney	Who is the current mayor ?
Kenney , as all Philadelphia mayors have been since 1952 , is a member of the Democratic Party , which tends to dominate local politics so thoroughly that the Democratic Mayoral primary is often more widely covered than the general election .	Democratic Party	What party does the mayor represent ?
The legislative branch , the Philadelphia City Council , consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected at large .	Philadelphia City Council	What is the legislative branch called ?
The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas -LRB- First Judicial District -RRB- is the trial court of general jurisdiction for Philadelphia , hearing felony-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $ 7000 -LRB- excepting small claims cases valued between $ 7000 and $ 12000 and landlord-tenant issues heard in the Municipal Court -RRB- under its original jurisdiction ; it also has appellate jurisdiction over rulings from the Municipal and Traffic Courts and over decisions of certain Pennsylvania state agencies -LRB- e.g. the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board -RRB- .	The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (First Judicial District)	What is the main trial court called ?
The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas -LRB- First Judicial District -RRB- is the trial court of general jurisdiction for Philadelphia , hearing felony-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $ 7000 -LRB- excepting small claims cases valued between $ 7000 and $ 12000 and landlord-tenant issues heard in the Municipal Court -RRB- under its original jurisdiction ; it also has appellate jurisdiction over rulings from the Municipal and Traffic Courts and over decisions of certain Pennsylvania state agencies -LRB- e.g. the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board -RRB- .	felony-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $7000	What type of cases are heard here ?
It has 90 legally trained judges elected by the voters .	elected by the voters	How are judges appointed ?
The last Republican to hold the office is Ron Castille , who left in 1991 and is currently the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court .	Ron Castille	Who was the last Republican DA ?
From the American Civil War until the mid-20th century , Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party , which arose from the staunch pro-Northern views of Philadelphia residents during and after the war -LRB- Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856 -RRB- .	Republican Party	What party dominated until the mid-20th century
From the American Civil War until the mid-20th century , Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party , which arose from the staunch pro-Northern views of Philadelphia residents during and after the war -LRB- Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856 -RRB- .	Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856	What happened in Philadelphia in 1856 ?
Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60 % of the vote in 1936 .	1936	When did the Democrats take the city ?
It is now one of the most Democratic in the country ; in 2008 , Democrat Barack Obama drew 83 % of the city 's vote .	Barack Obama	Who won the most votes in the city in ' 08 ?
However , as a result of the city 's declining population , it now has only four : the 1st district , represented by Bob Brady ; the 2nd , represented by Chaka Fattah ; the 8th , represented by Mike Fitzpatrick ; and the 13th , represented by Brendan Boyle .	four	How many congressional districts are there in the city ?
Philadelphia once comprised six congressional districts .	six	How many congressional districts were there at the peak population ?
However , as a result of the city 's declining population , it now has only four : the 1st district , represented by Bob Brady ; the 2nd , represented by Chaka Fattah ; the 8th , represented by Mike Fitzpatrick ; and the 13th , represented by Brendan Boyle .	Mike Fitzpatrick	Who represents the 8th district ?
A Republican represented a significant portion of Philadelphia in the House as late as 1983 , and Sam Katz ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in both 1999 and 2003 .	1983	When was the last major Republican representation of a large part of the city ?
A Republican represented a significant portion of Philadelphia in the House as late as 1983 , and Sam Katz ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in both 1999 and 2003 .	Sam Katz	Who was the last Republican to be fairly competitive in the mayoral race ?
Like many American cities , Philadelphia saw a gradual yet pronounced rise in crime in the years following World War II .	pronounced rise in crime in the years following World War II	Did the crime rate go up or down after the War years ?
There were 525 murders in 1990 , a rate of 31.5 per 100,000 .	525	How many murders occurred in 1990 ?
There were an average of about 600 murders a year for most of the 1990s .	600	What was the average murder rate during the 90 's ?
In 2013 , there were 246 murders , which is a decrease of over 25 % from the previous year , and a decrease of over 44 % since 2007 .	246	How many murders occurred in 2013 ?
Shooting incidents peaked in 2006 when 1,857 shootings were recorded .	2006	When did shootings peak in the city ?
Shooting incidents peaked in 2006 when 1,857 shootings were recorded .	1,857	How many shootings were there in that year ?
In the past three years , the number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent to a total of 68,815 .	fell	Has violent crime rate fallen or risen in the last 10 years ?
Based on the rate of violent crimes per 1,000 residents in American cities with 25,000 people or more , Philadelphia was ranked as the 54th most dangerous city in 2015 .	54th	What rank in danger does Philadelphia have in the U.S. ?
The city 's K-12 enrollment in district run schools has dropped in the last five years from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015 .	dropped	Has public school enrollment dropped or increased in the last 5 years ?
This consistent drop in enrollment has led the city to close 24 of its public schools in 2013 .	24	How many public schools have been closed in 2013 ?
During the 2014 school year , the city spent an average of $ 12,570 per pupil , below the average among comparable urban school districts .	$12,570	How much does the city spend per year per child ?
Graduation rates among district-run schools , meanwhile , have steadily increased in the last ten years .	increased	Have grad rates fallen or increased in the last years ?
In 2005 , Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52 % .	52%	What was the grad rate in 2005 ?
This number has increased to 65 % in 2014 , still below the national and state averages .	65%	What was it in 2014 ?
This number has increased to 65 % in 2014 , still below the national and state averages .	below the national and state averages	Is that the above or below the national average ?
The city 's largest private school by number of students is Temple University , followed by Drexel University .	Temple University	What is the largest private institution in the city ?
Along with the University of Pennsylvania , Temple University and Drexel University make up the city 's major research universities .	University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University	What are the 3 research universities in the city ?
The city is also home to five schools of medicine : Drexel University College of Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine , Temple University School of Medicine , and the Thomas Jefferson University .	five	How many med schools are there ?
Philadelphia 's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer , which is the eighteenth largest newspaper and third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country , and the Philadelphia Daily News .	two	How many major papers are published ?
Philadelphia 's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer , which is the eighteenth largest newspaper and third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country , and the Philadelphia Daily News .	Philadelphia Inquirer	What is the 3rd oldest paper in the nation ?
After two years of financial struggle , the two newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012 .	Interstate General Media	Who owns the major papers in the city ?
The city also has a number of other , smaller newspapers and magazine in circulation such as the Philadelphia Tribune , which serves the African-American community , the Philadelphia , a monthly regional magazine ; Philadelphia Weekly , an weekly-printed alternative newspaper ; Philadelphia City Paper another weekly-printed newspaper ; Philadelphia Gay News , which services the LGBT community ; The Jewish Exponent a weekly-printed newspaper servicing the Jewish community ; Philadelphia Metro , free daily newspaper ; and Al Día , a weekly newspaper servicing the Latino community .	Philadelphia Tribune	Name a smaller newspaper ?
The city also has a number of other , smaller newspapers and magazine in circulation such as the Philadelphia Tribune , which serves the African-American community , the Philadelphia , a monthly regional magazine ; Philadelphia Weekly , an weekly-printed alternative newspaper ; Philadelphia City Paper another weekly-printed newspaper ; Philadelphia Gay News , which services the LGBT community ; The Jewish Exponent a weekly-printed newspaper servicing the Jewish community ; Philadelphia Metro , free daily newspaper ; and Al Día , a weekly newspaper servicing the Latino community .	African-American community	What community does the Tribune serve ?
The city also has a number of other , smaller newspapers and magazine in circulation such as the Philadelphia Tribune , which serves the African-American community , the Philadelphia , a monthly regional magazine ; Philadelphia Weekly , an weekly-printed alternative newspaper ; Philadelphia City Paper another weekly-printed newspaper ; Philadelphia Gay News , which services the LGBT community ; The Jewish Exponent a weekly-printed newspaper servicing the Jewish community ; Philadelphia Metro , free daily newspaper ; and Al Día , a weekly newspaper servicing the Latino community .	Philadelphia Gay News	What paper serves the LGBT community ?
The city also has a number of other , smaller newspapers and magazine in circulation such as the Philadelphia Tribune , which serves the African-American community , the Philadelphia , a monthly regional magazine ; Philadelphia Weekly , an weekly-printed alternative newspaper ; Philadelphia City Paper another weekly-printed newspaper ; Philadelphia Gay News , which services the LGBT community ; The Jewish Exponent a weekly-printed newspaper servicing the Jewish community ; Philadelphia Metro , free daily newspaper ; and Al Día , a weekly newspaper servicing the Latino community .	The Jewish Exponent	Name a Jewish newspaper ?
The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph 's College .	St. Joseph's College	Where was the first radio license granted ?
The first commercial broadcasting radio stations appeared in 1922 : first WIP , then owned by Gimbel 's department store , on March 17 , followed the same year by WFIL , WOO , WCAU and WDAS .	1922	When did the first radio stations appear ?
Philadelphia is served by three major non-commercial public radio stations , WHYY-FM -LRB- NPR -RRB- , WRTI -LRB- jazz , classical -RRB- , and WXPN-FM -LRB- adult alternative music -RRB- , as well as several smaller stations .	WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM	Name the 3 public radio stations ?
In the 1930s , the experimental station W3XE , owned by Philco , became the first television station in Philadelphia ; it became NBC 's first affiliate in 1939 , and later became KYW-TV -LRB- CBS -RRB- .	Philco	Who owned W3XE ?
In the 1930s , the experimental station W3XE , owned by Philco , became the first television station in Philadelphia ; it became NBC 's first affiliate in 1939 , and later became KYW-TV -LRB- CBS -RRB- .	1939	When did it become NBC 's first affiliate ?
In 1952 , WFIL -LRB- now WPVI -RRB- premiered the television show Bandstand , which later became the nationally broadcast American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark .	Bandstand	What show started out in the city ?
In 1981 , large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to lack of funding .	1981	When did SEPTA service get cut ?
In 1981 , large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to lack of funding .	lack of funding	Why did SEPTA rail service get cut ?
Several projects have been proposed to extend rail service back to these areas , but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation .	but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation	Has service ever been restored ?
Two airports serve Philadelphia : the Philadelphia International Airport -LRB- PHL -RRB- , straddling the southern boundary of the city , and the Northeast Philadelphia Airport -LRB- PNE -RRB- , a general aviation reliever airport in Northeast Philadelphia .	Philadelphia International Airport (PHL)	Name the main airport ?
In 2013 , Philadelphia International Airport was the 15th busiest airport in the world measured by traffic movements -LRB- i.e. takeoffs and landings -RRB- .	15th	Where does PHL rank in the list of busiest airports ?
It is also the second largest hub and primary international hub for American Airlines .	American Airlines	What airline uses this airport as its primary international hub ?
Interstate 95 runs through the city along the Delaware River as a main north-south artery known as the Delaware Expressway .	Delaware Expressway	What is the main north-south freeway called ?
The city is also served by the Schuylkill Expressway , a portion of Interstate 76 that runs along the Schuylkill River .	Schuylkill Expressway	What is part of I-76 called ?
Interstate 676 , the Vine Street Expressway , was completed in 1991 after years of planning .	1991	When was the Vine Street Expressway finished ?
A link between I-95 and I-76 , it runs below street level through Center City , connecting to the Ben Franklin Bridge at its eastern end .	Ben Franklin Bridge	Name a bridge in the city ?
Roosevelt Boulevard and the Roosevelt Expressway -LRB- U.S. 1 -RRB- connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City .	U.S. 1	What is another name for the Roosevelt Expressway ?
Woodhaven Road -LRB- Route 63 -RRB- , built in 1966 , and Cottman Avenue -LRB- Route 73 -RRB- serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia , running between Interstate 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard -LRB- U.S. 1 -RRB- .	1966	When was Woodhaven road built ?
Woodhaven Road -LRB- Route 63 -RRB- , built in 1966 , and Cottman Avenue -LRB- Route 73 -RRB- serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia , running between Interstate 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard -LRB- U.S. 1 -RRB- .	Northeast Philadelphia,	What neighborhoods does Cottman Avenue serve ?
The Fort Washington Expressway -LRB- Route 309 -RRB- extends north from the city 's northern border , serving Montgomery County and Bucks County .	Route 309	What is another name for The Fort Washington Expressway ?
U.S. 30 , extending east-west from West Philadelphia to Lancaster , is known as Lancaster Avenue throughout most of the city and through the adjacent Main Line suburbs .	Lancaster Avenue	What is US-30 also known as ?
Philadelphia is also a major hub for Greyhound Lines , which operates 24-hour service to points east of the Mississippi River .	Greyhound Lines	What bus line uses the city as a hub ?
Most of Greyhound 's services in Philadelphia operate to/from the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal , located at 1001 Filbert Street in Center City Philadelphia .	1001 Filbert Street	Where is Greyhound terminal located ?
Besides Greyhound , six other bus operators provide service to the Center City Greyhound terminal : Bieber Tourways , Capitol Trailways , Martz Trailways , Peter Pan Bus Lines , Susquehanna Trailways , and the bus division for New Jersey Transit .	six	How many other bus companies operate from Philadelphia ?
Besides Greyhound , six other bus operators provide service to the Center City Greyhound terminal : Bieber Tourways , Capitol Trailways , Martz Trailways , Peter Pan Bus Lines , Susquehanna Trailways , and the bus division for New Jersey Transit .	Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, and the bus division for New Jersey Transit	What is the name of the six bus companies ?
Since the early days of rail transport in the United States , Philadelphia has served as hub for several major rail companies , particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad .	Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad	Name 2 rail companies that use the city as a hub ?
The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station , then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station , and the Reading Railroad operated out of Reading Terminal , now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center .	Broad Street Station	Where did the Pennsylvania Railroad have their first station ?
The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station , then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station , and the Reading Railroad operated out of Reading Terminal , now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center .	Reading Terminal	Where did the Reading operate out of ?
The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station , then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station , and the Reading Railroad operated out of Reading Terminal , now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center .	Pennsylvania Convention Center	What is Reading Terminal called now ?
Historically , Philadelphia sourced its water by the Fairmount Water Works , the nation 's first major urban water supply system .	Fairmount Water Works,	What was the first water supply system called ?
Today , the Philadelphia Water Department -LRB- PWD -RRB- provides drinking water , wastewater collection , and stormwater services for Philadelphia , as well as surrounding counties .	Philadelphia Water Department	Who provides the city water now ?
PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River .	Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River	Where dos PWD get it 's water from ?
The public wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants , 21 pumping stations , and about 3,657 miles of sewers .	21	How many pumping stations are there in the sewer system ?
The public wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants , 21 pumping stations , and about 3,657 miles of sewers .	3,657 miles	How many miles of sewers are in the city ?
Philadelphia Gas Works -LRB- PGW -RRB- , overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission , is the nation 's largest municipally owned natural gas utility .	Philadelphia Gas Works	What is the largest city owned gas utility ?
It serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area .	500,000	How many homes does PGW serve ?
Founded in 1836 , the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits .	1836	When was PGW founded ?
Founded in 1836 , the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits .	1987	When did the city take PGW over ?
Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the 215 area code in 1947 when the North American Numbering Plan of the `` Bell System '' went into effect .	215	What area code is used in Philadelphia in 1947 ?
The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when area code 610 was created , with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215 .	1994	When was the 610 area code added ?
Overlay area code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997 , and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999 .	1997	When was the 267 added ?
Another landmark , the Toruń Triangle , honoring the sister city relationship with Toruń , Poland , was constructed in 1976 , west of the United Way building at 18th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway .	Toruń	What city in Poland is a sister city to Philadelphia ?
Dedicated in June 1976 , the Sister Cities Plaza , a site of 0.5 acres -LRB- 2,000 m2 -RRB- located at 18th and Benjamin Franklin Parkway , honors Philadelphia 's relationships with Tel Aviv and Florence which were its first sister cities .	Tel Aviv	What city in Israel is a sister city to Philadelphia ?
Another landmark , the Toruń Triangle , honoring the sister city relationship with Toruń , Poland , was constructed in 1976 , west of the United Way building at 18th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway .	1976	When was Torun triangle built ?
In addition , the Triangle contains the Copernicus monument .	Copernicus monument	What else does the Triangle contain ?
Renovations were made to Sister Cities Park in mid-2011 and on May 10 , 2012 , SCP was reopened and currently features an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia 's ten sister and friendship cities , a café and visitor 's center , children 's play area , outdoor garden , and boat pond , as well as pavilion built to environmentally friendly standards .	ten	How many sister cities does Philadelphia have ?
He graduated from Yale University class of 1966 with a political science major .	political science	What was Kerry 's major ?
He graduated from Yale University class of 1966 with a political science major .	Yale University	Where did Kerry go to college ?
Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966 , and during 1968 -- 1969 served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge -LRB- OIC -RRB- of a Swift Boat .	Naval Reserve	What branch of the military did Kerry join ?
For that service , he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal , Bronze Star Medal , and three Purple Heart Medals .	the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and three Purple Heart Medals	What medals did Kerry win ?
Securing an early return to the United States , Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War .	Vietnam Veterans Against the War	What group was Kerry a spokesman for ?
After receiving his J.D. from Boston College Law School , Kerry worked in Massachusetts as an Assistant District Attorney .	Boston College Law School	Where did Kerry get a law degree ?
He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January .	Michael Dukakis	Who was Kerry an Lt. Gov. for ?
He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January .	1984	When did Kerry become a Senator ?
He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January .	Massachusetts	Where was Kerry an Lt. Gov. ?
He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January .	from 1983 to 1985	When was Kerry an Lt. Gov. ?
In his 2004 presidential campaign , Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War .	2004	When did Kerry run for president ?
He and his running mate , North Carolina Senator John Edwards , lost the election , finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney .	John Edwards	Who was Kerry 's running mate ?
He and his running mate , North Carolina Senator John Edwards , lost the election , finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney .	35 electoral votes	How much did Kerry lose by ?
He and his running mate , North Carolina Senator John Edwards , lost the election , finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney .	Dick Cheney	Who was Bush 's running mate ?
He and his running mate , North Carolina Senator John Edwards , lost the election , finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney .	North Carolina	Where was John Edwards a senator ?
John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11 , 1943 in Aurora , Colorado , at Fitzsimons Army Hospital .	Forbes	What is Kerry 's middle name ?
John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11 , 1943 in Aurora , Colorado , at Fitzsimons Army Hospital .	Fitzsimons Army Hospital	At what facility was Kerry born ?
His father was raised Catholic -LRB- John 's paternal grandparents were Austro-Hungarian Jewish immigrants who converted to Catholicism -RRB- and his mother was Episcopalian .	Catholic	What was Kerry 's father 's religion ?
His father was raised Catholic -LRB- John 's paternal grandparents were Austro-Hungarian Jewish immigrants who converted to Catholicism -RRB- and his mother was Episcopalian .	Episcopalian	What was Kerry 's mother 's religion ?
He was raised with an elder sister named Margaret -LRB- born 1941 -RRB- , a younger sister named Diana -LRB- born 1947 -RRB- and a younger brother named Cameron -LRB- born 1950 -RRB- .	Margaret	What is Kerry 's older sibling 's name ?
In his sophomore year , Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union , and a year later he served as President of the Union .	President of the Union	What was Kerry 's role in the Yale Political Union as a junior ?
He also became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones Society , and traveled to Switzerland through AIESEC Yale .	Skull and Bones Society	What secret society did Kerry join ?
He also became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones Society , and traveled to Switzerland through AIESEC Yale .	Switzerland	What country did Kerry visit as a student ?
Amongst his influential teachers in this period was Professor H. Bradford Westerfield , who was himself a former President of the Political Union .	H. Bradford Westerfield	Who was Kerry 's most influential professor ?
In his sophomore year , Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union , and a year later he served as President of the Union .	Chairman of the Liberal Party	What was Kerry 's role in the Yale Political Union as a sophomore ?
On February 18 , 1966 , Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve .	February 18, 1966	When did Kerry join the Naval Reserve ?
After completing 16 weeks of Officer Candidate School at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Newport , Rhode Island , Kerry received his officer 's commission on December 16 , 1966 .	December 16, 1966	When did Kerry become a navy officer ?
After completing 16 weeks of Officer Candidate School at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Newport , Rhode Island , Kerry received his officer 's commission on December 16 , 1966 .	16 weeks	How long was Officer Candidate School ?
After completing 16 weeks of Officer Candidate School at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Newport , Rhode Island , Kerry received his officer 's commission on December 16 , 1966 .	Newport, Rhode Island	Where is the Navy training center ?
`` I did n't really want to get involved in the war '' , Kerry said in a book of Vietnam reminiscences published in 1986 .	1986	When did Kerry publish his memories of Vietnam ?
During his tour on the guided missile frigate USS Gridley , Kerry requested duty in South Vietnam , listing as his first preference a position as the commander of a Fast Patrol Craft -LRB- PCF -RRB- , also known as a `` Swift boat . ''	guided missile frigate	What kind of ship was the USS Gridley ?
During his tour on the guided missile frigate USS Gridley , Kerry requested duty in South Vietnam , listing as his first preference a position as the commander of a Fast Patrol Craft -LRB- PCF -RRB- , also known as a `` Swift boat . ''	Fast Patrol Craft	What was the formal name of ` swift boats ' ?
These 50-foot -LRB- 15 m -RRB- boats have aluminum hulls and have little or no armor , but are heavily armed and rely on speed .	50-foot	How long were swift boats ?
They were engaged in coastal patrolling and that 's what I thought I was going to be doing . ''	coastal patrolling	What had Kerry expected the ` swift boats ' to do ?
During the night of December 2 and early morning of December 3 , 1968 , Kerry was in charge of a small boat operating near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay together with a Swift boat -LRB- PCF-60 -RRB- .	near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay	Where was Kerry 's boat on Dec 2-3 , 1968 ?
According to Kerry and the two crewmen who accompanied him that night , Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis , they surprised a group of Vietnamese men unloading sampans at a river crossing , who began running and failed to obey an order to stop .	two	How many crew were with Kerry ?
According to Kerry and the two crewmen who accompanied him that night , Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis , they surprised a group of Vietnamese men unloading sampans at a river crossing , who began running and failed to obey an order to stop .	Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis	Who were in Kerry 's crew ?
As the men fled , Kerry and his crew opened fire on the sampans and destroyed them , then rapidly left .	sampans	What did Kerry 's crew destroy ?
During this encounter , Kerry received a shrapnel wound in the left arm above the elbow .	in the left arm above the elbow	Where was Kerry injured ?
Kerry received his second Purple Heart for a wound received in action on the Bồ Đề River on February 20 , 1969 .	February 20, 1969	When did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart ?
As the Swift boats reached the Cửa Lớn River , Kerry 's boat was hit by a B-40 rocket -LRB- rocket propelled grenade round -RRB- , and a piece of shrapnel hit Kerry 's left leg , wounding him .	a B-40 rocket	What munition hit Kerry 's boat ?
Kerry received his second Purple Heart for a wound received in action on the Bồ Đề River on February 20 , 1969 .	on the Bồ Đề River	Where did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart ?
Thereafter , enemy fire ceased and his boat reached the Gulf of Thailand safely .	Gulf of Thailand	Where did Kerry 's boat escape to safety ?
Eight days later , on February 28 , 1969 , came the events for which Kerry was awarded his Silver Star Medal .	February 28, 1969	When did Kerry earn a Silver Star ?
Their mission on the Duong Keo River included bringing an underwater demolition team and dozens of South Vietnamese Marines to destroy enemy sampans , structures and bunkers as described in the story The Death Of PCF 43 .	the Duong Keo River	Where did Kerry earn a Silver Star ?
On this occasion , Kerry was in tactical command of his Swift boat and two other Swift boats during a combat operation .	his Swift boat and two other Swift boats	How many swift boats did Kerry command ?
Running into heavy small arms fire from the river banks , Kerry `` directed the units to turn to the beach and charge the Viet Cong positions '' and he `` expertly directed '' his boat 's fire causing the enemy to flee while at the same time coordinating the insertion of the ninety South Vietnamese troops -LRB- according to the original medal citation signed by Admiral Zumwalt -RRB- .	Admiral Zumwalt	Who awarded the Silver Star to Kerry ?
Their mission on the Duong Keo River included bringing an underwater demolition team and dozens of South Vietnamese Marines to destroy enemy sampans , structures and bunkers as described in the story The Death Of PCF 43 .	The Death Of PCF 43	What story described the events of Feb 28 , 1969 ?
Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star , and Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally award medals to Kerry and the rest of the sailors involved in the mission .	An Thoi	Where did Kerry receive his Silver Star ?
Kerry 's commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander George Elliott , stated to Douglas Brinkley in 2003 that he did not know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew .	Lieutenant Commander George Elliott	Who was Kerry 's commander ?
Kerry 's commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander George Elliott , stated to Douglas Brinkley in 2003 that he did not know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew .	beaching the boat without orders	What complaint did Elliot have about Kerry 's actions ?
The engagement was documented in an after-action report , a press release written on March 1 , 1969 , and a historical summary dated March 17 , 1969 .	March 1, 1969	When was a press release put out about Kerry earning the Silver Star ?
The engagement was documented in an after-action report , a press release written on March 1 , 1969 , and a historical summary dated March 17 , 1969 .	a historical summary	What was released on March 17 , 1969 ?
On March 13 , 1969 , on the Bái Háp River , Kerry was in charge of one of five Swift boats that were returning to their base after performing an Operation Sealords mission to transport South Vietnamese troops from the garrison at Cái Nước and MIKE Force advisors for a raid on a Vietcong camp located on the Rach Dong Cung canal .	on the Bái Háp River	Where was Kerry on Mar 13 , 1969 ?
Earlier in the day , Kerry received a slight shrapnel wound in the buttocks from blowing up a rice bunker .	in the buttocks	On what body part was Kerry wounded on Mar 13 , 1969 ?
Earlier in the day , Kerry received a slight shrapnel wound in the buttocks from blowing up a rice bunker .	blowing up a rice bunker	What was Kerry doing when he was wounded on Mar 13 , 1969 ?
Debarking some but not all of the passengers at a small village , the boats approached a fishing weir ; one group of boats went around to the left of the weir , hugging the shore , and a group with Kerry 's PCF-94 boat went around to the right , along the shoreline .	PCF-94	What boat was Kerry on , on Mar 13 ?
A mine was detonated directly beneath the lead boat , PCF-3 , as it crossed the weir to the left , lifting PCF-3 `` about 2-3 ft out of water '' .	PCF-3	What was the lead boat on Mar 13 ?
James Rassmann , a Green Beret advisor who was aboard Kerry 's PCF-94 , was knocked overboard when , according to witnesses and the documentation of the event , a mine or rocket exploded close to the boat .	PCF-94	What boat was Rassmann on ?
James Rassmann , a Green Beret advisor who was aboard Kerry 's PCF-94 , was knocked overboard when , according to witnesses and the documentation of the event , a mine or rocket exploded close to the boat .	James Rassmann	Who fell overboard from Kerry 's boat ?
James Rassmann , a Green Beret advisor who was aboard Kerry 's PCF-94 , was knocked overboard when , according to witnesses and the documentation of the event , a mine or rocket exploded close to the boat .	a Green Beret advisor	What was Rassmann 's job ?
Kerry received the Bronze Star Medal with Combat `` V '' for `` heroic achievement '' , for his actions during this incident ; he also received his third Purple Heart .	the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V"	What medal did Kerry earn for rescuing Rassmann ?
Kerry received the Bronze Star Medal with Combat `` V '' for `` heroic achievement '' , for his actions during this incident ; he also received his third Purple Heart .	heroic achievement	What does the Combat V mean ?
After Kerry 's third qualifying wound , he was entitled per Navy regulations to reassignment away from combat duties .	third	Which wound allowed Kerry to leave combat duty ?
Kerry 's preferred choice for reassignment was as a military aide in Boston , New York or Washington , D.C. On April 11 , 1969 , he reported to the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service , where he would remain on active duty for the following year as a personal aide to an officer , Rear Admiral Walter Schlech .	the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service	Where was Kerry reassigned in April 1969 ?
On January 1 , 1970 Kerry was temporarily promoted to full Lieutenant .	January 1, 1970	When did Kerry become a lieutenant ?
Kerry 's preferred choice for reassignment was as a military aide in Boston , New York or Washington , D.C. On April 11 , 1969 , he reported to the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service , where he would remain on active duty for the following year as a personal aide to an officer , Rear Admiral Walter Schlech .	Rear Admiral Walter Schlech	Who was Kerry a personal aide for ?
He continued to serve in the Naval Reserve until February 1978 .	February 1978	When did Kerry leave the Naval Reserve ?
With the continuing controversy that had surrounded the military service of George W. Bush since the 2000 Presidential election -LRB- when he was accused of having used his father 's political influence to gain entrance to the Texas Air National Guard , thereby protecting himself from conscription into the United States Army , and possible service in the Vietnam War -RRB- , John Kerry 's contrasting status as a decorated Vietnam War veteran posed a problem for Bush 's re-election campaign , which Republicans sought to counter by calling Kerry 's war record into question .	his father	Who kept George W. Bush out of Vietnam ?
With the continuing controversy that had surrounded the military service of George W. Bush since the 2000 Presidential election -LRB- when he was accused of having used his father 's political influence to gain entrance to the Texas Air National Guard , thereby protecting himself from conscription into the United States Army , and possible service in the Vietnam War -RRB- , John Kerry 's contrasting status as a decorated Vietnam War veteran posed a problem for Bush 's re-election campaign , which Republicans sought to counter by calling Kerry 's war record into question .	the Texas Air National Guard	What military branch was George W. Bush in ?
With the continuing controversy that had surrounded the military service of George W. Bush since the 2000 Presidential election -LRB- when he was accused of having used his father 's political influence to gain entrance to the Texas Air National Guard , thereby protecting himself from conscription into the United States Army , and possible service in the Vietnam War -RRB- , John Kerry 's contrasting status as a decorated Vietnam War veteran posed a problem for Bush 's re-election campaign , which Republicans sought to counter by calling Kerry 's war record into question .	by calling Kerry's war record into question	How did Republicans attack Kerry ?
As the presidential campaign of 2004 developed , approximately 250 members of a group called Swift Boat Veterans for Truth -LRB- SBVT , later renamed Swift Vets and POWs for Truth -RRB- opposed Kerry 's campaign .	Swift Vets and POWs for Truth	What did SBVT change its name to ?
The campaign inspired the widely used political pejorative ` swiftboating ' , to describe an unfair or untrue political attack .	swiftboating	What term was inspired by the attacks on Kerry ?
Then numbering about 20,000 , VVAW was considered by some -LRB- including the administration of President Richard Nixon -RRB- to be an effective , if controversial , component of the antiwar movement .	about 20,000	How many members did VVAW have when Kerry joined it ?
Kerry participated in the `` Winter Soldier Investigation '' conducted by VVAW of U.S. atrocities in Vietnam , and he appears in a film by that name that documents the investigation .	the "Winter Soldier Investigation"	What VVAW investigation was Kerry involved in ?
According to Nixon Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird , `` I did n't approve of what he did , but I understood the protesters quite well '' , and he declined two requests from the Navy to court martial Reserve Lieutenant Kerry over his antiwar activity .	Nixon Secretary of Defense	Who was Melvin Laird ?
According to Nixon Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird , `` I did n't approve of what he did , but I understood the protesters quite well '' , and he declined two requests from the Navy to court martial Reserve Lieutenant Kerry over his antiwar activity .	his antiwar activity	What did Laird refuse to court-martial Kerry for ?
On April 22 , 1971 , Kerry appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war .	appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing	What did Kerry do on Apr 22 , 1971 ?
On April 22 , 1971 , Kerry appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war .	ending the war	What was the topic of the hearing Kerry testified on ?
Kerry threw some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw .	some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw	What did Kerry throw over a fence ?
As Kerry threw his decorations over the fence , his statement was : `` I 'm not doing this for any violent reasons , but for peace and justice , and to try and make this country wake up once and for all . ''	for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all	Why did Kerry participate in the protest ?
For more than two hours , almost 1000 angry veterans tossed their medals , ribbons , hats , jackets , and military papers over the fence .	almost 1000	How many vets participated in the protest ?
Kerry was arrested on May 30 , 1971 , during a VVAW march to honor American POWs held captive by North Vietnam .	May 30, 1971	When was Kerry arrested for protesting ?
Kerry was arrested on May 30 , 1971 , during a VVAW march to honor American POWs held captive by North Vietnam .	American POWs held captive by North Vietnam	Who was being honored on May 30 , 1971 ?
At 2:30 a.m. , local and state police arrested 441 demonstrators , including Kerry , for trespassing .	441	How many people were arrested with Kerry ?
At 2:30 a.m. , local and state police arrested 441 demonstrators , including Kerry , for trespassing .	2:30 a.m.	At what time was Kerry arrested ?
The march was planned as a multi-day event from Concord to Boston , and while in Lexington , participants tried to camp on the village green .	tried to camp on the village green	Why were the protesters arrested ?
In 1970 , Kerry had considered running for Congress in the Democratic primary against hawkish Democrat Philip J. Philbin of Massachusetts 's 3rd congressional district , but deferred in favour of Robert Drinan , a Jesuit priest and anti-war activist , who went on to defeat Philbin .	Democrat Philip J. Philbin	Who had Kerry considered running against in 1970 ?
In 1970 , Kerry had considered running for Congress in the Democratic primary against hawkish Democrat Philip J. Philbin of Massachusetts 's 3rd congressional district , but deferred in favour of Robert Drinan , a Jesuit priest and anti-war activist , who went on to defeat Philbin .	Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district	In which district had Kerry considered running in 1970 ?
In 1970 , Kerry had considered running for Congress in the Democratic primary against hawkish Democrat Philip J. Philbin of Massachusetts 's 3rd congressional district , but deferred in favour of Robert Drinan , a Jesuit priest and anti-war activist , who went on to defeat Philbin .	Robert Drinan	Who ran against Philbin instead of Kerry ?
After Republican Congressman F. Bradford Morse of the neighbouring 5th district announced his retirement and then resignation to become Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs at the United Nations .	to become Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs at the United Nations	Why did Morse retire ?
After Republican Congressman F. Bradford Morse of the neighbouring 5th district announced his retirement and then resignation to become Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs at the United Nations .	Republican	What political party was Morse in ?
Including Kerry , the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates , including attorney Paul J. Sheehy , State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia , John J. Desmond and Robert B. Kennedy .	attorney	What was Paul Sheehy 's job ?
Including Kerry , the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates , including attorney Paul J. Sheehy , State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia , John J. Desmond and Robert B. Kennedy .	State Representative	What was DiFruscia 's position ?
Including Kerry , the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates , including attorney Paul J. Sheehy , State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia , John J. Desmond and Robert B. Kennedy .	Anthony R. DiFruscia	Who did Kerry share a campaign headquarters with ?
Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut .	they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut	Why was Kerry 's brother messing with phone lines ?
On the eve of the September 19 primary , police found Kerry 's younger brother Cameron and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely , breaking into where the building 's telephone lines were located .	Cameron	What is Kerry 's younger brother 's name ?
In the general election , Kerry was initially favored to defeat the Republican candidate , former State Representative Paul W. Cronin , and conservative Democrat Roger P. Durkin , who ran as an Independent .	Independent	What party did Durkin run as ?
A week after the primary , one poll put Kerry 26-points ahead of Cronin .	26-points	How far ahead of Cronin did Kerry poll ?
A major obstacle , however , was the district 's leading newspaper , the conservative The Sun .	conservative	What slant did The Sun have ?
Subsequently released `` Watergate '' Oval Office tape recordings of the Nixon White House showed that defeating Kerry 's candidacy had attracted the personal attention of President Nixon .	President Nixon	Who did Kerry say tried to stop his campaign ?
His campaign called for a national health insurance system , discounted prescription drugs for the unemployed , a jobs programme to clean up the Merrimack River and rent controls in Lowell and Lawrence .	a jobs programme to clean up the Merrimack River	How did Kerry want to create jobs ?
In the final days of the campaign , Kerry sensed that it was `` slipping away '' and Cronin emerged victorious by 110,970 votes -LRB- 53.45 % -RRB- to Kerry 's 92,847 -LRB- 44.72 % -RRB- .	110,970	How many votes did Cronin get against Kerry ?
In the final days of the campaign , Kerry sensed that it was `` slipping away '' and Cronin emerged victorious by 110,970 votes -LRB- 53.45 % -RRB- to Kerry 's 92,847 -LRB- 44.72 % -RRB- .	53.45%	What percent of votes did Cronin get against Kerry ?
In the final days of the campaign , Kerry sensed that it was `` slipping away '' and Cronin emerged victorious by 110,970 votes -LRB- 53.45 % -RRB- to Kerry 's 92,847 -LRB- 44.72 % -RRB- .	92,847	How many votes did Kerry get against Cronin ?
In the final days of the campaign , Kerry sensed that it was `` slipping away '' and Cronin emerged victorious by 110,970 votes -LRB- 53.45 % -RRB- to Kerry 's 92,847 -LRB- 44.72 % -RRB- .	44.72%	What percent of votes did Kerry get against Cronin ?
He later felt that his failure to respond directly to The Sun 's attacks cost him the race .	his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks	What did Kerry think cost him the race against Cronin ?
After Kerry 's 1972 defeat , he and his wife bought a house in Belvidere , Lowell , entering a decade which his brother Cameron later called `` the years in exile '' .	Belvidere, Lowell	Where did Kerry move after the 1972 election ?
After Kerry 's 1972 defeat , he and his wife bought a house in Belvidere , Lowell , entering a decade which his brother Cameron later called `` the years in exile '' .	"the years in exile"	What did Kerry 's brother call the decade after 1972 ?
He spent some time working as a fundraiser for the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere -LRB- CARE -RRB- , an international humanitarian organization .	the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere	What did Kerry fundraise for ?
In September 1973 , he entered Boston College Law School .	September 1973	When did Kerry enter law school ?
While studying , Kerry worked as a talk radio host on WBZ and , in July 1974 , was named executive director of Mass Action , a Massachusetts advocacy association .	WBZ	Where was Kerry a talk radio host ?
In January 1977 , Droney promoted him to First Assistant District Attorney , essentially making Kerry his campaign and media surrogate because Droney was afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -LRB- ALS , or Lou Gehrig 's Disease -RRB- .	January 1977	When did Kerry become an ADA ?
In January 1977 , Droney promoted him to First Assistant District Attorney , essentially making Kerry his campaign and media surrogate because Droney was afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -LRB- ALS , or Lou Gehrig 's Disease -RRB- .	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	What condition did Droney have ?
In January 1977 , Droney promoted him to First Assistant District Attorney , essentially making Kerry his campaign and media surrogate because Droney was afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -LRB- ALS , or Lou Gehrig 's Disease -RRB- .	Lou Gehrig's Disease	What is ALS 's nickname ?
It was in this role in 1978 that Kerry announced an investigation into possible criminal charges against then Senator Edward Brooke , regarding `` misstatements '' in his first divorce trial .	Edward Brooke	What senator did Kerry investigate in 1978 ?
It was in this role in 1978 that Kerry announced an investigation into possible criminal charges against then Senator Edward Brooke , regarding `` misstatements '' in his first divorce trial .	"misstatements" in his first divorce trial	Why was Brooke being investigated ?
Droney 's health was poor and Kerry had decided to run for his position in the 1978 election should Droney drop out .	1978	When did Kerry consider running for president if Droney did n't ?
Kerry thus decided to leave , departing in 1979 with assistant DA Roanne Sragow to set up their own law firm .	1979	When did Kerry leave the DA 's office ?
Kerry thus decided to leave , departing in 1979 with assistant DA Roanne Sragow to set up their own law firm .	Roanne Sragow	Who left the DA 's office with Kerry ?
Kerry also worked as a commentator for WCVB-TV and co-founded a bakery , Kilvert & Forbes Ltd. , with businessman and former Kennedy aide K. Dun Gifford .	Kilvert & Forbes Ltd.	What bakery did Kerry co-found ?
Kerry also worked as a commentator for WCVB-TV and co-founded a bakery , Kilvert & Forbes Ltd. , with businessman and former Kennedy aide K. Dun Gifford .	K. Dun Gifford	Who did Kerry start a bakery with ?
The junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts , Paul Tsongas , announced in 1984 that he would be stepping down for health reasons .	junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts	What was Paul Tsongas 's job in 1984 ?
The junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts , Paul Tsongas , announced in 1984 that he would be stepping down for health reasons .	1984	When did Kerry run for Senate ?
Kerry ran , and as in his 1982 race for Lieutenant Governor , he did not receive the endorsement of the party regulars at the state Democratic convention .	1982	When did Kerry run for Lt Governor ?
Congressman James Shannon , a favorite of House Speaker Tip O'Neill , was the early favorite to win the nomination , and he `` won broad establishment support and led in early polling . ''	Congressman	What was James Shannon 's job ?
Congressman James Shannon , a favorite of House Speaker Tip O'Neill , was the early favorite to win the nomination , and he `` won broad establishment support and led in early polling . ''	House Speaker	What was Tip O'Neill 's job ?
On April 18 , 1985 , a few months after taking his Senate seat , Kerry and Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa traveled to Nicaragua and met the country 's president , Daniel Ortega .	April 18, 1985	When did Kerry visit Nicaragua ?
On April 18 , 1985 , a few months after taking his Senate seat , Kerry and Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa traveled to Nicaragua and met the country 's president , Daniel Ortega .	Senator Tom Harkin	Who did Kerry visit Nicaragua with ?
On April 18 , 1985 , a few months after taking his Senate seat , Kerry and Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa traveled to Nicaragua and met the country 's president , Daniel Ortega .	Iowa	Where was Tom Harkin from ?
On April 18 , 1985 , a few months after taking his Senate seat , Kerry and Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa traveled to Nicaragua and met the country 's president , Daniel Ortega .	Daniel Ortega	Who did Kerry visit in Nicaragua ?
Though Ortega had won internationally certified elections , the trip was criticized because Ortega and his leftist Sandinista government had strong ties to Cuba and the USSR and were accused of human rights abuses .	strong ties to Cuba and the USSR and were accused of human rights abuses	What was criticized about Ortega 's administration ?
Meanwhile , Kerry 's staff began their own investigations and , on October 14 , issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North , who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels -LRB- Contras -RRB- .	Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North	Who did Kerry 's staff expose in an Oct 14 report ?
Meanwhile , Kerry 's staff began their own investigations and , on October 14 , issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North , who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels -LRB- Contras -RRB- .	right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras)	Who had Oliver North been supporting ?
In effect , North and certain members of the President 's administration were accused by Kerry 's report of illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress .	illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress	What crime had Kerry said North committed ?
Meanwhile , Kerry 's staff began their own investigations and , on October 14 , issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North , who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels -LRB- Contras -RRB- .	right-wing Nicaraguan rebels	Who were the Contras ?
Meanwhile , Kerry 's staff began their own investigations and , on October 14 , issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North , who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels -LRB- Contras -RRB- .	the National Security Council and the CIA	What government agencies worked with North ?
payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras , in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges , in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies . ''	drug traffickers	Who was the State Department giving money to ?
The U.S. State Department paid over $ 806,000 to known drug traffickers to carry humanitarian assistance to the Contras .	over $806,000	How much money did the State Department give the traffickers ?
payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras , in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges , in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies . ''	funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras	Where had the money given to drug traffickers come from ?
Kerry 's findings provoked little reaction in the media and official Washington .	little reaction in the media and official Washington	What was the response to Kerry 's accusation of funding traffickers ?
During their investigation of Noriega , Kerry 's staff found reason to believe that the Pakistan-based Bank of Credit and Commerce International -LRB- BCCI -RRB- had facilitated Noriega 's drug trafficking and money laundering .	Bank of Credit and Commerce International	What bank helped Noriega ?
This led to a separate inquiry into BCCI , and as a result , banking regulators shut down BCCI in 1991 .	1991	When was BCCI shut down ?
In December 1992 , Kerry and Senator Hank Brown , a Republican from Colorado , released The BCCI Affair , a report on the BCCI scandal .	Kerry and Senator Hank Brown	Who collaborated in the report about BCCI ?
In December 1992 , Kerry and Senator Hank Brown , a Republican from Colorado , released The BCCI Affair , a report on the BCCI scandal .	The BCCI Affair	What was the BCCI report called ?
In 1996 , Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor William Weld , a popular Republican incumbent who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71 % of the vote .	William Weld	Who ran against Kerry in 1996 ?
In 1996 , Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor William Weld , a popular Republican incumbent who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71 % of the vote .	71%	When Weld was re-elected governor , how much of the vote did he get ?
In 1996 , Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor William Weld , a popular Republican incumbent who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71 % of the vote .	1994	When was Weld re-elected governor ?
Kerry and Weld held several debates and negotiated a campaign spending cap of $ 6.9 million at Kerry 's Beacon Hill townhouse .	$6.9 million	What did Kerry and Weld agree to limit their campaign spending to ?
Both candidates spent more than the cap , with each camp accusing the other of being first to break the agreement .	Both candidates	Who broke the agreed-upon spending cap ?
He also said that from the context of the speech which , prior to the `` stuck in Iraq '' line , made several specific references to Bush and elements of his biography , that Kerry was referring to President Bush and not American troops in general .	President Bush and not American troops in general	Who was Kerry saying was stuck in Iraq ?
Kerry said that he had intended the remark as a jab at President Bush , and described the remarks as a `` botched joke '' , having inadvertently left out the key word `` us '' -LRB- which would have been , `` If you do n't , you get us stuck in Iraq '' -RRB- , as well as leaving the phrase `` just ask President Bush '' off of the end of the sentence .	inadvertently left out the key word "us"	What mistake did Kerry make in the joke ?
Kerry `` has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan during times of crisis , '' a Washington Post report stated in May 2011 , as Kerry undertook another trip to the two countries .	Afghanistan and Pakistan	Who did the Washington Post say Kerry was an envoy for ?
Kerry `` has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan during times of crisis , '' a Washington Post report stated in May 2011 , as Kerry undertook another trip to the two countries .	May 2011	When did the Washington Post say Kerry was important envoy ?
The killing of Osama bin Laden `` has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet , '' the report continued , as the senator spoke at a press conference and prepared to fly from Kabul to Pakistan .	perhaps the most important crossroads yet	How , in May 2011 , did the WaPo describe Bin Laden 's killing ?
Among matters discussed during the May visit to Pakistan , under the general rubric of `` recalibrating '' the bilateral relationship , Kerry sought and retrieved from the Pakistanis the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike .	the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike	What did Kerry get from the Pakistanis ?
In 2013 , Kerry met with Pakistan 's army chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani to discuss the peace process with the Taliban in Afghanistan .	Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani	Who was Pakistan 's army chief in 2013 ?
During the 2004 presidential election he was portrayed as a staunch liberal by conservative groups and the Bush campaign , who often noted that in 2003 Kerry was rated the National Journal 's top Senate liberal .	the National Journal	Who said Kerry was the ` top Senate liberal ' ?
During the 2004 presidential election he was portrayed as a staunch liberal by conservative groups and the Bush campaign , who often noted that in 2003 Kerry was rated the National Journal 's top Senate liberal .	2003	When was Kerry called the ` top Senate liberal ' ?
In fact , in terms of career voting records , the National Journal found that Kerry is the 11th most liberal member of the Senate .	11th most liberal	What was Kerry 's actual career voting rank for ` liberalness ' ?
Kerry supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and Most Favored Nation status for China , but opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement .	North American Free Trade Agreement	What trade agreement did Kerry support ?
Kerry supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and Most Favored Nation status for China , but opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement .	Central American Free Trade Agreement	What trade agreement did Kerry oppose ?
In the lead up to the Iraq War , Kerry said on October 9 , 2002 ; `` I will be voting to give the President of the United States the authority to use force , if necessary , to disarm Saddam Hussein because I believe that a deadly arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in his hands is a real and grave threat to our security . ''	October 9, 2002	When did Kerry say he intended to support the Iraq War ?
Bush relied on that resolution in ordering the 2003 invasion of Iraq .	2003	When did Bush declare the Iraq war ?
Kerry also gave a January 23 , 2003 speech to Georgetown University saying `` Without question , we need to disarm Saddam Hussein .	Saddam Hussein	Who did Kerry say we should disarm ?
Kerry also gave a January 23 , 2003 speech to Georgetown University saying `` Without question , we need to disarm Saddam Hussein .	January 23, 2003	When did Kerry speak at Georgetown University ?
Kerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993 .	the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs	What committee did Kerry chair in 1991-1993 ?
The committee 's report , which Kerry endorsed , stated there was `` no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia . ''	there was "no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia."	What did the POW/MIA committee conclude about Vietnam POWs ?
In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution , sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain , that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam ; it was intended to pave the way for normalization .	1994	When did Kerry sponsor a resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam ?
In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution , sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain , that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam ; it was intended to pave the way for normalization .	John McCain	Who sponsored the resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam , along with Kerry ?
In 1995 , President Bill Clinton normalized diplomatic relations with the country of Vietnam .	1995	When did Bill Clinton normalize relations with Vietnam ?
, former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and retired Army General Wesley Clark .	Vermont	Where was Howard Dean a governor ?
, former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and retired Army General Wesley Clark .	Army General	What was Wesley Clark 's former job ?
In the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries , John Kerry defeated several Democratic rivals , including Sen. John Edwards -LRB- D-North Carolina . -RRB-	John Kerry	Who won the 2004 Iowa Democratic Caucus ?
On July 6 , 2004 , he announced his selection of John Edwards as his running mate .	July 6, 2004	When did Kerry choose John Edwards to be his VP ?
During his bid to be elected president in 2004 , Kerry frequently criticized President George W. Bush for the Iraq War .	President George W. Bush	Who did Kerry criticize during the 2004 campaign ?
During his bid to be elected president in 2004 , Kerry frequently criticized President George W. Bush for the Iraq War .	for the Iraq War	Why did Kerry criticize Bush during the 2004 campaign ?
While Kerry had initially voted in support of authorizing President Bush to use force in dealing with Saddam Hussein , he voted against an $ 87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war .	an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war	What had Kerry voted against after supporting the initial Iraq authorization ?
His statement on March 16 , 2004 , `` I actually did vote for the $ 87 billion before I voted against it , '' helped the Bush campaign to paint him as a flip-flopper and has been cited as contributing to Kerry 's defeat .	a flip-flopper	What did Bush 's campaign call Kerry for changing his mind about Iraq ?
Kerry established a separate political action committee , Keeping America 's Promise , which declared as its mandate `` A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq '' , and raised money and channeled contributions to Democratic candidates in state and federal races .	Keeping America's Promise	What was Kerry 's PAC ?
Kerry established a separate political action committee , Keeping America 's Promise , which declared as its mandate `` A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq '' , and raised money and channeled contributions to Democratic candidates in state and federal races .	"A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq"	What was the mission of Keeping America 's Promise ?
Through his campaign account and his political action committee , the Kerry campaign operation generated more than $ 10 million for various party committees and 179 candidates for the U.S. House , Senate , state and local offices in 42 states focusing on the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle .	179	How many down-ballot candidates did Kerry help support ?
Through his campaign account and his political action committee , the Kerry campaign operation generated more than $ 10 million for various party committees and 179 candidates for the U.S. House , Senate , state and local offices in 42 states focusing on the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle .	42	How many states ' down-ballot candidates did Kerry help support ?
Through his campaign account and his political action committee , the Kerry campaign operation generated more than $ 10 million for various party committees and 179 candidates for the U.S. House , Senate , state and local offices in 42 states focusing on the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle .	the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle	Which election did Kerry 's PAC focus on ?
On December 15 , 2012 , several news outlets reported that President Barack Obama would nominate Kerry to succeed Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State , after Susan Rice , widely seen as Obama 's preferred choice , withdrew her name from consideration citing a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack .	December 15, 2012	When was it reported that Kerry would become SoS ?
On December 15 , 2012 , several news outlets reported that President Barack Obama would nominate Kerry to succeed Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State , after Susan Rice , widely seen as Obama 's preferred choice , withdrew her name from consideration citing a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack .	Hillary Clinton	Who was Secretary of State before Kerry ?
On December 15 , 2012 , several news outlets reported that President Barack Obama would nominate Kerry to succeed Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State , after Susan Rice , widely seen as Obama 's preferred choice , withdrew her name from consideration citing a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack .	Susan Rice	Who backed out of becoming SoS after Hillary ?
On December 15 , 2012 , several news outlets reported that President Barack Obama would nominate Kerry to succeed Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State , after Susan Rice , widely seen as Obama 's preferred choice , withdrew her name from consideration citing a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack .	a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack	Why did Rice withdraw ?
The committee unanimously voted to approve him on January 29 , 2013 , and the same day the full Senate confirmed him on a vote of 94 -- 3 .	January 29, 2013	When was Kerry 's appointment confirmed ?
Career State Department officials have complained that power has become too centralized under Kerry 's leadership , which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips .	Career State Department officials	Who complained about how Kerry ran the State Dept ?
Career State Department officials have complained that power has become too centralized under Kerry 's leadership , which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips .	power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips	What was the complaint about how Kerry ran the State Dept ?
Others in State describe Kerry as having `` a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder '' as he shifts from topic to topic instead of focusing on long-term strategy .	having "a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder"	How had some State employees described Kerry ?
Less than two years into Kerry 's term , the Foreign Policy Magazine 's 2014 Ivory Tower survey of international relations scholars asked , `` Who was the most effective U.S. Secretary of State in the past 50 years ? ''	Foreign Policy Magazine	Who published the Ivory Tower Survey ?
; John Kerry and Lawrence Eagleburger tied for 11th place out of the 15 confirmed Secretaries of State in that period .	tied for 11th place out of the 15	What was Kerry 's ranking in the Ivory Tower Survey for effectiveness as SoS ?
In January 2014 , having met with Secretary of State , Archbishop Pietro Parolin , Kerry said `` We touched on just about every major issue that we are both working on , that are issues of concern to all of us .	Archbishop Pietro Parolin	Who met Kerry in Jan 2014 ?
First of all , we talked at great length about Syria , and I was particularly appreciative for the Archbishop 's raising this issue , and equally grateful for the Holy Father 's comments -- the Pope 's comments yesterday regarding his support for the Geneva II process .	Syria	What country did Kerry discuss with Parolin ?
First of all , we talked at great length about Syria , and I was particularly appreciative for the Archbishop 's raising this issue , and equally grateful for the Holy Father 's comments -- the Pope 's comments yesterday regarding his support for the Geneva II process .	the Geneva II process	What did the Pope express support for in Jan 2014 ?
It is very important to have broad support , and I know that the Pope is particularly concerned about the massive numbers of displaced human beings and the violence that has taken over 130,000 lives '' .	over 130,000	How many people did Kerry say had died in Syria as of Jan 2014 ?
Kerry said on September 9 in response to a reporter 's question about whether Syrian President Bashar al-Assad could avert a military strike : `` He could turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week .	Bashar al-Assad	Who was Syria 's president in 2014 ?
Kerry said on September 9 in response to a reporter 's question about whether Syrian President Bashar al-Assad could avert a military strike : `` He could turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week .	turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week	What did Kerry say Syria could do to avoid a military strike ?
This unscripted remark initiated a process that would lead to Syria agreeing to relinquish and destroy its chemical weapons arsenal , as Russia treated Kerry 's statement as a serious proposal .	Russia	Which country convinced Syria to actually give up its chemical weapons ?
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said Russia would work `` immediately '' to convince Syria relinquish and destroy its large chemical weapons arsenal .	Russian Foreign Minister	What was Sergey Lavrov 's position ?
On September 28 , the UN Security Council passed a resolution ordering the destruction of Syria 's chemical weapons and condemning the August 21 Ghouta attack .	September 28	When did the UN Security Council order Syria 's chemical weapons be destroyed ?
In a speech before the Organization of American States in November 2013 , Kerry remarked that the era of the Monroe Doctrine was over .	the Organization of American States	Where did Kerry speak in Nov 2013 ?
In a speech before the Organization of American States in November 2013 , Kerry remarked that the era of the Monroe Doctrine was over .	the era of the Monroe Doctrine	What did Kerry say had ended , in the Nov 2013 speech ?
In a speech before the Organization of American States in November 2013 , Kerry remarked that the era of the Monroe Doctrine was over .	in November 2013	When did Kerry speak to the OAS ?
Kerry 's paternal grandparents , shoe businessman Frederick A. `` Fred '' Kerry and musician Ida Lowe , were immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire .	Ida Lowe	Who was Kerry 's paternal grandmother ?
Kerry 's paternal grandparents , shoe businessman Frederick A. `` Fred '' Kerry and musician Ida Lowe , were immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire .	Frederick A. "Fred" Kerry	Who was Kerry 's paternal grandfather ?
Kerry 's paternal grandparents , shoe businessman Frederick A. `` Fred '' Kerry and musician Ida Lowe , were immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire .	musician	What was Kerry 's paternal grandmother 's career ?
Kerry 's paternal grandparents , shoe businessman Frederick A. `` Fred '' Kerry and musician Ida Lowe , were immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire .	shoe businessman	What was Kerry 's paternal grandfather 's career ?
Kerry 's paternal grandparents , shoe businessman Frederick A. `` Fred '' Kerry and musician Ida Lowe , were immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire .	the Austro-Hungarian Empire	Where did Kerry 's paternal grandparents immigrate from ?
In 1982 , Julia asked Kerry for a separation while she was suffering from severe depression .	1982	When did Kerry and his wife separate ?
They were divorced on July 25 , 1988 , and the marriage was formally annulled in 1997 .	July 25, 1988	When did Kerry and his wife divorce ?
They were divorced on July 25 , 1988 , and the marriage was formally annulled in 1997 .	1997	When did Kerry and his wife get an annullment ?
`` After 14 years as a political wife , I associated politics only with anger , fear and loneliness '' she wrote in A Change of Heart , her book about depression .	A Change of Heart	What book did Kerry 's ex-wife write ?
Thorne later married Richard Charlesworth , an architect , and moved to Bozeman , Montana , where she became active in local environmental groups such as the Greater Yellowstone Coalition .	Richard Charlesworth	Who did Kerry 's ex-wife remarry ?
Kerry and his second wife , Mozambican-born businesswoman and philanthropist Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira -LRB- known as Teresa -RRB- , the widow of Kerry 's late Pennsylvania Republican Senate colleague Henry John Heinz III , were introduced to each other by Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990 .	Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira	Who is Kerry 's 2nd wife ?
Kerry and his second wife , Mozambican-born businesswoman and philanthropist Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira -LRB- known as Teresa -RRB- , the widow of Kerry 's late Pennsylvania Republican Senate colleague Henry John Heinz III , were introduced to each other by Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990 .	Henry John Heinz III	Who was Kerry 's 2nd wife 's previous husband ?
Kerry and his second wife , Mozambican-born businesswoman and philanthropist Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira -LRB- known as Teresa -RRB- , the widow of Kerry 's late Pennsylvania Republican Senate colleague Henry John Heinz III , were introduced to each other by Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990 .	1990	When did Kerry and Teresa meet ?
Kerry and his second wife , Mozambican-born businesswoman and philanthropist Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira -LRB- known as Teresa -RRB- , the widow of Kerry 's late Pennsylvania Republican Senate colleague Henry John Heinz III , were introduced to each other by Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990 .	at an Earth Day rally	Where did Kerry and Teresa meet ?
The Forbes 400 survey estimated in 2004 that Teresa Heinz Kerry had a net worth of $ 750 million .	$750 million	What was Teresa Heinz Kerry 's net worth in 2004 according to Forbes ?
However , estimates have frequently varied , ranging from around $ 165 million to as high as $ 3.2 billion , according to a study in the Los Angeles Times .	from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion	What range of estimates have been given for Teresa Heinz Kerry 's net worth ?
Independent of Heinz , Kerry is wealthy in his own right , and is the beneficiary of at least four trusts inherited from Forbes family relatives , including his mother , Rosemary Forbes Kerry , who died in 2002 .	Rosemary Forbes Kerry	What was Kerry 's mother 's name ?
Independent of Heinz , Kerry is wealthy in his own right , and is the beneficiary of at least four trusts inherited from Forbes family relatives , including his mother , Rosemary Forbes Kerry , who died in 2002 .	2002	When did Kerry 's mother pass away ?
Forbes magazine -LRB- named for the Forbes family of publishers , unrelated to Kerry -RRB- estimated that if elected , and if Heinz family assets were included , Kerry would have been the third-richest U.S. President in history , when adjusted for inflation .	third-richest	Where would Kerry have ranked among richest US presidents , adjusted for inflation ?
Kerry is a Roman Catholic , and is said to carry a religious rosary , a prayer book , and a St. Christopher medal -LRB- the patron saint of travelers -RRB- when he campaigned .	Roman Catholic	What religion is Kerry ?
Kerry is a Roman Catholic , and is said to carry a religious rosary , a prayer book , and a St. Christopher medal -LRB- the patron saint of travelers -RRB- when he campaigned .	a religious rosary, a prayer book, and a St. Christopher medal	What religious items did Kerry bring with him while campaigning ?
Kerry is a Roman Catholic , and is said to carry a religious rosary , a prayer book , and a St. Christopher medal -LRB- the patron saint of travelers -RRB- when he campaigned .	travelers	What is St. Christopher the patron saint of ?
I was an altar boy and prayed all the time .	was an altar boy and prayed all the time	What did Kerry do in the church while living in Switzerland ?
He also said that the Letters of Paul -LRB- Apostle Paul -RRB- moved him the most , stating that they taught him to `` not feel sorry for myself . ''	the Letters of Paul	Which part of the Bible did Kerry find the most moving ?
Kerry told Christianity Today in October 2004 `` I 'm a Catholic and I practice , but at the same time I have an open-mindedness to many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions ... I 've spent some time reading and thinking about religion and trying to study it , and I 've arrived at not so much a sense of the differences , but a sense of the similarities in so many ways . ''	Christianity Today	Who interviewed Kerry in Oct 2004 about his religion ?
Kerry told Christianity Today in October 2004 `` I 'm a Catholic and I practice , but at the same time I have an open-mindedness to many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions ... I 've spent some time reading and thinking about religion and trying to study it , and I 've arrived at not so much a sense of the differences , but a sense of the similarities in so many ways . ''	many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions	What did Kerry tell Christianity Today that he is open-minded to ?
He said that he believed that the Torah , the Qur ` an , and the Bible all share a fundamental story which connects with readers .	he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a fundamental story	What did Kerry say about major religious texts ?
In addition to the sports he played at Yale , Kerry is described by Sports Illustrated , among others , as an `` avid cyclist '' , primarily riding on a road bike .	Sports Illustrated	Who said Kerry is an ` avid cyclist ' ?
In addition to the sports he played at Yale , Kerry is described by Sports Illustrated , among others , as an `` avid cyclist '' , primarily riding on a road bike .	a road bike	What type of bicycle does Kerry prefer ?
Prior to his presidential bid , Kerry was known to have participated in several long-distance rides -LRB- centuries -RRB- .	long-distance rides	What are ` centuries ' in bicycling ?
His staff requested recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms .	recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms	What bicycles did Kerry use while campaigning ?
He has also been a snowboarder , windsurfer , and sailor .	snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor	What other sports does Kerry participate in ?
According to the Boston Herald , dated July 23 , 2010 , Kerry commissioned construction on a new $ 7 million yacht -LRB- a Friendship 75 -RRB- in New Zealand and moored it in Portsmouth , Rhode Island , where the Friendship yacht company is based .	a Friendship 75	What type of yacht did Kerry buy ?
According to the Boston Herald , dated July 23 , 2010 , Kerry commissioned construction on a new $ 7 million yacht -LRB- a Friendship 75 -RRB- in New Zealand and moored it in Portsmouth , Rhode Island , where the Friendship yacht company is based .	$7 million	How expensive was Kerry 's yacht ?
According to the Boston Herald , dated July 23 , 2010 , Kerry commissioned construction on a new $ 7 million yacht -LRB- a Friendship 75 -RRB- in New Zealand and moored it in Portsmouth , Rhode Island , where the Friendship yacht company is based .	New Zealand	Where was Kerry 's yacht built ?
The article claimed this allowed him to avoid paying Massachusetts taxes on the property including approximately $ 437,500 in sales tax and an annual excise tax of about $ 500 .	$437,500	How much sales tax did Kerry owe on the yacht ?
The article claimed this allowed him to avoid paying Massachusetts taxes on the property including approximately $ 437,500 in sales tax and an annual excise tax of about $ 500 .	Massachusetts	Which state received Kerry 's yacht 's sales tax ?
Rajasthan -LRB- / ˈrɑːdʒəstæn / Hindustani pronunciation : -LSB- raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- ; literally , `` Land of Kings '' -RRB- is India 's largest state by area -LRB- 342,239 square kilometres -LRB- 132,139 sq mi -RRB- or 10.4 % of India 's total area -RRB- .	342,239	How many square kilometers is Rajasthan ?
Rajasthan -LRB- / ˈrɑːdʒəstæn / Hindustani pronunciation : -LSB- raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- ; literally , `` Land of Kings '' -RRB- is India 's largest state by area -LRB- 342,239 square kilometres -LRB- 132,139 sq mi -RRB- or 10.4 % of India 's total area -RRB- .	10.4%	What percentage of India 's total area is Rajasthan ?
It is located on the western side of the country , where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert -LRB- also known as the `` Rajasthan Desert '' and `` Great Indian Desert '' -RRB- and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west , along the Sutlej-Indus river valley .	the "Rajasthan Desert" and "Great Indian Desert"	What are alternative names the Thar Desert is known by ?
It is located on the western side of the country , where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert -LRB- also known as the `` Rajasthan Desert '' and `` Great Indian Desert '' -RRB- and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west , along the Sutlej-Indus river valley .	Punjab	What province in Pakistan does Rajasthan border on its north ?
Its features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization at Kalibanga ; the Dilwara Temples , a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan 's only hill station , Mount Abu , in the ancient Aravalli mountain range ; and , in eastern Rajasthan , the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur , a World Heritage Site known for its bird life .	Jain	The Dilwara Temples are a pilgrimage site for whom ?
The first mention of the name `` Rajasthan '' appears in James Tod 's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast ` han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India , while the earliest known record of `` Rajputana '' as a name for the region is in George Thomas 's 1800 memoir Military Memories .	1829	When was the first usage of the word Rajasthan ?
The first mention of the name `` Rajasthan '' appears in James Tod 's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast ` han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India , while the earliest known record of `` Rajputana '' as a name for the region is in George Thomas 's 1800 memoir Military Memories .	Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India	In what publication did the name Rajasthan first appear ?
The first mention of the name `` Rajasthan '' appears in James Tod 's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast ` han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India , while the earliest known record of `` Rajputana '' as a name for the region is in George Thomas 's 1800 memoir Military Memories .	Rajputana	What is another name for the Rajasthan region ?
The first mention of the name `` Rajasthan '' appears in James Tod 's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast ` han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India , while the earliest known record of `` Rajputana '' as a name for the region is in George Thomas 's 1800 memoir Military Memories .	1800	In what year did George Thomas write the memoir known as Military Memories ?
John Keay , in his book India : A History , stated that `` Rajputana '' was coined by the British in 1829 , John Briggs , translating Ferishta 's history of early Islamic India , used the phrase `` Rajpoot -LRB- Rajput -RRB- princes '' rather than `` Indian princes '' .	John Keay	Who wrote the book entitled India : A History ?
Parts of what is now Rajasthan were part of the Indus Valley Civilization .	the Indus Valley Civilization	Some portions of Rajasthan were involved with what ancient civilization ?
Kalibangan , in Hanumangarh district , was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization , .	Hanumangarh district	In what Indus Valley Civilization district was Kalibangan within ?
It is believed that Western Kshatrapas -LRB- 405 -- 35 BC -RRB- were Saka rulers of the western part of India -LRB- Saurashtra and Malwa : modern Gujarat , Southern Sindh , Maharashtra , Rajasthan -RRB- .	Western Kshatrapas	What were the Saka Rulers of Western India believed to be called ?
It is believed that Western Kshatrapas -LRB- 405 -- 35 BC -RRB- were Saka rulers of the western part of India -LRB- Saurashtra and Malwa : modern Gujarat , Southern Sindh , Maharashtra , Rajasthan -RRB- .	405–35 BC	Over what time period were the Western Kshatrapas in power ?
They were successors to the Indo-Scythians and were contemporaneous with the Kushans , who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent .	the northern part	The Kushans ruled what part of the Indian subcontinent ?
A number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders .	Gurjars	Members of what tribe were exterminated in Ajmer ?
Bhils once ruled Kota .	Bhils	What tribe formerly ruled Kota ?
Meenas were rulers of Bundi and the Dhundhar region .	Meenas	What was the name of the group that formerly ruled Bundi ?
Traditionally the Rajputs , Jats , Meenas , Gurjars , Bhils , Rajpurohit , Charans , Yadavs , Bishnois , Sermals , PhulMali -LRB- Saini -RRB- and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan .	Saini	What is another way to refer to the PhulMali ?
Traditionally the Rajputs , Jats , Meenas , Gurjars , Bhils , Rajpurohit , Charans , Yadavs , Bishnois , Sermals , PhulMali -LRB- Saini -RRB- and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan .	Rajasthan	The Jats assisted in building what state ?
The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century .	Gurjar Pratihar Empire	What empire stopped Arab invasions ?
The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century .	8th	Arab attempted to invade the Gurjar Pratihar Empire beginning in what century ?
Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Gurjara Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Arabs beyond the confines of Sindh , their first conquest for nearly 300 years .	Sindh	Arab conquest was limited to what region ?
The chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west , starting in the days of Junaid .	its successful resistance to foreign invasions	What was the most notable accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire ?
Historian R. C. Majumdar says that this was openly acknowledged by the Arab writers .	Historian R. C. Majumdar	Which historian claims that even the Arabs acknowledged the importance of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire in stopping invasions ?
Modern Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana , which comprises the erstwhile nineteen princely states , two chiefships , and the British district of Ajmer-Merwara .	nineteen	How many princely states of Rajputana contain ?
Modern Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana , which comprises the erstwhile nineteen princely states , two chiefships , and the British district of Ajmer-Merwara .	Ajmer-Merwara	What is the name of the British district within Rajputana ?
Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat princely states whereas Tonk was a princely state under a Muslim Nawab .	princely	Bharatpur is an example of what kind of state ?
Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat princely states whereas Tonk was a princely state under a Muslim Nawab .	Tonk	Under a Muslim Nawab there was a princely state , what was its name ?
Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE .	Rajput families	What families rose to power in the 6th century ?
Over the years , the Mughals began to have internal disputes which greatly distracted them at times .	Mughals	What group in the Rajasthan region started to have internal disputes ?
The Mughal Empire continued to weaken , and with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century , Rajputana came under the suzerainty of the Marathas .	18th century	In what century did the Mughal Empire come into decline ?
The Mughal Empire continued to weaken , and with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century , Rajputana came under the suzerainty of the Marathas .	suzerainty	The Maratharas gained what over Rajputana ?
The Marathas , who were Hindus from the state of what is now Maharashtra , ruled Rajputana for most of the eighteenth century .	the state of what is now Maharashtra	Where were the Marathas from ?
The Maratha Empire , which had replaced the Mughal Empire as the overlord of the subcontinent , was finally replaced by the British Empire in 1818 .	1818	In what year did the British Empire replace the Maratha Empire ?
The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range , which runs through the state from southwest to northeast , almost from one end to the other , for more than 850 kilometres -LRB- 530 mi -RRB- .	the Aravalli Range	Which mountain range goes through Rajasthan ?
The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range , which runs through the state from southwest to northeast , almost from one end to the other , for more than 850 kilometres -LRB- 530 mi -RRB- .	530 mi	What is the length in miles of the Aravalli Range ?
Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range , separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River , although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north .	Mount Abu	What peak is at the southwestern part of the Aravalli Range ?
About three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis , leaving two-fifths on the east and south direction .	two-fifths	What portion of Rajasthan is east and south of the Aravalli Range ?
Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range , separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River , although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north .	West Banas River	Which river separates the main Aravelli ranges ?
The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry .	The northwestern portion	Dry and sandy conditions are indicative of which region of Rajasthan ?
Most of this region are covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan .	the Thar Desert	Which desert is in the northwestern part of Rajasthan ?
The Thar Desert is thinly populated ; the town of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and known as the gateway of thar desert .	Jodhpur	What is the most populous city in the Thar Desert ?
The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur , Jaisalmer , Barmer , Bikaner and Nagour .	Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour	What are the names of the major districts of the Thar ?
This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year .	400 mm	Rainfall in the Thar Desert region is less than what amount each year on avarage ?
The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and better watered .	more fertile and better watered	What is a characteristic of the region to the east of the Aravalli range ?
This region is home to the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion , with tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak , Acacia , and other trees .	the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion	What is the name of the ecoregion to the east and southeast of the Aravalli Range ?
This region is home to the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion , with tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak , Acacia , and other trees .	teak, Acacia	What are two examples of trees in the broadleaf forests east of the Aravalli 's ?
The hilly Vagad region , home to the cities of Dungarpur and Banswara lies in southernmost Rajasthan , on the border with Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh .	Vagad region	What is the name of the region which is home to Dungarpur ?
With the exception of Mount Abu , Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan , and the most heavily forested .	Vagad	What is the most heavily forested region in Rajasthan ?
The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar -LRB- Mount Abu -RRB- , which is 1,722 m in height , to Khetri in the northeast .	1,722	How many meters high is Guru Shikhar ?
This range divides the state into 60 % in the northwest of the range and 40 % in the southeast .	60%	What percentage of Rajasthan is to the northwest of the Aravalli range ?
The south-eastern area , higher in elevation -LRB- 100 to 350 m above sea level -RRB- and more fertile , has a very diversified topography .	100 to 350 m above sea level	What is the average elevation of the south-eastern region of Rajasthan ?
In the southeast , a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland .	Kota and Bundi	A tableland is contained within what to southeastern districts ?
To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region -LRB- badlands -RRB- following the line of the Chambal River .	the Chambal River	What river runs along the badlands in the northeast of Rajasthan
The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer is spread over an area of 3,162 square kilometres -LRB- 1,221 sq mi -RRB- , is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert and its diverse fauna .	Jaisalmer	Which region contains Desert National Park ?
The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer is spread over an area of 3,162 square kilometres -LRB- 1,221 sq mi -RRB- , is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert and its diverse fauna .	1,221 sq mi	How many square miles is Desert National Park ?
Seashells and massive fossilised tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert .	massive fossilised tree trunks	What types of large fossils are found in Desert National Park ?
Short-toed eagles -LRB- Circaetus gallicus -RRB- , tawny eagles -LRB- Aquila rapax -RRB- , spotted eagles -LRB- Aquila clanga -RRB- , laggar falcons -LRB- Falco jugger -RRB- and kestrels are the commonest of these .	Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga)	What are the most common types of eagles one might see in the Jaisalmer region ?
Short-toed eagles -LRB- Circaetus gallicus -RRB- , tawny eagles -LRB- Aquila rapax -RRB- , spotted eagles -LRB- Aquila clanga -RRB- , laggar falcons -LRB- Falco jugger -RRB- and kestrels are the commonest of these .	Falco jugger	What is another name for a laggar falcon ?
Ranthambore National Park is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best place in India to spot tigers .	Ranthambore National Park	What Rajasthani national park is known for its tigers ?
At one point , due to poaching and negligence , tigers became extinct at Sariska , but five tigers have been relocated there .	five tigers	How many tigers were relocated to Sariska ?
Ranthambore National Park is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best place in India to spot tigers .	one of the best place in India to spot tigers	Ranthamb National Park is known by photographers as what ?
At one point , due to poaching and negligence , tigers became extinct at Sariska , but five tigers have been relocated there .	poaching and negligence	Why did tigers became extinct in Sariska ?
Rajasthan 's economy is primarily agricultural and pastoral .	agricultural and pastoral	The Rajasthan economy is largely composed of what type of industries ?
Cotton and tobacco are the state 's cash crops .	Cotton and tobacco	What are Rajasthans two main cash crops ?
Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds .	edible oils	What type of oil does Rajasthan produce some of the largest amounts of in India ?
Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer .	opium	Rajasthan consumes the most of what product ?
There are mainly two crop seasons .	two crop seasons	How many crop seasons are there in Rajasthan ?
Rajasthan is the second largest producer of polyester fibre in India .	polyester fibre	What type of fibre is Rajasthan ranked 2nd in production of ?
The Pali and Bhilwara District produces more cloth than Bhiwandi , Maharashtra and the bhilwara is the largest city in suitings production and export and Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces and rubia production and export .	Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces	What is the largest city for polyster blouse pieces in Rajasthan ?
The Taj Mahal was built from the white marble which was mined from a town called Makrana .	Makrana	From what town did the marble in the Taj Mahal come ?
It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar , copper mines at Khetri , Jhunjhunu , and zinc mines at Dariba , Zawar mines and Rampura Aghucha -LRB- opencast -RRB- near Bhilwara .	rich salt deposits	What type of deposits are found at Sambhar ?
It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar , copper mines at Khetri , Jhunjhunu , and zinc mines at Dariba , Zawar mines and Rampura Aghucha -LRB- opencast -RRB- near Bhilwara .	copper mines	What kind of mines are found in Khetri and Jhunjhunu ?
The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day .	300,000 barrels	How many barrels of crude oil from Barmer is Rajasthan allowed to extract each day ?
Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day .	Bombay High	The leader in Indian crude oil production at 250,000 barrels per day is what region ?
Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan .	Cairn India	What group is conducting exploration for Rajasthan 's crude oil ??
The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day .	175,000 barrels	How many barrels per day is currently being extracted from the Barmer region ?
Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred .	Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating	What type of food was preferred in Rajasthani cooking ?
The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on the cooking .	scarcity of water	Along with scarce green vegetables , what had an impact on Rajasthani cooking ?
It is known for its snacks like Bikaneri Bhujia .	Bikaneri Bhujia	What type of snack is Rajasthan known for ?
Other famous dishes include bajre ki roti -LRB- millet bread -RRB- and lashun ki chutney -LRB- hot garlic paste -RRB- , mawa kachori Mirchi Bada , Pyaaj Kachori and ghevar from Jodhpur , Alwar ka Mawa -LRB- Milk Cake -RRB- , malpauas from Pushkar and rassgollas from Bikaner .	lashun ki chutney	What famous dish is also known as hot garlic paste ?
Originating from the Marwar region of the state is the concept Marwari Bhojnalaya , or vegetarian restaurants , today found in many parts of India , which offer vegetarian food of the Marwari people .	the Marwar region	Vegetarian restaurants come from which Rajasthani region ?
The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur Marwar and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition .	The Ghoomar dance	What type of dance comes from Jodhpur Marwar ?
The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur Marwar and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition .	Jaisalmer	Kalbeliya dance is from which region ?
Folk music is a large part of Rajasthani culture .	Folk music	What type of music plays a big part in the culture of Rajasthan ?
Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories ; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak , sitar , and sarangi are also sung .	Folk songs	Heroic deeds are often a theme of what type of Rajasthani song ?
Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories ; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak , sitar , and sarangi are also sung .	religious or devotional	What kind of song is referred to as a bhajan ?
The block prints , tie and dye prints , Bagaru prints , Sanganer prints , and Zari embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan .	prints	Bagaru and Sanganer represent what type of art ?
The block prints , tie and dye prints , Bagaru prints , Sanganer prints , and Zari embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan .	embroidery	Zari is a type of what art that is a major Rajasthani export ?
A Rajasthani traditional dress for females comprises an ankle-length skirt and a short top , also known as a lehenga or a chaniya choli .	ankle-length skirt and a short top	Females in Rajasthan wear what type of traditional clothing ?
A Rajasthani traditional dress for females comprises an ankle-length skirt and a short top , also known as a lehenga or a chaniya choli .	lehenga or a chaniya choli	What are the names for a traditional female short-top piece of clothing ?
Rajasthani dresses are usually designed in bright colors like blue , yellow and orange .	bright colors like blue, yellow and orange	What colors are dresses in Rajasthan typically made using ?
Spirit possession has been documented in modern Rajasthan .	Spirit possession	What type of possession has been documented in Rajasthan ?
The good spirits include murdered royalty , the underworld god Bhaironji , and Muslim saints .	Bhaironji	What underworld god possess Rajasthanis ?
The possessed individual is referred to as a ghorala -LRB- `` mount '' -RRB- .	ghorala	What are possessed individuals known as ?
The possessed individual is referred to as a ghorala -LRB- `` mount '' -RRB- .	mount	Ghorala is another word for what ?
Possession , even if it is by a benign spirit , is regarded as undesirable , as it entails loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts .	loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts	What results from possession by even benign spirits ?
In 1991 , the state 's literacy rate was only 38.55 % -LRB- 54.99 % male and 20.44 % female -RRB- .	38.55%	What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 1991 ?
In 1991 , the state 's literacy rate was only 38.55 % -LRB- 54.99 % male and 20.44 % female -RRB- .	20.44%	How many females had the ability to read in Rajasthan in 1991 ?
This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India -LRB- the rise in female literacy being 23 % -RRB- .	23%	What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan ?
Although Rajasthan 's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04 % and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country , the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising male and female literacy rates .	74.04%	What is the national average for literacy in India ?
In 2001 , the literacy rate increased to 60.41 % -LRB- 75.70 % male and 43.85 % female -RRB- .	60.41%	What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 2001 ?
In Rajasthan , Jodhpur and Kota are two major educational hubs .	Jodhpur and Kota	What are the to main educational hubs of Rajasthan ?
Kota is known for its quality education in preparation of various competitive exams , coaching for medical and engineering exams while Jodhpur is home to many higher educational institutions like IIT , AIIMS , National Law University , Sardar Patel Police University , National institute of Fashion Technology , MBM Engineering College etc. .	Jodhpur	In what educational hub would one find AIIMS ?
Kota is popularly referred to as , `` coaching capital of India '' .	coaching capital of India	What is is Kota known as within India ?
Rajasthan has nine universities and more than 250 colleges , 55,000 primary and 7,400 secondary schools .	nine	How many universities does Rajasthan have ?
There are 41 engineering colleges with an annual enrollment of about 11,500 students .	41 engineering colleges	How many engineering colleges are in Rajasthan ?
Rajasthan attracted 14 percent of total foreign visitors during 2009 -- 2010 which is the fourth highest among Indian states .	14 percent	What percentage of India 's foreign visitors came to Rajasthan from 2009 to 2010 ?
Rajasthan attracted 14 percent of total foreign visitors during 2009 -- 2010 which is the fourth highest among Indian states .	fourth highest	At what level is Rajasthan ranked in India for visits by foreigners ?
It is fourth also in Domestic tourist visitors .	fourth	How high is Rajasthan ranked among domestic Indian tourists ?
The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar , the lakes of Udaipur , the desert forts of Jodhpur , Taragarh Fort -LRB- Star Fort -RRB- in Ajmer , and Bikaner and Jaisalmer rank among the most preferred destinations in India for many tourists both Indian and foreign .	The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar	What two palaces are frequent tourist destinations within Rajasthan ?
Tourism accounts for eight percent of the state 's domestic product .	eight percent	What percentage of the Rajasthani GDP comes from tourism ?
Rajasthan is famous for its forts , carved temples , and decorated havelis , which were built by Rajput kings in pre-Muslim era Rajasthan .	Rajput kings	Who built the famous decorated havelis in Rajasthan ?
Jaipur , the Pink City , is noted for the ancient houses made of a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue .	the Pink City	Jaipur is also known as what city ?
Jaipur , the Pink City , is noted for the ancient houses made of a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue .	a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue	What are the notable houses in Jaipur made from ?
Jain Temples dot Rajasthan from north to south and east to west .	Jain Temples	What type of temples stretch from the north to the south of Rajasthan ?
Dilwara Temples of Mount Abu , Ranakpur Temple dedicated to Lord Adinath in Pali District , Jain temples in the fort complexes of Chittor , Jaisalmer and Kumbhalgarh , Lodurva Jain temples , Mirpur Jain Temple , Sarun Mata Temple kotputli , Bhandasar and Karni Mata Temple of Bikaner and Mandore of Jodhpur are some of the best examples .	Ranakpur Temple	Which Pali District temple is dedicated to Lord Adinath ?
Guam -LRB- i / ˈɡwɑːm / or / ˈɡwɒm / ; Chamorro : Guåhån ; -LSB- needs IPA -RSB- formally the Territory of Guam -RRB- is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States .	United States	What country is Guam a territory of ?
Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean , Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government .	northwestern Pacific Ocean	Where is the island of Guan located ?
In 2015 , 161,785 people resided on Guam .	161,785	How many people currently call Guam home as of 2015 ?
The capital city is Hagåtña , and the most populous city is Dededo .	Dededo	What is the most populous city in Guam ?
The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 meters -LRB- 1,332 ft -RRB- above sea level .	Mount Lamlam	What is the name of the largest mountain in Guam ?
The Chamorros , Guam 's indigenous people , settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago .	Chamorros	What is the official name given for Guam 's indigenous people ?
The Chamorros , Guam 's indigenous people , settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago .	4,000 years ago	When did Guam 's indigenous people first arrive ?
Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to visit the island on March 6 , 1521 .	Ferdinand Magellan	Who was the first European to visit the island ?
Guam was colonized in 1668 with settlers , like Diego Luis de San Vitores , a Catholic missionary .	1668	What year was Guam colonized ?
Under the Treaty of Paris , Spain ceded Guam to the United States on December 10 , 1898 .	1898	What year did the United States capture Guam ?
Before World War II , Guam and three other territories -- American Samoa , Hawaii , and the Philippines -- were the only American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean .	American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines	Along with Guam , which other territories were in the United States jurisdiction before WWII ?
On December 7 , 1941 , hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor , Guam was captured by the Japanese , and was occupied for thirty months .	December 7, 1941	What was the date on the attack of Pearl Harbor ?
On December 7 , 1941 , hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor , Guam was captured by the Japanese , and was occupied for thirty months .	Guam was captured by the Japanese	What happened just after the attack on Peal Harbor ?
On December 7 , 1941 , hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor , Guam was captured by the Japanese , and was occupied for thirty months .	thirty months	How long did the Japanese occupation last ?
The ancient-Chamorro society had four classes : chamorri -LRB- chiefs -RRB- , matua -LRB- upper class -RRB- , achaot -LRB- middle class -RRB- , and mana ` chang -LRB- lower class -RRB- .	chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class)	Which four classes made up the ancient - Chamorro society ?
:20 -- 21 The matua were located in the coastal villages , which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds , whereas the mana ` chang were located in the interior of the island .	coastal villages	Where were the matua located on the island ?
:20 -- 21 The matua were located in the coastal villages , which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds , whereas the mana ` chang were located in the interior of the island .	interior of the island	Where were the mana ` chag located ?
The first European to discover Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan , sailing for the King of Spain , when he sighted the island on March 6 , 1521 during his fleet 's circumnavigation of the globe. :41 -- 42 When Magellan arrived on Guam , he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the water , due to their considerable speed .	Portuguese	What was the nationality of Magellan ?
The first European to discover Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan , sailing for the King of Spain , when he sighted the island on March 6 , 1521 during his fleet 's circumnavigation of the globe. :41 -- 42 When Magellan arrived on Guam , he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the water , due to their considerable speed .	1521	What year did Magellan locate the island of Guam ?
These outrigger canoes were called Proas , and resulted in Magellan naming Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas -LRB- `` Islands of the Lateen sails '' -RRB- .	Proas	What were the name of outrigger canoes ?
Despite Magellan 's visit , Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until January 26 , 1565 by General Miguel López de Legazpi. :46 From 1565 to 1815 , Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands , the only Spanish outpost in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines , was an important resting stop for the Manila galleons , a fleet that covered the Pacific trade route between Acapulco and Manila. :51 To protect these Pacific fleets , Spain built several defensive structures which are still standing today , such as Fort Nuestra Señora de la Soledad in Umatac .	1565	In what year was Guam claimed by Spain ?
Despite Magellan 's visit , Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until January 26 , 1565 by General Miguel López de Legazpi. :46 From 1565 to 1815 , Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands , the only Spanish outpost in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines , was an important resting stop for the Manila galleons , a fleet that covered the Pacific trade route between Acapulco and Manila. :51 To protect these Pacific fleets , Spain built several defensive structures which are still standing today , such as Fort Nuestra Señora de la Soledad in Umatac .	built several defensive structures	What did Spain build to protect their fleet at Guam ?
Spanish colonization commenced on June 15 , 1668 with the arrival of Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod , who established the first Catholic church. :64 The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies governed from the Philippines , which were in turn part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City .	June 15, 1668	When did Spanish colonization commence ?
Spanish colonization commenced on June 15 , 1668 with the arrival of Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod , who established the first Catholic church. :64 The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies governed from the Philippines , which were in turn part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City .	Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod	Which two Spaniards aided this colonization and started the first catholic church ?
Guam 's Cathedral Dulce Nombre de Maria was formally opened on February 2 , 1669 , as was the Royal College of San Juan de Letran. :68 Guam , along with the rest of the Mariana and Caroline Islands , were treated as part of Spain 's colony in the Philippines .	February 2, 1669	When did Guam 's Cathedral first open ?
Guam 's Cathedral Dulce Nombre de Maria was formally opened on February 2 , 1669 , as was the Royal College of San Juan de Letran. :68 Guam , along with the rest of the Mariana and Caroline Islands , were treated as part of Spain 's colony in the Philippines .	Dulce Nombre de Maria	What was the name of the first Cathedral ?
Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23 , 1670 until July 1695 , plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693 , and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688 , reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 to less than 5,000 .	1688	When did the Smallpox epidemic take place ?
Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23 , 1670 until July 1695 , plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693 , and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688 , reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 to less than 5,000 .	July 23, 1670 until July 1695	In what years was there intermittent war fare ?
Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23 , 1670 until July 1695 , plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693 , and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688 , reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 to less than 5,000 .	50,000 to 10,000	What did the smallpox epidemic reduce the population down to in Chamorro ?
Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to pacify the island , which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces. :68 -- 74	Juan de Santiago	What was the name of the person who started the campaign to pacify the area ?
After his arrival in 1674 , Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns .	1674	When did Captain Damian de Esplana arrive ?
After his arrival in 1674 , Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns .	ordered the arrest of rebels	What did Captain Damian do after his arrival ?
Hostilities eventually led to the destruction of villages such as Chochogo , Pepura , Tumon , Sidia-Aty , Sagua , Nagan and Ninca. :74 -- 75 Starting in June 1676 , the first Spanish Governor of Guam , Capt. Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar controlled internal affairs more strictly than his predecessors in order to curb tensions .	Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar	Who was the first Spanish Governor of Guam ?
He also ordered the construction of schools , roads and other infrastructure. :75 -- 76 Later , Capt. Jose de Quiroga arrived in 1680 and continued some of the development projects started by his predecessors .	1680	In what year did Jose de Quiroga arrive ?
He also continued the search for the rebels who had assassinated Father San Vitores , resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands , eventually leading to the death of Matapang , Hurao and Aguarin. :77 -- 78 Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam , ordering the population to live in a few large villages. :78 -- 79 These included Jinapsan , Umatac , Pago , Agat and Inarajan , where he built a number of churches. :79 By July 1695 , Quiroga had completed the pacification process in Guam , Rota , Tinian and Aguigan. :85	1695	in What year did Quiroga complete his pacification ?
The United States took control of the island in the 1898 Spanish -- American War , as part of the Treaty of Paris .	1898	When did the United States take control of the island ?
The United States took control of the island in the 1898 Spanish -- American War , as part of the Treaty of Paris .	Spanish–American War	What happened that allowed the United States to have Guam ?
Guam was transferred to U.S. Navy control on 23 December 1898 by Executive Order 108-A .	108-A	What is the name of the executive order that transferred Guam over to the U.S ?
A U.S. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899 , and a marine barracks at Sumay in 1901. :13 Following the Philippine -- American War , Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini were exiled on Guam in 1901. : vi	Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini	Which two people were exiled to Guam after the Philippine-American war ?
It was the Chamorros from the Northern Marianas who were brought to Guam to serve as interpreters and in other capacities for the occupying Japanese force .	to serve as interpreters	Why were the Chamorros brought to Guam ?
The Guamanian Chamorros were treated as an occupied enemy by the Japanese military .	as an occupied enemy	How were Guamanian Chamorro viewed by the Japanese ?
Guam 's Chamorros believed their northern brethren should have been compassionate towards them , whereas having been occupied for over 30 years , the Northern Mariana Chamorros were loyal to Japan .	Northern Mariana Chamorros	Who were loyal to Japan ?
After World War II , the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States , provided for the structure of the island 's civilian government , and granted the people U.S. citizenship .	Guam Organic Act of 1950	What established Guam as an unincorporated territory ?
After World War II , the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States , provided for the structure of the island 's civilian government , and granted the people U.S. citizenship .	After World War II	What conflict did the Organic Act come after ?
After World War II , the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States , provided for the structure of the island 's civilian government , and granted the people U.S. citizenship .	granted the people U.S. citizenship	What did the Guam Act allow the population now that they were a U.S territory ?
Guam lies between 13.2 ° N and 13.7 ° N and between 144.6 ° E and 145.0 ° E , and has an area of 212 square miles -LRB- 549 km2 -RRB- , making it the 32nd largest island of the United States .	212	How many square miles is Guam ?
This island chain was created by the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates .	the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates	How was this island chain created ?
Challenger Deep , the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans , is southwest of Guam at 35,797 feet -LRB- 10,911 meters -RRB- deep .	35,797	How deep is the Mariana Trench located near Guam ?
The island of Guam is 30 miles -LRB- 50 km -RRB- long and 4 to 12 miles -LRB- 6 to 19 km -RRB- wide , 3⁄4 the size of Singapore .	30 miles	How many miles is Guam across ?
The island experiences occasional earthquakes due to its location on the western edge of the Pacific Plate and near the Philippine Sea Plate .	earthquakes	What natural disaster that is not predictable does Guam have to worry about ?
However , due to its proximity to Anatahan , vog -LRB- i.e. volcanic smog -RRB- does occasionally affect Guam .	volcanic smog	Due to Guam being so close to Anatahan , what dod they have to worry about ?
Guam 's climate is characterized as tropical marine moderated by seasonal northeast trade winds .	tropical marine	What is Guam 's climate characterized as ?
The mean high temperature is 86 °F -LRB- 30 °C -RRB- and mean low is 76 °F -LRB- 24 °C -RRB- with an average annual rainfall of 96 inches -LRB- 2,180 mm -RRB- .	86 °F (30 °C)	What is the mean high temperature in Guam ?
The mean high temperature is 86 °F -LRB- 30 °C -RRB- and mean low is 76 °F -LRB- 24 °C -RRB- with an average annual rainfall of 96 inches -LRB- 2,180 mm -RRB- .	96 inches (2,180 mm)	What is the average annual rainfall of Guam ?
The dry season runs from December to June .	December to June	When does the dry season in Guam typical run ?
The months of January and February are considered the coolest months of the year with overnight low temperatures of 70 -- 75 °F -LRB- 21 -- 24 °C -RRB- and low humidity levels .	January and February	Which months are considered the coldest in Guam ?
During Spanish colonial rule -LRB- 1668 -- 1898 -RRB- the majority of the population was converted to Roman Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread .	1668–1898	hat years did the Spanish rule Guam ?
During Spanish colonial rule -LRB- 1668 -- 1898 -RRB- the majority of the population was converted to Roman Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread .	Roman Catholicism	What religion was the general population converted to ?
During Spanish colonial rule -LRB- 1668 -- 1898 -RRB- the majority of the population was converted to Roman Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread .	Easter and Christmas	Which two major holidays become popular in Guam ?
The modern Chamorro language is a Malayo-Polynesian language with much Spanish and Filipino influence .	Malayo-Polynesian	What is the name of the modern Chamorro language ?
Two aspects of indigenous pre-Hispanic culture that withstood time are chenchule ' and inafa ` maolek .	chenchule' and inafa'maolek	What two indiginous pre-hispanic culture has survived to this point ?
Historian Lawrence Cunningham in 1992 wrote , `` In a Chamorro sense , the land and its produce belong to everyone .	the land and its produce belong to everyone	What do the Chamorro believe in according to Historian Lawrence Cinningham
The core culture or Pengngan Chamorro is based on complex social protocol centered upon respect : From sniffing over the hands of the elders -LRB- called mangnginge in Chamorro -RRB- , the passing down of legends , chants , and courtship rituals , to a person asking for permission from spiritual ancestors before entering a jungle or ancient battle grounds .	social protocol	What is the culture of Pengngan Chamorro based on ?
The core culture or Pengngan Chamorro is based on complex social protocol centered upon respect : From sniffing over the hands of the elders -LRB- called mangnginge in Chamorro -RRB- , the passing down of legends , chants , and courtship rituals , to a person asking for permission from spiritual ancestors before entering a jungle or ancient battle grounds .	sniffing over the hands of the elders	What does mangnging refer to that directly involves one major human scense ?
Other practices predating Spanish conquest include galaide ' canoe-making , making of the belembaotuyan -LRB- a string musical instrument made from a gourd -RRB- , fashioning of åcho ' atupat slings and slingstones , tool manufacture , Måtan Guma ' burial rituals , and preparation of herbal medicines by Suruhanu .	string musical instrument made from a gourd	What is a belembaotuyan in Guam ?
The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam poses challenges for Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and identity amidst forces of acculturation .	cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam	What posses some challenges for the Chamorros who find it hard to keep their culture ?
The increasing numbers of Chamorros , especially Chamorro youth , relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both definition and preservation of Chamorro identity .	relocating to the U.S. Mainland	What else has led to the Chamorro find it hard to keep their culture that involves it 's children ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- While only a few masters exist to continue traditional art forms , the resurgence of interest among the Chamorros to preserve the language and culture has resulted in a growing number of young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people .	young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people.	What has recently led to a resurgence in the Chamorros culture and preservation of their old ways ?
Guam elects one non-voting delegate , currently Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo , to the United States House of Representatives .	Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo	Who is the current non-voting delegate for Guam ?
U.S. citizens in Guam vote in a straw poll for their choice in the U.S. Presidential general election , but since Guam has no votes in the Electoral College , the poll has no real effect .	Guam has no votes	How many electoral votes does Guam currently have ?
In the 1980s and early 1990s , there was a significant movement in favor of the territory becoming a commonwealth , which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands .	becoming a commonwealth	What major movement occurred in Guam in the 80 's and 90 's ?
In the 1980s and early 1990s , there was a significant movement in favor of the territory becoming a commonwealth , which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands .	would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico	Why would Guam becoming a commonwealth be so important ?
Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam , union with the state of Hawaii , union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory , or independence .	Hawaii	What is the name of this U.S state that could possibly form a union with Guam ?
The U.S. military has proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines , and 9,000 of their dependents , to Guam from Okinawa , Japan .	building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam	What has the U.S military proposed ?
The U.S. military has proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines , and 9,000 of their dependents , to Guam from Okinawa , Japan .	8,600 Marines	How many Marines would the United States move to Guam ?
By 2012 , these plans had been cut to only have a maximum of 4,800 Marines stationed on the island , two thirds of which would be there on a rotational basis without their dependents .	4,800 Marines	Because of the EPA , how many Marines would the United States be able to send to Guam to live ?
Lying in the western Pacific , Guam is a popular destination for Japanese tourists .	Japanese	What tourist commonly visits Guam ?
Its tourist hub , Tumon , features over 20 large hotels , a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria , Pleasure Island district , indoor aquarium , Sandcastle Las Vegas -- styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues .	20 large hotels	Around how many Hotels does Guam currently have ?
It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii , with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year .	seven	How many public golf courses does Guam currently have ?
It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii , with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year .	a million	About how many tourist visit Guam yearly ?
Significant sources of revenue include duty-free designer shopping outlets , and the American-style malls : Micronesia Mall , Guam Premier Outlets , the Agana Shopping Center , and the world 's largest Kmart .	Kmart	Which major U.S store does Guam currently have that happens to be the largest in the world ?
The Compacts of Free Association between the United States , the Federated States of Micronesia , the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of `` free association '' with the United States .	The Compacts of Free Association	What is the name of the pact held between the United States , Micronesia , Marshal Islands , and Palau ?
The Compacts give citizens of these island nations generally no restrictions to reside in the United States -LRB- also its territories -RRB- , and many were attracted to Guam due to its proximity , environmental , and cultural familiarity .	no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories)	What is the benefit of the Compacts of Free Association ?
Over the years , it was claimed by some in Guam that the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement in the form of public assistance programs and public education for those from the regions involved , and the federal government should compensate the states and territories affected by this type of migration .	the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement	What has Guam claimed about Compacts of Free Association ?
In 1899 , the local postage stamps were overprinted `` Guam '' as was done for the other former Spanish colonies , but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since .	1899	In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced ?
In 1899 , the local postage stamps were overprinted `` Guam '' as was done for the other former Spanish colonies , but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since .	U.S. postage	What type of postal service does Guam currently have today ?
Because Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System -LRB- postal abbreviation : GU , ZIP code range : 96910 -- 96932 -RRB- , mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required .	96910–96932	What is the current Zip Code range in Guam ?
Private shipping companies , such as FedEx , UPS , and DHL , however , have no obligation to do so , and do not regard Guam as domestic .	FedEx, UPS, and DHL	Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved ?
The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year .	on size and time of year	What determines the speed in which mail reaches Guam from the United States ?
Light , first-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland , but larger first-class or Priority items can take a week or two .	first-class	Which type of service usually takes less than a week to get postage to the island ?
Most residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes , although residential delivery is becoming increasingly available .	post office boxes or private mail boxes	What do most Guam residents use when receiving mail ?
The Commercial Port of Guam is the island 's lifeline because most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers .	The Commercial Port	What is considered to be the lifeline of Guam ?
The Commercial Port of Guam is the island 's lifeline because most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers .	most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers	Why is the port so important ?
Guam is served by the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport , which is a hub for United Airlines .	Antonio B. Won Pat	What is the name of the international airport in Guam ?
Guam is served by the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport , which is a hub for United Airlines .	United Airlines	What major airline resides at the airport ?
The island is outside the United States customs zone so Guam is responsible for establishing and operating its own customs and quarantine agency and jurisdiction .	operating its own customs and quarantine agency	What is Guam responsible for when goods both come in and leave ?
Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II , the brown tree snake -LRB- Boiga irregularis -RRB- was accidentally introduced to Guam , that previously had no native species of snake .	brown tree snake	Which animal was accidentally introduced into Guam ?
Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II , the brown tree snake -LRB- Boiga irregularis -RRB- was accidentally introduced to Guam , that previously had no native species of snake .	brown tree snake	What was accidentally introduced into Guam ?
It nearly eliminated the native bird population .	nearly eliminated the native bird population	With the introduction of a non native snake in the area of Guam what impact did it have the island ?
The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island 's cargo flow .	has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow	What has the U.S Department of Agriculture done to help watch for the snakes ?
Among them were the Guam rail -LRB- or ko ` ko ' bird in Chamorro -RRB- and the Guam flycatcher , both common throughout the island .	Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher	What are the names of the two native birds in Guam before the brown snake intrusion ?
As many as twelve bird species are believed to have been driven to extinction .	twelve bird species	How many bird species have been driven to extinction in Guam ?
According to many elders , ko ` ko ' birds were common in Guam before World War II .	ko'ko' birds	What other bird was very common before WWII according to the elders ?
An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle -LRB- CRB -RRB- , Oryctes rhinoceros , was detected on Guam on September 12 , 2007 .	coconut rhinoceros beetle	What insect was detected in 2007 ?
CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa .	American Samoa	What other American territory has these beetles that have infested Guam ?
CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the Western Pacific including Sri Lanka , Upolu , Samoa , American Samoa , Palau , New Britain , West Irian , New Ireland , Pak Island and Manus Island -LRB- New Guinea -RRB- , Fiji , Cocos -LRB- Keeling -RRB- Islands , Mauritius , and Reunion .	Southern Asia	Where is the Coconut Beetle native to ?
Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry season despite the island 's humid climate .	Wildfires	What plagues the Guam dry season ?
During the rainy season sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River , leading to water quality problems for southern Guam .	sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River	What causes water quality problems in Guam ?
Efforts have been made to protect Guam 's coral reef habitats from pollution , eroded silt and overfishing , problems that have led to decreased fish populations .	coral reef habitats	What has Guam recently being trying to protect ?
Efforts have been made to protect Guam 's coral reef habitats from pollution , eroded silt and overfishing , problems that have led to decreased fish populations .	pollution, eroded silt and overfishing	What has led to the decrease of fish near Guam ?
A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats .	Mariana fruit bats	What is the name of the flying mammal in Guam that some are concerned for ?
The University of Guam -LRB- UOG -RRB- and Guam Community College , both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , offer courses in higher education .	The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College	What are the names of the two colleges in Guam ?
The University of Guam -LRB- UOG -RRB- and Guam Community College , both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , offer courses in higher education .	Western Association of Schools and Colleges	Who are these two schools accredited by ?
Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts institution nationally accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools .	Pacific Islands University	What is the name of the small Christian college in Guam ?
In 2000 , 32,000 students attended Guam 's public schools .	32,000	How many students as of 2000 were attending public schools in Guam ?
Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores .	high dropout rates and poor test scores	What has plagued Guam public schools ?
The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam .	The Guam Department of Education	What is the name of the governing body of the school in all of Guam ?
The Government of Guam maintains the island 's main health care facility , Guam Memorial Hospital , in Tamuning .	The Government of Guam	Who runs Guam 's main health care facility ?
The Government of Guam maintains the island 's main health care facility , Guam Memorial Hospital , in Tamuning .	Guam Memorial Hospital	What is the name of the main health care facility in Guam ?
A private hospital , the Guam Regional Medical City opened its doors in early 2016 .	Guam Regional Medical City	Which privately owned medical facility opened in 2016 ?
This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism , which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses .	rationalism	What is commonly contrasted with empiricism ?
This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism , which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses .	reason independently of the senses	Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from ?
For example , John Locke held that some knowledge -LRB- e.g. knowledge of God 's existence -RRB- could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone .	knowledge of God's existence	What is an example knowledge being derived from intuition ?
For example , John Locke held that some knowledge -LRB- e.g. knowledge of God 's existence -RRB- could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone .	intuition and reasoning alone	What did Locke think some knowledge could come from ?
The main continental rationalists -LRB- Descartes , Spinoza , and Leibniz -RRB- were also advocates of the empirical `` scientific method '' .	Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz	Where were the main European rationalists ?
Aristotle 's explanation of how this was possible was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense , but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actuality , and experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous .	his theory of potentiality and actuality	What theory was Aristotle 's explanation based on ?
These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens , before being sent down to join a body on Earth -LRB- see Plato 's Phaedo and Apology , as well as others -RRB- .	an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth	How did Plato 's Phaedo and Apology think of the mind ?
Aristotle was considered to give a more important position to sense perception than Plato , and commentators in the Middle Ages summarized one of his positions as `` nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu '' -LRB- Latin for `` nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses '' -RRB- .	Aristotle	Who thought the senses were more important , Aristotle or Plato ?
Aristotle was considered to give a more important position to sense perception than Plato , and commentators in the Middle Ages summarized one of his positions as `` nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu '' -LRB- Latin for `` nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses '' -RRB- .	Plato	Who thought the senses were less important , Aristotle or Plato ?
Aristotle was considered to give a more important position to sense perception than Plato , and commentators in the Middle Ages summarized one of his positions as `` nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu '' -LRB- Latin for `` nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses '' -RRB- .	Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses"	What does `` nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu '' mean ?
Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank , but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it .	the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it	What is the Stoic view ?
The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as `` When a man is born , the Stoics say , he has the commanding part of his soul like a sheet of paper ready for writing upon . ''	doxographer	What was Aetius 's career ?
Later stoics , such as Sextus of Chaeronea , would continue this idea of empiricism in later Stoic writings as well .	Chaeronea	Where was Sextus from ?
As Sextus contends `` For every thought comes from sense-perception or not without sense-perception and either from direct experience or not without direct experience '' -LRB- Against the Professors , 8.56-8 -RRB- .	Sextus	Who wrote ` Against the Professors ' ?
The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as `` When a man is born , the Stoics say , he has the commanding part of his soul like a sheet of paper ready for writing upon . ''	Aetius	Whose ideas did Sextus build on ?
During the Middle Ages Aristotle 's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi , developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail .	Aristotle	Whose idea was ` tabula rasa ' ?
During the Middle Ages Aristotle 's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi , developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail .	Islamic	What religion was Al Farabi ?
The intellect itself develops from a material intellect -LRB- al - ` aql al-hayulani -RRB- , which is a potentiality `` that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect -LRB- al - ` aql al-fa ` il -RRB- , the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge '' .	material intellect	What does al - ` aql al-hayulani mean ?
The intellect itself develops from a material intellect -LRB- al - ` aql al-hayulani -RRB- , which is a potentiality `` that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect -LRB- al - ` aql al-fa ` il -RRB- , the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge '' .	active intellect	What does al - ` aql al-fa ` il mean ?
So the immaterial `` active intellect '' , separate from any individual person , is still essential for understanding to occur .	the immaterial "active intellect"	What is crucial for understanding ?
In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail -LRB- known as `` Abubacer '' or `` Ebn Tophail '' in the West -RRB- included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel , Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child `` from a tabula rasa to that of an adult , in complete isolation from society '' on a desert island , through experience alone .	Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail	What was ` Abubacer ' normally called ?
In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail -LRB- known as `` Abubacer '' or `` Ebn Tophail '' in the West -RRB- included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel , Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child `` from a tabula rasa to that of an adult , in complete isolation from society '' on a desert island , through experience alone .	Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail	What was ` Ebn Topnail ' normally called ?
In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail -LRB- known as `` Abubacer '' or `` Ebn Tophail '' in the West -RRB- included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel , Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child `` from a tabula rasa to that of an adult , in complete isolation from society '' on a desert island , through experience alone .	Muslim	What was Ibn Tufail 's religion ?
In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail -LRB- known as `` Abubacer '' or `` Ebn Tophail '' in the West -RRB- included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel , Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child `` from a tabula rasa to that of an adult , in complete isolation from society '' on a desert island , through experience alone .	Andalusian	What was Ibn Tufail 's ethnicity ?
In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail -LRB- known as `` Abubacer '' or `` Ebn Tophail '' in the West -RRB- included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel , Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child `` from a tabula rasa to that of an adult , in complete isolation from society '' on a desert island , through experience alone .	12th century CE	When did Ibn Tufail live ?
Their contemporary , Leonardo da Vinci -LRB- 1452 -- 1519 -RRB- said , `` If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down , then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings . ''	1452	When was da Vinci born ?
Their contemporary , Leonardo da Vinci -LRB- 1452 -- 1519 -RRB- said , `` If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down , then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings . ''	1519	When did da Vinci die ?
In the late renaissance various writers began to question the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition in a more fundamental way .	the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition	What did renaissance writers question ?
Machiavelli in particular was scornful of writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals and demanded that people should study the `` effectual truth '' instead .	writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals	Who did Machiavelli disdain ?
Their contemporary , Leonardo da Vinci -LRB- 1452 -- 1519 -RRB- said , `` If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down , then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings . ''	abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings	What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority ?
The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei -LRB- ca. 1520 -- 1591 -RRB- , father of Galileo and the inventor of monody , made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems , firstly , of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments , and to volume of air in wind instruments ; and secondly to composition , by his various suggestions to composers in his Dialogo della musica antica e moderna -LRB- Florence , 1581 -RRB- .	ca. 1520	When was Vincenzo Galilei born ?
The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei -LRB- ca. 1520 -- 1591 -RRB- , father of Galileo and the inventor of monody , made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems , firstly , of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments , and to volume of air in wind instruments ; and secondly to composition , by his various suggestions to composers in his Dialogo della musica antica e moderna -LRB- Florence , 1581 -RRB- .	1591	When did Vincenzo Galilei die ?
The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei -LRB- ca. 1520 -- 1591 -RRB- , father of Galileo and the inventor of monody , made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems , firstly , of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments , and to volume of air in wind instruments ; and secondly to composition , by his various suggestions to composers in his Dialogo della musica antica e moderna -LRB- Florence , 1581 -RRB- .	Galileo	Who was Vincenzo Galilei 's oldest son ?
The Italian word he used for `` experiment '' was esperienza .	experiment	What does ` esperienza ' mean ?
British empiricism , though it was not a term used at the time , derives from the 17th century period of early modern philosophy and modern science .	17th century	When was the British empiricism period ?
The term became useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon , described as empiricist , and René Descartes , who is described as a rationalist .	empiricist	What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon ?
The term became useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon , described as empiricist , and René Descartes , who is described as a rationalist .	rationalist	What type of philosopher was Descartes ?
Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza , in the next generation , are often also described as an empiricist and a rationalist respectively .	empiricist	What type of philosopher was Hobbes ?
Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza , in the next generation , are often also described as an empiricist and a rationalist respectively .	rationalist	What type of philosopher was Spinoza ?
In response to the early-to-mid-17th century `` continental rationalism '' John Locke -LRB- 1632 -- 1704 -RRB- proposed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding -LRB- 1689 -RRB- a very influential view wherein the only knowledge humans can have is a posteriori , i.e. , based upon experience .	1689	When was ` An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ' published ?
In response to the early-to-mid-17th century `` continental rationalism '' John Locke -LRB- 1632 -- 1704 -RRB- proposed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding -LRB- 1689 -RRB- a very influential view wherein the only knowledge humans can have is a posteriori , i.e. , based upon experience .	John Locke	Who wrote ` An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ' ?
Locke is famously attributed with holding the proposition that the human mind is a tabula rasa , a `` blank tablet '' , in Locke 's words `` white paper '' , on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person 's life proceeds are written .	blank tablet	What does ` tabula rasa ' mean ?
Locke is famously attributed with holding the proposition that the human mind is a tabula rasa , a `` blank tablet '' , in Locke 's words `` white paper '' , on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person 's life proceeds are written .	white paper	What did Locke say ` tabula rasa ' meant ?
Locke is famously attributed with holding the proposition that the human mind is a tabula rasa , a `` blank tablet '' , in Locke 's words `` white paper '' , on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person 's life proceeds are written .	on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written	What did Locke 's ` tabula rasa ' concept say happens to the mind ?
A generation later , the Irish Anglican bishop , George Berkeley -LRB- 1685 -- 1753 -RRB- , determined that Locke 's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism .	George Berkeley	Who wrote ` Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge ' ?
A generation later , the Irish Anglican bishop , George Berkeley -LRB- 1685 -- 1753 -RRB- , determined that Locke 's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism .	George Berkeley	Who wrote ` Alciphron ' ?
In response to Locke , he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge -LRB- 1710 -RRB- an important challenge to empiricism in which things only exist either as a result of their being perceived , or by virtue of the fact that they are an entity doing the perceiving .	1710	When was ` Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge ' published ?
A generation later , the Irish Anglican bishop , George Berkeley -LRB- 1685 -- 1753 -RRB- , determined that Locke 's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism .	Anglican	What religion was George Berkeley ?
A generation later , the Irish Anglican bishop , George Berkeley -LRB- 1685 -- 1753 -RRB- , determined that Locke 's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism .	Irish	What nationality was George Berkeley ?
The Scottish philosopher David Hume -LRB- 1711 -- 1776 -RRB- responded to Berkeley 's criticisms of Locke , as well as other differences between early modern philosophers , and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism .	a new level of skepticism	What did Hume bring to empiricism ?
The Scottish philosopher David Hume -LRB- 1711 -- 1776 -RRB- responded to Berkeley 's criticisms of Locke , as well as other differences between early modern philosophers , and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism .	Scottish	What was Hume 's nationality ?
He wrote for example , `` Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable .	demonstrative and probable	What two types of arguments did Locke say there are ?
The Scottish philosopher David Hume -LRB- 1711 -- 1776 -RRB- responded to Berkeley 's criticisms of Locke , as well as other differences between early modern philosophers , and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism .	1776	When did Hume die ?
The Scottish philosopher David Hume -LRB- 1711 -- 1776 -RRB- responded to Berkeley 's criticisms of Locke , as well as other differences between early modern philosophers , and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism .	1711	When was Hume born ?
Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories : relations of ideas and matters of fact -LRB- see also Kant 's analytic-synthetic distinction -RRB- .	relations of ideas and matters of fact	What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are ?
Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories : relations of ideas and matters of fact -LRB- see also Kant 's analytic-synthetic distinction -RRB- .	relations of ideas	What type of human knowledge is math ?
Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories : relations of ideas and matters of fact -LRB- see also Kant 's analytic-synthetic distinction -RRB- .	matters of fact	What type of human knowledge is observing the world ?
Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories : relations of ideas and matters of fact -LRB- see also Kant 's analytic-synthetic distinction -RRB- .	matters of fact	What type of human knowledge is `` the sun rises in the East '' ?
All of people 's `` ideas '' , in turn , are derived from their `` impressions '' .	their "impressions"	Where did Hume say people 's ideas come from ?
Rather , he maintained , our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits , developed in response to accumulated sense experiences .	a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences	What did Hume think our beliefs are ?
Hume maintained that all knowledge , even the most basic beliefs about the natural world , can not be conclusively established by reason .	reason	What did Hume think our beliefs ca n't be established solely by ?
Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning , and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument .	the justification for inductive reasoning	What did Hume think is a circular argument ?
Thus , as a simple instance posed by Hume , we can not know with certainty by inductive reasoning that the sun will continue to rise in the East , but instead come to expect it to do so because it has repeatedly done so in the past .	that the sun will continue to rise in the East	What did Hume say we ca n't know by inductive reasoning ?
Thus , as a simple instance posed by Hume , we can not know with certainty by inductive reasoning that the sun will continue to rise in the East , but instead come to expect it to do so because it has repeatedly done so in the past .	because it has repeatedly done so in the past	Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise ?
Most of Hume 's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable , contending that Hume 's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief , that is , beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct , custom and habit .	that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable	What conclusion do most of Hume 's followers disagree with ?
Most of Hume 's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable , contending that Hume 's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief , that is , beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct , custom and habit .	belief in an external world	What did Hume say ca n't be rationally justified ?
Phenomenalism is the view that physical objects , properties , events -LRB- whatever is physical -RRB- are reducible to mental objects , properties , events .	physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events	What is phenomenalism ?
Phenomenalism is the view that physical objects , properties , events -LRB- whatever is physical -RRB- are reducible to mental objects , properties , events .	Phenomenalism	What is subjective idealism closely related to ?
As John Stuart Mill put it in the mid-19th century , matter is the `` permanent possibility of sensation '' .	the "permanent possibility of sensation"	What did John Stuart Mill say matter is ?
Mill 's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience .	an inductive inference from direct experience	What did Mill say knowledge comes from ?
The problems other philosophers have had with Mill 's position center around the following issues : Firstly , Mill 's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experience is by differentiating only between actual and possible sensations .	actual and possible sensations	What sensations did Mill differentiate ?
Berkeley put God in that gap ; the phenomenalists , including Mill , essentially left the question unanswered .	God	When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered , how did Berkeley answer it ?
Secondly , Mill 's formulation leaves open the unsettling possibility that the `` gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all '' .	gap-filling entities	What did Mill say might not actually exist ?
It fails to fully consider the structure and method of mathematical science , the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures which do not , either today or at the time Mill wrote , fall under the agreed meaning of induction .	the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures	What did Mill misrepresent about math ?
The phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s , for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data .	phenomenalist	What phase of empiricism ended in the 1940s ?
There is , however , no finite set of statements that are couched in purely sensory terms and can express the satisfaction of the condition of the presence of a normal observer .	in purely sensory terms	How ca n't a finite set of statements be described ?
If we are to specify this doctor 's normality in sensory terms , we must make reference to a second doctor who , when inspecting the sense organs of the first doctor , would himself have to have the sense data a normal observer has when inspecting the sense organs of a subject who is a normal observer .	a second doctor	What is necessary to explain a doctor 's normality in sensory terms ?
Logical empiricism -LRB- also logical positivism or neopositivism -RRB- was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism -LRB- e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge -RRB- with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein .	logical positivism or neopositivism	What are other terms for logical empiricism ?
Logical empiricism -LRB- also logical positivism or neopositivism -RRB- was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism -LRB- e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge -RRB- with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein .	early 20th-century	When was logical empricism formulated ?
Logical empiricism -LRB- also logical positivism or neopositivism -RRB- was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism -LRB- e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge -RRB- with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein .	British empiricism	What did logical empiricism try to combine with mathematical logic ?
Logical empiricism -LRB- also logical positivism or neopositivism -RRB- was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism -LRB- e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge -RRB- with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein .	Logical empiricism	What was Otto Neurath an important member of ?
Logical empiricism -LRB- also logical positivism or neopositivism -RRB- was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism -LRB- e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge -RRB- with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein .	Logical empiricism	What was AJ Ayer an important member of ?
They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege -LRB- 1848 -- 1925 -RRB- and Bertrand Russell -LRB- 1872 -- 1970 -RRB- a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific discourse into an ideal , logically perfect , language that would be free of the ambiguities and deformations of natural language .	1872	When was Bertrand Russell born ?
They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege -LRB- 1848 -- 1925 -RRB- and Bertrand Russell -LRB- 1872 -- 1970 -RRB- a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific discourse into an ideal , logically perfect , language that would be free of the ambiguities and deformations of natural language .	1970	When did Bertrand Russell die ?
By combining Frege 's thesis that all mathematical truths are logical with the early Wittgenstein 's idea that all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies , they arrived at a twofold classification of all propositions : the analytic -LRB- a priori -RRB- and the synthetic -LRB- a posteriori -RRB- .	all mathematical truths are logical	What did Frege say about math ?
By combining Frege 's thesis that all mathematical truths are logical with the early Wittgenstein 's idea that all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies , they arrived at a twofold classification of all propositions : the analytic -LRB- a priori -RRB- and the synthetic -LRB- a posteriori -RRB- .	all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies	What did Wittgenstein say about logic ?
As a result , most metaphysical , ethical , aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems came to be considered pseudoproblems .	most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems	What are pseudoproblems ?
In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists -- at least before the 1930s -- any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion -LRB- or set of ultimate assertions -RRB- that expresses direct observations or perceptions .	neopositivists	Who were extreme empiricists ?
The central theses of logical positivism -LRB- verificationism , the analytic-synthetic distinction , reductionism , etc. -RRB- came under sharp attack after World War II by thinkers such as Nelson Goodman , W.V. Quine , Hilary Putnam , Karl Popper , and Richard Rorty .	Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty	Who attacked logical positivism ?
By the late 1960s , it had become evident to most philosophers that the movement had pretty much run its course , though its influence is still significant among contemporary analytic philosophers such as Michael Dummett and other anti-realists .	anti-realists	What position does Dummett take ?
In later years , Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a rational reconstruction of knowledge into the language of an objective spatio-temporal physics .	Carnap and Neurath	Who abandoned phenomenalism ?
In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose .	In the late 19th and early 20th century	When did pragmatism arise ?
The ideas of pragmatism , in its various forms , developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s .	Charles Sanders Peirce and William James	Who developed pragmatism ?
The ideas of pragmatism , in its various forms , developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s .	Harvard	Where did Peirce and James meet ?
The ideas of pragmatism , in its various forms , developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s .	in the 1870s	When did Peirce and James meet ?
James popularized the term `` pragmatism '' , giving Peirce full credit for its patrimony , but Peirce later demurred from the tangents that the movement was taking , and redubbed what he regarded as the original idea with the name of `` pragmaticism '' .	pragmaticism	What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism ?
Charles Peirce -LRB- 1839 -- 1914 -RRB- was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today 's empirical scientific method .	1839	When was Peirce born ?
Charles Peirce -LRB- 1839 -- 1914 -RRB- was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today 's empirical scientific method .	1914	When did Peirce die ?
In later years he even emphasized the concept-driven side of the then ongoing debate between strict empiricism and strict rationalism , in part to counterbalance the excesses to which some of his cohorts had taken pragmatism under the `` data-driven '' strict-empiricist view .	the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view	What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess ?
Charles Peirce -LRB- 1839 -- 1914 -RRB- was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today 's empirical scientific method .	Charles Peirce	Who formed the basis for modern scientific method ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes ' peculiar brand of rationalism , he did not reject rationalism outright .	Descartes	Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize ?
Among Peirce 's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode , the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before .	a century	How long before Peirce did Hume write ?
Among Peirce 's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode , the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before .	complementary	How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning ?
Among Peirce 's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode , the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before .	competitive	How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning ?
According to Peirce 's doctrine of fallibilism , the conclusions of science are always tentative .	the conclusions of science are always tentative	What did fallibilism say ?
The rationality of the scientific method does not depend on the certainty of its conclusions , but on its self-corrective character : by continued application of the method science can detect and correct its own mistakes , and thus eventually lead to the discovery of truth '' .	its self-corrective character	What does the scientific method 's rationality depend on ?
In his Harvard `` Lectures on Pragmatism '' -LRB- 1903 -RRB- , Peirce enumerated what he called the `` three cotary propositions of pragmatism '' -LRB- L : cos , cotis whetstone -RRB- , saying that they `` put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism '' .	Peirce	Who wrote ` Lectures on Pragmatism ' ?
In his Harvard `` Lectures on Pragmatism '' -LRB- 1903 -RRB- , Peirce enumerated what he called the `` three cotary propositions of pragmatism '' -LRB- L : cos , cotis whetstone -RRB- , saying that they `` put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism '' .	1903	When was ` Lectures on Pragmatism ' published ?
This in no way conflicts with the fallibility and revisability of scientific concepts , since it is only the immediate percept in its unique individuality or `` thisness '' -- what the Scholastics called its haecceity -- that stands beyond control and correction .	unique individuality or "thisness"	What is ` haecceity ' ?
This notion of perception as abduction has received periodic revivals in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research , most recently for instance with the work of Irvin Rock on indirect perception .	indirect perception	What did Irvin Rock write about ?
This notion of perception as abduction has received periodic revivals in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research , most recently for instance with the work of Irvin Rock on indirect perception .	in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research	Where has ` perception as abduction ' come up repeatedly ?
Around the beginning of the 20th century , William James -LRB- 1842 -- 1910 -RRB- coined the term `` radical empiricism '' to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism , which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism -- though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James 's published lectures .	William James	Who came up with ` radical empiricism ' ?
Around the beginning of the 20th century , William James -LRB- 1842 -- 1910 -RRB- coined the term `` radical empiricism '' to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism , which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism -- though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James 's published lectures .	in James's published lectures	Where were James 's pragmatism and radical empiricism intertwined ?
Around the beginning of the 20th century , William James -LRB- 1842 -- 1910 -RRB- coined the term `` radical empiricism '' to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism , which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism -- though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James 's published lectures .	1842	When was William James born ?
Around the beginning of the 20th century , William James -LRB- 1842 -- 1910 -RRB- coined the term `` radical empiricism '' to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism , which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism -- though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James 's published lectures .	1910	When did William James die ?
Around the beginning of the 20th century , William James -LRB- 1842 -- 1910 -RRB- coined the term `` radical empiricism '' to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism , which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism -- though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James 's published lectures .	Around the beginning of the 20th century	When did James come up with ` radical empiricism ' ?
John Dewey -LRB- 1859 -- 1952 -RRB- modified James ' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism .	John Dewey	Who came up with ` instrumentalism ' ?
Dewey 's basic thought , in accordance with empiricism was that reality is determined by past experience .	reality is determined by past experience	What did Dewey think about reality ?
John Dewey -LRB- 1859 -- 1952 -RRB- modified James ' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism .	1859	When was Dewey born ?
John Dewey -LRB- 1859 -- 1952 -RRB- modified James ' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism .	1952	When did Dewey die ?
John Dewey -LRB- 1859 -- 1952 -RRB- modified James ' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism .	James' pragmatism	What was instrumentalism a modification of ?
In philosophy , idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality , or reality as we can know it , is fundamentally mental , mentally constructed , or otherwise immaterial .	reality	What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds ?
Epistemologically , idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing .	mind-independent	What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about ?
Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind .	dualist	Along with physicalist theories , what theories is idealism in conflict with ?
In a sociological sense , idealism emphasizes how human ideas -- especially beliefs and values -- shape society .	beliefs and values	In sociology , what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on ?
The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality .	Hindu	What Indian thinkers were early idealists ?
The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality .	Neoplatonists	What Greek philosophers had idealistic views ?
In contrast , the Yogācāra school , which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE , based its `` mind-only '' idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience .	Mahayana	With what sect of Buddhism was the Yogācāra school affiliated ?
In contrast , the Yogācāra school , which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE , based its `` mind-only '' idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience .	4th	In what century did the Yogācāra school arise ?
Beginning with Immanuel Kant , German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling , and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy .	German	What was the ethnicity of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling ?
This tradition , which emphasized the mental or `` ideal '' character of all phenomena , gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schools ranging from British idealism to phenomenalism to existentialism .	phenomenalism	Along with British idealism and existentialism , what philosophy was influenced by the German idealistic tradition ?
The historical influence of this branch of idealism remains central even to the schools that rejected its metaphysical assumptions , such as Marxism , pragmatism and positivism .	Marxism	Along with positivism and pragmatism , what philosophy rejected idealism 's metaphysical views but what nevertheless influenced by it ?
It comes via idea from the Greek idein -LRB- ἰδεῖν -RRB- , meaning `` to see '' .	to see	What does ἰδεῖν mean in English ?
The term entered the English language by 1743 .	1743	By what year was `` idealism '' a word in English ?
Idealists are understood to represent the world as it might or should be , unlike pragmatists , who focus on the world as it presently is .	pragmatists	Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word ?
It comes via idea from the Greek idein -LRB- ἰδεῖν -RRB- , meaning `` to see '' .	Greek	What language is ἰδεῖν ?
Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed `` idealist '' .	idealist	What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance ?
Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core .	Metaphysical	What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical ?
Platonic idealism affirms that abstractions are more basic to reality than the things we perceive , while subjective idealists and phenomenalists tend to privilege sensory experience over abstract reasoning .	Platonic	What branch of idealism sees abstracts as more real than perceived objects ?
Platonic idealism affirms that abstractions are more basic to reality than the things we perceive , while subjective idealists and phenomenalists tend to privilege sensory experience over abstract reasoning .	subjective	Along with phenomenalists , what idealists believe the senses are more important than reason ?
Epistemological idealism is the view that reality can only be known through ideas , that only psychological experience can be apprehended by the mind .	Epistemological	What branch of idealism believes that we can only know the real world via ideas ?
Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world , whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world , affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism .	George Berkeley	Who is a notable subjective idealist ?
Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world , whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world , affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism .	Immanuel Kant	What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist ?
Thus Plato and Gottfried Leibniz affirm an objective and knowable reality transcending our subjective awareness -- a rejection of epistemological idealism -- but propose that this reality is grounded in ideal entities , a form of metaphysical idealism .	Gottfried Leibniz	Along with Plato , what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism ?
Nor do all metaphysical idealists agree on the nature of the ideal ; for Plato , the fundamental entities were non-mental abstract forms , while for Leibniz they were proto-mental and concrete monads .	Leibniz	Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads ?
Christian theologians have held idealist views , often based on Neoplatonism , despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward .	Neoplatonism	In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted ?
Christian theologians have held idealist views , often based on Neoplatonism , despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward .	Aristotelian scholasticism	What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism ?
Christian theologians have held idealist views , often based on Neoplatonism , despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward .	12th	In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle ?
Several modern religious movements , for example the organizations within the New Thought Movement and the Unity Church , may be said to have a particularly idealist orientation .	New Thought	Along with the Unity Church , what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist ?
Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the `` world ground '' in which all things find their unity : it has been widely accepted by Protestant theologians .	Hermann Lotze	What notable idealist was responsible for a `` world ground '' theory ?
Arne Grøn calls this doctrine `` the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcendent idealism '' , while Simone Klein calls Plato `` the earliest representative of metaphysical objective idealism '' .	Simone Klein	Who regarded Plato as the oldest exponent of metaphysical objective idealism ?
Plato was therefore a metaphysical and epistemological dualist , an outlook that modern idealism has striven to avoid : Plato 's thought can not therefore be counted as idealist in the modern sense , although quantum physics ' assertion that man 's consciousness is an immutable and primary requisite for not merely perceiving but shaping matter , and thus his reality , would give more credence to Plato 's dualist position .	metaphysical and epistemological	What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as ?
Plato 's theory of forms or `` ideas '' describes ideal forms -LRB- for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice -RRB- , as universals existing independently of any particular instance .	ideas	What was another term for forms in Plato 's theory of forms ?
Plato was therefore a metaphysical and epistemological dualist , an outlook that modern idealism has striven to avoid : Plato 's thought can not therefore be counted as idealist in the modern sense , although quantum physics ' assertion that man 's consciousness is an immutable and primary requisite for not merely perceiving but shaping matter , and thus his reality , would give more credence to Plato 's dualist position .	quantum	What branch of physics might support a worldview similar to Platonic dualism ?
With the neoplatonist Plotinus , wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll ; `` there even appears , probably for the first time in Western philosophy , idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time , for it taught ... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time ... '' .	neoplatonist	What sort of philosopher was Plotinus ?
Similarly , in regard to passages from the Enneads , `` The only space or place of the world is the soul '' and `` Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul '' , Ludwig Noiré wrote : `` For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus , However , Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects , unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers .	Plotinus	According to Noiré , who was the first true Western idealist ?
Similarly , in regard to passages from the Enneads , `` The only space or place of the world is the soul '' and `` Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul '' , Ludwig Noiré wrote : `` For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus , However , Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects , unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers .	whether we know external objects	What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not ?
Similarly , in regard to passages from the Enneads , `` The only space or place of the world is the soul '' and `` Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul '' , Ludwig Noiré wrote : `` For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus , However , Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects , unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers .	Time	What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul ?
Subjective Idealism -LRB- immaterialism or phenomenalism -RRB- describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or `` bundles '' of sense data in the perceiver .	immaterialism	Along with phenomenalism , what is another term for subjective idealism ?
Proponents include Berkeley , Bishop of Cloyne , an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialism , later referred to as `` subjective idealism '' , contending that individuals can only know sensations and ideas of objects directly , not abstractions such as `` matter '' , and that ideas also depend upon being perceived for their very existence - esse est percipi ; `` to be is to be perceived '' .	Cloyne	Of what see was Berkeley bishop ?
Proponents include Berkeley , Bishop of Cloyne , an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialism , later referred to as `` subjective idealism '' , contending that individuals can only know sensations and ideas of objects directly , not abstractions such as `` matter '' , and that ideas also depend upon being perceived for their very existence - esse est percipi ; `` to be is to be perceived '' .	Anglo-Irish	What was Berkeley 's ethnicity ?
Proponents include Berkeley , Bishop of Cloyne , an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialism , later referred to as `` subjective idealism '' , contending that individuals can only know sensations and ideas of objects directly , not abstractions such as `` matter '' , and that ideas also depend upon being perceived for their very existence - esse est percipi ; `` to be is to be perceived '' .	to be is to be perceived	What does esse est percipi mean ?
Proponents include Berkeley , Bishop of Cloyne , an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialism , later referred to as `` subjective idealism '' , contending that individuals can only know sensations and ideas of objects directly , not abstractions such as `` matter '' , and that ideas also depend upon being perceived for their very existence - esse est percipi ; `` to be is to be perceived '' .	abstractions	What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be ?
Collier was influenced by An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World by `` Cambridge Platonist '' John Norris -LRB- 1701 -RRB- .	John Norris	Who was known as the `` Cambridge Platonist '' ?
Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers .	Arthur Collier	Who was notably influenced by John Norris ?
Collier was influenced by An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World by `` Cambridge Platonist '' John Norris -LRB- 1701 -RRB- .	1701	When was An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World written ?
The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object .	represented image of an external object	What sort of reality did Collier believe was knowable ?
and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as `` thing-in-itself '' -LRB- Immanuel Kant -RRB- , `` things-as-interacted-by-us '' -LRB- Arthur Fine -RRB- , `` table-of-commonsense '' and `` table-of-physics '' -LRB- Sir Arthur Eddington -RRB- which are `` warning signs '' for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world .	Immanuel Kant	Who coined the term `` thing-in-itself '' ?
and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as `` thing-in-itself '' -LRB- Immanuel Kant -RRB- , `` things-as-interacted-by-us '' -LRB- Arthur Fine -RRB- , `` table-of-commonsense '' and `` table-of-physics '' -LRB- Sir Arthur Eddington -RRB- which are `` warning signs '' for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world .	Sir Arthur Eddington	Who invented the idea of a `` table-of-commonsense '' ?
and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as `` thing-in-itself '' -LRB- Immanuel Kant -RRB- , `` things-as-interacted-by-us '' -LRB- Arthur Fine -RRB- , `` table-of-commonsense '' and `` table-of-physics '' -LRB- Sir Arthur Eddington -RRB- which are `` warning signs '' for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world .	Arthur Fine	Who came up with the idea of `` things-as-interacted-by-us '' ?
and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as `` thing-in-itself '' -LRB- Immanuel Kant -RRB- , `` things-as-interacted-by-us '' -LRB- Arthur Fine -RRB- , `` table-of-commonsense '' and `` table-of-physics '' -LRB- Sir Arthur Eddington -RRB- which are `` warning signs '' for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world .	Musgrave	Who spoke of the `` warning signs '' of idealism ?
Musgrave criticized Richard Rorty and Postmodernist philosophy in general for confusion of use and mention .	Postmodernist	What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty ?
A. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists .	subjectivists	What sort of thinkers were Foster and Luce ?
Luce , in Sense without Matter -LRB- 1954 -RRB- , attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms , and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature .	Sense without Matter	What book was written by A.A. Luce ?
Luce , in Sense without Matter -LRB- 1954 -RRB- , attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms , and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature .	1954	What year saw the publication of Sense without Matter ?
A. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists .	Foster	Who wrote A World for Us : The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism ?
Luce , in Sense without Matter -LRB- 1954 -RRB- , attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms , and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature .	Berkeley	Whose work is Sense without Matter regarded as updating ?
The 2nd edition -LRB- 1787 -RRB- contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes 's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley 's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism .	Subjective Idealism	What school of thought did Berkeley belong to ?
The 2nd edition -LRB- 1787 -RRB- contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes 's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley 's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism .	Sceptical	What sort of idealist was Descartes ?
The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes ' idealism .	Paralogisms of Pure Reason	In what section was Descartes criticized ?
The 2nd edition -LRB- 1787 -RRB- contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes 's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley 's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism .	2nd	In what edition was there a Refutation of Idealism ?
The 2nd edition -LRB- 1787 -RRB- contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes 's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley 's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism .	1787	When was the second edition published ?
In the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena , Schopenhauer wrote his `` Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real '' .	Schopenhauer	Who wrote Parerga and Paralipomena ?
He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge .	subjective	What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be ?
The ideal , for him , is what can be attributed to our own minds .	our own minds	According to Schopenhauer , to what can the ideal be attributed ?
Schopenhauer emphasized that we are restricted to our own consciousness .	our own consciousness	What did Schopenhauer believe we were restricted to ?
We directly and immediately know only representations .	representations	What did Schopenhauer believe were the only things we could know ?
Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims ; he ridicules his pride in tackling `` the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics . ''	Friedrich Nietzsche	Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology ?
Yet he attacks the idealism of Schopenhauer and Descartes with an argument similar to Kant 's critique of the latter -LRB- see above -RRB- .	Descartes	Along with Schopenhauer , whose idealism did Nietzsche attack ?
Yet he attacks the idealism of Schopenhauer and Descartes with an argument similar to Kant 's critique of the latter -LRB- see above -RRB- .	Descartes	Nietzsche 's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant 's attack on who ?
Hegel called his philosophy `` absolute '' idealism in contrast to the `` subjective idealism '' of Berkeley and the `` transcendental idealism '' of Kant and Fichte , which were not based on a critique of the finite and a dialectical philosophy of history as Hegel 's idealism was .	transcendental	According to Hegel , what sort of idealist was Fichte ?
Hegel called his philosophy `` absolute '' idealism in contrast to the `` subjective idealism '' of Berkeley and the `` transcendental idealism '' of Kant and Fichte , which were not based on a critique of the finite and a dialectical philosophy of history as Hegel 's idealism was .	Berkeley	Who did Hegel see as a subjective idealist ?
Absolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel 's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole .	Absolute	What sort of idealist did Hegel define himself as ?
The exercise of reason and intellect enables the philosopher to know ultimate historical reality , the phenomenological constitution of self-determination , the dialectical development of self-awareness and personality in the realm of History .	exercise of reason and intellect	How did Hegel believe historical reality to be knowable to a philosopher ?
In his Science of Logic -LRB- 1812 -- 1814 -RRB- Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully `` real '' because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them .	1812–1814	When was Science of Logic written ?
In his Science of Logic -LRB- 1812 -- 1814 -RRB- Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully `` real '' because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them .	Hegel	Who was the author of Science of Logic ?
Similarly finite natural things are less `` real '' -- because they are less self-determining -- than spiritual things like morally responsible people , ethical communities and God .	less self-determining	Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things ?
Similarly finite natural things are less `` real '' -- because they are less self-determining -- than spiritual things like morally responsible people , ethical communities and God .	ethical communities	Along with God and morally responsible people , what is an example of a spiritual thing to Hegel ?
So any doctrine , such as materialism , that asserts that finite qualities or natural objects are fully real is mistaken .	materialism	What is an example of a school of thought Hegel believed to be wrong ?
Under Hegel 's concept of `` subject-object identity , '' subject and object both have Spirit -LRB- Hegel 's ersatz , redefined , nonsupernatural `` God '' -RRB- as their conceptual -LRB- not metaphysical -RRB- inner reality -- and in that sense are identical .	Spirit	In Hegel 's thought , what inner reality is possessed by both subject and object ?
For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the `` subject '' -LRB- any human observer -RRB- -RRB- to be able to know any observed `` object '' -LRB- any external entity , possibly even another human -RRB- at all .	any human observer	What is another term for Hegel 's `` subject '' ?
When self-realization occurs and Spirit becomes Absolute Spirit , the `` finite '' -LRB- man , human -RRB- becomes the `` infinite '' -LRB- `` God , '' divine -RRB- , replacing the imaginary or `` picture-thinking '' supernatural God of theism : man becomes God .	Absolute Spirit	What does Spirit turn into when a person arrives at self-realization ?
For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the `` subject '' -LRB- any human observer -RRB- -RRB- to be able to know any observed `` object '' -LRB- any external entity , possibly even another human -RRB- at all .	any external entity	What does Hegel mean by `` object '' ?
Kierkegaard criticised Hegel 's idealist philosophy in several of his works , particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality .	Kierkegaard	Who was a notable critic of Hegel ?
Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God 's mind , Kierkegaard asserting that for God reality can be a system but it can not be so for any human individual because both reality and humans are incomplete and all philosophical systems imply completeness .	human	For whom did Kierkegaard argue reality can not be a system ?
Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God 's mind , Kierkegaard asserting that for God reality can be a system but it can not be so for any human individual because both reality and humans are incomplete and all philosophical systems imply completeness .	humans are incomplete	According to Kierkegaard , why ca n't reality be a system for human beings ?
A logical system is possible but an existential system is not .	logical	Even though Kierkegaard does not believe in the possibility of an existential system of reality , what sort of system can exist ?
However , what Climacus means by the aforementioned statement , is that Hegel , in the Philosophy of Right , believed the best solution was to surrender one 's individuality to the customs of the State , identifying right and wrong in view of the prevailing bourgeois morality .	Hegel	Who wrote Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences ?
A major concern of Hegel 's Phenomenology of Spirit -LRB- 1807 -RRB- and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences -LRB- 1817 -- 1830 -RRB- is the interrelation between individual humans , which he conceives in terms of `` mutual recognition . ''	1807	When was Phenomenology of Spirit published ?
Climacus rejects Hegel 's suppression of individuality by pointing out it is impossible to create a valid set of rules or system in any society which can adequately describe existence for any one individual .	individuality	What trait did Climacus believe that Hegel suppressed ?
Individual human will ought , at the State 's highest level of development , to properly coincide with the will of the State .	State	Whose will did Hegel believe should prevail over that of the individual ?
However , what Climacus means by the aforementioned statement , is that Hegel , in the Philosophy of Right , believed the best solution was to surrender one 's individuality to the customs of the State , identifying right and wrong in view of the prevailing bourgeois morality .	bourgeois	What conception of right and wrong did Climacus believe Hegel endorsed ?
In addition , Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God 's mind , or ultimate reality .	ultimate	What sort of reality did Hegel perceive God 's mind to be ?
Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete , inasmuch as we are in time , and reality develops through time .	Kierkegaard	Along with Hegel , who also argued for human incompleteness ?
Thought is always a form of abstraction , and thus not only is pure existence impossible to think , but all forms in existence are unthinkable ; thought depends on language , which merely abstracts from experience , thus separating us from lived experience and the living essence of all beings .	abstraction	According to Hegel , what form does thought necessarily take ?
In addition , because we are finite beings , we can not possibly know or understand anything that is universal or infinite such as God , so we can not know God exists , since that which transcends time simultaneously transcends human understanding .	we are finite beings	Why does Hegel believe we can not know God ?
In addition , because we are finite beings , we can not possibly know or understand anything that is universal or infinite such as God , so we can not know God exists , since that which transcends time simultaneously transcends human understanding .	human understanding	If something transcends time , what does it , according to Hegel , also transcend ?
We know for certain , through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs , that some things are real , whether they are objects of thought or not , according to Moore .	Moore	Who wrote The Refutation of Idealism ?
Bradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore 's radical rejection of idealism .	Bradley	In his rejection of idealism , whose thought did Moore attack ?
Though far from a complete refutation , this was the first strong statement by analytic philosophy against its idealist predecessors , or at any rate against the type of idealism represented by Berkeley .	Berkeley	Who originated the saying ` esse est percipi ' ?
Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe .	Gottfried Leibniz	Who is a notable exponent of pluralistic idealism ?
Leibniz ' form of idealism , known as Panpsychism , views `` monads '' as the true atoms of the universe and as entities having perception .	Panpsychism	What is the term for the type of idealism preached by Leibniz ?
Leibniz ' form of idealism , known as Panpsychism , views `` monads '' as the true atoms of the universe and as entities having perception .	monads	What did Leibniz believe the universe is fundamentally composed of ?
The English psychologist and philosopher James Ward inspired by Leibniz had also defended a form of pluralistic idealism .	James Ward	Who was a notable disciple of Leibniz ?
According to Ward the universe is composed of `` psychic monads '' of different levels , interacting for mutual self - betterment .	self- betterment	What does Ward see as the purpose of interaction between monads ?
Howison 's personal idealism was also called `` California Personalism '' by others to distinguish it from the `` Boston Personalism '' which was of Bowne .	Bowne	Who was an exponent of so-called `` Boston Personalism '' ?
Howison 's personal idealism was also called `` California Personalism '' by others to distinguish it from the `` Boston Personalism '' which was of Bowne .	California Personalism	What was the term given to the personal idealism of Howison ?
Personalistic idealists Borden Parker Bowne and Edgar S. Brightman and realistic personal theist Saint Thomas Aquinas address a core issue , namely that of dependence upon an infinite personal God .	Saint Thomas Aquinas	Who is a notable realistic personal theist ?
Personalistic idealists Borden Parker Bowne and Edgar S. Brightman and realistic personal theist Saint Thomas Aquinas address a core issue , namely that of dependence upon an infinite personal God .	dependence upon an infinite personal God	What issue do both Aquinas and Brightman discuss ?
Howison maintained that both impersonal , monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom .	moral	What sort of freedom did Howison believe was incompatible with materialism ?
J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University , argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love .	Cambridge	With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated ?
The Nature of Existence -LRB- 1927 -RRB- contained his arguments that space , time , and matter can not possibly be real .	1927	In what year was The Nature of Existence published ?
J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University , argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love .	minds	According to McTaggart , what are the only things that have real existence ?
Space , time and material objects are unreal .	unreal	What does McTaggart believe space and time to be ?
J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University , argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love .	love	How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another ?
Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called `` apeirotheism '' , a `` form of pluralistic idealism ... coupled with a stern ethical rigorism '' which he defined as `` a theory of Gods infinite in number . ''	apeirotheism	What was the name of the philosophy preached by Thomas Davidson ?
Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called `` apeirotheism '' , a `` form of pluralistic idealism ... coupled with a stern ethical rigorism '' which he defined as `` a theory of Gods infinite in number . ''	pluralistic	What type of idealism was Thomas Davidson 's philosophy ?
Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called `` apeirotheism '' , a `` form of pluralistic idealism ... coupled with a stern ethical rigorism '' which he defined as `` a theory of Gods infinite in number . ''	infinite	According to Davidson , how many gods are there ?
Although a perennial source of controversy , Aristotle arguably views the latter as both eternal and immaterial in nature , as exemplified in his theology of unmoved movers .	Aristotle	By whose philosophy was Davidson influenced ?
Identifying Aristotle 's God with rational thought , Davidson argued , contrary to Aristotle , that just as the soul can not exist apart from the body , God can not exist apart from the world .	rational thought	What did Davidson believe the God of Aristotle is synonymous with ?
Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity .	physicists	Among what twentieth century scientists was idealism popular ?
Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity .	relativity	Along with quantum physics generally , what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism ?
In The Grammar of Science , Preface to the 2nd Edition , 1900 , Karl Pearson wrote , `` There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing , as a basis for natural philosophy , the crude materialism of the older physicists . ''	1900	In what year was the second edition of The Grammar of Science published ?
In § 5 of that book , Pearson asserted that '' ... science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind ... '' Also , '' ... the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world . ''	contents of the mind	What did Pearson claim that science classifies ?
This book influenced Einstein 's regard for the importance of the observer in scientific measurements -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	Einstein	Who is claimed to have been influenced by The Grammar of Science ?
It is necessary to keep reminding ourselves that all knowledge of our environment from which the world of physics is constructed , has entered in the form of messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness ... .	messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness	How do receive information from the physical world ?
Consciousness is not sharply defined , but fades into subconsciousness ; and beyond that we must postulate something indefinite but yet continuous with our mental nature ... .	subconsciousness	What type of consciousness is similar but not identical to consciousness itself ?
It is difficult for the matter-of-fact physicist to accept the view that the substratum of everything is of mental character .	mental	What is the nature of the fundamental character of reality ?
It is difficult for the matter-of-fact physicist to accept the view that the substratum of everything is of mental character .	physicist	According to the author , who would have particular trouble in accepting that reality is fundamentally mental ?
But no one can deny that mind is the first and most direct thing in our experience , and all else is remote inference . ''	mind	What is the main thing that we experience ?
Education is the process of facilitating learning , or the acquisition of knowledge , skills , values , beliefs , and habits .	knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits	What makes up Education ?
Educational methods include storytelling , discussion , teaching , training , and directed research .	storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research	What methods make up Education ?
Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators , but learners may also educate themselves .	the guidance of educators	Where does education usually take place under ?
After the Fall of Rome , the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe .	Catholic Church became the sole preserver	What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature ?
The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education .	church established cathedral schools	What happened with education during the Early Middle Ages ?
Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe 's modern universities .	medieval universities	What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve into ?
During the High Middle Ages , Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School .	Chartres Cathedral School	What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages ?
Usually , formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained , certified teacher of the subject .	school environment	Where does formal education take place ?
Such choices include curriculum , organizational models , design of the physical learning spaces -LRB- e.g. classrooms -RRB- , student-teacher interactions , methods of assessment , class size , educational activities , and more .	student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size,	What are some of the sets or ideals most school systems follow ?
Usually , formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained , certified teacher of the subject .	certified teacher	Who guides the students in a formal environment ?
Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven , depending on the country , when children enter primary education .	three to seven	Whats the typical age range for pre-school ?
These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten , except in the US , where kindergarten is a term used for primary education .	nursery schools and as kindergarten,	What are pre-schools also known as ?
These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten , except in the US , where kindergarten is a term used for primary education .	US	In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education ?
Primary -LRB- or elementary -RRB- education consists of the first five to seven years of formal , structured education .	elementary	What is another term used for Primary education ?
Primary -LRB- or elementary -RRB- education consists of the first five to seven years of formal , structured education .	first five to seven years of formal, structured education	What does primary school consist of ?
Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO , most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015 , and in many countries , it is compulsory .	UNESCO	What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education ?
In most contemporary educational systems of the world , secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence .	formal education that occurs during adolescence	What does secondary education comprise of ?
It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory , comprehensive primary education for minors , to the optional , selective tertiary , `` postsecondary '' , or `` higher '' education -LRB- e.g. university , vocational school -RRB- for adults .	university, vocational school	What two examples were given of what `` postsecondary '' or `` higher '' education ?
Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years .	teenage years	When does secondary schooling typically take place ?
The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge , to prepare for higher education , or to train directly in a profession .	to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.	What is the purpose of secondary education ?
Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910 , with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories , which required skilled workers .	1910	When did secondary education emerge in the United States ?
Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910 , with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories , which required skilled workers .	rise of large corporations and advancing technology	Why was secondary school introduced in the U.S ?
This proved beneficial for both employers and employees , since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer , while skilled employees received a higher wages .	employers and employees	Who benefited from secondary schools ?
Higher education , also called tertiary , third stage , or postsecondary education , is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school such as a high school or secondary school .	tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education	What was another name used for Higher Education ?
Higher education , also called tertiary , third stage , or postsecondary education , is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school such as a high school or secondary school .	follows the completion of a school such as a high school	What is High Education ?
Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education , as well as vocational education and training .	undergraduate and postgraduate education	What does Tertiary education include ?
University education includes teaching , research , and social services activities , and it includes both the undergraduate level -LRB- sometimes referred to as tertiary education -RRB- and the graduate -LRB- or postgraduate -RRB- level -LRB- sometimes referred to as graduate school -RRB- .	teaching, research, and social services activities,	What does University education include ?
Universities are generally composed of several colleges .	several colleges	What are usually Universities made up of ?
In the United States , universities can be private and independent like Yale University ; public and state-governed like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education ; or independent but state-funded like the University of Virginia .	independent	What type of University would Yale fall under ?
In the past , those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education .	not eligible for public education	What was a rule for disabled people in the past for education ?
Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors .	physicians or special tutors	Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school ?
These early physicians -LRB- people like Itard , Seguin , Howe , Gallaudet -RRB- set the foundation for special education today .	Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet	Who were some of these early physicians ?
In its early years , special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities , but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning .	people with severe disabilities	What would Special Education usually only apply to in the early years of schooling in the U.S ?
While considered `` alternative '' today , most alternative systems have existed since ancient times .	alternative	What is another term used for Special Education Services ?
After the public school system was widely developed beginning in the 19th century , some parents found reasons to be discontented with the new system .	19th century	When were public schools become more and more developed ?
Example alternative schools include Montessori schools , Waldorf schools -LRB- or Steiner schools -RRB- , Friends schools , Sands School , Summerhill School , The Peepal Grove School , Sudbury Valley School , Krishnamurti schools , and open classroom schools .	Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools	What are some examples of alternative schools ?
In time , some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as the norm in education , just as Friedrich Fröbel 's approach to early childhood education in 19th-century Germany has been incorporated into contemporary kindergarten classrooms .	Friedrich Fröbel's	Whos educatgion approach was introduced in Germany in the 19th century and is used in most Kindergartens ?
Other influential writers and thinkers have included the Swiss humanitarian Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi ; the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Alcott , Ralph Waldo Emerson , and Henry David Thoreau ; the founders of progressive education , John Dewey and Francis Parker ; and educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner , and more recently John Caldwell Holt , Paul Goodman , Frederick Mayer , George Dennison and Ivan Illich .	Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi	Who from Switzerland was an influential in education ?
Other influential writers and thinkers have included the Swiss humanitarian Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi ; the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Alcott , Ralph Waldo Emerson , and Henry David Thoreau ; the founders of progressive education , John Dewey and Francis Parker ; and educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner , and more recently John Caldwell Holt , Paul Goodman , Frederick Mayer , George Dennison and Ivan Illich .	John Dewey and Francis Parker	Who were the founders of progressive education ?
Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge , models , methods , and content within formal and non-formal educational systems .	indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content	What makes up Indigenous education ?
Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge , models , methods , and content within formal and non-formal educational systems .	formal and non-formal educational systems	In which two systems can Indigenous education be used ?
Furthermore , it can enable indigenous communities to `` reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures , and in so doing , improve the educational success of indigenous students . ''	improve the educational success of indigenous students	What is one of the main purposes for Indigenous education ?
Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -LRB- OECD -RRB- .	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)	Who defines informal learning ?
Informal learning occurs in a variety of places , such as at home , work , and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society .	home, work, and through daily interactions	Where does informal learning occur ?
For many learners this includes language acquisition , cultural norms and manners .	language acquisition, cultural norms and manners	What does informal leaning usually consist of amongst people who take this route of learning ?
Informal learning usually takes place outside educational establishments , does not follow a specified curriculum and may originate accidentally , sporadically , in association with certain occasions , from changing practical requirements .	outside educational establishments	Where does informal learning usually take place ?
It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious , systematic and according to subjects , but rather unconsciously incidental , holistically problem-related , and related to situation management and fitness for life .	to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects	What is not necessary for informal learning ?
It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious , systematic and according to subjects , but rather unconsciously incidental , holistically problem-related , and related to situation management and fitness for life .	unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management	What falls under the informal learning umbrella ?
The concept of ` education through recreation ' was applied to childhood development in the 19th century .	19th century	When was the ` education through recreation '' applied to childhood ?
In the early 20th century , the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities .	20th century	When was the concept of ` education through recreation ' changed and expanded ?
In the early 20th century , the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities .	to include young adults	What changed when the concept was broadened ?
Autodidacticism -LRB- also autodidactism -RRB- is a contemplative , absorbing process , of `` learning on your own '' or `` by yourself '' , or as a self-teacher .	learning on your own	What does Auto didacticism generally mean ?
One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one 's life .	any point in one's life	When can you become an Autodidact ?
Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln -LRB- U.S. president -RRB- , Srinivasa Ramanujan -LRB- mathematician -RRB- , Michael Faraday -LRB- chemist and physicist -RRB- , Charles Darwin -LRB- naturalist -RRB- , Thomas Alva Edison -LRB- inventor -RRB- , Tadao Ando -LRB- architect -RRB- , George Bernard Shaw -LRB- playwright -RRB- , Frank Zappa -LRB- composer , recording engineer , film director -RRB- , and Leonardo da Vinci -LRB- engineer , scientist , mathematician -RRB- .	Abraham Lincoln	Which famous U.S president was a Autodidact ?
Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln -LRB- U.S. president -RRB- , Srinivasa Ramanujan -LRB- mathematician -RRB- , Michael Faraday -LRB- chemist and physicist -RRB- , Charles Darwin -LRB- naturalist -RRB- , Thomas Alva Edison -LRB- inventor -RRB- , Tadao Ando -LRB- architect -RRB- , George Bernard Shaw -LRB- playwright -RRB- , Frank Zappa -LRB- composer , recording engineer , film director -RRB- , and Leonardo da Vinci -LRB- engineer , scientist , mathematician -RRB- .	Thomas Alva Edison	Which famous inventor was a Autodidact ?
In 2012 , the modern use of electronic educational technology -LRB- also called e-learning -RRB- had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional learning .	2012	In what year did e-learning jump 14 times over traditional leaning ?
-LSB- clarification needed -RSB- Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education , for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods .	Open education	Which form of education looks to be the dominant form i the coming years ?
Cost of education has been an issue throughout history , and a major political issue in most countries today .	Cost of education	What has been a constant issue with education for as long as education has been around itself ?
Online courses often can be more expensive than face-to-face classes .	Online courses	Which type of schooling can be most expensive ?
The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities , although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom .	merit-system degree	What is not as common in open education ?
The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities , although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom .	Open University in the United Kingdom	Which University offers conventional degrees ?
Presently , many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate .	own form of certificate	What do most open education sources offer ?
Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals , towards which progress has been made in the past decade , though barriers still remain .	international Millennium Development Goals	What does Universal Primary Education belong to ?
Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem .	charitable funding	What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education ?
Additionally , Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa .	Transparency International	Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector ?
Similarities -- in systems or even in ideas -- that schools share internationally have led to an increase in international student exchanges .	increase in international student exchanges	What has come from similarities in systems ?
The European Socrates-Erasmus Program facilitates exchanges across European universities .	The European Socrates-Erasmus Program	Which programfacilitates the exchange students across Europe ?
The Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe .	The Soros Foundation	Which group provides opportunities for Eastern Europe and Asia exchange students ?
Research into LCPS -LRB- low cost private schools -RRB- found that over 5 years to July 2013 , debate around LCPSs to achieving Education for All -LRB- EFA -RRB- objectives was polarised and finding growing coverage in international policy .	low cost private schools	What does LCPS stand for ?
The polarisation was due to disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor , reach disadvantaged groups , provide quality education , support or undermine equality , and are financially sustainable .	disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor	What was the reason for the polarisation for affordable schooling ?
Surveys suggest these types of schools are expanding across Africa and Asia .	Africa and Asia	Where are these types of school spreading across ?
Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents .	children did not exceed the education of their parents	What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality ?
Students often blame their teachers and their textbooks , despite the availability of libraries and the internet .	teachers and their textbooks	Who do students often blame for their education short comings ?
When someone tries to improve education , the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude .	the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude	What happens when someone tries to improve education ?
Developed countries have people with more resources -LRB- housing , food , transportation , water and sewage treatment , hospitals , health care , libraries , books , media , schools , the internet , education , etc. -RRB- than most of the world 's population .	Developed countries have people with more resources	What is the discrepancy between Developed and less developed countries ?
Developed countries have people with more resources -LRB- housing , food , transportation , water and sewage treatment , hospitals , health care , libraries , books , media , schools , the internet , education , etc. -RRB- than most of the world 's population .	housing, food, transportation	What resources do developed countries have better access to ?
Yet criticism and blame are common among people in the developed countries .	criticism and blame	What is common in developed countries ?
People in developed countries have the will and the way to do many things that they want to do .	have the will and the way to do many things	What is one good trait about students from developed countries ?
The entire internet is also available to supplement these teachers and textbooks .	internet	What use of technology can greatly supplement how teachers teach in the classroom ?
They occasionally need more gratitude for the resources they have , including their teachers and their textbooks .	gratitude for the resources they have	What do students also need occasionally before putting blame on teachers ?
Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings , the effectiveness of educational interventions , the psychology of teaching , and the social psychology of schools as organizations .	the study of how humans learn in educational settings	What is the meaning of Education psychology ?
Although the terms `` educational psychology '' and `` school psychology '' are often used interchangeably , researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists , whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists .	school psychology	What is also used interchangeably with Education psychology ?
Although the terms `` educational psychology '' and `` school psychology '' are often used interchangeably , researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists , whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists .	researchers and theorists	Who are likely to be identified as educational psychologist ?
Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment in the general population and in sub-populations such as gifted children and those with specific disabilities .	the processes of educational attainment	What is educational psychology concerned with ?
Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines .	through its relationship with other disciplines	How can Educational psychology in part be understood ?
It is informed primarily by psychology , bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology .	discipline analogous	How is the method of educational psychology have some relation to medicine and biology ?
Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences .	contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences	Where does education psychology draw from ?
In universities , departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education , possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks -LRB- Lucas , Blazek , & Raley , 2006 -RRB- .	faculties of education	In universities where are the departments of educational psychology normally held ?
Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education .	Intelligence	What is important for a student in education ?
This effect is also observable in the opposite direction , in that education increases measurable intelligence .	measurable intelligence	What does education increase in a student ?
Studies have shown that while educational attainment is important in predicting intelligence in later life , intelligence at 53 is more closely correlated to intelligence at 8 years old than to educational attainment .	intelligence at 8	What is intelligence at 53 more closely related to ?
Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment , at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies .	Dunn	Who focused on identifying stimuli that can influence learning ?
Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment , at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies .	Joseph Renzulli	Who also along with Dunn recommended other teaching studies ?
The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc 's Type Delineator follows a similar but more simplified approach .	David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's	Who created the Type Delineator ?
Some theories propose that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities , while others suggest that individuals may have preferred learning styles , learning more easily through visual or kinesthetic experiences .	that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities	What do some theories believe ?
A consequence of the latter theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them .	teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities	What should be included in effective teaching ?
`` The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education .	philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education	What can Philosophy education be when we talk about the process ?
As an academic field , philosophy of education is `` the philosophical study of education and its problems -LRB- ... -RRB- its central subject matter is education , and its methods are those of philosophy '' .	the philosophical study of education and its problems	What defines Philosophy education ?
As such , it is both part of the field of education and a field of applied philosophy , drawing from fields of metaphysics , epistemology , axiology and the philosophical approaches -LRB- speculative , prescriptive , and/or analytic -RRB- to address questions in and about pedagogy , education policy , and curriculum , as well as the process of learning , to name a few .	metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches	What fields make up field education and a field applied philosophy ?
Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers , and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading , writing , mathematics , science and history .	teachers	What is another term used for instructors ?
Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers , and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading , writing , mathematics , science and history .	reading, writing, mathematics, science and history	What are the main subjects that are covered by the instructor ?
Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance , and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible .	quality of teachers	In the United States what is considered the single most important factor in a child 's education ?
Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries .	poor countries should grow faster than rich countries	What is the theory behind Empirical analyses ?
It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth .	essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth	What has been argued about high rates in education ?
However , technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation .	requires knowledgeable managers and engineers	What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education ?
At the level of the individual , there is a large literature , generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer , on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital .	Jacob Mincer	Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who ?
This work has motivated a large number of studies , but is also controversial .	is also controversial	This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies , but what else has it brought up ?
Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning , by testing with a high intelligence quotient , may not achieve their full academic potential , due to financial difficulties .	not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties	What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings ?
Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , and Arkansas and Missouri to the west .	North Carolina	Which state borders Tennessee to the east ?
The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border .	Appalachian Mountains	Which mountains occupy much of eastern Tennessee ?
The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border .	Mississippi River	Which river marks Tennessee 's border to the west ?
Tennessee 's capital and second largest city is Nashville , which has a population of 601,222 .	Nashville	What is the capital of Tennessee ?
Memphis is the state 's largest city , with a population of 653,450 .	Memphis	What is Tennessee 's most populous city ?
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians .	Watauga Association	What government formed in 1772 is considered the forerunner of Tennessee ?
What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory .	North Carolina	What state held territory that would later become part of Tennessee ?
Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 .	June 1, 1796	What date did Tennessee become one of the United States of America ?
Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861 .	Tennessee	Which was the final state to join the Confederacy before Civil War fighting started ?
Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861 .	Tennessee	Which of the Confederate states rejoined the Union first when the Civil War concluded ?
Beginning during Reconstruction , it had competitive party politics , but a Democratic takeover in the late 1880s resulted in passage of disfranchisement laws that excluded most blacks and many poor whites from voting .	Democratic	Which part dominated Tennessee 's politics in the late 1880s ?
In the 20th century , Tennessee transitioned from an agrarian economy to a more diversified economy , aided by massive federal investment in the Tennessee Valley Authority and , in the early 1940s , the city of Oak Ridge .	Oak Ridge	Which Tennessee city was received significant federal investment in the 1940s ?
This city was established to house the Manhattan Project 's uranium enrichment facilities , helping to build the world 's first atomic bomb , which was used during World War II .	uranium enrichment facilities	What part of the Manhattan Project did Tennessee host ?
This sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century .	civil rights legislation	What made Tennessee politics more competitive again in the middle of the 20th century ?
-LSB- not verified in body -RSB- Beale Street in Memphis is considered by many to be the birthplace of the blues , with musicians such as W.C. Handy performing in its clubs as early as 1909 .	Beale Street	What locale in Memphis is know as the place where blues was born ?
-LSB- not verified in body -RSB- Memphis is also home to Sun Records , where musicians such as Elvis Presley , Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins , Jerry Lee Lewis , Roy Orbison , and Charlie Rich began their recording careers , and where rock and roll took shape in the 1950s .	Sun Records	What Tennessee recording company first promoted Elvis Presley ?
-LSB- not verified in body -RSB- Three brick-and-mortar museums recognize Tennessee 's role in nurturing various forms of popular music : the Memphis Rock N ' Soul Museum , the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville , and the International Rock-A-Billy Museum in Jackson .	Nashville	Which Tennessee city is home to the Country Music Hall of Fame ?
-LSB- not verified in body -RSB- Three brick-and-mortar museums recognize Tennessee 's role in nurturing various forms of popular music : the Memphis Rock N ' Soul Museum , the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville , and the International Rock-A-Billy Museum in Jackson .	International Rock-A-Billy Museum	Which museum celebrating popular music is located in Jackson , Tennessee ?
-LSB- not verified in body -RSB- Beale Street in Memphis is considered by many to be the birthplace of the blues , with musicians such as W.C. Handy performing in its clubs as early as 1909 .	1909	In which year is W.C. Handy first known to have been playing in Tennessee clubs ?
Poultry , soybeans , and cattle are the state 's primary agricultural products , and major manufacturing exports include chemicals , transportation equipment , and electrical equipment .	soybeans	What is Tennessee 's primary non-meat agricultural product ?
The Great Smoky Mountains National Park , the nation 's most visited national park , is headquartered in the eastern part of the state , and a section of the Appalachian Trail roughly follows the Tennessee-North Carolina border .	Appalachian Trail	What trail forms part of the border Tennessee shares with North Carolina ?
The Great Smoky Mountains National Park , the nation 's most visited national park , is headquartered in the eastern part of the state , and a section of the Appalachian Trail roughly follows the Tennessee-North Carolina border .	Great Smoky Mountains National Park	Which national park in Tennessee sees more visitors that any other in the United States ?
Other major tourist attractions include the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga ; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge ; the Parthenon , the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum , and Ryman Auditorium in Nashville ; the Jack Daniel 's Distillery in Lynchburg ; and Elvis Presley 's Graceland residence and tomb , the Memphis Zoo , and the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis .	Chattanooga	Which Tennessee city hosts the state 's most famous aquarium ?
Other major tourist attractions include the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga ; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge ; the Parthenon , the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum , and Ryman Auditorium in Nashville ; the Jack Daniel 's Distillery in Lynchburg ; and Elvis Presley 's Graceland residence and tomb , the Memphis Zoo , and the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis .	Dollywood	What tourist attraction is located in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ?
The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo , the Spanish explorer , when he and his men passed through an American Indian village named `` Tanasqui '' in 1567 while traveling inland from South Carolina .	Captain Juan Pardo	Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee ?
In the early 18th century , British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi -LRB- or `` Tanase '' -RRB- in present-day Monroe County , Tennessee .	Cherokee	Which Native Americans had a town called Tanasi in present day Monroe County , Tennessee ?
The town was located on a river of the same name -LRB- now known as the Little Tennessee River -RRB- , and appears on maps as early as 1725 .	1725	Tanasi is know to have been located and mapped by British traders by which year ?
The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo , the Spanish explorer , when he and his men passed through an American Indian village named `` Tanasqui '' in 1567 while traveling inland from South Carolina .	Spanish	What nationality was Juan Pardo ?
The modern spelling , Tennessee , is attributed to James Glen , the governor of South Carolina , who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s .	James Glen	Which governor is given credit for the name Tennessee as it is now spelled ?
The spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlake 's `` Draught of the Cherokee Country '' in 1765 .	Draught of the Cherokee Country	Which work by Henry Timberlake made the current spelling of Tennessee widely popular ?
In 1788 , North Carolina created `` Tennessee County '' , the third county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee .	North Carolina	Which state created a county called Tennessee in 1788 ?
-LRB- Tennessee County was the predecessor to current-day Montgomery County and Robertson County . -RRB-	Montgomery County and Robertson County	Which two Tennessee counties cover the area that comprised North Carolina 's Tennessee County ?
When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new state out of the Southwest Territory , it adopted `` Tennessee '' as the name of the state .	1796	In which year did a constitutional convention meet to form a new state out of the unincorporated territory that would become Tennessee ?
Tennessee is known as the `` Volunteer State '' , a nickname some claimed was earned during the War of 1812 because of the prominent role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee , especially during the Battle of New Orleans .	Volunteer State	By what nickname is Tennessee officially known ?
Tennessee is known as the `` Volunteer State '' , a nickname some claimed was earned during the War of 1812 because of the prominent role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee , especially during the Battle of New Orleans .	War of 1812	Which major conflict that included the Battle of New Orleans is said to have given Tennessee its nickname ?
This explanation is more likely , because President Polk 's call for 2,600 nationwide volunteers at the beginning of the Mexican-American War resulted in 30,000 volunteers from Tennessee alone , largely in response to the death of Davy Crockett and appeals by former Tennessee Governor and now Texas politician , Sam Houston .	30,000	How many volunteers did Tennessee send to the Mexican-American War ?
Other sources differ on the origin of the state nickname ; according to the Columbia Encyclopedia , the name refers to volunteers for the Mexican -- American War .	Mexican–American War	What conflict overseen by President Polk might be the source of Tennessee 's nickname ?
This explanation is more likely , because President Polk 's call for 2,600 nationwide volunteers at the beginning of the Mexican-American War resulted in 30,000 volunteers from Tennessee alone , largely in response to the death of Davy Crockett and appeals by former Tennessee Governor and now Texas politician , Sam Houston .	Davy Crockett	Which local icon 's death inspired many of the Tennessee volunteers during the Mexican-American War ?
The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet -LRB- 2,025 m -RRB- .	6,643 feet	What is the elevation of Tennessee 's highest point ?
The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet -LRB- 2,025 m -RRB- .	Clingmans Dome	What mountain in Tennessee is the Appalachian Trail 's highest point ?
The state 's lowest point is the Mississippi River at the Mississippi state line -LRB- the lowest point in Memphis , nearby , is at 195 ft -LRB- 59 m -RRB- -RRB- .	Mississippi River	What river is situated on Tennessee point of lowest elevation ?
The geographical center of the state is located in Murfreesboro .	Murfreesboro	Which city marks the geographical center of Tennessee ?
Stretching west from the Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles -LRB- 89 km -RRB- is the Ridge and Valley region , in which numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley .	55	Approximately how many miles long is Tennessee 's Ridge and Valley region ?
The western section of the Tennessee Valley , where the depressions become broader and the ridges become lower , is called the Great Valley .	the Great Valley	What is the western part of the Tennessee Valley called ?
In this valley are numerous towns and two of the region 's three urban areas , Knoxville , the 3rd largest city in the state , and Chattanooga , the 4th largest city in the state .	Chattanooga	Which city is Tennessee 's fourth largest ?
The third urban area , the Tri-Cities , comprising Bristol , Johnson City , and Kingsport and their environs , is located to the northeast of Knoxville .	the Tri-Cities	Together , Bristol , Johnson City , and Kingsport are known by what name ?
Stretching west from the Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles -LRB- 89 km -RRB- is the Ridge and Valley region , in which numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley .	Tennessee River	What river forms in the Tennessee Valley ?
Knoxville 's McGhee Tyson Airport -LRB- TYS -RRB- and Chattanooga 's Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport -LRB- CHA -RRB- , as well as the Tri-Cities ' Tri-Cities Regional Airport -LRB- TRI -RRB- , provide air service to numerous destinations .	McGhee Tyson Airport	Which Tennessee airport has the code TYS ?
Knoxville 's McGhee Tyson Airport -LRB- TYS -RRB- and Chattanooga 's Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport -LRB- CHA -RRB- , as well as the Tri-Cities ' Tri-Cities Regional Airport -LRB- TRI -RRB- , provide air service to numerous destinations .	Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport	What is the name of the airport serving Chattanooga , TN ?
I-24 , I-81 , I-40 , I-75 , and I-26 along with numerous state highways and other important roads , traverse the Grand Division and connect Chattanooga , Knoxville , and the Tri-Cities , along with other cities and towns such as Cleveland , Athens , and Sevierville .	I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26	What interstate highways cross the Grand Division in Tennessee ?
Knoxville 's McGhee Tyson Airport -LRB- TYS -RRB- and Chattanooga 's Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport -LRB- CHA -RRB- , as well as the Tri-Cities ' Tri-Cities Regional Airport -LRB- TRI -RRB- , provide air service to numerous destinations .	TRI	An airport with which code serves the Tri-Cities area in Tennessee ?
To the west of this narrow strip of land is a wide area of rolling hills and streams that stretches all the way to the Mississippi River ; this area is called the Tennessee Bottoms or bottom land .	Tennessee Bottoms	What is the lowland area of Tennessee between the Tennessee River and Mississippi River called ?
To the west of the Tennessee Bottoms is the Mississippi Alluvial Plain , less than 300 feet -LRB- 90 m -RRB- above sea level .	Mississippi Alluvial Plain	What geographical region lies west of the Tennessee bottom land ?
To the west of the Tennessee Bottoms is the Mississippi Alluvial Plain , less than 300 feet -LRB- 90 m -RRB- above sea level .	300 feet (90 m) above sea level	What maximum elevation is the land in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain ?
Memphis is the economic center of West Tennessee and the largest city in the state .	Memphis	What city is central to the economy of West Tennessee ?
Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate , with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Appalachians , which are classified as having a mountain temperate climate or a humid continental climate due to cooler temperatures .	humid subtropical	What is the most common climate across Tennessee ?
Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate , with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Appalachians , which are classified as having a mountain temperate climate or a humid continental climate due to cooler temperatures .	humid subtropical	Most of Tennessee has which type of climate ?
Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate , with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Appalachians , which are classified as having a mountain temperate climate or a humid continental climate due to cooler temperatures .	Appalachians	Which mountains contain those parts of Tennessee with a temperate climate ?
The Gulf of Mexico is the dominant factor in the climate of Tennessee , with winds from the south being responsible for most of the state 's annual precipitation .	Gulf of Mexico	Which body of ocean water affects Tennessee 's climate the most ?
On average the state receives 50 inches -LRB- 130 cm -RRB- of precipitation annually .	50	What is Tennessee 's average annual precipitation in inches ?
Generally , the state has hot summers and mild to cool winters with generous precipitation throughout the year , with highest average monthly precipitation generally in the winter and spring months , between December and April .	between December and April	Which range of months is Tennessee 's wettest ?
Summers in the state are generally hot and humid , with most of the state averaging a high of around 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- during the summer months .	32	What is Tennessee 's average high temperature in degree Celsius during the summer ?
The highest recorded temperature is 113 °F -LRB- 45 °C -RRB- at Perryville on August 9 , 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature is − 32 °F -LRB- − 36 °C -RRB- at Mountain City on December 30 , 1917 .	113 °F (45 °C)	What is the highest temperature ever recorded in Tennessee ?
The highest recorded temperature is 113 °F -LRB- 45 °C -RRB- at Perryville on August 9 , 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature is − 32 °F -LRB- − 36 °C -RRB- at Mountain City on December 30 , 1917 .	Perryville	Where was the highest known temperature in Tennessee recorded ?
The highest recorded temperature is 113 °F -LRB- 45 °C -RRB- at Perryville on August 9 , 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature is − 32 °F -LRB- − 36 °C -RRB- at Mountain City on December 30 , 1917 .	−32 °F	What Fahrenheit temperature is the lowest ever recorded in Tennessee ?
The highest recorded temperature is 113 °F -LRB- 45 °C -RRB- at Perryville on August 9 , 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature is − 32 °F -LRB- − 36 °C -RRB- at Mountain City on December 30 , 1917 .	Mountain City	Where in Tennessee did the temperature reach -36 degrees Celsius in December of 1917 ?
While the state is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane , the location of the state makes it likely to be impacted from the remnants of tropical cyclones which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall , such as Tropical Storm Chris in 1982 and Hurricane Opal in 1995 .	Hurricane Opal	Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995 ?
The state averages around 50 days of thunderstorms per year , some of which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds .	50	On average , how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee ?
Tornadoes are possible throughout the state , with West and Middle Tennessee the most vulnerable .	West and Middle Tennessee	Which parts of Tennessee are most threatened by tornadoes ?
On average , the state has 15 tornadoes per year .	15	How many tornadoes strike in Tennessee in an average year ?
Winter storms are an occasional problem , such as the infamous Blizzard of 1993 , although ice storms are a more likely occurrence .	1993	What year in the 1990s did an unusual blizzard visit Tennessee ?
The capital is Nashville , though Knoxville , Kingston , and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past .	Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro	Which cities other than Knoxville have been the capital of Tennessee ?
The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center , some 45 miles -LRB- 72 km -RRB- northwest of Nashville .	45	What distance in miles is Clarksville , TN from Nashville ?
Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee , consisting of some 108,755 residents .	Murfreesboro	Which city is Tennessee 's sixth largest by population ?
Chattanooga and Knoxville , both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains , each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville .	Chattanooga and Knoxville	Which two of the six most populous Tennessee cities are nearest the Great Smoky Mountains ?
The area now known as Tennessee was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians nearly 12,000 years ago .	12,000	How many years ago was Tennessee first inhabited by humans ?
The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown , but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists , including Archaic -LRB- 8000 -- 1000 BC -RRB- , Woodland -LRB- 1000 BC -- 1000 AD -RRB- , and Mississippian -LRB- 1000 -- 1600 AD -RRB- , whose chiefdoms were the cultural predecessors of the Muscogee people who inhabited the Tennessee River Valley before Cherokee migration into the river 's headwaters .	1000–1600 AD	What time period corresponds with the Mississippian cultural phase in early Tennessee history ?
The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown , but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists , including Archaic -LRB- 8000 -- 1000 BC -RRB- , Woodland -LRB- 1000 BC -- 1000 AD -RRB- , and Mississippian -LRB- 1000 -- 1600 AD -RRB- , whose chiefdoms were the cultural predecessors of the Muscogee people who inhabited the Tennessee River Valley before Cherokee migration into the river 's headwaters .	Muscogee	Which Native American people are the first group to inhabit Tennessee that we know by name ?
The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown , but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists , including Archaic -LRB- 8000 -- 1000 BC -RRB- , Woodland -LRB- 1000 BC -- 1000 AD -RRB- , and Mississippian -LRB- 1000 -- 1600 AD -RRB- , whose chiefdoms were the cultural predecessors of the Muscogee people who inhabited the Tennessee River Valley before Cherokee migration into the river 's headwaters .	Woodland	What do archaeologists call the cultural phase of the inhabitants of Tennessee between 1000 BC and 1000 AD ?
The first recorded European excursions into what is now called Tennessee were three expeditions led by Spanish explorers , namely Hernando de Soto in 1540 , Tristan de Luna in 1559 , and Juan Pardo in 1567 .	Spanish	Which European nationality first explored the Tennessee region ?
The first recorded European excursions into what is now called Tennessee were three expeditions led by Spanish explorers , namely Hernando de Soto in 1540 , Tristan de Luna in 1559 , and Juan Pardo in 1567 .	1540	Which year did Hernando de Soto explore Tennessee ?
At that time , Tennessee was inhabited by tribes of Muscogee and Yuchi people .	Muscogee and Yuchi	Which Native American peoples were living in Tennessee when Juan Pardo explored the area ?
Possibly because of European diseases devastating the Indian tribes , which would have left a population vacuum , and also from expanding European settlement in the north , the Cherokee moved south from the area now called Virginia .	Cherokee	Which Native American people left Tennessee for the Virginia area because of encroaching Europeans ?
As European colonists spread into the area , the Indian populations were forcibly displaced to the south and west , including all Muscogee and Yuchi peoples , the Chickasaw and Choctaw , and ultimately , the Cherokee in 1838 .	1838	By which year had most of the Native Americans been forced out of the Tennessee region ?
The first British settlement in what is now Tennessee was built in 1756 by settlers from the colony of South Carolina at Fort Loudoun , near present-day Vonore .	1756	In which year did the British first settle in what would become Tennessee ?
The first British settlement in what is now Tennessee was built in 1756 by settlers from the colony of South Carolina at Fort Loudoun , near present-day Vonore .	Fort Loudoun	What was the name of the first British settlement in what is now Tennessee ?
The fort was designed by John William Gerard de Brahm and constructed by forces under British Captain Raymond Demeré .	Captain Raymond Demeré	Which British officer oversaw the construction of Fort Loudoun ?
Hostilities erupted between the British and the neighboring Overhill Cherokees , and a siege of Fort Loudoun ended with its surrender on August 7 , 1760 .	Overhill Cherokees	Which Cherokee faction forced the surrender of Fort Loudoun in 1760 ?
The following morning , Captain Paul Demeré and a number of his men were killed in an ambush nearby , and most of the rest of the garrison was taken prisoner .	Captain Paul Demeré	Which British commanding officer was killed the day after Cherokee took Fort Loudon in 1760 ?
These renegade Cherokee were referred to by settlers as the Chickamauga .	the Chickamauga	What did American settlers call the Cherokee who attacked Fort Watuaga in 1776 ?
During the American Revolutionary War , Fort Watauga at Sycamore Shoals -LRB- in present-day Elizabethton -RRB- was attacked -LRB- 1776 -RRB- by Dragging Canoe and his warring faction of Cherokee who were aligned with the British Loyalists .	Dragging Canoe	Who lead the Cherokee attack on Fort Watuaga in 1776 ?
The lives of many settlers were spared from the initial warrior attacks through the warnings of Dragging Canoe 's cousin , Nancy Ward .	Nancy Ward	What was the name of the Chickamauga leader 's cousin who helped settlers escape his raids ?
The frontier fort on the banks of the Watauga River later served as a 1780 staging area for the Overmountain Men in preparation to trek over the Appalachian Mountains , to engage , and to later defeat the British Army at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina .	Overmountain Men	Who left Fort Watuaga , crossed the Appalachians , and attacked the British army in South Carolina in 1780 ?
The frontier fort on the banks of the Watauga River later served as a 1780 staging area for the Overmountain Men in preparation to trek over the Appalachian Mountains , to engage , and to later defeat the British Army at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina .	the British Army	Who lost the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina ?
Three counties of the Washington District -LRB- now part of Tennessee -RRB- broke off from North Carolina in 1784 and formed the State of Franklin .	Franklin	What was the name of the state that three North Carolina counties hoped to form in 1784 ?
North Carolina ceded the area to the federal government in 1790 , after which it was organized into the Southwest Territory .	Southwest Territory	What was the name given to the land that North Carolina transferred to the federal government in 1790 ?
In an effort to encourage settlers to move west into the new territory , in 1787 the mother state of North Carolina ordered a road to be cut to take settlers into the Cumberland Settlements -- from the south end of Clinch Mountain -LRB- in East Tennessee -RRB- to French Lick -LRB- Nashville -RRB- .	French Lick	What town marked the western extent of the Cumberland Settlements ?
The Trace was called the `` North Carolina Road '' or `` Avery 's Trace '' , and sometimes `` The Wilderness Road '' -LRB- although it should not be confused with Daniel Boone 's `` Wilderness Road '' through the Cumberland Gap -RRB- .	Wilderness Road	What other name does the North Carolina Road share with Daniel Boone 's passage through the Cumberland Gap ?
Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1 , 1796 as the 16th state .	Tennessee	Which state was the first formed out of federally controlled territory ?
Apart from the former Thirteen Colonies only Vermont and Kentucky predate Tennessee 's statehood , and neither was ever a federal territory .	Vermont and Kentucky	In addition to the original thirteen , which two states were admitted to the union before Tennessee ?
The state boundaries , according to the Constitution of the State of Tennessee , Article I , Section 31 , stated that the beginning point for identifying the boundary was the extreme height of the Stone Mountain , at the place where the line of Virginia intersects it , and basically ran the extreme heights of mountain chains through the Appalachian Mountains separating North Carolina from Tennessee past the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota , thence along the main ridge of the said mountain -LRB- Unicoi Mountain -RRB- to the southern boundary of the state ; all the territory , lands and waters lying west of said line are included in the boundaries and limits of the newly formed state of Tennessee .	Stone Mountain	Which mountain marked the starting point of the Tennessee border described by the state constitution ?
Part of the provision also stated that the limits and jurisdiction of the state would include future land acquisition , referencing possible land trade with other states , or the acquisition of territory from west of the Mississippi River .	Mississippi River	When Tennessee 's border was first defined , territory west of which river was considered for future annexation ?
During the administration of U.S. President Martin Van Buren , nearly 17,000 Cherokees -- along with approximately 2,000 black slaves owned by Cherokees -- were uprooted from their homes between 1838 and 1839 and were forced by the U.S. military to march from `` emigration depots '' in Eastern Tennessee -LRB- such as Fort Cass -RRB- toward the more distant Indian Territory west of Arkansas .	Martin Van Buren	Which US President oversaw the forced westward relocation of Cherokees beginning in 1838 ?
During the administration of U.S. President Martin Van Buren , nearly 17,000 Cherokees -- along with approximately 2,000 black slaves owned by Cherokees -- were uprooted from their homes between 1838 and 1839 and were forced by the U.S. military to march from `` emigration depots '' in Eastern Tennessee -LRB- such as Fort Cass -RRB- toward the more distant Indian Territory west of Arkansas .	2,000	How many Cherokee-owned black slaves were also relocated between 1838 and 1839 ?
In the Cherokee language , the event is called Nunna daul Isunyi -- `` the Trail Where We Cried . ''	Nunna daul Isunyi	What Cherokee phrase means `` the trail where we cried ? ''
The phrase originated as a description of the earlier emigration of the Choctaw nation .	Choctaw	Which Native American nation 's emigration was first associated with the term `` Trail of Tears ? ''
During this relocation an estimated 4,000 Cherokees died along the way west .	4,000	Approximately how many Cherokees died along their `` Trail of Tears ? ''
In February 1861 , secessionists in Tennessee 's state government -- led by Governor Isham Harris -- sought voter approval for a convention to sever ties with the United States , but Tennessee voters rejected the referendum by a 54 -- 46 % margin .	Isham Harris	Which Tennessee governor championed secession in February of 1861 ?
The strongest opposition to secession came from East Tennessee -LRB- which later tried to form a separate Union-aligned state -RRB- .	East Tennessee	Which area of Tennessee was most resistant to secession ?
In February 1861 , secessionists in Tennessee 's state government -- led by Governor Isham Harris -- sought voter approval for a convention to sever ties with the United States , but Tennessee voters rejected the referendum by a 54 -- 46 % margin .	54	What percentage of voters voted against secession in Tennessee 's February 1861 referendum ?
The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7 , 1861 .	May 7, 1861	On which date did Tennessee enter a military alliance with the Confederacy ?
On June 8 , 1861 , with people in Middle Tennessee having significantly changed their position , voters approved a second referendum calling for secession , becoming the last state to do so .	Middle Tennessee	Which region of Tennessee swung in favor of secession in the June 1861 referendum ?
Many major battles of the American Civil War were fought in Tennessee -- most of them Union victories .	Union	Which side won more Civil War battles in Tennessee ?
Ulysses S. Grant and the U.S. Navy captured control of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers in February 1862 .	Ulysses S. Grant	Which Union commander seized control of the Tennessee River in February 1862 ?
Memphis fell to the Union in June , following a naval battle on the Mississippi River in front of the city .	June	During which month in 1862 did Union forces capture Memphis ?
The Capture of Memphis and Nashville gave the Union control of the western and middle sections ; this control was confirmed at the Battle of Murfreesboro in early January 1863 and by the subsequent Tullahoma Campaign .	Battle of Murfreesboro	Union control of Middle Tennessee was reaffirmed by what battle in January 1863 ?
Confederates held East Tennessee despite the strength of Unionist sentiment there , with the exception of extremely pro-Confederate Sullivan County .	Sullivan County	Which county in East Tennessee was more supportive of the Confederacy than its neighbors ?
The Confederates , led by General James Longstreet , did attack General Burnside 's Fort Sanders at Knoxville and lost .	James Longstreet	Which Confederate general failed to capture the Union fort at Knoxville ?
The Confederates besieged Chattanooga during the Chattanooga Campaign in early fall 1863 , but were driven off by Grant in November .	Grant	Which Union general broke the Confederate siege of Chattanooga in November 1863 ?
Many of the Confederate defeats can be attributed to the poor strategic vision of General Braxton Bragg , who led the Army of Tennessee from Perryville , Kentucky to another Confederate defeat at Chattanooga .	Braxton Bragg	Which Confederate general launched an attack on Chattanooga from Perryville , KY ?
It was a big blow to East Tennessee Confederate momentum , but Longstreet won the Battle of Bean 's Station a few weeks later .	Battle of Bean's Station	Which battle did Confederate General Longstreet win in East Tennessee ?
When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced , Tennessee was mostly held by Union forces .	Union	Which forces controlled most of Tennessee when slaves were emancipated ?
Thousands of former slaves ended up fighting on the Union side , nearly 200,000 in total across the South .	200,000	Up to how many former slaves began fighting with for the Union after the Emancipation Proclamation ?
When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced , Tennessee was mostly held by Union forces .	Emancipation Proclamation	Which edict freed slaves across most of the Confederacy , but technically not Tennessee ?
In 1864 , Andrew Johnson -LRB- a War Democrat from Tennessee -RRB- was elected Vice President under Abraham Lincoln .	Andrew Johnson	Who was elected Vice President of the United States in 1864 ?
Under Johnson 's lenient re-admission policy , Tennessee was the first of the seceding states to have its elected members readmitted to the U.S. Congress , on July 24 , 1866 .	Tennessee	Which Confederate state 's representation was readmitted to Congress first ?
Under Johnson 's lenient re-admission policy , Tennessee was the first of the seceding states to have its elected members readmitted to the U.S. Congress , on July 24 , 1866 .	July 24, 1866	On which date were Tennessee 's elected representatives restored to their offices in Washington D.C. ?
Because Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment , it was the only one of the formerly secessionist states that did not have a military governor during the Reconstruction period .	Fourteenth	Their ratification of which Amendment spared Tennessee a military governor during Reconstruction ?
He became President after Lincoln 's assassination in 1865 .	1865	In which year did Andrew Johnson become President ?
Over the next decade , the state legislature passed increasingly restrictive laws to control African Americans .	African Americans	Who were targeted by restrictive laws passed in Southern states at the end of the 19th century ?
In 1889 the General Assembly passed four laws described as electoral reform , with the cumulative effect of essentially disfranchising most African Americans in rural areas and small towns , as well as many poor Whites .	1889	In which year did the Tennessee General Assembly pass electoral reform laws that disenfranchised most African Americans in the state ?
In 1889 the General Assembly passed four laws described as electoral reform , with the cumulative effect of essentially disfranchising most African Americans in rural areas and small towns , as well as many poor Whites .	poor Whites	Who besides African Americans were victims of Tennessee 's late-19th century electoral reform ?
Disfranchising legislation accompanied Jim Crow laws passed in the late 19th century , which imposed segregation in the state .	Jim Crow laws	What is the name for laws dating from the late-19th century which promoted segregation ?
In 1900 , African Americans made up nearly 24 % of the state 's population , and numbered 480,430 citizens who lived mostly in the central and western parts of the state .	480,430	Approximately how many African Americans lived in Tennessee in 1900 ?
Tennessee 's Bob Corker was the only freshman Republican elected to the United States Senate in the 2006 midterm elections .	Bob Corker	Which Tennessee Senator was the only Republican first-time Senator elected in 2006 ?
In 2002 , businessman Phil Bredesen was elected as the 48th governor .	Phil Bredesen	Who was elected governor of Tennessee in 2002 ?
In January 2007 , Ron Ramsey became the first Republican elected as Speaker of the State Senate since Reconstruction , as a result of the realignment of the Democratic and Republican parties in the South since the late 20th century , with Republicans now elected by conservative voters , who previously had supported Democrats .	Ron Ramsey	Who was the first Republican Speaker of the Tennessee state senate since Democrats took control in the Reconstruction era ?
In January 2007 , Ron Ramsey became the first Republican elected as Speaker of the State Senate since Reconstruction , as a result of the realignment of the Democratic and Republican parties in the South since the late 20th century , with Republicans now elected by conservative voters , who previously had supported Democrats .	Democratic	Which political party did the majority of conservative Tennessee voters support in the early 20th century ?
According to the U.S. Census Bureau , as of 2015 , Tennessee had an estimated population of 6,600,299 , which is an increase of 50,947 , from the prior year and an increase of 254,194 , or 4.01 % , since the year 2010 .	6,600,299	What was Tennessee 's estimated population in 2015 ?
According to the U.S. Census Bureau , as of 2015 , Tennessee had an estimated population of 6,600,299 , which is an increase of 50,947 , from the prior year and an increase of 254,194 , or 4.01 % , since the year 2010 .	4.01%	What percentage population increase did Tennessee experience between 2010 and 2015 ?
This includes a natural increase since the last census of 142,266 people -LRB- that is 493,881 births minus 351,615 deaths -RRB- , and an increase from net migration of 219,551 people into the state .	219,551	How much of Tennessee 's population increase between 2010 and 2015 was due to migration ?
Twenty percent of Tennesseans were born outside the South in 2008 , compared to a figure of 13.5 % in 1990 .	Twenty percent	In 2008 , what percentage of Tennessee residents were born outside the South ?
Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 59,385 people , and migration within the country produced a net increase of 160,166 people .	59,385	What net population increase during Tennessee 's last two US Census reports was due to immigration from outside the country ?
In 2000 , the five most common self-reported ethnic groups in the state were : American -LRB- 17.3 % -RRB- , African American -LRB- 13.0 % -RRB- , Irish -LRB- 9.3 % -RRB- , English -LRB- 9.1 % -RRB- , and German -LRB- 8.3 % -RRB- .	American	What was Tennessee 's most common self-reported ethnic group in 2000 ?
In 2000 , the five most common self-reported ethnic groups in the state were : American -LRB- 17.3 % -RRB- , African American -LRB- 13.0 % -RRB- , Irish -LRB- 9.3 % -RRB- , English -LRB- 9.1 % -RRB- , and German -LRB- 8.3 % -RRB- .	9.3%	What percent of Tennessee residents self-reported their ethnic group as Irish in 2000 ?
Most Tennesseans who self-identify as having American ancestry are of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry .	English and Scotch-Irish	Which European ancestries are most common among self-identified ethnic `` Americans '' in Tennessee ?
In the 1980 census 1,435,147 Tennesseans claimed `` English '' or `` mostly English '' ancestry out of a state population of 3,221,354 making them 45 % of the state at the time .	English	What European national ancestry was claimed by 45 % of Tennessee residents in 1980 ?
In the 1980 census 1,435,147 Tennesseans claimed `` English '' or `` mostly English '' ancestry out of a state population of 3,221,354 making them 45 % of the state at the time .	3,221,354	What was Tennessee 's population in 1980 ?
Tennessee is home to several Protestant denominations , such as the National Baptist Convention -LRB- headquartered in Nashville -RRB- ; the Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church -LRB- both headquartered in Memphis -RRB- ; the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy -LRB- both headquartered in Cleveland -RRB- .	National Baptist Convention	Which Protestant denomination has its headquarters in Nashville , TN ?
Tennessee is home to several Protestant denominations , such as the National Baptist Convention -LRB- headquartered in Nashville -RRB- ; the Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church -LRB- both headquartered in Memphis -RRB- ; the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy -LRB- both headquartered in Cleveland -RRB- .	Cleveland	Which Tennessee city contains the headquarters of the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy ?
The Free Will Baptist denomination is headquartered in Antioch ; its main Bible college is in Nashville .	Nashville	The principle Bible college of the Free Will Baptists is located in which Tennessee city ?
Tennessee is home to several Protestant denominations , such as the National Baptist Convention -LRB- headquartered in Nashville -RRB- ; the Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church -LRB- both headquartered in Memphis -RRB- ; the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy -LRB- both headquartered in Cleveland -RRB- .	Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church	Which two major Protestant denominations are based in Memphis ?
Tennessee has over 82,000 farms , roughly 59 percent of which accommodate beef cattle .	82,000	Roughly how many farms are located in Tennesee ?
Tennessee has over 82,000 farms , roughly 59 percent of which accommodate beef cattle .	beef cattle	Which livestock is the major focus of Tennessee agriculture ?
Although cotton was an early crop in Tennessee , large-scale cultivation of the fiber did not begin until the 1820s with the opening of the land between the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers .	1820s	When did cotton first become a large-scale agricultural product in Tennessee ?
The upper wedge of the Mississippi Delta extends into southwestern Tennessee , and it was in this fertile section that cotton took hold .	Mississippi Delta	Which river landform partly in Tennessee provided the most fertile land for cotton production ?
Major corporations with headquarters in Tennessee include FedEx , AutoZone and International Paper , all based in Memphis ; Pilot Corporation and Regal Entertainment Group , based in Knoxville ; Eastman Chemical Company , based in Kingsport ; the North American headquarters of Nissan Motor Company , based in Franklin ; Hospital Corporation of America and Caterpillar Financial , based in Nashville ; and Unum , based in Chattanooga .	Memphis	Where in Tennessee is the headquarters of International Paper ?
Major corporations with headquarters in Tennessee include FedEx , AutoZone and International Paper , all based in Memphis ; Pilot Corporation and Regal Entertainment Group , based in Knoxville ; Eastman Chemical Company , based in Kingsport ; the North American headquarters of Nissan Motor Company , based in Franklin ; Hospital Corporation of America and Caterpillar Financial , based in Nashville ; and Unum , based in Chattanooga .	Franklin	Where is Nissan Motor Company 's headquarters in the United States ?
Tennessee is also the location of the Volkswagen factory in Chattanooga , a $ 2 billion polysilicon production facility by Wacker Chemie in Bradley County , and a $ 1.2 billion polysilicon production facility by Hemlock Semiconductor in Clarksville .	Wacker Chemie	Which company has a $ 2 billion production plant in Bradley County ?
Tennessee is also the location of the Volkswagen factory in Chattanooga , a $ 2 billion polysilicon production facility by Wacker Chemie in Bradley County , and a $ 1.2 billion polysilicon production facility by Hemlock Semiconductor in Clarksville .	Clarksville	Hemlock Semiconductor produces electronic components in which Tennessee city ?
Major corporations with headquarters in Tennessee include FedEx , AutoZone and International Paper , all based in Memphis ; Pilot Corporation and Regal Entertainment Group , based in Knoxville ; Eastman Chemical Company , based in Kingsport ; the North American headquarters of Nissan Motor Company , based in Franklin ; Hospital Corporation of America and Caterpillar Financial , based in Nashville ; and Unum , based in Chattanooga .	FedEx	Which major global shipping company is based in Memphis ?
The Tennessee income tax does not apply to salaries and wages , but most income from stock , bonds and notes receivable is taxable .	salaries and wages	What types of income are exempt from Tennessee state income tax ?
The state 's sales and use tax rate for most items is 7 % .	7%	At what rate is Tennessee state sales and use tax usually applied ?
Tennessee imposes an inheritance tax on decedents ' estates that exceed maximum single exemption limits -LRB- $ 1,000,000 for deaths in 2006 and thereafter -RRB- .	$1,000,000	Above which amount is inheritance tax applied in Tennessee ?
Food is taxed at a lower rate of 5.25 % , but candy , dietary supplements and prepared food are taxed at the full 7 % rate .	5.25%	What is the sales tax on foodstuffs in Tennessee ?
Food is taxed at a lower rate of 5.25 % , but candy , dietary supplements and prepared food are taxed at the full 7 % rate .	candy, dietary supplements and prepared food	Which edible items are taxed at the higher non-food sales and use tax rate in Tennessee ?
In 2014 a record 100 million people visited the state resulting in $ 17.7 billion in tourism related spending within the state , an increase of 6.3 % over 2013 ; tax revenue from tourism equaled $ 1.5 billion .	2014	In which year did Tennessee tourism first exceed 100 million visitors ?
In 2014 a record 100 million people visited the state resulting in $ 17.7 billion in tourism related spending within the state , an increase of 6.3 % over 2013 ; tax revenue from tourism equaled $ 1.5 billion .	17.7	How many billions of dollars were spend by tourists in Tennessee in 2014 ?
In 2014 a record 100 million people visited the state resulting in $ 17.7 billion in tourism related spending within the state , an increase of 6.3 % over 2013 ; tax revenue from tourism equaled $ 1.5 billion .	$1.5 billion	How much tax revenue did tourism generate for Tennessee in 2014 ?
Each county in Tennessee saw at least $ 1 million from tourism while 19 counties received at least $ 100 million -LRB- Davidson , Shelby , and Sevier counties were the top three -RRB- .	Davidson, Shelby, and Sevier	In 2014 , which three Tennessee counties took in the most money from tourism ?
Tourism-generated jobs for the state reached 152,900 , a 2.8 % increase .	2.8%	What was the percentage increase in Tennessee 's tourism-based jobs in 2014 ?
In 2013 tourism within the state from local citizens accounted for 39.9 % of tourists , the second highest originating location for tourists to Tennessee is the state of Georgia , accounting for 8.4 % of tourists. :17 Forty-four percent of stays in the state were `` day trips '' , 25 % stayed one night , 15 % stayed two nights , and 11 % stayed 4 or more nights .	Georgia	Which other state sent Tennessee the most tourists in 2013 ?
In 2013 tourism within the state from local citizens accounted for 39.9 % of tourists , the second highest originating location for tourists to Tennessee is the state of Georgia , accounting for 8.4 % of tourists. :17 Forty-four percent of stays in the state were `` day trips '' , 25 % stayed one night , 15 % stayed two nights , and 11 % stayed 4 or more nights .	11%	What percentage of out-of-state tourists stayed in Tennessee for four or more nights ?
The average stay was 2.16 nights , compared to 2.03 nights for the US as a whole. :40 The average person spent $ 118 per day : 29 % on transportation , 24 % on food , 17 % on accommodation , and 28 % on shopping and entertainment. :44	$118	What average daily amount did a tourist spend in Tennessee in 2013 ?
The average stay was 2.16 nights , compared to 2.03 nights for the US as a whole. :40 The average person spent $ 118 per day : 29 % on transportation , 24 % on food , 17 % on accommodation , and 28 % on shopping and entertainment. :44	17%	What percentage of Tennessee tourists daily spending in 2013 went toward accommodation ?
In 2013 tourism within the state from local citizens accounted for 39.9 % of tourists , the second highest originating location for tourists to Tennessee is the state of Georgia , accounting for 8.4 % of tourists. :17 Forty-four percent of stays in the state were `` day trips '' , 25 % stayed one night , 15 % stayed two nights , and 11 % stayed 4 or more nights .	Tennessee	In which state do the greatest percentage of Tennessee tourists reside ?
I-26 , although technically an east-west interstate , runs from the North Carolina border below Johnson City to its terminus at Kingsport .	Kingsport	Which city is the endpoint of I-26 ?
I-24 is an east-west interstate that runs cross-state from Chattanooga to Clarksville .	Chattanooga to Clarksville	I-24 connects which two Tennessee cities ?
Interstate 65 crosses the state through Nashville , while Interstate 75 serves Chattanooga and Knoxville and Interstate 55 serves Memphis .	Interstate 55	Which interstate highway running north-south passes through Memphis ?
Interstate 81 enters the state at Bristol and terminates at its junction with I-40 near Dandridge .	Interstate 81	Which interstate ends at a junction close to Dandridge , Tennessee ?
A branch interstate , I-269 also exists from Millington to Collierville .	Millington to Collierville	What Tennessee cities are connected by I-269 ?
Tennessee politics , like that of most U.S. states , are dominated by the Republican and the Democratic parties .	Republican and the Democratic	Which are the two main parties in Tennessee politics ?
Historian Dewey W. Grantham traces divisions in the state to the period of the American Civil War : for decades afterward , the eastern third of the state was Republican and the western two thirds voted Democrat .	eastern	Which part of Tennessee voted more Republican in the years following the Civil War ?
The eastern section was made up of yeoman farmers , but Middle and West Tennessee cultivated crops , such as tobacco and cotton , that were dependent on the use of slave labor .	yeoman	What type of farmers inhabited eastern Tennessee in the late 19th century ?
The eastern section was made up of yeoman farmers , but Middle and West Tennessee cultivated crops , such as tobacco and cotton , that were dependent on the use of slave labor .	tobacco and cotton	Which crops grown in West Tennessee had required a great deal of slave labor ?
During Reconstruction , freedmen and former free people of color were granted the right to vote ; most joined the Republican Party .	Republican	Which party did most former slaves join when they were given the right to vote after the Civil War ?
But in the 1880s , the white-dominated state government passed four laws , the last of which imposed a poll tax requirement for voter registration .	1880s	In which decade did the Tennessee legislature institute a poll tax ?
These served to disenfranchise most African Americans , and their power in the Republican Party , the state , and cities where they had significant population was markedly reduced .	Republican	Which party declined in Tennessee politics following voting reform legislation during Reconstruction ?
In 1900 African Americans comprised 23.8 percent of the state 's population , concentrated in Middle and West Tennessee .	23.8	What percentage of the Tennessee population was African-American in 1900 ?
In the early 1900s , the state legislature approved a form of commission government for cities based on at-large voting for a few positions on a Board of Commission ; several adopted this as another means to limit African-American political participation .	Board of Commission	In 1913 , the Tennessee state legislature made which organizational structure the default form of city government in the state ?
In the 20th century , except for two nationwide Republican landslides of the 1920s -LRB- in 1920 , when Tennessee narrowly supported Warren G. Harding over Ohio Governor James Cox , and in 1928 , when it more decisively voted for Herbert Hoover over New York Governor Al Smith , a Catholic -RRB- , the state was part of the Democratic Solid South until the 1950s .	Warren G. Harding	Which Republican presidential candidate did Tennessee support in 1920 ?
In the 20th century , except for two nationwide Republican landslides of the 1920s -LRB- in 1920 , when Tennessee narrowly supported Warren G. Harding over Ohio Governor James Cox , and in 1928 , when it more decisively voted for Herbert Hoover over New York Governor Al Smith , a Catholic -RRB- , the state was part of the Democratic Solid South until the 1950s .	Catholic	What religion was the Democratic presidential candidate that Tennessee voted against in 1928 ?
Since then , more of the state 's voters have shifted to supporting Republicans , and Democratic presidential candidates have carried Tennessee only four times .	four	How many times has Tennessee supported Democratic presidential candidates in the general elections since the 1950s ?
In the 20th century , except for two nationwide Republican landslides of the 1920s -LRB- in 1920 , when Tennessee narrowly supported Warren G. Harding over Ohio Governor James Cox , and in 1928 , when it more decisively voted for Herbert Hoover over New York Governor Al Smith , a Catholic -RRB- , the state was part of the Democratic Solid South until the 1950s .	Herbert Hoover	Which Republican won the Presidency while carrying Tennessee in 1928 ?
By 1960 African Americans comprised 16.45 % of the state 's population .	African Americans	In 1960 , what group made up 16.45 % of Tennessee 's population ?
It was not until after the mid-1960s and passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that they were able to vote in full again , but new devices , such as at-large commission city governments , had been adopted in several jurisdictions to limit their political participation .	Voting Rights Act of 1965	What Congressional Act fully re-enfranchised African-American in Tennessee ?
Former Gov. Winfield Dunn and former U.S. Sen. Bill Brock wins in 1970 helped make the Republican Party competitive among whites for the statewide victory .	Bill Brock	Which Republican Senator 's 1970 victory showed the Republican Party 's renewed competitiveness in Tennessee ?
Increasingly the Republican Party has become the party of white conservatives .	white conservatives	Which constituency has become the Republican Party 's staunchest supporters in Tennessee ?
Former Gov. Winfield Dunn and former U.S. Sen. Bill Brock wins in 1970 helped make the Republican Party competitive among whites for the statewide victory .	Winfield Dunn	Which Republican was elected Tennessee Governor in 1970 ?
In the early 21st century , Republican voters control most of the state , especially in the more rural and suburban areas outside of the cities ; Democratic strength is mostly confined to the urban cores of the four major cities , and is particularly strong in the cities of Nashville and Memphis .	Nashville and Memphis	Which two Tennessee cities are most supportive of the Democratic Party ?
In the early 21st century , Republican voters control most of the state , especially in the more rural and suburban areas outside of the cities ; Democratic strength is mostly confined to the urban cores of the four major cities , and is particularly strong in the cities of Nashville and Memphis .	Memphis	Which Tennessee city has the largest African-American population ?
Tennessee 's 1st and 2nd congressional districts , based in the Tri-Cities and Knoxville , respectively , are among the few historically Republican districts in the South .	1st and 2nd	Which two eastern Tennessee congressional districts have the longest track record of favoring Republican candidates ?
The 1st has been in Republican hands continuously since 1881 , and Republicans -LRB- or their antecedents -RRB- have held it for all but four years since 1859 .	1881	Since which year has Tennessee 's 1st congressional district voted overwhelmingly Republican ?
Tennessee 's 1st and 2nd congressional districts , based in the Tri-Cities and Knoxville , respectively , are among the few historically Republican districts in the South .	Tri-Cities and Knoxville	Which two Tennessee metropolitan areas have been most supportive of the Republican Party ?
In the 2000 presidential election , Vice President Al Gore , a former Democratic U.S. Senator from Tennessee , failed to carry his home state , an unusual occurrence but indicative of strengthening Republican support .	Al Gore	Which Democratic candidate lost his own state in the 2000 general election ?
Republican George W. Bush received increased support in 2004 , with his margin of victory in the state increasing from 4 % in 2000 to 14 % in 2004 .	14%	By what percentage of the popular vote did George W. Bush carry Tennessee in 2004 ?
Democratic presidential nominees from Southern states -LRB- such as Lyndon B. Johnson , Jimmy Carter , Bill Clinton -RRB- usually fare better than their Northern counterparts do in Tennessee , especially among split-ticket voters outside the metropolitan areas .	Southern	Democratic presidential candidates from which region 's states have fared best in recent Tennessee history ?
In the 2000 presidential election , Vice President Al Gore , a former Democratic U.S. Senator from Tennessee , failed to carry his home state , an unusual occurrence but indicative of strengthening Republican support .	Al Gore	Which 2000 presidential candidate was a former US Senator from Tennessee ?
The Baker v. Carr -LRB- 1962 -RRB- decision of the US Supreme Court established the principle of `` one man , one vote '' , requiring state legislatures to redistrict to bring Congressional apportionment in line with decennial censuses .	Baker v. Carr	Which 1962 US Supreme Court ruling forced states to realign their voting districts to reflect census findings ?
The Baker v. Carr -LRB- 1962 -RRB- decision of the US Supreme Court established the principle of `` one man , one vote '' , requiring state legislatures to redistrict to bring Congressional apportionment in line with decennial censuses .	one man, one vote	What phrase expresses the Supreme Court 's 1962 decision that population overrules geographic consideration in election districting ?
This case arose out of a lawsuit challenging the longstanding rural bias of apportionment of seats in the Tennessee legislature .	rural	A bias in Tennessee politics favoring which type of geographical district gave rise to the Baker v. Carr Supreme Court case ?
After decades in which urban populations had been underrepresented in many state legislatures , this significant ruling led to an increased -LRB- and proportional -RRB- prominence in state politics by urban and , eventually , suburban , legislators and statewide officeholders in relation to their population within the state .	urban	Which type of geographical district became more powerful in Tennessee politics following the 1962 Supreme Court decision ?
The Highway Patrol is the primary law enforcement entity that concentrates on highway safety regulations and general non-wildlife state law enforcement and is under the jurisdiction of the Tennessee Department of Safety .	Highway Patrol	Which Tennessee law enforcement agency looks for road safety violations ?
The TWRA is an independent agency tasked with enforcing all wildlife , boating , and fisheries regulations outside of state parks .	TWRA	Which Tennessee agency enforces state wildlife regulations outside of parks ?
The TBI maintains state-of-the-art investigative facilities and is the primary state-level criminal investigative department .	TBI	What is the acronym for Tennessee 's statewide criminal investigation agency ?
Tennessee State Park Rangers are responsible for all activities and law enforcement inside the Tennessee State Parks system .	Tennessee State Park Rangers	Who provides law enforcement within Tennessee 's state parks ?
Each Sheriff 's Office is responsible for warrant service , court security , jail operations and primary law enforcement in the unincorporated areas of a county as well as providing support to the municipal police departments .	Sheriff's Office	Which law enforcement entity serves warrants in Tennessee ?
Tennessee 's Constitution requires that each County have an elected Sheriff .	Sheriff	Each Tennessee county must elect which law enforcement official ?
Local law enforcement is divided between County Sheriff 's Offices and Municipal Police Departments .	County Sheriff	Who is in charge of policing Tennessee counties ' unincorporated areas ?
Local law enforcement is divided between County Sheriff 's Offices and Municipal Police Departments .	Municipal Police Departments	Who polices incorporated areas of Tennessee 's counties ?
In 94 of the 95 counties the Sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer in the county and has jurisdiction over the county as a whole .	94 of the 95	What proportion of Tennessee counties recognize their Sheriff as their head law enforcement official ?
Before 1913 the method of execution was hanging .	hanging	What method did Tennessee use for capital punishment before 1913 ?
From 1913 to 1915 there was a hiatus on executions but they were reinstated in 1916 when electrocution became the new method .	1916	In which year was electrocution introduced as Tennessee 's method of execution ?
Since 2000 , Tennessee has executed six prisoners and has 73 prisoners on death row -LRB- as of April 2015 -RRB- .	six	How many inmates has Tennessee executed since 2000 ?
Since 2000 , Tennessee has executed six prisoners and has 73 prisoners on death row -LRB- as of April 2015 -RRB- .	73	How many death row inmates were awaiting executing in Tennessee in April 2015 ?
From 1916 to 1960 the state executed 125 inmates .	125	How many prisoners did Tennessee execute between 1916 and 1960 ?
In Knoxville , the Tennessee Volunteers college team has played in the Southeastern Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association since 1932 .	Volunteers	What is the nickname of the University of Tennessee , Knoxville athletic teams ?
In Knoxville , the Tennessee Volunteers college team has played in the Southeastern Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association since 1932 .	1932	In which year did the University of Tennessee begin competing in the Southeastern Conference of the NCAA ?
The football team has won 13 SEC championships and 25 bowls , including four Sugar Bowls , three Cotton Bowls , an Orange Bowl and a Fiesta Bowl .	25	How many college football bowl championships have the Tennessee Volunteers won ?
In addition , the women 's basketball team has won a host of SEC regular-season and tournament titles along with 8 national titles .	8	How many national titles has the Tennessee Volunteers women 's basketball team claimed ?
Meanwhile , the men 's basketball team has won four SEC championships and reached the NCAA Elite Eight in 2010 .	Elite Eight	What is the farthest the Tennessee Volunteers have progressed in the NCAA men 's basketball tournament ?
Post-punk is a heterogeneous type of rock music that emerged in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s .	heterogeneous type of rock music	What is post-punk ?
Post-punk is a heterogeneous type of rock music that emerged in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s .	in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s	When did post-punk arrive on the scene ?
The movement also saw the frequent intersection of music with art and politics , as artists liberally drew on sources such as critical theory , cinema , performance art and modernist literature .	critical theory, cinema, performance art and modernist literature	What did post-punk artists use in their music ?
Accompanying these musical developments were subcultures that produced visual art , multimedia performances , independent record labels and fanzines in conjunction with the music .	independent record labels and fanzines	What began to spring up around the post-punk music ?
Drawing inspiration from elements of punk rock while departing from its musical conventions and wider cultural affiliations , post-punk music was marked by varied , experimentalist sensibilities and its `` conceptual assault '' on rock tradition .	conceptual assault	How did post-punk take on rock and roll ?
Post-punk is a heterogeneous type of rock music that emerged in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s .	1970s	When was the original punk movement ?
Post-punk is a heterogeneous type of rock music that emerged in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s .	Post-punk	What is a name for a type of rock music that is extremely varied in sound ?
Drawing inspiration from elements of punk rock while departing from its musical conventions and wider cultural affiliations , post-punk music was marked by varied , experimentalist sensibilities and its `` conceptual assault '' on rock tradition .	musical conventions and wider cultural affiliations	What elements of punk rock did post-punk depart from ?
The movement also saw the frequent intersection of music with art and politics , as artists liberally drew on sources such as critical theory , cinema , performance art and modernist literature .	art and politics	What subject matter does post-punk commonly mesh its musical sensibilities with ?
Accompanying these musical developments were subcultures that produced visual art , multimedia performances , independent record labels and fanzines in conjunction with the music .	subcultures	What developed along with the music developments of post-punk ?
The term `` post-punk '' was first used by journalists in the late 1970s to describe groups moving beyond punk 's sonic template into disparate areas .	journalists in the late 1970s	Who coined the term post-punk ?
The term `` post-punk '' was first used by journalists in the late 1970s to describe groups moving beyond punk 's sonic template into disparate areas .	groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas	What dis the new term , post-punk , cover ?
Many of these artists , initially inspired by punk 's DIY ethic and energy , ultimately became disillusioned with the style and movement , feeling that it had fallen into commercial formula , rock convention and self-parody .	punk's DIY ethic and energy	What inspired early post-punk artists ?
Many of these artists , initially inspired by punk 's DIY ethic and energy , ultimately became disillusioned with the style and movement , feeling that it had fallen into commercial formula , rock convention and self-parody .	commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody	Why did post-punk fall out of love with punk ?
These artists instead defined punk as `` an imperative to constant change '' , believing that `` radical content demands radical form '' .	"radical content demands radical form"	What did the new post-punk artists believe ?
The term `` post-punk '' was first used by journalists in the late 1970s to describe groups moving beyond punk 's sonic template into disparate areas .	journalists	Who were the first to use the term `` post-punk '' ?
The term `` post-punk '' was first used by journalists in the late 1970s to describe groups moving beyond punk 's sonic template into disparate areas .	late 1970s	When was `` post-punk '' first used to start describing artists ?
Many of these artists , initially inspired by punk 's DIY ethic and energy , ultimately became disillusioned with the style and movement , feeling that it had fallen into commercial formula , rock convention and self-parody .	punk's DIY ethic and energy	What were many post-punk artists originally inspired by ?
These artists instead defined punk as `` an imperative to constant change '' , believing that `` radical content demands radical form '' .	change	What did post-punk artists feel there was an imperative to constantly do ?
Though the music varied widely between regions and artists , the post-punk movement has been characterized by its `` conceptual assault '' on rock conventions and rejection of aesthetics perceived of as traditionalist , hegemonic or rockist in favor of experimentation with production techniques and non-rock musical styles such as dub , electronic music , disco , noise , jazz , krautrock , world music and the avant-garde .	experimentation with production techniques	What were the things that post-punk really got into ?
Though the music varied widely between regions and artists , the post-punk movement has been characterized by its `` conceptual assault '' on rock conventions and rejection of aesthetics perceived of as traditionalist , hegemonic or rockist in favor of experimentation with production techniques and non-rock musical styles such as dub , electronic music , disco , noise , jazz , krautrock , world music and the avant-garde .	dub, electronic music, disco, noise, jazz, krautrock, world music and the avant-garde	What are non-rock styles that post-punk used as inspiration ?
Author Matthew Bannister wrote that post-punk artists rejected the high cultural references of 1960s rock artists like the Beatles and Bob Dylan as well as paradigms that defined `` rock as progressive , as art , as ` sterile ' studio perfectionism ... by adopting an avant-garde aesthetic '' .	avant-garde	What aesthetic did Matthew Bannister associate with post-punk ?
Author Matthew Bannister wrote that post-punk artists rejected the high cultural references of 1960s rock artists like the Beatles and Bob Dylan as well as paradigms that defined `` rock as progressive , as art , as ` sterile ' studio perfectionism ... by adopting an avant-garde aesthetic '' .	high cultural references of 1960s rock artists	What music did post-punk end to reject ?
Though the music varied widely between regions and artists , the post-punk movement has been characterized by its `` conceptual assault '' on rock conventions and rejection of aesthetics perceived of as traditionalist , hegemonic or rockist in favor of experimentation with production techniques and non-rock musical styles such as dub , electronic music , disco , noise , jazz , krautrock , world music and the avant-garde .	rock	As a movement , post-punk has been characterized by its conceptual assault on what conventions ?
Though the music varied widely between regions and artists , the post-punk movement has been characterized by its `` conceptual assault '' on rock conventions and rejection of aesthetics perceived of as traditionalist , hegemonic or rockist in favor of experimentation with production techniques and non-rock musical styles such as dub , electronic music , disco , noise , jazz , krautrock , world music and the avant-garde .	aesthetics	What does post-punk reject any of which are perceived as being traditionalist , hegemonic , or rockist ?
Though the music varied widely between regions and artists , the post-punk movement has been characterized by its `` conceptual assault '' on rock conventions and rejection of aesthetics perceived of as traditionalist , hegemonic or rockist in favor of experimentation with production techniques and non-rock musical styles such as dub , electronic music , disco , noise , jazz , krautrock , world music and the avant-garde .	experimentation	What is one of the foundational aspects post-punk is deeply favorable towards ?
-LSB- nb 1 -RSB- According to Reynolds , artists once again approached the studio as an instrument , using new recording methods and pursuing novel sonic territories .	as an instrument	How did post-punk artists once again approach the studio ?
Author Matthew Bannister wrote that post-punk artists rejected the high cultural references of 1960s rock artists like the Beatles and Bob Dylan as well as paradigms that defined `` rock as progressive , as art , as ` sterile ' studio perfectionism ... by adopting an avant-garde aesthetic '' .	high cultural	What references did post-punk artists specifically reject of the 1960s rock artists ?
Nicholas Lezard described post-punk as `` a fusion of art and music '' .	fusion of art and music	How did Nicholas Lezard describe post-punk ?
Artists sought to refuse the common distinction between high and low culture and returned to the art school tradition found in the work of artists such as Captain Beefheart and David Bowie .	Captain Beefheart and David Bowie	Which artists were influential in post-punk ?
Among major influences on a variety of post-punk artists were writers such as William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard , avant-garde political scenes such as Situationism and Dada , and intellectual movements such as postmodernism .	William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard	Which writers helped to influence the post-punk movement ?
Among major influences on a variety of post-punk artists were writers such as William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard , avant-garde political scenes such as Situationism and Dada , and intellectual movements such as postmodernism .	postmodernism	What was an intellectual focus of post-punk ?
Many post-punk artists maintained an anti-corporatist approach to recording and instead seized on alternate means of producing and releasing music .	anti-corporatist	How did the post-punk movement feel about big business ?
Nicholas Lezard described post-punk as `` a fusion of art and music '' .	"a fusion of art and music"	What was Nicholas Lezard 's description of post-punk ?
The era saw the robust appropriation of ideas from literature , art , cinema , philosophy , politics and critical theory into musical and pop cultural contexts .	musical and pop cultural contexts	Where did post-punk ram its appropriation of ideas into ?
Artists sought to refuse the common distinction between high and low culture and returned to the art school tradition found in the work of artists such as Captain Beefheart and David Bowie .	art school	What tradition could be found in works by Captain Beefheart and David Bowie ?
Among major influences on a variety of post-punk artists were writers such as William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard , avant-garde political scenes such as Situationism and Dada , and intellectual movements such as postmodernism .	postmodernism	What intellectual movement informed and influenced a variety of post-punk artists ?
Many post-punk artists maintained an anti-corporatist approach to recording and instead seized on alternate means of producing and releasing music .	anti-corporatist	Why did many post-punk artists produce and release their own music ?
While some critics , such as AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine , have employed the term `` post-punk '' to denote `` a more adventurous and arty form of punk '' , others have suggested it pertains to a set of artistic sensibilities and approaches rather than any unifying style .	Stephen Thomas Erlewine	Who described post-punk as `` a more adventurous and arty form of punk '' ?
Music journalist and post-punk scholar Simon Reynolds has advocated that post-punk be conceived as `` less a genre of music than a space of possibility '' , suggesting that `` what unites all this activity is a set of open-ended imperatives : innovation ; willful oddness ; the willful jettisoning of all things precedented or ` rock 'n' roll ' '' .	Simon Reynolds	Who described post-punk as `` less a genre of music than a space of possibility '' ?
Nicholas Lezard , problematizing the categorization of post-punk as a genre , described the movement as `` so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible '' .	Nicholas Lezard	Who said `` so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible '' with regards to post-punk ?
While some critics , such as AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine , have employed the term `` post-punk '' to denote `` a more adventurous and arty form of punk '' , others have suggested it pertains to a set of artistic sensibilities and approaches rather than any unifying style .	AllMusic	Who does music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine work for ?
The scope of the term `` post-punk '' has been subject to controversy .	controversy	What as the blanket term `` post-punk '' been the target of ?
While some critics , such as AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine , have employed the term `` post-punk '' to denote `` a more adventurous and arty form of punk '' , others have suggested it pertains to a set of artistic sensibilities and approaches rather than any unifying style .	AllMusic	What organization is Stephen Thomas Erlewine associated with ?
While some critics , such as AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine , have employed the term `` post-punk '' to denote `` a more adventurous and arty form of punk '' , others have suggested it pertains to a set of artistic sensibilities and approaches rather than any unifying style .	unifying style	What have some people suggested post-punk does n't have , instead being more about approaches and sensibilities ?
Music journalist and post-punk scholar Simon Reynolds has advocated that post-punk be conceived as `` less a genre of music than a space of possibility '' , suggesting that `` what unites all this activity is a set of open-ended imperatives : innovation ; willful oddness ; the willful jettisoning of all things precedented or ` rock 'n' roll ' '' .	post-punk	Why type of scholar is music journalist Simon Reynolds ?
Nicholas Lezard , problematizing the categorization of post-punk as a genre , described the movement as `` so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible '' .	multifarious	Why is only the broadest use of genre possible when trying to categorize what actually defines post-punk ?
Generally , post-punk music is defined as music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s , although many groups now categorized as post-punk were initially subsumed under the broad umbrella of punk or new wave music , only becoming differentiated as the terms came to signify more narrow styles .	music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s	What is post-punk ?
Generally , post-punk music is defined as music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s , although many groups now categorized as post-punk were initially subsumed under the broad umbrella of punk or new wave music , only becoming differentiated as the terms came to signify more narrow styles .	new wave music	What else was music incorrectly catagorized into before post-punk ?
Additionally , the accuracy of the term 's chronological prefix `` post '' has been disputed , as various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement .	various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement	Why is the term post-punk sometimes disputed ?
Reynolds defined the post-punk era as occurring loosely between 1978 and 1984 .	between 1978 and 1984	What is the acctepted era of post-punk ?
Generally , post-punk music is defined as music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s , although many groups now categorized as post-punk were initially subsumed under the broad umbrella of punk or new wave music , only becoming differentiated as the terms came to signify more narrow styles .	punk rock	What previous movement is post-punk often identified as coming after ?
Generally , post-punk music is defined as music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s , although many groups now categorized as post-punk were initially subsumed under the broad umbrella of punk or new wave music , only becoming differentiated as the terms came to signify more narrow styles .	punk or new wave music	What were many groups now labeled as post-punk initially categorized as ?
Additionally , the accuracy of the term 's chronological prefix `` post '' has been disputed , as various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement .	predate the punk rock movement	Why has the prefix ` post ' caused a bit of dispute as it relates to various post-punk groups ?
Reynolds defined the post-punk era as occurring loosely between 1978 and 1984 .	Reynolds	Who has defined a period of when the post-punk era was ?
Reynolds defined the post-punk era as occurring loosely between 1978 and 1984 .	1978 and 1984	Between what years did Reynolds identify the post-punk era as existing ?
During the initial punk era , a variety of entrepreneurs interested in local punk-influenced music scenes began founding independent record labels , including Rough Trade -LRB- founded by record shop owner Geoff Travis -RRB- and Factory -LRB- founded by Manchester-based television personality Tony Wilson -RRB- .	Rough Trade	WHich independent music company was founded by Geoff Travis ?
During the initial punk era , a variety of entrepreneurs interested in local punk-influenced music scenes began founding independent record labels , including Rough Trade -LRB- founded by record shop owner Geoff Travis -RRB- and Factory -LRB- founded by Manchester-based television personality Tony Wilson -RRB- .	Tony Wilson	Who founded Factory ?
By 1977 , groups began pointedly pursuing methods of releasing music independently , an idea disseminated in particular by the Buzzcocks ' release of their Spiral Scratch EP on their own label as well as the self-released 1977 singles of Desperate Bicycles .	1977	When did releasing music indepentently really hit popularity ?
By 1977 , groups began pointedly pursuing methods of releasing music independently , an idea disseminated in particular by the Buzzcocks ' release of their Spiral Scratch EP on their own label as well as the self-released 1977 singles of Desperate Bicycles .	Buzzcocks	Who released Spiral Scratch on their own label ?
These DIY imperatives would help form the production and distribution infrastructure of post-punk and the indie music scene that later blossomed in the mid-1980s .	mid-1980s	When did the indoe music scene begin to grow ?
During the initial punk era , a variety of entrepreneurs interested in local punk-influenced music scenes began founding independent record labels , including Rough Trade -LRB- founded by record shop owner Geoff Travis -RRB- and Factory -LRB- founded by Manchester-based television personality Tony Wilson -RRB- .	independent record labels	What did many entrepreneurs interested in their local punk-influenced music scenes found ?
During the initial punk era , a variety of entrepreneurs interested in local punk-influenced music scenes began founding independent record labels , including Rough Trade -LRB- founded by record shop owner Geoff Travis -RRB- and Factory -LRB- founded by Manchester-based television personality Tony Wilson -RRB- .	Geoff Travis	Who founded the record label Rough Trade ?
By 1977 , groups began pointedly pursuing methods of releasing music independently , an idea disseminated in particular by the Buzzcocks ' release of their Spiral Scratch EP on their own label as well as the self-released 1977 singles of Desperate Bicycles .	1977	When did some groups start looking for methods to release their music themselves ?
By 1977 , groups began pointedly pursuing methods of releasing music independently , an idea disseminated in particular by the Buzzcocks ' release of their Spiral Scratch EP on their own label as well as the self-released 1977 singles of Desperate Bicycles .	their own	Whose label did the Buzzcocks release their Spiral Scratch EP on ?
In late 1977 , music writers for Sounds first used the terms `` New Musick '' and `` post punk '' to describe British acts such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire , who began experimenting with sounds , lyrics and aesthetics that differed significantly from their punk contemporaries .	late 1977	When did writers for Sounds first mention `` post punk '' ?
In late 1977 , music writers for Sounds first used the terms `` New Musick '' and `` post punk '' to describe British acts such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire , who began experimenting with sounds , lyrics and aesthetics that differed significantly from their punk contemporaries .	experimenting	What did Wire do with sounds , lyrics and aesthetics which different a lot from their peers ?
Writer Jon Savage described some of these early developments as exploring `` harsh urban scrapings -LSB- , -RSB- controlled white noise '' and `` massively accented drumming '' .	Writer	What career path did Jon Savage take in life ?
In January 1978 , singer John Lydon -LRB- then known as Johnny Rotten -RRB- announced the break-up of his pioneering punk band the Sex Pistols , citing his disillusionment with punk 's musical predictability and cooption by commercial interests , as well as his desire to explore more diverse interests .	January 1978	When did the Sex Pistols break up ?
In late 1977 , music writers for Sounds first used the terms `` New Musick '' and `` post punk '' to describe British acts such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire , who began experimenting with sounds , lyrics and aesthetics that differed significantly from their punk contemporaries .	the Banshees	Who was Siouxsie backed by ?
In late 1977 , music writers for Sounds first used the terms `` New Musick '' and `` post punk '' to describe British acts such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire , who began experimenting with sounds , lyrics and aesthetics that differed significantly from their punk contemporaries .	Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire	What are examples of British bands termed post-punk ?
Writer Jon Savage described some of these early developments as exploring `` harsh urban scrapings -LSB- , -RSB- controlled white noise '' and `` massively accented drumming '' .	Jon Savage	Who connsidered post-punk `` harsh urban scrapings -LSB- , -RSB- controlled white noise '' and `` massively accented drumming '' ?
In January 1978 , singer John Lydon -LRB- then known as Johnny Rotten -RRB- announced the break-up of his pioneering punk band the Sex Pistols , citing his disillusionment with punk 's musical predictability and cooption by commercial interests , as well as his desire to explore more diverse interests .	Sex Pistols	Which band 's lead singer was Johnny Rotten ?
In January 1978 , singer John Lydon -LRB- then known as Johnny Rotten -RRB- announced the break-up of his pioneering punk band the Sex Pistols , citing his disillusionment with punk 's musical predictability and cooption by commercial interests , as well as his desire to explore more diverse interests .	John Lydon	What was Johnny Rotten 's real name ?
In January 1978 , singer John Lydon -LRB- then known as Johnny Rotten -RRB- announced the break-up of his pioneering punk band the Sex Pistols , citing his disillusionment with punk 's musical predictability and cooption by commercial interests , as well as his desire to explore more diverse interests .	1978	When did the Sex Pistols break up ?
As the initial punk movement dwindled , vibrant new scenes began to coalesce out of a variety of bands pursuing experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory in their work .	vibrant new scenes	When the punk movement started shrinking , what began to fill the void left by their demise ?
As the initial punk movement dwindled , vibrant new scenes began to coalesce out of a variety of bands pursuing experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory in their work .	wider conceptual	What territory did the post-punk bands pursue in their works ?
British music publications such as the NME and Sounds developed an influential part in this nascent post-punk culture , with writers like Jon Savage , Paul Morley and Ian Penman developing a dense -LRB- and often playful -RRB- style of criticism that drew on critical theory , radical politics and an eclectic variety of other sources .	British	What nationality 's music magazines had an influential part of post-punk culture ?
British music publications such as the NME and Sounds developed an influential part in this nascent post-punk culture , with writers like Jon Savage , Paul Morley and Ian Penman developing a dense -LRB- and often playful -RRB- style of criticism that drew on critical theory , radical politics and an eclectic variety of other sources .	writers	What professional is Ian Penman known from ?
Many of these artists drew on backgrounds in art and viewed their music as invested in particular political or aesthetic agendas .	art	What kind of background did many of the initial post-punk artists have ?
British music publications such as the NME and Sounds developed an influential part in this nascent post-punk culture , with writers like Jon Savage , Paul Morley and Ian Penman developing a dense -LRB- and often playful -RRB- style of criticism that drew on critical theory , radical politics and an eclectic variety of other sources .	Jon Savage, Paul Morley and Ian Penman	Who were well known authors covering the post-punk era ?
British music publications such as the NME and Sounds developed an influential part in this nascent post-punk culture , with writers like Jon Savage , Paul Morley and Ian Penman developing a dense -LRB- and often playful -RRB- style of criticism that drew on critical theory , radical politics and an eclectic variety of other sources .	NME and Sounds	What were popular post-punk culture media sources ?
As the initial punk movement dwindled , vibrant new scenes began to coalesce out of a variety of bands pursuing experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory in their work .	experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory	What were the bands coming in on the heels of post-punk beginning to sound like ?
Many of these artists drew on backgrounds in art and viewed their music as invested in particular political or aesthetic agendas .	backgrounds in art	What was a common background of post-punk musicians ?
Many of these artists drew on backgrounds in art and viewed their music as invested in particular political or aesthetic agendas .	political or aesthetic agendas	What was a common theme to post-punk music ?
Weeks after ending the Sex Pistols , Lydon formed the experimental group Public Image Ltd and declared the project to be `` anti music of any kind '' .	Lydon	Who was responsible for disbanding the Sex Pistols ?
Weeks after ending the Sex Pistols , Lydon formed the experimental group Public Image Ltd and declared the project to be `` anti music of any kind '' .	Public Image Ltd	What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind ?
Public Image and other acts such as the Pop Group and the Slits had begun experimenting with dance music , dub production techniques and the avant-garde , while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division , The Fall and A Certain Ratio developed unique styles which drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist literature .	Manchester	Where did Joy Division hail from ?
Public Image and other acts such as the Pop Group and the Slits had begun experimenting with dance music , dub production techniques and the avant-garde , while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division , The Fall and A Certain Ratio developed unique styles which drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist literature .	modernist	What type of literature contributed to Joy Division 's unique style ?
Bands such as Scritti Politti , Gang of Four and This Heat incorporated Leftist political philosophy and their own art school studies in their work .	Leftist	What end of the political spectrum was the political philosophy of Gang of Four ?
Weeks after ending the Sex Pistols , Lydon formed the experimental group Public Image Ltd and declared the project to be `` anti music of any kind '' .	Public Image Ltd	What band did Johnny Rotten form after the Sex Pistols ?
Weeks after ending the Sex Pistols , Lydon formed the experimental group Public Image Ltd and declared the project to be `` anti music of any kind '' .	"anti music of any kind"	What kind of group was Public Image Ltd ?
Bands such as Scritti Politti , Gang of Four and This Heat incorporated Leftist political philosophy and their own art school studies in their work .	Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat	Which bands combined way left politics with art school studies ?
Public Image and other acts such as the Pop Group and the Slits had begun experimenting with dance music , dub production techniques and the avant-garde , while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division , The Fall and A Certain Ratio developed unique styles which drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist literature .	Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio	What are some British post-punk bands from Manchester ?
Public Image and other acts such as the Pop Group and the Slits had begun experimenting with dance music , dub production techniques and the avant-garde , while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division , The Fall and A Certain Ratio developed unique styles which drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist literature .	Pop Group and the Slits	Which post-punk bands began to branch off into things like dub and dance music ?
The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music , with studio experimentation taking a central role .	post-punk	What type of producer was Martin Hannett ?
The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music , with studio experimentation taking a central role .	innovative	What type of production techniques did Dennis Bovell develop ?
The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music , with studio experimentation taking a central role .	studio experimentation	What took a central roll for the emerging post-punk music ?
A variety of groups that predated punk , such as Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle , experimented with crude production techniques and electronic instruments in tandem with performance art methods and influence from transgressive literature , ultimately helping to pioneer industrial music .	crude production techniques	What eventually resulted in the pioneering of industrial music ?
Throbbing Gristle 's independent label Industrial Records would become a hub for this scene and provide it with its namesake .	Throbbing Gristle's	Whose independent label became a hub for the industrial scene ?
The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music , with studio experimentation taking a central role .	Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell	Who were producers that led the way with emerging the post-punk culture ?
Throbbing Gristle 's independent label Industrial Records would become a hub for this scene and provide it with its namesake .	Industrial Records	What was the name of Throbbing Gristle 's record label ?
A variety of groups that predated punk , such as Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle , experimented with crude production techniques and electronic instruments in tandem with performance art methods and influence from transgressive literature , ultimately helping to pioneer industrial music .	Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle	Which bands were on the forefront of industrial music ?
Throbbing Gristle 's independent label Industrial Records would become a hub for this scene and provide it with its namesake .	Industrial Records	Where did industrial music get it 's name ?
The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music , with studio experimentation taking a central role .	studio experimentation	What was one of the most important ways that post-punk artists created their new sound ?
In the mid 1970s , various American groups -LRB- some with ties to Downtown Manhattan 's punk scene , including Television and Suicide -RRB- had begun expanding on the vocabulary of punk music .	American	What nationality began birthing groups who expanded the vocabulary of punk music ?
Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region 's derelict industrial environments , employing conceptual art techniques , musique concrète and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years .	Midwestern	From what region did the group Devo originate ?
In 1978 , the former band began a series of collaborations with British ambient pioneer and ex-Roxy Music member Brian Eno , experimenting with Dada-influenced lyrical techniques , dance music , and African polyrhythms .	Brian Eno	Who did the Talking Heads begin a series of collaborations with in 1978 ?
San Francisco 's vibrant post-punk scene was centered around such groups as Chrome , the Residents and Tuxedomoon , who incorporated multimedia experimentation , film and ideas from Antonin Artaud 's Theater of Cruelty .	San Francisco's	What region 's post-punk scene incorporated ideas from Theater of Cruelty ?
In the mid 1970s , various American groups -LRB- some with ties to Downtown Manhattan 's punk scene , including Television and Suicide -RRB- had begun expanding on the vocabulary of punk music .	mid 1970s	When did the American groups begin to really get in on the post-punk movement ?
In the mid 1970s , various American groups -LRB- some with ties to Downtown Manhattan 's punk scene , including Television and Suicide -RRB- had begun expanding on the vocabulary of punk music .	Television and Suicide	Which American bands had ties to the Manchester punk scene ?
Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region 's derelict industrial environments , employing conceptual art techniques , musique concrète and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years .	Pere Ubu and Devo	What were some Midwestern punk bands ?
Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region 's derelict industrial environments , employing conceptual art techniques , musique concrète and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years .	derelict industrial environments	What did Pere and Devo draw inspiration for their music from ?
San Francisco 's vibrant post-punk scene was centered around such groups as Chrome , the Residents and Tuxedomoon , who incorporated multimedia experimentation , film and ideas from Antonin Artaud 's Theater of Cruelty .	Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon	What were groups in San Francisco 's post-punk scene ?
Also emerging during this period was New York 's no wave movement , a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk 's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes and often reflected an abrasive , confrontational and nihilistic worldview .	nihilistic	What type of worldview did New York 's no wave movement tend to have ?
No wave musicians such as the Contortions , Teenage Jesus and the Jerks , Mars , DNA , Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham instead experimented with noise , dissonance and atonality in addition to non-rock styles .	No wave	The Contortions , Teenage Jesus and the Jerks were all musicians part of what movement ?
The no wave-affiliated label ZE Records was founded in 1978 , and would also produce acclaimed and influential compilations in subsequent years .	ZE Records	What no wave-affiliated label was founded in 1978 ?
No wave musicians such as the Contortions , Teenage Jesus and the Jerks , Mars , DNA , Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham instead experimented with noise , dissonance and atonality in addition to non-rock styles .	noise, dissonance and atonality	In addition to non-rock styles , what did some of the no-wave groups experiment with sonically ?
Also emerging during this period was New York 's no wave movement , a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk 's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes and often reflected an abrasive , confrontational and nihilistic worldview .	a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes	What was no wave ?
Also emerging during this period was New York 's no wave movement , a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk 's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes and often reflected an abrasive , confrontational and nihilistic worldview .	an abrasive, confrontational and nihilistic	What type of a view did no wave have ?
No wave musicians such as the Contortions , Teenage Jesus and the Jerks , Mars , DNA , Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham instead experimented with noise , dissonance and atonality in addition to non-rock styles .	No wave	What types of musicians were the Contortions , Teenage Jesus and the Jerks , Mars , DNA , Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham ?
The no wave-affiliated label ZE Records was founded in 1978 , and would also produce acclaimed and influential compilations in subsequent years .	1978	When was ZE Records founded ?
The former four groups were included on the Eno-produced No New York compilation , often considered the quintessential testament to the scene .	No New York	What was considered the true portrait of the no wave movement ?
British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community -- American critic Greil Marcus characterised `` Britain 's postpunk pop avant-garde '' in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as `` sparked by a tension , humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music '' -- as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel , while several groups , such as PiL and Joy Division , achieved some success in the popular charts .	support	How did critics respond to British post-punk groups in the 1980s ?
British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community -- American critic Greil Marcus characterised `` Britain 's postpunk pop avant-garde '' in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as `` sparked by a tension , humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music '' -- as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel , while several groups , such as PiL and Joy Division , achieved some success in the popular charts .	American	What nationality was the critic who positively characterized Britain 's postpunk scene in an 1980 Rolling Stone article ?
British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community -- American critic Greil Marcus characterised `` Britain 's postpunk pop avant-garde '' in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as `` sparked by a tension , humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music '' -- as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel , while several groups , such as PiL and Joy Division , achieved some success in the popular charts .	unique	What about the sense of paradox in postpunk different in relation to the pop music of the day ?
British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community -- American critic Greil Marcus characterised `` Britain 's postpunk pop avant-garde '' in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as `` sparked by a tension , humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music '' -- as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel , while several groups , such as PiL and Joy Division , achieved some success in the popular charts .	BBC	What corporation was John Peel a DJ for ?
The network of supportive record labels that included Industrial , Fast , E.G. , Mute , Axis/4AD and Glass continued to facilitate a large output of music , by artists such as the Raincoats , Essential Logic , Killing Joke , the Teardrop Explodes , and the Psychedelic Furs .	record labels	What were Fast , Mute , and Glass in the context of post-punk music ?
British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community -- American critic Greil Marcus characterised `` Britain 's postpunk pop avant-garde '' in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as `` sparked by a tension , humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music '' -- as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel , while several groups , such as PiL and Joy Division , achieved some success in the popular charts .	1980s	When did British post-punk emerge ?
British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community -- American critic Greil Marcus characterised `` Britain 's postpunk pop avant-garde '' in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as `` sparked by a tension , humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music '' -- as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel , while several groups , such as PiL and Joy Division , achieved some success in the popular charts .	Greil Marcus	Who said that British post-punk was `` sparked by a tension , humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music '' ?
British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community -- American critic Greil Marcus characterised `` Britain 's postpunk pop avant-garde '' in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as `` sparked by a tension , humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music '' -- as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel , while several groups , such as PiL and Joy Division , achieved some success in the popular charts .	PiL and Joy Division	What British post-punk bands had success in the popular charts ?
The network of supportive record labels that included Industrial , Fast , E.G. , Mute , Axis/4AD and Glass continued to facilitate a large output of music , by artists such as the Raincoats , Essential Logic , Killing Joke , the Teardrop Explodes , and the Psychedelic Furs .	Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass	Which record labels really supported the British post-punk movement ?
British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community -- American critic Greil Marcus characterised `` Britain 's postpunk pop avant-garde '' in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as `` sparked by a tension , humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music '' -- as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel , while several groups , such as PiL and Joy Division , achieved some success in the popular charts .	BBC DJ John Peel	What popular DJ supported the emergence of British post-punk ?
In the music press , the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships ; it is estimated that within several years , NME suffered the loss of half its circulation .	increasingly esoteric writing	What did the magazines catering to post-punk interest do to alienate their readers ?
However , during this period , major figures and artists in the scene began leaning away from underground aesthetics .	underground aesthetics	Many of the big players in the post-punk scene began leaning away from what as time progressed ?
Writers like Paul Morley began advocating `` overground brightness '' instead of the experimental sensibilities promoted in early years .	Paul Morley	What writer advocated `` overground brightness '' ?
In the music press , the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships ; it is estimated that within several years , NME suffered the loss of half its circulation .	NME	Which magazine tied to the post-punk movement lost half of its circulation ?
Emphasizing glamour , fashion , and escapism in distinction to the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups , the club-oriented scene drew some suspicion from denizens of the movement .	glamour, fashion, and escapism	What did the club-oriented scene emphasize instead of the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups ?
Writers like Paul Morley began advocating `` overground brightness '' instead of the experimental sensibilities promoted in early years .	overground brightness	What did authors and artists begin advocating for instead of the underground scene ?
In the music press , the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships ; it is estimated that within several years , NME suffered the loss of half its circulation .	increasingly esoteric writing	What began to alienate the readers from publications such as NME ?
Morley 's own musical collaboration with engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik , the Art of Noise , would attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream .	engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik	Who did Paul Morley collaborate with on the Art of Noise ?
Morley 's own musical collaboration with engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik , the Art of Noise , would attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream .	attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream	What did the Art of Noise hope to accomplish ?
A variety of more pop-oriented groups , including ABC , the Associates , Adam and the Ants and Bow Wow Wow -LRB- the latter two managed by former Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren -RRB- emerged in tandem with the development of the New Romantic subcultural scene .	New Romantic	Which new cultural movement began to emphasize glam , escapism and fashion ?
Artists such as Gary Numan , the Human League , Soft Cell , John Foxx and Visage helped pioneer a new synthpop style that drew more heavily from electronic and synthesizer music and benefited from the rise of MTV .	synthpop	What style of music was Gary Numan associated with ?
Artists such as Gary Numan , the Human League , Soft Cell , John Foxx and Visage helped pioneer a new synthpop style that drew more heavily from electronic and synthesizer music and benefited from the rise of MTV .	MTV	What did the synthpop style of music benefit from the gaining popularity of ?
Artists such as Gary Numan , the Human League , Soft Cell , John Foxx and Visage helped pioneer a new synthpop style that drew more heavily from electronic and synthesizer music and benefited from the rise of MTV .	electronic and synthesizer music	Synthpop heavily borrowed elements from what type of music ?
These new developments , in which post-punk artists attempted to bring subversive ideas into the pop mainstream , began to be categorized under the marketing term new pop .	subversive	What type of ideas did post-punk artists attempt to sneak into mainstream pop ?
Post-punk artists such as Scritti Politti 's Green Gartside and Josef K 's Paul Haig , previously engaged in avant-garde practices , turned away from these approaches and pursued mainstream styles and commercial success .	commercial success	What did some post-punk artists reject their previous avant-garde practices to pursue ?
Artists such as Gary Numan , the Human League , Soft Cell , John Foxx and Visage helped pioneer a new synthpop style that drew more heavily from electronic and synthesizer music and benefited from the rise of MTV .	synthpop	What new music style focused on electronic and synthesized sounds ?
Artists such as Gary Numan , the Human League , Soft Cell , John Foxx and Visage helped pioneer a new synthpop style that drew more heavily from electronic and synthesizer music and benefited from the rise of MTV .	MTV	What really helped to launch synthpop ?
These new developments , in which post-punk artists attempted to bring subversive ideas into the pop mainstream , began to be categorized under the marketing term new pop .	pop	What else began to emerge as post-punk groups moved to a more commercial focus ?
These new developments , in which post-punk artists attempted to bring subversive ideas into the pop mainstream , began to be categorized under the marketing term new pop .	post-punk artists attempted to bring subversive ideas into the pop mainstream	How did pos-punk give rise to pop ?
In the early 1980s , Downtown Manhattan 's no wave scene transitioned from its abrasive origins into a more dance-oriented sound , with compilations such as ZE 's Mutant Disco -LRB- 1981 -RRB- highlighting a newly playful sensibility borne out of the city 's clash of hip hop , disco and punk styles , as well as dub reggae and world music influences .	early 1980s	When did Manhattan 's no wave scene start becoming more dance-oriented ?
Artists such as Liquid Liquid , the B-52s , Cristina , Arthur Russell , James White and the Blacks and Lizzy Mercier Descloux pursued a formula described by Luc Sante as `` anything at all + disco bottom '' .	"anything at all + disco bottom"	What formula did a lot of the artists emerging from the scene adhere to ?
The decadent parties and art installations of venues such as Club 57 and the Mudd Club became cultural hubs for musicians and visual artists alike , with figures such as Jean-Michel Basquiat , Keith Haring and Michael Holman frequenting the scene .	decadent	What type of party could be found at venues like Club 57 ?
The decadent parties and art installations of venues such as Club 57 and the Mudd Club became cultural hubs for musicians and visual artists alike , with figures such as Jean-Michel Basquiat , Keith Haring and Michael Holman frequenting the scene .	musicians and visual artists alike	Who did the venues because cultural hubs for ?
In the early 1980s , Downtown Manhattan 's no wave scene transitioned from its abrasive origins into a more dance-oriented sound , with compilations such as ZE 's Mutant Disco -LRB- 1981 -RRB- highlighting a newly playful sensibility borne out of the city 's clash of hip hop , disco and punk styles , as well as dub reggae and world music influences .	dance-oriented sound	What did Downtown Manhattan 's no wave scene transition into ?
In the early 1980s , Downtown Manhattan 's no wave scene transitioned from its abrasive origins into a more dance-oriented sound , with compilations such as ZE 's Mutant Disco -LRB- 1981 -RRB- highlighting a newly playful sensibility borne out of the city 's clash of hip hop , disco and punk styles , as well as dub reggae and world music influences .	abrasive	What type of sound did no wave have before it began to transition to a more dance oriented sound ?
In the early 1980s , Downtown Manhattan 's no wave scene transitioned from its abrasive origins into a more dance-oriented sound , with compilations such as ZE 's Mutant Disco -LRB- 1981 -RRB- highlighting a newly playful sensibility borne out of the city 's clash of hip hop , disco and punk styles , as well as dub reggae and world music influences .	1981	When was ZE 's Mutant Disco released ?
The decadent parties and art installations of venues such as Club 57 and the Mudd Club became cultural hubs for musicians and visual artists alike , with figures such as Jean-Michel Basquiat , Keith Haring and Michael Holman frequenting the scene .	Club 57 and the Mudd Club	What clubs were frequented by artists in the emerging dance scene ?
In Germany , groups such as Einstürzende Neubauten developed a unique style of industrial music , utilizing avant-garde noise , homemade instruments and found objects .	Germany	Where did some groups develop a unique style of industrial music ?
In Germany , groups such as Einstürzende Neubauten developed a unique style of industrial music , utilizing avant-garde noise , homemade instruments and found objects .	industrial	What type of music included noise , homemade instruments , and randomly found objects ?
In Brazil , the post-punk scene grew after the generation of Brasilia rock with bands such as Legião Urbana , Capital Inicial and Plebe Rude and then the opening of the music club Madame Satã in São Paulo , with acts like Cabine C , Titãs , Patife Band , Fellini and Mercenárias , as documented on compilations like The Sexual Life of the Savages and the Não Wave/N ão São Paulo series , released in the UK , Germany and Brazil , respectively .	Brazil	What country had a post-punk scene after a generation of rock ?
In Brazil , the post-punk scene grew after the generation of Brasilia rock with bands such as Legião Urbana , Capital Inicial and Plebe Rude and then the opening of the music club Madame Satã in São Paulo , with acts like Cabine C , Titãs , Patife Band , Fellini and Mercenárias , as documented on compilations like The Sexual Life of the Savages and the Não Wave/N ão São Paulo series , released in the UK , Germany and Brazil , respectively .	compilations	What type of album was The Sexual Life of the Savages ?
In Brazil , the post-punk scene grew after the generation of Brasilia rock with bands such as Legião Urbana , Capital Inicial and Plebe Rude and then the opening of the music club Madame Satã in São Paulo , with acts like Cabine C , Titãs , Patife Band , Fellini and Mercenárias , as documented on compilations like The Sexual Life of the Savages and the Não Wave/N ão São Paulo series , released in the UK , Germany and Brazil , respectively .	UK, Germany	What countries other than Brazil was Brazil 's no wave music exported to ?
In Germany , groups such as Einstürzende Neubauten developed a unique style of industrial music , utilizing avant-garde noise , homemade instruments and found objects .	industrial	What type of music was associated with Einstürzende Neubauten ?
In Germany , groups such as Einstürzende Neubauten developed a unique style of industrial music , utilizing avant-garde noise , homemade instruments and found objects .	Germany	Where was Einstürzende Neubauten from ?
In Germany , groups such as Einstürzende Neubauten developed a unique style of industrial music , utilizing avant-garde noise , homemade instruments and found objects .	avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects	How did Einstürzende Neubauten come up with their new industrial sound ?
Members of that group would later go on to collaborate with members of the Birthday Party .	the Birthday Party	Who did members of Einstürzende Neubauten also collaborate with ?
In Brazil , the post-punk scene grew after the generation of Brasilia rock with bands such as Legião Urbana , Capital Inicial and Plebe Rude and then the opening of the music club Madame Satã in São Paulo , with acts like Cabine C , Titãs , Patife Band , Fellini and Mercenárias , as documented on compilations like The Sexual Life of the Savages and the Não Wave/N ão São Paulo series , released in the UK , Germany and Brazil , respectively .	Brazil	Where was Madame Satã ?
Many of these groups would continue recording as part of the new pop movement , with entryism becoming a popular concept .	pop	What type of music did many of the post-punk bands start indulging in ?
The original post-punk movement ended as the bands associated with the movement turned away from its aesthetics , often in favor of more commercial sounds .	turned away from its aesthetics	How did bands associated with the original post-punk movement cause it to end ?
In the United States , driven by MTV and modern rock radio stations , a number of post-punk acts had an influence on or became part of the Second British Invasion of `` New Music '' there .	MTV	What venue drove a lot of the awareness of the music from the now pop post-punk bands ?
Some shifted to a more commercial new wave sound -LRB- such as Gang of Four -RRB- , while others were fixtures on American college radio and became early examples of alternative rock .	American college radio	Where was a lot of the post-punk pop bands played in addition to MTV ?
Perhaps the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was U2 , who combined elements of religious imagery together with political commentary into their often anthemic music .	U2	What band combined religious imagery with political commentary into their music ?
The original post-punk movement ended as the bands associated with the movement turned away from its aesthetics , often in favor of more commercial sounds .	commercial sounds	What was the death knell of the post-punk movement ?
Many of these groups would continue recording as part of the new pop movement , with entryism becoming a popular concept .	pop	What else would the post-punk bands record under ?
Perhaps the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was U2 , who combined elements of religious imagery together with political commentary into their often anthemic music .	U2	Who was the most successful band to arrise from post-punk ?
Many of these groups would continue recording as part of the new pop movement , with entryism becoming a popular concept .	entryism	What was one of the most popular concepts of the pop movement ?
In the United States , driven by MTV and modern rock radio stations , a number of post-punk acts had an influence on or became part of the Second British Invasion of `` New Music '' there .	MTV and modern rock radio stations	What was a driving force behind the revival of the second British Invasion of New Music to America ?
Until recently , in most critical writing the post-punk era was `` often dismissed as an awkward period in which punk 's gleeful ructions petered out into the vacuity of the Eighties '' .	dismissed	How did most critical writing treat the post-punk era , until recently ?
Contemporary scholars have argued to the contrary , asserting that the period produced significant innovations and music on its own .	significant innovations and music	What do contemporary scholars feel the post-punk period contributed in hindsight ?
Simon Reynolds described the period as `` a fair match for the sixties in terms of the sheer amount of great music created , the spirit of adventure and idealism that infused it , and the way that the music seemed inextricably connected to the political and social turbulence of its era '' .	the sixties	What did Simon Reynolds describe the era of post-punk as a match for in terms of great music created ?
Nicholas Lezard wrote that the music of the period `` was avant-garde , open to any musical possibilities that suggested themselves , united only in the sense that it was very often cerebral , concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience , or making them think , as in making a pop song '' .	Nicholas Lezard	Who wrote that the music of the post-punk era was avant-garde ?
Nicholas Lezard wrote that the music of the period `` was avant-garde , open to any musical possibilities that suggested themselves , united only in the sense that it was very often cerebral , concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience , or making them think , as in making a pop song '' .	disturbing	What were the post-punk era artists more interested in doing to their audiences than in entertaining them with pop songs ?
Until recently , in most critical writing the post-punk era was `` often dismissed as an awkward period in which punk 's gleeful ructions petered out into the vacuity of the Eighties '' .	post-punk	What era was usually dismissed as merely an awkward phase of music ?
Contemporary scholars have argued to the contrary , asserting that the period produced significant innovations and music on its own .	produced significant innovations and music on its own	What do comtemporary scholars think that post-punk actually did for music ?
Nicholas Lezard wrote that the music of the period `` was avant-garde , open to any musical possibilities that suggested themselves , united only in the sense that it was very often cerebral , concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience , or making them think , as in making a pop song '' .	Nicholas Lezard	Which critic said that the post-punk period was open to any possibilities as far as music went ?
Simon Reynolds described the period as `` a fair match for the sixties in terms of the sheer amount of great music created , the spirit of adventure and idealism that infused it , and the way that the music seemed inextricably connected to the political and social turbulence of its era '' .	Simon Reynolds	Who said that the post-punk movement rivaled the Sixties in the shear amount of great music produced ?
Nicholas Lezard wrote that the music of the period `` was avant-garde , open to any musical possibilities that suggested themselves , united only in the sense that it was very often cerebral , concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience , or making them think , as in making a pop song '' .	cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song	What did Nicholas Leonard say united post-punk ?
Post-punk was an eclectic genre which resulted in a wide variety of musical innovations and helped merge white and black musical styles .	white and black musical styles	What musical styles did post-punk help merge ?
Out of the post-punk milieu came the beginnings of various subsequent genres , including new wave , dance-rock , New Pop , industrial music , synthpop , post-hardcore , neo-psychedelia alternative rock and house music .	various subsequent genres	What beginnings rose from the dead ashes of post-punk ?
Out of the post-punk milieu came the beginnings of various subsequent genres , including new wave , dance-rock , New Pop , industrial music , synthpop , post-hardcore , neo-psychedelia alternative rock and house music .	post-punk	New wave , industrial music , synthpop and house all share roots in what genre ?
Bands such as Joy Division , Siouxsie and the Banshees , Bauhaus and the Cure played in a darker , more morose style of post-punk that lead to the development of the gothic rock genre .	darker, more morose	What style of music did post-punk band the Cure play in ?
Bands such as Joy Division , Siouxsie and the Banshees , Bauhaus and the Cure played in a darker , more morose style of post-punk that lead to the development of the gothic rock genre .	gothic rock	What genre of music did Joy Division help in the development of ?
Post-punk was an eclectic genre which resulted in a wide variety of musical innovations and helped merge white and black musical styles .	Post-punk	Which type of eclectic music had a huge variety , large innovations and an `` anything goes '' mentality ?
Bands such as Joy Division , Siouxsie and the Banshees , Bauhaus and the Cure played in a darker , more morose style of post-punk that lead to the development of the gothic rock genre .	Joy Division, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus and the Cure	Which darker post-punk bands gave rise to gothic rock ?
Post-punk was an eclectic genre which resulted in a wide variety of musical innovations and helped merge white and black musical styles .	Post-punk	Where did systhpop , industrial and neo-psychedelia music derive from ?
Bands such as Joy Division , Siouxsie and the Banshees , Bauhaus and the Cure played in a darker , more morose style of post-punk that lead to the development of the gothic rock genre .	darker, more morose style	What type of music was gothic rock ?
Out of the post-punk milieu came the beginnings of various subsequent genres , including new wave , dance-rock , New Pop , industrial music , synthpop , post-hardcore , neo-psychedelia alternative rock and house music .	new wave, dance-rock, New Pop, industrial music, synthpop, post-hardcore, neo-psychedelia alternative rock and house music	What styles of music did post-punk pave the way for ?
At the turn of the 21st century , a post-punk revival developed in British and American alternative and indie rock , which soon started appearing in other countries , as well .	turn of the 21st century	When did a post-punk revival start happening in England and the Colonies ?
The earliest sign of a revival was the emergence of various underground bands in the mid - '90s .	emergence of various underground bands	What early sign heralded the post-punk revival ?
Additionally , some darker post-punk bands began to appear in the indie music scene in the 2010s , including Cold Cave , She Wants Revenge , Eagulls , the Soft Moon , She Past Away and Light Asylum , who were also affiliated with the darkwave revival , as well as A Place to Bury Strangers , who combined early post-punk and shoegaze .	the 2010s	When did some of the darker post-punk bands start to appear in the indie scene ?
These bands tend to draw a fanbase who are a combination of the indie music subculture , older post-punk fans and the current goth subculture .	indie music	The post-punk revival bands bring in a fanbase from what subculture ?
In the 2010s , Savages played a music reminiscent of early British post-punk bands of the late '70s .	Savages	What band played music similar to that of the early British post-punk bands of the late '70s as recently as 2010 ?
At the turn of the 21st century , a post-punk revival developed in British and American alternative and indie rock , which soon started appearing in other countries , as well .	turn of the 21st century	When was the post-punk revival in British and American cultures ?
However , the first commercially successful bands -- the Strokes , Franz Ferdinand , Interpol , Neils Children and Editors -- surfaced in the late 1990s to early 2000s , as did several dance-oriented bands such as the Rapture , Radio 4 and LCD Soundsystem .	the Strokes, Franz Ferdinand, Interpol, Neils Children and Editors	Who were the most commercially successful bands of the post-punk revival ?
However , the first commercially successful bands -- the Strokes , Franz Ferdinand , Interpol , Neils Children and Editors -- surfaced in the late 1990s to early 2000s , as did several dance-oriented bands such as the Rapture , Radio 4 and LCD Soundsystem .	late 1990s to early 2000s	When did the commercially successful post-punk bands begin to hit the scene ?
The earliest sign of a revival was the emergence of various underground bands in the mid - '90s .	emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s	What was the earliest sign of the post-punk revival ?
Additionally , some darker post-punk bands began to appear in the indie music scene in the 2010s , including Cold Cave , She Wants Revenge , Eagulls , the Soft Moon , She Past Away and Light Asylum , who were also affiliated with the darkwave revival , as well as A Place to Bury Strangers , who combined early post-punk and shoegaze .	Cold Cave, She Wants Revenge, Eagulls, the Soft Moon, She Past Away and Light Asylum	Which dark post-punk bands began to emmerge in the indie scene ?
In Canada , the term `` football '' may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively , or to either sport specifically , depending on context .	Canadian	Which North American version of football calls for 12 player per side on the field ?
In particular , Canadian football has 12 players on the field per team rather than 11 ; the field is roughly 10 yards wider , and 10 yards longer between end-zones that are themselves 10 yards deeper ; and a team has only three downs to gain 10 yards , which results in less offensive rushing than in the American game .	10	How many yards wider is a Canadian football field than an American football field ?
In Canada , the term `` football '' may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively , or to either sport specifically , depending on context .	American	Which version of North American football has smaller end zones ?
In particular , Canadian football has 12 players on the field per team rather than 11 ; the field is roughly 10 yards wider , and 10 yards longer between end-zones that are themselves 10 yards deeper ; and a team has only three downs to gain 10 yards , which results in less offensive rushing than in the American game .	three	How many downs does a team have to advance ten yards in Canadian football ?
In the Canadian game all players on the defending team , when a down begins , must be at least 1 yard from the line of scrimmage .	1 yard	How far away from the line of scrimmage must Canadian football defenders be ?
Canadian football is also played at the high school , junior , collegiate , and semi-professional levels : the Canadian Junior Football League , formed May 8 , 1974 , and Quebec Junior Football League are leagues for players aged 18 -- 22 , many post-secondary institutions compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport for the Vanier Cup , and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League have grown in popularity in recent years .	May 8, 1974	On which date was the Canadian Junior Football League formed ?
Canadian football is also played at the high school , junior , collegiate , and semi-professional levels : the Canadian Junior Football League , formed May 8 , 1974 , and Quebec Junior Football League are leagues for players aged 18 -- 22 , many post-secondary institutions compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport for the Vanier Cup , and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League have grown in popularity in recent years .	18–22	How old are the players in the Quebec Junior Football League ?
Canadian football is also played at the high school , junior , collegiate , and semi-professional levels : the Canadian Junior Football League , formed May 8 , 1974 , and Quebec Junior Football League are leagues for players aged 18 -- 22 , many post-secondary institutions compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport for the Vanier Cup , and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League have grown in popularity in recent years .	Vanier Cup	What trophy is awarded to the winner of Canadian inter-university football competition ?
Great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame .	Canadian Football Hall of Fame	What institution memorializes great Canadian football achievements ?
The first written account of a game played was on October 15 , 1862 , on the Montreal Cricket Grounds .	October 15, 1862	On which date was the first Canadian football game for which a written record has survived ?
It was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals , 2 rouges to nothing .	First Battalion Grenadier Guards	Which team won the first recorded Canadian football game ?
The game gradually gained a following , with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3 , 1869 , -LRB- the oldest football club in Canada -RRB- .	Hamilton Football Club	What is the oldest football club in Canada ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In 1864 , at Trinity College , Toronto , F. Barlow Cumberland , Frederick A. Bethune , and Christopher Gwynn , one of the founders of Milton , Massachusetts , devised rules based on rugby football .	Christopher Gwynn	Which founder of Milton , MA also helped develop the rules of Canadian football ?
It was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals , 2 rouges to nothing .	3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing	What was the first final score recorded of a Canadian football game ?
The first attempt to establish a proper governing body and adopted the current set of Rugby rules was the Foot Ball Association of Canada , organized on March 24 , 1873 followed by the Canadian Rugby Football Union -LRB- CRFU -RRB- founded June 12 , 1880 , which included teams from Ontario and Quebec .	March 24, 1873	On which date was the first governing body for Canadian football formed ?
The first attempt to establish a proper governing body and adopted the current set of Rugby rules was the Foot Ball Association of Canada , organized on March 24 , 1873 followed by the Canadian Rugby Football Union -LRB- CRFU -RRB- founded June 12 , 1880 , which included teams from Ontario and Quebec .	Canadian Rugby Football Union	Which governing organization for Canadian football was formed on June 12 , 1880 ?
Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union -LRB- ORFU and QRFU -RRB- were formed -LRB- January 1883 -RRB- , and then the Interprovincial -LRB- 1907 -RRB- and Western Interprovincial Football Union -LRB- 1936 -RRB- -LRB- IRFU and WIFU -RRB- .	1936	In which year was the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded ?
The first attempt to establish a proper governing body and adopted the current set of Rugby rules was the Foot Ball Association of Canada , organized on March 24 , 1873 followed by the Canadian Rugby Football Union -LRB- CRFU -RRB- founded June 12 , 1880 , which included teams from Ontario and Quebec .	Canadian Rugby Football Union	Which Canadian football union expanded its scope in 1891 ?
The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League , was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization , The Canadian Football Council -LRB- CFC -RRB- .	Canadian Football Council	Which organization founded in 1956 evolved into the modern Canadian Football League ?
The Burnside rules closely resembling American Football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU , was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game .	Burnside	Which Canadian football rules did the ORFU adopt in 1903 ?
The CIRFU , QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first .	CIRFU, QRFU and CRU	Which three Canadian football unions resisted the Burnside Rules ?
Forward passes were not allowed in the Canadian game until 1929 , and touchdowns , which had been five points , were increased to six points in 1956 , in both cases several decades after the Americans had adopted the same changes .	1929	In which year did forward passes become acceptable in Canadian football ?
The primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not -LRB- originally , both sides had three downs , goal posts on the goal lines and unlimited forward motion , but the American side modified these rules and the Canadians did not -RRB- .	American	Which style of North American football changed the rules of their game the most from their earliest versions ?
The Grey Cup was established in 1909 after being donated by Albert Grey , 4th Earl Grey , The Governor General of Canada as the championship of teams under the CRU for the Rugby Football Championship of Canada .	Albert Grey	Who donated a championship trophy for Canadian football teams in 1909 ?
Initially an amateur competition , it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s .	1940s and early 1950s	When did professional teams begin to dominate the Canadian football championship ?
The Grey Cup was established in 1909 after being donated by Albert Grey , 4th Earl Grey , The Governor General of Canada as the championship of teams under the CRU for the Rugby Football Championship of Canada .	Grey Cup	Which trophy was awarded to a Canadian football champion beginning in 1909 ?
The Ontario Rugby Football Union , the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy , withdrew from competition in 1954 .	Ontario Rugby Football Union	Which was the last amateur team to compete for the Canadian football championship ?
The Grey Cup was established in 1909 after being donated by Albert Grey , 4th Earl Grey , The Governor General of Canada as the championship of teams under the CRU for the Rugby Football Championship of Canada .	The Governor General of Canada	What government position was held by the man who donated the Grey Cup to Canadian football ?
Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada , with the United States being the only other country to have hosted a high-level Canadian football game .	United States	Which one country besides Canada has hosted a professional Canadian football game ?
The CFL 's controversial `` South Division '' as it would come to be officially known attempted to put CFL teams in the United States playing under Canadian rules between 1992 and 1995 .	1992	In which year did the CFL first attempt an expansion into the United States ?
The move was aborted after three years ; the Baltimore Stallions were the most successful of the numerous Americans teams to play in the CFL , winning the 83rd Grey Cup .	Baltimore Stallions	Which American CFL team won the Grey Cup ?
Continuing financial losses , a lack of proper Canadian football venues , a pervasive belief that the American teams were simply pawns to provide the struggling Canadian teams with expansion fee revenue , and the return of the NFL to Baltimore prompted the end of Canadian football on the American side of the border .	Baltimore	The return of an NFL team to which city contributed to the demise of the CFL 's American expansion ?
The move was aborted after three years ; the Baltimore Stallions were the most successful of the numerous Americans teams to play in the CFL , winning the 83rd Grey Cup .	three	How many years did the CFL South Division last ?
Amateur football is governed by Football Canada .	Football Canada	Which organization oversees amateur Canadian football ?
At the university level , 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport ; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup .	26	How many football teams compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport ?
At the university level , 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport ; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup .	Vanier Cup	Which trophy goes to the Canadian Interuniversity Sport football champion ?
There are 20 junior teams in three divisions in the Canadian Junior Football League competing for the Canadian Bowl .	Canadian Bowl	What is the name of the championship game for junior Canadian football teams ?
The Quebec Junior Football League includes teams from Ontario and Quebec who battle for the Manson Cup .	Ontario and Quebec	Which provinces field teams in the Quebec Junior Football League ?
The Canadian football field is 150 yards -LRB- 137 m -RRB- long and 65 yards -LRB- 59 m -RRB- wide with end zones 20 yards -LRB- 18 m -RRB- deep , and goal lines 110 yards -LRB- 101 m -RRB- apart .	65	How many yards wide is a Canadian football field ?
At each goal line is a set of 40-foot-high -LRB- 12 m -RRB- goalposts , which consist of two uprights joined by an 18 1⁄2 - foot-long -LRB- 5.6 m -RRB- crossbar which is 10 feet -LRB- 3 m -RRB- above the goal line .	5.6	How long in meters is the crossbar of a Canadian football goal ?
In previous decades , arrows were not used and every yard line was usually marked with the distance to the goal line , including the goal line itself which was marked with a `` 0 '' ; in most stadiums today , the 10 - , 20 - , 30 - , 40 - , and 50-yard lines are marked with numbers , with the goal line sometimes being marked with a `` G '' .	goal line	What part of a Canadian football field was sometimes marked with a `` G '' ?
`` Hash marks '' are painted in white , parallel to the yardage lines , at 1 yard -LRB- 0.9 m -RRB- intervals , 24 yards -LRB- 21.9 m -RRB- from the sidelines .	24 yards (21.9 m)	What distance from the sidelines are hash marks painted on a CFL field ?
At the beginning of a match , an official tosses a coin and allows the captain of the visiting team call heads or tails .	visiting	Which team calls heads or tails in the coin flip before a CFL game ?
The captain of the team winning the coin toss is given the option of having first choice , or of deferring first choice to the other captain .	captain	Who on a football team articulates the team 's decision following the coin flip ?
The captain making first choice may either choose a -RRB- to kick off or receive the kick and the beginning of the half , or b -RRB- which direction of the field to play in .	which direction of the field to play in	What can the team that wins the coin toss choose besides whether they wish to kick off or receive the ball ?
The remaining choice is given to the opposing captain .	the opposing captain	Who makes a choice after the team that wins the coin toss has made their decision ?
Play stops when the ball carrier 's knee , elbow , or any other body part aside from the feet and hands , is forced to the ground -LRB- a tackle -RRB- ; when a forward pass is not caught on the fly -LRB- during a scrimmage -RRB- ; when a touchdown -LRB- see below -RRB- or a field goal is scored ; when the ball leaves the playing area by any means -LRB- being carried , thrown , or fumbled out of bounds -RRB- ; or when the ball carrier is in a standing position but can no longer move forwards -LRB- called forward progress -RRB- .	forward progress	What is the term for play stopped because the ball carrier , although not fully tackled , can no longer advance the ball ?
If no score has been made , the next play starts from scrimmage .	scrimmage	Where does the next play start unless a team has just scored ?
Play stops when the ball carrier 's knee , elbow , or any other body part aside from the feet and hands , is forced to the ground -LRB- a tackle -RRB- ; when a forward pass is not caught on the fly -LRB- during a scrimmage -RRB- ; when a touchdown -LRB- see below -RRB- or a field goal is scored ; when the ball leaves the playing area by any means -LRB- being carried , thrown , or fumbled out of bounds -RRB- ; or when the ball carrier is in a standing position but can no longer move forwards -LRB- called forward progress -RRB- .	feet and hands	Which parts of the ball carrier 's body do not cause play to stop when they touch the ground ?
Play stops when the ball carrier 's knee , elbow , or any other body part aside from the feet and hands , is forced to the ground -LRB- a tackle -RRB- ; when a forward pass is not caught on the fly -LRB- during a scrimmage -RRB- ; when a touchdown -LRB- see below -RRB- or a field goal is scored ; when the ball leaves the playing area by any means -LRB- being carried , thrown , or fumbled out of bounds -RRB- ; or when the ball carrier is in a standing position but can no longer move forwards -LRB- called forward progress -RRB- .	forward	Which direction of pass causes play to stop when it is not caught ?
Before scrimmage , an official places the ball at the spot it was at the stop of clock , but no nearer than 24 yards from the sideline or 1 yard from the goal line .	24 yards	What minimum distance from the sideline does the official place the ball before play starts ?
The line parallel to the goal line passing through the ball -LRB- line from sideline to sideline for the length of the ball -RRB- is referred to as the line of scrimmage .	line of scrimmage	What is the term for the line across the field where the ball is positioned before a play ?
For a scrimmage to be valid the team in possession of the football must have seven players , excluding the quarterback , within one yard of the line of scrimmage .	seven	How many players must the team with possession place near the line of scrimmage ?
For a scrimmage to be valid the team in possession of the football must have seven players , excluding the quarterback , within one yard of the line of scrimmage .	one yard	How close to the line of scrimmage can defensive players approach before a play is run ?
On the field at the beginning of a play are two teams of 12 -LRB- unlike 11 in American football -RRB- .	11	How many players does each side field in an American football game ?
The team in possession of the ball is the offence and the team defending is referred to as the defence .	offence	What is the term for the team who begins a play with control of the ball ?
Play begins with a backwards pass through the legs -LRB- the snap -RRB- by a member of the offensive team , to another member of the offensive team .	the snap	What is the initial backward movement of the ball in a play called ?
This is usually the quarterback or punter , but a `` direct snap '' to a running back is also not uncommon .	quarterback or punter	Which two players most commonly receive the first backward pass in a football play ?
Each play constitutes a down .	down	What is another term for a completed play ?
The offence must advance the ball at least ten yards towards the opponents ' goal line within three downs or forfeit the ball to their opponents .	three	How many plays can the offence run without gaining ten yards ?
If a team fails to gain ten yards in two downs they usually punt the ball on third down or try to kick a field goal -LRB- see below -RRB- , depending on their position on the field .	punt	What does a team do when they have not advance the ball enough to score or likely gain a new set of downs ?
If the offensive team completes 10 yards on their first play , they lose the other two downs and are granted another set of three .	three	How many downs does a team get after they 've gained ten on their first down ?
First , the only player on the field who may be legally tackled is the player currently in possession of the football -LRB- the ball carrier -RRB- .	ball carrier	What is the term for the player that is currently handing the football when play is underway ?
Second , a receiver , that is to say , an offensive player sent down the field to receive a pass , may not be interfered with -LRB- have his motion impeded , be blocked , etc. -RRB- unless he is within one yard of the line of scrimmage -LRB- instead of 5 yards -LRB- 4.6 m -RRB- in American football -RRB- .	one yard	Within what distance from the line of scrimmage can offensive players who do not have the ball be legally contacted by defensive players ?
Any player may block another player 's passage , so long as he does not hold or trip the player he intends to block .	hold or trip	What are two illegal ways to block an opposing player 's progress near the line of scrimmage ?
The kicker may not be contacted after the kick but before his kicking leg returns to the ground -LRB- this rule is not enforced upon a player who has blocked a kick -RRB- , and the quarterback , having already thrown the ball , may not be hit or tackled .	quarterback	Which player may not be tackled immediately after they have thrown a pass ?
Infractions of the rules are punished with penalties , typically a loss of yardage of 5 , 10 or 15 yards against the penalized team .	loss of yardage	What is the usual penalty when the rules of play are violated ?
Minor violations such as offside -LRB- a player from either side encroaching into scrimmage zone before the play starts -RRB- are penalized five yards , more serious penalties -LRB- such as holding -RRB- are penalized 10 yards , and severe violations of the rules -LRB- such as face-masking -RRB- are typically penalized 15 yards .	five	How many yards does a team lose when they commit a minor penalty ?
Minor violations such as offside -LRB- a player from either side encroaching into scrimmage zone before the play starts -RRB- are penalized five yards , more serious penalties -LRB- such as holding -RRB- are penalized 10 yards , and severe violations of the rules -LRB- such as face-masking -RRB- are typically penalized 15 yards .	15	How many yards does a team lose for face-masking ?
Penalties on the offence may , or may not , result in a loss of down ; penalties on the defence may result in a first down being automatically awarded to the offence .	first down	What other than yardage is sometimes awarded the offence on a defensive penalty ?
For example , a point-of-foul infraction committed by the defence in their end zone is not ruled a touchdown , but instead advances the ball to the one-yard line with an automatic first down .	one-yard line	Where is the ball placed when a defensive penalty is committed in their own end zone ?
For a distance penalty , if the yardage is greater than half the distance to the goal line , then the ball is advanced half the distance to the goal line , though only up to the one-yard line -LRB- unlike American football , in Canadian football no scrimmage may start inside either one-yard line -RRB- .	Canadian	In which North American style of football is the line of scrimmage never inside the one-yard line ?
Penalties never result in a score for the offence .	Penalties	A play that results in what outcome will never also be a scoring play ?
For a distance penalty , if the yardage is greater than half the distance to the goal line , then the ball is advanced half the distance to the goal line , though only up to the one-yard line -LRB- unlike American football , in Canadian football no scrimmage may start inside either one-yard line -RRB- .	half the distance to the goal line	How many penalty yards are awarded when the ball is nearer the goal line than the usual penalty yardage ?
In most cases , the non-penalized team will have the option of declining the penalty ; in which case the results of the previous play stand as if the penalty had not been called .	the non-penalized team	Who can decline a penalty ?
One notable exception to this rule is if the kicking team on a 3rd down punt play is penalized before the kick occurs : the receiving team may not decline the penalty and take over on downs .	3rd down	A team receiving a punt can not decline a penalty on which down ?
In most cases , the non-penalized team will have the option of declining the penalty ; in which case the results of the previous play stand as if the penalty had not been called .	the previous play	The outcome of which play determines the placement of the ball when a penalty is declined ?
One notable exception to this rule is if the kicking team on a 3rd down punt play is penalized before the kick occurs : the receiving team may not decline the penalty and take over on downs .	decline the penalty	What can a team do when they prefer the original outcome of a play to the situation they would have with a penalty assessed on the other team for that play ?
During the last three minutes of a half , the penalty for failure to place the ball in play within the 20-second play clock , known as `` time count '' -LRB- this foul is known as `` delay of game '' in American football -RRB- , is dramatically different from during the first 27 minutes .	last three minutes of a half	At which point in a game is the time the offence takes to put the ball in play measured ?
Instead of the penalty being 5 yards with the down repeated , the base penalty -LRB- except during convert attempts -RRB- becomes loss of down on first or second down , and 10 yards on third down with the down repeated .	loss of down	What is the penalty for a time count on the first two downs ?
In addition , as noted previously , the referee can give possession to the defence for repeated deliberate time count violations on third down .	referee	Who can turn the ball over to the other side if an offensive team incurs too many time count violations ?
Instead of the penalty being 5 yards with the down repeated , the base penalty -LRB- except during convert attempts -RRB- becomes loss of down on first or second down , and 10 yards on third down with the down repeated .	10	How many yards does the offense lose for a time count on third down ?
If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live , the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead .	extended	What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play ?
The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half .	convert attempts	Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half ?
A quarter can not end while a penalty is pending : after the penalty yardage is applied , the quarter is extended one scrimmage .	penalty	What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out ?
If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live , the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead .	15	How long is a quarter in minutes ?
A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first ; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent 's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it scores or loses possession .	coin toss	What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie ?
If the team scores a touchdown , starting with the 2010 season , it is required to attempt a 2-point conversion .	2010	In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation ?
After this second round , if there is still no winner , during the regular season the game ends as a tie .	second	Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game ?
In a playoff or championship game , the teams continue to attempt to score from alternating 35-yard lines , until one team is leading after both have had an equal number of possessions .	playoff or championship	Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results ?
Considered a prelude to the two world wars and the greatest European war since the Thirty Years War of the 17th century , it once again split Europe into two coalitions , led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other .	two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France	What countries led the two coalitions during the Seven Years ' War ?
It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire , and affected Europe , the Americas , West Africa , India , and the Philippines .	It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire	What major power of the time was not involved in The Seven Years ' War ?
The Seven Years ' War was fought between 1755 and 1764 , the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763 .	The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764	When was the Seven Year ' War fought ?
For the first time , aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia 's ever-growing might , France formed a grand coalition of its own , which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world 's predominant power , altering the European balance of power .	Britain rose as the world's predominant power	What country emerged as the world 's predominate power ?
Considered a prelude to the two world wars and the greatest European war since the Thirty Years War of the 17th century , it once again split Europe into two coalitions , led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other .	Considered a prelude to the two world wars	What was the Seven Years ' War considered as the prelude to ?
Realizing that war was imminent , Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it .	Prussia preemptively struck	Who made the first strike of the Seven Years ' War ?
Realizing that war was imminent , Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it .	Saxony	What area was the site of the first action in the Seven Years ' War
Because of Prussia 's alliance with Britain , Austria formed an alliance with France , seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia , which had been lost in a previous war .	Prussia's alliance with Britain	What country allied with Prussia ?
Because of Prussia 's alliance with Britain , Austria formed an alliance with France , seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia , which had been lost in a previous war .	Austria formed an alliance with France	What was the initial country to ally with France ?
The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states -LRB- especially Hanover -RRB- .	Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states	The smaller German states joined which side ?
The Dutch Republic , long-time British ally , kept its neutrality intact , fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe , even tried to prevent Britain 's domination in India .	The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact	With whom did the Dutch Republic align ?
Naples , Sicily , and Savoy , although sided with Franco-Spanish party , declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power .	Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power	Which side of the coalitions did Naples , Sicily and Savoy join ?
The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship , being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace .	The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship	How did the war impact the Russian population ?
The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship , being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace .	being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759	What items had already been taxed by Russian Empress Elizabeth ?
Like Sweden , Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia .	Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.	What two countries concluded a separate peace with Prussia ?
The war was successful for Great Britain , which gained the bulk of New France in North America , Spanish Florida , some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies , the colony of Senegal on the West African coast , and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent .	Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida	What did Britain gain in North America from the war ?
The war was successful for Great Britain , which gained the bulk of New France in North America , Spanish Florida , some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies , the colony of Senegal on the West African coast , and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent .	some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies,	What did Great Britain gain in the West Indies from the war ?
The war was successful for Great Britain , which gained the bulk of New France in North America , Spanish Florida , some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies , the colony of Senegal on the West African coast , and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent .	the colony of Senegal on the West African coast	What did Great Britain gain in Africa from the war ?
France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle .	France was deprived of many of its colonies	What happened to the scope of France 's colonies as a result of the war ?
France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle .	had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle	How did the war impact France financially ?
The war has been described as the first `` world war '' , although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years ' War , the Thirty Years ' War , the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession , and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars .	The war has been described as the first "world war"	What is the grandest label that historians have used to describe the Seven Years ' War ?
The term `` Second Hundred Years ' War '' has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century , reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century .	The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century,	What does the term `` Second Hundred Years ' War '' describe ?
The term `` Second Hundred Years ' War '' has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century , reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century .	reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century	What is the precedent for the `` Second Hundred Year 's War ?
The war has been described as the first `` world war '' , although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years ' War , the Thirty Years ' War , the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession , and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars .	to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars	What was a later conflict that some considered the first World War ?
Sweden , fearing Prussia 's expansionist tendencies , went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions , seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia .	Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions,	What was Sweden 's motivation to join the war ?
Spain , bound by the Pacte de Famille , intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762 .	Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal	What country did Spain invade ?
Spain , bound by the Pacte de Famille , intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762 .	Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762	When did Spain invade ?
Because of Prussia 's alliance with Britain , Austria formed an alliance with France , seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia , which had been lost in a previous war .	Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war	What region did Austria hope to recapture ?
Spain , bound by the Pacte de Famille , intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762 .	Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion	What was the result of the invasion by Spain ?
The Dutch Republic , long-time British ally , kept its neutrality intact , fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe , even tried to prevent Britain 's domination in India .	The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe	Why did Denmark-Norway remain neutral rather than assisting its longtime ally , Britain ?
Naples , Sicily , and Savoy , although sided with Franco-Spanish party , declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power .	Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party	Who would Sicily and Savoy normally align with ?
The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship , being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace .	the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace.	What did Russian Empress Elizabeth use the proceeds of the tax on salt and alcohol for ?
Naples , Sicily , and Savoy , although sided with Franco-Spanish party , declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power .	Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power	Why did Naples remain neutral ?
The war was successful for Great Britain , which gained the bulk of New France in North America , Spanish Florida , some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies , the colony of Senegal on the West African coast , and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent .	superiority over the French trading outposts	What did Great Britain gain with respect to the French trading outposts on the subcontinent of India ?
The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement ; a subsequent conflict , known as Pontiac 's War , was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status .	The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement	What was the result for the Native American tribes ?
The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement ; a subsequent conflict , known as Pontiac 's War , was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status .	; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status.	What did the Native American tribes accomplish in the later Pontiac 's War ?
In Europe , the war began disastrously for Prussia , but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum .	good luck and successful strategy	What were two factors that redeemed the outcome for the Prussians ?
In Europe , the war began disastrously for Prussia , but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum .	King Frederick the Great	Who was the leader of Prussia ?
France 's traditional enemies , Great Britain and Austria , had coalesced just as they had done against Louis XIV .	Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced	Who was the traditional partner with Great Britain at the beginning of the conflict ?
Neither group , however , found much reason to be satisfied with its partnership : British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British , while the British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria .	British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria	What was gained or lost by Austria ?
Neither group , however , found much reason to be satisfied with its partnership : British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British , while the British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria .	British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British	What was the major gain by Great Britain by having Austria as it ally ?
The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the `` diplomatic revolution '' or the `` reversal of alliances . ''	The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the “diplomatic revolution”	What alliances were formed in the `` diplomatic reversal '' ?
On June 2 , 1746 , Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire .	June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire	What Russian-Austrian agreement preceded the Seven Years War that started in 1755-56 ?
They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz -LRB- now Kłodzko , Poland -RRB- to Austria in the event of hostilities with Prussia .	They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria	According to the Russian-Austrian pact of 1746 , what would happen to Silesia in the event of hostilities with Prussia ?
They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz -LRB- now Kłodzko , Poland -RRB- to Austria in the event of hostilities with Prussia .	the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria	What other area was mentioned regarding Prussian dominion in the Russian-Austrian pact ?
Their real desire , however , was to destroy Frederick 's power altogether , reducing his sway to his electorate of Brandenburg and giving East Prussia to Poland , an exchange that would be accompanied by the cession of the Polish Duchy of Courland to Russia .	Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick’s power altogether	What individual was the main target of the pact ?
Aleksey Petrovich , Graf -LRB- count -RRB- Bestuzhev-Ryumin , grand chancellor of Russia under Empress Elizabeth , was hostile to both France and Prussia , but he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia so long as Prussia was able to rely on French support .	he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia	Why could n't Petrovich persuade Austria to invade Prussia ?
The Hanoverian king George II of Great Britain was passionately devoted to his family 's continental holdings , but his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas .	his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas	Name two diverse geographies that king George II had to protect .
France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain , but it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia 's interest .	it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.	How anxious was France to assist Prussia to take over Hanover ?
France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain , but it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia 's interest .	France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain	Why would France want to invade Hanover ?
If war against France for colonial expansion was to be resumed , then Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack .	Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack	What was Britain 's obligation to Hanover if colonial expansion via war with France was to be resumed ?
Unbeknownst to his foreign minister , Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France 's publicly stated policies .	goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies	What was the objective of le Secret du roi ?
Louis 's goals for le Secret du roi included an attempt to win the Polish crown for his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon , prince de Conti , and the maintenance of Poland , Sweden , and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests .	his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti,	Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne ?
Louis 's goals for le Secret du roi included an attempt to win the Polish crown for his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon , prince de Conti , and the maintenance of Poland , Sweden , and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests .	Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests	What was King Louis XV 's secret ambition for Sweden and Turkey ?
Unbeknownst to his foreign minister , Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France 's publicly stated policies .	Unbeknownst to his foreign minister,	What French official was kept in the dark about le Secret du roi ?
Louis 's goals for le Secret du roi included an attempt to win the Polish crown for his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon , prince de Conti , and the maintenance of Poland , Sweden , and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests .	Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian	What countries did King Louis XV want keep in his sphere of influence to thwart the interests of Russia ?
Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them .	Saxony and Polish west Prussia	What two geographies did Frederick want for Prussia ?
Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them .	could not expect French support	What country would refuse support if Frederick wen to war for Saxony and west Prussia ?
If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover , he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack .	he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack	What was his concern about trying take Hanover from the British ?
The hereditary elector of Saxony , Augustus III , was also elective King of Poland as Augustus III , but the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia .	the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia	What kept Augustus III from consolidating Saxony and Poland ?
Saxony was merely a buffer between Prussia and Austrian Bohemia , whereas Poland , despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania , was prey to pro-French and pro-Russian factions .	Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania,	Who was Poland 's ancient ally ?
In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time , Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa 's son , Joseph , as the Holy Roman Emperor , much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia .	Austria	What country was pleased that Britain used its Hanover vote to elect Joseph as Te Holy Roman Emperor ?
In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time , Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa 's son , Joseph , as the Holy Roman Emperor , much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia .	Frederick and Prussia	What country and person were displeased that Britain used it Hanover vote to elect Joseph as the Holy Roman Emporer ?
Not only that , France had no intention to ally with Russia , who meddled with their affairs in Austria 's succession war , years earlier , and saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe .	saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe.	What was the French view about the dismemberment of Prussia ?
Britain 's basic framework for the alliance itself was to protect Hanover 's interests against France .	to protect Hanover's interests against France.	What was a major objective of Britain in joining the Austro-Russian alliance ?
While at the same time , Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria .	Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria	What was Kaunitz 's objective with the French ?
He tried as hard as he could for Austria to not get entangled in Hanover 's political affairs , and was even willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France 's aid in recapturing Silesia .	willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid	What was Kaunitz of Austria willing to trade for French help in capturing Silesia ?
On September 30 , 1755 , Britain pledged financial aid to Russia in order to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border , so they could defend Britain 's interests in Hanover immediately .	to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover	What did Russia use Britain 's money for ?
On January 16 , 1756 , the Convention of Westminster was signed wherein Britain and Prussia promised to aid one another in order to achieve lasting peace and stability in Europe .	Britain and Prussia	What countries teamed together at the Convention of Westminster ?
On January 16 , 1756 , the Convention of Westminster was signed wherein Britain and Prussia promised to aid one another in order to achieve lasting peace and stability in Europe .	January 16, 1756	When was the Convention of Westminster signed ?
Besthuzev , assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia , was more than happy to obey the request of the British .	Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia,	Why was Beshuzev happy to put the troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border ?
Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain 's position .	Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged	What was the response of Empress Elizabeth of Russia to the English-Prussian agreement ?
The now-isolated France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance or face ruin .	France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance	France was now in a desperate position , what did they do ?
Thereafter , on May 1 , 1756 , the First Treaty of Versailles was signed , in which both nations pledged 24.000 troops to defend each other in the case of an attack .	24.000 troops	How many troops did Austria and France pledge to defend each other ?
The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at `` the Forks '' where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River -LRB- present day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania -RRB- .	the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River	Where did the French build Fort Duquesne ?
The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at `` the Forks '' where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River -LRB- present day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania -RRB- .	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	What city is now located where Fort Duquesne was built ?
Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful , and the French proceeded to build the fort they named Fort Duquesne .	British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful	Were the British successful in stopping the building of Fort Duquesne ?
Led by George Washington , they ambushed a small French force at Jumonville Glen on 28 May 1754 killing ten , including commander Jumonville .	Led by George Washington	Who led the British militia to drive the French out of Fort Duquesne ?
The French retaliated by attacking Washington 's army at Fort Necessity on 3 July 1754 and forced Washington to surrender .	Fort Necessity	Where did the French for General George Washington 's surrender ?
News of this arrived in Europe , where Britain and France unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a solution .	Britain and France	Which country dispatched regular troops to North America ?
In July British Major General Edward Braddock led about 2,000 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition to retake Fort Duquesne , but the expedition ended in disastrous defeat .	the expedition ended in disastrous defeat	What was the result of the British attack on Ft Duquesne ?
In July British Major General Edward Braddock led about 2,000 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition to retake Fort Duquesne , but the expedition ended in disastrous defeat .	British Major General Edward Braddock	Who led the British assault on Ft. Duquesne ?
In further action , Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755 , capturing it and two troop ships .	Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships	What was the result of the naval encounter between Britain and France ?
In September 1755 , French and British troops met in the inconclusive Battle of Lake George .	inconclusive	Who won the Battle of Lake George ?
It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help -LRB- sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers -RRB- , anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway .	It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help	How much effort did France put into wars to defend its colonies ?
This strategy was to a degree forced upon France : geography , coupled with the superiority of the British navy , made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to French colonies .	geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult	Identify a major factor in this feckless strategy by France of not defending its colonies with enthusiasm ?
Similarly , several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative for any French ruler .	several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative	Why did the French rulers need a large domestic army ?
This approach did not serve France well in the war , as the colonies were indeed lost , but although much of the European war went well , by its end France had few counterbalancing European successes .	France had few counterbalancing European successes.	How much success did France have in adding European territory with this approach ?
The plan was to fight to the end of hostilities and then , in treaty negotiations , to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions .	in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions.	In treaty negotiations , what trades did France hope to make .
They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies , particularly France. :15 -- 16 By subsidising the armies of continental allies , Britain could turn London 's enormous financial power to military advantage .	allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies,	How did the British avoid having large contingents of troops in continental Europe ?
They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies , particularly France. :15 -- 16 By subsidising the armies of continental allies , Britain could turn London 's enormous financial power to military advantage .	Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage	Identify an advantage that Britain had during the Seven Year 's War .
In the Seven Years ' War , the British chose as their principal partner the greatest general of the day , Frederick the Great of Prussia , then the rising power in central Europe , and paid Frederick substantial subsidies for his campaigns. :106 This was accomplished in the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 , in which Britain ended its long-standing alliance with Austria in favor of Prussia , leaving Austria to side with France .	Frederick the Great of Prussia	Who led the armies supporting British interests in central Europe ?
In the Seven Years ' War , the British chose as their principal partner the greatest general of the day , Frederick the Great of Prussia , then the rising power in central Europe , and paid Frederick substantial subsidies for his campaigns. :106 This was accomplished in the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 , in which Britain ended its long-standing alliance with Austria in favor of Prussia , leaving Austria to side with France .	leaving Austria to side with France	What country was driven into an alliance with France by the British pairing with Prussia ?
In marked contrast to France , Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies , taking full advantage of its naval power .	In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies	How did the British behave in defending their colonies compared to the French approach ?
As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire , especially its possessions in North America and India .	a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire	What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt ?
Britain 's main weapon was the Royal Navy , which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed .	Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy	What was Pitt 's primary military advantage ?
As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire , especially its possessions in North America and India .	North America and India	What locations did Pitt want from France ?
He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies , working under the command of British regulars , to invade new France .	He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies	How did Pitt plan to augment the British regular troops ?
Pitt Head of the government from 1756 to 1761 , and even after that the British continued his strategy .	even after that the British continued his strategy	How did Pitt 's strategy affect Britain 's future plans ?
The British Prime Minister , the Duke of Newcastle , was optimistic that the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe .	the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe	What was the reason that the British Prime Minister thought that ware in Europe could be prevented ?
However , a large French force was assembled at Toulon , and the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca in the Mediterranean .	the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca	What country initiated conflict ?
A British attempt at relief was foiled at the Battle of Minorca , and the island was captured on 28 June -LRB- for which Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed -RRB- .	Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed	What was the result for Admiral Byng ?
War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country .	War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May	When was war declared between Britain and France ?
War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country .	nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.	How did the timing of the declaration of war compare to the conflicts in North America between Britain and France ?
On 29 August 1756 , he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony , one of the small German states in league with Austria .	he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony	How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America ?
On 29 August 1756 , he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony , one of the small German states in league with Austria .	Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria	What country was Saxony aligned with ?
He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia .	pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia	Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction ?
First , he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia , then using the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort .	he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia	What was one goal of the invasion of Saxony ?
His second goal was to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria 's expense .	to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense	What was another goal of the invasion of Saxony ?
Accordingly , leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary , and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east , Frederick set off with his army for Saxony .	leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary	How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony ?
Accordingly , leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary , and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east , Frederick set off with his army for Saxony .	leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east	How did Frederick protect East Prussia when he went to invade Saxony ?
On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick .	a column of about 15,000 men	Describe the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick .
On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern .	a column of 18,000 men	Describe the command of the Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern .
In the centre was Frederick II , himself with Field Marshal James Keith commanding a corps of 30,000 troops .	a corps of 30,000 troops.	Describe the command of Field Marshall James Keith
The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared , and their forces were scattered .	Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered.	How much resistance did Frederick encounter in Saxon ?
At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756 , Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne .	Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne	What reinforcements were the Saxons expecting ?
The Prussians then occupied Saxony ; after the Siege of Pirna , the Saxon army surrendered in October 1756 , and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army .	Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army	What happened to the Saxon army ?
The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition .	led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition	What was the result of the fury of Europe ?
The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition .	attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage	What characteristic of Saxony caused Europe to be mad ?
A combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover from French invasion , under the command of the Duke of Cumberland .	combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover	How did Britain Protect Hanover ?
Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and ₤ 670,000 -LRB- equivalent to ₤ 89.9 million in 2015 -RRB- to its new ally .	shipping supplies and ₤670,000	How did the British support Prussia ?
The British attempted to persuade the Dutch Republic to join the alliance , but the request was rejected , as the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral .	the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral	Why did the Dutch reject Britain 's offer to join the alliance ?
Despite the huge disparity in numbers , the year had been successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent , in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America .	successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.	Who had done better , the Prussians in Europe or the Brits in North America ?
A combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover from French invasion , under the command of the Duke of Cumberland .	under the command of the Duke of Cumberland	Who led the force to defend Hanover ?
After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757 , in which both forces suffered major casualties , the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague .	the fortifications of Prague	Where did the Austrians retreat in May of 1757 ?
After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757 , in which both forces suffered major casualties , the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague .	both forces suffered major casualties	What were casualties like in the 1757 battle in Prague ?
In early 1757 , Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia , hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces .	Frederick II	Who led the Prussian assault on Prague in 1757
Following the battle at Prague , Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia .	Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia	Why did Frederick reduce his manpower at Prague ?
However , after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it .	five days of artillery bombardment	What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel ?
The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf on 30 August 1757 .	used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia	How did the Russians used the captured Memel ?
The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf on 30 August 1757 .	defeated a smaller Prussian force	What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia ?
Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia , he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory .	he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory	What was Frederick 's response to the Russian invasion ?
Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts .	Sweden	What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia ?
Things were looking grim for Prussia now , with the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west .	the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west	What were reasons that the late 1757 time frame looked bad for Prussia ?
First , Frederick devastated Prince Soubise 's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757 With these victories , Frederick once again established himself as Europe 's premier general and his men as Europe 's most accomplished soldiers .	Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757	What was the initial result of the French invasion ?
First , Frederick devastated Prince Soubise 's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757 With these victories , Frederick once again established himself as Europe 's premier general and his men as Europe 's most accomplished soldiers .	then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757	What was the result of the Austrian invasion ?
In spite of this , the Prussians were now facing the prospect of four major powers attacking on four fronts -LRB- France from the West , Austria from the South , Russia from the East and Sweden from the North -RRB- .	(France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North)	Name the four opponents of Prussia .
Meanwhile , a combined force from a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership , thus threatening Prussian control of Saxony .	a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership	What German areas were beginning to oppose Prussia ?
This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover .	Cumberland	What Hanoverian leader lost the Battle of Hastenbeck ?
This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover .	French	What country won the battle at Hanover ?
The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war , leaving the Western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable .	Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war	How would one describe the future participation of Hanover ?
Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance , as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany .	Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance	How did Frederick respond to the defeat at Hanover ?
Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758 , Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt where they were to repel the Swedish invasion .	Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758	Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front ?
In short order , the Prussian army drove the Swedes back , occupied most of Swedish Pomerania , and blockaded its capital Stralsund .	the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania	What was the result of Prussian resistance to Sweden ?
In short order , the Prussian army drove the Swedes back , occupied most of Swedish Pomerania , and blockaded its capital Stralsund .	occupied most of Swedish Pomerania	What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia ?
Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces , Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick , regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine .	Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine.	What favorable developments occurred for Prussia in Hanover ?
Between 10 and 17 October 1757 , a Hungarian general , Count András Hadik , serving in the Austrian army , executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history .	Count András Hadik	What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians ?
When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies , the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000 , mostly hussars , around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital , Berlin , for one night .	occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night	What city did Hadik occupy ?
The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers .	city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers	How was Berlin spared ?
Hadik , however , left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines .	Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines	How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force ?
When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation , he immediately sent a larger force to free the city .	he immediately sent a larger force to free the city	What was Frederick 's response to the occupation by Hadik ?
In early 1758 , Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia , and laid siege to Olmütz -LRB- now Olomouc , Czech Republic -RRB- .	Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia	Where did Frederick invade in 1758
In early 1758 , Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia , and laid siege to Olmütz -LRB- now Olomouc , Czech Republic -RRB- .	Olmütz	What city did Frederick lay siege to ?
Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz , Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia .	Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz,	What turned the battle for Olmutz against Frederick ?
Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz , Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia .	Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia.	How did Frederick respond to the loss of a supply convoy ?
In April 1758 , the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of # 670,000 .	an annual subsidy of £670,000	What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick ?
Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand 's Hanoverian army , the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt .	Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army	How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover ?
Ferdinand had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and Westphalia and re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces , which caused alarm in France .	re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces	What caused alarm in France ?
Ferdinand had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and Westphalia and re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces , which caused alarm in France .	the French	Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover ?
Despite Ferdinand 's victory over the French at the Battle of Krefeld and the brief occupation of Düsseldorf , he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine .	he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine	Did Ferdinand permanently occupy France ?
By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it .	marched to counter it.	How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia ?
Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark , at the Battle of Zorndorf -LRB- now Sarbinowo , Poland -RRB- , a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25 , 1758 , fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count William Fermor .	35,000 men	How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians ?
Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark , at the Battle of Zorndorf -LRB- now Sarbinowo , Poland -RRB- , a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25 , 1758 , fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count William Fermor .	Russian army of 43,000	How many Russians were in defense ?
Both sides suffered heavy casualties -- the Prussians 12,800 , the Russians 18,000 -- but the Russians withdrew , and Frederick claimed victory .	the Russians withdrew	Which army withdrew ?
In the undecided Battle of Tornow on 25 September , a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the Battle of Fehrbellin .	Swedish	What country was Prussia fighting on another front ?
The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun 's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony .	Marshal Daun	What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch ?
Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order , helped by dense woods .	lost much of his artillery	What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch ?
Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order , helped by dense woods .	retreated in good order, helped by dense woods	Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully ?
The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough .	The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough	What was the result of the victory for the Austrians ?
After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden , Daun 's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter , so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation .	, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter	How did the Austrian troops spend the winter ?
The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats .	1759 saw several Prussian defeats	How did the Prussian army perform in 1759 /
At the Battle of Kay , or Paltzig , the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel .	47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians	How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757 ?
Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden , Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen .	Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000	What was the result of the Battle of Maxen ?
Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden , Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen .	the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French	What happened at Minden in 1757 ?
Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf -LRB- now Kunowice Poland -RRB- , the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide .	Frederick himself lost half his army	What happened to Frederick 's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf ?
The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets .	near the mouth of the Loire	Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France ?
The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets .	their Brest and Toulon fleets	How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion ?
In August , the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under Edward Boscawen at the Battle of Lagos .	the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet	What happened to the French Mediterranean fleet ?
In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November , the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank , captured , or forced many of them aground , putting an end to the French plans .	caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground	What happened to the French Brest fleet ?
In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November , the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank , captured , or forced many of them aground , putting an end to the French plans .	putting an end to the French plans.	With the loss of the two fleets , how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion ?
Despite this , the Austrians , under the command of General Laudon , captured Glatz -LRB- now Kłodzko , Poland -RRB- in Silesia .	the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz	Identify a success of the Austrians ?
Despite this , the Austrians , under the command of General Laudon , captured Glatz -LRB- now Kłodzko , Poland -RRB- in Silesia .	Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia	Where is Glatz
In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one .	outnumbered three to one	What was outstanding about Frederick 's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz ?
The end of that year saw Frederick once more victorious , defeating the able Daun in the Battle of Torgau ; but he suffered very heavy casualties , and the Austrians retreated in good order .	he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.	Why was Frederick 's defeat of Daun so costly ?
The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital , Berlin , in October , but could not hold it for long .	General Saltykov	Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin ?
Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762 ; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January .	Spain	Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762 ?
Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain 's side .	Portugal	Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762 ?
Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain 's side .	Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side	Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain ?
Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army , aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy , chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain , recovering almost all the lost towns , among them the Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco full of wounded and sick that had been left behind .	the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain	Britain sent troops to aid Portugal . What was the result ?
The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland , and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them .	the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them	How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians ?
The Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania , while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz .	Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania	Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians
The Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania , while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz .	the Austrians captured Schweidnitz.	identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians .
Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia did n't consider offering concessions to secure peace .	offering concessions to secure peace	Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action ?
As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege , Frederick 's survival was severely threatened .	60,000 men	How many troops did Frederick have left ?
Her Prussophile successor , Peter III , at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin -LRB- see : the Treaty of Saint Petersburg -LRB- 1762 -RRB- -RRB- and mediated Frederick 's truce with Sweden .	Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden	What changed the Prussian relationship with Sweden ?
He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick 's command This turn of events has become known as the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg .	He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command	What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick ?
His financial situation was not dire , but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened .	his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened	In 1763 what was the status of Frederick ?
Austria , however , like most participants , was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army , something which greatly affected its offensive power .	facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army	In 1763 what was the status of Austria ?
British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute , and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife , Catherine , who ended Russia 's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war .	British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute	What had happened to Frederick 's financial help from Britain ?
British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute , and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife , Catherine , who ended Russia 's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war .	Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war	What had happened to Frederick 's extra troops from Russia ?
In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg , ending the war in central Europe .	In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.	What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria ?
Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort , William Pitt -- who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise -- prepared to continue such operations .	saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise	What was the style of William Pitt 's warfare ?
The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay , proceeded to St. Malo , and , finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it , instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan .	The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay	What action did Pitt take against France in 1758 ?
The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay , proceeded to St. Malo , and , finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it , instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan .	it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan	How did the invading British army do at St. Malo ?
It burned shipping in the harbor , roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen , as well as four warships which were under construction .	It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction	What damage was done at the alternate site ?
An attack on Havre de Grace was called off , and the fleet sailed on to Cherbourg ; the weather being bad and provisions low , that too was abandoned , and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast .	the expedition returned having damaged French privateering	How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces ?
Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany ; and both Marlborough and Sackville , disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the `` descents '' , obtained commissions in that army .	Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;	Who decided to send British troops into Germany ?
The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new `` descent '' , escorted by Howe .	The elderly General Bligh	Who led the invasion troops ?
Covered by naval bombardment , the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing , captured Cherbourg , and destroyed its fortifications , docks , and shipping .	the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,	Was the landing successful ?
The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg .	Cherbourg	Where did the troops land ?
Covered by naval bombardment , the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing , captured Cherbourg , and destroyed its fortifications , docks , and shipping .	destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.	How did the British treat Cherbourg ?
Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate : the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast , while the army proceeded overland .	Worsening weather	What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo ?
Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate : the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast , while the army proceeded overland .	the army proceeded overland.	How did the army get to the new anchorage location ?
Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate : the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast , while the army proceeded overland .	the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast	How did the fleet respond to the bad weather ?
A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked .	A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked	How did the British army escape
The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops .	a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops	What happened to the British army ?
Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758 .	Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756	What island did Great Britain lose in 1756 ?
The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba , and Manila in the Philippines , both prominent Spanish colonial cities .	Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba	What success did the British have in Cuba ?
Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758 .	captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758	What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758
The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba , and Manila in the Philippines , both prominent Spanish colonial cities .	The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762	Identify the French colonies lost to the British in 1759 and 1762 .
The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba , and Manila in the Philippines , both prominent Spanish colonial cities .	Manila in the Philippines	What other colony was taken by the British from Spain ?
These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley -- the Algonquin , the Abenaki , the Huron , and others .	These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley	Who were the Seven Nations of Canada ?
Therefore , the Algonquin and the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois .	the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois	Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada ?
Although the Algonquin tribes and the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley , they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation .	the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley	How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley ?
The Iroquois , dominant in what is now Upstate New York , sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war .	The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British	Who was the European partner of the Iroquois ?
The Iroquois , dominant in what is now Upstate New York , sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war .	The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war	How valuable was the Iroquois alliance with Britain ?
The latter victory was marred when France 's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column , which was under French guard , slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men , women and children while the French refused to protect their captives .	France's native allies	Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry ?
The latter victory was marred when France 's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column , which was under French guard , slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men , women and children while the French refused to protect their captives .	the French refused to protect their captives	How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners ?
The latter victory was marred when France 's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column , which was under French guard , slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men , women and children while the French refused to protect their captives .	slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children	How did France 's native allies treat the British prisoners ?
French naval deployments in 1757 also successfully defended the key Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island , securing the seaward approaches to Quebec .	French naval deployments	How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg ?
French naval deployments in 1757 also successfully defended the key Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island , securing the seaward approaches to Quebec .	securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.	What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg ?
British Prime Minister William Pitt 's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the taking of Louisbourg after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena and in the successful capture of Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac .	French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena	How did the British assure numerical superiority in taking Louisbourg ?
British Prime Minister William Pitt 's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the taking of Louisbourg after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena and in the successful capture of Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac .	Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac	Identify two other French possessions captured by the British .
The British also continued the process of deporting the Acadian population with a wave of major operations against Île Saint-Jean -LRB- present-day Prince Edward Island -RRB- , the St. John River valley , and the Petitcodiac River valley .	the Acadian population	Who did the British deport from Lie Saint-Jean ?
The British also continued the process of deporting the Acadian population with a wave of major operations against Île Saint-Jean -LRB- present-day Prince Edward Island -RRB- , the St. John River valley , and the Petitcodiac River valley .	Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island)	What is Lie Saint-Jean called today ?
The celebration of these successes was dampened by their embarrassing defeat in the Battle of Carillon -LRB- Ticonderoga -RRB- , in which 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British .	4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British	How much were the French outnumbered at the Battle of Carillion ?
All of Britain 's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759 , part of what became known as an Annus Mirabilis .	All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759	Which country enjoyed the most success in battles in North America in 1759
Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces , cutting off French frontier forts further west .	Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces	What two forts fell on the same day in 1758 ?
On 13 September 1759 , following a three-month siege of Quebec , General James Wolfe defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham outside the city .	On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French	When did General Wolfe take Quebec ?
The French staged a counteroffensive in the spring of 1760 , with initial success at the Battle of Sainte-Foy , but they were unable to retake Quebec , due to British naval superiority following the battle of Neuville .	they were unable to retake Quebec	Did the French take Quebec back ?
The French staged a counteroffensive in the spring of 1760 , with initial success at the Battle of Sainte-Foy , but they were unable to retake Quebec , due to British naval superiority following the battle of Neuville .	British naval superiority	What military advantage brought the success for the British in defending Quebec ?
In 1762 , towards the end of the war , French forces attacked St. John 's , Newfoundland .	St. John's, Newfoundland	Where did the French attack in 1762 ?
If successful , the expedition would have strengthened France 's hand at the negotiating table .	the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table	What advantage would taking St. John 's have provided for the French ?
Although they took St. John 's and raided nearby settlements , the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill .	French forces were eventually defeated by British troops	Did the French hold St. John 's ?
Although they took St. John 's and raided nearby settlements , the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill .	they took St. John's	Did the French take St. John 's ?
Although they took St. John 's and raided nearby settlements , the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill .	Battle of Signal Hill	Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America ?
The history of the Seven Years ' War in North America , particularly the expulsion of the Acadians , the siege of Quebec , the death of Wolfe , and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads , broadsides , images , and novels -LRB- see Longfellow 's Evangeline , Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe , James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans -RRB- , maps and other printed materials , which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe 's death in 1759 .	the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec	Name two major events of the Seven Years ' War In North America .
The history of the Seven Years ' War in North America , particularly the expulsion of the Acadians , the siege of Quebec , the death of Wolfe , and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads , broadsides , images , and novels -LRB- see Longfellow 's Evangeline , Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe , James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans -RRB- , maps and other printed materials , which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe 's death in 1759 .	the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry	Name two more major events of the Seven Years ' War in North America .
The history of the Seven Years ' War in North America , particularly the expulsion of the Acadians , the siege of Quebec , the death of Wolfe , and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads , broadsides , images , and novels -LRB- see Longfellow 's Evangeline , Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe , James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans -RRB- , maps and other printed materials , which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe 's death in 1759 .	generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels	How did the events of the Seven Years ' War affects the production of art ?
The history of the Seven Years ' War in North America , particularly the expulsion of the Acadians , the siege of Quebec , the death of Wolfe , and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads , broadsides , images , and novels -LRB- see Longfellow 's Evangeline , Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe , James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans -RRB- , maps and other printed materials , which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe 's death in 1759 .	Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans	What are some novels about the Seven Years ' War period ?
The history of the Seven Years ' War in North America , particularly the expulsion of the Acadians , the siege of Quebec , the death of Wolfe , and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads , broadsides , images , and novels -LRB- see Longfellow 's Evangeline , Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe , James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans -RRB- , maps and other printed materials , which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe 's death in 1759 .	maps and other printed materials	What other items point to the interest in the events of the Seven Years ' War ?
The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris , which involved a complex series of land exchanges , the most important being France 's cession to Spain of Louisiana , and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon .	hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris	How were the British-French hostilities concluded ?
The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris , which involved a complex series of land exchanges , the most important being France 's cession to Spain of Louisiana , and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon .	the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana	Who ended up owning Louisiana ?
The exchanges suited the British as well , as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar , and , with the acquisition of New France and Florida , they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi .	they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.	What part of North America did Britain end up with ?
Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain , but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River .	Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans	What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans
Faced with the choice of retrieving either New France or its Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique , France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar , writing off New France as an unproductive , costly territory .	Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter	What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar ?
In India , the British retained the Northern Circars , but returned all the French trading ports .	returned all the French trading ports	What did France retain in India ?
The treaty , however , required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt , while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there , thus rendering them worthless as military bases .	treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt	How were the French settlements changed to eliminate their military usefulness ?
Combined with the loss of France 's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war , this effectively brought French power in India to an end , making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent .	loss of France's ally in Bengal	What French ally in the area abandoned the French ?
Combined with the loss of France 's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war , this effectively brought French power in India to an end , making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent .	this effectively brought French power in India to an end	What happened to French power in the area ?
Combined with the loss of France 's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war , this effectively brought French power in India to an end , making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent .	the defection of Hyderabad to the British	Who defected to the British ?
The Treaty of Hubertusburg , between Austria , Prussia , and Saxony , was signed on February 15 , 1763 , at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig .	at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig.	Where was the Treaty of Hubertusburg signed ?
The Treaty of Hubertusburg , between Austria , Prussia , and Saxony , was signed on February 15 , 1763 , at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig .	Austria, Prussia, and Saxony	Who were the parties in the Treaty of Hubertusburg ?
The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748 , with Silesia and Glatz reverting to Frederick and Saxony to its own elector .	The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748	What country made gains in the Treaty of Hubertusburg ?
The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz , which they had in fact reconquered , but Frederick would not allow it .	The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz	What did Austrian want in the Treaty of Hubertusburg
The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz , which they had in fact reconquered , but Frederick would not allow it .	Frederick would not allow it	Did the Austrians retain Glatz ?
Hence , Austria 's prestige was restored in great part and the empire secured its position as a major player in the European system .	Austria's prestige was restored in great part	What happened to Austrian prestige due to the war ?
The survival of Prussia as a first-rate power and the enhanced prestige of its king and its army , however , was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria 's influence in Germany .	was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.	How would Prussia 's outcome affect Austria in the long run ?
However , it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony .	it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony	What area was preserved from Prussian invasion ?
Austria was not able to retake Silesia or make any significant territorial gain .	Austria was not able to retake Silesia	Did Austria get Silesia back ?
Also , by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections , Frederick II accepted the Habsburg preeminence in the Holy Roman Empire .	by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections	Who did Frederick II promise to vote for in the imperial elections ?
The war also proved that Maria Theresa 's reforms were still not enough to compete with Prussia : unlike its enemy , the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war .	the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war.	What was the impact of the war on the wealth of Austria ?
Beside the rise of Prussia , Augustus III , although ineffective , could mustered up an army not only from Saxony , but also Poland , considering the elector was also the King of Poland .	Beside the rise of Prussia	What was the change in the status of Prussia because of the war ?
Hence , she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration .	she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.	How much military aggression did Maria Theresa exert following the war ?
Most importantly , with the now somehow-belligerent Hanover united personally under George III of Great Britain , It can amassed a considerable power , even brought Britain in , on the future conflicts .	George III of Great Britain	Which British king supported Hanover following the war ?
Frederick the Great 's personal reputation was enormously enhanced , as his debt to fortune -LRB- Russia 's volte-face after Elizabeth 's death -RRB- and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive .	Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced	What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great ?
Frederick the Great 's personal reputation was enormously enhanced , as his debt to fortune -LRB- Russia 's volte-face after Elizabeth 's death -RRB- and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive .	his military genius was strenuously kept alive	What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military acumen ?
Frederick the Great 's personal reputation was enormously enhanced , as his debt to fortune -LRB- Russia 's volte-face after Elizabeth 's death -RRB- and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive .	Russia’s volte-face	What good fortune from Russia assisted Frederick the Great ?
Russia , on the other hand , made one great invisible gain from the war : the elimination of French influence in Poland .	Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland	What gain did Russia make from the results of the war ?
The First Partition of Poland -LRB- 1772 -RRB- was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction , with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France simply ignored .	a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved	What countries were party to The First Partition of Poland ?
The British government was close to bankruptcy , and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France .	American Indian tribes	Who was George III trying to please with the Proclamation of 1763 ?
George III 's Proclamation of 1763 , which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians , was intended to appease the latter but led to considerable outrage in the Thirteen Colonies , whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands .	outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands	Who was aggravated by the Proclamation of 1763 ?
The Quebec Act of 1774 , similarly intended to win over the loyalty of French Canadians , also spurred resentment among American colonists .	French Canadians	Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774 ?
The act protected Catholic religion and French language , which enraged the Americans , but the Québécois remained loyal and did not rebel .	The act protected Catholic religion	How did the Quebec Act of 1774 affect religion ?
The act protected Catholic religion and French language , which enraged the Americans , but the Québécois remained loyal and did not rebel .	The act protected Catholic religion and French language	What did the Quebec Act of 1774 do about language ?
The war had also brought to an end the `` Old System '' of alliances in Europe , In the years after the war , under the direction of Lord Sandwich , the British did try to re-establish this system .	Lord Sandwich	What British nobleman attempted to retain European alliances following the Seven Years ' War ?
Consequently , when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778 -- 83 , Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers , and lacking any substantial ally .	lacking any substantial ally	What countries joined Britain as allies ?
But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers , European states such as Austria , The Dutch Republic , Sweden , Denmark-Norway , Ottoman Empire , and Russia now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join them , while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762 .	now saw Britain as a greater threat than France	Did the European countries see Britain or France as a greater threat ?
Consequently , when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778 -- 83 , Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers , and lacking any substantial ally .	1778–83	When did the American War of Independence turn into a global conflict ?
But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers , European states such as Austria , The Dutch Republic , Sweden , Denmark-Norway , Ottoman Empire , and Russia now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join them , while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762 .	Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762	What drove Prussia away from renewing its alliance with Britain ?
Richard Phillips Feynman -LRB- / ˈfaɪnmən / ; May 11 , 1918 -- February 15 , 1988 -RRB- was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics , the theory of quantum electrodynamics , and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium , as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model .	parton model	Feynman proposed a integral model in particle physics , what was it ?
For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics , Feynman , jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga , received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 .	Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga	Who were the two men that won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Feynman ?
For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics , Feynman , jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga , received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 .	1965	In what year did Feynman win his Nobel Prize ?
He developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles , which later became known as Feynman diagrams .	Feynman diagrams	Feynman was famous for diagrams that showed how subatomic particles behaved , what are these known as ?
In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time .	ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time	What honor did Feynman recieve in a 1999 poll conducted by British Journal Physics World ?
Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures , including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There 's Plenty of Room at the Bottom , and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures , The Feynman Lectures on Physics .	There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom	What was the name of Feynman 's 1959 talk on nanotech ?
Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures , including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There 's Plenty of Room at the Bottom , and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures , The Feynman Lectures on Physics .	The Feynman Lectures on Physics	What was the name of Feynman 's lectures he made as an undergraduate ?
Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You 're Joking , Mr. Feynman !	Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!	What was the name of one of his semi-autobiographical books ?
Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures , including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There 's Plenty of Room at the Bottom , and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures , The Feynman Lectures on Physics .	lectures	Feynman wrote many books and gave many ___
and Genius : The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick .	Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman	What book did James Gleck write about Feynman ?
Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11 , 1918 , in Queens , New York City , the son of Lucille -LRB- née Phillips -RRB- , a homemaker , and Melville Arthur Feynman , a sales manager .	May 11, 1918	What was the date of Feynman 's birth ?
Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11 , 1918 , in Queens , New York City , the son of Lucille -LRB- née Phillips -RRB- , a homemaker , and Melville Arthur Feynman , a sales manager .	New York City	In what city was Feynman born ?
They were not religious , and by his youth Feynman described himself as an `` avowed atheist '' .	atheist	Whats is Feynman 's religious affiliation ?
His family originated from Russia and Poland ; both of his parents were Ashkenazi Jews .	Ashkenazi	What Jewish affiliation did his parents hold ?
Later in his life , during a visit to the Jewish Theological Seminary , he encountered the Talmud for the first time , and remarked that he found it a `` wonderful book '' and `` valuable '' .	"wonderful book" and "valuable"	What did Feynam think of the Talmud ?
From his mother he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life .	humor	What personality trait did Feynman acquire from his mother ?
The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father , who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking , and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new .	father	What person influenced Feynman to think deeply ?
As a child , he had a talent for engineering , maintained an experimental laboratory in his home , and delighted in repairing radios .	radios	What electronic instrument did Feynman repair as a child ?
When he was in grade school , he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands .	home burglar alarm system	As a grade school child he created an electronic device while his parents were away , what was it ?
As a child , he had a talent for engineering , maintained an experimental laboratory in his home , and delighted in repairing radios .	engineering	What talent did Feynman have , even early in his childhood ?
When Richard was five years old , his mother gave birth to a younger brother , but this brother died at four weeks of age .	died at four weeks of age	What happened to Feyman 's younger brother ?
Though separated by nine years , Joan and Richard were close , as they both shared a natural curiosity about the world .	Joan	What is Feynman 's sister 's name ?
Despite their mother 's disapproval of Joan 's desire to study astronomy , Richard encouraged his sister to explore the universe .	astronomy	What science displicine did Feyman encourage his sister to study ?
Despite their mother 's disapproval of Joan 's desire to study astronomy , Richard encouraged his sister to explore the universe .	Richard	Who was the one that pushed Joan to explore the universe ?
Joan eventually became an astrophysicist specializing in interactions between the Earth and the solar wind .	astrophysicist	What career did Joan hold ?
An unspecified school-administered IQ test estimated his IQ at 123 -- high , but `` merely respectable '' according to biographer James Gleick .	123	What IQ score did Feyman attain in high school ?
Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School , a school in Far Rockaway , Queens also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg .	Far Rockaway High School	What high school did Feynman go to ?
Before entering college , he was experimenting with and deriving mathematical topics such as the half-derivative using his own notation .	half-derivative	What did Feyman derive before he went to college ?
When he turned 15 , he taught himself trigonometry , advanced algebra , infinite series , analytic geometry , and both differential and integral calculus .	15	Feyman taught himself many math subjects , including Trigonometry at what age ?
Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School , a school in Far Rockaway , Queens also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg .	Queens	What burrough was Feynman 's high school in ?
He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in mathematics and physics -- an unprecedented feat -- but did rather poorly on the history and English portions .	mathematics and physics	Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman excel in ?
He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in mathematics and physics -- an unprecedented feat -- but did rather poorly on the history and English portions .	history and English	Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman do poorly in ?
He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in mathematics and physics -- an unprecedented feat -- but did rather poorly on the history and English portions .	perfect score	What score did Feyman receive on his math and physics entrance exams ?
He received a PhD from Princeton in 1942 ; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler .	1942	When did he receive his PhD ?
Feynman 's thesis applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics , inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler -- Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics , laying the groundwork for the `` path integral '' approach and Feynman diagrams , and was titled `` The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics '' .	The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics	What was Feynman 's PhD thesis titled ?
At Princeton , the physicist Robert R. Wilson encouraged Feynman to participate in the Manhattan Project -- the wartime U.S. Army project at Los Alamos developing the atomic bomb .	Manhattan Project	Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in ?
He was assigned to Hans Bethe 's theoretical division and impressed Bethe enough to be made a group leader .	Hans Bethe	Whose division was Feynman assigned to at the Manhattan Project ?
He and Bethe developed the Bethe -- Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb , which built upon previous work by Robert Serber .	Bethe–Feynman formula	What did Feynman produce with the help of Bethe ?
He and Bethe developed the Bethe -- Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb , which built upon previous work by Robert Serber .	calculating the yield of a fission bomb	What was the purpose of the Bethe-Feynman formula ?
He and Bethe developed the Bethe -- Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb , which built upon previous work by Robert Serber .	Robert Serber	Who had previously worked on fission bomb yields before Feynman ?
Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder 's lenses provided , reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield , as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiation .	truck windshield	Feynman used this to protect his eyes during the test detonation
He immersed himself in work on the project , and was present at the Trinity bomb test .	Trinity bomb test	What atomic bomb test did Feynman see ?
On witnessing the blast , Feynman ducked towards the floor of his truck because of the immense brightness of the explosion , where he saw a temporary `` purple splotch '' afterimage of the event .	"purple splotch" afterimage	What did Feynman see after the atomic test ?
Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder 's lenses provided , reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield , as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiation .	ultraviolet radiation	What did Feynman think that the truck windshield would shield him against ?
Feynman 's other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos `` Water Boiler '' , a small nuclear reactor , to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality .	nuclear reactor	What was the Water Boiler that Feyman worked on ?
On completing this work he was transferred to the Oak Ridge facility , where he aided engineers in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents -LRB- for example , due to sub-critical amounts of fissile material inadvertently stored in proximity on opposite sides of a wall -RRB- could be avoided .	Oak Ridge facility	Where was Feyman sent after his work at Los Alamos ?
On completing this work he was transferred to the Oak Ridge facility , where he aided engineers in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents -LRB- for example , due to sub-critical amounts of fissile material inadvertently stored in proximity on opposite sides of a wall -RRB- could be avoided .	safety procedures	What did Feynman help produce at the Oak Ridge Facility ?
He also did theoretical work and calculations on the proposed uranium hydride bomb , which later proved not to be feasible .	uranium hydride bomb	Which weapon did Feynman found to not be feasible ?
Feynman 's other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos `` Water Boiler '' , a small nuclear reactor , to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality .	Los Alamos	Where did Feynman work on the `` Wateer Boiler '' ?
Due to the top secret nature of the work , Los Alamos was isolated .	top secret	Feynman quickly bored of Los Alamos because the work was all kept __ ?
He left a series of notes in the cabinets as a prank , which initially spooked his colleague , Frederic de Hoffmann , into thinking a spy or saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets .	left a series of notes in the cabinets	How did Feynman spook a colleague ?
He left a series of notes in the cabinets as a prank , which initially spooked his colleague , Frederic de Hoffmann , into thinking a spy or saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets .	saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets	What did Frederic de Hoffmann think had happened when he found these notes ?
On several occasions , Feynman drove to Albuquerque to see his ailing wife in a car borrowed from Klaus Fuchs , who was later discovered to be a real spy for the Soviets , transporting nuclear secrets in his car to Santa Fe .	Albuquerque	Feynman visited his wife in which New Mexico city ?
On several occasions , Feynman drove to Albuquerque to see his ailing wife in a car borrowed from Klaus Fuchs , who was later discovered to be a real spy for the Soviets , transporting nuclear secrets in his car to Santa Fe .	spy for the Soviets	Feynman borrowed a car from Klaus Fuchs , who was later found to be a what ?
Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out .	The Pleasure of Finding Things Out	In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project ?
He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. .	possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies	What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb ?
Later he describes this period as a `` depression '' .	depression	After feeling guilty for helping make an atomic bomb , Feynman went through what mental disorder ?
He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated .	error on his part	What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Germany had been defeated ?
Following the completion of his PhD in 1942 , Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison as an assistant professor of physics .	University of Wisconsin–Madison	Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD ?
In 1945 , he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year .	Dean Mark Ingraham	Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom ?
Following the completion of his PhD in 1942 , Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison as an assistant professor of physics .	1942	Which year did Feyman complete his PhD ?
The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project .	Manhattan project	Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW ?
After the war , Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , New Jersey , despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein , Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann .	Institute for Advanced Study	At which college did Feyman turn down a job ?
Feynman followed Hans Bethe , instead , to Cornell University , where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950 .	Cornell University	Where did Feyman accept a job after the war ?
Feynman followed Hans Bethe , instead , to Cornell University , where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950 .	Hans Bethe	Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell ?
His work during this period , which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds , proved important to his Nobel Prize -- winning work , yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems , he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities .	Nobel Prize–winning work	His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what ?
During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project , he focused on complex physics problems , not for utility , but for self-satisfaction .	destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb	Why did Feynman go through a depression ?
Because of this , the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute .	Princeton University	The Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position ?
Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study , Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties : Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells .	no teaching duties	Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study ?
Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study , Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties : Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells .	students	Where did Feynman receive much inspiration ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology -LRB- Caltech -RRB- -- and as he says in his book Surely You 're Joking Mr. Feynman !	California Institute of Technology	Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college ?
-- because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca .	Ithaca	In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains ?
Feynman has been called the `` Great Explainer '' .	Great Explainer	Which nickname did Feynman receive ?
His guiding principle was that , if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture , it was not yet fully understood .	fully understood	Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what ?
In the same lecture , he further explained that antiparticles must exist , for if particles had only positive energies , they would not be restricted to a so-called `` light cone '' .	antiparticles	In a lecture , Feynman said that what had to exist ?
In the same lecture , he further explained that antiparticles must exist , for if particles had only positive energies , they would not be restricted to a so-called `` light cone '' .	light cone	Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy , they would not be in what ?
He also developed Feynman diagrams , a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime , including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts , positrons .	Feynman diagrams	What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time ?
He also developed Feynman diagrams , a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime , including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts , positrons .	positrons	What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons ?
Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van .	his van	Where did Feynman paint his diagrams ?
This device allowed him , and later others , to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes .	approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes	What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do ?
The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann .	quark model	What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop ?
The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann .	parton model	What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model ?
In the mid-1960s , physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers , not real particles , as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle , if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together , seemed impossible if quarks were real .	not real particles	Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s ?
The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed , analogously to Ernest Rutherford 's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911 , that nucleons -LRB- protons and neutrons -RRB- contained point-like particles that scattered electrons .	Ernest Rutherford	Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold ?
Feynman did not dispute the quark model ; for example , when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977 , Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark , which was discovered in the decade after his death .	sixth quark	After the fifth quark was discovered , Feynman said what had to also exist ?
After the success of quantum electrodynamics , Feynman turned to quantum gravity .	quantum electrodynamics	Where did Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity
By analogy with the photon , which has spin 1 , he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field , and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity , but little more .	consequences of a free massless spin 2 field	What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity ?
By analogy with the photon , which has spin 1 , he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field , and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity , but little more .	Einstein field equation of general relativity	What equation did Feyman derive ?
The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity , `` ghosts '' , which are `` particles '' in the interior of his diagrams that have the `` wrong '' connection between spin and statistics , have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang -- Mills theories , for example , QCD and the electro-weak theory .	QCD and the electro-weak theory	Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain ?
The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity , `` ghosts '' , which are `` particles '' in the interior of his diagrams that have the `` wrong '' connection between spin and statistics , have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang -- Mills theories , for example , QCD and the electro-weak theory .	Yang–Mills theories	What did Feynman 's discoveries help explain ?
Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society -LRB- ForMemRS -RRB- in 1965 .	Royal Society	Which society was Feynman elected to ?
After three years devoted to the task , he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics .	The Feynman Lectures on Physics	After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce ?
Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image , the publishers changed the cover to plain red , though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword .	connections to drugs and rock and roll	Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman 's book ?
Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image , the publishers changed the cover to plain red , though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword .	drums	In his book , Feynman was shown playing what instrument ?
Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books , including The Character of Physical Law , QED : The Strange Theory of Light and Matter , Statistical Mechanics , Lectures on Gravitation , and the Feynman Lectures on Computation .	The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter	What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter ?
In 1974 , Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science , which has the semblance of science , but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of `` a kind of scientific integrity , a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty '' on the part of the scientist .	1974	In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech ?
In 1974 , Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science , which has the semblance of science , but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of `` a kind of scientific integrity , a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty '' on the part of the scientist .	cargo cult science	Which topic did Feynman 's commencement speech at Caltech center around ?
He instructed the graduating class that `` The first principle is that you must not fool yourself -- and you are the easiest person to fool .	fool yourself	What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves ?
In 1974 , Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science , which has the semblance of science , but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of `` a kind of scientific integrity , a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty '' on the part of the scientist .	pseudoscience	What is cargo cult science ?
In the late 1980s , according to `` Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine '' , Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer , and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations , in building neural networks , as well as physical simulations using cellular automata -LRB- such as turbulent fluid flow -RRB- , working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech .	parallel computer	What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s ?
In the late 1980s , according to `` Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine '' , Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer , and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations , in building neural networks , as well as physical simulations using cellular automata -LRB- such as turbulent fluid flow -RRB- , working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech .	Stephen Wolfram	Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech ?
His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering ; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software .	His son Carl	Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers ?
His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering ; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software .	software	What specifically did his son work on ?
His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering ; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software .	influencing the interconnects	What did Feyman do while his son worked on software ?
Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory , and have even been extended topologically .	string theory and M-theory	What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain ?
The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes .	tubes	The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape ?
`` I do n't like that they do n't check their ideas .	they don't check their ideas	What angst did Feynman have against string theorists ?
I do n't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment , they cook up an explanation -- a fix-up to say , ` Well , it still might be true . ' ''	'Well, it still might be true.'"	Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents ?
to his experience on the Rogers Commission , straying from his usual convention of brief , light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative .	sober narrative	In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission ?
Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think ?	What Do You Care What Other People Think?	Feyman 's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books ?
For instance , NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle , but Feynman discovered that NASA 's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200 .	1 in 200	While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely , at 1 in 100,000 odds , the scientists felt the odd were what ?
His interviews of NASA 's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts .	NASA	His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute ?
He concluded that the space shuttle reliability estimate by NASA management was fantastically unrealistic , and he was particularly angered that NASA used these figures to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program .	Christa McAuliffe	Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers ?
Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi , Feynman was not only an atheist , but declined to be labelled Jewish .	Jewish	Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of ?
He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan 's The Laureates : Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize , writing , `` To select , for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory , '' and adding '' ... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views , but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way ` the chosen people ' . ''	The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize	Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in ?
He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan 's The Laureates : Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize , writing , `` To select , for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory , '' and adding '' ... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views , but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way ` the chosen people ' . ''	the chosen people	What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not ?
Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi , Feynman was not only an atheist , but declined to be labelled Jewish .	atheist	What religious affiliation did Feynman have ?
He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race .	race	Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard ?
While pursuing his PhD at Princeton , Feynman married his high school sweetheart , Arline Greenbaum -LRB- often misspelled `` Arlene '' -RRB- , despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis -- an incurable disease at the time .	Arline Greenbaum	Who was Feynman 's wife ?
While pursuing his PhD at Princeton , Feynman married his high school sweetheart , Arline Greenbaum -LRB- often misspelled `` Arlene '' -RRB- , despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis -- an incurable disease at the time .	tuberculosis	Which disease did Arline succumb to ?
She died in 1945 .	1945	In which year did his wife die ?
This portion of Feynman 's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity , which featured Feynman 's daughter , Michelle , in a cameo role .	Feynman's daughter, Michelle	Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman ?
This portion of Feynman 's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity , which featured Feynman 's daughter , Michelle , in a cameo role .	Infinity	What was the name of the film that showed Feynman 's life ?
Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl , using , for example , discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues .	ants and Martians	What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl ?
Mathematics was a common interest for father and son ; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems -- later known as parallel computing .	Mathematics	Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy ?
Mathematics was a common interest for father and son ; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems -- later known as parallel computing .	parallel computing	What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop ?
One co-worker characterized Feynman as akin to Don Quixote at his desk , rather than at a computer workstation , ready to do battle with the windmills .	Don Quixote	What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague ?
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions .	The Jet Propulsion Laboratory	What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions ?
Feynman traveled to Brazil , where he gave courses at the BCPF -LRB- Brazilian Center for Physics Research -RRB- and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva , a dream that , because of Cold War bureaucratic problems , never became reality .	Brazilian Center for Physics Research	Where did Feynman work at in Brazil ?
Feynman traveled to Brazil , where he gave courses at the BCPF -LRB- Brazilian Center for Physics Research -RRB- and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva , a dream that , because of Cold War bureaucratic problems , never became reality .	Tuva	Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit , but wished to do so ?
The day after he died , a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government , giving him authorization to travel to Tuva .	The day after he died	When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva ?
The documentary movie , Genghis Blues , mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends .	Genghis Blues	What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman 's attempt to get to Tuva ?
Later Feynman 's daughter Michelle would realize this journey .	Feynman's daughter Michelle	Who went to Tuva in Feynman 's stead ?
Feynman gave up alcohol when he began to show vague , early signs of alcoholism , as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain -- the same reason given in `` O Americano , Outra Vez '' for his reluctance to experiment with LSD .	alcohol	What substance did Feynman give up later in life ?
Feynman gave up alcohol when he began to show vague , early signs of alcoholism , as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain -- the same reason given in `` O Americano , Outra Vez '' for his reluctance to experiment with LSD .	he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain	Why did Feynman give up alcohol ?
According to Genius , the James Gleick-authored biography , Feynman tried LSD during his professorship at Caltech .	LSD	Which illicit drug did Feynman try at Caltech ?
Feynman gave up alcohol when he began to show vague , early signs of alcoholism , as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain -- the same reason given in `` O Americano , Outra Vez '' for his reluctance to experiment with LSD .	O Americano, Outra Vez	In what book did he talk about his LSD use ?
In Surely You 're Joking , Mr. Feynman !	Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman	Which book does Feynman detail was to pick up girls ?
At Caltech , he used a nude or topless bar as an office away from his usual office , making sketches or writing physics equations on paper placemats .	topless bar	Where was his second office at Caltech ?
Only Feynman accepted , and in court , he affirmed that the bar was a public need , stating that craftsmen , technicians , engineers , common workers , `` and a physics professor '' frequented the establishment .	Feynman	Who was the only person to testify that the topless bar should remain open ?
At Caltech , he used a nude or topless bar as an office away from his usual office , making sketches or writing physics equations on paper placemats .	paper placemats	Where did Feynman write down his equations at the topless bar ?
When the county officials tried to close the place , all visitors except Feynman refused to testify in favor of the bar , fearing that their families or patrons would learn about their visits .	county officials	Who tried to shut the topless bar down ?
In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy , James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as `` The Feynman Algorithm '' or `` The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm '' to a student : `` The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman 's notes .	New York Times	Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992 ?
In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy , James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as `` The Feynman Algorithm '' or `` The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm '' to a student : `` The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman 's notes .	James Gleick	Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman ?
In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy , James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as `` The Feynman Algorithm '' or `` The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm '' to a student : `` The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman 's notes .	The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm	Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student , what was this algorithim called ?
Then you write down the answer . ''	write down the answer	Feynman 's algorithim included writing the problem , thinking , and then what ?
The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics , compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961 -- 64 .	compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64	Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from ?
As news of the lectures ' lucidity grew , professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen .	professional physicists and graduate students	Once the popularity on the lectures grew , who began to attend ?
Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands , colleagues of Feynman , edited and illustrated them into book form .	Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands	Which two of Feynman 's colleagues helped put the lectures into book format ?
They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with `` Feynman 's Tips on Physics : A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics '' by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton -LRB- Robert Leighton 's son -RRB- , with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists .	"Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics	Which addendum was added to the Lectures book in 2005 ?
They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with `` Feynman 's Tips on Physics : A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics '' by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton -LRB- Robert Leighton 's son -RRB- , with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists .	Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton	Who wrote the supplemental material added to the Lectures book in 2005 ?
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi -LRB- Arabic : معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation : -LSB- muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː -RSB- ; / ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi / ; audio -LRB- help · info -RRB- ; c. 1942 -- 20 October 2011 -RRB- , commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi , -LSB- b -RSB- was a Libyan revolutionary , politician , and political theorist .	1942 – 20 October 2011	When was Gaddafi born , and when did he die ?
Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism , he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010 .	Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism	What was Gaddifi 's original political viewpoint ?
Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism , he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010 .	his own Third International Theory	What political philosophy did Gaddifi create ?
Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism , he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010 .	Pan-Africanism	What political philosophy did Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union ?
He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the `` Brotherly Leader '' of the Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011 .	the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011	What was Gaddafi 's position when he was considered the `` Brotherly Leader '' ?
He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the `` Brotherly Leader '' of the Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011 .	from 1977 to 2011	When did Gaddafi rule as the `` Brotherly Leader '' ?
Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism , he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010 .	Pan-Africanism	What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union ?
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi -LRB- Arabic : معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation : -LSB- muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː -RSB- ; / ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi / ; audio -LRB- help · info -RRB- ; c. 1942 -- 20 October 2011 -RRB- , commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi , -LSB- b -RSB- was a Libyan revolutionary , politician , and political theorist .	1942 – 20 October 2011	List Gaddafi 's lifespan .
He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the `` Brotherly Leader '' of the Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011 .	1969	When did he first gain power in Libya ?
Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism , he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010 .	Third International Theory	What political ideology did Gaddafi create ?
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi -LRB- Arabic : معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation : -LSB- muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː -RSB- ; / ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi / ; audio -LRB- help · info -RRB- ; c. 1942 -- 20 October 2011 -RRB- , commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi , -LSB- b -RSB- was a Libyan revolutionary , politician , and political theorist .	Colonel Gaddafi	By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known ?
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi -LRB- Arabic : معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation : -LSB- muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː -RSB- ; / ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi / ; audio -LRB- help · info -RRB- ; c. 1942 -- 20 October 2011 -RRB- , commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi , -LSB- b -RSB- was a Libyan revolutionary , politician , and political theorist .	Libyan	What was Gaddafi 's nationality ?
He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the `` Brotherly Leader '' of the Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011 .	Libyan Arab Republic	What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977 ?
He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the `` Brotherly Leader '' of the Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011 .	Brotherly Leader	From 1977 to 2011 , what was Gaddafi 's title ?
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi -LRB- Arabic : معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation : -LSB- muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː -RSB- ; / ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi / ; audio -LRB- help · info -RRB- ; c. 1942 -- 20 October 2011 -RRB- , commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi , -LSB- b -RSB- was a Libyan revolutionary , politician , and political theorist .	20 October 2011	What was Colonel Gaddafi 's date of death ?
He outlined his Third International Theory that year , publishing these ideas in The Green Book .	The Green Book	What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory ?
Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council -LRB- RCC -RRB- , Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic .	Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council	What was Gaddafi 's first position in government ?
Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council -LRB- RCC -RRB- , Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic .	abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic	As Chairman of the RCC , list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished .
Intent on pushing Libya towards `` Islamic socialism '' , he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry , using the increased revenues to bolster the military , implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world .	introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system	How did Gaddafi change the legal system ?
In 1973 he initiated a `` Popular Revolution '' with the formation of General People 's Committees -LRB- GPCs -RRB- , purported to be a system of direct democracy , but retained personal control over major decisions .	the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions.	Describe the Popular Revolution .
Intent on pushing Libya towards `` Islamic socialism '' , he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry , using the increased revenues to bolster the military , implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world .	he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system	How did Gaddafi change the legal system ?
Intent on pushing Libya towards `` Islamic socialism '' , he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry , using the increased revenues to bolster the military , implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world .	to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world.	How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry ?
In 1973 he initiated a `` Popular Revolution '' with the formation of General People 's Committees -LRB- GPCs -RRB- , purported to be a system of direct democracy , but retained personal control over major decisions .	formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions	Describe the Popular Revolution .
Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council -LRB- RCC -RRB- , Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic .	abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic	When Gaddafi established his power in the government , what were his first actions ?
Intent on pushing Libya towards `` Islamic socialism '' , he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry , using the increased revenues to bolster the military , implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world .	Islamic socialism	What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to ?
The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder , Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha , subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy , Benghazi .	goat herder	What was the profession of Gaddafi 's father ?
The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder , Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha , subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy , Benghazi .	Bedouin	What was Gaddafi 's ethnicity ?
The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder , Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha , subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy , Benghazi .	Benghazi	In what city was the Royal Military Academy located ?
Founding a revolutionary cell within the military , in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup .	Idris	From what monarch did Gaddafi 's movement take over Libya ?
Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council -LRB- RCC -RRB- , Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic .	Revolutionary Command Council	What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution ?
In 1977 , Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state , the Jamahiriya -LRB- `` state of the masses '' -RRB- .	state of the masses	What does `` Jamahiriya '' mean ?
Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance , he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents .	he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents	What was Gaddafi 's role in jamahiriya ?
Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad , Gaddafi 's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya 's label of `` international pariah '' .	Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing	List two reasons why Libya become an `` international pariah . ''
A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom , resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions .	U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions	Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world 's view of Libya .
In 1977 , Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state , the Jamahiriya -LRB- `` state of the masses '' -RRB- .	Jamahiriya ("state of the masses")	What was Libya 's socialist government called ?
Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad , Gaddafi 's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya 's label of `` international pariah '' .	Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing	Why did Libya become an `` international pariah '' ?
A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom , resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions .	U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions.	How did the world respond to Libya in 1986 ?
Amid the Arab Spring , in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council -LRB- NTC -RRB- broke out , resulting in the Libyan Civil War .	an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War	How did Gaddafi lose power ?
Retreating to Sirte , Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants .	Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.	How did Gaddafi die ?
In 1977 , Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state , the Jamahiriya -LRB- `` state of the masses '' -RRB- .	state of the masses	What does the term Jamahiriya mean in English ?
In 1977 , Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state , the Jamahiriya -LRB- `` state of the masses '' -RRB- .	1977	In what year did Gaddafi found the Jamahiriya ?
Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad , Gaddafi 's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya 's label of `` international pariah '' .	Chad	Along with Egypt , what nation did Libya have border issues with in this era ?
Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad , Gaddafi 's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya 's label of `` international pariah '' .	Lockerbie	What terrorist bombing was Gaddafi 's Libya supposedly involved in ?
A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom , resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions .	1986	In what year did the United states bomb Libya ?
Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi , a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya .	was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya	Describe Gaddafi 's humble upbringing .
His father , Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad , was known as Abu Meniar -LRB- died 1985 -RRB- , and his mother was named Aisha -LRB- died 1978 -RRB- ; Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder .	as a goat and camel herder	How did Gaddafi 's father earn a living ?
He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate .	He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.	How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences ?
Gaddafi 's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life .	Bedouin	What culture did Gaddafi experience as a child ?
As such , Gaddafi 's date of birth is not known with certainty , and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943 , although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that it could have been pre-1940 .	Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943	When was Gaddafi born ?
Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi , a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya .	Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya	Describe Gaddafi 's early childhood .
His father , Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad , was known as Abu Meniar -LRB- died 1985 -RRB- , and his mother was named Aisha -LRB- died 1978 -RRB- ; Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder .	Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder	How did Gaddafi 's father earn a living ?
Nomadic Bedouins , they were illiterate and kept no birth records .	Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records	How come no one knows for sure when Gaddafi was born ?
He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate .	He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.	How did his early childhood experiences impact his later life ?
His father , Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad , was known as Abu Meniar -LRB- died 1985 -RRB- , and his mother was named Aisha -LRB- died 1978 -RRB- ; Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder .	His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)	When did Gaddafi 's parents die ?
His father , Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad , was known as Abu Meniar -LRB- died 1985 -RRB- , and his mother was named Aisha -LRB- died 1978 -RRB- ; Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder .	Abu Meniar	Other than Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad , what was Gaddafi 's father called ?
His father , Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad , was known as Abu Meniar -LRB- died 1985 -RRB- , and his mother was named Aisha -LRB- died 1978 -RRB- ; Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder .	1978	When did Gaddafi 's mother die ?
His parents ' only surviving son , he had three older sisters .	three	How many sisters did Gaddafi have ?
Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi , a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya .	Sirte	Near what town was Gaddafi 's birthplace of Qasr Abu Hadi ?
His family came from a small , relatively un-influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa , who were Arabized Berber in heritage .	Qadhadhfa	What was the name of Gaddafi 's tribe ?
In 1951 , the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya , a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch , Idris , who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy .	In 1951	When did Libya become an independent nation ?
In 1951 , the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya , a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch , Idris , who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy .	an absolute monarchy	When Libya first became an independent country , what form of government did it adopt ?
At World War II 's end in 1945 , Libya was occupied by British and French forces .	British and French forces	What countries occupied Libya after World War II ?
In 1951 , the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya , a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch , Idris , who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy .	a pro-western monarch, Idris	Who was the first leader of Libya ?
According to later claims , Gaddafi 's paternal grandfather , Abdessalam Bouminyar , was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911 .	Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911	What World War I event directly impacted Gaddafi 's family ?
According to later claims , Gaddafi 's paternal grandfather , Abdessalam Bouminyar , was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911 .	According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911	How did World War I directly impact Gaddafi 's family ?
At World War II 's end in 1945 , Libya was occupied by British and French forces .	Libya was occupied by British and French forces	What happened to Libya right after World War II ?
In 1951 , the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya , a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch , Idris , who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy .	In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership	When was it announced that Libya would be independent ?
In 1951 , the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya , a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch , Idris , who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy .	a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.	What was the first type of government that Libya had ?
From childhood , Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya ; his nation was occupied by Italy , and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops .	his nation was occupied by Italy	What country occupied Libya during World War II ?
From childhood , Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya ; his nation was occupied by Italy , and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops .	Italy	What nation controlled Libya as a colony when Gaddafi was a child ?
From childhood , Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya ; his nation was occupied by Italy , and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops .	British	Who battled the Italians during the North African campaign ?
According to later claims , Gaddafi 's paternal grandfather , Abdessalam Bouminyar , was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911 .	Abdessalam Bouminyar	Who was Gaddafi 's father 's father ?
According to later claims , Gaddafi 's paternal grandfather , Abdessalam Bouminyar , was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911 .	1911	During what year did the Italians invade Libya ?
At World War II 's end in 1945 , Libya was occupied by British and French forces .	French	Along with the British , who occupied Libya at the end of the Second World War ?
Gaddafi 's earliest education was of a religious nature , imparted by a local Islamic teacher .	a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher	Describe Gaddafi 's first experience with education .
During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque , and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents .	During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents	In addition to gaining an education , describe how Gaddafi managed to attend school 20 miles from his family .
Bullied for being a Bedouin , he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children .	Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.	How did Gaddafi deal with peer pressure regarding his cultural background ?
Gaddafi was popular at school ; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration , most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud .	Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.	When Gaddafi 's family moved to Sabha , describe his educational experiences in secondary school .
From Sirte , he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan , south-central Libya , where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school , something neither parent had done .	where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.	Describe Gaddafi 's parents ' educational backgrounds .
Bullied for being a Bedouin , he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children .	Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children.	Why was Gaddafi made fun of in elementary school ?
During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque , and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents .	During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents.	How did Gaddafi manage to attend elementary school so far from home ?
From Sirte , he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan , south-central Libya , where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school , something neither parent had done .	while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.	Were Gaddafi 's parents educated ?
Education in Libya was not free , but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain .	Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain.	Was Gaddafi 's education free ?
Gaddafi was popular at school ; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration , most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud .	Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.	How did his early relationships play a role later when Gaddafi became a ruler ?
Gaddafi 's earliest education was of a religious nature , imparted by a local Islamic teacher .	Islamic	In what religion was Gaddafi educated ?
From Sirte , he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan , south-central Libya , where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school , something neither parent had done .	Sabha	What town did Gaddafi 's family move to after they left Sirte ?
From Sirte , he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan , south-central Libya , where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school , something neither parent had done .	south-central	What geographical portion of Libya is Fezzan located in ?
Gaddafi was popular at school ; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration , most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud .	Abdul Salam Jalloud	Who was Gaddafi 's closest friend in secondary school ?
Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school , he progressed through six grades in four years .	Sirte	In what town did Gaddafi first attend primary school ?
He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789 , as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln , Sun Yat-sen , and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk .	Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk	Gaddafi was an avid reader . Name three biographies that he read .
Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism , he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city -- including the Arab Nationalist Movement , the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party , and the Muslim Brotherhood -- claiming he rejected factionalism .	factionalism	What political idealogy did Gaddafi not believe in ?
Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism , he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city -- including the Arab Nationalist Movement , the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party , and the Muslim Brotherhood -- claiming he rejected factionalism .	Arab nationalist activism	While he was in secondary school , what sort of activism did Gaddafi support ?
In October 1961 , he led a demonstration protesting Syria 's secession from the United Arab Republic .	October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic	Why did Gaddafi 's family leave Sabha ?
He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789 , as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln , Sun Yat-sen , and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk .	Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk	List several biographies that influenced Gaddafi .
Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism , he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city -- including the Arab Nationalist Movement , the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party , and the Muslim Brotherhood -- claiming he rejected factionalism .	Arab nationalist activism	Where sort of activism did Gaddafi promote while attending secondary school ?
Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism , he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city -- including the Arab Nationalist Movement , the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party , and the Muslim Brotherhood -- claiming he rejected factionalism .	factionalism	What political ideology did Gaddafi reject when he attended Misrata Secondary School ?
Gaddafi moved to Misrata , there attending Misrata Secondary School .	Misrata	Where did Gaddafi travel to after he was kicked out of Sabha ?
Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism , he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city -- including the Arab Nationalist Movement , the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party , and the Muslim Brotherhood -- claiming he rejected factionalism .	Arab Nationalist Movement	Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood , what group was notably banned in Misrata ?
In October 1961 , he led a demonstration protesting Syria 's secession from the United Arab Republic .	October 1961	In what month and year did Gaddafi protest against Syria leaving the United Arab Republic ?
He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789 , as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln , Sun Yat-sen , and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk .	Syrian	Of what nationality was Michel Aflaq ?
He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789 , as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln , Sun Yat-sen , and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk .	Abraham Lincoln	Along with Lincoln and Ataturk , whose biography did Gaddafi read while in Misrata ?
Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi , before dropping out to join the military .	History at the University of Libya in Benghazi	What subject did Gaddafi briefly study before joining the military ?
Under Idris , Libya 's armed forces were trained by the British military ; this angered Gaddafi , who viewed the British as imperialists , and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers , ultimately failing his exams .	Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists	Why did n't Gaddafi learn to speak English ?
Despite his police record , in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy , Benghazi , alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata .	at the Royal Military Academy	Where did Gaddafi begin his military training ?
The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans , and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change .	the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change	How did Gaddafi view the influence of the military ?
British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour , stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy 's commander in 1963 .	the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963	What crime did the British trainers believe Gaddafi was involved in ?
Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi , before dropping out to join the military .	History	What subject did Gaddafi study at the University of LIbya ?
Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi , before dropping out to join the military .	to join the military	Why did Gaddafi drop out of college ?
The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans , and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change .	Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change	What rationale did Gaddafi use for joining the military ?
Under Idris , Libya 's armed forces were trained by the British military ; this angered Gaddafi , who viewed the British as imperialists , and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers , ultimately failing his exams .	the British military	What country trained Libya 's military ?
British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour , stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy 's commander in 1963 .	the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963	What crime was Gaddafi suspected of being involved in during his time in the military ?
Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi , before dropping out to join the military .	University of Libya	Where did Gaddafi attend college for a time ?
Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi , before dropping out to join the military .	History	During his time in college , what did Gaddafi study ?
Despite his police record , in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy , Benghazi , alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata .	Royal Military Academy, Benghazi	After Gaddafi left the University of Libya , what institution did he attend ?
Under Idris , Libya 's armed forces were trained by the British military ; this angered Gaddafi , who viewed the British as imperialists , and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers , ultimately failing his exams .	British	While the Libyan monarchy existed , who trained the Libyan army ?
Under Idris , Libya 's armed forces were trained by the British military ; this angered Gaddafi , who viewed the British as imperialists , and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers , ultimately failing his exams .	imperialists	What did Gaddafi regard his British instructors as ?
Gaddafi disliked England , claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country 's culture ; asserting his Arab identity in London , he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes .	finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes	When Gaddafi traveled to London , did he attempt to blend into the English culture ?
Gaddafi disliked England , claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country 's culture ; asserting his Arab identity in London , he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes .	claiming British Army officers racially insulted him	How did Gaddafi feel about the British officers ?
Noting that Gaddafi 's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football , he thought him an `` amusing officer , always cheerful , hard-working , and conscientious . ''	he thought him an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious."	How did the Bovington signal course director view Gaddafi ?
He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya , he returned home `` more confident and proud of our values , ideals and social character . ''	he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."	How did Gaddafi view Libya when he returned from England ?
Noting that Gaddafi 's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football , he thought him an `` amusing officer , always cheerful , hard-working , and conscientious . ''	an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious."	How did the Bovington sign course director think of Gaddafi ?
Gaddafi disliked England , claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country 's culture ; asserting his Arab identity in London , he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes .	finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes	When Gaddafi went to England , how did he respond to their culture ?
Gaddafi disliked England , claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country 's culture ; asserting his Arab identity in London , he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes .	Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him	How did Gaddafi feel about the British Army officers ?
He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya , he returned home `` more confident and proud of our values , ideals and social character . ''	while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."	When Gaddafi returned to Libya , how did he view his country ?
Noting that Gaddafi 's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football , he thought him an `` amusing officer , always cheerful , hard-working , and conscientious . ''	reading and playing football	What were Gaddafi 's favorite hobbies in the military ?
Noting that Gaddafi 's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football , he thought him an `` amusing officer , always cheerful , hard-working , and conscientious . ''	playing football	Along with reading , how did Gaddafi enjoy spending his free time ?
Gaddafi disliked England , claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country 's culture ; asserting his Arab identity in London , he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes .	Piccadilly	In what part of London did Gaddafi wear traditional Arab garb ?
The Bovington signal course 's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English , displaying a firm command of voice procedure .	English	What language did Gaddafi have difficulty learning ?
The Bovington signal course 's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English , displaying a firm command of voice procedure .	Bovington	Where did Gaddafi 's signal course take place ?
Gaddafi disliked England , claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country 's culture ; asserting his Arab identity in London , he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes .	racially insulted him	What mistreatment did Gaddafi say that British soldiers subjected him to ?
Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero , President Gamal Abdel Nasser .	his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser	What Egyptian leader impressed Gaddafi ?
Nasser 's book , Philosophy of the Revolution , was a key influence on Gaddafi ; outlining how to initiate a coup , it has been described as `` the inspiration and blueprint of -LSB- Gaddafi 's -RSB- revolution . ''	Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution	What book instructed Gaddafi in how to stage a coup ?
Growing up , Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world , including the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , the Suez Crisis of 1956 , and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961 .	1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961	Name one event that occurred in the Arab world during Gaddafi 's childhood that influenced his life .
Nasser argued for Arab nationalism ; the rejection of Western colonialism , neo-colonialism , and Zionism ; and a transition from capitalism to socialism .	transition from capitalism to socialism	What political ideology did Nasser implement ?
Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian , and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts , most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs .	Egyptian	What was the nationality of a significant number of teachers in Sabha ?
Growing up , Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world , including the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , the Suez Crisis of 1956 , and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961 .	1961	When did the United Arab Republic end ?
Growing up , Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world , including the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , the Suez Crisis of 1956 , and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961 .	Egyptian Revolution	What notable event occurred in 1952 ?
Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero , President Gamal Abdel Nasser .	Nasser	What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire ?
Idris ' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s ; it had exacerbated Libya 's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country 's federal system in order to take advantage of the country 's oil wealth , while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry .	Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s	What was happening to Idris ' government in the 1960s ?
Idris ' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s ; it had exacerbated Libya 's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country 's federal system in order to take advantage of the country 's oil wealth , while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry .	the oil industry	What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris 's government ?
Idris ' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s ; it had exacerbated Libya 's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country 's federal system in order to take advantage of the country 's oil wealth , while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry .	corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry	What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya ?
Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi , while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt .	Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt	What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt ?
Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi 's Free Officers Movement , they have since claimed ignorance , stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi 's Black Boots revolutionary group .	they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.	Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi 's upcoming coup ? :
Arab nationalism was increasingly popular , and protests flared up following Egypt 's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel ; allied to the western powers , Idris ' administration was seen as pro-Israeli .	Israel	What country won the Six-Day War ?
Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi , while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt .	Tripoli and Benghazi	In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967 ?
Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi , while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt .	Egypt	On what country 's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place ?
By 1969 , the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya 's armed forces to launch a coup .	1969	In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya ?
Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi 's Free Officers Movement , they have since claimed ignorance , stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi 's Black Boots revolutionary group .	Black Boots	What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi ?
They met no serious resistance , and wielded little violence against the monarchists .	They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.	When Gaddafi staged his coup , did he need to use a great show of violence ?
In mid-1969 , Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece .	In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece.	When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup ?
Gaddafi 's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy , initiating `` Operation Jerusalem '' .	Operation Jerusalem	What was Gaddafi 's coup called ?
Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi , while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city 's anti-aircraft batteries .	Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi,	What did Gaddafi seize during the coup ?
Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi , and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne .	Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne.	What did Hameidi do during the coup ?
In mid-1969 , Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece .	Turkey and Greece	What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969 ?
Gaddafi 's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy , initiating `` Operation Jerusalem '' .	Operation Jerusalem	What was the code name for Gaddafi 's coup against the monarchy ?
Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi , while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city 's anti-aircraft batteries .	Omar Meheisha	What leader 's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli ?
Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi , and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne .	Khweldi Hameidi	Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi ?
Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi , while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city 's anti-aircraft batteries .	Jalloud	What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli ?
Addressing the populace by radio , he proclaimed an end to the `` reactionary and corrupt '' regime , `` the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all . ''	Addressing the populace by radio	How did Gaddafi announced his leadership ? :
Due to the coup 's bloodless nature , it was initially labelled the `` White Revolution '' , although was later renamed the `` One September Revolution '' after the date on which it occurred .	"White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution"	List the two names of Gaddafi 's coup .
He proclaimed that the revolution meant `` freedom , socialism , and unity '' , and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this .	freedom, socialism, and unity	What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented ?
Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers ' coup represented a revolution , marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya .	a revolution	What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as ?
Having removed the monarchical government , Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic .	Libyan Arab Republic	What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy ?
Due to the coup 's bloodless nature , it was initially labelled the `` White Revolution '' , although was later renamed the `` One September Revolution '' after the date on which it occurred .	White Revolution	What was the Libyan coup called at first ?
Due to the coup 's bloodless nature , it was initially labelled the `` White Revolution '' , although was later renamed the `` One September Revolution '' after the date on which it occurred .	One September Revolution	What was the Libyan coup later called , when it was renamed for the day it took place ?
Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers ' coup represented a revolution , marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya .	Free Officers	What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi ?
Addressing the populace by radio , he proclaimed an end to the `` reactionary and corrupt '' regime , `` the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all . ''	reactionary and corrupt	How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address ?
All young men from -LRB- typically rural -RRB- working and middle-class backgrounds , none had university degrees ; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy , highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country .	All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;	How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members ?
All young men from -LRB- typically rural -RRB- working and middle-class backgrounds , none had university degrees ; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy , highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country .	they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.	Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members ?
Gaddafi remained the government 's public face , with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970 .	Gaddafi	Whose face was most closely associated with Libya 's new government ?
Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building , Gaddafi dominated the RCC , although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses .	some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses	Did everyone endorse Gaddafi ?
Gaddafi remained the government 's public face , with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970 .	10 January 1970	On what date were the members of the RCC announced ?
All young men from -LRB- typically rural -RRB- working and middle-class backgrounds , none had university degrees ; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy , highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country .	young	What was the general age group of the members of the RCC ?
All young men from -LRB- typically rural -RRB- working and middle-class backgrounds , none had university degrees ; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy , highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country .	none	How many members of the RCC had graduated from university ?
All young men from -LRB- typically rural -RRB- working and middle-class backgrounds , none had university degrees ; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy , highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country .	men	What was the sex of all the members of the RCC ?
They purged monarchists and members of Idris ' Senussi clan from Libya 's political world and armed forces ; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged .	They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces	What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy ?
Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia .	Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.	What happened to Idris ?
They purged monarchists and members of Idris ' Senussi clan from Libya 's political world and armed forces ; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged .	Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.	How did Gaddafi view the elite ?
`` People 's Courts '' were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists , and though many were imprisoned , none were executed .	"People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed.	What happened to the monarchists and and journalists ?
They purged monarchists and members of Idris ' Senussi clan from Libya 's political world and armed forces ; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged .	Senussi	What clan was King Idris part of ?
`` People 's Courts '' were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists , and though many were imprisoned , none were executed .	none	How many people were executed by the People 's Courts ?
Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia .	execution	What sentence was given to the absent King Idris ?
They purged monarchists and members of Idris ' Senussi clan from Libya 's political world and armed forces ; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged .	monarchists	Along with the Senussi , who was purged from the military ?
`` People 's Courts '' were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists , and though many were imprisoned , none were executed .	monarchist politicians	Along with journalists , who was tried in the People 's Courts ?
Ruling by decree , the RCC maintained the monarchy 's ban on political parties , in May 1970 banned trade unions , and in 1972 outlawed workers ' strikes and suspended newspapers .	Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,	What was the RCC 's view of political parties ?
In September 1971 , Gaddafi resigned , claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform , but returned to his position within a month .	In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month.	What did Gaddafi do in 1971 ?
In May 1970 , the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution , while that year 's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes , introducing sharia into the legal system .	united secular and religious law codes	What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system ?
In February 1973 , he resigned again , once more returning the following month .	In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.	What did Gaddafi do in 1973 ?
In May 1970 , the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution , while that year 's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes , introducing sharia into the legal system .	1970	In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur ?
In September 1971 , Gaddafi resigned , claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform , but returned to his position within a month .	September 1971	In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign ?
Ruling by decree , the RCC maintained the monarchy 's ban on political parties , in May 1970 banned trade unions , and in 1972 outlawed workers ' strikes and suspended newspapers .	trade unions	What did the RCC outlaw in 1970 ?
Ruling by decree , the RCC maintained the monarchy 's ban on political parties , in May 1970 banned trade unions , and in 1972 outlawed workers ' strikes and suspended newspapers .	newspapers	What publications were shut down 1972 ?
In February 1973 , he resigned again , once more returning the following month .	1973	In what year did Gaddafi 's second resignation occur ?
With crude oil as the country 's primary export , Gaddafi sought to improve Libya 's oil sector .	crude oil	What was Libya 's main export ?
In 1970 , other OPEC states followed suit , leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil .	In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.	How did Gaddafi 's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states ?
With crude oil as the country 's primary export , Gaddafi sought to improve Libya 's oil sector .	crude oil	What was the main export of Libya ?
The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement , in which they secured income tax , back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations ; these measures brought Libya an estimated $ 1 billion in additional revenues in its first year .	$1 billion	How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement ?
In 1970 , other OPEC states followed suit , leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil .	OPEC	What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of ?
In October 1969 , he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair , benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state , and by threatening to reduce production , in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil .	Jalloud	Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969 ?
In turn , the Libyans ' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi 's administration , and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $ 8,170 , up from $ 40 in 1951 ; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K.	by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951	In 1979 , how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans ?
It proved an economic success ; while gross domestic product had been $ 3.8 billion in 1969 , it had risen to $ 13.7 billion in 1974 , and $ 24.5 billion in 1979 .	while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979.	How did Libya 's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979 ?
In September 1973 , it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized .	In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized.	What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism ?
Increasing state control over the oil sector , the RCC began a program of nationalization , starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum 's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971 .	starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971.	How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization ?
Increasing state control over the oil sector , the RCC began a program of nationalization , starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum 's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971 .	British Petroleum	What company 's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971 ?
In September 1973 , it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized .	September 1973	In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed ?
It proved an economic success ; while gross domestic product had been $ 3.8 billion in 1969 , it had risen to $ 13.7 billion in 1974 , and $ 24.5 billion in 1979 .	$3.8 billion	What was Libya 's GDP in 1969 ?
It proved an economic success ; while gross domestic product had been $ 3.8 billion in 1969 , it had risen to $ 13.7 billion in 1974 , and $ 24.5 billion in 1979 .	1979	In what year did Libya have a GDP of $ 24.5 billion ?
In turn , the Libyans ' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi 's administration , and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $ 8,170 , up from $ 40 in 1951 ; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K.	$40	What was Libya 's per-capita income in 1951 ?
The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation , replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity .	pan-Libyan	What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC ?
The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation , replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity .	regional and tribal	What identities did the RCC try to dissuade ?
In doing so , they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime , and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity .	Sabha	Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971 ?
In doing so , they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime , and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity .	counter-revolutionary activity	What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971 ?
Realizing the failures of the modernizers , Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union -LRB- ASU -RRB- , a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president .	Arab Socialist Union	Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period ?
The RCC implemented measures for social reform , adopting sharia as a basis .	sharia	On what philosophy was the RCC 's social reforms based ?
The consumption of alcohol was banned , night clubs and Christian churches were shut down , traditional Libyan dress was encouraged , while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs .	Arabic	What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya ?
From 1969 to 1973 , the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money , which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education .	1969 to 1973	During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created ?
The consumption of alcohol was banned , night clubs and Christian churches were shut down , traditional Libyan dress was encouraged , while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs .	Christian	What religion was suppressed in Libya ?
The consumption of alcohol was banned , night clubs and Christian churches were shut down , traditional Libyan dress was encouraged , while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs .	alcohol	What beverage did the Libyan government ban ?
The influence of Nasser 's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent .	Arab nationalism	What philosophy influenced the RCC ?
The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt , Syria , Iraq and Sudan , with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC .	Syria	Along with Egypt , Iraq and Sudan , what country 's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government ?
The influence of Nasser 's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent .	Nasser	What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC ?
In December 1969 , Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification , and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join .	Egypt and Sudan	What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya ?
In December 1969 , Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification , and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join .	1969	In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded ?
After Nasser died in November 1970 , his successor , Anwar Sadat , suggested that rather than a unified state , they create a political federation , implemented in April 1971 ; in doing so , Egypt , Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money .	Nasser	Who did Anwar Sadat succeed ?
After Nasser died in November 1970 , his successor , Anwar Sadat , suggested that rather than a unified state , they create a political federation , implemented in April 1971 ; in doing so , Egypt , Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money .	unified state	What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation ?
After Nasser died in November 1970 , his successor , Anwar Sadat , suggested that rather than a unified state , they create a political federation , implemented in April 1971 ; in doing so , Egypt , Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money .	Egypt, Syria and Sudan	Along with Libya , what nations joined the political federation ?
In February 1972 , Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger , but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year .	1972	In what year was the merger charter signed ?
Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya 's radical direction , and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken .	September 1973	When did the federation have to be implemented by ?
After the 1969 coup , representatives of the Four Powers -- France , the United Kingdom , the United States and the Soviet Union -- were called to meet RCC representatives .	France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union	What nations comprised the Four Powers ?
Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi , in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup .	U.S.	Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970 ?
The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition , hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability .	U.K.	Along with the U.S. , what major power recognized Gaddafi 's government at an early date ?
The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970 .	June 1970	In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya ?
The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970 .	British	Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970 ?
Moving to reduce Italian influence , in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews .	Jews	In addition to Italians , what people were kicked out of Libya in 1970 ?
Orchestrating a military build-up , the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union .	France and the Soviet Union	Who did the RCC buy military equipment from ?
The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S. , who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets .	U.S.	Who were the adversaries of the Soviets during the Cold War ?
Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean , in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base , in turn offering them foreign aid .	Malta	Who did Libya offer foreign aid to in 1971 ?
His relationship with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat of Fatah was strained , with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action .	Yasser Arafat	What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi ?
His relationship with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat of Fatah was strained , with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action .	Fatah	What organization did Arafat belong to ?
He funded the Black September Organization who perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in West Germany , and had the killed militants ' bodies flown to Libya for a hero 's funeral .	Black September Organization	Who was responsible for the attack on Israeli athletes in 1972 ?
He funded the Black September Organization who perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in West Germany , and had the killed militants ' bodies flown to Libya for a hero 's funeral .	Munich	In what city did the 1972 attack on Israeli athletes occur ?
Gaddafi also welcomed the three surviving attackers in Tripoli following their release in exchange for the hostages of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615 a few weeks later and allowed them to go into hiding .	three	How many terrorists survived the 1972 Munich attack ?
Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya , which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World 's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism .	1970s	During what decade did Libya finance militant groups ?
Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded , sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other , as in the Eritrean War of Independence .	Eritrean War of Independence	During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides ?
Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world , including the Black Panther Party , Nation of Islam , Tupamaros , 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas , the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa , the Provisional Irish Republican Army , ETA , Sardinian nationalists , Action directe , the Red Brigades , and the Red Army Faction in Europe , and the Armenian Secret Army , Japanese Red Army , Free Aceh Movement , and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia .	Europe	On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate ?
Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya , which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World 's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism .	colonialism and neocolonialism	What was the Third World fighting against in the 1970s ?
Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world , including the Black Panther Party , Nation of Islam , Tupamaros , 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas , the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa , the Provisional Irish Republican Army , ETA , Sardinian nationalists , Action directe , the Red Brigades , and the Red Army Faction in Europe , and the Armenian Secret Army , Japanese Red Army , Free Aceh Movement , and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia .	Apartheid	What was the ANC combating ?
On 16 April 1973 , Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a `` Popular Revolution '' in a Zuwarah speech .	16 April 1973	On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a `` Popular Revolution '' ?
The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed , while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of bureaucracy and the bourgeoisie .	administrative	What type of revolution began as a result of the third point ?
He initiated this with a 5-point plan , the first point of which dissolved all existing laws , to be replaced by revolutionary enactments .	dissolved	What happened to Libya 's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi 's speech ?
He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya , Egypt , and France .	Egypt	Along with Libya and France , where did Gaddafi speak on the Popular Revolution ?
As part of this Popular Revolution , Gaddafi invited Libya 's people to found General People 's Committees as conduits for raising political consciousness .	General People's Committees	What were the Libyan people instructed to create in conjunction with the Popular Revolution ?
He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC , erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy , and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people .	traditional leaders	Along with the bureaucracy , who were the General People 's Committees directed at ?
Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils , Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of direct political participation that was more democratic than a traditional party-based representative system .	traditional party-based representative	What political system did Gaddafi claim was less democratic than the General People 's Committees ?
Operating in a pyramid structure , the base form of these Committees were local working groups , who sent elected representatives to the district level , and from there to the national level , divided between the General People 's Congress and the General People 's Committee .	pyramid	What kind of structure did the People 's Committee system use ?
The People 's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making , within the limits permitted by the RCC , but exacerbated tribal divisions .	tribal divisions	What negative consequence did the People 's Committees lead to ?
They also served as a surveillance system , aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the RCC , leading to the arrest of Ba'athists , Marxists and Islamists .	Marxists	Along with Ba'athists and Islamists , who was arrested as a result of the actions of the People 's Committees ?
Operating in a pyramid structure , the base form of these Committees were local working groups , who sent elected representatives to the district level , and from there to the national level , divided between the General People 's Congress and the General People 's Committee .	General People's Committee	Along with the General People 's Congress , what national body represented the People 's Committees ?
In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed by China 's political leader Mao Zedong .	Mao Zedong	Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory ?
In June 1973 , Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution .	June 1973	In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory ?
As part of this theory , Gaddafi praised nationalism as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism .	pan-Arab	What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded ?
Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist , thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism 's atheism .	Soviet Union	Along with the United States , what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist ?
Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist , thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism 's atheism .	capitalism	What economic philosophy was associated with the West ?
Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979 , collectively known as The Green Book .	three	Gaddafi 's written work on Third International Theory consisted of how many volumes ?
Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979 , collectively known as The Green Book .	1979	When was the last volume of Gaddafi 's work on Third International Theory published ?
Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979 , collectively known as The Green Book .	The Green Book	What was the title given to Gaddafi 's Third International Theory writings ?
Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy , outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct , participatory GPCs .	one	What volume of The Green Book discussed democracy ?
The second dealt with Gaddafi 's beliefs regarding socialism , while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe .	socialism	What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book ?
In September 1975 , Gaddafi purged the army , arresting around 200 senior officers , and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution .	1975	In what year was the Office for the Security of the Revolution founded ?
In 1976 , student demonstrations broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi , and were attacked by police and Gaddafist students .	1976	In what year did student protests occur in Benghazi ?
In September 1975 , Gaddafi purged the army , arresting around 200 senior officers , and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution .	200	How many senior officers were expelled fro the army in 1975 ?
In January 1977 , two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged ; Amnesty International condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes .	two	How many students were executed in January of 1977 ?
In January 1977 , two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged ; Amnesty International condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes .	Amnesty International	Who criticized the political execution of students and military officers that occurred in January 1977 ?
Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi 's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution .	Sadat	Whose rise to the presidency of Egypt led to the decline in relations between Egypt and Libya ?
In February 1973 , Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 , which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm .	Israeli	What nation 's military destroyed Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 ?
Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident , and in retaliation planned to destroy the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 , a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to Haifa for Israel 's 25th anniversary .	Haifa	What city was the destination of RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 ?
In February 1973 , Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 , which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm .	sandstorm	Why did Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 accidentally fly into Israel 's airspace ?
Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident , and in retaliation planned to destroy the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 , a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to Haifa for Israel 's 25th anniversary .	American	Jews from what nation chartered the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 ?
Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the Yom Kippur War against Israel without consulting him , and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war .	Syria	Who was allied with Egypt during the Yom Kippur War ?
Gaddafi become openly hostile to Egypt 's leader , calling for Sadat 's overthrow , and when Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry took Sadat 's side , Gaddafi by 1975 sponsored the Sudan People 's Liberation Army to overthrow Nimeiry .	Gaafar Nimeiry	Who was the president of Sudan in 1975 ?
Gaddafi become openly hostile to Egypt 's leader , calling for Sadat 's overthrow , and when Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry took Sadat 's side , Gaddafi by 1975 sponsored the Sudan People 's Liberation Army to overthrow Nimeiry .	Sudan People's Liberation Army	What revolutionary group sought to overthrow the president of Sudan ?
Focusing his attention elsewhere in Africa , in late 1972 and early 1973 , Libya invaded Chad to annex the uranium-rich Aouzou Strip .	Chad	Prior to the Libyan invasion , what country was the Aouzou Strip a part of ?
Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the Maghreb ; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union , the Arab Islamic Republic .	Tunisia	What country formed a political union with Libya in 1974 ?
Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the Maghreb ; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union , the Arab Islamic Republic .	Arab Islamic Republic	What was the name of the abortive political union between Tunisia and Libya in 1974 ?
Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba , the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia and soon abandoned .	Habib Bourguiba	Who was the president of Tunisia in 1974 ?
Turning his attention to Algeria , in 1975 Libya signed the Hassi Messaoud defence agreement allegedly to counter `` Moroccan expansionism '' , also funding the Polisario Front of Western Sahara in their independence struggle against Morocco .	Algeria	With what country did Libya conclude the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement ?
Turning his attention to Algeria , in 1975 Libya signed the Hassi Messaoud defence agreement allegedly to counter `` Moroccan expansionism '' , also funding the Polisario Front of Western Sahara in their independence struggle against Morocco .	Moroccan	Against what government was the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement directed against ?
Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic , it was replaced by the Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya -LRB- Arabic : الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية , al-Jamāhīrīyah al - ` Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha ` bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah -RRB- , a `` state of the masses '' conceptualized by Gaddafi .	Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2 , 1977 ?
Officially , the Jamahiriya was a direct democracy in which the people ruled themselves through the 187 Basic People 's Congresses , where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions .	187	How many Basic People 's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya ?
These then sent members to the annual General People 's Congress , which was broadcast live on television .	General People's Congress	What body did the members elected by the Basic People 's Congresses attend ?
Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic , it was replaced by the Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya -LRB- Arabic : الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية , al-Jamāhīrīyah al - ` Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha ` bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah -RRB- , a `` state of the masses '' conceptualized by Gaddafi .	Libyan Arab Republic	What was the official name of Libya prior to the establishment of the Jamahiriya ?
These then sent members to the annual General People 's Congress , which was broadcast live on television .	annual	How often did the General People 's Congress occur ?
Debate remained limited , and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily ; the GPC largely remained `` a rubber stamp '' for Gaddafi 's policies .	a rubber stamp	What was the GPC accused of being vis-à-vis Gaddafi ?
On rare occasions , the GPC opposed Gaddafi 's suggestions , sometimes successfully ; notably , when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished , believing that home schooling was healthier for children , the GPC rejected the idea .	primary schools to be abolished	What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against ?
On rare occasions , the GPC opposed Gaddafi 's suggestions , sometimes successfully ; notably , when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished , believing that home schooling was healthier for children , the GPC rejected the idea .	home schooling	What type of education did Gaddafi prefer to primary schools ?
In other instances , Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC 's support , such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces .	allow women into the armed forces	What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC ?
With preceding legal institutions abolished , Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the Qur ` an for legal guidance , adopting sharia law ; he proclaimed `` man-made '' laws unnatural and dictatorial , only permitting Allah 's law .	Qur'an	What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice ?
Within a year he was backtracking , announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property , contravening The Green Book 's socialism .	protection of private property	What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism ?
That year , Gaddafi was invited to Moscow by the Soviet government in recognition of their increasing commercial relationship .	commercial	What relationship led the Soviets to invite Gaddafi to Moscow ?
His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur ` an led conservative clerics to accuse him of shirk , furthering their opposition to his regime .	shirk	What did conservative Muslim clerics accuse Gaddafi of ?
In July , a border war broke out with Egypt , in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority .	Egypt	Who won a border war with Libya ?
In December 1978 , Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC , announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities ; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government .	1978	In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC ?
In December 1978 , Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC , announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities ; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government .	Secretary-General	Prior to his resignation , what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC ?
Although no longer in a formal governmental post , he adopted the title of `` Leader of the Revolution '' and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces .	Leader of the Revolution	After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC , what title did he take ?
Although no longer in a formal governmental post , he adopted the title of `` Leader of the Revolution '' and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces .	commander-in-chief	What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces ?
In September , Gaddafi called for the People 's Committees to eliminate the `` bureaucracy of the public sector '' and the `` dictatorship of the private sector '' ; the People 's Committees took control of several hundred companies , converting them into worker cooperatives run by elected representatives .	public sector	In September of 1978 , what bureaucracy did Gaddafi speak out against ?
In September , Gaddafi called for the People 's Committees to eliminate the `` bureaucracy of the public sector '' and the `` dictatorship of the private sector '' ; the People 's Committees took control of several hundred companies , converting them into worker cooperatives run by elected representatives .	private sector	What `` dictatorship '' did Gaddafi attack in September of 1978 ?
In September , Gaddafi called for the People 's Committees to eliminate the `` bureaucracy of the public sector '' and the `` dictatorship of the private sector '' ; the People 's Committees took control of several hundred companies , converting them into worker cooperatives run by elected representatives .	worker cooperatives	After People 's Committees expropriated companies , what did they turn them into ?
In September , Gaddafi called for the People 's Committees to eliminate the `` bureaucracy of the public sector '' and the `` dictatorship of the private sector '' ; the People 's Committees took control of several hundred companies , converting them into worker cooperatives run by elected representatives .	several hundred	How many companies were taken over by People 's Committees ?
On 2 March 1979 , the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution , the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees , who operated in tandem with the People 's Committees in schools , universities , unions , the police force and the military .	2 March 1979,	On what date did the GPC separate the revolution from the government ?
Dominated by revolutionary zealots , the Revolutionary Committees were led by Mohammad Maghgoub and a Central Coordinating Office , and met with Gaddafi annually .	Mohammad Maghgoub	Who was the leader of the Revolutionary Committees ?
Publishing a weekly magazine The Green March -LRB- al-Zahf al-Akhdar -RRB- , in October 1980 they took control of the press .	The Green March	What was the English name of the magazine published by the Revolutionary Committees ?
Publishing a weekly magazine The Green March -LRB- al-Zahf al-Akhdar -RRB- , in October 1980 they took control of the press .	weekly	How often was al-Zahf al-Akhdar published ?
On 2 March 1979 , the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution , the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees , who operated in tandem with the People 's Committees in schools , universities , unions , the police force and the military .	Revolutionary Committees	What bodies represented the revolution after the separation of government and revolution ?
In 1979 , the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain , continuing through 1981 .	Jefara plain	Where did land redistribution begin in 1979 ?
In 1979 , the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain , continuing through 1981 .	1981	When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end ?
In May 1980 , measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented ; anyone with over 1000 dinar in his bank account saw that extra money expropriated .	1000 dinar	What was the maximum amount of money a person could have in their bank account without having it expropriated in 1980 ?
The following year , the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import , export and distribution functions , with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses ; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer goods and the development of a thriving black market .	state supermarkets	What took the place of private businesses in 1981 ?
The following year , the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import , export and distribution functions , with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses ; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer goods and the development of a thriving black market .	black market	As a result of the 1981 laws putting the government in control of commerce , what began to thrive ?
In February 1978 , Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him , and began to increasingly entrust security to his Qaddadfa tribe .	Qaddadfa	What tribe did Gaddafi belong to ?
In February 1978 , Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him , and began to increasingly entrust security to his Qaddadfa tribe .	head of military intelligence	What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978 ?
Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya -LRB- NFSL -RRB- , founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf , which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya 's government , while another , al-Borkan , began killing Libyan diplomats abroad .	National Front for the Salvation of Libya	In 1981 , what Libyan opposition group was founded ?
Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya -LRB- NFSL -RRB- , founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf , which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya 's government , while another , al-Borkan , began killing Libyan diplomats abroad .	Mohammed Magariaf	Who founded the NFSL ?
Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya -LRB- NFSL -RRB- , founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf , which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya 's government , while another , al-Borkan , began killing Libyan diplomats abroad .	al-Borkan,	What group notably murdered Libyan diplomats ?
In 1979 , the U.S. placed Libya on its list of `` State Sponsors of Terrorism '' , while at the end of the year a demonstration torched the U.S. embassy in Tripoli in solidarity with the perpetrators of the Iran hostage crisis .	State Sponsors of Terrorism	What list did the United States add Libya to in 1979 ?
In 1979 , the U.S. placed Libya on its list of `` State Sponsors of Terrorism '' , while at the end of the year a demonstration torched the U.S. embassy in Tripoli in solidarity with the perpetrators of the Iran hostage crisis .	Tripoli	In what Libyan city was the United States embassy burned in 1979 ?
In 1979 , the U.S. placed Libya on its list of `` State Sponsors of Terrorism '' , while at the end of the year a demonstration torched the U.S. embassy in Tripoli in solidarity with the perpetrators of the Iran hostage crisis .	Iran hostage crisis	What event prompted the burning of the US embassy in Libya ?
In 1980 , they proposed a political union , with Libya paying off Syria 's # 1 billion debt to the Soviet Union ; although pressures led Assad to pull out , they remained allies .	£1 billion	How much money did Syria owe to the Soviets as of 1980 ?
Another key ally was Uganda , and in 1979 , Gaddafi sent 2,500 troops into Uganda to defend the regime of President Idi Amin from Tanzanian invaders .	Tanzanian	What country 's military was attacking Uganda in 1979 ?
The early and mid-1980s saw economic trouble for Libya ; from 1982 to 1986 , the country 's annual oil revenues dropped from $ 21 billion to $ 5.4 billion .	$5.4 billion	How much money did Libya earn from oil in 1986 ?
Focusing on irrigation projects , 1983 saw construction start on `` Gaddafi 's Pet Project '' , the Great Man-Made River ; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade , it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century .	Gaddafi's Pet Project	What was another name for the Great Man-Made River ?
Libya had long supported the FROLINAT militia in neighbouring Chad , and in December 1980 , re-invaded Chad at the request of the Frolinat-controlled GUNT government to aid in the civil war ; in January 1981 , Gaddafi suggested a political merger .	Chad	In what country did FROLINAT operate ?
The Organisation of African Unity -LRB- OAU -RRB- rejected this , and called for a Libyan withdrawal , which came about in November 1981 .	1981	In what year did the Libyan military pull out of Chad at the behest of the OAU ?
Proposing political unity with Morocco , in August 1984 , Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch Hassan II signed the Oujda Treaty , forming the Arab-African Union ; such a union was considered surprising due to the strong political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two governments .	Hassan II	Who was the ruler of Morocco in 1984 ?
In turn , Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets , visiting Moscow again in April 1981 and 1985 , and threatening to join the Warsaw Pact .	1981 and 1985	In what years did Gaddafi visit the Soviet Union ?
In 1981 , the new US President Ronald Reagan pursued a hard line approach to Libya , erroneously considering it a puppet regime of the Soviet Union .	a puppet regime of the Soviet Union	What did Reagan wrongly believe Libya to be ?
In turn , Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets , visiting Moscow again in April 1981 and 1985 , and threatening to join the Warsaw Pact .	Warsaw Pact	As a result of American hostility , what military alliance did Libya say it would join ?
Beginning military exercises in the Gulf of Sirte -- an area of sea that Libya claimed as a part of its territorial waters -- in August 1981 the U.S. shot down two Libyan Su-22 planes monitoring them .	Su-22	What Libyan aircraft were shot down by the United States in 1981 ?
Diplomatic relations also broke down with the U.K. , after Libyan diplomats were accused in the shooting death of Yvonne Fletcher , a British policewoman stationed outside their London embassy , in April 1984 .	policewoman	What was the occupation of Yvonne Fletcher ?
In Operation El Dorado Canyon , orchestrated on 15 April 1986 , U.S. military planes launched a series of air-strikes on Libya , bombing military installations in various parts of the country , killing around 100 Libyans , including several civilians .	100	About how many Libyans died in Operation El Dorado Canyon ?
After the U.S. accused Libya of orchestrating the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing , in which two American soldiers died , Reagan decided to retaliate militarily .	1986 Berlin discotheque bombing	What terrorist attack did the United States claim Libya supported ?
After the U.S. accused Libya of orchestrating the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing , in which two American soldiers died , Reagan decided to retaliate militarily .	two	How many Americans died in the Berlin disco bombing of 1986 ?
Himself unharmed , two of Gaddafi 's sons were injured , and he claimed that his four-year-old adopted daughter Hanna was killed , although her existence has since been questioned .	Hanna	What was the name of Gaddafi 's daughter who may not have existed ?
The Central Intelligence Agency were critical of the move , believing that Syria were a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi 's reputation ; however Libya was recognised as a `` soft target . ''	Syria	What country did the CIA believe Reagan should attack instead of Libya ?
In May 1987 , Gaddafi announced the start of the `` Revolution within a Revolution '' , which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business .	1987	In what year did the `` Revolution within a Revolution '' begin ?
Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees ; in March 1988 , their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role , while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticised them , asserting that `` they deviated , harmed , tortured '' and that `` the true revolutionary does not practise repression . ''	1988	In what year was the Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership created ?
In June , Libya 's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses , in which 27 articles laid out goals , rights and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya , restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition .	27	How many articles were contained in the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses ?
Also in 1989 , the government founded the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights , to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism ; the first year 's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela .	Nelson Mandela	Who won the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights in 1989 ?
Also in 1989 , the government founded the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights , to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism ; the first year 's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela .	South African	What was Mandela 's nationality ?
In the aftermath of the 1986 U.S. attack , the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements , and in 1988 , Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police .	army and police	What bodies were intended to be replaced by the popular militia created in 1988 ?
In 1987 , Libya began production of mustard gas at a facility in Rabta , although publicly denying it was stockpiling chemical weapons , and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons .	Rabta	Where did Libya manufacture mustard gas ?
In 1987 , Libya began production of mustard gas at a facility in Rabta , although publicly denying it was stockpiling chemical weapons , and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons .	mustard gas	What chemical weapon did Libya start making in 1987 ?
In October 1993 , elements of the increasingly marginalised army initiated a failed coup in Misrata , while in September 1995 , Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi , and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli .	Misrata	Where did an abortive coup occur in 1993 ?
In October 1993 , elements of the increasingly marginalised army initiated a failed coup in Misrata , while in September 1995 , Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi , and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli .	Benghazi	Where did a Muslim insurgency take place in 1995 ?
In 1989 , Gaddafi was overjoyed by the foundation of the Arab Maghreb Union , uniting Libya in an economic pact with Mauritania , Morocco , Tunisia and Algeria , viewing it as beginnings of a new Pan-Arab union .	Mauritania	Along with Libya , Morocco , Tunisia and Algeria , who was a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union ?
British police investigations identified two Libyans -- Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah -- as the chief suspects , and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over .	Abdelbaset al-Megrahi	Along with Lamin Khalifah Fhimah , who was suspected of the attack on Pan Am Flight 103 ?
Meanwhile , Libya stepped up its support for anti-western militants such as the Provisional IRA , and in 1988 , Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Scotland , killing 243 passengers and 16 crew members , plus 11 people on the ground .	11	How many people not on Pan Am Flight 103 were killed by its destruction ?
When Gaddafi refused , citing the Montreal Convention , the United Nations -LRB- UN -RRB- imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992 , initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country 's economy .	748	What 1992 UN Resolution imposed sanctions on Libya for its refusal to hand over the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing suspects ?
The country suffered an estimated $ 900 million financial loss as a result .	$900 million	What was the value of the economic losses experienced by Libya as a result of Resolution 748 ?
From 1997 to 2000 , Libya initiated cooperative agreements or bilateral aid arrangements with 10 African states , and in 1999 joined the Community of Sahel-Saharan States .	Community of Sahel-Saharan States	What organization did Libya join in 1999 ?
In June 1999 , Gaddafi visited Mandela in South Africa , and the following month attended the OAU summit in Algiers , calling for greater political and economic integration across the continent and advocating the foundation of a United States of Africa .	Algiers	Where did the OAU summit in July 1999 occur ?
He became one of the founders of the African Union -LRB- AU -RRB- , initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU ; at the opening ceremonies , he proclaimed that African states should reject conditional aid from the developed world , a direct contrast to the message of South African President Thabo Mbeki .	African Union	What organization was founded in July of 2002 ?
In June 2005 , Libya joined the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa -LRB- COMESA -RRB- , and in August 2008 Gaddafi was proclaimed `` King of Kings '' by an assembled committee of traditional African leaders .	Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa	What is COMESA ?
He became one of the founders of the African Union -LRB- AU -RRB- , initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU ; at the opening ceremonies , he proclaimed that African states should reject conditional aid from the developed world , a direct contrast to the message of South African President Thabo Mbeki .	Thabo Mbeki	Who was the president of South Africa circa 2002 ?
Libya also cemented connections with China and North Korea , being visited by Chinese President Jiang Zemin in April 2002 .	Jiang Zemin	What world leader notably visited Libya in 2002 ?
Influenced by the events of the Iraq War , in December 2003 , Libya renounced its possession of weapons of mass destruction , decommissioning its chemical and nuclear weapons programs .	Iraq War	What conflict prompted Libya to end its nuclear weapons program ?
Relations with the U.S. improved as a result , while UK Prime Minister Tony Blair met with Gaddafi in the Libyan desert in March 2004 .	Tony Blair	What world leader visited Gaddafi in 2004 ?
The following month , Gaddafi travelled to the headquarters of the European Union -LRB- EU -RRB- in Brussels , signifying improved relations between Libya and the EU , the latter ending its remaining sanctions in October .	Brussels	In what city is the EU headquarters located ?
In October 2010 , the EU paid Libya $ 50 million to stop African migrants passing into Europe ; Gaddafi encouraged the move , saying that it was necessary to prevent the loss of European cultural identity to a new `` Black Europe '' .	€50 million	How much money did Libya receive to stem the flow of African migrants into Europe ?
Gaddafi welcomed these reforms , calling for wide-scale privatization in a March 2003 speech .	March 2003	In what month and year did Gaddafi make a speech promoting economic privatization ?
In 2003 , the oil industry was largely sold to private corporations , and by 2004 , there was $ 40 billion of direct foreign investment in Libya , a sixfold rise over 2003 .	$40 billion	How much direct foreign investment existed in Libya circa 2004 ?
In 2003 , the oil industry was largely sold to private corporations , and by 2004 , there was $ 40 billion of direct foreign investment in Libya , a sixfold rise over 2003 .	sixfold	By what factor did direct foreign investment in Libya increase between 2003 and 2004 ?
In 2010 , plans were announced that would have seen half the Libyan economy privatized over the following decade .	half	According to the plan of 2010 , what fraction of Libya 's economy was intended to be privatized ?
Rising numbers of reformist technocrats attained positions in the country 's governance ; best known was Gaddafi 's son and heir apparent Saif al-Islam Gaddafi , who was openly critical of Libya 's human rights record .	Saif al-Islam Gaddafi	As of October 2009 , who was the head of the PSLC ?
Following the start of the Arab Spring in 2011 , Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali , then threatened by the Tunisian Revolution .	2011	In what year did the so-called Arab Spring occur ?
Following the start of the Arab Spring in 2011 , Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali , then threatened by the Tunisian Revolution .	Zine El Abidine Ben Ali	Who was the president of Tunisia in 2011 ?
Unlike Tunisia or Egypt , Libya was largely religiously homogenous and had no strong Islamist movement , but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage , while unemployment had reached around 30 % .	30	About what percentage of the Libyan population was unemployed in 2011 ?
They proved ineffective , and on 17 February 2011 , major protests broke out against Gaddafi 's government .	17 February	On what date in 2011 did protests begin in Libya ?
Unlike Tunisia or Egypt , Libya was largely religiously homogenous and had no strong Islamist movement , but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage , while unemployment had reached around 30 % .	patronage	Along with corruption , what were Libyans upset with in 2011 ?
Accusing the rebels of being `` drugged '' and linked to al-Qaeda , Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a martyr rather than leave Libya .	al-Qaeda	Who did Gaddafi accuse the Libyan rebels of being linked to ?
As he announced that the rebels would be `` hunted down street by street , house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe '' , the army opened fire on protests in Benghazi , killing hundreds .	hundreds	How many protesters were killed in Benghazi ?
By February 's end , eastern cities like Benghazi , Misrata , al-Bayda and Tobruk were controlled by rebels , and the Benghazi-based National Transitional Council -LRB- NTC -RRB- had been founded to represent them .	National Transitional Council	What rebel organization was founded in Benghazi ?
The uprising spread quickly through Libya 's less economically developed eastern half .	eastern	Cities in what geographic part of Libya were controlled by rebels ?
By February 's end , eastern cities like Benghazi , Misrata , al-Bayda and Tobruk were controlled by rebels , and the Benghazi-based National Transitional Council -LRB- NTC -RRB- had been founded to represent them .	al-Bayda and Tobruk	Along with Benghazi and Misrata , what cities did the rebels control in February ?
On 26 February the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1970 , suspending Libya from the UN Human Rights Council , implementing sanctions and calling for an International Criminal Court -LRB- ICC -RRB- investigation into the killing of unarmed civilians .	UN Human Rights Council	As a result of Resolution 1970 , what body was Libya suspended from ?
In March , the Security Council declared a no fly zone to protect the civilian population from aerial bombardment , calling on foreign nations to enforce it ; it also specifically prohibited foreign occupation .	March	In what month did the UN Security Council set up a no fly zone ?
Ignoring this , Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents , and along with France and the United Arab Emirates provided the NTC with weaponry and training .	hundreds	How many troops did Qatar send to Libya ?
Ignoring this , Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents , and along with France and the United Arab Emirates provided the NTC with weaponry and training .	United Arab Emirates	Along with Qatar and France , what nation helped to train the NTC ?
On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi 's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli , though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed .	30 April	On what date did NATO kill Gaddafi 's son ?
U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was `` not targeting Gaddafi specifically '' but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets -- including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April .	Secretary of Defense	At the time of these events , what was Robert Gates ' title ?
On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi 's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli , though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed .	NATO	What organization killed Gaddafi 's grandsons ?
U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was `` not targeting Gaddafi specifically '' but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets -- including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April .	Tripoli	What city did NATO bomb on 25 April ?
On 27 June , the ICC issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi , his son Saif al-Islam , and his brother-in-law Abdullah Senussi , head of state security , for charges concerning crimes against humanity .	head of state security	What position was held by Gaddafi 's brother-in-law ?
On 15 July 2011 , at a meeting in Istanbul , over 30 governments recognised the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya .	30	About how many governments recognized the legitimacy of the NTC at a meeting on July 15 , 2011 ?
On 15 July 2011 , at a meeting in Istanbul , over 30 governments recognised the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya .	Istanbul	Where did the July 15 , 2011 meeting take place ?
On 27 June , the ICC issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi , his son Saif al-Islam , and his brother-in-law Abdullah Senussi , head of state security , for charges concerning crimes against humanity .	Saif al-Islam	Which child of Gaddafi did the ICC issue an arrest warrant for on June 27 ?
On 27 June , the ICC issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi , his son Saif al-Islam , and his brother-in-law Abdullah Senussi , head of state security , for charges concerning crimes against humanity .	Abdullah Senussi	Who is Gaddafi 's brother-in-law ?
Gaining the support of Amazigh -LRB- Berber -RRB- communities of the Nafusa Mountains , who had long been persecuted as non-Arabic speakers under Gaddafi , the NTC armies surrounded Gaddafi loyalists in several key areas of western Libya .	Berber	What is another term for the Amazigh ?
On 25 August , the Arab League recognised the NTC to be `` the legitimate representative of the Libyan state '' , on which basis Libya would resume its membership in the League .	25 August	On what date did the NTC government enter the Arab League ?
Now with NATO support in the form of air cover , the rebel militia pushed westward , defeating loyalist armies and securing control of the centre of the country .	NATO	What organization provided air support to the Libyan rebels ?
In August , the rebels seized Zliten and Tripoli , ending the last vestiges of Gaddafist power .	Zliten and Tripoli	What were the last two cities to be controlled by Gaddafi 's government ?
Only a few towns in western Libya -- such as Bani Walid , Sebha and Sirte -- remained Gaddafist strongholds .	western	In what geographic part of Libya is Bani Walid located ?
Retreating to Sirte after Tripoli 's fall , Gaddafi announced his willingness to negotiate for a handover to a transitional government , a suggestion rejected by the NTC .	Sirte	After Tripoli was conquered , where did Gaddafi go ?
On 20 October , Gaddafi broke out of Sirte 's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy , hoping to take refuge in the Jarref Valley .	Jarref	Leaving Sirte , what valley did Gaddafi hope to travel to ?
At around 8.30 am , NATO bombers attacked , destroying at least 14 vehicles and killing at least 53 .	53	About how many people were killed in the October 20 bombing of Gaddafi 's convoy ?
Fleeing to a construction site , Gaddafi and his inner cohort hid inside drainage pipes while his bodyguards battled the rebels ; in the conflict , Gaddafi suffered head injuries from a grenade blast while defence minister Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr was killed .	grenade blast	After fleeing to a construction site , how was Gaddafi injured ?
Other eye-witness accounts claimed that rebels had fatally shot Gaddafi in the stomach ; a rebel identifying himself as Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi later claimed responsibility .	Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi	Who claimed to have murdered Gaddafi ?
Gaddafi 's son Mutassim , who had also been among the convoy , was also captured , and found dead several hours later , most probably from an extrajudicial execution .	Mutassim	What son of Gaddafi , present in the convoy , was found dead shortly after being captured ?
His semi-naked , lifeless body was then placed into an ambulance and taken to Misrata ; upon arrival , he was found to be dead .	Misrata	Where did an ambulance take Gaddafi after he was murdered ?
Libya 's chief forensic pathologist , Dr. Othman al-Zintani , carried out the autopsies of Gaddafi , his son and Jabr in the days following their deaths ; although the pathologist initially told the press that Gaddafi had died from a gunshot wound to the head , the autopsy report was not made public .	Dr. Othman al-Zintani	Who was the chief forensic pathologist of Libya ?
Around 140 Gaddafi loyalists were rounded up from the convoy ; tied up and abused , the corpses of 66 were found at the nearby Mahari Hotel , victims of extrajudicial execution .	66	How many bodies of Gaddafi supporters were found at the Mahari Hotel ?
On the afternoon of Gaddafi 's death , NTC Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril publicly revealed the news .	Mahmoud Jibril	Who was the prime minister of the NTC ?
Gaddafi 's corpse was placed in the freezer of a local market alongside the corpses of Yunis Jabr and Mutassim ; the bodies were publicly displayed for four days , with Libyans from all over the country coming to view them .	four	For how many days was Gaddafi 's corpse displayed in public ?
Seeking vengeance for the killing , Gaddafist sympathisers fatally wounded one of those who had captured Gaddafi , Omran Shaaban , near Bani Walid in September 2012 .	Omran Shaaban	Who was killed by Gaddafi supporters for his role in Gaddafi 's capture ?
Seeking vengeance for the killing , Gaddafist sympathisers fatally wounded one of those who had captured Gaddafi , Omran Shaaban , near Bani Walid in September 2012 .	Bani Walid	Near what town was Oran Shaaban killed ?
On 25 October , the NTC announced that Gaddafi had been buried at an unidentified location in the desert ; Al Aan TV showed amateur video footage of the funeral .	25 October	On what date did the NTC announce Gaddafi 's burial ?
As a schoolboy , Gaddafi adopted the ideologies of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism , influenced in particular by Nasserism , the thought of Egyptian revolutionary and president Gamal Abdel Nasser , whom Gaddafi adopted as his hero .	Nasserism	What philosophy was named for Gamal Abdel Nasser ?
During the early 1970s , Gaddafi formulated his own particular approach to Arab nationalism and socialism , known as Third International Theory , which has been described as a combination of `` utopian socialism , Arab nationalism , and the Third World revolutionary theory that was in vogue at the time '' .	Third International Theory	What did Gaddafi call his political philosophy created in the 1970s ?
During the early 1970s , Gaddafi formulated his own particular approach to Arab nationalism and socialism , known as Third International Theory , which has been described as a combination of `` utopian socialism , Arab nationalism , and the Third World revolutionary theory that was in vogue at the time '' .	Third World revolutionary theory	What philosophy was combined with socialism and nationalism to form Third International Theory ?
He laid out the principles of this Theory in the three volumes of The Green Book , in which he sought to `` explain the structure of the ideal society . ''	three	The Green Book consisted of how many volumes ?
He described his approach to economics as `` Islamic socialism '' , although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that Gaddafi 's socialism had a `` curiously Marxist undertone '' , with political scientist Sami Hajjar arguing that Gaddafi 's model of socialism offered a simplification of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels ' theories .	political scientist	What is the occupation of Sami Hajjar ?
Raised within the Sunni branch of Islam , Gaddafi called for the implementation of sharia within Libya .	Sunni	What variety of Islam was Gaddafi raised in ?
He also funded the construction and renovation of two mosques in Africa , including Uganda 's Kampala Mosque .	Uganda	In what country is Kampala Mosque located ?
Gaddafi 's ideological worldview was moulded by his environment , namely his Islamic faith , his Bedouin upbringing , and his disgust at the actions of European colonialists in Libya .	Bedouin	In what ethnic culture was Gaddafi raised ?
On a 2010 visit to Italy , he paid a modelling agency to find 200 young Italian women for a lecture he gave urging them to convert .	2010	In what year did Gaddafi notably visit Italy ?
In large part due to their support of Israel , Gaddafi despised the United States , considering the country to be imperialist and lambasting it as `` the embodiment of evil . ''	United States	What country did Gaddafi refer to as `` the embodiment of evil '' ?
In 2007 , he advocated the Isratin single-state solution to the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , stating that `` the -LSB- Israel-Palestine -RSB- solution is to establish a democratic state for the Jews and the Palestinians ... This is the fundamental solution , or else the Jews will be annihilated in the future , because the Palestinians have -LSB- strategic -RSB- depth . ''	Isratin single-state solution	How did Gaddafi believe the Israel-Palestine conflict should be resolved ?
Rallying against Jews in many of his speeches , his anti-Semitism has been described as `` almost Hitlerian '' by Blundy and Lycett .	Blundy and Lycett	Who compared Gaddafi to Hitler ?
In large part due to their support of Israel , Gaddafi despised the United States , considering the country to be imperialist and lambasting it as `` the embodiment of evil . ''	support of Israel	What was a major factor in Gaddafi 's hatred of the United States ?
Gaddafi was a very private individual , who described himself as a `` simple revolutionary '' and `` pious Muslim '' called upon by Allah to continue Nasser 's work .	Nasser	Whose efforts did Gaddafi see himself as continuing ?
Reporter Mirella Bianco found that his friends considered him particularly loyal and generous , and asserted that he adored children .	Mirella Bianco	Who stated that Gaddafi was fond of children ?
Gaddafi was a very private individual , who described himself as a `` simple revolutionary '' and `` pious Muslim '' called upon by Allah to continue Nasser 's work .	Muslim	What was Gaddafi 's religious affiliation ?
Reporter Mirella Bianco found that his friends considered him particularly loyal and generous , and asserted that he adored children .	Reporter	What is Mirella Biano 's occupation ?
His father said that he was courageous , intelligent , pious , and family oriented .	His father	Who remarked on Gaddafi 's family orientation ?
Annick Cojean , a journalist for Le Monde , wrote in her book , Gaddafi 's Harem that Gaddafi had raped , tortured , performed urolagnia , and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of women , usually very young .	Le Monde	What publication did Annick Cojean work for ?
Another source -- Libyan psychologist Seham Sergewa -- reported that several of his female bodyguards claim to have been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials .	Libyan	What is the nationality of Seham Sergewa ?
After the civil war , Luis Moreno Ocampo , prosecutor for the International Criminal Court , said there was evidence that Gaddafi told soldiers to rape women who had spoken out against his regime .	Luis Moreno Ocampo	What ICC prosector claimed that Gaddafi had ordered soldiers to rape opposition women ?
Annick Cojean , a journalist for Le Monde , wrote in her book , Gaddafi 's Harem that Gaddafi had raped , tortured , performed urolagnia , and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of women , usually very young .	Gaddafi's Harem	What book was written by Annick Cojean ?
Following his ascension to power , Gaddafi moved into the Bab al-Azizia barracks , a six-mile long fortified compound located two miles from the center of Tripoli .	two miles	How far is the Bab al-Azizia barracks from Tripoli ?
His home and office at Azizia was a bunker designed by West German engineers , while the rest of his family lived in a large two-story building .	West German engineers	Who designed Gaddafi 's Azizia home ?
Within the compound were also two tennis courts , a soccer field , several gardens , camels , and a Bedouin tent in which he entertained guests .	two	How many tennis courts existed in Gaddafi 's compound ?
In November 2011 , The Sunday Times identified property worth # 1 billion in the UK that Gaddafi allegedly owned .	£1 billion	What was the value of Gaddafi 's supposed British property holdings as of November 2011 ?
Gaddafi had an Airbus A340 private jet , which he bought from Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal of Saudi Arabia for $ 120 million in 2003 .	$120 million	How much did Gaddafi pay for his Airbus A340 ?
She was the daughter of General Khalid , a senior figure in King Idris ' administration , and was from a middle-class background .	General Khalid	Who was Gaddafi 's first father-in-law ?
Although they had one son , Muhammad Gaddafi -LRB- b. 1970 -RRB- , their relationship was strained , and they divorced in 1970 .	1970	When was Gaddafi 's son by Fatiha al-Nuri born ?
Gaddafi 's second wife was Safia Farkash , née el-Brasai , a former nurse from Obeidat tribe born in Bayda .	el-Brasai	What was the maiden surname of Gaddafi 's second wife ?
Gaddafi 's second wife was Safia Farkash , née el-Brasai , a former nurse from Obeidat tribe born in Bayda .	Obeidat	What tribe did Safia Farkash belong to ?
Together they had seven biological children : Saif al-Islam Gaddafi -LRB- b. 1972 -RRB- , Al-Saadi Gaddafi -LRB- b. 1973 -RRB- , Mutassim Gaddafi -LRB- 1974 -- 2011 -RRB- , Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi -LRB- b. 1975 -RRB- , Ayesha Gaddafi -LRB- b. 1976 -RRB- , Saif al-Arab Gaddafi -LRB- 1982 -- 2011 -RRB- , and Khamis Gaddafi -LRB- 1983 -- 2011 -RRB- .	2011	When did Khamis Gaddafi die ?
Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that he was `` a populist at heart . ''	Blundy and Lycett	Who referred to Gaddafi as a populist ?
Although Bianco thought he had a `` gift for oratory '' , he was considered a poor orator by biographers Blundy and Lycett .	Bianco	Who stated that Gaddafi was a gifted speaker ?
Biographer Daniel Kawczynski noted that Gaddafi was famed for his `` lengthy , wandering '' speeches , which typically involved criticising Israel and the U.S.	Daniel Kawczynski	Who noted that Gaddafi made long speeches ?
He once said that HIV was `` a peaceful virus , not an aggressive virus '' and assured attendees at the African Union that `` if you are straight you have nothing to fear from AIDS '' .	peaceful	What sort of virus did Gaddafi describe HIV as ?
He also said that the H1N1 influenza virus was a biological weapon manufactured by a foreign military , and he assured Africans that the tsetse fly and mosquito were `` God 's armies which will protect us against colonialists '' .	a foreign military	Who did Gaddafi claim created H1N1 ?
He also said that the H1N1 influenza virus was a biological weapon manufactured by a foreign military , and he assured Africans that the tsetse fly and mosquito were `` God 's armies which will protect us against colonialists '' .	tsetse fly and mosquito	According to Gaddafi , what insects made up God 's armies ?
Should these ` enemies ' come to Africa , `` they will get malaria and sleeping sickness '' .	malaria and sleeping sickness	What illnesses did Gaddafi claim would afflict invading colonialists ?
Starting in the 1980s , he travelled with his all-female Amazonian Guard , who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy .	Amazonian Guard	What was the name of Gaddafi 's female bodyguard ?
Starting in the 1980s , he travelled with his all-female Amazonian Guard , who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy .	1980s	In what decade was Gaddafi first accompanied by his female bodyguard ?
He hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him and his family 's health , and traveled everywhere with his trusted Ukrainian nurse Halyna Kolotnytska .	Ukrainian	What is Halyna Kolotnytska 's nationality ?
He hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him and his family 's health , and traveled everywhere with his trusted Ukrainian nurse Halyna Kolotnytska .	nurse	What is the profession of Halyna Kolotnytska ?
Kolotnytska 's daughter denied the suggestion that the relationship was anything but professional .	professional	What sort of relationship did Gaddafi have with Halyna Kolotnytska ?
Supporters have also applauded achievements in medical care , praising the universal free healthcare provided under the Gaddafist administration , with diseases like cholera and typhoid being contained and life expectancy raised .	cholera and typhoid	What diseases were minimized by Gaddafi 's health care policies ?
Highlighting that under Gaddafi , all Libyans enjoyed free education to a university level , they point to the dramatic rise in literacy rates after the 1969 revolution .	free	What was the cost of primary and secondary education under Gaddafi ?
Such high standards declined during the 1980s , as a result of economic stagnation .	economic stagnation	Why did living standards decline in 1980s Libya ?
His opposition to Western governments earned him the respect of many in the Euro-American far right .	Euro-American far right	Due to his opposition to West governments , who notably respected Gaddafi ?
Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that under the first decade of Gaddafi 's leadership , life for most Libyans `` undoubtedly changed for the better '' as material conditions and wealth drastically improved , while Libyan studies specialist Lillian Craig Harris remarked that in the early years of his administration , Libya 's `` national wealth and international influence soared , and its national standard of living has risen dramatically . ''	Libyan studies specialist	What is the occupation of Lillian Craig Harris ?
During the Reagan administration , the United States regarded him as `` Public Enemy No. 1 '' and Reagan famously dubbed him the `` mad dog of the Middle East '' .	mad dog of the Middle East	What did Reagan call Gaddafi ?
Opponents were critical of Libya 's human rights abuses ; according to Human Rights Watch -LRB- HRW -RRB- and others , hundreds of arrested political opponents often failed to receive a fair trial , and were sometimes subjected to torture or extrajudicial execution , most notably in the Abu Salim prison , including an alleged massacre on 29 June 1996 in which HRW estimated that 1,270 prisoners were massacred .	1,270	According to Human Rights Watch , how many prisoners were killed on June 29 , 1996 ?
Gaddafi 's government was frequently criticized for not being democratic , with Freedom House consistently giving Libya under Gaddafi the `` Not Free '' ranking for civil liberties and political rights .	Not Free	Under Gaddafi , how did Freedom House rate Libya ?
Dissidents abroad or `` stray dogs '' were also publicly threatened with death and sometimes killed by government hit squads .	stray dogs	What did Gaddafi call Libya dissidents based outside the country ?
Opponents were critical of Libya 's human rights abuses ; according to Human Rights Watch -LRB- HRW -RRB- and others , hundreds of arrested political opponents often failed to receive a fair trial , and were sometimes subjected to torture or extrajudicial execution , most notably in the Abu Salim prison , including an alleged massacre on 29 June 1996 in which HRW estimated that 1,270 prisoners were massacred .	Abu Salim	At what prison did extrajudicial executions occur according to HRW ?
Contrastingly , former Cuban President Fidel Castro commented that in defying the rebels , Gaddafi would `` enter history as one of the great figures of the Arab nations '' , while Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez described him as `` a great fighter , a revolutionary and a martyr . ''	Hugo Chávez	Who referred to Gaddafi as a martyr ?
Nelson Mandela expressed sadness at the news , praising Gaddafi for his anti-apartheid stance , remarking that he backed the African National Congress during `` the darkest moments of our struggle '' .	Nelson Mandela	Who noted Gaddafi 's opposition to apartheid ?
U.S. President Barack Obama stated that it meant that `` the shadow of tyranny over Libya has been lifted , '' while UK Prime Minister David Cameron stated that he was `` proud '' of his country 's role in overthrowing `` this brutal dictator '' .	David Cameron	Who expressed pride at overthrowing Gaddafi 's government ?
Gaddafi was mourned by many as a hero across Sub-Saharan Africa , for instance , a vigil was held by Muslims in Sierra Leone .	Sierra Leone	In what country was there a notable Muslim vigil for Gaddafi ?
U.S. President Barack Obama stated that it meant that `` the shadow of tyranny over Libya has been lifted , '' while UK Prime Minister David Cameron stated that he was `` proud '' of his country 's role in overthrowing `` this brutal dictator '' .	Barack Obama	Who said something about tyranny ?
The GNC proceeded to elect Mohammed Magariaf as president of the chamber , and then voted Mustafa A.G. Abushagur as Prime Minister ; when Abushagar failed to gain congressional approval , the GNC instead elected Ali Zeidan to the position .	Mohammed Magariaf	Who was elected president of the GNC ?
The GNC proceeded to elect Mohammed Magariaf as president of the chamber , and then voted Mustafa A.G. Abushagur as Prime Minister ; when Abushagar failed to gain congressional approval , the GNC instead elected Ali Zeidan to the position .	Mustafa A.G. Abushagur	Who was initially named prime minister by the GNC ?
The GNC proceeded to elect Mohammed Magariaf as president of the chamber , and then voted Mustafa A.G. Abushagur as Prime Minister ; when Abushagar failed to gain congressional approval , the GNC instead elected Ali Zeidan to the position .	failed to gain congressional approval	Why did Mustafa A.G. Abushagur not become prime minister ?
The GNC proceeded to elect Mohammed Magariaf as president of the chamber , and then voted Mustafa A.G. Abushagur as Prime Minister ; when Abushagar failed to gain congressional approval , the GNC instead elected Ali Zeidan to the position .	Ali Zeidan	Who did the GNC eventually make prime minister ?
In January 2013 , the GNC officially renamed the Jamahiriyah as the `` State of Libya '' .	State of Libya	What official name did the GNC give to Libya ?
Cyprus -LRB- i / ˈsaɪprəs / ; Greek : Κύπρος IPA : -LSB- ˈcipros -RSB- ; Turkish : Kıbrıs IPA : -LSB- ˈkɯbɾɯs -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Cyprus -LRB- Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti -RRB- , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea , off the coasts of Syria and Turkey .	Republic of Cyprus	What is the official name of Cypus ?
Cyprus -LRB- i / ˈsaɪprəs / ; Greek : Κύπρος IPA : -LSB- ˈcipros -RSB- ; Turkish : Kıbrıs IPA : -LSB- ˈkɯbɾɯs -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Cyprus -LRB- Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti -RRB- , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea , off the coasts of Syria and Turkey .	Eastern Mediterranean Sea	Where is Cyprus located ?
Cyprus -LRB- i / ˈsaɪprəs / ; Greek : Κύπρος IPA : -LSB- ˈcipros -RSB- ; Turkish : Kıbrıs IPA : -LSB- ˈkɯbɾɯs -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Cyprus -LRB- Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti -RRB- , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea , off the coasts of Syria and Turkey .	Syria and Turkey	What countries are nearby Cyprus ?
-LSB- e -RSB- Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean , and a member state of the European Union .	member state	What is Cyprus ' affiliation with the European Union ?
Cyprus -LRB- i / ˈsaɪprəs / ; Greek : Κύπρος IPA : -LSB- ˈcipros -RSB- ; Turkish : Kıbrıs IPA : -LSB- ˈkɯbɾɯs -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Cyprus -LRB- Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti -RRB- , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea , off the coasts of Syria and Turkey .	island country	Is Cyprus an island country or land-locked country ?
-LSB- e -RSB- Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean , and a member state of the European Union .	third largest	What does Cyprus rank in terms of size in the Mediterranean ?
It is located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , northwest of Israel and Palestine , north of Egypt and east of Greece .	Turkey	Which country is north of Cyprus ?
The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC .	10th millennium BC	What is the date of the earliest known human activity on Cyprus ?
Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world .	the oldest water wells in the world	What is Cyprus home to of ?
Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC .	Mycenaean Greeks	Who was Cyprus settled by in 2nd millennium BC ?
As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great .	empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians	What empires have occupied Cyprus ?
Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 -LRB- de jure until 1914 -RRB- .	between 1571 and 1878	When did Ottoman rule occur in Cyprus ?
Cyprus was placed under British administration based on Cyprus Convention in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in 1914 .	1878	When was Cyprus placed under British administration ?
Cyprus was placed under British administration based on Cyprus Convention in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in 1914 .	1914	What year was Cyprus annexed by Britain ?
Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 .	1960	What year was Cyprus granted independence ?
In 1963 , the 11-year intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots started , which displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic .	1963	What year did the intercommunal violence between Greek and Cypriots occur ?
In 1963 , the 11-year intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots started , which displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic .	25,000	How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the 11 year violence in 1963 ?
The Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus and its surrounding waters , according to international law , except for the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia , administered as Sovereign Base Areas .	Akrotiri and Dhekelia	The Republic of Cyprus does not have de jure sovereignty over what two British territories ?
However , the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts ; the area under the effective control of the Republic , comprising about 59 % of the island 's area , and the north , administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , which is recognised only by Turkey , covering about 36 % of the island 's area .	two main parts	How many parts is the Republic of Cyprus partitioned into ?
However , the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts ; the area under the effective control of the Republic , comprising about 59 % of the island 's area , and the north , administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , which is recognised only by Turkey , covering about 36 % of the island 's area .	59%	How much area of the island does the Republic control ?
However , the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts ; the area under the effective control of the Republic , comprising about 59 % of the island 's area , and the north , administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , which is recognised only by Turkey , covering about 36 % of the island 's area .	Turkey	The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is only recognized by what country ?
The international community considers the northern part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces .	territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces	What does the international community consider the northern part of Cyprus ?
During the late Bronze Age the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement .	late Bronze Age	During what Age did Cyprus experience two waves of Greek settlement ?
The first wave consisted of Mycenaean Greek traders who started visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC .	Mycenaean Greek traders	Who did the first wave of Greek settlement consist of ?
The first wave consisted of Mycenaean Greek traders who started visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC .	1400 BC	What year did Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus begin visiting Cyprus ?
Cyprus occupies an important role in Greek mythology being the birthplace of Aphrodite and Adonis , and home to King Cinyras , Teucer and Pygmalion .	Aphrodite and Adonis	Cyprus is the birthplace of what two Greek mythological figures ?
Cyprus occupies an important role in Greek mythology being the birthplace of Aphrodite and Adonis , and home to King Cinyras , Teucer and Pygmalion .	King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion	Cyprus is home to which Greek mythological figures ?
Following the death in 1473 of James II , the last Lusignan king , the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island , while the late king 's Venetian widow , Queen Catherine Cornaro , reigned as figurehead .	1473	In what year did James II die ?
Following the death in 1473 of James II , the last Lusignan king , the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island , while the late king 's Venetian widow , Queen Catherine Cornaro , reigned as figurehead .	Republic of Venice	Who assumed control of the island after the death of James II ?
Venice formally annexed the Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489 , following the abdication of Catherine .	1489	In what year did Venice formally annex the kingdom of Cyprus ?
Throughout Venetian rule , the Ottoman Empire frequently raided Cyprus .	Ottoman Empire	Which empire frequently raided Cyprus during Venetian rule ?
In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed Limassol and so fearing the worst , the Venetians also fortified Famagusta and Kyrenia .	1539	In what year did the Ottomans destroy Limassol ?
In 1570 , a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control , despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta .	1570	In what year did Cyprus face a full-scale Ottoman assault ?
Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus massacred many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants .	Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants	Ottoman forces massacred which types of people ?
Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from Anatolia .	Anatolia	Turkish peasants and craftsman were brought to the island from where ?
The Ottomans abolished the feudal system previously in place and applied the millet system to Cyprus , under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities .	feudal system	What system did the Ottomans abolish in favor of the millet system ?
In a reversal from the days of Latin rule , the head of the Church of Cyprus was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities .	head of the Church of Cyprus	Who was invested as the leader of the Greek Cypriot population ?
This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church .	Roman Catholic Church	Who was the Church of Cyprus hoping to end encroachments of ?
Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent , at times oppressive , depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials , and the island began over 250 years of economic decline .	250 years	How many years did Cyprus face of economic decline ?
In 1777 -- 78 , 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island 's 37,000 Christians .	47,000	How many Muslims made up the island 's population in 1777-78 ?
In 1777 -- 78 , 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island 's 37,000 Christians .	37,000	How many Christians made up the island 's population in 1777-78 ?
By 1872 , the population of the island had risen to 144,000 , comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians .	144,000	What was the population of the island in 1872 ?
By 1872 , the population of the island had risen to 144,000 , comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians .	44,000	In 1872 the island contained how many Muslims ?
By 1872 , the population of the island had risen to 144,000 , comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians .	100,000	In 1872 the island contained how many Christians ?
As soon as the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821 , several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces .	1821	What year did the Greek war of independence break out ?
In response , the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots , including the Archbishop of Cyprus , Kyprianos and four other bishops .	486	How many Greek Cypriots were arrested and executed by the Ottoman governor of Cyprus ?
In 1828 , modern Greece 's first president Ioannis Kapodistrias called for union of Cyprus with Greece , and numerous minor uprisings took place .	Ioannis Kapodistrias	Who was modern Greece 's first president ?
In 1828 , modern Greece 's first president Ioannis Kapodistrias called for union of Cyprus with Greece , and numerous minor uprisings took place .	union of Cyprus with Greece	What did Ioannis Kapodistrias call for ?
The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes .	Britain	The island of Cyprus serves as a key military base to what western country ?
By 1906 , when the Famagusta harbour was completed , Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal , the crucial main route to India which was then Britain 's most important overseas possession .	1906	What years was the Famagusta harbour completed ?
By 1906 , when the Famagusta harbour was completed , Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal , the crucial main route to India which was then Britain 's most important overseas possession .	Suez Canal	Cyprus was a naval outpost which overlooked what canal ?
Following the outbreak of the First World War and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the Central Powers , on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan a Sultanate and British protectorate .	Central Powers	Which side did the Ottoman Empire join in World War 1 ?
The idea of enosis was historically part of the Megali Idea , a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with Greek inhabitants in the former Ottoman Empire , including Cyprus and Asia Minor with a capital in Constantinople , and was actively pursued by the Cypriot Orthodox Church , which had its members educated in Greece .	Cypriot Orthodox Church	The Megali Idea was actively pursued by whom ?
The idea of enosis was historically part of the Megali Idea , a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with Greek inhabitants in the former Ottoman Empire , including Cyprus and Asia Minor with a capital in Constantinople , and was actively pursued by the Cypriot Orthodox Church , which had its members educated in Greece .	Megali Idea	Historically , the idea of enosis was part of which other idea ?
These religious officials , together with Greek military officers and professionals , some of whom still pursued the Megali Idea , would later found the guerrilla organisation Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters -LRB- EOKA -RRB- .	Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA).	What guerrilla organization was founded by religious officials and military officers ?
In the 1950s , the pursuit of enosis became a part of the Greek national policy ,	1950s	In what year decade did the pursuit of enosis become a part of national Greek policy ?
The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to self-determination from Greek Cypriots .	Turkish Cypriots	Who viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island of Cyprus ?
Initially , the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule .	British	Initially Turkish Cypriots favoured the continued rule of what Western power ?
Upon realising the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20 % of the islanders made annexation unfeasible , the national policy was changed to favour partition .	20%	What percentage of the population did Turkish Cypriots make up ?
The slogan `` Partition or Death '' was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s .	"Partition or Death"	What slogan was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot protests ?
In January 1950 , the Church of Cyprus organised a referendum under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation , where 96 % of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of enosis , The Greeks were 80.2 % of the total island ' s population at the time -LRB- census 1946 -RRB- .	1950	In what year did the Church of Cyprus organize a referendum ?
In January 1950 , the Church of Cyprus organised a referendum under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation , where 96 % of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of enosis , The Greeks were 80.2 % of the total island ' s population at the time -LRB- census 1946 -RRB- .	80.2%	In 1946 , the Greeks made up what percent of Cyprus ' population ?
In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded , seeking union with Greece through armed struggle .	1955	In what year was the EOKA organization founded ?
The British had also adopted at the time a policy of `` divide and rule '' .	"divide and rule"	What is the name of the policy that the British adopted ?
On 16 August 1960 , Cyprus attained independence after the Zürich and London Agreement between the United Kingdom , Greece and Turkey .	United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey	Which countries were part of the Zurich and London Agreement ?
Cyprus had a total population of 573,566 ; of whom 442,138 -LRB- 77.1 % -RRB- were Greeks , 104,320 -LRB- 18.2 % -RRB- Turks , and 27,108 -LRB- 4.7 % -RRB- others The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia , while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas , giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto , 30 % in parliament and administration , and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights .	573,566	What was Cyprus ' total population when it gained independence ?
On 16 August 1960 , Cyprus attained independence after the Zürich and London Agreement between the United Kingdom , Greece and Turkey .	16 August 1960	What is the date that Cyrpus attained independence ?
Cyprus had a total population of 573,566 ; of whom 442,138 -LRB- 77.1 % -RRB- were Greeks , 104,320 -LRB- 18.2 % -RRB- Turks , and 27,108 -LRB- 4.7 % -RRB- others The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia , while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas , giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto , 30 % in parliament and administration , and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights .	(77.1%	What was the percentage of Greeks in the Cyprus population ?
Cyprus had a total population of 573,566 ; of whom 442,138 -LRB- 77.1 % -RRB- were Greeks , 104,320 -LRB- 18.2 % -RRB- Turks , and 27,108 -LRB- 4.7 % -RRB- others The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia , while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas , giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto , 30 % in parliament and administration , and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights .	18.2%	What was the percentage of Turks in the Cyprus population ?
However , the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides , and nationalist militants started training again , with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively .	Greece and Turkey	National militants had the support of what two countries ?
The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the Akritas plan , which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots , persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan .	reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots	What was the goal of the Akritas plan ?
Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III called for constitutional changes , which were rejected by Turkey and opposed by Turkish Cypriots .	President Archbishop Makarios	Which president called for constitutional changes ?
Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III called for constitutional changes , which were rejected by Turkey and opposed by Turkish Cypriots .	Turkey	Who rejected the constitutional changes proposed by President Archbishop Makarios ?
Intercommunal violence erupted on December 21 , 1963 , when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police .	1963	In December of what year did intercommunal violence erupt ?
The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots , destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000-30 ,000 Turkish Cypriots .	364	The violence beginning in 1963 resulted in the deaths of many Turks ?
In some areas , Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings , while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration .	travelling and entering government buildings	Turkish Cypriots were prevented from doing what ?
In 1964 , Turkey tried to invade Cyprus in response to the continuing Cypriot intercommunal violence .	Turkey	Who tried to invade Cyprus in 1964 ?
But Turkey was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President Lyndon B. Johnson on 5 June , warning that the US would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential Soviet invasion of Turkish territory .	Lyndon B. Johnson	Which US President prevented Turkey from invading Cyprus ?
Meanwhile , by 1964 , enosis was a Greek policy that could not be abandoned ; Makarios and the Greek prime minister Georgios Papandreou agreed that enosis should be the ultimate aim and King Constantine wished Cyprus `` a speedy union with the mother country '' .	enosis	What policy could not be abandoned in 1964 ?
Greece dispatched 10,000 troops to Cyprus to counter a possible Turkish invasion .	10,000	How many troops did Greece send to Cyprus ?
On 15 July 1974 , the Greek military junta under Dimitrios Ioannides carried out a coup d'état in Cyprus , to unite the island with Greece .	15 July 1974	What date was a coup d'etat carried out in Cyprus ?
On 15 July 1974 , the Greek military junta under Dimitrios Ioannides carried out a coup d'état in Cyprus , to unite the island with Greece .	Dimitrios Ioannides	Who lead the coup d'etat attempt ?
The coup ousted president Makarios III and replaced him with pro-enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson .	Nikos Sampson	Who replaced president Makarios Ill ?
In response to the coup , five days later , on 20 July 1974 , the Turkish army invaded the island , citing a right to intervene to restore the constitutional order from the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee .	invaded the island	What did the Turkish army to do respond to the coup d'etat ?
This justification has been rejected by the United Nations and the international community .	United Nations	Which organization rejected the justification used by Turkey to invade ?
Three days later , when a ceasefire had been agreed , Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the island and captured Kyrenia , the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia , and the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Nicosia itself .	Kyrenia	What did the Turkish troops capture first on the island ?
But after the peace negotiations in Geneva , the Turkish government reinforced their Kyrenia bridgehead and started a second invasion on 14 August .	14 August	What was the date of the second Turkish invasion ?
The invasion resulted in the seizure of Morphou , Karpass , Famagusta and the Mesaoria .	Morphou, Karpass, Famagusta and the Mesaoria	What locations were seized in the second invasion ?
International pressure led to a ceasefire , and by then 37 % of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north .	37%	How much of the island was controlled by Turks after international pressure led to a ceasefire ?
International pressure led to a ceasefire , and by then 37 % of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north .	180,000	How many Greek Cypriots had been displaced from their homes ?
At the same time , around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots moved to the areas under the control of the Turkish Forces and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots .	50,000	How many Turkish Cypriots moved into areas that were under Turkish control ?
Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey , in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 .	using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974	Why did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey ?
Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north -- many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government -- in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions .	150,000	How many settlers from Turkey were living in the north ?
Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north -- many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government -- in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions .	Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions	What terms did the Turkish government violate by sending people ?
Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops , the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ports of entry in the north were closed , as they were effectively not under its control .	all of its ports of entry in the north were closed	What happened to ports on Cyprus after capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops ?
The last major effort to settle the Cyprus dispute was the Annan Plan in 2004 , drafted by the then Secretary General , Kofi Annan .	2004	In what year did the last major effort to settle the Cyprus dispute take place ?
In July 2006 , the island served as a haven for people fleeing Lebanon , due to the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah -LRB- also called `` The July War '' -RRB- .	Lebanon	In 2006 people fled to Cyprus from what country ?
In total , 66.7 % of the voters rejected the Annan Plan V. On 1 May 2004 Cyprus joined the European Union , together with nine other countries .	2004	In what year did Cyprus join the European Union ?
65 % of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74 % Greek Cypriots voted against the plan , claiming that it disproportionately favoured the Turkish side .	65%	How many Turkish Cypriots voted for the Annan Plan in 2004 ?
65 % of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74 % Greek Cypriots voted against the plan , claiming that it disproportionately favoured the Turkish side .	74%	How many Greek Cypriots voted against the Annan Plan in 2004 ?
The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges , the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range , and the central plain they encompass , the Mesaoria .	Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range	What two mountains ranges are located on the island of Cyprus ?
The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges , the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range , and the central plain they encompass , the Mesaoria .	the Mesaoria	What plain is located in between the Troodos Mountains and the Kyrenia Range ?
The Mesaoria plain is drained by the Pedieos River , the longest on the island .	Pedieos River	Which river drains the Mesaoria plain ?
The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m -LRB- 6,404 ft -RRB- , located in the centre of the Troodos range .	Mount Olympus	What is the highest point on the island of Cyprus ?
The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m -LRB- 6,404 ft -RRB- , located in the centre of the Troodos range .	1,952 m (6,404 ft)	How tall is Mount Olympus ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The average annual temperature on the coast is around 24 °C -LRB- 75 °F -RRB- during the day and 14 °C -LRB- 57 °F -RRB- at night .	24 °C (75 °F)	In Cyprus , what is the average temperature during the day ?
Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean part of the European Union .	one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean	What type of climate does Cyprus have ?
Generally , summers last about eight months , beginning in April with average temperatures of 21 -- 23 °C -LRB- 70 -- 73 °F -RRB- during the day and 11 -- 13 °C -LRB- 52 -- 55 °F -RRB- at night , and ending in November with average temperatures of 22 -- 23 °C -LRB- 72 -- 73 °F -RRB- during the day and 12 -- 14 °C -LRB- 54 -- 57 °F -RRB- at night , although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes exceed 20 °C -LRB- 68 °F -RRB- .	November	What month typically marks the end of summer on Cyprus ?
Generally , summers last about eight months , beginning in April with average temperatures of 21 -- 23 °C -LRB- 70 -- 73 °F -RRB- during the day and 11 -- 13 °C -LRB- 52 -- 55 °F -RRB- at night , and ending in November with average temperatures of 22 -- 23 °C -LRB- 72 -- 73 °F -RRB- during the day and 12 -- 14 °C -LRB- 54 -- 57 °F -RRB- at night , although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes exceed 20 °C -LRB- 68 °F -RRB- .	eight months	How long do summers generally last on Cyprus ?
Among all cities in the Mediterranean part of the European Union , Limassol has one of the warmest winters , in the period January -- February average temperature is 17 -- 18 °C -LRB- 63 -- 64 °F -RRB- during the day and 7 -- 8 °C -LRB- 45 -- 46 °F -RRB- at night , in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 16 -- 17 °C -LRB- 61 -- 63 °F -RRB- during the day and 6 -- 8 °C -LRB- 43 -- 46 °F -RRB- at night .	Limassol	Which cities has one of the warmest winters in the European Union ?
Among all cities in the Mediterranean part of the European Union , Limassol has one of the warmest winters , in the period January -- February average temperature is 17 -- 18 °C -LRB- 63 -- 64 °F -RRB- during the day and 7 -- 8 °C -LRB- 45 -- 46 °F -RRB- at night , in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 16 -- 17 °C -LRB- 61 -- 63 °F -RRB- during the day and 6 -- 8 °C -LRB- 43 -- 46 °F -RRB- at night .	17–18 °C (63–64 °F)	What is the average day emperature of Limassol during winter ?
Among all cities in the Mediterranean part of the European Union , Limassol has one of the warmest winters , in the period January -- February average temperature is 17 -- 18 °C -LRB- 63 -- 64 °F -RRB- during the day and 7 -- 8 °C -LRB- 45 -- 46 °F -RRB- at night , in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 16 -- 17 °C -LRB- 61 -- 63 °F -RRB- during the day and 6 -- 8 °C -LRB- 43 -- 46 °F -RRB- at night .	6–8 °C (43–46 °F)	What is the general temperature of coastal location during the night ?
The middle of summer is hot -- in July and August on the coast the average temperature is usually around 33 °C -LRB- 91 °F -RRB- during the day and around 22 °C -LRB- 72 °F -RRB- at night -LRB- inland , in the highlands average temperature exceeds 35 °C -LRB- 95 °F -RRB- -RRB- while in the June and September on the coast the average temperature is usually around 30 °C -LRB- 86 °F -RRB- during the day and around 20 °C -LRB- 68 °F -RRB- at night in Limassol , while is usually around 28 °C -LRB- 82 °F -RRB- during the day and around 18 °C -LRB- 64 °F -RRB- at night in Paphos .	July and August	When does the middle of summer occur on Cyprus ?
The middle of summer is hot -- in July and August on the coast the average temperature is usually around 33 °C -LRB- 91 °F -RRB- during the day and around 22 °C -LRB- 72 °F -RRB- at night -LRB- inland , in the highlands average temperature exceeds 35 °C -LRB- 95 °F -RRB- -RRB- while in the June and September on the coast the average temperature is usually around 30 °C -LRB- 86 °F -RRB- during the day and around 20 °C -LRB- 68 °F -RRB- at night in Limassol , while is usually around 28 °C -LRB- 82 °F -RRB- during the day and around 18 °C -LRB- 64 °F -RRB- at night in Paphos .	33 °C (91 °F)	What is the average day temperature on the coast during summer ?
The middle of summer is hot -- in July and August on the coast the average temperature is usually around 33 °C -LRB- 91 °F -RRB- during the day and around 22 °C -LRB- 72 °F -RRB- at night -LRB- inland , in the highlands average temperature exceeds 35 °C -LRB- 95 °F -RRB- -RRB- while in the June and September on the coast the average temperature is usually around 30 °C -LRB- 86 °F -RRB- during the day and around 20 °C -LRB- 68 °F -RRB- at night in Limassol , while is usually around 28 °C -LRB- 82 °F -RRB- during the day and around 18 °C -LRB- 64 °F -RRB- at night in Paphos .	30 °C (86 °F)	What is the average day temperature on the coast in June and September ?
Inland temperatures are more extreme , with colder winters and hotter summers compared with the coast of the island .	Inland	Where are temperatures more extreme compared to the coast of Cyprus ?
Between 2001 and 2004 , exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up , with supply exceeding demand , allowing total storage in the island 's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005 .	Between 2001 and 2004	When did Cyprus receive enough rainfall to fill up their water reserves ?
The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water , but in the past 30 years average yearly precipitation has decreased .	rain	What do people living in Cyprus rely on for household water ?
However , since then demand has increased annually -- a result of local population growth , foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists -- while supply has fallen as a result of more frequent droughts .	more frequent droughts	Why has the water supply shrunk in previous years ?
Cyprus suffers from a chronic shortage of water .	water	What resource is scarce on Cyprus ?
However , since then demand has increased annually -- a result of local population growth , foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists -- while supply has fallen as a result of more frequent droughts .	local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists	Why has demand for water increased annually on Cyprus ?
Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use ; Cyprus has a total of 107 dams -LRB- plus one currently under construction -RRB- and reservoirs , with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m3 -LRB- 1.2 × 1010 cu ft -RRB- .	Dams	What do the people of Cyprus rely on for domestic and agricultural supply of water ?
Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use ; Cyprus has a total of 107 dams -LRB- plus one currently under construction -RRB- and reservoirs , with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m3 -LRB- 1.2 × 1010 cu ft -RRB- .	107	What is the total number of completed dams located on Cyprus ?
Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use ; Cyprus has a total of 107 dams -LRB- plus one currently under construction -RRB- and reservoirs , with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m3 -LRB- 1.2 × 1010 cu ft -RRB- .	330,000,000 m3 (1.2×1010 cu ft).	What is the capacity of water that the dams on Cyprus can hold ?
The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001 .	almost 50 per cent	What percentage of domestic water do desalination plants provide on Cyprus ?
The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001 .	desalination plants	What has the government invested in to help supply water for Cyprus ?
The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive , legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots .	legislative and judicial branches	What types of branches did the 1960 Constitution provide ?
The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions .	Turkish Cypriot	What type of person was the vice-president ?
Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters ' rolls .	the House of Representatives	Where did Legislative power rest ?
In 1974 Cyprus was divided de facto when the Turkish army occupied the northern third of the island .	northern third of the island	Which part of Cyprus was occupied by the Turkish army ?
In 1974 Cyprus was divided de facto when the Turkish army occupied the northern third of the island .	1974	In what years was Cyprus divided ?
The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus but were recognised only by Turkey .	independence	In 1983 , Turkish Cypriots declared what ?
The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island of Cyprus .	The United Nations	What organization recognizes the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus ?
The House of Representatives currently has 59 members elected for a five-year term , 56 members by proportional representation and 3 observer members representing the Armenian , Latin and Maronite minorities .	59 members	How many members are currently in the House of Representatives ?
The House of Representatives currently has 59 members elected for a five-year term , 56 members by proportional representation and 3 observer members representing the Armenian , Latin and Maronite minorities .	five-year term	How long is the term for an elected member of the House of Representatives ?
24 seats are allocated to the Turkish community but remain vacant since 1964 .	24	How many seas are allocated to the Turkish community ?
In 2008 , Dimitris Christofias became the country 's first Communist head of state .	Dimitris Christofias	Who became the country 's first Communist head of state in 2008 ?
The Presidential election in 2013 resulted in Democratic Rally candidate Nicos Anastasiades winning 57.48 % of the vote .	Nicos Anastasiades	Who is the current president of Cyprus ?
In January 2011 , the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island '' ... including freedom of movement , human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons , discrimination , the right to life , freedom of religion , and economic , social and cultural rights . ''	ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island	Why does the United Nations question the Human rights status of Cyprus ?
In `` Freedom in the World 2011 '' , Freedom House rated Cyprus as `` free '' .	free	What is the rating for Cyprus in the `` Freedom in the World 2011 '' report ?
The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues .	division of the island	What is one of the reasons for the human rights issues on Cyprus ?
In 2014 , Turkey was ordered by the European Court of Human Rights to pay well over $ 100m in compensation to Cyprus for the invasion ; Ankara announced that it would ignore the judgment .	over $100m	How much was Turkey ordered to pay in compensation to Cyprus ?
In 2014 , a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian , later joined by the Cypriot government , filed a complaint to the International Court of Justice , accusing Turkey of violating the Geneva Conventions by directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupied territory .	Turkey	Who was accused of violating the Geneva Conventions ?
In 2014 , Turkey was ordered by the European Court of Human Rights to pay well over $ 100m in compensation to Cyprus for the invasion ; Ankara announced that it would ignore the judgment .	2014	What year was Turkey ordered to pay fines to Cyprus ?
In 2014 , a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian , later joined by the Cypriot government , filed a complaint to the International Court of Justice , accusing Turkey of violating the Geneva Conventions by directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupied territory .	directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupied territory	Why was Turkey accused of violating the Geneva Conventions ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion , which occurred on 11 July 2011 , was the most deadly military accident ever recorded in Cyprus .	Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion	What incident was the most deadly military accident that occurred on Cyprus ?
Current senior officers include Supreme Commander , Cypriot National Guard , Lt. General Stylianos Nasis , and Chief of Staff , Cypriot National Guard : Maj. General Michalis Flerianos .	Supreme Commander	What is one of the senior officer titles of the Cyprus air force ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion , which occurred on 11 July 2011 , was the most deadly military accident ever recorded in Cyprus .	11 July 2011	What date did the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion occur ?
However , in 2012 it became affected by the Eurozone financial and banking crisis .	Eurozone financial and banking crisis	What affected the Cypriot economy in 2012 ?
In June 2012 , the Cypriot government announced it would need $ 1.8 billion in foreign aid to support the Cyprus Popular Bank , and this was followed by Fitch downgrading Cyprus 's credit rating to junk status .	€1.8 billion	How much many did the Cypriot government initially announce it needed ?
Fitch said Cyprus would need an additional $ 4 billion to support its banks and the downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of Bank of Cyprus , Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank , Cyprus 's three largest banks , to the Greek financial crisis .	€4 billion	What was the amount of additional money requested by Cyprus ?
Fitch said Cyprus would need an additional $ 4 billion to support its banks and the downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of Bank of Cyprus , Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank , Cyprus 's three largest banks , to the Greek financial crisis .	Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank	What are the names of Cyprus ' three largest banks ?
The 2012 -- 2013 Cypriot financial crisis led to an agreement with the Eurogroup in March 2013 to split the country 's second largest bank , the Cyprus Popular Bank -LRB- also known as Laiki Bank -RRB- , into a `` bad '' bank which would be wound down over time and a `` good '' bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus .	split the country's second largest bank	What did the March 2013 agreement decide ?
The 2012 -- 2013 Cypriot financial crisis led to an agreement with the Eurogroup in March 2013 to split the country 's second largest bank , the Cyprus Popular Bank -LRB- also known as Laiki Bank -RRB- , into a `` bad '' bank which would be wound down over time and a `` good '' bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus .	Bank of Cyprus	Who would eventually absorb the `` good '' bank of Cyprus Popular Bank ?
In return for a $ 10 billion bailout from the European Commission , the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund , often referred to as the `` troika '' , the Cypriot government was required to impose a significant haircut on uninsured deposits , a large proportion of which were held by wealthy Russians who used Cyprus as a tax haven .	€10 billion	What was the amount of bailout money given to Cyprus ?
In return for a $ 10 billion bailout from the European Commission , the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund , often referred to as the `` troika '' , the Cypriot government was required to impose a significant haircut on uninsured deposits , a large proportion of which were held by wealthy Russians who used Cyprus as a tax haven .	wealthy Russians	Who was using Cyprus as a tax haven ?
According to the latest International Monetary Fund estimates , its per capita GDP -LRB- adjusted for purchasing power -RRB- at $ 30,769 is just above the average of the European Union .	$30,769	What is the per capita GDP of Cyprus given by the IMF ?
Tourism , financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy .	Tourism, financial services and shipping	What are three of the largest contributors to the Cyprus economy ?
The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008 .	1 January 2008	When was the Euro declared as the national currency of Cyprus ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses for its low tax rates .	low tax rates	Why has Cyprus been sought out by offshore businesses ?
In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as Aphrodite in Cyprus ' exclusive economic zone -LRB- EEZ -RRB- , about 175 kilometres -LRB- 109 miles -RRB- south of Limassol at 33 ° 5 ′ 40 ″ N and 32 ° 59 ′ 0 ″ E. However , Turkey 's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013 .	natural gas	What resource has been discovered offshore in recent years ?
Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003 , and with Lebanon in 2007 .	Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007	With what two countries did Cyprus first demarcate its maritime border ?
Cyprus and Israel demarcated their maritime border in 2010 , and in August 2011 , the US-based firm Noble Energy entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block 's commercial development .	Israel	Which country did Cyprus demarcate its maritime border in 2010 ?
Cyprus and Israel demarcated their maritime border in 2010 , and in August 2011 , the US-based firm Noble Energy entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block 's commercial development .	Noble Energy	What is the name of the US-based firm in a production-sharing agreement with Cyprus ?
Available modes of transport are by road , sea and air .	road, sea and air	What are the three modes of transport available on Cyprus ?
Of the 10,663 km -LRB- 6,626 mi -RRB- of roads in the Republic of Cyprus in 1998 , 6,249 km -LRB- 3,883 mi -RRB- were paved , and 4,414 km -LRB- 2,743 mi -RRB- were unpaved .	6,249 km (3,883 mi)	How many miles of roads are paved on Cyprus ?
Of the 10,663 km -LRB- 6,626 mi -RRB- of roads in the Republic of Cyprus in 1998 , 6,249 km -LRB- 3,883 mi -RRB- were paved , and 4,414 km -LRB- 2,743 mi -RRB- were unpaved .	4,414 km (2,743 mi)	How many miles of roads are unpaved on Cyprus ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Cyprus is one of only four EU nations in which vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road , a remnant of British colonisation -LRB- the others being Ireland , Malta and the United Kingdom -RRB- .	left-hand	Which side of the road do vehicles on Cyprus drive on ?
According to this census , the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000 .	482,000	What was the number of Greek Cypriots on Cyprus in 1973 ?
One year later , in 1974 , the Cypriot government 's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000 ; of whom 506,000 -LRB- 78.9 % -RRB- were Greeks , and 118,000 -LRB- 18.4 % -RRB- Turkish .	506,000 (78.9%)	What did the Cypriot government find was the Greek population on Cyprus ?
One year later , in 1974 , the Cypriot government 's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000 ; of whom 506,000 -LRB- 78.9 % -RRB- were Greeks , and 118,000 -LRB- 18.4 % -RRB- Turkish .	118,000 (18.4%)	What did the Cypriot government find was the Turkish population on Cyprus ?
After the partition of the island in 1974 , Greeks conducted four more censuses : in 1976 , 1982 , 1992 and 2001 ; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in the northern part of the island .	1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001	In what years did the Greeks conduct extra censuses ?
After the partition of the island in 1974 , Greeks conducted four more censuses : in 1976 , 1982 , 1992 and 2001 ; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in the northern part of the island .	the Turkish population	Who was excluded from the censuses conducted by the Greeks ?
According to the 2006 census carried out by Northern Cyprus , there were 256,644 -LRB- de jure -RRB- people living in Northern Cyprus .	256,644	How many people were living in Northern Cyprus according to the 2006 census ?
Of the 147,405 citizens born in Cyprus , 120,031 say both parents were born in Cyprus ; 16,824 say both parents born in Turkey ; 10,361 have one parent born in Turkey and one parent born in Cyprus .	120,031	How many citizens born in Cyprus also have parents who were born in Cyprus ?
178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus , of whom 147,405 were born in Cyprus -LRB- 112,534 from the north ; 32,538 from the south ; 371 did not indicate what part of Cyprus they were from -RRB- ; 27,333 born in Turkey ; 2,482 born in the UK and 913 born in Bulgaria .	147,405	How many of the citizens in Northern Cyprus was born in Cyprus ?
The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as Greek Orthodox , whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of Sunni Islam .	Greek Orthodox	What religion do most Greek Cypriots identify with ?
The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as Greek Orthodox , whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of Sunni Islam .	Sunni Islam	What religion do most Turkish Cypriots identify with ?
According to Eurobarometer 2005 , Cyprus was the second most religious state in the European Union at that time , after Malta -LRB- although in 2005 Romania was n't in the European Union , currently Romania is the most religious state in the European Union -RRB- -LRB- see Religion in the European Union -RRB- .	Cyprus	What country is the second most religious in the European Union ?
The current leader of the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus is Archbishop Chrysostomos II .	Archbishop Chrysostomos II	Who is the current head of the Greek Orthodox church in Cyprus ?
Cyprus has two official languages , Greek and Turkish .	two	How many official languages does Cyprus have ?
Cyprus has two official languages , Greek and Turkish .	Greek and Turkish	What are the two official languages of Cyprus ?
Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages .	Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic	What are the minority languages are spoken in Cyprus ?
Although without official status , English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs , public notices , and in advertisements , etc. .	English	Are there any Western languages spoken in Cyprus ?
Russian is widely spoken among the country 's minorities , residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries , and Pontic Greeks .	Russian	Are there any Eastern languages spoken in Cyprus ?
Cypriot universities -LRB- like universities in Greece -RRB- ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes .	high school grades	What do Cypriot universities ignore when looking at admission ?
While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance , admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take .	high-school diploma	What is required for university attendance ?
While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance , admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take .	university entrance examinations	What plays a large factor in determining admission at a university ?
However , the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25 % of the final grade for each topic , with the remaining 75 % assigned by the teacher during the semester , in a minimally transparent way .	25%	What percentage do grades obtained account for in a students final grade ?
The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek , British , Turkish , other European and North American universities .	Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities	Where do most Cypriots receiver higher education ?
It is noteworthy that Cyprus currently has the highest percentage of citizens of working age who have higher-level education in the EU at 30 % which is ahead of Finland 's 29.5 % .	Cyprus	What nation has the highest level percentage of working citizens with higher-level education ?
In addition , 47 % of its population aged 25 -- 34 have tertiary education , which is the highest in the EU .	47%	What percentage of the 25-34 Cyprus population has tertiary education ?
The body of Cypriot students is highly mobile , with 78.7 % studying in a university outside Cyprus .	78.7%	How many Cypriots students attend school outside of the country
Several traditional food -LRB- such as souvla and halloumi -RRB- and beverages are similar , as well as expressions and ways of life .	souvla and halloumi	Which foods do Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots have in common ?
In both communities , music , dance and art are integral parts of social life and many artistic , verbal and nonverbal expressions , traditional dances such as tsifteteli , similarities in dance costumes and importance placed on social activities are shared between the communities .	music, dance and art	Which art forms are integral parts of everyday life ?
However , the two communities have distinct religions and religious cultures , with the Greek Cypriots traditionally being Greek Orthodox and Turkish Cypriots traditionally being Sunni Muslims , which has partly hindered cultural exchange .	religions and religious	What is something that Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots do not have in common ?
However , the two communities have distinct religions and religious cultures , with the Greek Cypriots traditionally being Greek Orthodox and Turkish Cypriots traditionally being Sunni Muslims , which has partly hindered cultural exchange .	Greek Orthodox	What religion do Greek Cypriots usually practice ?
However , the two communities have distinct religions and religious cultures , with the Greek Cypriots traditionally being Greek Orthodox and Turkish Cypriots traditionally being Sunni Muslims , which has partly hindered cultural exchange .	Sunni Muslims	What religion do Greek Cypriots usually practice ?
In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides -LRB- 1883 -- 1958 -RRB- who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice .	Vassilis Vryonides	Who was the first important Cyprus painter of modern times ?
In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides -LRB- 1883 -- 1958 -RRB- who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice .	Academy of Fine Arts in Venice	Where did Vassilis Vryonides study ?
Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis -LRB- 1900 -- 1994 -RRB- who studied at London 's Royal College of Art and Christopheros Savva -LRB- 1924 -- 1968 -RRB- who also studied in London , at Saint Martin 's School of Art .	Adamantios Diamantis	Name one of the individuals considered the founding fathers of modern Cypriot art .
Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis -LRB- 1900 -- 1994 -RRB- who studied at London 's Royal College of Art and Christopheros Savva -LRB- 1924 -- 1968 -RRB- who also studied in London , at Saint Martin 's School of Art .	Christopheros Savva	Name the other individual considered the founding fathers of modern Cypriot art .
In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train in England while others train at art schools in Greece and local art institutions such as the Cyprus College of Art , University of Nicosia and the Frederick Institute of Technology .	England	Where do many Cypriot artists train ?
One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although conceptual art is being rigorously promoted by a number of art `` institutions '' and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre .	conceptual art	What type of art is being promoted by art institutions in Cyprus ?
Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene .	Municipal art galleries	What types of places can Cypriots visit to experience art ?
Cyprus was due to host the international art festival Manifesta in 2006 but this was cancelled at the last minute following a dispute between the Dutch organizers of Manifesta and the Cyprus Ministry of Education and Culture over the location of some of the Manifesta events in the Turkish sector of the capital Nicosia .	2006	What year was Cyprus supposed to host the international art festival Manifesta ?
The traditional folk music of Cyprus has several common elements with Greek , Turkish , and Arabic music including Greco-Turkish dances such as the sousta , syrtos , zeibekikos , tatsia , and karsilamas as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired tsifteteli and arapies .	Greek, Turkish, and Arabic	Traditional Cyprus music has what other types of genres in common ?
The traditional folk music of Cyprus has several common elements with Greek , Turkish , and Arabic music including Greco-Turkish dances such as the sousta , syrtos , zeibekikos , tatsia , and karsilamas as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired tsifteteli and arapies .	sousta, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, and karsilamas	What are the names of the Greco-Turkish dances ?
The traditional folk music of Cyprus has several common elements with Greek , Turkish , and Arabic music including Greco-Turkish dances such as the sousta , syrtos , zeibekikos , tatsia , and karsilamas as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired tsifteteli and arapies .	tsifteteli and arapies	What are the names of the Middle-Eastern inspired dances ?
There is also a form of musical poetry known as chattista which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations .	form of musical poetry	What is chattista ?
There is also a form of musical poetry known as chattista which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations .	traditional feasts and celebrations	Where is chattista performed ?
Popular music in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek Laïka scene ; artists who play in this genre include international platinum star Anna Vissi , Evridiki , and Sarbel .	Greek Laïka scene	What influences popular music in Cyprus ?
Popular music in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek Laïka scene ; artists who play in this genre include international platinum star Anna Vissi , Evridiki , and Sarbel .	Anna Vissi, Evridiki, and Sarbel	What are some famous Cypriot artists ?
Hip Hop , R&B and reggae have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot rap and the urban music scene at Ayia Napa .	Hip Hop, R&B and reggae	What other genres of music are enjoyed in Cyprus ?
Metal also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon -LRB- rev. 16:16 -RRB- , Blynd , Winter 's Verge and Quadraphonic .	Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, Winter's Verge and Quadraphonic	What are some famous metal Cypriot bands ?
Cypriot rock music and Éntekhno rock is often associated with artists such as Michalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis .	Michalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis	Which artists are associated with Cypriot rock music ?
Epic poetry , notably the `` acritic songs '' , flourished during Middle Ages .	Epic poetry	What type of artistic form flourished at the time of the Middle Ages ?
Two chronicles , one written by Leontios Machairas and the other by Georgios Voustronios , cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule -LRB- 4th century -- 1489 -RRB- .	4th century–1489	What was the time period of Frankish rule ?
Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times such as Ioannis Kigalas -LRB- c. 1622 -- 1687 -RRB- who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century , several of his works have survived in books of other scholars .	Ioannis Kigalas	Who is one of the scholars that fled Cyprus during troubled times ?
Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times such as Ioannis Kigalas -LRB- c. 1622 -- 1687 -RRB- who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century , several of his works have survived in books of other scholars .	Italy	Where did scholar Ioannis Kigalas flee to in the 17th century ?
Dimitris Lipertis , Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the Cypriot-Greek dialect .	Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides	Who are some famous Cypriot folk poets ?
Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are Osman Türkay , twice nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature , Özker Yaşın , Neriman Cahit , Urkiye Mine Balman , Mehmet Yaşın and Neşe Yaşın .	Osman Türkay	Which Turkish Cypriot writer has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature twice ?
Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer Kostas Montis , poet Kyriakos Charalambides , poet Michalis Pasiardis , writer Nicos Nicolaides , Stylianos Atteshlis , Altheides , Loukis Akritas and Demetris Th .	Kostas Montis	Who is a modern Greek Cypriot writer and poet ?
Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature , include the works of Shakespeare , with the majority of the play Othello by William Shakespeare set on the island of Cyprus .	Cyprus	Where was William Shakespeare 's Othello set ?
British writer Lawrence Durrell lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956 , during his time working for the British colonial government on the island , and wrote the book Bitter Lemons concerning his time in Cyprus which won the second Duff Cooper Prize in 1957 .	Cyprus	Where did British writer Lawrence Durrell reside from 1952-1956 ?
More recently British writer Victoria Hislop used Cyprus as the setting for her 2014 novel The Sunrise .	The Sunrise	Which 2014 novel uses Cyprus as its main location ?
British writer Lawrence Durrell lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956 , during his time working for the British colonial government on the island , and wrote the book Bitter Lemons concerning his time in Cyprus which won the second Duff Cooper Prize in 1957 .	Bitter Lemons	What book did Lawrence Durrell write while living on Cyprus ?
Local television companies in Cyprus include the state owned Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation which runs two television channels .	Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation	What is the name of a local television company in Cyprus ?
In Northern Cyprus , the local channels are BRT , the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation , and a number of private channels .	the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation	What is BRT ?
The majority of local arts and cultural programming is produced by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT , with local arts documentaries , review programmes and filmed drama series .	Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT	Which television broadcasters produce art and cultural programming ?
As of the year 2000 , the annual amount set aside in the national budget stands at Cy Pounds 500,000 -LRB- about 850,000 Euros -RRB- .	850,000 Euros	What is the amount in Euros of money set aside for the Cinema Advisory Committee ?
In addition to government grants , Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the Council of Europe 's Eurimages Fund , which finances European film co-productions .	Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund	Who finances European film co-productions ?
The first was I Sphagi tou Kokora -LRB- 1992 -RRB- , completed in 1996 , Hellados -LRB- And the Trains Fly to the Sky , 1995 -RRB- , which is currently in post-production , and Costas Demetriou 's O Dromos gia tin Ithaki -LRB- The Road to Ithaka , 1997 -RRB- which premiered in March 2000 .	I Sphagi tou Kokora	What was the first feature film to receive funding from Eurimages ?
In 2009 the Greek director , writer and producer Vassilis Mazomenos filmed in Cyprus Guilt .	Cyprus Guilt	Which film was awarded the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography at the London Greek Film Festival ?
Seafood and fish dishes include squid , octopus , red mullet , and sea bass .	squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass	What are some famous seafood and fish dishes ?
Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads .	Cucumber and tomato	What fruits are commonly used in foods ?
Other traditional delicacies of are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine , and eventually dried and smoked , such as lountza -LRB- smoked pork loin -RRB- , charcoal-grilled lamb , souvlaki -LRB- pork and chicken cooked over charcoal -RRB- , and sheftalia -LRB- minced meat wrapped in mesentery -RRB- .	smoked pork loin	What is lountza ?
Other traditional delicacies of are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine , and eventually dried and smoked , such as lountza -LRB- smoked pork loin -RRB- , charcoal-grilled lamb , souvlaki -LRB- pork and chicken cooked over charcoal -RRB- , and sheftalia -LRB- minced meat wrapped in mesentery -RRB- .	pork and chicken cooked over charcoal	What is souvlaki ?
Other traditional delicacies of are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine , and eventually dried and smoked , such as lountza -LRB- smoked pork loin -RRB- , charcoal-grilled lamb , souvlaki -LRB- pork and chicken cooked over charcoal -RRB- , and sheftalia -LRB- minced meat wrapped in mesentery -RRB- .	minced meat wrapped in mesentery	What is sheftalia ?
Frequently used vegetables include courgettes , green peppers , okra , green beans , artichokes , carrots , tomatoes , cucumbers , lettuce and grape leaves , and pulses such as beans , broad beans , peas , black-eyed beans , chick-peas and lentils .	courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans	Can you name some common vegetables used in Cyprus ?
The most common fruits and nuts are pears , apples , grapes , oranges , mandarines , nectarines , medlar , blackberries , cherry , strawberries , figs , watermelon , melon , avocado , lemon , pistachio , almond , chestnut , walnut , and hazelnut .	pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines	Can you name some common fruits used in Cyprus ?
Frequently used vegetables include courgettes , green peppers , okra , green beans , artichokes , carrots , tomatoes , cucumbers , lettuce and grape leaves , and pulses such as beans , broad beans , peas , black-eyed beans , chick-peas and lentils .	beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans	Can you name some common pulses used in Cyprus ?
Tennis player Marcos Baghdatis was ranked 8th in the world , was a finalist at the Australian Open , and reached the Wimbledon semi-final , all in 2006 .	Marcos Baghdatis	Which Cypriot tennis player ranked 8th in the world ?
High jumper Kyriakos Ioannou achieved a jump of 2.35 m at the 11th IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Osaka , Japan , in 2007 , winning the bronze medal .	2.35 m	How high did Kyriakos Ioannou jump in Osaka in 2007 ?
There is also mixed martial artist Costas Philippou , who competes in the Ultimate Fighting Championship promotion 's middleweight division .	Ultimate Fighting Championship	What organization does Costas Philippou participate in ?
In motorsports , Tio Ellinas is a successful race car driver , currently racing in the GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport .	GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport	Where does Tio Ellinas race ?
In later years , his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust -LRB- in Schindler 's List -RRB- , the transatlantic slave trade -LRB- in Amistad -RRB- , war -LRB- in Empire of the Sun , Saving Private Ryan , War Horse and Bridge of Spies -RRB- and terrorism -LRB- in Munich -RRB- .	the Holocaust	What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Schindler 's List ?
In later years , his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust -LRB- in Schindler 's List -RRB- , the transatlantic slave trade -LRB- in Amistad -RRB- , war -LRB- in Empire of the Sun , Saving Private Ryan , War Horse and Bridge of Spies -RRB- and terrorism -LRB- in Munich -RRB- .	the transatlantic slave trade	What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Amistad ?
In later years , his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust -LRB- in Schindler 's List -RRB- , the transatlantic slave trade -LRB- in Amistad -RRB- , war -LRB- in Empire of the Sun , Saving Private Ryan , War Horse and Bridge of Spies -RRB- and terrorism -LRB- in Munich -RRB- .	terrorism	What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Munich ?
In a career spanning more than four decades , Spielberg 's films have covered many themes and genres .	more than four decades	How long has Steven Spielberg had his career so far ?
In later years , his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust -LRB- in Schindler 's List -RRB- , the transatlantic slave trade -LRB- in Amistad -RRB- , war -LRB- in Empire of the Sun , Saving Private Ryan , War Horse and Bridge of Spies -RRB- and terrorism -LRB- in Munich -RRB- .	Schindler's List	In what film did Spielberg address humanistic issues ?
In later years , his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust -LRB- in Schindler 's List -RRB- , the transatlantic slave trade -LRB- in Amistad -RRB- , war -LRB- in Empire of the Sun , Saving Private Ryan , War Horse and Bridge of Spies -RRB- and terrorism -LRB- in Munich -RRB- .	Amistad	In what film did Spielberg cover the slave trade ?
In later years , his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust -LRB- in Schindler 's List -RRB- , the transatlantic slave trade -LRB- in Amistad -RRB- , war -LRB- in Empire of the Sun , Saving Private Ryan , War Horse and Bridge of Spies -RRB- and terrorism -LRB- in Munich -RRB- .	Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies	In what films did Spielberg address war ?
In later years , his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust -LRB- in Schindler 's List -RRB- , the transatlantic slave trade -LRB- in Amistad -RRB- , war -LRB- in Empire of the Sun , Saving Private Ryan , War Horse and Bridge of Spies -RRB- and terrorism -LRB- in Munich -RRB- .	Munich	In what film did Spielberg address terrorism ?
Spielberg was born in Cincinnati , Ohio , to an Orthodox Jewish family .	Cincinnati, Ohio	Where was Steven Spielberg born ?
Spielberg was born in Cincinnati , Ohio , to an Orthodox Jewish family .	Orthodox Jewish	What religion was Steven Spielberg 's family ?
His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Ukraine who settled in Cincinnati in the first decade of the 1900s .	Ukraine	Where were Steven Spielberg 's granparents from ?
His mother , Leah -LRB- Adler -RRB- Posner -LRB- born 1920 -RRB- , was a restaurateur and concert pianist , and his father , Arnold Spielberg -LRB- born 1917 -RRB- , was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers .	electrical engineer	What job did Steven Spielberg 's father have ?
Spielberg was born in Cincinnati , Ohio , to an Orthodox Jewish family .	Cincinnati, Ohio	Where was Spielberg born ?
Spielberg was born in Cincinnati , Ohio , to an Orthodox Jewish family .	Orthodox Jewish	What religion was Spielberg 's family ?
His mother , Leah -LRB- Adler -RRB- Posner -LRB- born 1920 -RRB- , was a restaurateur and concert pianist , and his father , Arnold Spielberg -LRB- born 1917 -RRB- , was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers .	electrical engineer involved in the development of computers	What was Spielberg 's father 's career ?
His mother , Leah -LRB- Adler -RRB- Posner -LRB- born 1920 -RRB- , was a restaurateur and concert pianist , and his father , Arnold Spielberg -LRB- born 1917 -RRB- , was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers .	restaurateur and concert pianist	What was Spielberg 's mother 's career ?
His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Ukraine who settled in Cincinnati in the first decade of the 1900s .	Ukraine	Where did Spielberg 's paternal grandparents immigrate from ?
The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $ 9 billion worldwide , making him the highest-grossing director in history .	exceeds $9 billion	How much money has all of Steven Spielberg 's movies grossed worldwide ?
He has been associated with composer John Williams since 1974 , who composed music for all save five of Spielberg 's feature films .	John Williams	What composer has Steven Spielberg been associated with since 1974 ?
His personal net worth is estimated to be more than $ 3 billion .	more than $3 billion	How much money is Steven Spielberg worth ?
The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $ 9 billion worldwide , making him the highest-grossing director in history .	the highest-grossing director in history	What record does Steven Spielberg have ?
He has been associated with composer John Williams since 1974 , who composed music for all save five of Spielberg 's feature films .	John Williams	Who has composed most of Steven Spielberg 's movies ?
Three of Spielberg 's films -- Jaws -LRB- 1975 -RRB- , E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -LRB- 1982 -RRB- , and Jurassic Park -LRB- 1993 -RRB- -- achieved box office records , originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film .	1975	When was Jaws released ?
Three of Spielberg 's films -- Jaws -LRB- 1975 -RRB- , E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -LRB- 1982 -RRB- , and Jurassic Park -LRB- 1993 -RRB- -- achieved box office records , originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film .	1993	When did Jurassic Park come out ?
Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindler 's List -LRB- 1993 -RRB- and Saving Private Ryan -LRB- 1998 -RRB- .	Academy Award for Best Director	What did Spielberg win for Schindler 's List ?
He has been associated with composer John Williams since 1974 , who composed music for all save five of Spielberg 's feature films .	John Williams	Who composes music for most of Spielberg 's movies ?
His personal net worth is estimated to be more than $ 3 billion .	more than $3 billion	What is Spielberg 's net worth ?
As a child , Spielberg faced difficulty reconciling being an Orthodox Jew with the perception of him by other children he played with .	As a child	When did Steven Spielberg have trouble dealing with being an Orthodox Jew ?
`` It is n't something I enjoy admitting , '' he once said , `` but when I was seven , eight , nine years old , God forgive me , I was embarrassed because we were Orthodox Jews .	embarrassed	How did Steven Spielberg feel about being an Orhtodox Jew ?
Spielberg also said he suffered from acts of anti-Semitic prejudice and bullying : `` In high school , I got smacked and kicked around .	anti-Semitic	What kind of prejudice did Spielberg have to deal with in High school ?
Two bloody noses .	Two	How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in High School ?
`` It is n't something I enjoy admitting , '' he once said , `` but when I was seven , eight , nine years old , God forgive me , I was embarrassed because we were Orthodox Jews .	seven, eight, nine years old	At what age was Spielberg embarrassed by his family being Jewish ?
Spielberg also said he suffered from acts of anti-Semitic prejudice and bullying : `` In high school , I got smacked and kicked around .	anti-Semitic prejudice	What was Spielberg bullied because of ?
Two bloody noses .	Two	How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in high school ?
That motivated him to make 15 more amateur 8mm films. :548 In 1963 , at age sixteen , Spielberg wrote and directed his first independent film , a 140-minute science fiction adventure called Firelight , which would later inspire Close Encounters .	Firelight	What was Spielberg 's first indepenent film ?
At age thirteen , while living in Phoenix , Spielberg won a prize for a 40-minute war film he titled Escape to Nowhere , using a cast composed of other high school friends .	40-minute	How long was Spielberg 's film `` Escape to Nowhere '' ?
The film was made for $ 500 , most of which came from his father , and was shown in a local cinema for one evening , which earned back its cost .	$500	How much money did Spielberg spend to film Close Encounters ?
The film was made for $ 500 , most of which came from his father , and was shown in a local cinema for one evening , which earned back its cost .	his father	Who did Spielberg get money from to film Close Encounters ?
He said yes , and I got an idea to do a Western .	Western	What genre was Spielberg 's first film `` The Last Gunfight ''
In 1958 , he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight .	1958	When did Spielberg join the Boy Scouts ?
In 1958 , he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight .	The Last Gunfight	What film did Spielberg make to earn a merit badge ?
Years later , Spielberg recalled to a magazine interviewer , `` My dad 's still-camera was broken , so I asked the scoutmaster if I could tell a story with my father 's movie camera .	dad's still-camera was broken	Why did Spielberg make a movie instead of taking still photos for the photography merit badge ?
At age thirteen , while living in Phoenix , Spielberg won a prize for a 40-minute war film he titled Escape to Nowhere , using a cast composed of other high school friends .	thirteen	At what age did Spielberg make ` Escape to Nowhere ' ?
That motivated him to make 15 more amateur 8mm films. :548 In 1963 , at age sixteen , Spielberg wrote and directed his first independent film , a 140-minute science fiction adventure called Firelight , which would later inspire Close Encounters .	Firelight	What film led to Close Encounters ?
While still a student , he was offered a small unpaid intern job at Universal Studios with the editing department .	Universal Studios	What job was SPielberg offered when he was a student ?
Studio vice president Sidney Sheinberg was impressed by the film , which had won a number of awards , and offered Spielberg a seven-year directing contract .	Sidney Sheinberg	Who offered Spielberg a contract at Universal Studios ?
He was later given the opportunity to make a short film for theatrical release , the 26-minute , 35mm , Amblin ' , which he wrote and directed .	Amblin	What short film did Spielberg make for theatrical release ?
It made him the youngest director ever to be signed for a long-term deal with a major Hollywood studio. :548 He subsequently dropped out of college to begin professionally directing TV productions with Universal .	dropped out of college	What did Steven Spielberg do to begin directing TV prouctions for Universal ?
Studio vice president Sidney Sheinberg was impressed by the film , which had won a number of awards , and offered Spielberg a seven-year directing contract .	impressed	How did Sidney Sheinberg feel about the film `` Amblin ' ''
While still a student , he was offered a small unpaid intern job at Universal Studios with the editing department .	Universal Studios	What studio gave Spielberg an unpaid internship ?
While still a student , he was offered a small unpaid intern job at Universal Studios with the editing department .	editing	What department did Spielberg have an unpaid internship with ?
He was later given the opportunity to make a short film for theatrical release , the 26-minute , 35mm , Amblin ' , which he wrote and directed .	26-minute	How long was ` Amblin ' ?
Studio vice president Sidney Sheinberg was impressed by the film , which had won a number of awards , and offered Spielberg a seven-year directing contract .	vice president	What was Sidney Sheinberg 's position with Universal ?
Studio vice president Sidney Sheinberg was impressed by the film , which had won a number of awards , and offered Spielberg a seven-year directing contract .	seven-year	How long of a contract did Sheinberg give Spielberg ?
The segment , `` Eyes , '' starred Joan Crawford ; she and Spielberg were reportedly close friends until her death .	Joan Crawford	Who starred in the TV show segment `` Eyes ''
This futuristic science fiction episode impressed Universal Studios and they signed him to a short contract .	science fiction	What genre was Steven Spielberg 's episode of `` The Name of the Game '' ?
After this , and an episode of Marcus Welby , M.D. , Spielberg got his first feature-length assignment : an episode of The Name of the Game called `` L.A. 2017 '' .	an episode of The Name of the Game called "L.A. 2017".	What was Steven Spielberg 's first feature-length assignment ?
His first professional TV job came when he was hired to direct one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery .	1969	What year was Spielberg hired to direct one of the segments for `` Night Gallery '' ?
The segment , `` Eyes , '' starred Joan Crawford ; she and Spielberg were reportedly close friends until her death .	reportedly close friends	What was the relatioship between Joan Crawford and Steven Spielberg ?
His first professional TV job came when he was hired to direct one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery .	1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery	What was the first TV episode Spielberg directed part of ?
After this , and an episode of Marcus Welby , M.D. , Spielberg got his first feature-length assignment : an episode of The Name of the Game called `` L.A. 2017 '' .	an episode of The Name of the Game called "L.A. 2017"	What was Spielberg 's first full TV episode to direct ?
The segment , `` Eyes , '' starred Joan Crawford ; she and Spielberg were reportedly close friends until her death .	Joan Crawford	Who starred in Spielberg 's TV debut ?
He did another segment on Night Gallery and did some work for shows such as Owen Marshall : Counselor at Law and The Psychiatrist , before landing the first series episode of Columbo -LRB- previous episodes were actually TV films -RRB- .	Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law	What law show did Spielberg work on ?
This futuristic science fiction episode impressed Universal Studios and they signed him to a short contract .	futuristic science fiction	What genre was ` LA 2017 ' ?
Based on the strength of his work , Universal signed Spielberg to do four TV films .	four	How many TV films did Universal sign Spielbergo to direct ?
Special praise of this film by the influential British critic Dilys Powell was highly significant to Spielberg 's career .	Dilys Powell	What British critic helped boost Steven Spielberg 's career ?
He fulfilled his contract by directing the TV film-length pilot of a show called Savage , starring Martin Landau .	Martin Landau	Who starred in the TV show `` Savage '' ?
:223 However , the film fared poorly at the box office and received a limited release .	poorly	How did Steven Spielberg 's film `` The Sugarland Express '' do in the box office ?
Spielberg 's debut full-length feature film was The Sugarland Express , about a married couple who are chased by police as the couple tries to regain custody of their baby .	custody of their baby	What were the married couple in Steven Spielberg 's film `` The Sugarland Express '' trying to regain ?
Based on the strength of his work , Universal signed Spielberg to do four TV films .	four	How many TV movies was Spielberg signed to direct ?
The film is about a psychotic Peterbilt 281 tanker truck driver who chases the terrified driver -LRB- Dennis Weaver -RRB- of a small Plymouth Valiant and tries to run him off the road .	Peterbilt 281 tanker	What kind of truck was ` Duel ' about ?
Special praise of this film by the influential British critic Dilys Powell was highly significant to Spielberg 's career .	Dilys Powell	Which British critic praised ` Duel ' ?
Another TV film -LRB- Something Evil -RRB- was made and released to capitalize on the popularity of The Exorcist , then a major best-selling book which had not yet been released as a film .	Something Evil	Which TV film Spielberg directed played off ` The Exorcist ' ?
He fulfilled his contract by directing the TV film-length pilot of a show called Savage , starring Martin Landau .	Martin Landau	Who starred in ` Savage ' /
Studio producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offered Spielberg the director 's chair for Jaws , a thriller-horror film based on the Peter Benchley novel about an enormous killer shark .	Jaws	What film did Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offer Steven Spielberg to direct ?
Despite the film 's ultimate , enormous success , it was nearly shut down due to delays and budget over-runs .	delays and budget over-runs	Why was Jaws nearly shut down ?
It was an enormous hit , winning three Academy Awards -LRB- for editing , original score and sound -RRB- and grossing more than $ 470 million worldwide at the box office .	three	How many Academy Awards did the film `` Jaws '' win ?
:248 Jaws made Spielberg a household name and one of America 's youngest multi-millionaires , allowing him a great deal of autonomy for his future projects. :250 It was nominated for Best Picture and featured Spielberg 's first of three collaborations with actor Richard Dreyfuss .	Best Picture	What was the film `` Jaws '' nominated for ?
It was an enormous hit , winning three Academy Awards -LRB- for editing , original score and sound -RRB- and grossing more than $ 470 million worldwide at the box office .	$470 million worldwide	How much money did the film `` Jaws '' gross worldwide ?
Studio producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offered Spielberg the director 's chair for Jaws , a thriller-horror film based on the Peter Benchley novel about an enormous killer shark .	Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown	Who made Spielberg the ` Jaws ' director ?
It was an enormous hit , winning three Academy Awards -LRB- for editing , original score and sound -RRB- and grossing more than $ 470 million worldwide at the box office .	three	How many Academy Awards did ` Jaws ' win ?
Studio producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offered Spielberg the director 's chair for Jaws , a thriller-horror film based on the Peter Benchley novel about an enormous killer shark .	Peter Benchley	Who wrote the ` Jaws ' book ?
It was an enormous hit , winning three Academy Awards -LRB- for editing , original score and sound -RRB- and grossing more than $ 470 million worldwide at the box office .	more than $470 million worldwide	How much did ` Jaws ' earn in theaters ?
:248 Jaws made Spielberg a household name and one of America 's youngest multi-millionaires , allowing him a great deal of autonomy for his future projects. :250 It was nominated for Best Picture and featured Spielberg 's first of three collaborations with actor Richard Dreyfuss .	three	How many times did Spielberg work with Richard Dreyfus ?
Rejecting offers to direct Jaws 2 , King Kong and Superman , Spielberg and actor Richard Dreyfuss re-convened to work on a film about UFOs , which became Close Encounters of the Third Kind -LRB- 1977 -RRB- .	Jaws 2, King Kong and Superman	What films did Spielberg turn down in the 70s ?
It won Oscars in two categories -LRB- Cinematography , Vilmos Zsigmond , and a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing , Frank E. Warner -RRB- .	two	How many Oscars did Close Encounters win ?
One of the rare films both written and directed by Spielberg , Close Encounters was a critical and box office hit , giving Spielberg his first Best Director nomination from the Academy as well as earning six other Academy Awards nominations .	six	How many Oscars did Close Encounters get nominated for , besides Best Director ?
His next film , 1941 , a big-budgeted World War II farce , was not nearly as successful and though it grossed over $ 92.4 million worldwide -LRB- and did make a small profit for co-producing studios Columbia and Universal -RRB- it was seen as a disappointment , mainly with the critics .	World War II farce	What was the genre of ' 1941 ' ?
His next film , 1941 , a big-budgeted World War II farce , was not nearly as successful and though it grossed over $ 92.4 million worldwide -LRB- and did make a small profit for co-producing studios Columbia and Universal -RRB- it was seen as a disappointment , mainly with the critics .	over $92.4 million worldwide	How much did ' 1941 ' earn ?
Spielberg then revisited his Close Encounters project and , with financial backing from Columbia Pictures , released Close Encounters : The Special Edition in 1980 .	1980	When did Spielberg re-release Close Encounters ?
For this , Spielberg fixed some of the flaws he thought impeded the original 1977 version of the film and also , at the behest of Columbia , and as a condition of Spielberg revising the film , shot additional footage showing the audience the interior of the mothership seen at the end of the film -LRB- a decision Spielberg would later regret as he felt the interior of the mothership should have remained a mystery -RRB- .	the interior of the mothership	What new footage did Columbia require for a Close Encounters revisit ?
Spielberg then revisited his Close Encounters project and , with financial backing from Columbia Pictures , released Close Encounters : The Special Edition in 1980 .	Close Encounters: The Special Edition	What was the Close Encounters revisit called ?
Spielberg then revisited his Close Encounters project and , with financial backing from Columbia Pictures , released Close Encounters : The Special Edition in 1980 .	Columbia Pictures	Which studio funded Close Encounters ?
Nevertheless , the re-release was a moderate success , while the 2001 DVD release of the film restored the original ending .	2001	When did a Close Encounters DVD come out ?
Next , Spielberg teamed with Star Wars creator and friend George Lucas on an action adventure film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , the first of the Indiana Jones films .	George Lucas	Who was responsible for Star Wars ?
The archaeologist and adventurer hero Indiana Jones was played by Harrison Ford -LRB- whom Lucas had previously cast in his Star Wars films as Han Solo -RRB- .	Harrison Ford	Who played Indiana Jones ?
The archaeologist and adventurer hero Indiana Jones was played by Harrison Ford -LRB- whom Lucas had previously cast in his Star Wars films as Han Solo -RRB- .	Harrison Ford	Who played Han Solo ?
Next , Spielberg teamed with Star Wars creator and friend George Lucas on an action adventure film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , the first of the Indiana Jones films .	Raiders of the Lost Ark	What was the first Indiana Jones movie ?
It became the biggest film at the box office in 1981 , and the recipient of numerous Oscar nominations including Best Director -LRB- Spielberg 's second nomination -RRB- and Best Picture -LRB- the second Spielberg film to be nominated for Best Picture -RRB- .	1981	When did the first Indiana Jones movie come out ?
In spite of this , Temple of Doom is rated PG by the MPAA , even though it is the darkest and , possibly , most violent Indy film .	PG	What rating did ` Temple of Doom ' receive ?
This film and the Spielberg-produced Gremlins led to the creation of the PG-13 rating due to the high level of violence in films targeted at younger audiences .	Gremlins	What movie caused ` PG-13 ' to be created ?
Nonetheless , the film was still a huge blockbuster hit in 1984 .	1984	When did ` Temple of Doom ' debut ?
This film and the Spielberg-produced Gremlins led to the creation of the PG-13 rating due to the high level of violence in films targeted at younger audiences .	the high level of violence in films targeted at younger audiences	Why did Gremlins need ` PG-13 ' ?
It was on this project that Spielberg also met his future wife , actress Kate Capshaw .	actress	What was Spielberg 's future wife 's career ?
In 1985 , Spielberg released The Color Purple , an adaptation of Alice Walker 's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name , about a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America .	Alice Walker	Who wrote ` The Color Purple ' ?
In 1985 , Spielberg released The Color Purple , an adaptation of Alice Walker 's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name , about a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America .	a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America	What was ` The Color Purple ' about ?
Starring Whoopi Goldberg and future talk-show superstar Oprah Winfrey , the film was a box office smash and critics hailed Spielberg 's successful foray into the dramatic genre .	Whoopi Goldberg and future talk-show superstar Oprah Winfrey	Who starred in ` The Color Purple ' ?
Roger Ebert proclaimed it the best film of the year and later entered it into his Great Films archive .	proclaimed it the best film of the year and later entered it into his Great Films archive	What did Ebert think of ` The Color Purple ' ?
The film received eleven Academy Award nominations , including two for Goldberg and Winfrey .	eleven	How many Oscar nominations did ` The Color Purple ' get ?
In 1987 , as China began opening to Western capital investment , Spielberg shot the first American film in Shanghai since the 1930s , an adaptation of J. G. Ballard 's autobiographical novel Empire of the Sun , starring John Malkovich and a young Christian Bale .	the 1930s	Until the 1980s , when had an American film last been shot in Shanghai ?
In 1987 , as China began opening to Western capital investment , Spielberg shot the first American film in Shanghai since the 1930s , an adaptation of J. G. Ballard 's autobiographical novel Empire of the Sun , starring John Malkovich and a young Christian Bale .	J. G. Ballard	Who wrote 'Em pire of the Sun ' ?
In 1987 , as China began opening to Western capital investment , Spielberg shot the first American film in Shanghai since the 1930s , an adaptation of J. G. Ballard 's autobiographical novel Empire of the Sun , starring John Malkovich and a young Christian Bale .	John Malkovich and a young Christian Bale	Who starred in 'Em pire of the Sun ' ?
Reviewer Andrew Sarris called it the best film of the year and later included it among the best films of the decade .	Andrew Sarris	Who thought 'Em pire of the Sun ' was the best film of the year ?
Spielberg was also a co-producer of the 1987 film * batteries not included .	co-producer	What was Spielberg 's role on ` Batteries Not Included ' ?
After two forays into more serious dramatic films , Spielberg then directed the third Indiana Jones film , 1989 's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade .	1989	When did the 3rd Indiana Jones film come out ?
After two forays into more serious dramatic films , Spielberg then directed the third Indiana Jones film , 1989 's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade .	Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade	What was the 3rd Indiana Jones film called ?
Once again teaming up with Lucas and Ford , Spielberg also cast actor Sean Connery in a supporting role as Indy 's father .	Sean Connery	Who played Indiana Jones 's father ?
The film earned generally positive reviews and was another box office success , becoming the highest grossing film worldwide that year ; its total box office receipts even topped those of Tim Burton 's much-anticipated film Batman , which had been the bigger hit domestically .	Tim Burton	Who directed ` Batman ' ?
Also in 1989 , he re-united with actor Richard Dreyfuss for the romantic comedy-drama Always , about a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires .	a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires	What was ` Always ' about ?
Spielberg 's next film , Schindler 's List , was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler , a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust .	Oskar Schindler	Whose life was ` Schindler 's List ' based on ?
Spielberg 's next film , Schindler 's List , was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler , a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust .	1,100	How many Jews did Schindler save ?
Schindler 's List earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director -LRB- it also won Best Picture -RRB- .	Schindler's List	What did Spielberg first win Best Director for ?
With the film a huge success at the box office , Spielberg used the profits to set up the Shoah Foundation , a non-profit organization that archives filmed testimony of Holocaust survivors .	set up the Shoah Foundation, a non-profit organization that archives filmed testimony of Holocaust survivors	What did Spielberg do with ` Schindler 's List ' profits ?
In 1997 , the American Film Institute listed it among the 10 Greatest American Films ever Made -LRB- # 9 -RRB- which moved up to -LRB- # 8 -RRB- when the list was remade in 2007 .	#9	Where did the American Film Institute rank ` Schindler 's List ' in 1997 ?
His next theatrical release in that same year was the World War II film Saving Private Ryan , about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller -LRB- Tom Hanks -RRB- sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours , June 5 -- 6 , of the Normandy landing .	Capt. Miller	Who did Tom Hanks play in ` Saving Private Ryan ' ?
His next theatrical release in that same year was the World War II film Saving Private Ryan , about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller -LRB- Tom Hanks -RRB- sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours , June 5 -- 6 , of the Normandy landing .	World War II	What war was ` Saving Private Ryan ' about ?
The film was a huge box office success , grossing over $ 481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office -LRB- worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay 's Armageddon -RRB- .	over $481 million worldwide	How much did ` Saving Private Ryan ' earn ?
The film was a huge box office success , grossing over $ 481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office -LRB- worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay 's Armageddon -RRB- .	Armageddon	Which film beat ` Saving Private Ryan ' worldwide ?
The film was a huge box office success , grossing over $ 481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office -LRB- worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay 's Armageddon -RRB- .	Michael Bay	Who directed ` Armageddon ' ?
Spielberg and actor Tom Cruise collaborated for the first time for the futuristic neo-noir Minority Report , based upon the science fiction short story written by Philip K. Dick about a Washington D.C. police captain in the year 2054 who has been foreseen to murder a man he has not yet met .	Minority Report	What movie did Spielberg collaborate with Cruise for ?
Spielberg and actor Tom Cruise collaborated for the first time for the futuristic neo-noir Minority Report , based upon the science fiction short story written by Philip K. Dick about a Washington D.C. police captain in the year 2054 who has been foreseen to murder a man he has not yet met .	2054	When is Minority Report set ?
The film received strong reviews with the review tallying website Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 92 % approval rating , reporting that 206 out of the 225 reviews they tallied were positive .	92%	What was the Rotten Tomatoes rating for Minority Report ?
The film earned over $ 358 million worldwide .	over $358 million worldwide	How much did Minority Report earn ?
Roger Ebert , who named it the best film of 2002 , praised its breathtaking vision of the future as well as for the way Spielberg blended CGI with live-action .	2002	When was Minority Report released ?
Also in 2005 , Spielberg directed a modern adaptation of War of the Worlds -LRB- a co-production of Paramount and DreamWorks -RRB- , based on the H. G. Wells book of the same name -LRB- Spielberg had been a huge fan of the book and the original 1953 film -RRB- .	Paramount and DreamWorks	Which studios produced Spielberg 's ` War of the Worlds ' ?
Also in 2005 , Spielberg directed a modern adaptation of War of the Worlds -LRB- a co-production of Paramount and DreamWorks -RRB- , based on the H. G. Wells book of the same name -LRB- Spielberg had been a huge fan of the book and the original 1953 film -RRB- .	H. G. Wells	Who wrote the ` War of the Worlds ' book ?
Also in 2005 , Spielberg directed a modern adaptation of War of the Worlds -LRB- a co-production of Paramount and DreamWorks -RRB- , based on the H. G. Wells book of the same name -LRB- Spielberg had been a huge fan of the book and the original 1953 film -RRB- .	1953	When was the first ` War of the Worlds ' movie released ?
It starred Tom Cruise and Dakota Fanning , and , as with past Spielberg films , Industrial Light & Magic -LRB- ILM -RRB- provided the visual effects .	Industrial Light & Magic	Who did the visual effects for ` War of the Worlds ' ?
The film was another huge box office smash , grossing over $ 591 million worldwide .	over $591 million worldwide	How much did ` War of the Worlds ' earn ?
Spielberg 's film Munich , about the events following the 1972 Munich Massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games , was his second film essaying Jewish relations in the world -LRB- the first being Schindler 's List -RRB- .	the 1972 Munich Massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games	What was ` Munich ' about ?
The film is based on Vengeance , a book by Canadian journalist George Jonas .	Vengeance	What book was ` Munich ' based on ?
The film is based on Vengeance , a book by Canadian journalist George Jonas .	George Jonas	Who wrote ` Vengeance ' ?
Munich received five Academy Awards nominations , including Best Picture , Film Editing , Original Music Score -LRB- by John Williams -RRB- , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Director for Spielberg .	five	How many Oscar nominations did ` Munich ' get ?
Munich received five Academy Awards nominations , including Best Picture , Film Editing , Original Music Score -LRB- by John Williams -RRB- , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Director for Spielberg .	John Williams	Who composed music for ` Munich ' ?
In June 2006 , Steven Spielberg announced he would direct a scientifically accurate film about `` a group of explorers who travel through a worm hole and into another dimension '' , from a treatment by Kip Thorne and producer Lynda Obst .	June 2006	When did Spielberg announce what would become ` Interstellar ' ?
Spielberg later abandoned Interstellar , which was eventually directed by Christopher Nolan .	Christopher Nolan	Who took over directing ` Interstellar ' ?
In June 2006 , Steven Spielberg announced he would direct a scientifically accurate film about `` a group of explorers who travel through a worm hole and into another dimension '' , from a treatment by Kip Thorne and producer Lynda Obst .	a group of explorers who travel through a worm hole and into another dimension	What was the concept for ` Interstellar ' ?
In January 2007 , screenwriter Jonathan Nolan met with them to discuss adapting Obst and Thorne 's treatment into a narrative screenplay .	Jonathan Nolan	Who wrote the ` Interstellar ' script ?
In March of that year , Paramount hired Nolan , as well as scientists from Caltech , forming a workshop to adapt the treatment under the title Interstellar .	Caltech	What university provided scientific consultation for ` Interstellar ' ?
The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn , was not released until October 2011 , due to the complexity of the computer animation involved .	The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn	What was the first non-Pixar movie to win the Best Animated Feature Film award ?
The world premiere took place on October 22 , 2011 in Brussels , Belgium .	October 22, 2011	When did Adventures of Tintin debut ?
The world premiere took place on October 22 , 2011 in Brussels , Belgium .	Brussels, Belgium	Where did Adventures of Tintin debut ?
The film was released in North American theaters on December 21 , 2011 , in Digital 3D and IMAX .	December 21, 2011	When was Adventures of Tintin released in the US ?
It received generally positive reviews from critics , and grossed over $ 373 million worldwide .	over $373 million worldwide	How much did Adventures of Tintin earn ?
Spielberg followed with War Horse , shot in England in the summer of 2010 .	England	Where was ` War Horse ' filmed ?
It was released just four days after The Adventures of Tintin , on December 25 , 2011 .	December 25, 2011	When did ` War Horse ' come out ?
The film , based on the novel of the same name written by Michael Morpurgo and published in 1982 , follows the long friendship between a British boy and his horse Joey before and during World War I -- the novel was also adapted into a hit play in London which is still running there , as well as on Broadway .	Michael Morpurgo	Who wrote the ` War Horse ' book ?
The film , based on the novel of the same name written by Michael Morpurgo and published in 1982 , follows the long friendship between a British boy and his horse Joey before and during World War I -- the novel was also adapted into a hit play in London which is still running there , as well as on Broadway .	1982	When did the ` War Horse ' book come out ?
The film was released and distributed by Disney , with whom DreamWorks made a distribution deal in 2009 .	Disney	Who distributed ` War Horse ' ?
Spielberg next directed the historical drama film Lincoln , starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln .	Daniel Day-Lewis	Who starred in ` Lincoln ' as Abraham Lincoln ?
Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin 's bestseller Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln , the film covered the final four months of Lincoln 's life .	Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln	What book was ` Lincoln ' based on ?
Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin 's bestseller Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln , the film covered the final four months of Lincoln 's life .	the final four months	What part of Lincoln 's life did the film cover ?
Written by Tony Kushner , the film was shot in Richmond , Virginia , in late 2011 , and was released in the United States by Disney in November 2012 .	Richmond, Virginia	Where was ` Lincoln ' filmed ?
Spielberg next directed the historical drama film Lincoln , starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln .	Sally Field	Who played Mary Todd Lincoln in ` Lincoln ' ?
The film was shot from September to December 2014 on location in New York City , Berlin and Wroclaw , Poland -LRB- which doubled for East Berlin -RRB- , and was released by Disney on October 16 , 2015 .	October 16, 2015	When was ` Bridge of Spies ' released ?
Bridge of Spies received positive reviews from critics , and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture .	six	How many Oscar nominations did ` Bridge of Spies ' get ?
Spielberg directed 2015 's Bridge of Spies , a Cold War thriller based on the 1960 U-2 incident , and focusing on James B. Donovan 's negotiations with the Soviets for the release of pilot Gary Powers after his aircraft was shot down over Soviet territory .	1960	When was ` Bridge of Spies ' set ?
The film was shot from September to December 2014 on location in New York City , Berlin and Wroclaw , Poland -LRB- which doubled for East Berlin -RRB- , and was released by Disney on October 16 , 2015 .	New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw, Poland	Where was ` Bridge of Spies ' filmed ?
The film starred Tom Hanks as Donovan , as well as Mark Rylance , Amy Ryan , and Alan Alda , with a script by the Coen brothers .	Tom Hanks	Who played Donovan in ` Bridge of Spies ' ?
He headed up the production team for several cartoons , including the Warner Bros. hits Tiny Toon Adventures , Animaniacs , Pinky and the Brain , Toonsylvania , and Freakazoid !	Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid!	Which Warner Bros. cartoons did Spielberg produce ?
Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animated features , An American Tail and The Land Before Time , which were released by Universal Studios .	An American Tail and The Land Before Time	What films did Spielberg produce for Don Bluth ?
In 1989 , he brought the concept of The Dig to LucasArts .	The Dig	What video game did Spielberg come up with the concept for ?
He contributed to the project from that time until 1995 when the game was released .	1995	When was ` The Dig ' released ?
The Spielberg name provided branding for a Lego Moviemaker kit , the proceeds of which went to the Starbright Foundation .	Starbright Foundation	What charity did Spielberg 's ` Lego Moviemaker ' kit fund ?
He served as an executive producer for the 1997 film Men in Black , and its sequels , Men in Black II and Men in Black III .	1997	When was ` Men In Black ' released ?
In 2005 , he served as a producer of Memoirs of a Geisha , an adaptation of the novel by Arthur Golden , a film to which he was previously attached as director .	Arthur Golden	Who wrote the book ` Memoirs of a Geisha ' is based on ?
In 2006 , Spielberg co-executive produced with famed filmmaker Robert Zemeckis a CGI children 's film called Monster House , marking their eighth collaboration since 1990 's Back to the Future Part III .	Robert Zemeckis	Who did Spielberg collaborate with in 2006 ?
In 2006 , Spielberg co-executive produced with famed filmmaker Robert Zemeckis a CGI children 's film called Monster House , marking their eighth collaboration since 1990 's Back to the Future Part III .	Back to the Future Part III	What film did Spielberg first collaborate with Zemeckis on ?
In 2011 , he produced the J. J. Abrams science fiction thriller film Super 8 for Paramount Pictures .	Paramount Pictures	Which studio produced ` Super 8 ' ?
He was an executive producer on the critically acclaimed 2005 TV miniseries Into the West which won two Emmy awards , including one for Geoff Zanelli 's score .	2005	When did ` Into the West ' air ?
He was an executive producer on the critically acclaimed 2005 TV miniseries Into the West which won two Emmy awards , including one for Geoff Zanelli 's score .	two	How many Emmys did ` Into the West ' win ?
He was an executive producer on the critically acclaimed 2005 TV miniseries Into the West which won two Emmy awards , including one for Geoff Zanelli 's score .	Geoff Zanelli	Who wrote the music for ` Into the West ' ?
For his 2010 miniseries The Pacific he teamed up once again with co-producer Tom Hanks , with Gary Goetzman also co-producing ' .	2010	When was ` The Pacific ' released ?
The miniseries is believed to have cost $ 250 million and is a 10-part war miniseries centered on the battles in the Pacific Theater during World War II .	$250 million	How much did ` The Pacific ' cost ?
In 2011 , Spielberg launched Falling Skies , a science fiction television series , on the TNT network .	TNT	Which channel aired ` Falling Skies ' ?
Terra Nova begins in the year 2149 when all life on the planet Earth is threatened with extinction resulting in scientists opening a door that allows people to travel back 85 million years to prehistoric times .	2149	In what year does ` Terra Nova ' begin ?
Terra Nova begins in the year 2149 when all life on the planet Earth is threatened with extinction resulting in scientists opening a door that allows people to travel back 85 million years to prehistoric times .	85 million years	How far back in time do people in ` Terra Nova ' travel ?
Spielberg is also producing the Fox TV series Terra Nova .	Fox	Which channel aired ` Terra Nova ' ?
In 2011 , Spielberg launched Falling Skies , a science fiction television series , on the TNT network .	Falling Skies	What show did Spielberg work with Rodat on ?
He has been giving thanks to his games of his division DreamWorks Interactive most notable as Someone 's in the Kitchen with script written by Animaniacs ' Paul Rugg , Goosebumps : Escape from HorrorLand , The Neverhood -LRB- all in 1996 -RRB- , Skullmonkeys , Dilbert 's Desktop Games , Goosebumps : Attack of the Mutant -LRB- all 1997 -RRB- , Boombots -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , T'ai Fu : Wrath of the Tiger -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , and Clive Barker 's Undying -LRB- 2001 -RRB- .	Paul Rugg	Who wrote the script for ` Someone 's in the Kitchen ' ?
He has been giving thanks to his games of his division DreamWorks Interactive most notable as Someone 's in the Kitchen with script written by Animaniacs ' Paul Rugg , Goosebumps : Escape from HorrorLand , The Neverhood -LRB- all in 1996 -RRB- , Skullmonkeys , Dilbert 's Desktop Games , Goosebumps : Attack of the Mutant -LRB- all 1997 -RRB- , Boombots -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , T'ai Fu : Wrath of the Tiger -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , and Clive Barker 's Undying -LRB- 2001 -RRB- .	1997	When was ` Skullmonkeys ' released ?
He has been giving thanks to his games of his division DreamWorks Interactive most notable as Someone 's in the Kitchen with script written by Animaniacs ' Paul Rugg , Goosebumps : Escape from HorrorLand , The Neverhood -LRB- all in 1996 -RRB- , Skullmonkeys , Dilbert 's Desktop Games , Goosebumps : Attack of the Mutant -LRB- all 1997 -RRB- , Boombots -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , T'ai Fu : Wrath of the Tiger -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , and Clive Barker 's Undying -LRB- 2001 -RRB- .	1999	When was Boombots released ?
He has been giving thanks to his games of his division DreamWorks Interactive most notable as Someone 's in the Kitchen with script written by Animaniacs ' Paul Rugg , Goosebumps : Escape from HorrorLand , The Neverhood -LRB- all in 1996 -RRB- , Skullmonkeys , Dilbert 's Desktop Games , Goosebumps : Attack of the Mutant -LRB- all 1997 -RRB- , Boombots -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , T'ai Fu : Wrath of the Tiger -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , and Clive Barker 's Undying -LRB- 2001 -RRB- .	1996	When was The Neverhood released ?
In 2013 , Spielberg has announced he is collaborating with 343 Industries for a live-action TV show of Halo .	Halo	What video game did Spielberg say in 2013 he 's working on a TV show based on ?
Spielberg has filmed and is currently in post-production on an adaptation of Roald Dahl 's celebrated children 's story The BFG .	Roald Dahl	Who wrote ` The BFG ' ?
The film was written by E.T. screenwriter Melissa Mathison and is co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures , marking the first Disney-branded film to be directed by Spielberg .	Melissa Mathison	Who wrote E.T. 's script ?
The BFG is set to premiere out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2016 , before its wide release in the US on July 1 , 2016 .	Cannes Film Festival	What film festival will first air ` The BFG ' ?
The BFG is set to premiere out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2016 , before its wide release in the US on July 1 , 2016 .	May	In what month is Cannes held ?
The BFG is set to premiere out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2016 , before its wide release in the US on July 1 , 2016 .	July 1, 2016	When will ` The BFG ' be in most theaters ?
After completing filming on Ready Player One , while it is in its lengthy , effects-heavy post-production , he will film his long-planned adaptation of David Kertzer 's acclaimed The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara .	David Kertzer	Who wrote ` The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara ' ?
The book follows the true story of a young Jewish boy in 1858 Italy who was secretly baptized by a family servant and then kidnapped from his family by the Papal States , where he was raised and trained as a priest , causing international outrage and becoming a media sensation .	1858	When does ` The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara ' take place ?
The book follows the true story of a young Jewish boy in 1858 Italy who was secretly baptized by a family servant and then kidnapped from his family by the Papal States , where he was raised and trained as a priest , causing international outrage and becoming a media sensation .	Italy	Where does ` The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara ' take place ?
First announced in 2014 , the book has been adapted by Tony Kushner and the film will again star Mark Rylance , as Pope Pius IX .	Mark Rylance	Who plays Pope Pius IX in ` The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara ' ?
It will be filmed in early 2017 for release at the end of that year , before Ready Player One is completed and released in 2018 .	2018	When is ` Ready Player One ' planned to be released ?
It was set for release on April 25 , 2014 , with Anne Hathaway and Chris Hemsworth set to star , but Spielberg postponed production indefinitely in January 2013 , just before it had been set to begin .	Anne Hathaway and Chris Hemsworth	Who was going to star in ` Robopocalypse ' ?
It was set for release on April 25 , 2014 , with Anne Hathaway and Chris Hemsworth set to star , but Spielberg postponed production indefinitely in January 2013 , just before it had been set to begin .	April 25, 2014	When was ` Robopocalypse ' scheduled for release ?
The film would follow a global human war against a robot uprising about 15 -- 20 years in the future .	15–20 years	How far in the future was ` Robopocalypse ' set ?
Spielberg was scheduled to shoot a $ 200 million adaptation of Daniel H. Wilson 's novel Robopocalypse , adapted for the screen by Drew Goddard .	Daniel H. Wilson	Who wrote the book ` Robopocalypse ' is based on ?
Spielberg was scheduled to shoot a $ 200 million adaptation of Daniel H. Wilson 's novel Robopocalypse , adapted for the screen by Drew Goddard .	$200 million	What was the budget for ` Robopocalypse ' ?
Most of his films deal with ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances .	ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances	What theme is common to Spielberg 's films ?
Spielberg described himself as feeling like an alien during childhood , and his interest came from his father , a science fiction fan , and his opinion that aliens would not travel light years for conquest , but instead curiosity and sharing of knowledge .	during childhood	When in his life did Spielberg ` feel like an alien ' ?
In an AFI interview in August 2000 Spielberg commented on his interest in the possibility of extra terrestrial life and how it has influenced some of his films .	August 2000	When did Spielberg give an interview saying he had ` felt like an alien ' ?
Spielberg described himself as feeling like an alien during childhood , and his interest came from his father , a science fiction fan , and his opinion that aliens would not travel light years for conquest , but instead curiosity and sharing of knowledge .	curiosity and sharing of knowledge	Why does Spielberg think aliens would visit ?
Spielberg described himself as feeling like an alien during childhood , and his interest came from his father , a science fiction fan , and his opinion that aliens would not travel light years for conquest , but instead curiosity and sharing of knowledge .	his father	Which of Spielberg 's parents liked sci-fi ?
A strong consistent theme in his family-friendly work is a childlike , even naïve , sense of wonder and faith , as attested by works such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind , E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , Hook , A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG .	Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG	Which Spielberg films are examples of a childlike sense of wonder ?
According to Warren Buckland , these themes are portrayed through the use of low height camera tracking shots , which have become one of Spielberg 's directing trademarks .	low height camera tracking shots	What camera style does Spielberg often use ?
In the cases when his films include children -LRB- E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , Empire of the Sun , Jurassic Park , etc. -RRB- , this type of shot is more apparent , but it is also used in films like Munich , Saving Private Ryan , The Terminal , Minority Report , and Amistad .	E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park	What are some Spielberg films that included kids ?
If one views each of his films , one will see this shot utilized by the director , notably the water scenes in Jaws are filmed from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming .	from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming	How were the water scenes in Jaws filmed ?
Similarly , in Catch Me If You Can , Frank naively and foolishly believes that he can reclaim his shattered family if he accumulates enough money to support them .	Frank	Who is naive in ` Catch Me if You Can ' ?
In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , it is revealed that Indy has always had a very strained relationship with his father , who is a professor of medieval literature , as his father always seemed more interested in his work , specifically in his studies of the Holy Grail , than in his own son , although his father does not seem to realize or understand the negative effect that his aloof nature had on Indy -LRB- he even believes he was a good father in the sense that he taught his son `` self reliance , '' which is not how Indy saw it -RRB- .	professor of medieval literature	What was Indy 's father 's career ?
In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , it is revealed that Indy has always had a very strained relationship with his father , who is a professor of medieval literature , as his father always seemed more interested in his work , specifically in his studies of the Holy Grail , than in his own son , although his father does not seem to realize or understand the negative effect that his aloof nature had on Indy -LRB- he even believes he was a good father in the sense that he taught his son `` self reliance , '' which is not how Indy saw it -RRB- .	the Holy Grail	What artifact did Indy 's father focus on ?
The most persistent theme throughout his films is tension in parent-child relationships .	tension in parent-child relationships	What is Spielberg 's most common theme ?
There are of course exceptions ; Brody in Jaws is a committed family man , while John Anderton in Minority Report is a shattered man after the disappearance of his son .	John Anderton	Whose son disappeared in ` Minority Report ' ?
Furthermore , to this theme , protagonists in his films often come from families with divorced parents , most notably E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -LRB- protagonist Elliot 's mother is divorced -RRB- and Catch Me If You Can -LRB- Frank Abagnale 's mother and father split early on in the film -RRB- .	Frank Abagnale	Whose parents divorced in ` Catch Me If You Can ' ?
For instance , he has cast Richard Dreyfuss in several films : Jaws , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , and Always .	Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and Always	Which Spielberg films has Dreyfuss been in ?
Aside from his role as Indiana Jones , Spielberg also cast Harrison Ford as a headteacher in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -LRB- though the scene was ultimately cut -RRB- .	a headteacher	Who was Ford going to play in E.T. , until the scene was removed ?
Although Spielberg directed veteran voice actor Frank Welker only once -LRB- in Raiders of the Lost Ark , for which he voiced many of the animals -RRB- , Welker has lent his voice in a number of productions Spielberg has executive produced from Gremlins to its sequel Gremlins 2 : The New Batch , as well as The Land Before Time , Who Framed Roger Rabbit , and television shows such as Tiny Toons , Animaniacs , and SeaQuest DSV .	Tiny Toons, Animaniacs, and SeaQuest DSV	Which Spielberg TV shows has Frank Welker been a voice actor for ?
Spielberg has used Tom Hanks on several occasions and has cast him in Saving Private Ryan , Catch Me If You Can , The Terminal , and Bridge of Spies .	Saving Private Ryan, Catch Me If You Can, The Terminal, and Bridge of Spies	Which Spielberg films has Tom Hanks been in ?
Spielberg has collaborated with Tom Cruise twice on Minority Report and War of the Worlds , and cast Shia LaBeouf in five films : Transformers , Eagle Eye , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , and Transformers : Dark of the Moon .	Minority Report and War of the Worlds	Which Spielberg films has Tom Cruise been in ?
An example of this is his production relationship with Kathleen Kennedy who has served as producer on all his major films from E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to the recent Lincoln .	E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial	Which film did Kathleen Kennedy first work with Spielberg on ?
For cinematography , Allen Daviau , a childhood friend and cinematographer , shot the early Spielberg film Amblin and most of his films up to Empire of the Sun ; Janusz Kamiński who has shot every Spielberg film since Schindler 's List -LRB- see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations -RRB- ; and the film editor Michael Kahn who has edited every film directed by Spielberg from Close Encounters to Munich -LRB- except E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -RRB- .	Allen Daviau	Which childhood friend worked on Spielberg 's films ?
For cinematography , Allen Daviau , a childhood friend and cinematographer , shot the early Spielberg film Amblin and most of his films up to Empire of the Sun ; Janusz Kamiński who has shot every Spielberg film since Schindler 's List -LRB- see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations -RRB- ; and the film editor Michael Kahn who has edited every film directed by Spielberg from Close Encounters to Munich -LRB- except E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -RRB- .	Schindler's List	Which film did Kaminski first work with Spielberg on ?
For cinematography , Allen Daviau , a childhood friend and cinematographer , shot the early Spielberg film Amblin and most of his films up to Empire of the Sun ; Janusz Kamiński who has shot every Spielberg film since Schindler 's List -LRB- see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations -RRB- ; and the film editor Michael Kahn who has edited every film directed by Spielberg from Close Encounters to Munich -LRB- except E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -RRB- .	Amblin	Which film did Daviau first work with Spielberg on ?
For cinematography , Allen Daviau , a childhood friend and cinematographer , shot the early Spielberg film Amblin and most of his films up to Empire of the Sun ; Janusz Kamiński who has shot every Spielberg film since Schindler 's List -LRB- see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations -RRB- ; and the film editor Michael Kahn who has edited every film directed by Spielberg from Close Encounters to Munich -LRB- except E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -RRB- .	Close Encounters	Which film did Kahn first work with Spielberg on ?
A famous example of Spielberg working with the same professionals is his long-time collaboration with John Williams and the use of his musical scores in all of his films since The Sugarland Express -LRB- except Bridge of Spies , The Color Purple and Twilight Zone : The Movie -RRB- .	Bridge of Spies, The Color Purple and Twilight Zone: The Movie	What are the only Spielberg films since Sugarland Express to not have music by John Williams ?
These visual scenes often uses images of the sun -LRB- e.g. Empire of the Sun , Saving Private Ryan , the final scene of Jurassic Park , and the end credits of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade -LRB- where they ride into the sunset -RRB- -RRB- , of which the last two feature a Williams score at that end scene .	they ride into the sunset	What happens at the end of ` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ' ?
Spielberg is a contemporary of filmmakers George Lucas , Francis Ford Coppola , Martin Scorsese , John Milius , and Brian De Palma , collectively known as the `` Movie Brats '' .	George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, and Brian De Palma	Who are the ` Movie Brats ' , besides Spielberg ?
Spielberg has often never worked with the same screenwriter in his films , beside Tony Kushner and David Koepp , who have written a few of his films more than once .	Tony Kushner and David Koepp	Who are the only screenwriters Spielberg has worked with on more than one film ?
Spielberg first met actress Amy Irving in 1976 at the suggestion of director Brian De Palma , who knew he was looking for an actress to play in Close Encounters .	Amy Irving	Who did Spielberg begin dating in 1976 ?
Spielberg first met actress Amy Irving in 1976 at the suggestion of director Brian De Palma , who knew he was looking for an actress to play in Close Encounters .	actress	What was Amy Irving 's career ?
Spielberg first met actress Amy Irving in 1976 at the suggestion of director Brian De Palma , who knew he was looking for an actress to play in Close Encounters .	Brian De Palma	Who introduced Irving to Spielberg ?
:293 Although she was too young for the role , she and Spielberg began dating and she eventually moved in to what she described as his `` bachelor funky '' house. :294 They lived together for four years , but the stresses of their professional careers took a toll on their relationship .	"bachelor funky"	How did Irving describe Spielberg 's house ?
Irving wanted to be certain that whatever success she attained as an actress would be her own : `` I do n't want to be known as Steven 's girlfriend , '' she said , and chose not to be in any of his films during those years. :295	"I don't want to be known as Steven's girlfriend,"	Why did Irving not want to be in Spielberg 's films while dating ?
As a result , they broke up in 1979 , but remained close friends .	1979	When did Spielberg and Irving initially break up ?
Then in 1984 they renewed their romance , and in November 1985 , they married , already having had a son , Max Samuel .	1984	When did Spielberg and Irving get back together ?
Then in 1984 they renewed their romance , and in November 1985 , they married , already having had a son , Max Samuel .	November 1985	When did Spielberg and Irving marry ?
After three and a half years of marriage , however , many of the same competing stresses of their careers caused them to divorce in 1989 .	1989	When did Spielberg and Irving divorce ?
They agreed to maintain homes near each other as to facilitate the shared custody and parenting of their son. :403 Their divorce was recorded as the third most costly celebrity divorce in history .	third most costly celebrity divorce in history	How expensive was Spielberg and Irving 's divorce ?
In 2002 , Spielberg was one of eight flagbearers who carried the Olympic Flag into Rice-Eccles Stadium at the Opening Ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City .	2002 Winter Olympic Games	In which Olympics was Spielberg a flagbearer ?
In 2002 , Spielberg was one of eight flagbearers who carried the Olympic Flag into Rice-Eccles Stadium at the Opening Ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City .	Salt Lake City	Where was Spielberg an Olympic flagbearer ?
Time listed him as one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century .	one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century	How did Time Magazine recognize Spielberg ?
In 2009 , Boston University presented him an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree .	Doctor of Humane Letters	What honorary degree did Spielberg receive from Boston University ?
At the end of the 20th century , Life named him the most influential person of his generation .	the most influential person of his generation	How did Life Magazine recognize Spielberg ?
According to Forbes ' Most Influential Celebrities 2014 list , Spielberg was listed as the most influential celebrity in America .	2014	When was Spielberg named the ` most influential celebrity in America ' ?
Spielberg received a score of 47 , meaning 47 % of the US believes he is influential .	47%	How much of the US believes Spielberg is influential ?
Gerry Philpott , president of E-Poll Market Research , supported Spielberg 's score by stating , `` If anyone doubts that Steven Spielberg has greatly influenced the public , think about how many will think for a second before going into the water this summer . ''	president of E-Poll Market Research	Who is Gerry Philpott ?
Gerry Philpott , president of E-Poll Market Research , supported Spielberg 's score by stating , `` If anyone doubts that Steven Spielberg has greatly influenced the public , think about how many will think for a second before going into the water this summer . ''	many will think for a second before going into the water this summer	How did Spielberg influence the public 's behavior ?
A collector of film memorabilia , Spielberg purchased a balsa Rosebud sled from Citizen Kane -LRB- 1941 -RRB- in 1982 .	1941	When was Citizen Kane released ?
He bought Orson Welles 's own directorial copy of the script for the radio broadcast The War of the Worlds -LRB- 1938 -RRB- in 1994 .	1938	When was ` The War of the Worlds ' radio broadcast ?
A collector of film memorabilia , Spielberg purchased a balsa Rosebud sled from Citizen Kane -LRB- 1941 -RRB- in 1982 .	1982	When did Spielberg buy a sled from Citizen Kane ?
He bought Orson Welles 's own directorial copy of the script for the radio broadcast The War of the Worlds -LRB- 1938 -RRB- in 1994 .	1994	When did Spielberg buy Orson Welles ' personal script copy from ` The War of the Worlds ' ?
Spielberg has purchased Academy Award statuettes being sold on the open market and donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , to prevent their further commercial exploitation .	donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation	What does Spielberg do with Academy Awards he buys ?
Since playing Pong while filming Jaws in 1974 , Spielberg has been an avid video gamer .	Pong	What was the first video game Spielberg played ?
Since playing Pong while filming Jaws in 1974 , Spielberg has been an avid video gamer .	1974	When did Spielberg first play a video game ?
Since playing Pong while filming Jaws in 1974 , Spielberg has been an avid video gamer .	Jaws	What movie was Spielberg working on when he first played Pong ?
He owns a Wii , a PlayStation 3 , a PSP , and Xbox 360 , and enjoys playing first-person shooters such as the Medal of Honor series and Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare .	a Wii, a PlayStation 3, a PSP, and Xbox 360	What game consoles does Spielberg own ?
He has also criticized the use of cut scenes in games , calling them intrusive , and feels making story flow naturally into the gameplay is a challenge for future game developers .	intrusive	How does Spielberg feel about cutscenes in games ?
Drawing from his own experiences in Scouting , Spielberg helped the Boy Scouts of America develop a merit badge in cinematography in order to help promote filmmaking as a marketable skill .	cinematography	What Boy Scout merit badge did Spielberg help develop ?
That same year , 1989 , saw the release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade .	Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade	Which Spielberg movie showed its main character was a Boy Scout ?
The opening scene shows a teenage Indiana Jones in scout uniform bearing the rank of a Life Scout .	Life Scout	What was Indy 's rank in Boy Scouts when shown in a movie ?
The opening scene shows a teenage Indiana Jones in scout uniform bearing the rank of a Life Scout .	Indiana Jones	Which major Spielberg movie character was a Boy Scout ?
The badge was launched at the 1989 National Scout Jamboree , which Spielberg attended , and where he personally counseled many boys in their work on requirements .	1989	When was Spielberg 's merit badge launched ?
On July 15 , 2006 , Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival , and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3 .	Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award	What award did Spielberg receive on Jul 15 , 2006 ?
In 2004 he was admitted as knight of the Légion d'honneur by president Jacques Chirac .	Jacques Chirac	Who made Spielberg a knight ?
On July 15 , 2006 , Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival , and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3 .	Kennedy Center	Where was Spielberg honored on Dec 3 , 2006 ?
The tribute to Spielberg featured a short , filmed biography narrated by Tom Hanks and included thank-yous from World War II veterans for Saving Private Ryan , as well as a performance of the finale to Leonard Bernstein 's Candide , conducted by John Williams -LRB- Spielberg 's frequent composer -RRB- .	Tom Hanks	Who narrated a short Spielberg bio at the Kennedy Center ?
The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Spielberg in 2005 , the first year it considered non-literary contributors .	2005	When was Spielberg added to the Science Fiction Hall of Fame ?
In November 2007 , he was chosen for a Lifetime Achievement Award to be presented at the sixth annual Visual Effects Society Awards in February 2009 .	February 2009	When did the Visual Effects Society give Spielberg a Lifetime Achievement Award ?
He was set to be honored with the Cecil B. DeMille Award at the January 2008 Golden Globes ; however , the new , watered-down format of the ceremony resulting from conflicts in the 2007 -- 08 writers strike , the HFPA postponed his honor to the 2009 ceremony .	2009	When did Spielberg win the Cecil B. DeMille Award ?
He was set to be honored with the Cecil B. DeMille Award at the January 2008 Golden Globes ; however , the new , watered-down format of the ceremony resulting from conflicts in the 2007 -- 08 writers strike , the HFPA postponed his honor to the 2009 ceremony .	watered-down format of the ceremony resulting from conflicts in the 2007–08 writers strike	Why was Spielberg 's Cecil B. DeMille Award postponed from 2008 ?
Starting in the coal mines , by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories .	coal mines	For which industry were elevators first used ?
Starting in the coal mines , by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories .	steam power	In the mid 1800s what were elevators fueled by ?
Starting in the coal mines , by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories .	moving goods in bulk in mines and factories	What were elevators originally built for ?
These steam driven devices were soon being applied to a diverse set of purposes - in 1823 , two architects working in London , Burton and Hormer , built and operated a novel tourist attraction , which they called the `` ascending room '' .	Burton and Hormer	Who built the `` ascending room '' , in 1823 ?
It elevated paying customers to a considerable height in the center of London , allowing them a magnificent panoramic view of downtown .	London	The `` ascending room '' gave customers a view of what city 's downtown ?
The hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846 , primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo .	Sir William Armstrong	Who invented the hydraulic crane in 1846 ?
The hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846 , primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo .	Tyneside docks	Were was the hydraulic crane initially used ?
These quickly supplanted the earlier steam driven elevators : exploiting Pascal 's law , they provided a much greater force .	they provided a much greater force	In what manner did hydraulic cranes employ Pascal 's law ?
A water pump supplied a variable level of water pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder , allowing the level of the platform -LRB- carrying a heavy load -RRB- to be raised and lowered .	encased inside a vertical cylinder	The water pump supplied water pressure to a plunger located where ?
Counterweights and balances were also used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus .	Counterweights and balances	besides water pressure , what else was used to increase the lifting power ?
In 1845 , the Neapolitan architect Gaetano Genovese installed in the Royal Palace of Caserta the `` Flying Chair '' , an elevator ahead of its time , covered with chestnut wood outside and with maple wood inside .	Gaetano Genovese	What Neapolitan architect created the `` Flying Chair '' elevator ?
In 1845 , the Neapolitan architect Gaetano Genovese installed in the Royal Palace of Caserta the `` Flying Chair '' , an elevator ahead of its time , covered with chestnut wood outside and with maple wood inside .	Royal Palace of Caserta	At what location was the `` Flying Chair '' installed in 1845 ?
In 1845 , the Neapolitan architect Gaetano Genovese installed in the Royal Palace of Caserta the `` Flying Chair '' , an elevator ahead of its time , covered with chestnut wood outside and with maple wood inside .	maple	What type of wood was used on the inside ?
Traction was controlled by a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels .	a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels	What controlled the traction ?
It consisted of a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring .	a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring	What did the safety system consist of ?
In 1852 , Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator , which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke .	Elisha Otis	Who created the safety elevator in 1852 ?
In 1852 , Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator , which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke .	prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke	What feature did the safety elevator display ?
A governor device engages knurled roller -LRB- s -RRB- , locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed .	knurled roller(s)	What did the govenor device engage to lock the elevator ?
He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in a dramatic , death-defying presentation in 1854 , and the first such passenger elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City on March 23 , 1857 .	New York exposition in the Crystal Palace	At what location was it first presented ?
He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in a dramatic , death-defying presentation in 1854 , and the first such passenger elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City on March 23 , 1857 .	488 Broadway in New York City	Where was the first safety elevator installed ?
The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years .	first elevator shaft	Which was built first , the first elevator shaft or the first elevator ?
Construction for Peter Cooper 's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in 1853 .	1853	What year did constructrion begin for the Cooper Union Foundation ?
The shaft was cylindrical because Cooper thought it was the most efficient design .	cylindrical	What design did Peter Cooper feel was the most efficient ?
Today the Otis Elevator Company , now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation , is the world 's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems .	United Technologies Corporation	The Otis Elevator Company is today a subsidiary of what major corporation ?
Today the Otis Elevator Company , now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation , is the world 's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems .	world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems	What title does United Technologies Corporation hold ?
The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in Germany .	Werner von Siemens	Who built the first electric elevator ?
The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in Germany .	Germany	The first electric elevator , built in 1880 , was in what Country ?
The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague who added floor control , automatic elevators , acceleration control of cars , and safeties .	Frank Sprague	Who is credited with increasing the safety and speed of electric elevators ?
The inventor Anton Freissler developed the ideas of von Siemens and built up a successful enterprise in Austria-Hungary .	Anton Freissler	Who ultilized von Siemens ideas to build a succesful business ?
His elevator ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators , and 584 electric elevators were installed before Sprague sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1895 .	Otis Elevator Company	To whom did Frank Sprague sell his company to in 1895 ?
A modern-day elevator consists of a cab -LRB- also called a `` cage '' , `` carriage '' or `` car '' -RRB- mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a `` hoistway '' .	hoistway	What is another name for an elevator shaft ?
In the past , elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand .	steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand	Elevator drive mechanisms have , in the past been , powered by what ?
The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight .	a counterweight	What is the weight of the elevator cage balanced by ?
Sometimes two elevators are built so that their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions , and are each other 's counterweight .	their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions,	How do elevators built in pairs work ?
The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle , and slide open laterally .	have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally	How do most elevator doors work ?
In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large `` slab '' door : a single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally .	"slab" door	What is a single panel door referred to as ?
In a cascading telescopic configuration -LRB- potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space -RRB- , the doors roll on independent tracks so that while open , they are tucked behind one another , and while closed , they form cascading layers on one side .	a cascading telescopic configuration	What design allows wider entryways within limited space ?
Some buildings have elevators with the single door on the shaft way , and double cascading doors on the cab .	on the shaft way	The single door is sometimes located where ?
Elevator doors protect riders from falling into the shaft .	falling into the shaft	What do elevator doors protect riders from ?
Historically , AC motors were used for single or double speed elevator machines on the grounds of cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue , but for higher speed , larger capacity elevators , the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine becomes an issue .	AC motors	Throughout history , what type of engines were used for elevator machines ?
Historically , AC motors were used for single or double speed elevator machines on the grounds of cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue , but for higher speed , larger capacity elevators , the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine becomes an issue .	cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue	Why were AC motors used ?
Historically , AC motors were used for single or double speed elevator machines on the grounds of cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue , but for higher speed , larger capacity elevators , the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine becomes an issue .	the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine	What problem arises for fast and large capacity elevators ?
The MG set also typically powered the relay controller of the elevator , which has the added advantage of electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building 's electrical system , thus eliminating the transient power spikes in the building 's electrical supply caused by the motors starting and stopping -LRB- causing lighting to dim every time the elevators are used for example -RRB- , as well as interference to other electrical equipment caused by the arcing of the relay contactors in the control system .	MG set	Generally , what powered the relay contoller ?
The MG set also typically powered the relay controller of the elevator , which has the added advantage of electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building 's electrical system , thus eliminating the transient power spikes in the building 's electrical supply caused by the motors starting and stopping -LRB- causing lighting to dim every time the elevators are used for example -RRB- , as well as interference to other electrical equipment caused by the arcing of the relay contactors in the control system .	electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system	What is a known advantage of the MG set ?
In this case , the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor .	directly attached to the end of the motor	In a gearless traction engine , what is the drive sheave attached to ?
Gearless traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 20 m/s -LRB- 4,000 ft/min -RRB- , A brake is mounted between the motor and gearbox or between the motor and drive sheave or at the end of the drive sheave to hold the elevator stationary at a floor .	20 m/s (4,000 ft/min)	What speed is a gearless traction elevator capable of attaining ?
This brake is usually an external drum type and is actuated by spring force and held open electrically ; a power failure will cause the brake to engage and prevent the elevator from falling -LRB- see inherent safety and safety engineering -RRB- .	spring force	What motivates an external drum brake held open electrically ?
But it can also be some form of disc type like 1 or more calipers over a disc in one end of the motor shaft or drive sheave which is used in high speed , high rise and large capacity elevators with machine rooms -LRB- an exception is the Kone MonoSpace 's EcoDisc which is not high speed , high rise and large capacity and is machine room less but it uses the same design as is a thinner version of a conventional gearless traction machine -RRB- for breaking power , compactness and redundancy -LRB- assuming there 's at least 2 calipers on the disc -RRB- , or 1 or more disc brakes with a single caliper at one end of the motor shaft or drive sheave which is used in machine room less elevators for compactness , breaking power , and redundancy -LRB- assuming there 's 2 brakes or more -RRB- .	Kone MonoSpace's EcoDisc	One exception that is not high speed high rise and large capacity is what ?
In each case , cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab or may be `` underslung '' below a cab , and then looped over the drive sheave to a counterweight attached to the opposite end of the cables which reduces the amount of power needed to move the cab .	cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab	What reduces the amount of force needed to propel the cab ?
The counterweight is located in the hoist-way and rides a separate railway system ; as the car goes up , the counterweight goes down , and vice versa .	in the hoist-way	Where will the counterweight be found ?
This action is powered by the traction machine which is directed by the controller , typically a relay logic or computerized device that directs starting , acceleration , deceleration and stopping of the elevator cab .	the controller	What guides the traction machine ?
The weight of the counterweight is typically equal to the weight of the elevator cab plus 40-50 % of the capacity of the elevator .	40-50%	The counterweight runs equal to the cab weight plus what percentage of the elevator capacity ?
Sheave and rope wear may be significantly reduced by ensuring that all ropes have equal tension , thus sharing the load evenly .	Sheave and rope wear	Maintaining that the ropes all have equal tension may reduce what ?
Elevators with more than 30 m -LRB- 98 ft -RRB- of travel have a system called compensation .	Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel	`` Compensation '' is the name of the system used for what type of elevators ?
This is a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab .	a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab	`` Compensation '' consists of what ?
If the compensation system uses chains , the chain is guided by a bar mounted between the counterweight railway lines .	a bar mounted between the counterweight railway lines	What is the chain guided by in a compensation system that uses chains ?
This makes it easier to control the elevator , as it compensates for the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab .	the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab	What exactly does this system compensate for ?
The low mechanical complexity of hydraulic elevators in comparison to traction elevators makes them ideal for low rise , low traffic installations .	low rise, low traffic installations	What type of installations are hydraulic elevators best suited for ?
They are less energy efficient as the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards ; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight .	the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight	Why do hydraulic elevators use more energy ?
The high current draw of the pump when starting up also places higher demands on a building 's electrical system .	The high current draw of the pump when starting up	What else contributes to a higher demand from the electrical system ?
There are also environmental concerns should the lifting cylinder leak fluid into the ground .	environmental concerns	What concerns arise when the lifting cylinder leaks fluid into the ground ?
A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion .	a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion	What defines a climbing elevator ?
Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or towers , in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions , such as flight safety lamps for maintenance .	guyed masts or towers	What settings are climbing elevators used in ?
The Glasgow Tower -- an observation tower in Glasgow , Scotland -- also makes use of two climbing elevators .	an observation tower in Glasgow, Scotland	What is the Glasgow Tower ?
The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine .	by an electric or a combustion engine	How is the propulsion powered in a climbing elevator ?
A elevator of this kind uses a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the `` shaft '' to move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level .	a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the "shaft"	What does this type of elevator use to propel the cage ?
a diaphragm or a piston is used as a `` brake '' if there 's a sudden increase in pressure avove the cab .	a diaphragm or a piston	For sudden surges in pressure above the cab , what is used as a `` brake '' ?
however , to go down , it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the `` shaft '' , allowing the cab to go down by its own weight .	it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the "shaft"	How does it enable the cab to go down by it 's own weight ?
the `` shaft '' is made of acrilic , is always round , due to the shape of the vacuum pump turbine .	acrilic	What is the shaft made of ?
they usually allow 1-3 passengers and up to 525 lbs .	up to 525 lbs	How much weight is permitted on a low capacity elevator ?
In the first half of the twentieth century , almost all elevators had no automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop .	automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop	Until the mid 1900s most elevators lacked what ?
In general , most elevators before WWII were manually controlled by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor .	by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor	How were most elevators built before 1939 powered ?
Some of the older freight elevators were controlled by switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes .	switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes	Many earlier built freight elevators were controlled by what ?
This rheostat -LRB- see picture -RRB- was enclosed within a cylindrical container about the size and shape of a cake .	a cake	A rheostat is the size and shape of what ?
This was mounted upright or sideways on the cab wall and operated via a projecting handle , which was able to slide around the top half of the cylinder .	upright or sideways on the cab wall	Where was the rheostat mounted ?
The elevator motor was located at the top of the shaft or beside the bottom of the shaft .	at the top of the shaft or beside the bottom of the shaft	Where is the elevator motor found ?
Pushing the handle forward would cause the cab to rise ; backwards would make it sink .	to rise	Moving the helve forward causes the cab to do what ?
The harder the pressure , the faster the elevator would move .	the faster the elevator would move	The more pressure applied to the handle caused what ?
The handle also served as a dead man switch : if the operator let go of the handle , it would return to its upright position , causing the elevator cab to stop .	if the operator let go of the handle, it would return to its upright position, causing the elevator cab to stop	Why was the handle considered a `` dead man switch '' ?
In time , safety interlocks would ensure that the inner and outer doors were closed before the elevator was allowed to move .	that the inner and outer doors were closed before the elevator was allowed to move	Eventually safety locks were used to guarantee what ?
Some skyscraper buildings and other types of installation feature a destination operating panel where a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car .	a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car	What function does a `` destination operating panel '' feature ?
In this way , travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers , and the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank .	the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank	What is another benefit of a `` destination operating panel '' ?
In this way , travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers , and the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank .	travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers	What is one benefit of a `` destination operating panel ''
Although travel time is reduced , passenger waiting times may be longer as they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart .	passenger waiting times may be longer as they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart	What is the downside to a : destination operating panel '' ?
One problem is that the system is subject to gaming .	the system is subject to gaming	What is one example of a limitation on the system ?
The dispatching algorithm is usually unable to completely cater for the variation , and latecomers may find the elevator they are assigned to is already full .	The dispatching algorithm	What is generally unable to support variations in the number of people for a particular destination ?
This is common with up/down buttons when people believe this to be an effective way to hurry elevators .	people believe this to be an effective way to hurry elevators	For what reason do people repeatedly push the up/down buttons on a panel ?
However , this will make the computer think multiple people are waiting and will allocate empty cars to serve this one person .	this will make the computer think multiple people are waiting and will allocate empty cars to serve this one person	Why is this a bad practice ?
To prevent this problem , in one implementation of destination control , every user gets an RFID card to identify himself , so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls .	every user gets an RFID card to identify himself	What is one way to implement destination control ?
To prevent this problem , in one implementation of destination control , every user gets an RFID card to identify himself , so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls .	the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls	How does this help the system ?
The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification , either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons .	either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons	Newer systems know where and how many people are at a location for what reasons ?
During up-peak mode -LRB- also called moderate incoming traffic -RRB- , elevator cars in a group are recalled to the lobby to provide expeditious service to passengers arriving at the building , most typically in the morning as people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period .	moderate incoming traffic	What is another name for up-peak mode ?
During up-peak mode -LRB- also called moderate incoming traffic -RRB- , elevator cars in a group are recalled to the lobby to provide expeditious service to passengers arriving at the building , most typically in the morning as people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period .	most typically in the morning	Generally , up-peak mode takes place during what times of the day ?
During up-peak mode -LRB- also called moderate incoming traffic -RRB- , elevator cars in a group are recalled to the lobby to provide expeditious service to passengers arriving at the building , most typically in the morning as people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period .	people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period	What are the reasons for up-peak mode early in the day ?
Elevators are dispatched one-by-one when they reach a pre-determined passenger load , or when they have had their doors opened for a certain period of time .	when they reach a pre-determined passenger load, or when they have had their doors opened for a certain period of time	For what reasons are elevators routed one-by-one ?
The next elevator to be dispatched usually has its hall lantern or a `` this car leaving next '' sign illuminated to encourage passengers to make maximum use of the available elevator system capacity .	to encourage passengers to make maximum use of the available elevator system capacity	Why is a `` this car leaving next '' sign used ?
It is activated by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby .	by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby	How is the special sercice mode enabled ?
When an elevator is placed on independent service , it will no longer respond to hall calls .	it will no longer respond to hall calls	What is the impact on an elevator set to independant service mode ?
Independent service is useful when transporting large goods or moving groups of people between certain floors .	when transporting large goods or moving groups of people between certain floors	At what times is Independant service best utilized ?
-LRB- In a bank of elevators , traffic is rerouted to the other elevators , while in a single elevator , the hall buttons are disabled -RRB- .	the hall buttons are disabled	During independant service mode how is a single cab in a hall kept from being used ?
Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics .	qualified elevator mechanics	Who is authorized to provide inspection and/or maintenance of the elevator ?
Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics .	to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance	What is the purpose of the Inspection service ?
It is first activated by a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled ` Inspection ' , ` Car Top ' , ` Access Enable ' or ` HWENAB ' .	a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB	What action initiates it 's activation ?
When this switch is activated the elevator will come to a stop if moving , car calls will be canceled -LRB- and the buttons disabled -RRB- , and hall calls will be assigned to other elevator cars in the group -LRB- or canceled in a single elevator configuration -RRB- .	the elevator will come to a stop if moving	WWhat 's the first thing to happen when the switch is activated ?
The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding ` Access ' key switches , usually located at the highest -LRB- to access the top of the car -RRB- and lowest -LRB- to access the elevator pit -RRB- landings .	The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches	Once activatated , what is the only way to deactivate it ?
Phase one mode is activated by a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building .	a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building	What initiates Phase one mode ?
The elevator will wait an amount of time , then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor .	The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor	What happens when an elevator goes into Phase one mode ?
Once the elevator has left the floor , depending on where the alarm was set off , the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor .	the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor	Where does the elevator go from there ?
The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset .	The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset	How is the elevator enabled for service after the incident ?
However , if the alarm was activated on the fire-recall floor , the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to .	the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to	What happens if the mode is activated on the fire-recall floor ?
Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel .	Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel	How is the Phase-two mode enabled ?
However , like independent-service mode , the car will not respond to a car call unless the firefighter manually pushes and holds the door close button .	manually pushes and holds the door close button	What actions must a firefighter take to activate Phase-two mode ?
By turning phase two on , the firefighter enables the car to move .	enables the car to move	What does Phase-two do ?
This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building .	This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building	What is the purpose of the Phase-two mode ?
The phase-two key switch located on the COP has three positions : off , on , and hold .	on the COP	Where is the Phase-two key switch to be found ?
Once the elevator arrives at the floor , it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator .	it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator	Upon arriving at the desinated floor , what does the elevator do ?
Medical personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch inside the car , select their floor and close the doors with the door close button .	Medical personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and close the doors with the door close button	What steps do medical personnel take at that point ?
The elevator will then travel non-stop to the selected floor , and will remain in code-blue service until switched off in the car .	The elevator will then travel non-stop to the selected floor	Where then does the elevator go ?
The elevator will then travel non-stop to the selected floor , and will remain in code-blue service until switched off in the car .	will remain in code-blue service until switched off in the car	Once it arrives what does the elevator do
Some hospital elevators will feature a ` hold ' position on the code-blue key switch -LRB- similar to fire service -RRB- which allows the elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until code blue is deactivated .	allows the elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until code blue is deactivated	What does the hold feature do ?
One by one , each car in the group will return to the lobby floor , open its doors and shut down .	One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down	What sequence of events happens when the power shuts off in a traction elevator and the elevators all stop ?
People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly .	People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly	What do any passengers experience at this point ?
Once all cars have successfully returned , the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service .	the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service	After all cars go to the lobby , what is the next step ?
The car -LRB- s -RRB- selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby .	The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby	How are the selected cars then readied for passengers ?
In order to help prevent entrapment , when the system detects that it is running low on power , it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor , open the doors and shut down .	when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down	What is a safety feature to prevent entrapment ?
In hydraulic elevator systems , emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit .	emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit	How do hydraulic elevators work in emergencies ?
The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset , usually by cycling the elevator main power switch .	The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch	Once the passengers have exited , what happens ?
Typically , due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor , hydraulic elevators are not run using standard emergency power systems .	due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor	For what reason are hydraulic elevators not powered by the standard emergency system ?
However , the increasing use of current-limiting motor starters , commonly known as `` soft-start '' contactors , avoid much of this problem , and the current draw of the pump motor is less of a limiting concern .	"soft-start" contactors	What are current-limiting motor starters referred to as ?
Statistically speaking , cable-borne elevators are extremely safe .	cable-borne elevators	What types of elevator hold the highest safety record ?
In 1998 , it was estimated that approximately eight millionths of one percent -LRB- 1 in 12 million -RRB- of elevator rides result in an anomaly , and the vast majority of these were minor things such as the doors failing to open .	eight millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides	In the late nineties , what was considered the rate of cable-borne elevator problems ?
In 1998 , it was estimated that approximately eight millionths of one percent -LRB- 1 in 12 million -RRB- of elevator rides result in an anomaly , and the vast majority of these were minor things such as the doors failing to open .	minor things such as the doors failing to open	What was the severity of the majority of elevator failures recorded ?
Of the 20 to 30 elevator-related deaths each year , most of them are maintenance-related -- for example , technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts , and most of the rest are attributed to other kinds of accidents , such as people stepping blindly through doors that open into empty shafts or being strangled by scarves caught in the doors .	technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts	What is an example of a maintenance-related elevator death ?
In fact , prior to the September 11th terrorist attacks , the only known free-fall incident in a modern cable-borne elevator happened in 1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building in fog , severing the cables of an elevator cab , which fell from the 75th floor all the way to the bottom of the building , seriously injuring -LRB- though not killing -RRB- the sole occupant -- the elevator operator .	1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building	Before the Twin Towers attack in 2001 , what was the only reported freefall accident attributed to a modern cable-borne elevator ?
Past problems with hydraulic elevators include underground electrolytic destruction of the cylinder and bulkhead , pipe failures , and control failures .	the cylinder and bulkhead	Underground electrolytic malfunctions in hydraulic elevators can result in the destruction of what ?
Single bulkhead cylinders , typically built prior to a 1972 ASME A17 .1 Elevator Safety Code change requiring a second dished bulkhead , were subject to possible catastrophic failure .	1972 ASME A17.1	What Elevator Safety Code change required a second dished bulkhead ?
The code previously permitted only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders .	single-bottom	Before the code change was enacted what was the only permitted hydraulic cylinder type ?
In the event of a cylinder breach , the fluid loss results in uncontrolled down movement of the elevator .	uncontrolled down movement of the elevator	Once the cylinder is breached , what calamity does the loss of fluid cause ?
Because it is impossible to verify the system at all times , the code requires periodic testing of the pressure capability .	periodic testing of the pressure capability	What testing does the code require ?
Safety testing of mine shaft elevator rails is routinely undertaken .	elevator rails	What part of the mine shaft requires routine testing ?
The ends of the segment are frayed , then set in conical zinc molds .	The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds	What is the first step in destructive testing ?
Each end of the segment is then secured in a large , hydraulic stretching machine .	hydraulic stretching machine	Afterwards , what type of machine is the segment secured in ?
The method involves destructive testing of a segment of the cable .	destructive testing	What type of testing is done to the an area of the cable ?
Data about elasticity , load , and other factors is compiled and a report is produced .	Data about elasticity, load, and other factors is compiled	What types of information are collected in the process ?
Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space .	the available floor space	What dictates passenger elevator capacities ?
Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 500 to 2,700 kg -LRB- 1,000 -- 6,000 lb -RRB- in 230 kg -LRB- 500 lb -RRB- increments .	from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000–6,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments	What capacities are passenger elevators availablee in ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Generally passenger elevators in buildings of eight floors or fewer are hydraulic or electric , which can reach speeds up to 1 m/s -LRB- 200 ft/min -RRB- hydraulic and up to 152 m/min -LRB- 500 ft/min -RRB- electric .	hydraulic or electric	What types of passenger elevators are installed in structures of up to eight floors ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Generally passenger elevators in buildings of eight floors or fewer are hydraulic or electric , which can reach speeds up to 1 m/s -LRB- 200 ft/min -RRB- hydraulic and up to 152 m/min -LRB- 500 ft/min -RRB- electric .	200	Hydraulic elevators can reach speeds up to 1m/s or how many feet per minute ?
In buildings up to ten floors , electric and gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 3 m/s -LRB- 500 ft/min -RRB- , and above ten floors speeds range 3 to 10 m/s -LRB- 500 -- 2,000 ft/min -RRB- .	500	Electric elevators can reach speeds up to 3 m/s or how many feet per minute ?
Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars .	funiculars	Passenger elevators , used in city transport share similarities to what other ascending and descending vehicles counterbalancing each other ?
For example , there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta , Ukraine , which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched , to a tunnel located on the beach below .	underground public elevator	What type of public elevator in Yalta , Ukraine , transport passengers from a hill above the Black Sea to a tunnel down on the beach ?
At Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro , the elevator that provides access to the station from a hilltop neighborhood doubles as city transportation : the station 's ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city , or vice versa .	city transportation	The elevator located at the Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro is also used for what ?
At Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro , the elevator that provides access to the station from a hilltop neighborhood doubles as city transportation : the station 's ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city , or vice versa .	ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa	How is that set up ?
A freight elevator , or goods lift , is an elevator designed to carry goods , rather than passengers .	goods lift	What is another name for a freight elevator ?
Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited -LRB- though not necessarily illegal -RRB- , though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser .	a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited	What type of notice is required to be visible in most freight elevators ?
Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited -LRB- though not necessarily illegal -RRB- , though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser .	an inconspicuous riser	Some freight elevators allow transport of both freight and passengers by using what ?
Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator , generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg .	Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator	How do freight elevators differ from passenger elevators ?
Although hydraulic freight elevators exist , electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting .	electric elevators	What type of elevator is better suited for carrying freight ?
Stage lifts and orchestra lifts are specialized elevators , typically powered by hydraulics , that are used to raise and lower entire sections of a theater stage .	by hydraulics	How are stage lifts powered ?
For example , Radio City Music Hall has four such elevators : an orchestra lift that covers a large area of the stage , and three smaller lifts near the rear of the stage .	four	How many hydraulic elevators are there at Radio City Music Hall ?
In this case , the orchestra lift is powerful enough to raise an entire orchestra , or an entire cast of performers -LRB- including live elephants -RRB- up to stage level from below .	to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live elephants) up to stage level from below	What is an orchestra lift used for ?
There 's a barrel on the background of the image of the left which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism	a barrel	What is on the background of the image which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism ?
A residential elevator is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than full commercial elevators .	residential	What type of elevators are generally less costly than full commercial elevators ?
They may have unique design characteristics suited for home furnishings , such as hinged wooden shaft-access doors rather than the typical metal sliding doors of commercial elevators .	metal sliding	What type of doors do commercial elevators use ?
Construction may be less robust than in commercial designs with shorter maintenance periods , but safety systems such as locks on shaft access doors , fall arrestors , and emergency phones must still be present in the event of malfunction .	locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones	What safety mechanisms are still required , despite lower design costs ?
A residential elevator is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than full commercial elevators .	residential	What type of elevator has a hinged wooden shaft-access door ?
Some types of residential elevators do not use a traditional elevator shaft , machine room , and elevator hoistway .	residential	What types of elevators occassionaly do not use a traditional elevator shaft , machine room or hoistway ?
The ASME board first approved machine-room-less systems in a revision of the ASME A17 .1 in 2007 .	2007	In what year were Machine-room-less elevators first allowed ?
The ASME board first approved machine-room-less systems in a revision of the ASME A17 .1 in 2007 .	the ASME A17.1	This decision reflected a revision of what ?
This allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit , and simplifies installation .	allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation	What benefits does this serve ?
Dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are intended to carry food , books or other small freight loads rather than passengers .	Dumbwaiters	What are small freight elevators used for things such as food , called ?
They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors .	They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors	What rooms are dumbwaiters frequently used in ?
they usually do not have the same safety features found in passenger elevators , like various ropes for redundancy .	various ropes for redundancy	What is a safety feature found in passenger elevators they generally do not have ?
they have a lower capacity , and they can be up to 1 meter -LRB- 3 ft. -RRB- tall .	they can be up to 1 meter (3 ft.) tall	What is the height restriction on dumbwaiters ?
there 's a control panel at every stop , that mimics the ones found in passenger elevators , like calling , door control , floor selection .	calling, door control, floor selection	What features do they have that mimic passenger elevators ?
The conveyor often includes partitions to ensure that the material moves forward .	ensure that the material moves forward	What do the partians do on the conveyor ?
Material transport elevators generally consist of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs .	Material transport elevators	An inclined plane with a conveyor belt describes what type of elevator ?
These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications .	industrial and agricultural applications	What industries are these types of elevators generally used in ?
When such mechanisms -LRB- or spiral screws or pneumatic transport -RRB- are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos , the entire structure is called a grain elevator .	to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos	What are spiral screws used for ?
Belt elevators are often used in docks for loading loose materials such as coal , iron ore and grain into the holds of bulk carriers	Belt elevators	What type of elevators are used for loading loose materials into bulk carriers ?
Elevators necessitated new social protocols .	social protocols	The invention of elevators brought with it questions of social etiquette and formalities , generally referred to as what ?
When Nicholas II of Russia visited the Hotel Adlon in Berlin , his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first , and who would press the buttons .	Berlin	The last tsar of Russia , Nicholas ll encountered his first elevator at the Hotel Adloin in what city ?
When Nicholas II of Russia visited the Hotel Adlon in Berlin , his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first , and who would press the buttons .	press the buttons	This caused a stir in deciding who should enter first and who should do what ?
In Lifted : A Cultural History of the Elevator , author Andreas Bernard documents other social impacts caused by the modern elevator , including thriller movies about stuck elevators , casual encounters and sexual tension on elevators , the reduction of personal space , and concerns about personal hygiene .	Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator	Andreas Bernard wrote about the social aspects of the new elevators in what book ?
In addition to the call buttons , elevators usually have floor indicators -LRB- often illuminated by LED -RRB- and direction lanterns .	LED	Modern elevator position or floor indicaters often use what type of bulbs ?
In addition to the call buttons , elevators usually have floor indicators -LRB- often illuminated by LED -RRB- and direction lanterns .	direction lanterns	What type of lanterns are used outside elevators as well as inside most cabs ?
Floor indicators can consist of a dial with a rotating needle , but the most common types are those with successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs .	successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs	What do floor indicaters often consist of ?
Likewise , a change of floors or an arrival at a floor is indicated by a sound , depending on the elevator .	a sound	What generally indicates the arrival of the elevator at a new floor ?
Direction lanterns are also found both inside and outside elevator cars , but they should always be visible from outside because their primary purpose is to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator .	to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator	What is the main function of direction lanterns ?
If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up , but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down , then the person may decide not to get on the elevator .	If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down	What might change your mind about whether or not to enter an elevator ?
Direction indicators are sometimes etched with arrows or shaped like arrows and/or use the convention that one that lights up red means `` down '' and green means `` up '' .	arrows or shaped like arrows	What type of etching might you see on a direction indicator ?
An example of a place whose elevators use only the color convention to differentiate between directions is the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago , where a single circle can be made to light up green for `` up '' and red for `` down '' .	to differentiate between directions	Some elevators may use the color convention for only what purpose ?
There are several technologies aimed to provide better experience to passengers suffering from claustrophobia , anthropophobia or social anxiety .	claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety	New technologies aim to provide a better elevator experience to passengers who suffer from what ?
Israeli startup DigiGage uses motion sensors to scroll the pre-rendered images , building and floor-specific content on a screen embedded into the wall as the cab moves up and down .	DigiGage	What Israeli company uses motion sensors to display information on a screen embedded in the wall of the cabs ?
British company LiftEye provides a virtual window technology to turn common elevator into panoramic .	to turn common elevator into panoramic	LiftEye uses virtual window technology for what ?
It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement .	It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement	How does it produce the panoramic effects ?
The video is projected on a wall-sized screens making it look like the walls are made of glass .	on a wall-sized screens	Where is the video projected ?
In most US and Canadian jurisdictions , passenger elevators are required to conform to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ' Standard A17 .1 , Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators .	most US and Canadian jurisdictions	In what neighboring countries are passenger elevators required to adhere to Standard A17 .1 ?
In Canada the document is the CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard , which was harmonized with the US version in the 2000 edition .	CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard	What is the equivilent to the US Standard A17 .1 called in Canada ?
In most US and Canadian jurisdictions , passenger elevators are required to conform to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ' Standard A17 .1 , Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators .	Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators	What is Standard A17 .1 ?
Passenger elevators are tested using the ASME A17 .2 Standard .	ASME A17.2 Standard	What are passenger elevators tested with ?
Most elevators have a location in which the permit for the building owner to operate the elevator is displayed .	the building owner	Whose name is on the permit required for operation of an elevator ?
While some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab , other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere -- such as the maintenance office -- and to be made available for inspection on demand .	some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere	Do all jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator ?
While some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab , other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere -- such as the maintenance office -- and to be made available for inspection on demand .	the maintenance office	Aside from the elevator , where else might a permit be displayed ?
In such cases instead of the permit being displayed in the elevator cab , often a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept .	a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept.	What type of notice can be displayed in the elevator in lieu of the permit ?
As of January 2008 , Spain is the nation with the most elevators installed in the world , with 950,000 elevators installed that run more than one hundred million lifts every day , followed by United States with 700,000 elevators installed and China with 610,000 elevators installed since 1949 .	United States	What country had the second most elevators installed ?
As of January 2008 , Spain is the nation with the most elevators installed in the world , with 950,000 elevators installed that run more than one hundred million lifts every day , followed by United States with 700,000 elevators installed and China with 610,000 elevators installed since 1949 .	Spain	In 2008 , what country had the largest number of elevators ?
As of January 2008 , Spain is the nation with the most elevators installed in the world , with 950,000 elevators installed that run more than one hundred million lifts every day , followed by United States with 700,000 elevators installed and China with 610,000 elevators installed since 1949 .	610,000	How many elevators had China installed since 1949 ?
The world 's largest market for elevators is Italy , with more than 1,629 million euros of sales and 1,224 million euros of internal market .	Italy	What country boasts the worlds largest market for elevators ?
In Brazil , it is estimated that there are approximately 300,000 elevators currently in operation .	300,000	How many elevators are in Brazil ?
Double deck elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower .	Double deck elevators	What type of elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower ?
The lower deck is turned off during low-volume hours , and the upper deck can act as a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors .	low-volume hours	During what hours is the lower deck turned off ?
The lower deck is turned off during low-volume hours , and the upper deck can act as a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors .	a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors	During the low volume hours , what can the upper deck function as ?
Restaurant customers must clear their reservations at the reception counter on the 2nd floor .	at the reception counter on the 2nd floor	On what floor must restaurant customers clear their reservations ?
A bank of express elevators stop only on the sky lobby levels -LRB- 36 and 60 , upper-deck car -RRB- , where tenants can transfer to `` local '' elevators .	36 and 60, upper-deck car	What levels make up the `` sky lobby '' ?
The high-speed observation deck elevators accelerate to a world-record certified speed of 1,010 metres per minute -LRB- 61 km/h -RRB- in 16 seconds , and then it slows down for arrival with subtle air pressure sensations .	1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds	How fast do the observation deck elevators travel ?
The high-speed observation deck elevators accelerate to a world-record certified speed of 1,010 metres per minute -LRB- 61 km/h -RRB- in 16 seconds , and then it slows down for arrival with subtle air pressure sensations .	world-record certified speed	This speed holds what record ?
Special features include aerodynamic car and counterweights , and cabin pressure control to help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes .	help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes	What does cabin pressure control do ?
The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute , with the doors opening at the 52nd second .	600 meters per minute	How fast does the elevator drop down ?
The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute , with the doors opening at the 52nd second .	52nd	At what floor do the doors open on the way down ?
The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror is the common name for a series of elevator attractions at the Disney 's Hollywood Studios park in Orlando , the Disney California Adventure Park park in Anaheim , the Walt Disney Studios Park in Paris and the Tokyo DisneySea park in Tokyo .	The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror	What is the name of the elevator attraction at the Disney World parks across the world ?
The central element of this attraction is a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system .	a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system	What is the main feature of this attraction ?
For safety reasons , passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing .	passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing	Do ride goers stand or sit ?
This allows the drive motor to pull down on the elevator car from underneath , resulting in downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity .	downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity	What unique feature does this ride provide guests ?
The high-speed drive motor is used to rapidly lift the elevator as well .	high-speed drive motor	What type of motor is used ?
The passenger cabs are mechanically separated from the lift mechanism , thus allowing the elevator shafts to be used continuously while passengers board and embark from the cabs , as well as move through show scenes on various floors .	mechanically	How are passenger cabs separated from the lift ?
The passenger cabs , which are automated guided vehicles or AGVs , move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in before the elevator starts moving vertically .	automated guided vehicles or AGVs	What type of vehicles are the passenger cabs ?
The passenger cabs , which are automated guided vehicles or AGVs , move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in before the elevator starts moving vertically .	move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in	What action do the cabs take before the elevator begins to move ?
The doorways of the top few `` floors '' of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment , thus allowing passengers to look out from the top of the structure .	The doorways of the top few "floors" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment	What is special about the doorways of the top floors ?
The doorways of the top few `` floors '' of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment , thus allowing passengers to look out from the top of the structure .	look out from the top of the structure	What does this allow riders to do at the top ?
Guests ascending to the 67th , 69th , and 70th level observation decks -LRB- dubbed `` Top of the Rock '' -RRB- atop the GE Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City ride a high-speed glass-top elevator .	"Top of the Rock"	What are the 67th , 69th , and 70th floors of the GE Building at Rockerfeller Center nicknamed ?
Guests ascending to the 67th , 69th , and 70th level observation decks -LRB- dubbed `` Top of the Rock '' -RRB- atop the GE Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City ride a high-speed glass-top elevator .	observation decks	What do these floors serve as ?
Guests ascending to the 67th , 69th , and 70th level observation decks -LRB- dubbed `` Top of the Rock '' -RRB- atop the GE Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City ride a high-speed glass-top elevator .	high-speed glass-top	What type of elevator is featured ?
The entire ride takes about 60 seconds .	about 60 seconds	How long is the short trip ?
Music plays and various animations are also displayed on the ceiling .	various animations are also displayed on the ceiling	The special effects include blue light , music playing and what else ?
Part of the Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland in Anaheim , California , and Disneyland in Paris , France , takes place on an elevator .	takes place on an elevator	The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland in California and the one in Paris , France sharewhat attribute ?
The `` stretching room '' on the ride is actually an elevator that travels downwards , giving access to a short underground tunnel which leads to the rest of the attraction .	The "stretching room"	What is the name of area that is really an elevator ?
The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion .	The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion	What is included in the elevator 's design ?
Because there is no roof , passengers are able to see the walls of the shaft by looking up , which gives the illusion of the room stretching .	the illusion of the room stretching	What is the illusion given by these effects ?
Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus , which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune .	Uranus	What planet is Neptune 's near-twin ?
Named after the Roman god of the sea , its astronomical symbol is ♆ , a stylised version of the god Neptune 's trident .	Roman god of the sea	What is Neptune named after ?
Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus , which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune .	17 times	How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth ?
Named after the Roman god of the sea , its astronomical symbol is ♆ , a stylised version of the god Neptune 's trident .	god Neptune's trident	What does the astronomical sign of Neptune represent ?
-LSB- c -RSB- Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical units -LRB- 4.50 × 109 km -RRB- .	164.8 years	How many Earth years does Neptune orbit the sun ?
Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation .	mathematical prediction	How was Neptune found ?
Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier .	23 September 1846	When was Neptune first observed ?
Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet .	Alexis Bouvard	Who discovered Neptune ?
Its largest moon , Triton , was discovered shortly thereafter , though none of the planet 's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century .	Triton	What is Neptune 's largest moon ?
Neptune was visited by Voyager 2 , when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989 .	Voyager 2	What flew by Neptune in 1989 ?
Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus , and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants , Jupiter and Saturn .	Uranus	Which planet is compositionally similar to Neptune ?
Like Jupiter and Saturn , Neptune 's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium , along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen , but contains a higher proportion of `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane .	hydrogen and helium	What is Neptune 's atmosphere primarily composed of ?
However , its interior , like that of Uranus , is primarily composed of ices and rock , and hence Uranus and Neptune are normally considered `` ice giants '' to emphasise this distinction .	ices and rock	What is the interior of Neptune composed of ?
Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet 's blue appearance .	methane	What makes Neptune blue ?
Like Jupiter and Saturn , Neptune 's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium , along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen , but contains a higher proportion of `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane .	water, ammonia, and methane	What `` ices '' makes up Neptune ?
For example , at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989 , the planet 's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter .	Great Dark Spot	What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune ?
These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System , with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour -LRB- 580 m/s ; 1,300 mph -RRB- .	sustained winds	What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet ?
These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System , with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour -LRB- 580 m/s ; 1,300 mph -RRB- .	2,100 kilometres per hour	What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune ?
Because of its great distance from the Sun , Neptune 's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System , with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K -LRB- − 218 °C -RRB- .	55 K (−218 °C).	What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature ?
Temperatures at the planet 's centre are approximately 5,400 K -LRB- 5,100 °C -RRB- .	5,400 K (5,100 °C)	What is Neptune 's planet center temperature ?
On both occasions , Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close -- in conjunction -- to Jupiter in the night sky ; hence , he is not credited with Neptune 's discovery .	Galileo	Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope ?
On both occasions , Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close -- in conjunction -- to Jupiter in the night sky ; hence , he is not credited with Neptune 's discovery .	a fixed star	What was Neptune mistaken for at first ?
This apparent backward motion is created when Earth 's orbit takes it past an outer planet .	Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet	What happens when Neptune goes retrograde ?
Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope , Galileo 's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613 , contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune .	28 December 1612	What date was Neptune drawn first ?
In July 2009 , University of Melbourne physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the ` star ' he had observed had moved relative to the fixed stars .	David Jamieson	Who recently researched the original observation of Neptune ?
In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune 's neighbour Uranus .	1821	What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables ?
In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune 's neighbour Uranus .	the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus	What did Alexis Bouvard study ?
In 1843 , John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had .	1843	When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus ?
Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis , he requested extra data from Sir George Airy , the Astronomer Royal , who supplied it in February 1844 .	Sir George Airy	Who gave John Couch Adams extra data ?
Adams continued to work in 1845 -- 46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet .	several different estimates of a new planet	What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce ?
Heinrich d'Arrest , a student at the observatory , suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier 's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet , as opposed to a fixed star .	student at the observatory	Who was Henrich d'Arrest ?
On the evening of 23 September 1846 , the day Galle received the letter , he discovered Neptune within 1 ° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be , about 12 ° from Adams ' prediction .	23 September 1846	When did Galle discover Neptune ?
On the evening of 23 September 1846 , the day Galle received the letter , he discovered Neptune within 1 ° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be , about 12 ° from Adams ' prediction .	12°	How many degrees off was Adams ' prediction ?
Heinrich d'Arrest , a student at the observatory , suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier 's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet , as opposed to a fixed star .	the displacement characteristic of a planet	What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find ?
Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice , on 4 and 12 August , but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations .	comet observations	What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times ?
In the wake of the discovery , there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery .	French and the British	What two countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune ?
Eventually , an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit .	Le Verrier and Adams	Who ultimately deserved credit for the discovery of Neptune ?
Since 1966 , Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams 's claim to co-discovery , and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the `` Neptune papers '' -LRB- historical documents -RRB- to the Royal Observatory , Greenwich .	Dennis Rawlins	Who questioned Adams 's claim to co-discovery of Neptune ?
After reviewing the documents , they suggest that `` Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune .	Le Verrier	Who predicted Neptune 's place and convinced astronomer 's to search for it ?
After reviewing the documents , they suggest that `` Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune .	Adams	Who did not deserve credit to co-discovery of Neptune ?
Claiming the right to name his discovery , Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet , though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes .	Le Verrier	Who claimed the right to name Neptune ?
This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France .	France	What country approved Neptune 's first name ?
In October , he sought to name the planet Le Verrier , after himself , and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director , François Arago .	Le Verrier	What did the discoverer want to name Neptune first ?
French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus , after that planet 's discoverer Sir William Herschel , and Leverrier for the new planet .	French almanacs	What first introduced Neptune and Uranus 's names ?
Claiming the right to name his discovery , Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet , though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes .	French Bureau des Longitudes	Who did not approve of the first name for Neptune ?
However , in Chinese , Japanese , and Korean , the planet 's name was translated as `` sea king star '' -LRB- 海王星 -RRB- , because Neptune was the god of the sea .	sea king star	What is the Chinese , Japanese , and Korean translations for Neptune ?
However , in Chinese , Japanese , and Korean , the planet 's name was translated as `` sea king star '' -LRB- 海王星 -RRB- , because Neptune was the god of the sea .	god of the sea	What god was Neptune ?
In Mongolian , Neptune is called Dalain Van -LRB- Далайн ван -RRB- , reflecting its namesake god 's role as the ruler of the sea .	Dalain Van	What is the Mongolian name for Neptune ?
In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon -LRB- Ποσειδώνας , Poseidonas -RRB- , the Greek counterpart of Neptune .	Poseidon	What did the Greeks call Neptune ?
In Hebrew , `` Rahab '' -LRB- רהב -RRB- , from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms , was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet , even though the existing Latin term `` Neptun '' -LRB- נפטון -RRB- is commonly used .	Rahab	What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew ?
From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930 , Neptune was the farthest known planet .	farthest known planet	What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered ?
The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt .	the Kuiper belt	What discovery made astronomer 's debate Pluto 's status as a planet ?
In 2006 , the International Astronomical Union defined the word `` planet '' for the first time , reclassifying Pluto as a `` dwarf planet '' and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System .	2006	What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word planet ?
In 2006 , the International Astronomical Union defined the word `` planet '' for the first time , reclassifying Pluto as a `` dwarf planet '' and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System .	the outermost known planet	Now that Pluto is n't a planet , what is Neptune known for in our solar system ?
When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet , and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet , except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto 's elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune .	between 1979 and 1999	What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune ?
Neptune 's mass of 1.0243 × 1026 kg , is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants : it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter .	1.0243×1026 kg	What is Neptune 's mass ?
Neptune 's mass of 1.0243 × 1026 kg , is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants : it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter .	17 times	How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth ?
-LSB- d -RSB- Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2 , 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth , and surpassed only by Jupiter .	11.15 m/s2	What is Neptune 's gravity at 1 bar ?
Neptune 's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth .	24,764 km	What is Neptune 's equatorial radius ?
Neptune , like Uranus , is an ice giant , a subclass of giant planet , due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of volatiles relative to Jupiter and Saturn .	ice giant	What is Neptune referred to due to it 's size and concentration of volatiles ?
The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water , ammonia and methane .	water, ammonia and methane	What is Neptune 's mantle rich in ?
As is customary in planetary science , this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot , dense fluid .	icy	What is the hot , dense fluid in Neptune referred to as ?
This fluid , which has a high electrical conductivity , is sometimes called a water -- ammonia ocean .	electrical	What does the fluid in Neptune have a high conductivity of ?
At a depth of 7000 km , the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones .	7000 km	How deep does Neptune 's water-ammonia ocean go ?
At a depth of 7000 km , the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones .	diamond crystals	What rains on Neptune ?
At high altitudes , Neptune 's atmosphere is 80 % hydrogen and 19 % helium .	80% hydrogen and 19% helium	What is Neptune 's atmosphere made of ?
Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm , in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum .	wavelengths above 600 nm	Where are absorption bands of methane on Neptune ?
As with Uranus , this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue , although Neptune 's vivid azure differs from Uranus 's milder cyan .	absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane	What gives Neptune it 's blue hue ?
Because Neptune 's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus , some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune 's colour .	Uranus	What planet also gets it 's color from atmospheric constituent ?
As with Uranus , this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue , although Neptune 's vivid azure differs from Uranus 's milder cyan .	cyan	What color is Uranus , compared to Neptune ?
Models suggest that Neptune 's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude .	altitude	What is Neptune 's clouds competition variants dependent on ?
The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar , where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense .	upper-level	Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense ?
For pressures between one and five bars -LRB- 100 and 500 kPa -RRB- , clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form .	ammonia and hydrogen sulfide	What clouds form between one and five bars on Neptune ?
Above a pressure of five bars , the clouds may consist of ammonia , ammonium sulfide , hydrogen sulfide and water .	ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water	On Neptune , what do clouds above five bars consist of ?
Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars -LRB- 5.0 MPa -RRB- , where the temperature reaches 273 K -LRB- 0 °C -RRB- .	273 K (0 °C)	What is the temperature on Neptune 's clouds that are at 50 bars ?
High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below .	High-altitude clouds	On Neptune , which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it ?
These circumferential bands have widths of 50 -- 150 km and lie about 50 -- 110 km above the cloud deck .	50–150 km	What are the widths of the cloud bands on Neptune ?
These circumferential bands have widths of 50 -- 150 km and lie about 50 -- 110 km above the cloud deck .	50–110 km above the cloud deck.	Where are the high altitude bands of clouds on Neptune ?
Unlike Uranus , Neptune 's composition has a higher volume of ocean , whereas Uranus has a smaller mantle .	volume of ocean	What does Neptune have more of compared to Uranus ?
Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere .	higher stratosphere or thermosphere	Where on Neptune does weather not occur ?
For reasons that remain obscure , the planet 's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K .	750 K	What is Neptune 's temperature in the thermosphere ?
One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet 's magnetic field .	atmospheric interaction with ions	What would interact with Neptune 's magnetic field to make it warm ?
Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere .	in the atmosphere	Where would gravity waves in Neptune 's interior dissipate ?
The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water , which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust .	carbon dioxide and water	What does Neptune 's thermosphere containers traces of ?
Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere , with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47 ° and offset at least 0.55 radii , or about 13500 km from the planet 's physical centre .	47°	What is the rotational axis of Neptune 's magnetic field ?
Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere , with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47 ° and offset at least 0.55 radii , or about 13500 km from the planet 's physical centre .	0.55 radii	Where is Neptune 's magnetic field offset from the physical centre ?
Before Voyager 2 's arrival at Neptune , it was hypothesised that Uranus 's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation .	Uranus's	What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation ?
In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets , scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets ' interiors .	flows in the planets' interiors	What might cause Neptune 's extreme orientation ?
This field may be generated by convective fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of electrically conducting liquids -LRB- probably a combination of ammonia , methane and water -RRB- resulting in a dynamo action .	ammonia, methane and water	What fluids are in Neptune 's interior ?
The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T · m3 -LRB- 14 μT · RN3 , where RN is the radius of Neptune -RRB- .	2.2 × 1017 T·m3	What is Neptune 's dipole magnetic moment ?
Neptune 's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components , including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength .	strong quadrupole moment	What is one of Neptune 's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength ?
By contrast , Earth , Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments , and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis .	Earth, Jupiter and Saturn	Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune ?
The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet 's centre and geometrical constraints of the field 's dynamo generator .	the planet's centre	Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune 's dynamo generator , what is another result of the quadrupole moment ?
The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas -LRB- 0.14 G -RRB- .	14 microteslas (0.14 G)	What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune ?
Neptune has a planetary ring system , though one much less substantial than that of Saturn .	planetary ring system	What system , like Saturn , does Neptune have ?
The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material , which most likely gives them a reddish hue .	ice particles	What might Neptune 's rings consist of ?
The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material , which most likely gives them a reddish hue .	silicates or carbon-based material	What might the ice particles of Neptune 's rings be coated with ?
The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring , 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune , the Le Verrier Ring , at 53,000 km , and the broader , fainter Galle Ring , at 42,000 km .	63,000 km	Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune ?
The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring , 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune , the Le Verrier Ring , at 53,000 km , and the broader , fainter Galle Ring , at 42,000 km .	53,000 km	Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune ?
Neptune 's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems , with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s -LRB- 2,200 km/h ; 1,300 mph -RRB- -- nearly reaching supersonic flow .	storm	What dynamic weather does Neptune have ?
Neptune 's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems , with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s -LRB- 2,200 km/h ; 1,300 mph -RRB- -- nearly reaching supersonic flow .	600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)	What does Neptune 's wind speeds reach ?
At the cloud tops , the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m/s along the equator to 250 m/s at the poles .	400 m/s	What is the high wind speed on Neptune 's cloud tops ?
Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet 's rotation .	opposite	Which direction does Neptune 's winds move relevant to the plant 's rotation ?
The difference in flow direction is thought to be a `` skin effect '' and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes .	skin effect	What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune ?
In 2007 , it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune 's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere , which averages approximately 73 K -LRB- − 200 °C -RRB- .	10 K	How much warmer is Neptune 's south pole to the rest of it 's atmosphere ?
The temperature differential is enough to let methane , which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere , escape into the stratosphere near the pole .	the stratosphere near the pole.	Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune ?
In 2007 , it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune 's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere , which averages approximately 73 K -LRB- − 200 °C -RRB- .	73 K (−200 °C).	What is the average temperature of Neptune 's south pole ?
The relative `` hot spot '' is due to Neptune 's axial tilt , which has exposed the south pole to the Sun for the last quarter of Neptune 's year , or roughly 40 Earth years .	40	How many earth years is Neptune 's south pole exposed to the sun ?
As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun , the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated , causing the methane release to shift to the north pole .	north pole	To which pole will Neptune 's methane shift to as it moves to the opposite side of the sun ?
The Scooter is another storm , a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot .	The Scooter	What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot ?
This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989 , when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot -LRB- and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2 -RRB- .	1989	When was The Scooter on Neptune observed ?
The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm , the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter .	southern cyclonic storm	What type of storm is The Scooter on Neptune ?
This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989 , when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot -LRB- and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2 -RRB- .	Voyager 2)	What detected the storms on Neptune ?
The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm , the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter .	The Small Dark Spot	What is the second most intense storm on Neptune ?
Neptune 's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features , so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks .	in the troposphere	Where are Neptune 's dark spots thought to occur ?
Neptune 's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features , so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks .	holes	What do Neptune 's dark spots appear as in the cloud decks ?
As they are stable features that can persist for several months , they are thought to be vortex structures .	vortex structures	Since Neptune 's dark spots persist for several months , what are they thought to be ?
Often associated with dark spots are brighter , persistent methane clouds that form around the tropopause layer .	methane clouds	What on Neptune are associated with dark spots that are brighter ?
Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism .	dissipate	When Neptune 's dark spots migrate too close to the equator , what do they do ?
Neptune 's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating .	higher internal heating	Why might Neptune have more varied weather than Uranus ?
Although Neptune lies over 50 % further from the Sun than Uranus , and receives only 40 % its amount of sunlight , the two planets ' surface temperatures are roughly equal .	50%	How much farther is Neptune from the Sun than Uranus ?
Although Neptune lies over 50 % further from the Sun than Uranus , and receives only 40 % its amount of sunlight , the two planets ' surface temperatures are roughly equal .	40%	How much percentage of the sun does Neptune get compared to Uranus ?
As with Uranus , the source of this heating is unknown , but the discrepancy is larger : Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun ; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun .	2.61	How much more energy does Neptune radiate than it receives ?
Depending on the thermal properties of its interior , the heat left over from Neptune 's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow , though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus 's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets .	heat left over from Neptune's formation	The current heat flow on Neptune might be explained by what ?
On 11 July 2011 , Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846 , although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky , because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit .	11 July 2011	When did Neptune complete it 's first barycentric orbit since it 's discovery ?
On 11 July 2011 , Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846 , although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky , because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit .	365.26-day	What is the Earth 's orbit ?
On 11 July 2011 , Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846 , although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky , because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit .	Earth was in a different location	Why did n't Neptune appear to be in it 's exact discover position ?
Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System , on 11 July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun ; if the more common heliocentric coordinate system is used , the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011 .	12 July 2011	Using the heliocentric coordinate system , when did Neptune reach the discovery longitude ?
Neptune 's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it , known as the Kuiper belt .	Kuiper belt	What is the region behind Neptune called ?
The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds , similar to the asteroid belt but far larger , extending from Neptune 's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun .	small icy worlds	What does the Kuiper belt consist of ?
The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds , similar to the asteroid belt but far larger , extending from Neptune 's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun .	30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun	Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Neptune ?
Much in the same way that Jupiter 's gravity dominates the asteroid belt , shaping its structure , so Neptune 's gravity dominates the Kuiper belt .	Neptune's gravity	What dominates the Kuiper belt ?
Over the age of the Solar System , certain regions of the Kuiper belt became destabilised by Neptune 's gravity , creating gaps in the Kuiper belt 's structure .	gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure	What did Neptune 's gravity do to Kuiper belt ?
The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt , with over 200 known objects , is the 2:3 resonance .	2:3 resonance	What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt ?
Although Pluto crosses Neptune 's orbit regularly , the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide .	Pluto	What is the best known , and largest , object in the Kuiper belt ?
The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt , with over 200 known objects , is the 2:3 resonance .	200	How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt ?
Although Pluto crosses Neptune 's orbit regularly , the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide .	2:3	What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt ?
The 3:4 , 3:5 , 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated .	3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5	Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt ?
Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune .	1:1	What is the resonance of Neptune trojans ?
Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits , and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured .	alongside Neptune	Where did most Neptune trojans form ?
The first and so far only object identified as associated with Neptune 's trailing L5 Lagrangian point is 2008 LC18 .	2008 LC18	What is the only object identified with Neptune 's trailing L5 Lagrangian point ?
Neptune also has a temporary quasi-satellite , -LRB- 309239 -RRB- 2007 RW10 .	(309239) 2007 RW10	What is Neptune 's temporary quasi-satellite named ?
The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years .	12,500 years	How long has Neptune 's quasi-satellite been with Neptune ?
One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star .	nearby massive OB star	What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus 's atmosphere with radiation , aiding in creation ?
Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion , and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation .	matter density	What is too low to account for the formation of Neptune ?
One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star .	core accretion	If Neptune was formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc , what was it not formed by ?
An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun , where the matter density was higher , and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc .	higher	If Neptune formed closer to the sun , what is the matter density ?
An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun , where the matter density was higher , and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc .	removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc	If Neptune formed closer to the sun , what caused it to migrate to it 's current orbit ?
The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model , which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt .	the Nice model	What is the most widely accepted explanation of Neptune 's formation called ?
The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model , which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt .	Kuiper belt.	What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Neptune ?
Neptune has 14 known moons .	14	How many moons does Neptune have ?
Triton is the largest Neptunian moon , comprising more than 99.5 % of the mass in orbit around Neptune , -LSB- e -RSB- and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal .	Triton	What is Neptune 's largest moon ?
Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself .	William Lassell	Who discovered Triton ?
Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System , Triton has a retrograde orbit , indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place ; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt .	retrograde orbit	What orbit does Triton have around Neptune ?
Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System , Triton has a retrograde orbit , indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place ; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt .	that it was captured	What does Triton 's orbit suggest about it 's relation to Neptune ?
From July to September 1989 , Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune .	Voyager 2	What discovered six moons of Neptune in 1989 ?
Of these , the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity .	Proteus	What is the second most massive Neptunian moon ?
Of these , the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity .	irregularly shaped	What is notable about the moon Proteus ?
Neptune 's innermost four moons -- Naiad , Thalassa , Despina and Galatea -- orbit close enough to be within Neptune 's rings .	Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea	Which are Neptune 's four innermost moons ?
The next-farthest out , Larissa , was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star .	1981	When was Neptune 's moon Larissa discovered ?
Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth , its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds , the smallest of the Solar System planets .	2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds	What is Neptune 's angular diameter range ?
Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope -LRB- HST -RRB- and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics -LRB- AO -RRB- .	Hubble Space Telescope	The advent of what telescope made it easier to study Neptune ?
The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics , was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii .	1997	When was the first useful observation of Neptune from the ground ?
Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up , with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence .	spring and summer	What seasons are Neptune currently entering ?
In 2004 and 2005 , five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered .	five new small satellites	What was discovered around Neptune in 2004 and 2005 ?
Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune .	Voyager 2	What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune ?
The spacecraft 's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989 .	25 August 1989	When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune ?
Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit , it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton , regardless of the consequences to the trajectory , similarly to what was done for Voyager 1 's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan .	Triton	What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close ?
The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program , Neptune All Night .	Neptune All Night	What program aired on PBS about Neptune ?
Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible at in the late 2020s or early 2030s .	late 2020s	When is the next hypothetical mission to Neptune ?
In 2003 , there was a proposal in NASA 's `` Vision Missions Studies '' for a `` Neptune Orbiter with Probes '' mission that does Cassini-level science .	Neptune Orbiter with Probes	What about Neptune did NASA propose in 2003 in their `` Vision Missions Studies '' ?
Another , more recent proposal was for Argo , a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019 , that would visit Jupiter , Saturn , Neptune , and a Kuiper belt object .	2019	When will Argo be launched ?
Another , more recent proposal was for Argo , a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019 , that would visit Jupiter , Saturn , Neptune , and a Kuiper belt object .	Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object	What will Argo visit ?
The focus would be on Neptune and its largest moon Triton to be investigated around 2029 .	2029	When can we expect Argo to visit Triton ?
Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply , maintenance , and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic .	maintenance	What is of the factors the capital cost of electrification system depends on ?
Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas ; some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation .	can switch to different supply voltages	How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation ?
Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply , maintenance , and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic .	freight and passenger traffic	What are two types of revenue obtained through railway transportation ?
Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure .	significant capital expenditure	What is the main disadvantage of railway electrification ?
Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units , passenger cars with their own motors .	electric locomotives	What is used to haul passengers cars ?
Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations , transmitted to the railway network and distributed to the trains .	generating stations	How is electricity being generated for electric locomotives ?
The railway usually provides its own distribution lines , switches and transformers .	railway	What entity provides distribution lines , switches and transformers ?
In comparison to the principal alternative , the diesel engine , electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency , lower emissions and lower operating costs .	diesel engine	What is the principal alternative to electric railways ?
Electric locomotives are usually quieter , more powerful , and more responsive and reliable than diesels .	Electric locomotives	What locomotives are usually more reliable ?
Some electric traction systems provide regenerative braking that turns the train 's kinetic energy back into electricity and returns it to the supply system to be used by other trains or the general utility grid .	regenerative braking	What do some electric traction systems provide ?
While diesel locomotives burn petroleum , electricity is generated from diverse sources including many that do not produce carbon dioxide such as nuclear power and renewable forms including hydroelectric , geothermal , wind and solar .	petroleum	What type of fuel do diesel locomotives use ?
While diesel locomotives burn petroleum , electricity is generated from diverse sources including many that do not produce carbon dioxide such as nuclear power and renewable forms including hydroelectric , geothermal , wind and solar .	geothermal	What is one of the sources electricity is being generated from ?
The lethal voltages on contact wires and third rails are a safety hazard to track workers , passengers and trespassers .	voltages on contact wires	What is a safety hazard to track workers ?
Different regions may use different supply voltages and frequencies , complicating through service .	different supply voltages and frequencies,	What issue can complicate electric railway service ?
Overhead wires are safer than third rails , but they are often considered unsightly .	Overhead wires	What is a safer alternative to third rails ?
Overhead wires are safer than third rails , but they are often considered unsightly .	considered unsightly.	Why overhead wires are not being widely used ?
Railways must operate at variable speeds .	variable speeds	What is speed limit for railways ?
Since such conversion was not well developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century , most early electrified railways used DC and many still do , particularly rapid transit -LRB- subways -RRB- and trams .	conversion was not well developed	Why is DC motor being used more than AC type ?
Since such conversion was not well developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century , most early electrified railways used DC and many still do , particularly rapid transit -LRB- subways -RRB- and trams .	rapid transit (subways) and trams	What are two types of railway transportation still use DC motor ?
Motors have very little room for electrical insulation so they generally have low voltage ratings .	low voltage ratings	Why do motors have little space for insulation ?
Third -LRB- and fourth -RRB- rail systems almost always use voltages below 1 kV for safety reasons while overhead wires usually use higher voltages for efficiency .	safety reasons	Why 1kV voltage is almost always used by rail systems ?
Third -LRB- and fourth -RRB- rail systems almost always use voltages below 1 kV for safety reasons while overhead wires usually use higher voltages for efficiency .	below 1 kV	What is most common volatage range used by railway system ?
Third -LRB- and fourth -RRB- rail systems almost always use voltages below 1 kV for safety reasons while overhead wires usually use higher voltages for efficiency .	overhead wires	Which system uses higher voltages ?
-LRB- `` Low '' voltage is relative ; even 600 V can be instantly lethal when touched . -RRB-	lethal	Is `` low '' voltage used by trains safe for people ?
At the same voltage , DC often has less loss than AC , and for this reason high-voltage direct current is already used on some bulk power transmission lines .	DC	What type of electric power garantees lesser loss ?
At the same voltage , DC often has less loss than AC , and for this reason high-voltage direct current is already used on some bulk power transmission lines .	AC	Which type of supply for electric motors creates electromagnetic radiation ?
Constant power with AC requires three-phase transmission with at least two ungrounded wires .	AC	Which type of power does require three-phase transmission ?
DC avoids the electromagnetic radiation inherent with AC , and on a railway this also reduces interference with signalling and communications and mitigates hypothetical EMF risks .	signalling and communications	What can electromagnetic radiation interfere with ?
An experimental 6 kV DC railway was built in the Soviet Union .	the Soviet Union	Where was an experimental 6kV DC railway built ?
1,500 V DC is used in the Netherlands , Japan , Republic Of Indonesia , Hong Kong -LRB- parts -RRB- , Republic of Ireland , Australia -LRB- parts -RRB- , India -LRB- around the Mumbai area alone , has been converted to 25 kV AC like the rest of India -RRB- , France -LRB- also using 25 kV 50 Hz AC -RRB- , New Zealand -LRB- Wellington -RRB- and the United States -LRB- Chicago area on the Metra Electric district and the South Shore Line interurban line -RRB- .	1,500 V	What is most common voltage for DC supply ?
In Slovakia , there are two narrow-gauge lines in the High Tatras -LRB- one a cog railway -RRB- .	two	How many narrow-gauge lines in Slovakia ?
In Portugal , it is used in the Cascais Line and in Denmark on the suburban S-train system .	the Cascais Line	What railway line is DC being used in Portugal ?
1,500 V DC is used in the Netherlands , Japan , Republic Of Indonesia , Hong Kong -LRB- parts -RRB- , Republic of Ireland , Australia -LRB- parts -RRB- , India -LRB- around the Mumbai area alone , has been converted to 25 kV AC like the rest of India -RRB- , France -LRB- also using 25 kV 50 Hz AC -RRB- , New Zealand -LRB- Wellington -RRB- and the United States -LRB- Chicago area on the Metra Electric district and the South Shore Line interurban line -RRB- .	Mumbai area	Where in India line has been converted to AC ?
3 kV DC is used in Belgium , Italy , Spain , Poland , the northern Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , South Africa , Chile , and former Soviet Union countries -LRB- also using 25 kV 50 Hz AC -RRB- .	3 kV DC	What voltage is being used in railway system of South Africa and Chile ?
3 kV DC is used in Belgium , Italy , Spain , Poland , the northern Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , South Africa , Chile , and former Soviet Union countries -LRB- also using 25 kV 50 Hz AC -RRB- .	25 kV 50 Hz AC	Besides using 3kV DC what other power type is used in the former Soviet Union countries ?
It was formerly used by the Milwaukee Road from Harlowton , Montana to Seattle-Tacoma , across the Continental Divide and including extensive branch and loop lines in Montana , and by the Delaware , Lackawanna & Western Railroad -LRB- now New Jersey Transit , converted to 25 kV AC -RRB- in the United States , and the Kolkata suburban railway -LRB- Bardhaman Main Line -RRB- in India , before it was converted to 25 kV 50 Hz AC .	Western Railroad	What was New Jersey Transit called before ?
It was formerly used by the Milwaukee Road from Harlowton , Montana to Seattle-Tacoma , across the Continental Divide and including extensive branch and loop lines in Montana , and by the Delaware , Lackawanna & Western Railroad -LRB- now New Jersey Transit , converted to 25 kV AC -RRB- in the United States , and the Kolkata suburban railway -LRB- Bardhaman Main Line -RRB- in India , before it was converted to 25 kV 50 Hz AC .	AC	What does the railway system of US use DC or AC ?
Most electrification systems use overhead wires , but third rail is an option up to about 1,200 V. Third rail systems exclusively use DC distribution .	overhead wires	What type is mostly used third rail or overhead wires ?
Most electrification systems use overhead wires , but third rail is an option up to about 1,200 V. Third rail systems exclusively use DC distribution .	DC distribution	Is trird rail system being used exclusively with AC or DC ?
The use of AC is not feasible because the dimensions of a third rail are physically very large compared with the skin depth that the alternating current penetrates to -LRB- 0.3 millimetres or 0.012 inches -RRB- in a steel rail -RRB- .	skin depth	What depth does the alternating current penetrate in a steel rail ?
Third rail is more compact than overhead wires and can be used in smaller-diameter tunnels , an important factor for subway systems .	Third rail	What is more prefferable for subway lines ?
Third rail is more compact than overhead wires and can be used in smaller-diameter tunnels , an important factor for subway systems .	Third rail	What is physically more compact tird rail or overhead wires ?
DC systems -LRB- especially third-rail systems -RRB- are limited to relatively low voltages and this can limit the size and speed of trains and can not use low-level platform and also limit the amount of air-conditioning that the trains can provide .	low voltages	Why DC system can effect the speed of trains ?
DC systems -LRB- especially third-rail systems -RRB- are limited to relatively low voltages and this can limit the size and speed of trains and can not use low-level platform and also limit the amount of air-conditioning that the trains can provide .	cannot	Can DC systems use low-level platform ?
DC systems -LRB- especially third-rail systems -RRB- are limited to relatively low voltages and this can limit the size and speed of trains and can not use low-level platform and also limit the amount of air-conditioning that the trains can provide .	air-conditioning	Besides speed and size what else the low voltage of DC system can effect ?
In practice , the top speed of trains on third-rail systems is limited to 100 mph -LRB- 160 km/h -RRB- because above that speed reliable contact between the shoe and the rail can not be maintained .	160 km/h	What is the speed limit for third rail system trains ?
In practice , the top speed of trains on third-rail systems is limited to 100 mph -LRB- 160 km/h -RRB- because above that speed reliable contact between the shoe and the rail can not be maintained .	contact between the shoe and the rail	What can become unreliable if the speed exceeds the limit of 100 mph for DC system trains ?
Some street trams -LRB- streetcars -RRB- used conduit third-rail current collection .	streetcars	What is the other name for the street trams ?
The third rail was below street level .	below street level	Where is third rail situated in the street trams system ?
In the United States , much -LRB- though not all -RRB- of the former streetcar system in Washington , D.C. -LRB- discontinued in 1962 -RRB- was operated in this manner to avoid the unsightly wires and poles associated with electric traction .	Washington, D.C.	What area in US discontinued using overhead wires for streetcars in 1962 ?
The disadvantage of conduit collection included much higher initial installation costs , higher maintenance costs , and problems with leaves and snow getting in the slot .	leaves and snow	What external and weather factors can effect conduit slot ?
In New York City for the same reasons of cost and operating efficiency outside of Manhattan overhead wire was used .	cost and operating efficiency	What are the main reasons the conduit lines were converted to overhead wire system ?
A new approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by the `` second generation '' tram/streetcar system in Bordeaux , France -LRB- entry into service of the first line in December 2003 ; original system discontinued in 1958 -RRB- with its APS -LRB- alimentation par sol -- ground current feed -RRB- .	2003	What year the `` second generation '' of tram system began to operate in France ?
A new approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by the `` second generation '' tram/streetcar system in Bordeaux , France -LRB- entry into service of the first line in December 2003 ; original system discontinued in 1958 -RRB- with its APS -LRB- alimentation par sol -- ground current feed -RRB- .	1958	When was the original system discontinued ?
Since each energized segment is completely covered by the lengthy articulated cars , and goes dead before being `` uncovered '' by the passage of the vehicle , there is no danger to pedestrians .	energized segment	How is the circuit of the third rail divided ?
Since each energized segment is completely covered by the lengthy articulated cars , and goes dead before being `` uncovered '' by the passage of the vehicle , there is no danger to pedestrians .	no danger	Does energized segment of third rail pose the threat to pedestrians if uncovered ?
The London Underground in England is one of the few networks that uses a four-rail system .	four-rail system	What type of system does London Underground use ?
The additional rail carries the electrical return that , on third rail and overhead networks , is provided by the running rails .	carries the electrical return	What is the purpose of the forth rail ?
On the London Underground , a top-contact third rail is beside the track , energized at +420 v DC , and a top-contact fourth rail is located centrally between the running rails at − 210v DC , which combine to provide a traction voltage of 630v DC .	+420v DC	What is the volatage surge of the third rail of London Underground system ?
On the London Underground , a top-contact third rail is beside the track , energized at +420 v DC , and a top-contact fourth rail is located centrally between the running rails at − 210v DC , which combine to provide a traction voltage of 630v DC .	−210v DC	What is the voltage of the return rail ?
The same system was used for Milan 's earliest underground line , Milan Metro 's line 1 , whose more recent lines use an overhead catenary or a third rail .	Milan	Where was the system similar to London Underground used as well ?
This can cause electrolytic damage and even arcing if the tunnel segments are not electrically bonded together .	electrolytic damage	What danger can return currents cause ?
Although the supply has an artificially created earth point , this connection is derived by using resistors which ensures that stray earth currents are kept to manageable levels .	by using resistors	How are stray earth currents kept to a manageable levels ?
Power-only rails can be mounted on strongly insulating ceramic chairs to minimise current leak , but this is not possible for running rails which have to be seated on stronger metal chairs to carry the weight of trains .	ceramic chairs	What insures minimal current leak during power rails instalation ?
The problem was exacerbated because the return current also had a tendency to flow through nearby iron pipes forming the water and gas mains .	water and gas mains	How did return current effect water and gas in iron pipes ?
The key advantage of the four-rail system is that neither running rail carries any current .	running rail carries any current	What is the crucial advantage of four-rail system ?
These routes were originally solely electrified on the four-rail system by the LNWR before National Rail trains were rewired to their standard three-rail system to simplify rolling stock use .	to simplify rolling stock use	Why some sections of Bakerloo and District lines were rewired to three-rail system ?
On tracks that London Underground share with National Rail third-rail stock -LRB- the Bakerloo and District lines both have such sections -RRB- , the centre rail is connected to the running rails , allowing both types of train to operate , at a compromise voltage of 660 V. Underground trains pass from one section to the other at speed ; lineside electrical connections and resistances separate the two types of supply .	the centre rail is connected to the running rails	How did it become possible to share the voltage for different types of train ?
A few lines of the Paris Métro in France operate on a four-rail power scheme because they run on rubber tyres which run on a pair of narrow roadways made of steel and , in some places , concrete .	rubber tyres	Why some lines of Paris Metro have to operate on a four-rail system ?
Since the tyres do not conduct the return current , the two guide rails provided outside the running ` roadways ' double up as conductor rails , so at least electrically it is a four-rail scheme .	two guide rails	What was the solution for the return current problem in Paris Metro ?
One of the guide rails is bonded to the return conventional running rails situated inside the roadway so a single polarity supply is required .	a single polarity supply	What is required in order for the guide rails to operate properly ?
The trains are designed to operate from either polarity of supply , because some lines use reversing loops at one end , causing the train to be reversed during every complete journey .	reversing loops	How train is able to turn around after each completed journey ?
The loop was originally provided to save the original steam locomotives having to ` run around ' the rest of the train saving much time .	having to 'run around' the rest of the train	Why was the reversing loop created ?
An early advantage of AC is that the power-wasting resistors used in DC locomotives for speed control were not needed in an AC locomotive : multiple taps on the transformer can supply a range of voltages .	multiple taps on the transformer	How can different range of voltages be supplied for AC locomotives ?
An early advantage of AC is that the power-wasting resistors used in DC locomotives for speed control were not needed in an AC locomotive : multiple taps on the transformer can supply a range of voltages .	power-wasting resistors	What was a disadvantage of DC system ?
Separate low-voltage transformer windings supply lighting and the motors driving auxiliary machinery .	low-voltage transformer windings	What taps can provide lighting supply ?
More recently , the development of very high power semiconductors has caused the classic `` universal '' AC/DC motor to be largely replaced with the three-phase induction motor fed by a variable frequency drive , a special inverter that varies both frequency and voltage to control motor speed .	three-phase induction motor	What will AC/DC motor be replaced with ?
These drives can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency , and many modern electric locomotives are designed to handle different supply voltages and frequencies to simplify cross-border operation .	can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency	What is the main advantage of an induction motor ?
DC commutating electric motors , if fitted with laminated pole pieces , become universal motors because they can also operate on AC ; reversing the current in both stator and rotor does not reverse the motor .	if fitted with laminated pole pieces	How can DC motor turn universal ?
But the now-standard AC distribution frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz caused difficulties with inductive reactance and eddy current losses .	inductive reactance and eddy current losses	What problems did AC distribution cause ?
Many railways chose low AC frequencies to overcome these problems .	low AC frequencies	How do railways try to solve the problem of inductive reactance of AC system ?
They must be converted from utility power by motor-generators or static inverters at the feeding substations or generated at dedicated traction powerstations .	converted from utility power	How can low frequencies be obtained ?
The MGB constituents Furka-Oberalp-Bahn -LRB- FO -RRB- and Brig-Visp-Zermatt Bahn -LRB- BVZ -RRB- introduced their electric services in 1941 and 1929 respectively , adopting the already proven RhB system .	adopting the already proven RhB system.	How did non-standard gauge trains start to operate with high-voltage AC ?
The RhB started trials of the 11 kV system in 1913 on the Engadin line -LRB- St. Moritz-Scuol/Tarasp -RRB- .	1913	When was the first trail of RhB system tested ?
In the United States , 25 Hz , a once-common industrial power frequency is used on Amtrak 's 25 Hz traction power system at 12 kV on the Northeast Corridor between Washington , D.C. and New York City and on the Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg , Pennsylvania and Philadelphia .	25 Hz	What frequency was typically used on US Amtrak ?
SEPTA 's 25 Hz traction power system uses the same 12 kV voltage on the catenary in Northeast Philadelphia .	12 kV voltage	What voltage does SEPTA system use ?
Apart from having an identical catenary voltage , the power distribution systems of Amtrak and SEPTA are very different .	catenary voltage	What specification is similar for both Amtrak and Septa systems ?
The New York , New Haven and Hartford Railroad used an 11 kV system between New York City and New Haven , Connecticut which was converted to 12.5 kV 60 Hz in 1987 .	1987	When was a 11kV system of NY , New Haven and Hartford was converted to 12.5 kV ?
In the UK , the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway pioneered overhead electrification of its suburban lines in London , London Bridge to Victoria being opened to traffic on 1 December 1909 .	1 December 1909	When was overhead wires system being used for the first time in UK ?
Victoria to Crystal Palace via Balham and West Norwood opened in May 1911 .	Victoria to Crystal Palace	What line used the overhead wire system first Victoria to Crystal Palace or Peckham Rye to West Noorwood ?
Further extensions were not made owing to the First World War .	the First World War	What was the cause of lines not being extended ?
The lines were electrified at 6.7 kV 25 Hz .	6.7 kV 25 Hz	What voltage was used in the two lines opened in 1925 of Southern Railway ?
Three-phase AC railway electrification was used in Italy , Switzerland and the United States in the early twentieth century .	Italy, Switzerland and the United States	What countries used three-phase AC system in the the beginning of 20th century ?
Italy was the major user , for lines in the mountainous regions of northern Italy from 1901 until 1976 .	Italy	What country was a bigger user compare to the three of them ?
Italy was the major user , for lines in the mountainous regions of northern Italy from 1901 until 1976 .	in the mountainous regions of northern Italy	Where did Italy start using the AC system ?
Italy was the major user , for lines in the mountainous regions of northern Italy from 1901 until 1976 .	1901 until 1976	How long did the AC system last in northern Italy ?
Other lines where the three-phase system were used were the Simplon Tunnel in Switzerland from 1906 to 1930 , and the Cascade Tunnel of the Great Northern Railway in the United States from 1909 to 1927 .	1909 to 1927	How long did three-phase system operate in Cascade Tunnel ?
The first attempts to use standard-frequency single-phase AC were made in Hungary as far back as 1923 , by the Hungarian Kálmán Kandó on the line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag , using 16 kV at 50 Hz .	Hungary	What country has first tried to use single-phase AC ?
The first attempts to use standard-frequency single-phase AC were made in Hungary as far back as 1923 , by the Hungarian Kálmán Kandó on the line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag , using 16 kV at 50 Hz .	16 kV at 50 Hz	What frequency did the line of Hungarian rail system used in 1923 ?
The locomotives carried a four-pole rotating phase converter feeding a single traction motor of the polyphase induction type at 600 to 1,100 V .	four-pole rotating phase converter	What type of the converter was used in hungarian locomotives of that time ?
The number of poles on the 2,500 hp motor could be changed using slip rings to run at one of four synchronous speeds .	motor could be changed using slip rings	How could the locomotives run on four speed levels ?
A few decades after the Second World War , the 16 kV was changed to the Russian and later French 25 kV system .	Russian	What system was adopted in Hungary after WWII ?
To prevent the risk of out-of-phase supplies mixing , sections of line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated .	line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated	What was the main requirement for electric feeder stations ?
This is achieved by Neutral Sections -LRB- also known as Phase Breaks -RRB- , usually provided at feeder stations and midway between them although , typically , only half are in use at any time , the others being provided to allow a feeder station to be shut down and power provided from adjacent feeder stations .	Phase Breaks	What invention prevented lines from getting mixed ?
The earthed section prevents an arc being drawn from one live section to the other , as the voltage difference may be higher than the normal system voltage if the live sections are on different phases and the protective circuit breakers may not be able to safely interrupt the considerable current that would flow .	The earthed section	What was the part of wire in Phase Break sections an arc being drawn from one wire to another ?
To help them , a warning board is provided just before both the neutral section and an advance warning some distance before .	warning board	How were the drivers warned to start coasting the train ?
The only action needed by the driver is to shut off power and coast and therefore warning boards are still provided at and on the approach to neutral sections .	to shut off power and coast	What should the driver do in order to open and close the circuit breaker ?
These motors may either be DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors which require further conversion of the DC to 3-phase AC -LRB- using power electronics -RRB- .	DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors	What nowdays electrification systems can use ?
Thus both systems are faced with the same task : converting and transporting high-voltage AC from the power grid to low-voltage DC in the locomotive .	converting and transporting	What is the main action AC and DC systems have to deal with ?
Both the transmission and conversion of electric energy involve losses : ohmic losses in wires and power electronics , magnetic field losses in transformers and smoothing reactors -LRB- inductors -RRB- .	ohmic losses	What type of losses happen during conversion and transmission in wires and electronics ?
Both the transmission and conversion of electric energy involve losses : ohmic losses in wires and power electronics , magnetic field losses in transformers and smoothing reactors -LRB- inductors -RRB- .	magnetic field losses	What kind of losses take place in transformers and inductors during conversion/transmission process ?
In the Soviet Union , in the 1970s , a comparison was made between systems electrified at 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC -LRB- 50 Hz -RRB- .	3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz	What two systems were compare in the Soviet Union in 1970 ?
The results showed that percentage losses in the overhead wires -LRB- catenary and contact wires -RRB- was over 3 times greater for 3 kV DC than for 25 kV AC .	3 kV DC	Which system had higher losses in overhead wires ?
But when the conversion losses were all taken into account and added to overhead wire losses -LRB- including cooling blower energy -RRB- the 25 kV AC lost a somewhat higher percent of energy than for 3 kV DC .	3 kV DC	Which system was used in Soviet Union after all calculations ?
Consider also that it takes energy to constantly move this mobile conversion hardware over the rails while the stationary hardware in the railway substation does n't incur this energy cost .	stationary hardware	What came with lesser lesser cost mobile conversion hardware or stationary hardware ?
Newly electrified lines often show a `` sparks effect '' , whereby electrification in passenger rail systems leads to significant jumps in patronage / revenue .	"sparks effect"	What can be seen in the newly electrified lines ?
Newly electrified lines often show a `` sparks effect '' , whereby electrification in passenger rail systems leads to significant jumps in patronage / revenue .	patronage / revenue	What can electrification of modern trains effect ?
The reasons may include electric trains being seen as more modern and attractive to ride , faster and smoother service , and the fact that electrification often goes hand in hand with a general infrastructure and rolling stock overhaul / replacement , which leads to better service quality -LRB- in a way that theoretically could also be achieved by doing similar upgrades yet without electrification -RRB- .	rolling stock overhaul / replacement	How can better service quality be achieved ?
Network effects are a large factor with electrification .	Network effects	What is a major factor whn it comes to electrification ?
Some electrifications have subsequently been removed because of the through traffic to non-electrified lines .	through traffic to non-electrified lines	What was the reason some electrifications were removed after a while ?
In theory , these trains could enjoy dramatic savings through electrification , but it can be too costly to extend electrification to isolated areas , and unless an entire network is electrified , companies often find that they need to continue use of diesel trains even if sections are electrified .	electrification to isolated areas	What can be a drawback of electrification of long distance freight trains ?
This is mostly an issue for long distance trips , but many lines come to be dominated by through traffic from long-haul freight trains -LRB- usually running coal , ore , or containers to or from ports -RRB- .	long distance trips	Where can the issue of through traffic benefits occur ?
In theory , these trains could enjoy dramatic savings through electrification , but it can be too costly to extend electrification to isolated areas , and unless an entire network is electrified , companies often find that they need to continue use of diesel trains even if sections are electrified .	diesel trains	What does the increasing demand for container traffic make companies use more often ?
Additionally , there are issues of connections between different electrical services , particularly connecting intercity lines with sections electrified for commuter traffic , but also between commuter lines built to different standards .	connections between different electrical services	What is the other issue that comes to sight when using electrification system ?
This can cause electrification of certain connections to be very expensive simply because of the implications on the sections it is connecting .	the implications on the sections it is connecting	Why the commuter lines built to different standards can cause be complicated ?
Many lines have come to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards for different trains to avoid having to replace the existing rolling stock on those lines .	to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards	What is the solution many lines came up with in order to avoid replacing present rolling stock ?
In a few cases , there are diesel trains running along completely electrified routes and this can be due to incompatibility of electrification standards along the route .	due to incompatibility of electrification standards	Why are disel trains still used on electrified routes ?
Central station electricity can often be generated with higher efficiency than a mobile engine/generator .	Central station	Which of two can be more efficiently electricified ?
While the efficiency of power plant generation and diesel locomotive generation are roughly the same in the nominal regime , diesel motors decrease in efficiency in non-nominal regimes at low power while if an electric power plant needs to generate less power it will shut down its least efficient generators , thereby increasing efficiency .	it will shut down its least efficient generators	How can electric power plant become more power efficient ?
The electric train can save energy -LRB- as compared to diesel -RRB- by regenerative braking and by not needing to consume energy by idling as diesel locomotives do when stopped or coasting .	by regenerative braking	How can electric train be more energy efficient ?
The electric train can save energy -LRB- as compared to diesel -RRB- by regenerative braking and by not needing to consume energy by idling as diesel locomotives do when stopped or coasting .	diesel	Which type of train continues to use energy while coasting or being stopped ?
However , electric rolling stock may run cooling blowers when stopped or coasting , thus consuming energy .	cooling blowers	What causes electric trains to waste energy ?
Energy sources unsuitable for mobile power plants , such as nuclear power , renewable hydroelectricity , or wind power can be used .	unsuitable	Can renewable source of electricity be used in mobile power plants ?
Therefore , there is also a strong economic incentive to substitute other fuels for oil .	to substitute other fuels	What is the recent incentive in order to overcome oil scarcity ?
According to widely accepted global energy reserve statistics , the reserves of liquid fuel are much less than gas and coal -LRB- at 42 , 167 and 416 years respectively -RRB- .	liquid fuel	What type of natural resources is more scarce ?
However , there are no reliable , peer-reviewed studies available to assist in rational public debate on this critical issue , although there are untranslated Soviet studies from the 1980s .	Soviet studies from the 1980s	What research can be used in the future if translated ?
In the former Soviet Union , electric traction eventually became somewhat more energy-efficient than diesel .	electric	What type of trains became more energy-efficient in the former Soviet Union ?
But as efficiency of electricity generation -LRB- and thus of electric traction -RRB- improved , by about 1965 electric railways became more efficient than diesel .	1965	What year could be marked as year when electric railways more efficient than diesel ones ?
After the mid 1970s electrics used about 25 % less fuel per ton-km .	25% less fuel per ton-km	How much fuel did electric train used less than diesel in the middle of 1970 in USSR ?
However diesels were mainly used on single track lines with a fair amount of traffic so that the lower fuel consumption of electrics may be in part due to better operating conditions on electrified lines -LRB- such as double tracking -RRB- rather than inherent energy efficiency .	better operating conditions on electrified lines	What could be a factor of lower energy consumption for electric trains ?
Nevertheless , the cost of diesel fuel was about 1.5 times more -LRB- per unit of heat energy content -RRB- than that of the fuel used in electric power plants -LRB- that generated electricity -RRB- , thus making electric railways even more energy-cost effective .	1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content	How much more expensive was diesel compare to electricity per unit ?
Besides increased efficiency of power plants , there was an increase in efficiency -LRB- between 1950 and 1973 -RRB- of the railway utilization of this electricity with energy-intensity dropping from 218 to 124 kwh/10 ,000 gross tonne-km -LRB- of both passenger and freight trains -RRB- or a 43 % drop .	energy-intensity dropping	What caused the energy efficiency to go up ?
The conversion of wheel bearings from plain to roller , increase of train weight , converting single track lines to double track -LRB- or partially double track -RRB- , and the elimination of obsolete 2-axle freight cars increased the energy-efficiency of all types of traction : electric , diesel , and steam .	electric	What type of locomotives got improved during 1950-1973 in Soviet Union ?
This was due to improvements in locomotives , more widespread use of regenerative braking -LRB- which in 1989 recycled 2.65 % of the electric energy used for traction , -RRB- remote control of substations , better handling of the locomotive by the locomotive crew , and improvements in automation .	2.65%	How much of energy was saved and re-used due to regenerative braking in 1989 ?
But after 1974 -LRB- thru 1980 -RRB- there was no improvement in energy-intensity -LRB- wh/tonne-km -RRB- in part due to increasing speeds of passenger and freight trains .	no improvement	Was there an energy efficiency improvement in the period 1974 through 1980 ?
The conversion of wheel bearings from plain to roller , increase of train weight , converting single track lines to double track -LRB- or partially double track -RRB- , and the elimination of obsolete 2-axle freight cars increased the energy-efficiency of all types of traction : electric , diesel , and steam .	2-axle freight cars	Elimination of what helped the efficiency of diesel traction to go up ?
There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States , as well as six million Spanish language students .	There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States,	How many people speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States ?
Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English `` very well , '' based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census .	Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English "very well," based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census.	How many Hispanics speak English too ?
Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world .	Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world.	What type of language id Spanish ?
The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States .	The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States.	What other language is often spoken in the United states ?
There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States , as well as six million Spanish language students .	six million Spanish language students.	How many Spanish speaking students are there in the United States ?
The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries , with the arrival of Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida , Texas , Colorado , New Mexico , Arizona , Nevada , Utah , and California .	The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries	How old is the Spanish language in the United States ?
The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states leaving behind a varying range of Hispanic legacy in the North American continent .	The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states	Where in the United States did the Spanish explore ?
Additionally , western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800 , after the French and Indian War , further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America .	western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800,	Were there states ruled by the Spanish ?
The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries , with the arrival of Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida , Texas , Colorado , New Mexico , Arizona , Nevada , Utah , and California .	Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California.	Did the Spanish conquer land in the United States ?
Additionally , western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800 , after the French and Indian War , further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America .	after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America.	Do the Spanish have a legacy in America from their forefathers ?
Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513 .	Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513.	When did the Spanish arrive to America ?
Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America .	Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America.	Did Europeans speak Spanish in America ?
In 1565 , the Spaniards , by way of Juan Ponce de León , founded St. Augustine , Florida , and as of the early 1800s , it became the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in the continental United States .	the Spaniards, by way of Juan Ponce de León, founded St. Augustine, Florida	How was St. Augustine founded ?
In 1565 , the Spaniards , by way of Juan Ponce de León , founded St. Augustine , Florida , and as of the early 1800s , it became the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in the continental United States .	St. Augustine, Florida	Where is the oldest settlement in America ?
The oldest city in all of the U.S. territory , as of 1898 , is San Juan , capital of Puerto Rico , where Juan Ponce De León was its first governor	The oldest city in all of the U.S. territory, as of 1898, is San Juan, capital of Puerto Rico	What is the oldest city of the United States territory ?
In 1821 , after Mexico 's War of Independence from Spain , Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas .	In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas	Was Texas a part of Mexico ?
In 1836 , the now largely `` American '' Texans , fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico and established the Republic of Texas .	Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico	Was there a war between the Mexicans and the Texans ?
In 1846 , the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state .	In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state.	When did Texas become a state ?
Per the 1850 U.S. census , fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent , and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people -LRB- both Mexicans and non-Spanish European settlers who include German Texan -RRB- who were outnumbered -LRB- six-to-one -RRB- by English-speaking settlers -LRB- both Americans and other immigrant Europeans -RRB- .	Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people	Was Texas a primarily a Spanish speaking state ?
After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain also , California , Nevada , Arizona , Utah , western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California and most of New Mexico , western Texas , southern Colorado , southwestern Kansas , and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México .	California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California	What states made up of Alta California
After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain also , California , Nevada , Arizona , Utah , western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California and most of New Mexico , western Texas , southern Colorado , southwestern Kansas , and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México .	After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain	When did other states become part of Mexico ?
After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain also , California , Nevada , Arizona , Utah , western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California and most of New Mexico , western Texas , southern Colorado , southwestern Kansas , and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México .	most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México	What states were part of Santa Fe de Nuevo
The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States of America and Spanish spoken in the present-day United Mexican States .	The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory	Why is there still Bilingual spoken in these states ?
Through the force of sheer numbers , the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language , culture , and law as dominant , to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere ; this is why the United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did .	Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law	Why is n't the southwest Spanish speaking ?
Through the force of sheer numbers , the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language , culture , and law as dominant , to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere ; this is why the United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did .	United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did.	Is Canada bilingual ?
For example , the California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants ; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish , and it contained a clause requiring all published laws and regulations to be published in both languages .	California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish,	Was California a bilingual state ?
The constitutional convention of 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants ; the convention 's English-speaking participants felt that the state 's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English ; and the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English .	the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English	Why did n't California officially become bilingual ?
The constitutional convention of 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants ; the convention 's English-speaking participants felt that the state 's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English ; and the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English .	the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.	Was there a court ruling ?
For decades , the U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English , to the extent of making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools .	U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English	Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory ?
For decades , the U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English , to the extent of making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools .	making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools.	How did America try to make Puerto Rico 's language English ?
It was completely unsuccessful , and retreated from that policy in 1948 .	It was completely unsuccessful,	Was English in Puerto Rico successful ?
Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language , culture , and identity because the relatively small , densely populated island was already home to nearly a million people at the time of the U.S. takeover , all of those spoke Spanish , and the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier .	the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.	Does Puerto Rico have many English speaking residents ?
Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language , culture , and identity because the relatively small , densely populated island was already home to nearly a million people at the time of the U.S. takeover , all of those spoke Spanish , and the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier .	Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island	How did Puerto Rico stay a Spanish speaking territory ?
Of all major Hispanic groups , Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish , but millions of Puerto Rican Americans living in the U.S. mainland nonetheless are fluent in Spanish .	Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish	Do they speak Spanish fluently ?
In Hawaii , where Puerto Rican farm laborers and Mexican ranchers have settled since the late 19th century , 7.0 per cent of the islands ' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both .	7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both.	Are Hispanics in Hawaii ?
Puerto Ricans are natural-born U.S. citizens , and many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City , Orlando , Philadelphia , and other areas of the Eastern United States , increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population , especially in Central Florida .	many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, and other areas of the Eastern United States	Where are the biggest population of Puerto Ricans on the mainland ?
Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba 's political instability upon achieving independence .	Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability	Why did Cubans come to the United States ?
The deposition of Fulgencio Batista 's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro 's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States , hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States , most settled in southern and central Florida , while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States ; most are fluent in Spanish .	The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States	What year did most Cubans start coming to America ?
The deposition of Fulgencio Batista 's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro 's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States , hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States , most settled in southern and central Florida , while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States ; most are fluent in Spanish .	most are fluent in Spanish	Do Cubans speak Spanish in America ?
The deposition of Fulgencio Batista 's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro 's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States , hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States , most settled in southern and central Florida , while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States ; most are fluent in Spanish .	, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States	Where do most Cuban Americans live ?
In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration .	In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.	Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S. ?
Likewise the migration of Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans also began as a result of political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s .	Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans	What other Spanish Speaking people come to America ?
Likewise the migration of Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans also began as a result of political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s .	political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s	Why did the Nicaraguans come to America ?
Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War -LRB- or Contra-revolutionary war -RRB- which continued up until 1988 , and the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries .	Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988	When did the Nicaraguans arrive ?
The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida , California and Texas .	The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas.	Where did Nicaraguans settle in America ?
Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War -LRB- or Contra-revolutionary war -RRB- which continued up until 1988 , and the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries .	the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries.	Was there a specific reason many Nicaraguans fled to the U.S. ?
The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems .	The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems.	Why did Salvadorans come to America ?
The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s , in which 20 -- 30 % of El Salvador 's population emigrated .	The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s	When did Salvadorans come to America ?
About 50 % , or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States , which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans , making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group , after the Mexican-American majority , stateside Puerto Ricans , and Cubans .	United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group	What is the population of Salvadorans living in America ?
About 50 % , or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States , which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans , making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group , after the Mexican-American majority , stateside Puerto Ricans , and Cubans .	Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.	Where do Salvadorans fall on the scale for Hispanic living in America ?
As civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s , hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States .	civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s	Why did Central Americans flee to the U.S. ?
Between 1980 and 1990 , the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000 .	the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000.	Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S. ?
The number of Salvadoran immigrants in the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters that hit El Salvador , including earthquakes and hurricanes .	the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters	Is the Salvadoran population still growing ?
By 2008 , there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States .	By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.	How many Salvadorans are in America now ?
Until the 20th century , there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States .	Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States.	When did the Venezuelans emigrate to the united states ?
Between the 18th and early 19th centuries , there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela , only to later migrate to the United States along with their children and grandchildren who born and/or grew up in Venezuela speaking Spanish .	Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela	Does Venezuela have immigrates from other countries ?
Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education , only to remain in there following graduation .	Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation.	Why did Venezuelans come to America ?
However , since the early 1980s , the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary and due to the economic fluctuations in Venezuela which also promoted an important migration of Venezuelan professionals to the US .	since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary	Do Venezuelans still come to America for the same reasons as they did before ?
In the 2000s , more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States -LRB- mostly to Florida , but New York City and Houston are other destinations -RRB- .	In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States	How did Chavez affect the Venezuelans ?
Other main states with Venezuelan American populations are , according to the 1990 census , New York , California , Texas -LRB- adding their existing Hispanic populations -RRB- , New Jersey , Massachusetts and Maryland .	New York, California, Texas (adding their existing Hispanic populations), New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland.	Are there any other areas of America Venezuelans settled in ?
Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami , New York City , Los Angeles , and Washington , D.C.	Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.	Where are the most populated city 's Venezuelan live in ?
Some states , such as New Mexico , provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents , in Spanish and English , and other commonly used languages .	Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents	Is there such a thing as bilingual state ?
By 2015 , there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home .	there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home.	Do American Hispanics speak English in the home ?
Although the United States has no de jure official language , English is the dominant language of business , education , government , religion , media , culture , civil society , and the public sphere .	English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere.	What language is spoken in the U.S.A ?
Although the United States has no de jure official language , English is the dominant language of business , education , government , religion , media , culture , civil society , and the public sphere .	United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language	Is there an official language of the United States ?
The state -LRB- like its southwestern neighbors -RRB- has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico .	The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico	Has some states like Arizona embraced their Mexican history ?
The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863 , when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory .	The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory.	What is the states history ?
The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s , although the Tucson area had a higher ratio of anglophones -LRB- including Mexican Americans who were fluent in English -RRB- ; the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers .	The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s	Has New Mexico had a majority of Spanish speaking natives .
The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s , although the Tucson area had a higher ratio of anglophones -LRB- including Mexican Americans who were fluent in English -RRB- ; the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers .	the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers.	Are Arizona and New Mexico residents speaking Spanish or English ?
New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state ; however , the state has no official language .	the state has no official language.	Does New Mexico have an official language ?
New Mexico 's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English .	New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English.	What language is New Mexico 's language written in ?
Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S. -- Mexico border since the 16th century .	Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.–Mexico border since the 16th century	How long has New Mexico been speaking Spanish ?
New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state ; however , the state has no official language .	New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state	Is New Mexico known for the Spanish language ?
Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence , New Mexico Spanish , and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th - and 17th-century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary .	Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence	Why is New Mexico always an after thought in American - Spanish speaking society ?
Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence , New Mexico Spanish , and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th - and 17th-century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary .	, New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish	Is New Mexico 's language different than from other Spanish dialect
New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley , Mexican-Spanish words -LRB- mexicanismos -RRB- , and borrowings from English .	New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos)	Does New Mexico 's language also include other dialect ?
In Texas , English is the state 's de facto official language -LRB- though it lacks de jure status -RRB- and is used in government .	In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language	What is Texas official language ?
However , the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas .	, the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas.	Are there exceptions to Texas official language ?
The Government of Texas , through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code , mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency .	websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.	How does this mandate help Spanish speaking residents ?
Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language in American secondary schools and of higher education .	Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language	What language , other than English , is spoken in the U.S. ?
More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses in autumn of 2002 and Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled , followed by French -LRB- 14.4 % -RRB- , German -LRB- 7.1 % -RRB- , Italian -LRB- 4.5 % -RRB- , American Sign language -LRB- 4.3 % -RRB- , Japanese -LRB- 3.7 % -RRB- , and Chinese -LRB- 2.4 % -RRB- although the totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population .	More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses	Are students taught Spanish in american schools ?
More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses in autumn of 2002 and Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled , followed by French -LRB- 14.4 % -RRB- , German -LRB- 7.1 % -RRB- , Italian -LRB- 4.5 % -RRB- , American Sign language -LRB- 4.3 % -RRB- , Japanese -LRB- 3.7 % -RRB- , and Chinese -LRB- 2.4 % -RRB- although the totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population .	Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled	How popular are Spanish language classes in the U.S , ?
More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses in autumn of 2002 and Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled , followed by French -LRB- 14.4 % -RRB- , German -LRB- 7.1 % -RRB- , Italian -LRB- 4.5 % -RRB- , American Sign language -LRB- 4.3 % -RRB- , Japanese -LRB- 3.7 % -RRB- , and Chinese -LRB- 2.4 % -RRB- although the totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population .	French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%)	What other languages are popular among American students ?
More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses in autumn of 2002 and Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled , followed by French -LRB- 14.4 % -RRB- , German -LRB- 7.1 % -RRB- , Italian -LRB- 4.5 % -RRB- , American Sign language -LRB- 4.3 % -RRB- , Japanese -LRB- 3.7 % -RRB- , and Chinese -LRB- 2.4 % -RRB- although the totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population .	totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population.	Are these other languages learned in the U.S. as popular as Spanish ?
The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish , following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration .	The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish	What political speaches are delivered in English and Spanish ?
Moreover , non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies .	politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies	Does Washington -LRB- government -RRB- operate in both languages -LRB- bilingual-Spanish ? -RRB-
There are 500 Spanish newspapers , 152 magazines , and 205 publishers in the United States ; magazine and local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003 , with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent , respectively .	There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the United States; magazine and local television	If someone is not bilingual and only speaks Spanish , how do they learn about current events ?
There are 500 Spanish newspapers , 152 magazines , and 205 publishers in the United States ; magazine and local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003 , with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent , respectively .	local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively.	Is the Hispanic population relevant to the American media ?
Calvin Veltman undertook , for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project , the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants .	Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project	Are there studies on Hispanic-American language ?
Calvin Veltman undertook , for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project , the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants .	the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants	What is Calvin Veltman ' study about ?
Although his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census -LRB- which has not been repeated -RRB- , data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population .	his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated),	Is Calvin Veltman ' relevant to today 's Hispanic Americans ?
Although his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census -LRB- which has not been repeated -RRB- , data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population .	data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population.	Are there other similar findings similar to Calvin Veltman ' for the modern age ?
Mr Veltman 's language shift studies document high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics , particularly by the young and the native-born .	high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born.	What was Calvin Veltman ' findings ?
Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina , the county seat of Charleston County , and the principal city in the Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area .	Charleston	What is the oldest city in South Carolina ?
Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina , the county seat of Charleston County , and the principal city in the Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area .	Charleston County	What county is Charleston , South Carolina located in ?
The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina 's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor , an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers , or , as is locally expressed , `` where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean . ''	Charleston Harbor	Charleston is located on what harbor ?
The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina 's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor , an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers , or , as is locally expressed , `` where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean . ''	Atlantic Ocean	Charleston Harbor is an inlet of what ocean ?
The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina 's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor , an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers , or , as is locally expressed , `` where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean . ''	Ashley Rivers	What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Harbor ?
Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina , the county seat of Charleston County , and the principal city in the Charleston -- North Charleston -- Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area .	Charleston County	What county is Charleston located in ?
The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina 's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor , an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers , or , as is locally expressed , `` where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean . ''	Atlantic Ocean	Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean ?
The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina 's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor , an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers , or , as is locally expressed , `` where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean . ''	Cooper Rivers	What river merges with the Ashley River to from the Charleston Harbor ?
Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England , Charleston adopted its present name in 1783 .	1670	What year was Charleston founded ?
Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England , Charleston adopted its present name in 1783 .	Charles Town	What was Charleston 's original name ?
Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England , Charleston adopted its present name in 1783 .	King Charles II of England	Charles Town was named after which king ?
It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point .	Albemarle Point	Where was the city originally located ?
With a 2010 census population of 120,083 -LRB- and a 2014 estimate of 130,113 -RRB- , current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina .	120,083	What was Charleston 's population in 2010 ?
Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England , Charleston adopted its present name in 1783 .	1670	What year was Charleston originally founded ?
Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England , Charleston adopted its present name in 1783 .	King Charles II of England	Who was Charles Town named after ?
Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England , Charleston adopted its present name in 1783 .	Charles Town	What was the originally name of Charleston ?
With a 2010 census population of 120,083 -LRB- and a 2014 estimate of 130,113 -RRB- , current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina .	120,083	How many people lived in Charleston in 2010 ?
It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point .	Albemarle Point	Where was Charleston 's first location ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 127.5 square miles -LRB- 330.2 km2 -RRB- , of which 109.0 square miles -LRB- 282.2 km2 -RRB- is land and 18.5 square miles -LRB- 47.9 km2 -RRB- is covered by water .	127.5 square miles (330.2 km2)	How large is Charleston , South Carolina ?
North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula , and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River .	North Charleston	Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 127.5 square miles -LRB- 330.2 km2 -RRB- , of which 109.0 square miles -LRB- 282.2 km2 -RRB- is land and 18.5 square miles -LRB- 47.9 km2 -RRB- is covered by water .	18.5 square miles (47.9 km2)	How much of Charleston is covered by water ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 127.5 square miles -LRB- 330.2 km2 -RRB- , of which 109.0 square miles -LRB- 282.2 km2 -RRB- is land and 18.5 square miles -LRB- 47.9 km2 -RRB- is covered by water .	109.0 square miles (282.2 km2)	How of Charleston 's total area is dry land ?
North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula , and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River .	Mount Pleasant	What town occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River ?
Summer is the wettest season ; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers .	Summer	What season is the wettest in Charleston ?
Summer is the wettest season ; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers .	thundershowers	In what form does half of Charleston 's annual rainfall occur ?
Winter is short and mild , and is characterized by occasional rain .	Winter	What season is characterized as short in Charleston ?
However , 6.0 in -LRB- 15 cm -RRB- fell at the airport on December 23 , 1989 , the largest single-day fall on record , contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in -LRB- 20 cm -RRB- snowfall .	8.0 in (20 cm)	What is Charleston 's seasonal record of snowfall ?
Winter is short and mild , and is characterized by occasional rain .	Winter	What season is considered short in Charleston ?
Summer is the wettest season ; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers .	Summer	What is the wettest season in Charleston ?
Summer is the wettest season ; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers .	thundershowers	Half of Charleston 's annual rainfall occurs in what form ?
However , 6.0 in -LRB- 15 cm -RRB- fell at the airport on December 23 , 1989 , the largest single-day fall on record , contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in -LRB- 20 cm -RRB- snowfall .	6.0 in (15 cm	How much snow did Charleston 's Airport recieve on December , 23 1989 ?
The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F -LRB- 40 °C -RRB- , on June 2 , 1985 , and June 24 , 1944 , and the lowest was 7 °F -LRB- − 14 °C -RRB- on February 14 , 1899 , although at the airport , where official records are kept , the historical range is 105 °F -LRB- 41 °C -RRB- on August 1 , 1999 down to 6 °F -LRB- − 14 °C -RRB- on January 21 , 1985 .	104 °F	What is hottest temperature recorded with Charleston 's city limits ?
Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall , with several severe hurricanes hitting the area -- most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21 , 1989 -LRB- a category 4 storm -RRB- .	Hurricane Hugo	What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989 ?
The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F -LRB- 40 °C -RRB- , on June 2 , 1985 , and June 24 , 1944 , and the lowest was 7 °F -LRB- − 14 °C -RRB- on February 14 , 1899 , although at the airport , where official records are kept , the historical range is 105 °F -LRB- 41 °C -RRB- on August 1 , 1999 down to 6 °F -LRB- − 14 °C -RRB- on January 21 , 1985 .	7 °F (−14 °C)	What was the lowest temperature ever recorded Charleston 's city limit ?
Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall , with several severe hurricanes hitting the area -- most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21 , 1989 -LRB- a category 4 storm -RRB- .	Hurricanes	What type of storm is a major threat to Charleston in the summer and early fall ?
The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F -LRB- 40 °C -RRB- , on June 2 , 1985 , and June 24 , 1944 , and the lowest was 7 °F -LRB- − 14 °C -RRB- on February 14 , 1899 , although at the airport , where official records are kept , the historical range is 105 °F -LRB- 41 °C -RRB- on August 1 , 1999 down to 6 °F -LRB- − 14 °C -RRB- on January 21 , 1985 .	January 21, 1985	What day did Charleston 's airport hit the coldest day on record ?
These cities combined with other incorporated and unincorporated areas along with the city of Charleston form the Charleston-North Charleston Urban Area with a population of 548,404 as of 2010 .	548,404	How many people lived in the Charleston = North Charleston Urban Area in 2010 ?
North Charleston is the second-largest city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area and ranks as the third-largest city in the state ; Mount Pleasant and Summerville are the next-largest cities .	North Charleston	What is the third largest city in South Carolina ?
The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County , Moncks Corner -LRB- with a 2000 population of 9,123 -RRB- .	9,123	How many people lived in Moncks Corner in 2000 ?
The Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of three counties : Charleston , Berkeley , and Dorchester .	Dorchester	Charleston and Berkeley is combined with what other county to form a metropolitan statistical area ?
The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County , Moncks Corner -LRB- with a 2000 population of 9,123 -RRB- .	Berkeley County	In which county is Moncks Corner located ?
The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era , when counties were imposed .	Reconstruction Era	What era brought counties to South Carolina ?
The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era , when counties were imposed .	traditional parish system	Counties replaced what system in South Carolina ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Nevertheless , traditional parishes still exist in various capacities , mainly as public service districts .	public service districts	What is the main use of the parish system nowadays ?
When the city of Charleston was formed , it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael , now also includes parts of St. James ' Parish , St. George 's Parish , St. Andrew 's Parish , and St. John 's Parish , although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes .	Parish of St. Philip	The city of Charleston is defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Michael and what other parish ?
When the city of Charleston was formed , it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael , now also includes parts of St. James ' Parish , St. George 's Parish , St. Andrew 's Parish , and St. John 's Parish , although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes .	St. Andrew's Parish	What other parish besides St. John 's Parish is mostly an incorporated rural parish ?
The first of these founded Charles Town , in 1670 .	1670	What year was Charles Town founded ?
It took seven years before the group arranged for settlement expeditions .	seven years	How long did it take to establish settlement expeditions for the Province of Carolina ?
Governance , settlement , and development were to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for the Lords Proprietors by John Locke .	the Grand Model	What was the plan to settle and develop the Province of Carolina ?
Governance , settlement , and development were to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for the Lords Proprietors by John Locke .	John Locke	Who prepared the plan known as `` the Grand Model '' ?
After Charles II of England -LRB- 1630 -- 1685 -RRB- was restored to the English throne in 1660 following Oliver Cromwell 's Protectorate , he granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends , known as the Lords Proprietors , on March 24 , 1663 .	1660	When was Charles II of England restored to the throne ?
The community was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda -LRB- which lies due east of South Carolina , although at 1,030 km or 640 mi , it is closest to Cape Hatteras , North Carolina -RRB- , under the leadership of governor William Sayle , on the west bank of the Ashley River , a few miles northwest of the present-day city center .	Bermuda	Where did Charleston 's original settlers come from ?
The community was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda -LRB- which lies due east of South Carolina , although at 1,030 km or 640 mi , it is closest to Cape Hatteras , North Carolina -RRB- , under the leadership of governor William Sayle , on the west bank of the Ashley River , a few miles northwest of the present-day city center .	Cape Hatteras	Bermuda is located near which North Carolina town ?
The community was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda -LRB- which lies due east of South Carolina , although at 1,030 km or 640 mi , it is closest to Cape Hatteras , North Carolina -RRB- , under the leadership of governor William Sayle , on the west bank of the Ashley River , a few miles northwest of the present-day city center .	William Sayle	Who was the first governor of Charleston ?
It was soon predicted by the Earl of Shaftesbury , one of the Lords Proprietors , to become a `` great port towne '' , a destiny the city quickly fulfilled .	Earl of Shaftesbury	Who predicted Charleston would become a ` great port towne ' ?
In 1680 , the settlement was moved east of the Ashley River to the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers .	Ashley River	The settlement was relocated east to what river ?
Because of the battles between English `` royalty '' and the Roman Catholic Church , practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South Carolina until after the American Revolution .	Catholics	What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina ?
Jews were allowed , and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century , the city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America -- a status it held until about 1830 .	1830	About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America ?
The first settlers primarily came from England , its Caribbean colony of Barbados , and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda .	England	What European country did many of the first Charleston settlers come from ?
Because of the battles between English `` royalty '' and the Roman Catholic Church , practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South Carolina until after the American Revolution .	American Revolution	After what war did the state ban on Catholics end ?
The first settlers primarily came from England , its Caribbean colony of Barbados , and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda .	Barbados	Along with Bermuda , what other English colony did many settlers come from ?
The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land , including periodic assaults from Spain and France -LRB- both of whom contested England 's claims to the region -RRB- , and pirates .	Spain	Which country along with France contested England 's claim to the Charleston region ?
These were combined with raids by Native Americans , who tried to protect themselves from so-called European `` settlers , '' who in turn wanted to expand the settlement .	Native Americans	Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers ?
Except those fronting Cooper River , the walls were largely removed during the 1720s .	1720s	The majority of the fort walls were removed in what decade ?
The heart of the city was fortified according to a 1704 plan by Governor Johnson .	Governor Johnson	Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city ?
The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land , including periodic assaults from Spain and France -LRB- both of whom contested England 's claims to the region -RRB- , and pirates .	pirates	Beside European nations and Native Americans , who else attacked the Charleston settlement ?
Today nothing commemorates that ugly fact but a simple bench , established by the author Toni Morrison using private funds . ''	Toni Morrison	What author paid for the simple bench at Sullivan 's Island ?
An estimated 40 % of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan 's Island , just off the port of Charles Town ; it is described as a `` hellish Ellis Island of sorts ... .	40%	What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan 's Island ?
Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage , first as `` servants '' , then as slaves .	Middle Passage	What stage of the slave trade provided slaves to Charles Town ?
Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage , first as `` servants '' , then as slaves .	Africans	What peoples were brought to Charles Town to be slaves ?
Ethnic groups transported here included especially Wolof , Yoruba , Fulani , Igbo , Malinke , and other people of the Windward Coast .	Windward Coast	Which African coast did many slaves that were sold in Charles Town come from ?
African slaves brought knowledge of rice cultivation , which plantation owners cultivated and developed as a successful commodity crop by 1700 .	rice	African slaves had great knowledge of the cultivation of what product ?
Supported with subsidies from Britain , indigo was a leading export by 1750 .	1750	By what year was indigo was a leading export for the Lowcountry ?
Supported with subsidies from Britain , indigo was a leading export by 1750 .	Britain	Which nation subsidized indigo crops from the Lowcountry ?
African slaves brought knowledge of rice cultivation , which plantation owners cultivated and developed as a successful commodity crop by 1700 .	1700	By what year was rice a successful commodity crop for the Lowcountry ?
Those and naval stores were exported in an extremely profitable shipping industry .	naval stores	What products were exported along with indigo from the Lowcountry ?
Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia , in part because of the lucrative slave trade .	slave trade	What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town 's growth ?
By 1770 , it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies , after Boston , New York , and Philadelphia , with a population of 11,000 -- slightly more than half of them slaves .	1770	When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port ?
By 1708 , the majority of the colony 's population was slaves , and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century .	slaves	Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1708 ?
By 1708 , the majority of the colony 's population was slaves , and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century .	the Great Migration	People of African descent were the majority in Charleston until what mass movement ?
By 1708 , the majority of the colony 's population was slaves , and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century .	the early 20th century	When did the Great Migration occur ?
Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides .	Creek nations	What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation ?
Between 1739 and 1761 , the height of the deerskin trade era , an estimated 500,000 to 1,250,000 deer were slaughtered .	500,000 to 1,250,000	What is the estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761 ?
During the same period , Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350 pounds of deer skins .	5,239,350	Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade ?
Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade , the basis of its early economy .	the deerskin trade	What trade was the basis of Charles Town 's original economy ?
Between 1699 and 1715 , colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town .	54,000	What was the average amount of deer skins that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715 ?
This group also helped establish the College of Charles Towne in 1770 , the oldest college in South Carolina .	College of Charles Towne	What is the oldest college in South Carolina ?
Until its transition to state ownership in 1970 , this was the oldest municipally supported college in the United States .	1970	Charleston supported the College of Charles Towne until what year ?
The Charles Towne Library Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day .	1748	What year was the Charles Towne Library Society established ?
This group also helped establish the College of Charles Towne in 1770 , the oldest college in South Carolina .	1770	When was the College of Charles Towe founded ?
The first theatre building in America was built in 1736 on the site of today 's Dock Street Theatre .	Dock Street Theatre	What is located where the first theatre building in Charles Town once stood ?
On June 28 , 1776 , General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne , hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina .	General Sir Henry Clinton	Which general tried to seize Charles Town during the American Revolution ?
Col. Moultrie 's men returned fire and inflicted heavy damage on several of the British ships .	Col. Moultrie	Who was the commander of the American forces defending South Carolina ?
On June 28 , 1776 , General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne , hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina .	June 28, 1776	When did General Clinton attack South Carolina ?
On June 28 , 1776 , General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne , hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina .	a simultaneous Loyalist uprising	What was the British hoping to inspire by their attack on Charles Town ?
The British were forced to withdraw their forces , and the Americans renamed the defensive installation as Fort Moultrie in honor of its commander .	Fort Moultrie	Fort Sullivan was renamed what after the battle ?
American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight , and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war .	Siege of Charles Towne	What was the greatest American defeat of the American Revolution ?
Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers .	14,000	How many soldiers did General Clinton return with ?
Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers .	1780	In what year did General Clinton return to Charles Towne ?
American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight , and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war .	General Benjamin Lincoln	Who was the leader of the American forces defending Charles Towne ?
Although the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786 , Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years .	Columbia	What city became the state capital of South Carolina ?
Although the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786 , Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years .	1786	Charleston was the state capital of South Carolina until what year ?
The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop , making short-staple cotton profitable .	1793	In what year was the cotton gin invented ?
The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop , making short-staple cotton profitable .	cotton	What became South Carolina 's major export commodity after 1793 ?
Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city , working as domestics , artisans , market workers , and laborers .	Slaves	Who made up most of the primary labor force of cotton plantations ?
By 1860 , 3,785 free people of color were in Charleston , nearly 18 % of the city 's black population , and 8 % of the total population .	3,785	How many free people of color lived in Charleston in 1860 ?
By 1860 , 3,785 free people of color were in Charleston , nearly 18 % of the city 's black population , and 8 % of the total population .	8%	What percentage of Charleston 's population were free people of color ?
By 1860 , 3,785 free people of color were in Charleston , nearly 18 % of the city 's black population , and 8 % of the total population .	18%	What percentage of Charleston 's black population were free people of color ?
In 1790 , they established the Brown Fellowship Society for mutual aid , initially as a burial society .	1790	In what year was the Brown Fellowship Society created ?
It continued until 1945 .	1945	In what year did the Brown Fellowship Society end ?
When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey , a free black , was revealed in May 1822 , whites reacted with intense fear , as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution .	slave revolt	What was planned by Denmark Vesey ?
When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey , a free black , was revealed in May 1822 , whites reacted with intense fear , as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution .	May 1822	When was Vesey 's plan for a slave revolt revealed ?
Soon after , Vesey was tried and executed , hanged in early July with five slaves .	hanged	How was Vesey executed in 1822 ?
Soon after , Vesey was tried and executed , hanged in early July with five slaves .	five slaves	How many slaves were executed with Vesey ?
When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey , a free black , was revealed in May 1822 , whites reacted with intense fear , as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution .	Haitian Revolution	What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves ?
Among other changes , most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church , setting up their own black Baptist congregations or joining new African Methodist Episcopal Church and AME Zion churches , both independent black denominations first established in the North .	Southern Baptist Church	Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery ?
In Charleston , the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city : from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880 .	17,000	How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860 ?
Freedmen `` acquired dogs , guns , and liquor -LRB- all barred to them under slavery -RRB- , and refused to yield the sidewalks to whites '' .	liquor	What barred product , along with dogs and guns , did the Freemen want after slavery ended ?
In Charleston , the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city : from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880 .	27,000	How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880 ?
Among other changes , most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church , setting up their own black Baptist congregations or joining new African Methodist Episcopal Church and AME Zion churches , both independent black denominations first established in the North .	the North	AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America ?
In 1865 , the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston 's African American population .	the American Missionary Association	What association founded the Avery Normal Institute ?
In 1865 , the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston 's African American population .	free secondary school	What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute ?
In 1865 , the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston 's African American population .	Charleston's African American population	Who attended the Avery Normal Institute ?
General William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy , an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war .	William T. Sherman	What general supported the conversion of a US Arsenal into Porter Military Academy ?
General William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy , an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war .	war	Soldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy were affected by what ?
In 1875 , blacks made up 57 % of the city 's population , and 73 % of Charleston County .	57%	What percentage of Charleston 's population was black in 1875 ?
In 1875 , blacks made up 57 % of the city 's population , and 73 % of Charleston County .	73%	What percentage of Charleston County 's was black in 1875 ?
In the 1876 election cycle , two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city , in September and the day after the election in November , as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting .	white Democrats	In 1876 , Charleston 's Black Republicans fought against whom ?
In the 1876 election cycle , two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city , in September and the day after the election in November , as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting .	the day after the election in November	The second riot of 1876 happened when ?
In the 1876 election cycle , two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city , in September and the day after the election in November , as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting .	two	How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1876 ?
After former Confederates were allowed to vote again , election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups , known as the Red Shirts .	the Red Shirts	What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as ?
Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments .	federal constitutional amendments.	What granted Freeman were American citizenship ?
Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15 , both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election .	October 15	The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day ?
Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15 , both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election .	September 6	The violent 1876 incident that took place on King 's street happened on what day ?
The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor , and taking back control of the state legislature .	Wade Hampton	Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation ?
On August 31 , 1886 , Charleston was nearly destroyed by an earthquake .	an earthquake	What nearly destroyed Charleston in 1886 ?
On August 31 , 1886 , Charleston was nearly destroyed by an earthquake .	August 31, 1886	What date was the Charleston earthquake of 1886 ?
It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $ 6 million worth of damage -LRB- $ 133 million in 2006 dollars -RRB- , at a time when all the city 's buildings were valued around $ 24 million -LRB- $ 531 million in 2006 dollars -RRB- .	2,000 buildings	How many buildings were damaged by the 1886 earthquake in Charleston ?
It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $ 6 million worth of damage -LRB- $ 133 million in 2006 dollars -RRB- , at a time when all the city 's buildings were valued around $ 24 million -LRB- $ 531 million in 2006 dollars -RRB- .	$6 million	What was the cost of the damage of the 1886 earthquake to the city of Charleston ?
It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $ 6 million worth of damage -LRB- $ 133 million in 2006 dollars -RRB- , at a time when all the city 's buildings were valued around $ 24 million -LRB- $ 531 million in 2006 dollars -RRB- .	$24 million	What was the total value of all of Charleston 's city buildings before the earthquake ?
An elaborate public building , the United States Post Office and Courthouse , was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city .	1896	What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against blacks were passed ?
The William Enston Home , a planned community for the city 's aged and infirm , was built in 1889 .	1889.	The William Enston Home was built in what year ?
The Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks , effectively excluding them entirely from the political process , a second-class status that was maintained for more than six decades in a state that was majority black until about 1930 .	1930	Blacks were the majority in South Carolina until what year ?
An elaborate public building , the United States Post Office and Courthouse , was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city .	1896	A large post office and courthouse was built in what year ?
On June 17 , 2015 , 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people .	June 17, 2015	On what day were nine people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church ?
On June 17 , 2015 , 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people .	Dylann Roof	What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston , South Carolina ?
Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney , who also served as a state senator , was among those killed during the attack .	state senator	Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of South Carolina ?
A memorial service on the campus of the College of Charleston was attended by President Barack Obama , Michelle Obama , Vice President Joe Biden , Jill Biden , and Speaker of the House John Boehner .	College of Charleston	A memorial service for the nine victims was held on which college 's campus ?
On July 10 , 2015 , the Confederate battle flag was removed from the South Carolina State House .	July 10, 2015	On what day was the Confederate flag removed from South Carolina State House ?
Spoleto Festival USA , held annually in late spring , has become one of the world 's major performing arts festivals .	spring	What season is Spoleto Festival USA held ?
It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti , who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi -LRB- the Festival of Two Worlds -RRB- in Spoleto , Italy .	Festival dei Due Mondi	Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival ?
It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti , who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi -LRB- the Festival of Two Worlds -RRB- in Spoleto , Italy .	1977	What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded ?
It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti , who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi -LRB- the Festival of Two Worlds -RRB- in Spoleto , Italy .	composer	What the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti ?
Charleston 's oldest community theater group , the Footlight Players , has provided theatrical productions since 1931 .	the Footlight Players	What is Charleston 's oldest community theater group ?
The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers , journalists , and clients from across the nation .	Marion Square	Where is the annual Charleston Fashion week held ?
Charleston 's oldest community theater group , the Footlight Players , has provided theatrical productions since 1931 .	1931	The Footlight Players started creating theatrical productions in what year ?
Charleston is known for its local seafood , which plays a key role in the city 's renowned cuisine , comprising staple dishes such as gumbo , she-crab soup , fried oysters , Lowcountry boil , deviled crab cakes , red rice , and shrimp and grits .	seafood	Charleston is known for what type of food ?
The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements .	British and French	Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures ?
Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works : `` Charleston Provincialisms '' -LRB- 1887 -RRB- and `` The Huguenot Element in Charleston 's Provincialisms '' , published in a German journal .	1887	`` Charleston 's Provincialisms '' was published in what year ?
Some observers attribute these unique features of Charleston 's speech to its early settlement by French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews -LRB- who were primarily English speakers from London -RRB- , both of whom played influential roles in Charleston 's early development and history .	French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews	To which two early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston 's accent attributed to ?
Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works : `` Charleston Provincialisms '' -LRB- 1887 -RRB- and `` The Huguenot Element in Charleston 's Provincialisms '' , published in a German journal .	College of Charleston	To which college did Sylvester Primer belong ?
Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works : `` Charleston Provincialisms '' -LRB- 1887 -RRB- and `` The Huguenot Element in Charleston 's Provincialisms '' , published in a German journal .	Sylvester Primer	Who was the author of the work entitled , `` The Huguenot Element in Charleston 's Provincialisms '' ?
Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works : `` Charleston Provincialisms '' -LRB- 1887 -RRB- and `` The Huguenot Element in Charleston 's Provincialisms '' , published in a German journal .	German journal	What type of journal were Primer 's work on Charleston 's accent published ?
Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti , a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines .	art festival	What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA ?
Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation 's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show , the Taste of Charleston , The Lowcountry Oyster Festival , the Cooper River Bridge Run , The Charleston Marathon , Southeastern Wildlife Exposition -LRB- SEWE -RRB- , Charleston Food and Wine Festival , Charleston Fashion Week , the MOJA Arts Festival , and the Holiday Festival of Lights -LRB- at James Island County Park -RRB- , and the Charleston International Film Festival .	James Island County Park	The Holiday Festival of Lights are held where ?
Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti , a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines .	over 100 performances	About how many performances are there in the Spoleto Festival USA ?
Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti , a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines .	Gian Carlo Menotti	Who founded the Spoleto Festival USA ?
`` Ballin ' the Jack '' , which was a popular dance in the years before `` The Charleston '' , was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith .	Chris Smith	Who wrote the `` Charleston '' ?
The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake 's `` Charleston Rag '' and later James P. Johnson 's `` The Charleston '' , as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s .	1920s	What decade was the Charleston dance popular nationally ?
The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake 's `` Charleston Rag '' and later James P. Johnson 's `` The Charleston '' , as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s .	Eubie Blake	Who created the song `` Charleston Rag '' ?
As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture , the Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston , especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music .	the Gullah community	Which Charleston community had a large influence on jazz music ?
The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake 's `` Charleston Rag '' and later James P. Johnson 's `` The Charleston '' , as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s .	dock workers	Geechee dances are associated with the music of what type of worker ?
The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston .	1891	What year was the Jenkins Orphanage created ?
The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music .	donations of musical instruments	What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept ?
The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston .	Daniel J. Jenkins	What Charleston Reverend established the Jenkins Orphanage ?
The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music .	Avery Institute Graduates	Whose graduates tutored many boys from the Jenkins Orphanage ?
At the Colored Waif 's Home Brass Band in New Orleans , for example , a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first began to draw attention .	New Orleans	What city was Louis Armstrong from ?
The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe .	Theodore Roosevelt	What other president did the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft ?
The band also played on Broadway for the play `` Porgy '' by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward , a stage version of their novel of the same title .	Porgy	What play did the Jenkins Orphanage band play for on Broadway ?
Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and is widely performed .	Porgy and Bess	What was the name of the `` folk opera '' based on ` Porgy ' ?
George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this `` folk opera '' , as Gershwin called it .	Folly Beach outside of Charleston	Where did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera ?
George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this `` folk opera '' , as Gershwin called it .	summer of 1934	When did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera ?
These firefighters operate out of 19 companies located throughout the city : 16 engine companies , two tower companies , and one ladder company .	19	How many companies are there in the City of Charleston Fire Department ?
The City of Charleston Fire Department consists over 300 full-time firefighters .	300	How many full time firefighters do Charleston have ?
Russell -LRB- Rusty -RRB- Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008 , and was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008 .	Russell (Rusty) Thomas	Who was the Fire Chief until June 2008 ?
Russell -LRB- Rusty -RRB- Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008 , and was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008 .	Chief Thomas Carr	Who became the Fire Chief in November 2008 ?
These firefighters operate out of 19 companies located throughout the city : 16 engine companies , two tower companies , and one ladder company .	two	How many tower companies does the fire department have ?
The City of Charleston Police Department , with a total of 452 sworn officers , 137 civilians , and 27 reserve police officers , is South Carolina 's largest police department .	The City of Charleston Police Department	What is the largest police department of South Carolina ?
The City of Charleston Police Department , with a total of 452 sworn officers , 137 civilians , and 27 reserve police officers , is South Carolina 's largest police department .	27	How many reserve police officers do the Charleston Police Department have ?
The City of Charleston Police Department , with a total of 452 sworn officers , 137 civilians , and 27 reserve police officers , is South Carolina 's largest police department .	137	How many civilians serve on the Charleston Police Department ?
Greg Mullen , the former Deputy Chief of the Virginia Beach , Virginia Police Department , serves as the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department .	Greg Mullen	Who is the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department ?
The former Charleston police chief was Reuben Greenberg , who resigned August 12 , 2005 .	2005	What year did Reuben Greenberg retire as Chief of Charleston Police Department ?
The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area : Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center -LRB- MUSC -RRB- , Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center , and Roper Hospital .	Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center	What is the state 's first school of medicine ?
The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston .	Mount Pleasant	Where is East Cooper Regional Medical Center ?
The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston .	City of North Charleston	Where is the Trident Regional Medical Center is located ?
Additionally , more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city : Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital .	West Ashley portion	Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital is located at what portion of the city ?
The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals .	The downtown medical district	What medical district is experiencing growth in biotechnology and medical research field ?
The City of Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airport .	Charleston International Airport	What airport provides service to the City to Charleston ?
It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 miles -LRB- 20 km -RRB- northwest of downtown Charleston .	North Charleston	The Charleston International Airport is located in what city ?
It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 miles -LRB- 20 km -RRB- northwest of downtown Charleston .	12 miles (20 km)	How far is the airport from downtown Charleston ?
Charleston Executive Airport is a smaller airport located in the John 's Island section of the city of Charleston and is used by noncommercial aircraft .	the John's Island section of the city of Charleston	Charleston Executive Airport is located where ?
The airport shares runways with the adjacent Charleston Air Force Base .	Charleston Air Force Base	What military base is located near the airport ?
This highway merges with King Street in the city 's Neck area -LRB- industrial district -RRB- .	the city's Neck area	What area in Charleston is considered the ` industrial area ' ?
U.S. Highway 78 is King Street in the downtown area , eventually merging with Meeting Street .	U.S. Highway 78	What highways is King Street in downtown Charleston ?
U.S. Highway 78 is King Street in the downtown area , eventually merging with Meeting Street .	Meeting Street	U.S. Highway 78 merges with what street ?
The Mark Clark Expressway , or Interstate 526 , is the bypass around the city and begins and ends at U.S. Highway 17 .	U.S. Highway 17	Interstate 526 begins and ends at what Highway ?
Interstate 26 begins in downtown Charleston , with exits to the Septima Clark Expressway , the Arthur Ravenel , Jr. .	downtown Charleston	Interstate 26 begins on what part of Charleston ?
Bridge across the Cooper River opened on July 16 , 2005 , and was the second-longest cable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction .	2005	What year did the Arthur Ravenel Jr. . Bridge open ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The bridge links Mount Pleasant with downtown Charleston , and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicycles .	Mount Pleasant	What is linked to downtown Charleston by the bridge ?
It replaced the Grace Memorial Bridge -LRB- built in 1929 -RRB- and the Silas N. Pearman Bridge -LRB- built in 1966 -RRB- .	1929	What year was the Grace Memorial Bridge built ?
It replaced the Grace Memorial Bridge -LRB- built in 1929 -RRB- and the Silas N. Pearman Bridge -LRB- built in 1966 -RRB- .	1966	What year was the Silas N. Pearman Bridge built ?
Bridge across the Cooper River opened on July 16 , 2005 , and was the second-longest cable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction .	Cooper River	The Arthur Ravenel Jr. . Bridge crosses what river ?
Bishop England , Porter-Gaud School , and Ashley Hall are the city 's oldest and most prominent private schools , and are a significant part of Charleston history , dating back some 150 years .	150 years	Some of the oldest private schools in Charleston date back how long ?
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools , such as Blessed Sacrament School , Christ Our King School , Charleston Catholic School , Nativity School , and Divine Redeemer School , all of which are `` feeder '' schools into Bishop England High School , a diocesan high school within the city .	K-8 parochial schools	The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston oversees what kind of schools ?
Bishop England , Porter-Gaud School , and Ashley Hall are the city 's oldest and most prominent private schools , and are a significant part of Charleston history , dating back some 150 years .	150 years	How old are some of Charleston 's private school ?
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools , such as Blessed Sacrament School , Christ Our King School , Charleston Catholic School , Nativity School , and Divine Redeemer School , all of which are `` feeder '' schools into Bishop England High School , a diocesan high school within the city .	Bishop England High School	Which school is Charleston 's diocesan high school ?
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools , such as Blessed Sacrament School , Christ Our King School , Charleston Catholic School , Nativity School , and Divine Redeemer School , all of which are `` feeder '' schools into Bishop England High School , a diocesan high school within the city .	The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education	Which organization oversees several K-8 Parochial Schools ?
Bishop England , Porter-Gaud School , and Ashley Hall are the city 's oldest and most prominent private schools , and are a significant part of Charleston history , dating back some 150 years .	Ashley Hall	Bishop England High school , Porter-Gaud School and a what other school is among Charleston 's most prominent private schools ?
Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston -LRB- the nation 's 13th-oldest university -RRB- , The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina , and the Medical University of South Carolina .	College of Charleston	What is the nation 's 13th-oldest university ?
The Art Institute of Charleston , located downtown on North Market Street , opened in 2007 .	downtown on North Market Street	Where is the Art Institute of Charleston located ?
The Art Institute of Charleston , located downtown on North Market Street , opened in 2007 .	2007	What year did the Art institute of Charleston open ?
Charleston is also the location for the only college in the country that offers bachelor 's degrees in the building arts , The American College of the Building Arts .	The American College of the Building Arts	What Charleston College offers a degree in Building Arts ?
Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing , and the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region 's technical school , Trident Technical College .	Trident Technical College	What Technical college have a campus at downtown Charleston ?
Charleston has one official sister city , Spoleto , Umbria , Italy .	Spoleto	What is the name of Charleston 's sister city ?
Charleston has one official sister city , Spoleto , Umbria , Italy .	Italy	In what country is Spoleto located ?
The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto 's annual Festival of Two Worlds .	Gian Carlo Menotti	Who selected Charleston to host an American version of a festival ?
The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto 's annual Festival of Two Worlds .	Festival of Two Worlds	What is the name of festival held in Spoleto ?
The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto 's annual Festival of Two Worlds .	composer	What is the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti ?
At the 1996 closure of the station 's Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic -LRB- POMFLANT -RRB- , over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their UGM-27 Polaris , UGM-73 Poseidon , and UGM-96 Trident I delivery missiles -LRB- SLBM -RRB- were stored and maintained , guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps security force company .	1996	What year was the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station closed ?
At the 1996 closure of the station 's Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic -LRB- POMFLANT -RRB- , over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their UGM-27 Polaris , UGM-73 Poseidon , and UGM-96 Trident I delivery missiles -LRB- SLBM -RRB- were stored and maintained , guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps security force company .	2,500 nuclear warheads	How many nuclear warheads were stored at the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station ?
Two SSBN `` Boomer '' squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station , while one SSN attack squadron , Submarine Squadron 4 , and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval Base .	Two	How many SSBN `` Boomer '' squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station ?
Two SSBN `` Boomer '' squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station , while one SSN attack squadron , Submarine Squadron 4 , and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval Base .	Naval Base	Submarine Squadron 4 is homeported at what type of military base ?
At the 1996 closure of the station 's Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic -LRB- POMFLANT -RRB- , over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their UGM-27 Polaris , UGM-73 Poseidon , and UGM-96 Trident I delivery missiles -LRB- SLBM -RRB- were stored and maintained , guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps security force company .	a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.	What type of security force guards the 2500 nuclear warheads ?
In 1832 , South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification , a procedure by which a state could , in effect , repeal a federal law ; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts .	1832	What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law ?
Soon , federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston 's forts , and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor `` to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port , and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with . ''	federal soldiers	After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification , who was sent to Charleston 's forts ?
Soon , federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston 's forts , and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor `` to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port , and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with . ''	five United States Coast Guard cutters	After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification , who was sent to Charleston Harbor ?
This federal action became known as the Charleston incident .	the Charleston incident	The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1832 is known as what ?
The state 's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs .	in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs	A compromise law from the state politicans achieved what ?
The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston , where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold .	The slave trade	What industry depended on the port of Charleston ?
By 1840 , the Market Hall and Sheds , where fresh meat and produce were brought daily , became a hub of commercial activity .	the Market Hall and Sheds	Where was fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840 ?
The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808 , although smuggling was significant .	1808	What year did the legal importation of slaves end ?
More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years , as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt .	Black Belt	The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what ?
More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years , as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt .	in the antebellum years	In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South ?
Men who had been free people of color before the war comprised 26 % of those elected to state and federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876 .	26%	What percentage of those elected from 1868 to 1876 were Freemen ?
Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination , but a large community of free people of color had been well-established in the city before the war and became the leaders of the postwar Republican Party and its legislators .	postwar Republican Party	Freeman became the leaders of what party in Charleston ?
Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination , but a large community of free people of color had been well-established in the city before the war and became the leaders of the postwar Republican Party and its legislators .	poverty	What else did freed slaves face in postwar Charleston besides discrimination ?
After the defeat of the Confederacy , federal forces remained in Charleston during the city 's reconstruction .	city's reconstruction	For what did the Federal forces remain in Charleston ?
After the defeat of the Confederacy , federal forces remained in Charleston during the city 's reconstruction .	Confederacy	Which side was defeated in the war before Reconstruction ?
Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet .	violet	Red is opposite what color of the spectrum ?
Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light , along with green and blue , which in Red Green Blue -LRB- RGB -RRB- color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen .	Green Blue	Which two colors besides red make up the RGB color system ?
Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet .	orange	Which color is red next to on the spectrum of visible light ?
Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620 -- 740 nanometres .	roughly 620–740	How many nanometres does red have ?
Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light , along with green and blue , which in Red Green Blue -LRB- RGB -RRB- color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen .	Red Green Blue	Which colors are combined to make all other colors ?
Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet .	visible light	What spectrum of light is red within ?
Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet .	violet	Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum ?
Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620 -- 740 nanometres .	620–740 nanometres	On the spectrum of light , where is red found ?
Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet .	orange	What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light ?
Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors , along with yellow and blue , of the RYB color space and traditional color wheel used by painters and artists .	subtractive primary colors	Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors ?
In nature , the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin , the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates .	hemoglobin	From where does the color red in blood come from ?
The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre , both forms of iron oxide .	iron oxide	What causes the color of hematite and red ochre ?
The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering , which , when the sun is low or below the horizon , increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye .	Rayleigh scattering	Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes ?
The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins , which are produced towards the end of summer , when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced .	anthocyanins	What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall ?
A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes , primarily Kermes vermilio .	Neolithic Period	During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye ?
The insects live on the sap of certain trees , especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region .	the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees	What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive ?
Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans , who imported it from Spain .	Spain	From where did Romans acquire Kermes ?
Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse , Bouches-du-Rhône .	Neolithic cave-burial	What kind of bural was at Adaoutse , Bouches-du-Rhône ?
It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC , and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians .	8th century BC	What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal ?
In the Book of Exodus , God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth `` of blue , and purple , and scarlet . ''	the Book of Exodus	In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet ?
The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum , meaning `` colored twice with coccus . ''	colored twice with coccus	What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english ?
Coccus , from the ancient Greek Kokkos , means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye .	Kokkos	In ancient greek , what is coccus referred to as ?
Coccus , from the ancient Greek Kokkos , means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye .	a tiny grain	What does Kokkos mean in english ?
The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum , meaning `` colored twice with coccus . ''	4th century	In what century did the latin vulgate bible use the term coccumque bis tinctum ?
The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC .	4000 BC	When did Egyptians start to make red pigment ?
Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings , particularly as the skin color of men .	Red ochre	What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art ?
The Egyptians used the root of the rubia , or madder plant , to make a dye , later known as alizarin , and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment , which became known as madder lake , alizarin or alizarin crimson .	the rubia	What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin ?
The Egyptians used the root of the rubia , or madder plant , to make a dye , later known as alizarin , and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment , which became known as madder lake , alizarin or alizarin crimson .	alizarin	What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant ?
An ivory painter 's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors .	ivory painter's palette	What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun 's tomb ?
In Ancient Rome , Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor , but red had an important religious symbolism .	Tyrian purple	Which color was said to be the Emperor 's color in ancient Rome ?
Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays , and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl , called a flammeum .	holidays	At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans ?
Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays , and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl , called a flammeum .	a red shawl	What is a flammeum ?
Red was also the color associated with army ; Roman soldiers wore red tunics , and officers wore a cloak called a paludamentum which , depending upon the quality of the dye , could be crimson , scarlet or purple .	Red	What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome ?
A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement .	triumph	After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red ?
The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion , and it came from the mineral cinnabar , a common ore of mercury .	vermilion	What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome ?
The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion , and it came from the mineral cinnabar , a common ore of mercury .	the mineral cinnabar	From where did vermilion originate ?
The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion , and it came from the mineral cinnabar , a common ore of mercury .	mercury	Cinnabar is an ore of what metal ?
The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almadén , southwest of Madrid , in Spain .	Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain	What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar ?
Working in the mines was extremely dangerous , since mercury is highly toxic ; the miners were slaves or prisoners , and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence .	prisoners	Along with slaves , who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome ?
In Western Europe , Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority , and wore red shoes at his coronation .	Emperor Charlemagne	Which European emperor painted their palace red ?
Kings , princes and , beginning in 1295 , Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes .	1295	In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red ?
When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century , he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper .	12th century	When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt ?
When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century , he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper .	Abbe Suger	Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis ?
In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures ; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles .	Virgin Mary	Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting ?
Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth .	wealth	What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent ?
It was worn not only by cardinals and princes , but also by merchants , artisans and townpeople , particularly on holidays or special occasions .	holidays	On what occasion would townspeople wear red ?
Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum , the madder plant .	rubia tinctorum	What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners ?
This color leaned toward brick-red , and faded easily in the sun or during washing .	during washing	Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade ?
The wealthy and aristocrats wore scarlet clothing dyed with kermes , or carmine , made from the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects , which lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean .	the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects	What was carmine made from ?
It was believed that the world was composed of five elements : metal , wood , water , fire and earth , and that each had a color .	five	How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of ?
Red was associated with fire .	fire	What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy ?
It was believed that the world was composed of five elements : metal , wood , water , fire and earth , and that each had a color .	metal, wood, water	Outside of Fire and Earth , what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from ?
During the Zhou , Han , Jin , Song and Ming Dynasties , red considered a noble color , and it was featured in all court ceremonies , from coronations to sacrificial offerings , and weddings .	all court ceremonies	At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red ?
Red was associated with fire .	Red	In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings ?
During the Song dynasty -LRB- 906 -- 1279 -RRB- , officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes ; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red ; those of the sixth and seventh wore green ; and the eighth and ninth wore blue .	906–1279	During what years did the Song dynasty occur ?
During the Song dynasty -LRB- 906 -- 1279 -RRB- , officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes ; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red ; those of the sixth and seventh wore green ; and the eighth and ninth wore blue .	three	Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty ?
During the Song dynasty -LRB- 906 -- 1279 -RRB- , officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes ; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red ; those of the sixth and seventh wore green ; and the eighth and ninth wore blue .	green	What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear ?
During the Song dynasty -LRB- 906 -- 1279 -RRB- , officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes ; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red ; those of the sixth and seventh wore green ; and the eighth and ninth wore blue .	eighth and ninth	What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue ?
In the Tang and Song Dynasties , gates of palaces were usually painted red , and nobles often painted their entire mansion red .	nobles	Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties ?
One of the most famous works of Chinese literature , A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin -LRB- 1715 -- 1763 -RRB- , was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions .	Cao Xueqin	who wrote A dream of Red Mansions ?
One of the most famous works of Chinese literature , A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin -LRB- 1715 -- 1763 -RRB- , was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions .	1715–1763	During what years was Cao Xueqin alive ?
In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences .	temples and imperial residences	In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture ?
When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing , all the walls , gates , beams and pillars were painted in red and gold .	Qing Dynasty	Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty ?
The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye ; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans .	Rubia	What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice ?
For the wealthy , the dye used was Kermes , made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree .	the wealthy	Which group in Europe used Kermes dye ?
For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal ; also known as Kermes vermilio or `` Blood of Saint John '' , which was made from a related insect , the Margodes polonicus .	Polish Cochineal	The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye ?
For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal ; also known as Kermes vermilio or `` Blood of Saint John '' , which was made from a related insect , the Margodes polonicus .	Kermes vermilio	What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John ?
For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal ; also known as Kermes vermilio or `` Blood of Saint John '' , which was made from a related insect , the Margodes polonicus .	Margodes polonicus	The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect , which one ?
When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521 , they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold ; they had the tiny cochineal , a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants , which , when dried and crushed , made a magnificent red .	Hernán Cortés	Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire ?
But early in the 16th century , a brilliant new red appeared in Europe .	16th	In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire ?
When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521 , they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold ; they had the tiny cochineal , a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants , which , when dried and crushed , made a magnificent red .	1519-1521	During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered ?
In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain .	1523	In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain ?
The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe , but unlike European Kermes , it could be harvested several times a year , and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland .	several times a year	How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested ?
With the arrival of cochineal , they had a third , carmine , which made a very fine crimson , though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully .	carmine	What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal ?
With the arrival of cochineal , they had a third , carmine , which made a very fine crimson , though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully .	change color	What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently ?
The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments , made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum , kermes lake , made from kermes insects , and madder lake , made from the rubia tinctorum plant .	rubia tinctorum plant	What was madder lake made from ?
It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries , including Rembrandt , Vermeer , Rubens , Anthony van Dyck , Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto .	15th	During what century did carmine start to see use ?
The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments , made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum , kermes lake , made from kermes insects , and madder lake , made from the rubia tinctorum plant .	kermes insects	What was kermes lake made from ?
During the French Revolution , Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the Jacobins and other more radical parties .	French Revolution	During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty ?
Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap , or liberty cap , modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome .	red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap	What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear ?
During the height of the Reign of Terror , Women wearing red caps gathered around the guillotine to celebrate each execution .	celebrate	Women with red caps crowded around guillotines during the Reign of Terror to do what ?
The guillotines used during the Reign of Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red , or made of red wood .	1792 and 1793	During what years did the Reign of Terror take place ?
After the end of the Reign of Terror , France went back to the blue , white and red tricolor , whose red was taken from the traditional color of Saint Denis , the Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris .	Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris	Who was Saint Denis ?
One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red , known in France as rouge d'Adrinople .	rouge d'Adrinople	What was Turkey red called in France ?
Beginning in the 1740s , this bright red color was used to dye or print cotton textiles in England , the Netherlands and France .	the 1740s	In what years did Turkey red begin to be used to dye cotton in England ?
The fabric was more expensive but resulted in a fine bright and lasting red , similar to carmine , perfectly suited to cotton .	carmine	What other pigment was Turkey red compared to ?
Turkey red used madder as the colorant , but the process was longer and more complicated , involving multiple soaking of the fabrics in lye , olive oil , sheep 's dung , and other ingredients .	madder	What did turkey red get its color from ?
In 19th century America , it was widely used in making the traditional patchwork quilt .	19th	In what century did quilts in America commonly use Turkey red ?
The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions , not just to imitate nature .	19th	In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied ?
These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh .	Vincent van Gogh	Who painted the Night Cafe ?
Describing his painting , The Night Cafe , to his brother Theo in 1888 , Van Gogh wrote : `` I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions .	1888	In what year was The Night Cafe painted ?
Describing his painting , The Night Cafe , to his brother Theo in 1888 , Van Gogh wrote : `` I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions .	Theo	What was the name of vincent van Gogh 's brother ?
It saw the systematic study of color theory , and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other .	red and green reinforced each other	What occurred when red and green were put next to one another ?
He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors , such as red and green , strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other .	strengthened	Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what ?
`` A certain red affects your blood pressure . ''	red	What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure ?
`` A certain blue penetrates your soul '' , he wrote .	blue	What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul ?
Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting , chosen to evoke emotions .	the central element	What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play ?
In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson .	Harvard University	To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals ?
In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson .	1962	In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals ?
He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson ; synthetic ultramarine , cerulean blue , and titanium white , but he also used two new organic reds , Naphtol and Lithol .	Naphtol and Lithol	What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals ?
Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue , and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down .	1979	In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined ?
Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue , and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down .	ruined and had to be taken down	What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals ?
Unlike vermilion or red ochre , made from minerals , red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes , made from insects or plants , with white chalk or alum .	minerals	What was red ochre composed of ?
Unlike vermilion or red ochre , made from minerals , red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes , made from insects or plants , with white chalk or alum .	mixing organic dyes	How were pigments like red lake created ?
Unlike vermilion or red ochre , made from minerals , red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes , made from insects or plants , with white chalk or alum .	insects or plants, with white chalk or alum	What was red lake composed of ?
Red lac was made from the gum lac , the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects , particularly the Laccifer lacca from India .	the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects	What was the source of color in Red lac ?
Red lac was made from the gum lac , the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects , particularly the Laccifer lacca from India .	Red lac	The Laccifer lacca was crucial to making what pigment ?
In modern color theory , also known as the RGB color model , red , green and blue are additive primary colors .	red, green and blue	Which colors are part of the RGB model ?
Red , green and blue light combined together makes white light , and these three colors , combined in different mixtures , can produce nearly any other color .	white	What color light is created when one mixes red , green , and blue ?
In modern color theory , also known as the RGB color model , red , green and blue are additive primary colors .	additive primary colors	The RGB color model has three colors in it that are described as what kind of colors ?
For example , purple on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet , but using additive colors and light instead of pigment : it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen .	the Renaissance	Which era did Cennino Cennini actively paint in ?
For example , purple on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet , but using additive colors and light instead of pigment : it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen .	red and blue	What colors are used to create purple on a computer screen ?
The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255 , which means the complete list includes 16,777,216 distinct colors and shades .	zero to 255,	Over what numerical scale is color measured on a computer screen ?
The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255 , which means the complete list includes 16,777,216 distinct colors and shades .	16,777,216	What is the total number of possible sRGB colors ?
The sRGB number of pure red , for example , is 255 , 00 , 00 , which means the red component is at its maximum intensity , and there is no green or blue .	255, 00, 00	What is the number used to indicate pure red in sRGB ?
The sRGB number for crimson is 220 , 20 , 60 , which means that the red is slightly less intense and therefore darker , there is some green , which leans it toward orange ; and there is a larger amount of blue , which makes it slightly blue-violet .	220, 20, 60	Crimson is identified by what sRGB number ?
As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye , some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering , changing the final color of the beam that is seen .	Rayleigh	What type of scattering is responsible for the shift in the color of sunlight ?
Colors with a shorter wavelength , such as blue and green , scatter more strongly , and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye .	scatter more strongly	What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering ?
At sunrise and sunset , when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest , the blue and green components are removed almost completely , leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light .	removed almost completely	What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise ?
At sunrise and sunset , when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest , the blue and green components are removed almost completely , leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light .	longer	In comparison to blue and green , what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light ?
Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960 .	1960	When was the first ruby laser invented ?
In 1962 the red helium -- neon laser was invented , and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography , and in education .	1962	In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be ?
Red helium -- neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players .	Red helium–neon	What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player ?
The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players , which use a 660 nm laser diode technology .	a 660 nm laser	What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player ?
More recently , 671 nm diode-pumped solid state -LRB- DPSS -RRB- lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems , particle image velocimetry , Raman spectroscopy , and holography .	671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers	What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy ?
During the summer growing season , phosphate is at a high level .	the summer growing season	At which period of the year are phosphates high ?
During the summer growing season , phosphate is at a high level .	phosphate	What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown ?
But in the fall , phosphate , along with the other chemicals and nutrients , moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant .	the stem of the plant	Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall ?
When this happens , the sugar-breakdown process changes , leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments .	anthocyanin pigments	What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants ?
The brighter the light during this period , the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display .	greater the production of anthocyanins	What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall ?
It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin -LRB- which also accounts for the red color of the lips -RRB- and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin .	pheomelanin	What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair ?
It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin -LRB- which also accounts for the red color of the lips -RRB- and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin .	the lips	There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin , what is it ?
It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin -LRB- which also accounts for the red color of the lips -RRB- and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin .	eumelanin	Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair ?
The term redhead -LRB- originally redd hede -RRB- has been in use since at least 1510 .	1510	In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to ?
For example , in mandrills , red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males , increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates , and directly correlated with levels of testosterone .	the face	In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank ?
In humans , wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions , including professional sport and multiplayer video games .	increased performance	Wearing red is connected to what result in humans , in terms of sport ?
Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue , and , when asked , a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more `` dominant '' , `` aggressive '' , and `` likely to win a physical competition '' than blue shapes .	tae kwon do	In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red ?
In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior , exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an `` achievement '' context -LRB- e.g. taking an IQ test -RRB- .	decreases performance	What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills ?
For example , in mandrills , red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males , increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates , and directly correlated with levels of testosterone .	testosterone	The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what ?
Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage .	courage	What trait do people most commonly link red with ?
Beginning in the Middle Ages , the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs .	to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs	Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red ?
The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field , the St. George 's Cross .	a red cross on a white field	What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade ?
The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field , the St. George 's Cross .	St. George's Cross	What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as ?
According to Christian tradition , Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian , who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred .	a Roman soldier	Who was Saint George believed to be ?
Saint Valentine , a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD , seems to have had no known connection with romantic love , but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar , Saint Valentine 's Day -LRB- February 14 -RRB- , became , in the 14th century , an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other .	296 AD	When was Saint Valentine martyred ?
Saint Valentine , a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD , seems to have had no known connection with romantic love , but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar , Saint Valentine 's Day -LRB- February 14 -RRB- , became , in the 14th century , an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other .	a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest	Who was Saint Valentine ?
Saint Valentine , a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD , seems to have had no known connection with romantic love , but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar , Saint Valentine 's Day -LRB- February 14 -RRB- , became , in the 14th century , an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other .	14th	In which century did Saint Valentine 's day become connected with lovers ?
The celebration of Saint Valentine 's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries , including Saudi Arabia , Pakistan and Iran .	Islamic	In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine 's day forbidden ?
In Saudi Arabia , in 2002 and 2011 , religious police banned the sale of all Valentine 's Day items , telling shop workers to remove any red items , as the day is considered a Christian holiday .	Saudi Arabia	Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine 's Day products in 2002 and 2011 ?
Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools .	Scarlet	What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford ?
In China , it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity , and it is the color traditionally worn by brides .	good fortune and prosperity	What good traits is the color red associated with in China ?
In Christian countries , it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus , because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra , in modern-day Turkey , and bishops then dressed in red .	4th	In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus ?
In Christian countries , it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus , because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra , in modern-day Turkey , and bishops then dressed in red .	the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra	Who was Saint Nicholas ?
In Christian countries , it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus , because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra , in modern-day Turkey , and bishops then dressed in red .	Turkey	In what nation is Myra ?
In the Middle Ages , a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it , and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy .	defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it	What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages ?
In the Middle Ages , a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it , and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy .	they would show no mercy to their enemy	What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages ?
In Britain , in the early days of motoring , motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles , before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law .	the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896	Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles ?
In automobile races , the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers .	if there is danger to the drivers	Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing ?
In international football , a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game .	a red penalty card	What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match ?
It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968 .	Vienna	In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur ?
It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968 .	1968	In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights ?
It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968 .	Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968	At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights ?
But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning .	danger and warning	Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what ?
It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime -LRB- next to orange -RRB- , though it is less visible at twilight , when green is the most visible color .	daytime	At what time is red at its brightest ?
Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting ; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention .	to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person	In what way is red used in contemporary fashion ?
People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors , even if they are actually the same distance away .	People wearing red seem to be closer	What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance ?
Monarchs , wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd .	to be visible from a distance in a crowd	Why do monarchs sometimes wear red ?
It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found .	easily found	Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what ?
`` So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness : and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast , full of names of blasphemy , having seven heads and ten horns .	seven heads	How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have ?
`` So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness : and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast , full of names of blasphemy , having seven heads and ten horns .	ten	The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns ?
`` And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour , and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls , having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication : `` And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery : Babylon the Great , the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth : And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints , and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus .	golden	What kind of cup did the woman on the scarlet horned beast have ?
`` And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour , and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls , having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication : `` And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery : Babylon the Great , the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth : And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints , and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus .	a name	What was on the forehead of the woman on the scarlet horned beast ?
`` And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour , and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls , having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication : `` And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery : Babylon the Great , the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth : And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints , and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus .	the blood of the martyrs of Jesus	Outside of the blood of the saints , on what did the woman on the scarlet horned beast become drunken ?
In China , red -LRB- simplified Chinese : 红 ; traditional Chinese : 紅 ; pinyin : hóng -RRB- is the symbol of fire and the south -LRB- both south in general and Southern China specifically -RRB- .	south	Which cardinal direction is signified by red in China ?
It carries a largely positive connotation , being associated with courage , loyalty , honor , success , fortune , fertility , happiness , passion , and summer .	summer	What season is red identified with in China ?
Special red packets -LRB- simplified Chinese : 红包 ; traditional Chinese : 紅包 ; pinyin : hóng bāo in Mandarin or lai see in Cantonese -RRB- are specifically used during Chinese New Year celebrations for giving monetary gifts .	Chinese New Year	Red paper is used to wrap gifts of money during what special celebration in China ?
The Little Red Book , a collection of quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung , founding father of the People 's Republic of China -LRB- PRC -RRB- , was published in 1966 and widely distributed thereafter .	Chairman Mao Tse-Tung	Who wrote the Little Red Book ?
The Little Red Book , a collection of quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung , founding father of the People 's Republic of China -LRB- PRC -RRB- , was published in 1966 and widely distributed thereafter .	1966	In what year was the Little Red Book published ?
In Central Africa , Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations .	Ndembu warriors	What central African warriors are said to cover themselves in red for celebrations ?
Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health , sick people are also painted with it .	life and health	What does the Ndembu culture believe red symbolizes ?
Like most Central African cultures , the Ndembu see red as ambivalent , better than black but not as good as white .	white	What color do the Ndembu believe is better than red ?
Because red bears are associated with death in many parts of Africa , the Red Cross has changed its colors to green and white in parts of the continent .	green and white	What alternative colors does the Red Cross use in certain parts of Africa ?
The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the Atlanta Braves , but its name survives as the origin for both the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox .	the Atlanta Braves	What team did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become ?
The Cincinnati Red Stockings are the oldest professional baseball team , dating back to 1869 .	1869	When did the Cincinnati Red Stockings come to be ?
During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with communism , the modern Cincinnati team was known as the `` Redlegs '' and the term was used on baseball cards .	communism	What political movment was red identified with in the 1950s ?
During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with communism , the modern Cincinnati team was known as the `` Redlegs '' and the term was used on baseball cards .	Redlegs	What name did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become known as for a time in the 1950s ?
The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the Atlanta Braves , but its name survives as the origin for both the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox .	Boston	Where did the Cincinnati Red Stockings move after leaving Cincinnati ?
In association football , teams such as Manchester United , Bayern Munich , Liverpool , Arsenal , Toronto FC , and S.L. Benfica primarily wear red jerseys .	red	What color jersey does Bayern Munich wear ?
Other teams that prominently feature red on their kits include A.C. Milan -LRB- nicknamed i rossoneri for their red and black shirts -RRB- , AFC Ajax , Olympiacos , River Plate , Atlético Madrid , and Flamengo .	i rossoneri	What is the nickname given to A.C. Milan ?
A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction : the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game 's duration .	a serious infraction	What has to occur for a player in association football to be shown a red penalty card ?
A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction : the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game 's duration .	the player is immediately disqualified from further play	What occurs when a player in association football is shown a red penalty card ?
A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction : the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game 's duration .	his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration	How is an association football team impacted when a player is shown a red penalty card ?
The use of red has similar connotations from country to country : the blood , sacrifice , and courage of those who defended their country ; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings ; and the sacrifice of Christ 's blood -LRB- in some historically Christian nations -RRB- are a few examples .	Christ's blood	In Christian nations what does the color red often become associated with ?
The British flag bears the colors red , white , and blue ; it includes the cross of Saint George , patron saint of England , and the saltire of Saint Patrick , patron saint of Ireland , both of which are red on white .	the cross of Saint George	What cross is on the British flag ?
The British flag bears the colors red , white , and blue ; it includes the cross of Saint George , patron saint of England , and the saltire of Saint Patrick , patron saint of Ireland , both of which are red on white .	patron saint of England	As it relates to England , who is Saint George ?
Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps .	the United States Marine Corps	Which US armed force uses red as the main color of its flag ?
Red flags are also used to symbolize storms , bad water conditions , and many other dangers .	bad water conditions	In terms of a beach , why might one see a red flag ?
Red , blue , and white are also the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century .	the late nineteenth century	When did the Slavic solidarity movement choose red blue and white as their colors ?
In 2004 Georgia adopted a new white flag , which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides .	2004	In what year did the nation of George get a new national flag ?
In 2004 Georgia adopted a new white flag , which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides .	one big red cross	What is in the middle of the Georgian flag ?
In 2004 Georgia adopted a new white flag , which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides .	four	How many small crosses are on the Georgian flag ?
Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag ; as the Slavic movement grew , they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including Slovaks , Slovenes , and Serbs .	the colors of the Russian flag	What were the Pan-Slavic colors originally ?
Red , white , and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918 , and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism .	1870 to 1918	During what time period did the German Empire use the colors red white and black ?
Red , white , and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918 , and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism .	German nationalism	What did red white and black become associated with in Germany ?
Several designs by a number of different authors were considered , but the one adopted in the end was Hitler 's personal design .	Hitler's personal design	Whose design was the Nazi flag ?
In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag .	1920s	In what era did red white and black become part of the Nazi flag ?
The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention - Hitler wrote : `` the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster '' because `` in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement . ''	attract attention	Red was chosen as part of the Nazi flag to do what ?
The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the French Revolution , after the fall of Bastille .	Bastille	After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution ?
A law adopted by the new government on October 20 , 1789 authorized the Garde Nationale to raise the red flag in the event of a riot , to signal that the Garde would imminently intervene .	October 20, 1789	On what date was the Garde Nationale empowered to hoist a red flag to signal their intervention in a riot ?
During a demonstration on the Champs de Mars on July 17 , 1791 , the Garde Nationale fired on the crowd , killed up to fifty people .	July 17, 1791	On what date did the Garde Nationale kill as many as fifty people on Champs de Mars ?
In the words of his famous hymn , the Marseillaise , Rouget de Lisle wrote : `` Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny ! ''	Rouget de Lisle	Who wrote the words `` Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny ? ''
Beginning in 1790 , the most radical revolutionaries adopted the red flag themselves , to symbolize the blood of those killed in the demonstrations , and to call for the repression of those they considered counter-revolutionary .	1790	In what year did the most ardent revolutionaries in France adopt a red flag to symbolize the blood of their fallen comrades ?
Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848 , with little attention .	February 1848	When was the Communist Manifesto first created ?
Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848 , with little attention .	Karl Marx	Who wrote the Communist Manifesto ?
However , a few days later the French Revolution of 1848 broke out , which replaced the monarchy of Louis Philippe with the Second French Republic .	Louis Philippe	The French Revolution resulted in the fall of which monarch ?
In June 1848 , Paris workers , disenchanted with the new government , built barricades and raised red flags .	June 1848	When did the 19th century workers of Paris construct barricades and hoist red flags to protest their new government ?
The new government called in the French Army to put down the uprising , the first of many such confrontations between the army and the new worker 's movements in Europe .	the French Army	Who was tasked with stopping the late 19th century worker uprisings in France ?
In 1870 , following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War , French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune .	the French Army	Who was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war ?
In 1870 , following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War , French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune .	the Paris Commune	After Paris was seized as a result of the Franco-Prussian war , what did revolutionaries and workers create ?
The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army , with much bloodshed .	two months	For how long did the Paris Commune exist ?
The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution ; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners ; it was placed -LRB- and is still in place -RRB- in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin , next to his open coffin .	Vladimir Lenin	Next to whom was a a Paris Commune banner placed ?
The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution ; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners ; it was placed -LRB- and is still in place -RRB- in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin , next to his open coffin .	1921	In what year did people of the French Communist party go to Moscow to give the Soviet government a Paris Commune banner ?
In the United States , political commentators often refer to the `` red states '' , which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections , and `` blue states '' , which vote for the Democratic candidate .	vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections	In the USA red states are known to do what , in terms of politics ?
Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election , when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of `` red states '' versus `` blue states '' .	2000	In what year did the concept of red and blue states become relatively fixed ?
In the United States , political commentators often refer to the `` red states '' , which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections , and `` blue states '' , which vote for the Democratic candidate .	blue states	In the United States states that vote for Democratic presidential candidates are known as what ?
The Communist Party of China , founded in 1920 , adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union , which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949 .	1920	In what year was the Community Party of China created ?
The Communist Party of China , founded in 1920 , adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union , which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949 .	1949	The Community Party of China gained power in China , what year did it happen ?
Under Party leader Mao Zedong , the Party anthem became `` The East Is Red '' , and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a `` red sun '' .	Mao Zedong	Who was the Party leader of the Communist Party of China when it took power ?
Under Party leader Mao Zedong , the Party anthem became `` The East Is Red '' , and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a `` red sun '' .	the Party anthem	In terms of the Communist Party of China , what is `` The East is Red ? ''
Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world , with eighty million members .	eighty million members	How many members does the contemporary Communist Part of China have ?
After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949 , the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party , and smaller stars symbolizing workers , peasants , the urban middle class and rural middle class .	the Communist Party	What did the biggest star on the flag of China in 1949 represent ?
Some Communist countries , such as Cuba , chose to keep their old flags ; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism ; the red flag of Nepal , for instance , represents the national flower .	the national flower	What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent ?
In the 1950s and 1960s , other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags .	red	In the mid 20th century the flag of Laos was primarily what color ?
After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949 , the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party , and smaller stars symbolizing workers , peasants , the urban middle class and rural middle class .	the Communist Party of China	Which group gained power in China in 1949 ?
After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949 , the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party , and smaller stars symbolizing workers , peasants , the urban middle class and rural middle class .	1949	In what year during the 20th century did the Chinese flag become red ?
Between 7 September 1940 and 21 May 1941 , 16 British cities suffered aerial raids with at least 100 long tons of high explosives .	7 September 1940	What was the beginning date of the aerial raids on Great Britain ?
Over a period of 267 days , London was attacked 71 times , Birmingham , Liverpool and Plymouth eight times , Bristol six , Glasgow five , Southampton four , Portsmouth and Hull three and a minimum of one large raid on eight other cities .	267 days	How many days did the aerial raids on Great Britain last ?
Over a period of 267 days , London was attacked 71 times , Birmingham , Liverpool and Plymouth eight times , Bristol six , Glasgow five , Southampton four , Portsmouth and Hull three and a minimum of one large raid on eight other cities .	71 times	How many times was London attacked ?
This was a result of a rapid escalation starting on 24 August 1940 , when night bombers aiming for RAF airfields drifted off course and accidentally destroyed several London homes , killing civilians , combined with the UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill 's retaliatory bombing of Berlin on the following night .	Winston Churchill	Who was the UK Prime Minster at the time of the aerial raids ?
This was a result of a rapid escalation starting on 24 August 1940 , when night bombers aiming for RAF airfields drifted off course and accidentally destroyed several London homes , killing civilians , combined with the UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill 's retaliatory bombing of Berlin on the following night .	Berlin	What city did Winston Churchill bomb in retaliation for the killing of civilians ?
From 7 September 1940 , one year into the war , London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 57 consecutive nights .	57 consecutive nights	How many nights did the Luftwaffe bomb London ?
The North Sea port of Hull , a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets , was subjected to 86 raids in the Hull Blitz during the war , with a conservative estimate of 1,200 civilians killed and 95 percent of its housing stock destroyed or damaged .	Sea port of Hull	What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target ?
More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed , almost half of them in London .	More than one million	How many homes in London were destroyed in London ?
The main Atlantic sea port of Liverpool was bombed , causing nearly 4,000 deaths within the Merseyside area during the war .	nearly 4,000 deaths	How many people were killed in Liverpool ?
The city centre of Coventry was almost destroyed , as was Coventry Cathedral .	Coventry	Which city centre was destroyed ?
The Blitz was only authorised when the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions for a 1940 launch of Operation Sea Lion , the provisionally planned German invasion of Britain .	Operation Sea Lion	What was the name of the Luftwaffe plan to invade Britain ?
In comparison to the later Allied bombing campaign against Germany , the Blitz resulted in relatively few casualties ; the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 inflicted some 42,000 civilian deaths , about the same as the entire Blitz .	42,000	How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg ?
In comparison to the later Allied bombing campaign against Germany , the Blitz resulted in relatively few casualties ; the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 inflicted some 42,000 civilian deaths , about the same as the entire Blitz .	July 1943	What was the date of the bombing of Hamburg ?
By May 1941 the threat of an invasion of Britain had passed , and Hitler 's attention had turned to Operation Barbarossa in the East .	Hitler	Who was the leader of the Luftwaffe ?
In the 1920s and 1930s , air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars by themselves , without a need for land and sea fighting .	Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell	In the 1920 's and 30 's to theorist thought wars could be won by air forces what were their names ?
It was also thought the bombing of residential centres would cause a collapse of civilian will , which might have led to the collapse of production and civil life .	collapse of civilian will	Bombing of civilian 's was believed to cause what ?
This thinking was prevalent in both the RAF and what was then known as the United States Army Air Corps -LRB- USAAC -RRB- between the two world wars .	United States Army Air Corps	What does USAAC stand for ?
Democracies , where the populace was allowed to show overt disapproval of the ruling government , were thought particularly vulnerable .	Democracies	What kind of populace was believed to be most vulnerable ?
It was thought there was no defence against air attack , particularly at night .	night	What kind of bombing raids were most favored ?
Within the Luftwaffe , there was a more muted view of strategic bombing .	Luftwaffe	Who believe air power alone would not be decisive ?
Contrary to popular belief , the Luftwaffe did not have a systematic policy of what became known as `` terror bombing '' .	terror bombing	What was the name of the Luftwaffe 's bombing raids ?
Evidence suggests that the Luftwaffe did not adopt an official bombing policy in which civilians became the primary target until 1942 .	1942	What year did the terror bombing policy become official ?
Wever argued that the Luftwaffe General Staff should not be solely educated in tactical and operational matters .	Wever	Who said the Luftwaffe General Staff should be taught grand strategy ?
He argued they should be educated in grand strategy , war economics , armament production , and the mentality of potential opponents -LRB- also known as mirror imaging -RRB- .	mirror imaging	What is the mentality of potential opponents also known as ?
Wever 's vision was not realised ; the General Staff studies in those subjects fell by the wayside , and the Air Academies focused on tactics , technology , and operational planning , rather than on independent strategic air offensives .	independent strategic air offensives	What did the Air Academies not focus on ?
Wever argued that the Luftwaffe General Staff should not be solely educated in tactical and operational matters .	the Luftwaffe	What army does the general staff belong to ?
In 1936 , Wever was killed in an air crash .	air crash	How did Wever die ?
In 1936 , Wever was killed in an air crash .	1936	What year did Wever die ?
Ex-Army personnel Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff are usually blamed for the turning away from strategic planning and focusing on close air support .	Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff	Who took over for Wever after his death ?
However , it would seem the two most prominent enthusiasts for the focus on ground-support operations -LRB- direct or indirect -RRB- were actually Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek .	Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek	What two men were the most important in ground support ?
These men were long-time professional airmen involved in German air services since early in their careers .	German air services	What long time careers were Sperrle and Jeschonnek involved in ?
Adolf Hitler failed to pay as much attention to bombing the enemy as he did to protection from enemy bombing , although he had promoted the development of a bomber force in the 1930s and understood that it was possible to use bombers for major strategic purposes .	1930s	What year was the beginning of enemy bombing first promoted by Hitler ?
He frequently complained of the Luftwaffe 's inability to damage industries sufficiently , saying , `` The munitions industry can not be interfered with effectively by air raids ... usually the prescribed targets are not hit '' .	prescribed targets are not hit	Why did Hitler feel the Luftwaffe was unsuccessful in bombing raids ?
He frequently complained of the Luftwaffe 's inability to damage industries sufficiently , saying , `` The munitions industry can not be interfered with effectively by air raids ... usually the prescribed targets are not hit '' .	inability to damage industries	Why did Hitler feel bombing was n't working ?
He told the OKL in 1939 that ruthless employment of the Luftwaffe against the heart of the British will to resist could and would follow when the moment was right ; however , he quickly developed a lively scepticism toward strategic bombing , confirmed by the results of the Blitz .	the moment was right	In 1939 Hitler said bombing of Britain would begin when ?
Adolf Hitler failed to pay as much attention to bombing the enemy as he did to protection from enemy bombing , although he had promoted the development of a bomber force in the 1930s and understood that it was possible to use bombers for major strategic purposes .	Adolf Hitler	Who had skepticism towards strategic bombing ?
Ultimately , Hitler was trapped within his own vision of bombing as a terror weapon , formed in the 1930s when he threatened smaller nations into accepting German rule rather than submit to air bombardment .	air bombardment	How did Hitler threaten small nations into accepting German rule ?
As the mere threat of it had produced diplomatic results in the 1930s , he expected that the threat of German retaliation would persuade the Allies to adopt a policy of moderation and not to begin a policy of unrestricted bombing .	policy of moderation	What policy did Hitler hope the bombing of Allies would cause ?
His hope was -- for reasons of political prestige within Germany itself -- that the German population would be protected from the Allied bombings .	political	What kind of prestige was Hitler hoping for ?
When this proved impossible , he began to fear that popular feeling would turn against his regime , and he redoubled efforts to mount a similar `` terror offensive '' against Britain in order to produce a stalemate in which both sides would hesitate to use bombing at all .	to produce a stalemate	Why did Hitler use terror bombing against Britain ?
A major problem in the managing of the Luftwaffe was Hermann Göring .	Hermann Göring	Who did Hitler have a conflict over running the air force ?
In 1940 and 1941 , Göring 's refusal to cooperate with the Kriegsmarine denied the entire Wehrmacht military forces of the Reich the chance to strangle British sea communications , which might have had strategic or decisive effect in the war against the British Empire .	strangle British sea communications	What strategy could have worked against the British Empire ?
Hitler believed the Luftwaffe was `` the most effective strategic weapon '' , and in reply to repeated requests from the Kriegsmarine for control over aircraft insisted , `` We should never have been able to hold our own in this war if we had not had an undivided Luftwaffe '' .	aircraft	What did the Kriegsmarine try to gain control over ?
In 1940 and 1941 , Göring 's refusal to cooperate with the Kriegsmarine denied the entire Wehrmacht military forces of the Reich the chance to strangle British sea communications , which might have had strategic or decisive effect in the war against the British Empire .	the Kriegsmarine	Who did Goring refuse to work with in 1940 and 1941 ?
The deliberate separation of the Luftwaffe from the rest of the military structure encouraged the emergence of a major `` communications gap '' between Hitler and the Luftwaffe , which other factors helped to exacerbate .	communications gap	What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure ?
For one thing , Göring 's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available in the direction of an uncritical and over-optimistic interpretation of air strength .	misrepresent what information	What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler ?
In July 1939 , Göring arranged a display of the Luftwaffe 's most advanced equipment at Rechlin , to give the impression the air force was more prepared for a strategic air war than was actually the case .	1939	What year did Goring display the Luftwaffe 's advanced equipment ?
When Göring decided against continuing Wever 's original heavy bomber programme in 1937 , the Reichsmarschall 's own explanation was that Hitler wanted to know only how many bombers there were , not how many engines each had .	Wever	Who 's bombing program did Goring abandon in 1939 ?
In July 1939 , Göring arranged a display of the Luftwaffe 's most advanced equipment at Rechlin , to give the impression the air force was more prepared for a strategic air war than was actually the case .	Rechlin	In what city did Goring display the advance equipment ?
Within hours of the UK and France declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939 , the RAF bombed German warships along the German coast at Wilhelmshaven .	UK and France	Which two countries declared war on Germany on September 3 1939 ?
Within hours of the UK and France declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939 , the RAF bombed German warships along the German coast at Wilhelmshaven .	Wilhelmshaven	The RAF bombed what Germany coast ?
Thereafter bombing operations were against ports and shipping and propaganda leaflet drops .	propaganda	What kind of leaflets were dropped ?
Operations were planned to minimize civilian casualties .	civilian casualties	What were the RAF operations trying to lessen ?
From 15 May 1940 -- the day after the Luftwaffe destroyed the centre of Rotterdam -- the RAF also carried out operations east of the Rhine , attacking industrial and transportation targets .	1940	What year did the Luftwaffe destroy Rotterdam center ?
Although not specifically prepared to conduct independent strategic air operations against an opponent , the Luftwaffe was expected to do so over Britain .	air operations	Which tactics were the Luftwaffe excepted to use against Britain ?
From July until September 1940 the Luftwaffe attacked RAF Fighter Command to gain air superiority as a prelude to invasion .	to gain air superiority	Why did the Luftwaffe bomb the RAF Fighter Command ?
This involved the bombing of English Channel convoys , ports , and RAF airfields and supporting industries .	English	What was the name of the Channel the Luftwaffe bomb to try to gain air superiority ?
It was supposed that Bomber Command , RAF Coastal Command and the Royal Navy could not operate under conditions of German air superiority .	Royal	Which Navy was assumed not to be able to operate under German air superiority ?
The Luftwaffe 's poor intelligence meant that their aircraft were not always able to locate their targets , and thus attacks on factories and airfields failed to achieve the desired results .	poor intelligence	Why did the Luftwaffe fail to locate their targets ?
German crews , even if they survived , faced capture .	capture	What did German crew members face if they were shot down over Britain ?
British fighter aircraft production continued at a rate surpassing Germany 's by 2 to 1 .	2 to 1	Britain 's fabrication of fighter planes out paced Germany by what margin ?
Moreover , bombers had four to five crewmen on board , representing a greater loss of manpower .	four to five crewmen	How big was the crew of a bomber ?
The British produced 10,000 aircraft in 1940 , in comparison to Germany 's 8,000 .	10,000	How many aircraft did Britain produce in 1940 ?
The decision to change strategy is sometimes claimed as a major mistake by the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe -LRB- OKL -RRB- .	Oberkommando der Luftwaffe	What does OKL stand for ?
It has also been argued that it was doubtful the Luftwaffe could have won air superiority before the `` weather window '' began to deteriorate in October .	October	What month would the weather window begin to decline ?
It was also possible , if RAF losses became severe , that they could pull out to the north , wait for the German invasion , then redeploy southward again .	the north	If serious loss had happened to the RAF where might they have pulled out of ?
Other historians argue that the outcome of the air battle was irrelevant ; the massive numerical superiority of British naval forces and the inherent weakness of the Kriegsmarine would have made the projected German invasion , Unternehmen Seelöwe -LRB- Operation Sea Lion -RRB- , a disaster with or without German air superiority .	Unternehmen Seelöwe	What is the German name of Operation Sea Lion ?
Other historians argue that the outcome of the air battle was irrelevant ; the massive numerical superiority of British naval forces and the inherent weakness of the Kriegsmarine would have made the projected German invasion , Unternehmen Seelöwe -LRB- Operation Sea Lion -RRB- , a disaster with or without German air superiority .	British naval forces	Who had exponential larger naval forces ?
With no sign of the RAF weakening , and Luftwaffe air fleets -LRB- Luftflotten -RRB- taking punishing losses , the OKL was keen for a change in strategy .	punishing	The Luftwaffe air fleets were taking what kind of losses ?
With no sign of the RAF weakening , and Luftwaffe air fleets -LRB- Luftflotten -RRB- taking punishing losses , the OKL was keen for a change in strategy .	change in strategy	What did the punishing losses to the air fleet cause the Luftwaffe to do ?
To reduce losses further , a change in strategy was also favoured to take place at night , to give the bombers greater protection under cover of darkness .	cover of darkness	What kind of strategy did the Luftwaffe use to give their bombers better protection ?
-LSB- b -RSB- On 4 September 1940 , in a long address at the Sportspalast , Hitler declared : `` And should the Royal Air Force drop two thousand , or three thousand -LSB- kilograms ... -RSB- then we will now drop -LSB- ... -RSB- 300,000 , 400,000 , yes one million kilograms in a single night .	Sportspalast	What city did Hitler give a speech where he said he would erase British cities ?
-LSB- b -RSB- On 4 September 1940 , in a long address at the Sportspalast , Hitler declared : `` And should the Royal Air Force drop two thousand , or three thousand -LSB- kilograms ... -RSB- then we will now drop -LSB- ... -RSB- 300,000 , 400,000 , yes one million kilograms in a single night .	1940	In what year did Hitler give the speech at Sportspalast ?
The main focus of the bombing operations was against the city of London .	London	Which British city did the Luftwaffe focus its bombing on ?
On 15 September , on a date known as the Battle of Britain Day , a large-scale raid was launched in daylight , but suffered significant loss for no lasting gain .	Battle of Britain Day	What was the name of the large air raid that took place in daylight hours in Britain ?
Its aircraft -- Dornier Do 17 , Junkers Ju 88 , and Heinkel He 111s -- were capable of carrying out strategic missions , but were incapable of doing greater damage because of bomb-load limitations .	bomb-load limitations	What was the main reason the Luftwaffe was not able to cause extensive damage with their missions ?
The Luftwaffe 's decision in the interwar period to concentrate on medium bombers can be attributed to several reasons : Hitler did not intend or foresee a war with Britain in 1939 ; the OKL believed a medium bomber could carry out strategic missions just as well as a heavy bomber force ; and Germany did not possess the resources or technical ability to produce four-engined bombers before the war .	four-engined bombers	What kind of bombers was Germany not able to build ?
OKL had not been informed that Britain was to be considered a potential opponent until early 1938 .	early 1938	What year did the OKL become aware that Britain would be a possible target ?
Disputes among the OKL staff revolved more around tactics than strategy .	tactics	What disagreements did the Luftwaffe staff center around ?
Although it had equipment capable of doing serious damage , the problem for the Luftwaffe was its unclear strategy and poor intelligence .	unclear strategy	Poor intelligence and what other problem made it difficult for the Luftwaffe to do extreme damage ?
This method condemned the offensive over Britain to failure before it began .	failure before it began	What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain ?
In an operational capacity , limitations in weapons technology and quick British reactions were making it more difficult to achieve strategic effect .	limitations in weapons technology	Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve ?
Attacking ports , shipping and imports as well as disrupting rail traffic in the surrounding areas , especially the distribution of coal , an important fuel in all industrial economies of the Second World War , would net a positive result .	coal	What was an important fuel in the Second World War ?
Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving .	Regional commissioners	Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving ?
However , the use of delayed-action bombs , while initially very effective , gradually had less impact , partly because they failed to detonate .	delayed-action bombs	What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time ?
-LSB- c -RSB- Moreover , the British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack .	dispersed its production facilities	What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective ?
Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United Kingdom , the British government estimated after the war that 50 casualties -- with about one third killed -- would result for every tonne of bombs dropped on London .	50	How many casualties did the British government estimate for every ton of bombs dropped ?
The estimate of tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day grew as aircraft technology advanced , from 75 in 1922 , to 150 in 1934 , to 644 in 1937 .	644	As technology increased what was the amount of bombs that could be dropped in 1937 per day ?
By 1938 experts generally expected that Germany would attempt to drop as much as 3,500 tonnes in the first 24 hours of war and average 700 tonnes a day for several weeks .	3,500	How many tons did experts expect Germany to drop in the first 24 hours of the war ?
That year the Committee on Imperial Defence estimated that an attack of 60 days would result in 600,000 dead and 1,200,000 wounded .	Imperial Defence	What committee estimated that 60 days of attacks would result in 600,000 deaths ?
In 1939 military theorist Basil Liddell-Hart predicted that 250,000 deaths and injuries in Britain could occur in the first week of war .	Basil Liddell-Hart	Who was the military theorist in 1939 who said 250,000 deaths and injury could occur in the first week of war in Britian ?
In addition to the dead and wounded , government leaders feared mass psychological trauma from aerial attack and a resulting collapse of civil society .	psychological trauma	What was the biggest fear aerial attacks would cause besides death and wounded ?
A committee of psychiatrists reported to the government in 1938 that there would be three times as many mental as physical casualties from aerial bombing , implying three to four million psychiatric patients .	three to four	Psychiatrists believe in 1938 that mental trauma could reach how many millions ?
Panicked reactions during the Munich crisis , such as the migration by 150,000 to Wales , contributed to fear of societal chaos .	Wales	Where did 150,000 migrate during the Munich crisis ?
Winston Churchill told Parliament in 1934 , `` We must expect that , under the pressure of continuous attack upon London , at least three or four million people would be driven out into the open country around the metropolis . ''	Winston Churchill	Who told Parliament that after long periods of attacks people would leave the cities for the country ?
The government planned to voluntarily evacuate four million people -- mostly women and children -- from urban areas , including 1.4 million from London .	London	The government planned to evacuate 1.4 million from which city ?
A trial blackout was held on 10 August 1939 , and when Germany invaded Poland on 1 September a blackout began at sunset .	a blackout	What trial took place on August 10 1939 ?
Lights would not be allowed after dark for almost six years , and the blackout became by far the most unpopular aspect of the war for civilians , more than rationing. :51,106 The relocation of the government and the civil service was also planned , but would only have occurred if necessary so as not to damage civilian morale. :33	the blackout	What was most unpopular affect of the war with civilians ?
Lights would not be allowed after dark for almost six years , and the blackout became by far the most unpopular aspect of the war for civilians , more than rationing. :51,106 The relocation of the government and the civil service was also planned , but would only have occurred if necessary so as not to damage civilian morale. :33	almost six years	How long were lights not allowed on after dark ?
Much civil-defence preparation in the form of shelters was left in the hands of local authorities , and many areas such as Birmingham , Coventry , Belfast and the East End of London did not have enough shelters .	shelters	What civil-defense efforts were left to local authorities to handle ?
The Phoney War , however , and the unexpected delay of civilian bombing permitted the shelter programme to finish in June 1940. :35 The programme favoured backyard Anderson shelters and small brick surface shelters ; many of the latter were soon abandoned in 1940 as unsafe .	unsafe	Why were the shelters soon abandoned in 1940 ?
Few predicted that attacks by night would force Londoners to sleep in shelters .	attacks by night	Why were Londoners forced to sleep in shelters ?
The government did not build them for large populations before the war because of cost , time to build , and fears that their very safety would cause occupants to refuse to leave to return to work , or that anti-war sentiment would develop in large groups .	anti-war	What kind of sentiment did the government fear would developed in large group shelters ?
The government saw the Communist Party 's leading role in advocating for building deep shelters as an attempt to damage civilian morale , especially after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939. :34	the Communist Party's	Who did the government see as a leading advocate for building deep shelters ?
The government saw the Communist Party 's leading role in advocating for building deep shelters as an attempt to damage civilian morale , especially after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939. :34	Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact	What was the name of the Pact of August 1939 ?
Although many civilians had used them as such during the First World War , the government in 1939 refused to allow the stations to be used as shelters so as not to interfere with commuter and troop travel , and the fears that occupants might refuse to leave .	interfere with commuter and troop travel	Why did the government refuse to allow the London Underground stations to be used as shelters ?
Underground officials were ordered to lock station entrances during raids ; but by the second week of heavy bombing the government relented and ordered the stations to be opened .	by the second week	Underground officials were ordered to lock the stations during raids but opened how long after the orders ?
In mid-September 1940 about 150,000 a night slept in the Underground , although by the winter and spring months the numbers had declined to 100,000 or less .	150,000 a night	In 1940 how many people were sleeping in the Underground stations ?
Noises of battle were muffled and sleep was easier in the deepest stations , but many were killed from direct hits on several stations .	sleep	Muffling the sound of batter made what easier in the Underground Stations ?
Noises of battle were muffled and sleep was easier in the deepest stations , but many were killed from direct hits on several stations .	direct hits	Why were many killed in Underground Stations ?
Peak use of the Underground as shelter was 177,000 on 27 September 1940 , and a November 1940 census of London found that about 4 % of residents used the Tube and other large shelters ; 9 % in public surface shelters ; and 27 % in private home shelters , implying that the remaining 60 % of the city likely stayed at home .	177,000	What was the largest number to use Underground shelters in September 27 , 1940 ?
Peak use of the Underground as shelter was 177,000 on 27 September 1940 , and a November 1940 census of London found that about 4 % of residents used the Tube and other large shelters ; 9 % in public surface shelters ; and 27 % in private home shelters , implying that the remaining 60 % of the city likely stayed at home .	4%	In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter ?
Peak use of the Underground as shelter was 177,000 on 27 September 1940 , and a November 1940 census of London found that about 4 % of residents used the Tube and other large shelters ; 9 % in public surface shelters ; and 27 % in private home shelters , implying that the remaining 60 % of the city likely stayed at home .	at home	Where did 60 % of populations stay ?
The government distributed Anderson shelters until 1941 and that year began distributing the Morrison shelter , which could be used inside homes. :190	1941	What year did the government start giving out Morrison shelters ?
Public demand caused the government in October 1940 to build new deep shelters :189 -- 190 within the Underground to hold 80,000 people but were not completed until the period of heaviest bombing had passed .	1940	What year did the government start to build new deep shelters ?
Public demand caused the government in October 1940 to build new deep shelters :189 -- 190 within the Underground to hold 80,000 people but were not completed until the period of heaviest bombing had passed .	80,000	How many people were the new shelters going to hold ?
Tickets were issued for bunks in large shelters to reduce the amount of time spent queuing .	Tickets	What helped cut down time standing in the queue for shelters ?
Committees quickly formed within shelters as informal governments , and organisations such as the British Red Cross and the Salvation Army worked to improve conditions .	British Red Cross and the Salvation Army	Which two groups help improve life in the shelters ?
Authorities provided stoves and bathrooms and canteen trains provided food .	canteen	What kind of trains provided food in the shelters ?
An American witness wrote `` By every test and measure I am able to apply , these people are staunch to the bone and wo n't quit ... the British are stronger and in a better position than they were at its beginning '' .	American	What witness wrote that these people are staunch to the bone and wo n't quit ?
Although the intensity of the bombing was not as great as prewar expectations so an equal comparison is impossible , no psychiatric crisis occurred because of the Blitz even during the period of greatest bombing of September 1940 .	psychiatric crisis	With the intense bomb what did not happen as great as prewar predictions expected ?
People referred to raids as if they were weather , stating that a day was `` very blitzy '' .	weather	People called the raids very blitzy like they were talking about what ?
Ingersoll added that , according to Anna Freud and Edward Glover , London civilians surprisingly did not suffer from widespread shell shock , unlike the soldiers in the Dunkirk evacuation. :114,117 -- 118 The psychoanalysts were correct , and the special network of psychiatric clinics opened to receive mental casualties of the attacks closed due to lack of need .	widespread shell shock	Anne Freud and Edward Glover said London civilians did not suffer from what ?
Ingersoll added that , according to Anna Freud and Edward Glover , London civilians surprisingly did not suffer from widespread shell shock , unlike the soldiers in the Dunkirk evacuation. :114,117 -- 118 The psychoanalysts were correct , and the special network of psychiatric clinics opened to receive mental casualties of the attacks closed due to lack of need .	lack of need	Why did the psychiatric clinics close ?
The number of suicides and drunkenness declined , and London recorded only about two cases of `` bomb neuroses '' per week in the first three months of bombing .	suicides and drunkenness	What two things declined during the attacks in Britain ?
Many civilians found that the best way to retain mental stability was to be with family , and after the first few weeks of bombing avoidance of the evacuation programs grew. :80 -- 81 Glover speculated that the knowledge that the entire country was being attacked , that there was no way to escape the bombs , forced people to accept and deal with the situation. :118	accept and deal	The entire country was being attack and Glover believe it help people to do what ?
The cheerful crowds visiting bomb sites were so large they interfered with rescue work , pub visits increased in number -LRB- beer was never rationed -RRB- , and 13,000 attended cricket at Lord 's .	beer	What drink was never rationed ?
The cheerful crowds visiting bomb sites were so large they interfered with rescue work , pub visits increased in number -LRB- beer was never rationed -RRB- , and 13,000 attended cricket at Lord 's .	13,000	How many people attended cricket at Lord 's ?
Despite the attacks , defeat in Norway and France , and the threat of invasion , overall morale remained high ; a Gallup poll found only 3 % of Britons expected to lose the war in May 1940 , another found an 88 % approval rating for Churchill in July , and a third found 89 % support for his leadership in October .	3%	What percent of Briton 's expected to lose the war ?
Despite the attacks , defeat in Norway and France , and the threat of invasion , overall morale remained high ; a Gallup poll found only 3 % of Britons expected to lose the war in May 1940 , another found an 88 % approval rating for Churchill in July , and a third found 89 % support for his leadership in October .	89%	What was Churchill 's highest rating ?
Each setback caused more civilians to volunteer to become unpaid Local Defence Volunteers , workers worked longer shifts and over weekends , contributions rose to the # 5,000 `` Spitfire Funds '' to build fighters , and the number of work days lost to strikes in 1940 was the lowest in history. :60 -- 63,67 -- 68,75,78 -- 79,215 -- 216	to build fighters	What were Spitfire Funds used for ?
Many civilians who were unwilling or unable to join the military became members of the Home Guard , the Air Raid Precautions service -LRB- ARP -RRB- , the Auxiliary Fire Service , and many other organisations .	Air Raid Precautions	What is ARP ?
The AFS had 138,000 personnel by July 1939 .	138,000	The Auxiliary Fire Service had how many members in July of 1939 ?
During the Blitz , The Scout Association guided fire engines to where they were most needed , and became known as the `` Blitz Scouts '' .	Scout Association	Who was given the name Blitz Scouts ?
These personnel , along with others from the Pioneer Corps , were charged with the task of salvage and clean-up .	Pioneer Corps	The Royal Army Pay Corps and what other group were in charge of salvage and clean-up ?
The WVS -LRB- Women 's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence -RRB- was set up under the direction of Samuel Hoare , Home Secretary in 1938 specifically in the event of air raids .	Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence	What group did Samuel Hoare set up in 1938 ?
The WVS -LRB- Women 's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence -RRB- was set up under the direction of Samuel Hoare , Home Secretary in 1938 specifically in the event of air raids .	Samuel Hoare	Who was Home Secretary in 1938 ?
By the end of 1941 , the WVS had one million members .	one million	How many members did the WVS have at the end of 1941 ?
Prior to the outbreak of war , civilians were issued with 50 million respirators -LRB- gas masks -RRB- .	50 million	How many gas mask were issued before the war ?
In the inter-war years and after 1940 , Hugh Dowding , Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command has received credit for the defence of British air space and the failure of the Luftwaffe to achieve air superiority .	Hugh Dowding	Who was the Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command after 1940 ?
In the inter-war years and after 1940 , Hugh Dowding , Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command has received credit for the defence of British air space and the failure of the Luftwaffe to achieve air superiority .	defence of British air space	What credit did Dowding receive ?
However , Dowding had spent so much effort preparing day fighter defences , there was little to prevent the Germans carrying out an alternative strategy by bombing at night .	bombing at night	What strategy could the German 's have used instead of day raids ?
When the Luftwaffe struck at British cities for the first time on 7 September 1940 , a number of civic and political leaders were worried by Dowding 's apparent lack of reaction to the new crisis .	lack of reaction to the new crisis	Why were civic and political leaders worried about Dowdings ?
When urgent changes and improvements needed to be made , Dowding seemed reluctant to act quickly .	Dowding	Who was reluctant to act quickly when urgent changes need to be made ?
The Air Staff felt that this was due to his stubborn nature and reluctance to cooperate .	Air Staff	Who thought Dowding was stubborn and did n't like to cooperate ?
Dowding 's opponents in the Air Ministry , already critical of his handling of the day battle -LRB- see Battle of Britain Day and the Big Wing controversy -RRB- , were ready to use these failings as a cudgel with which to attack him and his abilities .	attack him and his abilities	What did the Air Ministry plan to do with his failures ?
Dowding 's opponents in the Air Ministry , already critical of his handling of the day battle -LRB- see Battle of Britain Day and the Big Wing controversy -RRB- , were ready to use these failings as a cudgel with which to attack him and his abilities .	Battle of Britain Day	The Air Ministry was critical of Dowding after which battle ?
Dowding was summoned to an Air Ministry conference on 17 October 1940 to explain the poor state of night defences and the supposed -LRB- but ultimately successful -RRB- `` failure '' of his daytime strategy .	Dowding	Who was summoned to the Air Ministry conference on October 17 , 1940 ?
The criticism of his leadership extended far beyond the Air Council , and the Minister of Aircraft Production , Lord Beaverbrook , and Churchill themselves intimated their support was waning .	waning	Lord Beaverbrook and Churchill 's support of Dowding was what ?
The general neglect of the RAF until the late spurt in 1938 had left sparse resources to build defences .	sparse resources to build defences	Neglect of the RAF until 1938 caused what to happen ?
In the pre-war period , the Chamberlain Government stated that night defence from air attack should not take up much of the national effort and , along with the Air Ministry , did not make it a priority .	Chamberlain Government	The Air Ministry and which other group decided to not make night defense a top priority ?
Most people aged 35 or over remembered the threat and greeted the bombings with great trepidation .	great trepidation	People over the age of 35 reacted to the bombings with what ?
From 1916 -- 1918 , German raids had diminished against countermeasures which demonstrated defence against night air raids was possible .	countermeasures	Why had German raids decreased between 1916-1918 ?
Around 280 short tons -LRB- 250 t -RRB- -LRB- 9,000 bombs -RRB- had been dropped , killing 1,413 people and injuring 3,500 more .	1,413	How many people were killed by bomb drops during the first World War ?
Around 280 short tons -LRB- 250 t -RRB- -LRB- 9,000 bombs -RRB- had been dropped , killing 1,413 people and injuring 3,500 more .	9,000	How many bombs had been dropped ?
Most of the resources went into planning for daylight fighter defences .	daylight fighter defences	What did the RAF put most of their resources into ?
The difficulty RAF bombers had navigating in darkness , led the British to believe German bombers would suffer the same problems and would be unable to reach and identify their targets .	suffer the same problems	RAF bombers had trouble flying at night , so the British believe the Germans would do what ?
There was also a mentality in all air forces that , if they could carry out effective operations by day , night missions and their disadvantages could be avoided .	night missions and their disadvantages	What did the Air Force believe they could avoid if they carried out effective day missions ?
The difficulty RAF bombers had navigating in darkness , led the British to believe German bombers would suffer the same problems and would be unable to reach and identify their targets .	targets	Britain believe German bombers would be unable to reach and identify what ?
British defensive strategy revolved around offensive action , what became known as the cult of the offensive .	cult of the offensive	What did the British offence become know as ?
This philosophy was impractical as Bomber Command lacked the technology and equipment and needed several years to develop it .	lacked the technology and equipment	Why was the tactic of bombing German aircraft bases , factories and fuel reserves impractical ?
Until September 1940 , the RAF lacked specialist night-fighting aircraft and relied on anti-aircraft units which were poorly equipped and lacking in numbers .	specialist night-fighting	Until 1940 what type of aircraft did the RAF lacked ?
Until September 1940 , the RAF lacked specialist night-fighting aircraft and relied on anti-aircraft units which were poorly equipped and lacking in numbers .	poorly equipped and lacking in numbers	What was wrong with the anti aircraft units ?
Bomber crews already had some experience with these types of systems due to the deployment of the Lorenz beam , a commercial blind-landing aid which allowed aircraft to land at night or in bad weather .	land at night or in bad weather	What did the Lorenz beam allow aircraft to do ?
The Germans developed the short-range Lorenz system into the Knickebein aid , a system which used two Lorenz beams with much stronger signal transmissions .	Knickebein	The Germans developed the Lorenz into what system ?
The Germans developed the short-range Lorenz system into the Knickebein aid , a system which used two Lorenz beams with much stronger signal transmissions .	two Lorenz beams	The Knickebein was the same as the Lorenz but used how many beams ?
When a continuous sound was heard from the second beam the crew knew they were above the target and began dropping their bombs .	dropping their bombs	The Germans flew along one beam until they picked up the second beam the sound telling them when to start doing what ?
While Knickebein was used by German crews en masse , X-Gerät use was limited to specially trained pathfinder crews .	specially trained pathfinder crews	While Knickebein was used my most German crews who used the X-Gerat system ?
The system worked on a higher frequency -LRB- 66 -- 77 MHz , compared to Knickebein 's 30 -- 33 MHz -RRB- .	66–77 MHz	What frequency did the X-Gerat system use ?
Transmitters on the ground sent pulses at a rate of 180 per minute .	180	What rate per minute did ground transmitters send ?
The first cross-beam acted as a warning for the bomb-aimer to start the bombing-clock which he would activate only when the second cross-beam was reached .	start the bombing-clock	When the bomber crossed the first beam the bomber-aimer did what ?
The clock 's timing mechanism was co-ordinated with the distances of the intersecting beams from the target so the target was directly below when the bomb release occurred .	clock's timing	What mechanism cause the bombs to be released ?
Y-Gerät was the most complex system of the three .	Y-Gerät	Which system was the most complex of the three ?
It was , in effect , an automatic beam-tracking system , operated through the bomber 's autopilot .	the bomber's autopilot	Who operated the automatic beam system ?
Direction-finding checks also enabled the controller to keep the crew on an exact course .	Direction-finding	What kind of checks help to keep the plane on course ?
The crew would be ordered to drop their bombs either by issue of a code word by the ground controller , or at the conclusion of the signal transmissions which would stop .	a code word	The crew could be order to drop the bomb by what ?
The crew would be ordered to drop their bombs either by issue of a code word by the ground controller , or at the conclusion of the signal transmissions which would stop .	ground controller	Who issued the code word to the bombers ?
Soon a beam was traced to Derby -LRB- which had been mentioned in Luftwaffe transmissions -RRB- .	Derby	The beam was traced to what town ?
Avro Ansons of the Beam Approach Training Development Unit -LRB- BATDU -RRB- were flown up and down Britain fitted with a 30 MHz receiver to detect them .	30 MHz receiver	The Bean Approach Training Development Unit were fitted with what kind of transmitter to search for the Knickebein ?
In June 1940 , a German prisoner of war was overheard boasting that the British would never find the Knickebein , even though it was under their noses .	Knickebein	In 1940 a German prisoner overheard boasting that the British would never find what system ?
The details of the conversation were passed to an RAF Air Staff technical advisor , Dr. R. V. Jones , who started an in-depth investigation which discovered that the Luftwaffe 's Lorenz receivers were more than blind-landing devices .	Dr. R. V. Jones	Which RAF technical advisor was the conversation passed onto ?
The first jamming operations were carried out using requisitioned hospital electrocautery machines .	electrocautery machines	The first jamming operation was carried out using what machines ?
German beacons operated on the medium-frequency band and the signals involved a two-letter Morse identifier followed by a lengthy time-lapse which enabled the Luftwaffe crews to determine the signal 's bearing .	Morse	What two letter identifier did the signal have ?
The Meacon system involved separate locations for a receiver with a directional aerial and a transmitter .	Meacon	What system used a separate locations for a receiver and a directional aerial ?
If the German bomber flew closer to its own beam than the Meacon then the former signal would come through the stronger on the direction finder .	stronger on the direction finder	When a German bomber flew to close to its own beam what happened to the signal ?
It was to be some months before an effective night fighter force would be ready , and anti-aircraft defences only became adequate after the Blitz was over , so ruses were created to lure German bombers away from their targets .	Blitz was over	Anti-aircraft defenses became better after what ?
It was to be some months before an effective night fighter force would be ready , and anti-aircraft defences only became adequate after the Blitz was over , so ruses were created to lure German bombers away from their targets .	ruses	What did they use to lure German bombers away from their targets ?
Throughout 1940 , dummy airfields were prepared , good enough to stand up to skilled observation .	dummy	What kind of airfields were prepared to stand up to skilled observers ?
A number -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- of bombs fell on these diversionary -LRB- `` Starfish '' -RRB- targets .	Starfish	What was the name given to these dummy airfields ?
The use of diversionary techniques such as fires had to be made carefully .	diversionary	Fake fires were used as what kind of technique ?
The oil-fed fires were then injected with water from time to time ; the flashes produced were similar to those of the German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben .	water	What was injected into the fires from time to time to produce a flash ?
Another innovation was the boiler fire .	boiler	Two tanks one of oil , one of water fed what kind of fire ?
The oil-fed fires were then injected with water from time to time ; the flashes produced were similar to those of the German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben .	German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben	What did these flashes simulate ?
The hope was that , if it could deceive German bombardiers , it would draw more bombers away from the real target .	deceive German bombardiers	What was the purpose of these fires ?
Some 107,400 long tons -LRB- 109,100 t -RRB- of shipping was damaged in the Thames Estuary and 1,600 civilians were casualties .	1,600	The bombing of the Thames Estuary cause how many civilian casualties ?
Of this total around 400 were killed .	around 400	How many were killed in the bombing of the Thames Estuary ?
Overall Loge had cost the Luftwaffe 41 aircraft ; 14 bombers , 16 Messerschmitt Bf 109s , seven Messerschmitt Bf 110s and four reconnaissance aircraft .	41	How many aircraft did the Luftwaffe lose ?
Fighter Command lost 23 fighters , with six pilots killed and another seven wounded .	six	How many German pilots were killed ?
Another 247 bombers from Sperrle 's Luftflotte 3 -LRB- Air Fleet 3 -RRB- attacked that night .	247	How many Air Fleet 3 attacked that night ?
Although the weather was poor , heavy raids took place that afternoon on the London suburbs and the airfield at Farnborough .	Farnborough	What was the name of the airfield where heavy raids took place ?
The day 's fighting cost Kesselring and Luftflotte 2 -LRB- Air Fleet 2 -RRB- 24 aircraft , including 13 Bf 109s .	13	How many Bf 109s were lost ?
Fighter Command lost 17 fighters and six pilots .	17	FighterCommand lost how many fighters ?
Fighter Command lost 17 fighters and six pilots .	six	How many pilots did Fighter Command lose ?
Over the next few days weather was poor and the next main effort would not be made until 15 September 1940 .	weather was poor	What caused the delay in the effort ?
On 15 September the Luftwaffe made two large daylight attacks on London along the Thames Estuary , targeting the docks and rail communications in the city .	Thames Estuary	On September 15 the Luftwaffe made daylight raids on what target in London ?
On 15 September the Luftwaffe made two large daylight attacks on London along the Thames Estuary , targeting the docks and rail communications in the city .	docks and rail communications	What two targets were the Luftwaffe trying to destroy ?
Its hope was to destroy its targets and draw the RAF into defending them , allowing the Luftwaffe to destroy their fighters in large numbers , thereby achieving an air superiority .	destroy their fighters in large numbers	What was the reason to try and draw the RAF into a battle ?
The air battle was later commemorated by Battle of Britain Day .	Battle of Britain Day	What was this air battle called ?
The Luftwaffe lost 18 percent of the bombers sent on the operations that day , and failed to gain air superiority .	18	The Luftwaffe lost what percentage of its bombers sent that day ?
While Göring was optimistic the Luftwaffe could prevail , Hitler was not .	Göring	Who thought the Luftwaffe could win ?
On 17 September he postponed Operation Sea Lion -LRB- as it turned out , indefinitely -RRB- rather than gamble Germany 's newly gained military prestige on a risky cross-Channel operation , particularly in the face of a sceptical Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union .	17 September	What day did Hitler postponed Operation Sea Lion ?
On 17 September he postponed Operation Sea Lion -LRB- as it turned out , indefinitely -RRB- rather than gamble Germany 's newly gained military prestige on a risky cross-Channel operation , particularly in the face of a sceptical Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union .	Joseph Stalin	What was the name of the man from the Soviet Union who was doubtful of Operation Sea Lion ?
In the last days of the battle , the bombers became lures in an attempt to draw the RAF into combat with German fighters .	RAF	Who did the Luftwaffe try to lure into battle using its bombers ?
But their operations were to no avail ; the worsening weather and unsustainable attrition in daylight gave the OKL an excuse to switch to night attacks on 7 October .	7 October	When did the OKL switch to night raids ?
On 14 October , the heaviest night attack to date saw 380 German bombers from Luftflotte 3 hit London .	380	On October 14 how many German bombers attacked ?
Around 200 people were killed and another 2,000 injured .	Around 200	How many people were killed ?
British anti-aircraft defences -LRB- General Frederick Alfred Pile -RRB- fired 8,326 rounds and shot down only two bombers .	General Frederick Alfred Pile	Who fired anti-defense rounds ?
British anti-aircraft defences -LRB- General Frederick Alfred Pile -RRB- fired 8,326 rounds and shot down only two bombers .	8,326 rounds	How many rounds of anti-defense were fired ?
British anti-aircraft defences -LRB- General Frederick Alfred Pile -RRB- fired 8,326 rounds and shot down only two bombers .	two	How many German bombers were shot down ?
According to German sources , 9,000 short tons -LRB- 8,200 t -RRB- of bombs were dropped in that month , of which about 10 percent of which was dropped in daylight .	10 percent	How much of the short tons of bombs were dropped during the day ?
Attacks on Birmingham and Coventry were subject to 500 short tons -LRB- 450 t -RRB- of bombs between them in the last 10 days of October .	Birmingham and Coventry	What two cities had 500 short tons of bombs dropped on them during the end of October ?
The Metropolitan-Vickers works in Manchester was targeted and 12 short tons -LRB- 11 t -RRB- of bombs dropped against it .	The Metropolitan-Vickers works in Manchester	What was targeted with 12 short tons of bombs ?
Little tonnage was dropped on Fighter Command airfields ; Bomber Command airfields were hit instead .	Bomber Command airfields	Which was targeted more heavily , bomber or fighter command airfields ?
Liverpool suffered 200 short tons -LRB- 180 t -RRB- of bombs dropped .	200	Liverpool had how many short tons dropped on it ?
Luftwaffe policy at this point was primarily to continue progressive attacks on London , chiefly by night attack ; second , to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands , again chiefly by night attack ; and third to disrupt plants and factories during the day by means of fighter-bombers .	to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands	What was the Luftwaffe 's second primary policy ?
Kesselring , commanding Luftflotte 2 , was ordered to send 50 sorties per night against London and attack eastern harbours in daylight .	Kesselring	Who was in command of the Luftflotte 2 ?
Sperrle , commanding Luftflotte 3 , was ordered to dispatch 250 sorties per night including 100 against the West Midlands .	250	How many sorties a night was Luftflotte 3 doing ?
Seeschlange would be carried out by Fliegerkorps X -LRB- 10th Air Corps -RRB- which concentrated on mining operations against shipping .	mining operations against shipping	What did the Fliegerkorps X concentrate on ?
By 19/20 April 1941 , it had dropped 3,984 mines , 1/3 of the total dropped .	3,984 mines	By April of 1941 about how many mines had been dropped ?
In September , there had been no less than 667 hits on railways in Great Britain , and at one period , between 5,000 and 6,000 wagons were standing idle from the effect of delayed action bombs .	no less than 667	In September how many railway hits were there in Great Britain ?
By mid-November 1940 , when the Germans adopted a changed plan , more than 13,000 short tons -LRB- 12,000 t -RRB- of high explosive and nearly 1,000,000 incendiaries had fallen on London .	1,000,000	By mid November of 1940 how many incendiaries were dropped on London ?
For all the destruction of life and property , the observers sent out by the Ministry of Home Security failed to discover the slightest sign of a break in morale .	the slightest sign of a break in morale	What did the Ministry of Home Security fail to discover ?
Outside the capital , there had been widespread harassing activity by single aircraft , as well as fairly strong diversionary attacks on Birmingham , Coventry and Liverpool , but no major raids .	Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool	What locations suffered strong diversionary tactics ?
More than 13,000 civilians had been killed , and almost 20,000 injured , in September and October alone , but the death toll was much less than expected .	20,000	About how many civilians were injured in September and October ?
The American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that `` as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives , here I make no qualifications .	Ingersoll	What was the name of the American observer ?
The aim is surprisingly , astonishingly , amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London , to sum up , was more general and more extensive than I had imagined .	to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined.	The American observer said what about the damage to London ?
No bridge over the Thames had been hit , and the docks were still functioning despite great damage .	No bridge over the Thames had been hit	How many bridges over the Thames were struck ?
For example , in two months of bombing , Battersea Power Station , perhaps the largest single target in London , had only received one minor hit -LRB- `` a nick '' -RRB- .	one minor hit ("a nick")	The Battersea Power Station took how many hits in two months ?
An airfield was hit 56 times but the runways were never damaged and the field was never out of operation , despite German pilots ' familiarity with it from prewar commercial flights .	prewar commercial flights.	What did German pilots use to gain knowledge of an airfield ?
Few anti-aircraft guns had fire-control systems , and the underpowered searchlights were usually ineffective against aircraft at altitudes above 12,000 ft -LRB- 3,700 m -RRB- .	12,000 ft (3,700 m)	British night air defenses were effective to what height ?
In July 1940 , only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns were deployed in the whole of Britain .	only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns	By July of 1940 how many guns were deployed in Britain ?
Of the `` heavies '' , some 200 were of the obsolescent 3 in -LRB- 76 mm -RRB- type ; the remainder were the effective 4.5 in -LRB- 110 mm -RRB- and 3.7 in -LRB- 94 mm -RRB- guns , with a theoretical `` ceiling '' ' of over 30,000 ft -LRB- 9,100 m -RRB- but a practical limit of 25,000 ft -LRB- 7,600 m -RRB- because the predictor in use could not accept greater heights .	25,000 ft (7,600 m)	What was the practical ceiling of the effective heavy guns ?
The light guns , about half of which were of the excellent Bofors 40 mm , dealt with aircraft only up to 6,000 ft -LRB- 1,800 m -RRB- .	Bofors 40 mm	What type of light gun dealt with aircraft up to 6000 ft. ?
Although the use of the guns improved civilian morale , with the knowledge the German bomber crews were facing the barrage , it is now believed that the anti-aircraft guns achieved little and in fact the falling shell fragments caused more British casualties on the ground .	falling shell fragments	What is believed to have caused many civilian casualties from anti-aircraft guns ?
London 's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile , the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command .	General Pile	Who reorganised London 's defences ?
The British were still one-third below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery AAA -LRB- or ack-ack -RRB- in May 1941 , with only 2,631 weapons available .	one-third	The British were how far below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery ?
Dowding had to rely on night fighters .	Dowding	Who relied on night fighters ?
From 1940 to 1941 , the most successful night-fighter was the Boulton Paul Defiant ; its four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type .	Boulton Paul Defiant	Who 's four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type ?
AA defences improved by better use of radar and searchlights .	by better use of radar and searchlights	How were AA defenses improved ?
Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , but to little avail .	airborne search lights	The bombers used what out of desperation ?
Airborne Interception radar -LRB- AI -RRB- was unreliable .	Airborne Interception radar	What was considered unreliable ?
Of greater potential was the GL -LRB- Gunlaying -RRB- radar and searchlights with fighter direction from RAF fighter control rooms to begin a GCI system -LRB- Ground Control-led Interception -RRB- under Group-level control -LRB- No. 10 Group RAF , No. 11 Group RAF and No. 12 Group RAF -RRB- .	Ground Control-led Interception	Gunlaying radar and RAF controls combined to create what system ?
The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command 's resources , so there was little investment in night fighting .	the Battle of Britain	What used most of Fighter Command 's resources ?
Whitehall 's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding -LRB- who was already due for retirement -RRB- with Sholto Douglas on 25 November .	Sholto Douglas	Who replaced Dowding on November 25 ?
The GL carpet was supported by six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters .	six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters	What supported the GL carpet ?
Still , in February 1941 , there remained only seven squadrons with 87 pilots , under half the required strength .	87 pilots	How many pilots remained in February 1941 ?
The number of contacts and combats rose in 1941 , from 44 and two in 48 sorties in January 1941 , to 204 and 74 in May -LRB- 643 sorties -RRB- .	204 and 74	How many number of contacts and combats were there in May ?
If a vigilant bomber crew could spot the fighter first , they had a decent chance at evading it .	spot the fighter first	What did a bomber crew need to do for a good chance at evasion ?
Nevertheless , it was radar that proved to be critical weapon in the night battles over Britain from this point onward .	radar	What was critical in the night battles over Britain ?
Dowding had introduced the concept of airborne radar and encouraged its usage .	airborne radar	What concept eventually became successful ?
On the night of 22/23 July 1940 , Flying Officer Cyril Ashfield -LRB- pilot -RRB- , Pilot Officer Geoffrey Morris -LRB- Observer -RRB- and Flight Sergeant Reginald Leyland -LRB- Air Intercept radar operator -RRB- of the Fighter Interception Unit became the first pilot and crew to intercept and destroy an enemy aircraft using onboard radar to guide them to a visual interception , when their AI night fighter brought down a Do 17 off Sussex .	the night of 22/23 July 1940	On what day did airborne radar help intercept and destroy enemy aircraft for the first time ?
On 19 November 1940 the famous RAF night fighter ace John Cunningham shot down a Ju 88 bomber using airborne radar , just as Dowding had predicted .	John Cunningham	Who was the RAF night fighter ace that used airborne radar to destroy a Ju 88 bomber ?
In particular , the West Midlands were targeted .	the West Midlands	The Luftwaffe 's change in strategy targeted what primarily ?
`` Pathfinders '' from 12 Kampfgruppe 100 -LRB- Bomb Group 100 or KGr 100 -RRB- led 437 bombers from KG 1 , KG 3 , KG 26 , KG 27 , KG 55 and Lehrgeschwader 1 -LRB- 1st Training Wing , or LG 1 -RRB- which dropped 394 short tons -LRB- 357 t -RRB- of high explosive , 56 short tons -LRB- 51 t -RRB- of incendiaries , and 127 parachute mines .	127	How many parachute mines were dropped ?
The raid against Coventry was particularly devastating , and led to widespread use of the phrase `` to conventrate '' .	"to conventrate"	The Coventry raid led to what phrase being in widespread use ?
Around 21 factories were seriously damaged in Coventry , and loss of public utilities stopped work at nine others , disrupting industrial output for several months .	loss of public utilities	What stopped work in 9 factories in Coventry ?
The strategic effect of the raid was a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production .	a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production	What effect did the raid have strategically ?
Five nights later , Birmingham was hit by 369 bombers from KG 54 , KG 26 , and KG 55 .	369	How many bombers hit Birmingham ?
This weight of attack went on for two months , with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons -LRB- 12,600 t -RRB- of bombs .	two months	For how many months did the night raids continue for ?
In November 1940 , 6,000 sorties and 23 major attacks -LRB- more than 100 tons of bombs dropped -RRB- were flown .	more than 100 tons of bombs dropped	How many tons of bombs had to be dropped to be considered a major attack ?
In December , only 11 major and five heavy attacks were made .	only 11 major and five heavy attacks	December saw how many attacks ?
Probably the most devastating strike occurred on the evening of 29 December , when German aircraft attacked the City of London itself with incendiary and high explosive bombs , causing a firestorm that has been called the Second Great Fire of London .	the evening of 29 December	On what day was London itself attacked ?
The first group to use these incendiaries was Kampfgruppe 100 which despatched 10 `` pathfinder '' He 111s .	Kampfgruppe 100	What group was the first to use incendiaries ?
At 18:17 , it released the first of 10,000 fire bombs , eventually amounting to 300 dropped per minute .	300	How many fire bombs were dropped per minute ?
Civilian casualties on London throughout the Blitz amounted to 28,556 killed , and 25,578 wounded .	28,556 killed	How many civilians were killed in the bombing ?
The Luftwaffe had dropped 18,291 short tons -LRB- 16,593 t -RRB- of bombs .	18,291 short tons	The Luftwaffe dropped how many short tons of bombs ?
Port cities were also attacked to try to disrupt trade and sea communications .	to try to disrupt trade and sea communications	Why were port cities targeted by the Luftwaffe ?
In January Swansea was bombed four times , very heavily .	four times	How many times was Swansea bombed heavily ?
The main damage was inflicted on the commercial and domestic areas .	commercial and domestic areas	What was primarily damaged in the attacks ?
In Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport waves of 150 bombers destroyed vast swaths of the city with 40,000 incendiaries .	Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport	What cities had large sections of them destroyed ?
Warehouses , rail lines and houses were destroyed and damaged , but the docks were largely untouched .	the docks	What was left mostly unharmed ?
Although official German air doctrine did target civilian morale , it did not espouse the attacking of civilians directly .	target civilian morale	What was the primary goal of the German air doctrine ?
Nevertheless , its official opposition to attacks on civilians became an increasingly moot point when large-scale raids were conducted in November and December 1940 .	large-scale raids	In November and December of 1940 what changed to make attacks on civilians a moot point ?
Although not encouraged by official policy , the use of mines and incendiaries , for tactical expediency , came close to indiscriminate bombing .	use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency	What had nearly been considered indiscriminate bombing ?
Locating targets in skies obscured by industrial haze meant they needed to be illuminated `` without regard for the civilian population '' .	regard for the civilian population	Lighting targets hidden by haze had to be done without what ?
Special units , such as KGr 100 , became the Beleuchtergruppe -LRB- Firelighter Group -RRB- , which used incendiaries and high explosive to mark the target area .	Beleuchtergruppe	What was the group that used incendiaries and high explosives to mark targets ?
The tactic was expanded into Feuerleitung -LRB- Blaze Control -RRB- with the creation of Brandbombenfelder -LRB- Incendiary Fields -RRB- to mark targets .	Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields)	The Feuerleitung -LRB- Blaze Control -RRB- tactic led to what creation for marking targets ?
Then bombers carrying SC 1000 -LRB- 1,000 kg -LRB- 2,205 lb -RRB- -RRB- , SC 1400 -LRB- 1,400 kg -LRB- 3,086 lb -RRB- -RRB- , and SC 1800 -LRB- 1,800 kg -LRB- 3,968 lb -RRB- -RRB- `` Satan '' bombs were used to level streets and residential areas .	"Satan"	What was the nickname of bombs used in streets and residential areas ?
By December , the SC 2500 -LRB- 2,500 kg -LRB- 5,512 lb -RRB- -RRB- `` Max '' bomb was used .	2,500 kg (5,512 lb)	What was the weight of the `` Max '' bomb ?
These decisions , apparently taken at the Luftflotte or Fliegerkorps level -LRB- see Organisation of the Luftwaffe -LRB- 1933 -- 1945 -RRB- -RRB- , meant attacks on individual targets were gradually replaced by what was , for all intents and purposes , an unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff -LRB- Terror Attack -RRB- .	unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack)	Decision changes at organizational levels led to what type of attacks ?
Part of the reason for this was inaccuracy of navigation .	inaccuracy of navigation	What was one of the reasons for unrestricted area attacks ?
The shift from precision bombing to area attack is indicated in the tactical methods and weapons dropped .	tactical methods and weapons dropped	How was it known that precision bombing was changed to area attacks ?
By December , this had increased to 92 percent .	92 percent	What percentage of incendiaries were used in December ?
Captured German air crews also indicated the homes of industrial workers were deliberately targeted .	Captured German air crews	How was it determined that homes of industrial workers were targeted ?
Erich Raeder -- commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine -- had long argued the Luftwaffe should support the German submarine force -LRB- U-Bootwaffe -RRB- in the Battle of the Atlantic by attacking shipping in the Atlantic Ocean and attacking British ports .	support the German submarine force	What did Erich Raeder believe the Luftwaffe needed to do ?
Eventually , he convinced Hitler of the need to attack British port facilities .	attack British port facilities.	Raeder convinced Hitler to do what ?
Hitler had been convinced by Raeder that this was the right course of action due to the high success rates of the U-Boat force during this period of the war .	the high success rates of the U-Boat force	What ultimately convinced Hitler that Raeder was right ?
Hitler correctly noted that the greatest damage to the British war economy had been done through submarines and air attacks by small numbers of Focke-Wulf Fw 200 naval aircraft .	British war economy	Submarines and naval aircraft damaged what primarily ?
This meant that British coastal centres and shipping at sea west of Ireland were the prime targets .	British coastal centres and shipping at sea west of Ireland	What became the new targets for the Kriegsmarine ?
This led to Göring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler 's Directive 23 , Directions for operations against the British War Economy , which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial interdiction of British imports by sea top priority .	Directions for operations against the British War Economy	What was Hitler 's Directive 23 ?
This led to Göring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler 's Directive 23 , Directions for operations against the British War Economy , which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial interdiction of British imports by sea top priority .	aerial interdiction of British imports by sea	What was a top priority of Directive 23 ?
This strategy had been recognised before the war , but Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain had got in the way of striking at Britain 's sea communications and diverted German air strength to the campaign against the RAF and its supporting structures .	Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain	What prevented the targeting of sea communications before ?
The OKL had always regarded the interdiction of sea communications of less importance than bombing land-based aircraft industries .	bombing land-based aircraft industries	What was considered more important than the interdiction of sea communications ?
Directive 23 was the only concession made by Göring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain .	Directive 23	What was the concession Goring made with the strategic bombing against Britain ?
Thereafter , he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards , ports , port facilities , or shipping in dock or at sea , lest Kriegsmarine gain control of more Luftwaffe units .	control of more Luftwaffe units	What did Goring believe the Kriegsmarine would gain with further support ?
Raeder 's successor -- Karl Dönitz -- would -- on the intervention of Hitler -- gain control of one unit -LRB- KG 40 -RRB- , but Göring would soon regain it .	Karl Dönitz	Who was Raeder 's successor ?
Göring 's lack of cooperation was detrimental to the one air strategy with potentially decisive strategic effect on Britain .	Göring's lack of cooperation	What was detrimental to the success of a strategic effect against Britain ?
For Göring , his prestige had been damaged by the defeat in the Battle of Britain , and he wanted to regain it by subduing Britain by air power alone .	by subduing Britain by air power alone	How did Goring expect to regain prestige ?
First , the difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production was becoming apparent , and second , the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break led OKL to adopt the naval option .	difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production	What was the first consideration for the OKL to support Directive 23 ?
First , the difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production was becoming apparent , and second , the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break led OKL to adopt the naval option .	the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break	What was the second consideration ?
They emphasised the core strategic interest was attacking ports but they insisted in maintaining pressure , or diverting strength , onto industries building aircraft , anti-aircraft guns , and explosives .	pressure, or diverting strength, onto industries	What did the OKL insist on maintaining ?
Other targets would be considered if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions .	if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions	When would other targets be considered available ?
A further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible , but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941 .	create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941	What was inflicting heavy losses and increasing the air war designed to do ?
However , meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and prevented an escalation in air operations .	meteorological conditions over Britain	What was preventing escalation of air operations ?
Airfields became water-logged and the 18 Kampfgruppen -LRB- bomber groups -RRB- of the Luftwaffe 's Kampfgeschwadern -LRB- bomber wings -RRB- were relocated to Germany for rest and re-equipment .	Airfields became water-logged	What happened to airfields ?
Airfields became water-logged and the 18 Kampfgruppen -LRB- bomber groups -RRB- of the Luftwaffe 's Kampfgeschwadern -LRB- bomber wings -RRB- were relocated to Germany for rest and re-equipment .	18	How many bomber groups were relocated to Germany ?
The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month , including 12 major and three heavy attacks .	4,000	How many sorties were flown in March 1941 ?
The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights .	only on moonlit nights	When did the Luftwaffe fly inland missions ?
Ports were easier to find and made better targets .	Ports were easier to find	Why were ports better targets ?
To confuse the British , radio silence was observed until the bombs fell .	radio silence was observed until the bombs fell	How did the Germans confuse the British ?
Rapid frequency changes were introduced for X-Gerät , whose wider band of frequencies and greater tactical flexibility ensured it remained effective at a time when British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Gerät .	British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Gerät	Why was the X-Gerat frequencies used more ?
The attacks were focused against western ports in March .	western ports	What was focused in March ?
These attacks produced some breaks in morale , with civil leaders fleeing the cities before the offensive reached its height .	breaks in morale	What did these attacks accomplish ?
The shortage of bombers caused the OKL to improvise .	shortage of bombers	Why was the OKL forced to improvise ?
Some 50 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos -LRB- fighter-bombers -RRB- were used , officially classed as Leichte Kampfflugzeuge -LRB- `` light bombers '' -RRB- and sometimes called Leichte Kesselringe -LRB- `` Light Kesselrings '' -RRB- .	50	How many Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos were used ?
On occasion , only one-third of German bombs hit their targets .	only one-third	How many German bombs hit their target ?
The diversion of heavier bombers to the Balkans meant that the crews and units left behind were asked to fly two or three sorties per night .	two or three sorties	How many sorties a night were crews asked to fly ?
Bombers were noisy , cold , and vibrated badly .	Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly	What contributed to the exhaustion of crews flying extra sorties ?
He fell asleep at the controls of his Ju 88 and woke up to discover the entire crew asleep .	woke up to discover the entire crew asleep.	What happened to Peter Stahl when he fell asleep flying ?
He roused them , ensured they took oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets , then completed the mission .	oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets	What did Peter 's crew take to complete their mission ?
With the German occupation of Western Europe , the intensification of submarine and air attack on Britain 's sea communications was feared by the British .	intensification of submarine and air attack	What did the British fear most ?
Liverpool and its port became an important destination for convoys heading through the Western Approaches from North America , bringing supplies and materials .	Liverpool	What was an important destination for supply convoys from North America ?
Air attacks sank 39,126 long tons -LRB- 39,754 t -RRB- of shipping , with another 111,601 long tons -LRB- 113,392 t -RRB- damaged .	39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping	The Liverpool Blitz sank how much shipping ?
On 8 May 1941 , 57 ships were destroyed , sunk or damaged amounting to 80,000 long tons -LRB- 81,000 t -RRB- .	57 ships	How many ships were destroyed on May 8 , 1941 ?
The Port of London in particular was an important target , bringing in one-third of overseas trade .	one-third of overseas trade	How much of the overseas trade did the Port of London take on ?
All but seven of its 12,000 houses were damaged .	seven	How many houses were spared damage in Glasgow ?
The rate of civilian housing lost was averaging 40,000 people per week dehoused in September 1940 .	40,000 people	How many people per week were losing housing ?
Plymouth in particular , because of its vulnerable position on the south coast and close proximity to German air bases , was subjected to the heaviest attacks .	because of its vulnerable position on the south coast	Why was Plymouth targeted the most ?
The damage was considerable , and the Germans also used aerial mines .	aerial mines	What did the Germans use along with incendiaries and bombs ?
Over 2,000 AAA shells were fired , destroying two Ju 88s .	Over 2,000	How many AAA shells were fired ?
In the north , substantial efforts were made against Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland , which were large ports on the English east coast .	Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland	What were two large ports on the English east coast in the North ?
In Sunderland on 25 April , Luftflotte 2 sent 60 bombers which dropped 80 tons of high explosive and 9,000 incendiaries .	9,000 incendiaries	Sunderland saw how many incendiaries used against it on 25 April ?
On 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 dropped 150 tons of high explosives and 50,000 incendiaries from 120 bombers in a five-hour attack .	120	How many bombers were used in a five-hour attack ?
However , as with the attacks in the south , the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions .	the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions	What was the result of the German attacks ?
The last major attack on London was on 10/11 May 1941 , on which the Luftwaffe flew 571 sorties and dropped 800 tonnes of bombs .	10/11 May 1941	When was the last major attack London saw ?
The last major attack on London was on 10/11 May 1941 , on which the Luftwaffe flew 571 sorties and dropped 800 tonnes of bombs .	800 tonnes	How many tonnes of bombs did the Luftwaffe use on London ?
1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured , which affected morale badly .	1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured	How many casualties were inflicted ?
One-third of London 's streets were impassable .	One-third of London's streets were impassable	What was the damage done to London 's streets ?
This raid was significant , as 63 German fighters were sent with the bombers , indicating the growing effectiveness of RAF night fighter defences .	63 German fighters were sent with the bombers	What showed RAF night fighter effectiveness was increasing ?
British night-fighter operations out over the Channel were proving highly successful .	were proving highly successful.	How was the British night fighter operations faring ?
The Bristol Blenheim F. 1 was undergunned , with just four .303 in -LRB- 7.7 mm -RRB- machine guns which struggled to down the Do 17 , Ju 88 , or Heinkel He 111 .	was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns	How did the Bristol Blenheim F. 1 perform against German aircraft ?
Added to the fact an interception relied on visual sighting , a kill was most elusive even in the conditions of a moonlit sky .	visual sighting	What did interception rely upon ?
Moreover , the Blenheim struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers .	struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers	How did the Bristol Blenheim F. 1 compare to German aircraft speed ?
The Boulton Paul Defiant , despite its poor performance during daylight engagements , was a much better night fighter .	The Boulton Paul Defiant	What performed better during night fighting ?
It was faster , able to catch the bombers and its configuration of four machine guns in a turret could -LRB- much like German night fighters in 1943 -- 1945 with Schräge Musik -RRB- engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath .	engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath	How could aircraft engage bombers when fitted with a turret ?
Attacks from below offered a larger target , compared to attacking tail-on , as well as a better chance of not being seen by the bomber -LRB- so less chance of evasion -RRB- , as well as greater likelihood of detonating its bombload .	larger target, compared to attacking tail-on, as well as a better chance of not being seen by the bomber	What benefits did attacking from below offer ?
The Beaufighter had a maximum speed of 320 mph -LRB- 510 km/h -RRB- , an operational ceiling of 26,000 ft -LRB- 7,900 m -RRB- and a climb rate of 2,500 ft -LRB- 760 m -RRB- per minute .	320 mph (510 km/h)	What was the max speed of a Beaufighter ?
The Beaufighter had a maximum speed of 320 mph -LRB- 510 km/h -RRB- , an operational ceiling of 26,000 ft -LRB- 7,900 m -RRB- and a climb rate of 2,500 ft -LRB- 760 m -RRB- per minute .	26,000 ft (7,900 m)	What is the operational ceiling of the Beaufighter ?
Its armament of four 20 mm -LRB- 0.79 in -RRB- Hispano cannon and six .303 in Browning machine guns offered a serious threat to German bombers .	six .303 in Browning machine guns	how many machine guns did the Beaufighter include ?
On 19 November , John Cunningham of No. 604 Squadron RAF shot down a bomber flying an AI-equipped Beaufighter .	19 November	What day was the first victory the RAF had with airborne radar ?
By April and May 1941 , the Luftwaffe was still getting through to their targets , taking no more than one - to two-percent losses on any given mission .	one- to two-percent losses	What was the most losses the Luftwaffe suffered on any mission ?
On 19/20 April 1941 , in honour of Hitler 's 52nd birthday , 712 bombers hit Plymouth with a record 1,000 tons of bombs .	712	How many bombers hit Plymouth on Hitler 's birthday ?
On 19/20 April 1941 , in honour of Hitler 's 52nd birthday , 712 bombers hit Plymouth with a record 1,000 tons of bombs .	1,000 tons of bombs	How many bombs hit Plymouth on Hitler 's birthday ?
On 3/4 May , nine were shot down in one night .	nine	On May 3/4 how many German bombers were lost ?
In May 1941 , RAF night fighters shot down 38 German bombers .	38 German bombers	How many German bombers were shot down by the RAF in May ?
The Luftwaffe dropped around 45,000 short tons -LRB- 41,000 t -RRB- of bombs during the Blitz disrupting production and transport , reducing food supplies and shaking the British morale .	45,000 short tons	The Luftwaffe used how many short tons of bombs during the Blitz ?
It also helped to support the U-Boat blockade by sinking some 58,000 long tons -LRB- 59,000 t -RRB- of shipping destroyed and 450,000 long tons -LRB- 460,000 t -RRB- damaged .	58,000 long tons	The Luftwaffe helped the U-boats by sinking how much shipping ?
Yet , overall the British production rose steadily throughout this period although there were significant falls during April 1941 , probably influenced by the departure of workers of Easter Holidays according to the British official history .	overall the British production rose steadily throughout this period	How did the British production fare as a result of all the bombing ?
In aircraft production , the British were denied the opportunity to reach the planned target of 2,500 aircraft in a month , arguably the greatest achievement of the bombing , as it forced the dispersal of industry .	British were denied the opportunity to reach the planned target of 2,500 aircraft in a month	What was the greatest achievement of the bombings ?
The strategic impact on industrial cities was varied ; most took from 10 -- 15 days to recover from heavy raids , although Belfast and Liverpool took longer .	most took from 10–15 days	How long was the recovery of industrial cities from raids ?
More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy 's weak spot , the vulnerability of British sea communications .	had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot	How could have more been achieved in the air offensive ?
The OKL instead sought clusters of targets that suited the latest policy -LRB- which changed frequently -RRB- , and disputes within the leadership were about tactics rather than strategy .	about tactics rather than strategy	What did the disputes in the OKL tend to be about ?
The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the United States Army Air Forces targeted oil , but that would have required an economic-industrial analysis of which the Luftwaffe was incapable .	an economic-industrial analysis	What was the Luftwaffe incapable of doing ?
It cost around 41,000 lives , and may have injured another 139,000 .	cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000	How many casualties did the Blitz ultimately cause ?
The relieved British began to assess the impact of the Blitz in August 1941 , and the RAF Air Staff used the German experience to improve Bomber Command 's offensives .	the German experience	What helped increase the Bomber Command 's offensives ?
They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives .	bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives	What did the RAF conclude ?
They also noted regional production was severely disrupted when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices , utilities and transport .	when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices, utilities and transport.	What caused the most production disruption ?
They believed the Luftwaffe had failed in precision attack , and concluded the German example of area attack using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany .	failed in precision attack	What did the Luftwaffe fail ?
They believed the Luftwaffe had failed in precision attack , and concluded the German example of area attack using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany .	using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany.	What did the experience of German 's using incendiaries mean ?
Targeting German morale , as Bomber Command would do , was no more successful .	Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful.	What was the critical lesson Air Staff ignored ?
Aviation strategists dispute that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command .	that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command.	Aviation strategists disputed over what ?
Throughout 1933 -- 39 none of the 16 Western Air Plans drafted mentioned morale as a target .	morale as a target.	What did 16 of the Western Air Plans not mention ?
Morale was not mentioned until the ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940 .	ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940	When was morale finally mentioned ?
However , industrial cities were only to be targeted if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command 's main concern , oil .	if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil.	When were industrial cities to be targeted ?
However , he did not believe that the morale-collapse could occur without the destruction of the German economy .	without the destruction of the German economy.	Without what could morale collapse occur according to Arthur Harris ?
The primary goal of Bomber Command 's offensives was to destroy the German industrial base -LRB- economic warfare -RRB- , and in doing so reduce morale .	to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and in doing so reduce morale	What was the primary strategy for Bomber Command offensives ?
In late 1943 , just before the Battle of Berlin , he declared the power of Bomber Command would enable it to achieve `` a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable . ''	"a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable."	Arthur Harris announced that Bomber Command would enable economic warfare to achieve what ?
A converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War : a collection of people locked in national solidarity .	people locked in national solidarity.	What view became popular of the British people in WWII ?
This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s , especially after the publication of Angus Calder 's book The Myth of the Blitz -LRB- 1991 -RRB- .	in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991).	When did this popular view come to be ?
It was evoked by both the right and left political factions in Britain during the Falklands War when it was embedded in a nostalgic narrative in which the Second World War represented aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy .	aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy.	Political factions in Britain supported what view of Britains in WWII ?
Historians ' critical response to this construction focused on what were seen as over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity .	over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity.	What was the Historians ' critical response to this view ?
In the Myth of the Blitz , Calder exposed some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours .	some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours	What did Calder try to expose in his book ?
In the wake of the Coventry Blitz , there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters .	the need for bomb-proof shelters.	What was the communist party agitated over ?
Many Londoners , in particular , took to using the Underground railway system , without authority , for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning .	Underground railway system	What did Londoners use for bomb-shelters ?
Morrison warned that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made .	that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made.	What did Morrison warn he could n't do ?
The Communists attempted to blame the damage and casualties of the Coventry raid on the rich factory owners , big business and landowning interests and called for a negotiated peace .	the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests	Who did the Communists blame for the damage in the Conventry raids ?
The `` Communist threat '' was deemed important enough for Herbert Morrison to order , with the support of the Cabinet , the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week ; the Communist newspaper and journal .	the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal.	What was Morrison forced to do in response to the Communist Party ?
The brief success of the Communists also fed into the hands of the British Union of Fascists -LRB- BUF -RRB- .	British Union of Fascists (BUF)	The success of the Communists helped what political group ?
Anti-Semitic attitudes became widespread , particularly in London .	particularly in London	Where did anti-semitic attitude spread primarily ?
Rumours that Jews were inflating prices , were responsible for the Black Market , were the first to panic under attack -LRB- even the cause of the panic -RRB- , and secured the best shelters via underhanded methods , were also widespread .	secured the best shelters via underhanded methods	What was one the rumors that Jews were doing in regard to shelters ?
However , the feared race riots did not transpire despite the mixing of different peoples into confined areas .	race riots	What was feared would happen when different races were mixed in shelters ?
Other reasons , including industry dispersal may have been a factor .	industry dispersal may have been a factor	What was another reason for populations moving ?
Over a quarter of London 's population had left the city by November 1940 .	Over a quarter	How much of London 's population left ?
Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went .	south Wales and Gloucester	What locations saw an increase in populations ?
Within four months , 88 % of evacuated mothers , 86 % of small children , and 43 % of school children had been returned home .	88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children	How much of the population returned in four months ?
The total number of evacuees numbered 1.4 million , including a high proportion from the poorest inner-city families .	1.4 million	How many evacuees were there ?
In recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz , The Home Front and British War Broadcasting .	The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting	What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings ?
These collections include period interviews with civilians , servicemen , aircrew , politicians and Civil Defence personnel , as well as Blitz actuality recordings , news bulletins and public information broadcasts .	period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings	What are some of the things included in these recordings ?
Notable interviews include Thomas Alderson , the first recipient of the George Cross , John Cormack , who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside , and Herbert Morrison 's famous `` Britain shall not burn '' appeal for more fireguards in December 1940 .	Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside	What is one of the notable recordings included ?
Notable interviews include Thomas Alderson , the first recipient of the George Cross , John Cormack , who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside , and Herbert Morrison 's famous `` Britain shall not burn '' appeal for more fireguards in December 1940 .	Herbert Morrison's famous "Britain shall not burn" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940.	What is a second recording that is of note ?
The ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28 , 1973 , it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a `` consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation . ''	Richard Nixon	Which president signed the Act into law ?
The ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28 , 1973 , it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a `` consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation . ''	December 28	On what day was the Endangered Species Act signed ?
The U.S. Supreme Court found that `` the plain intent of Congress in enacting '' the ESA `` was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction , whatever the cost . ''	to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost	What did the Supreme Court cite as the intent of Congress in enacting the Endangered Species Act ?
The Act is administered by two federal agencies , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service -LRB- FWS -RRB- and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -LRB- NOAA -RRB- .	the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)	Which two federal agencies administer the Act ?
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 -LRB- ESA ; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. -RRB- is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s , and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora -LRB- CITES -RRB- .	1973	In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law ?
The species ' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico , and from Utah to the Atlantic coast .	central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast	What was the historical range of the whooping crane ?
Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until , by 1890 , it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States .	Unregulated hunting and habitat loss	What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population ?
The whooping crane population by 1941 was estimated at about only 16 birds still in the wild .	16 birds	What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941 ?
It would be another eight years before the first national law regulating wildlife commerce was signed , and another two years before the first version of the endangered species act was passed .	eight years	How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass
The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets .	Lacey Act of 1900	What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce ?
It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws , and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products , as well as plants .	interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws	What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit ?
It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws , and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products , as well as plants .	all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants	What wildlife was covered by the first federal wildlife commerce regulation ?
Other legislation followed , including the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929 , a 1937 treaty prohibiting the hunting of right and gray whales , and the Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940 .	Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940	What law passed in 1940 regarding the population of the U.S. national bird ?
It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $ 15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species .	list endangered domestic fish and wildlife	What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do ?
It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $ 15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species .	$15 million per year	The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for habitat purchase ?
The Act also consolidated and even expanded authority for the Secretary of the Interior to manage and administer the National Wildlife Refuge System .	the National Wildlife Refuge System	The Endangered Species Act gave the Secretary of the Interior administrative power of what organization ?
The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts .	The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts	How did the Endangered Species Act impact wildlife commerce ?
Other public agencies were encouraged , but not required , to protect species .	Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species	How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act ?
This first list is referred to as the `` Class of ' 67 '' in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty , Volume 1 , which concludes that habitat destruction , the biggest threat to those 78 species , is still the same threat to the currently listed species .	"Class of '67"	What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species ?
It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior 's definition of `` fish and wildlife '' was limited to vertebrates .	It included only vertebrates	How was the first listing limited in what species were listed ?
This first list is referred to as the `` Class of ' 67 '' in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty , Volume 1 , which concludes that habitat destruction , the biggest threat to those 78 species , is still the same threat to the currently listed species .	habitat destruction	What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species ?
However , with time , researchers noticed that the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection , thus further threatening their extinction .	the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction	How did being listed initially impact species ?
The Endangered Species Conservation Act -LRB- P. L. 91-135 -RRB- , passed in December , 1969 , amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of `` worldwide extinction '' by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States .	December, 1969	When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed ?
The Endangered Species Conservation Act -LRB- P. L. 91-135 -RRB- , passed in December , 1969 , amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of `` worldwide extinction '' by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States .	by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States	How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species ?
It expanded the Lacey Act 's ban on interstate commerce to include mammals , reptiles , amphibians , mollusks and crustaceans .	mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans	What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act ?
Reptiles were added mainly to reduce the rampant poaching of alligators and crocodiles .	alligators and crocodiles	What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of `` reptiles '' in the Endangered Species Conservation Act ?
This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection .	This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection	What important precedent did this set for invertebrates ?
It was written by a team of lawyers and scientists , including the first appointed head of the Council on Environmental Quality -LRB- CEQ -RRB- , an outgrowth of NEPA -LRB- The `` National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 '' -RRB- Dr. Russell E. Train .	Dr. Russell E. Train	Who led the team of lawyers and scientists who crafted the Endangered Species Act of 1973 ?
It was written by a team of lawyers and scientists , including the first appointed head of the Council on Environmental Quality -LRB- CEQ -RRB- , an outgrowth of NEPA -LRB- The `` National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 '' -RRB- Dr. Russell E. Train .	the Council on Environmental Quality	The team leader was the first appointed head of what organization ?
Activities -RRB- , Dick Gutting -LRB- U.S. Commerce Dept. lawyer , currently joined NOAA the previous year -LRB- 1972 -RRB- , and Dr. Gerard A. `` Jerry '' Bertrand , a marine biologist -LRB- Ph.D , Oregon State University -RRB- by training , who had transferred from his post as the Scientific Adviser to the U.S Army Corps of Engineers , office of the Commandant of the Corp. to join the newly formed White House office .	Dr. Gerard A. "Jerry" Bertrand	Who wrote the most challenged section of the Act ?
Dr. Train was assisted by a core group of staffers , including Dr. Earl Baysinger at EPA -LRB- currently Assistant Chief , Office of Endangered Species and International .	Dr. Earl Baysinger	Who was the core staffer to the legislation that worked for the EPA and continued to work in the Office of Endangered Species ?
President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation .	the 93rd United States Congress	What Congress called for the drafting of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 ?
A species can be listed in two ways .	two ways	How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list ?
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service -LRB- FWS -RRB- or NOAA Fisheries -LRB- also called the National Marine Fisheries Service -RRB- can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program , or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species .	candidate assessment program	What federal program is used to list a species ?
The procedures are the same for both types except with the person/organization petition , there is a 90-day screening period .	90-day screening period	How long is the screening period of an individual 's or organization 's petition to add a species to the list
A `` species '' under the act can be a true taxonomic species , a subspecies , or in the case of vertebrates , a `` distinct population segment . ''	a "distinct population segment."	In the case of vertebrates , what is the most lenient interpretation of `` species '' ?
The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word `` solely '' to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species .	"solely"	What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982 ?
The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word `` solely '' to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species .	the biological status of the species	Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982 , what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered ?
Congress rejected President Ronald Reagan 's Executive Order 12291 which required economic analysis of all government agency actions .	Ronald Reagan	Which president issued an Executive Order that required financial consideration of all government actions ?
Congress rejected President Ronald Reagan 's Executive Order 12291 which required economic analysis of all government agency actions .	Congress rejected	What did Congress do to the Executive Order that would have included financial considerations as a factor for a species to be listed ?
Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers , and communicated to state and county agencies within the species ' area .	through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area	How is public notice given regarding a listing ?
A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice .	45 days	How long after a published notice of the listing may a public hearing regarding the listing be requested ?
Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing .	Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing	Do listing notices cross international soil ?
The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals , requiring the identification and protection of all lands , water and air necessary to recover endangered species .	Section 4	What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations ?
The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals , requiring the identification and protection of all lands , water and air necessary to recover endangered species .	habitat protection and recovery goals	Critical habitat regulation links what two topics ?
The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals , requiring the identification and protection of all lands , water and air necessary to recover endangered species .	the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species	What does critical habitat regulation require ?
To determine what exactly is critical habitat , the needs of open space for individual and population growth , food , water , light or other nutritional requirements , breeding sites , seed germination and dispersal needs , and lack of disturbances are considered .	seed germination and dispersal needs	What is an example of a critical habitat consideration that would apply to plant wildlife ?
While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners , large-scale development , logging and mining projects on private and state land typically require a federal permit and thus become subject to critical habitat regulations .	require a federal permit	How are non-federal government activities that might impact critical habitat often subject to the Endangered Species Act ?
Outside or in parallel with regulatory processes , critical habitats also focus and encourage voluntary actions such as land purchases , grant making , restoration , and establishment of reserves .	land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves	What are some non-regulation actions that critical habitats encourage ?
All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing , funding or carrying out actions that `` destroy or adversely modify '' critical habitats -LRB- Section 7 -LRB- a -RRB- -LRB- 2 -RRB- -RRB- .	federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats	What does the Endangered Species Act detail about government action regarding critical habitats ?
The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list .	within one year	What is the time limit for designating a species critical habitat after the species has been added to the endangered list ?
In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regulation limiting the protective status of critical habitat .	the Reagan Administration	Which presidential adminstration limited the protective status of critical habitat in 1986 ?
In the late 1990s and early 2000s , a series of court orders invalidated the Reagan regulations and forced the FWS and NMFS to designate several hundred critical habitats , especially in Hawaii , California and other western states .	Hawaii, California and other western states	After the limitations placed on critical habitat were lifted by the courts , where were critical habitats established primarily ?
Midwest and Eastern states received less critical habitat , primarily on rivers and coastlines .	primarily on rivers and coastlines	Where have the majority of critical habitats in the Midwest and Eastern states been located geographically ?
Fish and Wildlife Service -LRB- FWS -RRB- and National Marine Fisheries Service -LRB- NMFS -RRB- are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals , tasks required , likely costs , and estimated timeline to recover endangered species -LRB- i.e. , increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where they can be removed from the endangered list -RRB- .	goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species	What four topics are required in an Endangered Species Recovery Plan ?
The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed .	The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed.	What is the time limit for completing an Endangered Species Recovery Plan ?
The FWS has a policy specifying completion within three years of the species being listed , but the average time to completion is approximately six years .	completion within three years	What Recovery Plan duration the does Fish and Wildlife Service plan for in their policies ?
The FWS has a policy specifying completion within three years of the species being listed , but the average time to completion is approximately six years .	approximately six years	What is the average time of completion of an Endangered Species Recovery Plan ?
The annual rate of recovery plan completion increased steadily from the Ford administration -LRB- 4 -RRB- through Carter -LRB- 9 -RRB- , Reagan -LRB- 30 -RRB- , Bush I -LRB- 44 -RRB- , and Clinton -LRB- 72 -RRB- , but declined under Bush II -LRB- 16 per year as of 9/1/06 -RRB- .	Clinton (72)	Which president had the most completed Recovery Plans during their administration ?
The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and , if so , how the harm can be minimized .	whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized	What is the primary consideration for determining if projects may be carried out in areas with endangered species ?
If harm can not be avoided , the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee , an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur .	the Endangered Species Committee	If a species may be harmed , who holds final say on whether the project may proceed ?
Five of the seven committee members must vote for the exemption to allow taking -LRB- to harass , harm , pursue , hunt , shoot , wound , kill , trap , capture , or collect , or significant habitat modification , or to attempt to engage in any such conduct -RRB- of listed species .	seven	How many members are on the ad hoc panel that allows project exemptions for cases where a species may harmed ?
Five of the seven committee members must vote for the exemption to allow taking -LRB- to harass , harm , pursue , hunt , shoot , wound , kill , trap , capture , or collect , or significant habitat modification , or to attempt to engage in any such conduct -RRB- of listed species .	Five	How many votes must be in favor of the exemption in order to award the exemption ?
If harm can not be avoided , the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee , an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur .	at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur	What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel ?
Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee , the Forest Service , and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest .	the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS	Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee ?
The consultation can be informal , to determine if harm may occur ; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely .	to determine if harm may occur	During informal consultation , what is the goal ?
The consultation can be informal , to determine if harm may occur ; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely .	if the harm is believed to be likely	What prompts the need for formal consultation ?
The questions to be answered in these consultations are whether the species will be harmed , whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery of the listed species .	whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery	What considerations are weighed during the consultations ?
There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated .	six	How many times has the exemption process been used , as of 2009 ?
Of these six , one was granted , one was partially granted , one was denied and three were withdrawn .	one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn	What were the results of those exemption petitions ?
A major reason , of course , is that so few consultations result in jeopardy opinions , and those that do almost always result in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy . ''	few consultations result in jeopardy opinions	Why is this exemption provision often considered a nonfactor ?
A major reason , of course , is that so few consultations result in jeopardy opinions , and those that do almost always result in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy . ''	in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy.	How can jeopardy opinions be dissuaded ?
More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property , owned by citizens , states , local governments , tribal governments and private organizations .	non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations	Who owns the majority of critical habitat ?
The amendment created a permit process to circumvent the take prohibition called a Habitat Conservation Plan or HCP to give incentives to non-federal land managers and private landowners to help protect listed and unlisted species , while allowing economic development that may harm -LRB- `` take '' -RRB- the species .	Habitat Conservation Plan	What program gives incentives to private landowners to protect species on their land ?
Before the law was amended in 1982 , a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes .	only for scientific or research purposes	Before the amendment in 1982 , under what situations could a listed species be displaced ?
The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency -LRB- FWS or NMFS -RRB- , will be issued an Incidental Take Permit -LRB- ITP -RRB- which allows a certain number of `` takes '' of the listed species .	an Incidental Take Permit (ITP)	An approved HCP results in what being issued for the species ?
The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time .	allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time	How long do ITPs last ?
A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register and a public comment period of 30 to 90 days begins .	A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register	How is the public made aware of ITP applications ?
A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register and a public comment period of 30 to 90 days begins .	30 to 90 days	How long does the public have to comment on ITP applications ?
The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain , California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation .	San Bruno Mountain, California	What location held the first HCP ?
Congress further noted that the San Bruno plan was based on `` an independent exhaustive biological study '' and protected at least 87 % of the habitat of the listed butterflies that led to the development of the HCP .	87%	What percentage of the critical habitat was protected for the area that received the first HCP ?
Congress further noted that the San Bruno plan was based on `` an independent exhaustive biological study '' and protected at least 87 % of the habitat of the listed butterflies that led to the development of the HCP .	butterflies	What type of animal was being protected in the area that received the first HCP ?
Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans / Incidental Take Permits `` a major force for wildlife conservation and a major headache to the development community '' , wrote Robert D.Thornton in the 1991 Environmental Law article , Searching for Consensus and Predictability : Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 .	Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources	What 1981 court decision added to the power of HCPs and ITPs for conservation ?
Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans / Incidental Take Permits `` a major force for wildlife conservation and a major headache to the development community '' , wrote Robert D.Thornton in the 1991 Environmental Law article , Searching for Consensus and Predictability : Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 .	Robert D.Thornton	Who wrote the article `` Searching for Consensus and Predictability : Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 . ''
Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans / Incidental Take Permits `` a major force for wildlife conservation and a major headache to the development community '' , wrote Robert D.Thornton in the 1991 Environmental Law article , Searching for Consensus and Predictability : Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 .	a major headache	What did Thornton compare the scientific and legal advances to , from the viewpoint of the development community ?
The `` No Surprises '' rule is meant to protect the landowner if `` unforeseen circumstances '' occur which make the landowner 's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short .	The "No Surprises" rule	What is the name of the rule that protects the landowner if their conservation efforts fall short ?
The `` No Surprises '' policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law , because once an Incidental Take Permit is granted , the Fish and Wildlife Service -LRB- FWS -RRB- loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient .	the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient.	Why is this particular rule so controversial ?
The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money .	The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money	If the landowner fails to adequately protect the species , what penalties do they face with the `` No Surprises '' rule ?
The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures .	The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures	Who covers the cost of additional efforts if the ITP holder 's efforts fall short ?
The `` Safe Harbor '' agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS .	the private landowner and FWS	What two groups are bound by a `` Safe Harbor '' agreement ?
The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future `` takes '' above a pre-determined level .	assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level	In exchange for altering the property to a more beneficial state , what does the landowner gain from the Safe Harbor agreement ?
The policy was developed by the Clinton Administration in 1999 .	the Clinton Administration	Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy ?
A landowner can have either a `` Safe Harbor '' agreement or an Incidental Take Permit , or both .	A landowner can have either a "Safe Harbor" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both.	Are Safe Harbor agreements and ITPs mutually exclusive ?
The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the `` Safe Harbor '' agreement , the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances -LRB- CCA -RRB- are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore , enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered if critical habitat is not protected .	Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species	How do Candidate Conservation Agreements differ from Safe Harbor agreements ?
The FWS will then assure that if , in the future the unlisted species becomes listed , the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA .	if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA.	How does a CCA help protect a private landowner ?
The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the `` Safe Harbor '' agreement , the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances -LRB- CCA -RRB- are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore , enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered if critical habitat is not protected .	enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered	How does a CCA impact unlisted species ?
Two examples of animal species recently delisted are : the Virginia northern flying squirrel -LRB- subspecies -RRB- on August , 2008 , which had been listed since 1985 , and the gray wolf -LRB- Northern Rocky Mountain DPS -RRB- .	the Virginia northern flying squirrel	What animal species was delisted in August 2008 ?
Two examples of animal species recently delisted are : the Virginia northern flying squirrel -LRB- subspecies -RRB- on August , 2008 , which had been listed since 1985 , and the gray wolf -LRB- Northern Rocky Mountain DPS -RRB- .	listed since 1985	How long had the squirrel been listed as endangered ?
On April 15 , 2011 , President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Appropriations Act of 2011 .	President Obama	Which president signed an Act directing the delisting of the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf ?
As of September 2012 , fifty-six species have been delisted ; twenty-eight due to recovery , ten due to extinction -LRB- seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed -RRB- , ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices , six due to discovery of new populations , one due to an error in the listing rule , and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting .	twenty-eight	As of September 2012 , how many species had been delisted due to recovery ?
As of September 2012 , fifty-six species have been delisted ; twenty-eight due to recovery , ten due to extinction -LRB- seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed -RRB- , ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices , six due to discovery of new populations , one due to an error in the listing rule , and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting .	seven	Of the ten species removed due to extinction , how many are believe to have already been extinct when listed ?
Twenty-five others have been down listed from `` endangered '' to `` threatened '' status .	Twenty-five	How many species have been downgraded from endangered to threatened status ?
As of September 2012 , fifty-six species have been delisted ; twenty-eight due to recovery , ten due to extinction -LRB- seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed -RRB- , ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices , six due to discovery of new populations , one due to an error in the listing rule , and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting .	six	How many species were delisted due to discoveries of new populations ?
One example of such perverse incentives is the case of a forest owner who , in response to ESA listing of the red-cockaded woodpecker , increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat .	increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat	How did a land owner impact the protected red-cockaded woodpecker species ?
Opponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed , and only 28 delisted due to recovery , the success rate of 1 % over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and plants .	1%	What is the success rate of the list and the Endangered Species Act initiatives ?
Others argue that the ESA may encourage preemptive habitat destruction by landowners who fear losing the use of their land because of the presence of an endangered species ; known colloquially as `` Shoot , Shovel and Shut-Up . ''	"Shoot, Shovel and Shut-Up."	What is the name given to the act of pre-emptive habitat destruction by landowners fearing a protected species ?
Opponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed , and only 28 delisted due to recovery , the success rate of 1 % over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and plants .	over 2,000	How many species are currently listed ?
According to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity -LRB- CPI -RRB- , loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade .	exotic pet trade	What is one particular industry that exploits Endangered Species Act loopholes ?
Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species , no provisions are made for in-state commerce , allowing these animals to be sold to roadside zoos and private collectors .	no provisions are made for in-state commerce	What is one particular loophole that aids roadside zoos and private collectors ?
Additionally , the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold .	the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold	What allows exploitation of interstate commerce regulations ?
According to Green and the CPI , this allows dealers to `` donate '' listed species through supposed `` breeding loans '' to anyone , and in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary `` donation '' from the receiving party .	in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party.	How can fake breeding loans be used to sell wildlife ?
Furthermore , an interview with an endangered species specialist at the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations , which would catch these false `` donations '' and other mislabeled transactions .	the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations	Why are there not more arrests from undercover investigations of interstate wildlife commerce ?
Green and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton-top tamarin -LRB- Saguinus oedipus -RRB- .	cotton-top tamarin	The Center for Public Integrity found that 151 of what primate were moved from the New England Primate Research Center into exotic pet trade ?
Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard-affiliated New England Regional Primate Research Center into the exotic pet trade through the aforementioned loophole , but in October 1976 , over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States in order to beat the official listing of the species under the ESA .	over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States	What happened in 1976 that impacted this primate 's classification as Endanger ?
Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies .	development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies	Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose ?
These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states , and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species .	These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states	What is one notable drawback with state wildlife agencies creating their own lists ?
Examples include Florida , Minnesota , Maine , and California .	Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California	What states are listing species that are endangered in their own state , but that are not endangered in all other states ?
A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest , conviction , or revocation of a license , so long as they are not a local , state , or federal employee in the performance of official duties .	A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license	Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations ?
The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish , wildlife , and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal .	The Secretary	Given that a violator caused wildlife harm , who may provide financial assistance for the care of the harmed wildlife ?
If the balance ever exceeds $ 500,000 the Secretary of the Treasury is required to deposit an amount equal to the excess into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund .	$500,000	Costs over what balance lead to the Secretary of the Treasury depositing money into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund ?
The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for `` vacant '' or `` void '' .	vacuus	The word Vacuum stems from what Latin adjective ?
Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum , which they sometimes simply call `` vacuum '' or free space , and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space .	imperfect vacuum	What does the term used by Physicists , partial vacuum , refer to ?
Vacuum is space void of matter .	space void of matter	What is a vacuum ?
An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure .	gaseous	What type of pressure is less than atmospheric pressure in a vacuum ?
The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum .	in vacuo	What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum ?
In modern particle physics , the vacuum state is considered the ground state of matter .	the ground state of matter.	The Vacuum state is considered what ?
For example , a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20 % .	reduce air pressure by around 20%	A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure ?
The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum .	how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum	The quality of a partial vacuum refers to what ?
Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum , with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average .	a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter	Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent ?
According to modern understanding , even if all matter could be removed from a volume , it would still not be `` empty '' due to vacuum fluctuations , dark energy , transiting gamma rays , cosmic rays , neutrinos , and other phenomena in quantum physics .	it would still not be "empty"	If all matter is removed from a vacuum , would it be empty space ?
Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally , because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void .	no void could occur naturally,	What did Aristotle believe about a void ?
Historically , there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist .	whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist.	What was historically disputed about vacuums ?
Following Plato , even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism : it could not be apprehended by the senses , it could not , itself , provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and , by definition , it was quite literally nothing at all , which can not rightly be said to exist .	cannot rightly be said to exist	What did something that was literally nothing at all , According to Plato , mean ?
Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally , because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void .	denser surrounding material continuum	Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void ?
Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance , scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself , a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century , which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns .	14th century	In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle 's idea regarding a void ?
Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance , scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself , a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century , which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns .	Stoic physics	What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums ?
Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD , it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon , Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues .	13th and 14th	Roger Bacon , Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century ?
Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance , scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself , a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century , which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns .	a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself	What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century ?
Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath , venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs .	rupture of the delicate alveoli	What does Rapid decompression do to the lungs ?
Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma .	rapid decompression	What causes barotrauma ?
A pressure drop of 13 kPa -LRB- 100 Torr -RRB- , which produces no symptoms if it is gradual , may be fatal if it occurs suddenly .	13 kPa (100 Torr),	What amount of pressure drop can kill you if it occurs suddenly ?
Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression , soft tissues may bruise and seep blood , and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia .	hypoxia	What does acceleration of oxygen consumption do ?
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself .	vacuum exposure	rapid decompression is more dangerous than what ?
Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position , that a vacuum does not occur in nature , the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly , the spatial -- corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume .	that a vacuum does not occur in nature	What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature ?
Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position , that a vacuum does not occur in nature , the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly , the spatial -- corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume .	Descartes	Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space ?
With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the `` brute fact '' of action at a distance , and at length , its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure , the anachronism of empty space widened until `` a seething ferment '' of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma .	Cartesian mechanical philosophy	What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century ?
In 1930 , Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy , called the Dirac sea .	Paul Dirac	An infinite sea of particles with negative energy was a model propesed by whom ?
In 1930 , Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy , called the Dirac sea .	1930	What year was the Dirac sea modeled ?
In the late 20th century , so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed .	late 20th century	When werer virtual particles confirmed ?
Werner Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927 , predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum , or energy and time can be measured .	1927,	What year was the uncertainty principle formed ?
Werner Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927 , predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum , or energy and time can be measured .	Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle	What theorized that time and energy can be measured ?
The black hole -LRB- with zero electric charge -RRB- is an elegant example of a region completely `` filled '' with vacuum , but still showing a strong curvature .	The black hole	what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature ?
In general relativity , a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies , through Einstein field equations , the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor .	Einstein	Who 's equations helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor ?
Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat : the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves -LRB- technically , these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor -RRB- .	tidal forces and gravitational waves	what produces curvature in a vacuum ?
The black hole -LRB- with zero electric charge -RRB- is an elegant example of a region completely `` filled '' with vacuum , but still showing a strong curvature .	black hole	What has no electric charge ?
Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit .	low Earth orbit	Where do most satellites operate ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails , a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel .	solar sails	What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel ?
But although it meets the definition of outer space , the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites .	atmospheric density	why do satellites need to fire engines every few day to keep orbit ?
But although it meets the definition of outer space , the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites .	Kármán line	above what line location in outer space to satellites orbit ?
In the medieval Middle Eastern world , the physicist and Islamic scholar , Al-Farabi -LRB- Alpharabius , 872 -- 950 -RRB- , conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum , in which he investigated handheld plungers in water .	handheld plungers in water.	Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what ?
Using geometry , Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place -LRB- al-makan -RRB- is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body .	place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body	Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate what ?
According to Ahmad Dallal , Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that `` there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum '' .	Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī	who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum ?
He concluded that air 's volume can expand to fill available space , and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent .	air's volume	what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space
The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century .	suction pump	What type of pump appeared in the 15th century ?
Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier , which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God , which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished .	Bishop Etienne Tempier	Who required no restrictions regarding God 's power ?
Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed .	14th century	When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port ?
Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier , which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God , which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished .	God could create a vacuum if he so wished.	the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion ?
The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui .	nature abhorred a vacuum	What was a common belief about vacuums and nature ?
The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui .	horror vacui	what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called ?
Thereafter , research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855 , achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa -LRB- 0.1 Torr -RRB- .	partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr).	What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump ?
Thereafter , research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855 , achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa -LRB- 0.1 Torr -RRB- .	1850	What year was the Toepler Pump invented ?
In 1654 , Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment , showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated .	vacuum pump	What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ?
In 1654 , Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment , showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated .	Otto von Guericke	Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment ?
A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level , which renewed interest in further research .	A number of electrical properties	What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa ?
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum , the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether .	aether	What was originally believed the heavens were filled with ?
In 1912 , astronomer Henry Pickering commented : `` While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether , -LSB- it -RSB- is characteristic of a gas , and free gaseous molecules are certainly there '' .	Henry Pickering	Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether ?
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum , the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether .	outer space	Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums ?
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum , the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether .	rigid indestructible material	What was ether originally thought to be made of ?
The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system , so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it .	amount of matter remaining in the system	What indicated the quality of a vacuum ?
Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure , but a complete characterization requires further parameters , such as temperature and chemical composition .	its absolute pressure	How is vacuum generally measured ?
One of the most important parameters is the mean free path -LRB- MFP -RRB- of residual gases , which indicates the average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other .	average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other.	What does the MFP of residual gases show ?
This vacuum state is called high vacuum , and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called particle gas dynamics .	study of fluid flows	What is particle gas dynamics ?
`` Below atmospheric '' means that the absolute pressure is equal to the current atmospheric pressure .	"Below atmospheric"	Absolute pressure being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what ?
A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury -LRB- mmHg -RRB- in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure .	displacement of a millimeter of mercury	What is a torr equal to ?
Vacuum is often also measured on the barometric scale or as a percentage of atmospheric pressure in bars or atmospheres .	barometric scale	What is another often used options to measure vacuum ?
Any fluid can be used , but mercury is preferred for its high density and low vapour pressure .	its high density and low vapour pressure	Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge ?
Hydrostatic gauges -LRB- such as the mercury column manometer -RRB- consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures .	Hydrostatic gauges	What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called ?
Simple hydrostatic gauges can measure pressures ranging from 1 torr -LRB- 100 Pa -RRB- to above atmospheric .	measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric	What is a hydrostatic gauge used for ?
The McLeod gauge can measure vacuums as high as 10 − 6 torr -LRB- 0.1 mPa -RRB- , which is the lowest direct measurement of pressure that is possible with current technology .	can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr	Why is the McLeod gauge special ?
These indirect measurements must be calibrated via a direct measurement , most commonly a McLeod gauge .	McLeod gauge	An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what ?
Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure .	Thermal conductivity gauges	The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement ?
In this type of gauge , a wire filament is heated by running current through it .	by running current through it	How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated ?
These gauges are accurate from 10 torr to 10 − 3 torr , but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being measured .	chemical composition of the gases being measured	What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to ?
A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector -LRB- RTD -RRB- can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament .	to measure the temperature of the filament	What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge ?
These gauges are accurate from 10 torr to 10 − 3 torr , but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being measured .	10 torr to 10−3 torr	A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges ?
The current depends on the number of ions , which depends on the pressure in the gauge .	the pressure in the gauge	What affects the number of ions in a gauge ?
The composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable , so a mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge for accurate measurement .	mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge	What must be used for accurate measurement on the composition of gases at a high vacuums ?
Cold cathode gauges are accurate from 10 − 2 torr to 10 − 9 torr .	Cold cathode gauges	What gauge is accurate from 10-2 torr to 10-9 torr ?
The composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable , so a mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge for accurate measurement .	composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable	Why does a mass spectrometer need to be used with gauge to be accurate at high vacuum gas measurement ?
They come in two types : hot cathode and cold cathode .	hot cathode and cold cathode.	What are the two types of Ion gauges ?
Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric , as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere .	sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric,	density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what ?
The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there .	of up to 3 km	What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness in humans ?
Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes , but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture .	after a few seconds	When will a person or animal lose consciousness when exposed to a vacuum ?
Shuttle astronauts wore a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit -LRB- CAPS -RRB- which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa -LRB- 15 Torr -RRB- .	the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS)	A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item ?
Swelling and ebullism can be restrained by containment in a flight suit .	ebullism	What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called ?
The gas may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation , but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture .	tissues are elastic and porous	What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles ?
Some oils and greases will boil off in extreme vacuums .	Some oils and greases	What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure ?
The permeability of the metallic chamber walls may have to be considered , and the grain direction of the metallic flanges should be parallel to the flange face .	parallel	How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces ?
The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing , and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered .	stainless steel or titanium	What are 2 metals that can be absorbed in an ultra high vacuum system ?
The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing , and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered .	water absorption	What becomes a concern in an ultra high vacuum system regarding aluminum or palladium ?
In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory , the vacuum is defined as the state -LRB- that is , the solution to the equations of the theory -RRB- with the lowest possible energy -LRB- the ground state of the Hilbert space -RRB- .	vacuum	The state with the lowest possible energy in quantum mechanics defines what ?
QED vacuum is a state with no matter particles -LRB- hence the name -RRB- , and also no photons .	QED	A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what ?
-LRB- Even if every matter particle could somehow be removed from a volume , it would be impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons . -RRB-	impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons	why is a QED vacuum impossible to achieve ?
In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as ` QED vacuum ' to distinguish it from the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics , denoted as QCD vacuum .	vacuum of quantum chromodynamics,	What is a QCD ?
In QED vacuum , the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values , but their variances are not zero .	In QED vacuum	When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values , but their variances are not at zero ?
Some experimentally verified effects of vacuum fluctuations include spontaneous emission and the Lamb shift .	spontaneous emission	What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation ?
As a result , QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations -LRB- virtual particles that hop into and out of existence -RRB- , and a finite energy called vacuum energy .	virtual particles that hop into and out of existence	what is vacuum fluctuation ?
As a result , QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations -LRB- virtual particles that hop into and out of existence -RRB- , and a finite energy called vacuum energy .	vacuum energy	Finite energy in a QED is called what ?
Coulomb 's law and the electric potential in vacuum near an electric charge are modified .	vacuum near an electric charge	What modifies can Coulomb 's Law in a vacuum ?
The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure , temperature and composition , and varies greatly due to space weather .	due to space weather	` Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly ?
The Earth 's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 × 10 − 2 Pa at 100 kilometres -LRB- 62 mi -RRB- of altitude , the Kármán line , which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space .	the Kármán line	What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space ?
Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments , in units of particles per cubic centimetre .	number density	What do Astrophysicists use to describe outer space beyond the karman line ?
Beyond this line , isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds , so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret .	radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds	What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line ?
Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation .	incandescent light bulb	What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum ?
The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding , cold welding , vacuum packing and vacuum frying .	chemical inertness	What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying ?
High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air , allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination .	obstruction of air,	Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction ?
Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying , adhesive preparation , distillation , metallurgy , and process purging .	Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing	How does freeze drying , distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum ?
The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible , including cathode ray tubes .	electron microscopes and vacuum tubes	What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum ?
The best-known application is the vacuum servo , used to provide power assistance for the brakes .	vacuum servo	What provides power assistance for auto brakes ?
Some aircraft instruments -LRB- Attitude Indicator -LRB- AI -RRB- and the Heading Indicator -LRB- HI -RRB- -RRB- are typically vacuum-powered , as protection against loss of all -LRB- electrically powered -RRB- instruments , since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems , and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft -- the engine and an external venturi .	engine and an external venturi	What are two available sources of vacuum on a moving airplane ?
Some aircraft instruments -LRB- Attitude Indicator -LRB- AI -RRB- and the Heading Indicator -LRB- HI -RRB- -RRB- are typically vacuum-powered , as protection against loss of all -LRB- electrically powered -RRB- instruments , since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems , and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft -- the engine and an external venturi .	protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments,	Why are the Attitude indicator and heading indicator vacuum-powered ?
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles .	drive accessories	What does a manifold vacuum do on a car ?
Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps .	vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps	What no longer used accessories were powered by vacuum ?
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing .	outgassing	what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum ?
Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces , which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials .	obscure optical instruments	Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission ?
All materials , solid or liquid , have a small vapour pressure , and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure .	vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure	When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials ?
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth , a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off , exhausted , and expanded again .	continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth	Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what ?
Inside the pump , a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum .	a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity	How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump ?
Because of the pressure differential , some fluid from the chamber -LRB- or the well , in our example -RRB- is pushed into the pump 's small cavity .	Because of the pressure differential	Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded ?
This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps , like the manual water pump for example .	displacement pumps	What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling , pushing and expanding called ?
Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state , often with no moving parts , no seals and no vibration .	Entrapment pumps	What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state ?
Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state , often with no moving parts , no seals and no vibration .	no vibration.	Entrapment pumps often work without seals , moving parts and what else ?
Momentum transfer pumps , which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures , can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps .	Momentum transfer pumps	What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump ?
Multiple pumps may be connected in series , called stages , to achieve higher vacuums .	stages	When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what ?
Collectively , these are called vacuum technique .	vacuum technique	The choice of seals , or chamber geometry , for example impact a pump . Together these are options are called what ?
Pumping systems differ in oil contamination , vibration , preferential pumping of certain gases , pump-down speeds , intermittent duty cycle , reliability , or tolerance to high leakage rates .	oil contamination, vibration	What are two other relevant characteristics of a pumping system along with final pressure ?
The Han dynasty -LRB- Chinese : 漢朝 ; pinyin : Hàn cháo -RRB- was the second imperial dynasty of China , preceded by the Qin dynasty -LRB- 221 -- 207 BC -RRB- and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period -LRB- 220 -- 280 AD -RRB- .	Three Kingdoms	What period followed the Han dynasty ?
The Han dynasty -LRB- Chinese : 漢朝 ; pinyin : Hàn cháo -RRB- was the second imperial dynasty of China , preceded by the Qin dynasty -LRB- 221 -- 207 BC -RRB- and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period -LRB- 220 -- 280 AD -RRB- .	Qin	What dynasty came before the Han dynasty ?
It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang , known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han , and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty -LRB- 9 -- 23 AD -RRB- of the former regent Wang Mang .	Liu Bang	Who founded the Han dynasty ?
This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods : the Western Han or Former Han -LRB- 206 BC -- 9 AD -RRB- and the Eastern Han or Later Han -LRB- 25 -- 220 AD -RRB- .	206 BC	When did the Former Han period begin ?
This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods : the Western Han or Former Han -LRB- 206 BC -- 9 AD -RRB- and the Eastern Han or Later Han -LRB- 25 -- 220 AD -RRB- .	220 AD	When did the Later Han period end ?
This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in AD 1911 .	AD 1911	When did the Qing dynasty fall ?
The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies , and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms .	commanderies	What innovation was acquired from the Qin ?
From the reign of Emperor Wu onward , the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics , synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu .	Confucianism	What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court ?
These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence , particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States .	the Rebellion of the Seven States	What was an attributing factor that caused kingdoms to lose their Independence during the Han dynasty ?
He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class .	scholarly gentry	What class did a majority of appointed ministers come from during the Han dynasty ?
The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty -LRB- 618 -- 907 AD -RRB- .	119 BC	In what year did the central government issue coins ?
To pay for its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories , the government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC , but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han period .	iron	What industry did the government use to help pay for its military campaigns ?
To pay for its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories , the government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC , but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han period .	Eastern Han	In what period did several government monopolies become repealed ?
The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty -LRB- c. 1050 -- 256 BC -RRB- .	Zhou	A money based economy was first entrenched in what dynasty ?
Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances , including papermaking , the nautical steering rudder , the use of negative numbers in mathematics , the raised-relief map , the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy , and a seismometer employing an inverted pendulum .	inverted	A seismometer during the Han dynasty used what type of pendulum ?
The Xiongnu , a nomadic steppe confederation , defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner , but continued their raids on the Han borders .	The Xiongnu	Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC ?
Emperor Wu of Han -LRB- r. 141 -- 87 BC -RRB- launched several military campaigns against them .	military	What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road ?
Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south , annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC , and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC .	111 BC	In what year was Nanyue annexed ?
The territories north of Han 's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation .	Xianbei	Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han 's border ?
Emperor Wu of Han -LRB- r. 141 -- 87 BC -RRB- launched several military campaigns against them .	87 BC	In what year did Emperor Wu of Han 's reign end ?
Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion .	Daoist	Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion ?
Following the death of Emperor Ling -LRB- r. 168 -- 189 AD -RRB- , the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers , allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire .	military officers	Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling ?
When Cao Pi , King of Wei , usurped the throne from Emperor Xian , the Han dynasty ceased to exist .	Xian	Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty ?
When Cao Pi , King of Wei , usurped the throne from Emperor Xian , the Han dynasty ceased to exist .	Cao Pi	Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian ?
Following the death of Emperor Ling -LRB- r. 168 -- 189 AD -RRB- , the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers , allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire .	189 AD	In what year did Emperor Ling die ?
The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest , but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi .	conquest	With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States ?
Although Xiang Yu proved to be a capable commander , Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia -LRB- 202 BC -RRB- , in modern-day Anhui .	Xiang Yu	Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia ?
The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest , but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi .	Qin Shi Huangdi	Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty ?
Within four years , the dynasty 's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion .	rebellion	What ultimately caused the Qin dynasty 's authority to be dissolved ?
Liu Bang assumed the title `` emperor '' -LRB- huangdi -RRB- at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu -LRB- r. 202 -- 195 BC -RRB- .	his followers	Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor ?
At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty , thirteen centrally controlled commanderies -- including the capital region -- existed in the western third of the empire , while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms .	thirteen	How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire ?
Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff ; this duty was assumed by the imperial court .	imperial court	Who could appoint staff to the kings ?
After several insurrections by Han kings -- the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC -- the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies .	154 BC	When was the Rebellion of the Seven States ?
Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes .	tax revenues	From what source did kings derive their personal income from ?
By 157 BC , the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal Liu family members , since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned .	Liu	The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family ?
To the north of China proper , the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu -LRB- r. 209 -- 174 BC -RRB- conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe .	Modu Chanyu	Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu ?
Although the embargo was in place , the Xiongnu found traders willing to supply their needs .	the Xiongnu	What group had a trade embargo created against them ?
In retaliation , the Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province , where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC .	200 BC	In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng ?
After negotiations , the heqin agreement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders of the Xiongnu and the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance , but the Han were forced to send large amounts of tribute items such as silk clothes , food , and wine to the Xiongnu .	heqin	What agreement established equality between the Xiongnu and the Han ?
After negotiations , the heqin agreement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders of the Xiongnu and the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance , but the Han were forced to send large amounts of tribute items such as silk clothes , food , and wine to the Xiongnu .	silk clothes	What type of clothing were sent as a tribute to the Xiongnu ?
In a court conference assembled by Emperor Wu -LRB- r. 141 -- 87 BC -RRB- in 135 BC , the majority consensus of the ministers was to retain the heqin agreement .	135 BC	The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year ?
When this plot failed in 133 BC , Emperor Wu launched a series of massive military invasions into Xiongnu territory .	133 BC	In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories ?
Chinese armies captured one stronghold after another and established agricultural colonies to strengthen their hold .	agricultural	What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over ?
The assault culminated in 119 BC at the Battle of Mobei , where the Han commanders Huo Qubing -LRB- d. 117 BC -RRB- and Wei Qing -LRB- d. 106 BC -RRB- forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the Gobi Desert .	119 BC	In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place ?
The assault culminated in 119 BC at the Battle of Mobei , where the Han commanders Huo Qubing -LRB- d. 117 BC -RRB- and Wei Qing -LRB- d. 106 BC -RRB- forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the Gobi Desert .	Wei Qing	Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC ?
The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers .	soldiers	Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier ?
On occasion , the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements , along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor .	the court	Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements ?
They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC .	111 BC	In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion ?
The court also encouraged commoners , such as farmers , merchants , landowners , and hired laborers , to voluntarily migrate to the frontier .	the frontier	Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to ?
In that year , the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region : Jiuquan , Zhangyi , Dunhuang , and Wuwei .	four	How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC ?
These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire , bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China .	glasswares	What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network ?
Even before Han 's expansion into Central Asia , diplomat Zhang Qian 's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations .	Zhang Qian	Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi ?
Even before Han 's expansion into Central Asia , diplomat Zhang Qian 's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations .	125 BC	When did Zhang Qian end his travels ?
These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire , bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China .	Silk Road	Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome ?
All of these countries eventually received Han embassies .	Han	What empire had established an embassy in Anxi ?
From roughly 115 to 60 BC , Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin .	the Xiongnu	Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin ?
In China 's first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD , the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households .	2 AD	When was the first national census taken in China ?
In China 's first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD , the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households .	57,671,400	What was the population of China in 2 AD ?
Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC , which dealt with the region 's defense and foreign affairs .	60 BC	What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in ?
Yunnan was brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC , followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC .	Dian	Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC ?
He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants .	former merchants	Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies ?
The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC , and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han .	81 BC	When was the liquor monopoly abolished ?
The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wu 's reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang -LRB- d. 68 BC -RRB- .	Modernist	Which faction did the Reformists oppose ?
The Reformists , however , overturned these policies , favoring a cautious , non-expansionary approach to foreign policy , frugal budget reform , and lower tax-rates imposed on private entrepreneurs .	The Reformists	Which political faction favored budgetary reform ?
The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wu 's reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang -LRB- d. 68 BC -RRB- .	68 BC	In what year did Huo Guang die ?
Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful .	Wang Mang	Who tried to outlaw slavery ?
Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works .	Gradual silt buildup	What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase ?
The Yellow River split into two new branches : one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula , though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD .	Han engineers	Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow River ?
The Yellow River split into two new branches : one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula , though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD .	The Yellow River	What emptied out to the south of the Shandong Peninsula ?
Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition , Wang 's regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of c. 3 AD and 11 AD .	massive floods	What caused the end of Wang Mang 's regime ?
From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang .	Luoyang	Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu ?
The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han dynasty -LRB- simplified Chinese : 东汉 ; traditional Chinese : 東漢 ; pinyin : Dōng Hàn -RRB- or the Later Han dynasty -LRB- simplified Chinese : 后汉 ; traditional Chinese : 後漢 ; pinyin : Hòu Hàn -RRB- -LRB- 25 -- 220 AD -RRB- .	Eastern Han dynasty	What era does the reign of Guangwu fall under ?
The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han dynasty -LRB- simplified Chinese : 东汉 ; traditional Chinese : 東漢 ; pinyin : Dōng Hàn -RRB- or the Later Han dynasty -LRB- simplified Chinese : 后汉 ; traditional Chinese : 後漢 ; pinyin : Hòu Hàn -RRB- -LRB- 25 -- 220 AD -RRB- .	Later Han dynasty	What can the Eastern Han dynasty also be called ?
During this period the capital was at Chang ` an -LRB- modern Xi'an -RRB- .	Chang'an	Where was the capital located during the Western Han dynasty ?
The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang 's reign is known as the Western Han dynasty -LRB- simplified Chinese : 西汉 ; traditional Chinese : 西漢 ; pinyin : Xī Hàn -RRB- or Former Han dynasty -LRB- simplified Chinese : 前汉 ; traditional Chinese : 前漢 ; pinyin : Qiánhàn -RRB- -LRB- 206 BC -- 9 AD -RRB- .	Former Han dynasty	What can the Western Han dynasty also be called ?
The Eastern Han , also known as the Later Han , formally began on 5 August 25 , when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han .	5 August 25	On what date did the Eastern Han dynasty begin ?
The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40 .	The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam	Who started a rebellion against Han in the year AD 40 ?
During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang , the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han 's Korean commanderies ; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30 .	Goguryeo	Which state raided Han 's Korean commanderies ?
Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan -LRB- d. AD 49 -RRB- in a campaign from AD 42 -- 43 .	AD 49	In what year did Ma Yuan die ?
Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu , who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi -LRB- 比 -RRB- , a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu -LRB- 蒲奴 -RRB- , submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50 .	Bi	Who was the leader of the Xiongnu ?
During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang , Han lost control over the Tarim Basin , which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade Han 's Hexi Corridor in Gansu .	Tarim	Which Basin did the Han lose authority of ?
After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu -LRB- d. AD 75 -RRB- was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha , the garrison at Hami was withdrawn .	AD 75	When did Chen Mu die ?
After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91 , the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people .	Ili River valley	Where did the Northern Xiongnu flee to in AD 91 ?
After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu -LRB- d. AD 75 -RRB- was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha , the garrison at Hami was withdrawn .	Chen Mu	Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions ?
During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang , Han lost control over the Tarim Basin , which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade Han 's Hexi Corridor in Gansu .	the Northern Xiongnu	Who conquered the Tarim Basin in AD 63 ?
When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises -LRB- r. c. 90 -- c. 100 AD -RRB- for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90 , he sent his forces to Wakhan -LRB- Afghanistan -RRB- to attack Ban Chao .	Vima Kadphises	Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90 ?
In AD 91 , the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao .	Ban Chao	Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91 ?
Ban Chao -LRB- d. AD 102 -RRB- enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire , occupying the area of modern India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan , to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana .	Kushan	Which empire sent armies to attack Ban Chao ?
Ban Chao -LRB- d. AD 102 -RRB- enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire , occupying the area of modern India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan , to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana .	Kushan	Which empire was asked to help subdue Kashgar ?
Ban Chao -LRB- d. AD 102 -RRB- enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire , occupying the area of modern India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan , to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana .	Sogdiana	Who was allied with Kashgar ?
Other travelers to Eastern-Han China included Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese , such as An Shigao of Parthia , and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara , India .	Buddhist monks	Who translated written works into Chinese ?
In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans , the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire , from a king in modern Burma , from a ruler in Japan , and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin -LRB- Rome -RRB- in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary .	Gan Ying	Which member of the Han Empire was sent to Daqin in AD 97 ?
A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius -LRB- r. 161 -- 180 AD -RRB- is recorded in the Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han -LRB- r. AD 146 -- 168 -RRB- in AD 166 , yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants .	AD 146	When did Emperor Huan 's reign begin ?
A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius -LRB- r. 161 -- 180 AD -RRB- is recorded in the Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han -LRB- r. AD 146 -- 168 -RRB- in AD 166 , yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants .	A Roman embassy	Who reached the court of Emperor Huan in AD 166 ?
In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans , the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire , from a king in modern Burma , from a ruler in Japan , and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin -LRB- Rome -RRB- in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary .	Parthian	Which empire sent the Han gifts ?
With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong -LRB- d. 107 AD -RRB- , Emperor He -LRB- r. 88 -- 105 AD -RRB- had Empress Dowager Dou -LRB- d. 97 AD -RRB- put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power .	Empress Dowager Dou	Who was prevented from leaving their house ?
After Emperor He 's death , his wife Empress Deng Sui -LRB- d. 121 AD -RRB- managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD .	Empress Deng Sui	Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He ?
With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong -LRB- d. 107 AD -RRB- , Emperor He -LRB- r. 88 -- 105 AD -RRB- had Empress Dowager Dou -LRB- d. 97 AD -RRB- put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power .	105 AD	When did Emperor He 's reign end ?
With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong -LRB- d. 107 AD -RRB- , Emperor He -LRB- r. 88 -- 105 AD -RRB- had Empress Dowager Dou -LRB- d. 97 AD -RRB- put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power .	Empress Dowager Dou	Who concealed the identity of Emperor He 's mother ?
After Emperor He 's death , his wife Empress Deng Sui -LRB- d. 121 AD -RRB- managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD .	118 AD	When did the Qiang rebellion end ?
When Empress Dowager Deng died , Emperor An -LRB- r. 106 -- 125 AD -RRB- was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run -LRB- 李閏 -RRB- and Jiang Jing -LRB- 江京 -RRB- that Deng and her family had planned to depose him .	Emperor An	Who had forced a large number of Empress Dowager Deng 's clan members to kill themselves ?
However , palace eunuch Sun Cheng -LRB- d. 132 AD -RRB- masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han -LRB- r. 125 -- 144 AD -RRB- .	Sun Cheng	Which person plotted to overthrew the regime of Empress Dowager Yan ?
Afterward , Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji , who was then forced to commit suicide .	eunuchs	Who did Emperor Huan hire to depose Liang Ji ?
Yan was placed under house arrest , her relatives were either killed or exiled , and her eunuch allies were slaughtered .	Yan	Relatives of what family were exiled after Sun Cheng had overthrown the regime ?
Afterward , Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji , who was then forced to commit suicide .	forced to commit suicide	How did Liang Ji die ?
Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying -LRB- 李膺 -RRB- and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason .	treason	On what charge was Li Ying jailed for ?
Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying -LRB- 李膺 -RRB- and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason .	Palace eunuchs	Who was responsible for imprisoning Li Ying ?
Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis .	economic	During what type of crisis did Emperor Huan alienate the bureaucracy ?
Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan 's court .	Imperial	Students from what university led a protest against members of Huan 's court ?
In 167 AD , the Grand Commandant Dou Wu -LRB- d. 168 AD -RRB- convinced his son-in-law , Emperor Huan , to release them .	168 AD	When did Dou Wu die ?
When the plot was uncovered , the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou -LRB- d. 172 AD -RRB- and Chen Fan .	the eunuchs	Who arrested Chen Fan in a failed plot ?
When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu , he was forced to commit suicide .	he was forced to commit suicide	How did Dou Wu pass away ?
General Zhang Huan -LRB- 張奐 -RRB- favored the eunuchs .	General Zhang Huan	Who made accusations of treason against Dou Wu ?
General Zhang Huan -LRB- 張奐 -RRB- favored the eunuchs .	the eunuchs	Which group was favorable to Zhang Huan ?
Following Huan 's death , Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan -LRB- 陳蕃 -RRB- -LRB- d. 168 AD -RRB- attempted a coup d'état against the eunuchs Hou Lan -LRB- d. 172 AD -RRB- , Cao Jie -LRB- d. 181 AD -RRB- , and Wang Fu -LRB- 王甫 -RRB- .	coup d'état	What type of action was attempted on the eunuchs ?
The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD , largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions .	184 AD	In what year did the Partisan Prohibitions end ?
Zhang Lu 's rebellion , in modern northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi , was not quelled until 215 AD .	215 AD	In what year did Zhang Lu 's rebellion end ?
Zhang Jue 's massive rebellion across eight provinces was annihilated by Han forces within a year , however the following decades saw much smaller recurrent uprisings .	eight	How many provinces did Zhang Jue 's rebellion take place in ?
The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents belonged to two different hierarchical Daoist religious societies led by faith healers Zhang Jue -LRB- d. 184 AD -RRB- and Zhang Lu -LRB- d. 216 AD -RRB- , respectively .	faith	What type of healer was Zhang Jue ?
The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents belonged to two different hierarchical Daoist religious societies led by faith healers Zhang Jue -LRB- d. 184 AD -RRB- and Zhang Lu -LRB- d. 216 AD -RRB- , respectively .	Daoist	What religion did Zhang Jue practice ?
The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22 , 189 AD .	He Jin	Who was assassinated on September 22 , 189 AD ?
After a period of hesitation , Empress He consented .	Empress He	Who agreed to the execuation of the eunuchs ?
When the eunuchs discovered this , however , they had her brother He Miao -LRB- 何苗 -RRB- rescind the order .	He Miao	Who negated the execution order on the eunuchs ?
Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao -LRB- r. 189 AD -RRB- and his brother Liu Xie -- the future Emperor Xian of Han -LRB- r. 189 -- 220 AD -RRB- .	Liu Xie	Who was the family member that Emperor Shao escaped with ?
There , in a written petition to Empress He , they demanded the eunuchs ' execution .	the eunuchs' execution	What did General-in-Chief He petition Empress He for ?
After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian , Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong , who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang ` an in May 191 AD .	burned	How was Luoyang destroyed ?
After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian , Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong , who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang ` an in May 191 AD .	Dong Zhuo	Who demoted Emperor Shao ?
After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian , Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong , who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang ` an in May 191 AD .	Emperor Xian	What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to ?
General Dong Zhuo -LRB- d. 192 AD -RRB- found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside .	General Dong Zhuo	Who had taken control of Luoyang ?
General Dong Zhuo -LRB- d. 192 AD -RRB- found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside .	192 AD	When did Dong Zhuo die ?
After Cao 's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD , China was divided into three spheres of influence , with Cao Cao dominating the north , Sun Quan -LRB- 182 -- 252 AD -RRB- dominating the south , and Liu Bei -LRB- 161 -- 223 AD -RRB- dominating the west .	Cao	Who was defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD ?
By December his son Cao Pi -LRB- 187 -- 226 AD -RRB- had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei .	Cao Pi	Who did Emperor Xian give his throne to ?
This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states : Cao Wei , Eastern Wu , and Shu Han .	Cao Wei	What state was in a conflict with Eastern Wu , and Shu Han ?
After Cao 's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD , China was divided into three spheres of influence , with Cao Cao dominating the north , Sun Quan -LRB- 182 -- 252 AD -RRB- dominating the south , and Liu Bei -LRB- 161 -- 223 AD -RRB- dominating the west .	Sun Quan	Who was in control of the south of China ?
Cao Cao died in March 220 AD .	March	In what month did Cao Cao die ?
When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han , many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office .	mid-to-late Eastern Han	During what period was it obvious that corruption was widespread in the government ?
The highest rank , of full marquess , came with a state pension and a territorial fiefdom .	full marquess	What rank provided its holder territorial rule ?
Officials who served in government belonged to the wider commoner social class and were ranked just below nobles in social prestige .	commoner social	What class did individuals who served as officials in the government belong to ?
When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han , many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office .	cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships	What was considered to be more important to some than serving the local government ?
Holders of the rank immediately below , that of ordinary marquess , received a pension , but had no territorial rule .	ordinary marquess	What rank is below that of full marquess ?
The farmer , or specifically the small landowner-cultivator , was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy .	The farmer	Who were considered to be below the social rank that scholars held ?
State-registered merchants , who were forced by law to wear white-colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes , were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status .	white-colored	What color of clothing were merchants that had registered with the state forced to wear ?
State-registered merchants , who were forced by law to wear white-colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes , were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status .	State-registered merchants	Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites ?
Wealthy landowners , such as nobles and officials , often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties , sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle .	bandits	Who would retainers in the employ of nobles occasionally have to fight ?
These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces ; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials .	working between a network of cities	How could a merchant prevent having to register as one ?
The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household .	four to five	How many family members would commonly live in a single household during the Han era ?
Arranged marriages were normal , with the father 's input on his offspring 's spouse being considered more important than the mother 's .	the father's	Whose opinion on the spouse of an arranged marriage was considered to be more important ?
Monogamous marriages were also normal , although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers .	nobles and high officials	Who were rich enough to afford multiple lovers ?
The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household .	patrilineal	What type of family was your typical Han era family considered to be ?
Arranged marriages were normal , with the father 's input on his offspring 's spouse being considered more important than the mother 's .	Arranged marriages	What type of marriage was thought of as a normal occurrence in this era ?
Daughters received a portion of the family fortune through their marriage dowries , though this was usually much less than the shares of sons .	marriage dowries	How did daughters get their portion of the family fortune ?
Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks , inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture ; each son received an equal share of the family property .	noble	What type of title could be passed down ?
A different distribution of the remainder could be specified in a will , but it is unclear how common this was .	a will	What type of document could be produced to distribute some of an inheritance ?
Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks , inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture ; each son received an equal share of the family property .	inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture	Was is guaranteed that a first born son would receive all of the family 's fortune ?
Unlike the practice in later dynasties , the father usually sent his adult married sons away with their portions of the family fortune .	the father	Which family member commonly sent an adult married offspring away with their portion of the families fortune ?
Women were exempt from the annual corvée labor duties , but often engaged in a range of income-earning occupations aside from their domestic chores of cooking and cleaning .	Women	Which gender was exempt from performing the yearly corvee labor duties ?
However , it is known from contemporary sources that there were many deviations to this rule , especially in regard to mothers over their sons , and empresses who ordered around and openly humiliated their fathers and brothers .	openly humiliated	What emotional state would empresses commonly place their immediate family members in ?
Women were exempt from the annual corvée labor duties , but often engaged in a range of income-earning occupations aside from their domestic chores of cooking and cleaning .	income-earning	What type of occupation did women commonly take part in ?
Women were expected to obey the will of their father , then their husband , and then their adult son in old age .	their adult son	Who were women obligated to obey in their old age ?
However , it is known from contemporary sources that there were many deviations to this rule , especially in regard to mothers over their sons , and empresses who ordered around and openly humiliated their fathers and brothers .	mothers	Which parental figures often avoided the common familial rules ?
However , the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage .	Confucianism	What philosophy was given exclusivity in the court during the rule of Emperor Wu ?
However , the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage .	Emperor Wu	Who put an end to all erudites ?
The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD .	over 30,000	How many students were in the Imperial University by the second century ?
A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns , where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments .	tuition payments	Where did teachers make their money from at private schools ?
Biographies on important figures were written by various gentrymen .	various gentrymen	Who had produced biographies of individuals of significant importance ?
Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the fu genre , which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu .	fu	What type of poetry had much influence in the Han dynasty ?
There were dictionaries such as the Shuowen Jiezi by Xu Shen -LRB- c. 58 -- c. 147 AD -RRB- and the Fangyan by Yang Xiong .	Yang Xiong	Who had written the dictionary Fangyan ?
The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Tan -LRB- d. 110 BC -RRB- and his son Sima Qian -LRB- 145 -- 86 BC -RRB- established the standard model for all of imperial China 's Standard Histories , such as the Book of Han written by Ban Biao -LRB- 3 -- 54 AD -RRB- , his son Ban Gu -LRB- 32 -- 92 AD -RRB- , and his daughter Ban Zhao -LRB- 45 -- 116 AD -RRB- .	Ban Biao	Which person had authored the Book of Han ?
The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Tan -LRB- d. 110 BC -RRB- and his son Sima Qian -LRB- 145 -- 86 BC -RRB- established the standard model for all of imperial China 's Standard Histories , such as the Book of Han written by Ban Biao -LRB- 3 -- 54 AD -RRB- , his son Ban Gu -LRB- 32 -- 92 AD -RRB- , and his daughter Ban Zhao -LRB- 45 -- 116 AD -RRB- .	Ban Zhao	What was the name of Ban Biao 's female offspring ?
Early Han punishments of torturous mutilation were borrowed from Qin law .	mutilation	What type of torture was acquired from Qin law ?
A series of reforms abolished mutilation punishments with progressively less-severe beatings by the bastinado .	progressively less-severe beatings	What eventually replaced torturous mutilation as a type of punishment ?
While suspects were jailed , convicted criminals were never imprisoned .	criminals were never imprisoned	What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime ?
Instead , punishments were commonly monetary fines , periods of forced hard labor for convicts , and the penalty of death by beheading .	death by beheading	What type of extreme punishment was likely to be laid upon those who committed the harshest of crimes ?
Women , although usually having fewer rights by custom , were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men .	rights	What did women commonly have less of ?
The most common staple crops consumed during Han were wheat , barley , foxtail millet , proso millet , rice , and beans .	staple crops	What type of crop was rice considered to be during this period ?
Domesticated animals that were also eaten included chickens , Mandarin ducks , geese , cows , sheep , pigs , camels and dogs -LRB- various types were bred specifically for food , while most were used as pets -RRB- .	pets	What were dogs in this era most likely to be considered ?
Commonly hunted game , such as owl , pheasant , magpie , sika deer , and Chinese bamboo partridge were consumed .	Chinese bamboo	What type of partridge was commonly consumed ?
Turtles and fish were taken from streams and lakes .	streams and lakes	Where were turtles acquired from ?
Commonly eaten fruits and vegetables included chestnuts , pears , plums , peaches , melons , apricots , strawberries , red bayberries , jujubes , calabash , bamboo shoots , mustard plant and taro .	red	What was the color of the bayberries ?
These tombs were commonly adorned with uniquely decorated hollow clay tiles that function also as a doorjamb to the tomb .	hollow clay tiles	What could be used to prevent a door from closing in a place of burial ?
These tombs were commonly adorned with uniquely decorated hollow clay tiles that function also as a doorjamb to the tomb .	hollow clay tiles	What type of decoration was often seen in tombs ?
It was thought that each person had a two-part soul : the spirit-soul -LRB- hun 魂 -RRB- which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals -LRB- xian -RRB- , and the body-soul -LRB- po 魄 -RRB- which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony .	xian	What was the afterlife of the immortals called during this period ?
It was thought that each person had a two-part soul : the spirit-soul -LRB- hun 魂 -RRB- which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals -LRB- xian -RRB- , and the body-soul -LRB- po 魄 -RRB- which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony .	two-part soul	What is the commonly held notion regarding the dual nature of the soul called ?
Otherwise known as tomb tiles , these artifacts feature holes in the top and bottom of the tile allowing it to pivot .	allowing it to pivot	What function did the holes in the top and bottom of the tomb tiles enable them to do ?
In addition to his many other roles , the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven , the main deities known as the Five Powers , and the spirits -LRB- shen 神 -RRB- of mountains and rivers .	the emperor	Who made sacrifices to the main deities in this period ?
If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual , ethics , and morals , he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes , floods , droughts , epidemics , and swarms of locusts .	earthquakes	What type of geological event was feared could be caused by the morals of the emperor ?
In addition to his many other roles , the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven , the main deities known as the Five Powers , and the spirits -LRB- shen 神 -RRB- of mountains and rivers .	the Five Powers	What is another term that could be used to label the main deities ?
It was believed that the three realms of Heaven , Earth , and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of yin and yang and the five phases .	three realms	How many realms were commonly thought of as being linked by a natural cycle ?
If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual , ethics , and morals , he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes , floods , droughts , epidemics , and swarms of locusts .	locusts	What type of swarm was a concern because of the emperor 's ethics ?
Han-era Daoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises , sexual techniques and use of medical elixirs .	achieve immortality	What was the purpose of breathing exercises to a Daoist ?
6th century BC -RRB- was a holy prophet who would offer salvation and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins , ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices and chant sections of the Daodejing .	salvation and good health	What could the prophet Laozi offer in return for the confession of sins ?
By the 2nd century AD , Daoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice .	Daoists	What type of religion did the society of the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice practice ?
It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai .	immortality	What could be earned if an individual had reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West ?
6th century BC -RRB- was a holy prophet who would offer salvation and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins , ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices and chant sections of the Daodejing .	Daodejing	What literal work were followers of Laozi expected to chant ?
Buddhism first entered China during the Eastern Han and was first mentioned in 65 AD .	Eastern Han	During was era did Buddhism first appear in the region ?
Liu Ying -LRB- d. 71 AD -RRB- , a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han -LRB- r. 57 -- 75 AD -RRB- , was one of its earliest Chinese adherents , although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism .	75 AD	When did Emperor Ming of Han 's reign end ?
Buddhism first entered China during the Eastern Han and was first mentioned in 65 AD .	Buddhism	What philosophical practice did Liu Ying believe in ?
China 's first known Buddhist temple , the White Horse Temple , was erected during Ming 's reign .	the White Horse Temple	What is believed to be the first Buddhist temple in this area ?
Important Buddhist canons were translated into Chinese during the 2nd century AD , including the Sutra of Forty-two Chapters , Perfection of Wisdom , Shurangama Sutra , and Pratyutpanna Sutra .	2nd century AD	During which century were important Buddhist notions translated to Chinese ?
In Han government , the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver , the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations ; those who earned a 600-dan salary-rank or higher .	the emperor	Who was responsible for nominations of local administrators in the government ?
Nevertheless , emperors sometimes did reject the majority opinion reached at court conferences .	sometimes did reject the majority opinion	Was the emperor able to reject an opinion that was made by the court conference ?
If the emperor rejected a court conference decision , he risked alienating his high ministers .	alienating his high ministers	What did the emperor risk if he did not accept the decisions of the court conference ?
However , state organs with competing interests and institutions such as the court conference -LRB- tingyi 廷議 -RRB- -- where ministers were convened to reach majority consensus on an issue -- pressured the emperor to accept the advice of his ministers on policy decisions .	court conference	Who often placed pressure on the emperor in regards to local policies ?
In Han government , the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver , the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations ; those who earned a 600-dan salary-rank or higher .	the emperor	Who was considered to be the supreme judge in Han government ?
The Minister Coachman was responsible for the maintenance of imperial stables , horses , carriages and coach-houses for the emperor and his palace attendants , as well as the supply of horses for the armed forces .	The Minister Coachman	Which individual had a duty to maintain the imperial stables ?
The Minister of Justice was the chief official in charge of upholding , administering , and interpreting the law .	The Minister of Justice	Which Minister had the responsibility to interpret laws in this period ?
The Minister Herald was the chief official in charge of receiving honored guests at the imperial court , such as nobles and foreign ambassadors .	The Minister Herald	Which Minister could an honored guest of the court be expected to see ?
The Minister Steward served the emperor exclusively , providing him with entertainment and amusements , proper food and clothing , medicine and physical care , valuables and equipment .	The Minister Steward	Who provided the emperor with sustenance and medical aid ?
The Minister of the Imperial Clan oversaw the imperial court 's interactions with the empire 's nobility and extended imperial family , such as granting fiefs and titles .	The Minister of the Imperial Clan	Which individual held the responsibility to oversee the interactions of the empire 's nobles with the court ?
A commandery consisted of a group of counties , and was headed by an Administrator .	an Administrator	What individual was typically in charge of a commandery ?
The head of a large county of about 10,000 households was called a Prefect , while the heads of smaller counties were called Chiefs , and both could be referred to as Magistrates .	10,000	Around how many households was a Prefect responsible for ?
A Magistrate maintained law and order in his county , registered the populace for taxation , mobilized commoners for annual corvée duties , repaired schools and supervised public works .	A Magistrate	What individual was responsible for law and maintaining order in the county ?
He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense , lawsuits , seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emperor Wu .	Emperor Wu	What Emperor initially created the quota system ?
The head of a large county of about 10,000 households was called a Prefect , while the heads of smaller counties were called Chiefs , and both could be referred to as Magistrates .	Chiefs	Who was in charge of counties that had fewer than 10,000 people in them ?
At the beginning of the Han dynasty , every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military .	male	What gender was expected to be conscripted into the military ?
At the beginning of the Han dynasty , every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military .	twenty-three	At what age could a male common expect to be conscripted into the military ?
Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers .	one year	How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for ?
The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhao 's -LRB- r. 87 -- 74 BC -RRB- reign .	twenty	What was the lowest age a soldier could be conscripted after the end of Emperor Zhao 's tenure ?
The year of active service was served either on the frontier , in a king 's court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital .	Minister of the Guards	Which Minister could a conscripted soldier expect to serve under during his year of service ?
During the Eastern Han , conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax .	one paid a commutable tax	How could conscription into military service be avoided ?
The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army -LRB- Nanjun 南軍 -RRB- , while the standing army stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army -LRB- Beijun 北軍 -RRB- .	Northern Army	What army was based near the capital ?
The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army -LRB- Nanjun 南軍 -RRB- , while the standing army stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army -LRB- Beijun 北軍 -RRB- .	Southern Army	What army was considered to be the volunteer army ?
Led by Colonels -LRB- Xiaowei 校尉 -RRB- , the Northern Army consisted of five regiments , each composed of several thousand soldiers .	five	How many regiments were in the Northern Army ?
Led by Colonels -LRB- Xiaowei 校尉 -RRB- , the Northern Army consisted of five regiments , each composed of several thousand soldiers .	several thousand soldiers	Around how many soldiers were in each regiment of the Northern Army ?
The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin .	the Qin	Where did the Han dynasty receive their coin type from ?
In the beginning of the Han , Emperor Gaozu closed the government mint in favor of private minting of coins .	Emperor Gaozu	Who closed the government mint ?
This decision was reversed in 186 BC by his widow Grand Empress Dowager Lü Zhi -LRB- d. 180 BC -RRB- , who abolished private minting .	186 BC	In what year was the decision reversing the closure of the government mint implemented ?
In 182 BC , Lü Zhi issued a bronze coin that was much lighter in weight than previous coins .	Lü Zhi	Who released new lighter coinage that caused significant amounts of inflation because of it 's weight ?
This caused widespread inflation that was not reduced until 175 BC when Emperor Wen allowed private minters to manufacture coins that were precisely 2.6 g -LRB- 0.09 oz -RRB- in weight .	175 BC	In what year were private manufactures allowed to create coins that were exactly 2.6 g in mass ?
Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC , but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu -LRB- 五銖 -RRB- coin , weighing 3.2 g -LRB- 0.11 oz -RRB- .	wuzhu	What coin replaced the ban liangs after only a year of distribution ?
Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC , but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu -LRB- 五銖 -RRB- coin , weighing 3.2 g -LRB- 0.11 oz -RRB- .	Emperor Wu	Who introduced new coinage in the year of 120 BC ?
The wuzhu became China 's standard coin until the Tang dynasty -LRB- 618 -- 907 AD -RRB- .	Tang dynasty	During what dynasty did the wuzhu stop being the standard coin ?
Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC , but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu -LRB- 五銖 -RRB- coin , weighing 3.2 g -LRB- 0.11 oz -RRB- .	3.2 g	What was the mass of the wuzhu coin ?
Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mang 's regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu .	several new currencies	What interrupted the use of the wuzhu coin during the reign of Wang Mang ?
The small landowner-cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base ; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords .	landowner-cultivators	Which group made up the bulk of the Han tax base ?
The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small landowner-cultivators out of debt and on their own farms .	The Han government	Who made reductions in the taxes that landowner-cultivators were forced to pay ?
The small landowner-cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base ; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords .	Eastern Han	During what period did a large number of peasants incur debt ?
These reforms included reducing taxes , temporary remissions of taxes , granting loans and providing landless peasants temporary lodging and work in agricultural colonies until they could recover from their debts .	temporary	What type of housing did the Han government provide to landless indebted peasants ?
The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small landowner-cultivators out of debt and on their own farms .	enacted reforms	What did the Han government do to help out smaller landowners ?
To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs , Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the monopolies .	117 BC	In which year did Emperor Wu monopolize several industries ?
To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs , Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the monopolies .	Emperor Wu	Who allowed industrialists to become officials in the newly state sanctioned industries ?
By Eastern Han times , the central government monopolies were repealed in favor of production by commandery and county administrations , as well as private businessmen .	Eastern Han	During what period did the governmental monopolies become privatized once again ?
To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs , Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the monopolies .	nationalized the salt and iron industries	What did Emperor Wu do to negate the influence of private entrepreneurs ?
In the early Western Han , a wealthy salt or iron industrialist , whether a semi-autonomous king or wealthy merchant , could boast funds that rivaled the imperial treasury and amass a peasant workforce of over a thousand .	Western Han	During what era could a wealthy iron industrialist be able to rival the treasury in funds ?
Liquor was another profitable private industry nationalized by the central government in 98 BC .	Liquor	What industry was monopolized by the government in 98 BC ?
However , this was repealed in 81 BC and a property tax rate of two coins for every 0.2 L -LRB- 0.05 gallons -RRB- was levied for those who traded it privately .	81 BC	In what year did the liquor industry once again become privatized ?
Apart from Emperor Ming 's creation of a short-lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization , which was abolished in 68 AD , central-government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han .	price control regulations	What was mostly missing during the Eastern Han ?
By 110 BC Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government-stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants .	grain	What did Emperor Wu sell that offended the merchants ?
Apart from Emperor Ming 's creation of a short-lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization , which was abolished in 68 AD , central-government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han .	Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization	What office did Emperor Ming create ?
Evidence suggests that blast furnaces , that convert raw iron ore into pig iron , which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast , were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period -LRB- 722 -- 481 BC -RRB- .	blast	What type of furnace was functional in China in 722 BC ?
The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China ; however , the Han-era Chinese produced wrought iron by injecting excess oxygen into a furnace and causing decarburization .	oxygen	What element was used in the production of wrought iron ?
Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a fining process .	wrought	What type of iron could pig iron be converted into ?
Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a fining process .	fining	What type of process was used to convert various metals into steel ?
Evidence suggests that blast furnaces , that convert raw iron ore into pig iron , which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast , were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period -LRB- 722 -- 481 BC -RRB- .	pig iron	What can iron ore be converted into in a blast furnace ?
The three-legged iron seed drill , invented by the 2nd century BC , enabled farmers to carefully plant crops in rows instead of casting seeds out by hand .	The three-legged iron seed drill	What was an invention that allowed farmers to place their crops into rows ?
The heavy moldboard iron plow , also invented during the Han dynasty , required only one man to control it , two oxen to pull it .	two oxen	How many animals were neccessary to pull an iron plow ?
It had three plowshares , a seed box for the drills , a tool which turned down the soil and could sow roughly 45,730 m2 -LRB- 11.3 acres -RRB- of land in a single day .	11.3 acres	How many acres of land could succesfully be sowed with a seed box in a day ?
The heavy moldboard iron plow , also invented during the Han dynasty , required only one man to control it , two oxen to pull it .	one man	How many persons were necessary to operate an iron plow ?
A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools .	improved iron-smelting techniques	What methodology allowed the production of new agricultural tools ?
To protect crops from wind and drought , the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo -LRB- 趙過 -RRB- created the alternating fields system -LRB- daitianfa 代田法 -RRB- during Emperor Wu 's reign .	the alternating fields system	What helped insure the safety of crops from wind ?
Han farmers also used the pit field system -LRB- aotian 凹田 -RRB- for growing crops , which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require plows or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain .	pit field system	What was the name of the system that for growing crops that did not require plows ?
In southern and small parts of central Han-era China , paddy fields were chiefly used to grow rice , while farmers along the Huai River used transplantation methods of rice production .	rice	What were paddy fields used for primarily to grow in smaller areas ?
To protect crops from wind and drought , the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo -LRB- 趙過 -RRB- created the alternating fields system -LRB- daitianfa 代田法 -RRB- during Emperor Wu 's reign .	alternating fields system	What system did the government recommend the usage of ?
To protect crops from wind and drought , the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo -LRB- 趙過 -RRB- created the alternating fields system -LRB- daitianfa 代田法 -RRB- during Emperor Wu 's reign .	Zhao Guo	What was the name of the Grain Intendant ?
Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty ; it was used to build palace halls , multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses .	Timber	What building material was used primarily during the Han dynasty ?
The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty -LRB- 618 -- 907 AD -RRB- .	Tang	What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to ?
The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty -LRB- 618 -- 907 AD -RRB- .	907 AD	What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty ?
Because wood decays rapidly , the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles .	ceramic roof tiles	What type of object is the only evidence of Han 's wooden constructions ?
Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty ; it was used to build palace halls , multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses .	Timber	What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty ?
Monumental stone pillar-gates , twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period , formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites .	twenty-nine	How many stone pillar-gates survive from the Han era ?
Monumental stone pillar-gates , twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period , formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites .	stone pillar-gates	What architectural feature contained an imitation of a balustrade ?
This includes stone pillar-gates , brick tomb chambers , rammed-earth city walls , rammed-earth and brick beacon towers , rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall , rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood , and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu .	brick	What building material were tomb chambers constructed with ?
The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Chang ` an and Luoyang still stand , along with their drainage systems of brick arches , ditches , and ceramic water pipes .	rammed-earth	What were the walls that encompassed the city of Luoyang comprised of ?
The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Chang ` an and Luoyang still stand , along with their drainage systems of brick arches , ditches , and ceramic water pipes .	drainage systems	What type of system used ceramic water pipes ?
Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars .	Confucian	What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period ?
For example , in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine , which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing .	Yang Xiong	Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive ?
The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan -LRB- 丁緩 -RRB- are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital .	Ding Huan	Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp ?
Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world 's first known zoetrope lamp .	gimbals	What can be used as a support structure in incense burners ?
Around 180 AD , Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings .	rotary fan	What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings ?
The odometer cart , invented during Han , measured journey lengths , using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled .	Han	During which period was the odometer cart first created ?
Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty , for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements .	sliding metal calipers	What item was used to make very small measurements during this era ?
Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources .	artwork	What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era ?
As observed in Han miniature tomb models , but not in literary sources , the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff .	winnowing machines	What was used to separate parts of grain ?
The odometer cart , invented during Han , measured journey lengths , using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled .	measured journey lengths	What use did the odometer cart provide ?
Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches .	Waterwheels	What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches ?
The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi -LRB- d. 38 AD -RRB- created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron .	Nanyang	What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from ?
The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century-AD Balanced Discourse .	Wang Chong	Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse ?
However , there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century .	about the 5th century	During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China ?
The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han .	Han	During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings ?
Using a water clock , waterwheel and a series of gears , the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng -LRB- 78 -- 139 AD -RRB- was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere .	Zhang Heng	Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer ?
Zhang also invented a seismometer -LRB- Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪 -RRB- in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away .	132 AD	In what year was the seismometer first invented ?
This employed an inverted pendulum that , when disturbed by ground tremors , would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths -LRB- representing all eight directions -RRB- into a metal toad 's mouth .	eight	How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng 's invention of the seismometer ?
Zhang also invented a seismometer -LRB- Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪 -RRB- in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away .	seismometer	What invention included an inverted pendulum ?
This employed an inverted pendulum that , when disturbed by ground tremors , would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths -LRB- representing all eight directions -RRB- into a metal toad 's mouth .	metal ball	What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer ?
Three Han mathematical treatises still exist .	mathematical	What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be ?
Three Han mathematical treatises still exist .	Three	How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day ?
Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles , square roots , cube roots , and matrix methods , finding more accurate approximations for pi , providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem , use of the decimal fraction , Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations , and continued fractions to find the roots of equations .	Gaussian elimination	What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations ?
Three Han mathematical treatises still exist .	Han	During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from ?
Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles , square roots , cube roots , and matrix methods , finding more accurate approximations for pi , providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem , use of the decimal fraction , Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations , and continued fractions to find the roots of equations .	continued fractions	What can be used to help find the roots of equations ?
Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods , where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods .	the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art	In what treatise did negative numbers first appear ?
Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods , where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods .	as black counting rods	How were negative numbers first described during the Han period ?
Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD , but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD .	16th century AD	In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe ?
Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India , but its exact date of compilation is unknown .	Bakhshali	What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers ?
Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods , where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods .	red counting rods	What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art ?
Although others disagreed with his model , Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds .	Wang Chong	Who was able to describe the process of evaporation ?
They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight , that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon , and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth .	the Earth	What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse ?
They assumed that the Sun , Moon , and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped .	spherical	What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era ?
Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe , theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center .	the earth	What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe ?
Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb .	silk	What textile were some of the early Han maps made from ?
Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb .	tomb	In what type of building were silken maps found ?
The general Ma Yuan created the world 's first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century AD .	Ma Yuan	Which individual created the very first raised relief map ?
The general Ma Yuan created the world 's first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century AD .	rice	What food stable was the first raised relief map created from ?
The junk design was developed and realized during Han .	The junk design	What type of boat design was first invented during the Han era ?
Moreover , Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern , in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport , allowing them to sail on the high seas .	high seas	In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder ?
Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern , a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost , and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels .	Junks	What ship design contained a flat-bottomed hull ?
Moreover , Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern , in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport , allowing them to sail on the high seas .	riverine transport	What type of transport was the steering oar most likely to be used during ?
Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe , namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases .	Han-era medical physicians	Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body ?
When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo -LRB- d. 208 AD -RRB- , he used anesthesia to numb his patients ' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds .	anesthesia	What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain ?
To this end , the physician Zhang Zhongjing -LRB- c. 150 -- c. 219 AD -RRB- prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses .	physician	What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in ?
To this end , the physician Zhang Zhongjing -LRB- c. 150 -- c. 219 AD -RRB- prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses .	prescribed regulated diets	How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses ?
When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo -LRB- d. 208 AD -RRB- , he used anesthesia to numb his patients ' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds .	208 AD	When did Hua Tuo die ?
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea , but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas , where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age .	Aegean and Ionian seas	Which two seas have been most central to Greek history ?
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea , but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas , where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age .	Bronze	During which prehistoric age was the Greek language invented ?
The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens , Thessalonica , Alexandria , Smyrna , and Constantinople at various periods .	Constantinople	Which city in modern Turkey was once a major center of Greek culture ?
Until the early 20th century , Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula , the western coast of Asia Minor , the Black Sea coast , Cappadocia in central Anatolia , Egypt , the Balkans , Cyprus , and Constantinople .	Egypt	Which area of North Africa has hosted Greek communities in the past ?
Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization .	Byzantine Empire	What eleventh century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece 's ?
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea , but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas , where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age .	Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea	Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ?
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea , but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas , where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age .	Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas	Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ?
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea , but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas , where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age .	the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.	When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ?
Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization .	these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century	What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ?
The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens , Thessalonica , Alexandria , Smyrna , and Constantinople at various periods .	The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.	Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ?
The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages .	Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages.	What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ?
The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared , for one , by the Armenian language , which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek ; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian , although evidence remains scant .	The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels	What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?
The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared , for one , by the Armenian language , which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek ; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian , although evidence remains scant .	word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language	What other language has this same trait ?
The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared , for one , by the Armenian language , which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek ; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian , although evidence remains scant .	phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian	What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?
The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared , for one , by the Armenian language , which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek ; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian , although evidence remains scant .	linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.	How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?
Around 1200 BC , the Dorians , another Greek-speaking people , followed from Epirus .	the Dorians	What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe , now a mutual region between Greece and Albania ?
Around 1200 BC , the Dorians , another Greek-speaking people , followed from Epirus .	Around 1200 BC	When did these groups make the migration ?
Traditionally , historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization , but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders -LRB- sea peoples -RRB- who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC .	the Mycenaean civilization,	What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ?
Traditionally , historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization , but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders -LRB- sea peoples -RRB- who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC .	it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples)	Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ?
Traditionally , historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization , but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders -LRB- sea peoples -RRB- who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC .	seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC	What areas were being explored by others in by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived ?
The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes , closeness of the gods and material wealth .	Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors	How did the Greeks look upon their forebears ?
The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes , closeness of the gods and material wealth .	Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth	How did they believe their forebears lived ?
The Homeric Epics -LRB- i.e. Iliad and Odyssey -RRB- were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer 's historicity .	The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past	What literary events were believed to be a fact of truth ?
The Homeric Epics -LRB- i.e. Iliad and Odyssey -RRB- were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer 's historicity .	Homer	Who was the author of these tales ?
As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived , the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece -LRB- e.g. Zeus , Poseidon and Hades -RRB- became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity .	Zeus, Poseidon and Hades	What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that are based on ancestral ties ?
The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC .	The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism	What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society ?
The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC .	development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC.	When did this event occur ?
According to some scholars , the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC , when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture .	the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,	What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?
The works of Homer -LRB- i.e. Iliad and Odyssey -RRB- and Hesiod -LRB- i.e. Theogony -RRB- were written in the 8th century BC , becoming the basis of the national religion , ethos , history and mythology .	The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony)	What was the foundation for spirituality and church ?
The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi was established in this period .	Oracle of Apollo at Delphi	What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ?
The classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great , in 323 BC -LRB- some authors prefer to split this period into ` Classical ' , from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War , and ` Fourth Century ' , up to the death of Alexander -RRB- .	classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC	The time span that is counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras ?
It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras .	It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras	What is so well known about this period ?
The classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great , in 323 BC -LRB- some authors prefer to split this period into ` Classical ' , from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War , and ` Fourth Century ' , up to the death of Alexander -RRB- .	this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander	Are there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period ?
The Classical period is also described as the `` Golden Age '' of Greek civilization , and its art , philosophy , architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture .	The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization	What shiny other name is this time also called ?
The Classical period is also described as the `` Golden Age '' of Greek civilization , and its art , philosophy , architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture .	civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.	What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ?
In any case , Alexander 's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire , after his victories at the battles of the Granicus , Issus and Gaugamela , and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan , provided an important outlet for Greek culture , via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way .	Alexander	What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?
In any case , Alexander 's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire , after his victories at the battles of the Granicus , Issus and Gaugamela , and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan , provided an important outlet for Greek culture , via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way .	provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way	How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?
Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria , Antioch and Seleucia .	Hellenistic cities	What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?
Two thousand years later , there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan , like the Kalash , who claim to be descended from Greek settlers .	there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.	Are any relatives of the first people of the Grecian world still around ?
Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria , Antioch and Seleucia .	cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia.	Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?
This age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state .	the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state.	With the secession away from the smaller communities in the Grecian world , what living situation became of great importance ?
These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi .	larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi.	The kingdoms of Diadochi was comprised of what ?
Greeks , however , remained aware of their past , chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors .	Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors.	How did the cites remind themselves of their beginnings ?
This led to a strong desire among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation .	the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation.	What did the Greeks wants to be imparted to their descendants ?
Greek science , technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period .	Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.	What academia was heightened during this time of Hellenism ?
The spiritual revolution that took place , saw a waning of the old Greek religion , whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East .	decline beginning in the 3rd century BC	When did the religions of the past begin to dissipate ?
The spiritual revolution that took place , saw a waning of the old Greek religion , whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East .	with the introduction of new religious movements from the East.	What encouraged the change of faith ?
The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world .	The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world.	What religions form of worship came from the Eastern sects ?
Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries , and Christianity 's early leaders and writers -LRB- notably St Paul -RRB- were generally Greek-speaking , though none were from Greece .	Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity	What group was significant in the expansion of the Christian faith ?
Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries , and Christianity 's early leaders and writers -LRB- notably St Paul -RRB- were generally Greek-speaking , though none were from Greece .	Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking	What language are the Apostle 's namely believed to have spoken ?
From the early centuries of the Common Era , the Greeks identified as Romaioi -LRB- `` Romans '' -RRB- , by that time the name ` Hellenes ' denoted pagans .	the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans")	What alternative name were the Greeks known by ?
From the early centuries of the Common Era , the Greeks identified as Romaioi -LRB- `` Romans '' -RRB- , by that time the name ` Hellenes ' denoted pagans .	the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans	What did the label of Hellenes come to stand for during the Common Era of Greece ?
While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire , they became secondary to religious considerations and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promoted a robust Roman national identity .	secondary to religious considerations	Did the Roman world consider one ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern ?
Concurrently the secular , urban civilization of late antiquity survived in the Eastern Mediterranean along with Greco-Roman educational system , although it was from Christianity that the culture 's essential values were drawn .	Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.	What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community to the Roman world ?
The Eastern Roman Empire -- today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire , a name not in use during its own time -- became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century , when Emperor Heraclius -LRB- AD 575 - 641 -RRB- decided to make Greek the empire 's official language .	influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,	When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks .
The Eastern Roman Empire -- today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire , a name not in use during its own time -- became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century , when Emperor Heraclius -LRB- AD 575 - 641 -RRB- decided to make Greek the empire 's official language .	Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641)	Who ruled Rome during this time period ?
The Eastern Roman Empire -- today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire , a name not in use during its own time -- became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century , when Emperor Heraclius -LRB- AD 575 - 641 -RRB- decided to make Greek the empire 's official language .	decided to make Greek the empire's official language.	What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?
Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire 's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries , after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne , king of the Franks , as the `` Roman Emperor '' on 25 December 800 , an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire , the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks -LRB- Imperium Graecorum -RRB- .	Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor"	What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ?
Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire 's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries , after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne , king of the Franks , as the `` Roman Emperor '' on 25 December 800 , an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire , the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks -LRB- Imperium Graecorum -RRB- .	the Latin West started to favour the Franks	Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?
A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 , so that when the empire was revived in 1261 , it became in many ways a Greek national state .	the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204	What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ?
A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 , so that when the empire was revived in 1261 , it became in many ways a Greek national state .	empire was revived in 1261	When did the nation reestablish itself ?
That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the Neoplatonist philosopher Gemistus Pletho , who abandoned Christianity .	philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity.	What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ?
The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity , which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks ' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire .	interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity	What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ?
These were further strengthened following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461 , after which and until the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 hundreds of thousands of Pontic Greeks fled or migrated from the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands to southern Russia and the Russian South Caucasus -LRB- see also Greeks in Russia , Greeks in Armenia , Greeks in Georgia , and Caucasian Greeks -RRB- .	second Russo-Turkish War	Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ?
Following the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 , many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West , particularly Italy , Central Europe , Germany and Russia .	Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453	When did the emperor Constantine lose rule over in 1453 ?
Following the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 , many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West , particularly Italy , Central Europe , Germany and Russia .	many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West	What did the populace do in response to the loss ?
In Greek-inhabited territory itself , Greeks came to play a leading role in the Ottoman Empire , due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire , politically , culturally , and socially , was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia , both in Northern Greece , and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated , former Byzantine capital , Constantinople .	in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia	What type of position did Greeks come to hold in the Ottoman Empire ?
Added to this , in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army , navy , and state bureaucracy , having been levied as adolescents -LRB- along with especially Albanians and Serbs -RRB- into Ottoman service through the devshirme .	men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy	Who made up the majority of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire ?
Added to this , in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army , navy , and state bureaucracy , having been levied as adolescents -LRB- along with especially Albanians and Serbs -RRB- into Ottoman service through the devshirme .	levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme.	What type of work were must young boys antiquated with in the Ottoman Empire ?
For those that remained under the Ottoman Empire 's millet system , religion was the defining characteristic of national groups -LRB- milletler -RRB- , so the exonym `` Greeks '' -LRB- Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi -RRB- was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church , regardless of their language or ethnic origin .	religion was the defining characteristic of national groups	How were the population factions of the Ottoman Empire classified ?
For those that remained under the Ottoman Empire 's millet system , religion was the defining characteristic of national groups -LRB- milletler -RRB- , so the exonym `` Greeks '' -LRB- Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi -RRB- was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church , regardless of their language or ethnic origin .	was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin.	What did it mean to be classified as a Greek by the millet command ?
The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi , -LRB- as opposed to being so named by others -RRB- and , at least those educated , considered their ethnicity -LRB- genos -RRB- to be Hellenic .	The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi	What moniker did the Greeks grant themselves for distinction ?
The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi , -LRB- as opposed to being so named by others -RRB- and , at least those educated , considered their ethnicity -LRB- genos -RRB- to be Hellenic .	those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic	What did the literate segment of Greeks consider to be a part of their ethic lines ?
There were , however , many Greeks who escaped the second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system , according to which Muslims were explicitly awarded senior status and preferential treatment .	second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system	Were Christian prized among the Ottomans ?
The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce .	the Greek tradition of education and commerce	What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ?
It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821 .	the wealth of the extensive merchant class	Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ?
Not coincidentally , on the eve of 1821 , the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios , Smyrna and Aivali , all three major centres of Greek commerce .	the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce	What three cities were imperative for the scholarly and economic exchanges ?
Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church .	Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.	What other area fields were overshadowed by Greek influence ?
The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and Greek Orthodox religion continued after the creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830 .	creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830	When was the Greece that we know today officially formed ?
According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822 , a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece , a clause removed by 1840 .	clause removed by 1840	Is this identifying factor for official citizens of Greece still in effect today ?
According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822 , a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece , a clause removed by 1840 .	a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece	How did the original Constitution identify its society members ?
According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822 , a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece , a clause removed by 1840 .	first Greek constitution of 1822	When was the original Grecian constitution formed ?
A century later , when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923 , the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange , although most of the Greeks displaced -LRB- over a million of the total 1.5 million -RRB- had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed .	agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange	What factor was used to expel or include citizens in the Lausanne Treaty ?
By Western standards , the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language , whether Mycenaean , Byzantine or modern Greek .	Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek.	What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ?
Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome , but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated , deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well , although for most of the Greek speakers , `` Hellene '' still meant pagan .	considered themselves the political heirs of Rome	What do the Grecian Romioi descendants of the Constantine rule believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?
Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome , but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated , deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well , although for most of the Greek speakers , `` Hellene '' still meant pagan .	deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well	What other cultures do the Romioi clam to be their birthright ?
Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome , but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated , deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well , although for most of the Greek speakers , `` Hellene '' still meant pagan .	Hellene" still meant pagan	What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?
Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state , the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios .	Greek Enlightenment	From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?
The modern Greek state was created in 1829 , when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands , Peloponnese , from the Ottoman Empire .	The modern Greek state was created in 1829,	When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ?
The modern Greek state was created in 1829 , when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands , Peloponnese , from the Ottoman Empire .	the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire	What did Greeks do that caused the formation of the new state ?
The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism , which together with the conception of Hellenism , formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire , formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism .	instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,	What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?
Homer refers to the `` Hellenes '' -LRB- / ˈhɛliːnz / -RRB- as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia , with its warriors under the command of Achilleus .	Hellenes" (/ˈhɛliːnz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia,	What area is given to be the nesting point of a small group of pagans by a infamous philosopher from Greek ?
In Greek mythology , Hellen , the patriarch of Hellenes , was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion , who ruled around Phthia , the only survivors after the great deluge .	was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge.	From what mystical lineage does this name benefactor ascend from ?
In Greek mythology , Hellen , the patriarch of Hellenes , was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion , who ruled around Phthia , the only survivors after the great deluge .	Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes	Who is this small group named for ?
The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League .	The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League.	Is the name more ancient than other group names in the area ?
This was an ancient association of Greek tribes with twelve founders which was organized to protect the great temples of Apollo in Delphi -LRB- Phocis -RRB- and of Demeter near Thermopylae -LRB- Locris -RRB- .	with twelve founders	How many orginal founding patrons are there of the Great Amphictyonic League ?
Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece .	Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece.	what does the author of the mortal female focused early example hexameter poetry say of the Hellenic protector ?
The Parian Chronicle mentions that when Deucalion became king of Phthia , the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes .	the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes.	What caused a name change according to the Chronicles of Parian ?
The word γραῖα graia `` old woman '' comes from the PIE root * ǵerh2 - / * ǵreh2 - , `` to grow old '' via Proto-Greek * gera - / grau-iu ; the same root later gave γέρας geras -LRB- / keras / -RRB- , `` gift of honour '' in Mycenean Greek .	word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu	What is the origins of the term `` old woman '' ?
A modern theory derives the name Greek -LRB- Latin Graeci -RRB- from Graikos , `` inhabitant of Graia/Graea , '' a town on the coast of Boeotia .	A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia.	Where do modern theorist believe the name of Greek originated from ?
Homer uses the terms Achaeans and Danaans -LRB- Δαναοί -RRB- as a generic term for Greeks in Iliad , and they were probably a part of the Mycenean civilization .	Achaeans and Danaans	What interchangeable terms did Homer use in his poems for Greeks ?
The names Achaioi and Danaoi seem to be pre-Dorian belonging to the people who were overthrown .	pre-Dorian	What is believed to be the derivative of these names ?
In the 5th century BC , they were redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek which was spoken mainly in Thessaly , Boeotia and Lesbos .	redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek	What was redefined in the 5th century about the people of these names ?
In the 5th century BC , they were redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek which was spoken mainly in Thessaly , Boeotia and Lesbos .	spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos	Where was this origin of this redefinition ?
According to one view , the Achaeans were one of the fair-headed tribes of upper Europe , who pressed down over the Alps during the early Iron age -LRB- 1300 BC -RRB- to southern Europe .	early Iron age	What was the age in 1300 BC named ?
In Homer 's Iliad , the names Danaans -LRB- or Danaoi : Δαναοί -RRB- and Argives -LRB- Argives : Αργείοι -RRB- are used to designate the Greek forces opposed to the Trojans .	Trojans	In Homer 's poems who were the Greeks at odds with ?
The myth of Danaus , whose origin is Egypt , is a foundation legend of Argos .	Egypt	From where did the basis of the Argos tales originate ?
His daughters Danaides , were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom .	His daughters Danaides, were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom	What did the female descendants of Argos have to accomplish ?
The Denyen seem to have been inhabitants of the city Adana in Cilicia .	Denyen	What community did the Denyen live in ?
A country Danaja with a city Mukana -LRB- propaply : Mycenea -RRB- is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt from Amenophis III -LRB- 1390-1352 BC -RRB- , Thutmosis III -LRB- 1437 BC -RRB- .	A country Danaja with a city Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt	What country is spoken of in the inscriptions of a country in Northern Africa from 1390-1352 BC ?
The most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language , which has a documented tradition from at least the 14th century BC to the present day , albeit with a break during the Greek Dark Ages -LRB- lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC -RRB- .	most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language	What is the easiest connection between the Greeks of old and those of today ?
The most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language , which has a documented tradition from at least the 14th century BC to the present day , albeit with a break during the Greek Dark Ages -LRB- lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC -RRB- .	Greek Dark Ages (lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC)	How log did the age of darkness last for the Greeks ?
Scholars compare its continuity of tradition to Chinese alone .	continuity of tradition to Chinese alone	Who else has a history as long standing as those of the Greeks ?
During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire , areas such as Ionia and Constantinople experienced a Hellenic revival in language , philosophy , and literature and on classical models of thought and scholarship .	During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire	When did most of the Eastward sector of the Roman expanse choose to have a rebirth of Greek traditions and appreciations ?
At the same time , the Greeks have retained their language and alphabet , certain values and cultural traditions , customs , a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion , -LRB- the word barbarian was used by 12th-century historian Anna Komnene to describe non-Greek speakers -RRB- , a sense of Greek identity and common sense of ethnicity despite the global political and social changes of the past two millennia .	retained their language and alphabet, certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion	What aspects of the Greek culture have remained steadfast throughout the years ?
Today , Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the Hellenic Republic , where they constitute 93 % of the country 's population , and the Republic of Cyprus where they make up 78 % of the island 's population -LRB- excluding Turkish settlers in the occupied part of the country -RRB- .	Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the Hellenic Republic, where they constitute 93% of the country's population	In the Rupublic of Hellenic who is the ethnic majority and what percentage of the populace do they represent ?
Today , Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the Hellenic Republic , where they constitute 93 % of the country 's population , and the Republic of Cyprus where they make up 78 % of the island 's population -LRB- excluding Turkish settlers in the occupied part of the country -RRB- .	Republic of Cyprus where they make up 78% of the island's population	What 's the estimated populace of Greeks on the isle of Cyprus ?
Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth ; nonetheless , the population of Greece has shown regular increase since the country 's first census in 1828 .	Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth	Are Greeks in danger of contributing vastly to the problem of population control ?
Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth ; nonetheless , the population of Greece has shown regular increase since the country 's first census in 1828 .	Greece has shown regular increase since the country's first census in 1828.	Is the Greek populace on a whole increasing or decreasing in numbers ?
A large percentage of the population growth since the state 's foundation has resulted from annexation of new territories and the influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey .	influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey.	Where there any significances that contributed to the increase or decrease in population numbers ?
Greeks from Cyprus have a similar history of emigration , usually to the English-speaking world because of the island 's colonization by the British Empire .	British Empire	Which colonial enterprise for land was the Greek Isles a part of
Waves of emigration followed the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 , while the population decreased between mid-1974 and 1977 as a result of emigration , war losses , and a temporary decline in fertility .	Turkish	Who was living on with the Greeks in Cyprus s 1974 ?
Waves of emigration followed the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 , while the population decreased between mid-1974 and 1977 as a result of emigration , war losses , and a temporary decline in fertility .	Turkish invasion of Cyprus	Whee these new inhabitants welcomed ?
After the ethnic cleansing of a third of the Greek population of the island in 1974 , there was also an increase in the number of Greek Cypriots leaving , especially for the Middle East , which contributed to a decrease in population that tapered off in the 1990s .	the Middle East	During the early seventies where did most Cyprus Greeks decide to go ?
The Greek minority of Turkey , which numbered upwards of 200,000 people after the 1923 exchange , has now dwindled to a few thousand , after the 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination .	1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination.	What acts have caused the population of Greeks to be numbered so few in the country who name is reminiscent of a big American holiday ?
This effectively ended , though not entirely , the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor .	the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor	How long was there a Greek influence represented in `` little '' Asia ?
There are smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries , the Levant and the Black Sea states , remnants of the Old Greek Diaspora -LRB- pre-19th century -RRB- .	smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states,	Are there any Greek who still live in the area around the dark sea in any majority of numbers ?
The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue .	total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue	How many people that are of Greek ascendancy live elsewhere than Greece ?
Estimates provided by the SAE - World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide .	World Council of Hellenes Abroad	Who provided the contradictory population numbers for Greeks abroad ?
Estimates provided by the SAE - World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide .	World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide	How many Greeks do they believe would be an accurate number for census numbers ?
According to George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University , the number is closer to just below 5 million .	Sorbonne University	At what university is this issue of accurate consensus for Greeks living elsewhere being debated an
According to George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University , the number is closer to just below 5 million .	George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million	Who has presented the contradictory number to the census groups ?
In ancient times , the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture , religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins , especially in Sicily and southern Italy -LRB- also known as Magna Grecia -RRB- , Spain , the south of France and the Black sea coasts .	the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language	What helped to advance the Greek way of life beyond its boarders ?
In ancient times , the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture , religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins , especially in Sicily and southern Italy -LRB- also known as Magna Grecia -RRB- , Spain , the south of France and the Black sea coasts .	Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts.	What other close by countries have been greatly influenced by the Greek way of life ?
Under Alexander the Great 's empire and successor states , Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East , India and in Egypt .	Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt.	How were the rulers of social class picked to be representatives in the now traditionally Arabic speaking part of the world and in Northern Africa ?
The Hellenistic period is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization that established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa .	The Hellenistic period	What period marked the expansion of Greek thinking and expression ?
During and after the Greek War of Independence , Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state , raising funds and awareness abroad .	Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state	After freedom was won by the Greeks who was of import to forming the rules ?
During and after the Greek War of Independence , Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state , raising funds and awareness abroad .	important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad	What did they do that contributed to the Greek 's success of establishment ?
Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean -LRB- notably Marseilles in France , Livorno in Italy , Alexandria in Egypt -RRB- , Russia -LRB- Odessa and Saint Petersburg -RRB- , and Britain -LRB- London and Liverpool -RRB- from where they traded , typically in textiles and grain .	Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries	Who already had contact over a network of countries ready to offer assistance to the Greeks ?
Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean -LRB- notably Marseilles in France , Livorno in Italy , Alexandria in Egypt -RRB- , Russia -LRB- Odessa and Saint Petersburg -RRB- , and Britain -LRB- London and Liverpool -RRB- from where they traded , typically in textiles and grain .	Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool)	What countries did they settle in ?
Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean -LRB- notably Marseilles in France , Livorno in Italy , Alexandria in Egypt -RRB- , Russia -LRB- Odessa and Saint Petersburg -RRB- , and Britain -LRB- London and Liverpool -RRB- from where they traded , typically in textiles and grain .	from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain.	How were these relationships with the other countries most likely established ?
Greek culture has evolved over thousands of years , with its beginning in the Mycenaean civilization , continuing through the Classical period , the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity , which it in turn influenced and shaped .	beginning in the Mycenaean civilization	What is considered the start of the Grecian cultural world ?
Greek culture has evolved over thousands of years , with its beginning in the Mycenaean civilization , continuing through the Classical period , the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity , which it in turn influenced and shaped .	the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity	Which devotion of time was heavily influenced by the religious followers of the Son of God ?
Ottoman Greeks had to endure through several centuries of adversity that culminated in genocide in the 20th century but nevertheless included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures .	genocide in the 20th century	In what centennial was the massacre of the Greeks of Ottoman descent ?
Ottoman Greeks had to endure through several centuries of adversity that culminated in genocide in the 20th century but nevertheless included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures .	included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures.	Was there anything good that could be found from the divergence into exchange ?
The Diafotismos is credited with revitalizing Greek culture and giving birth to the synthesis of ancient and medieval elements that characterize it today .	Diafotismos is credited with revitalizing Greek culture	Who was given the merit for the reemergence of the Greek way of life ?
Greek demonstrates several linguistic features that are shared with other Balkan languages , such as Albanian , Bulgarian and Eastern Romance languages -LRB- see Balkan sprachbund -RRB- , and has absorbed many foreign words , primarily of Western European and Turkish origin .	other Balkan languages, such as Albanian, Bulgarian and Eastern Romance languages (see Balkan sprachbund),	What other dialects share a thread with the Greek language .
Because of the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century , which emphasized the modern Greeks ' ancient heritage , these foreign influences were excluded from official use via the creation of Katharevousa , a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words , as the official language of the Greek state .	the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century	What radical political changes occurred during the 19th century ?
Because of the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century , which emphasized the modern Greeks ' ancient heritage , these foreign influences were excluded from official use via the creation of Katharevousa , a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words , as the official language of the Greek state .	emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage	What did these changes highlight ?
Because of the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century , which emphasized the modern Greeks ' ancient heritage , these foreign influences were excluded from official use via the creation of Katharevousa , a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words , as the official language of the Greek state .	Katharevousa, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state.	What became the official dialect of Greeks and what was it missing ?
In 1976 , however , the Hellenic Parliament voted to make the spoken Dimotiki the official language , making Katharevousa obsolete .	In 1976, however, the Hellenic Parliament voted to make the spoken Dimotiki the official language	What choices in 1976 made a change to the decisions concerning the official dialect ?
Modern Greek has , in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki , a wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility , including Cypriot , Pontic , Cappadocian , Griko and Tsakonian -LRB- the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek -RRB- .	Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects	What is different about the use of Greek language today as opposed to the language of the past ?
Modern Greek has , in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki , a wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility , including Cypriot , Pontic , Cappadocian , Griko and Tsakonian -LRB- the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek -RRB- .	wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian	What are some of the local jargon used in Greek speaking ?
Modern Greek has , in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki , a wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility , including Cypriot , Pontic , Cappadocian , Griko and Tsakonian -LRB- the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek -RRB- .	Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek)	What language still survives as the representation of the one of the three religious orders of historic Greece ?
Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes , and survives in small communities in Greece , New York and Israel .	Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel.	What ancient language is still in use today in some of the minuscule societies in the Grecian world ?
In addition to Greek , many Greeks in Greece and the Diaspora are bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English , Arvanitika/Albanian , Aromanian , Macedonian Slavic , Russian and Turkish .	bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish.	Do the people of Greek ascendancy only speak Grecian languages ?
Most Greeks are Christians , belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church .	Christians	What is the religion of the Greek majority ?
Most Greeks are Christians , belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church .	belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church	What denominational variance do they adhere to for the most part ?
During the first centuries after Jesus Christ , the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek , which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church , and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking .	the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek	What language was the second half of the Bible originally written in ?
During the first centuries after Jesus Christ , the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek , which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church , and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking .	Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church	This language is the official dialect of worship for the traditional sect for church worshipers of Greece ?
There are small groups of ethnic Greeks adhering to other Christian denominations like Greek Catholics , Greek Evangelicals , Pentecostals , and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims .	Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims.	What other varieties of Christianity can be found among the Grecian people ?
Greeks have contributed to the visual , literary and performing arts .	visual, literary and performing arts.	What input did the Greeks have on artistry of the world ?
Following the Renaissance in Europe , the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists .	the Renaissance in Europe	What period in Europe was full of an appreciation for earlier cultures ?
Following the Renaissance in Europe , the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists .	the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists.	What important heritage of art from Greece was celebrated during this time ?
In the East , Alexander the Great 's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek , Central Asian and Indian cultures , resulting in Greco-Buddhist art , whose influence reached as far as Japan .	In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures	What enacted the transactions of customs and ways of life for the people of the Asian continent and the Grecian people ?
In the East , Alexander the Great 's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek , Central Asian and Indian cultures , resulting in Greco-Buddhist art , whose influence reached as far as Japan .	Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan.	In the Land of the Rising Sun , what influence was of Greek descent ?
Notable modern Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos -LRB- El Greco -RRB- , Panagiotis Doxaras , Nikolaos Gyzis , Nikiphoros Lytras , Yannis Tsarouchis , Nikos Engonopoulos , Constantine Andreou , Jannis Kounellis , sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis , Georgios Bonanos , Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis , conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos , soprano Maria Callas , composers such as Mikis Theodorakis , Nikos Skalkottas , Iannis Xenakis , Manos Hatzidakis , Eleni Karaindrou , Yanni and Vangelis , one of the best-selling singers worldwide Nana Mouskouri and poets such as Kostis Palamas , Dionysios Solomos , Angelos Sikelianos and Yannis Ritsos .	soprano Maria Callas	Who sang in a voice that is in the high octave range from the Modern Greek Era ?
Notable modern Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos -LRB- El Greco -RRB- , Panagiotis Doxaras , Nikolaos Gyzis , Nikiphoros Lytras , Yannis Tsarouchis , Nikos Engonopoulos , Constantine Andreou , Jannis Kounellis , sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis , Georgios Bonanos , Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis , conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos , soprano Maria Callas , composers such as Mikis Theodorakis , Nikos Skalkottas , Iannis Xenakis , Manos Hatzidakis , Eleni Karaindrou , Yanni and Vangelis , one of the best-selling singers worldwide Nana Mouskouri and poets such as Kostis Palamas , Dionysios Solomos , Angelos Sikelianos and Yannis Ritsos .	sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis	Who was one the most well known modern decorative modelers of the Greeks ?
Alexandrian Constantine P. Cavafy and Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century .	Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century.	Name one of the poetic authors who was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Award from the Greeks ?
The Greeks of the Classical era made several notable contributions to science and helped lay the foundations of several western scientific traditions , like philosophy , historiography and mathematics .	science and helped lay the foundations of several western scientific traditions, like philosophy, historiography and mathematics	What contribution to the scientific community have the Greeks left the world ?
The scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions in Constantinople , Antioch , Alexandria and other centres of Greek learning while Eastern Roman science was essentially a continuation of classical science .	scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions	What school practices were kept by the Roman world after the fall of Greece ?
Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia -LRB- education -RRB- .	Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education	What has been maintained by the Greeks throughout their extended history ?
Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the city 's fall to the Ottomans in 1453 .	Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world	What is one the most elevated values among the Grecian society ?
Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the city 's fall to the Ottomans in 1453 .	first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations	At what location did education begin for the first set of people to be eligible to earn and advanced degree in a particular subject ?
As of 2007 , Greece had the eighth highest percentage of tertiary enrollment in the world -LRB- with the percentages for female students being higher than for male -RRB- while Greeks of the Diaspora are equally active in the field of education .	the percentages for female students being higher than for male	According to recent research who is enrolled in the Universities in Greece in higher number men or women ?
Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names .	Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year	Do those who from Greek descent desire an education from other parts of the world ?
Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names .	the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names	Are university educators from he Greek world working as professors and teachers in other countries ?
Notable modern Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos , Georgios Papanikolaou -LRB- inventor of the Pap test -RRB- , Nicholas Negroponte , Constantin Carathéodory , Manolis Andronikos , Michael Dertouzos , John Argyris , Panagiotis Kondylis , John Iliopoulos -LRB- 2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark , a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model , the modern theory of Elementary Particles -RRB- , Joseph Sifakis -LRB- 2007 Turing Award , the `` Nobel Prize '' of Computer Science -RRB- , Christos Papadimitriou -LRB- 2002 Knuth Prize , 2012 Gödel Prize -RRB- , Mihalis Yannakakis -LRB- 2005 Knuth Prize -RRB- and Dimitri Nanopoulos .	John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model,	Who made significant addition to a charming little quirky scientific deviant that lead to the winning of a prestigious award of recognition and gave birth to a model ?
The most widely used symbol is the flag of Greece , which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white representing the nine syllables of the Greek national motto Eleftheria i thanatos -LRB- freedom or death -RRB- , which was the motto of the Greek War of Independence .	flag of Greece, which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white	What are the representations of the Greek reference freedom or death that are held on a cloth symbol of the nation ?
The most widely used symbol is the flag of Greece , which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white representing the nine syllables of the Greek national motto Eleftheria i thanatos -LRB- freedom or death -RRB- , which was the motto of the Greek War of Independence .	motto of the Greek War of Independence	This reference also holds significance as what the the Grecian people ?
The blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bears a white cross , which represents Greek Orthodoxy .	bears a white cross, which represents Greek Orthodoxy	Is religion also represented on this cloth symbol of the Greek ?
The Greek flag is widely used by the Greek Cypriots , although Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag to ease ethnic tensions with the Turkish Cypriot minority -- see flag of Cyprus -RRB- .	ethnic tensions with the Turkish Cypriot minority	Have the people of Turkey held any feeling towards the cloth symbol of the Greeks ?
The Greek flag is widely used by the Greek Cypriots , although Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag to ease ethnic tensions with the Turkish Cypriot minority -- see flag of Cyprus -RRB- .	Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag	Have the people of Greece done anything to make the matter more palatable for the people of Turkey ?
Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father 's name , however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics .	Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics	What names are used that are typically from a father and have usually added a suffix or prefix ?
Commonly , Greek male surnames end in - s , which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case .	Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending	What letter of the alphabet do most of the last names the men of Greecs end with ?
Finally , in addition to Greek-derived surnames many have Latin , Turkish and Italian origin .	many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin.	What other beginnings of origination do some of the last names of the Greeks share ?
Exceptionally , some end in - ou , indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons .	some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons.	What does it mean to have the letters OU added to the ending of a males last name ?
The traditional Greek homelands have been the Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea , the Southern Italy -LRB- Magna Graecia -RRB- , the Black Sea , the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily .	Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily	What are considered to be the motherland of the Greeks ?
In Plato 's Phaidon , Socrates remarks , `` we -LRB- Greeks -RRB- live around a sea like frogs around a pond '' when describing to his friends the Greek cities of the Aegean .	Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond	What statement of note was given by a great philosopher from Greece written by another great philosopher ?
This image is attested by the map of the Old Greek Diaspora , which corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 1832 .	map of the Old Greek Diaspora	What is the name of the ancient map of the Greek world named ?
The sea and trade were natural outlets for Greeks since the Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture .	Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture	Are there many product available from farm cultivation on the Greek lands ?
Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles , Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond , Nearchus , the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes -LRB- Cosmas who sailed to India -RRB- and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca .	the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca	What else is this particular captain known for doing ?
Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles , Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond , Nearchus , the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes -LRB- Cosmas who sailed to India -RRB- and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca .	Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India)	Who was the well known sea vessel captain of the Greeks who sailed to Asia ?
In later times , the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade .	plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade	What did Greeks do that caused a later deal to be made with the Italians ?
In later times , the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade .	trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate	Who proposed that change was needed in the way business with the Greeks was to be conducted ?
The Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed , which played an important part in the Greek War of Independence .	Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed	What was brought about by the Ottomans that caused and uplift in the classes of Greek society ?
Today , Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world , while many more ships under Greek ownership fly flags of convenience .	Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world	Is the seafaring business still of any relevancy to the Greek economy ?
The Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed , which played an important part in the Greek War of Independence .	Greek War of Independence	What did the development of these changes lead to for the Greeks under Ottoman rulers ?
The most notable shipping magnate of the 20th century was Aristotle Onassis , others being Yiannis Latsis , George Livanos , and Stavros Niarchos .	most notable shipping magnate of the 20th century was Aristotle Onassis	What was the last husband of Jacquelyn Kennedy known for ?
In conclusion the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown , ranging from light to dark brown .	conclusion the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown, ranging from light to dark brown	What dominant hair color is to believed to be prevalent among Greeks
with significant minorities having black and blonde hair .	significant minorities having black and blonde hair	Which colors lay outside of the nor for those of Greek descent ?
The same study also showed that the eye colour of the students was 14.6 % blue/green , 28 % medium -LRB- light brown -RRB- and 57.4 % dark brown .	14.6% blue/green	What eye color shows the least presence among those of Greek heritage ?
The same study also showed that the eye colour of the students was 14.6 % blue/green , 28 % medium -LRB- light brown -RRB- and 57.4 % dark brown .	57.4% dark brown	What eye color is believed to be the norm among Greeks ?
By the early 20th century , over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor -LRB- now Turkey -RRB- , while later that century a huge wave of migration to the United States , Australia , Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora .	Asia Minor (now Turkey)	What location did many of the Greek people decide to live in other than Greece after the 19th century ?
During the Ottoman rule of Greece , a number of Greek enclaves around the Mediterranean were cut off from the core , notably in Southern Italy , the Caucasus , Syria and Egypt .	Ottoman rule of Greece	During what period of domination were many Greeks unable to interact with it 's central location ?
The history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece , Cyprus , Constantinople , Asia Minor and the Black Sea .	history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea.	The anthology of the Greek world is intimately joined with what areas of the world ?
By the early 20th century , over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor -LRB- now Turkey -RRB- , while later that century a huge wave of migration to the United States , Australia , Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora .	a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora.	What has lead to the current situation of vast dispersion of the Greek people ?
By the early 20th century , over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor -LRB- now Turkey -RRB- , while later that century a huge wave of migration to the United States , Australia , Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora .	By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey)	After the 19th century about how much of the Greek population resided in little Asia ?
Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel -LRB- Jibril -RRB- , gradually over a period of approximately 23 years , beginning on 22 December 609 CE , when Muhammad was 40 , and concluding in 632 , the year of his death .	Gabriel	Which angel is believed to have communicated the Quran to Muhammad ?
Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel -LRB- Jibril -RRB- , gradually over a period of approximately 23 years , beginning on 22 December 609 CE , when Muhammad was 40 , and concluding in 632 , the year of his death .	22 December 609 CE	On which date did Muhammad begin receiving the Quran ?
Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel -LRB- Jibril -RRB- , gradually over a period of approximately 23 years , beginning on 22 December 609 CE , when Muhammad was 40 , and concluding in 632 , the year of his death .	632	In which year CE did Muhammad die ?
Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel -LRB- Jibril -RRB- , gradually over a period of approximately 23 years , beginning on 22 December 609 CE , when Muhammad was 40 , and concluding in 632 , the year of his death .	Jibril	What is the Arabic variant of Gabriel ?
The word `` Quran '' occurs some 70 times in the text of the Quran , although different names and words are also said to be references to the Quran .	70	How many times is the word `` Quran '' used in the Quran ?
According to the traditional narrative , several companions of Muhammad served as scribes and were responsible for writing down the revelations .	companions of Muhammad	Who first recorded Muhammad revelations ?
These codices had differences that motivated the Caliph Uthman to establish a standard version now known as Uthman 's codex , which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today .	Caliph Uthman	Who first standardized the earliest versions of the Quran ?
These codices had differences that motivated the Caliph Uthman to establish a standard version now known as Uthman 's codex , which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today .	Uthman's codex	By what name is the first standardized version of the Quran known ?
During prayers , the Quran is recited only in Arabic .	Arabic	In which language is the Quran spoken during prayer ?
The Quran is used along with the hadith to interpret sharia law .	sharia	The Quran is used in the interpretation of which form of law ?
The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Biblical scriptures .	Biblical scriptures	What accounts are form the basis of much of the accounts in the Quran ?
The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance .	Quran	Which religious text calls itself a book of guidance ?
It is a verbal noun -LRB- maṣdar -RRB- of the Arabic verb qaraʼa -LRB- قرأ -RRB- , meaning `` he read '' or `` he recited '' .	qaraʼa	From which Arabic verb might `` Quran '' be derived ?
The Syriac equivalent is -LRB- ܩܪܝܢܐ -RRB- qeryānā , which refers to `` scripture reading '' or `` lesson '' .	qeryānā	What Syriac word might be related to `` Quran '' ?
An important meaning of the word is the `` act of reciting '' , as reflected in an early Quranic passage : `` It is for Us to collect it and to recite it -LRB- qurʼānahu -RRB- . ''	reciting	The words from which the name `` Quran '' might be described are related to which act ?
While some Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac , the majority of Muslim authorities hold the origin of the word is qaraʼa itself .	qaraʼa	Which word do most Muslim scholars point to as the origin of the Quran 's name ?
Such terms include kitāb -LRB- book -RRB- ; āyah -LRB- sign -RRB- ; and sūrah -LRB- scripture -RRB- .	kitāb	Which term used in the Quran to indicate itself means `` book '' ?
Such terms include kitāb -LRB- book -RRB- ; āyah -LRB- sign -RRB- ; and sūrah -LRB- scripture -RRB- .	sūrah	Which term does the Quran use to refer to itself as `` scripture '' ?
Other related words are : dhikr -LRB- remembrance -RRB- , used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning , and ḥikmah -LRB- wisdom -RRB- , sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it .	wisdom	What meaning does the Quran take when it calls itself hikmah ?
In the large majority of contexts , usually with a definite article -LRB- al - -RRB- , the word is referred to as the `` revelation '' -LRB- waḥy -RRB- , that which has been `` sent down '' -LRB- tanzīl -RRB- at intervals .	waḥy	What name does the Quran use for itself that means `` revelation '' ?
The Quran describes itself as `` the discernment '' -LRB- al-furqān -RRB- , `` the mother book '' -LRB- umm al-kitāb -RRB- , `` the guide '' -LRB- huda -RRB- , `` the wisdom '' -LRB- hikmah -RRB- , `` the remembrance '' -LRB- dhikr -RRB- and `` the revelation '' -LRB- tanzīl ; something sent down , signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place -RRB- .	umm al-kitāb	Which term meaning `` the mother book '' does the Quran apply to itself ?
The term mus ` haf -LRB- ` written work ' -RRB- is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books .	mus'haf	What term is used in the Quran to indicate previous revelations ?
Another term is al-kitāb -LRB- The Book -RRB- , though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures , such as the Torah and the Gospels .	al-kitāb	What is the Arabic term commonly used to refer to works like the Torah or the Gospels ?
The Quran describes itself as `` the discernment '' -LRB- al-furqān -RRB- , `` the mother book '' -LRB- umm al-kitāb -RRB- , `` the guide '' -LRB- huda -RRB- , `` the wisdom '' -LRB- hikmah -RRB- , `` the remembrance '' -LRB- dhikr -RRB- and `` the revelation '' -LRB- tanzīl ; something sent down , signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place -RRB- .	the guide	What is an English translation of huda ?
Islamic tradition relates that Muhammad received his first revelation in the Cave of Hira during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains .	Cave of Hira	In which mountain cave did Mohammad experience his first revelation ?
According to hadith and Muslim history , after Muhammad immigrated to Medina and formed an independent Muslim community , he ordered many of his companions to recite the Quran and to learn and teach the laws , which were revealed daily .	Medina	Where did Mohammad move to found a separate Muslim community ?
It is related that some of the Quraysh who were taken prisoners at the battle of Badr regained their freedom after they had taught some of the Muslims the simple writing of the time .	Badr	Prisoners from which battle are thought to have helped Muslims learn to write ?
As it was initially spoken , the Quran was recorded on tablets , bones , and the wide , flat ends of date palm fronds .	date palm	Vegetation from which tree served as an early recording medium for the Quran ?
However , the Quran did not exist in book form at the time of Muhammad 's death in 632 .	Quran	When Muhammad dies , what had not yet been compiled as a book ?
The Quran describes Muhammad as `` ummi '' , which is traditionally interpreted as `` illiterate , '' but the meaning is rather more complex .	illiterate	What is the most common interpretation of the word `` ummi '' that the Quran applies to Muhammad ?
Some scholars such as Watt prefer the second meaning of `` ummi '' - they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts .	earlier sacred texts	Because Mohammed was `` ummi , '' what would he not have known about that lent credence to his prophethood ?
The Quran describes Muhammad as `` ummi '' , which is traditionally interpreted as `` illiterate , '' but the meaning is rather more complex .	ummi	What term does the Quran use to describe Mohammad 's lack of exposure to scripture ?
For example , according to Fakhr al-Din al-Razi , if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors .	writing and reading	What skills would have made others more suspicious that Mohammad was not getting his revelations in the way he said ?
Based on earlier transmitted reports , in the year 632 , after the demise of Muhammad a number of his companions who knew the Quran by heart were killed in a battle by Musaylimah , the first caliph Abu Bakr -LRB- d. 634 -RRB- decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved .	Abu Bakr	Which caliph decided to preserve the Quran as a single book after some of Muhammad 's companions were killed in battle ?
Zayd ibn Thabit -LRB- d. 655 -RRB- was the person to collect the Quran since `` he used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah 's Apostle '' .	Zayd ibn Thabit	Which scribe led the production of the first written Quran ?
Based on earlier transmitted reports , in the year 632 , after the demise of Muhammad a number of his companions who knew the Quran by heart were killed in a battle by Musaylimah , the first caliph Abu Bakr -LRB- d. 634 -RRB- decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved .	634	In which year did Abu Bakr die ?
After Abu Bakr , Hafsa bint Umar , Muhammad 's widow , was entrusted with the manuscript .	Hafsa bint Umar	Who took possession of the first Quran manuscript after Abu Bakr ?
In about 650 , the third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan -LRB- d. 656 -RRB- began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia , the Levant , and North Africa .	Uthman ibn Affan	Which caliph ordered the Quran manuscript copied and standardized ?
The Sana'a manuscripts contain palimpsests , a manuscript page from which the text has been washed off to make the parchment reusable again -- a practice which was common in ancient times due to scarcity of writing material .	palimpsests	What is the term for recycled parchments used in ancient manuscripts ?
Studies using radiocarbon dating indicate that the parchments are dated to the period before 671 AD with a 99 percent probability .	671 AD	Before which year were the Sana'a manuscripts produced ?
However , the faint washed-off underlying text -LRB- scriptio inferior -RRB- is still barely visible and believed to be `` pre-Uthmanic '' Quranic content , while the text written on top -LRB- scriptio superior -RRB- is believed to belong to Uthmanic time .	Uthmanic	What version of the Quran was the scriptio superior of the Sana'a manuscripts ?
In 1972 , in a mosque in the city of Sana'a , Yemen , manuscripts were discovered that were later proved to be the most ancient Quranic text known to exist at the time .	Sana'a, Yemen	In which city was evidence of pre-Uthmanic Quranic writing discovered in 1972 ?
The manuscript is written in Hijazi script , an early form of written Arabic .	Hijazi	What script were the Birmingham Quran fragments written in ?
The manuscript is written in Hijazi script , an early form of written Arabic .	Arabic	Which modern script descends from the script on the Birmingham Quran fragments ?
Saudi scholar Saud al-Sarhan has expressed doubt over the age of the fragments as they contain dots and chapter separators that are believed to have originated later .	dots and chapter separators	What feature of the Birmingham Quran fragments ' text make some doubt that it is older than other known versions of the Quran ?
In 2015 , fragments of a very early Quran , dating back to 1370 years ago , were discovered in the library of the University of Birmingham , England .	1370	How many years old were the Quran fragments discovered in Birmingham in 2015 ?
Based on tradition and a literal interpretation of Quran 56:79 -LRB- `` none shall touch but those who are clean '' -RRB- , some Muslims believe that they must perform a ritual cleansing with water before touching a copy of the Quran , although this view is not universal .	56:79	Which section of the Quran inspires some Muslims to ritually wash themselves before touching their copy ?
Worn-out copies of the Quran are wrapped in a cloth and stored indefinitely in a safe place , buried in a mosque or a Muslim cemetery , or burned and the ashes buried or scattered over water .	buried or scattered over water	What is done with the ashes of burned copies of the Quran ?
Worn-out copies of the Quran are wrapped in a cloth and stored indefinitely in a safe place , buried in a mosque or a Muslim cemetery , or burned and the ashes buried or scattered over water .	Worn-out	In what state are copies of the Quran sometime wrapped in cloth and buried ?
Worn-out copies of the Quran are wrapped in a cloth and stored indefinitely in a safe place , buried in a mosque or a Muslim cemetery , or burned and the ashes buried or scattered over water .	a mosque or a Muslim cemetery	Which are the safest places to inter an older copy of the Quran ?
Inimitability of the Quran -LRB- or `` I ` jaz '' -RRB- is the belief that no human speech can match the Quran in its content and form .	I'jaz	What term indicates that the contents of the Quran can not be reproduced in speech ?
The Quran is considered an inimitable miracle by Muslims , effective until the Day of Resurrection -- and , thereby , the central proof granted to Muhammad in authentication of his prophetic status .	Day of Resurrection	Until what day is the Quran believed to be in effect ?
Medieval Muslim scholars including al-Jurjani -LRB- d. 1078 -RRB- and al-Baqillani -LRB- d. 1013 -RRB- have written treatises on the subject , discussed its various aspects , and used linguistic approaches to study the Quran .	1013	In which year did the Medieval Muslim scholar al-Baqillani die ?
Medieval Muslim scholars including al-Jurjani -LRB- d. 1078 -RRB- and al-Baqillani -LRB- d. 1013 -RRB- have written treatises on the subject , discussed its various aspects , and used linguistic approaches to study the Quran .	al-Jurjani	Which Muslim scholar studied the Quran 's inimitability until his death in 1078 ?
The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths , each known as a sura .	sura	What is a chapter of the Quran called ?
The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths , each known as a sura .	114	How many suras are in the Quran ?
Suras are classified as Meccan or Medinan , depending on whether the verses were revealed before or after the migration of Muhammad to the city of Medina .	Meccan or Medinan	What two city-related categories divide the Quran 's suras ?
Each sura except the ninth starts with the Bismillah -LRB- بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم -RRB- , an Arabic phrase meaning `` In the name of God '' .	Bismillah	Which Arabic phrase opens almost all suras ?
Suras are arranged roughly in order of decreasing size .	size	What determines the order in which suras are placed in the Quran ?
The 30 juz ' -LRB- plural ajzāʼ -RRB- can be used to read through the entire Quran in a month .	juz'	What division of the Quran is used for a month-long reading ?
The 30 juz ' -LRB- plural ajzāʼ -RRB- can be used to read through the entire Quran in a month .	30	How many ajzā cover the entire Quran ?
A juz ' is sometimes further divided into two ḥizb -LRB- plural aḥzāb -RRB- , and each hizb subdivided into four rubʻ al-ahzab .	two	How many ahzab are in a juz ' ?
A juz ' is sometimes further divided into two ḥizb -LRB- plural aḥzāb -RRB- , and each hizb subdivided into four rubʻ al-ahzab .	rubʻ al-ahzab	What is the term for a subdivision of a hizb ?
The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts , manzil -LRB- plural manāzil -RRB- , for it to be recited in a week .	manzil	What division is used for a week-long recital of the Quran ?
Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message .	natural	Quranic verses concerning which phenomena are thought by Muslims to authenticate its contents ?
The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons .	historical	What types of events are related in the Quran in support of its moral teachings ?
Narratives of the early prophets , ethical and legal subjects , historical events of Muhammad 's time , charity and prayer also appear in the Quran .	Muhammad's	Historical narratives from whose time period are unique to the Quran among holy books ?
It is estimated that approximately one-third of the Quran is eschatological , dealing with the afterlife in the next world and with the day of judgment at the end of time .	one-third	What fraction of the Quran deals with eschatology ?
The doctrine of the last day and eschatology -LRB- the final fate of the universe -RRB- may be reckoned as the second great doctrine of the Quran .	the final fate of the universe	What general topic is eschatology about ?
For instance , the first verses of Sura 22 , which deal with the mighty earthquake and the situations of people on that day , represent this style of divine address : `` O People !	earthquake	Which natural disaster features in Sura 22 ?
A number of suras such as 44 , 56 , 75 , 78 , 81 and 101 are directly related to the afterlife and its preparations .	afterlife	What topic do suras 44 , 56 , 75 , and 101 have in common ?
According to the Quran , God communicated with man and made his will known through signs and revelations .	signs and revelations	In what form does the Quran say God sends his messages to people ?
Angels acting as God 's messengers deliver the divine revelation to them .	Angels	Who intermediates between God and prophets ?
This comes out in Quran 42:51 , in which it is stated : `` It is not for any mortal that God should speak to them , except by revelation , or from behind a veil , or by sending a messenger to reveal by his permission whatsoever He will . ''	42:51	Which part of the Quran describes God 's use of intermediaries between himself and his prophets ?
Prophets , or ` Messengers of God ' , received revelations and delivered them to humanity .	Prophets	Which humans are the messengers of God ?
The message has been identical and for all humankind .	identical	How does the Quran describe the similarity of messages God has delivered throughout human history ?
Belief is a fundamental aspect of morality in the Quran , and scholars have tried to determine the semantic contents of `` belief '' and `` believer '' in the Quran .	Belief	What mental state is the foundation of morality as described by the Quran ?
A number of practices , such as usury and gambling , are prohibited .	usury and gambling	What finance-related acts are forbidden by the Quran ?
Some formal religious practices receive significant attention in the Quran including the formal prayers -LRB- salat -RRB- and fasting in the month of Ramadan .	salat	What is the name of the formal prayer proscribed by the Quran ?
Some formal religious practices receive significant attention in the Quran including the formal prayers -LRB- salat -RRB- and fasting in the month of Ramadan .	Ramadan	Which month is designated for fasting in the Quran ?
The term for charity , zakat , literally means purification .	charity	The Quran uses a term that also means purification for what social act ?
The astrophysicist Nidhal Guessoum while being highly critical of pseudo-scientific claims made about the Quran , has highlighted the encouragement for sciences that the Quran provides by developing `` the concept of knowledge . ''	Nidhal Guessoum	Which astrophysicist has written about the ways the Quran encourages scientific thinking ?
He writes : `` The Qur ` an draws attention to the danger of conjecturing without evidence -LRB- And follow not that of which you have not the -LRB- certain -RRB- knowledge of ... 17:36 -RRB- and in several different verses asks Muslims to require proofs -LRB- Say : Bring your proof if you are truthful 2:111 -RRB- , both in matters of theological belief and in natural science . ''	proof	Verse 2:111 of the Quran supports which aspect of scientific thought and practice ?
Guessoum cites Ghaleb Hasan on the definition of `` proof '' according the Quran being `` clear and strong ... convincing evidence or argument . ''	Ghaleb Hasan	Whose scholarship on the concept of proof in the Quran does Guessoum cite ?
The philosopher Muhammad Iqbal , considered the Quran 's methodology and epistemology to be empirical and rational .	Muhammad Iqbal	Which philosopher believed the Quran had a rational and empirical basis like science ?
It 's generally accepted that there are around 750 verses in the Quran dealing with natural phenomenon .	750	Nature and its phenomena are mentioned in approximately how many of the Quran 's verses ?
In many of these verses the study of nature is `` encouraged and highly recommended , '' and historical Islamic scientists like Al-Biruni and Al-Battani derived their inspiration from verses of the Quran .	Quran	Al-Battani is an example of a Muslim scientist who drew inspiration from which text ?
Mohammad Hashim Kamali has the stated that `` scientific observation , experimental knowledge and rationality '' are the primary tools with which humanity can achieve the goals laid out for it in the Quran .	Mohammad Hashim Kamali	Who recommended science as a way to achieve the goals of the Quran ?
Ziauddin Sardar built a case for Muslims having developed the foundations of modern science , by highlighting the repeated calls of the Quran to observe and reflect upon natural phenomenon .	Ziauddin Sardar	Who argued that the Quran inspired the first practitioners of the scientific method we use today ?
`` The ` scientific method , ' as it is understood today , was first developed by Muslim scientists '' like Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni , along with numerous other Muslim scientists .	Muslim	Al-Biruni is a example of a scientists of which religion ?
The physicist Abdus Salam , in his Nobel Prize banquet address , quoted a well known verse from the Quran -LRB- 67:3 -4 -RRB- and then stated : `` This in effect is the faith of all physicists : the deeper we seek , the more is our wonder excited , the more is the dazzlement of our gaze '' .	Abdus Salam	Which physicist quoted the Quran in his address after receiving the Nobel Prize ?
The physicist Abdus Salam , in his Nobel Prize banquet address , quoted a well known verse from the Quran -LRB- 67:3 -4 -RRB- and then stated : `` This in effect is the faith of all physicists : the deeper we seek , the more is our wonder excited , the more is the dazzlement of our gaze '' .	67:3-4	Which verse from the Quran did Abdus Salam quote at his Nobel banquet ?
Salam highlights , in particular , the work of Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni as the pioneers of empiricism who introduced the experimental approach , breaking way from Aristotle 's influence , and thus giving birth to modern science .	Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni	Which two Muslim scientists did Salam celebrate as inventors of empirical methods ?
Salam was also careful to differentiate between metaphysics and physics , and advised against empirically probing certain matters on which `` physics is silent and will remain so , '' such as the doctrine of `` creation from nothing '' which in Salam 's view is outside the limits of science and thus `` gives way '' to religious considerations .	metaphysics	Salam suggests physics and science be kept separate from which topics which are more suited to religion ?
The language of the Quran has been described as `` rhymed prose '' as it partakes of both poetry and prose ; however , this description runs the risk of failing to convey the rhythmic quality of Quranic language , which is more poetic in some parts and more prose-like in others .	rhymed prose	What description of the writing in the Quran highlights its poetic aspect ?
Rhyme , while found throughout the Quran , is conspicuous in many of the earlier Meccan suras , in which relatively short verses throw the rhyming words into prominence .	earlier Meccan suras	Which suras in the Quran are particularly rhythmic ?
Frequently a change of rhyme from one set of verses to another signals a change in the subject of discussion .	subject of discussion	What often changes along with the rhyming of Quranic verses ?
Later sections also preserve this form but the style is more expository .	Later	Which parts of the Quran are the least poetic ?
The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to exhibit lack of continuity , absence of any chronological or thematic order and repetitiousness .	continuity	What is lacking in the arrangement of the Quranic text ?
Michael Sells , citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown , acknowledges Brown 's observation that the seeming disorganization of Quranic literary expression -- its scattered or fragmented mode of composition in Sells 's phrase -- is in fact a literary device capable of delivering profound effects as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated .	Norman O. Brown	To which critic does Michael Sells refer on the subject of the Quran 's disorganization ?
Sells also addresses the much-discussed repetitiveness of the Quran , seeing this , too , as a literary device .	a literary device	How does Sells describe the Quran 's repetitiveness ?
Michael Sells , citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown , acknowledges Brown 's observation that the seeming disorganization of Quranic literary expression -- its scattered or fragmented mode of composition in Sells 's phrase -- is in fact a literary device capable of delivering profound effects as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated .	Michael Sells	Which scholar believes the Quran 's fragmentary writing style is an effective literary device for a prophetic message ?
Self-referentiality is evident in those passages where the Quran refers to itself as revelation -LRB- tanzil -RRB- , remembrance -LRB- dhikr -RRB- , news -LRB- naba ' -RRB- , criterion -LRB- furqan -RRB- in a self-designating manner -LRB- explicitly asserting its Divinity , `` And this is a blessed Remembrance that We have sent down ; so are you now denying it ? '' -RRB-	Self-referentiality	What metatextual character does Stefan Wild focus on in his discussion of the Quran ?
Self-referentiality is evident in those passages where the Quran refers to itself as revelation -LRB- tanzil -RRB- , remembrance -LRB- dhikr -RRB- , news -LRB- naba ' -RRB- , criterion -LRB- furqan -RRB- in a self-designating manner -LRB- explicitly asserting its Divinity , `` And this is a blessed Remembrance that We have sent down ; so are you now denying it ? '' -RRB-	Divinity	What quality does the Quran claim in the different ways in which it refers to itself ?
Self-referentiality is evident in those passages where the Quran refers to itself as revelation -LRB- tanzil -RRB- , remembrance -LRB- dhikr -RRB- , news -LRB- naba ' -RRB- , criterion -LRB- furqan -RRB- in a self-designating manner -LRB- explicitly asserting its Divinity , `` And this is a blessed Remembrance that We have sent down ; so are you now denying it ? '' -RRB-	naba'	Which term that the Quran uses for itself means `` news '' ?
The feature is more evident in early Meccan suras .	early Meccan suras	The Quran is more self-referential in which of its suras ?
Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims .	Tafsir	What is the name of the activity of explaining what Quranic verses mean ?
According to the Quran , Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims .	Muhammad	Who was the first practitioner of Tafsir ?
Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims .	Tafsir	What is the Arabic term for Quranic exegesis ?
Other early exegetes included a few Companions of Muhammad , like ʻAli ibn Abi Talib , ʻAbdullah ibn Abbas , ʻAbdullah ibn Umar and Ubayy ibn Kaʻb .	Companions of Muhammad	Who were ` Ali ibn Abi Talib and ` Abdullah ibn ` Abbas ?
Because the Quran is spoken in classical Arabic , many of the later converts to Islam -LRB- mostly non-Arabs -RRB- did not always understand the Quranic Arabic , they did not catch allusions that were clear to early Muslims fluent in Arabic and they were concerned with reconciling apparent conflict of themes in the Quran .	classical Arabic	In which language is the Quran recited ?
Commentators erudite in Arabic explained the allusions , and perhaps most importantly , explained which Quranic verses had been revealed early in Muhammad 's prophetic career , as being appropriate to the very earliest Muslim community , and which had been revealed later , canceling out or `` abrogating '' -LRB- nāsikh -RRB- the earlier text -LRB- mansūkh -RRB- .	nāsikh	What is the Arabic term for the cancellation of one part of the Quran by another ?
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published a ten-volume Urdu commentary on the Quran , with the name Tafseer e Kabir .	Tafseer e Kabir	What is the name of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 's published Quran commentary ?
Commentators erudite in Arabic explained the allusions , and perhaps most importantly , explained which Quranic verses had been revealed early in Muhammad 's prophetic career , as being appropriate to the very earliest Muslim community , and which had been revealed later , canceling out or `` abrogating '' -LRB- nāsikh -RRB- the earlier text -LRB- mansūkh -RRB- .	mansūkh	What is the term for earlier portions of the Quran that may have been superseded by later parts ?
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published a ten-volume Urdu commentary on the Quran , with the name Tafseer e Kabir .	Urdu	In which language is the Tafseer e Kabir written ?
Esoteric or Sufi interpretation attempts to unveil the inner meanings of the Quran .	Esoteric	What is another term for Sufi Quranic interpretation ?
Sufism moves beyond the apparent -LRB- zahir -RRB- point of the verses and instead relates Quranic verses to the inner or esoteric -LRB- batin -RRB- and metaphysical dimensions of consciousness and existence .	zahir	What Arabic word describes the aspects of Quranic verses that Sufism tries to push beyond ?
According to Sands , esoteric interpretations are more suggestive than declarative , they are allusions -LRB- isharat -RRB- rather than explanations -LRB- tafsir -RRB- .	isharat	What is an Arabic term for allusions ?
According to Sands , esoteric interpretations are more suggestive than declarative , they are allusions -LRB- isharat -RRB- rather than explanations -LRB- tafsir -RRB- .	allusions	Sands says Sufi interpretations tend to use which literary device rather than direct explanation ?
From the Sufi point of view , God is the always the beloved and the wayfarer 's longing and suffering lead to realization of the truths .	Sufi	Beloved is a term for God used by which style of Quranic interpretation ?
Moses , in 7:143 , comes the way of those who are in love , he asks for a vision but his desire is denied , he is made to suffer by being commanded to look at other than the Beloved while the mountain is able to see God .	7:143	Which Quranic verse describes Moses ' encounter with God at the mountain ?
From the Sufi point of view , God is the always the beloved and the wayfarer 's longing and suffering lead to realization of the truths .	longing and suffering	In Sufi thought , what experiences bring one closer to truth ?
In Qushayri 's words , Moses came like thousands of men who traveled great distances , and there was nothing left to Moses of Moses .	Qushayri	Who wrote that Moses had lost the Moses in himself along the way to his encounter with God ?
One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami -LRB- d. 1021 -RRB- without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved .	Sulami	Who was an important esoteric interpreter of the Quran in the 11th century ?
Sulami 's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir -LRB- `` Truths of Exegesis '' -RRB- which is a compilation of commentaries of earlier Sufis .	Truths of Exegesis	What is the English name of Sulami 's major work ?
Many works are written in Persian such as the works of Maybudi -LRB- d. 1135 -RRB- kash al-asrar -LRB- `` the unveiling of the secrets '' -RRB- .	Persian	In which language did Maybudi write ?
Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi -LRB- d. 1725 -RRB- .	Ismail Hakki Bursevi	Which Sufi commentator wrote the Spirit of Elucidation ?
Rumi -LRB- d. 1273 -RRB- wrote a vast amount of mystical poetry in his book Mathnawi .	1273	In which year did the poet Rumi die ?
Commentaries dealing with the zahir -LRB- outward aspects -RRB- of the text are called tafsir , and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta ` wil -LRB- `` interpretation '' or `` explanation '' -RRB- , which involves taking the text back to its beginning .	zahir	What is the Arabic term for the surface-level aspects of a text ?
Commentaries dealing with the zahir -LRB- outward aspects -RRB- of the text are called tafsir , and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta ` wil -LRB- `` interpretation '' or `` explanation '' -RRB- , which involves taking the text back to its beginning .	ta'wil	What Arabic term applies to interpretations aimed at the deeper , esoteric meanings of a text ?
Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God .	God	Who is the only one who ever knows the full meaning of Quranic verses in the esoteric view ?
In contrast , Quranic literalism , followed by Salafis and Zahiris , is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning .	Salafis and Zahiris	Which two groups are examples of Muslims who advocate a very literal reading of the Quran ?
The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian .	Persian	In which language was the Quran first translated ?
The Samanid king , Mansur I -LRB- 961-976 -RRB- , ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari , originally in Arabic , into Persian .	Tafsir al-Tabari	Which work did scribes from Khorasan translate in the 10th century ?
Later in the 11th century , one of the students of Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari wrote a complete tafsir of the Quran in Persian .	Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari	Whose student wrote a Persian tafsir of the Quran in the 11th century ?
In the 12th century , Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi translated the Quran into Persian .	Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi	Who wrote a Persian translation of the Quran in the 12th century ?
The Samanid king , Mansur I -LRB- 961-976 -RRB- , ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari , originally in Arabic , into Persian .	Samanid	To which dynasty did the king who commissioned the first translation of Quranic texts belong ?
Robert of Ketton 's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable , Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete , was the first into a Western language -LRB- Latin -RRB- .	1143	In which year was the Quran first translated into a Western language ?
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published translations of the Quran in 50 different languages besides a five-volume English commentary and an English translation of the Quran .	Ahmadiyya Muslim Community	Which organization offers versions of the Quran in 50 languages ?
Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649 , from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet -LRB- 1647 -RRB- by Andre du Ryer .	Andre du Ryer	Whose French translation of the Quran was the model for the first English version ?
Robert of Ketton 's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable , Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete , was the first into a Western language -LRB- Latin -RRB- .	Robert of Ketton	Who completed the first Latin version of the Quran ?
Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649 , from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet -LRB- 1647 -RRB- by Andre du Ryer .	English	In which language was Alexander Ross ' version of the Quran published in 1649 ?
The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited , how each individual syllable is to be pronounced , the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause , to elisions , where the pronunciation should be long or short , where letters should be sounded together and where they should be kept separate , etc. .	tajwid	What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly recited ?
It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas : the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels -LRB- the articulation of the Quranic phonemes -RRB- , the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation , and the musical and melodious features of recitation .	pronunciation	Tajwid deals with what aspect of the phonemes in the Quran ?
It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas : the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels -LRB- the articulation of the Quranic phonemes -RRB- , the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation , and the musical and melodious features of recitation .	pause in recitation	Tajwid describes rules for what noiseless aspect of articulating Quranic verses ?
It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas : the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels -LRB- the articulation of the Quranic phonemes -RRB- , the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation , and the musical and melodious features of recitation .	musical and melodious	Rhythm is an example of which features of Quranic recitation covered by tajwid ?
Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century .	Vocalization markers	The absence of which language feature made early Quranic recitation more diverse ?
The 10th-century Muslim scholar from Baghdad , Ibn Mujāhid , is famous for establishing seven acceptable textual readings of the Quran .	Ibn Mujāhid	Which Baghdad scholar identified justified seven different Quranic readings ?
The influential standard Quran of Cairo -LRB- 1924 -RRB- uses an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on ʻAsim 's recitation , the 8th-century recitation of Kufa .	ʻAsim's	Which recitation is the original basis of the Quran of Cairo ?
The influential standard Quran of Cairo -LRB- 1924 -RRB- uses an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on ʻAsim 's recitation , the 8th-century recitation of Kufa .	Kufa	Which city corresponds to Asim 's recitation of the Quran ?
Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century , the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists .	calligraphers and copyists	Who created Quranic manuscripts before the 19th century ?
Probably in the ninth century , scripts began to feature thicker strokes , which are traditionally known as Kufic scripts .	Kufic scripts	What is the name of the thicker-stroked writing used for the Quran beginning in the 9th century ?
Beginning in the 11th century , the styles of writing employed were primarily the naskh , muhaqqaq , rayḥānī and , on rarer occasions , the thuluth script .	naskh	Which was the most widely used script by copyists in the 11th century ?
In North Africa and Spain , the Maghribī style was popular .	North Africa and Spain	Where was the Maghribi script most commonly used by Quran copyists ?
More distinct is the Bihari script which was used solely in the north of India .	Bihari	Which script was only used to copy the Quran by people in northern India ?
The system of vocalization , as we know it today , seems to have been introduced towards the end of the ninth century .	ninth century	In which century were vocalization marking added to the Quran ?
Since it would have been too costly for most Muslims to purchase a manuscript , copies of the Quran were held in mosques in order to make them accessible to people .	mosques	Where were Quran copies kept for those who could not afford their own ?
These copies frequently took the form of a series of 30 parts or juzʼ .	juzʼ	What are the parts of the Quran called that are 30 in total ?
In terms of productivity , the Ottoman copyists provide the best example .	Ottoman	Which group of Quran copyists produced the most in-demand manuscripts ?
In fact , Moses is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual .	Moses	Which Biblical character is the most often mentioned person in the Quran ?
According to Sahih al-Bukhari , the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis , and discussed by Christians and Jews , before it was standardized .	Sahih al-Bukhari	Who has claimed that Christians and Jews had heard and discussed the Quran before it took on its standardized Arabic form ?
Its language was similar to the Syriac language .	Syriac	Which older language is thought to strongly resemble that of the Quran ?
Jesus is mentioned more often in the Quran than Muhammad , while Mary is mentioned in the Quran more than the New Testament .	Mary	Which relative of Jesus appears more often in the Quran than the New Testament ?
Muslims believe the common elements or resemblances between the Bible and other Jewish and Christian writings and Islamic dispensations is due to their common divine source , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and that the original Christian or Jewish texts were authentic divine revelations given to prophets .	common divine source	What do devout Muslims believe is the reason for the overlap of events and characters in the Bible and Quran ?
According to Tabatabaei , there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations .	acceptable and unacceptable	What are the two type of ta ` wil ?
Unacceptable ta ` wil is where one `` transfers '' the apparent meaning of a verse to a different meaning by means of a proof ; this method is not without obvious inconsistencies .	Unacceptable	Which type of esoteric interpretation involves a transfer by proof of a verse 's meaning ?
Acceptable ta ` wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning ; rather the implicit meaning , which ultimately is known only to God and ca n't be comprehended directly through human thought alone .	Acceptable	The implicit meaning of a Quranic verse that is known fully only by God is which type of ta ` wil ?
Several sources indicate that during Muhammad 's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations .	his companions	Who had begun memorizing Muhammad 's revelations in his lifetime ?
-LSB- ... -RSB- After the creation of this standardized canonical text , earlier authoritative texts were suppressed , and all extant manuscripts -- despite their numerous variants -- seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established . ''	standardized	What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly different variants ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- University of Chicago professor Fred Donner states that '' ... there was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission .	University of Chicago	Which which university is Fred Donner affiliated ?
The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants has not yielded any differences of great significance .	Muhammad	The Quran is widely accepted by historians to contain a relatively accurate record of whose words ?
According to Welch , these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad 's inspirations .	seizures	What physical symptom accompanied Muhammad 's revelations ?
Then he drew nigh and came down till he was -LRB- distant -RRB- two bows ' length or even nearer . ''	two bows' length	What measure of distance described the nearness of the Angel 's approach to Mohammad ?
The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad 's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine , because he was severely disturbed after these revelations .	Encyclopaedia of Islam	In which work did Welch express his belief that Mohammad 's physical reaction to the revelation was historically accurate ?
However , Muhammad 's critics accused him of being a possessed man , a soothsayer or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia .	a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician	Which people would Mohammad 's critics have compared him to at the time ?
But this explanation has become so widespread that , at present , it has become the primary meaning of ta ` wil , which originally meant `` to return '' or `` the returning place '' .	"to return" or "the returning place"	What was the original meaning of ta ` wil ?
There is a spiritual reality -- which is the main objective of ordaining a law , or the basic aim in describing a divine attribute -- and then there is an actual significance that a Quranic story refers to .	a spiritual reality	What can interpretation find that lies the behind the apparent events referred to in a Quranic story ?
In Tabatabaei 's view , what has been rightly called ta ` wil , or hermeneutic interpretation of the Quran , is not concerned simply with the denotation of words .	hermeneutic	What philosophical term corresponds to the type of interpretation in ta ` wil ?
According to Shia beliefs , those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like Muhammad and the imams know the secrets of the Quran .	imams	Who do Shia Muslims believe can approach Quranic truths besides God and Muhammad ?
According to Tabatabaei , the statement `` none knows its interpretation except God '' remains valid , without any opposing or qualifying clause .	God	According to Shia Muslims , who is the only one who can fully know the a Quranic interpretation ?
But Tabatabaei uses other verses and concludes that those who are purified by God know the interpretation of the Quran to a certain extent .	purified	How must God have treated those who are qualified to know Quranic sectets ?
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale .	A great power	What is a nation which can exert its influence on a global scale called ?
Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength , as well as diplomatic and soft power influence , which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers ' opinions before taking actions of their own .	military and economic strength	What two dominant traits do great powers usually possess ?
Sometimes the status of great powers is formally recognized in conferences such as the Congress of Vienna or an international structure such as the United Nations Security Council -LRB- China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom and the United States serve as the body 's five permanent members -RRB- .	United Nations Security Council	China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States serve as what body 's five permanent members ?
Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength , as well as diplomatic and soft power influence , which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers ' opinions before taking actions of their own .	diplomatic and soft power influence	What two lesser traits do great powers usually possess ?
At the same time the status of great powers can be informally recognized in a forum such as the G7 which consists of Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States of America .	the G7	Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States are part of what international forum ?
Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength , as well as diplomatic and soft power influence , which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers ' opinions before taking actions of their own .	military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence	What do great powers usually have ?
Sometimes the status of great powers is formally recognized in conferences such as the Congress of Vienna or an international structure such as the United Nations Security Council -LRB- China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom and the United States serve as the body 's five permanent members -RRB- .	China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States	What are the permanent members of UN Security Council ?
At the same time the status of great powers can be informally recognized in a forum such as the G7 which consists of Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States of America .	Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America	What are the countries in the G7 ?
International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities , spatial aspects , and status dimensions .	power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions	What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status ?
The term `` great power '' was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era .	Europe	The term `` great power '' was first used on which continent ?
The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814 .	Treaty of Chaumont	Which treaty made the distinction of small powers and great powers a formal affair ?
The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814 .	1814	What year was this treaty signed ?
Since then , the international balance of power has shifted numerous times , most dramatically during World War I and World War II .	World War I and World War II	During which two wars has the balance of power shifted the most dramatically ?
In literature , alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power , but these terms can also be interchangeable with superpower .	superpower	What is another more modern term used in place of `` great power '' ?
The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814 .	Treaty of Chaumont	What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers ?
The `` Great Powers '' constituted the `` Concert of Europe '' and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties .	Europe	During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated ?
In literature , alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power , but these terms can also be interchangeable with superpower .	superpower	What is another term for Great Power ?
Since then , the international balance of power has shifted numerous times , most dramatically during World War I and World War II .	World War I and World War II	During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic ?
Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion , as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that `` The test of a great power is the test of strength for war . ''	strength for war	What one criteria was used in early times to judge a great power 's status ?
Later writers have expanded this test , attempting to define power in terms of overall military , economic , and political capacity .	economic, and political	Besides military , what two other capacities were used to describe great powers in later times ?
Kenneth Waltz , the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations , uses a set of five criteria to determine great power : population and territory ; resource endowment ; economic capability ; political stability and competence ; and military strength .	Kenneth Waltz	Who is the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations ?
Kenneth Waltz , the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations , uses a set of five criteria to determine great power : population and territory ; resource endowment ; economic capability ; political stability and competence ; and military strength .	five	How many criteria are used to judge a great power in the neorealist theory ?
Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion , as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that `` The test of a great power is the test of strength for war . ''	A. J. P. Taylor	Who wrote , `` The test of a great power is the test of strength for war . '' ?
Kenneth Waltz , the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations , uses a set of five criteria to determine great power : population and territory ; resource endowment ; economic capability ; political stability and competence ; and military strength .	population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength	What 5 criteria did neorealist use to determine great powers ?
Kenneth Waltz , the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations , uses a set of five criteria to determine great power : population and territory ; resource endowment ; economic capability ; political stability and competence ; and military strength .	Kenneth Waltz	Whos was the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations ?
These expanded criteria can be divided into three heads : power capabilities , spatial aspects , and status .	power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status	What 3 areas can summarize the great power determination ?
All states have a geographic scope of interests , actions , or projected power .	interests, actions, or projected power	What three things do all states have in their geographic scope ?
The Great powers of 1914 were ` world-powers ' because Western society had recently become ` world-wide ' . ''	Western	Which societal values had become world-wide by 1914 ?
This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power ; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region .	its region	What is the scope of a regional power restricted to ?
It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system .	actual influence	What should a great power possess ?
The Great powers of 1914 were ` world-powers ' because Western society had recently become ` world-wide ' . ''	world-powers	What were the great powers of 1914 called ?
Arnold J. Toynbee , for example , observes that `` Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates .	Arnold J. Toynbee	Who stated that `` Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates . The Great powers of 1914 were ` world-powers '' ?
All states have a geographic scope of interests , actions , or projected power .	geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power	What do all states have ?
It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system .	great power	What type of powers should have actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system ?
This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power ; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region .	regional power	What type of power is restricted to its region ?
Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of political and diplomatic questions of the day , and have influence on the final outcome and resolution .	political and diplomatic questions of the day	What discussion should great powers be included on ?
Historically , when major political questions were addressed , several great powers met to discuss them .	when major political questions were addressed	Historically , when would great powers meet ?
This might mean deciding the political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict , or other contexts .	political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict, or other contexts	What types of decisions would great powers reach ?
Lord Castlereagh , the British Foreign Secretary , first used the term in its diplomatic context , in a letter sent on February 13 , 1814 : `` It affords me great satisfaction to acquaint you that there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe , with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon , and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace . ''	in a letter sent on February 13, 1814	When did Lord Castlereagh first use the term Great Powers ?
Lord Castlereagh , the British Foreign Secretary , first used the term in its diplomatic context , in a letter sent on February 13 , 1814 : `` It affords me great satisfaction to acquaint you that there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe , with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon , and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace . ''	British Foreign Secretary	What position did Lord Castlereagh hold ?
Lord Castlereagh , the British Foreign Secretary , first used the term in its diplomatic context , in a letter sent on February 13 , 1814 : `` It affords me great satisfaction to acquaint you that there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe , with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon , and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace . ''	if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace	What did Castlereagh determine as the last resort of great power 's influence ?
Of the five original great powers recognised at the Congress of Vienna , only France and the United Kingdom have maintained that status continuously to the present day , although France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and occupied during World War II .	only France and the United Kingdom	What 2 powers named in the 5 orignal great powers of the congress of vienna have maintained that status ?
After the Congress of Vienna , the British Empire emerged as the pre-eminent power , due to its navy and the extent of its territories , which signalled the beginning of the Pax Britannica and of the Great Game between the UK and Russia .	British Empire	What country emerged as the pre-eminent power , due to its navy and the extent of its territories ?
Of the five original great powers recognised at the Congress of Vienna , only France and the United Kingdom have maintained that status continuously to the present day , although France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and occupied during World War II .	France	What country lost Franco-Prussian war ?
The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics , prompting Otto von Bismarck to say `` All politics reduces itself to this formula : try to be one of three , as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers . ''	European	Balance of power of great powers was a major influence on what continents politics ?
The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics , prompting Otto von Bismarck to say `` All politics reduces itself to this formula : try to be one of three , as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers . ''	Otto von Bismarck	Who stated that `` All politics reduces itself to this formula : try to be one of three , as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers . ? ''
Over time , the relative power of these five nations fluctuated , which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power .	relative power of these five nations fluctuated	Was the power of the 5 countries constant ?
Some , such as the United Kingdom and Prussia -LRB- as the founder of the newly formed German state -RRB- , experienced continued economic growth and political power .	United Kingdom and Prussia	What countries found their economic growth in early 20th century ?
Others , such as Russia and Austria-Hungary , stagnated .	Russia and Austria-Hungary	Which of the 5 powers were beginning to stagnate in early 20th century ?
The Eight-Nation Alliance was a belligerent alliance of eight nations against the Boxer Rebellion in China .	Eight-Nation Alliance	What agreement replaced the Congress of Vienna ?
The Eight-Nation Alliance was a belligerent alliance of eight nations against the Boxer Rebellion in China .	Boxer Rebellion in China.	What conflict was this agreement in opposition of ?
The conclusion of the Great War and the resulting treaties of Versailles , St-Germain , Neuilly , Trianon and Sèvres witnessed the United Kingdom , France , Italy , Japan and the United States as the chief arbiters of the new world order .	treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres	What marked the conclusion of The Great War ?
The conclusion of the Great War and the resulting treaties of Versailles , St-Germain , Neuilly , Trianon and Sèvres witnessed the United Kingdom , France , Italy , Japan and the United States as the chief arbiters of the new world order .	United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States	Who were the chief arbiters of the new world order ?
During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles , Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty , referred to as the `` Big Three '' .	Big Three	Who created the Treaty of Versailles ?
During the Paris Peace Conference , the `` Big Four '' -- France , Italy , United Kingdom and the United States -- held noticeably more power and influence on the proceedings and outcome of the treaties than Japan .	France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States	Who were the big four ?
However , the Council began with only four permanent members -- the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Japan -- because the United States , meant to be the fifth permanent member , left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles , thus preventing American participation in the League .	United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan	Who were the four permanent members of the League of Nations Council ?
The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council , where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League .	League of Nations Council	What organiztion acted as acknowledgement of status of great powers ?
However , the Council began with only four permanent members -- the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Japan -- because the United States , meant to be the fifth permanent member , left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles , thus preventing American participation in the League .	against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League	Why was United Stated excluded from League of Nations Council ?
However , the Council began with only four permanent members -- the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Japan -- because the United States , meant to be the fifth permanent member , left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles , thus preventing American participation in the League .	19 March 1920	When did US Senate vote against treaty of versailles ratification ?
When World War II started in 1939 , it divided the world into two alliances -- the Allies -LRB- the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe , China in Asia since 1937 , followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union , the United States -RRB- ; and the Axis powers consisting of Germany , Italy and Japan .	1939	When did World War II start ?
When World War II started in 1939 , it divided the world into two alliances -- the Allies -LRB- the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe , China in Asia since 1937 , followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union , the United States -RRB- ; and the Axis powers consisting of Germany , Italy and Japan .	two alliances	How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II ?
These four countries were referred as the `` Four Policemen '' of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II .	Allies	Who were the winners of World War II ?
When World War II started in 1939 , it divided the world into two alliances -- the Allies -LRB- the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe , China in Asia since 1937 , followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union , the United States -RRB- ; and the Axis powers consisting of Germany , Italy and Japan .	Germany, Italy and Japan	Who made up the Axis powers ?
The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion , along with the other four , in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council .	United Nations Security Council	The winners of World War II along with France were allotted permanent seats for what organization ?
Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower , used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world .	nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world	What is a superpower ?
It was first coined in 1944 by William T.R. Fox and according to him , there were three superpowers : the British Empire , the United States , and the Soviet Union .	William T.R. Fox	Who first used the term superpower ?
It was first coined in 1944 by William T.R. Fox and according to him , there were three superpowers : the British Empire , the United States , and the Soviet Union .	British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union	Who were the three original superpowers ?
But by the mid-1950s the British Empire lost its superpower status , leaving the United States and the Soviet Union as the world 's superpowers .	British Empire	Who lost their superpower status in 1950s ?
-LSB- nb 2 -RSB- The term middle power has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence , but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs .	those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs	What are middle powers ?
During the Cold War , the Asian power of Japan and the European powers of the United Kingdom , France , and West Germany rebuilt their economies .	United Kingdom, France, and West Germany	During the cold war , what European powers rebuilt their ecomonies ?
After 1949 , the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers , in favour of the People 's Republic of China .	1949	By what year was China beginning to lose its hold as sole legitimate government ?
Subsequently , in 1971 , it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People 's Republic of China .	1971	When did China lose its permanent seat at UN security council ?
According to Joshua Baron -- a `` researcher , lecturer , and consultant on international conflict '' -- since the early 1960s direct military conflicts and major confrontations have `` receded into the background '' with regards to relations among the great powers .	1960s	Since what time has military conflicts receded ?
Baron argues several reasons why this is the case , citing the unprecedented rise of the United States and its predominant position as the key reason .	United States	What country has risen above other superpowers ?
This position is unique among the great powers since the start of the modern era -LRB- the 16th century -RRB- , where there has traditionally always been `` tremendous parity among the great powers '' .	modern era (the 16th century)	Since what century has there always been parity in powers ?
This unique period of American primacy has been an important factor in maintaining a condition of peace between the great powers .	American	Who 's primacy has factored into maintaining peace among powers ?
Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers .	military force	What formerly effective tool for international disputes is no longer effective among peer powers ?
This `` subset '' of great powers -- France , Germany , Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States -- consider maintaining a `` state of peace '' as desirable .	France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States	What great powers have maintained peace ?
As evidence , Baron outlines that since the Cuban missile crisis -LRB- 1962 -RRB- during the Cold War , these influential Western nations have resolved all disputes among the great powers peacefully at the United Nations and other forums of international discussion .	United Nations and other forums	Where have the powers maintained peace in recent years ?
As evidence , Baron outlines that since the Cuban missile crisis -LRB- 1962 -RRB- during the Cold War , these influential Western nations have resolved all disputes among the great powers peacefully at the United Nations and other forums of international discussion .	Cuban missile crisis (1962	What was the last crisis during cold war to escalate world powers ?
China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to `` their political and economic dominance of the global arena '' .	China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States	What countries are recognized as Nuclear Weapons States ?
These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council .	five	How many countries are permanent seats on the UN Security Council ?
For example , sources have at times referred to China , France , Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers .	China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom	What other countries are referred to as middle powers ?
They are also the only recognized `` Nuclear Weapons States '' under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty , and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world .	Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty	What treaty addresses nuclear weapons ?
Japan and Germany are great powers too , though due to their large advanced economies -LRB- having the third and fourth largest economies respectively -RRB- rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities -LRB- i.e. , the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach -RRB- .	Japan and Germany	What countries are great powers mostly based on economic reasons ?
Japan and Germany are great powers too , though due to their large advanced economies -LRB- having the third and fourth largest economies respectively -RRB- rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities -LRB- i.e. , the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach -RRB- .	UN Security Council	Due to lack of strategic and hard power , countries are excluded from what ?
Like China , France , Russia and the United Kingdom ; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers .	middle powers	What is the name for the grouping of countries of China , France , Russia and the United Kingdom ; Germany and Japan ?
In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above , Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too .	India	Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider what country to be a great power too ?
However , there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India , for example , a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power , while some believe that India remains a middle power .	no collective agreement	Is there agreement on the status of all powers ?
Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so , India 's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent .	India	Many academics debate the status of this country as a power ?
Milena Sterio , American expert of international law , includes the former axis powers -LRB- Germany , Italy and Japan -RRB- and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC .	Germany, Italy and Japan	Milena Sterio includes what former axis powers among great powers ?
Milena Sterio , American expert of international law , includes the former axis powers -LRB- Germany , Italy and Japan -RRB- and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC .	India	What emerging power is considered a great power ?
She considers Germany , Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional and international organizations .	Germany, Japan and Italy	What G7 members are among great powers ?
Various authors describe Italy as an equal major power , while others view Italy as an `` intermittent great power '' or as `` the least of the great powers '' .	Italy	Which country is debated as intermittent and/or least of great powers ?
With continuing European integration , the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right , with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits .	European Union	What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties ?
It also reflects a non-traditional conception of Europe 's world role as a global `` civilian power '' , exercising collective influence in the functional spheres of trade and diplomacy , as an alternative to military dominance .	trade and diplomacy	What other tools are used as alternative to military force ?
These remain largely with the member states of the European Union , which include the three great powers of France , Germany and the United Kingdom -LRB- referred to as the `` EU three '' -RRB- .	three	How many great powers are members of Europian Union ?
With continuing European integration , the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right , with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits .	WTO and at G8 and G-20	What summits does EU have membership ?
`` Between 1500 and 1953 , there were 64 wars in which at least one great power was opposed to another , and they averaged little more than five years in length .	64	How many wars occured between 1500s and 1953 ?
In fact , Joshua Baron points out that , in terms of militarized conflicts or confrontations , the UK led the way in this period with nineteen such instances against ; Russia -LRB- 8 -RRB- , France -LRB- 5 -RRB- , Germany/Prussia -LRB- 5 -RRB- and Italy -LRB- 1 -RRB- .	UK	What country had the most conflicts from 1500s through mid 20th century ?
Even during the period of Pax Britannica -LRB- or `` the British Peace '' -RRB- between 1815 and 1914 , war and military confrontations among the great powers was still a frequent occurrence .	between 1815 and 1914	What span was the Pax Britannica ?
From 1989 through 1996 , the total area of the US was listed as 9,372,610 km2 -LRB- 3,618,780 sq mi -RRB- -LRB- land + inland water only -RRB- .	3,618,780 sq mi	During the period from 1989 - 1996 , what was the total are of the US in miles ?
Currently , the CIA World Factbook gives 9,826,675 km2 -LRB- 3,794,100 sq mi -RRB- , the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 km2 -LRB- 3,717,813 sq mi -RRB- , and the Encyclopædia Britannica gives 9,522,055 km2 -LRB- 3,676,486 sq mi -RRB- -LRB- Great Lakes area included but not coastal waters -RRB- .	3,794,100 sq mi	According to the CIA World Factbook , what is the total area of the US in miles ?
Currently , the CIA World Factbook gives 9,826,675 km2 -LRB- 3,794,100 sq mi -RRB- , the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 km2 -LRB- 3,717,813 sq mi -RRB- , and the Encyclopædia Britannica gives 9,522,055 km2 -LRB- 3,676,486 sq mi -RRB- -LRB- Great Lakes area included but not coastal waters -RRB- .	3,676,486 sq mi	According to the Encyclopedia Britannica , what is the total area of the US in miles ?
By total area -LRB- water as well as land -RRB- , the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People 's Republic of China , making it the world 's third or fourth largest country .	third or fourth largest country	Compared to other countries , how large is the US ?
By land area only -LRB- exclusive of waters -RRB- , the United States is the world 's third largest country , after Russia and China , with Canada in fourth .	Canada	Which country is the worlds fourth largest ?
Whether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors : -LRB- 1 -RRB- The validity of China 's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract .	China	Who may also be the third largest country ?
The United States shares land borders with Canada -LRB- to the north -RRB- and Mexico -LRB- to the south -RRB- , and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest , and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba , and Florida and the Bahamas .	Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south),	Who does the US share land borders with ?
The United States shares land borders with Canada -LRB- to the north -RRB- and Mexico -LRB- to the south -RRB- , and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest , and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba , and Florida and the Bahamas .	Russia	Who does the US share water borders with in the northwest ?
The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west , the Atlantic Ocean on the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast .	forty-eight	How many contiguous states are there ?
Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south , the Bering Strait to the west , and the Arctic Ocean to the north , while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean .	Pacific Ocean	Which ocean does Alaska border to the south ?
The capital city , Washington , District of Columbia , is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland .	Washington, District of Columbia	What is the capital city of the US ?
The capital city , Washington , District of Columbia , is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland .	Maryland	Which US state donated Washington , D.C. ?
The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization : in the Caribbean the territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands , and in the Pacific the inhabited territories of Guam , American Samoa , and the Northern Mariana Islands , along with a number of uninhabited island territories .	Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands	What are the US territories overseas located in the Pacific ?
-LRB- Virginia had also donated land , but it was returned in 1849 . -RRB-	Virginia	Which US state also donated territory to Washington , D.C. , but had it returned ?
The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country , four of them forming part of the border with Canada , only Lake Michigan situated entirely within United States .	four	How many Great Lakes form a border with Canada ?
The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country , four of them forming part of the border with Canada , only Lake Michigan situated entirely within United States .	Lake Michigan	Which of the Great Lakes is entirely located in US territory ?
West of the Appalachians lies the Mississippi River basin and two large eastern tributaries , the Ohio River and the Tennessee River .	Mississippi River	Which major river is located west of the Appalachian mountains ?
The Ohio and Tennessee Valleys and the Midwest consist largely of rolling hills and productive farmland , stretching south to the Gulf Coast .	rolling hills and productive farmland	What type of land makes up the Ohio and Tennessee valleys ?
The southeast United States contain subtropical forests and , near the gulf coast , mangrove wetlands , especially in Florida .	southeast United States	Which section of the US contains subtropical forests and mangrove wetlands ?
The Great Plains lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains .	The Great Plains	What area is located in between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains ?
A large portion of the country 's agricultural products are grown in the Great Plains .	the Great Plains	In which area are a large number of the country 's agricultural products grown ?
Elevation rises gradually from less than a few hundred feet near the Mississippi River to more than a mile high in the High Plains .	a mile high	How high does elevation rise in the Great Plains ?
The generally low relief of the plains is broken in several places , most notably in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains , which form the U.S. Interior Highlands , the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains .	Interior Highlands	What is the only major mountain ranged located between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains ?
The Rocky Mountains form a large portion of the Western U.S. , entering from Canada and stretching nearly to Mexico .	Canada	Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains begin at ?
The Rocky Mountains form a large portion of the Western U.S. , entering from Canada and stretching nearly to Mexico .	Mexico	Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains terminate at ?
The Rocky Mountain region is the highest region of the United States by average elevation .	The Rocky Mountain	In the US , which region is the highest by elevation ?
The highest peaks of the Rockies are found in Colorado , the tallest peak being Mount Elbert at 14,440 ft -LRB- 4,400 m -RRB- .	Colorado	In which state are the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains found ?
West of the Rocky Mountains lies the Intermontane Plateaus -LRB- also known as the Intermountain West -RRB- , a large , arid desert lying between the Rockies and the Cascades and Sierra Nevada ranges .	Intermontane Plateaus	What is the name of the plateau that lies west of the Rocky Mountains ?
The large southern portion , known as the Great Basin , consists of salt flats , drainage basins , and many small north-south mountain ranges .	the Great Basin	What is the name of the large southern portion of the Intermontane Plateaus ?
The large southern portion , known as the Great Basin , consists of salt flats , drainage basins , and many small north-south mountain ranges .	salt flats	What type of flats compose the Great Basin ?
A portion known as the Colorado Plateau , centered around the Four Corners region , is considered to have some of the most spectacular scenery in the world .	Colorado Plateau	What region is centered around the Four Corners ?
The Intermontane Plateaus come to an end at the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada .	Cascade Range	What is the name of the range where the Intermontane plateaus end ?
The Sierra Nevada , further south , is a high , rugged , and dense mountain range .	Sierra Nevada	Which mountain range contains Mount Whitney ?
The Cascades consist of largely intermittent , volcanic mountains , many rising prominently from the surrounding landscape .	volcanic mountains	What type of mountains compose the Cascades ?
It contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 states , Mount Whitney -LRB- 14,505 ft or 4,421 m -RRB- It is located at the boundary between California 's Inyo and Tulare counties , just 84.6 mi or 136.2 km west-northwest of the lowest point in North America at the Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 279 ft or 85 m below sea level .	Mount Whitney	What is the largest point in the Sierra Nevadas ?
It contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 states , Mount Whitney -LRB- 14,505 ft or 4,421 m -RRB- It is located at the boundary between California 's Inyo and Tulare counties , just 84.6 mi or 136.2 km west-northwest of the lowest point in North America at the Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 279 ft or 85 m below sea level .	14,505 ft	How tall is Mount Whitney ?
These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well , as evidenced by such national parks as Yosemite and Mount Rainier .	Yosemite and Mount Rainier	What are two national parks located in the mountainous regions ?
West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys , such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon .	Central Valley	What is the name of the famous valley located in California ?
West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys , such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon .	Willamette Valley	What is the name of the famous valley located in Oregon ?
Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known as the Pacific Coast Ranges .	Pacific Coast Ranges	What are the low mountain ranges that are located along the pacific coast called ?
Much of the Pacific Northwest coast is inhabited by some of the densest vegetation outside of the Tropics , and also the tallest trees in the world -LRB- the Redwoods -RRB- .	Redwoods	What are the tallest trees in the world ?
The Appalachian Highland owes its oblique northeast-southwest trend to crustal deformations which in very early geological time gave a beginning to what later came to be the Appalachian mountain system .	crustal deformations	Why does the Appalachian Highland have the terrain it does ?
This system had its climax of deformation so long ago -LRB- probably in Permian time -RRB- that it has since then been very generally reduced to moderate or low relief .	Permian time	During what geological period did the Appalachian mountains reach their highest formation point ?
The Appalachian Highland owes its oblique northeast-southwest trend to crustal deformations which in very early geological time gave a beginning to what later came to be the Appalachian mountain system .	The Appalachian Highland	What is the name of the mountaneous region along the Atlantic cost .
The east coast Appalachian system , originally forest covered , is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain .	forest	What originally covered the east coast of the Appalachians ?
The Cordilleran system on the western side of the continent is lofty , broad and complicated having two branches , the Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System .	Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System	What are the two branches of the Cordilleran system ?
Both the Columbia River and Colorado River rise far inland near the easternmost members of the Cordilleran system , and flow through plateaus and intermontaine basins to the ocean .	Columbia River and Colorado River	Which two major rivers are located in the Cordilleran system ?
The intermontane valleys , plateaus and basins range from treeless to desert with the most arid region being in the southwest .	southwest	Which region of the Appalachians is the most arid ?
The Laurentian Highlands , the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts , stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward , far beyond the national boundary , to the Arctic Ocean .	Laurentian Highlands	What is one of the two major highlands that stretch from the gulf of mexico to the Arctic ocean ?
The Laurentian Highlands , the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts , stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward , far beyond the national boundary , to the Arctic Ocean .	Arctic Ocean	How far north do the Interior Highlands reach ?
The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion .	Canadian and a United States	Which two nations are the central plains divided in ?
It is from the United States side , that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico .	Gulf of Mexico	Where does the Mississippi discharge ?
The climate is temperate in most areas , subtropical in the Southern United States , tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida , polar in Alaska , semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian , Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin .	subtropical	What is the climate like in the Southern United States ?
The climate is temperate in most areas , subtropical in the Southern United States , tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida , polar in Alaska , semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian , Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin .	tropical	Hawaii has what type of climate ?
The climate is temperate in most areas , subtropical in the Southern United States , tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida , polar in Alaska , semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian , Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin .	California	Which state is known for its Mediterranean climate ?
Its comparatively favorable agricultural climate contributed -LRB- in part -RRB- to the country 's rise as a world power , with infrequent severe drought in the major agricultural regions , a general lack of widespread flooding , and a mainly temperate climate that receives adequate precipitation .	agricultural climate	What contributed to the rise of the US as a world power ?
The climate is temperate in most areas , subtropical in the Southern United States , tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida , polar in Alaska , semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian , Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin .	temperate	What is the climate like in most areas of the US ?
The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau -LRB- the Intermontane Plateaus -RRB- are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada .	The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau	Which areas have arid regions ?
Precipitation averages less than 15 inches -LRB- 38 cm -RRB- .	15 inches	What is the precipitation average in the Intermontane plateaus ?
The Southwest is a hot desert , with temperatures exceeding 100 °F -LRB- 37.8 °C -RRB- for several weeks at a time in summer .	100 °F (37.8 °C)	In the southwest , how high do temperatures get ?
The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September , which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region .	July to September	During which months are portions of the US affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California ?
The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September , which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region .	severe thunderstorms	What type of weather do monsoons bring ?
Much of California consists of a Mediterranean climate , with sometimes excessive rainfall from October -- April and nearly no rain the rest of the year .	Mediterranean	What is the most prevalent type of climate nCalifornia ?
Much of California consists of a Mediterranean climate , with sometimes excessive rainfall from October -- April and nearly no rain the rest of the year .	October–April	During what time of the year does California receive the most rainfall ?
In the Pacific Northwest rain falls year-round , but is much heavier during winter and spring .	Pacific Northwest	Which region of the US experiences rain year round ?
The Cascades are one of the snowiest places in the world , with some places averaging over 600 inches -LRB- 1,524 cm -RRB- of snow annually , but the lower elevations closer to the coast receive very little snow .	The Cascades	Which region in the US is also one of the most snowiest places in the world ?
The Cascades are one of the snowiest places in the world , with some places averaging over 600 inches -LRB- 1,524 cm -RRB- of snow annually , but the lower elevations closer to the coast receive very little snow .	600 inches	How many inches of snow do regions of the Cascades receive ?
On average , the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth .	mountains of the western states	Which mountainous region receives the highest snowfall on Earth ?
The greatest annual snowfall level is at Mount Rainier in Washington , at 692 inches -LRB- 1,758 cm -RRB- ; the record there was 1,122 inches -LRB- 2,850 cm -RRB- in the winter of 1971 -- 72 .	Mount Rainier	Which mountain in Washington receives the most amount of snowfall ?
The greatest annual snowfall level is at Mount Rainier in Washington , at 692 inches -LRB- 1,758 cm -RRB- ; the record there was 1,122 inches -LRB- 2,850 cm -RRB- in the winter of 1971 -- 72 .	1,122 inches	What is the record amount of snowfall at Mount Rainer ?
This record was broken by the Mt. Baker Ski Area in northwestern Washington which reported 1,140 inches -LRB- 2,896 cm -RRB- of snowfall for the 1998-99 snowfall season .	1998-99	In what year did Mount Rainer receive a record amount of snowfall ?
Other places with significant snowfall outside the Cascade Range are the Wasatch Mountains , near the Great Salt Lake , the San Juan Mountains in Colorado , and the Sierra Nevada , near Lake Tahoe .	Lake Tahoe	The Sierra Nevadas are located near which lake ?
Along the northwestern Pacific coast , rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental U.S. , with Quinault Rainforest in Washington having an average of 137 inches -LRB- 348 cm -RRB- .	northwestern Pacific coast	Which region of the US receives the most amount of rainfall ?
Along the northwestern Pacific coast , rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental U.S. , with Quinault Rainforest in Washington having an average of 137 inches -LRB- 348 cm -RRB- .	137 inches	What is the average amount of rainfall that the Quinault rainforest in Washington receives ?
In the east , while snowfall does not approach western levels , the region near the Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast receive the most .	Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast	Which regions in the East receives the most amount of snowfall ?
Hawaii receives even more , with 460 inches -LRB- 1,168 cm -RRB- measured annually on Mount Waialeale , in Kauai .	Hawaii	Which state receives an average of 460 inches of rainfall per year ?
The Mojave Desert , in the southwest , is home to the driest locale in the U.S. Yuma , Arizona , has an average of 2.63 inches -LRB- 6.7 cm -RRB- of precipitation each year .	Mojave Desert	What is the name of the desert that is located in the driest region in the US ?
In central portions of the U.S. , tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer .	central portions of the U.S.	Where are tornadoes most common on Earth ?
In central portions of the U.S. , tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer .	spring and summer	During which seasons are tornados most common ?
The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods , though virtually no area in the U.S. is immune to flooding .	Appalachian region and the Midwest	Which regions experience the worst flooding in the US ?
The Southwest has the worst droughts ; one is thought to have lasted over 500 years and to have hurt Ancestral Pueblo peoples .	Southwest	Which region experiences the worst droughts in the US ?
The West is affected by large wildfires each year .	wildfires	What type of disasters affects the western US every year ?
There was the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the Great Flood of 1993 , and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982-1983 El Niño event in the western United States .	1927	The Great Mississippi occurred during what year ?
Large stretches of desert shrub in the west can fuel the spread of wildfires .	desert shrub	What fuels wildfires and causes them to spread in the west ?
The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the summer lead to sometimes devastating flash floods as well , while Nor'Easter snowstorms can bring activity to a halt throughout the Northeast -LRB- although heavy snowstorms can occur almost anywhere -RRB- .	Nor'Easter snowstorms	What type of storms can cause most activity to stop ?
There was the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the Great Flood of 1993 , and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982-1983 El Niño event in the western United States .	El Niño	What is the name of the event that caused major flooding in the western US ?
The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska -LRB- including the Aleutian Islands , the Alaskan Peninsula and southern Alaskan coast -RRB- make up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90 % of the world 's earthquakes .	Pacific Ring of Fire	What is the area in the pacific known for heavy volcanic activity ?
There are several active volcanoes located in the islands of Hawaii , including Kilauea in ongoing eruption since 1983 , but they do not typically adversely affect the inhabitants of the islands .	Kilauea	Which Hawaiin volcano has been erupting since 1983 ?
The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska -LRB- including the Aleutian Islands , the Alaskan Peninsula and southern Alaskan coast -RRB- make up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90 % of the world 's earthquakes .	90%	The Pacific Ring of Fire contains what percentage of the earthquakes on Earth ?
There has not been a major life-threatening eruption on the Hawaiian islands since the 17th century .	17th century	When was the last time that the Hawaiin islands experienced a life threatening volcanic eruption ?
Volcanic eruptions can occasionally be devastating , such as in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington .	1980	What year did Mt St. Helens erupt causing devastating damage ?
Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982 .	1982	When did Audio CDs become available for purchase ?
Compact Disc -LRB- CD -RRB- is a digital optical disc data storage format .	Compact Disc	What does CD stand for ?
Several other formats were further derived from these , including write-once audio and data storage -LRB- CD-R -RRB- , rewritable media -LRB- CD-RW -RRB- , Video Compact Disc -LRB- VCD -RRB- , Super Video Compact Disc -LRB- SVCD -RRB- , Photo CD , PictureCD , CD-i , and Enhanced Music CD .	Super Video Compact Disc	What does SVCD stand for ?
The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data -LRB- CD-ROM -RRB- .	sound recordings	What were CD 's originally created to store ?
Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982 .	1982	In what year were compact discs realesed for purchase ?
Compact Disc -LRB- CD -RRB- is a digital optical disc data storage format .	data storage	What was the original intended format for CDs ?
In 2014 , revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time .	2014	In what year were digital and physical music sales the same ?
By 2007 , 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide .	200 billion	How many CDs had been distrubuted worldwide by 2007 ?
In 2004 , worldwide sales of audio CDs , CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs .	2004	In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world ?
CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution , with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50 % from their peak ; however , they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry .	50%	What percent decrease did audio CD sales experience ?
CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution , with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50 % from their peak ; however , they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry .	other forms of digital storage and distribution	What has caused a decrease in CD sales ?
In 2004 , worldwide sales of audio CDs , CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs .	30 billion	In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world ?
By 2007 , 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide .	200 billion	How many CDs had been distrubuted around the world by 2007 ?
CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution , with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50 % from their peak ; however , they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry .	other forms of digital storage	What has caused a decrease in CD sales ?
Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s .	Philips and Sony	Who created Compact Disc prototypes in the 1970s ?
After a year of experimentation and discussion , the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980 .	a year	How lond did the creation of Red Book CD-DA standard take ?
The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony , who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware .	the cooperation between Philips and Sony	To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity ?
Despite costing up to $ 1,000 , over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984 .	400,000	How many CD players were sold in the United States in their first year ?
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology , where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals .	LaserDisc	What did the CD evolve from ?
The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company , and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged .	unified design	What made it possible for CDs to be played on any companies CD player ?
After their commercial release in 1982 , compact discs and their players were extremely popular .	1982	What year did CD players become available for purchase ?
The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony , who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware .	cooperation between Philips and Sony	To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity ?
In 1977 , Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc .	1977	In what year did Philips institute a laboratory to create a digital audio disc ?
The diameter of Philips 's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm , the diagonal of an audio cassette .	11.5 cm	What was the proposed diameter for the original compact disc ?
However , due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format , two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974 .	1974	What year did Philips propse the idea of a digital audio format ?
In 1974 , L. Ottens , director of the audio division of Philips , started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record .	L. Ottens	Who was the director of the Philips audio division in 1974 ?
Technical details of Sony 's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention , held on 13 -- 16 March 1979 , in Brussels .	Brussels	Where was the 62nd AES Convention held ?
Heitaro Nakajima , who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan 's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970 , became general manager of Sony 's audio department in 1971 .	Heitaro Nakajima	Who was the general manger of Sony 's audio department in 1971 ?
Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976 .	1976	What year did Sony first exhibit the use of an optical digital audio disc ?
His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973 .	a Betamax video recorder	What did Nakajima 's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder ?
A week later , on 8 March , Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called `` Philips Introduce Compact Disc '' in Eindhoven , Netherlands .	Eindhoven, Netherlands	Where was the Philips Introduce Compact disc conference held ?
His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973 .	Betamax video recorder	What did Nakajima 's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder ?
Sony 's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979 .	1 March 1979	When did Sony release it 's AES technical paper ?
As a result , in 1979 , Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc .	1979	In what year did Sony and Philips band together to design a new digital audio disc ?
First published in 1980 , the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987 , with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996 .	1980	What year was the Red Book CD-DA standard released ?
First published in 1980 , the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987 , with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996 .	1987	When did the IEC isntigate the Red Book CD-DA as an international standard ?
Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi , the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology .	Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi	Who headed the 1979 Sony and Philips digital audio disc task force ?
The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits , with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms .	Dire Straits	Who first sold a million copies on CD ?
The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie , whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985 , along with four greatest hits albums .	David Bowie	Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD ?
The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits , with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms .	1985	What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released ?
The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie , whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985 , along with four greatest hits albums .	15	How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985 ?
In 1988 , 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world .	400 million	How many CDs were mass produced in 1988 ?
In June 1985 , the computer-readable CD-ROM -LRB- read-only memory -RRB- and , in 1990 , CD-Recordable were introduced , also developed by both Sony and Philips .	read-only memory	What does ROM stand for ?
In June 1985 , the computer-readable CD-ROM -LRB- read-only memory -RRB- and , in 1990 , CD-Recordable were introduced , also developed by both Sony and Philips .	1990	What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable ?
From its origins as a musical format , CDs have grown to encompass other applications .	musical format	What was the original intended format for CDs ?
In 1983 , following the CD 's introduction , Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention .	1983	What year was the 73rd AES Convention ?
The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music , rather than primarily as a data storage medium .	the gramophone record	What was the CDs predecessor ?
The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music , rather than primarily as a data storage medium .	gramophone record	What was the CDs predecessor ?
Meanwhile , with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3 , sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s .	the 2000s	When did CD sales experience their original decline ?
As of 2012 , CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States .	34 percent	What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012 ?
In Japan , however , over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015 .	Japan	Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats ?
Meanwhile , with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3 , sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s .	lossily-compressed	How are MP3s compressed ?
Meanwhile , with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3 , sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s .	2000s	When did CD sales experience their original decline ?
Meanwhile , with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3 , sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s .	Internet-based distribution of files	What has caused a decrease in CD sales ?
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press .	hydraulic press	How are CDs mass produced ?
Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press .	raw polycarbonate plastic	What type of material is used to make CDs ?
Once opened , the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm , and a 15 mm diameter center hole -LRB- called a stacking ring -RRB- is created .	15 mm	What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD ?
The time it takes to `` stamp '' one CD is usually two to three seconds .	two to three seconds	How long does it take to stamp out one CD ?
Once opened , the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm , and a 15 mm diameter center hole -LRB- called a stacking ring -RRB- is created .	stacking ring	What is the term for the center hole in a CD ?
After a metallic reflecting layer -LRB- usually aluminium , but sometimes gold or other metal -RRB- is applied to the clear blank substrate , the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press .	usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal	What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD ?
After a metallic reflecting layer -LRB- usually aluminium , but sometimes gold or other metal -RRB- is applied to the clear blank substrate , the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press .	UV	What type of light is used to cure CDs ?
The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface -LRB- with the desired microscopic pits and lands -RRB- .	positive image of the desired CD surface	What is a glass master ?
To prepare to press a CD , a glass master is made , using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer .	high-powered laser	How are glass masters created ?
The die is a negative image of the glass master : typically , several are made , depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD .	die	What is the term for a negative image of the glass master ?
A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc , and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface .	lacquer	How is the positive image on a CD protected ?
A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc , and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface .	rapid spinning	How is lacquer distrubted on a CD ?
The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case .	jewel case	What is the priciest component of a CD ?
This was done because the apparent value increased .	value increased	Why did the cost of audio music increase when the production costs decreased ?
Wholesale cost of CDs was $ 0.75 to $ 1.15 , which retailed for $ 16.98 .	$16.98	What did CDs retail for in 1995 ?
On average , the store received 35 percent of the retail price , the record company 27 percent , the artist 16 percent , the manufacturer 13 percent , and the distributor 9 percent .	the store	Who received the most profit from the sale of CDs ?
In 1995 , material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD .	30 cents	How much did a jewel case cost in 1995 ?
The design life is from 20 to 100 years , depending on the quality of the discs , the quality of the writing drive , and storage conditions .	20 to 100 years	How long are CDs expected to last ?
This failure is known as disc rot , for which there are several , mostly environmental , reasons .	disc rot	What can cause sudden disc degradation ?
CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent .	permanent	Are CDs meant for permanent or temporary use ?
These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System -LRB- SCMS -RRB- , an early form of digital rights management -LRB- DRM -RRB- , to conform to the United States ' Audio Home Recording Act -LRB- AHRA -RRB- .	Serial Copy Management System	What does SCMS stand for ?
These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System -LRB- SCMS -RRB- , an early form of digital rights management -LRB- DRM -RRB- , to conform to the United States ' Audio Home Recording Act -LRB- AHRA -RRB- .	digital rights management	What does DRM stand for ?
These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System -LRB- SCMS -RRB- , an early form of digital rights management -LRB- DRM -RRB- , to conform to the United States ' Audio Home Recording Act -LRB- AHRA -RRB- .	Audio Home Recording Act	What does AHRA stand for ?
The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder , which will not -LRB- without modification -RRB- accept standard CD-RW discs .	ReWritable Audio CD	What type of CD is intended to be used in a Consumer audio CD Recorder ?
The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-RW due to -LRB- a -RRB- lower volume and -LRB- b -RRB- a 3 % AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy .	CD-RW	Which is less expensive , the ReWritable Audio CD or a CD-RW ?
Due to technical limitations , the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed .	4x speed	How fast could the first ReWritable CD be written ?
High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design , which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x .	High Speed ReWritable CD	Which CD has writing speeds betwen 4x and 12x ?
Higher speed CD-RW discs , Ultra Speed -LRB- 16x to 24x write speed -RRB- and Ultra Speed + -LRB- 32x write speed -RRB- are now available .	32x	How fast can Ultra Speed + CDs write ?
Higher speed CD-RW discs , Ultra Speed -LRB- 16x to 24x write speed -RRB- and Ultra Speed + -LRB- 32x write speed -RRB- are now available .	16x to 24x	How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write ?
In order to accommodate the spiral pattern of data , the semiconductor laser is placed on a swing arm within the disc tray of any CD player .	on a swing arm	Where is the semiconductor laser found in a CD player ?
A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength -LRB- near infrared -RRB- semiconductor laser housed within the CD player , through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer .	780 nm	What wavelenght is used to pull data from a CD ?
By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode , the data can be read from the disc .	photodiode	What is used to discern the change of intensity in light on a CD ?
In order to accommodate the spiral pattern of data , the semiconductor laser is placed on a swing arm within the disc tray of any CD player .	spiral	In what pattern is data stored on a CD ?
The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected .	change in height between pits and lands	What createds the change in light reflected off of a CD ?
Instead , non-return-to-zero , inverted encoding is used : a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one , while no change indicates a series of zeros .	change from pit to land or land to pit	What type of result from a CD will return a one ?
These encoding techniques -LRB- defined in the Red Book -RRB- were originally designed for CD Digital Audio , but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats -LRB- such as CD-ROM -RRB- .	Red Book	Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs ?
Instead , non-return-to-zero , inverted encoding is used : a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one , while no change indicates a series of zeros .	non-return-to-zero	What type of encoding do CDs implement ?
This in turn is decoded by reversing the eight-to-fourteen modulation used in mastering the disc , and then reversing the cross-interleaved Reed -- Solomon coding , finally revealing the raw data stored on the disc .	eight-to-fourteen	What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered ?
Consequently , CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc .	label side of the disc	Where can one expect to find damage on a disc ?
Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing .	refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing	How are scratches on a CD fixed ?
The fungus Geotrichum candidum , found in Belize , has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs .	fungus Geotrichum candidum	What eats at the plastic and aluminum found in CDs ?
The fungus Geotrichum candidum , found in Belize , has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs .	Belize	Where does the fungus Geotrichum candidum originate from ?
The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge , which allows adaptation to the different size formats available .	the center	Where is the start of data on a CD ?
By far , the most common is 120 millimetres -LRB- 4.7 in -RRB- in diameter , with a 74 - or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB -LRB- 737,280,000-byte -RRB- data capacity .	120 millimetres (4.7 in)	What size CD is most frequently used ?
Eighty-millimeter discs -LRB- `` Mini CDs '' -RRB- were originally designed for CD singles and can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB of data but never became popular .	Eighty-millimeter	What is the size of a Mini CD ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Today , nearly every single is released on a 120 mm CD , called a Maxi single .	120 mm	What is the size of a Maxi Single ?
This capacity was reportedly specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga in May 1980 so as to be able to contain the entirety of the London Philharmonic Orchestra 's recording of Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony on one disc .	Norio Ohga	Who was the Sony Executive in 1980 ?
The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover .	the colour of its cover	Where does the Red Book get it 's name from ?
The logical format of an audio CD -LRB- officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA -RRB- is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format 's joint creators , Sony and Philips .	Compact Disc Digital Audio	What is the formal name for a CD ?
The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel .	two-channel	Do CDs have a two or four channel format ?
Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within the Red Book format , but has never been implemented .	Four-channel sound	What format has never been implemented on CDs ?
The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player , but when played on a special CD+G player , it can output a graphics signal -LRB- typically , the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a computer monitor -RRB- ; these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke performers to sing along with .	television set or a computer monitor	How is graphics information read from a CD + Graphics ?
The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player , but when played on a special CD+G player , it can output a graphics signal -LRB- typically , the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a computer monitor -RRB- ; these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke performers to sing along with .	to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke	What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics ?
The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W .	channels R through W	Which channels does the CD+G use to hold graphics data ?
One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video .	60 minutes	How much video can a CD-R contain ?
SVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD , and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD .	SVCD	Which has better resolution , a VCD or SVCD ?
While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification , one must lower the video bit rate , and therefore quality , to accommodate very long videos .	lower the video bit rate	How are lengthy videos fit onto SVCDs ?
It is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one SVCD without incurring significant quality loss , and many hardware players are unable to play video with an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600 kilobits per second .	100 minutes	What is the maximum amount of video a SVCD can properly hold ?
Launched in 1992 , the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images , scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding .	100	How many images could Photo CDs initially contain ?
Launched in 1992 , the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images , scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding .	1992	When were Photo CDs initially released ?
Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD .	Kodak	Who created Photo CDs ?
The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine .	photographic paper	What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on ?
Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well .	Beige Book	In what book are Photo CD standards defined ?
Known at least as early as 2001 , attempts were made by record companies to market `` copy-protected '' non-standard compact discs , which can not be ripped , or copied , to hard drives or easily converted to MP3s .	2001	When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying ?
Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked Compact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specifications .	Philips	Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo ?
The Red Book audio specification , except for a simple `` anti-copy '' statement in the subcode , does not include any copy protection mechanism .	in the subcode	Where does the Red Book mention copy protection ?
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power .	to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power	What is the use of a transistor ?
It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit .	semiconductor material	What is a transistor made of ?
Because the controlled -LRB- output -RRB- power can be higher than the controlling -LRB- input -RRB- power , a transistor can amplify a signal .	the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power	Why does a transistor increase a signal ?
It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit .	three	What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor ?
Today , some transistors are packaged individually , but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits .	embedded in integrated circuits	Where are most transistors found ?
First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen , Walter Brattain , and William Shockley , the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics , and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios , calculators , and computers , among other things .	1926	When was the first transistor created ?
First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen , Walter Brattain , and William Shockley , the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics , and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios , calculators , and computers , among other things .	Julius Lilienfeld	Who invented the first transistor ?
First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen , Walter Brattain , and William Shockley , the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics , and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios , calculators , and computers , among other things .	1947	When was the first transistor implemented for practical use ?
The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics , and Bardeen , Brattain , and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement .	1956	When did the implementers receive a Nobel Prize for making the transistor ?
The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics , and Bardeen , Brattain , and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement .	list of IEEE milestones in electronics	What list is the transistor on ?
The thermionic triode , a vacuum tube invented in 1907 , enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony .	1907	When was the thermionic triode invented ?
The thermionic triode , a vacuum tube invented in 1907 , enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony .	amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony	What was the purpose of the thermionic triode ?
Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor -LRB- FET -RRB- in Canada in 1925 , which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode .	Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld	Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor ?
Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor -LRB- FET -RRB- in Canada in 1925 , which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode .	Canada	Where did Lilienfeld file his patent ?
Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor -LRB- FET -RRB- in Canada in 1925 , which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode .	1925	What year did Lilienfeld file his patent ?
From November 17 , 1947 to December 23 , 1947 , John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T 's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium , a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input .	November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947	At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output ?
From November 17 , 1947 to December 23 , 1947 , John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T 's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium , a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input .	germanium	What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output ?
Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this , and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors .	William Shockley	Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader ?
The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance .	John R. Pierce	Who came up with the term transistor ?
The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance .	a contraction of the term transresistance	Why was the term transistor used ?
In 1948 , the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux , a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris .	1948	In what year was the point-contact transistor invented ?
In 1948 , the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux , a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris .	Compagnie des Freins et Signaux	Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor ?
In 1948 , the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux , a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris .	Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker	Who invented the point-contact transistor ?
Realizing that Bell Labs ' scientists had already invented the transistor before them , the company rushed to get its `` transistron '' into production for amplified use in France 's telephone network .	transistron	What was the name of Matare and Welker 's transistor ?
Realizing that Bell Labs ' scientists had already invented the transistor before them , the company rushed to get its `` transistron '' into production for amplified use in France 's telephone network .	amplified use in France's telephone network	What was the transistron used for ?
A logic gate consists of up to about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor , as of 2009 , can use as many as 3 billion transistors -LRB- MOSFETs -RRB- .	up to about twenty transistors	How many transistors make up a logic gate ?
A logic gate consists of up to about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor , as of 2009 , can use as many as 3 billion transistors -LRB- MOSFETs -RRB- .	as many as 3 billion transistors	How many transistors make up a microprocessor ?
`` About 60 million transistors were built in 2002 ... for -LSB- each -RSB- man , woman , and child on Earth . ''	60 million transistors were built in 2002… for [each] man, woman, and child	How many transistors were made in 2002 ?
Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged -LRB- known as discrete -RRB- transistors every year , the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits -LRB- often shortened to IC , microchips or simply chips -RRB- , along with diodes , resistors , capacitors and other electronic components , to produce complete electronic circuits .	over a billion	How many individually packaged transistors are produced each year ?
Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged -LRB- known as discrete -RRB- transistors every year , the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits -LRB- often shortened to IC , microchips or simply chips -RRB- , along with diodes , resistors , capacitors and other electronic components , to produce complete electronic circuits .	IC, microchips or simply chips	What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits ?
This property is called gain .	gain	Why is a transistor so useful ?
It can produce a stronger output signal , a voltage or current , which is proportional to a weaker input signal ; that is , it can act as an amplifier .	it can act as an amplifier	What is gain ?
Alternatively , the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch , where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements .	turn current on or off in a circuit	What is an additional use of the transistor ?
Alternatively , the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch , where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements .	other circuit elements	What determines the amount of current in an electrically controlled switch ?
There are two types of transistors , which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit .	two	How many types of transistors are there ?
A small current at the base terminal -LRB- that is , flowing between the base and the emitter -RRB- can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals .	A small current at the base terminal	What controls the large current between the collector and emitter ?
For a field-effect transistor , the terminals are labeled gate , source , and drain , and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain .	gate, source, and drain	What are the components of a field-effect transistor ?
For a field-effect transistor , the terminals are labeled gate , source , and drain , and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain .	a voltage at the gate	In a field-effect transistor , what controls the current between the source and drain ?
A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base , collector , and emitter .	base, collector, and emitter	What are the components of a bipolar transistor ?
The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter .	reduced resistance from collector to emitter	Why does the collector voltage drop in grounded-emitter transistor circuits ?
If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter were zero -LRB- or near zero -RRB- , the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance -LRB- light bulb -RRB- and the supply voltage .	the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage	What would happen if the voltage difference from collector and emitter were zero ?
This is called saturation because current is flowing from collector to emitter freely .	saturation	What is the term for a zero difference between collector and emitter ?
This is called saturation because current is flowing from collector to emitter freely .	current is flowing from collector to emitter freely	Why is the term saturation named as such ?
When saturated , the switch is said to be on .	on	What position is the switch in when saturated ?
Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches .	Providing sufficient base drive current	What is a major problem with using bipolar transistors as switches ?
The transistor provides current gain , allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal .	current gain	What does the transistor provide ?
The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of transistor , and even for a particular type , varies depending on the collector current .	the type of transistor	What determines the current ratio in transistors ?
The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of transistor , and even for a particular type , varies depending on the collector current .	collector current	If the type of transistor is the same what determines the current ratio ?
Parameters are chosen such that the `` off '' output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry ; the resistance of the transistor in the `` on '' state is too small to affect circuitry ; and the transition between the two states is fast enough not to have a detrimental effect .	the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry	How are parameters chosen in a switching circuit ?
In a switching circuit , the idea is to simulate , as near as possible , the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off , short circuit when on , and an instantaneous transition between the two states .	short circuit	What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on ?
In a switching circuit , the idea is to simulate , as near as possible , the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off , short circuit when on , and an instantaneous transition between the two states .	open circuit	What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when off ?
In a switching circuit , the idea is to simulate , as near as possible , the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off , short circuit when on , and an instantaneous transition between the two states .	instantaneous	How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen ?
Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers .	they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers	What gives bipolar transistors their name ?
The bipolar junction transistor , the first type of transistor to be mass-produced , is a combination of two junction diodes , and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors -LRB- an n -- p -- n transistor -RRB- , or a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors -LRB- a p -- n -- p transistor -RRB- .	bipolar junction transistor	What was the first mass-produced transistor ?
The bipolar junction transistor , the first type of transistor to be mass-produced , is a combination of two junction diodes , and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors -LRB- an n -- p -- n transistor -RRB- , or a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors -LRB- a p -- n -- p transistor -RRB- .	two junction diodes	What is the bipolar junction transistor a combination of ?
The bipolar junction transistor , the first type of transistor to be mass-produced , is a combination of two junction diodes , and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors -LRB- an n -- p -- n transistor -RRB- , or a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors -LRB- a p -- n -- p transistor -RRB- .	n–p–n transistor	What is the name for a layer of p-type semiconductor set between two n-type semiconductors ?
The bipolar junction transistor , the first type of transistor to be mass-produced , is a combination of two junction diodes , and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors -LRB- an n -- p -- n transistor -RRB- , or a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors -LRB- a p -- n -- p transistor -RRB- .	p–n–p transistor	What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors ?
BJTs have three terminals , corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor -- an emitter , a base , and a collector .	three	How many terminals do BJTs have ?
BJTs have three terminals , corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor -- an emitter , a base , and a collector .	three	How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have ?
BJTs have three terminals , corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor -- an emitter , a base , and a collector .	an emitter, a base, and a collector	What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT ?
Collector current is approximately β -LRB- common-emitter current gain -RRB- times the base current .	β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current	How can one find the amount of collector current ?
It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed for high-power applications .	greater than 100	What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors ?
The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals ; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source .	electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals	What determines the conductivity in a FET ?
The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals ; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source .	the voltage applied between the gate and source	What controls the current between the drain and source ?
As the gate -- source voltage -LRB- VGS -RRB- is increased , the drain -- source current -LRB- IDS -RRB- increases exponentially for VGS below threshold , and then at a roughly quadratic rate -LRB- IGS ∝ -LRB- VGS − VT -RRB- 2 -RRB- -LRB- where VT is the threshold voltage at which drain current begins -RRB- in the `` space-charge-limited '' region above threshold .	a roughly quadratic rate	At what rate is the drain-source current increased when the gate-source current is increased ?
A quadratic behavior is not observed in modern devices , for example , at the 65 nm technology node .	in modern devices	Where is a quadratic behavior not observed ?
FETs are divided into two families : junction FET -LRB- JFET -RRB- and insulated gate FET -LRB- IGFET -RRB- .	two	How many groups are FETs split into ?
Unlike IGFETs , the JFET gate forms a p -- n diode with the channel which lies between the source and drain .	the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel	How is a JFET different from an IGFET ?
FETs are divided into two families : junction FET -LRB- JFET -RRB- and insulated gate FET -LRB- IGFET -RRB- .	junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET)	What are the names of the groups of FETs
Also , both devices operate in the depletion mode , they both have a high input impedance , and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage .	depletion mode	What mode do both JFET and IGFET operate in ?
The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal -- oxide -- semiconductor FET -LRB- MOSFET -RRB- , reflecting its original construction from layers of metal -LRB- the gate -RRB- , oxide -LRB- the insulation -RRB- , and semiconductor .	a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET)	What is the common term for an IFGET ?
FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types , depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage .	depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types	How are FET 's separated ?
For enhancement mode , the channel is off at zero bias , and a gate potential can `` enhance '' the conduction .	at zero bias	At what point is a channel off in enhancement-mode ?
For the depletion mode , the channel is on at zero bias , and a gate potential -LRB- of the opposite polarity -RRB- can `` deplete '' the channel , reducing conduction .	at zero bias	At what point is a channel on in depletion-mode ?
For either mode , a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for n-channel devices and a lower current for p-channel devices .	n-channel devices	What channel corresponds with high current ?
For either mode , a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for n-channel devices and a lower current for p-channel devices .	p-channel devices	What channel corresponds with low current ?
The bipolar junction transistor -LRB- BJT -RRB- was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s .	bipolar junction transistor	What was the most frequently used transistor in the 1960s and 70s ?
Even after MOSFETs became widely available , the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture .	their greater linearity and ease of manufacture	Why were BJTs so popular ?
Discrete MOSFETs can be applied in transistor applications , including analog circuits , voltage regulators , amplifiers , power transmitters and motor drivers .	transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers	What are some applications of discrete MOSFETs ?
In integrated circuits , the desirable properties of MOSFETs allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits .	MOSFETs	What were the most popular digital circuits of the time ?
The Pro Electron standard , the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme , begins with two letters : the first gives the semiconductor type -LRB- A for germanium , B for silicon , and C for materials like GaAs -RRB- ; the second letter denotes the intended use -LRB- A for diode , C for general-purpose transistor , etc. -RRB- .	European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme	What is the Pro Electron standard ?
The Pro Electron standard , the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme , begins with two letters : the first gives the semiconductor type -LRB- A for germanium , B for silicon , and C for materials like GaAs -RRB- ; the second letter denotes the intended use -LRB- A for diode , C for general-purpose transistor , etc. -RRB- .	two letters	How many letters does the part numbering scheme begin with ?
The Pro Electron standard , the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme , begins with two letters : the first gives the semiconductor type -LRB- A for germanium , B for silicon , and C for materials like GaAs -RRB- ; the second letter denotes the intended use -LRB- A for diode , C for general-purpose transistor , etc. -RRB- .	the semiconductor type	What is the first letter in the part numbering scheme ?
The Pro Electron standard , the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme , begins with two letters : the first gives the semiconductor type -LRB- A for germanium , B for silicon , and C for materials like GaAs -RRB- ; the second letter denotes the intended use -LRB- A for diode , C for general-purpose transistor , etc. -RRB- .	the intended use	What is the second letter in the part numbering scheme ?
A 3-digit sequence number -LRB- or one letter then 2 digits , for industrial types -RRB- follows .	A 3-digit sequence number	What follows the 2 letters in the part numbering scheme ?
The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with `` 2N '' , indicating a three-terminal device -LRB- dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices , so begin with 3N -RRB- , then a 2 , 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties -LRB- although early devices with low numbers tend to be germanium -RRB- .	2N	What does the JEDEC EIA370 transistor number start with ?
The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with `` 2N '' , indicating a three-terminal device -LRB- dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices , so begin with 3N -RRB- , then a 2 , 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties -LRB- although early devices with low numbers tend to be germanium -RRB- .	a three-terminal device	what does the 2N is the JEDEC EIA370 mean ?
The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with `` 2N '' , indicating a three-terminal device -LRB- dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices , so begin with 3N -RRB- , then a 2 , 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties -LRB- although early devices with low numbers tend to be germanium -RRB- .	a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties	What follows the 2N in a JEDEC EIA370 ?
A letter suffix -LRB- such as `` A '' -RRB- is sometimes used to indicate a newer variant , but rarely gain groupings .	a newer variant	What does a letter at the end of a device number mean ?
For example , 2N3055 is a silicon n -- p -- n power transistor , 2N1301 is a p -- n -- p germanium switching transistor .	a p–n–p germanium switching transistor	What does the number 2N1301 indicate ?
Since devices are second-sourced , a manufacturer 's prefix -LRB- like `` MPF '' in MPF102 , which originally would denote a Motorola FET -RRB- now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device .	a manufacturer's prefix	What was once an indicator of the devices creator ?
Since devices are second-sourced , a manufacturer 's prefix -LRB- like `` MPF '' in MPF102 , which originally would denote a Motorola FET -RRB- now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device .	devices are second-sourced	What makes a manufacturer 's prefix less reliable ?
Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts of other naming schemes , for example a PN2222A is a -LRB- possibly Fairchild Semiconductor -RRB- 2N2222A in a plastic case -LRB- but a PN108 is a plastic version of a BC108 , not a 2N108 , while the PN100 is unrelated to other xx100 devices -RRB- .	PN2222A	What is the marking for a 2N2222A in a plastic case ?
Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts of other naming schemes , for example a PN2222A is a -LRB- possibly Fairchild Semiconductor -RRB- 2N2222A in a plastic case -LRB- but a PN108 is a plastic version of a BC108 , not a 2N108 , while the PN100 is unrelated to other xx100 devices -RRB- .	PN108	What is a plastic version of a BC108 ?
The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter -- base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current .	the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT	What is the junction forward voltage ?
The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter -- base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current .	to make the base conduct a specified current	What is the purpose of a junction forward voltage ?
The lower the junction forward voltage the better , as this means that less power is required to `` drive '' the transistor .	lower	What is the ideal junction forward voltage ?
The lower the junction forward voltage the better , as this means that less power is required to `` drive '' the transistor .	less power is required to "drive" the transistor	Why is the ideal junction forward voltage lower ?
The junction forward voltage for a given current decreases with increase in temperature .	decreases	When happens to the junction forward voltage when temperature is raised ?
GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors .	GaAs	What semiconductor has the highest electron mobility ?
Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials , a given bipolar n -- p -- n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p -- n -- p transistor .	a given bipolar n–p–n transistor	What is quicker , a bipolar n-p-n transistor or a p-n-p transistor ?
It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high-frequency applications .	high-frequency applications	What is the common application of GaAs ?
A relatively recent FET development , the high-electron-mobility transistor -LRB- HEMT -RRB- , has a heterostructure -LRB- junction between different semiconductor materials -RRB- of aluminium gallium arsenide -LRB- AlGaAs -RRB- - gallium arsenide -LRB- GaAs -RRB- which has twice the electron mobility of a GaAs-metal barrier junction .	high-electron-mobility transistor	What does HEMT stand for ?
Because of their high speed and low noise , HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12 GHz .	satellite receivers	What are common applications of HEMT ?
Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors .	individually packaged transistors	What is a discrete transistor ?
The two main categories are through-hole -LRB- or leaded -RRB- , and surface-mount , also known as surface-mount device -LRB- SMD -RRB- .	through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount	What are the two most common types of transistor ?
The ball grid array -LRB- BGA -RRB- is the latest surface-mount package -LRB- currently only for large integrated circuits -RRB- .	ball grid array (BGA)	What is the newest surface-mount transistor ?
The two main categories are through-hole -LRB- or leaded -RRB- , and surface-mount , also known as surface-mount device -LRB- SMD -RRB- .	surface-mount device (SMD)	What is another name for the surface-mount transistor ?
It has solder `` balls '' on the underside in place of leads .	solder "balls" on the underside in place of leads	What is a ball grid array composed of ?
In the Pre-Modern era , many people 's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity , be that in a single God or in many gods .	via a faith in some form of deity	What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through ?
Religious officials , who often held positions of power , were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person .	spiritual intermediaries	What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era ?
Religious officials , who often held positions of power , were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person .	Religious officials	Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine ?
Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced .	Tradition	What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred ?
Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced .	strictly	How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced ?
Religious officials , who often held positions of power , were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person .	Religious officials	Who were spiritual intermediates ?
In the Pre-Modern era , many people 's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity , be that in a single God or in many gods .	via a faith in some form of deity	Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era ?
Religious officials , who often held positions of power , were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person .	spiritual intermediaries	Through who did the masses have access to the divine ?
Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced .	ceremony and morals	What did social order mandate be strictly enforced ?
Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced .	Tradition	What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations ?
The term `` modern '' was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times -LRB- ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo , meaning `` just now -RRB- .	modern	What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time ?
The term `` modern '' was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times -LRB- ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo , meaning `` just now -RRB- .	modo	The term `` modern '' was derived from what Latin adverb ?
The European Renaissance -LRB- about 1420 -- 1630 -RRB- , which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times , started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature , as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope , expanding the borders of thought and knowledge .	The European Renaissance	What caused the transition between the middle ages and early modern times ?
The European Renaissance -LRB- about 1420 -- 1630 -RRB- , which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times , started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature , as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope , expanding the borders of thought and knowledge .	Italy	In what country did The European Renaissance start ?
The European Renaissance -LRB- about 1420 -- 1630 -RRB- , which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times , started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature , as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope , expanding the borders of thought and knowledge .	telescope and microscope	What two instruments were invented during The European Renaissance ?
The term `` modern '' was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times -LRB- ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo , meaning `` just now -RRB- .	Latin adverb modo	The phrase modern originated form what ?
The European Renaissance -LRB- about 1420 -- 1630 -RRB- , which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times , started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature , as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope , expanding the borders of thought and knowledge .	transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times	What did The European renaissance mark ?
The term `` modern '' was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times -LRB- ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo , meaning `` just now -RRB- .	modern	What phrase was coined in the 16th century to reference recent times ?
The European Renaissance -LRB- about 1420 -- 1630 -RRB- , which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times , started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature , as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope , expanding the borders of thought and knowledge .	1420–1630)	Through what time period did The European renaissance last ?
The European Renaissance -LRB- about 1420 -- 1630 -RRB- , which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times , started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature , as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope , expanding the borders of thought and knowledge .	Italy	In what country did The European renaissance begin ?
The term `` Early Modern '' was introduced in the English language in the 1930s .	Early Modern	What term was created in the 1930 's to separate the middle ages form the 1800 's ?
to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment -LRB- 1800 -RRB- -LRB- when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form -RRB- .	time of the late Enlightenment	The 1800 `` s are referred to as ?
It is important to note that these terms stem from European history .	European history	What do the terms `` Early Modern '' and ` Modern Ages '' originate from ?
In usage in other parts of the world , such as in Asia , and in Muslim countries , the terms are applied in a very different way , but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery .	in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.	What are the terms `` Early Modern '' and `` Modern Ages '' used for i other countries ?
to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment -LRB- 1800 -RRB- -LRB- when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form -RRB- .	to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment	What does the term `` Early Modern '' mean ?
The term `` Early Modern '' was introduced in the English language in the 1930s .	1930s	When was the term `` Early Modern '' implemented into the English language ?
to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment -LRB- 1800 -RRB- -LRB- when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form -RRB- .	1800	What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment ?
It is important to note that these terms stem from European history .	European history	Where do the terms `` Middle Ages '' and `` Modern Ages '' originate from ?
In usage in other parts of the world , such as in Asia , and in Muslim countries , the terms are applied in a very different way , but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery .	in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.	What are the terms `` Middle Ages '' and `` Modern Ages '' used for in other countries ?
In the Contemporary era , there were various socio-technological trends .	Contemporary era	In what era were there many socio-technological trends ?
Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world , the Information age and computers were forefront in use , not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life .	the Information age	The 21st century is refereed to as what ?
Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world , the Information age and computers were forefront in use , not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life .	computers	What device was used most during the The Information age ?
A concern for Western world , if not the whole world , was the late modern form of terrorism and the warfare that has resulted from the contemporary terrorist acts .	terrorist acts	What was a major concern for Western civilization during the 21 century ?
In the Contemporary era , there were various socio-technological trends .	Contemporary era	In what time were there many socio-technological trends ?
Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world , the Information age and computers were forefront in use , not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life .	the Information age	What is the 21st century also known as ?
Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world , the Information age and computers were forefront in use , not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life .	computers	What device was used most during 21st century ?
A concern for Western world , if not the whole world , was the late modern form of terrorism and the warfare that has resulted from the contemporary terrorist acts .	terrorist acts	What was considered a threat to Western civilization ?
In Asia , various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere .	Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates	Who controlled the Asian Sphere during the period between 1600-1868 ?
In Japan , the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period .	the Edo period	What is the period between 1600-1868 referred to as ?
In Japan , the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period .	the early modern period	What is the Edo period also known as ?
And in Korea , from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is referred to as the early modern period .	from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong	What is time is considered the `` Modern Period '' in Korea ?
In the Americas , Native Americans had built a large and varied civilization , including the Aztec Empire and alliance , the Inca civilization , the Mayan Empire and cities , and the Chibcha Confederation .	Aztec Empire	Name one of the tribes Native Americans established in the Americas .
In Asia , various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere .	Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates	What two groups controlled the Asian Sphere ?
In Japan , the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period .	1600 to 1868	What time is referred to as the Edo period ?
And in Korea , from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is referred to as the early modern period .	the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong	What is the ` Early Modern period '' known as in Japan ?
In the Americas , Native Americans had built a large and varied civilization , including the Aztec Empire and alliance , the Inca civilization , the Mayan Empire and cities , and the Chibcha Confederation .	Aztec Empire	Name one of the tribes Native Americans formed in the Americas ?
In China , urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex .	population grew	Name one of the reasons urbanization grew in China .
Large urban centers , such as Nanjing and Beijing , also contributed to the growth of private industry .	growth of private industry	What did Nanjing and Beijing contribute to ?
Large urban centers , such as Nanjing and Beijing , also contributed to the growth of private industry .	Large urban centers	What are Nanjing and Beijing ?
Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism , China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated .	the early Ming dynasty	Under what rule was China not isolated ?
Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean , reaching East Africa with the treasure voyages of Zheng He .	Indian Ocean	During The Early MIng Dynasty Chinese merchants explored all of what ?
In China , urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex .	the population grew	What caused urbanization to increase in China ?
Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean , reaching East Africa with the treasure voyages of Zheng He .	all of the Indian Ocean	Where did Chinese merchants explore ?
The Qing dynasty -LRB- 1644 -- 1911 -RRB- was founded after the fall of the Ming , the last Han Chinese dynasty , by the Manchus .	The Qing dynasty	What was founded after the fall of the Ming ?
The Qing dynasty -LRB- 1644 -- 1911 -RRB- was founded after the fall of the Ming , the last Han Chinese dynasty , by the Manchus .	1644–1911	The Qing dynasty lasted through what time period ?
The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens .	the Jurchens	What were the Manchus originally known as ?
When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng 's peasant rebels in 1644 , the Chongzhen Emperor , the last Ming emperor , committed suicide .	Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels	Why did the last Ming Emperor commit suicide ?
The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing , which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty .	former Ming general Wu Sangui	Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing ?
The Qing dynasty -LRB- 1644 -- 1911 -RRB- was founded after the fall of the Ming , the last Han Chinese dynasty , by the Manchus .	after the fall of the Ming	The Qing dynasty formed after what event ?
The Qing dynasty -LRB- 1644 -- 1911 -RRB- was founded after the fall of the Ming , the last Han Chinese dynasty , by the Manchus .	1644–1911	During what time period did the Qing dynasty rule ?
The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens .	Jurchens	What were the Manchus originally named ?
When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng 's peasant rebels in 1644 , the Chongzhen Emperor , the last Ming emperor , committed suicide .	Li Zicheng's peasant rebels	Who was Beijing captured by in 1644 ?
The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing , which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty .	former Ming general Wu Sangui	Who did the Manchus make an Ally with to seize control of Beijing ?
Society in the Japanese `` Tokugawa period '' -LRB- Edo society -RRB- , unlike the shogunates before it , was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi .	strict class hierarchy	What was society based on during the Tukugawa period ?
Society in the Japanese `` Tokugawa period '' -LRB- Edo society -RRB- , unlike the shogunates before it , was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi .	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	Strict class hierarchy was established by who ?
The daimyo , or lords , were at the top , followed by the warrior-caste of samurai , with the farmers , artisans , and traders ranking below .	The daimyo, or lords	What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy ?
Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value .	set at fixed amounts	How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period ?
As a result , the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time .	tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.	What effect did having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it 's revenue ?
Society in the Japanese `` Tokugawa period '' -LRB- Edo society -RRB- , unlike the shogunates before it , was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi .	Edo society	What is the Tokugawa period also known as ?
Society in the Japanese `` Tokugawa period '' -LRB- Edo society -RRB- , unlike the shogunates before it , was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi .	strict class hierarchy	What was society in the Tokugawa period based in ?
The daimyo , or lords , were at the top , followed by the warrior-caste of samurai , with the farmers , artisans , and traders ranking below .	The daimyo, or lords,	What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society ?
As a result , the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time .	revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.	What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it 's revenue .
Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value .	set at fixed amounts	How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period ?
On the Indian subcontinent , the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century .	Mughal Empire	Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century ?
The `` classic period '' ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire , although the dynasty continued for another 150 years .	the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707	How did the `` Classic Period '' end ?
The `` classic period '' ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire , although the dynasty continued for another 150 years .	Hindu Maratha Empire	Who was behind the death off Emperor Aurangzeb ?
The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present-day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas , the prime ministers of the Maratha empire .	south west of present-day India	Where was the The Maratha Empire centralized ?
In 1761 , the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states .	the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.	What happened when the Maratha Army lost the third battle of Panipat ?
On the Indian subcontinent , the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century .	Mughal Empire	Who ruled most of India in the 18 century ?
The `` classic period '' ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire , although the dynasty continued for another 150 years .	the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb	What event ended the `` classic period '' ?
The `` classic period '' ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire , although the dynasty continued for another 150 years .	the rising Hindu Maratha Empire,	What caused the death of Emperor Auranzeb ?
The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present-day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas , the prime ministers of the Maratha empire .	south west of present-day India	Where was the Maratha Empire centralized ?
In 1761 , the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states .	the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat	What caused the Maratha Empire to split in 1761 ?
The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers .	the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers.	What did the development of new imperialism cause ?
The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757 , after the Battle of Plassey , when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company , in 1765 , when the Company was granted the diwani , or the right to collect revenue , in Bengal and Bihar , or in 1772 , when the Company established a capital in Calcutta , appointed its first Governor-General , Warren Hastings , and became directly involved in governance .	1757	When did the commercial colonization of India begin ?
The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757 , after the Battle of Plassey , when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company , in 1765 , when the Company was granted the diwani , or the right to collect revenue , in Bengal and Bihar , or in 1772 , when the Company established a capital in Calcutta , appointed its first Governor-General , Warren Hastings , and became directly involved in governance .	Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company	What happened n the battle of Plassey ?
The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757 , after the Battle of Plassey , when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company , in 1765 , when the Company was granted the diwani , or the right to collect revenue , in Bengal and Bihar , or in 1772 , when the Company established a capital in Calcutta , appointed its first Governor-General , Warren Hastings , and became directly involved in governance .	1765	When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue ?
The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757 , after the Battle of Plassey , when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company , in 1765 , when the Company was granted the diwani , or the right to collect revenue , in Bengal and Bihar , or in 1772 , when the Company established a capital in Calcutta , appointed its first Governor-General , Warren Hastings , and became directly involved in governance .	diwani	What is the term used to describe the `` Right to collect revenue '' ?
The Maratha states , following the Anglo-Maratha wars , eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo-Maratha War .	1818	In what year did the Maratha states lose to the British East Company ?
The Maratha states , following the Anglo-Maratha wars , eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo-Maratha War .	the Third Anglo-Maratha War	What was the name of the war lost by the Maratha states in 1818 ?
The rule lasted until 1858 , when , after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj .	1858	How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war ?
The rule lasted until 1858 , when , after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj .	the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858	What caused the British east Indian Company rule to end ?
In 1819 Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch .	Singapore as a key trading post	What did Britain establish in 1824 ?
The Dutch East India Company -LRB- 1800 -RRB- and British East India Company -LRB- 1858 -RRB- were dissolved by their respective governments , who took over the direct administration of the colonies .	their respective governments	What dispatched of The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company ?
Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule , although , Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers .	Thailand	What country did not have to succumb to forign rule ?
While the colonial powers profited much from the region 's vast resources and large market , colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent .	colonial powers	Who also profited from Southeast Asia resources ?
Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century , starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492 , and Martin Luther 's Protestant Reformation in 1517 .	1453	In what year did the fall of Constantinople happen ?
In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 .	Battle of Bosworth in 1485	When is the modern period dated in England ?
In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 .	Richard III	Who was defeated by Henry Vll at the battle of Bosworth ?
Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century , which was the age of Cossacks .	the 17th century	When did Russia experience territorial growth ?
Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century , which was the age of Cossacks .	age of Cossacks.	The 17th century is also known as ?
In 1648 , the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising , because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule .	peasants of Ukraine	Who joined the Cossacks in 1648 ?
Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities , resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World .	warriors organized into military communities	Who are Cossacks ?
In 1648 , the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising , because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule .	in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania	Why dd the Peasants of Ukraine join the Cossacks ?
Traditionally , the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era .	European intellectual transformation	What bridged the middle ages to the modern era ?
The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy , and a departure from the medieval approach , especially Scholasticism .	The Age of Reason	What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy ?
Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment , but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy , extending that era to two centuries .	Renaissance philosophy	What does the Age of Rationalism succeed ?
Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment , but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy , extending that era to two centuries .	the Age of Rationalism	What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as ?
The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe , rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution .	secularization	What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe ?
The term umanista comes from the latter part of the 15th century .	the 15th century	From where does the phrase humanist originate ?
The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write -LRB- typically , in the form of a letter -RRB- .	speak well and write	What is the basic training of a humanist ?
Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America .	Europe and America	Where did Enlightenment gain momentum ?
The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority .	the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.	What was the age of Enlightenment centered on ?
The people were associated with the studia humanitatis , a novel curriculum that was competing with the quadrivium and scholastic logic .	quadrivium and scholastic logic.	What were the studia humanitatis competing against ?
Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts , and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries ; and humanists were involved in the sciences , philosophies , arts and poetry of classical antiquity .	Latin and Greek classical texts	What did renaissance humanism reference ?
Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts , and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries ; and humanists were involved in the sciences , philosophies , arts and poetry of classical antiquity .	scholasticism	renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what ?
Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts , and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries ; and humanists were involved in the sciences , philosophies , arts and poetry of classical antiquity .	accumulated commentaries	What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on ?
The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française .	literary and artistic	What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns ?
The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française .	early 1690s	In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak ?
Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes -LRB- 1688 -RRB- , in which he took the Modern side , pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge .	modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.	What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man ?
The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics , astronomy , biology , human anatomy , chemistry , and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science .	a transition to modern science	What did the Scientific Revolution cause ?
The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics , astronomy , biology , human anatomy , chemistry , and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science .	a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected	What s the Scientific Revolution ?
Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution , which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields .	several modern scientific fields.	What did Scientific Revolution form ?
Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution , which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields .	question all manners of things	What did the Scientific Revolution force people to do ?
The changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of the king , vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror , and warfare involving every other major European power .	execution of the king	What happened to the king after the trial ?
The changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of the king , vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror , and warfare involving every other major European power .	every other major European power.	Who else was involved in the warfare ?
Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars , two separate restorations of the monarchy , and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape .	the Napoleonic Wars	name an event that can be contributed to the revolution .
The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era .	The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte	What characterized the Napoleonic Era ?
Born on Corsica as the French invaded , and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena , this brilliant commander , controlled a French Empire that , at its height , ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris , while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain , Poland , several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies .	Corsica	Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born ?
Born on Corsica as the French invaded , and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena , this brilliant commander , controlled a French Empire that , at its height , ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris , while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain , Poland , several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies .	St. Helena	Where was Napoleon Bonaparte die ?
The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever , and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and `` Glorious '' surge of Republicanism .	surge of Republicanism	Why were Europe 's Empires and Kingdoms dispatched ?
Born on Corsica as the French invaded , and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena , this brilliant commander , controlled a French Empire that , at its height , ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris , while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain , Poland , several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies .	Paris	From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe ?
Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century .	social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy	What is Italian Unification ?
Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century .	in the 19th century	When did the Italian Unification occur ?
There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period , but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 , though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.	1871	In what year do most Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended ?
There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period , but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 , though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.	1815	In what year do most Scholars agree the Italian Unification began ?
There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period , but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 , though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.	World War I.	After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy ?
Beginning the Age of Revolution , the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain , and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America .	British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America.	What event did the American revolution cause ?
Beginning the Age of Revolution , the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain , and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America .	overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy	How did the Thirteen Colonies become The United States Of America ?
In this period the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation , and formed self-governing independent states .	the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation	Why did the United States form independent states ?
The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self-governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War -LRB- also called American War of Independence -RRB- .	the British	Who did the Second Continental Congress join together against ?
The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self-governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War -LRB- also called American War of Independence -RRB- .	American Revolutionary War	What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as ?
The American Revolution begun with fighting at Lexington and Concord .	Lexington and Concord	Where did the American Revolution start ?
On July 4 , 1776 , they issued the Declaration of Independence , which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union .	Declaration of Independence	What was issued on July 4 , 1776 ?
On July 4 , 1776 , they issued the Declaration of Independence , which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union .	independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union.	What did the Declaration Of Independence proclaim ?
In June 1776 , Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence .	member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.	What position was Ben Franklin appointed in 1776 ?
Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee , Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson .	gout	What was Ben Franklin disabled by ?
The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule .	the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule.	What is the decolonization of the Americas ?
Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries .	18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries.	When did the decolonization of the Americas begin ?
The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century , from 1808 until 1829 , directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain .	Napoleonic French invasion of Spain.	What were the Spanish wars directly linked to ?
The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century , from 1808 until 1829 , directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain .	1808 until 1829	When did the wars against Spanish rule occur ?
The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville .	short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.	How did the Spanish conflict begin ?
When the Central Junta fell to the French , numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas , eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south , to Mexico in the north .	the French	Who did the central Junta fall to ?
After the death of the king Ferdinand VII , in 1833 , only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule , until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 .	king Ferdinand VII	What king died in 1833 ?
After the death of the king Ferdinand VII , in 1833 , only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule , until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 .	Cuba and Puerto Rico	After King Ferdinand died , who remained under Spanish rule ?
After the death of the king Ferdinand VII , in 1833 , only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule , until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 .	in 1898	When did the Spanish-American war occur ?
The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador -LRB- later relocated to Rio de Janeiro -RRB- which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822 , becoming the Empire of Brazil .	Salvador	Where were the Portuguese capacities centralized ?
The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850 , when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways , and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation .	around 1850	When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second ?
The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850 , when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways , and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation .	the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.	The 19th century was also known as ?
The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution ; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution .	separate Technical Revolution	What was the second industrial revolution was labeled ?
The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850 , when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways , and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation .	development of steam-powered ships and railways	What caused technological and economical progress ?
Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one .	social and economic change	What is industrialization ?
It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process , where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation , particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production .	technological innovation	industrialization is a subdivision of what general process ?
Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one .	from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.	During industrialization a human group is turned into what ?
The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner .	1846	When did the modern petroleum industry start ?
The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner .	the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal	What started the modern petroleum industry ?
The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner .	Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner	Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal ?
Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner 's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available `` rock oil '' -LRB- `` petr-oleum '' -RRB- seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka , near Krosno in Galicia in the following year .	Ignacy Łukasiewicz	Who improved Gesner 's of refining kerosene from coal ?
Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner 's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available `` rock oil '' -LRB- `` petr-oleum '' -RRB- seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka , near Krosno in Galicia in the following year .	Bóbrka	Where was the first Rock Oil mine built ?
Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science .	electrification to developments in materials science.	In what fields did achievements occur during the revolution ?
The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life .	quality of life	What did the advancements during the revolution improve for people ?
In the first revolution , Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning , the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill .	roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill.	What did Lewis Paul invent ?
In the first revolution , Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning , the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill .	the first revolution	In what period did James Lewis invent the ` Roller Spinning '' ?
Matthew Boulton and James Watt 's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world .	Matthew Boulton and James Watt	Who improved the steam engine ?
In the latter part of the second revolution , Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory .	the creation of the first industrial research laboratory	Thomas Edison is credited with ?
In 1882 , Edison switched on the world 's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan .	110 volts	How many volts did Thomas Edison 's electrical supply provide ?
In 1882 , Edison switched on the world 's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan .	the world's first large-scale electrical supply network	What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882 ?
In 1882 , Edison switched on the world 's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan .	fifty-nine	How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison 's electrical supply network ?
In 1882 , Edison switched on the world 's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan .	lower Manhattan	Where was Thomas Edison 's electrical supply network located ?
The European Revolutions of 1848 , known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution , were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent .	1848	When did the European revolutions occur ?
Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down , there was a significant amount of violence in many areas , with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed .	tens of thousands	How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions ?
The European Revolutions of 1848 , known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution , were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent .	Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution	What are European revolutions known as in other countries ?
Described as a revolutionary wave , the period of unrest began in France and then , further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848 , soon spread to the rest of Europe .	France	In what country did the revolutions begin ?
Following the Enlightenment 's ideas , the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution .	Scientific Revolution and industrial progress	What did the reformers look to to solve social problems ?
Newton 's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation , yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth .	a coherent system of verifiable predictions	What is Newton Natural philosophy ?
Newton 's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation , yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth .	reliance on revelation and inspired truth.	What did Newton 's Nataural philosophy replace ?
Applied to public life , this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy .	yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.	What did Newton 's philosophy do when applied to life ,
Under Peter I -LRB- the Great -RRB- , Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power .	Peter I	Under whom was Russia declared an empire ?
Under Peter I -LRB- the Great -RRB- , Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power .	1721	In what year was Russia declared an empire ?
Ruling from 1682 to 1725 , Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War , forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria -LRB- two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles -RRB- , as well as Estland and Livland , securing Russia 's access to the sea and sea trade .	1682 to 1725	Through what period did Peter I rule ?
Ruling from 1682 to 1725 , Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War , forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria -LRB- two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles -RRB- , as well as Estland and Livland , securing Russia 's access to the sea and sea trade .	Sweden	Who did Peter I defeat in the Great Northern War ?
On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg , later known as Russia 's Window to Europe .	a new capital called Saint Petersburg	What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea ?
The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign from June 1837 to January 1901 .	the period of Queen Victoria's reign	What was the Victorian era of the United Kingdom ?
The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign from June 1837 to January 1901 .	1837 to January 1901	Through what Period did Queen Victoria reign ?
This was a long period of prosperity for the British people , as profits gained from the overseas British Empire , as well as from industrial improvements at home , allowed a large , educated middle class to develop .	a long period of prosperity for the British people	What did the people consider Queen Victoria reign to be ?
Some scholars would extend the beginning of the period -- as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians -- back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832 .	five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.	How far back would some scholars extend Victoria 's reign ?
In Britain 's `` imperial century '' , victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival , other than Russia in central Asia .	any serious international rival	What did defeating Napoleon leave Britain without ?
Unchallenged at sea , Britain adopted the role of global policeman , a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica , and a foreign policy of `` splendid isolation '' .	Unchallenged at sea	Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen ?
Unchallenged at sea , Britain adopted the role of global policeman , a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica , and a foreign policy of `` splendid isolation '' .	Pax Britannica	Britain adopting the role as global policeman is known as
Unchallenged at sea , Britain adopted the role of global policeman , a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica , and a foreign policy of `` splendid isolation '' .	splendid isolation	What was Britain 's foreign policy called ?
Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries , such as China , Argentina and Siam , which has been generally characterized as `` informal empire '' .	effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam	Britain 's dominant position in the world trade allowed them to do what ?
British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph , new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century , allowing it to control and defend the Empire .	steamship and the telegraph	What was British imperial strength replace by ?
By 1902 , the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables , the so-called All Red Line .	a network of telegraph cables	What was the British Empire linked by in 1982 ?
British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph , new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century , allowing it to control and defend the Empire .	the second half of the 19th century	When were the steamship and the telegraph invented ?
Growing until 1922 , around 13,000,000 square miles -LRB- 34,000,000 km2 -RRB- of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire .	458 million	How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922 ?
The British established colonies in Australia in 1788 , New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872 , with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire .	1788	When did the British establish colonies in Australia ?
The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 .	Napoleon I of France	The Bourbon Restoration followed what event ?
The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne .	Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.	What is the Bourbon Restoration ?
The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution -LRB- or Three Glorious Days -RRB- of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848 .	a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe	What is the July Monarchy ?
The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 , between the Second Republic and the Third Republic , in France .	the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III	What is the second empires ?
The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 , between the Second Republic and the Third Republic , in France .	1852 to 1870	Through what period did the second empire last ?
The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia , while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation , of which it was a member , and the South German states of Baden , Württemberg and Bavaria .	France and Prussia	What countries were involved in the Franco-Russian war ?
The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia .	final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.	What did the Prussian and German victory mark ?
The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia , while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation , of which it was a member , and the South German states of Baden , Württemberg and Bavaria .	North German Confederation	Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war ?
As part of the settlement , almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany , which it would retain until the end of World War I.	Alsace-Lorraine	Prussia claimed almost all of what territory ?
As part of the settlement , almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany , which it would retain until the end of World War I.	World War I.	Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event ?
The major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area .	exhibit a sphere of influence over the area	Why did European powers lay claim to areas Africa ?
These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate .	These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate.	What did the European powers need to make their claim over these areas legitimate ?
The European power that demonstrated its control over a territory accepted the mandate to rule that region as a national colony .	mandate to rule that region as a national colony.	What do European powers that exibit their control ovet an area accept ?
There were many documented instances of material and moral conditions deteriorating for native Africans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under European colonial rule , to the point where the colonial experience for them has been described as `` hell on earth . ''	hell on earth.	What was the colonial experience for Africans described as ?
The European nation that held the claim developed and benefited from their colony 's commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition .	colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition.	How did the claims on the areas in Africa benefit the European powers ?
At the time of the Berlin Conference , Africa contained one-fifth of the world 's population living in one-quarter of the world 's land area .	one-fifth	What percent of the worlds population did Africa posses at the Berlin Conference ?
However , from Europe 's perspective , they were dividing an unknown continent .	they were dividing an unknown continent.	What was Europe 's perspective o Africa containing one-fifth of the worlds population ?
European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century , which included Cape Colony -LRB- Great Britain -RRB- , Angola -LRB- Portugal -RRB- , and Algeria -LRB- France -RRB- , but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession .	the mid-nineteenth century,	When did European countries establish colonies in Africa ?
Until the 1880s most of Africa remained unchartered , with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent 's interior .	1880s	Europe did not feel the need to posses territory in Africa until ?
Until the 1880s most of Africa remained unchartered , with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent 's interior .	generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.	How did maps show Africa Before 1880 ?
From the 1880s to 1914 , the European powers expanded their control across the African continent , competing with each other for Africa 's land and resources .	1880s to 1914	Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa ?
From the 1880s to 1914 , the European powers expanded their control across the African continent , competing with each other for Africa 's land and resources .	Africa’s land and resources.	What was Europe competing for ?
Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa .	various colonial holdings in East Africa	What did Great Britain control ?
The French gained major ground in West Africa , and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa .	West Africa	Where in Africa did the French have control ?
The French gained major ground in West Africa , and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa .	southern Africa	Where in Africa did Portuguese have control ?
Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century , the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor .	the reign of the Meiji Emperor	What was the Meija era marked by ?
During this time , Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status .	modernization	How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era ?
In Japan , the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s , marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines .	1860s	When did the Meija restoration begin ?
This era name means `` Enlightened Rule '' .	Enlightened Rule	What does `` Meija era ''
In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi , reacted against the bureaucratic superstate , and began searching for the historic role of the common people .	bureaucratic superstate	What did Irokawa Daikichi act out against ?
Laws were instituted that required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen , regardless of class , to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves .	serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves.	Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what ?
This action , the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyo feudal lords , initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike .	peasant and warrior alike.	Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service ?
The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military .	French military	Who did the Japanese form their military forces after ?
The peasant class interpreted the term for military service , ketsu-eki -LRB- blood tax -RRB- literally , and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary .	ketsu-eki	What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law ?
Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto , and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks .	Kyoto	Where was the military academy located ?
The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861 .	a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery	What is the antebellum age ?
The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861 .	1861	When did the civil was begin ?
The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- although it may have begun as early as 1812 .	with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854	When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun ?
This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution .	the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.	What did The Antebellum age mark ?
Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated .	all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated.	What did northern leaders agree on about slavery ?
Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals , raising large armies and supplying them , avoiding foreign interference , and making the end of slavery a war goal .	mobilizing support for the war goals	What did Lincoln do well in the war ?
The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend , and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear .	The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend	Why could n't the confederacy defend their ports ?
Its soldiers , especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864 -- 65 , The Reconstruction Era -LRB- 1863 -- 77 -RRB- began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863 , and included freedom , full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks .	the East	General Robert E. Lee controlled what sect of the confederacy ?
The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers .	feed and clothe	The south could barely do what for their souldiers ?
During the Gilded Age , there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America 's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era , in the late 19th century .	extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class	What happened in the Glided Age /
During the Gilded Age , there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America 's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era , in the late 19th century .	late 19th century	In what time period did the Glided Age occur ?
The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion .	industrial and population expansion.	Where did the wealth of the Glided Age come form ?
The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories , and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the `` robber barons '' .	robber barons	What did Financiers refer to rich industrialist as ?
Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices , later widely criticized , Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition .	effective tactics and aggressive practices	What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry ?
With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure , the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations .	transportation and communication infrastructure	What creations brought in the modern industrial economy ?
With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure , the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations .	the corporation	What became the dominant form of business organization ?
With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure , the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations .	managerial revolution	What transformed business organization in 1890 ?
In 1890 , Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act -- the source of all American anti-monopoly laws .	all American anti-monopoly laws.	The Sherman Antitrust Act is the source of what ?
But the courts did protect the marketplace , declaring the Standard Oil group to be an `` unreasonable '' monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911 .	an "unreasonable" monopoly	What was he Standard Oil Group determined to be by the courts ?
Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution , modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics , substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure .	early 20th century	When did modern physics arise ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics , but were never complete or self-consistent .	a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent.	What is the old Quantum theory ?
Outside the realm of quantum physics , the various aether theories in classical physics , which supposed a `` fifth element '' such as the Luminiferous aether , were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment -- an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether .	Michelson-Morley experiment	The `` fifth element '' was disproved by what ?
Outside the realm of quantum physics , the various aether theories in classical physics , which supposed a `` fifth element '' such as the Luminiferous aether , were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment -- an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether .	an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether	What is the Michelson-Morley experiment ?
In biology , Darwinism gained acceptance , promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection .	the theory of natural selection.	What does Darwinism promote ?
The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy , as steps toward modernization .	as steps toward modernization	Why did Chinese philosophy begin to mix with western concepts ?
By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 , there were many calls , such as the May Fourth Movement , to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China .	1911	When did the Xinhai Revolution begin ?
By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 , there were many calls , such as the May Fourth Movement , to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China .	to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China	What is the May Forth Movement ?
Mao Zedong -LRB- Máo zé dōng -RRB- added Marxist-Leninist thought .	Marxist-Leninist thought	What did Marxist-Leninst add to Chinese philosophy ?
When the Communist Party of China took over power , previous schools of thought , excepting notably Legalism , were denounced as backward , and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution .	the Cultural Revolution	During what event was Legalism abolished ?
Starting one-hundred years before the 20th century , the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s .	in various quarters around the 1900s.	When was the enlightenment of spiritual philosophy challenged ?
Developed from earlier secular traditions , modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people , based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities , particularly rationality , without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts .	earlier secular traditions	What were Humanist ethical philosophy 's developed from ?
These ideas were challenged , for example by the young Karl Marx , who criticized the project of political emancipation -LRB- embodied in the form of human rights -RRB- , asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose .	it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose	Why did Kari Marx criticize Humanist Philosophy 's ?
For Friedrich Nietzsche , humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism .	a secular version of theism	What did Friedrinch Netzsche consider Humanism to be ?
In his Genealogy of Morals , he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong .	as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong.	Why does Friedrinch Netzsche believe human rights exist ?
Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity .	his theories of special relativity and general relativity	What is Albert Einstein known for ?
He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics , especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion , his resolution of the paradox of specific heats , and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation .	mathematical treatment	What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion ?
He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics , especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion , his resolution of the paradox of specific heats , and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation .	the paradox of specific heats	What did Einstein discover a resolution to ?
Despite his reservations about its interpretation , Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and , indirectly , quantum field theory , primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon .	quantum field theory	What theory did Einstein have reservations about ?
In 1901 , the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia , Tasmania , Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation .	six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation.	What is the federation of Australia ?
They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation .	matters concerning the whole nation.	What was the federal Government responsible for ?
When the Constitution of Australia came into force , the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia .	When the Constitution of Australia came into force	When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth of Australia ?
The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions .	civil unrest and foreign invasions.	What were the last days of the Qing dynasty marked by ?
Responding to these civil failures and discontent , the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways , such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906 , the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909 , and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910 .	attempt to reform the government in various	What did the Qing dynasty attempt to do n the face of civil unrest ?
However , many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court , and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright .	either imprisoned or executed outright.	What happened to The reformers in the Qing dynasty ?
The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution .	failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization	What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty ?
In 1912 , the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President .	1912	When was the Republic of China established ?
To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic , leaders agreed to Army 's demand that China be united under a Beijing government .	agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government.	What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic ?
But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai , who had effective control of the Beiyang Army , the most powerful military force in China at the time .	Yuan Shikai	Who had control of the Beiyang army ?
In 1912 , the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President .	Sun Yat-sen	Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president ?
On March 10 , in Beijing , Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China .	Beijing, Shikai	Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China ?
After the early 20th century revolutions , shifting alliances of China 's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government .	shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.	What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions ?
Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era , this did not constitute a new era of control or governance , because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves .	various warlords	Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government ?
Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era , this did not constitute a new era of control or governance , because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves .	because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.	Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing ?
These military-dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government .	the Beiyang government	What were the military dominated governments known as ?
The warlord era ended around 1927 .	around 1927	When did the warlord era end ?
Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo-Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power .	Four years into the 20th century	When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place ?
Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo-Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power .	the Empire of Japan as a world power.	What did the battle of Port Arthur establish ?
The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean , for their navy as well as for maritime trade .	warm water port	What were the Russians hoping to find in the pacific ocean ?
The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea .	over Manchuria and Korea.	Why did the Manchurian Campaign fight the Russians .
The resulting campaigns , in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them , were unexpected by world observers .	unexpected	How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world ?
The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War , including the years surrounding the sinking of the RMS Titanic .	the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War,	What is the Edwardian era ?
In the early years of the period , the Second Boer War in South Africa split the country into anti- and pro-war factions .	Second Boer War	What event split the United Kingdom into two groups ?
The imperial policies of the Conservatives eventually proved unpopular and in the general election of 1906 the Liberals won a huge landslide .	1906	In what year did the Liberals win huge in the general election ?
Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People 's Budget led to a reduction in the power of the peers in 1910 .	Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget	What led to a reduction in the power of the peers ?
The general election in January that year returned a hung parliament with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members .	Labour and Irish Nationalist members.	Who held the balance of power in the 1910 election ?
The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom , France , and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907 .	the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.	What is The Triple Entente ?
The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom , France , and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907 .	1907.	When was the Anglo - Russia Entente signed ?
The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914 , the spark -LRB- or casus belli -RRB- for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria .	the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914	What was the origin of the war ?
The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914 , the spark -LRB- or casus belli -RRB- for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria .	Archduke Franz Ferdinand	Who was murdered in Austria ?
The alignment of the three powers , supplemented by various agreements with Japan , the United States , and Spain , constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy , the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments .	Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,	The Triple Entente served as a counter to what agreement ?
An example is the Baghdad Railway which was planned to connect the Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey , Syria and Iraq .	Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq	Where was the Baghdad Railway Suppose to connect ?
Fundamentally the war was sparked by tensions over territory in the Balkans .	tensions over territory in the Balkans.	What fundamental cause started the war in 1914 ?
Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the great powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties .	Serbia and Russia	Who did Austria-Hungary war with over territory ?
The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912 -- 1913 in the course of which the Balkan League -LRB- Bulgaria , Montenegro , Greece , and Serbia -RRB- first captured Ottoman-held remaining part of Thessaly , Macedonia , Epirus , Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils , with incorporation of Romania this time .	South-eastern Europe	Where did the Balkan wars take place ?
The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912 -- 1913 in the course of which the Balkan League -LRB- Bulgaria , Montenegro , Greece , and Serbia -RRB- first captured Ottoman-held remaining part of Thessaly , Macedonia , Epirus , Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils , with incorporation of Romania this time .	over the division of the spoils	Why did Albania fall out with Thessaly , Macedonia and Epirus ?
The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918 .	1914	When did the first World War begin ?
The Allied Powers , led by the British Empire , France , Russia until March 1918 , Japan and the United States after 1917 , defeated the Central Powers , led by the German Empire , Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire .	British Empire, France, Russia	Who led the Allied powers ?
The Allied Powers , led by the British Empire , France , Russia until March 1918 , Japan and the United States after 1917 , defeated the Central Powers , led by the German Empire , Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire .	Japan and the United States	Who defeated the Central Powers led by the German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ??
The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente , and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance .	Triple Entente	What were the Allied powers referred to before 1917 ?
The war caused the disintegration of four empires -- the Austro-Hungarian , German , Ottoman , and Russian ones -- as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps .	four empires	How many Empires did the war cause destruction to ?
Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front , within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications -LRB- separated by a `` No man 's land '' -RRB- running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland .	along the Western Front	Where did most of the fighting in World War I take place ?
Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front , within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications -LRB- separated by a `` No man 's land '' -RRB- running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland .	a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland.	What is the Western Front ?
On the Eastern Front , the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing , although the scale of the conflict was just as large .	On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network	What prevented a trench warfare stalemate ?
More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields , and nearly that many more in the participating countries ' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts .	More than 9 million	How many soldiers died ? in World War I ?
Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and -- for the first time -- from the air .	from the air.	Where did hostiles appear for the first time during the war ?
Ultimately , World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars , which was modified by the mid-19th century 's nationalistic revolutions .	mid-19th century's	In what century did the Nationalistic revolutions occur ?
The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later .	20 years later.	How many years after world war I did world war II start ?
More immediate to the time , the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia .	partitioning of the Ottoman Empire	What withdrew the political boundaries of West Asia ?
The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine -LRB- which was later divided into two regions : Palestine and Transjordan -RRB- .	Syria and Lebanon	Who did The League of Nations grant France mandates over ?
The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey .	the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.	What did the partitioning of the Otto Empire bring about ?
In October 1917 , a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard , armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party , seized control of Saint Petersburg -LRB- then known as Petrograd -RRB- and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire .	a red faction revolution	What event happened in October of 1917 ?
Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia , the Russian Provisional Government was established .	the Russian Provisional Government was established.	What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power ?
In October 1917 , a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard , armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party , seized control of Saint Petersburg -LRB- then known as Petrograd -RRB- and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire .	armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg	What happened during the red faction revolution ?
The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917 , which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union .	the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union.	What is the Russian Revolution ?
Another action in 1917 that is of note was the armistice signed between Russia and the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk .	1917	When was the armistice signed between Russia and Central powers ?
As a condition for peace , the treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire , greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives .	huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire	What did Central powers concede in exchange for peace ?
The Bolsheviks made peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers , as they had promised the Russian people prior to the Revolution .	the German Empire	Who did the Bolsheviks make peace with ?
Vladimir Lenin 's decision has been attributed to his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II , German Emperor , offered by the latter in hopes that with a revolution , Russia would withdraw from World War I .	his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II	What were Vladimir Lenin 's decisions caused by ?
The Western Allies expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks , upset at :	Western Allies	Who did the German sponsorship of Lenin 's Petrograd upset ?
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power , first in Petrograd -LRB- St. Petersburg -RRB- and then in other places .	Petrograd (St. Petersburg)	Where did Soviets under the rule of the Bolshevik first assume power during the Russian Civil War ?
In the wake of the October Revolution , the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized ; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks ' main military force , augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka , the Bolshevik state security apparatus .	demobilized	In the wake of the October resolution , what happened to the Russian Imperial Army ?
In the wake of the October Revolution , the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized ; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks ' main military force , augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka , the Bolshevik state security apparatus .	volunteer-based Red Guard	What was Bolshevik 's main military force ?
Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance .	by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance.	How did the Red red Army overcome their foes ?
Former Tsarist officers were utilized as `` military specialists '' -LRB- voenspetsy -RRB- , taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty .	as "military specialists"	How were former Tsarist Officers utilized ?
The principal fighting occurred between the Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army .	Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army.	Who was the principal fighting between ?
The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920 .	1918 to 1920	In what time period did the most brutal battles occur ?
The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea , but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 -LRB- e.g. , Kronstadt Uprising , Tambov Rebellion , Basmachi Revolt , and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East -RRB- .	General Pyotr Wrangel	What general was defeated in 1920 ?
Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok , previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government .	25 October 1922	When did the major military operation end ?
The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea , but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 -LRB- e.g. , Kronstadt Uprising , Tambov Rebellion , Basmachi Revolt , and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East -RRB- .	Far East	Where did the last Resistance from the White movement occur ?
The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution .	rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution.	What did the May Fourth movement help do ?
In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords .	a rival military government in Guangzhou	Sun Yat-Sen became the leader of what military group .
Sun 's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored , however , and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union , which had recently achieved its own revolution .	aid	What did Sun Yat-Sen hope to get from western democracies ?
Sun 's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored , however , and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union , which had recently achieved its own revolution .	the Soviet Union	Who did Sun Yet-Sen turn in 1930 for help ?
The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism .	by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism.	How did the Soviets try to befriend the Chinese Revolutionist ?
The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I .	social and societal upheaval	What is the `` Roaring Twenties '' ?
The Roaring Twenties , often called `` The Jazz Age '' , saw an exposition of social , artistic , and cultural dynamism .	The Jazz Age	What is the `` Roaring Twenties '' also known as ?
The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I .	North America	Where did the `` Roaring Twenties '' begin ?
The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I .	Europe	Where did the `` Roaring Twenties '' spread to after the war ?
The Roaring Twenties , often called `` The Jazz Age '' , saw an exposition of social , artistic , and cultural dynamism .	an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.	what did the `` Jazz Age '' usher in ?
In Germany , the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil , which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year .	1923	When did the hyperinflation of 1923 occur ?
When Germany could no longer afford war payments , Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass-produced goods .	Wall Street	Who invested in European debts ?
When Germany could no longer afford war payments , Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass-produced goods .	American mass-produced goods	Europe has a large market for what ?
Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 .	the onset of the Great Depression	What changed worldwide property drasrically ?
The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era , as The Great Depression set in .	1929	In what year did The wall Street crash occur ?
The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries .	1930s or early 1940s	When did the great Depression end ?
The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries .	a worldwide economic downturn	What is the Great Depression ?
It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century , and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world 's economy can fall .	20th century	The great depression is the worst economic downturn of what century ?
The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country , rich or poor .	virtually every country	Where did the depression cause negative effects ?
International trade plunged by half to two-thirds , as did personal income , tax revenue , prices and profits .	by half to two-thirds,	How much did international trade fall ?
Construction was virtually halted in many countries .	virtually halted in many countries	What happened to construction during the Depression ?
Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent .	60 percent	How far did crop prices fall ?
America 's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America 's entry into World War II .	1941	When did Americas Great Depression end ?
In some world states , the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues -- the most infamous being Adolf Hitler -- setting the stage for the next era of war .	Adolf Hitler	Who was the most notable Nationalist Demagogue the people turned to ?
In some world states , the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues -- the most infamous being Adolf Hitler -- setting the stage for the next era of war .	nationalist demagogues	In some world states who did the people turn to ?
The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism .	the rise of Nazism	What did the Convulsion caused by the global depression resul in ?
One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations , which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries .	after the First World War	When was The League of Nations created ?
The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order , away from the balance of power that had dominated pre -- World War I Europe .	radical change in the international order	What was the Interwar period marked by ?
One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations , which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries .	the League of Nations	What institution was meant to bring stability ?
The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany , Imperial Japan , the Soviet Union , and Mussolini 's Italy , and by the non-participation of the United States , leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy .	leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.	What effect did the undermining of The league of Nations have on the people ?
The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany , Imperial Japan , the Soviet Union , and Mussolini 's Italy , and by the non-participation of the United States , leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy .	bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States	Who undermined The League Of Nations ?
A series of international crises strained the League to its limits , the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia , one of the only free African nations at that time .	Japan	Who was first to invade Manchuria ?
A series of international crises strained the League to its limits , the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia , one of the only free African nations at that time .	Italy invaded Abyssinia	What is the Abyssinian crisis ?
A series of international crises strained the League to its limits , the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia , one of the only free African nations at that time .	one of the only free African nations at that time	What is Abyssinia ?
A series of international crises strained the League to its limits , the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia , one of the only free African nations at that time .	1935/36	When did the Abyssinian crisis occur ?
The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy , but to no avail .	Italy	Who did The League try to force economic sanctions on ?
Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population , Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932 .	September 1931	When did the seizure of Manchuria occur ?
Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population , Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932 .	ex-Qing emperor Puyi	Who was named the head of the puppet state after the seizure of Manchuria ?
During the Sino-Japanese War -LRB- 1937 -- 1945 -RRB- , the loss of Manchuria , and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries , was a blow to the Kuomintang economy .	loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries,	What dealt a blow to the Kuomintang economy ?
After 1940 , conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control .	1940	In what year did conflict between the Kuomintang and Communist intensify ?
The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations , administrative reforms , and the land - and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants -- while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence .	neutralize the spread of Communist influence.	What was Kuomintang 's main goal pertaining to Communist ?
With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940 -- 41 , and with the continuing war in China , the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil , which were vitally needed for the war effort .	embargoes	What did the United States place on Japans war efforts ?
The Second Sino-Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States ; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan .	The Second Sino-Japanese War	What war saw tensions arise between between Imperial Japan and the United States ?
In 1940 , Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy .	Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.	Who did Imperial Japan sign a Tripartite pact with ?
With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940 -- 41 , and with the continuing war in China , the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil , which were vitally needed for the war effort .	strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil	What did the American Embargoes prevent Japan from aquiring ?
On December 7 , 1941 , Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor , bringing it too into the war on the Allied side .	Pearl Harbor	Where did Japan attack the United States ?
The United Kingdom , the United States , the Soviet Union and China were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the `` Four Policemen '' or `` Four Sheriffs '' of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II .	The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China	What countries were referred to as `` The Trusteeship Of The Powerful '' ?
On December 7 , 1941 , Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor , bringing it too into the war on the Allied side .	December 7, 1941	When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur ?
The United Kingdom , the United States , the Soviet Union and China were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the `` Four Policemen '' or `` Four Sheriffs '' of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II .	"Four Policemen"	What did The United Nations name `` The Trusteeship Of The Powerful ''
The United Kingdom , the United States , the Soviet Union and China were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the `` Four Policemen '' or `` Four Sheriffs '' of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II .	The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China	Who were the victors of World War II ?
It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war ; estimates vary greatly .	62 million	What Was estimated amount of deaths during the war ?
About 60 % of all casualties were civilians , who died as a result of disease , starvation , genocide -LRB- in particular , the Holocaust -RRB- , and aerial bombing .	About 60%	What percent of the deaths during the war were civilians ?
The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties .	The former Soviet Union and China	What countries suffered the most casualties in the war ?
No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland : approximately 5.6 million , or 16 % , of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died .	16%,	What percentage of it 's population did Poland lose in the war ?
Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million , while China suffered about 10 million .	23 million	How many deaths did the Soviet Union suffer in the war ?
The Holocaust -LRB- which roughly means `` burnt whole '' -RRB- was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other `` unwanted '' during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany .	was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted"	What is the Holocaust ?
The Holocaust -LRB- which roughly means `` burnt whole '' -RRB- was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other `` unwanted '' during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany .	during World War II	During what word event did the Holocaust happen ?
The Holocaust -LRB- which roughly means `` burnt whole '' -RRB- was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other `` unwanted '' during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany .	Nazi regime in Germany.	Who is responsible for the Holocaust ?
The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans .	propaganda	How did the Nazis conjure up anti-Semitic feelings in civilians ?
Regardless , persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started , such as in the Kristallnacht -LRB- Night of Broken Glass -RRB- .	before the war even started	When did the suffering of the Jews begin ?
After World War II , Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence .	Western and Soviet spheres of influence.	What was Europe split into after World War II ?
There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers , the United States and the Soviet Union .	United States and the Soviet Union.	Who battled in the cold war ?
Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -LRB- NATO -RRB- and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact .	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	What does the term NATO represent ?
In Asia , the defeat of Japan led to its democratization .	led to its democratization.	What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia ?
China 's civil war continued through and after the war , resulting eventually in the establishment of the People 's Republic of China .	the People's Republic of China.	What did China name themselves after the war ?
Over the course of the 20th century , the world 's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five , much more than all earlier centuries combined -LRB- including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution -RRB- .	a factor of five	By what percentage did the world 's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century ?
Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth , as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century , such as improved medicine -LRB- causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades -RRB- and communications technologies , were not available at any price at its beginning .	two decades	What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by ?
However , the gulf between the world 's rich and poor grew wider , and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide .	the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider	What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor ?
Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century , leading to wars that were also unprecedented .	brutal dictatorships	What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century ?
Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century , leading to wars that were also unprecedented .	wars	What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to ?
However , the increased communications contributed to democratization .	democratization	What did increased communications lead contribute to ?
Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration , nuclear technology , advancement in genetics , and the dawning of the Information Age .	the Information Age	What time period did technological advances lead to ?
The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied , annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact .	Soviet Socialist Republics	what did the Soviet Union annex some of it 's territory as ?
The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied , annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact .	the Warsaw Pact	What did the territory the Soviet Union maintained as satellite states , later became known as ?
The United States and various western European countries began a policy of `` containment '' of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end , including NATO .	"containment"	The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism ?
Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe , including western Germany , which the Soviets opposed .	rebuilding of western Europe	What did the soviets opposed rebuilding ?
In other regions of the world , such as Latin America and Southeast Asia , the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements , which the United States and many of its allies opposed and , in some cases , attempted to `` roll back '' .	the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements,	What actions of the Soviet Union did The United States oppose ?
International crises arose , such as the Berlin Blockade -LRB- 1948 -- 1949 -RRB- , the Korean War -LRB- 1950 -- 1953 -RRB- , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , the Vietnam War -LRB- 1959 -- 1975 -RRB- , the Cuban Missile Crisis -LRB- 1962 -RRB- , the Soviet war in Afghanistan -LRB- 1979 -- 1989 -RRB- and NATO exercises in November 1983 .	1948–1949	Through what time period did the Berlin Blockade last ?
The Cold War saw periods of both heightened tension and relative calm .	heightened tension and relative calm.	What types of periods did the cold war see ?
International crises arose , such as the Berlin Blockade -LRB- 1948 -- 1949 -RRB- , the Korean War -LRB- 1950 -- 1953 -RRB- , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , the Vietnam War -LRB- 1959 -- 1975 -RRB- , the Cuban Missile Crisis -LRB- 1962 -RRB- , the Soviet war in Afghanistan -LRB- 1979 -- 1989 -RRB- and NATO exercises in November 1983 .	1950–1953)	Through what time period did the Korean War last ?
International crises arose , such as the Berlin Blockade -LRB- 1948 -- 1949 -RRB- , the Korean War -LRB- 1950 -- 1953 -RRB- , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , the Vietnam War -LRB- 1959 -- 1975 -RRB- , the Cuban Missile Crisis -LRB- 1962 -RRB- , the Soviet war in Afghanistan -LRB- 1979 -- 1989 -RRB- and NATO exercises in November 1983 .	1959–1975	Through what time period did the Vietnam war last ?
International crises arose , such as the Berlin Blockade -LRB- 1948 -- 1949 -RRB- , the Korean War -LRB- 1950 -- 1953 -RRB- , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , the Vietnam War -LRB- 1959 -- 1975 -RRB- , the Cuban Missile Crisis -LRB- 1962 -RRB- , the Soviet war in Afghanistan -LRB- 1979 -- 1989 -RRB- and NATO exercises in November 1983 .	1962	When did the Cuban Missile crisis happen ?
The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s .	1980s and the early 1990s	During what time was the cold war close to happening ?
The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressure on the Soviet Union , which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation .	diplomatic, military, and economic pressure	What did the Reagan administration increase on the Soviet Union ?
The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressure on the Soviet Union , which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation .	severe economic stagnation	What was the Soviet Union suffering from in the 1980 's ?
In the second half of the 1980s , newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms .	introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms.	What did Mikhail Gorbachev introduce ?
The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 , leaving the United States as the dominant military power , though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal .	1991	In what year did the Soviet Union collapse ?
In Latin America in the 1970s , leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right-wing , ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of the individual country 's upper class to support coup d'états to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat .	in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence	What caused Latin America 's right-wing authorities to support coup o'etats ?
In Latin America in the 1970s , leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right-wing , ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of the individual country 's upper class to support coup d'états to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat .	to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat.	Why did the Latin Americas Upper class support coup o'etats ?
In the 1970s , the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents , including some urban guerrillas .	leftist dissidents	The regimes in the southern cone collaborated in killing of who ?
However , by the early 1990s all countries had restored their democracies .	their democracies.	What did all countries restore in the 1990 's
Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America .	South American countries	Where did the United States support dictatorships in the 1970 `` s ?
The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race , space exploration , space technology , and the cultural developments influenced by these events .	a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events.	What is the space age ?
The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union .	the Soviet Union.	Who launched Sputnik 1 ?
This was the world 's first artificial satellite , orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg .	98.1 minutes	How long does did it take for the Sputnik 1 to orbit the earth ?
The Space Age brought the first human spaceflight during the Vostok programme and reached its peak with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the world 's population .	The Space Age	What did Sputnik 1 usher in ?
The landing of Apollo 11 was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century .	500 million	How many people watched the Apollo 11 landing ?
It can also be used in a pejorative sense , meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control .	excessive American cultural or military influence or control	What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the perjorative `` 51st state '' label ?
In various countries around the world , people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term `` 51st state '' in reference to their own countries .	their local or national culture has become too Americanized	Sometimes , when a country refers to themselves as the 51st state , what has happened to their culture ?
The phrase `` 51st state '' can be used in a positive sense , meaning that a region or territory is so aligned , supportive , and conducive with the United States , that it is like a U.S. state .	a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state	What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the `` 51st state '' in a positive way ?
The phrase `` 51st state '' can be used in a positive sense , meaning that a region or territory is so aligned , supportive , and conducive with the United States , that it is like a U.S. state .	a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States	What is a positive connotation of the label `` 51st state '' ?
It can also be used in a pejorative sense , meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control .	an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control	What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term ?
In various countries around the world , people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term `` 51st state '' in reference to their own countries .	their local or national culture has become too Americanized	If a country refers to themselves as the `` 51st state '' after cultural changes , what can we assume has changed ?
Under Article IV , Section Three of the United States Constitution , which outlines the relationship among the states , Congress has the power to admit new states to the union .	the relationship among the states	What does Article IV , Section three of the US Constitution outline ?
Under Article IV , Section Three of the United States Constitution , which outlines the relationship among the states , Congress has the power to admit new states to the union .	the power to admit new states to the union	Article IV , Section Three of th United States Constitution gives Congress the power to do what ?
The states are required to give `` full faith and credit '' to the acts of each other 's legislatures and courts , which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts , marriages , and criminal judgments .	legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments	What does the states ' requirement to give `` full faith and credit '' help recognize ?
The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government , which is also obliged by Article IV , Section Four , to `` guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government '' .	military and civil defense	What are all states guaranteed by the federal government ?
The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government , which is also obliged by Article IV , Section Four , to `` guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government '' .	guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government	What does Article 4 , Section 4 guarantee ?
Under Article IV , Section Three of the United States Constitution , which outlines the relationship among the states , Congress has the power to admit new states to the union .	Article IV, Section Three	What part of the US Constitution outlines the relationship among the states ?
The states are required to give `` full faith and credit '' to the acts of each other 's legislatures and courts , which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts , marriages , and criminal judgments .	the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments	What does the concept of `` full faith and credit '' protect ?
Under Article IV , Section Three of the United States Constitution , which outlines the relationship among the states , Congress has the power to admit new states to the union .	admit new states to the union	Article IV , Section Three allows Congress to do what ?
The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government , which is also obliged by Article IV , Section Four , to `` guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government '' .	military and civil defense	What is guaranteed to the states by the federal government ?
Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States .	Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States	What country has been regarded as a potential new addition to the United States ?
In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters , 54 % , expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship .	54%	What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current political relationship ?
In a separate question , 61 % of voters supported statehood -LRB- excluding the 26 % of voters who left this question blank -RRB- .	61%	What percentage of voters supported statehood ?
On December 11 , 2012 , Puerto Rico 's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results , end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state .	December 11, 2012	When did Puerto Rico resolve to request that the United States act on these results ?
On December 11 , 2012 , Puerto Rico 's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results , end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state .	end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state	What would be an ideal reaction from the United States , according to Puerto Rico ?
Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States .	Puerto Rico	What territory has been suggested as a new addition to the United States ?
In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters , 54 % , expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship .	54%	What percentages of voters expressed unhappiness with the current political relationship between the U.S. and Puerto Rico ?
On December 11 , 2012 , Puerto Rico 's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results , end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state .	December 11, 2012	When did the legislature of Puerto Rico request that they be considered for statehood ?
Since 1898 , Puerto Rico has had limited representation in the Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner , a nonvoting delegate .	Since 1898	How long has Puerto Rico had representation in Congress ?
Since 1898 , Puerto Rico has had limited representation in the Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner , a nonvoting delegate .	a Resident Commissioner	Who represents Puerto Rico in Congress ?
The 110th Congress returned the Commissioner 's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole , but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation .	The 110th Congress	Which Congress gave the commissioner the power to vote ?
The 110th Congress returned the Commissioner 's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole , but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation .	on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation	What is the commissioner not allowed to vote on ?
Residents of Puerto Rico pay U.S. federal taxes : import/export taxes , federal commodity taxes , social security taxes , therefore contributing to the American Government .	U.S. federal taxes	What types of taxes do Puerto Ricans pay ?
Residents of Puerto Rico pay U.S. federal taxes : import/export taxes , federal commodity taxes , social security taxes , therefore contributing to the American Government .	import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes	What makes up the federal taxes Puerto Rican citizens pay ?
Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military .	Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military.	How else can they serve the U.S. ?
Puerto Ricans have participated in all American wars since 1898 ; 52 Puerto Ricans had been killed in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan by November 2012 .	52	How many Puerto Ricans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan ?
Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century when it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish -- American War , and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917 .	Spanish–American War	In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Puerto Rico ?
Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century when it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish -- American War , and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917 .	Spain	What country handed over Puerto Rico to the US ?
Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century when it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish -- American War , and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917 .	since 1917	How long have Puerto Ricans been U.S. citizens ?
Like the states , Puerto Rico has self-rule , a republican form of government organized pursuant to a constitution adopted by its people , and a bill of rights .	republican	What form of government do the Puerto Ricans have ?
This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951 .	the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution	How was the Puerto Rican constitution brought about ?
This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951 .	1951	When was the Puerto Rican constitution written ?
The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico 's electorate , the U.S. Congress , and the U.S. president occurred in 1952 .	1952	When was the constitution accepted by the electorate , U.S. Congress , and U.S. President ?
In addition , the rights , privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are `` respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union '' through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948 .	Privileges and Immunities Clause	What clause gives Puerto Rican citizens the same rights as US citizens ?
Puerto Rico is designated in its constitution as the `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico '' .	Commonwealth of Puerto Rico	How is Puerto Rico designated in its constitution ?
The Constitution of Puerto Rico which became effective in 1952 adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado -LRB- literally translated as `` Free Associated State '' -RRB- , officially translated into English as Commonwealth , for its body politic .	Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State")	What title does the country have ?
The Puerto Rico Democracy Act -LRB- H.R. 2499 -RRB- was approved on April 29 , 2010 , by the United States House of Representatives 223 -- 169 , but was not approved by the Senate before the end of the 111th Congress .	The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499)	What act was approved on April 29th , 2010 ?
The island is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution , which has led to doubts about the finality of the Commonwealth status for Puerto Rico .	Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution	What is the island under jurisdiction of ?
In November 2012 , a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution , while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status .	54 percent	What percentage of voters rejected the status of territory ?
In November 2012 , a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution , while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status .	61 percent	What percentage of voters preferred statehood ?
However , more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status .	one in four voters	What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a preferred alternative status ?
Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included .	the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included	What argument do those opposing statehood use ?
On November 8 , 2012 , Washington , D.C. newspaper The Hill published an article saying that Congress will likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances behind the votes .	The Hill	What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Puerto Rico 's referendum ?
The Washington Post , The New York Times and the Boston Herald have published opinion pieces expressing support for the statehood of Puerto Rico .	The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald	What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Puerto Rico 's statehood ?
On November 8 , 2012 , Washington , D.C. newspaper The Hill published an article saying that Congress will likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances behind the votes .	November 8, 2012	When was that article published ?
and U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez , both of Puerto Rican ancestry , agreed with the The Hill 's statements .	U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez	What Congress members agreed with the Hill 's assesment ?
Several days after the referendum , the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi , Governor Luis Fortuño , and Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama addressing the results of the voting .	Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño	What politicians pushed for statehood for Puerto Rico ?
Several days after the referendum , the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi , Governor Luis Fortuño , and Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama addressing the results of the voting .	Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla	What politician fought against statehood for Puerto Rico ?
Several days after the referendum , the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi , Governor Luis Fortuño , and Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama addressing the results of the voting .	wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama	How did these politicians voice their concerns ?
The White House stance related to the November 2012 plebiscite was that the results were clear , the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved , and a majority chose statehood in the second question .	the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved	What was the White House stance ?
On May 15 , 2013 , Resident Commissioner Pierluisi introduced H.R. 2000 to Congress to `` set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union , '' asking for Congress to vote on ratifying Puerto Rico as the 51st state .	On May 15, 2013	When was H.R. 2000 introduced ?
The bill would require a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state .	a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state.	What did Senator Heinrich 's bill require ?
In the event of a yes vote , the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state .	the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state	What would happen in the event of a yes vote in this referendum ?
On May 15 , 2013 , Resident Commissioner Pierluisi introduced H.R. 2000 to Congress to `` set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union , '' asking for Congress to vote on ratifying Puerto Rico as the 51st state .	set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union	What would H.R. 2000 do ?
In Federalist No. 43 of The Federalist Papers , James Madison considered the implications of the definition of the `` seat of government '' found in the United States Constitution .	James Madison	Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government in the Constitution ?
In Federalist No. 43 of The Federalist Papers , James Madison considered the implications of the definition of the `` seat of government '' found in the United States Constitution .	Federalist No. 43	Where are these ideas located in the Federalist Papers ?
However , the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District .	the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District	What limits does the constitution have for the size of Washington , D.C. ?
Its size has already changed once before , when Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac .	Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac	What caused the size of Washington , D.C. to change ?
Washington , D.C. residents who support the statehood movement sometimes use a shortened version of the Revolutionary War protest motto `` No taxation without representation '' , omitting the initial `` No '' , denoting their lack of Congressional representation ; the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington , D.C. license plates -LRB- although a driver may choose to have the Washington , D.C. website address instead -RRB- .	"No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No"	What Revolutionary War motto have Washington , D.C. statehood supporters modified and used ?
Washington , D.C. residents who support the statehood movement sometimes use a shortened version of the Revolutionary War protest motto `` No taxation without representation '' , omitting the initial `` No '' , denoting their lack of Congressional representation ; the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington , D.C. license plates -LRB- although a driver may choose to have the Washington , D.C. website address instead -RRB- .	their lack of Congressional representation	What does the phrase protest ?
Washington , D.C. residents who support the statehood movement sometimes use a shortened version of the Revolutionary War protest motto `` No taxation without representation '' , omitting the initial `` No '' , denoting their lack of Congressional representation ; the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington , D.C. license plates -LRB- although a driver may choose to have the Washington , D.C. website address instead -RRB- .	the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates	In what way has the phrase been spread wide ?
President Barack Obama had the license plates changed back to the protest style at the beginning of his second term .	at the beginning of his second term	When did Obama have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine ?
This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party , a political party ; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party .	D.C. Statehood Party	What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood ?
This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party , a political party ; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party .	the local Green Party affiliate	What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when ?
The nearest this movement ever came to success was in 1978 , when Congress passed the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment .	1978	When did the movement get closest to success ?
In 1982 , voters ratified the constitution of the state , which was to be called New Columbia .	New Columbia	What would be the new name of the D.C. State ?
The drive for statehood stalled in 1985 , however , when the Washington , D.C. Voting Rights Amendment failed because not enough states ratified the amendment within the seven-year span specified .	1985	When did the drive for statehood falter ?
Other less likely contenders are Guam and the United States Virgin Islands , both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States .	Guam	What is another likely country for statehood ?
Other less likely contenders are Guam and the United States Virgin Islands , both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States .	United States Virgin Islands	What is another likely country for statehood ?
Radio Australia , in late May 2008 , issued signs of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again and becoming the 51st state .	Radio Australia	What entity reported on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again ?
The Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood .	The Philippines	What country had small grassroots movement for US Statehood ?
Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party , then known as the Federalista Party , the party dropped it in 1907 , which coincided with the name change .	Federalista Party	What party used to be known as the Federalista Party ?
As recently as 2004 , the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been part of a political platform in the Philippines .	2004	What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood ?
In Canada , `` the 51st state '' is a phrase generally used in such a way as to imply that if a certain political course is taken , Canada 's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States .	if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States	What is another connotation for the 51st state label ?
Examples include the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988 , the debate over the creation of a common defense perimeter , and as a potential consequence of not adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty , the Charlottetown Accord in 1992 and the Clarity Act in 1999 .	1988	When was the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement enacted ?
Examples include the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988 , the debate over the creation of a common defense perimeter , and as a potential consequence of not adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty , the Charlottetown Accord in 1992 and the Clarity Act in 1999 .	1992	When was the Charlottetown Accord signed ?
Examples include the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988 , the debate over the creation of a common defense perimeter , and as a potential consequence of not adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty , the Charlottetown Accord in 1992 and the Clarity Act in 1999 .	1999	When did the Clarity Act go into effect ?
In the 1988 federal election , the Liberals asserted that the proposed Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada -- notably , the party ran an ad in which Progressive Conservative -LRB- PC -RRB- strategists , upon the adoption of the agreement , slowly erased the Canada-U.S. border from a desktop map of North America .	Liberals	Who suggested that the Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada ?
In the 1988 federal election , the Liberals asserted that the proposed Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada -- notably , the party ran an ad in which Progressive Conservative -LRB- PC -RRB- strategists , upon the adoption of the agreement , slowly erased the Canada-U.S. border from a desktop map of North America .	In the 1988 federal election	When was this campaign ran ?
In the 1988 federal election , the Liberals asserted that the proposed Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada -- notably , the party ran an ad in which Progressive Conservative -LRB- PC -RRB- strategists , upon the adoption of the agreement , slowly erased the Canada-U.S. border from a desktop map of North America .	Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists	Who erased the border in the ad ?
Within days , however , the PCs responded with an ad which featured the border being drawn back on with a permanent marker , as an announcer intoned `` Here 's where we draw the line . ''	"Here's where we draw the line."	What was the slogan of this ad ?
The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada -LRB- at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario , which had only been in British hands since 1763 -RRB- at least twice , neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory .	1763	When did Quebec land in British hands ?
The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada -LRB- at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario , which had only been in British hands since 1763 -RRB- at least twice , neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory .	1763	When did Ontario land in British hands ?
The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812 , but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic .	the War of 1812	During which the US invade Canada ?
The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada .	annexing Canada	What did several US politicians suggest doing in the 19th century ?
In the late 1940s , during the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland -LRB- at the time a dominion-dependency in the Commonwealth and independent of Canada -RRB- , there was mainstream support , although not majority , for Newfoundland to form an economic union with the United States , thanks to the efforts of the Economic Union Party and significant U.S. investment in Newfoundland stemming from the U.S.-British alliance in World War II .	In the late 1940s	When were the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland ?
The movement ultimately failed when , in a 1948 referendum , voters narrowly chose to confederate with Canada -LRB- the Economic Union Party supported an independent `` responsible government '' that they would then push toward their goals -RRB- .	an independent "responsible government"	What did the Economic Union Party support ?
The movement ultimately failed when , in a 1948 referendum , voters narrowly chose to confederate with Canada -LRB- the Economic Union Party supported an independent `` responsible government '' that they would then push toward their goals -RRB- .	The movement ultimately failed	What was the result of the 1948 referendum ?
In the United States , the term `` the 51st state '' when applied to Canada can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada .	can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada	What does Canada being referred to as the 51st state in a positive way mean in the US , generally ?
Sometimes the term is used disparagingly , intended to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor .	to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor	What is a negative connotation of the term ?
The party attracted just 3,846 votes across the province , 0.11 % of the total votes cast .	just 3,846 votes	How man votes did Parti 51 attract in 1989 ?
In comparison , the other parties in favour of sovereignty of Quebec in that election got 40.16 % -LRB- PQ -RRB- and 1.22 % -LRB- NPDQ -RRB- .	40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)	What did the other parties receive that year ?
Due to geographical proximity of the Central American countries to the U.S. which has powerful military , economic , and political influences , there were several movements and proposals by the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries to annex some or all of the Central American republics -LRB- Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras with the formerly British-ruled Bay Islands , Nicaragua , Panama which had the U.S.-ruled Canal Zone territory from 1903 to 1979 , and formerly British Honduras or Belize since 1981 -RRB- .	from 1903 to 1979	When did Panama have the US-ruled Canal Zone Territory ?
In 2001 , El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency , while Panama has used it for decades due to its ties to the Canal Zone .	2001	When did El Salvador adopt the US Dollar as its currency ?
Due to geographical proximity of the Central American countries to the U.S. which has powerful military , economic , and political influences , there were several movements and proposals by the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries to annex some or all of the Central American republics -LRB- Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras with the formerly British-ruled Bay Islands , Nicaragua , Panama which had the U.S.-ruled Canal Zone territory from 1903 to 1979 , and formerly British Honduras or Belize since 1981 -RRB- .	since 1981	When did the British Honduras become Belize ?
Cuba , like many Spanish territories , wanted to break free from Spain .	Spain	What country was Cuba a territory of ?
When the U.S. battleship Maine sank in Havana Harbor , the U.S. blamed Spain and the Spanish -- American War broke out in 1898 .	Maine	What battleship sunk in the Havana Harbor ?
Several decades later in 1959 , the corrupt Cuban government of U.S.-backed Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro .	1959	When did Fidel Castro overthrow the Cuban government ?
Castro installed a Marxist -- Leninist government allied with the Soviet Union , which has been in power ever since .	Marxist–Leninist government	What government did Castro install ?
Several websites assert that Israel is the 51st state due to the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States .	the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States	Why is Israel referred to as the 51st state ?
An example of this concept can be found in 2003 when Martine Rothblatt published a book called Two Stars for Peace that argued for the addition of Israel and the Palestinian territories surrounding it as the 51st state in the Union .	Two Stars for Peace	What book did Martine Rothblatt publish ?
An example of this concept can be found in 2003 when Martine Rothblatt published a book called Two Stars for Peace that argued for the addition of Israel and the Palestinian territories surrounding it as the 51st state in the Union .	2003	When was Two Stars for Peace published ?
The American State of Canaan , is a book published by Prof. Alfred de Grazia , political science and sociologist , in March 2009 , proposing the creation of the 51st and 52nd states from Israel and the Palestinian territories .	Alfred de Grazia	Who wrote the book The American State of Canaan ?
In Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco between the Allied Powers and Japan , which came into force in April 1952 , the U.S. put the outlying islands of the Ryukyus , including the island of Okinawa -- home to over 1 million Okinawans related to the Japanese -- and the Bonin Islands , the Volcano Islands , and Iwo Jima into U.S. trusteeship .	April 1952	When did Artcle 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco come into effect ?
In Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco between the Allied Powers and Japan , which came into force in April 1952 , the U.S. put the outlying islands of the Ryukyus , including the island of Okinawa -- home to over 1 million Okinawans related to the Japanese -- and the Bonin Islands , the Volcano Islands , and Iwo Jima into U.S. trusteeship .	over 1 million	How many people lived on the island of Okinawa ?
Okinawa was returned on May 15 , 1972 , but the U.S. stations troops in the island 's bases as a defense for Japan .	May 15, 1972	When was Okinawa finally returned ?
Okinawa was returned on May 15 , 1972 , but the U.S. stations troops in the island 's bases as a defense for Japan .	as a defense for Japan.	Why did the US have troops on Okinawa ?
In 2010 there was an attempt to register a 51st State Party with the New Zealand Electoral Commission .	2010	When did the 51st State Party attempt to register in New Zealand ?
The party 's secretary is Paulus Telfer , a former Christchurch mayoral candidate .	Paulus Telfer	Who is the secretary of the 51st State Party ?
The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America .	The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America	What does the 51st State Party advocate ?
As of 2014 -LSB- update -RSB- , the party remains unregistered and can not appear on a ballot .	the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.	Can people in New Zealand vote for the 51st State Party ?
In reference to President George W. Bush 's 2007 European tour , Edi Rama , Tirana 's mayor and leader of the opposition Socialists , said : `` Albania is for sure the most pro-American country in Europe , maybe even in the world ... Nowhere else can you find such respect and hospitality for the President of the United States .	Edi Rama,	Who is the mayor of Tirana ?
In reference to President George W. Bush 's 2007 European tour , Edi Rama , Tirana 's mayor and leader of the opposition Socialists , said : `` Albania is for sure the most pro-American country in Europe , maybe even in the world ... Nowhere else can you find such respect and hospitality for the President of the United States .	Edi Rama	Who said that Albania is the most pro-American country in Europe ?
At the time of ex-Secretary of State James Baker 's visit in 1992 , there was even a move to hold a referendum declaring the country as the 51st American state .	1992	When did James Baker visit Albania as Secretary of State ?
The US has had troops and the largest base outside US territory , Camp Bondsteel in the territory since 1999 .	Camp Bondsteel	What is the name of the largest US military base outside of US territory ?
During World War II , when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany , the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection .	when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany	When did the US control Greenland ?
In 1946 , the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $ 100 million -LRB- $ 1.2 billion today -RRB- but Denmark refused to sell it .	$100 million	How much did the US offer to pay for Greenland ?
Several politicians and others have in recent years argued that Greenland could hypothetically be in a better financial situation as a part of the United States ; for instance mentioned by professor Gudmundur Alfredsson at University of Akureyri in 2014 .	University of Akureyri	What university is professor Gudmundur Alfredssson from ?
According to Wikileaks , the U.S. appears to be highly interested in investing in the resource base of the island and in tapping the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast .	the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.	What is one reason the US would be interested in Greenland ?
Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American , dating back to General Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski 's involvement in the American Revolution .	staunchly pro-American	What had been Poland 's stance towards the US , historically ?
This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I -LRB- leading to the creation of an independent Poland -RRB- and the Cold War -LRB- culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence -RRB- .	favorable American intervention in World War I	What led to the creation of an independent Poland ?
Poland contributed a large force to the `` Coalition of the Willing '' in Iraq .	a large force	What did Poland contribute to the `` Coalition of the Willing '' ?
The Party of Reconstruction in Sicily , which claimed 40,000 members in 1944 , campaigned for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state .	40,000 members	How many members did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily have in 1944 ?
The Party of Reconstruction in Sicily , which claimed 40,000 members in 1944 , campaigned for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state .	for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state	What did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily campaign for ?
Sicilians felt neglected or underrepresented by the Italian government after the annexation of 1861 that ended the rule of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies based in Naples .	1861	When did the annexation of Sicily by Italy happen ?
The large population of Sicilians in America and the American-led Allied invasion of Sicily in July -- August 1943 may have contributed to the sentiment .	July–August 1943	When did the Allied invasion of Sicily occur ?
There are four categories of terra nullius , land that is unclaimed by any state : the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan , Antarctica , the oceans , and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars .	the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies	What are the four categories of terra nullius ?
In the last three of these , international treaties -LRB- the Antarctic Treaty , the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , and the Outer Space Treaty respectively -RRB- prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited -LRB- and , given current technology , not permanently inhabitable -RRB- territories .	the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty	What three treaties exist for unclaimed lands ?
In the last three of these , international treaties -LRB- the Antarctic Treaty , the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , and the Outer Space Treaty respectively -RRB- prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited -LRB- and , given current technology , not permanently inhabitable -RRB- territories .	prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.	What do the treaties defend against ?
There are four categories of terra nullius , land that is unclaimed by any state : the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan , Antarctica , the oceans , and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars .	between Egypt and Sudan	Where is Bir Tawil located ?
An antenna -LRB- plural antennae or antennas -RRB- , or aerial , is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves , and vice versa .	An antenna	What device is able to change electric powerinto radio waves and also do the reverse ?
It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver .	radio transmitter or radio receiver	What device is often used in conjuntion with the antenna ?
In transmission , a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency -LRB- i.e. a high frequency alternating current -LRB- AC -RRB- -RRB- to the antenna 's terminals , and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves -LRB- radio waves -RRB- .	transmission	What process associated with antennas produces a high frequency alternating current ?
In transmission , a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency -LRB- i.e. a high frequency alternating current -LRB- AC -RRB- -RRB- to the antenna 's terminals , and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves -LRB- radio waves -RRB- .	electromagnetic waves	What else can radio waves be called ?
In reception , an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals , that is applied to a receiver to be amplified .	reception	When does an antenna catch electromagnetic waves ?
Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors -LRB- elements -RRB- , electrically connected -LRB- often through a transmission line -RRB- to the receiver or transmitter .	transmission line	What is frequently used to connect elements to the receiver ?
These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave .	radiate away	During transmission does the electric field wave move closer to the antenna ?
An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements , while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements .	electrons	What particles are pushed through the antenna by a transmitter ?
Conversely , during reception , the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements , causing them to move back and forth , creating oscillating currents in the antenna .	reception	During what process would electrons be vacillating in the antenna ?
The words antenna -LRB- plural : antennas in US English , although both `` antennas '' and `` antennae '' are used in International English -RRB- and aerial are used interchangeably .	aerial	What is an acceptable synonym for antenna ?
Occasionally the term `` aerial '' is used to mean a wire antenna .	wire antenna	What can sometimes be meant by the term aerial specifically ?
The words antenna -LRB- plural : antennas in US English , although both `` antennas '' and `` antennae '' are used in International English -RRB- and aerial are used interchangeably .	antennae	What is one way of referring to more than one antenna ?
In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used , the term aerial is sometimes used although ` antenna ' has been universal in professional use for many years .	antenna	What is the most widely accepted term for an electrical device that converts electric power into radio waves ?
The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi .	Guglielmo Marconi	Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna ?
In the summer of 1895 , Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his father 's estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long wire `` aerials '' .	1895	When did experimentation with electromagnetic waves begin ?
Marconi discovered that by raising the `` aerial '' wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground , the transmission range was increased .	raising the "aerial" wire	What is a way to increase the strength of a radio transmission ?
Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill , a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres -LRB- 1.5 mi -RRB- .	1.5 mi	How far was Marconi able to get his signal to go using this technique ?
Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field .	Antennas	What is essential for the mating of the elements that create radio waves ?
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves which carry signals through the air -LRB- or through space -RRB- at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss .	speed of light	How fast are signals produced by antenna transmitted ?
Radio transmitters and receivers are used to convey signals -LRB- information -RRB- in systems including broadcast -LRB- audio -RRB- radio , television , mobile telephones , Wi-Fi -LRB- WLAN -RRB- data networks , trunk lines and point-to-point communications links -LRB- telephone , data networks -RRB- , satellite links , many remote controlled devices such as garage door openers , and wireless remote sensors , among many others .	mobile telephones	What is one system that uses electromagnetic waves ?
Radio waves are also used directly for measurements in technologies including radar , GPS , and radio astronomy .	GPS	What mobile locator and direction finder technology takes advantage of radio waves ?
In each and every case , the transmitters and receivers involved require antennas , although these are sometimes hidden -LRB- such as the antenna inside an AM radio or inside a laptop computer equipped with Wi-Fi -RRB- .	antennas	What often inconspicuous part of a laptop computer allows for internet usage ?
One example of omnidirectional antennas is the very common vertical antenna or whip antenna consisting of a metal rod -LRB- often , but not always , a quarter of a wavelength long -RRB- .	metal rod	What is the main element of an omnidirectional antenna ?
A dipole antenna is similar but consists of two such conductors extending in opposite directions , with a total length that is often , but not always , a half of a wavelength long .	dipole	What type of antenna would most likely be a half a wavelength long ?
Dipoles are typically oriented horizontally in which case they are weakly directional : signals are reasonably well radiated toward or received from all directions with the exception of the direction along the conductor itself ; this region is called the antenna blind cone or null .	horizontally	In which direction would you expect to find a dipole ?
Dipoles are typically oriented horizontally in which case they are weakly directional : signals are reasonably well radiated toward or received from all directions with the exception of the direction along the conductor itself ; this region is called the antenna blind cone or null .	null	What is meant by the area where signals can not be accepted well along the conductor ?
Both the vertical and dipole antennas are simple in construction and relatively inexpensive .	relatively inexpensive	Are basic antennas expensive ?
The dipole antenna , which is the basis for most antenna designs , is a balanced component , with equal but opposite voltages and currents applied at its two terminals through a balanced transmission line -LRB- or to a coaxial transmission line through a so-called balun -RRB- .	dipole antenna	What is the foundation most often used when creating new antenna models ?
The vertical antenna , on the other hand , is a monopole antenna .	monopole antenna	What category do vertical antennas fall under ?
In this way , the ground -LRB- or any large conductive surface -RRB- plays the role of the second conductor of a dipole , thereby forming a complete circuit .	large conductive surface	What is used to close the circuit of a dipole antenna ?
Antennas more complex than the dipole or vertical designs are usually intended to increase the directivity and consequently the gain of the antenna .	gain of the antenna	What are different designs aimed at increasing ?
The vast majority of designs are fed with a balanced line -LRB- unlike a monopole antenna -RRB- and are based on the dipole antenna with additional components -LRB- or elements -RRB- which increase its directionality .	balanced line	What is different from a monopole antenna with most other antenna types ?
Antenna `` gain '' in this instance describes the concentration of radiated power into a particular solid angle of space , as opposed to the spherically uniform radiation of the ideal radiator .	concentration	Gain when referring to an antenna refers to what about radiated power ?
Power is conserved , and there is no net power increase over that delivered from the power source -LRB- the transmitter . -RRB-	the transmitter	Where is the power that is distributed originating from ?
For instance , a phased array consists of two or more simple antennas which are connected together through an electrical network .	two or more	How many antenna would make up a phased array ?
Depending on the relative phase introduced by the network , the same combination of dipole antennas can operate as a `` broadside array '' -LRB- directional normal to a line connecting the elements -RRB- or as an `` end-fire array '' -LRB- directional along the line connecting the elements -RRB- .	relative phase	What determines if the antenna creates a broadside array or an end fire array ?
Antenna arrays may employ any basic -LRB- omnidirectional or weakly directional -RRB- antenna type , such as dipole , loop or slot antennas .	omnidirectional or weakly directional	What are the two standard antenna types ?
This often involves a number of parallel dipole antennas with a certain spacing .	parallel	How are antennas oriented when arranged with specific spacing ?
However a log-periodic dipole array consists of a number of dipole elements of different lengths in order to obtain a somewhat directional antenna having an extremely wide bandwidth : these are frequently used for television reception in fringe areas .	log-periodic dipole array	What type of antenna formation is made up of multiple dipole elements of varying lengths ?
However a log-periodic dipole array consists of a number of dipole elements of different lengths in order to obtain a somewhat directional antenna having an extremely wide bandwidth : these are frequently used for television reception in fringe areas .	extremely wide bandwidth	What is the benefit of this formation type ?
On the other hand , a superficially similar dipole array , the Yagi-Uda Antenna -LRB- or simply `` Yagi '' -RRB- , has only one dipole element with an electrical connection ; the other so-called parasitic elements interact with the electromagnetic field in order to realize a fairly directional antenna but one which is limited to a rather narrow bandwidth .	Yagi-Uda Antenna	What is a variation of this antenna type ?
However a log-periodic dipole array consists of a number of dipole elements of different lengths in order to obtain a somewhat directional antenna having an extremely wide bandwidth : these are frequently used for television reception in fringe areas .	television reception	What is the main application of these set ups ?
At low frequencies -LRB- such as AM broadcast -RRB- , arrays of vertical towers are used to achieve directionality and they will occupy large areas of land .	vertical	For radio broadcast that one would hear in their car what type of towers are used ?
For non directional portable use , a short vertical antenna or small loop antenna works well , with the main design challenge being that of impedance matching .	short vertical antenna	If one wished to take an antenna to different locations , which type would be best ?
At low frequencies -LRB- such as AM broadcast -RRB- , arrays of vertical towers are used to achieve directionality and they will occupy large areas of land .	achieve directionality	Why is this specific antenna type used ?
For non directional portable use , a short vertical antenna or small loop antenna works well , with the main design challenge being that of impedance matching .	impedance matching	What is a problem one might encounter when using a portable antenna ?
An antenna lead-in is the transmission line -LRB- or feed line -RRB- which connects the antenna to a transmitter or receiver .	antenna lead-in	What is mainly responsible for the connection of the antenna to its end destinations ?
The antenna feed may refer to all components connecting the antenna to the transmitter or receiver , such as an impedance matching network in addition to the transmission line .	antenna feed	What is the group of elements used to join the elements of an antenna ?
In a so-called aperture antenna , such as a horn or parabolic dish , the `` feed '' may also refer to a basic antenna inside the entire system -LRB- normally at the focus of the parabolic dish or at the throat of a horn -RRB- which could be considered the one active element in that antenna system .	aperture antenna	What are the type of antennas used with satellite television called ?
A microwave antenna may also be fed directly from a waveguide in place of a -LRB- conductive -RRB- transmission line .	microwave antenna	What can be used in place of a standard transmission line ?
Monopole antennas consist of a single radiating element such as a metal rod , often mounted over a conducting surface , a ground plane .	metal rod	Monopole antennas consist of what element ?
Small monopoles are used as nondirectional antennas on portable radios in the HF , VHF , and UHF bands .	nondirectional antennas	What are small monopoles used as ?
The most common form is the quarter-wave monopole which is one-quarter of a wavelength long and has a gain of 5.12 dBi when mounted over a ground plane .	quarter-wave monopole	What the most common form ?
Monopoles have an omnidirectional radiation pattern , so they are used for broad coverage of an area , and have vertical polarization .	Monopoles	What has vertical polarization ?
The most widely used class of antenna , a dipole antenna consists of two symmetrical radiators such as metal rods or wires , with one side of the balanced feedline from the transmitter or receiver attached to each .	dipole antenna	What is the most widley used antenna class ?
A horizontal dipole radiates in two lobes perpendicular to the antenna 's axis .	horizontal dipole	What radiates two lobes perpendicular to the antennas axis ?
Used individually as low gain antennas , dipoles are also used as driven elements in many more complicated higher gain types of antennas .	dipoles	Besides low gain antennas , what is also used as driven elements in complicated higher gain types of antennas ?
A half-wave dipole the most common type , has two collinear elements each a quarter wavelength long and a gain of 2.15 dBi .	2.15 dBi	How much gain does a half-wave dipole have ?
A necessary condition for the aforementioned reciprocity property is that the materials in the antenna and transmission medium are linear and reciprocal .	linear and reciprocal	What must be true of the antenna and transmission medium for the repiprocity rule to apply ?
Most materials used in antennas meet these conditions , but some microwave antennas use high-tech components such as isolators and circulators , made of nonreciprocal materials such as ferrite .	ferrite	What is one material that does not have this quality ?
These can be used to give the antenna a different behavior on receiving than it has on transmitting , which can be useful in applications like radar .	radar	How can the lack of this quality be used in an everyday way ?
Reciprocal -LRB- or bilateral -RRB- means that the material has the same response to an electric current or magnetic field in one direction , as it has to the field or current in the opposite direction .	Reciprocal	What is called when the direction of the elctrical current does not make a difference to the current ?
Antennas are characterized by a number of performance measures which a user would be concerned with in selecting or designing an antenna for a particular application .	performance measures	How could one deide what type of antenna is nedded for a project ?
Chief among these relate to the directional characteristics -LRB- as depicted in the antenna 's radiation pattern -RRB- and the resulting gain .	directional characteristics	What would most likely be the main concern in making this decision ?
Even in omnidirectional -LRB- or weakly directional -RRB- antennas , the gain can often be increased by concentrating more of its power in the horizontal directions , sacrificing power radiated toward the sky and ground .	horizontal directions	How would you distribute power to allow for a greater gain ?
The antenna 's power gain -LRB- or simply `` gain '' -RRB- also takes into account the antenna 's efficiency , and is often the primary figure of merit .	efficiency	What is often the most imprtant crediting factor of antennas ?
Resonant antennas are expected to be used around a particular resonant frequency ; an antenna must therefore be built or ordered to match the frequency range of the intended application .	Resonant antennas	Which antenna type would be best for a project requiring a specific frequency ?
Resonant antennas are expected to be used around a particular resonant frequency ; an antenna must therefore be built or ordered to match the frequency range of the intended application .	built or ordered	How could an antenna be made to coordinate with the needed frequency ?
A particular antenna design will present a particular feedpoint impedance .	particular antenna design	What factor would result in a desired feedback independence ?
While this may affect the choice of an antenna , an antenna 's impedance can also be adapted to the desired impedance level of a system using a matching network while maintaining the other characteristics -LRB- except for a possible loss of efficiency -RRB- .	matching network	If you were unable to choose the antenna you wanted how could you still achieve this result ?
An antenna transmits and receives radio waves with a particular polarization which can be reoriented by tilting the axis of the antenna in many -LRB- but not all -RRB- cases .	polarization	What is the essential difference in radio waves transmitted by an antenna ?
An antenna transmits and receives radio waves with a particular polarization which can be reoriented by tilting the axis of the antenna in many -LRB- but not all -RRB- cases .	tilting the axis	How can this be adjusted more easily than changing antenna types ?
The physical size of an antenna is often a practical issue , particularly at lower frequencies -LRB- longer wavelengths -RRB- .	at lower frequencies	When might the size of an antenna cause an issue ?
Antennas that are required to be small compared to the wavelength sacrifice efficiency and can not be very directional .	small	What size antenna would not be good when the antenna needs to be directional ?
Highly directional antennas need to be significantly larger than the wavelength .	Highly directional	There is a relationship between the size of the antenna and the size of the wavelength with what antenna type ?
This relies on the behaviour of moving electrons , which reflect off surfaces where the dielectric constant changes , in a fashion similar to the way light reflects when optical properties change .	electrons	What particle 's migration does the resonance principle rely on ?
The majority of antenna designs are based on the resonance principle .	resonance principle	What is the basis for the way most antennas are developed ?
In these designs , the reflective surface is created by the end of a conductor , normally a thin metal wire or rod , which in the simplest case has a feed point at one end where it is connected to a transmission line .	reflective	What type of surface is formed by the tip of a conductor ?
The conductor , or element , is aligned with the electrical field of the desired signal , normally meaning it is perpendicular to the line from the antenna to the source -LRB- or receiver in the case of a broadcast antenna -RRB- .	perpendicular	How would you place the conductor in relation to the signal you wished to obtain ?
The radio signal 's electrical component induces a voltage in the conductor .	electrical component	What part of the radio signal creates voltage ?
This causes an electrical current to begin flowing in the direction of the signal 's instantaneous field .	instantaneous field	What would the electric current always gravitate to ?
When the resulting current reaches the end of the conductor , it reflects , which is equivalent to a 180 degree change in phase .	180 degree change in phase	What is the outcome when a curren is reflected >
That means it has undergone a total 360 degree phase change , returning it to the original signal .	360 degree	What amount of phase change would return a signal to its originial state ?
The ordinary half-wave dipole is probably the most widely used antenna design .	half-wave dipole	What is the most popular antenna type ?
The physical arrangement of the two elements places them 180 degrees out of phase , which means that at any given instant one of the elements is driving current into the transmission line while the other is pulling it out .	transmission line	What is the current usually beng put into it or pulled out of ?
This consists of two 1⁄4 - wavelength elements arranged end-to-end , and lying along essentially the same axis -LRB- or collinear -RRB- , each feeding one side of a two-conductor transmission wire .	collinear	Elements in a half wave dipole and on an identical axis are said to be what ?
Monopoles , which are one-half the size of a dipole , are common for long-wavelength radio signals where a dipole would be impractically large .	Monopoles	What antenna type is a portion of the half wave dipole ?
Another common design is the folded dipole , which is essentially two dipoles placed side-by-side and connected at their ends to make a single one-wavelength antenna .	folded dipole	What popular type combines more that one antenna ?
The standing wave forms with this desired pattern at the design frequency , f0 , and antennas are normally designed to be this size .	f0	What frequency are antennas normally designed to be ?
However , feeding that element with 3f0 -LRB- whose wavelength is 1⁄3 that of f0 -RRB- will also lead to a standing wave pattern .	3f0	What can be added to f0 to create a standing wave pattern ?
This is true for all odd multiples of 1⁄4 wavelength .	1⁄4	What multiple is essential for wavelengths ?
Antennas used in such a fashion are known to be harmonically operated .	harmonically	How are waves which are used in the ways discussed controlled ?
The quarter-wave elements imitate a series-resonant electrical element due to the standing wave present along the conductor .	imitate	How do quarter wave elements act in relation to a series relevant electrical element ?
At the resonant frequency , the standing wave has a current peak and voltage node -LRB- minimum -RRB- at the feed .	resonant frequency	What frequency develops a current peak ?
In electrical terms , this means the element has minimum reactance , generating the maximum current for minimum voltage .	minimum reactance	How would you describe a current that has maximum efficiency ?
Contrary to an ideal -LRB- lossless -RRB- series-resonant circuit , a finite resistance remains -LRB- corresponding to the relatively small voltage at the feed-point -RRB- due to the antenna 's radiation resistance as well as any actual electrical losses .	lossless	What could be the best possible output versus input ratio ?
It is possible to use the impedance matching concepts to construct vertical antennas substantially shorter than the 1⁄4 wavelength at which the antenna is resonant .	impedance matching	For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property ?
By adding an inductance in series with the antenna , a so-called loading coil , the capacitive reactance of this antenna can be cancelled leaving a pure resistance which can then be matched to the transmission line .	inductance	What could be coupled with an antenna to form pure resistance ?
By adding an inductance in series with the antenna , a so-called loading coil , the capacitive reactance of this antenna can be cancelled leaving a pure resistance which can then be matched to the transmission line .	transmission line	What element would this pure resistance be coupled with ?
Sometimes the resulting resonant frequency of such a system -LRB- antenna plus matching network -RRB- is described using the construct of electrical length and the use of a shorter antenna at a lower frequency than its resonant frequency is termed electrical lengthening .	electrical lengthening	What phrase describes the process of purposely using a lower standing antenna at a less than peak frequency ?
The end result is that the resonant antenna will efficiently feed a signal into the transmission line only when the source signal 's frequency is close to that of the design frequency of the antenna , or one of the resonant multiples .	resonant multiples	If your were unable to match the source frequency with the design frequency of the antenna what could you use ?
This makes resonant antenna designs inherently narrowband , and they are most commonly used with a single target signal .	single target signal	What is the most common application of resonant antennas ?
This makes resonant antenna designs inherently narrowband , and they are most commonly used with a single target signal .	resonant	What antenna setup type is generally used for TV viewing ?
They are less commonly used for reception where multiple channels are present , in which case additional modifications are used to increase the bandwidth , or entirely different antenna designs are used .	bandwidth	For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property ?
The amount of signal received from a distant transmission source is essentially geometric in nature due to the inverse square law , and this leads to the concept of effective area .	inverse square law	What accounts for the geometry involved in the use of an antenna ?
This measures the performance of an antenna by comparing the amount of power it generates to the amount of power in the original signal , measured in terms of the signal 's power density in Watts per square metre .	Watts per square metre	How is the compactness of the signal measured ?
In roles where higher performance is needed , designers often use multiple elements combined together .	higher performance	What type of project would call for more than one element used together ?
Returning to the basic concept of current flows in a conductor , consider what happens if a half-wave dipole is not connected to a feed point , but instead shorted out .	feed point	What is a half wave dipole need to be coupled with in most instances ?
But the overall current pattern is the same ; the current will be zero at the two ends , and reach a maximum in the center .	center	What part of the current is usually strongest ?
Thus signals near the design frequency will continue to create a standing wave pattern .	standing wave pattern	What does this result in ?
Elements used in this way are known as passive elements .	passive elements	Element used to provide support to the original signal are called ?
A Yagi-Uda array uses passive elements to greatly increase gain .	Yagi-Uda array	What can take advantage of these elements to add more gain ?
It is built along a support boom that is pointed toward the signal , and thus sees no induced signal and does not contribute to the antenna 's operation .	does not contribute	Does this device improve the operation of the antenna ?
Passive elements are arranged in front -LRB- directors -RRB- and behind -LRB- reflectors -RRB- the active element along the boom .	directors	What is the name for passive elements nearer to the source of the signal ?
The Yagi has the inherent quality that it becomes increasingly directional , and thus has higher gain , as the number of elements increases .	increasingly directional	Adding more elements to a Yagi-Uda would have what effect ?
It is also possible to use multiple active elements and combine them together with transmission lines to produce a similar system where the phases add up to reinforce the output .	active elements	What can be paired with transmission lines to create phases that would support output ?
The antenna array and very similar reflective array antenna consist of multiple elements , often half-wave dipoles , spaced out on a plane and wired together with transmission lines with specific phase lengths to produce a single in-phase signal at the output .	half-wave dipoles	What is the most common element used to create a single in phase signal ?
The antenna array and very similar reflective array antenna consist of multiple elements , often half-wave dipoles , spaced out on a plane and wired together with transmission lines with specific phase lengths to produce a single in-phase signal at the output .	phase lengths	What must be precise in order to create this signal at output ?
The log-periodic antenna is a more complex design that uses multiple in-line elements similar in appearance to the Yagi-Uda but using transmission lines between the elements to produce the output .	log-periodic	What is a more complicated occurrence of the single in-phase producing antenna ?
Reflection of the original signal also occurs when it hits an extended conductive surface , in a fashion similar to a mirror .	extended conductive surface	If you wanted to somehow clone the original signal you could use ?
This effect can also be used to increase signal through the use of a reflector , normally placed behind the active element and spaced so the reflected signal reaches the element in-phase .	increase	What effect would the use of a reflector have on a signal ?
Generally the reflector will remain highly reflective even if it is not solid ; gaps less than 1⁄10 generally have little effect on the outcome .	less than 1⁄10	What allowance can be made for gaps without loss of performance ?
The parabolic reflector is perhaps the best known example of a reflector-based antenna , which has an effective area far greater than the active element alone .	parabolic reflector	What is the most recognized type of an antenna that has its basis in reflection ?
Resonating such an inductor with a capacitor at the frequency of operation not only cancels the reactance but greatly magnifies the very small radiation resistance of such a loop .	a capacitor at the frequency of operation	What magnifies the small radiation resistance of a loop ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This is implemented in most AM broadcast receivers , with a small ferrite loop antenna resonated by a capacitor which is varied along with the receiver tuning in order to maintain resonance over the AM broadcast band	small ferrite loop antenna	What is resonated by a capacitor along with the receiver tuning that maintains resonance over the AM broadcast band ?
Resonating such an inductor with a capacitor at the frequency of operation not only cancels the reactance but greatly magnifies the very small radiation resistance of such a loop .	loop	What is used in most AM broadcaster receivers ?
Another extreme case of impedance matching occurs when using a small loop antenna -LRB- usually , but not always , for receiving -RRB- at a relatively low frequency where it appears almost as a pure inductor .	impedance matching	When using a small loop antenna at a low frequency , what may occur ?
Antenna tuning generally refers to cancellation of any reactance seen at the antenna terminals , leaving only a resistive impedance which might or might not be exactly the desired impedance -LRB- that of the transmission line -RRB- .	resistive impedance	What is left after antenna tuning ?
Antenna tuning generally refers to cancellation of any reactance seen at the antenna terminals , leaving only a resistive impedance which might or might not be exactly the desired impedance -LRB- that of the transmission line -RRB- .	antenna terminals	Where does cancellation of any reactance seen ?
On the other hand , the addition of a series inductance or parallel capacitance can be used to cancel a residual capacitative or inductive reactance , respectively .	parallel capacitance	What can be used to cancel a inductibe reactance or residual capacitative ?
Although an antenna may be designed to have a purely resistive feedpoint impedance -LRB- such as a dipole 97 % of a half wavelength long -RRB- this might not be exactly true at the frequency that it is eventually used at .	purely resistive feedpoint	What is an antenna designed to have ?
Although a resonant antenna has a purely resistive feed-point impedance at a particular frequency , many -LRB- if not most -RRB- applications require using an antenna over a range of frequencies .	resonant	What type of antenna has impedance at a specific frequency ?
An antenna 's bandwidth specifies the range of frequencies over which its performance does not suffer due to a poor impedance match .	bandwidth	What term can be used to refer to the usable spectrum of an antennas frequency ?
An antenna 's bandwidth specifies the range of frequencies over which its performance does not suffer due to a poor impedance match .	impedance match	What causes the frequencies outside of the bandwidth to be unusable ?
Also in the case of a Yagi-Uda array , the use of the antenna very far away from its design frequency reduces the antenna 's directivity , thus reducing the usable bandwidth regardless of impedance matching .	directivity	What is lessened by the Yagi-Uda design ?
It turns out that the amount of reactance seen at the terminals of a resonant antenna when the frequency is shifted , say , by 5 % , depends very much on the diameter of the conductor used .	diameter	What characteristic of the conductor changes the amount of reactance ?
It turns out that the amount of reactance seen at the terminals of a resonant antenna when the frequency is shifted , say , by 5 % , depends very much on the diameter of the conductor used .	reactance	What characteristic would be better if it were steady ?
A long thin wire used as a half-wave dipole -LRB- or quarter wave monopole -RRB- will have a reactance significantly greater than the resistive impedance it has at resonance , leading to a poor match and generally unacceptable performance .	A long thin wire	What would be used to create a half wave or quarter wave dipole ?
Thus rather thick tubes are typically used for the solid elements of such antennas , including Yagi-Uda arrays .	thick tubes	What type of tubes are generally used for sturdier always of antennas ?
This widens the bandwidth of the resonance .	widens	What effect do cages have on the spectrum of usable frequencies ?
Rather than just using a thick tube , there are similar techniques used to the same effect such as replacing thin wire elements with cages to simulate a thicker element .	cages	What type of tubes are generally used for sturdier always of antennas ?
This can often be accomplished simply by connecting resonant elements for the different bands in parallel .	connecting resonant elements	How could one achieve the task of creating an antenna that can be Used over various bands ?
At a lower frequency the trap allows the full length of the element to be employed , albeit with a shifted resonant frequency due to the inclusion of the trap 's net reactance at that lower frequency .	trap's	What is an essential for dealing with directing the flow of power ?
The antenna gain , or power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the intensity -LRB- power per unit surface area -RRB- radiated by the antenna in the direction of its maximum output , at an arbitrary distance , divided by the intensity radiated at the same distance by a hypothetical isotropic antenna which radiates equal power in all directions .	power gain	What is another way to refer to an antennas gain ?
The antenna gain , or power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the intensity -LRB- power per unit surface area -RRB- radiated by the antenna in the direction of its maximum output , at an arbitrary distance , divided by the intensity radiated at the same distance by a hypothetical isotropic antenna which radiates equal power in all directions .	power per unit surface area	What is the meaning of intensity ?
The antenna gain , or power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the intensity -LRB- power per unit surface area -RRB- radiated by the antenna in the direction of its maximum output , at an arbitrary distance , divided by the intensity radiated at the same distance by a hypothetical isotropic antenna which radiates equal power in all directions .	isotropic	What type of an antenna would offer the same level of power to each possible destination ?
High-gain antennas have the advantage of longer range and better signal quality , but must be aimed carefully at the other antenna .	longer range	Antennas with higher gain have what positive feature ?
Antenna gain should not be confused with amplifier gain , a separate parameter measuring the increase in signal power due to an amplifying device .	amplifier gain	What is a measure of how much efficient is improved by adding a device designed to make something stronger ?
An example of a high-gain antenna is a parabolic dish such as a satellite television antenna .	parabolic dish	Dish network Tv takes example of what type of antenna ?
Low-gain antennas have shorter range , but the orientation of the antenna is relatively unimportant .	Low-gain	What type of antenna would be best if placement was tricky ?
Due to reciprocity -LRB- discussed above -RRB- the gain of an antenna used for transmitting must be proportional to its effective area when used for receiving .	proportional	What must the relationship of an antenna and the receiving area be due to reciprocity ?
Consider an antenna with no loss , that is , one whose electrical efficiency is 100 % .	no loss	what could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have ?
Therefore , the effective area Aeff in terms of the gain G in a given direction is given by :	Aeff	Another term for the effective area is ?
Gain is defined such that the average gain over all directions for an antenna with 100 % electrical efficiency is equal to 1 .	1	hat could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have ?
The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the relative field strength of the radio waves emitted by the antenna at different angles .	relative field strength	A plot of the radiation behaviors of an antenna would show what ?
It is typically represented by a three-dimensional graph , or polar plots of the horizontal and vertical cross sections .	three-dimensional graph	What type of pictoral aid is often used to show this ?
The pattern of an ideal isotropic antenna , which radiates equally in all directions , would look like a sphere .	isotropic	A sphere shows what type of antennas radiation ?
Many nondirectional antennas , such as monopoles and dipoles , emit equal power in all horizontal directions , with the power dropping off at higher and lower angles ; this is called an omnidirectional pattern and when plotted looks like a torus or donut .	nondirectional	Dipoles are considered to be what antenna type ?
Many nondirectional antennas , such as monopoles and dipoles , emit equal power in all horizontal directions , with the power dropping off at higher and lower angles ; this is called an omnidirectional pattern and when plotted looks like a torus or donut .	donut	What would an omnidirectional antenna look like if plotted ?
The radiation of many antennas shows a pattern of maxima or `` lobes '' at various angles , separated by `` nulls '' , angles where the radiation falls to zero .	nulls	What is the term that refers to areas where an antennas radiation is zero ?
This is because the radio waves emitted by different parts of the antenna typically interfere , causing maxima at angles where the radio waves arrive at distant points in phase , and zero radiation at other angles where the radio waves arrive out of phase .	interfere	What do radio waves do that account for maxima or nulls in an antenna pattern ?
In a directional antenna designed to project radio waves in a particular direction , the lobe in that direction is designed larger than the others and is called the `` main lobe '' .	lobe	If you desired to project radio waves to the south , what part of the antenna would you build larger in that direction ?
The other lobes usually represent unwanted radiation and are called `` sidelobes '' .	represent unwanted radiation	What is the main distinction of side lobes ?
As an electro-magnetic wave travels through the different parts of the antenna system -LRB- radio , feed line , antenna , free space -RRB- it may encounter differences in impedance -LRB- E/H , V/I , etc. -RRB- .	radio	What is one piece that makes up an antenna system ?
At each interface , depending on the impedance match , some fraction of the wave 's energy will reflect back to the source , forming a standing wave in the feed line .	standing wave	What is created by a portion of a radio waves energy reversing ?
The ratio of maximum power to minimum power in the wave can be measured and is called the standing wave ratio -LRB- SWR -RRB- .	standing wave ratio	A term that refers to the highs and lows of power in electro magnetic waves is ?
Minimizing impedance differences at each interface -LRB- impedance matching -RRB- will reduce SWR and maximize power transfer through each part of the antenna system .	power transfer	Impedance matching makes an important difference in what antenna function ?
Efficiency of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of power actually radiated -LRB- in all directions -RRB- to the power absorbed by the antenna terminals .	Efficiency	A measure of the power that is useable and the power absorbed by the terminals ?
The power supplied to the antenna terminals which is not radiated is converted into heat .	heat	What happens to the power that is not absorbed by the antenna ?
This is usually through loss resistance in the antenna 's conductors , but can also be due to dielectric or magnetic core losses in antennas -LRB- or antenna systems -RRB- using such components .	magnetic core losses	What can cause that reaction ?
Such loss effectively robs power from the transmitter , requiring a stronger transmitter in order to transmit a signal of a given strength .	transmitter	What can cause that reaction ?
For instance , if a transmitter delivers 100 W into an antenna having an efficiency of 80 % , then the antenna will radiate 80 W as radio waves and produce 20 W of heat .	100 W	What would need to be placed into the transmitter to create ten W oh warmth ?
How much of that power has actually been radiated can not be directly determined through electrical measurements at -LRB- or before -RRB- the antenna terminals , but would require -LRB- for instance -RRB- careful measurement of field strength .	electrical measurements	What would need to be investigated to determine how much power was radiated ?
Note that antenna efficiency is a separate issue from impedance matching , which may also reduce the amount of power radiated using a given transmitter .	impedance matching	What factor may play a hand in lessened power from a transmitter ?
However loss resistance will generally affect the feedpoint impedance , adding to its resistive -LRB- real -RRB- component .	loss resistance	What can increase the feedpoint impedance of a component ?
That resistance will consist of the sum of the radiation resistance Rr and the loss resistance Rloss .	resistance	The addition of Rr and Rloss equals what ?
Therefore , the efficiency of an antenna is equal to Rr / -LRB- Rr + Rloss -RRB- .	Rr / (Rr + Rloss)	What equation an determine an antennas effectiveness ?
Of course only the total resistance Rr + Rloss can be directly measured .	total resistance	What is the single factor that can be precisely measured ?
For example , CCIR Rep. 258-3 indicates man-made noise in a residential setting at 40 MHz is about 28 dB above the thermal noise floor .	thermal noise floor	What is the median level for measuring atmospheric noise ?
According to reciprocity , the efficiency of an antenna used as a receiving antenna is identical to the efficiency as defined above .	receiving	In what type of programs would low efficiency antennas not make a difference in effectiveness ?
At low frequencies , for example , atmospheric or man-made noise can mask antenna inefficiency .	man-made noise	At lesser frequencies what can account for incorrect assumptions about efficiency ?
The loss within the antenna will affect the intended signal and the noise/interference identically , leading to no reduction in signal to noise ratio -LRB- SNR -RRB- .	signal to noise ratio	What is SNR ?
The definition of antenna gain or power gain already includes the effect of the antenna 's efficiency .	antenna gain	What else is also known as power gain ?
Therefore , if one is trying to radiate a signal toward a receiver using a transmitter of a given power , one need only compare the gain of various antennas rather than considering the efficiency as well .	transmitter	What is used to signal toward a reciever ?
In this case , rather than quoting the antenna gain , one would be more concerned with the directive gain which does not include the effect of antenna -LRB- in -RRB- efficiency .	directive gain	Which gain does not iclude the effect of an antenna ?
The directive gain of an antenna can be computed from the published gain divided by the antenna 's efficiency .	published gain	Wats divided by the antennas efficiency ?
This is fortunate , since antennas at lower frequencies which are not rather large -LRB- a good fraction of a wavelength in size -RRB- are inevitably inefficient -LRB- due to the small radiation resistance Rr of small antennas -RRB- .	inefficient	Small and minimal frequency antennas are know to be what ?
Most AM broadcast radios -LRB- except for car radios -RRB- take advantage of this principle by including a small loop antenna for reception which has an extremely poor efficiency .	small loop antenna	What is added to to increase ability for reception ?
Using such an inefficient antenna at this low frequency -LRB- 530 -- 1650 kHz -RRB- thus has little effect on the receiver 's net performance , but simply requires greater amplification by the receiver 's electronics .	little effect	How would this antenna rate in the greater scheme of things ?
Contrast this tiny component to the massive and very tall towers used at AM broadcast stations for transmitting at the very same frequency , where every percentage point of reduced antenna efficiency entails a substantial cost .	substantial cost	When talking about much larger network what effect can reduced antenna effectiveness have ?
Thus , a simple straight wire antenna will have one polarization when mounted vertically , and a different polarization when mounted horizontally .	one	How many polarizations will a antenna have when mounted vertically ?
The polarization of an antenna refers to the orientation of the electric field -LRB- E-plane -RRB- of the radio wave with respect to the Earth 's surface and is determined by the physical structure of the antenna and by its orientation ; note that this designation is totally distinct from the antenna 's directionality .	E-plane	What is another name for electric-field ?
As a transverse wave , the magnetic field of a radio wave is at right angles to that of the electric field , but by convention , talk of an antenna 's `` polarization '' is understood to refer to the direction of the electric field .	transverse wave	When is a magnetic fields right angles to a electrical field ?
As a transverse wave , the magnetic field of a radio wave is at right angles to that of the electric field , but by convention , talk of an antenna 's `` polarization '' is understood to refer to the direction of the electric field .	polarization	Whats understood in reference of direction of an E-plane ?
Reflections generally affect polarization .	Reflections	What mostly affects polarization ?
For radio waves , one important reflector is the ionosphere which can change the wave 's polarization .	ionosphere	What reflector can change the waves polarization ?
Matching the receiving antenna 's polarization to that of the transmitter can make a very substantial difference in received signal strength .	transmitter	What will you be matching with the receiving antenna 's polarization ?
For line-of-sight communications or ground wave propagation , horizontally or vertically polarized transmissions generally remain in about the same polarization state at the receiving location .	polarized transmissions	What stays the same regarding polarization state at the recieving location ?
Thus for signals received following reflection by the ionosphere -LRB- a skywave -RRB- , a consistent polarization can not be expected .	a skywave	What is the name used for signals recieved following reflection by the ionosphere ?
Polarization is predictable from an antenna 's geometry , although in some cases it is not at all obvious -LRB- such as for the quad antenna -RRB- .	Polarization	Whats predictable about an antenna 's geometry ?
The polarization of a commercial antenna is an essential specification .	commercial antenna	The polarization of what antenna is essential specification ?
Antennas with horizontal elements , such as most rooftop TV antennas in the United States , are horizontally polarized -LRB- broadcast TV in the U.S. usually uses horizontal polarization -RRB- .	horizontal	Most rooftop antenna 's are polarized in which direction ?
Polarization is predictable from an antenna 's geometry , although in some cases it is not at all obvious -LRB- such as for the quad antenna -RRB- .	quad antenna	What is a more complicated type of polarization from an antenna 's geometry ?
Polarization is the sum of the E-plane orientations over time projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the radio wave .	imaginary plane	What are electrical fields projected on to ?
Polarization is the sum of the E-plane orientations over time projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the radio wave .	radio wave	What is the imagenary plane perpindicular to ?
In the most general case , polarization is elliptical , meaning that the polarization of the radio waves varies over time .	elliptical	What is the name to describe polarization of radio waves varies over times ?
In linear polarization the electric field of the radio wave oscillates back and forth along one direction ; this can be affected by the mounting of the antenna but usually the desired direction is either horizontal or vertical polarization .	one direction	How many directions does the E-plane of the radio waves oscillates back and forth ?
It is best for the receiving antenna to match the polarization of the transmitted wave for optimum reception .	match the polarization	What is the best for an recieving antenna for optimum reception ?
Intermediate matchings will lose some signal strength , but not as much as a complete mismatch .	Intermediate matchings	What loses signal strength ?
A circularly polarized antenna can be used to equally well match vertical or horizontal linear polarizations .	circularly polarized	What is used to match vertical and horizontal linear polarizations ?
Transmission from a circularly polarized antenna received by a linearly polarized antenna -LRB- or vice versa -RRB- entails a 3 dB reduction in signal-to-noise ratio as the received power has thereby been cut in half .	signal-to-noise ratio	A transmission can cause reduction in what ?
Maximum power transfer requires matching the impedance of an antenna system -LRB- as seen looking into the transmission line -RRB- to the complex conjugate of the impedance of the receiver or transmitter .	Maximum power transfer	What requires matching of the empedance to an antenna system ?
The intended impedance is normally resistive but a transmitter -LRB- and some receivers -RRB- may have additional adjustments to cancel a certain amount of reactance in order to `` tweak '' the match .	"tweak" the match	Why would a transmitter have additional adjustments ?
When a transmission line is used in between the antenna and the transmitter -LRB- or receiver -RRB- one generally would like an antenna system whose impedance is resistive and near the characteristic impedance of that transmission line in order to minimize the standing wave ratio -LRB- SWR -RRB- and the increase in transmission line losses it entails , in addition to supplying a good match at the transmitter or receiver itself .	standing wave ratio	What is SWR ?
In the case of a transmitter , however , the desired matching impedance might not correspond to the dynamic output impedance of the transmitter as analyzed as a source impedance but rather the design value -LRB- typically 50 ohms -RRB- required for efficient and safe operation of the transmitting circuitry .	50 ohms	What is the desired design value for transmmiting circuitry ?
For instance , a `` whip antenna '' can be made significantly shorter than 1/4 wavelength long , for practical reasons , and then resonated using a so-called loading coil .	whip antenna	What can be shorter than 1/4 wavelength long ?
This physically large inductor at the base of the antenna has an inductive reactance which is the opposite of the capacitative reactance that such a vertical antenna has at the desired operating frequency .	capacitative reactance	What is the opposite of inductive reactance ?
For instance , a `` whip antenna '' can be made significantly shorter than 1/4 wavelength long , for practical reasons , and then resonated using a so-called loading coil .	loading coil	What is at the base of the antenna ?
The result is a pure resistance seen at feedpoint of the loading coil ; unfortunately that resistance is somewhat lower than would be desired to match commercial coax .	feedpoint	Where is the resistance seen on the loading foil ?
In principle this can always be done with a transformer , however the turns ratio of a transformer is not adjustable .	turns ratio	What is not adjustable when it comes to a transformer ?
Avoiding these difficulties , commercial antennas are generally designed with fixed matching elements or feeding strategies to get an approximate match to standard coax , such as 50 or 75 Ohms .	50 or 75	How many ohms are in are in a standard coax ?
A general matching network with at least two adjustments can be made to correct both components of impedance .	two adjustments	A general matching network needs a minimum of how many adjustments to correct all components of impedance ?
Antennas based on the dipole -LRB- rather than vertical antennas -RRB- should include a balun in between the transmission line and antenna element , which may be integrated into any such matching network .	balun	What is included between the transmission line and the antenna element ?
Antennas based on the dipole -LRB- rather than vertical antennas -RRB- should include a balun in between the transmission line and antenna element , which may be integrated into any such matching network .	matching network	A balun should be integrated into what ?
Unlike the above antennas , traveling wave antennas are nonresonant so they have inherently broad bandwidth .	traveling wave antennas	What antenna 's are nonresonant ?
They are typically wire antennas multiple wavelengths long , through which the voltage and current waves travel in one direction , instead of bouncing back and forth to form standing waves as in resonant antennas .	one direction	How long are the wire antenna 's that the voltage and current waves travel in the same direction ?
Unidirectional traveling wave antennas are terminated by a resistor at one end equal to the antenna 's characteristic resistance , to absorb the waves from one direction .	resistor	What are undirectional traveling wave directions terminated by ?
They have linear polarization -LRB- except for the helical antenna -RRB- .	helical antenna	What antenna does not have linear polarization ?
Unidirectional traveling wave antennas are terminated by a resistor at one end equal to the antenna 's characteristic resistance , to absorb the waves from one direction .	antenna's characteristic resistance	What is the resistor equal to ?
The radiation pattern and even the driving point impedance of an antenna can be influenced by the dielectric constant and especially conductivity of nearby objects .	dielectric constant	What is the radiation patter influenced by ?
For a terrestrial antenna , the ground is usually one such object of importance .	terrestrial antenna	The ground is important for what antenna ?
Also , in the particular case of a monopole antenna , the ground -LRB- or an artificial ground plane -RRB- serves as the return connection for the antenna current thus having an additional effect , particularly on the impedance seen by the feed line .	artificial ground plane	Whats another name for the ground ?
Also , in the particular case of a monopole antenna , the ground -LRB- or an artificial ground plane -RRB- serves as the return connection for the antenna current thus having an additional effect , particularly on the impedance seen by the feed line .	return connection	What does the artificial ground plane do for the antenna current ?
The net quality of a ground reflection depends on the topography of the surface .	topography	What is the net quality of the ground dependent of ?
When the irregularities of the surface are much smaller than the wavelength , we are in the regime of specular reflection , and the receiver sees both the real antenna and an image of the antenna under the ground due to reflection .	reflection	What is the reason for the receiver seeing both the ral antenna and image of the antenna ?
With shorter wavelengths -LRB- higher frequencies -RRB- , this is generally the case .	higher frequencies	What frequencies is associated with shorter wavelengths ?
But if the ground has irregularities not small compared to the wavelength , reflections will not be coherent but shifted by random phases .	ground has irregularities	When will reflections not be coherent ?
Given the larger refractive index of the ground -LRB- typically n = 2 -RRB- compared to air -LRB- n = 1 -RRB- , the phase of horizontally polarized radiation is reversed upon reflection -LRB- a phase shift of radians or 180 ° -RRB- .	n=2	What is the refractive index of the ground ?
Given the larger refractive index of the ground -LRB- typically n = 2 -RRB- compared to air -LRB- n = 1 -RRB- , the phase of horizontally polarized radiation is reversed upon reflection -LRB- a phase shift of radians or 180 ° -RRB- .	reflection	When is polarized radiation reversed ?
Given the larger refractive index of the ground -LRB- typically n = 2 -RRB- compared to air -LRB- n = 1 -RRB- , the phase of horizontally polarized radiation is reversed upon reflection -LRB- a phase shift of radians or 180 ° -RRB- .	n=1	What is the refractive index of air ?
These phase shifts apply as well to a ground modelled as a good electrical conductor .	electrical conductor	Besides a ground , what has these phases apply well to ?
When an electromagnetic wave strikes a plane surface such as the ground , part of the wave is transmitted into the ground and part of it is reflected , according to the Fresnel coefficients .	Fresnel coefficients	Who proposed this theory ?
If the ground is a very good conductor then almost all of the wave is reflected -LRB- 180 ° out of phase -RRB- , whereas a ground modeled as a -LRB- lossy -RRB- dielectric can absorb a large amount of the wave 's power .	180° out of phase	Is the ground has a great conductor , how much of the wave will be reflected ?
When an electromagnetic wave strikes a plane surface such as the ground , part of the wave is transmitted into the ground and part of it is reflected , according to the Fresnel coefficients .	electromagnetic wave	what is reflected and transmitted into the ground when a plane surface is struck ?
The power remaining in the reflected wave , and the phase shift upon reflection , strongly depend on the wave 's angle of incidence and polarization .	power remaining	What depends on the polarization and waves angle ?
The effective area or effective aperture of a receiving antenna expresses the portion of the power of a passing electromagnetic wave which it delivers to its terminals , expressed in terms of an equivalent area .	aperture	What is the portion of something that is reached by the radio transmission called ?
Since the receiving antenna is not equally sensitive to signals received from all directions , the effective area is a function of the direction to the source .	direction	What effects the function of signals received by an antenna ?
For instance , if a radio wave passing a given location has a flux of 1 pW / m2 -LRB- 10 − 12 watts per square meter -RRB- and an antenna has an effective area of 12 m2 , then the antenna would deliver 12 pW of RF power to the receiver -LRB- 30 microvolts rms at 75 ohms -RRB- .	microvolts	What is a measure of the power of an antenna ?
For instance , if a radio wave passing a given location has a flux of 1 pW / m2 -LRB- 10 − 12 watts per square meter -RRB- and an antenna has an effective area of 12 m2 , then the antenna would deliver 12 pW of RF power to the receiver -LRB- 30 microvolts rms at 75 ohms -RRB- .	12 pW of RF power	How much power will be delivered to the reciever if the antenna has an effective area of 12 m/2 ?
The bandwidth characteristics of a resonant antenna element can be characterized according to its Q , just as one uses to characterize the sharpness of an L-C resonant circuit .	Q	The properties of a usable radio frequency can be called its ?
The Q is a measure of the ratio of reactance to resistance , so with a fixed radiation resistance -LRB- an element 's radiation resistance is almost independent of its diameter -RRB- a greater reactance off-resonance corresponds to the poorer bandwidth of a very thin conductor .	Q	What is a measure of the comparison between reactance and resistance ?
The Q of such a narrowband antenna can be as high as 15 .	15	What is the largest Q that could be achieved with a slimmer band antenna ?
On the other hand , a thick element presents less reactance at an off-resonant frequency , and consequently a Q as low as 5 .	thick	What type of element would be used to encounter less reactance ?
For example , at 30 MHz -LRB- 10 m wavelength -RRB- a true resonant 1⁄4 - wavelength monopole would be almost 2.5 meters long , and using an antenna only 1.5 meters tall would require the addition of a loading coil .	loading coil	What can be added to allow for an antenna shorter than the needed height to produce desired results ?
However , the resulting resistive impedance achieved will be quite a bit lower than the impedance of a resonant monopole , likely requiring further impedance matching .	lower	How would the resistive impedance from this scenario compare to if the antenna was the proper height ?
Then it may be said that the coil has lengthened the antenna to achieve an electrical length of 2.5 meters .	2.5 meters	The coil has lengthed the antenna to reach how much length electrically ?
In addition to a lower radiation resistance , the reactance becomes higher as the antenna size is reduced , and the resonant circuit formed by the antenna and the tuning coil has a Q factor that rises and eventually causes the bandwidth of the antenna to be inadequate for the signal being transmitted .	reactance	What is the major thing that sets the size of antennas at lower frequencies ?
Consider a half-wave dipole designed to work with signals 1 m wavelength , meaning the antenna would be approximately 50 cm across .	50 cm	How big would an antenna be used to with with one m wavelengths ?
This could be addressed by changing the matching system between the antenna and transmission line , but that solution only works well at the new design frequency .	changing the matching system	How could the rection of output be adressed by ?
Feeding that antenna with a current of 1 ampere will require 63 volts of RF , and the antenna will radiate 63 watts -LRB- ignoring losses -RRB- of radio frequency power .	ampere	What unit is used to measure current ?
The antenna and transmission line no longer have the same impedance , and the signal will be reflected back into the antenna , reducing output .	reducing output	What effect occurs when the signal is reflected back into the antenna ?
Recall that a current will reflect when there are changes in the electrical properties of the material .	electrical	What sort of changes in material would a current reflect ?
This leads to the concept of impedance matching , the design of the overall system of antenna and transmission line so the impedance is as close as possible , thereby reducing these losses .	impedance	What must match between the transmission line and elements ?
Impedance matching between antennas and transmission lines is commonly handled through the use of a balun , although other solutions are also used in certain roles .	Impedance matching	What technique is used to prevent unintentional decrease in signal ?
Impedance matching between antennas and transmission lines is commonly handled through the use of a balun , although other solutions are also used in certain roles .	balun	How is this process usually used for transmission lines and antennas ?
An electromagnetic wave refractor in some aperture antennas is a component which due to its shape and position functions to selectively delay or advance portions of the electromagnetic wavefront passing through it .	selectively delay	What is used to allow one to control the function of wave fronts moving through an antenna ?
An electromagnetic wave refractor in some aperture antennas is a component which due to its shape and position functions to selectively delay or advance portions of the electromagnetic wavefront passing through it .	refractor	What changes the structuak traits of a wave on either side ?
The refractor alters the spatial characteristics of the wave on one side relative to the other side .	spatial characteristics	What is the main purpose of a refractor ?
This is the radio equivalent of an optical lens .	optical lens	A refractor can be compared to what type of viewing ?
The actual antenna which is transmitting the original wave then also may receive a strong signal from its own image from the ground .	actual antenna	What can receive a stron signal by transmitting an original wave ?
This will induce an additional current in the antenna element , changing the current at the feedpoint for a given feedpoint voltage .	antenna element	Where will the additional current be induced ?
Thus the antenna 's impedance , given by the ratio of feedpoint voltage to current , is altered due to the antenna 's proximity to the ground .	antenna's impedance	What is altered because of the proximity to the ground ?
But as the antenna height is increased , the reduced power of the reflected wave -LRB- due to the inverse square law -RRB- allows the antenna to approach its asymptotic feedpoint impedance given by theory .	reduced power	what happens to the reflected wave which allows the antenna to reach its asympotic feedpoint impedance ?
For horizontal propagation between transmitting and receiving antennas situated near the ground reasonably far from each other , the distances traveled by tne direct and reflected rays are nearly the same .	horizontal propagation	What is between recieving and transmitting antenna 's ?
If the emission is polarized vertically , the two fields -LRB- direct and reflected -RRB- add and there is maximum of received signal .	polarized vertically	When is the emission at maximized recieved signal ?
The vertical plane radiation patterns are shown in the image at right .	image at right	Where is the radiation patterns in the vertical plane shown ?
As the antenna height is increased , the number of lobes increases as well .	lobes	What is also increased along with the antenna 's height ?
On the other hand , classical -LRB- analog -RRB- television transmissions are usually horizontally polarized , because in urban areas buildings can reflect the electromagnetic waves and create ghost images due to multipath propagation .	analog	What is another name for classical television transmissions ?
On the other hand , classical -LRB- analog -RRB- television transmissions are usually horizontally polarized , because in urban areas buildings can reflect the electromagnetic waves and create ghost images due to multipath propagation .	multipath propagation	Buildings can create ghost images because of what ?
Using horizontal polarization , ghosting is reduced because the amount of reflection of electromagnetic waves in the p polarization -LRB- horizontal polarization off the side of a building -RRB- is generally less than s -LRB- vertical , in this case -RRB- polarization .	horizontal polarization	When is ghosting reduced ?
Vertically polarized analog television has nevertheless been used in some rural areas .	Vertically polarized analog television	What cause less problems in digital terrestrial television ?
The mathematics presented below are useful in analyzing the electrical behaviour of antenna arrays , where the properties of the individual array elements -LRB- such as half wave dipoles -RRB- are already known .	antenna arrays	Where are the indiviual array elements known ?
Current circulating in one antenna generally induces a voltage across the feedpoint of nearby antennas or antenna elements .	Current circulating	What induces a feedpoint to antennas nearby ?
The mathematics presented below are useful in analyzing the electrical behaviour of antenna arrays , where the properties of the individual array elements -LRB- such as half wave dipoles -RRB- are already known .	electrical behaviour	What are the mathmatic useful towards ?
However , because of the mutual interaction between their electric and magnetic fields due to proximity , the currents in each element are not simply a function of the applied voltage -LRB- according to its driving point impedance -RRB- , but depend on the currents in the other nearby elements .	proximity	What cause mutual interactions between the elements electric and magnetic fields ?
For an antenna element not connected to anything -LRB- open circuited -RRB- one can write .	open circuited	a antenna element not connected to anything is circuited how ?
But for an element which is short circuited , a current is generated across that short but no voltage is allowed , so the corresponding .	short circuited	When is the element not allowed voltage ?
Parasitic elements are unpowered elements that absorb and reradiate RF energy according to the induced current calculated using such a system of equations .	Parasitic	What element absorbs and reradiate RF-energy ?
This is the case , for instance , with the so-called parasitic elements of a Yagi-Uda antenna where the solid rod can be viewed as a dipole antenna shorted across its feedpoint .	Yagi-Uda	What antenna can the solid rod be viewed as a dipole antenna ?
This is the case , for instance , with the so-called parasitic elements of a Yagi-Uda antenna where the solid rod can be viewed as a dipole antenna shorted across its feedpoint .	feedpoint	Where can this solid rod be viewed ?
The difference in the above factors for the case of θ = 0 is the reason that most broadcasting -LRB- transmissions intended for the public -RRB- uses vertical polarization .	broadcasting	What type of programmin relies on vertical polarization ?
For receivers near the ground , horizontally polarized transmissions suffer cancellation .	cancellation	If you were to position your receiver closer to the ground what might be a negative of this placement ?
In some applications where the receiving antenna must work in any position , as in mobile phones , the base station antennas use mixed polarization , such as linear polarization at an angle -LRB- with both vertical and horizontal components -RRB- or circular polarization .	mobile phones	What is one use that would require an antenna to receive signals in various ways at once ?
In some applications where the receiving antenna must work in any position , as in mobile phones , the base station antennas use mixed polarization , such as linear polarization at an angle -LRB- with both vertical and horizontal components -RRB- or circular polarization .	circular polarization.	If you were to develop a signal to be used with mobile phones what would be an effective antenna type ?
In some applications where the receiving antenna must work in any position , as in mobile phones , the base station antennas use mixed polarization , such as linear polarization at an angle -LRB- with both vertical and horizontal components -RRB- or circular polarization .	mixed polarization	What would the antenna you are using take advantage of to allow it to work in multiple locations ?
Loop antennas consist of a loop or coil of wire .	Loop antennas	What type of antenna can be formed by a circular segment of wire ?
Loops with circumference of a wavelength or larger act similarly to dipole antennas .	circumference of a wavelength	What is a loop antenna compared with to determine its beahvior ?
However loops small in comparison to a wavelength act differently .	loops small	If you needed to place an antenna somewhere with a large amount of interference , which type would be best ?
However they have low radiation resistance , and so are inefficient for transmitting .	low radiation resistance	Why would this type be good for receiving but not transmtting ?
They are used as receiving antennas at low frequencies , and also as direction finding antennas .	direction finding	What else would be an effective application of this antenna type ?
It is a fundamental property of antennas that the electrical characteristics of an antenna described in the next section , such as gain , radiation pattern , impedance , bandwidth , resonant frequency and polarization , are the same whether the antenna is transmitting or receiving .	the same	Are essential properties of an antenna changed based on what fungtion they are performing
This is a consequence of the reciprocity theorem of electromagnetics .	reciprocity theorem of electromagnetics	What proposition explains the equivalency of the recieving pattern of an antenna ?
Therefore , in discussions of antenna properties no distinction is usually made between receiving and transmitting terminology , and the antenna can be viewed as either transmitting or receiving , whichever is more convenient .	either transmitting or receiving	Can the antenna serve more than one fungtion at a time ?
It is a fundamental property of antennas that the electrical characteristics of an antenna described in the next section , such as gain , radiation pattern , impedance , bandwidth , resonant frequency and polarization , are the same whether the antenna is transmitting or receiving .	radiation pattern	What is one electrical trait of an antenna ?
The flowering plants -LRB- angiosperms -RRB- , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta , are the most diverse group of land plants , with about 350,000 species .	angiosperms	What are the most diverse group of land plants ?
The flowering plants -LRB- angiosperms -RRB- , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta , are the most diverse group of land plants , with about 350,000 species .	350,000	How many species of flowering plants are there about ?
Etymologically , angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure , in other words , a fruiting plant .	an enclosure	What does an angiosperm produce its seeds within ?
Like gymnosperms , angiosperms are seed-producing plants ; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers , endosperm within the seeds , and the production of fruits that contain the seeds .	seed-producing plants	What do angiosperms have in common with gymnosperms ?
The term `` angiosperm '' comes from the Greek composite word -LRB- angeion - , `` case '' or `` casing '' , and sperma , `` seed '' -RRB- meaning `` enclosed seeds '' , after the enclosed condition of the seeds .	angeion	What is the Greek word for `` case '' or `` casing '' ?
Fossilized spores suggest that higher plants -LRB- embryophytes -RRB- have lived on land for at least 475 million years .	at least 475 million years	How long have higher plants lived on land ?
Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated , swimming sperm , like the green algae from which they evolved .	with flagellated, swimming sperm	How did early plants reproduce sexually ?
An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for dispersal by spores to new habitats .	spores	Upright meisporangia allowed what to be dispersed to new habitats ?
This feature is lacking in the descendants of their nearest algal relatives , the Charophycean green algae .	Charophycean green algae	What are the nearest algal relatives existing today ?
A current example of how this might have happened can be seen in the precocious spore germination in Selaginella , the spike-moss .	the spike-moss	What is the common name for Selaginella ?
The apparently sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record initially posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that it was called an `` abominable mystery '' by Charles Darwin .	abominable mystery	What did Charles Darwin call the sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record ?
However , the fossil record has considerably grown since the time of Darwin , and recently discovered angiosperm fossils such as Archaefructus , along with further discoveries of fossil gymnosperms , suggest how angiosperm characteristics may have been acquired in a series of steps .	angiosperm	What type of fossil is the recently discovered Archaefructus ?
Several groups of extinct gymnosperms , in particular seed ferns , have been proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants , but there is no continuous fossil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved .	evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved	What fossil evidence is lacking when it comes to flowers ?
Fossil angiosperm-like pollen from the Middle Triassic -LRB- 247.2 -- 242.0 Ma -RRB- suggests an older date for their origin .	Middle Triassic	From what period does fossilized pollen suggest an older date for angiosperm origin ?
A close relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes , proposed on the basis of morphological evidence , has more recently been disputed on the basis of molecular evidence that suggest gnetophytes are instead more closely related to other gymnosperms .	relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes	What relationship proposed on the basis of morphological evidence has recently been disputed ?
The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events .	two	How many distinct rounds of genome duplication events are suspected in the evolution of seed plants ?
These occurred at 319 million years ago and 192 million years ago .	319 million years ago	When did the first whole genome duplication event occur ?
Another possible whole genome duplication event at 160 million years ago perhaps created the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants .	whole genome duplication	What type of event perhaps created the line which led to modern flowering plants ?
That event was studied by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant , Amborella trichopoda , and directly addresses Darwin 's `` abominable mystery . ''	by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant	How are duplication events studied ?
That event was studied by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant , Amborella trichopoda , and directly addresses Darwin 's `` abominable mystery . ''	Darwin	Who coined the term `` abominable mystery '' ?
The earliest known macrofossil confidently identified as an angiosperm , Archaefructus liaoningensis , is dated to about 125 million years BP -LRB- the Cretaceous period -RRB- , whereas pollen considered to be of angiosperm origin takes the fossil record back to about 130 million years BP .	about 125 million years BP	When is the earliest known macrofossil identified as an angiosperm dated ?
The earliest known macrofossil confidently identified as an angiosperm , Archaefructus liaoningensis , is dated to about 125 million years BP -LRB- the Cretaceous period -RRB- , whereas pollen considered to be of angiosperm origin takes the fossil record back to about 130 million years BP .	Archaefructus liaoningensis	What is the earliest known angiosperm ?
The earliest known macrofossil confidently identified as an angiosperm , Archaefructus liaoningensis , is dated to about 125 million years BP -LRB- the Cretaceous period -RRB- , whereas pollen considered to be of angiosperm origin takes the fossil record back to about 130 million years BP .	pollen	What pushes the age of angiosperm 5 million years further back ?
In addition , circumstantial chemical evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms as early as 250 million years ago .	250 million years ago	How long ago has circumstantial evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms ?
Gigantopterids are a group of extinct seed plants that share many morphological traits with flowering plants , although they are not known to have been flowering plants themselves .	Gigantopterids	What group of now extinct seed plants had many of the traits of what are now flowering plants ?
The great angiosperm radiation , when a great diversity of angiosperms appears in the fossil record , occurred in the mid-Cretaceous -LRB- approximately 100 million years ago -RRB- .	approximately 100 million years ago	When does a great diversity of angiosperms appear in the fossil record ?
The great angiosperm radiation , when a great diversity of angiosperms appears in the fossil record , occurred in the mid-Cretaceous -LRB- approximately 100 million years ago -RRB- .	great angiosperm radiation,	What is the appearance of a large amount of angiosperms in the fossil record known as ?
By the late Cretaceous , angiosperms appear to have dominated environments formerly occupied by ferns and cycadophytes , but large canopy-forming trees replaced conifers as the dominant trees only close to the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago or even later , at the beginning of the Tertiary .	dominated environments	What were the angiosperms up to by the late Cretaceous ?
Yet , many fossil plants recognizable as belonging to modern families -LRB- including beech , oak , maple , and magnolia -RRB- had already appeared by the late Cretaceous .	Cretaceous	Beech and maple had already appeared by what period ?
Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the sudden , fully developed appearance of flowering plants .	Island genetics	What is one proposed explanation for the instant appearance of flowering plants ?
Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general , especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms .	speciation	What is island genetics thought to be a default source of ?
Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general , especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms .	inferior transitional forms	What did radical adaptations seem to have required ?
Flowering plants may have evolved in an isolated setting like an island or island chain , where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal -LRB- a wasp , for example -RRB- .	highly specialized relationship with some specific animal	How did an isolated setting like an island help flowering plants evolve ?
Note that the wasp example is not incidental ; bees , which , it is postulated , evolved specifically due to mutualistic plant relationships , are descended from wasps .	wasps	What are bees descended from ?
Animals are also involved in the distribution of seeds .	distribution of seeds	What are animals also a part of ?
Fruit , which is formed by the enlargement of flower parts , is frequently a seed-dispersal tool that attracts animals to eat or otherwise disturb it , incidentally scattering the seeds it contains -LRB- see frugivory -RRB- .	Fruit	What did the enlargement of flower parts evolve to form ?
Fruit , which is formed by the enlargement of flower parts , is frequently a seed-dispersal tool that attracts animals to eat or otherwise disturb it , incidentally scattering the seeds it contains -LRB- see frugivory -RRB- .	seed-dispersal	What does a plant get out of forming fruit ?
Although many such mutualistic relationships remain too fragile to survive competition and to spread widely , flowering proved to be an unusually effective means of reproduction , spreading -LRB- whatever its origin -RRB- to become the dominant form of land plant life .	fragile	What are many mutualistic relationships , thus failing to survive competition ?
Although many such mutualistic relationships remain too fragile to survive competition and to spread widely , flowering proved to be an unusually effective means of reproduction , spreading -LRB- whatever its origin -RRB- to become the dominant form of land plant life .	flowering	What turned out to be unusually effective for plants to reproduce ?
Flower ontogeny uses a combination of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots .	Flower ontogeny	What uses a combination of genes to form new shoots ?
The most primitive flowers probably had a variable number of flower parts , often separate from -LRB- but in contact with -RRB- each other .	separate from (but in contact with) each other	What were plant parts like in their primitive days ?
The flowers tended to grow in a spiral pattern , to be bisexual -LRB- in plants , this means both male and female parts on the same flower -RRB- , and to be dominated by the ovary -LRB- female part -RRB- .	grow in a spiral pattern	How did flowers become bixsexual ?
As flowers evolved , some variations developed parts fused together , with a much more specific number and design , and with either specific sexes per flower or plant or at least `` ovary-inferior '' .	fused together	What did some plant parts do as they evolved ?
As flowers evolved , some variations developed parts fused together , with a much more specific number and design , and with either specific sexes per flower or plant or at least `` ovary-inferior '' .	"ovary-inferior"	What is a term for a plant with a specific sex per flower ?
Flower evolution continues to the present day ; modern flowers have been so profoundly influenced by humans that some of them can not be pollinated in nature .	present day	How long has flower evolution occurred ?
Many modern domesticated flower species were formerly simple weeds , which sprouted only when the ground was disturbed .	formerly simple weeds	What heritage do many modern domesticated flower species have ?
Flower evolution continues to the present day ; modern flowers have been so profoundly influenced by humans that some of them can not be pollinated in nature .	pollinated	Humans have effected some flowers so much they can no longer do what in nature ?
Some of them tended to grow with human crops , perhaps already having symbiotic companion plant relationships with them , and the prettiest did not get plucked because of their beauty , developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to human affection .	symbiotic companion plant relationships	Why did weeds grow with human crops ?
Some of them tended to grow with human crops , perhaps already having symbiotic companion plant relationships with them , and the prettiest did not get plucked because of their beauty , developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to human affection .	prettiest	What feature helped flowers not get plucked ?
The exact relationship between these eight groups is not yet clear , although there is agreement that the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborellales , Nymphaeales , and Austrobaileyales .	Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales	What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm ?
The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups .	basal	What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm ?
Among the rest , the relationship between the three broadest of these groups -LRB- magnoliids , monocots , and eudicots -RRB- remains unclear .	unclear	How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups ?
Some analyses make the magnoliids the first to diverge , others the monocots .	magnoliids	What group do some analyses seem to indicate diverged first ?
The botanical term `` Angiosperm '' , from the Ancient Greek αγγείον , angeíon -LRB- bottle , vessel -RRB- and σπέρμα , -LRB- seed -RRB- , was coined in the form Angiospermae by Paul Hermann in 1690 , as the name of one of his primary divisions of the plant kingdom .	Angiosperm	What term did Paul Hermann come up with in 1690 ?
The botanical term `` Angiosperm '' , from the Ancient Greek αγγείον , angeíon -LRB- bottle , vessel -RRB- and σπέρμα , -LRB- seed -RRB- , was coined in the form Angiospermae by Paul Hermann in 1690 , as the name of one of his primary divisions of the plant kingdom .	primary	What did Hermann use the term angiosperm a primary division of in the plant kingdom ?
The term and its antonym were maintained by Carl Linnaeus with the same sense , but with restricted application , in the names of the orders of his class Didynamia .	Carl Linnaeus	Who restricted the application of the angiosperm term ?
Its use with any approach to its modern scope became possible only after 1827 , when Robert Brown established the existence of truly naked ovules in the Cycadeae and Coniferae , and applied to them the name Gymnosperms .	naked ovules	What did Robert Brown establish the existence of in Cycadeae and Coniferae ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- From that time onward , as long as these Gymnosperms were , as was usual , reckoned as dicotyledonous flowering plants , the term Angiosperm was used antithetically by botanical writers , with varying scope , as a group-name for other dicotyledonous plants .	other dicotyledonous plants	What is the group-name angiosperm has been used for by botanical writers ?
In most taxonomies , the flowering plants are treated as a coherent group .	coherent	In taxonomies , what type of group are flowering plants treated ?
The most popular descriptive name has been Angiospermae -LRB- Angiosperms -RRB- , with Anthophyta -LRB- `` flowering plants '' -RRB- a second choice .	flowering plants	What does anthophyta mean ?
The Wettstein system and the Engler system use the name Angiospermae , at the assigned rank of subdivision .	Angiospermae	What do the Wettstein and Engler systems use at the assigned rank of subdivision ?
The APG system of 1998 , and the later 2003 and 2009 revisions , treat the flowering plants as a clade called angiosperms without a formal botanical name .	a clade called angiosperms	How does the APG system of 1998 , with its 2003 and 2009 revisions , treat flowering plants ?
However , a formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants form the Subclass Magnoliidae .	Magnoliidae	What formal subclass classification were flowering plants given in 2009 ?
A consensus about how the flowering plants should be arranged has recently begun to emerge through the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group -LRB- APG -RRB- , which published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998 .	how the flowering plants should be arranged	What consensus is the AGP trying to reach ?
The internal classification of this group has undergone considerable revision .	classification	What internal component has undergone considerable revision ?
The Cronquist system , proposed by Arthur Cronquist in 1968 and published in its full form in 1981 , is still widely used but is no longer believed to accurately reflect phylogeny .	The Cronquist system	What system did Arthur Cronquist put forth in 1968 , but not publish in full form until 1981 ?
A consensus about how the flowering plants should be arranged has recently begun to emerge through the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group -LRB- APG -RRB- , which published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998 .	APG	Who published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998 ?
Recent studies , as by the APG , show that the monocots form a monophyletic group -LRB- clade -RRB- but that the dicots do not -LRB- they are paraphyletic -RRB- .	monophyletic	What type of groups do monocots form , based on a recent APG studies ?
Nevertheless , the majority of dicot species do form a monophyletic group , called the eudicots or tricolpates .	dicot	Eudicots or tricolpates are part of a monophyletic group formed by what species ?
Of the remaining dicot species , most belong to a third major clade known as the magnoliids , containing about 9,000 species .	magnoliids	What third major clade can many dicot species be found in ?
Of the remaining dicot species , most belong to a third major clade known as the magnoliids , containing about 9,000 species .	about 9,000	How many species dicot species are magnoliids ?
The rest include a paraphyletic grouping of primitive species known collectively as the basal angiosperms , plus the families Ceratophyllaceae and Chloranthaceae .	paraphyletic	Basal angiosperms are what type of grouping of primitive species ?
The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000 .	250,000 to 400,000	What is the estimated range for the number of flowering plants ?
This compares to around 12,000 species of moss or 11,000 species of pteridophytes , showing that the flowering plants are much more diverse .	12,000	How many species of moss is there ?
This compares to around 12,000 species of moss or 11,000 species of pteridophytes , showing that the flowering plants are much more diverse .	diverse	What does the large number of flowering plant species indicate is true of them in general ?
In APG II -LRB- 2003 -RRB- it is not settled ; at maximum it is 457 , but within this number there are 55 optional segregates , so that the minimum number of families in this system is 402 .	402	What are the minimum number of families in the APG system ?
In APG III -LRB- 2009 -RRB- there are 415 families .	415	How many families are in AGP III ?
In the dicotyledons , the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring , separating a central pith from an outer cortex .	an open ring	What shape are the bundles in the young stem of dicotyledons arranged in ?
In each bundle , separating the xylem and phloem , is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium .	xylem and phloem	What does the cambium separate ?
In each bundle , separating the xylem and phloem , is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium .	cambium	What is a layer of meristem or formative tissue known as ?
By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles -LRB- interfascicular cambium -RRB- , a complete ring is formed , and a regular periodical increase in thickness results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside .	increase in thickness	What results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside ?
Owing to differences in the character of the elements produced at the beginning and end of the season , the wood is marked out in transverse section into concentric rings , one for each season of growth , called annual rings .	annual rings	What 's another name for the concentric rings in trees ?
The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower .	flower	What is the defining feature of angiosperms ?
Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration , and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species .	form and elaboration	What characteristic flowers show variation in ?
Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration , and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species .	establishing relationships among angiosperm species	What do flowers provide the best external feature for doing ?
The function of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of fruit containing seeds .	the ovule	What is it the function of the flower to ensure fertilization of ?
More typically , the flower-bearing portion of the plant is sharply distinguished from the foliage-bearing or vegetative portion , and forms a more or less elaborate branch-system called an inflorescence .	inflorescence	What is the name of a branch system ?
The flower may consist only of these parts , as in willow , where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels .	only a few stamens or two carpels	What is a willow 's flower comprised of ?
Usually , other structures are present and serve to protect the sporophylls and to form an envelope attractive to pollinators .	the sporophylls	What have some structures evolved to protect ?
The outer series -LRB- calyx of sepals -RRB- is usually green and leaf-like , and functions to protect the rest of the flower , especially the bud .	green and leaf-like	What appearance are calyx of sepals typically ?
The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as sepals and petals -LRB- or tepals in flowers such as Magnolia where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other -RRB- .	sepals and petals	Individual members of enveloping structures are known by what terms ?
The characteristics that attract pollinators account for the popularity of flowers and flowering plants among humans .	humans	The features of flowers which attract pollinators also attract what other creature ?
While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite -LRB- having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure -RRB- , flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization .	hermaphrodite	What sexual feature do a majority of flowers demonstrate ?
While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite -LRB- having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure -RRB- , flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization .	reduce or prevent self-fertilization	Why did flowering plants develop numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms ?
Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens , or vice versa , so animal pollinators can not easily transfer pollen to the pistil -LRB- receptive part of the carpel -RRB- .	so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil	Why are a heteromorphic flower 's carpels and stamens different lengths ?
Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical -LRB- physiological -RRB- mechanism called self-incompatibility to discriminate between self and non-self pollen grains .	biochemical	What type of mechanism might homomorphic flowers use to tell the difference between foreign and self pollen grains ?
In other species , the male and female parts are morphologically separated , developing on different flowers .	different flowers	How are some male and female parts separated for some species ?
Double fertilization refers to a process in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary .	two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary	What process does double fertilization refer to ?
This process begins when a pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the pistil -LRB- female reproductive structure -RRB- , germinates , and grows a long pollen tube .	the stigma of the pistil	What does a pollen grain adhere to , to start the process of double fertilization ?
While this pollen tube is growing , a haploid generative cell travels down the tube behind the tube nucleus .	haploid generative	What type of cell travels down the pollen tube while it 's growing ?
Here the pollen tube reaches the micropyle of the ovule and digests its way into one of the synergids , releasing its contents -LRB- which include the sperm cells -RRB- .	one of the synergids	Where does the pollen tube release its sperm cells ?
As the zygote develops into an embryo , the triploid cell develops into the endosperm , which serves as the embryo 's food supply .	endosperm	What serves as the embryo 's food supply ?
The character of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of the fruit .	the fruit	The appearance of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of what ?
They protect the embryo and aid in dissemination ; they may also directly promote germination .	embryo	What does the seed coat protect ?
Among plants with indehiscent fruits , in general , the fruit provides protection for the embryo and secures dissemination .	dissemination	What does the fruit of the flower secure ?
In this case , the seed coat is only slightly developed .	slightly	How developed is the seed coat when it 's used for dissemination ?
Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms , which provide virtually all plant-based food , and also provide a significant amount of livestock feed .	angiosperms	On what is agriculture almost completely dependent ?
Of all the families of plants , the Poaceae , or grass family -LRB- grains -RRB- , is by far the most important , providing the bulk of all feedstocks -LRB- rice , corn -- maize , wheat , barley , rye , oats , pearl millet , sugar cane , sorghum -RRB- .	Poaceae	What family of plants is most important for human sustenance ?
The Fabaceae , or legume family , comes in second place .	legume	What is the more common name of the Fabaceae ?
Also of high importance are the Solanaceae , or nightshade family -LRB- potatoes , tomatoes , and peppers , among others -RRB- , the Cucurbitaceae , or gourd family -LRB- also including pumpkins and melons -RRB- , the Brassicaceae , or mustard plant family -LRB- including rapeseed and the innumerable varieties of the cabbage species Brassica oleracea -RRB- , and the Apiaceae , or parsley family .	Solanaceae	What family do potatoes , tomatoes and peppers belong to ?
Many of our fruits come from the Rutaceae , or rue family -LRB- including oranges , lemons , grapefruits , etc. -RRB- , and the Rosaceae , or rose family -LRB- including apples , pears , cherries , apricots , plums , etc. -RRB- .	Rosaceae	What family would you find cherries in ?
Hyderabad -LRB- i / ˈhaɪdərəˌbæd / HY-dər-ə-bad ; often / ˈhaɪdrəˌbæd / -RRB- is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh .	Hyderabad (i/ˈhaɪdərəˌbæd/ HY-dər-ə-bad; often /ˈhaɪdrəˌbæd/) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana	Which city is the capital of Telangana ?
-LSB- A -RSB- Occupying 650 square kilometres -LRB- 250 sq mi -RRB- along the banks of the Musi River , it has a population of about 6.7 million and a metropolitan population of about 7.75 million , making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India .	250 sq mi	How many square miles does Hyderabad cover ?
-LSB- A -RSB- Occupying 650 square kilometres -LRB- 250 sq mi -RRB- along the banks of the Musi River , it has a population of about 6.7 million and a metropolitan population of about 7.75 million , making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India .	the Musi River	What river is Hyderabad next to ?
-LSB- A -RSB- Occupying 650 square kilometres -LRB- 250 sq mi -RRB- along the banks of the Musi River , it has a population of about 6.7 million and a metropolitan population of about 7.75 million , making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India .	about 6.7 million	What is the population of Hyderabad ?
At an average altitude of 542 metres -LRB- 1,778 ft -RRB- , much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes , including Hussain Sagar -- predating the city 's founding -- north of the city centre .	an average altitude of 542 metres	At what altitude is Hyderabad , in meters ?
Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah , Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region .	Established in 1591	In what year was Hyderabad established ?
Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah , Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region .	Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah	Who is the person that established Hyderabad ?
Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah , Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region .	the Qutb Shahi dynasty	What dynasty controlled Hyderabad until the early 18th century ?
In 1724 , Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty , known as the Nizams of Hyderabad .	Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty	Which Mughal viceroy created a dynasty in early 18th century Hyderabad ?
In 1724 , Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty , known as the Nizams of Hyderabad .	Nizams of Hyderabad	Which dynasty did Asif Jah I create ?
Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today , with the Charminar -- commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah -- coming to symbolise Hyderabad .	Muhammad Quli Qutb	Which individual commissioned Chaminar ?
Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the mid-19th century , with artists migrating to the city from the rest of the Indian subcontinent .	the mid-19th century	When did Hyderabad become important culturally in India ?
The Qutb Shahis and Nizams established Hyderabad as a cultural hub , attracting men of letters from different parts of the world .	The Qutb Shahis and Nizams	Which two groups had an influence in making Hyderabad a cultural center ?
The influence of Mughlai culture is also evident in the city 's distinctive cuisine , which includes Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem .	Mughlai culture	What culture is most represented in the food of Hyderabad ?
While Hyderabad is losing its cultural pre-eminence , it is today , due to the Telugu film industry , the country 's second-largest producer of motion pictures .	Telugu film industry	Hyderabad has India 's second biggest film production industry , what is it called ?
Hyderabad was historically known as a pearl and diamond trading centre , and it continues to be known as the City of Pearls .	pearl and diamond	What items had been historically traded in Hyderabad ?
Hyderabad was historically known as a pearl and diamond trading centre , and it continues to be known as the City of Pearls .	City of Pearls	What is a nickname for Hyderabad ?
Many of the city 's traditional bazaars , including Laad Bazaar , Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar , have remained open for centuries .	Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar	What are three historic bazaars in Hyderabad ?
With an output of US$ 74 billion , Hyderabad is the fifth-largest contributor to India 's overall gross domestic product .	US$74 billion	What is the economic output of Hyderabad ?
With an output of US$ 74 billion , Hyderabad is the fifth-largest contributor to India 's overall gross domestic product .	fifth-largest	What is the rank of Hyderabad among cities contributing to India 's GDP ?
According to John Everett-Heath , the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names , Hyderabad means `` Haydar 's city '' or `` lion city '' , from haydar -LRB- lion -RRB- and ābād -LRB- city -RRB- .	"Haydar's city" or "lion city"	What does the Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names say Hyderabad means ?
It was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib , who was also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battles .	Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib	Hyderabad was named in honor of someone , who was it ?
Andrew Petersen , a scholar of Islamic architecture , says the city was originally called Baghnagar -LRB- city of gardens -RRB- .	Baghnagar (city of gardens).	What does Andrew Petersen say that Hyderabad was originally known as ?
One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah , the founder of the city , named it `` Bhagyanagar '' or `` Bhāgnagar '' after Bhagmati , a local nautch -LRB- dancing -RRB- girl with whom he had fallen in love .	Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah	Who founded what came to be known Hyderabad ?
One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah , the founder of the city , named it `` Bhagyanagar '' or `` Bhāgnagar '' after Bhagmati , a local nautch -LRB- dancing -RRB- girl with whom he had fallen in love .	"Bhagyanagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl	What person is Hyderabad said to have been renamed for ?
Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE .	500 BCE	There may be Iron Age findings near Hyderabad , what age are they thought to be from ?
The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda -LRB- Golla Konda - `` shepherd 's hill '' -RRB- , and was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE .	624 CE to 1075 CE	What time period did the Chalukya dynasty rule the Hyderabad region ?
Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century , Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158 , whose seat of power was at Warangal , 148 km -LRB- 92 mi -RRB- northeast of modern Hyderabad .	the 11th century	When did the Calukya empire split into four ?
Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century , Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158 , whose seat of power was at Warangal , 148 km -LRB- 92 mi -RRB- northeast of modern Hyderabad .	Warangal	What was the capital of Golkonda in the mid 12th century ?
The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda -LRB- Golla Konda - `` shepherd 's hill '' -RRB- , and was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE .	Golkonda (Golla Konda-"shepherd's hill")	What was the Hyderabad region known as under the Chalukya dynasty ?
The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khilji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate .	Sultan Alauddin Khilji	Who defeated the Kakatiya dynasty in 1310 ?
The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khilji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate .	Khilji dynasty	Which entity subsumed the Kakatiya dynasty ?
This lasted until 1321 , when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Malik Kafur , Allaudin Khilji 's general .	the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed	What did the Malik Kafur do to the Kakatiya dynasty in 1321 ?
Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325 , bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah , a governor under bin Tughluq , rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau , with Gulbarga , 200 km -LRB- 124 mi -RRB- west of Hyderabad , as its capital .	1347	When was the Behmani Sultanate established ?
Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325 , bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah , a governor under bin Tughluq , rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau , with Gulbarga , 200 km -LRB- 124 mi -RRB- west of Hyderabad , as its capital .	1325	In what year did Muhammad bin Tughluq succeed the Delhi sultanate ?
Sultan Quli , a governor of Golkonda , revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518 ; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city `` Muhammad nagar '' .	governor of Golkonda	What position did Sultan Quli hold ?
The fifth sultan , Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah , established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591 , to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda .	1591	When was Hyderabad founded ?
Sultan Quli , a governor of Golkonda , revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518 ; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city `` Muhammad nagar '' .	1518	In what year did the establishment of the Qutb dynasty occur ?
The annexed area was renamed Deccan Suba -LRB- Deccan province -RRB- and the capital was moved from Golkonda to Aurangabad , about 550 km -LRB- 342 mi -RRB- northwest of Hyderabad .	Aurangabad	In the late 17th century the capital of Deccan Suba was moved , to where ?
Sultan Quli , a governor of Golkonda , revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518 ; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city `` Muhammad nagar '' .	the Bahmani Sultanate	Whom did Sultan Quli rebel against ?
In 1713 Farrukhsiyar , the Mughal emperor , appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan , with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk -LRB- Administrator of the Realm -RRB- .	emperor	What position did Farrukhsiyar hold ?
In 1713 Farrukhsiyar , the Mughal emperor , appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan , with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk -LRB- Administrator of the Realm -RRB- .	Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm)	What official title did the Viceroy of Deccan hold ?
In 1713 Farrukhsiyar , the Mughal emperor , appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan , with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk -LRB- Administrator of the Realm -RRB- .	Asif Jah I	Who was the Viceroy of the Deccan under Farrukhsiyar ?
In 1724 , Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba , named the region Hyderabad Deccan , and started what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty .	1724	In what year was Mubariz Khan defeated by Asif Jah I ?
In 1724 , Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba , named the region Hyderabad Deccan , and started what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty .	Hyderabad Deccan	What did Asif Jah I rename Deccan Suba to ?
In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali -LRB- Dalwai of Mysore -RRB- , Baji Rao I -LRB- Peshwa of the Maratha Empire -RRB- , and Basalath Jung -LRB- Asif Jah II 's elder brother , who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau -RRB- , the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798 , allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum -LRB- modern Secunderabad -RRB- to protect the state 's borders , for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British .	East India Company	Whom did the Nizam ally with in the late 18th century ?
In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali -LRB- Dalwai of Mysore -RRB- , Baji Rao I -LRB- Peshwa of the Maratha Empire -RRB- , and Basalath Jung -LRB- Asif Jah II 's elder brother , who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau -RRB- , the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798 , allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum -LRB- modern Secunderabad -RRB- to protect the state 's borders , for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British .	Peshwa of the Maratha Empire	What was the title of Baji Rao I ?
In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali -LRB- Dalwai of Mysore -RRB- , Baji Rao I -LRB- Peshwa of the Maratha Empire -RRB- , and Basalath Jung -LRB- Asif Jah II 's elder brother , who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau -RRB- , the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798 , allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum -LRB- modern Secunderabad -RRB- to protect the state 's borders , for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British .	Dalwai of Mysore	What was the title of Hyder Ali ?
In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali -LRB- Dalwai of Mysore -RRB- , Baji Rao I -LRB- Peshwa of the Maratha Empire -RRB- , and Basalath Jung -LRB- Asif Jah II 's elder brother , who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau -RRB- , the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798 , allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum -LRB- modern Secunderabad -RRB- to protect the state 's borders , for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British .	British Indian Army	Which military occupied Hyderabad city in a protection role ?
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams .	1769	In what year did Hyderabad become the capital of Nizams ?
Between 1946 and 1951 , the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region .	the Telangana uprising	Which uprising occurred from 1946 to 1951 ?
On 17 September that year , the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo .	Operation Polo	What was the code name for the Indian Army invasion of Hyderabad ?
With the defeat of his forces , Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession , which made him the Rajpramukh -LRB- Princely Governor -RRB- of the state until 31 October 1956 .	Nizam VII	Which Nizam defeated by the Indian Army ?
The Constitution of India , which became effective on 26 January 1950 , made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India , with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital .	26 January 1950	On what date did the constitution of India become active ?
On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language .	1 November 1956	On what date was Hyderabad state divided into three ?
Hyderabad state was split into three parts , which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra , Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh .	Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh	Which three states was Hyderabad state divided into ?
The nine Telugu - and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh , with Hyderabad as its capital .	Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad city became the capital of what state in the mid 20th century ?
On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state , and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana , while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years .	30 July 2013	When was Telangana state announced ?
With the final assent of the President of India in June 2014 , Telangana state was formed .	June 2014	What date was the official formation of Telangana state ?
Situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India , Hyderabad is 1,566 kilometres -LRB- 973 mi -RRB- south of Delhi , 699 kilometres -LRB- 434 mi -RRB- southeast of Mumbai , and 570 kilometres -LRB- 350 mi -RRB- north of Bangalore by road .	973 mi	How far south of Delhi , in miles , is Hyderabad ?
It lies on the banks of the Musi River , in the northern part of the Deccan Plateau .	northern part	In what region of the Deccan Plateau is Hyderabad ?
Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 -LRB- 250 sq mi -RRB- , making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India .	650 km2	How large in square kilometers is Greater Hyderabad ?
With an average altitude of 542 metres -LRB- 1,778 ft -RRB- , Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite , dotted with small hills , the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 metres -LRB- 2,205 ft -RRB- .	Banjara Hills	What are the highest hills in Hyderabad ?
Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi , such as Hussain Sagar -LRB- built in 1562 near the city centre -RRB- , Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar .	1562	When was Hussain Sagar lake built ?
The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C -LRB- 79.9 °F -RRB- ; monthly mean temperatures are 21 -- 33 °C -LRB- 70 -- 91 °F -RRB- .	26.6 °C	What is the mean yearly temperature in Hyderabad in Celsius ?
Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate -LRB- Köppen Aw -RRB- bordering on a hot semi-arid climate -LRB- Köppen BSh -RRB- .	tropical wet and dry climate	Köppen Aw refers to what kind of climate ?
Summers -LRB- March -- June -RRB- are hot and humid , with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius ; maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C -LRB- 104 °F -RRB- between April and June .	March–June	During what months does summer occur in Hyderabad ?
The coolest temperatures occur in December and January , when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C -LRB- 50 °F -RRB- .	10 °C	What is the typical lowest temperature in Celsius during winter in Hyderabad ?
May is the hottest month , when daily temperatures range from 26 to 39 °C -LRB- 79 -- 102 °F -RRB- ; December , the coldest , has temperatures varying from 14.5 to 28 °C -LRB- 57 -- 82 °F -RRB- .	May	What is generally the hottest month in Hyderabad ?
Nehru Zoological Park , the city 's one large zoo , is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park .	Nehru Zoological Park	What is the name of the largest zoo in Hyderabad ?
Nehru Zoological Park , the city 's one large zoo , is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park .	lion and tiger	Hyderabad 's largest zoo is known as India 's first to have what two kinds of animals in a safari park setting ?
Hyderabad has three national parks -LRB- Mrugavani National Park , Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park -RRB- , and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km -LRB- 31 mi -RRB- from the city .	three	How many national parks does Hyderabad have ?
Hyderabad has three national parks -LRB- Mrugavani National Park , Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park -RRB- , and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km -LRB- 31 mi -RRB- from the city .	Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park	Two of the national parks in Hyderabad are Mrugavani National Park , Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park , what is the third ?
Hyderabad 's other environmental reserves are : Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens , Shamirpet Lake , Hussain Sagar , Fox Sagar Lake , Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake , which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world .	Patancheru Lake	Which environmental preserve in Hyderabad is known to be a home for migratory birds ?
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation -LRB- GHMC -RRB- oversees the civic infrastructure of the city 's 18 `` circles '' , which together encompass 150 municipal wards .	The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)	What is the entity that controls the infrastructure of Hyderabad ?
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation -LRB- GHMC -RRB- oversees the civic infrastructure of the city 's 18 `` circles '' , which together encompass 150 municipal wards .	150	How many municipal wards are within Hyderabad ?
The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad -LRB- MCH -RRB- with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad , Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 -LRB- 250 sq mi -RRB- .	2007	In what year did the GHMC form ?
The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad -LRB- MCH -RRB- with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad , Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 -LRB- 250 sq mi -RRB- .	250 sq mi	How much area , in square miles , does the GHMC oversee ?
The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2 -LRB- 15.5 sq mi -RRB- , :93 where there are several military camps. :2 The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority. :93	The Secunderabad Cantonment Board	Which board oversees military areas within Hyderabad ?
The jurisdictions of the city 's administrative agencies are , in ascending order of size : the Hyderabad Police area , Hyderabad district , the GHMC area -LRB- `` Hyderabad city '' -RRB- and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority -LRB- HMDA -RRB- .	Hyderabad Police	Which Hyderabad agency is responsible for the largest area ?
The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs , extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city .	urban planning	What is the HMDA mainly responsible for ?
The jurisdictions of the city 's administrative agencies are , in ascending order of size : the Hyderabad Police area , Hyderabad district , the GHMC area -LRB- `` Hyderabad city '' -RRB- and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority -LRB- HMDA -RRB- .	Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority	What does the acronym HMDA stand for ?
It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board -LRB- HMWSSB -RRB- .	Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board	What does the acronym HMWSSB represent ?
The jurisdictions of the city 's administrative agencies are , in ascending order of size : the Hyderabad Police area , Hyderabad district , the GHMC area -LRB- `` Hyderabad city '' -RRB- and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority -LRB- HMDA -RRB- .	GHMC area	Hyderabad city can be referred to as something else as administrative agencies are concerned , what ?
In 2005 , the HMWSSB started operating a 116-kilometre-long -LRB- 72 mi -RRB- water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand .	Nagarjuna Sagar Dam	What dam began to provide water to Hyderabad in 2005 ?
The HMWSSB regulates rainwater harvesting , sewerage services and water supply , which is sourced from several dams located in the suburbs .	rainwater harvesting	Along with dealing with sewerage and the water supply , what is one other thing the HMWSSB regulates ?
In 2005 , the HMWSSB started operating a 116-kilometre-long -LRB- 72 mi -RRB- water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand .	116-kilometre-long (72 mi)	How long is the pipeline from the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam which the HMWSSB operates ?
The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited manages electricity supply .	Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited	Which company is responsible for electricity in Hyderabad ?
As of October 2014 , there were 15 fire stations in the city , operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department .	Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department	Which entity is responsible for the fire stations in Hyderabad ?
Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily , which is transported from collection units in Imlibun , Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar .	Jawaharnagar	Where is the site where Hyderabad 's solid waste is dumped ?
Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010 .	Integrated Solid Waste Management project	Which entity is responsible for disposing Hyderabad 's solid waste ?
The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was : 20 -- 50 % from vehicles , 40 -- 70 % from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust , 10 -- 30 % from industrial discharges and 3 -- 10 % from the burning of household rubbish .	20–50%	What percentage of the air pollution in Hyderabad comes solely from vehicles ?
Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700 -- 3,000 each year .	1,700–3,000	How many deaths are believed to be caused in Hyderabad due to air pollution each year ?
Ground water around Hyderabad , which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm , around three times higher than is desirable , is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels .	1000 ppm	What is the rating for the hardness of Hyderabad 's water ?
As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- -- 11 , the city had 50 government hospitals , 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds , fewer than half the required 25,000 .	50	How many government hospitals did Hyderabad have in 2010 ?
As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- -- 11 , the city had 50 government hospitals , 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds , fewer than half the required 25,000 .	12,000	How many beds are available in all of Hyderabad 's hospitals and nursing homes combined ?
For every 10,000 people in the city , there are 17.6 hospital beds , 9 specialist doctors , 14 nurses and 6 physicians .	14 nurses	How many nurses per 10,000 persons are there in Hyderabad ?
The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning , implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services .	Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare	Which agency is in charge of health and wellness services in Hyderabad ?
Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to , poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities , :60 -- 61 despite the high proportion of the city 's residents being covered by government health insurance : 24 % according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005. :41 As of 2012 -LSB- update -RSB- , many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built .	Private clinics	People choose to use what type of facility due to long distances and poor care at Government hospitals ?
Only 61 % of children had been provided with all basic vaccines -LRB- BCG , measles and full courses of polio and DPT -RRB- , fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut. :98 The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births , and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births. :97 The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese , 49 % of children below 5 years are anaemic , and up to 20 % of children are underweight , :44 , 55 -- 56 while more than 2 % of women and 3 % of men suffer from diabetes. :57	61%	What percentage of the children in Hyderabad city had basic vaccinations in 2005 ?
In the 2005 National Family Health Survey , it was reported that the city 's total fertility rate is 1.8 , :47 which is below the replacement rate .	1.8	What was the fertility rate of Hyderabad according to a 2005 survey ?
Only 61 % of children had been provided with all basic vaccines -LRB- BCG , measles and full courses of polio and DPT -RRB- , fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut. :98 The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births , and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births. :97 The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese , 49 % of children below 5 years are anaemic , and up to 20 % of children are underweight , :44 , 55 -- 56 while more than 2 % of women and 3 % of men suffer from diabetes. :57	61%	What was the child vaccination rate according to a 2005 survey of Hyderabad ?
Only 61 % of children had been provided with all basic vaccines -LRB- BCG , measles and full courses of polio and DPT -RRB- , fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut. :98 The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births , and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births. :97 The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese , 49 % of children below 5 years are anaemic , and up to 20 % of children are underweight , :44 , 55 -- 56 while more than 2 % of women and 3 % of men suffer from diabetes. :57	35 per 1,000 live births	According to a 2005 survey what was in Hyderabad ?
Only 61 % of children had been provided with all basic vaccines -LRB- BCG , measles and full courses of polio and DPT -RRB- , fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut. :98 The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births , and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births. :97 The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese , 49 % of children below 5 years are anaemic , and up to 20 % of children are underweight , :44 , 55 -- 56 while more than 2 % of women and 3 % of men suffer from diabetes. :57	20%	What percentage of children in a 2005 survey of people in Hyderabad were underweight ?
When the GHMC was created in 2007 , the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 -LRB- 68 sq mi -RRB- to 650 km2 -LRB- 250 sq mi -RRB- .	175 km2 (68 sq mi)	What was the area of Hyderabad before the GHMC ?
Consequently , the population increased by 87 % , from 3,637,483 in the 2001 census to 6,809,970 in the 2011 census , 24 % of which are migrants from elsewhere in India , :2 making Hyderabad the nation 's fourth most populous city .	6,809,970	What was the population of Hyderabad in the 2011 census ?
There are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens -- a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males , higher than the national average of 926 per 1000 .	3,309,168	How many females were in Hyderabad for the 2011 census ?
Literacy stands at 82.96 % -LRB- male 85.96 % ; female 79.79 % -RRB- , higher than the national average of 74.04 % .	82.96%	What is the literacy rate of Hyderabad ?
As of 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- , the population density is 18,480 / km2 -LRB- 47,900 / sq mi -RRB- .	18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi)	What was the population density in Hyderabad in 2011 ?
Referred to as `` Hyderabadi '' , the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people , with minority Bengali , Gujarati -LRB- including Memon -RRB- , Kannada -LRB- including Nawayathi -RRB- , Malayalam , Marathi , Marwari , Odia , Punjabi , Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities .	Hyderabadi	What are the people who live in Hyderabad called ?
Referred to as `` Hyderabadi '' , the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people , with minority Bengali , Gujarati -LRB- including Memon -RRB- , Kannada -LRB- including Nawayathi -RRB- , Malayalam , Marathi , Marwari , Odia , Punjabi , Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities .	Telugu and Urdu	There are two main languages spoken by the people of Hyderabad , what are they ?
Hyderabad is home to a unique dialect of Urdu called Hyderabadi Urdu , which is a type of Dakhini , and is the mother tongue of most Hyderabadi Muslims , a unique community who owe much of their history , language , cuisine , and culture to Hyderabad , and the various dynasties who previously ruled .	Hyderabadi Urdu	What is the main language of most Muslims from Hyderabad ?
Hadhrami Arabs , African Arabs , Armenians , Abyssinians , Iranians , Pathans and Turkish people are also present ; these communities , of which the Hadhrami are the largest , declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union , as they lost the patronage of the Nizams .	Hadhrami	Which is the largest ethnic community in Hyderabad ?
Hyderabad is home to a unique dialect of Urdu called Hyderabadi Urdu , which is a type of Dakhini , and is the mother tongue of most Hyderabadi Muslims , a unique community who owe much of their history , language , cuisine , and culture to Hyderabad , and the various dynasties who previously ruled .	Dakhini	Hyderabadi is a type of what langauge ?
In the greater metropolitan area , 13 % of the population live below the poverty line .	13%	Which percentage of Hyderabad 's population is below the poverty line ?
According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank , Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million , of whom 66 % live in 985 slums in the `` core '' of the city -LRB- the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion -RRB- and the remaining 34 % live in 491 suburban tenements .	1.7 million	What population of Hyderabad lived in slums in 2012 ?
About 22 % of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century , and 63 % claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years. :55 Overall literacy in the slums is 60 -- 80 % and female literacy is 52 -- 73 % .	60–80%	What is the literacy rate in the slums of Hyderabad ?
There are 405 government schools , 267 government aided schools , 175 private schools and 528 community halls in the slum areas. :70 According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance , 87.6 % of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families , 18 % are very poor , with an income up to 20000 -LRB- US$ 300 -RRB- per annum , 73 % live below the poverty line -LRB- a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is 24000 -LRB- US$ 360 -RRB- per annum -RRB- , 27 % of the chief wage earners -LRB- CWE -RRB- are casual labour and 38 % of the CWE are illiterate .	175	In the slums of Hyderabad how many private schools are there ?
Among the working children , 35 % are engaged in hazardous jobs. :59	35%	What percentage of children in Hyderabad are working hazardous jobs ?
Many historic and tourist sites lie in south central Hyderabad , such as the Charminar , the Mecca Masjid , the Salar Jung Museum , the Nizam 's Museum , the Falaknuma Palace , and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market , Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle .	south central Hyderabad	In what region of Hyderabad is Mecca Masjid ?
Many historic and tourist sites lie in south central Hyderabad , such as the Charminar , the Mecca Masjid , the Salar Jung Museum , the Nizam 's Museum , the Falaknuma Palace , and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market , Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle .	historic and tourist sites	South central Hyderabad is generally the home to what attractions ?
North of the river are hospitals , colleges , major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar , Koti , Abids , Sultan Bazaar and Moazzam Jahi Market , along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India , the Telangana Secretariat , the Hyderabad Mint , the Telangana Legislature , the Public Gardens , the Nizam Club , the Ravindra Bharathi , the State Museum , the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium .	North	On what side of the river is Begum Bazaar ?
North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar , Tank Bund Road , Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad Railway Station .	North of central Hyderabad	Where in Hyderabad is the Secunderabad Railway Station ?
In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills , Jubilee Hills , Begumpet , Khairatabad and Miyapur .	the northwest part	In what region of Hyderabad city is Jubilee Hills located ?
In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City .	the eastern part	Where in Hyderabad would one find defence centres ?
The `` Cyberabad '' area in the southwest and west of the city has grown rapidly since the 1990s .	Cyberabad	What area in Hyderabad contains the Hyderabad Airport ?
It is home to information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport , Osman Sagar , Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park .	Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park	Cyberabad contains a national park , what is it ?
After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River , the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed , particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan -LRB- the VIIth Nizam -RRB- , whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad .	1908	After a flood in what year did Hyderabad expand ?
After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River , the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed , particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan -LRB- the VIIth Nizam -RRB- , whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad .	Musi River	Which river flooded in 1908 , preceding the expansion of Hyderabad ?
After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River , the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed , particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan -LRB- the VIIth Nizam -RRB- , whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad .	the VIIth Nizam	The Mir Osman Ali Khan had a title , what was it ?
In 2012 , the government of India declared Hyderabad the first `` Best heritage city of India '' .	Best heritage city of India	What did India declare Hyderabad om 2012 ?
Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval , Mughal and European styles .	Indo-Islamic architecture	What type of heritage architecture is mainly displayed in Hyderabad ?
Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches .	classical Persian architecture	What influence did Qutb Shahi architecture borrow from ?
The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of Golconda fort built in the 16th century .	the ruins of Golconda fort	What is the oldest piece of Qutb Shahi architecture in Hyderabad ?
Among these the Charminar has become an icon of the city ; located in the centre of old Hyderabad , it is a square structure with sides 20 m -LRB- 66 ft -RRB- long and four grand arches each facing a road .	the Charminar	What iconic historic structure is in the center of old Hyderabad ?
The Charminar , Qutb Shahi tombs and Golconda fort are considered to be monuments of national importance in India ; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status. :11 -- 18	Qutb Shahi tombs and Golconda fort	The government of India proposed that The Charminar become a UNESCO World Heritage site , what other two monuments were suggested for the same status ?
At each corner stands a 56 m -LRB- 184 ft -RRB- - high minaret .	56 m (184 ft)	How high are the minarets on the Charminar ?
Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace , which was the seat of royal power .	Nizam architecture	The Chowmahalla Palace represents what type of architecture ?
It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles , from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court .	Neoclassical	The royal court of Chowmahalla palace is an example what style of architecture ?
The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace -LRB- inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio -RRB- , Purani Haveli , King Kothi and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century .	19th century	What century was Bella Vista Palace built ?
The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace -LRB- inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio -RRB- , Purani Haveli , King Kothi and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century .	Falaknuma Palace	Which palace in Hyderabad did the work of Andrea Palladio influence ?
Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product -LRB- GDP -RRB- , tax and other revenues , of Telangana , and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide , as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India -LRB- RBI -RRB- in June 2012 .	the largest	Where was Hyderabad ranked in 2012 as a producer of GDP in Talangana ?
Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product -LRB- GDP -RRB- , tax and other revenues , of Telangana , and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide , as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India -LRB- RBI -RRB- in June 2012 .	sixth largest	Where was Hyderabad ranked in India in 2012 in terms of deposits ?
As of 2006 -LSB- update -RSB- , the largest employers in the city were the governments of Andhra Pradesh -LRB- 113,098 employees -RRB- and India -LRB- 85,155 -RRB- .	113,098	How many people were employed by the Andhra Pradesh government in 2006 ?
According to a 2005 survey , 77 % of males and 19 % of females in the city were employed .	19%	What percentage of females in Hyderabad were employed in 2005 ?
Hyderabad 's role in the pearl trade has given it the name `` City of Pearls '' and up until the 18th century , the city was also the only global trading centre for large diamonds .	Hyderabad	In the 18th century there was one global trading hub for large diamonds , what was it ?
Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century , helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports .	the late 19th century	When did railway expansion in Hyderabad occur ?
The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange -LRB- HSE -RRB- , and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India -LRB- SEBI -RRB- .	Hyderabad Securities	What did the Hyderabad Stock Exchange come to be known as ?
From the 1950s to the 1970s , Indian enterprises , such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited -LRB- BHEL -RRB- , Nuclear Fuel Complex -LRB- NFC -RRB- , National Mineral Development Corporation -LRB- NMDC -RRB- , Bharat Electronics -LRB- BEL -RRB- , Electronics Corporation of India Limited -LRB- ECIL -RRB- , Defence Research and Development Organisation -LRB- DRDO -RRB- , Hindustan Aeronautics Limited -LRB- HAL -RRB- , Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology -LRB- CCMB -RRB- , Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics -LRB- CDFD -RRB- , State Bank of Hyderabad -LRB- SBH -RRB- and Andhra Bank -LRB- AB -RRB- were established in the city .	From the 1950s to the 1970s	During what era was The Defence Research and Development Organisation founded ?
In 2013 , the Bombay Stock Exchange -LRB- BSE -RRB- facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014 .	Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)	At the end of 2014 what entity would handle the the transaction services for BSE-Mumbai ?
The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited -LRB- IDPL -RRB- , a public sector undertaking , in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city .	1961	In what year was Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited established ?
As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , the city manufactured one third of India 's bulk drugs and 16 % of biotechnology products , contributing to its reputation as `` India 's pharmaceutical capital '' and the `` Genome Valley of India '' .	one third	In 2010 what percentage of India 's bulk pharmaceuticals were produced in Hyderabad ?
As of 2013 -LSB- update -RSB- , it contributed 15 % of India 's and 98 % of Andhra Pradesh 's exports in IT and ITES sectors and 22 % of NASSCOM 's total membership is from the city .	98%	What percentage of Andhra Pradesh 's IT infrastructure exports originated from Cyberabad in 2013 ?
The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms , including global conglomerates such as Microsoft -LRB- operating its largest R&D campus outside the US -RRB- , Google , IBM , Yahoo! , Dell , Facebook , :3 and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra , Infosys , Tata Consultancy Services -LRB- TCS -RRB- , Polaris and Wipro. :3 In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business .	more than 1300	How many ITES and IT companies are located in HITEC city ?
The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms , including global conglomerates such as Microsoft -LRB- operating its largest R&D campus outside the US -RRB- , Google , IBM , Yahoo! , Dell , Facebook , :3 and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra , Infosys , Tata Consultancy Services -LRB- TCS -RRB- , Polaris and Wipro. :3 In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business .	second best	What rank within India was HITEC City given by the World Bank Group in 2009 ?
Like the rest of India , Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30 % of the labour force. :71 According to a survey published in 2007 , it had 40 -- 50,000 street vendors , and their numbers were increasing. :9 Among the street vendors , 84 % are male and 16 % female , :12 and four fifths are `` stationary vendors '' operating from a fixed pitch , often with their own stall. :15 -- 16 Most are financed through personal savings ; only 8 % borrow from moneylenders. :19 Vendor earnings vary from 50 -LRB- 74 cents US -RRB- to 800 -LRB- US$ 12 -RRB- per day. :25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy , poultry farming , brick manufacturing , casual labour and domestic help .	30%	What percentage of Hyderabad 's employed are employed informally ?
Like the rest of India , Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30 % of the labour force. :71 According to a survey published in 2007 , it had 40 -- 50,000 street vendors , and their numbers were increasing. :9 Among the street vendors , 84 % are male and 16 % female , :12 and four fifths are `` stationary vendors '' operating from a fixed pitch , often with their own stall. :15 -- 16 Most are financed through personal savings ; only 8 % borrow from moneylenders. :19 Vendor earnings vary from 50 -LRB- 74 cents US -RRB- to 800 -LRB- US$ 12 -RRB- per day. :25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy , poultry farming , brick manufacturing , casual labour and domestic help .	40–50,000	In 2007 how many street vendors did Hyderabad have ?
Like the rest of India , Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30 % of the labour force. :71 According to a survey published in 2007 , it had 40 -- 50,000 street vendors , and their numbers were increasing. :9 Among the street vendors , 84 % are male and 16 % female , :12 and four fifths are `` stationary vendors '' operating from a fixed pitch , often with their own stall. :15 -- 16 Most are financed through personal savings ; only 8 % borrow from moneylenders. :19 Vendor earnings vary from 50 -LRB- 74 cents US -RRB- to 800 -LRB- US$ 12 -RRB- per day. :25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy , poultry farming , brick manufacturing , casual labour and domestic help .	84%	What percentage of the street vendors in Hyderabad were male in 2007 ?
Like the rest of India , Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30 % of the labour force. :71 According to a survey published in 2007 , it had 40 -- 50,000 street vendors , and their numbers were increasing. :9 Among the street vendors , 84 % are male and 16 % female , :12 and four fifths are `` stationary vendors '' operating from a fixed pitch , often with their own stall. :15 -- 16 Most are financed through personal savings ; only 8 % borrow from moneylenders. :19 Vendor earnings vary from 50 -LRB- 74 cents US -RRB- to 800 -LRB- US$ 12 -RRB- per day. :25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy , poultry farming , brick manufacturing , casual labour and domestic help .	four fifths	Of the street vendors in Hyderabad what percentage owned their own stall in 2007 ?
Like the rest of India , Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30 % of the labour force. :71 According to a survey published in 2007 , it had 40 -- 50,000 street vendors , and their numbers were increasing. :9 Among the street vendors , 84 % are male and 16 % female , :12 and four fifths are `` stationary vendors '' operating from a fixed pitch , often with their own stall. :15 -- 16 Most are financed through personal savings ; only 8 % borrow from moneylenders. :19 Vendor earnings vary from 50 -LRB- 74 cents US -RRB- to 800 -LRB- US$ 12 -RRB- per day. :25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy , poultry farming , brick manufacturing , casual labour and domestic help .	8%	In 2007 what percentage of street vendors in Hyderabad borrowed money to finance their operations ?
Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire .	the decline of the Mughal Empire	What event pushed Hyderabad to the top of India 's cultural centres ?
After the fall of Delhi in 1857 , the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the Indian sub continent , under the patronage of the Nizam , enriched the cultural milieu .	the fall of Delhi	What major event in India in 1857 caused migration of peformance artists into Hyderabad ?
This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages , cultures and religions , which has since led to a co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions , for which the city has become noted. : viii A further consequence of this north -- south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana .	Telugu and Urdu	What are the official languages of Telangana ?
The mixing of religions has also resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi , Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims .	Muslims	Which religious group holds the Eid ul-Fitr festival in Hyderabad ?
The mixing of religions has also resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi , Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims .	Hindu	The festival of Diwali is a tradition of what faith ?
The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas -LRB- poetic symposia -RRB- .	poetic symposia	What are mushairas ?
The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani Urdu literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry , which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu .	The Qutb Shahi dynasty	Which dynasty supported the Deccani Urdu literature movement ?
Lazzat Un Nisa , a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts , contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts .	the 15th century	When was Lazzat Un Nisa completed ?
Lazzat Un Nisa , a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts , contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts .	Qutb Shahi courts	At what location did Lazzat Un Nisa get compiled ?
In 1824 , a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry , named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa , authored by Mah Laqa Bai -- the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan -- was published in Hyderabad .	Mah Laqa Bai	Who wrote Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa ?
Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival , held since 2010 , showcasing the city 's literary and cultural creativity .	2010	In what year did the Hyderabad Literary Festival start ?
Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library , the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891 , and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam , the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram .	State Central Library	What is the name of the largest public library in Hyderabad ?
Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi , the Urdu Academy , the Telugu Academy , the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language , the Comparative Literature Association of India , and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad .	the advancement of literature	What is one of the activities Telugu Academy is credited with encouraging ?
Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library , the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891 , and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam , the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram .	1891	In what year was the biggest public library in Hyderabad created ?
South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam styles are popular in the Deccan region .	music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam	What is the Deccan region known for culturally ?
As a result of their culture policies , North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams , and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif -LRB- courtesans -RRB- .	courtesans	What is a tawaif ?
Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as filmi music , the residents of Hyderabad play city-based marfa music , dholak ke geet -LRB- household songs based on local Folklore -RRB- , and qawwali , especially at weddings , festivals and other celebratory events .	songs based on local Folklore	What kind of music is dholak ke geet ?
The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival , the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music .	The state government	What entity is responsible for the Taramati Music Festival ?
As a result of their culture policies , North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams , and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif -LRB- courtesans -RRB- .	the Mughals and Nizams	During the rule of what two groups did dance and music from North India become popular ?
Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama , the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals in such venues as the Ravindra Bharati , Shilpakala Vedika and Lalithakala Thoranam .	theatre and drama	What type of art might one encounter at Lalithakala Thoranam ?
Although not a purely music oriented event , Numaish , a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products , does feature some musical performances .	annual exhibition of local and national consumer products	What is Numaish ?
The city is home to the Telugu film industry , popularly known as Tollywood and as of 2012 -LSB- update -RSB- , produces the second largest number of films in India behind Bollywood .	Tollywood	What is a popular name for the Telugu film industry ?
The city is home to the Telugu film industry , popularly known as Tollywood and as of 2012 -LSB- update -RSB- , produces the second largest number of films in India behind Bollywood .	second largest	Where was the Telugu film industry ranked in 2012 in India in comparison to Bollywood ?
In 2005 , Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world 's largest film studio .	world's largest film studio	What did Guinness World Records say of Ramoji Film City was in 20015 ?
The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccani painting .	Deccani painting	Golconda is a type of what kind of painting ?
Developed during the 16th century , the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore .	16th century	In what century did Golconda painting develop ?
A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style .	luminous gold and white	What type of colors would one generally find in Golconda painting ?
The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams .	17th century	In what century did Hyderabad style painting develop ?
Highly influenced by Mughal painting , this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape , culture , costumes and jewellery .	regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery	What types of scenes does Hyderabad style painting generally contain ?
Such crafts include : Bidriware , a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka , which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication -LRB- GI -RRB- tag under the auspices of the WTO act ; and Zari and Zardozi , embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold , silver and other metal threads .	the 18th century	In which century did metalwork become popular in Hyderabad ?
Such crafts include : Bidriware , a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka , which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication -LRB- GI -RRB- tag under the auspices of the WTO act ; and Zari and Zardozi , embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold , silver and other metal threads .	the WTO act	Under which act is the Geographical Indication tag granted ?
Such crafts include : Bidriware , a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka , which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication -LRB- GI -RRB- tag under the auspices of the WTO act ; and Zari and Zardozi , embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold , silver and other metal threads .	embroidery works on textile	What is Zardozi an example of ?
Another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari , a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh .	a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile	What is Kalamkari ?
This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style , known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand , and an Islamic style , known as Machilipatnam that uses both hand and block techniques .	a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti	In what style is Kalamkari made ?
Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice , wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices .	rice, wheat and meat dishes	What type of foods are generally thought of as a part of Hyderabadi cuisine ?
Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughlai and to some extent by French , Arabic , Turkish , Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines .	Mughlai	What is a large influence on Hyderabadi food ?
Other popular native dishes include nihari , chakna , baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha , double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer -LRB- a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd -RRB- .	a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd	What is kaddu ki kheer ?
Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem , with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines , have become iconic dishes of India .	Mughlai and Arab	What types of cuisine are noted within Hyderabadi haleem ?
One of Hyderabad 's earliest newspapers , The Deccan Times , was established in the 1780s .	the 1780s	When was The Deccan Times founded ?
In modern times , the major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu , Andhra Jyothy , Sakshi and Namaste Telangana , while the major English papers are The Times of India , The Hindu and The Deccan Chronicle .	major English papers	What is The Deccan Chronicle ?
The major Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily , The Munsif Daily and Etemaad .	major Urdu papers	What type of paper is The Siasat Daily ?
The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919 .	around 1919	What year was the first radio station in Hyderabad formed ?
Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935 , with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000 .	starting on 3 February 1935	On what date did the first public radio station in Hyderabad begin broadcasting ?
Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan , the Government of India 's public service broadcaster , which transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel .	1974	When did Doordarshan begin broadcasting in Hyderabad ?
Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of Star TV .	Star TV	What satellite network began broadcasting to Hyderabad in July 1992 ?
The first public internet access service began in 1995 , with the first private sector internet service provider -LRB- ISP -RRB- starting operations in 1998 .	1995	In what year did the general public first get access to the internet in Hyderabad ?
The first public internet access service began in 1995 , with the first private sector internet service provider -LRB- ISP -RRB- starting operations in 1998 .	1998	The first private company to offer Hyderabad internet service began offering it in what year ?
Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan , the Government of India 's public service broadcaster , which transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel .	the Government of India's public service broadcaster	What is Doordarshan ?
Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a `` 10 +2 +3 '' plan .	Central Board of Secondary Education	What entity controls the schools in Hyderabad ?
About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions .	two-thirds	What percentage of students are in private schools in Hyderabad ?
Languages of instruction include English , Hindi , Telugu and Urdu .	English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu	Which languages are used for teaching in the schools of Hyderabad ?
Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a `` 10 +2 +3 '' plan .	a "10+2+3" plan	What type of educational plan does the Central Board of Secondary Education use in Hyderabad ?
Depending on the institution , students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education .	Indian Certificate of Secondary Education	Students in Hyderabad may be required to acquire one of two different certificates , one is the Secondary School Certificate , what is the other ?
There are 13 universities in Hyderabad : two private universities , two deemed universities , six state universities and three central universities .	13	How many universities are in Hyderabad ?
There are 13 universities in Hyderabad : two private universities , two deemed universities , six state universities and three central universities .	six	Of the universities in Hyderabad how many are state run ?
The central universities are the University of Hyderabad , Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and Foreign Languages University .	central universities	Maulana Azad National Urdu University is a type of university that represents what type of university ?
The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University , established in 1982 , is the first distance learning open university in India .	The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University	In 1982 the first long distance university was opened in India , what is it 's name ?
Osmania University , established in 1918 , was the first university in Hyderabad and as of 2012 -LSB- update -RSB- is India 's second most popular institution for international students .	1918	What year was Osmania University formed ?
Hyderabad has five major medical schools -- Osmania Medical College , Gandhi Medical College , Nizam 's Institute of Medical Sciences , Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences -- and many affiliated teaching hospitals .	five	How many medical schools are in Hyderabad ?
The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine .	Unani medicine	What type of medicine is taught at The Government Nizamia Tibbi College ?
Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association , a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education .	Indian Heart Association	What non-profit cardiovascular educational association is headquartered in Hyderabad ?
Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International , NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College .	fashion design	What type of school is Raffles Millennium International ?
Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International , NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College .	fashion design	What type of is Wigan and Leigh College ?
Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad -LRB- IIITH -RRB- , Birla Institute of Technology and Science , Pilani -- Hyderabad -LRB- BITS Hyderabad -RRB- and Indian Institute of Technology , Hyderabad -LRB- IIT-H -RRB- as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics -LRB- ICRISAT -RRB- and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University .	Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad	What is the school otherwise known as IIT-H ?
Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad -LRB- IIITH -RRB- , Birla Institute of Technology and Science , Pilani -- Hyderabad -LRB- BITS Hyderabad -RRB- and Indian Institute of Technology , Hyderabad -LRB- IIT-H -RRB- as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics -LRB- ICRISAT -RRB- and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University .	International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics	There is a research institute in Hyderabad known as ICRISAT , what does the acronym represent ?
The most popular sports played in Hyderabad are cricket and association football .	cricket	Two of the most popular sports played in Hyderabad include association football , what is the other ?
At the professional level , the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India , the 2003 Afro-Asian Games , the 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open women 's tennis tournament , the 2007 Military World Games , the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship .	the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship	What two world championships were held in Hyderabad in 2009 ?
The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey , the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football , and for cricket , the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association .	field hockey	What sport is played at the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex ?
The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey , the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football , and for cricket , the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association .	Gachibowli	Where is the G.M.C. Balayohi Stadium located ?
The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey , the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football , and for cricket , the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association .	Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium	What is the home stadium of the Hyderabad cricket association ?
During British rule , Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses , parade grounds and polo fields were built. :18 Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club , the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club , which is known for its horse racing especially the annual Deccan derby , still exist .	During British rule	At what time was Secunderabad an important sport center ?
During British rule , Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses , parade grounds and polo fields were built. :18 Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club , the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club , which is known for its horse racing especially the annual Deccan derby , still exist .	horse racing	What type of racing is the Hyderabad Race Club popular for ?
In more recent times , motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan 1/4 Mile Drag , TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying .	Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club	What organization holds the TSD Rally ?
During British rule , Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses , parade grounds and polo fields were built. :18 Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club , the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club , which is known for its horse racing especially the annual Deccan derby , still exist .	the Nizams and the British	Under whom did the Secunderabad Club and the Nizam Club form ?
During British rule , Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses , parade grounds and polo fields were built. :18 Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club , the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club , which is known for its horse racing especially the annual Deccan derby , still exist .	Deccan derby	Which annual derby is held at the Hyderabad Race Club ?
International-level sportspeople from Hyderabad include : cricketers Ghulam Ahmed , M. L. Jaisimha , Mohammed Azharuddin , V. V. S. Laxman , Venkatapathy Raju , Shivlal Yadav , Arshad Ayub , Syed Abid Ali and Noel David ; football players Syed Abdul Rahim , Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali ; tennis player Sania Mirza ; badminton players S. M. Arif , Pullela Gopichand , Saina Nehwal , P. V. Sindhu , Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand ; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar ; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan .	cricketers	Ghulam Ahmed and Shivlal Yadav are what kind of sportsmen ?
International-level sportspeople from Hyderabad include : cricketers Ghulam Ahmed , M. L. Jaisimha , Mohammed Azharuddin , V. V. S. Laxman , Venkatapathy Raju , Shivlal Yadav , Arshad Ayub , Syed Abid Ali and Noel David ; football players Syed Abdul Rahim , Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali ; tennis player Sania Mirza ; badminton players S. M. Arif , Pullela Gopichand , Saina Nehwal , P. V. Sindhu , Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand ; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar ; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan .	tennis	What sport does Sania Mirza play ?
International-level sportspeople from Hyderabad include : cricketers Ghulam Ahmed , M. L. Jaisimha , Mohammed Azharuddin , V. V. S. Laxman , Venkatapathy Raju , Shivlal Yadav , Arshad Ayub , Syed Abid Ali and Noel David ; football players Syed Abdul Rahim , Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali ; tennis player Sania Mirza ; badminton players S. M. Arif , Pullela Gopichand , Saina Nehwal , P. V. Sindhu , Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand ; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar ; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan .	Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan	Who is a notable bodybuilder from Hyderabad ?
International-level sportspeople from Hyderabad include : cricketers Ghulam Ahmed , M. L. Jaisimha , Mohammed Azharuddin , V. V. S. Laxman , Venkatapathy Raju , Shivlal Yadav , Arshad Ayub , Syed Abid Ali and Noel David ; football players Syed Abdul Rahim , Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali ; tennis player Sania Mirza ; badminton players S. M. Arif , Pullela Gopichand , Saina Nehwal , P. V. Sindhu , Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand ; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar ; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan .	rifle shooters	Gagan Narang does what sporting activity ?
International-level sportspeople from Hyderabad include : cricketers Ghulam Ahmed , M. L. Jaisimha , Mohammed Azharuddin , V. V. S. Laxman , Venkatapathy Raju , Shivlal Yadav , Arshad Ayub , Syed Abid Ali and Noel David ; football players Syed Abdul Rahim , Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali ; tennis player Sania Mirza ; badminton players S. M. Arif , Pullela Gopichand , Saina Nehwal , P. V. Sindhu , Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand ; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar ; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan .	badminton players	Pullela Gopichand and Saina Nehwal are known in Hyderabad for being what ?
The most commonly used forms of medium distance transport in Hyderabad include government owned services such as light railways and buses , as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws .	taxis and auto rickshaws	What type of transport that is not government owned is commonly used in Hyderabad ?
Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre and carry over 130 million passengers daily across the entire network. :76 Hyderabad 's light rail transportation system , the Multi-Modal Transport System -LRB- MMTS -RRB- , is a three line suburban rail service used by over 160,000 passengers daily .	130 million	How many people are carried each day by the bus service network in Hyderabad ?
Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre and carry over 130 million passengers daily across the entire network. :76 Hyderabad 's light rail transportation system , the Multi-Modal Transport System -LRB- MMTS -RRB- , is a three line suburban rail service used by over 160,000 passengers daily .	Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS)	What is the light rail system in Hyderabad known as ?
Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre and carry over 130 million passengers daily across the entire network. :76 Hyderabad 's light rail transportation system , the Multi-Modal Transport System -LRB- MMTS -RRB- , is a three line suburban rail service used by over 160,000 passengers daily .	160,000	How many passengers use the Hyderabad light rail system each day ?
Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin -LRB- Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities -RRB- .	Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities	What is Setwin otherwise known as ?
As of 2012 -LSB- update -RSB- , there are over 3.5 million vehicles operating in the city , of which 74 % are two-wheelers , 15 % cars and 3 % three-wheelers .	3.5 million	In 2012 how many vehicles were driving in Hyderabad ?
As of 2012 -LSB- update -RSB- , there are over 3.5 million vehicles operating in the city , of which 74 % are two-wheelers , 15 % cars and 3 % three-wheelers .	15%	What percentage of the vehicles in Hyderabad were cars in 2012 ?
The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage -- roads occupy only 9.5 % of the total city area :79 -- has led to widespread traffic congestion especially since 80 % of passengers and 60 % of freight are transported by road. :3 The Inner Ring Road , the Outer Ring Road , the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway , the longest flyover in India , and various interchanges , overpasses and underpasses were built to ease the congestion .	9.5%	What percentage of Hyderabad city was covered by roads in 2012 ?
The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage -- roads occupy only 9.5 % of the total city area :79 -- has led to widespread traffic congestion especially since 80 % of passengers and 60 % of freight are transported by road. :3 The Inner Ring Road , the Outer Ring Road , the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway , the longest flyover in India , and various interchanges , overpasses and underpasses were built to ease the congestion .	60%	In 2012 what percentage of Hyderabad freight was moved by road ?
Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km/h -LRB- 31 mph -RRB- for two-wheelers and cars , 35 km/h -LRB- 22 mph -RRB- for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h -LRB- 25 mph -RRB- for light commercial vehicles and buses .	40 km/h (25 mph)	What is the maximum speed for buses in Hyderabad ?
Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states : NH-7 runs 2,369 km -LRB- 1,472 mi -RRB- from Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , in the north to Kanyakumari , Tamil Nadu , in the south ; NH-9 , runs 841 km -LRB- 523 mi -RRB- east-west between Machilipatnam , Andhra Pradesh , and Pune , Maharashtra ; and the 280 km -LRB- 174 mi -RRB- NH-163 links Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam , Chhattisgarh NH-765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam .	three	How many national highways form a junction in Hyderabad ?
Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states : NH-7 runs 2,369 km -LRB- 1,472 mi -RRB- from Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , in the north to Kanyakumari , Tamil Nadu , in the south ; NH-9 , runs 841 km -LRB- 523 mi -RRB- east-west between Machilipatnam , Andhra Pradesh , and Pune , Maharashtra ; and the 280 km -LRB- 174 mi -RRB- NH-163 links Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam , Chhattisgarh NH-765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam .	six	How many states are linked to from highways in Hyderabad ?
Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states : NH-7 runs 2,369 km -LRB- 1,472 mi -RRB- from Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , in the north to Kanyakumari , Tamil Nadu , in the south ; NH-9 , runs 841 km -LRB- 523 mi -RRB- east-west between Machilipatnam , Andhra Pradesh , and Pune , Maharashtra ; and the 280 km -LRB- 174 mi -RRB- NH-163 links Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam , Chhattisgarh NH-765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam .	1,472 mi	How many miles long is NH-7 ?
Five state highways , SH-1 , SH-2 , SH-4 , SH-5 and SH-6 , either start from , or pass through , Hyderabad. :58	Five	How many state highways pass through or begin in Hyderabad ?
Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states : NH-7 runs 2,369 km -LRB- 1,472 mi -RRB- from Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , in the north to Kanyakumari , Tamil Nadu , in the south ; NH-9 , runs 841 km -LRB- 523 mi -RRB- east-west between Machilipatnam , Andhra Pradesh , and Pune , Maharashtra ; and the 280 km -LRB- 174 mi -RRB- NH-163 links Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam , Chhattisgarh NH-765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam .	NH-163	What road connects Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam ?
Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County , California , United States .	beachfront	What type of city is Santa Monica ?
Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County , California , United States .	western	What part of Los Angeles County is it located in ?
The city is named after the Christian saint , Monica .	Christian saint, Monica	What is Santa Monica named after ?
Over two-thirds of Santa Monica 's residents are renters .	two-thirds	Approximately how many residents of Santa Monica rent their property ?
The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736 .	89,736	What was the population in 2010 according to the Census Bureau ?
Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language .	Kecheek	What did indigenous people that lived in Santa Monica call it previously ?
Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people .	Tongva	What was the local population called indigenous to the Santa Monica Area ?
The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà , who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3 , 1769 .	Gaspar de Portolà	What was the first explorers name that came in contact with the natives ?
The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà , who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3 , 1769 .	August 3, 1769	What date did the explorer reach Santa Monica ?
One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica -LRB- mother of Saint Augustine -RRB- , but her feast day is actually May 4 .	May 4	What day is the Santa Monica Feast held on ?
Around the start of the 20th century , a growing population of Asian Americans lived in or near Santa Monica and Venice .	Asian	What ethic group grew in the 20th century ?
The two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese .	Chinese	What other ethic minority did white american 's treat poorly ?
A Japanese fishing village was located near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in both Santa Monica and Venice .	Japanese fishing	What type of Village was located on the Long Wharf ?
The two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese .	two	How many ethnic minorities were looked at differently in Santa Monica ?
The Japanese village fishermen were an integral economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community .	economic part	What role did the fishing village play in Santa Monica ?
Donald Wills Douglas , Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field -LRB- Santa Monica Airport -RRB- for the Douglas Aircraft Company .	Douglas Aircraft	What company was the structure at Clover Field for ?
In 1924 , four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world .	aerial circumnavigation of the world	What did Clover Field built airplanes attempt the first of ?
The Douglas Company -LRB- later McDonnell Douglas -RRB- kept facilities in the city until the 1960s .	1960s	The Douglas Company had facilities in Santa Monica through what decade ?
Two planes made it back , after having covered 27,553 miles -LRB- 44,342 km -RRB- in 175 days , and were greeted on their return September 23 , 1924 , by a crowd of 200,000 -LRB- generously estimated -RRB- .	Two	How Many Planes returned from the circumnavigation in 1924 ?
Douglas 's business grew astronomically with the onset of World War II , employing as many as 44,000 people in 1943 .	World War II	What brought on the Douglas business 's company growth ?
Douglas 's business grew astronomically with the onset of World War II , employing as many as 44,000 people in 1943 .	44,000	How many people did the company employ in 1943 ?
To defend against air attack set designers from the Warner Brothers Studios prepared elaborate camouflage that disguised the factory and airfield .	Warner Brothers Studios	The company used camouflage from what designers ?
The RAND Corporation began as a project of the Douglas Company in 1945 , and spun off into an independent think tank on May 14 , 1948 .	RAND	What company started as a project in 1945 ?
To defend against air attack set designers from the Warner Brothers Studios prepared elaborate camouflage that disguised the factory and airfield .	defend against air attack	What was the camouflage designed to do ?
It sits on the Santa Monica Pier , which was built in 1909 .	1909	What year was the Sanat Monica Pier buildt ?
The Santa Monica Looff Hippodrome -LRB- carousel -RRB- is a National Historic Landmark .	Looff Hippodrome	What historic landmark is located on the Pier ?
The La Monica Ballroom on the pier was once the largest ballroom in the US and the source for many New Year 's Eve national network broadcasts .	largest	La Monica Ballroom used to be what type of ballroom in the United States ?
The Santa Monica Civic Auditorium was an important music venue for several decades and hosted the Academy Awards in the 1960s .	Santa Monica Civic Auditorium	Where were the Academy Awards held in the 1960 's ?
McCabe 's Guitar Shop is still a leading acoustic performance space as well as retail outlet .	McCabe's Guitar Shop	What place is still considered a prominent acoustic performance area ?
The Downtown District is the home of the Third Street Promenade , a major outdoor pedestrian-only shopping district that stretches for three blocks between Wilshire Blvd. and Broadway -LRB- not the same Broadway in downtown and south Los Angeles -RRB- .	Downtown District	The Third Street Promenade is located in what part of Santa Monica ?
The Downtown District is the home of the Third Street Promenade , a major outdoor pedestrian-only shopping district that stretches for three blocks between Wilshire Blvd. and Broadway -LRB- not the same Broadway in downtown and south Los Angeles -RRB- .	three blocks	How large is the Third Street Promenade ?
Third Street is closed to vehicles for those three blocks to allow people to stroll , congregate , shop and enjoy street performers .	vehicles	What is Third Street access shut off from ?
Santa Monica Place , featuring Bloomingdale 's and Nordstrom in a three-level outdoor environment , is located at the south end of the Promenade .	Bloomingdale's and Nordstrom	What two major department stores are located at the Third Street Promenade ?
After a period of redevelopment , the mall reopened in the fall of 2010 as a modern shopping , entertainment and dining complex with more outdoor space .	2010	What year did the mall reopen ?
Every fall the Santa Monica Chamber of Commerce hosts The Taste of Santa Monica on the Santa Monica Pier .	The Taste of Santa Monica	What event does the Chamber of commerce host in the fall ?
Visitors can sample food and drinks from Santa Monica restaurants .	sample food and drinks	What can visitors do at the Taste of Santa Monica ?
Every fall the Santa Monica Chamber of Commerce hosts The Taste of Santa Monica on the Santa Monica Pier .	Santa Monica Pier	Where is the Taste of Santa Monica held each year ?
Visitors can sample food and drinks from Santa Monica restaurants .	Santa Monica restaurants	Who provides the guests with these samples at the event ?
The swanky Shutters on the Beach Hotel offers a trip to the famous Santa Monica Farmers Market to select and influence the materials that will become that evening 's special `` Market Dinner . ''	The swanky Shutters	What hotel offers a trip to the famer 's market to influence dinner ?
Classified as a Subtropical Mediterranean climate -LRB- Köppen Csb -RRB- , Santa Monica enjoys an average of 310 days of sunshine a year .	310	Roughly how many days of sunshine does Santa Monica get annually ?
It is located in USDA plant hardiness zone 11a .	11a	What USDA hardiness zone is Santa Monica located in ?
Because of its location , nestled on the vast and open Santa Monica Bay , morning fog is a common phenomenon in May , June and early July -LRB- caused by ocean temperature variations and currents -RRB- .	fog	What commonly occurs on the mornings in May ?
Like other inhabitants of the greater Los Angeles area , residents have a particular terminology for this phenomenon : the `` May Gray '' and the `` June Gloom '' .	"May Gray"	What have locals coined the morning time in May ?
As a general rule , the beach temperature is from 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit -LRB- 3 to 6 degrees Celsius -RRB- cooler than it is inland during summer days , and 5 -- 10 degrees warmer during winter nights .	5 to 10 degrees	What is the beach temperature in Fahrenheit during the summer ?
The city first proposed its Sustainable City Plan in 1992 and in 1994 , was one of the first cities in the nation to formally adopt a comprehensive sustainability plan , setting waste reduction and water conservation policies for both public and private sector through its Office of Sustainability and the Environment .	1992 and in 1994	In what two years were the first Sustainable City Plan 's introduced ?
Eighty-two percent of the city 's public works vehicles now run on alternative fuels , including nearly 100 % of the municipal bus system , making it among the largest such fleets in the country .	Eighty-two	What percent of the city 's public work 's vehicles use alternate fuels ?
The city first proposed its Sustainable City Plan in 1992 and in 1994 , was one of the first cities in the nation to formally adopt a comprehensive sustainability plan , setting waste reduction and water conservation policies for both public and private sector through its Office of Sustainability and the Environment .	public and private	Water conservation policies have been adopted by what two sectors ?
Eighty-two percent of the city 's public works vehicles now run on alternative fuels , including nearly 100 % of the municipal bus system , making it among the largest such fleets in the country .	100%	What percent of the bus systems use alternate fuels ?
Santa Monica fleet vehicles and Buses now source their natural gas from Redeem , a Southern California-based supplier of renewable and sustainable natural gas obtained from non-fracked methane biogas generated from organic landfill waste .	Redeem	What company provides the city with natural gas ?
An urban runoff facility -LRB- SMURFF -RRB- , the first of its kind in the US , catches and treats 3.5 million US gallons -LRB- 13,000 m3 -RRB- of water each week that would otherwise flow into the bay via storm-drains and sells it back to end-users within the city for reuse as gray-water , while bio-swales throughout the city allow rainwater to percolate into and replenish the groundwater supply .	(SMURFF)	What is the name of the urban runoff facility ?
An urban runoff facility -LRB- SMURFF -RRB- , the first of its kind in the US , catches and treats 3.5 million US gallons -LRB- 13,000 m3 -RRB- of water each week that would otherwise flow into the bay via storm-drains and sells it back to end-users within the city for reuse as gray-water , while bio-swales throughout the city allow rainwater to percolate into and replenish the groundwater supply .	3.5 million	How many gallons of water does -LRB- SMURFF -RRB- treat every week ?
The city has numerous programs designed to promote water conservation among residents , including a rebate of $ 1.50 per square foot for those who convert water intensive lawns to more local drought-tolerant gardens that require less water .	$1.50	How much money do residents get back for participating in water conservation per square foot ?
The groundwater supply in turn plays an important role in the city 's Sustainable Water Master Plan , whereby Santa Monica has set a goal of attaining 100 % water independence by 2020 .	2020	Santa Monica plans on water independence by what year ?
An urban runoff facility -LRB- SMURFF -RRB- , the first of its kind in the US , catches and treats 3.5 million US gallons -LRB- 13,000 m3 -RRB- of water each week that would otherwise flow into the bay via storm-drains and sells it back to end-users within the city for reuse as gray-water , while bio-swales throughout the city allow rainwater to percolate into and replenish the groundwater supply .	into the bay	If -LRB- SMURFF -RRB- did not collect water where would it go ?
The city is also in the process of implementing a 5-year and 20 year Bike Action Plan with a goal of attaining 14 to 35 % bicycle transportation mode share by 2030 through the installation of enhanced bicycle infrastructure throughout the city .	2030	What year does the city plan on having a bicycle infrastructure ?
The city is also in the process of implementing a 5-year and 20 year Bike Action Plan with a goal of attaining 14 to 35 % bicycle transportation mode share by 2030 through the installation of enhanced bicycle infrastructure throughout the city .	5-year and 20	The city has two bike Action Plans of how many years ?
Other environmentally focused initiatives include curbside recycling , curbside composting bins -LRB- in addition to trash , yard-waste , and recycle bins -RRB- , farmers ' markets , community gardens , garden-share , an urban forest initiative , a hazardous materials home-collection service , green business certification , and a municipal bus system which is currently being revamped to integrate with the soon-to-open Expo Line .	Expo Line	The city 's bus system is being over hauled to work with what other program ?
The city is also in the process of implementing a 5-year and 20 year Bike Action Plan with a goal of attaining 14 to 35 % bicycle transportation mode share by 2030 through the installation of enhanced bicycle infrastructure throughout the city .	14 to 35%	What percentages does the city Bike transportation mode 's target ?
Other environmentally focused initiatives include curbside recycling , curbside composting bins -LRB- in addition to trash , yard-waste , and recycle bins -RRB- , farmers ' markets , community gardens , garden-share , an urban forest initiative , a hazardous materials home-collection service , green business certification , and a municipal bus system which is currently being revamped to integrate with the soon-to-open Expo Line .	green	What type of business certification do they plan on expanding ?
There were 17,929 families -LRB- 38.2 % of all households -RRB- ; the average family size was 2.79 .	2.79	What was the total average family size ?
22,716 households -LRB- 48.4 % -RRB- were made up of individuals and 5,551 -LRB- 11.8 % -RRB- had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older .	48.4%	What percent of households were made of one person ?
22,716 households -LRB- 48.4 % -RRB- were made up of individuals and 5,551 -LRB- 11.8 % -RRB- had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older .	11.8%	What percent of households had someone over 65 living in it ?
There were 2,867 -LRB- 6.1 % -RRB- unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 416 -LRB- 0.9 % -RRB- same-sex married couples or partnerships .	416	Roughly how many same-sex couples were there ?
There were 46,917 households , out of which 7,835 -LRB- 16.7 % -RRB- had children under the age of 18 living in them , 13,092 -LRB- 27.9 % -RRB- were opposite-sex married couples living together , 3,510 -LRB- 7.5 % -RRB- had a female householder with no husband present , 1,327 -LRB- 2.8 % -RRB- had a male householder with no wife present .	16.7%	What percent of household have children under 18 ?
As of the census of 2000 , there are 84,084 people , 44,497 households , and 16,775 families in the city .	84,084	How many citizen 's were in the year 2000 census ?
As of the census of 2000 , there are 84,084 people , 44,497 households , and 16,775 families in the city .	16,775	How many urban families were there ?
The population density is 10,178.7 inhabitants per square mile -LRB- 3,930.4 / km ² -RRB- .	10,178.7	What is the population density per square mile ?
The average household size is 1.83 and the average family size is 2.80 .	2.80	From 2000 what was the average family size ?
There are 44,497 households , out of which 15.8 % have children under the age of 18 , 27.5 % are married couples living together , 7.5 % have a female householder with no husband present , and 62.3 % are non-families .	15.8%	What percent in the 2000 census had persons under the age of 18 ?
Santa Monica College is a junior college originally founded in 1929 .	1929	What year was the Santa Monica junior college founded ?
It occupies 35 acres -LRB- 14 hectares -RRB- and enrolls 30,000 students annually .	35	How many acres of land is the Santa Monica Junior College ?
The Art Institute of California -- Los Angeles is also located in Santa Monica near the Santa Monica Airport .	Airport	By what area is the Art institute in Santa Monica ?
Universities and colleges within a 22-mile -LRB- 35 km -RRB- radius from Santa Monica include Santa Monica College , Antioch University Los Angeles , Loyola Marymount University , Mount St. Mary 's College , Pepperdine University , California State University , Northridge , California State University , Los Angeles , UCLA , USC , West Los Angeles College , California Institute of Technology -LRB- Caltech -RRB- , Occidental College -LRB- Oxy -RRB- , Los Angeles City College , Los Angeles Southwest College , Los Angeles Valley College , and Emperor 's College of Traditional Oriental Medicine .	22-mile	There are a plethora of colleges and universities within what radius of Santa Monica ?
It occupies 35 acres -LRB- 14 hectares -RRB- and enrolls 30,000 students annually .	30,000	How many students enroll to the SMC annually ?
Santa Monica has a bike action plan and recently launched a Bicycle sharing system in November 2015 .	bike action	What plan launched a Bicycle sharing system ?
Santa Monica has a bike action plan and recently launched a Bicycle sharing system in November 2015 .	November 2015	When was Santa Monica 's Bicycle sharing system launched ?
The city is traversed by the Marvin Braude Bike Trail .	Marvin Braude	What is the name of the bike trail that goes through Santa Monica ?
Santa Monica has received the Bicycle Friendly Community Award -LRB- Bronze in 2009 , Silver in 2013 -RRB- by the League of American Bicyclists .	2013	When was the most recent Bicycle Friendly Community Award given to Santa Monica ?
Santa Monica has received the Bicycle Friendly Community Award -LRB- Bronze in 2009 , Silver in 2013 -RRB- by the League of American Bicyclists .	2009	What other year did Santa Monica receive the Bicycle Friendly Community award ?
The Santa Monica Freeway -LRB- Interstate 10 -RRB- begins in Santa Monica near the Pacific Ocean and heads east .	Interstate 10	What is the name of the Santa Monica Freeway ?
State Route 2 -LRB- Santa Monica Boulevard -RRB- begins in Santa Monica , barely grazing State Route 1 at Lincoln Boulevard , and continues northeast across Los Angeles County , through the Angeles National Forest , crossing the San Gabriel Mountains as the Angeles Crest Highway , ending in Wrightwood .	Santa Monica Boulevard	What road does state route 2 begin on ?
After traversing Los Angeles County , I-10 crosses seven more states , terminating at Jacksonville , Florida .	seven more	How many more states aside from California does the interstate 10 run through ?
After traversing Los Angeles County , I-10 crosses seven more states , terminating at Jacksonville , Florida .	Jacksonville, Florida	What city and state does the interstate 10 end at ?
The Santa Monica Freeway -LRB- Interstate 10 -RRB- begins in Santa Monica near the Pacific Ocean and heads east .	Pacific Ocean	Where does the Santa Monica Freeway begin around ?
It uses the right-of-way for the Santa Monica Air Line that provided electric-powered freight and passenger service between Los Angeles and Santa Monica beginning in the 1920s .	1920s	Beginning in what decade did the Santa Monica Expo Air Line host freight and passenger services ?
Service was discontinued in 1953 but diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses along the route continued until March 11 , 1988 .	1953	What year did the Santa Monica freight and passenger service stop running ?
Service was discontinued in 1953 but diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses along the route continued until March 11 , 1988 .	March 11, 1988	Diesel powered freight deliveries continued through what date ?
The abandonment of the line spurred concerns within the community and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority .	was purchased	What was the result from the discontinuation of using the line for deliveries ?
The abandonment of the line spurred concerns within the community and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority .	Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority	Who bought the Expo line from Southern Pacific ?
In 2006 , crime in Santa Monica affected 4.41 % of the population , slightly lower than the national average crime rate that year of 4.48 % .	4.41%	In 2006 what percent of the population was impacted by crime ?
The majority of this was property crime , which affected 3.74 % of Santa Monica 's population in 2006 ; this was higher than the rates for Los Angeles County -LRB- 2.76 % -RRB- and California -LRB- 3.17 % -RRB- , but lower than the national average -LRB- 3.91 % -RRB- .	3.74%	What percent of crime was strictly property in 2006 ?
The majority of this was property crime , which affected 3.74 % of Santa Monica 's population in 2006 ; this was higher than the rates for Los Angeles County -LRB- 2.76 % -RRB- and California -LRB- 3.17 % -RRB- , but lower than the national average -LRB- 3.91 % -RRB- .	property	In 2006 what was crime mostly comprised of ?
These per-capita crime rates are computed based on Santa Monica 's full-time population of about 85,000 .	computed based	How are the Santa Monica per-capita crime rates calculated ?
However , the Santa Monica Police Department has suggested the actual per-capita crime rate is much lower , as tourists , workers , and beachgoers can increase the city 's daytime population to between 250,000 and 450,000 people .	much lower	The Santa Monica Police Department suggests that the per-capita crime rate sways in what way ?
In 1999 , there was a double homicide in the Westside Clothing store on Lincoln Boulevard .	1999	In what year was there a double homicide ?
In 1999 , there was a double homicide in the Westside Clothing store on Lincoln Boulevard .	Westside Clothing store	Where was this homicide perpetrated ?
During the incident , Culver City gang members David `` Puppet '' Robles and Jesse `` Psycho '' Garcia entered the store masked and began opening fire , killing Anthony and Michael Juarez .	Culver City	What gang is mentioned in connection with this crime ?
During the incident , Culver City gang members David `` Puppet '' Robles and Jesse `` Psycho '' Garcia entered the store masked and began opening fire , killing Anthony and Michael Juarez .	Anthony and Michael Juarez	What two people were killed inside the store ?
They then ran outside to a getaway vehicle driven by a third Culver City gang member , who is now also in custody .	in custody	Where is the getaway driver of the Culver city gang murder ?
One of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica is Buster Keaton 's Spite Marriage -LRB- 1929 -RRB- which shows much of 2nd Street .	Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage	What is one of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica ?
One of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica is Buster Keaton 's Spite Marriage -LRB- 1929 -RRB- which shows much of 2nd Street .	much of 2nd Street	What does this iconic exterior shot display ?
The Sylvester Stallone film Rocky III -LRB- 1982 -RRB- shows Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed training to fight Clubber Lang by running on the Santa Monica Beach , and Stallone 's Demolition Man -LRB- 1993 -RRB- includes Santa Monica settings .	Rocky III	What 1982 movie includes Sylvester Stallone running on the Santa Monica Beach ?
The Truth About Cats & Dogs -LRB- 1996 -RRB- is set entirely in Santa Monica , particularly the Palisades Park area , and features a radio station that resembles KCRW at Santa Monica College .	The Truth About Cats & Dogs	What 1996 movie was set completely in Santa Monica ?
17 Again -LRB- 2009 -RRB- was shot at Samohi .	17 Again	What movie was shot at Samohi ?
Santa Monica is featured in the video games True Crime : Streets of LA -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , Vampire : The Masquerade -- Bloodlines -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Grand Theft Auto San Andreas -LRB- 2004 -RRB- as a fictional district - Santa Maria Beach , Destroy All Humans !	video	What type of games is Santa Monica featured in ?
-LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Tony Hawk 's American Wasteland -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , L.A. Rush -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , Midnight Club : Los Angeles -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , Cars Race-O-Rama -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , Grand Theft Auto V -LRB- 2013 -RRB- as a fictional district -- Del Perro , Call of Duty : Ghosts -LRB- 2013 -RRB- as a fictional U.S. military base -- Fort Santa Monica , The Crew -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , Need for Speed -LRB- 2015 -RRB-	2005	In what year did Tony hawk 's American Wasteland release ?
Santa Monica is featured in the video games True Crime : Streets of LA -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , Vampire : The Masquerade -- Bloodlines -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Grand Theft Auto San Andreas -LRB- 2004 -RRB- as a fictional district - Santa Maria Beach , Destroy All Humans !	True Crime: Streets of LA	What video game features Santa Monica in 2003 ?
-LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Tony Hawk 's American Wasteland -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , L.A. Rush -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , Midnight Club : Los Angeles -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , Cars Race-O-Rama -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , Grand Theft Auto V -LRB- 2013 -RRB- as a fictional district -- Del Perro , Call of Duty : Ghosts -LRB- 2013 -RRB- as a fictional U.S. military base -- Fort Santa Monica , The Crew -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , Need for Speed -LRB- 2015 -RRB-	2013	Grand theft Auto V was released in what year ?
-LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Tony Hawk 's American Wasteland -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , L.A. Rush -LRB- 2005 -RRB- , Midnight Club : Los Angeles -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , Cars Race-O-Rama -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , Grand Theft Auto V -LRB- 2013 -RRB- as a fictional district -- Del Perro , Call of Duty : Ghosts -LRB- 2013 -RRB- as a fictional U.S. military base -- Fort Santa Monica , The Crew -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , Need for Speed -LRB- 2015 -RRB-	Need for Speed	What video game featured Santa Monica in 2015 ?
Founded in 1853 , and named after George Washington , the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries .	1853	When was Washington University founded ?
Twenty-five Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University , nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university .	Twenty-five	How many Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University ?
The university is ranked 32nd in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities .	32nd	Where is Washington University ranked among Academic Ranking of World Universities ?
Founded in 1853 , and named after George Washington , the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries .	George Washington	For whom is Washington University named ?
Founded in 1853 , and named after George Washington , the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries .	120	How many different countries comprise the makeup of faculty and students of Washington University ?
The university 's first chancellor was Joseph Gibson Hoyt .	Joseph Gibson Hoyt.	Who was the first chancellor of Washington University ?
Crow secured the university charter from the Missouri General Assembly in 1853 , and Eliot was named President of the Board of Trustees .	1853	When did Washington University secure its charter ?
Washington University is unusual among major American universities in not having had a prior financial endowment .	not having had a prior financial endowment	What makes Washington University unique among other American universities ?
Crow secured the university charter from the Missouri General Assembly in 1853 , and Eliot was named President of the Board of Trustees .	Eliot	Who was the first president of Washington University ?
Early on , Eliot solicited support from members of the local business community , including John O'Fallon , but Eliot failed to secure a permanent endowment .	John O'Fallon	What local businessman help provide support for the Washington University ?
The board first approved `` Eliot Seminary , '' but William Eliot was uncomfortable with naming a university after himself and objected to the establishment of a seminary , which would implicitly be charged with teaching a religious faith .	Eliot Seminary	What was one of the names that was initially considered for Washington University in St. Louis ?
In 1854 , the Board of Trustees changed the name to `` Washington Institute '' in honor of George Washington .	Washington Institute	What name was selected by the Board of Trustees in 1854 for Washington University ?
The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri .	The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri	Why did the Board of Trustees choose to name Washing University after George Washington ?
In 1856 , the University amended its name to `` Washington University . ''	1856	When was the name Washington University amended ?
The university amended its name once more in 1976 , when the Board of Trustees voted to add the suffix `` in St. Louis '' to distinguish the university from the nearly two dozen other universities bearing Washington 's name .	1976	When was the suffix `` in St. Louis '' added to Washington University ?
Although chartered as a university , for many years Washington University functioned primarily as a night school located on 17th Street and Washington Avenue in the heart of downtown St. Louis .	17th Street and Washington Avenue	Where was Washington University located ?
Classes began on October 22 , 1854 , at the Benton School building .	October 22, 1854	When did classes first begin at Washington University ?
Classes began on October 22 , 1854 , at the Benton School building .	Benton School building.	What building was first used for classes at Washington University ?
Later the university divided into three departments : the Manual Training School , Smith Academy , and the Mary Institute .	the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute	What three departments were Washington University divided ?
Although chartered as a university , for many years Washington University functioned primarily as a night school located on 17th Street and Washington Avenue in the heart of downtown St. Louis .	a night school	What type of school did Washington University first function ?
In 1867 , the university opened the first private nonsectarian law school west of the Mississippi River .	1867	When was did Washington University open its law school ?
During the 1890s , Robert Sommers Brookings , the president of the Board of Trustees , undertook the tasks of reorganizing the university 's finances , putting them onto a sound foundation , and buying land for a new campus .	the president of the Board of Trustees	Who was Robert Somers Brookings ?
Medical classes were first held at Washington University in 1891 after the St. Louis Medical College decided to affiliate with the University , establishing the School of Medicine .	1891	When did Washington University establish its medical school ?
Medical classes were first held at Washington University in 1891 after the St. Louis Medical College decided to affiliate with the University , establishing the School of Medicine .	1891	When did St. Louis Medical college affiliate itself with Washington University ?
Washington University spent its first half century in downtown St. Louis bounded by Washington Ave. , Lucas Place , and Locust Street .	downtown St. Louis	Where was Washington University located during the first half of the 1800 's .
By the 1890s , owing to the dramatic expansion of the Manual School and a new benefactor in Robert Brookings , the University began to move west .	the 1890s	When did Washington University begin to expand west ?
The University Board of Directors began a process to find suitable ground and hired the landscape architecture firm Olmsted , Olmsted & Eliot of Boston .	Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston	What architecture firm was hired by the Board of Directors at Washington University ?
A committee of Robert S. Brookings , Henry Ware Eliot , and William Huse found a site of 103 acres -LRB- 41.7 ha -RRB- just beyond Forest Park , located west of the city limits in St. Louis County .	Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse	Who was on the committee that found a new site for Washington University ?
The elevation of the land was thought to resemble the Acropolis and inspired the nickname of `` Hilltop '' campus , renamed the Danforth campus in 2006 to honor former chancellor William H. Danforth .	"Hilltop" campus	What nickname was given to the new campus site ?
In 1899 , the university opened a national design contest for the new campus .	1899	When did Washington University hold a national design contest for the new campus ?
The renowned Philadelphia firm Cope & Stewardson won unanimously with its plan for a row of Collegiate Gothic quadrangles inspired by Oxford and Cambridge Universities .	Cope & Stewardson	What firm won the Washington University national design contest ?
The cornerstone of the first building , Busch Hall , was laid on October 20 , 1900 .	October 20, 1900	When was the cornerstone laid for Busch Hall ?
The construction of Brookings Hall , Ridgley , and Cupples began shortly thereafter .	Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples	What were the names of the three buildings constructed after Busch Hall ?
The school delayed occupying these buildings until 1905 to accommodate the 1904 World 's Fair and Olympics .	to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and Olympics	Why did Washington University delay occupying of the new campus buildings until 1905 ?
After working for many years at the University of Chicago , Arthur Holly Compton returned to St. Louis in 1946 to serve as Washington University 's ninth chancellor .	chancellor	What role did Arthur Holly Compton serve at Washington University ?
Under Compton 's leadership , enrollment at the University grew dramatically , fueled primarily by World War II veterans ' use of their GI Bill benefits .	World War II veterans' use of their GI Bill benefits	What helped lead to the increase of enrollment at Washington University during Arthur Holly Compton 's term as chancellor ?
Compton reestablished the Washington University football team , making the declaration that athletics were to be henceforth played on a `` strictly amateur '' basis with no athletic scholarships .	athletics were to be henceforth played on a "strictly amateur" basis with no athletic scholarships.	What declaration did Arthur Holly Compton make about athletics at Washington University ?
After working for many years at the University of Chicago , Arthur Holly Compton returned to St. Louis in 1946 to serve as Washington University 's ninth chancellor .	the University of Chicago	Where did Arthur Holly Compton work before returning to Washington University ?
After working for many years at the University of Chicago , Arthur Holly Compton returned to St. Louis in 1946 to serve as Washington University 's ninth chancellor .	Arthur Holly Compton	Who reestablished Washington University 's football team ?
The process of desegregation at Washington University began in 1947 with the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work .	1947	When did Washington University begin desegregation ?
The process of desegregation at Washington University began in 1947 with the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work .	the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work	What were the first schools to become integrated at Washington University ?
In spring 1949 , a Washington University student group , the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes -LRB- SCAN -RRB- , began campaigning for full racial integration .	the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN)	What student group campaigned for full integration at Washington University in 1949 ?
During the mid and late 1940s , the University was the target of critical editorials in the local African American press , letter-writing campaigns by churches and the local Urban League , and legal briefs by the NAACP intended to strip its tax-exempt status .	the NAACP	What organization sought to strip Washington University of its tax-exempt status in the 1940 's ?
In May 1952 , the Board of Trustees passed a resolution desegregating the school 's undergraduate divisions .	May 1952	When did the Board of Trustees pass a resolution to desegregate the Washington University undergraduate division ?
In 1957 , planning began for the construction of the `` South 40 , '' a complex of modern residential halls .	1957	When did Washington University begin construction of a complex of residential halls ?
In 1957 , planning began for the construction of the `` South 40 , '' a complex of modern residential halls .	South 40	What name was given to the new residential complex constructed at Washington University ?
With the additional on-campus housing , Washington University , which had been predominantly a `` streetcar college '' of commuter students , began to attract a more national pool of applicants .	began to attract a more national pool of applicants	How did the construction of the new residential complex at Washington University affect the student population ?
By 1964 , over two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area .	over two-thirds	What proportion of students at Washington University came from outside the St. Louis area by 1964 ?
During the latter half of the 20th century , Washington University transitioned from a strong regional university to a national research institution .	During the latter half of the 20th century,	When did Washington University transition to a national research institution ?
United States presidential election debates were held at the Washington University Athletic Complex in 1992 , 2000 , 2004 , and 2016 .	1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016	What years were presidential debates held at Washington University ?
United States presidential election debates were held at the Washington University Athletic Complex in 1992 , 2000 , 2004 , and 2016 .	Washington University Athletic Complex	What building at Washington University was used to host the presidential debates ?
A presidential debate was planned to occur in 1996 , but owing to scheduling difficulties between the candidates , the debate was canceled .	scheduling difficulties between the candidates	Why was the presidential debate canceled in 1996 at Washington University ?
The university hosted the only 2008 vice presidential debate , between Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden , on October 2 , 2008 , also at the Washington University Athletic Complex .	October 2, 2008	When was the only vice presidential debate held at Washington University ?
The university hosted the only 2008 vice presidential debate , between Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden , on October 2 , 2008 , also at the Washington University Athletic Complex .	Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden	Who were the candidates in the vice presidential debate at Washington University ?
Although Chancellor Wrighton had noted after the 2004 debate that it would be `` improbable '' that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility , he subsequently changed his view and the university submitted a bid for the 2008 debates .	it would be "improbable" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility	What was Chancellor Wrighton 's initial sentiment to hosting another presidential debate at Washington University after 2004 ?
`` These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students , they contribute to a national understanding of important issues , and they allow us to help bring national and international attention to the St. Louis region as one of America 's great metropolitan areas , '' said Wrighton .	These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues	What did Chancellor Wrighton state as one of the reasons for hosting another debate at Washington University ?
Although Chancellor Wrighton had noted after the 2004 debate that it would be `` improbable '' that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility , he subsequently changed his view and the university submitted a bid for the 2008 debates .	2008	What year did Chancellor Wrighton submit another bid for a presidential debate at Washington University after 2004 ?
In 2013 , Washington University received a record 30,117 applications for a freshman class of 1,500 with an acceptance rate of 13.7 % .	30,117	How many freshman class applications did Washington University receive in 2013 ?
More than 90 % of incoming freshmen whose high schools ranked were ranked in the top 10 % of their high school classes .	More than 90% of incoming freshmen	What percentage of incoming freshman at Washington University were in the top % 10 of their class in 2013 ?
In 2006 , the university ranked fourth overall and second among private universities in the number of enrolled National Merit Scholar freshmen , according to the National Merit Scholar Corporation 's annual report .	second among private universities	Where did Washington University rank among private universities for National Merit Scholar freshman in 2006 ?
In 2008 , Washington University was ranked # 1 for quality of life according to The Princeton Review , among other top rankings .	In 2008	When was Washington University ranked # 1 for quality of life ?
The Olin Business School 's undergraduate program is also among the country 's most competitive , admitting only 14 % of applicants in 2007 and ranking # 1 in SAT scores with an average composite of 1492 M+CR according to BusinessWeek .	14%	What percent of applicants were admitted to Olin Business School in 2007 ?
Graduate schools include the School of Medicine , currently ranked sixth in the nation , and the George Warren Brown School of Social Work , currently ranked first .	sixth in the nation	What is the current national rank of the School of Medicine at Washington University ?
Graduate schools include the School of Medicine , currently ranked sixth in the nation , and the George Warren Brown School of Social Work , currently ranked first .	currently ranked first	What is the current national rank of Brown School of Social Work ?
The program in occupational therapy at Washington University currently occupies the first spot for the 2016 U.S. News & World Report rankings , and the program in physical therapy is ranked first as well .	The program in occupational therapy	What program at Washington University ranks first in the 2016 in the U.S. News & World Reports rankings ?
For the 2015 edition , the School of Law is ranked 18th and the Olin Business School is ranked 19th .	18th	Where did the School of Law rank in 2015 by the U.S. News & World Reports ?
Additionally , the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design was ranked ninth in the nation by the journal DesignIntelligence in its 2013 edition of `` America 's Best Architecture & Design Schools . ''	2013	What year did the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design rank ninth by Designintellence ?
North Campus lies in St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop .	St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop	Where is Washington University 's north campus located ?
The University acquired the building and adjacent property in 2004 , formerly home to the Angelica Uniform Factory .	2004	When was the building and property for the north campus of Washington University acquired ?
The University acquired the building and adjacent property in 2004 , formerly home to the Angelica Uniform Factory .	Angelica Uniform Factory	What previously occupied the building used at the north campus of Washington University ?
Renovations are still ongoing ; recent additions to the North Campus space include a small eatery operated by Bon Appétit Management Company , the University 's on-campus food provider , completed during spring semester 2007 , as well as the Family Learning Center , operated by Bright Horizons and opened in September 2010 .	Bon Appétit Management Company	Who is Washington University 's food provider on campus ?
The North Campus location also provides off-site storage space for the Performing Arts Department .	Performing Arts Department	For what department does the north campus location of Washington University provide off-site storage ?
The West Campus is located about one mile -LRB- 1.6 km -RRB- to the west of the Danforth Campus in Clayton , Missouri , and primarily consists of a four-story former department store building housing mostly administrative space .	Clayton, Missouri	Where is the West Campus of Washington University located ?
The West Campus building was home to the Clayton branch of the Famous-Barr department store until 1990 , when the University acquired the property and adjacent parking and began a series of renovations .	1990	When did the university acquire the property for the West Campus ?
The West Campus building was home to the Clayton branch of the Famous-Barr department store until 1990 , when the University acquired the property and adjacent parking and began a series of renovations .	the Clayton branch of the Famous-Barr department store	What was previously located at the West Campus of Washington University ?
Today , the basement level houses the West Campus Library , the University Archives , the Modern Graphic History Library , and conference space .	the West Campus Library, the University Archives, the Modern Graphic History Library, and conference space	What is located in the basement level of the West Campus ?
The West Campus is also home to the Center for the Application of Information Technologies -LRB- CAIT -RRB- , which provides IT training services .	Center for the Application of Information Technologies (CAIT)	What department located at the West Campus provides IT services ?
Tyson Research Center is a 2,000-acre -LRB- 809 ha -RRB- field station located west of St. Louis on the Meramec River .	west of St. Louis on the Meramec River	Where is Tyson Research Center located ?
Washington University obtained Tyson as surplus property from the federal government in 1963 .	1963	When did Washington University acquire the property for Tyson Research Center ?
It is used by the University as a biological field station and research/education center .	a biological field station and research/education center.	What is the function of Tyson Research Center ?
In 2010 the Living Learning Center was named one of the first two buildings accredited nationwide as a `` living building '' under the Living Building Challenge , opened to serve as a biological research station and classroom for summer students .	2010	When was the Living Learning Center accredited as a `` living building '' ?
Washington University obtained Tyson as surplus property from the federal government in 1963 .	the federal government	Who previously owned the property where Tyson Research Center is located ?
Arts & Sciences at Washington University comprises three divisions : the College of Arts & Sciences , the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences , and University College in Arts & Sciences .	three divisions	How many divisions make up Arts & Sciences at Washington University ?
Barbara Schaal is Dean of the Faculty of Arts & Sciences .	Barbara Schaal	Who is the Dean of Faculty of Arts & Sciences at Washington University ?
James E. McLeod was the Vice Chancellor for Students and Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences ; according to a University news release he died at the University 's Barnes-Jewish Hospital on Tuesday , September 6 , 2011 of renal failure as a result of a two-year-long struggle with cancer .	September 6, 2011	When did James Mcleod pass away ?
James E. McLeod was the Vice Chancellor for Students and Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences ; according to a University news release he died at the University 's Barnes-Jewish Hospital on Tuesday , September 6 , 2011 of renal failure as a result of a two-year-long struggle with cancer .	Vice Chancellor for Students and Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences	What positions did James Mcleod hold at Washington University ?
Richard J. Smith is Dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences .	Dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.	What position does Richard J. Smith hold at Washington University ?
Founded as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917 , the Olin Business School was named after entrepreneur John M. Olin in 1988 .	1917	When was Olin Business School founded ?
Founded as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917 , the Olin Business School was named after entrepreneur John M. Olin in 1988 .	the School of Commerce and Finance	What was the original name of Olin Business School ?
Founded as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917 , the Olin Business School was named after entrepreneur John M. Olin in 1988 .	1988	When was Olin Business School named ?
Founded as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917 , the Olin Business School was named after entrepreneur John M. Olin in 1988 .	John M. Olin	After whom is Olin Business School named ?
In 2002 , an Executive MBA program was established in Shanghai , in cooperation with Fudan University .	Shanghai	Where was an Executive MBA program established by Washington University in 2002 ?
Olin has a network of more than 16,000 alumni worldwide .	more than 16,000 alumni	How many alumni does Olin Business School have worldwide ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Simon Hall was opened in 1986 after a donation from John E. Simon .	1986	When was Simon Hall opened ?
Over the last several years , the school 's endowment has increased to $ 213 million -LRB- 2004 -RRB- and annual gifts average $ 12 million per year .	$213 million	What is the amount of Olin Business School 's endowment as of 2004 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Simon Hall was opened in 1986 after a donation from John E. Simon .	John E. Simon	Who provided the donation that enabled the opening Simon Hall ?
On May 2 , 2014 , the $ 90 million conjoined Knight and Bauer Halls were dedicated , following a $ 15 million gift from Charles F. Knight and Joanne Knight and a $ 10 million gift from George and Carol Bauer through the Bauer Foundation .	May 2, 2014	When were Knight and Bauer Halls dedicated ?
Undergraduate BSBA students take 40 -- 60 % of their courses within the business school and are able to formally declare majors in eight areas : accounting , entrepreneurship , finance , healthcare management , marketing , managerial economics and strategy , organization and human resources , international business , and operations and supply chain management .	eight	How many majors are available to students in the business school at Washington University ?
Graduate students are able to pursue an MBA either full-time or part-time .	full-time or part-time	What options are available for graduate students in pursuing an MBA at Washington University ?
Mahendra R. Gupta is the Dean of the Olin Business School .	Mahendra R. Gupta	Who is the Dean of the Olin Business School ?
Undergraduate BSBA students take 40 -- 60 % of their courses within the business school and are able to formally declare majors in eight areas : accounting , entrepreneurship , finance , healthcare management , marketing , managerial economics and strategy , organization and human resources , international business , and operations and supply chain management .	40–60%	What percent of coursework is done at the business school by undergraduate students at Washington University ?
Washington University School of Law offers joint-degree programs with the Olin Business School , the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , the School of Medicine , and the School of Social Work .	Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work	With what schools does the Washington University School of Law offer joint-degree programs ?
The law school offers 3 semesters of courses in the Spring , Summer , and Fall , and requires at least 85 hours of coursework for the JD .	3 semesters	How many semesters of courses are offered by Washington University School of Law ?
It also offers an LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law , an LLM in Taxation , an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers , a Master of Juridical Studies -LRB- MJS -RRB- , and a Juris Scientiae Doctoris -LRB- JSD -RRB- .	LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers	What LLM degree programs are offered by the Washington University School of Law ?
The law school offers 3 semesters of courses in the Spring , Summer , and Fall , and requires at least 85 hours of coursework for the JD .	85 hours	How many hours of coursework are required to obtain a JD at the Washington University School of Law ?
The law school offers 3 semesters of courses in the Spring , Summer , and Fall , and requires at least 85 hours of coursework for the JD .	Spring, Summer, and Fall	During what seasons are courses offered at the Washington University School of Law ?
This year , the median score placed the average student in the 96th percentile of test takers .	96th percentile	Where do students in the Washington University School of Law place among test takers on average ?
In the 2015 US News & World Report America 's Best Graduate Schools , the law school is ranked 18th nationally , out of over 180 law schools .	18th	Where is the Washington University School of Law ranked in the 2015 US News & World Report America 's Best Graduate Schools ?
The law school offers a full-time day program , beginning in August , for the J.D. degree .	August	When does full-time coursework J.D. begin at the Washington University School of Law begin ?
National Jurist ranked Washington University 4th among the `` 25 Most Wired Law Schools . ''	4th	Where does the Washington University School of Law rank among `` 25 Most Wired Law Schools '' ?
The law school is located in a state-of-the-art building , Anheuser-Busch Hall -LRB- opened in 1997 -RRB- .	Anheuser-Busch Hall	What building provides the location of the Washington University School of Law ?
The Washington University School of Medicine , founded in 1891 , is highly regarded as one of the world 's leading centers for medical research and training .	1891	When was the Washington University School of Medicine founded ?
The School ranks first in the nation in student selectivity .	first	Where does the Washington University School of Medicine rank in student selectivity ?
Among its many recent initiatives , The Genome Center at Washington University -LRB- directed by Richard K. Wilson -RRB- played a leading role in the Human Genome Project , having contributed 25 % of the finished sequence .	Richard K. Wilson	Who is the director of the Genome Center at Washington University ?
Among its many recent initiatives , The Genome Center at Washington University -LRB- directed by Richard K. Wilson -RRB- played a leading role in the Human Genome Project , having contributed 25 % of the finished sequence .	25%	How much of a contribution did the Genome Center at Washington University make in sequencing the Human Genome Project ?
The medical school partners with St. Louis Children 's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital -LRB- part of BJC HealthCare -RRB- , where all physicians are members of the school 's faculty .	St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital	What hospitals partner with the Washington University School of Medicine ?
With roots dating back to 1909 in the university 's School of Social Economy , the George Warren Brown School of Social Work -LRB- commonly called the Brown School or Brown -RRB- was founded in 1925 .	1925	When was the George Warren Brown School of Social Work founded ?
With roots dating back to 1909 in the university 's School of Social Economy , the George Warren Brown School of Social Work -LRB- commonly called the Brown School or Brown -RRB- was founded in 1925 .	Brown School or Brown	By what other names is the George Warren Brown School of Social Work known ?
Brown 's academic degree offerings include a Master of Social Work -LRB- MSW -RRB- , a Master of Public Health -LRB- MPH -RRB- , a PhD in Social Work , and a PhD in Public Health Sciences .	Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences	What degree programs are offered by the George Warren Brown School of Social Work ?
The school was endowed by Bettie Bofinger Brown and named for her husband , George Warren Brown , a St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company .	St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company	What roles was George Warren Brown known ?
The school is housed within Brown and Goldfarb Halls , but a third building expansion is currently in progress and slated to be completed in summer 2015 .	Brown and Goldfarb Halls	What facilities house the George Warren Brown School of Social Work ?
The school 's current dean is Edward F. Lawlor .	Edward F. Lawlor	Who is the Brown School 's current Dean ?
In addition to affiliation with the university-wide Institute of Public Health , Brown houses 12 research centers .	12 research centers.	How many research centers are housed by the Brown School ?
The Brown School Library collects materials on many topics , with specific emphasis on : children , youth , and families ; gerontology ; health ; mental health ; social and economic development ; family therapy ; and management .	children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management.	What topics of emphasis are contained in the Brown School Library collection ?
The school has many nationally and internationally acclaimed scholars in social security , health care , health disparities , communication , social and health policy , and individual and family development .	social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development	What areas does the Brown School Library have represented scholars ?
The library maintains subscriptions to over 450 academic journals .	over 450 academic journals	To how many academic journals does the Brown School Library subscribe ?
The Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum , established in 1881 , is one of the oldest teaching museums in the country .	1881	When was the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum established ?
The collection includes works from 19th , 20th , and 21st century American and European artists , including George Caleb Bingham , Thomas Cole , Pablo Picasso , Max Ernst , Alexander Calder , Jackson Pollock , Rembrandt , Robert Rauschenberg , Barbara Kruger , and Christian Boltanski .	19th, 20th, and 21st century	From what centuries does the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum have collections ?
In October 2006 , the Kemper Art Museum moved from its previous location , Steinberg Hall , into a new facility designed by former faculty member Fumihiko Maki .	2006	When did the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum changed locations ?
In October 2006 , the Kemper Art Museum moved from its previous location , Steinberg Hall , into a new facility designed by former faculty member Fumihiko Maki .	Fumihiko Maki	Who designed the new location of the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum ?
Interestingly , the new Kemper Art Museum is located directly across from Steinberg Hall , which was Maki 's very first commission in 1959 .	Steinberg Hall	What facility was Fumihiko Maki 's first commission ?
Virtually all faculty members at Washington University engage in academic research , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- offering opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students across the university 's seven schools .	seven	How many schools does Washington University have ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- More than 60 % of undergraduates are involved in faculty research across all areas ; it is an institutional priority for undergraduates to be allowed to participate in advanced research .	60%	What percent of undergraduate students are involved in faculty research ?
According to the Center for Measuring University Performance , it is considered to be one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation .	one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation	How does the Center for Measuring University performance rank Washington University ?
A dedicated Office of Undergraduate Research is located on the Danforth Campus and serves as a resource to post research opportunities , advise students in finding appropriate positions matching their interests , publish undergraduate research journals , and award research grants to make it financially possible to perform research .	the Danforth Campus	Where is the Office of Undergraduate Research located ?
During fiscal year 2007 , $ 537.5 million was received in total research support , including $ 444 million in federal obligations .	$537.5 million	How much money in financial support did Washington University receive in 2007 ?
The University has over 150 National Institutes of Health funded inventions , with many of them licensed to private companies .	150	How many inventions does Washington University have funded by the National Institute of health ?
Nearly 80 % of NIH grants to institutions in the state of Missouri went to Washington University alone in 2007 .	80%	What percentage of NH grants in Missouri went to Washington University ?
Washington University and its Medical School play a large part in the Human Genome Project , where it contributes approximately 25 % of the finished sequence .	25%	What percentage of the sequencing did the Washington University Medical School contribute to the Human Genome Project ?
The Genome Sequencing Center has decoded the genome of many animals , plants , and cellular organisms , including the platypus , chimpanzee , cat , and corn .	platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn	What are some organisms for which the Genome Sequencing Center at Washington University Medical provided genome decoding ?
Washington University has over 300 undergraduate student organizations on campus .	300	How many student organizations does Washington University have on campus ?
Most are funded by the Washington University Student Union , which has a $ 2 million plus annual budget that is completely student-controlled and is one of the largest student government budgets in the country .	by the Washington University Student Union	How are most student organizations at Washington University funded ?
Most are funded by the Washington University Student Union , which has a $ 2 million plus annual budget that is completely student-controlled and is one of the largest student government budgets in the country .	$2 million	What is the amount of the Washington University Student Union annual budget ?
There are 11 fraternities and 9 sororities , with approximately 35 % of the student body being involved in Greek life .	35%	What percentage of students are involved in Greek life at Washington University ?
There are 11 fraternities and 9 sororities , with approximately 35 % of the student body being involved in Greek life .	11	How many fraternities are located at Washington University ?
Washington University has a large number of student-run musical groups on campus , including 12 official a cappella groups .	12	How many a cappella groups does Washington University have ?
The Pikers , an all-male group , is the oldest such group on campus .	The Pikers	What is the name of the oldest a cappella group at Washington University ?
The Greenleafs , an all-female group is the oldest -LRB- and only -RRB- female group on campus .	The Greenleafs	What is the oldest female a cappella group at Washington University ?
The Amateurs , who also appeared on this album , is another co-ed a cappella group on campus , founded in 1991 .	1991	When was the oldest co-ed a cappella group at Washington University founded ?
In 2008 the group performed on MSNBC during coverage of the vice presidential debate with specially written songs about Joe Biden and Sarah Palin .	2008	When did the group After Dark perform MSNBC ?
Over 50 % of undergraduate students live on campus .	Over 50%	What percent of undergraduate students live on campus at Washington University ?
Most of the residence halls on campus are located on the South 40 , named because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres -LRB- 160,000 m2 -RRB- .	the South 40,	Where are most residence halls located at Washington University ?
Most of the residence halls on campus are located on the South 40 , named because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres -LRB- 160,000 m2 -RRB- .	because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres	How did the South 40 get its name ?
Most of the residence halls on campus are located on the South 40 , named because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres -LRB- 160,000 m2 -RRB- .	the South 40	Where are all freshman residence buildings at Washington University located ?
All of the residential halls are co-ed .	co-ed	What is the gender make-up of the residence halls at Washington University ?
Another group of residences , known as the Village , is located in the northwest corner of Danforth Campus .	the northwest corner of Danforth Campus	Where is the Village located at Washington University ?
Only open to upperclassmen and January Scholars , the North Side consists of Millbrook Apartments , The Village , Village East on-campus apartments , and all fraternity houses except the Zeta Beta Tau house , which is off campus and located just northwest of the South 40 .	upperclassmen and January Scholars	What students are allowed in the North Side residences at Washington University ?
The Village is a group of residences where students who have similar interests or academic goals apply as small groups of 4 to 24 , known as BLOCs , to live together in clustered suites along with non-BLOCs .	groups of 4 to 24	How many students are composed in Blocs ?
Only open to upperclassmen and January Scholars , the North Side consists of Millbrook Apartments , The Village , Village East on-campus apartments , and all fraternity houses except the Zeta Beta Tau house , which is off campus and located just northwest of the South 40 .	Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments	What residences comprise the North Side of Washington University ?
The Village is a group of residences where students who have similar interests or academic goals apply as small groups of 4 to 24 , known as BLOCs , to live together in clustered suites along with non-BLOCs .	students who have similar interests or academic goals	How are students grouped in BLOCS at the Village residences ?
Washington University supports four major student-run media outlets .	four	How many media outlets does Washington University support ?
KWUR -LRB- 90.3 FM -RRB- serves as the students ' official radio station ; the station also attracts an audience in the immediately surrounding community due to its eclectic and free-form musical programming .	KWUR (90.3 FM)	What is the official student radio station at Washington University ?
The university 's main student-run political publication is the Washington University Political Review -LRB- nicknamed `` WUPR '' -RRB- , a self-described `` multipartisan '' monthly magazine .	Washington University Political Review	What is the name of Washington University 's political publication ?
WUTV is the university 's closed-circuit television channel .	WUTV	What is Washington University 's closed circuit television network ?
Washington University undergraduates publish two literary and art journals , The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine .	The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine	What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University ?
Washington University 's sports teams are called the Bears .	the Bears	What is the name of the Washington University sports teams ?
They are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and participate in the University Athletic Association at the Division III level .	Division III	At what division level does the Washington University sports teams compete ?
The Bears have won 19 NCAA Division III Championships -- one in women 's cross country -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , one in men 's tennis -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , two in men 's basketball -LRB- 2008 , 2009 -RRB- , five in women 's basketball -LRB- 1998 -- 2001 , 2010 -RRB- , and ten in women 's volleyball -LRB- 1989 , 1991 -- 1996 , 2003 , 2007 , 2009 -RRB- -- and 144 UAA titles in 15 different sports .	19	How many NCAA division championships have the Washington University sports teams won ?
The Bears have won 19 NCAA Division III Championships -- one in women 's cross country -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , one in men 's tennis -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , two in men 's basketball -LRB- 2008 , 2009 -RRB- , five in women 's basketball -LRB- 1998 -- 2001 , 2010 -RRB- , and ten in women 's volleyball -LRB- 1989 , 1991 -- 1996 , 2003 , 2007 , 2009 -RRB- -- and 144 UAA titles in 15 different sports .	2008, 2009	In what years did the Washington University men 's basketball teams win division championships ?
The Athletic Department is headed by John Schael who has served as director of athletics since 1978 .	John Schael	Who is the head of the Washington University Athletic Department ?
Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation -LRB- FBI -RRB- , which is a domestic security service , CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering , with only limited domestic collection .	overseas intelligence gathering	What is the CIA 's main focus ?
Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation -LRB- FBI -RRB- , which is a domestic security service , CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering , with only limited domestic collection .	Federal Bureau of Investigation	What does FBI stand for ?
Moreover , CIA is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert action on behalf of the President , unless the President determines that another agency is better suited for carrying out such action .	CIA	What is the only agency that is authorized to carry out action on behalf of the president ?
The Associate Director of military affairs , a senior military officer , manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands , who produce regional/operational intelligence and consume national intelligence .	The Associate Director of military affairs	What is the title of the person who manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands ?
The Executive Office also supports the U.S. military by providing it with information it gathers , receiving information from military intelligence organizations , and cooperating on field activities .	providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities	What three ways does the Executive office support the U.S. military ?
The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA , and each branch of the service has its own Director .	The Executive Director	Who is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA ?
It has four regional analytic groups , six groups for transnational issues , and three focus on policy , collection , and staff support .	four	How many regional analytic groups does the Directorate of Analysis have ?
The Directorate of Analysis produces all-source intelligence investigation on key foreign and intercontinental issues relating to powerful and sometimes anti-government sensitive topics .	The Directorate of Analysis	Who produces all source intelligence investigations ?
It has four regional analytic groups , six groups for transnational issues , and three focus on policy , collection , and staff support .	three	How many groups of the Directorate of Analysis focus on policy , collection and staff support ?
It has four regional analytic groups , six groups for transnational issues , and three focus on policy , collection , and staff support .	six	How many groups does the Directorate of Analysis have for transnational issues ?
There is an office dedicated to Iraq , and regional analytical Offices covering the Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis , the Office of Russian and European Analysis , and the Office of Asian Pacific , Asian Pacific , Latin American , and African Analysis and African Analysis .	Iraq	The Directorate of Analysis has an office dedicated to what country ?
The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence , mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources , and covert action .	The Directorate of Operations	What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence ?
This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence , philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense -LRB- DOD -RRB- and the CIA .	to end years of rivalry	What is the main reason the Directorate of Operations was created ?
In spite of this , the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service , the Defense Clandestine Service -LRB- DCS -RRB- , under the Defense Intelligence Agency -LRB- DIA -RRB- .	the Defense Clandestine Service	What intelligence service did the Department of Defense recently create ?
In spite of this , the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service , the Defense Clandestine Service -LRB- DCS -RRB- , under the Defense Intelligence Agency -LRB- DIA -RRB- .	Defense Intelligence Agency	What does DIA stand for ?
This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence , philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense -LRB- DOD -RRB- and the CIA .	Department of Defense	What is DOD short for ?
The CIA established its first training facility , the Office of Training and Education , in 1950 .	1950	In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility ?
The CIA established its first training facility , the Office of Training and Education , in 1950 .	the Office of Training and Education	What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA ?
Following the end of the Cold War , the CIA 's training budget was slashed , which had a negative effect on employee retention .	the Cold War	What event decreased the CIA 's training budget ?
CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year , training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers , as well as CIA support staff .	between 200 and 300	How many annual courses does the CIA University have ?
In response , Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002 .	George Tenet	Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002 ?
Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 , the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend `` un-vouchered '' government money .	1949	What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created ?
The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007 ; the fiscal 2013 figure is $ 52.6 billion .	$52.6 billion	How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013 ?
Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 , the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend `` un-vouchered '' government money .	the Director of Central Intelligence	Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money ?
CIA 's HUMINT budget is $ 2.3 billion , the SIGINT budget is $ 1.7 billion , and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $ 2.5 billion .	$2.3 billion	What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA 's HUMINT ?
`` Covert action programs '' , including a variety of activities such as the CIA 's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities , accounts for $ 2.6 billion .	drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities	What two major things does the CIA 's `` Covert action programs '' include ?
As a result , it was revealed that CIA 's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $ 550 million -LRB- inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016 -RRB- , and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $ 26.6 billion -LRB- inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016 -RRB- .	1963	What was the first year the CIA 's budget was disclosed ?
There have been accidental disclosures ; for instance , Mary Margaret Graham , a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005 , said that the annual intelligence budget was $ 44 billion , and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $ 43.4 billion -LRB- in 2012 dollars -RRB- in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program , including $ 4.8 billion for the CIA .	Mary Margaret Graham	Who disclosed the CIA 's budget for 2005 ?
There have been accidental disclosures ; for instance , Mary Margaret Graham , a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005 , said that the annual intelligence budget was $ 44 billion , and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $ 43.4 billion -LRB- in 2012 dollars -RRB- in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program , including $ 4.8 billion for the CIA .	Congress	What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994 ?
After the Marshall Plan was approved , appropriating $ 13.7 billion over five years , 5 % of those funds or $ 685 million were made available to the CIA .	the Marshall Plan	What plan appropriated $ 13.7 billion over five years ?
After the Marshall Plan was approved , appropriating $ 13.7 billion over five years , 5 % of those funds or $ 685 million were made available to the CIA .	5%	What percent of the $ 13.7 billion did the CIA receive ?
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom 's Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- the SIS or MI6 -RRB- , the Australian Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- ASIS -RRB- , the Egyptian General Intelligence Service , the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service -LRB- Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki -RRB- -LRB- SVR -RRB- , the Indian Research and Analysis Wing -LRB- RAW -RRB- , the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence -LRB- ISI -RRB- , the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure -LRB- DGSE -RRB- and Israel 's Mossad .	Secret Intelligence Service	What is the UK 's equivalent to the CIA ?
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom 's Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- the SIS or MI6 -RRB- , the Australian Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- ASIS -RRB- , the Egyptian General Intelligence Service , the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service -LRB- Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki -RRB- -LRB- SVR -RRB- , the Indian Research and Analysis Wing -LRB- RAW -RRB- , the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence -LRB- ISI -RRB- , the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure -LRB- DGSE -RRB- and Israel 's Mossad .	Australian Secret Intelligence Service	What does ASIS stand for ?
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom 's Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- the SIS or MI6 -RRB- , the Australian Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- ASIS -RRB- , the Egyptian General Intelligence Service , the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service -LRB- Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki -RRB- -LRB- SVR -RRB- , the Indian Research and Analysis Wing -LRB- RAW -RRB- , the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence -LRB- ISI -RRB- , the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure -LRB- DGSE -RRB- and Israel 's Mossad .	Mossad	What is the name of Israel 's intelligence agency ?
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom 's Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- the SIS or MI6 -RRB- , the Australian Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- ASIS -RRB- , the Egyptian General Intelligence Service , the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service -LRB- Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki -RRB- -LRB- SVR -RRB- , the Indian Research and Analysis Wing -LRB- RAW -RRB- , the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence -LRB- ISI -RRB- , the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure -LRB- DGSE -RRB- and Israel 's Mossad .	RAW	What is the acronym for India 's Research and Analysis Wing ?
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom 's Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- the SIS or MI6 -RRB- , the Australian Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- ASIS -RRB- , the Egyptian General Intelligence Service , the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service -LRB- Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki -RRB- -LRB- SVR -RRB- , the Indian Research and Analysis Wing -LRB- RAW -RRB- , the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence -LRB- ISI -RRB- , the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure -LRB- DGSE -RRB- and Israel 's Mossad .	DGSE	What is the acronym for French 's intelligence service ?
The closest links of the U.S. IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries : Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom .	Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom	Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC ?
Previously , the marking of NOFORN -LRB- i.e. , No Foreign Nationals -RRB- required the originator to specify which , if any , non-U.S. countries could receive the information .	No Foreign Nationals	What does NOFORN stand for ?
A new handling caveat , USA/AUS/CAN / GBR/NZL Five Eyes , used primarily on intelligence messages , gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia , Canada , United Kingdom , and New Zealand .	USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes	What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries ?
The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- MI6 -RRB- , and Special Operations Executive .	Franklin D. Roosevelt	What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service ?
The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service -LRB- MI6 -RRB- , and Special Operations Executive .	British	Who 's secret intelligence service was the US 's modeled after ?
This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services -LRB- OSS -RRB- .	Office of Strategic Services	What does OSS stand for ?
On September 20 , 1945 , shortly after the end of World War II , Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS , and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War .	Harry S. Truman	Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS ?
On September 20 , 1945 , shortly after the end of World War II , Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS , and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War .	1945	In what year was the OSS dissolved ?
Lawrence Houston , head counsel of the SSU , CIG , and , later CIA , was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG , and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency .	National Security Act	Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG ?
It created the program `` PL-110 '' , to handle defectors and other `` essential aliens '' who fell outside normal immigration procedures .	PL-110	What program handled `` essential aliens '' that did not fall under normal immigration policies ?
In 1949 , Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act , -LRB- Public law 81-110 -RRB- which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures , and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds .	Central Intelligence Agency Act	Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949 ?
On 21 August 1950 , shortly after the invasion of South Korea , Truman announced Walter Bedell Smith as the new Director of the CIA to correct what was seen as a grave failure of Intelligence .	Walter Bedell Smith	Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950 ?
On 21 August 1950 , shortly after the invasion of South Korea , Truman announced Walter Bedell Smith as the new Director of the CIA to correct what was seen as a grave failure of Intelligence .	Truman	What president announced the new CIA director ?
Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates , which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams , military dispatches , and other public documents .	the Office of Reports and Estimates	Where was most of the CIA 's intelligence coming from before 1950 ?
Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him , the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action , and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US .	Truman	Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him ?
Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him , the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action , and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US .	military intelligence and covert action	What did the Department of defense want from the CIA ?
Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him , the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action , and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US .	create global political change favorable to the US	What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do ?
One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union , which had also been a priority of the CIA 's predecessors .	the Soviet Union	What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering ?
US army general Hoyt Vandenberg , the CIG 's second director , created the Office of Special Operations -LRB- OSO -RRB- , as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates -LRB- ORE -RRB- .	Hoyt Vandenberg	Who created the Office of Special Operations ?
US army general Hoyt Vandenberg , the CIG 's second director , created the Office of Special Operations -LRB- OSO -RRB- , as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates -LRB- ORE -RRB- .	Office of Reports and Estimates	What does ORE stand for ?
Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $ 15 million , the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress .	$15 million	What was the Office of Special Operations initial budget ?
Vandenberg 's goals were much like the ones set out by his predecessor ; finding out `` everything about the Soviet forces in Eastern and Central Europe - their movements , their capabilities , and their intentions . ''	the Soviet forces	Who was the OSO trying to track and gain intelligence on ?
On 18 June 1948 , the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR , and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against `` hostile foreign states or groups '' that could , if needed , be denied by the U.S. government .	1948	In what year was directive 10/2 issued ?
The OPC was quite unique ; Frank Wisner , the head of the OPC , answered not to the CIA Director , but to the secretaries of defense , state , and the NSC , and the OPC 's actions were a secret even from the head of the CIA .	Frank Wisner	Who was the head of the OPC ?
Most CIA stations had two station chiefs , one working for the OSO , and one working for the OPC .	two	Most CIA stations had how many chiefs ?
On 18 June 1948 , the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR , and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against `` hostile foreign states or groups '' that could , if needed , be denied by the U.S. government .	the USSR	Directive 10/2 called for actions against who ?
In particular , the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,000 troops .	300,000	How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War ?
The famous double agent Kim Philby was the British liaison to American Central Intelligence .	Kim Philby	Who compromised hundreds of airdrops ?
Arlington Hall , the nerve center of CIA cryptanalysisl was compromised by Bill Weisband , a Russian translator and Soviet spy .	Bill Weisband	Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy ?
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli , such as stubbing a toe , burning a finger , putting alcohol on a cut , and bumping the `` funny bone '' .	intense or damaging	What type of stimuli causes pain ?
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli , such as stubbing a toe , burning a finger , putting alcohol on a cut , and bumping the `` funny bone '' .	distressing	What type of feeling is pain ?
Because it is a complex , subjective phenomenon , defining pain has been a challenge .	complex, subjective phenomenon	Why has defining pain been a challenge ?
The International Association for the Study of Pain 's widely used definition states : `` Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage , or described in terms of such damage . ''	The International Association for the Study of Pain	What organization 's definition is widely used ?
In medical diagnosis , pain is a symptom .	a symptom	In medical diagnosis , what is pain considered ?
Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries .	Pain	What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries ?
It is a major symptom in many medical conditions , and can interfere with a person 's quality of life and general functioning .	interfere	How can pain effect a person 's quality of life and general functioning ?
Psychological factors such as social support , hypnotic suggestion , excitement , or distraction can significantly affect pain 's intensity or unpleasantness .	Psychological	Excitement and distraction are what type of factors which affect pain 's intensity ?
In some arguments put forth in physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia debates , pain has been used as an argument to permit terminally ill patients to end their lives .	end their lives	What has pain sometimes been used as an argument to allow terminally ill patients the right to do ?
In 1994 , responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain , the International Association for the Study of Pain -LRB- IASP -RRB- classified pain according to specific characteristics : -LRB- 1 -RRB- region of the body involved -LRB- e.g. abdomen , lower limbs -RRB- , -LRB- 2 -RRB- system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain -LRB- e.g. , nervous , gastrointestinal -RRB- , -LRB- 3 -RRB- duration and pattern of occurrence , -LRB- 4 -RRB- intensity and time since onset , and -LRB- 5 -RRB- etiology .	1994	What year did the IASP respond to the need to create a more useful system for describing pain ?
In 1994 , responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain , the International Association for the Study of Pain -LRB- IASP -RRB- classified pain according to specific characteristics : -LRB- 1 -RRB- region of the body involved -LRB- e.g. abdomen , lower limbs -RRB- , -LRB- 2 -RRB- system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain -LRB- e.g. , nervous , gastrointestinal -RRB- , -LRB- 3 -RRB- duration and pattern of occurrence , -LRB- 4 -RRB- intensity and time since onset , and -LRB- 5 -RRB- etiology .	5	How many classes of pain does the IASP system note ?
However , this system has been criticized by Clifford J. Woolf and others as inadequate for guiding research and treatment .	Clifford J. Woolf and others	Who has criticized the IASP 's system ?
However , this system has been criticized by Clifford J. Woolf and others as inadequate for guiding research and treatment .	guiding research and treatment	What do some people feel the IASP 's system is inadequate for ?
Woolf suggests three classes of pain : -LRB- 1 -RRB- nociceptive pain , -LRB- 2 -RRB- inflammatory pain which is associated with tissue damage and the infiltration of immune cells , and -LRB- 3 -RRB- pathological pain which is a disease state caused by damage to the nervous system or by its abnormal function -LRB- e.g. fibromyalgia , irritable bowel syndrome , tension type headache , etc. -RRB- .	three	How many classes of research does Woolf encourage ?
Pain is usually transitory , lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed , but some painful conditions , such as rheumatoid arthritis , peripheral neuropathy , cancer and idiopathic pain , may persist for years .	Pain	What is usually temporary ?
Pain is usually transitory , lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed , but some painful conditions , such as rheumatoid arthritis , peripheral neuropathy , cancer and idiopathic pain , may persist for years .	only until the noxious stimulus is removed	How long does pain tend to last ?
Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persistent , and pain that resolves quickly is called acute .	acute	What is pain which resolves quickly called ?
Traditionally , the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time from onset ; the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain , though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months. :93 Others apply acute to pain that lasts less than 30 days , chronic to pain of more than six months ' duration , and subacute to pain that lasts from one to six months .	interval of time from onset	What has the distinction between acute and chronic pain been arbitrarily measured by ?
Chronic pain may be classified as cancer pain or else as benign .	cancer pain	What might chronic pain sometimes be referred to as ?
Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity -LRB- nociceptors -RRB- , and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation .	Nociceptive	Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain ?
Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity -LRB- nociceptors -RRB- , and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation .	according to the mode of noxious stimulation	How is nociceptive pain classified ?
The most common categories are `` thermal '' -LRB- e.g. heat or cold -RRB- , `` mechanical '' -LRB- e.g. crushing , tearing , shearing , etc. -RRB- and `` chemical '' -LRB- e.g. iodine in a cut or chemicals released during inflammation -RRB- .	heat or cold	The thermal category of pain deals with which two temperature ranges ?
The most common categories are `` thermal '' -LRB- e.g. heat or cold -RRB- , `` mechanical '' -LRB- e.g. crushing , tearing , shearing , etc. -RRB- and `` chemical '' -LRB- e.g. iodine in a cut or chemicals released during inflammation -RRB- .	mechanical	Crushing , tearing and shearing are examples of which type of pain ?
Some nociceptors respond to more than one of these modalities and are consequently designated polymodal .	polymodal	What is the term for nociceptors which respond to more than one type of stimuli ?
Nociceptive pain may also be divided into `` visceral '' , `` deep somatic '' and `` superficial somatic '' pain .	Nociceptive	What type of of pain is visceral a division of ?
Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch , ischemia and inflammation , but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures , such as burning and cutting .	Visceral	What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning ?
Deep somatic pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments , tendons , bones , blood vessels , fasciae and muscles , and is dull , aching , poorly-localized pain .	Deep somatic	Which type of pain is dull , aching and hard to pin-point ?
It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening , deep , squeezing , and dull .	nausea and vomiting	What can visceral pain be accompanied by ?
Superficial pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue , and is sharp , well-defined and clearly located .	Superficial	What type of pain are first degree burns classified as causing ?
The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82 % , and in lower limb amputees is 54 % .	nearly 82%	What percentage of people who 've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain ?
The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82 % , and in lower limb amputees is 54 % .	54%	What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees ?
If the pain is continuous for a long period , parts of the intact body may become sensitized , so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb , or phantom limb pain may accompany urination or defecation .	phantom limb pain	What may accompany urination for amputees ?
If the pain is continuous for a long period , parts of the intact body may become sensitized , so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb , or phantom limb pain may accompany urination or defecation .	become sensitized	What may happen with intact body parts if there is continuous pain for a long period ?
One study found that eight days after amputation , 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain , and six months later , 65 percent reported it .	65 percent	After six months , what percentage of people who had limbs amputated still felt pain in those limbs ?
Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days , weeks , or sometimes permanently , despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours ; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours , weeks or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain .	may relieve pain	What happens when an anesthetic injection is directed into the nerves a limb stump ?
Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days , weeks , or sometimes permanently , despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours ; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours , weeks or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain .	permanently	How long can an anesthetic , at max , relieve pain for , despite wearing off in only hours ?
Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days , weeks , or sometimes permanently , despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours ; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours , weeks or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain .	hypertonic saline	What is injected in small amounts into the soft tissue between vertebrae to produce local pain ?
Vigorous vibration or electrical stimulation of the stump , or current from electrodes surgically implanted onto the spinal cord , all produce relief in some patients .	relief	Vibrating the stump of an amputee 's limb can produce what in some patients ?
Paraplegia , the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage , may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage , visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel , or , in five to ten per cent of paraplegics , phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss .	loss of sensation and voluntary motor control	What is paraplegia ?
This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain , or the sensation of fire running down the legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh .	burning or tingling	What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage ?
Paraplegia , the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage , may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage , visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel , or , in five to ten per cent of paraplegics , phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss .	serious spinal cord damage,	What can cause paraplegia ?
Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief .	Surgical	What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief ?
This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain , or the sensation of fire running down the legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh .	phantom body	The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain ?
People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance , with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria , depression and hypochondriasis -LRB- the `` neurotic triad '' -RRB- .	neurotic	What triad are the inventory scales of hysteria , depression and hypochondriasis classified as ?
People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance , with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria , depression and hypochondriasis -LRB- the `` neurotic triad '' -RRB- .	psychological disturbance	When people have long-term pain , what do they frequently display ?
Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic , but clinical evidence points the other way , to chronic pain causing neuroticism .	chronic pain	Clinical evidence indicates that neuroticism is caused by what ?
When long-term pain is relieved by therapeutic intervention , scores on the neurotic triad and anxiety fall , often to normal levels .	fall	If long-term pain can be relieved by therapy , what does a person 's neurotic triad score do ?
Self-esteem , often low in chronic pain patients , also shows improvement once pain has resolved .	Self-esteem	What shows improvement in many patients once their pain has been resolved ?
Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient 's normal pain management .	Breakthrough	What is the term for pain which is acute and note alleviated by normal pain management ?
It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications , but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time `` breaks through '' the medication .	medications	How do cancer patients usually control their background pain ?
It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications , but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time `` breaks through '' the medication .	cancer patients	Who is breakthrough pain common among ?
Management of breakthrough pain can entail intensive use of opioids , including fentanyl .	opioids	What class of medication is fentanyl an example of ?
Management of breakthrough pain can entail intensive use of opioids , including fentanyl .	Management	What activity in relation to breakthrough pain requires heavy use of opiods ?
Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain , it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients , with morphine injection or psychosurgery .	morphine	Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but are n't bothered by it ?
Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it ; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little , or not at all .	little, or not at all	How much do some patients going through psychosurgery suffer from the sensation of pain ?
Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain , it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients , with morphine injection or psychosurgery .	unpleasantness	IASP 's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part ?
Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain , it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients , with morphine injection or psychosurgery .	a state described as intense pain	What is it possible to induce which is , contrary to expectations , devoid of unpleasantness ?
Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth ; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations , and find pain unpleasant , but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus .	Indifference	What perspective towards pain are some people with perfectly normal nerves born with ?
A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system , known as `` congenital insensitivity to pain '' .	pain	An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what ?
A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system , known as `` congenital insensitivity to pain '' .	congenital insensitivity to pain	What is it known as when someone is born without being able to feel pain because of their nervous system ?
Some die before adulthood , and others have a reduced life expectancy .	reduced	What is the life expectancy for people who ca n't feel pain ?
A very rare syndrome with isolated congenital insensitivity to pain has been linked with mutations in the SCN9A gene , which codes for a sodium channel -LRB- Nav1 .7 -RRB- necessary in conducting pain nerve stimuli .	SCN9A	What gene is responsible for coding for a sodium channel necessary for conducting pain nerve stimuli ?
In 1644 , René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain , a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual , mystical experience to a physical , mechanical sensation -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	1644	When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain ?
In 1644 , René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain , a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual , mystical experience to a physical , mechanical sensation -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	a disturbance	What did Descartes think pain was ?
Another theory that came to prominence in the 18th and 19th centuries was intensive theory , which conceived of pain not as a unique sensory modality , but an emotional state produced by stronger than normal stimuli such as intense light , pressure or temperature .	emotional	What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being ?
Specificity theory saw pain as `` a specific sensation , with its own sensory apparatus independent of touch and other senses '' .	Specificity	What theory perceives pain as being a specific sensation ?
However , after a series of clinical observations by Henry Head and experiments by Max von Frey , the psychologists migrated to specificity almost en masse , and by century 's end , most textbooks on physiology and psychology were presenting pain specificity as fact .	psychologists	Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass ?
In 1955 , DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory , based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe .	1955	What year was peripheral pattern theory developed ?
In 1955 , DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory , based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe .	John Paul Nafe	Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory ?
The authors proposed that both thin -LRB- pain -RRB- and large diameter -LRB- touch , pressure , vibration -RRB- nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord , and that the more large fiber activity relative to thin fiber activity at the inhibitory cell , the less pain is felt .	nerve fibers	What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation ?
They proposed that all skin fiber endings -LRB- with the exception of those innervating hair cells -RRB- are identical , and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers .	identical	What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is ?
Both peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory have been superseded by more modern theories of pain -LSB- citation needed -RSB- .	superseded by more modern theories of pain	Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind ?
In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions : `` sensory-discriminative '' -LRB- sense of the intensity , location , quality and duration of the pain -RRB- , `` affective-motivational '' -LRB- unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness -RRB- , and `` cognitive-evaluative '' -LRB- cognitions such as appraisal , cultural values , distraction and hypnotic suggestion -RRB- .	three	How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of ?
In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions : `` sensory-discriminative '' -LRB- sense of the intensity , location , quality and duration of the pain -RRB- , `` affective-motivational '' -LRB- unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness -RRB- , and `` cognitive-evaluative '' -LRB- cognitions such as appraisal , cultural values , distraction and hypnotic suggestion -RRB- .	urge to escape the unpleasantness	The affective-motivational dimension of pain is characterized by what urge ?
They theorized that pain intensity -LRB- the sensory discriminative dimension -RRB- and unpleasantness -LRB- the affective-motivational dimension -RRB- are not simply determined by the magnitude of the painful stimulus , but `` higher '' cognitive activities can influence perceived intensity and unpleasantness .	cognitive activities	What did Melzack and Casey theorize could influence the perception of the magnitude of pain ?
Thus , excitement in games or war appears to block both dimensions of pain , while suggestion and placebos may modulate the affective-motivational dimension and leave the sensory-discriminative dimension relatively undisturbed . ''	dimensions	War game excitement appears to block what aspect of pain ?
-LRB- p. 432 -RRB- The paper ends with a call to action : `` Pain can be treated not only by trying to cut down the sensory input by anesthetic block , surgical intervention and the like , but also by influencing the motivational-affective and cognitive factors as well . ''	action	What did Melack 's and Casey 's paper end with a call towards ?
Wilhelm Erb 's -LRB- 1874 -RRB- `` intensive '' theory , that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor , has been soundly disproved .	pain	What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor ?
Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli , while others , nociceptors , respond only to noxious , high intensity stimuli .	noxious and non-noxious	What types of stimuli ca n't some sensory fibers differentiate between ?
Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli , while others , nociceptors , respond only to noxious , high intensity stimuli .	noxious, high intensity	What type of stimuli do nociceptors response to ?
Dozens of different types of nociceptor ion channels have so far been identified , and their exact functions are still being determined .	Dozens	How many different types of ion channels have so far been identified ?
At the peripheral end of the nociceptor , noxious stimuli generate currents that , above a given threshold , begin to send signals along the nerve fiber to the spinal cord .	currents	What does stimuli generate to send signals along a nerve fiber ?
The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber .	along an A-delta or C fiber	How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord ?
Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber , and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material -LRB- myelin -RRB- , it carries its signal faster -LRB- 5 -- 30 m/s -RRB- than the unmyelinated C fiber -LRB- 0.5 -- 2 m/s -RRB- .	A-delta	Which fiber is thicker ?
Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber , and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material -LRB- myelin -RRB- , it carries its signal faster -LRB- 5 -- 30 m/s -RRB- than the unmyelinated C fiber -LRB- 0.5 -- 2 m/s -RRB- .	myelin	What is the electrically insulting material that sheaths a-delta fiber ?
These first order neurons enter the spinal cord via Lissauer 's tract .	via Lissauer's tract	How do first order neurons enter the spinal cord ?
Pain evoked by the -LRB- faster -RRB- A-delta fibers is described as sharp and is felt first .	sharp and is felt first	What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as ?
Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals , and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals up the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain have been identified .	A-delta	What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to ?
Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals , and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals up the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain have been identified .	thalamus	Pain signals travel first to what region of the brain ?
Other spinal cord fibers , known as wide dynamic range neurons , respond to A-delta and C fibers , but also to the large A-beta fibers that carry touch , pressure and vibration signals .	spinal cord fibers	What are dynamic range neurons ?
Pain-related activity in the thalamus spreads to the insular cortex -LRB- thought to embody , among other things , the feeling that distinguishes pain from other homeostatic emotions such as itch and nausea -RRB- and anterior cingulate cortex -LRB- thought to embody , among other things , the motivational element of pain -RRB- ; and pain that is distinctly located also activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices .	the insular cortex	Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to ?
Pain-related activity in the thalamus spreads to the insular cortex -LRB- thought to embody , among other things , the feeling that distinguishes pain from other homeostatic emotions such as itch and nausea -RRB- and anterior cingulate cortex -LRB- thought to embody , among other things , the motivational element of pain -RRB- ; and pain that is distinctly located also activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices .	somatosensory	Pain which is distinctly located also activates what cortices ?
In his book , The Greatest Show on Earth : The Evidence for Evolution , biologist Richard Dawkins grapples with the question of why pain has to be so very painful .	Richard Dawkins	Who wrote `` The Greatest Show on Earth : The Evidence for Evolution '' ?
To argue why that red flag might be insufficient , Dawkins explains that drives must compete with each other within living beings .	drives	What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins ?
The most fit creature would be the one whose pains are well balanced .	one whose pains are well balanced	What would be the most fit creature ?
This resemblance will not be perfect , however , because natural selection can be a poor designer .	poor	What type of designer is natural selection ?
The relative intensities of pain , then , may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors -LRB- lack of food , too much cold , or serious injuries are felt as agony , whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort -RRB- .	risk	What might the relative intensities of pain resemble ?
Differences in pain perception and tolerance thresholds are associated with , among other factors , ethnicity , genetics , and sex .	sex	Along with with ethnicity and genetics , what is the other factor associated with differences in pain perception ?
People of Mediterranean origin report as painful some radiant heat intensities that northern Europeans describe as nonpainful .	Europeans	What might some people of Mediterranean origin report as painful that people of this origin would n't ?
And Italian women tolerate less intense electric shock than Jewish or Native American women .	Italian	What nationality can tolerate the least amount of electric shock ?
Some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal pain perception and tolerance thresholds .	pain perception	What do some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal ?
For instance , patients who experience painless heart attacks have higher pain thresholds for electric shock , muscle cramp and heat .	pain thresholds	Patients who have painless heart attacks have higher what ?
A person 's self-report is the most reliable measure of pain , with health care professionals tending to underestimate severity .	person's self-report	What is the most reliable measure of pain ?
A person 's self-report is the most reliable measure of pain , with health care professionals tending to underestimate severity .	severity	What do health-care professionals tend to underestimate ?
A definition of pain widely employed in nursing , emphasizing its subjective nature and the importance of believing patient reports , was introduced by Margo McCaffery in 1968 : `` Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is , existing whenever he says it does '' .	definition of pain	What did Margo McCaffery introduce in 1968 ?
To assess intensity , the patient may be asked to locate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10 , with 0 being no pain at all , and 10 the worst pain they have ever felt .	0 to 10	What scale might a patient be asked to locate their pain on ?
Quality can be established by having the patient complete the McGill Pain Questionnaire indicating which words best describe their pain .	which words best describe their pain	What are patients asked to use the McGill Pain Questionnaire to indicate ?
The Multidimensional Pain Inventory -LRB- MPI -RRB- is a questionnaire designed to assess the psychosocial state of a person with chronic pain .	Multidimensional Pain Inventory	What is MPI an abbreviation for ?
Analysis of MPI results by Turk and Rudy -LRB- 1988 -RRB- found three classes of chronic pain patient : '' -LRB- a -RRB- dysfunctional , people who perceived the severity of their pain to be high , reported that pain interfered with much of their lives , reported a higher degree of psychological distress caused by pain , and reported low levels of activity ; -LRB- b -RRB- interpersonally distressed , people with a common perception that significant others were not very supportive of their pain problems ; and -LRB- c -RRB- adaptive copers , patients who reported high levels of social support , relatively low levels of pain and perceived interference , and relatively high levels of activity . ''	three	How many classes of chronic pain patients are there ?
Analysis of MPI results by Turk and Rudy -LRB- 1988 -RRB- found three classes of chronic pain patient : '' -LRB- a -RRB- dysfunctional , people who perceived the severity of their pain to be high , reported that pain interfered with much of their lives , reported a higher degree of psychological distress caused by pain , and reported low levels of activity ; -LRB- b -RRB- interpersonally distressed , people with a common perception that significant others were not very supportive of their pain problems ; and -LRB- c -RRB- adaptive copers , patients who reported high levels of social support , relatively low levels of pain and perceived interference , and relatively high levels of activity . ''	their pain problems	What do interpersonally distressed people feel their significant others are n't supportive of ?
Analysis of MPI results by Turk and Rudy -LRB- 1988 -RRB- found three classes of chronic pain patient : '' -LRB- a -RRB- dysfunctional , people who perceived the severity of their pain to be high , reported that pain interfered with much of their lives , reported a higher degree of psychological distress caused by pain , and reported low levels of activity ; -LRB- b -RRB- interpersonally distressed , people with a common perception that significant others were not very supportive of their pain problems ; and -LRB- c -RRB- adaptive copers , patients who reported high levels of social support , relatively low levels of pain and perceived interference , and relatively high levels of activity . ''	high	What do dysfunctional people perceive the severity of their pain to be ?
Combining the MPI characterization of the person with their IASP five-category pain profile is recommended for deriving the most useful case description .	their IASP five-category pain profile	What should MPI characterization of a person be combined with for deriving the most useful case descriptions ?
When a person is non-verbal and can not self-report pain , observation becomes critical , and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators .	observation	What become critical when a person is non-verbal ?
When a person is non-verbal and can not self-report pain , observation becomes critical , and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators .	specific behaviors	What can be monitored as pain indicators ?
Patients experiencing pain may exhibit withdrawn social behavior and possibly experience a decreased appetite and decreased nutritional intake .	withdrawn	What type of social behavior might patients experiencing pain exhibit ?
In patients who possess language but are incapable of expressing themselves effectively , such as those with dementia , an increase in confusion or display of aggressive behaviors or agitation may signal that discomfort exists , and further assessment is necessary .	signal	How can patients with dementia indicate discomfort exists ?
Behaviors such as facial grimacing and guarding indicate pain , as well as an increase or decrease in vocalizations , changes in routine behavior patterns and mental status changes .	pain	Facial grimacing and guarding indicate what ?
The older adult may also quit doing activities they love because it hurts too much .	because it hurts too much	Why may older adults quit doing activities the love ?
The experience of pain has many cultural dimensions .	dimensions	What does the experience of pain have throughout cultures ?
An aging adult may not respond to pain in the way that a younger person would .	pain	What might an aging adult not respond to the same way as a younger person would ?
The older adult may refrain from reporting pain because they are afraid they will have to have surgery or will be put on a drug they might become addicted to .	a drug	An older adult may also not report pain because they 're scared they may be put on what ?
Their ability to recognize pain may be blunted by illness or the use of multiple prescription drugs .	illness	Aging adult 's ability to recognize pain may be blunted by what ?
Cultural barriers can also keep a person from telling someone they are in pain .	Cultural	What kind of barriers can prevent a person from telling someone they 're in pain ?
Religious beliefs may prevent the individual from seeking help .	prevent the individual from seeking help	How can religious beliefs contribute to a person remaining in pain ?
They may not report pain because they feel it is a sign that death is near .	death	Some people may not report pain because they think it 's a sign what is near ?
Many people fear the stigma of addiction and avoid pain treatment so as not to be prescribed potentially addicting drugs .	potentially addicting drugs	What do many people fear pain treatment will lead to ?
Many Asians do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain and need help , believing the pain should be borne in silence , while other cultures feel they should report pain right away and get immediate relief .	do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain	What is an issue of reporting pain specific to Asians ?
The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right , that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right , and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty .	a human right	What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as ?
The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right , that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right , and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty .	a disease	What should chronic pain be considered in its own right ?
It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time .	China and Australia	What two countries is treating pain a specialty in ?
Elsewhere , pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as anesthesiology , physiatry , neurology , palliative medicine and psychiatry .	subspecialty	What is pain medicine often under disciplines like physiatry , neurology , etc ?
In 2011 , Human Rights Watch alerted that tens of millions of people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain .	tens of millions	As of 2011 , how many people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain ?
Sugar taken orally reduces the total crying time but not the duration of the first cry in newborns undergoing a painful procedure -LRB- a single lancing of the heel -RRB- .	Sugar	What , when taken orally , can reduce total crying time of newsborns undergoing a painful procedure ?
It does not moderate the effect of pain on heart rate and a recent single study found that sugar did not significantly affect pain-related electrical activity in the brains of newborns one second after the heel lance procedure .	heart rate	What does n't sugar change the effect of pain on ?
It does not moderate the effect of pain on heart rate and a recent single study found that sugar did not significantly affect pain-related electrical activity in the brains of newborns one second after the heel lance procedure .	pain-related	Sugar also does n't measurably change what type of electrical activity in the brains of newborns a second after the heel lance procedure ?
Sweet oral liquid moderately reduces the incidence and duration of crying caused by immunization injection in children between one and twelve months of age .	crying	A sweet oral liquid does moderately reduce the incidence and duration of what ?
A number of meta-analyses have found clinical hypnosis to be effective in controlling pain associated with diagnostic and surgical procedures in both adults and children , as well as pain associated with cancer and childbirth .	controlling	Clinical hypnosis may be effective in doing what with pain associated with surgical procedures in adults and children ?
A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain in some conditions , though the number of patients enrolled in the studies was low , bringing up issues of power to detect group differences , and most lacked credible controls for placebo and/or expectation .	13	How many studies in 2007 found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain ?
A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain in some conditions , though the number of patients enrolled in the studies was low , bringing up issues of power to detect group differences , and most lacked credible controls for placebo and/or expectation .	credible controls for placebo and/or expectation	What did the studies regarding the effectiveness of hypnosis lack ?
The authors concluded that `` although the findings provide support for the general applicability of hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain , considerably more research will be needed to fully determine the effects of hypnosis for different chronic-pain conditions . ''	effects of hypnosis	What is considerable more research needed to determine for different chronic pain conditions ?
Pain is the most common reason for people to use complementary and alternative medicine .	Pain	What is the most common reason people seek out alternative medicine ?
An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture , published in January 2009 , concluded there is little difference in the effect of real , sham and no acupuncture .	little difference in the effect	What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments ?
Additionally , there is tentative evidence for a few herbal medicine .	herbal	What medicine is there tentative evidence for the efficacy of ?
However other reviews have found benefit .	benefit	Some contradictory reviews of 13 high quality studies found actual what ?
There is interest in the relationship between vitamin D and pain , but the evidence so far from controlled trials for such a relationship , other than in osteomalacia , is unconvincing .	vitamin D	Other than in osteomalacia , what is there no evidence of a relationship between pain and ?
Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues , including pain management policy , drug control , animal rights or animal welfare , torture , and pain compliance .	political	What type of topic is physical pain important in relation to many issues ?
In various contexts , the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence , or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer , or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable .	deliberate infliction	Corporal punishment is a form of what type of pain ?
In various contexts , the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence , or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer , or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable .	deter	How does pain inform attitudes deemed unacceptable ?
In some cultures , extreme practices such as mortification of the flesh or painful rites of passage are highly regarded .	extreme	What kind of practices do some cultures highly regard ?
In various contexts , the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence , or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer , or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable .	an offence	What is corporal punishment used as retribution for ?
The most reliable method for assessing pain in most humans is by asking a question : a person may report pain that can not be detected by any known physiological measure .	asking a question	What is the most reliable method of learning about pain in a human ?
However , like infants -LRB- Latin infans meaning `` unable to speak '' -RRB- , animals can not answer questions about whether they feel pain ; thus the defining criterion for pain in humans can not be applied to them .	whether they feel pain	What ca n't animals answer ?
René Descartes for example argued that animals lack consciousness and therefore do not experience pain and suffering in the way that humans do .	consciousness	What did Descartes argue animals lack ?
Bernard Rollin of Colorado State University , the principal author of two U.S. federal laws regulating pain relief for animals , writes that researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain , and that veterinarians trained in the U.S. before 1989 were simply taught to ignore animal pain .	Colorado State University	What university is Bernard Rollin associated with ?
The ability of invertebrate species of animals , such as insects , to feel pain and suffering is also unclear .	unclear	Can invertebrate species of animals like insects feel pain and suffering ?
The presence of pain in an animal can not be known for certain , but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions .	presence	What about pain in an animal is n't able to be known with certainty ?
The presence of pain in an animal can not be known for certain , but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions .	pain	An animals physical and behavioral reactions may be inferred to indicate the presence of what ?
Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain , and that certain invertebrates , like the octopus , might too .	vertebrates	Who do specialists believe can feel pain ?
As for other animals , plants , or other entities , their ability to feel physical pain is at present a question beyond scientific reach , since no mechanism is known by which they could have such a feeling .	plants	No mechanism is known by which what organisms would be able to have a feeling such as pain ?
In particular , there are no known nociceptors in groups such as plants , fungi , and most insects , except for instance in fruit flies .	nociceptors	What do fungi and fruit flies seem to lack ?
A database management system -LRB- DBMS -RRB- is a computer software application that interacts with the user , other applications , and the database itself to capture and analyze data .	database management system	What does DBMS stand for ?
A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition , creation , querying , update , and administration of databases .	to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases	What is the purpose of a DBMS ?
Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support ; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language .	SQL language	What is the most popular DBMS ?
Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support ; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language .	according to the database model that they support	How are DBMSs classified ?
Access to these data is usually provided by a `` database management system '' -LRB- DBMS -RRB- consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database -LRB- although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data -RRB- .	by a "database management system" (DBMS)	How is data accessed ?
The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry , storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized .	large quantities	How much data can a DBMS store ?
Access to these data is usually provided by a `` database management system '' -LRB- DBMS -RRB- consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database -LRB- although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data -RRB- .	an integrated set of computer software	A DBMS consists of what ?
DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support , but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions .	DBMSs	What do most database applications contain ?
Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers , with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage .	RAID	What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure ?
Hardware database accelerators , connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel , are also used in large volume transaction processing environments .	Hardware database accelerators	How can large quantities of data be accessed ?
DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support , but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions .	standard operating system	What is required for a modern DBMS to function ?
A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort .	thousands of human years	How long can it take to create a DBMS ?
-LSB- a -RSB- Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas , Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s .	Adabas, Oracle and DB2	Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s .
However , the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach .	spread over a large number of users	How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed ?
A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address ; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and do n't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS .	an email system	Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS .
Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users , without exposing the DBMS interface directly .	application software	How are many databases accessed ?
Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications ' databases , and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs ' external interfaces and tuning parameters .	through dedicated interfaces	How do administrators work with the DBMS ?
Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly , or more likely through an application programming interface .	wire protocol	What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS ?
The relational model , first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd , departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content , rather than by following links .	Edgar F. Codd	Who created the relational model of DBMS ?
The relational model , first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd , departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content , rather than by following links .	by content	Instead of using links , how was information found in a relational model ?
By the early 1990s , however , relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications , and as of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- they remain dominant : IBM DB2 , Oracle , MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS .	relational systems	What type of system in still prominent to this day ?
The dominant database language , standardised SQL for the relational model , has influenced database languages for other data models .	SQL	What database language is the most prominent ?
Interest in a standard began to grow , and Charles Bachman , author of one such product , the Integrated Data Store -LRB- IDS -RRB- , founded the `` Database Task Group '' within CODASYL , the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL .	Interest in a standard	Why was COBOL created ?
As computers grew in speed and capability , a number of general-purpose database systems emerged ; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use .	mid-1960s	When were DBMSs first used commercially ?
In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard , which generally became known as the `` CODASYL approach '' , and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market .	1971	When was the standard protocol completed ?
Interest in a standard began to grow , and Charles Bachman , author of one such product , the Integrated Data Store -LRB- IDS -RRB- , founded the `` Database Task Group '' within CODASYL , the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL .	Database Task Group	What group discovered COBOL ?
In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard , which generally became known as the `` CODASYL approach '' , and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market .	CODASYL approach	What was the standard protocol called ?
IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966 , known as Information Management System -LRB- IMS -RRB- .	Information Management System (IMS)	What was the DBMS created by IBM called ?
IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360 .	the Apollo program	What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS ?
as a hierarchical database .	hierarchical database	What is the classification of IMS ?
Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed , and Bachman 's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator .	The Programmer as Navigator	What was the name of Bachman 's Turing Award presentation in 1973 ?
Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL , Codd 's idea was to use a `` table '' of fixed-length records , with each table used for a different type of entity .	Codd	Who proposed using a table to store data ?
A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing `` sparse '' databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty .	A linked-list system	How is data accessed in a table ?
The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables -LRB- or relations -RRB- , with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed .	relational	What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing ?
Data may be freely inserted , deleted and edited in these tables , with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user .	DBMS	What system assists a user in seeing a table ?
The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers .	without constant rewriting of links and pointers	How was the relational model able to improve over time ?
The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship , like a traditional hierarchical model , and many-to-many relationship , like a navigational -LRB- network -RRB- model .	one-to-many	What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model ?
The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship , like a traditional hierarchical model , and many-to-many relationship , like a navigational -LRB- network -RRB- model .	many-to-many	What is the relationship called in a navigational model ?
Thus , a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models , as well as its native tabular model , allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models , as the application requires .	tabular	What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models ?
In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record , and unused items would simply not be placed in the database .	in a single record	How is information stored in a navigational system ?
For instance , a common use of a database system is to track information about users , their name , login information , various addresses and phone numbers .	to track information about users	How is a database system frequently used ?
In the relational approach , the data would be normalized into a user table , an address table and a phone number table -LRB- for instance -RRB- .	normalized into a user table	How is information stored in a relational system ?
In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record , and unused items would simply not be placed in the database .	not be placed in the database	What happens to blank data fields in a navigational system ?
In the relational model , some bit of information was used as a `` key '' , uniquely defining a particular record .	uniquely defining a particular record	What is a key used for ?
This simple `` re-linking '' of related data back into a single collection is something that traditional computer languages are not designed for .	re-linking	What technique is used to collect into one place ?
In the relational model , some bit of information was used as a `` key '' , uniquely defining a particular record .	a "key"	How is information accessed in a relational model ?
When information was being collected about a user , information stored in the optional tables would be found by searching for this key .	by searching for this key	How is data in an optional table accessed ?
Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records , the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record .	require programs to loop	How does a program collect information using a navigational system ?
Codd 's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language , a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL .	a set-oriented language	What is used to solve the problem of looping ?
Codd 's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language , a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL .	SQL	What computer language came about as a result of the looping problem ?
Using a branch of mathematics known as tuple calculus , he demonstrated that such a system could support all the operations of normal databases -LRB- inserting , updating etc. -RRB- as well as providing a simple system for finding and returning sets of data in a single operation .	tuple calculus	What type of math was used to create a system to find data sets ?
Codd 's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language , a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL .	Codd	Who used tuple calculus to show the functionality of databases ?
Codd 's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley , Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker .	Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker	Who used Codd 's paper at Berkeley to improve a geographical database ?
Beginning in 1973 , INGRES delivered its first test products which were generally ready for widespread use in 1979 .	INGRES	What was the name of the project to create a geographical database ?
Beginning in 1973 , INGRES delivered its first test products which were generally ready for widespread use in 1979 .	1973	When was INGRES first tested ?
INGRES was similar to System R in a number of ways , including the use of a `` language '' for data access , known as QUEL .	QUEL	What computer language was used in INGRES to access data ?
Over time , INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard .	INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard	Is QUEL still used to access data in INGRES ?
Another approach to hardware support for database management was ICL 's CAFS accelerator , a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities .	a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities	What is a CAFS accelerator ?
In the long term , these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and progress of general-purpose computers .	efforts were generally unsuccessful	Did the CAFS accelerator work as planned ?
Thus most database systems nowadays are software systems running on general-purpose hardware , using general-purpose computer data storage .	general-purpose hardware	How are today 's database systems run ?
However this idea is still pursued for certain applications by some companies like Netezza and Oracle -LRB- Exadata -RRB- .	Netezza and Oracle (Exadata)	Name a company that is still working on the CAFS accellerator ?
IBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd 's concepts as System R in the early 1970s .	System R	What is the system IBM created using Codd 's research ?
The first version was ready in 1974/5 , and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record -LRB- some of which is optional -RRB- did not have to be stored in a single large `` chunk '' .	1974/5	When was IBM 's system released ?
The first version was ready in 1974/5 , and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record -LRB- some of which is optional -RRB- did not have to be stored in a single large `` chunk '' .	multi-table systems	What did System R work on to change the way data was stored ?
Subsequent multi-user versions were tested by customers in 1978 and 1979 , by which time a standardized query language -- SQL -LSB- citation needed -RSB- -- had been added .	SQL	When customers first tested IBM 's system , what computer language had been added ?
Codd 's ideas were establishing themselves as both workable and superior to CODASYL , pushing IBM to develop a true production version of System R , known as SQL/DS , and , later , Database 2 -LRB- DB2 -RRB- .	SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2)	What was the name of the database product created by IBM ?
C. Wayne Ratliff the creator of dBASE stated : `` dBASE was different from programs like BASIC , C , FORTRAN , and COBOL in that a lot of the dirty work had already been done .	C. Wayne Ratliff	Who created dBASE ?
The data manipulation is done by dBASE instead of by the user , so the user can concentrate on what he is doing , rather than having to mess with the dirty details of opening , reading , and closing files , and managing space allocation . ''	data manipulation is done by dBASE	Why was dBASE unique ?
The dBASE product was lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box .	lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box	Why was dBASE successful ?
The data manipulation is done by dBASE instead of by the user , so the user can concentrate on what he is doing , rather than having to mess with the dirty details of opening , reading , and closing files , and managing space allocation . ''	managing space allocation	What is a benefit of using dBASE ?
The 1990s , along with a rise in object-oriented programming , saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled .	object-oriented	In the 1990s , what type of programming changed the handling of databases ?
The term `` object-relational impedance mismatch '' described the inconvenience of translating between programmed objects and database tables .	object-relational impedance mismatch	What term is used for the difficulty in database table and programmed object translation ?
Object databases and object-relational databases attempt to solve this problem by providing an object-oriented language -LRB- sometimes as extensions to SQL -RRB- that programmers can use as alternative to purely relational SQL .	object-oriented language	How is the problem of object-relational impedance mismatch corrected ?
On the programming side , libraries known as object-relational mappings -LRB- ORMs -RRB- attempt to solve the same problem .	object-relational mappings (ORMs)	What is the library programmers use to solve object-relational impedance mismatch ?
XML databases are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on XML document attributes .	structured document-oriented database	What kind of database is XML ?
XML databases are mostly used in enterprise database management , where XML is being used as the machine-to-machine data interoperability standard .	enterprise database management	Where are XML databases frequently used ?
All are enterprise software database platforms and support industry standard ACID-compliant transaction processing with strong database consistency characteristics and high level of database security .	ACID-compliant transaction processing	What type of processing is used in enterprise database software ?
XML databases are mostly used in enterprise database management , where XML is being used as the machine-to-machine data interoperability standard .	machine-to-machine data	How is XML used in enterprise database management ?
For that reason many NoSQL databases are using what is called eventual consistency to provide both availability and partition tolerance guarantees with a reduced level of data consistency .	eventual consistency	What is used to offer a balance in guarantees ?
In recent years there was a high demand for massively distributed databases with high partition tolerance but according to the CAP theorem it is impossible for a distributed system to simultaneously provide consistency , availability and partition tolerance guarantees .	the CAP theorem	What explains the difficulty in a system containing availability , consistency , and partition tolerance guarantees ?
A distributed system can satisfy any two of these guarantees at the same time , but not all three .	two	How many guarantees will most databases tolerate ?
The first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database .	reflects the structure of the information to be held	What should a conceptual data model do ?
A successful data model will accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled : for example , if people can have more than one phone number , it will allow this information to be captured .	accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled	What makes a successful data model ?
The answers to these questions establish definitions of the terminology used for entities -LRB- customers , products , flights , flight segments -RRB- and their relationships and attributes .	definitions of the terminology used for entities	Asking questions about an organization 's needs will help to create what ?
Designing a good conceptual data model requires a good understanding of the application domain ; it typically involves asking deep questions about the things of interest to an organisation , like `` can a customer also be a supplier ? ''	the application domain	What must one understand in order to create a successful data model ?
Whereas the conceptual data model is -LRB- in theory at least -RRB- independent of the choice of database technology , the logical data model will be expressed in terms of a particular database model supported by the chosen DBMS .	database technology	A conceptual data model in separate from the choice of what ?
This process is often called logical database design , and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of a schema .	schema	In what form is the output of a logical database design ?
Whereas the conceptual data model is -LRB- in theory at least -RRB- independent of the choice of database technology , the logical data model will be expressed in terms of a particular database model supported by the chosen DBMS .	logical	Which data model is displayed as a specific model that uses DBMS ?
The final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance , scalability , recovery , security , and the like .	performance, scalability, recovery, security	What decisions must be made in the last stage of database design ?
A key goal during this stage is data independence , meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes should be invisible to end-users and applications .	data independence	What is an important goal in in this final stage ?
Physical design is driven mainly by performance requirements , and requires a good knowledge of the expected workload and access patterns , and a deep understanding of the features offered by the chosen DBMS .	Physical design	What factor is reflected in performance requirements ?
While there is typically only one conceptual -LRB- or logical -RRB- and physical -LRB- or internal -RRB- view of the data , there can be any number of different external views .	one	How many conceptual or physical views of data are there ?
While there is typically only one conceptual -LRB- or logical -RRB- and physical -LRB- or internal -RRB- view of the data , there can be any number of different external views .	any number	How many different external views of data are there ?
This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical , processing viewpoint .	see database information in a more business-related way	What is the benefit of external views of data ?
The conceptual view provides a level of indirection between internal and external .	a level of indirection between internal and external	What does the conceptual view offer ?
On one hand it provides a common view of the database , independent of different external view structures , and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed -LRB- internal level -RRB- .	abstracts away details	How does the conceptual view handle how data is managed ?
On one hand it provides a common view of the database , independent of different external view structures , and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed -LRB- internal level -RRB- .	common	What type of view does the conceptual view offer ?
Putting data into permanent storage is generally the responsibility of the database engine a.k.a. `` storage engine '' .	database engine	What is responsible for putting information into permanent storage ?
Though typically accessed by a DBMS through the underlying operating system -LRB- and often utilizing the operating systems ' file systems as intermediates for storage layout -RRB- , storage properties and configuration setting are extremely important for the efficient operation of the DBMS , and thus are closely maintained by database administrators .	storage properties and configuration setting	What do database administrators closely monitor ?
Database storage is the container of the physical materialization of a database .	physical materialization of a database	What is database storage ?
A DBMS , while in operation , always has its database residing in several types of storage -LRB- e.g. , memory and external storage -RRB- .	several types of storage	While working , does DBMS store information in one place ?
The database data and the additional needed information , possibly in very large amounts , are coded into bits .	bits	What are huge quantities of information stored as ?
Database access control deals with controlling who -LRB- a person or a certain computer program -RRB- is allowed to access what information in the database .	who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information	What does database access limit ?
The information may comprise specific database objects -LRB- e.g. , record types , specific records , data structures -RRB- , certain computations over certain objects -LRB- e.g. , query types , or specific queries -RRB- , or utilizing specific access paths to the former -LRB- e.g. , using specific indexes or other data structures to access information -RRB- .	record types, specific records, data structures	What are examples of database objects ?
Database access controls are set by special authorized -LRB- by the database owner -RRB- personnel that uses dedicated protected security DBMS interfaces .	special authorized (by the database owner) personnel	Who sets database access ?
Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database .	unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database	What does data security avoid ?
Using passwords , users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called `` subschemas '' .	subschemas	What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a password ?
If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database , as well as interrogate it , this capability allows for managing personal databases .	managing personal databases	What is possible when a DBMS interrogate and update a database ?
A database transaction is a unit of work , typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database -LRB- e.g. , reading a database object , writing , acquiring lock , etc. -RRB- , an abstraction supported in database and also other systems .	transaction	What is a unit of work called in a database ?
Each transaction has well defined boundaries in terms of which program/code executions are included in that transaction -LRB- determined by the transaction 's programmer via special transaction commands -RRB- .	Each transaction has well defined boundaries	Are transactions limited ?
Database transactions can be used to introduce some level of fault tolerance and data integrity after recovery from a crash .	fault tolerance	How can database transactions ensure accuracy after a crash ?
The reasons are primarily economical -LRB- different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs -RRB- , functional , and operational -LRB- different DBMSs may have different capabilities -RRB- .	primarily economical	Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases ?
The transformation should maintain -LRB- if possible -RRB- the database related application -LRB- i.e. , all related application programs -RRB- intact .	database related application	In order to merge , what must the database maintain ?
Thus , the database 's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation .	conceptual and external architectural levels	What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved ?
Typically a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular DBMSs .	vendor provides tools	How can a DBMS database migration be made easier ?
Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state -LRB- for many reasons , e.g. , cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error , or if it has been updated with erroneous data -RRB- .	database is found corrupted	Name a reason to take a database backward in time ?
To achieve this a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously , where each desired database state -LRB- i.e. , the values of its data and their embedding in database 's data structures -RRB- is kept within dedicated backup files -LRB- many techniques exist to do this effectively -RRB- .	dedicated backup files	Is each database backup kept in the same file ?
When this state is needed , i.e. , when it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state -LRB- e.g. , by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state -RRB- , these files are utilized to restore that state .	database administrator	Who can restore a database that has been corrupted ?
When this state is needed , i.e. , when it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state -LRB- e.g. , by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state -RRB- , these files are utilized to restore that state .	desired point in time	What parameter is requiret to restore a database ?
Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages .	software verification	How can static analysis be useful with query languages ?
In particular , the * Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques .	sound approximation techniques	What do query languages support in abstract interpretation frameworks ?
The abstraction of relational database system has many interesting applications , in particular , for security purposes , such as fine grained access control , watermarking , etc. .	watermarking	What is a security measure that uses a relational database system ?
The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data .	according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data	Can query languages be adjusted ?
Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor .	Phoenix	What is the largest populated city in Arizona ?
The city is located 108 miles -LRB- 174 km -RRB- southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi -LRB- 97 km -RRB- north of the U.S.-Mexico border .	60	How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S. - Mexico border ?
Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems , earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley .	Optics Valley	What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics ?
The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area -LRB- MSA -RRB- was 996,544 .	520,116	What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census ?
The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area -LRB- MSA -RRB- was 996,544 .	996,544	What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013 ?
Tucson -LRB- / ˈtuːsɒn / / tuːˈsɒn / -RRB- is a city and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and home to the University of Arizona .	Pima County	Which county is Tucson in ?
Tucson -LRB- / ˈtuːsɒn / / tuːˈsɒn / -RRB- is a city and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and home to the University of Arizona .	University of Arizona	Which university is in Tucson ?
The city is located 108 miles -LRB- 174 km -RRB- southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi -LRB- 97 km -RRB- north of the U.S.-Mexico border .	108 miles (174 km)	How far is Tucson from Phoenix ?
The city is located 108 miles -LRB- 174 km -RRB- southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi -LRB- 97 km -RRB- north of the U.S.-Mexico border .	60 mi (97 km)	How far is Tucson from Mexico ?
Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems , earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley .	Optics Valley	What industry-based nickname does Tucson have ?
Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians , known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago .	southern Arizona	What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago ?
The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery .	Hohokam	What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery ?
Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC .	Santa Cruz River	Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found ?
Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians , known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago .	Paleo-Indians	Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan ?
Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians , known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago .	12,000 years ago	How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors ?
Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians , known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago .	about 12,000 years ago	How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area ?
Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC .	2100 BC	How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period , circa 1200 BC to AD 150 .	1200 BC to AD 150	When was the Early Agricultural period ?
The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage .	the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage	What happened in the Early Ceramic period ?
The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery .	from AD 600 to 1450	When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area ?
Eventually the town came to be called `` Tucson '' and became a part of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 .	1821	What year did Mexico gain independence from Spain ?
Hugo O'Conor , the founding father of the city of Tucson , Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location , Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón , on August 20 , 1775 -LRB- near the present downtown Pima County Courthouse -RRB- .	Hugo O'Conor	Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan ?
Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692 , and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi -LRB- 11 km -RRB- upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson .	Eusebio Francisco Kino	Who founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac ?
Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692 , and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi -LRB- 11 km -RRB- upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson .	7	How many miles was Mission San Xavier del Bac from Tuscon ?
Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692 , and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi -LRB- 11 km -RRB- upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson .	Eusebio Francisco Kino	Which missionary came to the Santa Cruz River area in 1692 ?
Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692 , and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi -LRB- 11 km -RRB- upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson .	Jesuit	What religion was Kino ?
Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692 , and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi -LRB- 11 km -RRB- upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson .	Mission San Xavier del Bac	What mission did Kino found ?
Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692 , and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi -LRB- 11 km -RRB- upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson .	1700	When did Kino found the del Bac mission ?
Hugo O'Conor , the founding father of the city of Tucson , Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location , Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón , on August 20 , 1775 -LRB- near the present downtown Pima County Courthouse -RRB- .	Hugo O'Conor	Who is Tucson 's ` founding father ' ?
Arizona , south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 .	June 8, 1854	What was the date when Arizona was bought ?
The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running , however following the Bascom Affair , devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861 .	1861	What year did the Overland Mail Corporation end operations ?
Arizona , south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 .	Gila River	Arizona is south of which river ?
Arizona , south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 .	Gadsden Purchase	What was the name of the deal in which Arizona was bought ?
In 1857 Tucson became a stage station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and in 1858 became 3rd division headquarters of the Butterfield Overland Mail until the line shut down in March 1861 .	1857	In what year did Tuscon become a stage station ?
Arizona , south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 .	June 8, 1854	When was the Gadsden Purchase ?
Arizona , south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 .	Mexico	Where did the US buy land from in the Gadsden Purchase ?
Tucson became a part of the United States of America , although the American military did not formally take over control until March 1856 .	March 1856	When did the US formally take control of the Tucson area ?
The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running , however following the Bascom Affair , devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861 .	August 1861	When did the mail stagecoaches stop running ?
The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running , however following the Bascom Affair , devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861 .	devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches	Why did the mail stagecoaches stop running ?
Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19 , 1878 , in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles -LRB- 5 km -RRB- south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen 's posse .	August 19, 1878	What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die ?
Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19 , 1878 , in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles -LRB- 5 km -RRB- south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen 's posse .	Charles A. Shibell	What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton ?
:250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California .	Deputy U.S. Marshal	What was Wyatt Earp 's job title ?
In 1882 , Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence 's wife , Marietta , at the coroner 's inquest on Morgan Earp 's shooting .	Frank Stilwell	Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp ?
:250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California .	Wyatt Earp	What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell ?
From 1877 to 1878 , the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies .	stagecoach robberies	What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877 ?
Most notable , however , were the two holdups committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton .	William Whitney Brazelton	Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area ?
Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19 , 1878 , in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles -LRB- 5 km -RRB- south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen 's posse .	August 19, 1878	When was Brazelton killed ?
Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19 , 1878 , in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles -LRB- 5 km -RRB- south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen 's posse .	Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse	Who killed Brazelton ?
Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19 , 1878 , in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles -LRB- 5 km -RRB- south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen 's posse .	Pima County Sheriff	What was Shibell 's job ?
In 2006 the population of Pima County , in which Tucson is located , passed one million while the City of Tucson 's population was 535,000 .	Pima County	What county is Tuscon located in ?
In 2006 the population of Pima County , in which Tucson is located , passed one million while the City of Tucson 's population was 535,000 .	535,000	What was the population of Tuscon in 2006 ?
Many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and were in need of respiratory therapy began coming to Tucson after the war , due to the clean dry air .	respiratory therapy	what were veterans in need of after World War I ?
At about this time , the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction on the present Veterans Hospital .	Veterans Hospital	What did the U.S. Veterans Administration build around 1910 ?
Over the following years the city continued to grow , with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940 .	36,818	What was the population of Tuscon in 1940 ?
By 1900 , 7,531 people lived in the city .	7,531	What was Tucson 's population in 1900 ?
The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910 .	13,913	What was Tucson 's population in 1910 ?
Over the following years the city continued to grow , with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940 .	20,292	What was Tucson 's population in 1920 ?
Over the following years the city continued to grow , with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940 .	36,818	What was Tucson 's population in 1940 ?
In 2006 the population of Pima County , in which Tucson is located , passed one million while the City of Tucson 's population was 535,000 .	535,000	What was Tucson 's population in 2006 ?
The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson , found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft -LRB- 2,881 m -RRB- above sea level .	Mount Wrightson	Which Mountain has the Highest point surrounding Tuscon ?
Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert , surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains : the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north , the Santa Rita Mountains to the south , the Rincon Mountains to the east , and the Tucson Mountains to the west .	Sonoran	Which desert is Tuscon in ?
Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert , surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains : the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north , the Santa Rita Mountains to the south , the Rincon Mountains to the east , and the Tucson Mountains to the west .	five	How many mountain ranges is Tuscon surrounded by ?
The high point of the Santa Catalina Mountains is 9,157 ft -LRB- 2,791 m -RRB- Mount Lemmon , the southernmost ski destination in the continental U.S. , while the Tucson Mountains include 4,687 ft -LRB- 1,429 m -RRB- Wasson Peak .	4,687 ft	How above sea level is Wasson Peak in feet ?
Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert , surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains : the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north , the Santa Rita Mountains to the south , the Rincon Mountains to the east , and the Tucson Mountains to the west .	north	What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon ?
The city 's elevation is 2,643 ft -LRB- 806 m -RRB- above sea level -LRB- as measured at the Tucson International Airport -RRB- .	2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level	How high is Tucson 's airport ?
Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert , surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains : the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north , the Santa Rita Mountains to the south , the Rincon Mountains to the east , and the Tucson Mountains to the west .	Sonoran	What desert is Tucson in ?
Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert , surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains : the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north , the Santa Rita Mountains to the south , the Rincon Mountains to the east , and the Tucson Mountains to the west .	Rincon Mountains	What mountain range is east of Tucson ?
Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert , surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains : the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north , the Santa Rita Mountains to the south , the Rincon Mountains to the east , and the Tucson Mountains to the west .	Tortolita Mountains	What mountain range is north of Tucson ?
Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert , surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains : the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north , the Santa Rita Mountains to the south , the Rincon Mountains to the east , and the Tucson Mountains to the west .	Tucson Mountains	What mountain range is west of Tucson ?
Tucson is located 118 mi -LRB- 190 km -RRB- southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi -LRB- 97 km -RRB- north of the United States - Mexico border .	118	How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix ?
Tucson is located 118 mi -LRB- 190 km -RRB- southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi -LRB- 97 km -RRB- north of the United States - Mexico border .	60	How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border ?
A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor , Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona , the second largest in the state after Phoenix .	Tucson	What is the second largest city in Arizona ?
In 2009 , Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States .	32nd	Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009 ?
As of 2015 , The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million .	Greater Tucson Metro	What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015 ?
The 2010 United States Census puts the city 's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263 .	520,116	What is Tucson 's city population in 2010 ?
The 2010 United States Census puts the city 's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263 .	980,263	What is Tucson 's metro area population in 2010 ?
In 2009 , Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States .	32nd largest	How does Tucson rank among US cities ?
In 2009 , Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States .	52nd largest	How does Tucson rank among US metro areas ?
As of 2015 , The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million .	1 million	What is Tucson 's metro area population in 2015 ?
I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses `` kilometer posts '' instead of `` mileposts '' , although the speed limits are marked in miles per hour instead of kilometers per hour .	I-19	Which interstate is the only one that uses kilometer posts instead of mileposts ?
I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses `` kilometer posts '' instead of `` mileposts '' , although the speed limits are marked in miles per hour instead of kilometers per hour .	miles	Are the speed limits on I-19 marked in miles or kilometers ?
I-19 runs south from Tucson toward Nogales and the U.S.-Mexico border .	U.S.-Mexico border	What border does I-19 come close to ?
Interstate 10 , which runs southeast to northwest through town , connects Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica , California , and to Las Cruces , New Mexico and El Paso , Texas toward its eastern terminus in Jacksonville , Florida .	Interstate 10	Which interstate would you take to go to Jackson Florida from Tuscon Arizona ?
Interstate 10 , which runs southeast to northwest through town , connects Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica , California , and to Las Cruces , New Mexico and El Paso , Texas toward its eastern terminus in Jacksonville , Florida .	southeast to northwest	Which direction does I-10 run through Tucson ?
Interstate 10 , which runs southeast to northwest through town , connects Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica , California , and to Las Cruces , New Mexico and El Paso , Texas toward its eastern terminus in Jacksonville , Florida .	Phoenix	What is the next major town to the west on I-10 ?
Interstate 10 , which runs southeast to northwest through town , connects Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica , California , and to Las Cruces , New Mexico and El Paso , Texas toward its eastern terminus in Jacksonville , Florida .	Las Cruces, New Mexico	What is the next major town to the east on I-10 ?
I-19 runs south from Tucson toward Nogales and the U.S.-Mexico border .	south	Which direction does I-19 run from Tucson ?
I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses `` kilometer posts '' instead of `` mileposts '' , although the speed limits are marked in miles per hour instead of kilometers per hour .	the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of "mileposts"	What is unusual about I-19 ?
Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south , I-10 to the west , and 6th Street to the north , and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific -LRB- formerly Southern Pacific -RRB- railroad tracks , site of the historic train depot and `` Locomotive # 1673 '' , built in 1900 .	Southern Pacific	What was the Union Pacific once known as ?
Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south , I-10 to the west , and 6th Street to the north , and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific -LRB- formerly Southern Pacific -RRB- railroad tracks , site of the historic train depot and `` Locomotive # 1673 '' , built in 1900 .	1900	What year was Locomotive # 1673 made in ?
The primary project was Rio Nuevo , a large retail and community center that has been stalled in planning for more than ten years .	Rio Nuevo	What was the name of the retail and community center that took longer than a decade to build ?
At the end of the first decade of the 21st century , downtown Tucson underwent a revitalization effort by city planners and the business community .	At the end of the first decade of the 21st century	When did a revitalization of downtown Tucson begin ?
The primary project was Rio Nuevo , a large retail and community center that has been stalled in planning for more than ten years .	a large retail and community center	What is Rio Nuevo ?
Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south , I-10 to the west , and 6th Street to the north , and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific -LRB- formerly Southern Pacific -RRB- railroad tracks , site of the historic train depot and `` Locomotive # 1673 '' , built in 1900 .	17th Street	What is the southern edge of Tucson 's downtown ?
Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south , I-10 to the west , and 6th Street to the north , and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific -LRB- formerly Southern Pacific -RRB- railroad tracks , site of the historic train depot and `` Locomotive # 1673 '' , built in 1900 .	I-10	What is the western edge of Tucson 's downtown ?
Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south , I-10 to the west , and 6th Street to the north , and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific -LRB- formerly Southern Pacific -RRB- railroad tracks , site of the historic train depot and `` Locomotive # 1673 '' , built in 1900 .	6th Street	What is the northern edge of Tucson 's downtown ?
As one of the oldest parts of town , Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center designed by local architect Josias Joesler at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road .	Josias Joesler	Which architect designed the Broadway Village shopping Center ?
As one of the oldest parts of town , Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center designed by local architect Josias Joesler at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road .	Central	Which part of Tuscon is Broadway Village shopping center located in ?
The El Con Mall is also located in the eastern part of midtown .	El Con Mall	What mall is located in midtown ?
As one of the oldest parts of town , Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center designed by local architect Josias Joesler at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road .	Josias Joesler	Who designed the Broadway Village shopping center ?
As one of the oldest parts of town , Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center designed by local architect Josias Joesler at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road .	at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road	Where is Broadway Village shopping center ?
The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown and the University and the Lost Barrio just East of downtown , also have many unique and popular stores .	just East of downtown	Where is the Lost Barrio ?
The El Con Mall is also located in the eastern part of midtown .	in the eastern part of midtown	Where is the El Con Mall ?
The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown and the University and the Lost Barrio just East of downtown , also have many unique and popular stores .	between downtown and the University	Where is the 4th Avenue Shopping District ?
Tucson 's largest park , Reid Park , is located in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field .	Reid Park	What is Tuscon 's largest Park ?
Speedway Boulevard , a major east-west arterial road in central Tucson , was named the `` ugliest street in America '' by Life magazine in the early 1970s , quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett .	Speedway Boulevard	What was once named the `` ugliest street in America '' by Life magazine ?
Speedway Boulevard , a major east-west arterial road in central Tucson , was named the `` ugliest street in America '' by Life magazine in the early 1970s , quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett .	James Corbett	What mayor was quoted in calling Speedway Boulevard `` the ugliest street in America ?
According to David Leighton , historical writer for the Arizona Daily Star newspaper , Speedway Boulevard derives its name from an old horse racetrack , known as `` The Harlem River Speedway , '' more commonly called `` The Speedway , '' in New York City .	Arizona Daily Star	Which newspaper did David Leighton work for ?
According to David Leighton , historical writer for the Arizona Daily Star newspaper , Speedway Boulevard derives its name from an old horse racetrack , known as `` The Harlem River Speedway , '' more commonly called `` The Speedway , '' in New York City .	New York City	What city is the Harlem River Speedway in ?
Tucson 's largest park , Reid Park , is located in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field .	Reid Park	What is Tucson 's biggest park ?
Tucson 's largest park , Reid Park , is located in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field .	Hi Corbett Field	What sports field is in Reid Park ?
Tucson 's largest park , Reid Park , is located in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field .	Reid Park Zoo	What zoo is in Reid Park ?
Speedway Boulevard , a major east-west arterial road in central Tucson , was named the `` ugliest street in America '' by Life magazine in the early 1970s , quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett .	Speedway Boulevard	What was the `` ugliest street in America '' in the 1970s ?
Despite this , Speedway Boulevard was awarded `` Street of the Year '' by Arizona Highways in the late 1990s .	"Street of the Year"	What was Speedway Blvd called in the 1990s ?
To the west , E. University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District .	Fourth Avenue Shopping District	Where does E.University Blvd. lead to ?
To the east of the University of Arizona , Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic and passes by the historic homes of the Sam Hughes neighborhood .	Sam Hughes neighborhood	What neighborhood has historic homes ?
To the North , N. Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the 3.5 miles -LRB- 5.6 km -RRB- to the Rillito River Park bike and walk multi-use path .	half	Of the 3.5 miles from N. Mountain Avenue to Rillito River Park , how many are bike-only ?
To the east of the University of Arizona , Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic and passes by the historic homes of the Sam Hughes neighborhood .	Third Street	Which Tucson street is devoted to bicycles ?
To the North , N. Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the 3.5 miles -LRB- 5.6 km -RRB- to the Rillito River Park bike and walk multi-use path .	half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park	How long does N Mountain Ave have a bike lane ?
To the North , N. Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the 3.5 miles -LRB- 5.6 km -RRB- to the Rillito River Park bike and walk multi-use path .	Rillito River Park	Which park has a multi-use path ?
To the south , N. Highland Avenue leads to the Barraza-Aviation Parkway bicycle path .	Barraza-Aviation Parkway	Which bike path does Highland lead to ?
To the west , E. University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District .	Fourth Avenue Shopping District	Which shopping area is on East University ?
The population consists of about 83 % Mexican-American and 10 % Native American residents .	10%	What is the percentage of Native Americans in South Tuscon ?
South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals , many of which have been painted over due to city policy .	Mexican	What kind of restaurants are widely known in South Tuscon ?
South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals , many of which have been painted over due to city policy .	outdoor murals	What are painted do to city policy ?
The population consists of about 83 % Mexican-American and 10 % Native American residents .	83%	What percentage of the South Tuscon Population is Mexican-American ?
It was first incorporated in 1936 , and later reincorporated in 1940 .	1940	What year was South Tuscon reincorperated ?
It was first incorporated in 1936 , and later reincorporated in 1940 .	1936	When was South Tucson first incorporated ?
It was first incorporated in 1936 , and later reincorporated in 1940 .	1940	When was South Tucson reincorporated ?
South Tucson is actually the name of an independent , incorporated town of 1 sq mi -LRB- 2.6 km2 -RRB- , completely surrounded by the city of Tucson , sitting just south of downtown .	1 sq mi (2.6 km2)	How large is South Tucson ?
The population consists of about 83 % Mexican-American and 10 % Native American residents .	83%	How much of South Tucson is Mexican-American ?
The population consists of about 83 % Mexican-American and 10 % Native American residents .	10%	How much of South Tucson is Native American ?
A combination of urban and suburban development , the West Side is generally defined as the area west of I-10 .	I-10	What interstate is the West side west of ?
A large undulating plain extending south into the Altar Valley , rural residential development predominates , but here you will also find major attractions including Saguaro National Park West , the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum , and the Old Tucson Studios movie set/theme park .	Old Tucson Studios	What is the name of the movie set in Old West Tuscon ?
A large undulating plain extending south into the Altar Valley , rural residential development predominates , but here you will also find major attractions including Saguaro National Park West , the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum , and the Old Tucson Studios movie set/theme park .	Saguaro National Park West	What is the name of the national park in Old West Tuscon ?
A large undulating plain extending south into the Altar Valley , rural residential development predominates , but here you will also find major attractions including Saguaro National Park West , the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum , and the Old Tucson Studios movie set/theme park .	Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum	What is the museum in Old West Tuscon ?
Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the Tucson Mountains , and includes the International Wildlife Museum , Sentinel Peak , and the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa , located in the wealthy enclave known as Starr Pass .	Starr Pass	The Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa is located where ?
A combination of urban and suburban development , the West Side is generally defined as the area west of I-10 .	the area west of I-10	What part of Tucson is considered the West Side ?
Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the Tucson Mountains , and includes the International Wildlife Museum , Sentinel Peak , and the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa , located in the wealthy enclave known as Starr Pass .	International Wildlife Museum	What museum is in Western Tucson ?
Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the Tucson Mountains , and includes the International Wildlife Museum , Sentinel Peak , and the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa , located in the wealthy enclave known as Starr Pass .	Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa	What resort is in Western Tucson ?
Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the Tucson Mountains , and includes the International Wildlife Museum , Sentinel Peak , and the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa , located in the wealthy enclave known as Starr Pass .	Starr Pass	What neighborhood is the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa in ?
A large undulating plain extending south into the Altar Valley , rural residential development predominates , but here you will also find major attractions including Saguaro National Park West , the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum , and the Old Tucson Studios movie set/theme park .	Old Tucson Studios	What theme park is in Old West Tucson ?
On Sentinel Peak -LRB- also known as '' ` A ' Mountain '' -RRB- , just west of downtown , there is a giant `` A '' in honor of the University of Arizona .	'A' Mountain	What else is Sentinel Peak also known as ?
On Sentinel Peak -LRB- also known as '' ` A ' Mountain '' -RRB- , just west of downtown , there is a giant `` A '' in honor of the University of Arizona .	University of Arizona	What is the giant letter downtown in honor of ?
Starting in about 1916 , a yearly tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash the `` A '' , which was visible for miles .	1916	What year did the tradition of freshmen whitewashing the `` A '' begin ?
However , at the beginning of the Iraq War , anti-war activists painted it black .	black	during the Iraq war , what color did anti-war activists paint the `` A '' ?
This was followed by a paint scuffle where the `` A '' was painted various colors until the city council intervened .	city council	Who intervened when the `` A '' was painted various colors ?
On Sentinel Peak -LRB- also known as '' ` A ' Mountain '' -RRB- , just west of downtown , there is a giant `` A '' in honor of the University of Arizona .	in honor of the University of Arizona	Why is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain ?
On Sentinel Peak -LRB- also known as '' ` A ' Mountain '' -RRB- , just west of downtown , there is a giant `` A '' in honor of the University of Arizona .	On Sentinel Peak (also known as "'A' Mountain"), just west of downtown	Where is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain ?
However , at the beginning of the Iraq War , anti-war activists painted it black .	black	What color did Iraq War protesters paint the A ?
It is now red , white and blue except when it is white or another color decided by a biennial election .	red, white and blue	How did City Council decide to paint the A ?
The Foothills area is generally defined as north of River Road , east of Oracle Road , and west of Sabino Creek .	Sabino Creek	What is the Foothills west of ?
Some of the Tucson area 's major resorts are located in the Catalina Foothills , including the Hacienda Del Sol , Westin La Paloma Resort , Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort .	Catalina Foothills	Where are some of the major resorts of Tuscon ?
La Encantada , an upscale outdoor shopping mall , is also in the Foothills .	upscale outdoor shopping mall	What is La Encantada ?
The Foothills area is generally defined as north of River Road , east of Oracle Road , and west of Sabino Creek .	Oracle Road	What is the Foothills east of ?
Also on the north side is the suburban community of Catalina Foothills , located in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains just north of the city limits .	Catalina Foothills	What community is north of Tucson 's city limits ?
Also on the north side is the suburban community of Catalina Foothills , located in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains just north of the city limits .	Catalina Foothills	Where are the most expensive homes in the Tucson metro area ?
The Foothills area is generally defined as north of River Road , east of Oracle Road , and west of Sabino Creek .	River Road	What is the southern edge of the Catalina Foothills area ?
La Encantada , an upscale outdoor shopping mall , is also in the Foothills .	La Encantada	What outdoor mall is in Catalina Foothills ?
Some of the Tucson area 's major resorts are located in the Catalina Foothills , including the Hacienda Del Sol , Westin La Paloma Resort , Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort .	Hacienda Del Sol, Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort	Which big resorts are in Catalina Foothills ?
Continental Ranch -LRB- Marana -RRB- , Dove Mountain -LRB- Marana -RRB- , and Rancho Vistoso -LRB- Oro Valley -RRB- are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest , where thousands of residents live .	thousands	How many residents live in the master-planned communities ?
Continental Ranch -LRB- Marana -RRB- , Dove Mountain -LRB- Marana -RRB- , and Rancho Vistoso -LRB- Oro Valley -RRB- are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest , where thousands of residents live .	Oro Valley	Which town is Rancho Vistoso located ?
The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse , ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana , the small suburb of Picture Rocks , the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains , and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains .	Santa Catalina Mountains	What mountains is Oro Valley next to ?
Continental Ranch -LRB- Marana -RRB- , Dove Mountain -LRB- Marana -RRB- , and Rancho Vistoso -LRB- Oro Valley -RRB- are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest , where thousands of residents live .	Marana	Which town would you find Dove Mountain and Continental Ranch ?
The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse , ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana , the small suburb of Picture Rocks , the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains , and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains .	in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains	Where is Oro Valley ?
Continental Ranch -LRB- Marana -RRB- , Dove Mountain -LRB- Marana -RRB- , and Rancho Vistoso -LRB- Oro Valley -RRB- are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest , where thousands of residents live .	Marana	Where is the Continental Ranch planned community ?
Continental Ranch -LRB- Marana -RRB- , Dove Mountain -LRB- Marana -RRB- , and Rancho Vistoso -LRB- Oro Valley -RRB- are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest , where thousands of residents live .	Marana	Where is the Dove Mountain planned community ?
Continental Ranch -LRB- Marana -RRB- , Dove Mountain -LRB- Marana -RRB- , and Rancho Vistoso -LRB- Oro Valley -RRB- are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest , where thousands of residents live .	Oro Valley	Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community ?
The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse , ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana , the small suburb of Picture Rocks , the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains , and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains .	northwest	Which direction from Tucson is Picture Rocks ?
The community of Casas Adobes is also on the Northwest Side , with the distinction of being Tucson 's first suburb , established in the late 1940s .	Casas Adobes	What is considered Tuscon 's first suburb ?
Casas Adobes is centered on the historic Casas Adobes Plaza -LRB- built in 1948 -RRB- .	1948	When was the Casas Adobes Plaza established ?
The attempted assassination of Representative Gabrielle Giffords , and the murders of chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona , John Roll and five other people on January 8 , 2011 , occurred at the La Toscana Village in Casas Adobes .	Gabrielle Giffords	What representative was almost assassinated at the La Toscana Village ?
Casas Adobes is also home to Tohono Chul Park -LRB- a nature preserve -RRB- near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road .	Tohono Chul Park	What nature preserve is in Casas Adobes ?
The Foothills Mall is also located on the northwest side in Casas Adobes .	Foothills Mall	What mall is located in Casas Adobes ?
Casas Adobes is centered on the historic Casas Adobes Plaza -LRB- built in 1948 -RRB- .	1948	When was the Casas Adobes Plaza built ?
The community of Casas Adobes is also on the Northwest Side , with the distinction of being Tucson 's first suburb , established in the late 1940s .	Casas Adobes	What was Tucson 's first suburb ?
Casas Adobes is also home to Tohono Chul Park -LRB- a nature preserve -RRB- near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road .	near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road	Where is Tohono Chul Park ?
The attempted assassination of Representative Gabrielle Giffords , and the murders of chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona , John Roll and five other people on January 8 , 2011 , occurred at the La Toscana Village in Casas Adobes .	Representative Gabrielle Giffords	Who was nearly assassinated in Casas Adobes ?
The attempted assassination of Representative Gabrielle Giffords , and the murders of chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona , John Roll and five other people on January 8 , 2011 , occurred at the La Toscana Village in Casas Adobes .	chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona	What was John Roll 's job title ?
East Tucson is relatively new compared to other parts of the city , developed between the 1950s and the 1970s , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- with developments such as Desert Palms Park .	Desert Palms Park	What park was developed between the 1950 's and 1970 's ?
East Tucson includes Saguaro National Park East .	Saguaro National Park East	What park is in East Tuscon ?
Restaurant Row is sandwiched by three of Tucson 's storied Neighborhoods : Harold Bell Wright Estates , named after the famous author 's ranch which occupied some of that area prior to the depression ; the Tucson Country Club -LRB- the third to bear the name Tucson Country Club -RRB- , and the Dorado Country Club .	Harold Bell Wright Estates	Which estates were named after a ranch of a famous author ?
Tucson 's largest office building is 5151 East Broadway in east Tucson , completed in 1975 .	1975	What year was Tuscon 's largest office building built ?
Park Place , a recently renovated shopping center , is also located along Broadway -LRB- west of Wilmot Road -RRB- .	Park Place	What shopping center is located along Broadway ?
East Tucson includes Saguaro National Park East .	East	What part of Tucson is Saguaro National Park East in ?
East Tucson is relatively new compared to other parts of the city , developed between the 1950s and the 1970s , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- with developments such as Desert Palms Park .	between the 1950s and the 1970s	When was East Tucson developed ?
It is generally classified as the area of the city east of Swan Road , with above-average real estate values relative to the rest of the city .	Swan Road	What is the boundary of East Tucson ?
Tucson 's largest office building is 5151 East Broadway in east Tucson , completed in 1975 .	5151 East Broadway	What is the biggest office building in Tucson ?
Park Place , a recently renovated shopping center , is also located along Broadway -LRB- west of Wilmot Road -RRB- .	along Broadway (west of Wilmot Road)	Where is Park Place ?
The sanitarium was then sold to Harvey Adkins in 1928 .	Harvey Adkins	Who bought The sanitarium in 1928 ?
In 1900 , three of the officer buildings were purchased for use as a sanitarium .	1900	What year where three officer building bought and used for a sanitarium ?
The artist colony attracted writers and poets including beat generation Alan Harrington and Jack Kerouac whose visit is documented in his iconic book On the Road .	On the Road	Jack Kerouac authored what iconic book ?
The artist colony attracted writers and poets including beat generation Alan Harrington and Jack Kerouac whose visit is documented in his iconic book On the Road .	beat generation	Alan Harrington is considered part of what generation ?
Each year in February the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark it owns and restored the San Pedro Chapel .	February	Which month does the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark ?
In 1891 , the Fort was abandoned and much of the interior was stripped of their useful components and it quickly fell into ruin .	1891	When was Fort Lowell shut down ?
In 1900 , three of the officer buildings were purchased for use as a sanitarium .	a sanitarium	What were some buildings of Fort Lowell bought to be used for in 1900 ?
The sanitarium was then sold to Harvey Adkins in 1928 .	Harvey Adkins	Who bought the Fort Lowell sanitarium in 1928 ?
The Bolsius family Pete , Nan and Charles Bolsius purchased and renovated surviving adobe buildings of the Fort -- transforming them into spectacular artistic southwestern architectural examples .	The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius	Who renovated Fort Lowell 's adobe buildings ?
The artist colony attracted writers and poets including beat generation Alan Harrington and Jack Kerouac whose visit is documented in his iconic book On the Road .	On the Road	In what book did Jack Kerouac write about visiting Tucson ?
The Atterbury Wash with its access to excellent bird watching is also located in the Southeast Tucson area .	The Atterbury Wash	Where is a great place to bird watch in Southeast Tuscon ?
The suburban community of Rita Ranch houses many of the military families from Davis-Monthan , and is near the southeastern-most expansion of the current city limits .	Rita Ranch	Where do a lot of the families from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base live at ?
Close by Rita Ranch and also within the city limits lies Civano , a planned development meant to showcase ecologically sound building practices and lifestyles .	Civano	Rita Ranch also has a planned development called what ?
It is the home of Santa Rita High School , Chuck Ford Park -LRB- Lakeside Park -RRB- , Lakeside Lake , Lincoln Park -LRB- upper and lower -RRB- , The Lakecrest Neighborhoods , and Pima Community College East Campus .	Lakeside Lake	What is the name of the lake in Southeast Tuscon ?
It is the home of Santa Rita High School , Chuck Ford Park -LRB- Lakeside Park -RRB- , Lakeside Lake , Lincoln Park -LRB- upper and lower -RRB- , The Lakecrest Neighborhoods , and Pima Community College East Campus .	Santa Rita High School	What is the name of the High School in the area of Southeast Tuscon ?
The area includes Davis-Monthan Air Force Base .	Davis-Monthan Air Force Base	What Air Force base is in Tucson ?
It is the home of Santa Rita High School , Chuck Ford Park -LRB- Lakeside Park -RRB- , Lakeside Lake , Lincoln Park -LRB- upper and lower -RRB- , The Lakecrest Neighborhoods , and Pima Community College East Campus .	Lakeside Park	What is the alternate name of Chuck Ford Park ?
It is the home of Santa Rita High School , Chuck Ford Park -LRB- Lakeside Park -RRB- , Lakeside Lake , Lincoln Park -LRB- upper and lower -RRB- , The Lakecrest Neighborhoods , and Pima Community College East Campus .	Pima Community College East Campus	What community college is in southeast Tucson ?
The suburban community of Rita Ranch houses many of the military families from Davis-Monthan , and is near the southeastern-most expansion of the current city limits .	Rita Ranch	Where do many Air Force families live ?
Close by Rita Ranch and also within the city limits lies Civano , a planned development meant to showcase ecologically sound building practices and lifestyles .	showcase ecologically sound building practices and lifestyles	What is the goal of Civano ?
Catalina Highway stretches 25 miles -LRB- 40 km -RRB- and the entire mountain range is one of Tucson 's most popular vacation spots for cycling , hiking , rock climbing , camping , birding , and wintertime snowboarding and skiing .	25	How many miles is Catalina Highway ?
Near the top of Mt. Lemmon is the town of Summerhaven .	Summerhaven	What town is near the top of Mt. Lemmon ?
Near Summerhaven is the road to Ski Valley which hosts a ski lift , several runs , a giftshop , and nearby restaurant .	Ski Valley	What area has a ski lift ?
Catalina Highway stretches 25 miles -LRB- 40 km -RRB- and the entire mountain range is one of Tucson 's most popular vacation spots for cycling , hiking , rock climbing , camping , birding , and wintertime snowboarding and skiing .	snowboarding and skiing	What two winter sports would you do at the mountain range ?
Catalina Highway stretches 25 miles -LRB- 40 km -RRB- and the entire mountain range is one of Tucson 's most popular vacation spots for cycling , hiking , rock climbing , camping , birding , and wintertime snowboarding and skiing .	25 miles (40 km)	How long is Catalina Highway ?
Catalina Highway stretches 25 miles -LRB- 40 km -RRB- and the entire mountain range is one of Tucson 's most popular vacation spots for cycling , hiking , rock climbing , camping , birding , and wintertime snowboarding and skiing .	cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing	What activities are popular in the mountains of Tucson ?
Near the top of Mt. Lemmon is the town of Summerhaven .	Near the top of Mt. Lemmon	Where is Summerhaven ?
Near Summerhaven is the road to Ski Valley which hosts a ski lift , several runs , a giftshop , and nearby restaurant .	a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant	What is in Ski Valley ?
In Summerhaven , visitors will find log houses and cabins , a general store , and various shops , as well as numerous hiking trails .	log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails	What is in Summerhaven ?
Tucson has a desert climate -LRB- Köppen BWh -RRB- , with two major seasons , summer and winter ; plus three minor seasons : fall , spring , and the monsoon .	desert	What kind of climate is Tuscon ?
A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs , Australia , which averages 11 inches -LRB- 279.4 mm -RRB- a year , but has a desert climate .	Alice Springs	What other city is similar to Tuscon in precipitation and climate ?
Tucson averages 11.8 inches -LRB- 299.7 mm -RRB- of precipitation per year , more than most other locations with desert climates , but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration ; in other words , it experiences a high net loss of water .	11.8	What is the average amount of yearly precipitation in Tuscon in inches ?
Tucson averages 11.8 inches -LRB- 299.7 mm -RRB- of precipitation per year , more than most other locations with desert climates , but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration ; in other words , it experiences a high net loss of water .	precipitation	What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates ?
Tucson averages 11.8 inches -LRB- 299.7 mm -RRB- of precipitation per year , more than most other locations with desert climates , but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration ; in other words , it experiences a high net loss of water .	water	What does Tuscon have a high net loss of ?
Tucson has a desert climate -LRB- Köppen BWh -RRB- , with two major seasons , summer and winter ; plus three minor seasons : fall , spring , and the monsoon .	desert	What is Tucson 's climate type ?
Tucson averages 11.8 inches -LRB- 299.7 mm -RRB- of precipitation per year , more than most other locations with desert climates , but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration ; in other words , it experiences a high net loss of water .	11.8 inches (299.7 mm)	How much rain does Tucson get each year ?
Tucson averages 11.8 inches -LRB- 299.7 mm -RRB- of precipitation per year , more than most other locations with desert climates , but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration ; in other words , it experiences a high net loss of water .	net loss of water	What is evapotranspiration ?
A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs , Australia , which averages 11 inches -LRB- 279.4 mm -RRB- a year , but has a desert climate .	Alice Springs	Which Australian town has a similar climate as Tucson ?
A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs , Australia , which averages 11 inches -LRB- 279.4 mm -RRB- a year , but has a desert climate .	11 inches (279.4 mm)	What is Alice Springs 's average rainfall ?
Arizona traffic code Title 28-910 , the so-called `` Stupid Motorist Law '' , was instituted in 1995 to discourage people from entering flooded roadways .	1995	What year did the `` Stupid Motorist Law '' come in effect ?
It typically continues through August and sometimes into September .	September	A monsoon can last into what month ?
If the road is flooded and a barricade is in place , motorists who drive around the barricade can be charged up to $ 2000 for costs involved in rescuing them .	2000	How much can a motorist be charged for needing to be rescued after ignoring safety precautions ?
The monsoon can begin any time from mid-June to late July , with an average start date around July 3 .	July 3	What could you say is the average start for a monsoon ?
During the monsoon , the humidity is much higher than the rest of the year .	humidity	What is usually higher during a monsoon compared throughout the rest of the year ?
Arizona traffic code Title 28-910 , the so-called `` Stupid Motorist Law '' , was instituted in 1995 to discourage people from entering flooded roadways .	1995	When was the `` Stupid Motorist Law '' passed ?
Arizona traffic code Title 28-910 , the so-called `` Stupid Motorist Law '' , was instituted in 1995 to discourage people from entering flooded roadways .	Arizona traffic code Title 28-910	What is the legal name of the `` Stupid Motorist Law '' ?
If the road is flooded and a barricade is in place , motorists who drive around the barricade can be charged up to $ 2000 for costs involved in rescuing them .	up to $2000	How much can the `` Stupid Motorist Law '' charge people for being rescued ?
The monsoon can begin any time from mid-June to late July , with an average start date around July 3 .	around July 3	When does Tucson 's monsoon usually start ?
It typically continues through August and sometimes into September .	through August and sometimes into September	How long does Tucson 's monsoon last ?
Daytime highs in the winter range between 64 and 75 °F -LRB- 18 and 24 °C -RRB- , with overnight lows between 30 and 44 °F -LRB- − 1 and 7 °C -RRB- .	between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C)	What are Tucson 's typical winter high temperatures ?
Daytime highs in the winter range between 64 and 75 °F -LRB- 18 and 24 °C -RRB- , with overnight lows between 30 and 44 °F -LRB- − 1 and 7 °C -RRB- .	between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C)	What are Tucson 's typical winter low temperatures ?
Tucson typically averages one hard freeze per winter season , with temperatures dipping to the mid or low-20s -LRB- − 7 to − 4 °C -RRB- , but this is typically limited to only a very few nights .	the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C)	What do Tucson 's hard freeze temperatures dip to ?
The most recent snowfall was on February 20 , 2013 when 2.0 inches of snow blanketed the city , the largest snowfall since 1987 .	2.0 inches	How much snow did Tucson get on Feb 20 , 2013 ?
The most recent snowfall was on February 20 , 2013 when 2.0 inches of snow blanketed the city , the largest snowfall since 1987 .	1987	When had Tucson last had as much snow as 2013 ?
At the University of Arizona , where records have been kept since 1894 , the record maximum temperature was 115 °F -LRB- 46 °C -RRB- on June 19 , 1960 , and July 28 , 1995 , and the record minimum temperature was 6 °F -LRB- − 14 °C -RRB- on January 7 , 1913 .	June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995	On what two occasions was Tucson 's record high ?
At the University of Arizona , where records have been kept since 1894 , the record maximum temperature was 115 °F -LRB- 46 °C -RRB- on June 19 , 1960 , and July 28 , 1995 , and the record minimum temperature was 6 °F -LRB- − 14 °C -RRB- on January 7 , 1913 .	115 °F (46 °C)	What was Tucson 's record high ?
At the University of Arizona , where records have been kept since 1894 , the record maximum temperature was 115 °F -LRB- 46 °C -RRB- on June 19 , 1960 , and July 28 , 1995 , and the record minimum temperature was 6 °F -LRB- − 14 °C -RRB- on January 7 , 1913 .	6 °F (−14 °C)	What was Tucson 's record low ?
At the University of Arizona , where records have been kept since 1894 , the record maximum temperature was 115 °F -LRB- 46 °C -RRB- on June 19 , 1960 , and July 28 , 1995 , and the record minimum temperature was 6 °F -LRB- − 14 °C -RRB- on January 7 , 1913 .	January 7, 1913	When was Tucson 's record low ?
The wettest year was 1905 with 24.17 in -LRB- 614 mm -RRB- and the driest year was 1924 with 5.07 in -LRB- 129 mm -RRB- .	1905	What was Tucson 's wettest year ?
The most rainfall in one month was 7.93 in -LRB- 201 mm -RRB- in August 1955 .	August 1955	In what month did Tucson get the most rain ?
The most rainfall in 24 hours was 3.93 in -LRB- 100 mm -RRB- on July 29 , 1958 .	July 29, 1958	When did Tucson get the most rain in 24 hours ?
The most snow received in one year was 8.3 in -LRB- 21 cm -RRB- and the most snow in one month was 6.8 in -LRB- 17 cm -RRB- in December 1971 .	December 1971	In what month did Tucson get the most snow ?
The wettest year was 1983 with 21.86 in -LRB- 555 mm -RRB- of precipitation , and the driest year was 1953 with 5.34 in -LRB- 136 mm -RRB- .	1983	In what year did Tucson get the most rain ?
The wettest year was 1983 with 21.86 in -LRB- 555 mm -RRB- of precipitation , and the driest year was 1953 with 5.34 in -LRB- 136 mm -RRB- .	1953	In what year did Tucson get the least rain ?
As of the census of 2010 , there were 520,116 people , 229,762 households , and 112,455 families residing in the city .	229,762	How many households are there in Tucson as of 2010 ?
As of the census of 2010 , there were 520,116 people , 229,762 households , and 112,455 families residing in the city .	112,455	How many families are there in Tucson as of 2010 ?
As of the census of 2010 , there were 520,116 people , 229,762 households , and 112,455 families residing in the city .	520,116	How many residents are there in Tucson as of 2010 ?
The population density was 2,500.1 inhabitants per square mile -LRB- 965.3 / km ² -RRB- .	2,500.1	How many people per square mile are there in Tucson ?
Non-Hispanic Whites were 47.2 % of the population in 2010 , down from 72.8 % in 1970 .	72.8%	How much of Tucson was non-Hispanic Whites in 1970 ?
Much of Tucson 's economic development has been centered on the development of the University of Arizona , which is currently the second largest employer in the city .	University of Arizona	What is the second-largest employer in Tucson ?
Its presence , as well as the presence of the US Army Intelligence Center -LRB- Fort Huachuca , the largest employer in the region in nearby Sierra Vista -RRB- , has led to the development of a significant number of high-tech industries , including government contractors , in the area .	Sierra Vista	Where is the US Army Intelligence Center ?
The city of Tucson is also a major hub for the Union Pacific Railroad 's Sunset Route that links the Los Angeles ports with the South/Southeast regions of the country .	Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route	What railroad route passes through Tucson ?
The city of Tucson is also a major hub for the Union Pacific Railroad 's Sunset Route that links the Los Angeles ports with the South/Southeast regions of the country .	Los Angeles ports	Where does the Sunset Route connect to the west coast ?
Raytheon Missile Systems -LRB- formerly Hughes Aircraft Co. -RRB- , Texas Instruments , IBM , Intuit Inc. , Universal Avionics , Honeywell Aerospace , Sunquest Information Systems , Sanofi-Aventis , Ventana Medical Systems , Inc. , and Bombardier Aerospace all have a significant presence in Tucson .	Hughes Aircraft Co.	What was Raytheon previously called ?
Raytheon Missile Systems -LRB- formerly Hughes Aircraft Co. -RRB- , Texas Instruments , IBM , Intuit Inc. , Universal Avionics , Honeywell Aerospace , Sunquest Information Systems , Sanofi-Aventis , Ventana Medical Systems , Inc. , and Bombardier Aerospace all have a significant presence in Tucson .	Sanofi-Aventis	What drug company has a major presence in Tucson ?
Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems , earning Tucson the nickname `` Optics Valley '' .	150	How many optics-related companies are in Tucson ?
Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems , earning Tucson the nickname `` Optics Valley '' .	design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems	What do the ` Optics Valley ' companies do ?
Raytheon Missile Systems -LRB- formerly Hughes Aircraft Co. -RRB- , Texas Instruments , IBM , Intuit Inc. , Universal Avionics , Honeywell Aerospace , Sunquest Information Systems , Sanofi-Aventis , Ventana Medical Systems , Inc. , and Bombardier Aerospace all have a significant presence in Tucson .	Intuit Inc.	What accounting software company has a major presence in Tucson ?
Since 2009 , the Tucson Festival of Books has been held annually over a two-day period in March at the University of Arizona .	2009	When did the Tucson Festival of Books begin ?
Since 2009 , the Tucson Festival of Books has been held annually over a two-day period in March at the University of Arizona .	a two-day period in March	When is the Tucson Festival of Books held ?
By 2010 it had become the fourth largest book festival in the United States , with 450 authors and 80,000 attendees .	80,000	How many people came to the Tucson Festival of Books in 2010 ?
In 2011 , the Festival began presenting a Founder 's Award ; recipients include Elmore Leonard and R.L. Stine .	Founder's Award	What award did the Tucson Festival of Books give to R. L. Stine ?
For the past 25 years , the Tucson Folk Festival has taken place the first Saturday and Sunday of May in downtown Tucson 's El Presidio Park .	the first Saturday and Sunday of May	When is the Tucson Folk Festival held ?
For the past 25 years , the Tucson Folk Festival has taken place the first Saturday and Sunday of May in downtown Tucson 's El Presidio Park .	El Presidio Park	Where is the Tucson Folk Festival held ?
In addition to nationally known headline acts each evening , the Festival highlights over 100 local and regional musicians on five stages is one of the largest free festivals in the country .	over 100	How many performers are in the Tucson Folk Festival ?
In addition to nationally known headline acts each evening , the Festival highlights over 100 local and regional musicians on five stages is one of the largest free festivals in the country .	free	How much does the Tucson Folk Festival cost to get in ?
Organized by the Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association , volunteers make this festival possible .	Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association	Who runs the Tucson Folk Festival ?
Another popular event held in February , which is early spring in Tucson , is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros , or rodeo week , founded by winter visitor , Leighton Kramer .	spring	What season is February in Tucson ?
Another popular event held in February , which is early spring in Tucson , is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros , or rodeo week , founded by winter visitor , Leighton Kramer .	rodeo week	What is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros ?
Another popular event held in February , which is early spring in Tucson , is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros , or rodeo week , founded by winter visitor , Leighton Kramer .	February	What month is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros held in ?
Another popular event held in February , which is early spring in Tucson , is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros , or rodeo week , founded by winter visitor , Leighton Kramer .	Leighton Kramer	Who started the Fiesta de los Vaqueros ?
The Rodeo Parade is a popular event as most schools give two rodeo days off instead of Presidents Day .	two rodeo days off	How much time do Tucson schools give students off to attend the Fiesta de los Vaqueros ?
The Procession , held at sundown , consists of a non-motorized parade through downtown Tucson featuring many floats , sculptures , and memorials , in which the community is encouraged to participate .	sundown	What time of day is The Procession ?
The parade is followed by performances on an outdoor stage , culminating in the burning of an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators .	an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators	What is burned at The Procession ?
The event is organized and funded by the non-profit arts organization Many Mouths One Stomach , with the assistance of many volunteers and donations from the public and local businesses .	Many Mouths One Stomach	What group runs The Procession ?
The event is organized and funded by the non-profit arts organization Many Mouths One Stomach , with the assistance of many volunteers and donations from the public and local businesses .	non-profit arts organization	What kind of group runs The Procession ?
The Procession , held at sundown , consists of a non-motorized parade through downtown Tucson featuring many floats , sculptures , and memorials , in which the community is encouraged to participate .	non-motorized	What kind of parade is The Procession ?
The accomplished and awarded writers -LRB- poets , novelists , dramatists , nonfiction writers -RRB- who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey , Erskine Caldwell , Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace .	Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace	What famous writers have lived in Tucson ?
Examples are the Chax Press , a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions , and the University of Arizona Poetry Center , which has a sizable poetry library and presents readings , conferences , and workshops .	a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions	What is the Chax Press ?
Examples are the Chax Press , a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions , and the University of Arizona Poetry Center , which has a sizable poetry library and presents readings , conferences , and workshops .	a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops	What does the University of Arizona Poetry Center offer ?
Some were associated with the University of Arizona , but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home .	University of Arizona	What university were some of Tucson 's famous writers associated with ?
While the exact origin of this nickname is uncertain , it is commonly traced back to Mayor R. N. `` Bob '' Leatherwood .	Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood	Who is thought to have led to calling Tucson ` The Old Pueblo ' ?
When rail service was established to the city on March 20 , 1880 , Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders , including the President of the United States and the Pope , announcing that the `` ancient and honorable pueblo '' of Tucson was now connected by rail to the outside world .	March 20, 1880	When did Tucson get a railroad ?
When rail service was established to the city on March 20 , 1880 , Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders , including the President of the United States and the Pope , announcing that the `` ancient and honorable pueblo '' of Tucson was now connected by rail to the outside world .	"ancient and honorable pueblo"	What did Leatherwood call Tucson in a telegram ?
The term became popular with newspaper writers who often abbreviated it as `` A. and H. Pueblo '' .	"A. and H. Pueblo"	How did newspapers abbreviate Leatherwood 's phrase ?
When rail service was established to the city on March 20 , 1880 , Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders , including the President of the United States and the Pope , announcing that the `` ancient and honorable pueblo '' of Tucson was now connected by rail to the outside world .	the President of the United States and the Pope	Who were among the recipients of Leatherwood 's telegram ?
The men 's basketball team , formerly coached by Hall of Fame head coach Lute Olson and currently coached by Sean Miller , has made 25 straight NCAA Tournaments and won the 1997 National Championship .	25	How many times has the University of Arizona men 's basketball team won NCAA tournaments ?
Arizona 's Softball team has reached the NCAA National Championship game 12 times and has won 8 times , most recently in 2007 .	12	How many times has the University of Arizona women 's softball team gone to NCAA National Championships ?
Arizona 's Softball team has reached the NCAA National Championship game 12 times and has won 8 times , most recently in 2007 .	8	How many times has the University of Arizona women 's softball team won NCAA National Championships ?
The university 's swim teams have gained international recognition , with swimmers coming from as far as Japan and Africa to train with the coach Frank Busch who has also worked with the U.S. Olympic swim team for a number of years .	Frank Busch	Who coaches the University of Arizona 's swim team ?
The men 's basketball team , formerly coached by Hall of Fame head coach Lute Olson and currently coached by Sean Miller , has made 25 straight NCAA Tournaments and won the 1997 National Championship .	Sean Miller	Who coaches the University of Arizona men 's basketball team ?
The Sidewinders were sold in 2007 and moved to Reno , Nevada after the 2008 season .	Reno, Nevada	Where did the Tucson Sidewinders move to ?
The Tucson Padres played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium from 2011 to 2013 .	Tucson Padres	What team played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium in 2011-2013 ?
The team , formerly known as the Portland Beavers , was temporarily relocated to Tucson from Portland while awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido .	awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido	Why were the Tucson Padres temporarily in Tucson ?
Legal issues derailed the plans to build the Escondido stadium , so they moved to El Paso , Texas for the 2014 season .	El Paso, Texas	Where did the Padres move when the Escondido stadium fell through ?
They now compete as the Reno Aces .	Reno Aces	What is the new name of the Tucson Sidewinders ?
Tucson Raceway Park hosts NASCAR-sanctioned auto racing events and is one of only two asphalt short tracks in Arizona .	Tucson Raceway Park	Where does Tucson hold NASCAR races ?
This historic track held the first organized quarter horse races in the world , and they are still racing there .	quarter horse races	What kind of races does Rillito Downs hold ?
The Moltacqua racetrack , was another historic horse racetrack located on what is now Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail , but it no longer exists .	Moltacqua racetrack	What former Tucson horse racetrack no longer exists ?
The Moltacqua racetrack , was another historic horse racetrack located on what is now Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail , but it no longer exists .	Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail	What is on the former site of the Moltacqua track now ?
Tucson Raceway Park hosts NASCAR-sanctioned auto racing events and is one of only two asphalt short tracks in Arizona .	two	How many asphalt short tracks are in Arizona ?
The League of American Bicyclists gave Tucson a gold rating for bicycle friendliness in late April 2007 .	The League of American Bicyclists	Who said Tucson is bicycle-friendly , in 2007 ?
The ride called `` El Tour de Tucson '' happens in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving .	in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving	When does El Tour de Tucson happen ?
El Tour de Tucson produced and promoted by Perimeter Bicycling has as many as 10,000 participants from all over the world , annually .	Perimeter Bicycling	Who runs El Tour de Tucson ?
El Tour de Tucson produced and promoted by Perimeter Bicycling has as many as 10,000 participants from all over the world , annually .	as many as 10,000	How many people participate in El Tour de Tucson ?
Tucson is one of only nine cities in the U.S. to receive a gold rating or higher for cycling friendliness from the League of American Bicyclists .	nine	How many US cities have at least a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness ?
In general , Tucson and Pima County support the Democratic Party , as opposed the state 's largest metropolitan area , Phoenix , which usually supports the Republican Party .	Democratic	Which political party does Tucson usually support ?
In general , Tucson and Pima County support the Democratic Party , as opposed the state 's largest metropolitan area , Phoenix , which usually supports the Republican Party .	Republican	Which political party does Phoenix usually support ?
Congressional redistricting in 2013 , following the publication of the 2010 Census , divided the Tucson area into three Federal Congressional districts -LRB- the first , second and third of Arizona -RRB- .	three	How many Federal Congressional districts was Tucson split into in 2013 ?
The city center is in the 3rd District , represented by Raul Grijalva , a Democrat , since 2003 , while the more affluent residential areas to the south and east are in the 2nd District , represented by Republican Martha McSally since 2015 , and the exurbs north and west between Tucson and Phoenix in the 3rd District are represented by Democrat Ann Kirkpatrick since 2008 .	Raul Grijalva	Who represents Tucson 's city center in Congress ?
The city center is in the 3rd District , represented by Raul Grijalva , a Democrat , since 2003 , while the more affluent residential areas to the south and east are in the 2nd District , represented by Republican Martha McSally since 2015 , and the exurbs north and west between Tucson and Phoenix in the 3rd District are represented by Democrat Ann Kirkpatrick since 2008 .	Martha McSally	Who represent 's Tucson 's wealthy areas in Congress ?
Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in September .	September	When is Tucson 's city council primary ?
Both the council members and the mayor serve four-year terms ; none face term limits .	four-year	How long are Tucson 's city council terms ?
The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward 's seat on the November ballot .	November	When is Tucson 's city council general election ?
Council elections are severed : Wards 1 , 2 , and 4 -LRB- as well as the mayor -RRB- are up for election in the same year -LRB- most recently 2011 -RRB- , while Wards 3 , 5 , and 6 share another year -LRB- most recently 2013 -RRB- .	1, 2, and 4	Which wards elect city council members in the same year as the mayor ?
Council elections are severed : Wards 1 , 2 , and 4 -LRB- as well as the mayor -RRB- are up for election in the same year -LRB- most recently 2011 -RRB- , while Wards 3 , 5 , and 6 share another year -LRB- most recently 2013 -RRB- .	3, 5, and 6	Which wards elect city council members in the alternate year from the mayor ?
Since 1985 , both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city .	1985	When did Tucson begin offering city council candidates public funding ?
Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to 33 cents for every registered Tucson voter , or $ 79,222 in 2005 -LRB- the corresponding figures for mayor are 64 cents per registered voter , or $ 142,271 in 2003 -RRB- .	33¢ for every registered Tucson voter	What is the spending limit for Tucson city council candidates to get public funding ?
Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to 33 cents for every registered Tucson voter , or $ 79,222 in 2005 -LRB- the corresponding figures for mayor are 64 cents per registered voter , or $ 142,271 in 2003 -RRB- .	64¢ per registered voter	What is the spending limit for Tucson mayoral candidates to get public funding ?
Many cities , such as San Francisco and New York City , have copied this system , albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas .	San Francisco and New York City	What major cities later adopted Tucson 's city council public funding system ?
To become eligible , council candidates must receive 200 donations of $ 10 or more -LRB- 300 for a mayoral candidate -RRB- .	200	How many $ 10 + donations must Tucson city council candidates receive to get public funding ?
Tucson has one daily newspaper , the morning Arizona Daily Star .	Arizona Daily Star	What is Tucson 's daily general newspaper ?
Wick Communications publishes the daily legal paper The Daily Territorial , while Boulder , Colo.-based 10/13 Communications publishes Tucson Weekly -LRB- an `` alternative '' publication -RRB- , Inside Tucson Business and the Explorer .	The Daily Territorial	What is Tucson 's daily legal paper ?
Wick Communications publishes the daily legal paper The Daily Territorial , while Boulder , Colo.-based 10/13 Communications publishes Tucson Weekly -LRB- an `` alternative '' publication -RRB- , Inside Tucson Business and the Explorer .	10/13 Communications	Who publishes Tucson Weekly ?
The Arizona Daily Wildcat is the University of Arizona 's student newspaper , and the Aztec News is the Pima Community College student newspaper .	The Arizona Daily Wildcat	What is the University of Arizona 's student newspaper ?
It is limited to the three counties of southeastern Arizona -LRB- Pima , Santa Cruz , and Cochise -RRB- The major television networks serving Tucson are : KVOA 4 -LRB- NBC -RRB- , KGUN 9 -LRB- ABC -RRB- , KMSB-TV 11 -LRB- Fox -RRB- , KOLD-TV 13 -LRB- CBS -RRB- , KTTU 18 -LRB- My Network TV -RRB- and KWBA 58 -LRB- The CW -RRB- .	KVOA 4	What is Tucson 's NBC station ?
It is limited to the three counties of southeastern Arizona -LRB- Pima , Santa Cruz , and Cochise -RRB- The major television networks serving Tucson are : KVOA 4 -LRB- NBC -RRB- , KGUN 9 -LRB- ABC -RRB- , KMSB-TV 11 -LRB- Fox -RRB- , KOLD-TV 13 -LRB- CBS -RRB- , KTTU 18 -LRB- My Network TV -RRB- and KWBA 58 -LRB- The CW -RRB- .	KGUN 9	What is Tucson 's ABC station ?
It is limited to the three counties of southeastern Arizona -LRB- Pima , Santa Cruz , and Cochise -RRB- The major television networks serving Tucson are : KVOA 4 -LRB- NBC -RRB- , KGUN 9 -LRB- ABC -RRB- , KMSB-TV 11 -LRB- Fox -RRB- , KOLD-TV 13 -LRB- CBS -RRB- , KTTU 18 -LRB- My Network TV -RRB- and KWBA 58 -LRB- The CW -RRB- .	KMSB-TV 11	What is Tucson 's Fox station ?
It is limited to the three counties of southeastern Arizona -LRB- Pima , Santa Cruz , and Cochise -RRB- The major television networks serving Tucson are : KVOA 4 -LRB- NBC -RRB- , KGUN 9 -LRB- ABC -RRB- , KMSB-TV 11 -LRB- Fox -RRB- , KOLD-TV 13 -LRB- CBS -RRB- , KTTU 18 -LRB- My Network TV -RRB- and KWBA 58 -LRB- The CW -RRB- .	KOLD-TV 13	What is Tucson 's CBS station ?
KUAT-TV 6 is a PBS affiliate run by the University of Arizona -LRB- as is sister station KUAS 27 -RRB- .	KUAT-TV 6	What is Tucson 's PBS station ?
Tucson 's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10 .	Tucson Electric Power	Who runs Tucson 's main power plant ?
Tucson 's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10 .	Interstate-10	What highway is Tucson 's main power plant near ?
Tucson 's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10 .	coal and natural gas	What does Tucson 's main power plant use for fuel ?
The air pollution generated has raised some concerns as the Sundt operating station has been online since 1962 as is exempt from many pollution standards and controls due to its age .	1962	When did Tucson 's main power plant begin operation ?
Solar has been gaining ground in Tucson with its ideal over 300 days of sunshine climate .	over 300	How many days of sunshine does Tucson get each year ?
The primary consumer of water is Agriculture -LRB- including golf courses -RRB- , which consumes about 69 % of all water .	Agriculture (including golf courses)	How is most of Tucson 's water used ?
The primary consumer of water is Agriculture -LRB- including golf courses -RRB- , which consumes about 69 % of all water .	69%	How much of Tucson 's water is used on agriculture ?
Municipal -LRB- which includes residential use -RRB- accounts for about 25 % of use .	25%	How much of Tucson 's water is used on residential/city use ?
However , with over 300 days of full sun a year , Tucson has demonstrated its potential to be an ideal solar energy producer .	over 300	How many days of full sun does Tucson get each year ?
The state manages all water in Arizona through its Arizona Department of Water Resources -LRB- ADWR -RRB- .	Arizona Department of Water Resources	What agency manages Tucson 's water ?
In an effort to conserve water , Tucson is recharging groundwater supplies by running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer .	running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer	How is Tucson replenishing its groundwater ?
The City of Tucson already provides reclaimed water to its inhabitants , but it is only used for `` applications such as irrigation , dust control , and industrial uses . ''	irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses	What does Tucson use reclaimed water for ?
These resources have been in place for more than 27 years , and deliver to over 900 locations .	more than 27 years	How long has Tucson 's water conservation efforts been underway ?
An allocation from the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct -LRB- CAP -RRB- , which passes more than 300 mi -LRB- 480 km -RRB- across the desert from the Colorado River , has been incorporated into the city 's water supply , annually providing over 20 million gallons of `` recharged '' water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out .	Central Arizona Project Aqueduct	What is the CAP ?
An allocation from the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct -LRB- CAP -RRB- , which passes more than 300 mi -LRB- 480 km -RRB- across the desert from the Colorado River , has been incorporated into the city 's water supply , annually providing over 20 million gallons of `` recharged '' water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out .	more than 300 mi (480 km)	How long is the CAP ?
An allocation from the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct -LRB- CAP -RRB- , which passes more than 300 mi -LRB- 480 km -RRB- across the desert from the Colorado River , has been incorporated into the city 's water supply , annually providing over 20 million gallons of `` recharged '' water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out .	Colorado River	What water source feeds the CAP ?
To prevent further loss of groundwater , Tucson has been involved in water conservation and groundwater preservation efforts , shifting away from its reliance on a series of Tucson area wells in favor of conservation , consumption-based pricing for residential and commercial water use , and new wells in the more sustainable Avra Valley aquifer , northwest of the city .	Avra Valley aquifer	What aquifer is Tucson starting new wells in ?
Since 2001 , CAP water has allowed the city to remove or turn off over 80 wells .	over 80	How many wells has Tucson stopped using since 2001 ?
A 3.9-mile streetcar line , Sun Link , connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue , downtown , and the Mercado District west of Interstate 10 and the Santa Cruz River .	3.9-mile	How long is the Sun Link ?
Tucson 's Sun Tran bus system serves greater Tucson with standard , express , regional shuttle , and on-demand shuttle bus service .	Sun Tran	What is Tucson 's bus system called ?
The streetcar utilizes Sun Tran 's card payment and transfer system , connecting with the University of Arizona 's CatTran shuttles , Amtrak , and Greyhound intercity bus service .	the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service	What transit systems does Sun Link connect to ?
It was awarded Best Transit System in 1988 and 2005 .	1988 and 2005	When did Tucson get a ` Best Transit System ' award ?
A 3.9-mile streetcar line , Sun Link , connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue , downtown , and the Mercado District west of Interstate 10 and the Santa Cruz River .	streetcar	What kind of vehicles operate on the Sun Link ?
Cycling is popular in Tucson due to its flat terrain and dry climate .	its flat terrain and dry climate	Why is cycling popular in Tucson ?
The Loop is a network of seven linear parks comprising over 100 mi -LRB- 160 km -RRB- of paved , vehicle-free trails that encircles the majority of the city with links to Marana and Oro Valley .	a network of seven linear parks	What is The Loop ?
The Loop is a network of seven linear parks comprising over 100 mi -LRB- 160 km -RRB- of paved , vehicle-free trails that encircles the majority of the city with links to Marana and Oro Valley .	over 100	How many miles of trails are in The Loop ?
The Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee -LRB- TPCBAC -RRB- serves in an advisory capacity to local governments on issues relating to bicycle recreation , transportation , and safety .	Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee	What organization advises the Tucson government on bike concerns ?
Tucson and Pima County maintain an extensive network of marked bike routes , signal crossings , on-street bike lanes , mountain-biking trails , and dedicated shared-use paths .	marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths	What kind of places to ride bikes does Tucson have ?
Armenia is a unitary , multi-party , democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage .	democratic	What kind of government does Armenia have ?
Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion .	Christianity	What religion did Armenia support ?
In the 1st century BC the Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great .	Tigranes the Great	Who brought Armenia to success in the 1st century BC ?
The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century .	Byzantine and Sasanian	What two empires did Armenia belong to in the beginning of the 5th century ?
Urartu was established in 860 BC and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia .	860 BC	When was Urartu created ?
Between the 16th century and 19th century , the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and successive Iranian empires , repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries .	Ottoman and successive Iranian empires	Which two empires ruled Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century ?
By the 19th century , Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire , while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule .	Russian Empire	Who took over Eastern Armenia in the 19th century ?
During World War I , Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide .	World War I	When did the Armenian Genocide occure ?
By 1920 , the state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic , and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union .	1920	When did Armenia become part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic ?
The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union .	1991	When did Armenia gain its independence ?
According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian , Armenia derives from the name of Aram , a lineal descendant of Hayk .	Aram	What name did Armenia gain it 's name from ?
Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC .	401 BC	When did Xenophon visit Armenia ?
The ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία -LRB- Armenía -RRB- and Ἀρμένιοι -LRB- Arménioi , `` Armenians '' -RRB- are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus -LRB- c. 550 BC -- c. 476 BC -RRB- .	Hecataeus of Miletus	Who first referenced the Armenians ?
He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians .	Persians	What language does Armenias resemble most ?
A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world 's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation .	782 BC	When was the capital of Armenia established ?
A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world 's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation .	Yerevan	What is the capital of Armenia ?
A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world 's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation .	Yerevan	The founding of which city was the first to be ever recorded ?
The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty .	King Artaxias I	Under who did Areminia become fully sovereign ?
During the late 6th century BC , the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire , as part of the latters ' territories .	Achaemenid Empire	What Empire did the Orontid Dynasty belong to ?
Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great , becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic .	between 95 and 66 BC	When did Armenia reach it 's peak ?
Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great , becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic .	Tigranes the Great	Which ruler is responsible for Armenias prosperity ?
In the next centuries , Armenia was in the Persian Empire 's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates I , the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia , which itself was a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia .	Tiridates I	Who established the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia ?
Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many peoples , including the Assyrians -LRB- under Ashurbanipal , at around 669 -- 627 BC , the boundaries of the Assyrian Empire reached as far as Armenia & the Caucasus Mountains -RRB- , Medes , Achaemenid Persians , Greeks , Parthians , Romans , Sassanid Persians , Byzantines , Arabs , Seljuks , Mongols , Ottomans , successive Iranian Safavids , Afsharids , and Qajars , and the Russians .	strategic location between two continents	What made Armenia so easily invadable ?
Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many peoples , including the Assyrians -LRB- under Ashurbanipal , at around 669 -- 627 BC , the boundaries of the Assyrian Empire reached as far as Armenia & the Caucasus Mountains -RRB- , Medes , Achaemenid Persians , Greeks , Parthians , Romans , Sassanid Persians , Byzantines , Arabs , Seljuks , Mongols , Ottomans , successive Iranian Safavids , Afsharids , and Qajars , and the Russians .	Ashurbanipal	Who ruled the Assyrians between 669-627 BC ?
After the Marzpanate period -LRB- 428 -- 636 -RRB- , Armenia emerged as the Emirate of Armenia , an autonomous principality within the Arabic Empire , reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well .	428–636	When was the Marzpanate era ?
The Principality of Armenia lasted until 884 , when it regained its independence from the weakened Arab Empire under King Ashot I Bagratuni .	884	When did the Principality of Armenia end ?
The Principality of Armenia lasted until 884 , when it regained its independence from the weakened Arab Empire under King Ashot I Bagratuni .	King Ashot I Bagratuni	Under which ruler did the Principality of Armenia gain its independence ?
It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiya created by the Arabs , which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania , and had its center in the Armenian city , Dvin .	Dvin	Where was the Principality of Armenia centered ?
The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia , and recognized by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor .	Prince of Armenia	Who ruled the Emirate of Armenia ?
In 1045 , the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia .	the Byzantine Empire	Who vanquished Bagratid Armenia ?
The Byzantine rule was short lived , as in 1071 Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert , establishing the Seljuk Empire .	1071	When did the Seljuk Turks beat the Byzantines ?
The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under King Leo I , a descendant of Prince Roupen .	6 January 1198	When was Cilicia founded ?
The Byzantine rule was short lived , as in 1071 Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert , establishing the Seljuk Empire .	conquered Armenia	What was the outcome of the Battle of Manzikert for the Seljuk Turks ?
To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative , Gagik II , King of Ani , an Armenian named Roupen , went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia .	Tarsus of Cilicia	Where did Roupen find refuge ?
In the early 12th century , Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia , known as Zakarid Armenia , which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom .	the Zakarid	Which family overthrew the Seljuk Turks ?
In the early 12th century , Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia , known as Zakarid Armenia , which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom .	Zakarid Armenia	What principality did the Zakarid family form ?
The noble family of Orbelians shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country , especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor , while the Armenian family of Hasan-Jalalians controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh .	Syunik and Vayots Dzor	What area did the Orbelians and Zakarids command together ?
The noble family of Orbelians shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country , especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor , while the Armenian family of Hasan-Jalalians controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh .	Artsakh and Utik	What area did the Hasan-jalalians command ?
In the early 12th century , Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia , known as Zakarid Armenia , which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom .	early 12th century	When did the Seljuk Empire experience it 's decline ?
In the 16th century , the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire divided Armenia .	Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire	Which empires seperated Armenia ?
From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya , and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century , Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid , Afsharid and Qajar empires , while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule .	Ottoman	Who controlled Western Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century ?
From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya , and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century , Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid , Afsharid and Qajar empires , while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule .	Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires	Who controlled Eastern Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century ?
Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia , significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires .	century	How long did the Turco-Iranian rivalry last ?
When they began pushing for more rights within the Ottoman Empire , Sultan ` Abdu ' l-Hamid II , in response , organized state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896 , resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people .	80,000 to 300,000	How many Armenians were slaughtered between 1894-1896
When they began pushing for more rights within the Ottoman Empire , Sultan ` Abdu ' l-Hamid II , in response , organized state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896 , resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people .	pushing for more rights	What prompted the state-sponsored slaughter of Armenians ?
The Hamidian massacres , as they came to be known , gave Hamid international infamy as the `` Red Sultan '' or `` Bloody Sultan . ''	"Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan."	What nicknames was Sultan ` Abdu ` l-Hamid II given ?
The Hamidian massacres , as they came to be known , gave Hamid international infamy as the `` Red Sultan '' or `` Bloody Sultan . ''	Hamidian massacres	What was the name given to the slaughter of the Armenians between 1894-1896 ?
However , as Christians under a strict Muslim social system , Armenians faced pervasive discrimination .	Muslim	What type of social system was in place under the Ottoman Empire ?
During the 1890s , the Armenian Revolutionary Federation , commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun , became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire .	Dashnaktsutyun	What is another name for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation ?
The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a `` free , independent and unified '' Armenia , although they sometimes set aside this goal in favor of a more realistic approach , such as advocating autonomy .	creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia	What was the Dashnaks objective ?
Dashnaktsutyun members also formed fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance .	fedayi	Which Dashnak groups helped protect Armenian citizens ?
During the 1890s , the Armenian Revolutionary Federation , commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun , became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire .	1890s	When did the Dashnaktsutyun originate ?
In April 1909 , the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000 -- 30,000 Armenians .	April 1909	When did the Adana massacre take place ?
In April 1909 , the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000 -- 30,000 Armenians .	20,000–30,000	How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre ?
The Ottoman Empire began to collapse , and in 1908 , the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid .	1908	When was Sultan Hamid unseated ?
The Ottoman Empire began to collapse , and in 1908 , the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid .	Young Turk Revolution	Who unseated Sultan Hamid ?
Armenian reform package -LRB- 1914 -RRB- was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues .	1914	When was the Armenian Reform package introduced ?
When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns , the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion .	World War I	What instigated conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empire ?
On 24 April 1915 , Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and , with the Tehcir Law -LRB- 29 May 1915 -RRB- , eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide .	29 May 1915	When did the Tehcir Law come to fruition ?
This was because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers .	Russian Army	Which army had a group of Armenian volunteers fighting for them ?
On 24 April 1915 , Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and , with the Tehcir Law -LRB- 29 May 1915 -RRB- , eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide .	Anatolia	Where did the Armenian Genocide occur ?
The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings , or genocide .	state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide	What do the Armenians see the events of 1915-1917 as ?
The genocide was implemented in two phases : the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour , followed by the deportation of women , children , the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert .	two phases	How many phases were there to the Armenian Genocide ?
The genocide was implemented in two phases : the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour , followed by the deportation of women , children , the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert .	killing of the able-bodied male population	What did the first phase of the Armenian Genocide involve ?
The genocide was implemented in two phases : the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour , followed by the deportation of women , children , the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert .	deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm	What did the second phase of the Armenian Genocide involve ?
The genocide was implemented in two phases : the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour , followed by the deportation of women , children , the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert .	Syrian desert	Where did the Armenian Genocide death marches push the deportees to ?
According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee , an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915 -- 16 -RRB- .	600,000	How many Armenians died during the second phase of the Armenian Genocide between 1915-1916 ??
Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day .	Turkish authorities	Who contests the existence of the Armenian Genocide ?
The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million .	between 1 and 1.5 million	What is the estimated sum of people who died during the Armenian Genocide ?
According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee , an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915 -- 16 -RRB- .	Arnold J. Toynbee	Who put together a report about the Armenian Genocide ?
This figure , however , accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on the 24th May 1916 .	24th May 1916	When was Toynbee 's report put together ?
Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I , their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 .	Nikolai Yudenich	Who was in charge of the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces ?
Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I , their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 .	Andranik Ozanian	Who was the leader of the Armenian militia ?
Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I , their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 .	1917	When was the Bolshevik Revolution ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- At the time , Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia , Georgia , and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic .	Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan	Who formed the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic ?
This federation , however , lasted from only February to May 1918 , when all three parties decided to dissolve it .	May 1918	When did the Dashnaktsutyun declare independence ?
Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920 , the Treaty of Sèvres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it .	10 August 1920	When was the Treaty of Sevres signed ?
Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President Woodrow Wilson , Ottoman Armenia was also referred to as `` Wilsonian Armenia . ''	Wilsonian Armenia	What is another name for Ottoman Armenia ?
Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President Woodrow Wilson , Ottoman Armenia was also referred to as `` Wilsonian Armenia . ''	President Woodrow Wilson	Which US president specified the new Armenian borders ?
In addition , just days prior , on 5 August 1920 , Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union , the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia , declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate .	5 August 1920	When did Cilicia declare independence ?
Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920 , the Treaty of Sèvres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it .	Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire	Who signed the Treaty of Sevres ?
The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920 .	2 December 1920	When was the Treaty of Alexandropol sanctioned ?
Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877 -- 1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol -LRB- present-day Gyumri -RRB- .	Alexandropol	What city did current day Gyumri used to be called ?
By 4 December , Ordzhonikidze 's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed .	4 December	When did the Armenian republic breakdown ?
Simultaneously , the Soviet Eleventh Army , under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze , invaded Armenia at Karavansarai -LRB- present-day Ijevan -RRB- on 29 November .	Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze	Who led the Soviet Eleventh Army ?
In 1920 , Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east .	1920	What year did Turkish nationalists seize the Armenian Republic ?
Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan , it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR -LRB- TSFSR -RRB- on 4 March 1922 .	4 March 1922	When was the Transcaucasian SFSR formed ?
In the agreement , Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars , Ardahan , and Iğdır , all of which were part of Russian Armenia .	Batumi	The Soviet Union gained control over which city following the Treaty of Kars ?
In the agreement , Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars , Ardahan , and Iğdır , all of which were part of Russian Armenia .	sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır	What did Turkey gain from the Treaty of Kars ?
Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan , it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR -LRB- TSFSR -RRB- on 4 March 1922 .	Bolshevist Russia	Who annexed Armenia ?
They received medicine , food , and other provisions from Moscow , and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire .	Moscow	Who provided the Armenians with supplies ?
After the death of Vladimir Lenin , Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians .	Joseph Stalin	Who succeeded Vladimir Lenin ?
The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936 , when it was divided up into three separate entities -LRB- Armenian SSR , Azerbaijan SSR , and Georgian SSR -RRB- .	Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR	Which three parts make up the TSFSR ?
The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936 , when it was divided up into three separate entities -LRB- Armenian SSR , Azerbaijan SSR , and Georgian SSR -RRB- .	1936	When did the TSFSR break up into three parts ?
Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union 's new leader .	Nikita Khruschev	Who succeeded Stalin ?
In 1967 , a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan .	1967	When was the Armenian Genocide Memorial constructed ?
The church , which suffered greatly under Stalin , was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955 .	1955	When did Vazgen acquire his position ?
Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union 's new leader .	1953	When did Stalin pass away ?
In 1967 , a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan .	Yerevan	Where is the memorial for the Armenian Genocide ?
Compounding Armenia 's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2 .	1988	In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake ?
About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970 .	484,000	How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970 ?
Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh , a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923 .	1923	When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia ?
Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh , a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923 .	Stalin	Who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia ?
In May 1990 , the New Armenian Army -LRB- NAA -RRB- was established , serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army .	New Armenian Army	What does NAA stand for ?
In May 1990 , the New Armenian Army -LRB- NAA -RRB- was established , serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army .	May 1990	When was the NAA formed ?
Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting .	the MVD	Who started the fight between the MVD and the NAA in 1918 ?
The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station .	five Armenians	How many people died as a result of the MVD and NAA clash in 1918 ?
Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen , near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people , mostly Armenians .	Sovetashen	Continued fighting transpired between the Armenians and Soviets in which city ?
The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia .	Armenia	Where did the Armenians living in Baku escape to during the January 1990 massacre ?
On 17 March 1991 , Armenia , along with the Baltic states , Georgia and Moldova , boycotted a nationwide referendum in which 78 % of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form .	17 March 1991	When did Armenia reject the referendum proposing the retention of the Soviet Union ?
In 1993 , Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan .	1993	When did Turkey decide to become part of the blockade against Armenia ?
This move effectively crippled Armenia 's economy as 85 % of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic .	rail traffic	How does Armenia get most of it 's commodities ?
Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan .	Azerbaijan	Who did Armenia fight in teh Nagorno-Karabakh War ?
The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties , which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade against Armenia .	a railway and air blockade	What prevented Armenia from getting it 's commodities ?
This move effectively crippled Armenia 's economy as 85 % of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic .	85%	What percent of Armenias commodities were transported via rail traffic ?
The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire was put in place in 1994 .	1994	When did the Karabakh War end ?
Since then , Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks , mediated by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe -LRB- OSCE -RRB- .	Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe	What does OSCE stand for ?
The economies of both countries have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia 's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed .	Turkey and Azerbaijan	Armenia has closed borders with which two countries ?
By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994 , an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced .	30,000	How many people died as a result of the fighting betwen Armenia and Azerbaijan ?
The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16 % of Azerbaijan 's internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself .	Karabakh Armenian forces	Who gained the most from the Karabakh War ?
Freedom House categorized Armenia in its 2008 report as a `` Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime '' -LRB- along with Moldova , Kosovo , Kyrgyzstan , and Russia -RRB- and ranked Armenia 20th among 29 nations in transition , with a Democracy Score of 5.21 out of 7 -LRB- 7 represents the lowest democratic progress -RRB- .	7	What is the lowest score on the Democracy Score scale ?
Freedom House categorized Armenia in its 2008 report as a `` Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime '' -LRB- along with Moldova , Kosovo , Kyrgyzstan , and Russia -RRB- and ranked Armenia 20th among 29 nations in transition , with a Democracy Score of 5.21 out of 7 -LRB- 7 represents the lowest democratic progress -RRB- .	5.21	What Democracy Score does Armenia have ?
Freedom House categorized Armenia in its 2008 report as a `` Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime '' -LRB- along with Moldova , Kosovo , Kyrgyzstan , and Russia -RRB- and ranked Armenia 20th among 29 nations in transition , with a Democracy Score of 5.21 out of 7 -LRB- 7 represents the lowest democratic progress -RRB- .	Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime	What does the Freedom House classify Armenia as ?
International observers of Council of Europe and US Department of State have questioned the fairness of Armenia 's parliamentary and presidential elections and constitutional referendum since 1995 , citing polling deficiencies , lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission , and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places .	polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places	What makes Armenia 's presidential elections faulty ?
Armenia presently maintains good relations with almost every country in the world , with two major exceptions being its immediate neighbours , Turkey and Azerbaijan .	Turkey and Azerbaijan	With who does Armenia have bad relations ?
The border between the two rival countries remains closed up to this day , and a permanent solution for the conflict has not been reached despite the mediation provided by organisations such as the OSCE .	closed	Is the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan open or closed ?
The Nagorno-Karabakh War dominated the region 's politics throughout the 1990s .	1990s	When was the Nagorno-Karabakh War ?
During the Nagorno-Karabakh War and citing it as the reason , Turkey illegally closed its land border with Armenia in 1993 .	1993	When did Turkey close off its border with Armenia ?
Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide .	Turkey	Which country claims the Armenian Genocide did n't occur ?
Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia -LRB- the 3rd republic -RRB- after its independence from the USSR in 1991 .	1991	When did Armenia gain independence from the USSR ?
It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets .	Turkish business lobby	Who wants the border between Turkey and Armenia opened ?
On 10 October 2009 , Armenia and Turkey signed protocols on normalisation of relationships , which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border .	10 October 2009	When did Armenia and Turkey initiate an attempt to reopen their border ?
Despite this , the process stopped , as Turkey continuously added more preconditions to its ratification and also `` delayed it beyond any reasonable time-period '' .	Turkey	Who made it difficult to ratify the protocols to reopen the Armenian/Turkey border ?
The ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments .	national parliaments	Who ratifies protocols in Armenia ?
Despite this , the process stopped , as Turkey continuously added more preconditions to its ratification and also `` delayed it beyond any reasonable time-period '' .	continuously added more preconditions to its ratification	How did Turkey thwart the ratification of these protocols ?
At the request of the Armenian government , Russia maintains a military base in the northwestern Armenian city of Gyumri as a deterrent against Turkey .	Gyumri	Russia has a military base in which city in Armenia ?
According to the US Census Bureau , there are 427,822 Armenians living in the country .	427,822	How many Armenians reside in the United States ?
At the request of the Armenian government , Russia maintains a military base in the northwestern Armenian city of Gyumri as a deterrent against Turkey .	as a deterrent against Turkey	Why does Russia have a miltary base In Gyumri ?
At the request of the Armenian government , Russia maintains a military base in the northwestern Armenian city of Gyumri as a deterrent against Turkey .	Armenian government	Who gave Russia permission to have a military base in Gyumri ?
A 2005 survey reported that 64 % of Armenia 's population would be in favor of joining the EU .	64%	How many of Armenias inhabitants approve of becoming part of the EU ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In 2004 its forces joined KFOR , a NATO-led international force in Kosovo .	a NATO-led international force in Kosovo	What is KFOR ?
Armenia is also a member of the Council of Europe , maintaining friendly relations with the European Union , especially with its member states such as France and Greece .	France and Greece	What are some states join Armenia in the Council of Europe ?
predicting that it will make an official bid for membership in a few years .	in a few years	When can the EU expect Armenia to attempt to join it ?
The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992 .	1991	When was the Armenian military created ?
The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992 .	1992	When was the Ministry of Defence founded ?
The Armenian Army , Air Force , Air Defence , and Border Guard comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia .	The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard	What are the four branches of the Armenian Armed Forces ?
The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership , currently headed by Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan , while military command remains in the hands of the General Staff , headed by the Chief of Staff , who is currently Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov .	Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov	Who is in charge of the the Armenian military ?
The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership , currently headed by Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan , while military command remains in the hands of the General Staff , headed by the Chief of Staff , who is currently Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov .	Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan	Who is in charge of the Ministry of Defence ?
Armenia is member of Collective Security Treaty Organisation -LRB- CSTO -RRB- along with Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan .	Collective Security Treaty Organisation	What does CSTO stand for ?
It participates in NATO 's Partnership for Peace -LRB- PiP -RRB- program and is in a NATO organisation called Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council -LRB- EAPC -RRB- .	Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council	What does EAPC stand for ?
Armenia is member of Collective Security Treaty Organisation -LRB- CSTO -RRB- along with Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan .	Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan	Who else joins Armenia in the CSTO ?
Armenia also had 46 members of its military peacekeeping forces as a part of the Coalition Forces in Iraq War until October 2008 .	October 2008	When did Armenia remove its peacekeepers from Iraq ?
As of 2007 -LSB- update -RSB- , Armenia includes 915 communities , of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural .	915	How many hamaynkner does Armenia have ?
Additionally , Yerevan is divided into twelve semi-autonomous districts .	twelve	How many districts does Yerevan have ?
As of 2007 -LSB- update -RSB- , Armenia includes 915 communities , of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural .	rural	Does Armenia have more rural or uban hamaynker ?
Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more settlements -LRB- bnakavayrer , singular bnakavayr -RRB- .	bnakavayr	What is the Armenian term for settlment ?
Recently , the Intel Corporation agreed to open a research center in Armenia , in addition to other technology companies , signalling the growth of the technology industry in Armenia .	Intel Corporation	What group is opening a research center in Armenia ?
Recently , the Intel Corporation agreed to open a research center in Armenia , in addition to other technology companies , signalling the growth of the technology industry in Armenia .	technology industry	As opposed to an industry-based economy , what industry is Armenia moving to ?
The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad .	investment and support from Armenians abroad	The Arnmenian economy depends primarily on what ?
Before independence , Armenia 's economy was largely industry-based -- chemicals , electronics , machinery , processed food , synthetic rubber , and textile -- and highly dependent on outside resources .	chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile	What did Armenias industry-based economy consist of ?
After independence , the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly , its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30 % of GDP and more than 40 % of total employment .	After	Was agriculture more important before or after Armenia left the Soviet Union ?
This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of transition and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s .	food security needs	Why did agriculture become so significant for Armenia 's economy ?
After independence , the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly , its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30 % of GDP and more than 40 % of total employment .	40%	How much of total employment did agriculture account for at the end of the 1990s ?
As the economic situation stabilized and growth resumed , the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20 % -LRB- 2006 data -RRB- , although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40 % .	20%	How much of the GDP has agriculture accounted for most recently ?
In addition , the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake , which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless , are still being felt .	more than 25,000	How many people died because of the Spitak earthquake ?
In addition , the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake , which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless , are still being felt .	1988	When was the Spitak earthquake ?
The GDP fell nearly 60 % between 1989 and 1993 , but then resumed robust growth .	60%	How much did the Armenian GDP decrease from 1989-1993
The national currency , the dram , suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993 .	the dram	What is the national currency of Armenia ?
The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy .	Nagorno-Karabakh conflict	What did Armenia declare a cease-fire to in 1994 ?
Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995 , building on the turnaround that began the previous year , and inflation has been negligible for the past several years .	1995	Since when has Armenia experienced a positive growth in their economy ?
Nevertheless , the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth .	economic reforms	What helped Armenia decrease inflation and create study growth in the economy ?
New sectors , such as precious-stone processing and jewellery making , information and communication technology , and even tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy , such as agriculture .	precious-stone processing	What is one of the newer sectors Armenia has in addition to agriculture ?
The International Monetary Fund -LRB- IMF -RRB- , World Bank , European Bank for Reconstruction and Development -LRB- EBRD -RRB- , and other international financial institutions -LRB- IFIs -RRB- and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans .	International Monetary Fund	What does IMF stand for ?
The International Monetary Fund -LRB- IMF -RRB- , World Bank , European Bank for Reconstruction and Development -LRB- EBRD -RRB- , and other international financial institutions -LRB- IFIs -RRB- and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans .	European Bank for Reconstruction and Development	What dos EBRD stand for ?
The International Monetary Fund -LRB- IMF -RRB- , World Bank , European Bank for Reconstruction and Development -LRB- EBRD -RRB- , and other international financial institutions -LRB- IFIs -RRB- and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans .	international financial institutions	What does IFI stand for ?
Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $ 1.1 billion .	$1.1 billion	How much in loans has Armenia received since 1993 ?
The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003 .	5 February 2003	When did Armenia become a part of the World Trade Organization ?
However , unemployment , which currently stands at around 15 % , still remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict .	15%	What is the unemployment rate in Armenia ?
However , unemployment , which currently stands at around 15 % , still remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict .	refugees from the Karabakh conflict	To what does Armenia attribute it 's high unemployment rate ?
A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994 , and a law on privatisation was adopted in 1997 , as well as a program of state property privatisation .	June 1994	When did Armenia establish a foreign investment law ?
A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994 , and a law on privatisation was adopted in 1997 , as well as a program of state property privatisation .	1997	When did Armenia establish a law on privatisation ?
In addition , 35 % of eligible children attended preschools .	35%	What percent of Armenian children go to preschool ?
In 1992 Armenia 's largest institution of higher learning , Yerevan State University , had eighteen departments , including ones for social sciences , sciences , and law .	Yerevan State University	What is Armenia 's biggest University ?
The National Polytechnic University of Armenia is operating since 1933 .	1933	When did the National Polytechnic University of Armenia open ?
Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population about 10,000 students .	10,000	How many students did Yerevan State University have in 1992 ?
Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population about 10,000 students .	1,300	How many teachers did Yerevan State University have in 1992 ?
In 1980 Yerevan State Medical University was awarded one of the main rewards of the former USSR -- the Order of Labor red Banner for training qualified specialists in health care and valuable service in the development of Medical Science .	1980	When was Yerevan State Medical University awarded the Order of Labor red Banner ?
On the basis of the expansion and development of Yerevan State University a number of higher educational independent Institutions were formed including Medical Institute separated in 1930 which was set up on the basis of medical faculty .	1930	When was the Medical Institute formed ?
In 1995 YSMI was renamed to YSMU and since 1989 it has been named after Mkhitar Heratsi , the famous medieval doctor .	1995	When was Yerevan State Medical Institute renamed to Yerevan State Medical University ?
Mkhitar Heratsi was the founder of Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia .	Mkhitar Heratsi	Who founded the Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia ?
Mkhitar Heratsi was the founder of Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia .	Mkhitar Heratsi	Which doctor did the YSMU rename itself after ?
Nowadays the university is ranked among famous higher Medical Institutions and takes its honorable place in the World Directory of Medical Schools published by the WHO .	WHO	Who is in charge of releasing the World Directory of Medical Schools ?
Foreign students ' department for Armenian diaspora established in 1957 later was enlarged and the enrollment of foreign students began .	1957	When was the foreign student department for Armenian diaspora created ?
A great number of foreign students from India , Nepal , Sri Lanka , the USA and Russian Federation study together with Armenian students .	India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the USA and Russian Federation	Armenian students attend YMSU with foreign students from where ?
Armenia also hosts a deployment of OLPC -- One Laptopschool Per child XO laptop-tablet schools .	One Laptopschool Per child	What does OLPC stand for ?
Other educational institutions in Armenia include the American University of Armenia and the QSI International School of Yerevan .	American University of Armenia and the QSI International School of Yerevan	What are the names of some of the other higher education organizations in Armenia ?
The American University of Armenia has graduate programs in Business and Law , among others .	Business and Law	What are some of the graduate programs available at AUA ?
Instruments like the duduk , the dhol , the zurna , and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music .	the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun	What are some examples of Armenian folk music instruments ?
Many of these chants are ancient in origin , extending to pre-Christian times , while others are relatively modern , including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots , the inventor of the Armenian alphabet .	Saint Mesrop Mashtots	Who created the Armenian alphabet ?
Whilst under Soviet rule , Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music , for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane .	Aram Khatchaturian	Who composed the Sabre Dance ?
One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia .	the Armenian chant	What is known as one of the most prolific type of religious music in Armenia ?
In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States , the so-called `` kef '' style Armenian dance music , using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments -LRB- often electrified/amplified -RRB- and some western instruments , was popular .	Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments	What is kef ?
This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia , and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated .	preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia	What did kef help do ?
This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia , and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated .	Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries	Where did the Armenians emigrate from ?
Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional `` kef '' style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of `` kef music '' heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time .	Richard Hagopian	Who is the most well know kef artist ?
Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional `` kef '' style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of `` kef music '' heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time .	American Big Band Jazz	What type of music had the biggest impact on the kef of the Vosbikian Band ?
Later , stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European -LRB- especially French -RRB- pop music , the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia ; also with artists such as Sirusho , performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today 's entertainment industry .	the 1960s and 1970s	When did Armenian pop music become popular ?
Later , stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European -LRB- especially French -RRB- pop music , the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia ; also with artists such as Sirusho , performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today 's entertainment industry .	Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian	Who were some Armenian pop artists ?
Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour , pianist Sahan Arzruni , prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan .	pianist	What type of musician is Sahan Arzruni ?
Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down -LRB- which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs -RRB- or pop star Cher .	heavy metal	What type of band was System of a Down ?
In the Armenian diaspora , Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth .	Armenian revolutionary songs	What type of songs do armenian youth prefer ?
These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes .	Armenian history and national heroes	What topics do armenian revolutionary songs usually encompass ?
Obsidian , which is found locally , is crafted into assortment of jewellery and ornamental objects .	jewellery and ornamental objects	What is Obsidian used for ?
Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture -- nesting dolls , watches , enamel boxes and so on -- are also available at the Vernisage .	nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes	What are some examples of soviet memorabilia that can be purchased at Vernissage ?
The market offers woodcarving , antiques , fine lace , and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus specialty .	woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims	What types of crafts can be purchased at Vernissage ?
Yerevan Vernissage -LRB- arts and crafts market -RRB- , close to Republic Square , bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays -LRB- though the selection is much reduced mid-week -RRB- .	arts and crafts market	What is Vernissage ?
The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages , which indicate Armenia 's rich tales and stories of the times .	more than 16,000	How many pieces can be found in the Yerevan National Art Gallery ?
The Modern Art Museum , the Children 's Picture Gallery , and the Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan .	The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum	Where other than the National Art Gallery can one find art on display in Yerevan ?
The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages , which indicate Armenia 's rich tales and stories of the times .	the Middle Ages	What is the earliest period the National Art Gallery has pieces from ?
Being a landlocked country , water sports can only be practiced on lakes , notably Lake Sevan .	Lake Sevan	Which lake is most popular for water sports in Armenia ?
Competitively , Armenia has been successful in chess , weightlifting and wrestling at the international level .	chess, weightlifting and wrestling	What international sports has Armenia done well at ?
Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community , with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations -LRB- UEFA -RRB- and International Ice Hockey Federation -LRB- IIHF -RRB- .	Ice Hockey Federation	What does IIHF stand for ?
It also hosts the Pan-Armenian Games .	Pan-Armenian Games	Which Games does Armenia hold ?
The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan -LRB- sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan -RRB- , who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki .	gymnastics	What Olympic Sport did Hrant Shahinyan compete in ?
The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan -LRB- sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan -RRB- , who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki .	two golds and two silvers	What medals did Hrant Shahinyan win at the 1952 Summer Olympics ?
The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan -LRB- sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan -RRB- , who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki .	Helsinki	Where were the 1952 Summer Olympics held ?
Prior to 1992 , Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR .	1992	What year did Armenia begin competiting in the Olympics seperate from the USSR ?
The most successful team was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s who won the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet Top League in 1973 .	FC Ararat Yerevan team	What team won the Soviet football Cup in 1973 and 1975 ?
The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the European Cup where -- despite a home victory in the second leg -- they lost on aggregate at the quarter final stage to eventual winner FC Bayern Munich .	FC Bayern Munich	Which team did the FC Ararat lose to in the European Cup ?
Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the FIFA World Rankings in September 2011 .	44th	What FIFA ranking did Armenia hold in 2011 ?
The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the Armenian First League .	eight teams	How many teams does the Armenian Premier League have ?
The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government .	the Armenian government	Who provided the funds to rebuild the Armenian sports schools ?
In 2005 , a cycling center was opened in Yerevan with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists .	2005	What year did Yerevan create a cyclying center ?
The government has also promised a cash reward of $ 700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics .	$700,000	What prize do Armenians receive from the government if they win a gold medal ?
$ 9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of Tsaghkadzor to improve the winter sports infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent winter sports events .	$9.3 million	How much money was spent to revamp Tsaghkadzor for winter sports ?
Due to the lack of success lately on the international level , in recent years , Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $ 1.9 million .	$1.9 million	How much did Armenia spend to fix up their sports schools ?
Closely related to eastern and Mediterranean cuisine , various spices , vegetables , fish , and fruits combine to present unique dishes .	eastern and Mediterranean cuisine	What type of food is Armenian food most similair to ?
The main characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a reliance on the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spicing food , the use of herbs , the use of wheat in a variety of forms , of legumes , nuts , and fruit -LRB- as a main ingredient as well as to sour food -RRB- , and the stuffing of a wide variety of leaves .	quality of the ingredients	What does Armenian cuisine place an emphasis on ?
Closely related to eastern and Mediterranean cuisine , various spices , vegetables , fish , and fruits combine to present unique dishes .	various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits	What does Armenian cuisine use to create its distinctive dishes ?
The main characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a reliance on the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spicing food , the use of herbs , the use of wheat in a variety of forms , of legumes , nuts , and fruit -LRB- as a main ingredient as well as to sour food -RRB- , and the stuffing of a wide variety of leaves .	main ingredient as well as to sour food	What different uses does fruit have in Armenian food ?
Bacteria -LRB- i/b ækˈtɪəriə / ; singular : bacterium -RRB- constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms .	Bacteria	What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms ?
Typically a few micrometres in length , bacteria have a number of shapes , ranging from spheres to rods and spirals .	spheres to rods and spirals	What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take ?
Typically a few micrometres in length , bacteria have a number of shapes , ranging from spheres to rods and spirals .	few micrometres	When is the typical lenght for bacteria ?
Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth , and are present in most of its habitats .	present in most of its habitats	What environments can bacteria live ?
Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals .	symbiotic and parasitic relationships	What is the relationships between plants animals and bacteria ?
There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water .	40 million bacterial cells	What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil ?
There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water .	million bacterial cells	How many bacteria cells can be in a milliltre of fresh water ?
In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps , bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds , such as hydrogen sulphide and methane , to energy .	by converting dissolved compounds	How does bacteria help to sustain life in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps ?
On 17 March 2013 , researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench , which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest part of the Earth 's oceans .	Mariana Trench	What deepest part of the ocean was bacteria found ?
Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States .	thrive inside rocks	Can bacteria survive inside rocks under the sea level ?
There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body , with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora , and a large number on the skin .	ten times as many bacterial cells	What is the ratio of human/bacteria cells in human flora ?
The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system , and some are beneficial .	the immune system	What keeps bacteria at bay in human body ?
However , several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases , including cholera , syphilis , anthrax , leprosy , and bubonic plague .	pathogenic	What type of bacteria can cause infectious diseases ?
The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections , with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year , mostly in sub-Saharan Africa .	respiratory infections	What are the deadliest diseases caused by bacteria ?
In developed countries , antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming , making antibiotic resistance a growing problem .	farming	What makes bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment ?
Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes , bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes .	prokaryotes	What living organisms are bacteria being reffered as ?
Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes , bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles .	nucleus	What vital part is missing in bacteria to eukaryotes ?
Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes , the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor .	1990s	When did the scientific classification change ?
These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea .	Bacteria and Archaea	What are two main groups prokaryotes can be divided into ?
The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth , about 4 billion years ago .	4 billion years ago	When did the first antecedents of bacteria appear on Earth ?
For about 3 billion years , most organisms were microscopic , and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life .	most organisms were microscopic	Why were bacteria and archaea dominant forms of life ?
Although bacterial fossils exist , such as stromatolites , their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution , or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species .	bacterial fossils	What are Stromatolites ?
However , gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny , and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage .	archaeal/eukaryotic lineage	What pre-historic group did bacteria evolve from ?
Later on , some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms .	mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms	How did chloroplast appear in first vegetation ?
Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5 -- 5.0 micrometres in length .	one-tenth the size	Are bacteria cells smaller than eukaryotic cells ?
Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes , called morphologies .	morphologies	What is the common name for shapes and forms of bacteria ?
However , a few species are visible to the unaided eye -- for example , Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm .	0.7 mm	How big is Epulopiscium bacteria ?
Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma , which measure only 0.3 micrometres , as small as the largest viruses .	genus Mycoplasma	What are one of the smallest bacteria ?
Some bacteria may be even smaller , but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied .	not well-studied	Is ultramicrobacteria is well examined ?
Most bacterial species are either spherical , called cocci -LRB- sing .	spherical	What shape does usually cocci type of bacteria can be ?
coccus , from Greek kókkos , grain , seed -RRB- , or rod-shaped , called bacilli -LRB- sing .	bacilli	What type of bacteria usually takes rod-shaped form ?
Some bacteria , called vibrio , are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped ; others can be spiral-shaped , called spirilla , or tightly coiled , called spirochaetes .	tightly coiled	What shape Spirochaetes are ?
More recently , some bacteria were discovered deep under Earth 's crust that grow as branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section .	branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section	What shape was newly discovered bacteria from deep under Earth ?
This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton , and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients , attach to surfaces , swim through liquids and escape predators .	can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients	Can shape of bacteria be beneficial to their survival ?
Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells , others associate in characteristic patterns : Neisseria form diploids -LRB- pairs -RRB- , Streptococcus form chains , and Staphylococcus group together in `` bunch of grapes '' clusters .	diploids (pairs)	What is the usual form for Neiserria bacteria ?
Filamentous bacteria are often surrounded by a sheath that contains many individual cells .	Filamentous bacteria	What type of bacteria is surrounded by a capsule ?
Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells , others associate in characteristic patterns : Neisseria form diploids -LRB- pairs -RRB- , Streptococcus form chains , and Staphylococcus group together in `` bunch of grapes '' clusters .	Streptococcus	What well known bacteria structure chains ?
Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells , others associate in characteristic patterns : Neisseria form diploids -LRB- pairs -RRB- , Streptococcus form chains , and Staphylococcus group together in `` bunch of grapes '' clusters .	clusters	What does typically Staphylococcus look like ?
Certain types , such as species of the genus Nocardia , even form complex , branched filaments , similar in appearance to fungal mycelia .	branched filaments	Formation of what can be related to fungal mycelia ?
Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations called biofilms or bacterial mats .	biofilms	What does bacteria use to adhere to surfaces ?
These films can range from a few micrometers in thickness to up to half a meter in depth , and may contain multiple species of bacteria , protists and archaea .	up to half a meter in depth	How extent can biofilm be ?
Bacteria living in biofilms display a complex arrangement of cells and extracellular components , forming secondary structures , such as microcolonies , through which there are networks of channels to enable better diffusion of nutrients .	microcolonies,	What is part of secondary structure in the complex formation of bacteria ?
Bacteria living in biofilms display a complex arrangement of cells and extracellular components , forming secondary structures , such as microcolonies , through which there are networks of channels to enable better diffusion of nutrients .	to enable better diffusion of nutrients	What is the purpose of networks of channels in microcolonies ?
Biofilms are also important in medicine , as these structures are often present during chronic bacterial infections or in infections of implanted medical devices , and bacteria protected within biofilms are much harder to kill than individual isolated bacteria .	bacteria protected within biofilms	Which bacteria is more difficult to eradicate ?
For example , when starved of amino acids , Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing , migrate toward each other , and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial cells .	amino acids	What is the vital nutriment for Myxobacteria ?
For example , when starved of amino acids , Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing , migrate toward each other , and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial cells .	aggregate to form fruiting bodies	Why do cells of Myxobacteria migrate towards each other ?
For example , about one in 10 cells migrate to the top of these fruiting bodies and differentiate into a specialised dormant state called myxospores , which are more resistant to drying and other adverse environmental conditions than are ordinary cells .	more resistant	How hard to treat bacteria cells in a passive state ?
In these fruiting bodies , the bacteria perform separate tasks ; this type of cooperation is a simple type of multicellular organisation .	multicellular organisation	What bacteria do in fruiting bodies ?
The bacterial cell is surrounded by a cell membrane -LRB- also known as a lipid , cytoplasmic or plasma membrane -RRB- .	lipid	What is a cell membrane ?
This membrane encloses the contents of the cell and acts as a barrier to hold nutrients , proteins and other essential components of the cytoplasm within the cell .	barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components	What does membrane accomplish ?
As they are prokaryotes , bacteria do not usually have membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm , and thus contain few large intracellular structures .	do not	Do bacteria have membrabe-bound organelles in their cytoplasm ?
They lack a true nucleus , mitochondria , chloroplasts and the other organelles present in eukaryotic cells .	true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles	Absence of what make bacteria belong to prokaryotes ?
Bacteria were once seen as simple bags of cytoplasm , but structures such as the prokaryotic cytoskeleton and the localization of proteins to specific locations within the cytoplasm that give bacteria some complexity have been discovered .	simple bags of cytoplasm	What bacteria was observed as before prokaryotic cytoskeleton was discovered ?
Many important biochemical reactions , such as energy generation , use concentration gradients across membranes .	concentration gradients across membranes	What is crucial for biochemical reactions ?
However , in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and fills most of the cell with layers of light-gathering membrane .	light-gathering membrane	What kind of membrane do bacteria cells are filled with ?
The general lack of internal membranes in bacteria means reactions such as electron transport occur across the cell membrane between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space .	between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space	How does electron transit occur in bacteria ?
These light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria .	light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures	Can membrane of bacteria create lipid structure ?
Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus , and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid .	a single circular DNA chromosome	What is genetic make of bacteria ?
Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus , and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid .	in the cytoplasm	Where is DNA chromosome of bacteria located ?
Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus , and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid .	irregularly shaped body	How does nucleoid look ?
The phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria may be exceptions to the general absence of internal membranes in bacteria , because they appear to have a double membrane around their nucleoids and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures .	phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria	What are the exceptions of non-internal membrane bacteria ?
Like all living organisms , bacteria contain ribosomes , often grouped in chains called polyribosomes , for the production of proteins , but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea .	production of proteins	What is the purpose of polyribosomes in bacteria ?
Some bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use , such as glycogen , polyphosphate , sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates .	glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates	What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce ?
They allow the bacteria to control their buoyancy .	to control their buoyancy	What gas vacuoles are respoonsible for in bacteria ?
The most common inclusions are glycogen , lipid droplets , crystals , and pigments .	glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments	What are the most common nonliving compositions in bacteria ?
Certain bacterial species , such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria , produce internal gas vesicles , which they use to regulate their buoyancy -- allowing them to move up or down into water layers with different light intensities and nutrient levels .	move up or down into water layers with different light intensities	How does gas vesicles produced by Cyanobacteria help her to move in water ?
Used primarily for photosynthesis , they contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids .	photosynthesis	What are chromatophores used for ?
The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope .	cell membrane and cell wall	What composes the cell envelope ?
A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan -LRB- called `` murein '' in older sources -RRB- , which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides containing D-amino acids .	peptidoglycan	What is most common cell wall material ?
Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi , which are made of cellulose and chitin , respectively .	Bacterial cell walls are different	Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi ?
The cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria , and the antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan .	by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan	How can antibiotic penicillin destroy bacteria ?
Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi , which are made of cellulose and chitin , respectively .	cellulose and chitin	What are the main materials of cell walls of plants and fungi ?
Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids .	thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids	What does gram-positive bacteria have ?
Lipopolysaccharides , also called endotoxins , are composed of polysaccharides and lipid A that is responsible for much of the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria .	polysaccharides and lipid A	Why gram-negative cell bacteria is more toxic than gram-positive bacteria ?
Lipopolysaccharides , also called endotoxins , are composed of polysaccharides and lipid A that is responsible for much of the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria .	Lipopolysaccharides	What can be endotoxins called ?
These differences in structure can produce differences in antibiotic susceptibility ; for instance , vancomycin can kill only gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective against gram-negative pathogens , such as Haemophilus influenzae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa .	differences in antibiotic susceptibility	What can different structure of the cell walls of bacteria effect ?
The enzyme lysozyme , found in human tears , also digests the cell wall of bacteria and is the body 's main defense against eye infections .	enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears	What is the main defense of human body against eye infections ?
The most common staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria is the Ziehl-Neelsen stain or acid-fast stain , in which the acid-fast bacilli are stained bright-red and stand out clearly against a blue background .	Ziehl-Neelsen stain	What is the most typical staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria ?
The high mycolic acid content of Mycobacteria , is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention .	staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention.	What is mycolic acid is responsible for in Mycobacteria ?
The high mycolic acid content of Mycobacteria , is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention .	high mycolic acid content	What helps Mycobacteria be resistant to decolorization ?
The main pathogenic bacteria in this class is Mycoplasma -LRB- not to be confused with Mycobacteria -RRB- .	Mycoplasma	What is the main pathogenic bacteria in L-form class ?
Fimbriae -LRB- sometimes called `` attachment pili '' -RRB- are fine filaments of protein , usually 2 -- 10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length .	fine filaments of protein	What are fimbriae ?
Fimbriae are believed to be involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells , and are essential for the virulence of some bacterial pathogens .	involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells	What are fimbriae liable for ?
Fimbriae -LRB- sometimes called `` attachment pili '' -RRB- are fine filaments of protein , usually 2 -- 10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length .	2–10 nanometres	What is the diameter of fimbriae ?
pilus -RRB- are cellular appendages , slightly larger than fimbriae , that can transfer genetic material between bacterial cells in a process called conjugation where they are called conjugation pili or `` sex pili '' -LRB- see bacterial genetics , below -RRB- .	cellular appendages	What are pili ?
Certain genera of Gram-positive bacteria , such as Bacillus , Clostridium , Sporohalobacter , Anaerobacter , and Heliobacterium , can form highly resistant , dormant structures called endospores .	endospores	What are highly resistant dormant structures of certain gram-positive bacteria called ?
In almost all cases , one endospore is formed and this is not a reproductive process , although Anaerobacter can make up to seven endospores in a single cell .	is not a reproductive process	Is creating endospore a reproductive process ?
Endospores have a central core of cytoplasm containing DNA and ribosomes surrounded by a cortex layer and protected by an impermeable and rigid coat .	cortex layer	What are ribosomes in endospores are enclosed in ?
Dipicolinic acid is a chemical compound that composes 5 % to 15 % of the dry weight of bacterial spores .	Dipicolinic acid	What chemical compound comprises 5 % to 15 % of the dry weight of bacterial spores ?
Endospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses , such as high levels of UV light , gamma radiation , detergents , disinfectants , heat , freezing , pressure , and desiccation .	show no detectable metabolism	Is there a metabolism in endospores ?
Endospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses , such as high levels of UV light , gamma radiation , detergents , disinfectants , heat , freezing , pressure , and desiccation .	UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure	What extreme physical and chemical stresses can endospores endure ?
In this dormant state , these organisms may remain viable for millions of years , and endospores even allow bacteria to survive exposure to the vacuum and radiation in space .	for millions of years	How long can endospores of bacteria stay alive in dormant state ?
Endospore-forming bacteria can also cause disease : for example , anthrax can be contracted by the inhalation of Bacillus anthracis endospores , and contamination of deep puncture wounds with Clostridium tetani endospores causes tetanus .	Clostridium tetani	What endospore-forming bacteria can cause tetanus disease ?
The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy , but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications .	The distribution of metabolic traits	What is commonly used to determine taxonomy of bacteria ?
Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutritional groups on the basis of three major criteria : the kind of energy used for growth , the source of carbon , and the electron donors used for growth .	nutritional groups	How is bacterial metabolism determined ?
An additional criterion of respiratory microorganisms are the electron acceptors used for aerobic or anaerobic respiration .	aerobic or anaerobic respiration	What are electron acceptors accountable for ?
Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutritional groups on the basis of three major criteria : the kind of energy used for growth , the source of carbon , and the electron donors used for growth .	the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors	What are three main criterias of bacterial metabolism ?
Carbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic , where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources , or autotrophic , meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide .	organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources	How does heterotrophic carbon metabolism occur ?
Carbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic , where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources , or autotrophic , meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide .	cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide	When carbon metabolism is called autotrophic ?
Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types .	Heterotrophic bacteria	What category do parasitic bacteria fall into ?
Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteria , green sulfur-bacteria and some purple bacteria , but also many chemolithotrophic species , such as nitrifying or sulfur-oxidising bacteria .	autotrophic bacteria	Green sulfur-bacteria is typical representative of what type of bacteria ?
Energy metabolism of bacteria is either based on phototrophy , the use of light through photosynthesis , or based on chemotrophy , the use of chemical substances for energy , which are mostly oxidised at the expense of oxygen or alternative electron acceptors -LRB- aerobic/anaerobic respiration -RRB- .	the use of chemical substances for energy	What is chemotrophy ?
Bacteria are further divided into lithotrophs that use inorganic electron donors and organotrophs that use organic compounds as electron donors .	inorganic electron donors	What do lithotrophs use ?
Bacteria are further divided into lithotrophs that use inorganic electron donors and organotrophs that use organic compounds as electron donors .	organic compounds	What type of electron donors organotrophs use ?
In anaerobic organisms other inorganic compounds , such as nitrate , sulfate or carbon dioxide are used as electron acceptors .	anaerobic organisms	In what organisms is oxygen used as eelectron acceptor ?
Respiratory organisms use chemical compounds as a source of energy by taking electrons from the reduced substrate and transferring them to a terminal electron acceptor in a redox reaction .	chemical compounds	What do respiratory organisms use as electron donors ?
These processes are also important in biological responses to pollution ; for example , sulfate-reducing bacteria are largely responsible for the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury -LRB- methyl - and dimethylmercury -RRB- in the environment .	the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury	What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for ?
Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy and reducing power , secreting metabolic by-products -LRB- such as ethanol in brewing -RRB- as waste .	ethanol	What is the by-product of non-repiratory anaerobes ?
Facultative anaerobes can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors depending on the environmental conditions in which they find themselves .	can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors	How can anaerobes adjust to the surrounding environment ?
Common inorganic electron donors are hydrogen , carbon monoxide , ammonia -LRB- leading to nitrification -RRB- , ferrous iron and other reduced metal ions , and several reduced sulfur compounds .	Common inorganic electron donors	What are hydrogen and carbon monoxide for Lithotrophic bacteria ?
In unusual circumstances , the gas methane can be used by methanotrophic bacteria as both a source of electrons and a substrate for carbon anabolism .	both a source of electrons and a substrate for carbon anabolism	How can gas methane be used in exceptional set of conditions by methanotrophic bacteria ?
In both aerobic phototrophy and chemolithotrophy , oxygen is used as a terminal electron acceptor , whereas under anaerobic conditions inorganic compounds are used instead .	oxygen	What is the main element for aerobic photorophy ?
Regardless of the type of metabolic process they employ , the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules , which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes .	diffusion	What chemical process helps bacteria to absorb raw materials ?
Regardless of the type of metabolic process they employ , the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules , which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes .	in the form of relatively small molecules	How can bacteria obtain raw materials from the environment ?
It has recently been shown that Gemmata obscuriglobus is able to take in large molecules via a process that in some ways resembles endocytosis , the process used by eukaryotic cells to engulf external items .	endocytosis	What process is used by eukaryotic cells to absorb external items ?
Regardless of the type of metabolic process they employ , the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules , which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes .	molecular channels in cell membranes	What part of bacteria cell is used during diffusion ?
Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission , a form of asexual reproduction .	Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce	How size and reproduction are linked in bacteria ?
Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission , a form of asexual reproduction .	through binary fission	How does bacteria reproduce ?
Under optimal conditions , bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly , and bacterial populations can double as quickly as every 9.8 minutes .	divide extremely rapidly	If the conditions are right how long does it take for bacteria to reproduce ?
In cell division , two identical clone daughter cells are produced .	two identical clone daughter cells	What are produced in cell division ?
In the laboratory , bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media .	solid or liquid media	In what environment are bacteria being cultivated in labs ?
Solid growth media , such as agar plates , are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain .	agar plates	What is typical solid setting ?
The use of selective media -LRB- media with specific nutrients added or deficient , or with antibiotics added -RRB- can help identify specific organisms .	The use of selective media	What can help to indentify specific bacteria ?
Solid growth media , such as agar plates , are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain .	agar plates	Which environment is better to isolate a single example of bacteria strain ?
However , liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required .	liquid growth media	Which media is preffered to grow larger volumes of bacteria ?
Most laboratory techniques for growing bacteria use high levels of nutrients to produce large amounts of cells cheaply and quickly .	high levels of nutrients	What is the simple way of producing large volume of bacteria cells ?
However , in natural environments , nutrients are limited , meaning that bacteria can not continue to reproduce indefinitely .	nutrients are limited	What caused the evolution of different growth strategies in bacteria ?
In nature , many organisms live in communities -LRB- e.g. , biofilms -RRB- that may allow for increased supply of nutrients and protection from environmental stresses .	biofilms	What can create a subsequent increase of nutrients in natural environment ?
Some organisms can grow extremely rapidly when nutrients become available , such as the formation of algal -LRB- and cyanobacterial -RRB- blooms that often occur in lakes during the summer .	grow extremely rapidly	What do algal bacteria if nutrients are available ?
The first phase of growth is the lag phase , a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environment and preparing for fast growth .	lag phase	What is the first stage of bacteria adaptation ?
The log phase is marked by rapid exponential growth .	rapid exponential growth	What is the second phase of bacteria growth known for ?
The final phase is the death phase where the bacteria run out of nutrients and die .	nutrients	The absence of what causes the last stage of bacteria growth ?
The third phase of growth is the stationary phase and is caused by depleted nutrients .	stationary phase	What is called the third statge of growth of bacteria ?
Bacterial growth follows four phases .	four phases	How many phase are in the growth of bacteria ?
Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii , to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum .	circular chromosome	What shape is chromosome of bacteria ?
Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement , with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi , the cause of Lyme disease , containing a single linear chromosome .	Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia	What bacteria is an exception to single circular chromosome rule ?
Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement , with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi , the cause of Lyme disease , containing a single linear chromosome .	Borrelia burgdorferi	What bacteria is responsible for Lyme disease ?
Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement , with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi , the cause of Lyme disease , containing a single linear chromosome .	single linear chromosome	How does chromosome of Borrelia burgdoferi look like ?
Bacteria , as asexual organisms , inherit identical copies of their parent 's genes -LRB- i.e. , they are clonal -RRB- .	inherit identical copies of their parent's genes	What makes bacteria an asexual organism ?
However , all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations .	changes to their genetic material DNA	What can cause mutation in bacteria ?
Genetic changes in bacterial genomes come from either random mutation during replication or `` stress-directed mutation '' , where genes involved in a particular growth-limiting process have an increased mutation rate .	random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation"	What are two ways changes to DNA of bacteria can occur ?
Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles , rather than a bacterial adaptation .	Transduction of bacterial genes	What is the aftermath of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles ?
Conjugation , in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes , and is an adaptation for transferring copies of the plasmid from one bacterial host to another .	Conjugation	What is the result of bacterial adaptation of E.coli bacteria host and plasmid of another bacteria ?
It is seldom that a conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome , and subsequently transfers part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium .	conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome	How does conjugation take place ?
It is seldom that a conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome , and subsequently transfers part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium .	It is seldom	Is conjugation a common bacterial adaptation ?
Transformation , unlike transduction or conjugation , depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process , and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer .	numerous bacterial gene products	What does transformation of bacteria depends on ?
Transformation , unlike transduction or conjugation , depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process , and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer .	this complex process	How simple is the process of transformation ?
In order for a bacterium to bind , take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome , it must first enter a special physiological state termed competence -LRB- see Natural competence -RRB- .	enter a special physiological state termed competence	What is the first requirement in order for bacteria to bind and recombine with other bacteria 's DNA
The length of DNA transferred during B. subtilis transformation can be between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome .	between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome	How big can be the transformation level ?
Transformation appears to be common among bacterial species , and thus far at least 60 species are known to have the natural ability to become competent for transformation .	common	How rare is the transformation among bacteria organisms ?
In ordinary circumstances , transduction , conjugation , and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species , but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences , such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance .	the same species	Between what species do usually transduction , conjugation and transformation take place ?
In ordinary circumstances , transduction , conjugation , and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species , but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences , such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance .	transfer of antibiotic resistance	What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria ?
In such cases , gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions .	gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment	What is horizontal gene transfer ?
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria .	viruses that infect bacteria	What are Bacteriophages ?
Many types of bacteriophage exist , some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria , while others insert into the bacterial chromosome .	infect and lyse their host bacteria	What can viruses do to bacteria ?
A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host 's phenotype : for example , in the evolution of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Clostridium botulinum , the toxin genes in an integrated phage converted a harmless ancestral bacterium into a lethal pathogen .	lethal pathogen	What can happen if Bacteriophage contain genes of host 's phenotype ?
This CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection .	CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity	How can bacteria resist virus DNA ?
Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface ; some have a single flagellum -LRB- monotrichous -RRB- , a flagellum at each end -LRB- amphitrichous -RRB- , clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell -LRB- lophotrichous -RRB- , while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell -LRB- peritrichous -RRB- .	single flagellum	What is monotrichous ?
The bacterial flagella is the best-understood motility structure in any organism and is made of about 20 proteins , with approximately another 30 proteins required for its regulation and assembly .	20 proteins	How many proteins is typical flagellum consist os ?
Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface ; some have a single flagellum -LRB- monotrichous -RRB- , a flagellum at each end -LRB- amphitrichous -RRB- , clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell -LRB- lophotrichous -RRB- , while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell -LRB- peritrichous -RRB- .	peritrichous	When flagellum is distributed throughout the surface of the cell ?
Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface ; some have a single flagellum -LRB- monotrichous -RRB- , a flagellum at each end -LRB- amphitrichous -RRB- , clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell -LRB- lophotrichous -RRB- , while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell -LRB- peritrichous -RRB- .	amphitrichous	If bacteria has flagellum at each end what is the name of the species ?
The flagellum is a rotating structure driven by a reversible motor at the base that uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane for power .	uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane	How does flagellum function within the cell ?
Classification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities .	grouping organisms based on similarities	How can we classify the vast variety of bacterial species ?
While these schemes allowed the identification and classification of bacterial strains , it was unclear whether these differences represented variation between distinct species or between strains of the same species .	unclear	Can classification be helpful in determining differences between distinct species ?
This uncertainty was due to the lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria , as well as lateral gene transfer between unrelated species .	lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria,	What supports the uncertainty in classification between the same kind of bacteria ?
Due to lateral gene transfer , some closely related bacteria can have very different morphologies and metabolisms .	different morphologies and metabolisms	What can lateral gene transfer create in bacteria ?
To overcome this uncertainty , modern bacterial classification emphasizes molecular systematics , using genetic techniques such as guanine cytosine ratio determination , genome-genome hybridization , as well as sequencing genes that have not undergone extensive lateral gene transfer , such as the rRNA gene .	emphasizes molecular systematics	What is the way modern classification tries to determine species ?
The term `` bacteria '' was traditionally applied to all microscopic , single-cell prokaryotes .	all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes	What would original term `` bacteria '' determine ?
However , molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains , originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria , but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an ancient common ancestor .	Eubacteria and Archaebacteria	What are two main groups of prokaryotic organisms are divided into ?
The archaea and eukaryotes are more closely related to each other than either is to the bacteria .	archaea and eukaryotes	What groups of organisms are closely related to each other ?
These two domains , along with Eukarya , are the basis of the three-domain system , which is currently the most widely used classification system in microbiolology .	three-domain system	What domain system is commonly used nowdays to classify microorganisms ?
The Gram stain , developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram , characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls .	The Gram stain	What was developed by Hans Christian Gram ?
The Gram stain , developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram , characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls .	1884	What year was the Grahm stain was developed ?
The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the `` Gram-positive '' cell wall stain purple , while the thin `` Gram-negative '' cell wall appears pink .	purple	What color do Gram positive bacteria cell walls turn to after being stained ?
The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the `` Gram-positive '' cell wall stain purple , while the thin `` Gram-negative '' cell wall appears pink .	pink	What color is typical for Gram-negative bacteria after staining ?
Some organisms are best identified by stains other than the Gram stain , particularly mycobacteria or Nocardia , which show acid-fastness on Ziehl -- Neelsen or similar stains .	Ziehl–Neelsen	What stain shows better test results on Norcadia bacteria ?
As with bacterial classification , identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods .	molecular methods	What technique has becoming more popular in classification of bacteria ?
Diagnostics using DNA-based tools , such as polymerase chain reaction , are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed , compared to culture-based methods .	polymerase chain reaction	What tool does DNA based diagnostics use ?
These methods also allow the detection and identification of `` viable but nonculturable '' cells that are metabolically active but non-dividing .	identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells	What else can molecular methods of classification reveal ?
However , even using these improved methods , the total number of bacterial species is not known and can not even be estimated with any certainty .	cannot even be estimated with any certainty	Can new methods determine a total number of bacteria species ?
Some species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms , these species are called predatory bacteria .	bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms	Why are certain bacteria called predatory ?
Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in order to digest them and absorb nutrients , such as Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus , or invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol , such as Daptobacter .	attach to their prey in order to digest them	Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms ?
Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in order to digest them and absorb nutrients , such as Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus , or invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol , such as Daptobacter .	invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol	What technique do Daptobacter use in order to kill other microorganism ?
These predatory bacteria are thought to have evolved from saprophages that consumed dead microorganisms , through adaptations that allowed them to entrap and kill other organisms .	saprophages	Where do Daptobacter bacteria come from ?
Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival .	close spatial associations	What helps bacteria to survive ?
One such mutualistic association , called interspecies hydrogen transfer , occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids , such as butyric acid or propionic acid , and produce hydrogen , and methanogenic Archaea that consume hydrogen .	anaerobic bacteria	What kind of bacteria can form interspecies hydrogen transfer ?
One such mutualistic association , called interspecies hydrogen transfer , occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids , such as butyric acid or propionic acid , and produce hydrogen , and methanogenic Archaea that consume hydrogen .	butyric acid or propionic acid	What do anaerobic bacteria consume ?
In soil , microorganisms that reside in the rhizosphere -LRB- a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking -RRB- carry out nitrogen fixation , converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds .	rhizosphere	Where do bacteria stay in soil ?
In soil , microorganisms that reside in the rhizosphere -LRB- a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking -RRB- carry out nitrogen fixation , converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds .	converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds	What do bacteria do in soil ?
This serves to provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen for many plants , which can not fix nitrogen themselves .	provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen	How does the conversion help the vegetation ?
For example , the presence of over 1,000 bacterial species in the normal human gut flora of the intestines can contribute to gut immunity , synthesise vitamins , such as folic acid , vitamin K and biotin , convert sugars to lactic acid -LRB- see Lactobacillus -RRB- , as well as fermenting complex undigestible carbohydrates .	over 1,000 bacterial species	What is the amount of bacteria in human intestines ?
The presence of this gut flora also inhibits the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria -LRB- usually through competitive exclusion -RRB- and these beneficial bacteria are consequently sold as probiotic dietary supplements .	through competitive exclusion	How does gut flora prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria ?
If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms , they are classed as pathogens .	bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms	What are the pathogenes ?
A pathogenic cause for a known medical disease may only be discovered many years after , as was the case with Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease .	may only be discovered many years after	Can cause for most pathogenic diseases be found soon ?
Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus , typhoid fever , diphtheria , syphilis , cholera , foodborne illness , leprosy and tuberculosis .	human death and disease	What can pathogenes cause ?
Each species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts .	pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions	How pathogenes interact with it 's human host ?
Yet these organisms are also part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease at all .	exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease	Can all bacteria in human body be harmful ?
One species of Rickettsia causes typhus , while another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever .	species of Rickettsia	Which bacteria cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever disiease ?
Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics , which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria , or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth .	if they kill bacteria	What type of antibiotics called bacterocidal ?
Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics , which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria , or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth .	bacteriostatic	What kind of antibiotics are used for prevention of bacterial growth
Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth , where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations .	rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations	What is the drawback of using antibiotics if agriculture ?
Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth , where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations .	in intensive farming to promote animal growth	Besides in treating human disease where else are antibiotics used ?
Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe , and by proper care of indwelling catheters .	sterilizing	What is common prevention method of infections in medicine ?
The ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and bioremediation .	ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds	What quality of bacteria is being widely used re-cyling ?
Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills .	Bacteria	What is being used in cleaning up oil spills ?
Bacteria are also used for the bioremediation of industrial toxic wastes .	used for the bioremediation	What other way is bacteria aiding to nature ?
Because of their ability to quickly grow and the relative ease with which they can be manipulated , bacteria are the workhorses for the fields of molecular biology , genetics and biochemistry .	molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry	What sciences use bacteria ?
Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 , using a single-lens microscope of his own design .	1676	When was the first time bacteria were observed ?
Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 , using a single-lens microscope of his own design .	Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	Who discovered bacteria ?
Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 , using a single-lens microscope of his own design .	using a single-lens microscope of his own design	How was he able to see bacteria ?
They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and , in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science , no one else would see them again for over a century .	over a century	How long did it take for his discovery to be taken seriously ?
In 1910 , Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic , by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum -- the spirochaete that causes syphilis -- into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen .	In 1910	When was the first antibiotic discovered ?
In 1910 , Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic , by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum -- the spirochaete that causes syphilis -- into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen .	Paul Ehrlich	Who was the creator of antibiotic ?
In 1910 , Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic , by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum -- the spirochaete that causes syphilis -- into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen .	Treponema pallidum	What bacteria did he treat first ?
Ehrlich had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology , and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria , with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl -- Neelsen stain .	Gram stain and the Ziehl–Neelsen	Who based their research on Enrlich 's stains works ?
Ehrlich had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology , and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria , with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl -- Neelsen stain .	had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize	How was his discovery aknowledged ?
When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board -LRB- PWB -RRB- or etched wiring board .	PWB	What 's the abbreviation for a printed wiring board ?
The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly -LRB- CCA -RRB- , and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies .	IPC	What organization likes the term `` circuit card assembly '' for boards that have already been assembled ?
A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly -LRB- PCA -RRB- , printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly -LRB- PCBA -RRB- .	printed circuit assembly	What would we call a printed circuit board with embedded electronics , abbreviated PCA ?
When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board -LRB- PWB -RRB- or etched wiring board .	printed wiring board	What 's the more appropriate , but mostly unused , name for a printed circuit board when it does n't have embedded components ?
The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly -LRB- CCA -RRB- , and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies .	CCA	What abbreviation would the IPC use for an assembled circuit board ?
Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads .	traces	In the old PCB design method , what was used to connect component pin pads ?
Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet , usually at two or four times the true size .	photomask	What did PCB designers used to employ on a mylar sheet ?
Traces were made with self-adhesive tape .	self-adhesive tape	What were traces originally made out of ?
Rub-on dry transfers of common component footprints increased efficiency .	common component footprints	Designers would rub on a dry transfer of what to make the process of laying out components simpler ?
Panelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel .	Panelization	What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel ?
Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel .	a single design	Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs ?
There are two types of panels : assembly panels - often called arrays - and bare board manufacturing panels .	assembly panels	What type of panels can also be referred to as an `` array ? '
The bare board manufactures always uses panels , not only for efficiency , but because of the requirements the plating process .	the plating process	What step of the bare board manufacture would be impossible if panels were n't always used ?
There are two types of panels : assembly panels - often called arrays - and bare board manufacturing panels .	bare board manufacturing panels	Besides assembly panels , what 's the other type of panel ?
The panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs ; this is called depaneling .	depaneling	What is the process called whereby the individual PCBs are separated ?
Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits , much like a sheet of postage stamps .	individual circuits	What boundaries would you follow to separate PCBs on a panel ?
Today depaneling is often done by lasers which cut the board with no contact .	lasers	What technology has made depaneling possible without needing to physically interact with the board ?
Another method , which takes less space , is to cut V-shaped grooves across the full dimension of the panel .	space	What does the V-shaped groove method save ?
Laser panelization reduces stress on the fragile circuits .	circuits	What delicate component is less likely to be damaged if laser depanelization is used ?
The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less waste is produced .	additive	Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials ?
In the full additive process the bare laminate is covered with a photosensitive film which is imaged -LRB- exposed to light through a mask and then developed which removes the unexposed film -RRB- .	mask	What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light ?
The exposed areas are sensitized in a chemical bath , usually containing palladium and similar to that used for through hole plating which makes the exposed area capable of bonding metal ions .	palladium	What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it 's been imaged ?
Subtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern .	copper	In subtractive methods , what metal covers the board and is then partially removed ?
The laminate is then plated with copper in the sensitized areas .	sensitized areas	In the additive method , which parts of the laminate are plated with copper ?
-LRB- Unlike a subtractive process mask , this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces . -RRB-	traces	In the semi-additive process , what do the areas exposed by the mask become at the end ?
Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the unmasked areas ; copper may be plated to any desired weight .	copper	What metal is used to plate the unmasked parts of the board in the semi-additive method ?
The mask is stripped away and a brief etching step removes the now-exposed bare original copper laminate from the board , isolating the individual traces .	etching	After the mask comes off of the board , what step takes off the original plating ?
General Electric made consumer radio sets in the late 1960s using additive boards .	General Electric	What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century ?
Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the unmasked areas ; copper may be plated to any desired weight .	any	What weight of plating is possible with copper ?
The simplest method , used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists , is immersion etching , in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride .	hobbyists	What non-professionals might use immersion etching , since it 's the easiest way to make a PCB ?
Heat and agitation can be applied to the bath to speed the etching rate .	Heat	If you wanted to speed up the etching process , you could agitate the bath up or add what to it ?
Compared with methods used for mass production , the etching time is long .	long	Is the immersion etching process long or short compared to other production methods ?
In bubble etching , air is passed through the etchant bath to agitate the solution and speed up etching .	bubble etching	What funny name is used for the etching process where air is blown through the etching solution to get it moving around ?
In spray etching , the etchant solution is distributed over the boards by nozzles , and recirculated by pumps .	spray etching	What 's the fastest and most easily controlled process for etching ?
Multi-layer printed circuit boards have trace layers inside the board .	trace layers	What makes up the inside of a multi-layer PCB ?
This is achieved by laminating a stack of materials in a press by applying pressure and heat for a period of time .	heat	Pressure is one thing you need to apply to make a multi-layer PCB ; what 's the other thing ?
This is achieved by laminating a stack of materials in a press by applying pressure and heat for a period of time .	press	What tool is used to push the trace layers in a multi-layer PCB together ?
Drilling with high-speed-steel is simply not feasible since the drill bits will dull quickly and thus tear the copper and ruin the boards .	high-speed-steel	What kind of material sometimes used for drilling will lose sharpness quickly if used for PCBs ?
Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective .	abrasive	What property do PCBs have that makes them tough to drill through ?
Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide .	coated tungsten carbide	What kind of drill bit do you need to drill holes in a PCB ?
These computer-generated files are also called numerically controlled drill -LRB- NCD -RRB- files or `` Excellon files '' .	Excellon files	What 's another name for NCD files that has an `` x '' in it ?
These computer-generated files are also called numerically controlled drill -LRB- NCD -RRB- files or `` Excellon files '' .	numerically controlled drill	What does the `` NCD '' in `` NCD files '' mean ?
The hole walls for boards with two or more layers can be made conductive and then electroplated with copper to form plated-through holes .	conductive	What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated ?
For multi-layer boards , those with three layers or more , drilling typically produces a smear of the high temperature decomposition products of bonding agent in the laminate system .	three	What 's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered `` multi-layer '' ?
The de-smear process ensures that a good connection is made to the copper layers when the hole is plated through .	de-smear	What process does a multi-layer PCB usually undergo before plating to make sure the layers have good connectivity with each other ?
On high reliability boards a process called etch-back is performed chemically with a potassium permanganate based etchant or plasma .	high reliability	What type of boards undergo the etch-back process ?
The etch-back removes resin and the glass fibers so that the copper layers extend into the hole and as the hole is plated become integral with the deposited copper .	resin	Etch-back removes glass fibers and what other material ?
The places to which components will be mounted are typically plated , because untreated bare copper oxidizes quickly , and therefore is not readily solderable .	oxidizes	What happens to untreated copper that makes it difficult to solder ?
Treatments , such as benzimidazolethiol , prevent surface oxidation of bare copper .	benzimidazolethiol	What chemical treatment will prevent bare copper from oxidizing ?
Traditionally , any exposed copper was coated with solder by hot air solder levelling -LRB- HASL -RRB- .	hot air solder levelling	What 's the process by which bare copper gets covered in solder ?
The HASL finish prevents oxidation from the underlying copper , thereby guaranteeing a solderable surface .	solderable surface	What does hot air solder leveling ensure the coated copper will have ?
This solder was a tin-lead alloy , however new solder compounds are now used to achieve compliance with the RoHS directive in the EU and US , which restricts the use of lead .	tin-lead	What alloy can no longer be used in HASL because of restrictions on the use of one of its metal components ?
Other platings used are OSP -LRB- organic surface protectant -RRB- , immersion silver -LRB- IAg -RRB- , immersion tin , electroless nickel with immersion gold coating -LRB- ENIG -RRB- , electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold -LRB- ENEPIG -RRB- and direct gold plating -LRB- over nickel -RRB- .	organic surface protectant	What does OSP stand for ?
Edge connectors , placed along one edge of some boards , are often nickel plated then gold plated .	nickel	What metal is often under the gold plating on edge connectors ?
Other platings used are OSP -LRB- organic surface protectant -RRB- , immersion silver -LRB- IAg -RRB- , immersion tin , electroless nickel with immersion gold coating -LRB- ENIG -RRB- , electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold -LRB- ENEPIG -RRB- and direct gold plating -LRB- over nickel -RRB- .	IAg	What 's the abbreviation for immersion silver plating ?
Tin forms intermetallics such as Cu5Sn6 and Ag3Cu that dissolve into the Tin liquidus or solidus -LRB- @ 50C -RRB- , stripping surface coating or leaving voids .	Cu5Sn6	Ag3Cu is one intermetallic that tin forms ; what 's the other one ?
Tin forms intermetallics such as Cu5Sn6 and Ag3Cu that dissolve into the Tin liquidus or solidus -LRB- @ 50C -RRB- , stripping surface coating or leaving voids .	voids	What might the rapid diffusion of coating metal into tin solder leave in the surface coating ?
Electrochemical migration -LRB- ECM -RRB- is the growth of conductive metal filaments on or in a printed circuit board -LRB- PCB -RRB- under the influence of a DC voltage bias .	Electrochemical migration	What 's the process whereby metal filaments are grown on or in a PCB via DC voltage ?
Silver , zinc , and aluminum are known to grow whiskers under the influence of an electric field .	zinc	Along with silver and aluminum , what metal grows metal filaments when exposed to an electric field ?
Silver also grows conducting surface paths in the presence of halide and other ions , making it a poor choice for electronics use .	conducting surface paths	In addition to `` whiskers , '' what does silver sprout around ions like halide ?
Another coating issue is tin pest , the transformation of tin to a powdery allotrope at low temperature .	tin pest	What do scientist call the function whereby tin changes when it 's very cold ?
Tin will grow `` whiskers '' due to tension in the plated surface .	tension	What 's present in plated surfaces that causes tin to grow metal filaments ?
Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with solder resist -LRB- solder mask -RRB- .	solder resist	If part of a PCB is n't solderable , what can be used instead ?
Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with solder resist -LRB- solder mask -RRB- .	solder mask	What 's another term used for `` solder resist '' ?
One of the most common solder resists used today is called `` LPI '' -LRB- liquid photoimageable solder mask -RRB- .	liquid photoimageable solder mask	What solder resist with a four-word name is a popular choice in the industry ?
A photo-sensitive coating is applied to the surface of the PWB , then exposed to light through the solder mask image film , and finally developed where the unexposed areas are washed away .	photo-sensitive	What kind of coating gets applied to the PWB before light exposure ?
Once common but no longer commonly used because of its low accuracy and resolution is to screen print epoxy ink .	screen print epoxy ink	What solder resist is so inaccurate that few choose it anymore ?
Unpopulated boards are usually bare-board tested for `` shorts '' and `` opens '' .	"shorts"	What are bare-board tests looking for besides `` opens '' ?
For small or medium volume production flying probe testers are used where test probes are moved over the board by an XY drive to make contact with the copper lands .	copper	What conductive metal are the lands on a circuit board made out of ?
An open is a missing connection between points that should be connected .	An open	What 's an absent connection that needs to be linked up on an unpopulated board called ?
The CAM system instructs the electrical tester to apply a voltage to each contact point as required and to check that this voltage appears on the appropriate contact points and only on these .	voltage	What does a flying probe tester deliver to the contact points during testing ?
The CAM system instructs the electrical tester to apply a voltage to each contact point as required and to check that this voltage appears on the appropriate contact points and only on these .	CAM system	What system tells the flying probe where to go and what to do ?
Often , through-hole and surface-mount construction must be combined in a single assembly because some required components are available only in surface-mount packages , while others are available only in through-hole packages .	through-hole	Surface-mount is one type of construction used in PCB assembly ; what 's the other one ?
Another reason to use both methods is that through-hole mounting can provide needed strength for components likely to endure physical stress , while components that are expected to go untouched will take up less space using surface-mount techniques .	through-hole	Which type of construction makes components that use more space ?
Another reason to use both methods is that through-hole mounting can provide needed strength for components likely to endure physical stress , while components that are expected to go untouched will take up less space using surface-mount techniques .	surface-mount	Which of the two kinds of construction is weaker under strain ?
Another reason to use both methods is that through-hole mounting can provide needed strength for components likely to endure physical stress , while components that are expected to go untouched will take up less space using surface-mount techniques .	surface-mount	If you 're building a circuit board that has a lot of components that wo n't be used , which construction would be better ?
Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to be tested use a standard test configuration procedure , the most common one being the Joint Test Action Group -LRB- JTAG -RRB- standard .	Joint Test Action Group	What 's the most frequently used test configuration procedure for ICs ?
In boundary scan testing , test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted correctly .	temporary	Do test circuits create permanent or temporary connections between traces ?
In boundary scan testing , test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted correctly .	ICs	What component of the printed circuit board is appraised with boundary scan testing ?
JTAG tool vendors provide various types of stimulus and sophisticated algorithms , not only to detect the failing nets , but also to isolate the faults to specific nets , devices , and pins .	JTAG tool vendors	To whom would you go to acquire the algorithms you 'd use for the Joint Test Action Group procedures ?
The JTAG test architecture provides a means to test interconnects between integrated circuits on a board without using physical test probes .	physical test probes	What would you avoid by using the Joint Test Action Group standard ?
PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating , which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered .	conformal coating	If a PCB is intended for use in an setting with extreme conditions , what would probably be applied ?
The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation .	corrosion	The conformal coating can prevent leaking , shorts , and what other type of moisture damage ?
PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating , which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered .	dipping	A conformal coating can be applied by spraying the PCB or by doing what else to it ?
The earliest conformal coats were wax ; modern conformal coats are usually dips of dilute solutions of silicone rubber , polyurethane , acrylic , or epoxy .	wax	What material was first used for conformal coating ?
The chief disadvantage of conformal coatings is that servicing of the board is rendered extremely difficult .	servicing	What action is made much more difficult for boards that have a conformal coating ?
Many assembled PCBs are static sensitive , and therefore must be placed in antistatic bags during transport .	antistatic bags	What special protection are most PCBs shipped in ?
Traces have become so fine that it 's quite possible to blow an etch off the board -LRB- or change its characteristics -RRB- with a static charge .	static charge	What force can easily change or even completely destroy an etch on a PCB ?
When handling these boards , the user must be grounded -LRB- earthed -RRB- .	earthed	What 's another term for `` grounded '' in the context of PCBs ?
This is especially true on non-traditional PCBs such as MCMs and microwave PCBs .	MCMs	Non-traditional PCBs include microwave PCBs and what other type of board ?
This is especially true on non-traditional PCBs such as MCMs and microwave PCBs .	non-traditional	What class of PCBs are even more susceptible to static than standard ones ?
Leads may be soldered either manually or by a wave soldering machine .	wave soldering machine	If a lead was n't soldered manually , what device was used ?
The first PCBs used through-hole technology , mounting electronic components by leads inserted through holes on one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on the other side .	through-hole	Which type of PCB construction technique was used first ?
The first PCBs used through-hole technology , mounting electronic components by leads inserted through holes on one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on the other side .	copper traces	In through-hole construction , what are the leads on the front attached to on the back ?
Horizontal installation of through-hole parts with two axial leads -LRB- such as resistors , capacitors , and diodes -RRB- is done by bending the leads 90 degrees in the same direction , inserting the part in the board -LRB- often bending leads located on the back of the board in opposite directions to improve the part 's mechanical strength -RRB- , soldering the leads , and trimming off the ends .	90 degrees	For boards with two sides , to what angle are leads bent to in order to install them horizontally ?
Horizontal installation of through-hole parts with two axial leads -LRB- such as resistors , capacitors , and diodes -RRB- is done by bending the leads 90 degrees in the same direction , inserting the part in the board -LRB- often bending leads located on the back of the board in opposite directions to improve the part 's mechanical strength -RRB- , soldering the leads , and trimming off the ends .	mechanical strength	What is improved by bending leads in opposite directions on the back of double-sided PCBs ?
Through-hole manufacture adds to board cost by requiring many holes to be drilled accurately , and limits the available routing area for signal traces on layers immediately below the top layer on multi-layer boards since the holes must pass through all layers to the opposite side .	Through-hole	Which type of construction is more expensive ?
Through-hole manufacture adds to board cost by requiring many holes to be drilled accurately , and limits the available routing area for signal traces on layers immediately below the top layer on multi-layer boards since the holes must pass through all layers to the opposite side .	multi-layer	What type of boards end up with limited routing space in through-hole manufacture ?
Once surface-mounting came into use , small-sized SMD components were used where possible , with through-hole mounting only of components unsuitably large for surface-mounting due to power requirements or mechanical limitations , or subject to mechanical stress which might damage the PCB .	mechanical stress	What force might damage a PCB if large components are surface mounted ?
Once surface-mounting came into use , small-sized SMD components were used where possible , with through-hole mounting only of components unsuitably large for surface-mounting due to power requirements or mechanical limitations , or subject to mechanical stress which might damage the PCB .	small-sized SMD components	What components can be surface mounted to save space ?
Once surface-mounting came into use , small-sized SMD components were used where possible , with through-hole mounting only of components unsuitably large for surface-mounting due to power requirements or mechanical limitations , or subject to mechanical stress which might damage the PCB .	power requirements	A component might not be able to be made any smaller because of its mechanical limitations or what other need ?
Surface-mount technology emerged in the 1960s , gained momentum in the early 1980s and became widely used by the mid-1990s .	mid-1990s	When did surface-mount become a commonly used manufacturing process ?
Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly onto the PCB surface , instead of wire leads to pass through holes .	wire leads	What did the new components with end tabs replace ?
Surface mounting lends itself well to a high degree of automation , reducing labor costs and greatly increasing production rates .	automation	What improvement is possible with surface-mounting that enables higher production and lower labor costs ?
Surface mount components can be about one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight of through-hole components , and passive components much cheaper ; prices of semiconductor surface mount devices -LRB- SMDs -RRB- are determined more by the chip itself than the package , with little price advantage over larger packages .	surface mount devices	What are SMDs ?
Surface mount components can be about one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight of through-hole components , and passive components much cheaper ; prices of semiconductor surface mount devices -LRB- SMDs -RRB- are determined more by the chip itself than the package , with little price advantage over larger packages .	chip	Is it the chip or the package that influences the price of an SMD more ?
Each trace consists of a flat , narrow part of the copper foil that remains after etching .	etching	What process is a trace left over from ?
The resistance , determined by width and thickness , of the traces must be sufficiently low for the current the conductor will carry .	width	Along with thickness , what determines the resistance of a trace ?
Power and ground traces may need to be wider than signal traces .	signal	What type of trace is often narrower than a ground trace ?
In a multi-layer board one entire layer may be mostly solid copper to act as a ground plane for shielding and power return .	copper	In a multi-layer board , what metal would a ground plane be mostly made out of ?
For microwave circuits , transmission lines can be laid out in the form of stripline and microstrip with carefully controlled dimensions to assure a consistent impedance .	microwave circuits	What type of circuits use a stripline and microstrip format ?
The cloth or fiber material used , resin material , and the cloth to resin ratio determine the laminate 's type designation -LRB- FR-4 , CEM-1 , G-10 , etc. -RRB- and therefore the characteristics of the laminate produced .	type designation	What element of a laminate is designated by the cloth to resin ratio , among other things ?
Important characteristics are the level to which the laminate is fire retardant , the dielectric constant -LRB- er -RRB- , the loss factor -LRB- tδ -RRB- , the tensile strength , the shear strength , the glass transition temperature -LRB- Tg -RRB- , and the Z-axis expansion coefficient -LRB- how much the thickness changes with temperature -RRB- .	Z-axis expansion coefficient	What 's the name for the measurement of a laminate 's change in thickness as its temperature changes ?
Important characteristics are the level to which the laminate is fire retardant , the dielectric constant -LRB- er -RRB- , the loss factor -LRB- tδ -RRB- , the tensile strength , the shear strength , the glass transition temperature -LRB- Tg -RRB- , and the Z-axis expansion coefficient -LRB- how much the thickness changes with temperature -RRB- .	Tg	What 's the abbreviation for the glass transition temperature of a laminate ?
Some of these dielectrics are polytetrafluoroethylene -LRB- Teflon -RRB- , FR-4 , FR-1 , CEM-1 or CEM-3 .	Teflon	What 's the common name of polytetrafluoroethylene ?
Well known pre-preg materials used in the PCB industry are FR-2 -LRB- phenolic cotton paper -RRB- , FR-3 -LRB- cotton paper and epoxy -RRB- , FR-4 -LRB- woven glass and epoxy -RRB- , FR-5 -LRB- woven glass and epoxy -RRB- , FR-6 -LRB- matte glass and polyester -RRB- , G-10 -LRB- woven glass and epoxy -RRB- , CEM-1 -LRB- cotton paper and epoxy -RRB- , CEM-2 -LRB- cotton paper and epoxy -RRB- , CEM-3 -LRB- non-woven glass and epoxy -RRB- , CEM-4 -LRB- woven glass and epoxy -RRB- , CEM-5 -LRB- woven glass and polyester -RRB- .	phenolic cotton paper	What pre-preg material is designated by `` FR-2 '' ?
Thermal expansion is an important consideration especially with ball grid array -LRB- BGA -RRB- and naked die technologies , and glass fiber offers the best dimensional stability .	ball grid array	To what type of packaging is thermal expansion particularly critical ?
Thermal expansion is an important consideration especially with ball grid array -LRB- BGA -RRB- and naked die technologies , and glass fiber offers the best dimensional stability .	glass fiber	What material delivers optimum dimensional stability ?
Well known pre-preg materials used in the PCB industry are FR-2 -LRB- phenolic cotton paper -RRB- , FR-3 -LRB- cotton paper and epoxy -RRB- , FR-4 -LRB- woven glass and epoxy -RRB- , FR-5 -LRB- woven glass and epoxy -RRB- , FR-6 -LRB- matte glass and polyester -RRB- , G-10 -LRB- woven glass and epoxy -RRB- , CEM-1 -LRB- cotton paper and epoxy -RRB- , CEM-2 -LRB- cotton paper and epoxy -RRB- , CEM-3 -LRB- non-woven glass and epoxy -RRB- , CEM-4 -LRB- woven glass and epoxy -RRB- , CEM-5 -LRB- woven glass and polyester -RRB- .	FR-6	What dielectric is matte glass and polyester ?
The reinforcement type defines two major classes of materials - woven and non-woven .	woven	Along with the non-woven class , what makes up the reinforcement type materials ?
The reinforcement type defines two major classes of materials - woven and non-woven .	non-woven	Which is the more expensive reinforcement type ?
The spatially nonhomogeneous structure also introduces local variations in electrical parameters , due to different resin/glass ratio at different areas of the weave pattern .	spatially nonhomogeneous	What type of structure do woven reinforcements have that cause them to have variation in their electrical parameters ?
The spatially nonhomogeneous structure also introduces local variations in electrical parameters , due to different resin/glass ratio at different areas of the weave pattern .	resin/glass	Which ratio varies because of the structure of woven reinforcements ?
Nonwoven reinforcements , or materials with low or no reinforcement , are more expensive but more suitable for some RF/analog applications .	RF/analog	For what kind of applications are non-woven reinforcement materials better than woven ones ?
At the glass transition temperature the resin in the composite softens and significantly increases thermal expansion ; exceeding Tg then exerts mechanical overload on the board components - e.g. the joints and the vias .	glass transition temperature	What 's the temperature at which resin softens and expands called ?
At the glass transition temperature the resin in the composite softens and significantly increases thermal expansion ; exceeding Tg then exerts mechanical overload on the board components - e.g. the joints and the vias .	joints	Along with vias , what makes up the components of a board ?
At the glass transition temperature the resin in the composite softens and significantly increases thermal expansion ; exceeding Tg then exerts mechanical overload on the board components - e.g. the joints and the vias .	mechanical overload	What will happen to the components when the temperature of resin goes above that of glass transition ?
Repeated soldering or other exposition to higher temperatures can cause failure of the plating , especially with thicker boards ; thick boards therefore require high Tg matrix .	high Tg matrix	What do thick boards require to resist plating failure ?
Below Tg the thermal expansion of the resin roughly matches copper and glass , above it gets significantly higher .	glass	When resin stays below Tg , its thermal expansion is similar to that of copper and what other material ?
Moisture absorption occurs when the material is exposed to high humidity or water .	Moisture absorption	What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area ?
Absorbed moisture can also vaporize on heating and cause cracking and delamination , the same effect responsible for `` popcorning '' damage on wet packaging of electronic parts .	cracking	If materials absorb moisture and then are heated enough to vaporize the water , the board might show delamination or what other type of damage ?
Epoxies of the FR-4 materials are n't too susceptible , with absorption of only 0.15 % .	0.15%	What percentage absorption do F-4 epoxies have ?
Relative dielectric constant of water is about 73 , compared to about 4 for common circuitboard materials .	4	What 's the approximate relative dielectric constant of most materials in circuit boards ?
Teflon has very low absorption of 0.01 % .	Teflon	What material has an absorption rate of only 0.01 % ?
The printed circuit board industry defines heavy copper as layers exceeding three ounces of copper , or approximately 0.0042 inches -LRB- 4.2 mils , 105 μm -RRB- thick .	three ounces	What 's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered `` heavy copper '' ?
The printed circuit board industry defines heavy copper as layers exceeding three ounces of copper , or approximately 0.0042 inches -LRB- 4.2 mils , 105 μm -RRB- thick .	0.0042 inches	About how thick would a PCB layer be if it contained three oz . of copper ?
PCB designers and fabricators often use heavy copper when design and manufacturing circuit boards in order to increase current-carrying capacity as well as resistance to thermal strains .	thermal strains	What would a PCB designer use heavy copper to make their circuit board resist ?
Heavy copper plated vias transfer heat to external heat sinks .	external heat sinks	Where does the heat go when it leaves heavy copper-plated vias ?
Since it was quite easy to stack interconnections -LRB- wires -RRB- inside the embedding matrix , the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires -LRB- usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design -RRB- : Anywhere the designer needs a connection , the machine will draw a wire in straight line from one location/pin to another .	routing of wires	What arduous aspect of the process can designers skip in Multiwire ?
Since it was quite easy to stack interconnections -LRB- wires -RRB- inside the embedding matrix , the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires -LRB- usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design -RRB- : Anywhere the designer needs a connection , the machine will draw a wire in straight line from one location/pin to another .	a connection	What does the machine create by drawing a straight line between two points on the board ?
This led to very short design times -LRB- no complex algorithms to use even for high density designs -RRB- as well as reduced crosstalk -LRB- which is worse when wires run parallel to each other -- which almost never happens in Multiwire -RRB- , though the cost is too high to compete with cheaper PCB technologies when large quantities are needed .	crosstalk	Along with quick design times , what problem does Multiwire cut down on ?
This led to very short design times -LRB- no complex algorithms to use even for high density designs -RRB- as well as reduced crosstalk -LRB- which is worse when wires run parallel to each other -- which almost never happens in Multiwire -RRB- , though the cost is too high to compete with cheaper PCB technologies when large quantities are needed .	cost	What makes Multiwire impractical to use when large quantities of a board are needed ?
Since it was quite easy to stack interconnections -LRB- wires -RRB- inside the embedding matrix , the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires -LRB- usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design -RRB- : Anywhere the designer needs a connection , the machine will draw a wire in straight line from one location/pin to another .	wires	In simple language , what are the interconnections in an embedding matrix ?
Cordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium -LRB- such as missile guidance and telemetry systems -RRB- and in high-speed computers , where short traces were important .	Cordwood	What type of construction is best for applications that need to portion space carefully ?
In cordwood construction , axial-leaded components were mounted between two parallel planes .	axial-leaded components	What gets mounted in the middle of two parallel planes in a cordwood construction ?
One disadvantage of this system was that special nickel-leaded components had to be used to allow the interconnecting welds to be made .	nickel-leaded	What type of component has to be used in cordwood construction to its detriment ?
To avoid shorting together different interconnection layers , thin insulating cards were placed between them .	shorting	What do insulating cards prevent between interconnection layers ?
Differential thermal expansion of the component could put pressure on the leads of the components and the PCB traces and cause physical damage -LRB- as was seen in several modules on the Apollo program -RRB- .	Differential thermal expansion	What force caused the physical damage to components that affected the Apollo program ?
In 1903 , a German inventor , Albert Hanson , described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board , in multiple layers .	Albert Hanson	Who was the German inventor who wrote in 1903 about conductors being laminated in layers to a board ?
Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating conductors onto linen paper in 1904 .	linen paper	What material did Thomas Edison experiment with by trying to chemically attach conductors to it ?
Arthur Berry in 1913 patented a print-and-etch method in Britain , and in the United States Max Schoop obtained a patent to flame-spray metal onto a board through a patterned mask .	1913	What year did Arthur Berry patent his print-and-etch method ?
Arthur Berry in 1913 patented a print-and-etch method in Britain , and in the United States Max Schoop obtained a patent to flame-spray metal onto a board through a patterned mask .	a patterned mask	In Max Schoop 's method , what was used to create the flame-sprayed pattern on the board ?
Charles Ducas in 1927 patented a method of electroplating circuit patterns .	Charles Ducas	Who obtained a patent in 1927 for his method of electroplating circuit patterns ?
The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936 .	a radio set	What was Paul Eisler making when he came up with the printed circuit ?
Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II .	World War II	What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses ?
After the war , in 1948 , the USA released the invention for commercial use .	1948	When was the printed circuit released for commercial use in the U.S. ?
At around the same time in Britain work along similar lines was carried out by Geoffrey Dummer , then at the RRDE .	Geoffrey Dummer	Who was working on the same type of large-scale application of printed circuits as the U.S. in Britain in the mid-1950s ?
Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s , after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army .	Auto-Sembly	What process was created by the U.S. Army that led to innovation in consumer electronics ?
The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements : a ceramic plate would be screenprinted with metallic paint for conductors and carbon material for resistors , with ceramic disc capacitors and subminiature vacuum tubes soldered in place .	Globe Union	What company developed the first electronic circuit that could be mass produced and was durable enough to be fired from a gun ?
It was not until 1984 that the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers -LRB- IEEE -RRB- awarded Mr. Harry W. Rubinstein , the former head of Globe Union 's Centralab Division , its coveted Cledo Brunetti Award for early key contributions to the development of printed components and conductors on a common insulating substrate .	Harry W. Rubinstein	Who was in charge of the Centralab Division of Globe Union when the PCB used in anti-aircraft fuses was invented ?
As well , Mr. Rubinstein was honored in 1984 by his alma mater , the University of Wisconsin-Madison , for his innovations in the technology of printed electronic circuits and the fabrication of capacitors .	University of Wisconsin-Madison	Where did Harry Rubinstein attend college ?
The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements : a ceramic plate would be screenprinted with metallic paint for conductors and carbon material for resistors , with ceramic disc capacitors and subminiature vacuum tubes soldered in place .	ceramic	What was the plate used for anti-aircraft proximity fuses in World War II made out of ?
It was not until 1984 that the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers -LRB- IEEE -RRB- awarded Mr. Harry W. Rubinstein , the former head of Globe Union 's Centralab Division , its coveted Cledo Brunetti Award for early key contributions to the development of printed components and conductors on a common insulating substrate .	Cledo Brunetti Award	What award did Rubinstein win in 1984 for his contributions ?
This method of assembly is called through-hole construction .	through-hole	What type of construction was originally used for all electronic components ?
In 1949 , Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the United States Army Signal Corps developed the Auto-Sembly process in which component leads were inserted into a copper foil interconnection pattern and dip soldered .	1949	In what year was the Auto-Sembly process created ?
The patent they obtained in 1956 was assigned to the U.S. Army .	1956	What year was the patent for the Auto-Sembly process granted ?
The patent they obtained in 1956 was assigned to the U.S. Army .	U.S. Army	Although two men developed the Auto-Sembly process , to whom was the patent officially granted ?
However , the wires and holes are wasteful since drilling holes is expensive and the protruding wires are merely cut off .	drilling holes	Which part of the Auto-Sembly manufacturing process is the most costly ?
The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders .	The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders	How many club members are there ?
Teams play 38 matches each -LRB- playing each team in the league twice , home and away -RRB- , totalling 380 matches in the season .	Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season.	How many matches does each team play ?
Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons ; others during weekday evenings .	Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings	What days are most games played ?
It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership .	It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership.	Who sponsors the Premier League ?
Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League -LRB- EPL -RRB- .	Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL).	What name is the Premier League known as outside of the United Kingdom ?
The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders .	20	How many member clubs are shareholders in the Premier League ?
Seasons run from August to May .	August to May	When do Premier League seasons run from ?
Teams play 38 matches each -LRB- playing each team in the league twice , home and away -RRB- , totalling 380 matches in the season .	38	How many matches do each team play ?
It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership .	Barclays Bank	Who sponsors the Premier League ?
Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League -LRB- EPL -RRB- .	English Premier League	What is the Premier League commonly referred to outside the UK ?
The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League , which was originally founded in 1888 , and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal .	The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992	What date was the Premier League formed ?
The deal was worth # 1 billion a year domestically as of 2013 -- 14 , with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively .	BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively.	Who secured the domestic rights to broadcast games 116 and 38 respectively ?
The deal was worth # 1 billion a year domestically as of 2013 -- 14 , with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively .	The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14	How much was the deal worth ?
The league generates $ 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights .	The league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights	How much revenue does the league generate in domestic and international television rights ?
In 2014/15 , teams were apportioned revenues of # 1.6 billion .	In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of £1.6 billion.	In 2014/15 , how much were the teams apportioned in revenues ?
The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League , which was originally founded in 1888 , and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal .	20 February 1992	When was the Premier League originally formed ?
The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League , which was originally founded in 1888 , and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal .	1888	When was the Football League originally founded ?
The deal was worth # 1 billion a year domestically as of 2013 -- 14 , with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively .	116	How many games were secured to broadcast by BSkyB ?
The deal was worth # 1 billion a year domestically as of 2013 -- 14 , with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively .	38	How many games were secured to broadcast by BT Group ?
The league generates $ 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights .	€2.2 billion	How much income does the Premier League generate per year in worldwide television rights ?
The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people .	The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world,	Is the Premier League the most watched football league in the world ?
The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people .	broadcast in 212 territories	How many territories is the Premier League broadcast to ?
The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people .	a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people	What is the potential television audience of the Premier League ?
The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons .	The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues	What is the Premier League 's UEFA co-efficients of leagues rank ?
In the 2014 -- 15 season , the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000 , second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga 's 43,500 .	the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000	What is the average game attendance for the league ?
The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people .	643 million	To how many homes is the Premier League broadcast to ?
In the 2014 -- 15 season , the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000 , second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga 's 43,500 .	36,000	What average attendance number was exceeded by the Premier League in the 2014-15 season ?
In the 2014 -- 15 season , the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000 , second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga 's 43,500 .	Bundesliga	Which league has the highest average attendance in professional football ?
The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people .	212	To how many territories is the Premier League broadcast to ?
The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people .	4.7 billion	What is the potential television audience of the Premier League ?
Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s , the late '80s had marked a low point for English football .	the late '80s had marked a low point for English football	When was the low point for English football ?
Stadiums were crumbling , supporters endured poor facilities , hooliganism was rife , and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 .	Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife	Why was there a low point for English football ?
Stadiums were crumbling , supporters endured poor facilities , hooliganism was rife , and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 .	English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985.	Why were the English clubs banned from European competition in the 1980 's ?
The Football League First Division , which had been the top level of English football since 1888 , was well behind leagues such as Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga in attendances and revenues , and several top English players had moved abroad .	The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888	Had the Football League First Division ever been in the top level ?
Stadiums were crumbling , supporters endured poor facilities , hooliganism was rife , and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 .	1985	In which year were English football clubs banned from competition in Europe ?
Stadiums were crumbling , supporters endured poor facilities , hooliganism was rife , and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 .	five years	How long were the clubs banned for ?
The Football League First Division , which had been the top level of English football since 1888 , was well behind leagues such as Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga in attendances and revenues , and several top English players had moved abroad .	moved abroad	What did English players do after the ban ?
The Football League First Division , which had been the top level of English football since 1888 , was well behind leagues such as Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga in attendances and revenues , and several top English players had moved abroad .	revenues	When attendance dropped to the Football League First Division , what else decreased ?
However , by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse ; England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup , reaching the semi-finals .	by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse	When did the downward trend of the English Football start to turn around ?
However , by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse ; England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup , reaching the semi-finals .	England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals.	Was England successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup ?
UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 -LRB- resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 -RRB- and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year .	UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990	Did the UEFA remove the 5 year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 ?
UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 -LRB- resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 -RRB- and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year .	(resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991	What did the removal of the ban result in ?
UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 -LRB- resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 -RRB- and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year .	proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster	Did the Taylor Report on stadiums safety standards propose expensive upgrades to stadiums ?
However , by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse ; England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup , reaching the semi-finals .	1990	In which year did English football 's downward trend stop thanks to England making it to the FIFA World Cup semi-finals ?
UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 -LRB- resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 -RRB- and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year .	1990	In which year was the English club ban lifted by UEFA ?
UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 -LRB- resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 -RRB- and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year .	1991	In which year shortly thereafter did Manchester United win the UEFA Winners ' Cup ?
UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 -LRB- resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 -RRB- and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year .	January	In which month was the Taylor Report published ?
UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 -LRB- resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 -RRB- and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year .	1990	In which year was the Taylor Report published ?
Television money had also become much more important ; the Football League received # 6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986 , but when that deal was renewed in 1988 , the price rose to # 44 million over four years .	the Football League received £6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986	How much money did the Football League receive in revenues from television money for a two year agreement in 1986 ?
Television money had also become much more important ; the Football League received # 6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986 , but when that deal was renewed in 1988 , the price rose to # 44 million over four years .	deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to £44 million over four years.	In 1998 , the deal was renewed for what amount over four years ?
The 1988 negotiations were the first signs of a breakaway league ; ten clubs threatened to leave and form a `` super league '' , but were eventually persuaded to stay .	ten clubs threatened to leave and form a "super league"	In 1988 , how many clubs threateded to leave and form another league ?
As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose , the country 's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport .	to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport.	Why did some of the top teams consider leaving the Football league ?
Television money had also become much more important ; the Football League received # 6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986 , but when that deal was renewed in 1988 , the price rose to # 44 million over four years .	£44 million	What did the Football League 's television agreement price rise to in 1988 ?
The 1988 negotiations were the first signs of a breakaway league ; ten clubs threatened to leave and form a `` super league '' , but were eventually persuaded to stay .	1988	When was the first year that clubs threatened to leave the Football League ?
Television money had also become much more important ; the Football League received # 6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986 , but when that deal was renewed in 1988 , the price rose to # 44 million over four years .	£6.3 million	What price was set for Football League television rights in 1986 ?
Television money had also become much more important ; the Football League received # 6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986 , but when that deal was renewed in 1988 , the price rose to # 44 million over four years .	four	For how many years was the 1988 television rights contract ?
At the close of the 1991 season , a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall .	At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled	In 1991 , was a proposal for a new league postponed ?
The Founder Members Agreement , signed on 17 July 1991 by the game 's top-flight clubs , established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League .	established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League.	What did this agreement establish ?
The Founder Members Agreement , signed on 17 July 1991 by the game 's top-flight clubs , established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League .	The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991	When was the Founder Members Agreement signed ?
The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League , giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements .	The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League	Would the new top division have commerical independence from the Football Association as well as the Football League ?
The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League , giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements .	giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements.	Would the FA Premier League be able to negotiate their broadcasting and sponsorship agreements ?
The Founder Members Agreement , signed on 17 July 1991 by the game 's top-flight clubs , established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League .	17 July 1991	On which day was the Founder Members Agreement signed ?
The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe .	extra income	What was the argument made for the splitting off of the FA Premier League which would lead to being able to compete across Europe ?
At the close of the 1991 season , a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall .	1991	In which year was the proposal for a new league tabled ?
The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League .	The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League.	Why did Greg Dyke of London Weekend Television meet with representatives of the biggest five English football clubs in 1990 ?
Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television and wanted to establish whether the clubs would be interested in a larger share of television rights money .	Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television	Why did Dyke only want the larger clubs featured on national television ?
The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it ; however , the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea .	The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it	Did the five clubs think this was a good idea ?
The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it ; however , the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea .	David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea	Were talks held with the Football Association to see if they were okay with this plan ?
The managing director of London Weekend Television -LRB- LWT -RRB- , Greg Dyke , met with the representatives of the `` big five '' football clubs in England in 1990 .	Greg Dyke	Who was the London Weekend Television 's managing director ?
The managing director of London Weekend Television -LRB- LWT -RRB- , Greg Dyke , met with the representatives of the `` big five '' football clubs in England in 1990 .	1990	In which year did the managing director meet with the representatives of the `` big five '' football clubs ?
The managing director of London Weekend Television -LRB- LWT -RRB- , Greg Dyke , met with the representatives of the `` big five '' football clubs in England in 1990 .	England	In which country did the managing director meet with the representatives of the `` big five '' football clubs ?
The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it ; however , the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea .	David Dein	Which Arsenal representative held talks with the Football Association about getting their backing for the new league ?
The FA did not enjoy an amicable relationship with the Football League at the time and considered it as a way to weaken the Football League 's position .	weaken the Football League's position	What did the Football Association want to do through building a relationship with the new league ?
In 1992 , the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association 's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate .	In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse	When did the First Division clubs resign from the Football League ?
In 1992 , the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association 's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate .	on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate.	When was the FA Premier League formed as a limited company ?
This meant a break-up of the 104-year-old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions ; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three .	the Premier League would operate with a single division	How many divisions did the Premier League start out with at this time ?
This meant a break-up of the 104-year-old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions ; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three .	the Football League with three	How many divisions did the Football League after the the Premier League was founded ?
There was no change in competition format ; the same number of teams competed in the top flight , and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted .	There was no change in competition format; the same number of teams competed in the top flight	Was there a change in the competition format after the Premier League was formed ?
In 1992 , the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association 's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate .	27 May 1992	On which date was the FA Premier League formed legally ?
In 1992 , the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association 's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate .	Football Association	Out of which organization 's headquarters did the original FA Premier League staff operate out of ?
This meant a break-up of the 104-year-old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions ; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three .	three	How many divisions were left in the Football League after the split ?
This meant a break-up of the 104-year-old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions ; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three .	a single division	How many divisions did the Premier League start with after the split ?
The league held its first season in 1992 -- 93 and was originally composed of 22 clubs .	The league held its first season in 1992–93	When did the Premier League hold its first season ?
The league held its first season in 1992 -- 93 and was originally composed of 22 clubs .	was originally composed of 22 clubs.	Originally , how many clubs did the Premier League have ?
The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2 -- 1 win against Manchester United .	The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United.	Who scored the first ever goal for the Premier League
Luton Town , Notts County and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991 -- 92 season , and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season .	Luton Town, Notts County and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division	Which blubs were relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991-1992 season and did n't take part in the first Premier League season ?
The league held its first season in 1992 -- 93 and was originally composed of 22 clubs .	1992–93	In which years were the first season ?
The league held its first season in 1992 -- 93 and was originally composed of 22 clubs .	22	How many clubs originally made up the league ?
The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2 -- 1 win against Manchester United .	Brian Deane	Who scored the first goal in the Premier League ?
The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2 -- 1 win against Manchester United .	Sheffield United	For which team was the first goal scored ?
The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2 -- 1 win against Manchester United .	Manchester United	Against which team was the first goal scored ?
One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so-called `` Big Four '' clubs : Arsenal , Chelsea , Liverpool and Manchester United .	the dominance of the so-called "Big Four" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United	What was an important feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s ?
During this decade , and particularly from 2002 to 2009 , they dominated the top four spots , which came with UEFA Champions League qualification , taking all top four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003 -- 04 to 2008 -- 09 inclusive , with Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003 -- 04 , the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League .	Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04	Which team had no losses in 2003-2004 and ended up winning the league ?
In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that `` Big Four '' dominance threatened the division , `` This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world . ''	Kevin Keegan stated that "Big Four" dominance threatened the division,	Why was Kevin Keegan concerned about the league in May of 2008 ?
During this decade , and particularly from 2002 to 2009 , they dominated the top four spots , which came with UEFA Champions League qualification , taking all top four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003 -- 04 to 2008 -- 09 inclusive , with Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003 -- 04 , the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League .	Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League.	Since 2003-04 , has any club won all of its games like Arsenal did ?
During this decade , and particularly from 2002 to 2009 , they dominated the top four spots , which came with UEFA Champions League qualification , taking all top four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003 -- 04 to 2008 -- 09 inclusive , with Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003 -- 04 , the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League .	5	In how many season from 2003 to 2009 did the `` Big Four '' take all four top places in the UEFA Champions League ?
During this decade , and particularly from 2002 to 2009 , they dominated the top four spots , which came with UEFA Champions League qualification , taking all top four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003 -- 04 to 2008 -- 09 inclusive , with Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003 -- 04 , the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League .	Arsenal	Which of the `` Big Four '' teams did not lose a single game in the 2003-04 season ?
In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that `` Big Four '' dominance threatened the division , `` This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world . ''	Kevin Keegan	Who stated that `` Big Four '' dominance was a threat to the division ?
Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence : `` There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you 're at the top , in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting . ''	Richard Scudamore	Who said that all of the tussles in the Premier League made it interesting , even if only four teams dominated ?
Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence : `` There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you 're at the top , in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting . ''	Premier League chief executive	What was Richard Scudamore 's job ?
In the 2009 -- 10 season , Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005 .	In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005	Which team finished fourth in the 2009-10 season ?
Criticism of the gap between an elite group of `` super clubs '' and the majority of the Premier League has continued , nevertheless , due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs .	due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs.	Why was there critcism of the elite clubs ?
That season also saw two of the Big Four -LRB- Chelsea and Liverpool -RRB- finish outside the top four places for the first time since 1994 -- 95 .	That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four	Which two `` Big Four '' clubs did not finish in the top four in the 2011-12 season ?
Manchester City won the title in the 2011 -- 12 season , becoming the first club outside the `` Big Four '' to win since 1994 -- 95 .	Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the "Big Four" to win since 1994–95.	Since 1994-95 , who was the first club out side of the `` Big Four '' to win the title
In the 2009 -- 10 season , Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005 .	Tottenham	In the 2009-10 season , which team was the first to break into the `` Big Four '' since 2005 ?
In the 2009 -- 10 season , Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005 .	fourth	In which position did Tottenham finish in the 2009-10 season ?
Manchester City won the title in the 2011 -- 12 season , becoming the first club outside the `` Big Four '' to win since 1994 -- 95 .	Manchester City	In 2011-12 , which club was the first non - `` Big Four '' team to win since 1994-95 ?
That season also saw two of the Big Four -LRB- Chelsea and Liverpool -RRB- finish outside the top four places for the first time since 1994 -- 95 .	two	In 2011-12 , how many `` Big Four '' clubs finished outside the top four places in the league ?
In the 2009 -- 10 season , Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005 .	Everton	In 2005 , which was the only non - `` Big Four '' team to break the top four ?
Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football -LRB- FIFA -RRB- , the international governing body of football , that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played , the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted .	the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995	What was the number of clubs reduced to in 1995 .
Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football -LRB- FIFA -RRB- , the international governing body of football , that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played , the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted .	Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football	In 1995 , who requested that domestic leagues lower the amount of games played .
Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football -LRB- FIFA -RRB- , the international governing body of football , that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played , the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted .	FIFA	Who insisted that the number of games played in each domestic league must be reduced ?
Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football -LRB- FIFA -RRB- , the international governing body of football , that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played , the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted .	20	In 1995 , what was the number of clubs in the league reduced to ?
On 8 June 2006 , FIFA requested that all major European leagues , including Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007 -- 08 season .	8 June 2006	On which date did FIFA request that all European leagues reduce the number of teams within themselves to 18 ?
Ultimately , the 2007 -- 08 season kicked off again with 20 teams .	20	In the 2007-08 season , how many teams was the Premier League left with ?
Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football -LRB- FIFA -RRB- , the international governing body of football , that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played , the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted .	four	How many teams were relegated from the Premier League in 1995 ?
Each club is a shareholder , with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts .	Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts.	How many votes does each Football Association Premier League Ltd -LRB- FAPL -RRB- club have on issues ?
The former chairman and chief executive , John Quinton and Peter Leaver , were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance .	John Quinton and Peter Leaver, were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance.	Why did John Quinton and Peter Leaver resign as chairman and chief excutive ?
The Football Association is not directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the Premier League , but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league .	has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league.	Does the Football Association say about the management of the Premier League ?
The Football Association Premier League Ltd -LRB- FAPL -RRB- is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs .	member clubs	Who owns the Football Association Premier League ?
Each club is a shareholder , with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts .	one	How many votes do the member clubs of the Premier League have each ?
The clubs elect a chairman , chief executive , and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league .	the daily operations of the league	What do the people each club elect oversee ?
The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards , who was appointed in April 1999 , and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore , appointed in November 1999 .	Sir Dave Richards	Who is the current chairman of the Premier League ?
The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards , who was appointed in April 1999 , and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore , appointed in November 1999 .	Richard Scudamore	Who is the current CEO of the Premier League ?
The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA 's European Club Association , the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients .	the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients.	Who decides on how many Premeir League representatives there are for the European Club Association ?
For the 2012 -- 13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association : Arsenal , Aston Villa , Chelsea , Everton , Fulham , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur .	For the 2012–13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association	How many representatives does the Premier League have for the European Club Association for 2012-13 ?
The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA 's Club Competitions Committee , which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League .	The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA's Club Competitions Committee	How many members does the European Club Association elect for the UEFA 's Club Competitions Committee ?
The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA 's Club Competitions Committee , which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League .	Club Competitions Committee, which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League.	Which competitions does the Club Competitions Committee have a say in ?
The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA 's European Club Association , the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients .	UEFA coefficients	According to what are the number of and which clubs chosen to attend the European Club Association ?
For the 2012 -- 13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association : Arsenal , Aston Villa , Chelsea , Everton , Fulham , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur .	10	How many representatives did the Premier League have in the European Club Association during the 2012-13 season ?
The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA 's Club Competitions Committee , which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League .	three	How many members is the European Club Association responsible for electing to the UEFA Club Competitions Committee ?
During the course of a season -LRB- from August to May -RRB- each club plays the others twice -LRB- a double round-robin system -RRB- , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents , for a total of 38 games .	During the course of a season (from August to May)	When does the Premier League have its playing season ?
During the course of a season -LRB- from August to May -RRB- each club plays the others twice -LRB- a double round-robin system -RRB- , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents , for a total of 38 games .	each club plays the others twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 games.	How many games does each club play each season ?
Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw .	Teams receive three points for a win	How many points does each club receive for each win ?
Teams are ranked by total points , then goal difference , and then goals scored .	Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored.	Which criteria is used to rank the clubs ?
If there is a tie for the championship , for relegation , or for qualification to other competitions , a play-off match at a neutral venue decides rank .	If there is a tie for the championship, for relegation, or for qualification to other competitions, a play-off match at a neutral venue decides rank.	How is a tie for the championship handled ?
There are 20 clubs in the Premier League .	20	How many clubs are currently in the Premier League ?
During the course of a season -LRB- from August to May -RRB- each club plays the others twice -LRB- a double round-robin system -RRB- , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents , for a total of 38 games .	August	Which month marks the start of a Premier League season ?
During the course of a season -LRB- from August to May -RRB- each club plays the others twice -LRB- a double round-robin system -RRB- , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents , for a total of 38 games .	May	Which month marks the start of a Premier League season ?
During the course of a season -LRB- from August to May -RRB- each club plays the others twice -LRB- a double round-robin system -RRB- , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents , for a total of 38 games .	twice	How many times does each club play every other club ?
During the course of a season -LRB- from August to May -RRB- each club plays the others twice -LRB- a double round-robin system -RRB- , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents , for a total of 38 games .	38	How many total games does each club in the Premier League play per season ?
The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League , and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify , depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the Capital One Cup -LRB- League Cup -RRB- .	The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League	What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for ?
Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament ; if the winner of either the FA Cup or League Cup qualifies for the Champions League , then that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League .	Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament;	What places are reserved for the FA Cup and the League Cup winners ?
If the Premier League has one of the three highest Fair Play rankings in Europe , the highest ranked team in the Premier League Fair Play standings which has not already qualified for Europe will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round .	will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round	Why is it important to have a high Fair Play ranking ?
Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament ; if the winner of either the FA Cup or League Cup qualifies for the Champions League , then that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League .	that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League.	If a team already qualifies for the Champions League and they winner the FA Cup or the League Cup will another team get to qualify for the Champions League ?
Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament ; if the winner of either the FA Cup or League Cup qualifies for the Champions League , then that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League .	Two	How many Europa League places are reserved for domestic tournament winners ?
The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League , and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify , depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the Capital One Cup -LRB- League Cup -RRB- .	UEFA Europa League	To which league is the fifth place Premier League team automatically qualified for ?
If the Premier League has one of the three highest Fair Play rankings in Europe , the highest ranked team in the Premier League Fair Play standings which has not already qualified for Europe will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round .	first	The team which has the highest ranking in the Fair Play standings is guaranteed qualification for which qualifying round in the Europa League ?
UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League , giving England five qualifiers .	UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League	Which team did not qualifty for Champions League in 2005 but was able to particpate ?
An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005 , after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before , but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season .	in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place	Did the Liverpool Club place in the Champions League in 2005 ?
UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League , giving England five qualifiers .	UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers.	How many qualifiers did England have for the Champions League in 2005 ?
UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing .	UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing.	Do defending champtions get to play in the following year 's Champions League if they do n't have enough wins to qualify
No association can have more than four entrants in the Champions League .	No association can have more than four entrants in the Champions League	How many winning teams from an association can participate in the Champions League ?
An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005 , after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before , but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season .	Liverpool	Which team received special dispensation from the UEFA in 2005 so they could enter the Champions League ?
UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing .	the defending champions	Who did UEFA rule should automatically qualify for the Champions League ?
However , for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League , this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league , it would qualify at the expense of the fourth-placed team in the league .	the fourth-placed team	At which team 's expense does the previous champion 's automatic entry into the Champions League without placing in the top four come ?
This occurred in 2012 , when Chelsea -- who had won the Champions League the previous year , but finished sixth in the league -- qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur , who went into the Europa League .	Chelsea	In 2012 , which team was automatically qualified for the champion 's league even though they did not place in the top four ?
This occurred in 2012 , when Chelsea -- who had won the Champions League the previous year , but finished sixth in the league -- qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur , who went into the Europa League .	Tottenham Hotspur	Which team was denied entry into the Champions League in 2012 due to being bumped out of the running by the defending champion ?
Between the 1992 -- 93 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times -LRB- as well as supplying five of the runners-up -RRB- , behind Spain 's La Liga with six wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins , and ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins -LRB- see table here -RRB- .	Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times	How many times have Premier League teams have won the Champions League since 1992-2013 ?
The FIFA Club World Cup -LRB- or the FIFA Club World Championship , as it was originally called -RRB- has been won by Premier league clubs once -LRB- Manchester United in 2008 -RRB- , and they have also been runners-up twice , behind Brazil 's Brasileirão with four wins , and Spain 's La Liga and Italy 's Serie A with two wins each -LRB- see table here -RRB- .	won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008)	How many times has the Premier League won the World Cup -LRB- FIFA Club -RRB- during that same time period ?
The FIFA Club World Cup -LRB- or the FIFA Club World Championship , as it was originally called -RRB- has been won by Premier league clubs once -LRB- Manchester United in 2008 -RRB- , and they have also been runners-up twice , behind Brazil 's Brasileirão with four wins , and Spain 's La Liga and Italy 's Serie A with two wins each -LRB- see table here -RRB- .	they have also been runners-up twice,	How many times have Premier League teams been runners up in the World Cup ?
Between the 1992 -- 93 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times -LRB- as well as supplying five of the runners-up -RRB- , behind Spain 's La Liga with six wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins , and ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins -LRB- see table here -RRB- .	four	How many times did Premier League clubs win the Champions League between 1992 and 2013 ?
Between the 1992 -- 93 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times -LRB- as well as supplying five of the runners-up -RRB- , behind Spain 's La Liga with six wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins , and ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins -LRB- see table here -RRB- .	five	How many runners up in the Champions League were from the Premier League between 1992 and 2013 ?
Between the 1992 -- 93 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times -LRB- as well as supplying five of the runners-up -RRB- , behind Spain 's La Liga with six wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins , and ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins -LRB- see table here -RRB- .	La Liga	Which league had the most Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013 ?
Between the 1992 -- 93 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times -LRB- as well as supplying five of the runners-up -RRB- , behind Spain 's La Liga with six wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins , and ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins -LRB- see table here -RRB- .	Serie A	Which league had the second most Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013 ?
Between the 1992 -- 93 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times -LRB- as well as supplying five of the runners-up -RRB- , behind Spain 's La Liga with six wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins , and ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins -LRB- see table here -RRB- .	Bundesliga	Which league had only three Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013 ?
In 2013 -- 14 , due to improved television revenues and cost controls , the Premier League had net profits in excess of # 78 million , exceeding all other football leagues .	the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues	What were some of the reasons for the increased revenues in 2013-14 ?
The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world , with total club revenues of $ 2.48 billion in 2009 -- 10 .	total club revenues of €2.48 billion in 2009–10.	What are the Premier League 's revenues for 2009-10 ?
In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom 's broadcasting industry .	In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category	Which award did the Premier League win in 2010 ?
In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom 's broadcasting industry .	for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom's broadcasting industry.	Why did it receive this award ?
In 2013 -- 14 , due to improved television revenues and cost controls , the Premier League had net profits in excess of # 78 million , exceeding all other football leagues .	the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues	What were the Premier League 's net profits in 2013-14 ?
The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world , with total club revenues of $ 2.48 billion in 2009 -- 10 .	Premier League	Which league has the highest revenue in the world ?
The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world , with total club revenues of $ 2.48 billion in 2009 -- 10 .	€2.48 billion	What were the total revenues of the Premier League in the 2009-10 season ?
In 2013 -- 14 , due to improved television revenues and cost controls , the Premier League had net profits in excess of # 78 million , exceeding all other football leagues .	£78 million	What were the net profits of the Premier League in 2013-14 ?
In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom 's broadcasting industry .	2010	In which year was the Premier League awarded an International Trade award ?
In 2012 -- 13 , Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup .	In 2012–13, Swansea qualified for the Europa League	Did Swansea qualify for the Europa Leaque in 2012-13 ?
The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City 's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011 .	Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011.	When was Swansea City 's home match played against Wigan Athletic ?
The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013 -- 14 , as Cardiff City gained promotion , but Cardiff City was relegated after its maiden season .	The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013–14,	In 2013-14 , how much did the Premier League 's Welsh clubs increase by ?
In 2012 -- 13 , Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup .	Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup.	How did Swansea qualify for the Europa League ?
The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013 -- 14 , as Cardiff City gained promotion , but Cardiff City was relegated after its maiden season .	in 2013–14, as Cardiff City gained promotion, but Cardiff City was relegated after its maiden season.	Which team gained promotion then but was relegated after its first season ?
In 2011 , a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion .	2011	In which year did a Welsh club participate in the Premier League for the first time ?
In 2011 , a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion .	Swansea City	Which team was promoted to the Premier League in 2011 ?
The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City 's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011 .	Liberty Stadium	In which stadium was the first Premier League match played outside of England ?
The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City 's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011 .	20 August 2011	On which date did Swansea City play its first Premier League game ?
The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City 's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011 .	Wigan Athletic	Against which team did Swansea City play its first Premier League game ?
The idea came closest to reality in 1998 , when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin , Ireland , but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland .	in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland,	Which team received permission to move to Dublin , Ireland in 1998 ?
Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed , but without result .	Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result.	Are there any clubs Scotland or Ireland in the Premier League ?
Additionally , the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland 's two biggest teams , Celtic and Rangers , should or will take part in the Premier League , but nothing has come of these discussions .	Scotland's two biggest teams, Celtic and Rangers,	What are Scotland 's two largest teams ?
The idea came closest to reality in 1998 , when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin , Ireland , but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland .	the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland.	Why did n't they move to Dublin ?
The idea came closest to reality in 1998 , when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin , Ireland , but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland .	Wimbledon	Which team received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin ?
The idea came closest to reality in 1998 , when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin , Ireland , but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland .	1998	In which year did a Premier League team consider relocating to Ireland ?
Additionally , the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland 's two biggest teams , Celtic and Rangers , should or will take part in the Premier League , but nothing has come of these discussions .	the media	Who occasionally discusses a Scottish team joining the Premier League ?
The League 's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision , but one that has paid off .	The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992	Who received broadcasting rights to the Premier League in 1992 ?
At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market , as was charging fans to watch live televised football .	pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market,	Why was this a unique decision ?
However , a combination of Sky 's strategy , the quality of Premier League football and the public 's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League 's TV rights soar .	the value of the Premier League's TV rights soar.	What happened to the Premier League 's televsion rights after this decision ?
However , a combination of Sky 's strategy , the quality of Premier League football and the public 's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League 's TV rights soar .	a combination of Sky's strategy, the quality of Premier League football and the public's appetite for the game	What was the cause of this ?
The League 's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision , but one that has paid off .	1992	In which year did the Premier League decide to give BSkyB broadcasting rights ?
At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market , as was charging fans to watch live televised football .	pay television	What sort of television was BSkyB that made it such a radical broadcaster to choose for the Premier League ?
This is in contrast to some other European Leagues , including La Liga , in which each club sells its rights individually , leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs .	other European Leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually	Do European Leagues sell their television rights per a collective level ?
This is in contrast to some other European Leagues , including La Liga , in which each club sells its rights individually , leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs .	a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs	What happens when European Leagues sell their televsion rights individually ?
The money is divided into three parts : half is divided equally between the clubs ; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position , the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club , and equal steps all the way down the table ; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television , with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this .	The money is divided into three parts:	How is the teleivsion revenue distributed in the Premier League ?
The money is divided into three parts : half is divided equally between the clubs ; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position , the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club , and equal steps all the way down the table ; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television , with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this .	half is divided equally between the clubs	How is half of the money distributed ?
The money is divided into three parts : half is divided equally between the clubs ; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position , the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club , and equal steps all the way down the table ; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television , with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this .	the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television, with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this.	How is the final quarter of the money distributed ?
The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis .	collective basis	On what sort of basis does the Premier League sell its television rights ?
This is in contrast to some other European Leagues , including La Liga , in which each club sells its rights individually , leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs .	individually	How does La Liga sell its broadcasting rights ?
This is in contrast to some other European Leagues , including La Liga , in which each club sells its rights individually , leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs .	the top few clubs	Which clubs get the greatest share of broadcasting income when rights are sold individually ?
The money is divided into three parts : half is divided equally between the clubs ; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position , the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club , and equal steps all the way down the table ; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television , with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this .	half	What percentage of broadcasting revenue is divided equally by all La Liga clubs ?
The money is divided into three parts : half is divided equally between the clubs ; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position , the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club , and equal steps all the way down the table ; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television , with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this .	one quarter	What percentage of broadcasting revenue is awarded on a merit basis according to ranking at the end of the season ?
The first Sky television rights agreement was worth # 304 million over five seasons .	The first Sky television rights agreement was worth £304 million over five seasons.	How much was the amount of first five seasons of the Sky television rights ?
The league brought in # 320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three-year period from 2004 -- 05 to 2006 -- 07 .	The league brought in £320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three-year period from 2004–05 to 2006–07	How much many did the Premier League make from selling its internation rights during 2004-07 ?
Sky 's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available .	Sky's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available.	What happened to Sky 's agreement in 2006 .
This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company .	This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company.	Why did this happen ?
The total raised from these deals is more than # 2.7 billion , giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around # 40 million-a-year from 2007 to 2010 .	giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around £40 million-a-year from 2007 to 2010.	What was the average income from media from 2007-2010 for the Premier League ?
The first Sky television rights agreement was worth # 304 million over five seasons .	five	How many seasons did the first television rights contract award to Sky ?
The first Sky television rights agreement was worth # 304 million over five seasons .	£304 million	How much was the first television rights contract awarded to Sky worth ?
The next contract , negotiated to start from the 1997 -- 98 season , rose to # 670 million over four seasons .	£670 million	How much was the second television rights contract awarded to Sky worth ?
The third contract was a # 1.024 billion deal with BSkyB for the three seasons from 2001 -- 02 to 2003 -- 04 .	£1.024 billion	How much was the third television rights contract awarded to Sky worth ?
Sky 's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available .	Setanta Sports	By being awarded television rights , which other network broke Sky 's monopoly on Premier League coverage ?
The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel , and a number of court cases have arisen as a result .	The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel	Why has there been a several court cases against Sky and Premier League ?
An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market , but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position .	Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market, but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim	What did the Office of Fair Trading decide regarding the claim that Sky abuses their position in 2002 .
In July 1999 the Premier League 's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court , who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest .	In July 1999 the Premier League's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court,	Who investigated the Premier League 's collective selling rights in 1999 ?
In July 1999 the Premier League 's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court , who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest .	the UK Restrictive Practices Court, who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest.	What did they decide about the collective selling issue ?
The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel , and a number of court cases have arisen as a result .	a cartel	What has the agreement between the Premier League and Sky been accused of being ?
An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market , but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position .	the Office of Fair Trading	Who investigated the agreement between the Premier League and Sky in 2002 ?
In July 1999 the Premier League 's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court , who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest .	the UK Restrictive Practices Court	Who investigated how the Premier League sold television rights in 1999 ?
Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for # 1.782 billion .	Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for £1.782 billion.	How much money did Premier League earn regarding television rights in 2010-13 ?
On 13 June 2012 , the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013 -- 14 through 2015 -- 16 seasons at # 246 million-a-year .	BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013–14 through 2015–16 seasons at £246 million-a-year.	How many games did BT show in 2013-16 ?
The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid # 760 million-a-year .	The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid £760 million-a-year.	Who will show 116 games for that same time period ?
The total domestic rights have raised # 3.018 billion , an increase of 70.2 % over the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 rights .	The total domestic rights have raised £3.018 billion, an increase of 70.2% over the 2010–11 to 2012–13 rights.	How much have the domestic televsion rights increased from 2010-12 to 2012-13 ?
The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2 % in 2015 , when Sky and BT paid a total of # 5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018 -- 19 season .	Sky and BT paid a total of £5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018–19 season.	How much did BT and Sky pay for their rights up to the 2018-19 season ?
The BBC 's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights , as well as other evenings when fixtures justify , will run until 2016 .	2016	When will the BBC 's weekend highlights package run out ?
Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for # 1.782 billion .	£1.782 billion	How much were Premier League television rights from 2010 to 2013 purchased for ?
On 22 June 2009 , due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a # 30 million payment to the Premier League , ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009 -- 10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 .	22 June 2009	When did Setanta Sports fail to meet their payments deadline ?
On 22 June 2009 , due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a # 30 million payment to the Premier League , ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009 -- 10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 .	ESPN	When Setanta Sports could not pay their bill to the league , which network took over broadcast rights from them ?
On 13 June 2012 , the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013 -- 14 through 2015 -- 16 seasons at # 246 million-a-year .	13 June 2012	On which date was it announced that BT was awarded a broadcasting contract ?
The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia , where it is the most widely distributed sports programme .	The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia, where it is the most widely distributed sports programme	What country is the Premier League the most distributed televised sports broadcast ?
In China , the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six-year agreement that began in the 2013 -- 14 season .	In China, the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six-year agreement that began in the 2013–14 season.	Who broadcasts the Premier League 's games in China ?
As of the 2013 -- 14 season , Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN , with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season .	As of the 2013–14 season, Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN	Who broadcasts the Premier League 's games in Canada ?
As of the 2013 -- 14 season , Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN , with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season .	both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season.	How many games does each of them broadcast ?
The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia , where it is the most widely distributed sports programme .	Asia	On which continent other than Europe is the Premier League especially popular ?
In Australia , Fox Sports broadcasts almost all of the season 's 380 matches live , and Foxtel gives subscribers the option of selecting which Saturday 3pm match to watch .	Fox Sports	Which network is the main live broadcaster of Premier League in Australia ?
In Australia , Fox Sports broadcasts almost all of the season 's 380 matches live , and Foxtel gives subscribers the option of selecting which Saturday 3pm match to watch .	Foxtel	Which network in Australia offers viewers the choice of which Saturday afternoon match they watch ?
In India , the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports .	STAR Sports	Which network broadcasts Premier League live in India ?
In China , the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six-year agreement that began in the 2013 -- 14 season .	Super Sports	Which Chinese broadcaster has Premier League rights ?
The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports .	The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports.	Who broadcasts the Premier League 's games in the United States ?
Premier League viewership has increased rapidly , with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014 -- 15 season , up 118 % from 2012 -- 13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN/ESPN2 -LRB- 220,000 viewers -RRB- , and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage .	with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014–15 season	What was the average viewership in the United States during the 2014-15 season ?
NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $ 1 billion -LRB- # 640 million -RRB- .	NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015	How many years did NBC Sports receive an extension for with the Premier League in 2015 ?
NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $ 1 billion -LRB- # 640 million -RRB- .	in a deal valued at $1 billion (£640 million).	What was the value of this extension ?
NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $ 1 billion -LRB- # 640 million -RRB- .	through the 2021–22 season	When will this extension end ?
The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports .	NBC Sports	Which American broadcaster shows the Premier League currently ?
Premier League viewership has increased rapidly , with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014 -- 15 season , up 118 % from 2012 -- 13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN/ESPN2 -LRB- 220,000 viewers -RRB- , and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage .	118%	By what percentage has viewership in the US risen from 2012 to 2015 ?
Premier League viewership has increased rapidly , with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014 -- 15 season , up 118 % from 2012 -- 13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN/ESPN2 -LRB- 220,000 viewers -RRB- , and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage .	479,000	How many viewers on average watched the Premier League 2014-15 season in the US ?
NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $ 1 billion -LRB- # 640 million -RRB- .	2015	In which year did NBC Sports secure an extension of six years with the Premier League ?
NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $ 1 billion -LRB- # 640 million -RRB- .	$1 billion	How much was the NBC broadcasting deal with the Premier League worth in 2015 ?
Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues , many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League .	in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues,	Why has their been distance between the Premier League and the Football League ?
Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues , many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League .	many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League.	Did many new teams in the Premier League have any difficulties in their initial season ?
In every season except 2001 -- 02 and 2011 -- 12 , at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League .	In every season except 2001–02 and 2011–12, at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League.	Was it unusual for a new team to go back to the Football League after their first season in the Premier League ?
In 1997 -- 98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season .	In 1997–98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season.	In the 1997-98 season how many new teams had to go back to the Football League ?
Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues , many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League .	newly promoted teams	Due to the disparity in television rights revenue between leagues , who struggles to avoid relegation in their Premier League first season ?
In every season except 2001 -- 02 and 2011 -- 12 , at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League .	one	In every season but 2001-02 and 2011-12 , at least how many Premier League teams have been relegated ?
In 1997 -- 98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season .	three	How many newly promoted clubs were relegated from the Premier League in 1997-98 ?
The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of `` parachute payments '' .	The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of "parachute payments".	If a team is relegated in the Premier League what type of tv payment do they receive ?
Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues -LRB- the average Premier League team receives # 55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives # 2 million -RRB- , critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not , leading to the common occurrence of teams `` bouncing back '' soon after their relegation .	critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not,	What do critics have to say about this payment ?
For some clubs who have failed to win immediate promotion back to the Premier League , financial problems , including in some cases administration or even liquidation have followed .	financial problems	What has happened to some of the clubs who were n't able to get back into the Premier League right away ?
Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues -LRB- the average Premier League team receives # 55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives # 2 million -RRB- , critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not , leading to the common occurrence of teams `` bouncing back '' soon after their relegation .	the average Football League Championship club receives £2 million	How much does a Football League club receive on average for their television revenues ?
Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues -LRB- the average Premier League team receives # 55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives # 2 million -RRB- , critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not , leading to the common occurrence of teams `` bouncing back '' soon after their relegation .	the average Premier League team receives £55 million	How does this compare an average Premier League team ?
The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of `` parachute payments '' .	relegated	To which type of team are parachute payments distributed to in the Premier League ?
Starting with the 2013 -- 14 season , these payments are in excess of # 60 million over four seasons .	£60 million	Starting in the 2013-14 season , parachute payments are in excess of what amount of revenue ?
Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues -LRB- the average Premier League team receives # 55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives # 2 million -RRB- , critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not , leading to the common occurrence of teams `` bouncing back '' soon after their relegation .	the gap	What is said to widen between clubs who reach the Premier League and those who do not thanks to parachute payments ?
The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished ; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater .	as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater	What was the result of their recommendation ?
The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished ; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater .	a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished	What did the Taylor Report recommend at the the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 ?
Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished .	Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished.	How many stadiums have been closed down since Premier League started ?
The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2010 -- 11 season is 770,477 with an average capacity of 38,523 .	The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2010–11 season is 770,477 with an average capacity of 38,523.	What was the total seating capacity of stadiums in the Premier League in the 2010-11 season .
As of the 2015 -- 16 season , Premier League football has been played in 53 stadiums since the formation of the Premier League in 1992 .	53	In how many stadiums had Premier League been played as of the 2015-16 season ?
The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished ; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater .	standing terraces	What did the Taylor Report recommend to abolish from all stadiums ?
Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished .	Nine	How many stadiums in which the Premier League has been played have been demolished as of 2016 ?
The stadiums for the 2010 -- 11 season show a large disparity in capacity : Old Trafford , the home of Manchester United has a capacity of 75,957 with Bloomfield Road , the home of Blackpool , having a capacity of 16,220 .	16,220	What is the capacity of Bloomfield Road stadium ?
The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2010 -- 11 season is 770,477 with an average capacity of 38,523 .	770,477	What is the combined total capacity of all stadiums in the Premier League as of 2011 ?
Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs .	Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs.	Are attendance remittances that important to the Premier League ?
The Premier League 's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007 -- 08 season .	The Premier League's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007–08 season.	What was the Premier Leagues standard attendance in the 2007-08 season ?
This represents an increase of 13,089 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league 's first season -LRB- 1992 -- 93 -RRB- .	the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league's first season (1992–93).	What was the league 's first year attendance average ?
This record was then beaten in the 2013 -- 14 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million , the highest average in England 's top flight since 1950 .	in the 2013–14 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million,	Attendance for the 2013-14 season set a new record of how much ?
For the 2009 -- 10 season , average attendances across the league clubs were 34,215 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,001,616 .	34,215	What was the average attendance for all Premier League clubs during the 2009-10 season ?
For the 2009 -- 10 season , average attendances across the league clubs were 34,215 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,001,616 .	13,001,616	What was the total attendance of all Premier League games during the 2009-10 season ?
This represents an increase of 13,089 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league 's first season -LRB- 1992 -- 93 -RRB- .	13,089	By how many attendees did the average Premier League attendance increase between 1992 and 2009 ?
However , during the 1992 -- 93 season the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report 's 1994 -- 95 deadline for all-seater stadiums .	1994–95	For when did the Taylor Report set the deadline for replacing terraces with seats in stadiums ?
The Premier League 's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007 -- 08 season .	2007–08	During which season did the Premier League set a record average attendance of over 36,000 people ?
Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team , including the training , team selection , and player acquisition .	Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and player acquisition.	What are some of the every day tasks that a manager of a team has to deal with ?
Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available , and follows the completion of the UEFA ` B ' and ` A ' Licences .	Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence	What type of licence does a manager need ?
The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis -LRB- i.e. more than 12 weeks -- the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control -RRB- .	The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis	Is this licence required on a permanent basis ?
Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker ; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur .	examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur.	Give an example of someone who was a caretaker manager ?
Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment .	Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment.	What is a caretaker manager ?
Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available , and follows the completion of the UEFA ` B ' and ` A ' Licences .	UEFA Pro Licence	What license are managers in the Premier League required to hold ?
Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available , and follows the completion of the UEFA ` B ' and ` A ' Licences .	UEFA Pro Licence	Which licence follows completion of both the UEFA B and A licences ?
The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis -LRB- i.e. more than 12 weeks -- the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control -RRB- .	12 weeks	For how long at most is an unlicenced caretaker manager allowed to control a Premier League team for ?
Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker ; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur .	Paul Hart	Which caretaker manager was later promoted to permanent manager at Portsmouth ?
Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker ; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur .	David Pleat	Which caretaker manager was later promoted to permanent manager at Tottenham Hotspur ?
On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up , and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match .	On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up,	Which team in 1999 had a line-up for starting that was consisted of all foreign players ?
At the inception of the Premier League in 1992 -- 93 , just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland .	At the inception of the Premier League in 1992–93, just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches	At the beginning of the Premier League how many foreign players were there for the first round of games ?
By 2000 -- 01 , the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total .	By 2000–01, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total.	By the 2000-1 season what was the percentage of foreign players ?
On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up , and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match .	on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match	Which team in 2005 had all-foreign team players ?
By 2009 , under 40 % of the players in the Premier League were English .	By 2009, under 40% of the players in the Premier League were English.	In 2009 , what percent of the players were English in the Premier League ?
At the inception of the Premier League in 1992 -- 93 , just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland .	eleven	How many of the original Premier League players in the 1992-93 season hailed from outside the UK or Ireland ?
By 2000 -- 01 , the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total .	36	By 2000-01 , what percentage of players in the Premier League were from outside the UK and Ireland ?
In the 2004 -- 05 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent .	45	By 2004-05 , what percentage of players in the Premier League were from outside the UK and Ireland ?
On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up , and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match .	26 December 1999	On which date did Chelsea host an entirely foreign starting line-up and therefore become the first team to do so ?
On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up , and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match .	14 February 2005	On which date did Arsenal name a fully foreign 16-man squad for a match ?
In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players , in 1999 , the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union .	In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players	Why did the Home Office change it rules regardin work permits in 1999 ?
A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive ` A ' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years , and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years .	A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive 'A' team matches	What was one of their changes ?
A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive ` A ' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years , and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years .	his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years.	What was another requirement of foreign players ?
If a player does not meet those criteria , the club wishing to sign him may appeal .	If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal.	Could a club appeal a requirement ?
In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players , in 1999 , the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union .	1999	In which year did the Home Office tighten rules on granting work permits to foreign football players ?
A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive ` A ' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years , and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years .	75	For what percent must a player play of the competitive A team matches for which he was available for selection in the previous two years to get a work permit from the Home OFfice ?
A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive ` A ' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years , and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years .	70th place	Over the last two years , what rank must a player 's team average at least in order for them to receive a work permit from the Home Office ?
If a player does not meet those criteria , the club wishing to sign him may appeal .	appeal	What can a club do if a player they wish to sign does not meet the Home Office 's work permit requirements ?
The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January .	The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January.	When are the transfer windows ?
Player registrations can not be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA , usually on an emergency basis .	Player registrations cannot be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usually on an emergency basis.	Can players be transferred under an emergency outside the transfer windows ?
As of the 2010 -- 11 season , the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25-man squad of players aged over 21 , with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances .	As of the 2010–11 season, the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25-man squad of players aged over 21,	What new rule was put into practice during the 2010-11 season ?
This was to enable the ` home grown ' rule to be enacted , whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of ` home-grown players ' .	This was to enable the 'home grown' rule to be enacted,	Why was this new rule put into effect ?
Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association .	Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association.	When can a player be transferred ?
Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association .	transfer windows	During which time can a player be transferred from one European football league to another ?
The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January .	two	How many transfer windows are available each year from the Football Association ?
Player registrations can not be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA , usually on an emergency basis .	emergency	On which basis are transfers outside of transfer windows licenced ?
This was to enable the ` home grown ' rule to be enacted , whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of ` home-grown players ' .	8	How many of a 25-member Premier League squad must be from the UK or Ireland ?
The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition .	The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition.	Have transfer fees been increasing over the past years ?
The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons , until Alan Shearer made a record breaking # 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996 .	Alan Shearer made a record breaking £15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996.	What was the record breaking transfer fee in 1996 ?
The three highest transfer in the sport 's history had a Premier League club on the selling end , with Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for # 85 million in 2013 , Manchester United 's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for # 80 million in 2009 , and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for # 75 million in 2014 .	Manchester United's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £80 million in 2009,	In 2009 , what was the transfer fee for Cristiano Ronaldo ?
The three highest transfer in the sport 's history had a Premier League club on the selling end , with Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for # 85 million in 2013 , Manchester United 's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for # 80 million in 2009 , and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for # 75 million in 2014 .	Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £85 million in 2013,	What was the transfer fee for Gareth Bale in 2013 .
The three highest transfer in the sport 's history had a Premier League club on the selling end , with Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for # 85 million in 2013 , Manchester United 's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for # 80 million in 2009 , and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for # 75 million in 2014 .	Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £75 million in 2014.	What was Luis Suarez 's transfer fee in 2014 ?
The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons , until Alan Shearer made a record breaking # 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996 .	Alan Shearer	Who was the first British player in the Premier League to receive a transfer fee greater than # 3 million ?
The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons , until Alan Shearer made a record breaking # 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996 .	Alan Shearer	Who was the first British player in the Premier League to receive a transfer fee greater than # 15 million ?
The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons , until Alan Shearer made a record breaking # 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996 .	Newcastle United	Who paid # 15 million to transfer Alan Shearer to their club ?
The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons , until Alan Shearer made a record breaking # 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996 .	1996	In which year did Newcastle United pay # 15 million to transfer Alan Shearer to their club ?
The three highest transfer in the sport 's history had a Premier League club on the selling end , with Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for # 85 million in 2013 , Manchester United 's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for # 80 million in 2009 , and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for # 75 million in 2014 .	£85 million	For how much did Tottenham Hotspur sell Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for in 2013 ?
The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season .	The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season.	Who is the Golden Boot award given to each season ?
Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260 .	Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260	Who has the record for most goals in the Premier League ?
Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark .	Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark	How many players have achieved 100 goals ?
Since the first Premier League season in 1992 -- 93 , 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title .	14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title.	How many different players have won the top scorer title ?
Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season -LRB- 34 -RRB- -- for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively .	Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively.	Who has the record for scoring the most goals in single season ?
The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season .	the top Premier League scorer	To whom is the Golden Boot award given to ?
Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260 .	260	Who holds the record for the most goals in the Premier League ?
Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark .	Twenty-four	How many players have 100 goals or more in the Premier League ?
Since the first Premier League season in 1992 -- 93 , 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title .	14	How many different players have won or shared the top scorer title in the Premier League ?
Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005 -- 06 season .	Thierry Henry	Who had scored four overall scoring titles as of the 2006 season ?
The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football .	The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football.	What is the Premier League Championship trophy based on ?
Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy -- the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy , and its gold crown , above his head at the end of the season .	Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy	Where on the trophy can two of the lions be seen ?
Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy -- the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy , and its gold crown , above his head at the end of the season .	the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season	Where can the third lion be seen ?
The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year .	The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year.	What do the ribbons on the trophy mean ?
Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt , while its plinth is made of malachite , a semi-precious stone .	malachite	The Golden Boot is made of sterling silver , silver gilt and which semi-precious stone ?
The plinth has a silver band around its circumference , upon which the names of the title-winning clubs are listed .	silver	On what type of metal band are the title-winning clubs listed on the Golden Boot ?
Malachite 's green colour is also representative of the green field of play .	the green field of play	What does the green colour of Malachite on the Golden Boot represent ?
Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy -- the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy , and its gold crown , above his head at the end of the season .	Two	How many lions are found on the Golden Boot ?
Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy -- the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy , and its gold crown , above his head at the end of the season .	the captain of the title winning team	Who symbolizes the third lion not found on the Golden Boot trophy ?
The Roman Republic -LRB- Latin : Res publica Romana ; Classical Latin : -LSB- ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na -RSB- -RRB- was the period of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom , traditionally dated to 509 BC , and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire .	509 BC	When did the Roman Republic begin ?
The Roman Republic -LRB- Latin : Res publica Romana ; Classical Latin : -LSB- ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na -RSB- -RRB- was the period of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom , traditionally dated to 509 BC , and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire .	27 BC	When did the Roman Republic end ?
The Roman Republic -LRB- Latin : Res publica Romana ; Classical Latin : -LSB- ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na -RSB- -RRB- was the period of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom , traditionally dated to 509 BC , and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire .	the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom	What marked the beginning of the Roman Republic ?
Historians have variously proposed Julius Caesar 's crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC , Caesar 's appointment as dictator for life in 44 BC , and the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC .	31 BC	When was Cleopatra defeated at the Battle of Actium ?
However , most use the same date as did the ancient Romans themselves , the Roman Senate 's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian and his adopting the title Augustus in 27 BC , as the defining event ending the Republic .	Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian	What do most consider to be the event that ended the Roman Republic ?
Roman government was headed by two consuls , elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates .	citizens	Who elected consuls in the Roman government ?
Over time , the laws that gave patricians exclusive rights to Rome 's highest offices were repealed or weakened , and leading plebeian families became full members of the aristocracy .	leading plebeian families	Who eventually became full members of the aristocracy ?
Many of Rome 's legal and legislative structures -LRB- later codified into the Justinian Code , and again into the Napoleonic Code -RRB- can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states and international organizations .	the Justinian Code	What were Rome 's legislative structures eventually turned into ?
Roman government was headed by two consuls , elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates .	appointed magistrates	What was the senate that advised consuls in the Roman government comprised of ?
The leaders of the Republic developed a strong tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war , making military and political success inextricably linked .	political success	What went hand and hand with military success ?
They argue that Rome 's expansion was driven by short-term defensive and inter-state factors -LRB- that is , relations with city-states and kingdoms outside Rome 's hegemony -RRB- , and the new contingencies that these decisions created .	inter-state factors	What factor is considered by some to be the main driving force behind the expansion of Rome ?
While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism , historians typically take a much more nuanced view .	imperialism	What type of policy is considered by some to be responsible for Rome 's many military conflicts ?
With some important exceptions , successful wars in early republican Rome generally led not to annexation or military occupation , but to the restoration of the way things were .	restoration of the way things were	What was a common conclusion to wars in the early days of republican Rome ?
As such , early republican Rome was not an `` empire '' or `` state '' in the modern sense , but an alliance of independent city-states -LRB- similar to the Greek hegemonies of the same period -RRB- with varying degrees of genuine independence -LRB- which itself changed over time -RRB- engaged in an alliance of mutual self-protection , but led by Rome .	mutual self-protection	What type of alliance was created between the various Roman city-states ?
But the defeated city would be weakened -LRB- sometimes with outright land concessions -RRB- and thus less able to resist Romanizing influences , such as Roman settlers seeking land or trade with the growing Roman confederacy .	land	What did Roman settlers commonly seek out ?
While there were exceptions to this -LRB- such as military rule of Sicily after the First Punic War -RRB- , it was not until after the Second Punic War that these alliances started to harden into something more like an empire , at least in certain locations .	Second Punic War	After what war did the alliances start to solidify ?
This growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face , and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers .	This growing coalition	What helped Rome move closer to a confrontation with several other major powers in the area ?
This shift mainly took place in parts of the west , such as the southern Italian towns that sided with Hannibal .	southern Italian	What towns had chosen Hannibal 's side ?
The result was more alliance-seeking , on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership -LRB- and protection -RRB- within that confederacy .	membership (and protection)	What did city-states hope to gain from the Roman confederacy ?
According to Polybius , who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century , this was mainly a matter of several Greek city-states seeking Roman protection against the Macedonian kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of destabilisation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt .	destabilisation	What effect did the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt have on nearby areas ?
According to Polybius , who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century , this was mainly a matter of several Greek city-states seeking Roman protection against the Macedonian kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of destabilisation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt .	Polybius	Who attempted to find out how Rome dominated the Greek east ?
In the 2nd century BC , Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking , but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome .	alliance-seeking	Why was Rome involved in matters in the Greek east ?
According to Polybius , who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century , this was mainly a matter of several Greek city-states seeking Roman protection against the Macedonian kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of destabilisation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt .	Greek	Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome ?
Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east , as with the west , as not a matter of intentional empire-building , but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable , unpredictable , and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies .	crisis management	What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east ?
It was not until the time of the Roman Empire that the entire Roman world was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control .	the time of the Roman Empire	At what point was the entire Roman world joined together under Roman control ?
Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east , as with the west , as not a matter of intentional empire-building , but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable , unpredictable , and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies .	intentional empire-building	What was not seen as an influence of Rome 's influence in the west ?
With some major exceptions of outright military rule , the Roman Republic remained an alliance of independent city-states and kingdoms -LRB- with varying degrees of independence , both de jure and de facto -RRB- until it transitioned into the Roman Empire .	independent	What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic ?
Rome defeated Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC , the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC , the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC , the Battle of Aricia , and especially the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city of Veii .	the Battle of Lake Regillus	In what battle did Rome claim victory over several Latin cities in ?
Rome defeated Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC , the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC , the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC , the Battle of Aricia , and especially the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city of Veii .	496 BC	What year did the Battle of Lake Regillus take place ?
Rome defeated Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC , the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC , the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC , the Battle of Aricia , and especially the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city of Veii .	477 BC	In what year did Rome claim victory against the city of Veii ?
Rome defeated Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC , the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC , the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC , the Battle of Aricia , and especially the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city of Veii .	the Battle of Corbione	What Roman battle took place in the year 446 BC ?
One by one Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities , both those under Etruscan control and those that had cast off their Etruscan rulers .	Etruscan control	Who initially had control over the Sabines ?
The Romans met the Gauls in pitched battle at the Battle of Allia River around 390 -- 387 BC .	387 BC	When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end ?
The Gauls , led by chieftain Brennus , defeated the Roman army of approximately 15,000 troops , pursued the fleeing Romans back to Rome , and sacked the city before being either driven off or bought off .	15,000 troops	How many of the Roman military were involved in the Battle of Allia River ?
The Gauls , led by chieftain Brennus , defeated the Roman army of approximately 15,000 troops , pursued the fleeing Romans back to Rome , and sacked the city before being either driven off or bought off .	Rome	Where did the Romans attempt to escape to after their loss against the Gauls ?
The Gauls , led by chieftain Brennus , defeated the Roman army of approximately 15,000 troops , pursued the fleeing Romans back to Rome , and sacked the city before being either driven off or bought off .	Brennus	What is the name of the chieftan who led his army to victory in the Battle of Allia River ?
The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome 's sphere of influence .	two Etruscan towns	Who asked Rome for assistance after being overburdened by their enemies ?
After recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome , the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy .	Italy	What country did the Romans continue to expand to after Rome was sacked ?
The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short : the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles , but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the Latin War .	two battles	How many battles were conducted by Rome before they were forced to flee in The First Samnite War ?
The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short : the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles , but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the Latin War .	revolt of several of their Latin allies	What caused the Romans early withdrawl in The First Samnite War ?
The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short : the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles , but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the Latin War .	341 BC	When did The First Samnite War end ?
Rome beat the Latins in the Battle of Vesuvius and again in the Battle of Trifanum , after which the Latin cities were obliged to submit to Roman rule .	Latins	Who did Rome claim victory against in The Battle of Vesuvius ?
Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy .	Pyrrhus	Who suffered a great amount of losses battling the Roman army ?
Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy .	negotiate	What did Rome refuse to do in their relations with Pyrrhus ?
Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army , Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula -LRB- hence the term `` Pyrrhic victory '' -RRB- .	Pyrrhus	What military leader does the term Pyrrhic victory come from ?
Seeing little hope for further gains , he withdrew completely from Italy .	Seeing little hope for further gains	What ultimately caused Pyrrhus to vacate completely from the country of Italy ?
In 275 BC , Pyrrhus again met the Roman army at the Battle of Beneventum .	275 BC	In what year did the Battle of Beneventum take place ?
The first few naval battles were disasters for Rome .	naval battles	What battles were initially complete disasters for Rome ?
However , after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine , a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet , and further naval victories followed .	grappling engine	What type of engine was invented by the Romans ?
The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage , a Spartan mercenary general , to reorganise and lead their army .	Xanthippus	Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their army after several losses against the Romans ?
The Romans then again defeated the Carthaginians in naval battle at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and left Carthage with neither a fleet nor sufficient coin to raise one .	The Romans	Who claimed victory at the Battle of Aegates Islands ?
For a maritime power the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically , and the Carthaginians sued for peace .	the Carthaginians	Who lost access to the Mediterranean after numerous naval losses ?
By this time Hannibal 's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army .	Hasdrubal Barca	What was the name of Hannibal 's family member that wanted to join his army in battle ?
Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be defeated decisively on the Metaurus River .	Metaurus River	At what river was Hasdrubal Barca defeated at ?
Hannibal was recalled to Africa , and defeated at the Battle of Zama .	the Battle of Zama	In which battle was Hannibal clearly defeated at ?
Unable to defeat Hannibal on Italian soil , the Romans boldly sent an army to Africa under Scipio Africanus to threaten the Carthaginian capital .	Scipio Africanus	Who had led the army that the Romans had sent to Africa ?
Unable to defeat Hannibal on Italian soil , the Romans boldly sent an army to Africa under Scipio Africanus to threaten the Carthaginian capital .	to threaten the Carthaginian capital	Why did the Romans send an army to Africa ?
Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman allies , and defense against robbing/pirates was considered as `` war action '' : Rome decided to annihilate the city of Carthage .	Treaties	What had prevented Carthage from defending their territory from pirates ?
Note that `` Carthage '' was not an 'em pire ' , but a league of punic colonies -LRB- port cities in the western mediterranean -RRB- like the 1st and 2nd Athenian -LRB- `` attic '' -RRB- leagues , under leadership of Carthage .	punic colonies	What type of colony was Carthage primarily comprised of ?
Punic Carthago was gone , but the other punic cities in the western mediterranean flourished under Roman rule .	punic cities	What cities flourished after they were conquered by the Romans ?
However , the Romans demanded complete surrender and moval of the city into the -LRB- desert -RRB- inland far off any coastal or harbour region , and the Carthaginians refused .	complete surrender	What was the main request of the Romans that Carthage turned down ?
Carthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War , but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants .	Rome	Who did the Numidians form an alliance with ?
Rome 's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia , located in the north of the Greek peninsula , to attempt to extend his power westward .	Macedonia	What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome ?
Rome 's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia , located in the north of the Greek peninsula , to attempt to extend his power westward .	westward	Where did Philip V want to extend his control to ?
Rome 's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia , located in the north of the Greek peninsula , to attempt to extend his power westward .	Greek peninsula	What peninsula was the kingdom of Macedonia able to be found in ?
However , Rome discovered the agreement when Philip 's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet .	Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet	At what point did Rome discover that an alliance between Philip V and Hannibal had been achieved ?
Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal 's camp in Italy , to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome .	Hannibal	Who did Philip V seek an alliance with ?
The Romans declared the `` Peace of the Greeks '' , believing that Philip 's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable .	"Peace of the Greeks"	What was declared by the Romans now that the Philip had been defeated ?
They pulled out of Greece entirely , maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies .	Greece	Where did the Romans remove their troops from after Philip 's loss ?
Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome 's new Greek allies .	an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies	What request of Rome was ignored by Philip V that quickly led to the start of the Second Macedonian War ?
In 197 BC , the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae , and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests .	197 BC	In what year did Philip lose the Battle of Cynoscephalae ?
In 197 BC , the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae , and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests .	his recent Greek conquests	What was Philip forced to return after his loss in the Battle of Cynoscephalae ?
The situation was made worse by the fact that Hannibal was now a chief military advisor to the Seleucid emperor , and the two were believed to be planning an outright conquest not just of Greece , but of Rome itself .	Hannibal	Who had now been appointed as a military advisor to the emperor of Seleucid ?
The situation was made worse by the fact that Hannibal was now a chief military advisor to the Seleucid emperor , and the two were believed to be planning an outright conquest not just of Greece , but of Rome itself .	an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself	What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid ?
The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been , because they controlled much of the former Persian Empire , and by now had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great 's former empire .	Seleucids	Which empire currently controlled the majority of the former Persian Empire ?
The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been , because they controlled much of the former Persian Empire , and by now had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great 's former empire .	Seleucids	Who had managed to recreate nearly the entirety of the empire of Alexander the Great ?
Now not only Rome 's allies against Philip , but even Philip himself , sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids .	Philip	Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans ?
They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy .	Sicily	Which town in Italy now housed a large Roman garrison ?
They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy .	in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy	Why was a garrison implented in Italy by the Romans ?
Like the Spartans , the Seleucids lost the battle , and were forced to evacuate Greece .	the Seleucids	Who had been defeated in the Battle of Thermopylae ?
Following Magnesia , Rome again withdrew from Greece , assuming -LRB- or hoping -RRB- that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace .	assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace	Why did the Romans decide to withdraw their forces from Greece ?
The decisive engagement was fought at the Battle of Magnesia , resulting in a complete Roman victory .	Battle of Magnesia	What loss started a decline of the Seleucids Empire ?
In 179 BC Philip died .	179 BC	In what year did Philip pass away ?
His talented and ambitious son , Perseus , took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece .	Perseus	Who was next in line to the throne at the time of Philip 's death ?
This second consular army decisively defeated the Macedonians at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC and the Macedonians duly capitulated , ending the war .	168 BC	In what year were did the Macedonians lose The Battle of Pydna ?
However , Rome responded by sending a stronger army .	by sending a stronger army	How did Rome respond to their successive losses against the Macedonians ?
With her Greek allies facing a major new threat , Rome declared war on Macedonia again , starting the Third Macedonian War .	Rome	Who had initially begun the Third Macedonian War ?
Convinced now that the Greeks -LRB- and therefore the rest of the region -RRB- would not have peace if left alone , Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world , and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics .	four client republics	How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into ?
The Fourth Macedonian War , 150 to 148 BC , was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilizing Greece by trying to re-establish the old kingdom .	148 BC	In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end ?
The Fourth Macedonian War , 150 to 148 BC , was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilizing Greece by trying to re-establish the old kingdom .	a Macedonian pretender to the throne	Who did Rome fight in the Fourth Macedonian War ?
The Fourth Macedonian War , 150 to 148 BC , was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilizing Greece by trying to re-establish the old kingdom .	destabilizing	What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece ?
The Romans swiftly defeated the Macedonians at the Second battle of Pydna .	The Romans	Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna ?
The Jugurthine War of 111 -- 104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia .	The Jugurthine War	What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa ?
Jugurtha was finally captured not in battle but by treachery .	treachery	What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive ?
Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation .	Jugurtha	Who attempted to usurp the throne of Numidia ?
The Jugurthine War of 111 -- 104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia .	104 BC	When did the Jugurthine War end ?
Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation .	the Romans	Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia ?
The Cimbrian War -LRB- 113 -- 101 BC -RRB- was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC .	101 BC	When did the Cimbrian War end ?
In 121 BC , Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes -LRB- from a region in modern France -RRB- , both of which they defeated with apparent ease .	121 BC	In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes ?
The Cimbrian War -LRB- 113 -- 101 BC -RRB- was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC .	The Cimbrian War	What war began in the year 113 BC ?
The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated from northern Europe into Rome 's northern territories , and clashed with Rome and her allies .	northern Europe	Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from ?
The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals , and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns , led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state .	with plunder	How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals ?
The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals , and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns , led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state .	their generals	Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers ?
Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period , in part because vast tracts of land had been given over to slave farming in which the slaves greatly outnumbered their Roman masters .	the slaves	Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters ?
In the 1st century BC at least twelve civil wars and rebellions occurred .	twelve	Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC ?
This pattern continued until 27 BC , when Octavian -LRB- later Augustus -RRB- successfully challenged the Senate 's authority , and was made princeps -LRB- first citizen -RRB- .	Octavian	Which individual later became princeps after having challenged the senate ?
The third and final uprising was the most serious , involving ultimately between 120,000 and 150,000 slaves under the command of the gladiator Spartacus .	150,000	How many slaves at most were under the command of Spartacus ?
In 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its former allies in Italy when the allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome 's military campaigns , but not its rewards .	91 BC	When was the beginning of the Social War ?
Although they lost militarily , the allies achieved their objectives with legal proclamations which granted citizenship to more than 500,000 Italians .	more than 500,000	How many Italians became citizens after the loss of the Social War ?
Between 135 BC and 71 BC there were three `` Servile Wars '' involving slave uprisings against the Roman state .	three	How many slave uprisings were there between the years of 135 BC and 71 BC ?
In 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its former allies in Italy when the allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome 's military campaigns , but not its rewards .	allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards	Ultimately what started the Social War ?
The internal unrest reached its most serious state , however , in the two civil wars that were caused by the clash between generals Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla starting from 88 BC .	civil wars	What type of war was caused by the clash of two generals ?
The internal unrest reached its most serious state , however , in the two civil wars that were caused by the clash between generals Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla starting from 88 BC .	88 BC	In what year did Marius and Sull begin to clash ?
In the Battle of the Colline Gate at the very door of the city of Rome , a Roman army under Sulla bested an army of the Marius supporters and entered the city .	very door of the city	In what specific section of Rome did the Battle of the Colline Gate take place ?
In the Battle of the Colline Gate at the very door of the city of Rome , a Roman army under Sulla bested an army of the Marius supporters and entered the city .	an army of the Marius supporters	Who was defeated in the Battle of the Colline Gate ?
Sulla 's actions marked a watershed in the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another that was to pave the way for the wars which ultimately overthrew the Republic , and caused the founding of the Roman Empire .	the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another	What can be considered one of the causes that led to the downfall of the Roman Republic ?
Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus , a large kingdom in Asia Minor -LRB- modern Turkey -RRB- , from 120 to 63 BC .	Mithridates the Great	Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC ?
The Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla forced Mithridates out of Greece proper , but then had to return to Italy to answer the internal threat posed by his rival , Gaius Marius .	Gaius Marius	With which individual did Lucius Cornelius have a rivalry ?
Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom , and Rome for her part seemed equally eager for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring .	by seeking to expand his kingdom	How did the ruler of Pontus anger Rome ?
Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus , a large kingdom in Asia Minor -LRB- modern Turkey -RRB- , from 120 to 63 BC .	63 BC	When was the last year of Mithridates the Great 's reign ?
In 88 BC , Mithridates ordered the killing of a majority of the 80,000 Romans living in his kingdom .	80,000	How many Romans lived in Mithridate the Great 's kingdom in 88 BC ?
During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula -LRB- modern Portugal and Spain -RRB- , Pompey 's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle .	Julius Caesar	Who held a term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula ?
Not content with an idle governorship , Caesar strove to find reason to invade Gaul -LRB- modern France and Belgium -RRB- , which would give him the dramatic military success he sought .	would give him the dramatic military success he sought	Why did Julius Caesar wish to invade Gaul ?
After his term as consul in 59 BC , he was appointed to a five-year term as the proconsular Governor of Cisalpine Gaul -LRB- part of current northern Italy -RRB- , Transalpine Gaul -LRB- current southern France -RRB- and Illyria -LRB- part of the modern Balkans -RRB- .	59 BC	When did Julius Caesar 's term as consul end ?
During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula -LRB- modern Portugal and Spain -RRB- , Pompey 's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle .	Pompey	What military leader was Julius Caesar a contemporary of ?
When two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near -LRB- not into -RRB- the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul , Caesar had the barely sufficient excuse he needed for his Gallic Wars , fought between 58 BC and 49 BC .	two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul	What was the reasoning Julius Caesar used to start the Gallic Wars ?
In 53 BC , Crassus launched a Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire -LRB- modern Iraq and Iran -RRB- .	53 BC	When was the invasion of the Parthian Empire begun ?
In 53 BC , Crassus launched a Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire -LRB- modern Iraq and Iran -RRB- .	Crassus	Who started the invasion of the Parthian Empire ?
After initial successes , he marched his army deep into the desert ; but here his army was cut off deep in enemy territory , surrounded and slaughtered at the Battle of Carrhae in which Crassus himself perished .	the Battle of Carrhae	In what battle did Marcus Licinius Crassus die ?
While Caesar was fighting in Gaul , Pompey proceeded with a legislative agenda for Rome that revealed that he was at best ambivalent towards Caesar and perhaps now covertly allied with Caesar 's political enemies .	Pompey	Who was believed to have had a secret allegiance with enemies of Julius Caesar ?
In 51 BC , some Roman senators demanded that Caesar not be permitted to stand for consul unless he turned over control of his armies to the state , which would have left Caesar defenceless before his enemies .	turned over control of his armies to the state	What did the senators request of Caesar in order for him to stand for consul ?
By the spring of 49 BC , the hardened legions of Caesar crossed the river Rubicon , the legal boundary of Roman Italy beyond which no commander might bring his army , and swept down the Italian peninsula towards Rome , while Pompey ordered the abandonment of Rome .	49 BC	During what year did Caesar 's armies cross the river Rubicon ?
Pompey initially defeated Caesar , but failed to follow up on the victory , and was decisively defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC , despite outnumbering Caesar 's forces two to one , albeit with inferior quality troops .	Pompey	Who would be seen as having been defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus ?
Afterwards Caesar turned his attention to the Pompeian stronghold of Hispania -LRB- modern Spain -RRB- but decided to tackle Pompey himself in Greece .	Caesar	Who decided to attack Pompey in Greece ?
Pompey fled again , this time to Egypt , where he was murdered .	Egypt	In what country did Pompey die in ?
Pompey initially defeated Caesar , but failed to follow up on the victory , and was decisively defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC , despite outnumbering Caesar 's forces two to one , albeit with inferior quality troops .	48 BC	In which year did The Battle of Pharsalus take place ?
Caesar was now the primary figure of the Roman state , enforcing and entrenching his powers .	Caesar	Who was now considered to be the primary figure in the Roman state ?
Arguing that the Roman Republic was in danger , a group of senators hatched a conspiracy and assassinated Caesar at a meeting of the Senate in March 44 BC .	senators	Which group of people conspired against Caesar in order to have him assassinated ?
Mark Antony , Caesar 's lieutenant , condemned Caesar 's assassination , and war broke out between the two factions .	Mark Antony	Which former lieutenant of Caesar was considered a public threat after Caesar was assassinated ?
Arguing that the Roman Republic was in danger , a group of senators hatched a conspiracy and assassinated Caesar at a meeting of the Senate in March 44 BC .	March 44 BC	When did Julius Caesar die ?
Arguing that the Roman Republic was in danger , a group of senators hatched a conspiracy and assassinated Caesar at a meeting of the Senate in March 44 BC .	the Roman Republic was in danger	Why did the Roman senators wish to have Caesar assassinated ?
However , civil war flared again when the Second Triumvirate of Octavian , Lepidus and Mark Antony failed .	Second Triumvirate of Octavian	What failure caused the the flares of civil war to spark up again ?
In 27 BC Octavian was granted the use of the names `` Augustus '' and `` Princeps '' , indicating his primary status above all other Romans , and he adopted the title `` Imperator Caesar '' making him the first Roman Emperor .	27 BC	In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps ?
At the naval Battle of Actium off the coast of Greece , Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra .	Octavian	Who defeated Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium ?
Octavian was granted a series of special powers including sole `` imperium '' within the city of Rome , permanent consular powers and credit for every Roman military victory , since all future generals were assumed to be acting under his command .	Octavian	Which individual was granted permanent consular powers ?
In 27 BC Octavian was granted the use of the names `` Augustus '' and `` Princeps '' , indicating his primary status above all other Romans , and he adopted the title `` Imperator Caesar '' making him the first Roman Emperor .	Octavian	Who has been designated as the first Emperor of Rome ?
Before the revolution , a king would be elected by the senators for a life term .	senators	Who would elect a king in the Roman Kingdom prior to the revolution ?
Before the revolution , a king would be elected by the senators for a life term .	life term	What was the length of a term that a king would be elected for in the Roman Kingdom ?
The last king of the Roman Kingdom , Lucius Tarquinius Superbus , was overthrown in 509 BC by a group of noblemen led by Lucius Junius Brutus .	509 BC	When did the last king of the Roman Kingdom lose his seat of power ?
The last king of the Roman Kingdom , Lucius Tarquinius Superbus , was overthrown in 509 BC by a group of noblemen led by Lucius Junius Brutus .	Lucius Tarquinius Superbus	Who was considered to be the last king of the Roman Kingdom ?
Consular political powers , when exercised conjointly with a consular colleague , were no different from those of the old king .	old king	Who were the joint consulars considered to be an equal of politically ?
In 494 BC , the city was at war with two neighboring tribes .	494 BC	In what year was the city in conflict with two nearby tribes ?
The plebeians demanded the right to elect their own officials .	The plebeians	Which group of people requested the ability to elect officials ?
The tribunes would have two assistants , called `` plebeian aediles '' .	plebeian aediles	What were the assistants to the plebeian tribunes named ?
From 375 BC to 371 BC , the republic experienced a constitutional crisis during which the tribunes used their vetoes to prevent the election of senior magistrates .	the tribunes	Who used the vetoes that they had been given to prevent the appointment of magistrates ?
During the 5th century BC , a series of reforms were passed .	5th century BC	During what century were reformed passed that allowed laws passed by the plebeians to have the full force of the law ?
Plebiscites of 342 BC placed limits on political offices ; an individual could hold only one office at a time , and ten years must elapse between the end of his official term and his re-election .	342 BC	What year were limits placed upon plebeians that prevented them from holding more than one office concurrently ?
Further laws attempted to relieve the burden of debt from plebeians by banning interest on loans .	interest	What could no longer be associated with debt after laws were passed preventing it ?
In 337 BC , the first plebeian praetor was elected .	337 BC	What year saw the election of a plebeian to the office of praetor ?
To win over the tribunes , the senators gave the tribunes a great deal of power and the tribunes began to feel obligated to the senate .	gave the tribunes a great deal of power	How did senators attempt to gain the favor of the tribunes ?
In time , the tribunate became a stepping stone to higher office .	the tribunate	What was considered a pathway to holding a higher office ?
Shortly before 312 BCE , the Plebeian Council enacted the Plebiscitum Ovinium .	before 312 BCE	In what year was the Plebiscitum Ovinium initiative enacted ?
By this point , plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices .	plebeians	Who had already held a large amount of magisterial offices ?
The old nobility existed through the force of law , because only patricians were allowed to stand for high office .	only patricians	Who was allowed to be elected to high office positions ?
Shortly before 312 BCE , the Plebeian Council enacted the Plebiscitum Ovinium .	Plebiscitum Ovinium	What initiative provided censors with the abillity to appoint new senators ?
It also required the censor to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the senate .	the censor	Who could a newly elected magistrate expect to be appointed by ?
By 287 BC , the economic condition of the average plebeian had become poor .	poor	What was the economic status of your typical plebeian in 287 BC ?
The plebeians demanded relief , but the senators refused to address their situation .	senators	Who refused to concern themselves with the plebeians debt situation ?
The result was the final plebeian secession .	the final plebeian secession	What did the patrician senators refusal to address the accumulating debt of the plebeians lead to ?
The dictator passed a law -LRB- the Lex Hortensia -RRB- , which ended the requirement that the patrician senators must agree before any bill could be considered by the Plebeian Council .	the Lex Hortensia	What law was passed that allowed the Plebeian Council to consider a bill without the approval of the patrician senators ?
The plebeians had finally achieved political equality with the patricians .	patricians	Which group of people were now considered to be politically equal with the plebeians ?
The plebeians rebelled by leaving Rome and refusing to return until they had more rights .	The plebeians	Which group of people rebelled by vacating Rome ?
A small number of plebeian families achieved the same standing that the old aristocratic patrician families had always had , but the new plebeian aristocrats became as uninterested in the plight of the average plebeian as the old patrician aristocrats had always been .	A small number	How many plebeian families had an identical standing as the old aristocratic patrician families ?
The plebeians rebelled by leaving Rome and refusing to return until they had more rights .	more rights	What did the rebelling plebeians want before they returned to Rome ?
No such important political changes occurred between 287 BC and 133 BC .	287 BC and 133 BC	What years did no important political changes happen during ?
The senate was supreme during this era because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy .	because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy	Why was the senate considered to be supreme during this time ?
In effect , the plebeians were satisfied with the possession of power , but did not care to use it .	the plebeians	What group of people often failed to use the power that was given to them ?
In effect , the plebeians were satisfied with the possession of power , but did not care to use it .	the possession of power	What was a political element that satiated the plebeians ?
The important laws of this era were still enacted by the senate .	the senate	Who enacted crucial laws during this period of time ?
The long military campaigns had forced citizens to leave their farms to fight , while their farms fell into disrepair .	long military campaigns	What had caused citizens to vacate their farms ?
Their poverty usually led them to vote for the candidate who offered them the most .	offered them the most	How could a candidate assure the vote of a poverty stricken plebeian ?
A new culture of dependency was emerging , in which citizens would look to any populist leader for relief .	culture of dependency	What type of culture was a side effect of the rampant poverty of the average plebeian ?
As commodity prices fell , many farmers could no longer operate their farms at a profit .	commodity prices fell	What caused the bankruptcy of many farmers during this era ?
The landed aristocracy began buying bankrupted farms at discounted prices .	landed aristocracy	Who had bought the now bankrupt farms ?
Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune in 133 BC .	tribune	To what position was Tiberius Gracchus elected ?
Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune in 133 BC .	Tiberius Gracchus	Who had tried to enact a law that places a limit on the amount of property any single individual could possess ?
His law was enacted , but Tiberius was murdered with 300 of his associates when he stood for reelection to the tribunate .	when he stood for reelection to the tribunate	When was Tiberius Gracchus murdered ?
Tiberius submitted this law to the Plebeian Council , but the law was vetoed by a tribune named Marcus Octavius .	Marcus Octavius	Which tribune was impeached by the Plebeian Council ?
The theory , that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people , was counter to Roman constitutional theory .	that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people	What was considered to be the opposite of Roman constitutional theory ?
Tiberius ' brother Gaius was elected tribune in 123 BC .	123 BC	In what year was Gaius elected to office ?
Gaius then proposed a law which would grant citizenship rights to Rome 's Italian allies .	Gaius	Who brought forward a law that would given citizenship right to Italian allies of Rome ?
Gaius Gracchus ' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces .	weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces	What is considered to be the end game of Gaius Gracchus ?
Gaius then proposed a law which would grant citizenship rights to Rome 's Italian allies .	Gaius	Which elected official lost the election in 121 BC ?
He stood for election to a third term in 121 BC , but was defeated and then murdered by representatives of the senate with 3,000 of his supporters on Capitoline Hill in Rome .	Capitoline Hill in Rome	What was the location of the Gaius Gracchus murder ?
He was succeeded by two legitimate sons , Adherbal and Hiempsal , and an illegitimate son , Jugurtha .	Jugurtha	Who was the illegitimate offspring of the King Micipsa of Numidia ?
His nemesis , Gaius Marius , a legate from a virtually unknown provincial family , returned from the war in Numidia and was elected consul in 107 BC over the objections of the aristocratic senators .	Gaius Marius	Who was Jugurtha 's rival ?
His nemesis , Gaius Marius , a legate from a virtually unknown provincial family , returned from the war in Numidia and was elected consul in 107 BC over the objections of the aristocratic senators .	107 BC	When was Gaius Marius elected to the position of consul ?
His nemesis , Gaius Marius , a legate from a virtually unknown provincial family , returned from the war in Numidia and was elected consul in 107 BC over the objections of the aristocratic senators .	aristocratic senators	Who did not agree with the election of Gaius Marius ?
The populares party took full advantage of this opportunity by allying itself with Marius .	Marius	Which individual did the populares part have an allegiance with ?
Several years later , in 88 BC , a Roman army was sent to put down an emerging Asian power , king Mithridates of Pontus .	88 BC	In what year was a Roman army dispatched to terminate the King of Pontus ?
One of Marius ' old quaestors , Lucius Cornelius Sulla , had been elected consul for the year , and was ordered by the senate to assume command of the war against Mithridates .	Lucius Cornelius Sulla	Who was ordered by the senate to become commander in the conflict with King Mithridates ?
Marius , a member of the `` populares '' party , had a tribune revoke Sulla 's command of the war against Mithridates .	populares	What political party did Lucius Cornelius Sulla belong to ?
Sulla was so angry at Marius ' tribune that he passed a law intended to permanently weaken the tribunate .	Sulla	Who had successfully passed a law whose sole purpose was to lessen the power of the tribunate ?
With Sulla gone , the populares under Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city .	Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city	What happened after Sulla returned to the conflict with Mithridates ?
During the period in which the populares party controlled the city , they flouted convention by re-electing Marius consul several times without observing the customary ten-year interval between offices .	ten-year interval	How many years was normal to span between offices prior to the populares controlling the city ?
Sulla and his supporters then slaughtered most of Marius ' supporters .	most of Marius' supporters	Who were slaughtered upon the arrival of Sulla in Rome ?
He died in 78 BC .	78 BC	In what year did Sulla die ?
In 83 BC , he returned to Rome , overcame all resistance , and recaptured the city .	83 BC	In what year did Sulla succesfully take over the populares controlled city ?
Sulla soon made peace with Mithridates .	Sulla	Which leader had achieved peace with Mithridates ?
In 77 BC , the senate sent one of Sulla 's former lieutenants , Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus -LRB- `` Pompey the Great '' -RRB- , to put down an uprising in Spain .	Spain	Where in the year 77 BC was an uprising ?
If both Pompey and Crassus were elected consul in 70 BC , they would dismantle the more obnoxious components of Sulla 's constitution .	Pompey	Which former lieutenant of Sulla had dismantled most of the constitution that Sulla had crafted ?
If both Pompey and Crassus were elected consul in 70 BC , they would dismantle the more obnoxious components of Sulla 's constitution .	70 BC	In what year was the election held that let Pompey and Crassus obtain the seat of consul ?
By 71 BC , Pompey returned to Rome after having completed his mission .	71 BC	When did Pompey return to Rome after having quelled the uprising in Spain ?
Around 66 BC , a movement to use constitutional , or at least peaceful , means to address the plight of various classes began .	Around 66 BC	When did the movement that considered the use of peaceful means to solve the plight of lesser classes begin ?
As a result , the top conspirators in Rome -LRB- including at least one former consul -RRB- were executed by authorisation -LRB- of dubious constitutionality -RRB- of the senate , and the planned uprising was disrupted .	one former consul	How many former consuls in Rome were executed as a result of a conspiracy ?
The movement was based in the town of Faesulae , which was a natural hotbed of agrarian agitation .	Faesulae	What town was a common site of agitation within the area ?
Cicero then sent an army , which cut Catiline 's forces to pieces .	Cicero	Who can lay claim to the destruction of Lucius Sergius Catilina 's forces ?
The movement coalesced under an aristocrat named Lucius Sergius Catilina .	Lucius Sergius Catilina	Which individual had planned an uprising that ideally would see the death of most of the Roman senators ?
Caesar would be elected consul in 59 BC , and would then serve as governor of Gaul for five years .	59 BC	In which year would Julius Caesar hope to be elected to the position of consul ?
Caesar and Pompey , along with Crassus , established a private agreement , now known as the First Triumvirate .	First Triumvirate	What was the name of the private agreement between Caesar , Pompey , and Crassus ?
Crassus was promised a future consulship .	a future consulship	What was Crassus agree to receive in the First Triumvirate agreement ?
Thus , when Julius Caesar returned from a governorship in Spain in 61 BC , he found it easy to make an arrangement with Pompey .	61 BC	When did Julius Caesar return to Rome ?
The Senate , elated by its successes against Catiline , refused to ratify the arrangements that Pompey had made .	successes against Catiline	What provided the Roman senate with exuberance ?
Bibulus attempted to obstruct the enactment of these laws , and so Caesar used violent means to ensure their passage .	Bibulus	Who had tried to prevent the enactment of the laws that Caesar had proposed ?
Clodius was a bitter opponent of Cicero because Cicero had testified against him in a sacrilege case .	sacrilege case	What type of case saw Cicero testify against Clodius ?
Clodius also passed a law to expand the previous partial grain subsidy to a fully free grain dole for citizens .	Clodius	Who enacted a law that would increase the partial grain subsidy ?
Clodius attempted to try Cicero for executing citizens without a trial during the Catiline conspiracy , resulting in Cicero going into self-imposed exile and his house in Rome being burnt down .	Cicero	Which individual lost his home to a fire ?
He facilitated the election of the former patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher to the tribunate for 58 BC .	Publius Clodius Pulcher	Who was elected to the tribunate in 58 BC ?
Clodius formed armed gangs that terrorised the city and eventually began to attack Pompey 's followers , who in response funded counter-gangs formed by Titus Annius Milo .	Clodius	Who was responsible for the attacks on followers of Pompey ?
Finally , Pompey 's wife , Julia , who was Caesar 's daughter , died in childbirth .	childbirth	What caused the death of Julius Caesar 's female offspring ?
Domitius Ahenobarbus ran for the consulship in 55 BC promising to take Caesar 's command from him .	Domitius Ahenobarbus	Which individual ran for consul in 55 BC ?
Crassus led an ill-fated expedition with legions led by his son , Caesar 's lieutenant , against the Kingdom of Parthia .	Crassus	Who was responsible for an expedition against the Parthian Kingdom ?
This chaos reached a climax in January of 52 BC , when Clodius was murdered in a gang war by Milo .	52 BC	In which year did Clodius die ?
This chaos reached a climax in January of 52 BC , when Clodius was murdered in a gang war by Milo .	Milo	Who was responsible for the death of Clodius ?
Meanwhile , the senators adopted Pompey as their new champion against Caesar .	Pompey	Who did the senators decide would aid them in their conflict with Caesar ?
On 7 January of 49 BC , the senate passed a senatus consultum ultimum , which vested Pompey with dictatorial powers .	dictatorial	What type of powers were granted to Pompey by the senate ?
Caesar 's rapid advance forced Pompey , the consuls and the senate to abandon Rome for Greece .	Caesar's rapid advance	Ultimately what forced the senate to abandon Rome and flee to Greece ?
Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate , and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship .	Caesar	In Rome during this time who was considered to hold both the dictatorship and the position of the tribunate ?
This made his person sacrosanct , gave him the power to veto the senate , and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council .	power to veto	What power could Caesar use against the senate should he choose ?
In 46 BC , Caesar was given censorial powers , which he used to fill the senate with his own partisans .	46 BC	In what year was Caesar given the power of a censor ?
Caesar then raised the membership of the Senate to 900 .	raised the membership of the Senate to 900	What is considered to have counteracted the prestige of the senatorial aristocracy ?
Caesar was assassinated on March 15 , 44 BC .	March 15, 44 BC	On what date was Caesar killed ?
Most of the conspirators were senators , who had a variety of economic , political , or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination .	senators	Who comprised most of the members of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar ?
Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and declare himself king .	the monarchy	What did some members of the conspiracy believe Caesar would bring back ?
Virtually all the conspirators fled the city after Caesar 's death in fear of retaliation .	fear of retaliation	Why did many members of the senate flee the city after Caesar 's death ?
Caesar was assassinated on March 15 , 44 BC .	Caesar	Who did Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus lead the conspiracy against ?
After the assassination , Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar 's adopted son and great-nephew , Gaius Octavian .	Mark Antony	Who was soon allied with Caesar 's adopted son following his death ?
Antony was defeated in the naval Battle of Actium in 31 BC , and he committed suicide with his lover , Cleopatra .	Battle of Actium	In what battle did Mark Antony see defeat ?
The conspirators were then defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC .	42 BC	In what year did the Battle of Philippi end ?
Antony was defeated in the naval Battle of Actium in 31 BC , and he committed suicide with his lover , Cleopatra .	he committed suicide	How did Mark Antony die ?
Along with Marcus Lepidus , they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate .	the Second Triumvirate	What was the alliance that was formed with Marcus Lepidus named ?
As with most ancient civilizations , Rome 's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders , exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples , and maintaining internal order .	Rome's military	Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered ?
The history of Rome 's campaigning is , if nothing else , a history of obstinate persistence overcoming appalling losses .	obstinate persistence	What could be considered a trait of Rome 's military campaigns ?
The second is the civil war , which plagued the Roman Republic in its final century .	civil war	What was considered a problem in the Roman Republic during its last century ?
The first is the foreign war , normally begun as a counter-offensive or defense of an ally .	defense of an ally	What would often lead Rome to wage war in foreign lands ?
Traditionally , the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city 's penultimate king , Servius Tullius -LRB- ruled 578 to 534 BC -RRB- .	Servius Tullius	Who introduced the phalanx formation into Rome 's army ?
According to Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus , the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens , who were able to purchase the best equipment .	wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment	Were Roman soldiers expected to purchase their own equipment ?
According to Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus , the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens , who were able to purchase the best equipment .	wealthiest citizens	Who were contained in the first rank of the phalanx formation ?
During this period , Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north , who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks .	Greeks	From what people did it appear the Etruscans had model their form of warfare on ?
According to Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus , the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens , who were able to purchase the best equipment .	Halicarnassus	Where did Dionysius hail from ?
One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large , open spaces , which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula .	only effective when fighting in large, open spaces	What was a detriment of using the phalanx formation ?
In the 4th century BC , the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation .	4th century BC	In what century was the phalanx formation finally discarded by the Roman people ?
In the 4th century BC , the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation .	manipular formation	What fighting formation would eventually replace the phalanx in battle ?
This change is sometimes attributed to Marcus Furius Camillus and placed shortly after the Gallic invasion of 390 BC ; it is more likely , however , that they were copied from Rome 's Samnite enemies to the south , possibly as a result of Samnite victories during the Second Samnite War -LRB- 326 to 304 BC -RRB- .	copied from Rome's Samnite enemies	Where is the likely source of the change to the manipular formation ?
One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large , open spaces , which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula .	hilly terrain	What type of ground could be found in the central Italian peninsula ?
The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops , typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion .	300 horsemen	How many horseman were likely to be found in a single manipular legion ?
The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians .	richest class of equestrians	Where could you expect the extensive amount of cavalry troops to be sourced from ?
The light infantry consisted of 1,200 unarmoured skirmishing troops drawn from the youngest and lower social classes .	lower social classes.	What often neglected social class was the light infantry comprised of ?
The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops , typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion .	heavy infantry	What type of infantry joined light , and the cavalry in battle ?
The light infantry consisted of 1,200 unarmoured skirmishing troops drawn from the youngest and lower social classes .	light infantry	Small shields could be found in what section of the infantry ?
Rome 's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome 's army was provided by the Socii , such as the Etruscans , Umbrians , Apulians , Campanians , Samnites , Lucani , Bruttii , and the various southern Greek cities .	the Socii	Where did Rome receive half of their army from ?
Rome 's Italian allies would be organized in alae , or wings , roughly equal in manpower to the Roman legions , though with 900 cavalry instead of 300 .	900 cavalry	How many calvary did Rome 's Italian allies use ?
Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the beginning of the Second Punic War , of which 700,000 were infantry and 70,000 met the requirements for cavalry .	770,000 men	How many soldiers were available to Rome at the start of the Second Punic War ?
Rome 's Italian allies would be organized in alae , or wings , roughly equal in manpower to the Roman legions , though with 900 cavalry instead of 300 .	alae	What did Rome 's Italian allies call their battle formation ?
Rome 's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome 's army was provided by the Socii , such as the Etruscans , Umbrians , Apulians , Campanians , Samnites , Lucani , Bruttii , and the various southern Greek cities .	military confederation with the other peoples	What allowed Rome to source some of their military from other nearby areas ?
During the 2nd century BC , Roman territory saw an overall decline in population , partially due to the huge losses incurred during various wars .	2nd century BC	During what century did Roman controlled areas see a decline in their populations ?
This was accompanied by severe social stresses and the greater collapse of the middle classes .	greater collapse of the middle classes	What caused the Roman state to provide armaments to their army ?
During the 2nd century BC , Roman territory saw an overall decline in population , partially due to the huge losses incurred during various wars .	huge losses incurred during various wars	What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population ?
In 217 BC , near the beginning of the Second Punic War , Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both citizens and property owners .	property	What were soldiers expected to own prior to the year 217 BC ?
In 107 BC , all citizens , regardless of their wealth or social class , were made eligible for entry into the Roman army .	all citizens	Who was now able to join military service in 107 BC ?
The heavy infantry legionaries were drawn from citizen stock , while non-citizens came to dominate the ranks of the light infantry .	citizen stock	Where would legionaries in the Roman army likely to be sourced from ?
The heavy infantry legionaries were drawn from citizen stock , while non-citizens came to dominate the ranks of the light infantry .	non-citizens	Who would likely make up the majority of the Roman army 's light infantry ?
In process known as the Marian reforms , Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military .	Gaius Marius	Which consul was responsible for the reforms that allowed all citizens access to join the Roman army ?
In process known as the Marian reforms , Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military .	Marian reforms	What was the process that removed the property requirement for the Roman military called ?
The legion 's main sub-unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen .	480 infantrymen	Around how many units could be expected to be contained within a cohort ?
Each century was separated further into 10 `` tent groups '' of 8 men each .	8 men	How many troops were placed into each tent group ?
The cavalry troops were used as scouts and dispatch riders rather than battlefield cavalry .	cavalry troops	Who would now be used as scouts instead of fighting alongside the army in the battlefield ?
The legion 's main sub-unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen .	cohort	What designation of troops was considered to make up the majority of a legion ?
Under Caesar , an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia ; under Pompey , a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates .	Mediterranean Sea	In which sea was a large amount of naval vessels sent in order to remove Cilician pirates ?
During the civil war that followed , as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities .	as many as a thousand ships	Around how many ships were sent into service from Greek cities ?
Under Caesar , an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia ; under Pompey , a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates .	Caesar	Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the English Channel ?
After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean , the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands .	to meet several new demands	What was the driving force behind the revitalization of the Roman naval forces ?
After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean , the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands .	Roman navy	What aspect of the Roman military saw a decline in size after the subjugation of the Mediterranean ?
The senate 's ultimate authority derived from the esteem and prestige of the senators .	the esteem and prestige of the senators	What was the general source of the Roman senate 's authority ?
Though it technically had no official role in the management of military conflict , the senate ultimately was the force that oversaw such affairs .	the senate	Who was responsible for overseeing a military action ?
The senate passed decrees , which were called senatus consulta .	senatus consulta	What was a motion that was enacted by the senate called ?
The focus of the Roman senate was usually directed towards foreign policy .	foreign policy	What area was the likely focal point of the Roman senate ?
During times of military emergency , such as the civil wars of the 1st century BC , this practice became less prevalent , as the Roman Dictator , Triumvir or the senate itself would select its members .	the senate itself would select its members	What governing Roman body would self-select their own members during times of great distress ?
The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal , to marry , to vote , to hold office , to enter binding contracts , and to special tax exemptions .	legal status of Roman citizenship	What was the main requirement of seeking a trial in the Roman courts ?
The optimo jure elected their assemblies , whereupon the assemblies elected magistrates , enacted legislation , presided over trials in capital cases , declared war and peace , and forged or dissolved treaties .	assemblies	Who would be expected to oversee a capital case in the Roman courts ?
The first was the comitia -LRB- `` committees '' -RRB- , which were assemblies of all optimo jure .	optimo jure	Which designation of people made up the entirety of the members of a comitia ?
The optimo jure elected their assemblies , whereupon the assemblies elected magistrates , enacted legislation , presided over trials in capital cases , declared war and peace , and forged or dissolved treaties .	magistrates	Who did the assemblies elected by the optimo jure elect ?
The second was the concilia -LRB- `` councils '' -RRB- , which were assemblies of specific groups of optimo jure .	concilia	What type of assembly could specific groupings of optimo jure be found in ?
The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul .	Comitia Centuriata	What Roman assembly elected both magistrates and censors ?
The Comitia Centuriata -LRB- `` Centuriate Assembly '' -RRB- was the assembly of the centuries -LRB- i.e. soldiers -RRB- .	centuries	What profession of people made up the entireity of the Comitia Centuriata ?
The Comitia Centuriata would elect magistrates who had imperium powers -LRB- consuls and praetors -RRB- .	magistrates	Which elected official had imperium powers ?
It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases .	It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases	Would the Comitia Centuriata occasionally be called upon to serve as the highest court of appeal ?
The assembly of the tribes -LRB- i.e. the citizens of Rome -RRB- , the Comitia Tributa , was presided over by a consul , and was composed of 35 tribes .	35 tribes	How many tribes were considered to be in the Comitia Tributa ?
The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups , but rather geographical subdivisions .	geographical subdivisions	How were the assembly of tribes segregated into specific tribes ?
While it did not pass many laws , the Comitia Tributa did elect quaestors , curule aediles , and military tribunes .	the Comitia Tributa	What assembly was responsible for the election of quaestors ?
Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes , the voting would end .	Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes	When would the assembly of tribes cease voting ?
Usually a plebeian tribune would preside over the assembly .	a plebeian	Who would be responsible for the election of a plebeian tribune ?
Only the People of Rome -LRB- both plebeians and patricians -RRB- had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate .	People of Rome	Who had the right to grant powers to a magistrate ?
The most powerful constitutional power was imperium .	imperium	What is considered to be the most authoritative constitutional power ?
Imperium gave a magistrate the authority to command a military force .	authority to command a military force	What did the constitutional power of imperium grant a magistrate ?
Magistrates also had both the power and the duty to look for omens .	to look for omens	What would be one of the duties that a newly elected magistrate could expect to perform ?
All magistrates also had the power of coercion .	power of coercion	What power was in possession of every single magistrate in Rome ?
In addition , once a magistrate 's one-year term of office expired , he would have to wait ten years before serving in that office again .	one-year	How long concurrently could an elected magistrate serve in office ?
Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people .	at least two people	How many people would serve concurrently in a single magisterial office ?
Provocatio was a primordial form of due process .	Provocatio	What form of due process was a harbinger of our vary own habeas corpus ?
In effect , they would retain the powers of the office -LRB- as a promagistrate -RRB- , without officially holding that office .	promagistrate	What would you call a magistrate who had his powers of imperium continued ?
If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a citizen , that citizen could appeal the decision of the magistrate to a tribune .	a tribune	Who would a Roman go see in an attempt to reverse the decision of a magistrate ?
Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters .	Consuls	Which official had supremacy in both civil and military matters ?
Praetors administered civil law and commanded provincial armies .	Praetors	Who was responsible for the adminstration of civil laws ?
Every five years , two censors were elected for an 18-month term , during which they would conduct a census .	two censors	Who was responsible for the handling of the Roman census ?
Every five years , two censors were elected for an 18-month term , during which they would conduct a census .	18-month term	How long could an elected censor remain in office for ?
The quaestors would usually assist the consuls in Rome , and the governors in the provinces .	quaestors	What officer primarily had duties over finance matters ?
In times of military emergency , a dictator would be appointed for a term of six months .	six months	How long could a dictator be appointed for in times of certain emergencies ?
Constitutional government would be dissolved , and the dictator would be the absolute master of the state .	Constitutional government would be dissolved	What would happen during the commencement of a dictator 's term ?
One consequence was that it was considered a capital offense to harm a tribune , to disregard his veto , or to interfere with a tribune .	capital offense	What type of offense was the harm of a tribute treated as ?
All of the powers of the tribune derived from their sacrosanctity .	their sacrosanctity	What was the ultimate source of the tribunes powers ?
The vast majority of the population lived in the city center , packed into apartment blocks .	the city center	Where did the bulk of the cities populace live ?
The vast majority of the population lived in the city center , packed into apartment blocks .	apartment blocks	What type of housing could be located in the city center ?
Throughout the territory under Rome 's control , residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas , and in the capital city of Rome , to the residences on the elegant Palatine Hill , from which the word `` palace '' is derived .	Palatine Hill	From what local area in Rome is the word palace borrowed from ?
Life in the Roman Republic revolved around the city of Rome , and its famed seven hills .	seven	How many areas in Rome could be called hills ?
Rome has also had a tremendous impact on European cultures following it .	European cultures	What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on ?
Latin , the Republic 's primary language , remains used for liturgical purposes by the Roman Catholic Church , and up to the 19th century was used extensively in scholarly writings in , for example , science and mathematics .	Latin	What language was commonly used in scholarly mathematical writings prior to the 19th century ?
Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks .	Greeks	From which people were many facets of Roman culture copied from ?
Latin , the Republic 's primary language , remains used for liturgical purposes by the Roman Catholic Church , and up to the 19th century was used extensively in scholarly writings in , for example , science and mathematics .	Latin	What was considered to be the dominant language in the Roman Republic ?
It is estimated that over 25 % of the Roman population was enslaved .	over 25%	Around what percentage of the Roman populace were thought to be slaves ?
Slavery and slaves were part of the social order ; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold .	slave markets	Where in the Roman Republic could slaves be acquired ?
Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered ; some slaves could save money to buy their freedom .	Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered	Were slave masters allowed to free their slaves in the Roman Republic ?
However , Rome did not have a law enforcement arm .	law enforcement	What branch of law did Rome lack ?
All actions were treated as `` torts , '' which were brought by an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself .	an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself	Who was responsible for seeking justice in the Roman courts ?
Men typically wore a toga , and women a stola .	a toga	What article of clothing could generally be found on a male Roman ?
The toga virilis , -LRB- or toga pura -RRB- was worn by men over the age of 16 to signify their citizenship in Rome .	toga virilis	What garment was worn by male gendered adults to convey their status as a citizen of Rome ?
The toga pulla was worn when in mourning .	The toga pulla	What was typically worn after the loss of a loved one in the Roman Republic ?
Senators wore tunics with broad red stripes , called tunica laticlavia .	Senators	Which official would wear a garment containing broad red striping ?
The woman 's stola differed in looks from a toga , and was usually brightly coloured .	usually brightly coloured	How did a womans garment typically vary from a mans in the Roman Republic ?
The staple foods were generally consumed around 11 o'clock , and consisted of bread , lettuce , cheese , fruits , nuts , and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before .	11 o'clock	When were the staple foods in the Roman republic typically eaten at ?
Fingers were used to eat solid foods and spoons were used for soups .	Fingers were used	What did people in the Roman Republic use to consume solid foods ?
The staple foods were generally consumed around 11 o'clock , and consisted of bread , lettuce , cheese , fruits , nuts , and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before .	staple	What type of food was cheese considered to be in Rome ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The Roman poet Horace mentions another Roman favorite , the olive , in reference to his own diet , which he describes as very simple : `` As for me , olives , endives , and smooth mallows provide sustenance . ''	poet	What form of expression did the Roman Horace practice ?
The family ate together , sitting on stools around a table .	stools	What did Romans sit on when they had a meal at home ?
Wine was considered the basic drink , consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite inexpensive .	Wine	What beverage was consumed by all the classes in the Roman Republic ?
An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic was an effective way to discredit political rivals .	An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic	What was considered a compelling way to defame poltical rivals ?
Wine was considered the basic drink , consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite inexpensive .	all meals	During what meals was wine commonly drank ?
Drinking on an empty stomach was regarded as boorish and a sure sign for alcoholism , the debilitating physical and psychological effects of which were known to the Romans .	Drinking on an empty stomach	What was considered an indication of alcoholism in the Roman Republic ?
They began physical training to prepare the boys to grow as Roman citizens and for eventual recruitment into the army .	physical training	How did Romans develop their male children as Roman citizens ?
Girls generally received instruction from their mothers in the art of spinning , weaving , and sewing .	Girls	Who could be expected to obtain guidance in the art of weaving ?
Oratory was an art to be practiced and learnt , and good orators commanded respect .	Oratory	What Roman art involved speeches made to the public ?
Schooling in a more formal sense was begun around 200 BC .	around 200 BC	When did academic schooling begin in the Roman Republic ?
Following various military conquests in the Greek East , Romans adapted a number of Greek educational precepts to their own fledgling system .	various military conquests in the Greek East	What caused the Romans to conform several educational concepts to their own system ?
The native language of the Romans was Latin .	Latin	What was the primary language of the Romans ?
Rome 's expansion spread Latin throughout Europe , and over time Vulgar Latin evolved and dialectised in different locations , gradually shifting into a number of distinct Romance languages .	Romance languages	What type of language is French considered to be ?
Although surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin , an artificial and highly stylised and polished literary language from the 1st century BC , the actual spoken language was Vulgar Latin , which significantly differed from Classical Latin in grammar , vocabulary , and eventually pronunciation .	Vulgar Latin	What type of Latin was likely spoken in Rome ?
Although surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin , an artificial and highly stylised and polished literary language from the 1st century BC , the actual spoken language was Vulgar Latin , which significantly differed from Classical Latin in grammar , vocabulary , and eventually pronunciation .	pronunciation	How would Vulgar Latin eventually differ from Classical Latin ?
Although English is Germanic rather than Roman in origin , English borrows heavily from Latin and Latin-derived words .	English	Which Germanic originating language densely acquired aspects from Latin ?
Roman literature was from its very inception influenced heavily by Greek authors .	Greek authors	Who was responsible for massively affecting Roman literature ?
Virgil represents the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry .	poetry	What style of literature could commonly be found in Roman works ?
Virgil represents the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry .	Virgil	Who was the author of the epic poem Aeneid ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Lucretius , in his On the Nature of Things , attempted to explicate science in an epic poem .	Lucretius	What Roman poet attempted to develop science in their poetry ?
His Aeneid tells the story of flight of Aeneas from Troy and his settlement of the city that would become Rome .	Aeneid	Which epic poem tells the tale of the founding of the city that one day would become Rome ?
Music was a major part of everyday life .	Music	What was considered to be dominant part of normal life ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The word itself derives from Greek μουσική -LRB- mousike -RRB- , '' -LRB- art -RRB- of the Muses '' .	Greek	What language does the word Music see it 's origins in ?
In a discussion of any ancient music , however , non-specialists and even many musicians have to be reminded that much of what makes our modern music familiar to us is the result of developments only within the last 1,000 years ; thus , our ideas of melody , scales , harmony , and even the instruments we use may not have been familiar to Romans who made and listened to music many centuries earlier .	developments only within the last 1,000 years	What do many people consider to be the source of our modern musics familiarity with us ?
Many private and public events were accompanied by music , ranging from nightly dining to military parades and manoeuvres .	Many private and public events were accompanied by music	Could events in the Roman Republic often include music ?
Over time , Roman architecture was modified as their urban requirements changed , and the civil engineering and building construction technology became developed and refined .	urban requirements changed	What was a primary cause of the modification of Roman architectural elements ?
The Roman concrete has remained a riddle , and even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently .	Roman concrete	What Roman construction material has continued to be a mystery to this day ?
The Roman concrete has remained a riddle , and even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently .	even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently	Do any Roman structures still exist in our time ?
The architectural style of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers under Roman control and influence .	The architectural style	What facet of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers in the Roman Republic ?
The city of Rome had a place called the Campus Martius -LRB- `` Field of Mars '' -RRB- , which was a sort of drill ground for Roman soldiers .	Campus Martius	What was the name of the area in which youth played and exercised ?
The city of Rome had a place called the Campus Martius -LRB- `` Field of Mars '' -RRB- , which was a sort of drill ground for Roman soldiers .	Field of Mars	What could you also call Rome 's Campus Maritus ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Board games played in Rome included dice -LRB- Tesserae or Tali -RRB- , Roman Chess -LRB- Latrunculi -RRB- , Roman Checkers -LRB- Calculi -RRB- , Tic-tac-toe -LRB- Terni Lapilli -RRB- , and Ludus duodecim scriptorum and Tabula , predecessors of backgammon .	backgammon	What is the Roman board game Tabula a precursor to ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Board games played in Rome included dice -LRB- Tesserae or Tali -RRB- , Roman Chess -LRB- Latrunculi -RRB- , Roman Checkers -LRB- Calculi -RRB- , Tic-tac-toe -LRB- Terni Lapilli -RRB- , and Ludus duodecim scriptorum and Tabula , predecessors of backgammon .	Latrunculi	What was Roman version of Chess called ?
However , the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC , when Romans came in contact with Greek culture , and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs .	around 500 BC	When did the Roman religion that is generally identified with the republic first established ?
However , the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC , when Romans came in contact with Greek culture , and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs .	Greek	Who did the Romans adapt several of their religious convictions from ?
Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon , others were based on Greek gods .	Proto-Indo-European pantheon	Where did a large amount of the deities that were worshiped in Roman civilization come from ?
Each household had an altar -LRB- lararium -RRB- , at which the family members would offer prayers , perform rites , and interact with the household gods .	an altar	What religious element could be found in all Roman households ?
In a sense , each household was a temple to the gods .	each household	What in Roman society was considered to be a temple to the gods ?
However , it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself started in early December 1941 , with the Sino-Japanese War then becoming part of it as a theater of the greater World War II .	early December 1941	When do most people believe the Pacific War began ?
It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941 , on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii , Wake Island , Guam and the Philippines .	7/8 December 1941	On what date did Japan attack Pearl Harbor ?
Some historians contend that the conflict in Asia can be dated back to 7 July 1937 with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China , or possibly 19 September 1931 , beginning with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria .	7 July 1937	When did the Second Sino-Japanese War begin ?
Some historians contend that the conflict in Asia can be dated back to 7 July 1937 with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China , or possibly 19 September 1931 , beginning with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria .	Empire of Japan and the Republic of China	Which countries did the Second Sino-Japanese War encompass ?
It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941 , on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii , Wake Island , Guam and the Philippines .	Japan invaded Thailand	Has Japan ever attacked Thailand ?
It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941 , on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii , Wake Island , Guam and the Philippines .	7/8 December 1941	What is the generally accepted date the Pacific War started ?
Some historians contend that the conflict in Asia can be dated back to 7 July 1937 with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China , or possibly 19 September 1931 , beginning with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria .	19 September 1931	When did Japan invade Manchuria ?
It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941 , on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii , Wake Island , Guam and the Philippines .	Japan	What nation initiated hostilities ?
Some historians contend that the conflict in Asia can be dated back to 7 July 1937 with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China , or possibly 19 September 1931 , beginning with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria .	7 July 1937	When did Japan invade China ?
However , it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself started in early December 1941 , with the Sino-Japanese War then becoming part of it as a theater of the greater World War II .	World War II	What was the Pacific War theater part of after December 1941 ?
The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and other large aerial bomb attacks by the United States Army Air Forces , accompanied by the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 8 August 1945 , resulting in the Japanese announcement of intent to surrender on 15 August 1945 .	atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki	What events ended the war with Japan ?
The formal and official surrender of Japan took place aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945 .	2 September 1945	On what date did Japan surrender ?
Following its defeat , Japan 's Shinto Emperor stepped down as the divine leader through the Shinto Directive , because the Allied Powers believed this was the major political cause of Japan 's military aggression and deconstruction process soon took place to install a new liberal-democratic constitution to the Japanese public as the current Constitution of Japan .	a new liberal-democratic constitution	What changed in the ruling of Japan after the war ?
The formal and official surrender of Japan took place aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945 .	aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay	Where did Japan 's surrender occur ?
Following its defeat , Japan 's Shinto Emperor stepped down as the divine leader through the Shinto Directive , because the Allied Powers believed this was the major political cause of Japan 's military aggression and deconstruction process soon took place to install a new liberal-democratic constitution to the Japanese public as the current Constitution of Japan .	Shinto Directive	What was the process called whereby the leader of Japan stepped down ?
The Pacific War saw the Allied powers pitted against the Empire of Japan , the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by its Axis allies , Germany and Italy .	Japan	What nation were the allies against ?
The Pacific War saw the Allied powers pitted against the Empire of Japan , the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by its Axis allies , Germany and Italy .	Germany and Italy	What nations comprised the Axis ?
The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and other large aerial bomb attacks by the United States Army Air Forces , accompanied by the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 8 August 1945 , resulting in the Japanese announcement of intent to surrender on 15 August 1945 .	Hiroshima and Nagasaki	What cities were destroyed by atom bombs ?
The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and other large aerial bomb attacks by the United States Army Air Forces , accompanied by the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 8 August 1945 , resulting in the Japanese announcement of intent to surrender on 15 August 1945 .	8 August 1945	When did the Soviet Union invade Manchuria ?
The formal and official surrender of Japan took place aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945 .	2 September 1945	When did Japan surrender ?
Japan used the name Greater East Asia War -LRB- 大東亜戦争 , Dai Tō-A Sensō ? -RRB-	Greater East Asia War	By what name was the war with Japan referred ?
Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan -- China Incident -LRB- 日支事変 , Nisshi Jihen ? -RRB-	Japan–China Incident	What did Japanese officials call the war ?
This name was released to the public on 12 December , with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere .	achieving their independence from the Western powers	What was the reason Japan gave for the war ?
This name was released to the public on 12 December , with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere .	12 December	What date was the new name of the war released ?
Japan used the name Greater East Asia War -LRB- 大東亜戦争 , Dai Tō-A Sensō ? -RRB-	Greater East Asia War	What name did Japan call the war ?
, as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941 , to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China .	10 December 1941	When did Japan adobt the name for the war ?
This name was released to the public on 12 December , with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere .	independence from the Western powers	What was Japan 's publicised war goal ?
This name was released to the public on 12 December , with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere .	Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere	What did Japan call the occupied group of Asian nations ?
, as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941 , to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China .	by a cabinet decision	How was the name of the war chosen by Japan ?
The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand in World War II , which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941 , as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand .	temporary alliance	What role did Thailand play in the war ?
Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang -LRB- consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively -RRB- , and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime -LRB- which controlled the coastal regions of China -RRB- .	Wang Jingwei regime	Which group controlled Chinese costal regions ?
The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burma , which was former Thai territory that had been annexed by Britain much earlier .	Phayap Army	Which army invaded Burma ?
The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burma , which was former Thai territory that had been annexed by Britain much earlier .	Britain	Burma was formerly annexed by what country ?
The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand in World War II , which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941 , as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand .	Axis	What states assisting Japan was Thailand a part of ?
The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand in World War II , which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941 , as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand .	1941	What year did Thailand form an alliance with Japan ?
The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burma , which was former Thai territory that had been annexed by Britain much earlier .	Phayap Army	What army invaded northeastern Burma ?
Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang -LRB- consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively -RRB- , and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime -LRB- which controlled the coastal regions of China -RRB- .	Manchukuo and Mengjiang	What were the Japanese puppet states ?
Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang -LRB- consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively -RRB- , and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime -LRB- which controlled the coastal regions of China -RRB- .	Wang Jingwei regime	Who controlled the coast of China ?
The official policy of the U.S. Government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis , and that the United States was not at war with Thailand .	not an ally	Did the U.S. believe that Thailand was an Axis ally ?
The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy , but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japanese blackmail , before being occupied by Japanese troops .	blackmail	What does the U.S. believe caused Thailand to help Japan ?
Thailand has been treated by the United States in the same way as such other Axis-occupied countries as Belgium , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , Greece , Norway , Poland , and the Netherlands .	the same way	Is Thailand treated differently than other Axis countries ?
The official policy of the U.S. Government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis , and that the United States was not at war with Thailand .	Thailand	According to the USA , what country did Japan blackmail ?
Thailand has been treated by the United States in the same way as such other Axis-occupied countries as Belgium , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , Greece , Norway , Poland , and the Netherlands .	Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands	What nations were occupied by the Axis ?
The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy , but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japanese blackmail , before being occupied by Japanese troops .	not as a former enemy	After 1945 , how did the USA treat Thailand ?
The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy , but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japanese blackmail , before being occupied by Japanese troops .	Japanese troops	Who occupied Thailand according to the USA ?
Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa -LRB- Taiwan -RRB- .	Korea and Formosa	Where did many of Japan 's soldiers come from ?
Collaborationist units from Hong Kong -LRB- reformed ex-colonial police -RRB- , Philippines , Dutch East Indies -LRB- the PETA -RRB- and Dutch Guinea , British Malaya and British Borneo , Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina -LRB- after the overthrow of Vichy French regime -RRB- as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts .	Collaborationist units	What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong ?
Collaborationist units from Hong Kong -LRB- reformed ex-colonial police -RRB- , Philippines , Dutch East Indies -LRB- the PETA -RRB- and Dutch Guinea , British Malaya and British Borneo , Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina -LRB- after the overthrow of Vichy French regime -RRB- as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts .	Philippines	What other Asian country , a group of islands , helped the Japanese ?
To a small extent , some Vichy French , Indian National Army , and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War .	Vichy	What French forces assisted Japan ?
Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa -LRB- Taiwan -RRB- .	Korea and Formosa	What colonies did Japan conscript soldiers from ?
Collaborationist units from Hong Kong -LRB- reformed ex-colonial police -RRB- , Philippines , Dutch East Indies -LRB- the PETA -RRB- and Dutch Guinea , British Malaya and British Borneo , Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina -LRB- after the overthrow of Vichy French regime -RRB- as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts .	ex-colonial police	Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King ?
Mexico , Free France and many other countries also took part , especially forces from other British colonies .	took part	Did Mexico play a part in the war ?
The major Allied participants were the United States , the Republic of China , the United Kingdom -LRB- including the armed forces of British India , the Fiji Islands , Samoa , etc. -RRB- , Australia , the Commonwealth of the Philippines , the Netherlands -LRB- as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea -RRB- , New Zealand , and Canada , all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council .	Australia	What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S. ?
The major Allied participants were the United States , the Republic of China , the United Kingdom -LRB- including the armed forces of British India , the Fiji Islands , Samoa , etc. -RRB- , Australia , the Commonwealth of the Philippines , the Netherlands -LRB- as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea -RRB- , New Zealand , and Canada , all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council .	United States	On which side of the war were the Chinese ?
The major Allied participants were the United States , the Republic of China , the United Kingdom -LRB- including the armed forces of British India , the Fiji Islands , Samoa , etc. -RRB- , Australia , the Commonwealth of the Philippines , the Netherlands -LRB- as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea -RRB- , New Zealand , and Canada , all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council .	Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea	What colonies did the Netherlands possess ?
The major Allied participants were the United States , the Republic of China , the United Kingdom -LRB- including the armed forces of British India , the Fiji Islands , Samoa , etc. -RRB- , Australia , the Commonwealth of the Philippines , the Netherlands -LRB- as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea -RRB- , New Zealand , and Canada , all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council .	Republic of China	What large Asian country was allied with the United States ?
The major Allied participants were the United States , the Republic of China , the United Kingdom -LRB- including the armed forces of British India , the Fiji Islands , Samoa , etc. -RRB- , Australia , the Commonwealth of the Philippines , the Netherlands -LRB- as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea -RRB- , New Zealand , and Canada , all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council .	Commonwealth of the Philippines	What was the name of the Philippines nation ?
The major Allied participants were the United States , the Republic of China , the United Kingdom -LRB- including the armed forces of British India , the Fiji Islands , Samoa , etc. -RRB- , Australia , the Commonwealth of the Philippines , the Netherlands -LRB- as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea -RRB- , New Zealand , and Canada , all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council .	Netherlands	What nation possessed the Dutch East Indies ?
The major Allied participants were the United States , the Republic of China , the United Kingdom -LRB- including the armed forces of British India , the Fiji Islands , Samoa , etc. -RRB- , Australia , the Commonwealth of the Philippines , the Netherlands -LRB- as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea -RRB- , New Zealand , and Canada , all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council .	Netherlands	What nation possessed west New Guinea ?
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan .	Marco Polo Bridge Incident	What incident occured on July 7 , 1937 ?
The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan , and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops .	Soviet Union	Who supplied assistance to the Chinese military ?
The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre .	December 1937	When did the Nanking Massacre occur ?
In March 1938 , Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang .	Taierzhuang	Where was the first Nationalist victory ?
The Japanese achieved major military victories , but world opinion -- in particular in the United States -- condemned Japan , especially after the Panay Incident .	condemned	How did people around the world react to Japan 's Panay Incident ?
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan .	7 July 1937	When was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident ?
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan .	Marco Polo Bridge Incident	What incident started the war between China and Japan ?
The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre .	Nanking	What was the capital of China ?
The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre .	December 1937	When was Nanking captured ?
The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan , and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops .	Soviet Union	What nation provided material support to China ?
In September 1940 , Japan decided to cut China 's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina , which was controlled at the time by Vichy France .	Vichy France	Who controled Indochina in 1940 ?
On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy , becoming one of the three Axis Powers .	Germany and Italy	Who were the Axis Powers along with Japan in 1940 ?
In September 1940 , Japan decided to cut China 's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina , which was controlled at the time by Vichy France .	September 1940	When did Japan invade Indochina ?
In practice , there was little coordination between Japan and Germany until 1944 , by which time the U.S. was deciphering their secret diplomatic correspondence .	little coordination	Did Japan and Germany work closely together prior to 1944 ?
In September 1940 , Japan decided to cut China 's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina , which was controlled at the time by Vichy France .	September 1940	When did Japan take over Indochina ?
In September 1940 , Japan decided to cut China 's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina , which was controlled at the time by Vichy France .	Vichy France	Who controlled Indochina before the Japanese takeover ?
On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy , becoming one of the three Axis Powers .	27 September	When did Japan become an Axis power ?
In practice , there was little coordination between Japan and Germany until 1944 , by which time the U.S. was deciphering their secret diplomatic correspondence .	little	How much coordination was there between Japan and Germany ?
On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy , becoming one of the three Axis Powers .	three	How many nations comprised the Axis powers ?
After these victories , Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940 ; however , due to its low military-industrial capacity , it was repulsed by Japanese army in late March 1940 .	low military-industrial capacity	Why did the Chinese ultimately fail in its counter offensives ?
In August of 1940 , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted the `` Three Alls Policy '' -LRB- `` Kill all , Burn all , Loot all '' -RRB- in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists .	"Three Alls Policy" ("Kill all, Burn all, Loot all")	What policy did Japan adopt to retaliate against China ?
The Japanese found its aggression against the retreating and regrouping Chinese army was stalled by the mountainous terrain in southwestern China while the Communists organised widespread guerrilla and saboteur activities in northern and eastern China behind the Japanese front line .	mountainous terrain	What slowed the Japanese in their attacks on China ?
Although Japan had occupied much of northern , central , and coastal China , the Nationalist Government had retreated to the interior with a provisional capital set up at Chungking while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in Shaanxi .	Chungking	In what city did Japan set up a provisional capital ?
In August of 1940 , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted the `` Three Alls Policy '' -LRB- `` Kill all , Burn all , Loot all '' -RRB- in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists .	"Kill all, Burn all, Loot all"	What was Japan 's `` Three Alls Policy '' ?
By 1941 the conflict had become a stalemate .	1941	What year did China and Japan reach a stalemate ?
Although Japan had occupied much of northern , central , and coastal China , the Nationalist Government had retreated to the interior with a provisional capital set up at Chungking while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in Shaanxi .	Chungking	Where was the Chinese provisional capital ?
The Japanese found its aggression against the retreating and regrouping Chinese army was stalled by the mountainous terrain in southwestern China while the Communists organised widespread guerrilla and saboteur activities in northern and eastern China behind the Japanese front line .	mountainous terrain	What natural obsticles stalled the Japanese offensive against the Chinese ?
The Japanese found its aggression against the retreating and regrouping Chinese army was stalled by the mountainous terrain in southwestern China while the Communists organised widespread guerrilla and saboteur activities in northern and eastern China behind the Japanese front line .	Communists	What group organised guerrilla warfare against the Japanese in China ?
However , its policies of brutality toward the Chinese population , of not yielding any real power to these regimes , and of supporting several rival governments failed to make any of them a viable alternative to the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek .	Chiang Kai-shek	Who was the leader of the Nationalist government ?
Conflicts between Chinese communist and nationalist forces vying for territory control behind enemy lines culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation .	January 1941	When did cooperation between communist and nationalist forces end ?
However , its policies of brutality toward the Chinese population , of not yielding any real power to these regimes , and of supporting several rival governments failed to make any of them a viable alternative to the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek .	supporting several	Did Japan support rival governments ?
Conflicts between Chinese communist and nationalist forces vying for territory control behind enemy lines culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation .	January 1941	When did the co-operation between Chinese nationalist forces and communists end ?
Japan sponsored several puppet governments , one of which was headed by Wang Jingwei .	puppet	What was Wang Jingwei 's government considered ?
However , its policies of brutality toward the Chinese population , of not yielding any real power to these regimes , and of supporting several rival governments failed to make any of them a viable alternative to the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek .	Nationalist government	What government did Chiang Kai-shek lead ?
Japanese troop build ups in Hainan , Taiwan , and Haiphong were noted , Japanese Army officers were openly talking about an inevitable war , and Admiral Sankichi Takahashi was reported as saying a showdown with the United States was necessary .	Sankichi Takahashi	Which Japanese Admiral felt it was necessary to go to war with the U.S. ?
From as early as 1935 Japanese military strategists had concluded the Dutch East Indies were , because of their oil reserves , of considerable importance to Japan .	oil reserves	Why was the Dutch East Indies important to Japan ?
By 1940 they had expanded this to include Indo-China , Malaya , and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere .	1940	In what year did the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere expand ?
Japanese troop build ups in Hainan , Taiwan , and Haiphong were noted , Japanese Army officers were openly talking about an inevitable war , and Admiral Sankichi Takahashi was reported as saying a showdown with the United States was necessary .	Admiral Sankichi Takahashi	Who said a showdown between Japan and the United States would be necessary ?
From as early as 1935 Japanese military strategists had concluded the Dutch East Indies were , because of their oil reserves , of considerable importance to Japan .	oil reserves	What was the importance of the Dutch East Indies to Japan ?
By 1940 they had expanded this to include Indo-China , Malaya , and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere .	1940	By what year did Japanese strategists expand their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ?
The Japanese media , influenced by military propagandists , -LSB- nb 10 -RSB- began to refer to the embargoes as the `` ABCD -LRB- `` American-British-Chinese-Dutch '' -RRB- encirclement '' or `` ABCD line '' .	"ABCD ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch")	What were these embargoes called by the Japanese media ?
In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism , Western powers including Australia , the United States , Britain , and the Dutch government in exile , which controlled the petroleum-rich Dutch East Indies , stopped selling oil , iron ore , and steel to Japan , denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in China and French Indochina .	stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan	What did The West do to disuade Japan in China and French Indochina ?
In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism , Western powers including Australia , the United States , Britain , and the Dutch government in exile , which controlled the petroleum-rich Dutch East Indies , stopped selling oil , iron ore , and steel to Japan , denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in China and French Indochina .	denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities	Why was denying supplies important to the western countries ?
In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism , Western powers including Australia , the United States , Britain , and the Dutch government in exile , which controlled the petroleum-rich Dutch East Indies , stopped selling oil , iron ore , and steel to Japan , denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in China and French Indochina .	to discourage Japanese militarism	Why did Western powers stop selling resources to Japan ?
In Japan , the government and nationalists viewed these embargos as acts of aggression ; imported oil made up about 80 % of domestic consumption , without which Japan 's economy , let alone its military , would grind to a halt .	as acts of aggression	How did Japan view Western embargos ?
In Japan , the government and nationalists viewed these embargos as acts of aggression ; imported oil made up about 80 % of domestic consumption , without which Japan 's economy , let alone its military , would grind to a halt .	about 80%	What percent of oil made up Japan 's domestic consumption ?
The Japanese media , influenced by military propagandists , -LSB- nb 10 -RSB- began to refer to the embargoes as the `` ABCD -LRB- `` American-British-Chinese-Dutch '' -RRB- encirclement '' or `` ABCD line '' .	"ABCD line"	What did the Japanese media refer to the embargoes as ?
The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible ; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories , which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia .	recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia.	What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories ?
The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible ; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories , which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia .	impossible	Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S. ?
The Japanese leadership looked to base the conduct of the war against America on the historical experiences of the successful wars against China -LRB- 1894 -- 95 -RRB- and Russia -LRB- 1904 -- 05 -RRB- , in both of which a strong continental power was defeated by reaching limited military objectives , not by total conquest .	defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest	What was Japan 's strategic goal in attacking America ?
The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible ; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories , which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia .	impossible	What did the Japanese military leadership think the chances were of complete military victory ove the United States ?
The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible ; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories , which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia .	Japanese hegemony in Asia	What did Japan want recognised in planned peace negotiations after their initial victories ?
In fact , the Imperial GHQ noted , should acceptable negotiations be reached with the Americans , the attacks were to be canceled -- even if the order to attack had already been given .	canceled	If acceptable negotiations btween Japan and the United States were reached , what would be done regarding the attacks ?
The Japanese leadership looked to base the conduct of the war against America on the historical experiences of the successful wars against China -LRB- 1894 -- 95 -RRB- and Russia -LRB- 1904 -- 05 -RRB- , in both of which a strong continental power was defeated by reaching limited military objectives , not by total conquest .	historical experiences	What was the conduct of the war against the United States based on ?
In the early hours of 7 December -LRB- Hawaiian time -RRB- , Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning , which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet , leaving eight American battleships out of action , 188 American aircraft destroyed , and 2,403 American citizens dead .	eight	How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks ?
At the time of the attack , the U.S. was not officially at war anywhere in the world , which means that the people killed or property destroyed at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese attack had a non-combatant status .	not officially at war	Was America at war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor ?
In the early hours of 7 December -LRB- Hawaiian time -RRB- , Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning , which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet , leaving eight American battleships out of action , 188 American aircraft destroyed , and 2,403 American citizens dead .	2,403	How many Americans died in the Pearl Harbor attacks ?
-LSB- nb 11 -RSB- The Japanese had gambled that the United States , when faced with such a sudden and massive blow , would agree to a negotiated settlement and allow Japan free rein in Asia .	allow Japan free rein in Asia	Why did Japan attack America ?
American losses were less serious than initially thought : The American aircraft carriers , which would prove to be more important than battleships , were at sea , and vital naval infrastructure -LRB- fuel oil tanks , shipyard facilities , and a power station -RRB- , submarine base , and signals intelligence units were unscathed .	aircraft carriers	What were the most vital American ships at the time of the attack ?
In the early hours of 7 December -LRB- Hawaiian time -RRB- , Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning , which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet , leaving eight American battleships out of action , 188 American aircraft destroyed , and 2,403 American citizens dead .	7 December	When did Japan launch the aattack on Pearl Harbor ?
In the early hours of 7 December -LRB- Hawaiian time -RRB- , Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning , which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet , leaving eight American battleships out of action , 188 American aircraft destroyed , and 2,403 American citizens dead .	eight	How many American battleships were put out of action in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan ?
In the early hours of 7 December -LRB- Hawaiian time -RRB- , Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning , which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet , leaving eight American battleships out of action , 188 American aircraft destroyed , and 2,403 American citizens dead .	2,403	How many US citizens were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan ?
In the early hours of 7 December -LRB- Hawaiian time -RRB- , Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning , which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet , leaving eight American battleships out of action , 188 American aircraft destroyed , and 2,403 American citizens dead .	188	How many aircraft did the United States lose in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan ?
American losses were less serious than initially thought : The American aircraft carriers , which would prove to be more important than battleships , were at sea , and vital naval infrastructure -LRB- fuel oil tanks , shipyard facilities , and a power station -RRB- , submarine base , and signals intelligence units were unscathed .	at sea	Where were the American aircraft carriers during the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan ?
Before the attack on Pearl Harbor , the 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict , even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program .	Lend-Lease	What program allowed America to sell military supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union ?
On 8 December , the United States , the United Kingdom , Canada , and the Netherlands declared war on Japan , followed by China and Australia the next day .	8 December	On what day did the U.S. and its allies declar war on Japan ?
Four days after Pearl Harbor , Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States , drawing the country into a two-theater war .	Four days	How long after the Pearl Harbor attacks did Germany and Italy declare war ?
This is widely agreed to be a grand strategic blunder , as it abrogated the benefit Germany gained by Japan 's distraction of the U.S. -LRB- predicted months before in a memo by Commander Arthur McCollum -RRB- -LSB- nb 12 -RSB- and the reduction in aid to Britain , which both Congress and Hitler had managed to avoid during over a year of mutual provocation , which would otherwise have resulted .	strategic blunder	Was Germany 's declaration of war with the U.S. considered to be sound strategy ?
Before the attack on Pearl Harbor , the 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict , even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program .	America First Committee	What group was opposed to American involvement in the war in Europe ?
On 8 December , the United States , the United Kingdom , Canada , and the Netherlands declared war on Japan , followed by China and Australia the next day .	8 December	When did the United States declare war on Japan ?
Four days after Pearl Harbor , Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States , drawing the country into a two-theater war .	Four	How many days after the attack on Pearl Harbor did Germany wait to declare war on the United States ?
This is widely agreed to be a grand strategic blunder , as it abrogated the benefit Germany gained by Japan 's distraction of the U.S. -LRB- predicted months before in a memo by Commander Arthur McCollum -RRB- -LSB- nb 12 -RSB- and the reduction in aid to Britain , which both Congress and Hitler had managed to avoid during over a year of mutual provocation , which would otherwise have resulted .	Commander Arthur McCollum	Who predicted Germany 's declaration of war against the United States months before ?
Following the Declaration by United Nations -LRB- the first official use of the term United Nations -RRB- on 1 January 1942 , the Allied governments appointed the British General Sir Archibald Wavell to the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command -LRB- ABDACOM -RRB- , a supreme command for Allied forces in Southeast Asia .	1 January 1942	What date was the first official use of the term United Nations ?
Following the Declaration by United Nations -LRB- the first official use of the term United Nations -RRB- on 1 January 1942 , the Allied governments appointed the British General Sir Archibald Wavell to the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command -LRB- ABDACOM -RRB- , a supreme command for Allied forces in Southeast Asia .	General Sir Archibald Wavell	Who was appointed to command the Allied forces in Southeast Asia in 1942 ?
On 15 January Wavell moved to Bandung in Java to assume control of ABDACOM .	15 January	When did General Wavell assume control of the Southheast Asia Allied forces ?
This gave Wavell nominal control of a huge force , albeit thinly spread over an area from Burma to the Philippines to northern Australia .	thinly	How spread out were the Allied forces in Southeastern Asia ?
On 15 January Wavell moved to Bandung in Java to assume control of ABDACOM .	Bandung	Where did General Wavell command the Allied forces from ?
In January , Japan invaded Burma , the Dutch East Indies , New Guinea , the Solomon Islands and captured Manila , Kuala Lumpur and Rabaul .	Solomon Islands	What islands did Japan invade ?
After being driven out of Malaya , Allied forces in Singapore attempted to resist the Japanese during the Battle of Singapore but surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942 ; about 130,000 Indian , British , Australian and Dutch personnel became prisoners of war .	15 February 1942	When did Allied forces surrender Singapore to the Japanese ?
After being driven out of Malaya , Allied forces in Singapore attempted to resist the Japanese during the Battle of Singapore but surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942 ; about 130,000 Indian , British , Australian and Dutch personnel became prisoners of war .	about 130,000	How many Allied prisoners did Japan take after the Battle of Singapore ?
Wavell resigned from ABDACOM on 25 February , handing control of the ABDA Area to local commanders and returning to the post of Commander-in-Chief , India .	25 February	When did General Wavell resign as commander of the Allied forces of Southeastern Asia ?
Wavell resigned from ABDACOM on 25 February , handing control of the ABDA Area to local commanders and returning to the post of Commander-in-Chief , India .	Commander-in-Chief, India	After Wavell resigned from ABDACOM , What post did he return to ?
In March 1942 , Chinese Expeditionary Force started to attack Japanese forces in northern Burma .	March 1942	When did the Chinese attack Burma ?
On 16 April , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division led by Sun Li-jen .	7,000	How many British soldiers were rescued by the Chinese 38th Division on April 16 ??
On 16 April , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division led by Sun Li-jen .	Sun Li-jen	Who led the rescue of British forces during the Battle of Yenangyaung ?
`` Of the 1,200,000 troops under Chiang 's control , only 650,000 were directly controlled by his generals , and another 550,000 controlled by warlords who claimed loyalty to his government ; the strongest force was the Szechuan army of 320,000 men .	550,000	How many of Chiang Kai-Shek 's troops were controlled by warlords ?
`` Of the 1,200,000 troops under Chiang 's control , only 650,000 were directly controlled by his generals , and another 550,000 controlled by warlords who claimed loyalty to his government ; the strongest force was the Szechuan army of 320,000 men .	Szechuan army	What was Chiang Kai-Shek 's strongest army ?
Two battle-hardened Australian divisions were steaming from the Mid-East for Singapore .	Two	How many Australian divisions steamed from the Mid-East for Singapore ?
Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma , but Curtin insisted on a return to Australia .	Burma	Where did Churchill want the Australian divisions bound for Singapore to be diverted to ?
The Japanese Army opposed the plan and it was rejected in favour of a policy of isolating Australia from the United States via blockade by advancing through the South Pacific .	Japanese Army	What Japanese group opposed an invasion of Australia ?
The Japanese decided upon a seaborne invasion of Port Moresby , capital of the Australian Territory of Papua which would put Northern Australia within range of Japanese bomber aircraft .	Port Moresby	What was the capital of Papua ?
The Japanese Army opposed the plan and it was rejected in favour of a policy of isolating Australia from the United States via blockade by advancing through the South Pacific .	United States	What country did Japan isolate Australia from with a blockade ?
President Franklin Roosevelt ordered General Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942 .	President Franklin Roosevelt	Who ordered General MacArthur to make a defense plan with Australia ?
President Franklin Roosevelt ordered General Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942 .	March 1942	When was General MacArthur ordered to make a defense plan with Australia ?
Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of MacArthur who became Supreme Commander , South West Pacific .	MacArthur	Who was the Supreme Commander of the South West Allied forces ?
MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia .	Melbourne	Where was MacArthur 's headquarters moved to in March of 1942 ?
On 8 June 1942 , two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney 's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle .	two	How many Japanese submarines shelled Sydney on June 8 , 1942 ?
The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington , on 1 April 1942 , with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , his key advisor Harry Hopkins , and representatives from Britain , China , Australia , the Netherlands , New Zealand , and Canada .	President Franklin D. Roosevelt	What American president was a member of the Pacific War Council ?
The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington , on 1 April 1942 , with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , his key advisor Harry Hopkins , and representatives from Britain , China , Australia , the Netherlands , New Zealand , and Canada .	1 April 1942	When was the Pacific War Council formed in Washingto D.C. ?
The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington , on 1 April 1942 , with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , his key advisor Harry Hopkins , and representatives from Britain , China , Australia , the Netherlands , New Zealand , and Canada .	Harry Hopkins	Who was President Roosevelt 's key advisor ?
The council never had any direct operational control , and any decisions it made were referred to the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff , which was also in Washington .	Washington	Where was the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff located ?
Australian and Dutch forces led civilians in a prolonged guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor .	Portuguese Timor	Where was the Australian and Dutch guerilla campaign led ?
The carrier USS Lexington under Admiral Fletcher joined USS Yorktown and an American-Australian task force to stop the Japanese advance .	USS Lexington	What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942 ?
The carrier USS Lexington under Admiral Fletcher joined USS Yorktown and an American-Australian task force to stop the Japanese advance .	Admiral Fletcher	What admiral was the USS Lexington under ?
The resulting Battle of the Coral Sea , fought in May 1942 , was the first naval battle in which ships involved never sighted each other and only aircraft were used to attack opposing forces .	May 1942	When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought ?
Although Lexington was sunk and Yorktown seriously damaged , the Japanese lost the carrier Shōhō , and suffered extensive damage to Shōkaku and heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku , both of which missed the operation against Midway the following month .	Shōhō	What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea ?
Although Lexington was sunk and Yorktown seriously damaged , the Japanese lost the carrier Shōhō , and suffered extensive damage to Shōkaku and heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku , both of which missed the operation against Midway the following month .	Lexington	What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea ?
A Japanese force was sent north to attack the Aleutian Islands .	Aleutian Islands	In Yamamoto 's plan , what northern islands were to be attacked ?
The next stage of the plan called for the capture of Midway , which would give him an opportunity to destroy Nimitz 's remaining carriers .	capture of Midway	What was the second stage objective of Yamaoto 's plan ?
Nagumo had 272 planes operating from his four carriers , the U.S. 348 -LRB- 115 land-based -RRB- .	272	How many planes did Nagumo have for the Midway invasion ?
Nagumo had 272 planes operating from his four carriers , the U.S. 348 -LRB- 115 land-based -RRB- .	348	How many planes did the United States have in the Battle of Midway ?
Nagumo had 272 planes operating from his four carriers , the U.S. 348 -LRB- 115 land-based -RRB- .	115	How many U.S. planes were land-based ?
As anticipated by Nimitz , the Japanese fleet arrived off Midway on 4 June and was spotted by PBY patrol aircraft .	4 June	When did the Japanese fleet arrive off Midway ?
At 09:20 the first U.S. carrier aircraft arrived , TBD Devastator torpedo bombers from Hornet , but their attacks were poorly coordinated and ineffectual ; thanks in part to faulty aerial torpedoes , they failed to score a single hit and all 15 were wiped out by defending Zero fighters .	15	How many TBD Devastator torpedo bombers were lauched from the Hornet ?
Alerted to the need of a second strike on Midway , but also wary of the need to deal with the American carriers that he now knew were in the vicinity , Nagumo twice changed the arming orders for his aircraft .	twice	How many times did Nagumo change orders for arming his aircraft ?
To make matters worse , Nagumo 's four carriers had drifted out of formation in their efforts to avoid torpedoes , reducing the concentration of their anti-aircraft fire .	four	How many carriers did Nagumo have at the Battle of Midway ?
As a result , the American dive bombers found the Japanese carriers with their decks cluttered with munitions as the crews worked hastily to properly re-arm their air groups .	munitions	What were on the decks of the Japanese aircraft carriers when the American dive bobers attacked ?
With the Japanese CAP out of position and the carriers at their most vulnerable , SBD Dauntlesses from Enterprise and Yorktown appeared at an altitude of 10,000 feet -LRB- 3,000 m -RRB- and commenced their attack , quickly dealing fatal blows to three fleet carriers : Sōryū , Kaga , and Akagi .	10,000 feet	At what altitude did the American dive bombers commence their attck on the Japanese carriers ?
Hiryū managed to survive the wave of dive bombers and launched a counter-attack against the American carriers which caused severe damage to Yorktown -LRB- which was later finished off by a Japanese submarine -RRB- .	Hiryū	Which Japanese carrier survived the first wave of American dive bombers in the Battle of Midway .
The battle proved to be a decisive victory for the Allies .	Allies	Who won the Battle of Midway ?
For the second time , Japanese expansion had been checked and its formidable Combined Fleet was significantly weakened by the loss of four fleet carriers and many highly trained , virtually irreplaceable , personnel .	four	How many fleet carriers were lost by the Japanese in the Battle of Midway ?
From July 1942 , a few Australian reserve battalions , many of them very young and untrained , fought a stubborn rearguard action in New Guinea , against a Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track , towards Port Moresby , over the rugged Owen Stanley Ranges .	Owen Stanley Ranges	What mountains did the Australian battalions fight a rearguard action over on the Kokoda Track ?
The militia , worn out and severely depleted by casualties , were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force , returning from action in the Mediterranean theater .	Second Australian Imperial Force	What forces releived the worn Australian reserve battalions ?
In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay , near the eastern tip of New Guinea .	Milne Bay	In 1942 , what Australian Air Force base was attacked by Japanese marines ?
In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay , near the eastern tip of New Guinea .	eastern tip	Where was Milne Bay located in New Guinea ?
The militia , worn out and severely depleted by casualties , were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force , returning from action in the Mediterranean theater .	Mediterranean	What theater did the Second Australian Imperial Force come from before they relieved the reserve battalions in New Guinea ?
Most of the Japanese aircraft based in the South Pacific were redeployed to the defense of Guadalcanal .	Guadalcanal	Where were most of the Japanese aircraft in the South Pacific redeployed to defend ?
Meanwhile , Japanese ground forces launched repeated attacks on heavily defended US positions around Henderson Field , in which they suffered appalling casualties .	Henderson Field	Where did Japanese ground attack repeatedly?forces
To sustain these offensives , resupply was carried out by Japanese convoys , termed the `` Tokyo Express '' by the Allies .	"Tokyo Express"	What did the Allies call the Japanese convoys supplying the ground forces attacking Henderson Field ?
Later fleet battles involving heavier ships and even daytime carrier battles resulted in a stretch of water near Guadalcanal becoming known as `` Ironbottom Sound '' from the multitude of ships sunk on both sides .	the multitude of ships sunk	What was the reason for the name `` Ironbottom Sound '' of the water stretches new Guadalcanal ?
Finally recognizing that the campaign to recapture Henderson Field and secure Guadalcanal had simply become too costly to continue , the Japanese evacuated the island and withdrew in February 1943 .	February 1943	When did the Japanese give up trying to recapture Henderson Field ?
In mainland China , the Japanese 3rd , 6th , and 40th Divisions massed at Yueyang and advanced southward in three columns and crossed the Xinqiang River , and tried again to cross the Miluo River to reach Changsha .	Yueyang	Where were the 40th , 3rd , and 6th divisions massed at in China ?
In mainland China , the Japanese 3rd , 6th , and 40th Divisions massed at Yueyang and advanced southward in three columns and crossed the Xinqiang River , and tried again to cross the Miluo River to reach Changsha .	Xinqiang River	What is the first river that the 40th , 3rd , and 6th Japanese divisions crossed while advancing southward ?
Chinese estimates put the death toll at 250,000 civilians .	250,000	How many Chinese civilians were estimated to have died during the Japanese Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign ?
In mainland China , the Japanese 3rd , 6th , and 40th Divisions massed at Yueyang and advanced southward in three columns and crossed the Xinqiang River , and tried again to cross the Miluo River to reach Changsha .	Miluo River	What is the river that the 40th , 3rd , and 6th Japanese divisions tried crossing to reach Changsha ?
On 2 November 1943 , Isamu Yokoyama , commander of the Imperial Japanese 11th Army , deployed the 39th , 58th , 13th , 3rd , 116th and 68th divisions , a grand total of around 100,000 troops , to attack Changde of China .	Isamu Yokoyama	Who commanded the Imperial Japanese 11th Army on November , 1943 ?
In August 1943 the Allies formed a new South East Asia Command -LRB- SEAC -RRB- to take over strategic responsibilities for Burma and India from the British India Command , under Wavell .	South East Asia Command	What Allied command replaced the British India Command in August , 1943 ?
In October 1943 Winston Churchill appointed Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten as its Supreme Commander .	Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten	Who was appointed Supreme Commander of the SEAC in October , 1943 ?
The American General Joseph Stilwell , who also was deputy commander to Mountbatten and commanded U.S. forces in the China Burma India Theater , directed aid to China and prepared to construct the Ledo Road to link India and China by land .	General Joseph Stilwell	Who was deputy commander to Mountbatten ?
The American General Joseph Stilwell , who also was deputy commander to Mountbatten and commanded U.S. forces in the China Burma India Theater , directed aid to China and prepared to construct the Ledo Road to link India and China by land .	Ledo Road	What was the name of the new link between India and China by land ?
The British and Indian Fourteenth Army was formed to face the Japanese in Burma .	Japanese in Burma	The British and Indian Fourteenth Army was formed to take on what force ?
The United States used the ensuing period to turn its vast industrial potential into increased numbers of ships , planes , and trained aircrew .	increased numbers of ships, planes, and trained aircrew	What did the United States turn it 's industry to in the two years folloing the Battle of Midway ?
Not every Japanese stronghold had to be captured ; some , like Truk , Rabaul , and Formosa , were neutralized by air attack and bypassed .	air attack	How were the bypassed Japanese strongholds neutralized ?
The goal was to get close to Japan itself , then launch massive strategic air attacks , improve the submarine blockade , and finally -LRB- only if necessary -RRB- execute an invasion .	submarine blockade	What blockade against Japan was to be improved on ?
Submarines strangled Japan by sinking its merchant fleet , intercepting many troop transports , and cutting off nearly all the oil imports essential to weapons production and military operations .	strangled Japan	What did submarines sinking Japanese ships do ?
U.S. submarines , as well as some British and Dutch vessels , operating from bases at Cavite in the Philippines -LRB- 1941 -- 42 -RRB- ; Fremantle and Brisbane , Australia ; Pearl Harbor ; Trincomalee , Ceylon ; Midway ; and later Guam , played a major role in defeating Japan , even though submarines made up a small proportion of the Allied navies -- less than two percent in the case of the US Navy .	submarines	What type of vessels were part of a major role in defeating Japan ?
U.S. submarines , as well as some British and Dutch vessels , operating from bases at Cavite in the Philippines -LRB- 1941 -- 42 -RRB- ; Fremantle and Brisbane , Australia ; Pearl Harbor ; Trincomalee , Ceylon ; Midway ; and later Guam , played a major role in defeating Japan , even though submarines made up a small proportion of the Allied navies -- less than two percent in the case of the US Navy .	two percent	What percent did submarines make up in the US Navy fighting Japan ?
By early 1945 Japanese oil supplies were so limited that its fleet was virtually stranded .	virtually stranded	What happened to the Japanese fleet when nearly all oil imports were cut off ?
U.S. submarines accounted for 56 % of the Japanese merchantmen sunk ; mines or aircraft destroyed most of the rest .	56%	What percentage of Japanese merchantmen were sunk by U.S. submarines ?
US submariners also claimed 28 % of Japanese warships destroyed .	28%	What percentage of Japanese warships were sunk by U.S. submarines ?
Submarines also rescued hundreds of downed fliers , including future U.S. president George H.W. Bush .	George H.W. Bush	What future U.S. president was rescued by a submarine ?
Furthermore , they played important reconnaissance roles , as at the battles of the Philippine Sea -LRB- June 1944 -RRB- and Leyte Gulf -LRB- October 1944 -RRB- -LRB- and , coincidentally , -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- at Midway in June 1942 -RRB- , when they gave accurate and timely warning of the approach of the Japanese fleet .	reconnaissance roles	What was one of the important roles submarine played in the war ?
Within hours after the Pearl Harbor attack , in retribution against Japan , Roosevelt promulgated a new doctrine : unrestricted submarine warfare against Japan .	unrestricted submarine warfare	What doctrine did Roosevelt give for submarines against Japan ?
-LSB- nb 13 -RSB- At the outbreak of the war in the Pacific the Dutch Admiral in charge of the naval defense of the East Indies , Conrad Helfrich , gave instructions to wage war aggressively .	Conrad Helfrich	Who was the Dutch Admiral in charge of the East Indies ?
His small force of submarines sank more Japanese ships in the first weeks of the war than the entire British and US navies together , an exploit which earned him the nickname `` Ship-a-day Helfrich '' .	"Ship-a-day Helfrich"	What was the nickname given to the Dutch Admiral in charge of the East Indies ?
The Dutch force were in fact the first to sink an enemy warship ; On 24 December 1941 , HNLMS K XVI torpedoed and sank the Japanese destroyer Sagiri .	Sagiri	What was the first Japanese warship to be sunk by submarine ?
The Dutch force were in fact the first to sink an enemy warship ; On 24 December 1941 , HNLMS K XVI torpedoed and sank the Japanese destroyer Sagiri .	24 December 1941	When was the first Japanese warship sunk by a submarine ?
However , Imperial Japanese Navy -LRB- and pre-war U.S. -RRB- doctrine stipulated that only fleet battles , not guerre de course -LRB- commerce raiding -RRB- could win naval campaigns .	Imperial Japanese Navy	What doctrine stated that only fleet battles could win naval campaigns ?
However , Imperial Japanese Navy -LRB- and pre-war U.S. -RRB- doctrine stipulated that only fleet battles , not guerre de course -LRB- commerce raiding -RRB- could win naval campaigns .	guerre de course	What was commerce raiding refered to as ?
So , while the US had an unusually long supply line between its west coast and frontline areas , leaving it vulnerable to submarine attack , Japan used its submarines primarily for long-range reconnaissance and only occasionally attacked U.S. supply lines .	long-range reconnaissance	What was the primary use of Japanese submarines ?
The Japanese submarine offensive against Australia in 1942 and 1943 also achieved little .	1942 and 1943	When was the Japanese submarine offensive against Australia ?
The Japanese submarine offensive against Australia in 1942 and 1943 also achieved little .	little	What did the Japanese submarine offensive against Austrailia achieve ?
The U.S. Navy , by contrast , relied on commerce raiding from the outset .	commerce raiding	What did the US Navy rely on ?
However , the problem of Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines , during the early part of 1942 , led to diversion of boats to `` guerrilla submarine '' missions .	Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines	What led to guerrilla submarine missions in early 1942 ?
As well , basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while en route to patrol areas , reducing their effectiveness , and Nimitz relied on submarines for close surveillance of enemy bases .	close surveillance of enemy bases	What did Admiral Nimitze rely on submarines for ?
Furthermore , the standard-issue Mark 14 torpedo and its Mark VI exploder both proved defective , problems which were not corrected until September 1943 .	September 1943	When were the defective torpedo problems of the US Navy corrected ?
Worst of all , before the war , an uninformed US Customs officer had seized a copy of the Japanese merchant marine code -LRB- called the `` maru code '' in the USN -RRB- , not knowing that the Office of Naval Intelligence -LRB- ONI -RRB- had broken it .	Japanese merchant marine code	What was the `` maru code '' ?
Thus , only in 1944 did the U.S. Navy begin to use its 150 submarines to maximum effect : installing effective shipboard radar , replacing commanders deemed lacking in aggression , and fixing the faults in the torpedoes .	1944	When did the US Navy begin to use it 's submarines to maximum effect ?
The number of U.S. submarines patrols -LRB- and sinkings -RRB- rose steeply : 350 patrols -LRB- 180 ships sunk -RRB- in 1942 , 350 -LRB- 335 -RRB- in 1943 , and 520 -LRB- 603 -RRB- in 1944 .	180	How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1942 by United States submarines ?
In all , Allied submarines destroyed 1,200 merchant ships -- about five million tons of shipping .	1,200	How many Japanese merchant ships did Allied submarines sink during the war ?
Over 200 warships were sunk , ranging from many auxiliaries and destroyers to one battleship and no fewer than eight carriers .	eight	How many Japanese carriers were sunk during the war ?
The number of U.S. submarines patrols -LRB- and sinkings -RRB- rose steeply : 350 patrols -LRB- 180 ships sunk -RRB- in 1942 , 350 -LRB- 335 -RRB- in 1943 , and 520 -LRB- 603 -RRB- in 1944 .	603	How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1944 by United States submarines ?
In mid-1944 Japan mobilized over 500,000 men and launched a massive operation across China under the code name Operation Ichi-Go , their largest offensive of World War II , with the goal of connecting Japanese-controlled territory in China and French Indochina and capturing airbases in southeastern China where American bombers were based .	Operation Ichi-Go	What was the code name for the mid-1944 offensive across China ?
Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties , these attacks , the biggest in several years , gained much ground for Japan before Chinese forces stopped the incursions in Guangxi .	Guangxi	Where did the Chinese stop the Operation Ichi-Go incursion ?
In mid-1944 Japan mobilized over 500,000 men and launched a massive operation across China under the code name Operation Ichi-Go , their largest offensive of World War II , with the goal of connecting Japanese-controlled territory in China and French Indochina and capturing airbases in southeastern China where American bombers were based .	Operation Ichi-Go	What was the largest Japanese offensive in World War II ?
Chinese Communist guerrillas were able to exploit this confusion to gain influence and control of greater areas of the countryside in the aftermath of Ichi-go .	Chinese Communist guerrillas	Who was able to take advantage of the social confusion created by Operation Ichi-Go ?
Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties , these attacks , the biggest in several years , gained much ground for Japan before Chinese forces stopped the incursions in Guangxi .	about 100,000	How many casualties did the Japanese suffer during Operation Ichi-Go ?
After the Allied setbacks in 1943 , the South East Asia command prepared to launch offensives into Burma on several fronts .	South East Asia command	What command prepared offensives into Burma after the Allied setbacks in 1943 ?
In the first months of 1944 , the Chinese and American troops of the Northern Combat Area Command -LRB- NCAC -RRB- , commanded by the American Joseph Stilwell , began extending the Ledo Road from India into northern Burma , while the XV Corps began an advance along the coast in the Arakan Province .	Joseph Stilwell	Who led Chinese and American troops for NCAC ?
In the first months of 1944 , the Chinese and American troops of the Northern Combat Area Command -LRB- NCAC -RRB- , commanded by the American Joseph Stilwell , began extending the Ledo Road from India into northern Burma , while the XV Corps began an advance along the coast in the Arakan Province .	Ledo Road	What road did the NCAC extend into northern Burma ?
In the first months of 1944 , the Chinese and American troops of the Northern Combat Area Command -LRB- NCAC -RRB- , commanded by the American Joseph Stilwell , began extending the Ledo Road from India into northern Burma , while the XV Corps began an advance along the coast in the Arakan Province .	XV Corps	Who advanced aling the Arakan Province coast ?
After early Japanese success , this counter-attack was defeated when the Indian divisions of XV Corps stood firm , relying on aircraft to drop supplies to isolated forward units until reserve divisions could relieve them .	XV Corps	Who did aircraft drop supplies to isolated units until they could be relieved ?
The Japanese responded to the Allied attacks by launching an offensive of their own into India in the middle of March , across the mountainous and densely forested frontier .	March	What month did the Japanese launch an offensive into India ?
This attack , codenamed Operation U-Go , was advocated by Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi , the recently promoted commander of the Japanese Fifteenth Army ; Imperial General Headquarters permitted it to proceed , despite misgivings at several intervening headquarters .	Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi	Who commanded the Japanese Fifteenth Army in Operation U-Go ?
A Japanese division which had advanced to Kohima in Nagaland cut the main road to Imphal , but failed to capture the whole of the defences at Kohima .	Kohima in Nagaland	Where had the Japanese advanced to ?
A Japanese division which had advanced to Kohima in Nagaland cut the main road to Imphal , but failed to capture the whole of the defences at Kohima .	main road to Imphal	What did the Japanese cut ?
A Japanese division which had advanced to Kohima in Nagaland cut the main road to Imphal , but failed to capture the whole of the defences at Kohima .	defences at Kohima	What had the Japanese failed to capture ?
Once Mutaguchi 's hopes for an early victory were thwarted , his troops , particularly those at Kohima , starved .	starved	What happened to Mutaguchi 's troops ?
The two Allied attacks met on 22 June , breaking the Japanese siege of Imphal .	22 June	When was the Japanese siege of Imphal broken ?
They had lost over 50,000 troops , mainly to starvation and disease .	50,000	How many troops had the Japanese lost ?
They had lost over 50,000 troops , mainly to starvation and disease .	starvation and disease	What was the main cause of death of the Japanese troops ?
Although the advance in the Arakan had been halted to release troops and aircraft for the Battle of Imphal , the Americans and Chinese had continued to advance in northern Burma , aided by the Chindits operating against the Japanese lines of communication .	Battle of Imphal	What battle was the advance in the Arakan halted to release troops for ?
Although the advance in the Arakan had been halted to release troops and aircraft for the Battle of Imphal , the Americans and Chinese had continued to advance in northern Burma , aided by the Chindits operating against the Japanese lines of communication .	Chindits	Who aided the Americans and Chinese during the advance in northern Burma ?
They captured a fortified position at Mount Song .	Mount Song	What fortified position was captured by the Chinese Expeditionary Force ?
In the middle of 1944 the Chinese Expeditionary Force invaded northern Burma from Yunnan province .	middle of 1944	When did the Chinese invade northern Burma ?
By the time campaigning ceased during the monsoon rains , the NCAC had secured a vital airfield at Myitkyina -LRB- August 1944 -RRB- , which eased the problems of air resupply from India to China over `` The Hump '' .	Myitkyina	What airfield was taken by the NCAC in August , 1944 ?
It was imperative for Japanese commanders to hold Saipan .	Saipan	What was it imperative for the Japanese to hold ?
The only way to do this was to destroy the U.S. Fifth Fleet , which had 15 fleet carriers and 956 planes , 7 battleships , 28 submarines , and 69 destroyers , as well as several light and heavy cruisers .	15	How many fleet carriers did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have ?
The only way to do this was to destroy the U.S. Fifth Fleet , which had 15 fleet carriers and 956 planes , 7 battleships , 28 submarines , and 69 destroyers , as well as several light and heavy cruisers .	956	How many fleet planes did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have ?
U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters could only attack within 200 miles -LRB- 320 km -RRB- and only search within a 325-mile -LRB- 523 km -RRB- -LSB- citation needed -RSB- radius .	325-mile	What was the search radius of U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters ?
Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa attacked with nine-tenths of Japan 's fighting fleet , which included nine carriers with 473 planes , 5 battleships , several cruisers , and 28 destroyers .	nine	How many carriers did Ozawa have ?
Over the previous month American destroyers had destroyed 17 of 25 submarines out of Ozawa 's screening force .	17	How many of Ozawa 's submarines were sunk by American destroyers ?
Ozawa 's main attack lacked coordination , with the Japanese planes arriving at their targets in a staggered sequence .	staggered	In what sequence did Japanese planes arrive at their targets ?
Only one American warship was slightly damaged .	one	How many American warships were damaged during the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot ?
Following a directive from Nimitz , the U.S. carriers all had combat information centers , which interpreted the flow of radar data and radioed interception orders to the Hellcats .	combat information centers	Where did the radio interception orders to U.S > Hellcat fighters come from ?
Following a directive from Nimitz , the U.S. carriers all had combat information centers , which interpreted the flow of radar data and radioed interception orders to the Hellcats .	Nimitz	Who gave the directive for all carriers in the US Navy to have combat information centers ?
On the second day , U.S. reconnaissance planes located Ozawa 's fleet , 275 miles -LRB- 443 km -RRB- -LSB- citation needed -RSB- away , and submarines sank two Japanese carriers .	second	On what day did U.S > planes located Ozawa 's fleet ?
On the second day , U.S. reconnaissance planes located Ozawa 's fleet , 275 miles -LRB- 443 km -RRB- -LSB- citation needed -RSB- away , and submarines sank two Japanese carriers .	275	How many miles away was Ozawa 's fleet located ?
Overall , the U.S. lost 130 planes and 76 aircrew ; however , Japan lost 450 planes , three carriers , and 445 aircrew .	130	How many planes did the U.S. lose ?
Overall , the U.S. lost 130 planes and 76 aircrew ; however , Japan lost 450 planes , three carriers , and 445 aircrew .	450	How many planes did Japan lose ?
Overall , the U.S. lost 130 planes and 76 aircrew ; however , Japan lost 450 planes , three carriers , and 445 aircrew .	76	How many U.S. aircrews were lost ?
The Battle of Leyte Gulf was arguably the largest naval battle in history and was the largest naval battle of World War II .	Battle of Leyte Gulf	What is argued to be the largest naval battle in history ?
It was a series of four distinct engagements fought off the Philippine island of Leyte from 23 to 26 October 1944 .	23 to 26 October 1944	When did the Battle of Leyte Gulf occur ?
On 12 October Nimitz launched a carrier raid against Formosa to make sure that planes based there could not intervene in the landings on Leyte .	12 October	When did Nimitz launch a carrier raid against Formosa ?
The Battle of Leyte Gulf was arguably the largest naval battle in history and was the largest naval battle of World War II .	Battle of Leyte Gulf	What was the largest naval battle in World War II ?
Nimitz favored blockading the Philippines and landing on Formosa .	Philippines	What did Nimitz favor blockading ?
Sho-1 called for V. Adm. Jisaburo Ozawa 's force to use an apparently vulnerable carrier force to lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte and remove air cover from the Allied landing forces , which would then be attacked from the west by three Japanese forces : V. Adm. Takeo Kurita 's force would enter Leyte Gulf and attack the landing forces ; R. Adm. Shoji Nishimura 's force and V. Adm. Kiyohide Shima 's force would act as mobile strike forces .	V. Adm. Takeo Kurita	Who would enter Leyte Gulf to attack the Allied landing forces ?
The plan was likely to result in the destruction of one or more of the Japanese forces , but Toyoda justified it by saying that there would be no sense in saving the fleet and losing the Philippines .	one or more	How many Japanese forces were likely to be destroyed ?
Sho-1 called for V. Adm. Jisaburo Ozawa 's force to use an apparently vulnerable carrier force to lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte and remove air cover from the Allied landing forces , which would then be attacked from the west by three Japanese forces : V. Adm. Takeo Kurita 's force would enter Leyte Gulf and attack the landing forces ; R. Adm. Shoji Nishimura 's force and V. Adm. Kiyohide Shima 's force would act as mobile strike forces .	Sho-1	What was the namee of the plan where Ozawa 's force would lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte ?
Kurita 's `` Center Force '' consisted of five battleships , 12 cruisers and 13 destroyers .	five	How many battleships were in Kurita 's `` Center Force '' ?
Kurita 's `` Center Force '' consisted of five battleships , 12 cruisers and 13 destroyers .	12	How many cruisers were in Kurita 's `` Center Force '' ?
Kurita 's `` Center Force '' consisted of five battleships , 12 cruisers and 13 destroyers .	13	How many destroyers were in Kurita 's `` Center Force '' ?
On 24 October , as Kurita 's force entered the Sibuyan Sea , USS Intrepid and USS Cabot launched 260 planes , which scored hits on several ships .	24 October	When did Kurita 's force enter the Sibuyan Sea ?
Nishimura 's force consisted of two battleships , one cruiser and four destroyers .	two	How many battleships were in Nishimura 's force ?
Nishimura and Shima had failed to even coordinate their plans before the attacks -- they were long-time rivals and neither wished to have anything to do with the other .	Shima	Which Japanese admiral was a rival of Nishimura ?
When he entered the narrow Surigao Strait at about 02:00 , Shima was 22 miles -LRB- 40 km -RRB- behind him , and Kurita was still in the Sibuyan Sea , several hours from the beaches at Leyte .	22	How many miles was Shima 's fleet behind Nishimura ?
R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf had six battleships , four heavy cruisers , four light cruisers , 29 destroyers and 39 PT boats .	R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf	Who set the trap for the Japanese forces as they sailed by Panaon Island ?
R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf had six battleships , four heavy cruisers , four light cruisers , 29 destroyers and 39 PT boats .	six	How many battleships did the U.S.-Australian 7th Fleet have ?
The force was not spotted by the Allies until 16:40 on 24 October .	16:40 on 24 October	When did the allies spot Ozawa 's `` Northern Force '' ?
Ozawa 's `` Northern Force '' had four aircraft carriers , two obsolete battleships partly converted to carriers , three cruisers and nine destroyers .	four	How many aircraft carriers were in Ozawa 's `` Northern Force '' ?
The U.S. Third Fleet was formidable -- nine large carriers , eight light carriers , six battleships , 17 cruisers , 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes -- and completely outgunned Ozawa 's force .	1,000	How many planes were in the U.S. 3rd Fleet ?
The U.S. Third Fleet was formidable -- nine large carriers , eight light carriers , six battleships , 17 cruisers , 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes -- and completely outgunned Ozawa 's force .	17	How many cruisers were in the U.S. Third Fleet ?
The U.S. Third Fleet was formidable -- nine large carriers , eight light carriers , six battleships , 17 cruisers , 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes -- and completely outgunned Ozawa 's force .	63	How many destroyers were in the U.S. Third Fleet ?
Kurita passed through San Bernardino Strait at 03:00 on 25 October and headed along the coast of Samar .	03:00 on 25 October	When did Kurita pass through the San Bernardino Strait ?
Kurita passed through San Bernardino Strait at 03:00 on 25 October and headed along the coast of Samar .	along the coast of Samar	Where did Kurit head after passing through the San Bernardino Strait ?
The only thing standing in his path were three groups -LRB- Taffy 1 , 2 and 3 -RRB- of the Seventh Fleet , commanded by Admiral Thomas Kinkaid .	Taffy 1, 2 and 3	Admiral Kincaid commanded what three groups of the Seventh Fleet ?
Destroyer attacks had broken the Japanese formations , shattering tactical control .	Destroyer attacks	What broke the Japanes formations under Kurita ?
Three of Kurita 's heavy cruisers had been sunk and another was too damaged to continue the fight .	Three	How many of Kurita 's heavy cruisers were sunk ?
The battle secured the beachheads of the U.S. Sixth Army on Leyte against attack from the sea , broke the back of Japanese naval power and opened the way for an advance to the Ryukyu Islands in 1945 .	attack from the sea	What were the Leyte beachheads of the U.S. Sixth Army secured from ?
The only significant Japanese naval operation afterwards was the disastrous Operation Ten-Go in April 1945 .	April 1945	When did Operation Ten-Go occur ?
Kurita 's force had begun the battle with five battleships ; when he returned to Japan , only Yamato was combat-worthy .	five	How many battleships did Kurita begin Operation Ten-Go with ?
Nishimura 's sunken Yamashiro was the last battleship in history to engage another in combat .	Yamashiro	What was the last battleship in history to engage in combat with another battleship ?
Kurita 's force had begun the battle with five battleships ; when he returned to Japan , only Yamato was combat-worthy .	Yamato	Which battleship was still capable of combat when Kurita returned to Japan ?
On 20 October 1944 the U.S. Sixth Army , supported by naval and air bombardment , landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte , north of Mindanao .	20 October 1944	When did the U.S. Sixth Army land on the eastern shore of Leyte ?
The U.S. Sixth Army continued its advance from the east , as the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the Ormoc Bay area on the western side of the island .	Ormoc Bay area	Where did the Japanese rush reinforcments to on the western side of Leyte ?
While the Sixth Army was reinforced successfully , the U.S. Fifth Air Force was able to devastate the Japanese attempts to resupply .	U.S. Fifth Air Force	What force devastated resupply attempts by the Japanese ?
Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months , the U.S. Army was in control .	months	Fighting continued on Leyte for how long ?
In torrential rains and over difficult terrain , the advance continued across Leyte and the neighboring island of Samar to the north .	Samar	What was the neighboring island to the north of Leyte .
On 15 December 1944 landings against minimal resistance were made on the southern beaches of the island of Mindoro , a key location in the planned Lingayen Gulf operations , in support of major landings scheduled on Luzon .	Mindoro	Landings were made on the beaches of what island on December 15 , 1944 ?
On 15 December 1944 landings against minimal resistance were made on the southern beaches of the island of Mindoro , a key location in the planned Lingayen Gulf operations , in support of major landings scheduled on Luzon .	Luzon	Lingayen Gulf operations supported what landings ?
On 9 January 1945 , on the south shore of Lingayen Gulf on the western coast of Luzon , General Krueger 's Sixth Army landed his first units .	General Krueger	Who led the Sixth Army ?
With heavy air support , Army units pushed inland , taking Clark Field , 40 miles -LRB- 64 km -RRB- northwest of Manila , in the last week of January .	40	Clark field was how many miles northwest of Manila ?
Palawan Island , between Borneo and Mindoro , the fifth largest and western-most Philippine Island , was invaded on 28 February with landings of the Eighth Army at Puerto Princesa .	Palawan	What island was between Borneo and Mindoro ?
Palawan Island , between Borneo and Mindoro , the fifth largest and western-most Philippine Island , was invaded on 28 February with landings of the Eighth Army at Puerto Princesa .	Palawan	What island was invaded by the Eighth Army on February 28 ?
Palawan Island , between Borneo and Mindoro , the fifth largest and western-most Philippine Island , was invaded on 28 February with landings of the Eighth Army at Puerto Princesa .	Puerto Princesa	Where did the Eighth Army land ?
Throughout the Philippines , U.S. forces were aided by Filipino guerrillas to find and dispatch the holdouts .	Filipino guerrillas	Who aided U.S. forces in finding Japanese holdouts in the Philippines ?
Palawan Island , between Borneo and Mindoro , the fifth largest and western-most Philippine Island , was invaded on 28 February with landings of the Eighth Army at Puerto Princesa .	Palawan	What is the western-most Philippine island ?
The battle of Iwo Jima -LRB- `` Operation Detachment '' -RRB- in February 1945 was one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Americans in the Pacific War .	battle of Iwo Jima	What was `` Operation Detachment '' ?
The battle of Iwo Jima -LRB- `` Operation Detachment '' -RRB- in February 1945 was one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Americans in the Pacific War .	February 1945	When did `` Operation Detachment '' occur ?
Iwo Jima was an 8 sq mile -LRB- 21 km2 -RRB- island situated halfway between Tokyo and the Mariana Islands .	8	How many square miles is the island of Iwo Jima ?
Iwo Jima was an 8 sq mile -LRB- 21 km2 -RRB- island situated halfway between Tokyo and the Mariana Islands .	Tokyo	Iwo Jima is halfway between the Mariana Islands and what city ?
Holland Smith , the commander of the invasion force , aimed to capture the island , and utilize its three airfields as bases to carry out air attacks against the Home Islands .	three	How many airfields were on Iwo Jima ?
From early 1944 until the days leading up to the invasion , Kuribayashi transformed the island into a massive network of bunkers , hidden guns , and 11 mi -LRB- 18 km -RRB- of underground tunnels .	11	How many miles of hidden tunnel were on the island ?
From early 1944 until the days leading up to the invasion , Kuribayashi transformed the island into a massive network of bunkers , hidden guns , and 11 mi -LRB- 18 km -RRB- of underground tunnels .	underground tunnels	What were the pillboxes and bunkers connected by ?
From early 1944 until the days leading up to the invasion , Kuribayashi transformed the island into a massive network of bunkers , hidden guns , and 11 mi -LRB- 18 km -RRB- of underground tunnels .	Kuribayashi	Who transformed the island into a fortress ?
The network of bunkers and pillboxes greatly favored the defender .	the defender	Who did the network of fortifications on the island favor ?
Starting in mid-June 1944 , Iwo Jima came under sustained aerial bombardment and naval artillery fire .	mid-June 1944	When did Iwo Jima come under bombardment ?
On 19 February 1945 , some 30,000 men of the 3rd , 4th , and 5th Marine Divisions landed on the southeast coast of Iwo , just under Mount Suribachi ; where most of the island 's defenses were concentrated .	some 30,000	How many men landed on Iwo Jima on February 19 , 1945 ?
On 19 February 1945 , some 30,000 men of the 3rd , 4th , and 5th Marine Divisions landed on the southeast coast of Iwo , just under Mount Suribachi ; where most of the island 's defenses were concentrated .	Mount Suribachi	What was the name of the mountain on Iwo Jima ?
By the end of the day , the Marines reached the west coast of the island , but their losses were appalling ; almost 2,000 men killed or wounded .	almost 2,000	How many U.S. Marines were killed by the time thhey reached the west coast of the island ?
On 23 February , the 28th Marine Regiment reached the summit of Suribachi , prompting the now famous Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima picture .	28th	What marine regiment reached the summit of Mount Suribachi ?
On 23 February , the 28th Marine Regiment reached the summit of Suribachi , prompting the now famous Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima picture .	23 February	When was the summit of Mount Suribachi reached by U.S. marines ?
Navy Secretary James Forrestal , upon seeing the flag , remarked `` there will be a Marine Corps for the next 500 years . ''	Navy Secretary James Forrestal	Who said `` there will be a Marine Corps for the next 500 years '' ?
But it was not until 26 March that the island was finally secured .	26 March	When was the island of Iwo Jima secured by the Americans ?
The Japanese losses totaled well over 20,000 men killed , and only 1,083 prisoners were taken .	1,083	How many Japanese prisoners were taken on Iwo Jima ?
During April , Fourteenth Army advanced 300 miles -LRB- 480 km -RRB- south towards Rangoon , the capital and principal port of Burma , but was delayed by Japanese rearguards 40 miles -LRB- 64 km -RRB- north of Rangoon at the end of the month .	Rangoon	What was the capital of Burma ?
During April , Fourteenth Army advanced 300 miles -LRB- 480 km -RRB- south towards Rangoon , the capital and principal port of Burma , but was delayed by Japanese rearguards 40 miles -LRB- 64 km -RRB- north of Rangoon at the end of the month .	Rangoon	What was the principle port of Burma ?
Dracula was launched on 1 May , but Rangoon was found to have been abandoned .	1 May	When was Operation Dracula launched ?
During April , Fourteenth Army advanced 300 miles -LRB- 480 km -RRB- south towards Rangoon , the capital and principal port of Burma , but was delayed by Japanese rearguards 40 miles -LRB- 64 km -RRB- north of Rangoon at the end of the month .	Fourteenth Army	What force was delayed by Japanese rearguards north of Rangoon ?
During April , Fourteenth Army advanced 300 miles -LRB- 480 km -RRB- south towards Rangoon , the capital and principal port of Burma , but was delayed by Japanese rearguards 40 miles -LRB- 64 km -RRB- north of Rangoon at the end of the month .	April	What month was a delay caused by Japanese rearguards north of Rangoon ?
At one of the very worst sites , around Sandakan in Borneo , only six of some 2,500 British and Australian prisoners survived .	six	How many British and Australian prisoners survived out of about 2500 around Sandakan ?
At one of the very worst sites , around Sandakan in Borneo , only six of some 2,500 British and Australian prisoners survived .	Borneo	Sandakan was located in what providence ?
By April 1945 , China had already been at war with Japan for more than seven years .	seven	In 1945 , how many years had Japan already been at war with China ?
The Japanese army began preparations for the Battle of West Hunan in March 1945 .	Battle of West Hunan	What battle did the Japanese Army begin to prepare for in March 1945 ?
Japanese mobilized 34th , 47th , 64th , 68th and 116th Divisions , as well as the 86th Independent Brigade , for a total of 80,000 men to seize Chinese airfields and secure railroads in West Hunan by early April .	80,000	How many Japanese soldiers were mobilized to capture the Chinese airfields and railroads in West Hunan ?
In response , the Chinese National Military Council dispatched the 4th Front Army and the 10th and 27th Army Groups with He Yingqin as commander-in-chief .	He Yingqin	Who was the Chinese commander-in-chief of the 10th and 27th Army Groups ?
In August 1945 , Chinese forces successfully retook Guangxi .	August 1945	When did Chinese forces retake Guangxi ?
The largest and bloodiest American battle came at Okinawa , as the U.S. sought airbases for 3,000 B-29 bombers and 240 squadrons of B-17 bombers for the intense bombardment of Japan 's home islands in preparation for a full-scale invasion in late 1945 .	3,000	How many B-29 bombers were airbases need for in Okinawa ?
The largest and bloodiest American battle came at Okinawa , as the U.S. sought airbases for 3,000 B-29 bombers and 240 squadrons of B-17 bombers for the intense bombardment of Japan 's home islands in preparation for a full-scale invasion in late 1945 .	240	How many squadrons of B = 17 bombers were airbases need for in Okinawa ?
The Japanese , with 115,000 troops augmented by thousands of civilians on the heavily populated island , did not resist on the beaches -- their strategy was to maximize the number of soldier and Marine casualties , and naval losses from Kamikaze attacks .	115,000	How many Japanese troops were on Okinawa ?
After an intense bombardment the Americans landed on 1 April 1945 and declared victory on 21 June .	1 April 1945	When did the United States land forces on Okinawa ?
U.S. losses totaled 38 ships of all types sunk and 368 damaged with 4,900 sailors killed .	38	How many U.S. ships were lost at Okinawa ?
Of the 117,000 Japanese troops defending Okinawa , 94 percent died .	94	What percent of Japanese troops died on Okinawa ?
The U.S. Navy proposed to force a Japanese surrender through a total naval blockade and air raids .	Japanese surrender	Using a total blockade and air raids , what did the US Navy hope to force ?
Of the 117,000 Japanese troops defending Okinawa , 94 percent died .	117,000	How many Japanese troops defended Okinawa ?
Faced with the loss of most of their experienced pilots , the Japanese increased their use of kamikaze tactics in an attempt to create unacceptably high casualties for the Allies .	kamikaze tactics	How did the Japanese attempt to cause high Allied casualties ?
Towards the end of the war as the role of strategic bombing became more important , a new command for the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific was created to oversee all U.S. strategic bombing in the hemisphere , under United States Army Air Forces General Curtis LeMay .	General Curtis LeMay	Who was over the new U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific command ?
On 9 -- 10 March 1945 alone , about 100,000 people were killed in a conflagration caused by an incendiary attack on Tokyo .	100,000	How many people were killed in the incendry attack on Tokyo on March 9-10 , 1945 ?
On 26 July 1945 , the President of the United States Harry S. Truman , the President of the Nationalist Government of China Chiang Kai-shek and the Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference .	26 July 1945	When was the Potsdam Declaration issued ?
Towards the end of the war as the role of strategic bombing became more important , a new command for the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific was created to oversee all U.S. strategic bombing in the hemisphere , under United States Army Air Forces General Curtis LeMay .	General Curtis LeMay	Who oversaw Operation Starvation ?
On 26 July 1945 , the President of the United States Harry S. Truman , the President of the Nationalist Government of China Chiang Kai-shek and the Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference .	Potsdam Declaration	What ultimatum stated that Japan would face `` prompt and utter destruction '' if it did not surrender ?
On 6 August 1945 , the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the first nuclear attack in history .	atomic bomb	America dropped what on August 6 , 1945 ?
On 6 August 1945 , the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the first nuclear attack in history .	Hiroshima	What was the forst Japenese city nuked by the United States ?
Another argument in favor of the atomic bombs is that they helped avoid Operation Downfall , or a prolonged blockade and bombing campaign , any of which would have exacted much higher casualties among Japanese civilians .	Operation Downfall	What was the name of the blockade and bombing of Japan planed to make them surrender ?
Three days later , on 9 August , the U.S. dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki , the last nuclear attack in history .	9 August	When did American drop a nuclear bomb on Nagasaki ?
Historian Richard B. Frank wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was never likely because they had insufficient naval capability to mount an amphibious invasion of Hokkaidō .	Richard B. Frank	Who wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was unlikely ?
The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation began on 9 August 1945 , with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the last campaign of the Second World War and the largest of the 1945 Soviet -- Japanese War which resumed hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace .	9 August 1945	When did the soviet Union invade Manchukuo ?
The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation began on 9 August 1945 , with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the last campaign of the Second World War and the largest of the 1945 Soviet -- Japanese War which resumed hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace .	Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation	What was the last campaign of World War II ?
The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation began on 9 August 1945 , with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the last campaign of the Second World War and the largest of the 1945 Soviet -- Japanese War which resumed hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace .	Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation	What was the largest campaign of the Soviets against Japan ?
The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation began on 9 August 1945 , with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the last campaign of the Second World War and the largest of the 1945 Soviet -- Japanese War which resumed hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace .	Soviet Union	Who gained Manchukuo , Mengjiang , and northern Korea after the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Campaign ?
The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation began on 9 August 1945 , with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the last campaign of the Second World War and the largest of the 1945 Soviet -- Japanese War which resumed hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace .	9 August 1945	When did hostilities between Japan and the Soviet Union resum after six years of peace ?
The effects of the `` Twin Shocks '' -- the Soviet entry and the atomic bombing -- were profound .	"Twin Shocks"	How did the Japanese refer to the atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion ?
At noon on 15 August , after the American government 's intentionally ambiguous reply , stating that the `` authority '' of the emperor `` shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers '' , the Emperor broadcast to the nation and to the world at large the rescript of surrender , ending the Second World War .	15 August	When did Japan surrender ?
On 10 August the `` sacred decision '' was made by Japanese Cabinet to accept the Potsdam terms on one condition : the `` prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler '' .	"prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler"	What was the one condition Japan wanted before accepting the Potsdam terms ?
At noon on 15 August , after the American government 's intentionally ambiguous reply , stating that the `` authority '' of the emperor `` shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers '' , the Emperor broadcast to the nation and to the world at large the rescript of surrender , ending the Second World War .	"authority" of the emperor "shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers"	What was the reply to Japan about the surrender condition ?
On 10 August the `` sacred decision '' was made by Japanese Cabinet to accept the Potsdam terms on one condition : the `` prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler '' .	"sacred decision"	What was it called when the Japanese Cabinet accepted the Potsdam terms ?
In Japan , 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended .	14 August	What date does Japan consider the end of the Pacific War ?
However , as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August , this day became known in the English-speaking countries as `` V-J Day '' -LRB- Victory in Japan -RRB- .	15 August	What day is know in the United States as `` V-J Day '' ?
The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945 , on the battleship USS Missouri , in Tokyo Bay .	2 September 1945	When did Japan formally have signed the surrender ?
The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945 , on the battleship USS Missouri , in Tokyo Bay .	USS Missouri	On what battleship was the surrender document signed by the Japanese delagation ?
The surrender was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers , with representatives of several Allied nations , from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijiro Umezu .	General Douglas MacArthur	Who accepted the Japanese surrender ?
A widely publicised example of institutionalised sexual slavery are `` comfort women '' , a euphemism for the 200,000 women , mostly from Korea and China , who served in the Japanese army 's camps during World War II .	200,000	How many women are believed to have been sexual slaves for the Japenese Army ?
Some 35 Dutch comfort women brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948 .	35	In 1948 , how many Dutch women brought a case to the Batavia Military Tribunal ?
Other Japanese leaders have apologized , including former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi in 2001 .	Junichiro Koizumi	In 2001 which Japanese Prime < Minister apologized for the brothels .
In 2007 , then-Prime Minister Shinzō Abe claimed : `` The fact is , there is no evidence to prove there was coercion . ''	Shinzō Abe	In 2007 which Japenese Prime Minister said there was no proof of coercion of women to be sexual slaves ?
A widely publicised example of institutionalised sexual slavery are `` comfort women '' , a euphemism for the 200,000 women , mostly from Korea and China , who served in the Japanese army 's camps during World War II .	Korea and China	Where were the sexual slave women mostly from ?
Australia had been shocked by the speedy collapse of British Malaya and Fall of Singapore in which around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war .	15,000	About how many Australians were taken prisoner after the fall of Singapore and British Malaya ?
The Japanese established a major base in the Australian Territory of New Guinea in early 1942 .	1942	In what year did Japan establish a base in New Guinea ?
On 19 February , Darwin suffered a devastating air raid , the first time the Australian mainland had been attacked .	19 February	What date was the Australian mainland first attacked ?
On 19 February , Darwin suffered a devastating air raid , the first time the Australian mainland had been attacked .	Darwin	What mainland Australian city was attacked by the Japanese on February 19 ?
Over the following 19 months , Australia was attacked from the air almost 100 times .	19	For how many months was Australia attacked from the air by Japan ?
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles -LRB- 71 km -RRB- west of Williamsburg , 66 miles -LRB- 106 km -RRB- east of Charlottesville , and 98 miles -LRB- 158 km -RRB- south of Washington , D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 , and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 .	the fall line	Richmond is located at what line of the James river ?
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles -LRB- 71 km -RRB- west of Williamsburg , 66 miles -LRB- 106 km -RRB- east of Charlottesville , and 98 miles -LRB- 158 km -RRB- south of Washington , D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 , and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 .	Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288.	At what intersections is the Richmond located ?
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles -LRB- 71 km -RRB- west of Williamsburg , 66 miles -LRB- 106 km -RRB- east of Charlottesville , and 98 miles -LRB- 158 km -RRB- south of Washington , D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 , and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 .	Henrico and Chesterfield counties	What counties are located ? around Washington.D.C ?
Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest , Glen Allen to the north and west , Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast .	Midlothian	What suburb is located on the southwest ?
Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest , Glen Allen to the north and west , Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast .	Glen Allen	What suburb is located on the north and west ?
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles -LRB- 71 km -RRB- west of Williamsburg , 66 miles -LRB- 106 km -RRB- east of Charlottesville , and 98 miles -LRB- 158 km -RRB- south of Washington , D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 , and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 .	Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288	What are the major roads in Richmond ?
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles -LRB- 71 km -RRB- west of Williamsburg , 66 miles -LRB- 106 km -RRB- east of Charlottesville , and 98 miles -LRB- 158 km -RRB- south of Washington , D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 , and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 .	44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg	What is the closest historically famous city is 44 miles away ?
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles -LRB- 71 km -RRB- west of Williamsburg , 66 miles -LRB- 106 km -RRB- east of Charlottesville , and 98 miles -LRB- 158 km -RRB- south of Washington , D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 , and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 .	Henrico and Chesterfield counties	What counties surround Richmond ?
Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest , Glen Allen to the north and west , Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast .	Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast	Name at least two major suburbs of Richmond .
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles -LRB- 71 km -RRB- west of Williamsburg , 66 miles -LRB- 106 km -RRB- east of Charlottesville , and 98 miles -LRB- 158 km -RRB- south of Washington , D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 , and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 .	44	How many miles east of Richmond is Williamsburg ?
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles -LRB- 71 km -RRB- west of Williamsburg , 66 miles -LRB- 106 km -RRB- east of Charlottesville , and 98 miles -LRB- 158 km -RRB- south of Washington , D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 , and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 .	106	How many kilometers west of Charlottesville is Richmond ?
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles -LRB- 71 km -RRB- west of Williamsburg , 66 miles -LRB- 106 km -RRB- east of Charlottesville , and 98 miles -LRB- 158 km -RRB- south of Washington , D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 , and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288 .	south	Leaving Washington DC , what cardinal direction would one travel to reach Richmond ?
Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest , Glen Allen to the north and west , Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast .	Midlothian	What is Richmond 's southwestern suburb ?
Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest , Glen Allen to the north and west , Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast .	west	Where is Short Pump located in relation to Richmond ?
The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy , and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609 , and in 1610 -- 1611 .	the Powhatan Confederacy	Richmond was an important city of what confederacy ?
The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy , and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609 , and in 1610 -- 1611 .	English colonists from Jamestown	Richmond was briefly settled by whom ?
The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy , and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609 , and in 1610 -- 1611 .	1609, and in 1610–1611	When did Jamestown Colonist settle in Richmond ?
The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 .	1737	When was present day Richmond founded ?
During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's `` Give me liberty or give me death '' speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson .	Give me liberty or give me death	what famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond ?
The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy , and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609 , and in 1610 -- 1611 .	1609	When was Richmond first settled ?
The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 .	1737	When was the City of Richmond founded ?
During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's `` Give me liberty or give me death '' speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson .	Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church	What famous revolutionary war speech was given in Richmond ? Where ?
During the American Civil War , Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America .	Confederate	What ` side ' was Richmond on in the Civil War ?
During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's `` Give me liberty or give me death '' speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson .	Thomas Jefferson	Who wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom ?
The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy , and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609 , and in 1610 -- 1611 .	English	What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609 ?
The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 .	1737	In what year was the current city of Richmond founded ?
During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's `` Give me liberty or give me death '' speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson .	Give me liberty or give me death	What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond ?
During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's `` Give me liberty or give me death '' speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson .	St. John's Church	In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech ?
During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's `` Give me liberty or give me death '' speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson .	Thomas Jefferson	Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom ?
Richmond 's economy is primarily driven by law , finance , and government , with federal , state , and local governmental agencies , as well as notable legal and banking firms , located in the downtown area .	law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies	What things are important to the economy of Richmond ?
The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , one of 13 United States courts of appeals , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks .	The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals	What judicial branches are located in Richmond ?
The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , one of 13 United States courts of appeals , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks .	12 Federal Reserve Banks	There is a Federal Reserve Bank located in Richmond . How many are there , total ?
Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco , Fortune 500 companies , are headquartered in the city , with others in the metropolitan area .	Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco	Name a Fortune 500 company with it 's headquarters in Richmond
Richmond 's economy is primarily driven by law , finance , and government , with federal , state , and local governmental agencies , as well as notable legal and banking firms , located in the downtown area .	government	Along with law and finance , what is a major component of Richmond 's economy ?
The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , one of 13 United States courts of appeals , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks .	Fourth	What circuit of the US Court of Appeals is based in Richmond ?
The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , one of 13 United States courts of appeals , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks .	13	How many circuit courts of appeal are there in the United States ?
The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , one of 13 United States courts of appeals , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks .	12	How many Federal Reserve Banks exist ?
Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco , Fortune 500 companies , are headquartered in the city , with others in the metropolitan area .	Dominion Resources	Along with MeadWestvaco , what Fortune 500 company is based in Richmond ?
In 1775 , Patrick Henry delivered his famous `` Give me Liberty or Give me Death '' speech in St. John 's Church in Richmond , crucial for deciding Virginia 's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence .	1775	What year did Patrick Henry give his speech ?
On April 18 , 1780 , the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond , to provide a more centralized location for Virginia 's increasing westerly population , as well as to isolate the capital from British attack .	the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond	What happened on April 18 , 1780 ?
In 1775 , Patrick Henry delivered his famous `` Give me Liberty or Give me Death '' speech in St. John 's Church in Richmond , crucial for deciding Virginia 's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence .	Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence	What did Patrick Henry 's speech encourage to happen ?
On April 18 , 1780 , the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond , to provide a more centralized location for Virginia 's increasing westerly population , as well as to isolate the capital from British attack .	to isolate the capital from British attack	What 's one reason the capital was moved to Richmond ?
The latter motive proved to be in vain , and in 1781 , under the command of Benedict Arnold , Richmond was burned by British troops , causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia , led by Sampson Mathews , defended the city .	Thomas Jefferson	Who was Governor of Virginia in 1781
In 1775 , Patrick Henry delivered his famous `` Give me Liberty or Give me Death '' speech in St. John 's Church in Richmond , crucial for deciding Virginia 's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence .	First Continental Congress	What did Patrick Henry 's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to ?
On April 18 , 1780 , the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond , to provide a more centralized location for Virginia 's increasing westerly population , as well as to isolate the capital from British attack .	Williamsburg	What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond ?
The latter motive proved to be in vain , and in 1781 , under the command of Benedict Arnold , Richmond was burned by British troops , causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia , led by Sampson Mathews , defended the city .	Benedict Arnold	What general led the troops that burned Richmond ?
The latter motive proved to be in vain , and in 1781 , under the command of Benedict Arnold , Richmond was burned by British troops , causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia , led by Sampson Mathews , defended the city .	Sampson Mathews	Who led the militia that defended Richmond ?
The latter motive proved to be in vain , and in 1781 , under the command of Benedict Arnold , Richmond was burned by British troops , causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia , led by Sampson Mathews , defended the city .	Thomas Jefferson	Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781 ?
In 1786 , the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom -LRB- drafted by Thomas Jefferson -RRB- was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond , providing the basis for the separation of church and state , a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States .	the basis for the separation of church and state	What is the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom ?
In 1786 , the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom -LRB- drafted by Thomas Jefferson -RRB- was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond , providing the basis for the separation of church and state , a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States .	Thomas Jefferson	Who drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom ?
A permanent home for the new government , the Virginia State Capitol building , was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau , and was completed in 1788 .	Thomas Jefferson	Who designed the Richmond Capital Building ?
A permanent home for the new government , the Virginia State Capitol building , was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau , and was completed in 1788 .	Capitol building, was designed by	Who is Charles-Louis Clerisseau ?
A permanent home for the new government , the Virginia State Capitol building , was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau , and was completed in 1788 .	1788	When was the Capital building completed ?
A permanent home for the new government , the Virginia State Capitol building , was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau , and was completed in 1788 .	Charles-Louis Clérisseau	Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol ?
A permanent home for the new government , the Virginia State Capitol building , was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau , and was completed in 1788 .	1788	In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished ?
In 1786 , the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom -LRB- drafted by Thomas Jefferson -RRB- was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond , providing the basis for the separation of church and state , a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States .	Richmond	What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786 ?
In 1786 , the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom -LRB- drafted by Thomas Jefferson -RRB- was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond , providing the basis for the separation of church and state , a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States .	Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom	What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786 ?
Richmond recovered quickly from the war , and by 1782 was once again a thriving city .	1782	In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution ?
To facilitate the transfer of cargo from the flat-bottomed bateaux above the fall line to the ocean-faring ships below , George Washington helped design the James River and Kanawha Canal in the 18th century to bypass Richmond 's rapids , with the intent of providing a water route across the Appalachians to the Kanawha River .	James River and Kanawha Canal	What man-made body of water was designed in part by George Washington ?
To facilitate the transfer of cargo from the flat-bottomed bateaux above the fall line to the ocean-faring ships below , George Washington helped design the James River and Kanawha Canal in the 18th century to bypass Richmond 's rapids , with the intent of providing a water route across the Appalachians to the Kanawha River .	Kanawha River	To where was the canal designed by Washington intended to ferry water ?
The resistance to the slave trade was growing by the mid-nineteenth century ; in one famous case in 1848 , Henry `` Box '' Brown made history by having himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to abolitionists in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , escaping slavery .	Philadelphia	To what city was Henry Brown shipped as freight ?
The resistance to the slave trade was growing by the mid-nineteenth century ; in one famous case in 1848 , Henry `` Box '' Brown made history by having himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to abolitionists in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , escaping slavery .	Box	What was Henry Brown 's nickname ?
After the American Revolutionary War , Richmond emerged as an important industrial center .	industrial	What sort of economic center was Richmond in the wake of the American Revolution ?
On 17 April 1861 , five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter , the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy .	17 April 1861	On what date was Virginia 's secession from the Union ?
On 17 April 1861 , five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter , the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy .	Confederacy	After leaving the Union , what nation did Virginia join ?
It became the main target of Union armies , especially in the campaigns of 1862 and 1864-5 .	1862	Along with 1864-5 , what year notably saw US campaigns directed at Richmond ?
In addition to Virginia and Confederate government offices and hospitals , a railroad hub , and one of the South 's largest slave markets , Richmond had the largest factory in the Confederacy , the Tredegar Iron Works , which turned out artillery and other munitions , including the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia , the world 's first ironclad used in war , as well as much of the Confederates ' heavy ordnance machinery .	Tredegar Iron Works	What was the name of the biggest factory in the Confederate States of America ?
In addition to Virginia and Confederate government offices and hospitals , a railroad hub , and one of the South 's largest slave markets , Richmond had the largest factory in the Confederacy , the Tredegar Iron Works , which turned out artillery and other munitions , including the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia , the world 's first ironclad used in war , as well as much of the Confederates ' heavy ordnance machinery .	CSS Virginia	What was the name of the first ironclad warship that saw combat ?
The Confederate Congress shared quarters with the Virginia General Assembly in the Virginia State Capitol , with the Confederacy 's executive mansion , the `` White House of the Confederacy '' , located two blocks away .	White House of the Confederacy	What is another name for the Confederacy 's executive mansion ?
The Confederate Congress shared quarters with the Virginia General Assembly in the Virginia State Capitol , with the Confederacy 's executive mansion , the `` White House of the Confederacy '' , located two blocks away .	two blocks	How far away from the Confederate executive mansion was the Virginia State Capitol ?
The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862 , during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond but ultimately failed .	McClellan	Who commanded the Union armies during the Seven Days Battles ?
On March 25 , Confederate General John B. Gordon 's desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed .	east	Where was Petersburg located in relation to Ford Stedman ?
When the Union Sixth Corps broke through Confederate lines on Boydton Plank Road south of Petersburg , Confederate casualties exceeded 5000 , or about a tenth of Lee 's defending army .	tenth	5000 men represented what fraction of General Lee 's army ?
When the Union Sixth Corps broke through Confederate lines on Boydton Plank Road south of Petersburg , Confederate casualties exceeded 5000 , or about a tenth of Lee 's defending army .	Boydton Plank	On what road did the US Army Sixth Corps shatter the Confederate line ?
On March 25 , Confederate General John B. Gordon 's desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed .	John B. Gordon	What general commanded the attack on Fort Stedman ?
Three years later , as March 1865 ended , the Confederate capitol became indefensible .	March	In what month of 1865 was Richmond judged to be no longer able to be defended ?
Davis and his cabinet left the city by train that night , as government officials burned documents and departing Confederate troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny their contents to the victors .	tobacco	What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond ?
On April 2 , 1865 , General Godfrey Weitzel , commander of the 25th corps of the United States Colored Troops , accepted the city 's surrender from the mayor and group of leading citizens who remained .	Godfrey Weitzel	What general received the surrender of Richmond ?
On April 2 , 1865 , General Godfrey Weitzel , commander of the 25th corps of the United States Colored Troops , accepted the city 's surrender from the mayor and group of leading citizens who remained .	April 2, 1865	On what day did the Confederacy surrender Richmond to the Union ?
Davis and his cabinet left the city by train that night , as government officials burned documents and departing Confederate troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny their contents to the victors .	train	By what means did Davis leave Richmond ?
The Union troops eventually managed to stop the raging fires but about 25 % of the city 's buildings were destroyed -	25	What percentage of Richmond was destroyed by fire after the Confederate evacuation ?
President Abraham Lincoln visited General Grant at Petersburg on April 3 , and took a launch to Richmond the next day , while Jefferson Davis attempted to organize his Confederate government at Danville .	April 3	What was the date before the day Lincoln entered Richmond ?
He surrendered his remaining approximately 10000 troops at Appomattox Court House the following morning .	10000	How many soldiers did Lee have remaining when he surrendered ?
Jefferson Davis retreated to North Carolina , then further south .	North Carolina	To what state did Davis travel after Lee surrendered ?
He surrendered his remaining approximately 10000 troops at Appomattox Court House the following morning .	Appomattox Court House	In what structure did Lee surrender to Grant ?
Davis was captured on May 10 near Irwinville , Georgia and taken back to Virginia , where he was charged with treason and imprisoned for two years at Fort Monroe until freed on bail .	two	How many years did Davis spend in Fort Monroe ?
Canal traffic peaked in the 1860s and slowly gave way to railroads , allowing Richmond to become a major railroad crossroads , eventually including the site of the world 's first triple railroad crossing .	railroads	What mode of transportation took over from the canals ?
Canal traffic peaked in the 1860s and slowly gave way to railroads , allowing Richmond to become a major railroad crossroads , eventually including the site of the world 's first triple railroad crossing .	triple	What sort of railroad crossing was first built at Richmond ?
Tobacco warehousing and processing continued to play a role , boosted by the world 's first cigarette-rolling machine , invented by James Albert Bonsack of Roanoke in 1880/81 .	James Albert Bonsack	Who was the inventor of the cigarette-rolling machine ?
Tobacco warehousing and processing continued to play a role , boosted by the world 's first cigarette-rolling machine , invented by James Albert Bonsack of Roanoke in 1880/81 .	Roanoke	From what city did James Bonsack originate ?
Contributing to Richmond 's resurgence was the first successful electrically powered trolley system in the United States , the Richmond Union Passenger Railway .	Richmond Union Passenger Railway	What was the name of the first American trolley system powered by electricity ?
By the beginning of the 20th century , the city 's population had reached 85,050 in 5 square miles -LRB- 13 km2 -RRB- , making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States .	85,050	When the 1900s began , how many people lived in Richmond ?
By the beginning of the 20th century , the city 's population had reached 85,050 in 5 square miles -LRB- 13 km2 -RRB- , making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States .	13	How many square kilometers was Richmond at the start of the 20th century ?
In 1900 , the Census Bureau reported Richmond 's population as 62.1 % white and 37.9 % black .	37.9	What percentage of Richmond 's 1900 population was African American ?
Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriving African-American business community , and the city 's historic Jackson Ward became known as the `` Wall Street of Black America . ''	Wall Street of Black America	What was another name for Richmond 's Jackson Ward ?
In 1903 , African-American businesswoman and financier Maggie L. Walker chartered St. Luke Penny Savings Bank , and served as its first president , as well as the first female bank president in the United States .	Maggie L. Walker	Who was the inaugural president of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank ?
Between 1963 and 1965 , there was a `` downtown boom '' that led to the construction of more than 700 buildings in the city .	1965	When did the so-called downtown boom in Richmond end ?
Between 1963 and 1965 , there was a `` downtown boom '' that led to the construction of more than 700 buildings in the city .	700	About how many structures were built in Richmond during the downtown boom ?
In 1968 , Virginia Commonwealth University was created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia with the Richmond Professional Institute .	Medical College of Virginia	What combined with the Richmond Professional Institute to form Virginia Commonwealth University ?
In 1970 , Richmond 's borders expanded by an additional 27 square miles -LRB- 70 km2 -RRB- on the south .	south	In what direction did Richmond 's borders expand in 1970 ?
After several years of court cases in which Chesterfield County fought annexation , more than 47,000 people who once were Chesterfield County residents found themselves within the city 's perimeters on January 1 , 1970 .	Chesterfield	People of what county did not want to join Richmond circa 1970 ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 62 square miles -LRB- 160 km2 -RRB- , of which 60 square miles -LRB- 160 km2 -RRB- is land and 2.7 square miles -LRB- 7.0 km2 -RRB- of it -LRB- 4.3 % -RRB- is water .	160	How many square kilometers is Richmond ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 62 square miles -LRB- 160 km2 -RRB- , of which 60 square miles -LRB- 160 km2 -RRB- is land and 2.7 square miles -LRB- 7.0 km2 -RRB- of it -LRB- 4.3 % -RRB- is water .	2.7	How many square miles of Richmond is water ?
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 62 square miles -LRB- 160 km2 -RRB- , of which 60 square miles -LRB- 160 km2 -RRB- is land and 2.7 square miles -LRB- 7.0 km2 -RRB- of it -LRB- 4.3 % -RRB- is water .	4.3	What percentage of Richmond is made up of water ?
The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia , at the highest navigable point of the James River .	Piedmont	In which of Virginia 's regions is Richmond ?
Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River , the Appomattox River , and the Chickahominy River .	Appomattox	Along with the James and the Chickahominy , what is a notable river in the area near Richmond ?
Nearby neighborhoods include Shockoe Bottom , the historically significant and low-lying area between Shockoe Hill and Church Hill , and Monroe Ward , which contains the Jefferson Hotel .	Shockoe Bottom	What neighborhood is located in between Church and Shockoe Hill ?
Nearby neighborhoods include Shockoe Bottom , the historically significant and low-lying area between Shockoe Hill and Church Hill , and Monroe Ward , which contains the Jefferson Hotel .	Monroe Ward	What Richmond neighborhood is home to the Jefferson Hotel ?
Richmond 's East End includes neighborhoods like rapidly gentrifying Church Hill , home to St. John 's Church , as well as poorer areas like Fulton , Union Hill , and Fairmont , and public housing projects like Mosby Court , Whitcomb Court , Fairfield Court , and Creighton Court closer to Interstate 64 .	Church Hill	What neighborhood of Richmond contains St. John 's Church ?
Richmond 's East End includes neighborhoods like rapidly gentrifying Church Hill , home to St. John 's Church , as well as poorer areas like Fulton , Union Hill , and Fairmont , and public housing projects like Mosby Court , Whitcomb Court , Fairfield Court , and Creighton Court closer to Interstate 64 .	public housing projects	What is Fairfield Court ?
Richmond 's original street grid , laid out in 1737 , included the area between what are now Broad , 17th , and 25th Streets and the James River .	1737	In what year was the Richmond street grid first developed ?
North of Broad Street , the Carver and Newtowne West neighborhoods are demographically similar to neighboring Jackson Ward , with Carver experiencing some gentrification due to its proximity to VCU .	Broad	The neighborhood of Newtowne West is north of what street ?
North of Broad Street , the Carver and Newtowne West neighborhoods are demographically similar to neighboring Jackson Ward , with Carver experiencing some gentrification due to its proximity to VCU .	Jackson Ward	Along with Newtowne West , to what neighborhood is Carver regarded as having comparable demographics ?
The affluent area between the Boulevard , Main Street , Broad Street , and VCU , known as the Fan , is home to Monument Avenue , an outstanding collection of Victorian architecture , and many students .	Monument Avenue	What Richmond street contains a notable amount of Victorian buildings ?
West of the Boulevard is the Museum District , the location of the Virginia Historical Society and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts .	Museum District	In what part of Richmond is the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts found ?
South of the Downtown Expressway are Byrd Park , Maymont , Hollywood Cemetery , the predominantly black working class Randolph neighborhood , and white working class Oregon Hill .	black	What is the primary race of the population of the Randolph neighborhood ?
The portion of the city south of the James River is known as the Southside .	Southside	What name is given to the part of Richmond located to the south of the James ?
Neighborhoods in the city 's Southside area range from affluent and middle class suburban neighborhoods Westover Hills , Forest Hill , Southampton , Stratford Hills , Oxford , Huguenot Hills , Hobby Hill , and Woodland Heights to the impoverished Manchester and Blackwell areas , the Hillside Court housing projects , and the ailing Jefferson Davis Highway commercial corridor .	middle class	Along with the affluent , what is the socioeconomic class of the inhabitants of the Southside ?
Neighborhoods in the city 's Southside area range from affluent and middle class suburban neighborhoods Westover Hills , Forest Hill , Southampton , Stratford Hills , Oxford , Huguenot Hills , Hobby Hill , and Woodland Heights to the impoverished Manchester and Blackwell areas , the Hillside Court housing projects , and the ailing Jefferson Davis Highway commercial corridor .	Hillside Court	What notable public housing projects are present in the Southside ?
Much of Southside developed a suburban character as part of Chesterfield County before being annexed by Richmond , most notably in 1970 .	Chesterfield	Prior to joining Richmond , what county was a significant portion of Southside part of ?
Neighborhoods in the city 's Southside area range from affluent and middle class suburban neighborhoods Westover Hills , Forest Hill , Southampton , Stratford Hills , Oxford , Huguenot Hills , Hobby Hill , and Woodland Heights to the impoverished Manchester and Blackwell areas , the Hillside Court housing projects , and the ailing Jefferson Davis Highway commercial corridor .	impoverished	What is the economic status of the Manchester part of Richmond ?
Richmond has a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- , with hot and humid summers and generally cool winters .	Cfa	What is Richmond 's Köppen climate classification ?
Richmond has a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Köppen Cfa -RRB- , with hot and humid summers and generally cool winters .	generally cool	How could one characterize the winters in Richmond ?
The mountains to the west act as a partial barrier to outbreaks of cold , continental air in winter ; Arctic air is delayed long enough to be modified , then further warmed as it subsides in its approach to Richmond .	mountains	What geographic feature keeps some cold inland air from reaching Richmond ?
The coldest weather normally occurs from late December to early February , and the January daily mean temperature is 37.9 °F -LRB- 3.3 °C -RRB- , with an average of 6.0 days with highs at or below the freezing mark .	February	In what month of the year does Richmond 's chilliest weather typically end ?
The July daily mean temperature is 79.3 °F -LRB- 26.3 °C -RRB- , and high temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F -LRB- 32 °C -RRB- approximately 43 days out of the year ; while 100 °F -LRB- 38 °C -RRB- temperatures are not uncommon , they do not occur every year .	43	About how many days a year does the temperature in Richmond go above 32 degrees Celsius ?
However , dry periods lasting several weeks do occur , especially in autumn when long periods of pleasant , mild weather are most common .	autumn	What season in Richmond is most likely to see periods of dryness ?
Falls of 3 inches -LRB- 7.6 cm -RRB- or more within 24 hours occur an average once per year .	once	How many times does Richmond receive 7.6 centimeters or more of snow in a 24 hour period annually ?
Annual snowfall , however , is usually light , averaging 10.5 inches -LRB- 27 cm -RRB- per season .	27	About how many centimeters of snow does Richmond experience in the fall ?
Snow typically remains on the ground only one or two days at a time , but remained for 16 days in 2010 -LRB- January 30 to February 14 -RRB- .	January 30 to February 14	During what span of 2010 did snowfall remain for a significant amount of time on the ground in Richmond ?
Ice storms -LRB- freezing rain or glaze -RRB- are not uncommon , but they are seldom severe enough to do any considerable damage .	freezing rain or glaze	What types of ice storms sometimes hit Richmond ?
The James River reaches tidewater at Richmond where flooding may occur in every month of the year , most frequently in March and least in July .	March	What is the most likely month for the James to flood Richmond ?
The James River reaches tidewater at Richmond where flooding may occur in every month of the year , most frequently in March and least in July .	July	What month sees the lowest likelihood of the James flooding ?
The most noteworthy of these were Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane that brought heavy rains five days apart .	Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane	In 1955 , what two hurricanes occurred within a week of one another ?
And in 2004 , the downtown area suffered extensive flood damage after the remnants of Hurricane Gaston dumped up to 12 inches -LRB- 300 mm -RRB- of rainfall .	Gaston	What hurricane hit Richmond in 2004 ?
As of the census of 2000 , there were 197,790 people , 84,549 households , and 43,627 families residing in the city .	43,627	In 2000 , how many families lived in Richmond ?
The population density was 3,292.6 people per square mile -LRB- 1,271.3 / km ² -RRB- .	1,271.3	As of 2000 , how many people lived in Richmond per square kilometer ?
The racial makeup of the city was 38.3 % White , 57.2 % African American , 0.2 % Native American , 1.3 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 1.5 % from other races , and 1.5 % from two or more races .	0.1	What percentage of the Richmond population of 2000 was Pacific Islander ?
The racial makeup of the city was 38.3 % White , 57.2 % African American , 0.2 % Native American , 1.3 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 1.5 % from other races , and 1.5 % from two or more races .	African American	What was the largest racial group in Richmond as of 2000 ?
The racial makeup of the city was 38.3 % White , 57.2 % African American , 0.2 % Native American , 1.3 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 1.5 % from other races , and 1.5 % from two or more races .	1.5	In 2000 , what percentage of Richmond residents were multiracial ?
During the late 1980s and early 1990s , Richmond experienced a spike in overall crime , in particular , the city 's murder rate .	murder	What crime notably increased in Richmond over the course of the 1980s ?
The city had 93 murders for the year of 1985 , with a murder rate of 41.9 killings committed per 100,000 residents .	93	In 1985 , how many people were murdered in Richmond ?
In 1990 there were 114 murders , for a murder rate of 56.1 killings per 100,000 residents .	56.1	How many people per 100,000 were murdered in Richmond in 1990 ?
There were 120 murders in 1995 , resulting in a murder rate of 59.1 killings per 100,000 residents , one of the highest in the United States .	120	How many murders occurred in Richmond in 1995 ?
In the Reformed church tradition , the first Presbyterian Church in the City of Richmond was First Presbyterian Church , organized on June 18 , 1812 .	First Presbyterian Church	What is the oldest Presbyterian church in Richmond ?
On February 5 , 1845 , Second Presbyterian Church of Richmond was founded , which was a historic church where Stonewall Jackson attended and was the first Gothic building and the first gas-lit church to be built in Richmond .	Stonewall Jackson	Who was a notable congregant at Second Presbyterian Church ?
On February 5 , 1845 , Second Presbyterian Church of Richmond was founded , which was a historic church where Stonewall Jackson attended and was the first Gothic building and the first gas-lit church to be built in Richmond .	Gothic	What architectural style was Second Presbyterian Church built in ?
St. Peter 's Church was dedicated and became the first Catholic church in Richmond on May 25 , 1834 .	May 25, 1834	On what date did the oldest Catholic church open in Richmond ?
Methodists and Baptists made up another section of early churches , and First Baptist Church of Richmond was the first of these , established in 1780 .	1780	In what year was Richmond 's First Baptist Church founded ?
There are two Orthodox Synagogues , Keneseth Beth Israel and Chabad of Virginia .	Keneseth Beth Israel	Along with Chabad of Virginia , what is the other Orthodox synagogue in Richmond ?
There is an Orthodox Yeshivah K -- 12 school system known as Rudlin Torah academy , which also includes a post high-school program .	K–12	What grades does the Rudlin Torah academy serve ?
There is an Orthodox Yeshivah K -- 12 school system known as Rudlin Torah academy , which also includes a post high-school program .	Orthodox	What sect of Judaism is Rudlin Torah affiliated with ?
There are two Conservative synagogues , Beth El and Or Atid .	Beth El and Or Atid	What are the names of the Conservative synagogues in Richmond ?
There are three Reform synagogues , Bonay Kodesh , Beth Ahabah and Or Ami .	three	How many synagogues in the Reform tradition are present in Richmond ?
They used to meet in Temple # 24 located on North Avenue .	Temple #24	Where did Richmond 's Nation of Islam members initially meet ?
They tried to buy this church , but due to financial difficulties the Muslims instead bought an old grocery store at Chimbarazoo Boulevard , the present location of Masjid Bilal .	Chimbarazoo Boulevard	On what street is Masjid Bilal located ?
Initially , the place was called `` Masjid Muhammad # 24 '' .	Masjid Muhammad #24	What was Masjid Bilal previously known as ?
The ICVA was established in 1973 as a non profit tax exempt organization .	1973	What year saw the establishment of the Islamic Center of Virginia ?
After the NOI split in 1975 , the Muslims who joined mainstream Islam , start meeting at Shabaaz Restaurant on Nine Mile Road .	Nine Mile Road	On what street can Shabaaz Restaurant be found ?
Some 6,000 families of Indian descent resided in the Richmond Region as of 2011 .	6,000	How many Indian-descended families lived in or around Richmond in 2011 ?
The two most familiar are the Cultural Center of India -LRB- CCI -RRB- located off of Iron Bridge Road in Chesterfield County and the Hindu Center of Virginia in Henrico County which has garnered national fame and awards for being the first LEED certified religious facility in the commonwealth .	Cultural Center of India	What does CCI stand for ?
The two most familiar are the Cultural Center of India -LRB- CCI -RRB- located off of Iron Bridge Road in Chesterfield County and the Hindu Center of Virginia in Henrico County which has garnered national fame and awards for being the first LEED certified religious facility in the commonwealth .	Chesterfield	In what county can CCI be found ?
The two most familiar are the Cultural Center of India -LRB- CCI -RRB- located off of Iron Bridge Road in Chesterfield County and the Hindu Center of Virginia in Henrico County which has garnered national fame and awards for being the first LEED certified religious facility in the commonwealth .	Iron Bridge	What road is CCI near ?
The two most familiar are the Cultural Center of India -LRB- CCI -RRB- located off of Iron Bridge Road in Chesterfield County and the Hindu Center of Virginia in Henrico County which has garnered national fame and awards for being the first LEED certified religious facility in the commonwealth .	Hindu Center of Virginia	Along with CCI , what is the other Hindu gathering place near Richmond ?
The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , one of 13 United States courts of appeals , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks , as well as offices for international companies such as Genworth Financial , CapitalOne , Philip Morris USA , and numerous other banks and brokerages .	United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit	What federal court is located in Richmond ?
The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , one of 13 United States courts of appeals , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks , as well as offices for international companies such as Genworth Financial , CapitalOne , Philip Morris USA , and numerous other banks and brokerages .	Genworth Financial	Along with Philip Morris and CapitalOne , what prominent corporation is present in Richmond ?
Richmond is also home to four of the largest law firms in the United States : Hunton & Williams , McGuireWoods , Williams Mullen , and LeClairRyan .	law firms	What type of business is LeClairRyan ?
Another law firm with a major Richmond presence is Troutman Sanders , which merged with Richmond-based Mays & Valentine LLP in 2001 .	2001	When did the Troutman Sanders-Mays & Valentine LLP merger occur ?
The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , one of 13 United States courts of appeals , and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks , as well as offices for international companies such as Genworth Financial , CapitalOne , Philip Morris USA , and numerous other banks and brokerages .	12	How many Federal Reserve Banks exist in the United States ?
has more than 575,000 square feet -LRB- 53,400 m2 -RRB- of research , laboratory and office space for a diverse tenant mix of companies , research institutes , government laboratories and non-profit organizations .	53,400	How many square meters of space does Virginia BioTechnology Research Park consist of ?
The United Network for Organ Sharing , which maintains the nation 's organ transplant waiting list , occupies one building in the park .	maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list	What does the United Network for Organ Sharing do ?
Philip Morris USA opened a $ 350 million research and development facility in the park in 2007 .	$350 million	What was the cost of the Philip Morris R&D facility opened at the Virginia BioTechnology Research Park ?
Philip Morris USA opened a $ 350 million research and development facility in the park in 2007 .	2007	When did Philip Morris ' R&D facility open ?
Located adjacent to the Medical College of Virginia -LRB- MCV -RRB- Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University , the park currently -LSB- when ? -RSB-	Medical College of Virginia	What Virginia Commonwealth University campus is near Virginia BioTechnology Research Park ?
Departures magazine named Richmond `` The Next Great American Food City '' in August 2014 .	Departures magazine	What periodical called Richmond `` The Next Great American Food City '' ?
Also in 2014 , Southern Living magazine named three Richmond restaurants -- Comfort , Heritage and The Roosevelt -- among its `` 100 Best Restaurants in the South '' , while Metzger Bar & Butchery made its `` Best New Restaurants : 12 To Watch '' list .	Comfort, Heritage and The Roosevelt	According to Southern Living , what are the three best restaurants in Richmond ?
Craft beer and liquor production is also growing in the River City , with twelve micro-breweries in city proper ; the oldest is Legend Brewery , founded in 1994 .	twelve	How many microbreweries exist in Richmond ?
Craft beer and liquor production is also growing in the River City , with twelve micro-breweries in city proper ; the oldest is Legend Brewery , founded in 1994 .	Legend Brewery	What was the first microbrewery to set up shop in Richmond ?
Three distilleries , Reservoir Distillery , Belle Isle Craft Spirits and James River Distillery , were established in 2010 , 2013 and 2014 , respectively .	2014	When was James River Distillery founded ?
Additionally , Richmond is gaining attention from the film and television industry , with several high-profile films shot in the metro region in the past few years , including the major motion picture Lincoln which led to Daniel Day-Lewis 's third Oscar , Killing Kennedy with Rob Lowe , airing on the National Geographic Channel and Turn , starring Jamie Bell and airing on AMC .	Lincoln	What movie , which filmed in Richmond , featured Daniel Day-Lewis ?
Additionally , Richmond is gaining attention from the film and television industry , with several high-profile films shot in the metro region in the past few years , including the major motion picture Lincoln which led to Daniel Day-Lewis 's third Oscar , Killing Kennedy with Rob Lowe , airing on the National Geographic Channel and Turn , starring Jamie Bell and airing on AMC .	Rob Lowe	Who notably appeared in Killing Kennedy ?
Additionally , Richmond is gaining attention from the film and television industry , with several high-profile films shot in the metro region in the past few years , including the major motion picture Lincoln which led to Daniel Day-Lewis 's third Oscar , Killing Kennedy with Rob Lowe , airing on the National Geographic Channel and Turn , starring Jamie Bell and airing on AMC .	AMC	On what television channel can the show Turn be seen ?
In 2015 Richmond will be the main filming location for the upcoming PBS drama series Mercy Street , which will premiere in Winter 2016 .	Winter 2016	When will Mercy Street first be shown on television ?
Additionally , Richmond is gaining attention from the film and television industry , with several high-profile films shot in the metro region in the past few years , including the major motion picture Lincoln which led to Daniel Day-Lewis 's third Oscar , Killing Kennedy with Rob Lowe , airing on the National Geographic Channel and Turn , starring Jamie Bell and airing on AMC .	National Geographic Channel	What channel is Killing Kennedy on ?
The Greater Richmond area was named the third-best city for business by MarketWatch in September 2007 , ranking behind only the Minneapolis and Denver areas and just above Boston .	Boston	What did MarketWatch think was the fourth best city for business ?
The area is home to six Fortune 500 companies : electric utility Dominion Resources ; CarMax ; Owens & Minor ; Genworth Financial ; MeadWestvaco ; McKesson Medical-Surgical and Altria Group .	electric utility	What type of business is Dominion Resources ?
In 2008 , Altria moved its corporate HQ from New York City to Henrico County , adding another Fortune 500 corporation to Richmond 's list .	New York City	Prior to moving to the Richmond area , where was Altria 's headquarters located ?
In February 2006 , MeadWestvaco announced that they would move from Stamford , Connecticut , to Richmond in 2008 with the help of the Greater Richmond Partnership , a regional economic development organization that also helped locate Aditya Birla Minacs , Amazon.com , and Honeywell International , to the region .	MeadWestvaco	What company moved to Richmond from Connecticut ?
These include SunTrust Bank -LRB- based in Atlanta -RRB- , Capital One Financial Corporation -LRB- officially based in McLean , Virginia , but founded in Richmond with its operations center and most employees in the Richmond area -RRB- , and the medical and pharmaceutical giant McKesson -LRB- based in San Francisco -RRB- .	Atlanta	Where is SunTrust Bank headquartered ?
These include SunTrust Bank -LRB- based in Atlanta -RRB- , Capital One Financial Corporation -LRB- officially based in McLean , Virginia , but founded in Richmond with its operations center and most employees in the Richmond area -RRB- , and the medical and pharmaceutical giant McKesson -LRB- based in San Francisco -RRB- .	San Francisco	What city is the headquarters of McKesson located in ?
Capital One and Altria company 's Philip Morris USA are two of the largest private Richmond-area employers .	Altria	Who owns Philip Morris USA ?
DuPont maintains a production facility in South Richmond known as the Spruance Plant .	Spruance Plant	What DuPont factory is located in the Richmond area ?
UPS Freight , the less-than-truckload division of UPS and formerly known as Overnite Transportation , has its corporate headquarters in Richmond .	Overnite Transportation	What was the former name of UPS Freight ?
Nearby on Broad Street is the Science Museum of Virginia , housed in the neoclassical former 1919 Broad Street Union Station .	neoclassical	What architectural style was the 1919 Broad Street Union Station constructed in ?
Immediately adjacent is the Children 's Museum of Richmond , and two blocks away , the Virginia Center for Architecture .	two blocks	How far away from the Virginia Center for Architecture is the Children 's Museum of Richmond ?
On Boulevard proper are the Virginia Historical Society and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts , lending their name to what is sometimes called the Museum District .	Museum District	What district of Richmond is the Virginia Historical Society located in ?
Immediately adjacent is the Children 's Museum of Richmond , and two blocks away , the Virginia Center for Architecture .	Children's Museum of Richmond	What museum is next to the Science Museum of Virginia ?
Near the riverfront is the Richmond National Battlefield Park Visitors Center and the American Civil War Center at Historic Tredegar , both housed in the former buildings of the Tredegar Iron Works , where much of the ordnance for the war was produced .	Tredegar Iron Works	In what former industrial facility is the Richmond National Battlefield Park Visitors Center located ?
In Court End , near the Virginia State Capitol , is the Museum of the Confederacy , along with the Davis Mansion , also known as the White House of the Confederacy ; both feature a wide variety of objects and material from the era .	Virginia State Capitol	What government building is the Museum of the Confederacy located near ?
In Court End , near the Virginia State Capitol , is the Museum of the Confederacy , along with the Davis Mansion , also known as the White House of the Confederacy ; both feature a wide variety of objects and material from the era .	White House of the Confederacy	What is another name for the Davis Mansion ?
The temporary home of former Confederate General Robert E. Lee still stands on Franklin Street in downtown Richmond .	Franklin	On what Richmond street did General Lee live for a while ?
The history of slavery and emancipation are also increasingly represented : there is a former slave trail along the river that leads to Ancarrow 's Boat Ramp and Historic Site which has been developed with interpretive signage , and in 2007 , the Reconciliation Statue was placed in Shockoe Bottom , with parallel statues placed in Liverpool and Benin representing points of the Triangle Trade .	Liverpool and Benin	Where are the Reconciliation Statues outside Richmond located ?
The John Marshall House , the home of the former Chief Justice of the United States , is also located downtown and features many of his writings and objects from his life .	Chief Justice of the United States	What office was held by the inhabitant of the John Marshall House ?
Hollywood Cemetery is the burial grounds of two U.S. Presidents as well as many Civil War officers and soldiers .	two	How many United States presidents are interred in Hollywood Cemetery ?
Other historical points of interest include St. John 's Church , the site of Patrick Henry 's famous `` Give me liberty or give me death '' speech , and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum , features many of his writings and other artifacts of his life , particularly when he lived in the city as a child , a student , and a successful writer .	Patrick Henry	Who gave a speech that contained the famous saying `` Give me liberty or give me death '' ?
Other historical points of interest include St. John 's Church , the site of Patrick Henry 's famous `` Give me liberty or give me death '' speech , and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum , features many of his writings and other artifacts of his life , particularly when he lived in the city as a child , a student , and a successful writer .	St. John's Church	Where did Patrick Henry deliver his memorable speech ?
Other monuments include the A.P. Hill monument , the Bill `` Bojangles '' Robinson monument in Jackson Ward , the Christopher Columbus monument near Byrd Park , and the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument on Libby Hill .	Bojangles	What was the nickname of Bill Robinson ?
Other monuments include the A.P. Hill monument , the Bill `` Bojangles '' Robinson monument in Jackson Ward , the Christopher Columbus monument near Byrd Park , and the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument on Libby Hill .	Byrd	Near what park is the monument dedicated to the person traditionally regarded as discovering America ?
Dedicated in 1956 , the Virginia War Memorial is located on Belvedere overlooking the river , and is a monument to Virginians who died in battle in World War II , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , the Gulf War , the War in Afghanistan , and the Iraq War .	World War II	The dead of what war were the first to be commemorated by the Virginia War Memorial ?
Other monuments include the A.P. Hill monument , the Bill `` Bojangles '' Robinson monument in Jackson Ward , the Christopher Columbus monument near Byrd Park , and the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument on Libby Hill .	Jackson Ward	In what neighborhood is the monument to Bill Robinson located ?
This has led to tensions , as the city Richmond City levied an `` admissions tax '' to fund large arts projects like CentreStage , leading to criticism that it is funding civic initiatives on the backs of the organic local culture .	CentreStage	What notable project was funded by Richmond 's `` admissions tax '' ?
Traditional Virginian folk music , including blues , country , and bluegrass are also notably present , and play a large part in the annual Richmond Folk Festival .	country	Along with blues and bluegrass , what is a type of folk music traditional to Virginia ?
Richmond has a significant arts community , some of which is contained in formal public-supported venues , and some of which is more DIY , such as local privately owned galleries , and private music venues , nonprofit arts organizations , or organic and venueless arts movements -LRB- e.g. , house shows , busking , itinerant folk shows -RRB- .	house shows	Along with busking and itinerant folk shows , what is an example of venueless art ?
Artists who have produced work in the city as a result of these festivals include ROA , Pixel Pancho , Gaia , Aryz , Alexis Diaz , Ever Siempre , Jaz , 2501 , Natalia Rak , Pose MSK , Vizie , Jeff Soto , Mark Jenkins , Etam Cru - and local artists Hamilton Glass , Nils Westergard , and El Kamino .	Nils Westergard	Along with Hamilton Glass and El Kamino , who is a mural artist local to Richmond ?
As of 2015 a variety of murals from internationally recognized street artists have appeared throughout the city as a result of the efforts of Art Whino and RVA Magazine with The Richmond Mural Project and the RVA Street Art Festival .	RVA	What periodical has attempted to attract internationally known mural artists to Richmond ?
As of 2015 a variety of murals from internationally recognized street artists have appeared throughout the city as a result of the efforts of Art Whino and RVA Magazine with The Richmond Mural Project and the RVA Street Art Festival .	RVA Street Art Festival	What Richmond street art gathering has brought mural artists to the city ?
From Lewis Hallam 's early productions of Shakespeare in Williamsburg , the focus shifted to Richmond 's antebellum prominence as a main colonial and early 19th century performance venue for such celebrated American and English actors as William Macready , Edwin Forrest , and the Booth family .	Williamsburg	In what city did Lewis Hallam present Shakespeare 's plays ?
From Lewis Hallam 's early productions of Shakespeare in Williamsburg , the focus shifted to Richmond 's antebellum prominence as a main colonial and early 19th century performance venue for such celebrated American and English actors as William Macready , Edwin Forrest , and the Booth family .	Booth	What family of actors notably performed in 19th century Richmond ?
In the 1960s a small renaissance or golden age accompanied the growth of professional dinner theaters and the fostering of theater by the Virginia Museum , reaching a peak in the 1970s with the establishment of a resident Equity company at the Virginia Museum Theater -LRB- now the Leslie Cheek -RRB- and the birth of Theatre IV , a company that continues to this day .	Leslie Cheek	What is Virginia Museum Theater known as today ?
In the 1960s a small renaissance or golden age accompanied the growth of professional dinner theaters and the fostering of theater by the Virginia Museum , reaching a peak in the 1970s with the establishment of a resident Equity company at the Virginia Museum Theater -LRB- now the Leslie Cheek -RRB- and the birth of Theatre IV , a company that continues to this day .	1970s	During what decade did the Virginia Museum most significantly work to promote theater in Richmond ?
Much of Richmond 's early architecture was destroyed by the Evacuation Fire in 1865 .	Evacuation Fire	What disaster destroyed many of the early buildings in Richmond ?
It is estimated that 25 % of all buildings in Richmond were destroyed during this fire .	25	What percentage of Richmond 's buildings were burned in a single fire in 1865 ?
Buildings remain from Richmond 's colonial period , such as the Patteson-Schutte House and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum -LRB- Richmond , Virginia -RRB- , both built before 1750 .	colonial	What is the name of the era from which the building housing the Edgar Allan Poe Museum dates ?
Buildings remain from Richmond 's colonial period , such as the Patteson-Schutte House and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum -LRB- Richmond , Virginia -RRB- , both built before 1750 .	1750	Prior to what year was the Patterson-Schutte House built ?
It is the second-oldest US statehouse in continuous use -LRB- after Maryland 's -RRB- and was the first US government building built in the neo-classical style of architecture , setting the trend for other state houses and the federal government buildings -LRB- including the White House and The Capitol -RRB- in Washington , D.C. Robert Mills designed Monumental Church on Broad Street .	Maryland	What state has the oldest capital building used continuously since it was built ?
It is the second-oldest US statehouse in continuous use -LRB- after Maryland 's -RRB- and was the first US government building built in the neo-classical style of architecture , setting the trend for other state houses and the federal government buildings -LRB- including the White House and The Capitol -RRB- in Washington , D.C. Robert Mills designed Monumental Church on Broad Street .	neo-classical	What architectural style was used to design the Virginia State Capitol ?
It is the second-oldest US statehouse in continuous use -LRB- after Maryland 's -RRB- and was the first US government building built in the neo-classical style of architecture , setting the trend for other state houses and the federal government buildings -LRB- including the White House and The Capitol -RRB- in Washington , D.C. Robert Mills designed Monumental Church on Broad Street .	White House and The Capitol	What notable federal government buildings were designed in the neoclassical style ?
Adjoining it is the 1845 Egyptian Building , one of the few Egyptian Revival buildings in the United States .	Egyptian Revival	What is the architectural style of the 1845 Egyptian Building ?
The Virginia State Capitol was designed by Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau in 1785 .	Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau	Who were the designers of the Virginia State Capitol ?
The firm of John Russell Pope designed Broad Street Station as well as Branch House on Monument Avenue , designed as a private residence in the Tudor style , now serving as the Branch Museum of Architecture and Design .	Tudor	What architectural style was used to design Branch House ?
The firm of John Russell Pope designed Broad Street Station as well as Branch House on Monument Avenue , designed as a private residence in the Tudor style , now serving as the Branch Museum of Architecture and Design .	John Russell Pope	Who designed Branch House ?
Broad Street Station -LRB- or Union Station -RRB- , designed in the Beaux-Arts style , is no longer a functioning station but is now home to the Science Museum of Virginia .	Union Station	What is another name for Broad Street Station ?
Broad Street Station -LRB- or Union Station -RRB- , designed in the Beaux-Arts style , is no longer a functioning station but is now home to the Science Museum of Virginia .	Beaux-Arts	What style of architecture was used in the design of Union Station ?
The Jefferson Hotel and the Commonwealth Club were both designed by the classically trained Beaux-Arts architects Carrère and Hastings .	Carrère and Hastings	Who designed the Commonwealth Club ?
Second only to New Orleans in its concentration of cast iron work , the city is home to a unique collection of cast iron porches , balconies , fences , and finials .	New Orleans	What United States city has the most cast iron architecture ?
At the height of production in the 1890 , 25 foundries operated in the city employing nearly 3,500 metal workers .	1890	In what year did iron production in Richmond peak ?
This number is seven times the number of general construction workers being employed in Richmond at the time which illustrates the importance of its iron exports .	seven times	How many more iron workers than construction workers were being employed in Richmond in 1890 ?
Porches and fences in urban neighborhoods such as Jackson Ward , Church Hill , and Monroe Ward are particularly elaborate , often featuring ornate iron casts never replicated outside of Richmond .	Church Hill	Along with Jackson and Monroe Wards , what neighborhood notably features cast-iron fences ?
Minoru Yamasaki designed the Federal Reserve Building which dominates the downtown skyline .	Minoru Yamasaki	Who was the designer of the Federal Reserve Building ?
The architectural firm of Skidmore , Owings & Merrill has designed two buildings : the Library of Virginia and the General Assembly Offices at the Eighth and Main Building .	Skidmore, Owings & Merrill	Who designed the General Assembly Offices at the Eighth and Main Building ?
The Richard Neutra-designed Rice House , a residence on a private island on the James River , remains Richmond 's only true International Style home .	International	What architectural style was the Rice House designed in ?
The W.G. Harris residence in Richmond was designed by famed early modern architect and member of the Harvard Five , Landis Gores .	Harvard	What university was Landis Gores associated with ?
The W.G. Harris residence in Richmond was designed by famed early modern architect and member of the Harvard Five , Landis Gores .	W.G. Harris	Who did Landis Gores design a home for ?
Belle Isle , at various former times a Powhatan fishing village , colonial-era horse race track , and Civil War prison camp , is the larger of the two , and contains many bike trails as well as a small cliff that is used for rock climbing instruction .	Powhatan	What Native American tribe at one time lived on Belle Isle ?
Belle Isle , at various former times a Powhatan fishing village , colonial-era horse race track , and Civil War prison camp , is the larger of the two , and contains many bike trails as well as a small cliff that is used for rock climbing instruction .	Civil War	During what conflict was Belle Isle used as a prison ?
Belle Isle , at various former times a Powhatan fishing village , colonial-era horse race track , and Civil War prison camp , is the larger of the two , and contains many bike trails as well as a small cliff that is used for rock climbing instruction .	Belle Isle	Between Brown 's Island and Belle Isle , which is bigger ?
Brown 's Island is a smaller island and a popular venue of a large number of free outdoor concerts and festivals in the spring and summer , such as the weekly Friday Cheers concert series or the James River Beer and Seafood Festival .	Brown's Island	On what island does the James River Beer and Seafood Festival take place ?
Brown 's Island is a smaller island and a popular venue of a large number of free outdoor concerts and festivals in the spring and summer , such as the weekly Friday Cheers concert series or the James River Beer and Seafood Festival .	weekly	How often does Friday Cheers take place on Brown 's Island ?
Two other major parks in the city along the river are Byrd Park and Maymont , located near the Fan District .	Fan District	What part of Richmond is Maymont close to ?
Byrd Park features a one-mile -LRB- 1.6 km -RRB- running track , with exercise stops , a public dog park , and a number of small lakes for small boats , as well as two monuments , Buddha house , and an amphitheatre .	1.6	How many kilometers long is the track in Byrd Park ?
Byrd Park features a one-mile -LRB- 1.6 km -RRB- running track , with exercise stops , a public dog park , and a number of small lakes for small boats , as well as two monuments , Buddha house , and an amphitheatre .	two	How many monuments can be found in Byrd Park ?
Prominently featured in the park is the World War I Memorial Carillon , built in 1926 as a memorial to those that died in the war .	1926	In what year was the World War I Memorial Carillon constructed ?
Other parks in the city include Joseph Bryan Park Azalea Garden , Forest Hill Park -LRB- former site of the Forest Hill Amusement Park -RRB- , Chimborazo Park -LRB- site of the National Battlefield Headquarters -RRB- , among others .	Forest Hill Amusement Park	What was previously located at the present location of Forest Hill Park ?
Richmond is not home to any major league professional sports teams , but since 2013 , the Washington Redskins of the National Football League have held their summer training camp in the city .	Football	What sport do the Washington Redskins play ?
There are also several minor league sports in the city , including the Richmond Kickers of the USL Professional Division -LRB- third tier of American soccer -RRB- and the Richmond Flying Squirrels of the Class AA Eastern League of Minor League Baseball -LRB- an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants -RRB- .	soccer	What sport do the Richmond Kickers compete in ?
There are also several minor league sports in the city , including the Richmond Kickers of the USL Professional Division -LRB- third tier of American soccer -RRB- and the Richmond Flying Squirrels of the Class AA Eastern League of Minor League Baseball -LRB- an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants -RRB- .	San Francisco Giants	With what Major League Baseball team are the Richmond Flying Squirrels associated ?
The Kickers began playing in Richmond in 1993 , and currently play at City Stadium .	City Stadium	What is the home ground of the Richmond Kickers ?
From 1966 through 2008 , the city was home to the Richmond Braves , a AAA affiliate of the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball , until the franchise relocated to Georgia .	Georgia	Where did the Richmond Braves move to ?
The Richmond International Raceway -LRB- RIR -RRB- has hosted NASCAR Sprint Cup races since 1953 , as well as the Capital City 400 from 1962 − 1980 .	1962	When did the RIR begin to host the Capital City 400 ?
RIR also hosted IndyCar 's Suntrust Indy Challenge from 2001 − 2009 .	2009	When did the Suntrust Indy Challenge stop being run at RIR ?
Another track , Southside Speedway , has operated since 1959 and sits just southwest of Richmond in Chesterfield County .	southwest	In what direction does one travel from Richmond to reach Southside Speedway ?
This .333 - mile -LRB- 0.536 km -RRB- oval short-track has become known as the `` Toughest Track in the South '' and `` The Action Track '' , and features weekly stock car racing on Friday nights .	oval	What is the shape of Southside Speedway ?
This .333 - mile -LRB- 0.536 km -RRB- oval short-track has become known as the `` Toughest Track in the South '' and `` The Action Track '' , and features weekly stock car racing on Friday nights .	Toughest Track in the South	Along with `` The Action Track , '' what is a nickname of Southside Speedway ?
The Richmond Times-Dispatch , the local daily newspaper in Richmond with a Sunday circulation of 120,000 , is owned by BH Media , a subsidiary of Warren Buffett 's Berkshire Hathaway company .	Berkshire Hathaway	What company owns the company that owns the Richmond Times-Dispatch ?
The Richmond Times-Dispatch , the local daily newspaper in Richmond with a Sunday circulation of 120,000 , is owned by BH Media , a subsidiary of Warren Buffett 's Berkshire Hathaway company .	120,000	How many people buy the Richmond Times-Dispatch on Sunday ?
Style Weekly is a standard weekly publication covering popular culture , arts , and entertainment , owned by Landmark Communications .	Style Weekly	What newspaper is published by Landmark Communications ?
RVA Magazine is the city 's only independent art music and culture publication , was once monthly , but is now issued quarterly .	monthly	Before switching to its current publication schedule , how often was RVA Magazine published ?
The Richmond Free Press and the Voice cover the news from an African-American perspective .	Richmond Free Press	Along with the Voice , what is Richmond 's black-oriented news publication ?
As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , the Richmond-Petersburg designated market area -LRB- DMA -RRB- is the 58th largest in the U.S. with 553,950 homes according to Nielsen Market Research .	553,950	Per Nielsen , how many homes exist in the Richmond-Petersburg DMA ?
As of 2010 -LSB- update -RSB- , the Richmond-Petersburg designated market area -LRB- DMA -RRB- is the 58th largest in the U.S. with 553,950 homes according to Nielsen Market Research .	58th	Where does the Richmind-Petersburg DMA rank in the United States ?
The major network television affiliates are WTVR-TV 6 -LRB- CBS -RRB- , WRIC-TV 8 -LRB- ABC -RRB- , WWBT 12 -LRB- NBC -RRB- , WRLH-TV 35 -LRB- Fox -RRB- , and WUPV 65 -LRB- CW -RRB- .	CW	With what network is WUPV 65 affiliated ?
Public Broadcasting Service stations include WCVE-TV 23 and WCVW 57 .	Public Broadcasting	What type of channel is WCVW 57 ?
The major network television affiliates are WTVR-TV 6 -LRB- CBS -RRB- , WRIC-TV 8 -LRB- ABC -RRB- , WWBT 12 -LRB- NBC -RRB- , WRLH-TV 35 -LRB- Fox -RRB- , and WUPV 65 -LRB- CW -RRB- .	WTVR-TV 6	What Richmond-area station is affiliated with CBS ?
Richmond city government consists of a city council with representatives from nine districts serving in a legislative and oversight capacity , as well as a popularly elected , at-large mayor serving as head of the executive branch .	nine	How many representatives make up the Richmond city council ?
Richmond city government consists of a city council with representatives from nine districts serving in a legislative and oversight capacity , as well as a popularly elected , at-large mayor serving as head of the executive branch .	mayor	What official is in charge of Richmond 's executive branch ?
The city council meets at City Hall , located at 900 E. Broad St. , 2nd Floor , on the second and fourth Mondays of every month , except August .	Mondays	On what day of the week does the city council meet ?
The city council meets at City Hall , located at 900 E. Broad St. , 2nd Floor , on the second and fourth Mondays of every month , except August .	August	In what month does the city council not meet ?
As the first African American Baptist Minister elected to the Richmond City Council , Prince 's election paved the way for a political paradigm shift in politics that persist today .	Baptist	What is A. Carl Prince 's religious affiliation ?
The Honorable Dwight C. Jones , a prominent Baptist pastor and former Chairman of the Richmond School Board and Member of the Virginia House of Delegates serves as Mayor of the City of Richmond .	Dwight C. Jones	What is the current mayor of Richmond ?
In 1990 religion and politics intersected to impact the outcome of the Eighth District election in South Richmond .	1990	In what year was the first black Baptist minister elected to the city council ?
In 1990 religion and politics intersected to impact the outcome of the Eighth District election in South Richmond .	Eighth	In what district did A. Carl Prince win election to the city council ?
With the endorsements of black power brokers , black clergy and the Richmond Crusade for Voters , South Richmond residents made history , electing Reverend A. Carl Prince to the Richmond City Council .	Richmond Crusade for Voters	What political organization supported the city council candidacy of A. Carl Prince ?
The city of Richmond operates 28 elementary schools , nine middle schools , and eight high schools , serving a total student population of 24,000 students .	eight	How many high schools are there in Richmond ?
The city of Richmond operates 28 elementary schools , nine middle schools , and eight high schools , serving a total student population of 24,000 students .	24,000	How many primary and secondary school students attend school in Richmond ?
There is one Governor 's School in the city − the Maggie L. Walker Governor 's School for Government and International Studies .	Maggie L. Walker	For whom is the Governor 's School in Richmond named ?
In 2008 , it was named as one of Newsweek magazine 's 18 `` public elite '' high schools , and in 2012 , it was rated # 16 of America 's best high schools overall .	16	Where was Richmond 's Governor 's School rated by Newsweek in 2012 ?
Richmond 's public school district also runs one of Virginia 's four public charter schools , the Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts , which was founded in 2010 .	2010	When did Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts open its doors ?
The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education , including Virginia Commonwealth University -LRB- public -RRB- , University of Richmond -LRB- private -RRB- , Virginia Union University -LRB- private -RRB- , Virginia College -LRB- private -RRB- , South University - Richmond -LRB- private , for-profit -RRB- , Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education -LRB- private -RRB- , and the Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond -LRB- BTSR -- private -RRB- .	private	What type of university is the University of Richmond ?
The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education , including Virginia Commonwealth University -LRB- public -RRB- , University of Richmond -LRB- private -RRB- , Virginia Union University -LRB- private -RRB- , Virginia College -LRB- private -RRB- , South University - Richmond -LRB- private , for-profit -RRB- , Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education -LRB- private -RRB- , and the Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond -LRB- BTSR -- private -RRB- .	South University - Richmond	What is a for-profit university in Richmond ?
The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education , including Virginia Commonwealth University -LRB- public -RRB- , University of Richmond -LRB- private -RRB- , Virginia Union University -LRB- private -RRB- , Virginia College -LRB- private -RRB- , South University - Richmond -LRB- private , for-profit -RRB- , Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education -LRB- private -RRB- , and the Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond -LRB- BTSR -- private -RRB- .	Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond	What does BTSR stand for ?
Several community colleges are found in the metro area , including J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College and John Tyler Community College -LRB- Chesterfield County -RRB- .	Chesterfield County	Where is John Tyler Community College located ?
The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education , including Virginia Commonwealth University -LRB- public -RRB- , University of Richmond -LRB- private -RRB- , Virginia Union University -LRB- private -RRB- , Virginia College -LRB- private -RRB- , South University - Richmond -LRB- private , for-profit -RRB- , Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education -LRB- private -RRB- , and the Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond -LRB- BTSR -- private -RRB- .	Virginia Commonwealth	What is Richmond 's public university ?
The Greater Richmond area is served by the Richmond International Airport -LRB- IATA : RIC , ICAO : KRIC -RRB- , located in nearby Sandston , seven miles -LRB- 11 km -RRB- southeast of Richmond and within an hour drive of historic Williamsburg , Virginia .	11	How many kilometers away from Richmond is Richmond International Airport ?
The Greater Richmond area is served by the Richmond International Airport -LRB- IATA : RIC , ICAO : KRIC -RRB- , located in nearby Sandston , seven miles -LRB- 11 km -RRB- southeast of Richmond and within an hour drive of historic Williamsburg , Virginia .	an hour	About how long does it take to drive from Richmond International Airport to Williamsburg ?
Richmond International is now served by nine airlines with over 200 daily flights providing non-stop service to major destination markets and connecting flights to destinations worldwide .	nine	How many airlines operate out of Richmond International ?
A record 3.3 million passengers used Richmond International Airport in 2006 , a 13 % increase over 2005 .	13	What percentage increase in passenger traffic did Richmond International experience between 2005 and 2006 ?
The Greater Richmond area is served by the Richmond International Airport -LRB- IATA : RIC , ICAO : KRIC -RRB- , located in nearby Sandston , seven miles -LRB- 11 km -RRB- southeast of Richmond and within an hour drive of historic Williamsburg , Virginia .	southeast	What direction do you travel to get from Richmond to Sandston ?
Richmond is a major hub for intercity bus company Greyhound Lines , with its terminal at 2910 N Boulevard .	2910 N Boulevard	What is the street address if the Greyhound bus terminal in Richmond ?
Direct trips to New York take approximately 7.5 hours .	7.5 hours	How long does a bus trip from Richmond to New York City take ?
Discount carrier Megabus also provides curbside service from outside of Main Street Station , with fares starting at $ 1 .	$1	What is the lowest fare on Megabus ?
a roughly $ 25 million grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation to support a newly proposed Rapid Transit System , which would run along Broad Street from Willow Lawn to Rocketts Landing , in the first phase of an improved public transportation hub for the region .	$25 million	How much did the Department of Transportation give to Richmond for its Rapid Transit System ?
Direct service is available to Washington , D.C. , Hampton Roads , Charlotte , Raleigh , Baltimore , and Philadelphia .	Baltimore	What city in Maryland does Megabus travel to ?
Local transit and paratransit bus service in Richmond , Henrico , and Chesterfield counties is provided by the Greater Richmond Transit Company -LRB- GRTC -RRB- .	Henrico, and Chesterfield	What counties does the GRTC link to Richmond ?
The far West End -LRB- Innsbrook and Short Pump -RRB- and almost all of Chesterfield County have no public transportation despite dense housing , retail , and office development .	Innsbrook	Along with Short Pump , what comprises the far part of the West End ?
According to a 2008 GRTC operations analysis report , a majority of GRTC riders utilize their services because they do not have an available alternative such as a private vehicle .	private vehicle	According to a GRTC report , what is an example of what most of its riders lack ?
Local transit and paratransit bus service in Richmond , Henrico , and Chesterfield counties is provided by the Greater Richmond Transit Company -LRB- GRTC -RRB- .	Greater Richmond Transit Company	What is GRTC an initialism of ?
The suburban Staples Mill Road Station is located on a major north-south freight line and receives all service to and from all points south including , Raleigh , Durham , Savannah , Newport News , Williamsburg and Florida .	Staples Mill Road Station	What station services all southern rail traffic passing through Richmond ?
Richmond 's only railway station located within the city limits , the historic Main Street Station , was renovated in 2004 .	Main Street Station	What is the name of the railroad station inside Richmond proper ?
Richmond 's only railway station located within the city limits , the historic Main Street Station , was renovated in 2004 .	2004	In what year was Richmond 's railroad station renovated ?
As of 2010 , the station only receives trains headed to and from Newport News and Williamsburg due to track layout .	Newport News	Along with Williamsburg , what city 's rail traffic uses the Main Street Station ?
As of 2010 , the station only receives trains headed to and from Newport News and Williamsburg due to track layout .	track layout	Why does the Main Street Station only receive rail traffic from Newport News and Williamsburg ?
Electricity in the Richmond Metro area is provided by Dominion Virginia Power .	Dominion Virginia Power	Who is Richmond 's electricity supplier ?
The company , based in Richmond , is one of the nation 's largest producers of energy , serving retail energy customers in nine states .	nine	How many states does Dominion Virginia Power operate in ?
Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry Nuclear Generating Station , as well as a coal-fired station in Chester , Virginia .	North Anna Nuclear Generating Station	Along with Surry Nuclear Generating Station , what is Richmond 's main electricity generator ?
Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry Nuclear Generating Station , as well as a coal-fired station in Chester , Virginia .	Chester	In what town is a coal-fired plant that provides power to Richmond located ?
Several other natural gas plants provide extra power during times of peak demand .	natural gas	What type of power plant is Darbytown ?
The wastewater utility also operates and maintains 1,500 miles -LRB- 2,400 km -RRB- of sanitary sewer and pumping stations , 38 miles -LRB- 61 km -RRB- of intercepting sewer lines , and the Shockoe Retention Basin , a 44-million-gallon stormwater reservoir used during heavy rains .	61	How many kilometers of sewer lines exist in Richmond ?
The wastewater utility also operates and maintains 1,500 miles -LRB- 2,400 km -RRB- of sanitary sewer and pumping stations , 38 miles -LRB- 61 km -RRB- of intercepting sewer lines , and the Shockoe Retention Basin , a 44-million-gallon stormwater reservoir used during heavy rains .	44-million-gallon	How much water is contained in Shockoe Retention Basin ?
The wastewater treatment plant and distribution system of water mains , pumping stations and storage facilities provide water to approximately 62,000 customers in the city .	62,000	How many Richmond inhabitants get their water from the wastewater treatment plant ?
This plant can treat up to 70 million gallons of water per day of sanitary sewage and stormwater before returning it to the river .	70 million gallons	How much sewage and stormwater can the treatment plant adjacent to the James River treat daily ?
It is part of the San Diego -- Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit -- Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people .	Tijuana	Which city in Mexico does San Diego border ?
San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center .	biotechnology development	Aside from healthcare , which employment sector has strongly emerged in San Diego ?
San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center .	United States Navy	Of all military branches , which one has the strongest presence in San Diego ?
San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center .	deep-water	What is unique about San Diego 's harbors ?
Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later .	Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo	Who claimed the San Diego Bay area for Spain in 1542 ?
Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States .	Kumeyaay	What native people lived in the San Diego area before the Europeans arrived ?
In 1850 , it became part of the United States following the Mexican -- American War and the admission of California to the union .	1850	In what year did San Diego become part of the United States ?
Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later .	200	After the land was claimed for Spain , how many years passed before the settlement of Alta began ?
In November 1602 , Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast .	Sebastián Vizcaíno	Who was sent to survey the California coast in 1602 ?
Arriving on his flagship San Diego , Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus , a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcalá .	Catholic Saint Didacus	Who was the harbor named for ?
On November 12 , 1602 , the first Christian religious service of record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensión , a member of Vizcaíno 's expedition , to celebrate the feast day of San Diego .	Friar Antonio de la Ascensión	Who conducted the first Christian service to be recorded in Alta ?
Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad , New Spain , Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542 , and named the site ` San Miguel ' .	San Salvador	What was the name of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo 's ship ?
Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad , New Spain , Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542 , and named the site ` San Miguel ' .	Navidad, New Spain	Where did Cabrillo leave from to embark on his journey to the West Coast ?
In July of the same year , Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra .	Franciscan friars	Who did Junipero Serra commission to found the Mission San Diego de Alcala in 1769 ?
Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real .	El Camino Real	What historic trail starting point developed at Mission San Diego ?
In May 1769 , Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River .	Fort Presidio of San Diego	What was developed on a hill by the San Diego River ?
By 1797 , the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California , with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper .	1,400	How many neophytes resided in the San Diego area in 1797 ?
Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks .	National Historic Landmarks	What are the Presidio and Mission considered today ?
The 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo , and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde -LRB- `` municipal magistrate '' -RRB- , defeating Pío Pico in the vote .	Juan María Osuna	Who was elected as the Mission 's first municipal magistrate ?
In 1821 , Mexico won its independence from Spain , and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California .	Alta California	What was the name of the Mexican territory San Diego became part of in 1821 ?
However , San Diego had been losing population throughout the 1830s and in 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents .	its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents	Why did San Diego lose its pueblo status in 1838 ?
The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned , while the town of San Diego grew up on the level land below Presidio Hill .	The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned	What happened as the population shifted to more level ground below Presidio Hill ?
The 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo , and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde -LRB- `` municipal magistrate '' -RRB- , defeating Pío Pico in the vote .	Pío Pico	Who was in the running for the first alcalde position , but was defeated in the election ?
Commodore Robert F. Stockton sent a mounted force of fifty under Captain Archibald Gillespie to march north to meet him .	Commodore Robert F. Stockton	Who commissioned Captain Archibald Gillespie to lead 50 men on horseback to the north ?
In the ensuing Battle of San Pasqual , fought in the San Pasqual Valley which is now part of the city of San Diego , the Americans suffered their worst losses in the campaign .	Battle of San Pasqual	What battle took place in the San Pasqual Valley ?
The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo hoping to starve the Americans and their Californio supporters out .	The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo	What extreme measure did the Californios take to try to draw the Americans out of the pueblo ?
Subsequently a column led by Lieutenant Gray arrived from San Diego , rescuing Kearny 's battered and blockaded command .	Lieutenant Gray	Who led the group from San Diego that rescued Kearny 's men ?
Mexican partisans held San Diego for three weeks until October 24 , 1846 , when the Americans recaptured it .	three weeks	How many weeks did Mexican partisans hold San Diego before it was recaptured by Americans ?
Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the `` Treaty of Cahuenga '' on January 13 , 1847 .	Treaty of Cahuenga	What treaty was used by Stockton and Kearny on January 1 , 1847 ?
The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico , but the Americans insisted that San Diego was `` for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco , '' and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay , so as to include the entire bay within the United States .	Mexican-American border	What was established after negotiations over San Diego between the Mexcians and Americans ?
As a result of the Mexican -- American War of 1846 -- 48 , the territory of Alta California , including San Diego , was ceded to the United States by Mexico , under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 .	Mexican–American War of 1846–48	Which war played a role in ceding San Diego to the United States ?
As a result of the Mexican -- American War of 1846 -- 48 , the territory of Alta California , including San Diego , was ceded to the United States by Mexico , under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 .	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	What was the name of the treaty developed between Mexico and the United States in 1848 ?
The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico , but the Americans insisted that San Diego was `` for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco , '' and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay , so as to include the entire bay within the United States .	to include the entire bay within the United States	Why was the border between Mexico and the United States established one league south of San Diego Bay 's most southern tip ?
The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850 .	1850	In what year did San Diego officially become a city ?
Joshua H. Bean , the last alcalde of San Diego , was elected the first mayor .	Joshua H. Bean	Who was San Diego 's first mayor ?
Two years later the city was bankrupt ; the California legislature revoked the city 's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees , where it remained until 1889 .	the city was bankrupt	What happened two years after San Diego elected it 's first mayor ?
Two years later the city was bankrupt ; the California legislature revoked the city 's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees , where it remained until 1889 .	a board of trustees	Who controlled San Diego 's charter for 2 years after it was revoked by California legislature ?
A city charter was re-established in 1889 and today 's city charter was adopted in 1931 .	1931	When was San Diego 's current charter adopted ?
The location was not ideal , being several miles away from navigable water .	several miles away from navigable water	What was the main flaw of San Diego 's original location ?
In 1850 , William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called `` New San Diego '' , several miles south of the original settlement ; however , for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses , a pier and an Army depot .	William Heath Davis	Who developed New San Diego that was south of the first location ?
In the late 1860s , Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area , which he called `` New Town '' and which became Downtown San Diego .	Alonzo Horton	Who was largely responsible for the population growth of Downtown San Diego ?
Still , San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878 .	the arrival of a railroad connection	What happened in 1878 that played a role in San Diego 's economic growth ?
In the late 1860s , Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area , which he called `` New Town '' and which became Downtown San Diego .	New Town	What was San Diego 's downtown area originally called ?
Both expositions were held in Balboa Park , and many of the Spanish/Baroque-style buildings that were built for those expositions remain to this day as central features of the park .	Balboa Park	What park in San Diego hosted two World Fairs near the beginning of the 20th century ?
In the early part of the 20th century , San Diego hosted two World 's Fairs : the Panama-California Exposition in 1915 and the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935 .	Panama-California Exposition in 1915	Where did many of the San Diego Zoo 's exotic animals come from ?
During the 1950s there was a citywide festival called Fiesta del Pacifico highlighting the area 's Spanish and Mexican past .	Fiesta del Pacifico	What festival was celebrated in the 1950s in recognition of the city 's Mexican and Spanish past ?
Most were eventually rebuilt , using castings of the original façades to retain the architectural style .	Most were eventually rebuilt, using castings of the original façades to retain the architectural style.	What happened to many of the structures developed for the World Fairs ?
In the early part of the 20th century , San Diego hosted two World 's Fairs : the Panama-California Exposition in 1915 and the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935 .	California Pacific International Exposition	Which World Fair was hosted in San Diego in 1935 ?
Over the next several decades the Army set up a series of coastal artillery batteries and named the area Fort Rosecrans .	Fort Rosecrans	What names was given to coastal artillery batteries erected shortly after 1852 ?
Charles A. Lindbergh 's plane The Spirit of St. Louis was built in San Diego in 1927 by Ryan Airlines .	Spirit of St. Louis	What was the name of Charles A. Lindbergh 's plane that was built in San Diego by Ryan Airlines ?
By 1930 , the city was host to Naval Base San Diego , Naval Training Center San Diego , San Diego Naval Hospital , Camp Matthews , and Camp Kearny -LRB- now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar -RRB- .	Camp Kearny	What was the original name of today 's Marine Corps Air Station Miramar ?
Significant U.S. Navy presence began in 1901 with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma , and expanded greatly during the 1920s .	U.S. Navy	What branch of the military began to have a strong presence in San Diego in 1901 ?
The city was home to important airplane developers and manufacturers like Ryan Airlines -LRB- later Ryan Aeronautical -RRB- , founded in 1925 , and Consolidated Aircraft -LRB- later Convair -RRB- , founded in 1923 .	Consolidated Aircraft	What airplane developer was founded in San Diego in 1923 ?
The city 's population grew rapidly during and after World War II , more than doubling between 1930 -LRB- 147,995 -RRB- and 1950 -LRB- 333,865 -RRB- .	during and after World War II	When did San Diego 's population grow so rapidly that it nearly doubled ?
The plan was called `` Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night '' and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague -LRB- Yersinia pestis -RRB- to crash into civilian population centers in the city , hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians .	Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night	What was the name of the attack the Japanese had planned against San Diego ?
The plan was called `` Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night '' and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague -LRB- Yersinia pestis -RRB- to crash into civilian population centers in the city , hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians .	fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis)	What were the Japanese originally going to drop on San Diego from their kamikaze planes ?
The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22 , 1945 , but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier .	Japan surrendered five weeks earlier	Why did n't the Japanese launch their planned attack on September 22 , 1945 ?
The plan was called `` Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night '' and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague -LRB- Yersinia pestis -RRB- to crash into civilian population centers in the city , hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians .	tens of thousands of civilians	How many civilians were the Japanese hoping to kill during their planned attack on San Diego ?
From the start of the 20th century through the 1970s , the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna canning industry were based in San Diego , `` the tuna capital of the world '' .	the tuna capital of the world	What nickname was San Diego given by the tuna canning industry in the 1970s ?
San Diego 's first tuna cannery was founded in 1911 , and by the mid-1930s the canneries employed more than 1,000 people .	more than 1,000	How many jobs were created by the mid-1930s thanks to San Diego 's tuna cannery that was developed in 1911 ?
Due to rising costs and foreign competition , the last of the canneries closed in the early 1980s .	rising costs and foreign competition	Why were the canneries ultimately closed by the early 1980s ?
A large fishing fleet supported the canneries , mostly staffed by immigrant fishermen from Japan , and later from the Portuguese Azores and Italy whose influence is still felt in neighborhoods like Little Italy and Point Loma .	Japan	Immigrants from what country were primarily hired by the fishing fleets that supported the canneries ??
A large fishing fleet supported the canneries , mostly staffed by immigrant fishermen from Japan , and later from the Portuguese Azores and Italy whose influence is still felt in neighborhoods like Little Italy and Point Loma .	Portuguese Azores	From what region in Portugal did immigrants come from to work in San Diego 's fishing industry ?
The San Diego River runs through the middle of San Diego from east to west , creating a river valley which serves to divide the city into northern and southern segments .	east to west	In what direction does the San Diego River run through the city ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Several reservoirs and Mission Trails Regional Park also lie between and separate developed areas of the city .	reservoirs	What bodies of water can be found separating different developed areas of the city ?
The city lies on approximately 200 deep canyons and hills separating its mesas , creating small pockets of natural open space scattered throughout the city and giving it a hilly geography .	small pockets of natural open space	What is created by the many canyons and hills throughout San Diego ?
The San Diego River runs through the middle of San Diego from east to west , creating a river valley which serves to divide the city into northern and southern segments .	San Diego River	What divides the city 's northern and southern segments ?
The river used to flow into San Diego Bay and its fresh water was the focus of the earliest Spanish explorers .	San Diego Bay	Where did the San Diego River once flow to ?
Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown .	Point Loma	What community covers the area from Downtown San Diego to the peninsula ?
The communities of South San Diego , such as San Ysidro and Otay Mesa , are located next to the Mexico -- United States border , and are physically separated from the rest of the city by the cities of National City and Chula Vista .	next to the Mexico–United States border	Where is Otay Mesa found within the city ?
The far northeast portion of the city encompasses Lake Hodges and the San Pasqual Valley , which holds an agricultural preserve .	San Pasqual Valley	Which valley is encompassed by the most northeast portion of San Diego ?
Further south are the beach and coastal communities of La Jolla , Pacific Beach , Mission Beach , and Ocean Beach .	La Jolla	What is the only coastal community in San Diego without the word `` beach '' in its name ?
The development of skyscrapers over 300 feet -LRB- 91 m -RRB- in San Diego is attributed to the construction of the El Cortez Hotel in 1927 , the tallest building in the city from 1927 to 1963 .	El Cortez Hotel	What was the first skyscraper built in San Diego that was over 300-feet tall ?
Currently the tallest building in San Diego is One America Plaza , standing 500 feet -LRB- 150 m -RRB- tall , which was completed in 1991 .	500 feet	How tall is One America Plaza ?
The downtown skyline contains no super-talls , as a regulation put in place by the Federal Aviation Administration in the 1970s set a 500 feet -LRB- 152 m -RRB- limit on the height of buildings due to the proximity of San Diego International Airport .	San Diego International Airport	What played a role in determining the maximum height skyscrapers can be in San Diego ?
The downtown skyline contains no super-talls , as a regulation put in place by the Federal Aviation Administration in the 1970s set a 500 feet -LRB- 152 m -RRB- limit on the height of buildings due to the proximity of San Diego International Airport .	Federal Aviation Administration	What organization regulates building heights in San Diego ?
As time went on multiple buildings claimed the title of San Diego 's tallest skyscraper , including the Union Bank of California Building and Symphony Towers .	Union Bank of California Building	What bank spent time as being the tallest building in San Diego ?
San Diego 's climate is characterized by warm , dry summers and mild winters with most of the annual precipitation falling between December and March .	between December and March	When does San Diego receive most of its precipitation ?
The city has a mild climate year-round , with an average of 201 days above 70 °F -LRB- 21 °C -RRB- and low rainfall -LRB- 9 -- 13 inches -LSB- 230 -- 330 mm -RSB- annually -RRB- .	201 days	How many days of the year does San Diego typically experience temperatures above 70 degrees Fahrenheit ?
San Diego is one of the top-ten best climates in the Farmers ' Almanac and is one of the two best summer climates in America as scored by The Weather Channel .	Weather Channel	What ranked San Diego as having the country 's best summer climate ?
San Diego 's climate is characterized by warm , dry summers and mild winters with most of the annual precipitation falling between December and March .	mild	What type of weather can one expect to experience in San Diego in the winter ?
Under the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system , the San Diego area has been variously categorized as having either a semi-arid climate -LRB- BSh in the original classification and BSkn in modified Köppen classification -RRB- or a Mediterranean climate -LRB- Csa and Csb -RRB- .	semi-arid climate	What type of climate is San Diego classified as having ?
Even in the absence of June gloom , inland areas tend to experience much more significant temperature variations than coastal areas , where the ocean serves as a moderating influence .	inland areas	What areas experience the most significant temperature variations ?
The city of El Cajon , just 10 miles -LRB- 16 km -RRB- inland from downtown San Diego , averages January lows of 42 °F -LRB- 6 °C -RRB- and August highs of 88 °F -LRB- 31 °C -RRB- .	88 °F	What is the average high temperature in El Cajon in August ?
Frequently , particularly during the `` May gray/June gloom '' period , a thick `` marine layer '' cloud cover will keep the air cool and damp within a few miles of the coast , but will yield to bright cloudless sunshine approximately 5 -- 10 miles -LRB- 8.0 -- 16.1 km -RRB- inland .	a thick "marine layer" cloud cover	What frequently blankets San Diego in May and June ?
Thus , for example , downtown San Diego averages January lows of 50 °F -LRB- 10 °C -RRB- and August highs of 78 °F -LRB- 26 °C -RRB- .	50 °F (10 °C)	What is the average January low temperature in downtown San Diego ?
Frequently , particularly during the `` May gray/June gloom '' period , a thick `` marine layer '' cloud cover will keep the air cool and damp within a few miles of the coast , but will yield to bright cloudless sunshine approximately 5 -- 10 miles -LRB- 8.0 -- 16.1 km -RRB- inland .	keep the air cool and damp	What effect does the springtime cloud cover have on the temperature ?
The months of December through March supply most of the rain , with February the only month averaging 2 inches -LRB- 51 mm -RRB- or more of rain .	2 inches (51 mm)	What is the average rainfall in February along the coast ?
The wettest month on record has been December 1921 with 9.21 inches -LRB- 234 mm -RRB- .	wettest month on record	What is significant about the weather that San Diego experienced in December 1921 ?
The months of May through September tend to be almost completely dry .	May through September	What months are nearly completely dry in San Diego ?
The average -LRB- mean -RRB- rainfall is 10.65 inches -LRB- 271 mm -RRB- and the median is 9.6 inches -LRB- 240 mm -RRB- .	10.65 inches (271 mm)	What is the average annual precipitation along San Diego 's coast ?
Rainfall is usually greater in the higher elevations of San Diego ; some of the higher elevation areas of San Diego can receive 11 -- 15 inches -LRB- 280 -- 380 mm -RRB- of rain a year .	higher elevation areas	What areas of San Diego typically experienced the greatest rainfall ?
The endangered Torrey pine has the bulk of its population in San Diego in a stretch of protected chaparral along the coast .	Torrey pine	What trees are protected along the coast of San Diego ?
Like most of southern California , the majority of San Diego 's current area was originally occupied by chaparral , a plant community made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs .	chaparral	What drought-resistant shrub is San Diego known for ?
The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire , and the rates of fire have increased in the 20th century , due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas .	low elevations	Where can one find the most sage scrub in San Diego ?
The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits , including tidal marsh and canyons .	The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats	How is San Diego able to offer everything from tidal marsh to canyons ?
The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire , and the rates of fire have increased in the 20th century , due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas .	prone to wildfire	What disadvantage comes along with sage scrub habitats ?
Because of its diversity of habitat and its position on the Pacific Flyway , San Diego County has recorded the presence of 492 bird species , more than any other region in the country .	492	How many bird species have been observed in San Diego ?
San Diego always scores very high in the number of bird species observed in the annual Christmas Bird Count , sponsored by the Audubon Society , and it is known as one of the `` birdiest '' areas in the United States .	Christmas Bird Count	What birding event does the Audubon Society host every year ?
San Diego County has one of the highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list among counties in the United States .	highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list	What is special about the animal and plant species found in San Diego ?
San Diego always scores very high in the number of bird species observed in the annual Christmas Bird Count , sponsored by the Audubon Society , and it is known as one of the `` birdiest '' areas in the United States .	birdiest	What word describes San Diego County due to the many birds residing there ?
Because of its diversity of habitat and its position on the Pacific Flyway , San Diego County has recorded the presence of 492 bird species , more than any other region in the country .	Pacific Flyway	What flyway contributes to the diverse bird population in San Diego County ?
In October 2003 , San Diego was the site of the Cedar Fire , which has been called the largest wildfire in California over the past century .	October 2003	When did California 's largest wildfire of the century take place ?
The fire burned 280,000 acres -LRB- 1,100 km2 -RRB- , killed 15 people , and destroyed more than 2,200 homes .	280,000 acres (1,100 km2)	How many acres were burned in the historic Cedar Fire of 2003 ?
In addition to damage caused by the fire , smoke resulted in a significant increase in emergency room visits due to asthma , respiratory problems , eye irritation , and smoke inhalation ; the poor air quality caused San Diego County schools to close for a week .	poor air quality	Why did San Diego schools close during the Cedar Fire ?
Wildfires four years later destroyed some areas , particularly within the communities of Rancho Bernardo , Rancho Santa Fe , and Ramona .	four years later	How many years after the Cedar Fire did additional fires destroy Rancho Santa Fe ?
The fire burned 280,000 acres -LRB- 1,100 km2 -RRB- , killed 15 people , and destroyed more than 2,200 homes .	more than 2,200	How many homes were destroyed in the Cedar Fire ?
The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746 , making it the third-largest urban area in the state , after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area .	third-largest	In the top five largest urban areas in California , where does San Diego rank ?
They , along with the Riverside -- San Bernardino , form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area , with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census .	Riverside–San Bernardino	What area does Los Angeles and San Francisco merge with to form metropolitan areas larger than San Diego ?
The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census , distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles -LRB- 963.7 km2 -RRB- .	1,307,402	What was the population of San Diego at the time of the 2010 census ?
The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census , distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles -LRB- 963.7 km2 -RRB- .	372.1	How many square miles does San Diego cover ?
The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746 , making it the third-largest urban area in the state , after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area .	2,956,746	What is the population of San Diego 's urgan area ?
The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile -LRB- 1,456.4 / km2 -RRB- .	3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2)	What was the population density of San Diego in 2009 ?
The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1 % White , 6.7 % African American , 0.6 % Native American , 15.9 % Asian -LRB- 5.9 % Filipino , 2.7 % Chinese , 2.5 % Vietnamese , 1.3 % Indian , 1.0 % Korean , 0.7 % Japanese , 0.4 % Laotian , 0.3 % Cambodian , 0.1 % Thai -RRB- .	Asian	What ethnicity made up 15.9 . % of San Diego 's population in 2009 ?
The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8 % Hispanic or Latino -LRB- of any race -RRB- ; 24.9 % of the total population were Mexican American , and 0.6 % were Puerto Rican .	28.8%	In 2009 , what percentage of the population was Hispanic ?
As of the Census of 2010 , there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego .	1,307,402	What was San Diego 's population at the time of the 2010 census ?
That represents a population increase of just under 7 % from the 1,223,400 people , 450,691 households , and 271,315 families reported in 2000 .	just under 7%	What was the population increase in San Diego from 2009 to 2010 ?
As of January 1 , 2008 estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments revealed that the household median income for San Diego rose to $ 66,715 , up from $ 45,733 , and that the city population rose to 1,336,865 , up 9.3 % from 2000 .	2000	In what year was the household median income in San Diego at $ 45,733 ?
Median age of Hispanics was 27.5 years , compared to 35.1 years overall and 41.6 years among non-Hispanic whites ; Hispanics were the largest group in all ages under 18 , and non-Hispanic whites constituted 63.1 % of population 55 and older .	41.6	What was the median age of non-Hispanic whites in 2008 ?
As of January 1 , 2008 estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments revealed that the household median income for San Diego rose to $ 66,715 , up from $ 45,733 , and that the city population rose to 1,336,865 , up 9.3 % from 2000 .	$66,715	What did the average salary increase to at the time of the 2008 census ?
Median age of Hispanics was 27.5 years , compared to 35.1 years overall and 41.6 years among non-Hispanic whites ; Hispanics were the largest group in all ages under 18 , and non-Hispanic whites constituted 63.1 % of population 55 and older .	63.1%	Of the population of individuals 55 and older , what percentage were non-Hispanic whites in 2008 ?
Median age of Hispanics was 27.5 years , compared to 35.1 years overall and 41.6 years among non-Hispanic whites ; Hispanics were the largest group in all ages under 18 , and non-Hispanic whites constituted 63.1 % of population 55 and older .	Hispanics	In 2008 , which racial group had the most individuals under the age of 18 ?
The San Diego County regional planning agency , SANDAG , provides tables and graphs breaking down the city population into 5-year age groups .	SANDAG	What regional planning agency offers graphs and tables of census information for San Diego ?
The U.S. Census Bureau reported that in 2000 , 24.0 % of San Diego residents were under 18 , and 10.5 % were 65 and over .	24.0%	What percentage of San Diego 's population was under the age of 18 in 2000 ?
The U.S. Census Bureau reported that in 2000 , 24.0 % of San Diego residents were under 18 , and 10.5 % were 65 and over .	65 and over	Which age group accounted for 10.5 % of the population in 2000 ?
As of 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- the median age was 35.6 ; more than a quarter of residents were under age 20 and 11 % were over age 65 .	2011	In what year was the median age of residents in San Diego 35.6 ?
Millennials -LRB- ages 18 through 34 -RRB- constitute 27.1 % of San Diego 's population , the second-highest percentage in a major U.S. city .	27.1%	What percentage of the population in 2011 were millenials ?
According to Forbes in 2005 , San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6 % of families and 14.6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.0 % of those under age 18 and 7.6 % of those age 65 or over .	14.6%	What percentage of the population fell below the poverty line in San Diego in 2005 ?
Nonetheless , San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine .	fifth-best place to live in the United States	What did Money magazine rate San Diego as being in 2006 ?
According to Forbes in 2005 , San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6 % of families and 14.6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.0 % of those under age 18 and 7.6 % of those age 65 or over .	Forbes	What magazine rated San Diego as being the country 's fifth wealthiest city ?
Males had a median income of $ 36,984 versus $ 31,076 for females .	$31,076	In 2000 , what was the median salary for females in San Diego ?
According to Forbes in 2005 , San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6 % of families and 14.6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.0 % of those under age 18 and 7.6 % of those age 65 or over .	10.6%	What percentage of familes were below the poverty line in 2005 ?
Also , the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for `` beer tours '' and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November ; San Diego has been called `` America 's Craft Beer Capital . ''	beer tours	What type of tours attract a large number of visitors to San Diego ?
Also , the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for `` beer tours '' and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November ; San Diego has been called `` America 's Craft Beer Capital . ''	San Diego Beer Week	What big event takes place in San Diego in November ?
San Diego 's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city , such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park .	Mission San Diego de Alcala	What historical mission is a major tourist attraction in San Diego ?
Tourism is a major industry owing to the city 's climate , its beaches , and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park , Belmont amusement park , San Diego Zoo , San Diego Zoo Safari Park , and SeaWorld San Diego .	Balboa Park	What popular park in San Diego is home to the San Diego Zoo , SeaWorld , and countless museums ?
Also , the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for `` beer tours '' and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November ; San Diego has been called `` America 's Craft Beer Capital . ''	America's Craft Beer Capital	What nickname has the city been given as a result of its extensive craft beer industry ?
San Diego hosts the busiest international border crossing in the world , in the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry .	the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry	Where is San Diego 's border crossing ?
The city shares a 15-mile -LRB- 24 km -RRB- border with Mexico that includes two border crossings .	15-mile (24 km)	How long is the border that San Diego shares with Mexico ?
A second , primarily commercial border crossing operates in the Otay Mesa area ; it is the largest commercial crossing on the California-Baja California border and handles the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States-Mexico land crossings .	the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States-Mexico land crossings.	What is the volumte of trucks handled at the Otay Mesa crossing ?
A second , primarily commercial border crossing operates in the Otay Mesa area ; it is the largest commercial crossing on the California-Baja California border and handles the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States-Mexico land crossings .	Otay Mesa	Where is the next nearest commercial crossing at the border ?
The city shares a 15-mile -LRB- 24 km -RRB- border with Mexico that includes two border crossings .	two	How many border crossings does San Diego share with Mexico ?
San Diego has been designated as an iHub Innovation Center for collaboration potentially between wireless and life sciences .	for collaboration potentially between wireless and life sciences	Why is San Diego known as an iHub Innovation Center ?
The largest software company in San Diego is security software company Websense Inc. .	Websense Inc	What is San Diego 's largest software company ?
Other wireless industry manufacturers headquartered here include Nokia , LG Electronics , Kyocera International. , Cricket Communications and Novatel Wireless .	Cricket Communications	What cellular company is headquartered in San Diego that uses the AT&T network ?
San Diego also has the U.S. headquarters for the Slovakian security company ESET .	security	What sector does ESET fall under ?
Qualcomm was founded and is headquartered in San Diego , and is one of the largest private-sector employers in San Diego .	Qualcomm	What cellular company is one of the city 's largest private-sector employers ?
The presence of the University of California , San Diego and other research institutions has helped to fuel biotechnology growth .	University of California	What institution has contributed to the growth of fuel biotechnology ?
In 2013 , San Diego has the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States , below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area .	Boston	What city does San Diego come in second to in the biotech industry ?
San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations -LRB- CROs -RRB- that provide a variety of contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies .	140	How many contract research organizations are in San Diego ?
In particular , the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies .	La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley	What two areas have the numerous research facilities and offices for biotech companies ?
Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego , while many biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego .	Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences	What two major biotech companies are headquartered in San Diego ?
The Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego -LRB- MCASD -RRB- is located in La Jolla and has a branch located at the Santa Fe Depot downtown .	Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (MCASD)	What museum has a branch at the Santa Fe Depot ?
The Columbia district downtown is home to historic ship exhibits belonging to the San Diego Maritime Museum , headlined by the Star of India , as well as the unrelated San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum featuring the USS Midway aircraft carrier .	Columbia district downtown	In what district can historic ship exhibits be found ?
Many popular museums , such as the San Diego Museum of Art , the San Diego Natural History Museum , the San Diego Museum of Man , the Museum of Photographic Arts , and the San Diego Air & Space Museum are located in Balboa Park , which is also the location of the San Diego Zoo .	Balboa Park	Where can one find the San Diego Zoo ?
The Columbia district downtown is home to historic ship exhibits belonging to the San Diego Maritime Museum , headlined by the Star of India , as well as the unrelated San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum featuring the USS Midway aircraft carrier .	San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum	Which museum houses the USS Midway aircraft carrier ?
Many popular museums , such as the San Diego Museum of Art , the San Diego Natural History Museum , the San Diego Museum of Man , the Museum of Photographic Arts , and the San Diego Air & Space Museum are located in Balboa Park , which is also the location of the San Diego Zoo .	San Diego Air & Space Museum	What space-focused museum is in Balboa Park ?
The San Diego Symphony at Symphony Towers performs on a regular basis and is directed by Jahja Ling .	Jahja Ling	Who is the director of the San Diego Symphony ?
The La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD is directed by Christopher Ashley .	La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD	Where can one enjoy a performance directed by Christopher Ashley ?
The San Diego Opera at Civic Center Plaza , directed by Ian Campbell , was ranked by Opera America as one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States .	one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States	What did Opera America call the San Diego Opera at the Civic Center Plaza ?
The San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres in Horton Plaza produces a variety of plays and musicals .	San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres	Which theater is known for hosting a variety of musicals and plays ?
Hundreds of movies and a dozen TV shows have been filmed in San Diego , a tradition going back as far as 1898 .	1898	How far back to San Diego 's roots in the arts and theater sector go ?
The annual Farmers Insurance Open golf tournament -LRB- formerly the Buick Invitational -RRB- on the PGA Tour occurs at Torrey Pines Golf Course .	Farmers Insurance Open	What tournament used to be known as the Buick Invitational ?
The San Diego Yacht Club hosted the America 's Cup yacht races three times during the period 1988 to 1995 .	three times	How many times were the America 's Cup yacht races hosted by the San Diego Yacht Club from 1988 to 1955 ?
The amateur beach sport Over-the-line was invented in San Diego , and the annual world Over-the-line championships are held at Mission Bay every year .	Over-the-line	What beach sport was inveted in San Diego ?
The amateur beach sport Over-the-line was invented in San Diego , and the annual world Over-the-line championships are held at Mission Bay every year .	Over-the-line championships	What yacht-related event is held annually in Mission Bay ?
The annual Farmers Insurance Open golf tournament -LRB- formerly the Buick Invitational -RRB- on the PGA Tour occurs at Torrey Pines Golf Course .	Torrey Pines Golf Course	What golf course hosts the Farmers Insurance Open ?
As of 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- , the city had one employee for every 137 residents , with a payroll greater than $ 733 million .	one	How many employees are there in San Diego for every 137 residents ?
The change was brought about by a citywide vote in 2004 .	2004	In what year did the city vote to change to a strong mayor government ?
San Diego is a sanctuary city , however , San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program .	Secure Communities program	Despite being a sanctuary city , what program does San Diego county participate in ?
As of 2011 -LSB- update -RSB- , the city had one employee for every 137 residents , with a payroll greater than $ 733 million .	greater than $733 million.	What is the county 's payroll ?
The mayor and city attorney are elected directly by the voters of the entire city .	voters of the entire city	Who votes in the city 's attorney and mayor ?
The mayor , city attorney , and council members are elected to four-year terms , with a two-term limit .	four-year terms,	How long is the term for council members ?
In 2007 , registered Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6 in the city , and Democrats currently -LRB- as of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- -RRB- hold a 5-4 majority in the city council .	Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6	Were there more Democrats or Republicans in 2007 ?
The current mayor , Kevin Faulconer , is a Republican .	current mayor	Who is Kevin Faulconer ?
The members of the city council are each elected from single member districts within the city .	single member districts within the city	Who elects members of city council ?
In 2005 two city council members , Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet -- who briefly took over as acting mayor when Murphy resigned -- were convicted of extortion , wire fraud , and conspiracy to commit wire fraud for taking campaign contributions from a strip club owner and his associates , allegedly in exchange for trying to repeal the city 's `` no touch '' laws at strip clubs .	Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet	What two members of city council were convicted of extortion in 2005 ?
In 2005 two city council members , Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet -- who briefly took over as acting mayor when Murphy resigned -- were convicted of extortion , wire fraud , and conspiracy to commit wire fraud for taking campaign contributions from a strip club owner and his associates , allegedly in exchange for trying to repeal the city 's `` no touch '' laws at strip clubs .	no touch	What strip club-related law were the council members trying to repeal ?
In 2009 , a judge acquitted Zucchet on seven out of the nine counts against him , and granted his petition for a new trial on the other two charges ; the remaining charges were eventually dropped .	2009	In what year were Zucchet 's seven out of nine counts acquitted ?
Inzunza was sentenced to 21 months in prison .	21 months	How long was Inzunza 's prison sentence ?
In 2005 two city council members , Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet -- who briefly took over as acting mayor when Murphy resigned -- were convicted of extortion , wire fraud , and conspiracy to commit wire fraud for taking campaign contributions from a strip club owner and his associates , allegedly in exchange for trying to repeal the city 's `` no touch '' laws at strip clubs .	a strip club owner and his associates	Who did Inzunza and Zucche accept money from ?
In July 2013 , three former supporters of Mayor Bob Filner asked him to resign because of allegations of repeated sexual harassment .	allegations of repeated sexual harassment	Why was Mayor Bob Filner asked to resign ?
Over the ensuing six weeks , 18 women came forward to publicly claim that Filner had sexually harassed them , and multiple individuals and groups called for him to resign .	18	How many women claimed to be sexually harassed by Filner ?
Filner subsequently pleaded guilty to one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges , and was sentenced to house arrest and probation .	house arrest and probation	What was Filner 's sentence ?
On August 19 Filner and city representatives entered a mediation process , as a result of which Filner agreed to resign , effective August 30 , 2013 , while the city agreed to limit his legal and financial exposure .	August 19	When did a mediation process begin between Filner and a city representative ?
Over the ensuing six weeks , 18 women came forward to publicly claim that Filner had sexually harassed them , and multiple individuals and groups called for him to resign .	six weeks	How long did Filner 's trial last ?
Like most major cities , San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000 .	San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000	What happened to the crime rate in San Diego between 1990 and 2000 ?
San Diego was ranked as the 20th-safest city in America in 2013 by Business Insider .	20th-safest city in America	What did Business Insider call San Diego in 2013 ?
From 2002 to 2006 , the crime rate overall dropped 0.8 % , though not evenly by category .	0.8%	What percentage did the crime rate in San Diego drop from 2002 to 2006 ?
While violent crime decreased 12.4 % during this period , property crime increased 1.1 % .	property crime	What type of crime increased between 2002 and 2006 ?
San Diego 's first television station was KFMB , which began broadcasting on May 16 , 1949 .	KFMB	Which television station began broadcasting on May 16 , 1949 ?
San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate .	80.6 percent	What is San Diego 's cable penetration rate ?
Since the Federal Communications Commission -LRB- FCC -RRB- licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles , two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city .	because of its relative proximity to the larger city	Why was San Diego eligible for two VHF channels ?
In 1952 , however , the FCC began licensing UHF channels , making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations .	1952	In what year did UHF channels beging being licensed by the FCC ?
Television stations today include XHTJB 3 -LRB- Once TV -RRB- , XETV 6 -LRB- CW -RRB- , KFMB 8 -LRB- CBS -RRB- , KGTV 10 -LRB- ABC -RRB- , XEWT 12 -LRB- Televisa Regional -RRB- , KPBS 15 -LRB- PBS -RRB- , KBNT-CD 17 -LRB- Univision -RRB- , XHTIT-TDT 21 -LRB- Azteca 7 -RRB- , XHJK-TDT 27 -LRB- Azteca 13 -RRB- , XHAS 33 -LRB- Telemundo -RRB- , K35DG-D 35 -LRB- UCSD-TV -RRB- , KDTF-LD 51 -LRB- Telefutura -RRB- , KNSD 39 -LRB- NBC -RRB- , KZSD-LP 41 -LRB- Azteca America -RRB- , KSEX-CD 42 -LRB- Infomercials -RRB- , XHBJ-TDT 45 -LRB- Gala TV -RRB- , XHDTV 49 -LRB- MNTV -RRB- , KUSI 51 -LRB- Independent -RRB- , XHUAA-TDT 57 -LRB- Canal de las Estrellas -RRB- , and KSWB-TV 69 -LRB- Fox -RRB- .	KUSI 51	What independent station is in San Diego ?
As a whole , the Mexico side of the San Diego-Tijuana market has two duopolies and one triopoly -LRB- Entravision Communications owns both XHAS-TV and XHDTV-TV , Azteca owns XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV , and Grupo Televisa owns XHUAA-TV and XHWT-TV along with being the license holder for XETV-TV , which is run by California-based subsidiary Bay City Television -RRB- .	two	How many duopolies does the Mexico side of San Diego-Tijuana have ?
As a whole , the Mexico side of the San Diego-Tijuana market has two duopolies and one triopoly -LRB- Entravision Communications owns both XHAS-TV and XHDTV-TV , Azteca owns XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV , and Grupo Televisa owns XHUAA-TV and XHWT-TV along with being the license holder for XETV-TV , which is run by California-based subsidiary Bay City Television -RRB- .	XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV	What two stations are owned by Azteca ?
As a whole , the Mexico side of the San Diego-Tijuana market has two duopolies and one triopoly -LRB- Entravision Communications owns both XHAS-TV and XHDTV-TV , Azteca owns XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV , and Grupo Televisa owns XHUAA-TV and XHWT-TV along with being the license holder for XETV-TV , which is run by California-based subsidiary Bay City Television -RRB- .	Entravision Communications	What company owns XHDTV-TV and XHAS-TV ?
As a whole , the Mexico side of the San Diego-Tijuana market has two duopolies and one triopoly -LRB- Entravision Communications owns both XHAS-TV and XHDTV-TV , Azteca owns XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV , and Grupo Televisa owns XHUAA-TV and XHWT-TV along with being the license holder for XETV-TV , which is run by California-based subsidiary Bay City Television -RRB- .	XETV-TV	Which station is ran by Bay City Television ?
Stations include : KOGO AM 600 , KFMB AM 760 , KCEO AM 1000 , KCBQ AM 1170 , K-Praise , KLSD AM 1360 Air America , KFSD 1450 AM , KPBS-FM 89.5 , Channel 933 , Star 94.1 , FM 94/9 , FM News and Talk 95.7 , Q96 96.1 , KyXy 96.5 , Free Radio San Diego -LRB- AKA Pirate Radio San Diego -RRB- 96.9 FM FRSD , KSON 97.3 / 92.1 , KXSN 98.1 , Jack-FM 100.7 , 101.5 KGB-FM , KLVJ 102.1 , Rock 105.3 , and another Pirate Radio station at 106.9 FM , as well as a number of local Spanish-language radio stations .	Pirate Radio San Diego	What is another name Free Radio San Diego is known by ?
Stations include : KOGO AM 600 , KFMB AM 760 , KCEO AM 1000 , KCBQ AM 1170 , K-Praise , KLSD AM 1360 Air America , KFSD 1450 AM , KPBS-FM 89.5 , Channel 933 , Star 94.1 , FM 94/9 , FM News and Talk 95.7 , Q96 96.1 , KyXy 96.5 , Free Radio San Diego -LRB- AKA Pirate Radio San Diego -RRB- 96.9 FM FRSD , KSON 97.3 / 92.1 , KXSN 98.1 , Jack-FM 100.7 , 101.5 KGB-FM , KLVJ 102.1 , Rock 105.3 , and another Pirate Radio station at 106.9 FM , as well as a number of local Spanish-language radio stations .	106.9FM	In addition to Free Radio San Diego , what other pirate station is in San Diego ?
The radio stations in San Diego include nationwide broadcaster , Clear Channel Communications ; CBS Radio , Midwest Television , Lincoln Financial Media , Finest City Broadcasting , and many other smaller stations and networks .	Clear Channel Communications	What is the largest nationwide broadcaster in San Diego ?
Stations include : KOGO AM 600 , KFMB AM 760 , KCEO AM 1000 , KCBQ AM 1170 , K-Praise , KLSD AM 1360 Air America , KFSD 1450 AM , KPBS-FM 89.5 , Channel 933 , Star 94.1 , FM 94/9 , FM News and Talk 95.7 , Q96 96.1 , KyXy 96.5 , Free Radio San Diego -LRB- AKA Pirate Radio San Diego -RRB- 96.9 FM FRSD , KSON 97.3 / 92.1 , KXSN 98.1 , Jack-FM 100.7 , 101.5 KGB-FM , KLVJ 102.1 , Rock 105.3 , and another Pirate Radio station at 106.9 FM , as well as a number of local Spanish-language radio stations .	95.7	What is the exact setting for FM News & Talk ?
This includes Interstate 5 , which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles ; Interstate 8 , which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor ; Interstate 15 , which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City ; and Interstate 805 , which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at Sorrento Valley .	Interstate 8	What major interstate runs from Tijuana to Los Angeles ?
This includes Interstate 5 , which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles ; Interstate 8 , which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor ; Interstate 15 , which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City ; and Interstate 805 , which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at Sorrento Valley .	near the Mexican border	Where does Interstate 805 split from I-5 ?
This includes Interstate 5 , which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles ; Interstate 8 , which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor ; Interstate 15 , which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City ; and Interstate 805 , which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at Sorrento Valley .	Interstate 8	Which interstate directly connects the east with the Arizona Sun Corridor and Imperial County ?
This includes Interstate 5 , which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles ; Interstate 8 , which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor ; Interstate 15 , which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City ; and Interstate 805 , which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at Sorrento Valley .	Las Vegas and Salt Lake City	What two major cities are Inland Empire connected to via Interstate 15 ?
With the automobile being the primary means of transportation for over 80 percent of its residents , San Diego is served by a network of freeways and highways .	over 80 percent	What percentage of San Diego 's residents rely on theri automobile as a primary source of transportation ?
Major state highways include SR 94 , which connects downtown with I-805 , I-15 and East County ; SR 163 , which connects downtown with the northeast part of the city , intersects I-805 and merges with I-15 at Miramar ; SR 52 , which connects La Jolla with East County through Santee and SR 125 ; SR 56 , which connects I-5 with I-15 through Carmel Valley and Rancho Peñasquitos ; SR 75 , which spans San Diego Bay as the San Diego-Coronado Bridge , and also passes through South San Diego as Palm Avenue ; and SR 905 , which connects I-5 and I-805 to the Otay Mesa Port of Entry .	SR 94	What highway connects the I-805 with the downtown area ?
Major state highways include SR 94 , which connects downtown with I-805 , I-15 and East County ; SR 163 , which connects downtown with the northeast part of the city , intersects I-805 and merges with I-15 at Miramar ; SR 52 , which connects La Jolla with East County through Santee and SR 125 ; SR 56 , which connects I-5 with I-15 through Carmel Valley and Rancho Peñasquitos ; SR 75 , which spans San Diego Bay as the San Diego-Coronado Bridge , and also passes through South San Diego as Palm Avenue ; and SR 905 , which connects I-5 and I-805 to the Otay Mesa Port of Entry .	at Miramar	Where does SR 94 merge with I-15 ?
Major state highways include SR 94 , which connects downtown with I-805 , I-15 and East County ; SR 163 , which connects downtown with the northeast part of the city , intersects I-805 and merges with I-15 at Miramar ; SR 52 , which connects La Jolla with East County through Santee and SR 125 ; SR 56 , which connects I-5 with I-15 through Carmel Valley and Rancho Peñasquitos ; SR 75 , which spans San Diego Bay as the San Diego-Coronado Bridge , and also passes through South San Diego as Palm Avenue ; and SR 905 , which connects I-5 and I-805 to the Otay Mesa Port of Entry .	San Diego Bay	Where does SR 75 flow primarily through ?
Testament to San Diego 's cycling efforts , in 2006 , San Diego was rated as the best city for cycling for U.S. cities with a population over 1 million .	2006	In what year was San Diego rated as the country 's best densely populated city for cycling ?
This is partly because of the grid street patterns now absent in newer developments farther from the urban core , where suburban style arterial roads are much more common .	the grid street patterns	Why are older neighborhoods in San Diego popular with cyclists ?
The dry and mild climate of San Diego makes cycling a convenient and pleasant year-round option .	dry and mild climate	What makes San Diego the ideal city to commute via bike ?
At the same time , the city 's hilly , canyon-like terrain and significantly long average trip distances -- brought about by strict low-density zoning laws -- somewhat restrict cycling for utilitarian purposes .	the city's hilly, canyon-like terrain	Why are average trip distances so lengthy in San Diego ?
The Trolley primarily serves downtown and surrounding urban communities , Mission Valley , east county , and coastal south bay .	downtown and surrounding urban communities	What areas of San Diego are primarily served by the trolley ?
A planned Mid-Coast extension of the Trolley will operate from Old Town to University City and the University of California , San Diego along the I-5 Freeway , with planned operation by 2018 .	A planned Mid-Coast extension of the Trolley	What public transportation is in the works to be completed by 2018 ?
There are two Amtrak stations in San Diego , in Old Town and the Santa Fe Depot downtown .	two	How many Amtrak stations are in San Diego ?
San Diego transit information about public transportation and commuting is available on the Web and by dialing `` 511 '' from any phone in the area .	511	What number can you dial from any phone for public transportation information in San Diego ?
The Amtrak and Coaster trains currently run along the coastline and connect San Diego with Los Angeles , Orange County , Riverside , San Bernardino , and Ventura via Metrolink and the Pacific Surfliner .	along the coastline	Where do the Amtrak and Coaster trains primarily run ?
The city 's primary commercial airport is the San Diego International Airport -LRB- SAN -RRB- , also known as Lindbergh Field .	San Diego International Airport (SAN)	What is the more popular name of Lindbergh Field ?
It served over 17 million passengers in 2005 , and is dealing with an increasingly larger number every year .	17 million	How many passengers did San Diego Internatonal Airport serve in 2005 ?
By 2015 , the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal in Otay Mesa will give direct access to Tijuana International Airport , with passengers walking across the U.S. -- Mexico border on a footbridge to catch their flight on the Mexican side .	give direct access to Tijuana International Airport	What is the purpose of the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal ?
It is operated by an independent agency , the San Diego Regional Airport Authority .	San Diego Regional Airport Authority	What independent agency operates San Diego International Airport ?
In addition , the city itself operates two general-aviation airports , Montgomery Field -LRB- MYF -RRB- and Brown Field -LRB- SDM -RRB- .	Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM)	What two general aviation airports are operated by the San Diego Regional Airport Authority ?
Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around `` The Merge , '' a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet .	The Merge	What is the name given to the highly congested spot where Interstates 5 and 805 meet ?
There is a tollway -LRB- The South Bay Expressway -RRB- connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa , near the Mexican border .	The South Bay Expressway	What tollway connects Otay Mesa with SR 54 ?
Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2 , currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013 .	Terminal 2	Which terminal was expanded in the San Diego International Airport in 2013 ?
Also , an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle -LRB- HOV -RRB- `` managed lanes '' .	high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) "managed lanes"	What type of special lanes were added to Interstate 15 ?
According to a 2007 assessment , 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition .	37 percent	In 2007 , what percentage of the roads in San Diego were considered acceptable ?
The term Muslim world , also known as Islamic world and the Ummah -LRB- Arabic : أمة , meaning `` nation '' or `` community '' -RRB- has different meanings .	Muslim world	Islamic World is another way to refer to what ?
In a religious sense , the Islamic Ummah refers to those who adhere to the teachings of Islam , referred to as Muslims .	those who adhere to the teachings of Islam	When speaking of religion , what does Ummah refer to ?
In a cultural sense , the Muslim Ummah refers to Islamic civilization , exclusive of non-Muslims living in that civilization .	Islamic civilization	When speaking about culture , what does Ummah refer to ?
The term Muslim world , also known as Islamic world and the Ummah -LRB- Arabic : أمة , meaning `` nation '' or `` community '' -RRB- has different meanings .	Ummah	Community , or Nation are direct translations of what word in reference to Islam ?
The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world , starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622 .	622	When did the Islamic Golden age start ?
The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world , starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622 .	the Middle Ages	What other age occurred at the same time as the Islamic Golden Age ?
The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad , or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus , Iberian Peninsula .	1492	There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age ?
During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid -LRB- 786 to 809 -RRB- , the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world 's knowledge into Arabic .	786 to 809	What years did Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid reign ?
During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid -LRB- 786 to 809 -RRB- , the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world 's knowledge into Arabic .	Baghdad	Where was the House of Wisdom held ?
Between the 8th and 18th centuries , the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in Islamic art , usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery .	glazed ceramics	What type of ceramic art was popular from the 8th to the 18th century in the art of Islam ?
Tin-opacified glazing was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters .	Tin-opacified glazing	Which ceramic glazing was developed by those potters which were Islamic ?
The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra , dating to around the 8th century .	Basra	Where would one find the earliest examples of opaque glazes in the Muslim world ?
The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra , dating to around the 8th century .	8th century	Around when were the first opaque glazes developed ?
Another contribution was the development of stone-paste ceramics , originating from 9th century Iraq .	9th century Iraq	Where were stone-paste ceramics invented ?
The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights -LRB- In Persian : hezār-o-yek šab > Arabic : ʔalf-layl-at-wa-l ' - layla = One thousand Night and -LRB- one -RRB- Night -RRB- or * Arabian Nights , a name invented by early Western translators , which is a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit , Persian , and later Arabian fables .	One Thousand and One Nights	What is the most widely known fictional work from the Islamic world ?
The original concept is derived from a pre-Islamic Persian prototype Hezār Afsān -LRB- Thousand Fables -RRB- that relied on particular Indian elements .	Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables)	Arabian nights was originally based upon what Persian work ?
It reached its final form by the 14th century ; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another .	14th century	In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed ?
This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century , first by Antoine Galland .	18th century	When did One Thousand and One Nights first get translated in the West ?
This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century , first by Antoine Galland .	Antoine Galland	Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights ?
A famous example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance -LRB- love -RRB- is Layla and Majnun , dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century .	Arabic poetry and Persian poetry	Layla and Majnun is an example of what kind of poetry ?
A famous example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance -LRB- love -RRB- is Layla and Majnun , dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century .	Umayyad era	Which era is Layla and Majnun from ?
A famous example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance -LRB- love -RRB- is Layla and Majnun , dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century .	7th century	In what century does Layla and Majnun originate ?
Ferdowsi 's Shahnameh , the national epic of Iran , is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history .	a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history	What kind of story is told in Shahnameh ?
Ferdowsi 's Shahnameh , the national epic of Iran , is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history .	Ferdowsi	Who wrote Shahnameh ?
Ibn Tufail -LRB- Abubacer -RRB- and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel .	Abubacer	What is another name for Ibn Tufail ?
Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan -LRB- Philosophus Autodidactus -RRB- as a response to Al-Ghazali 's The Incoherence of the Philosophers , and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail 's Philosophus Autodidactus .	Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)	What Arabic book is Ibn Tufail noted for writing ?
Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan -LRB- Philosophus Autodidactus -RRB- as a response to Al-Ghazali 's The Incoherence of the Philosophers , and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail 's Philosophus Autodidactus .	Ibn al-Nafis	Who wrote Theologus Autodidactus ?
Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan -LRB- Philosophus Autodidactus -RRB- as a response to Al-Ghazali 's The Incoherence of the Philosophers , and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail 's Philosophus Autodidactus .	Al-Ghazali	What person wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers ?
Both of these narratives had protagonists -LRB- Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus -RRB- who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island , both being the earliest examples of a desert island story .	Hayy	Who was the main chracter of Philosophus Autodidactus ?
Theologus Autodidactus , written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Nafis -LRB- 1213 -- 1288 -RRB- , is the first example of a science fiction novel .	1213–1288	What was the life span of Ibn al-Nafis ?
Theologus Autodidactus , written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Nafis -LRB- 1213 -- 1288 -RRB- , is the first example of a science fiction novel .	science fiction	What type of book is Theologus Autodidactus the first type of ?
Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events , Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology , astronomy , cosmology and geology known in his time .	scientific knowledge	What did Ibn al-Nafis use to explain the events in Theologus Autodidactus ?
A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail 's work , Philosophus Autodidactus , first appeared in 1671 , prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger , followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708 , as well as German and Dutch translations .	1671	Which year did a translation of Philosophus Autodidactus in Latin come to be ?
These translations might have later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe , regarded as the first novel in English .	Daniel Defoe	Who wrote Robinson Crusoe ?
A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail 's work , Philosophus Autodidactus , first appeared in 1671 , prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger , followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708 , as well as German and Dutch translations .	Edward Pococke the Younger	Who first translated Philosophus Autodidactus into latin ?
A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail 's work , Philosophus Autodidactus , first appeared in 1671 , prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger , followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708 , as well as German and Dutch translations .	1708	Simon Ockley translated Philosophus Autodidactus into English , in what year did he do that ?
Philosophus Autodidactus , continuing the thoughts of philosophers such as Aristotle from earlier ages , inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island , The Aspiring Naturalist .	The Aspiring Naturalist	What book is Robert Boyle believe to have written after being inspired by Philosophus Autodidactus ?
Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy , derived features of and episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology : the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj -LRB- translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi -RRB- concerning the ascension to Heaven of Muhammad , and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi .	in 1264 or shortly before	In what year was Kitab al-Miraj likely translated into Latin ?
Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy , derived features of and episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology : the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj -LRB- translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi -RRB- concerning the ascension to Heaven of Muhammad , and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi .	Dante Alighieri	Who wrote the Divine Comedy ?
Some of their works featured Moorish characters , such as Peele 's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice , Titus Andronicus and Othello , which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character .	Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello	Which works by Shakespeare is believed to be inspired by The Moors ?
These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century .	17th century	In what century is it believed that delegations of Moors began to influence western works by the likes of Shakespeare ?
Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy , derived features of and episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology : the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj -LRB- translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi -RRB- concerning the ascension to Heaven of Muhammad , and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi .	episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology	What aspects from Islamic works did the Divine Comedy feature ?
The Persian scholar Ibn Sina -LRB- Avicenna -RRB- -LRB- 980 -- 1037 -RRB- had more than 450 books attributed to him .	980–1037	What was the life span of Ibn Sina ?
The Persian scholar Ibn Sina -LRB- Avicenna -RRB- -LRB- 980 -- 1037 -RRB- had more than 450 books attributed to him .	450	How many books were said to have been written by Ibn Sina ?
His writings were concerned with various subjects , most notably philosophy and medicine .	philosophy and medicine	What subjects did Ibn Sina mainly write about ?
His medical textbook The Canon of Medicine was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries .	The Canon of Medicine	What medical book is Ibn Sina most noted for in European universities ?
He also wrote The Book of Healing , an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia .	The Book of Healing	What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing ?
Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on modern philosophy was Ibn Tufail .	Ibn Tufail	Which philosopher from the Muslim world influenced modern philosophy ?
Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on modern philosophy was Ibn Tufail .	Ibn Tufail	Who wrote Hayy ibn Yaqdha ?
His philosophical novel , Hayy ibn Yaqdha , translated into Latin as Philosophus Autodidactus in 1671 , developed the themes of empiricism , tabula rasa , nature versus nurture , condition of possibility , materialism , and Molyneux 's problem .	1671	In what year was Hayy ibn Yaqdha translated to the Latin language ?
His philosophical novel , Hayy ibn Yaqdha , translated into Latin as Philosophus Autodidactus in 1671 , developed the themes of empiricism , tabula rasa , nature versus nurture , condition of possibility , materialism , and Molyneux 's problem .	philosophical novel	What kind of book is Hayy ibn Yaqdha ?
Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz , a pioneer in evolutionary thought ; Ibn al-Haytham -LRB- Alhazen -RRB- , a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle 's concept of place -LRB- topos -RRB- ; Al-Biruni , a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy ; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis , pioneers of the philosophical novel ; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi , founder of Illuminationist philosophy ; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi , a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic ; and Ibn Khaldun , a pioneer in the philosophy of history .	al-Jahiz	Which philosopher of the Muslim world is considered an important author of work on evolution ?
Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz , a pioneer in evolutionary thought ; Ibn al-Haytham -LRB- Alhazen -RRB- , a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle 's concept of place -LRB- topos -RRB- ; Al-Biruni , a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy ; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis , pioneers of the philosophical novel ; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi , founder of Illuminationist philosophy ; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi , a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic ; and Ibn Khaldun , a pioneer in the philosophy of history .	Alhazen	Ibn al-Haytham can be known by another name , what is it ?
Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz , a pioneer in evolutionary thought ; Ibn al-Haytham -LRB- Alhazen -RRB- , a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle 's concept of place -LRB- topos -RRB- ; Al-Biruni , a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy ; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis , pioneers of the philosophical novel ; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi , founder of Illuminationist philosophy ; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi , a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic ; and Ibn Khaldun , a pioneer in the philosophy of history .	phenomenology and the philosophy of science	What type of work is Ibn al-Haytham known to have pioneered ?
Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz , a pioneer in evolutionary thought ; Ibn al-Haytham -LRB- Alhazen -RRB- , a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle 's concept of place -LRB- topos -RRB- ; Al-Biruni , a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy ; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis , pioneers of the philosophical novel ; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi , founder of Illuminationist philosophy ; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi , a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic ; and Ibn Khaldun , a pioneer in the philosophy of history .	Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi	Who is considered to have been the one that founded Illuminationist philosophy ?
Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz , a pioneer in evolutionary thought ; Ibn al-Haytham -LRB- Alhazen -RRB- , a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle 's concept of place -LRB- topos -RRB- ; Al-Biruni , a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy ; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis , pioneers of the philosophical novel ; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi , founder of Illuminationist philosophy ; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi , a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic ; and Ibn Khaldun , a pioneer in the philosophy of history .	Fakhr al-Din al-Razi	Which philosopher in the Muslim world championed inductive logic in their works ?
This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world , where progress in methodology was made , beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham -LRB- Alhazen -RRB- on optics from circa 1000 , in his Book of Optics .	optics	Ibn al-Haytham experimented with what around the year 1000 ?
This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world , where progress in methodology was made , beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham -LRB- Alhazen -RRB- on optics from circa 1000 , in his Book of Optics .	Book of Optics	Ibn al-Haytham wrote about his work around the year 1000 , what was it ?
Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced decagonal quasicrystal geometry -LRB- discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West -RRB- and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture .	Medieval Muslim artists	Who is believed to have discovered decagonal quasicrystal geometry ?
Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics , especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light .	Ibn al-Haytham	Regarding the intromission theory of light , who showed the first proof ?
al-Khwarzimi 's invented the log base systems that are being used today , he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits .	al-Khwarzimi	Which Muslim scientist worked on trigonometry ?
Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine , including the subjects of anatomy and physiology : such as in the 15th century Persian work by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas entitled Tashrih al-badan -LRB- Anatomy of the body -RRB- which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body 's structural , nervous and circulatory systems ; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis , who proposed the theory of pulmonary circulation .	Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body)	What work is Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas known for writing ?
Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine , including the subjects of anatomy and physiology : such as in the 15th century Persian work by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas entitled Tashrih al-badan -LRB- Anatomy of the body -RRB- which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body 's structural , nervous and circulatory systems ; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis , who proposed the theory of pulmonary circulation .	15th century	In what century did Tashrih al-badan come into being ?
Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine , including the subjects of anatomy and physiology : such as in the 15th century Persian work by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas entitled Tashrih al-badan -LRB- Anatomy of the body -RRB- which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body 's structural , nervous and circulatory systems ; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis , who proposed the theory of pulmonary circulation .	Ibn al-Nafis	Who theorized about pulmonary circulation ?
Avicenna 's The Canon of Medicine remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century .	Avicenna	Who wrote The Canon of Medicine ?
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi -LRB- also known as Abulcasis -RRB- contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his Kitab al-Tasrif -LRB- `` Book of Concessions '' -RRB- , a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries .	Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi	Who wrote Kitab al-Tasrif ?
In astronomy , Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth 's axis .	astronomy	What field did Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī contribute to ?
In astronomy , Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth 's axis .	improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis	What work is Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī known for as it regards to earth ?
The astrolabe , though originally developed by the Greeks , was perfected by Islamic astronomers and engineers , and was subsequently brought to Europe .	the Greeks	Who created the astrolabe ?
The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani , Averroes , Nasir al-Din al-Tusi , Mu'ayyad al-Din al - ` Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model .	the Copernican heliocentric model	What model did the work of Muslim World astronomers contribute to ?
The astrolabe , though originally developed by the Greeks , was perfected by Islamic astronomers and engineers , and was subsequently brought to Europe .	Islamic astronomers and engineers	Who is said to have mastered the astrolabe ?
Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus , and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans .	almonds and citrus fruit	which crops were brought to europe from the Muslim World ?
Advances were made in irrigation and farming , using new technology such as the windmill .	irrigation and farming	What was the windmill used for ?
Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century .	Arab merchants	Trading in the Indian ocean was mainly controlled by whom ?
Hormuz was an important center for this trade .	Hormuz	Where was an important center of Indian Ocean trading in the 16th century ?
Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century .	16th century	When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean ?
The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century , while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century .	7th century	How early did people in the Muslim World start using watermills ?
By the 11th century , every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation , from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia .	11th century	In what century had mills such as gristmills and sawmills dominate the Islamic world ?
The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century , while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century .	9th century	At what point was the use of watermills common in the Muslim World ?
Muslim engineers also invented crankshafts and water turbines , employed gears in mills and water-raising machines , and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power , used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines .	Muslim engineers	Who invented crankshafts ?
Muslim engineers also invented crankshafts and water turbines , employed gears in mills and water-raising machines , and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power , used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines .	Muslim engineers	Who was the inventor of water turbines ?
More than 20 % of the world 's population is Muslim .	20%	What percentage of the humans in the world are considered Muslim ?
Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion .	1,5 billion	How many Muslims are believed to live on earth ?
Muslims are the majority in 49 countries , they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds .	49	In how many nations are Muslims in the majority of people ?
Muslims are the majority in 49 countries , they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds .	hundreds	How many languages are spoken by Muslims ?
The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects .	Sunni and Shia	Which Muslim denominations are the most dominant ?
They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah -LRB- `` faithful '' -RRB- should be governed , and the role of the imam .	how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam	What are the two main things differentiating Sunni and Shia ?
Sunnis believe the true political successor of the Prophet in Sunnah is based on ٍShura -LRB- consultation -RRB- at the Saqifah which selected Abu Bakr , father of the Prophet 's favourite wife , ` A'ishah , to lead the Islamic community while the religious succession ceased to exist on account of finality of Prophethood .	Abu Bakr	Who is believed , among Sunnis , to be the political successor of the Prophet ?
Sunnis believe the true political successor of the Prophet in Sunnah is based on ٍShura -LRB- consultation -RRB- at the Saqifah which selected Abu Bakr , father of the Prophet 's favourite wife , ` A'ishah , to lead the Islamic community while the religious succession ceased to exist on account of finality of Prophethood .	father of the Prophet's favourite wife	Who was Abu Bakr ?
Shia on the other hand believe that the true political as well as religious successor is Ali ibn Abi Talib , husband of the Prophet 's daughter Fatimah -LRB- designated by the Prophet -RRB- .	husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah	Who was Ali ibn Abi Talib ?
Some members such as Kuwait , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97 % literacy rates , whereas literacy rates are the lowest in Mali , Afghanistan , Chad and parts of Africa .	over 97%	What is the literacy rate in Kuwait ?
In 2015 , the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37 % of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write , basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization .	37%	In 2015 it was reported that what percentage of the Muslim World was not literate ?
In 2015 , the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37 % of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write , basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization .	Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization	What organizations studied literacy in the Muslim World in 2015 ?
Some members such as Kuwait , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97 % literacy rates , whereas literacy rates are the lowest in Mali , Afghanistan , Chad and parts of Africa .	Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa	Which regions have the lowest rate of literacy in the Muslim world ?
In Pakistan , establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002 , resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific research papers in 10 years with the total number of universities increasing from 115 in 2001 to over 400 in 2012 .	Higher Education Commission	Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002 ?
In Pakistan , establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002 , resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific research papers in 10 years with the total number of universities increasing from 115 in 2001 to over 400 in 2012 .	5-fold increase	How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Saudi Arabia has established the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology .	King Abdullah University of Science and Technology	What science university did Saudi Arabia establish ?
United Arab Emirates has invested in Zayed University , United Arab Emirates University , and Masdar Institute of Science and Technology -LSB- clarification needed -RSB-	United Arab Emirates	Where is Zayed University ?
In Pakistan , establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002 , resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific research papers in 10 years with the total number of universities increasing from 115 in 2001 to over 400 in 2012 .	115	How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001 ?
Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture , particularly that of the mosque .	the mosque	What is considered the most important work of Islamic architecture ?
There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram -LRB- forbidden -RRB- in mosque architecture .	decorative calligraphy	What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures ?
There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram -LRB- forbidden -RRB- in mosque architecture .	forbidden	What is the definition of haram ?
There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram -LRB- forbidden -RRB- in mosque architecture .	mosque architecture	Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden ?
Note that in secular architecture , human and animal representation was indeed present .	secular architecture	Where is one permitted to use representations of humans ?
No Islamic visual images or depictions of God are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry .	such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry	Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world ?
Moreover , Muslims believe that God is incorporeal , making any two - or three - dimensional depictions impossible .	God is incorporeal	What do Muslims believe of the form of God ?
All but one sura of the Quran begins with the phrase `` In the name of God , the Beneficent , the Merciful '' .	All but one	How many sura 's in the Quran begin with `` In the name of God ? ''
Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited .	prohibited	What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed ?
Such aniconism and iconoclasm can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology .	Jewish and some Christian theology	What other religions might one find depictions of God , or Prophets forbidden ?
Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as arabesque .	arabesque	What is the repetitive use of geometric floral designs known as in Islamic art ?
Such designs are highly nonrepresentational , as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in pre-Islamic pagan religions .	pre-Islamic pagan religions	Islam forbade types of art found in what religions ?
Despite this , there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies , notably the miniature style made famous in Persia and under the Ottoman Empire which featured paintings of people and animals , and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives .	people and animals	Miniature paintings of the Ottoman empire featured what kind of subjects ?
Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence , indivisible and infinite nature of God , an objective achieved by arabesque .	to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God	What is one reason the art of Islam may be abstract ?
Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic kufic and naskh scripts , which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques , the sides of minbars , and so on .	kufic and naskh scripts	In mosques domes may have what kind of scripts decorating them ?
Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition , radiating structures , and rhythmic , metric patterns .	ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns	What are the main distinctive features of Islamic architecture ?
Other features employed as motifs include columns , piers and arches , organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes .	columns, piers and arches	What physical characteristics are common in Islamic architecture ?
Its usage spans centuries , first appearing in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque , and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal .	691	When did domes first appear in the architecture of the Muslim World ?
Its usage spans centuries , first appearing in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque , and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal .	Dome of the Rock mosque	Which mosque is believed to be the first with a dome ?
Its usage spans centuries , first appearing in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque , and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal .	17th century	When was the Taj Mahal constructed ?
The Solar Hijri calendar , also called the Shamsi Hijri calendar , and abbreviated as SH , is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan .	The Solar Hijri calendar	What is another name for the Shamsi Hijri calender ?
The Solar Hijri calendar , also called the Shamsi Hijri calendar , and abbreviated as SH , is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan .	SH	What is one way to abbreviate the Solar Hiljri calender ?
The Solar Hijri calendar , also called the Shamsi Hijri calendar , and abbreviated as SH , is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan .	the Shamsi Hijri calendar	What is the customary calendar of Iran ?
Each of the twelve months corresponds with a zodiac sign .	twelve months	How many months are in the Shamsi Hijri calendar ?
The year of Prophet Muhammad 's migration to Medina -LRB- 622 CE -RRB- is fixed as the first year of the calendar , and the New Year 's Day always falls on the March equinox .	Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina	What is the first year of the Shamsi Hijri Calender based on ?
In a small minority of Muslim countries , the law requires women to cover either just legs , shoulders and head or the whole body apart from the face .	a small minority	How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs , shoulders , or whole body ?
These rules for dressing cause tensions , concerning particularly Muslims living in Western countries , where restrictions are considered both sexist and oppressive .	sexist and oppressive	What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West ?
Some Muslims oppose this charge , and instead declare that the media in these countries presses on women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive , and that this is itself sexist and oppressive .	women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive	Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves ?
In strictest forms , the face as well must be covered leaving just a mesh to see through .	the face	In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations ?
It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia , the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic , and Azerbaijan ; to the north by Kazakhstan and Russia across the Caspian Sea ; to the northeast by Turkmenistan ; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan ; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman ; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq .	Armenia	Which country borders Iran to Iran 's northwest ?
With 78.4 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 17th-most-populous country .	78.4 million	How many people live in Iran ?
Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 -LRB- 636,372 sq mi -RRB- , it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world .	636,372 sq mi	What is Iran 's land mass in square miles ?
Iran -LRB- / aɪˈræn / or i / ɪˈrɑːn / ; Persian : Irān -- ایران -LSB- ʔiːˈɾɒːn -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- -RRB- , also known as Persia -LRB- / ˈpɜːrʒə / or / ˈpɜːrʃə / -RRB- , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran -LRB- جمهوری اسلامی ایران -- Jomhuri ye Eslāmi ye Irān -LSB- d͡ʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒːn -RSB- -RRB- , is a sovereign state in Western Asia .	Persia	What is the unofficial name for Iran ?
Iran -LRB- / aɪˈræn / or i / ɪˈrɑːn / ; Persian : Irān -- ایران -LSB- ʔiːˈɾɒːn -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- -RRB- , also known as Persia -LRB- / ˈpɜːrʒə / or / ˈpɜːrʃə / -RRB- , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran -LRB- جمهوری اسلامی ایران -- Jomhuri ye Eslāmi ye Irān -LSB- d͡ʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒːn -RSB- -RRB- , is a sovereign state in Western Asia .	the Islamic Republic of Iran	What is Iran 's official country name ?
Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms in 3200 -- 2800 BC .	the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms	What civilizations formed in Iran during 3200-2800 BC ?
The Iranian Medes unified the area into the first of many empires in 625 BC , after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region .	625 BC	When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area ?
Iran reached the pinnacle of its power during the Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC , which at its greatest extent comprised major portions of the ancient world , stretching from parts of the Balkans -LRB- Thrace-Macedonia , Bulgaria-Paeonia -RRB- and Eastern Europe proper in the west , to the Indus Valley in the east , making it the largest empire the world had yet seen .	Cyrus the Great	Who found the Archaemenid Empire in 550 BC ?
The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great .	330 BC	When did the Archaemenid Empire collapse ?
The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great .	Alexander the Great	Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC ?
In 633 AD , Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD , largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam .	633 AD	What year did the Rashidun Arabs invade Iran ?
In 633 AD , Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD , largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam .	651 AD	What year did the Rashidun Arabs conquer Iran ?
In 633 AD , Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD , largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam .	Sunni Islam	What religion did the Rashidun Arabs convert the indigenous conquered peoples to ?
During the 19th century , Iran irrevocably lost swaths of its territories in the Caucasus which made part of the concept of Iran for centuries , to neighboring Imperial Russia .	Imperial Russia	Which country took over Iran 's territories in the Caucasus in the 19th Century ?
Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the 1979 Revolution , which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979 .	1979 Revolution	What movement led to Iran becoming an Islamic republic in 1979 ?
Iran is a major regional and middle power , exerting considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy through its large reserves of fossil fuels , which include the largest natural gas supply in the world and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves .	natural gas	What resource does Iran have the largest supply of in the world ?
Tehran is the country 's capital and largest city , as well as its leading cultural and economic center .	Tehran	What city is Iran 's capital ?
Iran is a major regional and middle power , exerting considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy through its large reserves of fossil fuels , which include the largest natural gas supply in the world and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves .	through its large reserves of fossil fuels	How does Iran effect the world economy and international energy markets ?
Iran is a major regional and middle power , exerting considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy through its large reserves of fossil fuels , which include the largest natural gas supply in the world and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves .	proven oil reserves	What resource does Iran have the fourth largest supply of in the world ?
Iran 's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 19 UNESCO World Heritage Sites , the fourth-largest number in Asia and 12th-largest in the world .	19	How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites does Iran have ?
The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān , first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief , with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān , in reference to Iranians .	3rd-century	What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded ?
The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān , first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief , with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān , in reference to Iranians .	Parthian	What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians ?
The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr - -LRB- Middle Persian -RRB- and ary - -LRB- Parthian -RRB- , both deriving from Proto-Iranian * arya - -LRB- meaning `` Aryan , '' i.e. , `` of the Iranians '' -RRB- , argued to descend from Proto-Indo-European * ar-yo - , meaning `` skillful assembler . ''	*ar-yo-	What Proto-Indo-European term means `` skillful assembler ? ''
In Iranian languages , the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta , -LSB- a -RSB- and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names such as Alans -LRB- Ossetic : Ир -- Ir -RRB- and Iron -LRB- Ossetic : Ирон -- Iron -RRB- .	the gentilic	What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages ?
The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān , first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief , with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān , in reference to Iranians .	Ērān	What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran ?
Historically , Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West , due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis -LRB- Greek : Περσίς -RRB- , meaning `` land of the Persians . ''	Greek historians	Which historians referred to Iran as Persis ?
Historically , Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West , due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis -LRB- Greek : Περσίς -RRB- , meaning `` land of the Persians . ''	Persia	What has the West historically referred Iran as ?
However , Persis -LRB- Old Persian : Pārśa ; Modern Persian : Pārse -RRB- was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia , in the 9th century BC .	the 9th century BC	When did Persians settle on the west shore of Lake Urmia ?
The settlement was then shifted to the southern end of the Zagros Mountains , and is today defined as Fars Province .	the southern end of the Zagros Mountains,	After Lake Urmia , Persis then shifted over to what region ?
The settlement was then shifted to the southern end of the Zagros Mountains , and is today defined as Fars Province .	Fars Province	What is Persis known as today ?
In 1935 , Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name , Iran .	1935	When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia ?
As the New York Times explained at the time , `` At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin , the Tehran government , on the Persian New Year , Nowruz , March 21 , 1935 , substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country . ''	New York Times	Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935 ?
Today , both Persia and Iran are used in cultural contexts ; although , Iran is the name used officially in political contexts .	Iran	Which name is officially used politically ?
Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision , and Professor Ehsan Yarshater , editor of Encyclopædia Iranica , propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably .	Professor Ehsan Yarshater	Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change ?
The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran , like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites , attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era , c. 800,000 -- 200,000 BC .	the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC	How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran ?
-LSB- page needed -RSB- Around 10th to 8th millennium BC , early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan and Chogha Bonut began to flourish in Iran , as well as Susa and Chogha Mish developing in and around the Zagros region .	10th to 8th millennium BC	When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper ?
Iran 's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period , c. 200,000 -- 40,000 BC , have been found mainly in the Zagros region , at sites such as Warwasi and Yafteh Cave .	the Zagros region	What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found ?
The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran , like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites , attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era , c. 800,000 -- 200,000 BC .	The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran	What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran ?
The emergence of Susa as a city , as determined by radiocarbon dating , dates back to early 4,395 BC .	Susa	What ancient city dates back as early as 4395 BC in Iran ?
There are dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau , pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the 4th millennium BC .	the 4th millennium BC	How long ago did ancient cultures and settlements exist across the Iranian plateau ?
During the Bronze Age , Iran was home to several civilizations including Elam , Jiroft , and Zayande River .	Bronze Age	During what Age was Iran the site of several of these ancient civilizations ?
Elam , the most prominent of these civilizations , developed in the southwest of Iran , alongside those in Mesopotamia .	Elam	Which ancient civilization in Iran during the 4th Millenium was the most prominent ?
The emergence of writing in Elam was paralleled to Sumer , and the Elamite cuneiform was developed since the 3rd millennium BC .	the 3rd millennium BC	Elam 's writing system had paralleled Sumer 's cuneiform since what era ?
From the late 10th to late 7th centuries BC , the Iranian peoples , together with the pre-Iranian kingdoms , fell under the domination of the Assyrian Empire , based in northern Mesopotamia .	the Assyrian Empire	Who dominated the area of Irea between the 10th Century BC to the late 7th Century BC ?
The civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 BC and 605 BC , thus freeing their respective peoples from three centuries of Assyrian rule .	between 616 BC and 605 BC	When did this Civil War take place to free the Iranian peoples from Assyrian rule ?
The civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 BC and 605 BC , thus freeing their respective peoples from three centuries of Assyrian rule .	three centuries	How long did the Assyrian Empire control and rule Iran ?
Under king Cyaxares , the Medes and Persians entered into an alliance with Nabopolassar of Babylon , as well as the Scythians and the Cimmerians , and together they attacked the Assyrian Empire .	king Cyaxares	Who lead the Persians into a coalition with the Medes , Babylon , Scythians , and Cimmerians to fight against the Assyrians ?
The unification of the Median tribes under a single ruler in 728 BC led to the foundation of the Median Empire which , by 612 BC , controlled the whole Iran and the eastern Anatolia .	728 BC	When did the Median tribes unify under a single ruler to form the Median Empire ?
In 550 BC , Cyrus the Great , son of Mandane and Cambyses I , took over the Median Empire , and founded the Achaemenid Empire by unifying other city states .	Cyrus the Great	Who founded the Achaemenid Empire when the city states in Iran came together in unification ?
In 550 BC , Cyrus the Great , son of Mandane and Cambyses I , took over the Median Empire , and founded the Achaemenid Empire by unifying other city states .	550 BC	When did Cyrus the Great found the Achaemenid Empire ?
The brouhaha was initially triggered by the actions of the Median ruler Astyages , and was quickly spread to other provinces , as they allied with the Persians .	the Median ruler Astyages	Who triggered the Persian Revolt ?
The conquest of Media was a result of what is called the Persian Revolt .	The conquest of Media	What resulted from the Persian Revolt ?
At its greatest extent , the Achaemenid Empire included the modern territories of Iran , Azerbaijan , Armenia , Georgia , Turkey , much of the Black Sea coastal regions , northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria -LRB- Thrace -RRB- , northern Greece and Macedonia -LRB- Paeonia and Ancient Macedon -RRB- , Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , all significant ancient population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya , Kuwait , northern Saudi Arabia , parts of the UAE and Oman , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and much of Central Asia , making it the first world government and the largest empire the world had yet seen .	the Achaemenid Empire	What was the first world goverment the world had seen at the time it existed ?
At its greatest extent , the Achaemenid Empire included the modern territories of Iran , Azerbaijan , Armenia , Georgia , Turkey , much of the Black Sea coastal regions , northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria -LRB- Thrace -RRB- , northern Greece and Macedonia -LRB- Paeonia and Ancient Macedon -RRB- , Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , all significant ancient population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya , Kuwait , northern Saudi Arabia , parts of the UAE and Oman , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and much of Central Asia , making it the first world government and the largest empire the world had yet seen .	the Achaemenid Empire	What was the largest empire the world had seen at the time it existed ?
At its greatest extent , the Achaemenid Empire included the modern territories of Iran , Azerbaijan , Armenia , Georgia , Turkey , much of the Black Sea coastal regions , northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria -LRB- Thrace -RRB- , northern Greece and Macedonia -LRB- Paeonia and Ancient Macedon -RRB- , Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , all significant ancient population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya , Kuwait , northern Saudi Arabia , parts of the UAE and Oman , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and much of Central Asia , making it the first world government and the largest empire the world had yet seen .	the Black Sea	What sea did the Achaemenid Empire control the majority of the coastal regions of ?
At its greatest extent , the Achaemenid Empire included the modern territories of Iran , Azerbaijan , Armenia , Georgia , Turkey , much of the Black Sea coastal regions , northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria -LRB- Thrace -RRB- , northern Greece and Macedonia -LRB- Paeonia and Ancient Macedon -RRB- , Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , all significant ancient population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya , Kuwait , northern Saudi Arabia , parts of the UAE and Oman , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and much of Central Asia , making it the first world government and the largest empire the world had yet seen .	Central Asia	The Achaemenid Empire expanded into what part of Asia ?
At its greatest extent , the Achaemenid Empire included the modern territories of Iran , Azerbaijan , Armenia , Georgia , Turkey , much of the Black Sea coastal regions , northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria -LRB- Thrace -RRB- , northern Greece and Macedonia -LRB- Paeonia and Ancient Macedon -RRB- , Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , all significant ancient population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya , Kuwait , northern Saudi Arabia , parts of the UAE and Oman , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and much of Central Asia , making it the first world government and the largest empire the world had yet seen .	ancient Egypt	The Achaemenid Empire controlled all of the significant settlements of what ancient country during its greatest extent ?
In Greek history , the Achaemenid Empire is considered as the antagonist of the Greek city states , for the emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles in Babylon , building infrastructures such as road and postal systems , and the use of an official language , the Imperial Aramaic , throughout its territories .	the Greek city states	The Achaemenid Empire was the known enemy of what nation 's histories during its existence ?
It is estimated that in 480 BC , 50 million people lived in the Achaemenid Empire .	50 million people	How many people lived in the Archaemenid Empire in 480BC ?
The empire at its peak ruled over 44 % of the world 's population , the highest such figure for any empire in history .	44% of the world's population	The Achaemenid Empire had what percentage of the word 's population in 480BC ?
In Greek history , the Achaemenid Empire is considered as the antagonist of the Greek city states , for the emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles in Babylon , building infrastructures such as road and postal systems , and the use of an official language , the Imperial Aramaic , throughout its territories .	Imperial Aramaic	What was the Achaemenid Empire 's official language ?
Furthermore , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , was built in the empire between 353 and 350 BC .	the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus	What Seven Wonder of the Ancient world was built by the Archaemenid Empire in the 4th Century BC ?
In 334 BC , Alexander the Great invaded the Achaemenid Empire , defeating the last Achaemenid emperor , Darius III , at the Battle of Issus .	Alexander the Great	Who invaded the Archaemenid Empire in 334BC ?
In 334 BC , Alexander the Great invaded the Achaemenid Empire , defeating the last Achaemenid emperor , Darius III , at the Battle of Issus .	Darius III	Who was the last Archaemenid Emperor at the time of its defeat by Alexander the Great ?
Following the premature death of Alexander , Iran came under the control of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire .	the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire	Who controlled the Archaemenid Empire after Alexander the Great died prematurely ?
In the middle of the 2nd century BC , the Parthian Empire rose to become the main power in Iran , and the century-long geopolitical arch-rivalry between Romans and Parthians began , culminating in the Roman -- Parthian Wars .	In the middle of the 2nd century BC	When did the Parthian Empire rise to become the main power in Iran ?
The Parthian Empire continued as a feudal monarchy for nearly five centuries , until 224 CE , when it was succeeded by the Sassanid Empire .	224 CE	When did the Sassanid Empire succeed the Parthian Empire in control of Iran ?
The prolonged Byzantine-Sassanid Wars , most importantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628 , as well as the social conflict within the Sassanid Empire , opened the way for an Arab invasion to Iran in the 7th century .	Byzantine-Sassanid Wars	What wars in the 600s CE lead to the weakening of Iran and a subsequent invasion by the Arabs ?
The prolonged Byzantine-Sassanid Wars , most importantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628 , as well as the social conflict within the Sassanid Empire , opened the way for an Arab invasion to Iran in the 7th century .	the 7th century	When did the Arabs invade Iran ?
Initially defeated by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate , Iran came under the rule of the Arab caliphates of Umayyad and Abbasid .	Arab Rashidun Caliphate	Which Arab Caliphate defeated Iran first ?
Under the new Arab elite of the Rashidun and later the Umayyad caliphates , both converted -LRB- mawali -RRB- and non-converted -LRB- dhimmi -RRB- Iranians were discriminated against , being excluded from the government and military , and having to pay a special tax called Jizya .	Jizya	What special tax did the discriminated Iranians - both converted and nonconverted - have to pay ?
Gunde Shapur , home of the Academy of Gunde Shapur which was the most important medical center of the world at the time , survived after the invasion , but became known as an Islamic institute thereafter .	Academy of Gunde Shapur	What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions ?
The blossoming literature , philosophy , medicine , and art of Iran became major elements in the formation of a new age for the Iranian civilization , during the period known as the Islamic Golden Age .	the Islamic Golden Age	What period was known for an era where Iranian civilization blossomed and peaked ?
The Islamic Golden Age reached its peak by the 10th and 11th centuries , during which Iran was the main theater of the scientific activities .	by the 10th and 11th centuries	When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith ?
After the 10th century , Persian language , alongside Arabic , was used for the scientific , philosophical , historical , musical , and medical works , whereas the important Iranian writers , such as Tusi , Avicenna , Qotb od Din Shirazi , and Biruni , had major contributions in the scientific writing .	scientific writing	Prominent Iranian writers during this time of the Islamic Golden Age contributed to what area of writing ?
The Islamic Golden Age reached its peak by the 10th and 11th centuries , during which Iran was the main theater of the scientific activities .	Iran	Where was the main area where the peak of scientific activity take place during the Islamic Golden Age ?
The 10th century saw a mass migration of Turkic tribes from Central Asia into the Iranian plateau .	Turkic tribes	What tribes migranted en masse to the Iranian plateau in the 10th Century ?
The 10th century saw a mass migration of Turkic tribes from Central Asia into the Iranian plateau .	Central Asia	Where did these Turkic tribes come from before the migrated into Iran in the 10th Century ?
Turkic tribesmen were first used in the Abbasid army as mamluks -LRB- slave-warriors -RRB- , replacing Iranian and Arab elements within the army .	mamluks (slave-warriors)	The Abbasid army replaced Iranian and Arabic men with Turkic tribesmen as what element in their army ?
In 999 , large portions of Iran came briefly under the rule of the Ghaznavids , whose rulers were of mamluk Turk origin , and longer subsequently under the Turkish Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires .	999	In what year did the Ghaznavids briefly control large portions of Iran ?
These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership .	These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership	How were the Ghaznavids different from the original Turkics that migrated into Iran ?
Following the fracture of the Mongol Empire in 1256 , Hulagu Khan , grandson of Genghis Khan , established the Ilkhanate in Iran .	Hulagu Khan	Who established an Ilkhanate in Iran after the break up of the Mongol Empire in 1256 ?
In 1370 , yet another conqueror , Timur , followed the example of Hulagu , establishing the Timurid Empire which lasted for another 156 years .	1370	Timur established the Timurid Empire in Iran in what year ?
In 1370 , yet another conqueror , Timur , followed the example of Hulagu , establishing the Timurid Empire which lasted for another 156 years .	156 years	How long did the Timurid empire last in Iran ?
The Ilkhans and the Timurids soon came to adopt the ways and customs of the Iranians , choosing to surround themselves with a culture that was distinctively Iranian .	a culture that was distinctively Iranian	The Ilkhans and Tumrids had what type of culture when ruling Iran ?
In 1387 , Timur ordered the complete massacre of Isfahan , reportedly killing 70,000 citizens .	70,000 citizens	How many citizens were massacred in Isfahan by Timur in 1387 ?
By the 1500s , Ismail I from Ardabil , established the Safavid Dynasty , with Tabriz as the capital .	Ismail I from Ardabil	Who established the Safavid Dynasty ?
By the 1500s , Ismail I from Ardabil , established the Safavid Dynasty , with Tabriz as the capital .	Tabriz	What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty ?
Iran was predominantly Sunni , but Ismail instigated a forced conversion to the Shia branch of Islam , by which the Shia Islam spread throughout the Safavid territories in the Caucasus , Iran , Anatolia , and Mesopotamia .	Shia Islam	Ismail I forced a conversion to what Islamic branch ?
As a result , thereof , the modern-day Iran is the only official Shia nation of the world , with it holding an absolute majority in Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan , having there the 1st and 2nd highest number of Shia inhabitants by population percentage in the world .	Iran	What country is currently the only official Shia nation of the world ?
The centuries-long geopolitical and ideological rivalry between Safavid Iran and the neighboring Ottoman Empire , led to numerous Ottoman -- Persian Wars .	Ottoman Empire	What Empire neighbored and had a rivalry with Safavid Iran ?
The Safavid Era peaked in the reign of Abbas the Great , 1587 -- 1629 , surpassing their Ottoman arch rivals in strength , and making the empire a leading hub in Western Eurasia for the sciences and arts .	Abbas the Great	Safavid Iran peaked during whose reign ?
The Safavid Era peaked in the reign of Abbas the Great , 1587 -- 1629 , surpassing their Ottoman arch rivals in strength , and making the empire a leading hub in Western Eurasia for the sciences and arts .	1587–1629	When did the Safavid Empire peak ?
Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and early 1700s , which was caused by the internal conflicts , the continuous wars with the Ottomans , and the foreign interference -LRB- most notably the Russian interference -RRB- , the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels who besieged Isfahan and defeated Soltan Hosein in 1722 .	Pashtun rebels	Who ended Safavid power in Iran in 1722 ?
Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and early 1700s , which was caused by the internal conflicts , the continuous wars with the Ottomans , and the foreign interference -LRB- most notably the Russian interference -RRB- , the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels who besieged Isfahan and defeated Soltan Hosein in 1722 .	Soltan Hosein	Who was the last Safavid ruler who was defeated in 1722 by the Pashtuns in Isfahan ?
In 1729 , Nader Shah , a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan , successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders .	Nader Shah	Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729 ?
During the reign of Nader Shah , Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire , reestablishing the Iranian hegemony all over the Caucasus , as well as other major parts of the west and central Asia , and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time .	the Sassanid Empire	Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire ?
He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran .	Caucasian territories	Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians ?
In 1729 , Nader Shah , a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan , successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders .	Khorasan	Where was Nader Shan from ?
In 1729 , Nader Shah , a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan , successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders .	1729	In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran ?
Another civil war ensued after the death of Karim Khan in 1779 , out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged , founding the Qajar Dynasty in 1794 .	Karim Khan	Whose death in 1779 led to a civil war in Iran ?
Another civil war ensued after the death of Karim Khan in 1779 , out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged , founding the Qajar Dynasty in 1794 .	Aqa Mohammad Khan	Who founded the following Qajar Empire in 1794 ?
In 1795 , following the disobedience of the Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russians , the Qajars captured Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisi , and drove the Russians out of the entire Caucasus , reestablishing a short-lived Iranian suzerainty over the region .	the entire Caucasus	The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region ?
In 1795 , following the disobedience of the Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russians , the Qajars captured Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisi , and drove the Russians out of the entire Caucasus , reestablishing a short-lived Iranian suzerainty over the region .	Battle of Krtsanisi	The Qajars defeated the Russians at what battle to take over Tblisi ?
The Russo-Persian wars of 1804 -- 1813 and 1826 -- 1828 resulted in large irrevocable territorial losses for Iran in the Caucasus , comprising all of Transcaucasia and Dagestan , which made part of the very concept of Iran for centuries , and thus substantial gains for the neighboring Russian Empire .	Russo-Persian wars	Iran lost territory in the Caucasus during what wars in the early 1800s ?
As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars , the Russians took over the Caucasus , and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region -LRB- comprising modern-day Dagestan , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan -RRB- , which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay .	the 19th century Russo-Persian wars	What wars resulted in Iran losing control of the Caucasus to the Russians ?
As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars , the Russians took over the Caucasus , and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region -LRB- comprising modern-day Dagestan , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan -RRB- , which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay .	the Caucasus	What region consisting of Dagestan , Georgia , Armenia , & Azerbaijan did Iran lose control of to the Russians ?
The area to the north of the river Aras , among which the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan , eastern Georgia , Dagestan , and Armenia , were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century .	the 19th century	What century did Iran lose the Caucasus to Russia ?
As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars , the Russians took over the Caucasus , and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region -LRB- comprising modern-day Dagestan , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan -RRB- , which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay .	Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region	The Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties between Iran and Russia confirmed what ?
Between 1872 and 1905 , a series of protests took place in response to the sale of concessions to foreigners by Nasser od Din and Mozaffar od Din shahs of Qajar , and led to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution .	Between 1872 and 1905	When did a series of protests over foreign concessions sales in Iran occur ?
Between 1872 and 1905 , a series of protests took place in response to the sale of concessions to foreigners by Nasser od Din and Mozaffar od Din shahs of Qajar , and led to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution .	the Iranian Constitutional Revolution	What resulted from the series of protests in Iran over foreign concessions sales ?
The first Iranian Constitution and the first national parliament of Iran were founded in 1906 , through the ongoing revolution .	in 1906	The first national parliament of Iran was founded in what year ?
The first Iranian Constitution and the first national parliament of Iran were founded in 1906 , through the ongoing revolution .	in 1906	The first Constitution of Iran was founded in what year ?
The Constitution included the official recognition of Iran 's three religious minorities , namely Christians , Zoroastrians , and Jews , which has remained a basis in the legislation of Iran since then .	official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities	The Iranian Constitution did what for Christians , Jews , and Zoroastrians in Iran ?
The struggle related to the constitutional movement continued until 1911 , when Mohammad Ali Shah was defeated and forced to abdicate .	until 1911	The constitutional movement in Iran lasted from 1906 until what year ?
During World War I , the British occupied much of Western Iran , and fully withdrew in 1921 .	1921	The British occupied Western Iran from World War 1 until finally withdrawing in what year ?
The struggle related to the constitutional movement continued until 1911 , when Mohammad Ali Shah was defeated and forced to abdicate .	Mohammad Ali Shah	Who was defeated and forced to abdicate at the end of the Iranian constitutional movement ?
On the pretext of restoring order , the Russians occupied Northern Iran in 1911 , and maintained a military presence in the region for years to come .	restoring order	In 1911 , Russians occupied Northern Iran under what pretext ?
As a result of Ottoman hostilities across the border , a large amount of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred by the Ottoman armies , notably in and around Urmia .	Ottoman armies	Who massacred many Assyrian Iranians around Urmia during World War 1 ?
In 1941 , Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , and established the Persian Corridor , a massive supply route that would last until the end of the ongoing war .	1941	When was Reza Shah forced to abdicate in Iran ?
In 1941 , Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , and established the Persian Corridor , a massive supply route that would last until the end of the ongoing war .	his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	Who succeeded Reza Shah after his abdication ?
In 1941 , Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , and established the Persian Corridor , a massive supply route that would last until the end of the ongoing war .	the Persian Corridor	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi established what enormous supply route during World War 2 ?
As the Soviet Union refused to relinquish the occupied Iranian territory , the Iran crisis of 1946 was followed , which particularly resulted in the dissolution of both puppet states , and the withdrawal of the Soviets .	the Soviet Union	Who backed two puppet regimes in/around Iran during WWII ?
As the Soviet Union refused to relinquish the occupied Iranian territory , the Iran crisis of 1946 was followed , which particularly resulted in the dissolution of both puppet states , and the withdrawal of the Soviets .	the Iran crisis of 1946	What happened which ended in two puppet states dissolving and Soviet withdrawal out of Iran after WWII ?
Due to the 1973 spike in oil prices , the economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency , which caused inflation .	1973	What year did oil price spikes in Iran lead to inflation ?
Due to the 1973 spike in oil prices , the economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency , which caused inflation .	economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency	What caused inflation to Iran 's economy during the oil price spike in 1973 ?
By 1975 and 1976 , an economic recession led to increased unemployment , especially among millions of youth who had migrated to the cities of Iran looking for construction jobs during the boom years of the early 1970s .	an economic recession	Iran 's inflation led to what in 1975-1976 ?
By 1975 and 1976 , an economic recession led to increased unemployment , especially among millions of youth who had migrated to the cities of Iran looking for construction jobs during the boom years of the early 1970s .	construction jobs	Why did millions of youth migrate to the urban areas of Iran in the mid 1970s ?
By 1975 and 1976 , an economic recession led to increased unemployment , especially among millions of youth who had migrated to the cities of Iran looking for construction jobs during the boom years of the early 1970s .	millions of youth who had migrated to the cities	Due to increased unemployment , who mainly opposed the Shah 's regime ?
The immediate nationwide uprisings against the new government began by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion with the Khuzestan uprisings , along with the uprisings in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and other areas .	1979	The new Iranian government following the Shah 's downfall dealt with the Kurdish rebellion in what year ?
Over the next several years , these uprisings were subdued in a violent manner by the new Islamic government .	in a violent manner	How did the new Iranian government handle the rebellions and uprisings following their rise to power ?
The new government went about purging itself of the non-Islamist political opposition .	non-Islamist	The new Iranian government purged itself of what political opposition ?
Although both nationalists and Marxists had initially joined with Islamists to overthrow the Shah , tens of thousands were executed by the Islamic government afterward .	were executed	What happened to the nationalists and Marxists that had helped the Islamic ruling government to depose the Shah ?
On November 4 , 1979 , a group of students seized the United States Embassy and took the embassy with 52 personnel and citizens hostage , after the United States refused to return Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Iran to face trial in the court of the new regime .	a group of students	Who seized the US Embassy in Iran in 1979 ?
On November 4 , 1979 , a group of students seized the United States Embassy and took the embassy with 52 personnel and citizens hostage , after the United States refused to return Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Iran to face trial in the court of the new regime .	November 4, 1979	When was the US Embassy in Iran seized ?
On Jimmy Carter 's final day in office , the last hostages were finally set free as a result of the Algiers Accords .	Algiers Accords	ALl of the hostages were completely freed as the result of what treaty ?
Attempts by the Jimmy Carter administration to negotiate for the release of the hostages , and a failed rescue attempt , helped force Carter out of office and brought Ronald Reagan to power .	Ronald Reagan	Who won the 1980 US Presidential Elections after President Carter 's repeated failed attempts to resolve the US Iranian Embassy situation ?
On November 4 , 1979 , a group of students seized the United States Embassy and took the embassy with 52 personnel and citizens hostage , after the United States refused to return Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Iran to face trial in the court of the new regime .	52 personnel and citizens	How many hostages were taken in the US Embassy seizure ?
On September 22 , 1980 , the Iraqi army invaded the Iranian Khuzestan , and the Iran -- Iraq War began .	the Iraqi army	Who invaded Iran in 1980 ?
Although the forces of Saddam Hussein made several early advances , by mid 1982 , the Iranian forces successfully managed to drive the Iraqi army back into Iraq .	mid 1982	When did the Iranian army push the Iraqis back into Iraq ?
Subsequently , Khomeini accepted a truce mediated by the UN .	the UN	Who mediated the truce which ended the Iran-Iraq War ?
The war continued until 1988 , when the Iraqi army defeated the Iranian forces inside Iraq and pushed the remaining Iranian troops back across the border .	1988	When did the Iran-Iraq War finally end ?
The total Iranian casualties in the war were estimated to be 123,220 -- 160,000 KIA , 60,711 MIA , and 11,000 -- 16,000 civilians killed .	11,000–16,000	How many civilians in Iran were killed during the Iran-Iraq War ?
Iran lies between latitudes 24 ° and 40 ° N , and longitudes 44 ° and 64 ° E. Its borders are with Azerbaijan -LRB- 611 km or 380 mi , with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave , 179 km or 111 mi -RRB- and Armenia -LRB- 35 km or 22 mi -RRB- to the north-west ; the Caspian Sea to the north ; Turkmenistan -LRB- 992 km or 616 mi -RRB- to the north-east ; Pakistan -LRB- 909 km or 565 mi -RRB- and Afghanistan -LRB- 936 km or 582 mi -RRB- to the east ; Turkey -LRB- 499 km or 310 mi -RRB- and Iraq -LRB- 1,458 km or 906 mi -RRB- to the west ; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south .	24° and 40° N	What latitudes does Iran lie between ?
Iran has an area of 1,648,195 km2 -LRB- 636,372 sq mi -RRB- .	1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)	What is the size of Iran ?
Iran lies between latitudes 24 ° and 40 ° N , and longitudes 44 ° and 64 ° E. Its borders are with Azerbaijan -LRB- 611 km or 380 mi , with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave , 179 km or 111 mi -RRB- and Armenia -LRB- 35 km or 22 mi -RRB- to the north-west ; the Caspian Sea to the north ; Turkmenistan -LRB- 992 km or 616 mi -RRB- to the north-east ; Pakistan -LRB- 909 km or 565 mi -RRB- and Afghanistan -LRB- 936 km or 582 mi -RRB- to the east ; Turkey -LRB- 499 km or 310 mi -RRB- and Iraq -LRB- 1,458 km or 906 mi -RRB- to the west ; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south .	to the south	Where does Iran border the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman ?
Iran lies between latitudes 24 ° and 40 ° N , and longitudes 44 ° and 64 ° E. Its borders are with Azerbaijan -LRB- 611 km or 380 mi , with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave , 179 km or 111 mi -RRB- and Armenia -LRB- 35 km or 22 mi -RRB- to the north-west ; the Caspian Sea to the north ; Turkmenistan -LRB- 992 km or 616 mi -RRB- to the north-east ; Pakistan -LRB- 909 km or 565 mi -RRB- and Afghanistan -LRB- 936 km or 582 mi -RRB- to the east ; Turkey -LRB- 499 km or 310 mi -RRB- and Iraq -LRB- 1,458 km or 906 mi -RRB- to the west ; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south .	the Caspian Sea	What does Iran border with to its north ?
It is one of the world 's most mountainous countries , its landscape dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaux from one another .	rugged mountain ranges	Iran 's landscape is dominated by what geographical feature ?
The populous western part is the most mountainous , with ranges such as the Caucasus , Zagros and Alborz Mountains ; the last contains Iran 's highest point , Mount Damavand at 5,610 m -LRB- 18,406 ft -RRB- , which is also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush .	Mount Damavand	What is Iran 's highest mountain ?
The populous western part is the most mountainous , with ranges such as the Caucasus , Zagros and Alborz Mountains ; the last contains Iran 's highest point , Mount Damavand at 5,610 m -LRB- 18,406 ft -RRB- , which is also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush .	5,610 m (18,406 ft)	How tall is Mount Damavand ?
The populous western part is the most mountainous , with ranges such as the Caucasus , Zagros and Alborz Mountains ; the last contains Iran 's highest point , Mount Damavand at 5,610 m -LRB- 18,406 ft -RRB- , which is also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush .	Alborz Mountains	Mount Damavand is located in what range ?
Iran 's climate ranges from arid or semiarid , to subtropical along the Caspian coast and the northern forests .	subtropical	Iran 's climate along its Capsian coast and northen forests is ?
Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C -LRB- 84.2 °F -RRB- .	Summer	During what season does Iran 's northern region 's temperatures never go higher than 29c ?
Annual precipitation is 680 mm -LRB- 26.8 in -RRB- in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm -LRB- 66.9 in -RRB- in the western part .	680 mm (26.8 in)	What is the annual precipitation in Iran 's eastern plains ?
Annual precipitation is 680 mm -LRB- 26.8 in -RRB- in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm -LRB- 66.9 in -RRB- in the western part .	1,700 mm (66.9 in)	What is the annual precipitation in Iran 's western plains ?
United Nations Resident Coordinator for Iran Gary Lewis has said that `` Water scarcity poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today '' .	Water scarcity	According to Gary Lewis of the UN , what is the most pressing human security challenge in Iran ?
Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 38 °C -LRB- 100.4 °F -RRB- .	38 °C (100.4 °F)	In Iran 's western Zagros Basin , temperatures do not exceed what level during the summer ?
To the west , settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures , severe winters with below zero average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall .	below zero	In Iran 's western Zagros Basin , what are the average daily temperatures during winter ?
The eastern and central basins are arid , with less than 200 mm -LRB- 7.9 in -RRB- of rain , and have occasional deserts .	less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain	The eastern and central basins of Iran experience how much annual precipitation ?
The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355 mm -LRB- 5.3 to 14.0 in -RRB- .	135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in)	What is the coastal plains of Iran 's annual precipitation ranges ?
The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environment , and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats .	large national development projects	The Iranian Parliament does not demand environmental impact studies before approving what projects ?
At least 74 species of Iranian wildlife are on the red list of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature , a sign of serious threats against the country 's biodiversity .	74 species	How many species of Iranian wildlife are listed by the IUCN as endangered ?
The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environment , and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats .	Ministry of Industries and Mines	The Iranian Parliament lets who exploit mines without guidance from the Department of the Environment ?
The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environment , and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats .	Department of Environment	The Iranian Parliament passes legislation without the involvement of what department to the detriment of wildlife ?
Shiraz , with a population of around 1.4 million -LRB- 2011 census -RRB- , is the sixth major city of Iran .	Shiraz	What is the sixth most populous city of Iran ?
Shiraz , with a population of around 1.4 million -LRB- 2011 census -RRB- , is the sixth major city of Iran .	1.4 million	What is Shiraz ' population by the 2011 Census ?
It is the capital of Fars Province , and was also a former capital of Iran .	Fars Province	Shiraz is the capital of what Province ?
The area was greatly influenced by the Babylonian civilization , and after the emergence of the ancient Persians , soon came to be known as Persis .	Babylonian civilization	What ancient civilization has majorly influenced the Fars Province ?
Persians were present in the region since the 9th century BC , and became rulers of a large empire under the reign of the Achaemenid Dynasty in the 6th century BC .	9th century BC	Persians have been in the Fars Province since what century ?
The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution , and comprises several intricately connected governing bodies .	the 1979 Constitution	The Iranina Islamic Republic is based on what document ?
The Leader of the Revolution -LRB- `` Supreme Leader '' -RRB- is responsible for delineation and supervision of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran .	Supreme Leader	What is the Leader of the Revolution also known as ?
The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces , controls the military intelligence and security operations , and has sole power to declare war or peace .	The Supreme Leader	Who is the Commander in Chief of the Iranian Army ?
The heads of the judiciary , state radio and television networks , the commanders of the police and military forces and six of the twelve members of the Guardian Council are appointed by the Supreme Leader .	six	The Supreme Leader appoints how many members of the Guardian Council ?
The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem .	The Assembly of Experts	Who is responsible for electing and dismissing the Supreme Leader ?
The President is responsible for the implementation of the Constitution and for the exercise of executive powers , except for matters directly related to the Supreme Leader , who has the final say in all matters .	the Supreme Leader	In Iran , who has the final say in all matters directly related to the Supreme Leader ?
The President is responsible for the implementation of the Constitution and for the exercise of executive powers , except for matters directly related to the Supreme Leader , who has the final say in all matters .	The President	Who exercises exective powers in Iran ?
The President appoints and supervises the Council of Ministers , coordinates government decisions , and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature .	The President	The Council of Ministers is appointed and supervised by who ?
Eight Vice-Presidents serve under the President , as well as a cabinet of twenty-two ministers , who must all be approved by the legislature .	Eight	How many Vice-Presidents serve under the President in Iran ?
Eight Vice-Presidents serve under the President , as well as a cabinet of twenty-two ministers , who must all be approved by the legislature .	twenty-two	The legislature approves the 8 vice presidents and how many cabinet members ?
The Guardian Council comprises twelve jurists including six appointed by the Supreme Leader .	twelve jurists	How many jurists are in the Guardian Council ?
The Guardian Council comprises twelve jurists including six appointed by the Supreme Leader .	The Guardian Council	Who can veto Parliament ?
The Expediency Council has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Guardian Council , and serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader , making it one of the most powerful governing bodies in the country .	The Expediency Council	What Council acts as a mediator when there are disputes between the Parliament and the Guardian Council ?
Local city councils are elected by public vote to four-year terms in all cities and villages of Iran .	four-year terms	How long are the terms of local city councils that are present in all Iranian cities and villages ?
The Guardian Council comprises twelve jurists including six appointed by the Supreme Leader .	The Guardian Council	Who is responsible for interpreting the Constitution ?
The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics , although it has also taken on cases involving lay people .	The Special Clerical Court	When crimes are committed by clerics , who handles the cases ?
The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Supreme Leader .	the Supreme Leader	The Special Clerical Court is accountable to only which body ?
The Assembly of Experts , which meets for one week annually , comprises 86 `` virtuous and learned '' clerics elected by adult suffrage for eight-year terms .	one week annually	How often does the Assembly of Experts meet ?
The Assembly of Experts , which meets for one week annually , comprises 86 `` virtuous and learned '' clerics elected by adult suffrage for eight-year terms .	86	The Assembly of Experts has how many clerics ?
The Assembly of Experts , which meets for one week annually , comprises 86 `` virtuous and learned '' clerics elected by adult suffrage for eight-year terms .	The Assembly of Experts	Which body can remove the Supreme Leader at any time by constitutional right ?
Since 2005 , Iran 's nuclear program has become the subject of contention with the international community following earlier quotes of Iranian leadership favoring the use of an atomic bomb against Iran 's enemies and in particular Israel .	Since 2005	Iran 's nuclear program has caused discord within the international community since when ?
Since 2005 , Iran 's nuclear program has become the subject of contention with the international community following earlier quotes of Iranian leadership favoring the use of an atomic bomb against Iran 's enemies and in particular Israel .	Israel	Which country did Iran 's leadership was quoted as being a possible target of its atomic weapons ?
This has led the UN Security Council to impose sanctions against Iran which had further isolated Iran politically and economically from the rest of the global community .	UN Security Council	Who imposed sanctions against Iran as a result of Iran 's nuclear program ?
In 2009 , the US Director of National Intelligence said that Iran , if choosing to , would not be able to develop a nuclear weapon until 2013 .	2013	When was it estimated by the US Director of National Intelligence that Iran would be able to develop a nuclear weapon ?
Iran has a paramilitary , volunteer militia force within the IRGC , called the Basij , which includes about 90,000 full-time , active-duty uniformed members .	the Basij	What is Iran 's volunteer militia force named ?
Iran has a paramilitary , volunteer militia force within the IRGC , called the Basij , which includes about 90,000 full-time , active-duty uniformed members .	90,000	How many full-time members does the Basij have ?
Up to 11 million men and women are members of the Basij who could potentially be called up for service ; GlobalSecurity.org estimates Iran could mobilize `` up to one million men '' .	Up to 11 million men and women	How many members in total does the Basij have ?
In 2007 , Iran 's military spending represented 2.6 % of the GDP or $ 102 per capita , the lowest figure of the Persian Gulf nations .	military spending	In 2007 what was Iran spending 2.6 % of its GDP on ?
In 2014 arms spending the country spent $ 15 billion and was outspent by the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council by a factor of 13 .	$15 billion	In 2014 , Iran spent how much on weapons spending ?
The Fajr-3 -LRB- MIRV -RRB- is currently Iran 's most advanced ballistic missile , it is a liquid fuel missile with an undisclosed range which was developed and produced domestically .	The Fajr-3 (MIRV)	What is Iran 's most advanced missile ?
Since the 1979 Revolution , to overcome foreign embargoes , Iran has developed its own military industry , produced its own tanks , armored personnel carriers , guided missiles , submarines , military vessels , guided missile destroyer , radar systems , helicopters and fighter planes .	foreign embargoes	Why did Iran have to build its own military hardware , vehicles , and weapons after the 1979 Revolution ?
Since the 1979 Revolution , to overcome foreign embargoes , Iran has developed its own military industry , produced its own tanks , armored personnel carriers , guided missiles , submarines , military vessels , guided missile destroyer , radar systems , helicopters and fighter planes .	1979 Revolution	Since when has Iran developed its domestic military infrastructure ?
The Fajr-3 -LRB- MIRV -RRB- is currently Iran 's most advanced ballistic missile , it is a liquid fuel missile with an undisclosed range which was developed and produced domestically .	liquid fuel	The Fajr-3 missile uses what type of propulsion system ?
As of 2007 -LSB- update -RSB- , Iran had earned $ 70 billion in foreign exchange reserves mostly -LRB- 80 % -RRB- from crude oil exports .	$70 billion	By 2007 , Iran 's crude oil exports resulted in how much of its foreign exchange currency ?
Iranian budget deficits have been a chronic problem , mostly due to large-scale state subsidies , that include foodstuffs and especially gasoline , totaling more than $ 84 billion in 2008 for the energy sector alone .	large-scale state subsidies	What is a main cause of Iran 's constant budget deficits ?
In 2010 , the economic reform plan was approved by parliament to cut subsidies gradually and replace them with targeted social assistance .	2010	What year did Iran pass an economic reform plan that would replace subsidies with targeted social assistance programs ?
Iranian budget deficits have been a chronic problem , mostly due to large-scale state subsidies , that include foodstuffs and especially gasoline , totaling more than $ 84 billion in 2008 for the energy sector alone .	more than $84 billion	In 2008 , how much was Iran 's state subsidy in its energy sector ?
In 2006 , about 45 % of the government 's budget came from oil and natural gas revenues , and 31 % came from taxes and fees .	about 45%	How much of Iran 's budget came from oil and natural gas reserves in 2006 ?
The administration continues to follow the market reform plans of the previous one and indicated that it will diversify Iran 's oil-reliant economy .	diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy	What is a main goal of Iran 's market reform plans ?
In 2010 , Iran was ranked 69 , out of 139 nations , in the Global Competitiveness Report .	ranked 69	The Global COmpetitiveness Report in 2010 ranked Iran where out of 139 countries ?
However , nationalized industries such as the bonyads have often been managed badly , making them ineffective and uncompetitive with years .	the bonyads	What Iranian nationalized industry has been noncompetitive and managed badly ?
Currently , the government is trying to privatize these industries , and , despite successes , there are still several problems to be overcome , such as the lagging corruption in the public sector and lack of competitiveness .	lagging corruption in the public sector	What , along with a lack of competition , has held back Iran 's nationalized industries ?
Sanctions have led to a steep fall in the value of the rial , and as of April 2013 one US dollar is worth 36,000 rial , compared with 16,000 in early 2012 .	16,000	How much was 1 US Dollar worth in Iranian Rials in early 2012 ?
Sanctions have led to a steep fall in the value of the rial , and as of April 2013 one US dollar is worth 36,000 rial , compared with 16,000 in early 2012 .	36,000	How much was 1 US Dollar worth in Iranian Rials in April 2013 ?
Following a successful implementation of the 2015 nuclear and sanctions relief deal , the resulting benefits might not be distributed evenly across the Iranian economy as political elites such as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps have garnered more resources and economic interests .	2015	What year did a nuclear and sanctions relief deal happen for Iran ?
Economic sanctions against Iran , such as the embargo against Iranian crude oil , have affected the economy .	embargo	What economic sanction against Iranian crude oil has adversely affected the Iranian economy ?
Following a successful implementation of the 2015 nuclear and sanctions relief deal , the resulting benefits might not be distributed evenly across the Iranian economy as political elites such as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps have garnered more resources and economic interests .	the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps	What would possibly prevent the even spread of relief benefits from Iran 's nuclear and sanctions deal of 2015 ?
Alongside the capital , the most popular tourist destinations are Isfahan , Mashhad and Shiraz .	the most popular tourist destinations	What does Teheran , Isfahan , Mashhad , and Shiraz have in common ?
The majority of the 300,000 tourist visas granted in 2003 were obtained by Asian Muslims , who presumably intended to visit important pilgrimage sites in Mashhad and Qom .	300,000	How many tourist visas were granted in 2003 ?
The majority of the 300,000 tourist visas granted in 2003 were obtained by Asian Muslims , who presumably intended to visit important pilgrimage sites in Mashhad and Qom .	Asian Muslims	Which group made up the majority of granted tourist visas in 2003 ?
In 2003 , Iran ranked 68th in tourism revenues worldwide .	ranked 68th	In 2003 , what was Iran 's worldwide rank in tourism revenues ?
According to UNESCO and the deputy head of research for Iran Travel and Tourism Organization -LRB- ITTO -RRB- , Iran is rated 4th among the top 10 destinations in the Middle East .	rated 4th	What was Iran 's rank in the top 10 Middle East destinations according to UNESCO ?
Iran has the second largest proved gas reserves in the world after Russia , with 33.6 trillion cubic metres , and third largest natural gas production in the world after Indonesia , and Russia .	33.6 trillion cubic metres	How much natural gas reserves does Iran have ?
Iran has the second largest proved gas reserves in the world after Russia , with 33.6 trillion cubic metres , and third largest natural gas production in the world after Indonesia , and Russia .	second largest	What is Iran ranked in the world in proved gas reserves ?
It also ranks fourth in oil reserves with an estimated 153,600,000,000 barrels .	153,600,000,000 barrels	How much oil reserves does Iran have ?
It is OPEC 's 2nd largest oil exporter and is an energy superpower .	2nd largest	Where does Iran rank in OPEC 's top oil exporting nations ?
In 2005 , Iran spent US$ 4 billion on fuel imports , because of contraband and inefficient domestic use .	US$4 billion	How much did Iran spend in oil imports in 2005 ?
In 2004 , Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants , and the first solar thermal plant is to come online in 2009 .	2004	When did Iran open its first wind-powered plants ?
In 2004 , Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants , and the first solar thermal plant is to come online in 2009 .	2004	When did Iran open its first geothermal plants ?
The addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts .	33,000 megawatts	How much did Iran 's installed capacity of power increase to after it added new hydroelectric power in 2004 ?
Of that amount , about 75 % was based on natural gas , 18 % on oil , and 7 % on hydroelectric power .	75%	How much of Iran 's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on natural gas ?
Of that amount , about 75 % was based on natural gas , 18 % on oil , and 7 % on hydroelectric power .	18%	How much of Iran 's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on oil ?
In 1960 , Ali Javan co-invented the first gas laser , and fuzzy set theory was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh .	Ali Javan	Which Iranian scientist co-invented the first gas laser ?
Iranian cardiologist , Tofy Mussivand invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump , the precursor of the artificial heart .	Tofy Mussivand	Which Iranian cardiologist developed and invented the first artificial cardiac pump ?
In August 2014 , Maryam Mirzakhani became the first-ever woman , as well as the first-ever Iranian , to receive the Fields Medal , the highest prize in mathematics .	the Fields Medal	In 2014 , Maryam Mirzakhani became the first women ever and first Iranian to win what prestigious mathematics award ?
Furthering research and treatment of diabetes , HbA1c was discovered by Samuel Rahbar .	Samuel Rahbar	Which Iranian scientist discovered HbA1c to further treatment and research of diabetes ?
In 1960 , Ali Javan co-invented the first gas laser , and fuzzy set theory was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh .	1960	When did Ali Javan , an Iranian scientist , co-invent the first gas laser ?
As with the spoken languages , the ethnic group composition also remains a point of debate , mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups , the Persians and Azerbaijanis , due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity .	Persians	What is Iran 's presumed largest ethnic group ?
As with the spoken languages , the ethnic group composition also remains a point of debate , mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups , the Persians and Azerbaijanis , due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity .	Azerbaijanis	What is Iran 's presumed 2nd largest ethnic group ?
The CIA 's World Factbook has estimated that around 79 % of the population of Iran are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of Iranian languages , with Persians constituting 53 % of the population , Gilaks and Mazanderanis 7 % , Kurds 10 % , Lurs 6 % , and Balochs 2 % .	53%	Persians make up what percentage of Iran 's population ?
Peoples of the other ethnicities in Iran make up the remaining 22 % , with Azerbaijanis constituting 16 % , Arabs 2 % , Turkmens and Turkic tribes 2 % , and others 2 % -LRB- such as Armenians , Talysh , Georgians , Circassians , Assyrians -RRB- .	22%	Ethnic minorities such as Azerbaijanis make up what percentage of Iran 's population ?
The CIA 's World Factbook has estimated that around 79 % of the population of Iran are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of Iranian languages , with Persians constituting 53 % of the population , Gilaks and Mazanderanis 7 % , Kurds 10 % , Lurs 6 % , and Balochs 2 % .	79%	What percentage of Iran speaks any type of Iranian language ?
Christianity , Judaism , Zoroastrianism , and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognized by the government , and have reserved seats in the Iranian Parliament .	Sunni branch	What other branch of Islam is recognized by the Iranian government ?
Christianity , Judaism , Zoroastrianism , and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognized by the government , and have reserved seats in the Iranian Parliament .	have reserved seats	Are the religious minorities in Iran - Christianity , Judaism , Zoroastrianism , and Sunnis - a part of the Iranian Parliament ?
But the Bahá ' í Faith , which is said to be the largest non-Muslim religious minority in Iran , is not officially recognized , and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century .	the Bahá'í Faith	What religious minority is not officially recognized by the Iranian government ?
But the Bahá ' í Faith , which is said to be the largest non-Muslim religious minority in Iran , is not officially recognized , and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century .	since the 19th century	How long has the Bahai Faith been persecuted in Iran ?
But the Bahá ' í Faith , which is said to be the largest non-Muslim religious minority in Iran , is not officially recognized , and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century .	the Bahá'í Faith	Which religious minority since the 1979 Revolution has been persecuted and in some cases executed by the Iranian government ?
The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis , c. 500 BC .	the bas-reliefs of Persepolis	What were the first known examples of Iranian visual art ?
The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis , c. 500 BC .	c. 500 BC	How far back can the first known examples of Iranian visual art be traced to ?
Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids , and the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language .	Persepolis	What city was the ritual center of the Archaemenids ?
The Iranian visual arts reached a pinnacle by the Sassanid Era .	the Sassanid Era	In what era did Iranian visual art reach its peak ?
The 1960s was a significant decade for Iranian cinema , with 25 commercial films produced annually on average throughout the early 60s , increasing to 65 by the end of the decade .	1960s	What decade was significant to Iranian film ?
Attempts to organize a film festival that had begun in 1954 within the framework of the Golrizan Festival , bore fruits in the form of the Sepas Festival in 1969 .	the Golrizan Festival	What Iranian film festival in 1954 was the progenitor of future film festivals in 1969 and 1973 ?
The 1960s was a significant decade for Iranian cinema , with 25 commercial films produced annually on average throughout the early 60s , increasing to 65 by the end of the decade .	25 commercial films	How many commercial films were produced yearly on average in the early 1960s in Iran ?
The 1960s was a significant decade for Iranian cinema , with 25 commercial films produced annually on average throughout the early 60s , increasing to 65 by the end of the decade .	65	How many commercial films were produced yearly on average by the end of the 1960s in Iran ?
The endeavors also resulted in the formation of the Tehran World Festival in 1973 .	Tehran World Festival	What Iranian film festival was created in 1973 ?
After the Revolution of 1979 , as the new government imposed new laws and standards , a new age in Iranian cinema emerged , starting with Viva ... by Khosrow Sinai and followed by many other directors , such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi .	Khosrow Sinai	Which director led off a new age of Iranian film after the 1979 Revolution ?
After the Revolution of 1979 , as the new government imposed new laws and standards , a new age in Iranian cinema emerged , starting with Viva ... by Khosrow Sinai and followed by many other directors , such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi .	Viva...	What was the name of Sinai 's film that ushered in Iran 's new era of film after the 1979 Revolution ?
After the Revolution of 1979 , as the new government imposed new laws and standards , a new age in Iranian cinema emerged , starting with Viva ... by Khosrow Sinai and followed by many other directors , such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi .	Abbas Kiarostami	Which Iranian director won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997 ?
Kiarostami , an admired Iranian director , planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d'Or for Taste of Cherry in 1997 .	Taste of Cherry	What was the name of Kiarostami 's film which won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997 ?
In 2006 , six Iranian films , of six different styles , represented Iranian cinema at the Berlin International Film Festival .	2006	What year did 6 different Iranian films of six different styles represent at the Berlin International Film Festival ?
Iran received access to the Internet in 1993 .	1993	When did the Internet arrive in Iran ?
According to 2014 census , around 40 % of the population of Iran are Internet users .	around 40%	What percentage of Iran 's population were internet users in 2014 ?
Instagram is the most popular online social networking service in Iran .	Instagram	What is Iran 's most popular online social network ?
Over 80 % of the users of Telegram , a cloud-based instant messaging service , are from Iran .	Over 80%	What percentage of cloud-based instant messaging platform Telegram 's users are from Iran ?
Digikala is the most visited online store in the Middle East , and ranks 4th among the most visited websites in Iran .	Digikala	What site is responsible for around 90 % of Iran 's online e-commerce ?
Herbs are frequently used along with fruits such as plums , pomegranates , quince , prunes , apricots , and raisins .	Herbs	In Iranian cuisine , what is habitually used with fruits ?
Iranians usually eat plain yogurt with lunch and dinner ; it is a staple of the diet in Iran .	plain yogurt	Iranians usually eat what diet staple with lunch and dinner ?
Iran is also famous for its caviar .	caviar	What delicacy is Iran famous for ?
Iranian cuisine is diverse due to its variety of ethnic groups and the influence of other cultures .	its variety of ethnic groups	Why is Iranian cuisine so diverse besides being influenced by other cultures ?
cd In any case , the largest population of Azerbaijanis in the world live in Iran .	Azerbaijanis	Iran has the highest population of what group in the world ?
According to many of them , the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran comprises between 21.6 -- 30 % of the total population , with the majority holding it on 25 % .	between 21.6–30%	What is the percentage range of Iran 's total population is seemingly comprised of Azerbaijanis ?
According to many of them , the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran comprises between 21.6 -- 30 % of the total population , with the majority holding it on 25 % .	25%	What is the majority of organizational estimations of Azerbaijanis ' percentage of Iran 's population ?
According to FAO , Iran has been a top five producer of the following agricultural products in the world in 2012 : apricots , cherries , sour cherries , cucumbers and gherkins , dates , eggplants , figs , pistachios , quinces , walnuts , and watermelons .	watermelons	What melon is Iran a Top 5 producer in the world in 2012 ?
Iran has leading manufacturing industries in the fields of car-manufacture and transportation , construction materials , home appliances , food and agricultural goods , armaments , pharmaceuticals , information technology , power and petrochemicals in the Middle East .	construction materials	What type of materials is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East ?
Iran has leading manufacturing industries in the fields of car-manufacture and transportation , construction materials , home appliances , food and agricultural goods , armaments , pharmaceuticals , information technology , power and petrochemicals in the Middle East .	petrochemicals	What type of chemicals is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East ?
According to FAO , Iran has been a top five producer of the following agricultural products in the world in 2012 : apricots , cherries , sour cherries , cucumbers and gherkins , dates , eggplants , figs , pistachios , quinces , walnuts , and watermelons .	apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons.	How many agricultural products in 2012 was Iran a top 5 producer in the world ? Answer : 12
Iran has leading manufacturing industries in the fields of car-manufacture and transportation , construction materials , home appliances , food and agricultural goods , armaments , pharmaceuticals , information technology , power and petrochemicals in the Middle East .	home appliances	What type of appliances is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East ?
The Median and Achaemenid empires left a significant classical art scene which remained as basic influences for the art of the later eras .	The Median	The Achaemind Empire along with what other group became the foundation for the art in later Iranian history ?
Art of the Parthians was a mixture of Iranian and Hellenistic artworks , with their main motifs being scenes of royal hunting expeditions and investitures .	Hellenistic	A blend of Iranian and what other type of artwork were the Parthians ' art comprised of ?
The Sassanid art played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art , which carried forward to the Islamic world , and much of what later became known as Islamic learning , such as philology , literature , jurisprudence , philosophy , medicine , architecture , and science , were of Sassanid basis .	Sassanid art	What Iranian art played a major role in the formation of medieval art from Europe and Asia ?
The Sassanid art played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art , which carried forward to the Islamic world , and much of what later became known as Islamic learning , such as philology , literature , jurisprudence , philosophy , medicine , architecture , and science , were of Sassanid basis .	Islamic learning	The Sassanid became a cornerstone of what type of learning ?
The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain , Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles .	Great Britain, Ireland	What is two islands that are part of the British Isles ?
Situated in the North Atlantic , the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km2 , and a combined population of just under 70 million .	North Atlantic,	Where are the British Isles located ?
Situated in the North Atlantic , the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km2 , and a combined population of just under 70 million .	just under 70 million	How many people live in the British Isles ?
The British Isles also include three Crown Dependencies : the Isle of Man and , by tradition , the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands , although the latter are not physically a part of the archipelago .	Isle of Man	What is one of the three Crown Dependencies of the British Isles ?
The British Isles also include three Crown Dependencies : the Isle of Man and , by tradition , the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands , although the latter are not physically a part of the archipelago .	in the Channel Islands	Where are the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey located ?
The oldest rocks in the group are in the north west of Scotland , Ireland and North Wales and are 2,700 million years old .	2,700 million years old	What is the age of the oldest rocks in the north western part of Scotland ?
Ben Nevis rises to an elevation of only 1,344 metres -LRB- 4,409 ft -RRB- , and Lough Neagh , which is notably larger than other lakes on the isles , covers 390 square kilometres -LRB- 151 sq mi -RRB- .	1,344 metres (4,409 ft	What is the elevation of Ben Nevis ?
The climate is temperate marine , with mild winters and warm summers .	temperate marine	What type of climate does this area have ?
The region was re-inhabited after the last glacial period of Quaternary glaciation , by 12,000 BC when Great Britain was still a peninsula of the European continent .	European continent.	Around 12,000 BC , Great Britain was still a peninsula on what continent ?
Ireland , which became an island by 12,000 BC , was not inhabited until after 8000 BC .	after 8000 BC	When is it believed that Ireland became inhabited ?
Hiberni -LRB- Ireland -RRB- , Pictish -LRB- northern Britain -RRB- and Britons -LRB- southern Britain -RRB- tribes , all speaking Insular Celtic , inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD .	Pictish (northern Britain)	Which is one of the tribes that spoke Insular Celtic ?
Hiberni -LRB- Ireland -RRB- , Pictish -LRB- northern Britain -RRB- and Britons -LRB- southern Britain -RRB- tribes , all speaking Insular Celtic , inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD .	beginning of the 1st millennium AD	When did the Pictish tribe start to inhabit the islands ?
Much of Brittonic-controlled Britain was conquered by the Roman Empire from AD 43 .	Roman Empire	Who foreign group conquered Britain around AD 43 ?
Viking invasions began in the 9th century , followed by more permanent settlements and political change -- particularly in England .	9th century	When did the Vikings invade Britain ?
Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty -LRB- 1919 -- 1922 -RRB- , with six counties remaining in the UK as Northern Ireland .	Northern Ireland	What are the six counties in Ireland called that are still part of the United Kingdom ?
The term British Isles is controversial in Ireland , where there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word British with Ireland .	association of the word British	Why is the name the British Isles disputed in Ireland ?
The Government of Ireland does not recognise or use the term and its embassy in London discourages its use .	does not recognise or use the term	Does the Government of Ireland use the British Isle term ?
As a result , Britain and Ireland is used as an alternative description , and Atlantic Archipelago has had limited use among a minority in academia , although British Isles is still commonly employed .	Atlantic Archipelago	What is the alternative name that Government of Ireland uses instead of British Isles ?
The Government of Ireland does not recognise or use the term and its embassy in London discourages its use .	its embassy in London discourages its use	Does the Government of Ireland 's London embassy use the name British Isles ?
The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia .	writings of sea-farers	Where did the first known occurrence of the British Isle name appear in written material ?
The original records have been lost ; however , later writings , e.g. Avienus 's Ora maritima , that quoted from the Massaliote Periplus -LRB- 6th century BC -RRB- and from Pytheas 's On the Ocean -LRB- circa 325 -- 320 BC -RRB- have survived .	Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC)	What is one of the earliest surviving records that mention the name British Isles ?
The shift from the `` P '' of Pretannia to the `` B '' of Britannia by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar .	during the time of Julius Caesar	When did the `` P '' sound of Pretannia change to the `` B '' sound of Britannia ?
Historians today , though not in absolute agreement , largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native Celtic-language names for the archipelago .	native Celtic-language	What language do most historians agree upon where the Greek names for the British Isles came from ?
Along these lines , the inhabitants of the islands were called the Πρεττανοί -LRB- Priteni or Pretani -RRB- .	Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani)	What did the ancient Greeks call the people that lived in the British Isles ?
The Greco-Egyptian scientist Claudius Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain -LRB- μεγάλης Βρεττανίας - megális Brettanias -RRB- and to Ireland as little Britain -LRB- μικρής Βρεττανίας - mikris Brettanias -RRB- in his work Almagest -LRB- 147 -- 148 AD -RRB- .	little Britain (μικρής Βρεττανίας - mikris Brettanias)	What did name did Claudius Ptolemy -LRB- Greco-Egyptian scientist -RRB- use for Ireland ?
In his later work , Geography -LRB- c. 150 AD -RRB- , he gave these islands the names Alwion , Iwernia , and Mona -LRB- the Isle of Man -RRB- , suggesting these may have been names of the individual islands not known to him at the time of writing Almagest .	Alwion, Iwernia, and Mona	In later writings , what did Claudius Ptolemy called the British Isles ?
The name Albion appears to have fallen out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Great Britain , after which Britain became the more commonplace name for the island called Great Britain .	Great Britain	After the Romans conqured the British Isles what became the more common name for the country ?
The earliest known use of the phrase Brytish Iles in the English language is dated 1577 in a work by John Dee .	a work by John Dee	What is the earliest English usage of the term Brytish Illes ?
The earliest known use of the phrase Brytish Iles in the English language is dated 1577 in a work by John Dee .	1577	When was this Brytish Illes name used in the English language by John Dee ?
Other names used to describe the islands include the Anglo-Celtic Isles , Atlantic archipelago , British-Irish Isles , Britain and Ireland , UK and Ireland , and British Isles and Ireland .	Anglo-Celtic Isles	What is another name that is used for the British Isles ?
Owing to political and national associations with the word British , the Government of Ireland does not use the term British Isles and in documents drawn up jointly between the British and Irish governments , the archipelago is referred to simply as `` these islands '' .	"these islands	What is the common term that the Government of Ireland uses when documents are written jointly with the British ?
Of particular note was the Caledonian Orogeny during the Ordovician Period , c. 488 -- 444 Ma and early Silurian period , when the craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia to form the mountains and hills in northern Britain and Ireland .	c. 488–444 Ma and early Silurian period	When did the Caledonian Orogeny occur ?
Of particular note was the Caledonian Orogeny during the Ordovician Period , c. 488 -- 444 Ma and early Silurian period , when the craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia to form the mountains and hills in northern Britain and Ireland .	mountains and hills	What formed after the craton Baltica and the terrane Avalonia collision ?
Of particular note was the Caledonian Orogeny during the Ordovician Period , c. 488 -- 444 Ma and early Silurian period , when the craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia to form the mountains and hills in northern Britain and Ireland .	craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia	What happened during the c. 488 -- 444 Ma and early Silurian period ?
Further collisions caused the Variscan orogeny in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods , forming the hills of Munster , southwest England , and southern Wales .	Variscan orogeny	What formed the hills of Munster and the southern part of Wales ?
Over the last 500 million years the land that forms the islands has drifted northwest from around 30 ° S , crossing the equator around 370 million years ago to reach its present northern latitude .	northwest	In which direction have the British Isles been drifting ?
The islands have been shaped by numerous glaciations during the Quaternary Period , the most recent being the Devensian .	Devensian	What was the most recent glaciation that has shaped the British Isles ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- As this ended , the central Irish Sea was deglaciated and the English Channel flooded , with sea levels rising to current levels some 4,000 to 5,000 years ago , leaving the British Isles in their current form .	the English Channel flooded	What happened with the Devensian glaciation ended ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- As this ended , the central Irish Sea was deglaciated and the English Channel flooded , with sea levels rising to current levels some 4,000 to 5,000 years ago , leaving the British Isles in their current form .	4,000 to 5,000 years ago	When did sea levels reach their current highth ?
Whether or not there was a land bridge between Great Britain and Ireland at this time is somewhat disputed , though there was certainly a single ice sheet covering the entire sea .	a single ice sheet	What covered the sea between Ireland and Great Britian during the last glacier ?
The longest is the Shannon in Ireland at 224 mi -LRB- 360 km -RRB- .	the Shannon	What is the longest river in Ireland ?
Other mountainous areas include Wales and parts of Ireland , however only seven peaks in these areas reach above 1,000 m -LRB- 3,281 ft -RRB- .	Wales and parts of Ireland	Where are other mountain areas in the British Isles ?
The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous , with Ben Nevis being the highest point on the islands at 1,343 m -LRB- 4,406 ft -RRB- .	Ben Nevis	Where is the highest point in the British Isles ?
The islands are at relatively low altitudes , with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low lying : the lowest point in the islands is Holme , Cambridgeshire at − 2.75 m -LRB- − 9.02 ft -RRB- .	Holme, Cambridgeshire at −2.75 m	What is the lowest elevation in the British Isles ?
Winters are cool and wet , with summers mild and also wet .	mild and also wet	What is the weather like in the summer time in the British Isles ?
Animal and plant life is similar to that of the northwestern European continent .	European continent	Which continent has similar plant and animal life as the British Isles ?
All native flora and fauna in Ireland is made up of species that migrated from elsewhere in Europe , and Great Britain in particular .	Europe, and Great Britain	In Ireland where does the native animal and plant species mostly come from ?
The only window when this could have occurred was between the end of the last Ice Age -LRB- about 12,000 years ago -RRB- and when the land bridge connecting the two islands was flooded by sea -LRB- about 8,000 years ago -RRB- .	about 8,000 years ago	When did the land bridge between Ireland and Britain disappear ?
The only window when this could have occurred was between the end of the last Ice Age -LRB- about 12,000 years ago -RRB- and when the land bridge connecting the two islands was flooded by sea -LRB- about 8,000 years ago -RRB- .	about 12,000 years ago	When did the last Ice Age end in the British Isles ?
Clearing began around 6000 BC and accelerated in medieval times .	around 6000 BC	When did the clearing of swamp land and forests begin in the British Isles ?
Clearing began around 6000 BC and accelerated in medieval times .	medieval times	When did the clearing of the swamp land and forest begain to rapidly increase ?
Despite this , Britain retained its primeval forests longer than most of Europe due to a small population and later development of trade and industry , and wood shortages were not a problem until the 17th century .	due to a small population	Why was Britain able to keep its ancient forests longer than Europe ?
Despite this , Britain retained its primeval forests longer than most of Europe due to a small population and later development of trade and industry , and wood shortages were not a problem until the 17th century .	17th century	When did lumber shortages start to occur in Britain ?
Natural forests in Ireland are mainly oak , ash , wych elm , birch and pine .	oak, ash, wych elm	What are three of the most typical type of tress that can be found in Ireland ?
Many larger animals , such as wolf , bear and the European elk are today extinct .	wolf, bear	Which two animals became extinct in the British Isles ?
However , some species such as red deer are protected .	red deer	Which species of deer is protected in the British Isles ?
Over 200 species of bird reside permanently and another 200 migrate .	Over 200 species of bird	How many bird species does the British Isles have ?
Common types are the common chaffinch , common blackbird , house sparrow and common starling ; all small birds .	chaffinch, common blackbird, house sparrow	What are three of the most common birds in the British Isles ?
Fish are abundant in the rivers and lakes , in particular salmon , trout , perch and pike .	salmon, trout, perch and pike	What kinds of fish are abundent in the British Isles ?
Only three snakes are native to Great Britain : the common European adder , the grass snake and the smooth snake ; none are native to Ireland .	European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake	Which snakes are considered native to the British Isles but not Ireland ?
Notable exceptions include the Kerry slug and certain species of wood lice native to Ireland but not Great Britain .	Kerry slug	What is the name of the slug that is native to both Britain and Ireland ?
Only three snakes are native to Great Britain : the common European adder , the grass snake and the smooth snake ; none are native to Ireland .	none are native to Ireland	Is the grass nake or the smooth snake native to Ireland ?
In general , Great Britain has slightly more variation and native wild life , with weasels , polecats , wildcats , most shrews , moles , water voles , roe deer and common toads also being absent from Ireland .	water voles, roe deer and common toads	What type of wild life are not native to Ireland but are in Britain ?
The demographics of the British Isles today are characterised by a generally high density of population in England , which accounts for almost 80 % of the total population of the islands .	England	Which area in the British Isles is s the most populated ?
The demographics of the British Isles today are characterised by a generally high density of population in England , which accounts for almost 80 % of the total population of the islands .	80%	What percentage of the population does England have compared to the other areas in the British Isles ?
Other major populations centres include Greater Manchester Urban Area -LRB- 2.4 million -RRB- , West Midlands conurbation -LRB- 2.4 million -RRB- , West Yorkshire Urban Area -LRB- 1.6 million -RRB- in England , Greater Glasgow -LRB- 1.2 million -RRB- in Scotland and Greater Dublin Area -LRB- 1.1 million -RRB- in Ireland .	Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million)	What is the most populated city in Ireland ?
The largest urban area by far is the Greater London Urban Area with 9 million inhabitants .	9 million	How many people live in the area of London ?
Other major populations centres include Greater Manchester Urban Area -LRB- 2.4 million -RRB- , West Midlands conurbation -LRB- 2.4 million -RRB- , West Yorkshire Urban Area -LRB- 1.6 million -RRB- in England , Greater Glasgow -LRB- 1.2 million -RRB- in Scotland and Greater Dublin Area -LRB- 1.1 million -RRB- in Ireland .	Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million)	What are two other major populated cities in England ?
The population of England rose rapidly during the 19th and 20th centuries whereas the populations of Scotland and Wales have shown little increase during the 20th century , with the population of Scotland remaining unchanged since 1951 .	Scotland and Wales	Which two areas in the British Isles has n't experienced a large population growth in the last one hundred years ?
However , since the Great Irish Famine , the population of Ireland has fallen to less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles .	less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles	How does Ireland 's population compare to the rest of the British Isles ?
The famine , which caused a century-long population decline , drastically reduced the Irish population and permanently altered the demographic make-up of the British Isles .	century-long population decline	How long did the Great Irish Famine cause a population decline in Ireland ?
On a global scale , this disaster led to the creation of an Irish diaspora that numbers fifteen times the current population of the island .	fifteen times the current population of the island	How large is the Irish diaspora that was caused by the Great Irish Famine ?
The linguistic heritage of the British Isles is rich , with twelve languages from six groups across four branches of the Indo-European family .	six groups	How many groups do these languages belong to ?
The Insular Celtic languages of the Goidelic sub-group -LRB- Irish , Manx and Scottish Gaelic -RRB- and the Brittonic sub-group -LRB- Cornish , Welsh and Breton , spoken in north-western France -RRB- are the only remaining Celtic languages -- the last of their continental relations becoming extinct before the 7th century .	Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic	What are the three Insular Celtic languages ?
The Insular Celtic languages of the Goidelic sub-group -LRB- Irish , Manx and Scottish Gaelic -RRB- and the Brittonic sub-group -LRB- Cornish , Welsh and Breton , spoken in north-western France -RRB- are the only remaining Celtic languages -- the last of their continental relations becoming extinct before the 7th century .	Cornish, Welsh and Breton	What are the remaining Cetic languages that are still used today ?
A cant , called Shelta , is spoken by Irish Travellers , often as a means to conceal meaning from those outside the group .	Shelta	Which cant is often used by Irish Travellers ?
At the end of the last ice age , what are now the British Isles were joined to the European mainland as a mass of land extending north west from the modern-day northern coastline of France , Belgium and the Netherlands .	European mainland	What mainland was the British Isles once connected to ?
About two to four millennia later , Great Britain became separated from the mainland .	two to four millennia	When did the British Isles area become separated from the European continent ?
From 14,000 to 10,000 years ago , as the ice melted , sea levels rose separating Ireland from Great Britain and also creating the Isle of Man .	separating Ireland from Great Britain	When sea levels rose what occured in the British Isles area ?
From 14,000 to 10,000 years ago , as the ice melted , sea levels rose separating Ireland from Great Britain and also creating the Isle of Man .	sea levels rose	What happened to British Isles area when the ice melted after the last ice age ?
Britain probably became repopulated with people before the ice age ended and certainly before it became separated from the mainland .	before the ice age ended	Did Britain become populated with people again before or after the ice came to an end ?
At the time of the Roman Empire , about two thousand years ago , various tribes , which spoke Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group , were inhabiting the islands .	Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group	The people that lived in the British Isles during the Roman Empire era spoke which language ?
The Romans expanded their civilisation to control southern Great Britain but were impeded in advancing any further , building Hadrian 's Wall to mark the northern frontier of their empire in 122 AD .	Hadrian's Wall	What was the name of the wall that the Romans built to mark their northern territory in the British Isles in 122AD ?
At that time , Ireland was populated by a people known as Hiberni , the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people known as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons .	Hiberni	During the Roman Empire occupation in the British Isles , what was the name of the people that lived in Ireland ?
At that time , Ireland was populated by a people known as Hiberni , the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people known as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons .	Picts	The northern area of Great Britain was populated by what native people during the Roman Empire occupation ?
At that time , Ireland was populated by a people known as Hiberni , the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people known as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons .	Britons	What was the name of the native people that lived in the southern parts of the British Isles during the Roman Empire occupation ?
Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century AD .	Anglo-Saxons	Which people arrived in the British Isles when the Roman Empire 's power was diminishing ?
In time , Anglo-Saxon demands on the British became so great that they came to culturally dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain , though recent genetic evidence suggests Britons still formed the bulk of the population .	southern Great Britain	What area did the Anglo-Saxons begin to dominate in the British Isles ?
As Europe , including Britain , descended into turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation , an era known as the Dark Ages , Ireland entered a golden age and responded with missions -LRB- first to Great Britain and then to the continent -RRB- , the founding of monasteries and universities .	the Dark Ages	What happened to the British Isles and Europe after the Roman Empire ended ?
As Europe , including Britain , descended into turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation , an era known as the Dark Ages , Ireland entered a golden age and responded with missions -LRB- first to Great Britain and then to the continent -RRB- , the founding of monasteries and universities .	golden age	What era did Ireland enter when the Roman Empire ended ?
As Europe , including Britain , descended into turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation , an era known as the Dark Ages , Ireland entered a golden age and responded with missions -LRB- first to Great Britain and then to the continent -RRB- , the founding of monasteries and universities .	monasteries and universities	What did the Irish build during the Golden Age ?
Viking invasions began in the 9th century , followed by more permanent settlements , particularly along the east coast of Ireland , the west coast of modern-day Scotland and the Isle of Man .	9th century	When did Viking invasions begin in the British Isles ?
Viking invasions began in the 9th century , followed by more permanent settlements , particularly along the east coast of Ireland , the west coast of modern-day Scotland and the Isle of Man .	east coast of Ireland	What is one area where the Vikings created a permanent settlement in the British Isles ?
England however was slowly conquered around the turn of the first millennium AD , and eventually became a feudal possession of Denmark .	Denmark	England became a possession of which country when it became conquered after the first millennium ?
The relations between the descendants of Vikings in England and counterparts in Normandy , in northern France , lay at the heart of a series of events that led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066 .	1066	When did the Norman Conquest occur ?
At the invitation of a provincial king and under the authority of Pope Adrian IV -LRB- the only Englishman to be elected pope -RRB- , the Angevins invaded Ireland in 1169 .	Angevins	In 1169 , Ireland was invaded by which people ?
Ireland , which had been held by the King of England as Lord of Ireland , but which strictly speaking had been a feudal possession of the Pope since the Norman invasion was declared a separate kingdom in personal union with England .	the Pope	Since the Norman invasion who had feudal possession of Ireland ?
By the Late Middle Ages , Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland .	Kingdoms of England and Scotland	During the end of the Middle Ages which two kingdoms was Great Britain divided into ?
His response was to place the King of England as `` the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England '' , thereby removing the authority of the Pope from the affairs of the English Church .	Church of England	What was the name of the church that King Henry VIII founded ?
In 1534 , King Henry VIII , at first having been a strong defender of Roman Catholicism in the face of the Reformation , separated from the Roman Church after failing to secure a divorce from the Pope .	King Henry VIII	Which king failed to receive a divorce from the Pope in 1534 ?
In 1603 , that changed when the King of Scotland inherited the Crown of England , and consequently the Crown of Ireland also .	Crown of England	Which crown did the King of Scotland inherit in 1603 ?
A prime issue was , inter alia , over his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism .	his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism	Why did the King of England have issues with parliment in the 17th century ?
The subsequent 17th century was one of political upheaval , religious division and war .	political upheaval, religious division and war	What happened to Britain during the 17th century ?
The new ruling class was Protestant and British , whilst the common people were largely Catholic and Irish .	Protestant and British	Who where the ruling class after the revolutionary republic was created ?
The resulting English Civil War or War of the Three Kingdoms led to a revolutionary republic in England .	revolutionary republic in England	The English Civil War brought about what change to Britain ?
The Kingdoms of England and Scotland were unified in 1707 creating the Kingdom of Great Britain .	1707	In what year was the Kingdom of Great Britain founded ?
Following an attempted republican revolution in Ireland in 1798 , the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain were unified in 1801 , creating the United Kingdom .	1801	When did the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland unite ?
A century later it would cover one third of the globe .	one third of the globe	How large did the British Empire become by the beginning of the 20th century ?
Poverty in the United Kingdom remained desperate however and industrialisation in England led to terrible condition for the working class .	terrible condition for the working class	What negative factor occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution in England ?
Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty -LRB- 1919 -- 1922 -RRB- , with the six counties that formed Northern Ireland remaining as an autonomous region of the UK .	Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom	What was the result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1919-1922 ?
There are two sovereign states in the isles : Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .	Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	What are the names of the two states that are sovereign in the British Isles today ?
Ireland , sometimes called the Republic of Ireland , governs five sixths of the island of Ireland , with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland .	Republic of Ireland	What is another name that Ireland is also called ?
Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , usually shortened to simply the United Kingdom , which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands .	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	Northern Ireland is part of which country ?
Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , usually shortened to simply the United Kingdom , which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands .	United Kingdom	What is another name for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ?
Of these , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland have `` devolved '' governments meaning that they have their own parliaments/assemblies and are self-governing with respect to certain areas set down by law .	Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland	Which three states in the United Kingdom have devolved governements ?
In addition to this , voters in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland return members to a parliament in Edinburgh and to assemblies in Cardiff and Belfast respectively .	Scotland	Which state send members to the parliament in Edinburgh ?
Ireland , the United Kingdom and the three Crown Dependencies are all parliamentary democracies , with their own separate parliaments .	parliamentary democracies	What type of government does the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies have ?
Governance in the norm is by majority rule , however , Northern Ireland uses a system of power sharing whereby unionists and nationalists share executive posts proportionately and where the assent of both groups are required for the Northern Ireland Assembly to make certain decisions .	unionists and nationalists	Who shares power in Northern Ireland ?
-LRB- In the context of Northern Ireland , unionists are those who want Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom and nationalists are those who want Northern Ireland join with the rest of Ireland . -RRB-	United Kingdom	Unionists in Northern Ireland want to remain part of which country ?
-LRB- In the context of Northern Ireland , unionists are those who want Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom and nationalists are those who want Northern Ireland join with the rest of Ireland . -RRB-	the rest of Ireland	Nationalist in Northern Ireland want to join which country ?
Ireland and the United Kingdom are both part of the European Union -LRB- EU -RRB- .	European Union (EU)	The United Kingdom is part of what union ?
Neither the United Kingdom or Ireland are part of the Schengen area , that allow passport-free travel between EU members states .	passport-free travel between EU members states	What does the Schengen area allow in the European Union ?
In 1997 , this area required formal recognition during the course of negotiations for the Amsterdam Treaty of the European Union and is now known as the Common Travel Area .	1997	When was a free-travel area created betwen Northern Ireland and Ireland ?
In 1997 , this area required formal recognition during the course of negotiations for the Amsterdam Treaty of the European Union and is now known as the Common Travel Area .	Common Travel Area	This free-travel area in Ireland is now called what ?
Exceptions to this are presidential elections and constitutional referendums in the Republic of Ireland , for which there is no comparable franchise in the other states .	presidential elections and constitutional referendums	What are the two exceptions to the voting rights in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandand Britain ?
Other EU nationals may only vote in local and European Parliament elections while resident in either the UK or Ireland .	local and European Parliament elections	In what elections are other Europeans who are living in the United Kingdom or Ireland , allowed to vote in ?
In 2008 , a UK Ministry of Justice report investigating how to strengthen the British sense of citizenship proposed to end this arrangement arguing that , `` the right to vote is one of the hallmarks of the political status of citizens ; it is not a means of expressing closeness between countries . ''	UK Ministry of Justice	Which ministry wants to end this type of voting of EU nationals ?
Reciprocal arrangements allow British and Irish citizens to full voting rights in the two states .	Reciprocal arrangements	What type of arrangement let British and Irish citizens vote in each other 's elections ?
The Northern Ireland Peace Process has led to a number of unusual arrangements between the Republic of Ireland , Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom .	The Northern Ireland Peace Process	What has caused several uncommon arrangements between the various states in the United Kingdom ?
For example , citizens of Northern Ireland are entitled to the choice of Irish or British citizenship or both and the Governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom consult on matters not devolved to the Northern Ireland Executive .	choice of Irish or British citizenship or both	What type of citizenship can Northern Ireland people have ?
The Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland also meet as the North/South Ministerial Council to develop policies common across the island of Ireland .	Government of Ireland	The Northern Ireland Executive meets with what other government to develop policies for the island of Ireland ?
The Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland also meet as the North/South Ministerial Council to develop policies common across the island of Ireland .	policies common across the island of Ireland	The 1998 Good Friday Agreement resulted in what arrangement ?
Another body established under the Good Friday Agreement , the British -- Irish Council , is made up of all of the states and territories of the British Isles .	British–Irish Council	What was one of organizations that was founded because of the Good Friday Agreement ?
Another body established under the Good Friday Agreement , the British -- Irish Council , is made up of all of the states and territories of the British Isles .	all of the states and territories of the British Isles	Which states belong to the British-Irish Council ?
Originally it comprised 25 members of the Oireachtas , the Irish parliament , and 25 members of the parliament of the United Kingdom , with the purpose of building mutual understanding between members of both legislatures .	25	How many Oireachtas members where there in the original British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly ?
Originally it comprised 25 members of the Oireachtas , the Irish parliament , and 25 members of the parliament of the United Kingdom , with the purpose of building mutual understanding between members of both legislatures .	25	How many members of the United Kingdom Parliament were in the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly originally ?
Since then the role and scope of the body has been expanded to include representatives from the Scottish Parliament , the National Assembly for Wales , the Northern Ireland Assembly , the States of Jersey , the States of Guernsey and the High Court of Tynwald -LRB- Isle of Man -RRB- .	Scottish Parliament	The British-Irish Council has added representatives from which parliament ?
Similarly , the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members .	no	Does the Parliamentary Assembly had any kinds of legislative authority ?
The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance .	issues of mutual importance	What does the British-Irish Council discuss ?
Similarly , the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members .	investigates and collects witness evidence	What does the British-Irish Council do ?
The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance .	biannually	How often does the British-Irish Council meet ?
Leading on from developments in the British -- Irish Council , the chair of the British -- Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly , Niall Blaney , has suggested that the body should shadow the British -- Irish Council 's work .	Niall Blaney	Who recommended that the British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly should look very closely at the work that the British-Irish Council does ?
The United Kingdom and Ireland have separate media , although British television , newspapers and magazines are widely available in Ireland , giving people in Ireland a high level of familiarity with cultural matters in the United Kingdom .	British television, newspapers and magazines	What types of media give the people of Ireland information about what is going on in Britain ?
Irish newspapers are also available in the UK , and Irish state and private television is widely available in Northern Ireland .	private television	What is available to the people in Northern Ireland so they have access to the media ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Certain reality TV shows have embraced the whole of the islands , for example The X Factor , seasons 3 , 4 and 7 of which featured auditions in Dublin and were open to Irish voters , whilst the show previously known as Britain 's Next Top Model became Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model in 2011 .	The X Factor	What is one of the most popoular television shows in the United Kingdom ?
For example , the Costa Book Awards are awarded to authors resident in the UK or Ireland .	authors resident in the UK or Ireland	Who can receive the Costa Book Award ?
Many globally popular sports had modern rules codified in the British Isles , including golf , association football , cricket , rugby , snooker and darts , as well as many minor sports such as croquet , bowls , pitch and putt , water polo and handball .	croquet, bowls, pitch and putt	What are some of the minor sports in the United Kingdom ?
A number of sports are popular throughout the British Isles , the most prominent of which is association football .	association football	What is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom ?
Rugby union is also widely enjoyed across the islands with four national teams from England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales .	four	How many national Ruby teams are there in the United Kingdom ?
The British and Irish Lions is a team chosen from each national team and undertakes tours of the southern hemisphere rugby playing nations every four years .	southern hemisphere	In which hemisphere do the rugby playing countries meet once every four years ?
These national rugby teams play each other each year for the Triple Crown as part of the Six Nations Championship .	each year	How often do the national rugby teams play for the Triple Crown ?
The idea of building a tunnel under the Irish Sea has been raised since 1895 , when it was first investigated .	1895	The Irish Sea tunnel was first purposed in what year ?
Several potential Irish Sea tunnel projects have been proposed , most recently the Tusker Tunnel between the ports of Rosslare and Fishguard proposed by The Institute of Engineers of Ireland in 2004 .	Tusker Tunnel	What is the name of the recent proposal of a tunnel between Rosslare and Fishguard ports ?
Several potential Irish Sea tunnel projects have been proposed , most recently the Tusker Tunnel between the ports of Rosslare and Fishguard proposed by The Institute of Engineers of Ireland in 2004 .	The Institute of Engineers of Ireland	Who proposed the Tusker Tunnel ?
Either tunnel , at 50 mi -LRB- 80 km -RRB- , would be by far the longest in the world , and would cost an estimated # 15 billion or $ 20 billion .	£15 billion or €20 billion	What is the estimated cost to build the Tusker Tunnel ?
A proposal in 2007 , estimated the cost of building a bridge from County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway in Scotland at # 3.5 bn -LRB- $ 5bn -RRB- .	2007	In what year was a bridge proposed between County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway , Scotland ?
An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup .	National Archaeological Museum of Athens	What Museum has a vase with an image of an episkyros player ?
Athenaeus , writing in 228 AD , referenced the Roman ball game harpastum .	harpastum	What game did Athenaeus reference in 228 AD ?
Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan , chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia .	kemari	What is the name of a similar , non-competitive game in Japan called ?
Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan , chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia .	Korea	What country is the game chuck-guk from ?
Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan , chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia .	Australia	What country is the game wogabaliri from ?
The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863 .	1863	What year did the Football Association arrange The Laws of the Game ?
Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football -LRB- FIFA ; French : Fédération Internationale de Football Association -RRB- , which organises World Cups for both men and women every four years .	International Federation of Association Football	Who Organizes the World Cups ?
Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football -LRB- FIFA ; French : Fédération Internationale de Football Association -RRB- , which organises World Cups for both men and women every four years .	four	About how many years between World Cups ?
The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863 .	England	What country did the Laws of the Game come from ?
The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and only in their penalty area .	goalkeepers	Who are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands ?
The history of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century AD .	eighth century AD	What century does football in England date back to ?
Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe .	FIFA	What organization has said that there is no historical connection to association football with any other game outside of Europe ?
The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England .	mid-19th century	In what century did the modern rules of association football come from ?
The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England .	England	What country did kids play football in public schools in the 19th century ?
The Cambridge Rules , first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848 , were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes , including association football .	Cambridge Rules	Which rules were influential to the codes of association football ?
The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College , Cambridge , at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton , Harrow , Rugby , Winchester and Shrewsbury schools .	Trinity College	Which college where the Cambridge Rules written at ?
In 1862 , John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules .	1862	In what year did John Charles Thring come up with rules that were influential ?
Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules , most notably the Sheffield Football Club , formed by former public school pupils in 1857 , which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867 .	1867	What year did the Sheffield FA form ?
The Cambridge Rules , first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848 , were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes , including association football .	1848	What year were the Cambridge Rules first drawn up ?
The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper , but a number of specialised roles have evolved .	goalkeeper	What is the only position specified by the Laws of the Game
Broadly , these include three main categories : strikers , or forwards , whose main task is to score goals ; defenders , who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring ; and midfielders , who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team .	score goals	The focus of strikers and forwards are to do what ?
The layout of a team 's players is known as a formation .	formation	A team players layout is a what ?
Broadly , these include three main categories : strikers , or forwards , whose main task is to score goals ; defenders , who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring ; and midfielders , who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team .	defenders	Who 's job is to prevent the opponents from scoring ?
Defining the team 's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team 's manager .	team's manager	Who 's the most responsible for the teams tactics ?
These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association -LRB- The FA -RRB- in 1863 , which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons ' Tavern in Great Queen Street , London .	1863	What year did the Football Association form ?
These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association -LRB- The FA -RRB- in 1863 , which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons ' Tavern in Great Queen Street , London .	Freemasons' Tavern	At what establishment did the Football Association have their first Meeting ?
Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union .	1871	What year did the Rugby Football Union form ?
The eleven remaining clubs , under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley , went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game .	eleven	How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game ?
The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games .	The Sheffield FA	Who played by their own rules till the 1870 's ?
The world 's oldest football competition is the FA Cup , which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872 .	FA Cup	What is C.W. Alcock responsible for founding ?
The world 's oldest football competition is the FA Cup , which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872 .	1872	How long has the FA Cup been contested ?
England is also home to the world 's first football league , which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor .	William McGregor	Who founded the worlds first football league ?
The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England .	12	How many clubs where in the first football league ?
The first official international football match also took place in 1872 , between Scotland and England in Glasgow , again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock .	England	What country is the home of the first football league ?
The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board -LRB- IFAB -RRB- .	International Football Association Board	What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for ?
The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association , the Scottish Football Association , the Football Association of Wales , and the Irish Football Association .	1886	What year was the IFAB formed ?
FIFA , the international football body , was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association .	Paris	What city was FIFA formed ?
The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations .	four	How many representatives did FIFA have in the IFAB ?
The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations .	four	How many different British associations where part of the IFAB ?
The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation 's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké , an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time .	Côte d'Ivoire	In 2006 , which team helps secure a truce during a civil war ?
The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation 's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké , an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time .	Bouaké	What city did a peaceful match between two armies take place in 2007 ?
By contrast , football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras .	June 1969	When did the Football War happen ?
The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s , when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990 .	Yugoslav Wars	Football made which wars more tense in the 1990 's ?
It had a `` golden age '' in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when crowds reached 50,000 at some matches ; this was stopped on 5 December 1921 when England 's Football Association voted to ban the game from grounds used by its member clubs .	1920s	What decade is considered the `` golden age '' of women 's football ?
The FIFA Women 's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years since , while women 's football has been an Olympic event since 1996 .	1996	Since what year has women 's football been an Olympic event ?
It had a `` golden age '' in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when crowds reached 50,000 at some matches ; this was stopped on 5 December 1921 when England 's Football Association voted to ban the game from grounds used by its member clubs .	England's Football Association	Who voted to ban women 's football from its grounds in 1921 ?
The FA 's ban was rescinded in December 1969 with UEFA voting to officially recognise women 's football in 1971 .	UEFA	In 1971 , who officially recognized women 's football ?
The FIFA Women 's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years since , while women 's football has been an Olympic event since 1996 .	1991	What year was the FIFA Women 's first World cup ?
The game is played using a spherical ball of 68.5 -- 69.5 cm -LRB- 27.0 -- 27.4 in -RRB- circumference , known as the football -LRB- or soccer ball -RRB- .	spherical	What would you describe the shape of the football ?
Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal -LRB- between the posts and under the bar -RRB- , thereby scoring a goal .	eleven	How many players are on each team ?
The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw .	a draw	What happens when both teams score the same amount of points ?
Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to be involved in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks .	the coin toss	What is the captain a part of before the start of the game ?
The game is played using a spherical ball of 68.5 -- 69.5 cm -LRB- 27.0 -- 27.4 in -RRB- circumference , known as the football -LRB- or soccer ball -RRB- .	soccer ball	What is another name for the football ?
The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play , though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart .	throw-in restart	When is it okay for regular players to use their hands ?
Within normal play , all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch , though the ball can not be received in an offside position .	offside	A ball can not be received in what type of position ?
Within normal play , all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch , though the ball can not be received in an offside position .	the pitch	throughout when can players move the ball in any direction ?
The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play , though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart .	goalkeepers	Who can only handle the ball with their hands or arms during play ?
In game play , players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball , such as by dribbling , passing the ball to a team-mate , and by taking shots at the goal , which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper .	goalkeeper	Who guards the goal ?
Football is generally a free-flowing game , with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules .	referee	Who is the only one who has the authority to stop the game when something is wron ?
Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball ; however , physical contact between opponents is restricted .	physical contact	what is allowed but restricted ?
Football is generally a free-flowing game , with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules .	when the ball has left the field of play	Besides a referee interfering , when else is play stopped ?
There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game , each containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines .	17	How many laws are there in the official Laws of the Game ?
The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA , but are maintained by the International Football Association Board -LRB- IFAB -RRB- .	International Football Association Board (IFAB)	Who maintains the Laws of the Game ?
The laws are often framed in broad terms , which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game .	flexibility	Broad terms in the laws allow for what ?
The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA , but are maintained by the International Football Association Board -LRB- IFAB -RRB- .	FIFA	Who publishes the Laws of the Game ?
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players -LRB- excluding substitutes -RRB- , one of whom must be the goalkeeper .	goalkeeper	Out of the maximum amount of players allowed , one must be a what ?
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players -LRB- excluding substitutes -RRB- , one of whom must be the goalkeeper .	substitutes	The maximum amount of players exclude what ?
Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team , which is usually seven .	seven	If there 's a minimum amount of players it 's usually what ?
Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield -LRB- non-goalkeeper -RRB- players are strategically placed by a coach , these positions are not defined or required by the Laws .	coach	Players are usually strategically placed by who ?
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players -LRB- excluding substitutes -RRB- , one of whom must be the goalkeeper .	eleven	What is the maximum amount of players allowed ?
The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt , shorts , socks , footwear and adequate shin guards .	kit	The equipment a player wears is also called a what ?
An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals .	An athletic supporter and protective cup	What is highly recommended by medical experts for male players ?
The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials .	goalkeeper	Who wears clothing that easily sets them apart from everyone else on the field ?
Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player , such as jewellery or watches .	forbidden	wearing anything that could be dangerous is what ?
Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment , but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury .	Headgear	What is not required but can be chosen to protect a player from head injuries ?
As the Laws were formulated in England , and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB , the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units .	football pitch	Imperial units where once used to express the dimensions of a what ?
The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents -LRB- followed by traditional units in brackets -RRB- , though use of imperial units remains popular in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication -LRB- or only partial metrication -RRB- , such as Britain .	metric	What unit of measurement is now expressed by the Laws ?
The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents -LRB- followed by traditional units in brackets -RRB- , though use of imperial units remains popular in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication -LRB- or only partial metrication -RRB- , such as Britain .	English-speaking	The use of imperial units is still popular in what kind of countries ?
As the Laws were formulated in England , and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB , the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units .	England	Laws were formulated in what country ?
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100 -- 110 m -LRB- 110 -- 120 yd -RRB- and the width is in the range of 64 -- 75 m -LRB- 70 -- 80 yd -RRB- .	100–110 m	What is the range for the length for international matches in meters ?
In 2008 , the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m -LRB- 344 ft -RRB- long and 68 m -LRB- 223 ft -RRB- wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches ; however , this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented .	2008	In what year did the IFAB initially approve a fixed size as a standard pitch dimension for international matches ?
In 2008 , the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m -LRB- 344 ft -RRB- long and 68 m -LRB- 223 ft -RRB- wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches ; however , this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented .	never	When was the IFAB 's decision on the fixed size of the pitch become implemented ?
Fields for non-international matches may be 90 -- 120 m -LRB- 100 -- 130 yd -RRB- length and 45 -- 90 m -LRB- 50 -- 100 yd -RRB- in width , provided that the pitch does not become square .	90–120 m	What is the range for the length of fields for non international matches in meters ?
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100 -- 110 m -LRB- 110 -- 120 yd -RRB- and the width is in the range of 64 -- 75 m -LRB- 70 -- 80 yd -RRB- .	64–75 m	What is the range for the width for international matches in meters ?
This area is marked by the goal line , two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m -LRB- 18 yd -RRB- from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m -LRB- 18 yd -RRB- into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line , and a line joining them .	goal line	What is the penalty area marked by ?
This area has a number of functions , the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick .	penalty kick	a penalty foul by the defending team can be punishable by a what ?
This area is marked by the goal line , two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m -LRB- 18 yd -RRB- from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m -LRB- 18 yd -RRB- into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line , and a line joining them .	16.5 m	how many meters from the goalpost does a penalty area extend ?
This area has a number of functions , the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick .	goalkeeper	Only who can handle the ball with his hands ?
A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each , known as halves .	two	How many periods are in a standard football match ?
A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each , known as halves .	45	How long are each period in a standard football match ?
A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each , known as halves .	halves	What are the periods in a football match called ?
The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee .	referee	Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for ?
Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa .	1891	In what year did an incident help introduce added time ?
In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock , some competitions may invoke replays .	knockout	Matches where a winner must be decided is called what type of competitions ?
If the score is still tied after extra time , some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts -LRB- known officially in the Laws of the Game as `` kicks from the penalty mark '' -RRB- to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament .	kicks from the penalty mark	What are penalty shootouts officially known as in the Laws of the Game ?
Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game , but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament -LRB- with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score -RRB- .	Goals scored during extra time	Which goals count to the final score of the game ?
These involved rules ending a game in extra time early , either when the first goal in extra time was scored -LRB- golden goal -RRB- , or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time -LRB- silver goal -RRB- .	the first goal in extra time	What is the golden goal ?
The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France 's victory over Paraguay in 1998 .	France	Who was the first team to win using the golden goal to their advantage ?
In the late 1990s and early 2000s , the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout , which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match .	the IFAB	Who experimented with creating winners without requiring penalty shootouts ?
The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France 's victory over Paraguay in 1998 .	Paraguay	What team did France beat in 1998 ?
Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition , beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996 .	1996	What year did the Czech Republic lose in the final of Euro ?
The referee may punish a player 's or substitute 's misconduct by a caution -LRB- yellow card -RRB- or dismissal -LRB- red card -RRB- .	yellow card	Which card does a referee use to signal a caution to a player ?
A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card , and therefore to a dismissal .	A second	How many yellow cards lead to a red card ?
A player given a yellow card is said to have been `` booked '' , the referee writing the player 's name in his official notebook .	booked	A referee gives out a yellow card and writes down the players name in his notebook which is called being what ?
Non-players such as managers and support staff can not be shown the yellow or red card , but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner .	Non-players	Managers and support staff is considered what and thus can not be shown a card ?
The referee may punish a player 's or substitute 's misconduct by a caution -LRB- yellow card -RRB- or dismissal -LRB- red card -RRB- .	dismissal	What does a red card mean ?
Most competitions enforce mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game .	mandatory suspensions	Players who are sent off in a game are often faced with what ?
Some associations allow for appeals against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or unduly harsh .	appeals	Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh ?
Along with the general administration of the sport , football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game , dealing with issues such as comments to the press , clubs ' financial management , doping , age fraud and match fixing .	good	Football associations enforce what kind of conduct ?
There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900 , except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles .	1932	Which year was there not a Summer Olympic Game ?
A women 's tournament was added in 1996 ; in contrast to the men 's event , full international sides without age restrictions play the women 's Olympic tournament .	1996	In what year was a women 's tournament added to the Summer Olympics ?
Originally , the event was for amateurs only ; however , since the 1984 Summer Olympics , professional players have been permitted , albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides .	1984	What year were professional players allowed to play in the Summer Olympics ?
The Olympic men 's tournament is played at Under-23 level .	Under-23	What is the age limit on the Olympic men 's tournament ?
There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900 , except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles .	1900	What was the first year that there was a football tournament at the Summer Olympics ?
These are the European Championship -LRB- UEFA -RRB- , the Copa América -LRB- CONMEBOL -RRB- , African Cup of Nations -LRB- CAF -RRB- , the Asian Cup -LRB- AFC -RRB- , the CONCACAF Gold Cup -LRB- CONCACAF -RRB- and the OFC Nations Cup -LRB- OFC -RRB- .	European Championship	What does UEFA Stand for ?
This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself .	FIFA World Cup	The FIFA Confederations Cups is usually considered a warm-up for what ?
The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup .	contest the FIFA Club World Cup	What do winners of the continental competition get to do ?
These are the European Championship -LRB- UEFA -RRB- , the Copa América -LRB- CONMEBOL -RRB- , African Cup of Nations -LRB- CAF -RRB- , the Asian Cup -LRB- AFC -RRB- , the CONCACAF Gold Cup -LRB- CONCACAF -RRB- and the OFC Nations Cup -LRB- OFC -RRB- .	African Cup of Nations	What does CAF stand for ?
The governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season , normally comprising several divisions , in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results .	points	What do teams gain for doing well throughout the season ?
Most commonly , each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season , in a round-robin tournament .	round-robin	What is the name for the type of tournament teams play in regular season ?
The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division , and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division .	promoted to a higher division	What could happen to the top few teams at the end of the season ?
The governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season , normally comprising several divisions , in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results .	governing bodies	Who operate league systems ?
The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division , and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division .	relegated to a lower division	What happens to the teams at the bottom of the ranks at the end of the season ?
A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game .	substitutes	What is one who replaces a player during a game called ?
The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three , though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches .	three	What is the maximum number of substitutions during most professional games ?
Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations .	individual football associations	Who decides on who 's rewarded points for abandoned games ?
It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover -- George I , George II , George III , and George IV -- who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830 .	George I, George II, George III, and George IV	Who were the British monarchs of the House of Hanover from August 1714 to June 1830 ?
The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture ; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture .	Colonial Revival	What was the 19th century revival of Georgian architecture in the United States referred to as ?
Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830 .	between 1714 and 1830	Between what years was Georgian architecture in style ?
The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture ; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture .	Neo-Georgian	What was the name given to the 20th century Great British revival Georgian architecture .
It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover -- George I , George II , George III , and George IV -- who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830 .	House of Hanover	What was the name of the house of the monarchs in power from 1714 and 1830 ?
The style of Georgian buildings is very variable , but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome , as revived in Renaissance architecture .	Greece and Rome	What classical architecture is Georgian architecture based on ?
The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before , replacing English vernacular architecture -LRB- or becoming the new vernacular style -RRB- for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period .	English vernacular architecture	What type of architecture did Georgian replace ?
Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition , but typically rather restrained , and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior .	the exterior	Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture ?
In towns , which expanded greatly during the period , landowners turned into property developers , and rows of identical terraced houses became the norm .	property developers	During the period of Georgian architecture what did landowners turn into ?
Where they have not been demolished , large numbers of Georgian buildings have survived two centuries or more , and they still form large parts of the core of cities such as London , Edinburgh , Dublin and Bristol .	London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol	Where do many buildings constructed during the period of Georgian architecture still exist today ?
Even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town , especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house .	a square of garden	What benefit convinced many wealthy people to move into town during this time ?
There was an enormous amount of building in the period , all over the English-speaking world , and the standards of construction were generally high .	all over the English-speaking world	What part of the world was mostly dominated by Georgian architecture ?
There was an enormous amount of building in the period , all over the English-speaking world , and the standards of construction were generally high .	generally high	What quality were the buildings constructed during that time ?
The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession ; before the mid-century `` the high-sounding title , ` architect ' was adopted by anyone who could get away with it '' .	architect	What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it ?
But most buildings were still designed by builders and landlords together , and the wide spread of Georgian architecture , and the Georgian styles of design more generally , came from dissemination through pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings .	pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings	How did most Georgian design styles disseminate ?
This contrasted with earlier styles , which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system .	the apprenticeship system	How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture ?
Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny -LRB- active 1723 -- 1755 -RRB- received editions in America as well as Britain .	William Halfpenny	Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture ?
Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny -LRB- active 1723 -- 1755 -RRB- received editions in America as well as Britain .	1723–1755	What years were William Halfpenny active ?
Georgian succeeded the English Baroque of Sir Christopher Wren , Sir John Vanbrugh , Thomas Archer , William Talman , and Nicholas Hawksmoor ; this in fact continued into at least the 1720s , overlapping with a more restrained Georgian style .	English Baroque	What style did Georgian succeed ?
The architect James Gibbs was a transitional figure , his earlier buildings are Baroque , reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century , but he adjusted his style after 1720 .	James Gibbs	Which architect was a transitional figure ?
The European Grand Tour became very common for wealthy patrons in the period , and Italian influence remained dominant , though at the start of the period Hanover Square , Westminster -LRB- 1713 on -RRB- , developed and occupied by Whig supporters of the new dynasty , seems to have deliberately adopted German stylisic elements in their honour , especially vertical bands connecting the windows .	The European Grand Tour	What became very popular with wealthy patrons during this period ?
Major architects to promote the change in direction from baroque were Colen Campbell , author of the influential book Vitruvius Britannicus -LRB- 1715-1725 -RRB- ; Richard Boyle , 3rd Earl of Burlington and his protégé William Kent ; Isaac Ware ; Henry Flitcroft and the Venetian Giacomo Leoni , who spent most of his career in England .	Vitruvius Britannicus	Which book did Colen Campbell write ?
Major architects to promote the change in direction from baroque were Colen Campbell , author of the influential book Vitruvius Britannicus -LRB- 1715-1725 -RRB- ; Richard Boyle , 3rd Earl of Burlington and his protégé William Kent ; Isaac Ware ; Henry Flitcroft and the Venetian Giacomo Leoni , who spent most of his career in England .	Giacomo Leoni	What Venetian spent most of his career in England ?
In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture -- and its whimsical alternatives , Gothic and Chinoiserie , which were the English-speaking world 's equivalent of European Rococo .	Gothic and Chinoiserie	What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture ?
In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture -- and its whimsical alternatives , Gothic and Chinoiserie , which were the English-speaking world 's equivalent of European Rococo .	European Rococo	Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world 's equivalent of what style ?
John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style , he was responsible for designing large areas of London .	The Regency style	John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style ?
Greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory , beginning around 1750 , but increasing in popularity after 1800 .	around 1750	Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory ?
Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke .	William Wilkins and Robert Smirke	Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style ?
Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance ; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube .	its proportion and balance	Georgian architecture is characterized by ?
Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning .	Regularity of housefronts	What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning ?
Regularity , as with ashlar -LRB- uniformly cut -RRB- stonework , was strongly approved , imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules : the lack of symmetry , where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible , was deeply felt as a flaw , at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles .	lack of symmetry	What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture ?
Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century , Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece .	ancient Rome or Greece	What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from ?
Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture .	Palladian	What revived style dominated English country house architecture ?
Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings , and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow , largely to look more impressive from a distance .	made wide and relatively shallow	What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance ?
The height was usually highest in the centre , and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided .	the centre	Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture ?
Typically the basement area or `` rustic '' , with kitchens , offices and service areas , as well as male guests with muddy boots , came some way above ground , and was lit by windows that were high on the inside , but just above ground level outside .	basement area	Where were areas such as kitchens , offices , and service areas generally found ?
In grand houses , an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were .	mezzanine floor	What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located ?
Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid ; this was partly to minimize window tax , which was in force throughout the period in the United Kingdom .	window tax	What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time ?
To open these large windows the sash window , already developed by the 1670s , became very widespread .	the 1670s	When was the sash window developed ?
Corridor plans became universal inside larger houses .	Corridor plans	What plans became universal inside larger houses ?
Before this the internal plan and function of the rooms can generally not be deduced from the outside .	the internal plan and function of the rooms	What can not be generally deduced from the outside ?
Their height increasingly varied between the floors , and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms , making a small balcony desirable .	Their height	What aspect of windows generally varied between floors ?
Internal courtyards became more rare , except beside the stables , and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides , or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees .	trees	What was often used to hide functional parts of buildings ?
The roof was typically invisible from the ground , though domes were sometimes visible in grander buildings .	domes	What was occasionally visible in grander buildings ?
Columns or pilasters , often topped by a pediment , were popular for ornament inside and out , and other ornament was generally geometrical or plant-based , rather than using the human figure .	pediment	What often topped pilasters of columns ?
Columns or pilasters , often topped by a pediment , were popular for ornament inside and out , and other ornament was generally geometrical or plant-based , rather than using the human figure .	geometrical or plant-based	What designs did ornament use to avoid using the human figure ?
Internal courtyards became more rare , except beside the stables , and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides , or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees .	Internal courtyards	What aspect of buildings became very rare ?
Inside ornament was far more generous , and could sometimes be overwhelming .	Inside ornament	Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found ?
The chimneypiece continued to be the usual main focus of rooms , and was now given a classical treatment , and increasingly topped by a painting or a mirror .	chimneypiece	What was the typical main focus of rooms ?
Plasterwork ceilings , carved wood , and bold schemes of wallpaint formed a backdrop to increasingly rich collections of furniture , paintings , porcelain , mirrors , and objets d'art of all kinds .	Plasterwork ceilings	What type of ceilings became commonplace ?
Wood-panelling , very common since about 1500 , fell from favour around the mid-century , and wallpaper included very expensive imports from China .	Wood-panelling	What fell out of favor during this time ?
Wood-panelling , very common since about 1500 , fell from favour around the mid-century , and wallpaper included very expensive imports from China .	China	Where was very expensive wallpaper imported from ?
In towns even most better-off people lived in terraced houses , which typically opened straight onto the street , often with a few steps up to the door .	terraced houses	Most town people lived in what type of houses ?
There was often an open space , protected by iron railings , dropping down to the basement level , with a discreet entrance down steps off the street for servants and deliveries ; this is known as the `` area '' .	iron railings	What was used to protect the `` area '' ?
This meant that the ground floor front was now removed and protected from the street and encouraged the main reception rooms to move there from the floor above .	main reception rooms	Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor ?
Town terraced houses for all social classes remained resolutely tall and narrow , each dwelling occupying the whole height of the building .	tall and narrow	What shape and size did most town terraced houses take on ?
This contrasted with well-off continental dwellings , which had already begun to be formed of wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building ; such arrangements were only typical in England when housing groups of batchelors , as in Oxbridge colleges , the lawyers in the Inns of Court or The Albany after it was converted in 1802 .	1802	What year did The Albany convert ?
This contrasted with well-off continental dwellings , which had already begun to be formed of wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building ; such arrangements were only typical in England when housing groups of batchelors , as in Oxbridge colleges , the lawyers in the Inns of Court or The Albany after it was converted in 1802 .	wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building	Well-off continental dwellings consisted of ?
In the period in question , only in Edinburgh were working-class purpose-built tenements common , though lodgers were common in other cities .	Edinburgh	What was the only city where working class purpose built tenements common ?
A curving crescent , often looking out at gardens or a park , was popular for terraces where space allowed .	A curving crescent	What was popular for terraces where there was enough space ?
Blackheath , Chalk Farm and St John 's Wood are among the areas contesting being the original home of the semi .	Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood	What cities contest to being the original home of the semi ?
A plan for this exists dated 1794 , where `` the whole development consists of pairs of semi-detached houses , So far as I know , this is the first recorded scheme of the kind '' .	1794	A plan for a semi-detached houses was dated for what year ?
Sir John Summerson gave primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John 's Wood .	Sir John Summerson	Who conferred primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John 's Wood ?
In fact the French Wars put an end to this scheme , but when the development was finally built it retained the semi-detached form , `` a revolution of striking significance and far-reaching effect '' .	the French Wars	What put an end to the scheme of semi-detached houses ?
Until the Church Building Act of 1818 , the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain , which was already well-supplied , although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased .	Church Building Act of 1818	What act spurred to building of new churches in Britain ?
Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to allow maximum audibility , and visibility , for preaching , so the main nave was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans , and often there were no side-aisles .	maximum audibility, and visibility	What were Anglican churches internally designed for ?
Until the Church Building Act of 1818 , the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain , which was already well-supplied , although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased .	Non-conformist and Roman Catholic	The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase ?
Galleries were common in new churches .	Galleries	What were common in new churches ?
Decoration inside was very limited , but churches filled up with monuments to the prosperous .	monuments to the prosperous	Churches filled up with monuments to what ?
Somerset House in London , designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices , was as magnificent as any country house , though never quite finished , as funds ran out .	Sir William Chambers	Somerset House was designed by whom ?
Somerset House in London , designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices , was as magnificent as any country house , though never quite finished , as funds ran out .	1776	In what year was Somerset House designed ?
But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large , and well-funded , to become `` architectural in intention '' , rather than having their design left to the lesser class of `` surveyors '' .	"architectural in intention"	Commercial projects in the late period tended to be `` architectural '' in what way ?
But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large , and well-funded , to become `` architectural in intention '' , rather than having their design left to the lesser class of `` surveyors '' .	surveyors	What was considered a lesser class of designers ?
American buildings of the Georgian period were very often constructed of wood with clapboards ; even columns were made of timber , framed up , and turned on an over-sized lathe .	wood with clapboards	American buildings in the Georgian period were frequently constructed of which materials ?
At the start of the period the difficulties of obtaining and transporting brick or stone made them a common alternative only in the larger cities , or where they were obtainable locally .	brick or stone	What was difficult to obtain and transport during the Georgian period ?
Dartmouth College , Harvard University , and the College of William and Mary , offer leading examples of Georgian architecture in the Americas .	Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary	Which colleges are considered examples of Georgian architecture in America ?
Unlike the Baroque style that it replaced , which was mostly used for palaces and churches , and had little representation in the British colonies , simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes .	Baroque	What style did was little represented in British colonies ?
Unlike the Baroque style that it replaced , which was mostly used for palaces and churches , and had little representation in the British colonies , simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes .	palaces and churches	Baroque style was mostly used for which buildings ?
Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House -LRB- 1774 -RRB- in Annapolis , Maryland , designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana , Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio 's I quattro libri dell ` architettura -LRB- `` Four Books of Architecture '' -RRB- .	Hammond-Harwood House	What is considered to be the best remaining example of a house from the Georgian period and style ?
Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House -LRB- 1774 -RRB- in Annapolis , Maryland , designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana , Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio 's I quattro libri dell ` architettura -LRB- `` Four Books of Architecture '' -RRB- .	1774	What year was the Hammond-Harwood House built ?
Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House -LRB- 1774 -RRB- in Annapolis , Maryland , designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana , Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio 's I quattro libri dell ` architettura -LRB- `` Four Books of Architecture '' -RRB- .	Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy	What building did William Buckland model the Hammon-Harwood House ?
After about 1840 , Georgian conventions were slowly abandoned as a number of revival styles , including Gothic Revival , that had originated in the Georgian period , developed and contested in Victorian architecture , and in the case of Gothic became better researched , and closer to their originals .	1840	What year did Georgian architecture begin to be abandoned ?
Neoclassical architecture remained popular , and was the opponent of Gothic in the Battle of the Styles of the early Victorian period .	the Battle of the Styles	What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Neoclassical referred to as ?
Neoclassical architecture remained popular , and was the opponent of Gothic in the Battle of the Styles of the early Victorian period .	early Victorian period	When was the Battle of the Styles contested ?
In the United States the Federalist Style contained many elements of Georgian style , but incorporated revolutionary symbols .	Federalist Style	What style from the United States used many elements of Georgian style but with revolutionary symbols ?
In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order , the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the Colonial Revival .	Colonial Revival	What was the revival of Georgian style in twentieth century United States called ?
In Canada the United Empire Loyalists embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their fealty to Britain , and the Georgian style was dominant in the country for most of the first half of the 19th century .	United Empire Loyalists	Which Canadian group embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of fealty to Britain ?
In Montreal , English born architect John Ostell worked on a significant number of remarkable constructions in the Georgian style such as the Old Montreal Custom House and the Grand séminaire de Montréal .	John Ostell	What English born architect designed the Old Montreal Custom House ?
The Grange , for example , a manor built in Toronto , was built in 1817 .	The Grange	What Toronto building was built in 1817 ?
The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian ; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples .	Neo-Georgian	The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as ?
Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s , Bradshaw Gass & Hope 's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example .	Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters	Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958 ?
In both the United States and Britain , the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences .	Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons	Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences ?
Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s , Bradshaw Gass & Hope 's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example .	1950s	Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade ?
The Republic of Liberia , beginning as a settlement of the American Colonization Society -LRB- ACS -RRB- , declared its independence on July 26 , 1847 .	as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS)	How did the republic of liberia begin ?
The Republic of Liberia , beginning as a settlement of the American Colonization Society -LRB- ACS -RRB- , declared its independence on July 26 , 1847 .	July 26, 1847	When did the Republic of Liberia declare it 's independence ?
Between January 7 , 1822 and the American Civil War , more than 15,000 freed and free-born Black Americans from United States and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans relocated to the settlement .	more than 15,000	How many slaves were freed in the american civil war ?
The Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after the United States .	the United States	What was the Liberian flag and constitution modeled after ?
Longstanding political tensions from the 27 year rule of William Tubman resulted in a military coup in 1980 that overthrew the leadership soon after his death , marking the beginning of political instability .	27 year	How long did william tubman rule ?
Longstanding political tensions from the 27 year rule of William Tubman resulted in a military coup in 1980 that overthrew the leadership soon after his death , marking the beginning of political instability .	1980	In what year did a military coupe overthrow leadership leading to william tubmans death ?
Five years of military rule by the People 's Redemption Council and five years of civilian rule by the National Democratic Party of Liberia were followed by the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars .	five years	How long was the rule of the peoples redemption council ?
Five years of military rule by the People 's Redemption Council and five years of civilian rule by the National Democratic Party of Liberia were followed by the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars .	five years	How long was the rule of the national democratic party ?
These resulted in the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia 's economy .	the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy.	What did the liberian civil war result in ?
This influx was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591 .	Western Sudanic Mali Empire	What empire was o the decline on 1375 ?
Additionally , as inland regions underwent desertification , inhabitants moved to the wetter coast .	inhabitants moved to the wetter coast	What happened when regions underwent desertification ?
The ethnic Kru opposed the influx of Vai , forming an alliance with the Mane to stop further influx of Vai .	The ethnic Kru	Who opposed the influx of vai forming an alliance with maine ?
Shortly after the Mane conquered the region , the Vai people of the former Mali Empire immigrated into the Grand Cape Mount region .	the Grand Cape Mount region.	Where did the people of the Mali empire immigrate to ?
In the United States , there was a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa .	a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa.	What is `` the american colonization society '' ?
The American Colonization Society was founded in 1816 in Washington , DC for this purpose , by a group of prominent politicians and slaveholders .	1816	When was the `` american colonization society founded '' ?
But its membership grew to include mostly people who supported abolition of slavery .	people who supported abolition of slavery	The `` american colonization society '' consisted mostly of whom ''
Slaveholders wanted to get free people of color out of the South , where they were thought to threaten the stability of the slave societies .	to get free people of color out of the South	What did slave holders want to do ?
Most African Americans , who were native-born by this time , wanted to improve conditions in the United States rather than emigrate .	improve conditions in the United States	rather than emigrate African Americans wanted to do what ?
In 1822 , the American Colonization Society began sending African-American volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed African Americans .	establish a colony for freed African Americans.	African Americans were sent to the pepper coast to do what ?
By 1867 , the ACS -LRB- and state-related chapters -RRB- had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 African Americans to Liberia .	13,000	By 1837 the ACS had assisted in moving how many african americans to liberia ?
These free African Americans and their descendants married within their community and came to identify as Americo-Liberians .	Americo-Liberians	What did African Americans who were moved to Liberia identify as ?
Many were of mixed race and educated in American culture ; they did not identify with the indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered .	indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered	Who did Americo-Liberians not identify with ?
They intermarried largely within the colonial community , developing an ethnic group that had a cultural tradition infused with American notions of political republicanism and Protestant Christianity .	cultural tradition	What did African Americans moved to Liberia keep from America ?
The Americo-Liberian settlers did not identify with the indigenous peoples they encountered , especially those in communities of the more isolated `` bush . ''	indigenous peoples they encountered,	The americo-liberians did not identify with who ?
Encounters with tribal Africans in the bush often developed as violent confrontations .	violent confrontations.	What were americo-liberians encounters like with tribal Africans ''
The colonial settlements were raided by the Kru and Grebo people from their inland chiefdoms .	the Kru and Grebo people from their inland chiefdoms.	Who raided the colonial settlements ?
It excluded the indigenous tribesmen from birthright citizenship in their own lands until 1904 , in a repetition of the United States ' treatment of Native Americans .	citizenship in their own lands	What did Americo-liberians exclude tribes from ?
They encouraged religious organizations to set up missions and schools to educate the indigenous peoples .	to educate the indigenous peoples.	Americo-Liberians set up missions and schools to do what ?
On April 12 , 1980 , a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group overthrew and killed President William R. Tolbert , Jr. .	a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group	Who was responsible for the death of William R. Tolbert ?
On April 12 , 1980 , a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group overthrew and killed President William R. Tolbert , Jr. .	April 12, 1980	On what date was William R. Tolbert killed ?
Doe and the other plotters later executed a majority of Tolbert 's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members .	majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members.	Who was also executed on the day of William R. Tolbert 's death ?
The coup leaders formed the People 's Redemption Council -LRB- PRC -RRB- to govern the country .	the People's Redemption Council	The coup leaders later became known as ?
A strategic Cold War ally of the West , Doe received significant financial backing from the United States while critics condemned the PRC for corruption and political repression .	corruption and political repression	What was the PRC criticized for ?
The rebels soon split into various factions fighting one another .	split into various factions fighting one another.	What eventually happened to the rebels ?
The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States organized a military task force to intervene in the crisis .	The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States	Who intervened in the rebel crisis ?
The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States organized a military task force to intervene in the crisis .	organized a military task force	What did the economic community monitoring group do to intervene in the crisis ?
From 1989 to 1996 one of Africa 's bloodiest civil wars ensued , claiming the lives of more than 200,000 Liberians and displacing a million others into refugee camps in neighboring countries .	1989 to 1996	During what period did the African civil war last ?
From 1989 to 1996 one of Africa 's bloodiest civil wars ensued , claiming the lives of more than 200,000 Liberians and displacing a million others into refugee camps in neighboring countries .	200,000	How many liberians died in the civil war ?
In March 2003 , a second rebel group , Movement for Democracy in Liberia , began launching attacks against Taylor from the southeast .	a second rebel group,	What is `` Movement For democracy in Liberia '' ?
In March 2003 , a second rebel group , Movement for Democracy in Liberia , began launching attacks against Taylor from the southeast .	Taylor	Movement For democracy in Liberia launched attacks against who ?
Peace talks between the factions began in Accra in June of that year , and Taylor was indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone for crimes against humanity that same month .	Accra in June of that year	where did peace talks begin between Movement For democracy in Liberia and Taylor ?
Peace talks between the factions began in Accra in June of that year , and Taylor was indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone for crimes against humanity that same month .	for crimes against humanity	Why was Taylor indicted by a special court ?
By July 2003 , the rebels had launched an assault on Monrovia .	Monrovia.	Who did the rebels launch an assault on in July , 2003 ?
The subsequent 2005 elections were internationally regarded as the most free and fair in Liberian history .	the most free and fair in Liberian history	The 2005 elections were known as what ?
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance , was elected as the first female president in Africa .	a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance	Who is ellen johnson sirleaf ?
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance , was elected as the first female president in Africa .	Ellen Johnson Sirleaf	Who was elected the first female president of Africa ?
Upon her inauguration , Sirleaf requested the extradition of Taylor from Nigeria and transferred him to the SCSL for trial in The Hague .	Taylor from Nigeria	Movement For democracy in Liberia requested the extradition of whom ''
In 2006 , the government established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address the causes and crimes of the civil war .	Truth and Reconciliation Commission	What was created to address the causes of civil war ?
Liberia is divided into fifteen counties , which , in turn , are subdivided into a total of 90 districts and further subdivided into clans .	fifteen	How many counties is liberia divided into ?
Liberia is divided into fifteen counties , which , in turn , are subdivided into a total of 90 districts and further subdivided into clans .	90	How many districts are the 15 counties of liberia divided into ?
The oldest counties are Grand Bassa and Montserrado , both founded in 1839 prior to Liberian independence .	Grand Bassa	What is the oldest county in liberia ?
The oldest counties are Grand Bassa and Montserrado , both founded in 1839 prior to Liberian independence .	1839	When was Grand Bassa founded ?
Gbarpolu is the newest county , created in 2001 .	Gbarpolu	What is Liberia 's newest county ?
The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives .	the Senate and the House of Representatives	What is the legislature composed of ?
The House , led by a speaker , has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census , with each county receiving a minimum of two members .	73	How many members are in a house ?
The House , led by a speaker , has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census , with each county receiving a minimum of two members .	a speaker	Who is the house led by ?
The House , led by a speaker , has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census , with each county receiving a minimum of two members .	the 15 counties on the basis of the national census	What are the 73 members of the house are appropriated among ?
The Senate is made up of two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators .	two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators.	What is the senate made up of ?
Liberia 's highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court , made up of five members and headed by the Chief Justice of Liberia .	Supreme Court	What is Liberia 's highest judicial authority ?
Liberia 's highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court , made up of five members and headed by the Chief Justice of Liberia .	five	How many members are in the Supreme court ?
Liberia 's highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court , made up of five members and headed by the Chief Justice of Liberia .	the Chief Justice of Liberia	Who is the head of the supreme court ?
Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate , serving until the age of 70 .	Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate	How are members chosen for the court ?
Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate , serving until the age of 70 .	until the age of 70	How long do members of the supreme court serve ?
Liberia scored a 3.3 on a scale from 10 -LRB- highly clean -RRB- to 0 -LRB- highly corrupt -RRB- on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index .	3.3	What was liberia 's score on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index ?
This gave it a ranking 87th of 178 countries worldwide and 11th of 47 in Sub-Saharan Africa .	87th	What was Liberia 's ranking compared to the other 176 countries ?
This score represented a significant improvement since 2007 , when the country scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries .	a significant improvement since 2007	What did Liberia 's score and ranking on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index represent ?
This score represented a significant improvement since 2007 , when the country scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries .	scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries	What was Liberia 's score and rank on the 2007 Corruption Perceptions index ?
When seeking attention of a selection of service -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- providers , 89 % of Liberians had to pay a bribe , the highest national percentage in the world according to the organization 's 2010 Global Corruption Barometer .	89%	In 2007 , when seeking attention , selection or service . What percent of Liberians had to pay a bribe ?
The Central Bank of Liberia is responsible for printing and maintaining the Liberian dollar , which is the primary form of currency in Liberia .	printing and maintaining the Liberian dollar	What is the central bank of Liberia responsible for ?
Liberia is one of the world 's poorest countries , with a formal employment rate of 15 % .	one of the world's poorest countries	What is Liberia considered around the world economically ?
Liberia is one of the world 's poorest countries , with a formal employment rate of 15 % .	15%	What is Liberia 's employment rate ?
GDP per capita peaked in 1980 at US$ 496 , when it was comparable to Egypt 's -LRB- at the time -RRB- .	US$496	The GDP peaked in 1980 at what amount ?
Historically , the Liberian economy has depended heavily on foreign aid , foreign direct investment and exports of natural resources such as iron ore , rubber and timber .	foreign aid	What does Liberia 's economy heavily depends on ?
Following a peak in growth in 1979 , the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup .	1979	When did the Liberian economy hit it 's peak growth ?
This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989 ; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90 % between 1989 and 1995 , one of the fastest declines in history .	90%	By what percentage did Liberia 's GDP reduced by during the civil war ?
Following a peak in growth in 1979 , the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup .	economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup.	Why did the Liberian economy decline after 1980 ?
The global financial crisis slowed GDP growth to 4.6 % in 2009 , though a strengthening agricultural sector led by rubber and timber exports increased growth to 5.1 % in 2010 and an expected 7.3 % in 2011 , making the economy one of the 20 fastest growing in the world .	The global financial crisis	Why was Liberia 's GDP growth stalled in 2007 ?
The global financial crisis slowed GDP growth to 4.6 % in 2009 , though a strengthening agricultural sector led by rubber and timber exports increased growth to 5.1 % in 2010 and an expected 7.3 % in 2011 , making the economy one of the 20 fastest growing in the world .	one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.	In 2011 Liberia 's economy was considered what ?
In 2003 , additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports , which had risen from US$ 5 million in 1997 to over US$ 100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone .	Liberian timber exports	What were UN sanctions place placed on 2003 ?
In 2003 , additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports , which had risen from US$ 5 million in 1997 to over US$ 100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone .	were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone.	Why were sanctions place on Liberian timber exports ?
These sanctions were lifted in 2006 .	in 2006	When were the timber export sanctions lifted for Liberia ?
Liberia gained observer status with the World Trade Organization in 2010 and is in the process of acquiring full member status .	2010	When was Liberia was granted observer status with the world trade organization >
Due in large part to foreign aid and investment inflow following the end of the war , Liberia maintains a large account deficit , which peaked at nearly 60 % in 2008 .	60%	Liberia 's account deficit peaked at what percentage in 2008 ?
Liberia has the highest ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world , with US$ 16 billion in investment since 2006 .	of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world	Liberia has the highest ratio of what ?
Liberia has the highest ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world , with US$ 16 billion in investment since 2006 .	16 billion	How much money has the US invested in Liberia since 2006 ?
Following the inauguration of the Sirleaf administration in 2006 , Liberia signed several multibillion-dollar concession agreements in the iron ore and palm oil industries with numerous multinational corporations , including BHP Billiton , ArcelorMittal , and Sime Darby .	several multibillion-dollar concession agreements	What agreement did Liberia sign n 2006 ?
The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company has operated the world 's largest rubber plantation in Liberia since 1926 .	since 1926	How long has Firestone tire and rubber company ran a rubber plantation in Liberia ?
The Kpelle comprise more than 20 % of the population and are the largest ethnic group in Liberia , residing mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia .	The Kpelle	What is the largest ethnic group in liberia ?
The Kpelle comprise more than 20 % of the population and are the largest ethnic group in Liberia , residing mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia .	20%	What percentage of the population are the Kpelle ?
The Kpelle comprise more than 20 % of the population and are the largest ethnic group in Liberia , residing mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia .	mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia.	Where do the Kpelle reside ?
Congo people , descendants of repatriated Congo and Afro-Caribbean slaves who arrived in 1825 , make up an estimated 2.5 % .	1825	When did the decedents of the Congo and Afro-Caribbean arrive in liberia ?
Congo people , descendants of repatriated Congo and Afro-Caribbean slaves who arrived in 1825 , make up an estimated 2.5 % .	2.5%	Congo descendants and Afro-Caribbean make of what percentage of liberia 's population ?
There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese , resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia .	Liberians and the Lebanese	There is high percentage of interracial marriage between what two groups ?
There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese , resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia .	a significant mixed-race population	The interracial couples in Liberia result in what ?
A small minority of Liberians of European descent reside in the country .	in the country	Where do Liberians of European decent live ?
-LSB- better source needed -RSB- The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to people of Black African descent .	Black African descent.	The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship of whom ?
The country 's education sector is hampered by inadequate schools and supplies , as well as a lack of qualified teachers .	inadequate schools and supplies, as well as a lack of qualified teachers.	What is Liberia 's education system hampered by ?
On average , children attain 10 years of education -LRB- 11 for boys and 8 for girls -RRB- .	10 years	On average children attain how many years of education ?
In some areas primary and secondary education is free and compulsory from the ages of 6 to 16 , though enforcement of attendance is lax .	lax.	How intense is the enforcement of school attendance ?
In 2010 , the literacy rate of Liberia was estimated at 60.8 % -LRB- 64.8 % for males and 56.8 % for females -RRB- .	60.8%	What was the literacy rate in Liberia in 2010 ?
Hospitals in Liberia include the John F. Kennedy Medical Center in Monrovia and several others .	John F. Kennedy Medical Center	What is the name of the hospital in Monrova ?
Life expectancy in Liberia is estimated to be 57.4 years in 2012 .	57.4 years	What is the life expectancy in Liberia ?
With a fertility rate of 5.9 births per woman , the maternal mortality rate stood at 990 per 100,000 births in 2010 .	5.9 births per woman	What was the fertility rate of women in 2012 ?
With a fertility rate of 5.9 births per woman , the maternal mortality rate stood at 990 per 100,000 births in 2010 .	990 per 100,000 births	What was the maternal mortality rate in 2010 ?
In 2007 , the HIV infection rates stood at 2 % of the population aged 15 -- 49 whereas the incidence of tuberculosis was 420 per 100,000 people in 2008 .	2%	What were the HIV infection rates in 2007 ?
Liberia has a long , rich history in textile arts and quilting , as the settlers brought with them their sewing and quilting skills .	textile arts and quilting	What arts does Liberia have a rich history of ?
Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes were awarded for various needle arts .	1857 and 1858	In what years did Liberia host national fairs ?
One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks , who presented a quilt featuring the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892 .	the most well-known Liberian quilters	Who is Martha Ann Ricks ?
One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks , who presented a quilt featuring the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892 .	Queen Victoria	Who did Martha Ann Ricks present the famed Liberian coffee tree to ?
When President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf moved into the Executive Mansion , she reportedly had a Liberian-made quilt installed in her presidential office .	Liberian-made quilt	What did President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf have installed in her presidential office ?
Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system 's platform and user interface to improve its user experience on tablets , where Windows was now competing with mobile operating systems , including Android and iOS .	Android and iOS	Who are Windows main operating system competitors ?
Additional security features were introduced , such as built-in antivirus software , integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot on supported devices with UEFI firmware , to prevent malware from infecting the boot process .	built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot	What new security features does Windows 8 have ?
Windows 8 added support for USB 3.0 , Advanced Format hard drives , near field communications , and cloud computing .	3.0	What USB version is Windows 8 compatible with ?
In particular , these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft 's `` Metro '' design language , the Start screen -LRB- which displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles -RRB- , a new platform for developing apps with an emphasis on touchscreen input , integration with online services -LRB- including the ability to sync apps and settings between devices -RRB- , and Windows Store , an online store for downloading and purchasing new software .	an online store for downloading and purchasing new software	What services does the Windows Store provide ?
In particular , these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft 's `` Metro '' design language , the Start screen -LRB- which displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles -RRB- , a new platform for developing apps with an emphasis on touchscreen input , integration with online services -LRB- including the ability to sync apps and settings between devices -RRB- , and Windows Store , an online store for downloading and purchasing new software .	displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles	What can be found on the Start screen ?
Although reaction towards its performance improvements , security enhancements , and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive , the new user interface of the operating system was widely criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn -LRB- especially when used with a keyboard and mouse instead of a touchscreen -RRB- .	its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices	What about Windows 8 was well received ?
Although reaction towards its performance improvements , security enhancements , and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive , the new user interface of the operating system was widely criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn -LRB- especially when used with a keyboard and mouse instead of a touchscreen -RRB- .	being potentially confusing and difficult to learn	What were the perceived problems with the new Windows 8 user interface ?
Despite these shortcomings , 60 million Windows 8 licenses have been sold through January 2013 , a number which included both upgrades and sales to OEMs for new PCs .	60 million	How many Windows 8 licenses were purchased by January 2013 ?
Windows division president Steven Sinofsky demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices , while Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the company 's goal for Windows to be `` everywhere on every kind of device without compromise . ''	Steven Sinofsky	Who is Windows division president ?
Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009 .	before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009	When did Microsoft start creating Windows 8 ?
Details also began to surface about a new application framework for Windows 8 codenamed `` Jupiter '' , which would be used to make `` immersive '' applications using XAML -LRB- similarly to Windows Phone and Silverlight -RRB- that could be distributed via a new packaging system and a rumored application store .	new application framework for Windows 8	What is jupiter ?
At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011 , it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors , especially AMD and Intel .	Consumer Electronics Show	Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced ?
Windows division president Steven Sinofsky demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices , while Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the company 's goal for Windows to be `` everywhere on every kind of device without compromise . ''	Steve Ballmer	Who is Microsofts CEO ?
The traditional Blue Screen of Death -LRB- BSoD -RRB- was replaced by a new Black screen , although this was later scrapped .	Blue Screen of Death	What does BSoD stand for ?
Milestone 1 , Build 7850 , was leaked on April 12 , 2011 .	April 12, 2011	When was Milestone 1 divulged ?
It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered instead of aligned to the left .	It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered	What was special about Milestone 1 ?
Milestone 2 , Build 7955 , was leaked on April 25 , 2011 .	April 25, 2011	When was Milestone 2 divulged ?
Build 7959 , with minor changes but the first 64-bit version , was leaked on May 1 , 2011 .	May 1, 2011	When was Build 7959 divulged ?
The build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions , plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools -LRB- Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend -RRB- for developing Metro-style apps .	standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools	What 3 versions of the build did Microsoft first release ?
The build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions , plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools -LRB- Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend -RRB- for developing Metro-style apps .	Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend	What developer tools did the build have ?
According to Microsoft , there were about 535,000 downloads of the developer preview within the first 12 hours of its release .	535,000	How many downloads occured in the first 12 hours ?
Originally set to expire on March 11 , 2012 , in February 2012 the Developer Preview 's expiry date was changed to January 15 , 2013 .	January 15, 2013	When did the developer preview expire ?
Originally set to expire on March 11 , 2012 , in February 2012 the Developer Preview 's expiry date was changed to January 15 , 2013 .	March 11, 2012	When was the Developer preview initially intended to expire ?
On February 29 , 2012 , Microsoft released Windows 8 Consumer Preview , the beta version of Windows 8 , build 8250 .	February 29, 2012	When was the beta version of Windows 8 made available to the public ?
Alongside other changes , the build removed the Start button from the taskbar for the first time since its debut on Windows 95 ; according to Windows manager Chaitanya Sareen , the Start button was removed to reflect their view that on Windows 8 , the desktop was an `` app '' itself , and not the primary interface of the operating system .	Chaitanya Sareen	Who is the Windows Manager ?
Windows president Steven Sinofsky said more than 100,000 changes had been made since the developer version went public .	100,000	How many things were altered after developer version release ?
The day after its release , Windows 8 Consumer Preview had been downloaded over one million times .	over one million times	How many times was the Consumer Preview downloaded in the first 24 hours ?
Like the Developer Preview , the Consumer Preview expired on January 15 , 2013 .	January 15, 2013	When was the Consumer Preview set to expire ?
On May 31 , 2012 , Windows 8 Release Preview was released to the public by Microsoft .	May 31, 2012	When was the Release Preview revealed to consumers ?
Like the Developer Preview and the Consumer Preview , the release preview expired on January 15 , 2013 .	January 15, 2013	When was the release preview set to expire ?
Major items in the Release Preview included the addition of Sports , Travel , and News apps , along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player in Internet Explorer .	addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player	What were the main components of the Release preview ?
Many other builds were released until the Japan 's Developers Day conference , when Steven Sinofsky announced that Windows 8 Release Preview -LRB- build 8400 -RRB- would be released during the first week of June .	8400	What was the build number of the Windows 8 Release Preview ?
On May 28 , 2012 , Windows 8 Release Preview -LRB- Standard Simplified Chinese x64 edition , not China-specific version , build 8400 -RRB- was leaked online on various Chinese and BitTorrent websites .	May 28, 2012	When was the Windows 8 Release Preview accidentally revealed ?
On August 1 , 2012 , Windows 8 -LRB- build 9200 -RRB- was released to manufacturing with the build number 6.2.9200.16384 .	August 1, 2012	When did Windows 8 manufacturing begin ?
Microsoft planned to hold a launch event on October 25 , 2012 and release Windows 8 for general availability on the next day .	October 25, 2012	When was Microsoft supposed to officially launch Windows 8 ?
On August 1 , 2012 , Windows 8 -LRB- build 9200 -RRB- was released to manufacturing with the build number 6.2.9200.16384 .	9200	What was the final build Microsoft decided to manufacture ?
Windows 8 was made available to Software Assurance customers on August 16 , 2012 .	August 16, 2012	When were Software Assurance consumers allowed access to Windows 8 ?
However , only a day after its release to manufacturing , a copy of the final version of Windows 8 Enterprise N -LRB- a version for European markets lacking bundled media players to comply with a court ruling -RRB- leaked online , followed by leaks of the final versions of Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise a few days later .	a version for European markets lacking bundled media players	What version of Windows 8 is Enterprise N ?
Relatively few changes were made from the Release Preview to the final version ; these included updated versions of its pre-loaded apps , the renaming of Windows Explorer to File Explorer , the replacement of the Aero Glass theme from Windows Vista and 7 with a new flat and solid-colored theme , and the addition of new background options for the Start screen , lock screen , and desktop .	Relatively few	How many things did Microsoft alter after Release Preview ?
Prior to its general availability on October 26 , 2012 , updates were released for some of Windows 8 's bundled apps , and a `` General Availability Cumulative Update '' -LRB- which included fixes to improve performance , compatibility , and battery life -RRB- was released on Tuesday , October 9 , 2012 .	October 9, 2012	When was the General Availablity Cumulative Update provided ?
Microsoft indicated that due to improvements to its testing infrastructure , general improvements of this nature are to be released more frequently through Windows Update instead of being relegated to OEMs and service packs only .	through Windows Update	How are system improvements released through Windows 8 ?
Relatively few changes were made from the Release Preview to the final version ; these included updated versions of its pre-loaded apps , the renaming of Windows Explorer to File Explorer , the replacement of the Aero Glass theme from Windows Vista and 7 with a new flat and solid-colored theme , and the addition of new background options for the Start screen , lock screen , and desktop .	File Explorer	What name did Windows Explorer change to ?
In an effort to make retail displays of Windows 8 devices more `` personal '' , Microsoft also developed a character known in English-speaking markets as `` Allison Brown '' , whose fictional profile -LRB- including personal photos , contacts , and emails -RRB- is also featured on demonstration units of Windows 8 devices .	Allison Brown	What is the name of the character Microsoft used to make Windows 8 seem more personable ?
Microsoft began an advertising campaign centered around Windows 8 and its Surface tablet in October 2012 , starting with its first television advertisement premiering on October 14 , 2012 .	October 2012	When did Microsoft begin promoting Windows 8 ?
As part of its campaign , Microsoft set up 34 pop-up stores inside malls -LRB- primarily focusing on Surface -RRB- , provided training for retail employees in partnership with Intel , and collaborated with the electronics store chain Best Buy to design expanded spaces to showcase devices .	34	How many pop up stores did Microsoft set up to help promote Windows 8 ?
On June 12 , 2013 during game 1 of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals , Microsoft premiered the first ad in its `` Windows Everywhere '' campaign , which promoted Windows 8 , Windows Phone 8 , and the company 's suite of online services as an interconnected platform .	June 12, 2013	When was the first game of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals ?
In May 2013 , Microsoft launched a new television campaign for Windows 8 illustrating the capabilities and pricing of Windows 8 tablets in comparison to the iPad , which featured the voice of Siri remarking on the iPad 's limitations in a parody of Apple 's `` Get a Mac '' advertisements .	the iPad	Who did Windows 8 mock in their television campaign ?
On June 12 , 2013 during game 1 of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals , Microsoft premiered the first ad in its `` Windows Everywhere '' campaign , which promoted Windows 8 , Windows Phone 8 , and the company 's suite of online services as an interconnected platform .	Windows Everywhere	What was the name of the Windows 8 advertising campaign ?
On June 12 , 2013 during game 1 of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals , Microsoft premiered the first ad in its `` Windows Everywhere '' campaign , which promoted Windows 8 , Windows Phone 8 , and the company 's suite of online services as an interconnected platform .	Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, and the company's suite of online services	What three things did the Windows Everywhere campaign emphasize on ?
New features and functionality in Windows 8 include a faster startup through UEFI integration and the new `` Hybrid Boot '' mode -LRB- which hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot -RRB- , a new lock screen with a clock and notifications , and the ability for enterprise users to create live USB versions of Windows -LRB- known as Windows To Go -RRB- .	hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot	What happens during Hybrid Boot mode ?
Windows 8 also adds native support for USB 3.0 devices , which allow for faster data transfers and improved power management with compatible devices , and hard disk 4KB Advanced Format support , as well as support for near field communication to facilitate sharing and communication between devices .	faster data transfers and improved power management	What are the benefits of USB 3.0 ?
Windows 8 also adds native support for USB 3.0 devices , which allow for faster data transfers and improved power management with compatible devices , and hard disk 4KB Advanced Format support , as well as support for near field communication to facilitate sharing and communication between devices .	to facilitate sharing and communication between devices	What is the point of near field communications ?
New features and functionality in Windows 8 include a faster startup through UEFI integration and the new `` Hybrid Boot '' mode -LRB- which hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot -RRB- , a new lock screen with a clock and notifications , and the ability for enterprise users to create live USB versions of Windows -LRB- known as Windows To Go -RRB- .	live USB versions of Windows	What is Windows to Go ?
New features and functionality in Windows 8 include a faster startup through UEFI integration and the new `` Hybrid Boot '' mode -LRB- which hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot -RRB- , a new lock screen with a clock and notifications , and the ability for enterprise users to create live USB versions of Windows -LRB- known as Windows To Go -RRB- .	clock and notifications	What features were added to the lock screen ?
Windows Explorer , which has been renamed File Explorer , now includes a ribbon in place of the command bar .	a ribbon	What replaced the Windows Explorer comman bar ?
Windows Explorer , which has been renamed File Explorer , now includes a ribbon in place of the command bar .	File Explorer	What is the new name of Windows Explorer ?
A new `` File History '' function allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device , while Storage Spaces allows users to combine different sized hard disks into virtual drives and specify mirroring , parity , or no redundancy on a folder-by-folder basis .	allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device	What does file history make possible ?
File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics , the ability to pause file transfers , and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files .	provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files	What did the update of operation dalog boxes help with ?
Task Manager has been redesigned , including a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes , a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage , network and disk counters , grouping by process type -LRB- e.g. applications , background processes and Windows processes -RRB- , friendly names for processes and a new option which allows users to search the web to find information about obscure processes .	indicating the level of resource usage	What is the point of using different colors on a heat map ?
Additionally , the Blue Screen of Death has been updated with a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed .	a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed	What changes were made to the BSoD ?
Task Manager has been redesigned , including a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes , a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage , network and disk counters , grouping by process type -LRB- e.g. applications , background processes and Windows processes -RRB- , friendly names for processes and a new option which allows users to search the web to find information about obscure processes .	applications, background processes and Windows processes	What are some of the process type groups Windows 8 implemented ?
Task Manager has been redesigned , including a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes , a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage , network and disk counters , grouping by process type -LRB- e.g. applications , background processes and Windows processes -RRB- , friendly names for processes and a new option which allows users to search the web to find information about obscure processes .	search the web	How can users find out more about obscure Windows 8 processes ?
New security features in Windows 8 include two new authentication methods tailored towards touchscreens -LRB- PINs and picture passwords -RRB- , the addition of antivirus capabilities to Windows Defender -LRB- bringing it in parity with Microsoft Security Essentials -RRB- .	PINs and picture passwords	What new security features did Windows 8 provide ?
New security features in Windows 8 include two new authentication methods tailored towards touchscreens -LRB- PINs and picture passwords -RRB- , the addition of antivirus capabilities to Windows Defender -LRB- bringing it in parity with Microsoft Security Essentials -RRB- .	touchscreens	What were the new security features in Windows 8 geared at ?
SmartScreen filtering integrated into Windows , Family Safety offers Parental controls , which allows parents to monitor and manage their children 's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls .	allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls	What options do Parental controls provide ?
Windows 8 also provides integrated system recovery through the new `` Refresh '' and `` Reset '' functions , including system recovery from USB drive .	"Refresh" and "Reset" functions, including system recovery from USB drive	What new recovery options did Windows 8 implement ?
Windows 8 's first security patches would be released on November 13 , 2012 ; it would contain three fixes deemed `` critical '' by the company .	November 13, 2012	When was the first Windows 8 patch sent out ?
Windows 8 supports a feature of the UEFI specification known as `` Secure boot '' , which uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system and prevent unauthorized programs such as bootkits from infecting the device 's boot process .	uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system	How does secure boot help avert boot process infections ?
Some pre-built devices may be described as `` certified '' by Microsoft ; these must have secure boot enabled by default , and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature .	must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature	What requirements do Microsoft certified devices have ?
ARM-based Windows RT devices must have secure boot permanently enabled .	secure boot	What must always be enable in ARM-based Windows RT devices ?
Windows 8 also ships with a client app for Microsoft 's SkyDrive cloud storage service , which also allows apps to save files directly to SkyDrive .	cloud storage service	What is SkyDrive ?
Due to Facebook Connect service changes , Facebook support is disabled in all bundled apps effective June 8 , 2015 .	June 8, 2015	When was Facebook support turned off ?
Games can integrate into an Xbox Live hub app , which also allows users to view their profile and gamerscore .	allows users to view their profile and gamerscore	What features does Xbox Live hub offer ?
Bundled multimedia apps are provided under the Xbox brand , including Xbox Music , Xbox Video , and the Xbox SmartGlass companion for use with an Xbox 360 console .	Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass	What Xbox apps were bundled together ?
A user can now log in to Windows with a Microsoft account , which can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices .	can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices.	What service options does Windows online now offer ?
Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app , and includes increased support for HTML5 , CSS3 , and hardware acceleration .	a desktop program and a touch-optimized app	What forms is Internet Exploer 10 available as ?
Initially , Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a `` Compatibility View '' whitelist ; however , after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests , an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead , allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default .	a "Compatibility View" whitelist	What limitations were put on Adobe flash to begin with ?
Initially , Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a `` Compatibility View '' whitelist ; however , after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests , an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead , allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default .	most sites by default	Where can Adobe Flash now be used ?
Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app , and includes increased support for HTML5 , CSS3 , and hardware acceleration .	increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration	What improvements were made to Internet Explorer ?
Windows 8 also adds an integrated airplane mode setting to globally disable all wireless connectivity as well .	disable all wireless connectivity	What does airplone mode do ?
Carriers can also offer account management systems through Windows Store apps , which can be automatically installed as a part of the connection process and offer usage statistics on their respective tile .	Windows Store apps	Where can Carrier account management systems be found ?
Windows 8 also incorporates improved support for mobile broadband ; the operating system can now detect the insertion of a SIM card and automatically configure connection settings -LRB- including APNs and carrier branding -RRB- , and reduce its internet usage in order to conserve bandwidth on metered networks .	APNs and carrier branding	What are some connection settings in Windows 8 ?
Windows 8 also incorporates improved support for mobile broadband ; the operating system can now detect the insertion of a SIM card and automatically configure connection settings -LRB- including APNs and carrier branding -RRB- , and reduce its internet usage in order to conserve bandwidth on metered networks .	the operating system	What registers the insertion of a SIM card ?
According to Microsoft developer Jensen Harris , these apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications .	Microsoft developer	Who is Jensen Harris ?
Apps can also provide integration with other services ; for example , the People app can connect to a variety of different social networks and services -LRB- such as Facebook , Skype , and People service -RRB- , while the Photos app can aggregate photos from services such as Facebook and Flickr .	Facebook, Skype, and People service	What apps can one expect the People app to match with ?
Apps can also provide integration with other services ; for example , the People app can connect to a variety of different social networks and services -LRB- such as Facebook , Skype , and People service -RRB- , while the Photos app can aggregate photos from services such as Facebook and Flickr .	Facebook and Flickr	What apps can one expect the Photos app to match with ?
According to Microsoft developer Jensen Harris , these apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications .	apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications.	What makes Windows Store apps unique ?
Apps can use `` contracts '' ; a collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps , including search and sharing .	collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps	What are contracts ?
If written in some `` high-level '' languages , apps written for Windows Runtime can be compatible with both Intel and ARM versions of Windows , otherwise they are not binary code compatible .	If written in some "high-level" languages	What makes Windows apps binary code compatible ?
Components may be compiled as Windows Runtime Components , permitting consumption by all compatible languages .	permitting consumption by all compatible languages	What does compiling components as Windows Runtime make possible ?
To ensure stability and security , apps run within a sandboxed environment , and require permissions to access certain functionality , such as accessing the Internet or a camera .	sandboxed environment	What kind of environment provides Windows apps extra security ?
Retail versions of Windows 8 are only able to install these apps through Windows Store -- a namesake distribution platform which offers both apps , and listings for desktop programs certified for comparability with Windows 8 .	Windows Store	Where can Windows 8 install apps from ?
A method to sideload apps from outside Windows Store is available to devices running Windows 8 Enterprise and joined to a domain ; Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices that are not part of a domain can also sideload apps , but only after special product keys are obtained through volume licensing .	sideload apps	How do devices with Windows 8 Enterprise attain apps outside of the Windows Store ?
A method to sideload apps from outside Windows Store is available to devices running Windows 8 Enterprise and joined to a domain ; Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices that are not part of a domain can also sideload apps , but only after special product keys are obtained through volume licensing .	Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices	What other devices can sideload apps ?
The term `` Immersive app '' had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8 , after which they were referred to as `` Metro-style apps '' in reference to the Metro design language .	the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8	What does immersive app stand for ?
The term `` Immersive app '' had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8 , after which they were referred to as `` Metro-style apps '' in reference to the Metro design language .	Metro-style apps	What are apps after the introduction of Windows 8 called ?
In an interview on September 12 , 2012 , Soma Somasegar -LRB- vice president of Microsoft 's development software division -RRB- confirmed that `` Windows Store apps '' would be the official term for the apps .	vice president of Microsoft's development software division	Who is Soma Somasegar ?
In an interview on September 12 , 2012 , Soma Somasegar -LRB- vice president of Microsoft 's development software division -RRB- confirmed that `` Windows Store apps '' would be the official term for the apps .	September 12, 2012	When did Windows Store apps become the real term for the apps ?
The user 's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in same package as the desktop version , which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps , such as being able to permanently run in the background , use multiple background processes , and use Windows API code instead of WinRT -LRB- allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop version , while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps , such as charms -RRB- .	API code instead of WinRT	What code did Windows 8 change to ?
Microsoft advertises this exception privilege `` New experience enabled '' -LRB- formerly `` Metro-style enabled '' -RRB- .	New experience enabled	What term did Microsoft give to its exception privilige for web browsing ?
The user 's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in same package as the desktop version , which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps , such as being able to permanently run in the background , use multiple background processes , and use Windows API code instead of WinRT -LRB- allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop version , while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps , such as charms -RRB- .	able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code	What different options did the desktop version have ?
The developers of both Chrome and Firefox committed to developing Metro-style versions of their browsers ; while Chrome 's `` Windows 8 mode '' uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface , Firefox 's version -LRB- which was first made available on the `` Aurora '' release channel in September 2013 -RRB- uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the Android version of Firefox .	Chrome and Firefox	Which two browsers promised to develop Metro-style versions of their browsers ?
The developers of both Chrome and Firefox committed to developing Metro-style versions of their browsers ; while Chrome 's `` Windows 8 mode '' uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface , Firefox 's version -LRB- which was first made available on the `` Aurora '' release channel in September 2013 -RRB- uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the Android version of Firefox .	uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface	What does Chromes version for Windows 8 do ?
The developers of both Chrome and Firefox committed to developing Metro-style versions of their browsers ; while Chrome 's `` Windows 8 mode '' uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface , Firefox 's version -LRB- which was first made available on the `` Aurora '' release channel in September 2013 -RRB- uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the Android version of Firefox .	uses a touch-optimized interface	What does Firefox 's version for Windows 8 do ?
The developers of both Chrome and Firefox committed to developing Metro-style versions of their browsers ; while Chrome 's `` Windows 8 mode '' uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface , Firefox 's version -LRB- which was first made available on the `` Aurora '' release channel in September 2013 -RRB- uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the Android version of Firefox .	September 2013	When was Firefox 's version of Windows 8 made accesible ?
The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs , some of which can display constantly updated information and content through `` live tiles '' .	a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs	What is found on the Start Screen ?
The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs , some of which can display constantly updated information and content through `` live tiles '' .	display constantly updated information and content	What do live tiles do ?
Alongside the traditional Control Panel , a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as `` PC Settings '' is used for basic configuration and user settings .	used for basic configuration and user settings	What is the primary function of the PC Settings app ?
It does not include many of the advanced options still accessible from the normal Control Panel .	Control Panel	Where can advanced settings options be found ?
The new user interface is based on Microsoft 's Metro design language , and uses a Start screen similar to that of Windows Phone 7 as the primary means of launching applications .	Microsoft's Metro design language	What is the new System User interface built on ?
A vertical toolbar known as the charms -LRB- accessed by swiping from the right edge of a touchscreen , or pointing the cursor at hotspots in the right corners of a screen -RRB- provides access to system and app-related functions , such as search , sharing , device management , settings , and a Start button .	A vertical toolbar	What is charms ?
A vertical toolbar known as the charms -LRB- accessed by swiping from the right edge of a touchscreen , or pointing the cursor at hotspots in the right corners of a screen -RRB- provides access to system and app-related functions , such as search , sharing , device management , settings , and a Start button .	provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button	What is the purpose of charms ?
Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down reveals a thumbnail list of active apps .	Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down	How is an active list of apps accessed ?
Swiping from the left edge of a touchscreen or clicking in the top-left corner of the screen allows one to switch between apps and Desktop .	allows one to switch between apps and Desktop	What does swiping from the left edge of the screen do ?
The traditional desktop environment for running desktop applications is accessed via a tile on the Start screen .	via a tile on the Start screen	How is the traditional desktop evironment opened ?
Support for playing DVD-Video was removed from Windows Media Player due to the cost of licensing the necessary decoders -LRB- especially for devices which do not include optical disc drives at all -RRB- and the prevalence of online streaming services .	the cost of licensing the necessary decoders	Why was the ability to play DVD-Video taken off of Windows Media Player ?
For the same reasons , Windows Media Center is not included by default on Windows 8 , but Windows Media Center and DVD playback support can be purchased in the `` Pro Pack '' -LRB- which upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro -RRB- or `` Media Center Pack '' add-on for Windows 8 Pro .	upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro	What does the Pro Pack do ?
Several notable features have been removed in Windows 8 , beginning with the traditional Start menu .	the traditional Start menu	Which main feature was removed in Windows 8 ?
Backup and Restore , the backup component of Windows , is deprecated .	Backup and Restore	What backup element is still found on Windows 8 ?
It still ships with Windows 8 and continues to work on preset schedules , but is pushed to the background and can only be accessed through a Control Panel applet called `` Windows 7 File Recovery '' .	through a Control Panel applet called "Windows 7 File Recovery"	How is Backup and Restore opened ?
It can only access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer. :74 The subsystem on which these components worked , however , is still available for other software to use. :74	other software	What is :74 used for ?
The amended requirement is intended to allow `` greater design flexibility '' for future products .	to allow "greater design flexibility" for future products	Why did Microsoft decrease the required resoultion for tablets ?
Microsoft released minimum hardware requirements for tablet and laplet devices to be `` certified '' for Windows 8 , and defined a convertible form factor as a standalone device that combines the PC , display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis .	a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis	What is a convertible form factor ?
A convertible can be transformed into a tablet where the attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism .	attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism	How does a convertible become a tablet ?
On March 12 , 2013 , Microsoft amended its certification requirements to only require that screens on tablets have a minimum resolution of 1024 × 768 -LRB- down from the previous 1366 × 768 -RRB- .	1024×768	What did Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 12 , 2013 ?
Windows 8 is available in three different editions , of which the lowest version , branded simply as Windows 8 , and Windows 8 Pro , were sold at retail in most countries , and as pre-loaded software on new computers .	three	How many Windows 8 editions are there ?
For example , Pro added BitLocker , Hyper-V , the ability to join a domain , and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on .	BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on	What extras does Windows 8 Pro have ?
Windows 8 Enterprise contains additional features aimed towards business environments , and is only available through volume licensing .	features aimed towards business environments	What extras do Windows 8 Enterprise have ?
A port of Windows 8 for ARM architecture , Windows RT , is marketed as an edition of Windows 8 , but was only included as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it .	as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it	How would one get Windows RT ?
As part of a launch promotion , Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$ 39.99 online , or $ 69.99 for retail box from its launch until January 31 , 2013 ; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $ 119.99 and the Pro price $ 199.99 .	$119.99	What is the Windows 8 price ?
As part of a launch promotion , Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$ 39.99 online , or $ 69.99 for retail box from its launch until January 31 , 2013 ; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $ 119.99 and the Pro price $ 199.99 .	$199.99	What is the Windows 8 Pro price ?
Those who purchased new PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic , Home Premium , Professional , or Ultimate between June 2 , 2012 and January 31 , 2013 could digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for US$ 14.99 .	PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate	Which PC owners could purchase a Windows 8 Pro uprgrade for $ 14.99 ?
During these promotions , the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free .	free	How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 8 promotion ?
Unlike previous versions of Windows , Windows 8 was distributed at retail in `` Upgrade '' licenses only , which require an existing version of Windows to install .	require an existing version of Windows to install	What restrictions do Windows upgrade licenses have ?
In lieu of full version , a specialized `` System Builder '' SKU was introduced .	specialized "System Builder" SKU	What did Windows offer in place of a full version of the software ?
The `` System Builder '' SKU replaced the original equipment manufacturer -LRB- OEM -RRB- SKU , which was only allowed to be used on PCs meant for resale , but added a `` Personal Use License '' exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers .	(OEM) SKU	What did the System Builder SKU take the place of ?
The `` System Builder '' SKU replaced the original equipment manufacturer -LRB- OEM -RRB- SKU , which was only allowed to be used on PCs meant for resale , but added a `` Personal Use License '' exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers .	original equipment manufacturer	What does OEM stand for ?
The `` System Builder '' SKU replaced the original equipment manufacturer -LRB- OEM -RRB- SKU , which was only allowed to be used on PCs meant for resale , but added a `` Personal Use License '' exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers .	purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers	What did the Personal Use License allow ?
Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of Windows 8.1 .	Windows 8.1	What replaced Windows 8 ?
Unlike 8 , 8.1 is available as `` full version software '' at both retail and online for download that does not require a previous version of Windows in order to be installed .	8.1 is available as "full version software"	What is the primary difference in Windows 8.1 ?
With the retail release returning to full version software for Windows 8.1 , the `` Personal Use License '' exemption was removed from the OEM SKU , meaning that end users building their own PCs for personal use must use the full retail version in order to satisfy the Windows 8.1 licensing requirements .	Personal Use License	What exemption was removed from Windows 8.1 ?
Windows 8.1 with Bing is a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft 's Bing search engine .	a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine	What is Windows 8.1 with Bing ?
The three desktop editions of Windows 8 support 32-bit and 64-bit architectures ; retail copies of Windows 8 include install DVDs for both architectures , while the online installer automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system 's existing Windows installation .	32-bit and 64-bit	What architecture types does Windows 8 support ?
-LRB- 16-bit applications are developed for CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation , first conceived in 1978 .	CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation	What is 16-bit support intended for ?
-LRB- 16-bit applications are developed for CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation , first conceived in 1978 .	1978	When was x86 2nd generation created ?
The three desktop editions of Windows 8 support 32-bit and 64-bit architectures ; retail copies of Windows 8 include install DVDs for both architectures , while the online installer automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system 's existing Windows installation .	automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation	How does the online Windows installer know which version to install ?
Windows RT , the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors , only supports applications included with the system -LRB- such as a special version of Office 2013 -RRB- , supplied through Windows Update , or Windows Store apps , to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture .	Windows RT	What Windows version is compatible with ARM processors ?
Windows RT , the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors , only supports applications included with the system -LRB- such as a special version of Office 2013 -RRB- , supplied through Windows Update , or Windows Store apps , to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture .	only supports applications included with the system	What apps work on Windows RT ?
Windows RT , the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors , only supports applications included with the system -LRB- such as a special version of Office 2013 -RRB- , supplied through Windows Update , or Windows Store apps , to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture .	to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture	Why does Windows RT only work with apps included with the system ?
Following the unveiling of Windows 8 , Microsoft faced criticism -LRB- particularly from free software supporters -RRB- for mandating that devices receiving its optional certification for Windows 8 have secure boot enabled by default using a key provided by Microsoft .	free software supporters	Who condemned Microsoft for requiring devices to have secure boot enabled by default ?
Microsoft 's certification guidelines for Windows 8 ultimately revealed that vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot in their device 's UEFI firmware .	vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot	What resolution did Microsoft come to in their certificiation guidelines ?
In a post discussing secure boot on the Building Windows 8 blog , Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot , stating that `` At the end of the day , the customer is in control of their PC .	Microsoft developer	Who is Tony Mangefeste ?
Microsoft 's philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first , and allow them to make decisions themselves . ''	to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves	What ideology does Microsoft follow ?
Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a closed platform subject to its own regulations , as it conflicted with their view of the PC as an open platform .	video game developers	Who criticized Microsofts closed platform Windows Store ?
Markus `` Notch '' Persson -LRB- creator of the indie game Minecraft -RRB- , Gabe Newell -LRB- co-founder of Valve Corporation and developer of software distribution platform Steam -RRB- , and Rob Pardo from Activision Blizzard voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store .	Markus "Notch" Persson	Who created Minecraft ?
Markus `` Notch '' Persson -LRB- creator of the indie game Minecraft -RRB- , Gabe Newell -LRB- co-founder of Valve Corporation and developer of software distribution platform Steam -RRB- , and Rob Pardo from Activision Blizzard voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store .	Gabe Newell	Who developed Steam ?
Markus `` Notch '' Persson -LRB- creator of the indie game Minecraft -RRB- , Gabe Newell -LRB- co-founder of Valve Corporation and developer of software distribution platform Steam -RRB- , and Rob Pardo from Activision Blizzard voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store .	Activision Blizzard	What company is Rob Pardo associated with ?
However , Tom Warren of The Verge stated that Microsoft 's addition of the Store was simply responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the `` curated application store approach . ''	responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."	What was the main reasoning behind the creation of the Windows Store ?
David Pierce of The Verge described Windows 8 as `` the first desktop operating system that understands what a computer is supposed to do in 2012 '' and praised Microsoft 's `` no compromise '' approach and the operating system 's emphasis on Internet connectivity and cloud services .	David Pierce	Who equated windos 8 as the first desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do ?
Pierce also considered the Start Screen to be a `` brilliant innovation for desktop computers '' when compared with `` folder-littered desktops on every other OS '' because it allows users to interact with dynamic information .	because it allows users to interact with dynamic information	Why did Pierce give the Start Screen such glowing reviews ?
Other improvements and features -LRB- such as File History , Storage Spaces , and the updated Task Manager -RRB- were also regarded as positive changes .	File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager	Which improvements were most well regarded ?
Bright also said that Windows 8 's duality towards tablets and traditional PCs was an `` extremely ambitious '' aspect of the platform as well , but criticized Microsoft for emulating Apple 's model of a closed distribution platform when implementing the Windows Store .	Apple	Who else uses a closed distribution platform ?
Bright wrote that its system of hot corners and edge swiping `` was n't very obvious '' due to the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface , even by the video tutorial added on the RTM release -LRB- which only instructed users to point at corners of the screen or swipe from its sides -RRB- .	the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface	What makes the Windows 8 interface difficult to use ?
Others , such as Adrian Kingsley-Hughes from ZDNet , considered the interface to be `` clumsy and impractical '' due to its inconsistent design -LRB- going as far as considering it `` two operating systems unceremoniously bolted together '' -RRB- , and concluded that `` Windows 8 was n't born out of a need or demand ; it was born out of a desire on Microsoft 's part to exert its will on the PC industry and decide to shape it in a direction -- touch and tablets -- that allows it to compete against , and remain relevant in the face of Apple 's iPad . ''	Adrian Kingsley-Hughes	Who said the Windows 8 interface was clumsy and impractical ?
The interface of Windows 8 has been the subject of mixed reaction .	mixed	What kind of feedback has Windows 8 received ?
The market research firm IDC reported an overall drop in PC sales for the quarter , and said the drop may have been partly due to consumer reluctance to embrace the new features of the OS and poor support from OEM for these features .	market research firm	What is IDC ?
This capped the first year of declining PC sales to the Asia Pacific region , as consumers bought more mobile devices than Windows PCs .	consumers bought more mobile devices	What is the decline in PC sales attributed to ?
However , according to research firm NPD , sales of devices running Windows in the United States have declined 21 percent compared to the same time period in 2011 .	21 percent	How much of a decrease in sales have Windows devices experienced ?
As the holiday shopping season wrapped up , Windows 8 sales continued to lag , even as Apple reported brisk sales .	Apple	While Windows sales went down , which company experienced an increase in sales ?
Windows 8 's tablet market share has also been growing steadily , with 7.4 % of tablets running Windows in Q1 2013 according to Strategy Analytics , up from nothing just a year before .	7.4	What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2013 /
However , this is still well below Android and iOS , which posted 43.4 % and 48.2 % market share respectively , although both operating systems have been on the market much longer than Windows 8 .	43.4%	What was Androids market share in 2013 ?
However , this is still well below Android and iOS , which posted 43.4 % and 48.2 % market share respectively , although both operating systems have been on the market much longer than Windows 8 .	48.2%	What was teh iOS market share in 2013 ?
Strategy Analytics also noted `` a shortage of top tier apps '' for Windows tablets despite Microsoft strategy of paying developers to create apps for the operating system -LRB- in addition to for Windows Phone -RRB- .	top tier apps	What does Strategy Analytics say Windows tablets are lacking ?
Windows 8 surpassed Windows Vista in market share with a 5.1 % usage rate according to numbers posted in July 2013 by Net Applications , with usage on a steady upward trajectory .	July 2013	When did Windows 8 surpass Windows Vistas market share ?
In March 2013 , Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024 × 768 resolution as a minimum ; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors -- a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets .	amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum	What changes did Microsoft make to its certification requirements in March 2013 ?
In March 2013 , Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024 × 768 resolution as a minimum ; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors -- a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets .	to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors	Why did Microsoft change the tablet resolution minimum ?
Despite the reaction of industry experts , Microsoft reported that they had sold 100 million licenses in the first six months .	100 million	How many licenses did Microsoft sell in the first six months ?
In March 2013 , Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024 × 768 resolution as a minimum ; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors -- a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets .	Android-based tablets	What controlled the small form tablet market at this time ?
On April 2 , 2014 , Microsoft ultimately announced that it would be removing license fees entirely for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches , and officially confirmed the rumored `` Windows 8.1 with Bing '' OEM SKU on May 23 , 2014 .	May 23, 2014	When did Microsoft make the existence of Windows 8.1 with Bing OEM SKU official ?
On April 2 , 2014 , Microsoft ultimately announced that it would be removing license fees entirely for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches , and officially confirmed the rumored `` Windows 8.1 with Bing '' OEM SKU on May 23 , 2014 .	April 2, 2014	When did Microsoft remove license fees on device screens less than 9 inches ?
In February 2014 , Bloomberg reported that Microsoft would be lowering the price of Windows 8 licenses by 70 % for devices that retail under US$ 250 ; alongside the announcement that an update to the operating system would allow OEMs to produce devices with as little as 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of storage , critics felt that these changes would help Windows compete against Linux-based devices in the low-end market , particularly those running Chrome OS .	February 2014	When did Windows 8 decrease the price of Windows 8 for devices that cost less than $ 250 ?
Reports also indicated that Microsoft was planning to offer cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer 's default search engine to Bing .	cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing	What was the benefit of Windows 8.1 with Bing ?
In May 2014 , the Government of China banned the internal purchase of Windows 8-based products under government contracts requiring `` energy-efficient '' devices .	May 2014	When did the Chinese government ban the purchase of Windows 8 products ?
The Xinhua News Agency claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft 's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP -LRB- which , as of January 2014 , had a market share of 49 % in China -RRB- , as the government `` obviously can not ignore the risks of running OS -LSB- sic -RSB- without guaranteed technical support . ''	in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP	Why did the Chinese government ban Windows 8 based products ?
The Xinhua News Agency claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft 's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP -LRB- which , as of January 2014 , had a market share of 49 % in China -RRB- , as the government `` obviously can not ignore the risks of running OS -LSB- sic -RSB- without guaranteed technical support . ''	49%	What market share did Windows XP have in Chine ?
However , Ni Guangnan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to surveillance by the United States government due to its heavy use of internet-based services .	Ni Guangnan	Who claimed that the Windows 8 would allow the US Government to spy on its users ?
In June 2014 , state broadcaster China Central Television -LRB- CCTV -RRB- broadcast a news story further characterizing Windows 8 as a threat to national security .	China Central Television	What does CCTV stand for ?
Microsoft denied the claims in a number of posts on the Chinese social network Sina Weibo , which stated that the company had never `` assisted any government in an attack of another government or clients '' or provided client data to the U.S. government , never `` provided any government the authority to directly visit '' or placed any backdoors in its products and services , and that it had never concealed government requests for client data .	Sina Weibo	What is the name of the Chinese social network ?
The story featured an interview with Ni Guangnan , who stated that operating systems could aggregate `` sensitive user information '' that could be used to `` understand the conditions and activities of our national economy and society '' , and alleged that per documents leaked by Edward Snowden , the U.S. government had worked with Microsoft to retrieve encrypted information .	Ni Guangnan	Who claimed that the Window 8 OS could gather sensitive user information ?
Yang Min , a computer scientist at Fudan University , also stated that `` the security features of Windows 8 are basically to the benefit of Microsoft , allowing them control of the users ' data , and that poses a big challenge to the national strategy for information security . ''	Fudan University	Where did Yang Min practice as a computer scientiest ?
An upgrade to Windows 8 known as Windows 8.1 was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14 , 2013 .	May 14, 2013	When was Windows 8.1 introduced ?
Following a presentation devoted to the upgrade at Build 2013 , a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26 , 2013 .	June 26, 2013	When did Microsoft release the beta version of Windows 8.1 ?
However , after criticism , Microsoft reversed its decision and released the RTM build on MSDN and TechNet on September 9 , 2013 .	September 9, 2013	When did MSDN and TechNet users gain access to Windows 8.1 ?
Windows 8 's stock apps were also updated , a new Bing-based unified search system was added , SkyDrive was given deeper integration with the operating system , and a number of new stock apps , along with a tutorial , were added .	Bing-based unified search system	What search engine was added in Windows 8.1 ?
The upgrade addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release , with additional customization options for the Start screen , the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop , the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display , and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen .	ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen	How did the Windows 8.1 upgrade enhance desktop startup ?
The upgrade addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release , with additional customization options for the Start screen , the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop , the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display , and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen .	a visible Start button	What main feature was added back to the desktop ?
The upgrade addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release , with additional customization options for the Start screen , the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop , the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display , and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen .	up to four	How many apps did the WIndows 8.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display ?
At no more than 200 kilometres -LRB- 120 mi -RRB- north to south and 130 kilometres -LRB- 81 mi -RRB- east to west , Swaziland is one of the smallest countries in Africa .	81 mi	How wide is Swaziland in miles ??
The population is primarily ethnic Swazis whose language is siSwati .	siSwati	What is the primary language spoken by the people in Swaziland ?
At no more than 200 kilometres -LRB- 120 mi -RRB- north to south and 130 kilometres -LRB- 81 mi -RRB- east to west , Swaziland is one of the smallest countries in Africa .	one of the smallest	In terms of size where does Swaziland rank within Africa in terms of country size ?
They established their kingdom in the mid-18th century under the leadership of Ngwane III ; the present boundaries were drawn up in 1881 .	mid-18th century	When did the ethnic Swazis establish a kingdom ?
They established their kingdom in the mid-18th century under the leadership of Ngwane III ; the present boundaries were drawn up in 1881 .	Ngwane III	Who was the leader of the 18th century Swazi kingdom ?
Its GDP per capita of $ 9,714 means it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income .	$9,714	What is the per capita GDP of Swaziland ?
As a member of the Southern African Customs Union -LRB- SACU -RRB- and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa -LRB- COMESA -RRB- , its main local trading partner is South Africa .	Southern African Customs Union	What is the SACU ?
Swaziland 's currency , the lilangeni , is pegged to the South African rand .	Swaziland's currency	What is the lilangeni ?
As a member of the Southern African Customs Union -LRB- SACU -RRB- and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa -LRB- COMESA -RRB- , its main local trading partner is South Africa .	Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa	What does the acronym COMESA represent ?
Swaziland 's currency , the lilangeni , is pegged to the South African rand .	South African rand	What form of currency is the lilangeni fixed to ?
Nkhosi literally means `` king '' .	king	What is the literal translation of Nkhosi ?
Mswati II was the greatest of the fighting kings of Swaziland , and he greatly extended the area of the country to twice its current size .	greatly extended the area of the country	What did Mswati II do to the land controlled by Swaziland during his reign ?
Mswati II was the greatest of the fighting kings of Swaziland , and he greatly extended the area of the country to twice its current size .	Mswati II	In terms of the most successful Swaziland kings in battle , who was the best ?
The Emakhandzambili clans were initially incorporated into the kingdom with wide autonomy , often including grants of special ritual and political status .	Emakhandzambili clans	What groups did Mswati attack in the mid 19th century ?
In 1903 , after British victory in the Anglo-Boer war , Swaziland became a British protectorate .	1903	In what year did the British take Swaziland on as a protectorate ?
In 1903 , after British victory in the Anglo-Boer war , Swaziland became a British protectorate .	Anglo-Boer war	What 1903 conflict involving the British caused Swaziland to become a protectorate ?
Much of its early administration -LRB- for example , postal services -RRB- being carried out from South Africa until 1906 when the Transvaal colony was granted self-government .	1906	In what year was Swaziland given self governance ?
Following this , Swaziland was partitioned into European and non-European -LRB- or native reserves -RRB- areas with the former being two-thirds of the total land .	two-thirds of the total land	How much of Swaziland did the European area contain after the portioning ?
Sobhuza 's official coronation was in December 1921 after the regency of Labotsibeni after which he led an unsuccessful deputation to the Privy council in London in 1922 regarding the issue of the land .	December 1921	When was Sobhuza coronated ?
The constitution for independent Swaziland was promulgated by Britain in November 1963 under the terms of which legislative and executive councils were established .	November 1963	When did the Swaziland constitution come to be ?
This development was opposed by the Swazi National Council -LRB- liqoqo -RRB- .	liqoqo	What is another way to refer to the Swazi National Council ?
Despite such opposition , elections took place and the first Legislative Council of Swaziland was constituted on 9 September 1964 .	9 September 1964	When was the Legislative Council of Swaziland first created ?
Elections under this constitution were held in 1967 .	1967	When did elections that provided for a House of Assembly for Swaziland occur ?
Following the elections of 1973 , the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982 .	1973	In what year was the constitution of Swaziland suspended ?
Following the elections of 1973 , the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982 .	King Sobhuza II	Who ruled Swaziland in the late 1970s ?
Following the elections of 1973 , the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982 .	1982	When did King Sobhuza II die ?
A regency followed his death , with Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe being head of state until 1984 when she was removed by Liqoqo and replaced by Queen Mother Ntfombi Tfwala .	Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe	Who was the head of state of Swaziland after King Sobhuza II
Mswati III , the son of Ntfombi , was crowned king on 25 April 1986 as King and Ingwenyama of Swaziland .	Mswati III	Which monarch of Swaziland was crownd in April 1986 ?
The king appoints the prime minister from the legislature and also appoints a minority of legislators to both chambers of the Libandla -LRB- parliament -RRB- with help from an advisory council .	The king	Who appoints the prime minister of Swaziland ?
The king appoints the prime minister from the legislature and also appoints a minority of legislators to both chambers of the Libandla -LRB- parliament -RRB- with help from an advisory council .	the Libandla	What is the parliament of Swaziland known as ?
The king appoints the prime minister from the legislature and also appoints a minority of legislators to both chambers of the Libandla -LRB- parliament -RRB- with help from an advisory council .	a minority	What part of the Swaziland parliament is appointed by the King ?
This is done to balance views in parliament .	to balance views in parliament	Why is the king allowed to appoint members of parliament ?
The Swazi bicameral Parliament or Libandla consists of the Senate -LRB- 30 seats ; 10 members appointed by the House of Assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch ; to serve five-year terms -RRB- and the House of Assembly -LRB- 65 seats ; 10 members appointed by the monarch and 55 elected by popular vote ; to serve five-year terms -RRB- .	30 seats	How many seats are in the Senate of Swaziland ?
The Swazi bicameral Parliament or Libandla consists of the Senate -LRB- 30 seats ; 10 members appointed by the House of Assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch ; to serve five-year terms -RRB- and the House of Assembly -LRB- 65 seats ; 10 members appointed by the monarch and 55 elected by popular vote ; to serve five-year terms -RRB- .	65	How many members are there in the Swazi House of Assembly ?
The last elections were held on 20 September 2013 .	20 September 2013	When were the most recent elections in Swaziland ?
The Swazi bicameral Parliament or Libandla consists of the Senate -LRB- 30 seats ; 10 members appointed by the House of Assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch ; to serve five-year terms -RRB- and the House of Assembly -LRB- 65 seats ; 10 members appointed by the monarch and 55 elected by popular vote ; to serve five-year terms -RRB- .	10	How many members of the Swazi House of Assembly are chosen by the king ?
All election procedures are overseen by the elections and boundaries commission .	the elections and boundaries commission	Which group looks over elections in Swaziland ?
From the early seventies , there was active resistance to the royal hegemony .	the early seventies	When did people begin to disputre royal hegenomy in Swaziland ?
Despite complaints from progressive formations , support for the monarchy and the current political system remains strong among the majority of the population .	the majority	What portion of Swaziland is said to support the monarchy of Swaziland ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Submissions were made by citizens around the country to commissions , including the constitutional draft committee , indicating that they would prefer to maintain the current situation .	the constitutional draft committee	What entity took submissions about whether or not Swazi citizens wanted to change support of the monarchy ?
On the day of nomination , the name of the nominee is raised by a show of hand and the nominee is given an opportunity to indicate whether he or she accepts the nomination .	a show of hand	How does a nominee for parliament in Swaziland get decided ?
If he or she accepts it , he or she must be supported by at least ten members of that chiefdom .	at least ten	What is the minimum number of members that must support a nominee to parliament in Swaziland ?
The nominations are for the position of Member of Parliament , Constituency Headman -LRB- Indvuna -RRB- and the Constituency Executive Committee -LRB- Bucopho -RRB- .	Constituency Headman	What is an Indvuna as it relates to the Parliament of Swaziland ?
The nominations are for the position of Member of Parliament , Constituency Headman -LRB- Indvuna -RRB- and the Constituency Executive Committee -LRB- Bucopho -RRB- .	Constituency Executive Committee	In the Swazi Parliament , what is the Bucopho ?
The minimum number of nominees is four and the maximum is ten .	four	What is the minimum amount of nominees taken on the day of nomination in the Swazi Parliament ?
As noted above , there are 55 tinkhundla in Swaziland and each elects one representative to the House of Assembly of Swaziland .	one	How many representatives does each tinkhundla elect to the Swazi House of Assembly ?
Each inkhundla has a development committee -LRB- bucopho -RRB- elected from the various constituency chiefdoms in its area for a five-year term .	a five-year term	What is a single term of a Swazi development committee ?
Bucopho bring to the inkhundla all matters of interest and concern to their various chiefdoms , and take back to the chiefdoms the decisions of the inkhundla .	the chiefdoms	To whom do Bucopho take the decisions and concerns ?
The chairman of the bucopho is elected at the inkhundla and is called indvuna ye nkhundla .	indvuna ye nkhundla	What is the chairman of the bucopho also called ?
The chairman of the bucopho is elected at the inkhundla and is called indvuna ye nkhundla .	at the inkhundla	Where is the Bucopho chairman elected ?
A small , landlocked kingdom , Swaziland is bordered in the North , West and South by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the East .	Mozambique	What nation is to the east of Swaziland ?
Swaziland has a land area of 17,364 km2 .	17,364 km2	How large in square kilometers is Swaziland ?
A small , landlocked kingdom , Swaziland is bordered in the North , West and South by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the East .	Republic of South Africa	What nation is on the north , east , and western borders of Swaziland ?
Swaziland has four separate geographical regions .	four	How many geographical regions are within Swaziland ?
Swaziland is located at approximately 26 ° 30 'S , 31 ° 30 ` E. Swaziland has a wide variety of landscapes , from the mountains along the Mozambican border to savannas in the east and rain forest in the northwest .	the northwest	In which region is there rain forest in Swaziland ?
About 75 % of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture upon Swazi Nation Land -LRB- SNL -RRB- .	About 75%	What portion of the Swazi population are subsistence farmers ?
This dual nature of the Swazi economy , with high productivity in textile manufacturing and in the industrialised agricultural TDLs on the one hand , and declining productivity subsistence agriculture -LRB- on SNL -RRB- on the other , may well explain the country 's overall low growth , high inequality and unemployment .	textile manufacturing	Outside of agriculture what provides to the Swazi economy ?
About 75 % of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture upon Swazi Nation Land -LRB- SNL -RRB- .	Swazi Nation Land	In terms of Swaziland , what does SNL refer to ?
In contrast with the commercial farms , Swazi Nation Land suffers from low productivity and investment .	low productivity and investment	What are the problems with Swazi Nation Land ?
Real GDP growth since 2001 has averaged 2.8 % , nearly 2 percentage points lower than growth in other Southern African Customs Union -LRB- SACU -RRB- member countries .	2.8%	What has the Real growth in GDP since 2001 in Swaziland in percentage ?
Real GDP growth since 2001 has averaged 2.8 % , nearly 2 percentage points lower than growth in other Southern African Customs Union -LRB- SACU -RRB- member countries .	nearly 2 percentage points	How much lower is the Swazi Real GDP growth in comparison to other Southern African Customs Union members is Swaziland ?
Swaziland 's public finances deteriorated in the late 1990s following sizeable surpluses a decade earlier .	the late 1990s	When did the public finances in Swaziland decline ?
A combination of declining revenues and increased spending led to significant budget deficits .	declining revenues and increased spending	What led to Swazi budget cuts ?
The wage bill today constitutes over 15 % of GDP and 55 % of total public spending ; these are some of the highest levels on the African continent .	55%	What amount of total public spending in Swaziland is going to wages ?
SACU revenues today account for over 60 % of total government revenues .	60% of total government revenues	What amount of government revenue in Swaziland is from the SACU ?
On the positive side , the external debt burden has declined markedly over the last 20 years , and domestic debt is almost negligible ; external debt as a percent of GDP was less than 20 % in 2006 .	declined markedly	What has happened to debt external onus in Swaziland in the past two decades ?
On the positive side , the external debt burden has declined markedly over the last 20 years , and domestic debt is almost negligible ; external debt as a percent of GDP was less than 20 % in 2006 .	less than 20%	What percentage of the GDP was represented by outside debt in Swaziland in 2006 ?
The Swazi economy is very closely linked to the economy of South Africa , from which it receives over 90 % of its imports and to which it sends about 70 % of its exports .	South Africa	Which nations economy is Swaziland most linked with ?
The Swazi economy is very closely linked to the economy of South Africa , from which it receives over 90 % of its imports and to which it sends about 70 % of its exports .	over 90%	What quantity of imports does Swaziland get from South Africa ?
The Swazi economy is very closely linked to the economy of South Africa , from which it receives over 90 % of its imports and to which it sends about 70 % of its exports .	70%	What percentage of exported goods from Swaziland end up in South Africa ?
Textile exports grew by over 200 % between 2000 and 2005 and sugar exports increasing by more than 50 % over the same period .	exports grew by over 200%	What happened to Swazi exports of textiles from 2000 to 2005 ?
Textile exports grew by over 200 % between 2000 and 2005 and sugar exports increasing by more than 50 % over the same period .	more than 50%	Between 2000 and 2005 what percentage did Swazi sugar exports increase by ?
Swaziland 's currency is pegged to the South African Rand , subsuming Swaziland 's monetary policy to South Africa .	South African Rand	What currency is Swaziland bound to ?
Swaziland 's currency is pegged to the South African Rand , subsuming Swaziland 's monetary policy to South Africa .	South Africa	Which nation does Swazi defer to when it comes to monetary policy ?
Customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union , which may equal as much as 70 % of government revenue this year , and worker remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income .	as much as 70%	Duties from customs represent what amount of Swaziland government revenue ?
Customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union , which may equal as much as 70 % of government revenue this year , and worker remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income .	Southern African Customs Union	From where does Swaziland get customs revenue ?
83 % of the total population adheres to Christianity , making it the most common religion in Swaziland .	83%	What percentage of the Swazi population are Christian ?
83 % of the total population adheres to Christianity , making it the most common religion in Swaziland .	Christianity	Which religious belief is most prevelant in Swaziland ?
Anglican , Protestant and indigenous African churches , including African Zionist , constitute the majority of the Christians -LRB- 40 % -RRB- , followed by Roman Catholicism at 20 % of the population .	20%	What amount of Swazi Christians are Roman Catholic ?
On 18 July 2012 , Ellinah Wamukoya , was elected Anglican Bishop of Swaziland , becoming the first woman to be a bishop in Africa .	Ellinah Wamukoya	Who is the Anglican Bishop of Swaziland ?
There are 14 Jewish families .	14	How many Jewish families are there in Swaziland ?
In 2004 , the Swaziland government acknowledged for the first time that it suffered an AIDS crisis , with 38.8 % of tested pregnant women infected with HIV -LRB- see AIDS in Africa -RRB- .	38.8%	Of pregnant women , how many are believed to be infected with HIV ?
According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report , Swaziland is close to achieving universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment , defined as 80 % coverage or greater .	80% coverage or greater	What does UNAIDS consider universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment ?
The then Prime Minister Themba Dlamini declared a humanitarian crisis due to the combined effect of drought , land degradation , increased poverty , and HIV/AIDS .	Themba Dlamini	Who was the prime minister of Swaziland in 2004 ?
Estimates of treatment coverage range from 70 % to 80 % of those infected .	70% to 80%	What percentage of HIV/AIDS infected in Swaziland are believed to be treated ?
Tuberculosis is also a significant problem , with an 18 % mortality rate .	18%	What is the rate of mortality for those with tuberculosis in Swaziland ?
Pre-school education is usually for children 5-year or younger after that the students can enroll in a primary school anywhere in the country .	5-year or younger	What age attends pre-school in Swaziland ?
In the country 21.6 % of preschool age children have access to early childhood education .	21.6%	What percentage of children of age for preschool have access to education in Swaziland ?
In Swaziland early childhood care and education -LRB- ECCE -RRB- centres are in the form of preschools or neighbourhood care points -LRB- NCPs -RRB- .	neighbourhood care points	In reference to education in Swaziland , hat is an NCP otherwise known as ?
In Swaziland early childhood care and education -LRB- ECCE -RRB- centres are in the form of preschools or neighbourhood care points -LRB- NCPs -RRB- .	early childhood care and education	What is does ECCE refer to in the Swazi educational system ?
The secondary and high school education system in Swaziland is a five-year programme divided into three years junior secondary and two years senior secondary .	three	For how many years is a Swazi student in junior secondary school ?
The Examination Council of Swaziland -LRB- ECOS -RRB- administers this examination .	Examination Council of Swaziland	What is the ECOS within the Swazi education system ?
At the end of the senior secondary level , learners sit for a public examination , the Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education -LRB- SGCSE -RRB- and International General Certificate of Secondary Education -LRB- IGCSE -RRB- which is accredited by the Cambridge International Examination -LRB- CIE -RRB- .	Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education	What do students finishing senior secondary school get ?
At the end of the senior secondary level , learners sit for a public examination , the Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education -LRB- SGCSE -RRB- and International General Certificate of Secondary Education -LRB- IGCSE -RRB- which is accredited by the Cambridge International Examination -LRB- CIE -RRB- .	Cambridge International Examination	What institution does the accreditation for the IGCSE in Swaziland ?
The University of Swaziland , Southern African Nazarene University , Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country .	Swaziland Christian University	The University of Swaziland , Southern Nazarene University , offer higher learning in Swaziland , what is one other University ?
A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini , a suburb of the capital Mbabane .	Sidvwashini	Where can one find the Limkoking University of Creative Technology ?
A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini , a suburb of the capital Mbabane .	Mbabane	What is the capital of Swaziland ?
The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants .	Siteki	Where in Swaziland is The Good shepherd Hospital ?
The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants .	College for Nursing Assistants	What nursing school does The Good Shepherd Hospital contain ?
The main centre for technical training in Swaziland is the Swaziland College of Technology which is slated to become a full university .	Swaziland College of Technology	Which school is the main location for technical education in Swaziland ?
It aims to provide and facilitating high quality training and learning in technology and business studies in collaboration with the Commercial , Industrial and Public Sectors .	technology and business studies	What types of education does the Swaziland College of Technology offer ?
Other technical and vocational institutions are the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute located in Matsapha and the Manzini Industrial and Training Centre -LRB- MITC -RRB- in Manzini .	Matsapha	What is the location of the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute ?
Other technical and vocational institutions are the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute located in Matsapha and the Manzini Industrial and Training Centre -LRB- MITC -RRB- in Manzini .	Manzini Industrial and Training Centre	There is an educational facility in Manzini within Swaziland known by the acronym MITC , what does it stand for ?
In addition to these institutions , Swaziland also has the Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration -LRB- SIMPA -RRB- and Institute of Development Management -LRB- IDM -RRB- .	Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration	In terms of education in Swaziland what does the acronym SIMPA represent ?
SIMPA is a government owned management and development institute and IDM is a regional organisation in Botswana , Lesotho and Swaziland that provides training , consultancy , and research in management .	a government owned management and development institute	In Swaziland , what is SIMPA ?
SIMPA is a government owned management and development institute and IDM is a regional organisation in Botswana , Lesotho and Swaziland that provides training , consultancy , and research in management .	Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland	In which locations is the Institute of Development Management ?
SIMPA is a government owned management and development institute and IDM is a regional organisation in Botswana , Lesotho and Swaziland that provides training , consultancy , and research in management .	training, consultancy, and research in management	What service does the IDM provide ?
The Mananga management centre was established as Mananga Agricultural Management Centre in 1972 as an International Management Development Centre catering for middle and senior managers , it is located at Ezulwini .	1972	In what year was the Mananga Management Centre founded ?
The training of the Sangoma is called `` kwetfwasa '' .	training of the Sangoma	In Swaziland , what is kwetfwasa ?
The Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family .	a traditional diviner	What is a Sangoma in Swaziland ?
The diviner is consulted for various reasons , such the cause of sickness or even death .	the cause of sickness or even death	Why might one want to discover when consulting a sangoma in Swaziland ?
His diagnosis is based on `` kubhula '' , a process of communication , through trance , with the natural superpowers .	kubhula	How does a sangoma in Swaziland communicate ?
The Inyanga -LRB- a medical and pharmaceutical specialist in western terms -RRB- possesses the bone throwing skill -LRB- `` kushaya ematsambo '' -RRB- used to determine the cause of the sickness .	to determine the cause of the sickness	What is kushaya ematsambo used for ?
Swaziland 's most well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance .	Umhlanga Reed Dance.	What is the most widely known event in Swazi culture ?
It is done in late August or early September .	late August or early September	During what time of year is the Umhlanga Reed Dance ?
Only childless , unmarried girls can take part .	childless, unmarried girls	What individuals can take part in the Umhlanga Reed Dance ?
The aims of the ceremony are to preserve girls ' chastity , provide tribute labour for the Queen mother , and to encourage solidarity by working together .	to preserve girls' chastity	As it relates to girls , what is the purpose of the Umhlanga Reed Dance ?
The country was under the chastity rite of `` umchwasho '' until 19 August 2005 .	19 August 2005	Until what date was Swaziland bound by umchwasho ?
If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage , her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief .	If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine	What occurs during the custom of umchwaso in Swaziland ?
In `` umchwasho '' , all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment .	all young girls	Who became bound by umchwaso in Swaziland ?
The Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old `` umchwasho '' custom .	the old "umchwasho" custom	From where did the Reed Dance originate ?
After a number of years , when the girls had reached a marriageable age , they would perform labour service for the Queen Mother , ending with dancing and feasting .	dancing and feasting	What would the end of umchwasho be marked with ?
The English word `` translation '' derives from the Latin translatio -LRB- which itself comes from trans - and from fero , the supine form of which is latum -- together meaning `` a carrying across '' or `` a bringing across '' -RRB- .	translatio	What Latin word does the English word translation come from ?
The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term `` translation '' that are derived from that same Latin source or from the alternative Latin traducere -LRB- `` to lead across '' or `` to bring across '' -RRB- .	Romance	What languages use equivalents of the English term `` translation '' that come from the same Latin source ?
The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term `` translation '' that are derived from that same Latin source or from the alternative Latin traducere -LRB- `` to lead across '' or `` to bring across '' -RRB- .	"to lead across"	What does Latin 's traducere mean in English ?
The Slavic and Germanic languages -LRB- except in the case of the Dutch equivalent , `` vertaling '' -- a `` re-language-ing '' -RRB- likewise use calques of these Latin sources .	Latin	Slavic and Germanic languages also use a similar loanword from what source ?
The Slavic and Germanic languages -LRB- except in the case of the Dutch equivalent , `` vertaling '' -- a `` re-language-ing '' -RRB- likewise use calques of these Latin sources .	"re-language-ing"	What does the Dutch word `` vertaling '' roughly translate to ?
Despite occasional theoretical diversity , the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity .	hardly	How much has translation changed since antiquity ?
Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages , and adapters in various periods -LRB- especially pre-Classical Rome , and the 18th century -RRB- , translators have generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents -- `` literal '' where possible , paraphrastic where necessary -- for the original meaning and other crucial `` values '' -LRB- e.g. , style , verse form , concordance with musical accompaniment or , in films , with speech articulatory movements -RRB- as determined from context .	seeking equivalents	What have general been prudent about ?
Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages , and adapters in various periods -LRB- especially pre-Classical Rome , and the 18th century -RRB- , translators have generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents -- `` literal '' where possible , paraphrastic where necessary -- for the original meaning and other crucial `` values '' -LRB- e.g. , style , verse form , concordance with musical accompaniment or , in films , with speech articulatory movements -RRB- as determined from context .	literal	For crucial values , what type of values do translators use where possible ?
Despite occasional theoretical diversity , the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity .	theoretical	What kind of diversity has the practice of translation had ?
Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages , and adapters in various periods -LRB- especially pre-Classical Rome , and the 18th century -RRB- , translators have generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents -- `` literal '' where possible , paraphrastic where necessary -- for the original meaning and other crucial `` values '' -LRB- e.g. , style , verse form , concordance with musical accompaniment or , in films , with speech articulatory movements -RRB- as determined from context .	early Christian period and the Middle Ages	When were there some extreme metaphrasers ?
In general , translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes , and hence word order -- when necessary , reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure , for example , by shifting from active to passive voice , or vice versa .	context itself	What have translators tried to preserve ?
In general , translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes , and hence word order -- when necessary , reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure , for example , by shifting from active to passive voice , or vice versa .	reproducing the original order of sememes	How do translators preserve context ?
In general , translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes , and hence word order -- when necessary , reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure , for example , by shifting from active to passive voice , or vice versa .	grammatical structure	What is it sometimes necessary to reinterpret when translating ?
In general , translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes , and hence word order -- when necessary , reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure , for example , by shifting from active to passive voice , or vice versa .	passive	What is the active voice sometimes shifted to when needed ?
The particular syntax -LRB- sentence-structure -RRB- characteristics of a text 's source language are adjusted to the syntactic requirements of the target language .	syntactic requirements	What are the syntax characteristics of a text 's source language adjusted to for a target language ?
Generally , the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages , or between those languages and a third one , the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them .	contact and exchange	A greater ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase can be used translating when there as been greater what between languages ?
However , due to shifts in ecological niches of words , a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language .	guide to current meaning	What is a common etymology sometimes misleading as ?
For example , the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel -LRB- `` present '' , `` current '' -RRB- , the Polish aktualny -LRB- `` present '' , `` current , '' `` topical , '' `` timely , '' `` feasible '' -RRB- , the Swedish aktuell -LRB- `` topical '' , `` presently of importance '' -RRB- , the Russian актуальный -LRB- `` urgent '' , `` topical '' -RRB- or the Dutch actueel .	present	What does the French `` actuel '' mean in English ?
For example , the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel -LRB- `` present '' , `` current '' -RRB- , the Polish aktualny -LRB- `` present '' , `` current , '' `` topical , '' `` timely , '' `` feasible '' -RRB- , the Swedish aktuell -LRB- `` topical '' , `` presently of importance '' -RRB- , the Russian актуальный -LRB- `` urgent '' , `` topical '' -RRB- or the Dutch actueel .	aktuell	How would you convey that something is `` presently of importance '' in Swedish ?
For example , the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel -LRB- `` present '' , `` current '' -RRB- , the Polish aktualny -LRB- `` present '' , `` current , '' `` topical , '' `` timely , '' `` feasible '' -RRB- , the Swedish aktuell -LRB- `` topical '' , `` presently of importance '' -RRB- , the Russian актуальный -LRB- `` urgent '' , `` topical '' -RRB- or the Dutch actueel .	aktualny	To indicate something is feasible in Polish , what word could be used ?
The translator 's role as a bridge for `` carrying across '' values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence , the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies .	at least since Terence	How long has a translator 's part in bridging values between cultures been discussed ?
The translator 's role as a bridge for `` carrying across '' values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence , the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies .	comedies	What did Terence adapt from the Greek 's ?
The translator 's role is , however , by no means a passive , mechanical one , and so has also been compared to that of an artist .	artist	A translator 's role is less like a robot and more like a what ?
The main ground seems to be the concept of parallel creation found in critics such as Cicero .	Cicero	Where was the concept of parallel creation found ?
Dryden observed that `` Translation is a type of drawing after life ... '' Comparison of the translator with a musician or actor goes back at least to Samuel Johnson 's remark about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet , while Homer himself used a bassoon .	Samuel Johnson	Who remarked about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet ?
Though earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today , they retain importance when dealing with their products , as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non-Western or pre-Western environments .	earlier approaches	When it comes to translation , what is less commonly used today ?
Though earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today , they retain importance when dealing with their products , as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non-Western or pre-Western environments .	when historians view ancient or medieval records	When do earlier approaches to translation still have relevance for historians ?
Though earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today , they retain importance when dealing with their products , as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non-Western or pre-Western environments .	events	What do historians try to piece together from pre-Western environments ?
Also , though heavily influenced by Western traditions and practiced by translators taught in Western-style educational systems , Chinese and related translation traditions retain some theories and philosophies unique to the Chinese tradition .	theories and philosophies	What do Chinese and related translations retain unique to their tradition ?
Translation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century , and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires .	5th century	When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase ?
Translation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century , and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires .	creation of Arabic script	What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century ?
Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics , rendering Persian , Greek , even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic .	politics	What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on ?
It later focused on translating classical Greek and Persian works , as well as some Chinese and Indian texts , into Arabic for scholarly study at major Islamic learning centers , such as the Al-Karaouine -LRB- Fes , Morocco -RRB- , Al-Azhar -LRB- Cairo , Egypt -RRB- , and the Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad .	Greek and Persian	What cultures ' classical works were later translated into Arabic ?
In terms of theory , Arabic translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions as well as more contemporary Greek and Persian traditions .	Arabic	What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions ?
Arabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges .	centuries of close contacts and exchanges	Why are Arabic translation efforts important to Western translation traditions ?
Especially after the Renaissance , Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosophical works of Arab and oriental origins .	after the Renaissance	When did Europeans begin more intense studying of Arabic translations of classical works ?
Arabic and , to a lesser degree , Persian became important sources of material and perhaps of techniques for revitalized Western traditions , which in time would overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions .	important sources of material	What did Arabic , and to a less extent Persian , become to Europeans ?
Arabic and , to a lesser degree , Persian became important sources of material and perhaps of techniques for revitalized Western traditions , which in time would overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions .	techniques	What helped revitalize Western translation traditions from Arabic ?
Arabic and , to a lesser degree , Persian became important sources of material and perhaps of techniques for revitalized Western traditions , which in time would overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions .	overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions	What would Western traditions eventually do ?
The movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages , and new words , simplified syntax , and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions .	movement to translate English and European texts	What transformed Arabic languages ?
The movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages , and new words , simplified syntax , and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions .	new words, simplified syntax, and directness	What came to be valued over previous convolutions ?
Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed skepticism , writes Christopher de Bellaigue , `` with a freedom that is rarely witnessed today ... .	Educated Arabs and Turks	Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic ?
No longer was legitimate knowledge defined by texts in the religious schools , interpreted for the most part with stultifying literalness .	texts in the religious schools	What was legitimate knowledge no longer defined by ?
One of the neologisms that , in a way , came to characterize the infusion of new ideas via translation was `` darwiniya '' , or `` Darwinism '' .	Darwinism	What was a neologism expressing the introduction of new ideas via translation ?
After World War I , when Britain and France divided up the Middle East 's countries , apart from Turkey , between them , pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement -- in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy -- there came an immediate reaction : the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt , the House of Saud took over the Hijaz , and regimes led by army officers came to power in Iran and Turkey . ''	Britain and France	What two countries divvied up the Middle East 's countries after WWI ?
After World War I , when Britain and France divided up the Middle East 's countries , apart from Turkey , between them , pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement -- in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy -- there came an immediate reaction : the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt , the House of Saud took over the Hijaz , and regimes led by army officers came to power in Iran and Turkey . ''	solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy	What was the dividing up of the Middle Eastern countries in violation of ?
After World War I , when Britain and France divided up the Middle East 's countries , apart from Turkey , between them , pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement -- in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy -- there came an immediate reaction : the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt , the House of Saud took over the Hijaz , and regimes led by army officers came to power in Iran and Turkey . ''	Muslim Brotherhood	A reaction to Britain and France 's actions was the emergence of what group in Egypt ?
-LSB- B -RSB- oth illiberal currents of the modern Middle East , '' writes de Bellaigne , `` Islamism and militarism , received a major impetus from Western empire-builders . ''	empire-builders	de Bellaigne attributed the growth of Islamism and militarism to what Western catalyst ?
As often happens in countries undergoing social crisis , the aspirations of the Muslim world 's translators and modernizers , such as Muhammad Abduh , largely had to yield to retrograde currents .	retrograde currents	What did the aspirations of the Muslim world 's translators find themselves yielding to ?
Many non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism , the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher .	German Romanticism	Where do many non-transparent translation theories delve for concepts ?
Many non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism , the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher .	German	What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher ?
In his seminal lecture `` On the Different Methods of Translation '' -LRB- 1813 -RRB- he distinguished between translation methods that move `` the writer toward -LSB- the reader -RSB- '' , i.e. , transparency , and those that move the `` reader toward -LSB- the author -RSB- '' , i.e. , an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text .	1813	When did Schleiermacher publish his lecture `` On the Different Methods of Translation '' ?
In his seminal lecture `` On the Different Methods of Translation '' -LRB- 1813 -RRB- he distinguished between translation methods that move `` the writer toward -LSB- the reader -RSB- '' , i.e. , transparency , and those that move the `` reader toward -LSB- the author -RSB- '' , i.e. , an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text .	transparency	Moving the writer toward the reader would be an example of what type of translation method ?
In his seminal lecture `` On the Different Methods of Translation '' -LRB- 1813 -RRB- he distinguished between translation methods that move `` the writer toward -LSB- the reader -RSB- '' , i.e. , transparency , and those that move the `` reader toward -LSB- the author -RSB- '' , i.e. , an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text .	extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text	What method of translation did Schleiermacher favor ?
Comparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation , much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation .	Comparison of a back-translation with the original text	What is sometimes used to check the accuracy of a translation ?
Comparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation , much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation .	by reversing the operation	How are mathematical operations checked ?
But the results of such reverse-translation operations , while useful as approximate checks , are not always precisely reliable .	reverse-translation operations	What operations are results from not always completely reliable ?
Back-translation must in general be less accurate than back-calculation because linguistic symbols -LRB- words -RRB- are often ambiguous , whereas mathematical symbols are intentionally unequivocal .	linguistic	What symbol set has a defining property of ambiguity ?
Back-translation must in general be less accurate than back-calculation because linguistic symbols -LRB- words -RRB- are often ambiguous , whereas mathematical symbols are intentionally unequivocal .	mathematical	What symbol set has the property of being intentionally unequivocal ?
Mark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story , `` The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County '' .	Mark Twain	Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation ?
He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language original , the French translation , and a `` Private History of the ` Jumping Frog ' Story '' .	1903	When was Twain 's back-translation published ?
Mark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story , `` The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County '' .	French	For what language did Twain create a back-translation ?
He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language original , the French translation , and a `` Private History of the ` Jumping Frog ' Story '' .	"Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story"	What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain 's story ?
The latter included a synopsized adaptation of his story that Twain stated had appeared , unattributed to Twain , in a Professor Sidgwick 's Greek Prose Composition -LRB- p. 116 -RRB- under the title , `` The Athenian and the Frog '' ; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain 's `` Jumping Frog '' story .	"The Athenian and the Frog"	What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain 's story ?
When a historic document survives only in translation , the original having been lost , researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text .	the original text	What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation ?
An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki -LRB- 1761 -- 1815 -RRB- , who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813 -- 14 .	Polish aristocrat	Who was Jan Potocki ?
An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki -LRB- 1761 -- 1815 -RRB- , who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813 -- 14 .	French	What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in ?
Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost ; however , the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy , now lost .	1847	When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French ?
French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced , based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki 's Polish version .	French-language	What fragments were the complete Saragossa Manuscripts now produced based on ?
Translation has served as a school of writing for many authors .	Translation	What has served as a school of writing for many authors ?
Translators , including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia , and the early modern European translators of the Bible , in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated .	monks	Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia ?
Translators , including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia , and the early modern European translators of the Bible , in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated .	languages	What did translators shape in the course of their work ?
They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between cultures ; and along with ideas , they have imported from the source languages , into their own languages , loanwords and calques of grammatical structures , idioms and vocabulary .	bridges	What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures ?
They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between cultures ; and along with ideas , they have imported from the source languages , into their own languages , loanwords and calques of grammatical structures , idioms and vocabulary .	source languages	Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from ?
Interpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history .	crucial	What roles have interpreters occasionally played in history ?
As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango , and thus had become bilingual .	Xicalango	Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from ?
A prime example is La Malinche , also known as Malintzin , Malinalli and Doña Marina , an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast .	Mexican Gulf Coast	What region did La Malinche hail from ?
Subsequently given along with other women to the invading Spaniards , she became instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Mexico , acting as interpreter , adviser , intermediary and lover to Hernán Cortés .	Spanish conquest of Mexico	What was La Malinche essential to ?
Subsequently given along with other women to the invading Spaniards , she became instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Mexico , acting as interpreter , adviser , intermediary and lover to Hernán Cortés .	lover	In addition to being an interpreter and adviser , what function did La Malinche serve for Hernán Cortés ?
Web-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations .	Web-based human translation	What type of translation is favored by those wanting more accurate translations ?
In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations , human translation remains the most reliable , most accurate form of translation available .	frequent inaccuracy	What reputation does machine translations have ?
In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations , human translation remains the most reliable , most accurate form of translation available .	human	What type of translation is still the most accurate and reliable ?
With the recent emergence of translation crowdsourcing , translation-memory techniques , and internet applications , translation agencies have been able to provide on-demand human-translation services to businesses , individuals , and enterprises .	on-demand human-translation services	Because of crowdsourcing , what type of translation are agencies able to provide ?
With the recent emergence of translation crowdsourcing , translation-memory techniques , and internet applications , translation agencies have been able to provide on-demand human-translation services to businesses , individuals , and enterprises .	businesses, individuals, and enterprises	Who purchases the services of translation agencies ?
Relying exclusively on unedited machine translation , however , ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability .	context-embedded	Unedited machine translation will miss what crucial aspect of human language ?
Relying exclusively on unedited machine translation , however , ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability .	comprehend the context of the original text	What does it take a person to be able to do ?
It is certainly true that even purely human-generated translations are prone to error ; therefore , to ensure that a machine-generated translation will be useful to a human being and that publishable-quality translation is achieved , such translations must be reviewed and edited by a human .	error	What can even translations completely done by a human still be prone to ?
It is certainly true that even purely human-generated translations are prone to error ; therefore , to ensure that a machine-generated translation will be useful to a human being and that publishable-quality translation is achieved , such translations must be reviewed and edited by a human .	reviewed and edited	How must machine translations be transformed by a human ?
In Asia , the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years .	Asia	Where did Buddhism spread ?
In Asia , the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years .	translation	Buddhism 's spread led to what large-scale effort ?
In Asia , the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years .	well over a thousand years	How long did the translation effort take ?
The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts ; exploiting the then newly invented block printing , and with the full support of the government -LRB- contemporary sources describe the Emperor and his mother personally contributing to the translation effort , alongside sages of various nationalities -RRB- , the Tanguts took mere decades to translate volumes that had taken the Chinese centuries to render .	The Tangut Empire	What Empire was especially good at translation ?
The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts ; exploiting the then newly invented block printing , and with the full support of the government -LRB- contemporary sources describe the Emperor and his mother personally contributing to the translation effort , alongside sages of various nationalities -RRB- , the Tanguts took mere decades to translate volumes that had taken the Chinese centuries to render .	translate volumes	What were the Tanguts able to do in only decades that took the Chinese centuries ?
The Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation .	Arabs	Who attempted a large-scale effort at translation ?
Having conquered the Greek world , they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works .	philosophical and scientific works	What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of ?
During the Middle Ages , translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin , chiefly at Córdoba in Spain .	Middle Ages	When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences translated into Latin ?
King Alfonso X el Sabio -LRB- Alphonse the Wise -RRB- of Castille in the 13th century promoted this effort by founding a Schola Traductorum -LRB- School of Translation -RRB- in Toledo .	School of Translation	What is Schola Traductorum in English ?
Latin translations of Greek and original Arab works of scholarship and science helped advance European Scholasticism , and thus European science and culture .	European	Latin translations indirectly advanced whose science and culture ?
The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible -LRB- ca. 1382 -RRB- , which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose .	Wycliffe Bible	What was the first great English translation ?
The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible -LRB- ca. 1382 -RRB- , which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose .	1382	When was the Wycliffe Bible translated ?
Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory 's Le Morte Darthur -- an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can , in fact , hardly be called a true translation .	end of the 15th century	When did the age of great English prose translation begin ?
Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory 's Le Morte Darthur -- an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can , in fact , hardly be called a true translation .	Le Morte Darthur	What adaptation of Arthurian romances took so many liberties with the source material that it could hardly be called a translation ?
The first great Tudor translations are , accordingly , the Tyndale New Testament -LRB- 1525 -RRB- , which influenced the Authorized Version -LRB- 1611 -RRB- , and Lord Berners ' version of Jean Froissart 's Chronicles -LRB- 1523 -- 25 -RRB- .	Tudor	The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style ?
Meanwhile , in Renaissance Italy , a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival , at the court of Cosimo de ' Medici , of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks -LRB- 1453 -RRB- .	Cosimo de' Medici	Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy ?
Meanwhile , in Renaissance Italy , a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival , at the court of Cosimo de ' Medici , of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks -LRB- 1453 -RRB- .	Byzantine scholar	What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho carry ?
Meanwhile , in Renaissance Italy , a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival , at the court of Cosimo de ' Medici , of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks -LRB- 1453 -RRB- .	1453	When did Constantinople fall to the Turks ?
A Latin translation of Plato 's works was undertaken by Marsilio Ficino .	Marsilio Ficino	Who undertook translating Plato 's works to Latin ?
For the first time , readers demanded rigor of rendering , as philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words of Plato , Aristotle and Jesus .	the exact words	What did religious beliefs depend upon when it came to Plato , Aristotle and Jesus ?
Throughout the 18th century , the watchword of translators was ease of reading .	ease of reading	What was the guiding ideal of translators throughout the 18th century ?
Whatever they did not understand in a text , or thought might bore readers , they omitted .	omitted	If a translator did n't understand something in a text or thought it too boring to present to readers , what did they do with it ?
They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best , and that texts should be made to conform to it in translation .	their own style of expression	What did translators of this time assume was better than the actual text they were translating ?
For scholarship they cared no more than had their predecessors , and they did not shrink from making translations from translations in third languages , or from languages that they hardly knew , or -- as in the case of James Macpherson 's `` translations '' of Ossian -- from texts that were actually of the `` translator 's '' own composition .	no more than had their predecessors	How much did the translators care about scholarship ?
For scholarship they cared no more than had their predecessors , and they did not shrink from making translations from translations in third languages , or from languages that they hardly knew , or -- as in the case of James Macpherson 's `` translations '' of Ossian -- from texts that were actually of the `` translator 's '' own composition .	own composition	What did James Macpherson `` translate '' from ?
The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style .	accuracy and style	What new standards of translation came with the 19th century ?
In regard to accuracy , observes J.M. Cohen , the policy became `` the text , the whole text , and nothing but the text '' , except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes .	J.M. Cohen	Who observed that the policy became `` the text , the whole text , and nothing but the text '' ?
In regard to accuracy , observes J.M. Cohen , the policy became `` the text , the whole text , and nothing but the text '' , except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes .	bawdy	What sort of passages were still left out of the supposed `` whole '' text ?
In regard to style , the Victorians ' aim , achieved through far-reaching metaphrase -LRB- literality -RRB- or pseudo-metaphrase , was to constantly remind readers that they were reading a foreign classic .	that they were reading a foreign classic	What did the Victorians aim to remind the reader of their translations ?
An exception was the outstanding translation in this period , Edward FitzGerald 's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam -LRB- 1859 -RRB- , which achieved its Oriental flavor largely by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes and actually drew little of its material from the Persian original .	by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes	How did the translation of Rubaiyat achieve an Oriental flavor ?
Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language -- sometimes called `` singing translation '' -- is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music , at least in the Western tradition , is set to verse , especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme .	poetry	What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to ?
Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language -- sometimes called `` singing translation '' -- is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music , at least in the Western tradition , is set to verse , especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme .	verse	What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition ?
-LRB- Since the late 19th century , musical setting of prose and free verse has also been practiced in some art music , though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of stanzaic forms with or without refrains . -RRB-	stanzaic	What type of forms does popular music tend to retain ?
A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns , such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Winkworth .	church hymns	What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing ?
A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns , such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Winkworth .	Catherine Winkworth	Who translated German chorales into English ?
Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry , because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure .	more restrictive	How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry ?
Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry , because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure .	little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation	Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive ?
One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation , but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator .	assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical	What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another ?
There is the option in prose sung texts , less so in verse , of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes , respectively , but even with prose the process is almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody of the sung melodic line .	by subdividing or combining notes	How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts ?
Translations of sung texts -- whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read -- are also used as aids to audiences , singers and conductors , when a work is being sung in a language not known to them .	audiences, singers and conductors	Who can translations of a sung text aid ?
The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances , those inserted into concert programs , and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music .	subtitles or surtitles	What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera ?
In addition , professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know -LRB- or do not know well -RRB- , and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing .	works in languages they do not know	What do professional and amateur singers often sing ?
In addition , professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know -LRB- or do not know well -RRB- , and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing .	understand the meaning of the words they are singing.	Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what ?
One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE .	rendering of the Old Testament into Greek	What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West ?
One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE .	3rd century BCE	When was the Old Testament translated into Greek ?
The translation is known as the `` Septuagint '' , a name that refers to the seventy translators -LRB- seventy-two , in some versions -RRB- who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria , Egypt .	seventy translators	Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint ?
Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell , and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical .	in solitary confinement	How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria ?
Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell , and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical .	identical	According to myth , what property did all seventy versions of the bible have ?
The period preceding , and contemporary with , the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages -- a development that contributed to Western Christianity 's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions of crucial words and passages -LRB- although the Protestant movement was largely based on other things , such as a perceived need for reformation of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate corruption -RRB- .	European	During the Protestant Reformation , what local languages was the bible translated into ?
Lasting effects on the religions , cultures and languages of their respective countries have been exerted by such Bible translations as Martin Luther 's into German , Jakub Wujek 's into Polish , and the King James Bible 's translators ' into English .	religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries	Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what ?
The period preceding , and contemporary with , the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages -- a development that contributed to Western Christianity 's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions of crucial words and passages -LRB- although the Protestant movement was largely based on other things , such as a perceived need for reformation of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate corruption -RRB- .	Roman Catholicism and Protestantism	Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split ?
Debate and religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day , as demonstrated by , for example , the King James Only movement .	religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day	What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate ?
Lasting effects on the religions , cultures and languages of their respective countries have been exerted by such Bible translations as Martin Luther 's into German , Jakub Wujek 's into Polish , and the King James Bible 's translators ' into English .	Martin Luther	Who translated the Bible to German ?
An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land .	airport	What is an aerodome with facilities for flights to take off and land ?
An airport consists of a landing area , which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad , and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers , hangars and terminals .	landing area	What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad ?
An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land .	aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land	What is an airport ?
Busy airports have air traffic control -LRB- ATC -RRB- system .	air traffic control	What does ATC stand for ?
All airports use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft .	traffic pattern	What do airports use to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft ?
Air safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport , and airports often have their own safety services .	Air safety	What is an important concern in the operation of an airport ?
For example , in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation 's major commercial airports - it was subsequently privatized in the late 1980s , and following its takeover by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium in 2006 , has been further divested and downsized to operating just five .	eight	How many commercial airports did the British Airports Authority originally operate ?
For example , in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation 's major commercial airports - it was subsequently privatized in the late 1980s , and following its takeover by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium in 2006 , has been further divested and downsized to operating just five .	Spanish Ferrovial consortium	What group took over the British Airports Authority in 2006 ?
Germany 's Frankfurt Airport is managed by the quasi-private firm Fraport .	Fraport	What group manages the Frankfurt Airport ?
While in India GMR Group operates , through joint ventures , Indira Gandhi International Airport and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport .	GMR Group	Who operates , through joint ventures , Indira Gandhi International Airport ?
Landside areas include parking lots , public transportation train stations and access roads .	parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads	What do landside areas include ?
Airports are divided into landside and airside areas .	landside and airside	Airports are divided into what two areas ?
Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft , including runways , taxiways and aprons .	all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons	What do airside areas include ?
Passengers on commercial flights access airside areas through terminals , where they can purchase tickets , clear security check , or claim luggage and board aircraft through gates .	terminals	Where can passengers purchase tickets ?
The waiting areas which provide passenger access to aircraft are typically called concourses , although this term is often used interchangeably with terminal .	concourses	What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft ?
Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services .	products and services	Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what ?
Most of these companies , many of which are internationally known brands , are located within the departure areas .	within the departure areas	Where are most of these companies located in an airport ?
These include clothing boutiques and restaurants .	clothing boutiques and restaurants	Some of these companies include what type of businesses ?
Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport .	higher	Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices ?
The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters .	express check-in and dedicated check-in counters	What are some services that are offered by VIP services ?
These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers , premium frequent flyers , and members of the airline 's clubs .	First and Business class	These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers ?
Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline 's frequent flyer program .	Premium services	What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline 's frequent flyer program ?
Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport , for instance Frankfurt Airport , Amsterdam Airport Schiphol , London Heathrow Airport , London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport .	near railway trunk routes	For seamless connection of multimodal transport , where are many large airports located ?
Some examples of this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York , Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport , and the Silver Line T at Boston 's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority -LRB- MBTA -RRB- .	Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority	What does MBTA stand for ?
It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit , light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems .	rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems	It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what ?
It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses .	buses	It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what ?
The Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim .	Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport	What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim ?
Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation , such as Mexico City International Airport , where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by Aerotrén to Terminal 2 , on the other side of the airport .	Mexico City International Airport	Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation .
The title of `` world 's oldest airport '' is disputed , but College Park Airport in Maryland , US , established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright , is generally agreed to be the world 's oldest continually operating airfield , although it serves only general aviation traffic .	College Park Airport	What is generally agreed to be the world 's oldest continually operating airfield ?
The title of `` world 's oldest airport '' is disputed , but College Park Airport in Maryland , US , established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright , is generally agreed to be the world 's oldest continually operating airfield , although it serves only general aviation traffic .	1909	In what year was the College Park Airport established ?
The title of `` world 's oldest airport '' is disputed , but College Park Airport in Maryland , US , established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright , is generally agreed to be the world 's oldest continually operating airfield , although it serves only general aviation traffic .	Wilbur Wright	Who established the College Park Airport ?
It serves about 35,000,000 passengers each year and continues to expand , recently opening a new 11,000 foot -LRB- 3,355 meter -RRB- runway .	35,000,000	How many passengers does the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport serve each year ?
Rome Ciampino Airport , opened 1916 , is also a contender , as well as the Don Mueang International Airport near Bangkok , Thailand , which opened in 1914 .	1916	In what year did Rome Ciampino Airport open ?
Following the war , some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic .	for handling passenger traffic	Following the war , why did some military airfields add civil facilities ?
One of the earliest such fields was Paris -- Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget , near Paris .	Le Bourget Airport	Which airport near Paris was one of the first to add civil facilities for handling passenger traffic ?
The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919 , but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920 .	Hounslow Heath Aerodrome	What was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services ?
The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919 , but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920 .	August 1919	When did the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begin to operate scheduled international commercial services ?
The airports of this era used a paved `` apron '' , which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft .	a paved "apron"	What did airports use to permit night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft ?
The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s ; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use .	latter part of the 1920s	When was the first lighting used on an airport ?
The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s ; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use .	1930s	When did approach lighting come into use ?
In the 1940s , the slope-line approach system was introduced .	1940s	When was the slope-line approach system introduced ?
The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s ; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use .	approach lighting	What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent ?
In the 1940s , the slope-line approach system was introduced .	slope-line approach system	What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel , indicating an aircraft 's position on the glidescope ?
Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in jet aircraft traffic .	increase in jet aircraft traffic	Why did airport construction boom during the 1960s ?
Runways were extended out to 3,000 m -LRB- 9,800 ft -RRB- .	9,800 ft	How far were runways extended out ?
The fields were constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length .	The fields	What was constructed out of reinforced concrete ?
The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals , an innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding .	early 1960s	When were jet bridge systems introduced to modern airport terminals ?
However , at particularly busy airports , or airports with other special requirements , there is an air traffic control -LRB- ATC -RRB- system whereby controllers -LRB- usually ground-based -RRB- direct aircraft movements via radio or other communications links .	air traffic control	What does ATC stand for ?
Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas : ground and tower , though a single controller may work both stations .	two	ATC responsibilities are usually divided into how many main areas ?
Ground Control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated `` movement areas '' , except the traffic on runways .	Ground Control	What is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated areas ?
Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use , which runway they will use -LRB- in the case of planes -RRB- , where they will park , and when it is safe to cross runways .	Ground Control	Who instructs vehicles on which taxiways to use ?
When a plane is ready to takeoff it will stop short of the runway , at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control .	Tower Control	When a plane is ready to take off , who takes over the direction of a plane ?
After a plane has landed , it will depart the runway and be returned to Ground Control .	After a plane has landed	When is control turned back over to ground control ?
Tower Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport .	Tower Control	Who controls aircraft on the runway ?
Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft 's position in three-dimensional space , or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation .	radar	Tower controllers use what to locate an aircraft 's position in three-dimensional space ?
Tower Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport .	Tower Control	Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport ?
Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must also contact Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic .	in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic	Why should aircraft that is only passing through an airspace contact Tower Control ?
At all airports the use of a traffic pattern -LRB- often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S. -RRB- is possible .	traffic pattern	What is a traffic pattern often called outside of the U.S. ?
At all airports the use of a traffic pattern -LRB- often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S. -RRB- is possible .	traffic pattern	What assures smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft ?
And due to the so-called SLOT-times , the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided .	so-called SLOT-times	Due to this , the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided .
Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude , usually 800 or 1,000 ft -LRB- 244 or 305 m -RRB- above ground level -LRB- AGL -RRB- .	800 or 1,000 ft	Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level ?
Standard traffic patterns are left-handed , meaning all turns are made to the left .	left-handed	Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed ?
Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude , usually 800 or 1,000 ft -LRB- 244 or 305 m -RRB- above ground level -LRB- AGL -RRB- .	above ground level	What does AGL stand for ?
Standard traffic patterns are left-handed , meaning all turns are made to the left .	Standard traffic patterns are left-handed	What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane ?
At extremely large airports , a circuit is in place but not usually used .	a circuit	At an extremely large airport , what is in place but not usually used ?
Large airports have a frequency called Clearance Delivery which is used by departing aircraft specifically for this purpose .	Clearance Delivery	What is the frequency called that is used by departing aircraft for the purpose of requesting approach clearance ?
Rather , aircraft -LRB- usually only commercial with long routes -RRB- request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport , often before they even take off from their departure point .	commercial with long routes	Which aircraft request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport ?
A visual approach slope indicator -LRB- VASI -RRB- helps pilots fly the approach for landing .	visual approach slope indicator	What helps pilots fly the approach for landing ?
A visual approach slope indicator -LRB- VASI -RRB- helps pilots fly the approach for landing .	visual approach slope indicator	What does VASI stand for ?
Some airports are equipped with a VHF omnidirectional range -LRB- VOR -RRB- to help pilots find the direction to the airport .	VHF omnidirectional range	What does VOR stand for ?
Some airports are equipped with a VHF omnidirectional range -LRB- VOR -RRB- to help pilots find the direction to the airport .	VHF omnidirectional range	What helps pilots find the direction to the airport ?
In poor weather , pilots will use an instrument landing system -LRB- ILS -RRB- to find the runway and fly the correct approach , even if they can not see the ground .	instrument landing system	What instruments do pilots use to find the runway and fly the correct approach , even if they can not see the ground ?
On runways , green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing , while red lights indicate the end of the runway .	green lights	On runways , what indicate the beginning of the runway for landing ?
On runways , green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing , while red lights indicate the end of the runway .	red lights	On runways , what indicate the end of the runway ?
Runway edge lighting consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway , indicating the edge .	white lights	What indicates the edge of a runway ?
Low-traffic airports may use pilot controlled lighting to save electricity and staffing costs .	pilot controlled lighting	What may low-traffic airports use to save electricity and staffing costs ?
Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach -LRB- an approach lighting system , or ALS -RRB- .	approach lighting system	What does ALS stand for ?
Hazards to aircraft include debris , nesting birds , and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice , snow , or rain .	Hazards to aircraft	What includes debris and nesting birds ?
In adverse weather conditions , ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip .	ice and snow clearing equipment	In adverse weather conditions , what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip ?
Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal which helps maintain friction levels .	airfield rubber removal	What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels ?
A tow tractor pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges , The ground power unit is plugged in .	tow tractor	What pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges ?
A tow tractor pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges , The ground power unit is plugged in .	ground power unit	What keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal ?
The passengers disembark using the airbridge .	airbridge	The passengers disembark using what ?
Mobile stairs can give the ground crew more access to the aircraft 's cabin .	Mobile stairs	What can give the ground crew more clearance after the aircraft lands ?
The aircraft should be off of the airport and in the air in 90 minutes .	90 minutes	How long should it take for an aircraft to be off the airport and in the air ?
An airbase , sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield , provides basing and support of military aircraft .	airbase	An airfield is also referred to as what ?
An airbase , sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield , provides basing and support of military aircraft .	airbase	What provides basing and support of military aircraft ?
For example , RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air Force 's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands .	the UK	Where is RAF Brize Norton located ?
Bardufoss Airport , Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this .	Norway	Where is Bardufoss Air Station located ?
Bardufoss Airport , Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this .	India	Where is Pune Airport located ?
, Airport -LRB- 1970 -RRB- , Die Hard 2 , Soul Plane , Jackie Brown , Get Shorty , Home Alone , Liar Liar , Passenger 57 , Final Destination -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , Unaccompanied Minors , Catch Me If You Can , Rendition and The Langoliers .	1970	When was the movie Airport made ?
One such example of this is The Terminal , a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport .	The Terminal	What is the title of the film where a man becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal ?
, Airport -LRB- 1970 -RRB- , Die Hard 2 , Soul Plane , Jackie Brown , Get Shorty , Home Alone , Liar Liar , Passenger 57 , Final Destination -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , Unaccompanied Minors , Catch Me If You Can , Rendition and The Langoliers .	2000	When was the movie Final Destination released ?
Landside , filming can take place in all public areas .	all public areas	Landside , where can filming take place ?
However airside , filming is heavily restricted , the only airside locations where filming is permitted are the Departure Lounge and some outside areas .	Departure Lounge and some outside areas	What are the only airside locations where filming is allowed ?
Filming can not be undertaken in Security , at Immigration/Customs , or in Baggage Reclaim .	Filming	What can not be undertaken n Security , at Immigration/Customs or in Baggage Reclaim ?
Kievan Rus ' begins with the rule -LRB- 882 -- 912 -RRB- of Prince Oleg , who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev .	882	What year was Kievan Rus became a territory ?
Kievan Rus ' begins with the rule -LRB- 882 -- 912 -RRB- of Prince Oleg , who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev .	Prince Oleg	Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan ?
Vladimir the Great -LRB- 980 -- 1015 -RRB- introduced Christianity with his own baptism and , by decree , that of all the inhabitants of Kiev and beyond .	Vladimir the Great	Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus ?
Kievan Rus ' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav I -LRB- 1019 -- 1054 -RRB- ; his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code , the Rus ' Justice , shortly after his death .	issued its first written legal code	What did Yaroslav sons achieve during his time in Keivan Rus ?
The term `` Kievan Rus ' '' -LRB- Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus ' -RRB- was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev .	19th century	When was the term Kievan Rus first coined ?
In English , the term was introduced in the early 20th century , when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky 's A History of Russia , to distinguish the early polity from successor states , which were also named Rus .	1913	When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English ?
In English , the term was introduced in the early 20th century , when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky 's A History of Russia , to distinguish the early polity from successor states , which were also named Rus .	Vasily Klyuchevsky	Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian ?
Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus ' in the 9th century AD , the lands between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea were primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes .	Slavic tribes	Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus ?
In the northern region around Novgorod were the Ilmen Slavs and neighboring Krivichi , who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina , Dnieper , and Volga Rivers .	Novgorod	Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus ?
To their north , in the Ladoga and Karelia regions , were the Finnic Chud tribe .	Ladoga and Karelia regions	Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period ?
In the south , in the area around Kiev , were the Poliane , a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian origins , the Drevliane to the west of the Dnieper , and the Severiane to the east .	Poliane	Which tribe resided in the south ?
Controversy persists over whether the Rus ' were Varangians -LRB- Vikings -RRB- or Slavs .	whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs	What controversy currently surrounds the Rus ?
According to the `` Normanist '' view , the Rus ' were Scandinavians , while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus ' were themselves Slavs .	Scandinavians	What were the `` Rus '' accourding to the `` Normanist '' ?
According to the `` Normanist '' view , the Rus ' were Scandinavians , while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus ' were themselves Slavs .	Slavs	What did the Russians beleive the Rus were ?
Ahmad ibn Fadlan , an Arab traveler during the 10th century , provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus ' : `` They are as tall as a date palm , blond and ruddy , so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak ; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free . ''	Ahmad ibn Fadlan	Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus ?
Ahmad ibn Fadlan , an Arab traveler during the 10th century , provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus ' : `` They are as tall as a date palm , blond and ruddy , so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak ; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free . ''	garments that only cover half of his body	What did Ahmad say about the Rus when he described clothing ?
Leo the Deacon , a 10th-century Byzantine historian and chronicler , refers to the Rus ' as `` Scythians '' and notes that they tended to adopt Greek rituals and customs .	Leo the Deacon	Which historian refered to the Rus as `` Scythians '' ?
According to the Primary Chronicle , the territories of the East Slavs in the 9th century were divided between the Varangians and the Khazars .	Varangians and the Khazars	Which two groups were divided inn the territories of the East Slavs ?
The Varangians are first mentioned imposing tribute from Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859 .	859	In what year did the Varangians impose tribute from the Slavic and Finnic ?
In 862 , the Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of Novgorod rebelled against the Varangians , driving them `` back beyond the sea and , refusing them further tribute , set out to govern themselves . ''	862	In what year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes rebel againts the Varangians ?
The three brothers -- Rurik , Sineus , and Truvor -- established themselves in Novgorod , Beloozero , and Izborsk , respectively .	Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor	What were the names of the three brothers that rulled Novgotod , Beloozero , and Izborsk ?
Two of the brothers died , and Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the Rurik Dynasty .	Rurik	Whoch of the three brothers become the sole ruller over all three of the teritories ?
On their way south , they discovered `` a small city on a hill , '' Kiev , captured it and the surrounding country from the Khazars , populated the region with more Varangians , and `` established their dominion over the country of the Polyanians . ''	Kiev	What was the name of the small city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik 's men ?
The Chronicle reports that Askold and Dir continued to Constantinople with a navy to attack the city in 863 -- 66 , catching the Byzantines by surprise and ravaging the surrounding area , though other accounts date the attack in 860 .	863–66	Between what years did Askold and Dir continued to attack Kiev ?
The attack was the first encounter between the Rus ' and Byzantines and led the Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage and attempt to convert the Rus ' and the Slavs .	Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage	What did the attack between Rus and Byzantines lead to ?
The attack was the first encounter between the Rus ' and Byzantines and led the Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage and attempt to convert the Rus ' and the Slavs .	to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.	Wat was the purpose of the Patriarch when they were sent north ?
Rurik led the Rus ' until his death in about 879 , bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman , Prince Oleg , as regent for his young son , Igor .	879	When did Ruik past away ?
Rurik led the Rus ' until his death in about 879 , bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman , Prince Oleg , as regent for his young son , Igor .	Prince Oleg	Who declared Kiev `` The mother of Rus citis ' ?
Rurik led the Rus ' until his death in about 879 , bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman , Prince Oleg , as regent for his young son , Igor .	Prince Oleg	When Rurik past away , who took over ?
In 883 , he conquered the Drevlians , imposing a fur tribute on them .	883	What year did Oleg conquer the Drevlians ?
The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs , beeswax , honey , and slaves for export , and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe .	abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export	Why did the Kievan state prosper ?
The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs , beeswax , honey , and slaves for export , and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe .	three	How many trade routes did the Kievan state control ?
Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares , allowing their export , and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place .	money-lending system	What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place ?
Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe .	Dnieper route	Which route was a central post in Kiev ?
The rapid expansion of the Rus ' to the south led to conflict and volatile relationships with the Khazars and other neighbors on the Pontic steppe .	rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south	What led to constant problems with the Khazars ?
The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century , trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs .	Black Sea steppe	Which area did the Khazars rule over ?
The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century , trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs .	Byzantine Empire	Who were allies with the Khazars ?
The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century , trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs .	Persians and Arabs	Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire ?
The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships , first with the Khazars and later with the Rus ' and other steppe groups .	turmoil	What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence ?
The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships , first with the Khazars and later with the Rus ' and other steppe groups .	Khazars	What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs ?
The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus ' , and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers .	build a fortress at Sarkel	What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with ?
The expansion of the Rus ' put further military and economic pressure on the Khazars , depriving them of territory , tributaries , and trade .	expansion of the Rus	What led to Khazar having to put more strain on its military ?
In around 890 , Oleg waged an indecisive war in the lands of the lower Dniester and Dnieper rivers with the Tivertsi and the Ulichs , who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars , blocking Rus ' access to the Black Sea .	Oleg	Who led the war on Dniester and Dnieper ?
In 894 , the Magyars and Pechenegs were drawn into the wars between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire .	894	What year were the Magyars and Pechenges drug into the war ?
The Rus ' were raiding and plundering into the Caspian Sea region from 864 , with the first large-scale expedition in 913 , when they extensively raided Baku , Gilan , Mazandaran and penetrated into the Caucasus .	913	What year did the Rus raid Baku , Gilan , Mazandaran , and Caucasus ?
As the 10th century progressed , the Khazars were no longer able to command tribute from the Volga Bulgars , and their relationship with the Byzantines deteriorated , as Byzantium increasingly allied with the Pechenegs against them .	10th century	Around what time did the Khazars unable to no longer command tribute from Volga ?
As the 10th century progressed , the Khazars were no longer able to command tribute from the Volga Bulgars , and their relationship with the Byzantines deteriorated , as Byzantium increasingly allied with the Pechenegs against them .	Pechenegs	Who did the Byzantium ally with against the Khazar 's ?
The Pechenegs were nomads roaming the steppe raising livestock which they traded with the Rus ' for agricultural goods and other products .	livestock	What did the Pechenges trade with the Rus ?
After the Rus ' attack on Constantinople in 860 , the Byzantine Patriarch Photius sent missionaries north to convert the Rus ' and the Slavs .	860	In what year did the Rus attack Constantinople ?
Prince Rastislav of Moravia had requested the Emperor to provide teachers to interpret the holy scriptures , so in 863 the brothers Cyril and Methodius were sent as missionaries , due to their knowledge of the Slavonic language .	provide teachers	What had Prince Rastislav requested ?
The Slavs had no written language , so the brothers devised the Glagolitic alphabet , later developed into Cyrillic , and standardized the language of the Slavs , later known as Old Church Slavonic .	devised the Glagolitic alphabet	What did Cyril and Mehodius come up with to help with the issue of the Slaves not having a written language ?
In 867 the Patriarch announced that the Rus ' had accepted a bishop , and in 874 he speaks of an `` Archbishop of the Rus ' . ''	867	In what year did the Rus accept a bishop ?
Relations between the Rus ' and Byzantines became more complex after Oleg took control over Kiev , reflecting commercial , cultural , and military concerns .	after Oleg took control over Kiev	When did the relations between the Rus and Byzantines start to become more complicated ?
Relations between the Rus ' and Byzantines became more complex after Oleg took control over Kiev , reflecting commercial , cultural , and military concerns .	commercial, cultural, and military concerns	What were the primary concerns the Rus and Byzantines had with oleg ?
The Primary Chronicle reports that the Rus ' attacked Constantinople again in 907 , probably to secure trade access .	907	When did the Rus attack the Constantinole once again ?
The Chronicle provides a mythic tale of Oleg 's death .	The Chronicle	What known document tells of the death of Oleg ?
A sorcerer prophesies that the death of the Grand Prince would be associated with a certain horse .	certain horse	What was prophesised by a sorcerer involving Oleg 's death ?
The Chronicle reports that Prince Igor succeeded Oleg in 913 , and after some brief conflicts with the Drevlians and the Pechenegs , a period of peace ensued for over twenty years .	Prince Igor	WHo succeeded Oleg in 913 ?
Oleg has the horse sequestered , and it later dies .	has the horse sequestered	What does Oleg do to his horse ?
In 941 , Igor led another major Rus ' attack on Constantinople , probably over trading rights again .	941	What year did Igot led a Rus attack on Constantinople ?
The attack was well-timed , perhaps due to intelligence , as the Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs in the Mediterranean , and the bulk of its army was stationed in the east .	Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs	Why did the attack by the Rus go so well on the coast at the start ?
The emperor arranged for a small group of retired ships to be outfitted with Greek fire throwers and sent them out to meet the Rus ' , luring them into surrounding the contingent before unleashing the Greek fire .	outfitted with Greek fire throwers	What did the emperor of Byzatine do to some of the old retired ships to help fight the Rus ?
A navy of 10,000 vessels , including Pecheneg allies , landed on the Bithynian coast and devastated the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus .	10,000 vessels	How large was the fleet that attacked the Bithynian coast along with the Pecheneg allies ?
He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies , and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from `` beyond the sea . ''	Slavs and Pecheneg allies	Where did Igor get warriors from after returning to Kiev after being drivin out by the Byzatines ?
Envoys were sent between the Rus ' , the Byzantines , and the Bulgarians in 945 , and a peace treaty was completed .	945	IN what year was the peace treaty signed between the Rus , Byzantine and the Bulgarians .
In 944 the Rus ' force advanced again on the Greeks , by land and sea , and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded .	944	When did the Rus return to Byzatine seeking revenge ?
Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945 , his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity -LRB- ca. 963 -RRB- .	945	When did Prince Igor past away ?
Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945 , his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity -LRB- ca. 963 -RRB- .	963	In what year did Sviatoslav take over as leader ?
Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945 , his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity -LRB- ca. 963 -RRB- .	his wife Olga	Who ruled in Prince Oleg 's place following his death ?
By the end of his short life , Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe , eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969 .	Pereyaslavets	Where did Sviatoslav move the capital to ?
It is not clearly documented when the title of the Grand Duke was first introduced , but the importance of the Kiev principality was recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I .	972	What year did Sviatoslav pass away ?
The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus ' for the next two centuries .	two centuries	How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus ?
The zenith of the state 's power came during the reigns of Vladimir the Great -LRB- 980 -- 1015 -RRB- and Prince Yaroslav I the Wise -LRB- 1019 -- 1054 -RRB- .	980–1015	What years did Vladimir the Great reign as leader ?
Vladimir had been prince of Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972 .	Novgorod	What territory was Vladimar Prince of before his father died ?
He was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his half-brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and taken control of Rus .	Scandinavia	In 976 , where did Vladimir have to flee to ?
As Prince of Kiev , Vladimir 's most notable achievement was the Christianization of Kievan Rus ' , a process that began in 988 .	988	When did the Christianization of Kievan begin ?
Upon their arrival home , they convinced Vladimir that the faith of the Byzantine Rite was the best choice of all , upon which Vladimir made a journey to Constantinople and arranged to marry Princess Anna , the sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II .	Princess Anna	Who did Vladimir marry that was the sister of the Byzantine emperor ?
Vladimir 's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople , which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev 's most vital commercial route , the Dnieper River .	Dnieper River	What was considered too be Kiev 's most important route for trade ?
The church had a liturgy written in Cyrillic and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been produced for the Slavic peoples .	Cyrillic	What language did the church write the liturgy in ?
This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the Eastern Slavs and introduced them to rudimentary Greek philosophy , science , and historiography without the necessity of learning Greek -LRB- there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek -RRB- .	facilitated the conversion to Christianity	What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic ?
Yaroslav , known as `` the Wise '' , struggled for power with his brothers .	the Wise	What was Yaroslav also known as ?
A son of Vladimir the Great , he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father 's death in 1015 .	Vladimir the Great	Who was Yaroslav 's father ?
Although he first established his rule over Kiev in 1019 , he did not have uncontested rule of all of Kievan Rus ' until 1036 .	1019	In what year did Yaroslav become the prince of Kiev ?
An unconventional power succession system was established -LRB- rota system -RRB- whereby power was transferred to the eldest member of the ruling dynasty rather than from father to son , i.e. in most cases to the eldest brother of the ruler , fomenting constant hatred and rivalry within the royal family .	power was transferred to the eldest member	What did the rota system do ?
An unconventional power succession system was established -LRB- rota system -RRB- whereby power was transferred to the eldest member of the ruling dynasty rather than from father to son , i.e. in most cases to the eldest brother of the ruler , fomenting constant hatred and rivalry within the royal family .	rota system	What was the name of the UN-conventional system that was implemented ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Familicide was frequently deployed in obtaining power and can be traced particularly during the time of the Yaroslavichi rule -LRB- sons of Yaroslav -RRB- when the established system was skipped in the establishment of Vladimir II Monomakh as the Grand Prince of Kiev , -LSB- clarification needed -RSB- in turn creating major squabbles between Olegovichi from Chernihiv , Monomakhs from Pereyaslav , Izyaslavichi from Turov/Volhynia , and Polotsk Princes .	Familicide	What was often deployed when trying to gain power ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The ruling Grand Prince Iziaslav fled to Poland asking for support and in couple of years returned to establish the order .	Poland	What country did the fleeing Grand Prince run off to ?
The most prominent struggle for power was the conflict that erupted after the death of Yaroslav the Wise .	conflict	What immediately occurred after Yarsolav the Wise past away ?
The rivaling Principality of Polotsk was contesting the power of the Grand Prince by occupying Novgorod , while Rostislav Vladimirovich was fighting for the Black Sea port of Tmutarakan belonging to Chernihiv .	Rostislav Vladimirovich	Who was fighting for Tmutarakan following Yarsolav 's death ?
On the initiative of Vladimir II Monomakh in 1097 the first federal council of Kievan Rus took place near Chernihiv -RSB- in the city of Liubech with the main intention to find an understanding among the fighting sides .	city of Liubech	Where did the first federal council of Rus take place in 1097 ?
The decline of Constantinople -- a main trading partner of Kievan Rus ' -- played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus ' .	decline of Constantinople	What played a major role in the decline of the Rus ?
Kiev was the main power and initiator in this relationship , once the Byzantine Empire fell into turmoil and the supplies became erratic , profits dried out , and Kiev lost its appeal .	Kiev	Which terrirory was the main power in this trade relatinship ?
The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks , along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea -LRB- mainly Byzantine -RRB- through eastern Europe to the Baltic , was a cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity .	Byzantine	What terriroty did the trade from the Varangians to the Greeks route mainly go through ?
The last ruler to maintain united state was Mstislav the Great .	Mstislav the Great	Who was the last ruller to keep the region united ?
In 1169 , as the Kievan Rus ' state was full of internal conflict , Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev .	1169	When did Mstislav die ?
By the end of the 12th century , the Kievan state became even further fragmented and had been divided into roughly twelve different principalities .	12th century,	When did the Kievan state break up into twelve seperate principalities ?
The Crusades brought a shift in European trade routes that accelerated the decline of Kievan Rus ' .	The Crusades	What helped speed up the decline of the Kievan Rus ?
In 1204 the forces of the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople , making the Dnieper trade route marginal .	1204	In what year did the Crusade sack Constantinople ?
At the same time the Teutonic Knights -LRB- of the Northern Crusades -RRB- were conquering the Baltic region and threatening the Lands of Novgorod .	Teutonic Knights	What group was attacking the the Baltic Region in 1204 ?
As Kievan Rus ' declined , Novgorod became more independent .	became more independent	What happened to Novgorod when Kievan Rus began to decline ?
In the north , the Republic of Novgorod prospered because it controlled trade routes from the River Volga to the Baltic Sea .	it controlled trade routes	Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined ?
In the 12th century , Novgorod acquired its own archbishop Ilya in 1169 , a sign of increased importance and political independence , while about 30 years prior to that in 1136 in Novgorod was established a republican form of government - elective monarchy .	1169	In what year did Novgorod aquire its own archbishop ?
In the northeast , Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area .	Grand Duchy of Moscow	The Slavs from Kievan would eventually settle in the North East of the region , What would this region later become ?
The city of Rostov , the oldest centre of the northeast , was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir , which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal ' .	Rostov	What was the name of the oldest city in the north east ?
In 1299 , in the wake of the Mongol invasion , the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal .	In 1299	In what year did the mongol invasion begin ?
In 1199 , Prince Roman Mstislavich united the two previously separate principalities .	Prince Roman Mstislavich	Who united the two previously separated principalities ?
To the southwest , the principality of Halych had developed trade relations with its Polish , Hungarian and Lithuanian neighbours and emerged as the local successor to Kievan Rus ' .	Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian	Which neighbors did Halych develop trade relations with ?
In 1202 he conquered Kiev , and assumed the title of Grand Duke of Kievan Rus ' , which was held by the rulers of Vladimir-Suzdal since 1169 .	1202	In what year did Mstislavich defeat the Kiev ?
Cyprian , a candidate pushed by the Lithuanian rulers , became Metropolitan of Kiev in 1375 and metropolitan of Moscow in 1382 ; this way the church in the Russian countries was reunited for some time .	Cyprian	Who became metropolitan in 1370 ?
Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity , Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes ; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political `` control '' over the surrounding areas .	Due to the expansion of trade	How did the leader of Kiev gain political control ?
This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of the land .	from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes	From what did this new princedom emerge from ?
This union developed the first major cities in the Rus ' and was the first notable form of self-government .	first notable form of self-government	What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family ?
In the 11th century and the 12th century , the princes and their retinues , which were a mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites , dominated the society of Kievan Rus ' .	mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites	Which two groups dominated the society of Kievan Rus ?
Kievan society lacked the class institutions and autonomous towns that were typical of Western European feudalism .	class institutions and autonomous towns	What was severely lacking in Kievan in the 12th century ?
More important was a class of tribute-paying peasants , who owed labour duty to the princes .	tribute-paying peasants	What was the group called that owed labour duty to the princes ?
The change in political structure led to the inevitable development of the peasant class or smerdy .	change in political structure	What eventually led to the creation of the peasant/smerdy class ?
The smerdy were free un-landed people that found work by labouring for wages on the manors which began to develop around 1031 as the verv ' began to dominate socio-political structure .	1031	When did wages on the manors develop ?
The smerdy were initially given equality in the Kievian law code , they were theoretically equal to the prince , so they enjoyed as much freedom as can be expected of manual labourers .	given equality	What were the smerdy initially given in the Kievian law code ?
Kievan Rus ' , although sparsely populated compared to Western Europe , was not only the largest contemporary European state in terms of area but also culturally advanced .	the largest contemporary European state	Despite being much smaller than wester europe , what they known for being ?
Novgorod had a sewage system and wood paving not often found in other cities at the time .	sewage system and wood paving	What could you find in Novgorod that you could n't in most other cities ?
Certain rights were accorded to women , such as property and inheritance rights .	property and inheritance rights	What were some of the rights women had during this time period ?
Yaroslav the Wise , whose stepmother belonged to the Macedonian dynasty , the greatest one to rule Byzantium , married the only legitimate daughter of the king who Christianized Sweden .	Macedonian dynasty	To which dynasty did Yarolav 's step mother belong to ?
His daughters became queens of Hungary , France and Norway , his sons married the daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor -LRB- not to mention a niece of the Pope -RRB- , while his granddaughters were a German Empress and -LRB- according to one theory -RRB- the queen of Scotland .	Hungary, France and Norway	Which three countried did Yaroslav 's daughters become queens of ?
His daughters became queens of Hungary , France and Norway , his sons married the daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor -LRB- not to mention a niece of the Pope -RRB- , while his granddaughters were a German Empress and -LRB- according to one theory -RRB- the queen of Scotland .	daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor	Who did Yaroslav 's sons marry ?
From the 9th century , the Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus ′ .	9th century	How early did the relationship begin between the Pecheneg and the Rus ?
For over two centuries they launched sporadic raids into the lands of Rus ′ , which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars -LRB- such as the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev reported in the Primary Chronicle -RRB- , but there were also temporary military alliances -LRB- e.g. the 943 Byzantine campaign by Igor -RRB- .	sporadic raids into the lands of Rus	What did the Pecheneg frequesntly do over the span of two centuries ?
In 968 , the Pechenegs attacked and besieged the city of Kiev .	968	What year did the Pechenges attack the city of Kiev ?
The Byzantine Empire was known to support the Pechenegs in their military campaigns against the Eastern Slavic states .	Byzantine Empire	Whichgroup was known to support the Pecheneges in their military efforts ?
Predominantly it is considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev , however some sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or Anastas Chersonesos , became the first bishop of the Church of the Tithes .	Michael I	Although uncertian , who is considered to be the first head of Kiev ?
Predominantly it is considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev , however some sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or Anastas Chersonesos , became the first bishop of the Church of the Tithes .	Leontiy	Who was considered to be the first bishop of the Church of the Titches ?
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System -LRB- officially abbreviated the Super NES -LSB- b -RSB- or SNES -LSB- c -RSB- , and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo -LSB- d -RSB- -RRB- is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea , 1991 in North America , 1992 in Europe and Australasia -LRB- Oceania -RRB- , and 1993 in South America .	1991	When was the SNES released in the US ?
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System -LRB- officially abbreviated the Super NES -LSB- b -RSB- or SNES -LSB- c -RSB- , and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo -LSB- d -RSB- -RRB- is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea , 1991 in North America , 1992 in Europe and Australasia -LRB- Oceania -RRB- , and 1993 in South America .	Japan and South Korea	Where was the SNES first released ?
In Japan , the system is called the Super Famicom -LRB- Japanese : スーパーファミコン , Hepburn : Sūpā Famikon ?	Super Famicom	What was the SNES called in Japan ?
In South Korea , it is known as the Super Comboy -LRB- 슈퍼 컴보이 Syupeo Keomboi -RRB- and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics .	Super Comboy	What was the SNES called in South Korea ?
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System -LRB- officially abbreviated the Super NES -LSB- b -RSB- or SNES -LSB- c -RSB- , and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo -LSB- d -RSB- -RRB- is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea , 1991 in North America , 1992 in Europe and Australasia -LRB- Oceania -RRB- , and 1993 in South America .	1992	When was the SNES released in Australia ?
To compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan , NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987 , and Sega Enterprises followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988 .	PC Engine	What was NEC 's competitor to the NES called in Japan ?
To compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan , NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987 , and Sega Enterprises followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988 .	Mega Drive	What was Sega 's competitor to the NES called in Japan ?
The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively .	TurboGrafx-16	What was NEC 's competitor to the NES called in the US ?
The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively .	Genesis	What was Sega 's competitor to the NES called in the US ?
Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES .	built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound	What were the Genesis 's advantages over the NES ?
Designed by Masayuki Uemura , the designer of the original Famicom , the Super Famicom was released in Japan on Wednesday , November 21 , 1990 for ¥ 25,000 -LRB- US$ 210 -RRB- .	Masayuki Uemura	Who designed both the NES and SNES ?
Designed by Masayuki Uemura , the designer of the original Famicom , the Super Famicom was released in Japan on Wednesday , November 21 , 1990 for ¥ 25,000 -LRB- US$ 210 -RRB- .	¥25,000	How much in yen did the Super Famicom cost in Japan ?
Designed by Masayuki Uemura , the designer of the original Famicom , the Super Famicom was released in Japan on Wednesday , November 21 , 1990 for ¥ 25,000 -LRB- US$ 210 -RRB- .	US$210	How much in dollars did the Super Famicom cost in Japan ?
It was an instant success ; Nintendo 's initial shipment of 300,000 units sold out within hours , and the resulting social disturbance led the Japanese government to ask video game manufacturers to schedule future console releases on weekends .	300,000	How many Super Famicoms were produced in the first run ?
The system 's release also gained the attention of the Yakuza , leading to a decision to ship the devices at night to avoid robbery .	the Yakuza	What criminal group plotted to steal Super Famicoms ?
On August 23 , 1991 , -LSB- a -RSB- Nintendo released the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , a redesigned version of the Super Famicom , in North America for US$ 199 .	US$199	How much did the SNES cost in the US ?
The SNES was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in April 1992 for GB # 150 , with a German release following a few weeks later .	GB£150	How much did the SNES cost in the UK ?
The SNES was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in April 1992 for GB # 150 , with a German release following a few weeks later .	April 1992	When was the SNES released in the UK ?
Both the NES and SNES were released in Brazil in 1993 by Playtronic , a joint venture between the toy company Estrela and consumer electronics company Gradiente .	1993	When was the SNES released in Brazil ?
Both the NES and SNES were released in Brazil in 1993 by Playtronic , a joint venture between the toy company Estrela and consumer electronics company Gradiente .	Playtronic	Which company distributed the SNES in Brazil ?
The rivalry between Nintendo and Sega resulted in what has been described as one of the most notable console wars in video game history , in which Sega positioned the Genesis as the `` cool '' console , with more mature titles aimed at older gamers , and edgy advertisements that occasionally attacked the competition .	older gamers	What market did the Genesis target ?
Nintendo however , scored an early public relations advantage by securing the first console conversion of Capcom 's arcade classic Street Fighter II for SNES , which took over a year to make the transition to Genesis .	over a year	How much sooner than the Genesis did the Street Fighter II game come out for SNES ?
Despite the Genesis 's head start , much larger library of games , and lower price point , the Genesis only represented an estimated 60 % of the American 16-bit console market in June 1992 , and neither console could maintain a definitive lead for several years .	60%	How much of the US 16-bit console market did the Genesis have in summer 1992 ?
Donkey Kong Country is said to have helped establish the SNES 's market prominence in the latter years of the 16-bit generation , and for a time , maintain against the PlayStation and Saturn .	Donkey Kong Country	What game was key to the SNES 's success ?
According to Nintendo , the company had sold more than 20 million SNES units in the U.S. .	more than 20 million	How many SNES units were sold in the US overall ?
During the NES era , Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system -- the company had to approve every game , each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year -LRB- but some third parties got around this by using different names , for example Konami 's `` Ultra Games '' brand -RRB- , those games could not be released on another console within two years , and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges .	five	What was Nintendo 's limit on games per developer per year on the NES ?
During the NES era , Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system -- the company had to approve every game , each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year -LRB- but some third parties got around this by using different names , for example Konami 's `` Ultra Games '' brand -RRB- , those games could not be released on another console within two years , and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges .	Ultra Games	What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo 's yearly limit ?
During the NES era , Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system -- the company had to approve every game , each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year -LRB- but some third parties got around this by using different names , for example Konami 's `` Ultra Games '' brand -RRB- , those games could not be released on another console within two years , and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges .	two	For how many years did Nintendo require exclusivity on NES games ?
However , competition from Sega 's console brought an end to this practice ; in 1991 , Acclaim began releasing games for both platforms , with most of Nintendo 's other licensees following suit over the next several years ; Capcom -LRB- which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly -RRB- and Square were the most notable holdouts .	Sega	Which competitor caused Nintendo to end its restrictions on game developers ?
However , competition from Sega 's console brought an end to this practice ; in 1991 , Acclaim began releasing games for both platforms , with most of Nintendo 's other licensees following suit over the next several years ; Capcom -LRB- which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly -RRB- and Square were the most notable holdouts .	Acclaim	Which developer began releasing games for both NES and Sega in 1991 ?
The company continued to carefully review submitted titles , giving them scores using a 40-point scale and allocating Nintendo 's marketing resources accordingly .	using a 40-point scale	How did Nintendo rank submitted games ?
One game , Mortal Kombat , would challenge this policy .	Mortal Kombat	What game first challenged Nintendo 's anti-violence policy ?
A surprise hit in arcades in 1992 , Mortal Kombat features splashes of blood and finishing moves that often depict one character dismembering the other .	1992	When was Mortal Kombat released in arcades ?
Because the Genesis version retained the gore while the SNES version did not , it outsold the SNES version by a ratio of three or four-to-one .	Genesis	Which game console had a full-gore version of Mortal Kombat ?
Because the Genesis version retained the gore while the SNES version did not , it outsold the SNES version by a ratio of three or four-to-one .	three or four-to-one	How much did the Genesis version of Mortal Kombat out-sell the SNES version ?
Game players were not the only ones to notice the violence in this game ; US Senators Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman convened a Congressional hearing on December 9 , 1993 to investigate the marketing of violent video games to children .	Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman	Which senators held a hearing about video game violence in 1993 ?
Game players were not the only ones to notice the violence in this game ; US Senators Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman convened a Congressional hearing on December 9 , 1993 to investigate the marketing of violent video games to children .	the marketing of violent video games to children	What was the focus of the hearing about video game violence in 1993 ?
-LSB- e -RSB- While Nintendo took the high ground with moderate success , the hearings led to the creation of the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board , and the inclusion of ratings on all video games .	the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board	What organizations did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to ?
-LSB- e -RSB- While Nintendo took the high ground with moderate success , the hearings led to the creation of the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board , and the inclusion of ratings on all video games .	the inclusion of ratings on all video games	What regulatory change did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to ?
With these ratings in place , Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed .	Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed	How did video game ratings affect Nintendo ?
In November 1994 , Rare released Donkey Kong Country , a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations .	Rare	Which company developed Donkey Kong Country ?
In the last 45 days of 1994 , the game sold 6.1 million units , making it the fastest-selling video game in history to that date .	6.1 million	How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in its first 45 days ?
In November 1994 , Rare released Donkey Kong Country , a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations .	SGI workstations	What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country 's graphics rendered on ?
With its detailed graphics , fluid animation and high-quality music , Donkey Kong Country rivaled the aesthetic quality of games that were being released on newer 32-bit CD-based consoles .	detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music	How did Donkey Kong Country 's quality compare to games on newer consoles ?
In November 1994 , Rare released Donkey Kong Country , a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations .	November 1994	When was Donkey Kong Country released ?
In October 1997 , Nintendo released a redesigned model of the SNES -LRB- the SNS-101 model -RRB- in North America for US$ 99 , which sometimes included the pack-in game Super Mario World 2 : Yoshi 's Island .	US$99	How much did the SNS-101 cost in the US ?
In October 1997 , Nintendo released a redesigned model of the SNES -LRB- the SNS-101 model -RRB- in North America for US$ 99 , which sometimes included the pack-in game Super Mario World 2 : Yoshi 's Island .	Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island	What game was bundled with the SNS-101 ?
Like the earlier redesign of the NES -LRB- the NES-101 model -RRB- , the new model was slimmer and lighter than its predecessor , but it lacked S-Video and RGB output , and it was among the last major SNES-related releases in the region .	S-Video and RGB output	What features were removed in the SNS-101 ?
A similarly redesigned Super Famicom Jr. was released in Japan at around the same time .	Super Famicom Jr.	What redesigned console was released in Japan at the time of the SNS-101 ?
In October 1997 , Nintendo released a redesigned model of the SNES -LRB- the SNS-101 model -RRB- in North America for US$ 99 , which sometimes included the pack-in game Super Mario World 2 : Yoshi 's Island .	October 1997	When was the SNS-101 released in the US ?
This can be overcome through the use of adapters , typically by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot .	by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot	How were adapters used to get around PAL region restrictions ?
Alternatively , disconnecting one pin of the console 's lockout chip will prevent it from locking the console ; hardware in later games can detect this situation , so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed .	disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip	How was hardware modification used to get around PAL region restrictions ?
Alternatively , disconnecting one pin of the console 's lockout chip will prevent it from locking the console ; hardware in later games can detect this situation , so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed .	hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed	What problem did the hardware modification cause with later games ?
PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges : the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz , resulting in approximately 16.7 % slower gameplay .	60 Hz	What video frequency does NTSC use ?
PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges : the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz , resulting in approximately 16.7 % slower gameplay .	50 Hz	What video frequency does PAL use ?
PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges : the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz , resulting in approximately 16.7 % slower gameplay .	16.7% slower	How much slower do games run on PAL consoles than NTSC due to frequency differences ?
To mostly correct this issue , a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions .	a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions	What hardware modification could be made to the SNES to support game speed differences ?
All versions of the SNES are predominantly gray , although the exact shade may differ .	predominantly gray	What color is the SNES ?
The original North American version , designed by Nintendo of America industrial designer Lance Barr -LRB- who previously redesigned the Famicom to become the NES -RRB- , has a boxy design with purple sliding switches and a dark gray eject lever .	Lance Barr	Who designed the North American SNES ?
The original North American version , designed by Nintendo of America industrial designer Lance Barr -LRB- who previously redesigned the Famicom to become the NES -RRB- , has a boxy design with purple sliding switches and a dark gray eject lever .	industrial designer	What was Barr 's job ?
The original North American version , designed by Nintendo of America industrial designer Lance Barr -LRB- who previously redesigned the Famicom to become the NES -RRB- , has a boxy design with purple sliding switches and a dark gray eject lever .	purple	What color were the North American SNES 's buttons ?
The North American SNS-101 model and the Japanese Super Famicom Jr. -LRB- the SHVC-101 model -RRB- , all designed by Barr , are both smaller with a rounded contour ; however , the SNS-101 buttons are purple where the Super Famicom Jr. buttons are gray .	gray	What color were the Japanese Super Famicom Jr. 's buttons ?
All versions incorporate a top-loading slot for game cartridges , although the shape of the slot differs between regions to match the different shapes of the cartridges .	top-loading	How is the SNES 's slot positioned ?
The MULTI OUT connector -LRB- later used on the Nintendo 64 and GameCube -RRB- can output composite video , S-Video and RGB signals , as well as RF with an external RF modulator .	composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator	What connection types did MULTI OUT support ?
Original versions additionally include a 28-pin expansion port under a small cover on the bottom of the unit and a standard RF output with channel selection switch on the back ; the redesigned models output composite video only , requiring an external modulator for RF .	composite	What output type was the only one directly supported on the SNS-101 ?
The MULTI OUT connector -LRB- later used on the Nintendo 64 and GameCube -RRB- can output composite video , S-Video and RGB signals , as well as RF with an external RF modulator .	Nintendo 64 and GameCube	What other Nintendo systems used MULTI OUT ?
The ABS plastic used in the casing of some older SNES and Super Famicom consoles is particularly susceptible to oxidization on exposure to air , likely due to an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives .	ABS plastic	What material is the SNES case made of ?
The ABS plastic used in the casing of some older SNES and Super Famicom consoles is particularly susceptible to oxidization on exposure to air , likely due to an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives .	oxidization	What chemical process turned some SNES cases yellow ?
The ABS plastic used in the casing of some older SNES and Super Famicom consoles is particularly susceptible to oxidization on exposure to air , likely due to an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives .	an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives	What mixture error in the plastic caused some SNES cases to turn yellow ?
The color can sometimes be restored with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution .	with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution	How can SNES yellowing sometimes be reversed ?
This , along with the particularly light color of the original plastic , causes affected consoles to quickly become yellow ; if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic , a `` two-tone '' effect results .	if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic	Why would some SNESes be only partly yellow ?
The cartridge media of the console is officially referred to as Game Pak in most Western regions , and as Cassette -LRB- カセット , Kasetto ? -RRB-	Game Pak	What are SNES game cartridges officially called in the US ?
The cartridge media of the console is officially referred to as Game Pak in most Western regions , and as Cassette -LRB- カセット , Kasetto ? -RRB-	Cassette	What are SNES game cartridges officially called in Japan ?
While the SNES can address 128 Mbit , -LSB- f -RSB- only 117.75 Mbit are actually available for cartridge use .	117.75 Mbit	How much data space can an SNES cartridge use ?
The largest games released -LRB- Tales of Phantasia and Star Ocean -RRB- contain 48 Mbit of ROM data , while the smallest games contain only 2 Mbit .	Tales of Phantasia and Star Ocean	What were the largest SNES games ?
The largest games released -LRB- Tales of Phantasia and Star Ocean -RRB- contain 48 Mbit of ROM data , while the smallest games contain only 2 Mbit .	2 Mbit	How much data do the smallest SNES games use ?
The standard SNES controller adds two additional face buttons -LRB- X and Y -RRB- to the design of the NES iteration , arranging the four in a diamond shape , and introduces two shoulder buttons .	X and Y	What face buttons do SNES controllers have that NES controllers did n't ?
The standard SNES controller adds two additional face buttons -LRB- X and Y -RRB- to the design of the NES iteration , arranging the four in a diamond shape , and introduces two shoulder buttons .	two	How many shoulder buttons do SNES controllers have ?
It also features an ergonomic design by Lance Barr , later used for the NES-102 model controllers , also designed by Barr .	Lance Barr	Who designed the SNES controllers ?
The North American version 's buttons are colored to match the redesigned console ; the X and Y buttons are lavender with concave faces , and the A and B buttons are purple with convex faces .	lavender	What color are the US SNES controllers ' X and Y buttons ?
The North American version 's buttons are colored to match the redesigned console ; the X and Y buttons are lavender with concave faces , and the A and B buttons are purple with convex faces .	purple	What color are the US SNES controllers ' A and B buttons ?
Many of these devices were modeled after earlier add-ons for the NES : the Super Scope is a light gun functionally similar to the NES Zapper -LRB- though the Super Scope features wireless capabilities -RRB- and the Super Advantage is an arcade-style joystick with adjustable turbo settings akin to the NES Advantage .	Super Scope	What game accessory was similar to the NES Zapper ?
Many of these devices were modeled after earlier add-ons for the NES : the Super Scope is a light gun functionally similar to the NES Zapper -LRB- though the Super Scope features wireless capabilities -RRB- and the Super Advantage is an arcade-style joystick with adjustable turbo settings akin to the NES Advantage .	Super Advantage	What game accessory was similar to the NES Advantage ?
Nintendo also released the SNES Mouse in conjunction with its Mario Paint title .	Mario Paint	What game used the SNES Mouse ?
Some of the more unusual controllers include the BatterUP baseball bat , the Life Fitness Entertainment System -LRB- an exercise bike controller with built-in monitoring software -RRB- , and the TeeV Golf golf club .	BatterUP	What game came with a baseball bat controller ?
Many of these devices were modeled after earlier add-ons for the NES : the Super Scope is a light gun functionally similar to the NES Zapper -LRB- though the Super Scope features wireless capabilities -RRB- and the Super Advantage is an arcade-style joystick with adjustable turbo settings akin to the NES Advantage .	light gun	What type of accessory was the Super Scope ?
While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES -LRB- though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems -RRB- , the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo 's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES .	either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems	How did Nintendo say an NES and SNES could be used on the same TV ?
While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES -LRB- though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems -RRB- , the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo 's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES .	Game Boy	Which other game system 's cartridges could be adapted to the SNES ?
The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy , including palette substitution , custom screen borders , and -LRB- for specially enhanced games -RRB- access to the SNES console .	palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console	What improvements did the Super Game Boy have over the Game Boy ?
Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2 , which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games .	Japan	Where was the Super Game Boy 2 released ?
Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2 , which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games .	a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games	What did the Super Game Boy 2 add ?
Japan saw the release of the Satellaview , a modem which attached to the Super Famicom 's expansion port and connected to the St.GIGA satellite radio station .	Satellaview	What modem was available for the Japanese SNES ?
Japan saw the release of the Satellaview , a modem which attached to the Super Famicom 's expansion port and connected to the St.GIGA satellite radio station .	the St.GIGA satellite radio station	What service did the Satellaview connect to ?
Satellaview signals were broadcast from April 23 , 1995 through June 30 , 2000 .	April 23, 1995	When did the Satellaview begin operation ?
Satellaview signals were broadcast from April 23 , 1995 through June 30 , 2000 .	June 30, 2000	When did the Satellaview end operation ?
In the United States , the similar but relatively short-lived XBAND allowed users to connect to a network via a dial-up modem to compete against other players around the country .	XBAND	What was the US equivalent of Satellaview ?
Ultimately , deals with both Sony and Philips fell through , -LRB- although a prototype console was produced by Sony -RRB- with Philips gaining the right to release a series of titles based on Nintendo franchises for its CD-i multimedia player and Sony going on to develop its own console based on its initial dealings with Nintendo -LRB- the PlayStation -RRB- .	Sony and Philips	Which companies did Nintendo try to get to make a CD add-on for the SNES ?
Ultimately , deals with both Sony and Philips fell through , -LRB- although a prototype console was produced by Sony -RRB- with Philips gaining the right to release a series of titles based on Nintendo franchises for its CD-i multimedia player and Sony going on to develop its own console based on its initial dealings with Nintendo -LRB- the PlayStation -RRB- .	CD-i	What was Philips ' multimedia system ?
Ultimately , deals with both Sony and Philips fell through , -LRB- although a prototype console was produced by Sony -RRB- with Philips gaining the right to release a series of titles based on Nintendo franchises for its CD-i multimedia player and Sony going on to develop its own console based on its initial dealings with Nintendo -LRB- the PlayStation -RRB- .	PlayStation	What competing console did Sony release after working with Nintendo ?
During the SNES 's life , Nintendo contracted with two different companies to develop a CD-ROM-based peripheral for the console to compete with Sega 's CD-ROM based addon , Mega-CD .	Mega-CD	What was Sega 's CD add-on ?
Nintendo of America took the same stance against the distribution of SNES ROM image files and the use of emulators as it did with the NES , insisting that they represented flagrant software piracy .	flagrant software piracy	What did Nintendo consider emulators ?
Proponents of SNES emulation cite discontinued production of the SNES constituting abandonware status , the right of the owner of the respective game to make a personal backup via devices such as the Retrode , space shifting for private use , the desire to develop homebrew games for the system , the frailty of SNES ROM cartridges and consoles , and the lack of certain foreign imports .	abandonware	What is the term for a software product abandoned by its owners ?
Proponents of SNES emulation cite discontinued production of the SNES constituting abandonware status , the right of the owner of the respective game to make a personal backup via devices such as the Retrode , space shifting for private use , the desire to develop homebrew games for the system , the frailty of SNES ROM cartridges and consoles , and the lack of certain foreign imports .	Retrode	What device allows backing up SNES games ?
Proponents of SNES emulation cite discontinued production of the SNES constituting abandonware status , the right of the owner of the respective game to make a personal backup via devices such as the Retrode , space shifting for private use , the desire to develop homebrew games for the system , the frailty of SNES ROM cartridges and consoles , and the lack of certain foreign imports .	homebrew	What is the term for homemade software ?
Emulation of the SNES is now available on handheld units , such as Android devices , Apple 's iPhone and iPad , Sony 's PlayStation Portable -LRB- PSP -RRB- , the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance , the Gizmondo , the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings , as well as PDAs .	Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad	What smartphones have SNES emulators ?
While individual games have been included with emulators on some GameCube discs , Nintendo 's Virtual Console service for the Wii marks the introduction of officially sanctioned general SNES emulation , though SNES9x GX , a port of SNES9x , has been made for the Wii .	Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii	What was Nintendo 's first approved emulator ?
Emulation of the SNES is now available on handheld units , such as Android devices , Apple 's iPhone and iPad , Sony 's PlayStation Portable -LRB- PSP -RRB- , the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance , the Gizmondo , the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings , as well as PDAs .	Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings	What portable game systems have SNES emulators ?
In 2007 , GameTrailers named the SNES as the second-best console of all time in their list of top ten consoles that `` left their mark on the history of gaming '' , citing its graphic , sound , and library of top-quality games .	GameTrailers	Which publication said Nintendo 's best console ever was the SNES ?
In 2007 , GameTrailers named the SNES as the second-best console of all time in their list of top ten consoles that `` left their mark on the history of gaming '' , citing its graphic , sound , and library of top-quality games .	second-best	Where did GameTrailers rank the SNES among all consoles ?
In 2015 , they also named it the best Nintendo console of all time , saying , `` The list of games we love from this console completely annihilates any other roster from the Big N. '' Technology columnist Don Reisinger proclaimed `` The SNES is the greatest console of all time '' in January 2008 , citing the quality of the games and the console 's dramatic improvement over its predecessor ; fellow technology columnist Will Greenwald replied with a more nuanced view , giving the SNES top marks with his heart , the NES with his head , and the PlayStation -LRB- for its controller -RRB- with his hands .	Don Reisinger	Which writer said the SNES was the best console ever from any company ?
GamingExcellence also gave the SNES first place in 2008 , declaring it `` simply the most timeless system ever created '' with many games that stand the test of time and citing its innovation in controller design , graphics capabilities , and game storytelling .	GamingExcellence	Who said the SNES was `` simply the most timeless system ever created '' ?
In 2009 , IGN named the Super Nintendo Entertainment System the fourth best video game console , complimenting its audio and `` concentration of AAA titles '' .	fourth best	Where did IGN rank the SNES ?
However , some scholars contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language .	substrate language	Some scholars contest that there was only one what ?
It has been suggested by them and others , that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples , who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region , and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture .	hunter and fisher peoples	Who do some scholars think the Sumerian language originally belonged to ?
It has been suggested by them and others , that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples , who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region , and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture .	marshland	Where did the original Sumerians live ?
It has been suggested by them and others , that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples , who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region , and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture .	Arabian bifacial	What culture did the peoples who would be called Sumerian have a part in ?
Reliable historical records begin much later ; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated before Enmebaragesi -LRB- c. 26th century BC -RRB- .	26th century BC	When were the earliest historical records of Sumer ?
Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Neo-Sumerian Empire or Third Dynasty of Ur -LRB- Sumerian Renaissance -RRB- approximately 2100-2000 BC , but the Akkadian language also remained in use .	about a century	How long was there native Sumerian rule during the Third Dynasty of Ur ?
Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Neo-Sumerian Empire or Third Dynasty of Ur -LRB- Sumerian Renaissance -RRB- approximately 2100-2000 BC , but the Akkadian language also remained in use .	approximately 2100-2000 BC	When was the Third Dynasty of Ur ?
Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Neo-Sumerian Empire or Third Dynasty of Ur -LRB- Sumerian Renaissance -RRB- approximately 2100-2000 BC , but the Akkadian language also remained in use .	Akkadian	What language was in use in the Neo-Sumerian Empire ?
The Sumerian city of Eridu , on the coast of the Persian Gulf , is considered to have been the world 's first city , where three separate cultures may have fused -- that of peasant Ubaidian farmers , living in mud-brick huts and practicing irrigation ; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats ; and that of fisher folk , living in reed huts in the marshlands , who may have been the ancestors of the Sumerians .	Eridu	What is considered to be the world 's first city ?
The Sumerian city of Eridu , on the coast of the Persian Gulf , is considered to have been the world 's first city , where three separate cultures may have fused -- that of peasant Ubaidian farmers , living in mud-brick huts and practicing irrigation ; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats ; and that of fisher folk , living in reed huts in the marshlands , who may have been the ancestors of the Sumerians .	three	How many cultures may have fused together in Eridu ?
The term `` Sumerian '' is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic inhabitants of Mesopotamia , Sumer , by the Semitic Akkadians .	Sumerian	What is the common name given to the non-Semitic dwellers of Mesopotamia by the Akkadians ?
The Sumerian city-states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods .	prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk	During what periods did the Sumerican city-states rise to power ?
Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before , but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period , c. the 23rd century BC , when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed , which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions .	Sumerian written history	What is obscure until the Early Dynastic III period around the 23rd century BC ?
Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before , but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period , c. the 23rd century BC , when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed , which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions .	syllabary writing system	What was developed that has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions ?
Classical Sumer ends with the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 23rd century BC .	rise of the Akkadian Empire	When does Classical Sumer end ?
Following the Gutian period , there is a brief Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC , cut short in the 20th century BC by Semitic Amorite invasions .	Semitic Amorite invasions	What cut short the Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC ?
The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf .	Ubaid	Fine quality painted pottery is a distinctive style of what period in Sumerian history ?
The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf .	Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf	Where could the pottery be found spread throughout ?
During this time , the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia was established at Eridu -LRB- Cuneiform : NUN.KI -RRB- , c. 5300 BC , by farmers who brought with them the Hadji Muhammed culture , which first pioneered irrigation agriculture .	Eridu	During the Ubaid , where was the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia established ?
During this time , the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia was established at Eridu -LRB- Cuneiform : NUN.KI -RRB- , c. 5300 BC , by farmers who brought with them the Hadji Muhammed culture , which first pioneered irrigation agriculture .	irrigation	What type of agriculture did the farmers settling at Eridu bring with them ?
The story of the passing of the me -LRB- gifts of civilization -RRB- to Inanna , goddess of Uruk and of love and war , by Enki , god of wisdom and chief god of Eridu , may reflect this shift in hegemony .	Enki	Who was the chief god of Eridu ?
By the time of the Uruk period -LRB- c. 4100 -- 2900 BC calibrated -RRB- , the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large , stratified , temple-centered cities -LRB- with populations of over 10,000 people -RRB- where centralized administrations employed specialized workers .	transported along the canals and rivers	How were trade goods transported in southern Mesopotamia ?
By the time of the Uruk period -LRB- c. 4100 -- 2900 BC calibrated -RRB- , the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large , stratified , temple-centered cities -LRB- with populations of over 10,000 people -RRB- where centralized administrations employed specialized workers .	trade goods	What facilitated the rise of Sumerian cities ?
By the time of the Uruk period -LRB- c. 4100 -- 2900 BC calibrated -RRB- , the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large , stratified , temple-centered cities -LRB- with populations of over 10,000 people -RRB- where centralized administrations employed specialized workers .	over 10,000	How many people lived in the cities ?
It is fairly certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian cities began to make use of slave labor captured from the hill country , and there is ample evidence for captured slaves as workers in the earliest texts .	Uruk	During which period did Sumerian cities begin using slave labor ?
Artifacts , and even colonies of this Uruk civilization have been found over a wide area -- from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey , to the Mediterranean Sea in the west , and as far east as central Iran .	Artifacts	What have been found as far east as central Iran ?
Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king -LRB- ensi -RRB- , assisted by a council of elders , including both men and women .	priest-king	What is an `` ensi '' ?
Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king -LRB- ensi -RRB- , assisted by a council of elders , including both men and women .	theocratic	What type of leadership did Sumerian cities during the Uruk period probably have ?
Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king -LRB- ensi -RRB- , assisted by a council of elders , including both men and women .	a council of elders	Who assisted the ensi ?
During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world , surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants .	Uruk	What was the most urbanized city in the world at the time ?
During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world , surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants .	50,000	Over how many people lived in Uruk ?
The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish -LRB- c. 26th century BC -RRB- , whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic -- leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk .	Enmebaragesi	Who is the earliest king that is authenticated by actual physical evidence and not just legend ?
The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana , 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish .	Kish	What dynasty was Etana the 13th king of ?
The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana , 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish .	Etana	What is the name of the earliest dynastic Sumerian king ?
As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows , this period was associated with increased war .	increased war	What is the period of Enmebaragesi 's reign associated with ?
The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish -LRB- c. 26th century BC -RRB- , whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic -- leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk .	Gilgamesh epic	Where is Enmebaragesi 's name mentioned ?
Although short-lived , one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash , who annexed practically all of Sumer , including Kish , Uruk , Ur , and Larsa , and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma , arch-rival of Lagash .	Umma	What city-state was the rival of Lagash ?
Although short-lived , one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash , who annexed practically all of Sumer , including Kish , Uruk , Ur , and Larsa , and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma , arch-rival of Lagash .	practically all of Sumer	What did Eannatum annex ?
Although short-lived , one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash , who annexed practically all of Sumer , including Kish , Uruk , Ur , and Larsa , and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma , arch-rival of Lagash .	Eannatum of Lagash,	What is one of the first empires known in history ?
He seems to have used terror as a matter of policy .	terror	What did Eannatum use to keep the people of the time in line ?
His empire collapsed shortly after his death .	collapsed	What happened to Eannatum 's empire after his death ?
The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC , preserved in later king lists .	proper names of the kings of Kish	Where is the Semetic Akkadian language first found ?
The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC , preserved in later king lists .	king lists	Where is the Semetic Akkadian language found preserved after 2800 BC ?
Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great -LRB- c. 2270 -- 2215 BC -RRB- , but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian , the language used by the scribes .	Sargon the Great	During whose rule was the use of Old Akkadian at its peak ?
Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great -LRB- c. 2270 -- 2215 BC -RRB- , but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian , the language used by the scribes .	Sumerian	What language did scribes use over Akkadian ?
Akkadian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for about one thousand years , but by around 1800 BC , Sumerian was becoming more of a literary language familiar mainly only to scholars and scribes .	about one thousand years	How long did Akkadian and Sumerian coexist as spoken languages ?
Later , the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi , whose power extended as far as southern Assyria , was the last great `` Sumerian renaissance '' , but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian , with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere , and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu -LRB- Amorites -RRB- who were to found several competing local powers including Isin , Larsa , Eshnunna and eventually Babylon .	3rd	Which dynasty of Ur was the last great Sumerian renaissance ?
Later , the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi , whose power extended as far as southern Assyria , was the last great `` Sumerian renaissance '' , but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian , with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere , and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu -LRB- Amorites -RRB- who were to found several competing local powers including Isin , Larsa , Eshnunna and eventually Babylon .	Ur-Nammu and Shulgi	Who guided Ur during the last gasp of power ?
Later , the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi , whose power extended as far as southern Assyria , was the last great `` Sumerian renaissance '' , but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian , with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere , and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu -LRB- Amorites -RRB- who were to found several competing local powers including Isin , Larsa , Eshnunna and eventually Babylon .	more Semitic than Sumerian	Even during the 3rd dynasty , what was happening to the racial makeup of the region ?
Later , the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi , whose power extended as far as southern Assyria , was the last great `` Sumerian renaissance '' , but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian , with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere , and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu -LRB- Amorites -RRB- who were to found several competing local powers including Isin , Larsa , Eshnunna and eventually Babylon .	Amorites	What was there an influx of waves of coming into Sumerian lands ?
The Sumerian language continued as a sacerdotal language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria , much as Latin was used in the Medieval period , for as long as cuneiform was utilized .	for as long as cuneiform was utilized.	How long did the Babylonians and Assyrians continue to teach the Sumerian language in their schools ?
Ecologically , the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity .	compromised	What effect was rising salinity having on the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands ?
Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem .	Soil	The salinity of what in the region was long recognized as a major problem ?
Poorly drained irrigated soils , in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation , led to the buildup of dissolved salts in the soil , eventually reducing agricultural yields severely .	dissolved salts	Poorly drained irrigated soils in an arid climate with a good deal of evaporation is responsible for leaving what ?
During the Akkadian and Ur III phases , there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley , but this was insufficient , and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC , it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three fifths .	wheat	What did cultivation shift from to salt-tolerant barley during the Ur III phase ?
During the Akkadian and Ur III phases , there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley , but this was insufficient , and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC , it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three fifths .	by nearly three fifths	How much did the population of the region decline due to the decrease in crop productivity ?
The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people , and spoke a language isolate ; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian , because names of some of Sumer 's major cities are not Sumerian , revealing influences of earlier inhabitants .	The Sumerians	Who were a non-Semitic caucasoid people ?
The Sumerians were a non-Semitic caucasoid people , and spoke a language isolate ; a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian , because names of some of Sumer 's major cities are not Sumerian , revealing influences of earlier inhabitants .	earlier inhabitants	What influences did the Sumerian language seem to retain ?
However , the archaeological record shows clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of the early Ubaid period -LRB- 5300 -- 4700 BC C-14 -RRB- settlements in southern Mesopotamia .	uninterrupted cultural continuity	What do archaeological records clearly show about the Sumerian culture ?
However , the archaeological record shows clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of the early Ubaid period -LRB- 5300 -- 4700 BC C-14 -RRB- settlements in southern Mesopotamia .	early Ubaid period	When were settlements started in southern Mesopotamia ?
The Sumerian people who settled here farmed the lands in this region that were made fertile by silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers .	silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers	Why were the lands in the region the Sumerian people settled fertile ?
It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north , after perfecting irrigation agriculture there .	the north	Where do some archaeologists speculate Sumerians originally moved from ?
It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north , after perfecting irrigation agriculture there .	irrigation agriculture	What had the Sumerians perfected before coming south ?
The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture -LRB- c. 5700 -- 4900 BC C-14 -RRB- in the north , who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries .	the Samarra	Who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture ?
The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli -LRB- Oueilli , Oueili -RRB- near Larsa , excavated by the French in the 1980s , where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware .	eight	How many levels of pre-Ubaid pottery were excavated by the French in the 1980s ?
According to this theory , farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control , enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment .	labor	What did the temple-centered social organization of the farming peoples allow them to mobilize ?
Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations , the culture was male-dominated .	law	How were women protected in Sumerian society ?
The Code of Ur-Nammu , the oldest such codification yet discovered , dating to the Ur-III `` Sumerian Renaissance '' , reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law .	Ur-Nammu	Whose code reveals a bit about the societal structure through Sumerian law ?
Beneath the lu-gal -LRB- `` great man '' or king -RRB- , all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata : The `` lu '' or free person , and the slave -LRB- male , arad ; female geme -RRB- .	the lu-gal	Who was at the top of the power pyramid in Sumerian society ?
Beneath the lu-gal -LRB- `` great man '' or king -RRB- , all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata : The `` lu '' or free person , and the slave -LRB- male , arad ; female geme -RRB- .	two	How many strata existed in Sumerian society ?
The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform .	tablets written in cuneiform	What were the most important discoveries for archaeologists from Sumer ?
Sumerian writing , while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth , is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man 's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws .	milestone	What is Sumerian writing considered to be in the development of man 's ability to create literature ?
Although pictures -- that is , hieroglyphs -- were first used , cuneiform and then Ideograms -LRB- where symbols were made to represent ideas -RRB- soon followed .	Ideograms	What followed cuneiform in writing ?
A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived , such as personal or business letters , receipts , lexical lists , laws , hymns , prayers , stories , daily records , and even libraries full of clay tablets .	hundreds of thousands	How many texts in the Sumerian language have survived to modern day ?
Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant .	religion and law in Mesopotamia	What was the Sumerian language used for long have their civilization had diminished ?
The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family ; Akkadian , by contrast , belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages .	Afroasiatic	Akkadian 's language can be traced to the Semitic branch of what languages ?
The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family ; Akkadian , by contrast , belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages .	belongs to no known language family	Why is the Sumerian language usually thought of as a language isolate in linguistics ?
It is an agglutinative language ; in other words , morphemes -LRB- `` units of meaning '' -RRB- are added together to create words , unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences .	words	In Sumerian , what are morphemes added together to create ?
There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups .	failed	What has been the result of attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups ?
It is an agglutinative language ; in other words , morphemes -LRB- `` units of meaning '' -RRB- are added together to create words , unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences .	"units of meaning"	What are morphemes ?
Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths .	two	How many cosmogenic myths does the religion of the Sumerians appear to be founded upon ?
The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages , involving the reconciliation of opposites , postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings ; the gods .	a series of hieros gami	What does one myth see creation as being the result of ?
Thus in the Enuma Elish the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water ; as male Abzu , and female Tiamat .	fresh and salt water	In the Enuma Elish , what is creation seen as the union of ?
The product of that union , Lahm and Lahmu , `` the muddy ones '' , were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki , in Eridu , the first Sumerian city .	the muddy ones	What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki ?
Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki , here known as Ninhursag or `` Lady Sacred Mountain '' , and Enki of Eridu , the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture .	Ninhursag	Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain ?
These deities formed a core pantheon ; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones .	a core pantheon	What did the Sumerian deities form ?
The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them .	for the purpose of serving them	Why did the gods create human beings from clay ?
Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities , and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities ' political power .	different cities	What could Sumerian gods be associated with ?
Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities , and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities ' political power .	those cities' political power	What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with ?
Citizens had a labor duty to the temple , though they could avoid it by a payment of silver .	a payment of silver	How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple ?
Ziggurats -LRB- Sumerian temples -RRB- each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt , with a central pond for purification .	Ziggurats	What were Sumerian temples known as ?
Ziggurats -LRB- Sumerian temples -RRB- each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt , with a central pond for purification .	purification	What was the central pond in the forecourt of a Ziggurat for ?
Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests .	the priests	Who were the rooms on either side of the aisles in the temple for ?
At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices .	animal and vegetable sacrifices	What was the mudbrick table in the temple for ?
Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples .	near the temples	Where did the Sumerians usually locate their granaries and storehouses ?
It was believed that when people died , they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal , whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving .	confined to a gloomy world	What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to ?
The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse , along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food .	outside the city walls in graveyards	Where were dead Sumerians buried ?
It was believed that when people died , they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal , whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving .	Ereshkigal	What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters ?
Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants .	her servants	Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by ?
It is also said that the Sumerians invented the first oboe-like instrument , and used them at royal funerals .	oboe-like	What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals ?
In the early Sumerian Uruk period , the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep , goats , cattle , and pigs were domesticated .	Uruk period	When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock ?
... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants ; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields , and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation .	enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants	What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house ?
They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and `` woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals .	donkeys	What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation ?
They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and `` woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals .	beasts of burden	What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians ?
Plants were also grown in pots or vases . ''	pots or vases	Where were plants also grown besides the garden ?
The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies .	beer	What was Sumerians one of the first societies known to consume ?
Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew .	Cereals	What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews ?
They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat , barley , and mixed grain beers .	wheat, barley, and mixed grain	What kinds of beer did the Sumerians brew ?
Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians .	very important	How important was beer brewing to Sumerians ?
and became expansive and sang with joy ! ''	expansive and sang with joy	What did Enkidu become and do after consuming seven jugs of beer ?
Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds .	kill weeds	Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground ?
As is known from the `` Sumerian Farmer 's Almanac '' , after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival , using the canals , farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water .	from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac"	How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices ?
After drying , they plowed , harrowed , and raked the ground three times , and pulverized it with a mattock , before planting seed .	three times	How many times did Sumerian farmers plow , harrow and rake the ground ?
As is known from the `` Sumerian Farmer 's Almanac '' , after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival , using the canals , farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water .	after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu	When would farmers flood their fields ?
By the Ur III period , farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop .	salt-tolerant barley	The the Ur III period , what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop ?
According to Archibald Sayce , the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian -LRB- i.e. Uruk -RRB- era suggest that `` Stone was scarce , but was already cut into blocks and seals .	was scarce	What does Archibald Sayce think early Sumerian pictograms suggest about the availability of stone ?
According to Archibald Sayce , the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian -LRB- i.e. Uruk -RRB- era suggest that `` Stone was scarce , but was already cut into blocks and seals .	into blocks and seals	How did the Sumerians fashion the stone they cut ?
Brick was the ordinary building material , and with it cities , forts , temples and houses were constructed .	Brick	What was the ordinary building material of Sumerians ?
The foundation stones -- or rather bricks -- of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them . ''	objects that were deposited under them	What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by ?
The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform ; the house also had a tower-like appearance .	tower-like	What kind of appearance did Sumerian houses have ?
The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats , large layered platforms which supported temples .	the ziggurats	What is the most impressive and famous style of Sumerian buildings ?
Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE .	400 CE	Sumerians also built houses from reeds not very different from ones built by inhabitants in Iraq as recently as when ?
They built this by constructing and linking several arches .	by constructing and linking several arches	How did the Sumerians build their strong domes ?
The Sumerians also developed the arch , which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome .	the arch	What development by the Sumerians allowed them to make use of domes ?
Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- such as buttresses , recesses , half columns , and clay nails .	Sumerian temples and palaces	Where were the use of advanced materials and techniques on display in Sumer ?
The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC .	metrology	What did the Sumerians a complex system of around 4000 BC ?
This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic , geometry , and algebra .	arithmetic, geometry, and algebra	From the Sumerian metrology sprang forth the creation of what disciplines ?
From c. 2600 BC onwards , the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems .	on clay tablets	Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables ?
The period c. 2700 -- 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus , and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system .	2700 – 2300 BC	When was the abacus first seen between ?
The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system .	use a place value numeral system	What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics ?
Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans .	Commercial credit and agricultural consumer	What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society ?
The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month -LRB- one shekel per mina -RRB- some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years .	one	How man shekel per mina was the interest rate for loans ?
The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver .	silver	What was trade credit backed by when extended by temples ?
The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month -LRB- one shekel per mina -RRB- some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years .	about two thousand years	For how long was the interest rate of Sumerian loans consistent ?
Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution -LRB- such as a temple -RRB- , in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor .	Rural loans	What typically arose as a result of unpaid obligations ?
Periodically `` clean slate '' decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural -LRB- but not commercial -RRB- debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes .	rural	What type of debt did `` clean slate '' decrees cancel ?
Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign , but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure .	the first full year of their reign	When did rulers typically proclaim `` clean slate '' decrees ?
According to Hudson , the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt .	to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force	Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer ?
According to Hudson , the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt .	lost the subsistence land or became bondservants	What would happen if peasants could n't repay their debts ?
The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC .	Enmetena and Urukagina	Who made the first known clean slate decrees ?
The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level .	almost constant wars	What contributed to developing military technology for Sumer ?
The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level .	2000 years	How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war ?
The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures .	Lagash and Umma	Who was the first war between in 2525 BC ?
It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry .	infantry	What did the king of Lagash 's army mostly consist of ?
The infantrymen carried spears , wore copper helmets , and carried rectangular shields .	rectangular	What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash ?
Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC , near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia , the Northern Caucasus -LRB- Maykop culture -RRB- and Central Europe .	mid 4th millennium BC	When did evidence of wheeled vehicles appear throughout the world ?
The wheel initially took the form of the potter 's wheel .	potter's wheel	What form did wheels initially take ?
The Sumerians ' cuneiform writing system is the oldest -LRB- or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs -RRB- which has been deciphered -LRB- the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial -RRB- .	been deciphered	The writing system of the Sumerian 's is the second oldest to have what done to it ?
The Sumerians were among the first astronomers , mapping the stars into sets of constellations , many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks .	sets of constellations	What did the Sumerians map stars into ?
They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye .	five	How many planets were the Sumerians aware of ?
They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6 .	base 10 and base 6	Sumerians used number systems which included what alternating bases ?
This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia .	sexagesimal	What type of number system was standard in Sumer and Babylonia ?
They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry , cavalry , and archers .	military	What type of formations is it possible Sumerians invented ?
They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems , complete with courts , jails , and government records .	legal and administrative	What systems did the Sumerians develop which remain the first known these types to this day ?
Conjointly with the spread of writing , the first formal schools were established , usually under the auspices of a city-state 's primary temple .	a city-state's primary temple	In Sumerian society , who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools ?
Tuvalu -LRB- i/tu ːˈvɑːluː / too-VAH-loo or / ˈtuːvəluː / TOO-və-loo -RRB- , formerly known as the Ellice Islands , is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean , midway between Hawaii and Australia .	Ellice Islands	What is the previous name of Tuvalu ?
Tuvalu -LRB- i/tu ːˈvɑːluː / too-VAH-loo or / ˈtuːvəluː / TOO-və-loo -RRB- , formerly known as the Ellice Islands , is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean , midway between Hawaii and Australia .	Pacific Ocean	In which ocean is Tuvalu found ?
Tuvalu -LRB- i/tu ːˈvɑːluː / too-VAH-loo or / ˈtuːvəluː / TOO-və-loo -RRB- , formerly known as the Ellice Islands , is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean , midway between Hawaii and Australia .	Hawaii and Australia	Between what land areas is Tuvalu located ?
Tuvalu has a population of 10,640 -LRB- 2012 census -RRB- .	10,640	According the the 2012 census , how many people live on the Tuvalu islands ?
It comprises three reef islands and six true atolls spread out between the latitude of 5 ° to 10 ° south and longitude of 176 ° to 180 ° , west of the International Date Line .	reef	What originally formed the Tuvalu islands ?
In 1568 , Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to sail through the archipelago , sighting the island of Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis .	1568	In what year was Tuvalu discovered by a European ?
In 1568 , Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to sail through the archipelago , sighting the island of Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis .	Álvaro de Mendaña	Who was the discoverer of Tuvalu ?
In 1568 , Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to sail through the archipelago , sighting the island of Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis .	Terra Australis	What land mass was de Mendana actually seeking ?
The islands came under Britain 's sphere of influence in the late 19th century , when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a British Protectorate by Captain Gibson of HMS Curacoa between 9 and 16 October 1892 .	Ellice Islands	What was Tuvalu named in 1819 ?
The Ellice Islands were administered as British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories -LRB- BWPT -RRB- , and then as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1974 .	British protectorate	By what means did the British govern Tuvalu ?
The origins of the people of Tuvalu are addressed in the theories regarding migration into the Pacific that began about 3000 years ago .	3000 years	How many years ago did migrations of people happen in the Pacific area ?
During pre-European-contact times there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands including Samoa and Tonga .	canoe	By what means did locale people travel between Pacific islands ?
Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited ; thus the name , Tuvalu , means `` eight standing together '' in Tuvaluan -LRB- compare to * walo meaning `` eight '' in Proto-Austronesian -RRB- .	nine islands	How many islands are in the Tuvalu group ?
Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited ; thus the name , Tuvalu , means `` eight standing together '' in Tuvaluan -LRB- compare to * walo meaning `` eight '' in Proto-Austronesian -RRB- .	Eight	On how many of Tuvalu 's islands did people live ?
Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited ; thus the name , Tuvalu , means `` eight standing together '' in Tuvaluan -LRB- compare to * walo meaning `` eight '' in Proto-Austronesian -RRB- .	eight standing together	What is the native language meaning of Tuvalu ?
An important creation myth of the islands of Tuvalu is the story of the te Pusi mo te Ali -LRB- the Eel and the Flounder -RRB- who created the islands of Tuvalu ; te Ali -LRB- the flounder -RRB- is believed to be the origin of the flat atolls of Tuvalu and the te Pusin -LRB- the Eel -RRB- is the model for the coconut palms that are important in the lives of Tuvaluans .	te Pusi mo te Ali	What is the creation myth of Tuvalu ?
An important creation myth of the islands of Tuvalu is the story of the te Pusi mo te Ali -LRB- the Eel and the Flounder -RRB- who created the islands of Tuvalu ; te Ali -LRB- the flounder -RRB- is believed to be the origin of the flat atolls of Tuvalu and the te Pusin -LRB- the Eel -RRB- is the model for the coconut palms that are important in the lives of Tuvaluans .	flat atolls	What does the flounder of the Tuvalu myth represent ?
An important creation myth of the islands of Tuvalu is the story of the te Pusi mo te Ali -LRB- the Eel and the Flounder -RRB- who created the islands of Tuvalu ; te Ali -LRB- the flounder -RRB- is believed to be the origin of the flat atolls of Tuvalu and the te Pusin -LRB- the Eel -RRB- is the model for the coconut palms that are important in the lives of Tuvaluans .	coconut palms	What does the eel of the Tuvalu creation myth represent ?
On Niutao , Funafuti and Vaitupu the founding ancestor is described as being from Samoa ; whereas on Nanumea the founding ancestor is described as being from Tonga .	Samoa	From what land did the people of Niutao believe they came ?
On Niutao , Funafuti and Vaitupu the founding ancestor is described as being from Samoa ; whereas on Nanumea the founding ancestor is described as being from Tonga .	Tonga	From where did the people of the island of Nanumea think they came ?
Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin -LRB- 1751 -RRB- .	Captain John Byron	What explorer traveled through the Tuvalu islands in 1764 ?
Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin -LRB- 1751 -RRB- .	circumnavigation of the globe	What was Captain Byron doing when he visited Tuvalu ?
Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro -LRB- 1980 -RRB- identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781 , thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal .	Niutao	Which island of Tuvalu was identified as the one that Mourelle sailed past in 1781 ?
Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands .	Lagoon Islands	How did Byron name the Tuvalu islands ?
Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century .	late 18th	When were chronometers available for accurate location charting ?
The next European to visit was Arent Schuyler de Peyster , of New York , captain of the armed brigantine or privateer Rebecca , sailing under British colours , which passed through the southern Tuvaluan waters in May 1819 ; de Peyster sighted Nukufetau and Funafuti , which he named Ellice 's Island after an English Politician , Edward Ellice , the Member of Parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebecca 's cargo .	May 1819	When did Arent Schuyler de Peyster visit Tuvalu ?
The next European to visit was Arent Schuyler de Peyster , of New York , captain of the armed brigantine or privateer Rebecca , sailing under British colours , which passed through the southern Tuvaluan waters in May 1819 ; de Peyster sighted Nukufetau and Funafuti , which he named Ellice 's Island after an English Politician , Edward Ellice , the Member of Parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebecca 's cargo .	Nukufetau and Funafuti	Which of the Tuvalu isalnds did de Peyster see ?
The next European to visit was Arent Schuyler de Peyster , of New York , captain of the armed brigantine or privateer Rebecca , sailing under British colours , which passed through the southern Tuvaluan waters in May 1819 ; de Peyster sighted Nukufetau and Funafuti , which he named Ellice 's Island after an English Politician , Edward Ellice , the Member of Parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebecca 's cargo .	Ellice's Island	What name did de Peyster give the Tuvalu islands ?
The next European to visit was Arent Schuyler de Peyster , of New York , captain of the armed brigantine or privateer Rebecca , sailing under British colours , which passed through the southern Tuvaluan waters in May 1819 ; de Peyster sighted Nukufetau and Funafuti , which he named Ellice 's Island after an English Politician , Edward Ellice , the Member of Parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebecca 's cargo .	Edward Ellice	For whom did de Peyster name Ellice 's Island ?
The name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay .	all nine islands	After Findlay 's charting how many islands of the group were named Ellice ?
For less than a year between 1862 -- 63 , Peruvian ships , engaged in what became to be called the `` blackbirding '' trade , combed the smaller islands of Polynesia from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific to Tuvalu and the southern atolls of the Gilbert Islands -LRB- now Kiribati -RRB- , seeking recruits to fill the extreme labour shortage in Peru .	1862–63	In what years did Peruvian ships seek laborers in the Polynesian islands ?
For less than a year between 1862 -- 63 , Peruvian ships , engaged in what became to be called the `` blackbirding '' trade , combed the smaller islands of Polynesia from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific to Tuvalu and the southern atolls of the Gilbert Islands -LRB- now Kiribati -RRB- , seeking recruits to fill the extreme labour shortage in Peru .	blackbirding	What was the name applied to the trade of dealing with labor hunters ?
The Rev. A. W. Murray , the earliest European missionary in Tuvalu , reported that in 1863 about 170 people were taken from Funafuti and about 250 were taken from Nukulaelae , as there were fewer than 100 of the 300 recorded in 1861 as living on Nukulaelae .	Rev. A. W. Murray	Who was the earliest missionary to Tuvalu ?
While some islanders were voluntary recruits the `` blackbirders '' were notorious for enticing islanders on to ships with tricks , such as pretending to be Christian missionaries , as well as kidnapping islanders at gun point .	tricks	By what means did Blackbirders often get islanders aboard their ships ?
The Rev. A. W. Murray , the earliest European missionary in Tuvalu , reported that in 1863 about 170 people were taken from Funafuti and about 250 were taken from Nukulaelae , as there were fewer than 100 of the 300 recorded in 1861 as living on Nukulaelae .	1863	When did Murray report people missing because of Blackbirders ?
Christianity came to Tuvalu in 1861 when Elekana , a deacon of a Congregational church in Manihiki , Cook Islands became caught in a storm and drifted for 8 weeks before landing at Nukulaelae on 10 May 1861 .	1861	When did Christianity arrive in Tuvalu ?
Christianity came to Tuvalu in 1861 when Elekana , a deacon of a Congregational church in Manihiki , Cook Islands became caught in a storm and drifted for 8 weeks before landing at Nukulaelae on 10 May 1861 .	Elekana	What church deacon was washed ashore on Nukulaelae ?
In 1865 the Rev. A. W. Murray of the LMS -- a Protestant congregationalist missionary society -- arrived as the first European missionary where he too proselytised among the inhabitants of Tuvalu .	Rev. A. W. Murray	What missionary was the first European missionary to come to Tuvalu ?
In the later 19th and early 20th centuries the ministers of what became the Church of Tuvalu -LRB- Te Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu -RRB- were predominantly Samoans , who influenced the development of the Tuvaluan language and the music of Tuvalu .	Samoans	Of what nationality were most of the ministers of the Church of Tuvalu ?
Trading companies became active in Tuvalu in the mid-19th century ; the trading companies engaged palagi traders who lived on the islands .	mid-19th	In what century did trading companies arrive in Tuvalu ?
Trading companies became active in Tuvalu in the mid-19th century ; the trading companies engaged palagi traders who lived on the islands .	palagi traders	What type of traders did the trading companies employ on Tuvalu ?
John -LRB- also known as Jack -RRB- O'Brien was the first European to settle in Tuvalu , he became a trader on Funafuti in the 1850s .	John (also known as Jack) O'Brien	Who was the first European to permanently settle on Tuvalu ?
He married Salai , the daughter of the paramount chief of Funafuti .	Salai	Which native did O'Brien marry ?
Louis Becke , who later found success as a writer , was a trader on Nanumanga from April 1880 until the trading-station was destroyed later that year in a cyclone .	Louis Becke	What trader turned author established a post on Tuvalu ?
In 1892 Captain Davis of the HMS Royalist reported on trading activities and traders on each of the islands visited .	Captain Davis	What sea captain reported on the Tuvalu trading in 1892 ?
In 1892 Captain Davis of the HMS Royalist reported on trading activities and traders on each of the islands visited .	HMS Royalist	What was the name of Davis 's ship ?
During this time , the greatest number of palagi traders lived on the atolls , acting as agents for the trading companies .	agents	What did palagi traders act as for the trading companies ?
Some islands would have competing traders while dryer islands might only have a single trader .	competing	How many traders did some islands have ?
Some islands would have competing traders while dryer islands might only have a single trader .	dryer	What type of islands in the Tuvalu group have few traders ?
In the later 1890s and into first decade of the 20th century , structural changes occurred in the operation of the Pacific trading companies ; they moved from a practice of having traders resident on each island to instead becoming a business operation where the supercargo -LRB- the cargo manager of a trading ship -RRB- would deal directly with the islanders when a ship visited an island .	structural changes	What operational changes caused a decline in the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu ?
In the later 1890s and into first decade of the 20th century , structural changes occurred in the operation of the Pacific trading companies ; they moved from a practice of having traders resident on each island to instead becoming a business operation where the supercargo -LRB- the cargo manager of a trading ship -RRB- would deal directly with the islanders when a ship visited an island .	resident	What type of traders did the Pacific trading companies cease to use ?
In the later 1890s and into first decade of the 20th century , structural changes occurred in the operation of the Pacific trading companies ; they moved from a practice of having traders resident on each island to instead becoming a business operation where the supercargo -LRB- the cargo manager of a trading ship -RRB- would deal directly with the islanders when a ship visited an island .	deal directly	How did the trading companies begin to trade with islanders ?
By 1909 there were no more resident palagi traders representing the trading companies , although both Whibley and Restieaux remained in the islands until their deaths .	1909	By what year were there no more palagi traders on Tuvalu ?
In the later 1890s and into first decade of the 20th century , structural changes occurred in the operation of the Pacific trading companies ; they moved from a practice of having traders resident on each island to instead becoming a business operation where the supercargo -LRB- the cargo manager of a trading ship -RRB- would deal directly with the islanders when a ship visited an island .	supercargo	What is the term for a ship 's cargo manager ?
In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson , his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll , a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland , New Zealand , which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific .	1890	When did Robert Louis Stevenson sail on the ship Janet Nicoll ?
In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson , his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll , a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland , New Zealand , which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific .	Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson	Who recorded the trip aboard the Janet Nicoll ?
In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson , his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll , a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland , New Zealand , which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific .	trading steamer	What type of ship was the Janet Nicoll ?
In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson , his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll , a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland , New Zealand , which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific .	Robert Louis Stevenson	What writer visited the Tuvalu Islands in 1890 ?
An account of this voyage was written by Fanny Stevenson and published under the title The Cruise of the Janet Nichol , together with photographs taken by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne .	The Cruise of the Janet Nichol	What was the title of the travel book written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson ?
The boreholes on Funafuti , at the site now called Darwin 's Drill , are the result of drilling conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating the formation of coral reefs to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the coral of Pacific atolls .	Darwin's Drill	What are the boreholes on Funafuti called ?
The boreholes on Funafuti , at the site now called Darwin 's Drill , are the result of drilling conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating the formation of coral reefs to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the coral of Pacific atolls .	Royal Society of London	What group conducted a study of coral on Funafuti ?
The boreholes on Funafuti , at the site now called Darwin 's Drill , are the result of drilling conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating the formation of coral reefs to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the coral of Pacific atolls .	coral reefs	What formations was the Royal Society studying ?
This investigation followed the work on The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs conducted by Charles Darwin in the Pacific .	Charles Darwin	Who 's basic work in the area of coral reefs did the Royal Society 's investigations follow ?
This investigation followed the work on The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs conducted by Charles Darwin in the Pacific .	The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs	What was Darwin 's work on coral reefs titled ?
Charles Hedley , a naturalist at the Australian Museum , accompanied the 1896 expedition and during his stay on Funafuti collected invertebrate and ethnological objects .	Charles Hedley	What naturalist was on the 1896 expedition to Funafuti ?
Charles Hedley , a naturalist at the Australian Museum , accompanied the 1896 expedition and during his stay on Funafuti collected invertebrate and ethnological objects .	invertebrate and ethnological	What type of objects did Hedley collect on Funafuti
During the Pacific War Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands -LRB- Kiribati -RRB- that were occupied by Japanese forces .	a base	For what purpose was Funafuti used during the Pacific War ?
During the Pacific War Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands -LRB- Kiribati -RRB- that were occupied by Japanese forces .	Japanese forces	What group occupied the Gilbert Islands ?
The Japanese had already occupied Tarawa and other islands in what is now Kiribati , but were delayed by the losses at the Battle of the Coral Sea .	Battle of the Coral Sea	What action delayed the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands ?
USN Patrol Torpedo Boats -LRB- PTs -RRB- were based at Funafuti from 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944 .	2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944	From what time span were USN Torpedo Boats stationed at Funafuti ?
A Naval Construction Battalion -LRB- Seabees -RRB- built a sea plane ramp on the lagoon side of Fongafale islet for seaplane operations by both short and long range seaplanes and a compacted coral runway was also constructed on Fongafale , with runways also constructed to create Nanumea Airfield and Nukufetau Airfield .	Fongafale	On what islet did US forces build a seaplane ramp ?
In 1974 ministerial government was introduced to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony through a change to the Constitution .	1974	In what year was ministerial government started in the Gilbert and Ellice islands ?
In that year a general election was held ; and a referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration .	December 1974	When was a referendum held to determine the government of Ellice ?
In 1974 ministerial government was introduced to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony through a change to the Constitution .	Constitution	What document was changed to cause a change in government ?
As a consequence of the referendum , separation occurred in two stages .	separation	What was the determination of the referendum ?
The Tuvaluan Order 1975 , which took effect on 1 October 1975 , recognised Tuvalu as a separate British dependency with its own government .	British dependency	What did the Tuvaluan Order 1976 recognize Tuvalu to be ?
Following independence in October 1978 the House of the Assembly was renamed the Parliament of Tuvalu or Palamene o Tuvalu .	October 1978	When did Tuvalu acquire independence ?
From 1974 -LRB- the creation of the British colony of Tuvalu -RRB- until independence , the legislative body of Tuvalu was called the House of the Assembly or Fale I Fono .	British colony of Tuvalu	What was formed in 1974 ?
Following independence in October 1978 the House of the Assembly was renamed the Parliament of Tuvalu or Palamene o Tuvalu .	Parliament of Tuvalu	After independence , what was the Assembly on Tuvalu named ?
The unicameral Parliament has 15 members with elections held every four years .	unicameral	What type of parliament does Tuvalu have ?
The members of parliament select the Prime Minister -LRB- who is the head of government -RRB- and the Speaker of Parliament .	members of parliament	In Tuvalu government , what group elect the Prime Minster ?
There are eight Island Courts and Lands Courts ; appeals in relation to land disputes are made to the Lands Courts Appeal Panel .	eight	How many courts are there on Tuvalu ?
The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the Law of Tuvalu and to hear appeals from the lower courts .	High Court of Tuvalu	What is the name of the superior court of Tuvalu ?
The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the Law of Tuvalu and to hear appeals from the lower courts .	Law of Tuvalu	What is the High Court 's right to determine ?
Sir Gordon Ward is the current Chief Justice of Tuvalu .	Sir Gordon Ward	What judge is the Chief Justice of the Tuvalu High Court ?
Rulings of the High Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Tuvalu .	Court of Appeal of Tuvalu	To where can judgments be appealed ?
Tuvalu participates in the work of Secretariat of the Pacific Community , or SPC -LRB- sometimes Pacific Community -RRB- and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum , the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations .	Secretariat of the Pacific Community	In what group is Tuvalu involved ?
Tuvalu participates in the work of Secretariat of the Pacific Community , or SPC -LRB- sometimes Pacific Community -RRB- and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum , the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations .	Pacific Islands Forum	In which forum group is Tuvalu a member ?
Tuvalu participates in the work of Secretariat of the Pacific Community , or SPC -LRB- sometimes Pacific Community -RRB- and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum , the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations .	Commonwealth of Nations	In which British group is Tuvalu a member ?
Tuvalu participates in the work of Secretariat of the Pacific Community , or SPC -LRB- sometimes Pacific Community -RRB- and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum , the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations .	United Nations	To what world organization does Tuvalu belong ?
On 18 February 2016 Tuvalu signed the Pacific Islands Development Forum Charter and formally joined the Pacific Islands Development Forum -LRB- PIDF -RRB- .	18 February 2016	On what date did Tuvalu join the Pacific Islands Development Forum ?
A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN , at the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg , South Africa and in other international fora , is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising .	global warming	What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN ?
A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN , at the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg , South Africa and in other international fora , is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising .	sea level rising	In concert with global warming , what is Tuvalu 's other envirnmental priority ?
Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol .	Kyoto Protocol	What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification ?
In December 2009 the islands stalled talks on climate change at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen , fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emissions .	binding deals	What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions ?
Their chief negotiator stated , `` Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting . ''	vulnerable	What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change ?
Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States -LRB- AOSIS -RRB- , which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change .	Alliance of Small Island States	Of what alliance is Tuvalu a member ?
Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States -LRB- AOSIS -RRB- , which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change .	climate change	What is the AOSIS 'S main concern ?
Under the Majuro Declaration , which was signed on 5 September 2013 , Tuvalu has commitment to implement power generation of 100 % renewable energy -LRB- between 2013 and 2020 -RRB- , which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV -LRB- 95 % of demand -RRB- and biodiesel -LRB- 5 % of demand -RRB- .	Majuro Declaration	To what agreement has Tuvalu committed ?
Under the Majuro Declaration , which was signed on 5 September 2013 , Tuvalu has commitment to implement power generation of 100 % renewable energy -LRB- between 2013 and 2020 -RRB- , which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV -LRB- 95 % of demand -RRB- and biodiesel -LRB- 5 % of demand -RRB- .	100% renewable	What type of energy does the Majuro Declaration advocate ?
Under the Majuro Declaration , which was signed on 5 September 2013 , Tuvalu has commitment to implement power generation of 100 % renewable energy -LRB- between 2013 and 2020 -RRB- , which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV -LRB- 95 % of demand -RRB- and biodiesel -LRB- 5 % of demand -RRB- .	Solar PV	By what means does Tuvalu plan to produce 95 % of its energy ?
Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency -LRB- FFA -RRB- and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission -LRB- WCPFC -RRB- .	Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency	In what fishery group does Tuvalu participate ?
The Tuvaluan government , the US government , and the governments of other Pacific islands , are parties to the South Pacific Tuna Treaty -LRB- SPTT -RRB- , which entered into force in 1988 .	South Pacific Tuna Treaty	Of what fishery treaty is Tuvalu a signatory ?
Tuvalu is also a member of the Nauru Agreement which addresses the management of tuna purse seine fishing in the tropical western Pacific .	tuna purse seine fishing	What is the focus of the Nauru Agreement ?
In May 2013 representatives from the United States and the Pacific Islands countries agreed to sign interim arrangement documents to extend the Multilateral Fisheries Treaty -LRB- which encompasses the South Pacific Tuna Treaty -RRB- to confirm access to the fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific for US tuna boats for 18 months .	Multilateral Fisheries Treaty	Of what did Tuvalu agree to the extension ?
In 2015 Tuvalu has refused to sell fishing days to certain nations and fleets that have blocked Tuvaluan initiatives to develop and sustain their own fishery .	fishing days	What did Tuvalu refuse to sell in 2015 ?
In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding -LRB- MOU -RRB- to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility , which Facility originated in 2006 , in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement -LRB- EPA -RRB- between Pacific ACP States and the European Union .	Memorandum of Understanding	What trade agreement did Tuvalu sign in 2013 ?
In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding -LRB- MOU -RRB- to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility , which Facility originated in 2006 , in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement -LRB- EPA -RRB- between Pacific ACP States and the European Union .	Pacific Regional Trade	What does the Memorandum concern ?
In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding -LRB- MOU -RRB- to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility , which Facility originated in 2006 , in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement -LRB- EPA -RRB- between Pacific ACP States and the European Union .	Economic Partnership Agreement	What does the trade agreement encompass ?
In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding -LRB- MOU -RRB- to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility , which Facility originated in 2006 , in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement -LRB- EPA -RRB- between Pacific ACP States and the European Union .	European Union	With what group does the agreement form an alliance ?
The rationale for the creation of the Facility being to improve the delivery of aid to Pacific island countries in support of the Aid-for-Trade -LRB- AfT -RRB- requirements .	Pacific island countries	To whom does the Facility seek to deliver aid ?
Each island has its own high-chief , or ulu-aliki , and several sub-chiefs -LRB- alikis -RRB- .	ulu-aliki	What is the Tuvalu high chief on each island called ?
Each island has its own high-chief , or ulu-aliki , and several sub-chiefs -LRB- alikis -RRB- .	alikis	What is the name of the sub-chiefs in Tuvalu ?
The community council is the Falekaupule -LRB- the traditional assembly of elders -RRB- or te sina o fenua -LRB- literally : `` grey-hairs of the land '' -RRB- .	Falekaupule	What is the Tuvaluan traditional assembly of elders ?
In the past , another caste , the priests -LRB- tofuga -RRB- , were also amongst the decision-makers .	tofuga	What was the caste of priests in the past on Tuvalu ?
Under the Falekaupule Act -LRB- 1997 -RRB- , the powers and functions of the Falekaupule are now shared with the pule o kaupule -LRB- elected village presidents ; one on each atoll -RRB- .	pule o kaupule	With what group do the falekaupule share power on Tuvalu ?
In 2014 attention was drawn to an appeal to the New Zealand Immigration and Protection Tribunal against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family on the basis that they were `` climate change refugees '' , who would suffer hardship resulting from the environmental degradation of Tuvalu .	climate change refugees	What was the argument against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family from new Zealand ?
The family was successful in their appeal because , under the relevant immigration legislation , there were `` exceptional circumstances of a humanitarian nature '' that justified the grant of resident permits as the family was integrated into New Zealand society with a sizeable extended family which had effectively relocated to New Zealand .	humanitarian nature	By what reason was the Tuvaluan family allowed to immigrate ?
Indeed , in 2013 a claim of a Kiribati man of being a `` climate change refugee '' under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees -LRB- 1951 -RRB- was determined by the New Zealand High Court to be untenable as there was no persecution or serious harm related to any of the five stipulated Refugee Convention grounds .	New Zealand High Court	What court ruled the claim of climate change refugee to be untenable ?
Indeed , in 2013 a claim of a Kiribati man of being a `` climate change refugee '' under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees -LRB- 1951 -RRB- was determined by the New Zealand High Court to be untenable as there was no persecution or serious harm related to any of the five stipulated Refugee Convention grounds .	persecution or serious harm	What feature was missing in the climate change claims ?
Indeed , in 2013 a claim of a Kiribati man of being a `` climate change refugee '' under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees -LRB- 1951 -RRB- was determined by the New Zealand High Court to be untenable as there was no persecution or serious harm related to any of the five stipulated Refugee Convention grounds .	Refugee Convention	What document draws out the requirements of refugee status ?
New Zealand has an annual quota of 75 Tuvaluans granted work permits under the Pacific Access Category , as announced in 2001 .	75	What is New Zealand 's annual quota of Tuvaluan granted work permits ?
The applicants register for the Pacific Access Category -LRB- PAC -RRB- ballots ; the primary criteria is that the principal applicant must have a job offer from a New Zealand employer .	job offer	What must a Tuvaluan have to be considered for a work permit in New Zealand ?
Tuvaluans also have access to seasonal employment in the horticulture and viticulture industries in New Zealand under the Recognised Seasonal Employer -LRB- RSE -RRB- Work Policy introduced in 2007 allowing for employment of up to 5,000 workers from Tuvalu and other Pacific islands .	5,000	How many Pacific islander seasonal workers are permitted ?
Tuvaluans can participate in the Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program , which allows Pacific Islanders to obtain seasonal employment in the Australian agriculture industry , in particular cotton and cane operations ; fishing industry , in particular aquaculture ; and with accommodation providers in the tourism industry .	Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program	What is the program that allows season employees work permits ?
Tuvaluans also have access to seasonal employment in the horticulture and viticulture industries in New Zealand under the Recognised Seasonal Employer -LRB- RSE -RRB- Work Policy introduced in 2007 allowing for employment of up to 5,000 workers from Tuvalu and other Pacific islands .	Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy	What program was introduced in 2007 for season workers in New Zealand ?
The Tuvaluan language and English are the national languages of Tuvalu .	Tuvaluan	Besides English , what is the national language of Tuvalu ?
Tuvaluan is of the Ellicean group of Polynesian languages , distantly related to all other Polynesian languages such as Hawaiian , Māori , Tahitian , Samoan and Tongan .	Ellicean group	What is the language group of the Tuvaluan language ?
Tuvaluan is of the Ellicean group of Polynesian languages , distantly related to all other Polynesian languages such as Hawaiian , Māori , Tahitian , Samoan and Tongan .	Polynesian	What other languages is the Tuvaluan language related ?
It is most closely related to the languages spoken on the Polynesian outliers in Micronesia and northern and central Melanesia .	Micronesia	To what area 's language is Tuvaluan closely related ?
The language has borrowed from the Samoan language , as a consequence of Christian missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries being predominantly Samoan .	Samoan	From what language does Tuvaluan borrow many linguistic traits ?
The Princess Margaret Hospital on Funafuti is the only hospital in Tuvalu .	Princess Margaret Hospital	What is the only hospital in Tuvalu ?
Allied health staff include two radiographers , two pharmacists , three laboratory technicians , two dieticians and 13 nurses with specialised training in fields including surgical nursing , anaesthesia nursing/ICU , paediatric nursing and midwifery .	13	How many nurses does Princess Margaret have on staff ?
The Princess Margaret Hospital on Funafuti is the only hospital in Tuvalu .	Funafuti	On which island in Tuvalu is the hospital ?
The Department of Health also employs nine or ten nurses on the outer islands to provide general nursing and midwifery services .	midwifery	What kind of nursing services do outer islands nurses provide ?
The Department of Health also employs nine or ten nurses on the outer islands to provide general nursing and midwifery services .	nine or ten	How many nurses are provided to the outer islands ?
This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the University of the South Pacific -LRB- USP -RRB- Extension Centre in Funafuti .	Funafuti	Where is the Extension Centre for the USP ?
Sixth form students who pass their PSSC go on to the Augmented Foundation Programme , funded by the government of Tuvalu .	government of Tuvalu	What group funds the Augmented Foundation Programme ?
This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the University of the South Pacific -LRB- USP -RRB- Extension Centre in Funafuti .	outside of Tuvalu	Where is the Augmented Programme required for further education ?
Sixth form students who pass their PSSC go on to the Augmented Foundation Programme , funded by the government of Tuvalu .	Sixth form	Which students go into the Augmented Foundation Programme ?
This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the University of the South Pacific -LRB- USP -RRB- Extension Centre in Funafuti .	University of the South Pacific	In what educational institution is the program found ?
Required attendance at school is 10 years for males and 11 years for females -LRB- 2001 -RRB- .	10 years	What is the required education for males on Tuvalu ?
Required attendance at school is 10 years for males and 11 years for females -LRB- 2001 -RRB- .	11 years	How long are females required to go to school ?
The adult literacy rate is 99.0 % -LRB- 2002 -RRB- .	99.0%	What was the literacy rate on Tuvalu in 2002 ?
In 2010 , there were 1,918 students who were taught by 109 teachers -LRB- 98 certified and 11 uncertified -RRB- .	1,918	How many students were in Tuvalu schools in 2010 ?
The teacher-pupil ratio for primary schools in Tuvalu is around 1:18 for all schools with the exception of Nauti School , which has a teacher-student ratio of 1:27 .	1:18	What si the teacher-student ratio for Tuvalu schools ?
Community Training Centres -LRB- CTCs -RRB- have been established within the primary schools on each atoll .	Community Training Centres	What type of school has Tuvalu set up on each atoll ?
The CTCs provide vocational training to students who do not progress beyond Class 8 because they failed the entry qualifications for secondary education .	secondary education	For what have CTC students failed to qualify ?
The CTCs provide vocational training to students who do not progress beyond Class 8 because they failed the entry qualifications for secondary education .	vocational training	What from of education do Community Training Centres provide ?
Adults can also attend courses at the CTCs .	Adults	Besides children , who can Take CTC classes ?
The CTCs offer training in basic carpentry , gardening and farming , sewing and cooking .	basic	What kind of training classes are offered at CTC ?
The traditional buildings of Tuvalu used plants and trees from the native broadleaf forest , including timber from : Pouka , -LRB- Hernandia peltata -RRB- ; Ngia or Ingia bush , -LRB- Pemphis acidula -RRB- ; Miro , -LRB- Thespesia populnea -RRB- ; Tonga , -LRB- Rhizophora mucronata -RRB- ; Fau or Fo fafini , or woman 's fibre tree -LRB- Hibiscus tiliaceus -RRB- .	plants and trees	What were the traditional building materials on Tuvalu ?
The traditional buildings of Tuvalu used plants and trees from the native broadleaf forest , including timber from : Pouka , -LRB- Hernandia peltata -RRB- ; Ngia or Ingia bush , -LRB- Pemphis acidula -RRB- ; Miro , -LRB- Thespesia populnea -RRB- ; Tonga , -LRB- Rhizophora mucronata -RRB- ; Fau or Fo fafini , or woman 's fibre tree -LRB- Hibiscus tiliaceus -RRB- .	broadleaf forest	What type of trees provided lumber for building on Tuvalu ?
and fibre from : coconut ; Ferra , native fig -LRB- Ficus aspem -RRB- ; Fala , screw pine or Pandanus .	fibre	What building material did coconut provide ?
The buildings were constructed without nails and were lashed and tied together with a plaited sennit rope that was handmade from dried coconut fibre .	nails	What construction feature was lacking in Tuvaluan building ?
The buildings were constructed without nails and were lashed and tied together with a plaited sennit rope that was handmade from dried coconut fibre .	dried coconut fibre	From what was rope made for tying buildings together ?
The women of Tuvalu use cowrie and other shells in traditional handicrafts .	shells	What sea creatures were used in traditional handicrafts ?
The artistic traditions of Tuvalu have traditionally been expressed in the design of clothing and traditional handicrafts such as the decoration of mats and fans .	clothing	In what item has Tuvalu traditional design been produced ?
The artistic traditions of Tuvalu have traditionally been expressed in the design of clothing and traditional handicrafts such as the decoration of mats and fans .	mats and fans	What type of decorative items use traditional Tuvalu designs ?
The material culture of Tuvalu uses traditional design elements in artefacts used in everyday life such as the design of canoes and fish hooks made from traditional materials .	everyday life	For what have objects having traditional design been used ?
The design of women 's skirts -LRB- titi -RRB- , tops -LRB- teuga saka -RRB- , headbands , armbands , and wristbands , which continue to be used in performances of the traditional dance songs of Tuvalu , represents contemporary Tuvaluan art and design .	dance songs	What traditional purpose are Tuvalu designs still used ?
The cuisine of Tuvalu is based on the staple of coconut and the many species of fish found in the ocean and lagoons of the atolls .	fish	What is the stable protein of Tuvalu ?
The cuisine of Tuvalu is based on the staple of coconut and the many species of fish found in the ocean and lagoons of the atolls .	coconut	What vegetable features in the Tuvalu diet ?
Desserts made on the islands include coconut and coconut milk , instead of animal milk .	animal	What kind of milk has been replaced with coconut milk on Tuvalu ?
A traditional food source is seabirds -LRB- taketake or black noddy and akiaki or white tern -RRB- , with pork being eaten mostly at fateles -LRB- or parties with dancing to celebrate events -RRB- .	seabirds	What type of meat is eaten on Tuvalu ?
A traditional food source is seabirds -LRB- taketake or black noddy and akiaki or white tern -RRB- , with pork being eaten mostly at fateles -LRB- or parties with dancing to celebrate events -RRB- .	fateles	At what event is pork traditionally eaten on Tuvalu ?
Another important building is the falekaupule or maneapa the traditional island meeting hall , where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a fatele involving music , singing and dancing .	meeting hall	What type of structure is the falekaupule ?
Another important building is the falekaupule or maneapa the traditional island meeting hall , where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a fatele involving music , singing and dancing .	celebrations	Besides meetings , for what other use is the meeting hall used ?
Falekaupule is also used as the name of the council of elders -- the traditional decision making body on each island .	council of elders	Aside from being defined as a meeting hall , what other definition does falekaupule have ?
Falekaupule is also used as the name of the council of elders -- the traditional decision making body on each island .	decision making body	What is the traditional use of the falekaupule ?
Aganu means traditional customs and culture .	Aganu	What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu ?
A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti , which is similar to cricket .	kilikiti	What is the traditional sport on Tuvalu ?
Ano is a localised version of volleyball , in which the two hard balls made from pandanus leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the Ano hitting the ground .	Ano	What is the Tuvalu version of volley ball ?
A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti , which is similar to cricket .	cricket	To what sport is kilikiti like ?
Traditional sports in the late 19th century were foot racing , lance throwing , quarterstaff fencing and wrestling , although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities .	Christian missionaries	What group disliked the traditional war-like sports of Tuvalu ?
Ano is a localised version of volleyball , in which the two hard balls made from pandanus leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the Ano hitting the ground .	two hard balls	With what equipment is ano played ?
At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games , Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu 's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch .	Tuau Lapua Lapua	What athlete won Tuvalu 's first gold metal in competition ?
At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games , Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu 's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch .	Pacific Mini Games	In which competition did Lapua win a metal for Tuvalu ?
At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games , Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu 's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch .	weightlifting	In what contests did Lapua win metals for Tuvalu ?
In 2015 Telupe Iosefa received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division .	Telupe Iosefa	Who won a gold metal at the Pacific Games ?
In 2015 Telupe Iosefa received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division .	powerlifting	In what type of competition did Telupe losefa win in 2015 ?
A major sporting event is the `` Independence Day Sports Festival '' held annually on 1 October .	Independence Day Sports Festival	What is a major annual sports event in Tuvalu ?
The most important sports event within the country is arguably the Tuvalu Games , which are held yearly since 2008 .	Tuvalu Games	What is the most important sports event held on Tuvalu ?
Tuvalu first participated in the Pacific Games in 1978 and in the Commonwealth Games in 1998 , when a weightlifter attended the games held at Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia .	1998	In what year did Tuvalu first appear in the Commonwealth Games ?
Tuvalu first participated in the Pacific Games in 1978 and in the Commonwealth Games in 1998 , when a weightlifter attended the games held at Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia .	weightlifter	What type of competitor entered the commonwealth Games in 1998 ?
Tuvaluan athletes have also participated in the men 's and women 's 100 metre sprints at the World Championships in Athletics from 2009 .	100 metre sprints	What competitions have Tuvalu athletes entered in the World Championships in Athletics ?
From 1996 to 2002 , Tuvalu was one of the best-performing Pacific Island economies and achieved an average real gross domestic product -LRB- GDP -RRB- growth rate of 5.6 % per annum .	5.6%	What was Tuvalu 's GDP rate from 1996 to 2002 ?
Since 2002 economic growth has slowed , with GDP growth of 1.5 % in 2008 .	1.5%	What has been the GDP of Tuvalu in 2008 ?
Tuvalu was exposed to rapid rises in world prices of fuel and food in 2008 , with the level of inflation peaking at 13.4 % .	fuel and food	What rises in cost have effected Tuvalu 's domestic growth ?
The International Monetary Fund 2010 Report on Tuvalu estimates that Tuvalu experienced zero growth in its 2010 GDP , after the economy contracted by about 2 % in 2009 .	zero growth	What has been the level of domestic growth in 2010 on Tuvalu ?
The 2014 Country Report describes economic growth prospects as generally positive as the result of large revenues from fishing licenses , together with substantial foreign aid .	large revenues	What does Tuvalu expect as a return in fishing licenses and foreign aid ?
Banking services are provided by the National Bank of Tuvalu .	National Bank of Tuvalu	What business provides banking services on Tuvalu ?
Remittances from Tuvaluans living in Australia and New Zealand , and remittances from Tuvaluan sailors employed on overseas ships are important sources of income for Tuvaluans .	overseas	Where are many of those who provide income to residents earning ?
Approximately 15 % of adult males work as seamen on foreign-flagged merchant ships .	seamen	How do 15 % of male Tuvaluans earn their income ?
Public sector workers make up about 65 % of those formally employed .	65%	What percentage of the Tuvalu workforce is in the public sector ?
Tuvaluans are otherwise involved in traditional subsistence agriculture and fishing .	agriculture and fishing.	What are the traditional forms of living employed by Tuvaluans ?
Tuvaluans are well known for their seafaring skills , with the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute on Amatuku motu -LRB- island -RRB- , Funafuti , providing training to approximately 120 marine cadets each year so that they have the skills necessary for employment as seafarers on merchant shipping .	Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute	What school provides maritime education on Tuvalu ?
Tuvaluans are well known for their seafaring skills , with the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute on Amatuku motu -LRB- island -RRB- , Funafuti , providing training to approximately 120 marine cadets each year so that they have the skills necessary for employment as seafarers on merchant shipping .	120	What is the yearly number of cadets at the Maritime Training Institute ?
The Tuvalu Overseas Seamen 's Union -LRB- TOSU -RRB- is the only registered trade union in Tuvalu .	Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union	What is the only trade union on Tuvalu ?
It represents workers on foreign ships .	on foreign ships	On what does the Seaman 'd Union represent workers ?
The Asian Development Bank -LRB- ADB -RRB- estimates that 800 Tuvaluan men are trained , certified and active as seafarers .	800	How many Tuvaluan men are active seafarers ?
tv '' domain name generates around $ 2.2 million each year from royalties , which is about ten per cent of the government 's total revenue .	$2.2 million	How much money does Tuvalu 's tv domain name earn each year ?
tv Internet Top Level Domain -LRB- TLD -RRB- .	Top Level Domain	What si Tuvalu 's tv domain ?
tv '' Internet domain name , which is now managed by Verisign until 2021 .	Verisign	What company is managing Tuvalu 's tv domain ?
tv '' domain name generates around $ 2.2 million each year from royalties , which is about ten per cent of the government 's total revenue .	ten per cent	How much of the total government revenue comes from the domain name ?
Tuvalu also generates income from stamps by the Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau and income from the Tuvalu Ship Registry .	Tuvalu Ship Registry	What income source does Tuvalu earn from shipping ?
The United Nations designates Tuvalu as a least developed country -LRB- LDC -RRB- because of its limited potential for economic development , absence of exploitable resources and its small size and vulnerability to external economic and environmental shocks .	least developed	What is the UN developmental designation for Tuvalu ?
In 2013 Tuvalu deferred its graduation from least developed country -LRB- LDC -RRB- status to a developing country to 2015 .	deferred its graduation	What did Tuvalu do in 2013 in regards to it least developed country status ?
Tuvalu participates in the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries -LRB- EIF -RRB- , which was established in October 1997 under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation .	World Trade Organisation	What organization sponsors an assistance program for least developed countries ?
Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said that this deferral was necessary to maintain access by Tuvalu to the funds provided by the United Nations 's National Adaptation Programme of Action -LRB- NAPA -RRB- , as `` Once Tuvalu graduates to a developed country , it will not be considered for funding assistance for climate change adaptation programmes like NAPA , which only goes to LDCs '' .	funding assistance	What would Tuvalu have lost as a developed country ?
Prime minister , Enele Sopoaga wants the United Nations to reconsider its criteria for graduation from LDC status as not enough weight is given to the environmental plight of small island states like Tuvalu in the application of the Environmental Vulnerability Index -LRB- EVI -RRB- .	environmental	What type of problem does the current developed country rating not take into enough consideration ?
The Tuvalu Media Department of the Government of Tuvalu operates Radio Tuvalu which broadcasts from Funafuti .	Radio Tuvalu	What is the radio station on Tuvalu ?
The Tuvalu Media Department of the Government of Tuvalu operates Radio Tuvalu which broadcasts from Funafuti .	Funafuti	From where does Radio Tuvalu broadcast ?
In 2011 the Japanese government provided financial support to construct a new AM broadcast studio .	Japanese government	Who gave financial support to Tuvalu to upgrade transmission equipment ?
The new AM radio transmitter on Funafuti replaced the FM radio service to the outer islands and freed up satellite bandwidth for mobile services .	FM radio	What did the new radio equipment replace with AM service ?
The new AM radio transmitter on Funafuti replaced the FM radio service to the outer islands and freed up satellite bandwidth for mobile services .	mobile	What service got more bandwidth from the transmission upgrade ?
Funafuti is the only port but there is a deep-water berth in the harbour at Nukufetau .	Funafuti	Where is Tuvalu 's only port ?
Funafuti is the only port but there is a deep-water berth in the harbour at Nukufetau .	Nukufetau	Where is there a deep water berth available on Tuvalu ?
The merchant marine fleet consists of two passenger/cargo ships Nivaga III and Manu Folau .	two	Of how many ships does the merchant marine fleet consist ?
In 2015 the Nivaga III was donated by the government of Japan ; it replaced the Nivaga II , which had serviced Tuvalu from 1989 .	Nivaga III	What ship did Japan donate to Tuvalu in 2015 ?
These ships carry cargo and passengers between the main atolls and travel between Suva , Fiji and Funafuti 3 to 4 times a year .	cargo and passengers	What do Tuvalu 's merchant fleet carry ?
Tuvalu consists of three reef islands and six true atolls .	three	How many reef islands does the Tuvalu group have ?
Tuvalu consists of three reef islands and six true atolls .	six	What are the number of true atolls are in the Tuvalu islands ?
Its small , scattered group of atolls have poor soil and a total land area of only about 26 square kilometres -LRB- 10 square miles -RRB- making it the fourth smallest country in the world .	26 square kilometres	What is the total land area of Tuvalu ?
Its small , scattered group of atolls have poor soil and a total land area of only about 26 square kilometres -LRB- 10 square miles -RRB- making it the fourth smallest country in the world .	fourth smallest	How does Tuvalu rank in country size as compared to other nations ?
Tuvalu 's Exclusive Economic Zone -LRB- EEZ -RRB- covers an oceanic area of approximately 900,000 km2 .	900,000 km2	What is the coverage of Tuvalu 's economic zone ?
Funafuti is the largest atoll of the nine low reef islands and atolls that form the Tuvalu volcanic island chain .	Funafuti	Which of Tuvalu 's atolls is largest ?
Funafuti is the largest atoll of the nine low reef islands and atolls that form the Tuvalu volcanic island chain .	volcanic island chain	What type of island grouping is Tuvalu ?
It comprises numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately 25.1 kilometres -LRB- 15.6 miles -RRB- -LRB- N -- S -RRB- by 18.4 kilometres -LRB- 11.4 miles -RRB- -LRB- W-E -RRB- , centred on 179 ° 7 ' E and 8 ° 30 'S .	179°7'E and 8°30'S	What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu ?
The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu , which brings the total number of identified species to 607 .	607	How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon ?
The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu , which brings the total number of identified species to 607 .	66	How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded ?
Tuvalu experiences the effects of El Niño and La Niña caused by changes in ocean temperatures in the equatorial and central Pacific .	El Niño and La Niña	What specific ocean temperature conditions effect Tuvalu ?
El Niño effects increase the chances of tropical storms and cyclones , while La Niña effects increase the chances of drought .	El Niño	Which effect causes increases in sea storms like cyclones ?
El Niño effects increase the chances of tropical storms and cyclones , while La Niña effects increase the chances of drought .	La Niña	What temperature effect causes drought ?
A state of emergency was declared on 28 September 2011 ; with rationing of fresh-water on the islands of Funafuti and Nukulaelae .	rationing of fresh-water	What did a drought in 2011 cause on Funafuti ?
Typically the islands of Tuvalu receive between 200 to 400 mm -LRB- 8 to 16 in -RRB- of rainfall per month .	200 to 400 mm	What is the usual amount of rainfall per month on Tuvalu ?
The governments of Australia and New Zealand responded to the 2011 fresh-water crisis by supplying temporary desalination plants , and assisted in the repair of the existing desalination unit that was donated by Japan in 2006 .	desalination plants	What type of device did Australia and New Zealand offer to Tuvalu during the 2011 drought ?
In response to the 2011 drought , Japan funded the purchase of a 100 m3/d desalination plant and two portable 10 m3/d plants as part of its Pacific Environment Community -LRB- PEC -RRB- program .	Pacific Environment Community	As aprt of what program did Japan fund a new desalination plant at Tuvalu ?
Aid programs from the European Union and Australia also provided water tanks as part of the longer term solution for the storage of available fresh water .	water tanks	What did aid from the European Union provide during the drought on Tuvalu ?
Aid programs from the European Union and Australia also provided water tanks as part of the longer term solution for the storage of available fresh water .	fresh water	What did Tuvalu 's new water tanks make possible to store ?
The governments of Australia and New Zealand responded to the 2011 fresh-water crisis by supplying temporary desalination plants , and assisted in the repair of the existing desalination unit that was donated by Japan in 2006 .	2006	In what year had Japan previously donated a desalination plant to Tuvalu ?
The eastern shoreline of Funafuti Lagoon was modified during World War II when the airfield -LRB- what is now Funafuti International Airport -RRB- was constructed .	Funafuti International Airport	What is the modern name for the air field built during WWII ?
The eastern shoreline of Funafuti Lagoon was modified during World War II when the airfield -LRB- what is now Funafuti International Airport -RRB- was constructed .	Funafuti Lagoon	What was damaged by building of the war time air field ?
The resulting borrow pits impacted the fresh-water aquifer .	fresh-water aquifer	What has the pits from the Tuvalu air runways construction impacted ?
The New Zealand Government funded the BPR project .	New Zealand Government	What government funded the restoration of the borrow pits on Tuvalu ?
This project increase the usable land space on Fongafale by eight per cent .	eight per cent	How much increase in land space did the filling of the borrow pits cause ?
The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage , with 80 per cent of the coral becoming bleached as a consequence of the increase in ocean temperatures and ocean acidification .	80 per cent	What percentage of the Tuvalu coral has become bleached ?
The coral bleaching , which includes staghorn corals , is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the El Niños that occurred from 1998 -- 2000 and from 2000 -- 2001 .	water temperature	What increase caused by the El Ninos is responsible for the coral bleaching ?
A reef restoration project has investigated reef restoration techniques ; and researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the coral reefs through the introduction of foraminifera .	foraminifera	What has been investigated as a means of rebuilding the reefs at Tuvalu ?
The project of the Japan International Cooperation Agency is designed to increase the resilience of the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise through ecosystem rehabilitation and regeneration and through support for sand production .	ecosystem rehabilitation	What is hoped will strengthen the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise ?
A reef restoration project has investigated reef restoration techniques ; and researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the coral reefs through the introduction of foraminifera .	reef restoration	What type of project has been started to rebuild the reefs at Tuvalu ?
The rising population has resulted in an increased demand on fish stocks , which are under stress ; although the creation of the Funafuti Conservation Area has provided a fishing exclusion area to help sustain the fish population across the Funafuti lagoon .	Funafuti Conservation Area	What has been formed to protect the fish stocks in Tuvalu Lagoon ?
The rising population has resulted in an increased demand on fish stocks , which are under stress ; although the creation of the Funafuti Conservation Area has provided a fishing exclusion area to help sustain the fish population across the Funafuti lagoon .	rising population	What factor has caused an increased demand for fish ?
Population pressure on the resources of Funafuti and inadequate sanitation systems have resulted in pollution .	pollution	What has growth in population and poor sanitation caused ?
The Waste Operations and Services Act of 2009 provides the legal framework for waste management and pollution control projects funded by the European Union directed at organic waste composting in eco-sanitation systems .	European Union	What organization has funded a waste management control plan on Tuvalu ?
In Tuvalu plastic waste is a problem as much imported food and other commodities are supplied in plastic containers or packaging .	plastic waste	What do imports produce on Tuvalu ?
Reverse osmosis -LRB- R/O -RRB- desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti .	Reverse osmosis	What type of desalination is used on Funafuti ?
The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day .	40 m3 per day	How much water does the Funafuti plant produce ?
R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30 % , however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating .	below 30%	At what storage point is R/O water production meant to be used ?
Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$ 6 per m3 , with the difference subsidised by the government .	government	What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination ?
Water is delivered at a cost of A$ 3.50 per m3 .	A$3.50 per m3	What is the cost of R/O produced water ?
In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation .	July 2012	When did the UN ask Tuvalu to come up with a plan to improve drinking water ?
In 2012 , Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management -LRB- IWRM -RRB- Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change -LRB- PACC -RRB- Project , which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC .	National Water Resources Policy	What did Tuvalu develop as a safe water strategy ?
Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water , cleaning , community and cultural activities .	50 and 100L	What is the per person per day targeted use of water for Tuvalu ?
In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation .	United Nations	What organization called for Tuvalu to improve its water and sanitation systems ?
Because of the low elevation , the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise .	low elevation	What geological situation makes Tuvalu prone to storm damage ?
Because of the low elevation , the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise .	sea level rise	To what climate change condition does Tuvalu 's low elevation make it susceptible ?
The highest elevation is 4.6 metres -LRB- 15 ft -RRB- above sea level on Niulakita , which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country -LRB- after the Maldives -RRB- .	4.6 metres	What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu ?
The highest elevation is 4.6 metres -LRB- 15 ft -RRB- above sea level on Niulakita , which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country -LRB- after the Maldives -RRB- .	Niulakita	Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation ?
The highest elevation is 4.6 metres -LRB- 15 ft -RRB- above sea level on Niulakita , which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country -LRB- after the Maldives -RRB- .	second-lowest	Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation ?
Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti .	Cyclone Bebe	What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti ?
Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997 , and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996 -- 97 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season .	three	How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97 cyclone season ?
Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later , Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops .	Cyclone Ofa	What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu ?
Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997 , and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996 -- 97 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season .	Cyclone Gavin	What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season ?
Funafuti 's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979 , with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone .	Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili	What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979 ?
In March 2015 , the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres -LRB- 9.8 ft -RRB- to 5 metres -LRB- 16 ft -RRB- breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses , crops and infrastructure .	3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft)	What were the wave heights during Cyclone Pam on Tuvalu ?
In March 2015 , the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres -LRB- 9.8 ft -RRB- to 5 metres -LRB- 16 ft -RRB- breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses , crops and infrastructure .	March 2015	In what year did Cyclone Pam strike Tuvalu ?
Nui suffered the most damage of the three central islands -LRB- Nui , Nukufetau and Vaitupu -RRB- ; with both Nui and Nukufetau suffering the loss of 90 % of the crops .	Nui	During Cyclone Pam which island had the most damage ?
Nui suffered the most damage of the three central islands -LRB- Nui , Nukufetau and Vaitupu -RRB- ; with both Nui and Nukufetau suffering the loss of 90 % of the crops .	90%	What percentage of Tuvalu crops were destroyed during Cyclone Pam ?
The coconut palms were washed away , leaving the islet as a sand bar .	coconut palms	The loss of what caused the Vasafua islet to become a sand bar due to Cyclone Pam ?
The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid , food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris .	damage	What did the Tuvalu government assess after Cyclone Pam ?
The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid , food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris .	Cyclone Pam	What event on Tuvalu made assistance to the population necessary ?
Government and Non-Government Organisations provided assistance technical , funding and material support to Tuvalu to assist with recovery , including WHO , UNICEF , UNDP , OCHA , World Bank , DFAT , New Zealand Red Cross & IFRC , Fiji National University and governments of New Zealand , Netherlands , UAE , Taiwan and the United States .	recovery	What assistance did many international groups give to Tuvalu ?
The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid , food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris .	cleaning-up	For what action was government assistance necessary after the Tuvalu cyclone ??
Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue .	sea level	What subject is arguable concerning Tuvalu ?
The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government , concludes : `` The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm -LRB- 0.2 in -RRB- per year . ''	5 mm	What was the amount of sea level change on Tuvalu estimated by the 2011 report ?
The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government , concludes : `` The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm -LRB- 0.2 in -RRB- per year . ''	satellite	What device was used to produce the measurements of sea level change on Tuvalu ?
There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis .	pre-1993	Prior to what year were the reports used to assess sea level rise ?
The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data .	degree of uncertainty	What is assumed about the sea level reports and records of Tuvalu ?
The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise , with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones .	resilience	What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise ?
Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs .	reefs	What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase ?
However , if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth , or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification , then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain .	faster rate	What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs ?
However , if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth , or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification , then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain .	ocean acidification	What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs ?
The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise , with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones .	on the islands	Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones ?
While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu 's population to Australia , New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji , in 2006 Maatia Toafa -LRB- Prime Minister from 2004 -- 2006 -RRB- said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated .	relocation	What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu ?
While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu 's population to Australia , New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji , in 2006 Maatia Toafa -LRB- Prime Minister from 2004 -- 2006 -RRB- said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated .	rising sea levels	What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population ?
While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu 's population to Australia , New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji , in 2006 Maatia Toafa -LRB- Prime Minister from 2004 -- 2006 -RRB- said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated .	2006	When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu ?
In 2013 Enele Sopoaga , the prime minister of Tuvalu , said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise `` should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself .	never be an option	What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be ?
The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only , saying that Mary was preserved from any stain -LRB- in Latin , macula or labes , the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition -RRB- .	original sin only	What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ?
The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only , saying that Mary was preserved from any stain -LRB- in Latin , macula or labes , the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition -RRB- .	Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes	What was Mary prevented from having to endure ?
The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states `` that the most Blessed Virgin Mary , in the first instance of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God , in view of the merits of Jesus Christ , the Saviour of the human race , was preserved free from all stain of original sin . ''	privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain	Who was believed to have prevented this from occurring to Mary ?
The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states `` that the most Blessed Virgin Mary , in the first instance of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God , in view of the merits of Jesus Christ , the Saviour of the human race , was preserved free from all stain of original sin . ''	Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin."	What was the outcome of preventing Mary from having to endure such an injustice ?
Therefore , being always free from original sin , the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth .	sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.	What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ?
The definition makes no declaration about the Church 's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin .	makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin	Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?
However , the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally , `` free from all sin , original or personal '' .	the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal	How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ?
The Council of Trent decreed : `` If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more , nor lose grace , and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified ; or , on the contrary , that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins , except by a special privilege of God , as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin : let him be anathema . ''	let him be anathema."	What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in regards to the decision on Mary ?
The Council of Trent decreed : `` If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more , nor lose grace , and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified ; or , on the contrary , that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins , except by a special privilege of God , as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin : let him be anathema . ''	The Council of Trent	What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?
The doctrine of the immaculate conception -LRB- Mary being conceived free from original sin -RRB- is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus .	doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus	Is the view of the impregnation of Mary 's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?
Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother , traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne .	Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother	What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?
In 1677 , the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived , which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century .	since the 4th century	When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?
In 1677 , the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived , which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century .	1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,	When were contradictory views to the belief of Mary 's parentage struck down ?
Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother , traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne .	Saint Joachim and Saint Anne	Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?
When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus , Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime .	dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime	What was explained by the man Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti who later became leader of the Holy Roman Church ?
Another misunderstanding is that , by her immaculate conception , Mary did not need a saviour .	Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour	What did Mary supposedly not require that everyone else also required and why was this so ?
Since the Second Council of Orange against semi-pelagianism , the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless , he would still require God 's grace to remain sinless .	Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.	According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ?
He stated that Mary , rather than being cleansed after sin , was completely prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ , the Savior of the human race .	Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race.	What is the child of Mary known to be famous for according to Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti ?
Mary 's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium .	Greek theologians of Byzantium	What Empire held Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary 's conception ?
Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen , his explanation of the `` purification '' of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision -LRB- Luke 2:22 -RRB- prompted him to consider the primary meaning of `` purification '' in Christology -LRB- and by extension in Mariology -RRB- to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace -LRB- e.g. , Jesus at his Baptism -RRB- .	St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary	Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?
Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen , his explanation of the `` purification '' of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision -LRB- Luke 2:22 -RRB- prompted him to consider the primary meaning of `` purification '' in Christology -LRB- and by extension in Mariology -RRB- to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace -LRB- e.g. , Jesus at his Baptism -RRB- .	the circumcision	What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?
Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen , his explanation of the `` purification '' of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision -LRB- Luke 2:22 -RRB- prompted him to consider the primary meaning of `` purification '' in Christology -LRB- and by extension in Mariology -RRB- to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace -LRB- e.g. , Jesus at his Baptism -RRB- .	Luke	Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?
After this period , the `` purification '' of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts , but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary 's very conception -LRB- along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler -RRB- by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium -LRB- e.g. , St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius -RRB- .	purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception	What became associated with the celebration of Mary 's inception in the womb ?
Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as `` in every respect holy '' , `` in all things unstained '' , `` super-innocent '' , and `` singularly holy '' are applied to her ; she is compared to Eve before the fall , as ancestress of a redeemed people ; she is `` the earth before it was accursed '' .	in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her	What phrases were used to describe Mary ?
Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as `` in every respect holy '' , `` in all things unstained '' , `` super-innocent '' , and `` singularly holy '' are applied to her ; she is compared to Eve before the fall , as ancestress of a redeemed people ; she is `` the earth before it was accursed '' .	Eve before the fall	Who is often held as the model for all things holy and pure that is not Mary ?
The well-known words of St. Augustine -LRB- d. 430 -RRB- may be cited : `` As regards the mother of God , '' he says , `` I will not allow any question whatever of sin . ''	St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin.	Who refused to hear any contradictory views about Mary and her perceived inception ?
But his argument is that all men are sinners ; that they are so through original depravity ; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God , and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin `` of every sort '' -LRB- omni ex parte -RRB- .	his argument is that all men are sinners;	What did this person also state about all of mankind in regards to wayward transgressions ?
Although the doctrine of Mary 's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin -LRB- and particularly Frankish -RRB- theologians , it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen 's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East .	Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians	Where did the majority of the concepts of Mary 's birth show themselves the most ?
Although hymnographers and scholars , like the Emperor Justinian I , were accustomed to call Mary `` prepurified '' in their poetic and credal statements , the first point of departure for more fully commenting on Nazianzen 's meaning occurs in Sophronius of Jerusalem .	to call Mary "prepurified"	In what way did this Ruler refer to Mary in his writings ?
Although hymnographers and scholars , like the Emperor Justinian I , were accustomed to call Mary `` prepurified '' in their poetic and credal statements , the first point of departure for more fully commenting on Nazianzen 's meaning occurs in Sophronius of Jerusalem .	Emperor Justinian I,	What Byzantine Ruler ho ruled from from 527 to 565 was also a well trained thinker of concepts ?
In other places Sophronius explains that the Theotokos was already immaculate , when she was `` purified '' at the Annunciation and goes so far as to note that John the Baptist is literally `` holier than all ` Men ' born of woman '' since Mary 's surpassing holiness signifies that she was holier than even John after his sanctification in utero .	she was "purified" at the Annunciation	What event happened to Theotokos that was of significant religious note ?
In other places Sophronius explains that the Theotokos was already immaculate , when she was `` purified '' at the Annunciation and goes so far as to note that John the Baptist is literally `` holier than all ` Men ' born of woman '' since Mary 's surpassing holiness signifies that she was holier than even John after his sanctification in utero .	holier than all 'Men' born of woman	How did some view the the person whose name includes a Christian rite of passage from the Bible ?
By 750 , the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East , under the name of the Conception -LRB- active -RRB- of Saint Anne .	the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East	What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ?
By 750 , the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East , under the name of the Conception -LRB- active -RRB- of Saint Anne .	under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne	What was the name of this festival ?
In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception -LRB- passive -RRB- of Mary , and was associated particularly with the Normans , whether these introduced it directly from the East or took it from English usage .	In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans	Was there anything in similarity that happened in the Western portion of the Empire ? If so who was it supported by ?
Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux , Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas .	Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas.	Who was against all of the celebrations of Mary 's her birth ?
Other theologians defended the expression `` Immaculate Conception '' , pointing out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ , a view held especially by Franciscans .	out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.	According to some when is is possible for a Sanctified Mary to have emerged ?
On 28 February 1476 , Pope Sixtus IV , authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so , and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477 , with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast .	authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477	What happened on the final day of the month of love that was of significance was authorized by the Holy Roman Church leader ?
On 28 February 1476 , Pope Sixtus IV , authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so , and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477 , with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast .	Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses	Who was the Holy Roman Church leader that authorized the change ?
With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477 , in which he referred to the feast as that of the Conception of Mary , without using the word `` Immaculate '' , he granted indulgences to those who would participate in the specially composed Mass or Office on the feast itself or during its octave , and he used the word `` immaculate '' of Mary , but applied instead the adjective `` miraculous '' to her conception .	but applied instead the adjective "miraculous" to her conception.	What word substitution did he use in the authorization to appease all of the worshipers and view points when speaking of the inception of Mary ?
On 4 September 1483 , referring to the feast as that of `` the Conception of Immaculate Mary ever Virgin '' , he condemned both those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that the `` glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin '' and those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that `` the glorious Virgin Mary was conceived with original sin '' , since , he said , `` up to this time there has been no decision made by the Roman Church and the Apostolic See . ''	mortally sinful	What was the opposite of a sinner who committed a venial type ? It would be the most grave type of all .
In 1839 Mariano Spada -LRB- 1796 - 1872 -RRB- , professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas , published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell ' Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale , relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria -LSB- A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas , the Angelic Doctor , regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary -RSB- , in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary 's womb .	published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria	What did a teacher of religion from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?
Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867 .	appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867	What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?
Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867 .	Pope Pius IX	Who gave the teacher the new job ?
In 1839 Mariano Spada -LRB- 1796 - 1872 -RRB- , professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas , published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell ' Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale , relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria -LSB- A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas , the Angelic Doctor , regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary -RSB- , in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary 's womb .	Mariano Spada	Who was the teacher who committed the act ?
Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas ' teaching .	Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching.	What problem did the teacher 's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed to do in response to the actions of the teacher ?
It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who , in the 12th century , explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception .	St Bernard of Clairvaux	Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ?
St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See .	St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See.	Who did the query starter lay blame upon for the festivals that surrounded Mary 's inception ?
Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother 's cooperation , for in his argument he says : `` How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence -LRB- libido -RRB- ? ''	How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?	What did the query starter believe to be the ultimate difficulty in accepting the a virgin conception of Mary ?
Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother 's cooperation , for in his argument he says : `` How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence -LRB- libido -RRB- ? ''	conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation	What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary 's direct maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ?
St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See .	instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See	Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary 's conception had authorization to be held ?
The celebrated John Duns Scotus -LRB- d. 1308 -RRB- , a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure , argued , on the contrary , that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin , as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered .	that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ	What did the the monk of minor believe to be true of Mary ?
The celebrated John Duns Scotus -LRB- d. 1308 -RRB- , a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure , argued , on the contrary , that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin , as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered .	to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered.	What point did his argument attempt to bring to the masses ?
Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ , he argued that Mary 's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history .	Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ	What did the monk of minor believe could alleviate the tension in the matter of the
Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ , he argued that Mary 's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history .	immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ;	What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary 's reputation ?
Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ , he argued that Mary 's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history .	rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.	How did monk of minor explain how the change in reputation could be of benefit to Mary ?
Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary 's conception .	Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception.	Where did the mass majority stand in relation to having or not having the Mary inception festivals ?
In 1439 , the Council of Basel , which is not reckoned an ecumenical council , stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith .	stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith.	How did the Holy Roman Church rule on the matter of the festivals ?
By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties , but such was the influence of the Dominicans , and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas -LRB- who had been canonised in 1323 and declared `` Doctor Angelicus '' of the Church in 1567 -RRB- that the Council of Trent -LRB- 1545 -- 63 -RRB- -- which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine -- instead declined to take a position .	end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties	Was the practce behind the meaning of the Mary inception festivals taught at Universities of theology ?
By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties , but such was the influence of the Dominicans , and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas -LRB- who had been canonised in 1323 and declared `` Doctor Angelicus '' of the Church in 1567 -RRB- that the Council of Trent -LRB- 1545 -- 63 -RRB- -- which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine -- instead declined to take a position .	Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323	In what year was the famous friar named Tom given a position as a saint of the Holy Roman Catholic Church ?
By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties , but such was the influence of the Dominicans , and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas -LRB- who had been canonised in 1323 and declared `` Doctor Angelicus '' of the Church in 1567 -RRB- that the Council of Trent -LRB- 1545 -- 63 -RRB- -- which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine -- instead declined to take a position .	declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567	What happened to Tom at one of the 1567 that changed his title ?
The papal bull defining the dogma , Ineffabilis Deus , mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3:15 as referring to a woman , Mary , who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him .	papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus	What holy document takes the view of Mary back to the creation of man and woman ?
The papal bull defining the dogma , Ineffabilis Deus , mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3:15 as referring to a woman , Mary , who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him .	Genesis 3:15	What specific part the Bible does this document reference for Mary ?
It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary 's `` wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence '' `` in that ark of Noah , which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world ; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven , by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended , and on whose top the Lord himself leaned ; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides , which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully ; in that impregnable tower before the enemy , from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong ; in that garden enclosed on all sides , which can not be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots ; in that resplendent city of God , which has its foundations on the holy mountains ; in that most august temple of God , which , radiant with divine splendours , is full of the glory of God ; and in very many other biblical types of this kind . ''	the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence	According to the document what did the forebears already have knowledge of before Mary came about ?
It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary 's `` wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence '' `` in that ark of Noah , which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world ; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven , by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended , and on whose top the Lord himself leaned ; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides , which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully ; in that impregnable tower before the enemy , from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong ; in that garden enclosed on all sides , which can not be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots ; in that resplendent city of God , which has its foundations on the holy mountains ; in that most august temple of God , which , radiant with divine splendours , is full of the glory of God ; and in very many other biblical types of this kind . ''	in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world	Where was Mary represented -LRB- according to the Holy document -RRB- on the vessel that wandered the sea for forty days and forty nights ?
Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an `` over-elaboration '' of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin .	Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception	What sect often stands in disagreement over the virginal inception of Mary ?
Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an `` over-elaboration '' of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin .	dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration"	What does this group believe of the story of a Virgin mother for Mary and those who follow its teaching ?
Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an `` over-elaboration '' of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin .	because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin.	What in particular does the group feels is impossible to believe ?
All the same , the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios , Damascene , and their imitators .	took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators.	What did this theological study do to set itself apart from the other groups ?
All the same , the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios , Damascene , and their imitators .	Mariology	What is the theological study of Mary called ?
Martin Luther , who initiated the Protestant Reformation , said : `` Mother Mary , like us , was born in sin of sinful parents , but the Holy Spirit covered her , sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood , but not with sinful flesh and blood .	Martin Luther	Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?
Martin Luther , who initiated the Protestant Reformation , said : `` Mother Mary , like us , was born in sin of sinful parents , but the Holy Spirit covered her , sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood , but not with sinful flesh and blood .	Protestant Reformation	What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church ?
Martin Luther , who initiated the Protestant Reformation , said : `` Mother Mary , like us , was born in sin of sinful parents , but the Holy Spirit covered her , sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood , but not with sinful flesh and blood .	Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her	What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?
Martin Luther , who initiated the Protestant Reformation , said : `` Mother Mary , like us , was born in sin of sinful parents , but the Holy Spirit covered her , sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood , but not with sinful flesh and blood .	this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood.	What did Mary 's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ?
Some Lutherans , such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church , support the doctrine .	Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.	What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?
The report `` Mary : Faith and Hope in Christ '' , by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission , concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions .	Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission	What was written by the a all inclusive group convened by the holy church centered in Rome ?
The report `` Mary : Faith and Hope in Christ '' , by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission , concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions .	The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ"	What document did this group create once it was convened ?
The report `` Mary : Faith and Hope in Christ '' , by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission , concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions .	Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions.	What was the final conclusion reached in the report by the group ?
But the report expressed concerns that the Roman Catholic dogmatic definitions of these concepts implies them to be `` revealed by God '' , stating : `` The question arises for Anglicans , however , as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held by believers as a matter of faith . ''	The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held	What type of interpretation did the group believe was of concern in regard to Mary ?
The report `` Mary : Faith and Hope in Christ '' , by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission , concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions .	teaching about Mary in the two definitions	What did the document attempt to clarify ?
Some Western writers claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam .	claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam.	What religion is credited by some authors from the west for initiating the story of the conceiving of Mary ?
For according to a tradition of Mohammed , every person that comes into the world , is touched at his birth by the devil , and therefore cries out , Mary and her son only excepted ; between whom , and the evil spirit God placed a veil , so that his touch did not reach them .	Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them.	According to the teaching of this other religion what occurred to Mary during the birth of her first child ?
For according to a tradition of Mohammed , every person that comes into the world , is touched at his birth by the devil , and therefore cries out , Mary and her son only excepted ; between whom , and the evil spirit God placed a veil , so that his touch did not reach them .	every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil	What does this other religion also state happens to everyone besides Mary and her First born child ?
For according to a tradition of Mohammed , every person that comes into the world , is touched at his birth by the devil , and therefore cries out , Mary and her son only excepted ; between whom , and the evil spirit God placed a veil , so that his touch did not reach them .	every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out,	What does the event cause to happen to everyone but Mary and her first born child ?
Thus , commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur ` an , `` I have called her Mary ; and I commend her to thy protection , and also her issue , against Satan driven away with stones '' , George Sale stated : `` It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage .	passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones	What do these authors use in the form of proof for credit given to the other religion ?
Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam , the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate , her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam .	Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam	Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary 's inception ?
Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam , the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate , her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam .	in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate	What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ?
Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam , the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate , her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam .	her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam	Does this view contradict the belief that Mary was also born to a virgin mother ?
The Muslim tradition or hadith , which states that the only children born without the `` touch of Satan , '' were Mary and Jesus .	Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus.	What view did the Qua-ran take on the sinful ways in which Mary could have been conceived ?
Moreover , Hannah 's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan -LRB- Shayṭān -RRB- was said after it had already been born , not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have .	Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan	What is the name of the prayer that is listed in the Qua-ran is used to enact a safeguard on kids from the the devil ?
In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , published in 1788 , Edward Gibbon wrote : `` The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother . ''	The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother	What did the writer of a 1788 multi-volumed text say concerning plagiarism and the Roman Catholic Church ?
In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , published in 1788 , Edward Gibbon wrote : `` The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother . ''	Edward Gibbon	Who is the author of the texts entailed in the fifth part of the the collection about the Roman Catholic Church ?
In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , published in 1788 , Edward Gibbon wrote : `` The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother . ''	Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire	What was the group of volumes titled ?
In the aftermath of the definition of the dogma in 1854 , this charge was repeated : `` Strange as it may appear , that the doctrine which the church of Rome has promulgated , with so much pomp and ceremony , ` for the destruction of all heresies , and the confirmation of the faith of her adherents ' , should have its origin in the Mohametan Bible ; yet the testimony of such authorities as Gibbon , and Sale , and Forster , and Gagnier , and Maracci , leave no doubt as to the marvellous fact . ''	Mohametan Bible	Where does the author state that the Roman Catholic Church received her facts and confirmations ?
Your clothing is white as snow , and your face is like the sun .	Your clothing is white as snow,	What color garment is used in traditional chants to represent the purity of Mary 's conception ?
The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary 's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception .	The Roman Missal	The rituals for the correct way to enjoy Mass is listed in what text ?
On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music , polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner , Pablo Casals , Maurice Duruflé , Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki , no : Ola Gjeilo , José Maurício Nunes Garcia , and Nikolaus Schapfl ,	polyphonic settings have been composed	What type of melodic , rhythmic , and harmonic changes have been made by composers but are based on the works that are monophonic and unaccompanied sacred song ?
The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary 's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception .	Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours	What official writings give specific prayers for each hours of the day for Catholics ?
The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe , and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept : in a heavenly realm , moments after her creation , the spirit of Mary -LRB- in the form of a young woman -RRB- looks up in awe at -LRB- or bows her head to -RRB- God .	in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God	What became very popular symbol among the who believed Mary had a Virgin for a mother ?
The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head , possibly a reference to `` a woman clothed with the sun '' from Revelation 12:1 -2 .	moon is under her feet	What does Mary stand upon in this symbol ?
The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head , possibly a reference to `` a woman clothed with the sun '' from Revelation 12:1 -2 .	a halo of twelve stars surround her head	What does Mary where atop her hair that twinkles in the symbol ?
Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels .	free	What is the cost of primary and secondary education in Namibia ?
In 1998 , there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools .	400,325	How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school ?
In 1998 , there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools .	115,237	How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in secondary schools ?
The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1 , with about 8 % of the GDP being spent on education .	32:1	What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999 ?
Curriculum development , educational research , and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the National Institute for Educational Development -LRB- NIED -RRB- in Okahandja .	National Institute for Educational Development	What develops the curriculum as well as other educational resources in Namibia ?
Namibia -LRB- i/n əˈmɪbiə / , / næˈ - / -RRB- , officially the Republic of Namibia -LRB- German : Republik Namibia -LRB- help · info -RRB- ; Afrikaans : Republiek van Namibië -RRB- is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean .	Namibië	What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia ?
Namibia -LRB- i/n əˈmɪbiə / , / næˈ - / -RRB- , officially the Republic of Namibia -LRB- German : Republik Namibia -LRB- help · info -RRB- ; Afrikaans : Republiek van Namibië -RRB- is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean .	southern	Where in Africa is Namibia ?
Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 , following the Namibian War of Independence .	21 March 1990	When did Namibia gain independence from South Africa ?
Namibia -LRB- i/n əˈmɪbiə / , / næˈ - / -RRB- , officially the Republic of Namibia -LRB- German : Republik Namibia -LRB- help · info -RRB- ; Afrikaans : Republiek van Namibië -RRB- is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean .	Atlantic Ocean	What ocean borders Namibia ?
Although it does not border Zimbabwe , a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River -LRB- essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border -RRB- separates it from that country .	200 metres	How far away is Namibia to the Zambezi River ?
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San , Damara , and Namaqua , and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion .	14th century	When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia ?
Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I .	1884	When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate ?
Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I .	end of World War I	When did Namibia stop being a German colony ?
In 1920 , the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa , which imposed its laws and , from 1948 , its apartheid policy .	1920	What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa ?
In 1920 , the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa , which imposed its laws and , from 1948 , its apartheid policy .	1948	When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia ?
It recognised the South West Africa People 's Organisation -LRB- SWAPO -RRB- as the official representative of the Namibian people in 1973 .	South West Africa People's Organisation	What does SWAPO stand for ?
It recognised the South West Africa People 's Organisation -LRB- SWAPO -RRB- as the official representative of the Namibian people in 1973 .	1973	When was SWAPO designated as the representative of Namibian people ?
Namibia , however , remained under South African administration during this time as South-West Africa .	South-West Africa.	When Namibia was under South African administration , what was it called ?
Following internal violence , South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985 .	internal violence	Why did South Africa install an interim administration in Namibia ?
Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990 , with the exception of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands , which remained under South African control until 1994 .	1990	When did Namibia obtain full independence ?
From the late 18th century onwards , Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia .	Orange River	Orlam clans crossed which river to migrate to Namibia ?
From the late 18th century onwards , Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia .	southern Namibia	What area of Namibia did Orlam clans settle in ?
From the late 18th century onwards , Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia .	18th century	When did Orlam clans settle in Namibia ?
The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880 , with hostilities ebbing only when Imperial Germany deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo between Nama , Orlams , and Herero .	1880	When did the Nama-Herero war begin ?
The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880 , with hostilities ebbing only when Imperial Germany deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo between Nama , Orlams , and Herero .	Imperial Germany	Who deployed troops to start the Nama-Herero war ?
The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486 ; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown .	Portuguese	What nationality were the first navigators to explore Namibia come from ?
The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486 ; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown .	1486	When did Bartolomeu Dias explore Namibia ?
The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486 ; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown .	1485	When did Diogo Cao explore Namibia ?
In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola .	Angola	Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where ?
However , like most of Sub-Saharan Africa , Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century , when traders and settlers arrived , principally from Germany and Sweden .	Germany	Along with Swedish settlers , what other country 's settlers inhabited in Namibia first ?
From 1904 to 1907 , the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against the Germans and in calculated punitive action by the German occupiers , the ` first genocide of the Twentieth Century ' was committed .	Namaqua	Herero and what other group took action against German occupiers ?
From 1904 to 1907 , the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against the Germans and in calculated punitive action by the German occupiers , the ` first genocide of the Twentieth Century ' was committed .	1904 to 1907	When did two clans take up action against the German occupiers ?
From 1904 to 1907 , the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against the Germans and in calculated punitive action by the German occupiers , the ` first genocide of the Twentieth Century ' was committed .	first genocide of the Twentieth Century	What was the war against the German occupiers considered ?
In the Herero and Namaqua genocide , 10,000 Nama -LRB- half the population -RRB- and approximately 65,000 Hereros -LRB- about 80 % of the population -RRB- were systematically murdered .	65,000	How many Herero 's were killed in the war against German occupiers ?
In the Herero and Namaqua genocide , 10,000 Nama -LRB- half the population -RRB- and approximately 65,000 Hereros -LRB- about 80 % of the population -RRB- were systematically murdered .	10,000	How many Nama 's were killed in the war against German occupiers ?
Following the League 's replacement by the United Nations in 1946 , South Africa refused to surrender its earlier mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship agreement , requiring closer international monitoring of the territory 's administration -LRB- along with a definite independence schedule -RRB- .	1946	When did South Africa refuse to surrender Namibia ?
South Africa occupied the colony in 1915 after defeating the German force during World War I and administered it from 1919 onward as a League of Nations mandate territory .	1915	When did South Africa occupy Namibia ?
The Herero Chief 's Council submitted a number of petitions to the UN calling for it to grant Namibia independence during the 1950s .	Herero Chief's Council	Which council submitted petitions for Namibia 's independence ?
Following the League 's replacement by the United Nations in 1946 , South Africa refused to surrender its earlier mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship agreement , requiring closer international monitoring of the territory 's administration -LRB- along with a definite independence schedule -RRB- .	1946	When was the League replaced by the United Nations ?
During the 1960s , when European powers granted independence to their colonies and trust territories in Africa , pressure mounted on South Africa to do so in Namibia .	1960s	When did European powers grant independence to their colonies in Africa ?
In response to the 1966 ruling by the International Court of Justice , South-West Africa People 's Organisation -LRB- SWAPO -RRB- military wing , People 's Liberation Army of Namibia , a guerrilla group began their armed struggle for independence , but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its occupation of Namibia , in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region .	People's Liberation Army of Namibia	Which guerrilla group fought for Namibia 's independence ?
In response to the 1966 ruling by the International Court of Justice , South-West Africa People 's Organisation -LRB- SWAPO -RRB- military wing , People 's Liberation Army of Namibia , a guerrilla group began their armed struggle for independence , but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its occupation of Namibia , in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region .	1966	When did a guerrilla group fight for Namibia 's independence ?
In response to the 1966 ruling by the International Court of Justice , South-West Africa People 's Organisation -LRB- SWAPO -RRB- military wing , People 's Liberation Army of Namibia , a guerrilla group began their armed struggle for independence , but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its occupation of Namibia , in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region .	1988	When did South Africa end occupation of Namibia ?
In response to the 1966 ruling by the International Court of Justice , South-West Africa People 's Organisation -LRB- SWAPO -RRB- military wing , People 's Liberation Army of Namibia , a guerrilla group began their armed struggle for independence , but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its occupation of Namibia , in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region .	UN peace plan	Why did South Africa end occupation in Namibia ?
Outside the central-southern area of Namibia -LRB- known as the `` Police Zone '' since the German era and which contained the main towns , industries , mines and best arable land -RRB- , the country was divided into `` homelands '' , the version of South African bantustan applied to Namibia , although only a few were actually established because indigenous Namibians often did not cooperate .	Police Zone	What is the central-southern area of Namibia known as ?
South West Africa became known as Namibia by the UN when the General Assembly changed the territory 's name by Resolution 2372 -LRB- XXII -RRB- of 12 June 1968 .	South West Africa	What was Namibia previously called ?
South West Africa became known as Namibia by the UN when the General Assembly changed the territory 's name by Resolution 2372 -LRB- XXII -RRB- of 12 June 1968 .	12 June 1968	What date did Namibia get it 's official name ?
South West Africa became known as Namibia by the UN when the General Assembly changed the territory 's name by Resolution 2372 -LRB- XXII -RRB- of 12 June 1968 .	Resolution 2372 (XXII)	What was the resolution that granted Namibia it 's name ?
Attempts to persuade South Africa to agree to the plan 's implementation were not successful until 1988 when the transition to independence finally started under a diplomatic agreement between South Africa , Angola and Cuba , with the USSR and the USA as observers , under which South Africa agreed to withdraw and demobilise its forces in Namibia .	1988	How long did it take for South Africa to agree to the implantation of Namibia 's new name ?
Attempts to persuade South Africa to agree to the plan 's implementation were not successful until 1988 when the transition to independence finally started under a diplomatic agreement between South Africa , Angola and Cuba , with the USSR and the USA as observers , under which South Africa agreed to withdraw and demobilise its forces in Namibia .	USA	The diplomatic agreement between South Africa , Angola , and Cuba was observed by the USSR and what other country ?
A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG -LRB- United Nations Transition Assistance Group -RRB- under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process , elections and supervise military withdrawals .	United Nations Transition Assistance Group	What does UNTAG stand for ?
A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG -LRB- United Nations Transition Assistance Group -RRB- under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process , elections and supervise military withdrawals .	Martti Ahtisaari	Who was the diplomat for UNTAG ?
A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG -LRB- United Nations Transition Assistance Group -RRB- under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process , elections and supervise military withdrawals .	April 1989 to March 1990	When was the diplomat for UNTAG deployed to supervise withdrawals from Namibia ?
A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG -LRB- United Nations Transition Assistance Group -RRB- under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process , elections and supervise military withdrawals .	Finnish	What nationality was the diplomat in UNTAG ?
The official election slogan was `` Free and Fair Elections '' .	Free and Fair Elections	What was the official election slogan in the first Namibia election ?
The Namibian Constitution adopted in February 1990 incorporated protection for human rights , compensation for state expropriations of private property , an independent judiciary and an executive presidency -LRB- the constituent assembly became the national assembly -RRB- .	February 1990	When was the Namibian Constitution adopted ?
Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first President of Namibia watched by Nelson Mandela -LRB- who had been released from prison the previous month -RRB- and representatives from 147 countries , including 20 heads of state .	Sam Nujoma	Who was the first President of Namibia ?
The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990 .	21 March 1990	When did the country of Namibia officially become a country ?
Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first President of Namibia watched by Nelson Mandela -LRB- who had been released from prison the previous month -RRB- and representatives from 147 countries , including 20 heads of state .	Nelson Mandela	Who swore in the first President of Namibia ?
Walvis Bay was ceded to Namibia in 1994 upon the end of Apartheid in South Africa .	Walvis Bay	What was ceded to Namibia in 1994 ?
Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy .	parliamentary democracy	What did Namibia transition to after white minority apartheid rule ?
Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained , with local , regional and national elections held regularly .	Multiparty democracy	What type of independence was introduced in Namibia after independence ?
Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly , although the Swapo Party has won every election since independence .	Swapo Party	What party has won every election in Namibia ?
The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly .	Hifikepunye Pohamba	Who succeeded Sam Nujoma ?
The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly .	15-year	How long did president Same Nujoma rule ?
The Kalahari Desert , an arid region shared with South Africa and Botswana , is one of Namibia 's well-known geographical features .	Kalahari Desert	What Desert is shared between South Africa and Botswana ?
One of these , known as the Succulent Karoo , is home to over 5,000 species of plants , nearly half of them endemic ; Approximately 10 percent of the world 's succulents are found in the Karoo .	5,000	How many plants species are found in Succulent Karoo ?
One of these , known as the Succulent Karoo , is home to over 5,000 species of plants , nearly half of them endemic ; Approximately 10 percent of the world 's succulents are found in the Karoo .	half	How many plants are endemic to the Succulent Karoo ?
One of these , known as the Succulent Karoo , is home to over 5,000 species of plants , nearly half of them endemic ; Approximately 10 percent of the world 's succulents are found in the Karoo .	10 percent	How many of the worlds succulents are found in Karoo ?
The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation .	stable nature of precipitation	What is probably the reason there are so many unique plants in Karoo ?
Namibia extends from 17 ° S to 25 ° S : climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt , arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid -LRB- mean rain above 500 mm -RRB- through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm -LRB- embracing most of the waterless Kalahari -RRB- and Arid from 150 to 300 mm -LRB- these three regions are inland from the western escarpment -RRB- to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean .	17°S to 25°S	What is the climate range for Namibia ?
Namibia extends from 17 ° S to 25 ° S : climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt , arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid -LRB- mean rain above 500 mm -RRB- through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm -LRB- embracing most of the waterless Kalahari -RRB- and Arid from 150 to 300 mm -LRB- these three regions are inland from the western escarpment -RRB- to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean .	arid	What is the overall climate description for Namibia ?
Namibia extends from 17 ° S to 25 ° S : climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt , arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid -LRB- mean rain above 500 mm -RRB- through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm -LRB- embracing most of the waterless Kalahari -RRB- and Arid from 150 to 300 mm -LRB- these three regions are inland from the western escarpment -RRB- to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean .	500 mm	What is the mean rain above in Namibia ?
Namibia extends from 17 ° S to 25 ° S : climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt , arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid -LRB- mean rain above 500 mm -RRB- through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm -LRB- embracing most of the waterless Kalahari -RRB- and Arid from 150 to 300 mm -LRB- these three regions are inland from the western escarpment -RRB- to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean .	300 and 500 mm	What is the semi-arid measurements in Namibia ?
Namibia extends from 17 ° S to 25 ° S : climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt , arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid -LRB- mean rain above 500 mm -RRB- through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm -LRB- embracing most of the waterless Kalahari -RRB- and Arid from 150 to 300 mm -LRB- these three regions are inland from the western escarpment -RRB- to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean .	150 to 300 mm	What is the arid measurement in Namibia ?
Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt , with frequent clear skies , provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year .	300 days	What is the typical amount of sunshine days in Tropical high pressure belt ?
It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics ; the Tropic of Capricorn cuts the country about in half .	the Tropic of Capricorn	What feature cuts Namibia in half ?
The winter -LRB- June -- August -RRB- is generally dry , both rainy seasons occur in summer , the small rainy season between September and November , the big one between February and April .	dry	What is the winter in Namibia like ?
The winter -LRB- June -- August -RRB- is generally dry , both rainy seasons occur in summer , the small rainy season between September and November , the big one between February and April .	between February and April	When is the rainiest season in Namibia ?
Humidity is low , and average rainfall varies from almost zero in the coastal desert to more than 600 mm in the Caprivi Strip .	low	What is humidity like in Namibia ?
Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold , north-flowing Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean which accounts for very low precipitation -LRB- 50 mm per year or less -RRB- , frequent dense fog , and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country .	Benguela	What current dominates the coastal area of Namibia ?
Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold , north-flowing Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean which accounts for very low precipitation -LRB- 50 mm per year or less -RRB- , frequent dense fog , and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country .	Atlantic	Which ocean is on the coastal area of Namibia ?
In Winter , occasionally a condition known as Bergwind -LRB- German : Mountain breeze -RRB- or Oosweer -LRB- Afrikaans : East weather -RRB- occurs , a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast .	Bergwind	What is the condition that happens in winter in Namibia ?
As the area behind the coast is a desert , these winds can develop into sand storms with sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean visible on satellite images .	sand storms	What do hot dry winds blowing inland to the coast create ?
Namibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa and depends largely on groundwater .	Namibia	What is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa ?
With an average rainfall of about 350 mm per annum , the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi in the northeast -LRB- about 600 mm per annum -RRB- and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm and less per annum at the coast .	350 mm per annum	What is the average rainfall in Namibia ?
With an average rainfall of about 350 mm per annum , the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi in the northeast -LRB- about 600 mm per annum -RRB- and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm and less per annum at the coast .	Caprivi	Where does the highest rainfall occur in Namibia ?
The advantage of using groundwater sources is that even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources such as mining , agriculture , and tourism can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80 % of the country .	80%	How much of the country does dam water supply the rest of the country with ?
Namibia is one of few countries in the world to specifically address conservation and protection of natural resources in its constitution .	natural resources	What does Namibia protect in it 's constitution ?
Article 95 states , `` The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following : maintenance of ecosystems , essential ecological processes , and biological diversity of Namibia , and utilisation of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians , both present and future . ''	Article 95	What article in the Namibia constitution supports natural conservation ?
Article 95 states , `` The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following : maintenance of ecosystems , essential ecological processes , and biological diversity of Namibia , and utilisation of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians , both present and future . ''	utilisation of living natural resources	What do Namibians believe sustains them ?
In 1993 , the newly formed government of Namibia received funding from the United States Agency for International Development -LRB- USAID -RRB- through its Living in a Finite Environment -LRB- LIFE -RRB- Project .	1993	When did Namibia receive funding from USAID ?
In 1993 , the newly formed government of Namibia received funding from the United States Agency for International Development -LRB- USAID -RRB- through its Living in a Finite Environment -LRB- LIFE -RRB- Project .	Living in a Finite Environment	What does LIFE project stand for ?
The Ministry of Environment and Tourism with the financial support from organisations such as USAID , Endangered Wildlife Trust , WWF , and Canadian Ambassador 's Fund , together form a Community Based Natural Resource Management -LRB- CBNRM -RRB- support structure .	Community Based Natural Resource Management	What does CBNRM stand for ?
In 1993 , the newly formed government of Namibia received funding from the United States Agency for International Development -LRB- USAID -RRB- through its Living in a Finite Environment -LRB- LIFE -RRB- Project .	United States Agency for International Development	What does USAID stands for ?
Namibia follows a largely independent foreign policy , with persisting affiliations with states that aided the independence struggle , including Cuba .	states that aided the independence	Who does Namibia have affiliation with in their foreign policy ?
With a small army and a fragile economy , the Namibian Government 's principal foreign policy concern is developing strengthened ties within the Southern African region .	Southern African	What ties does Namibia want to strengthen ?
Namibia became the 160th member of the UN on 23 April 1990 .	160th	Which number member is Namibia in the UN ?
Namibia became the 160th member of the UN on 23 April 1990 .	23 April 1990	When did Namibia join the UN ?
On its independence it became the fiftieth member of the Commonwealth of Nations .	fiftieth	Which number member is Namibia in the Commonwealth of Nations ?
Under a broader definition -LRB- including people that have given up searching for employment -RRB- unemployment rose to 36.7 % in 2004 .	36.7%	What was the highest unemployment rate in Namibia ?
Labour and Social Welfare Minister Immanuel Ngatjizeko praised the 2008 study as `` by far superior in scope and quality to any that has been available previously '' , but its methodology has also received criticism .	Immanuel Ngatjizeko	Who is the Labour and Social Welfare Minister ?
`` Strict unemployment '' -LRB- people actively seeking a full-time job -RRB- stood at 20.2 % in 2000 , 21.9 % in 2004 and spiraled to 29.4 % in 2008 .	20.2%	When was the lowest unemployment rate in Namibia ?
According to the Namibia Labour Force Survey Report 2012 , conducted by the Namibia Statistics Agency , the country 's unemployment rate is 27.4 % .	27.4%	What is Namibian 's unemployment rate ?
In 2013 , global business and financial news provider , Bloomberg , named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world .	top emerging market economy in Africa	What did Bloomberg name Namibia ?
In 2013 , global business and financial news provider , Bloomberg , named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world .	13th best in the world	What rank did Bloomberg name Namibia 's economy ?
Only four African countries made the Top 20 Emerging Markets list in the March 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets magazine , and Namibia was rated ahead of Morocco -LRB- 19th -RRB- , South Africa -LRB- 15th -RRB- and Zambia -LRB- 14th -RRB- .	four	How many African countries made the list for top Emerging Markets ?
About half of the population depends on agriculture -LRB- largely subsistence agriculture -RRB- for its livelihood , but Namibia must still import some of its food .	half	How much of the population depends on agriculture ?
Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa 's poorest countries , the majority of Namibia 's people live in rural areas and exist on a subsistence way of life .	five times	How much more is the per capita GDP in Namibia compared to the rest of Africa 's countries ?
Namibia has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world , due in part to the fact that there is an urban economy and a more rural cash-less economy .	inequality	Namibia has one of the highest rates of what type of income problems in the world ?
Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa 's poorest countries , the majority of Namibia 's people live in rural areas and exist on a subsistence way of life .	rural	Where does a majority of Namibia 's people live ?
Although arable land accounts for only 1 % of Namibia , nearly half of the population is employed in agriculture .	1%	How much of Namibia 's land is arable ?
Providing 25 % of Namibia 's revenue , mining is the single most important contributor to the economy .	25%	How much revenue does mining provide Namibia ?
Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and the world 's fourth largest producer of uranium .	fourth	Where does Namibia rank in the exportation of uranium ?
Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds .	gem-quality diamonds	What does rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a source of ?
There has been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia is set to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015 .	uranium	Namibia was expected to become the largest exporter of what in 2015 ?
Sport hunting is also a large , and growing component of the Namibian economy , accounting for 14 % of total tourism in the year 2000 , or $ 19.6 million US dollars , with Namibia boasting numerous species sought after by international sport hunters .	Sport hunting	What accounts for almost 14 % of total tourism in Namibia ?
Sport hunting is also a large , and growing component of the Namibian economy , accounting for 14 % of total tourism in the year 2000 , or $ 19.6 million US dollars , with Namibia boasting numerous species sought after by international sport hunters .	$19.6 million US dollars	How much economic assistance does Namibia get from tourism from hunting ?
In addition , extreme sports such as sandboarding , skydiving and 4x4ing have become popular , and many cities have companies that provide tours .	extreme sports	What other types of sports are popular in Namibia ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The most visited places include the capital city of Windhoek , Caprivi Strip , Fish River Canyon , Sossusvlei , the Skeleton Coast Park , Sesriem , Etosha Pan and the coastal towns of Swakopmund , Walvis Bay and Lüderitz .	Windhoek	What is the most visited city in Namibia ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The most visited places include the capital city of Windhoek , Caprivi Strip , Fish River Canyon , Sossusvlei , the Skeleton Coast Park , Sesriem , Etosha Pan and the coastal towns of Swakopmund , Walvis Bay and Lüderitz .	coastal	What type of town is Swakopmund ?
The capital city of Windhoek plays a very important role in Namibia 's tourism due to its central location and close proximity to Hosea Kutako International Airport .	Windhoek	What is the capital of Namibia ?
The capital city of Windhoek plays a very important role in Namibia 's tourism due to its central location and close proximity to Hosea Kutako International Airport .	Hosea Kutako International Airport	What is the airport in Namibia ?
There are also a number of notable hotels in Windhoek such as Windhoek Country Club Resort and some international hotel chains also operate in Windhoek , such as Avani Hotels and Resorts and Hilton Hotels and Resorts .	Windhoek Country Club Resort	What is the most popular hotel in Windhoek ?
There are also a number of notable hotels in Windhoek such as Windhoek Country Club Resort and some international hotel chains also operate in Windhoek , such as Avani Hotels and Resorts and Hilton Hotels and Resorts .	Hilton Hotels and Resorts	Avani Hotels and resorts is a chain resort in Windhoek , what is another ?
Namibia 's primary tourism related governing body , the Namibia Tourism Board -LRB- NTB -RRB- , was established by an Act of Parliament : the Namibia Tourism Board Act , 2000 -LRB- Act 21 of 2000 -RRB- .	Namibia Tourism Board	What does NTB stand for ?
Namibia 's primary tourism related governing body , the Namibia Tourism Board -LRB- NTB -RRB- , was established by an Act of Parliament : the Namibia Tourism Board Act , 2000 -LRB- Act 21 of 2000 -RRB- .	Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000	What is act 21 of 2000 in Namibia ?
Its primary objectives are to regulate the tourism industry and to market Namibia as a tourist destination .	tourism industry	What does act 21 in Namibia regulate ?
There are also a number of trade associations that represent the tourism sector in Namibia , such as the Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations -LRB- the umbrella body for all tourism associations in Namibia -RRB- , the Hospitality Association of Namibia , the Association of Namibian Travel Agents , Car Rental Association of Namibia and the Tour and Safari Association of Namibia .	tourism	What market does Act 21 promote ?
Apart from residences for upper and middle class households , sanitation is insufficient in most residential areas .	sanitation	Most residential areas are insufficient in what area of Namibia ?
Private flush toilets are too expensive for virtually all residents in townships due to their water consumption and installation cost .	water consumption	Besides installation cost , why are private flush toilets too expensive for most residents in Namibia ?
Many of Namibia 's inhabitants have to resort to `` flying toilets '' , plastic bags to defecate which after use are flung into the bush .	flying toilets	What do Namibian 's use as a toilet ?
Many of Namibia 's inhabitants have to resort to `` flying toilets '' , plastic bags to defecate which after use are flung into the bush .	bush	Where do flying toilets end up after use ?
The use of open areas close to residential land to urinate and defecate is very common and has been identified as a major health hazard .	major health hazard	Urinating and defecating in public has been identified as what ?
Whites -LRB- mainly of Afrikaner , German , British and Portuguese origin -RRB- make up between 4.0 and 7.0 % of the population .	4.0 and 7.0%	Whites make up how much of Namibia 's population ?
The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins , culture , and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa .	Afrikaans	What is the language of Namibia ?
A large minority of whites -LRB- around 30,000 -RRB- trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonized Namibia prior to the British confiscation of German lands after World War One , and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions .	German settlers	Where do a large minority of whites trace their Namibian roots to ?
The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa , including 73,464 whites -LRB- 14 % -RRB- .	526,004	What was the population in South-West Africa in 1960 ?
The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa , including 73,464 whites -LRB- 14 % -RRB- .	73,464	How much of the population was white in South-West Africa in 1960 ?
After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991 , further rounds followed in 2001 and 2011 .	1991	When was the first Population and Housing Census in Namibia ?
Namibia conducts a census every ten years .	every ten years	How often does Namibia conduct a census ?
This is called the de facto method .	de facto method	What is it called when the census counts every person wherever they are the night of the census ?
For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas .	4,042	How many enumeration areas are there in Namibia ?
These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries to get reliable data for election purposes as well .	constituency boundaries	The enumeration areas in Namibia do not overlap with what in order to get reliable data ?
Up to 1990 , English , German and Afrikaans were official languages .	1990	German , English , and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia ?
Consequently , SWAPO instituted English as the sole official language of Namibia though only about 3 % of the population speaks it as a home language .	English	What is the primary language of Namibia , as SWAPO instituted ?
Long before Namibia 's independence from South Africa , SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual , choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa -LRB- which granted all 11 of its major languages official status -RRB- , which was seen by them as `` a deliberate policy of ethnolinguistic fragmentation . ''	monolingual	SWAPO thought Namibia should have what type of official language ?
Consequently , SWAPO instituted English as the sole official language of Namibia though only about 3 % of the population speaks it as a home language .	3%	How many Namibian 's speak English ?
As in other postcolonial African societies , the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low .	school drop-outs	There was a high rate of what due to monolingual instruction ?
Namibia is the home for one of the toughest footraces in the world , the Namibian ultra marathon .	Namibian ultra marathon	What is the toughest footrace around the world ?
The Women 's inline hockey National Team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championships .	Women's inline hockey National Team	Which team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championship ?
Inline hockey was first played in 1995 and has also become more and more popular in the last years .	Inline hockey	What popular sport was first played in Namibia in 1995 ?
The most famous athlete from Namibia is Frankie Fredericks , sprinter -LRB- 100 and 200 m -RRB- .	Frankie Fredericks	Who is the most famous athlete from Namibia ?
The most famous athlete from Namibia is Frankie Fredericks , sprinter -LRB- 100 and 200 m -RRB- .	sprinter	What sport does the most famous Namibian athlete participate in ?
The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger , founded 1898 .	Windhoeker Anzeiger	What was the first Namibian newspaper ?
The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger , founded 1898 .	1898	When was the first Namibian newspaper founded ?
Radio was introduced in 1969 , TV in 1981 .	1969	When was radio introduced in Namibia ?
Radio was introduced in 1969 , TV in 1981 .	1981	When was TV introduced in Namibia ?
Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo , the weekly Windhoek Observer , the weekly Namibia Economist , as well as the regional Namib Times .	Windhoek Observer	What is a popular tabloid magazine in Namibia ?
Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo , the weekly Windhoek Observer , the weekly Namibia Economist , as well as the regional Namib Times .	Namibia Economist	What is the economical magazine in Namibia ?
Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo , the weekly Windhoek Observer , the weekly Namibia Economist , as well as the regional Namib Times .	Namib Times	What is the regional magazine in Namibia ?
Sister Namibia Magazine stands out as the longest running NGO magazine in Namibia , while Namibia Sport is the only national sport magazine .	Namibia Sport	What is the only sport newspaper in Namibia ?
Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia , Vision2030 Focus magazine -LSB- citation needed -RSB- and Prime FOCUS .	Insight Namibia	What is the most popular current affairs magazine in Namibia ?
Compared to neighbouring countries , Namibia has a large degree of media freedom .	media	Compared to neighbouring countries , what freedom does Namibia have ?
Over the past years , the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the Press Freedom Index of Reporters without Borders , reaching position 21 in 2010 , being on par with Canada and the best-positioned African country .	Canada	Namibia is on par with what country in terms of media and reporting ?
In 2009 , Namibia dropped to position 36 on the Press Freedom Index .	36	Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2009 ?
In 2013 , it was 19th .	19th	Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2013 ?
In 2014 it ranked 22nd	22nd	Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2014 ?
Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 52.2 years in 2012 -- among the lowest in the world .	52.2	What is the life expectancy in Namibia ?
The AIDS epidemic is a large problem in Namibia .	AIDS	What epidemic is a large problem in Namibia ?
Though its rate of infection is substantially lower than that of its eastern neighbour , Botswana , approximately 13.1 % of the adult population is -LSB- update -RSB- infected with HIV .	13.1%	How much of the Namibian population is infected with HIV ?
In 2001 , there were an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/AIDS , and the estimated death toll in 2003 was 16,000 .	210,000	How many people living in 2001 had HIV/AIDS in Namibia ?
In 2001 , there were an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/AIDS , and the estimated death toll in 2003 was 16,000 .	16,000.	How many deaths were associated with HIV/AIDS in Namibia in 2003 ?
The malaria problem seems to be compounded by the AIDS epidemic .	malaria	What health issue is compounded by the AIDS epidemic in Namibia ?
Research has shown that in Namibia the risk of contracting malaria is 14.5 % greater if a person is also infected with HIV .	14.5% greater	What is the risk of contracting malaria if an individual is already infected with HIV ?
The risk of death from malaria is also raised by approximately 50 % with a concurrent HIV infection .	50%	The risk of death by malaria raises by how much with a concurrent HIV infection ?
The country had only 598 physicians in 2002 .	598	How many physicians did Namibia have in 2002 ?
Russian -LRB- ру́сский язы́к , russkiy yazyk , pronounced -LSB- ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- -RRB- is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories .	East Slavic	What language sub-family is Russian in ?
Russian -LRB- ру́сский язы́к , russkiy yazyk , pronounced -LSB- ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk -RSB- -LRB- listen -RRB- -RRB- is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories .	Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories	Where is Russian an official language ?
It is an unofficial but widely-spoken language in Ukraine , Latvia , Estonia , and to a lesser extent , the other countries that were once constituent republics of the Soviet Union and former participants of the Eastern Bloc .	Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia	Where is Russian popular but not an official language ?
Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the three living members of the East Slavic languages .	three	How many living East Slavic languages are there ?
Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century onwards .	10th century	When was the earliest writing in Old East Slavonic ?
Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without , the so-called soft and hard sounds .	consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation	What kind of phonemes are soft sounds ?
Stress , which is unpredictable , is not normally indicated orthographically though an optional acute accent -LRB- знак ударения , znak udareniya -RRB- may be used to mark stress , such as to distinguish between homographic words , for example замо́к -LRB- zamok , meaning a lock -RRB- and за́мок -LRB- zamok , meaning a castle -RRB- , or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names .	optional acute accent	What kind of accent can mark stress ?
Stress , which is unpredictable , is not normally indicated orthographically though an optional acute accent -LRB- знак ударения , znak udareniya -RRB- may be used to mark stress , such as to distinguish between homographic words , for example замо́к -LRB- zamok , meaning a lock -RRB- and за́мок -LRB- zamok , meaning a castle -RRB- , or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names .	homographic words	What kind of words can acute accents distinguish ?
Stress , which is unpredictable , is not normally indicated orthographically though an optional acute accent -LRB- знак ударения , znak udareniya -RRB- may be used to mark stress , such as to distinguish between homographic words , for example замо́к -LRB- zamok , meaning a lock -RRB- and за́мок -LRB- zamok , meaning a castle -RRB- , or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names .	zamok	What word means both lock and castle , depending on its accent ?
It is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus ' .	the language used in Kievan Rus'	What language does Russian descend from ?
From the point of view of the spoken language , its closest relatives are Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusyn , the other three languages in the East Slavic group .	Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn	What are Russian 's closest relatives ?
In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus , these languages are spoken interchangeably , and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures , e.g. Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus .	eastern Ukraine	Where is Surzhyk used ?
In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus , these languages are spoken interchangeably , and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures , e.g. Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus .	Belarus	Where is Trasianka used ?
In the 19th century , the language was often called `` Great Russian '' to distinguish it from Belarusian , then called `` White Russian '' and Ukrainian , then called `` Little Russian '' .	Ukrainian	What was ` Little Russian ' ?
The vocabulary -LRB- mainly abstract and literary words -RRB- , principles of word formations , and , to some extent , inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic , a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church .	South Slavic Old Church Slavonic	What language does the Russian Orthodox Church use ?
The vocabulary -LRB- mainly abstract and literary words -RRB- , principles of word formations , and , to some extent , inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic , a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church .	mainly abstract and literary words	What kind of words in Russian have been influenced by Church Slavonic ?
In some cases , both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use , with many different meanings .	East Slavic and the Church Slavonic	What word forms are used together in some cases ?
Until the 20th century , the language 's spoken form was the language of only the upper noble classes and urban population , as Russian peasants from the countryside continued to speak in their own dialects .	the 20th century	When did Russian language spread to the peasants ?
Until the 20th century , the language 's spoken form was the language of only the upper noble classes and urban population , as Russian peasants from the countryside continued to speak in their own dialects .	the upper noble classes and urban population	Who spoke Russian before the 20th century ?
By the mid-20th century , such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government .	the mid-20th century	When did the Soviets establish required education ?
Despite the formalization of Standard Russian , some nonstandard dialectal features -LRB- such as fricative -LSB- ɣ -RSB- in Southern Russian dialects -RRB- are still observed in colloquial speech .	fricative	What nonstandard feature does Southern Russian use ?
Ethnic Russians constitute 25.5 % of the country 's current population and 58.6 % of the native Estonian population is also able to speak Russian .	25.5%	How much of Estonia is ethnic Russians ?
In all , 67.8 % of Estonia 's population can speak Russian .	67.8%	How much of Estonia speaks Russian ?
For example , if 53 % of ethnic Estonians between 15 and 19 claim to speak some Russian , then among the 10 - to 14-year-old group , command of Russian has fallen to 19 % -LRB- which is about one-third the percentage of those who claim to have command of English in the same age group -RRB- .	about one-third	What is the ratio of young Estonians who speak Russian relative to those who speak English ?
Ethnic Russians constitute 25.5 % of the country 's current population and 58.6 % of the native Estonian population is also able to speak Russian .	58.6%	How much of Estonia 's native Estonians speaks Russian ?
As the Grand Duchy of Finland was part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1918 , a number of Russian speakers have remained in Finland .	1809	When did Finland join the Russian Empire ?
As the Grand Duchy of Finland was part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1918 , a number of Russian speakers have remained in Finland .	1918	When did Finland leave the Russian Empire ?
There are 33,400 Russian-speaking Finns , amounting to 0.6 % of the population .	0.6%	What percent of Finns speak Russian ?
There are 33,400 Russian-speaking Finns , amounting to 0.6 % of the population .	33,400	How many Finns speak Russian ?
Five thousand -LRB- 0.1 % -RRB- of them are late 19th century and 20th century immigrants or their descendants , and the remaining majority are recent immigrants who moved there in the 1990s and later .	Five thousand	How many Russian-speaking Finns are descended from early immigrants ?
According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly , in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country , and 29 million active speakers .	14,400,000	How many Ukrainians speak Russian natively as of 2004 ?
According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly , in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country , and 29 million active speakers .	29 million	How many Ukrainians speak Russian actively as of 2004 ?
65 % of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006 , and 38 % used it as the main language with family , friends or at work .	65%	What percent of Ukraine is fluent in Russian as of 2006 ?
65 % of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006 , and 38 % used it as the main language with family , friends or at work .	38%	What percent of Ukraine use Russian as their main language as of 2006 ?
In Ukraine , Russian is seen as a language of inter-ethnic communication , and a minority language , under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine .	minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine	What is Russian 's legal status in Ukraine ?
In the 20th century , Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR .	Warsaw Pact	What pact contained many Russian-speaking countries ?
In particular , these countries include Poland , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Albania , former East Germany and Cuba .	Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba	Where was Russian schooling mandatory in the 20th century ?
According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey , though , fluency in Russian remains fairly high -LRB- 20 -- 40 % -RRB- in some countries , in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian -LRB- namely , Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , and Bulgaria -RRB- .	Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria	Which countries speak other Slavic languages ?
The United Kingdom , Spain , Portugal , France , Italy , Belgium , Greece , Brazil , Norway , and Austria have significant Russian-speaking communities .	The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria	In which European countries do many Russian immigrants live ?
However , of this only 13 % were Russian nationals .	13%	How much of Ireland 's Russian speakers are Russian citizens ?
According to the 2011 Census of Ireland , there were 21,639 people in the nation who use Russian as a home language .	21,639	How many people in Ireland speak Russian ?
20 % held Irish citizenship , while 27 % and 14 % were holding the passports of Latvia and Lithuania respectively .	20%	How much of Ireland 's Russian speakers are Irish citizens ?
20 % held Irish citizenship , while 27 % and 14 % were holding the passports of Latvia and Lithuania respectively .	27%	How much of Ireland 's Russian speakers are Latvian citizens ?
In Armenia Russian has no official status , but it 's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities .	Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities	What convention recognizes Russian in Armenia ?
According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly , in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country , and 1 million active speakers .	15,000	How many Armenians speak Russian natively ?
According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly , in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country , and 1 million active speakers .	1 million	How many Armenians speak Russian actively ?
30 % of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006 , and 2 % used it as the main language with family , friends or at work .	30%	What percent of Armenia speaks Russian ?
30 % of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006 , and 2 % used it as the main language with family , friends or at work .	2%	What percent of Armenia uses Russian as their main language ?
According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly , in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country , and 1.7 million active speakers .	1.7 million	How many Georgians speak Russian actively ?
In Georgia Russian has no official status , but it 's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities .	Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities	What convention recognizes Russian in Georgia ?
According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly , in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country , and 1.7 million active speakers .	130,000	How many Georgians speak Russian natively ?
27 % of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006 , and 1 % used it as the main language with family , friends or at work .	27%	What percent of Georgia is fluent in Russian ?
27 % of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006 , and 1 % used it as the main language with family , friends or at work .	1%	What percent of Georgia use Russian as their main language ?
In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language , but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration .	according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration	What is the legal status of Russian in Kazakhstan ?
63 % of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006 , and 46 % used it as the main language with family , friends or at work .	63%	What percent of people in Kazakhstan speak Russian fluently ?
According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly , in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country , and 10 million active speakers .	4,200,000	How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian natively ?
According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly , in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country , and 10 million active speakers .	10 million	How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian actively ?
63 % of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006 , and 46 % used it as the main language with family , friends or at work .	46%	What percent of people in Kazakhstan use Russian as their main language ?
The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s .	Alaska	Where did Russian explorers first reach North America ?
The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s .	1700s	When did Russian explorers first reach North America ?
Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867 , a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day , although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left .	1867	When did the US buy Alaska ?
Only about 25 % of them are ethnic Russians , however .	about 25%	What portion of Russian-speaking Americans are ethnic Russians ?
Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach , Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews .	Russophones	What is the term for Russian-speaking people ?
This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission , which first flew in 1975 .	1975	When did Apollo-Soyuz fly ?
This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission , which first flew in 1975 .	Apollo-Soyuz	For which mission did NASA astronauts first learn Russian ?
Russian is one of the official languages -LRB- or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian -RRB- of the United Nations , International Atomic Energy Agency , World Health Organization , International Civil Aviation Organization , UNESCO , World Intellectual Property Organization , International Telecommunication Union , World Meteorological Organization , Food and Agriculture Organization , International Fund for Agricultural Development , International Criminal Court , International Monetary Fund , International Olympic Committee , Universal Postal Union , World Bank , Commonwealth of Independent States , Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , Eurasian Economic Community , Collective Security Treaty Organization , Antarctic Treaty Secretariat , International Organization for Standardization , GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development , International Mathematical Olympiad .	International Mathematical Olympiad	What math competition has Russian as an official language ?
The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses .	cosmonauts	What are Russian astronauts called ?
In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English .	Russian	What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013 ?
People use the Russian language on 5.9 % of all websites , slightly ahead of German and far behind English -LRB- 54.7 % -RRB- .	54.7%	What percent of all websites are in English ?
People use the Russian language on 5.9 % of all websites , slightly ahead of German and far behind English -LRB- 54.7 % -RRB- .	5.9%	What percent of all websites are in Russian ?
Russian is used not only on 89.8 % of .	89.8%	What percent of all . ru websites are in Russian ?
The websites of former Soviet Union nations also use high levels of Russian : 79.0 % in Ukraine , 86.9 % in Belarus , 84.0 % in Kazakhstan , 79.6 % in Uzbekistan , 75.9 % in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8 % in Tajikistan .	79.0%	What percent of Ukraine 's websites are in Russian ?
Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings , `` Northern '' and `` Southern '' , with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two .	"Northern" and "Southern"	What two regions do some linguists divide Russian into ?
Others divide the language into three groupings , Northern , Central -LRB- or Middle -RRB- and Southern , with Moscow lying in the Central region .	Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern	What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into ?
The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation , vocabulary and grammar .	non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar	What distinguishes Russian dialects ?
The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed / o / clearly -LRB- the phenomenon called okanye / оканье -RRB- .	pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly	What is okanye ?
An interesting morphological feature is a post-posed definite article - to , - ta , - te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian .	post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te	What articles are similar to Bulgarian ?
Besides the absence of vowel reduction , some dialects have high or diphthongal / e ~ i̯ɛ / in the place of Proto-Slavic * ě and / o ~ u̯ɔ / in stressed closed syllables -LRB- as in Ukrainian -RRB- instead of Standard Russian / e / and / o / .	absence of vowel reduction	What do some Russian dialects do about vowels ?
The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed / o / clearly -LRB- the phenomenon called okanye / оканье -RRB- .	Northern Russian	What region of dialects is the Volga River area in ?
In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed / e / and / a / following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to -LSB- ɪ -RSB- -LRB- as occurs in the Moscow dialect -RRB- , being instead pronounced -LSB- a -RSB- in such positions -LRB- e.g. несли is pronounced -LSB- nʲaˈslʲi -RSB- , not -LSB- nʲɪsˈlʲi -RSB- -RRB- -- this is called yakanye / яканье .	unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable	What is pronounced -LSB- ɪ -RSB- in Moscow 's dialect ?
In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed / e / and / a / following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to -LSB- ɪ -RSB- -LRB- as occurs in the Moscow dialect -RRB- , being instead pronounced -LSB- a -RSB- in such positions -LRB- e.g. несли is pronounced -LSB- nʲaˈslʲi -RSB- , not -LSB- nʲɪsˈlʲi -RSB- -RRB- -- this is called yakanye / яканье .	unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable	What is pronounced -LSB- a -RSB- in Southern Russian ?
Some of these features such as akanye/yakanye , a debuccalized or lenited / ɡ / , a semivowel / w ~ u̯ / and palatalized final / tʲ / in 3rd person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian -LRB- Eastern Polesian -RRB- , indicating a linguistic continuum .	modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian)	What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with ?
In the 19th , Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary .	Vladimir Dal	Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary ?
In the 19th , Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary .	19th	In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published ?
Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century .	18th century	When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects ?
Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century .	turn of the 20th century	When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created ?
In modern times , the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language -LRB- Диалектологический атлас русского языка -LSB- dʲɪɐˌlʲɛktəlɐˈɡʲitɕɪskʲɪj ˈatləs ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka -RSB- -RRB- , was published in three folio volumes 1986 -- 1989 , after four decades of preparatory work .	four decades	How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language ?
Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ -LRB- / je / or / ʲe / -RRB- ; ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ -LRB- / i / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ -LRB- / f / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ -LRB- / u / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ -LRB- / ju / or / ʲu / -RRB- ; and ⟨ ѧ / ⟨ ѩ ⟩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to / ja / or / ʲa / .	⟨е⟩	What did the old letter ⟨ ѣ ⟩ become ?
Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ -LRB- / je / or / ʲe / -RRB- ; ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ -LRB- / i / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ -LRB- / f / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ -LRB- / u / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ -LRB- / ju / or / ʲu / -RRB- ; and ⟨ ѧ / ⟨ ѩ ⟩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to / ja / or / ʲa / .	⟨и⟩	What did the old letters ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ become ?
Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ -LRB- / je / or / ʲe / -RRB- ; ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ -LRB- / i / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ -LRB- / f / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ -LRB- / u / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ -LRB- / ju / or / ʲu / -RRB- ; and ⟨ ѧ / ⟨ ѩ ⟩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to / ja / or / ʲa / .	⟨ф⟩	What did the old letter ⟨ ѳ ⟩ become ?
Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ -LRB- / je / or / ʲe / -RRB- ; ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ -LRB- / i / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ -LRB- / f / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ -LRB- / u / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ -LRB- / ju / or / ʲu / -RRB- ; and ⟨ ѧ / ⟨ ѩ ⟩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to / ja / or / ʲa / .	⟨у⟩	What did the old letter ⟨ ѫ ⟩ become ?
Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ -LRB- / je / or / ʲe / -RRB- ; ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ -LRB- / i / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ -LRB- / f / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ -LRB- / u / -RRB- ; ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ -LRB- / ju / or / ʲu / -RRB- ; and ⟨ ѧ / ⟨ ѩ ⟩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to / ja / or / ʲa / .	⟨ю⟩	What did the old letter ⟨ ѭ ⟩ become ?
For example , мороз -LRB- ` frost ' -RRB- is transliterated moroz , and мышь -LRB- ` mouse ' -RRB- , mysh or myš ' .	мороз	What is ` moroz ' a transliteration of ?
For example , мороз -LRB- ` frost ' -RRB- is transliterated moroz , and мышь -LRB- ` mouse ' -RRB- , mysh or myš ' .	мышь	What is ` mysh ' a transliteration of ?
For example , мороз -LRB- ` frost ' -RRB- is transliterated moroz , and мышь -LRB- ` mouse ' -RRB- , mysh or myš ' .	frost	What does ` moroz ' mean ?
Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia , transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding , which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet .	Unicode character encoding,	What font technology has reduced the need for transliteration ?
For example , мороз -LRB- ` frost ' -RRB- is transliterated moroz , and мышь -LRB- ` mouse ' -RRB- , mysh or myš ' .	mouse	What does ` mysh ' mean ?
KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding .	the Soviet government	Who created KOI8-R encoding ?
Nevertheless , the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 -LRB- IBM866 -RRB- , traditional Macintosh -LRB- ISO/IEC 8859-5 -RRB- and Microsoft Windows -LRB- CP1251 -RRB- created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards , with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 1995 -- 2005 .	Microsoft Windows	What system used CP1251 encoding ?
Nevertheless , the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 -LRB- IBM866 -RRB- , traditional Macintosh -LRB- ISO/IEC 8859-5 -RRB- and Microsoft Windows -LRB- CP1251 -RRB- created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards , with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 1995 -- 2005 .	MS-DOS and OS/2	What systems used IBM866 encoding ?
Nevertheless , the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 -LRB- IBM866 -RRB- , traditional Macintosh -LRB- ISO/IEC 8859-5 -RRB- and Microsoft Windows -LRB- CP1251 -RRB- created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards , with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 1995 -- 2005 .	ISO/IEC 8859-5	What encoding did early Macs use ?
Nevertheless , the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 -LRB- IBM866 -RRB- , traditional Macintosh -LRB- ISO/IEC 8859-5 -RRB- and Microsoft Windows -LRB- CP1251 -RRB- created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards , with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 1995 -- 2005 .	1995–2005	In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage ?
According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences , an optional acute accent -LRB- знак ударения -RRB- may , and sometimes should , be used to mark stress .	Russian Academy of Sciences	What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of ?
According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences , an optional acute accent -LRB- знак ударения -RRB- may , and sometimes should , be used to mark stress .	stress	What can optional acute accents indicate ?
The language possesses five vowels -LRB- or six , under the St. Petersburg Phonological School -RRB- , which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized .	St. Petersburg Phonological School	Who says Russian has 6 vowels ?
The language possesses five vowels -LRB- or six , under the St. Petersburg Phonological School -RRB- , which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized .	depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized	When are Russian vowels written differently ?
The standard language , based on the Moscow dialect , possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch .	Moscow dialect	What dialect is standard Russian based on ?
-LRB- The hard consonants are often velarized , especially before front vowels , as in Irish -RRB- .	Irish	What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to ?
Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened , while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa .	reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa	What is done to unstressed vowels ?
While / k / , / ɡ / , / x / do have palatalized allophones -LSB- kʲ , ɡʲ , xʲ -RSB- , only / kʲ / might be considered a phoneme , though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive -LRB- the only native minimal pair which argues for / kʲ / to be a separate phoneme is '' это ткёт '' -LRB- -LSB- ˈɛtə tkʲɵt -RSB- , ` it weaves ' -RRB- / '' этот кот '' -LRB- -LSB- ˈɛtət kot -RSB- , ` this cat ' -RRB- -RRB- .	a phoneme	What might / kʲ / be considered ?
Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant .	the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant	What is palatalization ?
These sounds : / t , d , ts , s , z , n and rʲ / are dental , that is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge .	with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge	How are ` dental ' sounds pronounced ?
Judging by the historical records , by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia , Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs , speaking a closely related group of dialects .	approximately 1000 AD	When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine ?
The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus ' in about 880 , from which modern Russia , Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins , established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language .	about 880	When was Kievan Rus ' formed ?
The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus ' in about 880 , from which modern Russia , Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins , established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language .	modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus	What countries did Kievan Rus ' become ?
The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus ' in about 880 , from which modern Russia , Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins , established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language .	Old East Slavic	What was the main language in Kievan Rus ' ?
It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language .	988	When did Kievan Rus ' adopt Christianity ?
Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe .	the languages of Western Europe	Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from ?
By 1800 , a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily , and German sometimes .	French	What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800 ?
By 1800 , a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily , and German sometimes .	German	What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800 ?
Many Russian novels of the 19th century , e.g. Leo Tolstoy 's -LRB- Лев Толсто́й -RRB- War and Peace , contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given , with an assumption that educated readers would not need one .	Leo Tolstoy	Who wrote ` War and Peace ' ?
Many Russian novels of the 19th century , e.g. Leo Tolstoy 's -LRB- Лев Толсто́й -RRB- War and Peace , contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given , with an assumption that educated readers would not need one .	French	What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation ?
The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin -LRB- Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин -RRB- in the first third of the 19th century .	Alexander Pushkin	Who revolutionized modern Russian ?
Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary -LRB- so-called '' высо́кий стиль '' -- `` high style '' -RRB- in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time .	archaic grammar and vocabulary	What did Pushkin reject from older Russian ?
Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary -LRB- so-called '' высо́кий стиль '' -- `` high style '' -RRB- in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time .	archaic grammar and vocabulary	What was ` high style ' ?
In fact , many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19th century , in particular Pushkin , Mikhail Lermontov -LRB- Михаи́л Ле́рмонтов -RRB- , Nikolai Gogol -LRB- Никола́й Го́голь -RRB- , Aleksander Griboyedov -LRB- Алекса́ндр Грибое́дов -RRB- , became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech .	became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech	What happened to some expressions in Pushkin 's writing ?
Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991 , several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages , which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian , though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued .	1991	When did the USSR dissolve ?
Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language , the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian , although it was declared the official language only in 1990 .	1990	When did the USSR make Russian the official language ?
Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language , the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian , although it was declared the official language only in 1990 .	the unifying role and superior status	What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990 ?
According to figures published in 2006 in the journal `` Demoskop Weekly '' research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science -LRB- Russia -RRB- Arefyev A. L. , the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general , and in Russia in particular .	Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)	What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of ?
In 2012 , A. L. Arefyev published a new study `` Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries '' , in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of further weakening of the Russian language in all regions of the world -LRB- findings published in 2013 in the journal `` Demoskop Weekly '' -RRB- .	A. L. Arefyev	Who wrote `` Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries '' ?
In 2012 , A. L. Arefyev published a new study `` Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries '' , in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of further weakening of the Russian language in all regions of the world -LRB- findings published in 2013 in the journal `` Demoskop Weekly '' -RRB- .	2012	When was `` Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries '' published ?
In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages .	In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages.	What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian ?
The United States Air Force -LRB- USAF -RRB- is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services .	the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces	What is the USAF ?
The United States Air Force -LRB- USAF -RRB- is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services .	seven	How many uniformed services are there in the United States ?
Initially part of the United States Army , the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947 .	18 September 1947	When did the USAF split from the US Army ?
Initially part of the United States Army , the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947 .	National Security Act of 1947	What act formed the USAF ?
The USAF articulates its core functions as Nuclear Deterrence Operations , Special Operations , Air Superiority , Global Integrated ISR , Space Superiority , Command and Control , Cyberspace Superiority , Personnel Recovery , Global Precision Attack , Building Partnerships , Rapid Global Mobility and Agile Combat Support .	Nuclear Deterrence Operations	What is one of the functions of the USAF ?
The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense .	three	How many departments are there in the Department of Defense ?
The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation .	Secretary of Defense	Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to ?
The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation .	Senate	What branch of the government must confirm the President 's appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force ?
The highest-ranking military officer in the Department of the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units , and serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff .	Chief of Staff of the Air Force	Who serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ?
Air Force combat and mobility forces are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense , to the Combatant Commanders , and neither the Secretary of the Air Force nor the Chief of Staff have operational command authority over them .	Secretary of Defense	Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force ?
Recently , the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch , streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine , organization , training , equipment , leadership , and education , personnel , and facilities spectrum .	twelve	How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently ?
These core functions express the ways in which the Air Force is particularly and appropriately suited to contribute to national security , but they do not necessarily express every aspect of what the Air Force contributes to the nation .	contribute to national security	What do these core functions of the Air Force express ?
It should be emphasized that the core functions , by themselves , are not doctrinal constructs .	core functions	What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force ?
Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force 's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence .	Assure/Dissuade/Deter	What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations ?
Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD , and the means to deliver them , contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission .	Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD	How does the Air Force promote security to its allies ?
Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force 's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence .	carry out the nuclear strike operations mission	What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies ?
The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies , dissuade proliferation , deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US , its allies and friends .	US national security	What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents ?
Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner .	the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets	What is the definition of a nuclear strike ?
If a crisis occurs , rapid generation and , if necessary , deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of action deemed threatening to our national interest .	deployment of nuclear strike capabilities	What action by the US Air Force would deter adversaries from threatening US Security ?
Should deterrence fail , the President may authorize a precise , tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level and lead to a rapid cessation of hostilities .	President	Who has the authorization in the US to terminate a conflict ?
This requires the ability to engage targets globally using a variety of methods ; therefore , the Air Force should possess the ability to induct , train , assign , educate and exercise individuals and units to rapidly and effectively execute missions that support US NDO objectives .	US NDO objectives	What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions ?
The Air Force may present a credible force posture in either the Continental United States , within a theater of operations , or both to effectively deter the range of potential adversaries envisioned in the 21st century .	Continental United States	What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions ?
Nuclear surety ensures the safety , security and effectiveness of nuclear operations .	Nuclear surety	What ensures the safety of nuclear operations ?
This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission .	precise and reliable nuclear operations	What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security ?
This program applies to materiel , personnel , and procedures that contribute to the safety , security , and control of nuclear weapons , thus assuring no nuclear accidents , incidents , loss , or unauthorized or accidental use -LRB- a Broken Arrow incident -RRB- .	unauthorized or accidental use	What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security ?
Positive nuclear command , control , communications ; effective nuclear weapons security ; and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function .	effective nuclear weapons security	What is one of the five functions of NDO support ?
The Air Force , in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy , achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program .	Departments of Defense or Energy	What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security ?
Offensive Counterair -LRB- OCA -RRB- is defined as `` offensive operations to destroy , disrupt , or neutralize enemy aircraft , missiles , launch platforms , and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch , but as close to their source as possible '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	Offensive Counterair	What does the abbreviation OCA stand for ?
Offensive Counterair -LRB- OCA -RRB- is defined as `` offensive operations to destroy , disrupt , or neutralize enemy aircraft , missiles , launch platforms , and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch , but as close to their source as possible '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms	What is the function or definition of the OCA according to JP 1-02 ?
OCA is the preferred method of countering air and missile threats , since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source and typically enjoys the initiative .	air and missile threats	OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks ?
OCA comprises attack operations , sweep , escort , and suppression/destruction of enemy air defense .	suppression/destruction of enemy air defense	What is one of the important functions of the OCA in dealing with attacks ?
Defensive Counterair -LRB- DCA -RRB- is defined as `` all the defensive measures designed to detect , identify , intercept , and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	Defensive Counterair	What does the abbreviation DCA stand for ?
Defensive Counterair -LRB- DCA -RRB- is defined as `` all the defensive measures designed to detect , identify , intercept , and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	friendly	What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect ?
Active defense is `` the employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks to deny a contested area or position to the enemy '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks	What is active defense , according to the functions of the DCA ?
It includes both ballistic missile defense and air breathing threat defense , and encompasses point defense , area defense , and high value airborne asset defense .	ballistic	What kind of missile defense does active defense protect against , according to the DCA ?
It includes detection and warning ; chemical , biological , radiological , and nuclear defense ; camouflage , concealment , and deception ; hardening ; reconstitution ; dispersion ; redundancy ; and mobility , counter-measures , and stealth .	counter-measures	What is one of the many ways the DCA utilizes passive defense to protect from enemy attacks ?
Space superiority is `` the degree of dominance in space of one force over another that permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land , sea , air , space , and special operations forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	Space superiority	What is the dominance in space of one force over another ?
Space superiority may be localized in time and space , or it may be broad and enduring .	localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring	What does Space Superiority encompass ?
Space superiority provides freedom of action in space for friendly forces and , when directed , denies the same freedom to the adversary .	friendly forces	Who does space superiority ensure freedom of action in space for ?
Space superiority is `` the degree of dominance in space of one force over another that permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land , sea , air , space , and special operations forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	land, sea, air, space	What areas does Space Superiority operate in ?
Space Control is defined as `` operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the US and its allies and , when directed , deny an adversary freedom of action in space .	operations to ensure freedom of action in space	What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies ?
This mission area includes : operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack , interference , or unintentional hazards -LRB- defensive space control -RRB- ; operations to deny an adversary 's use of space capabilities -LRB- offensive space control -RRB- ; and the requisite current and predictive knowledge of the space environment and the operational environment upon which space operations depend -LRB- space situational awareness -RRB- '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack	What is one of the areas of operation that space control serves to protect ?
This mission area includes : operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack , interference , or unintentional hazards -LRB- defensive space control -RRB- ; operations to deny an adversary 's use of space capabilities -LRB- offensive space control -RRB- ; and the requisite current and predictive knowledge of the space environment and the operational environment upon which space operations depend -LRB- space situational awareness -RRB- '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	space situational awareness	What is the operational environment that Space Control depends on ?
This is the passive , active , and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks , the Air Force 's portion of the Global Information Grid , or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force .	Air Force	Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat ?
Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE , computer network defense -LRB- CND -RRB- , and CNA techniques and may be a contributor to influence operations .	computer network defense	What is the definition of CND ?
Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE , computer network defense -LRB- CND -RRB- , and CNA techniques and may be a contributor to influence operations .	CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques	What does Cyberspace defense include ?
It is highly dependent upon ISR , fused all-source intelligence , automated indications and warning , sophisticated attribution/characterization , situational awareness , assessment , and responsive C2 .	fused all-source intelligence	What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on ?
This is the passive , active , and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks , the Air Force 's portion of the Global Information Grid , or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force .	Air Force	What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense ?
Cyberspace Support is foundational , continuous , or responsive operations ensuring information integrity and availability in , through , and from Air Force-controlled infrastructure and its interconnected analog and digital portion of the battle space .	Cyberspace Support	What division ensures the Air Force 's information integrity and availability ?
Inherent in this mission is the ability to establish , extend , secure , protect , and defend in order to sustain assigned networks and missions .	sustain assigned networks and missions	What is ability is critical in Cyberspace Supports mission ?
This includes protection measures against supply chain components plus critical C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks .	C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks	What important networks is it the function of Cyberspace support to protect ?
The cyberspace support mission incorporates CNE and CND techniques .	CNE and CND	What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use ?
Command and control is `` the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission .	exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces	What is the definition of Command and Control in the Air Force operations ?
Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel , equipment , communications , facilities , and procedures employed by a commander in planning , directing , coordinating , and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	commander in planning	Who is in charge of the Command and Control operations ?
This core function includes all of the C2-related capabilities and activities associated with air , space , cyberspace , nuclear , and agile combat support operations to achieve strategic , operational , and tactical objectives .	agile combat support operations	What is one of the C2 related functions that the Command and Control mission of the Air Force uses ?
This core function includes all of the C2-related capabilities and activities associated with air , space , cyberspace , nuclear , and agile combat support operations to achieve strategic , operational , and tactical objectives .	achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives	What are the main objectives of the Command and Control initiative ?
Planning and Directing is `` the determination of intelligence requirements , development of appropriate intelligence architecture , preparation of a collection plan , and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies '' -LRB- JP 2-01 , Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations -RRB- .	Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations	What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements ?
Planning and Directing is `` the determination of intelligence requirements , development of appropriate intelligence architecture , preparation of a collection plan , and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies '' -LRB- JP 2-01 , Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations -RRB- .	development of appropriate intelligence architecture	What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Directing in its operations ?
These activities enable the synchronization and integration of collection , processing , exploitation , analysis , and dissemination activities/resources to meet information requirements of national and military decision makers .	national and military decision makers	Who benefits from the process analysis and dissemination of this information ?
Special Operations are `` operations conducted in hostile , denied , or politically sensitive environments to achieve military , diplomatic , informational , and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement .	operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments	What are Special Operations ?
Special Operations are `` operations conducted in hostile , denied , or politically sensitive environments to achieve military , diplomatic , informational , and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement .	achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives	What are the goals of Special Operations ?
They can be conducted independently or in conjunction with operations of conventional forces or other government agencies and may include operations through , with , or by indigenous or surrogate forces .	indigenous or surrogate	What kind of forces can Special Operations missions employ ?
Special operations differ from conventional operations in degree of physical and political risk , operational techniques , mode of employment , independence from friendly support , and dependence on detailed operational intelligence and indigenous assets '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	dependence on detailed operational intelligence	What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods ?
Airlift is `` operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air in support of strategic , operational , or tactical objectives '' -LRB- AFDD 3 -- 17 , Air Mobility Operations -RRB- .	operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air	What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations ?
Airlift is `` operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air in support of strategic , operational , or tactical objectives '' -LRB- AFDD 3 -- 17 , Air Mobility Operations -RRB- .	strategic, operational, or tactical	What objectives does Airlift support ?
It serves as a US presence that demonstrates resolve and compassion in humanitarian crisis .	resolve and compassion	What does this US presence represent during a humanitarian crisis ?
The global reach capability of airlift provides the ability to apply US power worldwide by delivering forces to crisis locations .	delivering forces to crisis locations	How does the US employ the global reach capability of airlift ?
JP 4-02 , Health Service Support , further defines it as `` the fixed wing movement of regulated casualties to and between medical treatment facilities , using organic and/or contracted mobility airframes , with aircrew trained explicitly for this mission . ''	Health Service Support	Who coordinates the deployment of thee Aeromedical Evacuation ?
Aeromedical Evacuation is `` the movement of patients under medical supervision to and between medical treatment facilities by air transportation '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	Aeromedical Evacuation	What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called ?
JP 4-02 , Health Service Support , further defines it as `` the fixed wing movement of regulated casualties to and between medical treatment facilities , using organic and/or contracted mobility airframes , with aircrew trained explicitly for this mission . ''	to and between medical treatment facilities	Where does the Aeromedical Evacuation team transport casualties ?
Aeromedical evacuation forces can operate as far forward as fixed-wing aircraft are able to conduct airland operations .	Aeromedical evacuation forces	Who operates and is able to conduct airland missions ?
Personnel Recovery -LRB- PR -RRB- is defined as `` the sum of military , diplomatic , and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	Personnel Recovery	What does the abbreviation PR stand for in terms of the US military ?
Personnel Recovery -LRB- PR -RRB- is defined as `` the sum of military , diplomatic , and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel	What is the definition of a Personnel Recovery mission ?
PR also enhances the development of an effective , global capacity to protect and recover isolated personnel wherever they are placed at risk ; deny an adversary 's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda ; and develop joint , interagency , and international capabilities that contribute to crisis response and regional stability .	deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda	What is one of the ways that PR uses its capabilities in a crisis ?
PR also enhances the development of an effective , global capacity to protect and recover isolated personnel wherever they are placed at risk ; deny an adversary 's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda ; and develop joint , interagency , and international capabilities that contribute to crisis response and regional stability .	crisis response and regional stability	What are the types of international duties of the PR mission ?
Humanitarian Assistance Operations are `` programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain , disease , hunger , or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property .	Humanitarian Assistance Operations	What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters ?
Humanitarian assistance provided by US forces is limited in scope and duration .	limited	What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces ?
Humanitarian Assistance Operations are `` programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain , disease , hunger , or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property .	human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life	What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail ?
The assistance provided is designed to supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance '' -LRB- JP 1-02 -RRB- .	host nation civil authorities or agencies	Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help ?
Building Partnerships is described as airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors to develop , guide , and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security .	airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors	What does Building Partnerships relate to in the Air Force ?
Building Partnerships is described as airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors to develop , guide , and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security .	develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security	What are the goals of the Building Partnership interactions ?
Building Partnerships is about interacting with others and is therefore an inherently inter-personal and cross-cultural undertaking .	cross-cultural	What sort of inter-personal relationships does Building Partnerships encourage ?
Through both words and deeds , the majority of interaction is devoted to building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit .	building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit	What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions ?
To better facilitate partnering efforts , Airmen should be competent in the relevant language , region , and culture .	relevant language, region, and culture	What are Airmen expected to be competent in for these Building Partnerships missions ?
The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907 , which through a succession of changes of organization , titles , and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later .	U.S. War Department	Who created the first version of the US Air Force in 1907 ?
The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907 , which through a succession of changes of organization , titles , and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later .	40 years later	When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department ?
In World War II , almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war ; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties .	68,000	How many causalities did the US Air Force suffer during WWII ?
In practice , the U.S. Army Air Forces -LRB- USAAF -RRB- was virtually independent of the Army during World War II , but officials wanted formal independence .	U.S. Army Air Forces	What does the USAAF stand for ?
The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman , which established the Department of the Air Force , but it was not not until 18 September 1947 , when the first secretary of the Air Force , W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed .	President Harry S Truman	Who signed the National Security Act of 1947 ?
The act created the National Military Establishment -LRB- renamed Department of Defense in 1949 -RRB- , which was composed of three subordinate Military Departments , namely the Department of the Army , the Department of the Navy , and the newly created Department of the Air Force .	Department of Defense	What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949 ?
The act created the National Military Establishment -LRB- renamed Department of Defense in 1949 -RRB- , which was composed of three subordinate Military Departments , namely the Department of the Army , the Department of the Navy , and the newly created Department of the Air Force .	three	How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain ?
Prior to 1947 , the responsibility for military aviation was shared between the Army -LRB- for land-based operations -RRB- , the Navy -LRB- for sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft -RRB- , and the Marine Corps -LRB- for close air support of infantry operations -RRB- .	sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft	What does the US Navy 's responsibilities include ?
Prior to 1947 , the responsibility for military aviation was shared between the Army -LRB- for land-based operations -RRB- , the Navy -LRB- for sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft -RRB- , and the Marine Corps -LRB- for close air support of infantry operations -RRB- .	Marine Corps	Who is in charge of closed air support of infantry operations ?
In 1947 , Captain Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in his X-1 rocket-powered aircraft , beginning a new era of aeronautics in America .	Captain Chuck Yeager	What American broke the sound barrier in 1947 ?
During the early 2000s , the USAF fumbled several high profile aircraft procurement projects , such as the missteps on the KC-X program .	early 2000s	When did the USAF have several missteps of aircraft procurement projects ?
Winslow Wheeler has written that this pattern represents `` failures of intellect and -- much more importantly -- ethics . ''	Winslow Wheeler	Who wrote that these aircraft procurement projects were a failure of intellect and ethics ?
Finally in the midst of scandal and failure in maintaining its nuclear arsenal , the civilian and military leaders of the air force were replaced in 2008 .	2008	When were the military leaders replaced after a scandal over failure to maintain its nuclear arsenal ?
Since 2005 , the USAF has placed a strong focus on the improvement of Basic Military Training -LRB- BMT -RRB- for enlisted personnel .	Basic Military Training	What did the USAF strive to improve since 2005 ?
This deployment phase , now called the BEAST , places the trainees in a surreal environment that they may experience once they deploy .	BEAST	What is the deployment phase of BMT called ?
While the trainees do tackle the massive obstacle courses along with the BEAST , the other portions include defending and protecting their base of operations , forming a structure of leadership , directing search and recovery , and basic self aid buddy care .	directing search and recovery	What other training do the US Air force Personnel get during BMT ?
During this event , the Military Training Instructors -LRB- MTI -RRB- act as mentors and enemy forces in a deployment exercise .	Military Training Instructors	Who acts as a mentor during this deployment phase of the BMT ?
In 2007 , the USAF undertook a Reduction-in-Force -LRB- RIF -RRB- .	2007	What year did the USAF take a Reduction-in-force ?
Because of budget constraints , the USAF planned to reduce the service 's size from 360,000 active duty personnel to 316,000 .	budget constraints	Why did the USAF plan to take a reduction-in-force ?
However , the reduction was ended at approximately 330,000 personnel in 2008 in order to meet the demand signal of combatant commanders and associated mission requirements .	330,000	How many USAF personnel did the reduction end in during 2008 ?
These same constraints have seen a sharp reduction in flight hours for crew training since 2005 and the Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower and Personnel directing Airmen 's Time Assessments .	flight hours for crew training	What has there been a sharp reduction in during the years following 2005 in the USAF ?
On 5 June 2008 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates , accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force , Michael Wynne , and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force , General T. Michael Moseley .	Secretary of Defense	Who was Robert Gates ?
On 5 June 2008 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates , accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force , Michael Wynne , and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force , General T. Michael Moseley .	Michael Wynne	What Secretary of the Air Force resigned in 2008 ?
This followed an investigation into two embarrassing incidents involving mishandling of nuclear weapons : specifically a nuclear weapons incident aboard a B-52 flight between Minot AFB and Barksdale AFB , and an accidental shipment of nuclear weapons components to Taiwan .	Taiwan	Where did the US Air Force accidentally ship a component of Nuclear Weapons ?
On 5 June 2008 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates , accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force , Michael Wynne , and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force , General T. Michael Moseley .	General T. Michael Moseley	What US Chief of Staff of the US Air Force also resigned in June of 2008 ?
To put more emphasis on nuclear assets , the USAF established the nuclear-focused Air Force Global Strike Command on 24 October 2008 .	24 October 2008	When was the Air Force Global Strike Command formed ?
Due to the Budget sequestration in 2013 , the USAF was forced to ground many of its squadrons .	Budget sequestration	Why was the USAF forced to ground some of its squadrons in 2013 ?
The Commander of Air Combat Command , General Mike Hostage indicated that the USAF must reduce its F-15 and F-16 fleets and eliminate platforms like the A-10 in order to focus on a fifth-generation jet fighter future .	General Mike Hostage	Who was the Commander of Air Combat Command in 2013 ?
In response to squadron groundings and flight time reductions , many Air Force pilots have opted to resign from active duty and enter the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard while pursuing careers in the commercial airlines where they can find flight hours on more modern aircraft .	squadron groundings and flight time reductions	Why have many US Air Force pilots opted to resign from active service ?
In response to squadron groundings and flight time reductions , many Air Force pilots have opted to resign from active duty and enter the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard while pursuing careers in the commercial airlines where they can find flight hours on more modern aircraft .	careers in the commercial airlines	Where have many of these US Air Force pilots chosen to find employment instead ?
Specific concerns include a compounded inability for the Air Force to replace its aging fleet , and an overall reduction of strength and readiness .	replace its aging fleet	What is one of the concerns of the Air Force ?
The USAF attempted to make these adjustments by primarily cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets and their associated manpower , but Congress reversed this initiative and the majority of the lost manpower will come from the active forces .	cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets	How did the USAF try to make these adjustments to help with strength and readiness of its fleet ?
However , Congress did allow for $ 208 million of reprogramming from fleet modernization to enable some portion of the third of the grounded fleet to resume operations .	$208 million	How much money did Congress give to the USAF to enable them to replace some of the grounded fleet ?
The Department of the Air Force is one of three military departments within the Department of Defense , and is managed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , under the authority , direction , and control of the Secretary of Defense .	Secretary of the Air Force	Who is the Department of the Air Force managed by ?
The Department of the Air Force is one of three military departments within the Department of Defense , and is managed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , under the authority , direction , and control of the Secretary of Defense .	Secretary of Defense	Who does the Secretary of the Air Force report to ?
The senior officials in the Office of the Secretary are the Under Secretary of the Air Force , four Assistant Secretaries of the Air Force and the General Counsel , all of whom are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate .	President	Who appoints the top positions in the USAF , including the Assistant Secretaries and General Council ?
The senior officials in the Office of the Secretary are the Under Secretary of the Air Force , four Assistant Secretaries of the Air Force and the General Counsel , all of whom are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate .	Senate	Upon whom does the President call on for support in his appointments to the USAF ?
The senior uniformed leadership in the Air Staff is made up of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force .	Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force	Who does the senior leadership roles in the USAF include ?
When required to support operational missions , the Secretary of Defense -LRB- SECDEF -RRB- directs the Secretary of the Air Force -LRB- SECAF -RRB- to execute a Change in Operational Control -LRB- CHOP -RRB- of these units from their administrative alignment to the operational command of a Regional Combatant Commander -LRB- CCDR -RRB- .	Secretary of Defense	Who directs the Secretary of the Air Force during operational missions ?
When required to support operational missions , the Secretary of Defense -LRB- SECDEF -RRB- directs the Secretary of the Air Force -LRB- SECAF -RRB- to execute a Change in Operational Control -LRB- CHOP -RRB- of these units from their administrative alignment to the operational command of a Regional Combatant Commander -LRB- CCDR -RRB- .	Change in Operational Control	What does the abbreviation CHOP stand for ?
Likewise , AMC forces operating in support roles retain their componency to USTRANSCOM unless chopped to a Regional CCDR .	USTRANSCOM	Who does the AMC forces usually retain their componency to ?
When required to support operational missions , the Secretary of Defense -LRB- SECDEF -RRB- directs the Secretary of the Air Force -LRB- SECAF -RRB- to execute a Change in Operational Control -LRB- CHOP -RRB- of these units from their administrative alignment to the operational command of a Regional Combatant Commander -LRB- CCDR -RRB- .	Regional Combatant Commander	Who is in charge of these Change in Operational Control missions ?
`` Chopped '' units are referred to as forces .	forces	What are `` Chopped '' units called in the USAF ?
The top-level structure of these forces is the Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force -LRB- AETF -RRB- .	Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force	What is the top level structure of these Chopped forces in the USAF ?
Each CCDR is supported by a standing Component Numbered Air Force -LRB- C-NAF -RRB- to provide planning and execution of aerospace forces in support of CCDR requirements .	planning and execution of aerospace forces	What does the C-NAF provide support to ?
As needed to support multiple Joint Force Commanders -LRB- JFC -RRB- in the COCOM 's Area of Responsibility -LRB- AOR -RRB- , the C-NAF may deploy Air Component Coordinate Elements -LRB- ACCE -RRB- to liaise with the JFC .	JFC	Who does the C-NAFF coordinate with on ACEE missions ?
AFSCs range from officer specialties such as pilot , combat systems officer , missile launch officer , intelligence officer , aircraft maintenance officer , judge advocate general -LRB- JAG -RRB- , medical doctor , nurse or other fields , to various enlisted specialties .	judge advocate general	What kind of AFSC is a JAG ?
AFSCs range from officer specialties such as pilot , combat systems officer , missile launch officer , intelligence officer , aircraft maintenance officer , judge advocate general -LRB- JAG -RRB- , medical doctor , nurse or other fields , to various enlisted specialties .	missile launch officer	What is one of the many types of AFSC employed by the USAF ?
There are additional occupational fields such as computer specialties , mechanic specialties , enlisted aircrew , communication systems , cyberspace operations , avionics technicians , medical specialties , civil engineering , public affairs , hospitality , law , drug counseling , mail operations , security forces , and search and rescue specialties .	computer specialties	What is an example of an occupational field position in the USAF ?
Beyond combat flight crew personnel , perhaps the most dangerous USAF jobs are Explosive Ordnance Disposal -LRB- EOD -RRB- , Combat rescue officer , Pararescue , Security Forces , Combat Control , Combat Weather , Tactical Air Control Party , and AFOSI agents , who deploy with infantry and special operations units who disarm bombs , rescue downed or isolated personnel , call in air strikes and set up landing zones in forward locations .	Explosive Ordnance Disposal	What does the abbreviation EOD stand for in the USAF ?
Beyond combat flight crew personnel , perhaps the most dangerous USAF jobs are Explosive Ordnance Disposal -LRB- EOD -RRB- , Combat rescue officer , Pararescue , Security Forces , Combat Control , Combat Weather , Tactical Air Control Party , and AFOSI agents , who deploy with infantry and special operations units who disarm bombs , rescue downed or isolated personnel , call in air strikes and set up landing zones in forward locations .	Tactical Air Control Party	What is one of the most dangerous jobs for USAF personnel ?
Beyond combat flight crew personnel , perhaps the most dangerous USAF jobs are Explosive Ordnance Disposal -LRB- EOD -RRB- , Combat rescue officer , Pararescue , Security Forces , Combat Control , Combat Weather , Tactical Air Control Party , and AFOSI agents , who deploy with infantry and special operations units who disarm bombs , rescue downed or isolated personnel , call in air strikes and set up landing zones in forward locations .	rescue downed or isolated personnel	What do some of these special missions in the USAF who deploy with the infantry do ?
Most of these are enlisted positions augmented by a smaller number of commissioned officers .	commissioned officers	What are these enlisted positions in the USAF complimented by ?
Other career fields that have seen increasing exposure to combat include civil engineers , vehicle operators , and Air Force Office of Special Investigations -LRB- AFOSI -RRB- personnel .	Air Force Office of Special Investigations	What other career fields have seen an increase in active combat missions ?
Training programs vary in length ; for example , 3M0X1 -LRB- Services -RRB- has 31 days of tech school training , while 3E8X1 -LRB- Explosive Ordnance Disposal -RRB- is one year of training with a preliminary school and a main school consisting of over 10 separate divisions , sometimes taking students close to two years to complete .	one year of training with a preliminary school	How long is the training for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the USAF ?
Training programs vary in length ; for example , 3M0X1 -LRB- Services -RRB- has 31 days of tech school training , while 3E8X1 -LRB- Explosive Ordnance Disposal -RRB- is one year of training with a preliminary school and a main school consisting of over 10 separate divisions , sometimes taking students close to two years to complete .	3M0X1 (Services)	What USAF tech school has 31 days of training ?
Officer technical training conducted by Second Air Force can also vary by AFSC , while flight training for aeronautically-rated officers conducted by AETC 's Nineteenth Air Force can last well in excess of one year .	Second Air Force	Who conducts the training for Technical Officers in the USAF ?
Officer technical training conducted by Second Air Force can also vary by AFSC , while flight training for aeronautically-rated officers conducted by AETC 's Nineteenth Air Force can last well in excess of one year .	excess of one year	How long does the flight training for the AETC 's Nineteenth Air Force last ?
USAF rank is divided between enlisted airmen , non-commissioned officers , and commissioned officers , and ranges from the enlisted Airman Basic -LRB- E-1 -RRB- to the commissioned officer rank of General -LRB- O-10 -RRB- .	enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers	What groups is the USAF rank divided amoung ?
Enlisted promotions are granted based on a combination of test scores , years of experience , and selection board approval while officer promotions are based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board .	based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval	How are Enlisted promotions in the USAF decided ?
Enlisted promotions are granted based on a combination of test scores , years of experience , and selection board approval while officer promotions are based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board .	based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board	How are Officer promotions within the USAF decided ?
Commissioned officer rank is designated by bars , oak leaves , a silver eagle , and anywhere from one to four stars -LRB- one to five stars in war-time -RRB- .	designated by bars, oak leaves, a silver eagle, and anywhere from one to four stars	How is a Commissioned Officer 's rank shown ?
Air Force officer promotions are governed by the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act -LRB- ROPMA -RRB- for officers in the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard .	Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act	Was does ROPMA stand for in the USAF ?
Air Force officer promotions are governed by the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act -LRB- ROPMA -RRB- for officers in the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard .	Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980	What are Air Force Officer promotions overseen by ?
Currently , promotion from second lieutenant to first lieutenant is virtually guaranteed after two years of satisfactory service .	virtually guaranteed after two years	How long does it usually take to be promoted from second to first lieutenant in the USAF ?
DOPMA also establishes limits on the number of officers that can serve at any given time in the Air Force .	DOPMA	Who establishes limits on the amount of Air Force officers ?
Promotion to major through major general is through a formal selection board process , while promotions to lieutenant general and general are contingent upon nomination to specific general officer positions and subject to U.S. Senate approval .	Promotion to major through major general	What promotion in the USAF is governed by a formal selection process ?
During the board process an officer 's record is reviewed by a selection board at the Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio , Texas .	Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base	Where is an officer 's record in the USAF reviewed for a promotion ?
During the board process an officer 's record is reviewed by a selection board at the Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio , Texas .	Texas	What state is the Randolph Air Force Base located in ?
Promotion from major to lieutenant colonel is similar and occurs approximately between the thirteen year -LRB- for officers who were promoted to major early `` below the zone '' -RRB- and the fifteen year mark , where a certain percentage of majors will be selected below zone -LRB- i.e. , `` early '' -RRB- , in zone -LRB- i.e. , `` on time '' -RRB- or above zone -LRB- i.e. , `` late '' -RRB- for promotion to lieutenant colonel .	thirteen year	When does promotion from major to lieutenant colonel in the USAF typically occur ?
This process will repeat at the 16 year mark -LRB- for officers previously promoted early to major and lieutenant colonel -RRB- to the 21 year mark for promotion to full colonel .	16 year mark	The promotion process repeats when for officers promoted early in the USAF ?
Although provision is made in Title 10 of the United States Code for the Secretary of the Air Force to appoint warrant officers , the Air Force does not currently use warrant officer grades , and is the only one of the U.S. Armed Services not to do so .	Title 10	What section in the US Code for the Secretary of the Air Force allows for the appointment of warrant officers ?
The Air Force inherited warrant officer ranks from the Army at its inception in 1947 , but their place in the Air Force structure was never made clear .	1947	When did the USAF inherit warrant officer ranks from the Army ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- When the Congress authorized the creation of two new senior enlisted ranks in 1958 , Air Force officials privately concluded that these two new `` super grades '' could fill all Air Force needs then performed at the warrant officer level , although this was not publicly acknowledged until years later .	1958	When did Congress authorize the creation of two new senior officer grades ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The Air Force stopped appointing warrant officers in 1959 , the same year the first promotions were made to the new top enlisted grade , Chief Master Sergeant .	1959	When did the USAF stop appointing warrant officers ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The Air Force stopped appointing warrant officers in 1959 , the same year the first promotions were made to the new top enlisted grade , Chief Master Sergeant .	Chief Master Sergeant	What is the newest top enlisted grade in the USAF ?
Enlisted members of the USAF have pay grades from E-1 -LRB- entry level -RRB- to E-9 -LRB- senior enlisted -RRB- .	E-1 (entry level)	What is the lowest pay grade in the USAF ?
Enlisted members of the USAF have pay grades from E-1 -LRB- entry level -RRB- to E-9 -LRB- senior enlisted -RRB- .	E-9 (senior enlisted)	What is the highest pay grade in the USAF ?
Above the pay grade of E-4 -LRB- i.e. , pay grades E-5 through E-9 -RRB- all ranks fall into the category of NCO and are further subdivided into `` NCOs '' -LRB- pay grades E-5 and E-6 -RRB- and `` Senior NCOs '' -LRB- pay grades E-7 through E-9 -RRB- ; the term `` Junior NCO '' is sometimes used to refer to staff sergeants and technical sergeants -LRB- pay grades E-5 and E-6 -RRB- .	pay grades E-7 through E-9	What pay grades are included in the USAF for Senior NCOs ?
Above the pay grade of E-4 -LRB- i.e. , pay grades E-5 through E-9 -RRB- all ranks fall into the category of NCO and are further subdivided into `` NCOs '' -LRB- pay grades E-5 and E-6 -RRB- and `` Senior NCOs '' -LRB- pay grades E-7 through E-9 -RRB- ; the term `` Junior NCO '' is sometimes used to refer to staff sergeants and technical sergeants -LRB- pay grades E-5 and E-6 -RRB- .	staff sergeants and technical sergeants	What does junior NCO refer to in the USAF pay grade system ?
In all other branches , NCO status is generally achieved at the pay grade of E-4 -LRB- e.g. , a Corporal in the Army and Marine Corps , Petty Officer Third Class in the Navy and Coast Guard -RRB- .	pay grade of E-4	When does NCO status happen in all other branches of the US Military ?
The USAF is the only branch of the U.S. military where NCO status is achieved when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5 .	when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5	When does NCO status occur in the USAF ?
Despite not being an NCO , a Senior Airman who has completed Airman Leadership School can be a supervisor according to the AFI 36-2618 .	completed Airman Leadership School	What must a Senior Airman do to become a supervisor in the USAF ?
In all other branches , NCO status is generally achieved at the pay grade of E-4 -LRB- e.g. , a Corporal in the Army and Marine Corps , Petty Officer Third Class in the Navy and Coast Guard -RRB- .	Corporal	What rank is NCO status achieved in the US Army ?
The first USAF dress uniform , in 1947 , was dubbed and patented `` Uxbridge Blue '' after `` Uxbridge 1683 Blue '' , developed at the former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company .	former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company	Where was the Uxbridge Blue dress uniform developed ?
The first USAF dress uniform , in 1947 , was dubbed and patented `` Uxbridge Blue '' after `` Uxbridge 1683 Blue '' , developed at the former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company .	1947	When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced ?
The current Service Dress Uniform , which was adopted in 1993 and standardized in 1995 , consists of a three-button , pocketless coat , similar to that of a men 's `` sport jacket '' -LRB- with silver `` U.S. '' pins on the lapels , with a silver ring surrounding on those of enlisted members -RRB- , matching trousers , and either a service cap or flight cap , all in Shade 1620 , `` Air Force Blue '' -LRB- a darker purplish-blue -RRB- .	1995	When was the current USAF dress uniform standardized ?
Enlisted members wear sleeve insignia on both the jacket and shirt , while officers wear metal rank insignia pinned onto the coat , and Air Force Blue slide-on epaulet loops on the shirt .	pinned onto the coat	Where does an officer in the USAF wear their rank insignia ?
In addition to basic uniform clothing , various badges are used by the USAF to indicate a billet assignment or qualification-level for a given assignment .	various badges	What is worn by USAF members to indicate a billet assignment ?
Badges can also be used as merit-based or service-based awards .	merit-based or service-based awards	What else can Badges be used to designate in the USAF ?
Authorized badges include the Shields of USAF Fire Protection , and Security Forces , and the Missile Badge -LRB- or `` pocket rocket '' -RRB- , which is earned after working in a missile system maintenance or missile operations capacity for at least one year .	Shields of USAF Fire Protection	What is one of the types of Authorized Badges in the USAF ?
Authorized badges include the Shields of USAF Fire Protection , and Security Forces , and the Missile Badge -LRB- or `` pocket rocket '' -RRB- , which is earned after working in a missile system maintenance or missile operations capacity for at least one year .	at least one year	When is the special `` pocket rocket '' badge given to USAF personnel working in a missile system operation ?
Officers may be commissioned upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy , upon graduation from another college or university through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps -LRB- AFROTC -RRB- program , or through the Air Force Officer Training School -LRB- OTS -RRB- .	United States Air Force Academy	USAF Officers can be commissioned after graduation from what school ?
Officers may be commissioned upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy , upon graduation from another college or university through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps -LRB- AFROTC -RRB- program , or through the Air Force Officer Training School -LRB- OTS -RRB- .	Air Force Officer Training School	What is another program that allows officers to become commissioned in the USAF ?
OTS , previously located at Lackland AFB , Texas until 1993 and located at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery , Alabama since 1993 , in turn encompasses two separate commissioning programs : Basic Officer Training -LRB- BOT -RRB- , which is for line-officer candidates of the active-duty Air Force and the U.S. Air Force Reserve ; and the Academy of Military Science -LRB- AMS -RRB- , which is for line-officer candidates of the Air National Guard .	Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama	Where is the OTS in the US currently located ?
-LRB- The term `` line officer '' derives from the concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the `` Line of the Air '' , meaning combat or combat-support operations within the scope of legitimate combatants as defined by the Geneva Conventions . -RRB-	concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the "Line of the Air"	What is a line officer in the USAF ?
OTS , previously located at Lackland AFB , Texas until 1993 and located at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery , Alabama since 1993 , in turn encompasses two separate commissioning programs : Basic Officer Training -LRB- BOT -RRB- , which is for line-officer candidates of the active-duty Air Force and the U.S. Air Force Reserve ; and the Academy of Military Science -LRB- AMS -RRB- , which is for line-officer candidates of the Air National Guard .	two	How many commissioning programs does the OTS offer the USAF ?
The Air Force also provides Commissioned Officer Training -LRB- COT -RRB- for officers of all three components who are direct-commissioned to non-line positions due to their credentials in medicine , law , religion , biological sciences , or healthcare administration .	Commissioned Officer Training	What does the Air Force provide for officers of direct to non-line positions ?
The Air Force also provides Commissioned Officer Training -LRB- COT -RRB- for officers of all three components who are direct-commissioned to non-line positions due to their credentials in medicine , law , religion , biological sciences , or healthcare administration .	medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration	What fields of study in the COT are included in this area of the USAF ?
Originally viewed as a `` knife and fork school '' that covered little beyond basic wear of the uniform , COT in recent years has been fully integrated into the OTS program and today encompasses extensive coursework as well as field exercises in leadership , confidence , fitness , and deployed-environment operations .	deployed-environment operations	What is an example of the coursework now offered in the COT in the USAF ?
As part of the Fit to Fight program , the USAF adopted a more stringent physical fitness assessment ; the new fitness program was put into effect on 1 June 2010 .	Fit to Fight program	What is the more strict program that the USAF adopted in 2010 called ?
The US Air Force Fitness Test -LRB- AFFT -RRB- is designed to test the abdominal circumference , muscular strength/endurance and cardiovascular respiratory fitness of airmen in the USAF .	US Air Force Fitness Test	What test is designed to test the fitness of airmen in the USAF ?
In the AFFT , Airmen are given a score based on performance consisting of four components : waist circumference , the sit-up , the push-up , and a 1.5-mile -LRB- 2.4 km -RRB- run .	1.5-mile	How long is the run that the USAF airmen are tested on for the fitness program ?
A passing score is 75 points .	75 points	What is a passing score on the US Air Force Fitness Test ?
Personnel may test once a year if he or she earns a score above a 90 % .	90%	What score must an airman get on the US Air Force Fitness test to be able to opt out of one of the mandatory twice a year retests ?
The ground-attack aircraft of the USAF are designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as close air support for , and in proximity to , U.S. ground forces .	U.S. ground forces	What are the ground-attack aircraft in the USAF usually deployed in support for ?
The proximity to friendly forces require precision strikes from these aircraft that are not possible with bomber aircraft listed below .	precision strikes	What does the closeness to friendly troops require of these US Air Force aircraft ?
They are typically deployed as close air support to ground forces , their role is tactical rather than strategic , operating at the front of the battle rather than against targets deeper in the enemy 's rear .	front of the battle	What part of a battle line are the precision strike aircraft of the USAF deployed ?
The proximity to friendly forces require precision strikes from these aircraft that are not possible with bomber aircraft listed below .	bomber aircraft	What type of aircraft is not appropriate to be used in close proximity of US ground troops ?
Many attack aircraft , even ones that look like fighters , are optimized to drop bombs , with very little ability to engage in aerial combat .	drop bombs	What are most attack aircraft in the US Air Force designed to do ?
Perhaps the one meaningful distinction at present is the question of range : a bomber is generally a long-range aircraft capable of striking targets deep within enemy territory , whereas fighter bombers and attack aircraft are limited to ` theater ' missions in and around the immediate area of battlefield combat .	bomber	What type of USAF aircraft is designed for long range airstrike attacks ?
Perhaps the one meaningful distinction at present is the question of range : a bomber is generally a long-range aircraft capable of striking targets deep within enemy territory , whereas fighter bombers and attack aircraft are limited to ` theater ' missions in and around the immediate area of battlefield combat .	fighter bombers and attack aircraft	What types of aircraft are typically limited to close proximity of battlefield conflict by the USAF ?
Even that distinction is muddied by the availability of aerial refueling , which greatly increases the potential radius of combat operations .	aerial refueling	What increases the radius of combat missions by the US Air Force ?
The US , Russia , and the People 's Republic of China operate strategic bombers .	US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China	What countries utilize strategic bomber aircraft in their missions ?
The service 's B-2A aircraft entered service in the 1990s , its B-1B aircraft in the 1980s and its current B-52H aircraft in the early 1960s .	1990s	When did the B-2A aircraft enter into service of the US Air Force ?
The service 's B-2A aircraft entered service in the 1990s , its B-1B aircraft in the 1980s and its current B-52H aircraft in the early 1960s .	1980s	When did the USAF introduce the B-1B aircraft ?
The service 's B-2A aircraft entered service in the 1990s , its B-1B aircraft in the 1980s and its current B-52H aircraft in the early 1960s .	B-52H	What aircraft in the USAF was introduced in the 1960s ?
The B-52H is scheduled to remain in service for another 30 years , which would keep the airframe in service for nearly 90 years , an unprecedented length of service for any aircraft .	30 years	How long is the B-52H scheduled to remain in service of the USAF ?
The B-21 is projected to replace the B-52 and parts of the B-1B force by the mid-2020s .	B-21	What aircraft is scheduled to replace the B-52 in the USAF ?
Cargo and transport aircraft are typically used to deliver troops , weapons and other military equipment by a variety of methods to any area of military operations around the world , usually outside of the commercial flight routes in uncontrolled airspace .	Cargo and transport	What type of aircraft is used to deliver troops and weapons to military operations ?
The workhorses of the USAF Air Mobility Command are the C-130 Hercules , C-17 Globemaster III , and C-5 Galaxy .	C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy	What aircraft are considered the workhorses of the US Air Force ?
The CV-22 is used by the Air Force for the U.S. Special Operations Command -LRB- USSOCOM -RRB- .	U.S. Special Operations Command	The CV-22 aircraft is used by what section of the USAF ?
Some aircraft serve specialized transportation roles such as executive/embassy support -LRB- C-12 -RRB- , Antarctic Support -LRB- LC-130H -RRB- , and USSOCOM support -LRB- C-27J , C-145A , and C-146A -RRB- .	LC-130H	What aircraft offers Antarctic Support to the US Air Force ?
The WC-130H aircraft are former weather reconnaissance aircraft , now reverted to the transport mission .	weather reconnaissance aircraft	What did the USAF use the WC-130H aircraft for before they converted them for transport missions ?
The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS and ensure friendly , unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment .	deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS	What is the purpose of electronic warfare ?
They are often called `` The Eye in the Sky . ''	The Eye in the Sky	What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft ?
Electronic warfare aircraft are used to keep airspaces friendly , and send critical information to anyone who needs it .	to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it	What does the USAF use Electronic warfare aircraft for ?
The roles of the aircraft vary greatly among the different variants to include Electronic Warfare/Jamming -LRB- EC-130H -RRB- , Psychological Operations/Communications -LRB- EC-130J -RRB- , Airborne Early Warning and Control -LRB- E-3 -RRB- , Airborne Command Post -LRB- E-4B -RRB- , ground targeting radar -LRB- E-8C -RRB- , range control -LRB- E-9A -RRB- , and communications relay -LRB- E-11A -RRB-	Electronic Warfare/Jamming	What is the EC-130H used for by the US Air Force ?
The roles of the aircraft vary greatly among the different variants to include Electronic Warfare/Jamming -LRB- EC-130H -RRB- , Psychological Operations/Communications -LRB- EC-130J -RRB- , Airborne Early Warning and Control -LRB- E-3 -RRB- , Airborne Command Post -LRB- E-4B -RRB- , ground targeting radar -LRB- E-8C -RRB- , range control -LRB- E-9A -RRB- , and communications relay -LRB- E-11A -RRB-	Airborne Command Post	What does the USAF use the E-4B aircraft for ?
The fighter aircraft of the USAF are small , fast , and maneuverable military aircraft primarily used for air-to-air combat .	air-to-air combat	What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft ?
Many of these fighters have secondary ground-attack capabilities , and some are dual-roled as fighter-bombers -LRB- e.g. , the F-16 Fighting Falcon -RRB- ; the term `` fighter '' is also sometimes used colloquially for dedicated ground-attack aircraft .	F-16 Fighting Falcon	What is the name of a type of dual purpose fighter-bomber aircraft used by the US Air Force ?
The F-16 is currently used by the USAF Air Demonstration squadron , the Thunderbirds , while a small number of both man-rated and non-man-rated F-4 Phantom II are retained as QF-4 aircraft for use as Full Scale Aerial Targets -LRB- FSAT -RRB- or as part of the USAF Heritage Flight program .	F-16	What aircraft is used by the US Air Demonstration group The Thunderbirds ?
The F-16 is currently used by the USAF Air Demonstration squadron , the Thunderbirds , while a small number of both man-rated and non-man-rated F-4 Phantom II are retained as QF-4 aircraft for use as Full Scale Aerial Targets -LRB- FSAT -RRB- or as part of the USAF Heritage Flight program .	F-4 Phantom II	What kind of aircraft is utilized by the USAF in Full Scale Aerial Targets ?
These extant QF-4 aircraft are being replaced in the FSAT role by early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration .	early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration	What are the QF-4 aircraft being replaced by the US Air Force ?
The USAF 's KC-135 and KC-10 aerial refueling aircraft are based on civilian jets .	aerial refueling aircraft	What kind of aircraft is the USAF 's KC-135 ?
The USAF aircraft are equipped primarily for providing the fuel via a tail-mounted refueling boom , and can be equipped with `` probe and drogue '' refueling systems .	tail-mounted refueling boom	How does the aerial refueling aircraft supply fuel during flight ?
Air-to-air refueling is extensively used in large-scale operations and also used in normal operations ; fighters , bombers , and cargo aircraft rely heavily on the lesser-known `` tanker '' aircraft .	large-scale operations	When is air-to-air refueling primarily used by the US Air Force ?
The KC-46A Pegasus is undergoing testing and is projected to be delivered to USAF units starting in 2017 .	KC-46A Pegasus	What aircraft will be available for use by the US Air Force in 2017 ?
In response to the 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates accepted in June 2009 the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley .	Robert Gates	What US Secretary of Defense accepted resignations of top US Air Force officials in June of 2009 ?
In response to the 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates accepted in June 2009 the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley .	Michael Wynne	What US Secretary of the Air Force resigned following a nuclear weapons problem ?
Moseley 's successor , General Norton A. Schwartz , a former tactical airlift and special operations pilot was the first officer appointed to that position who did not have a background as a fighter or bomber pilot .	General Norton A. Schwartz	Who was appointed to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force following Mosley 's resignation ?
The Washington Post reported in 2010 that General Schwartz began to dismantle the rigid class system of the USAF , particularly in the officer corps .	The Washington Post	What newspaper reported on Schwartz 's dismantlement of the US Air Force 's class system ?
Major General Charles J. Dunlap , Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force 's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their service 's principal `` warriors '' working with small groups of enlisted airmen either as the service crew or the onboard crew of their aircraft .	Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr.	What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture ?
Although the paradigm is changing , for most of its history , the Air Force , completely unlike its sister services , has been an organization in which mostly its officers fought , not its enlisted force , the latter being primarily a rear echelon support force .	an organization in which mostly its officers fought	How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military ?
Although the paradigm is changing , for most of its history , the Air Force , completely unlike its sister services , has been an organization in which mostly its officers fought , not its enlisted force , the latter being primarily a rear echelon support force .	primarily a rear echelon support force	How have the enlisted forces of the US Air Force been seen ?
Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators .	Cultural and career issues	What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force ?
In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War , the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them until the last year of that war and in 2014 changed its RPA training syllabus again , in the face of large aircraft losses in training , and in response to a GAO report critical of handling of drone programs .	Iraq War	During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones ?
In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War , the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them until the last year of that war and in 2014 changed its RPA training syllabus again , in the face of large aircraft losses in training , and in response to a GAO report critical of handling of drone programs .	large aircraft losses in training	Why did the USAF change its training methods on UAVs in 2014 ?
Paul Scharre has reported that the cultural divide between the USAF and US Army has kept both services from adopting each other 's drone handing innovations .	US Army	What branch of the US Military does a cultural divide prevent the US Air Force from adopting their drone protocols ?
Many of the U.S. Air Force 's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force -LRB- e.g. , dining-ins/mess nights -RRB- or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service , U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces .	Royal Air Force	Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from ?
Some of these traditions range from `` Friday Name Tags '' in flying units to an annual `` Mustache Month . ''	"Friday Name Tags" in flying units	What traditions does the US Air Force have ?
The use of `` challenge coins '' is a recent innovation that was adopted from the U.S. Army while another cultural tradition unique to the Air Force is the `` roof stomp '' , practiced by Air Force members to welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event , such as a retirement .	U.S. Army	What organization did the US Air Force adopt `` Challenge Coins '' from ?
The use of `` challenge coins '' is a recent innovation that was adopted from the U.S. Army while another cultural tradition unique to the Air Force is the `` roof stomp '' , practiced by Air Force members to welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event , such as a retirement .	welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement	What does the roof stomp tradition signify in the US Air Force ?
The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including `` No One Comes Close '' and Uno Ab Alto -LRB- `` One From On High '' -RRB- .	"No One Comes Close"	What was a recent US Air Force recruiting slogan ?
The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including `` No One Comes Close '' and Uno Ab Alto -LRB- `` One From On High '' -RRB- .	"One From On High"	What does the USAF slogan Uno Ab Alto mean ?
For many years , the U.S. Air Force used `` Aim High '' as its recruiting slogan ; more recently , they have used `` Cross into the Blue '' , `` We 've been waiting for you '' and `` Do Something Amazing '' , `` Above All '' , and the newest one , as of 7 October 2010 , considered a call and response , `` Aim high '' followed with the response , `` Fly-Fight-Win '' Each wing , group , or squadron usually has its own slogan -LRB- s -RRB- .	"Aim high" followed with the response, "Fly-Fight-Win"	What is the most recent US Air Force recruitment slogan in October 2010 ?
Information and logos can usually be found on the wing , group , or squadron websites .	wing, group, or squadron websites	Where can individual each USAF wing , group or squadrons individual motto be found ?
Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting .	environmental	What type of atmosphere can LED lighting be used ?
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption , longer lifetime , improved physical robustness , smaller size , and faster switching .	longer lifetime	What is an advantage to using LED lighting over the normal light sources ?
Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting , automotive headlamps , advertising , general lighting , traffic signals , camera flashes and lighted wallpaper .	Light-emitting diodes	What does LED stand for ?
As of 2015 -LSB- update -RSB- , LEDs powerful enough for room lighting remain somewhat more expensive , and require more precise current and heat management , than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output .	more expensive	Why are some people hesitant to use LED lighting ?
Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting , automotive headlamps , advertising , general lighting , traffic signals , camera flashes and lighted wallpaper .	traffic signals	What is a popular use for LED lighting ?
Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs , using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat 's - whisker detector .	British	What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence ?
Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs , using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat 's - whisker detector .	Electroluminescence	LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon ?
Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs , using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat 's - whisker detector .	1907	When was Electroluminescence discovered ?
Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927 .	Oleg Losev	Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED ?
Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs , using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat 's - whisker detector .	cat's-whisker	What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery ?
In 1957 , Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance .	1957	What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication ?
As noted by Kroemer Braunstein '' .	Kroemer Braunstein	Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices ?
had set up a simple optical communications link : Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward current of a GaAs diode .	a GaAs diode	The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component ?
The emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away .	a PbS diode	What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal ?
This signal was fed into an audio amplifier , and played back by a loudspeaker .	audio amplifier	What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode ?
In September 1961 , while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas , Texas , James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared -LRB- 900 nm -RRB- light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate .	Texas	In what state what near-infrared light emission discovered ?
In September 1961 , while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas , Texas , James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared -LRB- 900 nm -RRB- light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate .	tunnel	What type of diode was used to help discover near-infrared light emission ?
On August 8 , 1962 , Biard and Pittman filed a patent titled `` Semiconductor Radiant Diode '' based on their findings , which described a zinc diffused p -- n junction LED with a spaced cathode contact to allow for efficient emission of infrared light under forward bias .	1962	In what year was the patent filed for the Semiconductor Radiant Diode ?
After establishing the priority of their work based on engineering notebooks predating submissions from G.E. Labs , RCA Research Labs , IBM Research Labs , Bell Labs , and Lincoln Lab at MIT , the U.S. patent office issued the two inventors the patent for the GaAs infrared -LRB- IR -RRB- light-emitting diode -LRB- U.S. Patent US3293513 -RRB- , the first practical LED .	GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode	What was the first practical LED ?
Immediately after filing the patent , Texas Instruments -LRB- TI -RRB- began a project to manufacture infrared diodes .	Texas Instruments (TI)	The two inventors of the first practical diode were employed by what famous company ?
The first visible-spectrum -LRB- red -RRB- LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak , Jr. , while working at General Electric Company .	General Electric Company	At what global company was the first visible-spectrum LED developed ?
The first visible-spectrum -LRB- red -RRB- LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak , Jr. , while working at General Electric Company .	Nick Holonyak, Jr.	What GE employee developed the visible-spectrum LED ?
The first visible-spectrum -LRB- red -RRB- LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak , Jr. , while working at General Electric Company .	red	What color is associated with the visible-spectrum LED ?
M. George Craford , a former graduate student of Holonyak , invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972 .	yellow	What color LED was later created in 1972 ?
M. George Craford , a former graduate student of Holonyak , invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972 .	M. George Craford	What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow LED ?
The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps , and in seven-segment displays , first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment , then later in such appliances as TVs , radios , telephones , calculators , as well as watches -LRB- see list of signal uses -RRB- .	replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps	What was the first commercial uses of LEDs ?
Until 1968 , visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly , in the order of US$ 200 per unit , and so had little practical use .	US$200 per unit	How much did the early LEDs cost ?
Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible .	calculators	What was one use of early LED light in products ?
Hewlett Packard -LRB- HP -RRB- introduced LEDs in 1968 , initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto .	Hewlett Packard (HP)	What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968 ?
In the 1970s commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics .	1970s	In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses ?
The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN .	blue	What color LED was demonstrated in 1994 ?
The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN .	Shuji Nakamura	Who demonstrated the first blue LED ?
Nakamura , Akasaki and Amano were awarded the 2014 Nobel prize in physics for their work .	2014 Nobel prize in physics	What did Nakamura , Akasaki , and Amano receive for their work ?
In 1995 , Alberto Barbieri at the Cardiff University Laboratory -LRB- GB -RRB- investigated the efficiency and reliability of high-brightness LEDs and demonstrated a `` transparent contact '' LED using indium tin oxide -LRB- ITO -RRB- on -LRB- AlGaInP/GaAs -RRB- .	Alberto Barbieri	Who investigated the efficiency of high-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995 ?
In 1995 , Alberto Barbieri at the Cardiff University Laboratory -LRB- GB -RRB- investigated the efficiency and reliability of high-brightness LEDs and demonstrated a `` transparent contact '' LED using indium tin oxide -LRB- ITO -RRB- on -LRB- AlGaInP/GaAs -RRB- .	indium tin oxide	What substance did Barbieri use in his work with high-brightness LED ?
The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED .	white	What LED quickly followed the blue LEDs ?
In this device a Y 3Al 5O 12 : Ce -LRB- known as `` YAG '' -RRB- phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence .	yellow light	What does the YAG phosphor coating produce ?
A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current .	P-N junction	What converts absorbed light energy into an electric current ?
This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence , which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conductor under the influence of an electric field .	electroluminescence	What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it ?
Free electrons are in the conduction band of energy levels , while holes are in the valence energy band .	the conduction band	Where are the free electrons located in the production of electroluminescence ?
The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons cross from the N-region and recombine with the holes existing in the P-region .	holes existing in the P-region	Whose energy levels are lower than the electrons in the electroluminescence process ?
Some portion of the energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the holes .	to recombine the electrons and the holes	Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and light ?
In September 2003 , a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes -LRB- mA -RRB- .	2003	In what year was a new type of blue LED produced ?
In September 2003 , a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes -LRB- mA -RRB- .	Cree	Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of blue LED ?
This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA , becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time , and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents .	four times	How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the white LED commercially available in 2003 ?
Typical operating currents for such devices begin at 350 mA .	350 mA	What is the typical operating current for high-power LEDs ?
The most common symptom of LED -LRB- and diode laser -RRB- failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency .	loss of efficiency	What is a symptom of LED failure ?
Sudden failures , although rare , can also occur .	Sudden failures	What is rare in LED lighting ?
Early red LEDs were notable for their short service life .	their short service life	What was notable in early red LEDs ?
With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperatures and higher current densities than traditional devices .	higher junction temperatures	What could cause early light-output degradation in LEDs ?
To quantitatively classify useful lifetime in a standardized manner it has been suggested to use L70 or L50 , which are the runtimes -LRB- typically given in thousands of hours -RRB- at which a given LED reaches 70 % and 50 % of initial light output , respectively .	L70 or L50	What is a classification used in LED lighting to describe how much usefulness it will receive ?
Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature , LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting .	operating temperature	LED efficacy is inversely proportional to what ?
Since LED efficacy is inversely proportional to operating temperature , LED technology is well suited for supermarket freezer lighting .	supermarket freezer	Where is LED lighting very well suited ?
Because LEDs produce less waste heat than incandescent lamps , their use in freezers can save on refrigeration costs as well .	incandescent lamps	LEDs produce less waste heat than what other device ?
However , they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buildup than incandescent lamps , so some LED lighting systems have been designed with an added heating circuit .	frost	What is LED lighting more susceptible to than incandescent light ?
The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines , doctoral students in materials science and engineering .	Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines	What students developed the first blue-violet LED ?
The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines , doctoral students in materials science and engineering .	Stanford	The first blue-violet LED was developed at what University ?
The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines , doctoral students in materials science and engineering .	1972	When was the first blue-violet LED developed ?
In 1971 , the year after Maruska left for Stanford , his RCA colleagues Pankove and Ed Miller demonstrated the first blue electroluminescence from zinc-doped gallium nitride , though the subsequent device Pankove and Miller built , the first actual gallium nitride light-emitting diode , emitted green light .	zinc-doped gallium nitride	What substance helped demonstrate the first blue electroluminescence ?
In the late 1980s , key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices .	1980s	In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices ?
Two years later , in 1993 , high-brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated again by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation using a gallium nitride growth process similar to Dr. Moustakas 's .	Shuji Nakamura	Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs ?
Building upon this foundation , Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process .	Dr. Moustakas	Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This new development revolutionized LED lighting , making high-power blue light sources practical , leading to the development of technologies like BlueRay , as well as allowing the bright high resolution screens of modern tablets and phones .	BlueRay	What technology was made possible by high-power blue light sources ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This new development revolutionized LED lighting , making high-power blue light sources practical , leading to the development of technologies like BlueRay , as well as allowing the bright high resolution screens of modern tablets and phones .	tablets	What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power blue LED lighting ?
Nakamura , Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED .	Physics	What Nobel Prize did Nakamura , Amano , and Akasaki receive in 2014 ?
Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention .	Millennium Technology Prize	What award did Nakamura receive in 2006 for his invention ?
In 2015 , a US court ruled that three companies -LRB- i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court -RRB- that had licensed Mr. Nakamura 's patents for production in the United States had infringed Dr. Moustakas 's prior patent , and order them to pay licensing fees of not less than 13 million USD .	three	How many companies did a judge say infringed on Dr. Moustakas 's prior blue light patent in 2015 ?
In 2015 , a US court ruled that three companies -LRB- i.e. the litigants who had not previously settled out of court -RRB- that had licensed Mr. Nakamura 's patents for production in the United States had infringed Dr. Moustakas 's prior patent , and order them to pay licensing fees of not less than 13 million USD .	not less than 13 million USD	What was the fine given to the three companies ?
They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN , called cladding layers .	active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN	What are cladding layers ?
By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells , the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to amber .	By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells	How can light emission be varied from violet to amber ?
Aluminium gallium nitride -LRB- AlGaN -RRB- of varying Al/Ga fraction can be used to manufacture the cladding and quantum well layers for ultraviolet LEDs , but these devices have not yet reached the level of efficiency and technological maturity of InGaN/GaN blue/green devices .	Aluminium gallium nitride	What does AlGaN stand for ?
Green LEDs manufactured from the InGaN/GaN system are far more efficient and brighter than green LEDs produced with non-nitride material systems , but practical devices still exhibit efficiency too low for high-brightness applications .	Green	What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InGaN/GaN systems than without ?
With nitrides containing aluminium , most often AlGaN and AlGaInN , even shorter wavelengths are achievable .	aluminium	What substance does nitrides contain ?
Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market .	Ultraviolet	What sort of LEDs are becoming more available on the market ?
Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375 -- 395 nm are already cheap and often encountered , for example , as black light lamp replacements for inspection of anti-counterfeiting UV watermarks in some documents and paper currencies .	375–395 nm	What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEDs ?
Shorter-wavelength diodes , while substantially more expensive , are commercially available for wavelengths down to 240 nm .	240 nm	Shorter wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what ?
As the photosensitivity of microorganisms approximately matches the absorption spectrum of DNA , with a peak at about 260 nm , UV LED emitting at 250 -- 270 nm are to be expected in prospective disinfection and sterilization devices .	250–270 nm	What UV wavelengths are found in sterilization devices ?
White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights ; the most common method is to use red , green , and blue -LRB- RGB -RRB- .	red, green, and blue	What colors are used to form white light ?
Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs -LRB- sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs -RRB- .	multi-color white LEDs	What is the method called that mixes red , green , and blue colors to form white light ?
Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors , and because the individual color LEDs typically have slightly different emission patterns -LRB- leading to variation of the color depending on direction -RRB- even if they are made as a single unit , these are seldom used to produce white lighting .	electronic circuits	What does the multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result ?
Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs -LRB- sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs -RRB- .	RGB LEDs	What is another name to reference the multi-color white LED method ?
Several key factors that play among these different methods , include color stability , color rendering capability , and luminous efficacy .	luminous efficacy	What is a factor that may be different in the various types of multi-color white LEDs ?
Often , higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering , presenting a trade-off between the luminous efficacy and color rendering .	lower color rendering	Higher efficiency in multi-color white LEDs may mean what ?
There are several types of multi-color white LEDs : di - , tri - , and tetrachromatic white LEDs .	tetrachromatic	What is one type of multi-color white LED ?
For example , the dichromatic white LEDs have the best luminous efficacy -LRB- 120 lm/W -RRB- , but the lowest color rendering capability .	dichromatic white LEDs	What type has the best luminous efficacy ?
Trichromatic white LEDs are in between , having both good luminous efficacy -LRB- > 70 lm/W -RRB- and fair color rendering capability .	>70 lm/W	What luminous efficacy does trichromatic white LEDs have ?
Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light but a new means to form light of different colors .	to form light of different colors	Multi-color LEDs offer what else besides the formation of white light ?
These include that this type of LED 's emission power decays exponentially with rising temperature , resulting in a substantial change in color stability .	power decays exponentially with rising temperature	What problem must be solved before multi-color LEDs can play a role in the market ?
These include that this type of LED 's emission power decays exponentially with rising temperature , resulting in a substantial change in color stability .	substantial change in color stability	What problem results when rising temperatures decays power ?
This method involves coating LEDs of one color -LRB- mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN -RRB- with phosphors of different colors to form white light ; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs -LRB- pcLEDs -RRB- .	phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs)	What method involves coating LEDs of one color with phosphors of different colors ?
A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengths to longer .	blue	In pcLEDs method , a fraction of what light is used ?
A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengths to longer .	Stokes	What shift does blue light undergo in the pcLEDs method ?
Depending on the color of the original LED , phosphors of different colors can be employed .	the color of the original LED	The different colors of phosphors that can be used is based on what ?
If several phosphor layers of distinct colors are applied , the emitted spectrum is broadened , effectively raising the color rendering index -LRB- CRI -RRB- value of a given LED .	If several phosphor layers of distinct colors are applied	What broadens the emitted spectrum in a pcLEDs method ?
Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself .	the spectral distribution of the resultant light output	What do phosphor-based LEDs luminous efficacies depend on ?
Due to the simplicity of manufacturing the phosphor method is still the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs .	phosphor method	What is the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs ?
Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues .	heat loss from the Stokes shift	Why is efficiency sometimes lost in phosphor-based LEDs ?
For example , the luminous efficacy of a typical YAG yellow phosphor based white LED ranges from 3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy of the original blue LED because of the human eye 's greater sensitivity to yellow than to blue -LRB- as modeled in the luminosity function -RRB- .	3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy	What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based white LED compared to blue ?
The design and production of a light source or light fixture using a monochrome emitter with phosphor conversion is simpler and cheaper than a complex RGB system , and the majority of high-intensity white LEDs presently on the market are manufactured using phosphor light conversion .	monochrome	What type of emitter is used in phosphor-based white LED methods ?
Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors .	more efficient phosphors	What can improve the efficiency of LED-based white light ?
As of 2010 , the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor , with less than 10 % Stoke shift loss .	YAG phosphor	What is the most efficient yellow phosphor ?
As of 2010 , the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor , with less than 10 % Stoke shift loss .	less than 10%	What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in YAG phosphor ?
Currently , in the area of phosphor LED development , much effort is being spent on optimizing these devices to higher light output and higher operation temperatures .	higher operation temperatures	What area are scientists looking into regarding phosphor LED development ?
For instance , the efficiency can be raised by adapting better package design or by using a more suitable type of phosphor .	adapting better package design	What is one method that can raise the efficiency of phosphor-based LEDs ?
White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet -LRB- NUV -RRB- LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue , plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide -LRB- ZnS : Cu , Al -RRB- that emits green .	near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs	White LEDs can be made by coating what ?
White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet -LRB- NUV -RRB- LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue , plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide -LRB- ZnS : Cu , Al -RRB- that emits green .	copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al)	What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED ?
This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work .	fluorescent lamps	What device also works in a similar way as NUV LEDs ?
This method is less efficient than blue LEDs with YAG : Ce phosphor , as the Stokes shift is larger , so more energy is converted to heat , but yields light with better spectral characteristics , which render color better .	blue	The method of coating NUVs less efficient than what other LEDs ?
A concern is that UV light may leak from a malfunctioning light source and cause harm to human eyes or skin .	UV light	What light can harm human eyes or skin ?
A new style of wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon -LRB- GaN-on-Si -RRB- is being used to produce white LEDs using 200-mm silicon wafers .	wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon	What is being used to produce white LEDs ?
A new style of wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon -LRB- GaN-on-Si -RRB- is being used to produce white LEDs using 200-mm silicon wafers .	200-mm	What size are the wafers used to create white LEDs ?
This avoids the typical costly sapphire substrate in relatively small 100 - or 150-mm wafer sizes .	costly sapphire substrate	By using silicon wafers , what is being avoided ?
The sapphire apparatus must be coupled with a mirror-like collector to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted .	mirror-like collector	What needs to be used to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted ?
It is predicted that by 2020 , 40 % of all GaN LEDs will be made with GaN-on-Si .	2020	By what year will % of all GaN LEDs be made with gallium-nitride-on-silicon wafers ?
Quantum dots -LRB- QD -RRB- are semiconductor nanocrystals that possess unique optical properties .	Quantum dots	What nanocrystals possess unique optical properties ?
This allows quantum dot LEDs to create almost any color on the CIE diagram .	create almost any color on the CIE diagram	Quantum Dot LEDs can do what special skill ?
This provides more color options and better color rendering than white LEDs since the emission spectrum is much narrower , characteristic of quantum confined states .	better color rendering	The narrowing of the emission spectrum in Quantum Dot LEDs allows them to do what ?
There are two types of schemes for QD excitation .	two	How many types of schemes are there in Quantum Dot LED excitation ?
The structure of QD-LEDs used for the electrical-excitation scheme is similar to basic design of OLEDs .	electrical-excitation	What is one scheme of Quantum Dot excitation ?
A layer of quantum dots is sandwiched between layers of electron-transporting and hole-transporting materials .	hole-transporting materials	What is one material used in electrical-excitation ?
An applied electric field causes electrons and holes to move into the quantum dot layer and recombine forming an exciton that excites a QD .	electrons and holes	During the electrical-excitation scheme , what moves into the quantum dot layer ?
Fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy -LRB- NSOM -RRB- utilizing an integrated QD-LED has been demonstrated .	near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)	A Quantum Dot LED has been used in what ?
Some can emit over a thousand lumens .	over a thousand	How many lumens can some high-power LEDs emit ?
LED power densities up to 300 W/cm2 have been achieved .	300 W/cm2	Up to how many densities have been achieved with LED power ?
Since overheating is destructive , the HP-LEDs must be mounted on a heat sink to allow for heat dissipation .	to allow for heat dissipation	Why must High-power LEDs be mounted on a heat sink ?
If the heat from a HP-LED is not removed , the device will fail in seconds .	the device will fail in seconds	What will happen if the heat from a high-power LED is not removed ?
One HP-LED can often replace an incandescent bulb in a flashlight , or be set in an array to form a powerful LED lamp .	incandescent bulb in a flashlight	What can one high-power LED replace ?
LEDs have been developed by Seoul Semiconductor that can operate on AC power without the need for a DC converter .	Seoul Semiconductor	What company has developed LEDs that can operate on AC power ?
The efficacy of this type of HP-LED is typically 40 lm/W .	40 lm/W	What is the efficacy of an AC powered HP-LED ?
In 2009 , Seoul Semiconductor released a high DC voltage LED , named as ` Acrich MJT ' , capable of being driven from AC power with a simple controlling circuit .	2009	When did Seoul Semiconductor release the first high DC voltage LED ?
The low-power dissipation of these LEDs affords them more flexibility than the original AC LED design .	more flexibility	What is so good about ac powered HP-LEDs ?
In 2009 , Seoul Semiconductor released a high DC voltage LED , named as ` Acrich MJT ' , capable of being driven from AC power with a simple controlling circuit .	Acrich MJT	What did Seoul Semiconductor name their ac powered HP-LED ?
Alphanumeric LEDs are available in seven-segment , starburst and dot-matrix format .	Alphanumeric	What type of LEDs are available in seven-segment format ?
Alphanumeric LEDs are available in seven-segment , starburst and dot-matrix format .	dot-matrix	What is another format that Alphanumeric LEDs are available in ?
Starburst displays can display all letters .	Starburst	Which alphanumeric LED display can display all letters ?
Dot-matrix displays typically use 5x7 pixels per character .	5x7	What type of pixels does a dot matrix display use ?
Seven-segment LED displays were in widespread use in the 1970s and 1980s , but rising use of liquid crystal displays , with their lower power needs and greater display flexibility , has reduced the popularity of numeric and alphanumeric LED displays .	liquid crystal displays	What has reduced the popularity of numeric LED displays ?
Digital-RGB LEDs are RGB LEDs that contain their own `` smart '' control electronics .	contain their own "smart" control electronics	What makes RGB LEDs different ?
These are connected in a daisy chain , with the data in of the first LED sourced by a microprocessor , which can control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others .	in a daisy chain	How are Digital-RGB LED strobe signals connected ?
These are connected in a daisy chain , with the data in of the first LED sourced by a microprocessor , which can control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others .	microprocessor	What object sources the data in of the first LED of a digital rgb LED ?
These are connected in a daisy chain , with the data in of the first LED sourced by a microprocessor , which can control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others .	control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others	The microprocessor does what in a digital RGB LED ?
They are used where a combination of maximum control and minimum visible electronics are needed such as strings for Christmas and LED matrices .	Christmas	What is one example of where Digital RGB LED lights are used ?
An LED filament consists of multiple LED dice connected in series on a common longitudinal substrate that form a thin rod reminiscent of a traditional incandescent filament .	multiple LED dice	What does an LED filament consist of ?
These are being used as a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs that are being phased out in many countries .	a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs	How are LED filaments used ?
The filaments require a rather high voltage to light to nominal brightness , allowing them to work efficiently and simply with mains voltages .	high	What type of voltage is needed for LED filaments ?
Often a simple rectifier and capacitive current limiting are employed to create a low-cost replacement for a traditional light bulb without the complexity of creating a low voltage , high current converter which is required by single die LEDs .	a simple rectifier	What helps LED filaments remain low cost ?
Often a simple rectifier and capacitive current limiting are employed to create a low-cost replacement for a traditional light bulb without the complexity of creating a low voltage , high current converter which is required by single die LEDs .	high current converter	Single die LEDs require what ?
The current -- voltage characteristic of an LED is similar to other diodes , in that the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage -LRB- see Shockley diode equation -RRB- .	the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage	How are LEDs similar to other diodes ?
The typical solution is to use constant-current power supplies to keep the current below the LED 's maximum current rating .	use constant-current power supplies	What is a solution to preventing an LED failure ?
This means that a small change in voltage can cause a large change in current .	a small change in voltage	What can cause a large change in current in LEDs ?
Since most common power sources -LRB- batteries , mains -RRB- are constant-voltage sources , most LED fixtures must include a power converter , at least a current-limiting resistor .	batteries	What is a constant-voltage source ?
Since most common power sources -LRB- batteries , mains -RRB- are constant-voltage sources , most LED fixtures must include a power converter , at least a current-limiting resistor .	a power converter	What feature do most LED fixtures need to have ?
The vast majority of devices containing LEDs are `` safe under all conditions of normal use '' , and so are classified as `` Class 1 LED product '' / `` LED Klasse 1 '' .	Class 1 LED product	How are most LEDs classified ?
The vast majority of devices containing LEDs are `` safe under all conditions of normal use '' , and so are classified as `` Class 1 LED product '' / `` LED Klasse 1 '' .	safe under all conditions of normal use	What does being a Class 1 LED product mean ?
At present , only a few LEDs -- extremely bright LEDs that also have a tightly focused viewing angle of 8 ° or less -- could , in theory , cause temporary blindness , and so are classified as `` Class 2 '' .	extremely bright LEDs	What type of LED can possibly cause blindness ?
The opinion of the French Agency for Food , Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety -LRB- ANSES -RRB- of 2010 , on the health issues concerning LEDs , suggested banning public use of lamps which were in the moderate Risk Group 2 , especially those with a high blue component in places frequented by children .	French	Which government advocated the banning of Class 2 LEDs ?
At present , only a few LEDs -- extremely bright LEDs that also have a tightly focused viewing angle of 8 ° or less -- could , in theory , cause temporary blindness , and so are classified as `` Class 2 '' .	Class 2	What class are extremely bright LEDs listed as ?
While LEDs have the advantage over fluorescent lamps that they do not contain mercury , they may contain other hazardous metals such as lead and arsenic .	arsenic	What dangerous metal can LEDs contain ?
While LEDs have the advantage over fluorescent lamps that they do not contain mercury , they may contain other hazardous metals such as lead and arsenic .	mercury	What substance does fluorescent lamps contain ?
Regarding the toxicity of LEDs when treated as waste , a study published in 2011 stated : `` According to federal standards , LEDs are not hazardous except for low-intensity red LEDs , which leached Pb -LSB- lead -RSB- at levels exceeding regulatory limits -LRB- 186 mg/L ; regulatory limit : 5 -RRB- .	low-intensity red	Which LEDs are considered dangerous by a 2011 study ?
However , according to California regulations , excessive levels of copper -LRB- up to 3892 mg/kg ; limit : 2500 -RRB- , lead -LRB- up to 8103 mg/kg ; limit : 1000 -RRB- , nickel -LRB- up to 4797 mg/kg ; limit : 2000 -RRB- , or silver -LRB- up to 721 mg/kg ; limit : 500 -RRB- render all except low-intensity yellow LEDs hazardous . ''	lead	According to a California study , what harmful metal is in most LEDs ?
However , according to California regulations , excessive levels of copper -LRB- up to 3892 mg/kg ; limit : 2500 -RRB- , lead -LRB- up to 8103 mg/kg ; limit : 1000 -RRB- , nickel -LRB- up to 4797 mg/kg ; limit : 2000 -RRB- , or silver -LRB- up to 721 mg/kg ; limit : 500 -RRB- render all except low-intensity yellow LEDs hazardous . ''	low-intensity yellow LEDs	What LEDs are considered safer than any other ?
One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals , exit signs , emergency vehicle lighting , ships ' navigation lights or lanterns -LRB- chromacity and luminance standards being set under the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 , Annex I and the CIE -RRB- and LED-based Christmas lights .	One-color light	What type of light is ideal for traffic signals ?
One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals , exit signs , emergency vehicle lighting , ships ' navigation lights or lanterns -LRB- chromacity and luminance standards being set under the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 , Annex I and the CIE -RRB- and LED-based Christmas lights .	1972	In what year were luminescence standards set ?
Red or yellow LEDs are used in indicator and alphanumeric displays in environments where night vision must be retained : aircraft cockpits , submarine and ship bridges , astronomy observatories , and in the field , e.g. night time animal watching and military field use .	Red or yellow	What color LEDs are used when night vision is important ?
Red or yellow LEDs are used in indicator and alphanumeric displays in environments where night vision must be retained : aircraft cockpits , submarine and ship bridges , astronomy observatories , and in the field , e.g. night time animal watching and military field use .	astronomy observatories	What is an example of a night vision needed area ?
One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals , exit signs , emergency vehicle lighting , ships ' navigation lights or lanterns -LRB- chromacity and luminance standards being set under the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 , Annex I and the CIE -RRB- and LED-based Christmas lights .	exit signs	What is another use for one-color light ?
Because of their long life , fast switching times , and their ability to be seen in broad daylight due to their high output and focus , LEDs have been used in brake lights for cars ' high-mounted brake lights , trucks , and buses , and in turn signals for some time , but many vehicles now use LEDs for their rear light clusters .	brake lights for cars	Because of their high output , LED lights are very useful where ?
Because of their long life , fast switching times , and their ability to be seen in broad daylight due to their high output and focus , LEDs have been used in brake lights for cars ' high-mounted brake lights , trucks , and buses , and in turn signals for some time , but many vehicles now use LEDs for their rear light clusters .	their long life	Why are LED lights sought after for various applications ?
The use in brakes improves safety , due to a great reduction in the time needed to light fully , or faster rise time , up to 0.5 second faster -LSB- citation needed -RSB- than an incandescent bulb .	0.5 second	LED brake lights are how many times faster than incandescent ones ?
White LED headlamps are starting to be used .	White	What color LEDs are now starting to be used more ?
Using LEDs has styling advantages because LEDs can form much thinner lights than incandescent lamps with parabolic reflectors .	thinner	What types of light can LEDs form better than incandescent ?
Assistive listening devices in many theaters and similar spaces use arrays of infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners ' receivers .	theaters	Where are infrared LEDs used in everday life ?
Assistive listening devices in many theaters and similar spaces use arrays of infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners ' receivers .	to send sound to listeners' receivers	How are LEDs used in theaters ?
Light-emitting diodes -LRB- as well as semiconductor lasers -RRB- are used to send data over many types of fiber optic cable , from digital audio over TOSLINK cables to the very high bandwidth fiber links that form the Internet backbone .	fiber optic	LEDs can send data over what type of cable ?
Light-emitting diodes -LRB- as well as semiconductor lasers -RRB- are used to send data over many types of fiber optic cable , from digital audio over TOSLINK cables to the very high bandwidth fiber links that form the Internet backbone .	very high bandwidth	What type of fiber forms the backbone of the internet ?
In the US , one kilowatt-hour -LRB- 3.6 MJ -RRB- of electricity currently causes an average 1.34 pounds -LRB- 610 g -RRB- of CO 2 emission .	US	In what country does one kilowatt-hour of electricity causes 1.34 pounds of CO 2 emission ?
Assuming the average light bulb is on for 10 hours a day , a 40-watt bulb will cause 196 pounds -LRB- 89 kg -RRB- of CO 2 emission per year .	196 pounds	How much CO2 emission would a 40-watt light bulb produce after 10 hours ?
The 6-watt LED equivalent will only cause 30 pounds -LRB- 14 kg -RRB- of CO 2 over the same time span .	30 pounds	A 6-watt LED left on for 10 hours a day will emit how much CO 2 ?
A building 's carbon footprint from lighting can therefore be reduced by 85 % by exchanging all incandescent bulbs for new LEDs if a building previously used only incandescent bulbs .	85%	How much can a building 's carbon footprint be reduced by switching to LEDs ?
Machine vision systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination , so features of interest are easier to process .	Machine vision	LEDs are often used for what type of systems ?
Machine vision systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination , so features of interest are easier to process .	so features of interest are easier to process	Why are LEDs preferred for machine vision systems ?
LEDs are often used for this purpose , and this is likely to remain one of their major uses until the price drops low enough to make signaling and illumination uses more widespread .	price drops	What can help make LEDs more widely used ?
Barcode scanners are the most common example of machine vision , and many low cost products use red LEDs instead of lasers .	Barcode scanners	What is the most common example of a machine vision system ?
Optical computer mice are an example of LEDs in machine vision , as it is used to provide an even light source on the surface for the miniature camera within the mouse .	Optical computer mice	Where are some LEDs in machine vision systems found ?
The light from LEDs can be modulated very quickly so they are used extensively in optical fiber and free space optics communications .	free space optics communications	Where are LEDs often used ?
This is especially useful in medical equipment where the signals from a low-voltage sensor circuit -LRB- usually battery-powered -RRB- in contact with a living organism must be electrically isolated from any possible electrical failure in a recording or monitoring device operating at potentially dangerous voltages .	medical equipment	Where are opto-isolators found ?
This includes remote controls , such as for TVs , VCRs , and LED Computers , where infrared LEDs are often used .	remote controls	What is an example of a device that uses free space optic communications ?
An optoisolator also allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential .	allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential	What does an optoisolator do ?
This includes remote controls , such as for TVs , VCRs , and LED Computers , where infrared LEDs are often used .	LED Computers	In what common household item can you find infrared LEDs ?
The Nintendo Wii 's sensor bar uses infrared LEDs .	Nintendo Wii	What video game console uses infrared LEDs ?
Pulse oximeters use them for measuring oxygen saturation .	Pulse oximeters	What device uses infrared LEDs to measure oxygen saturation ?
Some flatbed scanners use arrays of RGB LEDs rather than the typical cold-cathode fluorescent lamp as the light source .	RGB LEDs	Some flatbed scanners use what type of LED ?
Having independent control of three illuminated colors allows the scanner to calibrate itself for more accurate color balance , and there is no need for warm-up .	warm-up	By using LEDs , scanners do not have to what ?
Grow lights use LEDs to increase photosynthesis in plants , and bacteria and viruses can be removed from water and other substances using UV LEDs for sterilization .	increase photosynthesis in plants	Grow lights use LEDs for what process ?
LEDs have also been used as a medium-quality voltage reference in electronic circuits .	medium-quality	What quality has LEDs been used as ?
Red LEDs have the flattest I/V curve above the knee .	Red	What LED has the flattest I/V curve above the knee ?
Nitride-based LEDs have a fairly steep I/V curve and are useless for this purpose .	Nitride-based LEDs	What LEDs have a very steep I/V curve ?
Although LED forward voltage is far more current-dependent than a Zener diode , Zener diodes with breakdown voltages below 3 V are not widely available .	Zener	LED forward voltage is more current-dependent than what diode ?
Although LED forward voltage is far more current-dependent than a Zener diode , Zener diodes with breakdown voltages below 3 V are not widely available .	3 V	Zener diodes below what voltage are not widely available ?
Birds -LRB- Aves -RRB- are a group of endothermic vertebrates , characterised by feathers , toothless beaked jaws , the laying of hard-shelled eggs , a high metabolic rate , a four-chambered heart , and a lightweight but strong skeleton .	Birds	What is a group of endothermic vertebrates characterised by feathers and toothless beaked jaws ?
Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm -LRB- 2 in -RRB- bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m -LRB- 9 ft -RRB- ostrich .	bee hummingbird	What is the smallest bird ?
Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm -LRB- 2 in -RRB- bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m -LRB- 9 ft -RRB- ostrich .	ostrich	What is the largest bird ?
Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm -LRB- 2 in -RRB- bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m -LRB- 9 ft -RRB- ostrich .	5 cm (2 in)	What is the size of the smallest bird ?
Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm -LRB- 2 in -RRB- bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m -LRB- 9 ft -RRB- ostrich .	2.75 m (9 ft)	What is the size of the largest bird ?
The fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving dinosaurs , having evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs .	birds	What are the last surviving dinosaurs , according o the fossil record ?
True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period , around 100 million years ago .	Cretaceous period	When did true birds first appear ?
Many of these early `` stem-birds '' , such as Archaeopteryx , were not yet capable of fully powered flight , and many retained primitive characteristics like toothy jaws in place of beaks , and long bony tails .	Archaeopteryx	Name an example of an early stem-bird .
The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight .	digestive and respiratory systems	What makes birds uniquely adapted for flight ?
Birds , specifically Darwin 's finches , played an important part in the inception of Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection .	Darwin's finches	What type of bird particularly played an important part in the inception of Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection ?
Wings , which evolved from forelimbs , give most birds the ability to fly , although further speciation has led to some flightless birds , including ratites , penguins , and diverse endemic island species of birds .	Wings	Which part of the bird developed from forelimbs ?
Some birds , especially corvids and parrots , are among the most intelligent animals ; several bird species make and use tools , and many social species pass on knowledge across generations , which is considered a form of culture .	corvids and parrots	Which type of birds are among the most intelligent animals ?
Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction .	by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction	How to birds produce offspring ?
They are usually laid in a nest and incubated by the parents .	nest	Where are eggs usually laid ?
Songbirds , parrots , and other species are popular as pets .	Songbirds, parrots	Which birds are popular as pets ?
Guano -LRB- bird excrement -RRB- is harvested for use as a fertilizer .	bird excrement	What is guano ?
Guano -LRB- bird excrement -RRB- is harvested for use as a fertilizer .	Guano	What is the name of bird excrement ?
Guano -LRB- bird excrement -RRB- is harvested for use as a fertilizer .	Guano	What is harvested for use as fertilizer ?
About 120 -- 130 species have become extinct due to human activity since the 17th century , and hundreds more before then .	120–130	How many species of birds have become extinct as a result of human activity ?
Aves and a sister group , the clade Crocodilia , contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria .	clade Crocodilia	Besides Aves , what group contains the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria ?
Gauthier defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds .	Gauthier	Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds ?
Aves and a sister group , the clade Crocodilia , contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria .	clade Crocodilia	What is a sister group to Aves ?
Based on fossil and biological evidence , most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs , and more specifically , they are members of Maniraptora , a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids , among others .	fossil and biological evidence	What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs ?
Based on fossil and biological evidence , most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs , and more specifically , they are members of Maniraptora , a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids , among others .	Maniraptora	What is a group of theropods which include dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids ?
Recent discoveries in the Liaoning Province of northeast China , which demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs , contribute to this ambiguity .	China	Recent discoveries in what country demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs .
The consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods , or avialans , are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs , which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids .	flying theropods	What are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs ?
The consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods , or avialans , are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs , which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids .	deinonychosaurs	What are the closest relatives of flying theropods ?
The consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods , or avialans , are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs , which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids .	deinonychosaurs	Dromaeosaurids and troodontids are members of what group ?
The Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx is well known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found , and it provided support for the theory of evolution in the late 19th century .	Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx	What is known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found ?
Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics : teeth , clawed fingers , and a long , lizard-like tail , as well as wings with flight feathers similar to those of modern birds .	Archaeopteryx	What was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics ?
Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics : teeth , clawed fingers , and a long , lizard-like tail , as well as wings with flight feathers similar to those of modern birds .	reptilian	Fossils with teeth , clawed fingers and a long lizard-like tail have what type of characteristics ?
The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China , which has been dated to the late Jurassic period -LRB- Oxfordian stage -RRB- , about 160 million years ago .	late Jurassic period	The Oxfordian stage is also known as what ?
The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China , which has been dated to the late Jurassic period -LRB- Oxfordian stage -RRB- , about 160 million years ago .	about 160 million years ago	How long ago was the late Jurassic period ?
These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life , and long feathers or `` hind wings '' covering the hind limbs and feet , which may have been used in aerial maneuvering .	hind wings	What may have been used in aerial maneuvering ?
The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China , which has been dated to the late Jurassic period -LRB- Oxfordian stage -RRB- , about 160 million years ago .	late Jurassic period	Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period ?
Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period .	Cretaceous Period	During which time period did avialans diversify into a wide variety of forms ?
While the earliest forms , such as Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis , retained the long bony tails of their ancestors , the tails of more advanced avialans were shortened with the advent of the pygostyle bone in the group Pygostylia .	Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis	Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors ?
In the late Cretaceous , around 95 million years ago , the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell .	late Cretaceous	When did the ancestor of all modern birds evolve a better sense of smell ?
In the late Cretaceous , around 95 million years ago , the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell .	around 95 million years ago	How long ago was the late Cretaceous period ?
The first large , diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes , or `` opposite birds '' , so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds .	enantiornithes	What were the first large , diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve ?
The first large , diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes , or `` opposite birds '' , so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds .	opposite birds	Because of the construction of their shoulder bones , what were the enantiornithes called ?
While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period , enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of the Mesozoic era .	enantiornithes	What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period ?
While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period , enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of the Mesozoic era .	end of the Mesozoic era	When did enantiornithes become extinct ?
Euornithes also included the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers , which may have replaced the `` hind wing '' as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability and braking in flight .	Euornithes	What group became the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers ?
Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify , the Euornithes -LRB- meaning `` true birds '' , because they include the ancestors of modern birds -RRB- , were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms .	true birds	What does Euornithes mean ?
Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify , the Euornithes -LRB- meaning `` true birds '' , because they include the ancestors of modern birds -RRB- , were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms .	because they include the ancestors of modern birds	Why does Euornithes mean `` true birds ? ''
Euornithes also included the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers , which may have replaced the `` hind wing '' as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability and braking in flight .	fully mobile fan of tail feathers	What may have replaced the `` hind wing '' as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability ?
All modern birds lie within the crown group Aves -LRB- alternately Neornithes -RRB- , which has two subdivisions : the Palaeognathae , which includes the flightless ratites -LRB- such as the ostriches -RRB- and the weak-flying tinamous , and the extremely diverse Neognathae , containing all other birds .	Aves	All modern birds lie within which crown group ?
All modern birds lie within the crown group Aves -LRB- alternately Neornithes -RRB- , which has two subdivisions : the Palaeognathae , which includes the flightless ratites -LRB- such as the ostriches -RRB- and the weak-flying tinamous , and the extremely diverse Neognathae , containing all other birds .	Neornithes	What is another name for Aves ?
All modern birds lie within the crown group Aves -LRB- alternately Neornithes -RRB- , which has two subdivisions : the Palaeognathae , which includes the flightless ratites -LRB- such as the ostriches -RRB- and the weak-flying tinamous , and the extremely diverse Neognathae , containing all other birds .	Aves	The two subdivisions of what group include Palaeognathae and Neognathae ?
Depending on the taxonomic viewpoint , the number of known living bird species varies anywhere from 9,800 to 10,050 .	9,800 to 10,050	What is the number range of living bird species ?
The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae , the superorder containing the Anseriformes -LRB- ducks , geese , swans and screamers -RRB- and the Galliformes -LRB- the pheasants , grouse , and their allies , together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies -RRB- .	Galloanserae	What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes ?
The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae , the superorder containing the Anseriformes -LRB- ducks , geese , swans and screamers -RRB- and the Galliformes -LRB- the pheasants , grouse , and their allies , together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies -RRB- .	Galloanserae	What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes ?
The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae , the superorder containing the Anseriformes -LRB- ducks , geese , swans and screamers -RRB- and the Galliformes -LRB- the pheasants , grouse , and their allies , together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies -RRB- .	Anseriformes	Ducks , geese , swans and screamers are part of which group ?
The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae , the superorder containing the Anseriformes -LRB- ducks , geese , swans and screamers -RRB- and the Galliformes -LRB- the pheasants , grouse , and their allies , together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies -RRB- .	Galliformes	The pheasants , grouse and their allies form which group ?
Sibley and Ahlquist 's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds -LRB- 1990 -RRB- is a landmark work on the classification of birds , although it is frequently debated and constantly revised .	birds	Sibley and Ahlquist ' Phylogeny and Classification of Birds is a landmark work on the classification of what animals ?
Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate , but scientists disagree about the relationships between the orders themselves ; evidence from modern bird anatomy , fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem , but no strong consensus has emerged .	relationships between the orders themselves	What do scientists disagree about ?
Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate , but scientists disagree about the relationships between the orders themselves ; evidence from modern bird anatomy , fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem , but no strong consensus has emerged .	the assignment of orders is accurate	What do scientists tend to agree on ?
Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents , reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel 's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres -LRB- 270 mi -RRB- inland in Antarctica .	seven	Birds live on how many continents ?
The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions .	tropical	Highest bird diversity occurs in which regions ?
Several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world 's oceans and in them , with some seabird species coming ashore only to breed and some penguins have been recorded diving up to 300 metres -LRB- 980 ft -RRB- .	980	Some penguins have been recording diving up to how many feet ?
Several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world 's oceans and in them , with some seabird species coming ashore only to breed and some penguins have been recorded diving up to 300 metres -LRB- 980 ft -RRB- .	to breed	Some seabird species only come ashore for what purpose ?
Some of these introductions have been deliberate ; the ring-necked pheasant , for example , has been introduced around the world as a game bird .	game bird	The ring-necked pheasant has been introduced as what kind of bird ?
Some species , including cattle egret , yellow-headed caracara and galah , have spread naturally far beyond their original ranges as agricultural practices created suitable new habitat .	agricultural practices created suitable new habitat	Why have some species spread naturally far beyond their original ranges ?
Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans .	in areas to which they have been introduced by humans	Where have many birds established breeding populations ?
The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones .	The skeleton	What consists of very lightweight bones ?
The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones .	very lightweight bones	What does the skeleton consist of ?
They have large air-filled cavities -LRB- called pneumatic cavities -RRB- which connect with the respiratory system .	large air-filled cavities	What are pneumatic cavities ?
They have large air-filled cavities -LRB- called pneumatic cavities -RRB- which connect with the respiratory system .	pneumatic cavities	What are large air-filled cavities that connect to the respiratory system ?
The last few are fused with the pelvis to form the synsacrum .	synsacrum	What is formed when vertebrae are fused with the pelvis ?
Like the reptiles , birds are primarily uricotelic , that is , their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine .	uricotelic	What is it called when a bird 's kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and secrete it as uric acid ?
Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and -LRB- with exception of the ostrich -RRB- uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste .	ostrich	Which bid has a urinary bladder or external urethral opening ?
The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening : waste is expelled through it , most birds mate by joining cloaca , and females lay eggs from it .	cloaca	What is a multi-purpose opening on birds ?
The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening : waste is expelled through it , most birds mate by joining cloaca , and females lay eggs from it .	by joining cloaca	How do most birds mate ?
Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight .	rapid digestion	What aids birds with flight ?
Upon inhalation , 75 % of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air .	75%	Upon inhalation , what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac ?
The other 25 % of the air goes directly into the lungs .	directly into the lungs	Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go ?
Sound production is achieved using the syrinx , a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea ; the trachea being elongated in some species , increasing the volume of vocalizations and the perception of the bird 's size .	a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes	What is the syrinx ?
Sound production is achieved using the syrinx , a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea ; the trachea being elongated in some species , increasing the volume of vocalizations and the perception of the bird 's size .	syrinx	Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber ?
Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups .	Birds	Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups ?
The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered , myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac .	four-chambered, myogenic heart	The avian circulatory system is driven by what ?
The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered , myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac .	fibrous pericardial sac	Where is the heart contained in the avian circulatory system ?
This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication .	serous fluid	What lubricates the pericardial sac ?
This adaptation allows more blood to be pumped to meet the high metabolic need associated with flight .	allows more blood to be pumped	Why are Avian hearts larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass ?
The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction , and become more rigid as they move away from the heart .	to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction	Why are birds ' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles ?
Blood moves through the arteries , which undergo vasoconstriction , and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body .	Blood	What moves through the arteries ?
Capillaries are organized into capillary beds in tissues , it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste .	Capillaries	What is organized into capillary beds in tissues ?
As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called vasodilation bringing blood back to the heart .	vasodilation	What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart ?
The nervous system is large relative to the bird 's size .	nervous system	Which bird system is large relative to a bird 's size ?
Birds are tetrachromatic , possessing ultraviolet -LRB- UV -RRB- sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green , red and blue ones .	possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones	What is tetrachromatic ?
This allows them to perceive ultraviolet light , which is involved in courtship .	courtship	Why do birds need to perceive ultraviolet light ?
These photo-receptive cells in the hypothalamus are involved in detecting the longer days of spring , and thus regulate breeding activities .	photo-receptive cells in	What regulates breeding activities ?
The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds .	nictitating membrane	What covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds ?
The bird retina has a fan shaped blood supply system called the pecten .	pecten	What is the fan shaped blood supply system in a bird 's retina ?
Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide visual field , while birds with eyes on the front of their heads , such as owls , have binocular vision and can estimate the depth of field .	Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads	Which birds have a wide visual field ?
Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide visual field , while birds with eyes on the front of their heads , such as owls , have binocular vision and can estimate the depth of field .	binocular vision	What kind of vision do owls have ?
The inner ear has a cochlea , but it is not spiral as in mammals .	inner ear	Where is a bird 's cochlea located ?
A dearth of field observations limit our knowledge , but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death .	intraspecific conflicts	What is known to sometimes result in injury or death ?
The steamer ducks -LRB- Tachyeres -RRB- , geese and swans -LRB- Anserinae -RRB- , the solitaire -LRB- Pezophaps -RRB- , sheathbills -LRB- Chionis -RRB- , some guans -LRB- Crax -RRB- and stone curlews -LRB- Burhinus -RRB- use a bony knob on the alular metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents .	Tachyeres	What is another name for steamer ducks ?
The screamers -LRB- Anhimidae -RRB- , some jacanas -LRB- Jacana , Hydrophasianus -RRB- , the spur-winged goose -LRB- Plectropterus -RRB- , the torrent duck -LRB- Merganetta -RRB- and nine species of lapwing -LRB- Vanellus -RRB- use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon .	screamers	What is another name for Anhimidae ?
The steamer ducks -LRB- Tachyeres -RRB- , geese and swans -LRB- Anserinae -RRB- , the solitaire -LRB- Pezophaps -RRB- , sheathbills -LRB- Chionis -RRB- , some guans -LRB- Crax -RRB- and stone curlews -LRB- Burhinus -RRB- use a bony knob on the alular metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents .	bony knob on the alular metacarpal	What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents ?
Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds -LRB- though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds -RRB- .	Feathers	What is a feature characteristic of birds ?
Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds -LRB- though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds -RRB- .	Feathers	What feature of a bird facilitate flight ?
Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called pterylae .	specific tracts of skin	What is pterylae ?
Plumage is regularly moulted ; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the `` non-breeding '' plumage , or -- in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology -- `` basic '' plumage ; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as `` alternate '' plumages .	Plumage	What is regularly moulted ?
Plumage is regularly moulted ; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the `` non-breeding '' plumage , or -- in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology -- `` basic '' plumage ; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as `` alternate '' plumages .	"non-breeding" plumage	What is the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding ?
Moulting is annual in most species , although some may have two moults a year , and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years .	annual	How often does moulting occur in most species ?
Moulting is annual in most species , although some may have two moults a year , and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years .	large birds of prey	What type of birds may moult only once every few years ?
Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily , spending an average of around 9 % of their daily time on this .	daily	How often do birds groom their feathers ?
Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily , spending an average of around 9 % of their daily time on this .	9%	What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers ?
The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland ; these secretions protect the feathers ' flexibility and act as an antimicrobial agent , inhibiting the growth of feather-degrading bacteria .	The bill	What do birds use to brush away foreign particles ?
This may be supplemented with the secretions of formic acid from ants , which birds receive through a behaviour known as anting , to remove feather parasites .	anting	What is the process of removing feather parasites ?
Most birds can fly , which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes .	Most birds can fly,	What distinguishes birds from almost all other vertebrate classes ?
Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding , feeding , and predator avoidance and escape .	Flight	What is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species ?
Birds have various adaptations for flight , including a lightweight skeleton , two large flight muscles , the pectoralis -LRB- which accounts for 15 % of the total mass of the bird -RRB- and the supracoracoideus , as well as a modified forelimb -LRB- wing -RRB- that serves as an aerofoil .	two	How many large flight muscles do birds have ?
Birds have various adaptations for flight , including a lightweight skeleton , two large flight muscles , the pectoralis -LRB- which accounts for 15 % of the total mass of the bird -RRB- and the supracoracoideus , as well as a modified forelimb -LRB- wing -RRB- that serves as an aerofoil .	15%	Pectoralis account for what percentage of total mass of a bird ?
About 60 extant bird species are flightless , as were many extinct birds .	60	Approximately how many extant bird species are flightless ?
Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists , while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists .	generalists	What is the term used for birds that employ many strategies to obtain food ?
Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists , while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists .	specialists	What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items ?
Nectar feeders such as hummingbirds , sunbirds , lories , and lorikeets amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit co-adapted flowers .	Nectar feeders	What type of birds have specially adapted brushy tongues ?
Some species , including frigatebirds , gulls , and skuas , engage in kleptoparasitism , stealing food items from other birds .	kleptoparasitism	What is the term for stealing food items from other birds ?
Some species , including frigatebirds , gulls , and skuas , engage in kleptoparasitism , stealing food items from other birds .	stealing food items from other birds	What is kleptoparasitism ?
Other birds are scavengers ; some of these , like vultures , are specialised carrion eaters , while others , like gulls , corvids , or other birds of prey , are opportunists .	scavengers	A vulture is what type of bird ?
Nesting sandgrouse and many plovers carry water to their young by wetting their belly feathers .	wetting their belly feathers	How do nesting sandgrouse carry water to their young ?
The pigeon family , flamingos and penguins have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid called crop milk that they provide to their chicks .	The pigeon family	What is one family of birds have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid to their chicks ?
The pigeon family , flamingos and penguins have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid called crop milk that they provide to their chicks .	crop milk	What is a nutritive fluid that some birds provide to their chicks ?
The pigeon family , flamingos and penguins have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid called crop milk that they provide to their chicks .	a nutritive fluid	What is crop milk ?
The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gland .	preen gland	Birds preen often with the application of secretions from which gland ?
Birds also bathe in water or dust themselves .	water or dust	What do birds bathe in ?
A behaviour termed as anting in which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers .	bird encourages ants to run through their plumage	What is anting ?
A behaviour termed as anting in which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers .	anting	What is it called when birds encourage ants to run through their plumage ?
Before migration , birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs .	Before migration	When do birds substantially increase body fats and reduce the size of some of their organs ?
Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km -LRB- 1,600 mi -RRB- and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km -LRB- 2,500 mi -RRB- , although the bar-tailed godwit is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km -LRB- 6,300 mi -RRB- .	2,500 km (1,600 mi)	What is the flight range of landbirds ?
Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km -LRB- 1,600 mi -RRB- and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km -LRB- 2,500 mi -RRB- , although the bar-tailed godwit is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km -LRB- 6,300 mi -RRB- .	4,000 km (2,500 mi)	What is the flight range of shoebirds ?
Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km -LRB- 1,600 mi -RRB- and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km -LRB- 2,500 mi -RRB- , although the bar-tailed godwit is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km -LRB- 6,300 mi -RRB- .	bar-tailed godwit	Which bird is capable of non-stop flights of up to 6,300 miles ?
Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons .	Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean	Which birds often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons ?
Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions ; in Australia , surveys found that 44 % of non-passerine birds and 32 % of passerines were partially migratory .	44%	In Australia , what percentage of non-passerine birds were partially migratory
Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions ; in Australia , surveys found that 44 % of non-passerine birds and 32 % of passerines were partially migratory .	32%	In Australia , what percentage of passerine birds were partially migratory
Altitudinal migration is a form of short distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes elevations and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions .	Altitudinal migration	What is most often triggered by temperature changes ?
Parrots as a family are overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive , irruptive , nomadic or undertake small and irregular migrations .	Parrots	Which family of birds are neither migratory or sedentary but considered to be dispersive , irruptive or nomadic ?
For diurnal migrants , the sun is used to navigate by day , and a stellar compass is used at night .	diurnal migrants	In which type of migration do birds use the sun to navigate by day and a stellar compass at night ?
These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth 's geomagnetism through specialised photoreceptors .	the Earth's geomagnetism	Some species use specialised photoreceptors to sense what ?
Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of an internal clock .	internal clock	What do birds to compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day ?
Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds , particularly between species .	Variation in plumage	What allows for the identification of birds , particularly between species ?
Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance , to display breeding condition in sexually selected species , or to make threatening displays , as in the sunbittern 's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks .	plumage	What do birds sometimes use to assess and assert social dominance ?
Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays , which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening , the adjustments of feather position , pecking , or other behaviour .	ritualised displays	Visual communication among birds may involve what kind of displays ?
Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication .	mechanical sounds	What do some birds use for auditory communication ?
Calls are used for a variety of purposes , including mate attraction , evaluation of potential mates , bond formation , the claiming and maintenance of territories , the identification of other individuals -LRB- such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season -RRB- , and the warning of other birds of potential predators , sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat .	Calls	What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction ?
The Coenocorypha snipes of New Zealand drive air through their feathers , woodpeckers drum territorially , and palm cockatoos use tools to drum .	woodpeckers	Which birds drum territorially ?
The Coenocorypha snipes of New Zealand drive air through their feathers , woodpeckers drum territorially , and palm cockatoos use tools to drum .	palm	Which type of birds use tools to drum ?
The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency .	safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency	What are the principal benefits of flocking ?
Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases .	bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds	What is a cost of flocking ?
Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests , where ambush predation is common and multiple eyes can provide a valuable early warning system .	Defence against predators	What is particularly important in closed habitats like forests ?
Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep , where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening `` peeks '' , allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from threats .	vigilant sleep	Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as what ?
Swifts are believed to be able to sleep in flight and radar observations suggest that they orient themselves to face the wind in their roosting flight .	Swifts	What are believed to be able to sleep in flight ?
Communal roosting is common because it lowers the loss of body heat and decreases the risks associated with predators .	because it lowers the loss of body heat	Why is communal roosting common ?
Perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep .	Perching birds	These types of birds have a tendon locking mechanism .
Many ground birds , such as quails and pheasants , roost in trees .	in trees	Where do many ground birds , such as quails and pheasants , roost ?
A few parrots of the genus Loriculus roost hanging upside down .	Loriculus	A few parrots of what genus roost hanging upside down ?
Some hummingbirds go into a nightly state of torpor accompanied with a reduction of their metabolic rates .	Some hummingbirds	What type of birds go into a nightly state of torpor ?
Birds do not have sweat glands , but they may cool themselves by moving to shade , standing in water , panting , increasing their surface area , fluttering their throat or by using special behaviours like urohidrosis to cool themselves .	sweat	Birds do not have what type of glands : ?
Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous .	Ninety-five percent	What percent of bird species are socially monogamous ?
Female birds have sperm storage mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation , a hundred days in some species .	sperm storage mechanisms	What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation ?
Among many socially monogamous species , extra-pair copulation -LRB- infidelity -RRB- is common .	infidelity	What is extra-pair copulation ?
Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise .	to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise	Why do males that engage in extra-pair copulation closely guard their mates ?
Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display , typically performed by the male .	male	Which gender typically performs some form of courtship display ?
Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of song .	song	Most courtship displays involve some type of what ?
Females are generally the ones that drive partner selection , although in the polyandrous phalaropes , this is reversed : plainer males choose brightly coloured females .	Females	Which gender generally drive partner selection ? :
Courtship feeding , billing and allopreening are commonly performed between partners , generally after the birds have paired and mated .	after the birds have paired and mated	Generally , when is courtship feeding and billing performed between partners ?
All birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate .	amniotic eggs	What kind of eggs to all birds lay ?
All birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate .	calcium carbonate	All birds lay eggs with hard shells made mostly out of what ?
Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs , while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs .	Hole and burrow nesting species	What type of birds lay white or pale eggs ?
Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs , while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs .	camouflaged eggs	What kind of eggs do open nesters lay ?
Bird eggs are usually laid in a nest .	nest	Where do birds usually lay their eggs ?
Some bird species have no nests ; the cliff-nesting common guillemot lays its eggs on bare rock , and male emperor penguins keep eggs between their body and feet .	cliff-nesting common guillemot	What type of birds lay its eggs on bare rock ?
Some bird species have no nests ; the cliff-nesting common guillemot lays its eggs on bare rock , and male emperor penguins keep eggs between their body and feet .	between their body and feet	Where do male emporer penguins keep eggs ?
Some bird nests , however , are extremely primitive ; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground .	albatross	Which type of bird nests are no more than a scrape on the ground ?
Incubation , which optimises temperature for chick development , usually begins after the last egg has been laid .	Incubation	What process optimises temperature for chick development ?
Incubation , which optimises temperature for chick development , usually begins after the last egg has been laid .	after the last egg has been laid	When does incubation begin ?
Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches , areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds .	brood patches	What are areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of incubating birds ?
Incubation periods range from 10 days -LRB- in woodpeckers , cuckoos and passerine birds -RRB- to over 80 days -LRB- in albatrosses and kiwis -RRB- .	10 days	How many days is the incubation period for woodpeckers ?
Incubation periods range from 10 days -LRB- in woodpeckers , cuckoos and passerine birds -RRB- to over 80 days -LRB- in albatrosses and kiwis -RRB- .	over 80 days	How many days is the incubation period for kiwis ?
At one extreme , parental care in megapodes ends at hatching ; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately .	at hatching	When does parental care end in megapodes ?
At the other extreme , many seabirds have extended periods of parental care , the longest being that of the great frigatebird , whose chicks take up to six months to fledge and are fed by the parents for up to an additional 14 months .	frigatebird	What type of seabird has the longest period of parental care ?
The chick guard stage describes the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is permanently present at the nest after chicks have hatched .	chick guard stage	What is the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is always present at the nest ?
Such alloparenting is particularly common among the Corvida , which includes such birds as the true crows , Australian magpie and fairy-wrens , but has been observed in species as different as the rifleman and red kite .	Corvida	Alloparenting is particulary common with what species ?
Such alloparenting is particularly common among the Corvida , which includes such birds as the true crows , Australian magpie and fairy-wrens , but has been observed in species as different as the rifleman and red kite .	Corvida	True crows belong to what group ?
Among most groups of animals , male parental care is rare .	male parental care	What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class ?
The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets , like the ancient murrelet , leave the nest the night after they hatch , following their parents out to sea , where they are raised away from terrestrial predators .	chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets	Which chicks leave the nest the night after they hatch ?
Some other species , such as ducks , move their chicks away from the nest at an early age .	ducks	Name a species which move their chicks away from the nest at an early age .
In most species , chicks leave the nest just before , or soon after , they are able to fly .	just before, or soon after, they are able to fly	When do most species of chicks leave the nest ?
Brood parasitism , in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual 's brood , is more common among birds than any other type of organism .	Brood parasitism	What is it called when an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual 's brood ?
One hundred bird species , including honeyguides , icterids , and ducks , are obligate parasites , though the most famous are the cuckoos .	One hundred	How many bird species are obligate parasites ?
Brood parasites may be either obligate brood parasites , which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young , or non-obligate brood parasites , which sometimes lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young .	non-obligate brood parasites	What type of birds lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output ?
Birds have evolved a variety of mating behaviors , with the peacock tail being perhaps the most famous example of sexual selection and the Fisherian runaway .	peacock tail	What is the most famous example of sexual selection ?
Many types of avian sexual selection have been identified ; intersexual selection , also known as female choice ; and intrasexual competition , where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate .	female choice	What is intersexual selection also known as ?
Many types of avian sexual selection have been identified ; intersexual selection , also known as female choice ; and intrasexual competition , where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate .	intrasexual competition	What is it called when individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate ?
Incestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairy wren Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression -LRB- greater than 30 % reduction in hatchability of eggs -RRB- .	inbreeding depression	What is it called when there is greater than 30 percent reduction in hatchability of eggs ?
Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings -LRB- see Promiscuity #Other animals for 90 % frequency in avian species -RRB- that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding .	Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings	What can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding ?
Nevertheless , 43 % of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young .	43%	What percentage of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair of young ?
Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring , usually males , delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin .	Cooperative breeding	What occurs when offspring delay dispersal from their natal group ?
Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny .	Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals	What leads to the masking of deleterious recesive alleles in progeny ?
In general , inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness -LRB- inbreeding depression -RRB- due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles .	because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness	Why is inbreeding avoided ?
Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing , plant eating , and piracy or kleptoparasitism .	Aquatic birds	What type of birds generally feed by fishing , plant eating or piracy ?
Forest birds may be insectivores , frugivores , and nectarivores .	Forest birds	What type of birds may be either insectivores , frugivores and nectarivores ?
Birds of prey specialise in hunting mammals or other birds , while vultures are specialised scavengers .	Birds of prey	What type of birds specialise in hunting mammals or other birds ?
Birds are often important to island ecology .	Birds	What are often important to island ecology ?
For example , in New Zealand the moas were important browsers , as are the kereru and kokako today .	moas	In New Zealand , what were important browsers , as the kereru and kokako are today ?
Nesting seabirds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas , principally through the concentration of large quantities of guano , which may enrich the local soil and the surrounding seas .	Nesting seabirds	What type of birds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding areas ?
Other times , they may be commensal , as when species such as the house sparrow have benefited from human activities .	commensal	What is it called when the house sparrow has benefited from human activity ?
Human activities can also be detrimental , and have threatened numerous bird species with extinction -LRB- hunting , avian lead poisoning , pesticides , roadkill , and predation by pet cats and dogs are common sources of death for birds -RRB- .	Human activities	What have threatened numerous bird species with extinction ?
Since birds are highly visible and common animals , humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man .	Since birds are highly visible and common animals	Why have humans had a relationship with birds since the dawn of man ?
Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs , called poultry , are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans ; in 2003 , 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide .	poultry	What are domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs ?
Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs , called poultry , are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans ; in 2003 , 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide .	poultry	What is the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans ?
Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs , called poultry , are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans ; in 2003 , 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide .	76 million tons	In 2003 , how many tons of poultry were produced worldwide ?
Bird hunting is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely undeveloped areas .	Bird hunting	What is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely underdeveloped areas ?
Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes .	both as pets and for practical purposes	Why have birds been domesticated by humans ?
Colourful birds , such as parrots and mynas , are bred in captivity or kept as pets , a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species .	Colourful birds	What type of birds are bred in captivity or kept as pets ?
Messenger pigeons , used since at least 1 AD , remained important as recently as World War II .	since at least 1 AD	How long have messenger pigeons been used ?
Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology .	Birds	What play prominent roles in religion and mythology ?
In several civilizations of ancient Italy , particularly Etruscan and Roman religion , priests were involved in augury , or interpreting the words of birds while the `` auspex '' -LRB- from which the word `` auspicious '' is derived -RRB- watched their activities to foretell events .	auspex	The word auspicious is derived from which word ?
The mythical chullumpi bird is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds , and to transform itself into a llama .	mythical chullumpi bird	What is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds , and to transform itself into a llama ?
Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times , when they were represented in early cave paintings .	since prehistoric times	When were birds represented in early cave paintings ?
Some birds have been perceived as monsters , including the mythological Roc and the Māori 's legendary Pouākai , a giant bird capable of snatching humans .	Pouākai	What is a mythological giant bird capable of snatching humans ?
Among the most famous of these bird artists was John James Audubon , whose paintings of North American birds were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the National Audubon Society .	National Audubon Society	John James Audubon later lent his name to which group ?
Birds are also important figures in poetry ; for example , Homer incorporated nightingales into his Odyssey , and Catullus used a sparrow as an erotic symbol in his Catullus 2 .	nightingales	What did Homer incorporate into his Odyssey ?
The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , which led to the use of the term as a metaphor for a ` burden ' .	The Rime of the Ancient Mariner	The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of what book ?
Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times , although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions , eradicating an estimated 750 -- 1800 species , occurred during the human colonisation of Melanesian , Polynesian , and Micronesian islands .	Over a hundred	How many bird species have gone extinct in historical times ?
Many bird populations are declining worldwide , with 1,227 species listed as threatened by BirdLife International and the IUCN in 2009 .	1,227	How many species are listed as threatened by BirdLife International and the IUCN ?
Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times , although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions , eradicating an estimated 750 -- 1800 species , occurred during the human colonisation of Melanesian , Polynesian , and Micronesian islands .	during the human colonisation of Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian islands	When did the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions occur ?
The Qing dynasty -LRB- Chinese : 清朝 ; pinyin : Qīng Cháo ; Wade -- Giles : Ch ` ing Ch ` ao ; IPA : -LSB- tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯ -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Great Qing -LRB- Chinese : 大清 ; pinyin : Dà Qīng -RRB- , also called the Empire of the Great Qing , or the Manchu dynasty , was the last imperial dynasty of China , ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief , abortive restoration in 1917 .	Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty	What was the last Chinese dynasty ?
The Qing dynasty -LRB- Chinese : 清朝 ; pinyin : Qīng Cháo ; Wade -- Giles : Ch ` ing Ch ` ao ; IPA : -LSB- tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯ -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Great Qing -LRB- Chinese : 大清 ; pinyin : Dà Qīng -RRB- , also called the Empire of the Great Qing , or the Manchu dynasty , was the last imperial dynasty of China , ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief , abortive restoration in 1917 .	1644 to 1912	When did the Manchu dynasty rule ?
It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China .	Ming	What was the dynasty that ruled before the Manchu ?
It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China .	Republic of China	What government took over from the Manchu dynasty ?
The Qing dynasty -LRB- Chinese : 清朝 ; pinyin : Qīng Cháo ; Wade -- Giles : Ch ` ing Ch ` ao ; IPA : -LSB- tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯ -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Great Qing -LRB- Chinese : 大清 ; pinyin : Dà Qīng -RRB- , also called the Empire of the Great Qing , or the Manchu dynasty , was the last imperial dynasty of China , ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief , abortive restoration in 1917 .	Qing	What is another name for the Manchu dynasty ?
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria .	Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan	Who started the Manchun dynasty ?
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria .	Manchuria	Where did this dynasty form ?
In 1644 , peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital Beijing .	Li Zicheng	Name a peasant rebel leader ?
In 1644 , peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital Beijing .	Beijing	Where was the ming capital ?
Rather than serve them , Ming general Wu Sangui made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by Prince Dorgon , who defeated the rebels and seized Beijing .	Shanhai Pass	What pass was opened to the Banner Armies ?
The reign of the Qianlong Emperor -LRB- 1735 -- 1796 -RRB- saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control .	(1735–1796)	What years did the Qianlong Emperor rule ?
The Taiping Rebellion -LRB- 1850 -- 64 -RRB- and Dungan Revolt -LRB- 1862 -- 77 -RRB- in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people .	(1850–64)	When was the Taiping rebellion ?
The Taiping Rebellion -LRB- 1850 -- 64 -RRB- and Dungan Revolt -LRB- 1862 -- 77 -RRB- in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people .	(1862–77)	When was the Dungan Revolt ?
The Taiping Rebellion -LRB- 1850 -- 64 -RRB- and Dungan Revolt -LRB- 1862 -- 77 -RRB- in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people .	20 million people	How many people died during the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt ?
The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895 , in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea and the possession of Taiwan .	1895	When was the first Sino-Japanese War ?
Local uprisings starting on October 11 , 1911 led to the Xinhai Revolution .	Xinhai Revolution	What started on October 11 , 1911 ?
Puyi , the last emperor , abdicated on February 12 , 1912 .	Puyi	Who was the last Qing emperor ?
Puyi , the last emperor , abdicated on February 12 , 1912 .	February 12, 1912	When did he step down ?
Nurhaci declared himself the `` Bright Khan '' of the Later Jin -LRB- lit .	Nurhaci	Who named himself the Bright Khan ?
The water imagery of the new name may also have had Buddhist overtones of perspicacity and enlightenment and connections with the Bodhisattva Manjusri .	water imagery	What imagery is suggested in the Chinese characters of the dynasties new name ?
His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636 .	Hong Taiji	Who renamed the Qing dynasty in 1363 ?
The Manchu name daicing , which sounds like a phonetic rendering of Dà Qīng or Dai Ching , may in fact have been derived from a Mongolian word that means `` warrior '' .	Mongolian	What language did the dynasties name come from originall ?
The Manchu name daicing , which sounds like a phonetic rendering of Dà Qīng or Dai Ching , may in fact have been derived from a Mongolian word that means `` warrior '' .	Mongolian word that means "warrior"	What Mongolian word did Qing dynasty get it 's name from ?
After conquering `` China proper '' , the Manchus identified their state as `` China '' -LRB- 中國 , Zhōngguó ; `` Middle Kingdom '' -RRB- , and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu -LRB- Dulimbai means `` central '' or `` middle , '' gurun means `` nation '' or `` state '' -RRB- .	China	After taking the bulk of China what did the Manchuse call their state ?
After conquering `` China proper '' , the Manchus identified their state as `` China '' -LRB- 中國 , Zhōngguó ; `` Middle Kingdom '' -RRB- , and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu -LRB- Dulimbai means `` central '' or `` middle , '' gurun means `` nation '' or `` state '' -RRB- .	Middle Kingdom	What does China mean ?
The Qing emperors proclaimed that both Han and non-Han peoples were part of `` China . ''	Han and non-Han peoples	What ethnice groups did the Qing thin made up China ?
The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese , who constitute the majority of the Chinese population , but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen , a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang .	Han Chinese	What ethnic group make up the most people in China ?
The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese , who constitute the majority of the Chinese population , but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen , a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang .	Jurchen	Who founded the Qing dynasty ?
The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese , who constitute the majority of the Chinese population , but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen , a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang .	sedentary farming	What type of lifestyle did the Jurchen live ?
The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese , who constitute the majority of the Chinese population , but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen , a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang .	Jilin and Heilongjiang	What parts of China did they come from ?
The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese , who constitute the majority of the Chinese population , but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen , a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang .	farming people	Were the Manchu 's nomadic ?
Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources ; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia .	Liaodong	Where did Nurhachi move his court to ?
Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources ; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia .	Jianzhou	Where did Nurhachi move his court from ?
Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes , these tribes still presented a serious security threat to the Ming borders .	Mongol nation	Who posed a threat to the Chinese borders ?
There were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China , so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols , but more importantly , adding Han Chinese to the Eight Banners .	Mongols	What group did the Manchus take over to add strength to their numbers ?
The Manchus had to create an entire `` Jiu Han jun '' -LRB- Old Han Army -RRB- due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which were absorbed into the Eight Banners by both capture and defection , Ming artillery was responsible for many victories against the Manchus , so the Manchus established an artillery corps made out of Han Chinese soldiers in 1641 and the swelling of Han Chinese numbers in the Eight Banners led in 1642 of all Eight Han Banners being created .	artillery	What weapon helped the Ming defeat the Manchus ?
The Manchus had to create an entire `` Jiu Han jun '' -LRB- Old Han Army -RRB- due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which were absorbed into the Eight Banners by both capture and defection , Ming artillery was responsible for many victories against the Manchus , so the Manchus established an artillery corps made out of Han Chinese soldiers in 1641 and the swelling of Han Chinese numbers in the Eight Banners led in 1642 of all Eight Han Banners being created .	1641	When did the Manchus create their own artillery ?
This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 -LRB- increasing to eight in 1642 -RRB- .	1637	When were the first couple Han Banners founded ?
This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 -LRB- increasing to eight in 1642 -RRB- .	1642	When did the Han Banners grow to eight ?
This final victory resulted in the surrender of many of the Ming dynasty 's most battle-hardened troops , the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of the Chongzhen Emperor -LRB- who thought Yuan had betrayed him -RRB- , and the complete and permanent withdrawal of the remaining Ming forces north of the Great Wall .	Chongzhen Emperor	Who killed Yuan Chonghuan ?
Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou .	Hong Taiji	Which leader defeated the Ming armies ?
This final victory resulted in the surrender of many of the Ming dynasty 's most battle-hardened troops , the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of the Chongzhen Emperor -LRB- who thought Yuan had betrayed him -RRB- , and the complete and permanent withdrawal of the remaining Ming forces north of the Great Wall .	north of the Great Wall	Where did the Ming armies retreat to ?
Hong Taiji 's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese , including many newly surrendered Ming officials .	Hong Taiji	Who included newly conquered Ming officials in his government ?
Due to a revolt by Han in Liaodong in 1623 , Nurhachi , who previously gave concessions to conquered Han subjects in Liaodong , turned against them and ordered that they no longer be trusted ; He enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them , while ordering that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen -LRB- in Jilin -RRB- before 1619 be treated equally as Jurchens were and not like the conquered Han in Liaodong .	1623	When did a Han revolt occur ?
Due to a revolt by Han in Liaodong in 1623 , Nurhachi , who previously gave concessions to conquered Han subjects in Liaodong , turned against them and ordered that they no longer be trusted ; He enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them , while ordering that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen -LRB- in Jilin -RRB- before 1619 be treated equally as Jurchens were and not like the conquered Han in Liaodong .	Liaodong	Where did a Han revolt occur ?
By 1648 , less than one-sixth of the bannermen were of Manchu ancestry .	one-sixth	What proportion of bannerman were Manchu by 1648 ?
Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir .	September 1643	When did Hong Taiji die ?
Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir .	without a designated heir	Who was his heir ?
The leading contenders for power at this time were Hong Taiji 's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji ' half brother Dorgon .	Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon	Who were the likely heirs ?
A compromise candidate in the person of Hong Taiji 's five-year-old son , Fulin , was installed as the Shunzhi Emperor , with Dorgon as regent and de facto leader of the Manchu nation .	Fulin	Who became the emperor ?
In April 1644 , the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng , a former minor Ming official , who established a short-lived Shun dynasty .	Li Zicheng	Who raided Beijing in 1644 ?
In April 1644 , the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng , a former minor Ming official , who established a short-lived Shun dynasty .	former minor Ming official	Who was Li Zicheng ?
The last Ming ruler , the Chongzhen Emperor , committed suicide when the city fell , marking the official end of the dynasty .	Chongzhen Emperor	Who was the last Ming leader ?
In April 1644 , the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng , a former minor Ming official , who established a short-lived Shun dynasty .	Shun	What dynasty did Zicheng form ?
The last Ming ruler , the Chongzhen Emperor , committed suicide when the city fell , marking the official end of the dynasty .	suicide	How did the Chongzhen Emporer die ?
Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000 -LSB- a -RSB- to confront Wu Sangui , the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass .	200,000	How big was Li Zicheng 's army ?
Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000 -LSB- a -RSB- to confront Wu Sangui , the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass .	Wu Sangui	Who did Li Zicheng 's army fight ?
Wu Sangui , caught between a rebel army twice his size and a foreign enemy he had fought for years , decided to cast his lot with the Manchus , with whom he was familiar .	Wu Sangui	What was the name of the general at the Ming fort ?
Wu and Dorgon allied in the name of avenging the death of the Chongzhen Emperor .	Wu and Dorgon	Who beat Li Zicheng 's army ?
Together , the two former enemies met and defeated Li Zicheng 's rebel forces in battle on May 27 , 1644 .	May 27, 1644	When did the battle take place ?
However the process of conquering the rest of China took another seventeen years of battling Ming loyalists , pretenders and rebels .	seventeen years	How long did it take for the Manchus to take the rest of China ?
However the process of conquering the rest of China took another seventeen years of battling Ming loyalists , pretenders and rebels .	Ming loyalists	Who did the Manchus struggle against ?
The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the `` Son of Heaven '' on October 30 .	October 30	When did the Shunzhi emperor become the Son of Heaven ?
The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the `` Son of Heaven '' on October 30 .	"Son of Heaven"	What was the Shunzi Emperor called ?
The newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6 .	June 6	When did Beijing fall ?
So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority , making up only 16 % in 1648 , with Han Bannermen dominating at 75 % and Mongol Bannermen making up the rest .	75%	What percent of bannermen did the Han represent ?
Han Chinese Banners were made up of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners , giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture .	Han Chinese	Who made up the Han Chinese Banners ?
So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority , making up only 16 % in 1648 , with Han Bannermen dominating at 75 % and Mongol Bannermen making up the rest .	Mongol	Who besides the Manchus and the Han made up the Eight Banners ?
The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of southern China from the Ming were Shang Kexi , Geng Zhongming , and Kong Youde and they governed southern China autonomously as viceroys for the Qing after their conquests .	Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde	Who were the three Liandong Han bannermen who were instrumental in the taking of southern China ?
The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of southern China from the Ming were Shang Kexi , Geng Zhongming , and Kong Youde and they governed southern China autonomously as viceroys for the Qing after their conquests .	southern China	What part of China did Kexi , Zhongming , and Youde rule ?
The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of southern China from the Ming were Shang Kexi , Geng Zhongming , and Kong Youde and they governed southern China autonomously as viceroys for the Qing after their conquests .	viceroys	What was the three Han Bannermen position called ?
Then , after capturing Beijing , instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done , Dorgon insisted , over the protests of other Manchu princes , on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials .	Dorgon	Who made Beijing his capital ?
Then , after capturing Beijing , instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done , Dorgon insisted , over the protests of other Manchu princes , on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials .	Ming	Whose capital was Beijing before the Manchu 's ?
Keeping the Ming capital and bureaucracy intact helped quickly stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country .	stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country	Why did Dorgon keep Beijing as his capital ?
Dorgon 's controversial July 1645 edict -LRB- the `` haircutting order '' -RRB- forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men , on pain of death .	the "haircutting order")	What did Dorgon declare in July of 1645 ?
The popular description of the order was : `` To keep the hair , you lose the head ; To keep your head , you cut the hair . ''	"To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair."	What was the peoples description of the haircutting order ?
Under the Ming dynasty , adult men did not cut their hair but instead wore it in the form of a top-knot .	top-knot	How did the Ming 's typically wear their hair >
Li Chengdong , a Han Chinese general who had served the Ming but surrendered to the Qing , ordered his Han troops to carry out three separate massacres in the city of Jiading within a month , resulting in tens of thousands of deaths .	Jiading	What city was massacred for not wearing the proper haircut ?
Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi 's ascent , Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne .	Dorgon	Who was a threat to Shunzhi 's throne ?
So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi -LRB- Chinese : 義皇帝 -RRB- , the only instance in Qing history in which a Manchu `` prince of the blood '' -LRB- Chinese : 親王 -RRB- was so honored .	Emperor Yi	What was Dorgon known as after death ?
After a promising start , Shunzhi 's reign was cut short by his early death in 1661 at the age of twenty-four from smallpox .	1661	When did Shunzhi 's death ?
-LSB- b -RSB- to atone for multiple `` crimes '' , one of which was persecuting to death Shunzhi 's agnate eldest brother , Hooge .	Hooge	Who was Shunzhi 's oldest brother ?
After a promising start , Shunzhi 's reign was cut short by his early death in 1661 at the age of twenty-four from smallpox .	twenty-four	How old was Shunzhi at his death ?
The Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga 's Ming loyalists in Fujian .	Han Bannermen	Who did the Manchus send to battle Koxinga 's troops ?
The Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga 's Ming loyalists in Fujian .	Fujian	Where did the fight between Ming loyalists and Manchus occur ?
The Qing carried out a massive depopulation policy and seaban forcing people to evacuated the coast in order to deprive Koxinga 's Ming loyalists of resources , this has led to a myth that it was because Manchus were `` afraid of water '' .	water	What were the Manchus accused of being afraid of ?
The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor .	sixty-one year	How long was Kangxi Emperor in power ?
Kangxi 's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the `` High Qing '' , during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social , economic and military power .	High Qing	What era did Kanxi 's rule kick off ?
The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor .	Kangxi	Who had the longest rule of any emperor ?
Kangxi 's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father .	eight	How old was Kangxi when he took over ?
However , as time passed , through chance and machination , Oboi , the most junior of the four , achieved such political dominance as to be a potential threat .	Oboi	Who ruled while Kangxi was young ?
Imperial patronage of Kangxi Dictionary demonstrated respect for Confucian learning , while the Sacred Edict of 1670 effectively extolled Confucian family values .	Confucian	What type of learning did the early Manchu leaders respect ?
Imperial patronage of Kangxi Dictionary demonstrated respect for Confucian learning , while the Sacred Edict of 1670 effectively extolled Confucian family values .	Sacred Edict of 1670	What declaration solidified Confucian values ?
The second major source of stability was the Central Asian aspect of their Manchu identity which allowed them to appeal to Mongol , Tibetan and Uighur constituents .	Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur	Who did the Manchu appeal to ?
The Kangxi Emperor also welcomed to his court Jesuit missionaries , who had first come to China under the Ming .	Jesuit missionaries	What Christians did Kangxi allow in his court ?
The chief of these was Wu Sangui , who was given the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou , while generals Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong were given Guangdong and Fujian provinces respectively .	Wu Sangui	Who was the most important Ming general ?
The chief of these was Wu Sangui , who was given the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou , while generals Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong were given Guangdong and Fujian provinces respectively .	Yunnan and Guizhou	What provinces did Sangui control ?
The chief of these was Wu Sangui , who was given the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou , while generals Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong were given Guangdong and Fujian provinces respectively .	Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong	Name the other two important Ming generals ?
The chief of these was Wu Sangui , who was given the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou , while generals Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong were given Guangdong and Fujian provinces respectively .	Guangdong and Fujian	Which provinces did Kexi and Jingzhong receive ?
Finally , in 1673 , Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor .	1673	When did Kexi retire ?
Finally , in 1673 , Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor .	his son	Who did Kexi thing should take over for him ?
The move backfired as the young emperor called their bluff by accepting their requests and ordering that all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown .	all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown.	What happened when Kexi , and the two other generals all retired ?
The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years .	eight years	How long did the Revolt of the Three Feudatories last ?
Wu attempted , ultimately in vain , to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restoring Ming customs , ordering that the resented queues be cut , and declaring himself emperor of a new dynasty .	Wu	Who declared himself emperor ?
By 1681 , the Qing government had established control over a ravaged southern China which took several decades to recover .	1681	When did the Qing regain power over southern China ?
The Qing thought that Han Chinese were superior at battling other Han people and so used the Green Standard Army as the dominant and majority army in crushing the rebels instead of Bannermen .	other Han people	Who did the Qing think were the better soldiers to battle Han Chinese ?
400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers and 150,000 Bannermen served on the Qing side during the war .	400,000	How many Green Standard Army soldiers were on the Qing side ?
The Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673-1674 .	1673-1674	When did Wu destroy the Qing armies ?
The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories , since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt , while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui , so the Qing responded with using a massive army of more than 900,000 Han Chinese -LRB- non-Banner -RRB- instead of the Eight Banners , to fight and crush the Three Feudatories .	900,000	How many soldiers did the Qing fight back with ?
Wu Sangui 's forces were crushed by the Green Standard Army , made out of defected Ming soldiers .	crushed by the Green Standard Army	What happened to Wu 's army ?
To extend and consolidate the dynasty 's control in Central Asia , the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia .	Dzungars	Who did Kangxi fight ?
Galdan was eventually killed in the Dzungar -- Qing War .	Dzungar–Qing War	When was Galdan killed ?
To extend and consolidate the dynasty 's control in Central Asia , the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia .	Outer Mongolia	Where did Kangxi lead an army ?
In 1683 , Qing forces received the surrender of Taiwan from Zheng Keshuang , grandson of Koxinga , who had conquered Taiwan from the Dutch colonists as a base against the Qing .	1683	When did Taiwan fall ?
Winning Taiwan freed Kangxi 's forces for series of battles over Albazin , the far eastern outpost of the Tsardom of Russia .	Russia	What European country did Kangxi fight ?
After the Kangxi Emperor 's death in the winter of 1722 , his fourth son , Prince Yong -LRB- 雍親王 -RRB- , became the Yongzheng Emperor .	1722	When did Kangxi die ?
After the Kangxi Emperor 's death in the winter of 1722 , his fourth son , Prince Yong -LRB- 雍親王 -RRB- , became the Yongzheng Emperor .	Prince Yong	Who took Kangxi 's place ?
When Yongzheng came to power at the age of 45 , he felt a sense of urgency about the problems which had accumulated in his father 's later years and did not need instruction in how to exercise power .	45	How old was Yongzheng when he took over ?
First , he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father 's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned .	anti-Manchu writer	Who did Yongzheng behead ?
In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries , though some were allowed to remain in the capital .	Christianity	What religion did Yongzheng ban ?
When he began to realize that the financial crisis was even greater than he had thought , Yongzheng rejected his father 's lenient approach to local landowning elites and mounted a campaign to enforce collection of the land tax .	collection of the land tax	What did Yongzheng crack down on ?
In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries , though some were allowed to remain in the capital .	1723	When did Yongzheng ban christianity ?
In 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family , Zhu Zhiliang , who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs , and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners .	Zhu Zhiliang	Who did Yongzheng call Marquis ?
In 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family , Zhu Zhiliang , who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs , and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners .	1725	When did Yongzheng give this title ?
In 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family , Zhu Zhiliang , who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs , and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners .	perform rituals	What was Zhu 's job ?
A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta -LRB- 1727 -RRB- to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia .	1727	When was the Treaty of Kyakhta written ?
A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta -LRB- 1727 -RRB- to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia .	Russia	Who was the partner in the Treaty of Kyakhta ?
In exchange for territory and trading rights , the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongolia .	territory and trading rights	What did the treaty give to the Russians ?
In exchange for territory and trading rights , the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongolia .	Mongolia	What did the Qing get from the Treaty of Kyakhta ?
With a total of over 3,400 books , 79,000 chapters , and 36,304 volumes , the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of books in Chinese history .	3,400 books	How many books were in the Siku Quanshu ?
With a total of over 3,400 books , 79,000 chapters , and 36,304 volumes , the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of books in Chinese history .	36,304 volumes	How many volumes were in the Siku Quanshu ?
Literary inquisition began with isolated cases at the time of Shunzhi and Kangxi , but became a pattern under Qianlong 's rule , during which there were 53 cases of literary persecution .	Qianlong	Who created the Siku Quanshu ?
Literary inquisition began with isolated cases at the time of Shunzhi and Kangxi , but became a pattern under Qianlong 's rule , during which there were 53 cases of literary persecution .	53	How many literary persecutions were there under Qianlongs reign ?
The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and peanut allowed an improved food supply as well , so that the total population of China during the 18th century ballooned from 100 million to 300 million people .	potato and peanut	What crops helped the Chinese ?
Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics , but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend .	prosperity and internal stability	What led to overpopulation in China ?
The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and peanut allowed an improved food supply as well , so that the total population of China during the 18th century ballooned from 100 million to 300 million people .	100 million	How many people lived in China at the start of the 18th century ?
The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and peanut allowed an improved food supply as well , so that the total population of China during the 18th century ballooned from 100 million to 300 million people .	300 million	How many people lived in China at the end of the 20th century ?
The only remaining part of the empire that had arable farmland was Manchuria , where the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang had been walled off as a Manchu homeland .	Manchuria	What was the last part of China with farmland left ?
However Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain , most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall and Willow Palisade , during the eighteenth century Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands which were part of coutrier stations , noble estates , and Banner lands , in garrisons and towns in Manchuria Han Chinese made up 80 % of the population .	Manchuria	Where did Hans go to to find land ?
However Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain , most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall and Willow Palisade , during the eighteenth century Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands which were part of coutrier stations , noble estates , and Banner lands , in garrisons and towns in Manchuria Han Chinese made up 80 % of the population .	500,000 hectares	How much land did the Han cultivate ?
However Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain , most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall and Willow Palisade , during the eighteenth century Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands which were part of coutrier stations , noble estates , and Banner lands , in garrisons and towns in Manchuria Han Chinese made up 80 % of the population .	80%	What percent of the population in Manchuria was Han ?
Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manchu and Mongol lands , by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine , floods , and drought into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s .	Manchuria and Inner Mongolia	Where were starving Han sent by the Qing ?
Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manchu and Mongol lands , by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine , floods , and drought into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s .	tens of thousands of hectares	How much land did the Han farm in Inner Mongolia ?
Chinese tenant farmers rented or even claimed title to land from the `` imperial estates '' and Manchu Bannerlands in the area .	"imperial estates" and Manchu Bannerlands	What other types of land were the Han allowed to farm ?
Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria , the path linking Jinzhou , Fengtian , Tieling , Changchun , Hulun , and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor 's rule , and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800 .	Qianlong	Who was the emperor in the later half of the 18th century ?
To increase the Imperial Treasury 's revenue , the Qing sold formerly Manchu only lands along the Sungari to Han Chinese at the beginning of the Daoguang Emperor 's reign , and Han Chinese filled up most of Manchuria 's towns by the 1840s according to Abbe Huc .	Han Chinese	What ethnicity was the majority in urban Manchuria ?
However , the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world , as European states developed economies built on maritime trade .	European states	Which empires grew during the 18th century ?
European trading posts expanded into territorial control in nearby India and on the islands that are now Indonesia .	India	What country near China did the Europeans first control ?
The Qing response , successful for a time , was in 1756 to establish the Canton System , which restricted maritime trade to that city and gave monopoly trading rights to private Chinese merchants .	Canton	What was the only city the Chinese allowed the Europeans into to trade ?
However , the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world , as European states developed economies built on maritime trade .	maritime trade	What were the economies of the European empires built on ?
The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments .	British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company	Which two European companies traded in Canton ?
Demand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk , tea , and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China .	silk, tea, and ceramics	What products from China did Europeans want ?
Demand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk , tea , and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China .	silver	What did the Chinese want in return ?
In the late 1700s , the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver .	imbalance of trade and the drain of silver	What were the British and French concerned about ?
To meet the growing Chinese demand for opium , the British East India Company greatly expanded its production in Bengal .	opium	What else did the Chinese want from the British ?
To meet the growing Chinese demand for opium , the British East India Company greatly expanded its production in Bengal .	Bengal	Where was opium made ?
The Qing navy , composed entirely of wooden sailing junks , was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy .	British	Who fought the Qing in the First Opium War ?
The Qing surrender in 1842 marked a decisive , humiliating blow to China .	1842	When did the Qing surrender to the British ?
The Treaty of Nanjing , the first of the unequal treaties , demanded war reparations , forced China to open up the five ports of Canton , Amoy , Fuchow , Ningpo and Shanghai to western trade and missionaries , and to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain .	Treaty of Nanjing,	What treaty marked the end of the First Opium War ?
The Treaty of Nanjing , the first of the unequal treaties , demanded war reparations , forced China to open up the five ports of Canton , Amoy , Fuchow , Ningpo and Shanghai to western trade and missionaries , and to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain .	Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai	What 5 ports did the treaty force open ?
The Treaty of Nanjing , the first of the unequal treaties , demanded war reparations , forced China to open up the five ports of Canton , Amoy , Fuchow , Ningpo and Shanghai to western trade and missionaries , and to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain .	Hong Kong Island	What island was given to the British ?
The Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty .	The Taiping Rebellion	What marked the first occurence of anti-Manchu feeling ?
Hong Xiuquan , a failed civil service candidate , led the Taiping Rebellion , amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine .	Hong Xiuquan	Who led the Rebellion ?
In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprising in Guizhou province , established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with Hong himself as king , claiming he often had visions of God and that he was the brother of Jesus Christ .	1851	When did the Rebellion start ?
In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprising in Guizhou province , established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with Hong himself as king , claiming he often had visions of God and that he was the brother of Jesus Christ .	Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	What entity was established in Guizhou province ?
In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprising in Guizhou province , established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with Hong himself as king , claiming he often had visions of God and that he was the brother of Jesus Christ .	Hong	Who was king of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ?
The Western powers , largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing , gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian Rebellions .	unsatisfied	Were the European empires satisfied or unsatisfied by the Treaty of Nanjing ?
The Western powers , largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing , gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian Rebellions .	Qing government	Who did the Europeans support during the Rebellions ?
In 1854 , Britain tried to re-negotiate the Treaty of Nanjing , inserting clauses allowing British commercial access to Chinese rivers and the creation of a permanent British embassy at Beijing .	1854	When did the British try to redo the Treaty of Nanjing ?
Ratification of the treaty the following year led to resumption of hostilities and in 1860 , with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing , the emperor and his court fled the capital for the imperial hunting lodge at Rehe .	1860	Whed did the British and French invade Beijing ?
Ratification of the treaty the following year led to resumption of hostilities and in 1860 , with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing , the emperor and his court fled the capital for the imperial hunting lodge at Rehe .	Rehe	Where did the emperor go ?
Once in Beijing , the Anglo-French forces looted the Old Summer Palace , and in an act of revenge for the arrest of several Englishmen , burnt it to the ground .	burnt it to the ground	What happened to the Old Summer Palace ?
Prince Gong , a younger half-brother of the emperor , who had been left as his brother 's proxy in the capital , was forced to sign the Convention of Beijing .	Convention of Beijing	What did Prince Gong sign ?
Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus .	Zuo Zongtang	Who put down the rebellions ?
When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861 , these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration .	five	How old was Tongzhi when he came to power ?
When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861 , these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration .	1861	What year did Tongzhi take power ?
Their aim was to adopt western military technology in order to preserve Confucian values .	western military technology	What would the Chinese use to continue Confucian values ?
The reformers then proceeded with institutional reforms , including China 's first unified ministry of foreign affairs , the Zongli Yamen ; allowing foreign diplomats to reside in the capital ; establishment of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service ; the formation of modernized armies , such as the Beiyang Army , as well as a navy ; and the purchase from Europeans of armament factories .	Beiyang Army	What was the name of a modern Chinese Army ?
In return for promises of support against the British and the French , the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860 .	Russian	Who did the Chinese lose territory to in exchange for help ?
The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 1870 , which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats .	1870	When was the Tientsin Massacre ?
Starting with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858 , France expanded control of Indochina .	1858	When was the Cochinchina Campaign ?
Starting with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858 , France expanded control of Indochina .	Indochina	Which territory did France control ?
The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 1870 , which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats .	murder of French nuns	What triggered the Tientsin Massacre ?
Historians have judged the Qing dynasty 's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land , the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that `` China 's nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly related to her weakness and failure at sea .	naval weakness	What was the main problem the Qing had in preventing invasion from Europe ?
At the start of the Opium War , China had no unified navy and no sense of how vulnerable she was to attack from the sea ; British forces sailed and steamed wherever they wanted to go ... In the Arrow War -LRB- 1856 -- 60 -RRB- , the Chinese had no way to prevent the Anglo-French expedition of 1860 from sailing into the Gulf of Zhili and landing as near as possible to Beijing .	(1856–60)	When was the Arrow War ?
At the start of the Opium War , China had no unified navy and no sense of how vulnerable she was to attack from the sea ; British forces sailed and steamed wherever they wanted to go ... In the Arrow War -LRB- 1856 -- 60 -RRB- , the Chinese had no way to prevent the Anglo-French expedition of 1860 from sailing into the Gulf of Zhili and landing as near as possible to Beijing .	Gulf of Zhili	Where did the French and English land in 1860 ?
Historians have judged the Qing dynasty 's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land , the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that `` China 's nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly related to her weakness and failure at sea .	Edward L. Dreyer	Which historian blamed naval weakness for European imperialism in China ?
In 1884 , pro-Japanese Koreans in Seoul led the Gapsin Coup .	Gapsin Coup	What coup happened in 1884 ?
In 1884 , pro-Japanese Koreans in Seoul led the Gapsin Coup .	pro-Japanese Koreans	Who was involved in the Gapsin Coup ?
Tensions between China and Japan rose after China intervened to suppress the uprising .	Tensions	What resulted between the Chinese and Japanese after the Coup ?
Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang signed the Convention of Tientsin , an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously , but the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895 was a military humiliation .	Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang	Who signed the Convention of Tientsin ?
Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang signed the Convention of Tientsin , an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously , but the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895 was a military humiliation .	1895	When did the First Sino-Japanese War happen ?
These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi -LRB- Wade -- Giles : Tz ` u-Hsi -RRB- in state affairs .	Cixi	What was the name of Xianfeng 's concubine ?
She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor -LRB- r. 1850 -- 1861 -RRB- and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son , the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne .	Tongzhi	Who was Cixi 's son ?
Following the emperor 's death in 1875 , Cixi 's nephew , the Guangxu Emperor , took the throne , in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation , and another regency began .	1875	When did Tongzhi Emperor die ?
Following the emperor 's death in 1875 , Cixi 's nephew , the Guangxu Emperor , took the throne , in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation , and another regency began .	Guangxu	Who took over from Tongzhi ?
From 1889 , when Guangxu began to rule in his own right , to 1898 , the Empress Dowager lived in semi-retirement , spending the majority of the year at the Summer Palace .	Summer Palace	Where did the Empress Dowager spend most of her time ?
On November 1 , 1897 , two German Roman Catholic missionaries were murdered in the southern part of Shandong Province -LRB- the Juye Incident -RRB- .	November 1, 1897,	When were two missionaries killed ?
On November 1 , 1897 , two German Roman Catholic missionaries were murdered in the southern part of Shandong Province -LRB- the Juye Incident -RRB- .	Shandong Province	Where were the missionaries killed ?
On November 1 , 1897 , two German Roman Catholic missionaries were murdered in the southern part of Shandong Province -LRB- the Juye Incident -RRB- .	Juye Incident	What was the murders of the missionaries called ?
In the wake of these external defeats , the Guangxu Emperor initiated the Hundred Days ' Reform of 1898 .	Hundred Days' Reform of 1898	What did the emperor do in response to so many defeats by the Europeans ?
Newer , more radical advisers such as Kang Youwei were given positions of influence .	Kang Youwei	Name an advisor to Guangxu ?
Although she had been involved in the initial reforms , the empress dowager stepped in to call them off , arrested and executed several reformers , and took over day-to-day control of policy .	empress dowager	Who took over the policy of China ?
Widespread drought in North China , combined with the imperialist designs of European powers and the instability of the Qing government , created conditions that led to the emergence of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists , or `` Boxers . ''	North China	Where was there a drought ?
Widespread drought in North China , combined with the imperialist designs of European powers and the instability of the Qing government , created conditions that led to the emergence of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists , or `` Boxers . ''	Righteous and Harmonious Fists	What was another name for the Boxers ?
In 1900 , local groups of Boxers proclaiming support for the Qing dynasty murdered foreign missionaries and large numbers of Chinese Christians , then converged on Beijing to besiege the Foreign Legation Quarter .	1900	When did the Boxers begin to kill missionaries and Chinese Christians ?
A coalition of European , Japanese , and Russian armies -LRB- the Eight-Nation Alliance -RRB- then entered China without diplomatic notice , much less permission .	A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies	Who invaded China ?
She fled to Xi'an .	Xi'an	Where did Cixi go after Beijing fell to the 8 armies ?
To overcome such problems , Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty 's `` New Policies '' , also known as the `` Late Qing Reform '' .	issued an imperial edict	What did Cixi do in 1901 ?
To overcome such problems , Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty 's `` New Policies '' , also known as the `` Late Qing Reform '' .	"Late Qing Reform"	What were the governments New Policies also called ?
The edict paved the way for the most far-reaching reforms in terms of their social consequences , including the creation of a national education system and the abolition of the imperial examinations in 1905 .	1905	When were imperial examinations halted ?
The Guangxu Emperor died on November 14 , 1908 , and on November 15 , 1908 , Cixi also died .	1908	What year did Guangxu die ?
The Guangxu Emperor died on November 14 , 1908 , and on November 15 , 1908 , Cixi also died .	1908	What year did Cixi die ?
Puyi , the oldest son of Zaifeng , Prince Chun , and nephew to the childless Guangxu Emperor , was appointed successor at the age of two , leaving Zaifeng with the regency .	Prince Chun	Who ruled after Guangxu ?
Puyi , the oldest son of Zaifeng , Prince Chun , and nephew to the childless Guangxu Emperor , was appointed successor at the age of two , leaving Zaifeng with the regency .	two	How old was Prince Chun ?
The Wuchang Uprising of October 10 , 1911 , led to the creation of a new central government , the Republic of China , in Nanjing with Sun Yat-sen as its provisional head .	1911	What year was the Republic of China created ?
With Zaifeng gone , Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics .	Yuan Shikai	Who led the Qing ?
With permission from Empress Dowager Longyu , Yuan Shikai began negotiating with Sun Yat-sen , who decided that his goal had been achieved in forming a republic , and that therefore he could allow Yuan to step into the position of President of the Republic of China .	Sun Yat-sen	Who negotiated with Yuan Shikai to prevent war ?
With permission from Empress Dowager Longyu , Yuan Shikai began negotiating with Sun Yat-sen , who decided that his goal had been achieved in forming a republic , and that therefore he could allow Yuan to step into the position of President of the Republic of China .	Sun Yat-sen,	Who led the Republic of China ?
With permission from Empress Dowager Longyu , Yuan Shikai began negotiating with Sun Yat-sen , who decided that his goal had been achieved in forming a republic , and that therefore he could allow Yuan to step into the position of President of the Republic of China .	Yuan	Who became the President ?
On 12 February 1912 , after rounds of negotiations , Longyu issued an imperial edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi .	1912	What year did the end of Imperial China occur ?
This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalism .	2,000 years	How long did Imperial China last for ?
In the 1930s , the Empire of Japan invaded Northeast China and founded Manchukuo in 1932 , with Puyi , as the emperor .	1932	When was Manchukuo created ?
The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus , with some positions also given to Mongols .	Han Chinese and Manchus	Who split the leadership roles in the Qing dynasty ?
Like previous dynasties , the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system , until the system was abolished in 1905 .	imperial examination system	Where did the Qing find their officials ?
The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions , each having nine grades or ranks , each subdivided into a and b categories .	nine	How many ranks were there in civil service in the Qing dynasty ?
The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler , who presided over six Boards -LRB- Ministries -LSB- c -RSB- -RRB- , each headed by two presidents -LSB- d -RSB- and assisted by four vice presidents .	Emperor	Who was the main leader of the Qing ?
-LSB- e -RSB- In contrast to the Ming system , however , Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations .	Manchu noblemen and Han officials	Which ethnicities made up the Qing government ?
The Grand Secretariat , -LSB- f -RSB- which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming , lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial chancery .	evolved into an imperial chancery	What happened to the Grand Secretariat ?
In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire , the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the `` Inner Court , '' which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City .	imperial family and Manchu nobility	Who controlled the `` Inner Court '' ?
In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire , the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the `` Inner Court , '' which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City .	Forbidden City	Where was the Inner Court ?
The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council .	core institution of the inner court	What was the Grand Council ?
During the Qianlong Emperor 's reign , for example , members of his family were distinguished by garments with a small circular emblem on the back , whereas Han officials wore clothing with a square emblem .	square emblem	What shape of emblem signified a Han official ?
During the Qianlong Emperor 's reign , for example , members of his family were distinguished by garments with a small circular emblem on the back , whereas Han officials wore clothing with a square emblem .	circular	What shape of emblam signified members of the royal family ?
From the early Qing , the central government was characterized by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han Chinese assigned to it .	Manchu and a Han Chinese	Which two ethnicities made up each position in government ?
In addition to the six boards , there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government .	Lifan Yuan	Who governed the areas of Tibet and Mongolia ?
In addition to the six boards , there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government .	Lifan Yuan	Who administered the minority groups ?
In addition to the six boards , there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government .	six	How many boards were there in the Qing government ?
It was not until 1861 -- a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition -- that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the Zongli Yamen .	Zongli Yamen	What was the foreign service called ?
Even though the Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan performed some duties of a foreign office , they fell short of developing into a professional foreign service .	Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan	Who performed the tasks of the Zongli Yamen before it was created ?
It was not until 1861 -- a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition -- that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the Zongli Yamen .	Second Opium War	What was the war called fought between the British and French against the Qing ?
It was established before the fall of the Ming , but it became mature only after 1661 , following the death of the Shunzhi Emperor and the accession of his son , the Kangxi Emperor .	Kangxi	Which emperor followed Shunzhi ?
The department 's original purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the imperial family and the activities of the inner palace -LRB- in which tasks it largely replaced eunuchs -RRB- , but it also played an important role in Qing relations with Tibet and Mongolia , engaged in trading activities -LRB- jade , ginseng , salt , furs , etc. -RRB- , managed textile factories in the Jiangnan region , and even published books .	Jiangnan region	Where were textile factories located ?
The department 's original purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the imperial family and the activities of the inner palace -LRB- in which tasks it largely replaced eunuchs -RRB- , but it also played an important role in Qing relations with Tibet and Mongolia , engaged in trading activities -LRB- jade , ginseng , salt , furs , etc. -RRB- , managed textile factories in the Jiangnan region , and even published books .	jade, ginseng, salt, furs	What did China trade with Tibet and Mongolia ?
Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century , when it ruled China proper -LRB- eighteen provinces -RRB- as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China , Inner Mongolia , Outer Mongolia , Xinjiang and Tibet , at approximately 13 million km2 in size .	18th century	What century did Qing China stretch to its largest ?
Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century , when it ruled China proper -LRB- eighteen provinces -RRB- as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China , Inner Mongolia , Outer Mongolia , Xinjiang and Tibet , at approximately 13 million km2 in size .	13 million km2	How many kilometers was Qing China at its height ?
There were originally 18 provinces , all of which in China proper , but later this number was increased to 22 , with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into provinces .	22	How many provinces were there at the height of Qing China ?
Taiwan , originally part of Fujian province , became a province of its own in the late 19th century , but was ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 following the First Sino-Japanese War .	1895	When did Japan take over Taiwan ?
Taiwan , originally part of Fujian province , became a province of its own in the late 19th century , but was ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 following the First Sino-Japanese War .	First Sino-Japanese	How did the Japanese win Taiwan ?
The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty , later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example , Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces .	Hubei and Hunan	What two provinces were formed from Huguang ?
Each province was administered by a governor -LRB- 巡撫 , xunfu -RRB- and a provincial military commander -LRB- 提督 , tidu -RRB- .	governor	What was the name of the highest ranking official in a province ?
Below the province were prefectures -LRB- 府 , fu -RRB- operating under a prefect -LRB- 知府 , zhīfǔ -RRB- , followed by subprefectures under a subprefect .	prefectures	What were provinces broken up into ?
The eighteen provinces are also known as `` China proper '' .	China proper	What is another name for the main 18 provinces ?
There were eight regional viceroys in China proper , each usually took charge of two or three provinces .	eight	How many viceroys were there in China Proper ?
By the mid-18th century , the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as Inner and Outer Mongolia , Tibet and Xinjiang under its control .	mid-18th century	When did Tibet become part of Qing China ?
These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution called Lifan Yuan .	Lifan Yuan	What was the main government entity that ran the territories like Tibet ?
Xinjiang , also known as Chinese Turkestan , was subdivided into the regions north and south of the Tian Shan mountains , also known today as Dzungaria and Tarim Basin respectively , but the post of Ili General was established in 1762 to exercise unified military and administrative jurisdiction over both regions .	Xinjiang	What is another name for Chinese Turkestan ?
Dzungaria was fully opened to Han migration by the Qianlong Emperor from the beginning .	Qianlong	Which emperor allowed Han migration to Dzungaria ?
Likewise , Manchuria was also governed by military generals until its division into provinces , though some areas of Xinjiang and Northeast China were lost to the Russian Empire in the mid-19th century .	military generals	Who first ran Manchuria ?
With respect to these outer regions , the Qing maintained imperial control , with the emperor acting as Mongol khan , patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims .	khan	What title did the emperor hold in Mongolia ?
During The Great Game era , taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in northwest China , Yaqub Beg invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire , and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of Kashgaria .	Yaqub Beg	Who ruled Kashgaria ?
During The Great Game era , taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in northwest China , Yaqub Beg invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire , and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of Kashgaria .	British	Who supported Beg ?
In early 20th century , Britain sent an expedition force to Tibet and forced Tibetans to sign a treaty .	early 20th century	When did the British invade Tibet ?
The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet , resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China .	1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention	What was the name of the agreement between Britain and the Chinese that kept the British out of Tibet ?
The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations .	Nurhaci	Who created the Eight Banners ?
There were eight banners in all , differentiated by color .	color	How were the 8 banners recognized ?
The yellow , bordered yellow , and white banners were known as the `` Upper Three Banners '' and were under the direct command of the emperor .	Upper Three Banners	What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor ?
Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners , and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams could serve as the emperor 's personal bodyguards .	Manchus	What ethnicity made up the Upper Three Banners ?
The remaining Banners were known as the `` Lower Five Banners . ''	Lower Five Banners	What were the rest of the banners called ?
Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines , namely Manchu and Mongol , but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters .	along ethnic lines	How were Banner 's organized ?
Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines , namely Manchu and Mongol , but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters .	Manchu and Mongol	Which two ethnicities made up the majority of the Banner Armies ?
Han Bannermen held high status and power in the early Qing period , especially immediately after the conquest during Shunzhi and Kangxi 's reign where they dominated Governor-Generalships and Governorships across China at the expense of both Manchu Bannermen and Han civilians .	Han Bannermen	Which ethnicity dominated the army in the reigns of Shunzhi and Kangxi ?
It was in Qianlong 's reign that the Qianlong Emperor , concerned about maintaining Manchu identity , re-emphasized Manchu ethnicity , ancestry , language , and culture in the Eight Banners and started a mass discharge of Han Bannermen from the Eight Banners , either asking them to voluntarily resign from the Banner rolls or striking their names off .	Qianlong's reign	When did Manchu ethnicity become important again in the Eight Banners ?
European visitors in Beijing called them `` Tartarized Chinese '' or `` Tartarified Chinese '' .	"Tartarized Chinese" or "Tartarified Chinese"	What did the Europeans call Han Bannermen ?
Early during the Taiping Rebellion , Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853 .	Taiping Rebellion	What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles ?
Early during the Taiping Rebellion , Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853 .	Nanjing	What city did the Qing lose in 1853 ?
This new force became known as the Xiang Army , named after the Hunan region where it was raised .	Xiang Army	What was Zeng Guofan ?
Zeng Guofan 's strategy was to rely on local gentry to raise a new type of military organization from those provinces that the Taiping rebels directly threatened .	Zeng Guofan	Who created a new type of army to thwart the Taiping rebels ?
This new force became known as the Xiang Army , named after the Hunan region where it was raised .	Hunan region where it was raised	What was the Xiang Army named after ?
Being a classically educated official , he took his blueprint for the Xiang Army from the Ming general Qi Jiguang , who , because of the weakness of regular Ming troops , had decided to form his own `` private '' army to repel raiding Japanese pirates in the mid-16th century .	Qi Jiguang	Who inspired Zeng Guofan in creating his army ?
Being a classically educated official , he took his blueprint for the Xiang Army from the Ming general Qi Jiguang , who , because of the weakness of regular Ming troops , had decided to form his own `` private '' army to repel raiding Japanese pirates in the mid-16th century .	repel raiding Japanese pirates	What did Qi Jiguang 's private army do ?
Zeng Guofan 's original intention for the Xiang Army was simply to eradicate the Taiping rebels .	eradicate the Taiping rebels	What was the original plan for the Xiang Army ?
Although the Banners and Green Standard armies lingered on as a drain on resources , henceforth the Yongying corps became the Qing government 's de facto first-line troops .	Yongying corps	What entity became the main Qing troops ?
Second , the Yongying corps were financed through provincial coffers and were led by regional commanders , weakening central government 's grip on the whole country .	provincial coffers	Who paid for the Yongying ?
Second , the Yongying corps were financed through provincial coffers and were led by regional commanders , weakening central government 's grip on the whole country .	regional commanders	Who led the Yongying ?
In 1860 , during the Second Opium War , the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000 .	1860	When was the Second Opium War ?
In 1860 , during the Second Opium War , the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000 .	25,000	How big was the French-British army ?
The government attempts to modernize during the Self-Strengthening Movement were initially successful , but yielded few lasting results because of the central government 's lack of funds , lack of political will , and unwillingness to depart from tradition .	Self-Strengthening Movement	What was the Qing governments attempt to create a modern socity called ?
In 1860 , during the Second Opium War , the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000 .	sacked	What happened to the Summer Palace ?
Japan , a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates , annihilated the Qing government 's modernized Beiyang Fleet , then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia .	Japan	Who beat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War ?
Japan , a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates , annihilated the Qing government 's modernized Beiyang Fleet , then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia .	Beiyang Fleet	Which fleet did the Japanese destroy ?
Finally , in December 1894 , the Qing government took concrete steps to reform military institutions and to re-train selected units in westernized drills , tactics and weaponry .	1894	When did the Qing decide to modernize their military ?
These units were collectively called the New Army .	the New Army	What was the new modern army called ?
The most successful of these was the Beiyang Army under the overall supervision and control of a former Huai Army commander , General Yuan Shikai , who used his position to build networks of loyal officers and eventually become President of the Republic of China .	General Yuan Shikai	Who became the President of the Republic of China ?
The most significant fact of early and mid-Qing social history was population growth .	population growth	What happened in early and middle Qing history ?
The population doubled during the 18th century .	doubled	How much did the population grow during the 18th century ?
Migration took several different forms , though might be divided in two varieties : permanent migration for resettlement , and relocation conceived by the party -LRB- in theory at least -RRB- as a temporary sojourn .	permanent migration for resettlement, and relocation conceived by the party (in theory at least) as a temporary sojourn	What were the 2 types of migration during the 18th century ?
According to statute , Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates , of which in most general terms there were five .	five	How many estates were there in Qing society ?
They were divided into two categories : one of them , the good `` commoner '' people , the other `` mean '' people .	the good "commoner" people, the other "mean" people	What 2 groups were normal Chinese broken into ?
The majority of the population belonged to the first category and were described as liangmin , a legal term meaning good people , as opposed to jianmin meaning the mean -LRB- or ignoble -RRB- people .	liangmin	What was the legal term for commoner ?
China continued to export tea , silk and manufactures , creating a large , favorable trade balance with the West .	tea, silk and manufactures	What did China export ?
The resulting inflow of silver expanded the money supply , facilitating the growth of competitive and stable markets .	silver	What did the Chinese get paid for their goods ?
By the end of the 17th century , the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown , and the resulting breakdown of order .	end of the 17th century	When did the Chinese economy finally recover after the wars with the Mings ?
To give people more incentives to participate in the market , they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming , and replaced the corvée system with a head tax used to hire laborers .	reduced the tax burden	What did the Qing do to reform land ownership ?
A system of monitoring grain prices eliminated severe shortages , and enabled the price of rice to rise slowly and smoothly through the 18th century .	rise slowly and smoothly	What happened to the price of rice during the 18th century ?
These restrictions on domestic resource exploration , as well as on foreign trade , are held by some scholars as a cause of the Great Divergence , by which the Western world overtook China economically .	Western world overtook China economically	What was the Great Divergence ?
By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty .	300 million	What was China 's population at the end of the 18th century ?
The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons , including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the Americas , including peanuts , sweet potatoes and maize .	peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops	What were the reasons for the population explosion during the 18th century ?
The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting , and offered their patronage to Confucian culture .	poetry and often skilled in painting	What arts were the Qing emperors good at ?
The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu , a rhyme dictionary published in 1711 , and the Kangxi Dictionary published in 1716 , which remains to this day an authoritative reference .	Peiwen Yunfu	What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi ?
The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu , a rhyme dictionary published in 1711 , and the Kangxi Dictionary published in 1716 , which remains to this day an authoritative reference .	1716	When was the Kangxi Dictionary published ?
The Qianlong Emperor sponsored the largest collection of writings in Chinese history , the Siku Quanshu , completed in 1782 .	1782	When was the Siku Quanshu finished ?
The painting of the early years of the dynasty included such painters as the orthodox Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren -LRB- 1626 -- 1705 -RRB- and Shitao -LRB- 1641 -- 1707 -RRB- .	Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626–1705) and Shitao (1641–1707)	Name three painters ?
The nineteenth century saw such innovations as the Shanghai School and the Lingnan School which used the technical skills of tradition to set the stage for modern painting .	Shanghai School and the Lingnan School	What two schools of art were created in the 19th century ?
Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing .	Calligraphy and painting	Name two arts of the Four Arts ?
Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman , but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life .	Poetry	What was the sign of a gentleman ?
Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman , but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life .	women	Who started writing poety during the Qing dynasty ?
Pu Songling brought the short story form to a new level in his Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio , published in the mid-18th century , and Shen Fu demonstrated the charm of the informal memoir in Six Chapters of a Floating Life , written in the early 19th century but published only in 1877 .	Strange Stories	What was the name of Pu Songling 's collection of short stories ?
The art of the novel reached a pinnacle in Cao Xueqin 's Dream of the Red Chamber , but its combination of social commentary and psychological insight were echoed in highly skilled novels such as Wu Jingzi 's The Scholars -LRB- 1750 -RRB- and Li Ruzhen 's Flowers in the Mirror -LRB- 1827 -RRB- .	Cao Xueqin	Who wrote the novel Dream of the Red Chamber ?
Pu Songling brought the short story form to a new level in his Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio , published in the mid-18th century , and Shen Fu demonstrated the charm of the informal memoir in Six Chapters of a Floating Life , written in the early 19th century but published only in 1877 .	Six Chapters of a Floating Life	What was the name of Shen Fu 's memoir ?
The gentleman gourmet , such as Yuan Mei , applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking , eating , and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life .	Yuan Mei	Who wrote the Suiyuan Shidan ?
The Suiyuan Shidan written by him , detailed the culinary esthetics and theory , along with a wide range of recipes from the ruling period of Qianlong during Qing Dynasty .	recipes	What was the Suiyaun Shidan about ?
Although this banquet was probably never common , it reflected an appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs .	appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs	What was the Manchu Han Imperial Feast ?
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas .	pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas	Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from ?
Pueblos indígenas -LRB- indigenous peoples -RRB- is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries .	Pueblos indígenas	What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples ?
Aborigen -LRB- aboriginal/native -RRB- is used in Argentina , whereas `` Amerindian '' is used in Quebec , The Guianas , and the English-speaking Caribbean .	Amerindian	In Quebec , The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken , what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas ?
Aborigen -LRB- aboriginal/native -RRB- is used in Argentina , whereas `` Amerindian '' is used in Quebec , The Guianas , and the English-speaking Caribbean .	Aborigen	What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent ?
Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians , and Alaska Natives .	Native Americans	How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S. ?
According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas , migrations of humans from Asia -LRB- in particular North Asia -RRB- to the Americas took place via Beringia , a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait .	Asia	Where do most theories today attribute the settlement of the Americas as originating from ?
According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas , migrations of humans from Asia -LRB- in particular North Asia -RRB- to the Americas took place via Beringia , a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait .	a land bridge which connected the two continents	What was Beringia ?
According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas , migrations of humans from Asia -LRB- in particular North Asia -RRB- to the Americas took place via Beringia , a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait .	Beringia	How did humans cross over to the Americas from Asia ?
The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration via Beringia took place at least 13,500 years ago , with disputed evidence that people had migrated into the Americas much earlier , up to 40,000 years ago .	13,500 years ago	Most experts can at least agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration took place when ?
According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas , they have been living there since their genesis , described by a wide range of creation myths .	a wide range of creation myths	How do the indigenous peoples explain how they came to live in the Americas ?
Application of the term `` Indian '' originated with Christopher Columbus , who , in his search for Asia , thought that he had arrived in the East Indies .	Indian	What incorrect term for the indigenous population originated with Christopher Columbus ?
Application of the term `` Indian '' originated with Christopher Columbus , who , in his search for Asia , thought that he had arrived in the East Indies .	East Indies	Where did Columbus believe he had arrived ?
The Americas came to be known as the `` West Indies '' , a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea .	West Indies	Because of Columbus ' mistake , the Americas came to be known as what ?
This led to the names `` Indies '' and `` Indian '' , which implied some kind of racial or cultural unity among the aboriginal peoples of the Americas .	some kind of racial or cultural unity	What is implied by the global term of `` Indian '' ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Even though the term `` Indian '' does not include the Aleuts , Inuit , or Yupik peoples , these groups are considered indigenous peoples of the Americas .	indigenous	Despite fitting under the umbrella label of `` Indian '' , Aleuts , Inuit and Yupik peoples are still considered to be what to the Americas ?
Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers -- and many , especially in Amazonia , still are -- many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture .	hunter-gatherers	What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally ?
The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas .	agricultural endowment	What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas ?
Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture , others practiced a mix of farming , hunting , and gathering .	farming, hunting, and gathering	What did many of the societies practice a mix of ?
In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture , large-scale organized cities , chiefdoms , states , and empires .	indigenous	Large cities , chiefdoms , monuments and empires were just some of the things created by which peoples ?
Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers -- and many , especially in Amazonia , still are -- many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture .	aquaculture and agriculture	What did many segments of the indigenous population also practice ?
Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples ; some countries have sizable populations , especially Belize , Bolivia , Chile , Ecuador , Greenland , Guatemala , Mexico , and Peru .	indigenous	Belize , Chile and Greenland are just some countries with sizable populations of what peoples ?
Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples ; some countries have sizable populations , especially Belize , Bolivia , Chile , Ecuador , Greenland , Guatemala , Mexico , and Peru .	Many parts of the Americas	Where are there still populations of indigenous peoples ?
At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas .	At least a thousand	How many different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas ?
Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees , including religion , social organization , and subsistence practices .	religion, social organization, and subsistence practices	What do many indigenous cultures still practice to different extends to this day ?
Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples .	Western culture	What have some indigenous peoples managed to remain in relative isolation from ?
The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion .	ongoing	How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research ?
According to archaeological and genetic evidence , North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation .	last	When did humans inhabit North and South America 's continents ?
During the Wisconsin glaciation , 50 -- 17,000 years ago , falling sea levels allowed people to move across the land bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to north west North America -LRB- Alaska -RRB- .	falling sea levels	What allowed people to move across Beringia to North America ?
Alaska was a glacial refugia because it had low snowfall , allowing a small population to exist .	snowfall	A small population could exist in Alaska because of it 's lack of any significant what ?
The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America , blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska -LRB- East Beringia -RRB- for thousands of years .	Laurentide Ice Sheet	What confined the nomadic inhabitants to East Beringia for thousands of years ?
Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population , one that developed in isolation , conjectured to be Beringia .	single	What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population ?
Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population , one that developed in isolation , conjectured to be Beringia .	in isolation	Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop ?
The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10 -- 20,000 years .	10–20,000 years	How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted ?
Around 16,500 years ago , the glaciers began melting , allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond .	16,500 years ago	When did the glaciers begin to melt ?
These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets .	Pleistocene megafauna	What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets ?
The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations , and closely related to present North American Native American populations .	directly ancestral	What does the data indicate about the population the individual was from ?
The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations , and closely related to present North American Native American populations .	present North American Native American	What populations is the individual closely related to ?
The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central American plus South American populations .	early	What type of divergence is implicated to have occurred between North American and South American populations ?
Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out .	ruled out	Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what ?
While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus ' voyages of 1492 to 1504 , in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them , even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus ' initial landing .	before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492	The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era ?
While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus ' voyages of 1492 to 1504 , in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them , even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus ' initial landing .	1492	When was Columbus ' first voyage ?
While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus ' voyages of 1492 to 1504 , in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them , even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus ' initial landing .	conquered or significantly influenced	In practice , Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them ?
`` Pre-Columbian '' is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas , such as those of Mesoamerica -LRB- the Olmec , the Toltec , the Teotihuacano , the Zapotec , the Mixtec , the Aztec , and the Maya civilizations -RRB- and those of the Andes -LRB- Inca Empire , Moche culture , Muisca Confederation , Cañaris -RRB- .	"Pre-Columbian"	What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas ?
`` Pre-Columbian '' is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas , such as those of Mesoamerica -LRB- the Olmec , the Toltec , the Teotihuacano , the Zapotec , the Mixtec , the Aztec , and the Maya civilizations -RRB- and those of the Andes -LRB- Inca Empire , Moche culture , Muisca Confederation , Cañaris -RRB- .	Andes	What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire , Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from ?
Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements , agriculture , civic and monumental architecture , and complex societal hierarchies .	pre-Columbian	Urban settlements and complex societal hierarchies are just some of the hallmarks established by which civilizations ?
Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals -LRB- ca .	Some of these civilizations	What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals ?
late 15th -- early 16th centuries -RRB- , and are known only through oral history and through archaeological investigations .	oral history and through archaeological investigations	How do we know about some of the civilizations that were gone by the time of European arrival ?
However , the European colonists of the time worked to eliminate non-Christian beliefs , and Christian pyres destroyed many pre-Columbian written records .	written records	What did European colonists destroy on their pyres ?
Only a few documents remained hidden and survived , leaving contemporary historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge .	a few documents	What gave today 's historians a glimpse of the culture and knowledge of the indigenous civilizations ?
According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents , American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments .	many accomplishments	What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them ?
For instance , the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world , Tenochtitlan , the ancient site of Mexico City , with an estimated population of 200,000 .	one of the largest cities in the world	What had the Aztec civilization constructed ?
For instance , the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world , Tenochtitlan , the ancient site of Mexico City , with an estimated population of 200,000 .	200,000	How big was the population of the Aztec cit of Tenochtitlan ?
American civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics .	American	Astronomy and mathematics were also accomplishments of which civilizations ?
The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding .	thousands	How many years of selective breeding did it take to domesticate maize ?
The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents .	lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents	What did the European colonization forever change ?
Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown , scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90 % within the first centuries of contact with Europeans .	between 80 and 90%	How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans ?
The leading cause was disease .	disease	What was the leading cause of death for the native population after European contact ?
The continent was ravaged by epidemics of diseases such as smallpox , measles , and cholera , which were brought from Europe by the early explorers and spread quickly into new areas even before later explorers and colonists reached them .	smallpox, measles, and cholera	What triad of disease epidemics ravaged the American continent ?
Native Americans suffered high mortality rates due to their lack of prior exposure to these diseases .	lack of prior exposure	Why did Native Americans suffer such high mortality rates to the diseases ?
The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas .	the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola	Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered ?
The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas .	dominant culture	What did the Taínos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas ?
Within thirty years about 70 % of the Taínos had died .	70%	What percentage of the Taínos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus ?
They had no immunity to European diseases , so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their population .	no immunity to European diseases	Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Taínos ' population ?
Increasing punishment of the Taínos for revolting against forced labour , despite measures put in place by the encomienda , which included religious education and protection from warring tribes , eventually led to the last great Taíno rebellion .	Increasing punishment	What led to the last great Taínos rebellion ?
Following years of mistreatment , the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors , with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava , a violent poison .	suicidal	What behaviors did the Taínos begin to adopt after years of mistreatment ?
Following years of mistreatment , the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors , with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava , a violent poison .	aborting or killing	What did Taínos women start doing to their infants ?
Following years of mistreatment , the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors , with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava , a violent poison .	violent poison	Why would ingesting untreated cassava be a bad idea ?
Hearing of the seriousness of the revolt , Emperor Charles V -LRB- also King of Spain -RRB- sent captain Francisco Barrionuevo to negotiate a peace treaty with the ever-increasing number of rebels .	Francisco Barrionuevo	Who was sent to negotiate a peace treaty with the rebels ?
Eventually , a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years , causing serious damage to the Spanish , Carib-held plantations and their Indian auxiliaries .	thirteen	How many years was a Taínos Cacique able to hold ou in the Baoruco Mountain Range ?
Scholars now believe that , among the various contributing factors , epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives .	epidemic disease	What was the overwhelming reason for the decline of Native American populations ?
Some believe that after first contacts with Europeans and Africans , Old World diseases caused the death of 90 to 95 % of the native population of the New World in the following 150 years .	90 to 95%	Old World diseases accounted for up to what percentage of deaths among the native New World population ?
Some believe that after first contacts with Europeans and Africans , Old World diseases caused the death of 90 to 95 % of the native population of the New World in the following 150 years .	150 years	How long did it take for the Old World diseases to decimate the native population to the extent it did ?
Smallpox killed up to one third of the native population of Hispaniola in 1518 .	Smallpox	What disease killed almost a third of the population of Hispaniola in 1518 ?
By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac , smallpox caused the Inca Civil War .	By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac	How did smallpox cause the Inca Civil War ?
Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans .	between 50 and 67 per cent	What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles ?
Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617 -- 1619 .	90 per cent	How much of the native population near Massachusetts was killed by smallpox in the epidemic between 1617 and 1619 ?
In 1633 , in Plymouth , the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans .	Europeans	Who were the Native Americans exposed to smallpox because of ?
It reached Lake Ontario in 1636 , and the lands of the Iroquois by 1679 .	by 1679	When did smallpox read the lands of the Iroquois ?
In 1832 , the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans -LRB- The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 -RRB- .	a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans	What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish ?
The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas .	Spanish	What Empire brought horses to the Americas ?
The re-introduction of the horse , extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years , had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America and of Patagonia in South America .	profound	What kind of impact did the re-emergence of horses have on some Native American cultures ?
The re-introduction of the horse , extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years , had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America and of Patagonia in South America .	7500 years	How long had horses been extinct in the Americas prior to their re-introduction ?
By domesticating horses , some tribes had great success : horses enabled them to expand their territories , exchange more goods with neighboring tribes , and more easily capture game , especially bison .	great success	What did some tribes achieve by domesticating horses ?
By domesticating horses , some tribes had great success : horses enabled them to expand their territories , exchange more goods with neighboring tribes , and more easily capture game , especially bison .	horses	What enabled some tribes to expand territory , increase trade and capture more game ?
Over the course of thousands of years , American indigenous peoples domesticated , bred and cultivated a large array of plant species .	a large array of plant species	What did the indigenous peoples of America cultivate over the course of thousands of years ?
These species now constitute 50 -- 60 % of all crops in cultivation worldwide .	50–60%	What percent of worldwide crops in cultivation derive from the efforts of the America 's indigenous people ?
In certain cases , the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection , as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico .	artificial selection	How were new species and strains of crops developed ?
In certain cases , the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection , as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico .	wild teosinte grasses	What was the origin of maize ?
Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons .	agricultural	What products sometimes retain their native names in both English and Spanish ?
The South American highlands were a center of early agriculture .	South American highlands	Where was a center of early agriculture ?
Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru , from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex .	single	Based on genetic testing , what has been suggested about the origin of the potato ?
Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru , from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex .	area of southern Peru	Where did the potato originate ?
tuberosum , where it was cultivated as long as 10,000 years ago .	10,000 years ago	How long ago was the decedent of 99 % of all modern potatoes cultivated as long ago as ?
The persistent drought around 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization , and the famine of One Rabbit -LRB- AD 1454 -RRB- was a major catastrophe in Mexico .	persistent drought	What event in 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Mayan civilization ?
Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago , late in the Archaic period of North American cultures .	approximately 4,000 years ago	When did the North American natives begin farming ?
Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible .	common	What had pottery become 4,000 years ago in the Americas ?
Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible .	small-scale felling	What did technology make feasible when it came to trees ?
Concurrently , the Archaic Indians began using fire in a controlled manner .	a controlled manner	How did Archaic Indians use fire ?
Intentional burning of vegetation was used to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories .	effects of natural fires	What was the intentional burning of vegetation intended to mimic ?
Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally .	Many crops	What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans ?
Chief among these is maize or `` corn '' , arguably the most important crop in the world .	corn	What is arguably the most important crop in the world ?
Other significant crops include cassava , chia , squash -LRB- pumpkins , zucchini , marrow , acorn squash , butternut squash -RRB- , the pinto bean , Phaseolus beans including most common beans , tepary beans and lima beans , tomatoes , potatoes , avocados , peanuts , cocoa beans -LRB- used to make chocolate -RRB- , vanilla , strawberries , pineapples , Peppers -LRB- species and varieties of Capsicum , including bell peppers , jalapeños , paprika and chili peppers -RRB- sunflower seeds , rubber , brazilwood , chicle , tobacco , coca , manioc and some species of cotton .	significant	Squash , beans , and peppers are all examples of what type of crop ?
Other significant crops include cassava , chia , squash -LRB- pumpkins , zucchini , marrow , acorn squash , butternut squash -RRB- , the pinto bean , Phaseolus beans including most common beans , tepary beans and lima beans , tomatoes , potatoes , avocados , peanuts , cocoa beans -LRB- used to make chocolate -RRB- , vanilla , strawberries , pineapples , Peppers -LRB- species and varieties of Capsicum , including bell peppers , jalapeños , paprika and chili peppers -RRB- sunflower seeds , rubber , brazilwood , chicle , tobacco , coca , manioc and some species of cotton .	cocoa	What type of bean is used to make chocolate ?
Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally .	indigenous Americans	Who do we owe gratitude for even some species of cotton to ?
Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations .	Cultural practices	What did geographical zones encourage the sharing of ?
Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations .	similar technologies and social organizations	What did people in the same reason adopt ?
An example of such a cultural area is Mesoamerica , where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a fairly homogeneous culture with complex agricultural and social patterns .	Mesoamerica	Where did millennia of coexistence produce a culture with advanced agricultural and social patterns ?
Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of nomadic hunter-gatherers based primarily on buffalo hunting .	until the 19th century	How long was there a homogeneous culture on the North American plains ?
Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of nomadic hunter-gatherers based primarily on buffalo hunting .	buffalo	What creature did the nomadic hunter-gatherers of the plains hunt ?
The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures .	development of writing	What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures ?
Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world , the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE .	the Mesoamerican region	What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world ?
What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block .	extensive text	What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block ?
Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world , the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE .	beginning in the 1st millennium BCE	When were writing systems being created in the Americas ?
The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE , around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán began to wane .	900 BCE	When has the Olmec tablet been dated to ?
It is the only pre-Columbian writing system known to represent completely the spoken language of its community .	spoken language of its community	What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this ?
The Maya writing system -LRB- often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing -RRB- was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms .	Maya	What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms ?
It is most often classified as a logographic or -LRB- more properly -RRB- a logosyllabic writing system , in which syllabic signs play a significant role .	syllabic	What signs play a significant role in the Mayan 's writing system ?
In total , the script has more than one thousand different glyphs although a few are variations of the same sign or meaning and many appear only rarely or are confined to particular localities .	more than one thousand	How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have ?
At any one time , no more than about five hundred glyphs were in use , some two hundred of which -LRB- including variations -RRB- had a phonetic or syllabic interpretation .	some two hundred	How many of the Mayan glyphs had phonetic or syllabic interpretations ?
Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl , Zapotec , Mixtec , and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era , many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters .	the sixteenth century	When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters ?
Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl , Zapotec , Mixtec , and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era , many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters .	Spanish	Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages ?
Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl , Zapotec , Mixtec , and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era , many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters .	lawsuits and other legal matters	What were a large number of the local documents in regards to ?
The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases .	legal cases	What were Spanish translations at the time made for ?
Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints .	indigenous	What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from ?
Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic , but there are notable exceptions .	monophonic	What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have ?
Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming .	drumming	What did traditional Native American music center around ?
Rattles , clappersticks , and rasps were also popular percussive instruments .	Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps	What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans ?
Flutes were made of rivercane , cedar , and other woods .	rivercane, cedar, and other woods	How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans ?
The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument .	single	How many strings did the Apache fiddle have ?
The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic .	pentatonic	What feature did the music of Central America have ?
Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans , music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums , flutes , sea snail shells -LRB- used as a trumpet -RRB- and `` rain '' tubes .	inseparable from	What role did music play in the religious festivities ?
Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans , music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums , flutes , sea snail shells -LRB- used as a trumpet -RRB- and `` rain '' tubes .	large variety of percussion and wind	What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans ?
No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala , attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era -LRB- 600 -- 900 CE -RRB- , which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced .	a jar in Guatemala	Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument ?
This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments ; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar 's growl .	a jaguar's growl	What did the Mayan 's stringed instrument sound like when played ?
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection .	Visual arts by indigenous peoples	What comprises a major category in the world art collection ?
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection .	indigenous	Pottery , weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples ?
Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States , the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 , requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe .	too many artists were posing as Native Americans	Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 ?
Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States , the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 , requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe .	a state or federally recognized tribe	What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they 're enrolled in ?
To support the ongoing practice of American Indian , Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States , the Ford Foundation , arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007 .	2007	When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established ?
In 2005 , Argentina 's indigenous population -LRB- known as pueblos originarios -RRB- numbered about 600,329 -LRB- 1.6 % of total population -RRB- ; this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an indigenous people .	about 600,329	What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005 ?
The ten most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuche -LRB- 113,680 people -RRB- , the Kolla -LRB- 70,505 -RRB- , the Toba -LRB- 69,452 -RRB- , the Guaraní -LRB- 68,454 -RRB- , the Wichi -LRB- 40,036 -RRB- , the Diaguita-Calchaquí -LRB- 31,753 -RRB- , the Mocoví -LRB- 15,837 -RRB- , the Huarpe -LRB- 14,633 -RRB- , the Comechingón -LRB- 10,863 -RRB- and the Tehuelche -LRB- 10,590 -RRB- .	113,680	How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005 ?
Minor but important peoples are the Quechua -LRB- 6,739 -RRB- , the Charrúa -LRB- 4,511 -RRB- , the Pilagá -LRB- 4,465 -RRB- , the Chané -LRB- 4,376 -RRB- , and the Chorote -LRB- 2,613 -RRB- .	Minor but important peoples	Who are the Quechua and Chorote ?
The Selknam -LRB- Ona -RRB- people are now virtually extinct in its pure form .	The Selknam	What indigenous population is now virtually extinct ?
The languages of the Diaguita , Tehuelche , and Selknam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct : the Cacán language -LRB- spoken by Diaguitas -RRB- in the 18th century and the Selknam language in the 20th century ; one Tehuelche language -LRB- Southern Tehuelche -RRB- is still spoken by a handful of elderly people .	a handful of elderly people	Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche ?
In Bolivia , a 62 % majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people , while another 3.7 % grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous .	62%	What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people ?
In Bolivia , a 62 % majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people , while another 3.7 % grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous .	3.7%	What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do n't call themselves indigenous ?
Including both of these categories , and children under 15 , some 66.4 % of Bolivia 's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census .	66.4%	In the 2001 census , how much of Bolivia 's population was labeled as being indigenous ?
The Constitution of Bolivia , enacted in 2009 , recognizes 36 cultures , each with its own language , as part of a plurinational state .	36	How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize ?
Some groups , including CONAMAQ -LRB- the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu -RRB- draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua - and Aymara-speaking population , resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia .	fifty	How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia ?
Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language , culture , customs , and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period .	Bolivian highland peasants	Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest ?
While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous -LRB- reclassifying rural people as campesinos , or peasants -RRB- , renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s .	ethnic and class militancy	What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s ?
They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of `` empowered caciques '' to further communal organization .	dissolution of communal landholdings	What did the highland peasants resist attempts at ?
Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953 .	Indigenous revolts	What took place frequently until 1953 ?
Lowland indigenous peoples , mostly in the east , entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation .	March for Territory and Dignity	What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169 ?
Morales began work on his `` indigenous autonomy '' policy , which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3 , 2009 , making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves .	Morales	Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy ?
Morales began work on his `` indigenous autonomy '' policy , which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3 , 2009 , making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves .	2009	When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands ?
Morales began work on his `` indigenous autonomy '' policy , which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3 , 2009 , making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves .	affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves	What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do ?
Speaking in Santa Cruz Department , the President called it `` a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement '' , saying that , though he might make errors , he would `` never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people '' .	fight	What did the President vow he would never betray ?
The issue has divided the country .	divided	What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia ?
Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4 % of Brazil 's population , or about 700,000 people , even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry .	0.4%	How much of Brazil 's population is comprised of indigenous peoples ?
Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil , although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country .	Indian reservations	Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live ?
Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4 % of Brazil 's population , or about 700,000 people , even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry .	millions	How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry ?
On January 18 , 2007 , FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil , up from 40 in 2005 .	67	How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007 ?
With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes .	Brazil	What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes ?
`` Eskimo '' is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean `` eater of raw meat . ''	"eater of raw meat."	What is the term Eskimo said to mean ?
Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations , Inuit and Métis ; the descriptors `` Indian '' and `` Eskimo '' are falling into disuse , and other than in neighboring Alaska .	Aboriginal	First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada ?
Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade , spiritual and social hierarchies .	Hundreds	How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade , as well as spiritual and social hierarchies ?
The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers .	The Métis culture	What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers ?
Various laws , treaties , and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada .	Various laws, treaties, and legislation	What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada ?
Although not without conflict , European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States .	relatively peaceful	What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans ?
Combined with a late economic development in many regions , this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a fairly strong influence on the early national culture while preserving their own identity .	national culture	What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on ?
From the late 18th century , European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture , referred to as `` Canadian culture '' .	late 18th century	How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture ?
National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada .	cultures and contributions	What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada ?
There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures , languages , art , and music .	over 600	How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada ?
According to the 2002 Census , 4.6 % of the Chilean population , including the Rapanui -LRB- a Polynesian people -RRB- of Easter Island , was indigenous , although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage .	the Rapanui	What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island ?
According to the 2002 Census , 4.6 % of the Chilean population , including the Rapanui -LRB- a Polynesian people -RRB- of Easter Island , was indigenous , although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage .	4.6%	What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census ?
Many are descendants of the Mapuche , and live in Santiago , Araucanía and the lake district .	the Mapuche	Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of ?
The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300 -- 350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War .	350 years	How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards ?
During the Occupation of Araucanía the Mapuche surrendered to the country 's army in the 1880s .	1880s	When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army ?
Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures , and civilizations of different proportions .	many indigenous cultures	What was Ecuador the site of ?
An early sedentary culture , known as the Valdivia culture , developed in the coastal region , while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito .	coastal region	Where did the Valdivia culture develop ?
An early sedentary culture , known as the Valdivia culture , developed in the coastal region , while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito .	the Caras and the Quitus	What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization ?
The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced , and most feared by the Inca , due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion .	The Cañaris	What culture did the Inca fear the most ?
Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas .	architecture remains	What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy ?
Approximately 96.4 % of Ecuador 's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region .	96.4%	What percentage of Ecuador 's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas ?
Approximately 96.4 % of Ecuador 's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region .	valleys of the Sierra region	Where do the Highland Quichuas live ?
Approximately 96.4 % of Ecuador 's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region .	Highland Quichuas	The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population ?
Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans , they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui , the Otavalos , the Cayambi , the Quitu-Caras , the Panzaleo , the Chimbuelo , the Salasacan , the Tugua , the Puruhá , the Cañari , and the Saraguro .	Kichwa	What language do the Highland Quichuas speak ?
Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil , the Lenca , Xinca , and Kakawira .	the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira	El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples ?
The Pipil lived in western El Salvador , spoke Nawat , and had many settlements there , most noticeably Cuzcatlan .	Cuzcatlan	What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador ?
The Pipil lived in western El Salvador , spoke Nawat , and had many settlements there , most noticeably Cuzcatlan .	Nawat	What was the language of the Pipil ?
Noted Meso-American indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador , who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders .	barbaric invaders	What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as ?
Eventually , the Spaniards intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women , resulting in the Mestizo population which would become the majority of the Salvadoran people .	Mestizo	What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women ?
About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent , but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture , and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent .	About five percent	How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent ?
About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent , but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture , and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent .	about ten percent	What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry ?
The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline , as well on the Nicaraguan border .	rural westernmost areas	Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras ?
The majority of indigenous people are Lencas , Miskitos to the east , Mayans , Pech , Sumos , and Tolupan .	indigenous people	The Lencas , Miskitos , Mayans Pech , Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras ?
The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores : The Olmecs , who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico ; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs , who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ; the Maya in the Yucatan -LRB- and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America -RRB- ; the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas , and the Aztecs/Mexica , who , from their central capital at Tenochtitlan , dominated much of the centre and south of the country -LRB- and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas -RRB- when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz .	indigenous civilizations	What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards ?
The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores : The Olmecs , who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico ; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs , who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ; the Maya in the Yucatan -LRB- and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America -RRB- ; the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas , and the Aztecs/Mexica , who , from their central capital at Tenochtitlan , dominated much of the centre and south of the country -LRB- and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas -RRB- when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz .	from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE	When did the Olmecs flourish ?
The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores : The Olmecs , who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico ; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs , who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ; the Maya in the Yucatan -LRB- and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America -RRB- ; the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas , and the Aztecs/Mexica , who , from their central capital at Tenochtitlan , dominated much of the centre and south of the country -LRB- and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas -RRB- when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz .	the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs	Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca ?
The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores : The Olmecs , who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico ; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs , who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ; the Maya in the Yucatan -LRB- and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America -RRB- ; the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas , and the Aztecs/Mexica , who , from their central capital at Tenochtitlan , dominated much of the centre and south of the country -LRB- and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas -RRB- when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz .	the Maya	Who lived in the Yucatan ?
The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores : The Olmecs , who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico ; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs , who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ; the Maya in the Yucatan -LRB- and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America -RRB- ; the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas , and the Aztecs/Mexica , who , from their central capital at Tenochtitlan , dominated much of the centre and south of the country -LRB- and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas -RRB- when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz .	Tenochtitlan	Where was the Aztec 's central capital located ?
The `` General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples '' grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico , regardless of the number of speakers , the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken , and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages .	General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples	What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity ?
The `` General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples '' grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico , regardless of the number of speakers , the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken , and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages .	some public services and documents in their native languages	What are indigenous peoples entitled to request ?
The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities .	bilingual primary and secondary education	What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities ?
Along with Spanish , the law has granted them -- more than 60 languages -- the status of `` national languages '' .	more than 60	How many languages have been giving the status of `` national languages '' ?
Nonetheless , of the indigenous peoples in Mexico , only about 67 % of them -LRB- or 5.4 % of the country 's population -RRB- speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish -LRB- 1.2 % of the country 's population -RRB- .	about 67% of them	How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language ?
About 5 % of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous .	About 5%	What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous ?
The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area .	frequent contact with the British	How did Creole English come about ?
The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people .	Miskito	What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua ?
There was a king , but he did not have total power .	total power	What did n't the king have in Miskito society ?
Another major group is the Mayangna -LRB- or Sumu -RRB- people , counting some 10,000 people .	some 10,000	How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua ?
Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45 % .	45%	What percentage of Peru 's population is indigenous ?
Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today .	Native Peruvian traditions	What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today ?
Cultural citizenship -- or what Renato Rosaldo has called , `` the right to be different and to belong , in a democratic , participatory sense '' -LRB- 1996:243 -RRB- -- is not yet very well developed in Peru .	Cultural citizenship	What is not very well developed in Peru ?
This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country 's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses , cultural discrimination , and pervasive violence .	Amazonian	What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence ?
Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States , including their descendants , are commonly called `` American Indians '' , or simply `` Indians '' domestically , or `` Native Americans '' by the USCB .	the contiguous United States	Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as `` American Indians '' ?
These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik , Iñupiat , Athabaskan , Yup ` ik , Cup ` ik , Unangax , Alutiiq , Eyak , Haida , Tsimshian , and Tlingit , who are collectively called Alaska Natives .	Alaska Natives	Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what ?
In Alaska , indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages .	11	How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have ?
Indigenous Polynesian peoples , which include Marshallese , Samoan , Tahitian , and Tongan , are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas .	Polynesian	Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent ?
Indigenous Polynesian peoples , which include Marshallese , Samoan , Tahitian , and Tongan , are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas .	geographically and culturally	How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas ?
Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97 % to 2 % of the population .	0.97% to 2%	What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans ?
In the 2010 census , 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American , Native Hawaiian , and Alaska Native alone , and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans , either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races .	5.2 million	How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census ?
1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members .	1.8 million	How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members ?
A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations .	Indian reservations	Where do a minority of US Native Americans live ?
Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US -- Canadian border .	Haudenosaunee	What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border ?
Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage , but the indigenous population make up only around 2 % of the total population .	some indigenous heritage	What do most Venezuelans have ?
They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects , but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades .	around 29	How many different languages does the 2 % of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak ?
They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects , but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades .	groups are very small	Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct ?
The most advanced native people to have lived in present-day Venezuela is thought to have been the Timoto-cuicas , who mainly lived in the Venezuelan Andes .	Timoto-cuicas	Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela ?
In total it is estimated that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand inhabitants , the most densely populated area being the Andean region -LRB- Timoto-cuicas -RRB- , thanks to the advanced agricultural techniques used .	agricultural techniques used	What made the Timoto-cuicas so advanced ?
The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof , such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes .	The Native American name	What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas ?
When discussing broader subsets of peoples , naming may be based on shared language , region , or historical relationship .	shared language, region, or historical relationship	How may subsets of peoples be named ?
Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas .	English exonyms	Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas ?
Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists , while others resulted from the colonists ' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own , and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear , during periods of conflict .	earlier explorers and colonists	Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples ?
Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists , while others resulted from the colonists ' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own , and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear , during periods of conflict .	out of prejudice and fear	Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations ?
However , since the 20th century , indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to , pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete , inaccurate , or racist .	the ways they wish to be referred to	What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century ?
However , since the 20th century , indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to , pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete , inaccurate , or racist .	obsolete, inaccurate, or racist.	What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate ?
During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement , the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term `` Native American , '' to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples ' tenure in the nation , but this term was not fully accepted .	United States government	Who initially proposed using the term `` Native American '' to recognize the primacy of the native population ?
Other naming conventions have been proposed and used , but none are accepted by all indigenous groups .	none	What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups ?
In recent years , there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas -LRB- mainly South America -RRB- .	the Americas (mainly South America)	Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years ?
These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples .	preservation of their culture	What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves ?
Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere .	Indian Council of South America	What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere ?
Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States , with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization .	Canada and the United States,	Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen ?
Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries , including Bolivia , Ecuador , Colombia , Chile and Brazil , started a forum in support of Morales ' legal process of change .	Representatives	Who started a forum in support of Morales ' legal process of change ?
The meeting condemned plans by the European `` foreign power elite '' to destabilize the country .	destabilize the country	What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do ?
The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities .	solidarity	What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes ?
Furthermore , in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite , it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs .	diplomats and NGOs	What did the forum question about US interference ?
The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries , including Cuba , Venezuela , Ecuador , Paraguay and Nicaragua .	plots against Bolivia and other countries	What was the forum suspicious of ?
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups .	Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups	What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on ?
`` Y-DNA '' is passed solely along the patrilineal line , from father to son , while `` mtDNA '' is passed down the matrilineal line , from mother to offspring of both sexes .	patrilineal line	How is Y-DNA passed along ?
Neither recombines , and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents ' genetic material .	chance mutation	What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change ?
`` Y-DNA '' is passed solely along the patrilineal line , from father to son , while `` mtDNA '' is passed down the matrilineal line , from mother to offspring of both sexes .	mtDNA	Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders ?
AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations .	average continent-of-ancestry	What is AtDNA generally only used to measure ?
Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA -LRB- mtDNA -RRB- of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians , Khakas , Shors and Soyots , living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains , are genetically closest to Amerindians .	Amerindians	Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they 're closest to genetically ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This view is shared by other researchers who argue that `` the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic .	Asian population	What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This view is shared by other researchers who argue that `` the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic .	Middle Paleolithic	When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population ?
2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis .	2012	When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians ?
2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis .	mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome	What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans ?
Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line , with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population .	stages	What did human settlement of the New World occur in ?
Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line , with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population .	15,000 to 20,000-year	How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia ?
The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region .	isolated since the initial colonization of the region	What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there ?
The Na-Dené , Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q -LRB- Y-DNA -RRB- mutations , however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations .	Alaskan	What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations , making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas ?
This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations .	later migrant populations	What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America ?
A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal ` ta-Buret ' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians , who may have `` had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought '' .	2013	When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature ?
A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal ` ta-Buret ' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians , who may have `` had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought '' .	24,000-year-old	How old was the young boy 's remains ?
A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal ` ta-Buret ' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians , who may have `` had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought '' .	Mal'ta-Buret'	What culture was the boy from ?
A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal ` ta-Buret ' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians , who may have `` had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought '' .	western Eurasians	What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to ?
`` We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population , '' the authors wrote .	14 to 38 percent	What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal ` ta-Buret ' population ?
A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis .	route through Beringia	What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis ?
Kashani et al. 2012 state that `` The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians .	similarities in ages and geographical distributions	What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians ?
Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin , the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America . ''	the mtDNA phylogeny	What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of ?
Kashani et al. 2012 state that `` The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians .	2012	When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions ?
Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin , the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America . ''	an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America	Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed ?
Egypt -LRB- i / ˈiːdʒɪpt / ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi -RRB- , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia , via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula .	Africa and southwest corner of Asia	What 2 continents meet at Egypt ?
Egypt -LRB- i / ˈiːdʒɪpt / ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi -RRB- , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia , via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula .	Sinai Peninsula	What land bridge between Asian and Africa ?
Most of Egypt 's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres -LRB- 390,000 sq mi -RRB- lies within the Nile Valley .	1,010,408 square kilometres	How larger is Egypt ?
It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba to the east , the Red Sea to the east and south , Sudan to the south and Libya to the west .	Red Sea	What Sea borders Egypt to the east ?
It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba to the east , the Red Sea to the east and south , Sudan to the south and Libya to the west .	Sudan	What country borders Egypt to the south ?
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country , arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world 's first nation states .	tenth millennium BC	How far back does Egypt 's history date back ?
Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government .	earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government	Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation ?
Egypt 's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , having endured , and at times assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman , and European .	Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European	What were some of Egypt 's foreign influences ?
Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide .	Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx	What are iconic monumuents of Egypt ?
Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era , it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century .	seventh century	In what century were islamic conquests of Egypt ?
With over 90 million inhabitants , Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World , the third-most populous in Africa -LRB- after Nigeria and Ethiopia -RRB- , and the fifteenth-most populous in the world .	over 90 million	How many inhabitants does Egypt have ?
With over 90 million inhabitants , Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World , the third-most populous in Africa -LRB- after Nigeria and Ethiopia -RRB- , and the fifteenth-most populous in the world .	third-most populous in Africa	What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations ?
The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River , an area of about 40,000 square kilometres -LRB- 15,000 sq mi -RRB- , where the only arable land is found .	Nile River	Majority of Egypt people live near what river ?
The large regions of the Sahara desert , which constitute most of Egypt 's territory , are sparsely inhabited .	Sahara desert	What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory ?
In 2011 , longtime President Hosni Mubarak stepped down amid mass protests .	President Hosni Mubarak	What leader stepped down in 2011 ?
Later elections saw the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood , which was ousted by the army a year later amid mass protests .	Muslim Brotherhood	What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader ?
Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East , with sectors such as tourism , agriculture , industry and services at almost equal production levels .	tourism, agriculture, industry and services	What economic sectors does Egypt have ?
Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power , with significant cultural , political , and military influence in North Africa , the Middle East and the Muslim world .	cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world	What influence does Egypt have ?
Miṣr -LRB- IPA : -LSB- mi̠sˤr -RSB- or Egyptian Arabic pronunciation : -LSB- mesˤɾ -RSB- ; Arabic : مِصر -RRB- is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt , while Maṣr -LRB- IPA : -LSB- mɑsˤɾ -RSB- ; Egyptian Arabic : مَصر -RRB- is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic .	Miṣr	What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt ?
The name is of Semitic origin , directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם -LRB- Mitzráyim -RRB- .	מִצְרַיִם	What is the Hebrew name for Egypt ?
The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian KURmi-iṣ-ru miṣru , related to miṣru / miṣirru / miṣaru , meaning `` border '' or `` frontier '' .	Akkadian	What is the oldest term for Egypt ?
By about 6000 BC , a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley .	Nile Valley	During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture ?
The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt .	Badarian culture	What culture succeeded the Naqada culture ?
The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels , dated to about 3200 BC .	3200 BC	When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back ?
Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years , remaining culturally distinct , but maintaining frequent contact through trade .	more than two thousand years	How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt ?
The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years .	150 years	How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period ?
The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris .	Hyksos	In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders ?
The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris .	Avaris	What new capital was founded in 1650 , lower Egypt ?
A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt , that of the Semitic Hyksos .	Semitic Hyksos	What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt ?
The New Kingdom c. 1550 -- 1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty , marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia , and included parts of the Levant in the east .	1550–1070 BC	What year were the New Kingdom in control ?
The New Kingdom c. 1550 -- 1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty , marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia , and included parts of the Levant in the east .	Eighteenth Dynasty	What dynasty maked the rise of Egypt as international power ?
This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs , including Hatshepsut , Thutmose III , Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti , Tutankhamun and Ramesses II .	Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II	Who were some well known Pharaohs of the New Kindom ?
The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans , Nubians and Assyrians , but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country .	Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians	Who were some of the invaders to Egypt during the New Kingdom ?
In 525 BC , the powerful Achaemenid Persians , led by Cambyses II , began their conquest of Egypt , eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium .	Achaemenid Persians	Who took control of Egypt in 525 BC ?
In 525 BC , the powerful Achaemenid Persians , led by Cambyses II , began their conquest of Egypt , eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium .	Psamtik III	What pharaoh was captured by the group led by Camyses II ?
Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh , but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia -LRB- modern Iran -RRB- , leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy .	Susa in Persia	From where did Camyses II rule Egypt ?
The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt , from 525 BC to 402 BC , save for Petubastis III , was an entirely Persian ruled period , with the Achaemenid kings all being granted the title of pharaoh .	525 BC to 402 BC,	What was the duration of the 27th dynasty of Egypt ?
The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state , extending from southern Syria in the east , to Cyrene to the west , and south to the frontier with Nubia .	Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia	What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom ?
To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace , they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs .	Pharaohs	What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom ?
Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade .	Alexandria	What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom ?
The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions , had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress , and participated in Egyptian religious life .	Egyptian	What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom ?
The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII , who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms -LRB- from a self-inflicted stab wound -RRB- , after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled .	Cleopatra VII	Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom ?
The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII , who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms -LRB- from a self-inflicted stab wound -RRB- , after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled .	Octavian	Who captured Alexandria , ending Ptolemaic rule ?
The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII , who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms -LRB- from a self-inflicted stab wound -RRB- , after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled .	suicide	How did Mark Anthony 's love die ?
The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome .	Rome	What culture annexed Egypt ?
The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine -- Sasanian War of 602 -- 628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt , until 639 -- 42 , when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs .	Byzantines	Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule ?
The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine -- Sasanian War of 602 -- 628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt , until 639 -- 42 , when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs .	Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628	What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt ?
The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine -- Sasanian War of 602 -- 628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt , until 639 -- 42 , when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs .	ten years	How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt ?
When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt , the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country .	Sunni Islam	What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt ?
Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army .	Muhammad Ali Pasha	Who modernized Egyptian army ?
He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt , and took a novel approach to create his great army , strengthening it with numbers and in skill .	strengthening it with numbers and in skill	In what 2 ways was Army improved ?
The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with .	to avoid distraction of their growth	Why did military use barracks ?
The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold , one of nationalism and pride .	nationalism and pride	What traits grew among military men that helped Ali maintain rule ?
The Suez Canal , built in partnership with the French , was completed in 1869 .	1869	When was Suez canal completed ?
The Suez Canal , built in partnership with the French , was completed in 1869 .	French	Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal ?
In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt 's share in the canal to the British Government .	1875	In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal ?
In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt 's share in the canal to the British Government .	Ismail	Who sold Egypt 's portion of Suez ?
In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt 's share in the canal to the British Government .	British Government	To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal ?
The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system .	1923	When was new constitution drafted ?
The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system .	parliamentary system	What system of government was constitution based on ?
Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924 .	Saad Zaghlul	Who was elected in 1924 ?
The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad .	his son Fuad	Who succeeded King Farouk ?
British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954 .	1954	How long did British military presence remain in Egypt ?
In 1958 , Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic .	1958	In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union ?
In 1958 , Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic .	United Arab Republic	What was the sovereign union with Syria known ?
The union was short-lived , ending in 1961 when Syria seceded , thus ending the union .	1961	How long did the union with Syria last ?
Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as `` baseless '' , Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable : On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel , on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel , and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping .	Mohamed Fawzi	Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless ?
Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as `` baseless '' , Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable : On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel , on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel , and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping .	three successive steps	How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war ?
Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as `` baseless '' , Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable : On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel , on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel , and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping .	23 May	On what day did Nasser state `` The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel ? ''
At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s , less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich , four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor .	less than half a million	How many rich , upper class were in Egypt in 1950s ?
At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s , less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich , four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor .	four million	How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s
At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s , less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich , four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor .	17 million	How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s
Doctors , engineers , teachers , lawyers , journalists , constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser .	Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists	What professions made up the buld on middle class under Nasser ?
During the 1960s , the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse , the society became less free , and Nasser 's appeal waned considerably .	went from sluggish to the verge of collapse	What direction did the Egypt economy take in the 1960s ?
In 1970 , President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat .	1970	When did Nasser die ?
In 1970 , President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat .	Anwar Sadat	Who succeeded Nasser ?
Sadat switched Egypt 's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States , expelling Soviet advisors in 1972 .	United States,	Which side of the Cold War was Sadat ?
In 1973 , Egypt , along with Syria , launched the October War , a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier .	surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier	What was the October War ?
it presented Sadat with a victory that allowed him to regain the Sinai later in return for peace with Israel .	peace with Israel	What did Sadat exchange for the remainder of Sinai ?
In 1975 , Sadat shifted Nasser 's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah .	foreign investment	What was encouraged through Infitah ?
Through this policy , incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors , but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction , abandoning Egypt 's infant industries .	reduced taxes and import tariffs	What tools did Infitah use to attract investment ?
Even though Sadat 's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class , it mainly benefited the higher class , and , because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs , led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots .	elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs	What was largely ignored and upset many of Sadat 's polidy ?
Even though Sadat 's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class , it mainly benefited the higher class , and , because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs , led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots .	Egyptian Bread Riots.	What occured in 1977 ?
During Mubarak 's reign , the political scene was dominated by the National Democratic Party , which was created by Sadat in 1978 .	National Democratic Party,	What group dominated the political scene when Mubarak was in power ?
It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law , 1995 Press Law , and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations .	1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law	What laws created in 1990s impacted culture ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- As a result , by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well .	late 1990s	When did parliamentary politics become irrelevant in Egypt ?
Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity , allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law , authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance , and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring .	parties from using religion as a basis for political activity	What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit ?
In 2009 , Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki , Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party -LRB- NDP -RRB- , described Egypt as a `` pharaonic '' political system , and democracy as a `` long-term goal '' .	Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party	What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki 's position ?
In 2009 , Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki , Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party -LRB- NDP -RRB- , described Egypt as a `` pharaonic '' political system , and democracy as a `` long-term goal '' .	democracy	What was the long term goal for Egypt ?
Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity , allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law , authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance , and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring .	power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring	What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes ?
On 18 January 2014 , the interim government instituted a new constitution following a referendum in which 98.1 % of voters were supportive .	18 January 2014	When was interim government instituted ?
On 18 January 2014 , the interim government instituted a new constitution following a referendum in which 98.1 % of voters were supportive .	98.1%	What was the support by voters for referendum ?
On 26 March 2014 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces , who at this time was in control of the country , resigned from the military , announcing he would stand as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election .	Abdel Fattah el-Sisi	Who was elected President in 2014 ?
The Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups boycotted the vote .	Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups	What group boycotted the elections ?
Most of Egypt 's rain falls in the winter months .	winter months	When does most of Egypts rain fall ?
Snow falls on Sinai 's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta , Baltim , Sidi Barrany , etc. and rarely in Alexandria .	Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities	Where does snow fall in Egypt ?
A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013 , the first time Cairo received snowfall in many decades .	13 December 2013,	When was the last snow fall in Cairo ?
Egypt is the driest and the sunniest country in the world , and most of its land surface is desert .	Egypt	What is the sunniest county in the world ?
The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt : algae -LRB- 1483 species -RRB- , animals -LRB- about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects -RRB- , fungi -LRB- more than 627 species -RRB- , monera -LRB- 319 species -RRB- , plants -LRB- 2426 species -RRB- , protozoans -LRB- 371 species -RRB- .	2426	How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt ?
The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt : algae -LRB- 1483 species -RRB- , animals -LRB- about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects -RRB- , fungi -LRB- more than 627 species -RRB- , monera -LRB- 319 species -RRB- , plants -LRB- 2426 species -RRB- , protozoans -LRB- 371 species -RRB- .	627	How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt ?
The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt : algae -LRB- 1483 species -RRB- , animals -LRB- about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects -RRB- , fungi -LRB- more than 627 species -RRB- , monera -LRB- 319 species -RRB- , plants -LRB- 2426 species -RRB- , protozoans -LRB- 371 species -RRB- .	1483	How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt ?
The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt : algae -LRB- 1483 species -RRB- , animals -LRB- about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects -RRB- , fungi -LRB- more than 627 species -RRB- , monera -LRB- 319 species -RRB- , plants -LRB- 2426 species -RRB- , protozoans -LRB- 371 species -RRB- .	15,000	How many species of animals were recorded in Egypt ?
The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt : algae -LRB- 1483 species -RRB- , animals -LRB- about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects -RRB- , fungi -LRB- more than 627 species -RRB- , monera -LRB- 319 species -RRB- , plants -LRB- 2426 species -RRB- , protozoans -LRB- 371 species -RRB- .	371	How many species of protazoa were recorded in Egypt ?
The House of Representatives , whose members are elected to serve five-year terms , specialises in legislation .	legislation	What branch of government are the House of Representatives focused on ?
Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5 % , with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes , or 96.91 % compared to 757,511 -LRB- 3.09 % -RRB- for Hamdeen Sabahi .	96.91%	What percent of votes did el-Sisi get ?
The House of Representatives , whose members are elected to serve five-year terms , specialises in legislation .	five-year terms	What tems do House of Representatives serve ?
Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5 % , with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes , or 96.91 % compared to 757,511 -LRB- 3.09 % -RRB- for Hamdeen Sabahi .	Hamdeen Sabahi	Who came in second place in election for Egypt president to es-Sisi ?
In the 1980s , 1990s , and 2000s , terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe , and began to target Christian Copts , foreign tourists and government officials .	Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials	Who were primary targets of Egypt terrorist attacks ?
In the 1990s an Islamist group , Al-Gama ' a al-Islamiyya , engaged in an extended campaign of violence , from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals , to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners .	Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya	What was the name of a high profile terrorist group in Egypt in 1990s ?
Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt 's economy -- tourism -- and in turn to the government , but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support .	tourism	What sector of economy was plagued by terrorism attacks ?
On 18 January 2014 , the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution .	18 January 2014	When was new constitution institutionalised ?
The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms .	four-year term	How long are presidential terms ?
The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms .	2 terms	How many terms may a president serve ?
The parliament may impeach the president .	parliament	Who may impeach the president ?
Under the constitution , political parties may not be based on `` religion , race , gender or geography '' .	religion, race, gender or geography	what may not be basis for political party ?
The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom .	fifth worst	Where does Egypt rank for Religious freedom according to Pew Forum ?
According to a 2010 Pew Global Attitudes survey , 84 % of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who leave Islam ; 77 % supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery ; and 82 % support stoning a person who commits adultery .	84%	What percentage of Egyptians polled support death penalty for those leaving Islam ?
According to a 2010 Pew Global Attitudes survey , 84 % of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who leave Islam ; 77 % supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery ; and 82 % support stoning a person who commits adultery .	adultery	What violation could result in stoning and was supported by 82 % of Egyptian responders ?
As a result of modernisation efforts over the years , Egypt 's healthcare system has made great strides forward .	great strides forward	What trend has Egypt healthcare made recently ?
Access to healthcare in both urban and rural areas greatly improved and immunisation programs are now able to cover 98 % of the population .	98%	How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs ?
Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 years in 2009 .	44.8 years	What was life expectancy in 1960s ?
Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 years in 2009 .	72.12 years	What was the life expectancy in 2009 ?
There was a noticeable decline of the infant mortality rate -LRB- during the 1970s to the 1980s the infant mortality rate was 101-132/1000 live births , in 2000 the rate was 50-60/1000 , and in 2008 it was 28-30/1000 -RRB- .	noticeable decline	What direction has infant mortality rate taken ?
Cairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities -LRB- Shanghai Ranking -RRB- and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings .	551-600	According to QS World University Rankings where does Cairo University rank ?
American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University , Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701 + range .	360	According to QS World University Rankings , where does American University in Cairo rank ?
American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University , Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701 + range .	701+ range	According to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University , Alexandria University and Ain Shams University are all ranked where ?
Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation , the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology .	modernising research	What is the aim of new research institutes ?
Coptic Christians face discrimination at multiple levels of the government , ranging from disproportionate representation in government ministries to laws that limit their ability to build or repair churches .	discrimination at multiple levels of the government,	What do Coptic Christians face ?
When the government moved to computerise identification cards , members of religious minorities , such as Bahá ' ís , could not obtain identification documents .	religious minorities	When government computerised ID cards who were adversely impacted ?
An Egyptian court ruled in early 2008 that members of other faiths may obtain identity cards without listing their faiths , and without becoming officially recognised .	2008	When did Egyptian court rule that members of other faiths could obtain ID cards without listing faith ?
Egypt actively practices capital punishment .	capital punishment	what controversial practice does Egypt actively administer as punishment ?
By May 2014 , approximately 16,000 people -LRB- and as high as more than 40,000 by one independent count -RRB- , mostly Brotherhood members or supporters , have been imprisoned after the coup after the Muslim Brotherhood was labelled as terrorist organisation by the post-coup interim Egyptian government .	terrorist organisation	What was Muslim Brotherhood labelled post coup ?
The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed `` deep alarm '' after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on 25 March 2014 .	529	In March 2014 what number of people were sentenced to death in a single hearing ?
Sentenced supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi will be executed for their alleged role in violence following his ousting in July 2013 .	Mohamed Morsi	What former president 's supporters are set to be executed ?
This resulted in a sharp increase in mass death sentences that arose criticism from the US president Barack Obama and the General Secretary of the UN , Ban Ki Moon .	US president Barack Obama	What US president was critical of Egypt 's repression of Muslim Brotherhood ?
In April 2013 , one judge of the Minya governatorate of Upper Egypt , sentenced 1,212 people to death .	1,212	How many individuals did one judge in Minya governatorate court sentence to death in April 2013 ?
Various Egyptian and international human rights organisations have already pointed out the lack of fair trials , that often last only a few minutes and do not take into consideration the procedural standards of fair trials .	lack of fair trials, that often last only a few minutes	What was the criticism of judge Mohammad NAgi Shatata sentence of 188 member of Muslim Brotherhood for assaulting police station ?
The United States provides Egypt with annual military assistance , which in 2015 amounted to US$ 1.3 billion .	US$1.3 billion	How much military assistance di US give Egypt in 2015 ?
Nevertheless , ties between the two countries have partially soured since the July 2013 military coup that deposed Islamist president Mohamed Morsi , with the Obama administration condemning Egypt 's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters , and cancelling future military exercises involving the two countries .	Egypt's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters	What event soured relations of US and Egypt in 2013 ?
Equipment from the former Soviet Union is being progressively replaced by more modern US , French , and British equipment , a significant portion of which is built under license in Egypt , such as the M1 Abrams tank .	Soviet Union	Equipment from what country is being replaced ?
The Egyptian military has dozens of factories manufacturing weapons as well as consumer goods .	dozens	How many factories does Egyptian military have ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Relations with Russia have improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi 's removal and both countries have worked since then to strengthen military and trade ties among other aspects of bilateral co-operation .	Russia	After Morsi removal , what country has Egypt improved relations with ?
In 2014 , Egypt and China have established a bilateral `` comprehensive strategic partnership '' .	China	In 2014 what country did Egypt form partnership with ?
The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body 's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian .	Cairo	Where is the Arab League headquarters ?
This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby .	Nabil el-Araby	Who is the leader of Arab League ?
Gulf monarchies , including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia , have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup .	United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia	What 2 Gulf monarchies have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome recent economic difficulties ?
Following the 1973 war and the subsequent peace treaty , Egypt became the first Arab nation to establish diplomatic relations with Israel .	Israel	What country has Egypt famously had peace with since 1973 treaty ?
Despite that , Israel is still widely considered as a hostile state by the majority of Egyptians .	still widely considered as a hostile	Is Israel considered a safe state for egyptians ?
Egypt has played a historical role as a mediator in resolving various disputes in the Middle East , most notably its handling of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the peace process .	mediator	What rope has Egypt played in Middle East peace efforts ?
Egypt 's economy depends mainly on agriculture , media , petroleum imports , natural gas , and tourism ; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad , mainly in Saudi Arabia , the Persian Gulf and Europe .	agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism	What areas of economy is Egypt dependent on ?
Egypt 's economy depends mainly on agriculture , media , petroleum imports , natural gas , and tourism ; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad , mainly in Saudi Arabia , the Persian Gulf and Europe .	Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe	Where do Egyptians working abroad work mainly ?
The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt .	Lake Nasser	What lake reulted from completion of Aswan High Dam ?
The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt .	1970	What year was Aswan High Dam completed ?
Egypt produces its own energy , but has been a net oil importer since 2008 and is rapidly becoming a net importer of natural gas .	has been a net oil importer since 2008	Is Egypt able to sustain just from its own energy production ?
Substantial coal deposits in the northeast Sinai are mined at the rate of about 600,000 tonnes -LRB- 590,000 long tons ; 660,000 short tons -RRB- per year .	600,000 tonnes	How much coal is mine yearly in northeast Sinai ?
In 2013 , the Egyptian General Petroleum Co -LRB- EGPC -RRB- said the country will cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis and stave off political unrest , Reuters has reported .	cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis	What efforts were made in 2013 to maintain sustainability ?
Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal , oil , natural gas , and hydro power .	coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power	What is Egypts energy market based upon ?
Economic conditions have started to improve considerably , after a period of stagnation , due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market .	improve considerably	What has been the trend lately in the Egypt economy ?
Economic conditions have started to improve considerably , after a period of stagnation , due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market .	stock market	What area of business have boomed lately in Egypt ?
A new taxation law implemented in 2005 decreased corporate taxes from 40 % to the current 20 % , resulting in a stated 100 % increase in tax revenue by the year 2006 .	decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%	What was change made to corporate taxes in 2005 ?
A new taxation law implemented in 2005 decreased corporate taxes from 40 % to the current 20 % , resulting in a stated 100 % increase in tax revenue by the year 2006 .	100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006	What ws the overall impact to tax revenue from change of corporate tax rate ?
Foreign direct investment -LRB- FDI -RRB- in Egypt increased considerably before the removal of Hosni Mubarak , exceeding $ 6 billion in 2006 , due to economic liberalisation and privatisation measures taken by minister of investment Mahmoud Mohieddin .	$6 billion	How much had FDI increased to in 2006 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011 , Egypt has experienced a drastic fall in both foreign investment and tourism revenues , followed by a 60 % drop in foreign exchange reserves , a 3 % drop in growth , and a rapid devaluation of the Egyptian pound .	drastic fall	Since 2011 direction has Forign direct investment gone ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011 , Egypt has experienced a drastic fall in both foreign investment and tourism revenues , followed by a 60 % drop in foreign exchange reserves , a 3 % drop in growth , and a rapid devaluation of the Egyptian pound .	60% drop	What has been the change in foreign exhange reserves since 2011 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011 , Egypt has experienced a drastic fall in both foreign investment and tourism revenues , followed by a 60 % drop in foreign exchange reserves , a 3 % drop in growth , and a rapid devaluation of the Egyptian pound .	3% drop	What has been the overall growth of economy since 2011 ?
Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the limited trickle down of wealth to the average population , many Egyptians criticise their government for higher prices of basic goods while their standards of living or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant .	limited trickle down	To what extent does wealth reach from affluent down to average population ?
Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the limited trickle down of wealth to the average population , many Egyptians criticise their government for higher prices of basic goods while their standards of living or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant .	government	Who do Egyptians blame for higher prices , while purchasing power and standard of living are stagnate ?
The government promised major reconstruction of the country 's infrastructure , using money paid for the newly acquired third mobile license -LRB- $ 3 billion -RRB- by Etisalat in 2006 .	newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat	Where did Egyptian plan to get funds to use for reconstruction of infrastructure ?
In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2013 , Egypt was ranked 114 out of 177 .	114 out of 177	Where did Egypt rank in Corruption perceptions Index in 2013 ?
Egypt 's most prominent multinational companies are the Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center .	Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center	What are Egypt 's 2 most prominent multinational compnaies ?
The information technology -LRB- IT -RRB- sector has expanded rapidly in the past few years , with many start-ups selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe , operating with companies such as Microsoft , Oracle and other major corporations , as well as many small and medium size enterprises .	information technology (IT)	What sector has expanded radiply by selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe ?
The IT sector has been stimulated by new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement .	new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement	What has stimulated IT sector ?
Egypt has a wide range of beaches situated on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that extend to over 3,000 km .	Mediterranean and the Red Sea	Where are Egyptian beaches situated ?
Egypt has a wide range of beaches situated on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that extend to over 3,000 km .	3,000 km	How far do Egyptian beaches extend ?
The Red Sea has serene waters , coloured coral reefs , rare fish and beautiful mountains .	Red Sea	What Egypt located body of water is known for its serenity ?
Last but not least , Sharm el-Sheikh -LRB- or City of Peace -RRB- , Hurghada , Luxor -LRB- known as world 's greatest open-air museum / or City of the 1/3 of world monuments -RRB- , Dahab , Ras Sidr , Marsa Alam , Safaga and the northern coast of the Mediterranean are major tourist 's destinations of the recreational tourism .	Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga	What locations on Egypt 's northern coast are major tourist destinations for recreational tourism ?
Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas -LRB- in 2013 -RRB- , which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries -LRB- OPEC -RRB- and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa .	691,000 bbl/d	How much oil is Egypt producing in a day ?
Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas -LRB- in 2013 -RRB- , which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries -LRB- OPEC -RRB- and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa .	2,141.05 Tcf	How much natural gas is Egypt producing in a day ?
In 2013 , Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa , as more than 20 % of total oil consumption and more than 40 % of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa .	largest consumer	Where does Egypt rank among oil and natural gas sonsumers in Africa ?
Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city , northern Egypt .	El Dabaa city	Where is Egypt planning to build is first nuclear power plant ?
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East , connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea .	The Suez Canal	What is consideredt the most important part of maritime transport in middle east ?
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East , connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea .	artificial sea-level waterway	Is the Suez Canal natural ?
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East , connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea .	Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea	What 2 bodies of water does Suez connect ?
Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work , it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa .	November 1869	When was Suez canal completed ?
The canal is 193.30 km -LRB- 120.11 mi -RRB- long , 24 m -LRB- 79 ft -RRB- deep and 205 metres -LRB- 673 ft -RRB- wide as of 2010 .	193.30 km (120.11 mi)	How long is Suez canal ?
The canal is 193.30 km -LRB- 120.11 mi -RRB- long , 24 m -LRB- 79 ft -RRB- deep and 205 metres -LRB- 673 ft -RRB- wide as of 2010 .	24 m (79 ft)	How deep is Suez canal ?
The canal is 193.30 km -LRB- 120.11 mi -RRB- long , 24 m -LRB- 79 ft -RRB- deep and 205 metres -LRB- 673 ft -RRB- wide as of 2010 .	205 metres (673 ft)	How wide is Suez canal ?
It contains no locks ; seawater flows freely through the canal .	no locks	How many locks are contained in Suez Canal ?
In general , the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer .	north in winter and south in summer	What direction does the canal north of Bitter lakes flow ?
Drinking water supply and sanitation in Egypt is characterised by both achievements and challenges .	Drinking water supply and sanitation	What basic part of civilization has been characterized by achievement and challenges ?
Among the achievements are an increase of piped water supply between 1990 and 2010 from 89 % to 100 % in urban areas and from 39 % to 93 % in rural areas despite rapid population growth , the elimination of open defecation in rural areas during the same period , and in general a relatively high level of investment in infrastructure .	89% to 100%	From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to urban areas ?
Among the achievements are an increase of piped water supply between 1990 and 2010 from 89 % to 100 % in urban areas and from 39 % to 93 % in rural areas despite rapid population growth , the elimination of open defecation in rural areas during the same period , and in general a relatively high level of investment in infrastructure .	39% to 93%	From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to rural areas ?
Access to an improved water source in Egypt is now practically universal with a rate of 99 % .	99%	Currently how much of Egypt 's population is connected to sanitary sewers ?
Partly because of low sanitation coverage about 17,000 children die each year because of diarrhoea .	diarrhoea	Because of low sanitation coverage 17,000 Egyptian children to die each year from what condition ?
Another challenge is low cost recovery due to water tariffs that are among the lowest in the world .	among the lowest in the world	Relative to other countries of world how do Egypts 's water tariffs compare ?
This in turn requires government subsidies even for operating costs , a situation that has been aggravated by salary increases without tariff increases after the Arab Spring .	government subsidies	Due to low waer tariffs , what is required to maintain water treatment operation ?
Ethnic Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in the country , constituting 91 % of the total population .	Ethnic Egyptians	What is the largest ethnic group in Egypt ?
Ethnic minorities include the Abazas , Turks , Greeks , Bedouin Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the Sinai Peninsula , the Berber-speaking Siwis -LRB- Amazigh -RRB- of the Siwa Oasis , and the Nubian communities clustered along the Nile .	Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes	What are the minorities that live in eastern deserts of Egypt ?
There are also tribal Beja communities concentrated in the south-eastern-most corner of the country , and a number of Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and Faiyum who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases .	Nile Delta and Faiyum	Where are Dom clans mostly gathered ?
Egypt also hosts an unknown number of refugees and asylum seekers , estimated to be between 500,000 and 3 million .	between 500,000 and 3 million	Approximately how many rufugees and asylum seekers are in Egypt ?
Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Cairo , Alexandria and other cities .	Cairo, Alexandria and other cities	What cities house several important Jewish archaelogical sites ?
There are some 70,000 Palestinian refugees , and about 150,000 recently arrived Iraqi refugees , but the number of the largest group , the Sudanese , is contested .	70,000	How may Palestinian refugees are in Egypt ?
There are some 70,000 Palestinian refugees , and about 150,000 recently arrived Iraqi refugees , but the number of the largest group , the Sudanese , is contested .	150,000	How many recent Iraqi refugees are in Egypt ?
The official language of the Republic is Modern Standard Arabic .	Modern Standard Arabic	What is official language of Egypt ?
Additionally , Greek , Armenian and Italian are the main languages of immigrants .	Greek, Armenian and Italian	What are main laguages of immigrants ?
In Alexandria in the 19th century there was a large community of Italian Egyptians and Italian was the `` lingua franca '' of the city .	Alexandria	In the 19th century , what city of Egypt was a large community of Italian Egyptians ?
The spoken languages are : Egyptian Arabic -LRB- 68 % -RRB- , Sa'idi Arabic -LRB- 29 % -RRB- , Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic -LRB- 1.6 % -RRB- , Sudanese Arabic -LRB- 0.6 % -RRB- , Domari -LRB- 0.3 % -RRB- , Nobiin -LRB- 0.3 % -RRB- , Beja -LRB- 0.1 % -RRB- , Siwi and others .	Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%)	What are the three most spoken languages in Egypt ?
Although Egypt was a majority Christian country before the 7th Century , after Islam arrived , the country was slowly Islamified to become a majority Muslim country .	Christian	Prior to 7th century , what was primary religion of Egypt ?
Under Anwar Sadat , Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law .	Sharia	What became the main source of law with increasing Islamic influence in Egypt ?
Under Anwar Sadat , Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law .	Anwar Sadat	Under what leader did Islam become official religion of Egypt ?
Of the Christian minority in Egypt over 90 % belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria , an Oriental Orthodox Christian Church .	Coptic Orthodox Church	What church do 90 % of Christian minority in Egypt belong ?
Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria , such as the Syro-Lebanese , who belong to Greek Catholic , Greek Orthodox , and Maronite Catholic denominations .	urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria	Where are other Non-native Christian communities found ?
Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria , such as the Syro-Lebanese , who belong to Greek Catholic , Greek Orthodox , and Maronite Catholic denominations .	Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations	What do Syro-Lebanese belong to ?
Egypt recognises only three religions : Islam , Christianity , and Judaism .	Islam, Christianity, and Judaism	What 3 religions does Egypt recognise ?
Other faiths and minority Muslim sects practised by Egyptians , such as the small Bahá ' í and Ahmadi community , are not recognised by the state and face persecution since they are labelled as far right groups that threaten Egypt 's national security .	are not recognised by the state	What recognition do Baha'i and Hmadi community get from Egyptian government ?
A 2008 court ruling allowed members of unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank .	2008	Until what year did some minorities need to lie about religion or not get mandatory state issued ID ?
Egyptian blue , also known as calcium copper silicate is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years .	Egyptian blue	What color was frequently used in Egyptian designs ?
The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings .	wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs	What art required adherence to rigid code ?
The Cairo Opera House serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital .	The Cairo Opera House	What is the main performing arts venue in Egyptian capital ?
Well-known examples are the Pyramid of Djoser designed by ancient architect and engineer Imhotep , the Sphinx , and the temple of Abu Simbel .	Imhotep	Who designed the Pyramid of Djoser ?
Indeed , the Egyptians were the first culture to develop literature as we know it today , that is , the book .	Egyptians	Who was the first to develop literature ?
Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature , and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Middle East .	modern styles	What syles did writers in Arabic literature experiment with first ?
The first modern Egyptian novel Zaynab by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular .	Zaynab	What was the first modern Egyptian novel ?
The first modern Egyptian novel Zaynab by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular .	1913	When was Munammad Huayn Haykal 's first modern novel published ?
In 1936 , Studio Misr , financed by industrialist Talaat Harb , emerged as the leading Egyptian studio , a role the company retained for three decades .	Talaat Harb	Who financed Studio Misr ?
For over 100 years , more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt , three quarters of the total Arab production .	4000 films	In more that 100 years how many films have been produced in Egypt ?
In 1936 , Studio Misr , financed by industrialist Talaat Harb , emerged as the leading Egyptian studio , a role the company retained for three decades .	1936	In what year was Studio Misr founded ?
For over 100 years , more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt , three quarters of the total Arab production .	three quarters	What share of Arab productions have come from Egypt ?
Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous , Mediterranean , African and Western elements .	indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western	What elements mix for Egyptian music ?
The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods Hathor with the invention of music , which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world .	Hathor	Who is credited with invention of music by ancient Egyptians ?
Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu El Hamouli , Almaz and Mahmoud Osman , who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish , Umm Kulthum , Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez whose age is considered the golden age of music in Egypt and the whole Middle East and North-Africa .	Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez	What artist are considered the golden age of Egyptian music ?
Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir .	Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir	What is more contemporary Egyptian Pop Singer ?
It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras , starting from prehistoric age to the modern age , passing through so many ages such as ; Pharonic , Roman , Greek , Islamic and many other ages .	prehistoric	What is the oldest era in Egypt ?
Because of this wide variation of ages , the continuous contact with other nations and the big number of conflicts Egypt had been through , at least 60 museums may be found in Egypt , mainly covering a wide area of these ages and conflicts .	at least 60	How many museums are found in Egypt ?
It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras , starting from prehistoric age to the modern age , passing through so many ages such as ; Pharonic , Roman , Greek , Islamic and many other ages .	Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic	What are some examples of Ages in Egypt ?
Some consider koshari -LRB- a mixture of rice , lentils , and macaroni -RRB- to be the national dish .	mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni	What is koshari ?
Fried onions can be also added to koshari .	Fried onions	What can be added to koshari ?
Garlic fried with coriander is added to mulukhiyya , a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves , sometimes with chicken or rabbit .	mulukhiyya	What is a polular green soup of Egypt ?
Fava bean is also used in making falafel -LRB- also known as `` ta ` meyya '' -RRB- , which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East .	Fava bean	What beans are used to make falafel ?
Football is the most popular national sport of Egypt .	Football	What is the most popular sport in Egypt ?
The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa , and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world .	The Cairo Derby	What is one of the toughest derbies in the world , run in Egypt ?
With twenty titles , Al Ahly is currently the world 's most successful club in terms of international trophies , surpassing Italy 's A.C. Milan and Argentina 's Boca Juniors , both having eighteen .	Al Ahly	In terms of international trophies , whos is the most successful club ?
the last one was 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which took place between 24 September - 16 October 2009 .	2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup	What was the last international competition Egypt hosted ?
On Friday 19 September of the year 2014 , Guinness World Records has announced that Egyptian scuba diver Ahmed Gabr is the new title holder for deepest salt water scuba dive , at 332.35 metres .	Ahmed Gabr	Who holds Guiness record for Deepest salt water scuba dive ?
The 14-hour feat took Gabr 1,066 feet down into the abyss near the Egyptian town of Dahab in ther Red Sea , where he works as a diving instructor .	1,066 feet down	How deep did Gabr dive ?
The 14-hour feat took Gabr 1,066 feet down into the abyss near the Egyptian town of Dahab in ther Red Sea , where he works as a diving instructor .	Red Sea	In what body of water did Gabr dive ?
Mosaic has a long history , starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC .	the 3rd millennium BC	What millennium did Mosaic start ?
Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece ; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times , both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome .	Pebble mosaics	What kind of mosaic were made in Tiryns ?
Roman and Byzantine influence led Jews to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics .	Byzantine	Who besides the Romans did the Jewish people get influenced by ?
Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance , though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique .	the Renaissance	When did mosaic fall out of fashion ?
Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries ; that tradition was adopted by the Norman kingdom in Sicily in the 12th century , by eastern-influenced Venice , and among the Rus in Ukraine .	Sicily	The Norman kingdomwas in what italian city state ?
Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns ; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae , and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës , Albania in 1916 , is an early figural example ; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC .	Bronze age	The pebble mosaics found at Tiyns are from what age ?
Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns ; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae , and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës , Albania in 1916 , is an early figural example ; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC .	Albania	The Beauty of Durres is in what country ?
Pliny the Elder mentions the artist Sosus of Pergamon by name , describing his mosaics of the food left on a floor after a feast and of a group of doves drinking from a bowl .	Pergamon	The famous artists Sosus was from what area ?
Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns ; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae , and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës , Albania in 1916 , is an early figural example ; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC .	the 3rd century BC	When was the Greek figure style mostly formed ?
Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns ; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae , and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës , Albania in 1916 , is an early figural example ; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC .	the 4th-century BC	When was the famous mosaic `` The Beauty of Durres '' created ?
Greek figural mosaics could have been copied or adapted paintings , a far more prestigious artform , and the style was enthusiastically adopted by the Romans so that large floor mosaics enriched the floors of Hellenistic villas and Roman dwellings from Britain to Dura-Europos .	paintings	What common artform is far more prestigious than mosaic ?
Greek figural mosaics could have been copied or adapted paintings , a far more prestigious artform , and the style was enthusiastically adopted by the Romans so that large floor mosaics enriched the floors of Hellenistic villas and Roman dwellings from Britain to Dura-Europos .	the Romans	Which culture adapted the use of mosaics for large ground coverings in their villas ?
Most recorded names of Roman mosaic workers are Greek , suggesting they dominated high quality work across the empire ; no doubt most ordinary craftsmen were slaves .	Greek	Most names of Roman mosaic workers are what nationality ?
Most recorded names of Roman mosaic workers are Greek , suggesting they dominated high quality work across the empire ; no doubt most ordinary craftsmen were slaves .	slaves	Often regular everyday craftsman were most likely what ?
Splendid mosaic floors are found in Roman villas across North Africa , in places such as Carthage , and can still be seen in the extensive collection in Bardo Museum in Tunis , Tunisia .	North Africa	Carthage and Tunisia are in what general area ?
There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic : opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae , typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less , and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support .	opus vermiculatum	What type of mosaic uses small tesserae ?
Often small panels called emblemata were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work .	emblemata	What were small panel mosaics known as ?
The normal technique was opus tessellatum , using larger tesserae , which was laid on site .	opus tessellatum	What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tesserae ?
The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail , and an approach to the illusionism of painting .	very fine detail	What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic ?
There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background , which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work .	cheaper than fully coloured work	Why were black and white pieces used in most italian mosaics ?
In Rome , Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea , built 64 AD , and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites .	Nero	Which caesar hired builders to construct the Domus Aurea ?
However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression .	the Christian era	When did figure wall mosaics become the highest form of artistic expression ?
In Rome , Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea , built 64 AD , and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites .	Rome	The church of Santa Costanza is in what country ?
In Rome , Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea , built 64 AD , and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites .	64 AD	When was the Domus Aurea constructed ?
The Roman church of Santa Costanza , which served as a mausoleum for one or more of the Imperial family , has both religious mosaic and decorative secular ceiling mosaics on a round vault , which probably represent the style of contemporary palace decoration .	a mausoleum	The imperial family of Rome used the church of Santa Costanza as what ?
The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world , and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site .	Sicily	In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world ?
The large villa rustica , which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian , was built largely in the early 4th century .	Emperor Maximian	Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica ?
The mosaics were covered and protected for 700 years by a landslide that occurred in the 12th Century .	a landslide	What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries ?
The most important pieces are the Circus Scene , the 64m long Great Hunting Scene , the Little Hunt , the Labours of Hercules and the famous Bikini Girls , showing women undertaking a range of sporting activities in garments that resemble 20th Century bikinis .	64m	How long is the hunting scene at the villa rustica ?
Other important examples of Roman mosaic art in Sicily were unearthed on the Piazza Vittoria in Palermo where two houses were discovered .	Piazza Vittoria in Palermo	Where in Sicily were the `` Orpheus , '' and the `` Four Seasons '' discovered ?
In 1913 the Zliten mosaic , a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests , hunting and everyday life , was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten .	gladiatorial contests	What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic ?
In 1913 the Zliten mosaic , a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests , hunting and everyday life , was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten .	1913	When was the Zliten mosaic discovered ?
In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna , Libya , uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD .	30 ft	How long was the mural discovered in Libya ?
In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna , Libya , uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD .	1st or 2nd century AD	The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century ?
The gladiator mosaic is noted by scholars as one of the finest examples of mosaic art ever seen -- a `` masterpiece comparable in quality with the Alexander Mosaic in Pompeii . ''	Pompeii	The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city ?
With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century , wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses .	the late 4th century	Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches ?
The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived , but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana , both from the 4th century , still exist .	Santa Pudenziana	What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century ?
The winemaking putti in the ambulatory of Santa Constanza still follow the classical tradition in that they represent the feast of Bacchus , which symbolizes transformation or change , and are thus appropriate for a mausoleum , the original function of this building .	a mausoleum	What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church ?
The so-called Tomb of the Julii , near the crypt beneath St Peter 's Basilica , is a 4th-century vaulted tomb with wall and ceiling mosaics that are given Christian interpretations .	St Peter's Basilica	In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii ?
In another great Constantinian basilica , the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem the original mosaic floor with typical Roman geometric motifs is partially preserved .	Constantinian	Under what period were the 4th century churches built ?
Milan also served as the capital of the western empire in the 4th century .	Milan	Which city besides Ravenna served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire ?
The surviving apse mosaic of the Basilica of Sant ` Ambrogio , which shows Christ enthroned between Saint Gervasius and Saint Protasius and angels before a golden background date back to the 5th and to the 8th century , although it was restored many times later .	apse	What is the name of the mosaic in the Basilica of Sant ` Ambrogio ?
In the small shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro , now a chapel of Sant ` Ambrogio , every surface is covered with mosaics from the second half of the 5th century .	the 5th century	The shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro had mosaics from which century ?
In the St Aquilinus Chapel of the Basilica of San Lorenzo , mosaics executed in the late 4th and early 5th centuries depict Christ with the Apostles and the Abduction of Elijah ; these mosaics are outstanding for their bright colors , naturalism and adherence to the classical canons of order and proportion .	Elijah	Who do the mosaics at the the basilica of San Lorenzo depict as being abducted ?
The baptistery of the basilica , which was demolished in the 15th century , had a vault covered with gold-leaf tesserae , large quantities of which were found when the site was excavated .	the 15th century	When was the baptistry at the Basilica of Sant ` Ambrogio demolished ?
In the 5th-century Ravenna , the capital of the Western Roman Empire , became the center of late Roman mosaic art .	Ravenna	In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire ?
The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425 -- 430 .	425–430	What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics ?
Another great building established by Galla Placidia was the church of San Giovanni Evangelista .	the church of San Giovanni Evangelista	What other famous landmark in Ravenna was established by Galla Placidia ?
She erected it in fulfillment of a vow that she made having escaped from a deadly storm in 425 on the sea voyage from Constantinople to Ravenna .	fulfillment of a vow	Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista ?
They are known only from Renaissance sources because almost all were destroyed in 1747 .	1747	When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed ?
After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire -LRB- Byzantine Empire -RRB- and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna .	After 539	When was Ravenna conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire ?
The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century .	the second half of the 6th century	When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place ?
The mosaic depicting Emperor Saint Justinian I and Empress Theodora in the Basilica of San Vitale were executed shortly after the Byzantine conquest .	the Byzantine conquest	What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale ?
The mosaics of the Basilica of Sant ` Apollinare in Classe were made around 549 .	549	When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant ` Apollinare created ?
The anti-Arian theme is obvious in the apse mosaic of San Michele in Affricisco , executed in 545 -- 547 -LRB- largely destroyed ; the remains in Berlin -RRB- .	Berlin	Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele ?
The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint , Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation , dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century .	almost a generation	The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry ?
The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint , Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation , dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century .	Albania	In what country is Butrint ?
A variety of fish , a crab , a lobster , shrimps , mushrooms , flowers , a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions , which reads : In fulfilment of the vow -LRB- prayer -RRB- of those whose names God knows .	prayer	What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint ?
The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint , Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation , dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century .	Butrint	The Vrina Plain basilica is in which city ?
The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures , birds , terrestrial beasts , fruits , flowers , trees and abstracts -- designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God 's creation .	a terrestrial paradise	What was the mosaic at Butrint designed to portray ?
The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God 's creation ; some elements also have specific connotations .	natural life	What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance ?
The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist , the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation .	the eucharist	What do the katharos vase and vine refer to ?
Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection ; shown eating or drinking from the vase they indicate the route to eternal life .	paradise and resurrection	What do peacocks represent in Christian symbolism ?
Water-birds and fish and other sea-creatures can indicate baptism as well as the members of the Church who are christened .	baptism	What do most sea-creatures represent in Christina symbolism ?
Deer or stags were commonly used as images of the faithful aspiring to Christ : `` As a heart desireth the water brook , so my souls longs for thee , O God . ''	the faithful aspiring to Christ	What did deers or stags represent in Christian Symbolism ?
Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome , gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the Early Middle Ages .	the Early Middle Ages	When did conditions become difficult for mosaic art in Rome ?
In the apse mosaic of Sant ` Agata dei Goti -LRB- 462 -- 472 , destroyed in 1589 -RRB- Christ was seated on a globe with the twelve Apostles flanking him , six on either side .	1589	When was the mosaic of Sant ` Agata dei Goti destroyed ?
All three mosaics had a similar iconography .	iconography	What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics ?
The original 5th-century apse mosaic of the Santa Sabina was replaced by a very similar fresco by Taddeo Zuccari in 1559 .	1559	When was the mosaic at Santa Sabina replaced with a fresco ?
The original 5th-century apse mosaic of the Santa Sabina was replaced by a very similar fresco by Taddeo Zuccari in 1559 .	Taddeo Zuccari	Who was the artist that painted the fresco that replaced the mosaic at Santa Sobina ?
In the 7th -- 9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art , noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede , Santa Maria in Domnica , Sant ` Agnese fuori le Mura , Santa Cecilia in Trastevere , Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano .	the 7th–9th centuries	During which centuries did ROme fall under the influence of Byzantine art ?
The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in the Lateran Palace was also decorated with mosaics .	mosaics	The lateran Palace was decorated with what ?
They were all destroyed later except for one example , the so-called Triclinio Leoniano of which a copy was made in the 18th century .	They were all destroyed later	What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common ?
They were all destroyed later except for one example , the so-called Triclinio Leoniano of which a copy was made in the 18th century .	Triclinio Leoniano	Which mosaic survived through the 9th century , and then had a copy made in the 18th ?
Pope Paschal I -LRB- 817 -- 824 -RRB- embellished the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco with an apsidal mosaic which depicted the pope with a model of the church -LRB- destroyed in 1607 -RRB- .	1607	When was the mosaic at the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco destroyed ?
Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople which was commissioned during Justinian 's reign .	during Justinian's reign	When were the mosaics at the Great Palace of Constantinople commissioned ?
The portrait of a moustached man , probably a Gothic chieftain , is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinianian age .	The portrait of a moustached man	What is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinian age ?
The so-called small sekreton of the palace was built during Justin II 's reign around 565 -- 577 .	small sekreton	What was the small vaulted room in the Great Palace of Constantinople called ?
The vine scroll motifs are very similar to those in the Santa Constanza and they still closely follow the Classical tradition .	Classical	Vine Scroll motifs are classified under what kind of tradition ?
There are remains of floral decoration in the Church of the Acheiropoietos in Thessaloniki -LRB- 5th -- 6th centuries -RRB- .	5th–6th centuries	When were the mosaics at the church in Thessaloniki created ?
Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century .	Very few	How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century ?
Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty -LRB- or Ezekiel 's Vision -RRB- mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times .	Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision)	The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what ?
Nine mosaic panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church , which were made between 634 and 730 , also escaped destruction .	between 634 and 730	When were the panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church created ?
Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty -LRB- or Ezekiel 's Vision -RRB- mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times .	hidden behind mortar	Why was Christ in majesty protected from the iconoclastic destruction ?
Unusually almost all represent Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki , often with suppliants before him .	almost all represent Saint Demetrius	What is common about the surviving mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries ?
The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople -LRB- after 740 -RRB- .	gold mosaics with only one great cross	What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches ?
In the Iconoclastic era , figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry .	condemned as idolatry	Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era ?
The crosses were substituted with the image of the Theotokos in both churches after the victory of the Iconodules -LRB- 787 -- 797 and in 8th -- 9th centuries respectively , the Dormition church was totally destroyed in 1922 -RRB- .	787–797	When did the Iconodules change the cross in the Hagia Sophia ?
The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople -LRB- after 740 -RRB- .	after 740	When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics ?
The crosses were substituted with the image of the Theotokos in both churches after the victory of the Iconodules -LRB- 787 -- 797 and in 8th -- 9th centuries respectively , the Dormition church was totally destroyed in 1922 -RRB- .	1922	When was the Dormition church destroyed ?
The Nea Moni Monastery on Chios was established by Constantine Monomachos in 1043 -- 1056 .	Chios	Where is the Nea Moni Monastery located ?
The Nea Moni Monastery on Chios was established by Constantine Monomachos in 1043 -- 1056 .	Constantine Monomachos	Who established the Nea Moni Monastery ?
The Nea Moni Monastery on Chios was established by Constantine Monomachos in 1043 -- 1056 .	1043–1056	When was the Nea Moni Monastery established ?
The exceptional mosaic decoration of the dome showing probably the nine orders of the angels was destroyed in 1822 but other panels survived -LRB- Theotokos with raised hands , four evangelists with seraphim , scenes from Christ 's life and an interesting Anastasis where King Salomon bears resemblance to Constantine Monomachos -RRB- .	1822	When was the mosaic at the Nea Moni Monastery destroyed ?
In comparison with Osios Loukas Nea Moni mosaics contain more figures , detail , landscape and setting .	Osios Loukas	The Nea Moni mosaics are more detailed than what what other famous mosaics ?
Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048 .	Constantine Monomachos	Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040 's ?
Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel , who visited Jerusalem in 1106 -- 1107 left a description : `` Lively mosaics of the holy prophets are under the ceiling , over the tribune .	the Russian abbot Daniel	Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre ?
Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel , who visited Jerusalem in 1106 -- 1107 left a description : `` Lively mosaics of the holy prophets are under the ceiling , over the tribune .	Nothing	What survives of the mosaics that adorned the walls and dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre ?
Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel , who visited Jerusalem in 1106 -- 1107 left a description : `` Lively mosaics of the holy prophets are under the ceiling , over the tribune .	Jerusalem	Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07 ?
The 9th - and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks .	The 9th- and 10th-century	When were the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia created ?
The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets , saints and patriarchs .	prophets, saints and patriarchs	The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed ?
The emperor gives a bulging money sack to Christ as a donation for the church .	a bulging money sack	What does the Empress give to Christ as depicted by the mosaic ?
A mosaic panel on the gallery shows Christ with Constantine Monomachos and Empress Zoe -LRB- 1042 -- 1055 -RRB- .	1055	When did the Empress Zoe die ?
A mosaic panel on the gallery shows Christ with Constantine Monomachos and Empress Zoe -LRB- 1042 -- 1055 -RRB- .	Constantine Monomachos	Who was depicted with the Empress Zoe on a panel in the gallery of the Hagia Sophia ?
There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression .	accidents of survival	Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period ?
The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos -LRB- 1122 -- 34 -RRB- .	Hagia Sophia	Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople ?
The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos -LRB- 1122 -- 34 -RRB- .	the Theotokos	What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict ?
There is only a `` Communion of the Apostles '' in the apse of the cathedral of Serres .	the cathedral of Serres	The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church ?
In these icons the small tesserae -LRB- with sides of 1 mm or less -RRB- were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel .	1 mm or less	How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons ?
In these icons the small tesserae -LRB- with sides of 1 mm or less -RRB- were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel .	wax or resin	What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons ?
The miniature mosaic of Christ in the Museo Nazionale at Florence illustrates the more gentle , humanistic conception of Christ which appeared in the 12th century .	in the 12th century	The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when ?
These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion .	private devotion	What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons ?
The Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki was built in 1310 -- 14 .	1310–14	When was the Church of the Holy Apostles built ?
Although some vandal systematically removed the gold tesserae of the background it can be seen that the Pantokrator and the prophets in the dome follow the traditional Byzantine pattern .	some vandal	Who removed the gold tesserae in the background of the mosaic at the Church of the Holy Apostles ?
Another building with a related mosaic decoration is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church in Arta .	Arta	Where is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church located ?
The church was established by the Despot of Epirus in 1294 -- 96 .	the Despot of Epirus	Who established the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church in 1294-96 ?
Many details are similar to the Pammakaristos mosaics so it is supposed that the same team of mosaicists worked in both buildings .	Pammakaristos	The same team of mosaicists worked on the Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki as which other building ?
The greatest mosaic work of the Palaeologan renaissance in art is the decoration of the Chora Church in Constantinople .	the Chora Church in Constantinople	where is the greatest mosaic work of the renaissance ?
Although the mosaics of the naos have not survived except three panels , the decoration of the exonarthex and the esonarthex constitute the most important full-scale mosaic cycle in Constantinople after the Hagia Sophia .	three	How many mosaic panels from naos have survived ?
Although the mosaics of the naos have not survived except three panels , the decoration of the exonarthex and the esonarthex constitute the most important full-scale mosaic cycle in Constantinople after the Hagia Sophia .	the Hagia Sophia	The panels of naos are only capped in importance by which other location ?
They were executed around 1320 by the command of Theodore Metochites .	Theodore Metochites	Who commissioned the mosaics at naos ?
These panels show the influence of the Italian trecento on Byzantine art especially the more natural settings , landscapes , figures .	Italian trecento	The panels from naos show what influence on Byzantine art .
The last great period of Roman mosaic art was the 12th -- 13th century when Rome developed its own distinctive artistic style , free from the strict rules of eastern tradition and with a more realistic portrayal of figures in the space .	the 12th–13th century	When was the last period of Roman mosaic art ?
Well-known works of this period are the floral mosaics of the Basilica di San Clemente , the façade of Santa Maria in Trastevere and San Paolo fuori le Mura .	Trastevere	Where is the church of Santa maria ?
The beautiful apse mosaic of Santa Maria in Trastevere -LRB- 1140 -RRB- depicts Christ and Mary sitting next to each other on the heavenly throne , the first example of this iconographic scheme .	Christ and Mary	Who does the facade at the Santa Maria church depict ?
The mosaics of Torriti and Jacopo da Camerino in the apse of San Giovanni in Laterano from 1288 -- 94 were thoroughly restored in 1884 .	in 1884	When were the mosaics at Torriti and Jacopo fully restored ?
There is an interesting mosaic medaillon from 1210 above the gate of the church of San Tommaso in Formis showing Christ enthroned between a white and a black slave .	1210	What year was the medallion above the gate of the church of San Tommaso ?
The great Navicella mosaic -LRB- 1305 -- 1313 -RRB- in the atrium of the Old St. Peter 's is attributed to Giotto di Bondone .	Giotto di Bondone	Who created the Navicella mosaic in the Old St. Peter 's church ?
The giant mosaic , commissioned by Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi , was originally situated on the eastern porch of the old basilica and occupied the whole wall above the entrance arcade facing the courtyard .	Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi	Who commissioned the Navicella mosaic ?
It depicted St. Peter walking on the waters .	St. Peter	Who did the navicella mosaic depict walking on water ?
This extraordinary work was mainly destroyed during the construction of the new St. Peter 's in the 17th century .	the 17th	What century was the majority of the Navicella mosaic destroyed ?
Navicella means `` little ship '' referring to the large boat which dominated the scene , and whose sail , filled by the storm , loomed over the horizon .	"little ship"	Navicella means what in Italian ?
The Norman kings adopted the Byzantine tradition of mosaic decoration to enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule .	enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule	Why did the Normans adopt a Byzantine art style ?
The heyday of mosaic making in Sicily was the age of the independent Norman kingdom in the 12th century .	the 12th century	when was the height of mosaic art in sicily ?
Greek masters working in Sicily developed their own style , that shows the influence of Western European and Islamic artistic tendencies .	Greek masters working in Sicily	Who was influenced by Western European and Islamic tendencies ?
The Norman kings adopted the Byzantine tradition of mosaic decoration to enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule .	Norman kings	Who adopted the Byzantine mosaic tradition ?
Greek masters working in Sicily developed their own style , that shows the influence of Western European and Islamic artistic tendencies .	Sicily	The Martorana church is an example of the best mosaic art in what part italy ?
The Martorana church -LRB- decorated around 1143 -RRB- looked originally even more Byzantine although important parts were later demolished .	around 1143	When was the Martorana church decorated ?
The dome mosaic is similar to that of the Cappella Palatina , with Christ enthroned in the middle and four bowed , elongated angels .	Christ	Who is featured in the mosaic at the Martorana church ?
The Greek inscriptions , decorative patterns , and evangelists in the squinches are obviously executed by the same Greek masters who worked on the Cappella Palatina .	the Cappella Palatina	The Martorana church was likely decorated by the same greek masters who decorated which church ?
The mosaic depicting Roger II of Sicily , dressed in Byzantine imperial robes and receiving the crown by Christ , was originally in the demolished narthex together with another panel , the Theotokos with Georgios of Antiochia , the founder of the church .	Georgios of Antiochia	Who was the founder of the Martorana church ?
The mosaic depicting Roger II of Sicily , dressed in Byzantine imperial robes and receiving the crown by Christ , was originally in the demolished narthex together with another panel , the Theotokos with Georgios of Antiochia , the founder of the church .	Roger II	Who is receiving a crown from christ in the mosaic originally in the narthex ?
The Monreale mosaics constitute the largest decoration of this kind in Italy , covering 0,75 hectares with at least 100 million glass and stone tesserae .	The Monreale mosaics	What is the name of the largest mosaics in Italy ?
The Monreale mosaics constitute the largest decoration of this kind in Italy , covering 0,75 hectares with at least 100 million glass and stone tesserae .	100 million	At least how many tesserae are used in the the Monreale mosaics ?
This huge work was executed between 1176 and 1186 by the order of King William II of Sicily .	King William II of Sicily	Who commissioned the Monreale mosaics between 1176 and 1186 ?
The Martorana mosaic of Roger II blessed by Christ was repeated with the figure of King William II instead of his predecessor .	King William II	Who is displayed getting crowned by christ in the Monreale mosaics ?
Another panel shows the king offering the model of the cathedral to the Theotokos .	the model of the cathedral	What is the king offering Theotokos in the Monreale mosaics ?
Southern Italy was also part of the Norman kingdom but great mosaics did not survive in this area except the fine mosaic pavement of the Otranto Cathedral from 1166 , with mosaics tied into a tree of life , mostly still preserved .	Southern	What region of italy was part of the Norman empire ?
Southern Italy was also part of the Norman kingdom but great mosaics did not survive in this area except the fine mosaic pavement of the Otranto Cathedral from 1166 , with mosaics tied into a tree of life , mostly still preserved .	pavement of the Otranto Cathedral	The only surviving mosaic from Norman held souther Italy is what ?
The mosaic ambos in the churches of Ravello prove that mosaic art was widespread in Southern Italy during the 11th -- 13th centuries .	mosaic art was widespread	The mosaics in churches of Ravello prove what ?
Southern Italy was also part of the Norman kingdom but great mosaics did not survive in this area except the fine mosaic pavement of the Otranto Cathedral from 1166 , with mosaics tied into a tree of life , mostly still preserved .	1166	What year were the mosaic pavements installed at the Otranto Cathedral ?
Only fragments survived from the original mosaic decoration of Amalfi 's Norman Cathedral .	Only fragments	What survives from the mosaics of Amalfi 's Norman Cathedral ?
In parts of Italy , which were under eastern artistic influences , like Sicily and Venice , mosaic making never went out of fashion in the Middle Ages .	Venice	Which area in Italy besides Sicily did mosaic art not go out of fashion in the middle ages ?
The whole interior of the St Mark 's Basilica in Venice is clad with elaborate , golden mosaics .	St Mark's Basilica	Which church in Venice is decorated with elaborate golden mosaics ?
The oldest scenes were executed by Greek masters in the late 11th century but the majority of the mosaics are works of local artists from the 12th -- 13th centuries .	the late 11th century	When were the oldest scenes in St. Mark 's mosaics completed ?
The oldest scenes were executed by Greek masters in the late 11th century but the majority of the mosaics are works of local artists from the 12th -- 13th centuries .	local artists	The majority of the mosaics in Venice were created by who ?
One hundred and ten scenes of mosaics in the atrium of St Mark 's were based directly on the miniatures of the Cotton Genesis , a Byzantine manuscript that was brought to Venice after the sack of Constantinople -LRB- 1204 -RRB- .	1204	When was the sack of Constantinople ?
Other important Venetian mosaics can be found in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta in Torcello from the 12th century , and in the Basilical of Santi Maria e Donato in Murano with a restored apse mosaic from the 12th century and a beautiful mosaic pavement -LRB- 1140 -RRB- .	Torcello	Where is the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta ?
Other important Venetian mosaics can be found in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta in Torcello from the 12th century , and in the Basilical of Santi Maria e Donato in Murano with a restored apse mosaic from the 12th century and a beautiful mosaic pavement -LRB- 1140 -RRB- .	the 12th century	When were the mosaics in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta built ?
Other important Venetian mosaics can be found in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta in Torcello from the 12th century , and in the Basilical of Santi Maria e Donato in Murano with a restored apse mosaic from the 12th century and a beautiful mosaic pavement -LRB- 1140 -RRB- .	Murano	Where is the Basilica of Santi Maria e Donato located ?
When the church was demolished in the 19th century , the mosaic was bought by Frederick William IV of Prussia .	Frederick William IV of Prussia	Who purchased the 13th century mosaic from the the San Cipriano Church ?
It was reassembled in the Friedenskirche of Potsdam in the 1840s .	the Friedenskirche of Potsdam	Where did Frederick William IV relocate the mural he purchased ?
The Abbot of Monte Cassino , Desiderius sent envoys to Constantinople some time after 1066 to hire expert Byzantine mosaicists for the decoration of the rebuilt abbey church .	The Abbot of Monte Cassino	Who hired Byzantine experts to decorate a rebuilt abbey church ?
The Abbot of Monte Cassino , Desiderius sent envoys to Constantinople some time after 1066 to hire expert Byzantine mosaicists for the decoration of the rebuilt abbey church .	1066	After what time did the Abbot of Monte Cassino send for Byzantine mosaicists ?
Their work was admired by contemporaries but was totally destroyed in later centuries except two fragments depicting greyhounds -LRB- now in the Monte Cassino Museum -RRB- .	greyhounds	What animal was on the only surviving mosaics created by the greeks at the rebuilt abbey ?
Their work was admired by contemporaries but was totally destroyed in later centuries except two fragments depicting greyhounds -LRB- now in the Monte Cassino Museum -RRB- .	in the Monte Cassino Museum	Where are the only remaining greek mosaic panels now kept ?
Sometimes not only church interiors but façades were also decorated with mosaics in Italy like in the case of the St Mark 's Basilica in Venice -LRB- mainly from the 17th -- 19th centuries , but the oldest one from 1270 -- 75 , `` The burial of St Mark in the first basilica '' -RRB- , the Cathedral of Orvieto -LRB- golden Gothic mosaics from the 14th century , many times redone -RRB- and the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca -LRB- huge , striking golden mosaic representing the Ascension of Christ with the apostles below , designed by Berlinghiero Berlinghieri in the 13th century -RRB- .	façades were also decorated	What was special about St Mark 's Basilica in Venice ?
Sometimes not only church interiors but façades were also decorated with mosaics in Italy like in the case of the St Mark 's Basilica in Venice -LRB- mainly from the 17th -- 19th centuries , but the oldest one from 1270 -- 75 , `` The burial of St Mark in the first basilica '' -RRB- , the Cathedral of Orvieto -LRB- golden Gothic mosaics from the 14th century , many times redone -RRB- and the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca -LRB- huge , striking golden mosaic representing the Ascension of Christ with the apostles below , designed by Berlinghiero Berlinghieri in the 13th century -RRB- .	from 1270–75	When was the latest addition to the facade at St Mark 's Basilica in Venice ?
Sometimes not only church interiors but façades were also decorated with mosaics in Italy like in the case of the St Mark 's Basilica in Venice -LRB- mainly from the 17th -- 19th centuries , but the oldest one from 1270 -- 75 , `` The burial of St Mark in the first basilica '' -RRB- , the Cathedral of Orvieto -LRB- golden Gothic mosaics from the 14th century , many times redone -RRB- and the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca -LRB- huge , striking golden mosaic representing the Ascension of Christ with the apostles below , designed by Berlinghiero Berlinghieri in the 13th century -RRB- .	the 14th	the Cathedral of Orvieto has a mosaic facade , done first in which century ?
The Cathedral of Spoleto is also decorated on the upper façade with a huge mosaic portraying the Blessing Christ -LRB- signed by one Solsternus from 1207 -RRB- .	Solsternus	The Cathedral of Spoleto is signed by who ?
Sometimes not only church interiors but façades were also decorated with mosaics in Italy like in the case of the St Mark 's Basilica in Venice -LRB- mainly from the 17th -- 19th centuries , but the oldest one from 1270 -- 75 , `` The burial of St Mark in the first basilica '' -RRB- , the Cathedral of Orvieto -LRB- golden Gothic mosaics from the 14th century , many times redone -RRB- and the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca -LRB- huge , striking golden mosaic representing the Ascension of Christ with the apostles below , designed by Berlinghiero Berlinghieri in the 13th century -RRB- .	Christ	the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca has a large golden mosaic facade depicting which figure ?
Only scant remains prove that mosaics were still used in the Early Middle Ages .	scant remains	What proves mosaics were used in the early middle ages ?
The Abbey of Saint-Martial in Limoges , originally an important place of pilgrimage , was totally demolished during the French Revolution except its crypt which was rediscovered in the 1960s .	Limoges	Where is the Abbey of Saint-Martial ?
The Abbey of Saint-Martial in Limoges , originally an important place of pilgrimage , was totally demolished during the French Revolution except its crypt which was rediscovered in the 1960s .	the 1960s	When was the crypt of the Abbey of Saint-Martial re-discovered ?
This could also be the case with the early 9th century mosaic found under the Basilica of Saint-Quentin in Picardy , where antique motifs are copied but using only simple colors .	9th century mosaic	What was found under the Basilica of Saint-Quentin ?
The mosaics in the Cathedral of Saint-Jean at Lyon have been dated to the 11th century because they employ the same non-antique simple colors .	simple colors	What common element do mosaic panels from the 11th century have ?
Later fresco replaced the more labor-intensive technique of mosaic in Western-Europe , although mosaics were sometimes used as decoration on medieval cathedrals .	fresco	What would replace the labor intensive technique of mosaic ?
The mosaic was almost totally destroyed together with the basilica in the 17th century .	the 17th century	When was the the mosaic at the Royal Basilica of Hungarian Kings destroyed ?
It was executed by Venetian craftsmen .	Venetian craftsmen	Who created the Last judgement mosaic in the St. Vitus Cathedral ?
The Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings in Székesfehérvár -LRB- Alba Regia -RRB- had a mosaic decoration in the apse .	Alba Regia	What is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings also known as ?
The Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings in Székesfehérvár -LRB- Alba Regia -RRB- had a mosaic decoration in the apse .	Székesfehérvár	Where is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings ?
During their 12th-century reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem they complemented the existing Byzantine mosaics with new ones .	Jerusalem	Where is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre located ?
Almost nothing of them survived except the `` Ascension of Christ '' in the Latin Chapel -LRB- now confusingly surrounded by many 20th-century mosaics -RRB- .	in the Latin Chapel	Where is the mosaic `` Ascension of Christ '' located ?
The Crusaders in the Holy Land also adopted mosaic decoration under local Byzantine influence .	Byzantine	What nation influenced the Crusaders mosaic styles ?
Almost nothing of them survived except the `` Ascension of Christ '' in the Latin Chapel -LRB- now confusingly surrounded by many 20th-century mosaics -RRB- .	"Ascension of Christ"	What is the name of the lone surviving mosaic of the Crusader period ?
The program of redecoration of the church was completed in 1169 as a unique collaboration of the Byzantine emperor , the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church .	1169	The Byzantine emperor , the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church came together in what year to redecorate the Church of the Holy Sepulchre ?
In 2003 , the remains of a mosaic pavement were discovered under the ruins of the Bizere Monastery near the River Mureş in present-day Romania .	2003	when were mosaic pavements uncovered at the Bizere Monastery ?
In 2003 , the remains of a mosaic pavement were discovered under the ruins of the Bizere Monastery near the River Mureş in present-day Romania .	Romania	Where would the Bizere Monastery be located today ?
Some archeologists supposed that it was the floor of an Orthodox church , built some time between the 10th and 11th century .	between the 10th and 11th century	When were the mosaics at Bizere Monastery created ?
The monastery was situated that time in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary .	Hungary	In what kingdom was the Bizere Monastery located ?
Raphael is represented by a mosaic replica of this last painting , the Transfiguration .	by a mosaic replica of this last painting	How is Raphael portrayed in St. Peter 's ?
Many different artists contributed to the 17th - and 18th-century mosaics in St. Peter 's , including Giovanni Battista Calandra , Fabio Cristofari -LRB- died 1689 -RRB- , and Pietro Paolo Cristofari -LRB- died 1743 -RRB- .	1743	What year did Pietro Paolo Cristofari die ?
Works of the Fabbrica were often used as papal gifts .	papal gifts	What was the art of the Fabbrica usually used for ?
Raphael is represented by a mosaic replica of this last painting , the Transfiguration .	Transfiguration	What was the name of the painting used to represent raphael in St. Peter 's ?
The mosaics of St. Peter 's often show lively Baroque compositions based on designs or canvases from like Ciro Ferri , Guido Reni , Domenichino , Carlo Maratta , and many others .	designs or canvases	The mosaics of St.Peter 's are often based on what ?
The single most important piece of Byzantine Christian mosaic art in the East is the Madaba Map , made between 542 and 570 as the floor of the church of Saint George at Madaba , Jordan .	the Madaba Map	What is the most important mosaic piece built by Byzantine Christians ?
The single most important piece of Byzantine Christian mosaic art in the East is the Madaba Map , made between 542 and 570 as the floor of the church of Saint George at Madaba , Jordan .	between 542 and 570	When was the the Madaba Map made ?
The single most important piece of Byzantine Christian mosaic art in the East is the Madaba Map , made between 542 and 570 as the floor of the church of Saint George at Madaba , Jordan .	Madaba, Jordan	Where is the church of Saint George ?
It was rediscovered in 1894 .	1894	When was the Madaba Map rediscovered ?
It depicts an area from Lebanon in the north to the Nile Delta in the south , and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Eastern Desert .	Lebanon	The Madaba Map depicts as far South as the Nile delta , and as far North as what country ?
Important Justinian era mosaics decorated the Saint Catherine 's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt .	Justinian	What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine 's Monastery ?
Important Justinian era mosaics decorated the Saint Catherine 's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt .	Mount Sinai in Egypt	Where is Saint Catherine 's Monastery located ?
Generally wall mosaics have not survived in the region because of the destruction of buildings but the St. Catherine 's Monastery is exceptional .	the destruction of buildings	Why have wall mosaics generally not survived in the region ?
On the upper wall Moses is shown in two panels on a landscape background .	Moses	Who is depicted in Saint Catherine 's Monastery on a mosaic landscape background ?
The mosaic was probably created in 565/6 .	in 565/6	When was the mosaic at Saint Catherine 's Monastery created ?
Jerusalem with its many holy places probably had the highest concentration of mosaic-covered churches but very few of them survived the subsequent waves of destructions .	Jerusalem	Which city had the highest percentage of mosaic covered churches ?
The most important is the so-called `` Armenian Mosaic '' which was discovered in 1894 on the Street of the Prophets near Damascus Gate .	near Damascus Gate	Where was the Armenian Mosaic found in Jerusalem ?
It depicts a vine with many branches and grape clusters , which springs from a vase .	a vine with many branches	What type of plant is depicted in the Armenian Mosaic ?
The most important is the so-called `` Armenian Mosaic '' which was discovered in 1894 on the Street of the Prophets near Damascus Gate .	1894	When was the Armenian Mosaic re-discovered ?
The symbolism of the mosaic and the presence of the burial cave indicates that the room was used as a mortuary chapel .	mortuary chapel	What was the room under the Armenian Mosaic used for ?
An exceptionally well preserved , carpet-like mosaic floor was uncovered in 1949 in Bethany , the early Byzantine church of the Lazarium which was built between 333 and 390 .	Bethany	Where would the Byzantine church of the Lazarium be located today ?
An exceptionally well preserved , carpet-like mosaic floor was uncovered in 1949 in Bethany , the early Byzantine church of the Lazarium which was built between 333 and 390 .	between 333 and 390	When was the Byzantine church of the Lazarium constructed ?
Because of its purely geometrical pattern , the church floor is to be grouped with other mosaics of the time in Palestine and neighboring areas , especially the Constantinian mosaics in the central nave at Bethlehem .	Palestine	The mosaic at the Byzantine church of the Lazarium most closely resembles mosaics from which area ?
A second church was built above the older one during the 6th century with another more simple geometric mosaic floor .	the 6th	A church was built on top of the Byzantine church of the Lazarium in waht century ?
The monastic communities of the Judean Desert also decorated their monasteries with mosaic floors .	the Judean	The churches of which desert decorated their monasteries with mosaics ?
The Monastery of Martyrius was founded in the end of the 5th century and it was re-discovered in 1982 -- 85 .	the end of the 5th century	When was the Monastery of Martyrius created ?
The Monastery of Martyrius was founded in the end of the 5th century and it was re-discovered in 1982 -- 85 .	in 1982–85	When was the Monastery of Martyrius re-discovered ?
The most important work of art here is the intact geometric mosaic floor of the refectory although the severely damaged church floor was similarly rich .	the refectory	Where in the Monastery of Martyrius is the most important mosaic work ?
The mosaics in the church of the nearby Monastery of Euthymius are of later date -LRB- discovered in 1930 -RRB- .	Monastery of Euthymius	What was the name of the monastery that was discovered in 1930 ?
Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered .	three	How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra ?
The most important one was uncovered in 1990 .	in 1990	When was the most important Byzantine church re-discovered ?
It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual .	only the floor panels	What type of mosaics were present in the church discovered in 1990 ?
The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this first building period from the middle of the 5th century .	the 5th	What century was the oldest known mosaic at the church discovered in 1990 ?
They depict native as well as exotic or mythological animals , and personifications of the Seasons , Ocean , Earth and Wisdom .	exotic	The scenes depicted on the mosaics were both native and what kind of mythological animals ?
The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa -LRB- now Umm ar-Rasas -RRB- were made in 785 -LRB- discovered after 1986 -RRB- .	Umm ar-Rasas	Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today ?
The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa -LRB- now Umm ar-Rasas -RRB- were made in 785 -LRB- discovered after 1986 -RRB- .	in 785	When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created ?
The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa -LRB- now Umm ar-Rasas -RRB- were made in 785 -LRB- discovered after 1986 -RRB- .	1986	When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen re-discovered ?
The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan .	Jordan	The mosaic floor in the Church of St Stephen is the largest in what country ?
Six mosaic masters signed the work : Staurachios from Esbus , Euremios , Elias , Constantinus , Germanus and Abdela .	Six	How many artists signed the frame of the mosaic at the Church of St Stephen ?
Yaroslav , the Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus ' built a large cathedral in his capital , Kiev .	Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus'	Yaroslav held what title in medieval Russia ?
Yaroslav , the Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus ' built a large cathedral in his capital , Kiev .	Kiev	Where did Yaroslav build his Cathedral ?
The model of the church was the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople , and it was also called Saint Sophia Cathedral .	the Hagia Sophia	What was used as a model for the church Yaroslav commissioned ?
The model of the church was the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople , and it was also called Saint Sophia Cathedral .	Saint Sophia Cathedral	What was the name of the church Yaroslav commissioned ?
It was built mainly by Byzantine master craftsmen , sent by Constantine Monomachos , between 1037 and 1046 .	Constantine Monomachos	Who sent the Byzantine craftsmen that built Yaroslav 's cathedral ?
The apse mosaic of the Gelati Monastery is a rare example of mosaic use in Georgia .	Georgia	In what country is the the Gelati Monastery located ?
Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia , the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels .	king David IV	Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery ?
Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia , the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels .	Demetrius I of Georgia	Who eventually oversaw completion of the Gelati Monastery ?
Its central figure was Christ standing and displaying a scroll with Georgian text .	Christ	Who was the central theme of the mosaics at Tsromi ?
The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris , which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd -- 7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews , Christians and pagans .	a 6th-century synagogue	The remains of what was found at Sepphoris ?
The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris , which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd -- 7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews , Christians and pagans .	Jews	Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries ?
The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs .	pagan	The mosaic found at Sepphoris display a mix of Jewish and which beliefs ?
Helios sits in the middle , in his sun chariot , and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month .	Helios	What figure is dominant in the mosaic at Sepphoris ?
Helios sits in the middle , in his sun chariot , and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month .	a Jewish month	What surrounds Helios in the mosaic at Sepphoris ?
The synagogue in Eshtemoa -LRB- As-Samu -RRB- was built around the 4th century .	around the 4th century	When was the synagogue in Eshtemoa constructed ?
The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns .	only floral and geometric	What patterns are present on the mosaic at the synagogue in Eshtemoa ?
The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya -LRB- excavated in 1971 -- 72 , founded in the end of the 4th century -RRB- has three mosaic panels , the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine , two menorahs , a lulav and an etrog with columns , deer and rams .	in 1971–72	When was the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya re-discovered ?
The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya -LRB- excavated in 1971 -- 72 , founded in the end of the 4th century -RRB- has three mosaic panels , the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine , two menorahs , a lulav and an etrog with columns , deer and rams .	three	How many panels are in the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya ?
It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community .	rather conservative	What do the images at synagogue in Khirbet Susiya suggest about the communities views ?
The ban on figurative depiction was not taken so seriously by the Jews living in Byzantine Gaza .	figurative depiction	In Byzantine Gaza , Jews were relaxed on what ban ?
In 1966 remains of a synagogue were found in the ancient harbour area .	in the ancient harbour area	Where were ancient remains of a synagogue found in 1966 ?
Its mosaic floor depicts King David as Orpheus , identified by his name in Hebrew letters .	King David as Orpheus	The mosaic found in 1966 depicts who as the central figure ?
Near him were lion cubs , a giraffe and a snake listening to him playing a lyre .	playing a lyre	What is the central figure doing in the mosaic found in 1966 ?
The floor was paved in 508/509 .	in 508/509	When was the mosaic floor constructed ?
A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue .	a Samaritan synagogue	A 5th-century building in Huldah is believed to be what ?
Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols -LRB- menorah , lulav , etrog -RRB- but the inscriptions are Greek .	typical Jewish symbols	What does the mosaic at Huldah contain ?
Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols -LRB- menorah , lulav , etrog -RRB- but the inscriptions are Greek .	Greek	What language are the inscriptions on the mosaic at Huldah ?
The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule -LRB- shrine -RRB- with cultic symbols .	cultic	The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic ?
The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue .	the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue	The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic ?
Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire .	Muslim	Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire ?
During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world , although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration .	tile	What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration ?
In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art .	Roman	In Syria and Egypt , other than early Christians , who influenced their mosaic work ?
During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world , although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration .	remained a flourishing art form	The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture ?
The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus , then capital of the Arab Caliphate .	the Umayyad Mosque	Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work ?
The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus , then capital of the Arab Caliphate .	Damascus	Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located ?
The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus , then capital of the Arab Caliphate .	capital of the Arab Caliphate	What was the significance of Damascus during this time period ?
The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard , called the `` Barada Panel '' after the river Barada .	the "Barada Panel"	What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque ?
In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively , and many mosaics were lost , although some have been restored since .	a fire	What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque ?
Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials .	floor panels	Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what ?
They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas , once common in the Eastern Mediterranean .	Roman country villas	What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after ?
The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham 's Palace , Palestine which was made around 744 .	the bath house of Hisham's Palace	Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling ?
The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat -LRB- in present-day Jordan -RRB- was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill .	Jordan	In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be ?
At Qastal , near Amman , excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan , dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan -LRB- 685 -- 705 -RRB- .	Umayyad mosaics	At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan ?
Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain .	Moorish Spain	Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found ?
The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character .	Byzantine	The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style ?
They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen , supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople , who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain .	the Byzantine Emperor	Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain ?
They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen , supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople , who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain .	between 965 and 970	When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created ?
They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen , supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople , who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain .	local craftsmen	Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba ?
Another modern mosaic of note is the world 's largest mosaic installation located at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis , located in St. Louis , Missouri .	mosaic installation	The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis holds the largest what ?
Another example of mosaics in ordinary surroundings is the use of locally themed mosaics in some restrooms in the rest areas along some Texas interstate highways .	the rest areas	What along texas interstate Highways contains everyday examples of mosaics ?
A modern example of mosaic is the Museum of Natural History station of the New York City Subway -LRB- there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system , though many IND stations are usually designed with bland mosaics . -RRB-	the Museum of Natural History station	Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic ?
In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic , street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork .	street art	What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork ?
The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader .	the French Invader	Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics ?
He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles , the first of which are small `` traditional '' tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character , installed in cities across the globe , and the second of which are a style he refers to as `` Rubikcubism '' , which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik 's Cubes .	8 bit video game character	What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic ?
He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles , the first of which are small `` traditional '' tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character , installed in cities across the globe , and the second of which are a style he refers to as `` Rubikcubism '' , which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik 's Cubes .	Rubikcubism	The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what ?
He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles , the first of which are small `` traditional '' tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character , installed in cities across the globe , and the second of which are a style he refers to as `` Rubikcubism '' , which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik 's Cubes .	grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes	How does the French Invader create `` Rubikcubism '' styled mosaics ?
Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style .	Lisbon	Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement ?
Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex , it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design .	geometric	What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement ?
Portuguese pavement -LRB- in Portuguese , Calçada Portuguesa -RRB- is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal , and common throughout the Lusosphere .	Calçada Portuguesa	Portuguese pavement is known by what other name ?
In Portuguese-speaking countries , many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even , though far more occasionally , streets done in this mosaic form .	streets	What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement ?
Portuguese pavement -LRB- in Portuguese , Calçada Portuguesa -RRB- is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal , and common throughout the Lusosphere .	two-tone stone mosaic paving	What is Portuguese pavement ?
Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive , and later transferred onto walls , floors or craft projects .	face-down to a backing paper	How were larger mosaics usually constructed ?
This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas , allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front , even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses .	gives the maker time to rework	Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects ?
Mosaic murals , benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method , as it results in a smoother and more even surface .	the indirect method	What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper ?
Mosaic murals , benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method , as it results in a smoother and more even surface .	murals	What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method ?
The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects , projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes .	repetitive	The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas ?
The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed .	when it is important to see the work	When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful ?
Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work , which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved .	directly controlling the final result of the work	What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method ?
This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use -LRB- patent n. 0000222556 -RRB- under the name of his company , Sicis International Srl , now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl .	1989	When was the double indirect method invented ?
This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use -LRB- patent n. 0000222556 -RRB- under the name of his company , Sicis International Srl , now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl .	Maurizio Placuzzi	Who invented the double indirect method ?
The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium -LRB- often adhesive-backed paper , sticky plastic or soft lime or putty -RRB- as it will appear when installed .	sticky plastic	What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper ?
A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles , arranged in a non-overlapping fashion , e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor , by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles -LRB- a typical size is 1 in × 1 in -LRB- 25 mm × 25 mm -RRB- , as for example , on the floor of the University of Toronto pool , though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in -LRB- 51 mm × 51 mm -RRB- are used -RRB- .	1 in × 1 in	What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile ?
These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text , such as the depth of the pool in various places , but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme .	express text	What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools ?
A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles , arranged in a non-overlapping fashion , e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor , by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles -LRB- a typical size is 1 in × 1 in -LRB- 25 mm × 25 mm -RRB- , as for example , on the floor of the University of Toronto pool , though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in -LRB- 51 mm × 51 mm -RRB- are used -RRB- .	on a shower room or bathing pool floor	Where is the most common application of tile mosaics ?
A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles , arranged in a non-overlapping fashion , e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor , by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles -LRB- a typical size is 1 in × 1 in -LRB- 25 mm × 25 mm -RRB- , as for example , on the floor of the University of Toronto pool , though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in -LRB- 51 mm × 51 mm -RRB- are used -RRB- .	in a non-overlapping fashion	How should the tiles be aligned next to each other ?
With high cost of labor in developed countries , production automation has become increasingly popular .	high cost of labor in developed countries	Why has production automation become popular ?
Rather than being assembled by hand , mosaics designed using computer aided design -LRB- CAD -RRB- software can be assembled by a robot .	CAD	Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics ?
Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy .	10 times faster	How much faster is automated creation over handmade ?
With robotic production , colored tiles are loaded into buffers , and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software .	a command file	How does the robot pick the tiles it places ?
But these `` computer '' mosaics have a different look than hand-made `` artisanal '' mosaics .	different look	What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics ?
The original Latin word `` universitas '' refers in general to `` a number of persons associated into one body , a society , company , community , guild , corporation , etc. '' At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds , specialised `` associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes , prelates , or the towns in which they were located '' came to be denominated by this general term .	Latin	From what language does Universitas come from ?
Like other guilds , they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members .	they were self-regulating	What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds ?
The original Latin word `` universitas '' refers in general to `` a number of persons associated into one body , a society , company , community , guild , corporation , etc. '' At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds , specialised `` associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes , prelates , or the towns in which they were located '' came to be denominated by this general term .	urban town life and medieval guilds	Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent ?
The original Latin word `` universitas '' refers in general to `` a number of persons associated into one body , a society , company , community , guild , corporation , etc. '' At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds , specialised `` associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes , prelates , or the towns in which they were located '' came to be denominated by this general term .	princes, prelates	Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas ?
An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom .	academic freedom	In terms of academics what is a core requirement of a university ?
The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter , the Constitutio Habita , in 1158 or 1155 , which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education .	University of Bologna	What was the first university ?
The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter , the Constitutio Habita , in 1158 or 1155 , which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education .	the Constitutio Habita	What charter is said to be the first establishing academic freedom in a university ?
The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter , the Constitutio Habita , in 1158 or 1155 , which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education .	unhindered passage in the interests of education	What did the Constitutio Habita say students were allowed ?
This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988 , 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum , marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna 's foundation .	18 September 1988	On what date was the Magna Carta Universitatum signed ?
European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools -LRB- scholae monasticae -RRB- , in which monks and nuns taught classes ; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century .	monks and nuns	Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae ?
European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools -LRB- scholae monasticae -RRB- , in which monks and nuns taught classes ; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century .	monastic schools	What is a scholae monasticae ?
The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and perhaps from cathedral schools .	Latin Church	What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities ?
European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools -LRB- scholae monasticae -RRB- , in which monks and nuns taught classes ; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century .	immediate forerunners	In the chronology of academic institutions , where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities ?
In the early medieval period , most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools , usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education .	early medieval period	During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools ?
The emergence of humanism was essential to this understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts .	Greek	Which ancient texts began to see more study after universities were formed ?
The emergence of humanism was essential to this understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts .	humanism	What outlook developed the creation of the university system ?
All over Europe rulers and city governments began to create universities to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge , and the belief that society would benefit from the scholarly expertise generated from these institutions .	to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge	Why did rulers and governments in Europe form universities ?
Princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends .	city governments	What type of governments were involved in creating universities ?
The rediscovery of Aristotle 's works -- more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated -- fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had already begun to emerge in the 12th century .	more than 3000 pages	Roughly how many pages of the works of Aristotle were translated by the 12th century ?
Richard Dales , for instance , calls the discovery of Aristotle 's works `` a turning point in the history of Western thought . ''	Western thought	Richard Dales believes that the work of Aristotle represents the turning point of what ?
The efforts of this `` scholasticism '' were focused on applying Aristotelian logic and thoughts about natural processes to biblical passages and attempting to prove the viability of those passages through reason .	scholasticism	What word described the early attempts to understand the work of Aristotle ?
The efforts of this `` scholasticism '' were focused on applying Aristotelian logic and thoughts about natural processes to biblical passages and attempting to prove the viability of those passages through reason .	reason	What faculty did scholars attempt to use to prove the thoughts of Aristotle ?
After Aristotle re-emerged , a community of scholars , primarily communicating in Latin , accelerated the process and practice of attempting to reconcile the thoughts of Greek antiquity , and especially ideas related to understanding the natural world , with those of the church .	Latin	What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in ?
Latin was the language of the university , used for all texts , lectures , disputations and examinations .	Latin	Which language was used in lectures in early European universities ?
Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic , natural philosophy , and metaphysics ; while Hippocrates , Galen , and Avicenna were used for medicine .	medicine	For what subjects did professors use the work of Hippocrates ?
Italian universities focused on law and medicine , while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology .	arts and theology	What type of subjects did the universities of northern Europe focus on ?
English , French and German universities usually awarded bachelor 's degrees , with the exception of degrees in theology , for which the doctorate was more common .	bachelor's degrees	What type of degree was given out at a English university ?
Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made these Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic madrasas , although madrasas were generally smaller and individual teachers , rather than the madrasa itself , granted the license or degree .	Mediterranean universities	What type of university was an Islamic madrasa akin to ?
Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made these Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic madrasas , although madrasas were generally smaller and individual teachers , rather than the madrasa itself , granted the license or degree .	prince or monarch	What type of individual funded a Mediterranean university ?
Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made these Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic madrasas , although madrasas were generally smaller and individual teachers , rather than the madrasa itself , granted the license or degree .	individual teachers	From where did a degree come in a madrasa ?
Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century , some medieval Islamic madrasahs became universities .	10th	In which century did Islamic madrasas start to transform into universities ?
Many scholars -LRB- including Makdisi -RRB- have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the religious madrasahs in Al-Andalus , the Emirate of Sicily , and the Middle East -LRB- during the Crusades -RRB- .	Al-Andalus	Madrasas in which specific location are said to have guided the formation of medieval universities ?
Lowe and Yasuhara have recently drawn on the well-documented influences of scholarship from the Islamic world on the universities of Western Europe to call for a reconsideration of the development of higher education , turning away from a concern with local institutional structures to a broader consideration within a global context .	a global context	Some scholars think that universities come from what , rather than solely local influences ?
Many scholars -LRB- including Makdisi -RRB- have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the religious madrasahs in Al-Andalus , the Emirate of Sicily , and the Middle East -LRB- during the Crusades -RRB- .	Sicily	Al-Andalus was an Emirate of which entity ?
Many scholars -LRB- including Makdisi -RRB- have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the religious madrasahs in Al-Andalus , the Emirate of Sicily , and the Middle East -LRB- during the Crusades -RRB- .	the Crusades	During what notable Middle East conflict is it believed by some that Universities received influence from madrasas ?
During the Early Modern period -LRB- approximately late 15th century to 1800 -RRB- , the universities of Europe would see a tremendous amount of growth , productivity and innovative research .	late 15th century to 1800	What was the time span of the Early Modern period ?
At the end of the Middle Ages , about 400 years after the first university was founded , there were twenty-nine universities spread throughout Europe .	about 400 years	At the completion of the Middle Ages how long had universities existed ?
At the end of the Middle Ages , about 400 years after the first university was founded , there were twenty-nine universities spread throughout Europe .	twenty-nine	How many universities were within Europe at the closure of the middle ages ?
This pace continued until by the end of the 18th century there were approximately 143 universities in Europe and Eastern Europe , with the highest concentrations in the German Empire -LRB- 34 -RRB- , Italian countries -LRB- 26 -RRB- , France -LRB- 25 -RRB- , and Spain -LRB- 23 -RRB- -- this was close to a 500 % increase over the number of universities toward the end of the Middle Ages .	143	How many universities were within Europe by the completion of the 18th century ?
This pace continued until by the end of the 18th century there were approximately 143 universities in Europe and Eastern Europe , with the highest concentrations in the German Empire -LRB- 34 -RRB- , Italian countries -LRB- 26 -RRB- , France -LRB- 25 -RRB- , and Spain -LRB- 23 -RRB- -- this was close to a 500 % increase over the number of universities toward the end of the Middle Ages .	34	The German Empire had how many universities ?
Many wars , and especially the Thirty Years ' War , disrupted the university landscape throughout Europe at different times .	the Thirty Years' War	What war most curtailed the spread of universities in the 17th century ?
As universities increasingly came under state control , or formed under the auspices of the state , the faculty governance model -LRB- begun by the University of Paris -RRB- became more and more prominent .	University of Paris	Which university is said to have started faculty governance ?
Control of universities still tended to be independent , although university leadership was increasingly appointed by the state .	the state	Which entity started to appoint the administration of universities in the 17th century ?
This era was also affected by the rise of the nation-state .	the nation-state.	The control of universities by the state can be attributed to the advancement in the development of what ?
Although the older student-controlled universities still existed , they slowly started to move toward this structural organization .	student-controlled	How would one describe the control of universities before nation-states in the 17th century ?
Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris , where student members are controlled by faculty `` masters , '' provided a standard for universities , the application of this model took at least three different forms .	masters	What were the faculty who supervised students in the University of Paris called ?
Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris , where student members are controlled by faculty `` masters , '' provided a standard for universities , the application of this model took at least three different forms .	a standard	The structure of the University of Paris served as what for other universities ?
There were universities that had a system of faculties whose teaching addressed a very specific curriculum ; this model tended to train specialists .	specialists	What type of student did schools that focus on very specific topics aim to create ?
There was a collegiate or tutorial model based on the system at University of Oxford where teaching and organization was decentralized and knowledge was more of a generalist nature .	University of Oxford	Which university had teaching which was more general , and not centralized ?
Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris , where student members are controlled by faculty `` masters , '' provided a standard for universities , the application of this model took at least three different forms .	at least three	How many styles did the University of Paris model end up taking when applied to other universities ?
Early Modern universities initially continued the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages : natural philosophy , logic , medicine , theology , mathematics , astronomy -LRB- and astrology -RRB- , law , grammar and rhetoric .	the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages	What was the source of educational material in Early Modern age universities ?
Aristotle was prevalent throughout the curriculum , while medicine also depended on Galen and Arabic scholarship .	Galen and Arabic scholarship	What sources did Early Modern age universities rely on for medical curricula ?
Humanist professors focused on the ability of students to write and speak with distinction , to translate and interpret classical texts , and to live honorable lives .	Humanist	The concentration on students to live honorable lives is an example of what form of thought ?
Professors of medicine such as Niccolò Leoniceno , Thomas Linacre and William Cop were often trained in and taught from a humanist perspective as well as translated important ancient medical texts .	medicine	Niccolò Leoniceno was a professor of what subject ?
In law , Andreas Alciatus infused the Corpus Juris with a humanist perspective , while Jacques Cujas humanist writings were paramount to his reputation as a jurist .	Andreas Alciatus	Which individual added a humanist view into the Corpus Juris ?
Although the initial focus of the humanist scholars in the university was the discovery , exposition and insertion of ancient texts and languages into the university , and the ideas of those texts into society generally , their influence was ultimately quite progressive .	humanist	Discovery and exposition were examples of the focus of what type of university scholar ?
A focus on knowledge coming from self , from the human , has a direct implication for new forms of scholarship and instruction , and was the foundation for what is commonly known as the humanities .	the humanities	A concentration on the study of the self resulted in what field of study ?
For instance , Vesalius was imperative for advocating the use of Galen , but he also invigorated this text with experimentation , disagreements and further research .	Galen	What work did Vesalius push the study of ?
The propagation of these texts , especially within the universities , was greatly aided by the emergence of the printing press and the beginning of the use of the vernacular , which allowed for the printing of relatively large texts at reasonable prices .	the printing press	What spread the use of texts by Galen within universities ?
In many European countries , it is possible to study without tuition fees .	without tuition fees	In multiple countries in Europe students can attend a university with what kind if financial burden ?
Public universities in Nordic countries were entirely without tuition fees until around 2005 .	around 2005	Until what year were public universities in nordic nation free of tuition ?
Denmark , Sweden and Finland then moved to put in place tuition fees for foreign students .	foreign students	What kind of students pay fees in public universities in Denmark ?
Citizens of EU and EEA member states and citizens from Switzerland remain exempted from tuition fees , and the amounts of public grants granted to promising foreign students were increased to offset some of the impact .	exempted from tuition fees	In terms of Universities in Denmark what is the fee status for citizens of EFA states ?
Citizens of EU and EEA member states and citizens from Switzerland remain exempted from tuition fees , and the amounts of public grants granted to promising foreign students were increased to offset some of the impact .	increased	What happened to public grants in nordic universities that continued to allow foreign students ?
Colloquially , the term university may be used to describe a phase in one 's life : `` When I was at university ... '' -LRB- in the United States and Ireland , college is often used instead : `` When I was in college ... '' -RRB- .	college	In Ireland what word is mainly used instead of university ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- `` Varsity '' is still in common usage in Scotland .	Varsity	Scotland is said to frequently refer to university as what ?
In Australia , Canada , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , Nigeria , the Netherlands , Spain and the German-speaking countries university is often contracted to uni .	uni	Spain refers to a university in what other way ?
In Ghana , New Zealand and in South Africa it is sometimes called `` varsity '' -LRB- although this has become uncommon in New Zealand in recent years -RRB- .	varsity	The nation of Ghana shortens university to what ?
`` Varsity '' was also common usage in the UK in the 19th century .	19th	In what century was it believed that the UK used the word varsity to refer to a university ?
In Canada , `` college '' generally refers to a two-year , non-degree-granting institution , while `` university '' connotes a four-year , degree-granting institution .	non-degree-granting	What type of institution is a college in Canada ?
Universities may be sub-classified -LRB- as in the Macleans rankings -RRB- into large research universities with many PhD granting programs and medical schools -LRB- for example , McGill University -RRB- ; `` comprehensive '' universities that have some PhDs but are n't geared toward research -LRB- such as Waterloo -RRB- ; and smaller , primarily undergraduate universities -LRB- such as St. Francis Xavier -RRB- .	medical schools	What is McGill University in Canada an example of ?
Universities may be sub-classified -LRB- as in the Macleans rankings -RRB- into large research universities with many PhD granting programs and medical schools -LRB- for example , McGill University -RRB- ; `` comprehensive '' universities that have some PhDs but are n't geared toward research -LRB- such as Waterloo -RRB- ; and smaller , primarily undergraduate universities -LRB- such as St. Francis Xavier -RRB- .	undergraduate	What type of university is St Francis Xavier in Canada ?
Although each institution is organized differently , nearly all universities have a board of trustees ; a president , chancellor , or rector ; at least one vice president , vice-chancellor , or vice-rector ; and deans of various divisions .	at least one	How many vice presidents do most universities have ?
Although each institution is organized differently , nearly all universities have a board of trustees ; a president , chancellor , or rector ; at least one vice president , vice-chancellor , or vice-rector ; and deans of various divisions .	a board of trustees	What kind of board does a university commonly have ?
Public university systems are ruled over by government-run higher education boards .	government-run higher education boards	Who controls public universities ?
Universities are generally divided into a number of academic departments , schools or faculties .	schools or faculties	What are the different departments of a university called ?
However , they may have less independence from business corporations depending on the source of their finances .	business corporations	Besides students , what is the source of funds of private universities ?
The funding and organization of universities varies widely between different countries around the world .	varies widely	How does the financial backing of universities around the world differ ?
In some countries universities are predominantly funded by the state , while in others funding may come from donors or from fees which students attending the university must pay .	fees which students attending the university	Outside of state funded schools , and funds coming from donors , how might a university collect funds ?
In some countries the vast majority of students attend university in their local town , while in other countries universities attract students from all over the world , and may provide university accommodation for their students .	accommodation	In nations that accept students from through the world what might the university offer to a student ?
Universities created by bilateral or multilateral treaties between states are intergovernmental .	intergovernmental	What is a university formed through a bilateral treaty known as ?
EUCLID -LRB- Pôle Universitaire Euclide , Euclid University -RRB- is chartered as a university and umbrella organisation dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries , and the United Nations University engages in efforts to resolve the pressing global problems that are of concern to the United Nations , its peoples and member states .	Pôle Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University	In terms of intergovernmental universities , what is EUCLID ?
EUCLID -LRB- Pôle Universitaire Euclide , Euclid University -RRB- is chartered as a university and umbrella organisation dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries , and the United Nations University engages in efforts to resolve the pressing global problems that are of concern to the United Nations , its peoples and member states .	sustainable development	What is a mission of EUCLID as it relates to signatory nations ?
The European University Institute , a post-graduate university specialised in the social sciences , is officially an intergovernmental organisation , set up by the member states of the European Union .	post-graduate	What type of school is the European University Institute ?
The European University Institute , a post-graduate university specialised in the social sciences , is officially an intergovernmental organisation , set up by the member states of the European Union .	social sciences	What type of study does the European University Institute focus on ?
Some national universities are closely associated with national cultural or political aspirations , for instance the National University of Ireland in the early days of Irish independence collected a large amount of information on the Irish language and Irish culture .	Irish language and Irish culture	What was a focus of the National University of Ireland during the beginning of Irish Independence ?
Reforms in Argentina were the result of the University Revolution of 1918 and its posterior reforms by incorporating values that sought for a more equal and laic higher education system .	Argentina	In what nation did the University Revolution occur ?
Reforms in Argentina were the result of the University Revolution of 1918 and its posterior reforms by incorporating values that sought for a more equal and laic higher education system .	1918	In what year did Argentina 's University Revolution occur ?
Reforms in Argentina were the result of the University Revolution of 1918 and its posterior reforms by incorporating values that sought for a more equal and laic higher education system .	Reforms	What was the result of the University Revolution in Argentina ?
In 1963 , the Robbins Report on universities in the United Kingdom concluded that such institutions should have four main `` objectives essential to any properly balanced system : instruction in skills ; the promotion of the general powers of the mind so as to produce not mere specialists but rather cultivated men and women ; to maintain research in balance with teaching , since teaching should not be separated from the advancement of learning and the search for truth ; and to transmit a common culture and common standards of citizenship . ''	1963	In what year did the Robbins report say that universities should have four objectives to remain balanced ?
In 1963 , the Robbins Report on universities in the United Kingdom concluded that such institutions should have four main `` objectives essential to any properly balanced system : instruction in skills ; the promotion of the general powers of the mind so as to produce not mere specialists but rather cultivated men and women ; to maintain research in balance with teaching , since teaching should not be separated from the advancement of learning and the search for truth ; and to transmit a common culture and common standards of citizenship . ''	the United Kingdom	What nation did the 1963 Robbins Report focus on ?
In 1963 , the Robbins Report on universities in the United Kingdom concluded that such institutions should have four main `` objectives essential to any properly balanced system : instruction in skills ; the promotion of the general powers of the mind so as to produce not mere specialists but rather cultivated men and women ; to maintain research in balance with teaching , since teaching should not be separated from the advancement of learning and the search for truth ; and to transmit a common culture and common standards of citizenship . ''	general powers of the mind	What should a university promote , according to the Robbins Report ?
In 1963 , the Robbins Report on universities in the United Kingdom concluded that such institutions should have four main `` objectives essential to any properly balanced system : instruction in skills ; the promotion of the general powers of the mind so as to produce not mere specialists but rather cultivated men and women ; to maintain research in balance with teaching , since teaching should not be separated from the advancement of learning and the search for truth ; and to transmit a common culture and common standards of citizenship . ''	research in balance with teaching	Universities should maintain what , according to the Robbins Report ?
In 1963 , the Robbins Report on universities in the United Kingdom concluded that such institutions should have four main `` objectives essential to any properly balanced system : instruction in skills ; the promotion of the general powers of the mind so as to produce not mere specialists but rather cultivated men and women ; to maintain research in balance with teaching , since teaching should not be separated from the advancement of learning and the search for truth ; and to transmit a common culture and common standards of citizenship . ''	a common culture and common standards of citizenship	The Robbins Report says universities should transmit what ?
Until the 19th century , religion played a significant role in university curriculum ; however , the role of religion in research universities decreased in the 19th century , and by the end of the 19th century , the German university model had spread around the world .	19th	Ending with what century did religion play a smaller part in the curriculum of universities ?
Until the 19th century , religion played a significant role in university curriculum ; however , the role of religion in research universities decreased in the 19th century , and by the end of the 19th century , the German university model had spread around the world .	the German university model	what model of university structure was being used throughout the world at the finish of the 19th century ?
Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th centuries and became increasingly accessible to the masses .	science	What was the focus of universities in the 20th century ?
In Britain , the move from Industrial Revolution to modernity saw the arrival of new civic universities with an emphasis on science and engineering , a movement initiated in 1960 by Sir Keith Murray -LRB- chairman of the University Grants Committee -RRB- and Sir Samuel Curran , with the formation of the University of Strathclyde .	chairman of the University Grants Committee	Who was Sir Keith Murray ?
In Britain , the move from Industrial Revolution to modernity saw the arrival of new civic universities with an emphasis on science and engineering , a movement initiated in 1960 by Sir Keith Murray -LRB- chairman of the University Grants Committee -RRB- and Sir Samuel Curran , with the formation of the University of Strathclyde .	the University of Strathclyde	What university did Sir Samuel Curran contribute to the creation of ?
By the end of the early modern period , the structure and orientation of higher education had changed in ways that are eminently recognizable for the modern context .	the end of the early modern period	At the end of what period would universities become alike to contemporary universities ?
Aristotle was no longer a force providing the epistemological and methodological focus for universities and a more mechanistic orientation was emerging .	mechanistic	What type of focus did universities have at the end of the early modern period ?
The hierarchical place of theological knowledge had for the most part been displaced and the humanities had become a fixture , and a new openness was beginning to take hold in the construction and dissemination of knowledge that were to become imperative for the formation of the modern state .	humanities	What replaced theological studies in universities at the completion of the early modern period ?
The hierarchical place of theological knowledge had for the most part been displaced and the humanities had become a fixture , and a new openness was beginning to take hold in the construction and dissemination of knowledge that were to become imperative for the formation of the modern state .	the modern state	The change in universities towards the completion of the early modern period is credited with the formation of what entity ?
Aristotle was no longer a force providing the epistemological and methodological focus for universities and a more mechanistic orientation was emerging .	Aristotle	The study of the humanities at the end of the early modern period replaced the study of the work of what individual ?
The epistemological tensions between scientists and universities were also heightened by the economic realities of research during this time , as individual scientists , associations and universities were vying for limited resources .	limited resources	Scientists and universities were competing for what ?
There was also competition from the formation of new colleges funded by private benefactors and designed to provide free education to the public , or established by local governments to provide a knowledge hungry populace with an alternative to traditional universities .	free	What type of education did private benefactors hope to provide to the public ?
There was also competition from the formation of new colleges funded by private benefactors and designed to provide free education to the public , or established by local governments to provide a knowledge hungry populace with an alternative to traditional universities .	an alternative to traditional universities	Governments created universities to serve as what ?
Even when universities supported new scientific endeavors , and the university provided foundational training and authority for the research and conclusions , they could not compete with the resources available through private benefactors .	private benefactors	What type of entity created competition with government created universities ?
In fact , more than 80 % of the European scientists between 1450 -- 1650 included in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography were university trained , of which approximately 45 % held university posts .	more than 80%	What percentage of scientists from 1450 -- 1650 in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography were taught in a university ?
There was considerable reluctance on the part of universities to relinquish the symmetry and comprehensiveness provided by the Aristotelian system , which was effective as a coherent system for understanding and interpreting the world .	considerable reluctance	On the part of universities what was their reaction to giving up the Aristotelian system ?
For instance , Melanchthon and his disciples at University of Wittenberg were instrumental for integrating Copernican mathematical constructs into astronomical debate and instruction .	University of Wittenberg	What university was Melancthon from ?
Although universities may have been slow to accept new sciences and methodologies as they emerged , when they did accept new ideas it helped to convey legitimacy and respectability , and supported the scientific changes through providing a stable environment for instruction and material resources .	legitimacy and respectability	The acceptance of new concepts and sciences by universities brought these ideas what ?
Another example was the short-lived but fairly rapid adoption of Cartesian epistemology and methodology in European universities , and the debates surrounding that adoption , which led to more mechanistic approaches to scientific problems as well as demonstrated an openness to change .	Cartesian	What type of epistemology was adopted for a short period of time in European universities ?
Aristotelian epistemology provided a coherent framework not simply for knowledge and knowledge construction , but also for the training of scholars within the higher education setting .	Aristotelian	What type of epistemology served as the foundation of knowledge constructions and training scholars in universities ?
The creation of new scientific constructs during the scientific revolution , and the epistemological challenges that were inherent within this creation , initiated the idea of both the autonomy of science and the hierarchy of the disciplines .	autonomy	The scientific revolution contributed to what , in terms of science ?
The divergence between those focused on science and those still entrenched in the idea of a general scholar exacerbated the epistemological tensions that were already beginning to emerge .	a general scholar	There was disagreement between universities and scientists over schools focusing on science , and the idea of what ?
The creation of new scientific constructs during the scientific revolution , and the epistemological challenges that were inherent within this creation , initiated the idea of both the autonomy of science and the hierarchy of the disciplines .	the scientific revolution	A hierarchy of scientific disciplines came out of what ?
Instead of entering higher education to become a `` general scholar '' immersed in becoming proficient in the entire curriculum , there emerged a type of scholar that put science first and viewed it as a vocation in itself .	first	Where did students after the scientific revolution put science on the scale of importance ?
Examining the influence of humanism on scholars in medicine , mathematics , astronomy and physics may suggest that humanism and universities were a strong impetus for the scientific revolution .	the scientific revolution	The study of humanism among those studying math , astronomy and medicine is said to have caused what ?
This resistance to changes in science may have been a significant factor in driving many scientists away from the university and toward private benefactors , usually in princely courts , and associations with newly forming scientific societies .	changes in science	Resisting what caused many scientists to court private benefactors ?
This resistance to changes in science may have been a significant factor in driving many scientists away from the university and toward private benefactors , usually in princely courts , and associations with newly forming scientific societies .	princely courts	Where might a scientist find a friendly private benefactor ?
Historians such as Richard S. Westfall have argued that the overt traditionalism of universities inhibited attempts to re-conceptualize nature and knowledge and caused an indelible tension between universities and scientists .	Richard S. Westfall	Which historian argues that traditionalism in a university system hindered attempts to form new views on knowledge and nature ?
The priesthoods of public religion were held by members of the elite classes .	elite	The members of what class were priests in ancient Rome ?
The Roman triumph was at its core a religious procession in which the victorious general displayed his piety and his willingness to serve the public good by dedicating a portion of his spoils to the gods , especially Jupiter , who embodied just rule .	Jupiter	Which God exemplified just rule for the Romans ?
During the Roman Republic -LRB- 509 -- 27 BC -RRB- , the same men who were elected public officials might also serve as augurs and pontiffs .	509–27 BC	What was the time span of the Roman Republic ?
There was no principle analogous to separation of church and state in ancient Rome .	church and state	What kind of political separation did not exist in Rome ?
As a result of the Punic Wars -LRB- 264 -- 146 BC -RRB- , when Rome struggled to establish itself as a dominant power , many new temples were built by magistrates in fulfillment of a vow to a deity for assuring their military success .	Punic Wars	As a result of what war were many new temples built by victorious generals ?
Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer , ritual , and sacrifice , not on faith or dogma , although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs .	faith or dogma	What characteristics were not inherent in Roman religious practice ?
Even the most skeptical among Rome 's intellectual elite such as Cicero , who was an augur , saw religion as a source of social order .	social order	What was brought forth by religion in Rome ?
Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family 's domestic deities were offered .	household shrine	What religious feature did each Roman home have ?
The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances .	religious observances	What type of celebrations made up the Roman calendar ?
Some public rituals could be conducted only by women , and women formed what is perhaps Rome 's most famous priesthood , the state-supported Vestals , who tended Rome 's sacred hearth for centuries , until disbanded under Christian domination .	Vestals	What religious group was in charge of Rome 's sacred flame ?
The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored , a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists .	great number	How deities did the Romans have ?
The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture , introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo .	Greeks	What group was an influence to Roman culture ?
The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture , introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo .	religious	What sort of practices did the Greeks offer to Rome 's culture ?
The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks -LRB- interpretatio graeca -RRB- , adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art .	Greek	What myths did the Romans adapt to their needs ?
Etruscan religion was also a major influence , particularly on the practice of augury .	Etruscan	What religion influenced augury for the Romans ?
Imported mystery religions , which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife , were a matter of personal choice for an individual , practiced in addition to carrying on one 's family rites and participating in public religion .	personal choice	What was the practice of religion to the Romans ?
Imported mystery religions , which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife , were a matter of personal choice for an individual , practiced in addition to carrying on one 's family rites and participating in public religion .	public religion	What was the standard practice in Roman religious life ?
The mysteries , however , involved exclusive oaths and secrecy , conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of `` magic '' , conspiratorial -LRB- coniuratio -RRB- , or subversive activity .	mysteries	What part of Roman religious practice involved secrecy ?
The mysteries , however , involved exclusive oaths and secrecy , conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of `` magic '' , conspiratorial -LRB- coniuratio -RRB- , or subversive activity .	conservative Romans	What group viewed the mysteries as suspicious or subversive ?
Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity , as with the senate 's efforts to restrict the Bacchanals in 186 BC .	morality and unity	What did the mysteries seem to threaten that made the Romans occasionally attempt to ban them ?
As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world , their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them , since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability .	preserving tradition	To the Romans what did them think promoted social stability ?
As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world , their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them , since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability .	absorb	What did the Romans tend to do with local religions and deities in conquered areas ?
Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only , religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems .	tolerance	What facet of religion was not an issue for Roman ?
By the height of the Empire , numerous international deities were cultivated at Rome and had been carried to even the most remote provinces , among them Cybele , Isis , Epona , and gods of solar monism such as Mithras and Sol Invictus , found as far north as Roman Britain .	remote provinces	To what areas of the Roman empire did the Romans take their deities ?
One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage , building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion .	religious heritage	What facet of a foreign people did Rome add to itself to promote order ?
In the wake of the Republic 's collapse , state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors .	emperors	After the Republic collapsed , what addition was made to the religions of Rome ?
Augustus , the first Roman emperor , justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform .	Augustus	Who was the first Roman emperor ?
Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor .	emperor	For whose well being were public vows made in the empire ?
Imperial cult became one of the major ways in which Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire .	Imperial cult	What did the Romans use as a means of expanding their rule throughout the empire ?
Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason .	treason	As what during the time of the Roman empire was rejection of the state religion viewed ?
Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas , son of Venus , who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium , Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy .	Aeneas	What mythical figure did the Romans consider to be semi-divine ?
Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas , son of Venus , who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium , Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy .	Roman religion	Of what did Aeneas establish the central feature ?
These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals , Rome 's female priesthood .	Vestals	Who were the keepers of Aeneas 's sacred objects ?
Aeneas had been given refuge by King Evander , a Greek exile from Arcadia , to whom were attributed other religious foundations : he established the Ara Maxima , `` Greatest Altar , '' to Hercules at the site that would become the Forum Boarium , and he was the first to celebrate the Lupercalia , an archaic festival in February that was celebrated as late as the 5th century of the Christian era .	Lupercalia	What ancient festival was celebrated until the 5th century ?
Aeneas had been given refuge by King Evander , a Greek exile from Arcadia , to whom were attributed other religious foundations : he established the Ara Maxima , `` Greatest Altar , '' to Hercules at the site that would become the Forum Boarium , and he was the first to celebrate the Lupercalia , an archaic festival in February that was celebrated as late as the 5th century of the Christian era .	Hercules	To whom did Aeneas set up an alter in Rome ?
The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy -LRB- the Latin kings of Alba Longa -RRB- with the well-known legend of Rome 's founding by Romulus and Remus .	Romulus and Remus	What mythical characters were involved in the founding of Rome ?
The most common version of the twins ' story displays several aspects of hero myth .	hero myth	What type of story was the Romulus and Remus tale ?
Their mother , Rhea Silvia , had been ordered by her uncle the king to remain a virgin , in order to preserve the throne he had usurped from her father .	Rhea Silvia	Who was the mother of Romulus and Remus ?
Through divine intervention , the rightful line was restored when Rhea Silvia was impregnated by the god Mars .	Mars	What god was the father of Romulus and Remus ?
She gave birth to twins , who were duly exposed by order of the king but saved through a series of miraculous events .	miraculous	What type of events saved the twins of Roman myth ?
Romulus was credited with several religious institutions .	religious	What type of organization did Romulus establish ?
As a successful general , Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome 's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima , the prime spoils taken in war , in the celebration of the first Roman triumph .	Jupiter	According to myth , what god 's temple did Romulus found ?
As a successful general , Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome 's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima , the prime spoils taken in war , in the celebration of the first Roman triumph .	spoils taken in war	What did Romulus offer to Jupiter in the first Roman Triumph ?
He founded the Consualia festival , inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate ; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus 's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome 's myth of origins .	Consualia	What religious festival did Romulus found ?
Spared a mortal 's death , Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified .	deified	Instead of death , what happened to Romulus ?
Each of Rome 's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic .	religious institutions	To what were the first kings of Rome associated ?
The first `` outsider '' Etruscan king , Lucius Tarquinius Priscus , founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter , Juno and Minerva which served as the model for the highest official cult throughout the Roman world .	Jupiter, Juno and Minerva	To what group of deities did Lucius Tarquinius Priscus establish a temple ?
Servius Tullius was murdered and succeeded by the arrogant Tarquinius Superbus , whose expulsion marked the beginning of Rome as a republic with annually elected magistrates .	Tarquinius Superbus	The removal of whom marked the beginning of the Roman Republic ?
The first `` outsider '' Etruscan king , Lucius Tarquinius Priscus , founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter , Juno and Minerva which served as the model for the highest official cult throughout the Roman world .	Capitoline	Where was the temple to the triad gods established ?
The benevolent , divinely fathered Servius Tullius established the Latin League , its Aventine Temple to Diana , and the Compitalia to mark his social reforms .	Latin League,	What organization did Servius Tullius found ?
Rome offers no native creation myth , and little mythography to explain the character of its deities , their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world , but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales -LRB- immortal gods -RRB- ruled all realms of the heavens and earth .	creation	What type of myth did Rome not have ?
Rome offers no native creation myth , and little mythography to explain the character of its deities , their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world , but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales -LRB- immortal gods -RRB- ruled all realms of the heavens and earth .	immortal gods	To the Romans who ruled all aspects of heaven and earth ?
Some evidently favoured Rome because Rome honoured them , but none were intrinsically , irredeemably foreign or alien .	Rome honoured them	What did the Romans do for those deities that favored Rome ?
The political , cultural and religious coherence of an emergent Roman super-state required a broad , inclusive and flexible network of lawful cults .	lawful	What did Rome make the myriad various cults ?
Change was embedded within existing traditions .	Change	What was basic facet of Roman religious experience ?
Jupiter , the most powerful of all gods and `` the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested '' , consistently personified the divine authority of Rome 's highest offices , internal organization and external relations .	Jupiter	To the Romans who was the most powerful of the gods ?
Jupiter , the most powerful of all gods and `` the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested '' , consistently personified the divine authority of Rome 's highest offices , internal organization and external relations .	divine authority	What did Jupiter personify in regards to Rome 's highest offices ?
During the archaic and early Republican eras , he shared his temple , some aspects of cult and several divine characteristics with Mars and Quirinus , who were later replaced by Juno and Minerva .	Mars and Quirinus	What gods did Juno and Minerva replace in Roman religious practice ?
These later Roman pantheistic hierarchies are part literary and mythographic , part philosophical creations , and often Greek in origin .	Greek in origin	From where does the practice of linking various gods into grouping come ?
The Hellenization of Latin literature and culture supplied literary and artistic models for reinterpreting Roman deities in light of the Greek Olympians , and promoted a sense that the two cultures had a shared heritage .	heritage	Of what did the linking of Greek and Roman deities promote a feeling ?
The impressive , costly , and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual 's domestic and personal deities , the patron divinities of Rome 's various neighborhoods and communities , and the often idiosyncratic blends of official , unofficial , local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion .	commonplace	What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances ?
The impressive , costly , and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual 's domestic and personal deities , the patron divinities of Rome 's various neighborhoods and communities , and the often idiosyncratic blends of official , unofficial , local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion .	lawful Roman	To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices pertain ?
The impressive , costly , and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual 's domestic and personal deities , the patron divinities of Rome 's various neighborhoods and communities , and the often idiosyncratic blends of official , unofficial , local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion .	impressive, costly, and centralised	What were the characteristics of state religious observances ?
The impressive , costly , and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual 's domestic and personal deities , the patron divinities of Rome 's various neighborhoods and communities , and the often idiosyncratic blends of official , unofficial , local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion .	individual	Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome ?
The impressive , costly , and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual 's domestic and personal deities , the patron divinities of Rome 's various neighborhoods and communities , and the often idiosyncratic blends of official , unofficial , local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion .	patron	What type of deities did Roman communities have ?
Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals .	forty	How many religious celebrations did Rome have ?
Some lasted several days , others a single day or less : sacred days -LRB- dies fasti -RRB- outnumbered `` non-sacred '' days -LRB- dies nefasti -RRB- .	sacred days	What type of day were there more of in Rome ?
A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal groups that allowed for different local traditions .	seasonal	With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance ?
A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal groups that allowed for different local traditions .	local	What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate ?
Other festivals may have required only the presence and rites of their priests and acolytes , or particular groups , such as women at the Bona Dea rites .	particular groups	Instead of the public , what did some religious rites only require ?
The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows , though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event .	fulfillment of religious vows	What type of festivals happened when events warranted them ?
The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows , though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event .	The triumph	What is an example of an event organized religious celebration ?
During the late Republic , the political elite competed to outdo each other in public display , and the ludi attendant on a triumph were expanded to include gladiator contests .	public display	In what aspect of the festival did political figures try to out do each other ?
Under the Principate , all such spectacular displays came under Imperial control : the most lavish were subsidised by emperors , and lesser events were provided by magistrates as a sacred duty and privilege of office .	Imperial	Under what auspices did public displays come during the Principate ?
Under the Principate , all such spectacular displays came under Imperial control : the most lavish were subsidised by emperors , and lesser events were provided by magistrates as a sacred duty and privilege of office .	emperors	Who paid for the most lavish of festival events ?
The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome 's intellectual elite , but the more obscure they were , the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation -- a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform , which often cloaked autocratic innovation , nor on his only rival as mythmaker of the era , Ovid .	reinterpretation	What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do ?
The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome 's intellectual elite , but the more obscure they were , the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation -- a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform , which often cloaked autocratic innovation , nor on his only rival as mythmaker of the era , Ovid .	reform	What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion ?
The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome 's intellectual elite , but the more obscure they were , the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation -- a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform , which often cloaked autocratic innovation , nor on his only rival as mythmaker of the era , Ovid .	Ovid	What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays ?
But official calendars preserved from different times and places also show a flexibility in omitting or expanding events , indicating that there was no single static and authoritative calendar of required observances .	authoritative calendar	What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome ?
In the later Empire under Christian rule , the new Christian festivals were incorporated into the existing framework of the Roman calendar , alongside at least some of the traditional festivals .	Christian	Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays ?
The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself , but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury : `` The architecture of the ancient Romans was , from first to last , an art of shaping space around ritual . ''	ritual	Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space ?
The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself , but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury : `` The architecture of the ancient Romans was , from first to last , an art of shaping space around ritual . ''	augury	What religious practice did Rome use to determine ritual ?
The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer to this sacred precinct , and the more common Latin words aedes , delubrum , or fanum for a temple or shrine as a building .	templum	What Roman word was used to refer to the scared precinct ?
The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer to this sacred precinct , and the more common Latin words aedes , delubrum , or fanum for a temple or shrine as a building .	aedes, delubrum, or fanum	What common Latin words were used to mean a shrine or building ?
The ruins of temples are among the most visible monuments of ancient Roman culture .	temples	What monuments were the some of most visible of Roman culture ?
All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective .	prayer	What did each offering require to be valid in Roman religion ?
Pliny the Elder declared that `` a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods . ''	useless	What did Pliny the Elder think that a sacrifice without prayer was ?
Prayer by itself , however , had independent power .	Prayer	What act alone had power in Roman thought ?
Even private prayer by an individual was formulaic , a recitation rather than a personal expression , though selected by the individual for a particular purpose or occasion .	personal expression	What was missing in the formulas of prayer in Rome ?
The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action , and knowledge of the correct verbal formulas the key to efficacy .	correct verbal formulas	What knowledge was of importance in the potency of prayer ?
Sacrifice to deities of the heavens -LRB- di superi , `` gods above '' -RRB- was performed in daylight , and under the public gaze .	daylight	When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur ?
Deities of the upper heavens required white , infertile victims of their own sex : Juno a white heifer -LRB- possibly a white cow -RRB- ; Jupiter a white , castrated ox -LRB- bos mas -RRB- for the annual oath-taking by the consuls .	white	What color was the sacrifice mandated to be for heaven deities ?
After the sacrifice , a banquet was held ; in state cults , the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion -LRB- exta , the innards -RRB- .	banquet	What event was held after the sacrifice ?
Di superi with strong connections to the earth , such as Mars , Janus , Neptune and various genii -- including the Emperor 's -- were offered fertile victims .	fertile	What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections ?
Rome 's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat ; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own .	officials and priests	Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice banquet ?
Chthonic gods such as Dis pater , the di inferi -LRB- `` gods below '' -RRB- , and the collective shades of the departed -LRB- di Manes -RRB- were given dark , fertile victims in nighttime rituals .	nighttime	When were the gods below and the dead celebrated ?
Chthonic gods such as Dis pater , the di inferi -LRB- `` gods below '' -RRB- , and the collective shades of the departed -LRB- di Manes -RRB- were given dark , fertile victims in nighttime rituals .	dark, fertile	What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered ?
Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering , and there was no shared banquet , as `` the living can not share a meal with the dead '' .	burnt offering	How was the sacrifice to the gods below handled ?
Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering , and there was no shared banquet , as `` the living can not share a meal with the dead '' .	shared banquet	What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice ?
Color had a general symbolic value for sacrifices .	Color	What feature had importance in sacrifices ?
The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it , and so might be placated in advance .	divine agencies	What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion ?
Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey , or encounters with banditry , piracy and shipwreck , with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return .	gratitude	What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron ?
Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey , or encounters with banditry , piracy and shipwreck , with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return .	Divine	What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters ?
In times of great crisis , the Senate could decree collective public rites , in which Rome 's citizens , including women and children , moved in procession from one temple to the next , supplicating the gods .	public rites	What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome ?
In times of great crisis , the Senate could decree collective public rites , in which Rome 's citizens , including women and children , moved in procession from one temple to the next , supplicating the gods .	supplicating the gods	What was the point of public procession to the god 's temples ?
Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice : in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War , Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring -LRB- see ver sacrum -RRB- , to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies .	Extraordinary	What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties ?
Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice : in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War , Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring -LRB- see ver sacrum -RRB- , to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies .	every animal born	What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War ?
Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice : in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War , Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring -LRB- see ver sacrum -RRB- , to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies .	Hannibal	From whom was Rome asking for protection ?
Normally , if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain , the offered sacrifice would be withheld .	withheld	What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement ?
In Pompeii , the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull : presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult , though minor offerings -LRB- incense and wine -RRB- were also made .	bull	What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii ?
The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal , comprising in Cicero 's enumeration the gall bladder -LRB- fel -RRB- , liver -LRB- iecur -RRB- , heart -LRB- cor -RRB- , and lungs -LRB- pulmones -RRB- .	entrails	What were the exta of a sacrifice ?
The exta were exposed for litatio -LRB- divine approval -RRB- as part of Roman liturgy , but were `` read '' in the context of the disciplina Etrusca .	disciplina Etrusca	How were the exta read in Roman religious practice ?
As a product of Roman sacrifice , the exta and blood are reserved for the gods , while the meat -LRB- viscera -RRB- is shared among human beings in a communal meal .	exta and blood	What part of the sacrifice were reserved for the gods ?
As a product of Roman sacrifice , the exta and blood are reserved for the gods , while the meat -LRB- viscera -RRB- is shared among human beings in a communal meal .	meat	What part of the sacrifice was shared among humans ?
When the deity 's portion was cooked , it was sprinkled with mola salsa -LRB- ritually prepared salted flour -RRB- and wine , then placed in the fire on the altar for the offering ; the technical verb for this action was porricere .	fire on the altar	Into what was the god 's portion of the sacrifice placed ?
Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented .	Human	What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome ?
Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented .	Human sacrifice	What act was repulsive to Romans ?
After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium , in a stone chamber `` which had on a previous occasion -LSB- 228 BC -RSB- also been polluted by human victims , a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings '' .	buried	How were sacrifices of humans carried out in Rome ?
The rite was apparently repeated in 113 BC , preparatory to an invasion of Gaul .	Gaul	Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out ?
The rite was apparently repeated in 113 BC , preparatory to an invasion of Gaul .	113 BC	When was the invasion of Gaul by Rome ?
In the early stages of the First Punic War -LRB- 264 BC -RRB- the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held , described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat .	First Punic War	During what war was the first gladiator munus held ?
In the early stages of the First Punic War -LRB- 264 BC -RRB- the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held , described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat .	funeral blood-rite	How was the gladiatorial combat described ?
The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice , probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpose .	death	What was not the ultimate purpose of gladiatorial rites ?
Even so , the gladiators swore their lives to the infernal gods , and the combat was dedicated as an offering to the di manes or other gods .	as an offering	In what way was gladiatorial combat considered ?
The event was therefore a sacrificium in the strict sense of the term , and Christian writers later condemned it as human sacrifice .	human sacrifice	How did later Christians view Gladiatorial combats ?
The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus , traditionally Rome 's Republican founder and first consul .	L. Junius Brutus	Who was the founder of the Roman Republic ?
The small woolen dolls called Maniae , hung on the Compitalia shrines , were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania , as Mother of the Lares .	woolen dolls	What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania ?
The small woolen dolls called Maniae , hung on the Compitalia shrines , were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania , as Mother of the Lares .	Mother of the Lares	Who was Mania in Roman religion ?
The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus , traditionally Rome 's Republican founder and first consul .	L. Junius Brutus	What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic ?
Political or military executions were sometimes conducted in such a way that they evoked human sacrifice , whether deliberately or in the perception of witnesses ; Marcus Marius Gratidianus was a gruesome example .	executions	What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices ?
Officially , human sacrifice was obnoxious `` to the laws of gods and men . ''	human sacrifice	What act did Romans view as obnoxious ?
The practice was a mark of the `` Other '' , attributed to Rome 's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls .	enemies	To whom was human sacrifice usually attributed ?
Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty .	banned it	What did Rome do about human sacrifice ?
A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committed for magical purposes .	murder	As what did the law of 81 BC view human sacrifice ?
Despite an empire-wide ban under Hadrian , human sacrifice may have continued covertly in North Africa and elsewhere .	Hadrian	What ruler banned human sacrifice empire wide ?
His wife -LRB- mater familias -RRB- was responsible for the household 's cult to Vesta .	wife	Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult ?
A pater familias was the senior priest of his household .	pater familias	Who was the senior priest of the household in Rome ?
In Vergil 's Aeneid , Aeneas brought the Trojan cult of the lares and penates from Troy , along with the Palladium which was later installed in the temple of Vesta .	Aeneas	Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome ?
In Vergil 's Aeneid , Aeneas brought the Trojan cult of the lares and penates from Troy , along with the Palladium which was later installed in the temple of Vesta .	Troy	From what city did Aeneas bring the lares cult ?
In Vergil 's Aeneid , Aeneas brought the Trojan cult of the lares and penates from Troy , along with the Palladium which was later installed in the temple of Vesta .	Palladium	What was put in the temple of Vesta ?
Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings , according to the principle do ut des -LRB- `` I give , that you might give '' -RRB- .	ritualised	On what kind of system was Roman religious law focused ?
Religious neglect was a form of atheism : impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual were vitia -LRB- impious errors -RRB- .	Religious neglect	What form of religion was atheism considered to be ?
Proper , respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity .	harmony and prosperity.	What results did proper religious practices produce ?
Any of these moral deviations could cause divine anger -LRB- ira deorum -RRB- and therefore harm the State .	divine anger	What could deviations from proper religious practices cause ?
Participation in public rites showed a personal commitment to their community and its values .	commitment	What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual ?
Official cults were state funded as a `` matter of public interest '' -LRB- res publica -RRB- .	state	What organization payed for the maintenance official cults ?
Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities .	private individuals	Who funded non-official religious cults ?
Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities .	own communities	What group benefited from non - official cults ?
The public Vestals prepared ritual substances for use in public and private cults , and held the state-funded -LRB- thus public -RRB- opening ceremony for the Parentalia festival , which was otherwise a private rite to household ancestors .	Vestals	What group presented the opening ceremonies of the Parentalia festival ?
All cults were ultimately subject to the approval and regulation of the censor and pontifices .	censor and pontifices	What individuals had the right to regulate all cults ?
Rome had no separate priestly caste or class .	separate priestly caste	What was lacking as to the profession of a priest class in Rome ?
The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices , officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes .	highest	What authority in a community sponsored religious rites ?
Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation .	Specialists	What type of religious participants were available for consultation ?
The earliest public priesthoods were probably the flamines -LRB- the singular is flamen -RRB- , attributed to king Numa : the major flamines , dedicated to Jupiter , Mars and Quirinus , were traditionally drawn from patrician families .	flamines	What were the earliest priesthoods ?
In household cult , the paterfamilias functioned as priest , and members of his familia as acolytes and assistants .	paterfamilias	Which member of a family functioned as priest ?
In the Regal era , a rex sacrorum -LRB- king of the sacred rites -RRB- supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king -LRB- rex -RRB- or in his absence , and announced the public festivals .	rex sacrorum	Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings ?
He had little or no civil authority .	civil	What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack ?
With the abolition of monarchy , the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices increased .	Republican pontifices	What group 's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic ?
The rex sacrorum had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title : his religious duties still included the daily , ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role -- the supervision of the Vestals and their rites -- fell to the more politically powerful and influential pontifex maximus .	pontifex maximus	What individual became more powerful during the late Republic ?
The rex sacrorum had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title : his religious duties still included the daily , ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role -- the supervision of the Vestals and their rites -- fell to the more politically powerful and influential pontifex maximus .	rex sacrorum	By the late Republic , what position had become largely symbolic ?
Public priests were appointed by the collegia .	collegia	What group selected public priests in Rome ?
Once elected , a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine , which offered him lifetime influence , privilege and immunity .	lifetime	What was the term of office for a priest in Rome ?
Therefore , civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family .	law	What limited an individual 's access to religious offices ?
Priesthood was a costly honour : in traditional Roman practice , a priest drew no stipend .	costly	Because of the lack of pay , what was the type of honor in being a priest ?
During the Imperial era , priesthood of the Imperial cult offered provincial elites full Roman citizenship and public prominence beyond their single year in religious office ; in effect , it was the first step in a provincial cursus honorum .	Roman citizenship	What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial ?
The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta , goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame .	six	How many Vestals were there in Rome ?
The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta , goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame .	hearth	Of what was Vesta the goddess ?
The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta , goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame .	vital flame	Of what were the Vestals protectors ?
A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction , public status and privileges , and could exercise considerable political influence .	political influence	What was the benefit of being a Vestal ?
In archaic Roman society , these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man , instead answering directly to the Pontifex Maximus .	Pontifex Maximus	To whom did the Vestal answer ?
Unlike male priests , Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children , and were required to take a vow of chastity that was strictly enforced : a Vestal polluted by the loss of her chastity while in office was buried alive .	chastity	What vow was required of Vestals ?
Thus the exceptional honor accorded a Vestal was religious rather than personal or social ; her privileges required her to be fully devoted to the performance of her duties , which were considered essential to the security of Rome .	essential	How were the Vestals ' devotion to Rome 's security viewed to be ?
Unlike male priests , Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children , and were required to take a vow of chastity that was strictly enforced : a Vestal polluted by the loss of her chastity while in office was buried alive .	buried alive	What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal 's chastity ?
Thus the exceptional honor accorded a Vestal was religious rather than personal or social ; her privileges required her to be fully devoted to the performance of her duties , which were considered essential to the security of Rome .	devoted	What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties ?
Thus the exceptional honor accorded a Vestal was religious rather than personal or social ; her privileges required her to be fully devoted to the performance of her duties , which were considered essential to the security of Rome .	religious	What was the honor granted a Vestal ?
Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta 's flame .	Vesta's flame	Where could a householder rekindle the home 's flame ?
The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home .	Lares and Penates	For what state artifacts did the Vestals care ?
Besides their own festival of Vestalia , they participated directly in the rites of Parilia , Parentalia and Fordicidia .	Vestalia	What was the Vestal festival called ?
Indirectly , they played a role in every official sacrifice ; among their duties was the preparation of the mola salsa , the salted flour that was sprinkled on every sacrificial victim as part of its immolation .	mola salsa	To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend ?
Augustus ' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals .	Vestals	What group 's status was improved by Augustus ' religious reforms ?
They were given high-status seating at games and theatres .	seating	What advantage was there in being a Vestal at games ?
The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia , wife of Augustus .	Livia	For whose cult were the Vestals appointed as priestesses ?
They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well into the 4th century , after political power within the Empire had shifted to the Christians .	4th century	Until what time did the Vestal retain their social distinctions ?
His successor Theodosius I extinguished Vesta 's sacred fire and vacated her temple .	Theodosius I	Which emperor disbanded the Vestals ?
Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur .	sacred precinct	In what area did public rites take place in Rome ?
Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur .	augur	What person marked the religious area ritually ?
The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space , and only later referred to a building .	sacred space	What was the original meaning of the templum in Latin ?
Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space ; its ancient boundary -LRB- pomerium -RRB- had been marked by Romulus himself with oxen and plough ; what lay within was the earthly home and protectorate of the gods of the state .	Romulus	Who designated the first boundary of Rome ?
Magistrates sought divine opinion of proposed official acts through an augur , who read the divine will through observations made within the templum before , during and after an act of sacrifice .	divine will	What did augers seek to understand through observances ?
The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice , particularly the liver .	examination of entrails	What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods ?
The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice , particularly the liver .	liver	Which of the entrails was especially important to augury ?
Most Roman authors describe haruspicy as an ancient , ethnically Etruscan `` outsider '' religious profession , separate from Rome 's internal and largely unpaid priestly hierarchy , essential but never quite respectable .	Etruscan	To which group can haruspicy to traced ?
During the mid-to-late Republic , the reformist Gaius Gracchus , the populist politician-general Gaius Marius and his antagonist Sulla , and the `` notorious Verres '' justified their very different policies by the divinely inspired utterances of private diviners .	diviners	What type of private individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions ?
The senate and armies used the public haruspices : at some time during the late Republic , the Senate decreed that Roman boys of noble family be sent to Etruria for training in haruspicy and divination .	public haruspices	What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods ?
Prodigies were transgressions in the natural , predictable order of the cosmos -- signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune .	Prodigies	What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans ?
Prodigies were transgressions in the natural , predictable order of the cosmos -- signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune .	conflict and misfortune	Of what were prodigies predictors ?
Prodigies were transgressions in the natural , predictable order of the cosmos -- signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune .	divine anger	What did prodigies show the Romans ?
In 207 BC , during one of the Punic Wars ' worst crises , the Senate dealt with an unprecedented number of confirmed prodigies whose expiation would have involved `` at least twenty days '' of dedicated rites .	dedicated rites	What did the expiation of a prodigy impose ?
The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false , or genuine and in the public interest , in which case it was referred to the public priests , augurs and haruspices for ritual expiation .	Senate	What group determined the truth of a prodigy ?
Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio .	Livy	What author wrote of disaster prodigies ?
The minor prodigies were less warlike but equally unnatural ; sheep become goats , a hen become a cock -LRB- and vice versa -RRB- -- these were expiated with `` lesser victims '' .	lesser victims	What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ?
The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons , the apparent shrinking of the sun 's disc , two moons in a daylit sky , a cosmic battle between sun and moon , a rain of red-hot stones , a bloody sweat on statues , and blood in fountains and on ears of corn : all were expiated by sacrifice of `` greater victims '' .	greater victims	Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice ?
Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio .	widespread failure	Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion ?
Religious restitution is proved only by Rome 's victory .	Rome's victory	What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies ?
Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied , and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy .	educated elite	From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come ?
The traditional care of the dead , however , and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion .	archaic	What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead ?
Ancient votive deposits to the noble dead of Latium and Rome suggest elaborate and costly funeral offerings and banquets in the company of the deceased , an expectation of afterlife and their association with the gods .	afterlife	What did the ancient Romans expect after death ?
Ancient votive deposits to the noble dead of Latium and Rome suggest elaborate and costly funeral offerings and banquets in the company of the deceased , an expectation of afterlife and their association with the gods .	gods	With whom did the early Romans expect to associate ?
As Roman society developed , its Republican nobility tended to invest less in spectacular funerals and extravagant housing for their dead , and more on monumental endowments to the community , such as the donation of a temple or public building whose donor was commemorated by his statue and inscribed name .	monumental endowments	What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings ?
Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth , status and religious context .	Funeral and commemorative	What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion ?
In Cicero 's time , the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation .	sow	What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero 's time ?
For the less well-off , inhumation with `` a libation of wine , incense , and fruit or crops was sufficient '' .	less well-off	What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering ?
They had become one of the di Manes , who were collectively celebrated and appeased at the Parentalia , a multi-day festival of remembrance in February .	Parentalia	What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead ?
Ceres functioned as an intermediary between the realms of the living and the dead : the deceased had not yet fully passed to the world of the dead and could share a last meal with the living .	Ceres	What goddess was an intermediary between the dead and the living ?
In the later Imperial era , the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped .	Christian	What group 's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman 's ?
Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members , and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica .	Tombs	What items were shared among Christian and non - Christians ?
The customary offers of wine and food to the dead continued ; St Augustine -LRB- following St Ambrose -RRB- feared that this invited the `` drunken '' practices of Parentalia but commended funeral feasts as a Christian opportunity to give alms of food to the poor .	alms of food	What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for ?
Christians attended Parentalia and its accompanying Feralia and Caristia in sufficient numbers for the Council of Tours to forbid them in AD 567 .	AD 567	When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians ?
Traditional Roman practice spurned the corpse as a ritual pollution ; inscriptions noted the day of birth and duration of life .	ritual pollution	How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead ?
Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual ; in effect they were Rome in miniature .	standard pattern	How were Roman camps laid out ?
Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual ; in effect they were Rome in miniature .	defense and religious ritual	For what purpose were Roman camps arranged ?
Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual ; in effect they were Rome in miniature .	Rome	Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions ?
The commander 's headquarters stood at the centre ; he took the auspices on a dais in front .	commander's headquarters	What was in the center of each Roman camp ?
The perimeter procession and sacrifice suggest the entire camp as a divine templum ; all within are purified and protected .	divine templum	What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become ?
Each camp had its own religious personnel ; standard bearers , priestly officers and their assistants , including a haruspex , and housekeepers of shrines and images .	religious	What type of personnel did every camp have ?
A senior magistrate-commander -LRB- sometimes even a consul -RRB- headed it , his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured that every citizen-soldier knew his duty .	senior magistrate-commander	What officer headed the religious personnel of a Roman camp ?
From the earliest Imperial era , citizen legionaries and provincial auxiliaries gave cult to the emperor and his familia on Imperial accessions , anniversaries and their renewal of annual vows .	emperor	In the Imperial era , what cult did legionnaires follow ?
They celebrated Rome 's official festivals in absentia , and had the official triads appropriate to their function -- in the Empire , Jupiter , Victoria and Concordia were typical .	Rome's official festivals	Even in other places , of what did the legions keep observance ?
By the early Severan era , the military also offered cult to the Imperial divi , the current emperor 's numen , genius and domus -LRB- or familia -RRB- , and special cult to the Empress as `` mother of the camp . ''	Empress	What person was considered to be `` Mother of the camp '' ?
The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make , promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods .	devotio	What was a Roman general 's most extreme offering ?
Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus ; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson , all bearing the same name , also devoted themselves .	Decius Mus	What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle ?
The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator .	Roman gladiator	With what does the devotio link to military ethics ?
Had he failed to die , his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void , with possibly disastrous consequences .	disastrous consequences	By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle ?
Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus ; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson , all bearing the same name , also devoted themselves .	Livy	Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus ?
In the early days of Rome 's war against Carthage , the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher -LRB- consul 249 BC -RRB- launched a sea campaign `` though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices . ''	Publius Claudius Pulcher	What general was consul in 249 BC ?
In the early days of Rome 's war against Carthage , the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher -LRB- consul 249 BC -RRB- launched a sea campaign `` though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices . ''	sea	What type of campaign did Publius fight ?
In defiance of the omen , he threw them into the sea , `` saying that they might drink , since they would not eat .	defiance of the omen	What was Publius 's critical mistake in his sea campaign ?
He was defeated , and on being bidden by the senate to appoint a dictator , he appointed his messenger Glycias , as if again making a jest of his country 's peril . ''	defeated	How did Publius fare in his battle ?
His impiety not only lost the battle but ruined his career .	impiety	What was the cause of Publius 's failures according to Roman feeling ?
Some rituals specifically required the presence of women , but their active participation was limited .	limited	What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances ?
As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice , the central rite of most major public ceremonies .	animal sacrifice	What religious act did women not perform ?
In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals , some cult practices were reserved for women only .	Vestals	What priesthood was reserved solely for women ?
The rites of the Bona Dea excluded men entirely .	Bona Dea	What Roman rites excluded men ?
A host of deities , however , are associated with motherhood .	motherhood	With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome 's religions ?
Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio , in the sense of `` doing or believing more than was necessary '' , to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone .	superstitio	What was excessive religious fervor in Rome 's religions ?
The famous tirade of Lucretius , the Epicurean rationalist , against what is usually translated as `` superstition '' was in fact aimed at excessive religio .	superstition	What was excessive religio equated with in Rome ?
Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith , but superstitio was viewed as an `` inappropriate desire for knowledge '' ; in effect , an abuse of religio .	knowledge	What was the basis of Roman religion ?
Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio , in the sense of `` doing or believing more than was necessary '' , to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone .	more than was necessary	Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome ?
Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith , but superstitio was viewed as an `` inappropriate desire for knowledge '' ; in effect , an abuse of religio .	inappropriate	What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be ?
Secretive consultations between private diviners and their clients were thus suspect .	private diviners	What type of diviners were suspect in Rome ?
The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods , not foretelling the future .	will of the gods	What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners ?
The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods , not foretelling the future .	foretelling the future	What action was not to be sought by state diviners ?
Astrologers and magicians were officially expelled from Rome at various times , notably in 139 BC and 33 BC .	Astrologers and magicians	What group of people were several times expelled from Rome ?
In 16 BC Tiberius expelled them under extreme penalty because an astrologer had predicted his death .	death	What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius ?
In the Graeco-Roman world , practitioners of magic were known as magi -LRB- singular magus -RRB- , a `` foreign '' title of Persian priests .	magi	What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic ?
In the Graeco-Roman world , practitioners of magic were known as magi -LRB- singular magus -RRB- , a `` foreign '' title of Persian priests .	Persian priests	To what did the term magi originally refer ?
Pliny the Elder offers a thoroughly skeptical `` History of magical arts '' from their supposed Persian origins to Nero 's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods .	Pliny the Elder	Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use ?
Pliny the Elder offers a thoroughly skeptical `` History of magical arts '' from their supposed Persian origins to Nero 's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods .	"History of magical arts"	What was the title of Pliny 's work on magic ?
Philostratus takes pains to point out that the celebrated Apollonius of Tyana was definitely not a magus , `` despite his special knowledge of the future , his miraculous cures , and his ability to vanish into thin air '' .	Apollonius of Tyana	Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air ?
Erichtho , it is said , can arrest `` the rotation of the heavens and the flow of rivers '' and make `` austere old men blaze with illicit passions '' .	Erichtho	What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens ?
Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius , the doomed son of Pompey the Great , as convinced `` the gods of heaven knew too little '' and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho , who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves , feeding on rotting corpses .	Sextus Pompeius	Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus ?
She and her clients are portrayed as undermining the natural order of gods , mankind and destiny .	order of gods	What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining ?
A female foreigner from Thessaly , notorious for witchcraft , Erichtho is the stereotypical witch of Latin literature , along with Horace 's Canidia .	stereotypical witch	How was Erichtho portrayed ?
A female foreigner from Thessaly , notorious for witchcraft , Erichtho is the stereotypical witch of Latin literature , along with Horace 's Canidia .	Thessaly	From what country did Erichtho come ?
The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation -LRB- malum carmen , or ` noisome metrical charm ' -RRB- ; this included the `` charming of crops from one field to another '' -LRB- excantatio frugum -RRB- and any rite that sought harm or death to others .	Twelve Tables	What forbid harmful incantations ?
Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome 's divine and human communities ; although sometimes the recipients of public rites , these were conducted outside the sacred boundary of the pomerium .	Chthonic	What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community ?
The barrier between private religious practices and `` magic '' is permeable , and Ovid gives a vivid account of rites at the fringes of the public Feralia festival that are indistinguishable from magic : an old woman squats among a circle of younger women , sews up a fish-head , smears it with pitch , then pierces and roasts it to `` bind hostile tongues to silence '' .	indistinguishable	What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances ?
Individuals seeking their aid did so away from the public gaze , during the hours of darkness .	public gaze	What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid ?
Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome 's divine and human communities ; although sometimes the recipients of public rites , these were conducted outside the sacred boundary of the pomerium .	outside the sacred boundary	Where was magic conducted in Rome ?
Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells -LRB- defixiones -RRB- , magical papyri and so-called `` voodoo dolls '' from a very early era .	Archaeology	What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times ?
Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells -LRB- defixiones -RRB- , magical papyri and so-called `` voodoo dolls '' from a very early era .	defixiones	What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world ?
None of these defixiones seem produced by , or on behalf of the elite , who had more immediate recourse to human law and justice .	law and justice	What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong ?
Similar traditions existed throughout the empire , persisting until around the 7th century AD , well into the Christian era .	7th century AD	Until what era did spells persist in the empire ?
Similar traditions existed throughout the empire , persisting until around the 7th century AD , well into the Christian era .	Christian era	What era produced a decline in the use of spells ?
Rome 's government , politics and religion were dominated by an educated , male , landowning military aristocracy .	aristocracy	What male group dominated all aspects of Rome ?
Approximately half Rome 's population were slave or free non-citizens .	slave or free non-citizens	Of what class was more than half of Rome 's population ?
Most others were plebeians , the lowest class of Roman citizens .	plebeians	What was the lowest class of Roman citizens ?
Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights ; far fewer could actually exercise them .	Less than a quarter	How many adult males were able to vote in Rome ?
However , all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices , in the name of the senate and people of Rome .	the senate	What organization was Rome 's official caretaker ?
The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome 's internal governance , diplomacy and development from kingdom , to Republic and to Empire .	religious and political	The link between what groups was necessary to Rome ?
Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite : kingship was replaced by two annually elected consular offices .	patrician elite	Where was the basic power in Rome to be found ?
In the early Republic , as presumably in the regal era , plebeians were excluded from high religious and civil office , and could be punished for offenses against laws of which they had no knowledge .	plebeians	What group was excluded from high offices ?
The senate appointed Camillus as dictator to handle the emergency ; he negotiated a settlement , and sanctified it by the dedication of a temple to Concordia .	Camillus	Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes ?
The senate appointed Camillus as dictator to handle the emergency ; he negotiated a settlement , and sanctified it by the dedication of a temple to Concordia .	Concordia	To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike ?
While the new plebeian nobility made social , political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves , their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults .	political traditions and religious cults	What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility ?
During the Punic crisis , popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy ; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber , the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms , and with Roman Bacchus .	Dionysus	What cult arrived from southern Italy ?
During the Punic crisis , popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy ; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber , the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms , and with Roman Bacchus .	Punic crisis	During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular ?
During the Punic crisis , popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy ; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber , the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms , and with Roman Bacchus .	Bacchus	To what Roman god was Dionysus similar ?
Where loyalty was implicit , no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced ; Liber 's festival continued .	divine hierarchy	With loyalty a necessity , what censorship did not need to be enforced ?
In 63 BC , Julius Caesar 's appointment as pontifex maximus `` signaled his emergence as a major player in Roman politics '' .	pontifex maximus	What appointment was the start of Cesar 's political rise ?
The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society .	cultural shift	What did the Augustan settlement signify in Rome 's classes ?
Such claims suggested personal character and policy as divinely inspired ; an appointment to priesthood offered divine validation .	divinely inspired	What did the claims of officials imply about the nature of the individuals ?
In 63 BC , Julius Caesar 's appointment as pontifex maximus `` signaled his emergence as a major player in Roman politics '' .	63 BC	In what year was Cesar made pontifex maximus ?
Under the principate , such opportunities were limited by law ; priestly and political power were consolidated in the person of the princeps -LRB- `` first citizen '' -RRB- .	by law	How were opportunities limited in the principate for the citizens of Rome ?
By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state , with a large plebeian , artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods .	plebeian	At the end of the regal period , what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas ?
The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours ; according to tradition , Rome 's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine ; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter , Juno and Minerva , installed in a Capitoline temple , built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival , Epulum Jovis .	neighbours	With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period ?
The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours ; according to tradition , Rome 's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine ; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter , Juno and Minerva , installed in a Capitoline temple , built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival , Epulum Jovis .	Minerva	What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad ?
The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours ; according to tradition , Rome 's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine ; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter , Juno and Minerva , installed in a Capitoline temple , built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival , Epulum Jovis .	Etruscan	In what style was the temple to Minerva built ?
The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours ; according to tradition , Rome 's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine ; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter , Juno and Minerva , installed in a Capitoline temple , built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival , Epulum Jovis .	Jupiter, Juno and Minerva	What gods were in the Capitoline triad ?
Rome 's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine .	Diana	Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League ?
and established on the Aventine in the `` commune Latinorum Dianae templum '' : At about the same time , the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount , its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome 's inclusive hegemony .	Jupiter Latiaris	To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount ?
Rome 's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the pomoerium : and the cult to Hercules at the ara maxima in the Forum Boarium was established through commercial connections with Tibur .	Hercules	What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ?
and the Tusculan cult of Castor as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the Forum Romanum : Juno Sospita and Juno Regina were brought from Italy , and Fortuna Primigenia from Praeneste .	cavalry	For what group was Castor a patron ?
In 217 , Venus was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill .	Sicily	From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill ?
In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater -LRB- Great Mother -RRB- from Pessinus , installed on the Palatine in 191 BC .	Magna Mater	What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC ?
The mystery cult to Bacchus followed ; it was suppressed as subversive and unruly by decree of the Senate in 186 BC .	Bacchus	What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult ?
The mystery cult to Bacchus followed ; it was suppressed as subversive and unruly by decree of the Senate in 186 BC .	186 BC	In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive ?
Greek deities were brought within the sacred pomerium : temples were dedicated to Juventas -LRB- Hebe -RRB- in 191 BC , Diana -LRB- Artemis -RRB- in 179 BC , Mars -LRB- Ares -RRB- in 138 BC -RRB- , and to Bona Dea , equivalent to Fauna , the female counterpart of the rural Faunus , supplemented by the Greek goddess Damia .	179 BC	In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium ?
Greek deities were brought within the sacred pomerium : temples were dedicated to Juventas -LRB- Hebe -RRB- in 191 BC , Diana -LRB- Artemis -RRB- in 179 BC , Mars -LRB- Ares -RRB- in 138 BC -RRB- , and to Bona Dea , equivalent to Fauna , the female counterpart of the rural Faunus , supplemented by the Greek goddess Damia .	Mars	What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC ?
The spread of Greek literature , mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome 's festivals and rituals , and the embellishment of its mythology .	model	The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome 's religions ?
Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus , who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals .	Euhemerus	What writer defined the development of the gods ?
In the last century of the Republic , Epicurean and particularly Stoic interpretations were a preoccupation of the literate elite , most of whom held - or had held - high office and traditional Roman priesthoods ; notably , Scaevola and the polymath Varro .	literate elite	At the end of the Republic , who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion ?
Whereas in popular belief deities held power over mortal lives , the skeptic might say that mortal devotion had made gods of mortals , and these same gods were only sustained by devotion and cult .	devotion and cult.	What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro ?
For Varro - well versed in Euhemerus ' theory - popular religious observance was based on a necessary fiction ; what the people believed was not itself the truth , but their observance led them to as much higher truth as their limited capacity could deal with .	Euhemerus' theory	What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction ?
In the mid-to-late Republican era , and probably much earlier , many of Rome 's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult , along with a share of their divinity .	personal claim	What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods ?
Most notably in the very late Republic , the Julii claimed Venus Genetrix as ancestor ; this would be one of many foundations for the Imperial cult .	Imperial cult	Of what were such claims of deity relations the start ?
Most notably in the very late Republic , the Julii claimed Venus Genetrix as ancestor ; this would be one of many foundations for the Imperial cult .	Venus Genetrix	What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor ?
The claim was further elaborated and justified in Vergil 's poetic , Imperial vision of the past .	Vergil	What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood ?
Towards the end of the Republic , religious and political offices became more closely intertwined ; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative .	religious and political	By the end of the Republic , what offices were increasingly joined ?
Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political , military and priestly powers ; at first temporarily , then for his lifetime .	Augustus	What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers ?
He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome 's major priesthoods , including that of pontifex maximus ; as he invented none , he could claim them as traditional honours .	unprecedented number	How many priesthoods was Augustus given ?
His reforms were represented as adaptive , restorative and regulatory , rather than innovative ; most notably his elevation -LRB- and membership -RRB- of the ancient Arvales , his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality .	adaptive, restorative and regulatory	How were Augustus 's reforms viewed ?
His reforms were represented as adaptive , restorative and regulatory , rather than innovative ; most notably his elevation -LRB- and membership -RRB- of the ancient Arvales , his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality .	Roman morality	As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms ?
Those who acknowledged Rome 's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars , independent of Roman religious law .	Roman religious law	From what were countries in the empire free ?
The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures ; in principle , Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin , Etruscan and other Italian peoples , cults and deities as Roman .	inclusionist policies	What were Rome 's policies in regards to foreign peoples ?
Autonomy and concord were official policy , but new foundations by Roman citizens or their Romanised allies were likely to follow Roman cultic models .	Autonomy and concord	What was Rome 's policy towards government ?
By the middle of the 1st century AD , Gaulish Vertault seems to have abandoned its native cultic sacrifice of horses and dogs in favour of a newly established , Romanised cult nearby : by the end of that century , Sabratha 's so-called tophet was no longer in use .	Romanised	What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults ?
Colonial and later Imperial provincial dedications to Rome 's Capitoline Triad were a logical choice , not a centralised legal requirement .	centralised legal requirement	What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire ?
Rome 's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities , including their traditional gods , the Imperial genius and local deities -- sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus -LRB- all the gods and goddesses -RRB- .	diis deabusque omnibus	What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas ?
They also brought Roman `` domestic '' deities and cult practices with them .	domestic	What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas ?
Rome 's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities , including their traditional gods , the Imperial genius and local deities -- sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus -LRB- all the gods and goddesses -RRB- .	traditional gods	To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters ?
By the same token , the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military .	conscription	What act of provincials brought new gods into the military ?
By the same token , the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military .	citizenship	What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire ?
The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar , who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy ; he was murdered soon after .	Julius Caesar	What Roman leader aspired to be a living god ?
The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar , who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy ; he was murdered soon after .	divine monarchy	What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting ?
Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors , and offered similar cult to Caesar 's successor , Augustus , who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship ; it might prove fatal .	Augustus	To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult ?
By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed , first in the Eastern Provinces , then in the West .	Imperial cult	By the end of Augustus 's reign what was an established fact ?
By the end of his reign , Augustus had appropriated Rome 's political apparatus -- and most of its religious cults -- within his `` reformed '' and thoroughly integrated system of government .	integrated	For what was Augustus 's reformed system of government notiable ?
In Rome , state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional .	divinely approved	What was the emperor 's rule in Rome ?
He was not a living divus but father of his country -LRB- pater patriae -RRB- , its pontifex maximus -LRB- greatest priest -RRB- and at least notionally , its leading Republican .	father of his country	As a living divus , what was the emperor to Rome ?
As princeps -LRB- first citizen -RRB- he must respect traditional Republican mores ; given virtually monarchic powers , he must restrain them .	traditional	As first citizen , what must the emperor 's mores represent ?
When he died , his ascent to heaven , or his descent to join the dii manes was decided by a vote in the Senate .	vote in the Senate	After his death , how was the emperor 's afterlife decided ?
Emperors before him had attempted to guarantee traditional cults as the core of Roman identity and well-being ; refusal of cult undermined the state and was treasonous .	traditional cults	What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion ?
For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate , Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea 's Hellenised elite .	treaty	What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome ?
Judaea 's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora ; in Rome , this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion .	63 BC	When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome ?
Early Italian synagogues have left few traces ; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period .	synagogues	What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period ?
Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate collegia by Julius Caesar .	Julius Caesar	Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome ?
Judaism was a superstitio to Cicero , but the Church Father Tertullian described it as religio licita -LRB- an officially permitted religion -RRB- in contrast to Christianity .	Christianity	In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome ?
After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD , Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats , who were later persecuted and killed .	Christians	What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD ?
After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD , Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats , who were later persecuted and killed .	Emperor Nero	Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire ?
From that point on , Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution .	persecution	What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce ?
From that point on , Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution .	official policy	What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome ?
Christians saw these ungodly practices as a primary cause of economic and political crisis .	ungodly practices	How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism ?
In the wake of religious riots in Egypt , the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to `` ancestral gods '' or suffer a penalty : only Jews were exempt .	Decius	Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods ?
Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective ; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults , but apostasy was sought , rather than capital punishment .	Decian oath	What oath was a requirement of the emperor 's decree ?
In the wake of religious riots in Egypt , the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to `` ancestral gods '' or suffer a penalty : only Jews were exempt .	Jews	What religious group was exempt from sacrifices ?
Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective ; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults , but apostasy was sought , rather than capital punishment .	subversives	What was the Decian decree meant to root out ?
A year after its due deadline , the edict expired .	edict expired.	What happened to the decree after a year ?
Valerian 's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult , outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome 's traditional gods .	subversive foreign cult	What did Valerian call the Christian religion ?
Valerian 's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult , outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome 's traditional gods .	assemblies	What Christian events did Valerian outlaw ?
Valerian 's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult , outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome 's traditional gods .	Rome's traditional	To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice ?
His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system -- not yet at its heart but close to it , among Rome 's equites and Senators .	threat	What did Valerian 's second edict call the Christians ' presence in the empire ?
The next forty years were peaceful ; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile , due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence .	stronger	What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian 's death ?
Both were executed for treason ; both were Christians .	treason	For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed ?
The first -LRB- 303 AD -RRB- `` ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts , forbade services to be held , degraded ofﬁcials who were Christians , re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians , and reduced the legal rights of all Christians ... -LSB- Physical -RSB- or capital punishments were not imposed on them '' but soon after , several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed .	303 AD	In what year did Diocletian 's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts ?
The first -LRB- 303 AD -RRB- `` ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts , forbade services to be held , degraded ofﬁcials who were Christians , re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians , and reduced the legal rights of all Christians ... -LSB- Physical -RSB- or capital punishments were not imposed on them '' but soon after , several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed .	legal rights	In 303 AD what did Christians begin losing ?
An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods , in terms that recall the Decian edict .	traditional gods	To what did the edict of 304 admonish Christians to sacrifice ?
The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice .	imprisonment	With what were Christian priests threatened in the second edict ?
In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced : some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred .	strictly enforced	How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas ?
In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced : some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred .	imprisoned or martyred	In areas of strict enforcement , what happened to Christians ?
Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian , but powerful and influential ; and some provincial authorities were lenient , notably the Caesar in Gaul , Constantius Chlorus , the father of Constantine I. Diocletian 's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311 , when he asked Christians to pray for him .	powerful and influential	What were some Christian communities ?
Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian , but powerful and influential ; and some provincial authorities were lenient , notably the Caesar in Gaul , Constantius Chlorus , the father of Constantine I. Diocletian 's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311 , when he asked Christians to pray for him .	lenient	What were some provincial governors in enforcement of the Roman edicts ?
Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian , but powerful and influential ; and some provincial authorities were lenient , notably the Caesar in Gaul , Constantius Chlorus , the father of Constantine I. Diocletian 's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311 , when he asked Christians to pray for him .	311	When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies ?
With the abatement of persecution , St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that `` imperial honours '' were contrary to Christian teaching .	St. Jerome	Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings ?
The peace of the emperors was the peace of God ; as far as the Church was concerned , internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem .	peace of God	To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors ?
His was an authoritative but minority voice : most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even `` pagan '' emperors .	"pagan" emperors	With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble ?
The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source : as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the `` Catholic Church of the Christians '' against the Donatists because :	Donatists	What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove ?
The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source : as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the `` Catholic Church of the Christians '' against the Donatists because :	Constantine I	What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church ?
The edict of Milan -LRB- 313 -RRB- redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration .	edict of Milan	What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration ?
Constantine had triumphed under the signum -LRB- sign -RRB- of the Christ : Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital , Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests .	officially	How did Constantine accept Christianity ?
Constantine had triumphed under the signum -LRB- sign -RRB- of the Christ : Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital , Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests .	traditional religions	Besides the acceptance of Christianity , what other religious cults were tolerated ?
Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state , and on his death , he was honored as a Christian , Imperial , and `` divus '' .	absolute head of state	As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church ?
Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state , and on his death , he was honored as a Christian , Imperial , and `` divus '' .	Christian, Imperial, and "divus"	As what was Constantine honored when he died ?
Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting , and some 318 bishops -LRB- very few from the Western Empire -RRB- attended the First Council of Nicaea .	First Council of Nicaea	What group did Constantine call to a meeting ?
Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting , and some 318 bishops -LRB- very few from the Western Empire -RRB- attended the First Council of Nicaea .	Western Empire	From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number ?
Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting , and some 318 bishops -LRB- very few from the Western Empire -RRB- attended the First Council of Nicaea .	318	How many bishops attended the First Council ?
The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements .	Nicene Creed	What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?
The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies .	Christian orthodoxy	What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define ?
The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism , but in 380 under Theodosius I , Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire .	Julian	What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices ?
The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism , but in 380 under Theodosius I , Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire .	Nicene Christianity	What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I ?
Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus -LRB- d. 402 -RRB- were rejected .	religious tolerance	What pleas were rejected by the empire ?
Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution , but Rome 's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms , and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions .	Heretics	What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire ?
Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution , but Rome 's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms , and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions .	ritual	What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms ?
Constantine 's nephew Julian rejected the `` Galilean madness '' of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism , Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult .	Julian	Who rejected the Christian religion ?
Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism , attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights .	361	When did Julian become Augustus ?
Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism , attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights .	non-Christian practices	What did Julian try to restore to the empire ?
He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem 's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the `` irrational impieties '' of Christian doctrine .	Jerusalem's temple	What building did Julian want to rebuild ?
The empire once again fell under Christian control , this time permanently .	Christian control	After Julian 's death , under to what type of religion did the empire return ?
The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus , and against the protests of the senate , removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals .	pontifex maximus	What office did Western emperor Gratian decline ?
The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus , and against the protests of the senate , removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals .	Vestals	What group did Gratian seek the abolish ?
Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire : in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults .	Theodosius I	Which emperor briefly united the empire again ?
-LSB- clarification needed -RSB- He was the last emperor of both East and West .	East and West	Of what was Theodosius the last emperor ?
He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house , but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple : the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors .	Sacred fire	What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power ?
YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno , California , United States .	San Bruno, California, United States	Where is Youtube headquartered ?
The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005 .	February 2005	When was Youtube created ?
In November 2006 , it was bought by Google for US$ 1.65 billion .	US$1.65 billion	How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006 ?
Available content includes video clips , TV clips , music videos , movie trailers , and other content such as video blogging , short original videos , and educational videos .	short original videos	Other than video blogging and and educational videos , what content is available on youtube ?
YouTube now operates as one of Google 's subsidiaries .	as one of Google's subsidiaries	How does youtube now operate as a business ?
According to a story that has often been repeated in the media , Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005 , after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen 's apartment in San Francisco .	Hurley and Chen	What are the first names of the men that invented youtube ?
According to a story that has often been repeated in the media , Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005 , after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen 's apartment in San Francisco .	San Francisco	Where did Chen live in 2005 ?
According to a story that has often been repeated in the media , Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005 , after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen 's apartment in San Francisco .	difficulty sharing videos	What was the original stimuli for creating the website ?
According to a story that has often been repeated in the media , Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005 , after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen 's apartment in San Francisco .	the early months of 2005	When did the creators have the idea for youtube ?
YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005 .	May 2005	when was the first beta test for the youtube site ?
The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in September 2005 .	a Nike advertisement	What was the first video to reach a million views ?
Following a $ 3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November , the site launched officially on December 15 , 2005 , by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day .	$3.5 million	How much did Sequoia Capital invest in youtube in November of 2005 ?
Following a $ 3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November , the site launched officially on December 15 , 2005 , by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day .	December 15, 2005	What was the official launch date for the youtube website ?
According to data published by market research company comScore , YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States , with a market share of around 43 % and more than 14 billion views of videos in May 2010 .	14 billion	As of May 2010 how many total video views had youtube attained ?
In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute , three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. .	300	As of 2014 , how many hours of video were being uploaded every minute ?
In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute , three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. .	around three quarters	How much content on youtube comes from outside the US ?
The site has 800 million unique users a month .	800 million	How many unique visitors a month were tracked as of 2014 ?
According to third-party web analytics providers , Alexa and SimilarWeb , YouTube is the third most visited website in the world , as of June 2015 ; SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top TV and video website globally , attracting more than 15 billion visitors per month .	15 billion	As of June 2015 , how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month ?
According to third-party web analytics providers , Alexa and SimilarWeb , YouTube is the third most visited website in the world , as of June 2015 ; SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top TV and video website globally , attracting more than 15 billion visitors per month .	third	Youtube is ranked what on the world 's list of most visited sites ?
On March 31 , 2010 , the YouTube website launched a new design , with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site .	launched a new design	What did youtube do on March 31 2010 ?
Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented : `` We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter . ''	Shiva Rajaraman	Who was the Google product manager in 2010 ?
In May 2010 , it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day , which it described as `` nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined '' .	more than two billion	How many videos was youtube serving per day as of May 2010 ?
In May 2011 , YouTube reported in its company blog that the site was receiving more than three billion views per day .	more than three billion	How many views per day was youtube receiving as of May 2011 ?
In January 2012 , YouTube stated that the figure had increased to four billion videos streamed per day .	four billion	How many videos per day were streamed as of January 2012 ?
In February 2015 , YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically for use by children visiting the site , called YouTube Kids .	a new app	What did youtube announce in Feb of 2015 ?
In February 2015 , YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically for use by children visiting the site , called YouTube Kids .	YouTube Kids	what was the name of the new app youtube launched ?
Later on August 26 , 2015 , YouTube Gaming was launched , a platform for video gaming enthusiasts intended to compete with Twitch.tv .	YouTube Gaming	What platform was launched in Aug of 2015 ?
2015 also saw the announcement of a premium YouTube service titled YouTube Red , which provides users with both ad-free content as well as the ability to download videos among other features .	YouTube Red	What is the name of the youtube feature that removes ads and allows downloading movies ?
It allows parental controls and restrictions on who can upload content , and is available for both Android and iOS devices .	both Android and iOS	On what OS was the YouTube Kids app available ?
In January 2010 , YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard .	HTML5	In 2010 youtube launched a version of its site that ran on what standard ?
This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed .	allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player	What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML5 ?
The YouTube site had a page that allowed supported browsers to opt into the HTML5 trial .	a page	How did users opt into the trial version of youtube 's HTML5 site ?
Only browsers that supported HTML5 Video using the H. 264 or WebM formats could play the videos , and not all videos on the site were available .	WebM	What format besides H. 264 was playable with HTML5 ?
Users who have a good track record of complying with the site 's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length , which requires verifying the account , normally through a mobile phone .	12 hours	What is the maximum length of a video on youtube ?
All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration .	15 minutes	When a user with a new account posts a video , what is the maximum length allowed ?
When YouTube was launched in 2005 , it was possible to upload long videos , but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films .	March 2006	When was the time limit on video length first enacted on youtube ?
When YouTube was launched in 2005 , it was possible to upload long videos , but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films .	unauthorized uploads	in 2006 Youtube found that the majority of longer videos were what ?
If an up-to-date browser version is used , videos greater than 20 GB can be uploaded .	20 GB	What is the upload file size limit on out of date browsers ?
In November 2008 , 720p HD support was added .	In November 2008	When was 720p HD support added to youtube ?
At the time of the 720p launch , the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9 .	widescreen 16:9	What did youtube change its screen format to from 4:3 ?
In November 2009 , 1080p HD support was added .	1080p HD	What video format support was added in 2009 ?
In June 2015 , support for 8K resolution was added , with the videos playing at 7680 × 4320 pixels .	8K resolution	What is the highest resolution of video supported by youtube ?
In July 2010 , YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4K format , which allows a resolution of up to 4096 × 3072 pixels .	4K	What is the name of the format that has dimensions of 4096 × 3072 pixels ?
In a video posted on July 21 , 2009 , YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos .	software engineer	Peter Bradshaw held what position in youtube ?
In a video posted on July 21 , 2009 , YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos .	3D	What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009 ?
The videos can be viewed in several different ways , including the common anaglyph -LRB- cyan/red lens -RRB- method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect .	anaglyph	What is the name for the common method of viewing a 3d movie , with red and blue glasses ?
In May 2011 , an HTML5 version of the YouTube player began supporting side-by-side 3D footage that is compatible with Nvidia 3D Vision .	In May 2011	When did HTML5 officially support side-by-side 3D footage ?
YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website .	outside their website	Youtube offers users the option to watch content where ?
Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web .	HTML	What is used to embed a youtube video to a webpage ?
This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs .	social networking pages and blogs	What is the most common use of embedded youtube videos ?
Users wishing to post a video discussing , inspired by or related to another user 's video are able to make a `` video response '' .	"video response"	What is a video called when a person records themselves watching a different video ?
On August 27 , 2013 , YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature .	On August 27, 2013	When did youtube officially remove the response feature ?
YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos , and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface .	download link	YOutube does not often post a what for its videos ?
YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos , and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface .	through its website	Youtube intends for users to watch videos where ?
The default settings when uploading a video to YouTube will retain a copyright on the video for the uploader , but since July 2012 it has been possible to select a Creative Commons license as the default , allowing other users to reuse and remix the material if it is free of copyright .	a Creative Commons license	What was added to the upload options in July of 2012 ?
In response , Zamzar removed the ability to download YouTube videos from its site .	Zamzar	Which site removed the option of downloading youtube videos after 2012 ?
A small number of videos , such as the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama , can be downloaded as MP4 files .	the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama	Which videos are often available for download straight from youtube ?
Since June 2007 , YouTube 's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products .	June 2007	When did youtube become available on Apple products ?
In September 2012 , YouTube launched its first app for the iPhone , following the decision to drop YouTube as one of the preloaded apps in the iPhone 5 and iOS 6 operating system .	September 2012	When did youtube launch its first app for the iPhone ?
According to GlobalWebIndex , YouTube was used by 35 % of smartphone users between April and June 2013 , making it the third most used app .	35%	What percentage of Smartphone users use the youtube app ?
This required YouTube 's content to be transcoded into Apple 's preferred video standard , H. 264 , a process that took several months .	H.264	What is Apple 's prefered video standard ?
This required YouTube 's content to be transcoded into Apple 's preferred video standard , H. 264 , a process that took several months .	several months	How long did it take to transfer Youtube 's content to Apple 's standard ?
A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos .	TiVo	What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008 ?
In January 2009 , YouTube launched `` YouTube for TV '' , a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers , initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles .	YouTube for TV	What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009 ?
In June 2009 , YouTube XL was introduced , which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen .	YouTube XL	later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV
Google made YouTube available on the Roku player on December 17 , 2013 and in October 2014 , the Sony PlayStation 4 .	the Roku player	Google made youtube streamable on what gaming console in DEC. of 2013 ?
Google made YouTube available on the Roku player on December 17 , 2013 and in October 2014 , the Sony PlayStation 4 .	October 2014	When did youtube finally become available on the Playstation 4 ?
YouTube Red is YouTube 's premium subscription service .	YouTube's premium subscription service	What is youtube red ?
YouTube Red was originally announced on November 12 , 2014 , as `` Music Key '' , a subscription music streaming service , and was intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music `` All Access '' service .	November 12, 2014	When was youtube red originally announced ?
YouTube Red was originally announced on November 12 , 2014 , as `` Music Key '' , a subscription music streaming service , and was intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music `` All Access '' service .	Music Key	What was the original title of youtube red ?
On October 28 , 2015 , the service was re-launched as YouTube Red , offering ad-free streaming of all videos , as well as access to exclusive original content .	October 28, 2015	When was youtube red re-launched with its added features ?
YouTube Red was originally announced on November 12 , 2014 , as `` Music Key '' , a subscription music streaming service , and was intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music `` All Access '' service .	Google Play Music "All Access"	What service was `` music key '' intended to replace ?
Both private individuals and large production companies have used YouTube to grow audiences .	large production companies	Other than private individuals , who has used youtube to grow their audience ?
While YouTube 's revenue-sharing `` Partner Program '' made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer -- its top five hundred partners each earning more than $ 100,000 annually and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $ 2.5 million to $ 12 million -- in 2012 CMU business editor characterized YouTube as `` a free-to-use ... promotional platform for the music labels '' .	Partner Program	What is the name of youtube 's revenue-sharing program ?
While YouTube 's revenue-sharing `` Partner Program '' made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer -- its top five hundred partners each earning more than $ 100,000 annually and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $ 2.5 million to $ 12 million -- in 2012 CMU business editor characterized YouTube as `` a free-to-use ... promotional platform for the music labels '' .	$12 million	What was the highest earning youtube partner video producer ?
In 2013 , videos of the 2.5 % of artists categorized as `` mega '' , `` mainstream '' and `` mid-sized '' received 90.3 % of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo .	90.3%	Big pop artists account for how what percentage of the views on youtube ?
By early 2013 Billboard had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the Billboard Hot 100 and related genre charts .	Billboard	Which music chart said in 2013 it would start taking youtube data into account for its ratings ?
Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been `` fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution '' , TED curator Chris Anderson referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that `` what Gutenberg did for writing , online video can now do for face-to-face communication '' .	Chris Anderson	Who is the TED curator ?
Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been `` fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution '' , TED curator Chris Anderson referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that `` what Gutenberg did for writing , online video can now do for face-to-face communication '' .	face-to-face communication	What surprising feature does youtube possibly have the chance to revolutionize ?
In education , for example , the Khan Academy grew from YouTube video tutoring sessions for founder Salman Khan 's cousin into what Forbes ' Michael Noer called `` the largest school in the world '' , with technology poised to disrupt how people learn .	Salman Khan	Who is the founder of the Khan Academy ?
In education , for example , the Khan Academy grew from YouTube video tutoring sessions for founder Salman Khan 's cousin into what Forbes ' Michael Noer called `` the largest school in the world '' , with technology poised to disrupt how people learn .	education	What other surprising aspect of human development will youtube likely have an impact on ?
Describing the Arab Spring -LRB- 2010 - -RRB- , sociologist Philip N. Howard quoted an activist 's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using `` Facebook to schedule the protests , Twitter to coordinate , and YouTube to tell the world . ''	schedule the protests	An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Facebook to what ?
Describing the Arab Spring -LRB- 2010 - -RRB- , sociologist Philip N. Howard quoted an activist 's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using `` Facebook to schedule the protests , Twitter to coordinate , and YouTube to tell the world . ''	coordinate	An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Twitter to do what ?
Describing the Arab Spring -LRB- 2010 - -RRB- , sociologist Philip N. Howard quoted an activist 's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using `` Facebook to schedule the protests , Twitter to coordinate , and YouTube to tell the world . ''	tell the world	An activist in the Arab spring said they were using youtube to do what ?
In 2012 , more than a third of the U.S. Senate introduced a resolution condemning Joseph Kony 16 days after the `` Kony 2012 '' video was posted to YouTube , with resolution co-sponsor Senator Lindsey Graham remarking that the video `` will do more to lead to -LRB- Kony 's -RRB- demise than all other action combined . ''	Senator Lindsey Graham	Who was the co-sponsor of the condemnation by the US Senate over the kony 2012 video ?
YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government , such as in the CNN/YouTube presidential debates -LRB- 2007 -RRB- in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video , with a techPresident co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape .	2007	What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee ?
Conversely , YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens , the White House 's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson 's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act -LRB- Obamacare -RRB- - compliant health insurance .	to more easily engage with citizens	How has youtube helped the government ?
Conversely , YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens , the White House 's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson 's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act -LRB- Obamacare -RRB- - compliant health insurance .	seventh	the white house 's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012 ?
Whereas YouTube 's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted , the YouTube content creators ' new media savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website 's distracting content and fickle audience .	creators' new media savvy	What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content ?
Conversely , YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens , the White House 's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson 's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act -LRB- Obamacare -RRB- - compliant health insurance .	Iman Crosson	In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube ?
Conversely , YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens , the White House 's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson 's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act -LRB- Obamacare -RRB- - compliant health insurance .	encourage young Americans to enroll	What was the purpose of Iman Crosson 's video ?
The anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens , that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President Barack Obama , Vice President Biden , White House staff , and several cabinet secretaries .	It Gets Better Project	What is the name of the group that drew responses from the resident and most of his staff regarding anti-bullying ?
The anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens , that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President Barack Obama , Vice President Biden , White House staff , and several cabinet secretaries .	within two months	How ling did it take the It Gets Better Project video to draw such a huge response ?
Similarly , in response to fifteen-year-old Amanda Todd 's video `` My story : Struggling , bullying , suicide , self-harm '' , legislative action was undertaken almost immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and form a national anti-bullying strategy .	legislative action was undertaken	What was done after Amanda Todd 's death ?
Similarly , in response to fifteen-year-old Amanda Todd 's video `` My story : Struggling , bullying , suicide , self-harm '' , legislative action was undertaken almost immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and form a national anti-bullying strategy .	form a national anti-bullying strategy	What was the goal of the actions taken after Amanda Todd 's death ?
In January 2012 , it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site , in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent by a typical U.S. citizen watching television .	15 minutes	How much time does the average person spend watching youtube videos each day ?
In January 2012 , it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site , in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent by a typical U.S. citizen watching television .	four or five hours	What is the average time an American watches TV in day ?
In 2012 , YouTube 's revenue from its ads program was estimated at 3.7 billion .	3.7 billion	What was youtube 's estimated ads revenue in 2013 ?
In June 2008 , a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $ 200 million , noting progress in advertising sales .	$200 million	What was youtube 's revenue as estimated in 2008 ?
Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube 's running costs , and YouTube 's revenues in 2007 were noted as `` not material '' in a regulatory filing .	Google	Youtube 's financial records are not reported by who ?
YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006 .	June 2006	When did youtube enter a partnership with NBC ?
In November 2008 , YouTube reached an agreement with MGM , Lions Gate Entertainment , and CBS , allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site , accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called `` Shows '' .	Shows	What is the name of the section in youtube that allows major content publishers to post full length movies and episodes ?
The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu , which features material from NBC , Fox , and Disney .	to create competition	What was the intended purpose of youtube 's `` shows '' section ?
In November 2009 , YouTube launched a version of `` Shows '' available to UK viewers , offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners .	In November 2009	When did youtube launch the version of `` shows '' for the UK ?
The service offers over 6,000 films .	over 6,000 films	In 2010 how many movies did youtube 's rental service offer ?
In May 2007 , YouTube launched its Partner Program , a system based on AdSense which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site .	AdSense	What was youtube 's 2007 partner program based on ?
YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program , with 55 percent going to the uploader .	45 percent	What percentage of revenue does youtube get for ads on `` partner program '' channels ?
There are over a million members of the YouTube Partner Program .	over a million	How many people are employed by the partner program ?
Assuming pre-roll advertisements on half of videos , a YouTube partner would earn 0.5 X $ 7.60 X 55 % = $ 2.09 per 1000 views in 2013 .	$2.09	As per estimate in 2013 how much would a partner program member earn with ad revenue off of pre-roll advertising per 1000 views ?
YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program , with 55 percent going to the uploader .	55 percent	How much ad revenue goes to the original uploader of the youtube video if they 're in the partner program ?
Much of YouTube 's revenue goes to the copyright holders of the videos .	to the copyright holders	Where does the majority of youtube 's revenue go ?
In 2010 it was reported that nearly a third of the videos with advertisements were uploaded without permission of the copyright holders .	nearly a third	In 2010 what were the estimates for the amount of videos with advertisements uploaded without the copywriter 's consent ?
In February 2015 , Nintendo agreed to share the revenue with the video creators .	Nintendo	Which major gaming company claimed copyright ad revenue rights against uploaders ?
In February 2015 , Nintendo agreed to share the revenue with the video creators .	February 2015	When did Nintendo finally agree to share ad profits with the original uploaders ?
YouTube gives an option for copyright holders to locate and remove their videos or to have them continue running for revenue .	have them continue running for revenue	What option besides removing the video does youtube grant copyright holders ?
At the time of uploading a video , YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws .	violate copyright laws	What does the message when uploading a video ask the user not to do ?
Despite this advice , there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube .	unauthorized	Posting a video without consent of the copyright holder is what according to youtube ?
Three successful complaints for copyright infringement against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted .	Three	How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted ?
YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online , and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act .	view	Youtube does n't do what to videos before they 're posted ?
YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online , and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act .	DMCA	What kind of notice must a copyright holder issue when trying to take down content ?
Viacom , demanding $ 1 billion in damages , said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed `` an astounding 1.5 billion times '' .	$1 billion	How much did Viacom want in damages in their lawsuit against youtube ?
Organizations including Viacom , Mediaset , and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube , claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material .	filed lawsuits	Companies including Viacom and Mediaset have done what against youtube ?
YouTube responded by stating that it `` goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works '' .	goes far beyond its legal obligations	What does youtube do to prevent losing lawsuits involving copyright infringement ?
Viacom , demanding $ 1 billion in damages , said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed `` an astounding 1.5 billion times '' .	150,000	How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights ?
During the same court battle , Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site .	12 terabytes	How much data did youtube have to hand over to Viacom as a result of the lawsuit ?
The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation , which called the court ruling `` a setback to privacy rights '' .	Electronic Frontier Foundation	Which organization spoke against the courts ruling ?
Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling .	appeal	What did Viacom plan to do after the ruling in 2010 ?
In June 2010 , Viacom 's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment , with U.S. federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act .	rejected in a summary judgment	What happened to Viacom 's lawsuit in 2010 ?
In June 2010 , Viacom 's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment , with U.S. federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act .	Louis L. Stanton	Who was the residing judge of the lawsuit ?
In June 2007 , YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright .	videos that infringe copyright	In 2007 youtube launched an automated system to detect what ?
Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom , which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute .	Eric Schmidt	Who was Google 's CEO in 2007 ?
The system , which became known as Content ID , creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material , and stores it in a database .	Content ID	What is the name of the system that automatically detects copyright violations ?
Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom , which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute .	resolving lawsuits	Why did the CEO of Google think the new software was necessary ?
When a video is uploaded , it is checked against the database , and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found .	flags the video	What does Content ID do if an upload is too close a match to a known copyright material ?
An independent test in 2009 uploaded multiple versions of the same song to YouTube , and concluded that while the system was `` surprisingly resilient '' in finding copyright violations in the audio tracks of videos , it was not infallible .	surprisingly resilient	What was the ultimate view of Content ID 's performance after a 2009 test ?
YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site 's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length .	unlimited	As of 2010 what is the maximum length of a video a user can upload given the proper authority ?
If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID , it is possible to fill in a form disputing the decision .	fill in a form	How does one dispute the ruling of Content ID ?
YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site 's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length .	were modified	What happened to the sites rules in Dec. 2010 ?
YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate , and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site 's terms of service .	users	Youtube depends on who to flag inappropriate videos ?
YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate , and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site 's terms of service .	a YouTube employee	Who checks the flagged videos for unauthorized content ?
In July 2008 , the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was `` unimpressed '' with YouTube 's system for policing its videos , and argued that `` proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content '' .	the Culture and Media Committee	Who of the house of commons spoke out on youtube 's policies ?
In July 2008 , the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was `` unimpressed '' with YouTube 's system for policing its videos , and argued that `` proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content '' .	unimpressed	The United Kingdom stated it was what with youtube 's policies with moderating its content ?
In July 2008 , the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was `` unimpressed '' with YouTube 's system for policing its videos , and argued that `` proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content '' .	In July 2008	When did the UK speak out against youtube 's copyright policies ?
Most videos enable users to leave comments , and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content .	leave comments	Most videos enable users to do what
Most videos enable users to leave comments , and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content .	their form	What has attracted negative attention about comments on youtube besides their content ?
In 2006 , Time praised Web 2.0 for enabling `` community and collaboration on a scale never seen before '' , and added that YouTube `` harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom .	stupidity	Time in 2006 wrote that youtube harnessed the wisdom and what else of humanity ?
The Guardian in 2009 described users ' comments on YouTube as :	The Guardian	Which magazine wrote about youtube in a 2009 article on user comments ?
In 2006 , Time praised Web 2.0 for enabling `` community and collaboration on a scale never seen before '' , and added that YouTube `` harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom .	community and collaboration	Some of the positive aspects of youtube might be that it provides what on a scale we 've never seen before ?
On November 6 , 2013 , Google implemented a new comment system that requires all YouTube users to use a Google + account in order to comment on videos and making the comment system Google + oriented .	November 6, 2013	When did youtube first require the user to have a google account before posting a comment ?
They give creators more power to moderate and block comments , and add new sorting mechanisms to ensure that better , more relevant discussions appear at the top .	block	The changes to the google + additions allowed uploaders to better moderate and what to comments ?
They give creators more power to moderate and block comments , and add new sorting mechanisms to ensure that better , more relevant discussions appear at the top .	more relevant discussions	There were better sorting functions put in place in 2013 to make sure what kind of comments appeared on top ?
In response , YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim posted the question `` why the fuck do I need a google + account to comment on a video ? ''	Jawed	What is youtube co-founder Karim 's first name ?
The official YouTube announcement received 20,097 `` thumbs down '' votes and generated more than 32,000 comments in two days .	20,097	How many thumbs down votes did youtube 's official statement about the new commenting system get within two days ?
In some countries , YouTube is completely blocked , either through a long term standing ban or for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest , the run-up to an election , or in response to upcoming political anniversaries .	blocked	youtube is completely what in some places ?
In some countries , YouTube is completely blocked , either through a long term standing ban or for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest , the run-up to an election , or in response to upcoming political anniversaries .	long term standing ban	Why besides limited periods of time would youtube not be allowed in a country ?
In other countries access to the website as a whole remains open , but access to specific videos is blocked .	specific videos is blocked	What might happen in a restrictive state even if you do have access to the youtube site itself ?
The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with Merlin Network -- a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels , for their inclusion in the service .	20,000	How many independent labels did the Merlin Network represent ?
Stating that 90 % of labels had reached deals , he went on to say that `` while we wish that we had -LSB- a -RSB- 100 % success rate , we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience . ''	90%	What was the percentage of labels youtube had signed contracts with prior to the planned launch date ?
In May 2014 , prior to the launch of YouTube 's subscription-based Music Key service , the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were `` undervalued '' in comparison to other streaming services , and that YouTube would block all music content from labels who do not reach a deal to be included on the paid service .	block all music content	What was youtube planning on doing to labels it did not reach a deal with ?
The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with Merlin Network -- a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels , for their inclusion in the service .	The Financial Times	Which journalistic organization released the reports of youtube 's agreement with the Merlin Network ?
Stating that 90 % of labels had reached deals , he went on to say that `` while we wish that we had -LSB- a -RSB- 100 % success rate , we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience . ''	to launch the enhanced music experience	Why did youtube want to ensure only contractees music was played ?
Jefferson 's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court .	Jefferson	Who made a metaphor about a wall of separation ?
Jefferson 's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court .	metaphor	What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly cited ?
In Reynolds v. United States -LRB- 1879 -RRB- the Court wrote that Jefferson 's comments `` may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the -LSB- First -RSB- Amendment . ''	1879	When was the case of Reynolds v. United States ?
In Reynolds v. United States -LRB- 1879 -RRB- the Court wrote that Jefferson 's comments `` may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the -LSB- First -RSB- Amendment . ''	authoritative declaration	What did the Court write about Jefferson 's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the First Amendment ?
In Everson v. Board of Education -LRB- 1947 -RRB- , Justice Hugo Black wrote : `` In the words of Thomas Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state . ''	a wall of separation between church and state	What was the clause against establishment of religion by law intended to erect ?
Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely , particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany .	to worship freely	What was one of the reason early immigrant groups came to America ?
They included nonconformists like the Puritans , who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England .	religious persecution	What were Protestant Christians fleeing from ?
They included nonconformists like the Puritans , who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England .	King of England	Who was persecuting the Puritans ?
While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies , others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches .	religious minorities	What did William Penn ensure the protection of in his colony ?
While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies , others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches .	churches	What did the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony both establish ?
No person within this state shall , upon any pretense , be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience , nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment ; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes , taxes , or any other rate , for the building or repairing any place of worship , or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry , contrary to what he believes to be right , or hath voluntarily engaged to do .	worshipping God	What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them ?
^ Note 2 : in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows : `` Article IV .	1789	When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV , Section 10 ?
No person within this state shall , upon any pretense , be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience , nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment ; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes , taxes , or any other rate , for the building or repairing any place of worship , or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry , contrary to what he believes to be right , or hath voluntarily engaged to do .	attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment	What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do ?
No one religious society shall ever be established in this state , in preference to another ; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles . ''	No one religious society	What is constitutionally forbidden to be established in the state of Georgia ?
No one religious society shall ever be established in this state , in preference to another ; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles . ''	any civil right	What will no person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles ?
^ Note 5 : The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church , but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office .	1776	When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church ?
^ Note 5 : The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church , but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office .	Protestants	What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835 ?
From 1835-1876 it allowed only Christians -LRB- including Catholics -RRB- to hold public office .	Christians	What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1835 to 1876 ?
Article VI , Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office .	Article VI, Section 8	What part of the NC Constitution forbids atheists from holding public office ?
Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins , when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections .	1961	When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses forbidding people from holding public office based on their religion was unenforceable ?
The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century , stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort : `` The law of love , peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews , Turks and Egyptians , as they are considered sons of Adam , which is the glory of the outward state of Holland , so love , peace and liberty , extending to all in Christ Jesus , condemns hatred , war and bondage . ''	The Flushing Remonstrance	What shows support for the separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century ?
The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century , stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort : `` The law of love , peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews , Turks and Egyptians , as they are considered sons of Adam , which is the glory of the outward state of Holland , so love , peace and liberty , extending to all in Christ Jesus , condemns hatred , war and bondage . ''	religious persecution of any sort	What were the Remonstrance opposed to ?
The document was signed December 27 , 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant .	December 27, 1657	When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred , war and bondage ?
The document was signed December 27 , 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant .	Quakers	Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of ?
Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony , in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic .	religions	What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church ?
There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level .	opponents	What did an established church , even at the state level , have ?
In 1773 , Isaac Backus , a prominent Baptist minister in New England , wrote against a state sanctioned religion , saying : `` Now who can hear Christ declare , that his kingdom is , not of this world , and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him ? ''	Baptist minister	What was Issac Backus ' profession ?
In 1773 , Isaac Backus , a prominent Baptist minister in New England , wrote against a state sanctioned religion , saying : `` Now who can hear Christ declare , that his kingdom is , not of this world , and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him ? ''	New England	What region did Isaac Backus come from ?
In 1773 , Isaac Backus , a prominent Baptist minister in New England , wrote against a state sanctioned religion , saying : `` Now who can hear Christ declare , that his kingdom is , not of this world , and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him ? ''	1773	When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion ?
Thomas Jefferson 's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786 , five years before the Bill of Rights .	1786	When was Thomas Jefferson 's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted ?
The phrase '' -LSB- A -RSB- hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution .	Baptist theologian	Who was Roger Williams ?
The phrase '' -LSB- A -RSB- hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution .	"[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world"	What phrase did Roger Williams first use ?
The phrase '' -LSB- A -RSB- hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution .	Rhode Island	What colony was Roger Williams the founder of ?
The phrase '' -LSB- A -RSB- hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution .	1644	When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published ?
The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government , in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists -LRB- a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut -RRB- :	Thomas Jefferson	Who used William 's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch ?
Jefferson and James Madison 's conceptions of separation have long been debated .	Jefferson and James Madison's	Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over ?
Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency , though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia .	Proclamations of Thanksgiving	What did Jefferson refuse to issue , when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency ?
On the other hand , both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol .	at the Capitol	Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services ?
Madison issued four religious proclamations while President , but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment .	four	How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President ?
`` Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States , '' Madison wrote , and he declared , `` practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both , and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States . ''	practical distinction	What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government ?
Jefferson 's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity , but this was a caricature .	destruction	What did Jefferson 's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity ?
In setting up the University of Virginia , Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own , though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity , arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom .	preachers	What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own ?
In setting up the University of Virginia , Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own , though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity , arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom .	Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom	How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity ?
Some have argued that this arrangement was `` fully compatible with Jefferson 's views on the separation of church and state ; '' however , others point to Jefferson 's support for a scheme in which students at the University would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation .	attend religious worship each morning	What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students ?
Still other scholars , such as Mark David Hall , attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history	one Jeffersonian letter	What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much ?
Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion .	1878	When did Jefferson 's letter enter American jurisprudence ?
Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion .	Reynolds v. U.S.	What was the case that used Jefferson 's letter ?
Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion .	Mormon polygamy	What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S. ?
Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion .	legal definition for the word religion	What was the court seeking , in using Jefferson 's letter ?
Considering this , the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional .	constitutional	What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was ?
Jefferson and Madison 's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century .	Jefferson and Madison's	What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century ?
Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it .	a bill	What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to ?
Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it .	Patrick Henry	Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute ?
Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it .	some denomination	What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support ?
Similarly , the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that `` no subject shall be hurt , molested , or restrained , in his person , liberty , or estate , for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ... provided he doth not disturb the public peace , or obstruct others in their religious worship , '' -LRB- Article II -RRB- but also that :	worshipping God	What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing ?
The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church , but this was more often Dutch Reformed , Quaker or Presbyterian , than Anglican .	some church	What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support ?
The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church , but this was more often Dutch Reformed , Quaker or Presbyterian , than Anglican .	Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian	Instead of Anglican , what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey ?
He also ordained that the tax-payers were free , having paid his local tax , to choose their own church .	to choose their own church	What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax ?
The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience , and the Duke , as an openly divine-right Catholic , was no friend of Anglicanism .	openly divine-right Catholic,	Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism ?
The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698 , though Anglicanism was more popular in New York .	1698	When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey ?
The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians ; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic , and the proprietors of Perth Amboy , New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers .	Christians	What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to ?
The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians ; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic , and the proprietors of Perth Amboy , New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers .	fervently Catholic	What was the Duke of York 's relationship to his religion described as being ?
The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians ; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic , and the proprietors of Perth Amboy , New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers .	Scottish Catholic	What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy ?
The Province of West Jersey had declared , in 1681 , that there should be no religious test for office .	religious test	What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office , in 1681 ?
That law was replaced by 1799 .	1799	When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced ?
The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine .	"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"	What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state ?
The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine .	"establishment clause"	What is the first part of the First Amendment know as ?
The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine .	"free exercise clause"	What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as ?
The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine .	the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine.	What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of ?
In sum , citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith , any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary , and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism .	a faith	What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose ?
Some legal scholars , such as John Baker of LSU , theorize that Madison 's initial proposed language -- that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a `` national religion '' -- was rejected by the House , in favor of the more general `` religion '' in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists .	legal scholars	What is John Baker of LSU 's profession ?
Some legal scholars , such as John Baker of LSU , theorize that Madison 's initial proposed language -- that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a `` national religion '' -- was rejected by the House , in favor of the more general `` religion '' in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists .	to appease the Anti-Federalists	Why was a more general `` religion '' used in the language of the First Amendment ?
To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists , the very word `` national '' was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown .	because of the experience under the British crown	Why was the word `` national '' a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists ?
During the debate over the establishment clause , Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison 's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government -LRB- in which the states retained their individual sovereignty -RRB- , which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate .	Elbridge Gerry	Who took issue with Madison 's language during the debate over the establishment clause ?
During the debate over the establishment clause , Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison 's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government -LRB- in which the states retained their individual sovereignty -RRB- , which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate .	Massachusetts	What was Elbridge Gerry 's constituency ?
Others , such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut , believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers , which did not include establishing a national religion .	Connecticut	Where was Representative Roger Sherman from ?
Others , such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut , believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers , which did not include establishing a national religion .	Constitution only gave Congress stated powers	Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary ?
Others , such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut , believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers , which did not include establishing a national religion .	establishing a national religion	What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution ?
Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions .	religious clauses in the state constitutions	What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt ?
Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions .	South Carolina	Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from ?
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution -LRB- Amendment XIV -RRB- is one of the post-Civil War amendments , intended to secure rights for former slaves .	post-Civil War	When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created ?
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution -LRB- Amendment XIV -RRB- is one of the post-Civil War amendments , intended to secure rights for former slaves .	secure rights for former slaves	What was the intent of the 14th Amendment ?
The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states .	incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states	What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of ?
It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others .	due process and equal protection clauses	What clauses does the 14th Amendment include ?
While it has not been fully implemented , the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure , through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause , the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states .	application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states	What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure ?
The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments .	Everson v. Board of Education	What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments ?
Although upholding the state law in that case , which provided for public busing to private religious schools , the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments .	state law	What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education ?
Although upholding the state law in that case , which provided for public busing to private religious schools , the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments .	state governments	What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to ?
A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet -LRB- 1994 -RRB- .	Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet	What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states ?
A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet -LRB- 1994 -RRB- .	1994	When was the case of v. Grumet ?
Jefferson 's concept of `` separation of church and state '' first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 -LRB- 1878 -RRB- .	Establishment Clause	What did Jefferson 's concept of ` separation of church and state '' became part of what jurisprudence ?
Jefferson 's concept of `` separation of church and state '' first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 -LRB- 1878 -RRB- .	Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145	What case was Jefferson 's concept apropos to ?
In that case , the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US , determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom , `` The word ` religion ' is not defined in the Constitution .	freedom	What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion ?
In that case , the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US , determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom , `` The word ` religion ' is not defined in the Constitution .	religion	What word is not defined in the Constitution ?
Quoting the `` separation '' paragraph from Jefferson 's letter to the Danbury Baptists , the court concluded that , `` coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure , it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . ''	the Danbury Baptists	Who had Jefferson 's letter been sent to ?
The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 -LRB- 1947 -RRB- , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools .	1947	When was the centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit ?
The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 -LRB- 1947 -RRB- , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools .	government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools	What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education ?
The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 -LRB- 1947 -RRB- , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools .	Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1	What case was the concept relevant ?
This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state , having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature .	court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state	What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of ?
That wall must be kept high and impregnable .	high and impregnable	How must the wall separating church and state be kept ?
While the decision -LRB- with four dissents -RRB- ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion -LRB- by Justice Hugo Black -RRB- and the dissenting opinions -LRB- by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson -RRB- each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall .	state law	What did the decision ultimately uphold ?
While the decision -LRB- with four dissents -RRB- ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion -LRB- by Justice Hugo Black -RRB- and the dissenting opinions -LRB- by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson -RRB- each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall .	transportation of students to religious schools	What was the state allowed to continue to fund ?
While the decision -LRB- with four dissents -RRB- ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion -LRB- by Justice Hugo Black -RRB- and the dissenting opinions -LRB- by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson -RRB- each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall .	that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state"	What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate ?
While the decision -LRB- with four dissents -RRB- ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion -LRB- by Justice Hugo Black -RRB- and the dissenting opinions -LRB- by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson -RRB- each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall .	that wall	What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what ?
Writing separately , Justice Jackson argued that '' -LSB- T -RSB- here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation .	the present legislation	What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what ?
In 1962 , the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools .	1962	When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools ?
In Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 -LRB- 1962 -RRB- , the Court , by a vote of 6-1 , determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools , even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation .	Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421	What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school prayer ?
In Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 -LRB- 1962 -RRB- , the Court , by a vote of 6-1 , determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools , even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation .	6-1	By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer ?
In Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 -LRB- 1962 -RRB- , the Court , by a vote of 6-1 , determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools , even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation .	unconstitutional	Even if a prayer is non-denominational it 's still considered what ?
The court noted that it `` is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America . ''	governmentally composed prayers for religious services	What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America ?
The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . ''	Justice Potter Stewart	Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court 's ruling ?
The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . ''	the court's embrace of the "wall of separation" metaphor	What did Stewart object to ?
The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . ''	metaphors	Stewart felt the court was not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what ?
The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . ''	the Constitution	Stewart pointed out that the phrase `` Wall of separation '' was nowhere to be found in what ?
In Epperson v. Arkansas , 393 U.S. 97 -LRB- 1968 -RRB- , the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime `` to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals , '' or `` to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches '' this theory in any school or university that received public funds .	1968	When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place ?
The court 's opinion , written by Justice Abe Fortas , ruled that the Arkansas law violated `` the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof .	an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof	What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to ?
The court 's opinion , written by Justice Abe Fortas , ruled that the Arkansas law violated `` the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof .	Justice Abe Fortas	Who wrote the court 's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas ?
The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion , and that '' -LSB- T -RSB- he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them . ''	views distasteful to them	What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from ?
In Epperson v. Arkansas , 393 U.S. 97 -LRB- 1968 -RRB- , the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime `` to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals , '' or `` to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches '' this theory in any school or university that received public funds .	that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals	What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of ?
In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 -LRB- 1971 -RRB- , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause .	1971	When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman ?
In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 -LRB- 1971 -RRB- , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause .	Pennsylvania	What state 's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman ?
In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 -LRB- 1971 -RRB- , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause .	teachers of secular subjects	Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools ?
In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 -LRB- 1971 -RRB- , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause .	the Establishment Clause	What did the state 's policy violate ?
The court 's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense .	absolute	What did the court 's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be ?
Subsequent to this decision , the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause , known as the `` Lemon Test '' .	"Lemon Test"	What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as ?
First , the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose .	non-religious	To not violate the Establishment Clause , a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose ?
Second , the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion .	religion	What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit ?
Third , the statute or policy must not result in an `` excessive entanglement '' of government with religion .	government with religion	Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what ?
In 2002 , a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional , even when students were not compelled to recite it , due to the inclusion of the phrase `` under God . ''	three	How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional ?
In 2002 , a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional , even when students were not compelled to recite it , due to the inclusion of the phrase `` under God . ''	2002	When did the three judge panel make their ruling ?
In 2002 , a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional , even when students were not compelled to recite it , due to the inclusion of the phrase `` under God . ''	the Pledge of Allegiance	What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for ?
The case was appealed to the Supreme Court , where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004 , solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue .	procedural grounds	Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned ?
Rather , a five-justice majority held that Newdow , a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter , lacked standing to sue .	standing to sue	What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked ?
On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display -LRB- educating the public on American legal traditions -RRB- was secular in nature .	December 20, 2005	When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County ?
On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display -LRB- educating the public on American legal traditions -RRB- was secular in nature .	the Ten Commandments	What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses ?
In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3 , 2006 , however , a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed .	the cross	What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property ?
In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3 , 2006 , however , a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed .	May 3, 2006	When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy ?
On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display -LRB- educating the public on American legal traditions -RRB- was secular in nature .	secular in nature	Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed ?
In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway , 12-696 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings , which are allowed , must allow various faiths to lead prayer , or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian .	Town of Greece v. Galloway	What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths ?
On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers .	May 5, 2014	When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway ?
On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers .	5-4	What was the Supreme Court 's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway ?
On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers .	Town of Greece	Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of ?
On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers .	sectarian prayers	What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for ?
Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of `` separation of church and state '' , or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment .	separation of church and state	What do some organizations disagree with the notion of ?
Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution , while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified .	the textual requirements of the Constitution	What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents ?
Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of `` separation of church and state '' , or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment .	constitutional limitation on religious establishment	What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what ?
Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution , while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified .	many aspects of church and state	What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified ?
These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers .	prevalent degree of separation of church and state	What do these critics argue could n't have been intended by the framers of the constitution ?
These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification , to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent .	religion	Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The issue is complex , however , as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 , at which point the first amendment 's application to the state government was recognized .	1868	When was the passage of the 14th Amendment ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The issue is complex , however , as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 , at which point the first amendment 's application to the state government was recognized .	first amendment's application to the state government	What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed ?
Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern , progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution .	progressivist	What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution ?
Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause , but also by legal precedence , making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era , and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution .	legal precedence	What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause but also by what ?
The `` religious test '' clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones , career civil servants as well as political appointees .	religious test	What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by ?
Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution .	Religious	What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees ?
Seven states , however , have language included in their Bill of Rights , Declaration of Rights , or in the body of their constitutions that require state office-holders to have particular religious beliefs , though some of these have been successfully challenged in court .	Seven	How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies ?
Seven states , however , have language included in their Bill of Rights , Declaration of Rights , or in the body of their constitutions that require state office-holders to have particular religious beliefs , though some of these have been successfully challenged in court .	particular religious beliefs	What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess ?
The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments .	a Supreme Being	What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in ?
-LRB- Tennessee Constitution Article IX , Section 2 is one such example . -RRB-	Article IX, Section 2	What 's one example in Tennessee 's constitution ?
Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words `` so help me God . ''	so help me God	What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include ?
At one time , such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states ' rights ; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment , as applied to the states via the 14th amendment , and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable .	federal First Amendment	Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what ?
At one time , such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states ' rights ; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment , as applied to the states via the 14th amendment , and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable .	unconstitutional and unenforceable	Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment , they 're what ?
Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches , the tax-free status of church property , the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday , etc. , have also been questioned , but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society .	beneficial arrangements for the society	Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches ?
The national motto `` In God We Trust '' has been challenged as a violation , but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature .	ceremonial deism	What is the national motto `` In God We Trust '' officially known as ?
The national motto `` In God We Trust '' has been challenged as a violation , but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature .	not religious in nature	What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism ?
A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio 's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible , `` With God , all things are possible '' , because it displayed no preference for a particular religion .	Ohio	What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible ?
A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio 's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible , `` With God , all things are possible '' , because it displayed no preference for a particular religion .	because it displayed no preference for a particular religion	Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto ?
Jeffries and Ryan -LRB- 2001 -RRB- argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court .	mid-twentieth century	When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from ?
The central point , they argue , was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools , followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education .	constitutional ban against aid to religious schools	What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court 's rulings ?
The central point , they argue , was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools , followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education .	religious observance	What was later banned in public education ?
Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions -- that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious -- make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause .	two	How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause ?
Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion .	no-aid	What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists ?
Most important was `` the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life , '' which sought to confine religion to a private sphere .	pervasive	What type of secularism came to dominate American public life ?
Further , the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants -LRB- and most Jews -RRB- , who opposed aid to religious schools , which were mostly Catholic at the time .	most Protestants (and most Jews)	Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970 ?
After 1980 , however , anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants , and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed .	anti-Catholic sentiment	What diminished after 1980 ?
As a consequence , strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths , even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics .	strict separationism	What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths ?
Critics of the modern concept of the `` separation of church and state '' argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it .	anything in the text of the constitution	What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it 's untethered to ?
Philip Hamburger , Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept , maintains that the modern concept , which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence , is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism .	professor	What is the profession of Philip Hamburger ?
Philip Hamburger , Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept , maintains that the modern concept , which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence , is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism .	Columbia Law school	What school is Philip Hamburger associated with ?
Philip Hamburger , Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept , maintains that the modern concept , which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence , is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism .	American anti-Catholicism	What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Briefs before the Supreme Court , including by the U.S. government , have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state -LRB- Blaine Amendments -RRB- were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism .	Blaine Amendments	What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as ?
J. Brent Walker , Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee , responded to Hamburger 's claims noting ; `` The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle .	J. Brent Walker	Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee ?
J. Brent Walker , Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee , responded to Hamburger 's claims noting ; `` The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle .	supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent	What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state ?
Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture .	Champions of religious liberty	Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture ?
Of course , separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on-campus released time in the public schools .	tap into the public till to support its parochial schools	Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what ?
But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry ''	religious bigotry	What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of ?
Steven Waldman notes that ; `` The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson , not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart . ''	the spiritual and secular worlds	What did evangelicals want to keep apart ?
`` Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners , '' writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America .	an alliance of unlikely partners	What did religious freedom result from ?
`` Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners , '' writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America .	historian	What profession does Frank Lambert have ?
`` Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners , '' writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America .	The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America	What is the name of Lambert 's book ?
`` New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state . ''	a complete separation of church and state	What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for ?
Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States , this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States .	constitution of the United States	What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in ?
His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy : `` Considering the separation of church and state , how is a president justified in using the word ` God ' at all ?	John F. Kennedy	Whose speech does Bellah 's 1967 article analyze ?
He used the term `` Civil Religion '' to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States .	the specific relation between politics and religion	What does Bellah use the term `` civil religion ' to describe ?
His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy : `` Considering the separation of church and state , how is a president justified in using the word ` God ' at all ?	God	What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use ?
The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension . ''	a religious dimension	What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of ?
Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state -- no state-run or state-established church -- is good for both the church and the state , allowing a variety of religions to flourish .	flourish	What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do ?
Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state -- no state-run or state-established church -- is good for both the church and the state , allowing a variety of religions to flourish .	Robert S. Wood	Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing ?
Wood believes that the U.S. operates on `` a sort of civic religion , '' which includes a generally-shared belief in a creator who `` expects better of us . ''	a sort of civic religion	What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on ?
He calls this approach the `` genius of religious sentiment in the United States . ''	genius of religious sentiment in the United States	What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe ?
Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation , -LSB- a -RSB- a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church .	Christian	What type of faith is Protestantism ?
-LSB- b -RSB- The term derives from the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical .	Martin Luther	Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical ?
It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom , together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy .	Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy	Other than Protestantism , what are the other two divisions of Christianity ?
-LSB- b -RSB- The term derives from the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical .	Lutheran princes	Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther ?
Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation , -LSB- a -RSB- a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church .	the Protestant Reformation	What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism ?
All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation , but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist .	the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal	What do all Protestantism denominations reject ?
All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation , but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist .	transubstantiation,	What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism ?
The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all believers , the doctrine of justification by faith alone -LRB- sola fide -RRB- rather than by or with good works , and a belief in the Bible alone -LRB- rather than with Catholic tradition -RRB- as the highest authority in matters of faith and morals -LRB- sola scriptura -RRB- .	sola fide	What is the term to describe using only faith for justification ?
The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all believers , the doctrine of justification by faith alone -LRB- sola fide -RRB- rather than by or with good works , and a belief in the Bible alone -LRB- rather than with Catholic tradition -RRB- as the highest authority in matters of faith and morals -LRB- sola scriptura -RRB- .	the Bible	What is the highest authority in Protestantism for morals ?
The `` Five solae '' summarize the reformers ' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day .	Five solae	What is the term to describe the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism ?
Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas , -LSB- c -RSB- Denmark , -LSB- d -RSB- Norway , -LSB- e -RSB- Sweden , -LSB- f -RSB- Finland , -LSB- g -RSB- Prussia , -LSB- h -RSB- Latvia , -LSB- i -RSB- , Estonia , -LSB- j -RSB- and Iceland , -LSB- k -RSB- as well as other smaller territories .	Germany	Where did Lutheranism begin ?
Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjacent regions , -LSB- l -RSB- Hungary , -LSB- m -RSB- the Netherlands , -LSB- n -RSB- Scotland , -LSB- o -RSB- Switzerland , -LSB- p -RSB- and France -LSB- q -RSB- by such reformers as John Calvin , Huldrych Zwingli , and John Knox .	John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox	Name three early Protestant reformers .
Arminianism -LSB- r -RSB- gained supporters in the Netherlands and parts of Germany .	the Netherlands and parts of Germany	Where did Arminianism take hold ?
In 1534 , King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England -LSB- s -RSB- after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon ; this opened the door to reformational ideas , notably during the following reign of Edward VI , through Thomas Cranmer , Richard Hooker , Matthew Parker and other theologians .	King Henry VIII	Who ended Catholic supremecy in England ?
In later centuries , Protestants developed their own culture , which made major contributions in education , the humanities and sciences , the political and social order , the economy and the arts , and other fields .	Protestants	Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries ?
Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents , or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide , Protestantism is present on all populated continents .	nearly forty percent	What percentage of Christians are Protestant ?
Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents , or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide , Protestantism is present on all populated continents .	all populated continents	Which continents have some form of Protestantism ?
Nondenominational , evangelical , independent and other churches are on the rise , and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity .	Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches	What types of Protestantism are increasing ?
Some Protestant churches do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership -LRB- notably , the Anglican Communion -RRB- , while others are confined to a single country , or even are solitary church bodies or congregations -LRB- such as the former Prussian Union of churches -RRB- .	the Anglican Communion	What Protestant church has members around the world ?
Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents , or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide , Protestantism is present on all populated continents .	more than 900 million	How many people are considered Protestant ?
The word evangelical -LRB- German : evangelisch -RRB- , which refers to the gospel , was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement .	German	From what language does the term evangelical originate ?
The word evangelical -LRB- German : evangelisch -RRB- , which refers to the gospel , was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement .	evangelisch	What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant ?
The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches , and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole .	evangelical	What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England ?
The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German , and is different from English reformed -LRB- German : reformiert -RRB- , which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin , Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians .	John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli	Name two contributors to Reformed churches .
It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England , where Evangelicalism originated , and then was brought to the United States .	the Puritans	Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S. ?
The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation , based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura -LRB- by scripture alone -RRB- .	sola scriptura	What is the term for teaching by only scripture ?
This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible : that its teaching is needed for salvation -LRB- necessity -RRB- ; that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone -LRB- sufficiency -RRB- ; that everything taught in the Bible is correct -LRB- inerrancy -RRB- ; and that , by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin , believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself , though understanding is difficult , so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church -LRB- clarity -RRB- .	four	How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible ?
This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible : that its teaching is needed for salvation -LRB- necessity -RRB- ; that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone -LRB- sufficiency -RRB- ; that everything taught in the Bible is correct -LRB- inerrancy -RRB- ; and that , by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin , believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself , though understanding is difficult , so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church -LRB- clarity -RRB- .	inerrancy	What is the term that means all in the Bible is true ?
This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible : that its teaching is needed for salvation -LRB- necessity -RRB- ; that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone -LRB- sufficiency -RRB- ; that everything taught in the Bible is correct -LRB- inerrancy -RRB- ; and that , by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin , believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself , though understanding is difficult , so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church -LRB- clarity -RRB- .	the Holy Spirit	What power can help someone overcome sin ?
This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible : that its teaching is needed for salvation -LRB- necessity -RRB- ; that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone -LRB- sufficiency -RRB- ; that everything taught in the Bible is correct -LRB- inerrancy -RRB- ; and that , by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin , believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself , though understanding is difficult , so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church -LRB- clarity -RRB- .	necessity	What is the term for needing the Bible for salvation ?
The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas , garnering little criticism , though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment .	necessity and inerrancy	Which ideas had little criticism for the most part ?
Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology -LRB- the doctrine of how the church as a body works -RRB- , they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers , compared to the Catholics ' idea that certain people within the church , or ideas that were old enough , had a special status in giving understanding of the text .	ecclesiology	What is the term for how the church as a whole works ?
Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology -LRB- the doctrine of how the church as a body works -RRB- , they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers , compared to the Catholics ' idea that certain people within the church , or ideas that were old enough , had a special status in giving understanding of the text .	Catholics	What group believes that some in the church have a special status to understand the bible ?
The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas , garnering little criticism , though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment .	the Enlightenment	At what period was inerrancy debated ?
The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation .	the Bible	What item could be learned to gain salvation ?
The second main principle , sola fide -LRB- by faith alone -RRB- , states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation .	sola fide (by faith alone)	What was Luther 's main principle ?
Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching , sola fide epitomises the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to , namely the direct , close , personal connection between Christ and the believer , hence the reformers ' contention that their work was Christocentric .	sola scriptura	What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching ?
Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching , sola fide epitomises the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to , namely the direct , close , personal connection between Christ and the believer , hence the reformers ' contention that their work was Christocentric .	Christocentric	What did reformers considered their beliefs to be , in terms of focus ?
The second main principle , sola fide -LRB- by faith alone -RRB- , states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation .	sola fide (by faith alone)	What is the second principle of Protestantism ?
The second main principle , sola fide -LRB- by faith alone -RRB- , states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation .	salvation	Faith can bring what eternal benefit ?
The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century .	the mid-to-late 16th century	When did Protestantism begin to split ?
One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist .	controversy over the Eucharist	What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism ?
Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation , which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body , blood , soul , and divinity of Christ .	transubstantiation	What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with ?
Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation , which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body , blood , soul , and divinity of Christ .	bread and wine	What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass ?
They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion .	Christ	Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion ?
In the late 1130s , Arnold of Brescia , an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church .	Arnold of Brescia	Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church ?
In the early 1170s , Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians .	the early 1170s	When were the Waldensians created ?
By 1215 , the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution .	1215	In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics ?
Despite that , the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy , as a part of the wider Reformed tradition .	Italy	Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently ?
After his death , his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists , and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans , though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation .	apostolic poverty	What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia ?
Beginning in first decade of the 15th century , Jan Hus -- a Roman Catholic priest , Czech reformist and professor -- influenced by John Wycliffe 's writings , founded the Hussite movement .	Jan Hus	Who started the Hussite movement ?
Beginning in first decade of the 15th century , Jan Hus -- a Roman Catholic priest , Czech reformist and professor -- influenced by John Wycliffe 's writings , founded the Hussite movement .	John Wycliffe	Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus ?
Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope .	five	How many crusades were waged against the Hussites ?
Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope .	the Pope	Who called the crusades against the Hussites ?
He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance , Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy .	burned at the stake	How did Jan Hus die ?
On 31 October 1517 , Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints ' , the Castle Church in Wittenberg .	31 October 1517	When did Martin Luther attach his 95 theses on the door of the church ?
On 31 October 1517 , Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints ' , the Castle Church in Wittenberg .	indulgences	What did the theses argue against selling ?
He would later write works on the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary , the intercession of and devotion to the saints , the sacraments , mandatory clerical celibacy , monasticism , further on the authority of the pope , the ecclesiastical law , censure and excommunication , the role of secular rulers in religious matters , the relationship between Christianity and the law , good works , and the sacraments .	Virgin Mary	What Catholic devotion would Martin Luther write about after the 95 theses /
On 31 October 1517 , Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints ' , the Castle Church in Wittenberg .	Wittenberg	Where was All Saints ' Church ?
The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy , but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory , particular judgment , and the authority of the pope .	the Church and the papacy	Who did Martin Luther criticize in the 95 theses ?
Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope , the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland , Scotland , Hungary , Germany and elsewhere .	the Pope	Who condemned the Reformation ?
Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope , the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland , Scotland , Hungary , Germany and elsewhere .	John Calvin	Who wrote the Ordinances of 1541 ?
After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559 , Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement , providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries .	Geneva	What city became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement ?
The faith continued to spread after Calvin 's death in 1563 .	1563	When did John Calvin die ?
After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559 , Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement , providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries .	Calvinist	What type of missionaries were taught in Geneva ?
Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France , where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots .	Huguenots	What was the nickname for French Protestants ?
Despite heavy persecution , the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation , appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment .	the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment	What did the French find alienating about Catholicism ?
French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character , made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s .	the 1550s	When were French nobles converted to Protestantism ?
Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time , illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre of August 1572 , when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France .	August 1572	When was the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre ?
The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559 .	Henry II	Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars ?
Parallel to events in Germany , a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli .	Huldrych Zwingli	Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland ?
A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism .	the German states and the Swiss Confederation	Which two areas had a long history of resentment ?
A meeting was held in his castle in 1529 , now known as the Colloquy of Marburg , which has become infamous for its failure .	the Colloquy of Marburg	What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther ?
The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther .	Prince Philip of Hesse	What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg ?
A meeting was held in his castle in 1529 , now known as the Colloquy of Marburg , which has become infamous for its failure .	its failure	What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for ?
The political separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement .	Henry VIII	Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome ?
In 1534 , the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England .	1534	When was the Act of Supremacy passed ?
The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition .	The Elizabethan Religious Settlement	What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition ?
Between 1535 and 1540 , under Thomas Cromwell , the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect .	Between 1535 and 1540	In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out ?
King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome .	King Henry	Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534 ?
The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age .	the Elizabethan Age	The growth of Puritanism happened during what age ?
The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe , especially Geneva .	the Protestant churches of Europe	What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate ?
The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England .	the Church of England	The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church ?
The later Puritan movement , often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists , eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations .	dissenters and nonconformists	What was another name for the later Puritan movement ?
The later Puritan movement , often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists , eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations .	various Reformed denominations	What did the later Puritan movement create ?
The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland .	1560	When was the Scottish Reformation ?
The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines , and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France .	France	The Scottish Reformation decreased what country 's influence ?
John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation .	John Knox	Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation ?
It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise , who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter .	Mary of Guise	Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation ?
The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope 's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560 , forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith .	1560	When was the Papal Jurisdiction Act passed ?
In the course of this religious upheaval , the German Peasants ' War of 1524 -- 25 swept through the Bavarian , Thuringian and Swabian principalities .	1524–25	When was the German Peasants ' War ?
After the Eighty Years ' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion , the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years ' War between 1618 and 1648 .	the Thirty Years' War	What war was waged from 1618 to 1648 ?
It devastated much of Germany , killing between 25 % and 40 % of its population .	between 25% and 40%	How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years ' War ?
The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia , which ended the Thirty Years ' War , were :	the Peace of Westphalia	What treaty ended the Thirty Years ' War ?
In the course of this religious upheaval , the German Peasants ' War of 1524 -- 25 swept through the Bavarian , Thuringian and Swabian principalities .	the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities	Where was the German Peasants ' War ?
The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America , especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s , leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism .	The First Great Awakening	What movement occurred during the 1730 's and 1740 's ?
The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America , especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s , leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism .	The First Great Awakening	What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S. ?
The Second Great Awakening began around 1790 .	around 1790	When did the Second Great Awakening start ?
After 1820 , membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations , whose preachers led the movement .	Baptist and Methodist	Which congregations joined the Second Great Awakening the most after 1820 ?
It was past its peak by the late 1840s .	by the late 1840s	When did the Second Great Awakening lose momentum ?
It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations .	the formation of new denominations	What did the Second Great Awakening create ?
It has been described as a reaction against skepticism , deism , and rationalism , although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood .	skepticism, deism, and rationalism	What was the Second Great Awakening a reaction against ?
The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century .	the late 1850s to the early 20th century	When was the Third Great Awakening ?
It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism .	pietistic Protestant denominations	What denominations did the Third Great Awakening affect ?
It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement , which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening , as did the worldwide missionary movement .	the worldwide missionary movement	What other movement gained its force from the Third Great Awakening ?
It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement , which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening , as did the worldwide missionary movement .	the Social Gospel Movement	What movement was affiliated with the Third Great Awakening ?
New groupings emerged , such as the Holiness , Nazarene , and Christian Science movements .	the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements	What new groups were formed as a result of the Third Great Awakening ?
A noteworthy development in 20th-century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern Pentecostal movement .	the modern Pentecostal movement	What modern movement began in the 20th century ?
Sprung from Methodist and Wesleyan roots , it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles .	Methodist and Wesleyan	What were the roots of the modern Pentecostal movement ?
Pentecostalism , which in turn birthed the Charismatic movement within already established denominations , continues to be an important force in Western Christianity .	the Charismatic movement	What movement did Pentecostalism create ?
Sprung from Methodist and Wesleyan roots , it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles .	Los Angeles	In what city did the modern Pentecostal movement begin ?
Sprung from Methodist and Wesleyan roots , it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles .	urban	What type of mission was the birthplace of the modern Pentecostal movement ?
In the United States and elsewhere in the world , there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations , especially those that are more exclusively evangelical , and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches .	In the United States and elsewhere in the world	Where has there been a rise in evangelical Protestantism ?
In the United States and elsewhere in the world , there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations , especially those that are more exclusively evangelical , and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches .	mainstream liberal churches	What type of churches have declined ?
In the post -- World War I era , Liberal Christianity was on the rise , and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well .	In the post–World War I era	When did Liberal Christianity increase ?
In the post -- World War II era , the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America 's seminaries and church structures .	In the post–World War II era	When did conservative churches start to increase ?
In the United States and elsewhere in the world , there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations , especially those that are more exclusively evangelical , and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches .	those that are more exclusively evangelical	What type of evangelical churches are the most popular ?
In Europe , there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism .	secularism	What direction has Europe moved towards ?
The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism .	The Enlightenment	What caused the spread of secularism ?
In North America , South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe .	North America, South America and Australia	What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance ?
South America , historically Roman Catholic , has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries .	the 20th and 21st centuries	When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals ?
United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries .	United States	What country is more religious than other developed nations ?
In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation , the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough .	the Magisterial Reformation	Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough ?
Radical Reformer , Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt , for example , referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the `` new papists '' .	new papists	What did Karlstadt call Lutheran theologians ?
Because of their authority , they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes .	Roman Popes	What were reform movement leaders compared to ?
Since the term `` magister '' also means `` teacher '' , the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher .	teacher	What is another name for magister ?
A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut , although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism .	Anabaptism	What has been linked with pacifism ?
Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church 's doctrine that it is the one true church , believing in the invisible church , which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ .	the invisible church	What type of church do Protestants believe in ?
Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church 's doctrine that it is the one true church , believing in the invisible church , which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ .	all who profess faith in Jesus Christ	Who comprises the invisible church ?
Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith , non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant .	the five solas	What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism ?
Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith , non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant .	non-denominational groups and organizations	What other entities are also considered to be Protestant ?
Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church 's doctrine that it is the one true church , believing in the invisible church , which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ .	it is the one true church	What Catholic doctrine do Protestants not believe in ?
Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations , according to various models of union , but divisions continue to outpace unions , as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance , which can authoritatively define the faith .	Various ecumenical	What type of movements have tried to unite Protestant denominations ?
Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations , according to various models of union , but divisions continue to outpace unions , as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance , which can authoritatively define the faith .	divisions	Which is larger , divisions or unions of Protestantism ?
Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines , although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief .	common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith	What beliefs do most denominations agree on ?
Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines , although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief .	secondary	What types of doctrines do denominations not agree on ?
Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines , although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief .	idiosyncratic	What type of belief defines what is a major or minor doctrine ?
Several countries have established their national churches , linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state .	the ecclesiastical structure with the state	What do national churches bring together ?
Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several Nordic countries ; Denmark -LRB- including Greenland -RRB- , the Faroe Islands -LRB- its church being independent since 2007 -RRB- , Iceland and Norway have established Evangelical Lutheran churches .	since 2007	How long has the Faroe Islands church been independent ?
Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world , while Tonga -- in the Methodist tradition .	Tuvalu	Who has the only Reformed church ?
The Church of England is the officially established religious institution in England , and also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion .	The Church of England	Who is the head church of the Anglican Communion ?
Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world , while Tonga -- in the Methodist tradition .	Methodist	What type of church does Tonga have ?
Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations , this section discusses only the largest denominational families , or branches , widely considered to be a part of Protestantism .	branches	What is another name for denominational families ?
These are , in alphabetical order : Adventist , Anglican , Baptist , Calvinist -LRB- Reformed -RRB- , Lutheran , Methodist and Pentecostal .	Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal	What are the major branches of Protestantism ?
Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation , today regarded as branches .	how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation	What created the differentiation of Protestant branches ?
A small but historically significant Anabaptist branch is also discussed .	Anabaptist	What small branch of Protestantism will also be discussed ?
Some of these movements have a common lineage , sometimes directly spawning individual denominations .	lineage	What do some branches share in common ?
The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible , leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath .	the whole Bible	The Adventist movement has encouraged examining what in full ?
The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible , leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath .	Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups	What Adventist groups observe the Sabbath ?
The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church 's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs -LRB- 1980 and 2005 -RRB- , which use Biblical references as justification .	the 28 Fundamental Beliefs	What is the name of the Seventh-day Adventist 's core beliefs ?
The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church 's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs -LRB- 1980 and 2005 -RRB- , which use Biblical references as justification .	Biblical references	What is used for justification of the 28 Fundamental Beliefs ?
Although the Adventist churches hold much in common , their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness , whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment , the nature of immortality , whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium , and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth .	annihilation or eternal torment	What belief about ultimate punishment do Adventists disagree on ?
The name Anabaptist , meaning `` one who baptizes again '' , was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants .	one who baptizes again	What does the word Anabaptist describe ?
The name Anabaptist , meaning `` one who baptizes again '' , was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants .	their persecutors	Who named the Anabaptists ?
Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants .	baptism of infants	What baptism do Anabaptists reject ?
As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues , Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics .	Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics	Who persecuted the Anabaptists in the 16th century ?
Second Front Reformers included Hans Denck , Conrad Grebel , Balthasar Hubmaier and Felix Manz .	Second Front Reformers	Hans Denck was considered what type of reformer ?
The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana , a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church .	the English Church	What does Anglican mean ?
The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana , a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church .	1246	When did the word Anglican begin ?
As the name suggests , the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury .	the Archbishop of Canterbury	Who do the Anglican churches have communion with ?
The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion , which has 80 million adherents .	80 million	How many Anglican Communion members are there in the world ?
There is no single `` Anglican Church '' with universal juridical authority , since each national or regional church has full autonomy .	full autonomy	What power does each national or regional church possess ?
The Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement .	the Catholic Church	Who did the Church of England split from ?
The Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement .	the Elizabethan Religious Settlement	At what time did the Church of England become independent ?
These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them , the then Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer , as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions , namely Lutheranism and Calvinism .	Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer	Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century ?
These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them , the then Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer , as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions , namely Lutheranism and Calvinism .	Lutheranism and Calvinism	The Church of England 's reforms put it in the middle of what two traditions ?
By the end of the century , the retention in Anglicanism of many traditional liturgical forms and of the episcopate was already seen as unacceptable by those promoting the most developed Protestant principles .	traditional	What liturgical forms in Anglicanism were considered unacceptable by many progressive Protestants ?
Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers -LRB- believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism -RRB- , and that it must be done by complete immersion -LRB- as opposed to affusion or sprinkling -RRB- .	professing believers	According to Baptists , who should have baptisms ?
Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches , though some Baptists disavow this identity .	Protestant	What type of churches are most Baptists churches considered to be ?
Baptists recognize two ministerial offices , pastors and deacons .	pastors and deacons	What two offices do Baptists have ?
Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers -LRB- believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism -RRB- , and that it must be done by complete immersion -LRB- as opposed to affusion or sprinkling -RRB- .	complete immersion	What type of baptism do Baptists conduct ?
Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency -LRB- liberty -RRB- , salvation through faith alone , Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice , and the autonomy of the local congregation .	liberty	What is another term for soul competency ?
Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam , with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor .	Amsterdam	Where was the earliest Baptist church founded ?
Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam , with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor .	John Smyth	Who was the pastor of the first Baptist church ?
Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect .	General Baptists	Who believed that Christ 's atonement was for everyone ?
In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies .	Roger Williams	Who founded the first Baptist group in what is now the United States ?
Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent .	Baptist missionaries	Who has spread the teachings of the Baptists to each continent ?
Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism , though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole .	the five points of Calvinism	What is the most well-known summary of Calvin 's teachings ?
Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism , though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole .	the Calvinist view on soteriology	What area does the five points of Calvinism focus on ?
Broadly speaking , Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things -- in salvation but also in all of life .	the sovereignty or rule of God in all things	What is a brief description of Calvinism ?
This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of predestination and total depravity .	predestination and total depravity	What Calvinism doctrines are examples of the concept of the sovereignty of God ?
Today , this term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches of which Calvin was an early leader .	Calvin	Who was an early leader in the Reformed churches ?
Today , Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism .	Lutheranism	What is one of the largest Protestant branches with 80 million members ?
With approximately 80 million adherents , it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism .	third	How popular is the branch of Lutheranism ?
The Lutheran World Federation , the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people .	The Lutheran World Federation	What is the largest body of Lutheran churches ?
The Lutheran World Federation , the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people .	over 72 million people	How many people belong to the Lutheran World Federation ?
Additionally , there are also many smaller bodies such as the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference , as well as independent churches .	International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference	Name two smaller Lutheran church bodies .
Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley -- an Anglican priest and evangelist .	John Wesley	Who was the inspiration for Methodism ?
Originally it appealed especially to workers , agricultural workers , and slaves .	workers, agricultural workers, and slaves	Who did Methodism originally attract ?
Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley -- an Anglican priest and evangelist .	Anglican priest	What was John Wesley 's occupation ?
Because of vigorous missionary activity , the movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide .	approximately 80 million	How many Methodists are there in the world today ?
Because of vigorous missionary activity , the movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide .	vigorous missionary activity	How did the Methodist movement spread so far and wide ?
Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition ; John Wesley 's brother , Charles , was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church , and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition .	its rich musical tradition	What is Methodism known for , as far as music goes ?
Soteriologically , most Methodists are Arminian , emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being , and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it -LRB- as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism -RRB- .	every human being	Methodists believe that Christ achieved salvation for whom ?
Soteriologically , most Methodists are Arminian , emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being , and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it -LRB- as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism -RRB- .	exercise an act of the will	What do Methodists believe that one must do to receive Christ 's salvation ?
Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition ; John Wesley 's brother , Charles , was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church , and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition .	John Wesley's brother, Charles	Who wrote most of the Methodist hymns ?
Soteriologically , most Methodists are Arminian , emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being , and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it -LRB- as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism -RRB- .	monergism	What Calvinist doctrine is focuses on salvation ?
This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing -- two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism .	speaking in tongues and divine healing	Give two examples of spiritual gifts .
For this reason , some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement .	Apostolic or Full Gospel	What are other terms used to describe Pentecostalism ?
Because of their commitment to biblical authority , spiritual gifts , and the miraculous , Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church .	Apostolic	Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age ?
This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a Holy Spirit -- filled and empowered life .	the Holy Spirit	Pentecostals believe in baptism with what entity ?
Because of their commitment to biblical authority , spiritual gifts , and the miraculous , Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church .	biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous	What three things are Pentecostals committed to ?
Pentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations , including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ , both in the United States and elsewhere .	hundreds	How many denominations were spawned by Pentecostalism ?
There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide , and the movement is growing in many parts of the world , especially the global South .	over 279 million	How many Pentecostals are there in the world ?
Since the 1960s , Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions , and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and Catholic churches through the Charismatic Movement .	Charismatic	What movement has caused non-Pentecostal churches to accept some Pentecostal beliefs ?
Together , Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents .	Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity	Who can claim over 500 million members ?
There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide , and the movement is growing in many parts of the world , especially the global South .	the global South	Where is Pentecostalism currently growing the most ?
They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and/or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves `` non-denominational '' or `` evangelical '' .	"non-denominational" or "evangelical"	What denomination do these small groups belong to ?
Often founded by individual pastors , they have little affiliation with historic denominations .	little	How much affiliation do these small groups have with historical denominations ?
Often founded by individual pastors , they have little affiliation with historic denominations .	individual pastors	Who has founded these small groups of Christians ?
Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as `` Christians '' or `` born-again Christians '' .	"Christians" or "born-again Christians"	What do some groups of people who believe in basic Protestant principles identify as ?
The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative , low church , evangelical movement , whose history can be traced to Dublin , Ireland , in the late 1820s , originating from Anglicanism .	Dublin, Ireland	Where do the Plymouth Brethren hail from ?
Among other beliefs , the group emphasizes sola scriptura .	sola scriptura	What belief is the emphasis of the Plymouth Brethren ?
Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itself -- a stance that some of them still maintain -- the title The Brethren , is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as brethren .	The Brethren	Though the Plymouth Brethren do not have a denominational name , what name is generally used for them ?
The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative , low church , evangelical movement , whose history can be traced to Dublin , Ireland , in the late 1820s , originating from Anglicanism .	late 1820s	When did the Plymouth Brethren originate ?
The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative , low church , evangelical movement , whose history can be traced to Dublin , Ireland , in the late 1820s , originating from Anglicanism .	Anglicanism	What denomination do the Brethren originate from ?
Quakers , or Friends , are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends .	Friends	What is another informal name for Quaker ?
The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers .	the priesthood of all believers	What is the Quakers unifying belief ?
Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity , the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid creeds and hierarchical structures .	creeds and hierarchical structures	What have the Quakers tried to avoid ?
Quakers , or Friends , are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends .	the Religious Society of Friends	What collective movement are the Quakers associated with ?
They include those with evangelical , holiness , liberal , and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity .	evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative	What types of Christianity do Quakers belong to ?
Evangelicalism is a prominent example .	Evangelicalism	What is a prominent example of a movement which crosses over denominational lines ?
Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church , such as does it the Charismatic Movement , which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity .	Charismatic Movement	Which movement actually affected the Catholic Church ?
Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church , such as does it the Charismatic Movement , which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity .	Pentecostals	What groups beliefs does the Charismatic Movement seek to add to branches of Christianity ?
Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement .	Neo-charismatic churches	Name a sub-group of the Charismatic Movement .
Nondenominational churches often adopt , or are akin to one of these movements .	Nondenominational churches	What other types of churches often adopt charismatic or evangelical beliefs ?
It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America .	the 18th and 19th centuries	What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism ?
It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America .	Britain and North America	Where did the Great Awakenings increase interest in Evangelicalism ?
The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement , Nicolaus Zinzendorf , the Moravian Church , Lutheran pietism , Presbyterianism and Puritanism .	Evangelicalism	Methodism is part of what movement ?
The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement , Nicolaus Zinzendorf , the Moravian Church , Lutheran pietism , Presbyterianism and Puritanism .	Nicolaus Zinzendorf	What man is associated with the beginnings of Evangelicalism ?
In America , Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement 's seminal influence .	Dennis Bennett	What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement ?
The Massey conference in New Zealand , 1964 was attended by several Anglicans , including the Rev. Ray Muller , who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966 , and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars .	1964	When was the Massey conference held ?
The Massey conference in New Zealand , 1964 was attended by several Anglicans , including the Rev. Ray Muller , who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966 , and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars .	Life in the Spirit	The Massey conference eventually led to developing what seminars ?
In the United Kingdom , Colin Urquhart , Michael Harper , David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments .	Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson	Name UK influences on the Charismatic movement .
The Massey conference in New Zealand , 1964 was attended by several Anglicans , including the Rev. Ray Muller , who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966 , and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars .	New Zealand	Where was the Massey conference held ?
Larry Christenson , a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro , California , did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans .	Larry Christenson	Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s ?
Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential ; especially `` Hosanna ! ''	Minnesota	In what state did charismatic Lutheran congregations grow to be quite large ?
There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach .	Huntington Beach	Where is an annual event that has quite a bit of charismatic activity ?
Richard A. Jensen 's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974 , played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement .	Touched by the Spirit	What was published in 1974 ?
Richard A. Jensen 's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974 , played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement .	Richard A. Jensen	Who wrote Touched by the Spirit ?
Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the USA , in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement , which leading figure is Terry Virgo .	Terry Virgo	Who heads the Newfrontiers movement ?
Generally , however , Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional , such as Word of Faith , Toronto Blessing , Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival .	overemotional	What tendencies do reformed charismatics avoid ?
Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the USA , in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement , which leading figure is Terry Virgo .	USA	Where is Every Nations Churches located ?
In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts -LRB- charismata -RRB- of the Spirit .	charismata	What is a name for gifts of the Spirit ?
Generally , however , Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional , such as Word of Faith , Toronto Blessing , Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival .	Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival	Name the renewal movements which could be considered overemotional .
Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within , and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion .	Puritans	What group was very much hampered in England from making changes ?
Their beliefs , however , were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands -LRB- and later to New England -RRB- , and by evangelical clergy to Ireland -LRB- and later into Wales -RRB- , and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system , particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge .	the University of Cambridge	What college was influenced by Puritan beliefs ?
They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century , and were influenced by millennialism .	millennialism	What movement influenced the Puritans ?
They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century , and were influenced by millennialism .	Sabbatarianism	What movement did the Puritans adopt in the 17th century ?
They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system , particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops .	1619	When was the Synod of Dort ?
Puritans adopted a Reformed theology , but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva .	Reformed	What type of theology did Puritans accept ?
These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s , when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church .	the 1640s	When did separatists become powerful in Puritanism ?
They formed , and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine , as well as personal and group piety .	personal and group	What types of piety did the Puritans advocate ?
Puritans adopted a Reformed theology , but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva .	Geneva	Where was Calvin criticized ?
These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s , when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church .	the Westminster Assembly	At what gathering were supporters unsuccessful in establishing a new national church ?
Although the Reformation was a religious movement , it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life : marriage and family , education , the humanities and sciences , the political and social order , the economy , and the arts .	the Reformation	What religious movement affected education , politics , the economy , and marriage ?
Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry .	Protestant	What churches let their clergy marry ?
Since about 1950 , women have entered the ministry , and some have assumed leading positions -LRB- e.g. bishops -RRB- , in most Protestant churches .	1950	When did women join the Protestant ministry ?
Since about 1950 , women have entered the ministry , and some have assumed leading positions -LRB- e.g. bishops -RRB- , in most Protestant churches .	Protestant	What types of churches have women had leading positions ?
Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry .	celibate	What priesthood rules do Protestant churches reject ?
As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible , education on all levels got a strong boost .	education	What did Reformers increase so that their followers could read the Bible ?
By the middle of the eighteenth century , the literacy rate in England was about 60 per cent , in Scotland 65 per cent , and in Sweden eight of ten men and women were able to read and to write .	eight of ten men and women	In the middle of the eighteenth century , how many Swedes could read and write ?
For example , the Puritans who established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 founded Harvard College only eight years later .	the Puritans	Who founded Harvard College ?
About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century , including Yale -LRB- 1701 -RRB- .	1701	When was Yale founded ?
Pennsylvania also became a centre of learning .	Pennsylvania	What state became a hub of learning ?
Industry , frugality , calling , discipline , and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code .	Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility	What is the heart of the Protestant moral code ?
In particular , Calvin rejected luxury .	luxury	What did Calvin particular reject ?
The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors .	economic success	What was a strong reason for inventors and investors to work on technical inventions ?
The Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution .	Protestant	What work ethic was an influence on capitalism and the Industrial Revolution ?
This idea is also known as the `` Protestant ethic thesis . ''	Protestant ethic thesis	What is another name for the Protestant work ethic ?
In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data , Arno Tausch -LRB- Corvinus University of Budapest -RRB- found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism .	Arno Tausch	Who calculated the Global Value Development Index ?
In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data , Arno Tausch -LRB- Corvinus University of Budapest -RRB- found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism .	Protestantism	What does a good job of combining religion and liberalism ?
In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data , Arno Tausch -LRB- Corvinus University of Budapest -RRB- found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism .	Arno Tausch	Who did an analysis of World Values Survey data ?
In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data , Arno Tausch -LRB- Corvinus University of Budapest -RRB- found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism .	Corvinus University of Budapest	What university is Arno Tausch from ?
The Global Value Development Index , calculated by Tausch , relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law , no support for shadow economy , postmaterial activism , support for democracy , a non-acceptance of violence , xenophobia and racism , trust in transnational capital and Universities , confidence in the market economy , supporting gender justice , and engaging in environmental activism , etc. .	environmental activism	What type of engagement is considered a World Value ?
Episcopalians and Presbyterians , as well as other WASPs , tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated -LRB- having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita -RRB- than most other religious groups in United States , and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business , law and politics , especially the Republican Party .	Episcopalians and Presbyterians	What denominations are considered to be wealthier than most other groups ?
Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts and the Astors , Rockefeller , Du Pont , Roosevelt , Forbes , Whitneys , the Morgans and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families .	Mainline Protestant	Affluent American families are what type of families ?
Episcopalians and Presbyterians , as well as other WASPs , tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated -LRB- having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita -RRB- than most other religious groups in United States , and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business , law and politics , especially the Republican Party .	Episcopalians and Presbyterians	What denominations are considered to be better educated than most other groups ?
Episcopalians and Presbyterians , as well as other WASPs , tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated -LRB- having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita -RRB- than most other religious groups in United States , and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business , law and politics , especially the Republican Party .	Republican Party	What political group has a disproportionately large number of Protestants ?
Episcopalians and Presbyterians , as well as other WASPs , tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated -LRB- having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita -RRB- than most other religious groups in United States , and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business , law and politics , especially the Republican Party .	American business, law	Other than politics , what areas have a disproportionately large number of Protestants ?
According to the Merton Thesis , there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other .	early experimental science	The rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism resulted in a corresponding rise in what ?
Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries .	English Puritanism and German Pietism	What religions did Merton think caused the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries ?
The Merton Thesis has two separate parts : Firstly , it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology ; secondly , it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society -LRB- English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants -RRB- can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values .	an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology	What other reason did Merton believe causes science to advance ?
The Merton Thesis has two separate parts : Firstly , it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology ; secondly , it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society -LRB- English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants -RRB- can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values .	Puritans or other Protestants	What religions were English scientists in the 17th century ?
He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science .	ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science	What values were thought to have a significant synergy ?
Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle -LRB- doctrine of the two kingdoms -RRB- .	doctrine of the two kingdoms	What was the name of the doctrine that separated church and non-religious affairs ?
Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen -LRB- church elders , presbyters -RRB- in his representative church government .	Calvin	Who added the election of laymen to church government ?
The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and , if necessary , to vote for his dismissal -LRB- Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call , install and dismiss teachers , as testified in Scripture ; 1523 -RRB- .	1523	When was the treatise that allowed a congregation to elect or remove a minister ?
The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod , whose members were elected by the congregations , to Calvin 's system of church self-government .	The Huguenots	Who added synods to church government ?
The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way .	reason	What were Luther 's followers advised to use when governing worldly affairs ?
Politically , Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy .	aristocracy and democracy	What political mixture did Calvin prefer ?
To further protect the rights of ordinary people , Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances -LRB- separation of powers -RRB- .	separation of powers	What is the term for checks and balances in a political system ?
To further protect the rights of ordinary people , Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances -LRB- separation of powers -RRB- .	Calvin	Who paved the way for modern democracy to emerge ?
Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible .	Hugo Grotius	Who was allowed to teach a liberal Bible interpretation ?
It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle .	Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle	What philosophers were given asylum ?
Consistent with Calvin 's political ideas , Protestants created both the English and the American democracies .	the English and the American democracies	Whose democracies were created by Protestants ?
In North America , Plymouth Colony -LRB- Pilgrim Fathers ; 1620 -RRB- and Massachusetts Bay Colony -LRB- 1628 -RRB- practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers .	self-rule and separation of powers	What democratic principles were followed by the Plymouth Colony ?
Later , the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies , e.g. Australia , New Zealand , and India .	Australia, New Zealand, and India	Other than the U.S. , to what colonies did the British export their democratic beliefs ?
These Congregationalists were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God .	Congregationalists	What group believed that democracy was the will of God ?
In North America , Plymouth Colony -LRB- Pilgrim Fathers ; 1620 -RRB- and Massachusetts Bay Colony -LRB- 1628 -RRB- practised democratic self-rule and separation of powers .	Massachusetts Bay Colony	What other group in America practiced self-rule and separation of powers ?
Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom .	Protestants	What group initiated the right to religious freedom ?
Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological , philosophical , and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms -LRB- 1521 -RRB- .	Worms	Where did Luther refuse to change his beliefs ?
The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience , and they practised separation of church and state .	Anabaptists and Huguenots	What persecuted groups followed the separation of church and state ?
In the early seventeenth century , Baptists like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys published tracts in defense of religious freedom .	John Smyth and Thomas Helwys	Who wrote about religious freedom in the early 17th century ?
The great majority of American Protestants , both clergy and laity , strongly supported the independence movement .	The great majority	How many American Protestants supported independence in America ?
Democracy , social-contract theory , separation of powers , religious freedom , separation of church and state -- these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers .	Enlightenment thinkers	What group popularized early Protestant teachings about separation of church and state ?
For example , John Locke , whose political thought was based on `` a set of Protestant Christian assumptions '' , derived the equality of all humans , including the equality of the genders -LRB- `` Adam and Eve '' -RRB- , from Genesis 1 , 26-28 .	a set of Protestant Christian assumptions	What did John Locke use as a basis for his political beliefs ?
For example , John Locke , whose political thought was based on `` a set of Protestant Christian assumptions '' , derived the equality of all humans , including the equality of the genders -LRB- `` Adam and Eve '' -RRB- , from Genesis 1 , 26-28 .	John Locke	Whose ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence ?
These Lockean ideas were fundamental to the United States Declaration of Independence , which also deduced human rights from the biblical belief in creation : `` We hold these truths to be self-evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness . ''	Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness	What Rights do the Declaration of Independence consider unalienable ?
For example , John Locke , whose political thought was based on `` a set of Protestant Christian assumptions '' , derived the equality of all humans , including the equality of the genders -LRB- `` Adam and Eve '' -RRB- , from Genesis 1 , 26-28 .	Genesis 1, 26-28	What scripture did Locke use as a reference for equality ?
For example , torture was abolished in Prussia in 1740 , slavery in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 -LRB- William Wilberforce , Harriet Beecher Stowe , Abraham Lincoln - against Southern Protestants -RRB- .	1740	When did Prussia stop torture ?
For example , torture was abolished in Prussia in 1740 , slavery in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 -LRB- William Wilberforce , Harriet Beecher Stowe , Abraham Lincoln - against Southern Protestants -RRB- .	1834	When did Britain end slavery ?
Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf were among the first thinkers who made significant contributions to international law .	Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf	Who were the first men to make large contributions to international law ?
The Geneva Convention , an important part of humanitarian international law , was largely the work of Henry Dunant , a reformed pietist .	Henry Dunant	Who founded the Red Cross ?
The Geneva Convention , an important part of humanitarian international law , was largely the work of Henry Dunant , a reformed pietist .	The Geneva Convention	What international law was Henry Dunant mostly responsible for ?
As an answer to the `` social question '' of the nineteenth century , Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced insurance programs that led the way to the welfare state -LRB- health insurance , accident insurance , disability insurance , old-age pensions -RRB- .	Chancellor Otto von Bismarck	Who first introduced social insurance programs ?
To Bismarck this was `` practical Christianity '' .	practical Christianity	What did Bismarck consider social insurance programs to be ?
In the nineteenth century , throughout the Anglo-American world , numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery , prison reforms , and woman suffrage .	the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage	What social reform movements were Protestants working toward in the nineteen century ?
As an answer to the `` social question '' of the nineteenth century , Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced insurance programs that led the way to the welfare state -LRB- health insurance , accident insurance , disability insurance , old-age pensions -RRB- .	Germany	What country started programs that led to the welfare state ?
These programs , too , were copied by many other nations , particularly in the Western world .	the Western world	What area copied Bismarck 's social programs the most ?
World literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser , John Milton , John Bunyan , John Donne , John Dryden , Daniel Defoe , William Wordsworth , Jonathan Swift , Johann Wolfgang Goethe , Friedrich Schiller , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Edgar Allan Poe , Matthew Arnold , Conrad Ferdinand Meyer , Theodor Fontane , Washington Irving , Robert Browning , Emily Dickinson , Emily Brontë , Charles Dickens , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Thomas Stearns Eliot , John Galsworthy , Thomas Mann , William Faulkner , John Updike , and many others .	World literature	Samuel Taylor is listed as enriching what ?
World literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser , John Milton , John Bunyan , John Donne , John Dryden , Daniel Defoe , William Wordsworth , Jonathan Swift , Johann Wolfgang Goethe , Friedrich Schiller , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Edgar Allan Poe , Matthew Arnold , Conrad Ferdinand Meyer , Theodor Fontane , Washington Irving , Robert Browning , Emily Dickinson , Emily Brontë , Charles Dickens , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Thomas Stearns Eliot , John Galsworthy , Thomas Mann , William Faulkner , John Updike , and many others .	Emily Dickinson, Emily Brontë	What women writers were listed as contributors to world literature ?
World literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser , John Milton , John Bunyan , John Donne , John Dryden , Daniel Defoe , William Wordsworth , Jonathan Swift , Johann Wolfgang Goethe , Friedrich Schiller , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Edgar Allan Poe , Matthew Arnold , Conrad Ferdinand Meyer , Theodor Fontane , Washington Irving , Robert Browning , Emily Dickinson , Emily Brontë , Charles Dickens , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Thomas Stearns Eliot , John Galsworthy , Thomas Mann , William Faulkner , John Updike , and many others .	World	Edgar Allen Poe added value to literature in what area ?
The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations can not be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas , and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession .	ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities	The Roman Catholic Church considers Protestant denominations to be what ?
The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations can not be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas , and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession .	no sacramental ministerial priesthood	What is lacking in Protestant priesthood , according to the Roman Catholic Church ?
The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations can not be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas , and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession .	ordinances and doctrines	What does the Roman Catholic Church say is not comparable to their sacraments and dogmas ?
According to Bishop Hilarion -LRB- Alfeyev -RRB- the Eastern Orthodox Church shares the same view on the subject .	Eastern Orthodox	What other Church shares the Roman Catholic view on Protestant churches ?
The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations can not be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas , and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession .	true apostolic succession	What is lacking in Protestantism , according to the Roman Catholic Church ?
The Magisterial reformers , such as Martin Luther , John Calvin , and Huldrych Zwingli , believed that they were reforming the Roman Catholic Church , which they viewed as having become corrupted .	Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli	Who were Magisterial reformers ?
The Magisterial reformers , such as Martin Luther , John Calvin , and Huldrych Zwingli , believed that they were reforming the Roman Catholic Church , which they viewed as having become corrupted .	the Roman Catholic Church	What institution did Martin Luther believe he was reforming ?
In order to justify their departure from the Roman Catholic Church , Protestants often posited a new argument , saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority , only a spiritual , invisible , and hidden church -- this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation .	a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church	Instead of a visible church , what did Protestants believe there was ?
In order to justify their departure from the Roman Catholic Church , Protestants often posited a new argument , saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority , only a spiritual , invisible , and hidden church -- this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation .	in the early days of the Protestant Reformation	When did the idea of a hidden church begin ?
Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation , denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Roman Catholic Church that had left them .	the Roman Catholic Church	What church did the Reformers claim had left them ?
Wherever the Magisterial Reformation , which received support from the ruling authorities , took place , the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church , but disagreeing , in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice , with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters , namely the Papacy and central authority of the Roman Catholic Church .	the ruling authorities	Who supported the Magisterial Reformation ?
The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity , founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement , rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils , but rejecting the latest ecumenical council , the Council of Trent .	Conciliar	The Reformed churches based their beliefs about ecclesiastical organization on what movement ?
The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity , founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement , rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils , but rejecting the latest ecumenical council , the Council of Trent .	the five solas	What are the doctrines of the Reformed churches called ?
The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity , founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement , rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils , but rejecting the latest ecumenical council , the Council of Trent .	the Council of Trent	What ecumenical council did the Reformed churches reject ?
Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character , wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ , not common identity , doctrine , belief , and collaborative action .	invisible	What type of character became central to religious unity in Reformed churches ?
Since 1948 , the World Council of Churches has been influential , but ineffective in creating a united church .	the World Council of Churches	What group has been unsuccessful in creating a unified church since 1948 ?
The ecumenical movement has had an influence on mainline churches , beginning at least in 1910 with the Edinburgh Missionary Conference .	the Edinburgh Missionary Conference	What conference was held in 1910 ?
There has been a strong engagement of Orthodox churches in the ecumenical movement , though the reaction of individual Orthodox theologians has ranged from tentative approval of the aim of Christian unity to outright condemnation of the perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine .	Orthodox	What churches have been strongly engaged in the ecumenical movement ?
There has been a strong engagement of Orthodox churches in the ecumenical movement , though the reaction of individual Orthodox theologians has ranged from tentative approval of the aim of Christian unity to outright condemnation of the perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine .	watering down Orthodox doctrine	What have Orthodox churches condemned the perception of ?
One , but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement , has been the move to form united churches , such as the Church of South India , the Church of North India , the US-based United Church of Christ , the United Church of Canada , the Uniting Church in Australia and the United Church of Christ in the Philippines which have rapidly declining memberships .	united churches	What types of churches have had rapidly declining memberships ?
A Protestant baptism is held to be valid by the Catholic Church if given with the trinitarian formula and with the intent to baptize .	baptism	If done properly , what Protestant practice does the Catholic Church recognize ?
However , as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church , all other sacraments -LRB- except marriage -RRB- performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid .	marriage	What is the only other sacrament of the Protestants that the Catholic Church recognizes ?
Therefore , Protestants desiring full communion with the Catholic Church are not re-baptized -LRB- although they are confirmed -RRB- and Protestant ministers who become Catholics may be ordained to the priesthood after a period of study .	Protestant ministers who become Catholics	Who can become ordained to the Catholic priesthood after a period of study ?
Therefore , Protestants desiring full communion with the Catholic Church are not re-baptized -LRB- although they are confirmed -RRB- and Protestant ministers who become Catholics may be ordained to the priesthood after a period of study .	re-baptized	Protestants who want full communion with the Catholic Church do not have to be what ?
However , as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church , all other sacraments -LRB- except marriage -RRB- performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid .	the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church	Why does the Catholic Church not recognize the ordination of Protestant ministers ?
In 1999 , the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification , apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation , although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement .	the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification	What document was signed in 1999 ?
In 1999 , the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification , apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation , although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement .	Confessional Lutherans	Who rejects the statement signed in 1999 ?
On 18 July 2006 , delegates to the World Methodist Conference voted unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration .	delegates to the World Methodist Conference	Who adopted the Joint Declaration in 2006 ?
In 1999 , the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification , apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation , although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement .	the Protestant Reformation	The Joint Declaration supposedly resolves the conflict which originally led to what movement ?
In 1999 , the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification , apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation , although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement .	Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church	What two groups originally signed the Joint Declaration ?
There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide , -LSB- ad -RSB- among approximately 2.4 billion Christians .	more than 900 million	How many Protestants are there in the world ?
There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide , -LSB- ad -RSB- among approximately 2.4 billion Christians .	approximately 2.4 billion	What is the total population of Christians in the world ?
Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide and more than one tenth of the total human population .	more than one tenth	Approximately how much of the world 's population are Protestant -LRB- in fractions -RRB- ?
-LSB- ae -RSB- In 2010 , a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa , 260 million in the Americas , 140 million in Asia-Pacific region , 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Africa .	Middle East-North Africa	What area only had about 2 million Protestants in 2010 ?
-LSB- ae -RSB- In 2010 , a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa , 260 million in the Americas , 140 million in Asia-Pacific region , 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Africa .	Sub-Saharan Africa	What area had the largest Protestant population in 2010 ?
These include the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom .	the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom	In what European areas is Protestantism still the most practiced religion ?
According to a 2012 study about Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer , Protestants made up 12 % of the EU population .	12%	In 2012 , what percentage of the EU was thought to be Protestant ?
In other historical Protestant strongholds such as Germany , the Netherlands , Switzerland , Latvia , Estonia and Hungary , it remains one of the most popular religions .	Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary	In what countries is Protestantism one of the most popular -LRB- but not THE most popular -RRB- religions ?
According to Pew Research Center , Protestants constituted nearly one fifth -LRB- or 17.8 % -RRB- of the continent 's Christian population in 2010 .	17.8%	The Pew Research Center estimated Protestants to be what percentage of Europe 's Christian population in 2010 ?
Although Czech Republic was the site of one of the most significant pre-reformation movements , there are only few Protestant adherents ; mainly due to historical reasons like persecution of Protestants by the Catholic Habsburgs , restrictions during the Communist rule , and also the ongoing secularization .	Czech Republic	What area was once the site of a significant pre-reformation movement , but now only has a small number of Protestants ?
Since 1900 , Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa , Asia , Oceania and Latin America .	Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America	Where has Protestantism spread quickly since the 1900 's ?
Much of the growth has occurred after World War II , when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred .	after World War II	When did much of the spread of Protestantism occur in the 20th century ?
By 2010 , 59 % of Anglicans were found in Africa .	59%	In 2010 , what percentage of Anglicans were said to be in Africa ?
According to Mark A. Noll , 79 % of Anglicans lived in the United Kingdom in 1910 , while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the British Commonwealth .	79%	What percentage of Anglicans were in the UK in 1910 ?
In 2010 , more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany , while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined .	Brazil	In 2010 , what country had more Protestants than both the UK and Germany together ?
Brasília -LRB- Portuguese pronunciation : -LSB- bɾaˈziljɐ -RSB- -RRB- is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District .	Brasília	What is Brazil 's capital ?
The city is located atop the Brazilian highlands in the country 's center-western region .	center-western	What region of Brazil is Brasilia in ?
Among major Latin American cities , Brasília has the highest GDP per capita at R$ 61,915 -LRB- US$ 36,175 -RRB- .	US$36,175	What is Brasilia 's GDP per capita in US dollars ?
It was founded on April 21 , 1960 , to serve as the new national capital .	April 21, 1960	When was Brasilia founded ?
Brasília and its metro -LRB- encompassing the whole of the Federal District -RRB- had a population of 2,556,149 in 2011 , making it the 4th most populous city in Brazil .	2,556,149	What is the population of Brasilia 's metro area ?
The name ` Brasília ' is commonly used as a synonym for the Federal District through synecdoche ; However , the Federal District is composed of 31 administrative regions , only one of which is Brasília proper , with a population of 209,926 in a 2011 survey ; Demographic publications generally do not make this distinction and list the population of Brasília as synonymous with the population of the Federal District , considering the whole of it as its metropolitan area .	31	How many administrative regions does the Federal District have ?
The name ` Brasília ' is commonly used as a synonym for the Federal District through synecdoche ; However , the Federal District is composed of 31 administrative regions , only one of which is Brasília proper , with a population of 209,926 in a 2011 survey ; Demographic publications generally do not make this distinction and list the population of Brasília as synonymous with the population of the Federal District , considering the whole of it as its metropolitan area .	209,926	What is Brasilia 's proper city population ?
The name ` Brasília ' is commonly used as a synonym for the Federal District through synecdoche ; However , the Federal District is composed of 31 administrative regions , only one of which is Brasília proper , with a population of 209,926 in a 2011 survey ; Demographic publications generally do not make this distinction and list the population of Brasília as synonymous with the population of the Federal District , considering the whole of it as its metropolitan area .	the Federal District	What does Brasilia 's metro area consist of ?
The city was one of the main host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup .	2014	Which World Cup did Brasilia host ?
Additionally , Brasília hosted the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup .	2013	Which Confederations Cup did Brasilia host ?
Juscelino Kubitschek , President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961 , ordered the construction of Brasília , fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise .	1956	When did Kubitschek become President of Brazil ?
Juscelino Kubitschek , President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961 , ordered the construction of Brasília , fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise .	1961	When did Kubitschek leave office ?
Juscelino Kubitschek , President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961 , ordered the construction of Brasília , fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise .	Juscelino Kubitschek	Who ordered Brasilia be built ?
Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner in 1957 , with 5550 people competing .	5550	How many people competed to be Brasilia 's urban planner ?
Brasília was built in 41 months , from 1956 to April 21 , 1960 , when it was officially inaugurated .	April 21, 1960	When was Brasilia inaugurated ?
With the Constitution of 1988 Brasília gained the right to elect its Governor , and a District Assembly -LRB- Câmara Legislativa -RRB- was elected to exercise legislative power .	1988	When did Brazil pass a new Constitution ?
With the Constitution of 1988 Brasília gained the right to elect its Governor , and a District Assembly -LRB- Câmara Legislativa -RRB- was elected to exercise legislative power .	to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly	What rights did Brasilia gain in 1988 ?
With the Constitution of 1988 Brasília gained the right to elect its Governor , and a District Assembly -LRB- Câmara Legislativa -RRB- was elected to exercise legislative power .	Câmara Legislativa	What is Brasilia 's District Assembly called ?
Brasília has a tropical savanna climate -LRB- Aw -RRB- according to the Köppen system , with two distinct seasons : the rainy season , from October to April , and a dry season , from May to September .	tropical savanna climate (Aw)	What climate type does Brasilia have ?
Brasília has a tropical savanna climate -LRB- Aw -RRB- according to the Köppen system , with two distinct seasons : the rainy season , from October to April , and a dry season , from May to September .	October to April	When is Brasilia 's rainy season ?
Brasília has a tropical savanna climate -LRB- Aw -RRB- according to the Köppen system , with two distinct seasons : the rainy season , from October to April , and a dry season , from May to September .	May to September	When is Brasilia 's dry season ?
September , at the end of the dry season , has the highest average maximum temperature , 28.3 °C -LRB- 82.9 °F -RRB- , has major and minor lower maximum average temperature , of 25.1 °C -LRB- 77.2 °F -RRB- and 12.9 °C -LRB- 55.2 °F -RRB- , respectively .	28.3 °C (82.9 °F)	What is the average maximum temperature in Brasilia in September ?
With 247.4 mm -LRB- 9.7 in -RRB- , January is the month with the highest rainfall of the year , while June is the lowest , with only 8.7 mm -LRB- 0.3 in -RRB- .	January	Which month does Brasilia have the highest rainfall ?
The Portuguese language is the official national language and the primary language taught in schools .	Portuguese	What is Brazil 's official language ?
English and Spanish are also part of the official curriculum .	English and Spanish	What languages besides Portuguese are taught in Brasilia 's schools ?
The city has six international schools : American School of Brasília , Brasília International School -LRB- BIS -RRB- , Escola das Nações , Swiss International School -LRB- SIS -RRB- , Lycée français François-Mitterrand -LRB- LfFM -RRB- and Maple Bear Canadian School .	six	How many international schools are in Brasilia ?
August 2016 will see the opening of a new international school - The British School of Brasilia .	August 2016	When will a new international school open in Brasilia ?
August 2016 will see the opening of a new international school - The British School of Brasilia .	British	What nationality will the new international school in Brasilia be ?
The Cathedral of Brasília in the capital of the Federative Republic of Brazil , is an expression of the architect Oscar Niemeyer .	Oscar Niemeyer	Who designed the Cathedral of Brasília ?
This concrete-framed hyperboloid structure , seems with its glass roof reaching up , open , to the heavens .	concrete-framed hyperboloid	What type of structure is the Cathedral of Brasília ?
The Cathedral was dedicated on 31 May 1970 .	31 May 1970	When was the Cathedral of Brasília dedicated ?
The hyperboloid structure itself is a result of 16 identical assembled concrete columns .	16	How many identical columns are used in the Cathedral of Brasília ?
These columns , having hyperbolic section and weighing 90 t , represent two hands moving upwards to heaven .	90 t	How much do the Cathedral of Brasília 's columns weigh ?
Also in the square are the glass-faced Planalto Palace housing the presidential offices , and the Palace of the Supreme Court .	presidential offices	What is in the Planalto Palace ?
Farther east , on a triangle of land jutting into the lake , is the Palace of the Dawn -LRB- Palácio da Alvorada ; the presidential residence -RRB- .	Palácio da Alvorada	Where does Brazil 's president live , in Portuguese ?
Farther east , on a triangle of land jutting into the lake , is the Palace of the Dawn -LRB- Palácio da Alvorada ; the presidential residence -RRB- .	Palace of the Dawn	What does ` Palácio da Alvorada ' mean ?
The Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx designed landmark modernist gardens for some of the principal buildings .	Roberto Burle Marx	Who designed gardens for some of Brasilia 's major buildings ?
The Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx designed landmark modernist gardens for some of the principal buildings .	modernist	What style of gardens did Marx design ?
The residential zones of the inner city are arranged into superquadras -LRB- `` superblocks '' -RRB- : groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools , retail stores , and open spaces .	groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces	What are ` superquadras ' or superblocks ?
At the northern end of Lake Paranoá , separated from the inner city , is a peninsula with many fashionable homes , and a similar city exists on the southern lakeshore .	the northern end of Lake Paranoá	Where is there a peninsula with luxury homes ?
Originally the city planners envisioned extensive public areas along the shores of the artificial lake , but during early development private clubs , hotels , and upscale residences and restaurants gained footholds around the water .	extensive public areas	What did the planners want to have around Lake Paranoa ?
Originally the city planners envisioned extensive public areas along the shores of the artificial lake , but during early development private clubs , hotels , and upscale residences and restaurants gained footholds around the water .	private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants	What took over Lake Paranoa 's shores contrary to the plan ?
Set well apart from the city are satellite cities , including Gama , Ceilândia , Taguatinga , Núcleo Bandeirante , Sobradinho , and Planaltina .	Gama, Ceilândia, Taguatinga, Núcleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina	What mostly-unplanned cities are around Brasilia ?
After a visit to Brasília , the French writer Simone de Beauvoir complained that all of its superquadras exuded `` the same air of elegant monotony , '' and other observers have equated the city 's large open lawns , plazas , and fields to wastelands .	Simone de Beauvoir	Who complained that Brasilia was monotonous ?
After a visit to Brasília , the French writer Simone de Beauvoir complained that all of its superquadras exuded `` the same air of elegant monotony , '' and other observers have equated the city 's large open lawns , plazas , and fields to wastelands .	French	What nationality was de Beauvoir ?
After a visit to Brasília , the French writer Simone de Beauvoir complained that all of its superquadras exuded `` the same air of elegant monotony , '' and other observers have equated the city 's large open lawns , plazas , and fields to wastelands .	writer	What was de Beauvoir 's career ?
Although not fully accomplished , the `` Brasília utopia '' has produced a city of relatively high quality of life , in which the citizens live in forested areas with sporting and leisure structure -LRB- the superquadras -RRB- flanked by small commercial areas , bookstores and cafes ; the city is famous for its cuisine and efficiency of transit .	its cuisine and efficiency of transit	What is Brasilia famous for ?
The major roles of construction and of services -LRB- government , communications , banking and finance , food production , entertainment , and legal services -RRB- in Brasília 's economy reflect the city 's status as a governmental rather than an industrial center .	government, communications, banking and finance, food production, entertainment, and legal services	What services are central to Brasilia 's economy ?
The major roles of construction and of services -LRB- government , communications , banking and finance , food production , entertainment , and legal services -RRB- in Brasília 's economy reflect the city 's status as a governmental rather than an industrial center .	construction	What is Brasilia 's most important non-service industry ?
GDP is divided in Public Administration 54.8 % , Services 28.7 % , Industry 10.2 % , Commerce 6.1 % , Agribusiness 0.2 % .	54.8%	How much of Brasilia 's GDP is from Public Administration ?
GDP is divided in Public Administration 54.8 % , Services 28.7 % , Industry 10.2 % , Commerce 6.1 % , Agribusiness 0.2 % .	28.7%	How much of Brasilia 's GDP is from Services ?
GDP is divided in Public Administration 54.8 % , Services 28.7 % , Industry 10.2 % , Commerce 6.1 % , Agribusiness 0.2 % .	0.2%	How much of Brasilia 's GDP is from Agribusiness ?
Brasília has the highest city gross domestic product -LRB- GDP -RRB- of 99.5 billion reais representing 3.76 % of the total Brazilian GDP .	99.5 billion reais	What is Brasilia 's GDP ?
Brasília has the highest city gross domestic product -LRB- GDP -RRB- of 99.5 billion reais representing 3.76 % of the total Brazilian GDP .	3.76%	How much of Brazil 's GDP comes from Brasilia ?
Being a city registered by UNESCO , the government in Brasília has opted to encourage the development of non-polluting industries such as software , film , video , and gemology among others , with emphasis on environmental preservation and maintaining ecological balance , preserving the city property .	software, film, video, and gemology	What industries is Brasilia trying to encourage ?
The city 's planned design included specific areas for almost everything , including accommodation , Hotels Sectors North and South .	Hotels Sectors North and South	Where did Brasilia place hotels ?
The city 's restaurants cater to a wide range of foods from local and regional Brazilian dishes to international cuisine .	from local and regional Brazilian dishes to international cuisine	What kinds of restaurants does Brasilia have ?
Brasília has a range of tourist accommodation from inns , pensions and hostels to larger international chain hotels .	from inns, pensions and hostels to larger international chain hotels	What kinds of hotels does Brasilia have ?
New hotel facilities are being developed elsewhere , such as the hotels and tourism Sector North , located on the shores of Lake Paranoá .	Lake Paranoá	What lake has some hotels around it ?
Published in 2008 , The World In Grey : Dom Bosco 's Prophecy , by author Ryan J. Lucero , tells an apocalypticle story based on the famous prophecy from the late 19th century by the Italian saint Don Bosco .	2008	When was ` The World In Grey ' published ?
Published in 2008 , The World In Grey : Dom Bosco 's Prophecy , by author Ryan J. Lucero , tells an apocalypticle story based on the famous prophecy from the late 19th century by the Italian saint Don Bosco .	Ryan J. Lucero	Who wrote ` The World In Grey ' ?
Published in 2008 , The World In Grey : Dom Bosco 's Prophecy , by author Ryan J. Lucero , tells an apocalypticle story based on the famous prophecy from the late 19th century by the Italian saint Don Bosco .	Don Bosco	Whose prophecy is ` The World In Grey ' based on ?
Don Bosco is Brasília 's patron saint .	Don Bosco	Who is Brasilia 's patron saint ?
Brasília lies between the parallels 15 ° S and 20 ° S , where an artificial lake -LRB- Paranoá Lake -RRB- was formed .	Paranoá Lake	What lake did Don Bosco predict ?
Praça dos Três Poderes -LRB- Portuguese for Square of the Three Powers -RRB- is a plaza in Brasília .	Square of the Three Powers	What does ` Praça dos Três Poderes ' mean ?
The name is derived from the encounter of the three federal branches around the plaza : the Executive , represented by the Palácio do Planalto -LRB- presidential office -RRB- ; the Legislative , represented by the National Congress -LRB- Congresso Nacional -RRB- ; and the Judicial branch , represented by the Supreme Federal Court -LRB- Supremo Tribunal Federal -RRB- .	the three federal branches around the plaza	What does the name ` Praça dos Três Poderes ' come from ?
The name is derived from the encounter of the three federal branches around the plaza : the Executive , represented by the Palácio do Planalto -LRB- presidential office -RRB- ; the Legislative , represented by the National Congress -LRB- Congresso Nacional -RRB- ; and the Judicial branch , represented by the Supreme Federal Court -LRB- Supremo Tribunal Federal -RRB- .	Supremo Tribunal Federal	What is Brazil 's Supreme Court called ?
It is a tourist attraction in Brasília , designed by Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer as a place where the three branches would meet harmoniously .	Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer	Who designed the Praça dos Três Poderes ?
The name is derived from the encounter of the three federal branches around the plaza : the Executive , represented by the Palácio do Planalto -LRB- presidential office -RRB- ; the Legislative , represented by the National Congress -LRB- Congresso Nacional -RRB- ; and the Judicial branch , represented by the Supreme Federal Court -LRB- Supremo Tribunal Federal -RRB- .	Congresso Nacional	What is Brazil 's Congress called ?
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil .	Palácio da Alvorada	Where does Brazil 's president live ?
The principles of simplicity and modernity , that in the past characterized the great works of architecture , motivated Niemeyer .	simplicity and modernity	What principles of architecture was the Alvorada designed with ?
The building has an area of 7,000 m2 with three floors consisting of the basement , landing , and second floor .	7,000 m2	How large is the Alvorada ?
The building has an area of 7,000 m2 with three floors consisting of the basement , landing , and second floor .	three	How many floors does the Alvorada have ?
The palace was designed , along with the rest of the city of Brasília , by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated in 1958 .	1958	When did Brasilia 's presidential residence open ?
The Palace is four stories high , and has an area of 36,000 m2 .	four	How many floors does the Planalto have ?
The Palace is four stories high , and has an area of 36,000 m2 .	36,000 m2	How large is the Planalto ?
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil .	Palácio do Planalto	Where are the President 's offices ?
The architect of the Palácio do Planalto was Oscar Niemeyer , creator of most of the important buildings in Brasília .	Oscar Niemeyer	Who designed the Planalto ?
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil .	Palácio do Planalto	Where are the VP 's offices ?
Following the airport 's master plan , Infraero built a second runway , which was finished in 2006 .	2006	When did Brasilia 's airport add a second runway ?
In 2007 , the airport handled 11,119,872 passengers .	11,119,872	How many passengers came through Brasilia 's airport in 2007 ?
The main building 's third floor , with 12 thousand square meters , has a panoramic deck , a food court , shops , four movie theatres with total capacity of 500 people , and space for exhibitions .	four	How many movie theaters are in Brasilia 's airport ?
Brasília Airport has 136 vendor spaces .	136	How many vendor spaces are in Brasilia 's airport ?
The parking lot accommodates 1,200 cars .	1,200	How many parking spaces are there at Brasilia 's airport ?
In 2014 , the airport received 15 new boarding bridges , totalling 28 in all .	28	How many boarding bridges does Brasilia 's airport have ?
In 2014 , the airport received 15 new boarding bridges , totalling 28 in all .	2014	When did the number of boarding bridges at Brasilia 's airport nearly double ?
This was the main requirement made by the federal government , which transferred the operation of the terminal to the Inframerica Group after an auction .	Inframerica Group	What company now runs Brasilia 's airport ?
In the same year , the number of parking spaces doubled , reaching three thousand .	the number of parking spaces	Besides boarding bridges , what also doubled in 2014 at Brasilia 's airport ?
The investments resulted an increase the capacity of Brasília 's airport from approximately 15 million passengers per year to 21 million by 2014 .	21 million	What is Brasilia 's airport 's annual passenger capacity after 2014 's improvements ?
The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge , also known as the ` President JK Bridge ' or the ` JK Bridge ' , crosses Lake Paranoá in Brasília .	The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge	What is the JK Bridge a nickname for ?
The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge , also known as the ` President JK Bridge ' or the ` JK Bridge ' , crosses Lake Paranoá in Brasília .	Lake Paranoá	What does the JK Bridge cross ?
It is named after Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira , former president of Brazil .	Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira	Who was the JK Bridge named for ?
It is named after Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira , former president of Brazil .	former president of Brazil	Who was de Oliveira ?
It was designed by architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde .	architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde	Who designed the JK Bridge ?
The metro leaves the Rodoviária -LRB- bus station -RRB- and goes south , avoiding most of the political and tourist areas .	bus station	What is the Rodoviária ?
The satellite cities served are more populated in total than the Plano Piloto itself -LRB- the census of 2000 indicated that Ceilândia had 344,039 inhabitants , Taguatinga had 243,575 , whereas the Plano Piloto had approximately 400,000 inhabitants -RRB- , and most residents of the satellite cities depend on public transportation .	344,039	As of 2000 , how many people lived in Ceilândia ?
The satellite cities served are more populated in total than the Plano Piloto itself -LRB- the census of 2000 indicated that Ceilândia had 344,039 inhabitants , Taguatinga had 243,575 , whereas the Plano Piloto had approximately 400,000 inhabitants -RRB- , and most residents of the satellite cities depend on public transportation .	243,575	As of 2000 , how many people lived in Taguatinga ?
The satellite cities served are more populated in total than the Plano Piloto itself -LRB- the census of 2000 indicated that Ceilândia had 344,039 inhabitants , Taguatinga had 243,575 , whereas the Plano Piloto had approximately 400,000 inhabitants -RRB- , and most residents of the satellite cities depend on public transportation .	approximately 400,000	As of 2000 , how many people lived in the Plano Piloto ?
The metro leaves the Rodoviária -LRB- bus station -RRB- and goes south , avoiding most of the political and tourist areas .	most of the political and tourist areas	What areas does Brasilia 's public transit avoid ?
Because of the growth of Brasília -LRB- and corresponding growth in the bus fleet -RRB- , today the interstate buses leave from the older interstate station -LRB- called Rodoferroviária -RRB- , located at the western end of the Eixo Monumental .	Rodoferroviária	What is the older interstate bus station called ?
It is on Saída Sul -LRB- South Exit -RRB- near Parkshopping Mall and with its metro station , and it 's also an inter-state bus station , used only to leave the Federal District .	Parkshopping Mall	What mall is Brasilia 's newest bus station near ?
In the original city plan , the interstate buses should also stop at the Central Station .	Central Station	Where did Brasilia 's plan want interstate buses to stop ?
Because of the growth of Brasília -LRB- and corresponding growth in the bus fleet -RRB- , today the interstate buses leave from the older interstate station -LRB- called Rodoferroviária -RRB- , located at the western end of the Eixo Monumental .	the western end of the Eixo Monumental	Where is the older interstate bus station ?
It is on Saída Sul -LRB- South Exit -RRB- near Parkshopping Mall and with its metro station , and it 's also an inter-state bus station , used only to leave the Federal District .	Saída Sul	What street is Brasilia 's newest bus station on ?
Brasília is known as a departing point for the practice of unpowered air sports , sports that may be practiced with hang gliding or paragliding wings .	unpowered air sports	What type of sports are popular in Brasilia ?
In 2003 , Brasília hosted the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship , one of the categories of free flying .	the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship	What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2003 ?
In August 2005 , the city hosted the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship .	the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship	What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2005 ?
Practitioners of such sports reveal that , because of the city 's dry weather , the city offers strong thermal winds and great `` cloud-streets '' , which is also the name for a manoeuvre quite appreciated by practitioners .	strong thermal winds and great "cloud-streets"	Why is Brasilia a good place for air sports ?
Greece is a developed country with an economy based on the service -LRB- 82.8 % -RRB- and industrial sectors -LRB- 13.3 % -RRB- .	developed	What type of country is Greece ?
Greece is a developed country with an economy based on the service -LRB- 82.8 % -RRB- and industrial sectors -LRB- 13.3 % -RRB- .	82.8%	What percentage of Greece 's economy is based on service ?
Greece is a developed country with an economy based on the service -LRB- 82.8 % -RRB- and industrial sectors -LRB- 13.3 % -RRB- .	13.3%	How much of Greece 's economy is comprised of industrial sectors ?
The agricultural sector contributed 3.9 % of national economic output in 2015 .	3.9%	How much of the national economic output did the agricultural sector of Greece contribute in 2015 ?
With 18 million international tourists in 2013 , Greece was the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world .	18 million	How many international tourists visited Greece in 2013 ?
The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU .	agricultural	What is Greece a significant producer of within the EU ?
Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor .	economy	Greece has the largest what in the Balkans ?
Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013 , the third in Bulgaria , in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia .	Greece	What was Albania 's largest foreign investor in 2013 ?
Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013 , the third in Bulgaria , in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia .	Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	Who is Greece the most important trading partner to ?
The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries .	OTE	What Greek telecommunications company has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia ?
Greece is classified as an advanced , high-income economy , and was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -LRB- OECD -RRB- and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation -LRB- BSEC -RRB- .	OECD	What organization was Greek a founding member ?
Greece is classified as an advanced , high-income economy , and was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -LRB- OECD -RRB- and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation -LRB- BSEC -RRB- .	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development	What does the abbreviation OECD expand to ?
Greece is classified as an advanced , high-income economy , and was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -LRB- OECD -RRB- and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation -LRB- BSEC -RRB- .	advanced, high-income	What is Greece 's economy classified as ?
The country joined what is now the European Union in 1981 .	1981	When did Greece join what is now the European Union ?
In 2001 Greece adopted the euro as its currency , replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachmae per euro .	2001	When did Greece adopt the Euro as its currency ?
World War II -LRB- 1939-1945 -RRB- devastated the country 's economy , but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle .	1950 to 1980	What years of economic growth was called Greece 's economic miracle ?
From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average , peaking at 5.8 % in 2003 and 5.7 % in 2006 .	2000	From what year was Greece 's levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average ?
The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis , a central focus of the wider European debt crisis , plunged the economy into a sharp downturn , with real GDP growth rates of − 0.3 % in 2008 , − 4.3 % in 2009 , − 5.5 % in 2010 , − 9.1 % in 2011 , − 7.3 % in 2012 and − 3.2 % in 2013 .	−3.2%	What was the GDP growth rate of Greece in 2013 ?
In 2011 , the country 's public debt reached $ 356 billion -LRB- 172 % of nominal GDP -RRB- .	€356 billion	How much public debt did Greece have in 2011 ?
Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7 % in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline , but fell back into recession in 2015 .	2015	What year did Greece fall back into recession ?
The evolution of the Greek economy during the 19th century -LRB- a period that transformed a large part of the world because of the Industrial Revolution -RRB- has been little researched .	Industrial Revolution	What transformed a large part of the world in the 19th century ?
The evolution of the Greek economy during the 19th century -LRB- a period that transformed a large part of the world because of the Industrial Revolution -RRB- has been little researched .	evolution of the Greek economy	What does recent research from 2006 examine ?
Recent research from 2006 examines the gradual development of industry and further development of shipping in a predominantly agricultural economy , calculating an average rate of per capita GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 that was only slightly lower than that of the other Western European nations .	slightly lower	What was Greece 's GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 compared other Western European nations ?
Industrial activity , -LRB- including heavy industry like shipbuilding -RRB- was evident , mainly in Ermoupolis and Piraeus .	shipbuilding	What type of industrial activity was evident in Greece in the period researched ?
Nonetheless , Greece faced economic hardships and defaulted on its external loans in 1826 , 1843 , 1860 and 1894 .	defaulted on its external loans	What did Greece do in 1826 , 1843 , 1860 and 1894 ?
After fourteen consecutive years of economic growth , Greece went into recession in 2008 .	fourteen	How many years of consecutive growth had Greece had ?
After fourteen consecutive years of economic growth , Greece went into recession in 2008 .	in 2008	When did Greece go into recession ?
By the end of 2009 , the Greek economy faced the highest budget deficit and government debt-to-GDP ratios in the EU .	budget deficit	What did the Greek economy have the highest of at the end of 2009 ?
After several upward revisions , the 2009 budget deficit is now estimated at 15.7 % of GDP .	15.7%	What percentage of GDP was the budget deficit of Greece in 2009 ?
This , combined with rapidly rising debt levels -LRB- 127.9 % of GDP in 2009 -RRB- led to a precipitous increase in borrowing costs , effectively shutting Greece out of the global financial markets and resulting in a severe economic crisis .	severe economic	What type of crisis resulted from the budget deficit and rising debt levels of Greece ?
Greece was accused of trying to cover up the extent of its massive budget deficit in the wake of the global financial crisis .	its massive budget deficit	What was Greece accused of covering up the extent of ?
The allegation was prompted by the massive revision of the 2009 budget deficit forecast by the new PASOK government elected in October 2009 , from `` 6 -- 8 % '' -LRB- estimated by the previous New Democracy government -RRB- to 12.7 % -LRB- later revised to 15.7 % -RRB- .	massive revision	What prompted the allegation of Greece 's covering up its budget deficit ?
However , the accuracy of the revised figures has also been questioned , and in February 2012 the Hellenic Parliament voted in favor of an official investigation following accusations by a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority that the deficit had been artificially inflated in order to justify harsher austerity measures .	February 2012	When did the Parliament vote in favor of an investigation ?
However , the accuracy of the revised figures has also been questioned , and in February 2012 the Hellenic Parliament voted in favor of an official investigation following accusations by a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority that the deficit had been artificially inflated in order to justify harsher austerity measures .	Hellenic Parliament	Who voted in favor of an official investigation of the accusations ?
However , the accuracy of the revised figures has also been questioned , and in February 2012 the Hellenic Parliament voted in favor of an official investigation following accusations by a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority that the deficit had been artificially inflated in order to justify harsher austerity measures .	harsher austerity measures	What did a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority say the deficit had been inflated to justify ?
Most of the differences in the revised budget deficit numbers were due to a temporary change of accounting practices by the new government , i.e. , recording expenses when military material was ordered rather than received .	accounting practices	What were the majority of the differences in the revised budget due to the temporary changing of ?
However , it was the retroactive application of ESA95 methodology -LRB- applied since 2000 -RRB- by Eurostat , that finally raised the reference year -LRB- 1999 -RRB- budget deficit to 3.38 % of GDP , thus exceeding the 3 % limit .	3.38% of GDP	What did retroactively applying the ESA95 methodology result in raising the budget deficit to ?
This led to claims that Greece -LRB- similar claims have been made about other European countries like Italy -RRB- had not actually met all five accession criteria , and the common perception that Greece entered the Eurozone through `` falsified '' deficit numbers .	Italy	What other European country were claims similar to those levied against Greece made ?
Most of the differences in the revised budget deficit numbers were due to a temporary change of accounting practices by the new government , i.e. , recording expenses when military material was ordered rather than received .	when military material was ordered rather than received	When were expenses recorded by the new government ?
In the 2005 OECD report for Greece , it was clearly stated that `` the impact of new accounting rules on the fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999 ranged from 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP ; this retroactive change of methodology was responsible for the revised deficit exceeding 3 % in 1999 , the year of -LSB- Greece 's -RSB- EMU membership qualification '' .	OECD	Who provided a report for Greece in 2005 ?
In the 2005 OECD report for Greece , it was clearly stated that `` the impact of new accounting rules on the fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999 ranged from 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP ; this retroactive change of methodology was responsible for the revised deficit exceeding 3 % in 1999 , the year of -LSB- Greece 's -RSB- EMU membership qualification '' .	0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP	What was the range of the impact of the new accounting rules on the Greek fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999 ?
In the 2005 OECD report for Greece , it was clearly stated that `` the impact of new accounting rules on the fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999 ranged from 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP ; this retroactive change of methodology was responsible for the revised deficit exceeding 3 % in 1999 , the year of -LSB- Greece 's -RSB- EMU membership qualification '' .	1999	What was the year of Greece 's EMU membership qualification ?
The above led the Greek minister of finance to clarify that the 1999 budget deficit was below the prescribed 3 % limit when calculated with the ESA79 methodology in force at the time of Greece 's application , and thus the criteria had been met .	ESA79	What methodology was in force when Greece submitted its membership qualification ?
The above led the Greek minister of finance to clarify that the 1999 budget deficit was below the prescribed 3 % limit when calculated with the ESA79 methodology in force at the time of Greece 's application , and thus the criteria had been met .	the prescribed 3% limit	What did the Greek minister of finance clarify the 1999 budget was below when calculated with the ESA79 methodology ?
An error sometimes made is the confusion of discussion regarding Greece 's Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives ' deals with U.S. Banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits .	controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals	What error is sometimes made by tying Greece 's Eurozone entry with ?
An error sometimes made is the confusion of discussion regarding Greece 's Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives ' deals with U.S. Banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits .	U.S. Banks	What banks did Greece use derivatives ' deals with ?
An error sometimes made is the confusion of discussion regarding Greece 's Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives ' deals with U.S. Banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits .	artificially reduce their reported budget deficits	What was the result of the deals with the U.S. banks ?
A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed Greece to `` hide '' 2.8 billion Euros of debt , however , this affected deficit values after 2001 -LRB- when Greece had already been admitted into the Eurozone -RRB- and is not related to Greece 's Eurozone entry .	2.8 billion	How many Euros was Greece able to `` hide '' because of an arrangement with Goldman Sachs ?
A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed Greece to `` hide '' 2.8 billion Euros of debt , however , this affected deficit values after 2001 -LRB- when Greece had already been admitted into the Eurozone -RRB- and is not related to Greece 's Eurozone entry .	affected deficit values after 2001	Why are n't the deficit values affected by the currency swap with Goldman Sachs relevant to Greece 's Eurozone entry ?
According to Der Spiegel , credits given to European governments were disguised as `` swaps '' and consequently did not get registered as debt because Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives .	swaps	What were credits given to European governments disguised as ?
According to Der Spiegel , credits given to European governments were disguised as `` swaps '' and consequently did not get registered as debt because Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives .	ignored statistics involving financial derivatives	Why were n't swaps registered as debts by Eurostat at the time ?
A German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that `` The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps , '' and `` In previous years , Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank . ''	Maastricht	What rules did a German derivatives dealer say could be quite legally circumvented through swaps ?
In May 2010 , the Greek government deficit was again revised and estimated to be 13.6 % which was the second highest in the world relative to GDP with Iceland in first place at 15.7 % and Great Britain third with 12.6 % .	Greek government deficit	What was again revised in May of 2010 ?
Public debt was forecast , according to some estimates , to hit 120 % of GDP during 2010 .	120%	What was Greece 's public debt forecast to hit as high of a percentage of GDP of in 2010 ?
As a consequence , there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece 's ability to repay its sovereign debt , as reflected by the rise of the country 's borrowing rates -LRB- although their slow rise -- the 10-year government bond yield only exceeded 7 % in April 2010 -- coinciding with a large number of negative articles , has led to arguments about the role of international news media in the evolution of the crisis -RRB- .	rise of the country's borrowing rates	What was a consequence of the doubt that Greece could pay it 's debts ?
As a consequence , there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece 's ability to repay its sovereign debt , as reflected by the rise of the country 's borrowing rates -LRB- although their slow rise -- the 10-year government bond yield only exceeded 7 % in April 2010 -- coinciding with a large number of negative articles , has led to arguments about the role of international news media in the evolution of the crisis -RRB- .	sovereign debt	What did the international banks have doubts about Greece 's ability to repay ?
In order to avert a default -LRB- as high borrowing rates effectively prohibited access to the markets -RRB- , in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries , and the IMF , agreed to a `` rescue package '' which involved giving Greece an immediate $ 45 billion in bail-out loans , with more funds to follow , totaling $ 110 billion .	€45 billion in bail-out loans	How much money did the IMF and other Eurozone countries agree to give Greece in 2010 ?
In order to avert a default -LRB- as high borrowing rates effectively prohibited access to the markets -RRB- , in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries , and the IMF , agreed to a `` rescue package '' which involved giving Greece an immediate $ 45 billion in bail-out loans , with more funds to follow , totaling $ 110 billion .	€110 billion	What was the total amount of the rescue package given to Greece ?
Their implementation will be monitored and evaluated by the European Commission , the European Central Bank and the IMF .	the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF	What organizations are keeping a watchful eye on how Greece is implementing austerity measures ?
Between 2005 and 2011 , Greece has had the highest percentage increase in industrial output compared to 2005 levels out of all European Union members , with an increase of 6 % .	industrial output	What did Greece have the highest percentage increase in between 2005 and 2011 ?
Between 2005 and 2011 , Greece has had the highest percentage increase in industrial output compared to 2005 levels out of all European Union members , with an increase of 6 % .	6%	What was the increase of Greece 's industrial output between 2005 and 2011 ?
Eurostat statistics show that the industrial sector was hit by the Greek financial crisis throughout 2009 and 2010 , with domestic output decreasing by 5.8 % and industrial production in general by 13.4 % .	13.4%.	What did the industrial production in Greece fall by due to the financial crisis ?
Currently , Greece is ranked third in the European Union in the production of marble -LRB- over 920,000 tons -RRB- , after Italy and Spain .	third	What is Greece ranked in the EU in the production of marble ?
Currently , Greece is ranked third in the European Union in the production of marble -LRB- over 920,000 tons -RRB- , after Italy and Spain .	920,000 tons	How many tons of marble does Greece produce ?
Greece has the largest merchant navy in the world , accounting for more than 15 % of the world 's total deadweight tonnage -LRB- dwt -RRB- according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development .	merchant navy	What does Greece have the largest of in the world ?
Greece has the largest merchant navy in the world , accounting for more than 15 % of the world 's total deadweight tonnage -LRB- dwt -RRB- according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development .	15%	Greece 's navy accounts for more than what percentage of the world 's total deadweight tonnage ?
The Greek merchant navy 's total dwt of nearly 245 million is comparable only to Japan 's , which is ranked second with almost 224 million .	245 million	What is the Greek merchant navy 's total dwt ?
Additionally , Greece represents 39.52 % of all of the European Union 's dwt .	39.52%	What percentage of the entire EU 's dwt does Greece alone represent ?
However , today 's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s .	5,000	How many ships did Greece 's navy have in the late 1970s ?
In terms of ship categories , Greek companies have 22.6 % of the world 's tankers and 16.1 % of the world 's bulk carriers -LRB- in dwt -RRB- .	22.6%	How many of the world 's tankers do Greek companies own ?
In terms of ship categories , Greek companies have 22.6 % of the world 's tankers and 16.1 % of the world 's bulk carriers -LRB- in dwt -RRB- .	16.1%	What percentage of the world 's bulk carriers are Greece 's ?
Shipping accounts for an estimated 6 % of Greek GDP , employs about 160,000 people -LRB- 4 % of the workforce -RRB- , and represents 1/3 of the country 's trade deficit .	6%	What percentage of Greece 's GDP does shipping account for ?
Earnings from shipping amounted to $ 14.1 billion in 2011 , while between 2000 and 2010 Greek shipping contributed a total of $ 140 billion -LRB- half of the country 's public debt in 2009 and 3.5 times the receipts from the European Union in the period 2000 -- 2013 -RRB- .	€14.1 billion	What did earnings from Greece 's shipping amount to in 2011 ?
The 2011 ECSA report showed that there are approximately 750 Greek shipping companies in operation .	750	How many Greek shipping companies were in operation in 2011 ?
Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value , Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having `` exported '' shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $ ; only Denmark , Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year .	4th	When counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value , what is Greece 's global rank ?
Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value , Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having `` exported '' shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $ ; only Denmark , Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year .	17,704.132 million $	What was the worth Greece 's shipping services in 2011 ?
Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value , Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having `` exported '' shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $ ; only Denmark , Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year .	Denmark, Germany and South Korea	What three countries were ahead of Greece in 2011 with exports ?
Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between `` exports '' and `` imports '' as a `` trade balance '' , Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany , having `` imported '' shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a `` trade surplus '' of 10,712.342 million US$ .	7,076.605 million US$	What was the shipping services imported by Greece in 2011 worth ?
Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between `` exports '' and `` imports '' as a `` trade balance '' , Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany , having `` imported '' shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a `` trade surplus '' of 10,712.342 million US$ .	10,712.342 million US$	What was Greece 's 2011 trade surplus ?
Between 1949 and the 1980s , telephone communications in Greece were a state monopoly by the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization , better known by its acronym , OTE .	state	Who ran the phones in Greece between 1949 and the 1980s ?
Between 1949 and the 1980s , telephone communications in Greece were a state monopoly by the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization , better known by its acronym , OTE .	OTE	What was the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization better known by the acronym of ?
Despite the liberalization of telephone communications in the country in the 1980s , OTE still dominates the Greek market in its field and has emerged as one of the largest telecommunications companies in Southeast Europe .	1980s	When did the liberalization of the telephone communications in Greece happen ?
Since 2011 , the company 's major shareholder is Deutsche Telekom with a 40 % stake , while the Greek state continues to own 10 % of the company 's shares .	Deutsche Telekom	What company has a 40 % stake in OTE ?
Since 2011 , the company 's major shareholder is Deutsche Telekom with a 40 % stake , while the Greek state continues to own 10 % of the company 's shares .	10%	How many shares of OTE does the Greek state own ?
Greece has tended to lag behind its European Union partners in terms of Internet use , with the gap closing rapidly in recent years .	Internet	What does Greece lag behind other EU countries in terms of use ?
The percentage of households with access to the Internet more than doubled between 2006 and 2013 , from 23 % to 56 % respectively -LRB- compared with an EU average of 49 % and 79 % -RRB- .	more than doubled	How much did the percentage of households with access to the internet increase between 2006 and 2013 ?
However , Greece also has the EU 's third highest percentage of people who have never used the Internet : 36 % in 2013 , down from 65 % in 2006 -LRB- compared with an EU average of 21 % and 42 % -RRB- .	36%	What percentage of people in Greece had never used the Internet as of 2013 ?
However , Greece also has the EU 's third highest percentage of people who have never used the Internet : 36 % in 2013 , down from 65 % in 2006 -LRB- compared with an EU average of 21 % and 42 % -RRB- .	Greece	Who has the EU 's third highest percentage of people who 've never used the Internet ?
At the same time , there has been a massive increase in the proportion of households with a broadband connection , from 4 % in 2006 to 55 % in 2013 -LRB- compared with an EU average of 30 % and 76 % -RRB- .	a broadband connection	What has the been a massive increase in the number of households with in Greece ?
Greece attracts more than 16 million tourists each year , thus contributing 18.2 % to the nation 's GDP in 2008 according to an OECD report .	more than 16 million	How many millions of tourists does Greece attract each year ?
Greece attracts more than 16 million tourists each year , thus contributing 18.2 % to the nation 's GDP in 2008 according to an OECD report .	18.2%	What part of Greece 's GDP is accounted for by tourism ?
The same survey showed that the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was $ 1,073 , ranking Greece 10th in the world .	$1,073	What did the 2008 OECD report show the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was ?
The number of jobs directly or indirectly related to the tourism sector were 840,000 in 2008 and represented 19 % of the country 's total labor force .	840,000	How many jobs in 2008 in Greece were somehow related to the tourism industry ?
In 2009 , Greece welcomed over 19.3 million tourists , a major increase from the 17.7 million tourists the country welcomed in 2008 .	over 19.3 million	How many tourists did Greece welcome in 2009 ?
In recent years a number of well-known tourism-related organizations have placed Greek destinations in the top of their lists .	their lists	What have a number of tourism-related organizations placed Greek destinations at the top of ?
In 2009 Lonely Planet ranked Thessaloniki , the country 's second-largest city , the world 's fifth best `` Ultimate Party Town '' , alongside cities such as Montreal and Dubai , while in 2011 the island of Santorini was voted as the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure .	Thessaloniki	What Greek city was rated the world 's fifth best ultimate party town by 2009 's Lonely Planet ?
In 2009 Lonely Planet ranked Thessaloniki , the country 's second-largest city , the world 's fifth best `` Ultimate Party Town '' , alongside cities such as Montreal and Dubai , while in 2011 the island of Santorini was voted as the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure .	the country's second-largest city	What distinction does the city of Thessaloniki have in regards to size in Greece ?
In 2009 Lonely Planet ranked Thessaloniki , the country 's second-largest city , the world 's fifth best `` Ultimate Party Town '' , alongside cities such as Montreal and Dubai , while in 2011 the island of Santorini was voted as the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure .	best island in the world	What did Travel + Leisure vote the island of Santorini as in 2011 ?
The neighbouring island of Mykonos was ranked as the 5th best island Europe .	Mykonos	What island was ranked as the 5th best in Europe ?
Between 1975 and 2009 , Olympic Airways -LRB- known after 2003 as Olympic Airlines -RRB- was the country 's state-owned flag carrier , but financial problems led to its privatization and relaunch as Olympic Air in 2009 .	Olympic Airlines	What was Olympic Airways known as after 2003 ?
Between 1975 and 2009 , Olympic Airways -LRB- known after 2003 as Olympic Airlines -RRB- was the country 's state-owned flag carrier , but financial problems led to its privatization and relaunch as Olympic Air in 2009 .	Olympic Air	What was Olympic Airlines relaunched as in 2009 ?
Both Aegean Airlines and Olympic Air have won awards for their services ; in 2009 and 2011 , Aegean Airlines was awarded the `` Best regional airline in Europe '' award by Skytrax , and also has two gold and one silver awards by the ERA , while Olympic Air holds one silver ERA award for `` Airline of the Year '' as well as a `` Condé Nast Traveller 2011 Readers Choice Awards : Top Domestic Airline '' award .	Aegean Airlines	What airlines was award the `` Best regional airline in Europe '' award by Skytrax ?
Both Aegean Airlines and Olympic Air have won awards for their services ; in 2009 and 2011 , Aegean Airlines was awarded the `` Best regional airline in Europe '' award by Skytrax , and also has two gold and one silver awards by the ERA , while Olympic Air holds one silver ERA award for `` Airline of the Year '' as well as a `` Condé Nast Traveller 2011 Readers Choice Awards : Top Domestic Airline '' award .	"Airline of the Year"	What does Olympic Air hold a silver ERA award for ?
Both Aegean Airlines and Olympic Air have won awards for their services ; in 2009 and 2011 , Aegean Airlines was awarded the `` Best regional airline in Europe '' award by Skytrax , and also has two gold and one silver awards by the ERA , while Olympic Air holds one silver ERA award for `` Airline of the Year '' as well as a `` Condé Nast Traveller 2011 Readers Choice Awards : Top Domestic Airline '' award .	2011	What year did Olympic Air receive an award as Top Domestic Airline ?
Greece 's rail network is estimated to be at 2,548 km .	2,548 km	How long is Greek 's rail network estimated to run ?
Rail transport in Greece is operated by TrainOSE , a subsidiary of the Hellenic Railways Organization -LRB- OSE -RRB- .	TrainOSE	Who runs the rail transport in Greece ?
Rail transport in Greece is operated by TrainOSE , a subsidiary of the Hellenic Railways Organization -LRB- OSE -RRB- .	the Hellenic Railways Organization	Who is TrainOSE a subsidiary of ?
Most of the country 's network is standard gauge -LRB- 1,565 km -RRB- , while the country also has 983 km of narrow gauge .	standard gauge	What gauge is most of Greece 's railway ?
A total of 764 km of rail are electrified .	764	How many kilometers of Greece 's railway is electrified ?
According to Eurostat , Greece 's largest port by tons of goods transported in 2010 is the port of Aghioi Theodoroi , with 17.38 million tons .	Aghioi Theodoroi	What was Greece 's largest port as measured by good transported in 2010 ?
According to Eurostat , Greece 's largest port by tons of goods transported in 2010 is the port of Aghioi Theodoroi , with 17.38 million tons .	17.38	How many million of tons went through Aghioi Theodoroi in 2010 ?
The Port of Thessaloniki comes second with 15.8 million tons , followed by the Port of Piraeus , with 13.2 million tons , and the port of Eleusis , with 12.37 million tons .	12.37 million tons	How many million tons of goods did port Eleusis transport in 2010 ?
The total number of goods transported through Greece in 2010 amounted to 124.38 million tons , a considerable drop from the 164.3 million tons transported through the country in 2007 .	164.3 million tons	How many tons of goods were transported through Greece in 2007 ?
In 2013 , Piraeus was declared the fastest-growing port in the world .	fastest-growing port in the world	What was the port of Piraeus declared to be in 2013 ?
In 2010 Piraeus handled 513,319 TEUs , followed by Thessaloniki , which handled 273,282 TEUs .	513,319	How many TEUs did Piraeus handle in 2010 ?
In 2010 Piraeus handled 513,319 TEUs , followed by Thessaloniki , which handled 273,282 TEUs .	273,282	What amount of TEUs did Thessaloniki handle in 2010 ?
In the same year , 83.9 million people passed through Greece 's ports , 12.7 million through the port of Paloukia in Salamis , another 12.7 through the port of Perama , 9.5 million through Piraeus and 2.7 million through Igoumenitsa .	83.9 million	How many million of people passed through Greece 's ports in 2010 ?
In 2013 , Piraeus handled a record 3.16 million TEUs , the third-largest figure in the Mediterranean , of which 2.52 million were transported through Pier II , owned by COSCO and 644,000 were transported through Pier I , owned by the Greek state .	3.16 million	What record amount of TEUs did Piraeus handle in 2013 ?
In 2013 , Piraeus handled a record 3.16 million TEUs , the third-largest figure in the Mediterranean , of which 2.52 million were transported through Pier II , owned by COSCO and 644,000 were transported through Pier I , owned by the Greek state .	COSCO	What organization owns Pier II in Piraeus ?
Energy production in Greece is dominated by the Public Power Corporation -LRB- known mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ , or in English DEI -RRB- .	Public Power Corporation	Who dominates energy production in Greece ?
In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6 % of all energy demand in Greece , while the number fell to 77.3 % in 2010 .	85.6%	How much of all of Greece 's energy demand was supplied by DEI in 2009 ?
Almost half -LRB- 48 % -RRB- of DEI 's power output is generated using lignite , a drop from the 51.6 % in 2009 .	lignite	What is almost half of DEI 's power output generated by the use of ?
Another 12 % comes from Hydroelectric power plants and another 20 % from natural gas .	20%	How much of DEI 's energy output is from natural gas ?
Between 2009 and 2010 , independent companies ' energy production increased by 56 % , from 2,709 Gigawatt hour in 2009 to 4,232 GWh in 2010 .	56%	What percentage did independent companies ' energy production increase between 2009 and 2010 ?
In 2008 renewable energy accounted for 8 % of the country 's total energy consumption , a rise from the 7.2 % it accounted for in 2006 , but still below the EU average of 10 % in 2008 .	8%	How much of Greece 's energy consumption came from renewable sources in 2008 ?
In 2008 renewable energy accounted for 8 % of the country 's total energy consumption , a rise from the 7.2 % it accounted for in 2006 , but still below the EU average of 10 % in 2008 .	10%	What was EU average amount of energy from renewable sources in 2008 ?
10 % of the country 's renewable energy comes from solar power , while most comes from biomass and waste recycling .	biomass and waste recycling	Where does most of Greece 's renewable energy come from ?
In line with the European Commission 's Directive on Renewable Energy , Greece aims to get 18 % of its energy from renewable sources by 2020 .	18%	How much of Greece 's energy is targeted to be from renewable sources by 2020 ?
Greece currently does not have any nuclear power plants in operation , however in 2009 the Academy of Athens suggested that research in the possibility of Greek nuclear power plants begin .	Academy of Athens	Who suggested research into the possibility of a Greek nuclear power plant should begin ?
In addition to the above , Greece is also to start oil and gas exploration in other locations in the Ionian Sea , as well as the Libyan Sea , within the Greek exclusive economic zone , south of Crete .	oil and gas	What is Greece set to start exploring the Ionian Sea for ?
The Ministry of the Environment , Energy and Climate Change announced that there was interest from various countries -LRB- including Norway and the United States -RRB- in exploration , and the first results regarding the amount of oil and gas in these locations were expected in the summer of 2012 .	Norway and the United States	What countries have expressed interest in Greece 's oil and gas exploration ?
The Ministry of the Environment , Energy and Climate Change announced that there was interest from various countries -LRB- including Norway and the United States -RRB- in exploration , and the first results regarding the amount of oil and gas in these locations were expected in the summer of 2012 .	summer of 2012	When were the first results of the energy explorations expected ?
In November 2012 , a report published by Deutsche Bank estimated the value of natural gas reserves south of Crete at $ 427 billion .	November 2012	When did the Deutsche Bank publish a report on the findings of the value of the reserves south of Crete ?
In November 2012 , a report published by Deutsche Bank estimated the value of natural gas reserves south of Crete at $ 427 billion .	€427 billion	What did the Deutsche Bank estimate the value of the reserves to be at ?
Between 1832 and 2002 the currency of Greece was the drachma .	drachma	What was the currency of Greece until 2002 ?
After signing the Maastricht Treaty , Greece applied to join the eurozone .	Maastricht Treaty	What did Greece sign to apply to join the eurozone ?
The two main convergence criteria were a maximum budget deficit of 3 % of GDP and a declining public debt if it stood above 60 % of GDP .	two	How many convergence criteria were there in the treaty ?
However , in 2001 the euro only existed electronically , so the physical exchange from drachma to euro only took place on 1 January 2002 .	January 2002	When did the physical exchange of the drachma to euro take place ?
This was followed by a ten-year period for eligible exchange of drachma to euro , which ended on 1 March 2012 .	March 2012	When did the ten-year period for eligible exchange of the drachma to euro end ?
IMF 's forecast said that Greece 's unemployment rate would hit the highest 14.8 percent in 2012 and decrease to 14.1 in 2014 .	14.8 percent	What did IMF forecast Greece 's unemployment rate to be in 2012 ?
The unemployment figure was between 9 per cent and 11 per cent in 2009 , and it soared to 28 per cent in 2013 .	9 per cent and 11 per cent	What was Greece 's unemployment rate between in 2009 ?
The unemployment figure was between 9 per cent and 11 per cent in 2009 , and it soared to 28 per cent in 2013 .	28 per cent	What did Greece 's unemployment rate soar to in 2013 ?
In 2015 , Greece 's jobless rate is around 24 per cent .	24 per cent	What was Greece 's jobless rate in 2015 ?
It is thought that Greece 's potential output has been eroded by this prolonged massive unemployment due to the associated hysteresis effects .	prolonged massive unemployment	What is thought to have eroded Greece 's potential output ?
Typically , the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor .	Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate	Does speaker of the House participate in dbate ?
In some cases , Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker ; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert .	Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker	Are snate majority leaders more influential than Speaker of the house ??
In addition , Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor .	Dick Armey	Who did Newt Gingrich delegate much authority to ?
In some cases , Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker ; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert .	Dennis Hastert	Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader ?
If the Minority Leader 's party takes control of the House , and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats , the Minority Leader is usually the party 's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress , while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader .	Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker	Who takes over as Speaker if the minority party gains control of the house ?
The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues .	agreements on controversial issues	What meetings do Minority and Majority leaders usually meet to discuss ?
The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party , and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader .	Nancy Pelosi	Who is he current Minority leader ?
If the Minority Leader 's party takes control of the House , and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats , the Minority Leader is usually the party 's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress , while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader .	Minority Leader	If minority party takes control of congress , who is usually in link to become majority leader ?
Like the Speaker of the House , the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position .	Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position	Are minority leaders usually experienced ?
When Nancy Pelosi , D-CA , became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress , she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress .	108th Congress	In what congress did Nancy Pelosi bdcome minority leader ?
When her predecessor , Richard Gephardt , D-MO , became minority leader in the 104th House , he had been in the House for almost 20 years , had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years , had been a 1988 presidential candidate , and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections .	20 years	How long had Richard Gephart served in house prior to being elected to minority leader ?
Gephardt 's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel , R-IL , who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House .	1981	When was Robert Michel elected minority leader ?
Michel 's predecessor , Republican John Rhodes of Arizona , was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service .	1973	John Rhodes served as minority leader beginning in what year ?
He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011 .	Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011	Between majority leader and speaker what roles did Boehner have ?
The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965 , Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash , and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats ' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections .	Hale Boggs	What republican majority leader died in a plane crash ?
Since 1995 , the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner , though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections .	John Boehner	Since 1995 who is the only majority leader to become speaker ?
In 1998 , with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation , both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert .	Dennis Hastert	Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker ?
Traditionally , the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House , with the Majority Leader as second-in-command .	Speaker	Who is the leader of the majority leader in House ?
Traditionally , the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House , with the Majority Leader as second-in-command .	Majority Leader	What is the title of seconde in command for majority party in congress ?
The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006 .	Majority Leader Tom DeLay	Who overshadowed House Speaker Dennis Hastert ?
In contrast , the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party .	Minority Leader	Who is the leader of the minority party in the House ?
As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker 's chair , there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions .	minority party has one less leadership position	Does the minority or majority party have more leadership positions in House ?
Outgoing Speaker Nancy Pelosi ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress .	Minority Leader	What role did Pelosi win in 112th Congress ?
Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership , as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections .	Democrats	What party lost control of House in 2010 elections ?
For example , Rule XII , clause 6 , grant the minority leader -LRB- or his designee -RRB- the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions ; Rule II , clause 6 , states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker , majority leader , and minority leader ; and Rule XV , clause 6 , provides that the Speaker , after consultation with the minority leader , may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar .	Rule XII, clause 6	What rule gives minority leader right to offer motion to recommit with instructions ?
For example , Rule XII , clause 6 , grant the minority leader -LRB- or his designee -RRB- the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions ; Rule II , clause 6 , states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker , majority leader , and minority leader ; and Rule XV , clause 6 , provides that the Speaker , after consultation with the minority leader , may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar .	minority leader	Who may place legislation on a corrections calendar ?
The minority leader also has other institutional duties , such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities .	certain federal entities.	Minority leader may appoint individuals to what government roles ?
The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined .	are not well-defined	Are minority leadership roles specified closely ?
A minority leader from 1931 to 1939 , Representative Bertrand Snell , R-N.Y. , provided this `` job description '' : `` He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies .	Representative Bertrand Snell	What congressman largely specified the job description of minority leader ?
A minority leader from 1931 to 1939 , Representative Bertrand Snell , R-N.Y. , provided this `` job description '' : `` He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies .	He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies.	What despcription was assigned to minority leader in part ?
To a large extent , the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom .	tradition and custom	What defines a large part of minority leader role ?
To a large extent , the minority leader 's position is a 20th-century innovation .	20th-century	When was the minority leader position created ?
Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized , so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader .	not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader	Why was minority leader position created ?
Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first `` minority leader '' because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton 's fiscal policies .	James Madison	Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning `` Minority Leader ? ''
Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first `` minority leader '' because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton 's fiscal policies .	Alexander Hamilton	Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress ?
During this early period , it was more usual that neither major party grouping -LRB- Federalists and Democratic-Republicans -RRB- had an official leader .	it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader	In the early days who represented party leadership ?
During this early period , it was more usual that neither major party grouping -LRB- Federalists and Democratic-Republicans -RRB- had an official leader .	(Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)	In early 19th century , what were 2 common parties ?
In 1813 , for instance , a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 `` to represent a party comprising a distinct minority '' and `` to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause . ''	to represent a party comprising a distinct minority	What would be the purpose of organizing non majority members of the house ?
Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader .	Internal party disunity	What made identifying House leadership difficult ?
For instance , `` seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field .	at least twenty different candidates	How many candidates was typical in early fields for speaker ?
The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not `` nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five .	two of these seven Congresses	From 1861 to 1875 how many times was Dmocratic minority speaker not nominated ?
He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out `` choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries . ''	arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.	Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader ?
In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley , since 1883 `` the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader . ''	Randall Ripley	Who 's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883 ?
Representative Thomas Reed , R-ME , who later became Speaker , assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer 's stead . ''	Thomas Reed,	Although Keifer held minority leader role , who was actual gloof leader ?
On the Democratic side , `` there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873 , '' indicating that the `` nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership . ''	1871 and 1873	Prior to 1883 there is evidence that serious caucus fights occured in what years ?
Further , when Republicans were in the minority , the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers , including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875 , former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio , in 1876 , 1877 , and 1879 , and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883 .	James Blaine	What prominent ex-speaker was nominated for minority role in 1875 ?
Further , when Republicans were in the minority , the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers , including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875 , former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio , in 1876 , 1877 , and 1879 , and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883 .	James A. Garfield	What former appropriations chairman was nominated for minority leader in 1876,77,79 ?
In brief , there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position .	there is disagreement among historical analysts	Is there a consensus about the time that minority leadership officially emerged as a position ?
Nonetheless , it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century , a period of strong party organization and professional politicians .	strong party organization and professional politicians	What party characteristics emerged in the house in late 19th century ?
Plainly , these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure .	establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.	What were these conditions effective for in the house ?
Second , Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status .	Democrats	Which party has always elevated minority floor leaders to speakership ?
More recently , although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections , he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign , including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day .	1994	What year did Republicans regain control while Rober Michel was Minority Leader ?
Mann `` had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor ; '' also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon , R-IL -LRB- 1903 -- 1911 -RRB- , and many Members `` suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker . ''	objecting to their private bills on the floor	Why were republicans upset with Mann ?
In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President .	Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President	What is the leadership structure when party controls house and presidency ?
For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership .	more partisan nature of the House	Is the Senate or the House more partisan ?
Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford , Richard Gephardt , Nancy Pelosi , and John Boehner .	Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner	What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president ?
To be sure , the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources -- beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative -- to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions .	minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative	How is the minority leader able to accomplish addition demands and tasks ?
The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements , including personality and contextual factors , such as the size and cohesion of the minority party , whether his or her party controls the White House , the general political climate in the House , and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda .	personality and contextual factors	What influences role of minority leader ?
Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book .	House rule book.	Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document ?
For instance , the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities ; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors ; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions ; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission ; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission ; and he or she may , after consultation with the Speaker , convene an early organizational party caucus or conference .	three	How many private calendar objector members does minority leader appoint ?
For instance , the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities ; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors ; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions ; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission ; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission ; and he or she may , after consultation with the Speaker , convene an early organizational party caucus or conference .	House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission	What 2 commissions is the minority leader a member of ?
Informally , the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible .	majority party leaders	Who does minority leader have informal ties with for scheduling house matters ?
He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council ; chairs the Policy Committee ; and heads the Steering Committee .	Policy Committee	According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader chair ?
He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council ; chairs the Policy Committee ; and heads the Steering Committee .	Steering Committee	According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader head ?
He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council ; chairs the Policy Committee ; and heads the Steering Committee .	Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee	According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what campaign membership do they have ?
He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council ; chairs the Policy Committee ; and heads the Steering Committee .	Democratic Leadership Council	According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what leadership members do they appoint ?
A party 's floor leader , in conjunction with other party leaders , plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs .	A party's floor leader	Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy ?
Such information is derived in part from the floor leader 's contacts with his party 's members serving on House committees , and with the members of the party 's whip organization .	contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization	How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status ?
He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House , or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party .	guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party	In what role are the floor leader 's instrumental for legislation ?
There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention .	hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention	How much concern do minority leaders have for campaigning ?
For example , they assist in recruiting qualified candidates ; they establish `` leadership PACs '' to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party ; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend ; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees ; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates ; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates ; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party 's campaign committee .	travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions	Outside of Washington how much involvement do minority leaders have in campaigns ?
Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers .	Minority leaders	Who establishes leadership PACs ?
The minority leader , in consultation with other party colleagues , has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives .	in consultation with other party colleagues	Does minority leader act solely to advance party objectives ?
The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances , such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party .	options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances	Does minority leader always employ same strategy for party objectives ?
For instance , a majority party riven by internal dissension , as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and `` regular '' Republicans were at loggerheads , may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion .	may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion	Does dissension and cohesion of majority party factor into minority strategy ?
The purposes of obstruction are several , such as frustrating the majority party 's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party .	frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness	What is the purpose of Obstruction ?
`` We know how to delay , '' remarked Minority Leader Gephardt Dilatory motions to adjourn , appeals of the presiding officer 's ruling , or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics .	motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes	How can obstruction be employed ?
To be sure , the minority leader recognizes that `` going negative '' carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public .	"going negative" carries risks	Is it safe to employ negative strategy ?
To be sure , the minority leader recognizes that `` going negative '' carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public .	if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public	What may be a risk negative tactic ?
An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters .	develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals	What important aim of minority leader pertaining to elections ?
For example , the minority leader may employ , or threaten to use , discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor .	may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor.	How can a minority leader attempt to set some agenda for house ?
If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters , he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership .	218	How many signatures are required on a discharge pertition ?
An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters .	independents and swing voters	What non party affiliated voters are critical for party to attract in elections ?
For instance , to keep their party colleagues `` on message , '' they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or `` talking points '' for constituent meetings in their districts ; they help to organize `` town meetings '' in Members ' districts around the country to publicize the party 's agenda or a specific priority , such as health care or education ; they sponsor party `` retreats '' to discuss issues and assess the party 's public image ; they create `` theme teams '' to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute , morning hour , or special order period in the House ; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences ; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users ; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public .	"talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings"	How do minority leaders keep party priorities publicized ?
For instance , to keep their party colleagues `` on message , '' they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or `` talking points '' for constituent meetings in their districts ; they help to organize `` town meetings '' in Members ' districts around the country to publicize the party 's agenda or a specific priority , such as health care or education ; they sponsor party `` retreats '' to discuss issues and assess the party 's public image ; they create `` theme teams '' to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute , morning hour , or special order period in the House ; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences ; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users ; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public .	issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages	What items are discussed at party retreats ?
For instance , to keep their party colleagues `` on message , '' they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or `` talking points '' for constituent meetings in their districts ; they help to organize `` town meetings '' in Members ' districts around the country to publicize the party 's agenda or a specific priority , such as health care or education ; they sponsor party `` retreats '' to discuss issues and assess the party 's public image ; they create `` theme teams '' to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute , morning hour , or special order period in the House ; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences ; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users ; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public .	conduct surveys of party colleagues	How do minority leaders gauge party preferences ?
House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate -- and with the president if their party controls the White House .	counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House	With whom does minority leader consult and participate in news conference ?
The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy , to share ideas and information , and to present a united front on issues .	develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues	What is the overall party strategy for minority leader ?
Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House ; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country ; and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements .	floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country	What speaking obligations does minority leader have ?
Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House ; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country ; and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements .	write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements	What are the purpose of minority leader writings ?
If his or her party controls the White House , the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress , the Administration 's agenda , and political events generally .	minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress	How often does minority leader speak with president when party controls white house ?
When Robert Michel , R-IL , was minority leader -LRB- 1981 -- 1995 -RRB- , he typically functioned as the `` point man '' for Republican presidents .	point man" for Republican presidents	What was Robert Michel 's role as minority leader ?
Strategically , the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party .	will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party	Is the minority leader 's strategic role always consitent ?
When the White House is controlled by the House majority party , then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party .	assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party	What is the difference in role for Minority leader when majority party holds white house ?
`` As Minority Leader during -LSB- President Lyndon Johnson 's -RSB- Democratic administration , my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives , '' said Minority Leader Gerald Ford , R-MI .	propose Republican alternatives	What was Gerald Ford 's role as minority leader under Johnson administration ?
Greatly outnumbered in the House , Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection .	political protection	What did Ford 's alternatives provide for republican 's ?
When we got to the amendment phase , we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal .	offer our program as a substitute	What options do minority party have in amendment phase ?
If we lost in the Committee of the Whole , then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that .	motion to recommit and get a vote on that	If minority party loses committ of the whole , then what motion may be filed ?
Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues ; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure ; and daily meetings in the Leader 's office -LRB- or at breakfast , lunch , or dinner -RRB- to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party .	appointment of task forces	What is a good technique to foster party harmony ?
Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues ; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure ; and daily meetings in the Leader 's office -LRB- or at breakfast , lunch , or dinner -RRB- to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party .	partisan colleagues with conflicting views	What colleagues are best to work with to reach a consensus ?
Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues ; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure ; and daily meetings in the Leader 's office -LRB- or at breakfast , lunch , or dinner -RRB- to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party .	way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure	What does the creation of leadership positions allow for ?
The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip , who is the chief vote counter for his or her party .	The Chief Deputy Whip	Who is the chief vote counter for party ?
The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry .	Patrick McHenry.	Who holds the highest appointed Republican position in House ?
The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips , led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip , which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus .	Senior Chief Deputy Whip	Who is the leader of chief deputy whips in democratic conference ?
The current senior chief deputy minority whip , John Lewis , has held his post since 1991 .	senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991	How long has democratic leader of whips held position ?
Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic .	Nagorno-Karabakh Republic	Where do Armenians mostly live besides Armenia ?
There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia .	around 5 million	How many Armenians live outside Armenia and the republic within it ?
The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia , the United States , France , Georgia , Iran , Ukraine , Lebanon , and Syria .	Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria	Where do most emigrant Armenians live ?
With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states , the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide .	the Armenian Genocide	Why did many Armenians leave Armenia ?
The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC .	around the 6th century BC	How long ago has the term ` Armenia ' been used ?
In Greek , Αρμένιοι `` Armenians '' is attested from about the same time , perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus -LRB- 476 BC -RRB- .	476 BC	What is the earliest known use of ` Armenians ' ?
In Greek , Αρμένιοι `` Armenians '' is attested from about the same time , perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus -LRB- 476 BC -RRB- .	Hecataeus of Miletus	Who wrote the earliest known use of ` Armenians ' ?
Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC .	Xenophon	Who described Armenian life in 401 BC ?
He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians .	Persians	What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like ?
The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat , the highest peak of the region .	Mount Ararat	What mountain does Armenia surround ?
In the Bronze Age , several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia , including the Hittite Empire -LRB- at the height of its power -RRB- , Mitanni -LRB- South-Western historical Armenia -RRB- , and Hayasa-Azzi -LRB- 1600 -- 1200 BC -RRB- .	the Bronze Age	What era was the Hittite Empire in ?
In the Bronze Age , several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia , including the Hittite Empire -LRB- at the height of its power -RRB- , Mitanni -LRB- South-Western historical Armenia -RRB- , and Hayasa-Azzi -LRB- 1600 -- 1200 BC -RRB- .	1600–1200 BC	When did the Hayasa-Azzi rule ?
Soon after Hayasa-Azzi were Arme-Shupria -LRB- 1300s -- 1190 BC -RRB- , the Nairi -LRB- 1400 -- 1000 BC -RRB- and the Kingdom of Urartu -LRB- 860 -- 590 BC -RRB- , who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland .	1300s–1190 BC	When did the Arme-Shupria rule ?
Soon after Hayasa-Azzi were Arme-Shupria -LRB- 1300s -- 1190 BC -RRB- , the Nairi -LRB- 1400 -- 1000 BC -RRB- and the Kingdom of Urartu -LRB- 860 -- 590 BC -RRB- , who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland .	1400–1000 BC	When did the Nairi rule ?
Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree , groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian -LRB- `` Helleno-Macedonian '' -RRB- in the Pontic Indo-European -LRB- also called Helleno-Armenian -RRB- subgroup .	Pontic Indo-European	What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in ?
In Hamp 's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands .	the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands	Where does Hamp say the Pontic Indo-European languages originate ?
Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree , groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian -LRB- `` Helleno-Macedonian '' -RRB- in the Pontic Indo-European -LRB- also called Helleno-Armenian -RRB- subgroup .	Greek and Ancient Macedonian	What languages does Hamp say are similar to Armenian ?
The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples -LRB- such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription -RRB- was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters ' territories , and which later became a kingdom .	in the late 6th century BC	When was Armenia established ?
The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples -LRB- such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription -RRB- was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters ' territories , and which later became a kingdom .	the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription	What famous inscription mentioned Armenia ?
The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples -LRB- such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription -RRB- was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters ' territories , and which later became a kingdom .	Orontid dynasty	During which dynasty was Armenia established ?
At its zenith -LRB- 95 -- 65 BC -RRB- , the state extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now central Turkey , Lebanon , and northern Iran .	95–65 BC	When was Armenia at its largest ?
The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia , itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia , was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion -LRB- it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism , which was influenced by Zoroastrianism , while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with Greco-Roman deities -RRB- .	The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia	What was the first country to make Christianity its official religion ?
The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia , itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia , was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion -LRB- it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism , which was influenced by Zoroastrianism , while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with Greco-Roman deities -RRB- .	Zoroastrianism	What religion was Armenian paganism influenced by ?
in the early years of the 4th century , likely AD 301 , partly in defiance of the Sassanids it seems .	AD 301	When did Armenia make Christianity its official religion ?
in the early years of the 4th century , likely AD 301 , partly in defiance of the Sassanids it seems .	in defiance of the Sassanids	Why did Armenia make Christianity its official religion ?
Later on , in order to further strengthen Armenian national identity , Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet , in 405 AD .	Mesrop Mashtots	Who invented the Armenian alphabet ?
In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty .	885 AD	When did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom ?
In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty .	Ashot I	Under which ruler did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom ?
In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty .	the Bagratid Dynasty	What dynasty was Ashot I part of ?
A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045 , and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064 .	Seljuk Turks	Who invaded Armenia in 1064 ?
In the next few centuries , Djenghis Khan , Timurids , and the tribal Turkic federations of the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu ruled over the Armenians .	the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu	What Turkic federations ruled Armenia ?
In the late 1820s , the parts of historic Armenia under Iranian control centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan -LRB- all of Eastern Armenia -RRB- were incorporated into the Russian Empire following Iran 's forced ceding of the territories after its loss in the Russo-Persian War -LRB- 1826-1828 -RRB- and the outcoming Treaty of Turkmenchay .	Treaty of Turkmenchay	What treaty ended the Russo-Persian War ?
From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya , and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century , Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid , Afsharid and Qajar empires , while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule .	mid 16th century	When was the Peace of Amasya ?
In the late 1820s , the parts of historic Armenia under Iranian control centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan -LRB- all of Eastern Armenia -RRB- were incorporated into the Russian Empire following Iran 's forced ceding of the territories after its loss in the Russo-Persian War -LRB- 1826-1828 -RRB- and the outcoming Treaty of Turkmenchay .	In the late 1820s	When did parts of Armenia under Iranian control become part of Russia ?
Governments of Republic of Turkey since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide , typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire .	Governments of Republic of Turkey	Who says they did n't kill Armenians as genocide , just because they were ` in the way of the war ' ?
Passage of legislation in various foreign countries condemning the persecution of the Armenians as genocide has often provoked diplomatic conflict .	diplomatic conflict	What has happened when other countries condemned Armenian genocide ?
Governments of Republic of Turkey since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide , typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire .	the Ottoman Empire	Who ruled Turkey when the Armenian genocide happened ?
Following the breakup of the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I for a brief period , from 1918 to 1920 , Armenia was an independent republic .	independent republic	What was Armenia 's status from 1918 to 1920 ?
In late 1920 , the communists came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the Red Army , and in 1922 , Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union , later forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic -LRB- 1936 to September 21 , 1991 -RRB- .	late 1920	When did communists take over Armenia ?
In late 1920 , the communists came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the Red Army , and in 1922 , Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union , later forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic -LRB- 1936 to September 21 , 1991 -RRB- .	the Red Army	Who invaded Armenia in 1920 ?
In late 1920 , the communists came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the Red Army , and in 1922 , Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union , later forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic -LRB- 1936 to September 21 , 1991 -RRB- .	the Transcaucasian SFSR	What part of the USSR did Armenia join ?
In 1991 , Armenia declared independence from the USSR and established the second Republic of Armenia .	1991	When did Armenia leave the USSR ?
Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years , since the time when Hayk , the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation , led them to victory over Bel of Babylon .	over four thousand years	How long have Armenians lived in the highlands ?
Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years , since the time when Hayk , the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation , led them to victory over Bel of Babylon .	Hayk	Who founded the first Armenian nation ?
Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years , since the time when Hayk , the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation , led them to victory over Bel of Babylon .	Bel of Babylon	Who did Hayk defeat ?
Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis -LRB- Հայաստանցի -RRB- , meaning those that are from Armenia -LRB- that is , those born and raised in Armenia -RRB- .	those that are from Armenia	What does Hayastantsis mean ?
Today , with a population of 3.5 million , they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia , but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh .	3.5 million	How many native Armenians are in Armenia today ?
For example , a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land , and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter .	one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem	What is the Armenian Quarter ?
An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice , Italy .	35	How many people live in the Armenian monastery in or near Italy ?
An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice , Italy .	1717	When was the Italian Armenian monastery founded ?
An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice , Italy .	Catholic	What religion is the Italian Armenian monastery ?
An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice , Italy .	on an island near Venice	Where is the Italian Armenian monastery ?
For example , Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay -LRB- Պարսկահայ -RRB- , while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay -LRB- Լիբանանահայ -RRB- .	Armenians who originate from Iran	What are Parskahay ?
For example , Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay -LRB- Պարսկահայ -RRB- , while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay -LRB- Լիբանանահայ -RRB- .	Armenians from Lebanon	What are Lipananahay ?
Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the Armenian language .	Western	What dialect do most Diaspora Armenians speak ?
This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian , but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other .	considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other	How similar is Western Armenian to Eastern Armenian dialect ?
Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine , Russia , and Georgia -LRB- where they form a majority in the Samtskhe-Javakheti province -RRB- .	Eastern	What type of Armenian is spoken by Armenians in Iran and Russia ?
Armenia established a Church that still exists independently of both the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches , having become so in 451 AD as a result of its stance regarding the Council of Chalcedon .	451 AD	When did Armenia 's church become independent ?
Today this church is known as the Armenian Apostolic Church , which is a part of the Oriental Orthodox communion , not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox communion .	Armenian Apostolic Church	What is Armenia 's church called ?
Today this church is known as the Armenian Apostolic Church , which is a part of the Oriental Orthodox communion , not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox communion .	Oriental Orthodox	What type of Catholicism is Armenia 's church part of ?
The original location of the Armenian Catholicosate is Echmiadzin .	Echmiadzin	Where was the Armenian Catholicosate located at first ?
Therefore , it eventually moved to Cilicia as the Holy See of Cilicia .	Cilicia	Where did the Armenian Catholicosate move to ?
The Armenians collective has , at times , constituted a Christian `` island '' in a mostly Muslim region .	Muslim	What religion is dominant in the countries surrounding Armenia ?
There is , however , a minority of ethnic Armenian Muslims , known as Hamshenis but many Armenians view them as a separate race , while the history of the Jews in Armenia dates back 2,000 years .	ethnic Armenian Muslims	What are Hamshenis ?
In 1441 , a new Catholicos was elected in Etchmiadzin in the person of Kirakos Virapetsi , while Krikor Moussapegiants preserved his title as Catholicos of Cilicia .	Kirakos Virapetsi	Who became Catholicos in Etchmiadzin in 1441 ?
In 1441 , a new Catholicos was elected in Etchmiadzin in the person of Kirakos Virapetsi , while Krikor Moussapegiants preserved his title as Catholicos of Cilicia .	Krikor Moussapegiants	Who remained Catholicos of Cilicia ?
Therefore , since 1441 , there have been two Catholicosates in the Armenian Church with equal rights and privileges , and with their respective jurisdictions .	equal rights and privileges	How do the two Catholicosates compare ?
These include the Armenian Catholic Church -LRB- which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope -RRB- , the Armenian Evangelical Church , which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away , and the Armenian Brotherhood Church , which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church , but later broke apart from it .	Armenian Catholic Church	Which Armenian church recognizes the Pope ?
These include the Armenian Catholic Church -LRB- which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope -RRB- , the Armenian Evangelical Church , which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away , and the Armenian Brotherhood Church , which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church , but later broke apart from it .	Armenian Evangelical Church	What broke away from the Armenian Apostolic Church ?
While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world , Armenians -LRB- especially in the diaspora -RRB- subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations .	Armenian Apostolic Church	Which Armenian church is the most popular in Armenia ?
These include the Armenian Catholic Church -LRB- which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope -RRB- , the Armenian Evangelical Church , which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away , and the Armenian Brotherhood Church , which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church , but later broke apart from it .	Armenian Brotherhood Church	What broke away from the Armenian Evangelical Church ?
Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD , when Mesrop Mashtots first invented the Armenian alphabet .	Mesrop Mashtots	Who came up with the Armenian alphabet ?
Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD , when Mesrop Mashtots first invented the Armenian alphabet .	400 AD	When did Armenian writing begin ?
Early Armenian literature was written by the `` father of Armenian history '' , Moses of Chorene , who authored The History of Armenia .	Moses of Chorene	Who was the ` father of Armenian history ' ?
Early Armenian literature was written by the `` father of Armenian history '' , Moses of Chorene , who authored The History of Armenia .	Moses of Chorene	Who wrote ` The History of Armenia ' ?
The Revivalist authors of Constantinople and Tiflis , almost identical to the Romanticists of Europe , were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism .	Romanticists	Which European movement were the Revivalist authors similar to ?
The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century , beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity , and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia .	between the 4th and 7th century	When were early Armenian Christian churches built ?
The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century , beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity , and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia .	4th	In which century did Armenia become Christian ?
By the seventh century , centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated niched buttress and radiating Hrip ` simé style had formed .	Hrip'simé	What radiating style are some Armenian churches built with ?
By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used .	fifth century	When were Armenian churches built with center cupola cones ?
By the seventh century , centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated niched buttress and radiating Hrip ` simé style had formed .	seventh century	When were Armenian churches built with niched buttresses ?
This period was ended by the Seljuk invasion .	Seljuk	Who invaded Armenia in the 11th century ?
It was during this time that the first major monasteries , such as Haghpat and Haritchavank were built .	Haghpat and Haritchavank	What Armenian monasteries were built in the 11th century ?
From the 9th to 11th century , Armenian architecture underwent a revival under the patronage of the Bagratid Dynasty with a great deal of building done in the area of Lake Van , this included both traditional styles and new innovations .	From the 9th to 11th century	When was there an Armenian architecture revival ?
From the 9th to 11th century , Armenian architecture underwent a revival under the patronage of the Bagratid Dynasty with a great deal of building done in the area of Lake Van , this included both traditional styles and new innovations .	Bagratid Dynasty	What dynasty ruled Armenia in the 10th century ?
Ornately carved Armenian Khachkars were developed during this time .	Armenian Khachkars	What was ornately carved in the 9th-11th centuries ?
The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan , who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki .	1952	When did Armenia begin winning Olympic medals ?
The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan , who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki .	Helsinki	Where were the 1952 Olympics held ?
In football , their most successful team was Yerevan 's FC Ararat , which had claimed most of the Soviet championships in the 70s and had also gone to post victories against professional clubs like FC Bayern Munich in the Euro cup .	Yerevan's FC Ararat	Which Armenian football team was the most successful ?
The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan , who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki .	Hrant Shahinyan	Who won Armenia 's first Olympic medal ?
In football , their most successful team was Yerevan 's FC Ararat , which had claimed most of the Soviet championships in the 70s and had also gone to post victories against professional clubs like FC Bayern Munich in the Euro cup .	FC Bayern Munich	What pro team has FC Ararat beaten ?
Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music .	Armenian folk music	What kind of music does Sayat Nova play ?
Instruments like the duduk , the dhol , the zurna and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music .	the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun	What instruments are used in Armenian folk music ?
One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia .	the Armenian chant	What kind of Armenian religious music is prevalent ?
Many of these chants are ancient in origin , extending to pre-Christian times , while others are relatively modern , including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots , the inventor of the Armenian alphabet .	inventor of the Armenian alphabet	What did Mashtots do besides composing religious chants ?
Whilst under Soviet rule , Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music , for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane .	classical music composer	What was Aram Khatchaturian 's career ?
Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional `` kef '' style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 40s and 50s for developing their own style of `` kef music '' heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time .	the traditional "kef" style	What type of music is Richard Hagopian famous for ?
In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States , the so-called `` kef '' style Armenian dance music , using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments -LRB- often electrified/amplified -RRB- and some western instruments , was popular .	Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments	What instruments does ` kef ' use ?
Also with artists such as Sirusho , performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today 's entertainment industry .	pop music combined with Armenian folk music	What type of music does Sirusho perform ?
Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour , pianist Sahan Arzruni , prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan .	French-Armenian	What nationality is Charles Aznavour ?
Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down -LRB- which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs -RRB- or pop star Cher .	System of a Down	What US heavy metal band is comprised of Armenians ?
Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for the majority of Armenian women , including many Armenian families .	Carpet-weaving	What job do many Armenian women traditionally do ?
The oldest extant Armenian carpet from the region , referred to as Artsakh -LRB- see also Karabakh carpet -RRB- during the medieval era , is from the village of Banants -LRB- near Gandzak -RRB- and dates to the early 13th century .	early 13th century	When is the earliest known Armenian carpet from ?
The oldest extant Armenian carpet from the region , referred to as Artsakh -LRB- see also Karabakh carpet -RRB- during the medieval era , is from the village of Banants -LRB- near Gandzak -RRB- and dates to the early 13th century .	the village of Banants (near Gandzak)	Where is the earliest known Armenian carpet from ?
The first time that the Armenian word for carpet , gorg , was used in historical sources was in a 1242 -- 1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh .	the Armenian word for carpet	What is ` gorg ' ?
The first time that the Armenian word for carpet , gorg , was used in historical sources was in a 1242 -- 1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh .	in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh	Where is the earliest known use of ` gorg ' ?
Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that `` Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making . ''	Art historian	What is Hakobyan 's career ?
Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles .	dragons and eagles	What creatures are often depicted on Armenian carpets ?
They were diverse in style , rich in color and ornamental motifs , and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them , such as artsvagorgs -LRB- eagle-carpets -RRB- , vishapagorgs -LRB- dragon-carpets -RRB- and otsagorgs -LRB- serpent-carpets -RRB- .	eagle-carpets	What are artsvagorgs ?
They were diverse in style , rich in color and ornamental motifs , and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them , such as artsvagorgs -LRB- eagle-carpets -RRB- , vishapagorgs -LRB- dragon-carpets -RRB- and otsagorgs -LRB- serpent-carpets -RRB- .	dragon-carpets	What are vishapagorgs ?
They were diverse in style , rich in color and ornamental motifs , and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them , such as artsvagorgs -LRB- eagle-carpets -RRB- , vishapagorgs -LRB- dragon-carpets -RRB- and otsagorgs -LRB- serpent-carpets -RRB- .	serpent-carpets	What are otsagorgs ?
Arguably the favorite food is khorovats an Armenian-styled barbecue .	an Armenian-styled barbecue	What is khorovats ?
Lavash is a very popular Armenian flat bread , and Armenian paklava is a popular dessert made from filo dough .	Armenian flat bread	What is lavash ?
Lavash is a very popular Armenian flat bread , and Armenian paklava is a popular dessert made from filo dough .	a popular dessert made from filo dough	What is paklava ?
Other famous Armenian foods include the kabob -LRB- a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables -RRB- , various dolmas -LRB- minced lamb , or beef meat and rice wrapped in grape leaves , cabbage leaves , or stuffed into hollowed vegetables -RRB- , and pilaf , a rice dish .	a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables	What is a kabob ?
Also , ghapama , a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish , and many different salads are popular in Armenian culture .	a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish	What is ghapama ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity .	millenarian restorationist Christian denomination	What are the Jehovah Witnesses ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity .	mainstream Christianity	What are the beliefs of Jehovah Witnesses distinct from ?
The group claims a worldwide membership of more than 8.2 million adherents involved in evangelism , convention attendance figures of more than 15 million , and an annual Memorial attendance of more than 19.9 million .	more than 8.2 million	How many adherents worldwide does the group claim ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses , a group of elders in Brooklyn , New York , which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible .	Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses	Who is in charges of directing the Jehovah Witnesses ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses , a group of elders in Brooklyn , New York , which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible .	Brooklyn, New York	Where are the group elders located ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching , distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake !	their door-to-door preaching	What are Jehovah witnesses best known for ?
, and refusing military service and blood transfusions .	military service and blood transfusions	What do Jehovah Witnesses refuse ?
They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship .	proper worship	What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the name Jehovah vital for ?
They reject Trinitarianism , inherent immortality of the soul , and hellfire , which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines .	they consider to be unscriptural doctrines	Why do Jehovah Witnesses reject inherent immortality of the soul , hellfire and Trinitarianism ?
They do not observe Christmas , Easter , birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity .	they consider to have pagan origins	Why do n't Jehovah Witnesses celebrate the usual holidays and customs ?
In 1870 , Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , to study the Bible .	1870	When did Charles Taze Russell form a group ?
In 1870 , Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , to study the Bible .	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	Where did Russell and others form their group ?
In 1870 , Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , to study the Bible .	to study the Bible	What was the purpose of Russell 's group ?
The book taught that God 's dealings with humanity were divided dispensationally , each ending with a `` harvest , '' that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874 inaugurating the `` harvest of the Gospel age , '' and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called `` the Gentile Times , '' at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God 's kingdom on earth .	the Gentile Times	1914 would mark the end of a 2520 year period known as what ?
In 1876 , Russell met Nelson H. Barbour ; later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds , which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy .	Three Worlds	When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876 , they jointly produced what book ?
From 1879 , Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically .	From 1879	When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible ?
Thirty congregations were founded , and during 1879 and 1880 , Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings .	Thirty	How many congregations were founded ?
As congregations continued to form during Russell 's ministry , they each remained self-administrative , functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance .	self-administrative	What did the congregations which continued to form during Russell 's ministry remain ?
Thirty congregations were founded , and during 1879 and 1880 , Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings .	during 1879 and 1880	When did Russell visit each of the congregations to provide the format he recommended to conduct their meetings ?
In 1881 , Zion 's Watch Tower Tract Society was presided over by William Henry Conley , and in 1884 , Charles Taze Russell incorporated the society as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles .	William Henry Conley	Who presided over Zion 's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881 ?
Russell moved the Watch Tower Society 's headquarters to Brooklyn , New York , in 1909 , combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship ; volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel .	1909	When did Russell move the Society 's headquarters to Brooklyn ?
Russell moved the Watch Tower Society 's headquarters to Brooklyn , New York , in 1909 , combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship ; volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel .	printing and corporate offices with a house of worship	What did Russell combine at the headquarters ?
Russell moved the Watch Tower Society 's headquarters to Brooklyn , New York , in 1909 , combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship ; volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel .	Bethel	What was the name of the residence where volunteers were housed ?
Russell died October 31 , 1916 , at the age of 64 while returning from a ministerial speaking tour .	October 31, 1916	When did Russell die ?
By 1910 , about 50,000 people worldwide were associated with the movement and congregations re-elected him annually as their `` pastor . ''	about 50,000 people	How many people worldwide were associated with Russell 's movement by 1910 ?
In January 1917 , the Watch Tower Society 's legal representative , Joseph Franklin Rutherford , was elected as its next president .	Joseph Franklin Rutherford	Who was elected as the Watch Tower Society 's president in January of 1917 ?
In June 1917 , he released The Finished Mystery as a seventh volume of Russell 's Studies in the Scriptures series .	June 1917,	When did Rutherford release The Finished Mystery ?
In January 1917 , the Watch Tower Society 's legal representative , Joseph Franklin Rutherford , was elected as its next president .	legal representative	What had Rutherford been before being elected the group 's president ?
It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the Great War .	Catholic and Protestant clergy	Who did the Finished Mystery strongly criticize ?
As a result , Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence ; charges against the directors were dropped in 1920 .	sedition	What were Watch Tower Society directors jailed for ?
At an international convention held at Cedar Point , Ohio , in September 1922 , a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching .	Cedar Point, Ohio	Where as an international convention held in September of 1922 ?
In 1919 , he instituted the appointment of a director in each congregation , and a year later all members were instructed to report their weekly preaching activity to the Brooklyn headquarters .	a director	What did Rutherford institute the appointment of in each congregation in 1919 ?
At an international convention held at Cedar Point , Ohio , in September 1922 , a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching .	house-to-house preaching	What was a new emphasis made on at the international convention ?
In 1919 , he instituted the appointment of a director in each congregation , and a year later all members were instructed to report their weekly preaching activity to the Brooklyn headquarters .	preaching activity	What were all members instructed to report weekly to the Brooklyn headquarters ?
Significant changes in doctrine and administration were regularly introduced during Rutherford 's twenty-five years as president , including the 1920 announcement that the Jewish patriarchs -LRB- such as Abraham and Isaac -RRB- would be resurrected in 1925 , marking the beginning of Christ 's thousand-year Kingdom .	twenty-five years	How long was Rutherford 's tenure as president of the Society ?
On July 26 , 1931 , at a convention in Columbus , Ohio , Rutherford introduced the new name -- Jehovah 's witnesses -- based on Isaiah 43:10 : `` Ye are my witnesses , saith Jehovah , and my servant whom I have chosen '' -- which was adopted by resolution .	July 26, 1931	When did Rutherford introduce the new name for the Society ?
On July 26 , 1931 , at a convention in Columbus , Ohio , Rutherford introduced the new name -- Jehovah 's witnesses -- based on Isaiah 43:10 : `` Ye are my witnesses , saith Jehovah , and my servant whom I have chosen '' -- which was adopted by resolution .	Isaiah 43:10	What biblical passage was the name Jehovah 's witnesses based on ?
In 1932 , Rutherford eliminated the system of locally elected elders and in 1938 , introduced what he called a `` theocratic '' -LRB- literally , God-ruled -RRB- organizational system , under which appointments in congregations worldwide were made from the Brooklyn headquarters .	locally elected elders	What system did Rutherford eliminate in 1932 ?
In 1932 , Rutherford eliminated the system of locally elected elders and in 1938 , introduced what he called a `` theocratic '' -LRB- literally , God-ruled -RRB- organizational system , under which appointments in congregations worldwide were made from the Brooklyn headquarters .	the Brooklyn headquarters	Where were appointments in congregations worldwide made from ?
From 1932 , it was taught that the `` little flock '' of 144,000 would not be the only people to survive Armageddon .	1932	From when was it taught that the little flock would not be the only people to survive Armageddon ?
From 1932 , it was taught that the `` little flock '' of 144,000 would not be the only people to survive Armageddon .	144,000	What was the number of the little flock set at ?
Rutherford explained that in addition to the 144,000 `` anointed '' who would be resurrected -- or transferred at death -- to live in heaven to rule over earth with Christ , a separate class of members , the `` great multitude , '' would live in a paradise restored on earth ; from 1935 , new converts to the movement were considered part of that class .	a paradise restored on earth	Where would the great multitude live ?
Rutherford explained that in addition to the 144,000 `` anointed '' who would be resurrected -- or transferred at death -- to live in heaven to rule over earth with Christ , a separate class of members , the `` great multitude , '' would live in a paradise restored on earth ; from 1935 , new converts to the movement were considered part of that class .	great multitude	All new converts to the movmeent since 1935 were considered part of what class ?
By the mid-1930s , the timing of the beginning of Christ 's presence -LRB- Greek : parousía -RRB- , his enthronement as king , and the start of the `` last days '' were each moved to 1914 .	1914	When was the start of the last days moved to in the mid-1930s ?
Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942 .	Nathan Knorr	Who was appointed as the third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942 ?
Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible , the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures , the full version of which was released in 1961 .	a new translation of the Bible	What did Knorr commission ?
Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible , the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures , the full version of which was released in 1961 .	in 1961	When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released ?
Knorr 's presidency was also marked by an increasing use of explicit instructions guiding Witnesses in their lifestyle and conduct , and a greater use of congregational judicial procedures to enforce a strict moral code .	explicit instructions guiding Witnesses	What was Knorr 's presidency marked by the increasing use of ?
Knorr 's presidency was also marked by an increasing use of explicit instructions guiding Witnesses in their lifestyle and conduct , and a greater use of congregational judicial procedures to enforce a strict moral code .	a strict moral code	What was greater use of congregational judicial procedures used to enforce ?
From 1966 , Witness publications and convention talks built anticipation of the possibility that Christ 's thousand-year reign might begin in late 1975 or shortly thereafter .	Christ's thousand-year reign	From 1966 , what did Witness publications and conventions think would happen in late 1975 ?
The number of baptisms increased significantly , from about 59,000 in 1966 to more than 297,000 in 1974 .	more than 297,000	How many baptisms were there in 1974 ?
By 1975 , the number of active members exceeded two million .	two million	How many active members were there in 1975 ?
Membership declined during the late 1970s after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong .	after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong	Why did membership decline in the late 1970s ?
Watch Tower Society literature did not state dogmatically that 1975 would definitely mark the end , but in 1980 the Watch Tower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding that year .	its responsibility in building up hope	What did the Watch Tower Society admit in 1980 ?
In a major organizational overhaul in 1976 , the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished , with authority for doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the Governing Body .	president	In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished ?
The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972 , with appointments made from headquarters -LRB- and later , also by branch committees -RRB- .	1972	When was the offices of restored to the Witness congregations ?
Since Knorr 's death in 1977 , the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz -LRB- 1977 -- 1992 -RRB- and Milton Henschel -LRB- 1992 -- 2000 -RRB- , both members of the Governing Body , and since 2000 by Don A. Adams , not a member of the Governing Body .	1977	When did Knorr die ?
It was announced that , starting in September 2014 , appointments would be made by traveling overseers .	traveling overseers	Starting in September 2014 , who was responsible for making appointments in the Church ?
Since Knorr 's death in 1977 , the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz -LRB- 1977 -- 1992 -RRB- and Milton Henschel -LRB- 1992 -- 2000 -RRB- , both members of the Governing Body , and since 2000 by Don A. Adams , not a member of the Governing Body .	Don A. Adams	Who has been president of the Society since 2000 ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses are organized hierarchically , in what the leadership calls a `` theocratic organization '' , reflecting their belief that it is God 's `` visible organization '' on earth .	hierarchically	How are Jehovah Witnesses organized ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses are organized hierarchically , in what the leadership calls a `` theocratic organization '' , reflecting their belief that it is God 's `` visible organization '' on earth .	God's "visible organization"	What does the theocratic organization of Jehovah Witnesses reflect on Earth ?
The organization is led by the Governing Body -- an all-male group that varies in size , but since early 2014 has comprised seven members , -LSB- note 1 -RSB- all of whom profess to be of the `` anointed '' class with a hope of heavenly life -- based in the Watch Tower Society 's Brooklyn headquarters .	seven	How many members does the Governing Body consist of ?
The Governing Body directs several committees that are responsible for administrative functions , including publishing , assembly programs and evangelizing activities .	several committees	Who does the Governing Body direct ?
Each congregation has a body of appointed unpaid male elders and ministerial servants .	a body of appointed unpaid male elders	What does each congregation have ?
Elders maintain general responsibility for congregational governance , setting meeting times , selecting speakers and conducting meetings , directing the public preaching work , and creating `` judicial committees '' to investigate and decide disciplinary action for cases involving sexual misconduct or doctrinal breaches .	Elders	Whose responsibility is it to conduct meetings and decide action for cases involving sexual misconduct ?
New elders are appointed by a traveling overseer after recommendation by the existing body of elders .	a traveling overseer	Who appoints new elders ?
Witnesses do not use elder as a title to signify a formal clergy-laity division , though elders may employ ecclesiastical privilege such as confession of sins .	a formal clergy-laity division	What does the title of elder not signify ?
Witnesses do not use elder as a title to signify a formal clergy-laity division , though elders may employ ecclesiastical privilege such as confession of sins .	confession of sins	What ecclesiastical privilege may elders employ ?
Baptism is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah 's Witnesses .	Baptism	What is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah 's Witnesses ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses do not practice infant baptism , and previous baptisms performed by other denominations are not considered valid .	previous baptisms	What are n't considered valid when performed by other denominations ?
Individuals undergoing baptism must affirm publicly that dedication and baptism identify them `` as one of Jehovah 's Witnesses in association with God 's spirit-directed organization , '' though Witness publications say baptism symbolizes personal dedication to God and not `` to a man , work or organization . ''	God	What do Witness publications say baptism symbolizes a person 's personal dedication to ?
Their literature emphasizes the need for members to be obedient and loyal to Jehovah and to `` his organization , '' -LSB- note 2 -RSB- stating that individuals must remain part of it to receive God 's favor and to survive Armageddon .	organization	Jehovah Witnesses ' literature puts emphasis on the obedience to not only Jehovah but also to his what ?
Their literature emphasizes the need for members to be obedient and loyal to Jehovah and to `` his organization , '' -LSB- note 2 -RSB- stating that individuals must remain part of it to receive God 's favor and to survive Armageddon .	favor	Individuals must remain Jehovah Witnesses if they wish to receive what from God ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of first-century Christianity .	first-century Christianity	What do Jehovah Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of ?
Doctrines of Jehovah 's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body , which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture .	the Governing Body	Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah Witnesses ?
The Governing Body does not issue any single , comprehensive `` statement of faith '' , but prefers to express its doctrinal position in a variety of ways through publications published by the Watch Tower Society .	through publications published by the Watch Tower Society	Where does the Governing Body express its doctrinal position ?
Their publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation , in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose , and that such enlightenment or `` new light '' results from the application of reason and study , the guidance of the holy spirit , and direction from Jesus Christ and angels .	gradually	How does God reveal his will and purpose ?
The religion 's leadership , while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility , is said to provide `` divine guidance '' through its teachings described as `` based on God 's Word thus ... not from men , but from Jehovah . ''	divine guidance	What is the Jehovah Witnesses ' leadership said to provide ?
The entire Protestant canon of scripture is considered the inspired , inerrant word of God .	The entire Protestant canon	What is considered the inspired , inerrant word of God ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses consider the Bible to be scientifically and historically accurate and reliable and interpret much of it literally , but accept parts of it as symbolic .	accurate	What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the science and history within the Bible to be ?
They consider the Bible to be the final authority for all their beliefs , although sociologist Andrew Holden 's ethnographic study of the religion concluded that pronouncements of the Governing Body , through Watch Tower Society publications , carry almost as much weight as the Bible .	the Governing Body	Whose pronouncements within Jehovah Witnesses group are considered to carry almost as much weight as the Bible ?
Regular personal Bible reading is frequently recommended ; Witnesses are discouraged from formulating doctrines and `` private ideas '' reached through Bible research independent of Watch Tower Society publications , and are cautioned against reading other religious literature .	other religious literature	What are members of Jehovah Witnesses cautioned against reading ?
The religion makes no provision for members to criticize or contribute to official teachings and all Witnesses must abide by its doctrines and organizational requirements .	criticize or contribute	What is there no provision for members of the Jehovah Witnesses to do in relation to the official teachings ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God 's only direct creation , that everything else was created by means of Christ , and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God 's `` only-begotten Son '' .	Jesus	Who do Jehovah Witnesses believe is God 's only direct creation ?
Jesus served as a redeemer and a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of humanity .	the sins of humanity	What was Jesus a ransom sacrifice to pay for ?
They believe Jesus died on a single upright post rather than the traditional cross .	a single upright post	What do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus died on rather than a traditional cross ?
Jesus is considered to be the only intercessor and high priest between God and humanity , and appointed by God as the king and judge of his kingdom .	intercessor and high priest	Jesus is considered to be the only what between God and humanity ?
His role as a mediator -LRB- referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5 -RRB- is applied to the ` anointed ' class , though the ` other sheep ' are said to also benefit from the arrangement .	1 Timothy 2:5	What biblical passage outlines Jesus ' role as a mediator ?
Witnesses believe that a `` little flock '' go to heaven , but that the hope for life after death for the majority of `` other sheep '' involves being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon .	a "little flock"	Jehovah Witnesses believe who will go to heaven ?
Witnesses believe that a `` little flock '' go to heaven , but that the hope for life after death for the majority of `` other sheep '' involves being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon .	a cleansed earth	Where will God resurrected the `` other sheep '' after Armageddon ?
They interpret Revelation 14:1 -- 5 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited to exactly 144,000 , who will rule with Jesus as kings and priests over earth .	144,000	Jehovah Witnesses interrupted Revelation 14:1 -5 to limit heaven goers to exactly what number ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses teach that only they meet scriptural requirements for surviving Armageddon , but that God is the final judge .	God	Who is the final Judge of whether Jehovah Witnesses get to survive Armageddon ?
During Christ 's millennial reign , most people who died prior to Armageddon will be resurrected with the prospect of living forever ; they will be taught the proper way to worship God to prepare them for their final test at the end of the millennium .	their final test at the end of the millennium	What will people need to study for during Christ 's millennial reign ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that God 's kingdom is a literal government in heaven , ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 `` spirit-anointed '' Christians drawn from the earth , which they associate with Jesus ' reference to a `` new covenant '' .	a literal government in heaven	What do Jehovah Witnesses believe of God 's kingdom ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that God 's kingdom is a literal government in heaven , ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 `` spirit-anointed '' Christians drawn from the earth , which they associate with Jesus ' reference to a `` new covenant '' .	144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians	Who rules with Jesus Christ in heaven according to Jehovah Witnesses ?
The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth , transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death .	accomplish his original purpose for the earth	What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for ?
The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth , transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death .	a paradise without sickness or death	What will the Earth be transformed into ?
They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914 , and that Jehovah 's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth .	1914	When do Jehovah Witnesses believe the kingdom of heaven was established ?
A central teaching of Jehovah 's Witnesses is that the current world era , or `` system of things '' , entered the `` last days '' in 1914 and faces imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ , leading to deliverance for those who worship God acceptably .	1914	One of Jehovah Witnesses ' central teachings is that the world entered into its last days at what year ?
They consider all other present-day religions to be false , identifying them with `` Babylon the Great '' , or the `` harlot '' , of Revelation 17 , and believe that they will soon be destroyed by the United Nations , which they believe is represented in scripture by the scarlet-colored wild beast of Revelation chapter 17 .	false	What do Jehovah Witnesses consider all other present day religions to be ?
They consider all other present-day religions to be false , identifying them with `` Babylon the Great '' , or the `` harlot '' , of Revelation 17 , and believe that they will soon be destroyed by the United Nations , which they believe is represented in scripture by the scarlet-colored wild beast of Revelation chapter 17 .	the United Nations	Who do Jehovah Witnesses think is out to destroy them ?
Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah 's Witnesses , an action that will prompt God to begin the war of Armageddon , during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ 's `` sheep '' , or true followers , will be destroyed .	Satan	Who needs to attack Jehovah Witnesses for God to begin the war of Armageddon ?
The end result will be a fully tested , glorified human race .	a fully tested, glorified human race	What will be the end result of God 's kingdom ?
They believe Jesus ' presence includes an unknown period beginning with his inauguration as king in heaven in 1914 , and ending when he comes to bring a final judgment against humans on earth .	when he comes to bring a final judgment	When will Jesus ' presence end ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God 's kingdom in October 1914 , and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth , resulting in `` woe '' to humanity .	ousted from heaven	What happened to Satan when Jesus started his rule ?
They believe that Jesus rules invisibly , from heaven , perceived only as a series of `` signs '' .	invisibly	How do Jehovah Witnesses believe that Jesus rules ?
They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word parousia -- usually translated as `` coming '' when referring to Christ -- as `` presence '' .	"coming"	How is the Greek word parousia translated when referring to Christ ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God 's kingdom in October 1914 , and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth , resulting in `` woe '' to humanity .	October 1914	On what date do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus Christ began his rule as a king in God 's kingdom ?
Prior to 2009 , congregations met three times each week ; these meetings were condensed , with the intention that members dedicate an evening for `` family worship '' .	three times each week	How often did Jehovah Witnesses congregations meet prior to 2009 ?
Gatherings are opened and closed with kingdom songs -LRB- hymns -RRB- and brief prayers .	songs (hymns) and brief prayers	What are Jehovah Witnesses ' gatherings opened and closed with ?
Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose `` territory '' they usually reside and attend weekly services they refer to as `` meetings '' as scheduled by congregation elders .	"territory" they usually reside	How are Jehovah Witnesses assigned to congregations ?
Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose `` territory '' they usually reside and attend weekly services they refer to as `` meetings '' as scheduled by congregation elders .	meetings	What do Jehovah Witnesses refer to their weekly services as ?
Meetings for worship and study are held at Kingdom Halls , which are typically functional in character , and do not contain religious symbols .	Kingdom Halls	Where do Jehovah Witnesses meet for worship and study ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs , most notably by visiting people from house to house , distributing literature published by the Watch Tower Society in 700 languages .	their efforts to spread their beliefs	What are Jehovah Witnesses probably best known for by outsiders ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs , most notably by visiting people from house to house , distributing literature published by the Watch Tower Society in 700 languages .	700	How many languages is the Watch Tower Society literature published in ?
The objective is to start a regular `` Bible study '' with any person who is not already a member , with the intention that the student be baptized as a member of the group ; Witnesses are advised to consider discontinuing Bible studies with students who show no interest in becoming members .	start a regular "Bible study"	What is the objective of Jehovah Witnesses ' door to door ministry ?
The objective is to start a regular `` Bible study '' with any person who is not already a member , with the intention that the student be baptized as a member of the group ; Witnesses are advised to consider discontinuing Bible studies with students who show no interest in becoming members .	show no interest in becoming members	When are Jehovah Witnesses advised to discontinue Bibles studies with students ?
Baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching are termed `` irregular '' and may be counseled by elders ; those who do not submit reports for six consecutive months are termed `` inactive '' .	irregular	What are baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching termed as ?
Divorce is discouraged , and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery , which they refer to as `` a scriptural divorce '' .	discouraged	What is Jehovah Witnesses ' view of divorce ?
Divorce is discouraged , and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery , which they refer to as `` a scriptural divorce '' .	adultery	What is an acceptable grounds for divorce for a Jehovah Witness ?
If a divorce is obtained for any other reason , remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual immorality .	adulterous	What do Jehovah Witnesses considered remarriage when the reason for divorce was n't adultery ?
Extreme physical abuse , willful non-support of one 's family , and what the religion terms `` absolute endangerment of spirituality '' are considered grounds for legal separation .	legal separation	Jehovah Witnesses will allow what in the event of extreme physical abuse or absolute endangerment of spirituality ?
Formal discipline is administered by congregation elders .	congregation elders	Who administers formal discipline ?
When a baptized member is accused of committing a serious sin -- usually cases of sexual misconduct or charges of apostasy for disputing Jehovah 's Witness doctrines -- a judicial committee is formed to determine guilt , provide help and possibly administer discipline .	a judicial committee	What is formed when a baptized member is accused of doing something serious enough for Jehovah Witnesses to take notice ?
Disfellowshipping , a form of shunning , is the strongest form of discipline , administered to an offender deemed unrepentant .	Disfellowshipping	What is the strongest form of discipline the Jehovah Witnesses ' judicial committee can render ?
Members who disassociate -LRB- formally resign -RRB- are described in Watch Tower Society literature as wicked and are also shunned .	wicked	What do Jehovah Witnesses describe anyone who formally resign from the church as ?
Witnesses are taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals keeps the congregation free from immoral influence and that `` losing precious fellowship with loved ones may help -LSB- the shunned individual -RSB- to come ` to his senses , ' see the seriousness of his wrong , and take steps to return to Jehovah . ''	keeps the congregation free from immoral influence	What are Jehovah Witnesses taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals does ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions , on the basis that there can only be one truth from God , and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements .	can only be one truth from God	Why do Jehovah Witnesses believe the Bible condemns mixing of religions ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain `` separate from the world . ''	"separate from the world."	What are Jehovah Witnesses taught it 's vital to remain ?
They believe that only their religion represents true Christianity , and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed .	represents true Christianity	What do Jehovah Witnesses believe is true of their religion and their religion alone ?
Witnesses are taught that association with `` worldly '' people presents a `` danger '' to their faith , and are instructed to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality .	danger	What are Jehovah Witnesses taught association with worldly people presents to their faith ?
The Witnesses ' literature defines the `` world '' as `` the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah 's approved servants '' and teach that it is morally contaminated and ruled by Satan .	"the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants"	What does Jehovah Witnesses define the `` world '' to mean ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God 's kingdom , which is viewed as an actual government in heaven , with Christ as king .	Christ	Who is king of God 's kingdom in heaven ?
They remain politically neutral , do not seek public office , and are discouraged from voting , though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues .	neutral	What do Jehovah Witnesses remain politically ?
They remain politically neutral , do not seek public office , and are discouraged from voting , though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues .	voting	What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing ?
They do not celebrate religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter , nor do they observe birthdays , nationalistic holidays , or other celebrations they consider to honor people other than Jesus .	they consider to honor people other than Jesus	Why do Jehovah Witnesses forego religious holidays and birthdays or other celebrations ?
Their position is that these traditional holidays reflect Satan 's control over the world .	Satan's control over the world	What do Jehovah Witnesses feel all the traditional holidays reflect ?
They do not work in industries associated with the military , do not serve in the armed services , and refuse national military service , which in some countries may result in their arrest and imprisonment .	associated with the military	What industries do Jehovah Witnesses avoid working in ?
They do not work in industries associated with the military , do not serve in the armed services , and refuse national military service , which in some countries may result in their arrest and imprisonment .	their arrest and imprisonment	What may a Jehovah Witnesses ' refusal to serve in the natural military service result in , in some countries ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses see themselves as a worldwide brotherhood that transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties .	a worldwide brotherhood	What do Jehovah Witnesses see themselves as , which transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties ?
Sociologist Ronald Lawson has suggested the religion 's intellectual and organizational isolation , coupled with the intense indoctrination of adherents , rigid internal discipline and considerable persecution , has contributed to the consistency of its sense of urgency in its apocalyptic message .	Sociologist	What profession is Ronald Lawson ?
Sociologist Ronald Lawson has suggested the religion 's intellectual and organizational isolation , coupled with the intense indoctrination of adherents , rigid internal discipline and considerable persecution , has contributed to the consistency of its sense of urgency in its apocalyptic message .	intellectual and organizational isolation	What does Lawson suggest has contributed to the consistency of the sense of urgency in Jehovah Witnesses ' apocalyptic message ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions , which they consider a violation of God 's law based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28 , 29 and other scriptures .	Acts 15:28, 29	What biblical passage informs Jehovah Witnesses ' refusal of blood transfusions ?
Since 1961 the willing acceptance of a blood transfusion by an unrepentant member has been grounds for expulsion from the religion .	willing acceptance of a blood transfusion	What is grounds for expulsion from Jehovah Witnesses , since 1961 ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses accept non-blood alternatives and other medical procedures in lieu of blood transfusions , and their literature provides information about non-blood medical procedures .	non-blood alternatives	What do Jehovah Witnesses accept in lieu of blood transfusions ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses accept non-blood alternatives and other medical procedures in lieu of blood transfusions , and their literature provides information about non-blood medical procedures .	information	What does Jehovah Witnesses ' literature provide about non-blood medical procedures ?
Though Jehovah 's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions of whole blood , they may accept some blood plasma fractions at their own discretion .	blood plasma fractions	What are Jehovah Witnesses allowed to accept at their discretion ?
The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents prohibiting major blood components , in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept .	major blood components	What pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents are provided by the Watch Tower Society to prohibit ?
The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents prohibiting major blood components , in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept .	allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept	What can Jehovah 's Witnesses ' members specify on the canned legal forms from the WTS ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses have established Hospital Liaison Committees as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah 's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals .	Hospital Liaison Committees	What cooperative arrangement did Jehovah 's Witnesses establish ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses have established Hospital Liaison Committees as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah 's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals .	individual Jehovah's Witnesses	The Hospital Liaison Committees serve to bridge between hospitals , medical professionals and who ?
As of August 2015 , Jehovah 's Witnesses report an average of 8.2 million publishers -- the term they use for members actively involved in preaching -- in 118,016 congregations .	publishers	What term do Jehovah 's Witnesses use for members actively involved in preaching ?
As of August 2015 , Jehovah 's Witnesses report an average of 8.2 million publishers -- the term they use for members actively involved in preaching -- in 118,016 congregations .	8.2 million	How many publishers did the Jehovah 's Witnesses have as of August 2015 ?
As of August 2015 , Jehovah 's Witnesses report an average of 8.2 million publishers -- the term they use for members actively involved in preaching -- in 118,016 congregations .	118,016	How many congregations did the Jehovah 's Witnesses have in 2015 ?
In 2015 , these reports indicated over 1.93 billion hours spent in preaching and `` Bible study '' activity .	1.93 billion	Over how many hours had Jehovah 's Witnesses spent preaching and in `` Bible study '' activity in 2015 ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses estimate their current worldwide growth rate to be 1.5 % per year .	1.5% per year	What do Jehovah 's Witnesses their worldwide growth rate to be ?
The official published membership statistics , such as those mentioned above , include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry ; official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or others who might attend their meetings .	those who submit reports for their personal ministry	Where do the officially published membership statistics come from ?
As a result , only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah 's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered active by the faith itself .	active	Only about half all Jehovah 's Witnesses are actually considered what in the faith itself ?
The 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the religion : about 37 % of people raised in the religion continued to identify themselves as Jehovah 's Witnesses .	low	What did a 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey discover about Jehovah 's Witnesses ' retention rate ?
The 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the religion : about 37 % of people raised in the religion continued to identify themselves as Jehovah 's Witnesses .	37%	Only about what percentage of the people raised in the religion continue to identify themselves as Jehovah 's Witnesses ?
Sociologist James A. Beckford , in his 1975 study of Jehovah 's Witnesses , classified the religion 's organizational structure as Totalizing , characterized by an assertive leadership , specific and narrow objectives , control over competing demands on members ' time and energy , and control over the quality of new members .	Sociologist	What is the profession of James A. Beckford ?
Sociologist James A. Beckford , in his 1975 study of Jehovah 's Witnesses , classified the religion 's organizational structure as Totalizing , characterized by an assertive leadership , specific and narrow objectives , control over competing demands on members ' time and energy , and control over the quality of new members .	1975	When did Beckford study the Jehovah 's Witnesses ?
Sociologist James A. Beckford , in his 1975 study of Jehovah 's Witnesses , classified the religion 's organizational structure as Totalizing , characterized by an assertive leadership , specific and narrow objectives , control over competing demands on members ' time and energy , and control over the quality of new members .	Totalizing	What did Beckford classify the Jehovah 's Witnesses organizational structure as being ?
Beckford identified the religion 's chief characteristics as historicism -LRB- identifying historical events as relating to the outworking of God 's purpose -RRB- , absolutism -LRB- conviction that Jehovah 's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth -RRB- , activism -LRB- capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks -RRB- , rationalism -LRB- conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery -RRB- , authoritarianism -LRB- rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism -RRB- and world indifference -LRB- rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments -RRB- .	absolutism	What is the conviction that Jehovah 's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth ?
Beckford identified the religion 's chief characteristics as historicism -LRB- identifying historical events as relating to the outworking of God 's purpose -RRB- , absolutism -LRB- conviction that Jehovah 's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth -RRB- , activism -LRB- capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks -RRB- , rationalism -LRB- conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery -RRB- , authoritarianism -LRB- rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism -RRB- and world indifference -LRB- rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments -RRB- .	world indifference	What is the term for Jehovah 's Witnesses ' rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments ?
A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah 's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation , belief in God , importance of religion in one 's life , frequency of religious attendance , frequency of prayers , frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services , belief their prayers are answered , belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way , belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life , opposition to abortion , and opposition to homosexuality .	high school graduation	Jehovah 's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what ?
A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah 's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation , belief in God , importance of religion in one 's life , frequency of religious attendance , frequency of prayers , frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services , belief their prayers are answered , belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way , belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life , opposition to abortion , and opposition to homosexuality .	reading	Compared to other religions , Jehovah 's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services ?
A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah 's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation , belief in God , importance of religion in one 's life , frequency of religious attendance , frequency of prayers , frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services , belief their prayers are answered , belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way , belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life , opposition to abortion , and opposition to homosexuality .	Jehovah's Witnesses	What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance ?
In the study , Jehovah 's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics .	politics	Statistically , what is a Jehovah 's Witnesses likely not to care about at all ?
In the study , Jehovah 's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics .	a graduate degree	What do few Jehovah 's Witnesses earn ?
Political and religious animosity against Jehovah 's Witnesses has at times led to mob action and government oppression in various countries .	Political and religious animosity	What has at times led to immense violence against Jehovah 's Witnesses ?
Their doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during World War II and at other times where national service has been compulsory .	doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military	Why have Jehovah 's Witnesses sometimes been imprisoned ?
In 1933 , there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah 's Witnesses in Germany , of whom about 10,000 were later imprisoned .	10,000	Of the 20,000 Jehovah 's Witnesses in Germany in 1933 , how many were later imprisoned ?
Of those , 2000 were sent to Nazi concentration camps , where they were identified by purple triangles ; as many as 1200 died , including 250 who were executed .	purple triangles	What were Jehovah 's Witnesses identified by in Nazi concentration camps ?
Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries , including China , Vietnam and some Islamic states .	China, Vietnam and some Islamic states	What countries ban the religious activities of Jehovah 's Witnesses ?
Authors including William Whalen , Shawn Francis Peters and former Witnesses Barbara Grizzuti Harrison , Alan Rogerson and William Schnell have claimed the arrests and mob violence in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s were the consequence of what appeared to be a deliberate course of provocation of authorities and other religions by Jehovah 's Witnesses .	authorities and other religions	Who were Jehovah 's Witnesses accused of intentionally provoking in the 1930s and 1940s ?
Whalen , Harrison and Schnell have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for publicity purposes in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society , and to convince members that persecution from the outside world was evidence of the truth of their struggle to serve God .	Whalen, Harrison and Schnell	What authors have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for the purpose of publicity ?
Whalen , Harrison and Schnell have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for publicity purposes in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society , and to convince members that persecution from the outside world was evidence of the truth of their struggle to serve God .	evidence of the truth of their struggle	What did Rutherford hope to convince members about the persecution from the outside world ?
Watch Tower Society literature of the period directed that Witnesses should `` never seek a controversy '' nor resist arrest , but also advised members not to co-operate with police officers or courts that ordered them to stop preaching , and to prefer jail rather than pay fines .	controversy	What did Watch Tower Society literature tell Jehovah 's Witnesses they should never seek ?
Watch Tower Society literature of the period directed that Witnesses should `` never seek a controversy '' nor resist arrest , but also advised members not to co-operate with police officers or courts that ordered them to stop preaching , and to prefer jail rather than pay fines .	jail	What should a Jehovah 's Witnesses prefer to paying fines ?
In the United States , their persistent legal challenges prompted a series of state and federal court rulings that reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties .	reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties	What did Jehovah 's Witnesses persistent legal challenges result in , in the United States ?
Among the rights strengthened by Witness court victories in the United States are the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference , the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service , the right of patients to refuse medical treatment , and the right to engage in public discourse .	federal and state	What is religious conduct protected from the interference of ?
Among the rights strengthened by Witness court victories in the United States are the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference , the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service , the right of patients to refuse medical treatment , and the right to engage in public discourse .	patriotic rituals and military service	What right to abstain from do Jehovah 's Witnesses exercise ?
Among the rights strengthened by Witness court victories in the United States are the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference , the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service , the right of patients to refuse medical treatment , and the right to engage in public discourse .	medical treatment	What do patients have the right to refuse ?
Similar cases in their favor have been heard in Canada .	Canada	Where have cases in the Jehovah 's Witnesses favor been heard outside of the U.S. ?
Doctrines of Jehovah 's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body .	the Governing Body	Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah 's Witnesses ?
The religion does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices ; members who openly disagree with the religion 's teachings are expelled and shunned .	dissent	What do the Jehovah 's Witnesses religion not tolerate any of ?
The religion does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices ; members who openly disagree with the religion 's teachings are expelled and shunned .	expelled and shunned	What happens to members who disagree with the religion 's teachings ?
Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel received from the Governing Body , reasoning that it is to be trusted as part of `` God 's organization '' .	part of "God's organization"	Why should the counsel received from the Governing Body be trusted ?
It also warns members to `` avoid independent thinking '' , claiming such thinking `` was introduced by Satan the Devil '' and would `` cause division '' .	Satan the Devil	Who do Jehovah 's Witnesses believe introduced independent thinking ?
Former members Heather and Gary Botting compare the cultural paradigms of the religion to George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-four , and Alan Rogerson describes the religion 's leadership as totalitarian .	Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four	What do former Jehovah 's Witnesses members Heath and Gary Botting compare the culture of the religion to ?
Former members Heather and Gary Botting compare the cultural paradigms of the religion to George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-four , and Alan Rogerson describes the religion 's leadership as totalitarian .	Alan Rogerson	Who describes the Jehovah 's Witnesses ' leadership as being totalitarian ?
Other critics charge that by disparaging individual decision-making , the religion 's leaders cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience in which Witnesses abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives .	disparaging individual decision-making	How do the leaders of the Jehovah 's Witnesses cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience ?
Critics also accuse the religion 's leaders of exercising `` intellectual dominance '' over Witnesses , controlling information and creating `` mental isolation '' , which former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argued were all elements of mind control .	"intellectual dominance"	What do critics of the Jehovah 's Witnesses accuse the religion 's leaders of exercising over members ?
Critics also accuse the religion 's leaders of exercising `` intellectual dominance '' over Witnesses , controlling information and creating `` mental isolation '' , which former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argued were all elements of mind control .	mind control	What did former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argue the methods employed by the religion were all elements of ?
Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah 's Witness leaders are `` not always very democratic '' and that members `` are expected to conform to rather strict standards , '' but adds that `` enforcement tends to be very informal , sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group '' , and that Jehovah 's Witnesses see themselves as `` part of the power structure rather than subject to it . ''	Sociologist	What profession did Rodney Stark grow up to become ?
Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah 's Witness leaders are `` not always very democratic '' and that members `` are expected to conform to rather strict standards , '' but adds that `` enforcement tends to be very informal , sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group '' , and that Jehovah 's Witnesses see themselves as `` part of the power structure rather than subject to it . ''	"not always very democratic"	What statement does Stark make about the leaders of the Jehovah 's Witnesses ?
Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah 's Witness leaders are `` not always very democratic '' and that members `` are expected to conform to rather strict standards , '' but adds that `` enforcement tends to be very informal , sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group '' , and that Jehovah 's Witnesses see themselves as `` part of the power structure rather than subject to it . ''	"part of the power structure rather than subject to it."	How do Jehovah 's Witnesses see themselves in regards to the power structure of the church ?
Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah 's Witnesses have made an informed choice .	informed choice	Another Sociologist , Andrew Holden , feels anyone who joins a movement such as the Jehovah 's Witnesses has made a what ?
However , he also states that defectors `` are seldom allowed a dignified exit '' , and describes the administration as autocratic .	dignified exit	Holden acknowledges that defectors are seldom allowed a what from the church ?
On the other hand , in his study on nine of `` the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world '' , Bible scholar Jason BeDuhn , Professor of Religious Studies at the Northern Arizona University , wrote : `` The NW -LSB- New World Translation -RSB- emerges as the most accurate of the translations compared . ''	the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world	What is the New World Translation the most accurate translation of ?
Although the general public and many Bible scholars assume that the differences in the New World Translation are the result of religious bias on the part of its translators , BeDuhn stated : `` Most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal , conservative translation of the original expressions of the New Testament writers . ''	religious bias	What do many Bible scholars assume the differences in the New World Translation are the result of ?
Although the general public and many Bible scholars assume that the differences in the New World Translation are the result of religious bias on the part of its translators , BeDuhn stated : `` Most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal , conservative translation of the original expressions of the New Testament writers . ''	greater accuracy	BeDuhn clarifies that the differences are actually due to what ?
Although the general public and many Bible scholars assume that the differences in the New World Translation are the result of religious bias on the part of its translators , BeDuhn stated : `` Most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal , conservative translation of the original expressions of the New Testament writers . ''	literal, conservative	The NW often errs on the side of what type of translation ?
He added however that the insertion of the name Jehovah in the New Testament `` violate -LSB- s -RSB- accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions for God '' .	Jehovah	What insertion into the New Testament violates accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions ?
Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah 's Witnesses -LRB- and formerly , the International Bible Students -RRB- to declare his will and has provided advance knowledge about Armageddon and the establishment of God 's kingdom .	Jehovah's Witnesses	Who do Watch Tower Society publications claim God has used ?
-LSB- note 5 -RSB- Jehovah 's Witnesses ' publications have made various predictions about world events they believe were prophesied in the Bible .	world events	What have various Jehovah 's Witnesses ' publications made predictions about ?
Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah 's Witnesses -LRB- and formerly , the International Bible Students -RRB- to declare his will and has provided advance knowledge about Armageddon and the establishment of God 's kingdom .	to declare his will	What does God use Jehovah 's Witnesses for ?
Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah 's Witnesses -LRB- and formerly , the International Bible Students -RRB- to declare his will and has provided advance knowledge about Armageddon and the establishment of God 's kingdom .	advance knowledge about Armageddon	What has God provided to Jehovah 's Witnesses ?
Some failed predictions had been presented as `` beyond doubt '' or `` approved by God '' .	"beyond doubt"	What had some of the failed predictions of Jehovah 's Witnesses been presented as ?
George D. Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of statements about 1914 , 1925 and 1975 , the changing views and dates of the Jehovah 's Witnesses are largely attributable to changed understandings of biblical chronology than to failed predictions .	biblical chronology	What does George D. Chryssides suggest the changing views and dates of the Jehovah 's Witnesses can be attributed to changed understandings of ?
The Watch Tower Society rejects accusations that it is a false prophet , stating that its teachings are not inspired or infallible , and that it has not claimed its predictions were `` the words of Jehovah . ''	that it is a false prophet	What accusations does the Watch Tower Society reject ?
However , sociologist Andrew Holden states that since the foundation of the movement around 140 years ago , `` Witnesses have maintained that we are living on the precipice of the end of time . ''	the end of time	What have Jehovah 's Witnesses maintained we are living on the precipice of since their formation ?
However , sociologist Andrew Holden states that since the foundation of the movement around 140 years ago , `` Witnesses have maintained that we are living on the precipice of the end of time . ''	around 140 years ago	How long ago was the foundation of the Jehovah 's Witnesses movement ?
However , sociologist Andrew Holden states that since the foundation of the movement around 140 years ago , `` Witnesses have maintained that we are living on the precipice of the end of time . ''	sociologist	What profession does Andrew Holden smugly self-identify as ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses have been accused of having policies and culture that help to conceal cases of sexual abuse within the organization .	sexual abuse	What are Jehovah 's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization ?
In cases where corroboration is lacking , the Watch Tower Society 's instruction is that `` the elders will leave the matter in Jehovah 's hands '' .	Jehovah's	Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing ?
Anderson says the policies `` protect pedophiles rather than protect the children . ''	pedophiles	Who does Barbara Anderson feel the church 's policy regarding sexual abuse protects ?
Anderson says the policies `` protect pedophiles rather than protect the children . ''	children	What do Jehovah 's Witnesses maintain they want to protect ?
Jehovah 's Witnesses maintain that they have a strong policy to protect children , adding that the best way to protect children is by educating parents ; they also state that they do not sponsor activities that separate children from parents .	children from parents	Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sponsor activities when the result is the separation of whom ?
The religion 's failure to report abuse allegations to authorities has also been criticized .	abuse allegations	What has the Jehovah 's Witnesses failure to report to authorities been criticized ?
The Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse found that of 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by the Jehovah 's Witnesses within their organization since 1950 , `` not one was reported by the church to secular authorities . ''	not one	Of the 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by Jehovah 's Witnesses within their organization since 1950 , how many were reported to secular authorities ?
William Bowen , a former Jehovah 's Witness elder who established the Silentlambs organization to assist sex abuse victims within the religion , has claimed Witness leaders discourage followers from reporting incidents of sexual misconduct to authorities , and other critics claim the organization is reluctant to alert authorities in order to protect its `` crime-free '' reputation .	to protect its "crime-free" reputation	Why are the Jehovah 's Witnesses reluctant to alert authorities to abuse ?
In court cases in the United Kingdom and the United States the Watch Tower Society has been found to have been negligent in its failure to protect children from known sex offenders within the congregation and the Society has settled other child abuse lawsuits out of court , reportedly paying as much as $ 780,000 to one plaintiff without admitting wrongdoing .	negligent	What have courts in both the UK and the US found the Watch Tower Society to have been for failing to protect children from sexual predators within the congregation ?
In court cases in the United Kingdom and the United States the Watch Tower Society has been found to have been negligent in its failure to protect children from known sex offenders within the congregation and the Society has settled other child abuse lawsuits out of court , reportedly paying as much as $ 780,000 to one plaintiff without admitting wrongdoing .	as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff	How much has the Society reportedly paid to settle lawsuits without admitting any wrongdoing ?
Dwight David `` Ike '' Eisenhower -LRB- / ˈaɪzənˌhaʊ.ər / EYE-zən-HOW-ər ; October 14 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1969 -RRB- was an American politician and general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 .	Ike	What was Eisenhower 's nickname ?
Dwight David `` Ike '' Eisenhower -LRB- / ˈaɪzənˌhaʊ.ər / EYE-zən-HOW-ər ; October 14 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1969 -RRB- was an American politician and general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 .	David	What was the middle name of Dwight Eisenhower ?
Dwight David `` Ike '' Eisenhower -LRB- / ˈaɪzənˌhaʊ.ər / EYE-zən-HOW-ər ; October 14 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1969 -RRB- was an American politician and general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 .	1953	In what year did Eisenhower 's presidency begin ?
He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe .	Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe	During the Second World War , what was the highest position -LRB- not rank -RRB- Eisenhower achieved ?
He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942 -- 43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944 -- 45 from the Western Front .	Operation Torch	What was the name of the North African invasion Eisenhower oversaw ?
Eisenhower 's main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits .	keep pressure on the Soviet Union	Along with reducing the federal deficit , what was Eisenhower 's main policy priority as president ?
In the first year of his presidency , he threatened the use of nuclear weapons in an effort to conclude the Korean War ; his New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing funding for conventional military forces .	nuclear weapons	What did Eisenhower threaten to use to end the Korean War ?
He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala .	Iran	Along with Guatemala , what country 's government did Eisenhower order overthrown ?
Eisenhower refused to give major aid to help France in Vietnam .	France	What country did Eisenhower neglect to assist in their military action in Vietnam ?
Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution , which obliged the U.S. to militarily support the pro-Western Republic of China in Taiwan and continue the isolation of the People 's Republic of China .	1955	In what year was the Formosa Resolution passed ?
During the Suez Crisis of 1956 , Eisenhower condemned the Israeli , British and French invasion of Egypt , and forced them to withdraw .	British and French	Along with Israel , what countries ' armies invaded Egypt in 1956 ?
After the Soviet Union launched the world 's first artificial satellite in 1957 , Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA , which led to the space race .	1957	In what year did the Soviets launch humanity 's first artificial satellite ?
After the Soviet Union launched the world 's first artificial satellite in 1957 , Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA , which led to the space race .	NASA	What organization did Eisenhower support after the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite ?
In his January 17 , 1961 farewell address to the nation , Eisenhower expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending , particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers , and coined the term `` military -- industrial complex '' .	January 17, 1961	On what date did Eisenhower deliver his presidential farewell address ?
In 1958 , Eisenhower sent 15,000 U.S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the pro-Western government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution .	Lebanon	Where did Eisenhower send 15,000 military personnel in 1958 ?
On the domestic front , he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking the modern expanded version of executive privilege .	McCarthyism	Why political movement was named for Joseph McCarthy ?
On the domestic front , he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking the modern expanded version of executive privilege .	executive privilege	What political theory did Eisenhower use to oppose McCarthy ?
He otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President , Richard Nixon .	Nixon	Who served as Eisenhower 's vice president ?
He was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security .	moderate	What sort of conservative was Eisenhower ?
He also launched the Interstate Highway System , the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency -LRB- DARPA -RRB- , the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act , and encouraged peaceful use of nuclear power via amendments to the Atomic Energy Act .	Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency	What does DARPA stand for ?
His parents set aside specific times at breakfast and at dinner for daily family Bible reading .	Bible	What book did Eisenhower 's parents read every day ?
His mother , previously a member -LRB- with David -RRB- of the River Brethren sect of the Mennonites , joined the International Bible Students Association , later known as Jehovah 's Witnesses .	River Brethren	What Mennonite sect did Eisenhower 's mother initially belong to ?
His mother , previously a member -LRB- with David -RRB- of the River Brethren sect of the Mennonites , joined the International Bible Students Association , later known as Jehovah 's Witnesses .	Jehovah's Witnesses	What is another name for the International Bible Students Association ?
His later decision to attend West Point saddened his mother , who felt that warfare was `` rather wicked , '' but she did not overrule him .	West Point	What university did Eisenhower attend ?
He was baptized in the Presbyterian Church in 1953 .	Presbyterian	What church did Eisenhower join in 1953 ?
Eisenhower attended Abilene High School and graduated with the class of 1909 .	1909	In what year did Eisenhower graduate from high school ?
Eisenhower attended Abilene High School and graduated with the class of 1909 .	Abilene	What high school did Eisenhower go to ?
He and brother Edgar both wanted to attend college , though they lacked the funds .	Edgar	What was the name of Eisenhower 's brother ?
As a freshman , he injured his knee and developed a leg infection that extended into his groin , and which his doctor diagnosed as life-threatening .	freshman	In what year of high school did Eisenhower suffer a groin infection ?
The doctor insisted that the leg be amputated but Dwight refused to allow it , and miraculously recovered , though he had to repeat his freshman year .	freshman	What high school year did Eisenhower have to repeat ?
Edgar took the first turn at school , and Dwight was employed as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery .	night supervisor	What was Eisenhower 's job title during the first year his brother went to college ?
Edgar took the first turn at school , and Dwight was employed as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery .	Belle Springs Creamery	Where did Eisenhower work during his brother 's first year of college ?
Eisenhower requested consideration for either Annapolis or West Point with his U.S. Senator , Joseph L. Bristow .	Joseph L. Bristow	Who was Eisenhower 's senator ?
Though Eisenhower was among the winners of the entrance-exam competition , he was beyond the age limit for the Naval Academy .	beyond the age limit	Why could n't Eisenhower attend Annapolis ?
He then accepted an appointment to West Point in 1911 .	1911	In what year did Eisenhower matriculate to West Point ?
Doud Dwight `` Icky '' Eisenhower was born September 24 , 1917 , and died of scarlet fever on January 2 , 1921 , at the age of three ; Eisenhower was mostly reticent to discuss his death .	Icky	What was Doud Eisenhower 's nickname ?
Doud Dwight `` Icky '' Eisenhower was born September 24 , 1917 , and died of scarlet fever on January 2 , 1921 , at the age of three ; Eisenhower was mostly reticent to discuss his death .	scarlet fever	What killed Icky Eisenhower ?
Their second son , John Eisenhower -LRB- 1922 -- 2013 -RRB- , was born in Denver Colorado .	Denver	In what city was John Eisenhower born ?
John served in the United States Army , retired as a brigadier general , became an author and served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971 .	brigadier general	What was John Eisenhower 's final rank in the military ?
David , after whom Camp David is named , married Richard Nixon 's daughter Julie in 1968 .	Nixon	David Eisenhower married the child of what US President ?
Eisenhower was a golf enthusiast later in life , and joined the Augusta National Golf Club in 1948 .	golf	What sport did Eisenhower notably enjoy ?
He played golf frequently during and after his presidency and was unreserved in expressing his passion for the game , to the point of golfing during winter ; he ordered his golf balls painted black so he could see them better against snow on the ground .	black	What color were Eisenhower 's winter golf balls ?
He had a small , basic golf facility installed at Camp David , and became close friends with the Augusta National Chairman Clifford Roberts , inviting Roberts to stay at the White House on several occasions .	Clifford Roberts	Who was the Chairman of Augusta National and friend to Eisenhower ?
Roberts , an investment broker , also handled the Eisenhower family 's investments .	investment broker	What was Clifford Roberts by profession ?
Eisenhower was a golf enthusiast later in life , and joined the Augusta National Golf Club in 1948 .	1948	When did Eisenhower join Augusta National ?
After golf , oil painting was Eisenhower 's second hobby .	oil painting	What was Eisenhower 's favorite hobby other than golfing ?
A conservative in both art and politics , he in a 1962 speech denounced modern art as `` a piece of canvas that looks like a broken-down Tin Lizzie , loaded with paint , has been driven over it . ''	Tin Lizzie	What car did Eisenhower compare modern art to ?
Eisenhower painted about 260 oils during the last 20 years of his life to relax , mostly landscapes but also portraits of subjects such as Mamie , their grandchildren , General Montgomery , George Washington , and Abraham Lincoln .	landscapes	What was the main type of oil painting painted by Eisenhower ?
While at Columbia University , Eisenhower began the art after watching Thomas E. Stephens paint Mamie 's portrait .	Thomas E. Stephens	Who notably painted a picture of Mamie Eisenhower ?
Wendy Beckett stated that Eisenhower 's work , `` simple and earnest , rather cause us to wonder at the hidden depths of this reticent president '' .	Wendy Beckett	Who called Eisenhower 's art `` simple and earnest '' ?
Angels in the Outfield was Eisenhower 's favorite movie .	Angels in the Outfield	What was Eisenhower 's favorite film ?
His favorite reading material for relaxation were the Western novels of Zane Grey .	Zane Grey	Who was Eisenhower 's favorite author ?
His favorite reading material for relaxation were the Western novels of Zane Grey .	Western	What genre did Zane Grey write in ?
He learned poker , which he called his `` favorite indoor sport , '' in Abilene .	Abilene	Where did Eisenhower learn to play poker ?
A classmate reported that after learning to play contract bridge at West Point , Eisenhower played the game six nights a week for five months .	contract bridge	At West Point , what game did Eisenhower play six nights a week for five months ?
When the U.S. entered World War I he immediately requested an overseas assignment but was again denied and then assigned to Ft. Leavenworth , Kansas .	Ft. Leavenworth	What military installation was Eisenhower assigned to when the United States entered the First World War ?
In February 1918 he was transferred to Camp Meade in Maryland with the 65th Engineers .	65th Engineers	What unit did Eisenhower serve with at Camp Meade ?
His unit was later ordered to France but to his chagrin he received orders for the new tank corps , where he was promoted to brevet Lieutenant Colonel in the National Army .	Lieutenant Colonel	To what rank was Eisenhower brevetted after being transferred to the tank corps ?
He commanded a unit that trained tank crews at Camp Colt -- his first command -- at the site of `` Pickett 's Charge '' on the Gettysburg , Pennsylvania Civil War battleground .	Pickett's Charge	What famous military event occurred at the site of Camp Colt ?
In February 1918 he was transferred to Camp Meade in Maryland with the 65th Engineers .	Maryland	In what state was Camp Meade located ?
This time his wishes were thwarted when the armistice was signed , just a week before departure .	week	How long before Eisenhower was to be transferred to France did World War I end ?
Completely missing out on the warfront left him depressed and bitter for a time , despite being given the Distinguished Service Medal for his work at home .	Distinguished Service Medal	What decoration did Eisenhower receive as a result of his First World War service ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In World War II , rivals who had combat service in the first great war -LRB- led by Gen. Bernard Montgomery -RRB- sought to denigrate Eisenhower for his previous lack of combat duty , despite his stateside experience establishing a camp , completely equipped , for thousands of troops , and developing a full combat training schedule .	Montgomery	What notable Second World War commander disparaged Eisenhower for his lack of combat experience ?
He assumed duties again at Camp Meade , Maryland , commanding a battalion of tanks , where he remained until 1922 .	tanks	What was Eisenhower 's Camp Meade unit equipped with ?
He assumed duties again at Camp Meade , Maryland , commanding a battalion of tanks , where he remained until 1922 .	1922	When did Eisenhower leave Camp Meade ?
His new expertise in tank warfare was strengthened by a close collaboration with George S. Patton , Sereno E. Brett , and other senior tank leaders .	Sereno E. Brett	Along with Patton , who was a notable interwar tank leader ?
Their leading-edge ideas of speed-oriented offensive tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors , who considered the new approach too radical and preferred to continue using tanks in a strictly supportive role for the infantry .	supportive role for the infantry	What was the traditional doctrine on the use of tanks ?
Eisenhower was even threatened with court martial for continued publication of these proposed methods of tank deployment , and he relented .	he relented	What happened when Eisenhower was threatened with a court martial for his support for offensive tank tactics ?
He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone , where , joined by Mamie , he served until 1924 .	executive officer	What role did Eisenhower serve under Fox Conner ?
He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone , where , joined by Mamie , he served until 1924 .	Panama Canal Zone	Where did Eisenhower serve under Conner ?
Under Conner 's tutelage , he studied military history and theory -LRB- including Carl von Clausewitz 's On War -RRB- , and later cited Conner 's enormous influence on his military thinking , saying in 1962 that `` Fox Conner was the ablest man I ever knew . ''	On War	What notable military treatise was authored by von Clausewitz ?
On Conner 's recommendation , in 1925 -- 26 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers .	1925–26	During what period did Eisenhower attend the Command and General Staff College ?
On Conner 's recommendation , in 1925 -- 26 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers .	245	How many people were in Eisenhower 's class at the Command and General Staff College ?
He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing , and with the help of his brother Milton Eisenhower , then a journalist at the Agriculture Department , he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe .	Pershing	Who was the head of the American Battle Monuments Commission during this period ?
He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing , and with the help of his brother Milton Eisenhower , then a journalist at the Agriculture Department , he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe .	Agriculture	During the 1920s , for what federal department did Milton Eisenhower work ?
He then was assigned to the Army War College and graduated in 1928 .	1928	In what year did Eisenhower graduate from the Army War College ?
After a one-year assignment in France , Eisenhower served as executive officer to General George V. Mosely , Assistant Secretary of War , from 1929 to February 1933 .	Assistant Secretary of War	What was the office held by George Mosely ?
Major Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the Army Industrial College -LRB- Washington , DC -RRB- in 1933 and later served on the faculty -LRB- it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy -RRB- .	Major	What was Eisenhower 's rank in 1933 ?
His primary duty was planning for the next war , which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression .	Great Depression	What event made war planning difficult in this period ?
He then was posted as chief military aide to General MacArthur , Army Chief of Staff .	Army Chief of Staff	What position was held by General MacArthur at this point in time ?
In 1932 , he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington , D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it , he later wrote the Army 's official incident report , endorsing MacArthur 's conduct .	Bonus March	What encampment was attacked in 1932 by soldiers including Eisenhower ?
In 1932 , he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington , D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it , he later wrote the Army 's official incident report , endorsing MacArthur 's conduct .	veterans	What sort of people did the Bonus March consist of ?
Eisenhower was promoted to the rank of permanent lieutenant colonel in 1936 .	lieutenant colonel	What rank was Eisenhower promoted to in 1936 ?
Also around this time , he was offered a post by the Philippine Commonwealth Government , namely by then Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon on recommendations by MacArthur , to become the chief of police of a new capital being planned , now named Quezon City , but he declined the offer .	Manuel L. Quezon	Who was president of the Philippines circa 1939 ?
Also around this time , he was offered a post by the Philippine Commonwealth Government , namely by then Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon on recommendations by MacArthur , to become the chief of police of a new capital being planned , now named Quezon City , but he declined the offer .	Quezon City	What is the current name of the capital city that was under construction in the Philippines in 1939 ?
He also learned to fly , making a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937 and obtained his private pilot 's license in 1939 at Fort Lewis .	pilot's	What license did Eisenhower receive in 1939 ?
Also around this time , he was offered a post by the Philippine Commonwealth Government , namely by then Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon on recommendations by MacArthur , to become the chief of police of a new capital being planned , now named Quezon City , but he declined the offer .	declined	How did Eisenhower respond to the offer to become a Philippine police chief ?
Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in December 1939 and was assigned as a battalion commander and regimental executive officer of the 15th Infantry at Fort Lewis , Washington .	15th Infantry	What unit did Eisenhower serve with upon his return to the United States ?
Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in December 1939 and was assigned as a battalion commander and regimental executive officer of the 15th Infantry at Fort Lewis , Washington .	Fort Lewis	At what military installation was the 15th Infantry based ?
In March 1941 he was promoted to colonel and assigned as chief of staff of the newly activated IX Corps under Major General Kenyon Joyce .	Kenyon Joyce	In the spring of 1941 , who commanded IX Corps ?
In June 1941 , he was appointed Chief of Staff to General Walter Krueger , Commander of the 3rd Army , at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio , Texas .	San Antonio	In what city was the 3rd Army based in June of 1941 ?
After successfully participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers , he was promoted to brigadier general on October 3 , 1941 .	Louisiana Maneuvers	What event contributed to Eisenhower receiving a promotion to brigadier general ?
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington , where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany .	General Staff in	To what body was Eisenhower assigned after Pearl Harbor was attacked ?
He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division -LRB- WPD -RRB- , General Leonard T. Gerow , and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division .	Leonard T. Gerow	Who headed the WPD before Eisenhower ?
Next , he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division -LRB- which replaced WPD -RRB- under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall , who spotted talent and promoted accordingly .	Operations Division	What body replaced the War Plans Division ?
Next , he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division -LRB- which replaced WPD -RRB- under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall , who spotted talent and promoted accordingly .	Assistant Chief of Staff	What was Eisenhower 's title in the Operations Division ?
Next , he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division -LRB- which replaced WPD -RRB- under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall , who spotted talent and promoted accordingly .	George C. Marshall	Who was the Chief of Staff who promoted Eisenhower ?
At the end of May 1942 , Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold , commanding general of the Army Air Forces , to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England , Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney .	Henry H. Arnold	As of May 1942 , who commanded the Army Air Forces ?
At the end of May 1942 , Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold , commanding general of the Army Air Forces , to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England , Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney .	London	To what city did Eisenhower travel to May 1942 ?
On June 23 , 1942 , he returned to London as Commanding General , European Theater of Operations -LRB- ETOUSA -RRB- , based in London and with a house on Coombe , Kingston upon Thames , and replaced Chaney .	Commanding General, European Theater of Operations	What appointment did Eisenhower receive on June 23 , 1942 ?
At the end of May 1942 , Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold , commanding general of the Army Air Forces , to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England , Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney .	James E. Chaney	Who commanded the English theater in May 1942 ?
He was promoted to lieutenant general on July 7 .	lieutenant general	To what rank was Eisenhower promoted on July 7 , 1942 ?
In November 1942 , he was also appointed Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations -LRB- NATOUSA -RRB- through the new operational Headquarters Allied -LRB- Expeditionary -RRB- Force Headquarters -LRB- A -LRB- E -RRB- FHQ -RRB- .	Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations	What appointment did Eisenhower receive in November of 1942 ?
The campaign in North Africa was designated Operation Torch and was planned underground within the Rock of Gibraltar .	Operation Torch	What was the code name of the North African campaign ?
The campaign in North Africa was designated Operation Torch and was planned underground within the Rock of Gibraltar .	Rock of Gibraltar	At what location was the North African campaign planned ?
Eisenhower was the first non-British person to command Gibraltar in 200 years .	200	How many years before Eisenhower 's command had a non-Briton commanded Gibraltar ?
His primary objective was to move forces successfully into Tunisia , and intending to facilitate that objective , he gave his support to François Darlan as High Commissioner in North Africa , despite Darlan 's previous high offices of state in Vichy France and his continued role as commander-in-chief of the French armed forces .	Tunisia	What geographic area was the primary objective of Eisenhower ?
His primary objective was to move forces successfully into Tunisia , and intending to facilitate that objective , he gave his support to François Darlan as High Commissioner in North Africa , despite Darlan 's previous high offices of state in Vichy France and his continued role as commander-in-chief of the French armed forces .	François Darlan	Who initially served as High Commissioner of North Africa ?
Darlan was assassinated on December 24 by Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle .	Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle	Who killed François Darlan ?
Eisenhower later appointed General Henri Giraud as High Commissioner , who had been installed by the Allies as Darlan 's commander-in-chief , and who had refused to postpone the execution .	Henri Giraud	Who served as High Commissioner of North Africa after Darlan 's death ?
Darlan was assassinated on December 24 by Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle .	December 24	On what day did Darlan die ?
Operation Torch also served as a valuable training ground for Eisenhower 's combat command skills ; during the initial phase of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel 's move into the Kasserine Pass , Eisenhower created some confusion in the ranks by some interference with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates .	Generalfeldmarschall	What was Rommel 's rank ?
He also was initially indecisive in his removal of Lloyd Fredendall , commanding U.S. II Corps .	Lloyd Fredendall	Who commanded II Corps before being removed by Eisenhower ?
In February 1943 , his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British Eighth Army , commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery .	Bernard Montgomery	Who commanded the UK 's Eighth Army ?
In February 1943 , his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British Eighth Army , commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery .	February 1943	When did Eisenhower receive authority over the British Eighth Army ?
Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to become commander of NATOUSA .	NATOUSA	What did Eisenhower command after he commanded ETOUSA ?
After the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa , Eisenhower oversaw the highly successful invasion of Sicily .	Sicily	What did the Allies invade after they conquered North Africa ?
Once Mussolini , the Italian leader , had fallen in Italy , the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with Operation Avalanche .	Operation Avalanche	What was the invasion of mainland Italy called ?
But while Eisenhower argued with President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill , who both insisted on unconditional terms of surrender in exchange for helping the Italians , the Germans pursued an aggressive buildup of forces in the country -- making the job more difficult , by adding 19 divisions and initially outnumbering the Allied forces 2 to 1 ; nevertheless , the invasion of Italy was highly successful .	2 to 1	What was the initial ratio of Axis to Allied divisions in Italy ?
But while Eisenhower argued with President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill , who both insisted on unconditional terms of surrender in exchange for helping the Italians , the Germans pursued an aggressive buildup of forces in the country -- making the job more difficult , by adding 19 divisions and initially outnumbering the Allied forces 2 to 1 ; nevertheless , the invasion of Italy was highly successful .	19	How many divisions did the Germans add to Italy ?
Once Mussolini , the Italian leader , had fallen in Italy , the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with Operation Avalanche .	Mussolini	Until he was deposed , who was the leader of Italy ?
In December 1943 , President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower -- not Marshall -- would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe .	Marshall	Other than Eisenhower , who was considered for the appointment of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe ?
The following month , he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force -LRB- SHAEF -RRB- , serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945 .	Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force	What did SHAEF stand for ?
In December 1943 , President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower -- not Marshall -- would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe .	Roosevelt	Who appointed Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe ?
He was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord , the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany .	Operation Overlord	What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called ?
He was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord , the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany .	June 1944	When did Operation Overlord take place ?
Admiral Ernest J. King fought with Eisenhower over King 's refusal to provide additional landing craft from the Pacific .	Ernest J. King	Who refused to provide Eisenhower with landing craft ?
Eisenhower then designed a bombing plan in France in advance of Overlord and argued with Churchill over the latter 's concern with civilian casualties ; de Gaulle interjected that the casualties were justified in shedding the yoke of the Germans , and Eisenhower prevailed .	civilian casualties	What concern did Churchill have in regard to Eisenhower 's pre-invasion bombing plan ?
He also had to skillfully manage to retain the services of the often unruly George S. Patton , by severely reprimanding him when Patton earlier had slapped a subordinate , and then when Patton gave a speech in which he made improper comments about postwar policy .	slapped a subordinate	What did Patton do that first caused Eisenhower to reprimand him ?
His first struggles , however , were with Allied leaders and officers on matters vital to the success of the Normandy invasion ; he argued with Roosevelt over an essential agreement with De Gaulle to use French resistance forces in covert and sabotage operations against the Germans in advance of Overlord .	covert and sabotage operations	What were the French resistance to be used for in advance of the invasion of France ?
Eisenhower then designed a bombing plan in France in advance of Overlord and argued with Churchill over the latter 's concern with civilian casualties ; de Gaulle interjected that the casualties were justified in shedding the yoke of the Germans , and Eisenhower prevailed .	de Gaulle	Who was the leader of French forces in this period ?
The D-Day Normandy landings on June 6 , 1944 , were costly but successful .	June 6, 1944	When did the Normandy invasion occur ?
A month later , the invasion of Southern France took place , and control of forces in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF .	month	How long after the Normandy invasion did the landings in Southern France occur ?
From then until the end of the war in Europe on May 8 , 1945 , Eisenhower , through SHAEF , commanded all Allied forces , and through his command of ETOUSA had administrative command of all U.S. forces on the Western Front north of the Alps .	May 8, 1945	When did the war in Europe end ?
This prompted him to make a point of visiting every division involved in the invasion .	every	How many divisions involved in the Allied invasion of Europe did Eisenhower visit ?
Eisenhower 's sense of responsibility was underscored by his draft of a statement to be issued if the invasion failed .	if the invasion failed	After what possible event would the speech called one of the greatest in history have been delivered ?
Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group 's attack being made in the north , while Generals Bradley -LRB- 12th U.S. Army Group -RRB- and Devers -LRB- Sixth U.S. Army Group -RRB- insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front -LRB- respectively -RRB- .	21st Army Group	What unit did Montgomery command ?
Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group 's attack being made in the north , while Generals Bradley -LRB- 12th U.S. Army Group -RRB- and Devers -LRB- Sixth U.S. Army Group -RRB- insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front -LRB- respectively -RRB- .	Bradley	What general commanded the 12th US Army Group ?
Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group 's attack being made in the north , while Generals Bradley -LRB- 12th U.S. Army Group -RRB- and Devers -LRB- Sixth U.S. Army Group -RRB- insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front -LRB- respectively -RRB- .	south	What geographic portion of the front did the Sixth US Army Group operate on ?
Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group 's attack being made in the north , while Generals Bradley -LRB- 12th U.S. Army Group -RRB- and Devers -LRB- Sixth U.S. Army Group -RRB- insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front -LRB- respectively -RRB- .	Devers	Who was the Sixth US Army Group 's commander ?
However , due to Eisenhower 's persistence , the pivotal supply port at Antwerp was successfully , albeit belatedly , opened in late 1944 , and victory became a more distinct probability .	Antwerp	What supply port was opened late in 1944 ?
In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command , on December 20 , 1944 , he was promoted to General of the Army , equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies .	Field Marshal	What European rank was equivalent to that of General of the Army ?
In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command , on December 20 , 1944 , he was promoted to General of the Army , equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies .	December 20, 1944	On what date did Eisenhower receive his General of the Army appointment ?
He had serious disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy , but these rarely upset his relationships with them .	Churchill	Along with Montgomery , with whom did Eisenhower disagree on strategy ?
He dealt with Soviet Marshal Zhukov , his Russian counterpart , and they became good friends .	Zhukov	What Soviet military leader was a counterpart of Eisenhower ?
He interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill , Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle .	General	What rank was held by de Gaulle ?
The Germans launched a surprise counter offensive , in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 , which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Air Force to engage .	December 1944	When did the Battle of the Bulge begin ?
The British wanted Berlin , but Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin , and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit .	Berlin	What German city did the British wish to conquer ?
The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt , Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon .	Stalin	Along with Roosevelt and Churchill , what political leader decided upon the division of Germany ?
The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in a very large-scale bloody battle , and the Germans finally surrendered on May 7 , 1945 .	Soviet	What nation 's military conquered Berlin ?
The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in a very large-scale bloody battle , and the Germans finally surrendered on May 7 , 1945 .	May 7, 1945	What date saw the surrender of Nazi Germany ?
Following the German unconditional surrender , Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone , based at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main .	Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone	What was Eisenhower 's title after Germany 's surrender ?
Following the German unconditional surrender , Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone , based at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main .	IG Farben Building	In what structure was Eisenhower 's headquarters in the US Occupation Zone ?
Following the German unconditional surrender , Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone , based at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main .	Frankfurt am Main	In what city was the headquarters of the US Occupation Zone located ?
He had no responsibility for the other three zones , controlled by Britain , France and the Soviet Union , except for the city of Berlin , which was managed by the Four-Power Authorities through the Allied Kommandatura as the governing body .	Britain, France and the Soviet Union	Aside from the US , what other countries had occupation zones in Germany ?
He reclassified German prisoners of war -LRB- POWs -RRB- in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces -LRB- DEFs -RRB- , who were no longer subject to the Geneva Convention .	Geneva Convention	What agreement was not applicable to Disarmed Enemy Forces ?
In November 1945 , Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army .	Marshall	Who was Chief of Staff of the Army before Eisenhower ?
His main role was rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers , a slow job that was delayed by lack of shipping .	millions	About how many soldiers demobilized after the war ended ?
However , in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets , Truman was guided by the U.S. State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the Pentagon .	Truman	What president ignored Eisenhower 's recommendations in regard to atomic weapons ?
Indeed , Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese , writing , `` First , the Japanese were ready to surrender and it was n't necessary to hit them with that awful thing .	opposed	What was Eisenhower 's position on the use of nuclear weapons against Japan ?
He even visited Warsaw in 1945 .	Warsaw	What city did Eisenhower notably visit in 1945 ?
In June 1943 a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become President of the United States after the war .	June 1943	When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president ?
As others asked him about his political future , Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job `` from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe '' , and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions .	Grand High Supreme King of the Universe	Along with dogcatcher , what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for ?
As others asked him about his political future , Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job `` from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe '' , and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions .	Army Chief of Staff	What role did Eisenhower believe he could not fulfill if he was believed to want to become involved in politics ?
In 1945 Truman told Eisenhower during the Potsdam Conference that if desired , the president would help the general win the 1948 election , and in 1947 he offered to run as Eisenhower 's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination .	MacArthur	What general was considered a potential Republican presidential candidate in 1948 ?
In 1945 Truman told Eisenhower during the Potsdam Conference that if desired , the president would help the general win the 1948 election , and in 1947 he offered to run as Eisenhower 's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination .	Potsdam Conference	At what meeting did Truman tell Eisenhower that he would assist him in running for president ?
In January 1948 , after learning of plans in New Hampshire to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming Republican National Convention , Eisenhower stated through the Army that he was `` not available for and could not accept nomination to high political office '' ; `` life-long professional soldiers '' , he wrote , `` in the absence of some obvious and overriding reason , -LSB- should -RSB- abstain from seeking high political office '' .	New Hampshire	What state 's delegates were considering supporting Eisenhower in 1948 ?
Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president ; Republican Thomas E. Dewey was considered the other probable winner , would presumably serve two terms , and Eisenhower , at age 66 in 1956 , would then be too old .	66	How old would Eisenhower be in 1956 ?
Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president ; Republican Thomas E. Dewey was considered the other probable winner , would presumably serve two terms , and Eisenhower , at age 66 in 1956 , would then be too old .	too old	Why was it unlikely that Eisenhower would run for president in 1956 ?
Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president ; Republican Thomas E. Dewey was considered the other probable winner , would presumably serve two terms , and Eisenhower , at age 66 in 1956 , would then be too old .	Thomas E. Dewey	Who was it assumed would win the election of 1948 ?
In 1948 , Eisenhower became President of Columbia University , an Ivy League university in New York City .	President of Columbia University	What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948 ?
In 1948 , Eisenhower became President of Columbia University , an Ivy League university in New York City .	New York City	Where is Columbia University located ?
During that year Eisenhower 's memoir , Crusade in Europe , was published .	Crusade in Europe	What was the title of Eisenhower 's memoir ?
In 1948 , Eisenhower became President of Columbia University , an Ivy League university in New York City .	Ivy League	What group of schools did Columbia University belong to ?
Eisenhower 's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer , but rather , marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences , and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $ 635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate .	Department of the Treasury	What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer ?
Eisenhower 's stint as the president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations , a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan , and The American Assembly , Eisenhower 's `` vision of a great cultural center where business , professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature '' .	Council on Foreign Relations	While Eisenhower was president of Columbia , what group did he also work with ?
His biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook suggested that this period served as `` the political education of General Eisenhower '' , since he had to prioritize wide-ranging educational , administrative , and financial demands for the university .	biographer	What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower ?
Eisenhower 's stint as the president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations , a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan , and The American Assembly , Eisenhower 's `` vision of a great cultural center where business , professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature '' .	professional	Along with business and government , what leaders did Eisenhower see meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations ?
Through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations , he also gained exposure to economic analysis , which would become the bedrock of his understanding in economic policy .	economic	What sort of analysis did Eisenhower first experience with the Council on Foreign Relations ?
Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university , Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services .	Secretary of Defense	What position was held by James Forrestal ?
About six months after his appointment , he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington .	Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff	What position did Eisenhower informally hold ?
Two months later he fell ill , and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club .	Augusta National Golf Club	After becoming sick , where did Eisenhower recover ?
Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape , he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950 , building financial support from Columbia Associates , an alumni association .	Columbia Associates	What was the name of Columbia University 's alumni association ?
He returned to his post in New York in mid-May , and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state .	July 1949	When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York ?
The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower 's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency .	American Assembly	Aside from his university work , where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts ?
Meanwhile , Columbia University 's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president 's ties to oilmen and businessmen , including Leonard McCollum , the president of Continental Oil ; Frank Abrams , the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey ; Bob Kleberg , the president of the King Ranch ; H. J. Porter , a Texas oil executive ; Bob Woodruff , the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation ; and Clarence Francis , the chairman of General Foods .	Leonard McCollum	What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to ?
Meanwhile , Columbia University 's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president 's ties to oilmen and businessmen , including Leonard McCollum , the president of Continental Oil ; Frank Abrams , the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey ; Bob Kleberg , the president of the King Ranch ; H. J. Porter , a Texas oil executive ; Bob Woodruff , the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation ; and Clarence Francis , the chairman of General Foods .	liberal	What was the political orientation of Columbia 's teachers ?
Meanwhile , Columbia University 's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president 's ties to oilmen and businessmen , including Leonard McCollum , the president of Continental Oil ; Frank Abrams , the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey ; Bob Kleberg , the president of the King Ranch ; H. J. Porter , a Texas oil executive ; Bob Woodruff , the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation ; and Clarence Francis , the chairman of General Foods .	New Jersey	What state was Frank Abrams ' oil company located in ?
Meanwhile , Columbia University 's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president 's ties to oilmen and businessmen , including Leonard McCollum , the president of Continental Oil ; Frank Abrams , the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey ; Bob Kleberg , the president of the King Ranch ; H. J. Porter , a Texas oil executive ; Bob Woodruff , the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation ; and Clarence Francis , the chairman of General Foods .	Texas	From where did H.J. Porter hale ?
The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower 's resignation in December 1950 , when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -LRB- NATO -RRB- , and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe .	December 1950	When was Eisenhower 's resignation of Columbia turned down ?
The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower 's resignation in December 1950 , when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -LRB- NATO -RRB- , and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe .	Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization	What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia ?
Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31 , 1952 , and he resumed his presidency of Columbia .	May 31, 1952	On what date did Eisenhower leave active duty in the military ?
He held this position until January 20 , 1953 , when he became the President of the United States .	President of the United States	What job did Eisenhower hold after his second tenure as president of Columbia ?
He held this position until January 20 , 1953 , when he became the President of the United States .	January 20, 1953	When did Eisenhower become President of the United States ?
President Truman , symbolizing a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president , again in 1951 pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat .	Truman	Who was President of the United States prior to Eisenhower ?
It was at this time that Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the Democratic party and declared himself and his family to be Republicans .	Democratic	Truman wanted Eisenhower to run for the presidency as a member of what party ?
A `` Draft Eisenhower '' movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert A. Taft .	Robert A. Taft	Who did the Republicans want to block with an Eisenhower candidacy in 1952 ?
A `` Draft Eisenhower '' movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert A. Taft .	Senator	What was Taft 's political office ?
Henry Cabot Lodge , who served as his campaign manager , and others succeeded in convincing him , and in June 1952 he resigned his command at NATO to campaign full-time .	Henry Cabot Lodge	Who was Eisenhower 's campaign manager in 1952 ?
In the general election , against the advice of his advisors , Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South , refusing to surrender the region to the Democratic Party .	South	In what part of the country , previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates , did Eisenhower campaign ?
The campaign strategy , dubbed `` K1C2 '' , was to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues : Korea , Communism and corruption .	corruption	Along with Korea and Communism , what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on ?
The campaign strategy , dubbed `` K1C2 '' , was to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues : Korea , Communism and corruption .	K1C2	What was the strategy called that was used by Eisenhower 's campaign ?
In an effort to accommodate the right , he stressed that the liberation of Eastern Europe should be by peaceful means only ; he also distanced himself from his former boss President Truman .	peaceful means	How did Eisenhower claim Eastern Europe should be liberated ?
The second issue centered on Eisenhower 's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance .	Wisconsin	What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy ?
Just two weeks prior to the election , Eisenhower vowed to go to Korea and end the war there .	Korea	Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war ?
One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust .	a secret trust	During the campaign , from where was it claimed Nixon had received money improperly ?
He promised to maintain a strong commitment against Communism while avoiding the topic of NATO ; finally , he stressed a corruption-free , frugal administration at home .	NATO	What topic did Eisenhower not discuss during the campaign ?
Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century , and at age 62 , was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 -LRB- President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier -RRB- .	19th	In what century was Eisenhower born ?
Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century , and at age 62 , was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 -LRB- President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier -RRB- .	James Buchanan	Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower ?
Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency -LRB- The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor , Ulysses S. Grant , William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover -RRB- .	did not have prior elected office	What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor , Grant , Taft and Hoover ?
Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency -LRB- The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor , Ulysses S. Grant , William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover -RRB- .	never	How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president ?
Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century , and at age 62 , was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 -LRB- President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier -RRB- .	64	How old was Truman in 1948 ?
After selecting his budget director , Joseph M. Dodge , Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments .	Joseph M. Dodge	Who was Eisenhower 's budget director ?
After selecting his budget director , Joseph M. Dodge , Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments .	Herbert Brownell	Along with Lucius Clay , who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments ?
He accepted their recommendations without exception ; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships , and one woman , Oveta Culp Hobby .	Oveta Culp Hobby	What woman was a member of Eisenhower 's cabinet ?
He accepted their recommendations without exception ; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships , and one woman , Oveta Culp Hobby .	John Foster Dulles	Along with George Humphrey , what cabinet official did Eisenhower have a close relationship with ?
Eisenhower 's cabinet , consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader , was dubbed by one journalist , `` Eight millionaires and a plumber . ''	Eight millionaires and a plumber	What quip was used to describe Eisenhower 's cabinet ?
Prior to his inauguration , Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues ; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term , to bring the Korean War to an end , to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent , and to end price and wage controls .	Korean	What war did Eisenhower want to end as president ?
Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952 ; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy .	pre-inaugural	What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever ?
Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952 ; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy .	Russia	Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower 's first cabinet meeting ?
His inaugural address , as well , was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy , as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations .	foreign	What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower 's inaugural address ?
A self-described `` progressive conservative , '' he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation , especially Social Security .	progressive conservative	How did Eisenhower describe his political views ?
He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency , the Department of Health , Education and Welfare , while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers .	ten million	How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower ?
A self-described `` progressive conservative , '' he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation , especially Social Security .	Social Security	What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support ?
He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency , the Department of Health , Education and Welfare , while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers .	Department of Health, Education and Welfare	What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of ?
He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years , which had not been completed under Truman .	integration	What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion ?
If the right wing wants a fight , they are going to get it ... before I end up , either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I wo n't be with them anymore . ''	right	What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to ?
As the 1954 congressional elections approached , and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses , Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses , and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP .	1954	In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president ?
Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate , progressive Republican : `` I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country .	moderate, progressive	What type of Republican did Eisenhower characterize himself as ?
As the 1954 congressional elections approached , and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses , Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses , and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP .	Republicans	Prior to the 1954 elections , who had majorities in Congress ?
Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term , but as with other decisions , he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again .	one	Upon election , how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve ?
During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955 , he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP 's potential candidates ; the group , in addition to his doctor , concluded a second term was well advised , and he announced in February 1956 he would run again .	1955	In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack ?
During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955 , he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP 's potential candidates ; the group , in addition to his doctor , concluded a second term was well advised , and he announced in February 1956 he would run again .	February 1956	When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term ?
He personally favored Robert B. Anderson , a Democrat , who rejected his offer ; Eisenhower then resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party .	Robert B. Anderson	Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate ?
In 1956 , Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide , with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6 % of the popular vote .	Adlai Stevenson	Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election ?
Eisenhower 's goal to create improved highways was influenced by difficulties encountered during his involvement in the U.S. Army 's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy .	the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy	What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US ?
His subsequent experience with encountering German autobahn limited-access road systems during the concluding stages of World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System .	autobahn	What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways ?
The legislation initially stalled in the Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project , but the legislative effort was renewed and the law was signed by Eisenhower in June 1956 .	June 1956	When did Eisenhower sign the law to create the Interstate Highway System ?
Noticing the improved ability to move logistics throughout the country , he thought an Interstate Highway System in the U.S. would not only be beneficial for military operations , but provide a measure of continued economic growth .	economic growth	Along with military benefits , what did Eisenhower see as the benefit of the highway project ?
The legislation initially stalled in the Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project , but the legislative effort was renewed and the law was signed by Eisenhower in June 1956 .	issuance of bonds to finance the project	Why did Congress hold up the highway bill ?
In 1953 , the Republican Party 's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch ; however , the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point .	Yalta	What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon ?
In 1953 , the Republican Party 's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch ; however , the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point .	beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch	Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements ?
In 1953 , the Republican Party 's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch ; however , the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point .	Joseph Stalin	What world leader died in March of 1953 ?
At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for Peace speech in which he attempted , unsuccessfully , to forestall the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting multiple opportunities presented by peaceful uses of nuclear materials .	Chance for Peace	What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died ?
Biographer Stephen Ambrose opined that this was the best speech of Eisenhower 's presidency .	Stephen Ambrose	Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president ?
Indeed , Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons , while reducing conventional forces , and with them the overall defense budget , a policy formulated as a result of Project Solarium and expressed in NSC 162/2 .	conventional forces	What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles ?
This approach became known as the `` New Look '' , and was initiated with defense cuts in late 1953 .	New Look	What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called ?
This approach became known as the `` New Look '' , and was initiated with defense cuts in late 1953 .	1953	When did Eisenhower begin to cut the defense budget ?
Indeed , Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons , while reducing conventional forces , and with them the overall defense budget , a policy formulated as a result of Project Solarium and expressed in NSC 162/2 .	Project Solarium	Along with NSC 162/2 , what influenced the development of the New Look policy ?
The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections .	refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections	Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955 ?
In talks located in London that year , they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections ; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower , when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections .	London	In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955 ?
In talks located in London that year , they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections ; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower , when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections .	Eisenhower	Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks ?
In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria , and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S. , U.K. and France .	Austria	In May of 1955 , a treaty was signed giving independence to what country ?
At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called `` Open Skies '' to facilitate disarmament , which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other 's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure .	Open Skies	What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called ?
Likewise , the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico .	Mexico	What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala ?
In 1954 , Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America .	Southeast Asia	The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region ?
In 1954 , Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America .	1954	In what year was Eisenhower 's EDC rejected ?
As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC , he afterwards moved to restore West Germany , as a full NATO partner .	West Germany	What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC ?
He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam , this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism , from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India .	Vietnam	According to Eisenhower , all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country ?
With Eisenhower 's leadership and Dulles ' direction , CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries ; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax , of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess , and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo -LRB- Léopoldville -RRB- .	Dulles	Who was the director of the CIA ?
With Eisenhower 's leadership and Dulles ' direction , CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries ; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax , of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess , and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo -LRB- Léopoldville -RRB- .	Operation Ajax	What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government ?
With Eisenhower 's leadership and Dulles ' direction , CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries ; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax , of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess , and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo -LRB- Léopoldville -RRB- .	Pbsuccess	What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government ?
With Dulles ' recommendation , he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2 's at a cost of $ 35 million .	Lockheed	What company made the U-2 ?
The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba , which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out . ''	John F. Kennedy	Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place ?
Over New York City in 1953 , Eastern Airlines Flight 8610 , a commercial flight , had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610 , a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II , while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower .	Lockheed C-121 Constellation	What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610 ?
Over New York City in 1953 , Eastern Airlines Flight 8610 , a commercial flight , had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610 , a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II , while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower .	Eastern Airlines Flight 8610	What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610 ?
This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One , to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft .	Air Force One	What call sign does an Air Force aircraft have when a president is traveling on it ?
Over New York City in 1953 , Eastern Airlines Flight 8610 , a commercial flight , had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610 , a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II , while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower .	Columbine II	What was the name of the Lockheed C-121 Constellation that carried Eisenhower ?
Over New York City in 1953 , Eastern Airlines Flight 8610 , a commercial flight , had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610 , a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II , while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower .	1953	In what year was Eisenhower involved in an incident while flying ?
On the whole , Eisenhower 's support of the nation 's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957 , gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world .	Soviet launch of Sputnik	What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program ?
His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory , created NASA as a civilian space agency , signed a landmark science education law , and fostered improved relations with American scientists .	illegal	What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers ?
His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory , created NASA as a civilian space agency , signed a landmark science education law , and fostered improved relations with American scientists .	Project Genetrix	Along with the U-2 flyovers , what did Eisenhower try to legitimize with the Open Skies Policy ?
His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory , created NASA as a civilian space agency , signed a landmark science education law , and fostered improved relations with American scientists .	NASA	What was the name of the civilian space agency created by Eisenhower ?
His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory , created NASA as a civilian space agency , signed a landmark science education law , and fostered improved relations with American scientists .	American scientists	With whom did Eisenhower try to improve relations ?
Once in office , when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary , he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded .	Kaesong sanctuary	Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House ?
Once in office , when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary , he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded .	use nuclear force	What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea ?
The National Security Council , the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and the Strategic Air Command -LRB- SAC -RRB- devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China .	National Security Council	Along with the Joint Chiefs and SAC , what body was involved with formulating plans for nuclear war with China ?
With the death of Stalin in early March 1953 , Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue .	death of Stalin	What event led to decreased Russian support for China ?
The National Security Council , the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and the Strategic Air Command -LRB- SAC -RRB- devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China .	Strategic Air Command	What was SAC an abbreviation of ?
In July 1953 , an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950 .	1950	The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line ?
In July 1953 , an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950 .	July	In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being ?
The armistice , concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles , South Korean President Syngman Rhee , and also within Eisenhower 's party , has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration .	Syngman Rhee	Who was the President of South Korea at the time of the armistice ?
The armistice , concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles , South Korean President Syngman Rhee , and also within Eisenhower 's party , has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration .	Secretary Dulles	What American official notably opposed the armistice ?
The armistice , concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles , South Korean President Syngman Rhee , and also within Eisenhower 's party , has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration .	Ambrose	Who described the armistice as Eisenhower 's greatest presidential accomplishment ?
In November 1956 , Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British , French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis , receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser .	French	Along with the British and Israelis , what forces invaded Egypt in 1956 ?
In November 1956 , Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British , French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis , receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser .	Suez Crisis	What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to ?
In November 1956 , Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British , French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis , receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser .	Gamal Abdel Nasser	Who was the leader of Egypt at the time of the Suez Crisis ?
Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 .	Soviet	Who invaded Hungary in 1956 ?
Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs , which were published in 1965 .	1965	What year saw the publication of Eisenhower 's memoirs ?
Early in 1953 , the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists , supplied from China , who were fighting the First Indochina War .	First Indochina War	What war was being fought by France in 1953 ?
Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. `` Iron Mike '' O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there .	Iron Mike	What was John W. O'Daniel 's nickname ?
Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary .	Matthew Ridgway	Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam ?
Early in 1953 , the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists , supplied from China , who were fighting the First Indochina War .	China	Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France ?
Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary .	massive	How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam ?
Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel .	non-combat personnel	Aside from bombers , what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French ?
After a few months with no success by the French , he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes .	napalm	What did American bombers drop on Vietnam ?
When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954 , Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs , the Vice President and the head of NCS .	May 1954	When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists ?
When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954 , Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs , the Vice President and the head of NCS .	Chairman of the Joint Chiefs	Along with the Vice President and NCS head , who urged Eisenhower to intervene after the fall of Dien Bien Phu ?
Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet -- allied participation and congressional approval .	allied participation and congressional approval	What arguably impossible conditions did Eisenhower set for further intervention on behalf of the French ?
Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO -LRB- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization -RRB- Alliance with the U.K. , France , New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism .	Southeast Asia Treaty Organization	What is SEATO ?
Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO -LRB- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization -RRB- Alliance with the U.K. , France , New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism .	New Zealand and Australia	Along with the United States , the United Kingdom and France , who formed SEATO ?
Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO -LRB- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization -RRB- Alliance with the U.K. , France , New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism .	defense of Vietnam against communism	What was the purpose of SEATO ?
After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam , Eisenhower rejected the agreement , offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam .	Communists	What group did France split Vietnam with ?
At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks ; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer .	Chinese	Who met in peace talks with France at Geneva ?
In late 1954 , Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to `` Free Vietnam '' -LRB- the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955 -RRB- , effectively elevating the country to sovereign status .	Free Vietnam	What was South Vietnam called in 1955 ?
In late 1954 , Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to `` Free Vietnam '' -LRB- the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955 -RRB- , effectively elevating the country to sovereign status .	J. Lawton Collins	Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam ?
In February 1955 , Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem 's army .	February 1955	When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vietnam ?
Collins ' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism , by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign .	Ngo Dinh Diem	Who was the leader of South Vietnam in 1954 ?
After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam -LRB- RVN , commonly known as South Vietnam -RRB- in October , Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military , economic , and technical assistance .	Republic of Vietnam	Along with Free Vietnam , what was another term for South Vietnam ?
In May 1957 Diem , then President of South Vietnam , made a state visit to the United States for ten days .	ten	How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957 ?
President Eisenhower pledged his continued support , and a parade was held in Diem 's honor in New York City .	New York City	Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam ?
In the years that followed , Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men .	900	How many soldiers did Eisenhower ultimately send to Vietnam ?
Although Diem was publicly praised , in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives .	John Foster Dulles	Who was Secretary of State in 1957 ?
Although Diem was publicly praised , in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives .	there were no better alternatives	According to Dulles , why was Diem made president of Vietnam ?
On May 1 , 1960 , a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace .	May 1, 1960	When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union ?
The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East -- West summit conference , which had been scheduled in Paris , 15 days later .	East–West summit conference	What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of ?
Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil .	Captain	What was the rank of the pilot of the downed U-2 ?
The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East -- West summit conference , which had been scheduled in Paris , 15 days later .	Paris	Where was the East-West summit to have taken place ?
As a result , the Eisenhower Administration , thinking the pilot had died in the crash , authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a `` weather research aircraft '' which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed `` difficulties with his oxygen equipment '' while flying over Turkey .	weather research aircraft	What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as ?
As a result , the Eisenhower Administration , thinking the pilot had died in the crash , authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a `` weather research aircraft '' which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed `` difficulties with his oxygen equipment '' while flying over Turkey .	Turkey	Where did the Eisenhower administration say that the downed U-2 was intended to be flying ?
As a result , the Eisenhower Administration , thinking the pilot had died in the crash , authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a `` weather research aircraft '' which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed `` difficulties with his oxygen equipment '' while flying over Turkey .	oxygen equipment	According to the cover story , what did the `` weather research '' pilot have trouble with ?
The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2 , which had been recovered almost fully intact .	trial	What happened to Powers in the Soviet Union ?
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a `` spy-plane '' had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot .	spy-plane	What did Khrushchev refer to the U-2 as ?
The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower , Nikita Khrushchev , Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident .	Nikita Khrushchev	Along with Eisenhower , Macmillan and de Gaulle , what leader attended the Four Powers Paris Summit ?
Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev 's demands that he apologize .	apologize	What did Khrushchev demand that Eisenhower do ?
Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit .	Berlin	Along with reducing nuclear weapons , what was to have been the topic of conversation at the Four Power Paris Summit ?
Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that `` stupid U-2 business '' .	stupid U-2 business	What did Eisenhower blame for ruining the summit ?
The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower , Nikita Khrushchev , Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident .	1960	In what year was the Four Power Paris Summit intended to take place ?
While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948 , actual implementation had been slow .	Truman	Which president initially began to desegregate the US military ?
While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948 , actual implementation had been slow .	1948	When did the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces begin ?
Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953 , saying `` I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia , including the Federal Government , and any segregation in the Armed Forces '' .	February 1953	When did Eisenhower deliver his first State of the Union ?
When he encountered opposition from the services , he used government control of military spending to force the change through , stating `` Wherever Federal Funds are expended ... , I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds '' .	military spending	What control did Eisenhower use to push through desegregation ?
Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953 , saying `` I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia , including the Federal Government , and any segregation in the Armed Forces '' .	District of Columbia	In what geographical area did Eisenhower promise to end desegregation in his State of the Union address ?
Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children .	school children	Who did Eisenhower tell DC officials to integrate ?
He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law .	Civil Rights Act of 1957	What was the first civil rights act proposed to Congress by Eisenhower ?
He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law .	1960	In what year did Eisenhower propose his second civil rights act ?
The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights .	Civil Rights Commission	What sort of commission did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 establish ?
The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights .	Justice	Under the Civil Rights Act of 1957 , what federal department contained a civil rights office ?
In 1957 , the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision .	Arkansas	What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957 ?
When Faubus balked , the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division .	101st Airborne Division	What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation ?
When Faubus balked , the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division .	Arkansas National Guard	What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957 ?
Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order .	Orval Faubus	Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957 ?
They escorted and protected nine black students ' entry to Little Rock Central High School , an all-white public school , for the first time since the Reconstruction Era .	nine	How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School ?
In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections .	1953	In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists ?
Nevertheless , he refused .	he refused	What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy 's accusations ?
To facilitate relations with Congress , Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy 's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House .	facilitate relations with Congress	Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy ?
Among Ike 's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission -LRB- AEC -RRB- into McCarthy 's witch hunt for communists , which would interfere with , and perhaps delay , the AEC 's important work on H-bombs .	Atomic Energy Commission	What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy 's targets ?
Among Ike 's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission -LRB- AEC -RRB- into McCarthy 's witch hunt for communists , which would interfere with , and perhaps delay , the AEC 's important work on H-bombs .	H-bombs	What was the AEC working on at this time ?
The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC , J. Robert Oppenheimer , had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed .	J. Robert Oppenheimer	What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb ?
Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance , though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy .	removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance	What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed ?
In May 1955 , McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel .	issue subpoenas to White House personnel	What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955 ?
This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting , and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege .	executive privilege	What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower 's reaction to McCarthy 's subpoena threats ?
Eisenhower was furious , and issued an order as follows : `` It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications , or any documents or reproductions , concerning such advice be disclosed . ''	Executive	Eisenhower denied McCarthy access to the personnel of what branch of the federal government ?
The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election .	Democrats	Who won a Senate majority in 1954 ?
Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson -LRB- later U.S. president -RRB- in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House , both from Texas .	Sam Rayburn	After the 1954 election , who was the Speaker of the House ?
Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson -LRB- later U.S. president -RRB- in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House , both from Texas .	Lyndon B. Johnson	Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 election ?
Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson -LRB- later U.S. president -RRB- in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House , both from Texas .	Texas	What state were Johnson and Rayburn from ?
Joe Martin , the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955 , wrote that Eisenhower `` never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill .	Joe Martin	Who was Speaker of the House between 1953 and 1955 ?
Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress , with results , `` often the reverse of what he has desired '' because Members of Congress , `` resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them ` The Chief wants this ' .	worked too much through subordinates	What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress ?
Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress , with results , `` often the reverse of what he has desired '' because Members of Congress , `` resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them ` The Chief wants this ' .	reverse of what he has desired	As a result of Eisenhower 's actions toward Congress , what did Martin think Congress often gave him ?
The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking . ''	Republicans of consequence	Who did Martin think Eisenhower should have made better use of ?
Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans , while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism .	Republicans	What were Harlan and Stewart 's party affiliations ?
Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans , while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism .	Democrat	What party did Brennan belong to ?
In selecting a Chief Justice , Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives , noting privately that Warren `` represents the kind of political , economic , and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity , uprightness , and courage that , again , I believe we need on the Court '' .	Warren	Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice ?
In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court .	liberal	What sort of decisions did Warren favor on the Supreme Court ?
In selecting a Chief Justice , Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives , noting privately that Warren `` represents the kind of political , economic , and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity , uprightness , and courage that , again , I believe we need on the Court '' .	law-and-order conservatives	Along with liberals , who was Eisenhower trying to appeal to with the Warren pick ?
Eisenhower began smoking cigarettes at West Point , often two or three packs a day .	West Point	Where did Eisenhower pick up the habit of smoking ?
Eisenhower began smoking cigarettes at West Point , often two or three packs a day .	two or three packs	How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point ?
Eisenhower stated that he `` gave -LSB- himself -RSB- an order '' to stop cold turkey in March 1949 while at Columbia .	March 1949	When did Eisenhower stop smoking completely ?
Eisenhower stated that he `` gave -LSB- himself -RSB- an order '' to stop cold turkey in March 1949 while at Columbia .	Columbia	Who was Eisenhower 's employer when he gave up smoking ?
He was treated by Dr. Paul Dudley White , a cardiologist with a national reputation , who regularly informed the press of the President 's progress .	Paul Dudley White	Who was the cardiologist who treated Eisenhower after his heart attack ?
As a consequence of his heart attack , Eisenhower developed a left ventricular aneurysm , which was in turn the cause of a mild stroke on November 25 , 1957 .	left ventricular aneurysm	What caused Eisenhower 's stroke of 1957 ?
This incident occurred during a cabinet meeting when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to speak or move his right hand .	cabinet meeting	Where was Eisenhower when he suffered a stroke in 1957 ?
This incident occurred during a cabinet meeting when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to speak or move his right hand .	right hand	What could n't Eisenhower move as a result of his stroke ?
The president also suffered from Crohn 's disease , chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine , which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9 , 1956 .	chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine	What is Crohn 's disease ?
The president also suffered from Crohn 's disease , chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine , which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9 , 1956 .	bowel obstruction	Why did Eisenhower need surgery on June 9 , 1956 ?
A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs .	heart attack	What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life ?
In August 1966 he began to show symptoms of cholecystitis , for which he underwent surgery on December 12 , 1966 , when his gallbladder was removed , containing 16 gallstones .	cholecystitis	For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966 ?
In August 1966 he began to show symptoms of cholecystitis , for which he underwent surgery on December 12 , 1966 , when his gallbladder was removed , containing 16 gallstones .	gallbladder	What did Eisenhower have removed via surgery on December 12 , 1966 ?
After Eisenhower 's death in 1969 -LRB- see below -RRB- , an autopsy unexpectedly revealed an adrenal pheochromocytoma , a benign adrenaline-secreting tumor that may have made the President more vulnerable to heart disease .	1969	In what year did Eisenhower die ?
Eisenhower suffered seven heart attacks in total from 1955 until his death .	seven	How many heart attacks did Eisenhower have between 1955 and 1969 ?
In the 1960 election to choose his successor , Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President , Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy .	Richard Nixon	Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960 ?
In the 1960 election to choose his successor , Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President , Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy .	John F. Kennedy	Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960 ?
Eisenhower , who was the oldest president in history at that time -LRB- then 70 -RRB- , was succeeded by the youngest elected president , as Kennedy was 43 .	70	How old was Eisenhower in 1960 ?
Eisenhower , who was the oldest president in history at that time -LRB- then 70 -RRB- , was succeeded by the youngest elected president , as Kennedy was 43 .	Kennedy	Who was the youngest person elected to the United States presidency ?
Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy .	Kennedy	Who won the US presidential election of 1960 ?
On January 17 , 1961 , Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office .	January 17, 1961	On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech ?
He described the Cold War : `` We face a hostile ideology global in scope , atheistic in character , ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ... '' and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that `` we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence , whether sought or unsought , by the military -- industrial complex . ''	military–industrial	In his farewell speech , what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of ?
He described the Cold War : `` We face a hostile ideology global in scope , atheistic in character , ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ... '' and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that `` we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence , whether sought or unsought , by the military -- industrial complex . ''	Cold	What war did Eisenhower talk about in his Address to the Nation ?
He described the Cold War : `` We face a hostile ideology global in scope , atheistic in character , ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ... '' and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that `` we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence , whether sought or unsought , by the military -- industrial complex . ''	atheistic	What term did Eisenhower use to describe the character of communism ?
On January 17 , 1961 , Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office .	Oval Office	From where did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech ?
Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time , a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , only 70 miles from his ancestral home in Elizabethville , Dauphin County , Pennsylvania .	Gettysburg	What town did Eisenhower retire to after his presidency ?
Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time , a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , only 70 miles from his ancestral home in Elizabethville , Dauphin County , Pennsylvania .	Dauphin	What Pennsylvania county did Eisenhower grow up in ?
In 1967 the Eisenhowers donated the farm to the National Park Service .	National Park Service	Who did Eisenhower donate his farm to in 1967 ?
However , his endorsement came somewhat reluctantly because Goldwater had attacked the former president as `` a dime-store New Dealer '' .	dime-store New Dealer	What did Barry Goldwater call Eisenhower ?
In retirement , the former president did not completely retreat from political life ; he spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg .	Barry Goldwater	Who was the Republican presidential candidate in 1964 ?
On the morning of March 28 , 1969 , at the age of 78 , Eisenhower died in Washington , D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center .	78	How old was Eisenhower when he died ?
On the morning of March 28 , 1969 , at the age of 78 , Eisenhower died in Washington , D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center .	Walter Reed Army Medical Center	At what facility did Eisenhower die ?
On the morning of March 28 , 1969 , at the age of 78 , Eisenhower died in Washington , D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center .	congestive heart failure	What was Eisenhower 's cause of death ?
On the morning of March 28 , 1969 , at the age of 78 , Eisenhower died in Washington , D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center .	March 28, 1969	What was Eisenhower 's date of death ?
On March 31 , Eisenhower 's body was returned to the National Cathedral , where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service .	Episcopal	What Christian denomination did Eisenhower belong to ?
His body arrived on April 2 , and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library .	April 2	When did Eisenhower 's funeral train arrive in Abilene , Kansas ?
The family used an $ 80 standard soldier 's casket , and dressed Eisenhower 's body in his famous short green jacket .	$80	What was the cost of Eisenhower 's casket ?
His body arrived on April 2 , and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library .	Eisenhower Presidential Library	At what location was Eisenhower buried ?
The family used an $ 80 standard soldier 's casket , and dressed Eisenhower 's body in his famous short green jacket .	green	What color jacket was Eisenhower buried in ?
His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979 .	1979	When did Mamie Eisenhower die ?
Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment , for the Soviet Union 's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race , and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism .	McCarthyism	What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public ?
Despite his unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at Central High School in Little Rock , Eisenhower was criticized for his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree that activists wanted .	Little Rock	Where was Central High school located ?
He was widely seen by critics as an inactive , uninspiring , golf-playing president compared to his vigorous young successor .	vigorous young successor	How did critics characterize Kennedy in comparison to Eisenhower ?
Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment , for the Soviet Union 's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race , and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism .	Soviet Union	What nation was considered the leader in the nuclear arms race ?
Eisenhower formalized this role , introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff -- an idea he borrowed from the United States Army .	United States Army	From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff ?
Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position .	Lyndon Johnson	Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff ?
Initially , Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff , but each eventually appointed one .	Jimmy Carter	Along with Ford , what president initially did n't appoint a Chief of Staff but later did ?
Since the 19th century , many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or `` gatekeeper '' , sometimes described as the President 's Private Secretary , sometimes with no official title at all .	President's Private Secretary	What 19th century informal political office did the modern role of White House Chief of Staff correspond to ?
A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858 .	9,858	How many appreciation medals were minted ?
The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia .	Philadelphia	In what city were the appreciation medals minted ?
The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960 .	September 1958 through October 1960	During what period were the appreciation medals minted ?
Each of the designs incorporates the text `` with appreciation '' or `` with personal and official gratitude '' accompanied with Eisenhower 's initials `` D.D.E. '' or facsimile signature .	D.D.E.	What were Eisenhower 's initials ?
Prior to the end of his second term as President , 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed .	1,451	How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint ?
The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the ` Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways ' in his honor .	Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways	What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System ?
It was inspired in part by Eisenhower 's own Army experiences in World War II , where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn systems in Germany , Austria , and Switzerland .	Austria	Along with Germany and Switzerland , what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War ?
Several highways are also named for him , including the Eisenhower Expressway -LRB- Interstate 290 -RRB- near Chicago and the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver .	Interstate 290	What is another name for Eisenhower Expressway ?
Commemorative signs reading `` Eisenhower Interstate System '' and bearing Eisenhower 's permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and are currently displayed throughout the Interstate System .	1993	When were `` Eisenhower Interstate System '' signs first posted along highways ?
Several highways are also named for him , including the Eisenhower Expressway -LRB- Interstate 290 -RRB- near Chicago and the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver .	Chicago	What major city is Interstate 290 close to ?
A loblolly pine , known as the `` Eisenhower Pine '' , was located on Augusta 's 17th hole , approximately 210 yards -LRB- 192 m -RRB- from the Masters tee .	17th	At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located ?
A loblolly pine , known as the `` Eisenhower Pine '' , was located on Augusta 's 17th hole , approximately 210 yards -LRB- 192 m -RRB- from the Masters tee .	192	How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta 's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine ?
President Dwight D. Eisenhower , an Augusta National member , hit the tree so many times that , at a 1956 club meeting , he proposed that it be cut down .	cut down	What did Eisenhower want to be done to the Eisenhower Pine ?
The tree was removed in February 2014 after an ice storm caused it significant damage .	ice storm	What damaged the Eisenhower Pine in February 2014 ?
President Dwight D. Eisenhower , an Augusta National member , hit the tree so many times that , at a 1956 club meeting , he proposed that it be cut down .	1956	In what year did Eisenhower propose that the pine tree named after him be removed ?
The Bronx / ˈbrɒŋks / is the northernmost of the five boroughs -LRB- counties -RRB- of New York City in the state of New York , located south of Westchester County .	five	How many boroughs are in NYC ?
The Bronx / ˈbrɒŋks / is the northernmost of the five boroughs -LRB- counties -RRB- of New York City in the state of New York , located south of Westchester County .	northernmost	Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs ?
Of the five boroughs , the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and , with a land area of 42 square miles -LRB- 109 km2 -RRB- and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014 , has the fourth largest land area , the fourth highest population , and the third-highest population density .	1,438,159	What is the Bronx 's population ?
Of the five boroughs , the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and , with a land area of 42 square miles -LRB- 109 km2 -RRB- and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014 , has the fourth largest land area , the fourth highest population , and the third-highest population density .	42 square miles (109 km2)	How large is the Bronx ?
Of the five boroughs , the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and , with a land area of 42 square miles -LRB- 109 km2 -RRB- and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014 , has the fourth largest land area , the fourth highest population , and the third-highest population density .	Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland	What is unique about the Bronx 's location ?
The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639 .	Jonas Bronck	Who is the Bronx named for ?
The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639 .	created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony	What did Bronck do ?
The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639 .	1639	When did Bronck settle in the New York area ?
The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers .	Lenape	What native tribe lived in the New York area ?
This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop .	Latin music and hip hop	What types of music the Bronx famous for ?
The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States , the 15th , but its wide diversity also includes affluent , upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale , Fieldston , Spuyten Duyvil , Schuylerville , Pelham Bay , Pelham Gardens , Morris Park and Country Club .	one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States	How poor is part of the Bronx ?
The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States , the 15th , but its wide diversity also includes affluent , upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale , Fieldston , Spuyten Duyvil , Schuylerville , Pelham Bay , Pelham Gardens , Morris Park and Country Club .	Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club	What neighborhoods of the Bronx are more affluent ?
The Bronx , particularly the South Bronx , saw a sharp decline in population , livable housing , and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s , culminating in a wave of arson .	the late 1960s and the 1970s	When did the South Bronx lose quality of life ?
The Bronx , particularly the South Bronx , saw a sharp decline in population , livable housing , and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s , culminating in a wave of arson .	arson	What crime problem happened in the Bronx in the 70s ?
Jonas Bronck -LRB- c. 1600 -- 43 -RRB- was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad , Norra Ljunga parish in Småland , Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639 .	1600	When was Jonas Bronck born ?
Jonas Bronck -LRB- c. 1600 -- 43 -RRB- was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad , Norra Ljunga parish in Småland , Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639 .	spring of 1639	When did Bronck reach the New York area ?
Jonas Bronck -LRB- c. 1600 -- 43 -RRB- was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad , Norra Ljunga parish in Småland , Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639 .	Småland, Sweden	Where did Bronck emigrate from ?
He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem -LRB- on Manhattan island -RRB- , and bought additional tracts from the local tribes .	the Dutch West India Company	What entity did Bronck get his land from ?
He eventually accumulated 500 acres -LRB- about 2 square km , or 3/4 of a square mile -RRB- between the Harlem River and the Aquahung , which became known as Bronck 's River , or The Bronx .	500 acres	How much land did Bronck eventually own ?
-LRB- The County of Bronx , unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx , does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references , nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses . -RRB-	The County of Bronx	What is the Bronx 's county name ?
-LRB- The County of Bronx , unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx , does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references , nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses . -RRB-	Borough of the Bronx	What is the Bronx 's borough name ?
The name for this region , apparently after the Bronx River , first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx , which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898 .	1874	When was the Bronx created ?
The name for this region , apparently after the Bronx River , first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx , which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898 .	1898	When was the Bronx added to ?
The name for this region , apparently after the Bronx River , first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx , which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898 .	Westchester	What county was the Bronx split off from ?
In 1759 , the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a `` free bridge '' across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether .	1759	When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River ?
The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek .	tolls were resented	Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River ?
The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York -LRB- Manhattan -RRB- .	between New England and New York	What strategic advantage did the Bronx 's location have ?
Kingsbridge , built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek , was a possession of Frederick Philipse , lord of Philipse Manor .	1693	When was Kingsbridge built ?
Kingsbridge , built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek , was a possession of Frederick Philipse , lord of Philipse Manor .	Frederick Philipse	Who owned Kingsbridge ?
The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County , one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York .	12	How many counties did New York originally have ?
The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers , Eastchester , and Pelham .	Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham	Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx ?
In 1846 , a new town , West Farms , was created by division of Westchester ; in turn , in 1855 , the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms .	1846	When was West Farms created ?
In 1846 , a new town , West Farms , was created by division of Westchester ; in turn , in 1855 , the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms .	1855	When was Morrisania created ?
In 1873 , the town of Kingsbridge -LRB- roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge , Riverdale , and Woodlawn -RRB- was established within the former borders of Yonkers .	1873	When was the town of Kingsbridge created ?
In 1873 , the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge , West Farms and Morrisania to New York , effective in 1874 ; the three towns were abolished in the process .	1873	When did New York City annex Kingsbridge ?
In 1873 , the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge , West Farms and Morrisania to New York , effective in 1874 ; the three towns were abolished in the process .	1873	When did New York City annex West Farms ?
In 1873 , the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge , West Farms and Morrisania to New York , effective in 1874 ; the three towns were abolished in the process .	1873	When did New York City annex Morrisania ?
In 1895 , three years before New York 's consolidation with Brooklyn , Queens and Staten Island , the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River , including the Town of Westchester -LRB- which had voted in 1894 against consolidation -RRB- and portions of Eastchester and Pelham , were annexed to the city .	1895	When did New York City annex part of Pelham ?
In 1895 , three years before New York 's consolidation with Brooklyn , Queens and Staten Island , the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River , including the Town of Westchester -LRB- which had voted in 1894 against consolidation -RRB- and portions of Eastchester and Pelham , were annexed to the city .	1895	When did New York City annex part of Eastchester ?
The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods : a boom period during 1900 -- 29 , with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930 .	1900–29	When was the Bronx 's boom period ?
The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods : a boom period during 1900 -- 29 , with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930 .	200,000	What was the Bronx 's population in 1900 ?
The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods : a boom period during 1900 -- 29 , with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930 .	1.3 million	What was the Bronx 's population in 1929 ?
The mid to late century were hard times , as the Bronx declined 1950 -- 85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty .	1950–85	When did the Bronx 's income declined ?
The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today .	starting in the late 1980s	When did the Bronx 's economy regrow ?
In 1937 , according to Jewish organizations , 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx -LRB- 43.9 % of the borough 's population -RRB- , while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011 .	592,185	How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937 ?
In 1937 , according to Jewish organizations , 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx -LRB- 43.9 % of the borough 's population -RRB- , while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011 .	54,000	How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011 ?
The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx , resulting in a major boom in residential construction .	Extensions of the New York City Subway	What led to the Bronx 's population growth ?
Among these groups , many Irish Americans , Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here .	Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans	What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx ?
In 1937 , according to Jewish organizations , 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx -LRB- 43.9 % of the borough 's population -RRB- , while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011 .	43.9%	How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937 ?
Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services -LRB- such as mortgage loans or insurance policies -RRB- offered in some areas of the Bronx -- a process known as redlining .	a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas	What is redlining ?
There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable -LRB- or more costly -RRB- for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings .	rent control laws	What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings ?
Others have suggested a `` planned shrinkage '' of municipal services , such as fire-fighting .	fire-fighting	What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx ?
In the 1970s , the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson .	arson	What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s ?
The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area .	it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area	Why did some landlords burn their own buildings ?
The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment , which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx .	South Bronx	Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx ?
Since the late 1980s , significant development has occurred in the Bronx , first stimulated by the city 's `` Ten-Year Housing Plan '' and community members working to rebuild the social , economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing .	"Ten-Year Housing Plan"	What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx ?
Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units .	about 1,000	How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes ?
Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units .	Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx	Who built the Nehemiah Homes ?
The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos ' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx .	Nos Quedamos	Who led the Melrose Commons project ?
More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole -LRB- rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007 -RRB- , although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods , while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs .	149	How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007 ?
In 1997 , the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League , acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century .	All America City	What award did the Bronx receive in 1997 ?
In 1997 , the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League , acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century .	the National Civic League	Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997 ?
In 2006 , The New York Times reported that `` construction cranes have become the borough 's new visual metaphor , replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings . ''	pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings	How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s ?
Between 2002 and June 2007 , 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $ 4.8 billion has been invested in new housing .	33,687	How many housing units were built in the Bronx in 2002-2007 ?
Between 2002 and June 2007 , 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $ 4.8 billion has been invested in new housing .	$4.8 billion	How much was invested in housing in the Bronx in 2002-2007 ?
The Kingsbridge Armory , often cited as the largest armory in the world , is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center .	Kingsbridge National Ice Center	What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into ?
The Kingsbridge Armory , often cited as the largest armory in the world , is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center .	Kingsbridge Armory	What was the largest armory in the world ?
Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx ; in addition , a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront .	the Mott Haven waterfront	Where is a La Quinta being built in the Bronx ?
The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet -LRB- 190,000 m2 -RRB- of development and would cost US$ 350 -- 500 million .	US$350–500 million	How much would a Concourse Yard platform cost ?
The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet -LRB- 190,000 m2 -RRB- of development and would cost US$ 350 -- 500 million .	2,000,000 square feet	How much development space would a Concourse Yard platform provide ?
The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine , Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County , New Jersey ; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest ; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast ; and to the east , Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island .	Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs	What 's on the other side of the Hudson from the Bronx ?
The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine , Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County , New Jersey ; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest ; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast ; and to the east , Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island .	Bergen County	What county is Tenafly in ?
The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine , Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County , New Jersey ; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest ; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast ; and to the east , Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island .	New Jersey	What state is Alpine in ?
The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine , Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County , New Jersey ; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest ; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast ; and to the east , Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island .	Manhattan	What 's on the other side of the Harlem River from the Bronx ?
The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine , Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County , New Jersey ; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest ; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast ; and to the east , Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island .	Queens	What 's on the other side of the East River from the Bronx ?
The Bronx 's highest elevation at 280 feet -LRB- 85 m -RRB- is in the northwest corner , west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School .	in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School	Where is the Bronx 's highest point ?
The opposite -LRB- southeastern -RRB- side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or `` necks '' of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh : Hunt 's Point , Clason 's Point , Screvin 's Neck and Throg 's Neck .	southeastern	What part of the Bronx formerly a salt marsh ?
The opposite -LRB- southeastern -RRB- side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or `` necks '' of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh : Hunt 's Point , Clason 's Point , Screvin 's Neck and Throg 's Neck .	Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck	What are the Bronx 's four low peninsulas ?
Further up the coastline , Rodman 's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island .	Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island	What is Rodman 's Neck between ?
The Bronx 's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles -LRB- 194 km2 -RRB- .	75 square miles	How long is the Bronx 's shoreline ?
The land for these parks , and many others , was bought by New York City in 1888 , while land was still open and inexpensive , in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development .	1888	When did NYC buy land for its parks ?
Further south is Crotona Park , home to a 3.3-acre -LRB- 1.3 ha -RRB- lake , 28 species of trees , and a large swimming pool .	28	How many types of trees are in Crotona Park ?
Further south is Crotona Park , home to a 3.3-acre -LRB- 1.3 ha -RRB- lake , 28 species of trees , and a large swimming pool .	3.3-acre	How large is Crotona Park 's lake ?
Just south of Van Cortlandt Park is the Jerome Park Reservoir , surrounded by 2 miles -LRB- 3 km -RRB- of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the Bedford Park neighborhood ; the reservoir was built in the 1890s on the site of the former Jerome Park Racetrack .	in the 1890s	When was the Jerome Park Reservoir built ?
Nearer the borough 's center , and along the Bronx River , is Bronx Park ; its northern end houses the New York Botanical Gardens , which preserve the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county , and its southern end the Bronx Zoo , the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States .	the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county	What do the NY Botanical Gardens preserve ?
East of the Bronx River , the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas , or ` necks , ' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh : Hunts Point , Clason 's Point , Screvin 's Neck -LRB- Castle Hill Point -RRB- and Throgs Neck .	Castle Hill Point	What is Screvin 's Neck also called ?
East of the Bronx River , the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas , or ` necks , ' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh : Hunts Point , Clason 's Point , Screvin 's Neck -LRB- Castle Hill Point -RRB- and Throgs Neck .	East River	In what river does the Bronx have 4 peninsulas ?
It includes New York City 's largest park : Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester-Bronx border .	Pelham Bay Park	What is NYC 's largest park ?
It includes New York City 's largest park : Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester-Bronx border .	along the Westchester-Bronx border	Where is Pelham Bay Park ?
The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges , running south to north .	western	What parts of the Bronx have more hills ?
The West Bronx has older apartment buildings , low income public housing complexes , multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston .	Riverdale and Fieldston.	What parts of West Bronx are more affluent ?
It includes New York City 's fourth largest park : Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border .	Van Cortlandt Park	What is NYC 's 4th-largest park ?
It includes New York City 's fourth largest park : Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border .	along the Westchester-Bronx border	Where is Van Cortlandt Park ?
The Grand Concourse , a wide boulevard , runs through it , north to south .	a wide boulevard	What is the Grand Concourse ?
The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit .	The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places	Why has the supposed size of the ` South Bronx ' grown ?
The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit .	by the 2000s	When was Fordham Road being used as the limit of the South Bronx area ?
The Bronx River more consistently forms an eastern boundary .	The Bronx River	Which river is the eastern edge of the South Bronx ?
The South Bronx is home to the Bronx County Courthouse , Borough Hall , and other government buildings , as well as Yankee Stadium .	Yankee Stadium	Which stadium is in the South Bronx ?
The Cross Bronx Expressway bisects it , east to west .	east to west	Which direction does the Cross Bronx Expressway run through the South Bronx ?
The Hub has been called `` the Broadway of the Bronx '' , being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx .	The Hub	What in the Bronx has been compared to Broadway ?
The Hub -- Third Avenue Business Improvement District -LRB- B.I.D. -RRB- , in The Hub , is the retail heart of the South Bronx , located where four roads converge : East 149th Street , Willis , Melrose and Third Avenues .	The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District	What is the main retail area of the South Bronx ?
The Hub -- Third Avenue Business Improvement District -LRB- B.I.D. -RRB- , in The Hub , is the retail heart of the South Bronx , located where four roads converge : East 149th Street , Willis , Melrose and Third Avenues .	East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues	Which streets demarcate The Hub BID ?
The Hub has been called `` the Broadway of the Bronx '' , being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx .	"the Broadway of the Bronx"	What is The Hub 's nickname ?
In configuration , it resembles a miniature Times Square , a spatial `` bow-tie '' created by the geometry of the street .	bow-tie	What shape is The Hub ?
The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market , in the West Bronx , is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space , built on a 17 acres -LRB- 7 ha -RRB- site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market , a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention , south of Yankee Stadium .	17 acres	How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on ?
The $ 500 million shopping center , which was completed in 2009 , saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings , one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market .	$500 million	How much did the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market cost ?
The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars .	2,600	How many cars can the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market 's parking garage hold ?
Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan , the West Bronx 's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid .	northernmost part of upper Manhattan	What part of Manhattan are the West Bronx 's streets similar to ?
Much of the West Bronx 's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan , but does not match it exactly ; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx .	132nd	What is the lowest street number seen in the Bronx ?
This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River , was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside .	the Northside	What was the Bronx called in the mid-19th century ?
This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River , was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside .	the mid-19th century	When was the Bronx added to NYC ?
According to the 2010 Census , 53.5 % of Bronx 's population was of Hispanic , Latino , or Spanish origin -LRB- they may be of any race -RRB- ; 30.1 % non-Hispanic Black or African American , 10.9 % of the population was non-Hispanic White , 3.4 % non-Hispanic Asian , 0.6 % from some other race -LRB- non-Hispanic -RRB- and 1.2 % of two or more races -LRB- non-Hispanic -RRB- .	53.5%	How much of the Bronx 's population is Hispanic ?
According to the 2010 Census , 53.5 % of Bronx 's population was of Hispanic , Latino , or Spanish origin -LRB- they may be of any race -RRB- ; 30.1 % non-Hispanic Black or African American , 10.9 % of the population was non-Hispanic White , 3.4 % non-Hispanic Asian , 0.6 % from some other race -LRB- non-Hispanic -RRB- and 1.2 % of two or more races -LRB- non-Hispanic -RRB- .	10.9%	How much of the Bronx 's population is non-Hispanic White ?
According to the 2010 Census , 53.5 % of Bronx 's population was of Hispanic , Latino , or Spanish origin -LRB- they may be of any race -RRB- ; 30.1 % non-Hispanic Black or African American , 10.9 % of the population was non-Hispanic White , 3.4 % non-Hispanic Asian , 0.6 % from some other race -LRB- non-Hispanic -RRB- and 1.2 % of two or more races -LRB- non-Hispanic -RRB- .	30.1%	How much of the Bronx 's population is non-Hispanic Black ?
According to the 2010 Census , 53.5 % of Bronx 's population was of Hispanic , Latino , or Spanish origin -LRB- they may be of any race -RRB- ; 30.1 % non-Hispanic Black or African American , 10.9 % of the population was non-Hispanic White , 3.4 % non-Hispanic Asian , 0.6 % from some other race -LRB- non-Hispanic -RRB- and 1.2 % of two or more races -LRB- non-Hispanic -RRB- .	3.4%	How much of the Bronx 's population is non-Hispanic Asian ?
According to the 2010 Census , 53.5 % of Bronx 's population was of Hispanic , Latino , or Spanish origin -LRB- they may be of any race -RRB- ; 30.1 % non-Hispanic Black or African American , 10.9 % of the population was non-Hispanic White , 3.4 % non-Hispanic Asian , 0.6 % from some other race -LRB- non-Hispanic -RRB- and 1.2 % of two or more races -LRB- non-Hispanic -RRB- .	1.2%	How much of the Bronx 's population is non-Hispanic multiracial ?
As of 2010 , 46.29 % -LRB- 584,463 -RRB- of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home , while 44.02 % -LRB- 555,767 -RRB- spoke English , 2.48 % -LRB- 31,361 -RRB- African languages , 0.91 % -LRB- 11,455 -RRB- French , 0.90 % -LRB- 11,355 -RRB- Italian , 0.87 % -LRB- 10,946 -RRB- various Indic languages , 0.70 % -LRB- 8,836 -RRB- other Indo-European languages , and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50 % -LRB- 6,610 -RRB- of the population over the age of five .	46.29%	How much of the Bronx speaks Spanish at home ?
As of 2010 , 46.29 % -LRB- 584,463 -RRB- of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home , while 44.02 % -LRB- 555,767 -RRB- spoke English , 2.48 % -LRB- 31,361 -RRB- African languages , 0.91 % -LRB- 11,455 -RRB- French , 0.90 % -LRB- 11,355 -RRB- Italian , 0.87 % -LRB- 10,946 -RRB- various Indic languages , 0.70 % -LRB- 8,836 -RRB- other Indo-European languages , and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50 % -LRB- 6,610 -RRB- of the population over the age of five .	44.02%	How much of the Bronx speaks English at home ?
As of 2010 , 46.29 % -LRB- 584,463 -RRB- of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home , while 44.02 % -LRB- 555,767 -RRB- spoke English , 2.48 % -LRB- 31,361 -RRB- African languages , 0.91 % -LRB- 11,455 -RRB- French , 0.90 % -LRB- 11,355 -RRB- Italian , 0.87 % -LRB- 10,946 -RRB- various Indic languages , 0.70 % -LRB- 8,836 -RRB- other Indo-European languages , and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50 % -LRB- 6,610 -RRB- of the population over the age of five .	2.48%	How much of the Bronx speaks African languages at home ?
As of 2010 , 46.29 % -LRB- 584,463 -RRB- of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home , while 44.02 % -LRB- 555,767 -RRB- spoke English , 2.48 % -LRB- 31,361 -RRB- African languages , 0.91 % -LRB- 11,455 -RRB- French , 0.90 % -LRB- 11,355 -RRB- Italian , 0.87 % -LRB- 10,946 -RRB- various Indic languages , 0.70 % -LRB- 8,836 -RRB- other Indo-European languages , and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50 % -LRB- 6,610 -RRB- of the population over the age of five .	0.91%	How much of the Bronx speaks French at home ?
As of 2010 , 46.29 % -LRB- 584,463 -RRB- of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home , while 44.02 % -LRB- 555,767 -RRB- spoke English , 2.48 % -LRB- 31,361 -RRB- African languages , 0.91 % -LRB- 11,455 -RRB- French , 0.90 % -LRB- 11,355 -RRB- Italian , 0.87 % -LRB- 10,946 -RRB- various Indic languages , 0.70 % -LRB- 8,836 -RRB- other Indo-European languages , and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50 % -LRB- 6,610 -RRB- of the population over the age of five .	0.50%	How much of the Bronx speaks Chinese at home ?
According to the 2009 American Community Survey , White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth -LRB- 22.9 % -RRB- of the Bronx 's population .	22.9%	How much of the Bronx is white -LRB- including Hispanic -RRB- as of 2009 ?
However , non-Hispanic whites formed under one-eighth -LRB- 12.1 % -RRB- of the population , down from 34.4 % in 1980 .	12.1%	How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 1980 ?
However , non-Hispanic whites formed under one-eighth -LRB- 12.1 % -RRB- of the population , down from 34.4 % in 1980 .	34.4%	How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 2009 ?
320,640 whites called the Bronx home , of which 168,570 were non-Hispanic whites .	320,640	How many white people live in the Bronx ?
320,640 whites called the Bronx home , of which 168,570 were non-Hispanic whites .	168,570	How many non-Hispanic white people live in the Bronx ?
Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third -LRB- 35.4 % -RRB- of the Bronx 's population .	35.4%	How much of the Bronx 's population is black -LRB- including Hispanic -RRB- ?
Blacks of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8 % of the population .	30.8%	How much of the Bronx 's population is black -LRB- not including Hispanic -RRB- ?
Over 61,000 people identified themselves as `` Sub-Saharan African '' in the survey , making up 4.4 % of the population .	Over 61,000	How many Bronx residents called themselves `` Sub-Saharan African '' in 2009 ?
Over 61,000 people identified themselves as `` Sub-Saharan African '' in the survey , making up 4.4 % of the population .	4.4%	What percent of Bronx residents called themselves `` Sub-Saharan African '' in 2009 ?
Over 495,200 blacks resided in the borough , of which 430,600 were non-Hispanic blacks .	430,600	How many people in the Bronx are black -LRB- not including Hispanic -RRB- ?
In 2009 , Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0 % of the Bronx 's population .	52.0%	What percent of the Bronx is Hispanic and Latino Americans ?
Puerto Ricans represented 23.2 % of the borough 's population .	23.2%	What percent of the Bronx is Puerto Rican ?
Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx , and they formed 5.2 % of the population .	5.2%	What percent of the Bronx is Mexican ?
Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7 % of the population .	0.7%	What percent of the Bronx is Cuban ?
Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6 % of the population .	3.6%	What percent of the Bronx is Asian ?
People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0 % of the population .	over 41,800	How many multiracial people live in the Bronx ?
People of mixed Caucasian and African American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5 % of the population .	0.5%	What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and African American heritage ?
People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0 % of the population .	3.0%	What percent of the Bronx is multiracial ?
People of mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1 % of the population .	0.1%	What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage ?
People of mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2 % of the population .	0.2%	What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage ?
In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn , the most populous borough , had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island , the least populous borough , a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court 's 1964 `` one man , one vote '' decision .	1964	When was the ` one man , one vote ' decision ?
In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn , the most populous borough , had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island , the least populous borough , a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court 's 1964 `` one man , one vote '' decision .	Fourteenth	Which amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause ?
The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority .	1898	When were Borough Presidents created ?
In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn , the most populous borough , had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island , the least populous borough , a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court 's 1964 `` one man , one vote '' decision .	1989	When was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional ?
In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn , the most populous borough , had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island , the least populous borough , a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court 's 1964 `` one man , one vote '' decision .	Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough	Why was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional ?
Until March 1 , 2009 , the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrión Jr. , elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy .	March 1, 2009	When did Carrion Jr. retire as Borough President ?
Until March 1 , 2009 , the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrión Jr. , elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy .	2001	When was Carrion Jr. first elected Borough President ?
Until March 1 , 2009 , the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrión Jr. , elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy .	2005	When was Carrion Jr. re-elected Borough President ?
His successor , Democratic New York State Assembly member Rubén Díaz , Jr. , who won a special election on April 21 , 2009 by a vote of 86.3 % -LRB- 29,420 -RRB- on the `` Bronx Unity '' line to 13.3 % -LRB- 4,646 -RRB- for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the `` People First '' line , became Borough President on May 1 .	Rubén Díaz, Jr.	Who succeeded Carrion Jr. . ?
His successor , Democratic New York State Assembly member Rubén Díaz , Jr. , who won a special election on April 21 , 2009 by a vote of 86.3 % -LRB- 29,420 -RRB- on the `` Bronx Unity '' line to 13.3 % -LRB- 4,646 -RRB- for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the `` People First '' line , became Borough President on May 1 .	April 21, 2009	When was Diaz Jr. elected ?
In the Presidential primary elections of February 5 , 2008 , Sen. Clinton won 61.2 % of the Bronx 's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8 % for Barack Obama and 1.0 % for the other four candidates combined -LRB- John Edwards , Dennis Kucinich , Bill Richardson and Joe Biden -RRB- .	61.2%	In the 2008 primary , how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get ?
In the Presidential primary elections of February 5 , 2008 , Sen. Clinton won 61.2 % of the Bronx 's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8 % for Barack Obama and 1.0 % for the other four candidates combined -LRB- John Edwards , Dennis Kucinich , Bill Richardson and Joe Biden -RRB- .	37.8%	In the 2008 primary , how much of the Bronx vote did Obama get ?
On the same day , John McCain won 54.4 % of the borough 's 5,643 Republican votes , Mitt Romney 20.8 % , Mike Huckabee 8.2 % , Ron Paul 7.4 % , Rudy Giuliani 5.6 % , and the other candidates -LRB- Fred Thompson , Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes -RRB- 3.6 % between them .	54.4%	In the 2008 primary , how much of the Bronx vote did McCain get ?
On the same day , John McCain won 54.4 % of the borough 's 5,643 Republican votes , Mitt Romney 20.8 % , Mike Huckabee 8.2 % , Ron Paul 7.4 % , Rudy Giuliani 5.6 % , and the other candidates -LRB- Fred Thompson , Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes -RRB- 3.6 % between them .	8.2%	In the 2008 primary , how much of the Bronx vote did Huckabee get ?
On the same day , John McCain won 54.4 % of the borough 's 5,643 Republican votes , Mitt Romney 20.8 % , Mike Huckabee 8.2 % , Ron Paul 7.4 % , Rudy Giuliani 5.6 % , and the other candidates -LRB- Fred Thompson , Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes -RRB- 3.6 % between them .	20.8%	In the 2008 primary , how much of the Bronx vote did Romney get ?
Since then , the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party 's nominee for President , starting with a vote of 2-1 for the unsuccessful Al Smith in 1928 , followed by four 2-1 votes for the successful Franklin D. Roosevelt .	Al Smith	Who did the Bronx support for President in 1928 ?
It was only 32 years earlier , by contrast , that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency , Charles Evans Hughes , had won 42.6 % of the Bronx 's 1916 vote against Democratic President Woodrow Wilson 's 49.8 % and Socialist candidate Allan Benson 's 7.3 % . -RRB-	42.6%	How much of the Bronx 's vote in 1916 did Hughes get ?
It was only 32 years earlier , by contrast , that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency , Charles Evans Hughes , had won 42.6 % of the Bronx 's 1916 vote against Democratic President Woodrow Wilson 's 49.8 % and Socialist candidate Allan Benson 's 7.3 % . -RRB-	42.6%	How much of the Bronx 's vote in 1916 did Wilson get ?
It was only 32 years earlier , by contrast , that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency , Charles Evans Hughes , had won 42.6 % of the Bronx 's 1916 vote against Democratic President Woodrow Wilson 's 49.8 % and Socialist candidate Allan Benson 's 7.3 % . -RRB-	7.3%	How much of the Bronx 's vote in 1916 did Benson get ?
-LRB- Both had been Governors of New York , but Republican former Gov. Thomas E. Dewey won only 28 % of the Bronx 's vote in 1948 against 55 % for Pres. Harry Truman , the winning Democrat , and 17 % for Henry A. Wallace of the Progressives .	55%	How much of the Bronx 's vote in 1948 did Truman get ?
The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was Fiorello La Guardia in 1933 , 1937 and 1941 -LRB- and in the latter two elections , only because his 30-32 % vote on the American Labor Party line was added to 22-23 % as a Republican -RRB- .	Fiorello La Guardia	Who was the only Republican Mayor candidate to win the Bronx since 1914 ?
The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors Rudolph Giuliani in 1997 and Michael Bloomberg in 2005 .	Rudolph Giuliani	Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 1997 ?
The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors Rudolph Giuliani in 1997 and Michael Bloomberg in 2005 .	Michael Bloomberg	Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 2005 ?
The anti-war Socialist campaign of Morris Hillquit in the 1917 mayoral election won over 31 % of the Bronx 's vote , putting him second and well ahead of the 20 % won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor John P. Mitchel , who came in second -LRB- ahead of Hillquit -RRB- everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit city-wide by 23.2 % to 21.7 % .	Socialist	What party was Hillquit ?
The anti-war Socialist campaign of Morris Hillquit in the 1917 mayoral election won over 31 % of the Bronx 's vote , putting him second and well ahead of the 20 % won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor John P. Mitchel , who came in second -LRB- ahead of Hillquit -RRB- everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit city-wide by 23.2 % to 21.7 % .	over 31%	How much of the Bronx vote did Hillquit get in 1917 ?
In 2000 , public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx 's residents over 3 years old -LRB- out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools -RRB- .	nearly 280,000	How many students attended the Bronx public noncharter schools as of 2000 ?
In 2000 , public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx 's residents over 3 years old -LRB- out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools -RRB- .	333,100	How many students attended the Bronx public and private schools as of 2000 ?
Private schools range from élite independent schools to religiously affiliated schools run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations .	the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations	Which religious organizations run private schools in the Bronx ?
The New York City Department of Education manages public noncharter schools in the borough .	The New York City Department of Education	Which entity runs the Bronx 's public noncharter schools ?
Educational attainment : In 2000 , according to the U.S. Census , out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old , 62.3 % had graduated from high school and 14.6 % held a bachelor 's or higher college degree .	62.3%	What percent of the Bronx population has a high school diploma , as of 2000 ?
Educational attainment : In 2000 , according to the U.S. Census , out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old , 62.3 % had graduated from high school and 14.6 % held a bachelor 's or higher college degree .	14.6%	What percent of the Bronx population has a university degree , as of 2000 ?
These percentages were lower than those for New York 's other boroughs , which ranged from 68.8 % -LRB- Brooklyn -RRB- to 82.6 % -LRB- Staten Island -RRB- for high school graduates over 24 , and from 21.8 % -LRB- Brooklyn -RRB- to 49.4 % -LRB- Manhattan -RRB- for college graduates .	68.8%	What percent of the Brooklyn population has a high school diploma , as of 2000 ?
These percentages were lower than those for New York 's other boroughs , which ranged from 68.8 % -LRB- Brooklyn -RRB- to 82.6 % -LRB- Staten Island -RRB- for high school graduates over 24 , and from 21.8 % -LRB- Brooklyn -RRB- to 49.4 % -LRB- Manhattan -RRB- for college graduates .	82.6%	What percent of the Staten Island population has a high school diploma , as of 2000 ?
These percentages were lower than those for New York 's other boroughs , which ranged from 68.8 % -LRB- Brooklyn -RRB- to 82.6 % -LRB- Staten Island -RRB- for high school graduates over 24 , and from 21.8 % -LRB- Brooklyn -RRB- to 49.4 % -LRB- Manhattan -RRB- for college graduates .	49.4%	What percent of the Manhattan population has a university degree , as of 2000 ?
The Bronx is also home to three of New York City 's most prestigious private , secular schools : Fieldston , Horace Mann , and Riverdale Country School .	Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School	Which of NYC 's prestigious nonreligious private schools are in the Bronx ?
The Bronx is also home to three of New York City 's most prestigious private , secular schools : Fieldston , Horace Mann , and Riverdale Country School .	The Bronx	Where is the Validus Prepatory Academy ?
The Bronx is also home to three of New York City 's most prestigious private , secular schools : Fieldston , Horace Mann , and Riverdale Country School .	The Bronx	Where is the High School for Violin and Dance ?
The Bronx is also home to three of New York City 's most prestigious private , secular schools : Fieldston , Horace Mann , and Riverdale Country School .	The Bronx	Where is the School for Excellence ?
The Bronx is also home to three of New York City 's most prestigious private , secular schools : Fieldston , Horace Mann , and Riverdale Country School .	The Bronx	Where is the DeWitt Clinton High School ?
In the 1990s , New York City began closing the large , public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools .	1990s	When did NYC begin splitting up the large Bronx high schools ?
Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include John F. Kennedy , James Monroe , Taft , Theodore Roosevelt , Adlai Stevenson , Evander Childs , Christopher Columbus , Morris , Walton , and South Bronx High Schools .	John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools	Which Bronx schools have been closed or made smaller ?
More recently the City has started phasing out large middle schools , also replacing them with smaller schools .	large middle schools	What type of schools is NYC now working on shrinking ?
The Bronx 's evolution from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop was the subject of an award-winning documentary , produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006 , `` From Mambo to Hip Hop : A South Bronx Tale '' .	2006	When did a PBS documentary air about the Bronx 's music history ?
The Bronx 's evolution from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop was the subject of an award-winning documentary , produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006 , `` From Mambo to Hip Hop : A South Bronx Tale '' .	"From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale"	What PBS documentary covered the Bronx 's music history ?
The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue `` an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway '' as a starting point , where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the community room .	1520 Sedgwick Avenue	Where did DJ Kool Herc hold parties ?
The Bronx 's evolution from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop was the subject of an award-winning documentary , produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006 , `` From Mambo to Hip Hop : A South Bronx Tale '' .	City Lore	Who produced ` From Mambo To Hip Hop ' ?
The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue `` an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway '' as a starting point , where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the community room .	just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway	Where is 1520 Sedgwick ?
The Herculoids , made up of Herc , Coke La Rock , and DJ Clark Kent , were the earliest to gain major fame .	Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent	Who were the Herculoids ?
The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as `` The Boogie Down Bronx '' , or just `` The Boogie Down '' .	The Bronx	What is ` The Boogie Down ' ?
Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun , Lord Toriq and Peter Gunz , Camp Lo , Swizz Beatz , Drag-On , Fat Joe , Terror Squad and Corey Gunz .	the Bronx	Where is Big Pun from ?
Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing , in which Bronx DJs -LRB- Disc Jockeys -RRB- including Grandmaster Flash , Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records , a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk , disco and soul songs .	funk, disco and soul	What types of music did hip hop emerge from ?
This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One 's inspiration for his thought provoking group BDP , or Boogie Down Productions , which included DJ Scott La Rock .	KRS-One	Who started BDP ?
The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue , a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships .	1923	When did the first Yankee Stadium open ?
The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue , a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships .	on 161st Street and River Avenue	Where was the first Yankee Stadium ?
The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue , a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships .	27	How many times have the Yankees won the World Series ?
With the famous facade , the short right field porch and Monument Park , Yankee Stadium has been home to many of baseball 's greatest players including Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Whitey Ford , Yogi Berra , Mickey Mantle , Reggie Jackson , Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera .	Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera	Which historic great players have played at Yankee Stadium ?
The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball .	Major League Baseball	What league are the NY Yankees in ?
The Bronx is home to several Off-Off-Broadway theaters , many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa .	Latin America and Africa	Where are many of the Bronx 's playwrights from ?
The Pregones Theater , which produces Latin American work , opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx .	Latin American work	What does the Pregones specialize in ?
The Pregones Theater , which produces Latin American work , opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx .	2005	When did the Pregones ' new theater open ?
The Pregones Theater , which produces Latin American work , opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx .	on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx	Where is the Pregones ' new theater ?
The Bronx Museum of the Arts , founded in 1971 , exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet -LRB- 1,000 m2 -RRB- of galleries .	20th century and contemporary art	What types of art does the Bronx Museum of the Arts focus on ?
The Bronx Museum of the Arts , founded in 1971 , exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet -LRB- 1,000 m2 -RRB- of galleries .	11,000 square feet	How large are the Bronx Museum of the Arts ' galleries ?
The Bronx Museum of the Arts , founded in 1971 , exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet -LRB- 1,000 m2 -RRB- of galleries .	1971	When did the Bronx Museum of the Arts open ?
Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art , primarily by artists from Africa , Asia and Latin America , including paintings , photographs , prints , drawings , and mixed media .	more than 800	How many works are in the Bronx Museum of the Arts ' permanent collection ?
The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent a major expansion designed by the architectural firm Arquitectonica .	Arquitectonica	Who designed the Bronx Museum of the Arts ' 2006 expansion ?
The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute , in the form of the Heinrich Heine Memorial , better known as the Lorelei Fountain from one of Heine 's best-known works -LRB- 1838 -RRB- .	1838	When was the Lorelei Fountain written about ?
After Heine 's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected , allegedly for anti-Semitic motives , a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet -LRB- 1797 -- 1856 -RRB- , his incensed German-American admirers , including Carl Schurz , started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan , at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street .	Düsseldorf	Where was Heinrich Heine born ?
After Heine 's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected , allegedly for anti-Semitic motives , a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet -LRB- 1797 -- 1856 -RRB- , his incensed German-American admirers , including Carl Schurz , started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan , at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street .	1797	When was Heine born ?
After Heine 's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected , allegedly for anti-Semitic motives , a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet -LRB- 1797 -- 1856 -RRB- , his incensed German-American admirers , including Carl Schurz , started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan , at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street .	1856	When did Heine die ?
After Heine 's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected , allegedly for anti-Semitic motives , a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet -LRB- 1797 -- 1856 -RRB- , his incensed German-American admirers , including Carl Schurz , started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan , at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street .	German-American	What ethnicity is Carl Schurz ?
In 1899 , the memorial , by the Berlin sculptor Ernst Gustav Herter -LRB- 1846 -- 1917 -RRB- , finally came to rest , although subject to repeated vandalism , in the Bronx , at 164th Street and the Grand Concourse , or Joyce Kilmer Park near today 's Yankee Stadium .	1917	When did Herter die ?
In 1899 , the memorial , by the Berlin sculptor Ernst Gustav Herter -LRB- 1846 -- 1917 -RRB- , finally came to rest , although subject to repeated vandalism , in the Bronx , at 164th Street and the Grand Concourse , or Joyce Kilmer Park near today 's Yankee Stadium .	1846	When was Herter born ?
In 1899 , the memorial , by the Berlin sculptor Ernst Gustav Herter -LRB- 1846 -- 1917 -RRB- , finally came to rest , although subject to repeated vandalism , in the Bronx , at 164th Street and the Grand Concourse , or Joyce Kilmer Park near today 's Yankee Stadium .	sculptor	What was Herter 's career ?
In 1899 , the memorial , by the Berlin sculptor Ernst Gustav Herter -LRB- 1846 -- 1917 -RRB- , finally came to rest , although subject to repeated vandalism , in the Bronx , at 164th Street and the Grand Concourse , or Joyce Kilmer Park near today 's Yankee Stadium .	164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park	Where was Herter 's Heine memorial placed in 1899 ?
-LRB- In 1999 , it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse . -RRB-	161st Street and the Concourse	Where was Herter 's Heine memorial moved in 1999 ?
The peninsular borough 's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system 's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder .	C. B. J. Snyder	Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum 's building ?
The state 's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler -LRB- on the southeastern shore -RRB- houses the Maritime Industry Museum .	Fort Schuyler	Where is the NY Maritime College ?
The peninsular borough 's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system 's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder .	a former public school	What was the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum 's building originally ?
In addition , the Harlem River is reemerging as `` Scullers ' Row '' due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project , a joint public-private endeavor of the city 's parks department .	the Harlem River	What is ` Scullers ' Row ' ?
Canoeing and kayaking on the borough 's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance .	Bronx River	Which river is near the New York Botanical Gardens ?
The Bronx has several local newspapers , including The Bronx News , Parkchester News , City News , The Riverdale Press , Riverdale Review , The Bronx Times Reporter , Inner City Press -LRB- which now has more of a focus on national issues -RRB- and Co-Op City Times .	national issues	What does the Inner City Press now focus on ?
The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press , Bernard Stein , won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998 .	Bernard Stein	Who is the Riverdale Press 's editor ?
The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press , Bernard Stein , won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998 .	for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues	Why did Stein win a Pulitzer ?
The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press , Bernard Stein , won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998 .	1998	When did Stein win a Pulitzer ?
-LRB- Stein graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1959 . -RRB-	the Bronx High School of Science	Where did Stein graduate from ?
The City of New York has an official television station run by the NYC Media Group and broadcasting from Bronx Community College , and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx , both of which feature programming based in the Bronx .	News 12 The Bronx	What channel in the Bronx does Cablevision run ?
The City of New York has an official television station run by the NYC Media Group and broadcasting from Bronx Community College , and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx , both of which feature programming based in the Bronx .	Bronx Community College	Where is the official city TV station broadcast from ?
The local public-access television station BronxNet originates from Herbert H. Lehman College , the borough 's only four year CUNY school , and provides government-access television -LRB- GATV -RRB- public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents .	Herbert H. Lehman College	What is the Bronx 's only 4-year CUNY college ?
Hollywood films such as From This Day Forward -LRB- 1946 -RRB- , set in Highbridge , occasionally delved into Bronx life .	1946	When was ` From This Day Forward ' released ?
Hollywood films such as From This Day Forward -LRB- 1946 -RRB- , set in Highbridge , occasionally delved into Bronx life .	Highbridge	Where was ` From This Day Forward ' set ?
Paddy Chayefsky 's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life was also explored by Chayefsky in his 1956 film The Catered Affair , and in the 1993 Robert De Niro/Chazz Palminteri film , A Bronx Tale , Spike Lee 's 1999 movie Summer of Sam , centered in an Italian-American Bronx community , 1994 's I Like It Like That that takes place in the predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx , and Doughboys , the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother 's gambling debts .	1956	When was ` The Catered Affair ' released ?
Paddy Chayefsky 's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life was also explored by Chayefsky in his 1956 film The Catered Affair , and in the 1993 Robert De Niro/Chazz Palminteri film , A Bronx Tale , Spike Lee 's 1999 movie Summer of Sam , centered in an Italian-American Bronx community , 1994 's I Like It Like That that takes place in the predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx , and Doughboys , the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother 's gambling debts .	working class Bronx life	What did ` The Catered Affair ' explore ?
Paddy Chayefsky 's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life was also explored by Chayefsky in his 1956 film The Catered Affair , and in the 1993 Robert De Niro/Chazz Palminteri film , A Bronx Tale , Spike Lee 's 1999 movie Summer of Sam , centered in an Italian-American Bronx community , 1994 's I Like It Like That that takes place in the predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx , and Doughboys , the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother 's gambling debts .	an Italian-American Bronx community	What was ` Summer of Sam ' about ?
The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that `` The Bronx is burning '' : in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film .	the South Bronx	Where was arson a big problem in the Bronx ?
The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that `` The Bronx is burning '' : in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film .	1974	When was the phrase `` The Bronx is burning '' first widespread ?
The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that `` The Bronx is burning '' : in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film .	BBC	Who made a documentary called `` The Bronx is burning '' ?
The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that `` The Bronx is burning '' : in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film .	New York Times	Who published an editorial called `` The Bronx is burning '' ?
A new feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagan called Bronx Burning is in production in 2006 , chronicling what led up to the numerous arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough .	Edwin Pagan	Who made a film called ` Bronx Burning ' ?
In the 1979 film The Warriors , the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx , and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn .	1979	When was ` The Warriors ' movie released ?
Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name .	1974	When was ` The Wanderers ' published ?
A Bronx Tale -LRB- 1993 -RRB- depicts gang activities in the Belmont `` Little Italy '' section of the Bronx .	1993	When was ' A Bronx Tale ' released ?
Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name .	1979	When was ` The Wanderers ' movie released ?
The 1981 film Fort Apache , The Bronx is another film that used the Bronx 's gritty image for its storyline .	1981	When was ` Fort Apache ' released ?
Knights of the South Bronx , a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children , is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005 .	2005	When was ` Fuga dal Bronx ' released ?
The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 film Fuga dal Bronx , also known as Bronx Warriors 2 and Escape 2000 , an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the television series Mystery Science Theatre 3000 .	Italian	What origin was ` Escape 2000 ' ?
Bronx native Nancy Savoca 's 1989 comedy , True Love , explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding .	1989	When was ` True Love ' released ?
Bronx native Nancy Savoca 's 1989 comedy , True Love , explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding .	comedy	What genre was ` True Love ' ?
The film , which debuted Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard as the betrothed couple , won the Grand Jury Prize at that year 's Sundance Film Festival .	Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard	Who starred in ` True Love ' ?
Penny Marshall 's 1990 film Awakenings , which was nominated for several Oscars , is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks ' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa .	1990	When did `` Awakenings '' come out ?
Penny Marshall 's 1990 film Awakenings , which was nominated for several Oscars , is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks ' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa .	Oliver Sacks	Whose real story is ` Awakenings ' based on ?
Penny Marshall 's 1990 film Awakenings , which was nominated for several Oscars , is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks ' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa .	neurologist	What is Sacks ' career ?
A 1973 Yorkshire Television documentary and `` A Kind of Alaska '' , a 1985 play by Harold Pinter , were also based on Sacks ' book .	1985	When was ' A Kind of Alaska ' performed ?
A 1973 Yorkshire Television documentary and `` A Kind of Alaska '' , a 1985 play by Harold Pinter , were also based on Sacks ' book .	Harold Pinter	Who wrote ' A Kind of Alaska ' ?
All of the characters in Herman Wouk 's City Boy : The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder -LRB- 1948 -RRB- live in the Bronx , and about half of the action is set there .	1948	When was ` City Boy : The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder ' published ?
All of the characters in Herman Wouk 's City Boy : The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder -LRB- 1948 -RRB- live in the Bronx , and about half of the action is set there .	about half	How much of ` City Boy : The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder ' is set in the Bronx ?
All of the characters in Herman Wouk 's City Boy : The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder -LRB- 1948 -RRB- live in the Bronx , and about half of the action is set there .	Herman Wouk	Who wrote ` City Boy : The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder ' ?
In Jacob M. Appel 's short story , `` The Grand Concourse '' -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , a woman who grew up in the iconic Lewis Morris Building returns to the Morrisania neighborhood with her adult daughter .	2007	When was ` The Grand Concourse ' published ?
In Jacob M. Appel 's short story , `` The Grand Concourse '' -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , a woman who grew up in the iconic Lewis Morris Building returns to the Morrisania neighborhood with her adult daughter .	Jacob M. Appel	Who wrote ` The Grand Concourse ' ?
By contrast , Tom Wolfe 's Bonfire of the Vanities -LRB- 1987 -RRB- portrays a wealthy , white protagonist , Sherman McCoy , getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals .	Tom Wolfe	Who wrote ` Bonfire of the Vanities ' ?
By contrast , Tom Wolfe 's Bonfire of the Vanities -LRB- 1987 -RRB- portrays a wealthy , white protagonist , Sherman McCoy , getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals .	1987	When was ` Bonfire of the Vanities ' published ?
By contrast , Tom Wolfe 's Bonfire of the Vanities -LRB- 1987 -RRB- portrays a wealthy , white protagonist , Sherman McCoy , getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals .	Sherman McCoy	Who was the main character of ` Bonfire of the Vanities ' ?
By contrast , Tom Wolfe 's Bonfire of the Vanities -LRB- 1987 -RRB- portrays a wealthy , white protagonist , Sherman McCoy , getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals .	white	What race was Sherman McCoy ?
By contrast , Tom Wolfe 's Bonfire of the Vanities -LRB- 1987 -RRB- portrays a wealthy , white protagonist , Sherman McCoy , getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals .	off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx	Where did McCoy get lost ?
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings , individually and collectively , and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence -LRB- rationalism , empiricism -RRB- over acceptance of dogma or superstition .	human beings	What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism ?
Generally , however , humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress .	freedom and progress	What is a common tenant of humanism ?
The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it .	intellectual movements	What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism ?
In modern times , humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism , and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world .	secularism	These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what ?
In modern times , humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism , and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world .	science	Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what ?
Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy -- or kindness and benevolence toward one 's fellow human being .	philanthropy	What was humanism once considered the same as ?
Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong , and that model writers of Latin , such as Cicero and others , used the word only to mean what we might call `` humane '' or `` polite '' learning , or the Greek equivalent Paideia .	Gellius	Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word ?
Gellius became a favorite author in the Italian Renaissance , and , in fifteenth-century Italy , teachers and scholars of philosophy , poetry , and rhetoric were called and called themselves `` humanists '' .	Italian Renaissance	In which period did Gellius gain fame ?
Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong , and that model writers of Latin , such as Cicero and others , used the word only to mean what we might call `` humane '' or `` polite '' learning , or the Greek equivalent Paideia .	Cicero	Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas commonplace ?
For Cicero , a lawyer , what most distinguished humans from brutes was speech , which , allied to reason , could -LRB- and should -RRB- enable them to settle disputes and live together in concord and harmony under the rule of law .	speech	What is the characteristic that most separates humans from animals ?
During the French Revolution , and soon after , in Germany -LRB- by the Left Hegelians -RRB- , humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind , without attention to the transcendent or supernatural .	supernatural	At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed ?
It is similar to Protestantism , although centered on human needs , interests , and abilities rather than the supernatural .	supernatural	Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what ?
In the Anglophone world , such modern , organized forms of humanism , which are rooted in the 18th-century Enlightenment , have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts .	18th-century Enlightenment	What do current tenants humanism have their origins in ?
The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries .	Religious Humanism	What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ?
In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools , and by 1836 the word `` humanism '' had been absorbed into the English language in this sense .	1808	In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning ?
In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools , and by 1836 the word `` humanism '' had been absorbed into the English language in this sense .	Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer	Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language ?
The coinage gained universal acceptance in 1856 , when German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism , the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning , a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations , especially Italy .	Georg Voigt	Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1856 ?
The coinage gained universal acceptance in 1856 , when German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism , the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning , a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations , especially Italy .	Italy	What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept ?
But in the mid-18th century , during the French Enlightenment , a more ideological use of the term had come into use .	French Enlightenment	During which period was the philosophy of humanism next updated ?
After the French Revolution , the idea that human virtue could be created by human reason alone independently from traditional religious institutions , attributed by opponents of the Revolution to Enlightenment philosophes such as Rousseau , was violently attacked by influential religious and political conservatives , such as Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre , as a deification or idolatry of humanity .	idolatry of humanity	What was the criticism of Humanism made by conservatives of the time ?
In this polarised atmosphere , in which established ecclesiastical bodies tended to circle the wagons and reflexively oppose political and social reforms like extending the franchise , universal schooling , and the like , liberal reformers and radicals embraced the idea of Humanism as an alternative religion of humanity .	liberal reformers and radicals	Who continued to support the belief system despite its critics ?
The anarchist Proudhon -LRB- best known for declaring that `` property is theft '' -RRB- used the word `` humanism '' to describe a `` culte , déification de l'humanité '' -LRB- `` worship , deification of humanity '' -RRB- and Ernest Renan in L'avenir de la science : pensées de 1848 -LRB- `` The Future of Knowledge : Thoughts on 1848 '' -RRB- -LRB- 1848 -- 49 -RRB- , states : `` It is my deep conviction that pure humanism will be the religion of the future , that is , the cult of all that pertains to humanity -- all of life , sanctified and raised to the level of a moral value . ''	Ernest Renan	Who felt that humanism would surely be a major `` religion '' today ?
At about the same time , the word `` humanism '' as a philosophy centred on humankind -LRB- as opposed to institutionalised religion -RRB- was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians , Arnold Ruge , and Karl Marx , who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government .	centred on humankind	What was the main difference between humanism and the religions of the time ?
At about the same time , the word `` humanism '' as a philosophy centred on humankind -LRB- as opposed to institutionalised religion -RRB- was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians , Arnold Ruge , and Karl Marx , who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government .	Karl Marx	What well known socialist adopted the usage of this term in Germany ?
There has been a persistent confusion between the several uses of the terms : philanthropic humanists look to what they consider their antecedents in critical thinking and human-centered philosophy among the Greek philosophers and the great figures of Renaissance history ; and scholarly humanists stress the linguistic and cultural disciplines needed to understand and interpret these philosophers and artists .	Greek philosophers	Who did benevolent believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy ?
There has been a persistent confusion between the several uses of the terms : philanthropic humanists look to what they consider their antecedents in critical thinking and human-centered philosophy among the Greek philosophers and the great figures of Renaissance history ; and scholarly humanists stress the linguistic and cultural disciplines needed to understand and interpret these philosophers and artists .	linguistic and cultural disciplines	Where did the learned believers place their focus ?
Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra , composed between 1,000 BCE -- 600 BCE in Greater Iran .	Gathas of Zarathustra	Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking ?
Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra , composed between 1,000 BCE -- 600 BCE in Greater Iran .	1,000 BCE – 600 BCE	When was this writing penned ?
The idea of Ahura Mazda as a non-intervening deistic divine God/Grand Architect of the universe tied with a unique eschatology and ethical system implying that each person is held morally responsible for their choices , made freely in this present life , in the afterlife .	afterlife	When was this writing penned ?
The importance placed on thought , action , responsibility , and a non-intervening creator was appealed to by , and inspired a number of , Enlightenment humanist thinkers in Europe such as Voltaire and Montesquieu .	Voltaire	What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism ?
In China , Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor .	Yellow Emperor	Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China ?
Among them Duke of Zhou , respected as a founder of Rujia -LRB- Confucianism -RRB- , is especially prominent and pioneering in humanistic thought .	Duke of Zhou	What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism ?
His words were recorded in the Book of History as follows -LRB- translation -RRB- : -LSB- citation needed -RSB-	Book of History	What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying : `` Humanity is the Ling -LRB- efficacious essence -RRB- of the world -LRB- among all -RRB- . ''	Wu of Zhou	Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world ?
In the 6th century BCE , Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy .	6th century BCE	When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker ?
The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV .24 , is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural .	Silver Rule of Confucianism	What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics ?
Humanistic thought is also contained in other Confucian classics , e.g. , as recorded in Zuo Zhuan , Ji Liang says , `` People is the zhu -LRB- master , lord , dominance , owner or origin -RRB- of gods .	Ji Liang	Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of gods ?
Humanistic thought is also contained in other Confucian classics , e.g. , as recorded in Zuo Zhuan , Ji Liang says , `` People is the zhu -LRB- master , lord , dominance , owner or origin -RRB- of gods .	Zuo Zhuan	Where could you read this information ?
6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition , thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists .	Thales of Miletus	Who was one of the first Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook ?
Anaxagoras brought philosophy and the spirit of rational inquiry from Ionia to Athens .	Athens	Where did this type of thinking next travel to ?
Other influential pre-Socratics or rational philosophers include Protagoras -LRB- like Anaxagoras a friend of Pericles -RRB- , known for his famous dictum `` man is the measure of all things '' and Democritus , who proposed that matter was composed of atoms .	Democritus	Who first introduced the idea that matter is made of atoms ?
In the 3rd century BCE , Epicurus became known for his concise phrasing of the problem of evil , lack of belief in the afterlife , and human-centred approaches to achieving eudaimonia .	Epicurus	Who was the first person to provide education opportunities to females ?
Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period .	Middle Ages and the Early Modern period	When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe ?
The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt -LRB- 1827 -- 91 -RRB- identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist .	Petrarch	Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period ?
For Petrarch and Boccaccio , the greatest master was Cicero , whose prose became the model for both learned -LRB- Latin -RRB- and vernacular -LRB- Italian -RRB- prose .	Cicero	The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue ?
Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was `` the first to put into words the notion that the centuries between the fall of Rome and the present had been the age of Darkness '' .	age of Darkness	The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue ?
In the high Renaissance , in fact , there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity , including the writings of the Church fathers , the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels , and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah , would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement .	the Jewish Kabbalah	What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all ?
With this end in view , Renaissance Church authorities afforded humanists what in retrospect appears a remarkable degree of freedom of thought .	Renaissance Church authorities	Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds ?
In the high Renaissance , in fact , there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity , including the writings of the Church fathers , the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels , and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah , would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement .	era of universal agreement	Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds ?
One humanist , the Greek Orthodox Platonist Gemistus Pletho -LRB- 1355 -- 1452 -RRB- , based in Mystras , Greece -LRB- but in contact with humanists in Florence , Venice , and Rome -RRB- taught a Christianised version of pagan polytheism .	Florence, Venice, and Rome	What cities may have influenced the beliefs of Gemistus Pleto ?
The humanists ' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods .	Latin literary texts	How were humanist able to identify the development of humanist thought ?
By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin , they applied the principle of ad fontes , or back to the sources , across broad areas of learning , seeking out manuscripts of Patristic literature as well as pagan authors .	Patristic literature	What was included in this quest for knowledge of the belief system ?
In 1439 , while employed in Naples at the court of Alfonso V of Aragon -LRB- at the time engaged in a dispute with the Papal States -RRB- the humanist Lorenzo Valla used stylistic textual analysis , now called philology , to prove that the Donation of Constantine , which purported to confer temporal powers on the Pope of Rome , was an 8th-century forgery .	philology	If your were unsure of the authenticity of an ancient text how could you verify it ?
Instead , after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turks in 1453 , which brought a flood of Greek Orthodox refugees to Italy , humanist scholars increasingly turned to the study of Neoplatonism and Hermeticism , hoping to bridge the differences between the Greek and Roman Churches , and even between Christianity itself and the non-Christian world .	Byzantine Empire	What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s ?
The refugees brought with them Greek manuscripts , not only of Plato and Aristotle , but also of the Christian Gospels , previously unavailable in the Latin West .	Greek manuscripts	What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s ?
After 1517 , when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available , the Dutch humanist Erasmus , who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius , began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla , comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a view to correcting errors and discrepancies in the latter .	1517	When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people ?
After 1517 , when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available , the Dutch humanist Erasmus , who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius , began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla , comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a view to correcting errors and discrepancies in the latter .	Erasmus	When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people ?
Erasmus , along with the French humanist Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples , began issuing new translations , laying the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation .	Lefèvre d'Étaples	Erasmus can be said to have lit the match that sparked a radical change in thinking in his era along with who ?
After the Reformation , critical examination of the Bible did not resume until the advent of the so-called Higher criticism of the 19th-century German Tübingen school .	the Bible	What text still remained without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 18th century ?
The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond .	P. Terentius Afer	What author had a great impact in Rome ?
Terence , an African and a former slave , was well placed to preach the message of universalism , of the essential unity of the human race , that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks , but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality .	Terence	Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words ?
Terence , an African and a former slave , was well placed to preach the message of universalism , of the essential unity of the human race , that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks , but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality .	the Greeks	From where did this school of thought emerge ?
Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call :	Seneca	Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later
Terence , an African and a former slave , was well placed to preach the message of universalism , of the essential unity of the human race , that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks , but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality .	universalism	What was the name of the main belief Terence offered
This was despite what A. C. Crombie -LRB- viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress -RRB- calls `` a backwards-looking admiration for antiquity '' , in which Platonism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian concentration on the observable properties of the physical world .	A. C. Crombie	Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward ?
Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science -LRB- see the history of science in the Renaissance -RRB- .	technical writings	Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge ?
But Renaissance humanists , who considered themselves as restoring the glory and nobility of antiquity , had no interest in scientific innovation .	Renaissance humanists	What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant ?
However , by the mid-to-late 16th century , even the universities , though still dominated by Scholasticism , began to demand that Aristotle be read in accurate texts edited according to the principles of Renaissance philology , thus setting the stage for Galileo 's quarrels with the outmoded habits of Scholasticism .	16th century,	When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle ?
Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci -- partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist -- advocated study of human anatomy , nature , and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art , so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives -LRB- c. 1493 -- 1540 -RRB- advocated observation , craft , and practical techniques to improve the formal teaching of Aristotelian philosophy at the universities , helping to free them from the grip of Medieval Scholasticism .	Leonardo da Vinci	Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art ?
Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci -- partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist -- advocated study of human anatomy , nature , and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art , so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives -LRB- c. 1493 -- 1540 -RRB- advocated observation , craft , and practical techniques to improve the formal teaching of Aristotelian philosophy at the universities , helping to free them from the grip of Medieval Scholasticism .	Juan Luis Vives	Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time ?
Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci -- partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist -- advocated study of human anatomy , nature , and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art , so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives -LRB- c. 1493 -- 1540 -RRB- advocated observation , craft , and practical techniques to improve the formal teaching of Aristotelian philosophy at the universities , helping to free them from the grip of Medieval Scholasticism .	universities	Where did this initiate ?
Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci -- partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist -- advocated study of human anatomy , nature , and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art , so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives -LRB- c. 1493 -- 1540 -RRB- advocated observation , craft , and practical techniques to improve the formal teaching of Aristotelian philosophy at the universities , helping to free them from the grip of Medieval Scholasticism .	Aristotelian	What type of philosophy was essential to this forwarding of thought ?
Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith -LRB- see Christian Humanism -RRB- .	Early humanists	Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism ?
For them , the word `` secular '' carried no connotations of disbelief -- that would come later , in the nineteenth century .	secular	What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians ?
In the Renaissance to be secular meant simply to be in the world rather than in a monastery .	Renaissance	During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation ?
Petrarch frequently admitted that his brother Gherardo 's life as a Carthusian monk was superior to his own -LRB- although Petrarch himself was in Minor Orders and was employed by the Church all his life -RRB- .	Gherardo	Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning ?
Eliot and her circle , who included her companion George Henry Lewes -LRB- the biographer of Goethe -RRB- and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau , were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte , whom Martineau had translated .	Harriet Martineau	What abolitionist was greatly affected by the writings of Comte ?
Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles -- a secular Religion of Humanity -LRB- which worshiped the dead , since most humans who have ever lived are dead -RRB- , complete with holidays and liturgy , modeled on the rituals of what was seen as a discredited and dilapidated Catholicism .	atheistic	What type of idea did he pose which was focused on facets of humanism ?
Although Comte 's English followers , like Eliot and Martineau , for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system , they liked the idea of a religion of humanity .	religion of humanity	What main idea did the English believers of Comte 's philosophy take from his writings ?
Comte 's austere vision of the universe , his injunction to `` vivre pour altrui '' -LRB- `` live for others '' , from which comes the word `` altruism '' -RRB- , and his idealisation of women inform the works of Victorian novelists and poets from George Eliot and Matthew Arnold to Thomas Hardy .	altruism	What currently used word was based in ideas from this philosopher ?
Active in the early 1920s , F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work `` humanism '' but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James .	F.C.S. Schiller	What 19th century author associated his works with humanism ?
In 1929 , Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley , John Dewey , Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann .	1929	When was the first public group for Humanist founded ?
In 1929 , Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley , John Dewey , Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann .	Charles Francis Potter	Who created this group ?
Potter was a minister from the Unitarian tradition and in 1930 he and his wife , Clara Cook Potter , published Humanism : A New Religion .	1930	When did Charles Potter and Clara Potter publish their first writings on Humanism ?
Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive , humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s .	Abraham Maslow	Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology ?
Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud 's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner 's Behaviorism .	psychological perspective	What is human phycology ?
Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive , humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s .	psychoanalysis	They introduced it in response to what ?
Raymond B. Bragg , the associate editor of The New Humanist , sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead , Charles Francis Potter , and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference .	Western Unitarian Conference	What groups thoughts did he seek to include ?
Raymond B. Bragg , the associate editor of The New Humanist , sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead , Charles Francis Potter , and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference .	Raymond B. Bragg,	Who became responsible in part for the editing of The New Humanist ?
It then presented 15 theses of humanism as foundational principles for this new religion .	15	How many cornerstones of this new way of thinking or religion were presented >
Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humanist Manifesto in 1933 .	Humanist Manifesto	What was the name of the material that was produced from this groups and the opinions of others ?
Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors , book collectors , educators , and writers , who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti -- `` humanists '' .	cultural and educational reform	What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance >
Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors , book collectors , educators , and writers , who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti -- `` humanists '' .	late fifteenth century	When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge ?
There were important centres of humanism at Florence , Naples , Rome , Venice , Mantua , Ferrara , and Urbino .	Naples	Where was one main concentration of Humanism ?
Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors , book collectors , educators , and writers , who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti -- `` humanists '' .	umanisti	What was the new term for believers of Humanism philosophy ?
Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it .	narrow pedantry	What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like ?
They sought to create a citizenry -LRB- frequently including women -RRB- able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions .	women	What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought ?
This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis , today known as the humanities : grammar , rhetoric , history , poetry and moral philosophy .	humanities	What foundation of study allowed for the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people ?
As a program to revive the cultural -- and particularly the literary -- legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity , Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a few isolated geniuses like Rabelais or Erasmus as is still sometimes popularly believed .	pervasive cultural mode	Was the humanism of the time limited to scholars ?
Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people , but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help .	capacity of people	What is contemporary humanism optimistic about ?
The ultimate goal is human flourishing ; making life better for all humans , and as the most conscious species , also promoting concern for the welfare of other sentient beings and the planet as a whole .	human flourishing	What is the main goal of humanism optimistic ?
The ultimate goal is human flourishing ; making life better for all humans , and as the most conscious species , also promoting concern for the welfare of other sentient beings and the planet as a whole .	making life better	What is human flourishing ?
Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people , but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help .	purely good	What doesnt conetemporary humanism believe about human nature ?
Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs , interests , and abilities .	religious rituals	What was included in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion ?
Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of `` humanism '' until the late 19th and early 20th centuries , non-theistic religions paired with human-centred ethical philosophy have a long history .	19th and early 20th centuries	When did practicers of religious humanism form under the name Humanism ?
The Cult of Reason -LRB- French : Culte de la Raison -RRB- was a religion based on deism devised during the French Revolution by Jacques Hébert , Pierre Gaspard Chaumette and their supporters .	Jacques Hébert	Who founded a religion whose cornerstone was deism ?
In 1793 during the French Revolution , the cathedral Notre Dame de Paris was turned into a `` Temple to Reason '' and for a time Lady Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars .	1793	During what time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Humanism ?
Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound , T. E. Hulme , and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental `` slop '' -LRB- Hulme -RRB- -LSB- citation needed -RSB- or `` an old bitch gone in the teeth '' -LRB- Pound -RRB- and wanted to go back to a more manly , authoritarian society such as -LRB- they believed -RRB- existed in the Middle Ages .	Ezra Pound	Who was one early naysayer of Humanism ?
Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound , T. E. Hulme , and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental `` slop '' -LRB- Hulme -RRB- -LSB- citation needed -RSB- or `` an old bitch gone in the teeth '' -LRB- Pound -RRB- and wanted to go back to a more manly , authoritarian society such as -LRB- they believed -RRB- existed in the Middle Ages .	sentimental	What was the main reason they disagreed with the beliefs ?
`` Humanism fabricates the human as much as it fabricates the nonhuman animal '' , suggests Timothy Laurie , turning the human into what he calls `` a placeholder for a range of attributes that have been considered most virtuous among humans -LRB- e.g. rationality , altruism -RRB- , rather than most commonplace -LRB- e.g. hunger , anger -RRB- '' .	Timothy Laurie	Who stated Humanism creates of people placeholder ?
Nevertheless , philosopher Kate Soper notes that by faulting humanism for falling short of its own benevolent ideals , anti-humanism thus frequently `` secretes a humanist rhetoric '' .	Kate Soper	Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism ?
In his book , Humanism -LRB- 1997 -RRB- , Tony Davies calls these critics `` humanist anti-humanists '' .	1997	In what year was the book humanism published ?
Davies acknowledges that after the horrific experiences of the wars of the 20th century `` it should no longer be possible to formulate phrases like ` the destiny of man ' or the ` triumph of human reason ' without an instant consciousness of the folly and brutality they drag behind them '' .	20th century	In what century was the horrific wars ?
For one thing humanism remains on many occasions the only available alternative to bigotry and persecution .	humanism	What is the only alternative to bigotry and persecution on many occasions ?
In his book , Humanism -LRB- 1997 -RRB- , Tony Davies calls these critics `` humanist anti-humanists '' .	Tony Davies	Who wrote the book humanism ?
The statement , in a play modeled or borrowed from a -LRB- now lost -RRB- Greek comedy by Menander , may have originated in a lighthearted vein -- as a comic rationale for an old man 's meddling -- but it quickly became a proverb and throughout the ages was quoted with a deeper meaning , by Cicero and Saint Augustine , to name a few , and most notably by Seneca .	Seneca	Who quoted the line of Terence most notably ?
The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism , and Neoplatonism , whose Pagan wisdom the humanists , like the Church fathers of old , tended , at least initially , to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue .	ancient manuscripts	What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories ?
The line from a drama of Terence , Homo sum , humani nihil a me alienum puto -LRB- or with nil for nihil -RRB- , meaning `` I am a human being , I think nothing human alien to me '' , known since antiquity through the endorsement of Saint Augustine , gained renewed currency as epitomising the humanist attitude .	Saint Augustine	Who was the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence ?
The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism , and Neoplatonism , whose Pagan wisdom the humanists , like the Church fathers of old , tended , at least initially , to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue .	Church fathers	Who were the Humanists in agreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living ?
Davies identifies Paine 's The Age of Reason as `` the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation '' : the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical , historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach .	The Age of Reason	What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings ?
Davies identifies Paine 's The Age of Reason as `` the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation '' : the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical , historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach .	18th-century	Which century was the first writing from ?
Homo homini deus est -LRB- `` The human being is a god to humanity '' or `` god is nothing -LSB- other than -RSB- the human being to himself '' -RRB- , Feuerbach had written .	Feuerbach	Who states imply that humans are their own Gods ?
The second is philosophical , German , seeks the totality and autonomy of knowledge , and stresses understanding rather than freedom as the key to human fulfilment and emancipation .	German	What was the origin of the second writing ?
Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies .	molten	The initial state of earth was what ?
Eventually , the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere .	a solid crust	What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled ?
The Moon formed soon afterwards , possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10 % of the Earth 's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow .	about 10% of the Earth's mass	How does the mass of the moon compare to earth ?
Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere .	Outgassing and volcanic activity	What created a primordial atmosphere on earth ?
Condensing water vapor , augmented by ice delivered from comets , produced the oceans .	comets	Ice from what source helped to create earths oceans ?
Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies .	molten	Powerful volcanism contributed to cause early earth to be in what state ?
Eventually , the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere .	water began accumulating	What occurred in the atmosphere of the earth after the crust was formed ?
Condensing water vapor , augmented by ice delivered from comets , produced the oceans .	Condensing	When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor ?
The Earth of the early Archean -LRB- 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago -RRB- may have had a different tectonic style .	4,000 to 2,500 million years ago	During what time period was the Archean era ?
The Earth of the early Archean -LRB- 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago -RRB- may have had a different tectonic style .	Archean	During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates ?
Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter , that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today , resulting in a much greater rate of recycling of crustal material .	crustal material	It is believed that a very warm earth would lead to more recycling of what ?
This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed down .	cratonisation and continent formation	What might have a very hot earth stopped from occurring ?
Others argue that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle is too buoyant to subduct and that the lack of Archean rocks is a function of erosion and subsequent tectonic events .	erosion and subsequent tectonic events	What do some believe accounts for the small amount of Archean rocks ?
In contrast to the Proterozoic , Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments , such as graywackes , mudstones , volcanic sediments and banded iron formations .	metamorphized deep-water sediments	What are Archean rocks composed of , in general ?
Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations , consisting of alternating high - and low-grade metamorphic rocks .	Greenstone	What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks ?
The high-grade rocks were derived from volcanic island arcs , while the low-grade metamorphic rocks represent deep-sea sediments eroded from the neighboring island frogs and deposited in a forearc basin .	volcanic island arcs	From where did high grade Archean rocks originate ?
The high-grade rocks were derived from volcanic island arcs , while the low-grade metamorphic rocks represent deep-sea sediments eroded from the neighboring island frogs and deposited in a forearc basin .	deep-sea sediments	Low grade metamorphic rocks are composed of what , generally ?
In short , greenstone belts represent sutured protocontinents .	sutured protocontinents	What is a greenstone belt ?
The geologic record of the Proterozoic -LRB- 2,500 to 541 million years ago -RRB- is more complete than that for the preceding Archean .	2,500 to 541 million years ago	During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur ?
In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean , the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas ; furthermore , many of these rocks are less metamorphosed than Archean-age ones , and plenty are unaltered .	Archean	What era came before the Proterozoic era ?
In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean , the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas ; furthermore , many of these rocks are less metamorphosed than Archean-age ones , and plenty are unaltered .	shallow epicontinental seas	In what type of sea did typical Proterozoic geology come to be ?
Study of these rocks show that the eon featured massive , rapid continental accretion -LRB- unique to the Proterozoic -RRB- , supercontinent cycles , and wholly modern orogenic activity .	rapid continental accretion	What type of continental behavior was unique to the Proterozoic ?
Roughly 750 million years ago , the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia , began to break apart .	Rodinia	What is the name for the large super continent that broke apart 750 million years ago ?
The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago -LRB- Ma -RRB- and is subdivided into six geologic periods ; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian , Devonian , Carboniferous and Permian .	541 to 252 million years ago	During what period was the Paleozoic era ?
The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago -LRB- Ma -RRB- and is subdivided into six geologic periods ; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian , Devonian , Carboniferous and Permian .	six	How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era ?
The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago -LRB- Ma -RRB- and is subdivided into six geologic periods ; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian , Devonian , Carboniferous and Permian .	geologic periods	The Permian is an example of what ?
Geologically , the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and at the end of a global ice age .	breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia	After what continental event did the Paleozoic begin ?
Toward the end of the era the continents gathered together into a supercontinent called Pangaea , which included most of the Earth 's land area .	Pangaea	What continent was formed at the end of the Paleozoic ?
The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma .	541.0 ± 1.0 Ma.	At what rough time did the Cambrian era start ?
Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia .	Pannotia	What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of ?
Gondwana started to drift toward the South Pole .	Gondwana	What continent moved to the southern-most part of the earth in the Cambrian era ?
Panthalassa covered most of the southern hemisphere , and minor oceans included the Proto-Tethys Ocean , Iapetus Ocean and Khanty Ocean .	Panthalassa	What continent ranged over the majority of the southern hemisphere of earth in the Cambrian ?
Laurentia , Baltica and Siberia remained independent continents following the break-up of the supercontinent of Pannotia .	independent continents	Baltica and Sibera are examples of what thing , during the Cambrian era ?
The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma .	485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.	How long ago did the Ordovician period begin ?
The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma .	the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction	Which event precipitated the Ordovician period ?
During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana .	Gondwana	What was the name of the large southernmost continent during the Ordovician ?
Early in the Ordovician the continents Laurentia , Siberia and Baltica were still independent continents -LRB- since the break-up of the supercontinent Pannotia earlier -RRB- , but Baltica began to move toward Laurentia later in the period , causing the Iapetus Ocean to shrink between them .	Iapetus Ocean	Which ocean decreased in size with the movement of Baltica in the Ordovician ?
Also , Avalonia broke free from Gondwana and began to head north toward Laurentia .	Avalonia	What continent fractured off Gondwana in the direction of Laurentia ?
The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age , in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long , stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician .	stable greenhouse conditions	What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period ?
The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age , in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long , stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician .	the Hirnantian faunal stage	What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period ?
The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought ; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows that it was probably no longer than 0.5 to 1.5 million years .	brachiopods	Oxygen from what kind of fossil were used to date the Hirnantian faunal stage ?
The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought ; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows that it was probably no longer than 0.5 to 1.5 million years .	0.5 to 1.5 million years	How many years is the Hirnantian faunal stage believed to have lasted ?
As the southern supercontinent Gondwana drifted over the South Pole , ice caps formed on it .	ice caps	What started to develop on Gondwana as it moved over the south pole ?
The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma .	443.8 ± 1.5 Ma.	When was the Silurian period believed to have begun ?
During the Silurian , Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes , but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation .	less extensive	Compared to the Ordovician glaciation , how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian ?
The melting of ice caps and glaciers contributed to a rise in sea levels , recognizable from the fact that Silurian sediments overlie eroded Ordovician sediments , forming an unconformity .	a rise in sea levels	What did the melting of ice on Gondwana add to ?
Other cratons and continent fragments drifted together near the equator , starting the formation of a second supercontinent known as Euramerica .	Euramerica	Which supercontinent formed during the Silurian ?
The vast ocean of Panthalassa covered most of the northern hemisphere .	Panthalassa	Which ocean ranged the majority of the northern hemisphere in the Silurian period ?
The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma .	419 to 359 Ma.	During what time period was the Devonian era ?
The continent Euramerica -LRB- or Laurussia -RRB- was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica , which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Capricorn .	Euramerica (or Laurussia)	Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica ?
In these near-deserts , the Old Red Sandstone sedimentary beds formed , made red by the oxidized iron -LRB- hematite -RRB- characteristic of drought conditions .	Old Red Sandstone	Which sedimentary beds were created in the dry areas of Euramerica in the Devonian period ?
The deep , enormous Panthalassa -LRB- the `` universal ocean '' -RRB- covered the rest of the planet .	Panthalassa	What was the largest ocean referred to that existed in the Devonian period ?
Near the equator Pangaea began to consolidate from the plates containing North America and Europe , further raising the northern Appalachian Mountains and forming the Caledonian Mountains in Great Britain and Scandinavia .	the northern Appalachian Mountains	Which mountains associated with the USA were formed near the equator on Pangaea during the Devonian ?
A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous ; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian .	A global drop	What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished ?
A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous ; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian .	Carboniferous	During which period were epicontinental seas created ?
These conditions apparently had little effect in the deep tropics , where lush coal swamps flourished within 30 degrees of the northernmost glaciers .	lush coal swamps	What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period ?
A mid-Carboniferous drop in sea-level precipitated a major marine extinction , one that hit crinoids and ammonites especially hard .	a major marine extinction	What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period ?
This sea-level drop and the associated unconformity in North America separate the Mississippian Period from the Pennsylvanian period .	Mississippian Period	The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period ?
The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building , as the supercontinent Pangea came together .	mountain building	What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous ?
The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana , which collided with North America-Europe -LRB- Laurussia -RRB- along the present line of eastern North America .	Laurussia	What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous ?
This continental collision resulted in the Hercynian orogeny in Europe , and the Alleghenian orogeny in North America ; it also extended the newly uplifted Appalachians southwestward as the Ouachita Mountains .	the Alleghenian orogeny	What was the effect of Laurussia impacting Gondwana in North America ?
This continental collision resulted in the Hercynian orogeny in Europe , and the Alleghenian orogeny in North America ; it also extended the newly uplifted Appalachians southwestward as the Ouachita Mountains .	the Ouachita Mountains	The mountains forming to the southwest of the Appalachians in the Carboniferous are known as what ?
There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys .	the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys	Which two large oceans existed during the Carboniferous period ?
During the Permian all the Earth 's major land masses , except portions of East Asia , were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea .	Pangaea	What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era ?
Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles , with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean -LRB- Panthalassa , the universal sea -RRB- , and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean , a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana .	Panthalassa	What was the largest ocean during the Permian called ?
Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles , with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean -LRB- Panthalassa , the universal sea -RRB- , and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean , a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana .	Paleo-Tethys Ocean	There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia in the Permian , what was it ?
The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia , causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink .	Cimmeria	The moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the Paleo-Tethys ?
A new ocean was growing on its southern end , the Tethys Ocean , an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era .	the Mesozoic Era	During which period was the Tehtys Ocean dominant ?
The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa -LRB- `` all the sea '' -RRB- .	Panthalassa	Which ocean name is translated to mean `` all the sea ? ''
All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates ; thus , very little is known of the Triassic open ocean .	subduction of oceanic plates	What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection ?
The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic -- especially late in the period -- but had not yet separated .	Pangaea was rifting	What was occurring to Pangaea in the late Triassic ?
The first nonmarine sediments in the rift that marks the initial break-up of Pangea -- which separated New Jersey from Morocco -- are of Late Triassic age ; in the U.S. , these thick sediments comprise the Newark Supergroup .	Newark Supergroup	Which sediements in the US are an indication of the break up of Pangaea ?
Thus Triassic stratigraphy is mostly based on organisms living in lagoons and hypersaline environments , such as Estheria crustaceans and terrestrial vertebrates .	terrestrial vertebrates	What type of terrestrial animals are found from the Triassic period ?
The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma .	201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma.	During what years was the Jurassic period ?
During the early Jurassic , the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana ; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico 's Yucatan Peninsula .	Pangaea	Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period ?
During the early Jurassic , the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana ; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico 's Yucatan Peninsula .	Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula	The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass ?
The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow , while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous Period , when Gondwana itself rifted apart .	Cretaceous Period	At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open ?
The Jurassic geological record is good in western Europe , where extensive marine sequences indicate a time when much of the continent was submerged under shallow tropical seas ; famous locales include the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the renowned late Jurassic lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen .	lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen	Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe ?
During the Cretaceous , the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents , although their positions were substantially different at the time .	Pangaea	The current continents were formerly known as what continent ?
As the Atlantic Ocean widened , the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the North American Cordillera , as the Nevadan orogeny was followed by the Sevier and Laramide orogenies .	Sevier and Laramide	Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous ?
Though Gondwana was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous , Gondwana itself broke up as South America , Antarctica and Australia rifted away from Africa -LRB- though India and Madagascar remained attached to each other -RRB- ; thus , the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans were newly formed .	Gondwana	South America was formerly which continent ?
Such active rifting lifted great undersea mountain chains along the welts , raising eustatic sea levels worldwide .	raising eustatic sea levels	The rifting in the Cretaceous had what result on the oceans ?
Though Gondwana was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous , Gondwana itself broke up as South America , Antarctica and Australia rifted away from Africa -LRB- though India and Madagascar remained attached to each other -RRB- ; thus , the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans were newly formed .	Gondwana	Antarctica was a part of what supercontinent ?
At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression , one-third of Earth 's present land area was submerged .	one-third	During the height of the Cretaceous transgression how much of the earths land mass was under water ?
The Cretaceous is justly famous for its chalk ; indeed , more chalk formed in the Cretaceous than in any other period in the Phanerozoic .	Phanerozoic	What type of rock was the Cretaceous notable for forming the most amount of ?
The Cretaceous is justly famous for its chalk ; indeed , more chalk formed in the Cretaceous than in any other period in the Phanerozoic .	Phanerozoic	The Cretaceous is a part of which geologic era ?
Famous formations from North America include the rich marine fossils of Kansas 's Smoky Hill Chalk Member and the terrestrial fauna of the late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation .	North America	Where can one find the Smoky Hill Chalk Member ?
In the area that is now India , massive lava beds called the Deccan Traps were laid down in the very late Cretaceous and early Paleocene .	India	Where are the Deccan Traps ?
The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day .	66 million years	How many years long was the Cenozoic Era ?
The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day .	Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event	Which extinction marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era ?
The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day .	Cenozoic Era	What geologic period are we in currently ?
By the end of the Mesozoic era , the continents had rifted into nearly their present form .	Mesozoic	At the end of which era had the continents taken roughly their current shape ?
This impact gave rise to the Himalayas .	the Himalayas	The collision of the Indian sub continent and the Asian plate created which mountain range ?
Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents .	three	How many continents did Laurasia break into ?
North America and Asia were still intermittently joined by a land bridge , while Greenland and North America were beginning to separate .	North America	In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent ?
The Laramide orogeny of the late Cretaceous continued to uplift the Rocky Mountains in the American west , which ended in the succeeding epoch .	the Rocky Mountains	What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was lifted as a result of the Laramide oregeny ?
South and North America remained separated by equatorial seas -LRB- they joined during the Neogene -RRB- ; the components of the former southern supercontinent Gondwana continued to split apart , with Africa , South America , Antarctica and Australia pulling away from each other .	Neogene	In which period did North and South america join ?
Africa was heading north toward Europe , slowly closing the Tethys Ocean , and India began its migration to Asia that would lead to a tectonic collision and the formation of the Himalayas .	Tethys	Which ocean was closed when Africa moved northward during the Paleocene ?
During the Eocene -LRB- 56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago -RRB- , the continents continued to drift toward their present positions .	56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago	During what years did the Eocene period take place ?
At the beginning of the period , Australia and Antarctica remained connected , and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters , distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high .	Antarctica	Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene ?
But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma , the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica , and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents .	around 45 Ma	How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split ?
The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago .	40 million years	Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun ?
At the beginning of the period , Australia and Antarctica remained connected , and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters , distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high .	keeping global temperatures high	The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what ?
In western North America , mountain building started in the Eocene , and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts .	Eocene	during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America ?
In Europe , the Tethys Sea finally vanished , while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant , the Mediterranean , and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north .	Tethys Sea	In the Eocene , in Europe , which sea ceased to be ?
In Europe , the Tethys Sea finally vanished , while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant , the Mediterranean , and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north .	Tethys Sea	The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene ?
In western North America , mountain building started in the Eocene , and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts .	huge lakes	What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene ?
India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia , creating the Himalayan orogeny .	the Himalayan orogeny	Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia ?
Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap .	ice cap	What permanent structure formed on Antarctica ?
Mountain building in western North America continued , and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate , isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea .	the Alps	The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian ?
There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar .	Oligocene	During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America ?
During the Oligocene , South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America .	Antarctica	In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent ?
It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow , rapidly cooling the continent .	the Antarctic Circumpolar Current	Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica ?
Of the modern geologic features , only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent , the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula .	the Andes	The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America ?
India continued to collide with Asia .	Asia	Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene ?
The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma -LRB- ICS 2004 -RRB- .	The Tethys Seaway	When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene ?
The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma -LRB- ICS 2004 -RRB- .	19 and 12 Ma	Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear ?
Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene .	Messinian salinity crisis	Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period ?
South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene , bringing a nearly complete end to South America 's distinctive marsupial faunas .	the Isthmus of Panama	What is the link between North and South America called ?
South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene , bringing a nearly complete end to South America 's distinctive marsupial faunas .	Pliocene	In which period did North and South America become linked ?
Africa 's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea , cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean .	Africa	The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what ?
Near the end of the Pliocene , about 2.58 million years ago -LRB- the start of the Quaternary Period -RRB- , the current ice age began .	the Quaternary Period	What period came after the Pliocene ?
South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene , bringing a nearly complete end to South America 's distinctive marsupial faunas .	marsupial faunas	The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America ?
The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago .	about 10,000 years ago	How long ago did the last glacial period end ?
Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres -LRB- 115 ft -RRB- in the early part of the Holocene .	Holocene	During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet ?
Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres -LRB- 115 ft -RRB- in the early part of the Holocene .	35 metres (115 ft)	By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period ?
In addition , many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 metres -LRB- 591 ft -RRB- over the late Pleistocene and Holocene , and are still rising today .	Pleistocene	Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet ?
The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay , as it shrank from its larger , immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase , to near its present boundaries .	Tyrrell Sea	What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of ?
A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law , protect property , and limit civil disorder .	enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder	What does the state want a police force to do ?
Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors ; however , gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing .	military units charged with civil policing	What are gendarmerie ?
Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors ; however , gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing .	military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors	What are police usually separate from ?
The police force is usually a public sector service , meaning they are paid through taxes .	through taxes	How are police usually paid ?
In some societies , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property .	late 18th and early 19th centuries	When were police used to protect the class system ?
The police force is usually a public sector service , meaning they are paid through taxes .	public sector	What kind of service are police ?
Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree .	corruption	What problem do many police forces have ?
Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by `` prefects '' for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period .	Chu and Jin	Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement ?
Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by `` prefects '' for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period .	Spring	What period was the Chu kingdom in ?
Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by `` prefects '' for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period .	Autumn	What period was the Jin kingdom in ?
The concept of the `` prefecture system '' spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan .	Korea and Japan	Which countries adopted the ` prefecture system ' from China ?
Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by `` prefects '' for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period .	prefects	What did ancient China call its police ?
As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479 , Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood -LRB- Santa Hermandad -RRB- as a national police force .	War of the Castilian Succession	What war ended in 1479 ?
As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479 , Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood -LRB- Santa Hermandad -RRB- as a national police force .	Ferdinand and Isabella	Who formed Spain 's first national police force ?
As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479 , Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood -LRB- Santa Hermandad -RRB- as a national police force .	Santa Hermandad	What was Spain 's first national police force called , in Spanish ?
As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479 , Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood -LRB- Santa Hermandad -RRB- as a national police force .	Holy Brotherhood	What does Santa Hermandad mean ?
The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835 .	1835	When did Spain suppress local police units ?
In France during the Middle Ages , there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities : The Marshal of France and the Constable of France .	The Marshal of France and the Constable of France	Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties ?
In France during the Middle Ages , there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities : The Marshal of France and the Constable of France .	Great Officers of the Crown of France	How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified ?
The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal 's provost , whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal .	the Marshalcy	What was the Marshal 's force called ?
Another organisation , the Constabulary -LRB- French : Connétablie -RRB- , was under the command of the Constable of France .	the Constabulary	What was the Constable 's force called , in English ?
Another organisation , the Constabulary -LRB- French : Connétablie -RRB- , was under the command of the Constable of France .	Connétablie	What was the Constable 's force called , in French ?
The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris , then the largest city in Europe .	1667	In what year did Paris get a police force ?
The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris , then the largest city in Europe .	King Louis XIV	Who created Paris 's police force ?
The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris , then the largest city in Europe .	Paris	What was the largest European city in 1667 ?
The royal edict , registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15 , 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police -LRB- `` lieutenant general of police '' -RRB- , who was to be the head of the new Paris police force , and defined the task of the police as `` ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals , purging the city of what may cause disturbances , procuring abundance , and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties '' .	lieutenant general of police	What was the title of the head of Paris 's police , in English ?
The royal edict , registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15 , 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police -LRB- `` lieutenant general of police '' -RRB- , who was to be the head of the new Paris police force , and defined the task of the police as `` ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals , purging the city of what may cause disturbances , procuring abundance , and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties '' .	lieutenant général de police	What was the title of the head of Paris 's police , in French ?
This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie , who had 44 commissaires de police -LRB- police commissioners -RRB- under his authority .	Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie	Who was Paris 's first head of police ?
This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie , who had 44 commissaires de police -LRB- police commissioners -RRB- under his authority .	44	How many commissioners worked under Reynie ?
The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires , each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy .	16	How many policing districts was Paris divided into ?
The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699 , resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns .	October 1699	When was Paris 's police system expanded to the rest of France ?
In 1709 , these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police -LRB- police inspectors -RRB- .	1709	When were police inspectors added to Paris 's police ?
The word `` police '' was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century , but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces .	in the 18th century	When did the French language adopt the word ` police ' ?
The word , and the concept of police itself , were `` disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression '' -LRB- according to Britannica 1911 -RRB- .	Britannica 1911	Which dictionary said police were ' a symbol of foreign oppression ' ?
The word `` police '' was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century , but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces .	English	What language did French borrow the word ` police ' from ?
Before the 19th century , the first use of the word `` police '' recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798 .	1798	When were the Marine Police created in the UK ?
Before the 19th century , the first use of the word `` police '' recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798 .	the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714	What was the first use of ` police ' in the UK ?
In 1797 , Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames , to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of # 500,000 worth of cargo .	Patrick Colquhoun	Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police ?
In 1797 , Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames , to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of # 500,000 worth of cargo .	docks	Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force ?
In 1797 , Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames , to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of # 500,000 worth of cargo .	1797	When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force ?
In 1797 , Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames , to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of # 500,000 worth of cargo .	£500,000	How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year ?
Moreover , he went so far as to praise the French system , which had reached `` the greatest degree of perfection '' in his estimation .	"the greatest degree of perfection"	How did Colquhoun praise the French police ?
With the initial investment of # 4,200 , the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades , of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and `` on the game . ''	50	What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force ?
With the initial investment of # 4,200 , the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades , of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and `` on the game . ''	33,000	How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing ?
With the initial investment of # 4,200 , the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades , of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and `` on the game . ''	11,000	How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals ?
The force was a success after its first year , and his men had `` established their worth by saving # 122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives . ''	£122,000	How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year ?
Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street , the river police were full-time , salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees .	stipendiary system	How did the Bow Street group pay their employees ?
Colquhoun 's utilitarian approach to the problem -- using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit -- allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives .	Henry and John Fielding	Who started the Bow Street detectives ?
Colquhoun 's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel 's `` new '' police three decades later .	Robert Peel	Who came up with the concept of the ` new ' police ?
Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street , the river police were full-time , salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees .	full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees	How did the Thames River Police pay their employees ?
Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street , the river police were full-time , salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees .	full-time	What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work ?
Meanwhile , the authorities in Glasgow , Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800 .	Glasgow Police Act	Which law established Glasgow 's police ?
Meanwhile , the authorities in Glasgow , Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800 .	1800	When was Glasgow 's police force established ?
In Ireland , the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary .	Irish Constabulary Act	Which law established Ireland 's police ?
In Ireland , the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary .	1822	When was Ireland 's police force established ?
In Ireland , the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary .	Royal Irish Constabulary	What was Ireland 's police force called ?
Peel , widely regarded as the father of modern policing , was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham , who called for a strong and centralized , but politically neutral , police force for the maintenance of social order , for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder .	Peel	Who was the ` father of modern policing ' ?
Peel , widely regarded as the father of modern policing , was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham , who called for a strong and centralized , but politically neutral , police force for the maintenance of social order , for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder .	Jeremy Bentham	Whose philosophy influenced Peel ?
Peel , widely regarded as the father of modern policing , was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham , who called for a strong and centralized , but politically neutral , police force for the maintenance of social order , for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder .	neutral	What political position did Bentham think police should have ?
Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession , to organise it in a civilian fashion , and to make it answerable to the public .	as an official paid profession	How did Peel standardize police ?
Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession , to organise it in a civilian fashion , and to make it answerable to the public .	in a civilian fashion	How did Peel organize police ?
The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers , and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system .	1829	When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed ?
The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers , and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system .	the judicial system	What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of ?
This was very different to the ` Continental model ' of the police force that had been developed in France , where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state .	France	Where was the ` Continental model ' of police from ?
This was very different to the ` Continental model ' of the police force that had been developed in France , where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state .	the authority of the monarch	What part of the government did French police work under ?
In 1566 , the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited .	1566	When did Rio get its first police investigator ?
By the 17th century , most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions .	most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions	How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century ?
On July 9 , 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order .	July 9, 1775	When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment ?
In 1808 , the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil , because of the French invasion of Portugal .	Brazil	Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808 ?
In 1808 , the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil , because of the French invasion of Portugal .	French	Who invaded Portugal in 1808 ?
In Canada , the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729 , making it the first police force in present-day Canada .	1729	When did Canada get its first police ?
In Canada , the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729 , making it the first police force in present-day Canada .	Royal Newfoundland Constabulary	What was Canada 's first police force ?
It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police , and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City .	1834	When was the Toronto police created ?
It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police , and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City .	1838	When was the Montreal police created ?
The famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police was founded in 1873 .	1873	When were the first Mounties created ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses .	poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses	What were the Old West 's local police options ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses .	The Army	Which military branch helped the Old West 's inadequate local police ?
At its height , the Pinkerton Agency 's numbers exceeded those of the United States Army .	Army	Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors , notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency , which was hired by individuals , businessmen , local governments and the federal government .	Pinkerton National Detective Agency	Which private contractor acted as police for businesses ?
Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries , most notably with Nicolas Delamare 's Traité de la Police -LRB- `` Treatise on the Police '' -RRB- , first published in 1705 .	German and French	Which countries ' scholars developed the contemporary police concept ?
Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries , most notably with Nicolas Delamare 's Traité de la Police -LRB- `` Treatise on the Police '' -RRB- , first published in 1705 .	1705	When was the ` Treatise on the Police ' published ?
Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries , most notably with Nicolas Delamare 's Traité de la Police -LRB- `` Treatise on the Police '' -RRB- , first published in 1705 .	Traité de la Police	What was the ` Treatise on the Police ' called in French ?
Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries , most notably with Nicolas Delamare 's Traité de la Police -LRB- `` Treatise on the Police '' -RRB- , first published in 1705 .	Nicolas Delamare	Who wrote the ` Treatise on the Police ' ?
The German Polizeiwissenschaft -LRB- Science of Police -RRB- first theorized by Philipp von Hörnigk a 17th-century Austrian Political economist and civil servant and much more famously by Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi who produced an important theoretical work known as Cameral science on the formulation of police .	Political economist and civil servant	What was von Hornigk 's career ?
It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficial appearance of empowering the population -LRB- and unwittingly supervising the population -RRB- , which , according to mercantilist theory , was to be the main strength of the state .	mercantilist theory	Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police ?
As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft , according to Foucault the police had an administrative , economic and social duty -LRB- `` procuring abundance '' -RRB- .	procuring abundance	How did Foucault describe the social duty of police ?
As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft , according to Foucault the police had an administrative , economic and social duty -LRB- `` procuring abundance '' -RRB- .	Foucault	Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft ?
Thus , its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities and included public health concerns , urban planning -LRB- which was important because of the miasma theory of disease ; thus , cemeteries were moved out of town , etc. -RRB- , and surveillance of prices .	because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.	Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning ?
Edwin Chadwick 's 1829 article , `` Preventive police '' in the London Review , argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body , which was not the case in practice .	Edwin Chadwick	Who wrote ` Preventive Police ' ?
Edwin Chadwick 's 1829 article , `` Preventive police '' in the London Review , argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body , which was not the case in practice .	1829	When was ` Preventive Police ' published ?
Edwin Chadwick 's 1829 article , `` Preventive police '' in the London Review , argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body , which was not the case in practice .	London Review	Where was ` Preventive Police ' published ?
Edwin Chadwick 's 1829 article , `` Preventive police '' in the London Review , argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body , which was not the case in practice .	prevention	What did Chadwick say police should be focused on ?
In contrast to a deterrent of punishment , a preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime cost-ineffective - `` crime does n't pay '' .	a deterrent of punishment	What was the alternative to prevention ?
Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television , many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time , such as in the detective bureau , and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time , after which officers must transfer out or return to patrol duties .	patrol duties	What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This is done in part based upon the perception that the most important and essential police work is accomplished on patrol in which officers become acquainted with their beats , prevent crime by their presence , respond to crimes in progress , manage crises , and practice their skills .	on patrol	Where do some think the most important police work happens ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- This is done in part based upon the perception that the most important and essential police work is accomplished on patrol in which officers become acquainted with their beats , prevent crime by their presence , respond to crimes in progress , manage crises , and practice their skills .	prevent crime by their presence	How do patrol officers affect crime ?
The terms international policing , transnational policing , and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state -LRB- Nadelmann , 1993 -RRB- , -LRB- Sheptycki , 1995 -RRB- .	1993	When did Nadelmann write about global policing ?
The terms international policing , transnational policing , and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state -LRB- Nadelmann , 1993 -RRB- , -LRB- Sheptycki , 1995 -RRB- .	1995	When did Sheptycki write about global policing ?
The terms international policing , transnational policing , and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state -LRB- Nadelmann , 1993 -RRB- , -LRB- Sheptycki , 1995 -RRB- .	international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing	What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country ?
Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years -LRB- Deflem , 2002 -RRB- .	2002	When did Deflem write about cross-border policing ?
For example , in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals .	anarchist agitators and other political radicals	What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century ?
A notable example of this was the occasional surveillance by Prussian police of Karl Marx during the years he remained resident in London .	Prussian	Which police force monitored Karl Marx ?
The interests of public police agencies in cross-border co-operation in the control of political radicalism and ordinary law crime were primarily initiated in Europe , which eventually led to the establishment of Interpol before the Second World War .	Interpol	What international police agency was created before WW2 ?
It is also generally agreed that in the post -- Cold War era this type of practice became more significant and frequent -LRB- Sheptycki , 2000 -RRB- .	post–Cold War	In what era did cross-border policing increase ?
A notable exception is James Sheptycki 's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a description of how these transnational information and intelligence exchanges are transformed into police case-work .	the English Channel region	Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation ?
A notable exception is James Sheptycki 's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a description of how these transnational information and intelligence exchanges are transformed into police case-work .	2002	When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation ?
The study showed that transnational police information sharing was routinized in the cross-Channel region from 1968 on the basis of agreements directly between the police agencies and without any formal agreement between the countries concerned .	1968	When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing ?
By 1992 , with the signing of the Schengen Treaty , which formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union , there were worries that much , if not all , of this intelligence sharing was opaque , raising questions about the efficacy of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing in Europe -LRB- Joubert and Bevers , 1996 -RRB- .	1992	When was the Schengen Treaty signed ?
By 1992 , with the signing of the Schengen Treaty , which formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union , there were worries that much , if not all , of this intelligence sharing was opaque , raising questions about the efficacy of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing in Europe -LRB- Joubert and Bevers , 1996 -RRB- .	formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union	What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing ?
Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer , so it is difficult to make generalizations , but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a common feature -LRB- Alain , 2001 -RRB- .	outside of Europe	Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied ?
Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer , so it is difficult to make generalizations , but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a common feature -LRB- Alain , 2001 -RRB- .	Alain	Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices ?
Intelligence-led policing is now common practice in most advanced countries -LRB- Ratcliffe , 2007 -RRB- and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information exchange has a common morphology around the world -LRB- Ratcliffe , 2007 -RRB- .	Intelligence-led	What kind of policing has become common practice ?
James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of ` organizational pathologies ' have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic .	make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic	What problems did Sheptycki say ` organizational pathologies ' have caused for police ?
The paradoxical effect is that , the harder policing agencies work to produce security , the greater are feelings of insecurity .	the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity	What paradox did Sheptycki point out ?
This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead , especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict -LRB- Goldsmith and Sheptycki , 2007 -RRB- With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark and there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions -LRB- Hills , 2009 -RRB- .	in United Nations peacekeeping	Where has transnational policing become more important ?
This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead , especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict -LRB- Goldsmith and Sheptycki , 2007 -RRB- With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark and there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions -LRB- Hills , 2009 -RRB- .	Goldsmith and Sheptycki	Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007 ?
Police development-aid to weak , failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention .	weak, failed or failing states	What kind of countries get assistance with policing ?
This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead , especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict -LRB- Goldsmith and Sheptycki , 2007 -RRB- With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark and there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions -LRB- Hills , 2009 -RRB- .	With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark	What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances ?
This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead , especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict -LRB- Goldsmith and Sheptycki , 2007 -RRB- With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark and there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions -LRB- Hills , 2009 -RRB- .	there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions	What concern did Hills raise about police models ?
For example , according to the Global Accountability Report for 2007 -LRB- Lloyd , et al. 2007 -RRB- Interpol had the lowest scores in its category -LRB- IGOs -RRB- , coming in tenth with a score of 22 % on overall accountability capabilities -LRB- p. 19 -RRB- .	Lloyd, et al.	Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007 ?
As this report points out , and the existing academic literature on transnational policing seems to confirm , this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement .	this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement	Why is transnational policing so unaccountable ?
For example , according to the Global Accountability Report for 2007 -LRB- Lloyd , et al. 2007 -RRB- Interpol had the lowest scores in its category -LRB- IGOs -RRB- , coming in tenth with a score of 22 % on overall accountability capabilities -LRB- p. 19 -RRB- .	22%	How accountable is Interpol ?
For example , according to the Global Accountability Report for 2007 -LRB- Lloyd , et al. 2007 -RRB- Interpol had the lowest scores in its category -LRB- IGOs -RRB- , coming in tenth with a score of 22 % on overall accountability capabilities -LRB- p. 19 -RRB- .	Interpol	What is the least-accountable IGO ?
They can also be armed with non-lethal -LRB- more accurately known as `` less than lethal '' or `` less-lethal '' -RRB- weaponry , particularly for riot control .	"less than lethal" or "less-lethal"	What should non-lethal weapons properly be called ?
Non-lethal weapons include batons , tear gas , riot control agents , rubber bullets , riot shields , water cannons and electroshock weapons .	batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons	What are common less-lethal weapons ?
The use of firearms or deadly force is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary to save human life , although some jurisdictions -LRB- such as Brazil -RRB- allow its use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts .	The use of firearms or deadly force	What is supposed to be the last resort for police ?
A `` shoot-to-kill '' policy was recently introduced in South Africa , which allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians .	allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians	What is South Africa 's `` shoot-to-kill '' policy ?
The use of firearms or deadly force is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary to save human life , although some jurisdictions -LRB- such as Brazil -RRB- allow its use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts .	Brazil	Where can police shoot fleeing convicts ?
Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment , carried both on the person and installed in vehicles , to co-ordinate their work , share information , and get help quickly .	radio	How do modern police often communicate ?
Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment , carried both on the person and installed in vehicles , to co-ordinate their work , share information , and get help quickly .	carried both on the person and installed in vehicles	Where do police have radios ?
Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment , carried both on the person and installed in vehicles , to co-ordinate their work , share information , and get help quickly .	to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly	Why do police use radios ?
In recent years , vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications , enabling easier dispatching of calls , criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds , and updating officers ' daily activity log and other , required reports on a real-time basis .	criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds	What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation ?
In recent years , vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications , enabling easier dispatching of calls , criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds , and updating officers ' daily activity log and other , required reports on a real-time basis .	updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis	What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting ?
Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence .	primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence	When do police often use unmarked cars ?
Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement , since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for officers to catch speeders and traffic violators .	for traffic law enforcement	What use of unmarked cars is controversial ?
This practice is controversial , with for example , New York State banning this practice in 1996 on the grounds that it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers .	it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers	Why did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops ?
This practice is controversial , with for example , New York State banning this practice in 1996 on the grounds that it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers .	1996	When did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops ?
Bicycle patrols are used in some areas because they allow for more open interaction with the public .	they allow for more open interaction with the public	Why do some cops use bicycles to patrol ?
In addition , their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot .	their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot	How do bicycles help catch some suspects ?
Motorcycles are also commonly used , particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach , to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles .	Motorcycles	What do police use to control motorcyclist events ?
In the United States , August Vollmer introduced other reforms , including education requirements for police officers .	August Vollmer	Who was O.W. Wilson a student of ?
In the United States , August Vollmer introduced other reforms , including education requirements for police officers .	August Vollmer	Who introduced education requirements for US police ?
Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption , establishing of a non-partisan police board to help govern the police force , a strict merit system for promotions within the department , and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers .	to reduce their vulnerability to corruption	Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities ?
O.W. Wilson , a student of Vollmer , helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita , Kansas , and later in the Chicago Police Department .	Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department	Where did Wilson reduce police corruption ?
Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption , establishing of a non-partisan police board to help govern the police force , a strict merit system for promotions within the department , and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers .	an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries	How did Wilson recruit more qualified police ?
In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest .	safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest	What does Miranda provide ?
The court held that `` The prosecution may not use statements , whether exculpatory or inculpatory , stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way , unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the Fifth Amendment 's privilege against self-incrimination ''	self-incrimination	What does the 5th Amendment protect against ?
The court held that `` The prosecution may not use statements , whether exculpatory or inculpatory , stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way , unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the Fifth Amendment 's privilege against self-incrimination ''	Fifth	Which amendment prevents self-incrimination ?
In Terry v. Ohio -LRB- 1968 -RRB- the court divided seizure into two parts , the investigatory stop and arrest .	1968	When was the Terry v. Ohio case ?
In Terry v. Ohio -LRB- 1968 -RRB- the court divided seizure into two parts , the investigatory stop and arrest .	investigatory stop and arrest	Which two parts did Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into ?
The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer 's search '' -LSB- is -RSB- confined to what -LSB- is -RSB- minimally necessary to determine whether -LSB- a suspect -RSB- is armed , and the intrusion , which -LSB- is -RSB- made for the sole purpose of protecting himself and others nearby , -LSB- is -RSB- confined to ascertaining the presence of weapons '' -LRB- U.S. Supreme Court -RRB- .	what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed	What is an investigatory stop 's search limited to ?
All police officers in the United Kingdom , whatever their actual rank , are ` constables ' in terms of their legal position .	constables	What is the legal status of UK police officers ?
However , certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of police operations , such as a power to authorize a search of a suspect 's house -LRB- section 18 PACE in England and Wales -RRB- by an officer of the rank of Inspector , or the power to authorize a suspect 's detention beyond 24 hours by a Superintendent .	authorize a search of a suspect's house	What can only Inspector-ranked UK officers do ?
However , certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of police operations , such as a power to authorize a search of a suspect 's house -LRB- section 18 PACE in England and Wales -RRB- by an officer of the rank of Inspector , or the power to authorize a suspect 's detention beyond 24 hours by a Superintendent .	authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours	What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do ?
This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner .	arrest	What powers of a new UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner 's ?
To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law , some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts can not be obtained in time , and where , without interference of the police , the realization of the private right would be impeded .	To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law	Why do some police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders ?
To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law , some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts can not be obtained in time , and where , without interference of the police , the realization of the private right would be impeded .	the realization of the private right	What could be impeded without police interference ?
This would , for example , allow police to establish a restaurant guest 's identity and forward it to the innkeeper in a case where the guest can not pay the bill at nighttime because his wallet had just been stolen from the restaurant table .	establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper	How could police help the owner when a restaurant guest does n't pay because their wallet got stolen ?
Punjab -LRB- Urdu , Punjabi : پنجاب , panj-āb , `` five waters '' : listen -LRB- help · info -RRB- -RRB- , also spelled Panjab , is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan .	five waters	What does Punjab mean ?
Punjab -LRB- Urdu , Punjabi : پنجاب , panj-āb , `` five waters '' : listen -LRB- help · info -RRB- -RRB- , also spelled Panjab , is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan .	four	How many provinces does Pakistan have ?
It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres -LRB- 79,284 square miles -RRB- and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011 , approximately 56 % of the country 's total population .	205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles)	How large is Punjab ?
It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres -LRB- 79,284 square miles -RRB- and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011 , approximately 56 % of the country 's total population .	91.379.615	What is Punjab 's population ?
Its provincial capital and largest city is Lahore .	Lahore	What is Punjab 's biggest city ?
Punjab 's geography mostly consists of the alluvial plain of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan , the Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , and Sutlej rivers .	the alluvial plain of the Indus River	What plain is Punjab in ?
Punjab 's geography mostly consists of the alluvial plain of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan , the Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , and Sutlej rivers .	the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers	What are the Indus River 's tributaries ?
It counts for 39.2 % of large scale manufacturing and 70 % of small scale manufacturing in the country .	39.2%	How much of Pakistan 's large-scale manufacturing is in Punjab ?
It counts for 39.2 % of large scale manufacturing and 70 % of small scale manufacturing in the country .	70%	How much of Pakistan 's small-scale manufacturing is in Punjab ?
Agriculture is the chief source of income and employment in Punjab ; wheat and cotton are the principal crops .	wheat and cotton	What crops does Punjab grow ?
Punjab is Pakistan 's second largest province in terms of land area at 205,344 km2 -LRB- 79,284 sq mi -RRB- , after Balochistan , and is located at the north western edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia .	second largest	How large is Punjab compared to the other three provinces ?
Punjab is Pakistan 's second largest province in terms of land area at 205,344 km2 -LRB- 79,284 sq mi -RRB- , after Balochistan , and is located at the north western edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia .	Balochistan	What is Pakistan 's largest province ?
Punjab is Pakistan 's second largest province in terms of land area at 205,344 km2 -LRB- 79,284 sq mi -RRB- , after Balochistan , and is located at the north western edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia .	79,284	How many square miles is Punjab ?
The province is bordered by Kashmir -LRB- Azad Kashmir , Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir , India -RRB- to the northeast , the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east , the Pakistani province of Sindh to the south , the province of Balochistan to the southwest , the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west , and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north .	Punjab and Rajasthan	What Indian states are on the east side of Punjab , Pakistan ?
The province is bordered by Kashmir -LRB- Azad Kashmir , Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir , India -RRB- to the northeast , the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east , the Pakistani province of Sindh to the south , the province of Balochistan to the southwest , the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west , and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north .	Sindh	What Pakistani province is south of Punjab ?
Nearly 60 % of Pakistan 's population lives in the Punjab .	Punjab	Which province in Pakistan borders the other 3 provinces ?
It is the nation 's only province that touches every other province ; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad .	Islamabad	What is Pakistan 's capital ?
Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers , of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab .	five	How many rivers are in Punjab , Pakistan ?
From west to east , these are : the Indus , Jhelum , Beas , Chenab , Ravi and Sutlej .	Sutlej	What is the easternmost river in Punjab ?
Nearly 60 % of Pakistan 's population lives in the Punjab .	Nearly 60%	How much of Pakistan 's population lives in Punjab ?
There are 48 departments in Punjab government .	48	How many departments does the Punjab administration have ?
Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister -LRB- Politician -RRB- and a Provincial Secretary -LRB- A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21 -RRB- .	a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary	Who heads each government department ?
All Ministers report to the Chief Minister , who is the Chief Executive .	the Chief Minister	Who do the Provincial Ministers report to ?
All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab , who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant .	the Chief Secretary of Punjab	Who do the Provincial Secretaries report to ?
All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab , who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant .	usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant	What rank is the Chief Secretary ?
Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada .	Panchanada	What was Punjab formerly known as ?
Punjab was part of the Indus Valley Civilization , more than 4000 years ago .	the Indus Valley Civilization	What ancient civilization lived in Punjab ?
Punjab was part of the Indus Valley Civilization , more than 4000 years ago .	more than 4000 years ago	When was Punjab part of the Indus Valley Civilization ?
The main site in Punjab was the city of Harrapa .	Harrapa	What was the major Indus city in Punjab ?
Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast , an abundance of artefacts have nevertheless been found .	the Lahore-Multan railroad	What were bricks taken from Harrapa for the construction of ?
Due to its location , the Punjab region came under constant attacks and influence from the west and witnessed centuries of foreign invasions by the Greeks , Kushans , Scythians , Turks , and Afghans .	Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans	Who has invaded Punjab ?
The city of Taxila , founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram .	son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram	Who founded Taxila ?
It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world , -LSB- citation needed -RSB- Takshashila University .	Takshashila University	What is said to be the world 's oldest university ?
One of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya .	great Vedic thinker and politician	Who was Chanakya ?
Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire .	the Maurya Empire	What empire was Taxila a center of learning of ?
Having conquered Drangiana , Arachosia , Gedrosia and Seistan in ten days , Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold , gems and pearls .	Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan	Where did Alexander the Great conquer in 10 days ?
Having taken a northeasterly direction , he marched against the Aspii -LRB- mountaineers -RRB- , who offered vigorous resistance , but were subdued .	northeasterly	From which direction did Alexander enter Punjab ?
Having conquered Drangiana , Arachosia , Gedrosia and Seistan in ten days , Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold , gems and pearls .	riches in gold, gems and pearls	What wealth did Alexander hope to find ?
Having taken a northeasterly direction , he marched against the Aspii -LRB- mountaineers -RRB- , who offered vigorous resistance , but were subdued .	mountaineers	Who were the Aspii ?
A coalition was formed against Alexander by the Cathians , the people of Multan , who were very skilful in war .	the people of Multan	Who were the Cathians ?
The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region .	Muslim	What religion did Punjab become ?
The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region .	dargahs	What did missionary Muslims build in Punjab ?
The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths , mainly comprising Hinduism -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712 , by defeating Raja Dahir .	Muhammad bin Qasim	Who led the Umayyad army ?
The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths , mainly comprising Hinduism -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712 , by defeating Raja Dahir .	Sindh and Southern Punjab	Where did the Umayyads conquer ?
The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths , mainly comprising Hinduism -LSB- citation needed -RSB- , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712 , by defeating Raja Dahir .	Raja Dahir	Who did the Umayyads defeat ?
In 1758 , the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire , Raghunath Rao conquered Lahore and Attock .	the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire	Who was Raghunath Rao ?
In 1758 , the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire , Raghunath Rao conquered Lahore and Attock .	Lahore and Attock	Who did Rao conquer in 1758 ?
The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761 , Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and re-consolidated control over them .	1761	When was the Third Battle of Panipat ?
Lahore , Multan , Dera Ghazi Khan , Kashmir and other subahs on the south and eastern side of Peshawar were under the Maratha rule for the most part .	Maratha	Who ruled most of the eastern part of Peshawar ?
The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761 , Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and re-consolidated control over them .	Ahmad Shah Abdali	Who captured part of the Maratha Empire in 1761 ?
In the mid-fifteenth century , the religion of Sikhism was born .	mid-fifteenth century	When did Sikhism begin ?
During the Mughal empire , many Hindus increasingly adopted Sikhism .	Mughal empire	In which empire did many Hindus become Sikhs ?
In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora Khattak , but with no decisive result .	December 1826	When did Ahmad fight at Akora Khattak ?
In a major battle near the town of Balakot in 1831 , Sayyid Ahmad and Shah Ismail Shaheed with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army .	1831	When did Ahmad fight at Balakot ?
In a major battle near the town of Balakot in 1831 , Sayyid Ahmad and Shah Ismail Shaheed with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army .	the professional Sikh Army	Who won at Balakot ?
Maharaja Ranjit Singh 's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state .	summer of 1839	When did Ranjit Singh die ?
Maharaja Ranjit Singh 's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state .	political chaos	What did Ranjit Singh 's death cause ?
Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down , starting the First Anglo-Sikh War ; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation in 1849 of territory south of the Satluj to British India .	1849	When was part of Punjab annexed into British India ?
After the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 , the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India .	1849	When was the Second Anglo-Sikh War ?
After the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 , the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India .	the Sikh Empire	What was the last territory added to British India ?
Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971 .	1965 and 1971	When did India and Pakistan fight in Punjab ?
Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan 's nuclear program such as Kahuta .	Pakistan's nuclear program	What is Kahuta an important location for ?
It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi .	Sargodha and Rawalpindi	Where does Punjab have major military bases ?
The peace process between India and Pakistan , which began in earnest in 2004 , has helped pacify the situation .	2004	When did India and Pakistan begin serious peace talks ?
Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib .	Sikh pilgrims	Who visits Nankana Sahib ?
The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May , but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular .	by May	When do monsoons traditionally happen in Punjab ?
The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May , but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular .	since the early 1970s	When did Punjab 's weather pattern become unpredictable ?
Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C , newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat .	51 °C	How hot do newspapers say it has gotten in Punjab ?
Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993 , when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C .	54 °C	What was the record heat spike in Multan ?
Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993 , when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C .	June 1993	When was the record heat spike in Multan ?
The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi -LRB- which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan -RRB- and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country .	Punjabi	What is Punjab 's major language ?
The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi -LRB- which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan -RRB- and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country .	in a Shahmukhi script	How is Punjabi written ?
The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi -LRB- which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan -RRB- and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country .	Punjabis	What is the largest ethnic group in Pakistan ?
There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than 89 % of population .	89%	What minimum percent of each Punjab district speaks Punjabi natively ?
Saraiki is mostly spoken in south Punjab , and Pashto , spoken in some parts of north west Punjab , especially in Attock District and Mianwali District .	south Punjab	Where is Saraiki usually spoken ?
The Chief Minister of Punjab -LRB- CM -RRB- is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab , Pakistan .	the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab	Who elects the Chief Minister ?
The current Chief Minister is Shahbaz Sharif , who became the Chief Minister of Punjab as being restored after Governor 's rule starting from 25 February 2009 to 30 March 2009 .	2009	In what year did Sharif become CM ?
Thereafter got re-elected as a result of 11 May 2013 elections .	11 May 2013	When was Sharif re-elected CM ?
The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab , which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan .	unicameral	What kind of legislature is the Provincial Assembly ?
The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats , with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims .	371	How many seats are in the Provincial Assembly ?
The province 's economy has quadrupled since 1972 .	quadrupled	How much has Punjab 's economy grown since 1972 ?
Its share of Pakistan 's GDP was 54.7 % in 2000 and 59 % as of 2010 .	54.7%	How much of Pakistan 's GDP came from Punjab in 2000 ?
Its share of Pakistan 's GDP was 54.7 % in 2000 and 59 % as of 2010 .	59%	How much of Pakistan 's GDP came from Punjab in 2010 ?
It is also major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled -LRB- technically trained -RRB- manpower in Pakistan .	largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan	What manpower does Punjab provide ?
and during 2008 -- 09 grew at 6 % against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4 % .	6%	How much did Punjab 's economy grow in 2008-09 ?
Despite the lack of a coastline , Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan ; its manufacturing industries produce textiles , sports goods , heavy machinery , electrical appliances , surgical instruments , vehicles , auto parts , metals , sugar mill plants , aircraft , cement , agricultural machinery , bicycles and rickshaws , floor coverings , and processed foods .	coastline	What geographic feature does Punjab not have ?
Despite the lack of a coastline , Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan ; its manufacturing industries produce textiles , sports goods , heavy machinery , electrical appliances , surgical instruments , vehicles , auto parts , metals , sugar mill plants , aircraft , cement , agricultural machinery , bicycles and rickshaws , floor coverings , and processed foods .	surgical instruments	What medical product does Punjab manufacture ?
Despite the lack of a coastline , Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan ; its manufacturing industries produce textiles , sports goods , heavy machinery , electrical appliances , surgical instruments , vehicles , auto parts , metals , sugar mill plants , aircraft , cement , agricultural machinery , bicycles and rickshaws , floor coverings , and processed foods .	bicycles and rickshaws	What transportation products does Punjab manufacture ?
In 2003 , the province manufactured 90 % of the paper and paper boards , 71 % of the fertilizers , 69 % of the sugar and 40 % of the cement of Pakistan .	90%	How much of Pakistan 's paper products does Punjab manufacture ?
In 2003 , the province manufactured 90 % of the paper and paper boards , 71 % of the fertilizers , 69 % of the sugar and 40 % of the cement of Pakistan .	69%	How much of Pakistan 's sugar does Punjab manufacture ?
Despite its tropical wet and dry climate , extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region .	tropical wet and dry	What kind of climate does Punjab have ?
Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world .	the British	Who built Punjab 's irrigation system ?
Wheat and cotton are the largest crops .	Wheat and cotton	What are Punjab 's largest crops ?
Other crops include rice , sugarcane , millet , corn , oilseeds , pulses , vegetables , and fruits such as kinoo .	rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo	What are Punjab 's secondary crops ?
Despite past animosities , the rural masses in Punjab 's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting .	the Hindu calendar	What calendar do Punjab 's farmers use ?
As of June 2012 -LSB- update -RSB- , Pakistan 's electricity problems were so severe that violent riots were taking place across Punjab .	electricity	What kind of problem caused riots in June 2012 ?
According to protesters , load shedding was depriving the cities of electricity 20 -- 22 hours a day , causing businesses to go bust and making living extremely hard .	20–22 hours a day	How long were cities without electricity in June 2012 ?
Gujranwala , Toba Tek Singh , Faisalabad , Sialkot , Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District saw widespread rioting and violence on Sunday 17 June 2012 , with the houses of several members of parliament being attacked as well as the offices of regional energy suppliers Fesco , Gepco and Mepco being ransacked or attacked .	Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District	Where were there riots in June 2012 ?
Gujranwala , Toba Tek Singh , Faisalabad , Sialkot , Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District saw widespread rioting and violence on Sunday 17 June 2012 , with the houses of several members of parliament being attacked as well as the offices of regional energy suppliers Fesco , Gepco and Mepco being ransacked or attacked .	Fesco, Gepco and Mepco	Which energy companies ' offices were attacked by rioters ?
Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab .	Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran	What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab 's burial places ?
The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam -LRB- 1320 AD -RRB- at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy .	1320 AD	When did Rukn-e-Alam die ?
The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi -LRB- 1150 AD -RRB- at Multan .	1150 AD	When did Gardezi die ?
A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar , with its brilliant blue dome .	sixteenth century	When was Ahangar 's tomb built ?
A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar , with its brilliant blue dome .	blue	What color tile was used in Ahangar 's tomb ?
The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs .	fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints	What are urs ?
They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint .	the death anniversary of the saint	When are urs held ?
The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing .	folk	What genre of music is played at urs ?
The most important urs are : urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore , urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang , urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang , urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore , urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan , urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan , urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan , urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore , urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur , urs of Hazrat Imam Bari -LRB- Bari Shah Latif -RRB- at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri -LRB- the murrshad of Bulleh Shah -RRB- in Lahore .	Lahore	Where is Buksh 's shrine ?
The most important urs are : urs of Data Ganj Buksh at Lahore , urs of Hazrat Sultan Bahu at Jhang , urs of Hazrat Shah Jewna at Jhang , urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore , urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan , urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan , urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan , urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore , urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur , urs of Hazrat Imam Bari -LRB- Bari Shah Latif -RRB- at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri -LRB- the murrshad of Bulleh Shah -RRB- in Lahore .	Multan	Where is Zakria 's shrine ?
The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports , exhibitions , and livestock competitions are held .	The national horse and cattle show	What is Punjab 's biggest festival ?
The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports , exhibitions , and livestock competitions are held .	Lahore	Where is the national horse and cattle show held ?
The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports , exhibitions , and livestock competitions are held .	sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions	What happens at the national horse and cattle show ?
The Anarkali Market and Jahangir 's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum , while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence .	Jahangir's Tomb	What famous tomb is in Lahore ?
-LRB- born at Nankana Sahib -RRB- .	Nankana Sahib	Where was Nanak born ?
Several important Sikh shrines are in the province , including the birthplace of the first Guru , Guru Nanak .	Guru Nanak	Who was the first Sikh Guru ?
There are a few famous hill stations , including Murree , Bhurban , Patriata and Fort Munro .	Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro	What famous hill stations are in Punjab ?
The province is home to several historical sites , including the Shalimar Gardens , the Lahore Fort , the Badshahi Mosque , the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa .	Badshahi Mosque	What famous mosque is in Punjab ?
Among the Punjabi poets , the names of Sultan Bahu , Bulleh Shah , Mian Muhammad Baksh , and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi , Alam Lohar , Sain Marna , Mansoor Malangi , Allah Ditta Lona wala , Talib Hussain Dard , Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi , Gamoo Tahliwala , Mamzoo Gha-lla , Akbar Jat , Arif Lohar , Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known .	Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah	Who are some well-known Punjab poets ?
Among the Punjabi poets , the names of Sultan Bahu , Bulleh Shah , Mian Muhammad Baksh , and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi , Alam Lohar , Sain Marna , Mansoor Malangi , Allah Ditta Lona wala , Talib Hussain Dard , Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi , Gamoo Tahliwala , Mamzoo Gha-lla , Akbar Jat , Arif Lohar , Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known .	folk singers	What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala 's career ?
In the composition of classical ragas , there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi -LRB- Queen of Music -RRB- Roshan Ara Begum , Ustad Amanat Ali Khan , Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan .	Malika-i-Mauseequi	Who is the ` Queen of Music ' ?
Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature , by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979 .	from 1930 until 1979	When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer ?
For the popular taste however , light music , particularly Ghazals and folk songs , which have an appeal of their own , the names of Mehdi Hassan , Ghulam Ali , Nur Jehan , Malika Pukhraj , Farida Khanum , Roshen Ara Begum , and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known .	Ghazals and folk songs	What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform ?
Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods : the rains , sowing and harvesting seasons .	the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons	What do Punjab folk songs often reflect ?
Luddi , Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living .	Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi	Who sings about the joy of living ?
Love legends of Heer Ranjha , Mirza Sahiban , Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles .	Love	What does Heer Ranjha sing about ?
For the popular taste however , light music , particularly Ghazals and folk songs , which have an appeal of their own , the names of Mehdi Hassan , Ghulam Ali , Nur Jehan , Malika Pukhraj , Farida Khanum , Roshen Ara Begum , and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known .	Ghazals and folk songs	What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform ?
Among the vast varieties of microorganisms , relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals .	relatively few	Of the huge amount of microorganisms , how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals ?
Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect .	Infectious disease	Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what ?
The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen , depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen .	ability of that pathogen to damage the host	What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on ?
However a host 's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection .	cause damage	What can a host 's immune system do to a host ?
Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens :	host defenses	What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of ?
One way of proving that a given disease is `` infectious '' , is to satisfy Koch 's postulates -LRB- first proposed by Robert Koch -RRB- , which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls , and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease .	satisfy Koch's postulates	What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious ?
One way of proving that a given disease is `` infectious '' , is to satisfy Koch 's postulates -LRB- first proposed by Robert Koch -RRB- , which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls , and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease .	patients and not in healthy controls	What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch 's postulates ?
One way of proving that a given disease is `` infectious '' , is to satisfy Koch 's postulates -LRB- first proposed by Robert Koch -RRB- , which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls , and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease .	patients who contract the agent also develop the disease	What is Koch 's second postulate ?
Koch 's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture .	because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual	Why ca n't Koch 's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases ?
For example , Treponema pallidum , the causative spirochete of syphilis , can not be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes .	Treponema pallidum	What is the causative spirochete of syphilis ?
Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions -LRB- e.g. , influenza -RRB- .	when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person	When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases ?
Thus , a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted .	infectious disease	What is a contagious disease a subset of ?
Thus , a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted .	especially infective or easily transmitted	What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease ?
Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection , such as vector transmission or sexual transmission , are usually not regarded as `` contagious '' , and often do not require medical isolation -LRB- sometimes loosely called quarantine -RRB- of victims .	medical	Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission do n't often require what type of isolation ?
However , this specialized connotation of the word `` contagious '' and `` contagious disease '' -LRB- easy transmissibility -RRB- is not always respected in popular use .	specialized connotation of the word "contagious"	What is not always respected in popular use ?
Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body , grows and multiplies .	when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies.	When does infection begin ?
Most humans are not easily infected .	humans	What group is not easily infected ?
Those who are weak , sick , malnourished , have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections .	weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic	What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections ?
Individuals who have a suppressed immune system are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections .	Individuals who have a suppressed immune system	What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections ?
Some pathogens grow within the host cells -LRB- intracellular -RRB- whereas others grow freely in bodily fluids .	intracellular	What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells ?
Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound , while in infected wounds , replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured .	nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound	What does wound colonization refer to ?
Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound , while in infected wounds , replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured .	replicating	What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds ?
All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms , and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with the host .	extrinsic organisms	What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by ?
The difference between an infection and a colonization is often only a matter of circumstance .	only a matter of circumstance	What 's the difference between an infection and a colonization ?
An example of the former is the anaerobic bacteria species , which colonizes the mammalian colon , and an example of the latter is various species of staphylococcus that exist on human skin .	anaerobic bacteria	What species colonizes the mammalian colon ?
Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization , it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected .	Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization	Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected ?
Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice , there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs .	symptoms and signs	What is there limited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice ?
A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association 's `` Rational Clinical Examination Series '' quantified the importance of increased pain as an indicator of infection .	infection	What is increased pain an indicator of ?
The review showed that the most useful finding is an increase in the level of pain -LSB- likelihood ratio -LRB- LR -RRB- range , 11-20 -RSB- makes infection much more likely , but the absence of pain -LRB- negative likelihood ratio range , 0.64-0 .88 -RRB- does not rule out infection -LRB- summary LR 0.64-0 .88 -RRB- .	absence of pain	What does not rule out infection ?
Disease can arise if the host 's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host .	damage	Disease can arise when an organism inflicts what on the host ?
Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes .	toxins	What can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of ?
For example , Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles , and staphylococcus releases toxins that produce shock and sepsis .	paralyzes muscles	What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do ?
For example , Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles , and staphylococcus releases toxins that produce shock and sepsis .	staphylococcus	What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis ?
For example , less than 5 % of individuals infected with polio develop disease .	less than 5%	What percentage of people infected with polio develop disease ?
Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection .	body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection	Why do persistent infections occur ?
Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism , often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection .	the infectious organism	What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of ?
There are some viruses that can maintain a persistent infection by infecting different cells of the body .	by infecting different cells of the body	How can some viruses main a persistent infection ?
Some viruses once acquired never leave the body .	Some viruses	What never leave the body when acquired ?
A typical example is the herpes virus , which tends to hide in nerves and become reactivated when specific circumstances arise .	in nerves	Where does the herpes virus hide ?
Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly .	an infectious agent either directly or indirectly	What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying ?
In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts , cutaneous abscesses , respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge of the specific causative agent .	clinical	Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation ?
In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts , cutaneous abscesses , respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge of the specific causative agent .	without knowledge of the specific causative agent	How are minor infectious diseases treated ?
Given sufficient effort , all known infectious agents can be specifically identified .	all known infectious agents	What can be identified given sufficient effort ?
The benefits of identification , however , are often greatly outweighed by the cost , as often there is no specific treatment , the cause is obvious , or the outcome of an infection is benign .	greatly outweighed by the cost	Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent ?
Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination .	by medical history and physical examination	How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated ?
More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient .	detailed identification	What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow ?
Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features , by detecting the presence of substances produced by pathogens , and by directly identifying an organism by its genotype .	microscopic features	What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining ?
Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features , by detecting the presence of substances produced by pathogens , and by directly identifying an organism by its genotype .	its genotype	What can organisms be directly identified by ?
Other techniques -LRB- such as X-rays , CAT scans , PET scans or NMR -RRB- are used to produce images of internal abnormalities resulting from the growth of an infectious agent .	X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR	What technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities ?
Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease .	Microbiological	What type of culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease ?
In a microbial culture , a growth medium is provided for a specific agent .	growth	What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture ?
Most pathogenic bacteria are easily grown on nutrient agar , a form of solid medium that supplies carbohydrates and proteins necessary for growth of a bacterium , along with copious amounts of water .	nutrient agar	What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on ?
A single bacterium will grow into a visible mound on the surface of the plate called a colony , which may be separated from other colonies or melded together into a `` lawn '' .	a colony	What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate ?
In the case of viral identification , a region of dead cells results from viral growth , and is called a `` plaque '' .	a "plaque"	What is a region of dead cells resulting from viral growth called ?
In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques , some microbes require culture within live animals .	some microbes	What are live animals required by ?
Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals , although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary .	animals	What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in ?
Some viruses may be grown in embryonated eggs .	embryonated	What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in ?
Another useful identification method is Xenodiagnosis , or the use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent .	use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent	What is Xenodiagnosis ?
Chagas disease is the most significant example , because it is difficult to directly demonstrate the presence of the causative agent , Trypanosoma cruzi in a patient , which therefore makes it difficult to definitively make a diagnosis .	the causative agent	What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease ?
Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy .	diagnosis of infectious disease	What is microscopy used for ?
Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely , at some point , on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent .	microscopic examination	What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point ?
Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope , and can often rapidly lead to identification .	light microscope	What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under ?
Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques , and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with antibody based techniques .	when used in combination with antibody based techniques.	When is microscopy exquisitely specific ?
For example , the use of antibodies made artificially fluorescent -LRB- fluorescently labeled antibodies -RRB- can be directed to bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen .	bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen	What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do ?
Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye .	a number of basic dyes	What do almost all cells readily stain with ?
Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye .	electrostatic attraction	Why do cells easily stain with dyes ?
Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye .	negatively charged	What electronic charge do cellular molecules have ?
Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size , shape , internal and external components and its associations with other cells .	a dye	What is Geimsa stain ?
Two methods , the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain , are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease .	Two	How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease ?
The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease .	enzymes	What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease ?
For example , humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase , and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections .	RNA replicases	What enzyme 's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections ?
The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection , although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function .	red blood cells	What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together ?
For example , humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase , and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections .	humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase	Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus ?
Serological methods are highly sensitive , specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms .	Serological	What methods are highly sensitive , specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms ?
These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen .	bind specifically to an antigen	What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do ?
The antigen , usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent , is bound by the antibody .	a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent	What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually ?
This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways , dependent upon the test .	a chain of events	What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways ?
For example , `` Strep throat '' is often diagnosed within minutes , and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent , S. pyogenes , that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab .	S. pyogenes	What is the causative agent of `` strep throat '' ?
Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays .	Complex serological techniques	What are immunoassays ?
Immunoassays can use the basic antibody -- antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal , which can be detected by some form of instrumentation .	electro - magnetic or particle radiation	What type of signal do immunoassays produce ?
Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen .	unknowns can be compared to that of standards	What allows quantitation of the target antigen ?
To aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases , immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or proteins generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent .	generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent	Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins ?
Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction -LRB- PCR -RRB- method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future , for several reasons .	polymerase chain reaction	What does the acronym PCR expand to ?
Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction -LRB- PCR -RRB- method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future , for several reasons .	PCR	What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future ?
First , the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified .	virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified	What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of ?
Second , an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease ; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease .	grow within the human body	What must an infectious agent do to cause disease ?
Third , the essential tools for directing PCR , primers , are derived from the genomes of infectious agents , and with time those genomes will be known , if they are not already .	infectious agents	What are primers derived from the genomes of ?
Thus , the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available .	ability to detect any infectious agent	What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available ?
The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application , neither of which is insurmountable .	cost and application	What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis ?
The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods , such as some of the clostridial diseases -LRB- tetanus and botulism -RRB- .	clostridial diseases	What are some diseases which wo n't benefit from PCR methods ?
A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur , this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria .	significant proliferation of the infectious agent	PCR ca n't detect the presence of any bacteria when what does n't occur ?
For example , in the early 1980s , prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS , the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples , even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options .	AZT	What is used in the treatment of AIDS ?
For example , in the early 1980s , prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS , the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples , even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options .	monitoring the composition of patient blood samples	How was the course of AIDS followed ?
By understanding how the disease was transmitted , resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections .	resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk	What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted ?
The specific serological diagnostic identification , and later genotypic or molecular identification , of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus , as well as a myriad of other hypothesis .	geographical origins of the virus	What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable ?
Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection .	Molecular diagnostics	What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes ?
Techniques like hand washing , wearing gowns , and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another .	infections from being passed from one person to another	What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent ?
Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms .	Frequent hand washing	What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms ?
There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs , using a condom , and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise .	prevention	Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what ?
There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs , using a condom , and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise .	prevention	Why is it important to cook foods well ?
Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important .	avoiding	What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time ?
One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases .	prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases	Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what ?
Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence , distance traveled by victims , and level of contagiousness .	virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness	What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated ?
The human strains of Ebola virus , for example , incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after .	Ebola	What virus ' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them ?
Thus , the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging .	victims experience only internal hemorrhaging	Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious ?
Also , the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances , increasing the likelihood of an epidemic .	travel long distances	What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do ?
Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks .	transmission rate of infectious diseases	Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what ?
In epidemics , there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals .	extensive interactions	What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics ?
However , infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs .	focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps	What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates ?
The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method .	needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users	What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps ?
Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001 .	2001	When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus ?
Resistance to infection -LRB- immunity -RRB- may be acquired following a disease , by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen , by harboring an organism with a similar structure -LRB- crossreacting -RRB- , or by vaccination .	immunity	What is resistance to infection known technically as ?
Resistance to infection -LRB- immunity -RRB- may be acquired following a disease , by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen , by harboring an organism with a similar structure -LRB- crossreacting -RRB- , or by vaccination .	following a disease	When may immunity be acquired ?
Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens .	primary pathogens	What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for ?
There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections .	a measure of protection	What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity ?
Resistance to infection -LRB- immunity -RRB- may be acquired following a disease , by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen , by harboring an organism with a similar structure -LRB- crossreacting -RRB- , or by vaccination .	immunity	Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired ?
The clearance of the pathogens , either treatment-induced or spontaneous , it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients .	genetic variants	What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual ?
For instance , for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b -LRB- brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron -RRB- combined with ribavirin , it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene , encoding interferon lambda 3 , are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus .	Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b	What is the brand name Pegasys for ?
This finding , originally reported in Nature , showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others .	sustained virological response	What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve ?
When infection attacks the body , anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection .	anti-infective	What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body ?
Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist , depending on the type of organism targeted ; they include antibacterial -LRB- antibiotic ; including antitubercular -RRB- , antiviral , antifungal and antiparasitic -LRB- including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic -RRB- agents .	Several	How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist ?
Depending on the severity and the type of infection , the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection , or may be applied topically .	severity and the type of infection	What depends on the method an antibiotic is given ?
Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics .	with intravenous antibiotics	How are severe infections of the brain usually treated ?
Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria .	slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria	How do antibiotics work ?
The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS , TB and malaria .	HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria	What are the top three killer diseases ?
While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased , deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold .	fourfold	How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased ?
Childhood diseases include pertussis , poliomyelitis , diphtheria , measles and tetanus .	pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus	What are some popular childhood diseases ?
Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths .	Children	Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths ?
In 2012 , approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections , making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world .	lower respiratory infections	What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world ?
The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology .	field of Infectious Disease	What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into ?
The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology .	Epidemiology	Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study ?
Generally , infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists .	primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists	Who tends to initially diagnose an infection ?
For example , an `` uncomplicated '' pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist -LRB- lung physician -RRB- .	lung physician	What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist ?
The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners , as well as laboratory scientists , immunologists , bacteriologists and other specialists .	infectious diseases specialist	Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease ?
A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior .	pathogen load in an area and human behavior	What have a number of studies found a correlation between ?
Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area .	decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area	What is higher pathogen load associated with ?
This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups , which may reduce pathogen transmission , or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture .	pathogen transmission	What does avoidance of other groups reduce ?
Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior , which may reduce pathogen transmission .	Higher pathogen load	What does more restricted sexual behavior result in ?
Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development .	high pathogen load preventing economic development.	What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to ?
Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists , scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms .	paleopathologists	What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting ?
Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists , scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms .	occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms	What do paleopathologists study ?
Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs .	Signs of infection	What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs ?
A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone .	Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis	What dinosaur 's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone ?
The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight , like the Herrerasaurus specimen .	being bitten during a fight	How did tyrannosaurs become infected ?
Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal , or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so .	Hunting	What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal ?
Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food , recreation , to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals , or for trade .	food	Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife ?
In the 2010s , lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching , which is the illegal killing , trapping or capture of the hunted species .	poaching	What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and ?
In the 2010s , lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching , which is the illegal killing , trapping or capture of the hunted species .	illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species	What is poaching ?
The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds .	prey	What is the species which is hunted referred to as ?
Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal , or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so .	Hunting	What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called ?
In the 2010s , lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching , which is the illegal killing , trapping or capture of the hunted species .	2010s	When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching ?
In the 2010s , lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching , which is the illegal killing , trapping or capture of the hunted species .	poaching	Illegally killing , capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what ?
The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds .	game or prey	Hunted species are usually referred to as what ?
The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds .	mammals and birds	What animals are usually hunted ?
Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal , or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so .	Hunting	What is it called to kill or trap an animal ?
The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds .	mammals and birds	What species are usually hunted ?
Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food , recreation , to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals , or for trade .	food, recreation, to remove predators	Why do humans hunt ?
The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds .	game or prey	Species hunted are referred to as what ?
Furthermore , evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores .	holocene megafauna	What does evidence suggest hunting may have been a factor in the extinction of ?
North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event , possibly making hunting a less critical factor in prehistoric species loss than had been previously thought .	Younger Dryas impact event	What was the North American megafauna extinction coincidental with ?
However , in other locations such as Australia , humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation .	extinction of the Australian megafauna	What are humans thought to have played a significant role in , in Australia ?
However , in other locations such as Australia , humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation .	prior to human occupation	When was Australian 's megafauna widespread ?
Furthermore , evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores .	hunting	What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna ?
Furthermore , evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores .	smaller herbivores	What replaced the holocene megafauna ?
North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event , possibly making hunting a less critical factor in prehistoric species loss than had been previously thought .	Younger Dryas impact event	What event was coincidental with the North American megafauna extinction ?
However , in other locations such as Australia , humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation .	humans	What is thought to have played a significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna ?
While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters , the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines , including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire , are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction , including mating behaviour , as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity .	were hunters	What is undisputed about early humans ?
While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters , the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines , including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire , are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction , including mating behaviour , as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity .	earlier Australopithecines	Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what ?
While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters , the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines , including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire , are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction , including mating behaviour , as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity .	hunting	Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what ?
With the establishment of language , culture , and religion , hunting became a theme of stories and myths , as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice .	hunting	What became a theme of stories and myths ?
With the establishment of language , culture , and religion , hunting became a theme of stories and myths , as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice .	dance and animal sacrifice	Hunting allowed what type of rituals ?
While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters , the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines , including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire , are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction , including mating behaviour , as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity .	humans were hunters	What is undisputed about earlier humans ?
With the establishment of language , culture , and religion , hunting became a theme of stories and myths , as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice .	stories and myths	What did hunting become a theme of ?
While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters , the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines , including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire , are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction , including mating behaviour , as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity .	hunting hypothesis	Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis ?
Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World , Sub-Saharan Africa , and Siberia , as well as all of Australia , until the European Age of Discovery .	Hunter-gathering	What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery ?
They still persist in some tribal societies , albeit in rapid decline .	some tribal societies	Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist , though in decline ?
Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas -LRB- Aché -RRB- , some Central and Southern African -LRB- San people -RRB- , some peoples of New Guinea -LRB- Fayu -RRB- , the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos , the Vedda people of Sri Lanka , and a handful of uncontacted peoples .	paleolithic hunting-gathering	Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past ?
In Africa , the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania .	the Hadza of Tanzania	Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa ?
Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World , Sub-Saharan Africa , and Siberia , as well as all of Australia , until the European Age of Discovery .	European Age of Discovery	Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent until when ?
Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World , Sub-Saharan Africa , and Siberia , as well as all of Australia , until the European Age of Discovery .	Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia	What parts of the New World did the hunter-gathering lifestyles remain ?
In Africa , the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania .	Hadza of Tanzania	Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa ?
Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters .	Archaeologist	What is Louis Binford 's profession ?
Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters .	that early hominids and early humans were hunters	What idea did Binford take issue with ?
On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals , he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers , not hunters , and this idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoanthropologists .	scavengers	What did Binford conclude humans were instead of hunters ?
Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging , which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill , which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans .	idea of confrontational scavenging	What idea did Blumenschine propose ?
Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging , which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill , which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans .	challenging and scaring off	What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they 've made a kill ?
Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters .	Louis Binford	Who is the archaeologist that does not believe early humans were hunters ?
On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals , he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers , not hunters , and this idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoanthropologists .	hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers	Louis Binford concluded what based on skeletal remains of consumed animals ?
Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging , which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill , which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans .	confrontational scavenging	What did Robert Blumenschine propose ?
On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals , he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers , not hunters , and this idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoanthropologists .	archaeologists and paleoanthropologists	Louis Binford 's idea is popular among whom ?
Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging , which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill , which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans .	challenging and scaring off	Confrontational scavenging involves doing what to other predators ?
Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture , hunting was usually a significant contributor to the human food supply .	hunting	What was a significant contributor to the human food supply ?
The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein , bone for implements , sinew for cordage , fur , feathers , rawhide and leather used in clothing .	protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather	What did the supplementary meat from hunting include ?
The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein , bone for implements , sinew for cordage , fur , feathers , rawhide and leather used in clothing .	clothing	What was the leather from hunting used for ?
Man 's earliest hunting weapons would have included rocks , spears , the atlatl , and bows and arrows .	hunting weapons	Rocks and spears are examples of some of man 's earliest what ?
Hunting is still vital in marginal climates , especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture .	marginal climates	Where is hunting still vital ?
Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture , hunting was usually a significant contributor to the human food supply .	human food supply	Hunt was a significant contributor to what ?
Hunting is still vital in marginal climates , especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture .	unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture	Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- For example , Inuit people in the Arctic trap and hunt animals for clothing and use the skins of sea mammals to make kayaks , clothing , and footwear .	make kayaks, clothing, and footwear	How are the skins of sea mammals useful for people in the Arctic trap ?
On ancient reliefs , especially from Mesopotamia , kings are often depicted as hunters of big game such as lions and are often portrayed hunting from a war chariot .	hunters	What are kings often depicted as on ancient reliefs ?
On ancient reliefs , especially from Mesopotamia , kings are often depicted as hunters of big game such as lions and are often portrayed hunting from a war chariot .	big game	What are the kings portrayed as hunting ?
The cultural and psychological importance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by deities such as the horned god Cernunnos and lunar goddesses of classical antiquity , the Greek Artemis or Roman Diana .	by deities	How was the cultural importance of hunting in ancient societies represented ?
Taboos are often related to hunting , and mythological association of prey species with a divinity could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a reserve surrounding a temple .	hunting restrictions	What could the mythological association of prey species with divinity be a form of ?
Euripides ' tale of Artemis and Actaeon , for example , may be seen as a caution against disrespect of prey or impudent boasting .	disrespect of prey	What might the meaning of Euripides ' tale be seen as a caution against ?
On ancient reliefs , especially from Mesopotamia , kings are often depicted as hunters of big game such as lions and are often portrayed hunting from a war chariot .	lions	Kings were depicted as hunting what big game from a chariot ?
Taboos are often related to hunting , and mythological association of prey species with a divinity could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a reserve surrounding a temple .	Taboos	What is often related to hunting ?
The cultural and psychological importance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by deities such as the horned god Cernunnos and lunar goddesses of classical antiquity , the Greek Artemis or Roman Diana .	cultural and psychological	Deities represent what importance ?
Euripides ' tale of Artemis and Actaeon , for example , may be seen as a caution against disrespect of prey or impudent boasting .	Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon	What tale is seen as cautions against disrespecting prey or impudent boasting ?
In most parts of medieval Europe , the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory .	the upper class	Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory ?
Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs , often provided via professional huntsmen , but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy .	food and furs	What was game in the areas used by the upper class used as a source of ?
The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends , in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they `` hunt the King 's deer '' .	Robin Hood	What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles ?
The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends , in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they `` hunt the King 's deer '' .	they "hunt the King's deer	What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend ?
In contrast , settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all .	democratically in hunting for all	What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in ?
In most parts of medieval Europe , the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory .	upper class	In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas ?
Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs , often provided via professional huntsmen , but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy .	food and furs	What was the game in feudal territory was used as ?
Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs , often provided via professional huntsmen , but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy .	professional huntsmen	Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory ?
The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends , in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they `` hunt the King 's deer '' .	Robin Hood	The importance of can be seen in what legends ?
In contrast , settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all .	all	Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for ?
Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation , as well as a sport of the kingly .	acceptable	What kind of occupation do Hindu scriptures describe hunting as being ?
One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha , which translates as `` the deer hunter '' -LRB- mriga means deer ; vyadha means hunter -RRB- .	Mrigavyadha	What is one of the names of the god Shiva ?
One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha , which translates as `` the deer hunter '' -LRB- mriga means deer ; vyadha means hunter -RRB- .	"the deer hunter"	What is the translation of Mrigavyadha ?
Shiva , as Mrigavyadha , is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings .	animal instincts	What does Shiva destroy in human beings ?
In the epic Ramayana , Dasharatha , the father of Rama , is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark .	hunt in the dark	What talent does Dasharatha have ?
Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation , as well as a sport of the kingly .	Hindu	What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation ?
Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting .	hunting	Godly figures have engaged in what activity ?
One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha , which translates as `` the deer hunter '' -LRB- mriga means deer ; vyadha means hunter -RRB- .	deer hunter	Mrigavyadha means what ?
Shiva , as Mrigavyadha , is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings .	human beings	Mrigavyadha destroys animal instinct in who ?
Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter .	died	What happened after Krishna was accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter ?
From early Christian times , hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics .	Roman Catholic Church clerics	Who has hunting been forbidden to since early Christian times ?
Thus the Corpus Juris Canonici -LRB- C. ii , X , De cleric .	Corpus Juris Canonici	Who forbid to all servants of God hunting ?
The Fourth Council of the Lateran , held under Pope Innocent III , decreed -LRB- canon xv -RRB- : `` We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics . ''	Pope Innocent III	What pope was the Fourth Council of the Lateran held under ?
XXIV , De reform. , c. xii -RRB- , which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit , and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy -LRB- clamorosa -RRB- hunting unlawful , but not quiet -LRB- quieta -RRB- hunting .	not all hunting is illicit	What does the decree of the Council of Trent imply ?
XXIV , De reform. , c. xii -RRB- , which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit , and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy -LRB- clamorosa -RRB- hunting unlawful , but not quiet -LRB- quieta -RRB- hunting .	clamorosa	What type of hunting is unlawful ?
From early Christian times , hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics .	Roman Catholic Church clerics	Who was forbidden to hunt in early Christian time ?
Thus the Corpus Juris Canonici -LRB- C. ii , X , De cleric .	Corpus Juris Canonici	What forbid hunting in the woods with hounds and keeping hawks or falcons ?
The Fourth Council of the Lateran , held under Pope Innocent III , decreed -LRB- canon xv -RRB- : `` We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics . ''	Pope Innocent III	Who held the Fourth Council of the Lateran ?
The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly : `` Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking '' -LRB- Sess .	mildly	How is the the decree of the Council of Trent is worded ?
The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly : `` Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking '' -LRB- Sess .	Council of Trent	Who stated quiet hunting is allowed ?
Nevertheless , although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible , it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese , as was done by synods at Milan , Avignon , Liège , Cologne , and elsewhere .	between lawful and unlawful hunting	What distinction is undoubtedly permissible ?
Nevertheless , although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible , it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese , as was done by synods at Milan , Avignon , Liège , Cologne , and elsewhere .	all hunting	What can a bishop absolutely prohibit ?
Nevertheless , although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible , it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese , as was done by synods at Milan , Avignon , Liège , Cologne , and elsewhere .	Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere	Where did synods prohibit all hunting at ?
Benedict XIV -LRB- De synodo diœces. , l. II , c. x -RRB- declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe , as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law .	not too severe	What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting ?
Nevertheless , although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible , it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese , as was done by synods at Milan , Avignon , Liège , Cologne , and elsewhere .	bishop	Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics ?
Benedict XIV -LRB- De synodo diœces. , l. II , c. x -RRB- declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe , as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law .	Benedict XIV	Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who ?
Nevertheless , although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible , it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese , as was done by synods at Milan , Avignon , Liège , Cologne , and elsewhere .	prohibit all hunting to the clerics	What did Synods at Milan , Avignon , Liege , Cologne , and elsewhere do ?
New Zealand has a strong hunting culture .	strong hunting culture	What does New Zealand have ?
The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats .	bats	What was the only land mammal native to New Zealand ?
However , once Europeans arrived , game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource .	to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource	Why were game animals introduced by acclimatisation societies ?
Deer , pigs , goats , rabbits , hare , tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain , and with no natural predators , their population exploded .	no natural predators	Why did the population of pigs and rabbits explode in New Zealand ?
Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the natural environment and on agricultural production , but hunters view them as a resource .	pests	What do government agencies view the animals as ?
New Zealand has a strong hunting culture .	New Zealand	What country has a strong hunting culture ?
The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats .	bats	What were the the only land mammal in New Zealand ?
The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats .	islands	What is New Zealand made up of ?
However , once Europeans arrived , game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource .	acclimatisation societies	Game animals were introduced here by whom ?
Deer , pigs , goats , rabbits , hare , tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain , and with no natural predators , their population exploded .	their population exploded	What resulted having no natural predators for the animals introduced ?
During the feudal and colonial times in British India , hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states , as many maharajas and nawabs , as well as British officers , maintained a whole corps of shikaris -LRB- big-game hunters -RRB- , who were native professional hunters .	regal sport	What was hunting regarded as in British India ?
During the feudal and colonial times in British India , hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states , as many maharajas and nawabs , as well as British officers , maintained a whole corps of shikaris -LRB- big-game hunters -RRB- , who were native professional hunters .	big-game hunters	What does the Indian word `` shikaris '' mean in English ?
During the feudal and colonial times in British India , hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states , as many maharajas and nawabs , as well as British officers , maintained a whole corps of shikaris -LRB- big-game hunters -RRB- , who were native professional hunters .	shikaris	What did British officers maintain whole corps of ?
Often , they recruited the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques .	because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques	Why did the regals recruit low-ranking local tribes when hunting ?
Big game , such as Bengal tigers , might be hunted from the back of an elephant .	an elephant	What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of ?
During the feudal and colonial times in British India , hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states , as many maharajas and nawabs , as well as British officers , maintained a whole corps of shikaris -LRB- big-game hunters -RRB- , who were native professional hunters .	British India	Where was hunting reguarded as a regal sport ?
Big game , such as Bengal tigers , might be hunted from the back of an elephant .	Bengal tigers	What is hunted from the back of an elephant ?
During the feudal and colonial times in British India , hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states , as many maharajas and nawabs , as well as British officers , maintained a whole corps of shikaris -LRB- big-game hunters -RRB- , who were native professional hunters .	shikaris	Who did British officers maintain ?
They would be headed by a master of the hunt , who might be styled mir-shikar .	master of the hunt	Who were the shikaris headed by ?
Often , they recruited the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques .	because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques	Why were low-ranking local tribes recruited ?
Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting , while a few sects , such as the Bishnoi , lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species , such as the antelope .	Regional social	What norms are generally antagonistic to hunting ?
Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting , while a few sects , such as the Bishnoi , lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species , such as the antelope .	Bishnoi	What sect lays special emphasis on conservation of particular species ?
India 's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals .	Wildlife Protection Act of 1972	What bans the killing of all wild animals in India ?
However , the Chief Wildlife Warden may , if satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life , or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery , permit any person to hunt such an animal .	the Chief Wildlife Warden	Who may permit a person to hunt animals in India despite it being banned ?
In this case , the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property .	government	Whose property does the body of any wild animal killed or wounded become ?
Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting , while a few sects , such as the Bishnoi , lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species , such as the antelope .	Bishnoi	Who lay special emphasis on conservation of particular species ?
India 's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals .	India's Wildlife Protection Act	What bans the killing of all wild animals ?
India 's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals .	1972	What year was this protection act put into place ?
However , the Chief Wildlife Warden may , if satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life , or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery , permit any person to hunt such an animal .	Chief Wildlife Warden	Who can permit a person to hunt wild animals ?
In this case , the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property .	becomes government property	What happens to the body of the wild animal killed ?
Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom ; in fact , `` hunting '' without qualification implies fox hunting .	fox hunting	What type of hunting is most closely associated with the UK ?
Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom ; in fact , `` hunting '' without qualification implies fox hunting .	on horseback with hounds	How do the English hunt foxes ?
What in other countries is called `` hunting '' is called `` shooting '' -LRB- birds -RRB- or `` stalking '' -LRB- deer -RRB- in Britain .	birds	In England , what is hunted when `` shooting '' is called for ?
Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock , fox hunting became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike .	form of vermin control to protect livestock	Why were foxes originally hunted ?
Deer stalking with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds , using stealth .	on foot without hounds, using stealth	How is deer stalking with rifles carried out ?
Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom ; in fact , `` hunting '' without qualification implies fox hunting .	fox	What hunting is done on horseback with hounds ?
Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom ; in fact , `` hunting '' without qualification implies fox hunting .	United Kingdom	Hunting horseback with hound is associated with whom ?
Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock , fox hunting became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike .	fox hunting	In Victorian times a popular social activity was ?
Deer stalking with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds , using stealth .	Deer stalking	What is carried out on foot without hounds ?
Pairs of Sight hounds -LRB- or long-dogs -RRB- , such as greyhounds , may be used to pursue a hare in coursing , where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare -LRB- but are not intended to actually catch it -RRB- , or the hare may be pursued with scent hounds such as beagles or harriers .	to pursue	Hounds were used for what purpose ?
Shooting as practised in Britain , as opposed to traditional hunting , requires little questing for game -- around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year , some having been factory farmed .	game	What does shooting in Britain require little questing for ?
Shooting as practised in Britain , as opposed to traditional hunting , requires little questing for game -- around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year , some having been factory farmed .	thirty-five million	About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year in the UK ?
Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns .	elaborate	What kind of affairs can shoots be ?
When in position , `` beaters '' move through the areas of cover , swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out .	"beaters"	Who uses swinging sticks or flags to drive game out ?
The open season for grouse in the UK begins on 12 August , the so-called Glorious Twelfth .	open season for grouse	What is the Glorious Twelfth in the UK ?
Shooting as practised in Britain , as opposed to traditional hunting , requires little questing for game -- around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year , some having been factory farmed .	thirty-five million	About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year ?
When in position , `` beaters '' move through the areas of cover , swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out .	beaters	Who swings sticks or flags to drive game out ?
The open season for grouse in the UK begins on 12 August , the so-called Glorious Twelfth .	12 August	When does open season for grouse begin in the UK ?
The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the Game Act 1831 .	Game Act 1831	What is the UK definition of game is governed by ?
Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns .	help load shotguns	Why are assistants used ?
Hunting is primarily regulated by state law ; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species .	state	What law primarily regulates hunting ?
Hunting is primarily regulated by state law ; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species .	environmental	What additional type of law applies in the case of migratory birds and endangered species ?
Regulations vary widely from state to state and govern the areas , time periods , techniques and methods by which specific game animals may be hunted .	Regulations	What varies widely from state to state ?
Some states make a distinction between protected species and unprotected species -LRB- often vermin or varmints for which there are no hunting regulations -RRB- .	protected species and unprotected species	What do some states make a distinction between ?
Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states , for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite .	a hunting license	What do hunters of protected species require in all states ?
Hunting is primarily regulated by state law ; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species .	by state law	How is hunting regulated ?
Hunting is primarily regulated by state law ; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species .	United States environmental law	Migratory birds and endangered species are protected by what law ?
Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states , for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite .	Hunters of protected species	What hunters require a hunting license in all states ?
Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states , for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite .	hunting safety course	What is sometimes a prerequisite of obtaining a hunting license ?
Hunting big game typically requires a `` tag '' for each animal harvested .	a "tag" for each animal harvested	What is required when hunting big game ?
Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license , and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited .	the hunting license	Tags are purchased in addition to what ?
Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license , and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited .	number of tags issued	What is typically limited to an individual ?
Tags may be further restricted to a specific area , or wildlife management unit .	Tags	A wildlife management unit is a place where what may be restricted to ?
Hunting migratory waterfowl requires a duck stamp from the Fish and Wildlife Service in addition to the appropriate state hunting license .	duck	What kind of stamp is required to hunt migratory waterfowl ?
Hunting big game typically requires a `` tag '' for each animal harvested .	tag	When hunting big game what is typically required ?
Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license , and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited .	Tags	What must be purchased with hunting license is comes in a limited number ?
In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species , tags are usually assigned by lottery .	by lottery	How are tags assigned if there are more hunters than game ?
Hunting migratory waterfowl requires a duck stamp from the Fish and Wildlife Service in addition to the appropriate state hunting license .	duck stamp	What is required of hunting migratory waterfowl ?
Hunting migratory waterfowl requires a duck stamp from the Fish and Wildlife Service in addition to the appropriate state hunting license .	Fish and Wildlife Service	Who issues requirement for hunting migratory waterfowl ?
Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category , area within the state , and time period .	game category, area within the state, and time period	How is gun usage typically regulated ?
Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms .	Regulations for big-game hunting	What often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms ?
The use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief .	safety reasons	Why is the use of rifles often banned ?
Regulations may also limit or ban the use of lead in ammunition because of environmental concerns .	environmental concerns	Why may regulations ban the use of lead in ammunition ?
Specific seasons for bow hunting or muzzle-loading black-powder guns are often established to limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons .	limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons	Why are specific seasons for bow hunting established ?
The use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief .	safety reasons	Why are the use of rifles banned ?
Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category , area within the state , and time period .	by game category	How is gun useage regulated ?
Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms .	minimum caliber	What is specified in big-game hunting ?
Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture ; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight percent of Americans supported legal hunting , although relatively few Americans actually hunt .	any particular class or culture	What is hunting in the U.S. not associated with ?
Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture ; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight percent of Americans supported legal hunting , although relatively few Americans actually hunt .	seventy-eight percent	What percentage of Americans supported legal hunting in 2006 ?
At the beginning of the 21st century , just six percent of Americans hunted .	just six percent	What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century ?
Southerners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five percent , slightly below the national average , and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine percent , these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states , where twelve percent of Midwesterners hunted .	twelve percent	What percentage of Midwesterners hunted ?
Overall , in the 1996 -- 2006 period , the number of hunters over the age of sixteen declined by ten percent , a drop attributable to a number of factors including habitat loss and changes in recreation habits .	ten percent	How much did the number of hunters over the age of sixteen decline in the period between 1996-2006 ?
Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture ; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight percent of Americans supported legal hunting , although relatively few Americans actually hunt .	seventy-eight percent	What percentage of Americans support legal hunting ?
At the beginning of the 21st century , just six percent of Americans hunted .	six percent	What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century ?
Southerners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five percent , slightly below the national average , and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine percent , these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states , where twelve percent of Midwesterners hunted .	five percent	South Easterners hunted at what rate ?
Southerners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five percent , slightly below the national average , and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine percent , these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states , where twelve percent of Midwesterners hunted .	twelve percent	Midwesterners hunted at what rate ?
Overall , in the 1996 -- 2006 period , the number of hunters over the age of sixteen declined by ten percent , a drop attributable to a number of factors including habitat loss and changes in recreation habits .	1996–2006	What years did hunting decline ?
Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century .	19th century	When do hunting regulations date from in the US ?
Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club .	conservationists and sportsmen	What do some modern hunters see themselves as ?
Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use .	Local hunting clubs and national organizations	What organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport ?
Some groups represent a specific hunting interest , such as Ducks Unlimited , Pheasants Forever , or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation .	a specific hunting interest	Ducks Unlimited and the Delta Waterfowl are examples of groups representing what ?
Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government .	lobbying	What do many hunting groups participate in doing at the federal and state level ?
Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club .	conservationists and sportsmen	What do modern hunters see themselves as ?
Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use .	Local hunting clubs	Who provides hunter education ?
Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government .	lobbying the federal government and state government	What do hunting groups also participate in ?
Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century .	19th	What century is U.S. regulations dates from ?
Each year , nearly $ 200 million in hunters ' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs , the purchase of lands open to hunters , and hunter education and safety classes .	$200 million	How much money is distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs each year ?
Since 1934 , the sale of Federal Duck Stamps , a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters over sixteen years old , has raised over $ 700 million to help purchase more than 5,200,000 acres -LRB- 8,100 sq mi ; 21,000 km2 -RRB- of habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species and are often open to hunting .	over $700 million	How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps raised since 1934 ?
Since 1934 , the sale of Federal Duck Stamps , a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters over sixteen years old , has raised over $ 700 million to help purchase more than 5,200,000 acres -LRB- 8,100 sq mi ; 21,000 km2 -RRB- of habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species and are often open to hunting .	5,200,000 acres	How many acres can the money raised from the sale of federal duck stamps help purchase ?
States also collect money from hunting licenses to assist with management of game animals , as designated by law .	management of game animals	What do states use some of the money from hunting licenses to assist with ?
A key task of federal and state park rangers and game wardens is to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting , including species protection , hunting seasons , and hunting bans .	to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting	What is a key task of state park rangers and game wardens ?
Each year , nearly $ 200 million in hunters ' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs , the purchase of lands open to hunters , and hunter education and safety classes .	state agencies	Who are federal excise taxes are distributed to ?
Each year , nearly $ 200 million in hunters ' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs , the purchase of lands open to hunters , and hunter education and safety classes .	wildlife management programs	What do the taxes support ?
Since 1934 , the sale of Federal Duck Stamps , a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters over sixteen years old , has raised over $ 700 million to help purchase more than 5,200,000 acres -LRB- 8,100 sq mi ; 21,000 km2 -RRB- of habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species and are often open to hunting .	$700 million	How much has Federal Duck Stamps raised ?
Since 1934 , the sale of Federal Duck Stamps , a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters over sixteen years old , has raised over $ 700 million to help purchase more than 5,200,000 acres -LRB- 8,100 sq mi ; 21,000 km2 -RRB- of habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species and are often open to hunting .	5,200,000 acres	What does land has Federal Duck Stamp money helped purchase ?
A key task of federal and state park rangers and game wardens is to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting , including species protection , hunting seasons , and hunting bans .	hunting	Park rangers and game wardens enforce laws and regulations related to what ?
Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests .	selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests	What is varmint hunting an American phrase for ?
While not always an efficient form of pest control , varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated .	selective control of pests	What does varmint hunting achieve ?
Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops , livestock , landscaping , infrastructure , and pets .	crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets.	What detrimental effects are varmint species often responsible for visiting on ?
In the US state of Louisiana , a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population .	Louisiana	Where has a non-native rodent known as a nutria become very destructive ?
In the US state of Louisiana , a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population .	initiated a bounty program	What has the state of Louisiana done to combat the nutria ?
Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests .	Varmint hunting	What is phrased for selective killing of non-game animals .
Some animals once considered varmints are now protected , such as wolves .	wolves	What was once considered a varmint but is now protected ?
In the US state of Louisiana , a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population .	nutria	What is the non-native varmint of Louisiana ?
In the US state of Louisiana , a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population .	bounty program	What did Louisiana initiate to control the varmint population ?
When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005 , allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns , the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase .	2005	When was internet hunting introduced ?
When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005 , allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns , the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase .	using remotely controlled guns	How did Internet hunting allow people to hunt ?
When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005 , allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns , the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase .	hunters	Who criticized the practice of Internet hunting ?
When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005 , allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns , the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase .	principles of fair chase	What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated ?
As a representative of the National Rifle Association -LRB- NRA -RRB- explained , `` The NRA has always maintained that fair chase , being in the field with your firearm or bow , is an important element of hunting tradition .	an important element of hunting tradition	What has the NRA always maintained that being in the field with your firearm is ?
When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005 , allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns , the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase .	Internet hunting	What allows people to hunt over the internet ?
When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005 , allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns , the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase .	2005	When was this type of hunting introduced ?
When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005 , allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns , the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase .	hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns	How is this type of hunting done ?
When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005 , allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns , the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase .	fair chase	What was the principle was this type of hunting said to violate ?
As a representative of the National Rifle Association -LRB- NRA -RRB- explained , `` The NRA has always maintained that fair chase , being in the field with your firearm or bow , is an important element of hunting tradition .	National Rifle Association (NRA)	Who spoke on this violation ?
With approximately 12,000 sport hunters applying for hunting licences in recent years -LRB- in a very small country of about the size of the state of Delaware at about 5128 square kilometers and 1.3 million inhabitants -RRB- , there is some concern that the practice might not be sustainable .	12,000	Approximately how many sport hunters applied for hunting licences in recent years ?
There is a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game in Trinidad and Tobago .	Trinidad and Tobago	Where is there a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game ?
Added to that , there is a thriving and very lucrative black market for poached wild game -LRB- sold and enthusiastically purchased as expensive luxury delicacies -RRB- and the numbers of commercial poachers in operation is unknown but presumed to be fairly high .	poached wild game	What is there a very lucrative and thriving black market for ?
As such hunting pressure from legal hunters is very high .	high	What is hunting pressure from ?
There is a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game in Trinidad and Tobago .	hunting of small to medium-sized wild game	What very active tradition Trinidad and Tabago have ?
Hunting is carried out with firearms , and aided by the use of hounds , with the illegal use of trap guns , trap cages and snare nets .	hounds	What animal aids in the hunting ?
It appears that the red brocket deer population has been extirpated on Tobago as a result of over-hunting .	red brocket deer	What population has extirpated ?
Legal hunters pay very small fees to obtain hunting licences and undergo no official basic conservation biology or hunting-ethics training .	very small fees	What do hunters pay to obtain hunting license ?
Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species , or , in some instances , damage human health or safety .	managing populations	What does hunting give resource managers an important tool ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- However , in most circumstances carrying capacity is determined by a combination habitat and food availability , and hunting for ` population control ' has no effect on the annual population of species .	combination habitat and food availability,	What is carrying capacity in most circumstances determined by ?
that -LRB- re -RRB- introducing predators would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect , such as introducing significant amounts of free lead into the environment and food chain .	same end	What do some environmentalists assert reintroducing predators would achieve ?
Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species , or , in some instances , damage human health or safety .	managing populations	How is hunting an important tool for resource managers ?
Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species , or , in some instances , damage human health or safety .	threaten the well-being of other species	What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In some cases , it can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established , resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area , thus artificially increasing the population .	by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established	How can hunting actually increase the population of predators ?
assert that hunting reduces intraspecific competition for food and shelter , reducing mortality among the remaining animals .	mortality	What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced ?
that -LRB- re -RRB- introducing predators would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect , such as introducing significant amounts of free lead into the environment and food chain .	(re)introducing predators	What would environmentalists have done , instead of hunting ?
Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species , or , in some instances , damage human health or safety .	Hunting	What is an important tool in managing populations ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- However , in most circumstances carrying capacity is determined by a combination habitat and food availability , and hunting for ` population control ' has no effect on the annual population of species .	combination habitat and food availability	What is carrying capacity determined by ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In some cases , it can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established , resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area , thus artificially increasing the population .	predators	What can it increase the population of ?
In the 19th century , southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy , usually the head or pelt of an animal , which was then displayed as a sign of prowess .	trophy	What did sport hunters in the 19th century purse game for ?
In the 19th century , southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy , usually the head or pelt of an animal , which was then displayed as a sign of prowess .	sign of prowess	What was the head of an animal displayed as ?
Some cultures , however , disapprove of such waste .	such waste	What did some churches disapprove of ?
In Nordic countries , hunting for trophies was -- and still is -- frowned upon .	Nordic	What countries frowned upon this hunting ?
In the 19th century , southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy , usually the head or pelt of an animal , which was then displayed as a sign of prowess .	a trophy	What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century ?
In the 19th century , southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy , usually the head or pelt of an animal , which was then displayed as a sign of prowess .	the head or pelt of an animal	What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess ?
In Nordic countries , hunting for trophies was -- and still is -- frowned upon .	Nordic	In what countries was the hunting for trophies frowned upon , back in the day and in modern times ?
Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies , although it is now undertaken mainly for sport .	food supplies	What was hunting in North American in the 19th century used to supplement ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The safari method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa , India and other places in pursuit of trophies .	Africa, India and other places	What destinations did sport hunting see elaborate travel to in the pursuit of trophies ?
In the 19th century , southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy , usually the head or pelt of an animal , which was then displayed as a sign of prowess .	19th	What century was game hunted as a trophy ?
In Nordic countries , hunting for trophies was -- and still is -- frowned upon .	Nordic	What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon ?
Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies , although it is now undertaken mainly for sport .	food supplies	What did North America primarily hunt for ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The safari method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa , India and other places in pursuit of trophies .	safari method	What sport of hunting is in Africa ?
A scientific study in the journal , Biological Conservation , states that trophy hunting is of `` major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas , including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism . ''	Africa	What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of ?
A scientific study in the journal , Biological Conservation , states that trophy hunting is of `` major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas , including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism . ''	conservation	What does hunting create economic incentives for ?
However , another study states that less than 3 % of a trophy hunters ' expenditures reach the local level , meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is `` minimal , particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy . ''	expenditures	What did another study show that less than 3 % of reached the local level ?
A scientific study in the journal , Biological Conservation , states that trophy hunting is of `` major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas , including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism . ''	scientific	What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish ?
A scientific study in the journal , Biological Conservation , states that trophy hunting is of `` major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas , including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism . ''	creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas	Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa ?
A scientific study in the journal , Biological Conservation , states that trophy hunting is of `` major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas , including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism . ''	photographic	Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism ?
However , another study states that less than 3 % of a trophy hunters ' expenditures reach the local level , meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is `` minimal , particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy . ''	less than 3%	How much of a trophy hunters ' expenditures actually reach the local level , according to another study ?
However , another study states that less than 3 % of a trophy hunters ' expenditures reach the local level , meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is `` minimal , particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy . ''	minimal	What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit ?
A scientific study in the journal , Biological Conservation , states that trophy hunting is of `` major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas , including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism . ''	trophy hunting	What is of major importance in Africa ?
A scientific study in the journal , Biological Conservation , states that trophy hunting is of `` major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas , including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism . ''	economic incentives for conservation	What does trophy hunting create in Africa ?
However , another study states that less than 3 % of a trophy hunters ' expenditures reach the local level , meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is `` minimal , particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy . ''	less than 3%	How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level ?
A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds .	hunting	What do a variety of industries benefit from ?
In Tanzania , it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist .	Tanzania	Where is it estimated that a hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist ?
While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation , the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps .	tented camps	Where does the average safari hunter stay in ?
Advocates argue that these hunters allow for anti-poaching activities and revenue for local communities .	anti-poaching	Advocates argue these hunters allow for what type of activities ?
A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds .	hunting	What do a variety of industries obtain benefit from ?
In Tanzania , it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist .	Tanzania	In what country is it estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times what an average ecotourist does ?
While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation , the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps .	luxury	What type of accommodations does the average photographer touring Tanzania seek ?
While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation , the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps .	in tented camps	Where does the typical safari hunter hang his hat at night ?
Safari hunters are also more likely to use remote areas , uninviting to the typical ecotourist .	remote areas	Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist ?
In Tanzania , it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist .	fifty to one hundred times	How much does a safari hunter spend compared to an average ecotourist ?
While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation , the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps .	luxury accommodation	What does the photo tourist seek ?
While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation , the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps .	tented camps	Where does a safari hunter usually stay ?
Safari hunters are also more likely to use remote areas , uninviting to the typical ecotourist .	Safari hunters	What hunters allow for anti-poaching activities ?
Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States , with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism .	the United States	Hunting has significant financial impact in what country ?
Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States , with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism .	equipment or speciality tourism	What do many companies specialize in apropos to hunting ?
Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters , even including iPhone applications .	assist hunters	`` There 's an app for that ! '' , what have been different technologies been created to do ?
Today 's hunters come from a broad range of economic , social , and cultural backgrounds .	economic, social, and cultural	What broad range of backgrounds do today 's hunters come from ?
In 2001 , over thirteen million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting , and spent over $ 20.5 billion on their sport .	over $20.5 billion	How much money did the thirteen million hunters spend on their sport in 2001 ?
Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States , with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism .	significant financial impact	What type of financial impact does hunting have on the U.S. ?
Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters , even including iPhone applications .	different technologies	What has been developed in the U.S. to help hunters ?
Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters , even including iPhone applications .	iPhone applications	One technology that is available for hunters in the U.S. is ?
In 2001 , over thirteen million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting , and spent over $ 20.5 billion on their sport .	over $20.5 billion	How much did hunters spend in 2001 ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In the US , proceeds from hunting licenses contribute to state game management programs , including preservation of wildlife habitat .	preservation of wildlife habitat	What do the proceeds from hunting assist with ?
However , excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment , extirpation and extinction of many animals , such as the quagga , the great auk , Steller 's sea cow , the thylacine , the bluebuck , the Arabian oryx , the Caspian and Javan tigers , the markhor , the Sumatran rhinoceros , the bison , the North American cougar , the Altai argali sheep , the Asian elephant and many more , primarily for commercial sale or sport .	the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals	What has excessive hunting contributed heavily to ?
However , excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment , extirpation and extinction of many animals , such as the quagga , the great auk , Steller 's sea cow , the thylacine , the bluebuck , the Arabian oryx , the Caspian and Javan tigers , the markhor , the Sumatran rhinoceros , the bison , the North American cougar , the Altai argali sheep , the Asian elephant and many more , primarily for commercial sale or sport .	extinction	What do Steller 's sea cow , the bluebuck , and the Javan tigers all have in common ?
However , excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment , extirpation and extinction of many animals , such as the quagga , the great auk , Steller 's sea cow , the thylacine , the bluebuck , the Arabian oryx , the Caspian and Javan tigers , the markhor , the Sumatran rhinoceros , the bison , the North American cougar , the Altai argali sheep , the Asian elephant and many more , primarily for commercial sale or sport .	primarily for commercial sale or sport.	Why have poachers killed endangered animals ?
All these animals have been hunted to endangerment or extinction .	to endangerment or extinction	How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted ?
However , excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment , extirpation and extinction of many animals , such as the quagga , the great auk , Steller 's sea cow , the thylacine , the bluebuck , the Arabian oryx , the Caspian and Javan tigers , the markhor , the Sumatran rhinoceros , the bison , the North American cougar , the Altai argali sheep , the Asian elephant and many more , primarily for commercial sale or sport .	contributed heavily	How is excessive hunting related to the extinction of species ?
However , excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment , extirpation and extinction of many animals , such as the quagga , the great auk , Steller 's sea cow , the thylacine , the bluebuck , the Arabian oryx , the Caspian and Javan tigers , the markhor , the Sumatran rhinoceros , the bison , the North American cougar , the Altai argali sheep , the Asian elephant and many more , primarily for commercial sale or sport .	excessive hunting	What contributes to endangerment ?
However , excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment , extirpation and extinction of many animals , such as the quagga , the great auk , Steller 's sea cow , the thylacine , the bluebuck , the Arabian oryx , the Caspian and Javan tigers , the markhor , the Sumatran rhinoceros , the bison , the North American cougar , the Altai argali sheep , the Asian elephant and many more , primarily for commercial sale or sport .	endangerment	What have poachers contributed to hunting ?
On 16 March 1934 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act , which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen .	President Franklin D. Roosevelt	Who signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act ?
On 16 March 1934 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act , which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen .	16 March 1934	When did Roosevelt sign the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act ?
On 16 March 1934 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act , which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen .	an annual stamp purchase	What does the Act require all hunters over the age of sixteen to do ?
They play an important role in habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sale go directly toward the purchase or lease of wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System .	the purchase or lease of wetland habitat	What do 98 % of all the funds generated by the stamp sales go to ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In addition to waterfowl , it is estimated that one third of the nation 's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds .	one third	How much of the nation 's endangered species is it estimated benefits from the protection afford by the Duck Stamp funds ?
On 16 March 1934 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act , which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen .	Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act	What act was signed in 1934 ?
On 16 March 1934 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act , which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen .	Franklin D. Roosevelt	What President signed this act ?
On 16 March 1934 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act , which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen .	annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen	What is the requirement of the act ?
The stamps are created on behalf of the program by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest .	wildlife artwork	What do the stamps depict ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- In addition to waterfowl , it is estimated that one third of the nation 's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds .	one third	What percentage of the endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp Funds .
Since 1934 , the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $ 670 million , and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres -LRB- 8,100 sq mi ; 21,000 km2 -RRB- of habitat .	$670 million	How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps generated since 1934 ?
Since 1934 , the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $ 670 million , and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres -LRB- 8,100 sq mi ; 21,000 km2 -RRB- of habitat .	5,200,000 acres	How many acres has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps helped to purchase or lease since 1934 ?
The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds , an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas , and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities .	hunt migratory birds	What do the stamps give the purchaser a license to do ?
Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps , eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters , which is logical , as hunters are required to purchase them .	hunters	Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps ?
Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission -LRB- MBCC -RRB- .	Migratory Bird Conservation Commission	Who manages the distribution of the funds obtained by the sale of the stamps ?
Since 1934 , the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $ 670 million , and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres -LRB- 8,100 sq mi ; 21,000 km2 -RRB- of habitat .	$670 million	How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act ?
Since 1934 , the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $ 670 million , and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres -LRB- 8,100 sq mi ; 21,000 km2 -RRB- of habitat .	5,200,000 acres	How much land has the Duck Stamp Act help purchase ?
The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds , an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas , and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities .	license to hunt migratory birds	What do the Duck Stamps serve as ?
Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps , eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters , which is logical , as hunters are required to purchase them .	eighty-seven	What percent of sales are contributed by hunters ?
Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission -LRB- MBCC -RRB- .	Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC)	Who manages distribution of funds ?
The Arabian oryx , a species of large antelope , once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East .	The Arabian oryx	What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East ?
However , the species ' striking appearance made it -LRB- along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax -RRB- a popular quarry for sport hunters , especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region .	the species' striking appearance	Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage : speed , and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972 .	1972	When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage : speed , and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972 .	use of automobiles and high-powered rifles	How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution ?
However , the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from `` extinct in the wild '' to `` vulnerable '' due to conservation efforts like captive breeding	Arabian oryx	What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from `` extinct in the wild '' to `` vulnerable '' ?
The Arabian oryx , a species of large antelope , once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East .	Arabian oryx	What is a species of large antelope ?
The Arabian oryx , a species of large antelope , once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East .	much of the desert areas of the Middle East	What did the large antelope species once inhabit ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage : speed , and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972 .	automobiles and high-powered rifles	What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed .
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage : speed , and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972 .	1972	When did the Arabian oryx become extinct ?
However , the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from `` extinct in the wild '' to `` vulnerable '' due to conservation efforts like captive breeding	conservation efforts	What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable ?
The American bison is a large bovid which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s , living on the prairies in large herds .	a large bovid	What type of creature is the American bison ?
The American bison is a large bovid which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s , living on the prairies in large herds .	western North America	What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s ?
However , the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters , who killed dozens of bison for their hides only , leaving the rest to rot .	rot	What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they did n't need to do ?
Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds , bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s .	several million	What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters ?
Conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase , but the bison remains near-threatened .	near-threatened	What is the current status of bison ?
However , the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters , who killed dozens of bison for their hides only , leaving the rest to rot .	market hunters	What did large herds of bison attract ?
The American bison is a large bovid which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s , living on the prairies in large herds .	western	What part of North America did the bison live ?
However , the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters , who killed dozens of bison for their hides only , leaving the rest to rot .	for their hides	Why were the bison killed ?
However , the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters , who killed dozens of bison for their hides only , leaving the rest to rot .	leaving the rest to rot	What did hunter do with the rest of the bison ?
Conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase , but the bison remains near-threatened .	near-threatened	What do bison still remain ?
In contrast , Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline .	a precipitous wildlife decline	Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether ?
The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana , with a resultant decline in predator numbers , while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose .	antelope	What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers ?
The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana , with a resultant decline in predator numbers , while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose .	hippopotamus	What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable ?
According to the government of Botswana , trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this , but many other factors , such as poaching , drought and habitat loss are also to blame .	poaching, drought and habitat loss	What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana ?
Uganda recently did the same , arguing that `` the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve -LSB- Uganda 's -RSB- capacity to manage the wildlife reserves . ''	Uganda	What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting ?
In contrast , Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline .	ban trophy hunting	What Botswana was resently forced to do ?
The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana , with a resultant decline in predator numbers , while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose .	antelope	What animal declined across Botswana ?
The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana , with a resultant decline in predator numbers , while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose .	hippopotamus	What animal numbers have increased in Botswana ?
The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana , with a resultant decline in predator numbers , while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose .	elephant	What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana ?
According to the government of Botswana , trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this , but many other factors , such as poaching , drought and habitat loss are also to blame .	poaching	What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda ?
Kathmandu -LRB- / ˌkɑːtmɑːnˈduː / ; Nepali pronunciation : -LSB- kɑʈʰmɑɳɖu -RSB- -RRB- is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal .	Nepal	What country is Kathmandu the capital of ?
It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar -LRB- Metropolitan City -RRB- , as compared to Upa-Mahanagar -LRB- Sub-Metropolitan City -RRB- or Nagar -LRB- City -RRB- .	Sub-Metropolitan City	What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English ?
Kathmandu is also known informally as `` KTM '' or the `` tri-city '' .	tri-city	Along with `` KTM , '' what is another nickname of Kathmandu ?
According to the 2011 census , Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 -LRB- 19.09 sq mi -RRB- .	975,453	How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011 ?
According to the 2011 census , Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 -LRB- 19.09 sq mi -RRB- .	49.45	How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu ?
The city has a rich history , spanning nearly 2000 years , as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley .	2000	About how long has Kathmandu existed ?
The city has a rich history , spanning nearly 2000 years , as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley .	inscriptions	What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is ?
Most of Kathmandu 's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism .	Hinduism	What is Kathmandu 's majority religion ?
Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in the city .	Nepali	What do most Kathmandu residents speak ?
English is understood by Kathmandu 's educated residents .	English	What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak ?
In Sanskrit , Kastha -LRB- काष्ठ -RRB- means `` wood '' and Mandap -LRB- / मण्डप -RRB- means `` covered shelter '' .	wood	What does काष्ठ mean in English ?
In Sanskrit , Kastha -LRB- काष्ठ -RRB- means `` wood '' and Mandap -LRB- / मण्डप -RRB- means `` covered shelter '' .	covered shelter	What is the English translation of Mandap ?
This temple , also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language , was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla .	Maru Satal	What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple ?
This temple , also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language , was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla .	King Laxmi Narsingh Malla	Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple ?
The structure collapsed during the major earthquake on 25 April 2015 .	25 April 2015	On what date was Maru Satal destroyed ?
The colophons of ancient manuscripts , dated as late as the 20th century , refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala .	Kasthamandap Mahanagar	What is the ancient name of Kathmandu ?
During medieval times , the city was sometimes called Kantipur -LRB- कान्तिपुर -RRB- .	Kantipur	How does कान्तिपुर transliterate into English ?
`` Kanti '' is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi , and `` pur '' means place .	Lakshmi	Who is also called Kanti ?
`` Kanti '' is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi , and `` pur '' means place .	pur	How do you say place in Sanskrit ?
Mahanagar means `` great city '' .	great city	What is the English translation of Mahanagar ?
According to Swayambhu Purana , present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names `` Nagdaha '' as it was full of snakes .	lake	According to legend , what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu ?
According to Swayambhu Purana , present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names `` Nagdaha '' as it was full of snakes .	snakes	What animals notably resided in Nagdaha ?
The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and he established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land .	Bodhisatwa Manjusri	Who was the founder of Manjupattan ?
After sometimes , a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was again a lake .	demon	What type of creature was Banasur ?
Then lots Krishna came to Nepal , killed Banasur and again drained out water .	Krishna	Who was Banasur 's murderer ?
The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber .	Yalamber	Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty ?
During the Kirata era , a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu .	northern	What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy ?
In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages , Kathmandu is still called Yambu .	Sino-Tibetan	Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu ?
Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu , near Manjupattan .	southern half	Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located ?
During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler , Jitedasti , Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu .	Buddhist	What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to ?
The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas , establishing the Licchavi dynasty .	Licchavis	Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas ?
During this era , following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka , the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas .	Koliyas	Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be ?
This created the basis of Newar Buddhism , which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world .	Newar	What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit ?
During this era , following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka , the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas .	Virudhaka	Who killed the Shakyas ?
With their migration , Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era .	Dakshin Koligram	Under the Licchavi dynasty , what name was typically used to refer to Yengal ?
Eventually , the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram , founding the city of Kathmandu .	Dakshin Koligram	Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements ?
Eventually , the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram , founding the city of Kathmandu .	Gunakamadeva	Who is Kathmandu 's historical founder ?
The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa , the sword of Manjushri .	Manjushri	Who did Chandrahrasa belong to ?
The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas .	eight	How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu ?
The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet , leading to tremendous growth in architecture .	India and Tibet	Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu ?
The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era .	Malla	Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi ?
The early years of the Malla era were turbulent , with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims .	Turk Muslims	Along with Khas , who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period ?
There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu 's population , including the king Abhaya Malla .	third	What fraction of Kathmandu 's population died in an ancient earthquake ?
These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era -LRB- such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan -RRB- , and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city .	Kailashkut Bhawan	Along with the Mangriha , what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake ?
There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu 's population , including the king Abhaya Malla .	Abhaya Malla	What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake ?
During the later part of the Malla era , Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities : Kantipur , Lalitpur , Bhaktapur , and Kirtipur .	four	How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period ?
During the later part of the Malla era , Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities : Kantipur , Lalitpur , Bhaktapur , and Kirtipur .	Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur	In the waning years of the Malla dynasty , what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley ?
Evidence of an influx of ideas from India , Tibet , China , Persia , and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla .	India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe	What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era ?
Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition -LRB- e.g. Tantrakhyan -RRB- , medicine -LRB- e.g. Haramekhala -RRB- , religion -LRB- e.g. Mooldevshashidev -RRB- , law , morals , and history .	Haramekhala	What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period ?
Amarkosh , a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD , was also found .	1381	When does Amarkosh date to ?
The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768 .	Gorkha Kingdom	Who won the Battle of Kathmandu ?
The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley .	Kirtipur	What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha ?
Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain ; this led to the development of modern military structures , such as modern barracks in Kathmandu .	Great Britain	What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose ?
Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 -LRB- 19.56 sq mi -RRB- .	Bagmati	What river is south of Kathmandu ?
Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 -LRB- 19.56 sq mi -RRB- .	northwestern	What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu ?
The average elevation is 1,400 metres -LRB- 4,600 ft -RRB- above sea level .	4,600	About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu ?
Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 -LRB- 19.56 sq mi -RRB- .	19.56	How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles ?
The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley : south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City -LRB- Patan -RRB- with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road , to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality .	south	Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River ?
Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers , the main river of the valley , the Bagmati and its tributaries , of which the Bishnumati , Dhobi Khola , Manohara Khola , Hanumant Khola , and Tukucha Khola are predominant .	eight	How many rivers travel through Kathmandu ?
An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu ; this canal is now extinct .	Nagarjuna hill	Where did the canal that once terminated in Kathmandu originate ?
The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1,500 -- 3,000 metres -LRB- 4,900 -- 9,800 ft -RRB- , and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley .	4,900–9,800	How many feet high are the mountains from which the Bagmati flows ?
The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts -LRB- collections of local government units within a zone -RRB- which extend very little beyond the valley fringe , except towards the southern ranges , which have comparatively small population .	three	How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area ?
Within the districts lie VDCs -LRB- villages -RRB- , 3 municipalities -LRB- Bhaktapur , Kirtipur , Madhyapur Thimi -RRB- , 1 sub-metropolitan city -LRB- Lalitpur -RRB- , and 1 metropolitan city -LRB- Kathmandu -RRB- .	municipalities	What are Madhyapur Thimi , Kirtipur and Bhaktapur ?
Within the districts lie VDCs -LRB- villages -RRB- , 3 municipalities -LRB- Bhaktapur , Kirtipur , Madhyapur Thimi -RRB- , 1 sub-metropolitan city -LRB- Lalitpur -RRB- , and 1 metropolitan city -LRB- Kathmandu -RRB- .	1	How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley ?
Some district subdivisions remain legally villages yet are densely populated , Gonggabu VDC notably recorded a density over 20,000 people/km2 .	20,000	About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC ?
Within the districts lie VDCs -LRB- villages -RRB- , 3 municipalities -LRB- Bhaktapur , Kirtipur , Madhyapur Thimi -RRB- , 1 sub-metropolitan city -LRB- Lalitpur -RRB- , and 1 metropolitan city -LRB- Kathmandu -RRB- .	villages	What is another term for VDCs ?
The average winter temperature is 10.1 °C -LRB- 50.2 °F -RRB- .	50.2	What is the Kathmandu Valley 's average temperature in winter , in degrees Fahrenheit ?
Under Köppen 's climate classification , portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Cwa -RRB- , while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate .	humid subtropical climate	Along with a subtropical highland climate , what climate classification covers Kathmandu ?
Under Köppen 's climate classification , portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate -LRB- Cwa -RRB- , while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate .	Cwa	What is the Köppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate ?
This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100 -- 3,300 metres -LRB- 6,900 -- 10,800 ft -RRB- .	2,100–3,300	How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone ?
Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal .	Five	How many significant climate regions exist in Nepal ?
The city generally has a climate with warm days followed by cool nights and mornings .	cool	What sort of temperature is typical on a Kathmandu morning ?
Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based -LRB- about 65 % of the total concentrated during the monsoon months of June to August -RRB- , and decreases substantially -LRB- 100 to 200 cm -LRB- 39 to 79 in -RRB- -RRB- from eastern Nepal to western Nepal .	65	About what percentage of Kathmandu 's annual rainfall falls during the monsoon months ?
During a 2013 cold front , the winter temperatures of Kathmandu dropped to − 4 °C -LRB- 25 °F -RRB- , and the lowest temperature was recorded on January 10 , 2013 , at − 9.2 °C -LRB- 15.4 °F -RRB- .	January 10	On what date in 2013 was it 15.4 degrees Fahrenheit in Kathmandu ?
Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based -LRB- about 65 % of the total concentrated during the monsoon months of June to August -RRB- , and decreases substantially -LRB- 100 to 200 cm -LRB- 39 to 79 in -RRB- -RRB- from eastern Nepal to western Nepal .	June to August	In what months does the monsoon occur in Nepal ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- For example , 2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu , totalling over 2,900 mm -LRB- 114 in -RRB- of precipitation due to an exceptionally strong monsoon season .	2003	In what year did the most rain in recorded history fall on Kathmandu ?
From centuries past , Lhasa Newar merchants of Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia .	Buddhism	What religion proliferated throughout Central Asia in part due to the efforts of Lhasa Newar merchants ?
This , combined with its location between India and China , helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading center over the centuries .	India and China	Existing between what two countries contributed to Kathmandu becoming a center of trade ?
This geography helped form a society based on agriculture .	agriculture	Other than trade , what was the traditional basis of Kathmandu 's economy ?
The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $ 6.5 billion in terms of nominal GDP NR.s 550 billion approximately per year $ 2200 per capital income approx three times national average .	one third	Approximately what portion of Nepal 's GDP is produced by the Kathmandu metropolitan area ?
The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $ 6.5 billion in terms of nominal GDP NR.s 550 billion approximately per year $ 2200 per capital income approx three times national average .	$2200	What do Kathmandu residents earn per capita each year ?
The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $ 6.5 billion in terms of nominal GDP NR.s 550 billion approximately per year $ 2200 per capital income approx three times national average .	6.5billion	What is the GDP of Kathmandu ?
Kathmandu exports handicrafts , artworks , garments , carpets , pashmina , paper ; trade accounts for 21 % of its finances .	21	What percentage of Kathmandu 's economy is trade ?
Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture -LRB- 9 % -RRB- , education -LRB- 6 % -RRB- , transport -LRB- 6 % -RRB- , and hotels and restaurants -LRB- 5 % -RRB- .	9%	What portion of Kathmandu 's economy consists of agriculture ?
This industry started around 1950 , as the country 's political makeup changed and ended the country 's isolation from the rest of the world .	1950	Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin ?
In 1956 , air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway , between Kathmandu and Raxaul -LRB- at India 's border -RRB- , was started .	Raxaul	What city was connected to Kathmandu via the Tribhuvan Highway ?
In 1956 , air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway , between Kathmandu and Raxaul -LRB- at India 's border -RRB- , was started .	1956	When did construction on the Tribhuvan Highway begin ?
Since then , tourism in Nepal has thrived ; it is the country 's most important industry .	tourism	What is the most significant industry in Nepal ?
Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu 's religious sites such as Pashupatinath , Swayambhunath , Boudhanath and Budhanilkantha .	Hindu	Along with Buddhists , what religion 's devotees visit Kathmandu ?
From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62 , the number jumped to 491,504 in 1999/2000 .	6,179	How many tourists visited Kathmandu in the period 1961-62 ?
Following the end of the Maoist insurgency , there was a significant rise of 509,956 tourist arrivals in 2009 .	end of the Maoist insurgency	What event led to an increase in tourism in 2009 ?
The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country .	Himalayas	What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists ?
The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu 's primary `` traveller 's ghetto '' , packed with guest houses , restaurants , shops , and bookstores , catering to tourists .	Thamel	What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists ?
Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel , a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel .	Jhamsikhel	What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel ?
Jhochhen Tol , also known as Freak Street , is Kathmandu 's original traveler 's haunt , made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s ; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel .	Jhochhen Tol	What is the traditional name for Freak Street ?
Jhochhen Tol , also known as Freak Street , is Kathmandu 's original traveler 's haunt , made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s ; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel .	hippies	What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol ?
The Garden Hotel , Hotel Ambassador , and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu .	three-star	What type of hotel is Aloha Inn ?
Hotels like Hyatt Regency , De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well .	five-star	De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel ?
Hotels like Hyatt Regency , De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well .	casinos	What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency ?
Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors : the Central Sector , the East Sector , the North Sector , the City Core and the West Sector .	five	How many sectors make up the Kathmandu metropolitan area ?
Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors : the Central Sector , the East Sector , the North Sector , the City Core and the West Sector .	City Core	What sector of Kathmandu does n't have the word ` sector ' in its name ?
For civic administration , the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards .	civic administration	What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards ?
The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members .	20	How many members of the Council received their positions via nomination rather than election ?
Ward 16 is the largest , with an area of 437.4 ha ; ward 26 is the smallest , with an area of 4 ha .	4	How many hectares in size is Kathmandu 's ward 26 ?
The fire service , known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya , opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle .	Barun Yantra Karyalaya	What is Kathmandu 's fire department called ?
The fire service , known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya , opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle .	1937	What year saw the founding of Kathmandu 's fire department ?
In 1944 , the fire service was extended to the neighboring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur .	1944	When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department ?
In 1975 , a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu 's fire service .	seven	How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu ?
The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organization , the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal -LRB- FAN -RRB- , which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety .	raising public awareness about fire and improving safety	What is the mission of FAN ?
In one decade , the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001 .	427,045	What was the population of Kathmandu in 1991 ?
The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021 .	1,319,597	About how many people are likely to live in Kathmandu in 2021 ?
With this new area , the population density which was 85 in 1991 is still 85 in 2001 ; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021 .	85	How dense was the population of Kathmandu in 1991 ?
To keep up this population growth , the KMC-controlled area of 5,076.6 hectares -LRB- 12,545 acres -RRB- has expanded to 8,214 hectares -LRB- 20,300 acres -RRB- in 2001 .	20,300	How many acres of land did the KMC control in 2001 ?
The largest ethnic groups are Newar -LRB- 29.6 % -RRB- , Matwali -LRB- 25.1 % Sunuwar , Gurung , Magars , Tamang etc. -RRB- , Khas Brahmins -LRB- 20.51 % -RRB- and Chettris -LRB- 18.5 % -RRB- .	18.5	What percentage of Kathmandu residents are Chettris ?
The largest ethnic groups are Newar -LRB- 29.6 % -RRB- , Matwali -LRB- 25.1 % Sunuwar , Gurung , Magars , Tamang etc. -RRB- , Khas Brahmins -LRB- 20.51 % -RRB- and Chettris -LRB- 18.5 % -RRB- .	Khas Brahmins	What is the third largest ethnic group in Kathmandu ?
The major religions are Hinduism and Buddhism .	Hinduism and Buddhism	What are Kathmandu 's primary religions ?
The major languages are Nepali and Nepal Bhasa , while English is understood by many , particularly in the service industry .	service	What Kathmandu industry is particularly known for its English speakers ?
The major languages are Nepali and Nepal Bhasa , while English is understood by many , particularly in the service industry .	Nepal Bhasa	Along with Nepali , what is Kathmandu 's main language ?
The Seven Monument Zones -LRB- Mzs -RRB- inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka , Patan and Bhaktapur , Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan , the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Boudhanath .	Hindu	What religion does Changunarayan belong to ?
The Seven Monument Zones -LRB- Mzs -RRB- inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka , Patan and Bhaktapur , Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan , the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Boudhanath .	stupas	What Buddhist monuments are present at Boudhanath ?
The seven monuments zones cover an area of 188.95 hectares -LRB- 466.9 acres -RRB- , with the buffer zone extending to 239.34 hectares -LRB- 591.4 acres -RRB- .	466.9	How many acres are the Kathmandu valley monument zones ?
The seven monuments zones cover an area of 188.95 hectares -LRB- 466.9 acres -RRB- , with the buffer zone extending to 239.34 hectares -LRB- 591.4 acres -RRB- .	239.34	In hectares , how large is the Kathmandu valley monument buffer zone ?
In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site -LRB- WHS -RRB- .	2006	When did the Kathmandu valley monuments receive WHS status ?
There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur .	Kirtipur	Where is a Durban Square located that is not preserved ?
The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms -LRB- Kantipur , Lalitpur , Bhaktapur , Kirtipur -RRB- ; the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty .	Licchavi	What is the oldest dynasty to be represented with buildings in Kathmandu 's Durbar Square ?
The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square .	50	How many temples are present in Kathmandu 's Durbar Square ?
The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake .	April 2015	When did a notable earthquake occur that damaged Kathmandu 's Durbar Square ?
The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms -LRB- Kantipur , Lalitpur , Bhaktapur , Kirtipur -RRB- ; the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty .	four	How many kingdoms have buildings present in the Durbar Square of Kathmandu ?
Kumari is believed to be the bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju -LRB- the Nepali name for Durga -RRB- until she menstruates , after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body .	Taleju	What is Durga called in Nepali ?
Kumari is believed to be the bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju -LRB- the Nepali name for Durga -RRB- until she menstruates , after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body .	until she menstruates	How long is Kumari believed to incarnate Taleju ?
The current Royal Kumari , Matina Shakya , age four , was installed in October 2008 by the Maoist government that replaced the monarchy .	Matina Shakya	Who was the Royal Kumari as of late 2008 ?
The current Royal Kumari , Matina Shakya , age four , was installed in October 2008 by the Maoist government that replaced the monarchy .	Maoist	What type of government did Nepal have after the monarchy ?
The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva -LRB- Pashupati -RRB- .	5th century	When was the Pashupatinath Temple built ?
The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva -LRB- Pashupati -RRB- .	Hindu	What faith does the Pashupatinath Temple serve ?
The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva -LRB- Pashupati -RRB- .	Lord Shiva	What is another name for Pashupati ?
It served as the seat of national deity , Lord Pashupatinath , until Nepal was secularized .	Lord Pashupatinath	Prior to the secularization of Nepal , who was the country 's national god ?
However , a significant part of the temple was destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior .	Mughal invaders	Who damaged the Pashupatinath Temple in the 14th century ?
Believers in Pashupatinath -LRB- mainly Hindus -RRB- are allowed to enter the temple premises , but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River .	Hindus	What people make up the majority of Pashupatinath followers ?
The priests who perform the services at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka , South India since the time of Malla king Yaksha Malla .	South	In what part of India do the Pashupatinath priests originate ?
The priests who perform the services at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka , South India since the time of Malla king Yaksha Malla .	Malla	What dynasty did Yaksha Malla belong to ?
This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of Adi Shankaracharya who sought to unify the states of Bharatam -LRB- Unified India -RRB- by encouraging cultural exchange .	Adi Shankaracharya	Who supposedly encouraged the usage of Karnataka Brahmin priests at Pashupatinath Temple ?
This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of Adi Shankaracharya who sought to unify the states of Bharatam -LRB- Unified India -RRB- by encouraging cultural exchange .	Unified India	What is another term for Bharatam ?
The Boudhanath , -LRB- also written Bouddhanath , Bodhnath , Baudhanath or the Khāsa Chaitya -RRB- , is one of the holiest Buddhist sites in Nepal , along with Swayambhu .	Buddhist	To what religion is Boudhanath holy ?
Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by Newars and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by speakers of Nepali .	Khāsti	What do the Newars call Boudhanath ?
Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by Newars and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by speakers of Nepali .	Bauddha or Bodhnāth	What is Boudhanath called in Nepali ?
Located about 11 km -LRB- 7 mi -RRB- from the center and northeastern outskirts of Kathmandu , the stupa 's massive mandala makes it one of the largest spherical stupas in Nepal .	7	How far is Boudhanath from Kathmandu in miles ?
Boudhanath became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979 .	1979	When did UNESCO make Boudhanath a World Heritage Site ?
The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha .	Dhyani Buddha Amitabha	Who is pictured on the stupa 's base ?
At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima , the goddess of smallpox .	smallpox	What is Ajima the deity of ?
The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas -LRB- monasteries -RRB- around Boudhanath .	monasteries	What are gompas ?
Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure , walk around the stupa with prayer wheels , chant , and pray .	Tibetan Buddhist	Visitors from what faith routinely visit the stupa ?
It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches , each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra , om mani padme hum .	om mani padme hum	What mantra is engraved on the stupa 's prayer wheels ?
Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city .	northwestern	In what part of Kathmandu is Swayambhu located ?
Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city .	Buddhist	What faith does Swayambhu belong to ?
Although the site is considered Buddhist , it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus .	Hindus	Other than Buddhists , who worships at Swayambhu ?
The stupa consists of a dome at the base ; above the dome , there is a cubic structure with the eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions .	four	In how many directions does the Buddha of Swayambhu look ?
Above all the tiers , there is a small space above which lies a gajur .	gajur	In Swayambhu , what is present in the small area above the tiers ?
Kathmandu valley is described as `` an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures '' , which are made of wood , stone , metal , and terracotta , and found in profusion in temples , shrines , stupas , gompas , chaityasm and palaces .	stone	Kathmandu valley contains art made of metal , terracotta , wood and what other substance ?
Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses .	icons	What is the most typical type of art in the Kathmandu valley ?
Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure for a very long time , but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened to the outside world in 1950 .	1950	In what year could Nepal be said to have been discovered by the outside world ?
The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as : Bhavani , Durga , Gaja-Lakshmi , Hariti-Sitala , Mahsishamardini , Saptamatrika -LRB- seven mother goddesses -RRB- , and Sri-Lakshmi -LRB- wealth-goddess -RRB- .	Mother Goddesses	What types of deities are Bhavani and Durga ?
From the 3rd century BC , apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses , Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period -LRB- it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC -RRB- have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular .	Ashoka	By tradition , what notable figure came to Nepal 250 years before the birth of Christ ?
These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution : the Licchavi or classical period -LRB- 500 to 900 AD -RRB- , the post-classical period -LRB- 1000 to 1400 AD -RRB- , with strong influence of the Palla art form ; the Malla period -LRB- 1400 onwards -RRB- that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology .	900	When did the Licchavi period end ?
These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution : the Licchavi or classical period -LRB- 500 to 900 AD -RRB- , the post-classical period -LRB- 1000 to 1400 AD -RRB- , with strong influence of the Palla art form ; the Malla period -LRB- 1400 onwards -RRB- that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology .	classical	What is another name for the Licchavi period ?
Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries , including the National Museum of Nepal and the Natural History Museum of Nepal .	Natural History Museum of Nepal	Along with the National Museum of Nepal , what notable Nepalese museum is present in Kathmandu ?
The museums display unique artifacts and paintings from the 5th century CE to the present day , including archeological exportation .	5th century	From what time period are the oldest artifacts in Kathmandu museums ?
Nepal 's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions , Hinduism and Buddhhism .	Hinduism	Along with Buddhism , what religion has had a significant influence on Nepal ?
These are amply reflected in the many temples , shrines , stupas , monasteries , and palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site .	Monument Zones	What Kathmandu valley area was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO ?
These are amply reflected in the many temples , shrines , stupas , monasteries , and palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site .	seven	How many Monument Zones are present in the Kathmandu valley ?
The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu , near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building .	western	In what area of Kathmandu is the National Museum ?
The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu , near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building .	Swayambhunath	What stupa is close to the National Museum ?
This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa .	Bhimsen Thapa	Who built the building that contains the National Museum ?
The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons , and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana , meaning `` the stone house of arms and ammunition '' .	1928	When was the National Museum founded ?
The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons , and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana , meaning `` the stone house of arms and ammunition '' .	the stone house of arms and ammunition	What does Chhauni Silkhana mean ?
The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to the King Tribhuvan -LRB- 1906 -- 1955 -RRB- .	1955	When did Tribhuvan die ?
The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to king Mahendra of Nepal -LRB- 1920 -- 1972 -RRB- .	1920	What was the birth year of King Mahendra ?
The Hanumandhoka Palace , a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar , contains three separate museums of historic importance .	three	How many museums are in the Hanumandhoka Palace ?
These museums include the Birendra museum , which contains items related to the second-last monarch , Birendra of Nepal .	Birendra	Who was the penultimate king of Nepal ?
The Hanumandhoka Palace , a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar , contains three separate museums of historic importance .	medieval	During what era was the Hanumandhoka Palace constructed ?
The enclosed compound of the Narayanhity Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu .	north-central	Where in Kathmandu is Narayanhity Palace Museum located ?
Narayanhity was a new palace , in front of the old palace built in 1915 , and was built in 1970 in the form of a contemporary Pagoda .	1970	In what year was Narayanhity constructed ?
It was built on the occasion of the marriage of King Birenda Bir Bikram Shah , then heir apparent to the throne .	Birenda Bir Bikram Shah	Whose marriage led to the construction of Narayanhity ?
The palace area covers -LRB- 30 hectares -LRB- 74 acres -RRB- -RRB- and is fully secured with gates on all sides .	74	How many acres is the Narayanhity Palace ?
`` Narayanhity '' comes from Narayana , a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu , and Hiti , meaning `` water spout '' -LRB- Vishnu 's temple is located opposite the palace , and the water spout is located east of the main entrance to the precinct -RRB- .	Vishnu	What god is Narayana ?
The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu Valley .	modern history of the Kathmandu Valley	What is the Taragaon Museum dedicated to ?
It was designed by Carl Pruscha -LRB- master-planner of the Kathmandy Valley -RRB- in 1970 and constructed in 1971 .	Carl Pruscha	Who is the designer of the Taragaon Museum ?
It was designed by Carl Pruscha -LRB- master-planner of the Kathmandy Valley -RRB- in 1970 and constructed in 1971 .	1971	In what year was the Taragaon Museum built ?
The Museum is within a short walk from the Boudhnath stupa , which itself can be seen from the Museum tower .	Boudhnath	What stupa is located close to the Taragaon Museum ?
Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the Taragaon Museum .	hostel	What was the Taragaon Museum prior to being a museum ?
Art in Kathmandu is vibrant , demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art , derived from a great number of national , Asian , and global influences .	modern	Contemporary Kathmandu art combines traditional influences with what type of art ?
Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas : the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet , closely linked to the country 's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting , including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for .	two	How many types are Nepali works of art typically divided into ?
Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas : the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet , closely linked to the country 's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting , including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for .	Thangkas	What do the Tibetans call traditional idealistic paintings ?
Internationally , the British-based charity , the Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu .	Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre	What UK charity works on behalf of Kathmandu art ?
Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas : the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet , closely linked to the country 's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting , including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for .	Paubhas	What do the Nepalese call Thangkas ?
The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery , located inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds , hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors , and regularly organizes exhibitions .	Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds	Where can one find the Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery ?
Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery , located in a three storied building in Bhimsenthan which contains an impressive collection of traditional utensils and handmade dolls and items typical of a medieval Newar house , giving an important insight into Nepali history .	medieval	The Moti Azima Gallery contains objects that might be found in a Nepalese house of what time period ?
The J Art Gallery is also located in Kathmandu , near the Royal Palace in Durbarmarg , Kathmandu and displays the artwork of eminent , established Nepali painters .	J	What art gallery is located close to the Durbarmarg Royal Palace ?
The Nepal Art Council Gallery , located in the Babar Mahal , on the way to Tribhuvan International Airport contains artwork of both national and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions .	Babar Mahal	Where can the Nepal Art Council Gallery be found ?
The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery , located inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds , hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors , and regularly organizes exhibitions .	Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery	In which of Nepal 's art galleries can one take an art class ?
It is the largest library in the country with more than 70,000 books .	70,000	How many volumes are contained in Nepal 's National Library ?
English , Nepali , Sanskrit , Hindi , and Nepal Bhasa books are found here .	Nepal Bhasa	Along with Hindi , Sanskrit , Nepali and English , the National Library contains books in what language ?
Kathmandu also contains the Kaiser Library , located in the Kaiser Mahal on the ground floor of the Ministry of Education building .	Ministry of Education	What government department is located in the same building as the Kaiser Library ?
This collection of around 45,000 books is derived from a personal collection of Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana .	45,000	How many volumes does the Kaiser Library contain ?
This collection of around 45,000 books is derived from a personal collection of Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana .	Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana	Who did the Kaiser Library 's books previously belong to ?
The city contains several theaters , including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path , the Ganga Theatre , the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982 .	Kanti Path	Where can the National Dance Theatre be found in Kathmandu ?
The city contains several theaters , including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path , the Ganga Theatre , the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982 .	1982	What year saw the beginning of the Aarohan Theater Group ?
The Gurukul School of Theatre organizes the Kathmandu International Theater Festival , attracting artists from all over the world .	Kathmandu International Theater Festival	What gathering is the work of the Gurukul School of Theatre ?
A mini theater is also located at the Hanumandhoka Durbar Square , established by the Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee .	Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee	Who constructed the theater in Hanumandhoka Durbar Square ?
Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places .	beef	What meat is very rarely eaten in Kathmandu ?
Buff -LRB- meat of water buffalo -RRB- is very common .	water buffalo	What animal does buff come from ?
There is a strong tradition of buff consumption in Kathmandu , especially among Newars , which is not found in other parts of Nepal .	Newars	What people are particularly known for eating buff ?
Due to the intermixing with Kirat cuisine from eastern Nepal , pork has found a place in Kathmandu dishes .	Kirat	What cuisine notably makes use of pork ?
The chief breakfast for locals and visitors is mostly Momo or Chowmein .	Momo or Chowmein	What do Kathmandu residents typically eat for breakfast ?
Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955 .	one	How many restaurants in the western style were present in Kathmandu circa 1955 ?
International chain restaurants are rare , but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened there .	Pizza Hut and KFC	What chain restaurants are present in Kathmandu ?
The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American chop suey , which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine .	fried	How is the egg in American chop suey prepared ?
Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals , expatriates , and tourists .	expatriates	Along with locals and tourists , who eats at Kathmandu 's restaurants ?
A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened , catering Nepali cuisine , Tibetan cuisine , Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular .	Tibetan	Along with Nepali , Indian and Chinese cuisines , what cuisine has been a focus of Kathmandu restaurants ?
Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers .	tea	What beverage is consumed by more people in Kathmandu , coffee or tea ?
Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards .	extremely weak	How might a western traveler find the tea served in Kathmandu ?
Ailaa and thwon -LRB- alcohol made from rice -RRB- are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu , found in all the local bhattis -LRB- alcohol serving eateries -RRB- .	rice	What is used to make thwon ?
Ailaa and thwon -LRB- alcohol made from rice -RRB- are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu , found in all the local bhattis -LRB- alcohol serving eateries -RRB- .	alcohol serving eateries	What are bhattis ?
Chhyaang , tongba -LRB- fermented millet or barley -RRB- and rakshi are alcoholic beverages from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu .	millet or barley	What goes through a fermentation process to create tongba ?
Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier .	Malla	To what era do a majority of Kathmandu 's festivals date back to ?
Traditionally , these festivals were celebrated by Newars .	Newars	Before the modern era , who mostly celebrated Kathmandu festivals ?
With mass migration to the city , the cultures of Khas from the west , Kirats from the east , Bon/Tibetan from the north , and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously .	west	In what direction out of Kathmandu did the Khas originate from ?
The festivities such as the Ghode -LRB- horse -RRB- Jatra , Indra Jatra , Dashain Durga Puja festivals , Shivratri and many more are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm .	horse	What does Ghode mean ?
With mass migration to the city , the cultures of Khas from the west , Kirats from the east , Bon/Tibetan from the north , and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously .	north	In relation to Kathmandu , where do the Tibetans hale ?
The Bagmati River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists , and many Hindu temples are located on the banks of this river .	Buddhists	In addition to Hindus , who regards the Bagmati River as sacred ?
The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks , and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side .	cremated	What is done with Hindus after they die ?
The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks , and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side .	buried	What are done with the bodies of Kirants after death ?
The chief mourner -LRB- usually the first son -RRB- who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy riverwater bath immediately after cremation .	first son	In a Hindu funeral , who is typically the main mourner ?
According to the Nepali Hindu tradition , the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati before cremation .	three	Before Hindus are cremated , how many times are their bodies placed in the Bagmati ?
Legendary Princess Bhrikuti -LRB- 7th-century -RRB- and artist Araniko -LRB- 1245 - 1306 AD -RRB- from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China .	1306	When did Araniko die ?
Legendary Princess Bhrikuti -LRB- 7th-century -RRB- and artist Araniko -LRB- 1245 - 1306 AD -RRB- from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China .	Buddhism	What religion did Araniko help to evangelize ?
There are over 108 traditional monasteries -LRB- Bahals and Bahis -RRB- in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism .	108	How many Newar Buddhist monasteries are present in Kathmandu ?
Since the 1960s , the permanent Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the area .	fifty	Approximately how many monasteries in the Kathmandu area are run by Tibetan Buddhists ?
Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal .	animistic	What type of religion is Kirant Mundhum ?
It is practiced by Kirat people .	Kirat people	Who follows the Kirant Mudhum faith ?
Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats , such as Pashupatinath , Wanga Akash Bhairabh -LRB- Yalambar -RRB- and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu .	Kirats	Who worshipped at Wanga Akash Bhairabh in ancient times ?
Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs , such as ancestor worship -LRB- worship of Ajima -RRB- are also found in Newars of Kirant origin .	worship of Ajima	What is another name for ancestor worship ?
A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar , where Jains practice their faith .	Gyaneshwar	Where can a temple of the Jain faith be found ?
According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Nepal , there are approximately 300 Baha'is in Kathmandu valley .	300	Kathmandu valley is home to about how many Baha'i ?
They have a National Office located in Shantinagar , Baneshwor .	Shantinagar, Baneshwor	Where is the Baha'i national office located in Nepal ?
Islam is practised in Kathmandu but Muslims are a minority , accounting for about 4.2 % of the population of Nepal .	4.2	About what percentage of the Nepali population follows Islam ?
-LSB- citation needed -RSB- It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches .	170	About how many Christian houses of worship exist in Kathmandu ?
Institute of Medicine , the central college of Tribhuwan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is located in Maharajgunj , Kathmandu .	Tribhuwan	Of what university is the Institute of Medicine a constituent college ?
Institute of Medicine , the central college of Tribhuwan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is located in Maharajgunj , Kathmandu .	Maharajgunj	In what part of Kathmandu is the Institute of Medicine found ?
It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978 .	1978	When did the Institute of Medicine begin to offer education in medicine ?
A number of medical colleges including Kathmandu Medical College , Nepal Medical College , KIST Medical College , Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences , National Academy of Medical Sciences -LRB- NAMS -RRB- and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences -LRB- KUSMS -RRB- , are also located in or around Kathmandu .	Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences	What does KUSMS stand for ?
A number of medical colleges including Kathmandu Medical College , Nepal Medical College , KIST Medical College , Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences , National Academy of Medical Sciences -LRB- NAMS -RRB- and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences -LRB- KUSMS -RRB- , are also located in or around Kathmandu .	National Academy of Medical Sciences	What institution of tertiary education is known as NAMS ?
Football and Cricket are the most popular sports among the younger generation in Nepal and there are several stadiums in the city .	Football	Along with cricket , what sport is highly popular among Nepali youth ?
The sport is governed by the All Nepal Football Association -LRB- ANFA -RRB- from its headquarters in Kathmandu .	All Nepal Football Association	What body oversees soccer in Nepal ?
It is the largest stadium in Nepal with a capacity of 25,000 spectators , built in 1956 .	25,000	How many people can fit in Dasarath Rangasala Stadium ?
The only international football stadium in the city is the Dasarath Rangasala Stadium , a multi-purpose stadium used mostly for football matches and cultural events , located in the neighborhood of Tripureshwor .	Tripureshwor	In what part of Kathmandu is Dasarath Rangasala Stadium located ?
The stadium was renovated with Chinese help before the 8th South Asian Games were held in Kathmandu and had floodlights installed .	Chinese	Who assisted Nepal in renovating Dasarath Rangasala Stadium ?
The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be -LRB- 17,182 km -LRB- 10,676 mi -RRB- -RRB- , as of 2003 -- 04 .	17,182	As of 2004 , how many kilometers of road existed in Nepal ?
In view of the hilly terrain , transportation takes place in Kathmandu are mainly by road and air .	hilly terrain	Why is travel in Kathmandu mainly via automobile or aircraft ?
The BP Highway , connecting Kathmandu to the eastern part of Nepal is under construction .	BP	What highway connecting Kathmandu to elsewhere in Nepal is currently being built ?
Kathmandu is connected by the Tribhuvan Highway to the south , Prithvi Highway to the west and Araniko Highway to the north .	west	In what direction out of Kathmandu does the Prithvi Highway travel ?
Kathmandu is connected by the Tribhuvan Highway to the south , Prithvi Highway to the west and Araniko Highway to the north .	Araniko	If one wished to travel north out of Kathmandu , what highway would be used ?
The main international airport serving Kathmandu and thus Nepal is the Tribhuvan International Airport , located about six kilometers -LRB- 6 km -LRB- 3.7 mi -RRB- -RRB- from the city centre .	Tribhuvan International Airport	What is Nepal 's primary airport for international travel ?
The main international airport serving Kathmandu and thus Nepal is the Tribhuvan International Airport , located about six kilometers -LRB- 6 km -LRB- 3.7 mi -RRB- -RRB- from the city centre .	6	Starting in the center of Kathmandu , how many kilometers must one travel to reach Tribhuvan International Airport ?
At present , about 22 international airlines connect Nepal to other destinations in Europe , Asia and the Middle East , to cities such as Istanbul , Delhi , Kolkata , Singapore , Bangkok , Kuala Lumpur , Dhaka , Islamabad , Paro , Lhasa , Chengdu , and Guangzhou .	22	How many airlines use Tribhuvan International for international flights ?
A recent extension to the international terminal has made the distance to the airplanes shorter and in October 2009 it became possible to fly directly to Kathmandu from Amsterdam with Arkefly .	Amsterdam	From what city does Arkefly offer nonstop flights to Kathmandu ?
Since 2013 , Turkish Airlines connects Istanbul to Kathmandu .	Turkish Airlines	Who operates flights between Kathmandu and Istanbul ?
KMC 's first international relationship was established in 1975 with the city of Eugene , Oregon , United States .	Oregon	In what US state did Kathmandu first establish an international relationship ?
This activity has been further enhanced by establishing formal relationships with 8 other cities : Motsumoto City of Japan , Rochester of the USA , Yangon -LRB- formerly Rangoon -RRB- of Myanmar , Xi'an of the People 's Republic of China , Minsk of Belarus , and Pyongyang of the Democratic Republic of Korea .	Rangoon	What was Yangon previously known as ?
This activity has been further enhanced by establishing formal relationships with 8 other cities : Motsumoto City of Japan , Rochester of the USA , Yangon -LRB- formerly Rangoon -RRB- of Myanmar , Xi'an of the People 's Republic of China , Minsk of Belarus , and Pyongyang of the Democratic Republic of Korea .	Minsk	With what Belorussian city does Kathmandu have a relationship ?
KMC 's first international relationship was established in 1975 with the city of Eugene , Oregon , United States .	1975	In what year did Kathmandu create its initial international relationship ?
Kathmandu Metropolitan City -LRB- KMC -RRB- , in order to promote international relations has established an International Relations Secretariat -LRB- IRC -RRB- .	Kathmandu Metropolitan City	What is KMC an initialism of ?
